cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High resolution surface morphology measurements using EBSD cross-correlation techniques and AFM.

Abstract The surface morphology surrounding wedge indentations in (0 0 1) Si has been measured using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). EBSD measurement of the lattice displacement field relative to a strain-free reference location allowed the surface uplift to be measured by summation of lattice rotations about the indentation axis. AFM was used in intermittent contact mode to determine surface morphology. The height profiles across the indentations for the two techniques agreed within 1 nm. Elastic uplift theory is used to model the data.
A computational comparison of two incompressible Navier-Stokes solvers in three-dimensional laminar flows

Abstract A finite-analytic and a finite-difference based numerical method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are described and their spatial resolution and overall performance are scrutinized through careful analysis of the discrete equations and numerical experimentation. To facilitate a fair and unbiased comparison, both methods are applied on identical numerical grids to calculate three-dimensional laminar flows through strongly curved square ducts. Detailed comparisons between the computed solutions and the experimental data reveal significant discrepancies between the two numerical predictions. These discrepancies, which are attributed to the different strategies each numerical method adopts for discretizing the governing flow equations, clearly underscore the importance of developing reliable numerical methods which can accurately describe the physics of complex, three-dimensional flow fields.
Psychological, social and cognitive characteristics of high-risk drivers: A pilot study

A battery of short tests was administered to 30 young drivers who reported being involved in three or more accidents during the past three years and to 30 drivers who had no accident history but were matched for age, sex and exposure to driving. The high accident group scored higher on measures of personal maladjustment, social maladjustment, and to a lesser extent on measures of impulsivity and information processing deficiency. A discriminant function based on data for 46 drivers in the original sample was able to predict at 86% accuracy the group membership for seven additional high accident drivers and seven matched controls on the basis of the test scores. Implications for a theory of human accident involvement were discussed.
Film head read resolution and frequency response analysis

The read resolution of a ferrite recording head is determined by its gap length, which also determines its writability. However, under broad conditions of practical interest, the read resolution of a film head can be shown to depend primarily on the sum of the poletip and gap lengths P1 + g + P2. This permits choosing the sum to give needed resolution while independently optimizing the gap for writing. This paper describes conditions under which the resolution of a head is determined by: 1. gap and head-to-medium spacing, 2. the sum of poletip and gap lengths (PgP for short), and head-to-medium spacing, or 3. head-to-medium spacing only. Pure longitudinal recording is assumed, and the resolution determining factors are derived by a closed form frequency analysis.
Advancing Collaborative Practice Between Substance Abuse Treatment and Child Welfare Fields: What Helps and Hinders the Process?

This study explores factors that facilitate and impede the process of developing successful collaboration between child welfare, substance abuse treatment, and dependency courts based on in-depth qualitative interviews with professionals (N = 49) from five California counties. Findings describe specific preconditions, organizational changes, and operational factors in the development of successful collaboration. Study participants also described factors that hindered collaborative practice, such as problems in cross-systems communication and fragmentation of services, as well as strategies that were employed to address or minimize these problems. Findings underscore the value of “lessons learned” from communities that have established successful collaborative programs, policies, and practices.
On the associations between variables in expert systems including default relations

Abstract A central function of the knowledge base of an expert system is to represent the associations between variables relevant to the domain of the system. We suggest that an expert's lack of complete knowledge of the underlying domain requires more sophisticated methods to represent these associations than used in the past. We discuss the appropriateness of the theory of approximate reasoning as a tool for handling knowledge which is nonspecific. We look at a methodology, based upon the theory of approximate reasoning, for representing and reasoning with default knowledge.
Response of Perfused Lung and Isolated Pulmonary Artery to Adenosine

Adenosine (AD) has been reported to induce both pulmonary arterial constriction and dilation. We investigated the effect of AD using two complementary techniques. The isolated rat lung perfused with Eare's balanced salt solution containing albumin was used to measure pulmonary arterial (Ppa), venous, and double occlusion (microvascular; Pmv) pressure, and resistance changes. AD alone had no effect on Ppa, Pmv, or resistance at any dose tested (5 × 10−7 through 10−3 M). However, when Ppa was elevated by pre-treatment with 5 × 10−7 M norepinephrine (NE), then 10−4 M AD lowered Ppa by 19.5 × 3.2% and Pmv by 6.0 × 6.1% and attenuated the increase in upstream resistance caused by NE. Higher doses of AD (10−3 M) resulted in greater relaxation. In isolated segments from rat and guinea pig pulmonary lohar arteries, isometric force production in response to AD was measured as a percentage of the active isometric force produced in response to 10−5 M NE (% NE contraction). No response was observed in rat pulmonary a...
Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD

IBD, comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic immunologically mediated disease at the intersection of complex interactions between genetics, environment and gut microbiota. Established high-prevalence populations of IBD in North America and Europe experienced the steepest increase in incidence towards the second half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, populations previously considered 'low risk' (such as in Japan and India) are witnessing an increase in incidence. Potentially relevant environmental influences span the spectrum of life from mode of childbirth and early-life exposures (including breastfeeding and antibiotic exposure in infancy) to exposures later on in adulthood (including smoking, major life stressors, diet and lifestyle). Data support an association between smoking and Crohn's disease whereas smoking cessation, but not current smoking, is associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis. Dietary fibre (particularly fruits and vegetables), saturated fats, depression and impaired sleep, and low vitamin D levels have all been associated with incident IBD. Interventional studies assessing the effects of modifying these risk factors on natural history and patient outcomes are an important unmet need. In this Review, the changing epidemiology of IBD, mechanisms behind various environmental associations and interventional studies to modify risk factors and disease course are discussed.
Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus infection in transplant patients

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a well-known cause of morbidity and mortality in transplantation patients. Monitoring of CMV reactivation from latency is critical for these patients. The key to efficient and effective management of CMV infection is a test capable of rapidly monitoring and quantifying the presence of CMV in the blood. This is essential for the identification of subjects at high risk of developing CMV disease, for example, patients receiving steroid or immunosuppressive compounds for accelerated graft-versus-host disease, transplant rejection and also for the application and monitoring of pre-emptive antiviral therapeutic strategies. The assays presently available and frequently used in this setting include conventional and shell vial culture, the CMV antigenemia assay, PCR for CMV DNA, hybrid capture assay for CMV DNA and detection of CMV RNA by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. The low sensitivity and low reproducibility of conventional cell culture and shell vial assays limit their role in the management of CMV infection to one of disease diagnosis. Diagnostic assays, such as the pp65 antigenemia and other molecular assays, have improved the ability to diagnose CMV disease quickly and accurately. These methods fulfill the requirements for a good diagnostic assay: they have high sensitivity, most can quantify viral load and they are rapid and reproducible. Their characteristics allow these assays to be used to predict the development of CMV disease and monitor response to therapy.
Maryland dental hygienists' knowledge and opinions of oral cancer risk factors and diagnostic procedures

OBJECTIVES: To examine Maryland dental hygienists' (DHs) knowledge of oral cancer risk factors and diagnostic procedures, as well as opinions about the currency and adequacy of their oral cancer knowledge, educational preparation, interest in, and preferred types of, continuing education courses. METHODS: Seven hundred DHs were randomly selected from a registry of 2677 Maryland licensed dental hygienists. A mailed survey instrument provided baseline data on 331 (RR = 60%) DHs. Stratified tabular and logistic analytical techniques were employed (alpha level ≤0.05). RESULTS: Most correctly identified tobacco use (99.7%) and alcohol use (89%) as risk factors; however, 31% incorrectly identified poor oral hygiene as a risk factor. 64% of DHs correctly identified older age as a risk factor, yet only 16% identified that the majority of oral cancers are diagnosed in the 60+ year old age group. Nearly 91% correctly identified the examination procedures of the tongue for oral cancer detection; while only 16% of DHs correctly identified erythroplakia and leukoplakia as the conditions most likely associated with oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Gaps in knowledge exist and strongly suggest the need for continuing education courses to clarify risk factors and diagnostic procedures associated with earlier oral cancer detection and prevention.
Susceptibility to Immunologically Mediated Fatigue in C57BL/6 versus Balb/c Mice

Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of fatigue. In the present study we compared the susceptibility of two mouse strains to immunologically induced fatigue. Daily running of two strains of mice, Balb/c and C57BL/6, was assessed after a single injection ofCorynebacterium parvumantigen (2 mg/mouse). Spontaneous running activity of each animal was compared to mean running distance prior to injection. To evaluate the involvement of cytokines in fatigue development, C57BL/6 mice were treated with antibodies to specific cytokines at the time of challenge withC. parvumantigen. Also, cytokine mRNA expression was analyzed in the brains of mice at different time periods after immunologic challenge. A significant difference in running activity between the two mice strains was observed afterC. parvumantigen inoculation: C57BL/6 mice showing a greater (P< 0.05) reduction in running activity (relative to preinjection levels) and slower recovery to baseline than Balb/c mice. Injection of antibodies specific to either IL-1β or TNF-α did not alter immunologically induced fatigue, suggesting a lack of involvement of these cytokines produced outside of the central nervous system (CNS). However, increased TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression was found in the brains of C57BL/6 compared to that seen in Balb/c mice at 6, 10, and 15 days afterC. parvumantigen injection. The elevated CNS cytokine mRNA expression corresponded to development of fatigue. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that expression of proinflammatory cytokines within the CNS plays a role in the pathogenesis of immunologically mediated fatigue.
Survival, growth and reproduction of non-indigenous Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758). I. Physiological capabilities in various temperatures and salinities

The physiological tolerances of non-native fishes is an integral component of assessing potential invasive risk. Salinity and temperature are environmental variables that limit the spread of many non-native fishes. We hypothesised that combinations of temperature and salinity will interact to affect survival, growth, and reproduction of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, introduced into Mississippi, USA. Tilapia withstood acute transfer from fresh water up to a salinity of 20 and survived gradual transfer up to 60 at typical summertime (30°C) temperatures. However, cold temperature (14°C) reduced survival of fish in saline waters ≥10 and increased the incidence of disease in freshwater controls. Although fish were able to equilibrate to saline waters in warm temperatures, reproductive parameters were reduced at salinities ≥30. These integrated responses suggest that Nile tilapia can invade coastal areas beyond their point of introduction. However, successful invasion is subject to two caveats: (1) wintertime survival depends on finding thermal refugia, and (2) reproduction is hampered in regions where salinities are ≥30. These data are vital to predicting the invasion of non-native fishes into coastal watersheds. This is particularly important given the predicted changes in coastal landscapes due to global climate change and sea-level rise.
Extrapontine Myelinolysis With Involvement of the Hippocampus in Three Children With Severe Hypernatremia

Central pontine myelinolysis is a disorder of unknown etiology linked to overly aggressive correction of hyponatremia. In addition to the typical location of demyelination with preservation of neurons and axon cylinders in the basis pontis, similar lesions have been described in extrapontine locations. Central pontine myelinolysis and extrapontine myelinolysis usually occur together, and are identified at autopsy rather than in life because symptoms of extrapontine myelinolysis are often masked in the critically ill patient. Central pontine myelinolysis is described in children, usually in the clinical setting of hyponatremic dehydration. Extrapontine myelinolysis has not been described in children previously. We report three children with severe hypernatremia and extrapontine myelinolysis involving various combinations of thalamus, basal ganglia, external and extreme capsules, and cerebellar vermis. All three had additional involvement of the hippocampus seen on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. None of the three had detectable pontine lesions. Clinical features of the three cases were dehydration in a 28-month-old girl, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in a 14-month-old girl, and acute respiratory failure due to anaphylaxis after consumption of walnuts in a 3-year-old boy. Peak sodium values in each child were 195, 168, and 177 mmol/L, respectively; each received aggressive treatment for hypernatremia. We believe this to be the first report of extrapontine myelinolysis in children, the first report of extrapontine myelinolysis without central pontine myelinolysis in children, and the first report in children of hippocampal formation involvement. The pathogenesis of the central and extrapontine myelinolysis complex in children is more complicated than previously believed, and might differ significantly from that of adults.
Stoichiometric relationships in vernal pond plankton communities

Summary 1. The light-nutrient hypothesis (LNH) predicts that changes in light supply can alter the balance of nutrient and energy limitation in primary producers. We tested this prediction by examining temporal changes in vernal forest ponds, which are highly dynamic systems with respect to seasonal change in light and nutrient supply. In three vernal ponds that differ in productivity, we measured changes in light, total and seston nitrogen and phosphorus, and seston carbon and chlorophyll during the spring, before and after tree leaf-out. We also quantified changes in the population dynamics of the major zooplankton grazers in these systems. 2. In each pond, nutrient levels increased and light levels declined, creating a temporal shift in light-nutrient supply to the plankton. Results generally supported predictions of stoichiometric theory and the LNH, but there were notable exceptions. 3. Seston C : N : P ratios rapidly changed in response to dramatic increases in N and P supply rates. However, seston N : P was typically lower than values for total N : P in the water. Furthermore, as predicted, we observed a decline in seston C : P as the light : nutrient ratio declined, but seston C : N simultaneously increased. These results suggest an unexpected shift towards potential nitrogen limitation. Alternatively, this change in nutrient ratios may be driven by a seasonal change in phytoplankton composition or nutritional mode. 4. Seston carbon concentrations remained stable despite seasonal changes in grazing intensity associated with the phenology of large-bodied Daphnia grazers. However, chlorophyll concentrations declined dramatically as the season progressed, resulting in a simultaneous decline in the C : Chlorophyll ratio of seston. Both pond shading and increased grazing probably contributed to the decline in chlorophyll.
Elasto-plastic analysis of layered media with dissimilar materials

Abstract Elasto-plastic deformation in layered media of dissimilar materials was investigated using the finite element method. Three interfacial conditions were studied: a perfectly bonded interface, a crack lying along an interface and a crack normal to the interface. The initiation and the rate of growth of the plastic zone depend on the stress singularities. Soft material in a layered medium can generally take a greater load than the same material in a single phase body. Case studies were presented to compare the stress solutions along the interface and to illustrate the development of plastic yielding for both plane stress and plane strain.
A biologically active form of chromium may activate a membrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP).

Chromium is essential for proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mammals, although the mechanism of this action has previously proved elusive. Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding protein (LMWCr), a biologically active form of chromium in mammals, potentiates the effect of insulin on the conversion of glucose into lipid and into carbon dioxide in isolated adipocytes. Kinetics studies indicate that LMWCr isolated from bovine liver activates phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity in adipocyte membranes while having no intrinsic phosphatase activity. This activation is directly proportional to the amount of added LMWCr. The pattern of inhibition of this activity in the presence of a number of known phosphatase inhibitors suggests the involvement of a membrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase similar to PTP1A‘ or PTP1B. We propose that chromium plays a biological role in the activation of a membrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase.
Thermionic emission in AuGaAs Schottky barriers

Abstract Results of the study of AuGaAs Schottky barriers at room temperature and above are presented. A review of the present situation and difficulties encountered in analyzing the experimental data lead to a new method of evaluation of these data. In this method, the reverse characteristic is compared with the photoresponse. As a result, thermionic emission is shown to be the dominant electron transport mechanism. A value of the effective mass is obtained which can be used to characterize the electron population at the top of the barrier. This value indicates that contrary to previous estimates, electron scattering is relatively unimportant over the distance between the metallurgical junction and the top of the barrier. Finally several possible sources of discrepancy between theory and experiment are reviewed indicating that the influence of traps cannot be neglected.
A note on identification in the oblique and orthogonal factor analysis models

Conditions for removing the indeterminancy due to rotation are given for both the oblique and orthogonal factor analysis models. The conditions indicate why published counterexamples to conditions discussed by Joreskog are not identifiable.
Shaded Computer Graphics in the Entertainment Industry

The term "shaded computer graphics" refers to computer-generated images in which an intensity is calculated for each of a quarter-million or more resolvabe spots which form a picture. Realistic images of this sort were first synthesized about a decade ago,1,2 and subsequent years have seen considerable research and development. Although these efforts were largely stimulated by the need for visual simulators for training airplane and spacecraft pilots, the resulting techniques and equipment are now available for a broad spectrum of applications.
Morphine differentially affects ventral tegmental and substantia nigra brain reward thresholds

In order to differentiate the roles of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine systems in the action of opiates on dopaminergically mediated intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), the effects of chronic morphine administration and acute naloxone administration on ICSS were tested in rats with electrode placements in the substantia nigra pars compacta (A-9) and the ventral tegmentum (A-10). Acute morphine (5.0 mg/kg SC) did not affect ICSS thresholds of rats with electrodes in the A-9 nucleus when tested 1, 3, 5, and 23 hours after administration. With repeated daily administration, though, these animals showed increases in thresholds which grew progressively larger with each day of morphine treatment. This threshold elevation was not reversed by naloxone given 0.5 hour after the final morphine treatment on the fifth day. In contrast, acute morphine significantly lowered self-stimulation thresholds in rats with A-10 placements. Tolerance to this facilitatory effect was evident with chronic administration. Naloxone attentuated the lowering of threshold caused by opiate administration in these A-10 animals. The present data suggest a specificity of action of opiates on different brain systems subserving reward and reinforcement. These findings also suggest that the mesolimbic-mesocortical system may play an important role in mediating the rewarding properties of morphine.
Future directions in urban ecology

In a conceptual article published in 1990, McDonnell and Pickett [1] identified important questions in urban ecology and suggested adopting an experimental approach for addressing them. Since then, urban ecologists have conducted mostly observational, rather than mechanistic studies. Earlier this year, based on recent novel findings in urban ecology during the early 2000s, we called for changing the focus, and creating a better balance between observational and mechanistic research in urban ecology [2].
The Esterase Activity of Plain and Dextrose Broth Cultures of the Typhoid Bacillus. Studies in Bacterial Metabolism, XXXIX

A series of experiments to be reported soon' have shown that both the filtrates of broth cultures of acid-fast bacilli and the organisms themselves contain active lipase. The period of maximum lipase activity of these organisms, furthermore, coincides rather closely in time with the period of maximum vegetative activity of the bacteria. This phenomenon was established by comparing the fatand estersplitting power of the filtrates of these cultures with their proteolytic activity under the same conditions of incubation. Bacteria which are not acid-fast also appear able to split fats. According to Rubner,2 this phenomenon is usually a "fat fermentation," not brought about by a fat-splitting ferment (lipase), but rather by the direct action of the bacterial cytoplasm. Other observers, notably Sommaruga,' and Wells and Corper,4 believe a true lipolysis takes place. Several well-known pathogenic bacteria, according to these observers, possess a lipase. It is not definitely determined whether this ferment is a true endo-lipase liberated only when the organisms are disrupted, ordinarily by autolysis, or whether this lipase is, in part at least, a true exo-ferment. The composition of the medium in which these organisms are grown, furthermore, may conceivably influence the nature and extent of the lipolytic activity of these bacteria, and it was with these several possibilities in view that the following experiments were made.
Simulation and theory of polygonization in single glide

We present the results of numerical simulations of two-dimensional polygonization, the simplest example of dislocation patterning. The simulations are based on the elastic interactions of straight edge dislocations, with a law of motion that combines fast glide with slow climb. The simulated patterns reproduce experimental patterns for Fe-Si quite well. The effects of changing the Peierls stress for glide processes, or immobilizing some of the dislocations, are addressed. Decreasing the Peierls stress and increasing the fraction of mobile dislocations speeds up the pattern formation process. The energy release at short times is dominated by the disorder in walls, and at longer times by wall-spacing effects. We provide insight into the dynamics of wall coarsening via the concept of random dislocation walls. The applicability of continuum flow equations is evaluated. We find that description of the polygonization process in terms of the dislocation configuration tensor is inadequate.
The cause of death vs. the gift of life: boundary maintenance and the politics of expertise in death investigation

In late modernity, conflicts about professional jurisdiction have gained in intensity because the emergence of new technologies can drastically alter the grounds for expertise. In the United States, medical examiners have the legal mandate to investigate and certify suspicious deaths, straddling the disparate worlds of public health and criminal justice. Over the last decade, procurement organisations fuelled by advances in immunology and surgical techniques have challenged medical examiners’ jurisdiction, requesting access to the corpse for organ and tissue transplantation purposes. Building further on Andrew Abbott's The System of Professions (1988), this article investigates jurisdictional relationships between professions when an emerging profession makes inroads on the jurisdiction of an established profession. Taking the vantage point of the established profession, I have distinguished three different conflictual jurisdictional relationships: a subordinated, a standardised and a commodified jurisdictional relationship. These relationships will be evaluated for the extent that they are able to preserve the mission of death investigators.
Synchronous bilateral inverted papilloma of the temporal bone: Case report and review of the literature

Background Temporal bone inverted papilloma (IP) is an extremely rare tumor. Its etiology is unknown and represents a source of debate. Only 2 previous cases of bilateral temporal bone IP have been reported. A case report and review of the literature via PubMed database search are presented. Mathods and Results A 52-year-old African-American man who initially underwent medial maxillectomy for right-sided nasal IP returned with bilateral temporal bone IP 7 months later without evidence of extension through the Eustachian tubes. Despite multiple resections and adjuvant radiation, the tumor transformed into squamous cell carcinoma and progressed to involve the intracranial dura, temporal lobe, and cervical dura. Conclusions Multiple origins may exist for temporal IP: direct extension, iatrogenic seeding, or development from ectopic Schneiderian epithelium. Temporal bone IP appears to represent a much more aggressive tumor than its nasal counterpart, necessitating aggressive early surgical intervention to decrease recurrence and transformation risk. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Impact of preoperative smoking status on postoperative complication rates and pulmonary function test results 1-year following pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer

There is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding the impact of preoperative smoking status on pulmonary function test (PFT) results 1 year after resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Furthermore, there is disagreement in the literature regarding the impact of preoperative smoking cessation on postoperative complication rates. We performed a single-institution retrospective review of all NSCLC patients who underwent resection from April 2000 through April 2006. Timing of smoking cessation was stratified as follows: smoking cessation more than a month before surgery (Distant Smokers), smoking cessation within a month before surgery (Recent Smokers), and failure to achieve smoking cessation before surgery (Current Smokers). During the study period, 213 patients underwent NSCLC resection, 121 of whom (all males; mean age, 67.4 years) completed pre- and postoperative PFTs. After adjusting for potential confounding covariates (age, type of resection, and use of radiation therapy), we noted no significant difference (p>0.40) between groups after resection with regard to either relative (-12.20+/-15.77L [Distant Smokers], -15.38+/-19.38L [Recent Smokers], -9.61+/-15.54L [Current Smokers]) or absolute changes in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1s (-0.14+/-0.20L [Distant Smokers], -0.18+/-0.19L [Recent Smokers], -0.12+/-0.20L [Current Smokers]). Because 92 patients did not complete postoperative PFTs, we performed a stratified analysis to assess for selection bias; as compared with those who completed PFTs, baseline PFT results did not significantly differ. We found no significant differences between the 3 groups with regard the overall rate of postoperative complications or the rate of any specific postoperative complication. In conclusion, smoking cessation immediately before NSCLC resection does not significantly impact postoperative pulmonary complication rates or 1-year postoperative PFT results and therefore should not be a reason to delay surgical resection.
Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence:

Evidence from past research and insights from an exploratory investigation are combined in a conceptual model that defines and relates price, perceived quality, and perceived value. Propositions ab...
Baseline Sensitivity of Cercospora zeae-maydis to Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicides.

Abstract Cercospora zeae-maydis, the causal agent of gray leaf spot on corn (Zea mays), can cause severe yield loss in the United States. Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides are effective tools that can be used to manage gray leaf spot, and their use has increased in corn production in the United States. In total, 61 C. zeae-maydis isolates collected from fields in which QoI fungicides had never been applied were tested in vitro using azoxystrobin-, pyraclostrobin-, or trifloxystrobin-amended medium to determine the effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of the conidial germination was inhibited (EC50). The effect of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) also was evaluated for seven isolates to determine whether C. zeae-maydis is capable of using alternative respiration in azoxystrobin-amended medium. All seven C. zeae-maydis isolates tested had significantly greater (P < 0.02) EC50 values when SHAM was not included in medium amended with azoxystrobin, indicating that C. zeae-maydis has the potenti...
Methylenedioxyphenyl-containing alkaloids and autosynergism

Abstract Of four methylenedioxyphenyl-containing alkaloids tested, only chelidonine, was an inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenases in vitro while berberine, cryptopine and narceine were not. Berberine toxicity to the corn earworm, Heliothis zea could be synergized by the monooxygenase inhibitor myristicin, further evidence that berberine is not a monooxygenase inhibitor or an autosynergist. Autosynergism is not sufficient to explain the common occurrence of methylenedioxyphenyl substituents on toxic alkaloids.
Lifting-line theory of swept wings based on the full potential theory

The asymptotic theory of high-aspect-ratio transonic swept wings of Refs. [2–5] is extended to irrotational compressible flows based on equations of the full-potential theory. The formulation allows for imbedded supercritical flows with shocks; the results are applicable to oblique wings, swept-back as well as swept-forward wings, but restricted to planforms with centerlines composed of straight segments. The free-stream velocity is assumed to remain below the sonic speed. For a wing geometry generated from a single airfoil shape, the reduced system of 2-D equations admits solutions with similarity structures, permitting the problem to be solved only once for all span stations. The application of the theory is expected to lead to a substantial improvement over the earlier analysis of transonic swept wings based on the small-disturbance theory, concerning the accurate determination of inviscid drag and lift. The study provides also a basis for examining the influence of the trailing vortex sheet geometry, which are incompletely accounted for in current 3-D computer programs.
Special issue on quantum computing with superconducting qubits

Ten years ago the first superconducting qubit was demonstrated experimentally [1]. By now quantum computing with superconducting qubits has become a subject of intensive experimental and theoretical research in dozens of groups around the world. The idea of this Special Issue of the journal is to show the status of experimental research in this area after the first decade of work. Most of the best experimental groups working with superconducting qubits (with a few regrettable exceptions) are represented in this Special Issue. We hope that it gives a useful snapshot in time, demonstrating the main experimental achievements and directions of research in superconducting quantum computing. There are many possible physical realizations of qubits [2,3]. Among the candidate systems, the obvious advantages of quantum computing with Josephson junctions are the efficient control of a quantum circuit with voltage/current/microwave pulses and use of a well-developed technology suitable for large scale integration. The fast experimental progress in experiments with superconducting qubits in the last decade confirms the importance of these advantages. Superconducting qubits come in a variety of types, which are often separated into three categories: charge, flux, and phase qubits (though not all groups use this terminology). Single Cooper pair charge of an island carries the quantum information in the charge qubit (e.g., [1,4–16]), while the superconducting phase is the relevant degree of freedom for flux and phase qubits, which differ by the logic state encoding: two quantum levels in different wells of a potential profile are used in the flux qubit (e.g., [17–32]), and two levels in the same well are used in the phase qubit (e.g., [33–42]).
Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservation

Most studies examining continental-to-global patterns of species richness rely on the overlaying of extent-of-occurrence range maps. Because a species does not occur at all locations within its geographic range, range-map-derived data represent actual distributional patterns only at some relatively coarse and undefined resolution. With the increasing availability of high-resolution climate and land-cover data, broad-scale studies are increasingly likely to estimate richness at high resolutions. Because of the scale dependence of most ecological phenomena, a significant mismatch between the presumed and actual scale of ecological data may arise. This may affect conclusions regarding basic drivers of diversity and may lead to errors in the identification of diversity hotspots. Here, we examine avian range maps of 834 bird species in conjunction with geographically extensive survey data sets on two continents to determine the spatial resolutions at which range-map data actually characterize species occurrences and patterns of species richness. At resolutions less than 2° (≈200 km), range maps overestimate the area of occupancy of individual species and mischaracterize spatial patterns of species richness, resulting in up to two-thirds of biodiversity hotspots being misidentified. The scale dependence of range-map accuracy poses clear limitations on broad-scale ecological analyses and conservation assessments. We suggest that range-map data contain less information than is generally assumed and provide guidance about the appropriate scale of their use.
Aging minds and twisting attitudes: an fMRI investigation of age differences in inhibiting prejudice.

Cognitive capacity is believed to decline with age, but it is not known whether this decline extends to tasks involving social cognition. In the current study, social neuroscience methodologies were used to examine the effects of age-related cognitive decline on older adults’ abilities to engage regulatory mechanisms (which are typically impaired by normal aging) to inhibit negative reactions to stigmatized individuals. Older and young adults were presented with images of stigmatized individuals (e.g., individuals with amputations, substance abusers) and of normal controls while they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. All participants were also given a battery of tests to assess their executive function capacity. Young adults showed more activity in areas associated with empathy (i.e., medial prefrontal cortex) than did older adults when viewing stigmatized faces. By contrast, older adults with relatively preserved levels of executive function had heightened activity in areas previously implicated in emotion regulation (i.e., lateral prefrontal cortex) as compared to other groups. These results suggest that although cognitive decline may interfere with older adults’ attitudes toward stigmatized individuals, older adults with relatively preserved cognitive function may utilize different strategies to compensate for these deficits.
PVD synthesis and high-throughput property characterization of Ni-Fe-Cr alloy libraries

Three methods of alloy library synthesis, thick-layer deposition followed by interdiffusion, composition-spread codeposition and electron-beam melting of thick deposited layers, have been applied to Ni–Fe–Cr ternary and Ni–Cr binary alloys. Structural XRD mapping and mechanical characterization by means of nanoindentation have been used to characterize the properties of the libraries. The library synthesis methods are compared from the point of view of the structural and mechanical information they can provide.
On the approximate W-disjoint orthogonality of speech

It is possible to blindly separate an arbitrary number of sources given just two anechoic mixtures provided the time-frequency representations of the sources do not overlap, a condition which we call W-disjoint orthogonality. We define a power weighted two-dimensional histogram constructed from the ratio of the time-frequency representations of the mixtures which is shown to have one peak for each source with: peak location corresponding to the relative amplitude and delay mixing parameters. All of the time-frequency points which yield estimates in a given peak are exactly all the non-zero magnitude components of one of the sources. We introduce the concept of approximate W-disjoint orthogonality, present experimental results demonstrating the level of approximate W-disjoint orthogonality of speech in mixtures of various order, and show that even with imperfect W-disjoint orthogonality the histogram can be used to determine the mixing parameters and separate sources. Example demixing results can be found online: http://www.princeton.edu/∼srickard/bss.html
Low-Power, Low-Cost CMOS Direct-Conversion Receiver Front-End for Multistandard Applications

A broadband CMOS direct-conversion receiver with on-chip frequency divider has been integrated in a 0.13- μm CMOS process. The key feature of the proposed receiver front-end is a single low-noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA) driving a current-mode passive mixer terminated by a low-input-impedance transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The receiver chain has improved robustness to out-of-band interference and outstanding linearity. We employ a broadband common-gate (CG) LNTA with dual feedback to improve both gain and noise figure (NF) without breaking the fixed relationship between input impedance, transconductance gain, and load impedance. A LNTA load impedance boosting technique suppresses noise-amplification due to TIA, commonly found in passive mixers. The core circuit (RF and baseband signal path) consumes only 13 mW, and the prototype receiver achieves >22.4-dB conversion gain, dB NF, and ≥ -1.5 dBm IIP3 from 1.4 to 5.2 GHz. Maximum conversion gain of 24.3 dB and minimum NF of 6.5 dB are achieved at 1.4 and 2 GHz, respectively. The chip active area is 1.1 mm 2 with the entire RF signal path operated from a 1.2-V supply. The LO portion is biased from a 1.5-V supply.
Activated platelets induce Weibel-Palade–body secretion and leukocyte rolling in vivo: role of P-selectin

The presence of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in the circulation accompanies major surgical procedures and occurs in several chronic diseases. Recent findings that activated platelets contribute to the inflammatory disease atherosclerosis made us address the question whether activated platelets stimulate normal healthy endothelium. Infusion of activated platelets into young mice led to the formation of transient platelet-leukocyte aggregates and resulted in a several-fold systemic increase in leukocyte rolling 2 to 4 hours after infusion. Rolling returned to baseline levels 7 hours after infusion. Infusion of activated P-selectin-/- platelets did not induce leukocyte rolling, indicating that platelet P-selectin was involved in the endothelial activation. The endothelial activation did not require platelet CD40L. Leukocyte rolling was mediated solely by the interaction of endothelial P-selectin and leukocyte P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Endothelial P-selectin is stored with von Willebrand factor (VWF) in Weibel-Palade bodies. The release of Weibel-Palade bodies on infusion of activated platelets was indicated by both elevation of plasma VWF levels and by an increase in the in vivo staining of endothelial P-selectin. We conclude that the presence of activated platelets in circulation promotes acute inflammation by stimulating secretion of Weibel-Palade bodies and P-selectin–mediated leukocyte rolling.
Investigating and modeling impact ionization current in MOSFETs

Abstract Substrate current caused by impact ionization in Si-metal-oxide-field-effect transistors is investigated and modeled with the aids of Monte Carlo simulations. At high biases, the substrate current’s temperature-coefficient is systematically summarized with respect to the device’s characteristic length. Physical factors affecting the substrate current’s temperature-dependent behaviors are discussed. As the supply bias is scaled down to near or below the bandgap energy, impact ionization is mainly caused by the mobile charge carriers in the tails of the distribution functions. Those tail carriers are negligible in high-bias applications such as the experiments measuring the impact ionization coefficients. Consequently, conventional models that use the macroscopic coefficients fail to describe the impact ionization current’s behaviors in this low-bias regime. Based on the specific characteristics of the distribution functions’ tails, a new analytical model for the substrate current, for the first time, is derived in the low-bias regime accounting for different important physical factors.
The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation

The germline mutation rate in human males, especially older males, is generally much higher than in females, mainly because in males there are many more germ-cell divisions. However, there are some exceptions and many variations. Base substitutions, insertion-deletions, repeat expansions and chromosomal changes each follow different rules. Evidence from evolutionary sequence data indicates that the overall rate of deleterious mutation may be high enough to have a large effect on human well-being. But there are ways in which the impact of deleterious mutations can be mitigated.
Climatic variability in upper ocean ventilation rates diagnosed using chlorofluorocarbons

The chlorofluorocarbon CFC-12 (CCl2F2) distributions from two occupations of a meridional hydrographic section in the eastern North Atlantic are used to describe the oceanic penetration of CFCs and change in the integrated ventilation patterns over the five years from 1988 to 1993. The CFC-12 water-column inventories increased by 30–40%, despite a slowing atmospheric growth rate (14%), because of continuing uptake by undersaturated subsurface water masses whose response is lagged by the ventilation time-scales. After removing the long-term CFC temporal trend using a tracer age based normalization technique, we observe a distinct dipole pattern in upper ocean ventilation, with reduced convection in the subpolar gyre and enhanced production of saline subtropical underwater in 1993. These differences are discussed in relation to interannual variability in atmospheric surface forcing, upper ocean anomalies, and convection patterns associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation.
From Ownership to Access: Re-Engineering Library Services

Summary In 1992, Auraria Library fully embraced the idea that meeting user information needs is a collection development activity which should be funded from the materials budget whether accomplished by purchasing material for permanent retention or by acquiring one-time access for an individual user. This article discusses the restructuring of a traditional Interlibrary Loan Department into Information Delivery/Interlibrary Loan (ID/ILL) and its move to Collection Development Services. Because access to resources was funded from the learning materials budget along with ownership, it became necessary to rethink the Library's collection development philosophy. Implementation of the new philosophy required modification of collection building practices and the creation of aggressive information delivery programs.
Outcomes of laparoscopic treatment for endometrial cancer.

Purpose of reviewLaparoscopy has become the standard approach for the surgical management of a variety of benign gynecological conditions. Numerous studies have reported their findings on the laparoscopic approach for the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer. It is timely and relevant to pr