cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION FROM AMBIENT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS ON A BRIDGE

Abstract The cross-correlation function between two response measurements made on an ambiently excited structure is shown to have the same form as the system's impulse response function. Therefore, standard time domain curve-fitting procedures, which are typically applied to impulse response functions, can now be applied to the cross-correlation functions to estimate the resonant frequencies and modal damping of the structure. This derivation is based on the assumption that the ambient vibration source is a white noise random process. Curve-fitting cross-correlation functions to obtain modal properties offers advantages over standard procedures that identify resonant frequencies from peaks in the power spectrum and damping from the width of the power spectrum. The primary advantage is the ability to identify closely spaced modes and their associated damping. The resonant frequencies of a highway bridge that were identified by curve-fitting the cross-correlation functions, using traffic excitation as the ambient vibration source, are compared to modal properties identified by standard forced vibration testing methods. Results of this comparison showed a maximum discrepancy of 3·63 percent. Similar comparisons for the average modal damping values identified by the two methods showed a 9·82 percent difference. This experimental verification implies that the proposed method of analyzing ambient vibration data can be used to accurately assess the dynamic properties of structures in a non-intrusive manner.
Efficacy of vinblastine for treatment of canine mast cell tumors.

Background: The optimal dosage and clinical efficacy of vinblastine (VBL) for treatment of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs has not been established. Hypothesis: Single-agent VBL has antitumor activity against MCTs in dogs. Animals: Fifty-one dogs with nonresectable grade II or III cutaneous MCTs. Methods: Prospective, open clinical trial. Dogs were systematically allocated (by hospital record number) to receive IV treatment with VBL at a dosage of 2.0 mg/m2 (weekly for 4 treatments then biweekly for 4 treatments; VBL 2.0) or treatment with VBL at a dosage of 3.5 mg/m2 (biweekly for 5 treatments; VBL 3.5). The primary outcome measure was reduction in tumor size. Results: Twenty-five dogs were allocated to the VBL 2.0 group and 26 were allocated to the VBL 3.5 group. In the VBL 2.0 group, 3 (12%) had a partial response (PR) for a median of 77 days (range, 48–229 days). Overall response rate in the VBL 3.5 group was 27%. One dog (4%) had a complete response for 63 days and 6 dogs (23%) had a PR for a median of 28 days (range, 28–78 days). Toxicoses were uncommon in the VBL 2.0 group. Twelve (46%) dogs in the VBL 3.5 group had <500 neutrophils/μL 7 days after treatment; 2 dogs with neutropenia developed concurrent fevers. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: VBL, when used as a single-agent, has activity against MCTs in dogs although the response rate is lower than those reported for VBL-containing combination protocols. Further, findings suggest VBL at a dosage of 3.5 mg/m2 should be considered for use in future phase II/III trials.
Overhead rate issue continues to churn

Recent actions and statements by Congress and the White House make it clear that the controversy over university indirect cost rates, first raised by Rep. John D. Dingell (D-Mich.) almost one year ago, will not be resolved in the near future. On January 29, the same day that the president's 1993 budget was released, Rep. Dingell convened a third hearing of his Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Dingell opened the proceedings by stating that a “fair amount has been accomplished,” but continued that the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA) has started audits at almost all of 38 major research universities. Dingell spoke of “stunning findings” from these audits and said that DCAA is now initiating audits at non-profit research institutions, such as the National Academy of Sciences. “These audits have also discovered serious overcharging,” he said.
Investigating the Consequences of Focus on the Production and Comprehension of Referring Expressions

This paper investigates issues related to referent tracking in discourse, in particular whether and how contrastive focus interacts with other factors – in particular pronominalization and subjecthood – to influence comprehenders' and speakers' expectations about what entities will be referred to/mentioned in upcoming discourse. On the basis of data from two psycholinguistic experiments, I argue that to better understand the discourse-structuring effects of contrastive focus, we need to consider not only pronoun interpretation but also production-based questions having to do with choice of upcoming referent and choice of referential form. I suggest that looking at the discourse-level consequences of contrastive focus from the perspective of the comprehender as well as the perspective of the speaker (i) allows us to gain new insights about the effects of focus and the discourse-status of focus-induced alternatives, and (ii) highlights (potentially unexpected) asymmetries between likelihood of upcoming mention and likelihood of pronominalization.
The Codex of Pharmaceutical Exciptents: An International Collaborative Effort

(1977). The Codex of Pharmaceutical Exciptents: An International Collaborative Effort. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 87-93.
Localization of anti-personnel land mines using computationally modeled data for bistatic ground-coupled ground penetrating radar

Anti-personnel land mines are typically buried below a rough surface where the effectiveness of conventional air-coupled GPR is compromised. This work proposes that antennas be integrated onto the feet of a non-articulated walking robotic platform, in order to achieve ground-contact and thereby improve signal penetration, reduce rough ground clutter, and simplify data analysis. Using three antennas in both the transmitting and receiving modes, three unique bistatic GPR traces can be obtained, from which a target can be detected and localized geometrically using the known antenna locations and the full-path travel times. Using a 3-dimensional finite-difference time domain (FDTD) model, GPR signals are simulated for sixteen statistically different rough surfaces, and both metallic and non-metallic target casings. The soil modeled is both lossy and dispersive. Ultimately, this work demonstrates a detection and localization rate of 100%, independent of surface parameters and target casing, when a target is centered below the robotic platform.
Correlation between conventional control figures of merit and the Q matrix of the quadratic cost function : Third-order plant†

In conventional control theory the techniques for achieving some or all of the desired figures of merit have been highly developed (D'Azzo and Houpis 1966). Modern control theory optimizes a system performance based upon a desired performance index, PI. The work of Rynaski and Whitbeek (1966) is extended to form the basis for the correlation between the conventional control figures of merit (Mp, tp, ts and wd, and steady-state error) and the diagonal elements of the Q matrix of the quadratic PI (the off-diagonal terms being zero). This correlation is established for a third-order single-input, single-output system, enabling a system designer to optimize a system and at the same time satisfying some or all of the conventional figures of merit.
Parachlorophenylalanine does not affect pontine-geniculate-occipital waves in rats despite significant effects on other sleep-waking parameters

The effects of 376 mg/kg parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) methyl ester on spontaneous and elicited pontine-geniculate-occipital (PGO) waves, locomotor activity, and sleep-staging were studied in albino rats. It was found that PCPA had no effect on the frequency per minute of spontaneously occurring PGO waves or on the relationship between elicited PGO waves and the sleep-waking cycle, which has been reported in normal rats. In contrast, significant decreases in sleep, increases in spontaneous locomotor activity, and alterations in other spontaneously emitted behaviors were observed. It was concluded that PCPA does not affect PGO waves in rats in contrast to the dramatic effects of this drug on PGO waves in cats.
Inflation and invisible axions.

An era of inflation in the hot big bang can lead to a dilution of axions. Such a dilution removes the upper bound on ${f}_{A}$, the symmetry-breaking scale at which axions are produced. The dilution may occur during or just after inflation, but in either case there is a restriction on the reheat temperature of the Universe after inflation. Hence, such a scenario for an invisible axion requires baryogenesis to occur at a low temperature.
Reloading yield points in β-TiMn alloys

Abstract Reloading yield points, frequently referred to as unloading yield points, have been observed in β-TiMn alloys. These yield points can be distinguished from yield points produced by aging, and the magnitude of the yield drop depends on temperature, strain rate, and prior strain. A two-fold variation in oxygen content and a 50% increase in Mn content produces little or no change in the yield point behavior. The reloading yield point is ascribed to vacancies swept up by dislocations during unloading, and the aging yield point to vacancies diffusing to the dislocations. Evidence is adduced which indicates that dislocation pinning is not directional and leads to irreversibility of slip during fatigue cycling.
Mechanism for turbulent drag reduction in dilute polymer solutions.

Corino and Brodkey1 have made visual observations of the flow field in the vicinity of the wall, for turbulent pipe flow of a Newtonian liquid. These studies indicate the importance of periodic ejections or bursts of fluid, which originate in the region near the wall (5≤Y+≤15), on the process of turbulent energy dissipation, in agreement with the related studies of Kline and co-workers2.
Temporal and regional regulation of α1, β2 and β3, but not α2, α4, α5, α6, β1 or γ2 GABAA receptor subunit messenger RNAs following one-week oral flurazepam administration

The effect of prolonged benzodiazepine administration on GABA A receptor subunit (a1-6, b1-3,g2) messenger RNAs was investigated in the rat hippocampus and cortex, among other brain areas. Rats were orally administered flurazepam for one week, a protocol which results in benzodiazepine anticonvulsant tolerance in vivo, and in the hippocampus in vitro, in the absence of behavioral signs of withdrawal. Autoradiographs of brain sections, hybridized with ( 35 S)oligoprobes in situ, were examined immediately (day 0) or two days after drug treatment, when rats were tolerant, or seven days after treatment, when tolerance had reversed, and were compared to sections from pair-handled, vehicle-treated controls. a1 subunit messenger RNA level was significantly decreased in CA1 pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells at day 0, an effect which persisted only in CA1 neurons. Decreased " a1-specific" silver grain density over a subclass of interneurons at the pyramidal cell border suggested concomitant regulation of interneuron GABAA receptors. A reduction in b3 subunit messenger RNA levels was more widespread among hippocampal cell groups (CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus), immediately and two days after treatment, and was also detected in the frontal and parieto-occipital cortices. Changes in b2 subunit messenger RNA levels in CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus cells two days after ending flurazepam treatment suggested a concomitant up-regulation of b2 messenger RNA. There was a trend toward an increased level of a5, b3 and g2 subunit messenger RNAs in CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus cells, which was significant for the b3 and g2 subunit messenger RNAs in the frontal cortex seven days after ending flurazepam treatment. There were no flurazepam treatment-induced changes in any other GABA A receptor subunit messenger RNAs. The messenger RNA levels of three (a1, b2 and b3) of nine GABAA receptor subunits were discretely regulated as a function of time after ending one-week flurazepam treatment related to the presence of anticonvulsant tolerance, but not dependence. The findings suggested that a localized switch in the subunit composition of GABAA receptor subtypes involving these specific subunits may represent a minimal requirement for the changes in GABAA receptor-mediated function recorded previously at hippocampal CA1 GABAergic synapses, associated with benzodiazepine anticonvulsant tolerance. q 1999 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Effects of organic substrates and chloramphenicol or nalidixic acid on acetylene reduction associated with roots of intact maize and sorghum plants

To study the role or organic substrate availability as a factor limiting associative N2-fixation we measured acetylene reduction (AR) associated with roots of intact maize and sorghum plants before and after adding organic substrates to the nutrient solution in a hydroponic system. Chloramphenicol (Cam) or nalidixic acid (NA) was added along with the substrate to determine whether bacterial protein synthesis or cell replication was necessary to support increased AR following amendment. The grasses were grown in pots in a greenhouse or on a light bench for 4–6 weeks, and then brought into the laboratory to measure AR. Intact plants were separated from soil and transferred into plastic cylinders containing an N-free nutrient solution. The roots were isolated from the shoots by a silicone rubber seal and exposed to oxygen concentrations of 0–10 kPa. Rates of AR were measured before and after adding 0.01–0.10% (w/v) carbon as glucose, malate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, glutarate, propionate, or resorcinol. Only resorcinol and ethanol failed to substantially increase AR activity. Rates of AR increased by 1.5-to 2-fold within 2h and by 5-to 15-fold after 24h. Cam and NA prevented the stimulation of AR by glucose, but neither inhibitor caused AR associated with unamended plants to decrease. We conclude that the highly variable rates of AR that have been reported for associative symbioses, even under well-controlled conditions were governed to a large extent by the amount and type of organic substrates exuded by the roots. Proliferation of diazotrophs appeared to be necessary to increase root-associated AR activity but not to maintain a constant level of activity.
Cephaloceles: Treatment, Outcome, and Antenatal Diagnosis

A series of 74 cephaloceles (17 cranial meningoceles and 57 meningoencephaloceles) is reported. Infants born with large meningoencephaloceles containing recognizable cerebral tissue usually did badly despite endeavors to conserve brain function by expanding the cranial capacity (5 cases) or decompressing hydrocephalic ventricles (9 cases). Infants with cranial meningoceles almost all did well, even when there was associated hydrocephalus. The etiological diversity of cephaloceles is emphasized. Frontoethmoidal meningoencephaloceles, which occur with noteworthy frequency in South and Southeast Asia, require separate consideration in both genetic counseling and treatment; the associated facial deformities (hypertelorism and orbital dystopia) can be corrected with a one-stage craniofacial reconstruction. Antenatal diagnosis by ultrasound is now often possible and was achieved in 4 cases; we suggest that neurosurgeons should participate in such antenatal evaluations.
Determination of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Combination with Other Drugs

Phenylephrine is retained on an acetic acid—NaCl—diatomaceous earth column, while other amino compounds and drug excipients are eluted with chloroform acidified with acetic acid. Phenylephrine is eluted with ethyl ether and is determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
Calcium sensitive binding of troponin to actin-tropomyosin: a two-site model for troponin action.

Abstract Troponin reconstituted from the inhibitory component (troponin-I) and calcium binding protein (troponin-C) binds readily to actin-tropomyosin in 0.1 m m -EGTA but only poorly in 0.01 m m -CaCl 2 or 0.1 m m -Ca-EGTA. Troponin prepared by extraction of myofibrils with mersalyl, an organic mercurial, contains only these two components and also shows this calcium-sensitive binding and is deficient in its ability to bind to tropomyosin. Troponin-I + C is unable to confer calcium sensitivity on the Mg 2+ activated actomyosin ATPase in concentrations at which native troponin is fully effective and the ATPase activity remains high in the absence of calcium. Addition of the tropomyosin binding component (troponin-T) to the other two components restores their ability to remain associated with actin-tropomyosin in the presence of calcium as does native troponin; calcium sensitivity is also regained. The results of these experiments have been interpreted in terms of a two-site mechanism of troponin action.
Molecular recognition in the bovine immunodeficiency virus Tat peptide-TAR RNA complex

Abstract Background: In lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), the Tat (trans-activating) protein enhances transcription of the viral RNA by complexing to the 5′-end of the transcribed mRNA, at a region known as TAR (the trans-activation response element). Identification of the determinants that account for specific molecular recognition requires a high resolution structure of the Tat peptide-TAR RNA complex. Results: We report here on the structural characterization of a complex of the recognition domains of BIV Tat and TAR in aqueous solution using a combination of NMR and molecular dynamics. The 17-mer Tat peptide recognition domain folds into a (3-hairpin and penetrates in an edge-on orientation deep into a widened major groove of the 28-mer TAR RNA recognition domain in the complex. The RNA fold is defined, in part, by two uracil bulged bases; U12 has a looped-out conformation that widens the major groove and U10 forms a U·AU base triple that buttresses the RNA helix. Together, these bulged bases induce a ∼40° bend between the two helical stems of the TAR RNA in the complex. A set of specific intermolecular hydrogen bonds between arginine side chains and the major-groove edge of guanine residues contributes to sequence specificity. These peptide-RNA contacts are complemented by other intermolecular hydrogen bonds and intermolecular hydrophobic packing contacts involving glycine and isoleucine side chains. Conclusions: We have identified a new structural motif for protein-RNA recognition, a β-hairpin peptide that interacts with the RNA major groove. Specificity is associated with formation of a novel RNA structural motif, a U·AU base triple, which facilitates hydrogen bonding of an arginine residue to a guanine and to a backbone phosphate. These results should facilitate the design of inhibitors that can disrupt HIV Tat-TAR association.
The classroom sentinel: supporting data-driven decision-making in the classroom

Whereas schools typically record mounds of data regarding student performance, attendance, and other behaviors over the course of a school year, rarely is that data consulted and used to inform day-to-day instructional practice in the classroom. As teachers come under increasing pressure to ensure success for all of their students, we are attempting to provide tools to help teachers make sense of what is happening in their classrooms and take appropriate proactive and/or remedial action. One such tool is a Web service we've dubbed the Classroom Sentinel. The Classroom Sentinel mines electronic gradebook and other student information system data sources to detect critical teaching and learning patterns and bring those patterns to the attention of the teacher in the form of timely alerts. In this paper, we introduce the notion of classroom patterns, present some examples, and describe a framework for alert generation and delivery.
Statistical Approach For Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) Target Classification

A statistical approach for forward looking infrared (FLIR) target classification is presented. The implemented functions include enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. A 5 x 5 median filter is used for image smoothing. Segmentation involves an adaptive thresholding technique. This technique is capable of automatic selection of local thresholds of individual targets based on the local property in terms of minimal change in target area. Features extracted from segmented target candidates characterize grade shade, texture and geometry properties of these regions. Among several evaluated classifiers the Bayes decision rule is used for its performance, flexibility and future modifications. The presented approach has been applied to 92 FLIR images from three different data sets. Five types of target candidates examined in this study are tanks, APC's, jeeps, burning hulks, and noise regions. Among 281 targets of interest, 260 belong to these five categories. The Bayes classifier has achieved 87.69% detection and 76.92% classification with a FAR of 0.07 per image.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Long-term outcome of non-ablative booster BMT in patients with SCID

SCID is a fatal syndrome caused by mutations in at least 13 different genes. It is characterized by the absence of T cells. Immune reconstitution can be achieved through nonablative related donor BMT. However, the first transplant may not provide sufficient immunity. In these cases, booster transplants may be helpful. A prospective/retrospective study was conducted of 49 SCID patients (28.7% of 171 SCIDs transplanted over 30 years) who had received booster transplants to define the long-term outcome, factors contributing to a need for a booster and factors that predicted success. Of the 49 patients, 31 (63%) are alive for up to 28 years. Age at initial transplantation was found to have a significant effect on outcome (mean of 194 days old for patients currently alive, versus a mean of 273 days old for those now deceased, P=0.0401). Persistent viral infection was present in most deceased booster patients. In several patients, the use of two parents as sequential donors resulted in striking T-and B-cell immune reconstitution. A majority of the patients alive today have normal or adequate T-cell function and are healthy. Nonablative booster BMT can be lifesaving for SCID.
The relative sensitivity and accuracy of NaI(Tl) and Ge(Li) detectors for minor components

A mixture of233Pa,140La,82Br,64Cu.72Ga,60Co, and24Na of known disintegration rates was counted on a NaI(Tl) and a large Ge(Li) detector. Both systems detected233Pa when present at 0.2%, and accurate results were observed for233Pa,140La, and60Co when present at greater than 0.5% of the total disintegration rate. The accuracy of the results from either system was not significantly different since the mean ratio of the observed to true results was 0.99±0.05 and 1.06±0.06, respectively. However, equal sensitivity and accuracy were achieved only when the counting interval for the germanium system was 1000 min, or 60 to 600 times that for sodium iodide.
Some useful expressions for optimum linear filtering in white noise: II

Optimum linear separation of random message from additive white noise of given spectral height realized as unity feedback system
Regulation of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthase 1 and 2 by Estradiol and Progesterone in Nonpregnant Ovine Myometrium and Endometrium in Vivo

PG endoperoxide H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels are increased dramatically in ovine myometrium and endometrium during both glucocorticoid-induced premature labor and spontaneous term labor. In this study, we examined estradiol and progesterone regulation in vivo of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels using a nonpregnant ovariectomized sheep model. We determined the differential distribution of PGHS-2 and PGHS-1 in ovine myometrium and endometrium with immunocytochemistry. Twenty ovariectomized ewes were treated with saline (n = 5) or estradiol infused iv for 2 days (50 μg/day; n = 5) or an intravaginal progesterone sponge for 10 days (containing 0.3 g progesterone; n = 5) or an intravaginal progesterone sponge for 10 days with estradiol (50 μg/day) administered on days 9 and 10 with the progesterone sponge still in place (EP; n = 5). PGHS-1 and -2 mRNA and protein were measured by Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. PGHS-2 mRNA and prote...
Thermal Considerations with Respect to Sliding Contact at High Speed

This paper attempts to trace the movement of a sled along a track at speeds up to Mach 4.5. The sled is supported with slippers that are loosely connected to the rail in such a way that sliding is allowed relative to the stationary rail, but the aerodynamic forces acting on the vehicle create bouncing effects within its movement. The model developed makes use of a finite-difference analysis of sliding and bouncing with a one-dimensional differential equation that includes possible melting. The results from this approach are incorporated into a two-dimensional finite-element model that treats the solution incrementally in time within a quasi-steady-state fashion. The results display temperature as a function of conduction and convection including the boundary-layer and Couette conditions along the lower surface. The aerodynamics and boundary layer along the leading edge and top surface are also included. The finite difference is integrated into a finite-element analysis to evaluate sliding, bouncing, and a...
Characterization of Arabidopsis acid phosphatase promoter and regulation of acid phosphatase expression

The expression and secretion of acid phosphatase (APase) was investigated in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) plants using sensitive in vitro and activity gel assays. Phosphorus (P) starvation induced two APases in Indian mustard roots, only one of which was secreted. Northern-blot analysis indicated transcriptional regulation of APase expression. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern-blot analyses revealed two APase homologs in Indian mustard, whereas in Arabidopsis, only one APase homolog was detected. The Arabidopsis APase promoter region was cloned and fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes. GUS expression was first evident in leaves of the P-starved Arabidopsis plants. In P-starved roots, the expression of GUS initiated in lateral root meristems followed by generalized expression throughout the root. GUS expression diminished with the addition of P to the medium. Expression of GFP in P-starved roots also initiated in the lateral root meristems and the recombinant GFP with the APase signal peptide was secreted by the roots into the medium. The APase promoter was specifically activated by low P levels. The removal of other essential elements or the addition of salicylic or jasmonic acids, known inducers of gene expression, did not activate the APase promoter. This novel APase promoter may be used as a plant-inducible gene expression system for the production of recombinant proteins and as a tool to study P metabolism in plants.
Database-Backed Library Web Pages.

This article examines the use of databases as back‐ends to creating library Web pages and seeks to provide a starting point for librarians who want to get involved in this activity. It looks at books and articles on the topic and explores the advantages of this approach and provides examples of and information on the various ways librarians have used this technology to provide information on the Web more effectively. Examples of library applications on the Web and pointers where the reader can find more information as well as software and other tools used in some of these applications will be provided. While the article will discuss some technical details, it is aimed at a general audience.
Cloning of the murine eosinophil peroxidase gene (mEPO): characterization of a conserved subgroup of mammalian hematopoietic peroxidases

The mouse eosinophil peroxidase (mEPO) gene was cloned by screening a random-primed bone marrow cDNA library at reduced criteria using a hEPO cDNA. An mEPO cDNA was subsequently used to isolate the mEPO gene from a lambda-genomic library. The mEPO gene displays a high degree of conservation with its human homologue: the transcription units are approximately the same size, conserve the relative size and position of the 12 exons associated with each gene, and at a nucleotide level the mouse and human EPO genes are 86% identical in the protein coding regions and 66% identical in the 3'-untranslated trailer regions. This strong conservation extends to the encoded proteins which show approximately 90% amino acid identity. Expression of the mEPO gene is restricted to tissues containing eosinophil progenitor cells (e.g., bone marrow and spleen), a pattern similar to the expression of another murine eosinophil granule protein, major basic protein.
Language shift and the family : Questions from the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora

Fishman's Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) emphasizes the family in maintaining the heritage languages of immigrant communities. This study uses interview data from Sri Lankan Tamil communities in the U.S.A., U.K., and Canada to explain how families account for the rapid loss of Tamil in the diaspora. It shows how the positive valuation of English since British colonization, the need to make up for past deprivations because of caste, religious, and gender inequality, the pressure for migrants to join the social mainstream, and the need to resolve intergenerational tensions influence the family to forego language maintenance goals. The findings encourage us to situate the family in macro-social institutions, power, and history in order to understand the prospects for language maintenance. The article provides an inside view of the Sri Lankan Tamil migrant families to explain how they resolve the tensions of valuing cultural identity and yet disregarding heritage language proficiency.
Psychiatric illness following traumatic brain injury in an adult health maintenance organization population.

Background Psychiatric illness after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to be prevalent in hospitalized and tertiary care patient populations. Objective To determine the risk of psychiatric illness after TBI in an adult health maintenance organization population. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Large staff-model health maintenance organization. Participants Nine hundred thirty-nine health plan members diagnosed as having TBI in 1993 and enrolled in the prior year, during which no TBI was ascertained. Three health plan members per TBI-exposed subject were randomly selected as unexposed comparisons, matched for age, sex, and reference date. Main Outcome Measure Psychiatric illness in the 3 years after the TBI reference date, determined using computerized records of psychiatric diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification , prescriptions, and service utilization. Results Prevalence of any psychiatric illness in the first year was 49% following moderate to severe TBI, 34% following mild TBI, and 18% in the comparison group. Among subjects without psychiatric illness in the prior year, the adjusted relative risk for any psychiatric illness in the 6 months following moderate to severe TBI was 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4-6.8) and following mild TBI was 2.8 (95% CI, 2.1-3.7; P P = .005). Prior psychiatric illness significantly modified the relationship between TBI and subsequent psychiatric illness ( P = .04) and was a significant predictor ( P Conclusions Both moderate to severe and mild TBI are associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychiatric illness. Whereas moderate to severe TBI is associated with a higher initial risk, mild TBI may be associated with persistent psychiatric illness.
HIV Policy: The Path Forward—A Joint Position Paper of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American College of Physicians

Christine Lubinski, Judith Aberg, Arlene D. Bardeguez, Richard Elion, Patricia Emmanuel, Daniel Kuritzkes, Michael Saag, Kathleen E. Squires, Andrea Weddle, Jennifer Rainey, M. Renee Zerehi, J. Fred Ralston, David A. Fleming, David Bronson, Molly Cook, Charles Cutler, Yul Ejnes, Robert Gluckman, Mark Liebow, Kenneth Musana, Mark E. Mayer, Mark W. Purtle, P. Preston Reynolds, Lavanya Viswanathan, Kevin B. Weiss, and Baligh Yehia HIV Medicine Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and Virginia Commonwealth University, Glen Allen, Virginia; Bellevue Hospital Center, New York University Medical School, New York, New York; University of Medicine and Dentistry–New Jersey Medical School, Newark; Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center and American College of Physicians, Washington, DC; University of South Florida, Tampa; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham; Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Halle T. Debas Academy of Medical Educators, University of California, San Franscisco; Fayetteville Medical Associates, Fayetteville, Tennessee; University of Missouri Center for Health Ethics, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Cleveland Clinic Medicine Institute and General Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Coastal Medical, Cranston, Rhode Island; Graduate Medical Education Clinics, Providence Physician Division, Portland, Oregon; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Central Iowa Hospital Corporation, Des Moines; American Board of Medical Specialists, Evanston, Illinois; and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and Uniformed Services University of the Health Services, Bethesda, Maryland
Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem for quasitopological systems

In this paper we address the question of the existence of a spectral gap in a class of local Hamiltonians. These Hamiltonians have the following properties: their ground states are known exactly; all equal-time correlation functions of local operators are short-ranged; and correlation functions of certain nonlocal operators are critical. A variational argument shows gaplessness with $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\propto}{k}^{2}$ at critical points defined by the absence of certain terms in the Hamiltonian, which is remarkable because equal-time correlation functions of local operators remain short ranged. We call such critical points, in which spatial and temporal scaling are radically different, quasitopological. When these terms are present in the Hamiltonian, the models are in gapped topological phases which are of special interest in the context of topological quantum computation.
TACT method for non-inferiority testing in active controlled trials.

In active controlled trials without a placebo arm, non-inferiority testing is often considered but has different objectives. For the objective of demonstrating the efficacy of an experimental treatment or retention of a fraction of the control effect by the treatment, there are two types of statistical methods for testing - the synthesis method and the confidence interval method. According to the study of Wang, Hung and Tsong, the former is efficient under the so-called constancy condition but may have the alpha error rate inflate rapidly if the condition does not hold. In contrast, the latter method with careful selection of the non-inferiority margin tends to be conservative if the condition holds and may still have a valid alpha error otherwise unless the effect of the active control is less to a large extent in the active controlled trial than in the historical trials. We developed the TACT method, Two-stage Active Control Testing, as a viable compromise between the two methods. Through the TACT method, the uninterpretable non-inferiority testing may be avoided prior to the end of the trial. The TACT method carefully constructed can have a valid alpha error rate and the power close to the synthesis method if the constancy condition holds. In addition, the TACT method is more powerful than the confidence interval method for testing for the efficacy of the new treatment relative to the putative placebo and for showing that the new treatment is not inferior to the active control comparator.
A Grounded Look at the Debate Over Prison-Based Education: Optimistic Theory Versus Pessimistic Worldview

Debate over prison-based education continues to divide scholars. Central to this debate are two contradictory perspectives on prison education. These perspectives are (a) an idealistic/optimistic view regarding prison education and (b) a pessimistic reaction to prison education. We located the debate on the contemporary political context (prison-based education Pell Grants). Until its elimination in 1993/1994 with the passage of the Crime Bill, Pell Grants were the primary sources of funding for postsecondary, correctional-education programming in America. This recent, external, environmental change on our penal systems has profound political, economic, and social implications that might be too important and too costly to ignore.
The Importance of Research in Educating About Music Therapy

在这篇‘不同视角下的实践’中，作者阐 述了音乐治疗研究对于普及教育此学科的重要性。这里的普及教育不仅 针对音乐治疗师，也针对音乐治疗行业以外的人士。研究可分为不同的深度和种类。每个国家的音乐治疗发展处于不同阶段，所以也需要不同深度的研究。然而，一些种类的音乐治疗研究并不被地域和国情所制约，因此可以被广泛的应用。音乐治疗研究可用于以下目的：（ 1 ）描述一种情况，（ 2 ）辨别原由和探究过程，（ 3 ）为效果提供依据，或者（ 4 ）改变一种情况。文章对以上四种类型的音乐治疗研究进行了详细的描述，并探究了它们可以怎样帮助音乐治疗的教育和普及。我们可以从每个国家和地区对不同类型 研究的需求，看出这个国家的特点和国情，以及该国音乐治疗发展的阶段 。
The Avian Song System in Comparative Perspective

The song system of oscine birds has become a versatile model system that is used to study diverse problems in neurobiology. Because the song system is often studied with the intention of applying the results to mammalian systems, it is important to place song system brain nuclei in a broader context and to understand the relationships between these avian structures and regions of the mammalian brain. This task has been impeded by the distinctiveness of the song system and the vast apparent differences between the forebrains of birds and mammals. Fortunately, accumulating data on the development, histochemistry, and anatomical organization of avian and mammalian brains has begun to shed light on this issue. We now know that the forebrains of birds and mammals are more alike than they first appeared, even though many questions remain unanswered. Furthermore, the song system is not as singular as it seemed-it has much in common with other neural systems in birds and mammals. These data provide a firmer foundation for extrapolating knowledge of the song system to mammalian systems and suggest how the song system might have evolved.
Age dependency of the biaxial biomechanical behavior of human abdominal aorta

BACKGROUND The biomechanical behavior of the human abdominal aorta has been studied with great interest primarily due to its propensity to develop such maladies as atherosclerotic occlusive disease, dissections, and aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age-related biaxial biomechanical behavior of human infrarenal aortic tissue. METHODS OF APPROACH: A total of 18 samples (13 autopsy, 5 organ donor) were harvested from patients in each of three age groups: Group 1 ( 60 years old, n=6). Each specimen was tested biaxially using a tension-controlled protocol which spanned a large portion of the strain plane. Response functions fit to experimental data were used as a tool to guide the appropriate choice of the strain energy function W. RESULTS Under an equibiaxial tension of 120 N/m, the average peak stretch values in the circumferential direction for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were (mean +/-SD) 1.46 +/- 0.07, 1.15 +/- 0.07, and 1.11 +/- 0.06, respectively, while the peak stretch values in the longitudinal direction were 1.41 +/- 0.03, 1.19 +/- 0.11, and 1.10 +/- 0.04, respectively. There were no significant differences between the average longitudinal and circumferential peak stretch within each group (p > 0.1), but both of these values were significantly less (p < 0.001) for Groups 2 and 3 when compared to Group 1. Patients in Group 1 were modeled using a polynomial strain energy function W, while patients in Groups 2 and 3 were modeled using an exponential form of W, suggesting an age-dependent shift in the mechanical response of this tissue. CONCLUSION The biaxial tensile testing results reported here are, to our knowledge, the first given for the human infrarenal aorta and reinforce the importance of determining the functional form of W from experimental data. Such information may be useful for the clinician or researcher in identifying key changes in the biomechanical response of abdominal aorta in the presence of an aneurysm.
Radiative Plasmonic-Polariton Dispersion Relation for a Thin Metallic Foil With Interband Damping Transitions

Plasmons in a thin metallic foil are of two types: (Ritchie, 1957; Ando , 1982; Stratton, 1941) 1) a two-dimensional plasmon (Ritchie, 1957) whose electrostatic dispersion relation has its frequency proportional to the square root of wave number, which propagates along the surface of the foil and 2) a plasmon constituted of collective electron density oscillations across the foil in the nature of capacitor-like discharges perpendicular to the surfaces of the foil (Ando , 1982) . The latter (type 2) occur at the bulk plasma frequency and it has long been known that they produce electromagnetic (EM) radiation (Ferrell, 1958) (whereas type 1 plasmons do not radiate). The object of this research is to carefully examine the coupling of both these plasmon modes to the EM field in producing radiative polaritons. We carry this out using a complex dielectric function approach embodying both types of plasmons in the context of an exact analytic solution for the dyadic EM field Green's function describing radiative plasmonic-polariton propagation for a thin metallic foil (Horing,et al.), including the role of interband damping transitions. In particular, we will formulate and examine the dispersion relation for such polaritons, which is significantly modified from Stern's result (Stern, 1967) by the radiative type 2 plasmon described above and interband damping. The complex dielectric function embodying both type 1 and type 2 plasmons and interband damping involves a frequency dependent imaginary part and is expected to exhibit interesting radiative plasmonic-polariton phenomenology. This expectation is based on a recent calculation we have carried out (Horing) using a generic dielectric function of the Lorentzian type, which produced inhomogeneous (Jackson, 1975) plane wave radiation from excitation of the foil modes. Such inhomogeneous plane waves, which grow locally as a function of distance away from the foil (without violating the causality principle), have been known to occur previously and are discussed in the literature (Stratton, 1941). This local growth of the EM field may contribute to enhanced focusing properties of an array of nanoholes in the foil.
Is intracellular pH a clock for mitosis

Experiments have shown that the intracellular pH of many cells rises to a maximum at the onset of mitosis, subsequently decreasing 0.3 to 0.5 pH units by the end of mitosis. This result, and observations that tubulin net charge depends strongly on pH, may be critical for microtubule (MT) dynamics during mitosis. In vivo studies demonstrate that MT dynamics is sensitive to pH, with MT growth favored by higher pH values. Therefore it seems likely that the shift from the dominance of microtubule growth during prophase, and to a lesser extent during prometaphase, to a parity between MT polymerization and depolymerization during metaphase chromosome oscillations is a consequence of gradually decreasing intracellular pH during mitosis. Thus the timing and sequencing of prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase chromosome motions may be understood as an increase in the MT disassembly to assembly probability ratio resulting from a continuously declining intracellular pH.
Experience in modeling a concurrent software system using STATEMATE

STATEMATE was used to produce an executable model of a software system which would be implemented as a concurrent program with multiple tasks. In addition, the STATEMATE prototyper was used to produce executable Ada code which exhibited the same behavioral characteristics as the STATEMATE model. By augmenting this code with an Ada implementation of low-level primitive activities and a graphical interface, a working prototype of the system was produced. STATEMATE was found to be extremely helpful in recognizing ambiguity and deficiencies in the software requirements; however, limitations of both the tool set and the methodology were revealed. The ADARTS design method was used to produce an independent design of the same application which was implemented in Ada. Comparisons are drawn between the two implementations. >
EE capstone design projects: developing computer-based laboratories for introductory physics

This paper describes a unique capstone senior design project resulting from a collaborative effort between the Electrical & Computer Engineering and Physics Departments at the University of Detroit Mercy. This cross-disciplinary project, aimed at developing computer-based laboratories for introductory physics experiments, has a number of interesting features, which are discussed in this paper. The paper focuses on student assessment results and an overall evaluation of the project.
A large-scale study of file-system contents

We collect and analyze a snapshot of data from 10,568 file systems of 4801 Windows personal computers in a commercial environment. The file systems contain 140 million files totaling 10.5 TB of data. We develop analytical approximations for distributions of file size, file age, file functional lifetime, directory size, and directory depth, and we compare them to previously derived distributions. We find that file and directory sizes are fairly consistent across file systems, but file lifetimes vary widely and are significantly affected by the job function of the user. Larger files tend to be composed of blocks sized in powers of two, which noticeably affects their size distribution. File-name extensions are strongly correlated with file sizes, and extension popularity varies with user job function. On average, file systems are only half full.
The Democratic Prosecutor: Explaining the Constitutional Function of the Federal Grand Jury

In The Democratic Prosecutor, I address the basic question whether the constitutional function of grand jury indictment is prosecutorial or judicial in nature - a question the Supreme Court has not resolved. Under the Fifth Amendment, no serious federal criminal charge may be brought without agreement of a body of citizens sitting as a grand jury. But the Court has endorsed contradictory principles to explain the grand jury's indictment function. For some purposes, the Court sees the grand jury in the prosecutorial role of asserting criminal charges. For others, however, it treats the grand jury as a judicial body that reviews the evidentiary sufficiency of criminal charges. These tasks, which suggest competing prosecutorial and judicial roles, lead to a degree of institutional schizophrenia. While this divergence is reflected in many problematic areas of grand jury doctrine, it lies at the heart of a recent split within the Ninth Circuit over what grand jurors should be instructed about their role. Working from this debate, The Democratic Prosecutor suggests a resolution to the broader conceptual problem in federal grand jury doctrine. It posits that expressly recognizing the grand jury as a "democratic prosecutor" is a simple but powerful conceptual shift that brings coherence to a confusing area of law, explains the vision that motivates the Supreme Court's current grand jury doctrine, and reveals the flawed premise of rules that grant judicial status to grand jury indictments.