cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Phosphorus and Phosphokinases in Connective Tissue

We have previously discussed the evidence which suggested that interactions betweeen phosphorus and groups on the side chains of the structural proteins of mineralized tissues played a major role in the nucleation of apatite crystals. (Glimcher and Krane, 1962). It was shown that purified, reconstituted collagen fibrils, incubated in vitro with inorganic orthophosphate, bound as many as 150–170 moles of phosphorus per mole collagen (Glimcher and Krane, 1964 a). Furthermore the interaction between collagen and phosphate was found to encompass a wide spectrum of bond types from readily dissociable, electrostatic bonds to covalent bonds. Covalently bound phosphorus would be ideally suited for a role in the nucleation process, since such groups would be fixed at specific sites on the molecule as well as have relatively fixed distance, direction and orientation, and still be reactive. Subsequently we were able to demonstrate that 32P-orthophosphate administered to rabbits and guinea pigs in vivo, was found associated with both the neutral and acid soluble collagens of skin and healing wounds (Glimcher et al., 1964). Furthermore organic phosphorus was detected chemically, in varying amounts in different species, in soft-tissue collagens and gelatins derived from collagens. In addition the single-stranded a chains of several of these gelatins were purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose resin columns and shown still to contain the organic phosphorus, with the higher concentration in the a 2 compared to the a 1 chains. C. J. Francois (personal communication) has recently found organic phosphorus in purified a gelatin chains from chicken bone. Vets and Schlueter (1964) and Schlueter and Veis (1964) have also reported the presence of organic phosphorus in fragments produced by periodate treatment of bovine dentin. We observed that after digestion of the collagens and gelatins with bacterial collagenase and partial acid hydrolysis followed by various chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures, that the organic phosphorus was present in several peptide fractions rich in glycine and serine and containing relatively large amounts of sugar. However, in all but one of these fractions more phosphorus was present than could be accounted for by the content of serine and threonine alone. In addition, the phosphorus linkage was more stable to alkali than is usually found for peptide-bound phosphoserine. It was, therefore, suggested that at least part of the organic phosphorus in collagens was bound to a carbohydrate moiety.
Surface segregation and stability of core–shell alloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in acid medium

Density functional theory is used for the evaluation of surface segregation, trends for dissolution of Pt surface atoms in acid medium, and oxygen reduction reaction activity of core–shell materials, containing a monolayer of platinum over a monometallic or bimetallic core. Two groups of cores are investigated: Pt/X with X = Ir, Au; Pd, Rh, Ag; Co, Ni, Cu; and Pt/Pd3X, with X = Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Ir, Re. It is found that all the 4d and 5d pure cores may serve as stable cores, and their beneficial effect on the Pt monolayer may be further tuned by alloying the core to another element, here chosen from 3d or 5d groups. The Pd3X cores enhance the stability of the surface Pt atoms both in vacuum and under adsorbed oxygen; however the high oxygen philicity of some of the X elements induces their surface segregation that may cause surface poisoning with oxygenated species and their dissolution in acid medium.
The need to assess the condition of aquatic resources in the US

AbstractIn 1972, the US Congress enacted the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect US water resources. A critical section (305[b]) of the CWA calls for periodic accounting of the success or failure of efforts to protect and restore US waters. Over the years, several groups have reviewed the available data and concluded that they do not adequately describe the condition of US waters. The Wadeable Streams Assessment presents the first set of results from what will be a long-term partnership between the US Environmental Protection Agency, the individual states, tribal nations, and other federal agencies. The goal of this partnership is to fill critical information gaps that remain a deterrent to our ability to determine whether our policies and investments have resulted in improvement of US water resources.
On the formation of weak plane shock waves by impulsive motion of a piston

The piston problem for a viscous heat-conducting gas is studied under the assumption that the piston Mach number e is small. The linearized Navier–Stokes equations are found to be valid up to times of the order of e −2 mean free times after the piston is set in motion, while at large times the solution is governed by Burgers's equation. Boundary conditions for the large-time solution are supplied by the matching principle of the method of inner and outer expansions, which is also used to construct a composite solution valid both for small and for large times.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia attributed to an intrauterine contraceptive device.

BACKGROUND Evans syndrome is a rare condition manifested by combined autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and thrombocytopenia or neutropenia. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiencies, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Optimal idle speed control of an automotive engine

An optimal control algorithm is derived to solve the idle speed control problem for an automotive engine. The system describing the engine dynamics during idle consists of nonlinear algebraic-ordinary differential equations with variable-time-delay elements. Unlike many previous studies, no approximation is made to the variable-time-delay term in the equations. Instead, we use a special procedure to compute this variable-time-delay term accurately. The results show that the optimal control algorithm derived can deliver highly efficient controls to the system. Compared with the conventional control methods, the optimal control algorithm provides a versatile and systematic way to idle speed control of automotive engines.
An agent-based model of a multimodal near-field tsunami evacuation: Decision-making and life safety

Abstract This paper presents a multimodal evacuation simulation for a near-field tsunami through an agent-based modeling framework in Netlogo. The goals of this paper are to investigate (1) how the varying decisn time impacts the mortality rate, (2) how the choice of different modes of transportation (i.e., walking and automobile), and (3) how existence of vertical evacuation gates impacts the estimation of casualties. Using the city of Seaside, Oregon as a case study site, different individual decision-making time scales are included in the model to assess the mortality rate due to immediate evacuation right after initial earthquake or after a specified milling time. The results show that (1) the decision-making time ( τ ) and the variations in decision time ( σ ) are strongly correlated with the mortality rate; (2) the provision of vertical evacuation structures is effective to reduce the mortality rate; (3) the mortality rate is sensitive to the variations in walking speed of the evacuee population; and (4) the higher percentage of automobile use in tsunami evacuation, the higher the mortality rate. Following the results, this paper concludes with a description of the challenges ahead in agent-based tsunami evacuation modeling and simulation, and the modeling of complex interactions between agents (i.e., pedestrian and car interactions) that would arise for a multi-hazard scenario for the Cascadia Subduction Zone.
Informed Consent: Communicating Radiation Risk

The benefits and risks of any medical procedure must be understood by patients or research volunteers so that they can make personally appropriate decisions. The method of communicating this information is called “informed consent”. This process requires dialog between patient and provider that is documented by notes in the medical record as well as a specific consent document.
Retention and strength of silicone-rubber catheters. A report of five cases of retention and analysis of catheter strength

Five patients had a silicone-rubber catheter that broke during attempted removal. Mechanical testing was performed to determine the tensile strength of silicone-rubber as well as of polyvinyl chloride catheters. Silicone-rubber catheters were found to have a low tensile strength. The pull-out force of ten indwelling silicone-rubber catheters was also measured. The pullout force measured from a patient who had a cast was close to 40 per cent of the strength of the silicone-rubber catheters.
A Demonstration of Stability-Plasticity Imbalance in Multi-agent, Decomposition-Based Learning

Layered learning is a machine learning paradigm used in conjunction with direct-policy search reinforcement learning methods to find high performance agent behaviors for complex tasks. At its core, layered learning is a decomposition-based paradigm that shares many characteristics with robot shaping, transfer learning, hierarchical decomposition, and incremental learning. Previous studies have provided evidence that layered learning has the ability to outperform standard monolithic methods of learning in many cases. The dilemma of balancing stability and plasticity is a common problem in machine learning that causes learning agents to compromise between retaining learned information to perform a task with new incoming information. Although existing work implies that there is a stability-plasticity imbalance that greatly limits layered learning agents' ability to learn optimally, no work explicitly verifies the existence of the imbalance or its causes. This work investigates the stability-plasticity imbalance and demonstrates that indeed, layered learning heavily favors plasticity, which can cause learned subtask proficiency to be lost when new tasks are learned. We conclude by identifying potential causes of the imbalance in layered learning and provide high level advice about how to mitigate the imbalance's negative effects.
ESammon: A computationaly enhanced sammon mapping based on data density

Sammon mapping is a widely used visualization technique to display complex data from high-to low-dimensional space. However, its extensive computational cost may pose potential computational challenges to big data visualization. This paper proposes a computationally-enhanced Sammon mapping (ESammon) by leveraging the characteristics of spatial data density. Unlike the conventional Sammon, ESammon preserves critical pairwise distances between data points in the process of projection, instead of all distances. Specifically, we integrated the Directed-Acyclic-Graph (DAG) based data density characterization method to select the critical distances. The numerical results demonstrated that our ESammon can achieve comparable projection results as the conventional Sammon mapping while reducing the computational cost from O(N2) to O(N).
A Scale-Adaptive Simulation Model using Two-Equation Models

The Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) concept is based on the introduction of the von Karman length-scale into the turbulence scale equation. The information provided by the von Karman length-scale allows SAS models to dynamically adjust to resolved structures in a URANS simulation, which results in a LES-like behavior in unsteady regions of the flowfield. At the same time, the model provides standard RANS capabilities in stable flow regions. The introduction of the von Karman length-scale is based on the reformulation of Rottas’s equation for the integral length-scale. In the current paper, the term containing the von Karman length-scale is transformed to the SST turbulence model. It allows the SST model to be operated in a SAS mode.
Photoionization cross sections with excitation to Ca+3d and

Photoionization cross sections of neutral calcium with excitation to ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ 3d and 4p levels have been calculated from threshold to 50 eV by use of many-body perturbation theory. The cross section for leaving ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ in the 4s ground level is also presented in this energy range and compared with the 3d and 4p cross sections which at their thresholds are larger than the 4s cross section. All three cross sections show interesting structure near 31 eV due to the 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d resonance.
An Innovation in Teaching Poultry Management

Abstract POULTRY Science 415 is a survey type course in general poultry management at the University of Florida that is open to both undergraduate and graduate students. Approximately five years ago, changes were made in the material covered in this course in order to more nearly meet the needs of students entering commercial poultry production. This change was made since it was apparent that the standard lecture type course which typifies the college curriculum does not adequately prepare the student for continuing education, such as that received in poultry short-courses after graduation. It was hypothesized that if the students were exposed to seminar short-course type presentations under the supervision and guidance of a professor, the result might be a student better prepared to make the transition from college to commercial life. In addition, the seminar type course is usually interesting and informative. COURSE DESIGN Guest lecturers are utilized in this course. . .
Hyperspectral Multiphoton Microscopy: Demonstration of 48-channel Imaging In Vivo

We constructed a hyperspectral multiphoton microscope that records 48 channels of excitation/emission spectral data per pixel, while remaining insensitive to optical scattering. We demonstrate imaging of multiple spectrally overlapping fluorophores in mouse cortex, in vivo.
Structurally Robust, Chemically Diverse: Apatite and Apatite Supergroup Minerals

Apatite is ubiquitous in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and is significant to more fields of study than perhaps any other mineral. To help understand why, one needs to know apatite's structure, composition, and crystal chemistry. Apatite has a robust hexagonal atomic framework based on two distinct metal-cation sites ( M 1, M 2), a tetrahedral-cation site ( T ), and an anion column along four edges of the unit cell. These cation and anion sites can, among them, incorporate more than half of the long-lived elements in the periodic table, giving rise to the “apatite supergroup,” which contains over 40 mineral species. The structure and composition impart properties that can be technologically, medically, and geologically very useful.
Volumetric flaskwith improved perfect scale and application development

In december 1988,Tianjin Soda Plant of Comrade LIU Decai to 1000 mL and 2000 mL volumetric flask to improve the volumetric flask with sub-degree scale,so that the narrow neck part of the flask volume have rated scale ±0.5% of the volume,for direct preparation of the specified concentration of great convenience of the titration solution.But I think that this improved method can be further development improved,not only limited to 1000 mL and 2000 mL volumetric flask,can be applied to all volumetric flask,and the narrow neck part of the scale is not limited to the rated capacity of between ±0.5%,as long as uniform diameter,narrow neck can those have some degree of scale.Moreover,the manufacture craft also has the specific request,Its uses in equipment calibration and solution preparation etc has the very big development space.
In vitro modulation of the invasive and metastatic potentials of human gastric cancer by interlukin-2

Objective To investigate the effects of Interlukin 2(IL 2)on the in vitro invasiveness and the expression of several cell surface antigens related to invasive and metastatic potentials of human gastric cancer SGC 7901 cell line. Methods The expression of ICAM 1, CD44 and HLA 1 was determined by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, the tumor cell binding affinity to extracellular matrix (ECM) components was measured by cell attachment assay, the degree of homotypic aggregation was quantified by cell aggregation assay. Results The results showed that IL 2 pretreatment exhibited enhanced expression of ICAM 1 and HLA 1, suppression of CD44 on gastric cancer cell line and decreased binding affinity to ECM components and the degree of homotypic aggregation of gastric cancer cells. Conclusion It suggested that IL 2 can inhibit the invasive and metastatic potentials of gastric cancer cells.
Analysis of On-site Partial-discharge Test on 750 kV Transformers

This paper analyzes the problems concerning procedure,standards,and process in the on-site acceptance partial-discharge(PD) test on the 750 kV transformers.Some suggestions are therefore offered as follows:①increase the power frequency withstand test voltage for 750 kV transformers;②avoid to perform PD test repeatedly;③ take practical measures if PD quantity exceeds the criterion stated in standard;④redefine the PD inception voltage and extinction voltage;⑤use reliable on-line monitoring apparatus when necessary.These suggestions can also serve as a reference for the same test on 1 000 kV transformer.
Elaborations on Yu Shiyu's academic thoughts in differentiating and treating epidemic eruptions

This paper introduces Yu Shiyu's academic thoughts in the differentiation and treatment of epidemic eruption.It is held that epidemic eruptions result from the fire toxin,and its differentiation should be based on its color and shape and treatment on self-composed "Qingwen Baidu Decoction".
Epidemiological analysis of hand, foot and mouth disease during 2009-2013

Objective To analyze the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease in the county during 2009-2013, to analyze the epidemic characteristics, provide the basis for making prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptively epidemiological methods was carried on three distribution characteristics of hand, foot mouth disease incidence in the county. Results It reported a total of 823 cases of HFMD in the county during 2009-2013, the average annual incidence rate was 50.54/100 000, the incidence rate of 76.18/100 000 was the highest in 2010, lowest in 2009(36.67/100 000). The cases from April to July accounted for 52.16%of all the cases; under 5 years old, scattered children and kindergarten children account for 95.01% of all cases; the average incidence rate of males was 64.45/100 000, the average incidence rate of females was 36.27/100 000; pathogen detection found the main intestinal virus were COx16 in 2010 and 2012, EV71 in 2011, other intestinal virus in 2013. Conclusion The incidence peak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Zhongning county is from April to July, ≤ 5 scattered children and kindergarten children are the main population in incidence of hand foot and mouth disease. Men are more than women, the pathogenic monitoring is different in various years.
Common triggers of asthma

Control of asthma is enhanced when careful consideration is given to underlying mechanisms. Patients can be advised of ways to avoid or minimize contact with offending allergens, and, in some cases, pharmacologic management may not be necessary. Care must be taken when treating patients with concomitant disorders, such as hyperthyroidism. Also, psychological factors may have a role in exacerbating symptoms in suggestible patients. Noncompliance, in some cases due to inability to pay for medication, may be an unrecognized cause of treatment failure.
Needing Not to Know: Ignorance, Innocence, Denials, and Discourse

tenacious form of active ignorance that operates at a meta-level and involves an ignorance of one’s ignorance. In order to counter meta-ignorance, Medina advances the development of “kaleidoscopic” consciousness involving multiple perspectives that are in epistemic friction and that Medina maintains compels the knower to grapple with alternative views (ER, 200). Working this friction into a continual process of epistemic equilibrium through the formation of networks of solidarity across social differences, Medina argues, is the remedy to counter meta-ignorance. I cannot do justice here to all the rich insights that Medina’s book offers to help us better understand the connections between ignorance and social injustice. In this essay, I focus on his articulation of meta-ignorance and his call for epistemic friction and kaleidoscopic consciousness to combat such ignorance. My central concerns are: How does one steeped in meta-ignorance acquire the type of openness that Medina advocates? Can the recalcitrance of second-order meta-ignorance be penetrated by epistemic friction alone? How can meta-ignorance be remedied when it is not perceived as a problem and, more particularly, when there are countless ways that epistemic friction can be avoided via socially sanctioned discursive practices? Which specific pedagogical practices can social justice educators introduce to rupture the defensive mechanisms of meta-ignorance? In what follows, I first describe Medina’s concept of meta-ignorance, his analysis of colorblindness as an illustration of such ignorance, and his remedy for such ignorance. Then I examine the relationship between ignorance, innocence, and denials of complicity in order to demonstrate that, while epistemic friction plays an integral role in social justice education, exposure to epistemic counterpoints alone cannot lead one to become self-critical. To recognize cognitive limitations when exposure to others is itself distorted by meta-ignorance and when meta-insensitivities are socially sanctioned and normalized requires, I argue, an understanding of what discourse means. Finally, I suggest that exposing students to the meaning of discourse and what discursive practices do is indispensable to breaching the walls of meta-ignorance and to encouraging systemically privileged students to stay with, rather than evade, the discomfort required for learning about their complicity in oppression.
Spiritual Factors Predict State and Trait Anxiety

This research study was designed to examine the effect of spiritual well-being and spirituality on state and trait anxiety. Two hundred and thirty-eight adults in the USA were surveyed using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, Duke University Religion Index, Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and Participant Questionnaire. Results indicate that spiritual well-being can predict 39.1 % of an adult’s state anxiety and 37.9 % of trait anxiety. Furthermore, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of private religious activity, and intrinsic religiosity can predict 6.2 % of an adult’s state anxiety and 8.6 % of trait anxiety. Recommendations for researchers and implications for clinicians are discussed.
Chronic Disease at Midlife Do Parent-child Bonds Modify the Effect of Childhood SES?

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) often is associated with physical health even decades later. However, parent-child emotional bonds during childhood may modify the importance of childhood SES to emergent health inequalities across the life course. Drawing on national data on middle-aged adults (1995 and 2005 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States; MIDUS; Ns = 2,746 and 1,632), I find that compromised parent-child bonds eliminate the association between childhood SES and midlife disease. Longitudinal models of incident disease across one decade show that childhood abuse in particular continues to undermine the health protection associated with childhood SES. When childhood SES is moderate to high, compromised parent-child bonds lead to no predicted health benefits from childhood SES. In total, these findings direct attention to parent-child bonds as social-psychological levers for the transmission of class-based health advantages.
Coaching for College Students with ADHD

Evidence suggests that ADHD can impair academic achievement in college students and throughout the life span. College students with ADHD are an at-risk population who might benefit from interventions. An offshoot of CBT-oriented therapy that has grown significantly and gained popularity in recent years is ADHD coaching. ADHD coaching is a psychosocial intervention that helps individuals develop skills, strategies, and behaviors to cope with the core impairments associated with ADHD. Most coaching programs are primarily based on a CBT approach and target planning, time management, goal setting, organization, and problem solving. This paper describes ADHD coaching for college students and discusses how coaching is different from standard CBT treatment. This is followed by a review of empirical studies of the effectiveness of ADHD coaching for college students. Finally, some specific considerations and procedures used in coaching are described.
Interviews About Right and Left Populism, Radicalism, Extremism and SYRIZA

The first interview discusses the far right in Europe and Greece, the relationship between radical right parties and violence and the importance of the economic crisis for the success of these groups. It focuses on the radical right party LAOS, which created the political space for the rise of the extreme right XA. The second is about the key characteristics of populist radical right parties in Europe and Greece, and the relationship between populism and liberal democracy, especially in Greece. The third discusses the dangers of populism in Greece and beyond. It assesses SYRIZA’s first year in office, arguing that its incompetence is as much to blame for its failures as the EU’s neoliberal stubbornness. Finally, it debates the possibilities for a post-neoliberal EU.
Correlation between disability and MRI findings in lumbar spinal stenosis

Background and purpose MRI is the modality of choice when diagnosing spinal stenosis but it also shows that stenosis is prevalent in asymptomatic subjects over 60. The relationship between preoperative health-related quality of life, functional status, leg and back pain, and the objectively measured dural sac area in single and multilevel stenosis is unknown. We assessed this relationship in a prospective study.Patients and methods The cohort included 109 consecutive patients with central spinal stenosis operated on with decompressive laminectomy or laminotomy. Preoperatively, all patients completed the questionnaires for EQ-5D, SF-36, Oswestry disability index (ODI), estimated walking distance and leg and back pain (VAS). The cross-sectional area of the dural sac was measured at relevant disc levels in mm2, and spondylolisthesis was measured in mm. For comparison, the area of the most narrow level, the number of levels with dural sac area < 70 mm2, and spondylolisthesis were studied.Results Before surger...
Information Artifact Evaluation with TEDSrate

The evaluation of systems or artifacts as “outcomes” of software engineering (SE) projects has been a focus of study in SE-related research for quite some time. In recent years, evaluating artifacts, for example, mobile applications or websites has become more important, since such artifacts play increasingly critical roles in generating revenues for businesses, and the degree of artifact effectiveness is seen as a competitive factor. With the TEDS framework/procedure a novel and comprehensive approach to systematic artifact evaluation and comparison had been presented a few years ago, whose effectiveness and analytical power in comprehensive and highly detailed artifact evaluations and comparisons was empirically shown; however, despite its demonstrated capability TEDS still proved to be time and resource consuming like other evaluation approaches before. In order to overcome these constraints and provide evaluative feedback more quickly to developers and service providers, TEDSrate, a Web-based evaluation tool employing the TEDS framework/procedure, was developed. The tool was tested with two real-world organizations, the City of Seattle Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and the Seattle Sounders Football Club. The tests suggest that the highly configurable TEDSrate tool can fully implement and administer the TEDS framework/procedure and, at the same time, provide instantaneous, cost-effective, comprehensive, and highly detailed artifact evaluations to both developers and service providers.
Online algorithm for controlling an inverted pendulum system under uncertainty in design parameters and initial conditions using Monte-Carlo simulation

This An online algorithm to stabilize an inverted pendulum has been developed. The algorithm employs a certain time cost function to implement a gain scheduling for the pole-placement and linear quadratic regulator controllers. The proposed cost function of the pole-placement method and linear quadratic regulator is modeled by iterating on the pole-placement shifting factor and the linear quadratic regulator shifting factor, respectively, then feedback controls are adjusted online by satisfying the time cost function to reach the desired steady state time. Many closed-loop simulations using a Monte-Carlo method have been tested to perform the proposed algorithm. Trials with random off-nominal parameters (mass and center of gravity of pendulum) and initial conditions (cart position and pendulum angle) have been simulated. The results show the stability and reliably of the proposed algorithm under large dispersions of system parameters and initial conditions uncertainties.
Time Convolution with the Unit Step Response

Similar to the impulse response we can use the unit step input to characterize systems/circuits and obtain what is referred to as the unit step response. Once we know this we can now apply any other input and simply convolve the derivative of that input with the unit step response. Notice we convolved the derivative of the input, as opposed to the input itself was is normally done when using the impulse response. We start the chapter by reviewing how the unit step function can be used to generate an arbitrary signal. Then and as a test vehicle we use the low-pass filter circuit and use its step response to figure the response to other stimuli, such as the periodic pulse, periodic triangle, the ramp input, and the causal sine one. The process of building the solution in terms of scaled, offset unit step ones is illustrated in detail, and visually throughout the examples.
Un lenguaje para vender: estrategias de atenuación en el discurso de venta de los vagoneros en Ciudad de México

This paper explores the linguistic mitigation strategies developed by the vagoneros (informal vendors of Mexico City’s subway system) in their sales pitch. It reflects a specific type of advertising communication, based on a series of structural and strategic elements. Among them, mitigation strategies, with which vagoneros expect to mitigate the evidently coercive purpose of this kind of advertising discourse, stand out. This study explores these politeness and mitigation strategies from a corpus constituted by forty sales pitches registered in the subway of Mexico City during 2015.
The Theory of Finite Plastic Deformation of Crystalline Solids

The evolution of the continuum theory of crystal plasticity at finite strain is traced with particular reference to advances during the past decade. Included within the exposition are: the general invariance principles of Hill; analytical connections between single crystal and polycrystal deformation; a physical justification for the classical normality postulate; an overall theoretical framework for crystal plasticity, and the recently proposed simple theory of latent hardening which is embedded within that framework. Experimental foundations of the subject are taken into consideration, and the finite deformation experiments on cubic crystals of the 1960s are given prominence. Previous demonstrations of the simple theory's ability to account for significant qualitative and quantitative features of experiment are reviewed.
p53 and mdm-2 expression in malignant melanoma: an immunocytochemical study of expression of p53, mdm-2, and markers of cell proliferation in primary versus metastatic tumors.

Alterations in the function of p53, a tumor suppressor gene, have been postulated as a principal underlying mechanism involved in the loss of cell cycle control in human malignancies. Because p53 dysfunction is generally associated with protein overexpression, immunocytochemistry is a valuable technique for the analysis of p53's functional status. We tested the hypothesis that loss of p53 function is a critical event in the early development and progression of human malignant melanoma and can lead to alterations in cell proliferation. We performed an immunocytochemical study in archival fixed, embedded specimens that included 102 melanocytic lesions ranging from benign nevi to metastatic melanoma. In addition to p53, we assessed the p53-associated protein, mdm-2, and markers of cell cycle status (the MIB-1-defined cell proliferation marker; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and statin, a 57-kDa nuclear protein expressed preferentially by G0 cells). Tumor expression of all nuclear proteins was scored in a semiquantitative fashion related to the fraction of positive tumor nuclei. The overall incidence of significant p53 overexpression was low (8% of primary and 14% of metastatic melanomas). Analysis demonstrated strong correlation between increasing p53 expression in primary versus metastatic lesions (chi 2 analysis, P = 0.001). Correlation was found between increased MIB-1-defined cell proliferation and p53 overexpression in primary melanomas (P = 0.02). Detectable mdm-2 expression was significantly correlated with p53 overexpression (P = 0.02). Comparison of statin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen indices demonstrated inverse correlation (chi 2 , P = 0.03) in the combined groups, but within the metastatic group there was a subset of cases strongly expressing the two markers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gender and Stress

An increasing number of sex differences in neuroendocrine, autonomic, or behavioral responses to stress have been reported in the research literature over the past several decades. Many studies used animal models to demonstrate hormonal and behavioral stress reactions, with the obvious advantage of being able to strictly control the type of stress administered and the previous history of stress experienced. Notwithstanding this advantage, studies have begun to examine gender differences in the human as well. The significance of gender differences in stress responses has become an important clinical issue given the number of pathologies associated with stressful life events. Ultimately, a better knowledge of the different strategies used by men and women to deal with stress and the influence of gonadal steroid hormones on these processes is important in the development of effective treatments for stress-related diseases.
Age-Related Dendritic Changes of Spiny and Aspiny Neurons in the Rodent Striatum

The structure of the neuron changes continuously throughout its lifespan. Both growth and regression of its processes (i.e., dendrites, axon) have been reported in young and old brains (Hinds and McNelly, 1977, 1981; Flood et al., 1985). Such changes, far from homogenous, seem to be specific to the species, brain center or even a cell population. Morphological studies have reported age-correlated declines in the number of cells both in the substantia nigra (McGeer et al., 1977) and in the striatum (Bugiani et al., 1978; Mensah, 1979) of rat and man. Recently, age-correlated perikaryal changes were reported (McNeill et al., 1984) in some of the A-10 and in all of the A-9 dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain of the C57BL/6NNIA mouse. However, in spite of recent advances in the cellular and synaptic organization of the striatum (Kemp and Powell, 1971; Fox et al., 1971; DiFiglia et al., 1976, 1980; Rafols and Fox, 1979; Wilson and Groves, 1980; Dimova et al., 1981; Chang et al., 1982), no information exists on the changes occurring in striatal dendrites with advancing age. The present study was carried out to document the changes occurring in dendritic morphology of three different populations of striatal neurons. These changes must consequently bring about alterations in the normal striatal circuitry and their associated transmitter systems. They may also help explain recent concepts implicating them with some of the deficits of motor function that occur with advancing age (Hodkinson, 1980).
On the Kähler form of complex L^{p} space and its Lagrangian subspaces

In this article, we obtain the Kahler forms for complex \(L^{p}\) spaces, \(1\le p<\infty \), and we find and describe explicitly the set of all Lagrangian subspaces of the complex \(L^{p}\) space. The results in this article show that the Lagrangians of complex \(L^{2}\) space are distinct from those of complex \(L^{p}\) spaces for \(1\le p<\infty \), \(p\ne 2\). As an application, the symplectic structure determined by the Kahler form can be used to determine the symplectic form of the complex Holmes–Thompson volumes restricted on complex lines in integral geometry of complex \(L^{p}\) space.
Investigating the Clough, Lutz, and Jirgensons Rule for the pH Dependence of Optical Rotation of Amino Acids

Students in an upper-level physical chemistry course used a polarimeter to measure the molar optical rotation of different optically active amino acids to confirm the Clough, Lutz, and Jirgensons (CLJ) rule. This rule states that an amino acid is in the l-configuration if the molar optical rotation becomes more positive upon the addition of acid or the acid is of the d-configuration if the optical rotation becomes more negative in an acidified solution. Students demonstrated this rule for known configurations of amino acids and then applied this rule to determine the configuration of an amino acid with an unknown configuration.
Sirt5 is dispensable for Braf V600E -mediated cutaneous melanoma development and growth in vivo

Sirt5 is known to functionally regulate mitochondrial proteins by altering posttranslational modifications, including lysine desuccinylation. While roles for Sirt5 as either a tumor promoter or suppressor, or in chemoresistance, have been implicated in other cancers, the function of Sirt5 in cutaneous melanoma has not been well examined. Therefore, to determine whether Sirt5 is necessary for BrafV600E -mediated melanoma formation and/or disease progression, we crossed a genetically engineered murine melanoma model (TyrCre ERT 2/+ ; BrafLSL -V600E/+ ; Ptenflox/flox ) to Sirt5-/- knockout animals. In addition, we tested for synergism with a selective BRAF (V600E) inhibitor in Sirt5-/- mouse melanoma cells. Taken together, this report demonstrates that, in these models, Sirt5 is dispensable for BrafV600E -mediated cutaneous melanoma formation and growth in vivo, and does not improve sensitivity to a selective BRAF inhibitor.
A new class of flexible energetic salts, part 3: The crystal structures of the 3,3-dinitroazetidinium dinitramide and 1-i-propyl-3,3-dinitroazetidinium dinitramide salts

The crystal structures of 3,3-dinitroazetidinium, 1, and 1-i-propyl-3,3-dinitroazetidinium dinitramide, 2, have been determined. 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmc21 with cell dimensions a = 9.932(1), b = 8.545(1), c = 11.107(1) A, while 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with cell dimensions a = 11.464(2), b = 11.657(2), c = 17.916(4) A. Compound 2 formed spontaneously from 1 by reacting with the solvent, acetone, during attempts to recrystallize it. The conformations adopted by the dinitramide ions are quite different with the bend, twist, and torsion angles for the dinitramide ion in 1 being much smaller than those in 2. Possible reasons for the dramatic differences in conformations observed in 1 and 2 are the different local symmetries for this ion found in the two structures as well as the absence of hydrogen bonding interactions in 2.
Material equivalence, modeling and experimental validation of a piezoelectric boot energy harvester

This paper presents a material equivalent model, electromechanical coupling finite element (FE) modeling and experimental validation of a piezoelectric energy harvester for energy harvesting from human walking. The harvester comprises of six piezoelectric stacks within force amplification frames sandwiched between two heel-shaped aluminum plates, which can be put inside shoes as a shoe heel. The harvester amplifies the vertical dynamic reaction forces with ground at a heel and transfers them to the inner piezoelectric stacks to maximize the power output. Symmetries in geometry, load and boundary conditions are fully exploited and the multilayered piezoelectric stack is simplified as an equivalent bulk to simplify the FE model and expedite dynamic analysis. Dynamic simulation is performed on the symmetric FE model over different external resistive loads with the measured forces at different walking speeds as inputs. The prototype of the harvester is fabricated and tested on a treadmill to validate the proposed material equivalent model and FE model. The simulation results agree well with both the experimental measurements and numerical predictions from the simplified single degree-of-freedom (DOF) model. Parametric study is performed on the validated FE model to investigate the effect of geometric dimensions of the force amplification frames on the power output. The peak power outputs of 83.2 mW and 84.8 mW, and average power outputs of 8.5 mW and 9.3 mW are experimentally achieved at the walking speeds of 2.5 mph (4.0 km/h) and 3.0 mph (4.8 km/h), which agree well with the simulations. Simulation shows that an average power of 34.7 mW can be obtained at 6.0 mph (9.7 km/h).
Viscoelastic properties of fused filament fabrication parts

Abstract Parts made by fused filament fabrication differ in their mechanical properties from the parent material. To investigate the effect of the manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts, a series of experiments including Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and ultrasonic wave propagation were conducted. For this purpose, printed parts were made from custom ABS filament and were printed using a rectangular bead shape to minimize porosity. The main properties investigated included the elastic, loss and storage moduli, and the material loss tangent (tan δ). Results indicate that the elastic modulus of the printed material was somewhat lower than that of the parent material, about 2 GPa for frequencies 0.1 Hz–100 Hz. Furthermore, tan δ was largest for the parent material at about 0.03 compared with 0.01–0.02 for the printed material. Ultrasonic longitudinal wave measurements at 1 MHz on printed specimens with bead angles of 0°, 45° and 90°, revealed minimal anisotropy and, consistent with DMA results, tan δ was also largest for the parent material.
Innate Lymphoid Cell–Dependent Airway Epithelial and Inflammatory Responses to Inhaled Ozone: A New Paradigm in Pathogenesis:

Epidemiological associations have been made between the new onset of childhood rhinitis/asthma and exposures to elevated ambient levels of ozone, a commonly encountered gaseous air pollutant. Our laboratory was the first to find that mice repeatedly exposed to ozone develop nasal type 2 immunity and eosinophilic rhinitis with mucous cell metaplasia. More recently, we have found that these ozone-induced upper airway alterations are mediated by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and not by T and B cells that are important in adaptive immune responses typically associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Furthermore, repeated exposures of mice to ozone cause ILC2-mediated type 2 immunity and airway pathology in the lungs, like those found in the nasal airways. Our recent findings in ozone-exposed mice complement and extend previous reports of nonallergic nasal airway disease in ozone-exposed rats and nonhuman primates. Overall, these experimental results in laboratory animals suggest a plausible ILC2-dependent paradigm for the toxicologic pathobiology that underlies the development of nonallergic rhinitis/asthma in children who live in environments with repeated occurrences of high ambient concentrations of ozone.
The overabundance of the perfect and the restriction of evidentiality in Standard Azerbaijani: A diachronic study of -(y)Ib and -mIş

This article investigates the historical development and reorganization of variation in the individual cells of the Standard Azerbaijani perfect paradigms, a phenomenon known as overabundance (Thornton 2011, 2012). Unlike many previous examples of overabundance in the literature, the variation of the present perfect in Standard Azerbaijani applies to all the relevant verb lexemes in the language and shows no indication of developing verb classes. Rather, the present study argues that, (i) while there is an ongoing reorganization of this variation, it is along lines of specialization for paradigmatic oppositions in person marking, and (ii) this reorganization is attributable to analogical extension on the basis of structural asymmetries in the person-marking of the evidential paradigm. Differentiation by Person (Dmitriyev 1927, Əfəndiyeva 2005) is an inherent structural property of the Azerbaijani verb paradigm, manifested by analogical change. The synchronic asymmetries in the perfect paradigms are best explained as the result frequency-sensitive changes, i.e., lower frequency categories (but not lexemes) correlate with the persistence of variation.
Catalytic transfer hydrogenation and characterization of flash hydrolyzed microalgae into hydrocarbon fuels production (jet fuel)

Abstract Oil-laden biofuel intermediate (BI) from flash-hydrolyzed microalgae was characterized, pyrolyzed, and subjected to catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) to produce both gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The BI was characterized by TGA and FTIR that revealed significant triglyceride, evidenced by C O bond with insignificant level of carbohydrates and proteins. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the BI could be thermally decomposed at 400 °C. Pyrolysis of the BI engendered mainly gaseous hydrocarbon (alkenes) with high heating value (HHV) of 48.5 kJ/mol at 850 °C. Energy of activation for the pyrolytic process was estimated to be 115–300 kJ/mol. Optimization of oil extraction from the BI was performed via design of experiment. The oil was subjected to CTH over NiOx-CoOx-MoOx-zeolite using 2-propanol as hydrogen donor in a 30-ml batch reactor at a temperature range of 390–420 °C and autogenic pressure of 24–27 bar, leading to fatty acid conversion of 99–100%. The main liquid products obtained from the CTH were iso-alkanes (41%), cyclo-alkanes (35%), aromatics (5%), n-alkanes (14%), and alkenes (5%). Kinetics of the CTH showed first order with activation energy of 176 kJ/mol. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunaeur-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption and desorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and TGA. The catalyst revealed cubic structure, which was maintained after 5 h of CTH reaction. Present in both the fresh and the used catalysts were oxides of alkali and transition metals. The active sites of the catalyst were dominated by Co3+, Ni2+, and Mo6+.
The Cancer Prevention and Control Research Network: Accelerating the implementation of evidence-based cancer prevention and control interventions.

Abstract This editorial provides a high level overview of the articles included in this supplement.