cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irreversible muscle contracture after functioning free muscle transplantation using the ipsilateral facial nerve for reinnervation

Four patients who underwent functioning free muscle transplantation (FFMT) for facial reconstruction developed a progressive disfiguring muscle contracture. This complication has not been previously reported. Three of the patients had longstanding facial paralysis and were reanimated by FFMT. The fourth patient had left hemifacial atrophy but without facial paralysis. She also underwent FFMT for augmentation. All four FFMTs were innervated by the ipsilateral facial nerve. Initially, they all had a normal facial appearance at rest during the first few months after FFMT. However, they all developed a progressive severe muscle contracture from 6 to 12 months after FFMT. Continuous spontaneous electrical impulse activity, which stimulated the transferred muscle day and night, may be responsible for the progressive muscle contracture. From the patients' reported sensations and from clinical evaluation, which included a local xylocaine injection test, over-reinnervation with a synkinesis effect of the transferred muscle is hypothetically the main cause, not over-tension of the muscle itself. This complication may possibly be avoided by limiting or decreasing the number of fascicles from the ipsilateral facial nerve or better by using a cross-facial nerve graft instead of the ipsilateral facial nerve as the innervating motor nerve. The outcome with a cross-facial nerve is likely to be more predictable and reliable.
Controlling access in multiuser interfaces

Traditionally, access control has been studied in the areas of operating systems and database management systems. With the advent of multiuser interfaces, there is a need to provide access control in the user interface. We have developed a general framework for supporting access control in multiuser interfaces. It is based on the classical notion of an access matrix, a generalized editing-based model of user-application interaction, and a flexible model of user-user coupling. It has been designed to support flexible control of all significant shared operations, high-level specification of access control policies, and automatic and efficcent implementation of access control in a multiuser interface. It supports several new kinds of protected objects including sessions, windows, and hierarchical active variables; a large set of rights including not only the traditional semantic rights but also interaction and coupling rights; a set of inference rules for deriving default permissions; and a programming interface for implementing access control in multiuser interfaces. We have implemented the framework as part of a system called Suite. This article describes and motivates the framework using the concrete example of Suite, identifies some of the difficult issues we faced in its design, describes our preliminary experience with it, and suggests directions for future work.
Increase in yield of carbon fibres grown above the iron/carbon eutectic

Abstract This paper describes carbon fiber growth from methane in a regime of time and temperature not previously studied: temperatures up to 1208°C and gas phase residence times near 0.5 second. Fiber yield increases sharply >1140°C, a value which is calculated to be near the melting point of the catalyst particles. In fact, the yield curve as a function of temperature may be approximated by calculating the melting points of the measured size distribution of carbon saturated Fe catalyst particles and assuming that the particles can grow fibers only above their melting points. Fibers grown under these conditions are relatively short with no vapor deposited carbon overcoat; their lattice constant d002 is only 0.340 nm, making them extraordinarily graphitic.
Inhibition of normal polymorphonuclear leukocyte philothermal response by serum from dementia of the Alzheimer-type patients

The effects of sera obtained from patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) as well as sera from young and elderly mentally normal individuals on the philothermal response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of three healthy volunteers were assessed. The sera from DAT patients strikingly inhibited the philothermal response of normal PMNs while no inhibition was seen with sera from normal individuals. Clearly factor(s) in the sera of patients with DAT are capable of inhibiting the philothermal response, but the nature of the inhibitor(s) remains to be elucidated. These preliminary findings suggest that this experimental technique may represent a diagnostic test for DAT.
Complete regression of intracranial arteriovenous malformations.

BACKGROUND Spontaneous and complete regression of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is a rare occurrence, with only 59 angiographically proven cases reported in the English literature. We present three new cases and perform a literature review to determine possible mechanisms underlying this unusual phenomenon. METHODS Three patients with angiographically proven AVMs demonstrated complete obliteration of the AVM on follow-up angiography. Two patients had MRIs performed at the time of follow-up angiography. RESULTS A literature review of all reported cases shows that the vast majority (88%) of spontaneously closing AVMs had a single draining vein as did our three cases. In addition, hemodynamic alterations of intracranial (IC) blood flow, including intracranial hemorrhage, were seen in a majority (79%) of patients, including two of our three cases. MRI was performed in two of our three cases and showed a thrombosed-draining vein in both. CONCLUSIONS Complete spontaneous regression of intracranial AVMs is a rare occurrence. The phenomenon seems to require the interaction of hemodynamic changes in compromising or closing the limited, usually single, venous drainage pathway from the AVM. Hemorrhage may contribute to the effect by further compromising flow though the lesion, or it may merely be a phenomenon associated with the effects of venous hypertension on the AVM nidus.
Immunologic responses to experimental strongyloidiasis in rats

Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in Lewis rats infected with high (3000) inocula ofStrongyloides ratti larvae (L3). The responses of peripheral and mesenteric node lymphocytes to crude larval antigen (by lymphocyte proliferation assay) sharply rose between days 12 and 16 of the primary infection and days 8 and 12 of the challenge, and decreased promptly to almost preinfection levels. Spleen lymphocytes failed to show any response to the primary infection, but did exhibit a modest response after challenge. The responses of peripheral lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin fell considerably on infection day 8 and then rose sharply to very high levels. Reinfection caused a small decrease in responsiveness, followed by another increase after 10 days. Inoculation of 3000 heat-killed larvae stimulated a response in peripheral lymphocytes similar to that elicited by the inoculation of live larvae. Spleen lymphocytes appeared to be stimulated more by the killed larvae inoculation, whereas only a limited response was found in mesenteric node lymphocytes in animals inoculated with dead larvae. IgG antibody titers againstS. ratti antigen were measured by the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). A significant elevation was noted between days 12 and 20 with a return to pre-infection levels between days 80 and 150. Challenge with 3,000 L3 induced a rapid and significant elevation. These data indicate that in rats experimentally inoculated with large numbers ofS. ratti larvae a direct relationship exists between the development of cellular and humoral immune responses to larval antigens, the expulsion of the intestinal worms, and the acquisition of resistance to subsequent challenge.
Otoacoustic Emissions for Noisy Grown-Ups

demon­strated that the multivariate solutions developed by Dom et al. (1999) a. oruy improved test perfor­mance at one frequency. b. improved test performance but required significant additional test time. c. were idiosyncratic to the Dom et al. data and did not improve test performance. d. were robust and improved tesl performance with no additional lest time.
An SP1-Binding Site and TATA Element Are Sufficient to Support Full Transactivation by Proximally Bound NS1 Protein of Minute Virus of Mice

Abstract The minute virus of mice (MVM) P38 Sp1-binding site and TATA box, inserted in an otherwise heterologous plasmid background, could be transactivated to high levels by the MVM NS1 protein targeted proximally to these sequences, demonstrating that these core promoter regulatory elements are sufficient to support essentially wild-type levels of NS1-transactivated expression and suggesting that NS1 may act directly or indirectly with Sp1 and or elements of the general transcription machinery. Accordingly, we show that bacterially generated NS1 can interact strongly, independent of nucleic acid bridging, and most likely directly with Sp1 in vitro and can associate, in a nucleic acid-independent manner, with endogenous Sp1 as it exists in a complex transcriptionally active murine nuclear extract. NS1 achieves the same fold activation of an isolated TATA element over its low basal level and can also be demonstrated to interact efficiently and specifically with the general transcription factors TBP and TFIIA (α, β) in vitro.
Evaluating Supervised Machine Learning for Adapting Enterprise DRE Systems

Several adaptation approaches, such as policy-based and reinforcement learning, have been devised to ensure end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) for enterprise distributed systems in dynamic operating environments. Not all approaches are applicable for distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems, however, which have stringent accuracy, timeliness, and development complexity requirements. Supervised machine learning techniques, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), are a promising approach to address time complexity concerns of adaptive enterprise DRE systems. Likewise, ANNs address the development complexity of adaptive DRE systems by ensuring that adaptations are appropriate for the operating environment. This paper empirically evaluates the accuracy and timeliness of the ANN machine learning technique for environments on which it has been trained. Our results show ANNs are highly accurate in determining correct adaptations and provide predictable time complexity, e.g., with response times less than 6 μseconds.
NISHITANI'S BUDDHIST RESPONSE TO "NIHILISM"

Keiji Nishitani presents a Buddhist philosophy that at once speaks from Buddhist religious experience and expresses a modern sensibility. It is his defense of the experience that above all qualifies his philosophy as Buddhist. Nishitani is a Buddhist thinker not so much in drawing on the rich history of classical Buddhist philosophy as in drawing on his sense of the value of Buddhist meditation ("zazen" in Japanese) and meditational experiences. The Buddhist works he cites are principally poems and various meditation manuals within the Japanese Zen tradition, not the analyses and speculations of classical Buddhist schools. Nishitani's philosophic education is much more Western than Buddhist, and his explicit intent is to defend the "Zen experience" not so much with terms and concepts that have been hammered out through centuries of Buddhist reflection as with those of Western traditions. The most important concepts in Nishitani's work remain those of Mahayana Buddhism, and the influence of Mahayana "scriptures" such as the Prajindparamitdsuitra-s-whether directly through Nishitani's own study or through their influence on Dogen and some other Japanese Zen teachers who are his more immediate precursorsnevertheless must be counted as large.' But Nishitani presents his own "modern" interpretation replete with an arsenal of contemporary arguments. His defense of Zen mysticism is hardly a matter of scriptural exegesis.
SCORING ALTERNATIVES FOR INCOMPLETE COMPUTERIZED ADAPTIVE TESTS1

The purpose of this study was to investigate an alternative method of scoring incomplete adaptive tests in the context of Educational Testing Service (ETS®) CAT programs. The method under study is based on a procedure originally developed for tests administered as part of the computerized Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. It involves the use of regression-based “penalty functions” to adjust scores on incomplete adaptive tests based on the number of items answered. The results of the study support the viability of the proposed method in operational settings. Cross-validation impact analyses indicated that the regression-based penalty functions that were developed from different CAT item pools resulted in similar levels of score adjustment for the adaptive tests included in the study. Applications of the method to real candidate data indicated that scores for candidates with incomplete tests would be slightly higher if penalty functions—rather than proportional scoring—were used to make the score adjustments.
Familial transmission of two independent saccadic abnormalities in schizophrenia

Abstract Difficulties with inhibiting inappropriate responses, i.e. disinhibition, and problems with spatial memory are both presumed to be a part of the phenotypic expression of the genetic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenic probands are impaired on saccadic eye movement tasks which require (a) response inhibition to prepotent stimuli and (b) generation of an accurate response to a remembered or calculated spatial location, but it is unknown how these deficits are inherited. Sixteen schizophrenic probands, their 32 parents, and two normal control groups completed a delayed oculomotor response and an antisaccade task. The parents with a positive ancestral family history for chronic psychosis ( n = 8) were presumed to be more likely than their family history-negative spouses to be genetic carriers for schizophrenia. Probands and their positive family history parents had more failures of response inhibition than did normal control groups. However, it was the probands and their negative family history spouses who demonstrated impaired accuracy of the remembered- ot antisaccades. Disinhibition may be closely tied to a specific genetic risk for schizophrenia. However, a second familial factor related to the maintenance or manipulation of spatial information may also contribute to the genetic risk of the full clinical disorder.
Proportional differentiation: a scalable QoS approach

The proportional service model has gained attention as an effective solution for quantitative service differentiation in IP networks. In particular, this differentiation scheme is controllable, consistent, and scalable. Thus, it gives network operators convenient management of services and resources even in a large-scale network. We give an overview of research efforts on this QoS model. Details about implementation strategies for various QoS metrics are provided. We also discuss how to achieve absolute service bounds in this relative differentiation model with different approaches. Several problems such as feasibility in differentiation are mentioned as open research issues at the end.
Effect of Tachycardia Heart Failure on the Restitution of Left Ventricular Function in Closed-Chest Dogs

Background Cardiac mechanical restitution and relaxation restitution are thought to be physiological correlates of the recovery kinetics of Ca2+ release mechanisms and sequestration capacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Since congestive heart failure is characterized by abnormal intracellular Ca2+ handling, we sought to delineate changes in mechanical and relaxation restitution produced by heart failure. Methods and Results Six dogs instrumented with left ventricular (LV) micromanometers and piezoelectric dimension crystals were studied under control conditions and after tachycardia heart failure (THF) produced by rapid LV pacing for 3 to 4 weeks. After priming at a basic cycle length of 375 ms, test pulses were delivered at graded extrasystolic intervals (ESIs). Mechanical response was assessed from single-beat elastance. Relaxation was assessed from the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (tau), the average rate of pressure fall during isovolumic relaxation (Ravg), and peak negative dP/dt, the...
EFFECT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEMATOGENOUS METASTASES AND TRANSPLANTS.

Summary A study of the effect of changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in respired air upon the development of hematogenous metastases of the VX-2 carcinoma in rabbits was undertaken after it was found that simple ligation of the gastrosplenic vessels resulted in a striking increase in metastases of this tumor to the area of stomach supplied by these vessels. An increase in respired oxygen resulted in an overall increase in the number of hematogenous metastases in the absence of oxygen poisoning. Transient hypercarbia during the period of intra-aortic inoculation failed to cause any significant change in the occurrence of metastases. Arterial ischemia produced by ligation of the femoral artery resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of growth of tumors transplanted to that extremity. In contrast, no significant change in the rate of growth of transplanted tumors was found in extremities in which venous congestion was produced by ligation of the femoral vein. No information is available concerning the possible influence of hyperbaric oxygenation upon the development of hematogenous metastases, but such information would be valuable because of recent enthusiasm for the treatment of malignant tumors using this technique. These findings indicate that a prolonged increase in oxygen concentration promotes both the development of hematogenous metastases and their subsequent growth. Transient hypercarbia during the period of tumor inoculation had no apparent effect in these experiments, suggesting that the increased susceptibility of injured tissues to the development of hematogenous metastases is unrelated to local changes in carbon dioxide concentration. This experimental evidence suggests further that neither carbon dioxide nor oxygen therapy would be of great importance in the development of hematogenous metastases under ordinary clinical circumstances.
Embracing Global Similarities: A Framework for Cross-Cultural Obstetric Care

In this era of consistent global migration, cultural competency is necessary in all aspects of the care nurses provide to families. Cultural competency is particularly significant in maternal-newborn nursing because childbirth, as one of life's most significant events, is culturally shaped and socially constructed. In this article, a framework is provided to enable nurses to focus on several global phenomena and thus provide care that is more culturally sensitive, congruent with the client's needs, and competent. Suggestions for integrating cultural issues into nursing curricula are offered.
Failure of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation to benefit HIV infection

A 16 year old boy underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from an human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling for severe aplastic anaemia. He was symptomatic for 7 years before transplantation and had received multiple red blood cell and platelet transfusions. Conditioning for BMT consisted of cyclophosphamide, antilymphocyte globulin and total lymphoid irradiation. Engraftment was rapid, there was no evidence of rejection despite the history of multiple blood product transfusions and he did not develop acute or chronic graft versus host disease. He was well for the first 8 months after transplantation but then developed fevers, interstitial pneumonia, herpes simplex infections and cytomegalovirus enteritis. Serological studies revealed antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and he was considered to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Retrospective analysis of the serum samples showed that he was seronegative for HIV until approximately 10 months before transplantation when his serum became HIV positive. Lymphocyte function studies done after transplantation suggested immunologic recovery at 3 months post-transplant with a brisk though subnormal response to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. T cell subset analysis performed subsequently showed complete absence of CD4 positive cells indicating immune incompetence which was associated with clinical features of AIDS. Bone marrow transplantation had failed to produce sustained immunologic reconstitution and prevent the progression of HIV to which he ultimately succumbed.
Using visual assessment as a foundation for greenway planning in the St. Lawrence River Valley

Abstract The growth of the ‘greenway’ as a fundamental planning concept has provided guidance for many communities locally and around the world. In the St. Lawrence River Valley, the idea is providing a common physical and cultural reference for the management of landscapes in communities along a 100 mile international corridor. Over the past 10 years, the College of Environmental Science and Forestry of the State University of New York has worked with the St. Lawrence-Eastern Ontario Commission to examine the unique visual and scenic resources of the region as the foundation for establishing a greenway tracing the St. Lawrence River. Although the idea of a greenway in the St. Lawrence River Valley is not new or unusual, the inventory and assessment of visual or scenic linear resources as a foundation is a departure from typical practice, and an experiment in defensible and rational planning. As a major summer tourism destination, the region is well aware of the critical value of its scenic resources. In our effort to identify and assess various vital resources for planning, we found an indicator in the visual nature of the landscape—both as a resource in and of itself, and as a reflection of the underlying values held by local communities for natural and cultural resources. This paper describes, as a case study, the process used to identify and assess visual and scenic resources in the region, and the use of the resulting database to initiate delineation of the proposed greenway. A discussion of the rationale and significance of the method is presented, including comments on the direction and progress in the region today.
Magnetic Resonance Molecular-Beam Spectra of Methane

A detailed analysis of the hyperfine Hamiltonian for the protons in C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ is given using group-theoretical techniques, a generalized concept of irreducible tensor operators being introduced. Experimental results using the magnetic resonance molecular-beam technique are given and compared with the theoretical results. The average spin-rotational constant for the protons was found to be (+) 10.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 kc/sec, and the $g$ value of the rotational magnetic moment for the C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ molecule was measured to be (+)0.3133\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002. Neither sign was measured, but strong arguments are given that the signs in parentheses are the correct ones. The proton in CH${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ was also investigated to give, with the C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ results, the spin-rotational constant for rotations perpendicular to a carbon-hydrogen band axis as (+)17.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6 kc/sec and for rotations about the axis as (-)3.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.2 kc/sec. A measurement of the quadrupole moment of a substituted deuteron was attempted with inconclusive results.
Echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical treatment of postpartum pulmonary embolism

Abstract Pulmonary embolism remains a problem in the United States in terms of both morbidity and mortality New diagnostic modalities to make rapid diagnosis are now available, and allow for bedside diagnosis of pulmonary embolism without the use of pulmonary angiography. As a reference, a case involving a postpartum patient is reviewed. Use of echocardiography, a device readily available even in small institutions, allowed for early diagnosis and institution of therapy in this particular case and in others. Diagnostic features of pulmonary embolism are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Transepithelial elimination of granulomas in cutaneous tuberculosis and sarcoidosis

Transepithelial elimination of granulomas was observed in histologic specimens taken from involved skin of a patient with disseminated tuberculosis and two patients with sarcoidosis. This phenomenon, previously also observed in other granulomatous disorders, represents one of the skin's several mechanisms to rid itself of endogenous or exogenous waste material.
Optimal switching policies for fixed bed catalytic reactors in series

It frequently occurs in catalytic reforming that several fixed bed catalytic reactors are run in series. Periodically a bed must be removed and regenerated while a previously regenerated bed is used in its place. An algorithm that finds which bed to remove and how to order the remaining beds and the previously regenerated bed so that some suitable objective function is optimized is presented for the case where the catalyst decays uniformly down the length of each reactor.
Cerebral cytochrome a,a3 inhibition by cyanide in bloodless rats.

Abstract Brain cytochrome a , a 3 inhibition is presumed to be the site of lethal histotoxic hypoxia in cyanide poisoning perhaps because of the relative inability of the brain to metabolize cyanide. However, only limited data are available about cyanide toxic effects and possible antagnism in the in vivo brain. In this study, in situ, multiple wavelength, spectrophotometric monitoring of brain cytochrome a , a 3 was used to observe oxidation-reduction (redox) responses of cerebral cytochrome a , a 3 to intravenous potassium cyanide administration. Bloodless rats prepared by perfluorochemical emulsion (FC-43) exchange transfusion allowed monitoring of cyanide-cytochrome a , a 3 interaction without spectral interference by hemoglobin. We found that cyanide-induced transient increases in cytochrome a , a 3 reduction level and subsequent redox recovery kinetics were similar in bloodless and normal blood circulated rats. Electroencephalographic activity was maintained until a 50% increase in the reduction level of cytochrome a , a 3 was induced with cyanide. Pre-treatment with the cyanide antagonist sodium thiosulfate also protected brain cytochrome a , a 3 from cyanide-mediated redox state changes by approximately 4-fold both in normal blood circulated controls and during FC-43 circulation. These latter results indicate that sodium thiosulfate, presumably acting at tissue sites of rhodanese activity can prevent cerebral cytochrome a , a 3 reduction by cyanide even in the virtual absence of blood or circulating proteins.
Optomechanical Instrument Design

Optomechanical engineering is concerned with maintaining the shape and position of optical components in a variety of environments. Although optomechanics is cen tral to the performance of any optical system, recognition of optomechanics as a separate discipline of optical engineering is relatively recent. Conventional optomechanical methods are no longer adequate to meet the requirements of modern optical systems. This special issue of Optical Engineering is concerned with optomechanical instrument design.
Interspecies transmission and limited persistence of low pathogenic avian influenza genomes among Alaska dabbling ducks.

Abstract The reassortment and geographic distribution of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus genes are well documented, but little is known about the persistence of intact LPAI genomes among species and locations. To examine persistence of entire LPAI genome constellations in Alaska, we calculated the genetic identities among 161 full-genome LPAI viruses isolated across 4 years from five species of duck: northern pintail (Anas acuta), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), American green-winged teal (Anas crecca), northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) and American wigeon (Anas americana). Based on pairwise genetic distance, highly similar LPAI genomes (>99% identity) were observed within and between species and across a range of geographic distances (up to and >1000 km), but most often between isolates collected 0–10 km apart. Highly similar viruses were detected between years, suggesting inter-annual persistence, but these were rare in our data set with the majority occurring within 0–9 days of sampling. These results identify LPAI transmission pathways in the context of species, space and time, an initial perspective into the extent of regional virus distribution and persistence, and insight into why no completely Eurasian genomes have ever been detected in Alaska. Such information will be useful in forecasting the movement of foreign-origin avian influenza strains should they be introduced to North America.
Running and breathing in mammals

Mechanical constraints appear to require that locomotion and breathing be synchronized in running mammals. Phase locking of limb and respiratory frequency has now been recorded during treadmill running in jackrabbits and during locomotion on solid ground in dogs, horses, and humans. Quadrupedal species normally synchronize the locomotor and respiratory cycles at a constant ratio of 1:1 (strides per breath) in both the trot and gallop. Human runners differ from quadrupeds in that while running they employ several phase-locked patterns (4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 5:2, and 3:2), although a 2:1 coupling ratio appears to be favored. Even though the evolution of bipedal gait has reduced the mechanical constraints on respiration in man, thereby permitting greater flexibility in breathing pattern, it has seemingly not eliminated the need for the synchronization of respiration and body motion during sustained running. Flying birds have independently achieved phase-locked locomotor and respiratory cycles. This hints that strict locomotor-respiratory coupling may be a vital factor in the sustained aerobic exercise of endothermic vertebrates, especially those in which the stresses of locomotion tend to deform the thoracic complex.
Biometrical genetic analysis of luteovirus transmission in the aphid Schizaphis graminum.

The aphid Schizaphis graminum is an important vector of the viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf disease. We studied the genetic architecture of virus transmission by crossing a vector and a non-vector genotype of S. graminum. F1 and F2 hybrids were generated, and a modified line-cross biometrical analysis was performed on transmission phenotype of two of the viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf: Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV)-RPV and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-SGV. Our aims were to (1) determine to what extent differences in transmission ability between vectors and non-vectors is due to net additive or non-additive gene action, (2) estimate the number of loci that determine transmission ability and (3) examine the nature of genetic correlations between transmission of CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV. Only additive effects contributed significantly to divergence in transmission of both CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV. For each luteovirus, Castle–Wright's estimator for the number of effective factors segregating for transmission phenotype was less than one. Transmission of CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV was significantly correlated in the F2 generation, suggesting that there is a partial genetic overlap for transmission of these luteoviruses. Yet, 63% of the F2 genotypes transmitted CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV at significantly different rates. Our data suggest that in S. graminum, the transmission efficiency of both CYDV-RPV and BYDV-SGV is regulated by a major gene or set of tightly linked genes, and the transmission efficiency of each virus is influenced by a unique set of minor genes.
Effects of interracial crosses on cephalometric measurements

The effects of race and interracial crossing were examined on six cephalometric measurements among 9,912 schoolchildren in Hawaii. The measurements studied were face height, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, head breadth, head length, and cephalic index. Racial effects were studied in terms of general racial effect, maternal effect, and hybridity and recombination effects based on a model of diallel cross. Generally, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Filipinos were characterized by longer lateral and smaller anterior-posterior dimensions relative to Caucasians. Maternal effects appeared to be present in the measures of lateral dimension. No clear effects of hybridity and recombination were seen except for bizygomatic diameter, which appears to behave as a partial dominant trait. The racial mean of bizygomatic diameter, or the ratio of this measure to head length, were found to have a relationship with the racial incidences of cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
When information does not deter stereotyping: Prescriptive stereotyping can foster bias under conditions that deter descriptive stereotyping

Abstract One conclusion emerging from the stereotyping literature is that behavioral information can undercut stereotyping of individuals. Two studies examined whether this holds for descriptive but not prescriptive stereotypes. In Study 1, participants whose descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes had been measured chose between equally qualified male and female job applicants. Results indicated that descriptive stereotypes did not predict gender bias, but prescriptive stereotypes did. In Study 2, participants whose descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes had been measured provided evaluations of either male or female job applicants who were enacting either masculine or feminine roles. Results indicated that descriptive stereotypes did not predict gender bias, but prescriptive stereotypes fostered—among male participants—a bias against females enacting masculine roles and in favor of males enacting masculine roles. These studies suggest that prescriptive stereotyping can persevere after behavioral information has undercut descriptive stereotyping. Thus, the studies underline both the tenacity of stereotyping and the need to reconsider the generalization that information deters stereotyping.
Moral responsibility, conversation, and desert: comments on Michael McKenna’s conversation and responsibility

In this paper, I engage with several of the intriguing theses Michael McKenna puts forward in his Conversation and Responsibility. For example, I examine McKenna’s claim that the fact that an agent is morally responsible for an action and the fact that an agent is appropriately held responsible explain each other. I go on to argue that despite the importance of the ability to hold people responsible, an agent’s being morally responsible for an action is explanatorily fundamental, and in this sense responsibility is response-independent. I then explore some of the specific aspects of McKenna’s conversational theory before turning to his suggestion that the conversational nature of our responsibility practices gives us special kinds of reasons for accepting that agents are deserving of the harms of blame. Finally, I conclude by raising questions for his argument that the scope of blameworthy actions extends beyond that of impermissible actions.
Anomalous dispersion, renormalization groups, scaling laws and classification: A reflection on recent efforts

Abstract Motivated by the need to understand the dynamics of motile particles in porous media, our team has applied renormalization group techniques to both upscale and classify anomalous dispersive/diffusive behavior. Central limit theorems, which lead to a specific type of renormalization group, are employed in several cases to upscale transport of motile particles in porous media that display a specific type of fractal character. The old standby classification for diffusion (which we use interchangeably with dispersion) says a particle is anomalous if its mean square displacement is not linear in time. This physically intuitive concept, is shown to be inadequate, and so is replaced by a scheme that relies on the fixed points of specific renormalization group operators. Various asymptotic limits are examined, and scaling laws for the limits are derived. A random renormalization operator is introduced for processes with multiple asymptotes and unknown self-similarity index, and a Bayesian tool is employed to obtain scaling laws that are weighted averages of power laws.
Labor market effects of immigration in the United States and Europe: substitution vs. complementarity.

This paper examines the impact of immigrants on the income of various groups of resident workers in the United States and Europe. Our approach features the use of a production technology incorporating education, experience, and unskilled labor as inputs. This contrasts with the assumption used in earlier studies that native-born and immigrant labor are distinct inputs into production. We find that in both United States and European production, education, unskilled labor and experience are complementary inputs. Based on these results, simulations of the impact of immigration on residents are carried out. The absolute magnitude of these effects is found to be very small.
Developmental Use of Vowel Duration as a Cue to Postvocalic Stop Consonant Voicing

This developmental study investigated vowel duration as a cue to postvocalic consonant voicing. Ten trials of six test words, spoken by 10 3-year-olds, 10 6-year-olds, and 10 adults, all with norma...
Effects of temperature on oxygen consumption and fuel utilization by the sheep blowfly

The effect of temperature on the flight metabolism of Phaenicia sericata (Meigen) was investigated by two techniques. Oxygen consumption of flies on turnabouts in Warburg flasks indicated Q10 values of 1·3 to 1·8 as flight continued. Rates of sucrose utilization during flights to exhaustion gave a Q10 of 1·6. The Q10 for wing-beat frequency in the latter case was 1·29. Thus, the metabolism of moving flies was approximately proportional to the square of wing-beat frequency rather than the cube as has been found with stationary flies. Probably, the antennal reflex limits energy expenditure by moving flies and is more effective at high temperatures. The initial Q10 for metabolism, like that for flight speed, was low due to the high speed and metabolism of flies at low temperatures. It is suggested that physical events such as diffusion of metabolites across membranes may limit energy utilization at first, and biochemical processes become limiting later.
Contraception and fertility plans in a cohort of HIV-positive women in care

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to examine determinants of contraceptive use, desired future childbearing and sterilization regret among HIV-positive women. Methods One hundred eighteen HIV-positive women, age 18–46, receiving care at a university HIV clinic completed a survey on their reproductive history in 2004. We reviewed their medical records for contraception, antiretroviral medications and HIV/AIDS disease markers. We performed descriptive analysis of population characteristics and logistic regression to assess predictors of their desire to have future children. Results Subjects had a median age of 37 years and had been diagnosed with HIV for a mean of 9.2 years; 55% had AIDS. Most (68%) subjects were currently monogamous and 29% were abstinent. Forty-seven percent had been sterilized and of those who were sexually active but not sterilized, 90% were using reversible contraception. One third of subjects desired future childbearing, including 12% of those who had been previously sterilized. In a multivariate analysis, predictors of desire for future childbearing were younger age, not being on HIV medication, higher current CD4 cell count and having a relationship duration of less than 2 years. Conclusion HIV-positive women have reproductive patterns similar to those of HIV-negative women, with most having borne children and many wanting children in the future. A substantial proportion has been sterilized and express sterilization regret. Potent antiretroviral therapy has greatly improved the outlook for HIV-infected women, even those with an AIDS diagnosis. Many HIV-positive women want to have children and would benefit from preconception counseling and counseling about reversible methods of contraception.
Medical and pharmacologic management of upper extremity neuropathic pain syndromes

Written from a neurologic and therapeutically conservative perspective, this review advocates fundamentally medical and pharmacologic management of upper extremity neuropathic pain syndromes, including chronic regional pain syndromes, formerly classified reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia. Mandatory steps include, first, a prompt serious attempt to localize the nerve lesion whenever possible using complete, sophisticated neurologic examinations, then thoughtfully selected conventional neurophysiologic and radiologic tests. Strongly discouraged are promiscuous use of "RSD" to describe all neuropathic pains, and diagnostic reliance upon thermography and uncontrolled sympathetic blocks. Conservative multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment teams should often possess a nucleus of neurologist and hand therapist, plus additional consultants including psychiatric. Every physician and therapist managing neuropathic pain must consider psychologic and wellness issues within their responsibilities. Prompt referral to an experienced surgeon is crucial for decompression or repair of relevant, significant, objectively proven (ideally neurophysiologically) nerve and root lesions. Ambiguous professional colloquialisms, "central pain" and "central sensitization," unfortunately provide value-laden pretexts for premature invasive treatments, and animate the truly dreadful concept "central RSD". Various classes of conventional oral non-narcotic adjuvant analgesics are reviewed, and the inevitability of their empiric, non-formulaic administration. No patient-specific, rationally-identifiable molecular receptor/switch can be deduced clinically or tripped mechanistically to terminate chronic pain. Two promising new non-narcotic centrally-active medications, gabapentin and tramadol, are highlighted as harbingers of future progress. The neglected subtle art of prescription writing is stressed, particularly for medication-sensitive patients. Medical cost containment should promote critical, long overdue outcomes studies comparing conservative and invasive pain treatments.
Infant Constipation Maternal Knowledge and Beliefs

One hundred mothers who delivered infants at a rural community hospital between March and July 1990 were surveyed during their postpartum hospital stay to determine their opinions and expectations concerning constipation in infancy. Thirty-eight percent of multiparous mothers reported constipation in their previous children, which resolved with all home treatments given. Only 23% of the mothers reporting constipation mentioned this to their physicians. All mothers significantly underestimated stool frequency from ages birth to one week, relative to previously published norms. Mothers overestimated stool frequency at one week to one month, but this difference was not statistically significant. The most frequent description of constipation was inability to pass stool; pain was rarely mentioned. Most mothers agreed with the statement, "Constipation is dangerous for babies." Mothers reported learning about stool habits from previous personal experience, written materials, and their own mothers; impact of health-care professionals on their knowledge was minimal. The opinions and expectations of newly delivered mothers can be used to develop patient education and anticipatory guidance material to improve teaching and relieve parental anxiety about infant stool habits.
Elementary School Data Issues for Value-Added Models: Implications for Research.

Abstract Researchers often presume that it is better to use administrative data from grades 4 and 5 than data from grades 6 through 8 for conducting research on teacher effectiveness that uses value-added models because (1) elementary school teachers teach all subjects to their students in self-contained classrooms and (2) classrooms are more homogenous at the elementary school level. We examined the first issue by using data on teacher–student links in which teachers of mathematics and/or English/language arts had verified the subjects and students they taught. We compared these data to teacher–student links from the original administrative data. Results show that instruction is often departmentalized in these grades. About one in six elementary school teachers in the original data was linked to a subject that he or she did not teach. To examine the second issue, we computed the variation in baseline student achievement within classes, between classes at the same school, and between schools. We found mor...
Use of cooling air heat exchangers as replacements for hot section strategic materials

Because of financial and political constraints, strategic aerospace materials required for the hot section of future engines might be in short supply. As an alternative to these strategic materials, this study examines the use of a cooling air heat exchanger in combination with less advanced hot section materials. Cycle calculations are presented for future turbofan systems with overall pressure ratios to 65, bypass ratios near 13, and combustor exit temperatures to 3260 R. These calculations quantify the effect on TSFC of using a decreased materials technology in a turbofan system. The calculations show that the cooling air heat exchanger enables the feasibility of these engines.
Affinity Countercurrent Chromatography Using a Ligand in the Stationary Phase

In countercurrent chromatography (CCC), an addition of a ligand to the liquid stationary phase remarkably improved both retention time and peak resolution of the analytes: various amino acid derivatives were separated by N-dodecanoyl-l-proline-3,5-dimethylanilide, while polar catecholamines and dipeptides were separated by bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid. By selecting an appropriate ligand and dissolving it in the liquid stationary phase, the present CCC technique can perform a variety of separations comparable to chiral chromatography, ion chromatography, and affinity chromatography. Leakage of the ligand from the column can be entirely eliminated by introducing a small volume of a ligand-free stationary phase at the end of the column as an absorbent. The method further facilitates application of pH-zone-refining CCC and can increase the sample loading capacity over 10 times for a given column.
Fast ForWord® does not significantly improve language skills in children with language disorders1

Is there a significant difference in expressive and receptive language ability or auditory processing after treatment with Fast ForWord®, when it is compared with three other treatments: (1) comput...
METHYLMERCURY ACCUMULATION IN TISSUES AND ITS EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND APPETITE IN CAPTIVE GREAT EGRETS

To test the hypothesis that fledging wading birds would be more at risk from mercury toxicosis than younger nestlings, captive great egret nestlings were maintained as controls or were dosed from 1- to 14-wk-old with 0.5 or 5 mg methylmercury chloride/kg wet weight in fish. Birds dosed with 5 mg/kg suffered from subacute toxicosis at wk 10-12. Growing feather concentrations were the most closely correlated with cumulative mercury consumed per weight. Blood concentrations of mercury increased more rapidly after 9 wk in all groups when feathers stopped growing. Total mercury accumulated in tissues in concentrations in the following order: growing scapular feathers > powderdown > mature scapular feathers > liver > kidney > blood > muscle > pancreas > brain > bile > fat > eye. The proportion of total mercury that was methylated depended upon tissue type and dose group. Selenium accumulated in liver in direct proportion to liver mercury concentrations. After wk 9, appetite and weight index (weight/bill length) declined significantly in both dosed groups. At current exposure levels in the Everglades (Florida, USA) mercury deposited in rapidly growing feathers may protect nestlings from adverse effects on growth until feathers cease growing.
KSHV LANA's expanding bag of tricks.

In this issue of Blood, Di Bartolo and colleagues report that KSHV targets the TGF-β signaling pathway in latently infected tumor cells.