cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of bicyclist presence on driver performance during automated vehicle take-over requests

Abstract One proposed benefit of automated vehicles (AVs) is their potential to mitigate the occurrence of serious crashes due to human error or poor decision making while driving. However, there are still many concerns associated with the use of SAE Level 3 AVs, which require intervention by a human driver after a take-over request (TOR). These concerns intensify when vulnerable road users, such as bicyclists, are introduced to the driving environment. The objective of this research was to investigate how human drivers of AVs interact with bicyclists during a right-turn maneuver after receiving a TOR. Changes in driver performance, including visual attention and crash avoidance behavior, were measured by using a high-fidelity driving simulator, with 43 participants each completing 18 right-turn maneuvers. Three independent variables were studied: the bicyclist’s proximity to the intersection, the driver’s proximity from the intersection when the TOR was received, and the driver’s engagement in a distracting secondary task (a game on a tablet). In general, the results showed that the introduction of the secondary task led to decreased driver performance with respect to time-to-collision and the time that it took a driver to first identify the bicyclist on the roadway. When given more time to react before the intersection, drivers generally had safer interactions with the bicyclist.
Modifications of Textured Silicon Surface Morphology and Its Effect on Poly-Si/SiO x Contact Passivation for Silicon Solar Cells

High-efficiency crystalline silicon ( c -Si) solar cells require textured surfaces for efficient light trapping. However, passivation of a textured pyramidal surface to reduce carrier recombination is challenging due to the presence of sharp tips, edges, and valleys. Using electrical and surface microscopies combined with lifetime measurements, we report on the effect of HF:HNO3 etching on the pyramidal textured Si surface morphology, and on poly -Si/SiO x contact performance. Preferential rounding of either the valleys between pyramids, or the pyramid tips is obtained depending on the HF:HNO3 solution temperature. Both these morphologies make the pyramid shape irregular, with the pyramid faces no longer being predominantly a Si(111) surface. Our atomic force microscopy measurements further show that the nanoscale roughness over the pyramid face also reduces after HF:HNO3 etching. Thus, etching affects the microscopic pyramidal shape, the dominant crystallographic orientation, and the nanoscale roughness of the surface. We speculate that these three surface effects result in the improvement of surface passivation via poly -Si/SiO x contacts. However, this improved passivation is accompanied by increased reflectance of the HF:HNO3-etched textured surface. Finally, our electron-beam-induced current measurements reveal thickness nonuniformities in the thermally grown SiO x layer on the HF:HNO3-etched textured Si surface: SiO x is thicker near the pyramid tips, edges, and faces as compared with near the valleys between pyramids. This nonuniformity in the SiO x layer may explain the poorer passivation obtained on a KOH-textured and HF:HNO3-etched textured surface as compared with a planar surface.
Response of eight low-cost particle sensors and consumer devices to typical indoor emission events in a real home (ASHRAE 1756-RP)

Many consumer-grade low-cost particle sensors have recently entered the market, potentially providing a means of inexpensively monitoring indoor air quality and eventually being used to control bui...
What does it cost to ensure salt marsh migration? Using hedonic modeling to inform cost-effective conservation

Abstract The preservation of salt marshes under rapid sea-level rise (SLR) typically requires the conservation of marsh transgression zones—undeveloped uplands onto which marshes can migrate. Optimal planning for conservation of this type requires information on the expected benefit of marsh conservation and the cost of land suitable for marsh migration in particular areas. While information is available on marsh benefits within the literature, prior research provides little insight on associated land conservation costs. The coastal hedonic pricing literature focuses primarily on developed land, and there are no models designed to predict the cost of conserving land suitable for marsh migration. This paper develops a hedonic property value model to predict cost and explore price patterns associated with purchases of undeveloped land suitable for salt marsh migration under SLR. The model is illustrated using a case study from the Eastern Shore of Virginia, with a dataset consisting of open-market sales of undeveloped land from 2014 to 2017. Particular attention is paid to characteristics that determine marsh migration potential such as coastal distance, elevation and connectivity. Results demonstrate the insight for conservation planning that can be provided by models of this type and the errors associated with the use of simplified proxies to predict conservation costs of land suitable for marsh migration.
Functionalized metal-based nanoelectrocatalysts for water splitting

Abstract Due to the rapid rise of global demand for energy, there is a vigilant quest in the scientific world for sustainable, scalable and green solutions to the world’s energy crisis. Water splitting is one of the most promising methods that fulfill these requirements. Water splitting is an endothermic reaction (237 kJ/mol) and catalysts are used to overcome this energy barrier. Using nanocatalysts, the surface area of catalysts and therefore the rate of water splitting can be increased. Many metal-based efficient nanoelectrocatalysts capable of catalyzing both the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction have been reported in recent years. This chapter discuss recent developments in catalyst design in metal-based nanocatalysts for water splitting, techniques used to maximize their efficiency, and the future prospects of the field.
Viral spectrum of 36 outbreaks of influenza like-illness in Shandong province

Objective To understand the viral spectrum of influenza-like illness (ILI), Shandong province during 2013-2014. Methods The data of 36 ILI outbreaks were collected and analyzed. Multiple respiratory pathogens were detected with RT-PCR in pharynx swab specimens. Results Totally, 35 outbreaks occurred in winter and spring, and dispersed in 12 cities; 27 outbreaks happened in primary and secondary schools. Many of the outbreaks, 17 (47.2%), were caused by influenza virus type B (FluB), followed by FluA H1 and H3, 5 (13.8%) outbreaks, respectively. Mixed infection caused 7 outbreaks. Totally 437 samples were collected, with 235 (53.8%) positive specimens, in which FluB was mostly detected, 142 (32.5%). Except Flu, parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV2) was the most frequently detected, followed by coronavirus (CoV). The constituent ratio of FluB under 15 years of age was the highest, such as CoV in 25-59 years old group and FluA H1 in others groups. Conclusions ILI outbreaks occurred mostly in primary and secondary schools. Virus was the main pathogen, with the dominant strains of FluB. However, the dominant strain in different age groups was different. Key words: Influenza-like illness; Influenza virus; Outbreak; Parainfluenza virus; Coronavirus
Neural mechanisms underlying the effects of physical fatigue on effort-based choice.

Physical fatigue crucially influences our decisions to partake in effortful action. However, there is a limited understanding of how fatigue impacts effort-based decision-making at the level of brain and behavior. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging to record markers of brain activity while human participants engage in uncertain choices for prospective physical effort, before and after bouts of exertion. Using computational modeling of choice behavior we find that fatiguing exertions cause participants to increase their subjective cost of effort, compared to a baseline/rested state. We describe a mechanism by which signals related to motor cortical state in premotor cortex influence effort value computations, instantiated by insula, thereby increasing an individual’s subjective valuation of prospective physical effort while fatigued. Our findings provide a neurobiological account of how information about bodily state modulates decisions to engage in physical activity. Fatigue influences our choices to engage in physical activity. Here, the authors investigate the underlying cognitive and neuronal mechanisms by which fatigue influences decisions to exert, and show that information about motor cortical state modulates decisions to engage in physical activity.
Herbarium‐based measurements reliably estimate three functional traits

PREMISE The use of functional traits has surged in recent decades, providing new insights ranging from individual plant fitness to ecosystem processes. Global plant trait databases have advanced our understanding of plant functional diversity, but they remain incomplete because of geographic and taxonomic biases. Herbarium specimens may help fill these gaps by providing trait information across space and time. We tested whether herbarium specimen-derived measurements are reliable estimates of three important, commonly measured functional traits-specific leaf area (SLA), branch wood specific gravity, and leaf thickness. METHODS Leaves and branches were collected from species cultivated at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden and Florida International University in Miami, FL, USA. Fresh components of SLA (area), branch wood specific gravity (volume), and leaf thickness were measured following standard trait measurement protocols. We compared these trait values to corresponding measurements using plant tissues dried in a plant press following standard herbarium plant collecting protocols. RESULTS Herbarium-derived trait measurements (dried tissues) were highly correlated with those measured using fresh tissues following standard protocols (SLA: R2 = 0.72-0.97, p < 0.01; wood specific gravity: R2 = 0.74-0.75, p < 0.01; leaf thickness: R2 = 0.96, p < 0.01). However, except for leaf thickness, linear model slope or intercept coefficients differed from 1, indicating herbarium-derived trait measurements may provide biased estimates of fresh traits without the use of correction factors. CONCLUSIONS Herbarium-derived traits cannot always be used interchangeably with those measured from fresh tissues because of tissue shrinkage. However, herbarium-derived trait data still have the potential to drastically expand the temporal, geographic, and taxonomic scope of global trait databases.
Effect of π‒conjugation on aggregation–induced emission of α–cyanostilbene incorporated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The development of facile approaches to inhibit aggregation‒caused quenching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to strong π‒π interactions is a necessity to be employed in organic electronic applications. In this work, this challenging task was addressed by using α–cyanostilbene moiety in the PAH structures to achieve an opposite phenomenon, aggregation‒induced emission (AIE). The design, synthesis, and AIE properties of α–cyanostilbene consisting of PAHs (e.g., pyrene, anthracene, and naphthalene) were broadly explored. The results indicate that the steric hindrance due to cyano units and rotator vinylenes facilitate the PAH molecules to attain a twisted conformation which induced distinctive AIE attributes without requiring bulky groups on the PAHs. As a result of the extended π‒conjugation and intramolecular charge transfer in the D–π–A–π–D design, these molecules rendered variable emission colors ranging from green–to–yellowish/green–to–orange and also a white emission in THF‒water solvent system.
Integrated Simulation Tool to Analyze Patient Access to and Flow During Colonoscopy Appointments

Colonoscopy procedures are key to reducing colorectal cancer incidence and improving outcomes. For this reason, it is important that clinics be designed to maximize access to care and to use clinic time effectively. This paper presents a simulation tool that analyzes different scheduling policies to see how they impact overall clinic operations. By simultaneously simulating both scheduling and operations, the tool can account for more variability and better predict actual outcomes. This tool can be used to inform clinics on what scheduling policies work best for their clinic and help analyze what the trade-offs will be between different policies.
Attachment security predicts adolescents' prosocial and health protective responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prosocial and health protective behaviors are critical to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, yet adolescents have been difficult to engage. Attachment security promotes adolescents' capacities to navigate stress, and influences prosocial and health behaviors. Drawing on a diverse sample of 202 adolescents (48% female; 47.5% Latinx) this study evaluated relations among attachment, mental health, and prosocial and health protective responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Attachment security (age 12) predicted adolescents' (age 15) COVID-19 prosocial (f2 = .201) and health protective behaviors (f2 = .274) during the pandemic via smaller-than-expected increases in mental health symptoms above pre-pandemic levels (age 14). Findings highlight the importance of attachment for supporting adolescents' mental health responses to life stressors and promoting prosocial and health protective behaviors.
Pollution Management and Responsible Care

Publisher Summary There are two broad areas of pollution that pose ongoing negative impacts to the public. These are legacy pollution and ongoing releases. Legacy pollution refers to toxic chemical releases into the environment during a time pre-dating strict environmental enforcement practices. “Standard of Care” is a term of art that is generally defined as the degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care. Generally, it is thought to concern the degree of caution that a reasonable person should exercise in a given situation so as to avoid causing injury. It is the watchfulness, attention, caution, and prudence that a reasonable person under the same or similar circumstances would exercise. Strict environmental enforcement has made the single most difference in overall improved environmental performance by industry. The fear of fines, penalties, and even imprisonment of owners and operators who violate statutory obligations under pollution control permits have driven industry on the whole to adopt BMPs and to make investments into controls. Finally, good corporate governance includes environmental stewardship as a foundation. From the most general standpoint, Responsible Care means acting in a responsible manner toward public and worker safety, protecting the environment, and respecting the properties and quality of life of others.
Bacterial Contamination of the Small Intestine as an Important Cause of Chronic Diarrhea and Abdominal Pain: Diagnosis by Breath Hydrogen Test

Unsuspected bacterial contamination of the small intestine was indicated by breath hydrogen testing in nine patients aged 2 to 34 months during physical examinations for chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain. Elevated bacterial counts of questionable significance were found in duodenal aspirates before and after antibiotic treatment. There was no evidence of bile salt deconjugation or structural changes in the small intestine by light or electron microscopy. This may indicate that the site of colonization is distal to the biopsy site. Breath testing indicated lactose malabsorption in all patients, and four of five patients tested also malabsorbed sucrose. Duodenal disaccharidase levels in all patients were within the normal ranges, but in eight patients the lactase-sucrase ratio was greatly elevated (0.80 +/- 0.36; normal less than 0.45). Dietary restriction alone did not cause complete cessation of symptoms, whereas all patients responded dramatically to oral antibiotic therapy. When patients were well, the lactase-sucrase ratio had returned to normal in those tested, and all nine had normal lactose and lactulose breath hydrogen tests. Unsuspected bacterial contamination of the small intestine, which is easily detected using the breath hydrogen test, may be more commonly associated with chronic diarrhea in children than has been previously realized. In such cases, therapy should be directed at removing the contamination.
Some conjectures about access to US health care for disposed people

This paper hypothesizes the extent of access to health care by disposed people, particularly in the US. The disposed are people ‘thrown away’ as used-up commodities. This paper briefly examines the theoretical idea of disposability. It then presents the basic results of new research showing that a sample of Americans sees that people in several different occupations are equally liable to be disposed. The section that follows proposes that the access these disposed people have to the US health-care system is minimal overall and is not likely to improve. Because this total grouping has not previously been studied as a whole, these hypothetical findings are partly based on subsets of the disposed: the poor; those without health insurance; and the unemployed.
A comparison of measurement techniques for differential group delay in a long-haul optical system

We compare five methods for measuring the differential group delay (DGD) in a long-haul system. The commonly-used Jones matrix eigen analysis (JME) method is insensitive to polarisation dependent loss (PDL), but sensitive to Stokes noise. The other methods are more sensitive to PDL.
Accurate Determination of the μ + Magnetic Moment

Using a precession technique, the magnetic moment of the positive mu meson is determined to an accuracy of 0.007%. Muons are brought to rest in a bromoform target situated in a homogeneous magnetic field, oriented at right angles to the initial muon spin direction. The precession of the spin about the field direction, together with the asymmetric decay of the muon, produces a periodic time variation in the probability distribution of electrons emitted in a fixed laboratory direction. The period of this variation is compared with that of a reference oscillator by means of phase measurements of the "beat note" between the two. The magnetic field at which the precession and reference frequencies coincide is measured with reference to a proton nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer. The ratio of the muon precession frequency to that of the proton in the same magnetic field is thus determined to be 3.1834\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002. Using a re-evaluated lower limit to the muon mass, this is shown to yield a lower limit on the muon $g$ factor of 2(1.00122\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00008), in agreement with the predictions of quantum electrodynamics.
Selective inhibition of proteolytic enzymes in an in vivo mouse model for experimental metastasis.

Peptide aldehyde transition state analogue inhibitors of serine and cysteine proteases have been used to selectively inhibit proteases for which prior evidence supports a role in tumor cell metastasis. These enzymes include cathepsin B, urokinase plasminogen activator (PA), and thrombin. The inhibition constants of the peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors show that they are highly selective for a particular targeted serine or cysteine protease. The inhibitors are introduced by i.p. injection or by miniosmotic pumps into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice also given injections of B16-F10 melanoma cells, and the number of metastatic foci in the lung was determined. While the injection protocol gave an initially high but changing in vivo concentration of inhibitor over time, the minipump implant gave a constant steady state concentration of inhibitor over 5–7 days. Minipump infusion of leupeptin (acetylleucylleucylargininal), a strong inhibitor of cathepsin B at a steady state plasma concentration 1000-fold greater than its K i(cathepsin B), gave no significant decrease in lung colonization by the B16 tumor cells. Ep475, a stoichiometric irreversible peptide inhibitor of cathepsin B-like proteases, also did not significantly inhibit metastatic foci formation. Introduction of selective inhibitors of urokinase PA, tert -butyloxycarbonylglutamylglycylargininal and H-glutamylglycylargininal at concentrations near its K i, produced no significant decrease in mouse lung colonization. The selective thrombin inhibitor d-phenylalanylprolylargininal infused to a steady state concentration 100-fold greater than its K 1 dramatically increased B16 melanoma colonization of mouse lung. The results indicate that neither secreted cathepsin B-like nor urokinase PA have roles in B16 colonization of mouse lung, while thrombin may have a role in preventing metastasis. These experiments do not eliminate roles for a cathepsin B-like enzyme or urokinase PA in the initial steps of the metastatic process.
Two Electron Rydberg States

Over the past decade, we have learned much about one electron Rydberg states, i.e., the Rydberg states of H and the alkali atoms. We now have detailed knowledge of their spectra, their wavefunctions, their electric and magnetic field behavior, and some of their collisional phenomena.1 However, for two-electron Rydberg atoms, our understanding is still very much in the elementary stage. With Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory (MQDT) we have a technique for characterizing a spectra in terms of a small number of parameters;2 but it was only this year that any of those parameters were calculated successfully ab initio 3. Two electron Rydberg wavefunctions have not yet been well tested and systematic investigations of autoioni zation, which is specific to multielectron atoms, have only recently been begun.
Detection of low concentrations of ampicillin in milk

Ampicillin, a common antibiotic, is detected at trace concentrations in milk using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in a microfluidic device, using less than 20 μL of sample, in 10 minutes, with minimal off-chip preparation. The device is configured so as to favor the interaction of the analyte with colloidal silver, and the optimization of the aggregation of the silver nanoparticles so as to increase the SERS intensity and the consequential sensitivity of analyte detection.
Automatic Calibration of Spinning Actuated Lidar Internal Parameters

Actuated lidar, where a scanning lidar is combined with an actuation mechanism to scan a three-dimensional volume rather than a single line, has been used heavily in a wide variety of field robotics applications. Common examples of actuated lidar include spinning/rolling and nodding/pitching configurations. Due to the construction of actuated lidar, the center of rotation of the lidar mirror may not coincide with the center of rotation of the actuation mechanism. To triangulate a precise point cloud representation of the environment, the centers of rotation must be brought into alignment using a suitable calibration procedure. We refer to this problem as estimating the internal parameters of actuated lidar. In this work, we focus on spinning/rolling lidar and present a fully automated algorithm for calibration using generic scenes without the need for specialized calibration targets. The algorithm is evaluated on a range of real and synthetic data and is shown to be robust, accurate, and have a large basin of convergence.
Evidence that endogenous cyclic AMP does not modulate serum sulfation factor action on embryonic chicken cartilage.

The role of cartilage cyclic AMP as a mediator or modulator of serum sulfation factor (SSF) action on embryonic chicken cartilage was assessed. Media with concentrations of rat serum (7.5%) sufficient to maximally stimulate chondromucoprotein synthesis as measured by 35SO4 incorporation did not change cartilage cyclic AMP levels. Theophylline (2.5mM) doubled cyclic AMP in cartilage incubated in media but had no effect on 35SO4 incorporation. In media containing 5% rat serum, theophylline at 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5mM caused a similar and significant rise in tissue cyclic AMP but only 2.5mM inhibited SSF stimulated 35SO4 incorporation. The data indicate that cartilage cyclic AMP neither mediates nor modulates SSF action on cartilage chondromucoprotein synthesis.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE HOMOPTERA: A PARAPHYLETIC TAXON

Homoptera and Heteroptera comprise a large insect assemblage, the Hemiptera. Many of the plant sap-sucking Homoptera possess unusual and complex life histories and depend on maternally inherited, intracellular bacteria to supplement their nutritionally deficient diets. Presumably in connection with their diet and lifestyles, the morphology of many Homoptera has become greatly reduced, leading to major controversies regarding the phylogenetic affiliations of homopteran superfamilies. The most fundamental question concerns whether the Homoptera as a whole are monophyletic. Recent studies based on morphology have argued that the Homoptera Sternorrhyncha (Aphidoidea, Coccoidea, Psylloidea, Aleyrodoidea) is a sister group to a group comprising the Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha (Fulgoroidea, Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea, Cicadelloidea) and the Heteroptera, making the Homoptera paraphyletic. We sequenced the 5′ 580-680 base pairs of small-subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA from a selection of Homoptera, Hemiptera, and their putative outgroups, the Thysanoptera and Psocoptera, to apply molecular characters to the problem of Homoptera phylogeny. Parsimony, distance, maximum-likelihood, and bootstrap methods were used to construct trees from sequence data and assess support for the topologies produced. Molecular data corroborate current views of relationships within the Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha based on morphology and strongly support the hypothesis of homopteran paraphyly as stated above. In addition, it was found that Homoptera Sternorrhyncha have extra, GC-rich sequence concentrated in a variable region of the 18S rDNA, which indicates that some unique evolutionary processes are occurring in this lineage.
Seizure source imaging by means of FINE spatio-temporal dipole localization and directed transfer function in partial epilepsy patients.

Objective To investigate the usage of a high-density EEG recording system and source imaging technique for localizing seizure activity in patients with medically intractable partial epilepsy.
Identification of a human RAD52 pseudogene located on chromosome 2

Abstract A human testis cDNA library was screened with a hybridization probe encoding the mouse RAD52 gene. Two classes of clones were identified, one derived from the human RAD52 homolog (hRAD52), the other derived from a pseudogene. In addition to many point mutations, several of which encode stop codons, the pseudogene contains a number of frame shifts and a 103-bp deletion. We further determined that the pseudogene is processed and is located on human chromosome 2, in contrast to hRAD52 which is found on chromosome 12. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of cultured human diploid fibroblasts, as well as fibrosarcoma cells, revealed that while hRAD52 is expressed at low, but detectable levels in these cells, the pseudogene is not
About Face: How Employee Dishonesty Influences A Stakeholder's Image of an Organization

This article presents a model of employee dishonesty and formation of stakeholders' images of organizations, which applies theories of moral judgment and attribution. It describes the person-situation interaction effects of characteristics of employee behavior and of persons making moral judgments on stakeholders' moral judgments, amounts of blame, loci of blame, and images of organizations. Using a situationally based definition of dishonesty, the article examines the effects of the act, the actor, the result, the person affected, and the intent of an employee's behavior on stakeholders' images of the organization, as well as the effects of the characteristics of the person making the moral judgment. The situationally based definition of dishonesty provides a theoretical basis for understanding how differences in situations lead to differences in moral judgments by the same individuals. The person making the moral judgment is presented as a part of the model to explain how differences in viewpoints resul...
Recent staining artifacts with LKB “Ampholines” on gel isoelectric-focusing

Abstract Certain batches of LKB “Ampholines” gave multiple bands when stained after gel isoelectric-focusing with commonly used direct staining procedures. The stainable species are most prominent in the pH range 6–9. By contrast, ampholytes prepared in the laboratory gave no stainable species in this pH range.
Aortic Dissection Presenting as Pericarditis

In five patients with aortic dissection, signs and/or symptoms of pericarditis were part of the early manifestations of the aortic disease. Signs of inflammatory pericarditis were noted clinically in four patients and were found at autopsy in one. In the three nonoperated patients who died of aortic rupture leading to fatal hemopericardium, symptoms of pericarditis preceded fatal rupture of the aorta by four to five days. A fourth patient died after surgical repair of aortic dissection 35 days after the onset of pericarditis. In the fifth patient, manifestations of chronic constrictive pericardial disease occurred over a period of seven months after which old aortic dissection was first identified. In each case, the internal tear of classic aortic dissection was located in the ascending aorta. Microscopic evidence of cystic medial necrosis of the aorta was present in each case. In each of two cases, there was a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The phenomenon observed represents acute aortic dissection in which slow penetration of blood into the pericardial space caused inflammatory pericarditis. The interval between the onset of pericarditis and rupture of the aorta may allow sufficient time for appropriate diagnosis and potentially lifesaving treatment of the aortic disease.
Strategic employee communications

To set the stage for the articles and interviews that follow, this overview describes changes in the environment that have created the need for a stronger and more strategic employee communications function. It then looks at ways to organize a strong employee communications effort through planning and staffing. Finally, it discusses ways to implement the right program for today's environment.
Phenotype, functions and fate of adoptively transferred tumor draining lymphocytes activated ex vivo in mice with an aggressive weakly immunogenic mammary carcinoma

Regression of established tumors can be induced by adoptive immunotherapy with tumor draining lymph node lymphocytes activated with bryostatin and ionomycin. We hypothesized that tumor regression is mediated by a subset of the transferred T lymphocytes, which selectively infiltrate the tumor draining lymph nodes and proliferate in vivo. Adoptive transfer of B/I activated tumor draining lymphocytes induces regression of advanced 4T1 tumors, and depletion of CD8, but not CD4 T cells, abrogated tumor regression in mice. The predominant mediators of tumor regression are CD8+ and derived from CD62L- T cells. Transferred lymphocytes reached their peak concentration (10.5%) in the spleen 3 days after adoptive transfer and then rapidly declined. Adoptively transferred cells preferentially migrated to and/or proliferated in the tumor draining lymph nodes, peaking at day 5 (10.3%) and remained up to day 28. CFSE-stained cells were seen in tumors, also peaking at day 5 (2.1%). Bryostatin and ionomycin-activated cells proliferated vigorously in vivo, with 10 generations evident in the tumor draining lymph nodes on day 3. CFSE-stained cells found in the tumor draining lymph nodes on day 3 were 30% CD8+, 72% CD4+, 95% CD44+, and 39% CD69+. Pre-treatment of recipient mice with cyclophosphamide dramatically increased the number of interferon-gamma producing cells. Adoptively transferred CD8+ CD62Llow T cells are the principal mediators of tumor regression, and host T cells are not required. These cells infiltrate 4T1 tumors, track preferentially to tumor draining lymph nodes, have an activated phenotype, and proliferate in vivo. Cyclophosphamide pre-treatment augments the anti-tumor effect by increasing the proliferation of interferon-gamma producing cells in the adoptive host.
Expectant management of severe preterm preeclampsia: is intrauterine growth restriction an indication for immediate delivery?

Abstract Objective: Expectant management of severe preterm preeclampsia is gaining widespread acceptance in clinical practice. The objective of our study was 2-fold—to determine the frequency of fetal deterioration with expectant management of severe preterm preeclampsia and to evaluate whether the presence of intrauterine growth restriction on admission is associated with a shorter admission-to-delivery interval or more deliveries resulting from nonreassuring fetal status in comparison with pregnancies with preeclampsia but without intrauterine growth restriction. Study Design: This was an observational study of women with singleton pregnancies at
Comprehension of Proverbs by Average Children and Children with Learning Disorders

Learning disabled and average learners in grades 2, 4, and 6 were asked to tell the meanings of 12 proverbs. Responses were evaluated for correctness, metaphoric quality, articulation, and awareness of task demand. Results indicated a moderately significant difference in metaphoric correctness of response between the two ability groups only at the 6th grade. Subsequently, quality of responses was analyzed using scoring dimensions derived from Piagetian theory. Those analyses revealed developmental lags in the learning disabled group, one which seemed to disappear by the 6th grade, and one which did not, and which may involve factors necessary but not sufficient for proverbial comprehension. Educational implications and directions for future research are suggested in the light of current metacognitive and brain lateralization approaches to the education of learning disabled children.
Is there a mixed alkali effect in the low temperature ac conductivity of glasses

Abstract Recently, the radio frequency ac conductivities of glasses below150 K is shown to be a phenomenon differing from that observed at higher temperatures. This low temperature ac conductivity has been measured between room temperature and 4.2 K for the Na2O:(1 −x)Rb2O:4GeO2 glass series to determine the presence of the mixed alkali effect commonly observed in high temperature conductivity. The glasses were prepared by melting appropriate powders at about 1200 °C for 1 h, quenching to room temperature and then annealing at 475 °C for half an hour. The results for temperatures less than 100 K have a power law temperature and frequency dependence typical of the low temperature ac conductivity. The classic mixed alkali effect is essentially absent at low temperatures. From this observation and the model of low temperature conductivity, it is inferred that the effect primarily arises from the independent movement of the alkali ions.
A Major Second Messenger Mediator of Electrophorus electricus Electric Tissue is CaM Kinase II

Abstract Electric tissue of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus , has been used extensively as a model system for the study of excitable membrane biochemistry and electrophysiology. Membrane receptors, ion channels, and ATPases utilized by electrocytes are conserved in mammalian neurons and myocytes. In this study, we show that Ca 2+ predominates as the major mediator of electric tissue phosphorylation relative to cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP-induced phosphorylation. Mastoparan, a calmodulin inhibitor peptide, and a peptide corresponding to the pseudosubstrate region of mammalian calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII (281–302)) attenuated Ca 2+ -dependent phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. These experiments demonstrated that calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity predominates in electric tissue. The Electrophorus kinase was purified by a novel affinity chromatography procedure utilizing Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent binding to the CaMKII (281–302) peptide coupled to Sepharose. The purified 51 kDa calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II demonstrated extensive autophosphorylation and exhibited a 3- to 4-fold increase in Ca 2+ -independent activity following autophosphorylation. Immunofluorescent localization experiments demonstrated calmodulin to be abundant in electrocytes, particularly subjacent to the plasma membrane. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II had a punctate distribution indicating that it may be compartmentalized by association with vesicles or the cytoskeleton. As the primary mediator of phosphorylation within electric tissue, CaM kinase II may be critical for the regulation of the specialized electrophysiological function of electrocytes.
Effects of a spate on the macrophyte vegetation of a stream pool

The macrophyte vegetation of a pool in Fall Creek, Dryden, New York, was sampled before and after a severe spate. Elodea canadensis and Potamogeton crispus were the two overwhelmingly dominant species. The former was found only in areas of slow flow and the latter in areas of swifter flow. The distribution of current speed in the pool underwent a change due to the spate, with a large increase in the area with flow rates under 0.05 m/s. The separation of the two species based on current speed was still evident after the spate, but the entire pattern was shifted to areas of slower flow. There was also a reduction in the average plant cover per m2 after the spate.
Bisphosphonate osteochemonecrosis (bis-phossy jaw): is this phossy jaw of the 21st century?

Purpose Bisphosphonates are being implicated in a growing number of complications of the jaws. A number of terms are being applied to this phenomenon and perhaps the descriptive term bisphosphonate osteochemonecrosis has the most merit. But the eerie similarity of this 21st century disease process with the 19th century disease known as phossy jaw is striking. As the nomenclature continues to evolve, the term used in this article will be bis-phossy jaw. This article will explore historical and current aspects of these diseases. Although there may be other mitigating factors, such as oral health, chemotherapy history, immune status, Karnofsky performance status, or Kaplan-Feinstein index, bisphosphonates appear to be the necessary component in cases of bis-phossy jaw. Materials This is primarily a review article on reported cases of bis-phossy jaw, with historical looks at phossy jaw and osteoradionecrosis. Our laboratory has reviewed 20 suspected cases of bis-phossy jaw and the typical histopathologic features of bis-phossy jaw are presented. Results Descriptions of phossy jaw and current bis-phossy jaw cases are remarkably similar. Histopathologic features of bis-phossy jaw showed intact vascular channels, even in areas with acute inflammatory infiltrates and bacterial overgrowth. Non-vital bone fragments with reduced evidence of osteoclastic action were also noted. Conclusion Bis-phossy jaw may have more of a bacterial cofactor risk than osteoradionecrosis, and though altered angiogenesis may yet prove to be a factor, avascularity does not appear to be a major cofactor. The historical disease phossy jaw appears to serve as a possible analogous disease for current research and treatment of bis-phossy jaw. Prevention and early identification of patients at risk should be of prime concern.
Several features of the earthward and tailward streaming of energetic protons (0.29–0.5 MeV) in the Earth's plasma sheet

The reported investigation represents an extension of a study conducted by Lui and Krimigis (1981) who have examined the question of transport of energetic protons measured by the Charged Particle Measurements Experiment on IMP 7 and 8 in the magnetotail. It has been shown that there is a substantial net earthward transport of these particles, with fluxes seemingly capable of replenishing the losses of outer radiation belt protons. In the current investigation the earlier study is extended by reporting several features of the earthward and tailward streaming of these energetic protons. Attention is given to selection criteria and isolation of magnetospheric protons, the dawn-dusk reversal in streaming anisotropy, the amplitude of streaming anisotropy, and spectral hardness.
A mathematical theory of optical illusions and figural aftereffects

If it is assumed that spurious enhancement of receptive field excitations near the intersection of image lines on the retina contributes to the cortical determination of the geometry of two-dimensional figures, an equation based on the least-squares fit of data points to a straight line-can be obtained to represent theapparent line. Such a fit serves as anextreemum on the precision with which a data set can be represented by a straight line. The disparity between theapparent line and the actual line that occurs in the case of peripheral (and to a lesser degree in more central regions of the retina) vision is sufficient to produce the perceptual errors that occur in the Poggendorff, Hering, and Mueller-Lyer illusions. The magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion as a function of the line angle is derived and experimentally tested. Blakemore, Carpenter, and Georgeson’s (1970) experimental data on angle perception are shown to fit this same function. Theapparent curve is derived for the Hering illusion. The Mueller-Lyer illusion is found to be a variation of the Poggendorff illusion. The equations are further developed and used to derive Pollack’s (1958) experimental results on figural aftereffects. The results involve onlyone experimentally determined coefficient that can be evaluated, within the limits of experimental error, in terms of physiological data. The use of these concepts provides a foundation for the abstract modeling of the initial phases of the central nervous system data reduction processes, including receptive field structure, that is consistent with the physiological limitations of the retina as a source of visual data, as well as with the findings of Hubel and Wiesel (1962).
Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Drag of a Towed Hydropower Turbine

In a previous paper (IMECE2011-62311) Platzer et al proposed the use of sailing ships equipped with hydropower turbines to generate the electricity required for the production of hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolysis which then is brought back to land for re-conversion into electric power. A crucial aspect of the practicality of this “energy ship” concept is the drag of the hydro-turbines. Since little information exists about the drag of towed hydropower generators in this paper the drag of a small hydropower turbine was investigated in a towing tank. Drag measurements are presented for a speed range between 0.6 and 1.8 m/s. Comparisons with available data and the predictions by a computational fluid dynamics analysis show good agreement.© 2013 ASME
Automated turbidimetric assay of serum apolipoprotein A1 using the COBAS-BIO centrifugal analyzer

An automated turbidimetric procedure for determining serum concentrations of apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) is described. This procedure allows for rapid, precise and inexpensive assay of apo A1 in large numbers of serum samples.
Aspirin Wars The Optimal Dose of Aspirin to Prevent Stroke

In 1899, Farbenfabriken Bayer introduced acetylsalicylic acid (brand name, aspirin) for the treatment of fever and rheumatism, assuring consumers that it had no effect on the heart.1 At that time, the more commercially promising product of this respected pharmaceutical firm was the recently synthesized heroin, successfully marketed as a cough suppressant and for colic of infants.1 Times have changed. Interestingly, the clinical antithrombotic effects of aspirin were not widely recognized until the 1970s.2 Aspirin reduces the risk of myocardial infarct, ischemic stroke, and vascular death for many patients.3 In this issue of Stroke , Patrono and Roth4 argue persuasively that the optimal dose of aspirin to prevent stroke is the same as that to prevent myocardial infarction and need not exceed 75 mg/d. Their conclusion is based on careful scrutiny of existing clinical data and on the maximal inhibition of platelet thromboxane synthesis by low doses of aspirin,5 the presumed major mediator of the clinical antithrombotic effect of aspirin. The strongest clinical support for their contention comes from two randomized trials that directly compared different doses of aspirin in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ischemic stroke.6 7 These well-executed trials showed that an aspirin dose of 283 mg/d is unlikely to be more than 5% better than 30 mg/d7 and that 1200 mg/d is unlikely to be more than 25% better than 300 mg/d6 for stroke prevention, with small nonsignificant trends favoring the lower doses. Some have argued that recruits to these trials were not typical of patients with advanced cerebrovascular disease, either because of young age (mean age of 60 years in one study6 ) or because of their benign natural history (stroke rates of 3.2% per year when given placebo6 and about 3% per …
Subgroup decomposition method

Abstract This paper presents a new method which is an improvement over the consistent generalized energy condensation theory in which the energy dependence of the angular flux and cross sections is expanded in continuous or discrete orthogonal basis functions. The method extends the cross section condensation process, preserving spectral accuracy in condensed-group transport calculations in a simpler and more direct manner, without the need for this expansion in energy. The new “group decomposition” method directly couples a consistent coarse-group criticality calculation with a set of fixed-source “decomposition sweeps” to obtain the fine-group spectrum without the need to solve for higher energy moments of the flux. The method is derived in general geometry and verified with a 1D discrete ordinates lattice cell problem. In addition, one significant application of the method in whole-core reactor analysis, cross section recondensation, is explored in detail and shown to be highly effective at correcting the cross sections on-the-fly for spectral core environment effects. This is demonstrated with two 1D benchmark problems characteristic of LWR and VHTR systems.
A numerical procedure for computing the Moore-Penrose inverse

An algorithm for computing the Moore-Penrose inverse of an arbitraryn×m real matrixA is presented which uses a Gram-Schmidt like procedure to form anA-orthogonal set of vectors which span the subspace perpendicular to the kernel ofA. This one procedure will work for any value ofn andm, and for any value of rank (A).
Reducing processor power consumption by improving processor time management in a single-user operating system

The CPU is one of the major power consumers in a portable computer, and considerable power can be saved by turning off the CPU when it is not doing useful work. In Apple’s MacOS, however, idle time is often converted to busy waiting, and generally it is very hard to tell when no useful computation is occurring. In this paper, we suggest several heuristic techniques for identifying this condition, and for temporarily putting the CPU in a low-power state. These techniques include turning off the processor when all processes are blocked, turning off the processor when processes appear to be busy waiting, and extending real time process sleep periods. We use trace-driven simulation, using processor run interval traces, to evaluate the potential energy savings and performance impact. We find that these techniques save considerable amounts of processor energy (as much as 66%), while having very little performance impact (less than 2% increase in run time). Implementing the proposed strategies should increase battery lifetime by approximately 20% relative to Apple’s current CPU power management strategy, since the CPU and associated logic are responsible for about 32% of power use; similar techniques should be applicable to operating systems with similar behavior.