cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aetiological factors related to a positive direct antiglobulin test result in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

Background and Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the clinical importance and causes of a positive result in the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected (HIV+) patients. We therefore studied haematological parameters in outpatient samples, and also analysed the impact of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on the DAT results. Study Design and Methods Haematological parameters, clinical stages, chemo-antibiotic treatments and HAART treatment were studied to determine any relationships with DAT results in 115 consecutive HIV+ patients. Results Significantly lower haemoglobin (Hb) levels were detected in patients with HIV who had a positive DAT result. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection (odds ratio 2·529) and trimethoprim-suphamethoxazfole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis (odds ratio 3·751) had a significant association with DAT positivity. Patients receiving HAART were less likely to have a positive DAT [odds ratio (OR) 0·383; P = 0·035]. Among the patients treated with TMP-SMX, those with a positive DAT had lower Hb levels (11·9 g/dl) than those with a negative DAT (14·2 g/dl; P = 0·04). HCV antibody positivity and TMP-SMX prophylaxis showed a cumulative effect on positive DATs (OR 4·533). The surface exploratory analysis indicated the distribution of the positive DATs in relationship with the CD4+ count and Hb levels. Conclusions Significantly lower Hb levels were detected in DAT-positive HIV+ patients. HCV co-infection and TMP-SMX prophylaxis appear to confer an increased risk of DAT positivity. The presence of red blood cell autoantibodies may be associated with anaemia in HIV disease in the absence of overt haemolysis.
Can the Simultaneous Experience of Opposing Emotions Really Occur

Various investigators have proposed that people may feel simultaneous positive and negative affect. However, experimental evidence from tests of a recent theory about the intensity of emotion (J. W. Brehm, 1999) suggests that even when they are invited by the experimental design, positive and negative emotions do not occur at the same time. When people have been instigated to feel a particular emotion, such as happiness, and then are given a reason (e.g., sad news) for not feeling happy, they report continued happiness but no increase in sadness unless the reason for feeling sad is very great, in which case sadness replaces happiness. The present paper briefly reviews the underlying theory and evidence, and discusses implications.
Activation of glycogen synthetase and inactivation of phosphorylase kinase by the same phosphoprotein phosphatase

Abstract Purified rabbit muscle glycogen synthetase D phosphatase inactivates phosphorylase kinase. The inactivation is reversed by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. It is postulated that the synthetase D phosphatase is a general phosphoprotein phosphatase which dephosphorylates proteins that are phosphorylated in vivo by the cyclic AMP-dependent kinase.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF SPERM WHALE (PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS) SOUNDS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA, 1999–2001

An acoustic survey for sperm whales was conducted in the Gulf of Alaska. Six autonomous hydrophones continuously recorded sound signals below 500 Hz from October 1999 to May 2001. After recovery, recordings were processed using an automatic process to detect usual clicks of sperm whales. The detection algorithm equalized background noise, summed the data in a frequency band, and then used autocorrelation to detect the whales' highly regular clicks. Detections were checked manually, revealing that 98% of detections did contain clicks. Results indicate that sperm whales are present in the Gulf of Alaska year-round; this result extends what is known from whaling data, which were gathered principally in summer. Sperm whales were more common in summer than winter by a factor of roughly two, and occurred less often at the westernmost site surveyed (52°N, 157°W) than elsewhere in the Gulf. This is the first study of sperm whales based exclusively on remote acoustic sensing. This methodology is feasible because sperm whale clicks extend to frequencies (∼100 Hz) low enough to be recorded by low-sample-rate instruments that operate continuously, and because the detection algorithm has a low false-detection rate. The methodology may be replicated to facilitate comparisons between different time periods and geographic regions.
Abstract B48: Breast tumor cell TACE-shed MCSF promotes pro-angiogenic macrophages through NF-κB signaling

Mortalities associated with breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women, are mainly due to metastases. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) significantly contribute to the development of metastasis through promotion of the rate limiting step of angiogenesis through secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Macrophage differentiation and migration are activated by macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), respectively. Whereas tumor cells secrete CCL2, MCSF release is mediated by ectodomain shedding through tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme activation (TACE). How tumor cells support macrophage promotion of angiogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we determined whether MCSF shed by TACE from tumor cells promotes angiogenesis through the activation of NF-κB signaling in macrophages and subsequent VEGF release. These studies were modeled in vitro using a panel of murine mammary cells mimicking breast cancer progression from normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) cells to metastatic 4T1 cells along with J774 macrophages. TACE and MCSF expressions were higher in metastatic cells compared to epithelial cells (p<0.05). After incubation with 4T1 tumor conditioned media (CM), macrophages secreted significantly more VEGF and expressed of the activated NF-κB, and the resulting macrophage secretions promoted significantly high levels of endothelial cell tubes (p<0.05). Furthermore, a similar activation of macrophages was generated by the combination of CCL2, also highly expressed by tumor cells, and MCSF. These results highlight the key role of tumor cell TACE-shed MCSF and secreted CCL2 in synergistically stimulating pro-angiogenic macrophages. Citation Format: Stephen L. Rego, Rachel Helms, Didier Dreau. Breast tumor cell TACE-shed MCSF promotes pro-angiogenic macrophages through NF-κB signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B48.
Growth Regulators Increased Yield of Atlantic Potato

Hormones play key roles in potato tuber formation and growth. Early Harvest, a commercial product, is a mixture of gibberellic acid, indole-butyric acid and kinetin, all involved in tuber formation in vitro. Auxigro contains 4-aminobutyric acid and L-glutamate. Can these growth regulators affect field yields? These mixtures were tested on ‘Atlantic’ potato in western Nebraska from 1998 to 2004. Early Harvest was applied to seed pieces at 178 mg/kg and to foliage once or twice at 234 ml/ha between 7 and 28 days after emergence (DAE). Auxigro was applied to seed pieces at 20 and 40 mg/kg, to foliage at 21 to 70 DAE at 350 g/ha, and to foliage at rates from 140 to 700 g/ha when tubers began bulking. Seed treatments were ineffective. Early Harvest increased yields 15%, when applied twice, 11 to 14 days apart, prior to tuber formation at 28 DAE, but not when applied once. Auxigro was not affective when applied at 21 or 28 DAE. Yield was increased 13% when Auxigro was applied during early tuber bulking between 42 and 56 DAE but not at 70 DAE. Auxigro rates of 280 to 560 g/ha applied at early tuber bulking increased yield of 5.7 to 8.2 cm diameter tubers over 20% compared to the check. Early Harvest increased Atlantic yield when applied early after emergence to affect tuber formation. Auxigro stimulated tuber bulking in Atlantic when applied during the early log phase of tuber growth.
Analysis of sequence specificity of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-induced reversion in cells containing multiple copies of a mutant gpt gene.

For studies on molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis, it would be advantageous to transfer mutant genes with specific alterations into mammalian cells and use the transformed cells in reversion analyses. In the present paper, we describe an efficient method for analyzing reversion events occurring in cells that possess multiple copies of a mutational target gene. This method involves amplification of the chromosomally integrated target genes with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease digestion of the amplified product. Single reversion events that either create or destroy restriction endonuclease recognition sequences that encompass the site of the original mutation can be identified in a background of 10–20 copies of the gene that retain the mutant sequence. Using this method, we have analyzed revertants induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line that possesses multiple copies of a mutant bacterial gpt gene containing a specific alteration. The results of this study not only demonstrate the effectiveness of this method for analyzing reversion of a single gene copy in transfectants possessing multiple copies of a mutant target gene, but also demonstrate that the sequence specificity for BrdU-induced mutations is the same in Chinese hamster cells as previously observed with mouse cells.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the exchange interactions in a ferromagnetic spinel CdCr2Se4

We have used electron paramagnetic resonance at hydrostatic pressures up to 8 GPa to study the pressure dependence of the nearest-neighbor and more-distant-neighbor exchange constants, J and K, in single-crystal samples of the ferromagnetic spinel ${\mathrm{CdCr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$. K is initially antiferromagnetic but changes sign near 5 GPa and increases rapidly at higher pressure. J remains ferromagnetic but decreases rapidly with pressure until at 8 GPA the total exchange contribution of the near neighbors becomes comparable to that of more-distant neighbors. We find that the lattice-constant dependence of J and K is much stronger than in the mixed-composition system ${\mathrm{CdCr}}_{2}$(${\mathrm{Se}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${)}_{4}$ studied by Wojtowicz, Baltzer, and Robbins. The pressure dependence of the EPR linewidth above ${T}_{c}$ is found to scale with the reduced temperature (T-${T}_{c}$)/${T}_{c}$ but with a change in slope at high temperatures that we attribute to changes in the phonon spectrum.
Geochemical Investigation of the Potential for Mobilizing Non-Methane Hydrocarbons during Carbon Dioxide Storage in Deep Coal Beds

Coal samples of different rank (lignite to anthracite) were extracted in the laboratory with supercritical CO2 (40 °C; 10 MPa) to evaluate the potential for mobilizing non-methane hydrocarbons during CO2 storage (sequestration) or enhanced coal bed methane recovery from deep (∼1-km depth) coal beds. The total measured alkane concentrations mobilized from the coal samples ranged from 3.0 to 64 g tonne-1 of dry coal. The highest alkane concentration was measured in the lignite sample extract; the lowest was measured in the anthracite sample extract. Substantial concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also mobilized from these samples: 3.1−91 g tonne-1 of dry coal. The greatest amounts of PAHs were mobilized from the high-volatile bituminous coal samples. The distributions of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons mobilized from the coal samples also varied with rank. In general, these variations mimicked the chemical changes that occur with increasing degrees of coalification and therma...
Corn growth and yield responses to starter fertilizers in conservation-tillage systems

Abstract The purpose of this 3-year field study, which was conducted on a Norfolk sandy loam (Typic Paleudult), was to determine if initial growth and final yield of corn ( Zea mays L.) grown in conservation-tillage systems (chisel plow and strip tillage) could be improved by the application of starter fertilizer. Treatments consisted of six starter fertilizer combinations (0-0-0, 24-0-0, 0-26-0, 0-0-66, 24-26-0, 24-26-66 kg ha −1 of NPK, respectively). The initial soil pH was 6.0 and soil test P and K levels were high. Side-dress N (224 kg ha −1 ) was applied 6 weeks after planting. The corn was planted with an in-row subsoiler planting unit and the fertilizers were placed in the subsoil tracks. Plant heights 6 weeks after planting were greater with than without starters, but this difference was primarily due to N. Concentrations of N, P and K in the young plant tissue, regardless of tillage, were increased when these nutrients were included in the starter combinations. Nitrogen concentrations in the ear leaf were not affected by treatments. Leaf K was higher with than without K-containing starters each year, but leaf P was higher with than without P-containing starters in only 1 year. Grain yields were increased by the N-containing starter fertilizers each year. The yield increases were more closely related to differences in early-season plant growth than to differences in nutrient concentrations in plant and leaf tissue. In 2 years, the NPK combination resulted in highest yields, but in the other year, NP was adequate. Higher grain yields were obtained with the strip-tillage than chisel-plow system in 2 of the 3 years.
Relationship of harvest maturity to flavor regeneration after CA storage of ‘Delicious’ apples

Red Delicious producers in the USA face increased pressure to produce fruit with optimum ‘on-shelf’ dessert quality following storage. In addition to firmness and soluble solids measurement other ripening-related events affect flavor perception. Ester production is always closely linked to the onset of climacteric ripening, while prolonged low-oxygen storage is usually detrimental to volatile production. Experiments focused on timing of the optimum harvest for maintaining sweetness, sourness and aroma generating capacity during CA storage. In multiple-harvest experiments with ‘Redchief Delicious’ apples, we investigated the relationship between the internal ethylene maturity indicator and flavor retention and regeneration after storage for different lengths of time. Using a cohort of untrained panelists, it was found that overall flavor perception and perceived fruit ripeness begins to increase at the onset of the climacteric. CA conditions reduce post-storage volatile production when compared with those stored in refrigerated air although not to a level below those displayed in ‘over-mature’ fruit at harvest after 3 months in storage. As harvest maturity advanced, the time required to regenerate aroma volatiles to an ‘optimum’ level after removal from CA storage decreased markedly. A linear relationship between attainment of optimal eating quality and time out of storage was established. Firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acidity of fruit from all harvest dates remained at acceptable levels throughout the post-storage ripening period.
Reexamination of the fossil fern genus Dryopterites Berry based on reproductive characteristics

Abstract The specimens assigned to the genus Dryopterites Berry were reexamined and details of the reproductive characters including the spores are described for the first time. Based upon this new information about the ferns, two species have remained in the genus Dryopterites with one designated as the type species ( D. virginica ) and a lectotype for this species is chosen: one species ( D. dentata ) has previously been reassigned to the family Schizaeaceae, and the remaining species ( D. macrocarpa, D. elliptica, D. cystopteroides ) have been assigned to the genus Delosorus in the family Matoniaceae. This new information and comparisons with Sporae Dispersae suggest a later Cretaceous occurrence of ferns related to the modern dryopterids.
The growth of boron monophosphide crystals by chemical transport

Abstract The crystal growth of boron phosphide, BP, has been investigated by using the closed-tube chemical transport of polycrystalline material, prepared by the hydrogen reduction of a boron tribromide-phosphorus trichloride mixture. Experimental parameters including the nature of the transport agent, source temperature, temperature gradient, and surface condition of the reaction tube, were studied. Using iodine or bromine as a transport agent and a source temperature of 1270–1290 °C, single crystals of boron phosphide, identified by the X-ray diffraction method, were obtained in the form of polyhedra with well-defined faces. Molten potassium hydroxide or a molten mixture of sodium hydroxide-sodium peroxide were used as an etchant to reveal structure defects in boron phosphide crystals. The transported boron phosphide crystals were p-type with a room temperature resistivity of approximately 0.5 ohm-cm. Resistivity measurements in the temperature range 77–350 °K indicated the presence of two impurity states with activation energies of approximately 0.009 and 0.052 eV, respectively. In spite of the high impurity concentrations, the transported crystals are suitable as substrates for the epitaxial growth of boron phosphide.
Can every patient be mobilized

There are several ways to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells for autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant by manipulating the bone marrow microenvironment. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and chemotherapy have been commonly used to mobilize stem cells, but several new agents, such as the CXCR4 inhibitor plerixafor, inhibit stromal-stem cell interactions to improve stem cell yield. The minimum threshold for engraftment is 2 × 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg, but it has been shown that higher CD34+ stem cell dose, such as 5 × 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg, is associated with improved survival. Efforts to increase stem cell yield remain important to improve outcomes.
Metabolism and functions of glutathione

Abstract The reactions of the γ-glutamyl cycle account for the synthesis of glutathione and much of its utilization, which involves membrane transport of glutathione and γ-glutamyl amino acids, and inter-organ translocation of glutathione. Glutathione functions in an impressive number and variety of cellular phenomena.
Cost analysis of a mobile fish nursery system for growing hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) fry

Broodstock used to produce hybrid striped bass can now be spawned throughout the year, but year-round supply of fingerlings has been limited due to low survival of fry stocked in ponds in late summer. A mobile fish nursery system was developed at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff to culture fry under protected conditions by filtering out large zooplankton and providing fry with the appropriate size of live rotifers until they are large enough to escape predators in the pond. Economic engineering techniques were used to estimate the investment, annual fixed, and operating costs associated with such a mobile fish nursery system for the experimental unit and for a larger commercial-scale unit. Total investment cost for a commercial scale system was estimated to be $41,390. Components were identified that contributed the most to investment cost, suggesting cost-reducing alternatives. Annual costs were sensitive to the number of annual production cycles, pump capacity utilization, and the survival rate. Study results suggest production targets and management strategies for economically feasible adoption of this technology.
Recent advances in remote sensing of seasonal snow

Remote sensing offers local, regional and global observations of seasonal snow, providing key information on snowpack processes. This brief review highlights advancements in instrumentation and analysis techniques that have been developed over the past decade. Areas of advancement include improved algorithms for mapping snow-cover extent, snow albedo, snow grain size, snow water equivalent, melt detection and snow depth, as well as new uses of instruments such as multiangular spectroradiometers, scatterometry and lidar. Limitations and synergies of the instruments and techniques are discussed, and remaining challenges such as multisensor mapping, scaling issues, vegetation correction and data assimilation are identified. Remote sensing is a powerful tool that offers the ability to quantitatively examine the physical properties of snow in remote or otherwise inaccessible areas where measurements may be expensive and dangerous. Moreover, the global coverage and regular repeatability of measurements offered by satellite remote sensing allows scientists to monitor the vast temporal and spatial variability of snow cover. Satellite and airborne remote sensing augments the relatively sparse in situ observations, thereby affording important spatial context for such measurements. Routinely carried out since the 1960s, remote sensing of snow has created a multi- decadal archive of variability and trends in snow cover. Innovations in sensor technology and digital image proces- sing allow scientists to visualize and monitor snow cover for hydrology and water resources management, climatology and ecosystem science. Early work on remote sensing of snow and glaciers has been covered in the excellent review by Konig and others (2001) and the valuable text by Rees (2006). Remote sensing of glaciers and ice sheets is rather extensive and beyond the scope of this paper. This review concentrates on recent advances in satellite, airborne and ground-based remote sensing of seasonal snow. In many ways, the research questions involving seasonal snow have not changed over the past several decades since the inception of remote sensing. We still want to know the spatial extent of snow cover, snowpack properties such as grain size and albedo, snow depth, snow water equivalent, and the onset of snowmelt. However, the accuracy with which we can answer these questions has developed significantly. The following sections are arranged with regard to these questions, highlighting advances within the past decade.
Development of polysilicon films for MEMS integration with submicrometer CMOS process

Polysilicon is the most commonly used film for surface micromachined devices such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors. In this study, the development of implanted polysilicon film s for surface micromachined devices is reported. These devices were developed for integration with a double level metal sub micrometers CMOS product line. For films with 5-30 k angstrom thickness, and residual stress, sheet resistance, deposition rate, and thickness uniformity were characterized as a function of deposition temperature, silane flow rate, implant dose, and anneal conditions.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impacted teeth and their relationship to chronic systemic disorders

Summary 1. Approximately 8 per cent of 9564 patients had impacted teeth. 2. Approximately 90 per cent of the impacted teeth required removal either as a prophylactic measure, because of their position or because of the infection they harbored. 3. Forty-nine per cent of positive impactions were of mandibular third molars, 35 per cent were of maxillary third molars, 10 per cent were of maxillary canines. 4. Impacted canines are usually found in pairs. 5. Impacted teeth are not, in the main, associated with general disorders. 6. Clinical observation and the pathologic findings make it evident that the part impacted teeth play in causing disease is more often hematogenous than by direct pressure or reflex stimuli on nerves. 7. The number and kinds of impactions demand consideration of the displacement-bud theory in the development and eruption of such teeth.
Low-versus high-glycemic index diets in women: effects on caloric requirement, substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity.

Background: Lowering dietary glycemic index appears to have positive health effects in obese and/or insulin resistant individuals. However, detailed studies in lean young men show no effect. Methods: This study was designed to test the null hypothesis that a diet rich in low-glycemic carbohydrate has no effect on lipid profile, caloric requirements, fat oxidation, or insulin sensitivity in adult women when compared to one rich in high-glycemic carbohydrate. The metabolic feeding protocol used was conducted in both a free-living and in-patient setting using a randomized crossover design. Seven women were studied on each of 2 diets in which 60% of the calories were from either high- or low-glycemic carbohydrate sources. Each diet lasted 20 days with measurements of caloric requirement, resting metabolic rate, glucose and insulin responses to diet and activity, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profile over the last 7 days. Caloric requirement was determined by bomb calorimetry. Other techniques included indire...
Synergistic GABA-Enhancing Therapy against Seizures in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome

Seizures remain uncontrolled in 30% of patients with epilepsy, even with concurrent use of multiple drugs, and uncontrolled seizures result in increased morbidity and mortality. An extreme example is Dravet syndrome (DS), an infantile-onset severe epilepsy caused by heterozygous loss of function mutations in SCN1A, the gene encoding the brain type-I voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.1. Studies in Scn1a heterozygous knockout mice demonstrate reduced excitability of GABAergic interneurons, suggesting that enhancement of GABA signaling may improve seizure control and comorbidities. We studied the efficacy of two GABA-enhancing drugs, clonazepam and tiagabine, alone and in combination, against thermally evoked myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Clonazepam, a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors, protected against myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Tiagabine, a presynaptic GABA reuptake inhibitor, was protective against generalized tonic-clonic seizures but only minimally protective against myoclonic seizures and enhanced myoclonic seizure susceptibility at high doses. Combined therapy with clonazepam and tiagabine was synergistic against generalized tonic-clonic seizures but was additive against myoclonic seizures. Toxicity determined by rotorod testing was additive for combination therapy. The synergistic actions of clonazepam and tiagabine gave enhanced seizure protection and reduced toxicity, suggesting that combination therapy may be well tolerated and effective for seizures in DS.
Mark D. Anderson. Disaster Writing: The Cultural Politics of Catastrophe in Latin America. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 2011. 241 pp.

Review of Mark D. Anderson. Disaster Writing: The Cultural Politics of Catastrophe in Latin America. Charlottesville: U of Virgina P, 2011. 241 pp.
Political Affiliation and Presidential Debates: A Real-Time Analysis of the Effect of the Arguments Used in the Presidential Debates

This study reports the reactions by registered voters to the second presidential debate in 2004. Respondents used a continuous response system that provided feedback in 1-second intervals. These data were compared to a transcript of the debate to identify the strongest and weakest arguments made by candidates both for their own party and for the opposition party. Results suggest that political affiliation strongly influences audience reaction in two ways: (a) Republicans always rated Bush’s comments higher than Democrats, whereas Democrats always rated Kerry’s comments higher than Republicans; and (b) Republicans believed that Bush won the debate, whereas Democrats believed that Kerry won the debate. This research provides new support for the conclusion that debates tend to reinforce the preexisting positions of the audience but offers a warning that the amount of learning that takes place could be limited.
Updraft Model for Development of Autonomous Soaring Uninhabited Air Vehicles

Large birds and glider pilots commonly use updrafts caused by convection in the lower atmosphere to extend flight duration, increase cross-country speed, improve range, or simply to conserve energy. Uninhabited air vehicles may also have the ability to exploit updrafts to improve performance. An updraft model was developed at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) to investigate the use of convective lift for uninhabited air vehicles in desert regions. Balloon and surface measurements obtained at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Surface Radiation station (Desert Rock, Nevada) enabled the model development. The data were used to create a statistical representation of the convective velocity scale, w*, and the convective mixing-layer thickness, zi. These parameters were then used to determine updraft size, vertical velocity profile, spacing, and maximum height. This paper gives a complete description of the updraft model and its derivation. Computer code for running the model is also given in conjunction with a check case for model verification.
Public-empowering justice: Arguments from effectiveness, legitimacy and democracy, and the South African case

In mature democracies citizens are being gradually empowered to make important decisions about how to handle crime and disorder and to assume an active role in making their communities safer. Do the justifications for this partial shift away from the commitment to adversarial, state-centered criminal justice apply to democratizing countries? Viewed individually, the arguments for public-empowering justice in transitional states are all quite partial. But they can be creatively combined within a framework that has relevance for a number of countries, especially if the argument from democracy incorporates a deliberative perspective. Significant institutional barriers remain, however, as illustrated by the post-apartheid South African state's retreat from its initial interest in community policing, lay assessors in criminal trials, and community courts.
Growth factor-sensitive molecular targets identified in primary and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using microarray analysis

Polypeptide growth factors play key roles in the processes of cell migration and invasion. In this study, we have used cDNA microarrays to identify target genes whose expression is differentially modulated by the growth factors TGFbeta and EGF. HN4 and HN12 cell lines, established from primary tumor and a lymph node metastasis arising in one patient with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, were treated with 2nM EGF or 50pM TGFbeta for 24h and extracted RNA was used to prepare labeled cDNAs which were hybridized to NCI UniGem 2.0 cDNA microarrays containing 9128 features. Results revealed constitutive overexpression of 41 genes and underexpression of 109 genes in metastatic HN12 compared to HN4 under conditions of serum withdrawal. Furthermore, TGFbeta treatment resulted in relative upregulation of 53 genes and downregulation of 91 genes in HN12 compared with HN4, whereas cells treated with EGF showed relative upregulation of 67 genes and downregulation of 113 genes. Partial overlap was found between TGFbeta and EGF-modulated gene sets. Results were verified for a subset of each category using quantitative PCR, western blotting and zymography. The data indicate that TGFbeta and EGF differentially affect gene expression in primary and metastatic HNSCC cells, and likely contribute to the invasive properties of metastatic cells through regulation of both common and specific mediators for each growth factor.
Near-optimum procedure for half-life measurement by high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy

Abstract A near-optimum procedure for using high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy to measure the half-lives of appropriate gamma-ray-emitting nuclides is presented. It is appropriate for measuring half-lives in the range from a few hours to approximately one year. Among the important points of the procedure are the employment of the reference source method for implicit correction of pileup and deadtime losses, the use of full-energy peak-area ratios as the fundamental measured quantities, and continuous, high-rate data acquisition to obtain good results in a fraction of a half-life if desired. Equations are given for estimating the precision of the computed half-lives in terms of total measurement time, number of spectral acquisitions, and the precision of peak-area ratios. Results of 169 Yb half-life measurements are given as an example of the application of the procedure.
Structure–activity relationships in group 3 metal catalysts for asymmetric intramolecular alkene hydroamination. An investigation of ligands based on the axially chiral 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine motif

From a series of N,N′-disubstituted-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamines, several group 3 metal complexes were synthesized via an in situ procedure. These chiral complexes were subsequently applied to catalysis of intramolecular alkene hydroamination. Significant structure–activity relationships were observed, most notably a reversal of stereoselectivity for cyclopentylversusdiphenylmethyl substituents.
Quantum mechanical reactive scattering for planar atom plus H2 * diatom systems. II. Accurate cross sections for H+H2 *

The results of an accurate quantum mechanical treatment of the planar H+H_2 exchange reaction on a realistic potential energy surface are presented. Full vibration–rotation convergence was achieved in the calculations, and this, together with a large number of auxiliary convergence and invariance tests, indicates that the cross sections are accurate to 5% or better. The reactive differential cross sections are always backward peaked over the range of total energies from 0.3 to 0.65 eV. Nonreactive j=0 to j′=2 cross sections are backward peaked at low energy (0.4 eV) shifting to sidewards peaking for E≳0.5 eV. Quantum symmetry interference oscillations are very significant in the j=0 to j′=2 para‐to‐para cross sections for E≥0.6 eV. Reactive integral cross sections show two distinct kinds of energy dependence. At low energy (<0.5 eV), barrier tunneling gives them a largely exponential energy dependence while above 0.5 eV (the effective threshold energy) the cross sections vary nearly linearly. Comparison of collinear and coplanar transition probabilities indicates similar 1D and 2D energy dependence but with a shift in energy from 1D to 2D due to bending motions in the transition state. An analysis of rotational distributions indicates surprisingly good correspondence with temperaturelike distributions. The results of a one‐vibration‐approximation calculation are examined, and errors of as much as three orders of magnitude are found at some energies. Shapes of angular distributions are, however, accurately predicted by this approximate method. Additional analyses include comparisons with previous distorted wave and coupled‐channel results, and calculations of thermal rate constants.
Commentary on review by Gash et al. potential usefulness and current limitations of neural transplantation in the aged brain

Abstract Early research with neural transplantation suggests that the technique may eventually be developed to correct brain defects in humans. However, several important questions remain to be answered before the principles of neural transplantation will be adequately deliniated to permit application to human disabilities. Additional basic research, involving the molecular basis of neuron survival and function, will provide an important contribution toward this end.
Loss of physical functioning among geriatric cancer patients : Relationships to cancer site, treatment, comorbidity and age

This study investigated differences in physical functioning and physical role limitations according to cancer site and treatment modality in a sample of 590 patients 65 years and older diagnosed with breast, colon, lung or prostate cancer. Analysis of covariance procedures were utilised to test for differences in levels of physical functioning and physical role limitations according to cancer site and treatment modality, adjusting for differences in age, comorbid conditions and retrospective physical functioning. Physical functioning and physical role limitations were measured using two subscales of the Medical Outcomes Studies MOS 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Physical functioning prior to diagnosis, and to a lesser degree comorbidity, contributed significantly to current levels of physical functioning and physical role limitations. Patients with lung cancer reported lower physical functioning and physical role limitation scores than patients with prostate cancer, and patients treated with surgery only reported lower physical functioning and physical role limitation scores than patients treated with neither surgery nor radiation. No gender differences were observed among the reduced sample consisting of patients with colon or lung cancer. It is important not only that physicians and oncologists are cognizant of the fact that some cancers (particularly lung cancer) may be more physically debilitating than others, but that the patient's history of comorbid conditions and pre-existing physical limitations may be important factors in predicting current physical functioning.
Hadronic D and D s meson decays

We provide a comprehensive review of hadronic decays of D and D_s mesons. We discuss current theoretical and experimental challenges and successes in understanding of hadronic transitions of those mesons. A brief overview of the theoretical and experimental tools are given before discussing the absolute branching fractions for D and D_s mesons. Cabibbo suppressed and rare hadronic decays are discussed and compared with theory before discussing our understanding of hadronic multibody decays.
Analysis of Starch Grains Produced in Select Taxa Encountered in Southwest Asia

Starch grain analysis is a rapidly growing field of research in Southwest Asia and is beginning to be applied to many different time periods. However, much work still remains regarding which taxa produce starch grains that can be identified archaeologically. In this paper, I centralize what is known about starch production patterns within regional flora and analyze 64 previously unstudied taxa from 22 families. The results of this study demonstrate that descriptions of starch grains from Southwest Asian taxa are scattered between archaeological and plant and food science publications. Ten of the species examined in this study, most of whom are grasses, produced starch grains that can be identified at varying taxonomic levels.
Downregulation of muscarinic receptors in the rat caudate-putamen after lesioning of the ipsilateral nigrostriatal dopamine pathway with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) : normalization by fetal mesencephalic transplants

The autoradiographic distribution and density of muscarinic receptors was studied in the neostriatum of rats with long-term unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and in lesioned rats who had additionally received embryonic substantia nigra grafts in the dopamine denervated striatum. Muscarinic receptors were labeled with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), M1 receptors were directly labeled with [3H]pirenzepine (PZ) and non-M1 receptors were labeled by the competition of 100 nM PZ with [3H]QNB. The density and distribution of muscarinic receptors were directly compared to the sodium-dependent, high-affinity, choline uptake sites as labeled with [3H]hemicholinium-3 (HC-3). In the 6-OHDA-lesioned animals, there was a 25% reduction in muscarinic receptors labeled with [3H]QNB. Subtype analysis showed that there was a reduction of both M1 (-26%) and non-M1 (-33%) receptors. A normal density of both muscarinic receptor populations was found in animals with successful transplants. Saturation analysis demonstrated that the changes, in muscarinic receptor density, were due to a change in receptor number (Bmax) and not affinity (Kd). There was no significant change in [3H]HC-3 binding in the 6-OHDA-lesioned or transplanted animals, indicating that alterations in muscarinic receptors were not due to transynaptic degeneration of striatal cholinergic interneurons. The findings of downregulation of muscarinic receptors following long-term dopamine denervation and the subsequent normalization of muscarinic receptor density after fetal mesencephalic transplantation suggests that transplanted substantia nigra cells are able to restore inhibitory control on striatal cholinergic interneurons.
Electro-optic Lightning Detector

The design, alignment, calibration, and field deployment of a solid-state lightning detector is described. The primary sensing component of the detector is a potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) electro-optic crystal that is attached in series to a flat plate aluminum antenna; the antenna is exposed to the ambient thundercloud electric field. A semiconductor laser diode (lambda = 685 nm), polarizing optics, and the crystal are arranged in a Pockels cell configuration. Lightning-caused electric field changes are related to small changes in the transmission of laser light through the optical cell. Several hundred lightning electric field change excursions were recorded during five thunderstorms that occurred in the summer of 1998 at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in northern Alabama.
Test of cylindrical shells in the plastic range

Abstract Experiments determining the plastic deformation undergone by cylindrical shells having one end fixed and the other free, when subject to internal pressure, are reported and show that certain theoretical analyses lead to erroneous conclusions.
Noncardiac vascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: increase in venous thromboembolic events?

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population (1, 2). Patients with RA also have increased premature mortality, some of which is due to this increased risk of CVD (3). Like CVD, noncardiac vascular disease may be a manifestation of systemic involvement in RA, and may have important impact on the health of patients with RA. While there is a considerable body of literature regarding the risk of heart disease as a component of the overall CVD risk burden in patients with RA, there is very little known about the incidence, risk, and outcome of noncardiac vascular disease among these patients. The primary focus of interest in vascular disease in the study of patients with RA has been on coronary artery disease, but it is likely that the entire vasculature is affected. Less well studied is noncardiac vascular disease in RA, including venous thromboembolism (VTE) (4–7), transient ischemic attack (8, 9), stroke (10–13), aortic aneurysm (14), arterial thromboembolism (6), and peripheral artery disease (15–17). Little is known regarding the potential risk factors for noncardiac vascular disease and what influence the traditional cardiovascular risk factors of previous myocardial infarction, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking have on development of these events in patients with RA. The contribution of these risk factors has been examined in relation to ischemic stroke (11), but as yet no study has addressed these risk factors in relation to other noncardiac vascular diseases. There are some data regarding the effect of RA therapies on ischemic stroke in patients with RA (11, 18), but there is little information about how medications used to treat RA might influence the incidence of other noncardiac vascular diseases (6). The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of noncardiac vascular disease events in a community-based incidence cohort of patients with RA and to compare this incidence to that in the general population in the same community. Among patients with RA, the incidence of noncardiac vascular disease events was also compared to that found in an earlier decade in a previous study by our group (10). In addition, we examined risk factors that may be associated with development of these events in patients with RA.
Abstract LB-367: Wnt-dependent transcription factor LEF-1 controls endothelial cell invasion through changes of MMP-2 expression

Background: Wnt signaling is involved in many events including embryogenesis, stem cell regulation, morphogenesis, cell fate determination, and oncogenesis. The role of Wnt pathway in angiogenesis is proposed, however the mechanism is still unclear. Most cancers express elevated levels of different Wnts when compared to normal cells. LEF-1 is a participant in and a target gene of the Wnt/ -catenin pathway. LEF-1 increases the in vitro invasiveness of cancer cells. Hypothesis: We suggest that LEF-1 controls the invasion also in endothelial cells. We hypothesize further that cancer affects local tumor angiogenesis via Wnt pathway-dependent up-regulation of LEF-1 in endothelial cells (EC). Methods: To test this hypothesis we construct a model system: endothelial cell line EaHy926 treated with Wnt3a (mostly known as a canonical Wnt signal) conditioned medium or grown in co-culture with L-cells producing Wnt3a. Results: Wnt3a increases nuclear s-catenin in human endothelial cell line, and up-regulates LEF/TCF-dependent promoter activity. Wnt3a augments its target gene9s LEF-1 promoter activity and LEF-1 mRNA concentration, demonstrating involvement of some transcription factors with E-tails. Both Wnt3a treatment and LEF-1 overexpression elevate MMP-2 mRNA level. Elimination of Wnt-dependent induction of MMP-2 gene expression by LEF-1 siRNA confirms the LEF-1 role in the MMP-2 control mechanism. Loosening up the extracellular matrix MMPs allows the cells to move around. These enzymes are integral part of invasion process. Indeed, LEF-1 up-regulates endothelial cells invasiveness in Matrigel matrix. LEF-1 increases also EC proliferation, in agreement with published data for parental primary endothelial culture HUVEC. Conclusions: In endothelial cells canonical (s-catenin) Wnt signaling enhances invasiveness of EC via LEF-1 - dependent regulation of MMP-2 expression. There is a number of similarities between primary cells HUVEC, studied by others, and cell line EAhy926 in their response to Wnt3a. This indicates that EAhy926 cell line conserves many components of angiogenesis control by Wnt/β-catenin pathway and could serve as a simplified model to study this regulation, replacing primary endothelial cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-367.
CFD evaluation of drop retraction methods for the measurement of interfacial tension of surfactant-laden drops

Drop retraction methods are popular means of measuring the interfacial tension between immiscible polymers. Experiments show that two different drop retraction methods, imbedded fiber retraction (IFR) and deformed drop retraction (DDR), give inconsistent results when a surfactant is present on the surface of the drop. These inconsistencies are deemed to be due to dilution of the surfactant and due to gradients in interfacial concentration of surfactant along the drop surface. This physical picture is quantified for the simple case of a Newtonian drop in a Newtonian matrix, with an insoluble, nondiffusive surfactant at the interface. The drop is deformed in computational fluid dynamics simulations by shearing the matrix, and then allowed to retract. Dilution and interfacial tension gradients effects are found to be especially large at the early stages of retraction, making IFR unsuitable for measuring the interfacial tension of surfactant-laden interfaces. The effects of surfactant dilution and gradients are found to persist even at late stages of retraction, causing the DDR method to underestimate the equilibrium interfacial tension significantly. The largest underestimates occur when the drop viscosity is lower than the matrix viscosity.