cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid phase behavior and stabilization of domains in membranes of platelets

Lipid domains are acquiring increasing importance in our understanding of the regulation of several key functions in living cells. We present here a discussion of the physical mechanisms driving the phase separation of membrane lipid components that make up these domains, including phase behavior of the lipids and the role of cholesterol. In addition, we discuss phenomena that regulate domain geometry and dimensions. We present evidence that these mechanisms apply to the regulation of domains in intact cells. For example, the observation that physiologically functional microdomains present at 37°C aggregate into macrodomains in human blood platelets when they are chilled below membrane lipid phase transition temperatures is predictable from the known behavior of the constituent lipids in vitro. Finally, we show that the principles developed from studies on these lipids in model systems can be used to develop techniques to stabilize the physiological, resting microdomain structure of platelets during freeze-drying. These latter findings have immediate applications in clinical medicine for the development of methods for storing platelets for therapeutic use.
Associations between field characteristics and soybean plant performance using canonical correlation analysis

The main objective of this study is to find associations between site characteristics (topographic, and soil physical and chemical properties) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant performance (e.g. yield, canopy development) occurring at a field scale. The study took place in an Illinois production field in the 2000 and 2001 seasons. These associations were studied with canonical correlation analysis (CCA) followed by a spatial analysis of the resulting canonical variables with semivariography. The CCA discovered several significant associations between site characteristics. The first pair of canonical variables had a correlation coefficient of 0.76. The site characteristics most consistently correlated with the first pair of canonical variables were organic matter (OM) (r = 0.64 and 0.51 for the 2000 and 2001 seasons, respectively), pH (r = 0.39 and 0.51 for the 2000 and 2001 seasons, respectively), and deep electrical conductivity (ECD) (r = 0.53 and 0.49 for the 2000 and 2001 seasons, respectively). Site variables soil phosphorous (P) and soil potassium (K) were inconsistently correlated with the site characteristics canonical variable. These results indicate that site variables related to soil water retention are more consistently associated with soybean performance than site variables related to soil fertility. The plant performance characteristic most correlated with the soybean performance canonical variable were NDVIN (r = 0.76 and 0.72 for the 2000 and 2001 seasons, respectively), SPAD (r = 0.70 and 0.47 for the 2000 and 2001 seasons, respectively), and yield (r= 0.44 and 0.58 for the 2000 and 2001 seasons, respectively). The variables NDVIN, yield, ECD are obtained with sensors and thus they can be easily used at a production field scale. The common spatial structures in pairs of the canonical variables confirm the relationship between site properties and soybean performance, proving their potential in the demarcation of uniform areas within production fields. This approach can be used to explore soil plant relationships in other field studies.
The effect of aging on rat tissue content of moisture, protein, zinc, copper, and manganese with partial food deprivation: II. Middle stages of aging

Underfeeding (50% ad libitum) resulted in marked retardation of growth which was nearly a 50% reduction at 12 months of age for males and a 34% reduction for females. The retardation of female growth was not as severe as that of male. Various organ weights showed a pattern similar to total body growth. Moisture content tends to decrease with age but it is statistically insignificant. Protein concentration of male showed a gradual increase up to eight months, then remained constant throughout the test period. Unlike protein content in the male, female protein concentration remained fairly constant from one to twelve months in ad libitum feeding. However, protein levels in 50% ad libitum female tissues tended to decrease with age. Zinc content in liver, kidney, and brain showed a gradual increase to 8 months then decreased. Zinc content in bone showed a rapid increase before leveling off. The zinc level in the bone was consistently higher than any other tissues examined. A gradual increase was observed in copper content of liver and kidney in the ad libitum fed groups whereas a rapid increase was observed in the 50% ad libitum fed group before leveling off to relatively constant concentrations. Manganese levels in all tissues remained constant except in the brain. Brain manganese content tended to increase with age. Among the parameters studied, there was a significant retardation of organ and body growth with diet manipulation. Supplementation of trace minerals (Cu, Mn, Zn) in the diet reduced mortality rate. Protein content was the only significant difference observed between sexes or dietary groups.
Novel HIF2A Mutations Disrupt Oxygen Sensing, Leading to Polycythemia, Paragangliomas, and Somatostatinomas

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) control the cellular response to hypoxia and, when dysregulated, contribute to tumorigenesis. Previously, we identified 2 gain-of-function somatic mutations in patients presenting with multiple paragangliomas or somatostatinomas, and polycythemia. Here, we report 2 additional unique HIF2A mutations, which disrupt the hydroxylation domain recognized by prolyl hydroxylase domain-2 containing protein, leading to stabilization of HIF-2α and increased expression of hypoxia-related genes.
Ranked Set Sampling: Theory and Applications

(2005). Ranked Set Sampling: Theory and Applications. Technometrics: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 100-101.
Mixed initiative interfaces for learning tasks: SMARTedit talks back

Applications of machine learning can be viewed as teacher-student interactions in which the teacher provides training examples and the student learns a generalization of the training examples. One such application of great interest to the IUI community is adaptive user interfaces. In the traditional learning interface, the scope of teacher-student interactions consists solely of the teacher/user providing some number of training examples to the student/learner and testing the learned model on new examples. Active learning approaches go one step beyond the traditional interaction model and allow the student to propose new training examples that are then solved by the teacher. In this paper, we propose that interfaces for machine learning should even more closely resemble human teacher-student relationships. A teacher's time and attention are precious resources. An intelligent student must proactively contribute to the learning process, by reasoning about the quality of its knowledge, collaborating with the teacher, and suggesting new examples for her to solve. The paper describes a variety of rich interaction modes that enhance the learning process and presents a decision-theoretic framework, called DIAManD, for choosing the best interaction. We apply the framework to the SMARTedit programming by demonstration system and describe experimental validation and preliminary user feedback.
Vaginal and Oral Sex Initiation Timing: A Focus on Gender and Race/Ethnicity

ABSTRACTObjectives: Most previous studies on sexual initiation timing have examined its effects on a variety of subsequent outcomes without first examining the correlates and predictors of these timing categories. Studies that do exist often do not utilize samples through young adulthood, leading to a misclassified set of sexual timing categories. In addition, the literature does not adequately address the issues of oral sex timing. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (a) to explore age cutoffs that mark the “normative” and “non-normative” entry into vaginal and oral sex among young women and men in the United States and create 4 sexual initiation timing categories — “early,” “normative,” “late,” and “inexperienced” — and (b) to examine the association between race/ethnicity and sexual initiation timing by gender. Methods: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health was used in both descriptive and multivariate contexts to determine the net association of gender and race/ethnici...
North Carolina–Virginia Conflict: The Lake Gaston Water Transfer

The city of Virginia Beach, Va. completed an interbasin transfer from Lake Gaston on the Roanoke River for municipal water supply in 1998 after years of controversy. Federal regulatory and judicial decision processes provided the primary forums for debating the proposal’s merits. A major project opponent was the state of North Carolina in which most of Lake Gaston and the downstream portion of the river are located. Interbasin transfers are always controversial as the direct impacts in the area of origin are compounded by concern over possible disruption in the sense of place and environmental quality that water contributes to an area. The Virginia Beach transfer produces relatively modest impacts as it is small in relation to the size of the source, leading to a consistent regulatory finding of no significant environmental impact. Alternatives were limited as significant demand reduction measures had already been implemented, additional local water sources were limited, desalination would have been more ...
A Promoter Recognition Mechanism Common to Yeast Mitochondrial and Phage T7 RNA Polymerases

Yeast mitochondrial (YMt) and phage T7 RNA polymerases (RNAPs) are two divergent representatives of a large family of single subunit RNAPs that are also found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of higher eukaryotes, mammalian nuclei, and many other bacteriophage. YMt and phage T7 promoters differ greatly in sequence and length, and the YMt RNAP uses an accessory factor for initiation, whereas T7 RNAP does not. We obtain evidence here that, despite these apparent differences, both the YMt and T7 RNAPs utilize a similar promoter recognition loop to bind their respective promoters. Mutations in this element in YMt RNAP specifically disrupt mitochondrial promoter utilization, and experiments with site-specifically tethered chemical nucleases indicate that this element binds the mitochondrial promoter almost identically to how the promoter recognition loop from the phage RNAP binds its promoter. Sequence comparisons reveal that the other members of the single subunit RNAP family display loops of variable sequence and size at a position corresponding to the YMt and T7 RNAP promoter recognition loops. We speculate that these elements may be involved in promoter recognition in most or all of these enzymes and that this element's structure allows it to accommodate significant sequence and length variation to provide a mechanism for rapid evolution of new promoter specificities in this RNAP family.
Determination of Poisson’s Ratio by the Methods of Two-Step Phase-Shifting Interferometry

We propose procedures for the contactless determination of Poisson’s ratio by the methods of phase-shifting interferometry for beams with smooth and rough surfaces and a scheme of experimental installation used for their realization. We also present some results of verification of these procedures for steel and duralumin beams.
Abiotic transformations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic nitrogen heterocycles in aquatic environments

Abstract The chemical and photochemical oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polynuclear aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs) in water has been critically reviewed. Research needs are identified in order to assess and predict the photodegradation of these compounds in natural water. In particular, more information is needed on the effects of dissolved and particulate inorganic and organic material on the chemical and photochemical oxidation of these compounds in order to understand their behaviour in aquatic ecosystems.
SU-E-I-41: Characterization of a Linear Fiber-Optic Coupled Dosimeter

Purpose: This study investigated the dosimetry performance of a linear fiber‐optic coupled dosimeter with a sensitive element varying from 3 to 15 cm in length. The dosimeter is comprised of a tissue equivalent plastic scintillating fiber coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The sensitive element has a length representative of the dimensions of common adult internal organs and measures the absorbed dose along the entire sensitive length. The measurement of absorbed dose in one dimensional space provides a more meaningful measure of the average organ dose compared to current dosimeters which evaluate the dose at a small volume, or point inside the organ. Method and Materials: A fiber‐optic coupled dosimetry system was modified by increasing the linear dimension of the sensitive element to sizes ranging from 3 to 15 cm. A FOC element providing a variable output as a function of exposed dosimeter length, beam energy, depth, and beam intensity, was characterized for various exposure parameters relating to Computed Tomography. A clinical x‐ray tube, with half‐value layer of 5.60 mm Al at 120 kVp, was used to evaluate the dosimeter response to beam energy, intensity, beam quality, and exposed length. Results: The system consistently demonstrated linearity with tube output and length of the sensitive element and offering excellent sensitivity and reproducibility. The dosimeter also demonstrated a linear response of detected counts to length of scintillation material in the x‐ray field over the range of interest. The sensitivity with respect to energy and depth showed a positive linear dependence. An 8% variation in sensitivity across a 12 cm depth was observed within a soft tissue‐equivalent medium. Conclusion: The system allows for rapid and accurate average organ dose measurements relevant to x‐ray sources within the diagnostic energy range. The response to previously discussed parameters was independent of the sensitive element length.
Using traceability links to identifying potentially erroneous artifacts during regulatory reviews

Safety critical systems emphasize the high quality of both hardware and software of a product since the safety of the product to the public tops all the other considerations. In these domains, regulatory agencies are entitled to conduct reviews on the entire range of artifacts produced from system design to system performance/maintenance. Regulatory review is comprised of the pre-market review and the post-market review. Each aspect of the regulatory review is time-consuming and laborious. In this paper we target situations when errors are identified in the reviewed software, either during pre- or post-market review. We propose an automated mechanism, which utilizes traceability information to identify lists of related software artifacts that are similar to those involved in the reported errors. With the tool recommendations, regulators can quickly investigate these suspicious locations and avoid the occurrence of future hazardous events.
THE EXISTENCE OF SUBGAME-PERFECT EQUILIBRIUM IN CONTINUOUS GAMES WITH ALMOST PERFECT INFORMATION: A COMMENT

HARRIS (1985) HAS SHOWN that subgame-perfect equilibria exist in deterministic continuous games with perfect information.' A recent influential paper by Harris, Reny, and Robson (1995) shows that public randomization ensures the existence of subgameperfect equilibria in continuous games with almost perfect information. The authors exhibit an example of a game with almost perfect information in which no subgameperfect equilibrium exists without public randomization. In addition, their Proposition 36 argues that public randomization is not required in games with perfect information. Contrary to this proposition, we give here an example of a continuous game with perfect information in which no subgame-perfect equilibrium exists if public randomization is not allowed. The result of Harris (1985) implies that our example must be a game in which Nature is an active player. Intrapersonal games for consumers with changing preferences are usually games of this type, as in, for example, stochastic versions of Peleg and Yaari (1973) and Goldman (1980). The example has five stages. In stage 1, player 1 chooses al E [0, 1]. In stage 2, player 2 chooses a2 E [0, 1]. In stage 3, Nature chooses x by randomizing uniformly over the interval [-2 + a, + a2, 2 - a, - a2]. After this, players 3 and 4 move sequentially. The subgame following a history (a,, a2, x) and the associated payoffs for all four players are shown in Figure 1. In the following, let a and ,B denote the probabilities with which players 3 and 4 choose U and u, respectively. Consider first the subgame defined by a, = a2 = 1. Nature's move is degenerate in this subgame: x = 0. The set of subgame-perfect equilibrium paths in the resulting subgame is characterized by three segments of mixing probabilities: a = 0 and /3 E [0, .5]; a E [0, 1] and ,B = .5; and a = 1 and f3 E [.5, 1]. The set of equilibrium expected payoffs for players 1 and 2 implied by these three segments is given by
The why and wherefore of wireless technology research: Introduction and perspective

The nine papers in this journal describe the organization and results of a focused research program to examine possible links between use of cellular telephones and brain cancer. The first paper identifies the origin of the research as a hypothesis about the putative link that was put forth in a lawsuit and quickly publicized in the print media and TV (Carlo, Hersemann, and O'Donnell, 1997). The authors comment that much health risk research in the last 30 years has originated from threatened or executed regulatory restrictions or lawsuits. A large body of research indicates that many people react strongly to "new" and little understood risks. The idea of the cellular phone<ancer link was new, and it frightened the public, many of whom have daily contact with the phones. Industry could not ignore the hypothesis; it was in the public's eye. At the same time, the hypothesis had no credibility for many technical people because there was and there is no known way that the radiation from the phones' antennae could cause the mutational events that are involved in carcinogenesis. Based on that information, manufacturers could have rejected the hypothesis out of hand, but only at the risk of the interested, non-technical citizen seeing the rejection as a "cover-up" or a reflection of industry's lack of interest in a health risk. Responding honestly to the hypothesis and hype, industry could say there was no science to support the putative link, but it also had to say little research had been done. In a different time, the absence of convincing information about harm might have been understood to indicate that tiiere had been no reason to
Sputtered ZnO surface-wave transducers

Surface waves have been excited efficiently on fused silica using sputtered ZnO films in conjunction with various transducer arrangements. The results are very promising and have yielded values of K2 up to 0.76%.
Electron and hole traps in heavily compensated InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures

Abstract A variety of junction space charge techniques have been used to investigate an MBE grown In 0.083 Ga 0.917 As/GaAs, Al Schottky heterostructure, with the InGaAs layer above the critical thickness for this system. CV , IV and SIMS results suggest the top InGaAs layer to be heavily compensated and thus depleted of free carriers even under equilibrium conditions. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements indicate an electron trap with an activation energy of 0.50 eV spatially located near the heterointerface as well as activation energies of 0.30 and 0.58 eV for defects in the bulk GaAs. Optical deep level transient spectroscopy was also used to investigate minority carrier defects in the InGaAs. It is argued that the depletion of the InGaAs layer gives junction space charge techniques a greater sensitivity for the determination of defect parameters located near the heterointerface, suggesting an improved approach for epilayer interface investigations.
Polarization Resistance of Stainless Steel-Coated Rebars

Stainless steel (316L) coated coupons and rebars were prepared using the twin-wire electric arc (TWEA) and high pressure/high velocity oxygen-fuel (HP/HVOF) processes. Metallographic examination was performed to characterize the coating density and the oxide content. The corrosion performance of the coatings was evaluated using linear polarization, AC impedance, and salt spray techniques. It appears that the coating prepared using the HP/HVOF process is far superior in terms of polarization resistance performance than that prepared using the TWEA process. The former process produces a dense, low-oxide-content coating while the latter produces relatively porous coatings.
Oepomo's algorithm for computing eigenvalue in system engineering

Small signal stability is the ability of a system to maintain stability when subjected to small disturbances. Small signal analysis gives valuable data about the dynamic properties of the system and helps in its design, operation, and control. Time domain simulation and eigenvalue analysis are the two main ways to study system stability. Eigenvalue analysis are widely utilized to perform small signal stability analysis. The dynamic property of a system in response to small perturbations can be predicted by computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system matrix. The location of the eigenvalues can be used to study the system's performance. In addition eigenvectors can be used to predict the relative participation of the respective states in the corresponding disturbance modes. This paper described a new method and algorithm for the numerical solution of eigenvalues with the largest real part of essentially positive matrices. The method is based on a numerical implementation of Collatz's eigenvalue inclusion theorem for non-negative irreducible matrices. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the speed of convergence of the new algorithm.
Fragment spin correlations in damped nuclear reactions

Abstract The correlation between the spins of damped nuclear reaction products are studied theoretically. The dynamical exchange of nucleons preferentially excites positive-signature dinuclear rotational modes and produces significant fragment spin correlations, in contrast with the results of a purely statistical model. Illustrative calculations are made for the angular correlations between fission fragments following the reaction 1768 MeV 208 Pb + 238 U.
Hydrogen multicentre bonds

The concept of a chemical bond stands out as a major development in the process of understanding how atoms are held together in molecules and solids. Lewis’ classical picture of chemical bonds as shared-electron pairs1 evolved to the quantum-mechanical valence-bond and molecular-orbital theories2,3, and the classification of molecules and solids in terms of their bonding type: covalent, ionic, van der Waals and metallic. Along with the more complex hydrogen bonds4 and three-centre bonds5,6, they form a paradigm within which the structure of almost all molecules and solids can be understood. Here, we present evidence for hydrogen multicentre bonds—a generalization of three-centre bonds—in which a hydrogen atom equally bonds to four or more other atoms. When substituting for oxygen in metal oxides, hydrogen bonds equally to all the surrounding metal atoms, becoming fourfold coordinated in ZnO, and sixfold coordinated in MgO. These multicentre bonds are remarkably strong despite their large hydrogen–metal distances. The calculated local vibration mode frequency in MgO agrees with infrared spectroscopy measurements7. Multicoordinated hydrogen also explains the dependence of electrical conductivity on oxygen partial pressure, resolving a long-standing controversy on the role of point defects in unintentional n-type conductivity of ZnO (refs 8–10).
Estimating the incidence and prevalence and analyzing the correlates of infertility and sterility.

The demographic definition of sterility is the inability of a noncontracepting sexually active woman to have a live birth. The authors consider aspects of the study of sterility and infertility focusing primarily upon measurement and present an illustrative analysis of time trends in sterility in Cameroon and of covariates related to both prevalence and incidence of sterility by age. They believe that measures of the level of sterility in a population and of the sterility status of individual women or couples are needed for at least the following reasons: to study the effects of infertility or sterility on the lives of individuals to know the extent of sterility in a population so that appropriate public health strategies for treatment and prevention can be formulated and implemented to examine differentials within a population to increase the understanding of risk factors for premature sterility and its causes and to understand the extent to which population growth is determined by the inability of couples to have the number of children they want.
Direct Measurement of Trap Spacing in Phase Change Memory Cells Using ATE Devices

The electrical conduction in the amorphous state of the phase change material is through the localized states. The density of these trap states or the trap spacing plays a major role in determining the characteristics of the PCM cell in the sub threshold region. In this work, we have developed a method to extract the trap spacing in the amorphous material directly from the I-V characteristics rather than the conventional method of curve fitting. Further the dependence of the trap spacing on the amorphous thickness and reset voltage is discussed. Preliminary results on the 1/f noise measurements are also reported.
INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE IN BREAST FED INFANTS ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN DEFICIENCY

During an 18 month period 30 infants, 1/2 to 6 months of age, who were previously well, were admitted to CCH with evidence of central nervous system involvement (seizure, conscious disturbance or bulging fontanel) and also with evidence of a bleeding disorder. They were studied with computerized axial tomography and ultrasound. All had intracranial hemorrhage although some only had subarachnoid hemorrhage. All were entirely or primarily breast fed, none had received vitamin K at birth and coagulation studies prior to treatment showed markedly prolonged PT and PTT which was corrected with vitamin K or fresh whole blood. All the evidence in this and other studies of similar babies indicates that this was a deficiency of vitamin K due in part to the omission of vitamin K at birth, but also due to the limited vitamin K intake. In only 2 studies has there been a suggestion of a coumarin compound in the mother's diet or administered to the infant. It should be possible to prevent this catastrophic event with either vitamin K at birth and/or a supplement of vitamin K in breast fed babies. Follow-up has demonstrated either neurologic problems or delayed head growth suggesting brain damage.
Cone of recession and unboundedness of convex functions

Abstract We consider the problem of determining whether or not a convex function f(x) is bounded below over R n . Our focus is on investigating the properties of the vectors in the cone of recession 0+f of f(x) which are related to the unboundedness of the function.
The molecular basis of cutaneous aging

Identification, prevention and reversal of age-related changes in the appearance and function of human skin remain goals of great interest to scientists, dermatologists and patients. In recent decades, the cellular and molecular changes that underlie cutaneous aging have been substantially elucidated. These data suggest that cutaneous aging, like aging in the body generally, results, in part, from a telomere-based genetic program, cumulative DNA damage and repair, oxidative damage, altered proteolysis and energy metabolism and changes in transcription factor-driven gene expression. In animal models, modulation of these events can delay or even reverse aging by many criteria. The resulting insights are likely to revolutionize the prevention and therapy of cutaneous aging.
Multi-stage classification

While much research has focused on methods for evaluating and maximizing the accuracy of classifiers either individually or in ensembles, little effort has been devoted to analyzing how classifiers are typically deployed in practice. In many domains, classifiers are used as part of a multi-stage process that increases accuracy at the expense of more data collection and/or more processing resources as the likelihood of a positive class label increases. This paper systematically explores the tradeoffs inherent in constructing these multi-stage classifiers from a series of increasingly accurate and expensive individual classifiers, considering a variety of metrics such as accuracy, cost/benefit ratio, and lift. It suggests architectures appropriate for both independent instances and for highly linked data.
Epidemiology of anticarcinogens in food.

Ever since Doll and Peto suggested that up to 70% of all cancers might be related to our diet, there has been a mad dash to try to discover exactly what components of our diet and which active ingredients are acting where and how to affect carcinogenesis. The cancers considered to be nutritionally related include not only the cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, but also those of the reproductive organs and the lung. Initially, interest was focused on how diet causes cancer. More recent research is focusing on exploration of the ways in which diet can prevent cancer. Epidemiologic research remains the most powerful tool in understanding of the role of nutrition in the etiology of cancer in human populations. The challenges of this field of research include the problems of measurement error, exposure-disease lag times, collinearity and weak associations.
Public attitudes towards a national identity "smart card:" privacy and security concerns

Tracking technologies use pervasive information systems to scan and record the location of individuals and to transfer information about them to and from a central database. One potential application is a "smart" national identity card (NID). National polls have shown a strong majority of Americans favor an NID in recent months. This study uses a telephone poll with 400 respondents and semistructured interviews with 29 New Jersey adults to explore in depth the concerns and opinions that explain the "surface" opinion that is elicited with a single question. The results indicate that most people actually have very mixed feelings, with strong reservations about privacy and civil rights implications and also the security of the information on the card itself from theft or misuse.
Green Christians? An Empirical Examination of Environmental Concern Within the U.S. General Public:

Since the mid-1960s, many scholars have characterized Western Christianity as at odds with environmentalism and ecological values. Yet since the mid-1990s, many observers claim there has been a “gr...
The Application of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development to Education

In this essay, Deanna Kuhn argues that the difficulties encountered in attempting to apply Piaget's theory of cognitive development to education are revealing of the ambiguities that exist within the theory itself. She illustrates this first by reviewing experimental curricula that derive their educational objectives from Piaget's developmental stage sequences, and, second, by examining those programs that derive their educational methods from Piaget's theories about the process of cognitive development. The author argues that the efforts of educators attempting to utilize developmental theory in educational contexts and the efforts of developmental theoreticians attempting to construct a more adequate theory of cognitive development ought to be mutually illuminating, and, indeed, that research activity across these disparate contexts must be integrated in order to achieve either a comprehensive developmental theory or an effective application of it.
Function Optimization Based On Advanced Simulated Annealing

Solutions to numerical problems often involve finding (or fitting) a set of parameters to optimize a function. A novel extension of the Simulated Annealing method, Very Fast Simulated Reannealing (VFSR) [6, 13, 81, has been proposed for optimizing difficult functions. VFSR has an exponentially decreasing temperature reduction schedule which is faster than both Boltzmn Annealing and Fast (Cauchy) Annealing. VFSR is shown to be is superior to these two methods on optimizing a difficult multimodal function.
Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex

Neural stimuli associated with traumatic events can readily become conditioned so as to reinstate the memory of the original trauma. These conditioned fear responses can last a lifetime and may be especially resistant to extinction. A large amount of data from many different laboratories indicate that the amygdala plays a crucial role in conditioned fear. The amygdala receives information from all sensory modalities and projects to a variety of hypothalamic and brainstem target areas known to be critically involved in specific signs that are used to define fear and anxiety. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits a pattern of behaviours that mimic natural or conditioned states of fear. Lesions of the amygdala block innate or conditioned fear and local infusion of drugs into the amygdala have anxiolytic effects in several behavioural tests. Excitatory amino acid receptors in the amygdala are critical for the acquisition, expression and extinction of conditioned fear.
Zinc in human nutrition.

(1977). Zinc in Human Nutrition. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-80.
Mass Imprisonment and Inequality in Health and Family Life

In response to drastic increases and enduring disparities in American imprisonment, researchers have produced an expansive literature on the effects of mass imprisonment on inequality in America. We discuss this literature in three parts. First, we consider the obstacles to estimating the effects of imprisonment on individuals and to using those estimates to calculate the macrolevel impact of incarceration. Second, we review existing literature on the effect of mass imprisonment on inequalities in health and family life. Finally, we close by suggesting directions for future research.
Spectrally Bright and Broad Fiber-Based Heralded Single-Photon Source

We report the development of a spectrally bright and broad heralded single-photon source based on spontaneous four-wave-mixing in a single-mode fiber, measuring the second-order correlation function, g(2)(0), far below unity over a broad spectral range.
The impact of a novel franchise clinic network on access to medicines and vaccinations in Kenya: a cross-sectional study

Objectives To study the impact of a new franchise health clinic model (The HealthStore Foundation9s CFWShops) on access to vaccinations and treatment for acute illnesses in a nationally representative sample of children in Kenya. Design The authors used multivariate linear and count regressions to examine associations between receipt of vaccinations or treatment and proximity to a franchise health clinic, adjusting for individual, household and clinic attributes as well as region fixed effects. Setting Demographic and Health Survey data from Kenya, 2008–2009. Participants 6079 Kenyan children younger than 5 years, of whom 2310 reported recent acute illness. Main outcome measures Outcomes for all children were number of polio doses received, number of DPT doses received, receipt of BCG vaccine, receipt of measles vaccine and number of total vaccinations received. Outcomes for acutely ill children were receipt of any medical treatment, treatment for fever, treatment for malaria and treatments specifically stocked by CFWShops. Results Children living within 30 km of a CFWShop received 0.129 (p=0.017) and 0.113 (p=0.025) more DPT and polio doses, respectively; and 0.285 more total vaccinations (p=0.023). Among acutely ill children, CFWShop proximity was associated with significant increases in the probabilities of receiving any medical treatment (0.142; p Conclusions The franchise health clinic model could substantially increase access to essential vaccinations and treatments in low-income countries. Moreover, the model9s benefits may accrue to lesser- and higher-income households alike.
Visualization and characterization of respiratory syncytial virus F-specific CD8(+) T cells during experimental virus infection.

CTL play a major role in the clearance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during experimental pulmonary infection. The fusion (F) glycoprotein of RSV is a protective Ag that elicits CTL and Ab response against RSV infection in BALB/c mice. We used the strategy of screening a panel of overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to the RSV F protein and identified an immunodominant H-2Kd-restricted epitope (F85–93; KYKNAVTEL) recognized by CD8+ T cells from BALB/c mice. We enumerated the F-specific CD8+ T cell response in the lungs of infected mice by flow cytometry using tetramer staining and intracellular cytokine synthesis. During primary infection, F85–93-specific effector CD8+ T cells constitute ∼4.8% of pulmonary CD8+ T cells at the peak of the primary response (day 8), whereas matrix 2-specific CD8+ T cells constituted ∼50% of the responding CD8+ T cell population in the lungs. When RSV F-immune mice undergo a challenge RSV infection, the F-specific CD8+ T cell response is accelerated and dominates, whereas the primary response to the matrix 2 epitope in the lungs is reduced by ∼20-fold. In addition, we found that activated F-specific effector CD8+ T cells isolated from the lungs of RSV-infected mice exhibited a lower than expected frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells and were significantly impaired in ex vivo cytolytic activity compared with competent F-specific effector CD8+ T cells generated in vitro. The significance of these results for the regulation of the CD8+ T cell response to RSV is discussed.
Imatinib Mesylate for Philadelphia Chromosome-positive, Chronic-Phase Myeloid Leukemia after Failure of Interferon-α Follow-Up Results

We treated 261 patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase after failure of IFN-alpha with the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (400 mg/day given p.o.) and analyzed hematological and cytogenetic responses, long-term prognosis, factors associated with achievement of major cytogenetic response and survival, and comparative survival in similar patients treated with other regimens. Median patient age was 55 years; 34% were 60 years or older, and median chronic-phase duration was 33 months. Overall, 94% achieved a complete hematological response, and 71% had a cytogenetic response [major (Ph+ cells <35%) in 62% and complete in 45%]. At a median follow-up of 17 months, 241 patients (92%) were still taking imatinib mesylate; estimated 18-month freedom from progression and survival rates were 93 and 96%. Multivariate analysis of factors associated with major cytogenetic response identified long chronic phase, marrow basophilia, high percentage of Ph+ cells before therapy, and prior hematological resistance to IFN-alpha as being adverse factors. This model was used to generate good-, intermediate- and poor-risk subgroups who had estimated major cytogenetic response rates of 93, 53, and 34%, respectively. Univariate analysis in terms of survival identified leukocytosis, high percentages of peripheral and marrow blasts, marrow basophilia, and the presence of cytogenetic clonal evolution as being adverse factors. Achieving a cytogenetic response at 3 or 6 months of therapy was associated with prolonged survival. In a subset analysis, survival rates among 161 patients with Ph-positive CML after hematological or cytogenetic failure after IFN-alpha who had been treated with imatinib mesylate were better than those for similar patients treated previously with other regimens. In summary, imatinib mesylate is highly effective in chronic-phase CML after IFN-alpha failure. We identified pretreatment and treatment-associated factors that were associated with higher major cytogenetic response rates and with improved survival.
County and Township Government in 1937.

Problems of county and township government continued, during 1937, to attract considerable attention from state legislators, political scientists, and the general public. The legislative sessions of the year were productive of a large number of statutes relating to various aspects of local government and administration; and in several instances local units acted under powers previously granted in adopting governmental forms or procedures more suitable to their needs. Notwithstanding a few backward steps and the fact that progress continued to be slow, the general trend was in the direction of improvement. Clearly in evidence was a tendency to confer additional powers and duties upon the local units; and accompanying this increase in functions were efforts to supply additional revenue, modernize the machinery of government, and provide effective means of control. The developments of the year will be summarized, as were those for the biennium 1935-36,' under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional charters; and (6) intergovernmental relations. To facilitate comparison, the subdivisional arrangement of the article of last year, in so far as it is applicable, will also be followed.
The Effect of Scale-Dependent Hardness on Elasto-Plastic Asperity Contact between Rough Surfaces

Statistical methods are used to model elasto-plastic contact between two rough surfaces using a recent finite element model of elasto-plastic hemispherical contact and also recent advances in strain gradient modeling. The elasto-plastic hemispherical contact model used to model individual asperities accounts for a varying hardness effect due to deformation of the contact geometry that has been documented by other works. The strain gradient model accounts for changes in hardness due to scaling effects. The contact between surfaces with hypothetical material and surface properties, such as the elastic modulus, yield strength, and roughness are modeled. A model is also constructed to consider a variable asperity contact radius to evaluate if the strain gradient model will affect it differently. The models produce predictions for contact area, contact force, and surface separation. The strain gradient effects decrease the real area of contact and increase the average contact load in comparison to the model wi...
Cancer, Stress, and Ironies of Cancer Understanding in South Korea

ABSTRACTCancer incidence has been rising in South Korea, coincident with industrialization and with increased longevity. This has opened the way to a presentation of cancer as a symptom of prosperity and social advancement. Cancer care for older South Koreans is marketed widely as a way of giving back to the older generation, and is often portrayed as an opportunity to mobilize technological achievement alongside family care work to honor aging parents. Because breast cancer tends to affect a younger cohort, however, breast cancer patients seek more specific explanations for their illness in order to prevent recurrence. Many breast cancer patients identify ‘stress’ as the cause of their cancer, reflecting endemic stress in the lives of ordinary South Korean women. While this implies a critique of society and, specifically, of gender constructs, the emphasis on interpersonal ‘stress’ situates cancer causality in family relationships rather than in social, political, or environmental contexts. Cancer manage...
Immunologic Response of Extremely Premature Infants to Tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Polio Immunizations

Objective To determine whether extremely premature infants have immunologic responses to tetanus toxoid, Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and polio vaccines similar to those of full-term infants. Infants and methods Sixteen extremely premature ( Results Preterm and full-term infants had similar geometric mean titers of anti-TT antibodies, anti-HbPs antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies to polio serotypes 1, 2, and 3 after the completion of the primary series of vaccines. After vaccination, similar proportions of preterm and full-term infants had protective levels of antibody to TT (preterm 100% vs full-term 100% with levels > 0.01 IU/mL), HbPS (82% vs 87%, > 1.0 microgram/mL), and polio serotypes 1 (85% vs 80%, > or = 1:8) and 2 (100% vs 100%, > or = 1:8). Preterm infants were less likely than full-term infants to have protective levels of neutralizing antibody to polio serotype 3 (31% vs 90%, > or = 1:8). Conclusions Extremely premature infants have adequate antibody responses to tetanus and HbOC antigens but may have diminished responsiveness to serotype 3 polio vaccine.
Dielectrophoretic Orientation, Manipulation and Separation of Live and Heat-Treated Cells of Listeria on Microfabricated Devices with Interdigitated Electrodes

Dielectrophoresis, the movement of particles in non-uniform AC electric field, was used to separate live and heat-treated Listeria innocua cells with great efficiency on micro-fabricated devices with interdigitated electrodes by utilizing the difference of dielectric properties between live and dead cells. Both live and dead cells are found to be only able to collect either at the centers of the electrodes in negative dielectrophoresis or at the electrode edges in positive dielectrophoresis. Cell viability was characterized by a rapid method using epifluorescence staining. The dependency of the applied AC signal's frequency on the dielectrophoresis of different cells, as well as the orientation of the cells on the electrodes in the dielectrophoresis, is also observed and discussed. This on-electrode manipulation and separation of cells can prove to be useful in micro-scale diagnostic applications in biochips.
United States Food and Drug Administration Regulation of Gene and Cell Therapies

The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a regulatory agency that has oversight for a wide range of products entering the US market, including gene and cell therapies. The regulatory approach for these products is similar to other medical products within the United States and consists of a multitiered framework of statutes, regulations, and guidance documents. Within this framework, there is considerable flexibility which is necessary due to the biological and technical complexity of these products in general. This chapter provides an overview of the US FDA regulatory oversight of gene and cell therapy products.
Conditional Reasoning Test for Creative Personality Rationale, Theoretical Development, and Validation

The innovations of creative individuals are regarded as vital for business functioning and survival. To this end, efforts have been made to design measures of creative personality in hopes of predicting creative performance. Current measures of creative personality all reside at the explicit level, yet theory and research both suggest that a large proportion of personality can also be conceptualized at the implicit level. We address this issue by presenting a theoretical basis for creative personality that operates on an implicit level. Using conditional reasoning methodology, we describe five cognitive biases that serve as justification mechanisms for creative personality. Next, we link implicit creative personality to creative abilities through a developmental process. We then test this model and our new measure of creative personality in five different studies. Our results provide evidence in support of an implicit component of creative personality and suggest that it is a substantial predictor of crea...