cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A photophoretic-trap volumetric display

Photophoretic optical trapping of cellulose particles and persistence of vision are used to produce real-space volumetric images that can be viewed from all angles, in geometries unachievable by holograms and light-field technologies. Three-dimensional moving images have long been the stuff of science fiction. In reality, the appearance of three dimensions is usually approximated by manipulating light, but such approaches have limitations such as narrow viewing angles and the need for special viewing headwear. Daniel Smalley and colleagues offer a solution in which a three-dimensional object can be represented in real space, viewed from any angle, and even coexist with—and wrap around—solid objects that occupy the same physical volume. A near-invisible light field traps and moves a small particle through a volume of space. As the particle moves, it is illuminated using red, green and blue laser light, producing an arbitrarily coloured point-source that maps out the surface of the object to be imaged. If the particle scanning is fast enough, persistence of vision, which results from the slower 'refresh rate' of the human eye, gives the appearance of a solid three-dimensional surface. At even faster scanning rates, the imaged object can appear to move. Free-space volumetric displays, or displays that create luminous image points in space, are the technology that most closely resembles the three-dimensional displays of popular fiction1. Such displays are capable of producing images in ‘thin air’ that are visible from almost any direction and are not subject to clipping. Clipping restricts the utility of all three-dimensional displays that modulate light at a two-dimensional surface with an edge boundary; these include holographic displays, nanophotonic arrays, plasmonic displays, lenticular or lenslet displays and all technologies in which the light scattering surface and the image point are physically separate. Here we present a free-space volumetric display based on photophoretic optical trapping2 that produces full-colour graphics in free space with ten-micrometre image points using persistence of vision. This display works by first isolating a cellulose particle in a photophoretic trap created by spherical and astigmatic aberrations. The trap and particle are then scanned through a display volume while being illuminated with red, green and blue light. The result is a three-dimensional image in free space with a large colour gamut, fine detail and low apparent speckle. This platform, named the Optical Trap Display, is capable of producing image geometries that are currently unobtainable with holographic and light-field technologies, such as long-throw projections, tall sandtables and ‘wrap-around’ displays1.
Calibration of a complete homogeneous polynomial yield function of six degrees for modeling orthotropic steel sheets

For better modeling plane-stress anisotropic plasticity of steel sheets, a direct calibration method is proposed and detailed for establishing a positive and convex sixth-order homogeneous polynomial yield function with up to sixteen independent material constants. The calibration method incorporates parameter identification, convexity testing, and if needed, an adjustment of an initially calibrated but non-convex yield function toward a convex one. Some advantages of the calibration method include (i) a systematic solution of only linear equations for the sixteen material constants of a steel sheet with various degrees of planar anisotropy, (ii) a practical numerical implementation of the necessary and sufficient conditions for convexity certification of the calibrated or adjusted yield function, and (iii) an incremental procedure using a parameterized version of the initially calibrated and non-convex yield function that can always lead to an approximate sixth-order yield function with guaranteed convexity. Results of applying the proposed calibration method to successfully obtain convex sixth-order yield functions are presented for three steel sheets with experimental measurement inputs from various types and numbers per type of uniaxial and biaxial tension tests.
Challenges Associated with the Use of Policy to Identify and Manage Risk for Suicide and Interpersonal Violence Among Veterans and Other Americans

The content of the article has not been previously published or presented elsewhere. The views presented in this paper are solely the responsibility of the author and do not represent official views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Reduced α-Diimine Nickel Complexes Relevant to Acrylic Acid Synthesis

The aryl-substituted α-diimine (DI) nickel vinyl complex (iPrDI)Ni(CH═CH2) (iPrDI = [2,6-(iPr)2C6H3N═C(CH3)]2) was synthesized and structurally characterized. The complex is dimeric in the solid state and has a distorted-square-planar geometry at nickel. A combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, EPR, magnetic susceptibility, and NMR analyses was used to elucidate the electronic structure of the compound, and it is best described as a low-spin Ni(II) derivative with a singly reduced α-diimine chelate. Addition of CO2 to the nickel vinyl complex resulted in insertion into the nickel–carbon bond to yield the corresponding nickel acrylate (iPrDI)Ni(κ2-O2CCH═CH2). EPR spectroscopy coupled with DFT calculations established that the S = 1/2 product maintains the nickel(II) oxidation state with an α-diimine-centered radical. Addition of acrylic acid to (iPrDI)Ni(CH═CH2) induced rapid, net bimetallic reductive elimination to release butadiene and produced the metastable olefin-bound acrylic acid complex (...
Critical Criminology, Existential Humanism, and Social Justice: Exploring the Contours of Conceptual Integration

The relationship between critical criminology and social justice has been well documented, but efforts to provide a unified theory of social justice that cuts across and embodies the various strains of critical criminological thought have not been systematically researched. One useful approach for engaging in such a project comes from existential humanism, which draws attention to a number of life themes (e.g., the struggle to be free, being and becoming, redemption) and is compatible with critical criminology's commitment to radical social change. This article provisionally explores the boundaries of theoretical synthesis, mindful of those complex (and thorny) issues upon which successful conceptual integration depends, including definitions, assumptions, domains of inquiry, and modes of integration. This discussion concludes with an outline of the implications of a commentary for the future of critical criminology and for sustainable, meaningful praxis.
The Interface of Racial Identity Development with Identity Complexity in Clinical Social Work Student Practitioners

This paper examines the influence that one's racial identity development plays in the overall professional identity development of clinical social work student practitioners. The author discusses race, as a construct, in a post-modern world. Utilizing Saari's (1993, 2000) discussion of identity complexity, the paper demonstrates how the ability to dialogue about issues of race, in a complex and multi-faceted way, is reflective of evolution in one's racial identity development. To further one's identity development, the importance of a dialogical mode of interaction (Bahktin, 1986, 1993) is emphasized.
Avian Frugivory and Seed Dispersal in Eastern North America

There was a time when avian ecology was overwhelmingly centered in the temperate zone, to the sorry neglect of the ecology of birds in the tropics. But in the matter of plant-animal (particularly bird) interactions, the situation seems to be reversed, and most of the existing work has been done with tropical systems. In fact, there is a cohort of ecologists who have been heard to claim that the ecology of plant-animal interactions in the temperate zone is downright uninteresting, because temperate regions have lower overall species diversity, lesser degrees of “specialization,” fewer species interactions of any importance to population dynamics, and so on. I suspect that a closer look at temperate zone interactions between plants and animals indeed will show some differences from tropical systems, though perhaps not entirely the kinds of differences so often assumed. Nevertheless, I fully expect that the calumnious claim of the narrow tropicists eventually will be refuted resoundingly.
Efficacy of Opioid Antagonists in Attentuating Self-Injurious Behavior

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a primary reason that individuals either are retained in restrictive environments or are administered psychotropic medication. There are no known causes and no universally accepted treatments for this complex behavior. There is developing evidence, however, that individuals exhibiting SIB have a disturbance of the opiate-mediated pain and pleasure system. For instance, many self-injurious individuals do not exhibit the usual signs of pain after their “injurious” behavior. Moreover, for some individuals the addictive properties of elevated endogenous opiates (euphoria) may be responsible for maintaining their SIB. A review [Symons, Thompson & Rodriguez, (2004)] of the recent scientific literature concluded that 80% of the subjects were reported to significantly reduce their SIB after acute treatment with opiate blockers (naltrexone). Although the long term effects of opiate blockers on SIB are unknown, reduction in SIB following acute treatment provides support that a specific biological system may be dysregulated in a subgroup of patients. Reports that levels of endogenous opiates at rest and after SIB episodes predict positive responses to opiate blockers provide further support for opiate-mediated SIB and form the basis for a rational treatment strategy. It is concluded that naltrexone produces a clinically significant reduction in the serious and life-threatening behavior of self injury for individuals who have not been responsive to any other type of treatment. Several suggestions and cautions are provided for regimens of naltrexone treatment of SIB.
Ultrasonic acoustic wave velocities of neighborite (NaMgF3) across orthorhombic to cubic phase boundary at high P-T

Abstract Neighborite perovskite (NaMgF3) is a close analogue to Mg or Ca silicate perovskite. It experiences a second-order phase transition at high T that may have a significant effect on the acoustic velocities. Here we report the measurement of elastic wave velocities of neighborite perovskite using the multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus located in beamline 6-BM-B at the Advanced Photon Source. We use the newly installed ultrasonic interferometry equipment using pulse-echo-overlap method coupled with the D-DIA device. X- radiographic imaging is used to measure sample length at high P-T. X-ray diffraction spectrum is used to determine the pressure and sample conditions. Precise measurements of P and S wave velocities are at 60 and 35 MHz respectively and are nearly simultaneous. We use a double reflector method to enable measurement of elastic wave velocities of cold-pressed polycrystalline sample that is sintered in situ at high P-T. Experiments were carried out up to 3 GPa and 1000 °C. Our results indicated that MHz ultrasonic acoustic velocities experience a significant minimum at the phase transition, with the bulk modulus being more affected than the shear modulus. The shear modulus of the cubic phase appears unchanged from those of the orthorhombic phase, while the bulk modulus increases in transforming into the cubic phase.
12 Psychosocial Oncology

Although advances in medical science regarding early detection and treatment have led to an increase in survival rates, cancer continues to be the second most common cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of death worldwide. However, even if one survives cancer, such an experience can have multiple negative physical, emotional, psychological, and social consequences. This chapter provides an overview of the field of psychosocial oncology by focusing on the following topics: behavioral risk factors, psychosocial effects of cancer, psychosocial interventions for cancer patients, and family and caregiver issues. Recommendations for future research efforts are also provided. Keywords: cancer; psychosocial oncology; psycho-oncology
Enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion through treatment with CEACAM6 or TNF-α [Medical College of Wisconsin]

610,000 Americans die of heart disease every year and over 1 million Americans undergo coronary interventions each year. Risks of these coronary interventions include thrombosis, embolization, infection, and re-narrowing of the artery. However, it is currently believed that improving the adhesion capabilities of endothelial cells may significantly reduce the associated risks of coronary interventions, especially with regards to cardiovascular stent and graft placement procedures. In the present study, we investigated a method to biochemically facilitate endothelial cell adhesion. Using the Reactome database, we identified biochemical methods/targets which could be modified to promote endothelial cell adhesion. Here we describe a potential method of enhancing endothelial cell adhesion through controlled application of two treatment conditions: Carcinoembryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecule 6 (CEACAM6) with Fibronectin-1 (CEACAM6+, FN1+) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-? (TNF-?) with Fibronectin-1 (TNF-?+, FN1+). DAPI stained porcine blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) were exposed to these treatments or a control treatment (FN1+) for one hour. Each treatment/control condition was then placed into a validated parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC) apparatus (flow rate accuracy and laminar flow were both validated) and exposed to a shear stress of 15 dyn/cm2 (to replicate in vivo shear stress conditions) for 30 minutes using saline solution. Fluorescent images were taken of all replicates before and after shear stress testing in order to determine the effects of treatments on cell adhesion. Statistical analysis of preliminary trials indicated that the treatment groups demonstrated a trend towards higher percentage cell retention (or lower percentage cell loss) with 82.3%, 70.2%, and 50.2% average cell retention for TNF-?, CEACAM6, and the control, respectively; however, statistical significance could not be reached using n=2 and p<0.05. Preliminary results of the TNF-? treatment are promising. In the future, an experiment with a larger sample size and a longer shear stress exposure time (e.g. 1 hour) is needed.
Accelerating Concurrent Heap on GPUs

Priority queue, often implemented as a heap, is an abstract data type that has been used in many well-known applications like Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, Prim's minimum spanning tree, Huffman encoding, and the branch-and-bound algorithm. However, it is challenging to exploit the parallelism of the heap on GPUs since the control divergence and memory irregularity must be taken into account. In this paper, we present a parallel generalized heap model that works effectively on GPUs. We also prove the linearizability of our generalized heap model which enables us to reason about the expected results. We evaluate our concurrent heap thoroughly and show a maximum 19.49X speedup compared to the sequential CPU implementation and 2.11X speedup compared with the existing GPU implementation. We also apply our heap to single source shortest path with up to 1.23X speedup and 0/1 knapsack problem with up to 12.19X speedup.
Interpersonal Power Repair in Response to Threats to Control from Dependent Others

The presence of potential social challenge or threat is a ubiquitous process within human experience. However, the reactions to such experiences are as variable as the ways in which they are interpreted. A potential insult may be easily written off and disregarded by one individual but responded to by another as an affront requiring an in-kind response. We suggest here that variations in responses to social challenge reflect differences in the perceived social power or control of interactants. When exposed to situations that pose a potential social challenge, those who see themselves as “power disadvantaged” (having less power or control than others) are likely to engage in defensive activity at both the intra-and interpersonal levels. Such responses are motivated by the perceived need to prevent further erosion of power or to regain power. We are specifically concerned here with the differential responses to loss of control as they occur during the course of interpersonal interaction.
Preservice teachers learning to teach proof through classroom implementation: Successes and challenges

Abstract Proof and reasoning are central to learning mathematics with understanding. Yet proof is seen as challenging to teach and to learn. In a capstone course for preservice teachers, we developed instructional modules that guided prospective secondary mathematics teachers (PSTs) through a cycle of learning about the logical aspects of proof, then planning and implementing lessons in secondary classrooms that integrate these aspects with traditional mathematics curriculum in the United States. In this paper we highlight our framework on mathematical knowledge for teaching proof and focus on some of the logical aspects of proof that are seen as particularly challenging (four proof themes). We analyze 60 lesson plans, video recordings of a subset of 13 enacted lessons, and the PSTs’ self- reported data to shed light on how the PSTs planned and enacted lessons that integrate these proof themes. The results provide insights into successes and challenges the PSTs encountered in this process and illustrate potential pathways for preparing PSTs to enact reasoning and proof in secondary classrooms. We also highlight the design principles for supporting the development of PSTs’ mathematical knowledge for teaching proof.
Cyberbullying and Adolescents

Cyberbullying is an aggressive behavior involving a type of electronic communication intending to harm a victim that can have profound effects on adolescents. This review examines the epidemiology, issues from cyberbullying, presentation to care of its victims, and proposed interventions to this behavior. There are a variety of physical and psychological effects on victims of cyberbullying that can include recurrent abdominal pain, headaches, and difficulty with sleep. In addition, victims have higher rates of anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and a lower level of well-being. Unfortunately, victims may remain silent, so screening for cyberbullying is encouraged in a variety of settings. Interventions can be designed at the level of the victim (and perpetrator), family, school, and other support networks. Prevention of cyberbullying can be a focus for providers of healthcare. Cyberbullying can have profound biopsychosocial effects on its victims. There are strategies currently in use and under development to identify and intervene on behalf of those affected by these behaviors.
Selecting the Right Type of Educational Experience for Your Agritourism Operation

Agritourism has become a way for consumers to experience agriculture and for the industry to increase agricultural awareness. This 4-page document will help guide you toward selecting the right type of educational experience for your agritourism operation. Written by Joy N. Rumble, Kathryn Stofer, and Hoda Manafian Ghahfarokhi and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, May 2018.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc304
Speeding up eQTL scans in the BXD population using GPUs

The BXD recombinant inbred strains of mice are an important reference population for systems biology and genetics that have been full sequenced and deeply phenotyped. To facilitate interactive use of genotype-phenotype relations using many massive omics data sets for this and other segregating populations, we have developed new algorithms and code that enables near-real time whole genome QTL scans for up to 1 million traits. By using easily parallelizable operations including matrix multiplication, vectorized operations, and element-wise operations, we have decreased run-time to a few seconds for large transcriptome data sets. Our code is ideal for interactive web services, such as GeneNetwork.org. We used parallelization of different CPU threads as well as GPUs. We found that the speed advantage of GPUs is dependent on problem size and shape (number of cases, number of genotypes, number of traits). Our results provide a path for speeding up eQTL scans using linear mixed models (LMMs). Our implementation is in the Julia programming language.
4,15-Dimethyl-7,12-diazo-niatri-cyclo-[10.4.0.02,7]hexa-deca-1(12),2,4,6,13,15-hexa-ene dibromide monohydrate.

The title compound, C16H20N22+·2Br-·H2O (1) is a member of the class of compounds called viologens. Viologens are quaternary salts of di-pyridyls and are especially useful as redox indicators as a result of their large negative one-electron reduction potentials. Compound 1 consists of a dication composed of a pair of 4-methyl-pyridine rings mutually joined at the 2-position, with a dihedral angle between the pyridine rings of 62.35 (4)°. In addition, the rings are tethered via the pyridine nitro-gen atoms by a tetra-methyl-ene bridge. Charge balance is provided by a pair of bromide anions, which are hydrogen bonded to a single water mol-ecule [DO⋯Br = 3.3670 (15) and 3.3856 (15) A]. The crystal structure of 1, details of an improved synthesis, and a full analysis of its NMR spectra are presented.
Adsorption of Hydrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile on Kaolinite1

Adsorption experiments were conducted by mixing homoionic kaolinite and C14-labeled hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) in water and solutions of electrolytes. Langmuir type adsorption isotherms resulted. Exchange cations on kaolinite increased adsorption in approximately the same order as such cations reduce zeta potential, i.e. Th4+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+ > H+ > NH4+ > K+ > Na+. The anomalous increase in adsorption in the presence of polyvalent exchange cations suggested adsorption at the site of base exchange salt formation. Sorbed anions increased adsorption of HPAN in the order of electronegativity, i.e. F- > OH- > H2PO4- > Cl- > CH3COO- > NO3-. An increase in the concentration of electrolyte and acidity of the adsorbate medium increased adsorption of HPAN. This effect was apparently due to the reduction of electrostatic repulsion between HPAN and kaolinite and a reduction in size of the polymer coil. Divalent cations, especially the transition metals capable of being complexed by HPAN, were more effective than univalent cations. Dissolution of the clay lattice caused desorption of HPAN. HPAN adsorption reduced the intensity of the OH and O—Al—OH bands in infrared absorption spectra of the kaolinite. Preadsorption of aurintricarboxylic acid blocked adsorption of HPAN, suggesting that “positive spots” due to exposed lattice aluminum on edges of the clay platelets were adsorption sites.
803-P: The Association between Empagliflozin and Changes in Alanine Aminotransferase Levels: Data from the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) Audit Programme

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly co-exists with type 2 diabetes. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are known to correlate, to some degree, with liver inflammation. Methods: All data submitted to the ABCD nationwide empagliflozin audit programme were included if they had relevant baseline and follow-up data and were then stratified by baseline ALT for two analyses: 1) using gender-specific reference ranges; 2) by normal ( Results: 6510 datasets were included with mean(±SD) age 60.0yrs(±10.4), 61.2% male, BMI 34.2kg/m2(±6.5), HbA1c 9.3%(±1.6) and weight 98.4kg(±21.23). For the entire population, median ALT changed by -4 U/L (95% CI -4, -4; P Conclusion: Our data demonstrate changes in ALT associated with empagliflozin use. Decreases of a significantly greater magnitude are noted in those with raised ALT at baseline. Empaglifozin may provide benefit in NAFLD. Disclosure T. S. J. Crabtree: Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. J. Elliott: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Abbott, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Novo Nordisk. A. Bickerton: None. I. W. Gallen: None. K. Dhatariya: Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk. M. L. Cull: None. A. Evans: None. S. M. Phillips: None. R. E. Ryder: Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk. Funding Boehringer Ingelheim
Proxy Advisory Firms and Corporate Shareholder Engagement

We examine the influence of proxy advisors on firms’ shareholder engagement behavior. Our analyses exploit a quasi-natural experiment using Say-On-Pay voting outcomes near a threshold that triggers a review of engagement activities by Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS). Firms receiving ISS treatment exhibit a swift and substantive increase in engagement, especially those with weaker ex-ante governance. The elevated engagement persists beyond the period of ISS scrutiny. Treated firms alter elements of compensation and pay transparency that align with shareholder feedback, and enjoy ex-post economic benefits. Our findings indicate a disciplinary spillover effect of ISS through enhanced and enduring firm-shareholder interactions.
Institutional Work and Brand Strategy in the Contested Cannabis Market

How can brands adopt institutional work towards establishing themselves in a highly contested market? Defining contested markets as fields in which the plural logics of the market are in tension wi...
Acute Radial Head Resection for Fracture: are We Likely to Miss an Essex-Lopresti Injury?

Background Given the current available evidence, surgical treatment of radial head fracture with acute resection is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether acute resection of the radial head for a radial head fracture leads to longitudinal forearm instability due to a missed Essex-Lopresti injury. Material and methods A retrospective review was conducted of radial head resections performed for acute radial head fractures at two Level I trauma centers from 2000 to 2018. A total of 11 patients met inclusion criteria. Our primary outcome was a missed Essex-Lopresti injury at time of final clinical follow-up. Long-term telephone follow-up was attempted for QuickDASH, pain scores, and satisfaction scores. Results Of the 11 radial head fractures in this study, intraoperative radial pull tests were performed and normal in 6 patients. No patient was found to have a missed Essex-Lopresti injury at a mean of 36.2 months' clinical follow-up after radial head resection. At a mean telephone follow-up of 12.6 years in available patients, mean QuickDASH was 3.4, mean satisfaction was 9.75 out of 10, and no further complication or reoperation was reported. Conclusion Our findings challenge the dogma that the radial head cannot be safely excised in the setting of acute fracture, even with elbow instability and/or wrist pain, particularly when intraoperative longitudinal stability is assessed by a stress maneuver.
Holocaust Education and Critical Citizenship in an American Fifth Grade: Expanding Repertoires of Meanings, Language and Action

This classroom ethnography examines fifth-grade children engaging in a year-long study of rights, respect, and responsibility, culminating in a focused study of tolerance and intolerance organised around literature regarding the Holocaust. The chapter illustrates how children built upon academic and social practices established from the first days of school to expand their repertoire of meanings, language, and actions of (in)tolerance, gaining more complex understandings of the social, political, and moral implications of the Holocaust. This approach included empathy-building, a focus on rescue and resistance and the bystander response, building a knowledge base about the Holocaust, stories of individual experiences, and opportunities to make personal connections. Students in this bilingual class also developed individual and social actions addressing injustice in their own communities. The study highlights the importance of long-term engagements, a layered curriculum that supports children in building understandings over time, and varied opportunities for making meaning together. The chapter argues that this classroom experience supported students as critically engaged citizens and community members.
Hypercholesterolemia and Platelets

Many lines of evidence have linked the circulating plasma lipoproteins with thrombosis, and both with atherosclerosis. Many theories of atherogenesis include mural thrombosis as one of the inciting factors, or the sole inciting factor, for atherosclerotic plaque formation. Clinically, elevated plasma lipids and increased concentrations of circulating lipoproteins have been known for years to predispose to early and severe atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications. Familial hypercholesterolemia (Type II hyperlipoproteinemia) in particular, especially in the homozygous state, is associated with a very high incidence of premature, severe, and often generalized atherosclerosis (1). Over the past 7 years, we have studied the relationships among hyperlipoproteinemia, platelet function, soluble coagulation parameters, and clinical evidence of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Our results suggest that patients with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia have a particular predisposition to thrombosis because of increased platelet function, both in comparison with normal subjects, and with patients with other forms of hyperlipoproteinemia. Laboratory studies suggest that these differences may be mediated through alterations in platelet fatty acid metabolism in hypercholesterolemia, particularly in thromboxane formation from arachidonate. In this paper, we shall review our data on platelet function in hyperlipoproteinemia.
Aspartic Proteases of Alzheimer’s Disease: β- and γ-Secretases

Two aspartic proteases, β- and γ-secretases, sequentially cut the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) to produce the amyloid β-peptide of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). β-Secretase is membrane tethered and sheds the APP ectodomain, while γ-secretase is a membrane-embedded complex that cleaves within the transmembrane domain of APP. These proteases are important therapeutic targets for AD. However, both enzymes have other substrates besides APP, and blocking some of these processes can have toxic consequences. The role of these proteases in AD, their mechanisms and regulation, and the prospects of developing safe inhibitors or modulators will be discussed.
Impact of Physical Health on Treatment for Co-occurring Depression and Substance Dependence

Objective: There is a high rate of comorbidity among substance dependence, depression, and physical health problems. This study aimed to examine the impact of pre-treatment physical health stressors (acute and chronic conditions) on outcomes of treatment in a sample of veterans with dual disorders (depression and substance dependence) who were randomized to integrated cognitive behavioral therapy versus 12-step interventions. Methods: This study included 205 veterans (89.8% male, mean age = 49.5 years) enrolled in a clinical treatment outcomes trial. Chronic health problems (persistent, ongoing conditions lasting 2 weeks or more; e.g., arthritis, diabetes) and acute health events (occurring on a discrete date; e.g., injury, surgery, myocardial infarction) were coded dichotomously (presence versus absence) and evaluated separately. The impact of physical health stressors on abstinence (defined dichotomously), percentage of days abstinent, and depression symptoms were analyzed at the end of 12 and 24 weeks ...
Eight Heuristic Planning Techniques Applied to Three Increasingly Difficult Wildlife Planning Problems: A Summary

Forest planning goals are becoming increasing complex, as both spatial and temporal characteristics of desired future conditions are becoming important measures of forest plan success. Eight types of heuristic planning techniques were applied to three increasingly difficult forest planning problems where the objective function sought to maximize the amount of land in certain types of wildlife habitat. The eight heuristic techniques were random search, simulated annealing, great deluge, threshold accepting, tabu search with 1-opt moves, tabu search with 1-opt and 2-opt moves, genetic algorithm, and a hybrid tabu search / genetic algorithm search process. Three classes of techniques were determined: very good (simulated annealing, threshold accepting, great deluge, tabu search with 1-opt and 2-opt moves, and tabu search / genetic algorithm), adequate (tabu search with 1-opt moves, genetic algorithm), and less than adequate (random search). The data sets are available on the WEB.
The case for tiny tasks in compute clusters

We argue for breaking data-parallel jobs in compute clusters into tiny tasks that each complete in hundreds of milliseconds. Tiny tasks avoid the need for complex skew mitigation techniques: by breaking a large job into millions of tiny tasks, work will be evenly spread over available resources by the scheduler. Furthermore, tiny tasks alleviate long wait times seen in today's clusters for interactive jobs: even large batch jobs can be split into small tasks that finish quickly. We demonstrate a 5.2× improvement in response times due to the use of smaller tasks. In current data-parallel computing frameworks, high task launch overheads and scalability limitations prevent users from running short tasks. Recent research has addressed many of these bottlenecks; we discuss remaining challenges and propose a task execution framework that can efficiently support tiny tasks.
The space of K\"ahler potentials on an asymptotically locally euclidean K\"ahler manifold

In this note, we shall prove geodesic convexity of the space of Kahler potentials on an ALE Kahler manifold. This extends earlier results in the compact case proved in the fundamental work of X-X. Chen. We further prove the boundedness from below of the Mabuchi energy, and give an alternative proof for the uniqueness of scalar-flat metrics in the category of ALE Kahler manifold.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE NOISE ASSOCIATED WITH AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT: PART II--INJURY RISK STUDY USING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN EAR

Airbag deployments are associated with loud noise of short duration, called impulse noise. Research on impulse noise from weapons firing, in particular that of G.R. Price & J.T. Kalb of the United States Army Research Laboratory, has led to the development of a mathematical model of the ear. This model incorporates transfer functions which alter the incident sound pressure through various ear parts. It also calculates a function, called the "hazard": a measure of mechanical fatigue of the hair cells in the inner ear. In this study, the repeatability of the model was examined by comparing its predictive behaviour for airbag noise impulses generated by nominally identical airbag systems. Calculations of potential "hazard" made by the model were also examined for reasonableness based on mechanical and biomechanical considerations. A large number of airbag noise pulses were examined using the model. The results provide some counter-intuitive insights into the mechanism of noise-induced hearing loss from deployment of airbag systems. Based upon testing of feline subjects (which are believed to be a good indicator of the risk to the more susceptible segment of the human population), the results indicate the following: there could be a risk of temporary and possible permanent threshold shifts in approximately 67% of the 1990-1995 model year vehicles from 19 manufacturers which were tested and assessed using the human ear model. For Part I see IRRD 879203. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E201429.
Advanced lighting for unstructured-grid data visualization

The benefits of using advanced illumination models in volume visualization have been demonstrated by many researchers. Interactive volume rendering incorporated with advanced lighting has been achieved with GPU acceleration for regular-grid volume data, making volume visualization even more appealing as a tool for 3D data exploration. This paper presents an interactive illumination strategy, which is specially designed and optimized for volume visualization of unstructured-grid data. The basis of the design is a partial differential equation based illumination model to simulate the light propagation, absorption, and scattering within the volumetric medium. In particular, a two-level scheme is introduced to overcome the challenges presented by unstructured grids. Test results show that the added illumination effects such as global shadowing and multiple scattering not only lead to more visually pleasing visualization, but also greatly enhance the perception of the depth information and complex spatial relationships for features of interest in the volume data. This volume visualization enhancement is introduced at a time when unstructured grids are becoming increasingly popular for a variety of scientific simulation applications.
Provocations of Restorative Justice

Depending on whom you ask, restorative justice is a concept, a theory, or a social movement. It is also, variously, “new wine in old bottles,” “atavistic” and “fundamentally misguided,” (e.g., Delgado (2000). Standard Law Rev. 52: 751–775; Levrant et al. (1999). Crime Delinq. 45(1): 3–27) or revolutionary, immensely promising, and transformative (e.g., Bazemore & Schiff, 2001). I intend to suggest here how recent work on restorative justice might serve as a stimulating provocation to continuing work on procedural and distributive justice. I try to do that in three steps: first, by offering a short description of theory and research on restorative justice; second, by discussing a particular social policy and associated practice—the Vermont Reparative Probation Boards—that has grown out of that work; and third, by discussing work on three issue clusters that might provoke a rethinking of some fundamental issues.
Outcomes in lower respiratory tract infections and the impact of antimicrobial drug resistance

Numerous published studies have documented the rapid rise in antimicrobial drug resistance among common respiratory pathogens, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae . Yet, surprisingly few studies have evaluated the impact of these in vitro findings on clinical outcomes. Outcomes research is the measurement of the impact of illness and the effect of treatment on clinically relevant end‐points. Studies of patients with community‐acquired pneumonia have established certain expected rates of outcomes, including mortality, clinical complications, and time to resolution of symptoms. Recent studies have identified specific processes of care and treatment choices that have an impact upon these outcomes. However, there are no well‐controlled studies that provide definitive estimates of the magnitude of the impact of antimicrobial therapy on these outcomes for patients with community‐acquired pneumonia or other respiratory tract infections, such as acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Most studies of the impact of drug resistance on outcomes for patients with respiratory tract infections have focused on the impact of β‐lactam drug resistance on outcomes for patients with community‐acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. In general, these studies have demonstrated that outcomes are not affected by current levels of drug resistance, but most studies are hampered by small sample size, inability to control adequately for severity of illness and concordance of therapy, and inclusion of few subjects with high‐level drug resistance. Additional studies are urgently needed to assess better whether the current empiric treatment guidelines are adequate or will need to be adjusted as patterns of resistance continue to evolve.
Lavage solution temperature influences depth of chondrocyte death and surface contouring during thermal chondroplasty with temperature-controlled monopolar radiofrequency energy.

Background: Although radiofrequency energy can smooth and contour cartilage surface, it has deleterious effects on chondrocyte viability.Hypothesis: Monopolar thermal chondroplasty in a 37°C lavage solution, as compared with a 22° lavage solution, will reduce chondrocyte death and result in greater smoothing of the articular cartilage surface.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Sixteen chondromalacic samples from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were divided into two groups: 22°C and 37°C lavage solution. Each sample was divided into two equal parts and half of each group was treated for 10 seconds and the other half for 15 seconds.Results: Confocal laser microscopy demonstrated that the depth of chondrocyte death in the 37°C lavage solution group was significantly less (range, 200 to 340 μm) than that in the 22°C solution group for both 10- and 15-second treatment times. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the cartilage surface in the 37°C lavage solution group was sm...
Suicide Risk Assessment in the Depressed Elderly Patient with Cancer

Although several studies have identified different factors that increase the risk for suicide in the elderly, depression, especially in cancer patients, puts people at even greater risk. In geriatric patients with co-morbid illnesses, depression is often diagnosed or overlooked because of the assumption that it is to be expected. When patients with cancer are diagnosed with depression, it is imperative that clinicians have a clear-cut tool for assessing and identifying signs of suicidality in order to develop a treatment plan to manage the patient. This article delineates the steps involved in conducting a thorough and systematic suicide risk assessment in depressed elderly patients with cancer.
Radiological features in a case of Münchausen syndrome by proxy.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a type of child abuse which is usually diagnosed on clinical grounds. In occasional instances, radiological diagnosis plays a role in the recognition of this disorder. We present the radiological findings in a child with an unusual osteomyelitis owing to Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
Warning the world of extreme events: A global perspective on risk communication for natural and technological disaster

Due to a variety of factors such as population growth, globalization, and environmental change, mankind is increasingly susceptible to both natural and technological disasters. To prevent the unnecessary loss of life, human suffering, and property loss, nations around the world now recognize that warning systems are an integral part of risk communication. The current work reviews a number of theoretical frameworks that describe how the public responds to warnings. It seeks to identify the components of effective warnings and evaluative techniques that can be used to judge successful implementation of warning systems. Our goal is to describe the variables that influence disaster warnings in general before discussing terrorism as a case study in disaster warning. Lastly, implications for future research in the area of international disaster warnings are discussed.
Parent support for learning at school entry: Benefits for aggressive children in high-risk urban contexts

Abstract Children growing up in urban poverty are at high risk for low achievement across the school years, particularly when they enter school with elevated aggressive–disruptive behavior problems. In general, parent support for child learning is associated with school readiness and school success, but whether it serves as a protective factor for aggressive children in disadvantaged urban contexts is unknown. In this study, 207 urban and predominantly African American children with elevated aggressive–disruptive behavior problems at kindergarten entry ( M = 5.94 years, SD = 0.39 years) were followed into first grade. Two dimensions of parent support for learning were assessed: teacher-rated parent school involvement and observed quality of parent teaching behaviors. Cross-lagged analyses indicated that parent support for learning predicted growth in aspects of children's academic knowledge and executive functioning over time, controlling for children's prior skills and demographic risk factors. Promoting parent support for learning may be a promising strategy to enhance the school readiness of children at dual risk due to contextual adversity and elevated aggressive–disruptive behavior problems.
High throughput screening for membrane process development

Abstract High throughput screening (HTS) is now a powerful tool for a variety of analytical and synthetic methods. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of using high throughput methods to rapidly screen a large number of process variables in the development of effective microfiltration processes. Data were obtained in 96-well plates, syringe filters, unstirred filtration cells, and small cartridge filters. The membrane resistance was very similar in the different formats, except for data obtained in the pleated filter which were influenced by large parasitic pressure losses in the cartridge. The specific resistance of baker’s yeast deposits was evaluated over a range of cake thickness, solution ionic strength, and in the presence or absence of a poly-cationic flocculant. The data obtained in 96-well filter plates were in good agreement with results from the larger filters, demonstrating the scalability of the results. Effective conditions for yeast microfiltration were identified, suggesting that high throughput screening techniques can be a useful tool for process development and optimization.
The effect of space flight irradiation on Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth and respiration

Wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae vegetative cells housed in the NASA Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED) were exposed to solar radiation in space during the transearth Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) of Apollo 16 [1]. Space parameters in addition to ultraviolet (UV) light, at selected wavelengths and intensities, included weightlessness and stresses encountered during the launch and splashdown. The MEED was designed to examine survival rates of fungi exposed to space flight parameters and UV irradiation in deep space. Ceils recovered for post-flight evaluation were compared with ground and flight controls. Weightlessness and stresses encountered during the launch and splashdown resulted in no variation in fungal viability [2]. In contrast, survival rates varied in relation to UV light exposure parameters [2]. Inhibition of growth and respiration of S. cerevisiae by visible and near-visible light have been reported [3,4]. UV-induced respiratory deficencies have also been reported for S. lactis [5]. The present study examines the effects of UV light exposure in deep space on the ability of S. cerevisiae to grow aerobically and respire on glucose. 2.1. Space flight irradiation
Gabriele Boccaccini. Beyond the Essene Hypothesis: The Parting of the Ways Between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1998. xx, 230 pp.

Boccaccini makes two important contributions in this work: he employs the methods of intellectual history to give a novel account of the origins of the Qumran community and he seeks to overcome the supersessionism characteristic of Christian studies of ancient Judaism.