cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Elementary Level Science Methods Course: Breeding Ground of an Apprehension toward Science? A Case Study.

Ethnographic research methodologies were used to examine the training of elementary education majors in science in an attempt to gain insight on whether or not their training in science contributes to the apprehension elementary teachers have toward science. The field study consisted of 14 weeks of weekly observations in the elementary education majors science methods class. Interviews with the students and the instructors as well as survey instruments to assess students' preparation in science were used. Two different approaches to the study of science, one content oriented, the other process oriented, may contribute to the students' confusion, insecurity, and avoidance of science. The students' perception that science is learning content, an objective of introductory level science courses, and the science methods class's objectives of teaching science as a process sets up an “antagonistic dilemma” between the two. Such “antagonistic dilemma” may be manifest in the lack of instructional time accorded to science by elementary educators. The type of science experiences an individual encounters influences their perceptions. To offset student perceptions developed in science courses which stress principally content, the students need science experiences which truly represent science as inquiry. New strategies for the training of elementary education majors in science need to be examined.
[3H]N-[4-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl]-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzamide: a novel sigma-2 receptor probe

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 3951 N -[4-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2(1H)- yl )butyl]-2-methoxy-5-methyl-benzamide (RHM-1) and N -[2-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2(1H)- y l)ethyl]-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzamide (RHM-2), two conformationally-flexible benzamide analogues, have been shown to have high affinity and selectivity for σ2 receptors versus σ1 and the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors ( Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004: 14; 195-202). Their high σ2 receptor affinity (Ki 300) indicates that they may be useful radioligands for assessing the σ2 receptor status of solid tumors. Therefore, RHM-1 and RHM-2 were radiolabeled with tritium (specific activity = 80 Ci/mmol) and the binding of [3H]RHM-1 and [3H]RHM-2 to σ2 receptors of rat liver and breast tumor homogenates were evaluated in vitro. [3H]RHM-1 was found to have a higher affinity and higher selectivity for σ2 receptors compared to [3H]RHM-2 and [3H]DTG. [3H]RHM-1 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.66 ± 0.12 nM, which was 30-fold higher affinity than that of [3H]RHM-2 (Kd = 19.48 ± 0.51 nM). The Kd values obtained from saturation binding experiments are consistent with the results that are calculated from kinetic (i.e., kon and koff) studies. The lower affinity of [3H]RHM-2 is attributed to its faster koff rate since both radioligands have similar kon rates. [3H]RHM-2 appears to have a similar binding affinity to that of 3H-DTG, both of which dissociate from σ2 receptors faster than [3H]RHM-1. Competitive binding assays were also conducted using a series of σ1, σ2, dopaminergic, serotonergic and NMDA drugs and both [3H]RHM-1 and [3H]DTG. The pharmacologic profile of [3H]RHM-1 was in agreement with that of [3H]DTG. Scatchard studies of [3H]RHM-1 were also conducted with membrane homogenates from MDA-MB 435 human breast tumors and EMT-6 mouse breast tumors. The density of σ2 receptors was found to be high in both tumors. These data suggest that [3H]RHM-1 is a useful radioligand for assessing the σ2 receptor status of solid tumors. Research funded by CA 102869 and DAMD17-01-0446.
Do African Countries Get Health from Health Aid

This paper uses panel data from African countries and a dynamic panel data (DPD) estimator to investigate the effects of health aid on health outcomes as well as the effects of health aid on health expenditures from domestic resources. I find that health aid has a statistically significant positive impact on health outcomes in African countries. Health aid is found to be more effective in improving health outcomes in countries that increase health spending from domestic resources above the sample mean and those with better governance. I also find that health aid marginally increases health expenditure from domestic sources in African countries, all things equal, suggesting that the effect of health aid on health outcomes may be larger than the direct effect. The results are robust to several specifications and estimation methods.
Wave-Current Interactions in a Marine Current Turbine Using ANSYS FLUENT CFD

This paper presents the results of the study on the wavecurrent interactions of an idealized full scale marine current turbine (MCT). A multi-phase flow model is used for simulation of three cases: still water and two different wave heights. The Standard k-ω turbulence model is chosen based on the stability of the pressure and velocity plots upstream and downstream the turbine rotor plane. The three cases are used in the present study to compare the effects of wave height and current velocity on the turbine rotor. The velocity, and pressures on the turbine blades are computed for each case using ANSYS FLUENT CFD Software. The thrust, torque, and power in the MCT are calculated using the results obtained from the CFD simulation.The turbine rotor blades are drafted in 3D using SolidWorks by extruding cross sections of a 43.2 m diameter turbine blade published by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Tetrahedral mesh elements are used to represent the multiphase fluid domain and rotor blades in ANSYS ICEM CFD due to its simplicity and speed of computation. The ANSYS FLUENT simulation is set up to run air and water phases in the domain, while the rotor blade is suspended in the fluid domain, such that there is 20 m of water in front and 100 m behind the plane of rotation. The effects of varying wave heights on the thrust, torque, and power are presented based on the tip speed ratios. The power generated by the turbine rotor from the wave cases is found to be higher than those for the still water case, at lower current velocities. However, at current velocities higher than 2.00 m/s, the power generated from the still water case is higher than the wave cases. At lower tip speed ratios, the thrust on the turbine, subjected to wave conditions, is lower than that for the still water condition. At higher tip speed ratios, the thrust on the turbine, under wave conditions, is higher than that for the still water condition. The torque decreases exponentially with increases in the tip speed ratio for all three cases, but the torque remains nearly constant with increases in wave height. The results provide detailed information which would be valuable in the design and operation of marine current turbines in wave environments.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Soft Power in the University: Results from Feild Work in Afghanistan

I report preliminary results from the Central Asian Student Survey, a survey of students at four universities in Afghanistan. The first of four planned waves in a panel survey, it will allow us to assess the impact of higher education on attitude formation among the future elites of these countries. This wave, administered in March 2009 in Kabul, along with in-person interviews, measures students' social capital, identity development, attitudes towards political institutions and individual rights, as well as their preferences for key public policies. The participating universities are backed by different foreign countries - Iran, Turkey, Russia, Kuwait and the United States - as part of long-term efforts to gain influence in this part of the world. I also assess efforts to increase 'soft power,' in Central Asia. By following these students over the course of their educational careers we will be able to assess comparative effectiveness of different countries' efforts to project soft power. Among the most interesting findings so far is that in tandem with very broad support for the policy goal of defeating the Taliban, there exists an almost universal conviction among Afghan university students that the United States is failing to defeat the Taliban on purpose.
Positronium energy levels at order m α 7 : Product contributions in the two-photon-annihilation channel

Ongoing improvements in the measurement of positronium transition intervals motivate the calculation of the $O(m{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{7})$ corrections to these intervals. In this work we focus on corrections to the spin-singlet parapositronium energies involving virtual annihilation to two photons in an intermediate state. We have evaluated all contributions to the positronium $S$-state energy levels that can be written as the product of a one-loop correction on one side of the annihilation event and another one-loop correction on the other side. These effects contribute $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}E=\ensuremath{-}0.561971(25)m{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{7}/{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{3}$ to the parapositronium ground-state energy.
EFFECT OF CORIOLIS AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES ON TURBULENCE AND TRANSPORT AT HIGH ROTATION AND BUOYANCY NUBMERS IN INTERNAL COOLING U-CHANNELS WITH SMOOTH WALLS

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer for high rotation and density ratio flow in internal cooling channels with smooth walls of turbine blades is the main focus of this study. The flow in theses channels is affected by Rotation, buoyancy, bends and boundary conditions. On the basis of comparison between two-equation (k-e and k-ω) and RSM turbulence models, it is concluded that the twoequation turbulence models cannot predict heat transfer correctly, while RSM showed improved prediction. Thus RSM model with wall functions for near wall treatment was validated against available experimental data (which are primarily at low rotation and buoyancy numbers). The model was then used for cases with high rotation numbers (as much as 1.29) and high-density ratios (up to 0.4). Particular attention was given to how Reynolds stresses, turbulence intensity and transport are affected by coriolis and buoyancy/centrifugal forces caused by high levels of rotation and density ratio. The results obtained are explained in view of physical interpretation of coriolis and centrifugal forces.
A Case of Paired Oviducts in the Chicken

Abstract ANATOMICAL peculiarities involving the reproductive tract of the adult female chicken have been reported by many investigators. These anomalies principally include structural twinning of the ovary, oviduct and oviducal orifices. The adult female of Gallus domesticus normally has a single functional ovary and oviduct situated to the left of the median line of the body. Persistent right ovaries in addition to normal left ovaries have been reported as occurring with relatively high frequency in mature females of Falconidae (Picchi, 1911), (Gunn, 1912) and ringdove (Riddle, 1925). Ovarian duplication was observed in a lesser frequency in the buzzard, serpent eagle and Mallard (Picchi, 1911) and in the English sparrow, robin and pigeon (Riddle, 1925). Chappellier (1914) found a duck with paired ovaries and oviducts and Wodzicki (1934) reported that in Anser the right oviduct tended to persist with high frequency but that the right ovary generally degenerated or remained infantile. The …
Optical Molecular Profiling with Ultrashort Pulse Fiber-Based Multispectral Nonlinear Optical Microscopy

Sub-10-fs laser pulses are delivered through single-mode optical fiber to efficiently excite multiple fluorescent proteins simultaneously. Images of extracellular matrix and fluorescent protein expressing endothelial cells are spectrally resolved using a non-descanned 16 channel detector.
CTViz: A tool for the visualization of transport in nanocomposites

A visualization tool (CTViz) for charge transport processes in 3-D hybrid materials (nanocomposites) was developed, inspired by the need for a graphical application to assist in code debugging and data presentation of an existing in-house code. As the simulation code grew, troubleshooting problems grew increasingly difficult without an effective way to visualize 3-D samples and charge transport in those samples. CTViz is able to produce publication and presentation quality visuals of the simulation box, as well as static and animated visuals of the paths of individual carriers through the sample. CTViz was designed to provide a high degree of flexibility in the visualization of the data. A feature that characterizes this tool is the use of shade and transparency levels to highlight important details in the morphology or in the transport paths by hiding or dimming elements of little relevance to the current view. This is fundamental for the visualization of 3-D systems with complex structures. The code presented here provides these required capabilities, but has gone beyond the original design and could be used as is or easily adapted for the visualization of other particulate transport where transport occurs on discrete paths.
Carrying Status of HBsAg among Food and Public Places Employees in Hengtai County during 2006—2008

[Objective]To understand the carrying status of HBsAg among food and public places employees in Hengtai County.[Methods]The health examination information of food and public places employees during 2006—2008 were analyzed,the hepatitis B virus surface antigen(colloid gold law)was used to detect HBsAg.[Results]HBsAg positive rate was 5.02%(252/5022)in 2006,3.52%(216/6136)in 2007,2.77%(146/5268)in 2008;that for male was 3.57%(186/5213),3.82%(428/11 213)for female;employees aged 20～29 years had the highest positive rate of 5.0%(378/7559);most HBsAg positive cases 6.21%(92/1481)were employees from cultural and entertainment venues.[Conclusion]HbsAg carrying rate among employees decreases annually and differs between occupational groups.
Theoretical Inquiring into Selling Green

Facing a worldwide upsurge of green consuming quietly rising,a wave of green selling is in makingSuch a green selling is an action which must be predicated on minimizing the impact of products or merchandise on the ecological environment and on meeting the needs of consumers in order to realize objectives of an enterpriseEvery enterprise must conduct various strategies to spread green selling
Evolutionary Genetics: Reuse, Recycle, Converge

Our understanding of how genetic changes underlie the evolution of traits is growing fast. Two new studies now show that changes in the same genetic loci can drive the evolution of the same trait in multiple Drosophila species.
Generic Picard–Vessiot Extensions for Nonconnected Groups

Let K be a differential field with algebraically closed field of constants &#x1d49e; and G a linear algebraic group over &#x1d49e;. We provide a characterization of the K-irreducible G-torsors for nonconnected groups G in terms of the first Galois cohomology H1(K, G) and use it to construct Picard–Vessiot extensions which correspond to nontrivial torsors for the infinite quaternion group, the infinite multiplicative and additive dihedral groups and the orthogonal groups. The extensions so constructed are generic for those groups.
Reason Recognition, Weighing, and Response: Where is the Defect?

Darby, Edersheim, and Price (2016) propose a “constructionist” model designed to take into account deficits in a number of neuropsychological capacities that may lead patients with neurologic and p...
Eliminating pre-lithiation step for making high energy density hybrid Li-ion capacitor

Abstract Pre-lithiation is an indispensable step for making hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (LICs), its high cost and process complexity have greatly hindered the commercialization of LICs. Aiming to eliminate the pre-lithiation step, we propose an in-situ lithiation concept by introducing a Li + ion source material into the positive electrode to enable the lithiation to be completed in the formation cycle. In this paper we start with the fundamental principle of LICs to discuss the requirements for Li + ion source materials and demonstrate this concept by employing Li-rich Li 2 CuO 2 as the Li + ion source material, natural graphite and activated carbon (AC) as the negative and positive electrode materials. It is shown that the LICs made such behave as a pure capacitor with ability to deliver the same level of specific capacity and specific capacitance, i.e., 56 mAh g −1 and 143 F g −1 vs. the mass of AC in the voltage range between 2.8 V and 4.2 V, as those obtained from the counterpart Li/AC half-cell. The present concept is also applicable to other LICs with the negative electrode required to be pre-lithiated.
Real time eye gaze tracking with Kinect

Traditional gaze tracking systems rely on explicit infrared lights and high resolution cameras to achieve high performance and robustness. These systems, however, require complex setup and thus are restricted in lab research and hard to apply in practice. In this paper, we propose to perform gaze tracking with a consumer level depth sensor (Kinect). Leveraging on Kinect's capability to obtain 3D coordinates, we propose an efficient model-based gaze tracking system. We first build a unified 3D eye model to relate gaze directions and eye features (pupil center, eyeball center, cornea center) through subject-dependent eye parameters. A personal calibration framework is further proposed to estimate the subject-dependent eye parameters. Finally we can perform real time gaze tracking given the 3D coordinates of eye features from Kinect and the subject-dependent eye parameters from personal calibration procedure. Experimental results with 6 subjects prove the effectiveness of the proposed 3D eye model and the personal calibration framework. Furthermore, the gaze tracking system is able to work in real time (20 fps) and with low resolution eye images.
INFORMATION SOURCES USED AND EXTENSION METHODS PREFERRED BY DAIRY FARMERS

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the information sources used and the extension methods preferred by dairy farmers operating in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) of Turkey. A stratified random sample of 160 dairy farmers based on the number of dairy caws was selected from the region. Results show that as the number of dairy caws owned by farmers goes up, they tend to acquire less information from traditional sources such as family members and other farmers, and acquire more information from extension service and private veterinarians. Large farmers are more likely to adopt technology and to sustain in the changing production and marketing conditions, whereas small ones will require alternative policies to be viable.
Nanoporous Polymer Networks Templated by Gemini Surfactant Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

Nanoporous polymers with periodic, ordered structures have attracted significant interest for their potential applications as drug delivery vehicles, biomaterials, separations membranes, and materials for energy storage. Inducing polymer nanostructure through lyotropic liquid crystal-templated (LLC-templated) cross-linking photopolymerizations offers a promising means for morphological control at smaller length scales, which are difficult to access by other established strategies. We report the synthesis of a gemini dicarboxylate surfactant that self-assembles in water to form various aqueous LLC mesophases over a broad range of amphiphile concentrations, with an especially strong propensity to form the coveted bicontinuous double gyroid (GI) network mesophase. Aqueous GI LLCs surprisingly persist upon incorporation of as much as 10–37 wt % hexane-1,6-diol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) into the hydrophobic domains of these supramolecular surfactant assemblies, and cross-linking photopolymerization of the HDDMA u...
Clustering techniques applied to detection of inefficiency in electrical submersible pumps startup

Electrical submersible pumps have been increasingly used in the oil industry. The startup cycle of this equipment causes it to be subjected to extreme conditions that can reduce its useful life. In addition, the oil flow produced during this process is lower than the normal operating condition. Currently, the control of this process is manual and subject to operator experience and sensitivity. In this way, mechanisms that allow to evaluate and increase the efficiency of this process are necessary. The methodology proposed in this work applies clustering technique to identify the possibility of reducing process time and was feasible.
Complementary or Supplementary? The Relationship Between Government Size and Nonprofit Sector Size

Do government activities discourage or leverage nonprofit activities? The extant literature has proposed competing lines of arguments, making the net effect ambiguous. The present study conducts a meta-analysis to synthesize extant studies concerning the relationship between the level of government activities and the level of nonprofit activities within a locality and explore potential moderating effects. Through systematically reviewing 30 extant studies, the study finds a mostly positive association between the level of government activities and the level of nonprofit activities, but this relationship is generally weak and sometimes statistically insignificant. In addition, the moderator analysis concludes that data structure, unit of analysis, and field of activity significantly moderate effect size estimates across extant studies. Overall, the net relationship between the level of government activities and the level of nonprofit activities within a locality ranges from null to slight positive. Government activities generally seem not to discourage nonprofit activities, but may slightly leverage them.
Effects of measurement method and transcript availability on inexperienced raters' stuttering frequency scores.

Abstract Purpose To examine the effects of measurement method and transcript availability on the accuracy, reliability, and efficiency of inexperienced raters’ stuttering frequency measurements. Method 44 adults, all inexperienced at evaluating stuttered speech, underwent 20 min of preliminary training in stuttering measurement and then analyzed a series of sentences, with and without access to transcripts of sentence stimuli, using either a syllable-based analysis (SBA) or an utterance-based analysis (UBA). Participants’ analyses were compared between groups and to a composite analysis from two experienced evaluators. Results Stuttering frequency scores from the SBA and UBA groups differed significantly from the experienced evaluators’ scores; however, UBA scores were significantly closer to the experienced evaluators’ scores and were completed significantly faster than the SBA scores. Transcript availability facilitated scoring accuracy and efficiency in both groups. The internal reliability of stuttering frequency scores was acceptable for the SBA and UBA groups; however, the SBA group demonstrated only modest point-by-point agreement with ratings from the experienced evaluators. Conclusions Given its accuracy and efficiency advantages over syllable-based analysis, utterance-based fluency analysis appears to be an appropriate context for introducing stuttering frequency measurement to raters who have limited experience in stuttering measurement. To address accuracy gaps between experienced and inexperienced raters, however, use of either analysis must be supplemented with training activities that expose inexperienced raters to the decision-making processes used by experienced raters when identifying stuttered syllables.
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from human stool samples

To determine the prevalence of intestinal S. aureus colonization of patients at a large teaching hospital and determine the molecular characteristics of the identified strains. The second objective of this research was to determine risk factors associated with S. aureus intestinal colonization. A cross-sectional study of 781 specimens from inpatients and outpatients at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Clinical Microbiology Laboratory was conducted. S. aureus was identified using traditional culture methodologies. Methicillin-resistance was determined via PCR of the mecA gene. PVL PCR, spa typing, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing were also done. A nested case-control study was done on a subset of patients with all colonized patients defined as cases and non-colonized controls. Medical record abstractions were done to identify risk factors for intestinal colonization in the nested study. Out of 625 patients included in the final study, 58 were positive for S. aureus (9.3%). One isolate was positive for the PVL gene. A high number of isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics including oxacillin (43.1%), erythromycin (51.7%), and levofloxacin (41.4%). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. In the nested study, having a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract significantly increased the odds of intestinal colonization (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.04–3.7; aOR: 13.9, 95% CI: 1.67–115.7). No other variables were significantly associated with increased odds of colonization. S. aureus was identified from the stool of patients at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, with a large number of those isolates being resistant to antibiotics and may serve a reservoir for subsequent infections as well as asymptomatic transmission.
Genesis of U.S. Colorism and Skin Tone Stratification: Slavery, Freedom, and Mulatto-Black Occupational Inequality in the Late 19th Century:

Studies show lighter skinned Black people are advantaged on a number of social indicators—a phenomenon called “colorism.” These studies generally contend preferences for light-skinned and/or Mulatt...
Low aspect ratio tokamak formation and sustainment by coaxial helicity injection current drive

Coaxial helicity injection is used to form and sustain low aspect ratio tokamaks at currents of up to 250 kA in the Helicity Injected Tokamak experiment. Plasma currents can be sustained at an average of 225 kA for 2 ms, with on axis electron thermal energies up to 80 eV, or for longer times, 140 kA average for 7 ms, many resistive diffusion times. Spectroscopic measurements of the higher current discharges suggest burn-through of oxygen impurities. These plasmas have a rotating n = 1 distortion, appearing only on the outer, bad-curvature region. Equilibria reconstruction , fitting to experimental data, shows tokamak q profiles achieved with hollow plasma current profiles. 11 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Ras-Superfamily GTP-ases in Ovarian Cancer

Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPase), together with their associated regulators and effectors, play an important role in signal transduction pathways and as regulators of diverse cellular processes, including differentiation, cell division, cell proliferation, vesicle transport, nuclear assembly, and cytoskeleton formation. The Ras sarcoma (Ras) oncoproteins, including HRas, KRas, and NRas, are the founding members of the Ras-related oncoprotein superfamily. Comparative genomic analyses based on sequence and functional domain homology have revealed that this superfamily has more than 170 members, which can be subdivided into five major branches: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Ran, and Arf subfamilies. Variations in structure and posttranslational modifications control specific cellular localization of Ras-superfamily proteins to specific subcellular compartments and recruitment of downstream effectors that allow these small GTPases to function as sophisticated modulators of a remarkably complex and diverse range of cellular processes, including transmembrane signal transduction (Ras), cytoskeletal reorganization (Rho), gene expression (Ras, Rho), intracellular vesicle trafficking (Rab, Arf), and microtubule organization and nucleocytoplasmic transport (Ran). Of the small G-proteins, the Ras subfamily of GTPases is the most studied, in large part because of their critical roles in human oncogenesis. Recently, Rho and Rab GTPases have been implicated in playing a role in cancer and will also be discussed in this review.
The Uncanny Position of ‘Now’ in Science

I attempt to point to various discursive projects that are relative to the problem of understanding change, which most current scientific perspectives cannot deal with, and never faced because the social role of the natural sciences has been to support technology development.
Budgeting: Political Science Aspects

The study of public budgeting enables political scientists to theorize about the allocation of government resources, the development, structure, and dynamics of political institutions, and the formation of comparative fiscal and macroeconomic policies. Among the major theories either derived from or used to study budgeting are incrementalism, decrementalism, punctuated equilibrium, and rational choice theory.
Age is but a number when considering epilepsy surgery in older adults.

Abstract Background A quarter of patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy are older, yet they are less likely to be offered resective surgery potentially because of clinical bias that they incur increased surgical risks. There are few peer-reviewed case series that address this cohort and their outcomes. Objective In the context of current literature, the objective of this study was to report on all epilepsy surgeries in patients aged 50 years or older from a tertiary care center over 15 years with an average follow-up period of 6 years. Methods Patients with epilepsy who underwent surgery between 2001 and 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were age > 50 at surgery, availability of presurgical evaluation data, and minimum one year of follow-up data. We identified 34 patients. Seizure outcome was evaluated using the Engel classification system. Results Thirty-four patients aged 50 years and older out of 276 underwent epilepsy surgery. Average age at time of surgery was 55 years, and average duration of epilepsy was 30 years. Average length of follow-up was 6 years (1–15 years). Twenty-two out of 34 patients (64%) were seizure-free (Engel class I) at their last follow-up visit. Patients with lesional pathology on neuroimaging were more likely to achieve seizure freedom (p Conclusion Our study cohort is one of the largest and most representative outcome studies of this age group, following the cohort for 6 years. Our findings demonstrated that when considering epilepsy surgery in an older adult, their age should not play a determining role in the decision—a finding that is more common in modern literature.
A Vaccine Against Cervical Cancer: Context for the Global Public Health Practitioner

Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance provides support for vaccine introduction and immunization programs in eligible countries; country eligibility for support from Gavi is chiefly determined by the gross national income (GNI) per capita, which determines the level of co-financing and nature of vaccine program support available.14 Between 2012 and 2016, both Gavi and vaccine manufacturers funded sub-national demonstration projects in countries around the world to better understand how to feasibly and sustainably deliver HPV vaccine to adolescents, a relatively new target age group that does not routinely access health services, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Gavi-eligible countries needed to demonstrate successful vaccination to this new target age group prior to requesting funds for national HPV vaccine introduction. Starting in 2017, Gavi shifted its focus from demonstration programs to national introductions, aiming to scale up early lessons learned and to accelerate progress toward the goal of protecting 40 million girls from cervical cancer by 2020 in Gavi-eligible countries.15 Following WHO recommendations, Gavi enacted policy to support vaccination of multiple age cohorts in the first year of program implementation for Gavi-eligible countries. However, due to current global vaccine shortage, some countries have been advised to target a single age group for the first year of introduction, with the potential to vaccinate multiple age cohorts in the future, as supply allows. Demonstrating experience in delivering the vaccine to adolescents is no longer a prerequisite for support of national implementation in these countries. Following WHO's change in HPV vaccine policy and Gavi's shift in program support, many Gavi-eligible countries are moving rapidly to introduce HPV vaccine into their national immunization programs.
Cardiac Rehabilitation: New Emphasis on Metabolic Disease

Cardiac rehabilitation was developed in the mid-1970s as a mechanism to instruct and deliver exercise therapy to those having survived a recent acute coronary syndrome. Although the field of cardiac rehabilitation has a relatively short (40 years) history as evidence-based care for patients with cardiovascular disease, it continues to evolve. Changes in program scope have shifted the emphasis away from cardiac rehabilitation as a limited short-term intervention to one of a comprehensive secondary preventive strategy targeting the multiple medical, exercise, nutritional, and behavioral factors that place a patient at increased risk for a subsequent cardiac event.
Cultural Awareness, Diversity, and the Stress Response

Since the last edition of this text was published in early 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) has been adopted. While we have updated the diagnostic information from DSM-5 as needed throughout this edition, we also recognize that one of DSM-5’s strengths is how it greatly expanded the importance of culture and the need for cultural competence in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Increasing awareness and sensitivity to culture and diversity and striving for its inclusion are considered essential for societies to function and prosper. The current sociologic implications of cultural competency, diversity, and inclusion, while extremely relevant, are also complex and expansive and therefore beyond the scope of this text. Our focus in this chapter will instead focus on the emergence of how cultural awareness and diversity shape the etiological expression, therapeutic formulation, consequential manifestations, and applied management of the stress response.
Public perceptions from hosting communities: The impact of displaced persons on critical infrastructure

Abstract In 2016, there were over 65 million people around the world forcibly displaced. Such a massive displacement of population creates challenges for host communities trying to provide them infrastructure services. For example, no front-end planning or construction may be possible given the unexpected nature of disaster events. This study assesses host communities’ public perceptions, at both city and national scales, of displaced persons’ impacts on water, wastewater, and transportation systems. This study draws on data gathered through a survey deployed in August 2016 to the public in Germany, where approximately 722,000 people sought refuge the same year. Statistical analyses show that heterogeneous drivers of public perceptions include both geographic and demographic parameters. Nonparametric tests reveal that the public perceived the impact on infrastructure systems similarly within city and national scales, but differently across. It is hypothesized here that the difference is due to residents perceiving this group of infrastructure systems as a system-of-systems that is part of their built environment. If we understand how hosting communities perceive the impacts of displaced persons, we may gain insights into perceived infrastructure disruptions. With such insights, we may assist policy-makers and engineers in planning locally acceptable infrastructure alternatives to integrate displaced population.
Loss of Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Normal Aging and in Senile Dementia

The goal of neurochemical studies on human brain is to find out how various sub-populations of neurons are affected by aging and disease. Neurons are classified according to the substance used for chemical transmission, and the groups can then be investigated by measuring the activities of enzymes specifically involved in the formation or degradation of the transmitter. Neurons which use acetylcholine as the transmitter are among the easiest to investigate in human brain, because the enzyme choline acetyltrans-ferase is found uniquely in such cells (Kuhar, 1976). There is also abundant evidence to show that the enzyme activity is stable in the brain for periods of days following death, a feature which greatly facilitates studies of autopsied human tissues (reviewed by MacKay, Davies, Dewav and Yates, 1978).
Molecular Characteristics of Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors

With the recent decline in cost of high-throughput next-generation sequencing, detailed characterization of biliary tract and primary liver tumors continues to evolve. Recent studies have elucidated molecular signatures that reflect distinct pathways of carcinogenesis reflective of viral, parasitic, and toxin-related etiologic factors. With greater elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of disease, novel targets that may be potential clinically actionable continue to be identified.
Introduction: Sports, Society, and Technology

This chapter offers an introduction to the critical study of sports, science, and technology intersections in society. To do so we first provide provisional definitions of sport, science, and technology in relation to their associated fields—Sport Studies, and Science and Technology Studies (STS). We next highlight key writings within critical Sport Studies and STS that predate and help to inform this collection. Clarifying past empirical and theoretical approaches assists in charting a course for the emerging themes, issues, theoretical debates, and methodological concerns that continue to shape the interactions between Sport Studies and STS, and are highlighted by each of the Sports, Society, and Technology chapters. Foregrounding the book’s thematic organization, we conclude the chapter with a discussion of these productive collisions before introducing each of the authors' contributions. An examination of these important exchanges heightens the visibility of science, technology and sporting cultures, their contemporary and historical contexts, their entanglements, and their disciplinary futures.
Accounting for slotted cylindrical anodes in current inferences on pulsed power drivers

For over a decade, velocimetry based techniques have been used to infer the electrical current delivered to dynamic materials properties experiments on pulsed power drivers such as the Z Machine. Though originally developed for planar load geometries, in recent years inferring the current delivered to cylindrical coaxial loads has become a valuable diagnostic tool for numerous platforms. Previous work summarized uncertainties that can propagate through the current inference technique when applied to cylindrical anodes. The present work compensates for a known source of error generated when openings (slots) are cut into the cylindrical anode to allow optical diagnostic access to the load anode/cathode gap.
Flattening the Curve: Minimizing the Impact of COVID-19 on a Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Fellowship Training Program

A pandemic threatens to disrupt many aspects of a fellowship training program. The University of Washington pulmonary and critical care fellowship program was the first in the United States to enco...
Codimension bounds and rigidity of ancient mean curvature flows by the tangent flow at

Motivated by the limiting behavior of an explicit class of compact ancient curve shortening flows, by adapting the work of Colding–Minicozzi [11], we prove codimension bounds for ancient mean curva...
Robust Cellular connectivity-Based Smart LED Street Lighting System: A Platform For Innovative Mission Critical Smart City IoT Applications

Smart connected LED streetlights are emerging as an important infrastructure that can support basic lighting control services as well as a wide range of current and future smart city applications and services. Each smart streetlight is turned into multi-sensor-equipped smart node, a sensor ‘hub’ node, capable of capturing and transmitting/receiving real-time data (digitally controllable nodes). A smart LED has sensors embedded into and connectivity to the cloud. This paper assesses the feasibility and quantifies the performance of commercial point-to point (P2P) 4G LTE cellular networks when used to provide robust connectivity between a massive number of smart streetlight hub nodes and the cloud. Each smart streetlight hub node is assumed to be running simultaneously few basic lighting control services as well as smart city services and applications, including mission-critical with strict latency and reliability requirements, with particular emphasis on HD IP video surveillance cameras.
A wavelet-based dynamic mode decomposition for modeling mechanical systems from partial observations

Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) has emerged as a popular data-driven modeling approach to identifying spatio-temporal coherent structures in dynamical systems, owing to its strong relation with the Koopman operator. For dynamical systems with external forcing, the identified model should not only be suitable for a specific forcing function but should generally approximate the input-output behavior of the underlying dynamics. A novel methodology for modeling those classes of dynamical systems is proposed in the present work, using wavelets in conjunction with the input-output dynamic mode decomposition (ioDMD). Our non-intrusive approach constructs numerical models directly from trajectories of the full model's inputs and outputs, without requiring the full-model operators. These trajectories are generated by running a simulation of the full model or observing the original dynamical systems' response to inputs in an experimental framework. Hence, the present methodology is applicable for dynamical systems whose internal state vector measurements are not available. Instead, data from only a few output locations are only accessible, as often the case in practice. The present methodology's applicability is explained by modeling the input-output response of a finite element beam model. The WDMD provides a linear state-space representation of the dynamical system using the response measurements and the corresponding input forcing functions. The developed state-space model is then used to simulate the beam's response towards different types of forcing functions. The method is further validated on an experimental data set using modal analysis on a simple free-free beam, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed methodology as an appropriate candidate for modeling practical dynamical systems despite having no access to internal state measurements and treating the full model as a black-box.
Test Methods for Determining the Efficacy of Coyote Attractants and Repellents

Methods whereby candidate coyote repellents and attractants can be evaluated are described. Repellents were tested by conditioning wild-caught captive coyotes to feed upon tethered domestic rabbits. Coyotes were then offered treated and untreated rabbits on alternate days for a ten-day period. Efficacy of candidate compounds was based on kill rates. Difficulties associated with field evaluation of repellents are discussed. Potential coyote attractants were evaluated in the field by recording visitation rates to scent stations. Each scent station consisted of a 3-ft circle of sifted earth in the center of which was placed a capsule containing a candidate attractant. Attractants were alternated between scent stations; animal tracks present at each site were recorded daily until sufficient data were obtained to permit comparisons. Problems that may confound the analysis of attractants by use of captive coyotes are reviewed.
Electronic transport of titanate heterostructures and their potential as channels on (001) Si

Perovskite oxides and their heterostructures have demonstrated considerable potential for devices that require high carrier densities. These oxides are typically grown on ceramic substrates that suffer from low thermal conductivity, which limits performance under high currents, and from the limited size of substrates, which precludes large scale integration and processing. We address both of these hurdles by integrating oxide heterostructures with high carrier density 2D electron gases (2DEGs) directly on (001) Si. 2DEGs grown on Si show significant improvement of the high current performance over those grown on oxide substrates, a consequence of the higher thermal conductivity of the substrate. Hall analysis, transmission line measurements, and the conductance technique are employed for a detailed analysis of the carrier density, contact resistance, mobility, and electron drift velocities. Current densities of 10 A/cm are observed at room temperature with 2.9 × 1014 electrons/cm2 at a drift velocity exce...
Inhibition of intrafollicular PGE2 synthesis and ovulation following ultrasound-mediated intrafollicular injection of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 in cattle.

Ultrasound-mediated intrafollicular injection and aspiration procedures were used to investigate the ability of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, NS-398, to inhibit intrafollicular PGE 2 synthesis and suppress ovulation in dairy cattle. Follicular growth and timing of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge were synchronized in 55 Holstein cows and the position of the ovulatory follicle was determined by daily ultrasound scanning. Preovulatory follicular fluid was aspirated from the largest follicle in four animals at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after GnRH injection (n = 20). The remaining 35 animals were subjected to ultrasound-mediated intrafollicular injection of NS-398 (10 μM final concentration; n = 19) or diluent (n = 16; controls). At 24 h after GnRH injection, follicular fluid was harvested from a subset of NS-398- (n = 9) and diluent-treated animals (n = 6). The remaining NS-398- and diluent-treated animals were subjected to ultrasonography every 6 h for 36 h after intrafollicular injection, and then daily through d 7 of the subsequent luteal phase to monitor ovulation and corpus luteum development. Follicular fluid PGE 2 concentrations were increased following GnRH injection and reached a maximum at 24 h (P < 0.05). Follicular fluid PGE 2 concentrations were decreased in NS-398- vs. diluent-treated follicles (7.2 vs. 52.2 ng/mL respectively; P < 0.05), but progesterone concentrations did not differ. Intrafollicular injection of NS-398 also inhibited follicle rupture (P < 0.001). All 10 control animals ovulated within 30 h of GnRH injection. Nine out of the ten NS-398-injected animals failed to ovulate. The NS-398-injected follicles developed morphological and endocrine characteristics resembling luteinized, unruptured follicles. Thus, intrafollicular PGE 2 synthesis and follicle rupture, but not luteinization, were inhibited in cattle following ultrasound-mediated intrafollicular injection of NS-398. Ultrasound-mediated intrafollicular injection of NS-398 is a useful tool for mechanistic studies of intrafollicular regulation of the ovulatory process in cattle.
Parental assessment of behavior in Chinese adoptees during early childhood.

The Parent Rating Scale of the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children (PRS-BASC) was used to examine the behavior of 45 Chinese adoptees. In all but one case, results from the 9 BASC-PRS scales ranged in the average, or normal, range. Thus, as a group, no deviations from normal behavior were revealed. However, the variability of ratings for several scales—Hyperactivity, Aggression, Conduct Problems, and Attention Problems—indicated a greater potential for at-risk behavior. Age of adoption from China was not a significant influence on parents' perceptions of adoptees' behavior. However, older adoptees were more likely to be rated hyperactive or aggressive than younger children, while younger adoptees were more likely to exhibit withdrawal.