cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of computers on aerodynamics research and development

Factors motivating the development of computational aerodynamics as a discipline are traced back to the limitations of the tools available to the aerodynamicist before the development of digital computers. Governing equations in exact and approximate forms are discussed together with approaches to their numerical solution. Example results obtained from the successively refined forms of the equations are presented and discussed, both in the context of levels of computer power required and the degree of the effect that their solution has on aerodynamic research and development. Factors pacing advances in computational aerodynamics are identified, including the amount of computational power required to take the next major step in the discipline. Finally, the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) Program--with its 1987 target of achieving a sustained computational rate of 1 billion floating-point operations per second operating on a memory of 240 million words--is briefly discussed in terms of its projected effect on the future of computational aerodynamics.
Instantaneous resolution of ischemic mitral regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension by angioplasty

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) with pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare complication of coronary artery disease. It is defined as mitral valve incompetence occurring after an acute myocardial infarction with no primary leaflet or chordal pathology in 13%) and 18% of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization [l-2]. The pathogenesis is widely believed to be secondary to dyskinesis or dysfunction of the postero-medial papillary muscles in ischemia. Combinations of posterior annular dilation, papillary muscle elongation and loss of papillary muscle shortening contribute to the valve incompetence at the posterior commissural region. Fluctuating mitral regurgitation in the setting of post-infarction unstable angina is also a variant of this syndrome. Mitral regurgitation due to rupture of the papillary muscle is uncommon and is seen in only 0.1% of patients undergoing catheterization [3]. Significant improvement in morbidity from ischemic mitral regurgitation can be expected with relief of the ongoing myocardial ischemia. In this
Multiscale phenomena in microfluidics and nanofluidics

A lab-on-a-chip device typically integrates many microfluidic components and has similar functions to the room-sized laboratory. However, developing such a lab-on-a-chip device is not simply to scale down the conventional instruments. It requires the understanding and controlling of many multiscale physical and chemical phenomena, spanning from centimeter to nanometer. In this paper, we provide an overview of the multiscale fluidic phenomena encountered in lab-on-a-chip devices, with focus on electrokinetics. We review different computational models for the studies of microfluidics and nanofluidics. Several application examples using microfluidics and nanofluidics, including micromixing, particle/cell separation, and DNA separation, are given.
A tunable microlens scanner with large-vertical-displacement actuation

We report the design, fabrication and operation of a tunable microlens that can perform large vertical scans at low actuation voltages. Photoresist reflow technique was used to form a 210 /spl mu/m diameter microlens on a lens holder that is integrated with a large-vertical-displacement (LVD) microactuator. The lens holder is fabricated using a unique DRIE CMOS-MEMS process. A maximum vertical displacement of 280 /spl mu/m is achieved with a 700 /spl mu/m-by-320 /spl mu/m LVD device at an actuation voltage of 10 V. The microlens has a focal length of 188 /spl mu/m, a numerical aperture of 0.35, and a resonant frequency of about 1 kHz.
Edge detection with iteratively refined regularization

An approach to edge detection problems using regularization theory is presented. The energy functional in the standard regularization has been modified to control the smoothness over the image spatially in order to obtain accurate location of edges. An algorithm which iteratively improves the solution in discontinuous regions by updating the space-varying regularization parameter has been developed. The regularization parameter is controlled by features extracted from the error signal between the regularized solution obtained in the previous iteration and the image data. The algorithm smooths the noisy image without degrading discontinuities. It offers computational advantages and an efficient alternative to existing algorithms for edge detection and for surface reconstruction. The application of the proposed algorithm to various synthetic and real images is discussed. >
Swinging: A Review of the Literature

No review of the topic of swinging has been done in the last 20 years. This review is intended to update the literature. Studies estimating the incidence of swinging, the demographic and personality characteristics of swingers, along with how swingers are perceived by nonswingers are reviewed. Numerous theories explaining this behavior have been presented with a social psychological model being the primary focus here. Major reasons for getting involved in swinging, initiation into the lifestyle, effects on marriage, and dropping out of swinging are also covered. Finally, the literature dealing with some of the major problems with swinging, focusing on AIDS, are also discussed, along with the current state of swinging and suggestions for future research.
Transoesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of atrial morphology in children with congenital heart disease

In a prospective study, atrial morphology was evaluated by both transoesophageal and precordial echocardiography in 86 unoperated children with congenital heart disease (age range = 0.2 to 14.8 years, mean = 3.8 years) to determine what advantages, if any, might be inherent in the transoesophageal approach. The information derived from both ultrasound approaches was correlated and compared to information obtained during subsequent cardiac catheterization (78 patients) and, or, surgical inspection (53 patients). Atrial appendage morphology and hence atrial situs was determined by transoesophageal echocardiography in every case (82 solitus, two right atrial isomerism, two left atrial isomerism). In addition, the transoesophageal approach indicated left juxtaposition in four patients, compared to only one by precordial examination. Probe patency of the foramen ovale was correctly predicted in 21 patients by transoesophageal imaging, but in only 10 by precordial imaging. In two children significant secundum defects, undetected by the precordial route, were identified. Multiple atrial septal defects were correctly defined in four patients by transoesophageal study but in only one by precordial study. Sinus venosus defects were documented in four by the transoesophageal approach, but in only one by the precordial. Primum defects were equally well documented (nine patients) by either technique, but the associated valve leaflet morphology was better documented by transoesophageal study in 5/9. A subtotal cor triatriatum was diagnosed in one child only by transoesophageal investigation. Transoesophageal echocardiography allows a much more detailed evaluation of atrial morphology than precordial imaging even in infants. It provides direct diagnosis of atrial situs, detection of juxtaposed atrial appendages and improved demonstration or definitive exclusion of atrial septal defects.
Parallel processing

Parallel processing is many problem solvers operating simultaneously or concurrently to reach a solution. A parallel processing computer system typically breaks down a big problem into many subproblems. It then solves it through close cooperation of a large number of interconnected processors. Parallel processing is the only way to overcome the limitation of traditional architectures. Following this direction, many new computer architectures have been proposed. They have opened up the possibility of constructing massively parallel computer systems that provide ultra high performance at reasonable costs.
Obstetrical care and women's health in the aftermath of disasters: the first 14 days after the 2010 Haitian earthquake.

Objective: Natural disasters disproportionately injure women and children. Disaster teams need intensive training in the management of obstetrics and women’s healthcare at the disaster site. Design: This article summarizes the obstetrical experience for the International Medical Surgical Response Team (IMSuRT) stationed at Gheskio in Port Au Prince during the first 2 weeks after the 2010 Haitian earthquake. The world’s literature on the impact of disasters on women is reviewed. Setting: Sixty-three members of the IMSuRT and Disaster Medical Assistance Team set up a mobile surgical field hospital after the 2010 Haitian earthquake. One member (AG) managed all the obstetrical care and taught the other team members essentials of labor management and assessment in pregnancy. Patients, participants: Six hundred patients were treated in the first 14 days. Ten percent of these patients were pregnant.There were 12 deliveries. Interventions: All pregnant patients were evaluated by a Sonosite ultrasound device. Pregnant patients with earthquake-related injuries were treated for their injuries.Women in labor were managed by active management in labor. No cesarean sections were needed. Main outcome measure(s): Well-being of mother and babies. Results: Sixty pregnant women presented to the mobile hospital for evaluation from January 17, 2010, through January 28, 2012. Twelve women in labor delivered healthy infants by vaginal delivery. Gestational ages ranges from 34 to 40 weeks. Active management of labor included the use of intravenous Pitocin, which was titrated to contractions. Duration of labor ranged from 2 to 12 hours. Three team members participated in each delivery. Two women were discharged on the same day as their deliveries. Eight women were discharged on the first postpartum day and two on the second postpartum day. Conclusions: Pregnant women suffered severe injuries. Additionally, pregnant women with pre-existing medical conditions were treated after the earthquake. Active management of labor allowed all women to deliver vaginally. The labor management required tremendous team resources to facilitate vaginal deliveries and avoid cesarean sections. Cesarean sections in an austere environment have the potential for devastating consequences such as sepsis, wound dehiscence, and the long-term risks of uterine rupture with subsequent pregnancies. Our experience highlights the need to include trained obstetrical providers on the first response team. Oral presentation: Data from this article were included in the presentation, “An urgent need for women’s health specialists in disaster response,” at the Disaster Response Workshop, Annual Meeting Society Maternal Fetal Medicine, Dallas, 2012.
Differential Yield Responses of Commercial Sugarcane Varieties to Sugarcane Borer Damage

Comparison to yields from insecticide-treated and untreated sugarcane variety plots in 14 experiments conducted from 1959 to 1965 show a wide range in varietal response to damage by the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.). Yield losses from sugarcane borer damage were much greater for varieties C.P. 48-103 and C.P. 44-101 than for varieties NCO 310, C.P. 36-105, and C.P. 52-68. These data indicate that annual savings of as much as $50.00 per acre may be realized when sugarcane growers utilize borer-resistant varieties. Criteria previously used for selecting sugarcane borer-resistant varieties were found to be inadequate for detecting actual yield losses among varieties.
Tobacco Budworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effect of Time of Emergence, Male Age, and Frequency of Mating on Sperm Transfer and Egg Viability

Laboratory-reared male and female tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), moths were collected as they emerged from pupae under reversed light/dark photoperiod conditions. Moths of either sex >1 to 9 h old did not mate during the dark period of emergence, but the majority of the insects (69–86%) mated during the second dark period encountered. Some moths of each sex emerged during h 2 to 5 of the light period following the dark period. Some of these insects mated during the first dark period they encountered as adults (ca. 16 h old). Mating was initiated during the fourth h of the dark period. Time in copula ranged from 30 to 350 min, and males successfully transferred a spermatophore and sperm (eupyrene and apyrene) during all the recorded times in copula, with the exception of one occasion each when pairs were coupled for 30 or 215 min, and a few instances when moth pairs became locked in copula and died, or males transferred incompletely formed spermatophores. Male moths mated an average of 3.5 times during 8 days, but percentages of moths mating and percentages of male moths transferring eupyrene sperm decreased with increasing numbers of previous male matings. Female moths (1–2 days old) mated to male moths 6 days or older, produced few viable eggs. Longevity of mated males and females was less than that of virgin insects.
Some Thoughts on the Development of Community Colleges in China

With the development of learning society in China,community colleges came into being.It also echoed the needs to build a harmonious society and to upgrade people’s cultural and intellectual qualities.So community colleges in China are actually a "comprehensive educational body".However,these colleges should solve the problems of orientation,teaching force and social benefits.
Quality improvement and patient safety in the age of reform: preconditions for success.

Since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010, journalists and others frequently have made reference to the “era of reform.” Yet reform has been a constant feature of health care since the days of Florence Nightingale, Abraham Flexner and Ernest Amory Codman. The first decade of the 21st century, which opened with the sobering Institute of Medicine’s reports To Err is Human1 and Crossing the Quality Chasm, 2 might well be remembered as the “golden age” of clinical quality improvement and patient safety. Much good was accomplished during this period, nationally and in individual hospitals. Ten years ago, most clinicians, this writer included, would have regarded as impossible the goal of virtually eliminating central lineassociated bacteremia. Yet despite the impressive success of the past several years, countless opportunities for clinical improvement remain. Although the ACA makes quality improvement more important than ever (e.g., pay for performance), it is becoming more difficult to achieve meaningful progress, not only because the low-hanging fruit already has been harvested but because the new environment brings with it an unforeseen set of challenges.
Business analytics trends and opportunities

Business Analytics (BA) remains an important research topic for the coming year. Many elements contribute to a successful BA solution. Within the business analytics team at IBM, we are looking closely at the following trends: Business Analytics Marketplace: Buyers of Business Analytics software are changing. Purchasing decisions are no longer made exclusively by Information Technology departments. End users have a greater role in BA than ever before. Business Intelligence: "Business Intelligence is a set of methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information used to enable more effective strategic, tactical, and operational insights and decision-making" -- Source: Forrester The heart of a Business Analytics solution is Business Intelligence (BI). Reporting and analysis are the main features visible to end users. Under the covers, BI is undergoing the biggest transformation since its inception over 40 years ago. Data warehouses are now more dynamic and timely. In many cases, these reporting mainstays are being replaced by ad hoc systems that can report over operational data. The shift toward Software Oriented Architecture (SOA) continues with the Cloud often being the ultimate destination.
The Impact of Circulating Cholesterol Crystals on Vasomotor Function: Implications for No-Reflow Phenomenon

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine if cholesterol crystals can injure the endothelial surface by their jagged edges altering vasoreactivity and contributing to no-reflow after intervention. Background After plaque rupture, cholesterol crystals are released into the circulation and flow downstream contacting the arterial wall. Methods Both carotid arteries from 22 rabbits were placed in a dual perfusion chamber and challenged with norepinephrine followed by acetylcholine and nitroprusside. Arterial diameters were measured before and after exposure to cholesterol crystals or microspheres and compared with diameters of normal control arteries. Arteries were examined by light, confocal, atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. Results Pre-exposure mean arterial diameter was 2.33 ± 0.27 mm. With baseline norepinephrine there was vasoconstriction of 0.82 ± 0.19 mm, 0.79 ± 0.18 mm, and 0.83 ± 0.16 mm in lumen diameter in the crystal, microsphere, and control groups, respectively. After cholesterol crystals or microspheres, vasoconstriction was significantly less for cholesterol crystals but not for microspheres (0.71 ± 0.28 mm and 0.81 ± 0.15 mm; p Conclusions Cholesterol crystals damaged the endothelium and reduced vasodilator response, potentially aggravating myocardial ischemia after interventions.
Multistaging to understand: Distilling the essence of java code examples

Programmers commonly search the Web to find code examples that can help them solve a specific programming task. While some novice programmers may be willing to spend as much time as needed to understand a found code example, more experienced ones want to spend as little time as possible. They want to get a quick overview of the example's operation, so they can start working with it immediately. Getting this overview is often non-trivial and requires a tedious and manual inspection process. In this paper, we introduce a technique called Multi-staging to Understand, which streamlines this inspection process by distilling the essence of code examples. The essence of a code example conveys the most important aspects of the example's intended function. Our technique automatically decomposes the code in an example into code stages that can be explored non-sequentially; enabling fast exploratory learning. We discuss the key components of our technique and describe empirical results based on actual code examples on StackOverflow.
Essentials of Micro- and Nanofluidics: Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena in Channels and Tubes

Introduction In the previous chapter, the types of steady viscous flows common to micro- and nanofluidics were presented. Of particular importance is the Poiseuille flow and flow past a sphere. In the present chapter, classical solutions for heat transport and mass transport of uncharged species that may occur in parallel with the Poiseuille flow are described. This chapter will lead into a discussion of electrostatics and electrochemistry, concepts that are so important in micro- and nanofluidics. Both heat and mass transfer are discussed in this chapter. This is because of the similarity in the forms of the governing equations and boundary conditions and the similar nature of the transport properties: the thermal conductivity and the mass diffusivity or diffusion coefficient. Indeed, heat and mass transfer often occur simultaneously (Figure 5.1). Both heat and mass transfer can be grouped into two modes: conduction heat transfer, diffusion mass transfer, and convective heat and mass transfer. A third mode of heat transfer, radiation heat transfer, is not discussed. Fortunately, most liquid flows in micro- and nanochannels do not encounter large temperature and concentration gradients so that in general, the fluid properties remain relatively constant. Thus the governing equations can usually be decoupled to some extent, even at Reynolds numbers not normally viewed as being small. Several basic problems of heat transfer in channels are considered before presenting the formal definition of the fully developed temperature distribution. Unlike the formal definition of fully developed fluid flow, the solution for the fully developed temperature distribution depends on the boundary conditions on the temperature at the walls of a tube or channel.
Wellness Promotion in Children with Chronic Physical Illness

A large number of US children live with chronic illness. This chapter describes, from an ecological perspective, research on several factors that can improve quality of life and overall wellness among children with chronic physical illness. Effective and healthy coping for patients and their families requires support from multiple levels (individual, family, institutional, and community levels) in order to minimize the impact on typical development. This chapter underlines the importance of patient- and family-centered psychoeducation and care, comprehensive interdisciplinary biopsychosocial formulations, effective training for providers on risk and protective factors, mental health and wellness support, as well as systemic factors such as integrated care and health advocacy. Patients, parents, providers, educators, communities, and policy makers can work together to support physically ill children by promoting illness-prevention and health-promotion while honoring individual strengths and cultural values.
Cyst Fluid Analysis in Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms.

Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are surgically treatable cancer precursors, if high-risk features can be identified. Analysis of proteins and genes in cyst fluid helps diagnostically, but prior biomarkers had limited ability to detect high-risk cases. Cyst fluid telomerase activity may be a useful biomarker for high-risk IPMNs. Clin Cancer Res; 22(20); 4966–7. ©2016 AACR. See related article by Hata et al., p. 5141
Management of desmoplastic small round cell tumor

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a soft tissue sarcoma of mesenchymal cell origin that typically presents with multiple intra-abdominal tumors and exhibits a multi-phenotypic pattern of immunohistochemical staining. The specific organ or tissue type of origin has yet to be identified. DSRCT rarely arises as a singular tumor in the abdomen; in most cases, there are dozens to hundreds of abdominal peritoneal tumors that are detected on diagnosis. One very large dominant mass is usually present in the omentum, with an additional one or two large conglomerates of tumors in the pelvis and right peritoneum, respectively. Despite an often overwhelmingly large number of abdominal tumors, symptoms of bowel obstruction are rare. Ascites may be present. In late stages, pleural effusions, pleural implants, mediastinal adenopathy, supraclavicular adenopathy, or bone metastasis may be present. With this challenging disease, multidisciplinary therapy, including aggressive surgery, is warranted. This review will address DSRCT biology and treatment options and discuss outcomes.
Foreign policy of the Soviet Union toward the Turkoman rebellion in Eastern Iran in 1924–1925 and the Kurdish rebellion of Shaykh Said in Eastern Turkey in 1925: A comparison

(1990). Foreign policy of the Soviet Union toward the Turkoman rebellion in Eastern Iran in 1924–1925 and the Kurdish rebellion of Shaykh Said in Eastern Turkey in 1925: A comparison. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 75-83.
Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Contamination of Cabbage Transplants and the Potential for Insecticide Resistance Problems

Samples collected from 1989 to 1992 document that the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) was introduced into New York in early spring on cabbage, Brassica oleracea capitata (L.), transplant...
Patterns of Failure in Patients With Adult Medulloblastoma Presenting Without Extraneural Metastasis

Objectives:The objective of this study is to evaluate long-term outcomes, specifically patterns of tumor recurrence, in patients with adult medulloblastoma treated with radiotherapy.Methods:We recorded outcomes of 28 (median age, 25 y) patients 18 years old or above with M0 to M3 medulloblastoma tre
Does the Kids Café Program's Nutrition Education Improve Children's Dietary Intake? A Pilot Evaluation Study.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the Kids Cafe Program (KCP) nutrition education and assess its impact on children's diet quality and body mass index (BMI) percentile. Design An experimental design consisting of pretest-posttest comparison groups using mixed methods to evaluate a 6-session nutrition education intervention. Setting Four Boys and Girls Club sites Participants A total of 120 9- to 12-year-old children in the KCP (60 intervention and 60 comparison); 89% completed posttest evaluations. Intervention Trained KCP site staff taught the nutrition education curriculum at intervention sites. Main Outcome Measures Healthy Eating Index–2010 using 24-hour dietary recall data (primary) and BMI percentile (secondary) Analysis Repeated-measures mixed-effects modeling Results Mean age of children was 10.2 years; mean BMI percentile was about 79; 95% were from food-insecure households. The total Healthy Eating Index–2010 score for both groups at baseline and posttest ranged from 50 to 60. At posttest, compared with baseline scores, children from both groups scored significantly lower for total vegetables, and greens and beans; the intervention group children had significantly higher sodium scores. Process evaluation indicated that 60-minute lecture-based sessions were too long after children were in school all day. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that the KCP nutrition education curriculum needs improvement. Further research based on behavioral constructs is needed to refine the curriculum to encourage healthier food choices among children and using the MyPlate and the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Initial Access Techniques for 5G NR: Omni/Beam SYNC and RACH designs

In this work, based on current 5G New Radio (NR) SYNC/RACH slot structures, we focus on initial access (IA) techniques when the base stations (BSs) and the user equipments (UEs) are equipped with uniform planar array (UPA) antennas and without context information from macro BSs. With different omni/beam antennas and exhaustive/iterative search, we present five possible IA schemes: (i) BS omni/UE omni as a reference; (ii) Exhaustive Search 1; (iii) Exhaustive Search 2; (iv) Iterative Search 1; (iv) Iterative Search 2. Through simulations and comparisons, we demonstrate the comprehensive consideration of IA scheme selection with respect to coverage/SNRs, search delays and BS/UE antenna array settings.
Review: inhaled corticosteroids reduce hospital admissions in acute asthma.

Source Citation Edmonds ML, Camargo CA Jr, Pollack CV Jr, Rowe BH. The effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med...
Neural Mechanisms of Female Reproductive Behavior

The ultimate aim in the study of the nervous system is the explanation of behavior: the demonstration of how behavioral responses are produced as a function of nerve cell activity. Even for small bits of neural tissue and restricted aspects of behavior, the number of nerve cells involved is so large and their connections are so complex that large numbers of hypotheses can be imagined. As a result, in the history of beavioral studies, a great deal of “neurologizing” has occurred. Broad speculation about the overall “organization of the brain” and the manner in which it controls behavior has been entertained because, in most cases, the number of facts available to rule out hypotheses has been small. Thus, no comprehensive hypothesis really could be proved. It has seemed necessary to pick a situation where it would be fruitful to gather a great number of behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological facts and thus to narrow down the allowable hypotheses to a small number. If enough relevant facts can be brought to bear, and hypotheses can be conclusively ruled out, then a strong inference (Platt, 1964) of the correct hypothesis will finally be possible. In turn, principles can be stated clearly and can be tested.
Transportation as a Social Environment: Can We Change a Tradition?

Transportation planning inexorably tends to screen out the richness and relevance of everyday life in favour of a restricted set of given quantifiable variables which are seen as the essence of the transportation problem. These variables reduce transportation quality to a limited number of terms like ‘accident rates’ ‘traffic volumes’, ‘ridership’, ‘costs’ and ‘decibels’, while issues like comfort, privacy, amenity, politics and other less tangible, but often more important, variables are ignored or termed ‘residuals’. These limited variables are used to set standards for design and then the ‘building’ syndrome sets in. Another set of technical variables such as ‘right-of-way width’ , ‘alignment’, ‘concrete mixes’, ‘curvatures’, ‘signaling’ come into play, and we get even further away from the people whom transportation systems are meant to serve.
Trajectories of Limitations in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Frail Older Adults With Vision, Hearing, or Dual Sensory Loss

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the trajectories of decline in individual instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with aging and the effect of hearing loss, vision loss, or dual sensory loss on these trajectories in community-living frail older persons. METHOD: This longitudinal population-based study was conducted in 9,319 community-living frail Dutch persons aged 60 years and older. Self-reported hearing loss, vision loss, or dual sensory loss and nine IADL were assessed in 15 studies of the Dutch National Care for the Elderly Program (The Older Persons and Informal Caregivers Survey Minimum Dataset). Probabilities of limitations in IADL, odds ratios (per 5 years) for binary, and rate ratios (per 5 years) for score outcomes were calculated using mixed logistic and negative binomial models with age as the underlying timescale, stratified by sensory loss, and corrected for confounders. RESULTS: At baseline, the number of IADL limitations was higher in dual sensory loss (2.00 [interquartile range 1.00-4.00]) and vision loss (2.00 [interquartile range 1.00-4.00]) compared to no sensory loss (1.00 [interquartile range 0.00-2.00]) or hearing loss (1.00 [interquartile range 0.00-3.00]). Trajectories of individual IADL showed an increase in limitations in all IADL with age. Household tasks, traveling, shopping, preparing a meal, and walking showed the most rapid decline. Handling finances, traveling, and walking followed a different pattern of decline based on sensory loss status. CONCLUSIONS: The age effect on limitations in IADL appears to be similar across all types of sensory loss, with the exception of handling finances, traveling, and walking. At baseline, persons with self-reported sensory loss had higher levels of self-reported functional limitations. Trajectories depict a decline in IADL competence with age.
Phase 1B study of enzalutamide (ENZA) with or without sorafenib (SORA) in patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

4083Background: Preclinical models indicate that androgen receptor (AR) interference with ENZA is deleterious to HCC; however, ENZA also activates feedback circuitry that may be overcome with the a...
Presentation of Quantitative Data: Data Visualization

We often think of data as being numerical values, and in business, those values are often stated in terms of units of currency (dollars, pesos, dinars, etc.). Although data in the form of currency are ubiquitous, it is quite easy to imagine other numerical units: percentages, counts in categories, units of sales, etc. This chapter, in conjunction with Chap. 3, discusses how we can best use Excel’s graphic capabilities to effectively present quantitative data (ratio and interval) to inform and influence an audience, whether it is in euros or some other quantitative measure. In Chaps. 4 and 5, we will acknowledge that not all data are numerical by focusing on qualitative (categorical/nominal or ordinal) data. The process of data gathering often produces a combination of data types, and throughout our discussions, it will be impossible to ignore this fact: quantitative and qualitative data often occur together. Let us begin our study of data visualization.
Rural Assertive Community Treatment and Telepsychiatry

Assertive community treatment (ACT) is an evidence-based treatment for patients with severe and persistent mental illness. ACT has been shown to reduce inpatient hospitalization and is increasingly being used as a mainstay of evidence-based psychiatric practice for these clinical populations. The increasing implementation of evidence-based practices has led to the expansion of ACT in rural areas. Variability in the adaptation of ACT in rural areas has included accommodation by teams to multiple barriers. One way to increase psychiatric professional efficiency in rural areas is with telepsychiatry and possibly with rural ACT, but with unknown effects on fidelity and outcomes. Telepsychiatry has been considered a means of expanding the reach of and access to ACT. Concerns about the use of telepsychiatry by ACT teams include the psychiatrist's ability to develop a relationship with patients and staff and difficulties observing the patient's entire living environment via telemedicine. The Piedmont Community Services Board (CSB) Program for Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) serves patients in southwestern Virginia in collaboration with the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. The Piedmont CSB PACT uses telemedicine to expand the treating psychiatrist's reach and contact with PACT patients, increasing the efficiency of the psychiatrist's PACT time. Telemedicine is used for crisis intervention and augmentation of regular ongoing visits. The goals of this project were to measure patient, staff, and psychiatrist comfort and satisfaction with the use of telepsychiatry in ACT in addition to monitoring routine outcome measures.
Decreased peak alpha frequency and impaired visual evoked potentials in first episode psychosis

Abstract Abnormal spontaneous and evoked oscillations have been reported in several studies of patients with psychotic disorders. Resting alpha power and peak alpha frequency may be decreased in patients with psychosis. We used high-density EEG (hd-EEG) to record resting-state data and steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) and healthy controls to compare brain resonances across multiple frequencies. We recorded hd-EEG (128 channels) from 22 FEP patients and 22 healthy controls during eyes-closed resting state and eyes-closed photic stimulation at 1 Hz, 4 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, and 40 Hz. Alpha power, peak alpha frequency, and SSVEP amplitude were analyzed using ANOVA and statistical non-parametric mapping. We found that FEP patients had lower peak alpha frequencies (9.72 Hz vs 10.40 Hz, p = .02, Cohen's d = 0.73) and this decrease was driven by slowing over the central and posterior scalp. There was no difference in alpha power. Alpha waves propagated primarily from anterior to posterior and that propagation was slowed in patients. During SSVEP, patients had smaller increases in EEG power in the stimulation band (F(1,184) = 5.3, p = .02). Patients had attenuated responses to SSVEP stimulation at alpha, beta and gamma frequencies. The gamma response was partially preserved in patients who also had depressive symptoms. We conclude that even in early stages of illness, psychotic disorders are associated with decreased alpha peak frequency and impaired evoked resonances. These findings implicate multiple patterns of dysconnectivity in cortico-cortico and cortico-thalamic networks in FEP.
Oil-in-water emulsification of Athabasca bitumen with pyrrolidine solution

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of use of pyrrolidine solutions to induce the oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion of Athabasca bitumen without using synthetic surfactants. Pyrrolidine, an organic alkali, acts not only as an alkali that generates natural surfactants from acidic oil components in bitumen, but also as a cosolvent that improves the fluidity of the o/w emulsions. Experimental results show that the o/w emulsions created by pyrrolidine solutions can result in a large mobility increase of bitumen because of their low viscosity and high bitumen content. O/w emulsions were observed at low pyrrolidine concentrations (below 20 wt% and as low as 0.5 wt%) and low salinities (0 and 1000 ppm). For example, the sample of 0.5 wt% pyrrolidine in 1000-ppm NaCl brine with 7:3 water-oil-ratio showed a single-phase o/w emulsion at all experimental temperatures from 298 K to 373 K. In comparison to the original bitumen, the o/w emulsion was 4–6 orders of magnitude less viscous at 298 K, 2–3 orders of magnitude less viscous at 323 K, and 1–2 orders of magnitude less viscous at 353 K. The affinity of the organic alkali for asphaltic bitumen is important for o/w emulsification at a wide range of temperatures. Pyrrolidine is superior to the other organic alkalis tested, diethylamine and triethylenetetramine, likely because the cyclic structure makes pyrrolidine more compatible with the asphaltic bitumen. The favorable result with pyrrolidine is also confirmed by the Hansen solubility dispersion parameter.
Writing Beyond the Personal: History, Memoir, and Fiction in Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Fifth Book of Peace

Simultaneous losses in life left Maxine Hong Kingston to ponder the meaning of existence and move from a personal to a collective level of mourning, which she relates to historical events such as C...
Risk factors for alcohol use among pregnant women, ages 15-44, in the United States, 2002 to 2017.

Abstract Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to severe birth and developmental defects. Determining which pregnant women are most likely to drink is essential for targeting interventions. In National Survey on Drug Use and Health data on pregnant women from 2002 to 2017 (N = 13,488), logistic regression was used to produce adjusted odds ratios (aOR) indicating characteristics associated with two past-month outcomes: any alcohol use and binge drinking. Risk factors were sociodemographic (age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, income) and clinical (trimester, substance use, alcohol use disorder, major depression). Where associations differed by pregnancy stage (trimester 1 vs. trimesters 2 and 3), association was evaluated by stage. Overall, higher risk for any and binge drinking was observed among those with other substance use (aORs 2.9–25.9), alcohol use disorder (aORs 4.5–7.5), depression (aORs = 1.6), and unmarried women (aORs 1.6–3.2). For any drinking, overall, higher risk was observed in adolescents (aOR = 1.5) and those with higher education (aOR = 1.4), while lower risk was observed in those with lower income (aORs = 0.7). For binge drinking, associations differed by pregnancy stage. In trimester 1, lower risk was observed in middle ages (aOR = 0.4). In trimesters 2/3, higher risk was observed in Blacks (aOR = 3.3) and those with lower income (aORs 3.5–3.9), while lower risk was observed in those with higher education (aOR = 0.3). To prevent severe prenatal harm, health care providers should focus on women at higher risk for binge drinking during pregnancy: women with tobacco or drug use, alcohol use disorder, or depression, and women who are unmarried, Black, or of lower socioeconomic status.
Influence of the Temperature-Dependent Cu+1-Accelerator Complex Formation on Through-Silicon Via Filling

The influence of the temperature-dependent Cu+1-accelerator complex formation on through-silicon via (TSV) filling was studied by means of electrochemical polarization and plating experiments. Electrochemical studies revealed increasing cuprous ion concentration upon addition of the accelerator additive in comparison to the additive-free electrolyte and further increase upon increasing temperature. This indicated formation of a Cu+1-accelerator complex. The electrochemical results were compared to TSV plating experiments at different temperatures. Despite improved mass transport of cupric ions into the high aspect ratio TSV feature at elevated temperatures, large voids were obtained under these conditions, while void-free bottom-up filling was achieved at room temperature. This effect was ascribed to acceleration of the copper deposition in the upper part of the feature due to increasing Cu+1-accelerator complex concentration at higher temperatures. The resulting counter action the effect of the suppressor additive in this part of the features is assumed to yield the observed voids by closure of the features at an early stage of the plating process. Thus, the results presented here reveal the importance of taking into account the comprehensive impact factors on copper deposition for TSV applications and help to improve and fine tune the process to challenging structures.
Existence and Health

This chapter introduces the concepts of health and well-being. These concepts can only be understood existentially, and they are absurd when defined objectively. This chapter draws on the work of American physician and philosopher of medicine, Drew Leder, who explains that when healthy, the lived body is absent from experience. There is no concrete experience of health. Health is merely the ability to become absorbed in one’s routine. This is called “well-being” by German hermeneutic philosopher Hans Georg Gadamer. Like Leder, Gadamer argues that health is not any special category, but the ability to carry on with one’s routines without being hindered.
Characterization of the Brain Functional Architecture of Psychostimulant Withdrawal Using Single-Cell Whole-Brain Imaging.

Numerous brain regions have been identified as contributing to addiction-like behaviors, but unclear is the way in which these brain regions as a whole lead to addiction. The search for a final common brain pathway that is involved in addiction remains elusive. To address this question, we used male C57BL/6J mice and performed single-cell whole-brain imaging of neural activity during withdrawal from cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine. We used hierarchical clustering and graph theory to identify similarities and differences in brain functional architecture. Although methamphetamine and cocaine shared some network similarities, the main common neuroadaptation between these psychostimulant drugs was a dramatic decrease in modularity, with a shift from a cortical- to subcortical-driven network, including a decrease in total hub brain regions. These results demonstrate that psychostimulant withdrawal produces the drug-dependent remodeling of functional architecture of the brain and suggest that the decreased modularity of brain functional networks and not a specific set of brain regions may represent the final common pathway that leads to addiction.
Chromatic discriminations along two cardinal axes share a common attentional resource

Attentional modulation is specific to either luminance or chromatic contrast discrimination, implying separate attentional resources for processing luminance and chromatic information processing [e.g., Curr. Biol.12, 1134 (2002)CUBLE20960-982210.1016/S0960-9822(02)00921-1]. However, there are two distinct visual pathways that process chromatic information: the parvocellular (PC) and koniocellular (KC) pathways. It is unclear whether there are separate attentional resources modulating the chromatic processes in these pathways. Here, we examined the attentional modulation effects on chromatic contrast discrimination with chromaticities along the $l$l or $s$s cardinal axis on a cone chromaticity space for preferentially stimulating either the inferred PC or KC pathway, respectively. A dual-task interference paradigm was used, and chromatic contrast discrimination sensitivities under dual-task conditions were compared with that under a single-task condition. The results revealed that compared with the single-task condition, attending to a competing central task in the dual-task condition decreased the peripheral discrimination sensitivity in both chromatic cardinal axes, and sensitivity reduced regardless of whether the dual tasks were along the same or different chromatic cardinal axes. These findings indicate that attentional effects on chromatic processes are not specific to the cardinal axis, suggesting that the PC and KC pathways may share a common attention resource in modulating chromatic processing.
VLSI in Ultrasonic Imaging

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the history and development of ultrasonic imaging. It describes a simple imaging system to explain the various system components and the basic signal processing chain. The chapter describes current limitations of imaging systems and possible very-large-scale integration (VLSI) solutions proposed to direct attention to the potential areas for VLSI contribution. The analog VLSI circuits have made contributions in the high-voltage multiplexors used in linear-array imaging systems. In multichannel linear arrays, these multiplexors select a small number of transducer elements to be processed by the beam-steering electronics. Another application for VLSI circuitry is in the area of image storage and transmission. A typical ultrasound image contains 51 K bytes of echo amplitude information; for color-coded Doppler flow maps, that number could triple. It is suggested that VLSI circuitry will find applications in compressing, coding, decoding, and decompressing the images.
Regional-scale hydrological monitoring of wetlands with Sentinel-1 InSAR observations: Case study of the South Florida Everglades

Abstract Wetland is a very fragile ecosystem that provides important services to a large variety of flora and fauna species, as well as for humans. As wetland depends on water availability, protecting this important ecosystem requires careful hydrological monitoring. The Sentinel-1 mission, featuring a wide swath coverage, high temporal observations and open data policy, provides unprecedented opportunity for high spatio-temporal resolution water level change mapping over regional-wide wetland areas. In this study, we assess Sentinel-1 InSAR observations for routine water level change measurements over the entire south Florida Everglades wetlands. The study utilizes 91 Sentinel-1 images acquired over a three-year period (Sep 2016 to Nov 2019) and generates routine 12-days Interferograms and correspondingly 30 m spatial resolution water level change maps over the entire Everglades. The high spatial resolution interferograms detect hydrological signals induced by both natural- and human-induced flow, including tides, gate operations, and canal overflow; all these cannot be detected by terrestrial measurements. The large number of both InSAR and ground-based gauge observations allow us to quantify the overall accuracy of the Sentinel-1 InSAR measurements, which is 3.9 cm for the entire wetland area, but better for smaller hydrological units within the Everglades. Our study reveals that the tropospheric delay for individual interferograms can be very large, as much as 30 cm (~10 fringes). When applying tropospheric corrections to all three years of Sentinel-1 InSAR observations, the overall accuracy level improved by 13% to 3.4 cm. Although our study is focused on the Everglades, its implications in term of the suitability of Sentinel-1 observations for space-based hydrological monitoring of wetlands and the derived accuracy level are applicable to other wetlands with similar vegetation types, located all over the world.
Exploring the feasibility and impact of positive psychology-motivational interviewing interventions to promote positive affect and physical activity in type 2 diabetes: design and methods from the BEHOLD-8 and BEHOLD-16 clinical trials

Background: Physical activity among those with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is independently associated with superior medical outcomes, but existing behavioral interventions have not led to widespread inc...