cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scope and Burden of Non–Standard of Care Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Pediatric Leukodystrophy Patients:

Inherited leukodystrophies are a group of diseases affecting central nervous system myelin that lead to death or significant health problems. Although for most leukodystrophies there are no curative treatments, for a handful of diseases hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; bone marrow transplant) can stop disease progression, and if initiated in a timely fashion, prevent many or all neurologic and other systems involvement. However, HSCT is a complex procedure with significant morbidity and mortality risks. The study goal was to determine whether HSCT was being more widely used outside of those leukodystrophies for which HSCT is typically employed. The authors conducted a 2-year retrospective review of HSCT performed across the United States in 51 children's hospitals that are part of the Pediatric Health Information System. The authors screened for 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) codes for leukodystrophies in which HSCT is "nonstandard," including sphingolipidoses, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, and Niemann-Pick disease, and excluded patients who had ICD-10 codes for leukodystrophies that are HSCT candidates, specifically X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, and Hurler disease. The authors identified 91 patients (from a total cohort of 937) with one of the nonstandard leukodystrophies who had HSCT. HSCT was performed at 20 of the hospitals, with the majority performed at only 6 hospitals. Average costs ($786 846) per patient were more than 6 times higher than patients who did not have HSCT. The data show that an unexpectedly large number of leukodystrophy patients are receiving transplants for conditions in which HSCT is not typically used, and which are associated with high medical costs.
Women Leaders in Corporate India

Gender and diversity issues in India continue to challenge organizations and human resource development (HRD) practitioners. The benefits and opportunities emanating from liberalization have not fully reached women and other underrepresented groups in India. We have provided an assessment of existing literature on the role of women in the corporate workplace in India. By examining literature, we highlighted key issues, challenges, and evidence of practices that can support and enhance participation of women in the corporate world. Next, we linked findings from research and public discussion of women’s leadership in corporate India by analyzing the contents of Twitter messages over two years to contextualize our findings in real-world contexts. The content analysis of the tweets captured the focus and efforts of organizational and HRD leaders to advance women in India. We also identified women CEOs from practitioner literature to offer growing evidence of their impact on organizations and society. Finally, we offered recommendations for research and practice.
Phase Stability Analysis of Ternary Alkaline-Earth Hexaborides: Insights from DFT Calculations

We present a phase stability analysis of ternary mixtures of alkaline-earth hexaborides using insights from DFT calculations to determine the effect of homogeneity on properties including stability...
Student Population Change in Rural Illinois Schools and Its Implications for School Leaders

This paper examines rural public school student population change in Illinois and explores the implications of these changes on educational leadership. Secondary analysis of 16 years of data from NCES Common Core of Data Universe Surveys illuminates population change in terms of student enrollment and demographic characteristics. Findings suggest that these changes have occurred over the 16 year period and present potentially considerable challenges for school leaders especially given the broader state climate.
Protein polarization effects in the thermodynamic computation of vibrational Stark shifts

Vibrational Stark effect (VSE) spectroscopy provides a direct measure of electrostatic fields within proteins. VSE also provides a unique way, still underutilized, to test the accuracy of electrostatic interactions in realistic finite-temperature simulations. Here, we quantify the electrostatic contributions of residues surrounding the catalytic reaction center in ketosteroid isomerase. Our goal is to understand how inter-residue charge transfer and local and non-local polarization affect the electric field at a molecular probe inside the protein. In particular, we show that polarization effects and charge transfer are essential to capture the correct thermodynamic structural average, which in turn affects the Stark shift.
Clinical trial to assess immunogenicity of high-dose, adjuvanted, and recombinant influenza vaccines against cell-grown A(H3N2) viruses in adults 65 to 74 years, 2017-2018.

Abstract Background Licensed inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) are recommended for persons aged ≥65 years, including trivalent high-dose IIV (HD-IIV3) and adjuvanted IIV (aIIV3); both are manufactured in eggs. Quadrivalent recombinant vaccine (RIV4) is produced without eggs. We conducted an exploratory study to compare immunogenicity of HD-IIV3, aIIV3 and RIV4 against cell-grown vaccine and circulating A(H3N2) viruses in 2017–18. Methods Eighty-nine adults aged 65–74 years participating in a 2-year, open-label immunogenicity trial (ClinicalTrails.gov: NCT02872311) were randomized 1:1:1 to receive HD-IIV3, aIIV3, or RIV4 after receipt of standard dose IIV3 in 2016–17. Serum was obtained at baseline and day 28 post vaccination. Microneutralization titers were determined using four cell-propagated A(H3N2) viruses: 2017–18 vaccine strain (clade 3C.2a), circulating viruses from clades 3C.2a1 and 3C.2a2, and ‘antigenically advanced’ clade 3C.3a (2019–20 vaccine strain). Active surveillance was conducted to identify influenza illnesses. Results Post vaccination geometric mean titer (GMT) against the vaccine strain was Conclusion High-dose, adjuvanted, and recombinant vaccines generated suboptimal neutralizing antibody responses to the cell-grown vaccine strain, but RIV4 generated a greater cross-protective response against circulating and antigenically advanced viruses. Recombinant technology may contribute to more broadly protective influenza vaccines, and comparative effectiveness studies are needed.
The Relationship Between Vestibular Sensory Integration and Prosthetic Mobility in Community Ambulators With Unilateral Lower Limb Amputation

Objective The modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (mCTSIB) is used to clinically assess vestibular sensory integration (VSI), the process by which the central nervous system integrates vestibular afference to maintain balance. The rate and effects of impaired VSI (IVSI) on prosthetic mobility in people with lower limb amputation (LLA) is unknown. The objective of this study was to use the mCTSIB to classify VSI in active community ambulators with LLA and to examine the relationship between IVSI and prosthetic mobility, as measured by the Component Timed Up and Go (cTUG) test. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 130 community ambulators with unilateral LLA. Classification of VSI was determined based on a time-based pass/fail mCTSIB performance. Participants were classified as having normal sensory integration (NSI) if they could balance for 30 seconds in every mCTSIB condition. Participants who failed condition 4 exclusively were classified as IVSI. Prosthetic mobility, as measured by the cTUG, was compared between NSI and IVSI groups. Results Of the 130 participants, 29 (22%) were classified as IVSI and 95 (73%) were classified as having NSI. Prosthetic mobility significantly differed between IVSI and NSI groups, with IVSI participants performing all components of the cTUG significantly slower. Medium to large effect sizes were found between groups during cTUG. Conclusions These results suggest that 1 in 5 community ambulators with LLA have IVSI, with associated limitations in balance confidence and prosthetic mobility. Impact The ability to integrate vestibular information was found to have a strong relationship with prosthetic mobility in active community ambulators with LLA, especially with performing a 180-degree step turn. Physical therapists can use the mCTSIB to classify sensory integration during prosthetic rehabilitation and develop an appropriate balance intervention. Lay summary Active adults with LLA can use information from their senses to maintain their standing balance. Adults with LLA who have difficulty balancing on foam with closed eyes were slower to get in and out of a chair, walk, and perform a 180-degree step turn.
Resetting of 24-nt siRNA landscape is initiated in the unicellular zygote in rice

The zygote, a totipotent stem cell, constitutes a critical stage of the life cycle for all sexually reproducing organisms. It is produced by fusion of two differentiated cells, egg and sperm, that in plants have radically different siRNA transcriptomes from each other and from multicellular embryos. Here we examined the small RNA transcriptome of unicellular rice zygotes. We find that the overall 24-nt siRNA landscape in the zygote resembles that of the unfertilized egg cell, consistent with maternal carry-over. A large fraction (~75%) of the siRNAs in the zygote arise from a small proportion (~2%) of siRNA loci, which corresponded to similar loci in the egg cell and ovary. However, these highly expressing loci were distinct from endosperm siren loci that were detected in later stage endosperm. miRNA abundances changed rapidly after fertilization, resulting in a miRNA profile distinct from the egg cell. Notably, the de novo 24-nt siRNAs expressed by the zygote had characteristics of canonical siRNAs, such as proximity to genes and tendency to overlap TIR DNA transposable elements, and resembled seedling siRNA loci, indicating a return to the canonical siRNA profile typical of vegetative tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that resetting of the gametic epigenome towards the canonical vegetative profile is initiated before the first embryonic division.
Spherical Parallel Instrument for Daily Living Emulation (SPINDLE) to Restore Motor Function of Stroke Survivors

Task-oriented training is crucial in the rehabilitation of patients with paresis to maximize the training effect of target tasks. To train the stroke patients with the closest form of activities in daily living, a new type of rehabilitation strategy is suggested that can train rotational tasks similar to active daily living tasks. The device is structured with a 3-RRR parallel manipulator to create three-dimensional rotations in a large workspace and interact with the user as an external object. The design parameter is optimized in two steps using the conventional global conditioning index and the global minimum active load to ensure controllability and force transmission through the device. The kinematic structure is verified with the motion capture system and encoders on motors. We envision using this compact table-top device emulating physical characteristics of daily living tasks to enhance the motor performance of stroke patients and their quality of lives.
Subcutaneous Versus Sublingual Immunotherapy for Adults with Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses.

Objectives To determine whether subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) or sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) better improves patient outcomes and quality of life for adults with allergic rhinitis or rhinoconjunctivitis (AR/C) with or without mild to moderate asthma. Methods Systematic review methodology was based on the Cochrane Collaboration handbook and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. Four databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science) were queried from inception to July 30, 2020. Two independent reviewers screened potentially relevant studies and assessed risk of bias. Outcomes of interest were symptom score (SS), medication score (MS), combined symptom medication score (CSMS), and Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ). Meta-analyses with an adjusted indirect comparison were conducted in RevMan 5.4.1. Results Seven SCIT versus SLIT randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated no significant differences for any outcomes, but insufficient data precluded direct meta-analysis. For the adjusted indirect comparison, 46 RCTs over 39 studies were included for SCIT versus placebo (n = 13) and SLIT versus placebo (n = 33). Statistically significant results favoring SCIT were found for SS (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31-0.49), MS (SMD = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.14-0.39), CSMS (SMD = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.17-0.67), and RQLQ (MD = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.04-0.44). Statistically significant results favoring SLIT were found for SS (SMD = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.32-0.53), MS (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.28-0.53), CSMS (SMD = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.29-0.45), and RQLQ (MD = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.20-0.43). No significant differences were found between SCIT and SLIT for SS (SMD = -0.02; 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.11), MS (SMD = -0.14; 95% CI = -0.31 to 0.03), CSMS (SMD = 0.05; 95% CI = -0.21 to 0.31), or RQLQ (MD = -0.08; 95% CI = -0.31 to 0.15). Conclusion SCIT and SLIT are comparably effective treatments for adults with AR/C. More RCTs analyzing SCIT versus SLIT are needed to directly compare the two. Laryngoscope, 2021.
A 13.8 kV, 100 kVA Multi-functional MMC-Based Asynchronous Microgrid Power Conditioning System with 10 kV SiC MOSFETs

Medium voltage (MV) asynchronous microgrids have numerous unique benefits over regular synchronous MV ac microgrids. This paper focuses on a MV transformer less asynchronous microgrids power conditioning system (PCS) using 10 kV SiC MOSFETs. The benefits of a 10 kV SiC MOSFET based PCS include simplified topology, higher control bandwidth, and hence more advanced control functions, although it is still challenging to apply 10 kV SiC MOSFETs with their associated much faster switching speed in MV systems. A modular design approach is adopted in the design and implementation of the PCS as well as its controller. The sophisticated grid functions of the asynchronous microgrid PCS are supported by a hierarchical modular control system. A 100 kVA back-to-back transformer less PCS for a 13.8 kV MV grid is developed and tested at rated voltage and power.
Robust simulation optimization for supply chain problem under uncertainty via neural network metamodeling

Abstract Real-world supply chain management problems are highly complicated such that their optimization procedure is computationally expensive due to the extensive dimensions and uncertainty of their critical variables. Simulation optimization is a commonly applied technique to determine the optimal variables since the problem is too complex. Due to the uncertain nature of the real-world systems, it is also worthy to consider the robustness of the optimal solutions. To address this issue, this study investigates the problem of determining near-optimal safety stock levels in a multi-product supply chain with regard to deviations of its overall cost. A new framework is proposed to define the decision as well as environmental variables. This novel framework results in a significant reduction of the solution space while maintains the essential supply chain control parameters. The prediction performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with different structural settings are compared, and the best-fitted ANNs are selected to obtain the robust solutions. Consequently, we employ a robust metamodel-based simulation optimization approach based on Taguchi’s view and optimize the multi-objective supply chain problem with respect to supply chain operational costs and customer satisfaction criteria.
A reformulation of the Λ-Φ diagram for the prediction of ocean acoustic fluctuation regimes.

The Λ−Φ diagram was a tool introduced in the late 1970s to predict ocean acoustic fluctuation regimes termed unsaturated, partially saturated, and fully saturated, where internal wave sound speed fluctuations play a dominant role. The Λ−Φ parameters reflect, respectively, the strength of diffraction and the root-mean-square phase fluctuation along a ray path. Oceanographic knowledge of the small scale part of the internal wave spectrum and high angle Fresnel zone formulations now allow a more stable and accurate calculation of these parameters. An empirical relation between the variance of log-intensity and Λ−Φ provides a more accurate border between the unsaturated regime and stronger fluctuations. The diagram is consistent with six short range, deep water experiments in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic oceans with frequencies ranging from 75 to 16 000 Hz. The utility of the Λ−Φ diagram is that it provides one of the few means to inter-compare experiments at different geographic locations, and at differ...
Microstructures of Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x Thin Films

The microstructure of YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films grown on (001) SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates by electron beam co-evaporation and laser ablation techniques have been examined. Examination of a 15000A thick film on SrTiO3 grown by electron beam co-evaporation showed a switchover from c-perpendicular to c-parallel growth at a thickness of around 2000A. Thinner films (1500A thick), grown on SrTiO3 by this technique were found to have a fully c-perpendicular microstructure. However, this required the substrate surface to be not only highly oriented but also microscopically smooth. Formation of surface steps on the substrates due to surface roughness caused c-parallel growth in the films, leading to a deterioration of their properties. In contrast, a 5000A thick film formed by laser ablation on LaAlO3 was found to have a completely c-perpendicular microstructure. The reasons for the development of these microstructures are discussed.
Bladder Exstrophy Closure without Osteotomy in Philadelphia

Purpose To evaluate the complications following initial bladder closure and urinary continence in patients born with bladder exstrophy closed early without posterior iliac osteotomy.
Chapter 7. Diuretic Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter examines biochemical studies related to the mechanism of action diuretic agents. A quantitative correlation between inhibition of guinea pig Na + , K + -activated membrane ATPase in vitro and the pharmacological effects of ethacrynic acid in dogs has been established. The observation that rat membrane fractions are insensitive to inhibition unless pretreated with a detergent for the removal of endogenous cations, explains why ethacrynic acid is not diuretic in the rat. Pharmacological and metabolism studies of mefruside, a new, clinically useful sulfonamide diuretic have been reported. Mefruside belongs to the class of benzene-1,3-disulfonamides of the chlorphenamide type. It differs from chlorphenamide, however, in that it does not increase bicarbonate excretion at therapeutic doses, but predominantly promotes the excretion of water and sodium accompanied by chloride. The natrifuretic and potassium-conserving effects of amiloride in rats and dogs have been described in the chapter. The drug moderately increases sodium elimination, accompanied by bicarbonate and to a lesser extent chloride, and decreases potassium excretion and water diuresis is not pronounced. Amiloride is excreted unchanged by rats, dogs, and man. It increases the potential difference and the short circuit current of the isolated ventral skin of the frog and reverses the effects of vasopressin in this preparation. The hyperglycemic and potential diabetogenic effect of the benzothiadiazine group of diuretics is also elaborated.
Auditing for Data Integrity and Reliability in Cloud Storage

Security has been identified as the most serious concern that prevents users from outsourcing sensitive data to the cloud. An efficient cloud auditing system will relieve users's concerns regarding the availability and integrity of their outsourced data by providing evidence and records to track the activities in the cloud. This chapter provides a complete view of cloud storage auditing systems from multiple perspectives, including a clear definition, applicable technologies, major challenges, current research status, and open questions. First of all, a systematical introduction to general design principles and focuses of information auditing is given from three different aspects: strategy oriented, process oriented, and resource oriented. Then, two useful technologies, Provable Data Possession (PDP) and Proof of Retrievability (POR), are discussed thoroughly, which have been developed to verify data integrity and availability in distributed storage systems. Several typical algorithms are analyzed to illustrate their design rationales and tradeoffs. Following that, the challenges in developing a cloud auditing system are discussed and current efforts in the cloud security community are introduced. Finally, several open questions are identified, which are expected to be addressed in the near future.
What the Wabash National Study Can Teach Us about At-Risk Student Populations.

This chapter surveys WNS findings that explored how “at-risk” identities affect students’ educational outcomes and offers advice on how to ensure the success of these students.
Development and validation of the CAM Health Belief Questionnaire (CHBQ) and CAM use and attitudes amongst medical students

The need for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) and holistic approaches in allopathic medical school curricula has been well articulated. Despite increased CAM instruction, feasible and validated instruments for measuring learner outcomes in this content area do not widely exist. In addition, baseline attitudes or beliefs of medical students towards CAM, and the factors that may have formed them, including use of CAM itself, remain unreported. A 10-item measure (CHBQ – CAM Health Belief Questionnaire) was constructed and administered to three successive classes of medical students simultaneously with the previously validated 29-item Integrative Medicine Attitude Questionnaire (IMAQ). Both measures were imbedded in a baseline needs assessment questionnaire. Demographic and other data were collected on students' use of CAM modalities and their awareness and use of primary CAM information resources. Analysis of CHBQ items was performed and its reliability and criterion-related validity were established. Response rate was 96.5% (272 of 282 students studied). The shorter CHBQ compared favorably with the longer IMAQ in internal consistency reliability. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.75 and 0.83 for the CHBQ and IMAQ respectively. Students showed positive attitudes/beliefs towards CAM and high levels of self-reported CAM use. The majority (73.5%) of students reported using at least one CAM modality, and 54% reported using at least two modalities. Eighty-one percent use the internet as a primary source of information for CAM. The CHBQ is a practical, valid and reliable instrument for measuring medical student attitudes/beliefs and has potential utility for measuring the impact of CAM instruction. Medical students showed a high self-reported rate of CAM use and positive attitudes towards CAM. Short, didactic exposure to CAM instruction in the first year of medical school did not additionally impact these already positive attitudes. Unlike the IMAQ, which was intended for use with physicians, the CHBQ is generic in design and content and applicable to a variety of learner types. Evaluation measures must be appropriate for specific CAM instructional outcomes.
Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI parameters and tumor cellularity in a rat model of cerebral glioma at 7 T.

Purpose To test the hypothesis that a noninvasive dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) derived interstitial volume fraction (ve) and/or distribution volume (VD) were correlated with tumor cellularity in cerebral tumor. Methods T1-weighted DCE-MRI studies were performed in 18 athymic rats implanted with U251 xenografts. After DCE-MRI, sectioned brain tissues were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for cell counting. Using a Standard Model analysis and Logan graphical plot, DCE-MRI image sets during and after the injection of a gadolinium contrast agent were used to estimate the parameters plasma volume (vp), forward transfer constant (Ktrans), ve, and VD. Results Parameter values in regions where the standard model was selected as the best model were: (mean ± S.D.): vp = (0.81 ± 0.40)%, Ktrans = (2.09 ± 0.65) × 10−2 min−1, ve = (6.65 ± 1.86)%, and VD = (7.21 ± 1.98)%. The Logan-estimated VD was strongly correlated with the standard model's vp + ve (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). The parameters, ve and/or VD, were significantly correlated with tumor cellularity (r ≥ −0.75, P < 0.001 for both). Conclusion These data suggest that tumor cellularity can be estimated noninvasively by DCE-MRI, thus supporting its utility in assessing tumor pathophysiology. Magn Reson Med 71:2206–2214, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract 11254: Association of Sleep Disordered Breathing and Sleep Architecture With Atrial Fibrillation: The MESA Study

Background: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) has been associated with nocturnal atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the association of SDB and other important sleep characteristics with prevalent AF (beyond nocturnal AF) is unclear. We explored the cross-sectional association of SDB and other objectively measured sleep characteristics with AF. Methods: Prevalence of AF was examined among MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study participants who underwent polysomnography (PSG) (n=2048) (MESA Sleep Study). Presence or a history of AF was determined if AF or atrial flutter was identified by at least one of the following measures: (i) 12-lead ECG during study examination; (ii) PSG; (iii) ICD-9 codes from hospital discharge diagnosis; (IV) inpatient and outpatient Medicare claims data. Results: Overall prevalence of AF was 4.9 % (n=100). Prevalence of AF was significantly higher at 6.7% in subjects with moderate to severe SDB (n = 691, apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15/h) compared with a prevalence of 4.0% in participants without SDB (n = 707, AHI Conclusion: In a cross-sectional study of a large multi-ethnic population, the prevalence of AF was associated with more severe SDB, shorter SWS time, and lower AI. This finding highlights sleep architecture’s implication, potentially via autonomic balance, in the association between sleep and AF.
What are the Limits for Ace Galactic Cosmic-Ray Isotope Studies?

The CRIS experiment on ACE, with its excellent charge and mass resolution and a geometrical factor ∼10× that of any previous experiment, holds the promise of rewriting the book on galactic cosmic-ray abundance studies. Translating these measurements into precise cosmic-ray source abundances and using these measurements to determine more accurately the propagation history of cosmic rays is a different matter, however. In many important cases these studies will be limited by the accuracy of the nuclear cross- sections that determine how the cosmic-ray composition is modified as it traverses the interstellar matter. In this paper we will discuss these cross-sections and how well they are known as a function of the energy and the charge and mass of the cosmic-ray nuclei. This will then be used to discuss what new limits can be expected on several contemporary problems of interest in cosmic rays from the CRIS measurements.
The Potential Influence of a Social Media Intervention on Risky Sexual Behavior and Chlamydia Incidence

The purpose of this descriptive pilot study was to evaluate an evidence-based social-networking intervention aimed at reducing the incidence of Chlamydia among 15- to 24-year-olds. The intervention consists of a Facebook site that addresses signs, symptoms, treatment, screening, and prevention of Chlamydia infection. Findings included a 23% self-reported increase in condom utilization, and a 54% reduction in positive Chlamydia cases among 15- to 17-year-olds. Study results support that social media may be an effective mechanism for information dissemination and the promotion of positive behavioral changes among this population.
Chemical Characterization of Starch and Starch:Lignin Films Using Micro-attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (micro-ATR FTIR)

Micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-ATR FTIR) was used to investigate the chemical composition of biodegradable films produced from starch and starch: lignin in a 90:10 ratio. Preparation of the starch and lignin solutions followed that of Vengal & Srikumar [1] in which tensile strength of films was investigated. After testing the chemical composition of these films by FTIR, it was found that the films identified as starch: lignin were chemically similar to those of starch alone. During the manufacture of biopolymeric films, it is likely that compositional changes may occur in one or more components that renders the end product significantly different from the intended composition. As a result of this research, we suggest caution in the preparation of mixed component films.
The effect of predation of western widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) on harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Spiders have been shown to be important predators on ant populations, although ant mortality may be low. Western widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus) predation on Pogonomyrmex rugosus ant nests is slight, less than 0.2% of the nest population per day. Yet, the ants respond by halting foraging temporarily and may even close the nest entrace with pebbles. If spiders are removed from such nests, the ants become active within 24 h and within five days foraging activity reaches higher levels than at any previous time of the year.Ants have at least four responses to spiders predation: 1) Moving the nest entrace; 2) posting of "guards"; 3) attacking the spiders; 4) halting foraging. Pogonomyrmex rugosus practices the fourth response, although it results in losses of food intake into the nest. This is apparently the only option available. If the ants continue to forage, the spider density may increase, resulting in heavy mortality of the ants.
Automated primary screening for hyperlipoproteinemias.

Practical prevention of coronary heart disease requires the screening of individuals at risk in a given population. The role played in the pathogenesis of this disease by the different lipoprotein fractions makes the mere determination of cholesterol and triglycerides an insufficient tool for the primary screening of individuals with different types of hyperlipoproteinemias. An automated procedure is described for the fast and accurate direct determination from serum of the cholesterol content of the β and pre- β -lipoproteins which not only will differentiate normals from abnormals but will detect abnormal individuals who otherwise will be missed by only cholesterol or triglyceride determination. In addition, evidence is shown demonstrating that this method is not affected by the post-prandial status of the sample, making this procedure ideally suitable for programs of primary screen for hyperlipoproteinemias.
A Detailed Model of Local Structure and Silanol Hydrogen Bonding of Silica Gel Surfaces

A refined and generalized version of a previously suggested model of the silica surface, in which geminal silanols are situated on surface segments similar to (100)-type faces of the β-cristobalite structure and single silanols are situated on surface segments similar to corresponding (111)-type faces, is supported by extensive spectroscopic data. In this model single silanols on the same (111)-type surface segment cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other. Whether or not adjacent geminal silanols on the same (100)-type surface segment can form hydrogen bonds with each other depends on the relative orientation of their hydroxyl groups. When two surface segments of either (100)- or (111)-type intersect convexly, hydroxyl groups cannot participate in hydrogen bonding across the intersection; but when two surface segments intersect concavely, those silanols situated at the intersection can form hydrogen bonds with their counterparts across the intersection. All the hydrogen-bonding silanols in this generali...
Observation, natural history, and an early post-Darwinian view of plant-animal interactions.

In 1887, an American botanist, James, published an article on his fascination with milkweeds in The American Naturalist (James 1887), becoming one of the first in a long line of plant ecologists who seem to be in love with latex— walking around, breaking leaves, rubbing the sticky, sometimes smelly viscous plant exudate between their fingers. And why not love latex? It is often hard to visualize a plant’s defensive tactic, but here is a trait that occurs in nearly 10% of plant species, has independently evolved many times (there are even the latex-bearing mushrooms, Lactarius spp.), and seems to have little function other than defense. Latex can therefore serve as a model for understanding the evolution and ecology of many defenseoffense interactions. In 1887, James used his observations on the milkweed’s latex, herbivory, and pollination, combined with the latest in Darwinian thought, to frame his thinking about plant-animal interactions. Reading this article now offers us remarkable insight into the power of observation and natural history in developing conceptual ideas about an organism’s whole ecology, an ideal advanced early on by The American Naturalist.
The Electrocardiographic Syndrome of Superior Axis and Right Bundle Branch Block

Electrocardiograms demonstrating QRS complexes of supraventricular origin were obtained on 55 of 82 consecutive patients referred for management of Stokes-Adams episodes related to intermittent or permanent complete heart block. The combination of superior axis in limb leads and right bundle branch block in chest leads occurred in 22 cases and was the most common QRS abnormality. This pattern, a manifestation of partial bilateral bundle branch block, is a frequent precursor of complete heart block. Patients whose electrocardiograms show superior axis and right bundle branch block must be observed for symptoms related to complete heart block and are potential candidates for pacemaker implantation.
Defining international social work: A social service agency perspective

EnglishInterest in international social work has been growing, as social workers are increasingly confronting problems stemming from international forces. However, there is no agreement on defining...
Use of densitometric analysis for interpreting HSV serologies based on Western blot.

Abstract Western blot assays have been described for detecting antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV). A predominance of antibody binding to either the HSV-1 or the HSV-2-containing blot has been reported to indicate infection with HSV-1 or HSV-2, respectively. By densitometry, differential binding of total antibody on HSV-1 versus HSV-2 strips can be expressed as a ratio. To determine the clinical correlation of these ratios, sera from 81 patients with culture-proven oral or genital herpes were tested by Western blot (WB) and densitometry. Binding ratios accurately identified patients with primary HSV-2 infections. However, ratios on sera with HSV-1 antibody or dual antibody status showed considerable overlap. Densitometry was shown to amplify and clarify the band corresponding to the HSV-2 specific glycoprotein gG-2 and was useful, in this respect, for detecting HSV-2 antibody in the presence of HSV-1 antibody. Sera from 52 patients with asymptomatic HSV-1, HSV-2 or dual infection were also tested by WB. Typing results were confirmed by cross-adsorption of sera (“adsorption blot assay”). Ratios of HSV-2 to HSV-1 binding were higher in asymptomatic versus symptomatic patients with dual antibody ( P
The Carboxyl Tail of Alpha-Actinin-4 Regulates Its Susceptibility to m-Calpain and thus Functions in Cell Migration and Spreading

Abstract Alpha-actinin-4 links the cytoskeleton to sites of adhesion and has been shown to be modulated to enable cell migration. Such focal adhesions must be labile to accomplish migration, with this detachment occurring at least in part via m-calpain activation ( Glading et al., 2001 , Glading et al., 2002 , Xie et al., 1998 ). In this study, we report that alpha-actinin-4 is initially cleaved by m-calpain between tyrosine 13 and glycine. Removal of the first 13 amino acids does not affect alpha-actinin-4 binding to actin filaments and its localization within fibroblasts but drives cell migration with less persistence. Binding of phosphoinositides PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2 to alpha-actinin-4, as well as binding of alpha-actinin-4 to actin filaments all inhibit m-calpain cleavage of ACTN4 between tyrosine 13 and glycine 14. Interestingly, the carboxyl terminus of alpha-actinin-4 including its calcium binding motifs, is inhibitory for a secondary cleavage of alpha-actinin-4 between lysine 283 and valine 284. The minimal length of inhibitory domain is mapped to the last 11 amino acids of alpha-actinin-4. The C-terminal tail of alpha-actinin-4 is essential for maintaining its normal actin binding activity and localization within cytoplasm and also its colocalization with actin in the lamellipodia of locomoting fibroblasts. Live cell imaging reveals that the 1–890 fragment fails to rescue neither the basal or growth factor-stimulated migration nor the revert the spread area of fibroblasts to the level of NR6WT. These findings suggest that the C-terminal tail of alpha-actinin-4 is essential for its function in cell migration and adhesion to substratum.
GRSDB: a database of quadruplex forming G-rich sequences in alternatively processed mammalian pre-mRNA sequences

Guanine-rich nucleic acids are known to form highly stable G-quadruplex structures, also known as G-quartets. Recently, there has been a tremendous amount of interest in studying G-quadruplexes owing to the realization of their biological importance. G-rich sequences (GRSs) capable of forming G-quadruplexes are found in the vicinity of polyadenylation regions and are involved in regulating 3' end processing of mammalian pre-mRNAs. G-rich motifs are also known to play an important role in alternative, tissue-specific splicing by interacting with hnRNP H protein subfamily. Whether quadruplex structure directly plays a role in regulating RNA processing events requires further investigation. To date there has not been a comprehensive effort to study G-quadruplexes near RNA processing sites. We have applied a computational approach to map putative Quadruplex forming GRSs within the transcribed regions of a large number of alternatively processed human and mouse gene sequences that were obtained as fully annotated entries from GenBank and RefSeq. We have used the computed data to build the GRSDB database that provides a unique avenue for studying G-quadruplexes in the context of RNA processing sites. GRSDB website offers visual comparison of G-quadruplex distribution patterns among all the alternative RNA products of a gene with the help of dynamic graphics. At present, GRSDB contains data from 1310 human and mouse genes, of which 1188 are alternatively processed. It has a total of 379 223 predicted G-quadruplexes, of which 54 252 are near RNA processing sites. GRSDB is a good resource for researchers interested in investigating the functional relevance of G-quadruplexes, especially in the context of alternative RNA processing. It can be accessed at http://bioinformatics.ramapo.edu/grsdb/.
Author's Reply [to “Comment on “Air pollution: Our ecological alarm and blessing in disguise” by Hugh W. Ellsaesser” Air Pollution Signals]

S.L. Dingman's quote, by deletion of the italicized words, has changed the thrust of the following statement by Lave and Seskin: ‘Thus, we conclude that an objective observer would have to agree that there is an important association between air pollution and various morbidity and mortality rates.’ Lave and Seskin set out to quantify, (in dollars) the effect of air pollution on human health. They could hardly have reached this goal without having first concluded that a health effect did indeed exist. Since they both reviewed the literature in considerable detail and needed the existence statement to reach their goal, I believe that it is highly significant that they chose to protect themselves with a caveat rather than to make the stronger statement attributed to them by Dingman. This belief is fortified by their careful delineation of the pitfalls and weaknesses in the literature on health effects both in their introductory sections and in the one specifically entitled ‘Some Caveats.’
The assessment of avoidance responses on the Levis Phobic Test Apparatus

The avoidance responses of 40 undergraduate females to a live snake were evaluated on the Levis Phobic Test Apparatus. The measures of interest were the three components of avoidance responses: (1) proximity to the snake; (2) self-report of fear; and (3) level of physiological arousal. The data indicated that the subjects' level of physiological arousal increased significantly from “basal” to “test” conditions. Additionally, subjects who stopped the snake more quickly, showed the greater increase in arousal, and also reported greater subjective fear. A brief discussion of the theoretical implications of the data is presented.
Quadratic Volume-Preserving Maps: (Un)stable Manifolds, Hyperbolic Dynamics, and Vortex-Bubble Bifurcations

We implement a semi-analytic scheme for numerically computing high order polynomial approximations of the stable and unstable manifolds associated with the fixed points of the normal form for the family of quadratic volume-preserving diffeomorphisms with quadratic inverse. We use this numerical scheme to study some hyperbolic dynamics associated with an invariant structure called a vortex bubble. The vortex bubble, when present in the system, is the dominant feature in the phase space of the quadratic family, as it encloses all invariant dynamics. Our study focuses on visualizing qualitative features of the vortex bubble such as bifurcations in its geometry, the geometry of some three-dimensional homoclinic tangles associated with the bubble, and the “quasi-capture” of homoclinic orbits by neighboring fixed points. Throughout, we couple our results with previous qualitative numerical studies of the elliptic dynamics within the vortex bubble of the quadratic family.
Consequences of environmental stress on oak: predisposition to pathogens

Un stress seul, s'il est suffisamment intense et prolonge, peut induire la mort d'un arbre. Cependant, dans la plupart des cas, les periodes de contraintes ne sont ni assez severes, ni assez frequentes pour causer directement une mortalite. Cette derniere resulte generalement d'attaques letales par des organismes pathogenes opportunistes, qui envahissent et colonisent avec succes des arbres affaiblis. Les chenes sont predisposes a de telles attaques par des defoliations, dues primairement a des insectes, mais aussi a des champignons ou des gelees tardives, et par la secheresse. Les contraintes provoquent des modifications physiques, physiologiques et chimiques qui reduisent la disponibilite en energie pour assurer une defense efficace, mettent a la disposition des pathogenes des ressources permettant une croissance rapide, ou rendent l'arbre plus attractif pour des organismes qui, par le biais d'attaques multiples, submergent ses possibilites de defense. Des champignons comme les armillaires dans le systeme racinaire, Hypoxylon spp dans l'ecorce, un certain nombre de champignons qui envahissent les branches, d'insectes mineurs comme Agrilus spp peuvent profiter de ces modifications induites par les contraintes et envahir, voire tuer, les arbres. Ces organismes sont sans doute secondaires dans la chronologie des evenements, mais probablement de premiere importance comme cause de mortalite.
Phenomenal Causality I: Varieties and Variables

The empirical literature on phenomenal causality (i.e., the notion that causality can be perceived) is reviewed. In Part I of this two-part series, different potential types of phenomenal causality (launching, triggering, reaction, tool, entraining, traction, braking, enforced disintegration and bursting, coordinated movement, penetration, expulsion) are described. Stimulus variables (temporal gap, spatial gap, spatial overlap, direction, absolute velocity, velocity ratio, trajectory length, radius of action, size, motion type, modality, animacy) and observer variables (attention, eye movements and fixation, prior experience, intelligence, age, culture, psychopathology) that influence phenomenal causality are reviewed. This provides the necessary background for consideration in Part II (Hubbard, in press) of broader questions regarding properties of phenomenal causality, empirical and theoretical connections of phenomenal causality to other perceptual or cognitive phenomena or processes, and potential mechanisms and models of phenomenal causality.
Merits of developing new technology for medical applications

As is customary in these addresses, I would like to say that I appreciate the opportunity to talk with you today. When I was first called concerning suggestions for the program, I was hesitant to participate in that my involvement in traditional Nuclear Medicine research has diminished considerably over the past year. Upon further reflection, however, I recognized the opportunity that this would provide, not only for me to achieve the personal satisfaction of displaying the fruits of our recent research, but, also, to think with you on the issue on how we may better be able to apply enormous intellectual resources held in the engineering community to the solution of increasingly important medical problems. I feel strongly that there is need to close the gap between those that hold the tools which may ultimately be applied to enhance the quality of human life through the delivery of better health care, and those of us who are charged with the responsibility of that delivery.
Shame and Embarrassment Revisited

The authors report three studies guided by Sabini and Silver’s view of the shame-embarrassment distinction. In each study, participants reported the emotions they would feel in scenarios. In Studies 1 and 2, they found that people reported experiencing shame if a real flaw was exposed but reported embarrassment if an audience member would (reasonably) think such a flaw was exposed. In Study 3, the authors found that the unreasonable perceptions of a flaw by an audience led to reported anger. The data are consistent with the view that people refer to themselves as experiencing shame when they believe that a real flaw of their self has been revealed, they refer to themselves as experiencing embarrassment when they believe that others have reason to think a flaw has been revealed, and they refer to themselves as angry when they believe others unreasonably see them as flawed. The data are inconsistent with the view that embarrassment is tied to violations of conventions, whereas shame is tied to moral failings.
A study of the alcohols of carnauba wax

1. Fractional crystallization alone is not an adequate method for isolating pure alcohols from carnauba wax.
Quantifying trends accurately despite classifier error and class imbalance

This paper promotes a new task for supervised machine learning research: quantification - the pursuit of learning methods for accurately estimating the class distribution of a test set, with no concern for predictions on individual cases. A variant for cost quantification addresses the need to total up costs according to categories predicted by imperfect classifiers. These tasks cover a large and important family of applications that measure trends over time.The paper establishes a research methodology, and uses it to evaluate several proposed methods that involve selecting the classification threshold in a way that would spoil the accuracy of individual classifications. In empirical tests, Median Sweep methods show outstanding ability to estimate the class distribution, despite wide disparity in testing and training conditions. The paper addresses shifting class priors and costs, but not concept drift in general.