cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Mosquito Karyotypes

The morphology of mitotic chromosomes from brain tissues of fourth-instar larvae has been studied in 12 species of mosquitoes. These included an unidentified species of Corethra, Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, Wyeomyia smithii Coquillett, Culex pipiens pipiens Linn., C. restuans Theobald, C. territans Walker, Aedes togoi Theobald, A. vexans Meigen, A. albopictus Skuse, A. aegypti Linn., A. atropalpus Coquillett and A. stimulans Walker. The diploid chromosome number of all species examined except Corethra (2n=8) is six. Based on their length and the position of the centromere, individual chromosomes have been numbered from I to III (I to IV in Corethra ). Chromosome I is the smallest chromosome in the complement and is dimorphic in Corethra sp. and Anopheles quadrimaculatus . With the possible exception of Culex pipiens pipiens and one of the members of this pair in the males of Corethra and Anopheles , chromosome I is metacentric. The next larger chromosome has been designated as chromosome II. It is submetacentric in Aedes aegypti, A. atropalpus and A. stimulans . In all other species it is metacentric. Chromosome III which is the largest of the three chromosomes is submetacentric in A. stimulans and metacentric in others. The size of chromosome I is very variable in different species and so is the ratio of chromosome I to chromosomes II and III. This ratio is lower in Culex than in Aedes . The early prophase chromosomes of Wyeomyia smithii are usually kinky and coiled. Towards the end of its shorter arm, chromosome II in Aedes atropalpus shows an achromatic gap in one or both of its liomologues. Each resting nucleus in this species shows two conspicuous Feulgen-positive particles at opposite poles. One particle was seen in each resting nucleus of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Corethra sp. Rarely polyploid cells were observed in the brain tissues of Wyeomyia smithii and Culex pipiens pipiens .
The intensification of pre-industrial cereal agriculture in the tropics: Boserup, cultivation lengthening, and the Classic Maya

Abstract Through a review of recent research in tropical ecology, soils science, and agronomy, this paper develops a model of tropical agricultural intensification through cultivation lengthening that applies to non-industrial cereal production in moist-to-wet tropical lowlands under conditions of high population density. Contrary to the predictions of many archaeological models, in tropical agricultural societies lacking plows, draft animals, or chemical fertilizers, or in which irrigation or intensive wetland agriculture are not practiced, progressive reduction and eventual elimination of the fallow period is not the only ecologically feasible means of intensifying agricultural production. More productive and sustainable under certain circumstances is intensification through cultivation lengthening, wherein farmers increase per hectare crop outputs through intensive weeding and mulching. To demonstrate the model’s analytical utility I apply it to the case of population growth and agricultural intensification in the Classic-period southern Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica. I propose that prior to the ninth-century Maya “collapse,” some but not all high-density southern lowland populations included cultivation lengthening in their repertoire of intensification strategies. Adoption of the practice helps explain how high-density populations sustained themselves agriculturally for decades after surpassing the productive limitations of alternative intensification strategies. My model of cultivation lengthening is an elaboration of a largely overlooked proposal made several decades ago by Ester Boserup.
Giddyup! or Whoa Nelly! Making Sense of Benefit Claims on Websites of Equine Programs for Children with Disabilities

Programs offering horseback riding or other equine related experiences for children with disabilities are commonplace throughout the United States as well as other parts of the world. However, there is a dearth of research findings demonstrating the benefits of these programs. Four Internet search engines were used to identify 115 websites associated with equine programs that people with disabilities and their family members in the United States would likely encounter if searching the Web for information. Content analysis methodology was used to review websites for information related to program characteristics and benefit claims. Findings are summarized and the importance of establishing the validity of benefit claims through means other than anecdotal and testimonial evidence is discussed.
Use of periodic abstinence and knowledge of the fertile period in 12 developing countries.

Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in 12 African Asian and Latin American countries show that in 10 of the countries fewer than 22% of women have ever practiced periodic abstinence and fewer than 7% currently practice that method. In Sri Lanka and Peru however 40% of women have used periodic abstinence and 15% and 18% respectively are currently using the method. The vast majority of women who practice periodic abstinence use the calendar or rhythm technique to determine their fertile period; 1/4 to more than 1/2 of current users in 7 countries report using an additional method (usually the condom or withdrawal) during the same month. The problem that women who have heard of periodic abstinence most often associate with that method is its ineffectiveness and the most common reason users give for discontinuation is method failure. In every country women who have ever practiced periodic abstinence are more likely than others to know when their fertile period is but even among ever-users knowledge is far from universal: Morocco Sri Lanka Colombia the Dominican Republic Ecuador and Peru are the only countries where at least 1/2 of all women who are ever-users of periodic abstinence are able to correctly identify the fertile period. (Authors)
Symbiosis-enhanced gene expression in cnidarian-algal associations: cloning and characterization of a cDNA, sym32, encoding a possible cell adhesion protein

Mutualistic endosymbioses between two partners are complex associations that are regulated by the genetic interactions of the partners. One important marine symbiosis is that between various cnidarians, such as corals and anemones, and their photosynthetic algal symbionts. We have been interested in characterizing cnidarian host genes that are expressed as a function of the symbiotic state, using the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima as a model. In this study, we report on symbiosis-enhanced expression and synthesis of sym32 in anemones. We characterized the full-length sym32 cDNA, obtained by RT-PCR, and demonstrated, by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, that sym32 transcript was much more abundant in symbiotic than in non-symbiotic host anemone RNA. Further, using immunoblots, we determined that an antibody made to a sym32 fusion protein labeled a 32 kD band much more strongly in symbiotic compared to non-symbiotic anemone protein homogenates. Databank searches revealed that the sym32 deduced amino acid sequence shares significant homology with the fasciclin I (Fas I) family of homophilic cell adhesion proteins, present in a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. This strong homology with the Fas I family suggests that sym32 is involved in regulation of the symbiosis by mediating cell-cell interactions.
Both exogenous commensal and endogenous self antigens stimulate T cell proliferation under lymphopenic conditions

Within lymphopenic recipients, naive T cells undergo proliferation that is induced by homeostatic mechanisms. Earlier studies have demonstrated that commensal antigens play a key role in inducing the proliferation. However, a relative contribution of endogenous self antigens in this process has not been formally investigated. In this study, we utilized a pharmacologic inhibitor that blocks T cell egress from the lymphoid tissues, antibiotics, and germ-free animals to examine the role of commensal and self antigens. The results suggest that T cell proliferation under lymphopenic conditions is a heterogeneous process triggered by both exogenous commensal and endogenous self antigens.
Measurement of negative thinking in patients with heart failure: a critical review and analysis.

Background Depression is a significant clinical problem among patients with heart failure (HF). Cognitive therapy is a potential treatment for symptoms of depression in patients with HF. Cognitive therapy focuses on the reduction of negative thinking, a modifiable risk factor for depressive symptoms; however, researchers have not identified the best instrument for measuring negative thinking in patients with HF. Objective The purpose of this paper is to review the state of the science in the measurement of negative thinking in order to provide direction for the measurement of negative thinking in patients with HF. Findings Three of the most widely used instruments for negative thinking were selected for review. The Crandell Cognitions Inventory, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and Cognitive Checklist- Depression all have strong evidence for validity and reliability. The Crandell Cognitions Inventory (CCI) has the best potential for measuring negative thinking in patients with HF. The CCI has the advantages of being developed with a clinical population and captures a wide range of negative thinking content. However, the CCI is lengthy (45 items) and needs to undergo rigorous psychometric testing among patients with HF before it can be recommended for use. Conclusions Future studies are needed to develop a shortened version of the CCI for use in clinical research and to test the CCI's reliability and validity for measuring negative thinking in patients with HF.
Role of STAT3 and GATA-1 interactions in γ-globin gene expression

Objective We previously demonstrated a silencing role for signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) in γ-globin gene regulation in primary erythroid cells. Recently, GATA-1, a key transcription factor involved in hematopoietic cell development, was shown to directly inhibit STAT3 activity in vivo. Therefore, we completed studies to determine if interactions between these two factors influence γ-globin gene expression. Materials and Methods Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to ascertain in vivo protein binding at the γ-globin 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR); protein–protein interactions were examined by coimmunoprecipitation analysis. In vitro protein–DNA binding were completed using surface plasmon resonance and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Activity of a luciferase γ-globin promoter reporter and levels of γ-globin messenger RNA and fetal hemoglobin in stable K562 cell lines overexpressing STAT3 and GATA-1, were used to determine the influence of the STAT3/GATA-1 interaction on γ-globin gene expression. Results We observed interaction between STAT3 and GATA-1 in K562 and mouse erythroleukemia cells in vivo at the γ-globin 5′UTR by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay performed with a 41-base pair γ-globin DNA probe (γ41) demonstrated the presence of STAT3 and GATA-1 proteins in complexes assembled at the γ-globin 5′UTR. A consensus STAT3 DNA probe inhibited GATA-1–binding in a concentration-dependent manner, and the converse was also true. Enforced STAT3 expression augmented its binding at the γ-globin 5′UTR in vivo and silenced γ-promoter–driven luciferase activity. Stable enforced STAT3 expression in K562 cells reduced endogenous γ-globin messenger RNA level. This effect was reversed by GATA-1. Conclusion These data provide evidence that GATA-1 can reverse STAT3-mediated γ-globin gene silencing in erythroid cells.
Control of Finger Force Vectors With Changes in Fingertip Referent Coordinates

ABSTRACT The central hypothesis explored in the experiment is that adjustments of fingertip force vectors during object manipulation could result from a simple scaling rule applied to commands to individual digits. The commands have been associated with referent coordinates of the digit tips. The subjects performed quick lifting movements (over 20 cm in under 0.5 s) of a horizontally oriented handle with different combinations of the external load and torque. The prismatic grasp was used with the 4 fingers pressing on the bottom of the handle and the thumb acting on its top. Principal component and correlation analyses applied to the normal and tangential force vector components confirmed that the force direction of each digit was kept nearly constant in the object-centered referent frame across the loading conditions and movement phases. The middle and ring fingers showed weaker correlations between the force components as compared to the index and little fingers. The differences were likely related to t...
Patient Education: History, Development, and Current Directions of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute

With their unique perspectives in the identification, design, promotion, and evaluation of cancer patient education programs and services, the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society have the abilities to meet a wide variety of cancer patient education needs. With federal support and connections to national organizations and the comprehensive and clinical cancer center networks, the National Cancer Institute has access to nationwide experts in medical care and the resources to develop, design, and promote quality, state-of-the-art education programs. The American Cancer Society, with its strong volunteer community base, can pull together local expertise and collaborate with local organizations to meet the special needs of local population groups. In addition, the American Cancer Society volunteer committees have the flexibility to individualize programming and resources to answer specific patient/family education problems. As the number of people affected by cancer continues to raise, and as organizations realize the need to maximize their resources with collaborative efforts, the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society are challenged to focus their energies on the patient education initiatives that build upon and combine their unique strengths.
Single-Side Heated Monoblock, High Heat Flux Removal Using Water Subcooled Flow Boiling

Plasma-facing components for fusion reactors and other high heat flux heat sinks are usually subjected to a peripherally non-uniform heat flux. The configuration under study is related to these applications and consists of a single-side heated monoblock cross-section test section with a circular coolant channel bored through the center. The monoblock test section has a heated length of 180.0 mm and has 10.0 mm and 30.0 mm inside diameter and outside square sides, respectively. It was subjected to a constant heat flux on one side only, and the remaining portion of the outside surfaces is not exposed to a heat flux. The inlet channel water temperature was held near at 26.0°C, the exit pressure was maintained at 0.207 MPa, and the mass velocity was 0.59 Mg/m2 s. The results consist of three-dimensional monoblock test section wall temperature distributions and a clear display of both critical heat flux and post-critical heat flux for this single-side heated configuration. These results are very encouraging in that they are among the first full set of truly three-dimensional monoblock test section wall temperature measurements for a one-side heated monoblock flow channel which contains the effects of conjugate heat transfer for turbulent, subcooled flow boiling. Comparisons are made between these results for the monoblock test section and those for a single-side heated circular test section.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Modeling eco-behavioral systems

Abstract Eco-behavioral systems deal with discrete units of social activity and its immediate environment called behavior settings. These are the naturally-occurring units or ‘standing patterns of behavior’ into which people sort themselves to get on with the business of daily life — retail stores, offices, school classes, religious services, meetings, athletic events, and so on. The concept was originated by the psychologist Roger Barker, who described an entire small community as a system of behavior settings. Barker and his associates showed that behavior setting surveys could be used to measure differences between two communities, one American and one English, in a given year and that surveys of the two communities taken ten years apart could be used to measure social change in each and differences in their patterns of change. They did not attempt formal mathematical models. The present study illustrates some of the basic issues and implications of mathematical modeling of such eco-behavioral systems. Three most important aspects of environment-behavior relations are analyzed here: evolution and change, variety and diversity, and finally efficiency and interdependence. By utilizing the cross-section and time-series data from behavior-setting surveys these models can be directly applied and hence used for predictive and other purposes.
Synthesis of dideuteromethylene hydrocarbons by copper catalyzed reaction of grignard reagents

The dilithium tetrachlorocuprate catalyzed reaction of Grignard reagents with long chain alkyl p-toluenesulfonates provides specifically labelled dideuteromethylene hydrocarbons. The tosylate esters are readily obtained by LiAID4 treatment of fatty acid methyl esters followed by tosylation in pyridine.
A summary of recent photovoltaic concentrator technology developments

More than ten development teams are known to be pursuing PV (photovoltaic) concentrator technology in the US. The author summarizes these development efforts and describes and compares the different designs being developed. Attention is given to the following systems: SOLERAS, Sky Harbor, DFW (Dallas/Fort Worth), and ENTECH/3M/Austin. The author also describes development efforts on PV concentrator components, including concentrator cells, Fresnel lenses and secondaries, and cell assemblies. >
The anticancer agent adriamycin can be actively cytotoxic without entering cells

The antineoplastic agent adriamycin was coupled to an insoluble agarose support. This material was actively cytotoxic to L1210 cells in culture under conditions in which no free adriamycin could enter the cell. It is concluded that an agent whose principal target was previously thought to be DNA can exert its cytotoxic action solely by interaction at the cell surface.
Low osmolarity transforms ventricular fibrillation from complex to highly organized, with a dominant high-frequency source

Background An osmotic challenge activates volume-regulated chloride currents (I Cl,vol ), resulting in depolarization of the resting membrane potential and shortening of action potential duration (APD). I Cl,vol is activated in ischemia/reperfusion, but the effects of osmotic challenges and I Cl,vol on ventricular fibrillation (VF) are unknown. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of hypo-osmotic and hypotonic stress and I Cl,vol activation on VF dynamics. Methods Guinea pig hearts were isolated, stained with di-4 ANEPPS to optically map action potentials (APs) from epicardium using a photodiode array, and perfused with iso-osmotic (low NaCl Ringer plus 45 mM mannitol) or hypo-osmotic (low NaCl Ringer) solution. Results Hypo-osmotic solution shortened APDs (143 ± 5 ms → 115 ± 10 ms) and increased APD gradients between right and left ventricles (21 ± 7 ms → 41 ± 10 ms, n=4). In VF induced by burst stimulation, switching to hypo-osmotic solution increased VF frequencies (15.3 ± 1.2 Hz to 28.9 ± 3.6 Hz, n=11), transforming complex fast Fourier transformation spectra to a single dominant high frequency on the left but not the right ventricle. Perfusion with the I Cl,vol blocker indanyloxyacetic acid-94 (10 μM) reversed organized VF to complex VF with lower (13.5 ± 3.7 Hz in left ventricle) frequencies (n = 8), indicating that I Cl,vol underlies the changes in VF dynamics. Consistent with this interpretation, the levels of ClC-3 channel protein were 27% greater on left than right ventricles (n = 10), and computer simulations showed that insertion of I Cl,vol transformed complex VF to a stable spiral. Conclusion Activation of I Cl,vol by decreasing osmolarity (45 mOsm) has a major impact on VF dynamics by transforming random multiple wavelets to a highly organized VF with a single dominant frequency.
Monosomy 22 in two ovarian granulosa cell tumors

Cytogenetic studies of ovarian sex cord stromal cell tumors, although limited in number, have found trisomy 12 to be a recurring abnormality, especially in fibromas and granulosa cell tumors (GCTs). However, recent fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies [1, 2] have failed to confirm a high prevalence of trisomy 12 in GCTs. We describe the karyotypic findings in one adult and one juvenile GCT. Only the juvenile GCT had an extra, abnormal chromosome 12, but both the adult and juvenile GCT had monosomy 22. In light of these findings and the data in the literature, we suggest that monosomy 22 may be important in the genesis of these relatively rare tumors.
Answer justification in medical decision support systems based on Bayesian classification

Answer justification refers to the ability of a computer program to explain how or why it arrived at a particular conclusion. This paper presents a new method for automated answer justification that is suitable for use in computer-supported decision aids in medicine which are based on Bayesian classification. The factors most responsible for the relative ordering of posterior probabilities of outcomes are identified by analyzing the prior and conditional probabilities used to generate them. This approach is illustrated using a computer decision aid for stroke classification and is seen to produce understandable and clinically plausible explanations.
LONG‐TERM HISTORY OF VEGETATION AND FIRE IN PITCH PINE–OAK FORESTS ON CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS

Human disturbance in northeastern North America over the past four cen- turies has led to dramatic change in vegetation composition and ecosystem processes, obscuring the influence of climate and edaphic factors on vegetation patterns. We use a paleoecological approach on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to assess landscape-scale variation in pitch pine-oak vegetation and fire occurrence on the pre-European landscape and to determine changes resulting from European land use. Fossil pollen and charcoal preserved in seven lakes confirm a close link between landform and the pre-European distribution of vegetation. Pine forests, dominated by Pinus rigida, were closely associated with xeric outwash deposits, whereas oak-hardwood forests were associated with landforms having finer grained soils and variable topography. In general, fire was much more abundant on Cape Cod than most other areas in New England, but its occurrence varied geographically at two scales. On the western end of Cape Cod, fires were more prevalent in pine forests (outwash) than in oak-hardwood forests (moraines). In contrast, fires were less common on the narrow and north-south trending eastern Cape, perhaps because of physical limits on fire spread. The most rapid and substantial changes during the past 2000 years were initiated by European settlement, which produced a vegetation mosaic that today is less clearly tied to landform. Quercus and other hardwood trees declined in abundance in the early settlement period in association with land clearance, whereas Pinus has increased, especially during the past century, through natural reforestation and planting of abandoned fields and pastures. An increase in fossil charcoal following European settlement suggests that fire occurrence has risen substantially as a result of forest clearance and other land uses, reaching levels greater than at any time over the past 2000 years. Although fire was undoubtedly used by Native Americans and may have been locally important, we find no clear evidence that humans extensively modified fire regimes or vegetation before European settlement. Instead, climate change over the past several thousand years and European land use over the past 300 years have been the most important agents of change on this landscape.
New Nitrogen Fertilization Recommendations for Bluegill Ponds in the Southeastern United States

Abstract A nitrogen fertilization experiment was conducted in 33-year-old ponds at the Auburn University Fisheries Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, after sediment removal and renovation. Twelve ponds were treated with 3 kg P2O5 (1.3 kg P)/ha, and ammonium nitrate was applied to give a range of nitrogen application rates (0–14 kg/ha). The maximum production of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus was achieved at 6 kg N/ha. The optimum fertilizer application rate for ponds from which sediment had been removed was 6 kg N with 3 kg P2O5 (1.3 kg P)/ha, which implies the following ratios: N:P2O5 = 2:1 and N:P = 4.6:1. This fertilization rate should be more appropriate than the commonly used rate of 9 kg N with 9 kg P2O5 (3.9 kg P)/ha for new ponds in the southeastern United States.
PARKING POLICY AND URBAN GOALS : LINKING STRATEGY TO NEEDS

Parking management strategies have traditionally been used as a means of accommodating traffic demand, with little or no effort made to identify how such strategies might relate to other urban objectives. In this paper, parking management strategies are classified according to the control they exert over the amount of aggregate parking supply, access to parking, spatial distribution of parking supply, or dollar price of parking. Six general categories of urban policy objectives are identified, and the relationship between parking strategies and these objectives analyzed. The parking program in Baltimore is used to illustrate some of the relationships identified in this analysis. This paper concludes that the linkage between parking and the attainment of some urban objectives is potentially quite strong, and that further empirical research is needed to fully establish this relationship. Several different directions for further research are also identified.
Search theory: A sequential approach†

Koopman and others have noted that the optimal distribution of effort, to maximize the detection probability with a given effort, has the property that it is the sum of the distributions obtained by optimizing conditionally when the effort is applied sequentially. The approach taken in this present investigation is to reverse the procedure by determining conditions under which the optimal distribution has this property, and then to use this property to find the optimal distribution. This method easily yields essentially all of the known results, both for the discrete and continuous cases, and for the two criteria of maximizing the detection probability with a given effort and minimizing the expected effort to attain a given attainable probability of detection. The method also yields some modest extensions. In the discrete case the method is equivalent to the simplest form of dynamic programming.
Expression of glutamine synthetase in the mouse kidney: localization in multiple epithelial cell types and differential regulation by hypokalemia

Renal glutamine synthetase catalyzes the reaction of NH4+ with glutamate, forming glutamine and decreasing the ammonia available for net acid excretion. The purpose of the present study was to dete...
Die mathematische Analyse des Längshoropters

Die vorstehende Arbeit bringt eine mathematische, von den experimentellen Befunden, nicht aber den theoretischen Retinalabstanden ausgehende Untersuchung der Langshoropterkurve. Es konnte gezeigt werden, das die relative Grose der Gesichtswinkel der beiden Augen, die zu einem beliebigen Punkte der Horopterkurve gehoren, durch eine gesetzmasige algebraische Beziehung ausgedruckt werden kann. Diese Beziehung wurde aus der Annahme abgeleitet, das die Langshoropterkurve einen Teil eines Kegelschnittes darstellt, dessen Form durch einen einzigen Parameter bestimmt ist. Dieser mit H bezeichnete Parameter ist, wie nachgewiesen werden konnte, ein Mas fur die sog.Hering-Hillebrandsche Horopterabweichung. Es wurde ferner gezeigt, das eine Asymmetrie, d. h. eine scheinbare Drehung der Horopterkurve um den Fixationspunkt, auf eine Ungleichheit der Netzhautbilder zuruckgefuhrt werden kann. Schlieslich werden die Anwendung der analytischen Methode auf die empirische Horopterkurve an einigen Beispielen erlautert und Teilfragen des Horopterproblems erortert.
Optical Properties Of Ice And Snow In The Polar Oceans. I: Observations

Optically sea ice is a complex material with an intricate and highly variable structure which includes brine pockets, air bubbles, brine channels and internal platelet boundaries. Large variations in the optical properties of the surface layer can occur on horizontal scales of only a few meters, complicating efforts to quantify larger scale interactions between shortwave radiation and the ice-ocean system. Radiative transfer in sea ice is dominated at visible wavelengths by scattering rather than absorption. Because scattering in the ice is essentially independent of wavelength, spectral variations in the optical properties are primarily the result of differences in absorption. Observations show that albedos are particularly sensitive to the presence of liquid water in the surface layers, the effect being most pronounced at wavelengths above 600 nm. Albedos and extinction coefficients in the ice vary inversely with brine volume, and thus temperature. Below the eutectic point, precipitation of solid salts causes a sharp increase in scattering and corresponding increases in albedo and absorption. Biological activity in natural sea ice often affects light transmission and absorption, particularly in coastal regions and in the Southern Ocean. Phase function measurements indicate that the scattering distribution in sea ice is only weakly dependent on wavelength and brine volume.
The effect of the interface on the bone stresses beneath tibial components

Abstract It was proposed that the stresses in the layer of bone immediately beneath a tibial component are an important determinant of fixation durability. Using finite element analysis, (ANSYS), the stresses were determined as a function of the amount of bone resection, the localization or completeness of implant-bone contact, and the interface material. The model was of two-dimensional sagittal slices consisting of quadrilateral elements (1 mm) with a range of seventeen material properties determined by CT scans. Typical prosthesis designs shifted the center of pressure more centrally rather than posteriorly, and thus increased anterior bone stresses. Resection up to 10 mm could actually decrease bone stresses due to an increase in bone surface area as long as complete coverage was obtained. A cement interface or direct metal on bone produced identical stresses. However a 1 mm complian: interface significantly reduced stresses in regions of high elastic modulus gradient. For rigid interfaces, the contact can be irregular, which leads to areas of over and understressing of bone. These conclusions have implications related to implant design.
THEORY OF THERMAL DESTRUCTION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY BY A CURRENT.

Earlier theories on the velocity of longitudinal propagation of the normal superconductive interface for a wire or strip carrying a current near the critical value are modified and extended. The importance of the role of the latent heatQ L in a small elemental volume moving with the interface is determined;Q L was ignored in previous theoretical work. A criterion inequality is developed which permits a qualitative test of the validity of the velocity calculated by any thermal theory. The conditions for a stationary value of the energy inside a moving interface volume element are determined. They lead to a new functional relationship for the velocity in terms ofT t −T B , whereT t is the transition temperature andT B is the bath or substrate temperature. Its intersection with the originalv vs.T t −T B function uniquely defines both in terms of various thermodynamic parameters. Sample calculations for a Mo50Re50 alloy illuminate several aspects of the theory.
Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the solution and solvolysis of sulfur mustard in deuterium oxide.

Our laboratory performs in vitro experiments in which cell cultures are exposed to sulfur mustard (HD) to investigate the toxicity of this agent of chemical warfare. To perform these experiments, it is important to know the rate of hydrolysis of HD in order to calculate the concentrations of HD and its hydrolysis products during the experiment. Researchers have previously investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of HD using a variety of methods. In the present study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to investigate HD's dissolution and solvolysis in deuterium oxide (D 2 O) at 2 mM. We followed activity in proton spectrums and determined the half-life (t 1/2) of HD to be 7.0 ± 0.5 min in four experiments performed at 22°C. In addition, we determined the t 1/2 of HD in D 2 O containing 0.17 M sodium chloride to be 24 ± 1 min in three experiments performed at 22°C. As further proof of the existence of HD dissolved into D 2 ...
Stress–velocity relations for dislocations in niobium

The stress-velocity relations for screw and for mixed dislocations in high purity niobium were studied at 298 and 196 K with attention particularly directed towards establishing asymmetry in the motion of dislocations. Etch pitting methods were used to reveal the dislocation positions after stress pulses in tension and compression. No asymmetry was observed for either screw or mixed dislocations moving on the {112} or on the {110}. Die Spannungs-Geschwindigkeitsbeziehung fur Schraubenversetzungen und gemischte Versetzungen in hochreinem Niob wurde bei 298 und 196°K unter besonderer Beachtung einer sich ausbildenden Asymmetrie in der Bewegung der Versetzungen untersucht. Zum Nachweis der Lage der Versetzungen nach Belastungsimpulsen in Dehnung und Kompression wurden Atzgrubenmethoden angewandt. Asymmetrie wurde nicht beobachtet bei Schraubenversetzungen sowie gemischten Versetzungen, die sich auf {112} oder {110} bewegen.
Near‐Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) Program

The discoveries of near-Earth asteroids (NEA's) and comets have increased enormously over the last 10-20 years. This is a consequence in large par; of the success of programs that have systematically searched for these objects. These programs have been motivated by the relationships of NEA's to terrestrial impacts, meteorites, comets, and their relative accessibility to spacecraft missions. This paper will review the long-term Palomar Planet Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS) a photographic program and the current Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) system NASA's new electronic detection program. The primary goal of NEAT is to discover and inventory near-Earth asteroids and comets, collectively called near-Earth objects or NEO's, larger than 1 km in size. Details of the NEAT system and program results are presented and discussed.
Is there heterogeneity among syndromes of substance use disorder for illicit drugs

The use of DSM criteria to evaluate liability to substance use disorders (SUDs) and to identify SUD phenotypes may not provide the sensitivity required to identify genes associated with vulnerability to SUDs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a number of basic aspects of substance use that may be more proximal than full SUDs to risk genes, some of which may thus have greater potential utility as phenotypes in subsequent molecular genetic analyses. In this paper we present results from the first stage of our planned analyses, focusing on how individual symptoms of abuse and dependence may be used to create alternate phenotypes for SUDs. Specifically, we used factor analysis and biometrical modeling on each symptom of illicit substance abuse and dependence within different types of substances, and compared and contrasted factor patterns and heritabilities across the different substances. These analyses were carried out using a population-based sample of 3372 male-male twin pairs from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry who participated in the Harvard Twin Study of Substance Abuse. We obtained extensive data from these participants on substance use and SUDs via telephone interview in 1992, including data on the illicit substances: opiates, cocaine, cannabis, sedatives, stimulants, and psychedelics. The results indicate that: A) although a one-factor model assuming a single underlying liability for abuse and dependence symptoms and behaviors can be rejected for most substances, there is no uniform support for a two-factor model differentiating between abuse versus dependence; B) patterns of symptoms or behaviors reported by substance users vary across substances; C) not all symptoms or behaviors contribute equally to the presentation of an SUD; and D) the heritability of symptoms or behaviors of substance users varies both within and between substances. These results represent important first steps in facilitating the search for SUD-risk genes in subsequent high-throughput molecular genetic analyses by providing alternate phenotypes that may have both optimal validity and increased heritability.
Identification of the Major Oxidative 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Human Prostate That Converts 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol to 5α-Dihydrotestosterone: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Androgen-Dependent Disease

Androgen-dependent prostate diseases initially require 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for growth. The DHT product 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), is inactive at the androgen receptor (AR), but induces prostate growth, suggesting that an oxidative 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) exists. Candidate enzymes that posses 3α-HSD activity are type 3 3α-HSD (AKR1C2), 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase (RODH 5), L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase , RODH like 3α-HSD (RL-HSD), novel type of human microsomal 3α-HSD, and retinol dehydrogenase 4 (RODH 4). In mammalian transfection studies all enzymes except AKR1C2 oxidized 3α-diol back to DHT where RODH 5, RODH 4, and RL-HSD were the most efficient. AKR1C2 catalyzed the reduction of DHT to 3α-diol, suggesting that its role is to eliminate DHT. Steady-state kinetic parameters indicated that RODH 4 and RL-HSD were high-affinity, low-capacity enzymes whereas RODH 5 was a low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme. AR-dependent reporter gene assays showed that RL-HSD, RODH...
Teaching health and safety: problems and possibilities for learner-centered training.

The University of Massachusetts at Lowell Work Environment Department, working jointly with four New England coalitions on occupational safety and health (COSH) groups, has developed and is delivering participatory and learner-centered health and safety training for hazardous waste site workers and emergency responders throughout New England. This consortium has created a technical curriculum for hazardous waste workers accessible to the nonspecialist and which, more importantly, draws upon workers' own experience and knowledge as a source of information, education, and experiential resources. In this article, we examine the goals of the consortium, the applicability of the training method, its successes and failures, and the wider implications such pedagogical techniques have for effective and empowering health and safety training. We conclude that such a teaching technique is a successful means of providing technical knowledge and skills in a positive and rewarding atmosphere. We also conclude, however, that the extent to which this form of education is empowering, as is claimed by many of its proponents, is less clear-cut. Language: en
Strong Interactions and a Model for Hyperons

Using a 4-dimensional approach, the couplings of the strongly interacting particles were restricted in a simple way that was not inconsistent with experiment. This led to the consideration of a Goldhaber-type model. The gross properties of the hyperons were calculated in the intermediate-coupling approximation for this model. (auth)
What is the proper size of a program module? (abstract only)

There are a variety of views about structured programming, and thus a number of ways to describe it. However, we all know that a well structured program must be easy to read and easy to modify. As a consequence, modularity become a central concept in structured programming.Automobiles are assembled from components (i.e. modules) instead of individual parts, so that their structure look simple, and thus easier for auto - mechanics to handle the necessary repairs.The human ability in handling complexity is limited by their short term memory capacity, which has been known to range from 5 to 9 simultaneous facts. However, computer programs contain statements presented on a medium such as paper, and Nobel-prize winner psychologist Herbert Simon once suggested that the short term memory capacity on paper for humans exceeds that in human brain.The short term memory capacity has been used successfully, in our class, as a guideline in setting the size for program modules. The readability of the student programs was markedly improved, and thus greatly reduced the time needed for grading the programs.A main program usually contains a larger number of declarations (non-active statements) than that of a sub-program; but each one of them is a program module. Thus, our class had, after discussion, chosen to limit each program module to no more than 12 active statements. As a result, the student programs were much easier to read.We are currently studying the possibility of establishing a more comprehensive measure for module complexity that is easy to use. Guided by researches on measuring the readability of natural language texts, we are exploring the following: Counting the number of identifiers declared as constants, types, and variables.Counting the number of operators in each active statement and considering the use of different operators as more complex than the repetition of the same operator.Determining to what extent some active statements, such as DO LOOP and conditional BRANCHes, should be assigned a larger count; because they appear to be more complex than assignment statement.These ideas and others will be discussed during our presentation. Colleagues in the audience will be invited to offer their ideas and suggestions for further studies.Note: A part of this paper's content was presented by Yin-min Wei at the 1985 Ohio Computer Science Colleague's Conference, Bowling Green State University, Ohio
Practicing Servant-Leadership: Succeeding Through Trust, Bravery, And Forgiveness

The article reviews the book “Practicing Servant-Leadership: Succeeding Through Trust, Bravery, and Forgiveness,” edited by Larry Spears and Michelle Lawrence.
Effect of growth velocity on cardiac norepinephrine content in infant rats.

SummaryCardiac norepinephrine content was determined in rapidly and slowly growing preweaning rats. Between 10 and 20 days of age, when the heart rate normally increases from approximately 400 to 500 beats/min, norepinephrine concentration and heart rate increased simultaneously and the rises of both were greater in rapidly than in slowly growing animals. Rate of growth was directly related to heart rate and norepinephrine content at 15 days of age but not at other times during ontogeny.
Separation of o-phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol derivatives of amino acids from blood plasma on reversed-phase Nova-Pak C18 cartridges.

Abstract A separation of 25 o-phthalaldehyde—mercaptoethanol derivatives of primary amino acids in plasma prepared from human blood has been developed for Waters 10 cm × 0.8 cm I.D., 4-μm Nova-Pak C18 Radial-Pak cartridges. A binary gradient system with solvent-switching capability for the A pump is required. Computer methodologies have been utilized to develop mobile phase mixtures of phosphate buffer (pH 6.9), water, methanol and tetrahydrofuran. Advantages of the method include simple sample preparation, fast turnover time (67 min including the pre-column Autotag derivatization procedure) and exceptional column durability (several hundred analyses).
Influence of External Transmitter Shape and Size on Tag Retention and Growth of Juvenile Lake Sturgeon

Abstract Few studies have examined the effects of external radio transmitters on small fish. We evaluated the influence of two shapes (cylindrical and compressed) and three sizes (small, medium, and large [approximately 1.25, 2.00, and 6.00% of body weight, respectively]) of dummy transmitters on the tag retention and growth of juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in an 8-week laboratory experiment. Thirty-five lake sturgeon were contained in each of three tanks, with five fish in each tank assigned to each of the six transmitter treatments. The remaining five fish in each tank, which served as the control group, were handled but did not receive a transmitter. A greater number of compressed transmitters were shed than cylindrical transmitters, and more large transmitters were lost than small or medium transmitters. Fish with medium and large transmitters, regardless of shape, exhibited lower growth than fish with small transmitters or the control group from week 2 through the end of the study. Only...
'Boiled egg' in the peritoneal cavity-a giant peritoneal loose body in a 64-year-old man: a case report

Introduction Peritoneal loose bodies, or peritoneal mice, are rare asymptomatic lesions that are usually found as an incidental finding during abdominal surgery or autopsy. Giant loose bodies, measuring more than 5 cm, are rare and only a few cases are reported in the literature. These bodies are usually infarcted appendices epiploicae, which become detached and appear as a peritoneal loose body in the abdominal cavity. They may re-attach themselves to a surface, such as the lower aspect of the spleen or omentum, in which case they can be called a "parasitized peritoneal body", as in our case.
Representing internet streaming media metadata using MPEG-7 multimedia description schemes

Singingfish.com uses MPEG-7 description schemes to model the metadata characteristics of Internet streaming media. Further it has used MPEG-7 description schemes as the basis for a number of internal experiments, processes, as well as interchange with commercial content partners. This paper describes our selection of description schemes from the MPEG-7 Multimedia Description Schemes (MDS) Working Drafts, their ability (or lack thereof) to represent Internet streaming media metadata, and our experiences (successes and failures) in using MPEG-7 DS's in various applications critical to building an Internet streaming media search engine.
Reproductive Modes in Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations from New York Onion Fields

Abstract Thrips exhibit different reproductive modes including thelytoky (females produced from unfertilized eggs), arrhenotoky (males produced from unfertilized eggs and females produced from fertilized eggs) and deuterotoky (females and males produced from unfertilized eggs). We investigated patterns of reproductive modes in onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, populations and potential effects of the bacterium Wolbachia and temperature on these modes. We also examined the possibility that male-producing T. tabaci populations were resistant to the frequently used insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl. In New York during 2002–2004, T. tabaci populations were sampled from 20 onion fields and reproductive mode was determined by identifying sex of progeny from virgins. Half of the populations were thelytokous and half were a mix of thelytokous, arrhenotokous and deuterotokous individuals, which we refer to as a male-producing population. In two of four cases, the reproductive mode of a population f...