cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A reply to M. F. Greaves: toward a testable etiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

In spite of the foregoing limitations, a number of etiologic clues have been suggested from previous epidemiologic studies of childhood leukemia. The inconsistency of findings related to these leads has strengthened arguments for a multifactorial etiology of childhood ALL (or its subtypes), e.g., no one factor «explains» a substantial proportion of this neoplasm
Illuminating LEGOs with Digital Information to Create Urban Data Observatory and Intervention Simulator

Traditional scale models of cities are used to display existing, or proposed urban settings. Unfortunately, these models are static, fixed, and hard to modify. Urban planners use these models in a later stage of the planning process. They negotiate the trade offs of their proposals through sketching, and before physical models can be built. This paper describes a novel framework that employs LEGOs (modular bricks) and a system of high definition projections, to substitute the traditional static models of cities with new interactive, dynamic ones. The proposed framework combines physical and digital mediums: it projects precise sets of data on tangible, physical constructs made out of LEGOs. In this paper we describe the main components, outline the basic interaction features, and discuss a case study employing this framework in a collaborative research context.
Can an identifiability-optimizing test protocol improve the robustness of subsequent health-conscious lithium-ion battery control? an illustrative case study

This paper examines the degree to which optimizing a lithium-ion battery's cycling for parameter identifiability can improve the robustness of subsequent health-conscious, model-based battery control. The paper builds on two established bodies of literature showing that (i) battery trajectory optimization for identifiability can improve parameter estimation accuracy significantly, and (ii) model-based battery control can improve performance significantly without compromising longevity. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the connection between these two distinct bodies of literature has never been examined before. We highlight the importance of this connection through an illustrative case study. Specifically, we (i) optimize the experimental cycling of commercial lithium-ion battery cells for identifiability. We then (ii) use the optimized cycles for experimental parameter identification, and (iii) use the resulting parameter values for pseudospectral battery charge trajectory optimization. Finally, we (iv) examine the robustness of the resulting solution to battery parameter identification uncertainties generated using Fisher information analysis. The results of this case study are quite compelling: the likelihood of accidental damage via lithium plating diminishes considerably when battery parameters are estimated from an identifiability-optimizing cycle prior to the use of these parameters in health-conscious control.
Investigation of cation order in MgSiO3-rich garnet using 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy

Cation order among the octahedral sites of three polycristalline 29 Si-enriched garnet s on the enstatite-pyrope join has been examined. These samples were synthsized at 17.7GPa and 2000°C. All three samples yielded 29 Si NMR peaks in the chemical shift range of -68 to -90ppm, caused by 4 Si and between -195.6 and -197.5ppm, caused by 6 Si. The 4 Si/ 6 Si ratios are consistent with the compositions, with the assumptions that all Al is octahedrally coordinated.
Allegiance and Alliance: Maternal Genealogies in the Works of Mary Wroth

Coming of age in Queen Elizabeth’s reign, and developing her voice as a writer in the court of Queen Anna of Denmark and King James I, Lady Mary Wroth stands out as an early modern woman and author who navigated the cross-currents of court politics through the familial framework of her identity as a Sidney. In her poems, plays and prose romance, Mary Wroth represents intersecting networks of intergenerational bonds that at once reproduce and transmute familial prototypes, both within and beyond the political boundaries of the court.
Probabilistic Opinion Pooling with Imprecise Probabilities

The question of how the probabilistic opinions of different individuals should be aggregated to form a group opinion is controversial. But one assumption seems to be pretty much common ground: for a group of Bayesians, the representation of group opinion should itself be a unique probability distribution (Madansky [44]; Lehrer and Wagner [34]; McConway Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76(374), 410–414, [45]; Bordley Management Science, 28(10), 1137–1148, [5]; Genest et al. The Annals of Statistics, 487–501, [21]; Genest and Zidek Statistical Science, 114–135, [23]; Mongin Journal of Economic Theory, 66(2), 313–351, [46]; Clemen and Winkler Risk Analysis, 19(2), 187–203, [7]; Dietrich and List [14]; Herzberg Theory and Decision, 1–19, [28]). We argue that this assumption is not always in order. We show how to extend the canonical mathematical framework for pooling to cover pooling with imprecise probabilities (IP) by employing set-valued pooling functions and generalizing common pooling axioms accordingly. As a proof of concept, we then show that one IP construction satisfies a number of central pooling axioms that are not jointly satisfied by any of the standard pooling recipes on pain of triviality. Following Levi (Synthese, 62(1), 3–11, [39]), we also argue that IP models admit of a much better philosophical motivation as a model of rational consensus.
Tuberculosis Infection and Nutrition

Tuberculosis (TB) is a globally prevalent disease and is inextricably linked with malnutrition. Malnutrition, involving macro- as well as micronutrient deficiencies increases the risk of contracting disease as well as the risk of developing active disease. It also results in worsened TB related outcomes, including cachexia and death. Social and economic factors, such as food insecurity, help promote malnutrition and TB infection, which then feeds into the vicious cycle of worsening access to nutrition and worsened TB outcomes. Children and pregnant or lactating women are more vulnerable to the dual effects of TB and malnutrition. The effects of malnutrition are further compounded in those co-infected with HIV and TB, with an even higher risk of morbidity and mortality compared to those with either disease alone. The cornerstone of mitigating the effects of disease and malnutrition are medical treatment for TB or TB/HIV and achieving adequate nutritional intake to achieve and maintain normal BMI, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Continued effort is required to expand treatment and nutritional care to all infected people to ensure that TB is truly controlled and no longer a health threat to the global community.
The utility of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire: Associations between parental report and an objective measure of sleep behavior

ABSTRACTWe examined associations between the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and sleep parameters assessed via actigraphy in a community sample of 111 children. Hypothesized correlations between CSHQ subscales and actigraphy data were not statistically significant, except for the association between CSHQ daytime sleepiness and actigraphy minutes asleep (r = −0.25, p < 0.05). Children with CSHQ scores above the clinical cutoff demonstrated more significant sleep problems, as assessed by actigraphy. Our findings suggest that while the CSHQ may not be as accurate for assessing specific sleep parameters (e.g., sleep duration), it provides a useful indicator of whether children are at risk for sleep problems in general and whether they experience daytime sleepiness.
Exploring Advanced Degrees

For many years, the majority of surgical residents in academic residency programs across the country have pursued a traditional path towards a career in academic surgery by committing to at least 2 years of research in the basic sciences during their training. While this model continues to be applicable today, the current generation of surgical residents has significantly more options for academic pursuits than their predecessors. Health services, outcomes, translational, and education research have all grown in popularity, and it is increasingly clear that one can be successful in academic surgery by pursuing research in these and a number of other fields. While the skills needed to perform research in the basic sciences can often be learned in the laboratory, the same is not entirely true for health services or education research. Research in these areas requires a different skill set, often employing a mix of both qualitative and quantitative research methods, which are not easily learned outside of a classroom setting. This has led an ever-increasing number of today’s residents to pursue additional degrees that may aid in their research efforts. This chapter will explore the role of advanced degrees as they pertain to pursuing a career in education research.
The beta-beta-alpha fold: explorations in sequence space.

The computational redesign of the second zinc finger of Zif268 to produce a 28 residue peptide (FSD-1) that assumes a ββα fold without metal binding was recently reported. In order to explore the tolerance of this metal-free fold towards sequence variability, six additional peptides resulting from the ORBIT computational protein design process were synthesized and characterized. The experimental stabilities of five of these peptides are strongly correlated with the energies calculated by ORBIT. However, when a peptide with a mutation in the β-turn is examined, the calculated stability does not accurately predict the experimentally determined stability. The NMR solution structure of a peptide incorporating this mutation (FSD-EY) reveals that the register between the β-strands is different from the model structure used to select and score the sequences. FSD-EY has a type I' turn instead of the target EbaaagbE turn (rubredoxin knuckle). Two additional peptides that have improved side-chain to backbone hydrogen bonding and turn propensity for the target turn were characterized. Both are of stability comparable to that of FSD-1. These results demonstrate the robustness of the ORBIT protein design methods and underscore the need for continued improvements in negative design.
A stochastic dynamic programming approach to selective catalytic reduction control

Urea based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) control strategies regulate urea dosing in diesel powertrains with the goal of achieving NOx emissions targets while being robust to transient disturbances such as exhaust temperature. A model based approach is typically pursued, where an estimated quantity of NH3 stored on the SCR catalyst is controlled to a temperature dependent setpoint. The choice of setpoint, however, is typically defined heuristically which leads to suboptimal NOx and NH3 emission trade-offs. Alternatively, this paper approaches SCR control from a stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) perspective. The dosing control law is formulated by solving an infinite-horizon stochastic optimization problem using a probabilistic model of the future SCR disturbances. Simulations over standard drive cycles show the SDP based SCR control laws outperform a standard model based PI control approach, in terms of total NOx emissions for a given level of NH3 slip, by between 5% and 15%. The SDP controllers are shown to move closer to the global optimal result found via deterministic dynamic programming. Additionally, the SDP approach provides a framework to evaluate potential controller performance improvements made available by adding parameters to the control law. In this way, the incremental benefit of having an additional state in the state-feedback control law can be weighed against the increased memory cost of the extra dimension.
Peer victimization predicts sleep problems in early adolescence

This study examined the prospective association between peer victimization and subjective sleep quality among typically developing early adolescents. At Time 1 (T1), participants included 123 youth...
Contemporary Mobilization of Legacy Pb Stores by DOM in a Boreal Peatland

We examined how different landscape areas in a catchment containing a northern ombrotrophic peatland and upland mineral soils responded to dramatic decreases in atmospheric deposition of lead (Pb). Pb concentrations in the outflow stream from the peatland measured from 2009-2015 indicated continued mobilization and export of Pb derived from historic inputs to the bog. In contrast, Pb concentrations in surface peat and runoff from upland mineral soils have declined in response to reductions in atmospheric deposition. Relative to the early 1980s, Pb concentrations in the streamflow decreased only ∼50%, while Pb in surface peat and upland subsurface runoff decreased by more than 90%. Water level fluctuations in the slow-accumulating peat have allowed dissolved organic matter (DOM) to continue mobilizing Pb deposited in the peatland decades earlier. Strong correlations between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and Pb concentrations in outflow from the peatland and in bog porewaters demonstrate Pb mobility related to DOM production. Peat stores of Pb in 2016 were less than or equal to those reported in the early 1980s despite the dry mass inventory increasing by 60-80%. Much of the loss in Pb stored in peat can be accounted for by stream runoff from the peatland.
INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen’s Websites’ Biographies

In recent decades the number of women and minorities elected to public office has increased significantly, prompting a wealth of studies examining the ways these different gender and racial identities shape elected officials’ appeals to constituents. However, much previous research focuses on representational differences among either men and women or Anglos and minorities, neglecting the intersection of race and gender. We seek to fill this void by examining differences in presentation styles among Latina and African American congresswomen, their Anglo female counterparts, and minority male peers. Relying on a detailed content analysis of the biographical pages available on U.S. Representatives’ websites, we conduct an exploratory examination of the differences in representatives’ presentation of self. Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this paper identifies the unique ways minority congresswomen present themselves and issue positions to constituents. We conclude by considering the implications of our results for minority women holding and seeking public office.
In Vitro Amplification Techniques

Amplification of extracted nucleic acids is often necessary to facilitate analysis of their nucleotide sequences or expression patterns. In this section, we review the most commonly used amplification method in molecular laboratories worldwide, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, PCR primer design, optimization techniques, and contamination prevention are discussed. Finally, many of the most commonly used PCR variations (e.g., multiplex PCR, reverse transcription-PCR, and quantitative PCR) are also described.
Prevention of Ovarian Serous Epithelial Carcinoma

ABSTRACT Ovarian cancer has no early signs or symptoms, and is usually discovered in an advanced stage with a poor prognosis. Screening is not recommended for the general population and is not very effective for the high-risk group. There are only two standard methods of reducing the chance of ovarian cancer—oral contraceptives pills (OCs) and prophylactic oophorectomy (PO). Oral contraceptives (OCs) give a 50% reduction of ovarian cancer risk. Prophylactic oophorectomy (PO) has a small chance of discovering an occult cancer, has a moderate chance of a minor complication, a very small chance of a dangerous complication, and causes surgical menopause problems. It is the only method which prevents ovarian cancer. There remains a life-long small chance of a new primary peritoneal cancer in high-risk women for which there is no prevention at present. This clarifies the confusing standard theory that PO has about a 95% chance of reducing deaths from “ovarian” (really combined ovarian and primary peritoneal) cancer. Premenopausal PO also reduces the later chance of breast cancer by about 50% in high-risk women however continuous surveillance in required. PO has now been replaced by prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy because the tube is part of the hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome and may develop carcinoma with the same histology. The site where the tube develops carcinoma has ramifications concerning the unsubstantiated suggestion for prophylactic hysterectomy. Women with hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome should have a PO beginning at 35 and after completing childbearing. Breast cancer survivors with BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations have an increased risk of a second breast cancer and of ovarian cancer and therefore should consider PO. BRCA2 mutation carriers have to keep in mind also the increased risk of general cancers including pancreatic. Male BRCA1/2 mutation carriers are at increased risk for breast (although less than women), prostate, pancreatic and other general cancers. Women with HNPCC should have PO and hysterectomy. Speculation about peritoneal carcinogenesis may be related to unappreciated constant stimulation to protect the non-stick peritoneal surface necessary to all life forms with an intestine. The new report of combined estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy (EPHRT) showing risks exceeding benefits requires rethinking of standard care.
Sampling design and methodology of the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys.

Introduction Globally 1 billion children are exposed to violence every year. The Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) are nationally representative surveys of males and females ages 13–24 that are intended to measure the burden of sexual, physical and emotional violence experienced in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. It is important to document the methodological approach and design of the VACS to better understand the national estimates that are produced in each country, which are used to drive violence prevention efforts. Methods This study describes the surveys’ target population, sampling design, statistical considerations, data collection process, priority violence indicators and data dissemination. Results Twenty-four national household surveys have been completed or are being planned in countries across Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Eastern Europe. The sample sizes range from 891 to 7912 among females (72%–98% response rate) and 803–2717 among males (66%–98% response rate). Two face-to-face interviews are conducted: a Household and an Individual Questionnaire. A standard set of core priority indicators are generated for each country that range from prevalence of different types of violence, contexts, risk and protective factors, and health consequences. Results are disseminated through various platforms to expand the reach and impact of the survey results. Conclusion Data obtained through VACS can inform development and implementation of effective prevention strategies and improve health service provision for all who experience violence. VACS serves as a standardised tool to inform and drive prevention through high-quality, comprehensive data.
In the endovascular era, is elective open aortic arch surgery in elderly patients still justified?

Abstract Objective The data supporting performing elective aortic arch surgery in patients aged 75 years or older are equivocal. We evaluated short- and long-term outcomes after elective arch surgery in patients aged ≥75 years to determine whether complex arch operations are justified in such patients. Methods Over a 10-year period, 805 patients aged 50 to 89 years underwent elective proximal or total arch surgery. Composite adverse outcome was defined as operative mortality, persistent (ie, present at discharge) neurologic event, or persistent hemodialysis. Multivariable logistic regression was performed in the entire group. Results Multivariable analysis showed that age at admission independently predicted composite adverse outcome, operative mortality, and prolonged (>48 hours) ventilator support (P Conclusions As endovascular technology evolves, having benchmark data from likely endovascular-therapy candidates is critical. This study, among the few to focus on elective aortic arch surgery in elderly patients, suggests that surgical intervention carries risk and that novel endovascular therapies are needed.
A Regulatory Loop between the Retinoid-Related Orphan Nuclear Receptor NHR-23 and let-7 family microRNAs Modulates the C. elegans Molting Cycle

SUMMARY Animal physiology and development both rely on biological clocks, but the extent to which feedback loops among core components of the circadian clock and conserved microRNAs operate within developmental timers is not well understood. Here, we show that a negative feedback loop between NHR-23/RORα and let-7 modulates the PER-dependent rhythm of the C. elegans molting cycle. Related quiescent intervals are delayed and protracted in nhr-23 knockdowns, advanced and abbreviated in particular let-7 mutants, and yet scheduled more regularly in double mutants. NHR-23 binds upstream ROR Response Elements (REs) and activates transcription of primary let-7 when larvae are active, whereas let-7 targets an LCS in the 3’UTR and represses expression of nhr-23 transcripts when larvae are quiescent. Moreover, NHR-23 and let-7 have scores of shared targets that are cyclically expressed and mediate related transitions in cell and animal behavior. ROREs are also found upstream of vertebrate let-7 homologs, while LCSs are found in 3’UTRs of ROR transcripts. Conservation of this feedback loop has implications for human clocks and related malignancies and disorders of sleep and metabolism.
Windshield wipers on connected vehicles produce high-accuracy rainfall maps

Connected vehicles are poised to transform the field of environmental sensing by enabling acquisition of scientific data at unprecedented scales. Drawing on a real-world dataset collected from almost 70 connected vehicles, this study generates improved rainfall estimates by combining weather radar with windshield wiper observations. Existing methods for measuring precipitation are subject to spatial and temporal uncertainties that compromise high-precision applications like flash flood forecasting. Windshield wiper measurements from connected vehicles correct these uncertainties by providing precise information about the timing and location of rainfall. Using co-located vehicle dashboard camera footage, we find that wiper measurements are a stronger predictor of binary rainfall state than traditional stationary gages or radar-based measurements. We introduce a Bayesian filtering framework that generates improved rainfall estimates by updating radar rainfall fields with windshield wiper observations. We find that the resulting rainfall field estimate captures rainfall events that would otherwise be missed by conventional measurements. We discuss how these enhanced rainfall maps can be used to improve flood warnings and facilitate real-time operation of stormwater infrastructure.
Acute and Chronic Ischemic Disorders of the Small Bowel.

Ischemic disorders of the small bowel represent a rare but highly morbid disease process which is often difficult to diagnose and has a complex management course involving multidisciplinary care. Given recent advances in radiologic modalities and surgical/endovascular techniques, this review seeks to provide a disease overview as well as a summary of emerging management strategies. In cases of acute mesenteric ischemia without evidence of frank bowel necrosis, an endovascular-first strategy employing thrombolysis, pharmacomechanical thrombectomy, and/or adjunctive angioplasty/stenting has been shown to have positive outcomes. In cases requiring open laparotomy, retrograde open mesenteric stenting may facilitate less dissection and more straightforward revascularization. While endovascular intervention for chronic mesenteric ischemia was historically limited by high rates of restenosis, use of covered stents in these vascular beds has been shown to have excellent patency rates. Ischemia of the small bowel can be acute or chronic in nature—endovascular treatment modalities have been shown to have excellent results given appropriate patient selection and should be an important tool in the armamentarium of management options for this complex disease process.
Astrophysically important Si 26 states studied with the Si 28 ( p , t ) Si 26 reaction. II. Spin of the 5.914-MeV Si 26 level and galactic Al 26 production

The $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$($p,t$)$^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction has been studied to resolve a controversy surrounding the properties of the $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ level at 5.914 MeV and its contribution to the $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$($p,\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction rate in novae, which affects interpretations of galactic $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ observations. Recent studies have come to contradictory conclusions regarding the spin of this level (${0}^{+}$ or ${3}^{+}$), with a ${3}^{+}$ assignment implying a large contribution by this level to the $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$($p,\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction rate. We have extended our previous study [Bardayan et al., Phys. Rev. C 65, 032801(R) (2002)] to smaller angles and find the angular distribution of tritons populating the 5.914-MeV level in the $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$($p,t$)$^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction to be consistent with either a ${2}^{+}$ or ${3}^{+}$ assignment. We have calculated reaction rates under these assumptions and used them in a nova nucleosynthesis model to examine the effects of the remaining uncertainties in the $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$($p,\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ rate on $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ production in novae.
Michigan’s Great Lakes Stewardship Initiative: A Statewide Place-Based Education Effort to Connect Schools to Communities

The Great Lakes Stewardship Initiative (GLSI) has for 10 years been engaged in the systematic introduction of place-based learning approaches with an environmental and ecojustice focus throughout the state of Michigan. It has sought to create strong partnerships between schools and local organizations and agencies with the intent of cultivating knowledgeable and active citizen stewards. By the 2015-2016 academic year, the GLSI had worked with teachers in 283 schools, engaging over 80,000 students in its projects, demonstrating how place-based approaches can be brought to scale in both rural and urban communities.
An Investigation of Direct Image Reconstruction in DECT with Physical Data

Non-convex optimization problems, such as those based on a non-linear data model in multispectral CT, can not be solved by directly applying the first-order primal-dual Chambolle-Pock (CP) algorithm. In this work, we propose a non-convex primal-dual algorithm, inspired by our previous work on the ASD-NC-POCS algorithm for the non-convex constrained TV-minimization problem in multispectral CT. The proposed non-convex CP (ncCP) algorithm can accommodate different optimization program designs including non-smooth objectives and/or constraints, and also involves relatively fewer parameters. It is different than the MOCCA algorithm, which is also an extension of the primal-dual CP algorithm, in the sense that ncCP uses a global linear approximation to the data model and estimates the non-linear term locally, whereas MOCCA uses a local quadratic convex approximation to the data fidelity term. An algorithm instance of the proposed ncCP algorithm for a non-convex optimization problem in dual-energy CT has been derived and applied to physical head phantom data collected on a clinical scanner. Comparable basis and monochromatic images can be observed from the ncCP algorithm and the standard, data-domain decomposition method, in this preliminary study with two-full-rotation dual-energy data of overlapping rays.
Solving the chemical master equation for monomolecular reaction systems analytically: a Doi-Peliti path integral view

The chemical master equation (CME) is a fundamental description of interacting molecules commonly used to model chemical kinetics and noisy gene regulatory networks. Exact time-dependent solutions of the CME -- which typically consists of infinitely many coupled differential equations -- are rare, and are valuable for numerical benchmarking and getting intuition for the behavior of more complicated systems. Jahnke and Huisinga's landmark calculation of the exact time-dependent solution of the CME for monomolecular reaction systems is one of the most general analytic results known; however, it is hard to generalize, because it relies crucially on properties of monomolecular reactions. In this paper, we rederive Jahnke and Huisinga's result on the time-dependent probability distribution and moments of monomolecular reaction systems using the Doi-Peliti path integral approach, which reduces solving the CME to evaluating many integrals. While the Doi-Peliti approach is less intuitive, it is also more mechanical, and hence easier to generalize. To illustrate how the Doi-Peliti approach can go beyond the method of Jahnke and Huisinga, we also find an explicit and exact time-dependent solution to a problem involving an autocatalytic reaction that Jahnke and Huisinga identified as not solvable using their method. We also find a formal exact time-dependent solution for any CME whose list of reactions involves only zero and first order reactions, which may be the most general result currently known.
Nonreciprocal second-harmonic generation in few-layer chromium triiodide

It is of fundamental importance but challenging to simultaneously identify atomic and magnetic configurations of two-dimensional van der Waals materials. In this work, we show that the nonreciprocal second-harmonic generation (SHG) can be a powerful tool to answer this challenge. Despite the preserved lattice inversion symmetry, the interlayer antiferromagnetic order and spin-orbit coupling generate and enhance SHG in parity-time (PT) -symmetric bilayer chromium triiodide (${\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$). Importantly, the in-plane polarization-resolved SHG is sensitive to the subtly different interlayer structures that cannot be differentiated by linear optical spectra. Beyond bilayer, we further predict that the intensity and angle-resolved SHG can be employed to identify both interlayer atomic and magnetic configurations of trilayer ${\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$. Our first-principles results agree with available measurements and show the potential of SHG as a noncontact approach to explore correlations between interlayer structures and magnetic orders of emerging ultrathin magnetic materials.
The $\mathbf{AdS_5 \times S^5}$ Superstring

The duality between the type IIB superstring theory in an $AdS_5 \times S^5$ background with $N$ units of five-form flux and ${\cal N} =4$ super Yang--Mills theory with a $U(N)$ gauge group has been studied extensively. My version of the construction of the superstring world-sheet action is reviewed here. This paper is dedicated to Michael Duff on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Inactivation of Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B2354 on cumin seeds using gaseous ethylene oxide.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of processing parameters (relative humidity (RH), temperature, and exposure time) on the ethylene oxide (EtO) microbial inactivation of Salmonella spp. and to evaluate Enterococcus faecium NRRL B2354 as a suitable surrogate for Salmonella inactivation on cumin seeds. Five grams of cumin seeds inoculated with either Salmonella or E. faecium were treated with EtO at different temperatures (46, 53, and 60 °C) and RH (30, 40, and 50%) levels for different exposure time to investigate the effects of process parameters on the microbial inactivation. The Weibull model fit the survival data of both bacteria with a shape parameter p < 1, which showed a tailing effect with concave shape indicating that the sensitive cells were inactivated first, and the sturdy ones survived at low RH treatment conditions. In general, the log reductions of both bacteria on cumin seeds increased with the increasing RH and temperature for EtO treatment. RH is a critical factor for successful EtO inactivation treatment. RH must be higher than 40% to implement a successful and efficient EtO decontamination of cumin seeds. E. faecium consistently showed lower log reductions than those of Salmonella under all EtO treatment conditions investigated in this study, demonstrating that E. faecium is a suitable surrogate for Salmonella. Twenty minutes of EtO treatment at 50% RH achieved ~5 log reductions of both bacteria at all three temperatures. A response surface model was developed to predict the log reductions of both bacteria under different treatment conditions and the contour plots representing log reductions were created. Inactivation is positively correlated to temperature and RH. Therefore, a higher temperature is required to achieve the desired log reduction at lower RH and vice versa. The developed response surface model is a valuable tool for the spice industry in identifying the possible combinations of EtO process parameters (temperature, RH, and exposure time) required to achieve a desired microbial reduction of Salmonella for ensuring microbial food safety of spices.
Mental health disorders among patients with acute myocardial infarction in the United States.

Objective To assess the prevalence, temporal trends and sex- and racial/ethnic differences in the burden of mental health disorders (MHD) and outcomes among patients with myocardial infarction (MI) in the United States. Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample Database, we evaluated a contemporary cohort of patients hospitalized for acute MI in the United States over 10 years period from 2008 to 2017. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis for in-hospital outcomes, yearly trends and estimated annual percent change (APC) in odds of MHD among MI patients. Results We included a total sample of 6,117,804 hospitalizations for MI (ST elevation MI in 30.4%), with a mean age of 67.2 ​± ​0.04 years and 39% females. Major depression (6.2%) and anxiety disorders (6.0%) were the most common MHD, followed by bipolar disorder (0.9%), schizophrenia/psychotic disorders (0.8%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (0.3%). Between 2008 and 2017, the prevalences significantly increased for major depression (4.7%-7.4%, APC +6.2%, p ​< ​.001), anxiety disorders (3.2%-8.9%, APC +13.5%, p ​< ​.001), PTSD (0.2%-0.6%, +12.5%, p ​< ​.001) and bipolar disorder (0.7%-1.0%, APC +4.0%, p ​< ​.001). Significant sex- and racial/ethnic-differences were also noted. Major depression, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia/psychotic disorders were associated with a lower likelihood of coronary revascularization. Conclusion MHD are common among patients with acute MI and there was a concerning increase in the prevalence of major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and PTSD over this 10-year period. Focused mental health interventions are warranted to address the increasing burden of comorbid MHD among acute MI.
Increasing Access to Online Learning for Students With Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were alarming reports of children missing out on online special educational activities due to a lack of access to those resources. We evaluated a simple, online ...
Approach to Toxicologic Emergencies

Equine toxicologic emergencies are relatively uncommon but can cause significant morbidity and mortality in a group of comanaged horses. The field veterinarian's role is to triage the situation, as well as the individual animal. Individual patient stabilization should focus on support of essential organ functions, providing time for treatments to have an effect or for elimination of the toxicant. Decontamination procedures can follow patient stabilization, if appropriate. Antidotes are often not available or feasible for equine intoxications. The field veterinarian should emphasize triage and stabilization before referral and on-site identification and collection of diagnostic samples to support the diagnosis.
Practical application of a combined treatment process for removal of recalcitrant NOM - alum and PAC

Three different powdered activated carbons were applied in combination with aluminium sulphate to treat a high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) source water with a focus on improving natural organic matter removal. Treated water quality was analysed using absorbance at 254 nm, DOC, trihalomethane formation potential (THM-FP), rapid fractionation, C 13 NMR and molecular weight distribution by high performance size exclusion chromatography. Carbon C and B offered equivalent DOC removal but carbon C was considered superior as treated water THM-FP was reduced. It is postulated that an organic fraction around 1000 Daltons is responsible for differences in THM-FP shown in the treated waters.
400-LB/HP TRUCK ON GRADES: NUMERICAL APPROACH

A set of equations has been developed which successfully approximates the information for 400 lB/h(240 kg/kW) trucks contained in graphs in the AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways (1965). The equations make possible the computerized generation of a speed profile along a given grade line and could be used in assessing the effects of a variety of traffic patterns on highway capacity and level of service. Problems such as route comparisons, the effect of grade line variations and location of crawler lanes can be treated conveniently.
Delayed population explosion of an introduced butterfly

1. The causes of lagged population and geographical range expansions after species introductions are poorly understood, and there are relatively few detailed case studies. 2. We document the 29-year history of population dynamics and structure for a population of Euphydryas gillettii Barnes that was introduced to the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA in 1977. 3. The population size remained low ( 3000 individuals and covered approximately 70 ha, nearly all to the south of the original site. The direction of population expansion was the same as that of predominant winds. 5. By 2004, the butterfly's local distribution had retracted mainly to three habitat patches. It thus exhibited a 'surge/contraction' form of population growth. Searches within 15 km of the original site yielded no other new populations. 6. In 2005, butterfly numbers crashed, but all three habitat patches remained occupied. The populations within each patch did not decrease in the same proportions, suggesting independent dynamics that are characteristic of metapopulations. 7. We postulate that this behaviour results, in this species, in establishment of satellite populations and, given appropriate habitat structure, may result in lagged or punctuated expansions of introduced populations.
A new genus and species of bothriurid scorpion from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with a reanalysis of bothriurid phylogeny and a discussion of the phylogenetic position of Lisposoma Lawrence

Abstract.Brandbergia haringtoni, a new genus and species of bothriurid scorpion, is described from the Brandberg Massif, northwestern Namibia. A cladistic analysis, based on seventy-four morphological characters scored for thirty-one exemplar species representing all genera of Bothriuridae, and one genus from each of the six remaining families of Scorpionoidea, was conducted to test the phylogenetic placement of the new genus and whether it affects the internal relationships of Bothriuridae. The available data demonstrate, under a range of weighting regimes, that the new genus is the most basal bothriurid, and confirm the scheme of relationships among the remaining bothriurid genera that was recovered in a previous analysis: (Brandbergia (Lisposoma (Thestylus (Phoniocercus (Tehuankea (Cercophonius + Urophonius) (Bothriurus + Brachistosternus +Orobothriurus + Centromachetes (Timogenes + Vachonia))))))). On the basis of this evidence, Lourenco's recent proposal of family Lisposomidae for Lisposoma is rejected and Lisposomidae is synonymized with Bothriuridae. The implications of the phylogeny for understanding the biogeography of Bothriuridae are discussed.
Fluorescent Peptide Assays for Protein Kinases

Protein kinases are enzymes that regulate many cellular events in eukaryotic cells, such as cell cycle progression, transcription, metabolism and apoptosis. Protein kinases each have a conserved ATP binding site, as well as one or more substrate-binding site(s) that exhibit recognition features for a protein substrate. By thus bringing ATP and a substrate into close proximity, each protein kinase can modify its substrate by transferring the γ-phosphate of the ATP molecule to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue on the substrate. In such a way, signaling pathways downstream from the substrate can be regulated, dependent on the phosphorylated versus dephosphorylated forms of the substrate.
Maternal immunization is not the same as immunization in pregnancy

Dear Editor, I would like to congratulate Dres. Moniz and Beigi on their timely publication regarding “maternal immunization”, which prompted me to raise a terminology issue.1 I believe the term “maternal immunization“ is frequently used in circumstances where the term “immunization in pregnancy” would be more appropriate to emphasize that the actual topic in fact is immunizing pregnant women, i.e., future mothers of the yet unborn child. In contrast to “immunization in pregnancy”, “maternal immunization” has a much broader sense and comprises a) bringing a woman's immunization status up-to-date before becoming pregnant, i.e. as part of family planning (such as MMR, varicella, diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis), b) immunizations during pregnancy (specifically those against influenza and pertussis, as discussed in the publication), and c) immunizations after delivery, if they are indicated and were missed before or during pregnancy (including the so called “cocooning” for pertussis, MMR and varicella). I would appreciate if authors of future publications would adopt this terminology.
Exploring the dissolution effect on the intrashell Mg/Ca variability of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber

The Mg/Ca ratio of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber is widely used for reconstructing past sea surface temperatures. The shell Mg/Ca ratio is also lowered by dissolution, which results in lower sea surface temperature estimates in partially dissolved shells. Here we use an electron microprobe image mapping technique to map the intrashell variability of the Mg/Ca ratio in G. ruber (white) sensu stricto shells to explore changes in the intrashell Mg/Ca ratio associated with dissolution. We examine shells from shallow and deep cores (Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic) from the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum that represent a preservational gradient. Image map results show that the Mg/Ca ratio is highly variable both within a single shell and among samples obtained from the same sediment interval. Our results show that intrashell Mg/Ca variability is retained in samples that have undergone dissolution. Quantitative analysis of the data from Mg/Ca mapping suggests that preferential loss of high-Mg/Ca calcite alone cannot account for the difference in intrashell Mg/Ca variability of shells from shallow and deep cores in both time periods. Rather, the data imply that, in G. ruber analyzed in this study, there is a loss of high Mg/Ca ratios accompanied by a more uniform lowering of Mg/Ca over the range of intershell Mg/Ca variability of shells subjected to dissolution at the 1 µm resolution of the microprobe analysis in this study.
BRIDGING SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CHILDREN'S RIGHTS TO ENHANCE SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY SCHOLARSHIP AND PRACTICE

This article describes the overlap between the common goals of social justice and children’s rights advocates as applied to scholarship and practice in school psychology. We argue that these frameworks overlap a great deal, with a primary distinction being the roots of each approach. Specifically, the origins of social justice movements in school psychology can be traced to multicultural school psychology, whereas the roots of school psychology and children’s rights stem more from broader international movements. The potential implications of the similarities and differences are explored through a case study. Finally, recommendations for the next 25 years of social justice and children’s rights scholarship and practice are provided. C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. In this article, we pose and provide responses to two overarching questions: How might a children’s rights framework inform social justice scholarship and school psychology practice? and How might a social justice framework inform children’s rights scholarship and school psychology practice? To address these questions, the first two sections define and describe the concepts of social justice and children’s rights. As will be shown, there are clear areas of overlap. However, to date, there has been little to no scholarship describing this connection. As such, the third section describes ways in which the scholarship and the goals of the social justice and children’s rights movements might inform one another. In the fourth section, an applied vignette with commentary highlighting areas of similarity and difference is provided. Finally, a potential agenda for advancing social justice and children’s rights over the next 25 years is put forward.
Study of diamond growth from a variety of input gases

The gas phase densities of CH 3 and CH and the hydrogen dissociation fraction are measured in a hot filament diamond deposition system for each of several different hydrocarbon input gases. The crystal growth rate and the appearance of the diamond grown from the different input gases are also examined. A comparison of the measurements indicates that the nature of the input hydrocarbon is relatively unimportant because fast gas phase reactions completely scramble the identities of the input carbon atoms. The addition of oxygen greatly alters the gas phase densities and other experimental factors such as the filament surface condition. Small concentrations of atomic impurities in the gas phase are also detected using high sensitivity absorption spectroscopy.
Procedures for sequencing tasks with one resource type

SUMMARY This paper surveys the major developments in the area of sequencing with a single resource type. The survey considers both independent and dependent tasks in single and multiple resource problems in order to review existing work and to provide a context for future research. The study focuses on performance measures involving makespan, flowtime, and tardiness criteria and indicates the kinds of job information around which sequencing procedures have been successfully devised.
The Dustywings in cretaceous Burmese amber (Insecta: Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae)

Synopsis The dustywing fauna (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) of Upper Albian Burmese amber is revised. Two species are recognised, one belonging to the subfamily Aleuropteryginae and one to the Coniopteryginae. The aleuropterygine species is placed in the genus Glaesoconis (Glaesoconis baliopteryx sp. nov.), a previously known fontenelleine genus from New Jersey and Siberian ambers. The apparent coniopterygine differs in several features of wing venation and is therefore placed in its own tribe: Phthanoconini nov. (Phthanoconis burmitica gen. et sp. nov.). A revised key to Cretaceous dustywing genera is provided.