cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obtaining calibrated probabilities from boosting

Boosted decision trees typically yield good accuracy, precision, and ROC area. However, because the outputs from boosting are not well calibrated posterior probabilities, boosting yields poor squared error and cross-entropy. We empirically demonstrate why AdaBoost predicts distorted probabilities and examine three calibration methods for correcting this distortion: Platt Scaling, Isotonic Regression, and Logistic Correction. We also experiment with boosting using log-loss instead of the usual exponential loss. Experiments show that Logistic Correction and boosting with log-loss work well when boosting weak models such as decision stumps, but yield poor performance when boosting more complex models such as full decision trees. Platt Scaling and Isotonic Regression, however, significantly improve the probabilities predicted by both boosted stumps and boosted trees. After calibration, boosted full decision trees predict better probabilities than other learning methods such as SVMs, neural nets, bagged decision trees, and KNNs, even after these methods are calibrated.
Are skills rewarded in Sub-Saharan Africa ? determinants of wages and productivity in the manufacturing sector

Using recent matched employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector in 20 Sub-Saharan African countries, the authors analyze how the supply of skills and legal origin of the country affect the wage setting process. The wage analysis yields three main findings. First, increasing returns to education, especially for older workers, suggest that the expansion of education in Africa has reduced returns to education for entrants in the labor market. Second, age effects matter not just for returns to education, but also for the wage setting process more generally. In particular, in civil-law countries, returns to seniority are rewarded only after a certain age. Third, workers exercise some power in the wage setting process but their influence varies by linguistic group. In common-law countries, union presence benefits all workers equally, not just members, whereas in civil-law countries, only older members enjoy higher wages. The authors also contrast wage premia with relative marginal productivities for different age, occupation, and education categories. The findings show that in general, older, highly educated, and highly ranked workers receive wage premia that do not reflect a higher relative marginal productivity.
Continuity of core entropy of quadratic polynomials

The core entropy of polynomials, recently introduced by W. Thurston, is a dynamical invariant which can be defined purely in combinatorial terms, and provides a useful tool to study parameter spaces of polynomials. The theory of core entropy extends the entropy theory for real unimodal maps to complex polynomials: the real segment is replaced by an invariant tree, known as the Hubbard tree, which lies inside the filled Julia set. We prove that the core entropy of quadratic polynomials varies continuously as a function of the external angle in parameter space, answering a question of Thurston.
Linear Cellular Automata with Multiple State Variables

We investigate a finite state analog of subband coding, based on linear Cellular Automata with multiple state variables. We show that such a CA is injective (surjective) if and only if the determinant of its transition matrix is an injective (surjective, respectively) single variable automaton.We prove that in the one-dimensional case every injective automaton can be factored into a sequence of elementary automata, defined by elementary transition matrices. Finally, we investigate the factoring problem in higher dimensional spaces.
HiTune: dataflow-based performance analysis for big data cloud

Although Big Data Cloud (e.g., MapReduce, Hadoop and Dryad) makes it easy to develop and run highly scalable applications, efficient provisioning and fine-tuning of these massively distributed systems remain a major challenge. In this paper, we describe a general approach to help address this challenge, based on distributed instrumentations and dataflow-driven performance analysis. Based on this approach, we have implemented HiTune, a scalable, lightweight and extensible performance analyzer for Hadoop. We report our experience on how HiTune helps users to efficiently conduct Hadoop performance analysis and tuning, demonstrating the benefits of dataflow-based analysis and the limitations of existing approaches (e.g., system statistics, Hadoop logs and metrics, and traditional profiling).
Improving learning by choosing examples intelligently in two natural language tasks

In this chapter, we present relational learning algorithms for two natural language processing tasks, semantic parsing and information extraction. We describe the algorithms and present experimental results showing their effectiveness. We also describe our application of active learning techniques to these learning systems.We applied certainty-based selective sampling to each system, using fairly simple notions of certainty. We show that these selective sampling techniques greatly reduce the number of annotated examples required for the systems to achieve good generalization performance.
Describing Profiles of Instructional Practice A New Approach to Analyzing Classroom Observation Data

The authors outline the application of latent class analysis (LCA) to classroom observational instruments. LCA offers diagnostic information about teachers’ instructional strengths and weaknesses, along with estimates of measurement error for individual teachers, while remaining relatively straightforward to implement and interpret. It is discussed how the methodology can support formative feedback to educators and facilitate research into the associations between instructional practices and student outcomes. The approach is illustrated with a secondary analysis of data from the Measures of Effective Teaching study, focusing on middle school literacy instruction.
Having It Both Ways: Distinguishable Yet Phase-Coherent Mixtures of Bose-Einstein Condensates

We have begun a series of experiments on mixed bosonic quantum fluids. Our system is mixed Bose-Einstein condensates in dilute Rb-87. By simultaneously trapping the atoms in two different hyperfine states, we are able to study the dynamics of component separation and of the relative quantum phase of two interpenetrating condensates. Population can be converted from one state to the other at a rate that is sensitive to the relative quantum phase.
Pneumonia in the elderly

Pneumonia is one of the commonest infections in elderly patients. The pathogens responsible for pneumonias in the elderly are the same as in younger adults. Because of associated cardiopulmonary disease and/or impaired host defenses, pneumonia in elderly patients is associated with increased mortality and morbidity compared to younger patients. The clinical importance of pneumonias in the elderly relates to age-dependent and pathologic changes in the immune system as well as the lungs. Pneumonias in the elderly may be classified, for clinical purposes, according to their location of acquisition, i.e. community-acquired pneumonias, nursing home-acquired pneumonias, or hospital-acquired pneumonias. The clinical presentation of pneumonias in the elderly may be difficult, due to pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease that mimics pneumonia. This review discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to elderly patients with pneumonia.
Stable Commutator Length in Amalgamated Free Products

We show that stable commutator length is rational on free products of free abelian groups amalgamated over ℤk, a class of groups containing the fundamental groups of all torus knot complements. We consider a geometric model for these groups and parametrize all surfaces with specified boundary mapping to this space. Using this work we provide a topological algorithm to compute stable commutator length in these groups. Further, we use the methods developed to show that in free products of cyclic groups the stable commutator length of a fixed word varies quasirationally in the orders of the free factors.
Short-Time Existence for Scale-Invariant Hamiltonian Waves

We prove short-time existence of smooth solutions for a class of nonlinear, and in general spatially nonlocal, Hamiltonian evolution equations that describe the self-interaction of weakly nonlinear scale-invariant waves. These equations include ones that describe weakly nonlinear hyperbolic surface waves, such as nonlinear Rayleigh waves in elasticity.
On the Existence of Cournot Equilibrium

This paper examines the existence of n-firm Cournot equilibrium in a market for a single homogeneous commodity. It proves that if each firm's marginal revenue declines as the aggregate output of other firms increases (which is implied by concave inverse demand) then a Cournot equilibrium exists, without assuming that firms have nondecreasing marginal cost or identical technologies. Also, if the marginal revenue condition fails at a "potential optimal point," there is a set of firms such that no Cournot equilibrium exists. The paper also contains an example of nonexistence with two nonidentical firms, each with constant returns to scale production.
Free-flight measurements of aerodynamic viscous effects on lifting re-entry bodies.

Lift-drag ratio, lift and drag coefficients and angle of attack effects on Gemini and Apollo reentry vehicles measured in shock tunnel under free flight conditions
New Era:. Study Light Hypernuclei via Two Body Decay Pion Spectroscopy Using Cebaf Beam

Combined with high precision on two body decay pions and the unique features of hypernuclear electro-production mechanism, a new experiment aims to effectively access the hypernuclear continuum which offers insight on a wide range of light hypernuclei with variety of possible (Z, A) combinations via production of hyper-fragments. Precise binding energies of various hypernuclear species allow us to address on most of the leading puzzles and inconsistencies and may lead to new important discoveries and findings.
Spinor dynamics-driven formation of a dual-beam atom laser.

We demonstrate a novel dual-beam atom laser formed by outcoupling oppositely polarized components of an all-optical F = 1 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate whose Zeeman sublevel populations have been coherently evolved through spin dynamics. The condensate is formed through all-optical means using a single-beam running-wave dipole trap. We create a condensate in the magnetic field-insensitive mF = 0 state, and drive coherent spin-mixing evolution through adiabatic compression of the initially weak trap. Such dual beams, number-correlated through the angular momentum-conserving reaction 2m0 ↔ m+1 + m-1, have been proposed as tools to explore entanglement and squeezing in Bose-Einstein condensates, and have potential use in precision phase measurements.
Single electron transfer in the reaction of an alkyl iodide with LiAlH4 and LiAlD4 in the absence of a halogen atom radical chain process

Abstract Reactions of the noncyclizable alkyl iodide, 1-iodo-2,2-dimethylhexane ( 9 ), with LiAlH 4 and LiAlD 4 have been carried out under a variety of conditions. Although the structure of 9 prohibits a halogen atom radical chain process, deuterium incorporation studies provide convincing evidence for single electron transfer (SET) as the major reaction pathway.
Coupled thermal-orbital evolution of the early Moon

Abstract Coupled thermal–orbital histories of early lunar evolution are considered in a simple model. We consider a plagioclase lid, overlying a magma ocean, overlying a solid mantle. Tidal dissipation occurs in the plagioclase lid and heat transport is by conduction and melt migration. We find that large orbital eccentricities can be obtained in this model. We discuss possible consequences of this phase of large eccentricities for the shape of the Moon and geochronology of lunar samples. We find that the orbit can pass through the shape solution of Garrick-Bethell et al. (Garrick-Bethell, I., Wisdom, J., Zuber, M. [2006]. Science 313, 652), but we argue that the shape cannot be maintained against elastic deformation as the orbit continues to evolve.
Work recoverable from two-particle information

It is shown how information contained in the pair-wise correlations between atoms of a gas can be used to convert completely heat taken from a thermostat into mechanical work in a process of relaxation of the system to its thermal equilibrium state. Both classical correlations and quantum correlations (entanglement) are considered. The amount of heat converted into work is proportional to the entropy defect of the initial state of the system. The equivalence relation between information and work is explicitly demonstrated for the case of two-particle correlations. The amount of work obtained per particle is twice as large in the case of entanglement as in the case of classical correlations.
Can motor measures tell us if someone is trying? An assessment of sincerity of effort in simulated malingering

Several studies have focused on detection of simulated injury or submaximal effort using forced-choice measures of memory. However, few studies have examined the role of motor performance in patient effort, and no studies have examined motor functioning in an injury simulation. In this study, we administered measures of motor strength, motor speed, and attention and a forced-choice memory measure to 30 participants instructed to simulate brain injury and 30 participants instructed to perform to the best of their abilities. Simulators' level of performance and variability were significantly different from those of participants instructed to give maximal performance. Variables derived from motor measures may serve as useful supplemental indicators of incomplete effort.
Current status and future potential of nuclide discoveries.

Currently about 3000 different nuclei are known with about another 3000?4000 predicted to exist. A review of the discovery of the nuclei, the present status and the possibilities for future discoveries are presented.
Spin Down of Pulsations in the Cooling Tail of an X-ray Burst from 4U 1636-53

We report the discovery with the proportional counter array (PCA) onboard the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) of a decrease in the frequency of X-ray brightness oscillations in the cooling tail of an X-ray burst from 4U 1636-53. This is the first direct evidence for a spin down of the pulsations seen during thermonuclear bursts. We find that the spin down episode is correlated with the appearance in this burst of an extended tail of emission with a decay timescale much longer than is seen in other bursts from 4U 1636-53 in the same set of observations. We present both time resolved energy and variability spectra during this burst and compare them with results from a second burst which shows neither a spin down episode nor an extended tail. A spectral evolution study of the "spin down" burst reveals a secondary signature of weak radius expansion, not seen in other bursts, and correlated with the spin down episode, which may indicate a secondary thermonuclear energy release. We interpret the spin down episode in the context of an angular momentum conserving shell, which is reexpanded and therefore spun down by an additional thermonuclear energy release which could also explain the extended X-ray tail.
The circumstellar disk of the Butterfly Star in Taurus

We present a model of the circumstellar environment of the so-called Butterfly star in Taurus (IRAS 04302+2247). The appearance of this young stellar object is dominated by a large circumstellar disk seen edge-on and the light-scattering lobes above the disk. Our model is based on multiwavelength continuum observations: (1) millimeter maps and (2) high-resolution near-infrared images obtained with Hubble Space Telescope/NICMOS. The advantage of the combination of both observations is that they trace (1) different regions of the system and (2) different physical processes. On the one hand, the millimeter observations are sensitive to the long-wavelength radiation being reemitted from the dust in the central parts close to the midplane of the circumstellar disk. Thus, the geometry and small-scale density distribution of the disk has been studied. Furthermore, in contrast to the pure flux measurement, the resolved 1.3 mm image allows us to discriminate between different disk models with a similar far-infrared/millimeter spectral energy distribution and therefore to disentangle the disk geometry much more precisely. On the other hand, the near-infrared observations trace the envelope structure and dust properties in the envelope and the disk surface. We find disk and envelope parameters that are comparable with those of the circumstellar environment of other young stellar objects. A main result is that the dust properties must be different in the circumstellar disk and in the envelope: while a grain size distribution with grain radii up to 100 μm is required to reproduce the millimeter observations of the disk, the envelope is dominated by smaller grains similar to those of the interstellar medium. Alternatives to this grain growth scenario in the circumstellar disk are discussed in brief as well.
THE SHARP ENERGY-CAPACITY INEQUALITY

Using the Oh–Schwarz spectral invariants and some arguments of Frauenfelder, Ginzburg and Schlenk, we show that the π1-sensitive Hofer–Zehnder capacity of any subset of a closed symplectic manifold is less than or equal to its displacement energy. This estimate is sharp, and implies some new extensions of the Non-Squeezing Theorem.
Normal Approximations for Descents and Inversions of Permutations of Multisets

Normal approximations for descents and inversions of permutations of the set {1,2,…,n} are well known. We consider the number of inversions of a permutation π(1),π(2),…,π(n) of a multiset with n elements, which is the number of pairs (i,j) with 1≤i π(j). The number of descents is the number of i in the range 1≤i π(i+1). We prove that, appropriately normalized, the distribution of both inversions and descents of a random permutation of the multiset approaches the normal distribution as n→∞, provided that the permutation is equally likely to be any possible permutation of the multiset and no element occurs more than αn times in the multiset for a fixed α with 0<α<1. Both normal approximation theorems are proved using the size bias version of Stein’s method of auxiliary randomization and are accompanied by error bounds.
Active Control of Far-Field Noise from a Ducted Propeller

A feedforward control algorithm using a rpm reference signal and a rotor position signal was used to apply active noise control to reduce the far-field noise generated by a ducted propeller. This technique reduced the noise radiated from the plane wave and first circumferential (1, 0) spinning duct mode. Simultaneous cancellation of the blade passing frequency and the first harmonic was achieved. These reductions were obtained over a wide range of far-field angles with no increase in noise at other frequencies.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND LOCATION DATA

We develop a method for integrating time series expression profiles and factor-gene binding data to quantify dynamic aspects of gene regulation. We estimate latencies for transcription activation by explaining time correlations between gene expression profiles through available factor-gene binding information. The resulting aligned expression profiles are subsequently clustered and again combined with binding information to determine groups or subgroups of co-regulated genes. The predictions derived from this approach are consistent with existing results.1,2 Our analysis also provides several hypotheses not implicated in previous studies.
A Recyclable Chiral Ru Catalyst for Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis. Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Ring-Opening/Cross Metathesis in Air

The synthesis and structure of a new chiral bidentate imidazolinylidene ligand and a derived chiral Ru-based carbene are disclosed. The Ru complex is stereogenic at the metal center; it can be prepared in >98% diastereoselectivity and purified by silica gel chromatography with undistilled solvents. The air-stable Ru complex efficiently catalyzes ring-closing and ring-opening metathesis and is recyclable. The chiral complex is highly effective (0.5−10 mol % loading) in promoting enantioselective ring-opening/cross metathesis reactions (up to >98% ee). These enantioselective transformations can be effected in air, with unpurified solvent and with substrates that would only polymerize with Mo-based catalysts.
Institutional Racism in Enforcing Immigration Law

The United States is committed to aggressive efforts to remove unauthorized immigrants while honoring its commitment to race neutrality. Yet immigration enforcement has disproportionately targeted Mexicans and Central Americans. The racial bias can be found at both the federal and local levels, where local police are becoming increasingly involved in locating unauthorized immigrants. The local example featured here is Arizona because of its historical relationship with Mexico and its enthusiasm for immigration enforcement. I find that the current mix of federal and local enforcement discriminates racially through profiling, hyper-surveillance, abusive stops, problematic searches, and unwarranted detention.
Copper-Mediated Fluorination of Aryl Iodides

The synthesis of aryl fluorides has been studied intensively because of the importance of aryl fluorides in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. The stability, reactivity, and biological properties of aryl fluorides can be distinct from those of the corresponding arenes. Methods for the synthesis of aryl fluorides, however, are limited. We report the conversion of a diverse set of aryl iodides to the corresponding aryl fluorides. This reaction occurs with a cationic copper reagent and silver fluoride. Preliminary results suggest this reaction is enabled by a facile reductive elimination from a cationic arylcopper(III) fluoride.
Symmetric group testing and superimposed codes

We describe a generalization of the group testing problem termed symmetric group testing. Unlike in classical binary group testing, the roles played by the input symbols zero and one are “symmetric” while the outputs are drawn from a ternary alphabet. Using an information-theoretic approach, we derive sufficient and necessary conditions for the number of tests required for noise-free and noisy reconstructions. Furthermore, we extend the notion of disjunct (zero-false-drop) and separable (uniquely decipherable) codes to the case of symmetric group testing. For the new family of codes, we derive bounds on their size based on probabilistic methods, and provide construction methods based on coding theoretic ideas.
Factors influencing patients’ preferences and perceived involvement in shared decision-making in mental health care

AbstractBackground: Although research has suggested that patients desire to participate in shared decision-making, recent studies show that most patients take a passive role in their treatment decisions. The discrepancy between patients’ expressed desire and actual behaviors underscores the need to better understand how patients perceive shared decision-making and what factors influence their participation.Aims: To investigate patients’ preferences and appraisals of their involvement in treatment decisions.Methods: Fifty-four qualitative interviews were conducted with veterans receiving outpatient mental health care at a U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Participants outlined several factors that influence their preferences and involvement in treatment decisions. These include the patient–provider relationship, fear of being judged, perceived inadequacy, and a history of substance abuse.Conclusion: Patients’ preferences and willingness to engag...
Strategic Multiway Cut and Multicut Games

We consider cut games where players want to cut themselves off from different parts of a network. These games arise when players want to secure themselves from areas of potential infection. For the game-theoretic version of Multiway Cut, we prove that the price of stability is 1, i.e., there exists a Nash equilibrium as good as the centralized optimum. For the game-theoretic version of Multicut, we show that there exists a 2-approximate equilibrium as good as the centralized optimum. We also give poly-time algorithms for finding exact and approximate equilibria in these games.
Open circuit voltages of electrolytically prepared AgO

Abstract The open circuit voltages (OCVs) of small AgZn cells were measured throughout a charge—discharge cycle. This work was supplemented by measuring the OCV of a small Ag disk charged at constant potential. The results are consistent with the conclusion stated earlier that during charging of a silver—alkaline electrode the silver is oxidized to the divalent, not the trivalent, state. There is also evidence for peroxide formation during the latter stages of the charging process.
The Heliosphere in Time

Because of the dynamic nature of the interstellar medium, the Sun should have encountered a variety of different interstellar environments in its lifetime. As the solar wind interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium to form a heliosphere, different heliosphere shapes, sizes, and particle contents result from the different environments. Some of the large possible interstellar parameter space (density, velocity, temperature) is explored here with the help of global heliosphere models, and the features in the resulting heliospheres are compared and discussed. The heliospheric size, expressed as distance of the nose of the heliopause to the Sun, is set by the solar wind-interstellar pressure balance, even for extreme cases. Other heliospheric boundary locations and neutral particle results correlate with the interstellar parameters as well. If the H0 clouds identified in the Millennium Arecibo survey are typical of clouds encountered by the Sun, then the Sun spends ∼99.4% of the time in warm low density ISM, where the typical upwind heliosphere radii are up to two orders of magnitude larger than at present.
1+1 DIMENSIONAL NCOS AND ITS U(N) GAUGE THEORY DUAL

We study some aspects of open string theories on D-branes with critical electric fields. We show that the massless open string modes that move in the direction of the electric field decouple. In the 1+1 dimensional case the dual theory is U(N) SYM with electric flux, and the decoupling of massless open strings is dual to the decoupling of the U(1) degrees of freedom. We also show that, if the direction along the electric field is compact, then there are finite energy winding closed string modes. They are dual to Higgs branch excitations of the SYM theory, and their energetics works accordingly. These properties provide new non-trivial evidence for the duality.
Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the ethmoid sinus with intracranial and orbital extension: case report and literature review.

Abstract The Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors is a group of cancers that commonly arises in young adults during their second decade of life. It frequently involves the trunk and long bones of the body with primary Ewing’s sarcoma of the paranasal sinuses being exceedingly rare. We describe the case of a 39 year-old female with primary Ewing’s Sarcoma originating from the ethmoid sinus with intracranial extension into the anterior cranial fossa and the orbit. The radiologic and histopathologic profiles are presented with a review of the literature. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case with the tumor involving the anterior cranial fossa, but the only case where immunochemical staining and molecular genetic analysis are available for definitive diagnosis.
Misty Mountain clustering: application to fast unsupervised flow cytometry gating

There are many important clustering questions in computational biology for which no satisfactory method exists. Automated clustering algorithms, when applied to large, multidimensional datasets, such as flow cytometry data, prove unsatisfactory in terms of speed, problems with local minima or cluster shape bias. Model-based approaches are restricted by the assumptions of the fitting functions. Furthermore, model based clustering requires serial clustering for all cluster numbers within a user defined interval. The final cluster number is then selected by various criteria. These supervised serial clustering methods are time consuming and frequently different criteria result in different optimal cluster numbers. Various unsupervised heuristic approaches that have been developed such as affinity propagation are too expensive to be applied to datasets on the order of 106 points that are often generated by high throughput experiments. To circumvent these limitations, we developed a new, unsupervised density contour clustering algorithm, called Misty Mountain, that is based on percolation theory and that efficiently analyzes large data sets. The approach can be envisioned as a progressive top-down removal of clouds covering a data histogram relief map to identify clusters by the appearance of statistically distinct peaks and ridges. This is a parallel clustering method that finds every cluster after analyzing only once the cross sections of the histogram. The overall run time for the composite steps of the algorithm increases linearly by the number of data points. The clustering of 106 data points in 2D data space takes place within about 15 seconds on a standard laptop PC. Comparison of the performance of this algorithm with other state of the art automated flow cytometry gating methods indicate that Misty Mountain provides substantial improvements in both run time and in the accuracy of cluster assignment. Misty Mountain is fast, unbiased for cluster shape, identifies stable clusters and is robust to noise. It provides a useful, general solution for multidimensional clustering problems. We demonstrate its suitability for automated gating of flow cytometry data.
Morally Heterogeneous Wars

According to “epistemic-based contingent pacifism” a) there are virtually no wars which we know to be just, and b) it is morally impermissible to wage a war unless we know that the war is just. Thus it follows that there is no war which we are morally permitted to wage. The first claim (a) seems to follow from widespread disagreement among just war theorists over which wars, historically, have been just. I will argue, however, that a source of our inability to confidently distinguish just from unjust wars lies in how we evaluate “morally heterogeneous” wars—i.e., wars with just and unjust aims. Specifically, the practice of reaching a univocal evaluation of a morally heterogeneous war as a whole by aggregating the evaluations of that war’s just and unjust aims is wrongheaded, because it undermines the action-guiding character of jus ad bellum. We ought instead to adopt what I call the “disaggregate approach” to jus ad bellum, according to which we evaluate the various aims of a war individually, without aggregating them into an evaluation of the war as a whole. Adopting this approach will eliminate a source of our disagreement over which wars have been just, and will ipso fact eliminate a basis for epistemic-based contingent pacifism.
Transient Side-Load Analysis of Out-of-Round Film-Cooled Nozzle Extensions

There was interest in understanding the impact of out-of-round nozzle extension on the nozzle side load during transient startup operations. The out-of-round nozzle extension could be the result of asymmetric internal stresses, deformation induced by previous tests, and asymmetric loads induced by hardware attached to the nozzle. The objective of this study was therefore to computationally investigate the effect of out-of-round nozzle extension on the nozzle side loads during an engine startup transient. The rocket engine studied encompasses a regeneratively cooled chamber and nozzle, along with a film cooled nozzle extension. The computational methodology is based on an unstructured-grid, pressure-based computational fluid dynamics formulation, and transient inlet boundary flow properties derived from an engine system simulation. Six three-dimensional cases were performed with the out-of-roundness achieved by three different degrees of ovalization, elongated on lateral y and z axes: one slightly out-of-round, one more out-of-round, and one significantly out-of-round. The results show that the separation line jump was the primary source of the peak side loads. Comparing to the peak side load of the perfectly round nozzle, the peak side loads increased for the slightly and more ovalized nozzle extensions, and either increased or decreased for the two significantly ovalized nozzle extensions. A theory based on the counteraction of the flow destabilizing effect of an exacerbated asymmetrical flow caused by a lower degree of ovalization, and the flow stabilizing effect of a more symmetrical flow, created also by ovalization, is presented to explain the observations obtained in this effort.
Photoionization of atoms and molecules

A literature review on the present state of knowledge in photoionization is presented. Various experimental techniques that have been developed to study photoionization, such as fluorescence and photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, are examined. Various atoms and molecules were chosen to illustrate these techniques, specifically helium and xenon atoms and hydrogen molecules. Specialized photoionization such as in positive and negative ions, excited states, and free radicals is also treated. Absorption cross sections and ionization potentials are also discussed.
Evaluation of UV absorption coefficient in laser-modified fused silica

Laser-induced damage in transparent dielectrics leads to the formation of laser-modified material as a result of exposure to extreme localized temperatures and pressures. In this work, an infrared thermal imaging system in combination with a fluorescence microscope is used to map the dynamics of the local surface temperature and fluorescence intensity under cw, UV excitation of laser-modified fused silica within a damage site. The energy deposited via linear absorption mechanisms and the absorption coefficient of the modified material are estimated based on a thermal diffusion model. In addition, irreversible changes in the absorption following extended laser exposure were observed.
Mathematical modelling, simulation and experimental testing of biomechanical system crash response.

A review of mathematical models simulating biodynamic response to impact acceleration is given along with the associated experimental validation studies that have been performed. The types of models surveyed include gross motion simulators, head injury models, and spinal and thoracic models. Sufficient details are provided to indicate to potential users their applicability and relative cost.
Intensive multimodality therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction

Background: We designed a trial of intensive multimodality therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction to assess tumor response and operability after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to determine the impact of trimodality therapy on long-term survival. Methods: Thirty-two patients with resectable (clinical stage IIa, n=17; IIb, n=1; III, n=14) squamous cell cancer (n=15) or adenocarcinoma (n=17) were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, leukovorin), resection, and postoperative chemoradiotherapy (hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil; 50–66 Gy). Results: Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy yielded the following results: a measurable clinical response in 22 patients, stable disease in eight patients, disease progression in one patient, and death in one patient. Thirty-one patients underwent resection, with the following results: two operative deaths (6.5%) and nonfatal morbidity in 17 (59%); the median hospital stay was 13 days. Pathologic staging was stage 0, n=1; I, n=2; IIa, n=11; IIb, n=5; III, n=7; and IV, n=5. Postoperative chemoradiotherapy was completed in 23 patients with one death, for an overall treatment-related mortality rate of 12.5% (four of 32). At a mean follow-up of 22.5 months, median survival is 19.7 months and 14 patients are alive and disease free. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant therapy for cancer of the esophagus and cardia results in good tumor response. Esophagectomy in this setting can be accomplished with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Results of an interim analysis of survival are encouraging and suggest that further investigation of this regimen is warranted.
ORFEUS-I Observations of Molecular Hydrogen in the Galactic Disk

We present measurements of interstellar H2 absorption lines in the continuum spectra of seven early-type stars in the Galactic disk at distances between 1 and 4 kpc. The spectra, obtained with the Berkeley EUV/FUV spectrometer on the ORFEUS telescope in 1993 September, have a resolution of 3000 and statistical signal-to-noise ratios between 20 and 80. We determine column densities for each observed rotational level and derive mean excitation temperatures and proton density limits for the H2 clouds along each line of sight. The gross properties of the H2-bearing clouds (e.g., column density, spatial density, cloud size) are consistent with those derived from Copernicus observations, though our lines of sight are much longer, with lower average reddenings and neutral gas densities. We find that the molecular fraction of the neutral hydrogen remains ∼ 0.1 out to distances of 4 kpc in the Galactic disk.
Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets

Abstract Permanent magnet research and technology have been propelled into a new era by the rare earth-iron-boron materials, R 2 Fe 14 B. Energy products surpassing all previous values have been attained in magnets based on Nd 2 Fe 14 B, the prototypical compound. In this review we place Nd-Fe-B in the historical context of permanent magnet evolution, summarize the intrinsic properties of the R 2 Fe 14 B phases, and discuss the properties of practical Nd-Fe-B magnets produced by the two methods in present commercial use.
Metathesis reactions of β-acyloxysulfones: synthesis of 1,6- and 1,7-dienes

A novel alkene-masking strategy has been developed that allows for a metathesis approach to 1,6- and 1,7-dienes. This method was successfully applied to the synthesis of a long-chain alkenone natural product.
Detection of Capacitor Degradation in $LC$ Filters for AC Drives

Adjustable-speed drives with regenerative pulsewidth modulation rectifiers—both voltage source rectifiers and current source rectifiers—have $LC$ filters on their input to attenuate the high-frequency components of current and achieve reduced levels of total harmonic distortion. The capacitors used in these filters are predominantly of the metalized film construction and are prone to catastrophic failure. In this paper, a method is proposed for the detection of capacitor degradation and location of the faulted phase. The method uses measurements of voltages and currents—which may already be available for control purposes, for line synchronization and active damping—to detect impedance asymmetry and is impervious to input voltage unbalance.
A Dual Lewis Base Activation Strategy for Enantioselective Carbene-Catalyzed Annulations

A dual activation strategy integrating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis and a second Lewis base has been developed. NHC-bound homoenolate equivalents derived from α,β-unsaturated aldehydes combine with transient reactive o-quinone methides in an enantioselective formal [4 + 3] fashion to access 2-benzoxopinones. The overall approach provides a general blueprint for the integration of carbene catalysis with additional Lewis base activation modes.
Model selection tests for nonlinear dynamic models

This paper generalizes Vuong (1989) asymptotically normal tests for model selection in several important directions. First, it allows for incompletely parametrized models such as econometric models defined by moment conditions. Second, it allows for a broad class of estimation methods that includes most estimators currently used in practice. Third, it considers model selection criteria other than the models’ likelihoods such as the mean squared errors of prediction. Fourth, the proposed tests are applicable to possibly misspecified nonlinear dynamic models with weakly dependent heterogeneous data. Cases where the estimation methods optimize the model selection criteria are distinguished from cases where they do not. We also consider the estimation of the asymptotic variance of the difference between the competing models’ selection criteria, which is necessary to our tests. Finally, we discuss conditions under which our tests are valid. It is seen that the competing models must be essentially nonnested.
An exploration of climate data using complex networks

Climate change is a pressing focus of research, social and economic concern, and political attention. According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), increased frequency of extreme events will only intensify the occurrence of natural hazards, affecting global population, health, and economies. It is of keen interest to identify "regions" of similar climatological behavior to discover spatial relationships in climate variables, including long-range teleconnections. To that end, we consider a complex networks-based representation of climate data. Cross correlation is used to weight network edges, thus respecting the temporal nature of the data, and a community detection algorithm identifies multivariate clusters. Examining networks for consecutive periods allows us to study structural changes over time. We show that communities have a climatological interpretation and that disturbances in structure can be an indicator of climate events (or lackthereof). Finally, we discuss how this model can be applied for the discovery of more complex concepts such as unknown teleconnections or the development of multivariate climate indices and predictive insights.
Programmable indexing networks

One of the most important functions that must be performed in a digital machine is the handling and routing of data. This may be done in routing logic (computers), in permutation switching networks (computers and telephone traffic), sorting networks, etc. In some parallel processing computers being envisioned the handling of large blocks of data in a parallel fashion is a very important function that must be performed. For a special-purpose machine a fixed-wire permutation network could be acceptable for the handling of data; however, for a general-purpose machine more sophisticated reprogrammable networks are required.
Cancer control and functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy as markers of surgical quality: analysis of heterogeneity between surgeons at a single cancer center

Background Previous studies have shown that complications and biochemical recurrence rates after radical prostatectomy (RP) vary between different surgeons to a greater extent than might be expected by chance. Data on urinary and erectile outcomes, however, are lacking.
Giant anharmonic phonon scattering in PbTe

Understanding the microscopic processes affecting the bulk thermal conductivity is crucial to develop more efficient thermoelectric materials. PbTe is currently one of the leading thermoelectric materials, largely thanks to its low thermal conductivity. However, the origin of this low thermal conductivity in a simple rocksalt structure has so far been elusive. Using a combination of inelastic neutron scattering measurements and first-principles computations of the phonons, we identify a strong anharmonic coupling between the ferroelectric transverse optic mode and the longitudinal acoustic modes in PbTe. This interaction extends over a large portion of reciprocal space, and directly affects the heat-carrying longitudinal acoustic phonons. The longitudinal acoustic-transverse optic anharmonic coupling is likely to play a central role in explaining the low thermal conductivity of PbTe. The present results provide a microscopic picture of why many good thermoelectric materials are found near a lattice instability of the ferroelectric type.
Nanoscale (111) faceted rock-salt metal oxides in catalysis

Facet-specific growth is highly desirable for catalysts, as conversion and selectivity can be altered with increasing amounts of particular active sites. The (100) surface of a rock-salt structure is comprised of alternating oxygen anions and metal cations, similar to the (110) facet. The (111) surface differs substantially in that an ideal (111) surface would consist solely of oxygen anions or metal cations, and cannot exist as-is. However, wet chemical syntheses of MgO(111) and NiO(111) have recently been reported; theory and experiments show the (111) surface is stabilized as a hydroxylated surface. These (111) faceted metal oxides exhibit catalytic properties that differ significantly from their (100) counterparts. Here, we discuss the theory and performance of the (111) rock-salt metal oxides in catalysis, as supports, and as adsorbents.
Bioethics and the Whole: Pluralism, Consensus, and the Transmutation of Bioethical Methods into Gold

Arguing that a consensus-based method of bioethical decision making can transform ethical pluralism into an ethical whole, author examines the theory of three consensus-based models--clinical pragmatism, ethics facilitation, and mediation--and develops a practical guide to ethics facilitation that includes a hypothetical case.
Pyxophanes: selective gas phase ion complexation by 1,6,13,18-tetraoxa[6.6]paracyclophane-3,15-diyne

Compound 1, synthesized from hydroquinone and 1,4-dichlorobut-2-yne, was characterized by X-ray crystallography and shown by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to form 1∶1 complexes with sodium and 2∶1 complexes with potassium cation.
The Generation of Knowledge in Advanced Countries

Publisher Summary One of the most fundamental characteristics of a modern industrial country is the deliberate large-scale quest for knowledge. Knowledge was the key to survival then and it is the key to survival today. However, the difference is that in a modern industrial country, the pursuit of knowledge is deliberate, conscious, and carried out on a large scale. An element of knowledge that is of major concern is knowledge that is useful for technological or economic purposes. Such knowledge is pursued deliberately and on a large scale: Deliberately means that the process is felt to be too precious to be left to accident or to the inclination of scholars; on a large scale means that it involves a substantial cross-section of society. In technologically advanced countries, the number of workers who generate and manipulate knowledge and information has become the largest segment of the working population. The cost of education—the process that deals not only with the development of new knowledge, but also with its diffusion—has become substantial. The fact is that in modern states, competing with each other economically and militarily, and in the industries that are their sinews, knowledge is power. For this reason, it becomes crucial for a modern society to upgrade the process by which knowledge is generated and utilized, and to single out those issues on which the successful acquisition and utilization of knowledge would depend in the future.
Baryogenesis from the inflaton field

Abstract In this letter we show that the inflaton can generate the cosmological baryon asymmetry. We take the inflaton to be a complex scalar field with a weakly broken global symmetry and develop a new variant on the Affleck–Dine mechanism. The inflationary phase is driven by a quadratic potential whose amplitude of B-modes is in agreement with BICEP2 data. We show that a conserved particle number is produced in the latter stage of inflation, which can later decay to baryons. We present promising embeddings in particle physics, including the use of high dimension operators for decay or using a colored inflaton. We also point out observational consequences, including a prediction of isocurvature fluctuations, whose amplitude is just below current limits, and a possible large scale dipole.