cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allocating One Common ACC-Rich Platform for Many Streaming Applications

Many demanding streaming applications share functional and structural similarities with other apps in their respective domain, e.g., video analytics, software-defined radio, and radar. This opens the opportunity for specialization (e.g., heterogeneous computing) to achieve the needed efficiency and/or performance. However, current design space exploration (DSE) focuses on an individual application in isolation (e.g., one particular vision flow), but not a set of similar applications. Hence, optimizations that occur due to considering multiple applications simultaneously are missed. New DSE methodologies and tools are needed with a broader scope of application sets instead of individual applications. This article introduces a novel domain-specific DSE (DS-DSE) approach focusing on streaming applications. Key contributions are: 1) a formalized method to extract the functional and structural similarities of domain applications; 2) a rapid platform performance estimation and comparison at two abstraction levels: domain score (DS) and analytic performance estimation (APE) model; 3) two novel algorithms, dynamic score selection (DSS), and GenetIc domain exploration (GIDE), for hardware/software partitioning of a domain-specific platform to maximize the throughput across domain applications (under certain constraints); and 4) a methodology to evaluate a platform’s benefit for a set of applications. We demonstrate DSS’s and GIDE’s benefits using OpenVX applications and synthetic domains. The DSS and GIDE generated domain-specific platforms improve performance over application-specific platforms by 58% and 75% for OpenVX, as well as by 23% and 48% for synthetic applications. GIDE’s platforms reach 99.8% (OpenVX) and 97.6% (synthetic) throughput of the domain optimal platform obtained through exhaustive search.
What's in a “welcome survey”? Designing a course welcome survey as introduction to research methods in Communication

Quantitative research methods, research methods, basic communication courses. The goals of the exercise are for students (1) collaboratively to design a “real world” survey questionnaire, (2) to an...
Does Stock Liquidity Affect Corporate Debt Maturity Structure

We show an inverse relation between the use of short-term debt and stock market liquidity. This finding is robust to a battery of control variables, alternative measures of the key variables, and v...
Optimizing Use of Different Types of Memory for FPGAs in High Performance Computing

Accelerators such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly used in high performance computing, and the problems they are applied to process larger and larger amounts of data. FPGA manufacturers have added new types of memory on chip to help ease the memory bottleneck; however, the burden is on the designer to determine how data is allocated to different memory types. We study the use of ultraRAM for a graph application running on Amazon Web Services (AWS) that generates a large amount of intermediate data that is not subsequently accessed sequentially. We investigate different algorithms for mapping data to ultraRAM. Our results show that use of ultraRAM can speed up overall application run time by a factor of 3 or more. Maximizing the amount of ultraRAM used produces the best results, and as problem size grows, judiciously assigning data to ultraRAM vs. DDR results in better performance.
Abstract 16596: Immune Evasion by Human Neonatal Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cells Demonstrates Therapeutic Application in Myocardial Infarction

Immune rejection of transplanted stem cells is a major stumbling block in designing effective therapy for myocardial infarction. Human neonatal cardiac mesenchymal stem cells (nMSCs) showed superio...
CTSA pharmacies: Contribution to research and public health during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: In March 2020, academic medical center (AMC) pharmacies were compelled to implement practice changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These changes were described by survey data collected by the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program which were interpreted by a multi-institutional team of AMC pharmacists and physician investigators. Methods: The CTSA program surveyed 60 AMC pharmacy departments. The survey included event timing, impact on pharmacy services, and corrective actions taken. Results: Almost all departments (98.4%) reported at least one disruption. Shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) were common (91.5%) as were drug shortages (66.0%). To manage drug shortages, drug prioritization protocols were utilized, new drug supply vendors were identified (79.3%), and onsite compounding was initiated. PPE shortages were managed by incorporating the risk mitigation strategies recommended by FDA and others. Research pharmacists supported new clinical research initiatives at most institutions (84.0%), introduced use of virtual site visits, and shipped investigational drugs directly to patients. Some pharmacies formulated novel investigational products for clinical trial use. Those AMC pharmacies within networked health systems assisted partner rural and inner-city hospitals by sourcing commercial and investigational drugs to alleviate local disease outbreaks and shortages in underserved populations. Pharmacy-based vaccination practice was expanded to include a wider range of pediatric and adult vaccines. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic radically altered hospital pharmacy practice. By adopting innovative methods and adapting to regulatory imperatives, pharmacies at CTSA sites played an extremely important role supporting continuity of care and collaborating on critical clinical research initiatives.
The Working Poor And The Working Of American Labor Markets

This paper examines the connection between working poor households and industrial restructuring in the US as a whole and three Midwest manufacturing cities. It questions the conventional labor economics argument that a main reason for the substantial rise in low-wage jobs in the US is "skills mismatch." This follows from the basic contention that people are paid what they are worth in an unrestricted economy. However, labor market segmentation theory poses a broader range of factors as determinants of labor market outcomes, including industrial structure and the bargaining power of individuals and groups of workers relative to employers. The paper first examines the nature and extent of globalization, i.e., the transition from manufacturing to service and retail sectors, and a major consequence, growing income inequality. Government data are used to provide measures of deindustrialization and income inequality. Government data are used to provide measures of deindustrialization and income inequality. It then reports on findings from a four-year study of the working poor in South Bend, Indiana, one of the three cities studied in the first part. Evidence presented in the paper supports segmentation thinking and indicates that other factors beyond individual resources influence labor market outcomes, which are outside the control of workers, especially the working poor.
Herbicides for pocket friendly weed control in rice

Herbicides can provide effective and economical control of weeds in rice field. It saves labour cost up to 40% and reduces drudgery. It also plays important role in facilitating the adoption of direct-sown rice (DSR) technology, but over reliance on one type of herbicide or faulty way of application can lead to herbicide resistance development in weeds and adversely affect environment and human health. Herbicides, if not properly applied, may also cause problems of phyto-toxicity. Therefore, correct use of herbicide is essential to ensure that chemical residues on crops do not exceed the limits. Recommended doses of herbicides do not generally injure people, livestock, or crops if used properly following recommended precautions.
Urban proximity while breeding is not a predictor of perfluoroalkyl substance contamination in the eggs of brown pelicans.

Abstract Identifying sources of exposure to chemical stressors is difficult when both target organisms and stressors are highly mobile. While previous studies have demonstrated that populations of some organisms proximal to urban centers may display increased burdens of human-created chemicals compared to more distal populations, this relationship may not be universal when applied to organisms and stressors capable of transboundary movements. We examined eggs of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), a nearshore seabird with daily movements ranging from local to 50 km and annual migrations ranging from year-round residency to 1500 km. Thirty-six eggs from three breeding colonies located at increasing distances to a major urban center (Charleston, South Carolina, USA) were analyzed for concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Areas of high use for each colony during the breeding season were also assessed via the tracking of adult pelicans from each colony using GPS-PTT satellite transmitters and overlapped with measures of relative urbanization via land cover data. We report potentially significant ∑PFAS concentrations in the eggs of pelicans (175.4 ± 120.1 ng/g w wt. SD), driven largely by linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (n-PFOS) (48–546 ng/g w wt.). Residues of the precursor compound perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were also present in pelican eggs, suggesting continued exposure of local wildlife beyond implemented phaseouts of some PFAS. For most analytes, egg concentrations did not exhibit a significant spatial structure despite some differentiation in high-use areas unlike similar data for another regional apex predator, the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). We suggest that the partially migratory nature of brown pelicans during the non-breeding season, combined with daily ranges that may extend to 50 km from local point sources, may have homogenized exposure across individuals. Charleston likely remains a major source for PFAS in the overall region, however, given the high concentrations observed as well as known releases of PFAS in the nearshore environment.
A Model for Mutual Effects of Attributes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the conception of cause which is particularly useful for the study of behavior of individuals, because it takes qualitative states as the starting point, rather than numerically measured properties or variables. In this conception, the element, that is, the individual, in which a change may occur, is characterized simultaneously on several attributes, each of which consists of a pair of mutually exclusive states. The chapter considers that change in probability to be continuous in time, although similar models may be constructed for changes in probabilities that occur at discrete time points. If change in probability is continuous in time, this is modeled by a continuous-time discrete-space stochastic process. A system of random shocks and parameters of effect are also discussed in the chapter.
All About Words: Early Understandings of the 'Judicial Power' in Statutory Interpretation, 1776-1806

What understanding of the "judicial Power" would the Founders and their immediate successors possess in regard to statutory interpretation? In this Article, Professor Eskridge explores the background understanding of the judiciary's role in the interpretation of legislative texts, and answers earlier work by scholars like Professor John Manning who have suggested that the separation of powers adopted in the U.S. Constitution mandate an interpretive methodology similar to today's textualism. Reviewing sources such as English precedents, early state court practices, ratifying debates, and the Marshall Court's practices, Eskridge demonstrates that while early statutory interpretation began with the words of the text, it by no means confined its search for meaning to the plain text. He concludes that the early practices, especially the methodology of John Marshall, provide a powerful model, not of an anticipatory textualism, but rather of a sophisticated methodology that knit together text, context, purpose, and democratic and constitutional norms in the service of carrying out the judiciary's constitutional role.
Parallel data transfer from 3-D memories

In this presentation we will discuss possible optoelectronic packaging technologies that can provide the much needed compactness and light weight to future parallel readout optical heads. Based on the characteristics of these technologies we will discuss possible data rates that can be achieved over the next decade by volumetric optical disk systems and discuss their potential applications.
Absent Voices: Modern Women Writers in Celtic Countries

Although Modern Studies has increasingly focused on international writers, little attention has been paid to the women writers of Celtic countries. This represents an absence of important and distinctive modern voices. More important, to study their work is to discover new, experimental, technically revolutionary, and culturally challenging responses to a changed world: in what has been called “the Celtic Fringe” of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, a treasure trove of new work by women is now appearing. Especially in Scotland, an “efflorescence of Scots as a poetic medium” is now taking place. Yet early frameworks for defining modernism, which have remained, do not account for modern work developed in different cultural traditions and in the different languages of the United Kingdom. Thus we need to re-examine the difficult, problematic language issues that shaped work by modern women writers in three distinct cultures within the UK. To sustain traditional modernist notions of aesthetic value is to miss the alternative values, sources, and linguistic intensities of modern and contemporary women writers from Celtic countries.
Inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Publisher Summary With the identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 as the infectious agent leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) has been a primary focus for drug discovery and development. Currently, two classes of RT inhibitors are used clinically. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have been used clinically in the treatment of HIV‐1 infection. This chapter describes the current clinically used RT inhibitors, outlining mechanisms of action as well as factors in HIV resistance to these drugs. In addition, some promising new pipeline RT inhibitors are discussed, including compounds directed at novel RT targets not addressed by current RT therapeutics, such as inhibitors of RT ribonuclease H (RNH) activity. There are a number of new NRTIs and NNRTIs, with improved resistance profiles, in late stage clinical development, and there are many others in preclinical development.
Damage to the conduction system of the heart in the newborn

Abstract Small hemorrhages in the conduction system of the heart were found in 10 out of 25 infants who died during the perinatal period. In half the number, the hemorrhages were associated with other petechiae in the myocardium. Petechiae might be an expression of ischemia during birth. The changes of the hemodynamics of the heart during birth, together with the rich vascularity of the conduction system, might predispose this area to hemorrhages. Hemorrhages into the conduction system may contribute to failure to survive the perinatal period.
Hepatic 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme-A Reductase of Rats Fed Semipurified and Stock Diets

Rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) was found to be lower in rats fed a semipurified diet of sucrose, casein, and cellulose with a mixture of safflower oil and stripped lard than those fed a stock diet: 0.115 versus 0.447 nmoles mevalonic acid formed/minute/mg microsomal protein. Efforts were made to find the substances in the stock diet responsible for the higher enzyme activity. Neither the addition of small amounts of cholesterol or plant sterols to the semipurified diet, nor the substitution of corn oil or the lipids extracted from the stock diet for the safflower oil-stipped lard mixture, significantly raised the enzyme level. Replacement of sucrose by starch also had no effect on the enzyme activity. The substitution of soybean protein for the casein did increase the specific activity of the enzyme from 0.115 to 0.247, still well below the 0.447 level response to stock rat diet ingestion. Substitution of the safflower oil-stripped lard fat mixture for the extracted fat of the stock feed had no significant effect on the response of the rats to the stock feed. However, substitution of part of the cellulose in the semi-purified diet with citrus pectin resulted in HMG-CoA levels of 0.553, approximately equal to that produced by the stock diet. In the latter study, the total fecal bile acids of the rat fed the stock, semipurified-cellulose, and semipurified-pectin diets were 2.34, 1.28, and 2.22 mg/g feces respectively, and the total fecal neutral sterols 1.86, 1.50, and 2.42 mg/g feces. Thus, the constituent nonutritive fiber appears responsible for differences in steroid excretion and elevated hepatic HMG-CoA levels, possibly by binding bile acids and increasing the turnover rate of blood and liver cholesterol.
The bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp is required for virulence and controls cell size and survival of Pseudomonas syringae on plants

The stringent response, mediated by second messenger (p)ppGpp, results in swift and massive transcriptional reprogramming under nutrient limited conditions. In this study, the role of (p)ppGpp on virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a (PssB728a) was investigated. The virulence of the relA/spoT (ppGpp(0) ) double mutant was completely impaired on bean, and bacterial growth was significantly reduced, suggesting that (p)ppGpp is required for full virulence of P. syringae. Expression of T3SS and other virulence genes was reduced in ppGpp(0) mutants. In addition, ppGpp deficiency resulted in loss of swarming motility, reduction of pyoverdine production, increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and antibiotic tolerance, as well as reduced ability to utilize γ-amino butyric acid. Increased levels of ppGpp resulted in reduced cell size of PssB728a when grown in a minimal medium and on plant surfaces, while most ppGpp(0) mutant cells were not viable on plant surfaces 24 h after spray inoculation, suggesting that ppGpp-mediated stringent response temporarily limits cell growth, and might control cell survival on plants by limiting their growth. These results demonstrated that ppGpp-mediated stringent response plays a central role in P. syringae virulence and survival and indicated that ppGpp serves as a global signal for regulating various virulence traits in PssB728a.
Structural studies on polypeptide hormones. I. Fluorescence.

Abstract The structures of three polypeptide hormones (glucagon, a 25-residue analogue of adrenocorticotropin, and parathyroid hormone) which contain enough residues to permit organization have been evaluated in aqueous solution by fluorescence and circular dichroism. The effects of pH, temperature, and guanidine on both tyrosyl and tryptophanyl emission have been measured. None of the fluorescence parameters could be interpreted as revealing a structural modification. Glucagon and parathyroid hormone show weak circular dichroic activity near 222 nm, the wave length region of the n → π transition of the peptide bond in the α helix. However, much stronger dichroic activity occurs in all three hormones near 200 nm, the region where the random form of the peptide bond is optically active. Although glucagon appears to be almost completely unorganized in aqueous solution, it is α-helical when crystalline. The structure of this polypeptide of 29 amino acid residues appears to undergo a helix to coil transition between its crystalline and aqueous states.
Photonically-assisted continuous periodic arbitrary millimeter waveform generation via direct space-to-time pulse shaping

Tailored optical pulse sequences from a novel direct space-to-time pulse shaper driving a high-speed photodiode allow generation of electromagnetic waveforms at center frequencies approaching 50 GHz. Through direct modulation of the optical pulse sequence, arbitrarily phase-and frequency-modulated waveforms are created.
Stochastic Model Utilizing Spectral and Spatial Characteristics

In remote sensing, because of physical properties of targets, sensor pixels in spatial proximity to one another are class conditionally correlated. Our main objective is to exploit this spatial correlation. Therefore, a two-dimensional causal first order Markov model was used to extract the spatial and spectral information and, based upon it, new object classifiers with improved performance were developed. First, the minimum distance (MT) and the maximum likelihood (ML) object classifiers are discussed. Then, based on the proposed model, these two classifiers are modified, and a linear object classifier is introduced. Finally, experimental results are presented.
What's Wrong with Democracy? From Athenian Practice to American Worship

What's Wrong with Democracy? From Athenian Practice to American Worship. By Loren J. Samons II. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 327p. $27.50.Loren Samons's book is a nuanced and perceptive history of classical Athenian democracy. Well organized and lucidly and convincingly written, the chapters of this book, devoted to elections and voting (Chapter 2), public finance (Chapter 3), foreign policy before and during the Peloponnesian War (Chapters 4–5), and national defense (Chapter 6), bring to light underappreciated aspects of Athens's democratic development. To offer only a few examples: Samons traces the roots of Athens's fifth- and fourth-century democracy to its sixth-century tyrannies, underscoring the important respects in which Athenian democracy came to resemble more egregious forms of tyranny. He tracks the emergence of a public treasury at Athens during the fifth century and shows how this shift in the practices and institution of property expanded both Athens's citizenry and its imperialistic tendencies over the course of the Peloponnesian War. He explores the effects of Athens's quest for empire on its domestic policies and, by way of a sustained but largely implicit contrast with Athenian militarism and foreign policy, he offers an unconventional and persuasive picture of fifth-century Sparta as less pathologically warlike than Athens.
Host Range and Eclosion Success of the Parasite Aphaereta pallipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Among Dung-Breeding Diptera in Central Missouri

Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was recovered from nine species of dung-breeding Diptera during field studies in central Missouri. The principal hosts, as measured by total percent parasitism, were Ravinia querula (Walker), R. lherminieri (Robineau-desvoidy), and Ravinia-Oxysarcodexia spp. (diptera: Sarcophagidae). Successful emergence of adult A. pallipes from host puparia was greatest in Ravinia-Oxysarcodexia spp., R. lherminieri, and Orthellia caesarion (Meigen) (diptera: Muscidae). Considering both host abundance in the field and the calculated average production of emergent parasite adults from such host puparia, it was determined that O. caesarion could be predicted to account for ca. 75% of the adult A. pallipes population on central Missouri pastures.
Regulation of glutamate uptake in astrocytes continuously exposed to ethanol

CNS glutamatergic transmission is altered by chronic ethanol intake and may underlie the behavioral hyperactivity associated with ethanol withdrawal. Because astrocytes regulate extracellular glutamate levels, the aim of this investigation was to characterize the effects of in vitro ethanol exposure on Na+-dependent glutamate uptake parameters in astrocytes. Ethanol exposure elicited a time and concentration-dependent increase in the maximal uptake capacity, Vmax, for [3H]glutamate, which was reversed upon withdrawal of ethanol from the media. None of the ethanol exposures had any effect on the Km for this process. In addition, the ethanol-induced increase in Vmax for glutamate was reversed by the protein kinase C inhibitors, calphostin C and bisindolylmaleimide, and was not associated with an increase in the expression of either of the major glutamate transporter proteins, GLT-1 or GLAST.
Evaluation of automatically generated substructure identification rules from tandem mass spectra

Substructure identification rules for phenothiazine and barbiturate substructures were generated by using a new version of the Method for Analyzing Patterns in Spectra (MAPS) software. This software uses tandem mass spectra and known substructure content of reference compounds to provide “feature-combination“ rules. A feature-combination is a series of tandem mass spectral features which are completely unique to compounds containing a specified substructure. The current reference databases contain over 11,000 daughter spectra of 100 compounds acquired at two different collision gas pressures (i.e., single- and multiple-collision conditions). The results of rule evaluation procedures are presented and include a comparison of the spectral features developed in rule generation to those identified in documented fragmentation pathways of the indicated substructure. Two potential sources of error due to spectral feature and substructure “cross-correlation“ were identified. If errors occur, they can be detected by calculating cross-correlation coefficients and edited from the rules. A beneficial cross-correlation involving feature-combinations was also discovered. The rules obtained by using single- and multiple-collision data were further evaluated by applying them to tandem mass spectra of 20 test compounds (compounds not in the reference database). The results of these evaluations give a good indication of the utility of the rules for use in an automated structure elucidation system for tandem mass spectrometry data.
Prophylactic Versus Preemptive Oral Valganciclovir for the Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients

Prophylaxis reduces cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, but is associated with increased costs and risks for side effects, viral resistance and late onset CMV disease. Preemptive therapy avoids drug costs but requires frequent monitoring and may not prevent complications of asymptomatic CMV replication. Kidney transplant recipients at risk for CMV (D+/R-, D+/R+, D-/R+) were randomized to prophylaxis (valganciclovir 900 mg q.d. for 100 days, n=49) or preemptive therapy (900 mg b.i.d. for 21 days, n=49) for CMV DNAemia (CMV DNA level>2000 copies/mL in >or=1 whole blood specimens by quantitative PCR) assessed weekly for 16 weeks and at 5, 6, 9 and 12 months. More patients in the preemptive group, 29 (59%) than in the prophylaxis group, 14 (29%) developed CMV DNAemia, p=0.004. Late onset of CMV DNAemia (>100 days after transplant) occurred in 11 (24%) randomized to prophylaxis, and none randomized to preemptive therapy. Symptomatic infection occurred in five patients, four (3 D+/R- and 1 D+/R+) in the prophylactic group and one (D+/R-) in the preemptive group. Peak CMV levels were highest in the D+/R- patients. Both strategies were effective in preventing symptomatic CMV. Overall costs were similar and insensitive to wide fluctuations in costs of either monitoring or drug.
Prediction of Anticancer Drug Potency from Expression of Genes Involved in Growth Factor Signaling

This study develops and evaluates a systematic approach to finding biomarker genes for predicting potency of anticancer drugs against tumor cells, focusing on gene families related to growth factor signaling. Cytotoxic potencies of 119 drugs against 60 neoplastic cell lines (NCI-60) were correlated with expression of 343 genes, including 90 growth factors and receptors, 63 metalloproteinases, and 92 ras-like GTPases as downstream signaling factors. Progressively more stringent criteria and predictive models aim at identifying the smallest subset of genes predictive of cytotoxic potency. Comparing gene expression with drug potency across the NCI-60 yielded genes with negative and positive correlations (p < 0.001), indicative of a role in chemoresistance and chemosensitivity, respectively. Of 17 genes with multiple negative correlations, 8 are known chemoresistance factors, validating the approach. Negatively correlated genes clustered into two main groups with distinct expression profiles and drug correlations, represented by EGFR and ERBB2 (Her-2/Neu). Accordingly, no synergism was observed between EGFR and ERBB2 inhibitors. However, combinations with classical anticacer drugs were not correlated with EGFR and ERBB2 expression in four cell lines tested, suggesting complex interactions in combination treatments. Finally, a subset of only 13 genes was found to be sufficient for near optimal prediction of drug potency against the NCI-60. Our approach using a small subset of genes reveals known and potential biomarkers in cancer chemotherapy, providing a strategy for genome-wide analysis.
Observation of universal conductance-fluctuation crossovers in mesoscopic Li wires

We have measured the $1/f$ resistance noise of quench-condensed mesoscopic Li wires as a function of magnetic field over the range 0--9 T at low temperatures. The noise versus field reflects the crossover behavior of universal conductance fluctuations. Since Li has negligible spin-orbit scattering, the $1/f$ noise versus magnetic field shows two distinct reductions by factors of 2. The first results from the breaking of time-reversal invariance and the second from Zeeman splitting of the conduction-electron-spin degeneracy. In the experiment the thermal energy is larger than the Thouless energy; in this case the former energy governs the characteristic magnetic-field scale for the Zeeman crossover. In mesoscopic Li wires with finite spin-flip scattering due to magnetic impurities, the $1/f$ noise also shows a reduction by a factor of 2 in a weak magnetic field. At high magnetic field, however, the $1/f$ noise increases dramatically when the Zeeman splitting of the magnetic impurities is larger than the temperature. We analyze the data from both experiments quantitatively and find good agreement with theory.
Early and late passage C-6 glial cell growth: similarities with primary glial cells in culture.

Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown that C-6 glial cells in culture exhibit astrocytic properties with increasing cell passage. In this study, we tested the responsiveness of early and late passage C-6 glial cells to various cultures conditions: culture substrata (collagen, poly-L-lysine, plastic), or supplements for the culture medium, DMEM, [fetal calf, or heat inactivated (HI) serum, or media conditioned from mouse neuroblastoma cells (NBCM) or primary chick embryo cultured neurons (NCM)]. Glutamine synthetase (GS) and cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNP), astrocytic and oligodendrocytic glial markers, were used. Cell numer and protein content increased exponentially with days in culture regardless of the type of the substratum or cell passage. Differences in cell morphology among the three types of substratum were also reflected on GS activity, which rose by three-fold on culture day 3 for cells grown on collagen; thereafter, GS profiles were similar for all substrata. This early rise in GS is interpreted to reflect differential cell adhesion processes on the substrata; specifically, cell adhesion on the collagen stimulated differentiation into “astrocytic phenotype”.
The relationship between transfer entropy and directed information

One challenging problem in the study of complex networks is the quantification of relationships between time series recorded across the network. Two information-theoretic measures, i.e., transfer entropy and directed information, have been extensively studied to capture the causality relationship between subsystems of a network. However, the relationship between these two measures have not been fully investigated to date. In this paper, we derive a formula to show the relationship between these two measures, in particular show that, transfer entropy is equal to the upper bound of directed information rate, and verify it through simulations.
Growth characteristics of long-term cultures of mouse myeloma cells.

Abstract Continuous lines of mouse myeloma cells have been monitored during long-term culture with respect to cell chromosome number and growth as studied by generation time analysis. These data are discussed in relation to the differentiated state of the myeloma cell.
Imperviousness and Land-Use Policy: Toward an Effective Approach to Watershed Planning

Urban impacts to water quality and quantity have been a major focus of resource and ecosystem protection efforts since the early 1960s, focusing in the last decade on the impact of impervious thresholds. These are now commonly used as benchmarks of water quality planning and protection in local, watershed, and regional planning efforts. However, the relationship between urbanization and hydrologic impacts is much more complex than this cause-and-effect model would indicate, containing some weaknesses for effective growth management planning. This paper reviews the current literature to synthesize the development-related variables of hydrologic impairment, placing them in a context that is useful in growth management and development mitigation. Through this critical review of the literature, the paper focuses on an outstanding question in land planning: which best management practices, individually or in concert, are the most effective in dealing with the water quality impacts of urban growth and development? Research indicates two largely overlooked areas of potential improvement in water protection efforts: the location of impervious surfaces in the watershed, and the maintenance of adequate areas of forest stands and native vegetation.
Sedimentary Breccia in Bayport Limestone at Bellevue, Michigan: ABSTRACT

The Late Mississippian Bayport Limestone contains a breccia, 1-5 ft thick, between undisturbed, nearly horizontal beds of marine limestone. Fractures and spaces between limestone fragments are filled with crystalline pyrite and calcite. The breccia appears to be the result of breaking by shearing and dislocating movement, but apparently was formed without disturbing strata above or below. Hypotheses such as tectonic movement or hydrothermal or volcanic intrusion have been rejected because of field evidence. The main sedimentary hypotheses considered are: (1) Reef talus or backreef breccia produced by storm wave action. The stratigraphy, clast-type, and orientation rule against this hypothesis. (2) Weathering breccia where joints, opened by solution, later were buried deeply and underwent collapse. This hypothesis, proposed by Taylor, is rejected by Parker because of lack of evidence of an erosion surface and lack of a distinct preferred orientation in the vein pattern. (3) Gypsum-anhydrite hydration and dehydration, plus solution hypothesis. Long-term episodes of hydration, dehydration, and solution of thin lenses of evaporites have brecciated the limestone layer. Park r believes that the gypsum-anhydrite lenses originally were interbedded with the limestone as products of normal evaporite sedimentation during a low sea level in the Late Mississippian. Frosted quartz grains in the brecciated limestone, as well as in the underlying nonbrecciated limestone suggest the presence of nearby land, perhaps arid. Actual evidence of any evaporite lenses are lacking at Bellevue and constitute Taylor's main objection to this theory. A last stage of groundwater solution and precipitation of pyrite and calcite cemented the breccia. End_of_Article - Last_Page 357------------
Body composition of physically inactive and active 25-month-old female rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical activity on the body composition of ageing female rats. Female pathogen-free Long-Evans rats were housed either in individual 7 × 14 × 8 minch cages or in cages with attached running wheels to which they had free access. The runners ate significantly more than the sedentary rats. Food intake from month 10 through month 24 of age averaged 14.6 ± 0.7 g for the sedentary group, 18.3 ± 2.2 g for the active group. The body fat content of the sedentary rats was ≈ 50% higher, while their lean body mass and protein content were significantly lower than that of the runners at age 25 months. Total body weight was similar in the active and sedentary groups. Percent body fat and protein of the 25-month-old physically active rats were not significantly different from that of 9-month-old rats, while the sedentary 25-month-old rats had a significantly higher body fat content and a lower body protein content than the 9-month-old animals. These results suggest the possibility that the changes in body composition that occur during middle age in sedentary female rats are largely due to physical inactivity, and that the lean tissue wasting that occurs as the result of the aging process is a late event that occurs closer to the end of life.
The effects of aging on the Anand viscoplastic constitutive model for SAC305 solder

Lead free solder materials are widely used in electronic packaging industry due to environmental concerns. However, experimental testing and microstructural characterization have revealed that Pb-free solders exhibit evolving properties that change significantly with environmental exposures such as isothermal aging and thermal cycling. These changes are especially large in harsh environments, where the effects of aging on solder joint behavior must be accounted for and included in constitutive models when predicting reliability. In this work, we have adapted the Anand viscoplastic stress-strain relations for Pb-free solders to include material parameters that evolve with the thermal history of the solder material. In particular, aging effects have been examined by performing uniaxial tensile tests on SAC305 samples that were aged for various durations (0-12 months) at temperature of 100 C. For each set of aging conditions, several sets of constant strain rate and temperature tests were conducted on the aged solder samples. Testing conditions included strain rates of 0.001, 0.0001, and 0.00001 (1/sec), and temperatures of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 C. Using the measured uniaxial test data, the Anand parameters were calculated for each set of aging conditions, and the effects of aging on the nine Anand model parameters were determined. Mechanical tests have been performed using both water quenched (WQ) and reflowed (RF) SAC305 samples (two unique specimen microstructures). In the case of the water quenched samples, there is rapid microstructural transitioning during the brief time that occurs between placing molten solder into the glass tubes and immersing the tubes in water bath. On the other hand, the reflowed samples are first cooled by water quenching, and then sent through a reflow oven to re-melt the solder in the tubes and subject them to a desired temperature profile matching that used in PCB assembly. From the experimental results, the differences between the extracted Anand model parameters of water quenched and reflowed samples were high for samples with no prior aging. As expected, the water quenched samples had much higher mechanical properties (stiffness and strength) than reflowed samples prior to aging. For both the water quenched and reflowed specimens, significant degradation of the mechanical properties was observed with aging. The variations of the Anand model parameters with aging time have been characterized, and empirical relationships were established to model the observed changes. After long aging times, the water quenched and reflowed SAC305 materials were found to exhibit similar mechanical properties, and thus their Anand parameters converged and became nearly identical.
Multiple Copies of the 16S rRNA Gene in Nocardia nova Isolates and Implications for Sequence-Based Identification Procedures

Molecular investigation of two Nocardia patient isolates showed unusual restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns with restriction endonuclease assays (REA) using an amplified portion of the 16S rRNA gene. Patterns typical of Nocardia nova were obtained with REA of an amplified portion of the 65-kDa heat shock protein gene. Subsequent sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene regions of these isolates showed the presence of ambiguous bases within an expected restriction endonuclease recognition site which were not able to be resolved on repeat testing. Cloning of amplified regions of the 16S rRNA genes and subsequent sequencing of the resulting clones from the two patient isolates showed three different 16S rRNA gene sequences which corresponded to sequences found in N. nova, a molecular variant of N. nova, and a previously undescribed sequence. Hybridization studies using a DNA probe corresponding to an 89-bp conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of at least two copies of the 16S rRNA gene in the N. nova type strain, in a patient isolate identical to the molecular variant of N. nova, and in the two other patient isolates. All isolates were found to belong to the species N. nova as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization. Because minimal variation has been found in the 16S rRNA gene sequences of different species of Nocardia, those laboratories employing molecular methods for identification of these species must be aware of the potential identification complications that may be caused by the presence of differing 16S rRNA genes in the same isolate.
A graph‐theoretic generalization of the clique concept*

For at least twenty‐five years, the concept of the clique has had a prominent place in sociometric and other kinds of sociological research. Recently, with the advent of large, fast computers and with the growth of interest in graph‐theoretic social network studies, research on the definition and investigation of the graph theoretic properties of clique‐like structures has grown. In the present paper, several of these formulations are examined, and their mathematical properties analyzed. A family of new clique‐like structures is proposed which captures an aspect of cliques which is seldom treated in the existing literature. The new structures, when used to complement existing concepts, provide a new means of tapping several important properties of social networks.
Long-Term Sea Surface Temperature Variability along the U.S. East Coast

Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent buoy and shore-based measurements. Long-term coastal temperature trends are warming in the Gulf of Maine [1.0 86 0.38C (100 yr) 21 ] and Middle Atlantic Bight [0.7 86 0.38C (100 yr) 21 ], whereas trends are weakly cooling or not significant in the South Atlantic Bight [20.1 86 0.38C (100 yr) 21 ] and off Florida [20.3 86 0.28C (100 yr) 21 ]. Over the last century, temperatures along the northeastern U.S. coast have warmed at a rate 1.8‐ 2.5 times the regional atmospheric temperature trend but are comparable to warming rates for the Arctic and Labrador, the source of coastal ocean waters north of Cape Hatteras (368N). South of Cape Hatteras, coastal ocean temperature trends match the regional atmospheric temperature trend. The observations and a simple model show that along-shelf transport, associated with the mean coastal current system running from Labrador to Cape Hatteras, is the mechanism controlling long-term temperature changes for this region and not the local air‐sea exchange of heat.
Hormonal alterations in experimental diabetes: role of a primary disturbance in calcium homeostasis.

Chronic diabetes mellitus in the rat is attended by a reduced bone turnover and growth arrest, decreased circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and hypercorticosteronism. Since chronic insulin deficiency in the rat is associated with intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium and a positive calcium balance that may account for the decreased iPTH, as well as other hormonal alterations observed in these animals, we studied the effect of long-term (5 week) dietary calcium restriction (0.1% Ca, 0.8% P) in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chronic diabetic rats reared on a normal calcium (1.2% Ca) diet had increased serum calcium and phosphate (Pi) concentrations and were markedly hypercalciuric and phosphaturic compared with controls. Serum corticosterone was increased and iPTH markedly decreased in the diabetic animals. Dietary Ca restriction (0.1% Ca) decreased urinary calcium excretion and resulted in a comparable phosphaturic response in both control and diabetic rats. Moreover, although Ca restriction in diabetic animals had no appreciable effect on serum insulin, serum glucose, or urinary glucose excretion, it was associated with a marked increase in circulating iPTH; this resulted in serum concentrations comparable with that observed in control animals reared on the low Ca diet. These results support the hypothesis that the decreased circulating iPTH observed in chronic diabetic rats results predominantly from their intestinal hyperabsorption of Ca. In contrast to control animals, diabetic rats reared on a low Ca diet failed to maintain their serum Ca despite the marked increase in serum iPTH and striking decrease in calciuria, thus underscoring the reliance of these animals on intestinal hyperabsorption of Ca to maintain Ca balance under conditions of adequate Ca intake. Serum corticosterone was insignificantly altered by dietary Ca restriction in control rats; hypercorticosteronism, characteristically observed in diabetic rats, was normalized by Ca restriction. We conclude that a primary disturbance in Ca homeostasis may contribute, in part, to hormonal alterations observed in chronic experimental diabetes.