cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of stimulus preexposure on taste-mediated environmental conditioning: Potentiation and overshadowing

On four occasions, Holtzman rats drank saccharin in a distinctive environment prior to lithium-induced toxicosis. Preconditioning exposure to saccharin either in the home cage or in the distinctive environment interfered significantly with the establishment of an environmental aversion. Animals preexposed to the experimental environment, however, showed environmental aversions substantially stronger than those in animals preexposed to saccharin and only slightly higher than those with no preexposure to either the taste or the environment. Subsequent saccharin tests revealed significantly stronger aversions in the group that received environmental preexposure than in any of the other groups. This pattern of outcomes demonstrates taste-mediated potentiation of novel and familiar environmental stimuli as well as overshadowing of the taste by novel environmental stimuli. Furthermore, it indicates that previous demonstrations of taste-mediated environmental potentiation involve facilitated conditioning of the environmental stimuli and decremented conditioning of the taste stimuli.
Errors due to measuring voltage on current-carrying electrodes in electric current computed tomography

It is shown that when a multiplicity of electrodes are attached to a body's surface, the voltage data are most sensitive to changes in resistivity in the body's interior when voltages are measured from all electrodes, including those carrying current. This assertion, which is true despite the presence of significant levels of skin impedance at the electrodes, is supported both theoretically and by experiment. Data were first taken for current and voltage at all electrodes. Then current was applied only at a pair of electrodes, with voltages measured on all other electrodes. Targets could be detected with better signal-to-noise ratio by using the reconstructed data than by using the directly measured voltages on noncurrent-carrying electrodes. Images made from voltage data using only non-current-carrying electrodes had higher noise levels. It is concluded that in multiple electrode systems for electric-current-computed tomography, current should be applied and voltage should be measured from all available electrodes. >
A uniform asymptotic approximation for unstable hydromagnetic waves in a rotating sphere

Abstract The Earth's outer core is modelled by the interior of a rotating sphere containing an incompressible, inviscid, perfectly conducting fluid of constant density. Solutions are sought as small perturbations to the governing equations in the cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z), linearized about a state of no flow and azimuthal magnetic field varying with r. A multiple scale perturbation technique is used to approximate slow hydromagnetic waves. This scheme assumes a short wavelength scale (i.e., much less than the radius of the sphere) in the r direction while the wave number in that direction varies slowly (on the scale of the spherical radius) with r. The length scales in the θ and z directions are long and the amplitude varies on the long length scale in both r and z. The waves are also assumed to be in geostrophic balance. Application of a standard ansatz yields an approximation which becomes singular in the neighborhood of the equator. Application of a revised ansatz yields a uniform approximation...
Resonance Raman spectra of metal-free porphin and some porphyrins

Abstract Resonance Raman spectra have been obtained of solid porphin, protoporphyrin IX, mesoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester and the two position isomers of Coproporphyrin tetramethyl esters 3 and 4, using the rotating Raman cell technique. The various sidechains in different porphyrins have very pronounced effects on the Raman spectrum of porphin. The usefulness of the resonance Raman technique in the identification of substituted porphins and closely related position isomers is demonstrated.
Magnetoresistive effects in KTaO3

Abstract The magnetoresistance of semiconducting KTaO 3 has been investigated. Low field results indicate that the bottom of the conduction band consists of 3 or 6 ellipsoids along the crystalline axes, similar to the energy band model predicted (and experimentally confirmed) for SrTiO 3 . Contrary to expectations, the high field magnetoresistance did not show any Shubnikov—de Haas oscillations.
Multilevel Assessment for Discourse, Understanding, and Achievement

Evaluating the impact of instructional innovations and coordinating instruction, assessment, and testing present complex tensions. Many evaluation and coordination efforts aim to address these tensions by using the coherence provided by modern cognitive science perspectives on domain-specific learning. This paper introduces an alternative framework that uses emerging situative assessment perspectives to align learning across increasingly formal levels of educational practice. This framework emerged from 2 design studies of a 20-hr high school genetics curriculum that used the GenScope computer-based modeling software. The 1st study aligned learning across (a) the contextualized enactment of inquiry-oriented activities in GenScope, (b) “feedback conversations” around informal embedded assessments, and (c) a formal performance assessment; the 2nd study extended this alignment to a conventional achievement test. Design-based refinements ultimately delivered gains of nearly 2 SD on the performance assessment ...
Computers in the humanities: Providing faculty with new tools

DURING THE PAST YEAR, the University of Delaware has implemented a project to provide faculty in the humanities with personal computers. This project was initiated by the Provost to increase the faculty's awareness of and experience with computers. Funds to support the project came from a foundation grant. About 120 faculty members, 60 percent of those eligible, have participated, acquiring an IBM Personal Computer, Word Perfect (a word processing program), and a printer (if they wanted one).The purpose of this paper is to describe the project's history and to provide some comments on its success. Comments on products may contain some personal biases, though the author has tried to reflect the sense of the evaluating committee. A synopsis of the project follows.The idea for the program was tested by sending out a memorandum. Finding a strong interest, the Provost formed a committee of faculty to select a computer and appropriate software (programs) to be used in the project. After the committee had made its decisions, staff worked out details of the choices to be made available to the faculty. They also planned the ordering and distribution of equipment, provisions for training and consulting, and so forth. Distribution, training, and consulting have been ongoing concerns.
The (gamma) power to control our dreams

Stimulating the brain in the gamma frequency range, which is the frequency band most often associated with conscious awareness in the awake state, boosts the ability to engage in lucid dreaming during REM sleep.
Transient Photocurrents in SOS Structures

Silicon-on-Sapphire (SOS) construction reduces junction photocurrents to such low levels that other radiation-induced currents tend to dominate the response of an SOS circuit to transient ionizing radiation. The results of experiments and calculations suggest that photoconduction of the sapphire substrate accounts for most of the observed "excess" currents internal to these circuits - while gas ionization effects are significant at the external device terminals.
Quantum tunneling, dissipation, and fluctuations.

A theory of quantum tunneling with dissipation is constructed. The frequency-dependent transmission coefficient is calculated at zero and finite temperatures. A fluctuation-dissipation theorem for tunneling particles is derived.
Review: hypericum extracts are safer and lead to fewer adverse effects than older standard antidepressants, but have similar tolerability to SSRIs.

Knuppel L, Linde K. Adverse effects of St. John’s Wort: A systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1470–9. [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2][Web of Science][3] Q Are hypericum extracts safe and tolerable in treating people with depression? ### ![Graphic][4] Design: Systematic review of RCTs with meta-analysis. ### ![Graphic][5] Data sources: Cochrane Collaborative Review Group for Depression (CCDAN), PubMed, plus hand searches of reference lists; the CCDAN was last searched in July 2003, the PubMed search covered the period 1998 to January 2003. ### ![Graphic][6] Study selection and analysis: Double blind, randomised, controlled trials comparing hypericum extracts with placebo or standard antidepressant regimens for treatment of depression in adults. Meta-analysis used a fixed effects model as there was no statistical heterogeneity between studies for safety outcomes. ### ![Graphic][7] Outcomes: Dropouts due to adverse effects, numbers reporting adverse effects. Thirty five published RCTs met criteria for inclusion in the review (24 trials comparing hypericum extracts with placebo, seven comparing hypericum extracts with older antidepressants, and six comparing hypericum with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)). Compared with placebo, hypericum resulted in similar numbers of dropouts due to adverse effects (24 RCTs, 8/1334 (0.6%) with hypericum v 15 (1.2%) with placebo, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.28 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BJournal%2Bof%2Bclinical%2Bpsychiatry%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BClin%2BPsychiatry%26rft.aulast%253DKn%25C3%25BCppel%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%26rft.volume%253D65%26rft.issue%253D11%26rft.spage%253D1470%26rft.epage%253D1479%26rft.atitle%253DAdverse%2Beffects%2Bof%2BSt.%2BJohn%2527s%2BWort%253A%2Ba%2Bsystematic%2Breview.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15554758%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15554758&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F8%2F3%2F71.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000225233100005&link_type=ISI [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Two centuries of advancement: from untrained servant to skilled practitioner

This paper is based on an address delivered in Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, on 6 May 1975, as part of the American bicentennial celebrations. The history of nursing in America is traced over two centuries—from 1776, when nursing was nothing more than neighbourly assistance rendered by unprepared amateurs, to the present day, when nursing has reached a highly professional status. The influences of the revolutionary and civil wars and legislative and social changes on nursing and the training of nurses are recorded and discussed. The major contribution to the history of American nursing made by the American Nurses' Association is conceded. Its continued contributions to the extension and development of nursing as a profession, to the education of nurses, and to support for the principle that health care is a right, are all documented. The paper is a concise and well-referenced synopsis of the development of nursing in the USA during its first 200-year history, advancing from ‘a most indefinite quantity’ to ‘the largest professional group among the health occupations’.
Syntheses of Optically Active α-Amino-acids from α-Keto-acids by Hydrogenolytic Asymmetric Transamination

MANY asymmetric syntheses of α-amino -acids have been reported1–17. Several of these were made on the non-enzyme synthesis of optically active amino-acids from their corresponding α-keto-acids1,4,13,15,16.
Measuring local context as context–word probabilities

Context enables readers to quickly recognize a related word but disturbs recognition of unrelated words. The relatedness of a final word to a sentence context has been estimated as the probability (cloze probability) that a participant will complete a sentence with a word. In four studies, I show that it is possible to estimate local context-word relatedness based on common language usage. Conditional probabilities were calculated for sentences with published cloze probabilities. Four-word contexts produced conditional probabilities significantly correlated with cloze probabilities, but usage statistics were unavailable for some sentence contexts. The present studies demonstrate that a composite context measure based on conditional probabilities for one- to four-word contexts and the presence of a final period represents all of the sentences and maintains significant correlations (.25, .52, .53) with cloze probabilities. Finally, the article provides evidence for the effectiveness of this measure by showing that local context varies in ways that are similar to the N400 effect and that are consistent with a role for local context in reading. The Supplemental materials include local context measures for three cloze probability data sets.
New improvements in Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro): titanium surface modifications

Purpose Improve biointegration and esthetics of Boston KPro through Ti coating. Methods Polydopamine (PDA) was used to form a Ti oxide (TiO2) film on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) rods through liquid phase deposition. The rods were inserted in porcine corneas and kept in culture for two weeks. Biointegration was assessed by measuring the force required to pull the rods out of the corneas with an Instron 5542 tensiometer, followed by SEM examination of their surface. Color modification (blue or brown) of Ti backplates of the Boston KPro was achieved using oxide formation in an anodization setup, and biocompatibility was studied using human corneal limbal epithelial cells. Results Mechanical pull-out showed that TiO2 significantly increased the force required to separate the rods from the corneas (0.354 N), compared to bare PMMA (0.039 N) and PDA (0.098 N). SEM images showed residual cellular and extracellular materials only on TiO2-coated rods. Ti oxidation produced blue or brown-coated backplates. No difference was observed in proliferation, migration or cytotoxicity between coated and uncoated groups in cell culture (p>0.745). Conclusion TiO2 coating enhanced corneal tissue integration with PMMA rods. Oxidation also improved the esthetics of the Ti backplates of the Boston KPro, without compromising its safety or biocompatibility.
Antimutagenic activity of selenium-enriched green tea toward the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

Both selenium and green tea have been reported to exhibit antigenotoxic and cancer chemopreventive properties. We compared the antimutagenic activities of regular green tea and selenium-enriched green tea obtained from Hubei Province, China, toward the heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in the Salmonella assay. Selenium-enriched green tea obtained by foliar application of selenite exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of IQ-induced mutagenesis in the presence of rat liver S9 and was significantly more effective than regular green tea tested under the same conditions. Analytical studies revealed no major differences in the polyphenol or caffeine content between regular green tea and selenium-enriched green tea, but the latter tea contained approximately 60-fold higher concentrations of selenium compared with regular green tea. The only soluble form of selenium was identified as selenite. The antimutagenic effects of certain individual tea constituents, such as epicatechin gallate and catechin, were enhanced by the addition of selenite to the Salmonella assay. Sodium selenite, sodium selenate, seleno-DL-cysteine, seleno-L-methionine, and L-Se-methylselenocysteine were not antimutagenic toward IQ when tested alone, but augmented significantly the inhibitory potency of green tea. The results suggested an enhancing ("coantimutagenic") effect of selenium in combination with green tea in vitro, but in vivo studies are needed to assess whether there is a synergistic effect of tea and selenium to protect against heterocyclic amine-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.
Improving clock-rate of hard-macro designs

HMFlow reuses precompiled circuit modules (hard macros) and other techniques to rapidly compile large designs in a few seconds - many times faster than standard Xilinx flows. However, the clock rates of designs rapidly compiled by HMFlow are often significantly lower than those compiled by the Xilinx flow. To improve clock rates, HMFlow algorithms were modified as follows: (1) the router was modified to take advantage of longer routing wires in the FPGA devices, (2) the original greedy placer was replaced with an annealing-based placer, and (3) certain registers were removed from the hard-macro and moved into the fabric to reduce critical-path delays. Benchmark circuits compiled with these modifications can achieve clock rates that are about 75% as fast as those achieved by Xilinx, on average. Fast run-times are also preserved; the improved algorithms only increase HMFlow run-times by about 50% across the benchmark suite so that HMFlow remains more than 30× faster than the standard Xilinx flow for the benchmarks tested in this paper.
Why Progressives Should be Pro-Family

When Margaret Thatcher dismissed the notion of society in the late 1980s we were not left with straightforward individualism. We were to make do, specifically, with ‘individuals and their families’. Protecting and promoting the institution and value of families has long been claimed as a conservative agenda. In practice, conservatives have rarely been able to honour their commitment to families. The conservative aspiration to hold together a postwar family model may have been genuinely strong, but it proved weak against the breakup of the postwar social settlement. We saw this when indicators of poor quality families shot up over the 1980s and early 1990s. It seemed the greater the angst about family breakdown, from lone or teen parenthood, from having children outside marriage to divorce, the faster it rose. This terrible clash—pairing family
Field tests of interspecific resource-based competition among phytoplankton

Abstract The hypothesis that interspecific resource-based competition caused the spring and summer vertical segregation of phytoplankton species was tested in Lake Tahoe (California/Nevada). Two species (Cyclotella glomerata Bachmann and Synedra radians Kutz.) became dominant at different depth intervals (0-30 m and 60-90 m, respectively). Experimental transplants of assemblages between depths demonstrated asymmetrical competition. In the phosphate-limited region near the surface, growth of S. radians declined in the presence of C. glomerata. However, growth of C. glomerata was not affected by the presence of S. radians in the light-limited region at depth. This study provides field verification of resource-based competition theory.
Processing and characterization of an hybrid fiber reinforced Ni aluminide

Abstract A processing route for a high temperature, fiber-reinforced superalloy matrix composite is described. Particular emphasis is placed on achieving low cost while meeting performance objectives. The issue of affordability is addressed by (1) the selection of slurry casting as a means of combining matrix and fiber; (2) the incorporation of a novel oxide fiber based on low cost alumina tows; and (3) the development of microstructural evolution models for the application of intelligent processing concepts. Results of initial metallographic studies of as-cast and as-consolidated samples are presented and used to introduce microstructural features whose evolution during processing must be guided in order to achieve optimal cost and performance. Process-structure modeling approaches currently being explored are briefly described.
Intimate Violence Among Underrepresented Groups on a College Campus

Rape, sexual violence, psychological violence, and physical violence, among college students have been a concern. Lifetime events are often studied but not violence that specifically transpires while one is in college. Underrepresented groups such as Deaf and Hard of Hearing students, students who are gay, lesbian, and bisexual, and students who are members of racial and ethnic minorities have not been studied as extensively as White, heterosexual females. The authors used several measures to investigate the incidence of sexual violence, physical and psychological abuse among underrepresented groups in a random sample of 1,028 college students at a private, northeastern, technological campus in upstate New York, United States and analyzed victimization rates by gender, race/ethnicity, auditory status, and sexual orientation. Binary logistic regression analyses found that statistically significant differences are likely to exist between members of underrepresented groups and groups in the majority. The stu...
Determinants of GBP Recruitment to Toxoplasma gondii Vacuoles and the Parasitic Factors That Control It

IFN-γ is a major cytokine that mediates resistance against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are strongly induced by IFN-γ. We studied the behavior of murine GBP1 (mGBP1) upon infection with T. gondii in vitro and confirmed that IFN-γ-dependent re-localization of mGBP1 to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) correlates with the virulence type of the parasite. We identified three parasitic factors, ROP16, ROP18, and GRA15 that determine strain-specific accumulation of mGBP1 on the PV. These highly polymorphic proteins are held responsible for a large part of the strain-specific differences in virulence. Therefore, our data suggest that virulence of T. gondii in animals may rely in part on recognition by GBPs. However, phagosomes or vacuoles containing Trypanosoma cruzi did not recruit mGBP1. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed mGBP2, mGBP4, and mGBP5 as binding partners of mGBP1. Indeed, mGBP2 and mGBP5 co-localize with mGBP1 in T. gondii-infected cells. T. gondii thus elicits a cell-autonomous immune response in mice with GBPs involved. Three parasitic virulence factors and unknown IFN-γ-dependent host factors regulate this complex process. Depending on the virulence of the strains involved, numerous GBPs are brought to the PV as part of a large, multimeric structure to combat T. gondii.
Dynamic templating: a large area processing route for the assembly of periodic arrays of sub-micrometer and nanoscale structures†

A substrate-based templated assembly route has been devised which offers large-area, high-throughput capabilities for the fabrication of periodic arrays of sub-micrometer and nanometer-scale structures. The approach overcomes a significant technological barrier to the widespread use of substrate-based templated assembly by eliminating the need for periodic templates having nanoscale features. Instead, it relies upon the use of a dynamic template with dimensions that evolve in time from easily fabricated micrometer dimensions to those on the nanoscale as the assembly process proceeds. The dynamic template consists of a pedestal of a sacrificial material, typically antimony, upon which an ultrathin layer of a second material is deposited. When heated, antimony sublimation results in a continuous reduction in template size where the motion of the sublimation fronts direct the diffusion of atoms of the second material to a predetermined location. The route has broad applicability, having already produced periodic arrays of gold, silver, copper, platinum, nickel, cobalt, germanium and Au–Ag alloys on substrates as diverse as silicon, sapphire, silicon–carbide, graphene and glass. Requiring only modest levels of instrumentation, the process provides an enabling route for any reasonably equipped researcher to fabricate periodic arrays that would otherwise require advanced fabrication facilities.
Engineering design of the National Spherical Torus Experiment

NSTX is a proof-of-principle experiment aimed at exploring the physics of the ‘spherical torus’ (ST) configuration, which is predicted to exhibit more efficient magnetic confinement than conventional large aspect ratio tokamaks, among other advantages. The low aspect ratio (R:a, typically 1.2‐2 in ST designs compared to 4‐5 in conventional tokamaks) decreases the available cross sectional area through the center of the torus for toroidal and poloidal field coil conductors, vacuum vessel wall, plasma facing components, etc., thus increasing the need to deploy all components within the so-called ‘center stack’ in the most efficient manner possible. Several unique design features have been developed for the NSTX center stack, and careful engineering of this region of the machine, utilizing materials up to their engineering allowables, has been key to meeting the desired objectives. The design and construction of the machine has been accomplished in a rapid and cost effective manner thanks to the availability of extensive facilities, a strong experience base from the TFTR era, and good cooperation between institutions. © 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Bacteroides fragilis–Stimulated Interleukin-10 Contains Expanding Disease

Commensal symbionts may become pathogens upon escaping their habitat. In the gut, Bacteroides fragilis protects against colitis through induction of interleukin 10 (IL-10) by CD4(+) T cells. When intestinal integrity is disrupted, B. fragilis and colonic contents escape into the peritoneum, causing abscesses and bacteremia. Whether the virulence mechanisms employed by B. fragilis during infections differ from those employed for symbiosis during commensalism is unknown. We demonstrate T cell-independent IL-10 production in response to B. fragilis during its pathogenic interactions with the host, and demonstrate the ability of the whole organism to activate Toll-like receptor 2-mediated MyD88 signaling in macrophages. Upon challenge with B. fragilis, mortality rates and serum proinflammatory cytokine levels were higher among IL-10(-/-) mice than among wild-type mice. Deaths were due to exuberant proinflammatory responses, not increased bacterial burden. During infection or commensalism, induction of IL-10 by B. fragilis is critical to this microbe's interactions with the immune system.
Implications of Floodplain Isolation and Connectivity on the Conservation of an Endangered Minnow, Oregon Chub, in the Willamette River, Oregon

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution and abundance of endangered Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri, a small floodplain minnow endemic to the Willamette Valley of western Oregon; to describe the fish communities in current and historic chub habitats; and to establish new populations through introductions. Various sampling gears were used, including seines, minnow traps, dip nets, and a gill net. Oregon chub distribution was found to be restricted in comparison with their historical range, whereas nonnative fishes were widespread in the off-channel habitats preferred by Oregon chub. Oregon chub were absent, or low in abundance, when nonnative fishes were present, and several populations declined or were extirpated when their habitats were invaded by nonnative fishes. Isolated habitats with low connectivity supported larger populations of Oregon chub and were less likely to contain nonnative fish species than were habitats with high connectivity. In habitats that supported...
The labor supply consequences of perceptions of employer discrimination during search and on-the-job: Integrating neoclassical theory and cognitive dissonance

Abstract This paper offers a theory of how a person’s perception that they face discrimination during job search influences their labor supply, and provides evidence on the relation between this form of perceived discrimination and subsequent labor supply. The theory is developed by extending the neoclassical theory of labor supply to incorporate the insights of Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance. A unique feature of our theory is that a person seeks simultaneously both an economic objective – utility maximization – and psychological balance. The theory we advance predicts that a person who faces job search discrimination is thrust into an unbalanced psychological state. This person will make cognitive adjustments to renew psychological balance. They are likely to change their beliefs about the quality of the job that they can expect to attain, which provides an incentive to reduce their labor supply. Alternatively, they may decide that a resume with more work experience is a superior way to restore cognitive consistency. This resume-based strategy generates an impulse to enhance labor supply. Therefore, efforts to restore psychological balance after exposure to job search discrimination may, on net, affect labor supply. Using data drawn from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI) this paper offers estimates of the impact on subsequent labor supply of perceived discrimination due to race, ethnicity, or gender while seeking a job and while on-the-job.
Partial Discharge Tests and Characterization of the Advanced Photon Source Linac Modulator Cables

The advanced photon source (APS) linac modulators are PFN-type pulsers with switch-mode charging power supplies (PSs). The PS and the PFN are connected to each other by 15 feet of 100-kV x-ray cable, with the PFN end of the cable terminated with a connector that was confirmed partial-discharge (PD)-free up to 38 kV ac (53.5 kV peak). Another end of the cable is terminated with a connector that was designed by the PS manufacturer and cannot easily be replaced with another type of connector, since part of it is located inside the densely packed PS. PD tests of the cables with this type of connector show that the PD inception voltages (PDIVs) in different cables turn out to be located within a wide voltage range: 21 to 27 kV ac that corresponds to 29 to 38 kV peak. In order to evaluate the insulation condition of the modulator cables, detect insulation deterioration, and ensure failure-preventing equipment maintenance, over the last two years the PDIVs of all high-voltage (HV) cables in use in the modulators have been tested about every three and a half months. Before the tests, all cables were removed from the equipment, carefully cleaned, inspected, and regreased. The tests were performed using a 40-kV PD detector. The test results show that: 1) The PDIVs remain almost unchanged in all tested cables. 2) From test to test, the PDIV of any particular cable may slightly oscillate around some average value. This possibly depends on the connector regreasing technique. 3) There is no direct evidence of cable insulation deterioration during more than two years of operation under voltage higher than the PD inception level
Learning to identify reduced passive verb phrases with a shallow parser

Our research is motivated by the observation that NLP systems frequently mislabel passive voice verb phrases as being in the active voice when there is no auxiliary verb (e.g., "The man arrested had a long record"). These errors directly impact thematic role recognition and NLP applications that depend on it. We present a learned classifier that can accurately identify reduced passive voice constructions in shallow parsing environments.
The synergy of BiCMOS in analog cell design

BiCMOS will quickly become the norm for large-scale mixed-signal integrated circuit design, as well as for many analog-only and digital-only applications. The BiCMOS processes developed for high-density logic use are invariably quite poor in analog applications. There is disagreement about the value of MOS devices as adjuncts to bipolar transistors in analog circuits or vice versa. One of the issues considered is whether there is real synergy to be enjoyed in designing analog circuits with both bipolar and MOS available. The history of BiMOS processes at Analog Devices Inc. is outlined, along with applications of this technology. >
Greenhouse Gas–Induced Changes in Summer Precipitation over Colorado in NARCCAP Regional Climate Models*

Precipitation changes between 32-yr periods in the late twentieth and mid-twenty-first centuries are investigatedusingregionalclimatemodelsimulations providedbytheNorthAmericanRegionalClimateChange Assessment Program (NARCCAP). The simulations generally indicate drier summers in the future over most of Colorado and the border regions of the adjoining states. The decrease in precipitation occurs despite an increaseinthesurfacespecifichumidity.Thedomain-averageddecreaseindailysummer precipitationoccurs in all of the models from the 50th through the 95thpercentile, but without a clear agreement on the sign ofchange for the most extreme (top 1% of) events.
Health-related quality of life in pediatric bone marrow transplant survivors: according to whom?

Historically, health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessment in pediatrics, including the few validated instruments in pediatric oncology, has been based on proxy reporting, relying primarily on parental assessment. Children have been deemed incapable of providing consistent and reliable information about their level of functioning or state of well-being. Previous studies have been hampered by either limited or poor correlation among the proxy reporters, i.e., teachers, parents and physicians, and in comparisons to disease severity. Simply stated, proxy reporters have greater agreement about what the child can do vs. what the child thinks or feels. Comparisons among proxy reporters have been hindered also by a lack of parallel content in the instruments used, which may result in poorly congruent assessments simply because the instruments measure different constructs. In addition to the measurement issues, the emotional milieu of the parent, particularly the mother, has been shown to influence assessments of the child's functioning. Maternal distress, marital adjustment and health locus of control all co-vary with reports of the child's behavior. What, then, is the proxy reporter telling us about the child? We conducted a cross-sectional study of school-aged pediatric bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients at our institution to evaluate children's self-reported HRQL and functional status. We formally tested the Child Health Rating Inventories (CHRIs), a recently developed generic health-status measure, with its companion measure, the Disease Impairment Inventories-Bone Marrow Transplant (DSII-BMT). Separate questionnaires were administered to patients, parents and physicians at a scheduled outpatient visit after BMT. The questionnaires were designed to have parallel content. All responses were confidential. The psychometric properties of the CHRIs and DSII-BMT are reported elsewhere. In brief, the responses of all raters were reliable, based on measurements of internal consistency. The children's self-reported health status was correlated significantly with the physicians' disease severity rating (DSR) across all generic and disease-specific domains. In contrast, parental reports of child health status were not correlated significantly with the DSR for disease-specific problems or the child's pain. Parental ratings deviated most from the children's ratings within the dimensions of mental health and quality of life (p 12 months after transplant", with the exception of mental health and quality of life, parental scores were the same as or higher than the children's ratings. Our results confirm previous studies that the parental reporting of children's health status is a complex construct and that valuable information can be elicited directly from the children. Further research is needed to substantiate these findings, particularly in longitudinal applications with adequate sample sizes.
Membrane Trafficking of Heterotrimeric G Proteins via the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi

Membrane targeting of G-protein αβγ heterotrimers was investigated in live cells by use of Gα and Gγ subunits tagged with spectral mutants of green fluorescent protein. Unlike Ras proteins, Gβγ contains a single targeting signal, the CAAX motif, which directed the dimer to the endoplasmic reticulum. Endomembrane localization of farnesylated Gγ1, but not geranylgeranylated Gγ2, required carboxyl methylation. Targeting of the heterotrimer to the plasma membrane (PM) required coexpression of all three subunits, combining the CAAX motif of Gγ with the fatty acyl modifications of Gα. Gα associated with Gβγ on the Golgi and palmitoylation of Gα was required for translocation of the heterotrimer to the PM. Thus, two separate signals, analogous to the dual-signal targeting mechanism of Ras proteins, cooperate to target heterotrimeric G proteins to the PM via the endomembrane.
Water properties on the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf: a model study of effects of surface fluxes and sea ice

Abstract A vertical- and time-dependent numerical mixed-layer and sea-ice model is used to analyze processes responsible for sea-ice and surface mixed-layer water properties on the continental shelf on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Atmospheric observations from Faraday and Palmer stations along with satellite sea-ice observations and shipboard water observations (four hydrographic cruises between January 1993 to February 1994) are used for forcing and verification. The focus of this study is the year 1993 during which the best observations exist. However, a 16-year simulation is completed to analyze interannual variations of ice thickness and mixed-layer depth. This model study shows that surface waters of the west Antarctic Peninsula are heated in the summer by solar radiation and cooled in the winter by sensible heat losses. Diffusive-convection is important for upward heat flux across the pycnocline. Ice melt in the spring is due to solar warming of open water, which then melts ice; the direct melting for ice by solar heating is negligible. The near closure of surface heat and salt budgets over 1 year supports the minor importance, or at least the compensation, of near-surface lateral exchanges. Intrusion of Upper Circumpolar Deep water from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current onto the subpycnocline shelf is a critical element of both salt and heat budgets. A 16-year simulation (1978–1993) reproduces most high and low ice years as observed by satellite microwave measurements, thus supporting the major contribution of thermodynamic (local) processes in creating sea-ice and mixed-layer properties.
EPC: Energy-Aware Probability-Based Clustering Algorithm for Correlated Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper addresses energy-efficient data gathering issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Leveraging data correlation in densely-deployed sensor networks, we propose an Energy-aware Probability-based Clustering algorithm (EPC), featuring high scalability and flexibility particularly suitable for large-scale WSNs. Unlike most existing data gathering schemes that construct static routing structures or only consider spatial correlation among sensed data, EPC establishes energy-efficient routes on the fly during the data gathering process, and dynamically organizes sensor nodes into clusters based on a probability factor determined by both spatial and temporal data correlations. Redundant data transmissions are suppressed within a cluster and energy consumption is balanced to prolong network lifetime. To verify the effectiveness of EPC, extensive simulations are conducted on a network of 625 randomly deployed sensor nodes. Results show that EPC balances the energy consumption of the whole network and reduces up to 71% of the transmission costs with near negligible error rates for representative aggregation functions.
In Vivo Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Elicitation by Mycobacterial Heat Shock Protein 70 Fusion Proteins Maps to a Discrete Domain and Is Cd4+ T Cell Independent

To gain insights into the mechanisms by which soluble heat shock protein (hsp) fusions can elicit CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against the fusion partner, mycobacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) hsp70 was dissected to ascertain whether a particular hsp domain is necessary, and knockout mice were used to determine whether the fusion protein's immunogenicity is dependent on CD4+ T lymphocytes. We found that the ability to elicit CD8+ CTLs depends on a discrete 200–amino acid protein domain, indicating that the fusion protein's immunogenicity for CD8+ T cells does not require coupled chaperone function or peptide binding. Further, we found that ovalbumin (OVA).hsp70 fusion protein elicited anti-OVA CD8+ CTLs about equally well in CD4 knockout and wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and also when the hsp70 was of murine (self) origin. The ability of hsp70 fusion proteins to elicit CD4-independent CTL responses suggests that hsp70 fusion proteins may be useful for immunological prophylaxis and therapy against disease in CD4+ T cell–deficient individuals.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN COLORANT PROPERTIES AND STABILITY OF RED BEET PIGMENTS

Samples of 48 beet cultivars were screened for differences in pigment content and stability. Large differences were found between cultivars in betacyanine content and in the proportion of betacyanines and betaxanthines. Extensive variability in pigment content was seen within samples. The thermal stability of betacyanines in diluted beet juice at 100°C was not subject to varietal effects. Differences in betacyanine stability at 25°C between cultivars were significant at the 0.10 level, but not at 0.05. Betacyanines were less stable at pH 3 than at pH 5 and were highly light sensitive. Betaxanthines were similarly affected by pH and light; betaxanthines were much less stable than betacyanines at 25°C.
Why does consciousness fade in early sleep

Consciousness fades during deep nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep early in the night, yet cortical neurons remain active, keep receiving sensory inputs, and can display patterns of synchronous activity. Why then does consciousness fade? According to the integrated information theory of consciousness, what is critical for consciousness is not firing rates, sensory input, or synchronization per se, but rather the ability of a system to integrate information. If consciousness is the capacity to integrate information, then the brain should be able to generate consciousness to the extent that it has a large repertoire of available states (information), yet it cannot be decomposed into a collection of causally independent subsystems (integration). A key prediction stemming from this hypothesis is that such ability should be greatly reduced in deep NREM sleep; the dreamless brain either breaks down into causally independent modules, shrinks its repertoire of possible responses, or both. In this article, we report the results of a series of experiments in which we employed a combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and high-density electroencephalography (TMS/hd-EEG) to directly test this prediction in humans. Altogether, TMS/hdEEG measurements suggest that the sleeping brain, despite being active and reactive, loses its ability of entering states that are both integrated and differentiated; it either breaks down in causally independent modules, responding to TMS with a short and local activation, or it bursts into an explosive and aspecific response, producing a full-fledged slow wave.
The Historical Environment of Real Estate Returns

Executive Summary. Returns on real estate investments have been examined from many historical perspectives. This study provides a comprehensive review of the real estate investment literature accor...
Lipoxin Formation during Neutrophil-Platelet Interactions: a Role for Leukotriene A4 and Platelet 12-Lipoxygenase

The lipoxins are a series of biologically active eicosanoids which contain a conjugated tetraene structure as a characteristic feature (1). The two main compounds which carry biological activities are positional isomers: one designated lipoxin A4 (5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7,9,13-trans-11-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid) and the other lipoxin B4 (5S,14R,15S, trihydroxy-6,10,12-trans-8-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid). Multiple pathways have been documented in vitro which can lead to the formation of lipoxins (1–4). It appears that the biosynthetic pathways utilized are species-, cell type- and substratespecific. One route, documented with results from both isotopic oxygen studies as well as the identification of alcohol trapping products, involves the transformation of 15-HETE to a 5(6)epoxytetraene by leukocytes (1). When this intermediate (15S-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-7,9,13-trans-11-ciseicosatetraenoic acid) was synthesized and incubated with purified cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, it was quantitatively converted into LXA4 (5). During the formation of lipoxins from exogenous 15-HETE by human neutrophils (an event which may occur in cell-cell interactions), an inverse relationship is observed between leukotriene and lipoxin production (6). Thus, the generation of epoxide-containing intermediates by human PMN appears to play a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of both leukotrienes and lipoxins.
A Metabolic Basis for Treatment of Type I Glycogen Storage Disease

Most diseases associated with excess hepatic glycogen can be traced to deficient activity of one of the enzymes involved in synthesis or degradation of glycogen (1–3). Exceptions to this are deficient activity of the glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase in muscle (4), and deficient activity of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase). The fact that glycogen synthesis and degradation can proceed unimpaired, leads to a number of clinical and chemical features unique to patients with G-6-Pase deficiency or type I glycogen storage (GSD-I).
Nerve Repair and Nerve Grafting

Direct repair and nerve autografting are primary options in the treatment of upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries. Deciding between these surgical options depends on the mechanism of injury, time since injury, and length of repair defect. Principles of direct repair and nerve autografting are reviewed. Finally, a literature-based review of the outcomes of upper extremity peripheral nerve repair and autografting is provided. Taken together, this article provides relevant and recent data for surgeons regarding patient selection, technique selection, surgical technique, surgical outcomes, and prognostic factors that will aid surgeons treating patients with upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries.
Discovery of potent and specific dihydroisoxazole inhibitors of human transglutaminase 2.

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes the posttranslational modification of glutamine residues on protein or peptide substrates. A growing body of literature has implicated aberrantly regulated activity of TG2 in the pathogenesis of various human inflammatory, fibrotic, and other diseases. Taken together with the fact that TG2 knockout mice are developmentally and reproductively normal, there is growing interest in the potential use of TG2 inhibitors in the treatment of these conditions. Targeted-covalent inhibitors based on the weakly electrophilic 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole (DHI) scaffold have been widely used to study TG2 biology and are well tolerated in vivo, but these compounds have only modest potency, and their selectivity toward other transglutaminase homologues is largely unknown. In the present work, we first profiled the selectivity of existing inhibitors against the most pertinent TG isoforms (TG1, TG3, and FXIIIa). Significant cross-reactivity of these ...
Understanding Change in Open Source Communities: A Co-evolutionary Framework

Open Source Software Development (OSSD) is becoming increasingly relevant both technically and commercially. Therefore, it is vital for both research and practice to understand why and how OSSD pro...