cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware Trojan detection by timing measurement: Theory and implementation

Abstract Due to outsourcing of chip product chain, hardware is vulnerable to be attacked. For example, an attacker who has access to hardware fabrication process can alter the genuine hardware with insertion of concealed hardware elements (Hardware Trojan). Microelectronic circuits are almost always a part of hardware devices, so microelectronic circuit Hardware Trojan (HT) detection becomes a key aspect in hardware security. A novel microelectronic HT detection circuit based on timing analysis is proposed in this paper. The detection circuit can be adopted in combinational and sequential microelectronic circuits. The proposed technique is implemented in IBM 90 nm CMOS process and Xilinx ISE FPGA. Based on experimental results, with one detection circuit embedded in testing-path, an HT with size that is 2.81% of host-circuit size is detectable at detection probability of 90% with a 10% probability of a false positives. Both detectable HT size and detection probability can be improved by adding more detection circuits to testing-path. The probability of false positives is controlled by the testing clock period.
Sleep disordered breathing and fibroblast growth factor 23 in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Preclinical data suggest that hypoxia stimulates fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) transcription and cleavage in osteocytes, resulting in elevated circulating c-terminal (cFGF23) levels but normal intact FGF23 (iFGF23) levels. We conducted a case-control study within the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos to investigate whether sleep disordered breathing, as a model of hypoxemia, is independently associated with elevated cFGF23 levels in the general population and with elevated cFGF23 and iFGF23 levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), in whom FGF23 cleavage may be impaired. Cases (n = 602) had severe sleep disordered breathing defined as an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥30. Controls without severe sleep disordered breathing (n = 602) were matched for sex and CKD stage. The median AHI in the cases was 45.8 (IQR 35.5-62.5) compared to 2.6 (IQR 0.6-8.2) in the controls. Cases had higher cFGF23 levels than controls (66.2 RU/mL, IQR 52.8-98.4 vs. 61.2 RU/mL, IQR 49.5-80.1, p value <0.001). There were no differences in iFGF23 levels between cases and controls. In adjusted linear regression and multinomial regression analyses, body mass index attenuated the relationship between severe sleep disordered breathing and cFGF23 levels. No significant relationships were seen in analyses of severe sleep disordered breathing and iFGF23 levels or in analyses of iFGF23 and cFGF23 stratified by CKD status. Additional studies using other models of intermittent and chronic hypoxia are needed to confirm whether hypoxia stimulates FGF23 transcription in humans and to determine the impact on iFGF23 levels in CKD.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes and Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous clonal malignant disorder resulting from genetic alterations in multipotent hematopoietic stem cells. These alterations limit the ability of stem cells to differentiate into erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets and lead to the proliferation of leukemic cells or blasts.
How Clean is Clean Enough? Determining the Most Effective Use of Resources in the Data Cleansing Process

Poor data quality can have a significant impact on system and organizational performance. With significant increase in data gathering and storage, the number of sources of data that must be merged in data warehouse and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementations has increased significantly. This makes data cleansing as part of the implementation conversion, increasingly difficult. In this research we expand the traditional Extraction-Load-Transform (ETL) process to identify subprocesses between the main stages. We then identify the decisions and tradeoffs related to the various decisions on allocation of time, resources and accuracy constraints on the data cleansing process. We develop a mathematical model of the process to identify the optimal configuration of these factors in data cleansing process. We use empirical data to test the feasibly of the proposed model. Multiple domain experts validate the range of constraints used for model testing. Three different levels of cleansing complexity are tested in the preliminary analysis to demonstrate the use and validity of the modeling process.
Direct and indirect thermogenic effects of anorectic drugs.

In 1937, several clinicians reported that patients receiving amphetamine for the treatment of narcolepsy and other disorders showed persistent losses in body weight (Nathanson, 1937; Davidoff and Reifenstein Jr., 1937; Ulrich, 1937). The significance of this observation was quickly realized by Lesses and Myerson (1938), who advocated the use of amphetamine for the treatment of obesity. Since that time, hundreds of articles have been written extolling the clinical effectiveness of anorectic drugs for weight reduction.
Binuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes of Macrocyclic and Macrobicyclic Ligands as Oxygen Carriers

The macrocyclic and macrobicyclic ligands, O-BISDIEN, and O-BISTREN, form thermo-dynamically stable hydro×o-bridged binuclear cobalt(ll) complexes. Both of these complexes react with dioxygen to form kinetlcally stable peroxo-bridged complexes that do not undergo (metal-centered) degradation at appreciable rates. The loss of dioxygen from the µ-peroxo-µ-hydroxo-dicobalt(lll) O-BISDIEN complex is estimated to have the first order rate of about 2 × 10-8 sec-1. The ligand is not attacked in this reaction but is converted to the binuclear hydroxo-bridged cobalt(lll) complex. The rate of degradation of the dioxygen complex formed from O-BISTREN is kinetically even more stable, with no measurable rate of degradation in water solution from ~0 °C to 75 °C. Even if the degradation were to take place (a reaction which is very slow for the O-BISDIEN complex and even slower for that formed from O-BISTREN) the ligands are not attacked during the degradation reactions, and the active Co(ll) complexes can be regenerated by electrolytic reduction of the corresponding Co(lll) complexes. In any case, the very slow rates of degradation of and the lack of ligand attack, make these binuclear cobalt(II) complexes the most effective and efficient oxygen carriers ever reported, and are highly recommended for the separation of dioxygen from air.
Accessory and anomalous atrioventricular valvar tissue causing outflow tract obstruction: Surgical implications of a heterogeneous and complex problem

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of accessory or anomalous atrioventricular valvar apparatus on relief of outflow tract obstruction. Background. Outflow tract obstruction due to accessory tissue or anomalous attachments of the atrioventricular valvar apparatus is an unusual but well-recognized problem. In addition to obstruction, anomalous attachments of the atrioventricular valvar apparatus may interfere with procedures to relieve outflow tract obstruction or perform outflow tract reconstruction. Methods. Since 1992, we have operated on 21 patients (median age 4 years) with systemic (n = 13), pulmonary (n = 5) or bilateral (n = 3) outflow tract obstruction due to accessory atrioventricular valvar tissue and/or anomalous attachments of the subvalvar apparatus. Primary diagnoses were isolated obstruction of the systemic outflow tract or aortic arch (n = 7), transposition complexes (n = 6), previously repaired atrioventricular septal defect (n = 3), functionally single ventricle (n = 3) and ventricular septal defect with pulmonary outflow obstruction (n = 2). Outflow tract gradients ranged from 20–110 mm Hg (median 58 mm Hg). Results. Complete relief of obstruction due to atrioventricular valvar anomalies was possible in 14 patients. In six patients, the planned procedure either had to be modified or only partial relief of the obstruction was achieved. In the remaining patient, who had borderline functionally single ventricle heart disease (unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect) and systemic outflow obstruction due to accessory and functional valvar apparatus, support was withdrawn because the parents refused univentricular palliation and the valvar anomalies precluded a Ross-Konno procedure. There were two early deaths. At follow-up ranging from 1 to 66 months (median 27 months), there was one death, and there has been no recurrence of outflow tract obstruction or residual atrioventricular valvar tissue. Conclusions. Outflow tract obstruction caused by accessory or anomalous atrioventricular valvar structures is an uncommon and heterogeneous group of conditions that can have significant surgical implications. In the majority of cases, tailoring of surgical techniques will permit complete relief of obstruction. However, such anomalies may limit standard surgical options and necessitate an innovative approach in some patients.
Principles of Care in the Diabetic Surgical Patient

The prevalence of diabetes in the USA continues to grow at an alarming rate. While the risk factors for diabetes complications are well defined, many patients are not achieving recognized treatment goals and are at risk of developing complications, including peripheral vascular disease and podiatric problems. There are two major types of diabetes—Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes develops into a from of insulin production while Type 2 diabetes develops because of insulin resistance with an inadequate supply of insulin to meet the increased need. When patients with diabetes are admitted to the hospital, they will almost always require insulin therapy. Optimal insulin coverage includes basal (background) insulin in conjunction with insulin. The bolus insulin dose is composed of a prandial (meal) component and a correction dose as needed. For patients eating normally the total daily dose of prandial insulin is approximately equal to the total basal dose. Based on a patient’s total daily insulin requirement, one can calculate a correction factor or the amount of blood glucose lowering expected from 1 unit of insulin. Patients with Type 1 diabetes, because of their lack of insulin production, can never have all of their insulin held because of the risk of developing DKA. Adjustments in both the basal and bolus doses are required preoperatively. Patients in the ICU are best managed with an intravenous insulin infusion with dosing based on a validated protocol. Early discharge planning can help avoid delays in discharge due to diabetes-related issues.
Baseline bone mineral density testing among breast cancer patients prescribed aromatase inhibitors (AIs).

6642 Background: Because of the adverse effects of AI’s on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk, current guidelines recommend baseline BMD testing when initiating adjuvant AI’s. Methods: We used a validated breast cancer algorithm of Medicare claims to identify older US female breast cancer patients starting adjuvant AI therapy and to examine baseline BMD testing rates. The cohort included all US non-HMO Medicare D-enrolled women age ≥67 years who initiated AI therapy within one year after a 2006-2007 initial breast cancer surgery. Women receiving IV bisphosphonates consistent with metastatic breast cancer treatment (interval <90 days)were excluded. We examined BMD testing between 24 months prior and 6 months after AI initiation, adjusting for demographic and fracture risk factors, and comparing to a duration-adjusted testing rate for a 5% random sample of all cancer-free women enrolled in Medicare in 2008. Results: A majority of the cancer cohort (67.7%) had baseline BMD testing. This was substan...
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Link between Diet and DNA Methylation.

DNA methylation is a vital modification process in the control of genetic information, which contributes to the epigenetics by regulating gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Abnormal DNA methylation—both hypomethylation and hypermethylation—has been associated with improper gene expression, leading to several disorders. Two types of risk factors can alter the epigenetic regulation of methylation pathways: genetic factors and modifiable factors. Nutrition is one of the strongest modifiable factors, which plays a direct role in DNA methylation pathways. Large numbers of studies have investigated the effects of nutrition on DNA methylation pathways, but relatively few have focused on the biochemical mechanisms. Understanding the biological mechanisms is essential for clarifying how nutrients function in epigenetics. It is believed that nutrition affects the epigenetic regulations of DNA methylation in several possible epigenetic pathways: mainly, by altering the substrates and cofactors that are necessary for proper DNA methylation; additionally, by changing the activity of enzymes regulating the one-carbon cycle; and, lastly, through there being an epigenetic role in several possible mechanisms related to DNA demethylation activity. The aim of this article is to review the potential underlying biochemical mechanisms that are related to diet modifications in DNA methylation and demethylation.
Legal Obligation & Its Limits

Judges decide cases by appeal to rules of general application they deem to be law. If a candidate rule resolves the case and is, ex ante and independently of the judge’s judgment, the law, then the judge has a legal obligation to declare it as such and follow it. That, at any rate, is conventional wisdom. Yet the principle is false – a rule’s being law or the judge’s believing it to be law is neither necessary nor even sufficient for a judge being legally obliged to follow it. The principle’s falsity is especially apparent in so-called hard cases, where the line between legal and non-legal rules is obscure. Moreover, judges have authority to disregard law in hard cases not because moral (or non-legal) obligations trump legal obligations. Rather, the law itself circumscribes its own authority. The implications for legal philosophy are significant; for one, a theory of juridical norms can be developed independently of the precise boundaries of legality.
Preface to the National Lawyers Guild Review, 68-4

Introduces: 1. Turn to the Constitution in Prayer: Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Obama, the Constitutionality and the Politics of the National Day or Prayer by Gain Schnitzer Eisenberg. 2. Anatomy of a "Terrorism" Prosecution: Dr. Rafil Dhafir and the Held the Needy Muslim Charity Case by Katherine Hughes. 3. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal year 2012: Battlefield Earth by Nathan Goetting.
Morphology of Mouse Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Complex Changes Following Exercise During Pubertal Growth.

Postnatal development and the physiological loading response of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) complex (ACL proper, entheses, and bony morphology) is not well understood. We tested whether the ACL-complex of two inbred mouse strains that collectively encompass the musculoskeletal variation observed in humans would demonstrate significant morphological differences following voluntary cage-wheel running during puberty compared with normal cage activity controls. Female A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) 6-week-old mice were provided unrestricted access to a standard cage-wheel for 4 weeks. A/J-exercise mice showed a 6.3% narrower ACL (p = 0.64), and a 20.1% more stenotic femoral notch (p < 0.01) while B6-exercise mice showed a 12.3% wider ACL (p = 0.10), compared with their respective controls. Additionally, A/J-exercise mice showed a 5.3% less steep posterior medial tibial slope (p = 0.07) and an 8.8% less steep posterior lateral tibial slope (p = 0.07), while B6-exercise mice showed a 9.8% more steep posterior medial tibial slope (p < 0.01) than their respective controls. A/J-exercise mice also showed more reinforcement of the ACL tibial enthesis with a 20.4% larger area (p < 0.01) of calcified fibrocartilage distributed at a 29.2% greater depth (p = 0.02) within the tibial enthesis, compared with their controls. These outcomes suggest exercise during puberty significantly influences ACL-complex morphology and that inherent morphological differences between these mice, as observed in their less active genetically similar control groups, resulted in a divergent phenotypic outcome between mouse strains. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1910-1919, 2019.
Chip-Scale Terahertz Carbonyl Sulfide Clock: An Overview and Recent Studies on Long-Term Frequency Stability of OCS Transitions

This paper reviews the recent innovations of a miniature time-keeping device with high affordability: chip-scale molecular clock. It is based on the recent research progress of high-precision terahertz (THz) rotational spectrometers, especially those using CMOS integrated circuit technologies. The clock probes the rotational modes of carbonyl sulfide ( $^{16}$ O $^{12}$ C $^{32}$ S) molecule gas and then calibrates its MHz output according to the measured terahertz transition frequency of OCS. In contrast to cesium/rubidium atomic clocks, the THz OCS clock has fully electronic operations and, hence, a significantly simplified implementation. In particular, it is realizable on a waveguide-attached CMOS chip, which minimizes the form factor and cost. Based on a lab scale prototype with an Allan deviation in the 10 $^{-11}$ range, this paper for the first time studies two critical metrics related to the long-term stability of THz OCS clocks. These metrics are the clock sensitivities to temperature change of the OCS gas and external magnetic field. The measured average temperature coefficient of the clock, without ovenized temperature stabilization and temperature compensation, is 9.5 × 10 $^{-11}$ / $^\circ$ C in the range of 28 $\ ^\circ$ C–70 $\ ^\circ$ C. Next, the measured clock shift in response to a 75 G external magnetic field is $ 4 × 10 $^{-11}$ , with a theoretical value near 10 $^{-13}$ . Lastly, this paper also reviews the first reported CMOS prototype of the clock, which consumes only 66 mW dc power and achieves an Allan deviation of 3.8 × 10 $^{-10}$ ( $\tau$ = 1000 s). Approaches for performance improvements and potential monolithic chip implementation are discussed. These studies present the feasibility of a CMOS-based magnetic-shield/heater-free clock with high energy efficiency and sub- ppb stability over a wide range of operation condition.
Segmentation in continental forearcs: Links between large-scale overriding plate structure and seismogenic behavior associated with the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake

Abstract Subduction along the active margin of a continental plate occurs in a context where the overriding plate's crust and lithospheric mantle may contain inherited structures significantly predating the present tectonic conditions of the margin. These structures are persistent over very long-term time scales (>105 to >106 years) and are thought to play an important role in both seismogenic processes on the megathrust and development of topography along coastlines. We use receiver functions calculated from broadband seismic data collected along the Chilean forearc between ~33°S and 38.5°S in the vicinity of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake to determine the structure of the overriding South American continental plate and subducting Nazca oceanic plate along and inboard of the seismogenic portion of the megathrust. We show that the Chilean forearc is divided into three structurally distinct zones: a northern zone where the continental crust intersects the subducting plate well inboard of the coast at ~35–40 km depth, a central zone where the continental crust tapers to
Custom-Printed 3D Models for Teaching Molecular Symmetry

Models were prepared by 3D printing that can be used to demonstrate the operations required for the study of molecular symmetry. The models were designed to emphasize the order and locations of rotation axes and to clearly illustrate the more abstract reflection and improper rotation axes. The models were well-received by students in a course on molecular structure, who generally felt that their understanding of the topic was enhanced by using the models.
The efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy versus percutaneous liver biopsy in patients with chronic liver disease: a retrospective single-center study

There is limited literature on endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB), a new method of obtaining liver biopsy (LB). We conducted a retrospective study of the efficacy and safety of EUS-LB compared to percutaneous liver biopsy (PC-LB) in patients with chronic liver disease at our center between January 2018 and August 2019. Thirty patients underwent EUS-LB and 60 patients underwent PC-LB were identified (median follow-up post-LB was 8 days; interquartile range (IQR), 3–5 days). The median number of portal tracts was significantly higher in the PC-LB group (13 vs. 5; P < 0.0001). A histologic diagnosis was established in 93% of the EUS-LB group, compared to 100% in the PC-LB group (P = 0.841). Patients in EUS-LB group had significantly shorter hospital stay (median time of hospital stay was 3 vs. 4.2 h in the EUS-LB vs. PC-LB group, respectively; P = 0.004) and reported less pain compared to PC-LB group (median pain score was 0 vs. 3.5; P = 0.0009). EUS-LB were performed using a 19-gauge (n = 27) or 22-gauge (n = 3); there was a tendency towards higher number of portal tracts in the 22- vs. the 19-gauge needle group (6 vs. 5; P = 0.501). No patient in either group had significant adverse events such as bleeding or death. EUS-LB is safe and is associated with less pain, shorter hospital stay, and high diagnostic yield (93%) compared to PC-LB. Randomized trials are needed to standardize the utility of EUS-LB.
Climate Change and Recreation: Evidence from North American Cycling

There is extensive research documenting the economic consequences of climate change, yet our understanding of climate impacts on nonmarket activities remains incomplete. Here, we investigate the effect of weather on recreation demand. Using data from 27 million bicycle trips in 16 North American cities, we estimate how outdoor recreation responds to daily weather fluctuations. We find empirically that cyclists dislike cold temperatures much more than hot temperatures, suggesting potential gains from warming. However, the overall response to extreme heat is mitigated, in part, by intraday adaptation towards recreating during cooler times of day. Combining these estimates with time-use survey data and climate projections, our models suggest annual surplus gains of $894 million from climate-induced cycling by mid-century.
Treatment and outcomes of 81 extremely low birth weight infants

Objective To summarize the characteristics of treatment and outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI).Methods The clinical data of 81 cases of ELBWI admitted to Bayi Children's Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command from October 1st.2008 to August 31st.2011 were retrospectively analyzed.The survival rate and mortality of ELBWI with different gestational age and birth weight were compared with Chi-square test.Results Of 81 ELBWI,43 were male and 38 were female; the mean gestational age at birth was (28.4 ±2.1) weeks; the average birth weight was (903.5 ± 95.4) g.Complications of them included respiratory distress syndrome (68/81,84.0％),patent ductus arteriosus (47/81,58.0％),retinopathy of prematurity (41/81,50.6％),intraventricular hemorrhage (23/81,28.4％),bronchopulmonary dysplasia (17/81,21.0％),sepsis (15/81,18.5％),periventricular leukomalacia (2/81,2.5％) and necrotizing enterocolitis (1/81,1.2％).Among 81 infants,96.3％ (n =78)received oxygen inhalation with the average time was 19.1 d (median 11 d,0-121 d) ; 70.4％ (n=57)received pulmonary surfactant; 27.2％ (n =22) received nasal continuous positive airway pressure;34.6％ (n =28) received normal frequency mechanicalfrequency ventilation.All 47 ELBWI with patent ductus arteriosus received ibuprofen treatment,among which 6 cases received arterial canal ligation after failure of ibuprofen treatment.20 out of 41 cases of retinopathy of prematurity received laser surgery.Total parenteral nutrition was required in 74 infants(91.4％),the average age of beginning enteral feeding was 5.2 d (median 6 d,0-17 d)and achieved full gastrointestinal feeding time was 31 d (median 28 d,7-65 d).The survival rate of ELBWI with gestational age of ≤26,-28 and ＞28 weeks was 25.0％ (4/16),72.0％ (18/25) and 77.5％ (31/40),respectively; the corresponding mortality was 12.5％ (2/16),8.0％ (2/25) and 2.5％ (1/40),respectively.The survival rate of ELBWI with birth weight ≤800,-900 and ＞900 g was 33.3％ (4/12),58.3％ (14/24) and 77.8％ (35/45),respectively; and corresponding mortality of them was 16.7％ (2/12),8.3％ (2/24) and 2.2％ (1/45),respectively.Conclusions The outcome of ELBWI is closely related to gestational age and birth weight.Professional and sophisticated treatment might improve the survival rate and general outcome of ELBWI. Key words: Infant, extremely low birth weight; Infant, premature; Treatment outcome; Retrospective studies
Norepinephrine and stress

Introduction Stress is a major factor in the development of many psychopathological conditions, and the dysregulation of noradrenergic neurotransmission has been implicated in a variety of stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety disorders. Further, the brain noradrenergic system is a key regulatory target for psychotherapeutic drugs used to treat such disorders. Thus, understanding the role of brain norepinephrine (NE) in short-term coping and the response to acute stress, as well as long-term adaptation and restoration in the face of chronic or repeated stress, may be important for understanding the neurobiological processes involved in the development of or vulnerability to such pathological states and the processes involved in their effective treatment. The brain noradrenergic neurotransmitter system, originating in the locus coeruleus (LC) and other cell groups in the medulla and pons, innervates essentially the entire neuraxis, the notable exception being the neostriatum (see Chapter 1). Such a widespread and divergent innervation pattern arises from a relatively small number of cells concentrated in a few regions of the hindbrain. This system is positioned ideally to enact a global “state-change” function and influence the operating characteristics of the entire nervous system under conditions of elevated noradrenergic activity. That the system indeed operated in this manner was supported by electrophysiologic experiments in the 1980s and early 1990s, which showed the effect of NE on target neurons to be primarily modulatory in nature.
Population genetics and evolution of the mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus, the world's only self‐fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrate

The mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus (Rivulidae, Cyprinodontiformes), is phylogenetically embedded within a large clade of oviparous (egg laying) and otherwise mostly gonochoristic (separate sex) killifish species in the circumtropical suborder Aplocheiloidei. It is unique in its reproductive mode: K. marmoratus is essentially the world's only vertebrate species known to engage routinely in self-fertilization as part of a mixed-mating strategy of selfing plus occasional outcrossing with gonochoristic males. This unique form of procreation has profound population-genetic and evolutionary-genetic consequences that are the subject of this review.
Communicating External Voting Rights to Diaspora Communities. Challenges and Opportunities in the Cases of El Salvador and Costa Rica / Comunicando los derechos de votación en el extranjero a las diásporas. Los casos de El Salvador y Costa Rica

This paper explores the challenges that home governments face when trying to convey information about newly established political rights to diaspora communities located in host countries. It does so by analyzing the cases of El Salvador and Costa Rica, two Central American countries that will offer external voting rights (absentee vote) to their citizens, for the first time, in the national elections of 2014.
Activity-Oriented Group Work with the Mentally Ill: Enhancing Socialization

The mentally ill are underserved because of the complex challenges that they present in treatment. This article reviews and explores the use of program activities to increase social skills and develop mutual aid with this population. The objective is to suggest and describe a model for the use of program activities over the life of the group which can be utilized with clients who are institutionalized, in day treatment, or in aftercare programs. The use of activity has energized the work of these authors. It is the hope that more group workers will develop their program skills and more clients will be able to benefit from this modality.
Direct measurement of planar flow rate in an excised canine larynx model

Objectives/Hypothesis: During phonation, skewing of the glottal flow waveform (Q) refers to a phenomenon thatoccurs when the flow decelerates more rapidly than it accelerates. This skewing is clinically important because it increasesthe glottal efficiency, which is defined by the acoustic intensity (sound pressure level) divided by the subglottal pressure. Cur-rent theoretical models predict that the only mechanism to cause skewing of Q involves changes in the vocal tract inertance.The purpose of the current work is to show that other factors at the vocal fold level can also cause skewing of Q and todetermine if the acoustic intensity is correlated with maximum flow declination rate.Study Design: Basic science.Methods: Intraglottal geometry and velocity measurements were taken in five canine larynges at the mid-membranousplane using 2-dimensional particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). The flow rate at the glottal exit was computed from the PIVmeasurements for low, medium, and high subglottal pressures.Results: Vortices form in the superior aspect of the divergent glottis during closing. These vortices produce negativepressure that increases both the maximum value of Q and the rapid deceleration of the flow. The skewing of the flow rate isincreased as the intraglottal vortices are increased by increasing the subglottal pressure. The increase in the acoustic intensityis highly correlated with certain properties of the flow rate waveform, such as maximum flow rate.Conclusion: Flow skewing and the acoustic intensity can be increased by increasing the intraglottal vortices.Key Words: Vocal folds, intraglottal velocity, flow rate.Level of Evidence: N/A.Laryngoscope, 00:000–000, 2014INTRODUCTIONIn the classic source-filter theory, Fant
Abstract W MP21: Contrast Staining on Ct After Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Association With Worse Outcomes

Introduction: Parenchymal contrast staining may appear on computerized tomography after intra-arterial therapy for acute ischemic stroke. This finding may not be associated with hemorrhagic transformation and has been reported to be transient. However, the incidence, associations and clinical consequences have not been well described. Methods: We reviewed a prospectively collected database of acute ischemic stroke patients admitted between January of 2012 and April of 2013. We included patients with acute ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion who underwent endovascular therapy. Demographic, clinical and imaging characteristics were assessed. Post-procedure brain CTs were reviewed for contrast staining and ASPECTS score. Discharge and 30-day follow up data were compared using Wilcoxon two-sample tests and chi square tests. Results: 59 patients (34 (57.6%) female, mean age: 66.7 years;) were included in the analysis. Twenty two patients (37.3%) had contrast staining on post-procedure brain CT scan. Of this group, the initial median NIHSS was 16.5 and initial median ASPECTS score was 7 (compared to initial median NIHSS of 15 and median ASPECTS of 9 in those without contrast staining) (p=0.297 and 0.166, respectively). Recanalization rates were similar for both groups (82% vs. 83%, p=0.882). Upon discharge, the group of patients with post-procedure CT with contrast staining had significantly higher NIHSS (median of 15) and lower CT ASPECTS score (median of 6), (compared to NIHSS of 7 and CT ASPECTS of 8 in those without contrast staining) (p=0.025 and 0.017). Patients who had contrast staining tended to be more likely to have a hemorrhagic transformation of the ischemic infarct area (59.1% versus 36.1%, p=0.088) with rates of PH1 being 18.2% (versus 8.1%, p=0.407) and PH2 being 22.7% (versus 5.4%, p=0.090). The data also suggest a difference in the 30-day NIHSS (10 in the contrast staining group versus 4, p=0.092) and 30-day MRS (4 in the contrast staining group versus 3, p=0.107). Conclusion: The presence of contrast staining on CT obtained after intra-arterial therapy for acute ischemic stroke may be associated with worse imaging and clinical outcomes, including hemorrhagic transformation and worse neurologic deficits upon discharge and at 30 days.
IDENTIFYING AND CULTIVATING LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL IN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Though National Association of School Psychologists standards acknowledge the urgent need for leadership skills among school psychologists and loosely define a leadership agenda, a cogent model for the training and practice of this skill set has not yet been explicated. The formulation of a preliminary conceptual framework is a particularly pressing agenda for school psychology practitioners and academicians who, in response to the call for increased accountability in general and special education, must shift curricula from a traditional diagnostic/consultative/intervention framework to include topics related to organizational effectiveness. The objective of this article is to identify key behaviors, skills, dispositions, and contextual variables that will facilitate successful leadership among practicing school psychologists and then to propose considerations for specialist-level training in school psychology.
Monckeberg's sclerosis in temporal artery biopsy specimens

Editor,—Temporal artery biopsies are performed routinely on patients suspected of having giant cell arteritis. Of 131 pathology specimens examined at University of Illinois at Chicago Eye Center from 1975 to 1998, the most common diagnosis was atherosclerosis with myointimal fibrosis (63%) followed by giant cell arteritis (13%). In about 6% of cases we encountered calcific sclerosis confined to …
Function of reticulocyte ribonucleic acid in the Escherichia coli cell-free system.

Abstract 1. 1. The addition of reticulocyte RNA to an Escherichia coli cell-free system results in the enhancement of amino acid incorporation into protein. The protein synthesized was digested with trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) and the resulting peptides compared with the tryptic peptides of hemoglobin. There is no correspondence between the two sets of peptides under the conditions described. 2. 2. There is a marked correspondence, however, between the tryptic peptides synthesized in the E. coli cell-free system alone and those synthesized in the reticulocyte RNA enhanced E. coli system. This suggests that the added reticulocyte RNA is acting to promote or protect the endogenous activity of the cell-free system.
Spectroscopic observations of the great aurora of 10 February 1958—I Abnormal vibration of N2+

Abstract Auroral spectrograms taken with the IGY patrol spectrograph at College, Alaska, during the great aurora of 10–11 February 1958, show high vibrational excitation in the B( 2 σ u + ) state of N 2 + , as indicated by the enhanced intensities of the 4652 A (1,3) and 4600 A (2,4) bands relative to the 4709 A (0,2) band of the first negative system. The grating spectrograms presented consist of 18 successive exposures throughout the night from 0308 to 1529 hours UT 11 February and resolve the magnetic meridian from North to South along the length of the slit image. Intensity ratios are compared with those of synthetic spectra at the same 8 A resolution calculated assuming Boltzmann distributions at various excitation temperatures of vibration and of rotation. The excitation can in this manner be roughly characterized by T (vib) = 4000°K and T (rot) = 2500°K. The enhancement is frequently so strong as to reverse the normally decreasing order of intensities of the (0,2) and (1,3) bands. Unusually intense emission from hydrogen is frequently present, and the measured Doppler shifts of H α indicate velocities up to at least 800 km/sec. These auroral measurements lend observational support to the concept that charge exchange becomes a major process in great aurorae.
The dual twin image effect from a waveguide hologram

A new phenomenon called the dual twin image effect is reported. The mechanisms of the dual twin image effect and the twin image effect are discussed. A sandwich-like waveguide hologram unit, which can be used for fingerprint recognition, is described and verified experimentally.
The stereochemistry of sulfonium ylides derived from 9-alkylidenethioxanthenes– The relationship between ring inversion and S+C− bond rotation

A series of sulfonium ylides has been prepared by the reaction of 9-alkylidenethioxanthenes with dimethyl diazomalonate. The e' electron pair on sulfur is more efficient than the a' in trapping the “carbenes” generated by copper(II) catalyzed decomposition of diazo compounds. Consequently, e' ylides are the kineti-cally-controlled reaction products. Varying the C2 substituent does not alter this. Sulfides and sulfonium ylides containing the isopropylidene moiety do not undergo rapid ring inversion. Rotation about the S+C− bond occurs in the pseudo-axial conformation but not the pseudo-equatorial. The use of the anisochronicity of portions of the malonylide fragment as a criterion for heterocyclic ring inversion is presented. It is suggested that the sulfoxides of phenothiazine, phenoxathiin, thianthrene, and related sulfoxides, undergo rapid ring inversion.
Elevation of serum HDL and HDL cholesterol in cholesterol in cholesterol-FED male rabbits treated with estrogen

The effect of cholesterol feeding and estrogen administration on serum lipoproteins and lipoprotein lipid composition was investigated in male rabbits. The lipoprotein fractions were separated by preparative ultracentrifugation and the purity of each fraction was determined by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The amount of cholesterol, cholesterol ester, triglycerides and phospholipids was determined in each of the lipoprotein fractions. It was found that treatment of the cholesterol-fed animals with estrogen resulted in an increase of their serum HDL, HDL cholesterol, HDL phospholipids and HDL triglycerides. This increase was accompanied by a decrease in serum VLDL, VLDL cholesterol and VLDL phospholipids. Since increased HDL and HDL cholesterol have been known to be associated with lower coronary heart disease, the increased serum HDL and HDL cholesterol resulting from estrogen treatment might account for the reported lower incidence of coronary heart disease in young women than in young men and the protective effect of estrogen against diet-induced and spontaneous atherosclerosis in animals.
Artifacts in the Wake: Leadership via an Oriented Compass Model

Although inextricable, the act of leading, the leader, and outcome of leadership are unique entities. Lack of such differentiation may ensnare novice leaders in broad suppositions. This conceptual article introduces a tool for analyzing leadership. Leaders can leverage the model to evaluate the act of leading, in route, via a measurable trajectory toward an outcome of leadership. Mechanisms to detect error, surmount barriers, build leadership capacity, sustain optimum performance, and identify artifacts of leadership are included.
Thyroid Eye Disease

Introduction Normal Thyroid Gland and Mechanisms of Hyperthyroidism Systemic Diagnostic Tests for Thyroid Ophthalmopathy and Euthyroid Ophthalmopathy Thyroid Eye Signs and Disease Classification Differential Diagnosis and Imaging Studies Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Thyroid Ophthalmopathy Thyroid Eye Disease: Natural History and Response to Hyperthyroidism Treatment Thyroid Management: General Principles Medical Therapy of Thyroid Ophthalmopathy Radiation Therapy for Thyroid Eye Disease Surgical Management of Eyelid Retraction Surgical Orbital Decompression: History and Rationale Therapy of Thyroid Myopathy Conclusion
Characterization of the H1RG detector for NICFPS instrument

We are presenting the preliminary characterization results of the Rockwell Scientific HgCdTe detector array used in the Near Infrared Camera and Fabry-Perot Spectrograph (NIC-FPS). The detector was fabricated to cover the wavelength range from 0.8 to 2.5 microns and is bonded to a Hawaii-1RG multiplexer. This instrument was designed and built at the University of Colorado in Boulder and is used at the Apache Point Observatory's 3.5 meter telescope.
Skin-to-Skin Contact (Kangaroo Care) Analgesia for Preterm Infant Heel Stick

The purpose of the study was to compare a heel stick conducted during Kangaroo Care (skin-to-skin contact) with the mother to a heel stick in a warmer in reducing premature infant physiologic and behavioral pain responses. Twenty-four premature infants in a university-based neonatal intensive care unit were recruited and randomized to 2 sequences: sequence A group received 3 hours of Kangaroo Care (with a heel stick in Kangaroo Care) followed by 3 hours in a warmer (with a heel stick in the warmer). Sequence B group had warmer care and a heel stick (in the warmer) before Kangaroo Care and a heel stick (in Kangaroo Care). Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, crying time, and behavioral state were measured before, during, and after heel stick. Repeated measures ANOVA and Mann Whitney U statistics were performed. Heart rate and length of crying in response to pain were significantly reduced during Kangaroo Care and the Kangaroo Care heel stick as compared to when infants were in the warmer and had a heel stick in the warmer. Three infants did not cry at all during the Kangaroo Care heel stick; infants slept more during Kangaroo Care than in the warmer. Kangaroo Care positioning before and during heel stick is a simple and inexpensive analgesic intervention to ameliorate pain in stable premature infants.
Workflow transparency in a microtask marketplace

Interdependent tasks in Mechanical Turk (MTurk) can be managed efficiently with a workflow, a sequence of tasks through which work passes to its completion. We ask if workers should be informed about the workflow, which we call workflow transparency. Transparency could motivate workers or induce social loafing. We describe three experiments to determine the effects of workflow transparency in MTurk. We compared a text description of the workflow, a visualization of the workflow, and the combination of text and visualization with a control condition giving no workflow information. Workflow transparency marginally increased volunteerism on a charity identification task (experiment 1) and significantly increased volunteerism and quality on a business identification task (experiment 2). Results were weaker with a less experienced worker sample (experiment 3). We suggest further research on the design of workflow information to increase workers' motivation.
BIOLUMINESCENCE AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLYBIA VELUTIPES.

and ATP concentration of Collybia velutipes has been considered. After an initial lag phase of approximately 4 days, linear growth extension with time is obtained. Dry weight measurements, however, indicate that secondary activity in previously formed cells occurs. One such activity is the formation of glycogen. The presence of glycogen, as determined by electron microscopy and several chemical tests, has been established in C. velutipes. Optimal endogenous respiratory activity occurs in tissue less than 48 hr of age, while maximal bioluminescent activity occurs in tissue that is 2-6 days in age. The maximum ATP concentration occurs in tissue approximately 7 days old.
The phylogenetics of mycotoxin and sclerotium production in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae.

Abstract Aspergillus flavus is a common filamentous fungus that produces aflatoxins and presents a major threat to agriculture and human health. Previous phylogenetic studies of A. flavus have shown that it consists of two subgroups, called groups I and II, and morphological studies indicated that it consists of two morphological groups based on sclerotium size, called “S” and “L.” The industrially important non-aflatoxin-producing fungus A. oryzae is nested within group I. Three different gene regions, including part of a gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis (omt12), were sequenced in 33 S and L strains of A. flavus collected from various regions around the world, along with three isolates of A. oryzae and two isolates of A. parasiticus that were used as outgroups. The production of B and G aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid was analyzed in the A. flavus isolates, and each isolate was identified as “S” or “L” based on sclerotium size. Phylogenetic analysis of all three genes confirmed the inference that group I and group II represent a deep divergence within A. flavus. Most group I strains produced B aflatoxins to some degree, and none produced G aflatoxins. Four of six group II strains produced both B and G aflatoxins. All group II isolates were of the “S” sclerotium phenotype, whereas group I strains consisted of both “S” and “L” isolates. Based on the omt12 gene region, phylogenetic structure in sclerotium phenotype and aflatoxin production was evident within group I. Some non-aflatoxin-producing isolates of group I had an omt12 allele that was identical to that found in isolates of A. oryzae.
SPIRITUAL TRANSFORMATION, HEALING, AND ALTRUISM: INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM

. This essay introduces the five articles that follow, whose aim is to show how altruism emerges out of spiritual transformation and is integral to healing process in four kinds of ritual healing systems—popular, folk, an indigenous religious healing tradition, and complementary and alternative medicine represented by consciousness transformation movements. In this introduction I situate these largely marginalized religious and spiritual practices within the context of the religion-science discourse, which has focused for the most part on the relationship between the established, mainstream religions and the dominant biomedical system. Antecedents of two of these types of religious practices, Spiritism and consciousness transformation movements, were part of the development of the psychological sciences in the nineteenth century but lost ground in the twentieth. Despite discrimination and persistent negative attitudes on the part of the established religions and biomedicine, these healing traditions have not only survived through the twentieth century but appear to have gained both followers and interest in the twenty-first. In future decades, at least for complementary and alternative medical practices and perhaps also for spirit healing centers, there may be a reversal in status through greater acceptance of their unique combination of scientific and religious perspectives.