cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Determination of Nalbuphine in Plasma Using Electron-Capture Detection

Abstract A procedure for the determination of nalbuphine in plasma is presented. The compound and an internal standard are extracted into benzene–2-propanol from plasma at pH 10.4, followed by back-extraction into 0.1 N HCl. After the acid phase is washed with benzene and the compound is reextracted into benzene–2-propanol, the heptafluorobutyryl derivatives are formed and determined using electron-capture GLC. The lower limit of sensitivity is approximately 0.5 ng/ml, and the upper limit of the linear dynamic range is greater than 50 ng/ml. Peak plasma levels of 50 and 150 ng were observed in two dogs 10 and 20 min, respectively, after subcutaneous administration of 1 mg of nalbuphine/kg. Nalbuphine was detectable in plasma 5 hr after administration.
Making Sense of What You See: Patterning as a Transdisciplinary Habit of Mind

Temple Grandin is an engineer, a doctor of animal science, and a professor at Colorado State University. She has achieved all this even while having been diagnosed as autistic when she was two years old. In her recent book The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum, she discusses her efforts to understand how humans develop and use different ways of thinking through interviewing autistic individuals in different fields and disciplines. Through this she has identified three different ways people organize, process, remember and use new information: thinking in words, thinking in pictures, and thinking in patterns or structures.
MediaCommons for cultural heritage: Applied mixed media visualization storytelling for high resolution collaborative cyberarchaeological displays

Archaeology is a discipline that studies time through an understanding of space and objects in that space; archaeology is ultimately, therefore, an intersection where the visualization of space and the visualization of time meet. Archaeology has long utilized visualization as a technique to analyze and disseminate information; however, comprehensive and collaborative analysis and storytelling with this visual data has always been limited by the capacity of the systems, which create and display it. To present the most complete narrative of the past, one must seek the “big picture” by assembling the disparate pieces of data, which reflect the lives of the humans we study. This paper presents a framework for the visualization of and interaction with rich data collections in high resolution, networked, tiled-display environments, called the MediaCommons Framework.
Phospholipase activity in squid and frog axons.

Evidence for the presence of phosphatide acylhydrolase activity (EC 3.1.1) in centrifuged homogenate supernatants and extracts of squid giant axons and centrifuged homogenate supernatants of frog sciatic nerve bundles is reported. The enzyme was assayed by measurement of the rate of deacylation of [U-14C]phosphatidyl choline. The deacylation activity in the nerve homogenate supernatants exhibits: a pH maximum at 7.2–7.4 (25°C); a calcium ion maximum at 12–13 mM-CaCl2(aq); a Km value of 3.4 × 10−4 M (25°C); and a temperature maximum at 37°C. The activation energy over the range 8–37°C is 5.7 ± 0.2kcal-mol−1.
Toward realistic effective models of quantum-Hall edges

Abstract We have investigated the dynamical properties of edge excitations in the (fractional) quantum-Hall regime for a sharp confining potential, emphasizing the effects resulting from the presence of long-range interaction. Our study uses chiral-Luttinger-liquid models that are motivated by the close analogy between the physics of edge excitations and that of plasmons in quasi-one-dimensional electron systems. We find that incorporating realistic long-range interaction is especially important for multi-branch edges. Results are presented for the tunneling-IV-curve power-law exponent and the two-terminal conductance.
Demonstration of super-resolution and super-stacking properties of time reversal mirrors in locating seismic sources

We demonstrate with synthetic seismic data the superresolution and super-stacking properties of time reversal mirrors (TRM). Tests on synthetic data show that TRM has the potential of exceeding the Rayleigh resolution limit by a factor of more than 9. This property is accompanied by the fact that TRM has a significant resilience to strong noise. Computer tests validate these properties by accurately imaging the source location from passive seismic data with signal-to-noise ratio of about 0.001. Results also validate that TRM enhances signal by a factor pro-
Components of a meaningful retirement life--a phenomenological study of the 1950s birth cohort in urban China.

This phenomenological study focuses on the 1950s birth cohort in urban China. The research purposes are to depict the dynamic picture of retirement experiences, capture the essence of the phenomenon, and discover the perceived (either experienced or anticipated) challenges in achieving a meaningful retirement life among this aging cohort. Ten face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Four main themes emerged regarding the components of a meaningful retirement life: (1) cohort identification and formative experiences, (2) family-orientation with a special focus on the only-child, (3) pursuit of a balanced state of mind in the face of challenges, and (4) leisure without self-indulgence. The historical events, having occurred across participants’ life courses, and traditional Chinese culture are shown to be the sources of meaning and the contexts linking the four themes.
In search of the whole truth: an interview with Vanessa Davis

In Make Me a Woman, Vanessa Davis explores her Jewish identity in myriad ways, drawing on everything from her memories of her Bat Mitzvah to her experiences dating a non-Jewish man after a shift in coasts from New York to California. The following interview is an edited compilation of emails between Davis and me over the course of six months, from November 2010 to April 2011. We exchanged more than two dozen emails, in which I prodded Davis for, among other things, her opinions on the Jewish mother stereotype, her influences and her artistic process.
Role of starvation in production of creatinuria in experimental hyperthyroidism

Abstract Since thyroid hormone accelerates energy-requiring processes, a negative caloride balance often exists in the hyperthyroid state. To assess the role of this induced calorie deficit in the production of thyrotoxic myopathy, we have examined the effect of calorie deprivation on creatine excretion in experimental hyperthyroidism. Since food restriction decreases fecal excretion of thyroid hormone, a low-residue glucose-supplemented diet has been used to produce calorie-replete hyperthyroid animals having circulating thyroid hormone levels comparable to half-starved hyperthyroid animals. Calorie-deprived hyperthyroid animals have a 2–4-fold increase in creatine excretion when compared to fully fed hyperthyroid animals having comparable thyroid hormone levels. Although a negative calorie balance greatly enhances creatinuria in experimental hyperthyroidism, it is not a necessary condition for thyroid hormone-induced creatinuria. Calorie-replete hyperthyroid animals consistently gained weight, indicating a positive calorie balance. Nevertheless, these animals manifested increased creatinuria when compared to euthyroid controls. Therefore, excess thyroid hormone appears to cause muscle damage as reflected in creatinuria by a mechanism other than mobilization of muscle protein to provide endogenous calories. A study of the effect of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) on creatine and urea excretion in fasting rats led to the same conclusion. T 3 plus fasting produced a much more marked creatinuria than fasting alone. During the first 48 hr of fasting, the rate of weight loss and urea excretion were comparable in T 3 -treated and control animals. Nevertheless, the rate of creatine excretion during this interval was 10–12-fold increased in the T 3 -treated group. In these experiments, there was clearly a dissociation between T 3 stimulation of urea excretion and the magnitude of creatinuria induced. Although a negative calorie balance appears to hasten the development of thyrotoxic myopathy, accelerated muscle proteolysis to supply an induced calorie deficit is not an adequate model to account for muscle involvement in hyperthyroidism.
Peri-operative complications in pediatric and adolescent shoulder arthroscopy

Background Shoulder arthroscopy is not common in the pediatric and adolescent population, but the frequency may be on the rise. The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of acute complications of arthroscopic shoulder surgery in children and adolescents.
Brain morphology and intelligence

Although the correlations are modest (∼ r = 0.35), brain size as determined by magnetic resonance imaging has been positively related to measures of psychometric intelligence. Three studies dealing with brain size‐IQ relationships are presented in patients who have suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI). Study 1 was an examination of whether the brain size‐IQ relationship was proportionally maintained in response to TBI‐induced atrophie changes in the brain. Study 2 was an examination of whether smaller brain size at the time of injury was a risk factor for more significant decline in IQ after injury. Study 3 was an examination of whether focal lesion volume plays a role in postinjury brain size‐IQ relations. Results indicated that trauma‐induced atrophic brain changes are related neither to postinjury IQ nor focal lesion volume. However, patients with TBI with smaller brain size at the time of injury did have significantly lower postinjury IQ scores when compared to a matched group that had larger premorb...
Assessing PDA Use and Needs Among Pediatric Residents

Abstract Handheld devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) have found many uses in health care settings, in such areas as clinical practice, medical education, documentation, and research. For three years in a row, PDAs were distributed to pediatric residents to use as tools to support their clinical practice and training in a large pediatric residency program at an urban pediatric teaching hospital. A study was conducted to examine their patterns of use and needs for the tool. The results provided information that could help pediatric educators, librarians, and administrators in their future plan for the acquisition of PDAs and PDA-related application tools and resources, PDA training interventions, and provison of technical support.
Driving trajectories to a desirable attractor by using small control

Abstract Driving trajectories to a desirable attractor for dynamical systems with multiple coexisting attractors has been a challenging problem in the field of chaos control. We develop an algorithm to steer most trajectories to the desirable attractor by using only small feedback control. The idea is to build a hierarchy of paths to the desirable attractor and then stabilize trajectories around one of the paths in the hierarchy. A substantial improvement in the probability for a random trajectory to asymptote to the desirable attractor has been achieved when there are fractal basin boundaries in the phase space.
Vegetation water content during SMEX04 from ground data and Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper imagery

Abstract Vegetation water content is an important parameter for retrieval of soil moisture from microwave data and for other remote sensing applications. Because liquid water absorbs in the shortwave infrared, the normalized difference infrared index (NDII), calculated from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper band 4 (0.76–0.90 μm wavelength) and band 5 (1.55–1.65 μm wavelength), can be used to determine canopy equivalent water thickness (EWT), which is defined as the water volume per leaf area times the leaf area index (LAI). Alternatively, average canopy EWT can be determined using a landcover classification, because different vegetation types have different average LAI at the peak of the growing season. The primary contribution of this study for the Soil Moisture Experiment 2004 was to sample vegetation for the Arizona and Sonora study areas. Vegetation was sampled to achieve a range of canopy EWT; LAI was measured using a plant canopy analyzer and digital hemispherical (fisheye) photographs. NDII was linearly related to measured canopy EWT with an R 2 of 0.601. Landcover of the Arizona, USA, and Sonora, Mexico, study areas were classified with an overall accuracy of 70% using a rule-based decision tree using three dates of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper imagery and digital elevation data. There was a large range of NDII per landcover class at the peak of the growing season, indicating that canopy EWT should be estimated directly using NDII or other shortwave-infrared vegetation indices. However, landcover classifications will still be necessary to obtain total vegetation water content from canopy EWT and other data, because considerable liquid water is contained in the non-foliar components of vegetation.
Estimation of mismatch errors of dynamic models for stirred tank-reactor equipment—II. heat dissipation in the contents, impact of mixing

Abstract Negligence of the mixing dynamic in modelling stirred tank reactors introduces dynamic modelling mismatch errors which may be significant when working in higher dynamic regimes. The critical frequency, where the mixing models start to deviate from the ideal STR model, is only slightly higher than the critical frequency for similar errors caused by model reduction of models describing the distributed heat transfer between jacket and contents.
Could prolonged air travel be causally associated with subclavian vein thromboembolism

Background: Air travel associated with venous thromboembolism has recently achieved public awareness due to intense media coverage. The interest has focused on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs with pulmonary embolism. The World Health Organization (WHO) is planning several international multicenter trials to study the problem and, if it exists, try to find a means for prevention. Methods: This is a case presentation of acute venous thromboembolism of the upper limbs associated with long-haul flights. Five patients were admitted to Straub Hospital in Honolulu after 5 to 10 hours’ flight. Results: Patient 1 had a previous shoulder injury with DVT; patient 2 had chronic atrial fibrillation; patients 3 and 5 had clavicular fractures; and patient 4 had a subclavian vein compression. Conclusion: It is not possible to draw any conclusions about the association between air flights and subclavian vein thrombosis from this small retrospective case study. Our objective was to indicate the possibility of such a relationship.
The link between output growth and volatility: Evidence from a GARCH model with panel data

Abstract Estimation results from a dynamic panel GARCH model for G7 countries over the 1965–2007 period support that higher output growth is associated with higher volatility of the innovations to growth, but higher growth does not lead to more economic uncertainty.
Limiting Computed Tomography to Patients With Peritoneal Lavage—Positive Results Reduces Cost and Unnecessary Celiotomies in Blunt Trauma

Objective: To determine if computed tomographic (CT) scanning can be used to identify patients with blunt trauma, positive results of diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), and a stable hemodynamic status who could be managed safely and cost-effectively without celiotomy. Design: Patients with blunt trauma who required an abdominal evaluation underwent DPL. Patients with a red blood cell count greater than 10 11 /L (10 5 /mm 3 ) on lavage then underwent CT. Patients with solid organ injury alone, as detected on CT scan, were observed; those with evidence of hollow viscus injury underwent celiotomy. Results: Sixty-seven hemodynamically stable patients had a red blood cell count greater than 10 11 /L on DPL; 38 patients underwent subsequent CT scanning, and 29 underwent immediate celiotomy in violation of the protocol. Eleven patients in the protocol group ultimately underwent celiotomy. Overall, there were significantly fewer nontherapeutic celiotomies performed in the protocol group (2/38 vs 9/29, P Conclusion: Limiting CT to the evaluation of patients with DPL-positive results and hemodynamic stability is safe, reduces charges, and results in a lower rate of nontherapeutic celiotomies compared with DPL alone. Arch Surg. 1996;131:954-959
Effect of clozapine on motor function in schizophrenic patients

It is well established that clozapine is less likely than typical antipsychotic drugs to cause clinically discernible extrapyramidal side-effects. There is a paucity of data, however, on clozapine's motor effects. In this report we compare normal controls to groups of chronic schizophrenic patients treated with either typical antipsychotic drugs or with clozapine. Motor function was measured with a target-matching task, a test relying on submaximal sustained force control. Results indicated that patients on clozapine performed with significantly lower accuracy (greater variability) of force control. Even though the clozapine patients were treatment resistant to typical antipsychotic drugs, and many had a history of tardive dyskinesia, we postulate that the observed deficit is likely due to clozapine treatment rather than to earlier treatments or other factors. The observed force control deficit may be the result of an increase in myoclonus and a generally lower level of overall motor activity.
What You Want (and Do Not Want) Affects What You See (and Do Not See): Avoidance Social Goals and Social Events

Two studies examined the influence of approach and avoidance social goals on memory for and evaluation of ambiguous social information. Study 1 found that individual differences in avoidance social goals were associated with greater memory of negative information, negatively biased interpretation of ambiguous social cues, and a more pessimistic evaluation of social actors. Study 2 experimentally manipulated social goals and found that individuals high in avoidance social motivation remembered more negative information and expressed more dislike for a stranger in the avoidance condition than in the approach condition. Results suggest that avoidance social goals are associated with emphasizing potential threats when making sense of the social environment.
P-selectin gene haplotype associations with albuminuria in the Diabetes Heart Study

P-selectin gene haplotype associations with albuminuria in the Diabetes Heart Study. Background Adhesion molecules, such as P-selectin, play a pivotal role in leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium during inflammation. We investigated the relationship between P-selectin gene polymorphisms and albuminuria in 565 European American siblings (84% with type 2 diabetes) from 227 families participating in the Diabetes Heart Study (DHS). Methods Three common missense P-selectin polymorphisms (S290N, N562D, and T715P) were genotyped. Albuminuria was defined as an albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 17mg/g in males, and ≥ 25mg/g in females. Tests of association were based on generalized estimating equations (GEE1) and tests of linkage disequilibrium were based on the quantitative pedigree disequilibrium test (QPDT). Results Each copy of the 290Asn (S290N) allele was associated with a 45% absolute increase in ACR ( P = 0.007), and a higher risk for the presence of albuminuria [odds ratio (OR), 1.71 for each 290A sn allele] ( P = 0.002). Adjustment for other determinants of ACR, including stratification by age, gender, and presence of diabetes, did not alter these results. Haploytpe analyses using both GEE1 and QPDT methods revealed that the N-N-T haplotype, containing asparagine codons at sites S290N and N562D, was associated with an increased risk of albuminuria (OR 1.77) ( P = 0.005, for each additional copy of the N-N-T haplotype). Conclusion The 290Asn (S290N) variant of P-selectin was associated with a higher prevalence and greater degree of albuminuria in European American siblings of type 2 diabetic families.
Spectrophotometric properties of a triton-clarified steroid 21-Hydroxylase system of adrenocortical microsomes☆

Abstract Attempts of previous investigators (1,2) are preparing enzymatically active clarified extracts of the steroid 21-hydroxylase system have not been successful. We have found that treatment of bovine adrenocortical microsomes with the non-ionic detergents of the Triton series and particularly with Triton N-101 yields enzymatically active, homogeneous extracts suitable for examination with customary optical instruments. It is the purpose of the present communication to present the method of preparation of Triton extracts and to describe their main spectrophotometric characteristics which have formed the basis of our studies (3,4,5,6) of mixed function oxidases and particularly of the clarified mitochondrial 11 β-hydroxylase system dealt with in an accompanying paper (7).
Technology Demonstration of Ka-band Digitally-Beam formed Radar for Ice Topography Mapping

GLISTIN (Glacier and Land Ice Surface Topography Interferometer) is a spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar for topographic mapping of ice sheets and glaciers. GLISTIN will collect ice topography measurements over a wide swath with sub-seasonal repeat intervals using a Ka-Band digitally-beamformed antenna. This paper will give an overview of the system design and key technology demonstrations including a Im x Im digitally-beamformed Ka-band waveguide slot antenna with integrated digital receivers. We will also detail the experimental scenario that we will use to demonstrate both the beamforming and interferometric performance of this system.
Reappraisal of Empyema Thoracis: Surgical Intervention When the Duration of Illness is Unknown

The timing of surgical treatment of empyema remains controversial. Traditionally, thoracotomy is performed either within three weeks of diagnosis or delayed until presumed pleurodesis occurs. Often, these patients are moribund and the duration of illness impossible to determine. We report our surgical results in seven patients with a deteriorating clinical course and multiple loculations which persisted after tube thoracostomy and would not have responded to multiple thoracostomies. Five patients required decortication. One required lobectomy for an abscess which developed on the contralateral side six weeks after discharge. There were no deaths or recurrences of empyema. Average times from surgery to tube removal and to discharge were six to 12 days, respectively. We conclude that one can safely and cost-effectively treat these patients surgically even when the duration of illness and presence of pleurodesis are unknown, and that the postoperative course will be uncomplicated.
Learning a nonmediated route for response selection in task switching

Two modes of response selection—a mediated route involving categorization and a nonmediated route involving instance-based memory retrieval—have been proposed to explain response congruency effects in task-switching situations. In the present study, we sought a better understanding of the development and characteristics of the nonmediated route. In two experiments involving training and transfer phases, we investigated practice effects at the level of individual target presentations, transfer effects associated with changing category–response mappings, target-specific effects from comparisons of old and new targets during transfer, and the percentages of early responses associated with task-nonspecific response selection (the target preceded the task cue on every trial). The training results suggested that the nonmediated route is quickly learned in the context of target–cue order and becomes increasingly involved in response selection with practice. The transfer results suggested that the target–response instances underlying the nonmediated route involve abstract response labels coding response congruency that can be rapidly remapped to alternative responses, but not rewritten when category–response mappings change after practice. Implications for understanding the nonmediated route and its relationship with the mediated route are discussed.
A FILTERABLE VIRUS INFECTION OF RABBITS : II. ITS OCCURRENCE IN APPARENTLY NORMAL RABBITS.

1. In two, and possibly four, of six transmission series of rabbits inoculated in the beginning with the blood of apparently normal rabbits a virus was recovered having the same properties as that recovered from series originally inoculated with material from rheumatic fever patients. The virus was immunologically identical with Rivers-Tillett Virus III and with that obtained from the rheumatic fever series. In conducting the control series precautions were taken to prevent infection of rabbit stock from known sources of the virus. 2. Treating rabbits with benzene does not appreciably increase their susceptibility to infection with the virus. 3. The virus is probably a parasite of the domestic rabbit but up to the present time the natural course of the infection in that animal is unknown.
Pediatric endoscopic injuries: incidence, management, and outcomes.

Abstract Background Endoscopy has assumed a significant role in the management of gastrointestinal disorders. However, endoscopic-related injuries are poorly reported. Methods Review of our surgical database (1980-2006) identified all patients age 18 years or younger with an endoscopic-related injury managed at our institution. Results A total of 3269 colonoscopies were performed; there were 3 iatrogenic perforations (incidence, 0.09%). All were managed operatively: 2 underwent fecal diversion, and 1 was repaired primarily. There was 1 postoperative complication (internal hernia) and no deaths related to colonoscopic perforation. Nine thousand three hundred eight esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) procedures were performed, resulting in 6 iatrogenic injuries (0.06%): bleeding (2), perforation (2), and mucosal tears (2) (0.02% each). All EGD-related injuries occurred in the esophagus except for 1 duodenal perforation which was managed operatively by primary repair. Both patients with bleeding complications underwent repeat endoscopy and cautery with satisfactory results. The other 3 patients were managed conservatively without complication. Three hundred eighty-nine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram procedures were performed with 2 iatrogenic injuries (0.5%): 1 bleed and 1 perforation (0.25% each). Both were managed conservatively without complication. Conclusion Endoscopic injuries are uncommon. Colonoscopic perforations require prompt surgical intervention. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy- and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram–related injuries are amenable to conservative therapy in clinically stable patients devoid of peritonitis.
Effect of a single prepubertal injection of testosterone propionate on adult bisexual behavior of male hamsters castrated at birth.

Twenty-nine male hamsters were castrated at birth (Day 1). Two groups were treated with oil or 500 µg of testosterone propionate (TP) on Day 1 and a third group was treated with 500 µg of TP on Day 15. Nine males and 9 females were gonadectomized in adulthood to serve as controls. All neonatal castrates were tested as adults for masculine mating behavior with receptive females and for feminine mating behavior with stimulus males. Tests were conducted over a 2-month period under 4 sequential conditions in which the neonatal castrates received: 1) no exogenous steroids, 2) 10 µg of estradiol benzoate (EB) and .4 mg of progesterone (P), 36 and 6 hr, respectively, before testing, 3) no exogenous steroids, and 4) 200 µg of TP a day for 29 days prior to testing. When treated with EB and P the neonatal castrates which received oil on Day 1 or TP on Day 15 showed feminine behavior (lordosis) equal in most respects to that of control females. After the TP treatment in the fourth condition the same groups mounted e...
Aerodynamics of lift fan V/STOL aircraft

V/stol aircraft lift fan aerodynamics, discussing optimum fan pressure ratios, augmentation ratio, noise constraints, wing loading and fan configurations
Transition speed on switching from a field-induced ferroelectric to an antiferroelectric upon the release of the applied electric field in (Pb,La) (Zr, Ti,Sn)O3 antiferroelectric ceramics

Abstract A technique is developed to measure the transition speed from a field-induced ferroelectric to an antiferroelectric phase upon the release of the applied electric field in the antiferroelectric ceramics. The transition speeds of three members in the antiferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti,Sn)O3 family were investigated. Switching current-time curves similar to those observed in the normal square pulse forward switching technique were found. A switching time as short as 2 μSec. was found in one of the antiferroelectric compositions. The switching time increases as the ferroelectric to the antiferroelectric transition field decreases. Under a continuous high frequency driving field, the ferroelectric to antiferroelectric transition field is increased and the induced ferroelectric poiarization is decreased due to the hysteretic heating.
Protein secretions in hamsters with pancreatic carcinoma

Pancreatic secretions from the hamster model for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were analyzed to determine whether alterations had occurred in the protein composition. CCK- and secretin-stimulated secretions were collected from 13 animals with cancer and 16 normal controls. Subsequent separation of the proteins by isoelectric focusing showed the following: (1) Significant changes occurred in the protein composition from animals with carcinoma. An unusually dark band was present at pH 7.5 just below amylase (pH 7.65); two unidentified bands, present in the normals at pH 6.9 and 7.0, were missing; and marked decreases occurred in the cathodic proteins with isoelectric points above pH 9. (2) CCK provided the optimal stimulus for differentiating specimens from animals with carcinoma from the normal controls. (3) The protein concentrations of CCK-stimulated secretions of animals with carcinoma were significantly lower than the controls. We have concluded that the protein alterations which have occurred in the hamster model for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma warrant further investigation.
Human Leukemic Cells: Cytochemical Studies on Nuclear Proteins*

The DNA:histone ratios have been determined by quantitative cytochemical analyses of individual cells in populations of human lymphocytic cells derived in continuous culture from the peripheral blood buffy coats of patients with acute leukemia or infectious mononucleosis. These populations of lymphocytic cells were quite similar with respect to the Feulgen-DNA and protein content per cell. The close association between DNA and histone was reflected in their similar patterns of distribution in fixed and stained cells; and further evidenced by similarities in the DNA: histone ratios characteristic of these different populations of lymphocytic cells. — Chemical acetylation and methylation of nuclear proteins of these cell populations exhibited some quantitative differences. The chemically acetylated histone content was less, and chemically methylated histone content was greater in cells derived from acute leukemia or infectious mononucleosis than in normal human lymphocytes. These quantitative differences in chemical acetylation and methylation may contribute to specific structural alterations in these histones which modify their functional capacity with respect to interactions with DNA. Such alterations may relate to differences in gene expression as reflected, for example, by the biological and biochemical differences among these human lymphocytic cells.
Adaptive DSS design strategy for a regional socioeconomic balance sheet

Abstract This article describes the concept of a socioeconomic (S-E) balance sheet and its uses; the implementation of a decision support system (DSS) for a specific organization using balance-sheet data and adaptive design criteria as suggested in current DSS literature. The basic idea and application of a S-E balance sheet is similar to that of a balance sheet for a business enterprise. However, the S-E balance sheet is expanded to include a labor inventory to account for human assets and some items of intangible capital such as education and water resources which contribute directly to the total assets of the region. The term ‘socioeconomic’ is used to distinguish between the expanded concept of a public sector balance sheet and the typical balance sheet which would measure only material wealth. The S-E balance sheet enables one to ‘add-up’ those main factors—tangible and intangible—which contribute, in a positive or negative sense to the total cumulative wealth of the region. The development of a regional S-E balance sheet is viewed from a ‘systems’ standpoint where one conceives of the regional economy as a complex structural whole, with various productive elements of the economy (government, business, labor, educational institutions, foreign investments etc), contributing to asset formation while producing claimants to the regional wealth. However, claims (that is, liabilities on the balance sheet) may be held by producers and non-producers alike. The disequilibrium between assets and claimants to these assets sheds light on the structure (and structural unemployment) of resources and resource ownership in the regional economy. The S-E balance sheet can be used as a forecasting and planning tool. In particular, it is used to show past priorities in terms of allocations of various resources (assets) and to develop projections which will show possible future allocations. The balance sheet is of use to researchers, planners, decision makers in private industry and public policy makers. The implementation of a regional S-E balance sheet based DSS has been made possible through the use of a powerful database management system and decision-support software named EXPRESS. The implementation strategy for the S-E balance sheet takes into account adaptive DSS design criteria suggested in the current literature. In essence, this involves the implementation of “expanding subsets of system capabilities based on an initial nucleus of extensible features.” An initial user of the S-E balance sheet based DSS is St. Clair County in Illinois for the purpose of allocating funds across 45 communities from the Community-Development Block Grant Program.
Thinking about Nuclear Power

This article makes two sets of observations about the moral bases of opposition to nuclear power. First, the article distinguishes between survivalist opposition to nuclear power (built on a conviction that the central moral fact about nuclear power is the cataclysmic threat it represents) and a more political opposition that focuses on matters of justice and democratic equality. Second, the article notes that the tension between these two styles of moral reasoning reflects a more general tension in the environmental movement as a whole. The movement against nuclear power therefore provides an illustration writ small for why environmentalists would do well not to rest their politics entirely on claims about human (and broader ecosystem) survival.
Are beliefs the proper targets of adaptationist analyses

McKay and Dennett’s description of beliefs, and misbeliefs in particular, is a commendable contribution to the literature, but we argue that referring to beliefs as adaptive or maladaptive can cause conceptual confusion. “Adaptive” is inconsistently defined in the article, which adds to confusion and renders it difficult to evaluate the claims, particularly the possibility of “adaptive misbelief.”
Inverse closed-loop power control for CDMA wireless systems

In this work, two algorithms for closed loop power control in CDMA wireless systems are proposed. These algorithms aim to minimize the power control error by predicting the inverse of the channel fading: For this purpose, a channel fading prediction scheme is also proposed.
Image de-noising by selective filtering based on double-shot pictures

The quality of photographs is often reduced by sensor noise. This was a problem with film cameras, and is still a problem with current CCD and CMOS sensors, particularly in low-lighting conditions. De-noising techniques do not always perform satisfactorily. Typical de-noise techniques reduce the sharpness of the image. In this paper we propose a new de-noising technique, which is based on a dual-shot technique. The proposed algorithm is based on selectively removing high frequencies that do not correlate well between the frames. The algorithm borrows from video processing noise-removal techniques, but the final picture is derived from filtering a single shot, avoiding double-contouring and other artifacts that may happen with video techniques. While the decision is made based on both frames, the filtering itself is done using exclusively one of the frames. For this reason, the second (auxiliary) shot may be of much lower quality.
Saying the right word at the right time: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic interference in sentence production.

Retrieving a word in a sentence requires speakers to overcome syntagmatic, as well as paradigmatic interference. When accessing cat in ‘The cat chased the string’, not only are similar competitors such as dog and cap activated, but also other words in the planned sentence, such as chase and string. We hypothesise that both types of interference impact the same stage of lexical access, and review connectionist models of production that use an error-driven learning algorithm to overcome that interference. This learning algorithm creates a mechanism that limits syntagmatic interference, the syntactic ‘traffic cop’, a configuration of excitatory and inhibitory connections from syntactic-sequential states to lexical units. We relate the models to word and sentence production data, from both normal and aphasic speakers.
SNAP-25 reduction in the hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia.

In this study, the authors sought to replicate the findings of reduced synaptosomal associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia. The authors also measured N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 1 (NR1) receptor subunit to determine if glutamatergic synapses were involved with the loss of SNAP-25. We found 49% less SNAP-25 immunointensity in the schizophrenic group (n=7) compared to the control (n=8) or bipolar groups (n=4) (P=.004). There was no change in NMDA NR1 levels in the three groups. The authors confirm the previous report of less SNAP-25 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus using a different cohort of patients with schizophrenia. It also appears that NMDA NR1 was unchanged, indicating that the overall level of NMDA glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus is normal. These data add to evidence suggesting that in schizophrenia the molecular pathology of the hippocampus involves presynaptic components.
Contraceptive choices of overweight and obese women in a publically funded hospital: possible clinical implications.

Abstract Background Despite the growing obesity epidemic in the United States, family planning for overweight and obese women has been understudied. The aim of this study was to describe the contraception methods selected by normal weight, overweight and obese women. Study Design We retrospectively reviewed 7262 charts of women who underwent first trimester surgical termination of pregnancy at the John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County between January 1, 2008, and January 1, 2010. We analyzed the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and choice of contraceptive method, after adjusting for age, race, smoking and level of education. Results When compared to patients with BMI 2 , overweight (BMI 25���29.9 kg/m 2 ) and obese patients (BMI ���30 kg/m 2 ) were more likely to select the intrauterine device (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.28���1.32 for overweight; OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.59���1.61 for obese), contraceptive ring (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.28���1.52 for overweight; OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.57���1.63 for obese) and tubal ligation (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.44���1.62 for overweight; OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.79���3.01 for obese). They were less likely to choose injectable contraception (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.59���0.81 for overweight; OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.48���0.56 for obese). There was no relationship between BMI and choice of condoms, oral contraceptive pills and implantable methods. Conclusion In our population, the contraceptive choices of overweight and obese women differed from those of normal weight women. These differences in contraceptive selection are important to recognize in light of the potential effect of BMI on the safety and efficacy of different contraceptive methods. Further research is needed to evaluate the contraceptive preferences, risks and benefits for overweight and obese women.
Myelin associated inhibitors: a link between injury-induced and experience-dependent plasticity

In the adult, both neurologic recovery and anatomical growth after a CNS injury are limited. Two classes of growth inhibitors, myelin associated inhibitors (MAIs) and extracellular matrix associated inhibitors, limit both functional recovery and anatomical rearrangements in animal models of spinal cord injury. Here we focus on how MAIs limit a wide spectrum of growth that includes regeneration, sprouting, and plasticity in both the intact and lesioned CNS. Three classic myelin associated inhibitors, Nogo-A, MAG, and OMgp, signal through their common receptors, Nogo-66 Receptor-1 (NgR1) and Paired-Immunoglobulin-like-Receptor-B (PirB), to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and inhibit growth. Initially described as inhibitors of axonal regeneration, subsequent work has demonstrated that MAIs also limit activity and experience-dependent plasticity in the intact, adult CNS. MAIs therefore represent a point of convergence for plasticity that limits anatomical rearrangements regardless of the inciting stimulus, blurring the distinction between injury studies and more "basic" plasticity studies.
The Effects of a Surgically Implanted Microacoustic Tag on Growth and Survival in Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate a newly miniaturized prototype of an implantable acoustic tag for use in subyearling hatchery Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. In 2003, when the study was conducted, the relatively large size of most acoustic tags limited their use in juvenile fish. We evaluated this miniaturized prototype tag (21 × 7 × 6 mm, 0.9 g in air) for effects on growth, survival, and tag retention. All fish were passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged in accordance with the proposed practical application in which PIT-tagged fish from known sources were separated from the general migrating population. The PIT tags also permitted tracking of individual fish growth in relation to treatment. We compared growth and acoustic tag retention over 30 d among tagged, sham-tagged, and control fish. Ratio of tag weight to body weight ranged from 2.6% to 5.9% at tagging. The acoustic tag significantly affected growth (P = 0.001 for both length and weight differences), but no fish...
The Lexical Component of Natural Language Processing

Of the various problems that natural language processing has revealed, polysemy is probably the most frustrating. People deal with polysemy so easily that potential abiguities are overlooked, whereas computers must work hard to do far less well. A linguistic approach generally involves a parser, a lexicon, and some ad hoc rules for using linguistic context to identify the context-appropriate sense. A statistical approach generally involves the use of word co-occurrence statistics to create a semantic hyperspace where each word, regardless of its polysemy, is represented as a single vector. Each approach has strengths and limitations; some combination is often proposed. Various possibilities will be discussed in terms of their psychological plausibility. Computational linguistics is generally considered to be the branch of engineering that uses computers to do useful things with linguistic signals, but it can also be viewed as an extended test of computational theories of human cognition; it is this latter perspective that psychologists find most interesting. Language provides a critical test for the hypothesis that physical symbol systems are adequate to perform all human cognitive functions. As yet, no adequate system for natural language processing has approached human levels of performance.
The National Registry of Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Cardiovascular Conditions (GenTAC): Results from phase I and scientific opportunities in phase II

Background Genetically triggered thoracic aortic conditions (GenTACs) represent an important problem for patients and their families. Accordingly, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute established the first phase of its national GenTAC Registry in 2006. Enrollment and Diagnoses Between 2007 and 2010, 6 enrolling centers established the GenTAC I Registry consisting of 2,046 patients (Marfan syndrome 576 [28.2%], bicuspid aortic valve disease 504 [24.6%], aneurysm or dissection age Results Initial scientific inquiry using the GenTAC Registry has included validation studies of genetic causes for aortic syndromes, potential usefulness of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) blood levels in Marfan subjects, and current surgical approaches to ascending aortic conditions. Future Opportunity The second phase of GenTAC will allow biannual follow-up of GenTAC I enrollees for up to 9 years, enrollment of an additional 1,500 subjects, further integration of imaging findings with clinical and genetic data through utilization of an imaging core laboratory, important validation of phenotype-genotype correlations through a phenotyping core laboratory, and integration of a scientific advisory committee to help define the full range and depth of the Registry's scientific capabilities. The registry resources are available to the external scientific community through an application process accessible at https://gentac.rti.org .
Clinical impact of single-fiber electromyography.

The major clinical impact of single-fiber electromyography has been from its role in confirming, or excluding, the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (MG). Jitter measurements also have a clinical role in demonstrating changes in disease severity in patients with MG and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, in demonstrating subtle changes in motor unit architecture and physiology in patients with nerve and muscle diseases, and in demonstrating the remote effects of locally injected botulinum toxin. In addition to these clinical roles, the ability to identify the activity from single muscle fibers makes it possible to mark the discharges of single motor units. This, along with information gained by jitter and fiber-density measurements, has uniquely increased our understanding of motor unit organization and function in normal and disease states.
Modal analysis of loaded N-port scatterers

An N -port loaded scatter is one having N ports to which lumped impedance loads or a load network is connected. Methods are given to determine the characteristic modes of a loaded scatterer and for using them in a modal solution for electromagnetic scattering. A procedure is also given for resonating any given real port current, which makes that current the dominant mode of the loaded scatterer. The theory is formulated both in terms of open-circuit and short-circuit network parameters. A number of numerical examples are given for a wire triangle to illustrate the general theory. Computer programs are available for all procedures discussed.