cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on J.U. Klügel's ¿Problems in the application of the SSHAC probability method for assessing earthquake hazards at Swiss nuclear power plants¿, in Engineering Geology, vol. 78, pp. 285¿307

The Senior Seismic Hazard Analysis Committee’s ( SSHAC, 1997) guidance for performing probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has been used to evaluate earthquake hazards at Swiss nuclear power plants (Klugel, 2005). Klugel (2005) found many inconsistencies and deficiencies in the SSHAC guidance and concluded b the results can not be explained by the available information on seismic activity and ground motion recordings in Switzerland. Q In other words, the results (hazard estimates) can not be physically compared to the geological and seismological observations. Also, Klugel also found that b the better the experts tried to discover and to quantify uncertainties following the SSHAC guidance, the more diffuse the resulting distribution will be. All these observations raise questions about the SSHAC guidance. The SSHAC guidance was developed by a seven member committee to address the large differences in PSHA results by different practitioners. The most important conclusion reached by the committee is b that differences in PSHA results are due to procedural rather than technical differences (SSHAC, 1997). In other words, b many of the major potential pitfalls in executing a PSHA are procedural rather than technical in character (SSHAC, 1997). The SSHAC guidance only deals with procedural problems in executing a successful PSHA, but not technical problems with PSHA itself. The technical problems may be one of the main reasons for the large differences, however. Thus, it would be beneficial to review the basics of PSHA and its drawbacks.
Comparison of intravenous lorcainide with lidocaine for acute therapy of complex ventricular arrhythmias: results of a randomized study with crossover option.

There is a need for effective, well tolerated, intravenous antiarrhythmic agents. The effects of lorcainide, a new class I antiarrhythmic agent, were compared with those of lidocaine in a randomized parallel study with crossover option in 30 hospitalized patients with frequent (> 1/min) complex ventricular arrhythmias. Lorcainide loading dose was 3 mg/kg (at 2 mg/min) supplemented, if needed, with 100 mg in 1 hour; maintenance dose was 8 mg/h. Lidocaine loading dose was 1 mg/kg (at 25 mg/min) supplemented, if needed, with 50 mg in 2 minutes; maintenance dose was 2 or 3 mg/min (as needed). Arrhythmias were compared for 2 hours before and after drug loading. Initially responding patients (minimum of 70% arrhythmia suppression) were continued on maintenance therapy for 24 hours. Patients initially failing or with later arrhythmia escape crossed over to alternating therapy (seven to lidocaine, nine to lorcainide). The median frequency of premature ventricular complexes decreased by 76% after lidocaine (p In summary, lorcainide proved to be a well tolerated, efficacious antiarrhythmic agent when administered intravenously for acute therapy of complex ventricular arrhythmias and appeared to be generally superior to lidocaine. However, higher maintenance doses are suggested.
Remain or React: The Music Education Profession's Responses to Sputnik and A Nation at Risk

The 1957 launch of Sputnik and the 1983 publication of A Nation at Risk shifted national education policy. Music educators promoted an “intrinsic value” of music philosophy following Sputnik and music advocacy through politics and public performances following A Nation at Risk. Examining the history of both the intrinsic value philosophy and advocacy reveals that music educators responded to Sputnik and A Nation at Risk by continuing to work within their existing language and practices rather than reacting to and transforming after either event. The political, social, and cultural contexts of these events may explain music educators’ responses.
The fine structure of the ependymal tanycytes at the level of the arcuate nucleus.

The ependymal tanycytes of the third ventricle at the level of the arcuate nucleus were studied with the electron microscope. Criteria were discovered for identifying the tanycyte process as it courses through the arcuate neuropil, making it possible to describe the entire ependymal cell from the apical surface to the end foot. The apical membranes of the tanycytes are characterized by a lack of cilia and by numerous microvilli. The apical lateral membranes may be extensively interdigitated, and the junctional complexes between adjacent apical lateral membranes often lack maculae occludentes. The cells are well endowed with large Golgi apparatus. The endoplasmic reticulum is principally smooth. The tanycyte processes contain small paraxially oriented mitochondria and numerous paraxial microtubules as well as lipid droplets and accumulations of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the form of concentric rings. Some of the tanycytes end on capillaries in the arcuate nucleus. These pericapillary ependymal sheaths contain irregular inclusions of varying densities. The ependymal tanycytes have been implicated as secretory cells involved in hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary gland. This concept is discussed in relation to the present fine structural findings.
The collateral system of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of the cat, its neuronal architecture and relation to the olivo-cochlear bundle.

Abstract In rapid Golgi preparations several types of neurons and axonal endings are revealed in the medial trapezoid nucleus. The principal neuron, with tufted dendrites, receives the calyx of Held and endings of a peri-dendritic plexus. An elongate neuron is associated with various collateral endings of axons passing through the nucleus. A stellate neuron is associated with a peri-cellular axonal nest. The terminal branches of the peri-dendritic plexus are arranged in horizontal layers, which may provide for a tonotopic organization of the principal neurons across the dorsoventral axis of the nucleus. The dorsomedial peri-olivary nucleus, representing an origin of the crossed olivo-cochlear tract, contains elongate and radiate neurons. Its afferent plexus has a laminar arrangement, which may relate to a tonotopic organization of the olivo-cochlear bundle. Its plexus is formed chiefly by collaterals of axons entering or leaving the medial trapezoid nucleus. Collaterals from the calyciferous and peridendritic axons and from the axons of the principal neurons may permit the dorsomedial peri-olivary nucleus to monitor both the auditory input and output of the principal neurons of the medial trapezoid nucleus.
Effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from citrus peels.

The effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from Citrus unshiu peels was evaluated. Citrus peels (CP) (5 g) were placed in Pyrex Petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) and heat-treated at 50, 100, or 150 °C for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min in an electric muffle furnace. After heat treatment, 70% ethanol extract (EE) and water extract (WE) (0.1 g/10 mL) of CP were prepared, and total phenol contents (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of CP extracts increased as heating temperature increased. For example, heat treatment of CP at 150 °C for 60 min increased the TPC, RSA, and reducing power of EE from 71.8 to 171.0 μM, from 29.64 to 64.25%, and from 0.45 to 0.82, respectively, compared to non-heat-treated control. In the case of WE from CP heat-treated at the same conditions (150 °C for 60 min), the TPC, RSA, and reducing power also increased from 84.4 to 204.9 μM, from 15.81 to 58.26%, and from 0.27 to 0....
Effects of controlled acute hemorrhage on myocardial contractile force.

SummaryThe changes in myocardial contractile force and heart rate which accompanied acute bleeding were studied in normal dogs. Increases in contractile force and heart rate were noted in response to hemorrhage until mean arterial pressure fell to less than 90 mm Hg. Below this level of pressure depression of both modalities began and continued as pressure was further lowered. These findings indicate that myocardial depression occurs at an early stage in acute bleeding and probably results from a critical diminution in coronary perfusion pressure.
Cocaine Use Among Young Adults

The use of cocaine has become quite prevalent among many segments of society, with increasing public concern and personal difficulties resulting from it. This study examines a large group of young adults to determine how cocaine users differ from nonusers. Fully one-third of the sample had used cocaine in the past six months, with about 5% reporting weekly or more use. Numerous important differences were found between users and nonusers in regard to sociodemographic characteristics, use of other licit and illicit drugs, deviant attitudes and behavior, social context of use, physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction. Differences increased with greater involvement with the drug, to the point where cocaine abusers were strikingly different than nonusers. The largest distinctions were noted in regard to cocaine users having more difficulty in the successful acquisition of adult role responsibilities, greater use of other drugs, engaging in more deviant behaviors, and immersion in a social context conducive to use. Smaller but noteworthy differences revealed that cocaine users had poor physical and emotional health statuses and lowered life satisfaction, compared to nonusers. Finally, several personality traits, and in particular a lack of law abidance, predicted a significant increase in cocaine use from adolescence to young adulthood.
The effect of the steric requirements of trialkylsilyl ethers on ring closure of 1‐(benzylamino)‐3‐chloro‐2‐(trialkylsiloxy)propanesd

The ring closure of 1-(benzylamino)-3-chloro-2-(trialkylsiloxy)propanes to 1-benzyl-3-(trialkylsiloxy)azetidines was investigated. There appears to be little or no advantage in the use of trialkylsilyl substituents larger than trimethylsilyl.
Tolerance to the stimulant effects of morphine and pentazocine on avoidance responding in the rat.

Dose-response curves were determined for the effects of morphine (0.3–10 mg/kg) and pentazocine (1.0–30 mg/kg) on continuous avoidance responding in the rat. Each dose of morphine was retested following 3 days of morphine administration. The pentazocine curve was redetermined after 3 days of treatment with either pentazocine or morphine. Upon initial testing, morphine and pentazocine both generated biphasic dose-response curves. Graded increases in response rate were produced by 0.3–3.0 mg/kg of morphine and by 1.0–10 mg/kg of pentacozine; behavior was disrupted by 10 mg/kg of morphine and by 30 mg/kg of pentazocine. The stimulant effects of the lower doses of morphine and pentazocine were markedly reduced by 3 days of drug treatment; the disruptive effect of the highest dose of each drug was similarly attenuated. These findings show that tolerance can develop to a stimulant component of action of morphine and pentazocine in the rat. The development of pentazocine cross-tolerance to morphine provides additional support for the view that a common mechanism mediates the effects of morphine and pentazocine on avoidance behavior.
Toward the development of marketing strategies for food safety attributes

Groups of consumers reporting similar food safety concerns and shopping behaviors are identified using cluster analysis. The demographic characteristics of three distinct groups of consumers are described. The results suggest that the potential market for foods emphasizing safety attributes is large. However, significant differences in perceptions and reactions regarding food safety hazards are found. These differences are used to derive important implications for food marketing strategies and food safety policies. Future research issues are identified.
Estimating travel times and vehicle trajectories on freeways using dual loop detectors

Recent research has investigated various means of measuring link travel times on freeways. This search has been motivated in part by the fact that travel time is considered to be more informative to users than local velocity measurements at a detector station. But direct travel time measurement requires the correlation of vehicle observations at multiple locations, which in turn requires new communications infrastructure and/or new detector hardware. This paper presents a method for estimating link travel time using data from an individual dual loop detector, without requiring any new hardware. The estimation technique exploits basic traffic flow theory to extrapolate local conditions to an extended link. In the process of estimating travel times, the algorithm also estimates vehicle trajectories. The work demonstrates that the travel time estimates are very good provided there are no sources of delay, such as an incident, within a link.
Assessment of Parental Understanding of Positive Newborn Screening Results and Carrier Status for Cystic Fibrosis with the use of a Short Educational Video

Many children are identified as unaffected carriers for cystic fibrosis (CF) through newborn screening (NBS) programs. The aim of this study was to improve parental understanding of positive NBS results using an educational video in addition to genetic counseling. One hundred parents of infants identified as CF carriers through NBS were randomly assigned by household to either a genetic counseling only group or a genetic counseling and video group. All participants completed a knowledge-based questionnaire before, immediately after, and six weeks following genetic counseling. This included questions about resources accessed before and after the appointment. Seventy-two percent of participants accessed resources on their own prior to genetic counseling; these participants scored significantly higher on the pre-counseling questionnaire (p = 0.03). Post-counseling knowledge scores for both groups significantly improved after genetic counseling (p < 0.001). Post-counseling scores were significantly higher in the video group compared to the non-video group (p = 0.02). Knowledge was retained six weeks following genetic counseling. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an educational video and reinforces the importance of genetic counseling following positive NBS results for CF.
A PARALLEL ADI ALGORITHM FOR HIGH-ORDER FINITE-DIFFERENCE SOLUTION OF THE UNSTEADY HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION, AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION ON THE CM-5

We describe a parallel alternate direction implicit (ADI) algorithm for the solution of the unsteady heat conduction equation discretized with fourth-order accuracy. A novel parallel pentadiagonal line-inversion procedure based on a divide-and-conquer strategy is used in conjunction with a domain-decomposition technique. The algorithm has been implemented on the CM-5 in the MIMD mode, and its performance for varying grid sizes and number of processors is investigated.
ASSEMBLY OF LIPIDS INTO MEMBRANES IN ACANTHAMOEBA PALESTINENSIS : I. Observations on the Specificity and Stability of Choline-14C and Glycerol-3H as Labels for Membrane Phospholipids

In order to determine the feasibility of using radioactive precursors as markers for membrane phospholipids in Acanthamoeba palestinensis, the characteristics of phospholipids labeled with choline-(14)C and glycerol-(3)H were examined. Choline-(14)C was found to be a specific label for phosphatidyl choline. There was a turnover of the radioactive moiety of phosphatidyl choline at a rate that varied with the concentration of nonradioactive choline added to the growth medium. Radioactivity was lost from labeled phosphatidyl choline into the acid-soluble intracellular pool and from the pool into the extracellular medium. This loss of radioactivity from cells leveled off and an equilibrium was reached between the label in the cells and in the medium. Radioactive choline was incorporated into phosphatidyl choline by cell-free microsomal suspensions. This incorporation leveled off with the attainment of an equilibrium between the choline-(14)C in the reaction mixture and the choline-(14)C moiety of phosphatidyl choline in the microsomal membranes. Therefore, a choline exchange reaction may occur in cell-free membranes, as well as living A. palestinensis. In contrast to choline-(14)C, the apparent turnover of glycerol-(3)H-labeled phospholipids was not affected by large concentrations of nonradioactive choline or glycerol in the medium. The radioactivity in lipids labeled with glycerol-(3)H consisted of 33% neutral lipids and 67% phospholipids. Phospholipids labeled with glycerol-(3)H turned over slowly, with a concomitant increase in the percentage of label in neutral lipids, indicating a conversion of phospholipids to neutral lipids. Because most ( approximately 96%) of the glycerol-(3)H recovered from microsomal membranes was in phospholipids, whereas only a minor component ( approximately 2%) of the glycerol-(3)H was in the phospholipids isolated from nonmembrane lipids, glycerol-(3)H was judged to be a specific marker for membrane phospholipids.
End-to-end modelling and performance analysis for network virtualisation in the next generation internet

Coordinating heterogeneous networking systems to meet diverse application requirements has become a significant issue in the future internet. Network virtualisation provides a promising approach to solving this problem. Understanding the end-to-end service performance in future internet is a significant opening topic, which requires modelling and analysis on service provisioning in network virtualisation. Network heterogeneity and resource abstraction in network virtualisation bring new challenges on service modelling and analysis. The research presented in this paper addresses these challenges. The main contributions made in this paper include a new model for end-to-end network service delivery systems in network virtualisation environments, and the techniques for analysing end-to-end performance of service delivery in the virtualisation-based internet. The model and techniques developed in this paper are general and independent of network architectures and implementation technologies; therefore can be applied to analyse the performance of various heterogeneous networking systems converged in the next generation internet.
Degradable polyphosphazene/poly(α-hydroxyester) blends: Degradation studies

Abstract Biomaterials based on the polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid and their copolymers are used or studied extensively as implantable devices for drug delivery, tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. Although these polymers have shown good biocompatibility, concerns have been raised regarding their acidic degradation products, which have important implications for long-term implantable systems. Therefore, we have designed a novel biodegradable polyphosphazene/poly(α-hydroxyester) blend whose degradation products are less acidic than those of the poly(α-hydroxyester) alone. In this study, the degradation characteristics of a blend of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (50 : 50 PLAGA) and poly[(50% ethyl glycinato)(50% p-methylphenoxy) phosphazene] (PPHOS-EG50) were qualitatively and quantitatively determined with comparisons made to the parent polymers. Circular matrices (14 mm diameter) of the PLAGA, PPHOS-EG50 and PLAGA–PPHOS-EG50 blend were degraded in non-buffered solutions (pH 7.4). The degraded polymers were characterized for percentage mass loss and molecular weight and the degradation medium was characterized for acid released in non-buffered solutions. The amounts of neutralizing base necessary to bring about neutral pH were measured for each polymer or polymer blend during degradation. The poly(phosphazene)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) blend required significantly less neutralizing base in order to bring about neutral solution pH during the degradation period studied. The results indicated that the blend degraded at a rate intermediate to that of the parent polymers and that the degradation products of the polyphosphazene neutralized the acidic degradation products of PLAGA. Thus, results from these in vitro degradation studies suggest that the PLAGA–PPHOS-EG50 blend may provide a viable improvement to biomaterials based on acid-releasing organic polymers.
Velocity-dependent effective inertial mass in superfluid 3 He

We show that a solid body moving in superfluid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ acquires a velocity-dependent effective mass. The effect is a consequence of the suppression of the superfluid density associated with depairing in a flowing BCS fluid. The counterflow associated with the body's motion is greater than for a simple inviscid fluid. To leading order, the mass increase is quadratic in velocity. We show that this effect leads to nonlinearities in the motion of a simple system such as a solid object subject to a linear restoring force. Our model may explain some of the nonlinear behavior seen in vibrating wire oscillators at very low temperatures. The depairing term will also contribute to the low-velocity counterflow mass increase in excess to what is expected from the ideal fluid model.
Picosecond photomodulation spectroscopy of conducting polymers with a non-degenerate ground state

Abstract Picosecond photomodulation spectroscopy was used to determine the nature of excited states in conducting polymers having a non-degenerate ground state. Results show that the photogenerated carriers in cis-(CH) x quickly migrate to the trans segments giving rise to the high energy band at 1.5 eV. The photomodulation spectrum of polythiophene reveals only a single broad peak at 1.9 eV; bipolarons are not formed within the subnanosecond time domain.
Congenital aplastic-hypoplastic lumbar pedicle in infants and young children

Nine cases of congenital aplastic-hypoplastic lumbar pedicle (mean age 27 months) are described. Their data are compared to those of 18 other reported cases (mean age 24.7 years) and the following conclusions are made: (1) Almost exclusively, the pedicular defect in infants and young children is due to developmental anomaly rather than destruction by malignancy or infectious processes. (2) this anomaly, we think, is more common than it is believed to be. (3) Unlike adults, infants and young children rarely develop hypertrophy and/or sclerosis of the contralateral pedicle. (4) Detection of pedicular anomaly is more than satisfying a radiographic curiosity and may lead to discovery of other coexisting anomalies. (5) Ultrasonic screening of the patients with congenital pedicular defects may detect the associated genitourinary anomalies, if present, and justify further studies in a selected group of patients.
Discovering non-random segregation of sister chromatids: the naïve treatment of a premature discovery

The discovery of non-random chromosome segregation is discussed from the perspective of what was known in1965 and1966. The distinction between daughter, parent or grandparent strands of DNA was developed in a bacterial system and led to the discovery that multiple copies of DNA elements of bacteria are not distributed randomly with respect to the age of the template strand. Experiments with higher eukaryotic cells demonstrated that during mitosis Mendel’s laws were violated; and the initial serendipitous choice of eukaryotic cell system led to the striking example of non-random segregation of parent and grand-parent DNA template strands in primary cultures of cells derived from mouse embryos. Attempts to extrapolate these findings to established TC lines demonstrated that the property could be lost. Experiments using plant root tips demonstrated that the phenomenon exists in plants and that it was, at some level, under genetic control. Despite publication in major journals and symposia (Lark et al. (1966a); Lark (1967a; 1967b; 1969, 1969a; 1969b)) the potential implications of these findings were ignored for several decades. Here we explore possible reasons for the pre-maturity (Stent, 1972) of this discovery.
Poor Shape Perception Is the Reason Reaches-to-Grasp Are Visually Guided Online

Both judgment studies and studies of feedforward reaching have shown that the visual perception of object distance, size, and shape are inaccurate. However, feedback has been shown to calibrate feedfoward reaches-tograsp to make them accurate with respect to object distance and size. We now investigate whether shape perception (in particular, the aspect ratio of object depth to width) can be calibrated in the context of reaches-to-grasp. We used cylindrical objects with elliptical cross-sections of varying eccentricity. Our participants reached to grasp the width or the depth of these objects with the index finger and thumb. The maximum grasp aperture and the terminal grasp aperture were used to evaluate perception. Both occur before the hand has contacted an object. In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether perceived shape is recalibrated by distorted haptic feedback. Although somewhat equivocal, the results suggest that it is not. In Experiment 3, we tested the accuracy of feedforward grasping with respect to shape with haptic feedback to allow calibration. Grasping was inaccurate in ways comparable to findings in shape perception judgment studies. In Experiment 4, we hypothesized that online guidance is needed for accurate grasping. Participants reached to grasp either with or without vision of the hand. The result was that the former was accurate, whereas the latter was not. We conclude that shape perception is not calibrated by feedback from reaches-to-grasp and that online visual guidance is required for accurate grasping because shape perception is poor.
Imaging obliquely illuminated skin lesions

This study was designed to distinguish between benign and pre-cancerous pigmented skin lesions using obliquely incident light combined with statistical image analysis. Preliminary results indicate that skin lesions can be characterized using appropriate texture features.
Unexpected roles for bone marrow stromal cells (or MSCs): a real promise for cellular, but not replacement, therapy.

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 129–135 Adult and embryonic stem cells have drawn a lot of attention in the last decade as new tools in regenerative medicine. A variety of such cells have been discovered and put forward as candidates for use in cell replacement therapy. Investigators hope that some, if not all, of our organs can be replaced or restored to function; that new livers, kidneys, and brain cells can be produced. Many reviews have already been written about stem cells and their potential use in regenerating tissues. In this study, we would like to call attention to a different application of a special group of adult stem cells, the stromal cells in the bone marrow (also called mesenchymal stem cells or MSCs). These cells have been discovered to modulate immune function. They can easily be expanded in culture and surprisingly, they also seem not to be immunogenic. Thus, they can be removed from donors, expanded, stored in freezers, and used as allogeneic transplants in a variety of diseases in everyday medicine.
A Survey of Proportional Wire Chamber Electrohics and Readout Systems

A survey of the currently used electronics with multiwire proportional chambers is examined for the high energy physics applications.
Cholinesterase Inhibition Improves Blood Flow in the Ischemic Cerebral Cortex

Abstract The ability of central cholinesterase inhibition to improve cerebral blood flow in the ischemic brain was tested in Sprague-Dawley rats with tandem occlusion of left middle cerebral and common carotid arteries. Cerebral blood flow was measured with Iodo- 14 C-antipyrine autoradiography in 170 regions of cerebral cortex. The regional distribution of blood flow was characterized in normal animals by cerebral blood flow maxima in the temporal regions. After 2 h ischemia, minimum cerebral blood flow values were found in the lateral frontal and parietal areas on the left hemisphere, and a new maximum was found in the right hemisphere in an area approximately symmetrical to the ischemic focus. Heptyl-physostigmine (eptastigmine), a carbamate cholinesterase inhibitor with prolonged time of action improved cerebral blood flow in most regions, with the exception of the ischemic core. The drug also enhanced the ischemia-induced rostral shift of cerebral blood flow maxima in the right hemisphere. The effects of eptastigmine were more marked 24 h after ischemia. Discriminant analysis showed that data from only 22 regions was sufficient to achieve 100% accuracy in classifying all cases into the various experimental conditions. The redistribution of cerebral blood flow to the sensorimotor area of the right hemisphere of animals with cerebral ischemia, a phenomenon possibly related to recovery of function, was also enhanced by eptastigmine. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Enrichment of soybean milk with calcium

Calcium in soymilk was increased to that of human milk by the addition of 0.2% calcium lactate. It was, however, impossible to raise the calcium content of soymilk to that of cow's milk. The maximum amount of calcium lactate that could be added to soymilk without coagulation of the milk protein was found to be 0.45% which resulted in about 75 mg of Ca/100 ml of soymilk. This amount was approximately 60% of the calcium in cow's milk. Sodium citrate had to be added in combination with calcium lactate to reinforce colloidal stability of the milk. The ratio of Ca to P in the milk containing added 0.45% calcium lactate was comparable to that of cow's milk and at the amount normally consumed daily by infants and children it seemed to meet the requirements of Ca and P.
Sequence variation among group III F-specific RNA coliphages from water samples and swine lagoons

Typing of F-specific RNA (FRNA) coliphages has been proposed as a useful method for distinguishing human from animal fecal contamination in environmental samples. Group II and III FRNA coliphages are generally associated with human wastes, but several exceptions have been noted. In the present study, we have genotyped and partially sequenced group III FRNA coliphage field isolates from swine lagoons in North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC), along with isolates from surface waters and municipal wastewaters. Phylogenetic analysis of a region of the 5' end of the maturation protein gene revealed two genetically different group III FRNA subclusters with 36.6% sequence variation. The SC swine lagoon isolates were more closely related to group III prototype virus M11, whereas the isolates from a swine lagoon in NC, surface waters, and wastewaters grouped with prototype virus Q-beta. These results suggest that refining phage genotyping systems to discriminate M11-like phages from Q-beta-like phages would not necessarily provide greater discriminatory power in distinguishing human from animal sources of pollution. Within the group III subclusters, nucleotide sequence diversity ranged from 0% to 6.9% for M11-like strains and from 0% to 8.7% for Q-beta-like strains. It is demonstrated here that nucleotide sequencing of closely related FRNA strains can be used to help track sources of contamination in surface waters. A similar use of phage genomic sequence information to track fecal pollution promises more reliable results than phage typing by nucleic acid hybridization and may hold more potential for field applications.
Efficacy of orally administered methylnaltrexone in decreasing subjective effects after intravenous morphine

Opioid compounds are commonly used analgesics. After opioid administration, troublesome subjective effects, such as dysphoria, dizziness, nausea, and pruritus, have been reported. While some if not all of these are believed to occur due to central nervous system effects of opioids, the anecdotal reports heard from volunteers in our other studies suggest that a peripheral opioid antagonist reduced some of these effects. In this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the efficacy of oral methylnaltrexone, a selective peripheral opioid receptor antagonist, to decrease subjective effects after administering morphine to normal human volunteers. After intravenous morphine injection (0.05 mg/kg), significant increases in subjective ratings were obtained on 'nauseous', 'skin itch', 'stimulated', and 'flushing'. Oral methylnaltrexone 19.2 mg/kg significantly decreased these four ratings. Plasma methylnaltrexone concentrations at two different oral doses were also measured to correlate between pharmacological effects of the compound and its plasma levels. Our results suggested that methylnaltrexone has a potential therapeutic value in decreasing some undesirable subjective effects associated with opioid medications.
EARLY ENGLISH FEMINISM AND THE CREATION MYTH

(1991). Early English Feminism and the Creation Myth. The Historian: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 35-48.
Ultra-intense light-matter studies with a compact laser system

Ionization of atoms at ultra-high field intensities (1018−1019 W/cm2) is studied with a table-top TW laser system. The ionization process is non-relativistic, semiclassical, whereas, the continuum dynamics is relativistic, and magnetic force becomes significant.
Glossy Leaf Wax and Plant Resistance to Insects in Brassica oleracea Under Natural Infestation

The glossy cauliflower PI234599 has been shown by other authors to have resistance to three species of Lepidoptera, but the relationship between insect resistance and the glossiness of the leaf surface has been unclear. To examine this relationship in a broader range of Brassica oleracea L., five species of insect pests were counted under natural infestation on eight glossy genetic lines of broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, collards, and kale; six lines reported to have reduced leaf wax; and ten varieties of the same crops with normal leaf wax. Glossy lines consistently had fewer imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), larvae and eggs and fewer cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), than other lines. Four of the glossy lines had low numbers of diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella (L.), in all three plantings, but the other four performed differently in separate plantings. Surprisingly, a glossy kale with allelic genes for glossiness to PI234599 had poor resistance to diamondback moth. Glossy lines had the most Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) in one spring planting, but there were no significant differences in the numbers of this species of flea beetle on various lines in the fall planting at the same location. This study identifies additional promising sources of insect resistance among glossy lines of B. oleracea , but further study is needed of the variability in resistance to diamondback moths and flea beetles over repeated plantings and among different glossy lines.
Reynolds number dependence of gas-phase turbulence in gas–particle flows

Abstract A downward flow of glass bead particles in a vertical pipe is investigated using a two-component LDV/PDPA for a range of Re (6400 13,800 the gas turbulence is enhanced compared with the single-phase flow at the same Re. For the 200 μm particles, the intensity also increases with Re and is enhanced for all values of Re investigated, except at the lowest value of Re investigated (6400). At this value, the gas turbulence is equal to that of single-phase flow at the same Re. The observed trend in the gas-phase turbulence modulation with Re is proposed to be due to the change in the segregation patterns and in the average volume fractions of the particles with increasing Re. More importantly, the present experimental results suggest that, consideration of either the gas and particle characteristic length scales or the particle Reynolds number solely is insufficient to predict gas-phase turbulence modulation in gas–particle flows.
Hydrogen standards in elastic recoil detection analysis

Quantitative hydrogen analysis using elastic recoil detection (ERD) usually requires the use for a hydrogen standard. In this paper, we first discuss how to correctly use primary hydrogen standards (Kapton and H-implant in Si) through a real example in which Kapton is used to determine the absolute implant-dose in a H-implanted Si target. Second part of the paper is devoted to discussing secondary hydrogen standards. Two types of hydrogen-containing thin films are investigated: H- and D-loaded erbium thin film and ion implanted polymer thin film. The results indicate that both these thin films have high and stable hydrogen content and are suitable as hydrogen thin film standards in ERD analysis.
Role of the Basement Membrane in Regulation of Cardiac Electrical Properties

In the heart muscle, each adult cardiomyocyte is enclosed by a basement membrane (BM). This innermost extracellular matrix is a layered assembly of laminin, collagen IV, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. In this study, the role of the BM network in regulation of the electrical properties of neonatal cardiomyocytes (NCMs) cultured on an aligned collagen I gel was investigated using a multielectrode array (MEA). A laminin antibody was added to the culture medium for 48–120 h to conjugate newly secreted laminin. Then, morphology of the NCMs on an MEA was monitored using a phase contrast microscope, and the BM network that was immunocytostained for laminin was imaged using a fluorescence microscope. When the BM laminin was absent in this culture model, dramatic changes in NCM morphology were observed. Simultaneously, the MEA-recorded cardiac field potential showed changes compared to that from the control groups: The period of contraction shortened to 1/2 of that from the control groups, and the waveform of the calcium influx shifted from a flat plateau to a peak-like waveform, indicating that the electrical properties of the NCMs were closely related to the components and distribution of the BM network.
Estimates of prenatal abstinence from alcohol: A matter of perspective

Abstinence from alcohol has been recommended for both pregnant and pre-conceptional women. The purpose of this study is to compare self and partner reports of abstinence from alcohol in a sample of 253 pregnant women who were T-ACE (Tolerance, Annoy, Cut-down, Eye-opener) alcohol screen positive. Dyads' reports of the women's abstinence from alcohol before, during, and after pregnancy were compared. Based on their own self-report, less than 20% of the pregnant women were abstinent in their first trimester and about half were abstinent for the rest of their pregnancy. Partners significantly over-estimated the women's abstinence from alcohol at all points except in the post-partum period when the dyad had the highest rate of agreement (85.4%). Reasons for the discrepancies in the self and partner reports of prenatal abstinence, and how partners might influence such behavior remain speculative, but identify areas for future research and prevention.
Comparison of several self-optimizing control methods for efficient operation for a chilled water plant

Self-optimizing control methods have received significant attention recently, due to the merit of nearly model-free capability of real-time optimization. Of particular interest in our study are two classes of self-optimizing control strategies, i.e. the Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) and Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA). Six algorithms, including dither ESC, adaptive dither ESC, switching ESC, one-measurement SPSA, and adaptive one-measurement SPSA are compared based on simulation study with a Modelcia based virtual plant of chiller-tower plant. The integral performance indices are evaluated to incorporate both transient and steady-state characteristics. Some design procedures are summarized for these self-optimizing control algorithms.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Selective transmission of light in tropical Pacific waters

Abstract Transmission of light was measured at thirteen wave lengths on forty-six water samples drawn from the ocean in the eastern tropical part of the Pacific Ocean. Samples were taken at fifteen stations at depths ranging from the surface down to 1170 m. Transmission increased with wave length in a characteristic manner. Application of the Mie Theory of light scattering to the data indicated a decrease in the size of suspended particles with depth and with the clarity of the samples. A comparison with other oceanographic light-transmission data is made.
The structure of discrete-time finite-dimensional control of distributed parameter systems

Abstract In many applications, the distributed parameter nature of engineering systems cannot be ignored. This leads to state space descriptions of these systems on infinite-dimensional spaces. Yet, feedback controllers for engineering applications must be implemented with on-line digital computers; hence, the controllers must be discrete-time, finite-dimensional systems. The principal question is whether such a controller can achieve exponentially stable control of an infinite-dimensional system. The main result (Theorem 5) shows that, under some technical restrictions, all such stable controllers for linear distributed parameter systems (DPS) can do no better than feedback based on a finite-dimensional projection of the DPS state. Such stabilizing subspaces associated with the controller reveal the mathematical structure of the DPS control problem, but are not easy to calculate explicitly. The more natural approach is to select model-reducing subspaces, which approximate the open-loop DPS, and synthesize the controller from the reduced-order model. Stability bounds are presented (Theorem 7) and connections are made with the structural results (Theorem 5).
Mount St. Helens : A case study of managing for change in wildland recreation

Mount St. Helens provides an interesting case study of a forest and wildland area that has been radically altered in recent history. As a result of volcanic activity, the recreation environment has changed with respect to the setting, climbing opportunities, and motivations for mountaineering. An evaluation process using both qualitative and quantitative methods was developed to determine what the motivations, demographic characteristics, and preferred management techniques were for the posteruption Mount St. Helens mountain-climbing visitor. Results suggest that changes have occurred in the “new” or posteruption climbing visitor. These changes have not all been congruent with those anticipated by management. For example, the climbing visitor is now less interested in climbing opportunities and more concerned with seeing the crater and other volcanic-related features. This article discusses the findings of this research in light of how resource managers might consider the issue of visitor changes in both demands and types of uses. For example, determining quota numbers based on sociological determinants (e.g., desire for solitude) need to be firmly grounded in who the visitors actually are rather than who they were. Consequently, management tools such as the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) and Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) may need to be altered to accommodate a changing resource or visitor base. These and other findings have implications for the future management practices of the Mount St. Helens area and other environments where the recreation resources have undergone rapid and profound change.
Abstract 2318: Induction of Rac1b by MMP-3 causes lung tumors by activating EMT

During development, epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Substantial evidence now exists that EMT-related processes play a major role in tumor progression. EMT is a focus of interest in lung cancer as loss of E-cadherin expression confers increased resistance to several types of chemotherapy. In previous studies, we found that matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) induced EMT in mouse mammary epithelial cells through induction of Rac1b, an alternatively spliced isoform of Rac1. We now show that exposure to MMPs stimulates Rac1b and induction of EMT markers in human lung cancer cell lines, and that knockdown of Rac1b blocks MMP induced EMT. We also show that Rac1b expression levels in human lung tumor biopsies is predictive of patient outcome, and that Rac1b and MMP expression levels are correlated in these samples, suggesting a direct relationship. We also describe the generation of new transgenic mouse models for which MMP3 or Rac1b is inducibly expressed in lung epithelial cells; activation of kRAS in these mice reveals that expression of MMP3 or Rac1b promotes increased tumor number, size, and progression to adenocarcinoma as well as increased expression of EMT markers vimentin, sm-actin, col1a1, and Snail. We also show that expression of Rac1b in lung epithelial cells leads to spontaneous adenocarcinoma formation. These results demonstrate a direct linkage between induction of EMT and tumor progression, implicate Rac1b as a key mediator of these processes, and demonstrate that MMPs can directly stimulate all of these events. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2318.
Identification of particle-hole multiplets in 40Sc

Abstract A number of levels in 40 Sc below 3.5 MeV excitation have been identified in a high resolution study of the 40 Ca( 3 He, t) reaction. The states of the f 3 2 −d −1 3 2 multiplet are assigned by comparison with the spectrum of 40 K. Evidence for the identification of states of the P 3 2 −d −1 3 2 multiplet is also obtained.
An inverse method to determine parasitics of power interconnections in high speed electronics

In computing parasitics of power interconnections to driving circuits in high speed electronics the two-dimensional integral of the measured voltage drops has to be computed, which makes the numerical results unreliable. In this paper we reduce the problem to the computation of a special single dimensional integral, which makes the method applicable in practical situations. A numerical example illustrates the methodology.
On the determination of minimum fluidization velocity by the method of yang et al

Methode de determination de la vitesse minimale de fluidisation a haute temperature et haute pression, lorsqu'on connait la porosite du lit a fluidisation minimale dans les conditions ambiantes
Cation non-stoichiometry in yttrium-doped barium zirconate: phase behavior, microstructure, and proton conductivity

Recent literature indicates that cation non-stoichiometry in proton-conducting perovskite oxides (ABO3) can strongly influence their transport properties. Here we have investigated A-site non-stoichiometry in Ba1−xZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ, a candidate electrolyte material for fuel cell and other electrochemical applications. Synthesis is performed using a chemical solution approach in which the barium deficiency is precisely controlled. The perovskite phase is tolerant to barium deficiency up to x = 0.06 as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis, but accommodates the non-stoichiometry by incorporation of yttrium on the A-site. The dopant partitioning can explain the decrease in cell constant with increasing x, the decrease in proton conductivity (the latter as measured by a.c. impedance spectroscopy under humidified atmosphere), and the decrease in grain size in the sintered compacts. Within the single-phase region barium deficiency also has a detrimental impact on grain boundary conductivity, as a result both of the decreased grain size, leading to a higher number density of grain boundaries and of an increased per boundary resistivity. At higher values of x, a two phase system is observed, with yttria appearing as the predominant secondary phase and the barium zirconate reverting to an undoped composition. From the relative concentrations of the observed phases and their lattice constants, the ternary phase behavior at 1600 °C (the sintering temperature) is generated. Both the bulk and grain boundary conductivities are sharply lower in the two-phase system than in the single phase compositions. The control over processing conditions demonstrates that it is possible to reproducibly prepare large-grained, stoichiometric BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ with a total conductivity of 1 × 10−2 Scm−1 at 450 °C, while revealing the mechanisms by which barium deficiency degrades properties.