cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulations of the generation of broadband signals from DC to 100 THz by photomixing in laser-assisted field emission

Photomixing in laser-assisted field emission is simulated using (1) the method of moments to determine the optical fields induced at the tip by the radiation from two lasers, (2) density-functional theory with Floquet methods to determine the effect of these optical fields on the field emission current, and (3) the Drude model with a method first described by Sommerfeld to determine propagation of the current at the difference frequency throughout the length of the metal tip. For metals with high work functions such as tungsten, the magnitude of the current at the difference frequency varies slowly as this frequency is increased up to a roll-off at approximately 100 THz. For difference frequencies up to approximately 100 GHz this current could be carried out of the field emission tube by transmission lines, and at higher frequencies the tip may be used as a long-wire travelling wave antenna to transmit the signal out of the tube.
Ultrastructural and Chemical Changes in Spores of Bacillus cereus after Action of Disinfectants

Spores of Bacillus cereus subjected to 5% NaOH at 50° and 0.25% NaOCl at 20° undergo a 99% loss in viability in 11 and 19.5 min, respectively. Kinetic studies show that the release of Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid occur at different rates and that extensive loss of both ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids occur under these conditions of disinfection. Electron micrographic studies reveal a progressive degradation of the spore integuments. Both chemical and ultrastructural observations made in this study lead to the conclusion that the primary lethal effect of either disinfectant is the modification of outer spore coats leading to a disruption of normal permeability barriers.
Reaction of coal with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline in a perfluorocarbon medium

Abstract Three very different coals show similar behaviour when heated with low concentrations of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ : coal = 0.2) at 250°C in a perfluorocarbon liquid. The coals all approach 33–35 % ultimate solubility (measured in pyridine) at similar rates, with little incorporation of THQ into the coal. This transformation is attributed to a low-temperature chemical reaction between THQ and coal. Appreciable coal conversion is only observed in media in which organic molecules have limited solubility, such as perfluorocarbon liquids and water. Under similar conditions, tetralin and a variety of amines other than THQ do not effect similar coal transformations. Among model compounds, consisting of various linkages connecting phenyl groups, only disulphide and ester linkages were observed to react under conditions of the coal transformation. A poly(phenyl ester)polymer, however, was found not to react. Substituents on the phenyl groups may be required to activate bonds for reaction with THQ under the conditions of this experiment.
BTK/TEC KINASES REGULATE SUSTAINED INCREASES IN INTRACELLULAR CA2+ FOLLOWING B-CELL RECEPTOR ACTIVATION

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is essential for B-lineage development and represents an emerging family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in signal transduction events initiated by a range of cell surface receptors. Increased dosage of Btk in normal B cells resulted in a striking enhancement of extracellular calcium influx following B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) cross-linking. Ectopic expression of Btk, or related Btk/Tec family kinases, restored deficient extracellular Ca2+ influx in a series of novel Btk-deficient human B-cell lines. Btk and phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma) co-expression resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCgamma and required the same Btk domains as those for Btk-dependent calcium influx. Receptor-dependent Btk activation led to enhanced peak inositol trisphosphate (IP3) generation and depletion of thapsigargin (Tg)-sensitive intracellular calcium stores. These results suggest that Btk maintains increased intracellular calcium levels by controlling a Tg-sensitive, IP3-gated calcium store(s) that regulates store-operated calcium entry. Overexpression of dominant-negative Syk dramatically reduced the initial phase calcium response, demonstrating that Btk/Tec and Syk family kinases may exert distinct effects on calcium signaling. Finally, co-cross-linking of the BCR and the inhibitory receptor, FcgammaRIIb1, completely abrogated Btk-dependent IP3 production and calcium store depletion. Together, these data demonstrate that Btk functions at a critical crossroads in the events controlling calcium signaling by regulating peak IP3 levels and calcium store depletion.
Exploration of device-circuit interactions in FinFET-based memories for sub-15nm technologies using a mixed mode quantum simulation framework: Atoms to systems

We compare independent gate FinFETs, FinFETs with different fin orientations and asymmetric drain spacer extension FinFETs to analyze the implications of each for memory design in sub-15nm technologies. A mixed mode simulation framework based on ballistic NEGF models for FinFETs and circuit simulations in SPICE is developed for the analysis.
AR Suppresses Transcription of the LHβ Subunit by Interacting with Steroidogenic Factor-1

Synthesis of LH is suppressed by feedback from gonadal steroids. Previously, we demonstrated that 779 bp of the bovine LHbeta promoter was sufficient to target expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene specifically to the pituitary in transgenic mice, and found that it was appropriately suppressed after administration of T or E2. In this study, we report that ligand-bound AR, but not ligand-bound ER, directly suppressed activity of the bovine LHbeta promoter when examined in a gonadotrope-derived cell line. Additional studies with mutated bovine LHbeta promoter constructs focused on the proximal 5'-flanking region because of the presence of several cis-acting elements that are highly conserved across all mammals. These include regulatory elements that bind steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), Egr-1, and Pitx1. When tested by cotransfection with AR, overexpression of Egr-1, Pitx1, and constitutively active steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1DeltaLBD) each individually rescued androgen-mediated suppression of the bovine LHbeta promoter. This suggested a functional interaction between each of these transcription proteins and AR. In contrast, overexpression of full-length SF-1 was incapable of relieving the bovine LHbeta promoter from the suppressive effect imposed by AR. This suggested that the ligand-binding domain of SF-1 plays an important role in functional interactions that occur between this protein and AR. This notion was further supported by binding assays performed with glutathione-S-transferase-AR: these identified SF-1 as a key interactive partner and localized this interaction to the ligand-binding domain of the protein. Additional binding studies indicated that protein interactions between SF-1, Pitx1, and Egr-1 interfere with formation of a binary complex that contains AR and SF-1. Thus, we conclude that AR suppresses activity of the bovine LHbeta promoter through protein-protein interactions with SF-1 and that the degree of this interaction can be modified by the presence of Egr-1 and Pitx1.
Can intraoperative prebypass arteriography substitute for the preoperative arteriogram

Preoperative contrast arteriography is presently considered a requirement when planning infrainguinal arterial reconstructions in patients with limb-threatening ischemia. We reviewed the clinical data from 22 infrainguinal bypasses done in 20 patients to see if appropriate decisions concerning operability and the nature of the operation could be made from the physical examination and noninvasive data supplemented by a limited intraoperative on-table prebypass arteriogram. The presence of a normal femoral pulse with either a normal thigh pulse volume tracing or a normal high-thigh index assured adequate inflow to the groin level. The presence of an arterial Doppler signal at the ankle level, heard with a hand held Doppler, confirmed the presence of patent outflow vessels for the distal anastomosis. The exact site of the distal anastomosis could be determined with the on-table prebypass arteriogram. In patients with limb-threatening ischemia due to occlusive disease limited to the infrainguinal arterial tree, an appropriate operative bypass may be performed without the aid of the preoperative arteriogram.
Growth and nutrition of combinations of native and introduced plants and mycorrhizal fungi in a semiarid range

Trent, J,D., Svejcar, A.J. and Bethlenfalvay, G.J., 1993. Growth and nutrition of combinations of native and introduced plants and mycorrhizal fungi in a semiarid range. Agric. Ecosystems Environ., 45: 13-23. The symbiotic responses of native and introduced plant-fungus combinations were determined. Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides (R.&S.) Ricker) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum ( Fisch. ) Schult. ) were pre-inoculated with an introduced fungus, three native fungi, or a mixed native inoculum (VAM plants), and transplanted to fumigated field plots on a semiarid range in western Nevada. Non-fumigated and fumigated plots with non-VAM plants were used as controls. No treatment produced significant plant growth responses relative to controls. Crested wheatgrass generally had the lowest levels ofVAM fungal colonization, yet the highest levels of nutrient uptake when compared with Indian ricegrass. Differences in nutrient concentrations, but not contents, were significant among fungal inoculum treatments. Glomus pallidum increased N shoot concentrations above the fumigated control levels for both Indian ricegrass and crested wheatgrass, and the native Glomus mosseae increased N concentration for Indian ricegrass only. For Indian ricegrass, G. pallidum increased P shoot concentrations above controls. G. mosseae and G. pallidum enhanced the uptake of P when compared with the introduced isolate. The introduced G. mosseae and the native GIomus etunicatum enhanced Mn uptake for Indian ricegrass only. The uptake of N and P were reduced in plants colonized by a mixture of three native isolates when compared with uptake by single native isolates for Indian ricegrass. The lack of a shoot growth effect for Indian ricegrass and crested wheatgrass in the presence of introduced or native VAM fungi suggests that these plants are facultative mycotrophs. Mycorrhizae appear to facilitate luxury consumption of nutrients by these grasses, which may be an important adaptation in nutrient-poor desert environments. Further knowledge of effects by native and introduced VAM fungi, and of host effects on the symbiotic association will contribute to more effective establishment of plants in new areas.
Analytical model for Raman noise figure in dispersion-managed fibers

We derive an exact and a closed-form approximate analytic formula for effective lumped Raman noise figure in backward-pumped dispersion-managed fibers (DMFs) of arbitrary topology. Within the single-pump small-signal amplification model, important effects such as unequal loss coefficients at pump and signal wavelengths or splice loss for the pump and the signal between the DMFs' sections are taken into account. Theoretical results agree well with the noise figure measured in a symmetric DMF. The developed approach can be used to optimize the noise performance of DMFs.
An important factor for optimistic protocol on distributed systems: granularity

Grain size, the amount of computations between communication points, is a quantity to be tuned appropriately depending on the characteristics of the underlying parallel and distributed machines, application problems, and simulation protocols. As target machines for optimistic protocol, the architectural characteristics of a cluster of DEC Alpha workstations are compared to the MasPar MP-2's in view of parallel logic simulation. We study the effects of varying grain size on several performance metrics when more than one logical processes are assigned to a physical processor on distributed systems. We obtain analytic formulas for the total number of simulation cycles and the total execution time, and find the optimal grain sizes for several benchmark circuits when the number of processors varies. Our experimental results show that the grain size greatly affects the performance of parallel logic simulation on distributed systems, and the effects vary depending on the machine independent factors.
ACCUMULATION OF INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATE IN AEROBACTER AEROGENES I. Relationship to Growth and Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Harold, F. M. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.). Accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate in Aerobacter aerogenes. I. Relationship to growth and nucleic acid synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 86:216–221. 1963.—Growing cells of Aerobacter aerogenes contain traces of inorganic polyphosphate, but large amounts often accumulate when growth ceases as the result of a nutritional deficiency. The reciprocal relationship between growth and polyphosphate accumulation was traced to competition between nucleic acid synthesis and polyphosphate for intracellular phosphorus. Polyphosphate accumulated only after nucleic acid synthesis had ceased. Resumption of nucleic acid synthesis (with or without concurrent cell growth) induced rapid degradation of the polyphosphate with transfer of the phosphorus to ribonucleic acid (RNA). At the same time, incorporation of P32 into polyphosphate was reduced, though not abolished. Competition for adenosine triphosphate may be part of the explanation. In addition, it appears that polyphosphate degradation is accelerated under conditions which permit rapid nucleic acid synthesis, the phosphorus released being trapped in RNA.
Chemical and isotopic evidence for widespread Eoarchean metasedimentary enclaves in southern West Greenland

New mapping, geochemistry and zircon U–Pb ion microprobe geochronology of pre-3750 Ma rocks from West Greenland was used to identify sedimentary protoliths in a problematic high-grade metamorphic terrane. Samples were collected from southernmost part of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex where Akilia association supracrustal rocks have previously been noted. Supracrustal lithologies include laterally continuous and variably deformed units of amphibolite, ultramafics and ferruginous quartz–pyroxene rocks. Oxygen isotope and mass-independently fractionated sulfur isotopes, immobile trace elements and rare earth element patterns are consistent with origin of quartz–pyroxene rocks as chemical sediments deposited in a marine hydrothermal setting. We describe a further supracrustal lithology: Garnet-bearing quartz–biotite schists with elevated oxygen isotope values (d 18 OSMOW P +16&) and mass-independently fractionated S isotopes consistent with a low-temperature aqueous sedimentary origin. In several enclaves, granitoid gneisses within low-strain limbs transect lithologic contacts and contain inclusions of surrounding rocks. This supports the interpretation that some orthogneisses were originally emplaced as igneous veins that cut supracrustal lithologies. Zircon geochronology on orthogneisses that preserve intrusive relationships confirms minimum ages of ca. 3750 Ma for the supracrustals and pooled [Th/U]zircon and d 18 Ozircon values of older zircon populations are consonant with igneous growth in the bulk composition of the host rocks. Low [Zr]WR and high Zr saturation temperatures further minimize the possibility of zircon inheritance. A >3750 Ma age and chemical sedimentary origin for various Akilia association lithologies underscores the widespread occurrence of rocks of this kind beyond the type locality on Akilia (island) at the southern limit of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex. � 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Separation of the piezotronic and piezoresistive effects in a zinc oxide nanowire

The strain-induced band structure change in a semiconductor can change its resistivity, known as the piezoresistive effect. If the semiconductor is also a piezoelectric material, strain-induced polarization charge can control the current transport at the metal-semiconductor contact, which is called a ‘piezotronic effect’. Piezotronic effect is intertwined with piezoresistive effect in the study of present piezotronic nanowire devices. Decoupling those effects will facilitate the fundamental study on the piezotronic devices and simplify the data analysis in real applications. Here, we report a general method to separate the piezotronic and piezoresistive effects in the same nanowire, based on modified four-point measurements. Current transport characteristics of each contact was extracted and showed different responses to the strain. The piezoresistive effect was measured in zinc oxide nanowires for the first time, and the result confirmed the dominant role of piezotronic effect in the strain-induced change of transport characteristics in a piezoelectric semiconductor. This study validates the assumption made in present piezotronic devices and provides a guideline for further investigation.
Statin Therapy and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE — Although statin therapy reduces cardiovascular risk, its relationship with the development of diabetes is controversial. The first study (West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study [WOSCOPS]) that evaluated this association reported a small protective effect but used nonstandardized criteria for diabetes diagnosis. However, results from subsequent hypothesistesting trials have been inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the possible effect of statin therapy on incident diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — A systematic literature search for randomized statin trials that reported data on diabetes through February 2009 was conducted using specific search terms. In addition to the hypothesis-generating data from WOSCOPS, hypothesis-testing data were available from the Heart Protection Study (HPS), the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study, the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT), the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER), and the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Study in Heart Failure (CORONA), together including 57,593 patients with mean follow-up of 3.9 years during which 2,082 incident diabetes cases accrued. Weighted averages were reported as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity scores were assessed with the Q and I 2 statistic. RESULTS — In the meta-analysis of the hypothesis-testing trials, we observed a small increase in diabetes risk (RR 1.13 [95% CI 1.03–1.23]) with no evidence of heterogeneity across trials. However, this estimate was attenuated and no longer significant when the hypothesis-generating trial WOSCOPS was included (1.06 [0.93–1.25]) and also resulted in significant heterogeneity (Q 11.8 [5 d.f.], P 0.03, I 2 57.7%). CONCLUSIONS — Although statin therapy greatly lowers vascular risk, including among those with and at risk for diabetes, the relationship of statin therapy to incident diabetes remains uncertain. Future statin trials should be designed to formally address this issue. Diabetes Care 32:1924–1929, 2009
Microbiological impact of three commercial laying hen housing systems.

Hen housing for commercial egg production continues to be a societal and regulatory concern. Controlled studies have examined various aspects of egg safety, but a comprehensive assessment of commercial hen housing systems in the US has not been conducted. The current study is part of a holistic, multidisciplinary comparison of the diverse aspects of commercial conventional cage, enriched colony cage, and cage-free aviary housing systems and focuses on environmental and egg microbiology. Environmental swabs and eggshell pools were collected from all housing systems during 4 production periods. Total aerobes and coliforms were enumerated, and the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. was determined. Environmental aerobic and coliform counts were highest for aviary drag swabs (7.5 and 4.0 log cfu/mL, respectively) and enriched colony cage scratch pad swabs (6.8 and 3.8 log cfu/mL, respectively). Aviary floor and system wire shell pools had the greatest levels of aerobic contamination for all eggshell pools (4.9 and 4.1 log cfu/mL, respectively). Hens from all housing systems were shedding Salmonella spp. (89-100% of manure belt scraper blade swabs). The dry belt litter removal processes for all housing systems appear to affect Campylobacter spp. detection (0-41% of manure belt scraper blade swabs) considering detection of Campylobacter spp. was much higher for other environmental samples. Aviary forage area drag swabs were 100% contaminated with Campylobacter spp., whereas enriched colony cage scratch pads had a 93% positive rate. There were no differences in pathogen detection in the shell pools from the 3 housing systems. Results indicate egg safety is enhanced when hens in alternative housing systems use nest boxes. Additionally, current outcomes indicate the use of scratch pads in hen housing systems needs to be more thoroughly investigated for effects on hen health and egg safety.
The effect of leg autotomy on terrestrial and aquatic locomotion in the wolf spider Pardosa valens (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Many species use autotomy, the self-amputation of an appendage, as a last-gasp method to escape a predator. Although this behavior can have immediate survival benefits, it can also negatively affect future survival or reproduction. The wolf spider Pardosa valens Barnes 1959 occurs along small mountain streams in southeastern Arizona, where it moves both on cobble along the stream and on top of the water's surface. Autotomy of legs is common in this species, and we hypothesized that such leg loss could lead to decreased sprint speed in both terrestrial and aquatic locomotion. We examined burst speed in the laboratory on artificial terrestrial and aquatic racetracks during 2005 (both males and females) and 2006 (females only). In 2005 terrestrial trials, intact spiders were faster than autotomized spiders, but there was no effect of sex on speed. In contrast, 2005 aquatic trials revealed that females ran faster than males, but that autotomy had a negative impact on the speed of females only. Additionally, female spiders generally ran faster on the terrestrial track later in the day than earlier in the day, suggesting that environmental variables such as temperature may have some influence on spider locomotion. Males were less likely to run on water than were females, and ran shorter distances when they did run. Results for females during 2006 also showed a decline in speed with autotomy, and an increase during later trials, although the results were weaker than during 2005, with only the aquatic trials showing a significant difference. These results suggest that leg autotomy in this spider does have a cost, but that the magnitude of this cost depends on aspects of the spider (e.g., sex) and habitat (e.g., substrate and environmental conditions).
Towards self-propagate mal-packets in sensor networks

Since sensor applications are implemented in embedded computer systems, cyber attacks that compromise regular computer systems via exploiting memory related vulnerabilities present similar threats to sensor networks. However, the paper shows that memory fault attacks in sensors are not just the same as in regular computers due to sensor's hardware and software architecture. In contrast to worm attacks, mal-codes carried by exploiting packets cannot be executed in a sensor. Therefore, the paper proposes a range of attack approaches to illustrate that a mal-packet, which only carries specially crafted data, can exploit memory-related vulnerabilities and utilize existing application codes in a sensor to propagate itself without disrupting sensor's functionality. The paper shows that such a mal-packet can have as few as 17 bytes. A prototype of a 27-byte mal-packet has been implemented and tested in Mica2 sensors. Simulation shows that the propagation pattern of such a malpacket in a sensor network is very different from worm propagation. Malpackets can either quickly take over the whole network or hard to propagate under different traffic situations.
Distribution of endothelin immunoreactivity in human kidney correlates with antemortem acute renal failure: A possible postmortem immunohistochemical test

Abstract The role of endothelin in the normal kidney function, as well as in disease states, has been studied in animal models. In addition, it was shown previously that endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial components of the nephron produce endothelins, in particular ET1. We performed immunohistochemistry for ET-1 reactivity on 31 autopsy and four surgically removed kidneys. Eighteen cases had clinical diagnoses of acute renal failure (ARF) In the remaining 17 cases with normal or unchanged renal function before death or surgery, ET-1 immunoreactivity was present in tubular epithelium, with the most intense staining in the medullary collecting tubules. In 13 of 18 cases of ARF, tubular staining was either replaced or accompanied by interstitial reactivity in the inner and outer medulla, corresponding to the location of the vasa recta and interlobular arteries identified by factor VIII immunostaining. Controlled autolysis performed on normal kidney over 72 hours postmortem produced tubular epithelial degradation with reduced epithelial cell endothelin reactivity, but not an interstitial pattern. In situ hybridization for ET mRNA localized expression to tubular and collecting duct epithelium in both normal and acute renal failure cases. The change in the localization of ET-1 immunoreactivity from tubular epithelium to the interstitium in these ARF cases does not appear to be the result of increased vascular endothelial production of endothelin. This altered immunoreactivity pattern for ET-1 may be a marker of antemortem tubular damage and can be used as an adjunct in the autopsy diagnosis of ARF.
Regulation of angiogenesis in malignancies associated with Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus.

Tumor angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed within emerging or progressing malignancies. The human Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus critically contribute to the pathogenesis of selected tumor types, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma, respectively, where angiogenesis is robust and often disrupted. Lymphangiogenesis, the process by which new lymphatic vessels are formed, is also induced in Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-associated malignancies and in some cases may contribute to metastasis. Recent studies have identified a number of molecules and signaling pathways that underlie angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and clarified the pivotal role of the VEGF family of proteins and their receptors. New treatment modalities that target members of this family have gained approval for clinical use in cancer. Pathogenetic steps are often difficult to dissect in many cancer types, but virus-induced malign...
Collective Leadership and Overlapping Vital Interests: The Unrealized Power of Megacommunities

ness, or civil society alone. And yet, due to mistrust and inadequate incentives, leaders of these three sectors are often reluctant to come together. Nevertheless, significant opportunities do exist for government, business, and civil society to both pursue their respective vital interests and unite around a common purpose. By building trusting relationships and aligning incentives, the three cornerstone sectors of society can—and must—unite to form what we term “megacommunities.” Successfully creating such megacommunities is a prerequisite to addressing the challenges of the twenty-first century.
Distal neuropathy in experimental diabetes mellitus.

Although nerve conduction slowing is a well-accepted abnormality in rats with acute experimental diabetes, reports of neuropathological changes in diabetic rat nerves have been inconsistent. To examine this further, we studied electrophysiological and morphological features of posterior tibial nerves and their distal branches from four-week streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and matched controls. Diabetic rat posterior tibial motor conduction was slowed (mean ± 1 SD, 34.8 ± 3.1 m/sec; controls, 41.2 ± 2.5 m/sec), and evoked muscle response amplitudes were only half of control values. Using quantitative techniques, we documented a diminution in number of the largest myelinated fibers in otherwise normal mid posterior tibial nerves, with an increase in the smaller sizes, indicating either a degree of axonal atrophy or impaired fiber growth during development. The principal pathological finding was active breakdown of myelinated fibers in the most distal motor twigs of hind foot muscles supplied by posterior tibial branches, with preservation of fibers in more proximal segments of these nerves. This anatomical lesion in diabetic nerves could account for both observed conduction slowing and lowered muscle response amplitudes. A consistent feature in both diabetic and control mid lateral plantar nerves was a zone of demyelination that apparently occurs at this natural site of nerve entrapment in rats. Taken together, the pathological abnormalities of peripheral nerve in acute experimental diabetes are best explained as resulting from a distal axonopathy.
Application of photon correlation spectroscopy to flowing Brownian motion systems

In this paper we study the application of photon correlation spectroscopy to a system of randomly diffusing particles suspended in a fluid undergoing uniform translational motion relative to the optical scattering volume. To do so we derive theoretical expressions for both the homodyne and heterodyne correlation functions in both the dilute and nondilute particle limits. We then test these results with experiments on a flowing system and find good agreement. We discuss a useful method of analysis and define limits to particle sizing in such a system using this light-scattering technique.
Towards the development of gyroscopically controlled micro air vehicles

Micro air vehicles have emerged as a popular option for diverse robotic and teleoperated applications because of their inherent stealth, portability, and disposability. In this work, we adopt a system-level perspective for the development of a rotary-wing micro air vehicle and propose a new design that utilizes gyroscopic dynamics for attitude control. Unlike traditional vehicles where attitude control moments are generated by aerodynamic control surfaces, the proposed vehicle will leverage the existing angular momentum of its rotating components to generate gyroscopic moments for controlling attitude. The capacity to rapidly generate large gyroscopic control moments, coupled with the precision gained from eliminating the need for complex and restrictive aerodynamic models, improves both agility and adaptability. We present the design and analysis of a new flying machine including the dynamic model with simplified aerodynamics and a control scheme based on a model linearized around hover. Simulations show the responsiveness and stabilization of a simple linear controller for hover.
Does dieting lead to weight gain? A four-year longitudinal study of middle school girls

Objective: A majority of the published longitudinal research on children has reported that dieting is related to weight gain at a later point in time. The purpose of this study was to look at weight control behaviors and patterns of weight gain and loss, specifically whether dieting is related to weight gain. Research Methods and Procedures: Baseline data were collected from 1358 female students in grades 6 to 9 from schools in Hayward, CA, and Tucson, AZ. Data were obtained annually over a 4-year period. Paper-and-pencil questionnaires and height and weight were obtained during the students’ regular classroom periods. Dieting was measured both with the single item, “In the past year, how often have you been on a diet to lose weight?” scored from “never” to “always,” and with a Dieting Behavior Scale including five items on weight control behaviors. Changes in BMI z-scores were analyzed. Results: On average, girls who reported “never” dieting were most likely to have an increased BMI z-score at the next measurement, and those who reported “always” dieting were most likely to have a decreased BMI z-score. The same pattern was true for the Dieting Behavior Scale. Discussion: Our finding that dieting and weight gain were not related, independently of initial BMI, does not mean that dieting to lose weight is appropriate, especially among young girls. Additional research is needed both to examine this relationship and to determine exactly what behaviors children are engaging in when they report that they are dieting.
Shape of the response curve in SEU testing

An algorithm for predicting the shape of the curve describing the rise in SEU cross section with the LET of the incident particle from charge-collection measurements at a single LET, is described. Two tests of the algorithm are given, one on a bipolar SRAM and the other on a CMOS SRAM. Experimental data agrees with the algorithm for both cases. This agreement suggest that the slow rise in the SEU cross section with the LET of the incident particle is due to fluctuations in the charge collected with particles incident at the same LET.
On the Critical Value for ‘Percolation’ of Minimum-Weight Trees in the Mean-Field Distance Model

Consider the complete n-graph with independent exponential (mean n) edge-weights. Let M(c, n) be the maximal size of subtree for which the average edge-weight is at most c. It is shown that M(c, n) makes the transition from o(n) to Ω(n) around some critical value c(0), which can be specified in terms of a fixed point of a mapping on probability distributions.
Reaction of Human Hemoglobin Toward the Alkylating Agent S-(2-Chloroethyl)Glutathione

In order to investigate if hemoglobin might serve as a biomarker of exposure for 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) encountered in the workplace, human hemoglobin was alkylated at physiologic pH by the episulfonium ion of S-(2-chloroethyl)glutathione (CEG). In vitro alkylation resulted in three alkylation products on the alpha chain and at least two alkylation products on the beta chain as determined directly by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry. To ascertain if the site of alkylation was the reactive sulfhydryl present at cysteine-93 on the beta chain of hemoglobin (beta-93 Cys), a spectrophotometric assay using 4,4'-dithiodipyridine was used to measure the free sulfhydryl groups before and after treatment of hemoglobin with various amounts of CEG. Results indicate that the episulfonium ion did not react substantially at beta-93 Cys, as there was no measurable decrease in the sulfhydryl to hemoglobin ratio, even with a large excess of CEG. In contrast, iodoacetamide did react with the sulfhydryl groups and gave a dose-dependent decrease in the sulfhydryl to hemoglobin ratio as measured by this assay. CEG-treated hemoglobin was digested with Staphylococcus aureus endoproteinase Glu-C and the digest was analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Only one peak in the FAB mass spectrum could correspond to a peptide modified by the episulfonium ion of CEG. These results indicate that although the episulfonium ion of CEG does alkylate human hemoglobin, beta-93 Cys is not the major alkylation target.
A STING-dependent innate-sensing pathway mediates resistance to corneal HSV-1 infection via upregulation of the antiviral effector tetherin

Type 1 interferons (IFNs; IFNα/β) mediate immunological host resistance to numerous viral infections, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The pathways responsible for IFNα/β signaling during the innate immune response to acute HSV-1 infection in the cornea are incompletely understood. Using a murine ocular infection model, we hypothesized that the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) mediates resistance to HSV-1 infection at the ocular surface and preserves the structural integrity of this mucosal site. Viral pathogenesis, tissue pathology, and host immune responses during ocular HSV-1 infection were characterized by plaque assay, esthesiometry, pachymetry, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and small interfering RNA transfection in wild-type C57BL/6 (WT), STING-deficient (STING(-/-)), and IFNα/β receptor-deficient (CD118(-/-)) mice at days 3-5 postinfection. The presence of STING was critical for sustained control of HSV-1 replication in the corneal epithelium and resistance to viral neuroinvasion, but loss of STING had a negligible impact with respect to gross tissue pathology. Auxiliary STING-independent IFNα/β signaling pathways were responsible for maintenance of corneal integrity. Lymphatic vessels, mast cells, and sensory innervation were compromised in CD118(-/-) mice concurrent with increased tissue edema. STING-dependent signaling led to the upregulation of tetherin, a viral restriction factor we identify is important in containing the spread of HSV-1 in vivo.
The Psychopathology of Suicide: A Clinical Model Approach

The author hypothesizes that certain types of persons at high risk for suicide constitute definable clinical models, that the process of arriving at a suicidal outcome involves elements unique to each model, and that these elements can be considered manifestations of psychopathology. This approach is investigated using two models: "Males Under Forty" and "Stable with Forced Change." The results indicate statistically reliable differences between the models in the distributions of estimated risks for persons who subsequently committed suicide compared with those who did not. The implications of the associated highrisk variables as reflections of psychopathologic processes are considered.
Ocular abnormalities in the mucopolysaccharidoses after bone marrow transplantation. Longer follow-up.

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to provide longer follow-up of ocular findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Design The study design was a retrospective 6-year cohort evaluation. Participants Twenty-three patients with MPS (19 with MPS type I-H, 3 with MPS type III, 1 with MPS type VI) were studied. Intervention Bone marrow transplantation was performed. Main outcome measures The following outcome measures were considered: vision, slit-lamp biomicroscopic and funduscopic examinations, intraocular pressure, electroretinography (ERG), and retinoscopy. Results Thirteen (81%) of 16 patients showed ERG improvement in the first year. However, all patients showed slowly progressive decline of the ERG over longer follow-up. Other ocular findings included optic atrophy (n = 7 patients), disc edema (n = 6 patients), strabismus (n = 6 patients), nystagmus (n = 6 patients), cataract (n = 3 eyes), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (n = 4 eyes), ocular hypertension (n = 2 eyes), and glaucoma (n = 2 eyes). Conclusions The MPS are rare and heterogenous disorders characterized by progressive retinal degeneration and blindness. Ocular abnormalities can occur as a result of the disease or as a consequence of BMT. Successful BMT has been shown to improve systemic health, but this may not reflect continuing ocular status and retinal function. Despite early improvement in ERG function, longer follow-up suggests progressive retinal decline.
Manual micromethods for bilirubin determination in sera of adults and children and investigation of reasons for observed differences.

This study compared three micromanual methods for determining bilirubin concentration. The two microchemical methods for total bilirubin, a Jendrassik-Grof procedure and a Unopette® procedure, using dimethyl sulfoxide as an accelerator and protein solubilizer, gave comparable results in sera of adults and children. A microspectrophotometric method and the microchemical methods for total bilirubin gave similar results in plasmas of newborns with physiologic hyperbilirubinemia and in sera of older children with no hepatic abnormality. However, the microspectrophotometric method gave higher values in normal and hyperbilirubinemie adult sera. The results obtained with the Jendrassik-Grof and Unopette microchemical methods for direct bilirubin in sera of adults and children showed the values determined by the Unopette to be higher. Using the presently accepted normal range, this difference is significant enough to preclude recommendation of the use of the Unopette method for distinguishing normal from elevated levels of direct bilirubin. Direct bilirubin in newborn serum measured by the Unopette method is considerably higher than that measured by the Jendrassik-Grof method. An investigation to determine the reason for the difference in the direct bilirubin results indicated that the Unopette direct method measures diconjugated bilirubin in amounts similar to those measured by the Jendrassik-Grof method but significantly more monoconjugated bilirubin than the Jendrassik-Grof method.
Six New Luminescent Ostracodes of the Genus Vargula (Myodocopida: Cypridinidae) From the San Blas Region of Panama

ABSTRACT Six new species of luminescent myodocopid ostracodes, Vargula psammobia, V. ignitula, V. noropsela, V. scintilla, V. micarnacula, and V. lucidella, from the San Bias Islands, Panama, are described. Males of these species secrete pulses of luminescence in species-specific trains in the vicinity of shallow coral reefs at night. These species differ both in bioluminescent signaling patterns and in morphological characters. We hypothesize that these species form a monophyletic group, which we call Group H, and which also includes V. contragula Cohen and Morin, 1986, from the San Bias Islands, and possibly V. tsujii Kornicker and Baker, 1977, from California. We also hypothesize that V. psammobia and V. ignitula are sibling species, as are V. noropsela and V. scintilla. Two keys are given to the eleven known species of Vargula in the San Bias Islands, one based on morphology and the other based on bioluminescent display characters and habitat. Vargula psammobia produces a series of pulses in the shape of an "L," low over sand patches near reefs. Vertical downward displays are produced by V. ignitula, V. scintilla, and V. micamacula. However, they differ in a number of respects including train length and pulse number. Vargula ignitula displays over grass beds, V. scintilla over slopes or patches of coral, and V. micamacula at the edge of reef crests. Vargula lucidella produces vertical upward displays along reef crests. Vargula noropsela generates horizontal to long oblique trains over sand channels in the reef.
Research and Implementation on Scheduling System of Machinery Group for Repair and Construction on field airdrome

In order to achieve the needs of repair and construction of field airdrome and improve the comprehensive utilization rate of mechanical vehicles,the machinery group scheduling system for repair and construction on field airdrome is researched on and developed.Through real-time dynamic tracking of construction machinery vehicles and equipment and materials supply,the information of position and the schedule of construction is transmitted to the command and control center(or command vehicle) by using wireless communication equipment.According to the distribution of vehicles on the digital map,command center sends control and management instructions to the vehicles through wireless communication in time.In this way,the operation quality and efficiency are improved.
Centrifugal contactor operations for UREX process flowsheet. An update

The uranium extraction (UREX) process separates uranium, technetium, and a fraction of the iodine from the other components of the irradiated fuel in nitric acid solution. In May 2012, the time, material, and footprint requirements for treatment of 260 L batches of a solution containing 130 g-U/L were evaluated for two commercial annular centrifugal contactors from CINC Industries. These calculated values were based on the expected volume and concentration of fuel arising from treatment of a single target solution vessel (TSV). The general conclusions of that report were that a CINC V-2 contactor would occupy a footprint of 3.2 m 2 (0.25 m x 15 m) if each stage required twice the nominal footprint of an individual stage, and approximately 1,131 minutes or nearly 19 hours is required to process all of the feed solution. A CINC V-5 would require approximately 9.9 m 2 (0.4 m x 25 m) of floor space but would require only 182 minutes or ~ 3 hours to process the spent target solution. Subsequent comparison with the Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU) at Savannah River Site (SRS) in October 2013 suggested that a more compact arrangement is feasible, and the linear dimension for more » the CINC V-5 may be reduced to about 8 m; a comparable reduction for the CINC V-2 yields a length of 5 m. That report also described an intermediate-scale (10 cm) contactor design developed by Argonne in the early 1980s that would better align with the SHINE operations as they stood in May 2012. In this report, we revisit the previous evaluation of contactor operations after discussions with CINC Industries and analysis of the SHINE process flow diagrams for the cleanup of the TSV, which were not available at the time of the first assessment. « less
Simple Regression for Long Range Forecasts

Regression analysis is a powerful tool for quantifying the influence of continuous, independent, drivers X on a continuous dependent, performance variable Y. Often we are interested in both explaining how an independent decision variable X drives a dependent performance variable Y and also in predicting performance Y to compare the impact of alternate decision variable X values. X is also called a predictor, since from X we can predict Y. Regression allows us to do both: quantify the nature and extent of influence of a performance driver and predict performance or response Y from knowledge of the driver X.
Transmit beamforming in Rayleigh product MIMO channels: Ergodic mutual information and symbol error rate

In this paper, we consider MIMO beamforming in the presence of Rayleigh product channels. Based on a derived largest eigenvalue distribution, the key performance metrics of the beamforming system are obtained, assuming perfect channel knowledge at the transmitter and receiver. Using the closed-form expressions, we gain insights into the behavior of MIMO beamforming systems in scenarios of practical interest.
Social Protest and Spontaneous Development: A Contemporary Social Movement in Fiji

Historically, prophet-led social movements in Fiji have exhibited a variety of characteristics common to the process of revitalization in response to rapid social change. Preoccupation with supernatural power in such movements is at least in part an adaptation to frustrated attempts to implement an economic and political agenda and related persecution of the leader. A contemporary movement called "the Lami" is connected with prophecy, a strong secular business orientation, and a relatively long period of stability. Members of the Lami initially defied the authority of village chiefs and refused to participate in a colonial structure and ceremonial regimen that inhibited capital accumulation. Instead, the members entered the modern market economy as a group, acting as middlemen with the goal of helping Fijian farmers and agricultural laborers. Lami ideology, founded upon egalitarian ideals, is linked to the Fijian priestly tradition of resistance to colonial authority and opposition to hereditary chiefs. The multipurpose organizational framework of the Lami contributed to their success in business but limited the scope of the organizations popular appeal. This movement represents a response both to the erosion of traditional values and to the need for progressive economic change.