cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of morphology on grain-boundary and twin-boundary bainite growth kinetics at the bay in Fe–C–Mo

The growth kinetics morphology and crystallography of grain-boundary bainite (GBB) and twin-boundary bainite (TBB) formed in Fe–0.24 wt% C–4 wt% Mo were reassessed. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations of these coalesced allotriomorphic slabs showed that the bainite–austenite growth fronts were rough, even spiky in place, characteristic of Widmanstatten growth. Furthermore, a significant substructure of regions having different ferrite orientations (subunits) was revealed, the GBB subunit arrangement was quite complex, suggestive of competitive growth between subunit, whereas TBB had a simpler subunit arrangement that yielded less subunit competition. These crystallographic and interfacial structure effects are instrumental for explaining the more rapid thickening of GBB relative to TBB. The differing subunit arrangements in GBB versus TBB originate in the differing ferrite–austenite orientation relationships established during nucleation at austenite grain boundaries versu...
Asymptotic stress analysis of two phase materials

Abstract An asymptotic analysis of the stress distribution around an elastic particle embedded in a power hardening elastoplastic matrix is presented. It is shown that the stress distribution in the matrix asymptotes, for large loads, to that of the case of a rigid particle, with the same geometry, embedded in a pure power hardening incompressible matrix. The analysis is performed on a single inclusion, however, the results can be generalized to a multi-particle configuration as well.
Transonic flow on an axially symmetric torus

Abstract On a Riemannian manifold the existence (and uniqueness) of subsonic gas flows with prescribed circulation has been previously established ( Acta Math. 125 1970 , 57–73). If the manifold is a torus of revolution then the gas dynamics equation reduces to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation and the flow can be described explicitly. We show that, as the circulations are increased, one obtains a complete family of solutions: smooth subsonic, smooth transonic, transonic with shocks, and smooth supersonic flows.
Regulation of substance P is similar to that of vasoactive intestinal peptide after axotomy or explantation of the rat superior cervical ganglion

The regulation of the expression of substance P (SP) in the rat superior cervical ganglion was compared to that of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in vivo after axotomy and in vitro after explantation. Previous studies have demonstrated that both neuropeptides increase after explantation, depolarization, and decentralization; however, whereas VIP expression increases after postganglionic axotomy, SP expression reportedly does not. To compare the effect of axotomy on these two peptides directly, the content of both was determined in individual ganglia at various times after surgery. The level of VIP-like immunoreactivity (IR) is increased at 2 days, reaches a peak at 6 days, and then declines by 14 days to approximately half its peak value. The level of SP-IR also increases 2 days after axotomy, but returns to control values by day 6. The increase in SP-IR is accompanied by an increase in beta-preprotachykinin mRNA, suggesting that the elevation in SP content is due, at least in part, to enhanced peptide synthesis. Immunocytochemical localization of SP-IR revealed the presence of immunoreactive principal neurons in axotomized, but not in sham-operated ganglia. Similarities in the regulation of these two neuropeptides were also investigated in organ culture by examining the effects of dexamethasone and interleukin-1 beta on VIP content, since the former has been shown to prevent the increase in SP in culture, while the latter has been found to enhance this increase (Kessler, Adler, Bell, et al., 1983, Neuroscience 9:309-321; Freidin and Kessler, 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3200-3203; Hart, Shadiack, and Jonakait, 1991, J. Neurosci. Res. 29:282-291). As with SP expression, dexamethasone reduces the increase in VIP expression, while interleukin-1 beta increases it. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro, similar changes in VIP and SP expression are observed following a number of experimental manipulations, suggesting that expression of the two peptides is regulated by qualitatively similar mechanisms in sympathetic neurons.
Free bodily vibrations of the terrestrial planets

Abstract A comparison is made of the work in geophysics, astronomy, and atomic physics on free oscillations of spherical models. The mathematical formulation of the eigenvibrations of an elastic sphere is outlined and the geometry of the vibrations and the effects of rotation and ellipticity discussed. Conditions for the generation of planetary free oscillations and their measurement on seismometers, gravimeters, and magnetometers are presented along with a discussion of observations made already on the Earth. For the Earth, Moon, Venus, and Mars, models of velocity and density as functions of depth are defined which satisfy available data on mass, radius, and other physical parameters. The position is taken that Venus probably has a liquid core, while the Moon and Mars probably do not. The future will see seismometers on the Moon, and probably on Mars and Venus as well, which will yield information on structure, pressure, density, temperature, viscoelastic parameters, and composition. Lunar seismometers have already been constructed and attempts made to land them on the Moon; instruments capable of recording eigenvibrations on Mars or Venus present some problems. The likelihood of volcanic, tectonic, and meteoritic sources of seismic energy on the Moon, Mars, and Venus is discussed. Three experiments are considered. (1) Observations of free oscillations of a planet, 0S2 and 0T2 in particular, would provide crucial evidence on the existence of a large concentration of mass towards the center and of a liquid core. (2) Crustal structure could be determined by observations of high order oscillations (surface waves). (3) Even in the absence of recordable seismicity, the measurement of bodily tides would give information on internal mechanical properties.
Escherichia coli colonizing the neurogenic bladder are similar to widespread clones causing disease in patients with normal bladder function

Clonal typing of neurogenic clones. To determine whether neurogenic clones carried over weeks in the urine of asymptomatic children with neurogenic bladder were similar to known uropathogenic clones associated with disease. Michigan State University; VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Escherichia coli isolates from the urine of 15 children previously followed were typed by multilocus sequence typing and compared to 2 human pyelonephritis genome strains, 29 pediatric or adult symptomatic urinary tract infection strains, 15 pediatric asymptomatic bacteriuria strains, 6 animal urinary tract infection strains and a neonatal meningitis-septicemia prototype K1 strain. Phylotypes and virulence genotypes were determined using PCR. Twenty-nine E. coli isolates were classified into 15 clones. Six of 15 clones were the same sequence type or a close relative to a clone that caused disease in a human or animal. These clones were considered uropathogens. The remaining nine clones were not closely related to a clone that caused disease and were considered commensal clones. Uropathogens were predominantly group B2, exhibited more virulence genes and were carried for more weeks in the neurogenic bladder compared to commensal clones. Nine of 15 children carried one or more uropathogenic clones; 4 children carried one or more commensal clones and 2 children carried both uropathogenic and commensal clones. Children with neurogenic bladder most commonly carried commensal clones. Uropathogenic clones were associated with prolonged carriage, however, carriage was not associated with symptomatic disease or deterioration of the upper urinary tract.
Reflections on Meanings and Applications of Social Justice

SUMMARY This article conveys the author's personal thoughts, views, reflections, experiences, and observations about social justice. As a value and ideal, it is what social workers and activists work toward. As a goal and result, it is an unfinished product in most organizations, institutions, communities, and societies.
Dynorphin prolongs the action potential of mouse sensory ganglion neurons by decreasing a potassium conductance whereas another specific kappa opioid does so by increasing a calcium conductance.

Previous studies have reported that large (μM) concentrations of kappa opioids, e.g. dynorphin and 3,4 dichloro-N-methyl-N-(-2[1-pyrrolidinyl]-cyclohexyl)benzene-acetamide (U-50.488H), shorten the duration of the calcium component of the action potential of dorsal root ganglion neurons by decreasing a voltage-sensitive Cs2+ conductance. The present study showed that, in addition to these inhibitory modulatory effects, small (nM) concentrations of dynorphin, as well as U-50.488H, prolonged the action potential in about 75% of the neurons of dorsal root ganglia in ganglion spinal cord explants of mouse (tested in 5 mM Ba2+). Both the excitatory and inhibitory effects of these kappa opioids were prevented by perfusion together with the opioid antagonist, diprenorphine (10nM). However, when responsivity tests with opioids were carried out in the presence of multiple K+ channel Mockers [Ba2+, Cs+ and tetraethylammonium (TEA)], 1 nM dynorphin prolonged the action potential in only 7% of the neurons (n = 28), whereas 1 nM U-50,488H still elicited the prolongation of the action potential in 60% of the cells (n = 39). These data suggest that dynorphin prolongs the action potential of neurons of dorsal root ganglion by activating a kappa subtype of receptor that decreases a voltage-sensitive K+ conductance, whereas U-50,488H produces similar excitatory modulation of the action potential by activating another kappa subtype of receptor that increases a voltage-sensitive Ca2+ conductance. Thus, U-50,488H-induced prolongation of the action potential appears to be mediated by a kappa subtype of receptor that produces the opposite effect on Ca2+ channels to that which occurs during kappa opioid-induced shortening of the action potential. On the other hand, dynorphin-induced prolongation of the action potential is mediated by a kappa opioid-receptor that decreases a voltage-sensitive K+ conductance. After chronic exposure to d-ala2-d-leu5 enkephalin (DADLE), neurons of dorsal root ganglia became tolerant to dynorphin-induced excitatory, but not inhibitory, modulatory effects on the action potential. Electrophysiological studies of multiple modes of kappa opioid modulation of the action potential of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro may provide clues to the functional roles of high- and low-affinity kappa receptors, that have been reported in opioid binding assays of spinal cord and brain tissues, and may help to analyze the second messengers that couple subtypes of kappa receptors to K+ and Ca2+ channels.
Influence of ZnO sol–gel electron transport layer processing on BHJ active layer morphology and OPV performance

Abstract We report that thermal annealing of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunctons (BHJs) on top of a commonly used sol–gel ZnO electron transport layer can lead to the formation of PCBM clusters, which significantly decreased short circuit current density (up to 45%), open circuit voltage (up to 35%), and fill factor (up to 15%). To understand the cause of this phenomenon, we deposited ZnO films using different sol–gel recipes and systematically studied the correlation between sol–gel ZnO processing and the morphology of the P3HT:PCBM BHJ. We showed that higher amounts of monoethanolamine (MEA), a stabilizer in the ZnO sol–gel precursor, lead to higher densities of PCBM clusters in the BHJ. In addition, we correlated the cluster area fraction with bimolecular recombination at 100 mW/cm 2 , as quantified by white-light biased external quantum efficiency measurements. Finally, we show that rinsing off residual organics from the ZnO surface after pyrolysis eliminated PCBM cluster formation, avoiding poor organic photovoltaic device performance.
The management of civilian intra-articular gunshot wounds: Treatment considerations and proposal of a classification system

The incidence of intra-articular low-velocity gunshot wounds is increasing as the number of civilians injured by handguns grows. The severity of these injuries can vary and the general principles of managing them, particularly in regards to the role of irrigation, debridement and prophylactic antibiotics, are evolving. The authors suggest that injuries can be classified according to the ultimate location of the projectile, the level of contamination, and the type of fracture present. Injuries in which the projectile has no contact with the synovial fluid, with a low level of contamination, and a stable fracture pattern may be treated non-operatively, with antibiotics only. Wounds in which the bullet remains in contact with synovial fluid have a higher level of contamination or have a fracture requiring internal fixation and intravenous antibiotics in combination with more aggressive surgical treatment.
Residual lesions of infantile cerebral phlebothrombosis.

Three cases of residual lesions following cerebral phlebothrombosis in early infancy are described; lesions in a fourth case are tentatively attributed to phlebothrombosis. The pertinent literature ist reviewed. Cerebral phlebothrombosis is typically a disease of early infancy, occurring in the course of general dehydrating or infectious diseases, or with congenital cardiac anomalies; the association of the lesion with birth trauma is extremely uncommon. Residual lesions may be absent; they may vary greatly in form and extent, involving cerebellum as well as cerebral hemispheres bilaterally near the midline, without strict symmetry. Neomembranes are frequent; phlebectasia and telangiectasia may occur within the lesion or in the surrounding tissue.
State of the Art in Solar Cell Arrays for Space Electrical Power

Abstract Since the original use of solar cells for electrical power generation in space, the state of the art in solar-cell arrays has experienced some significant advances. The solar cell itself has been improved in many ways. These improvements have increased silicon solar-cell efficiencies from roughly 5% to 11% in space sunlight. Material improvements have been made in silicon which have enhanced the resistance of silicon solar cells to particle radiation. The methods used to connect cells into modules as a building block for constructing large arrays have been improved also. New methods in the soldering of cells into modules have decreased the degradation of the cells resulting from handling and soldering. In addition, the successful fabrication of cells into modules has made possible the matching of cells by modules rather than by single cells. The methods used to mount the modules to the supporting structure have been improved by using better techniques and bonding agents. With the above advances, sun-oriented arrays have been built which approach 10 w/ft2 and 10 w/lb when operated in near Earth space (with no particle radiation damage). With further research and development, the watts per square foot, watts per pound, radiation resistance, and cost of solar-cell arrays may he optimized further.
An identification of a transforming region of Epstein-Barr viral DNA cannot be confirmed.

Abstract We have analyzed Epstein-Barr viral DNA sequences in two cell lines HI-26-36 and HI-HFX. Stoerker et al. (J. Stoerker, J. E. Holliday, and R. Glaser 1983, Virology 129, 199–206) concluded that these cells were transformed by virus that arose as the result of marker rescue of a transformation-incompetent deletion mutant of EBV. We compared viral DNA sequences in prototype EBV strains with data presented in the Virology paper. Our findings are not consistent with the data of Stoerker et al. and indicate that the cell lines supplied to us did not arise by “marker rescue” but appear to contain the Jijoye viral genome.
Evaluation of oxygen therapy devices by arterial oxygen tensions.

Ten different oxygen administration devices were tested on volunteers in order to determine their relative efficiency in raising the arterial oxygen tension. The efficiency of any particular device was directly proportional to the oxygen flow into it. Those devices which utilized reservoir bags were the most effective. The nasal catheter and cannula techniques were also quite effective with the cannula appearing to be somewhat preferable because of its greater comfort, especially at high flow rates of oxygen. The importance of proper baffling in those mask type devices that did not utilize reservoir bags was demonstrated.
PHOSPHOLIPID--PROTEIN INTERACTION AS A DETERMINANT FOR THE SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY OF MITOCHONDRIAL NICOTINAMIDE--ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE (PHOSPHATE) TRANSHYDROGENASE.

Abstract Treatment of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase (NADPH 2 :NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.1.1.) prepared from rat-heart mitochondria with purified phospholipase A (phosphatide acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) or phospholipid solvents results in a change in the substrate specificity of the enzyme. It is postulated that phospholipid-protein interaction determines the substrate specificity of this transhydrogenase system.
Long-term follow-up of ventriculoureteral shunts for treatment of hydrocephalus

Surgical relief of hydrocephalus is achieved mainly with ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunting. In some patients, frequent reoperations are required because of infection, obstruction, or other complications, thus subjecting them to excessive operative morbidity and risk of neurological damage. One option that has been rarely addressed in recent years is drainage of cerebral spinal fluid into the urinary tract by way of a ventriculoureteral shunt. Patients who have endured multiple revisions of standard cerebral spinal fluid shunts may benefit from a relatively lower frequency of reoperation following ventriculoureteral shunting. There are several complications peculiar to this procedure, however, including ascending infection from the bladder, proximal shunt migration out of the ureter or distal migration into the bladder, failed urinary diversion, and electrolyte disturbances associated with volume depletion. Long-term follow-up of patients with ventriculoureteral shunts has not been reported. We describe the course of 4 patients successfully treated with ventriculoureteral shunts for an average of more than five years per patient. Although all eventually required reoperation, the frequency of reoperation with the ventriculoureteral shunts was markedly lower than with the standard shunts in these patients. Ventriculoureteral shunting should be considered for cerebral spinal fluid drainage in selected patients with multiple failures of standard shunts, provided the bladder is a low pressure reservoir with no urine infection.
A method for the determination of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in blood; 17-hydroxycorticosterone in the peripheral circulation.

ADRENAL steroid activity has been demonstrated in adrenal venous blood by means of biologic assay (1, 2). The biologic techniques, although successful in demonstrating the presence of adrenal steroids, have been unsatisfactory from a quantitative standpoint and have given little information regarding the specific compound being measured. Chemical methods for the determination of adrenal steroids in blood have been proposed by Corcoran and Page (3), and by Porter and Silber (4). The method of Corcoran and Page was found to give high values due to the formation of formaldehyde from phospholipids, traces of which could not be eliminated even by repeated precipitation with acetone. The color reaction of Porter and Silber depends on the formation of phenylhydrazones in acid solution. Under the conditions given, the 17,21-dihydroxy-20-ketosteroids showed a strong maximum absorption at 410 mμ when several steroid ketones were tested. The purification procedure used with plasma, however, was so nonspecific as to ...
Spectrum shaping for land mobile radio systems

Spectral efficiency for land mobile radio channels is primarily limited by adjacent channel interference. Conventional digital modulation schemes do not achieve current specifications for adjacent channel interference at high data rates. The adjacent channel interference can be mitigated by the intelligent choice of transmitter components such as the modulation scheme and the transmit filter. We present a trellis coded modulation (TCM) scheme that can provide high data rates and at the same time reduce adjacent channel interference. We present methods to choose an appropriate TCM scheme under constraints of Euclidean distance and peak-to-average power. We also present methods to optimize transmit filters to minimize adjacent channel interference under various constraints. Examples are provided to illustrate the gains that can be obtained.
Profile-guided floating- to fixed-point conversion for hybrid FPGA-processor applications

The key to enabling widespread use of FPGAs for algorithm acceleration is to allow programmers to create efficient designs without the time-consuming hardware design process. Programmers are used to developing scientific and mathematical algorithms in high-level languages (C/Cpp) using floating point data types. Although easy to implement, the dynamic range provided by floating point is not necessary in many applications; more efficient implementations can be realized using fixed point arithmetic. While this topic has been studied previously [Han et al. 2006; Olson et al. 1999; Gaffar et al. 2004; Aamodt and Chow 1999], the degree of full automation has always been lacking. We present a novel design flow for cases where FPGAs are used to offload computations from a microprocessor. Our LLVM-based algorithm inserts value profiling code into an unmodified C/Cpp application to guide its automatic conversion to fixed point. This allows for fast and accurate design space exploration on a host microprocessor before any accelerators are mapped to the FPGA. Through experimental results, we demonstrate that fixed-point conversion can yield resource savings of up to 2x--3x reductions. Embedded RAM usage is minimized, and 13p--22p higher Fmax than the original floating-point implementation is observed. In a case study, we show that 17p reduction in logic and 24p reduction in register usage can be realized by using our algorithm in conjunction with a High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tool.
Visualizing transcendental functions

Scientists and engineers often need to compute mathematical functions that depend in a complicated way on their parameters. Such functions-especially those whose analytical properties researchers have studied extensively-are called transcendental functions or special functions. There are three important reasons for visualizing such functions: to better understand their analytical properties, to clarify the science leading to their use, and to improve computing algorithms by seeing how the function depends on its parameters.
Distributed authentication for low-cost wireless networks

Cost is one of the key challenges facing the deployment of wireless networks. Though 802.11-based networks have shown that costly, licensed spectrum is not always necessary, the costs of other components especially backhaul and network equipment continue to impede the growth of mobile wireless networks. In this paper, we provide some insights into how such costs can be reduced by designing a novel, low-cost authentication infrastructure for wireless networks. Our authentication scheme relies on base stations to collectively store authentication information. Thus, it eliminates the need to maintain costly infrastructure required by the traditional centralized scheme. Moreover, our scheme is optimized for mobility-induced handover "re-authentication" and, hence, reduces the authentication overhead.
What's all the fighting about? Conflicts in project management

The issues that are most likely to create conflict during a project, and how the intensity of these conflicts varies over the life cycle of a project, were investigated. Conflict management styles utilized by project managers were also explored. The author describes how conflicts were affected by individual and organization factors such as gender, age, managerial responsibilities, project size, and organizational structure. Almost 300 project managers were surveyed from a cross sample of organizations for this study. Comparisons with previous studies are noted.
Differential Mismatch Recognition Specificities of Eukaryotic MutS Homologs, MutSα and MutSβ

In eukaryotes, the recognition of the DNA postreplication errors and initiation of the mismatch repair is carried out by two MutS homologs: MutSα and MutSβ. MutSα recognizes base mismatches and 1 to 2 unpaired nucleotides whereas MutSβ recognizes longer insertion-deletion loops (IDLs) with 1 to 15 unpaired nucleotides as well as certain mismatches. Results from molecular dynamics simulations of native MutSβ:IDL-containing DNA and MutSα:mismatch DNA complexes as well as complexes with swapped DNA substrates provide mechanistic insight into how the differential substrate specificities are achieved by MutSα and MutSβ, respectively. Our simulations results suggest more extensive interactions between MutSβ and IDL-DNA and between MutSα and mismatch-containing DNA that suggest corresponding differences in stability. Furthermore, our simulations suggest more expanded mechanistic details involving a different degree of bending when DNA is bound to either MutSα or MutSβ and a more likely opening of the clamp domains when noncognate substrates are bound. The simulation results also provide detailed information on key residues in MutSβ and MutSα that are likely involved in recognizing IDL-DNA and mismatch-containing DNA, respectively.
The Impact of Service-Learning on Health Education Students' Cultural Competence

Abstract Background: Development of cultural competence in future health educators is often mentioned as a goal of health education preparation programs; however research demonstrating evidence-based methods for development of cultural competence is limited. Purpose: To determine the impact of a service-learning project on development of cultural competence and health education skills among health education students. Methods: All students in the community health courses completed the Cultural Competence Assessment (CCA) survey at the beginning of the courses; then, 17 students participated in a three-week service-learning project with members of a low-income community. Students repeated the CCA at the end of the course and CCA scores were compared to measure the impact of the service-learning project; additionally, students completed weekly reflective narratives regarding their experiences. Results: Analysis of data indicated that students participating in the service-learning project scored significantly...
APOC3 mutation, serum triglyceride concentrations, and coronary heart disease.

Recent decades have witnessed an increasing awareness of the importance of lowering triglyceride concentrations in conjunction with lowering LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)1 to achieve optimal reduction of the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Historically, LDL-C was the only target of pharmacologic therapy in CHD prevention. Thus the first Adult Treatment Panel (ATP I) of the National Cholesterol Education Program published in 1988 used only LDL-C cutoffs as guidelines. Since then, there have been incremental changes with regard to the importance of lowering triglyceride concentrations in addition to LDL-C. In ATP II, triglyceride was still not recognized as an independent risk factor, but the upper limit considered healthy for triglycerides was lowered from 250 to 200 mg/dL. ATP II also discussed triglycerides as a risk factor and the treatment of patients with increased triglycerides with either nonpharmacologic or pharmacologic therapies. ATP III, published in 2001, further lowered the normal range of triglycerides to <150 mg/dL. Whereas ATP III maintains that lowering of LDL-C should be the primary target of therapy, it also recommended that non-HDL cholesterol (LDL + VLDL) be used as the secondary target of therapy. In part, the increased recognition of the importance of lowering triglycerides has been a result of increased recognition of the metabolic syndrome (MS). Although the diagnosis of MS is based on meeting at least 3 of the 5 criteria (increased triglycerides, low HDL-C, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and increased fasting glucose concentrations), by far the majority of individuals with MS have increased triglycerides. ATP III also contained explicit guidelines on the management of MS, by treating the underlying cause through diet and exercise, through specific pharmacological therapies which lower triglycerides and hypertension, or both. The fact that increased serum triglyceride concentrations are positively associated with risk for CHD has long been recognized. …
Review of Kathryn Sikkink's The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics

Kathryn Sikkink's The Justice Cascade is a rich, lively, colorful, and illuminating history of human rights prosecutions since the 1980s. Building on her pioneering work on human rights trials most...
Combining systemic and non-systemic risk scores

AbstractThis paper proposes a proportional odds model to combine systemic and non-systemic risk for prediction of default and prepay performance in cohorts of booked loan accounts. We assume that p...
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold.

Objective Reading this article will reinforce the reader's knowledge of the pathogenesis of the common cold. The rationale for current and potential therapies for the common cold are reviewed in the context of current concepts of the pathogenesis of these illnesses. Data sources and study selection A MEDLINE literature search was done using the search terms common cold, rhinovirus, and viral respiratory infection. The search was restricted to the English language. Articles were selected for review if the title and/or abstract suggested the content was relevant to the subject of this review. The bibliographies of selected articles were used as a source of additional literature. Results Recent studies suggest that the host response to the virus is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of the common cold. Inflammatory mediators, especially the pro-inflammatory cytokines, appear to be an important component of this response and present an attractive target for new interventions for common cold therapies. Currently available treatments for the common cold have limited efficacy against specific symptoms. These therapies should be selected to treat the specific symptoms that are perceived to be the most bothersome by the patient.
Dark Silicon and Dangerous Predictions

.......This issue features several articles exploring dark or dim silicon: ‘‘dark silicon’’ referring to the observation that power limitations may prevent all silicon on a chip from being used simultaneously, and hence require that some fraction of future chip area be unpowered or underpowered at all times; and ‘‘dim silicon’’ referring to the need to always keep some or all of the chip below peak power levels. We already see abundant precursors of dark silicon in existing systems, including smartphones and tablets that mostly sleep, sleeping processors in appliances and parked cars, and traditional computing systems from desktops to clouds when not at peak load. The articles in this issue explore many key issues in future dark silicon systems, from a discussion of dark silicon trade-offs to near and subthreshold computing to computational sprinting and more. I thank Guest Editors Michael B. Taylor and Steve Swanson, who have done a fine job recruiting and editing this set of articles. I also note that the article authored by Taylor was handled under a completely separate review process, with editors and reviewers anonymous to him. As evidence of how quickly the field is changing, it’s interesting to note that the concept of dark silicon is so recent, it does not appear in the 2012 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (http://www.itrs.net). Time will tell if the omission is astute prognostication or late acknowledgment of a key trend. Table 1 depicts some key data from the 2003 ITRS. That roadmap did not mention flash and was clearly optimistic on processor frequency, although I would be happy to hear from anyone using a processor clocked faster than 15 GHz. On the other hand, the current DRAM cost per bit is approximately 0.08 microcents, approximately in line with the roadmap. DRAM half-pitch is currently around 23 nm on the way to about 15.9 nm in 2018 ahead of 2003 predictions. Careful readers may also note that none of the articles in this issue cite patents, a situation that is common for IEEE Micro articles, and indeed I think for most publications in microarchitecture. Perhaps this is because patents are not peer-reviewed in the traditional sense, except by a patent examiner. The language of patents also appears more targeted to lawyers than to researchers and practitioners. Nevertheless, patents of course play a large role in our field, and the law and rules surrounding them are ever changing, as outlined by Richard Stern in his Micro Law department column in our July/August 2013 issue (‘‘Microsoft Tells Court That Without FRAND, Standard-Setting Would Be ‘Blatant Antitrust Violation’ ’’). The main topic From the Editor in Chief
Relationship between aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity and auditory toxicity

We have reviewed our data from 391 patients entered into three prospective, double-blind studies of aminoglycosides and evaluated 127 cases to determine whether aminoglycoside-induced auditory toxicity and nephrotoxicity are independent events. The cases selected for evaluation included all patients treated for greater than 3 days (mean, 7.7 days) who had serial creatinine determinations and were able to cooperate with serial bedside audiograms (250 to 8,000 Hz). Patients received either gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. Drug dosage was altered to keep serum levels 1 h after administration between 5 and 10 mug/ml (gentamicin or tobramycin) or 20 and 40 mug/ml (amikacin). The investigators evaluating auditory toxicity and nephrotoxicity were blind to the aminoglycoside being administered. The incidence of auditory toxicity in the nephrotoxic group (18.2%) was not significantly different from that in the nonnephrotoxic group (15.2%) (P = 0.75; Fisher exact test). There was no statistical difference between the nephrotoxic and auditory toxic groups in patient age, total dose of aminoglycoside, initial creatinine level, duration of therapy, or concurrent use of furosemide or cephalothin. We conclude that aminoglycoside-induced auditory toxicity and nephrotoxicity are independent events when the drug is administered for approximately 7 days and when aminoglycoside levels are maintained within a predefined range.
Workshop: Project-enhanced learning in engineering science education

Early drop out and poor retention rates are a major challenge to engineering education, which in many institutions have prompted a focus on improved first-year experiences. Retention and contributing learning challenges persists into the middle years, particularly when students confront the first engineering science courses in their major field. Students often perceive these courses as too abstract, intended to weed them out, and not meaningfully connected to their professional aspirations. A proven approach to improve student learning, self-efficacy, motivation, and retention is the use of active learning, including problems and projects [1–4]. Despite evidence of the benefits of active learning, engineering schools and faculty members have inadequate incentives to experiment with non-traditional approaches [5].
Staining of mitochondrial membranes with 10-nonyl acridine orange, MitoFluor Green, and MitoTracker Green is affected by mitochondrial membrane potential altering drugs.

Background We set out to develop an assay for the simultaneous analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential and mass using the probes 10-nonyl acridine orange (NAO), MitoFluor Green (MFG), and MitoTracker Green (MTG) in HL60 cells. However, in experiments in which NAO and MFG were combined with orange emitting mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) probes, we found clear responses to DeltaPsi(m) altering drugs for both probes. Methods The three probes were titrated to determine whether saturation played a role in the response to drugs. The effects of a variety of DeltaPsi(m) altering drugs were tested for MFG and MTG at probe concentrations of 20 nM and 200 nM and for NAO at 0.1 microM and 5 microM, using rhodamine 123 at 0.1 microM as a reference probe. Results Incubation of GM130, HL60, and U937 cells with 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), nigericin, carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), gramicidin, ouabain, and valinomycin resulted in increases of the fluorescence intensity for MFG or MTG with only a few exceptions. The fluorescence intensity of cells stained with 0.1 microM NAO increased following incubation with BDM, nigericin, and decreased for FCCP, CCCP, DNP, gramicidin, and valinomycin. The results with 5 microM NAO were similar. Conclusions MFG, MTG, and NAO appeared poor choices for the membrane potential independent analysis of mitochondrial membrane mass. Considering the molecular structure of these probes that favor accumulation in the mitochondrial membrane because of a positive charge, our results are not surprising. Cytometry 39:203-210, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hyperspectral Imaging of Structure and Composition in Atomically Thin Heterostructures

Precise vertical stacking and lateral stitching of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), can be used to create ultrathin heterostructures with complex functionalities, but this diversity of behaviors also makes these new materials difficult to characterize. We report a DUV–vis-NIR hyperspectral microscope that provides imaging and spectroscopy at energies of up to 6.2 eV, allowing comprehensive, all-optical mapping of chemical composition in graphene/h-BN lateral heterojunctions and interlayer rotations in twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG). With the addition of transmission electron microscopy, we obtain quantitative structure–property relationships, confirming the formation of interfaces in graphene/h-BN lateral heterojunctions that are abrupt on a micrometer scale, and a one-to-one relationship between twist angle and interlayer optical resonances in tBLG. Furthermore, we perform similar hyperspectral imaging of samples that are supported on a nontransparent ...
First results from ideal 2-D MHD reconstruction: magnetopause reconnection event seen by Cluster

We have applied a new reconstruction method (Sonnerup and Teh, 2008), based on the ideal single-fluid MHD equations in a steady-state, two-dimensional geometry, to a reconnection event observed by the Cluster-3 (C3) spacecraft on 5 July 2001, 06:23 UT, at the dawn-side Northern-Hemisphere magnetopause. The event has been previously studied by use of Grad-Shafranov (GS) reconstruction, performed in the deHoffmann-Teller frame, and using the assumption that the flow effects were either negligible or the flow was aligned with the magnetic field. Our new method allows the reconstruction to be performed in the frame of reference moving with the reconnection site (the X-line). In the event studied, this motion is tailward/equatorward at 140 km/s. The principal result of the study is that the new method functions well, generating a magnetic field map that is qualitatively similar to those obtained in the earlier GS-based reconstructions but now includes the reconnection site itself. In comparison with the earlier map by Hasegawa et al. (2004), our new map has a slightly improved ability (cc=0.979 versus cc=0.975) to predict the fields measured by the other three Cluster spacecraft, at distances from C3 ranging from 2132 km (C1) to 2646 km (C4). The new field map indicates the presence of a magnetic X-point, located some 5300 km tailward/equatorward of C3 at the time of its traversal of the magnetopause. In the immediate vicinity of the X-point, the ideal-MHD assumption breaks down, i.e. resistive and/or other effects should be included. We have circumvented this problem by an ad-hoc procedure in which we allow the axial part of convection electric field to be non-constant near the reconnection site. The new reconstruction method also provides a map of the velocity field, in which the inflow into the wedge of reconnected field lines and the plasma jet within it can be seen, and maps of the electric potential and of the electric current distribution. Even though the velocity map is expected to be inaccurate near the X-point, it provides high-quality predictions (cc=0.969) of the velocity components at points along the path of C1, some of which are close to the X-point; the predictions of density and pressure are less good. Except near the reconnection site, the new reconstruction provides a complete characterization, in unprecedented detail, of the entire dynamic plasma and field equilibrium, reconstructed from the C3 data. It represents our best prediction to date of what the actual configuration was like. But, since substantial time variations were present in the event, the recovered structure by necessity includes considerable time aliasing. The invariant direction used in the reconstruction, is found to agree, within 6°, with a recent theoretical prediction of the X-line orientation by Swisdak and Drake (2007).
Dynamically heterogeneous cores through 3D resource pooling

This paper describes an architecture for a dynamically heterogeneous processor architecture leveraging 3D stacking technology. Unlike prior work in the 2D plane, the extra dimension makes it possible to share resources at a fine granularity between vertically stacked cores. As a result, each core can grow or shrink resources, as needed by the code running on the core. This architecture, therefore, enables runtime customization of cores at a fine granularity and enables efficient execution at both high and low levels of thread parallelism. This architecture achieves performance gains from 9–41%, depending on the number of executing threads, and gains significant advantage in energy efficiency of up to 43%.
Using C programming as a vehicle to overcome barriers

Although the C language is fairly new, its increasing dominance in systems and applications software and the ensuing industry expectations have resulted in curricular changes in engineering programming throughout the country. Obstacles to its use, particularly in the lower division are not insignificant. Difficulties include: the perception that the language is excessively difficult, lack of code readability, texts written with upper division computer science topics in mind, and difficulty in finding applications that are appropriate. Overcoming these obstacles serves the immediate needs in the classroom and answers industry demands. Methods of overcoming these difficulties can lead to benefits beyond the immediate needs of a programming course. A course that combines expectations that go beyond programming with the more standard ones is described. By approaching the course with a planned mixture of learning styles including instructor-led laboratory experiences and lectures into which student involvement is extensively structured, the needs of different students, including underrepresented minorities, can be met. By using UNIX-based workstations as a programming platform, the programming class can be used as an important basis of experience for upper division courses in individual disciplines that are using the computing power of the workstations for complex CAD/CAE applications, such as microelectronic systems design.
Lexicalized Phonotactic Word Segmentation

This paper presents a new unsupervised algorithm (WordEnds) for inferring word boundaries from transcribed adult conversations. Phone ngrams before and after observed pauses are used to bootstrap a simple discriminative model of boundary marking. This fast algorithm delivers high performance even on morphologically complex words in English and Arabic, and promising results on accurate phonetic transcriptions with extensive pronunciation variation. Expanding training data beyond the traditional miniature datasets pushes performance numbers well above those previously reported. This suggests that WordEnds is a viable model of child language acquisition and might be useful in speech understanding.
Progressive open source

The success of several Open Source™ software systems, e.g., Apache, Bind, Emacs, and Linux, has recently sparked interest in studying and emulating the software engineering principles underlying this innovative development and use model. Certain aspects of the Open Source development method, e.g., community building, open discussions for requirements and features, and evolvable and modular designs are having fundamental and far reaching consequences on general software engineering practices.To leverage such Open Source methods and tools, we have defined an innovative software engineering paradigm for large corporations: Progressive Open Source (POS). POS leverages the power of Open Source methods and tools for large corporations in a progressive manner: starting from completely within the corporation, to include partner businesses, and eventually complete Open Source. In this paper we present the design goals and principles for POS. We illustrate POS with two programs in HP: Corporate Source and the Collaborative Development Program (CDP). We present early results from both these programs suggesting the power and necessity of POS for all modern large corporations.
Complete amino acid sequence of a Lolium perenne (perennial rye grass) pollen allergen, Lol p II.

The complete amino acid sequence of a Lolium perenne (rye grass) pollen allergen, Lol p II was determined by automated Edman degradation of the protein and selected fragments. Cleavage of the protein by enzymatic and chemical techniques established an unambiguous sequence for the protein. Lol p II contains 97 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular weight of 10,882. The protein lacks cysteine and glutamine and shows no evidence of glycosylation. Theoretical predictions by Fraga's (Fraga, S. (1982) Can. J. Chem. 60, 2606–2610) and Hopp and Woods' (Hopp, T. P., and Woods, K. R. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 78, 3824–3828) methods indicate the presence of four hydrophilic regions, which may contribute to sequential or parts of conformational B-cell epitopes. Analysis of amphipathic regions by Berzofsky's method indicates the presence of a highly amphipathic region, which may contain, or contribute to, an Ia/Tcell epitope. This latter segment of Lol p II was found to be highly homologous with an antibody-binding segment of the major rye allergen Lol p I and may explain why immune responsiveness to both the allergens is associated with HLA-DR3.
Educating Industrial–Organizational Psychologists for Science, Practice, and Social Responsibility

Byrne et al. (2014) have explored ways in which the education and training of industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists might be improved, and I believe their suggestions are responsive and germane to the problems and issues they raise. However, in the spirit of their objective ‘‘to spark conversation among SIOP members’’ (p. 3), I would like to point out that they fail to consider a vital component of such education—perhaps because of the perspective taken in framing the issues. It is clear throughout their essay that the motivation driving their deliberations is the guild issue of our employability and success in the marketplace (both academic