cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concordance between self-reported sleep and actigraphy-assessed sleep in adult survivors of childhood cancer: the impact of psychological and neurocognitive late effects

To examine self-reported (30-day) sleep versus nightly actigraphy-assessed sleep concordance in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Four hundred seventy-seven participants enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (53.5% female, median (range) age 34.3 (19.3–61.6) years, 25.4 (10.9–49.3) years from diagnosis) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and ≥ 3 nights of actigraphy. Participants had neurocognitive impairment and/or a self-reported prolonged sleep onset latency (SOL). Self-reported 30-day sleep and nightly actigraphic sleep measures for sleep duration, SOL, and sleep efficiency (SE) were converted into ordinal categories for calculation of weighted kappa coefficients. General linear models estimated associations between measurement concordance and late effects. Agreements between self-reported and actigraphic measures were slight to fair for sleep duration and SOL measures (kw = 0.20 and kw = 0.22, respectively; p < 0.0001) and poor for SE measures (kw = 0.00, p = 0.79). In multivariable models, severe fatigue and poor sleep quality were significantly associated with greater absolute differences between self-reported and actigraphy-assessed sleep durations (B = 26.6 [p < 0.001] and B = 26.8 [p = 0.01], respectively). Survivors with (versus without) memory impairment had a 44-min higher absolute difference in sleep duration (B = 44.4, p < 0.001). Survivors with, versus without, depression and poor sleep quality had higher absolute discrepancies of SOL (B = 24.5 [p = 0.01] and B = 16.4 [p < 0.0001], respectively). Poor sleep quality was associated with a 12% higher absolute difference in SE (B = 12.32, p < 0.0001). Self-reported sleep and actigraphic sleep demonstrated discordance in our sample. Several prevalent late effects were statistically significantly associated with increased measurement discrepancy. Future studies should consider the impacts of late effects on sleep assessment in adult survivors of childhood cancer.
Scale Construction and Psychometrics for Social and Personality Psychology

Introduction Core Principles, Best Practices and an Overview of Scale Construction Response Formats and Item Writing Evaluating Psychometric Properties Dimensionality and Reliability Evaluating Psychometric Properties Validity Threats to Psychometric Quality Difference Scores Confirmatory Factor Analysis Generalizability Theory Item Response Theory
The Tension between Property Rights and Social and Economic Rights: A Case Study of India

In this paper, I explore the perceived tension in constitutional and human rights discourse between the right to property, regarded as a classic civil and political right, and socioeconomic rights such as the rights to food, housing, and health, through a review of Indian constitutional law. This tension arises because the enforcement of property rights, through judicial review, imposes severe restrictions on the fulfilment of socioeconomic needs of the poor. Moreover, social redistribution programmes, including land reform, that seek to improve access to resources amongst the beneficiaries necessarily involve alteration of existing property arrangements, which might be seen as violating justiciable constitutional property rights.India is a unique case study for evaluating this tension because at the time of its adoption in 1950, the Indian Constitution constitutionalised both civil and political rights like the right to property and social and economic rights, but only made the former justiciable. However, according to the conventional political and scholarly narrative, judicial enforcement of the right to property during the period 1950-1978 resulted in the invalidation of many socioeconomic reforms. This led Parliament to amend the Constitution several times in order to nullify the effect of the judicial decisions and culminated in the Forty Fourth constitutional amendment in 1978, which changed the character of the property right from a justiciable to a non-justiciable right. In contrast, post 1978; the Court through its pronouncements on the “right to life” made non-justiciable socioeconomic rights, like the rights to food, livelihood, health and housing, justiciable. Based on my review of the Indian experience, I conclude that broad generalizations about the differences and conflicts between property rights and socioeconomic rights are overstated and tend to come apart in the light of historical experience. Ultimately, it is the practices of individual judiciaries in particular periods of time and in particular social, political and economic contexts, both nationally and internationally, that influence the grant of concrete relief and enforcement of such relief in particular cases.
Other Static Characterizations of Mutation and Recombination

The previous chapters have provided a full schema analysis of recombination and mutation. Such analyses can be considered to be static in the sense that they do not take into account the dynamic time evolution of an EA. However, there have been other static characterizations of recombination that have been explored in the literature (such as “exploratory power,” “positional bias,” and “distributional bias”). The point of this chapter is to extend these characterizations of recombination to mutation, in order to compare the two operators.
The "Ideal" Female Candidate

Why are there so few women elected to positions in both gubernatorial and senatorial contests? Since the ratification of the nineteenth amendment in 1920—through which women obtained the right to vote and the right to full political participation—few women have actually held elective office. While women have increased their political participation by means of voting and activism, they are still vastly underrepresented in terms of elected positions (Clark, 1991: 64). Women make up over 50 percent of the United States population; however, they only comprise about 10 percent of the U.S. Congress (McGlen, 1995: 77). The problems women encounter are not only found on a domestic level, but on a global level as well. A 1986 study of women legislators in Western democracies determined that only three countries, Greece, Japan, and Australia, had smaller percentages of women in their national legislatures than the United States (McGlen, 1995: 85).
Pruning the Hedge: Who is a 'Client' and Whom Does an Adviser Advise?

An analysis of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit's decision regarding Phillip Goldstein's challenge of the Securities and Exchange Commission's hedge-fund adviser registration regime within The Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C. ý 80b-1 (hereinafter Advisers Act), the so-called "Hedge-Fund Rule." See, Goldstein v. SEC, 451 F.3d 873 (D.C. Cir. 2006).
Statistical Blockade: Estimating Rare Event Statistics

Consider the case of a 1 megabit (Mb) SRAM array, which has 1 million “identical” instances of an SRAM cell. These instances are designed to be identical, but due to manufacturing variations, they usually differ. Suppose we desire a chip yield of 99%; that is, no more that one chip per 100 should fail. This means that on average, not more than (approx.) one per 100×1 million SRAM cells; that is 10 per billion, should fail. This translates to a required circuit yield of 99.999999%, or a maximum failure rate of 0.01 ppm for the SRAM cell. This failure probability is the same as for a 5.6σ point on the standard normal distribution. If we want to estimate the yield of such an SRAM cell in the design phase, a standard Monte Carlo approach would require at least 100 million SPICE simulations on average to obtain just one failing sample point! Even then, the estimate of the yield or failure probability will be suspect because of the lack of statistical confidence, the estimate being computed using only one failing example. Such a large number of simulation is utterly intractable. This example clearly illustrates the widespread problem with designing robust memories in the presence of process variations: we need to simulate rare or extreme events and estimate the statistics of these rare events. The problem of simulating and modeling rare events stands for any circuit that has a large number of identical replications on the same chip, as in DRAM arrays and non-volatile memories. We term such circuits as high replication circuits (HRCs).
Abstract 19288: Pulmonary Hypertension and Sex Hormone Depletion Affect Lung and Right Ventricular Estrogen Receptor Expression

Introduction: Women with pulmonary arterial hypertension exhibit more preserved right ventricular (RV) function than men. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. We measured 17beta-estradiol (E2) levels and lung and RV expression of the two main estrogen receptors (ERalpha and -beta) in male and in intact or ovariectomized (OVX) female rats with Su5416/hypoxia (SuHx)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). Hypothesis: E2 is required for adaptation to increased RV afterload in females, and ER expression is inversely correlated with PH severity. Methods: Male and age-matched female Sprague-Dawley rats received Su5416 (20mg/kg), followed by 3 weeks of hypoxia (Patm=362 mmHg) and 4 weeks of room air. Selected females underwent OVX with or without concomitant E2 repletion (75 mcg/kg/d). RV hypertrophy (RV/[LV+S]), RV systolic pressure (RVSP), and PA muscularization were measured; complemented by echocardiographic assessment of RV function and measurement of exercise capacity (VO2max). In addition, we assessed RV p...
Data Mining for Imbalanced Datasets: An Overview

A dataset is imbalanced if the classification categories are not approximately equally represented. Recent years brought increased interest in applying machine learning techniques to difficult “real-world” problems, many of which are characterized by imbalanced data. Additionally the distribution of the testing data may differ from that of the training data, and the true misclassification costs may be unknown at learning time. Predictive accuracy, a popular choice for evaluating performance of a classifier, might not be appropriate when the data is imbalanced and/or the costs of different errors vary markedly. In this Chapter, we discuss some of the sampling techniques used for balancing the datasets, and the performance measures more appropriate for mining imbalanced datasets.
Characterization of micro fibrillation process of cellulose and mercerized cellulose pulp

Here we detail the fibrillation process for cellulose and mercerized cellulose pulps. Native and mercerized cellulose showed a high degree of purity as indicated by α-cellulose content measurement and XRD analysis. Furthermore, a stark change in fiber morphology indicated aggregation of fibrils on the surface due to mercerization. Fibrillation of pulp was carried out in the following subsequent steps: Disintegration, PFI refining, microgrinding by 20 passes and 60 passes in a SuperMassColloider respectively. Fiber samples were collected at every stage and highly uniform films were made by ultrafiltration and hot press method. The fibers and films made from fibers were then characterized by measuring physical properties, contact angle, thermal, mechanical, and SEM analysis. The main objective was to characterize the physical properties of the films made from different degrees of fibrillation. The films obtained were of fairly close grammage approximately 35 g m−2. The target grammage was 40 g m−2, and the slightly lower grammage indicated some fiber loss during the fabrication process. Additionally, it was observed that the density of the films increased with increasing degree of fibrillation from about 180 g m−3 to 455 g m−3 for cellulose I and 95 g m−3 to 385 g m−3 for cellulose II. Cellulose I films showed some contact angle to begin with which increased at every stage (14–64°), whereas cellulose II films did not display a contact angle until the final stage of fibrillation. The films also showed increasing strength and an evolution of tensile strength from initially displaying a tear behavior indicating poor bonding to typical micro fibrillated cellulose films behavior as the fibers became increasingly fibrillated. The ultimate tensile strength for cellulose changed from tear behavior with no defined break to 134.5 MPa. While on the other hand, the same change for cellulose II was a maximum of 75.1 MPa from tear behavior. Increasing fibrillation of fibrils in both cases showed a decrease in fiber size, well differentiated for the two types of pulps at every stage.
Making Theory, Making Sense: Comments on Ronald Moore'sNatural Beauty

The broad scope and coherence of Natural Beauty are among its major strengths. Moore's syncretic theory tries to integrate diverse and sometimes conflicting theoretical strands. Of special importance is his recognition that the natural world is a social institution embodying perceptions that are conditioned, experiences communicated through language, and social beliefs and conventions. These lead him to consider the natural world as actually artifactual, and he terms it the ‘natureworld’. Among the consequences of this is the reciprocity of natural and artistic beauty, one indication of the inclusiveness that runs through his theory. My central concern is whether Moore's syncretic theory can successfully combine disparate features of conflicting theories, such as cognitivism and non-cognitivism, and subjectivism and objectivism. Another concern is whether his syncretism can resolve problems such as the apparent inconsistencies raised by his discussion of framing. Here, alternatives that Moore had presumab...
Notch Inhibitors as a New Tool in the War on Cancer: A Pathway to Watch

Notch was first recognized as an important developmental pathway in Drosophila in the first half of the 20th century. Many decades later, this pathway has been found to play central roles in humans in stem cell maintenance, cell fate decisions, and in cancer as well. Notch family members are being revealed as oncogenes in an ever-increasing number of cancers. Though significant progress has been made in dissecting the complex workings of this signaling pathway, there are very limited options available for Notch inhibitors. However, the pioneering class of Notch inhibitors is already in clinical trials for two cancer types. This review will address the current state-of-the-art, agents in the pipeline, and potential strategies for future Notch inhibitors. Successful development of Notch inhibitors in the clinic holds great promise as a new anti-cancer strategy.
Relevance and digressions in argumentative discussion: A pragmatic approach

Digressions in argumentative discussion are a kind of failure of relevance. Examination of what actual cases look like reveals several properties of argumentative relevance: (1) The informational relevance of propositions to the truth value of a conclusion should be distinguished from the pragmatic relevance of argumentative acts to the task of resolving a disagreement. (2) Pragmatic irrelevance is a collaborative phenomenon. It does not just short-circuit reasoning; it encourages a failure to take up the demands of an argumentative task. (3) Pragmatic irrelevance can occur not simply by the absence of a connection between what is said and some standpoint in dispute, but also by the presence of a connection between what is said and a competing use of the information. (4) Pragmatic relevance must be accomplished through communicative action.
Note on Unsteady Boundary-Layer Separation

turbulent. It was assumed that in this case, the aft microphone gave a more realistic representation of the acoustic environment. In addition, it was assumed that the disturbance function Z was comprised solelv of acoustic disturbances. A plot of transition data obtained in the AEDC 16T as a function of acoustic level is shown in Fig. 3. The theoretical line was calculated for a Mach number of 0.8. Since the range of Mach numbers is small (0.3-1.6) and since the effect of Mach number is small for this range, this line represents a "mean" prediction line. Figures 2 and 3 indicate that transition can be predicted to within 10% with reasonable consistency. Additional factors having a significant effect on the data which are not included in the model and/or whose effect could not be removed from the data are: 1) pitch and yaw misalignment; and 2) acoustic levels due to proximity of transition to microphone location. The present technique has been applied to the low subsonic and supersonic flow regimes for the data of Refs. 4-6 and of 12 and 13. The preliminary results indicate that an extension to these flow regimes is feasible.
Comprehensive Thermal Modeling of ElectroThermoElastic Microstructures

Bent and folded beam configurations have been popularly used in electrothermoelastic (E-T) actuation. This paper introduces new designs of thermal end-effector with micro-grasping and micro-heating capabilities. We obtained analytical models for all possible steady state temperature responses of suspended and overhanging microstructures that constitute bent beam, folded beam, and combined actuators. Generally, the thermal response of E-T microstructures is sensitive to the boundary conditions, particularly for high power input. Thermal models have predicted the failure due to melting, which is the most common reason for failure of E-T devices, and it often occurs in the longest and the thinnest microstructure.
Nanopore Sensors for Analysis of Circular DNA Topology

Over the course of its life cycle, a cell's DNA undergoes many carefully orchestrated topological changes, which facilitate vital cellular processes such as replication and transcription. Consequently, unresolved conformational defects in the structure can interfere with critical interactions, and may result in genetic anomalies that culminate in cell death. As a result, DNA has become the target for numerous anti-cancer treatments which seek to induce structural changes to inhibit tumor growth [1, 2]. The development of innovative anti-cancer treatments can be greatly enhanced by high-throughput low-cost methods to characterize their effects on DNA topology [3]. In this study, we use Si3N4 solid-state nanopores to investigate changes in circular DNA topology induced by intercalation of ethidium bromide (EtBr). Our measurements reveal three distinct current blockade levels and a six-fold increase in translocation times for EtBr treated circular DNA as compared to untreated circular DNA. We attribute these increases to changes in the supercoiled topological state hypothesized to be branched or looped structures formed in the circular DNA molecule. Further evidence of the conformational changes is demonstrated by qualitative atomic force microscopy analysis. We evaluate our experimental data correlating topological changes with specific translocation event morphologies using all-atom Molecular Dynamics simulations. Our results provide new fundamental insight into characterizing DNA topology, and has important implications for anti-cancer drug treatment and design.1. K. Gurova, Future Oncology 5, 1685 (2009).2. R. Martinez and L. Chacon-Garcia, Current Medicinal Chemistry 12, 127 (2005).3. R. Palchaudhuri and P. J. Hergenrother, Current Opinions in Biotechnology 18, 497 (2007).
Analysis of Saccades and Peak Velocity to Symmetrical Convergence Stimuli: Binocularly Normal Controls Compared to Convergence Insufficiency Patients

PURPOSE: To assess the potential peak velocity asymmetry between the left-eye and right-eye movement responses stimulated by symmetrical vergence steps in those with normal binocular vision and those with convergence insufficiency (CI) before and after vergence training. This study also evaluated whether vergence training influenced convergence peak velocity and the prevalence of saccades within the first second of the response. METHODS: The peak velocities of the left-eye, right-eye, and combined vergence response evoked from symmetrical 2°, 4°, and 6° convergence step stimuli were assessed in 10 controls and 7 CI subjects. Four of the CI subjects participated in vergence training. An asymmetry ratio was calculated as the peak velocity of the slower eye movement response divided by the peak velocity of the faster eye movement response. RESULTS: Controls were significantly more symmetrical (left-eye peak velocity was approximately equal to right-eye peak velocity) compared to CI subjects (P < 0.001). After vergence training, the CI subjects' left-eye and right-eye movements became significantly more symmetrical, convergence peak velocity increased, and the prevalence of saccades within the first 1 second decreased (P < 0.01). Peak convergence velocity was significantly correlated to the prevalence of saccades observed within the first second of the response (r = 0.8; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that vergence training improves the symmetry between the left-eye and right-eye movements, increases convergence peak velocity, and decreases the prevalence of saccades within the first second of the response, which facilitates binocular coordination in CI patients. Saccades may be a compensatory mechanism used by CI subjects when convergence peak velocity is reduced.
Properties of a Defocused Optical System

The optical properties of an aberration-free defocused optical system used to image incoherently illuminated objects are analyzed. The exact diffraction optical transfer function (OTF) and point spread function (PSF) are compared to the geometrical OTF and PSF, respectively, for both small and large amounts of defocusing. It follows that geometrical optics does not describe diffraction optics very well for any reasonable amount of defocusing. Calculation of the diffraction OTF is complicated and time consuming, even with a large computer. An empirically derived analytic approximation to the diffraction OTF which is much easier to calculate, is formulated. It is also shown, and examples are presented to demonstrate, that the exact OTF and PSF are different in planes at equal distances on the two sides of the in-focus plane.
Overexpression of glucose transporter 2 in GT1-7 cells inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase and agouti-related peptide expression.

Abstract Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) has been proposed as a glucose sensor in pancreatic β cells. GLUT2 has been found widely expressed in the brain and GLUT2 in the hypothalamus and hindbrain has been suggested to be involved in the central glucose sensing and regulation of glucose homeostasis and food intake. In this study, we overexpressed GLUT2 in GT1-7 neuroblastoma cells and investigated the effect of GLUT2 overexpression on cellular energy status in these cells. Compared with control cells, GLUT2 overexpression resulted in significantly increased cellular ATP levels at 5 and 25 mM glucose concentrations, more inhibition of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) mRNA and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation by glucose, and attenuated stimulation of AgRP mRNA and AMPK by 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG), implicating that brain GLUT2 may be important in the regulation of food intake.
In vivo gene expression of cold shock and other stress-related genes in Vibrio vulnificus during shellstock temperature control conditions in oysters.

Aims: To determine Vibrio vulnificus response to shellstock refrigeration conditions while the bacterium was embedded in oysters (in vivo). Methods and Results: Depurated oysters were artificially inoculated with V. vulnificus. Several cold-shock conditions were examined according to the National Sanitation Shellfish Program guidelines. Culturability of cells along the refrigeration period was measured using specific colony dot-blot. Gene expression of putative cold-shock genes (csp1, csp3, csp4 and csp5) as well as three stress-related genes (rpoS, oxyR and katG) was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Vibrio vulnificus exhibited a decline in cell viability after cold shock but a cold adaptation response was observed when oysters were kept at suboptimal (15°C) temperatures. 16SrRNA, and rpoS genes were constitutively expressed while expression of csp genes varied among strains and time points. Conclusions: Vibrio vulnificus culturability was reduced after oysters were subjected to shellstock refrigeration conditions. When V. vulnificus was allowed to acclimate to cold temperatures, its survival after cold shock was higher. None of the cold shock genes analysed behaved as csp type I genes. Significance and Impact of the Study: A model for artificially inoculated specific strains of V. vulnificus into oysters has been established. For the first time, V. vulnficus gene expression was assessed with the pathogen embedded in oysters.
Nitric oxide contributes to opioid release from glia during hypoxia

Activation of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase contributes to increased CSF concentrations of the opioids methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin during hypoxia in the newborn pig. NO and these opioids, in turn, contribute to hypoxic pial artery dilation. However, the cellular site of origin for opioids detected in CSF cannot be determined using this in vivo model. The present study, therefore, was designed to determine if NO contributes to opioid release from piglet glia grown in primary culture. Glial cell cultures produced more methionine enkephalin than leucine enkephalin under basal conditions. Administration of SNP and 8-Br cGMP to glial cells increased release of both opioids (471+/-58 vs. 1181+/-148 pg/mg protein methionine enkephalin before and after SNP 10-6 M). SNP also increased release of cGMP. Exposure of piglet glial cells to lower than normal O2 increased the release of both opioids (503+/-61 vs. 1488+/-186 pg/mg protein methionine enkephalin before and after hypoxia, (PO2 approximately 15 mmHg). Hypoxia also increased the release of cGMP from glia while the NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine blocked that release. These data show that NO/cGMP and hypoxia release opioids from glia. Additionally, hypoxia releases NO/cGMP from glia. These data therefore suggest that NO contributes to opioid release from glia during hypoxia.
False-positive “Cavernous Transformation” Secondary to Lymphatic Filling in Parenchymal Hepatic CO2 Injection for Portal Vein Visualization in TIPS Procedures

Purpose To determine the frequency and potential importance of findings initially interpreted as portal vein occlusion with "cavernous transformation" at transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement with hepatic parenchymal CO 2 injection. Materials and Methods One hundred forty-seven patients underwent hepatic parenchymal CO 2 injections in the setting of fine-needle CO 2 TIPS procedures. Hepatic parenchymal CO 2 injections were retrospectively reviewed for findings suggestive of cavernous transformation in which direct portal venography confirmed portal vein patency. Direct portography was performed by injecting CO 2 via the fine needle/guide wire complex or a 5-F catheter in a branch of the intrahepatic portal vein. Results Hepatic lymphatic vessels mimicked cavernous transformation of the portal vein in 29 of the 147 patients (19.7%). One patient with portal vein occlusion showed profuse lymphatic filling without filling the extrahepatic portal vein. Hepatic parenchymal CO 2 injections safely permitted targeting of the portal vein in all patients. Conclusions During fine-needle CO 2 TIPS procedures, what was believed to represent reversed flow of hilar collateral vessels represented hepatic lymphatic vessels. Despite the lack of visualization of the portal vein in nearly one-fifth of patients, targeting of the portal vein was facilitated by the fact the hepatic lymphatic vessels showed a periportal distribution. The high incidence of hepatic lymphatic filling suggestive of cavernous transformation necessitates direct portography or wedged hepatic venography to verify portal vein patency before the procedure is aborted.
Expression of p75NGFR TrkA, and TrkB mRNA in rat C6 glioma and type I astrocyte cultures.

Using a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) we have investigated the expression of the neurotrophin receptors p75NGFR, trkA, and trkB, mRNAs in cultures of rat pup type I astrocytes and in the C6 rat glioma cell line. All three neurotrophin receptor mRNAs are expressed in both C6 cells and in type I astrocytic cultures. p75NGFR mRNA levels are increased by either cycloheximide or nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of C6 cells as measured using RT-PCR. Type I astrocyte cultures also expressed p75NGFR mRNA and NGF treatment increased p75NGFR mRNA levels in these cultures. TrkB mRNA levels were increased by cycloheximide treatment of type I astrocyte cultures but not by NGF treatment. Using RT-PCR, trkA mRNA was detected in astrocytic cultures as well as in the rat C6 and PC-12 cell lines. We conclude that cultures of type I astrocytes express active NGF receptors and that glia can elicit a response to NGF as seen by an increase in p75NGFR mRNA levels following exposure to NGF. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anomalous form factor of the neutral pion in an extended AdS/QCD model with Chern-Simons term

We propose an extension of the hard-wall AdS/QCD model by including the Chern-Simons term required to reproduce the chiral anomaly of QCD. In the framework of this holographic model, we study the vertex function ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}}({Q}_{1}^{2},{Q}_{2}^{2})$ which accumulates information about the coupling of the pion to two (in general virtual) photons. We calculate the slope of the form factor with one real and one slightly virtual photon and show that it is close to experimental findings. We analyze the formal limit of large virtualities and establish that predictions of the holographic model analytically (including nontrivial dependence on the ratio of photon virtualities) coincide with those of perturbative QCD calculated for the asymptotic form of the pion distribution amplitude. We also investigate the generalized vector-meson-dominance structure of ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}}({Q}_{1}^{2},{Q}_{2}^{2})$ in the extended AdS/QCD model.
Training by exploration: facilitating the transfer of procedural knowledge through analogical reasoning

Abstract This study compared exploration-based training and instruction-based training as methods of acquiring and transferring procedural device knowledge, and examined whether any differences in learning outcomes could be explained by the trainees' use of analogical reasoning from either abstract or concrete representations of devices in memory. The exploration trainees experimented with three analogous simulated devices in order to discover the procedures governing their operations, whereas the instructed trainees followed procedural examples contained in manuals. After a 2-day post-training delay, trainees were exposed to a novel transfer device, which was either analogous or disanalogous to the three training devices. Performance on the novel device, subjects' perceptions of the similarity among devices' functions and subjects' recall (written and behavioural) of the three training devices' operations, all provided data indicating that exploration-based training promoted the use of analogical reasoning in knowledge transfer and facilitated the induction of abstract device representations (schemas). No such claim could be made for instruction-based training. Implications for the future of exploration as a training method and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Photic evoked potentials in the cat: Evidence for a direct geniculate input to visual II

Abstract High-amplitude, short-latency, gross evoked potentials may be recorded outside of striate cortex in the cat. Amplitude and latency of early evoked activity to fullfield illumination were studied under chloralose or barbiturate anesthesia. Data from monopolar and bipolar recordings suggest that the high-amplitude area is coextensive with anatomic area 18 (visual II). The short-latency activity in this region survives ablation of contralateral areas 17 and 18, section of the corpus callosum, and lesion of medial and posterior ipsilateral area 17. Lesions in the lateral trilaminar portion of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) severely diminish this high-amplitude activity. In one cat, mapped 28 days following geniculate lesion, regions of reduced potentials correlated well with areas of dense preterminal degeneration (Nauta). Lesions in the medial portion of LGN have lesser effects. The dense, direct geniculate input to visual II, supported by both anatomical and physiological evidence, should be considered in formulation of models of visual function in the cat.
Void swelling and radiation-induced phase transformation in high purity Fe-Ni-Cr alloys

Three high purity Fe-Ni-Cr alloys were irradiated with high energy Ni ions and with high energy electrons over a temperature range of 450 to 650°C to doses up to 30 displacements per atom (dpa) for heavy ions and 60 dpa for electrons. The alloy compositions were Fe-10Cr-15Ni, Fe-16Cr-15Ni, and Fe-20Cr-15Ni with very low carbon levels. These alloy compositions were chosen to bracket a range of compositions where large differences in void swelling are seen, and where alloy phase instabilities are predicted at lower temperatures. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of irradiated specimens showed that none of the phase transformations predicted by computed phase diagrams occurred during irradiation. In one case, M23C6 was formed under irradiation. A more significant finding was a martensitic reversion reaction which occurred under irradiation of ferritic regions of the lOCr alloy at 450 and 550°C. This reaction was found for both heavy ion and electron irradiations. The void swelling behavior of these alloys was examined in detail. Voids were found only after irradiation at 650°C for the heavy ion cases, but all irradiation temperatures with electrons. The amount of swelling was found to be dependent on composition, but the HVEM studies indicate that these differences may be due to differences in incubation doses between alloy compositions.
Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation and Electron Capture Dissociation of High-Mannose Type Glycopeptides

The combination of electron capture dissociation (ECD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) for the structural characterization of high-mannose type glycopeptides is explored in depth for the first time. Contrary to previous applications to other glycan types, our analyses reveal that IRMPD does not necessarily selectively induce glycan cleavage in high-mannose type glycopeptides; rather peptide backbone cleavage can effectively compete with glycosidic cleavage. Poor glycan cleavage with IRMPD is due to a higher gas-phase stability of mannose-linking glycosidic bonds. This reasoning also explains mannose cleavage patterns observed for a xylose type glycopeptide with IRMPD. In addition, extensive peptide backbone cleavage is observed for a >6 kDa glycopeptide with ECD, to our knowledge the largest glycopeptide examined with this technique to date.
Southern Discomfort: The Effects of Stereotype Threat on the Intellectual Performance of US Southerners

Compared to other negatively stereotyped groups, a paucity of research has examined stereotypes of US southerners. Building from past research and theory on the phenomenon of stereotype threat, the current research examined the possibility that activating negative stereotypes of people from the southern US can undermine their performance on intellectual tasks. In four studies, southern US college students took a test consisting of difficult mathematical and verbal questions. When negative stereotypes about their group were activated, performance was lower compared to conditions in which stereotypes were not made salient. In addition, performance decrements associated with stereotype activation were found to be linked with individual differences in group identification. Results showed that higher levels of identification as a southerner predicted lower levels of test performance.
Characterization of Tn5-259-induced pyrimidine mutants ofPseudomonas cepacia

Two transposon-induced pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants ofPseudomonas cepacia were analyzed. The enzyme analysis of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway withinP. cepacia was conducted to biochemically characterize these mutants. Both mutants were found to have a defect in dihydroorotase dehydrogenase, the enzyme that converts dihydroorotic acid to orotic acid. We also found that inP. cepacia cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP) inhibited the activity of aspartate transcarbamylase.
Pressure derivatives of the elastic constants of NaCl and KCl at 295°K and 195°K

Abstract The pressure derivatives of the adiabatic elastic constants of NaCl and KC1 have been measured at 295°K and 195°K using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. The values found are: d C ′ 11 /d P d C ′/d P d C 44 /d P NaCl 295°K 7.24 4.79 0.37 195°K 7.03 4.76 0.32 KCl 295°K 6.83 5.61 −0.39 195°K 6.78 5.59 −0.42 where the notation C′ 11 = (C 11 + C 12 + 2C 44 ) 2 and C′= (C 11 − C 12 ) 2 has been used. The results were used to calculate mode gammas, denned by γ i = − dlnω i dln V where ω i is a normal mode frequency of the crystal lattice and V is the crystal volume. These ω i were found to have no strong temperature dependence. The mode gammas were suitably averaged to obtain values of Gruneisen's parameter which agree satisfactorily with those from the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state.
Genetic induction and upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) and aromatase (CYP19): an extension of the dietary fat hypothesis of breast cancer

A novel model of mammary carcinogenesis is proposed involving sequential induction and upregulation of cyclooxygenase and aromatase genes by essential fatty acids prominent in the US diet. The basic carcinogenic processes are: (1) constitutive prostaglandin biosynthesis and formation of mutagenic oxygen and nitrogen free radicals responsible for tumor initiation; (2) PGE-2-induced expression of aromatase and constitutive estrogen biosynthesis which sustains mitogenesis and tumor promotion; and (3) PGE-2-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor which stimulates angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.
The effect of oxygen in static sodium on vanadium and vanadium alloys: I. Unalloyed vanadium, vanadium-chromium, and vanadium-molybdenum alloys

Abstract Static capsule tests were used to investigate the effect of oxygen in sodium on vanadium and vanadium alloys. When unalloyed vanadium in a vanadium capsule was exposed at 600 and 800° C to sodium that contained up to 1500 ppm O, the specimen and capsule gettered all the oxygen. Vanadium specimens were also exposed to sodium containing up to 4000 ppm O at 600°C in capsules of type 304L stainless steel and molybdenum. Except when the sodium contained over 2000 ppm O, all oxygen was gettered. We concluded that the oxygen distribution coefficient between vanadium and sodium, that is, the ratio of the oxygen concentration in the vanadium to that in the sodium, at equilibrium, is greater than 10 4 . To compare the effect of oxygen in sodium on various vanadium alloys with that on unalloyed vanadium, specimens of the alloys and unalloyed vanadium were simultaneously exposed to sodium containing 2000 ppm O. The results on vanadium alloys can be divided into two groups : alloying elements that form more stable oxides than vanadium and therefore form internal oxides and those that form less stable oxides and do not oxidize internally. In this paper we report on the alloys that do not oxidize internally; the alloys tested were: V-5%Cr, V-10%Cr, V-15%Cr, and V-20%Mo. Both chromium and molybdenum lowered the solubility of oxygen in vanadium, results that were explained in terms of the effect of chromium and molybdenum on the activity coefficient of oxygen in vanadium.
Deconvolution of long-core palaeomagnetic measurements-spline therapy for the linear problem

SUMMARY The magnetization of long cores of sedimentary material is often measured in a pass-through magnetometer, whose output is the convolution of the desired function with the broad impulse response of the system. Because of inevitable measurement noise and the inherent poor conditioning of the inverse problem, any attempt to estimate the true magnetization function from the observations must avoid unnecessary amplification of small-scale features which would otherwise dominate the model with deceptively large undulations. We propose the construction of the smoothest possible magnetization model satisfying the measured data to within the observational error. By means of a cubic spline basis in the representations of both the unknown magnetization and the empirically measured response, we facilitate the imposition of maximum smoothness on the unknown magnetization. For our purposes, the smoothest model is the one with the smallest 2-norm of the second derivative, the same criterion used in the construction of cubic spline interpolators. The approach is tested on a marine core that was subsequently sectioned and measured in centimetre-sized individual specimens, with highly satisfactory results. An empirical estimate of the resolution of the method indicates a three-fold improvement in the processed record over the original signal. We illuminate the behaviour of the numerical scheme by showing the relation between our smoothness-maximizing procedure and a more conventional filtering approach. Our solution can indeed be approximated by convolution with a special set of weights, although the approximation may be poor near the ends of the core. In an idealized system we study the question of convergence of the deconvolution process, by whether the model magnetization approaches the true one when the experimental error and other system parameters are held constant, while the spacing between observations is allowed to become arbitrarily small. We find our procedure does in fact converge (under certain conditions) but only at a logarithmic rate. This suggests that further significant improvement in resolution cannot be achieved by increased measurement density or enhanced observational accuracy.
Effects of cloud shape and water vapor distribution on solar absorption in the near infrared

A 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer model is used to demonstrate the importance of cloud shape and water vapor distribution on narrow-band solar absorption at 0.93 and 2.0 µm. Diurnally averaged absorption for wavy-topped broken cloud fields can exceed that based on conventional climate model assumptions (plane-parallel cloud geometry and an unsaturated water vapor distribution in gaps between cloud elements) by 2–10% of the top-of-atmosphere insolation. Plane-parallel clouds often underestimate the absorption by non-flat-top clouds, particularly at 2.0 µm and large solar zenith angles. Ambiguities in assigning the above-cloud water vapor profile create uncertainties in the absorption comparisons between the plane-parallel and non-flat-top clouds, which increase with solar zenith angle and may be as large as 5 to 8%. A thin saturated water vapor layer (0.4 km) above the cloud top systematically enhances column absorption, the magnitude depends on cloud altitude and wavelength. Thus, realistic 3-D distributions of cloud shape, brokenness and water vapor are needed to quantify the role of clouds in excess absorption.
Renal function after release of chronic unilateral hydronephrosis in man.

Renal function after release of chronic unilateral hydronephrosis in man. Differential renal function studies performed on ten patients after release of unilateral hydronephrosis revealed that the previously obstructed kidney exhibits abnormalities in a number of physiological indexes. Many of the obstructed kidneys had an impairment of glomerular filtration rate, concentrating ability, acidification, sodium reabsorption and tubular maximal secretion of para-aminohippurate with normal urinary dilution. Despite impairment of sodium and water reabsorption, none of these patients, nor 20 additional patients, had a significant postobstructive diuresis from the previously obstructed kidney. All of the patients had normal total renal function. Thus, the changes observed were a result of the obstructive injury and were not related to azotemia or aberrations in water or sodium metabolism.
A Conservation Principle and its Effect on the Formulation of Na–Ca Exchanger Current in Cardiac Cells

Abstract In this paper we show the presence of a latent conservation principle in the formulation of ionic currents in cardiac cells and examine its effect on a formulation of the sodium–calcium exchange current appearing in the Noble model of the sinoatrial node cell in the mammalian heart [see Noble et al . (1989) or Winslow et al . (1991)]. Our objective is to show that this formulation, if not corrected, will result in a serious instability in this cardiac cell model. In particular, under certain initial conditions, the solutions of the model equations will blow-up in finite time. We also propose a correction to the model equation of the sodium–calcium exchange current, and we show that the modified model agrees favorably with the original model. These phenomena also occur in the other cardiac cell models, such as those modeling the Purkinje fiber, the atrial cell and the ventricular cell. The changes proposed in this paper can be applied directly to these models as well.
Efficient vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for infrared illumination applications

Infrared illumination is used in the commercial and defense markets for surveillance and security, for high-speed imaging, and for military covert operations. Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are an attractive candidate for IR illumination applications as they offer advantageous properties such as efficiency, intrinsically low diverging circular beam, low-cost manufacturing, narrow emission spectrum, and high reliability. VCSELs can also operate at high temperatures, thereby meeting the harsh environmental requirements of many illuminators. The efficiency and brightness of these VCSELs also reduce the requirements of the power supply compared to, for example, an LED approach. We present results on VCSEL arrays for illumination applications, as well as results on VCSEL-based illumination experiments. These VCSELs are used in illuminators emitting from a few Watts up to several hundred Watts. The emission of these VCSEL-based illuminators is speckle-free with no interference patterns. Infra-red illumination at up to 1,600ft (500m) from the source has been demonstrated using VCSEL-based illumination, without any optics.
A Simple and Inexpensive Alternative to a Medium-Pressure Hydrogenation Shaker-Type Apparatus

Materials and directions for the assembly of a safe and low-cost medium-pressure hydrogenator are provided. Most items required for the construction of this apparatus were readily available at local home improvement stores. The apparatus was tested at a pressure of 60 psi, and typical experiments were performed at 60 psi.
Finite Temperature Radiative Corrections to Neutron Decay and Related Processes

Abstract We present a detailed calculation of the radiative corrections at finite temperature to the processes n ν ↔ pe, ne ↔ p ν . and n ↔ pe ν . The temperature range considered is approximately 100 keV to 3 MeV, which is the range relevant for nucleosynthesis calculations. Photon absorption and emission, photonic corrections to the vertex and fermion wave-function renormalizations, as well as the correction to the electron “mass” are calculated explicitly. It is shown that infrared divergences are only cancelled when absorption and induced photon emission are included. We analyze the effect of these processes on the various reaction rates, and discuss the effects of these corrections on the calculated helium abundance in the universe.