cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dacron carotid patch infection: A report of eight cases

Abstract From 1995 through 1998, we encountered eight patients with infected Dacron patches after previous carotid endarterectomy. Two of the original operations had been done elsewhere, but the six patients who were collected from our own series represented 0.5% of the 1258 carotid endarterectomies we performed and 1.8% of the 340 synthetic carotid patches we applied without any comparable infections among another 918 patients who received either vein patch angioplasty (n = 843) or primary arteriotomy closure (n = 74) during the same 4-year study period. With a single exception ("no growth"), bacterial cultures that were obtained at the time of the eight reoperations revealed Staphylococcus (n = 4) or Streptococcus (n = 3) species. All of the infected Dacron patches were removed and were replaced with saphenous vein patches (n = 5) or interposition grafts (n = 3), after which appropriate oral (n = 2) or intravenous (n = 6) antibiotics were administered for 2 to 6 weeks. No postoperative deaths occurred, but there were 2 temporary cranial nerve injuries, 1 myocardial infarction, and 1 stroke that was related to preoperative angiography. A recurrent carotid infection has not developed in any of the eight patients during a mean follow-up interval of 16 months (range, 3-36 months). (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:602-6.)
X-ray computed tomography applications in soil ecology studies

Abstract An EMI 5005 medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner was used to observe a variety of soils containing seedlings, insects, roots and radio-opaque labeled granules. Techniques were developed for collecting samples from the field and in the laboratory. Appropriate fixtures were developed for supporting the laboratory and field samples in the scanner gantry. Techniques were adopted for quantifying soil moisture and density as well as biological activity. X-ray CT appears to be a useful tool for studying some soil ecological problems.
Ultrafast unequilibrated charge transfer: A new channel in the quenching of fluorescent biological probes

The dynamics of two biological fluorescent probes, 2-aminopurine (Ap) and daunomycin, were studied using both femtosecond transient absorption and fluorescence upconversion techniques. Various Ap-containing structures were investigated in solution: free Ap, non-covalently bonded (with guanine, adenine, and tryptophan) and covalently bonded in DNA constructs (with guanine, 7-deazaguanine, and adenine). The distinct difference of transient absorption and fluorescence dynamics on the ultrafast time scale, and their dependence on free energy change (ΔG), and the abrupt decrease of the initial fluorescence intensity suggest the efficient depopulation by charge transfer from the unequilibrated hot molecules. We provide a model for this possibly general mechanism and obtain the rate constants for charge separation, vibrational relaxation, and charge recombination.
The Effect of Spray Nozzle Arrangement and Gallonage on Control of the Pink Bollworm and Other Cotton Insects

Yield measurements and infestation estimates of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh., the boll worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the pink boll worm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) were used to evaluate the performance of different spray-nozzle arrangements and gallonages. Results of this study indicate that one number 2 nozzle on 40-inch row centers, delivering 2 gallons of insecticide spray per acre, was as effective as any other nozzle arrangement and gallonage tested. Broad-jet nozzle types appear promising and need additional testing.
SELF-DUAL YANG–MILLS THEORY AS A SYSTEM FOR GENERATING INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS BY MEANS OF REDUCTIONS

Self-dual Yang–Mills theory is presented and the associated equations are derived. An isospectral linear problem whose compatibility condition yields the self-dual Yang–Mills system is formulated. A characterization of the system in terms of a Lie-algebra valued current is given. Finally, several explicit reductions to specific integrable systems are derived.
Light scattering and the size-altitude distribution of atmospheric aerosols

Abstract In a broad coordinated measurement program we utilize three different light scattering techniques to establish quantitatively the size and altitude distributions of atmospheric aerosols. The first technique is based upon measurements of sky intensities within the sun's aureole with a simple photographic arrangement which is used in conjunction with a Volz sun photometer. The second experimental method involves a bistatic laser measurement of the angular distributions of 0.694 μ light scattered from aerosols in the lower atmosphere. The ratio of scattering at angles from 8 to 172° to backscattering at 180° serves as an indicator of the size distribution. The third technique utilizes an aircraft borne Bausch and Lomb dust counter. These specific measurements based upon light scattering techniques were made in conjunction with a much broader coordinated set of observations and analyses which gave information as to the particulate content of the sky on August 11 and 18, 1971 in Gainesville, FL. We arrive at size altitude distribution compatible with all the observations. Improvements, directions towards further progress and the question of uniqueness are discussed.
Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic studies of the northeastern Idaho batholith and border zone

Border-zone rocks of the northeastern Idaho batholith have been subjected to multiphase penetrative deformation, regional metamorphism up to sillimanite-orthoclase grade, and multiple intrusion. Intrusion was accompanied by diapiric uprise of the plutonic-metamorphic complex, with extensive cataclasis and flow folding along the eastern margin of the rising gneiss dome. Normal faulting followed, with mylonitization and greenschist-grade metamorphism in local shear zones. Ages of some thermal events are estimated as follows: 85 ± 35 m.y. for a metamorphic event that affected quartzofeldspathic gneiss (Rb/Sr whole-rock line of best fit); 82 ± 10 m.y. for the emplacement of a quartz-diorite orthogneiss (estimate based on U/Pb isotopic ratios from a single zircon fraction); 66 ± 10 m.y. for the main stage of batholithic emplacement (U-Pb Concordia–lower intercept age); 46 ± 5 m.y., 42 ± 8 m.y., and 39 ± 2 m.y. for Rb/Sr isotopic equilibration late in the thermal evolution of the plutons (Rb/Sr mineral isochrons). The older dates conform generally to the range of intrusive ages assigned to the Flint Creek plutons and the Boulder batholith to the east. The younger dates reflect the igneous-hydrothermal-tectonic event of Eocene-Oligocene time which has reset K-Ar and fission-track (apatite) dates within the general Idaho batholith igneous complex. Magmas that formed the northeastern Idaho batholith were derived from, or contaminated with, older crustal material. This statement is supported by a 1,900- to 2,250-m.y. upper intercept age for batholithic zircons, some of which show euhedral overgrowths on anhedral cores, and by relatively high whole-rock Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios from samples with low Rb 87 /Sr 86 ratios.
The normal closure of coproducts of domains

Let R, and R, be algebras with 1 over a common field F, with each (Rj: F) > 1, and let R = R, II R, denote the coproduct (often called the free product) of R, and R, over F. It is easy to show that R is always prime; in fact R is primitive in case at least one of (Ri: F) > 2 171. On the other hand, when (Ri: F) = 2, i= 1,2, it is clear from [ 1, p. 261 that R is prime PI but never primitive. If R, and R, are domains then we have Cohn’s result [2 i that R is again a domain. In studying certain automorphisms of a prime ring R one is led in a natural way to the normal closure of R, and we now briefly recall the meaning of this notion. If R, is the left quotient ring of R relative to the filter F of all nonzero two-sided ideals of R, the set N* of all units u of R-,such that uwlRu = R is called the set of normalizing elements [ 10, p. 5 ]. The automorphisms thus induced on R are just the X-inner automorphisms of Kharchenko [IO, p. 31. The subring RN of R generated by R and N = N* U (0) is called the normal closure of R. An important subset of N is the center C of R-, (called the extended center of R); it is known that C is a field. We now return to the coproduct R = R, II R, , where R L and R2 are arbitrary F-algebras. It is known in this situation that if at least one of (Ri: F) > 2, then C = F [8]; when both (R,: F) = 2, then C =F(tj G R [ 1 j. Now fix F-bases {xii u 1 for R, and ( ~7~) u 1 for R2 and call the various products of alternating xI(s and -yj’s basis monomials. The degree of a basis
Supersolvable Frame-matroid and Graphic-lift Lattices

A geometric lattice is a frame if its matroid, possibly after enlargement, has a basis such that every atom lies under a join of at most two basis elements. Examples include all subsets of a classical root system. Using the fact that finitary frame matroids are the bias matroids of biased graphs, we characterize modular coatoms in frames of finite rank and we describe explicitly the frames that are supersolvable. We apply the characterizations to three kinds of example. A geometric lattice is a graphic lift if it can be extended to contain an atom whose upper interval is graphic. We characterize modular coatoms in and supersolvability of graphic lifts of finite rank and we examine families analogous to the frame examples.
A NOTE ON ASYMPTOTIC EFFICIENCY OF A REGRESSION COEFFICIENT PARAMETER UNDER ORDINAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL

For clinical trials on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's, the distributions of psychometric measures for both placebo and treatment groups are generally skewed because of the characteristics of the diseases. Through an analytical, but computationally intensive, algorithm, we specifically compare power curves between 3- and 7-category ordinal logistic regression models in terms of the probability of detecting the treatment effect, assuming a symmetric distribution or skewed distributions for the placebo group. The proportional odds assumption under the ordinal logistic regression model plays an important role in these comparisons. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in the power curves between 3-category and 7-category response models where a symmetric distribution is assumed for the placebo group. However, when the skewness becomes more extreme for the placebo group, the loss of power can be substantial.
Reviewer acknowledgement 2015

The Editors of Mobile DNA would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in volume 5 (2014).
Alcohol consumption in rats after experimentally induced neurosis

The present study was an attempt to investigate the “stress reduction” theory of alcoholism through an attempt to link experimentally induced neurosis in rats with subsequent preference for alcohol. The results are in contradiction to the “stress reduction” theory.
Penelope as Dreamer: A Reading of Book 19 of The Odyssey

This essay reexamines the encounter between Odysseus and Penelope in Book 19 of Homer's epic poem The Odyssey, focusing particular attention on the dream of the 20 geese Penelope describes during that encounter. Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, says the dream is a favorable omen which indicates the real Odysseus will return soon to rid his palace of the hated suitors who have occupied it in his long absence. Although generations of scholars have agreed with the hero's interpretation, the present essay offers a different understanding: Penelope, having recognized who this “beggar” really is, has fabricated her dream of the 20 geese to test her husband and determine whether he is more interested in renewing their marriage or satisfying his vengeance against the suitors. The essay offers an appreciation of Penelope as one of our earliest and wisest dreamers, who understood how easily people's wishes and desires could lead them to misinterpret their own dreams and the dreams of others.
Murine in vivo myocardial contractile dysfunction after burn injury is exacerbated by pneumonia sepsis

We evaluated hemodynamic and cardiac contractile dysfunction in a murine model of 40% contact burn complicated by Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 x 10(5) CFU) sepsis. Male, 9- to 10-week-old C57/BL6 mice were divided into the following groups: sham burn, sham sepsis; 24 h after burn alone; 24 h after sepsis alone; 7 days after burn alone; and 7 days after burn followed by pneumonia sepsis. Hemodynamic and cardiac contractile function was assessed with carotid artery cannulation and left ventricular pressure-volume analysis. At 24 h after burn, there were significant decreases in all load-insensitive contractility variables including the end-systolic pressure volume relationship, preload-recruitable stroke work, and maximum elastance, but there were no changes in global hemodynamics. Twenty-four hours after sepsis, there was similar cardiac contractile dysfunction, along with a decrease in cardiac output, but mean arterial pressure was maintained with an increase in systemic vascular resistance. Late burn (7 days) was associated with a recovery of all contractility variables except the end-systolic pressure volume relationship. However, sepsis induced during the late burn period was associated with a significant decrease in heart rate and cardiac output, but mean arterial pressure was still maintained with increased systemic vascular resistance. With burn complicated by sepsis, all cardiac contractility variables showed profound contractile dysfunction. Our data indicate that burn complicated by sepsis is associated with more pronounced cardiac contractile dysfunction than burn alone or sepsis alone.
Model incorporating deposition, diffusion, and aggregation in submonolayer nanostructures.

We propose a model for describing diffusion-controlled aggregation of particles that are continually deposited on a surface. The model incorporates deposition, diffusion, and aggregation. We find that the diffusion and aggregation of randomly deposited particles ``builds'' a wide variety of fractal structures, all characterized by a common length scale ${\mathit{L}}_{1}$. This length ${\mathit{L}}_{1}$ scales as the ratio of the diffusion constant over the particle flux to the power 1/4. We compare our results with several recent experiments on two-dimensional nanostructures formed by diffusion-controlled aggregation on surfaces.
Decomposition of the difference between two rates with hierarchical factors

A decomposition method for the difference between two rates when data are classified by two factors, one of which may be considered as a more direct factor than the other for the event under consideration, is presented in this paper. The two factors are treated as hierarchical and thus this method is conceptually different from the decomposition methods of Kitagawa (1955) and Das Gupta (1978), in which two factors are treated as symmetrical. Our method is shown to be a balanced version of the Cho-Retherford (1973) decomposition method. Analyses of neonatal mortality rates using our method are presented as an example.
Selective permeability of PVA membranes. II. Heat‐treated membranes

The water and salt transport properties of untreated and heat-treated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes were investigated. Water and salt permeabilities decreased abruptly as a result of heat treatment. The effect of heat treatment on the water and salt transport in PVA is expressed mainly by changes in the activation energies of the corresponding permeability coefficients. Due to the fact that the decrease in the salt permeability with heat treatment was considerably greater than the decrease in the water permeability, a pronounced improvement in the salt rejection of PVA membranes was found as a result of heat treatment.
Urgency of fluid administration in resuscitation of burn shock

Abstract When large volumes of balanced salt solution are given to rats with standardized 50% body surface burns, mean survival time in animals given fluid within the first hour after burning was twice that of those in which treatment was withheld until 4 hours postburn. These data are interpreted as indicating that early treatment is of value in decreasing the mortality of burn shock.
Concurrent and Discriminant Validity between the Hand Test Pathology Score and the MMPI-2

Using an outpatient sample (N = 43), this study assessed the concurrent validity of the Hand Test pathology summary score (PATH) with an objective measure of psychopathology, the MMPI-2 clinical scales. The PATH score did exhibit several significant relations to the MMPI-2 clinical scales. In addition, there is support for divergent validity as none of the MMPI-2 validity scales (L, F, and K) were significantly related with PATH.
Plastic failure analysis of an auxetic foam or inverted strut lattice under longitudinal and shear loads

Auxetic materials possess negative Poisson's ratios. As such, they can be applied in situations where traditional materials perform poorly or cannot perform. We investigate the plastic failure of a 3D auxetic strut lattice under uniaxial and transverse loads in order to complement ongoing research in miniaturized strut-based sandwich cores. The chosen lattice is also representative of an auxetic foam. Plastic failure models derived with respect to two physical parameters (packing parameter and relative density) which control the negative Poisson's ratio compare well with numerical data. Microscopic failure modes differ depending on the loading state: shear failure is due to global plastic yielding while plastic localization occurs under uniaxial loads. This observation suggests among others that it is advisable to use auxetic cores when structural softness under normal loads and hardness under transverse loads are both critical design conditions.
Structure and structural variations of the Escherichia coli 30 S ribosomal subunit as revealed by three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy.

A three-dimensional reconstruction of the 30 S subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome was obtained at 23 A resolution. Because of the improved resolution, many more structural details are seen as compared to those obtained in earlier studies. Thus, the new structure is more suitable for comparison with the 30 S subunit part of the 70 S ribosome, whose structure is already known at a better resolution. In addition, we observe relative and, to some extent, independent movements of three main structural domains of the 30 S subunit, namely head, platform and the main body, which lead to partial blurring of the reconstructed volume. An attempt to subdivide the data set into conformationally defined subsets reveals the existence of conformers in which these domains have different orientations with respect to one another. This result suggests the existence of dynamic properties of the 30 S subunit that might be required for facilitating its interactions with mRNA, tRNA and other ligands during protein biosynthesis.
Therapeutic Value of Oral History

There can be a rich exchange of information and techniques between gerontologists and oral historians working with the elderly. Oral history provides a way of making concrete one's experiences and ...
The pattern of growth of the golgi complex during the fetal and postnatal development of the rat epididymis

The growth of the Golgi complex was studied during the fetal and postnatal development of the rat epididymis. Prenatal and newborn animals had small Golgi complexes composed of a linear arrangement of 1–3 stacks of 4–6 highly flattened cisternae and several types of smooth vesicles. The most rapid growth of the Golgi apparatus occurred during the first 3 weeks after birth. Increases were observed in the number of stacks of cisternae, the number of cisternae per stack, and the size of individual cisternae, but the relative importance of these different modes of growth varied with the developmental stage. Initial changes observed in animals 10 days old were increased distention and fenestration of cisternae, accompanied by increase in the number of stacks of cisternae and their arrangement in a circular pattern. Growth between 10 and 21 days occurred mainly by increases in the lateral extent of the cisternae and in the number of cisternae per stack. Golgi vacuoles also appeared at this stage. After the first 3 weeks, growth was less rapid, but continued until the animals were 6 weeks old. Examples of close apposition between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were observed at all stages. Possible mechanisms of growth of the Golgi complex and the source of the new membrane are discussed.
Reflections on public choice

My 2002 presidential address to the PublicChoice Society consisted of three parts.The first had to do with the business ofthe Society's 2002 meeting and plans forthe Nashville meeting, and has beenomitted. This essay begins with the secondsection of that talk, in which I identifywhat I call the classic books ofPublic Choice, and then discuss what I viewas common misconceptions about PublicChoice. The next section of this essaysurveys five of the most importantempirical puzzles in Public Choice theory(three of them taken from the work ofAnthony Downs), and my own attempts overthe years to come to grips with thesepuzzles. I should note that, despite mycourtesy appointment in UCI's EconomicsDepartment, in this essay I write primarilyfrom the perspective of a politicalscientist – albeit, one with lots offriends who happen to beeconomists.
The N-terminal (1-44) and C-terminal (198-243) peptides of apolipoprotein A-I behave differently at the triolein/water interface.

Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), moves between HDL and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins during metabolism. We reported that apoA-I is conformationally flexible at the triolein/water (TO/W) interface, partially desorbing at low surface pressure (Π) but totally desorbing at Π > 19 mN/m. We now report the different behavior of the N- and C-terminal peptides of apoA-I ([1−44]apoA-I and [198−243]apoA-I) at the TO/W interface. While both peptides are surface active, [198−243]apoA-I is more stable at the TO/W interface. At equilibrium interfacial tension both peptides desorb from the interface when compressed, but [1−44]apoA-I is pushed off at 13 mN/m while [198−243]apoA-I can withstand Π = 16 mN/m. Neither peptide is very elastic or flexible at the interface. Only at small changes of area (<8%), fast oscillations (4 and 8 s periods), and relatively low concentrations (2 × 10-7 M) do these peptides show elastic behavior but with a relatively small modulus compare...
Testing the Double Standard for Candidate Emotionality: Voter Reactions to the Tears and Anger of Male and Female Politicians

Many have speculated that voters hold double standards for male and female political candidates that disadvantage women. One common assumption is that female candidates are penalized disproportionately for displays of crying and anger; however, the field lacks a theoretical or empirical foundation for examining this matter. The first half of this article establishes the theoretical basis for how emotional displays are likely to influence evaluations of female versus male candidates. Using a large-N, representative sample of U.S. adults, the second half tests these dynamics experimentally. The main finding is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, no double standard exists for emotionality overall: male and female candidates are similarly penalized for both anger and crying. There are, however, different responses to the tears of male and female candidates depending on whether the respondent is a man or woman.
Hierarchical Auction Mechanisms for Network Resource Allocation

Motivated by allocation of bandwidth, wireless spectrum and cloud computing services in secondary network markets, we introduce a hierarchical auction model for network resource allocation. A Tier 1 provider owns a homogeneous network resource and holds an auction to allocate this resource among Tier 2 operators, who in turn allocate the acquired resource among Tier 3 entities. The Tier 2 operators play the role of middlemen, since their utilities for the resource depend on the revenues gained from resale. We first consider static hierarchical auction mechanisms for indivisible resources. We study a class of mechanisms wherein each sub-mechanism is either a first-price or VCG auction, and show that incentive compatibility and efficiency cannot be simultaneously achieved. We also briefly discuss sequential auctions as well as the incomplete information setting. We then propose two VCG-type hierarchical mechanisms for divisible resources. The first one is composed of single-sided auctions at each tier, while the second one employs double-sided auctions at all tiers except Tier 1. Both mechanisms induce an efficient Nash equilibrium.
Effect of double bond position in octadecenoates upon hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase.

Fifteen triacylglycerols containing 12∶0, 14∶0, 16∶0, 18∶2 and one positional isomer ofcis-18∶1 were hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3, glycerol ester hydrolase). The fatty acids in the products of lipolysis were identified and measured by gas liquid chromatography. The substrates containing the Δ2 through Δ7 isomers of 18∶1 were resistant to pancreatic lipolysis. These isomers accumulated in the di- and residual triacylglycerols and were diminished in the free fatty acids. The discrimination was greates against the Δ5 isomer.
Prevalence of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in Foreign-Born Tuberculosis Cases in the U.S. and in Their Countries of Origin

Background Foreign-born individuals comprise >50% of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the U.S. Since anti-TB drug resistance is more common in most other countries, when evaluating a foreign-born individual for TB, one must consider the risk of drug resistance. Naturally, clinicians query The Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance (Global DRS) which provides population-based data on the prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance in 127 countries starting in 1994. However, foreign-born persons in the U.S. are a biased sample of the population of their countries of origin, and Global DRS data may not accurately predict their risk of drug resistance. Since implementing drug resistance surveillance in 1993, the U.S. National TB Surveillance System (NTSS) has accumulated systematic data on over 130,000 foreign-born TB cases from more than 200 countries and territories. Our objective was to determine whether the prevalence of drug resistance among foreign-born TB cases correlates better with data from the Global DRS or with data on foreign-born TB cases in the NTSS.
Trends in Atlantic Contribution to Mixed-Stock King Mackerel Landings in South Florida Inferred from Otolith Shape Analysis

Abstract The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico (GOM) stocks of king mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla are genetically distinct but have overlapping winter ranges around South Florida. Understanding the factors driving the relative contribution of each stock to South Florida winter landings is necessary for effective management. The contribution of the Atlantic stock was estimated for the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 fishing seasons using otolith shape as a natural tag. Analysis of otolith shapes from king mackerel sampled in summer (when the Atlantic and GOM stocks were presumed to be geographically separated) revealed significant sex and stock effects. Discriminant function analysis conducted with otolith morphometric indices and Fourier harmonic amplitudes as classification variables produced jackknifed classification success rates ranging from 60% to 73%. Maximum likelihood estimates of the Atlantic stock's contribution to winter landings indicated that there was a spatial gradient, the lowest contribution (me...
Privatizing Waterworks: Learning from the French Experience*

In this pair of articles, the first of which was published almost 25 years ago, two distinguished economists make and then revisit the case for privatizing the water supply. While agreeing with the general assessment that waterworks are “natural monopolies,” the authors show that privatization of such enterprises need not lead to the standard monopoly outcomes of above-competitive prices, reduced output, or inferior service. As evidence, the authors cite the French experiment with water privatization that began in 1782 with the Perrier brothers' 15-year contract to provide water for Parisians. Today, an estimated 80% of the French water supply is managed by private firms. And, as the French experience demonstrates, the benefits of large-scale, single-firm operations can be obtained at competitive prices by means of a system of franchise bidding in which ownership and/or management rights are awarded to the firm that offers the public the best terms—along with a credible commitment to make good on them.
Polycomb group complexes are recruited to reactivated FMR1 alleles in Fragile X syndrome in response to FMR1 transcription

The FMR1 gene is subject to repeat mediated-gene silencing when the CGG-repeat tract in the 5' UTR exceeds 200 repeat units. This results in Fragile X syndrome, the most common heritable cause of intellectual disability and a major cause of autism spectrum disorders. The mechanism of gene silencing is not fully understood, and efforts to reverse this gene silencing have had limited success. Here, we show that the level of trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27, a hallmark of the activity of EZH2, a component of repressive Polycomb Group (PcG) complexes like PRC2, is increased on reactivation of the silenced allele by either the DNA demethylating agent 5-azadeoxycytidine or the SIRT1 inhibitor splitomicin. The level of H3K27me3 increases and decreases in parallel with the FMR1 mRNA level. Furthermore, reducing the levels of the FMR1 mRNA reduces the accumulation of H3K27me3. This suggests a model for FMR1 gene silencing in which the FMR1 mRNA generated from the reactivated allele acts in cis to repress its own transcription via the recruitment of PcG complexes to the FMR1 locus.
A Bioassay Technique for Investigating Mating Refusal in Female House Flies

A bioassay technique was devised in which precise micro amounts of materials can be transferred to the reproductive system of female house flies, Musca domestica L. Tests with mature virgin females treated with crude extracts of the ejaculatory duct showed the method to be extremely sensitive to the factor responsible for mating refusal. Little or no observable damage to the tissue, mortality, or other ill effects resulted from the procedure.
Spatio-temporal analysis of molecular delivery through the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound.

The deposition of gadolinium through ultrasound-induced blood–brain barrier (BBB) openings in the murine hippocampus was investigated. First, wave propagation simulations through the intact mouse skull revealed minimal beam distortion while thermal deposition simulations, at the same sonication parameters used to induce BBB opening in vivo, revealed temperature increases lower than 0.5 °C. The simulation results were validated experimentally in ex vivo skulls (m = 6) and in vitro tissue specimens. Then, in vivo mice (n = 9) were injected with microbubbles (Optison™; 25–50 µl) and sonicated (frequency: 1.525 MHz, pressure amplitudes: 0.5–1.1 MPa, burst duration: 20 ms, duty cycle: 20%, durations: 2–4 shots, 30 s per shot, 30 s interval) at the left hippocampus, through intact skin and skull. Sequential, high-resolution, T1-weighted MRI (9.4 Tesla, in-plane resolution: 75 µm, scan time: 45–180 min) with gadolinium (Omniscan™; 0.5 ml) injected intraperitoneally revealed a threshold of the BBB opening at 0.67 MPa and BBB closing within 28 h from opening. The contrast-enhancement area and gadolinium deposition path were monitored over time and the influence of vessel density, size and location was determined. Sonicated arteries, or their immediate surroundings, depicted greater contrast enhancement than sonicated homogeneous brain tissue regions. In conclusion, gadolinium was delivered through a transiently opened BBB and contained to a specific brain region (i.e., the hippocampus) using a single-element focused ultrasound transducer. It was also found that the amount of gadolinium deposited in the hippocampal region increased with the acoustic pressure and that the spatial distribution of the BBB opening was determined not only by the ultrasound beam, but also by the vasculature of the targeted brain region.
Physical activity in an indigenous Ecuadorian forager-horticulturalist population as measured using accelerometry.

Objective: Minimal information on physical activity is available for non-Western populations undergoing the transition to a market economy. This is unfortunate given the importance of these data for understanding health issues such as the global obesity epidemic. We consider the utility of using accelerometry technology to examine activity patterns and energy use regulation among indigenous Shuar, an Ecuadorian forager-horticulturalist population undergoing economic and lifestyle change. We investigate sex differences in Shuar activity patterns and the effects of reproductive status on activity. Finally, we discuss the potential of accelerometry use in human biology research. Methods: Physical activity levels were measured using Actical accelerometers in 49 indigenous Shuar adults (23 males, 26 females) from a rural Ecuadorian community. Female participants were in various reproductive states including pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant/nonlactating. Results: Activity counts (AC), activity energy expenditure (AEE), and physical activity levels (PAL) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in males than females. Significant differences in energy expenditure were found among pregnant or lactating females and males with pregnant or lactating partners (P < 0.001). Males with pregnant or lactating partners also had significantly higher activity levels than did other men (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Shuar activity levels are relatively low compared to other non-Western populations. Despite increasing market integration, pregnant and lactating females seem to be adopting a strategy noted in other subsistence populations where male participation in subsistence activities increases to compensate for their partners' elevated reproductive costs. Despite certain limitations, use of accelerometry in human biology research shows promise. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Book Culture of a Colonial American City: Philadelphia Books, Bookmen, and Booksellers

This book examines the range of books most commonly owned by colonial Americans, from the ubiquitous family Bible to schoolbooks and little works for children, covering subjects from literature to history and law. Based on inventories, invoices, catalogues and the books themselves, this study covers the variety of titles held, the popularity of certain ones and the quantities and prices of the books shipped and sold. Apart from occasional titles, most of the books to be found, and all of the Bibles, were imported. Although the work concerns itself with Philadelphia, it is applicable with minor differences to all of British America.
Quantitative initiation of microtubule assembly by chromosomes from Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract The microtubule nucleating capacity of chromosomes was tested in vitro in lysates of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Colcemid-blocked mitotic cells were lysed with the detergent Triton X-100, incubated with exogenous porcine brain tubulin, attached to electron microscope grids and observed as whole-mounts. Under suitable conditions, greater than 98% of the chromosomes gave rise to microtubules at their kinetochore regions, thus unequivocally demonstrating that chromosomes are competent to initiate specifically microtubule formation. The average number of microtubules that polymerized onto a chromosome was 8 ± 5, and greater than 36% of the chromosomes had between 10 and 19 microtubules per kinetochore region. We conclude that under the lysis conditions employed, virtually all the chromosomes retain their kinetochores, and that the kinetochores retain a substantial fraction of their microtubule nucleating capacity.
The BSCW system: a WWW-based application to support cooperation of distributed groups

The World-Wide Web (WWW) has gained broad acceptance in academic and commercial circles. Although originally conceived as a means for information dissemination, it can also be used for the development of collaborative applications to support dispersed working groups and organisations because of its platform, network and operating system transparency, its easy to use user interface, and its simple integration into existing organisational technical infrastructures. The authors describe the BSCW system developed at GMD which uses the WWW as the communication infrastructure and provides some basic functionality for group cooperation. The BSCW systems supports cooperation by means of 'shared workspaces' into which users can upload and download various types of objects. To increase the efficiency of cooperation, the system provides additional features such as information about activities of other members of the workspace. They report on user experiences with the system, problems, and extensions that are planned in the near future.
Considerations and evidence for an ADHD outcome measure.

Abstract Objective The 2011 American Academy of Pediatrics attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) guideline emphasizes monitoring and measuring outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD; however, recommendations for how to measure improvement are less clear. A long-term goal was to develop an outcome measure that assesses the quality of care for children with ADHD. As a first step in that process, we conducted a literature synthesis on the efficacy and effectiveness of guideline-recommended ADHD treatments on patient outcomes. Methods A literature search was conducted in PubMed according to PRISMA protocol and using MeSH terms. US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria were used to assess the level of evidence. Studies of interest were published after 2002 and assessed prospective ADHD improvement using recommended ADHD treatments. Results The systematic review resulted in 35 studies. According to USPSTF criteria, included studies were level I (n = 24), level II-1 (n = 1), and level II-2 (n = 10) and were rated as good (n = 20) or fair (n = 15). DSM-criteria-based rating scales were used most frequently to measure ADHD treatment outcomes. All included treatments resulted in ADHD improvement. Regardless of outcome measure, tool, or treatment type, symptom reduction and improvement were relatively large, with mean percentage reductions ranging from 20% to 86% on ADHD-Behavior Rating Scales scales, with only 1 study with Conclusions On the basis of this literature review, a consistent pattern of improvement in pediatric ADHD patients' core symptoms emerged across studies, study designs, and recommended treatment approaches. This evidence supports the notion that an improvement of core symptoms within 1 year could satisfy the requirements of an effective outcome measure, which should be further investigated.
Engineering anti-bunching via photon blockade in photonic crystal cavity-quantum dot systems

Methods to improve single photon generation via photon-blockade in a photonic-crystal cavity with a strongly coupled quantum-dot are presented. With realistic system parameters, significant improvement in second-order-auto-correlation g2 (0) (from 0.93 to 0.79) is achieved.
Physicochemical Properties of Pronase-Treated Rice Glutelin

Rice glutelin protein was extracted from defatted medium-grain rice by alkali extraction followed by acid precipitation. Extracted glutelin was hydrolyzed with Pronase E, a bacterial protease, and the functional properties of hydrolysates were evaluated. Nitrogen solubility of pronase-treated glutelin protein increased from pH 2 to pH 12. Similarly, foaming and emulsion properties of hydrolyzed protein also showed improved characteristics. The emulsion activity, expressed as the turbidity of diluted emulsions, was significantly greater (P≤0.05) for hydrolyzed samples. However, turbidity for all samples decreased with increased homogenization time, indicating a decrease in the volume of dispersed oil. There were significant changes in apparent viscosity as a function of shear rate, with viscosity decreasing with increasing shear rate. The viscosity of dispersions of all hydrolyzed samples was significantly lower than that of the native sample at all shear rates tested. Enzymatic hydrolysis of rice endosperm storage glutelin proteins appeared to improve the functional characteristics of the hydrolyzed proteins.
Designing a microcosm bioassay to detect ecosystem level effects

Predicting the effect of a pollutant in an ecosystem requires knowledge of ecological processes such as competition and predator‐prey interactions. Chemical and toxicological information are not adequate. Multispecies laboratory microcosms are suggested as a tool for demonstrating ecological effects in a biologically and statistically acceptable way. Some examples of microcosms, the statistical properties of the data, and design criteria for better microcosms are presented.
The Effect of Hydrolysis Conditions on the Structure and Growth of Silicate Polymers

Small angle scattering experiments have demonstrated that the structure of the silicate species produced by the hydrolysis of silicon alkoxides in non-aqueous solvents ranges from extended, weakly cross-linked polymers to highly condensed, colloidal particles. In contrast, inorganic, aqueous silicate solutions yield primarily colloidal particles because the silicate species have a number of different silanol sites available and the preferred condensation reaction is that of weakly condensed species with highly cross-linked branch sites, such as those on an amorphous silica surface. It is proposed that in the alkoxide systems, however, the hydrolysis reaction may control the number and type of silanol sites available for condensation. In acid catalyzed reactions, the rate of hydrolysis of a silicate tetrahedron tends to decrease as alkoxide groups are removed. This favors the production of silanol sites on the end of chains, thus generating linear polymers. In base catalyzed reactions, it is argued that each subsequent hydrolysis of a tetrahedron should proceed more rapidly than the previous one, producing numerous branch points which are the preferred sites for condensation.
Effect of 7-nitroindazole on tolerance to morphine, U-50,488H and [D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin in mice.

The effects of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), an inhibitor of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) which does not increase blood pressure, on tolerance to the antinociceptive activity of mu-(morphine), kappa-(U-50,488H) and delta-([D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin, DPDPE) opioid receptor agonists were determined in mice. Male Swiss-Webster mice were made tolerant by twice daily injections of morphine (20 mg/kg, s.c.), U-50,488H (25 mg/kg, i.p.) or DPDPE (20 micrograms/mouse, i.c.v.) for 4 days. When tested on day 5, tolerance to their antinociceptive activity was evidenced by decreased response in chronic drug treated mice in comparison to vehicle-injected mice. Concurrent administration of 7-NI (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg, i.p.) with DPDPE did not modify the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive action of DPDPE. However, 7-NI (40 or 80 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive activity of morphine and U-50,488H but the lower dose of 7-NI (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was not effective. Chronic administration of 7-NI by itself did not modify the acute response to morphine, U-50,488H or DPDPE. It is concluded that a specific inhibitor of nNOS can inhibit tolerance to the antinociceptive activity of mu- and kappa- but not of delta-opioid receptor agonists in mice.
Cognitive psychology and self-reports: models and methods.

This article describes the models and methods that cognitive psychologists and survey researchers use to evaluate and experimentally test cognitive issues in questionnaire design and subsequently improve self-report instruments. These models and methods assess the cognitive processes underlying how respondents comprehend and generate answers to self-report questions. Cognitive processing models are briefly described. Non-experimental methods – expert cognitive review, cognitive task analysis, focus groups, and cognitive interviews – are described. Examples are provided of how these methods were effectively used to identify cognitive self-report issues. Experimental methods – cognitive laboratory experiments, field tests, and experiments embedded in field surveys – are described. Examples are provided of: (a) how laboratory experiments were designed to test the capability and accuracy of respondents in performing the cognitive tasks required to answer self-report questions, (b) how a field experiment was conducted in which a cognitively designed questionnaire was effectively tested against the original questionnaire, and (c) how a cognitive experiment embedded in a field survey was conducted to test cognitive predictions.
Disability and the Psychology of Political Participation

What can disability teach us about the psychology of political participation ? Disability highlights issues of personal control and identity, which are important in the disability rights movement and are also linked to political participation in general. This study uses in-depth interviews and written questionnaires to examine these issues among 64 people— both political activists and nonactivists—who have spinal cord injuries (SCI's). It explores the connections among political involvement, locus of control, personal efficacy, experiences of stigma and discrimination, and views of disability. The interviews reveal a wide variety of responses to SCI, some discouraging but others encouraging political involvement. Political participation is discouraged by isolation and decreased resources that contribute to fatalism, as well as by efforts to "normalize" and distance oneself from others with disabilities, or by a focus on self-help following SCI. The political activists—some of whom had such responses in th...
Robots at home: Understanding long-term human-robot interaction

Human-robot interaction (HRI) is now well enough understood to allow us to build useful systems that can function outside of the laboratory. We are studying long-term interaction in natural user environments and describe the implementation of a robot designed to help individuals effect behavior change while dieting. Our robotic weight loss coach is compared to a standalone computer and a paper log in a controlled study. We describe the software model used to create successful long-term HRI. We summarize the experimental design, analysis, and results of our study, the first where a sociable robot interacts with a user to achieve behavior change. Results show that participants track their calorie consumption and exercise for nearly twice as long when using the robot than with the other methods and develop a closer relationship with the robot. Both are indicators of longer-term success at weight loss and maintenance and show the effectiveness of sociable robots for long-term HRI.
Register renaming and dynamic speculation: an alternative approach

Presents a novel mechanism that implements register renaming, dynamic speculation and precise interrupts. Renaming of registers is performed during the instruction fetch stage instead of the decode stage, and the mechanism is designed to operate in parallel with the tag match logic used by most cache designs. It is estimated that the critical path of the mechanism requires approximately the same number of logic levels as the tag match logic, and therefore should not impact cycle time. >