cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cook Method and Degree of Doneness on Beef Flavor Attributes in Flap and Skirt Steaks

ObjectivesBeef flavor is very complex and the most important driver for consumer acceptance. Cooking method, Quality grade, and cooked internal temperature may affect beef flavor. In this study, 3 beef cuts (outside skirt, inside skirt, and flap), 2 Quality grades (USDA Choice and Select), 3 cooking methods (pan fry, pan grill, and outside grill), and 3 internal cook temperature endpoints (58°C, 70°C, and 80°C) were used to better understand trained descriptive beef flavor and texture attributes, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) tenderness. Materials and MethodsMeat sources were purchased as subprimals in 6 reps for each cut and were fabricated into 10.16 cm wide steaks. The USDA upper two thirds Choice and USDA Select inside skirt, outside skirt, and flap steaks were cooked using a pan fry, pan grill, or outside grill methods. The steaks were cooked to an internal temperature of either 58.3, 70 or 80°C to represent medium rare, medium and well-done steaks. The steaks were evaluated by an expert trained meat descriptive panel for beef flavor and texture attributes. The trained panel descriptive flavor attributes, and WBSF were analyzed using Proc Means and Proc GLMMIX procedures of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) with a predetermined ɑ of 5%. ResultsCooking method and internal cook temperature endpoint tended to impact beef flavor to a greater extent than USDA Beef Quality grade for outside skirt, inside skirt and flap steaks. Internal cook temperature endpoint affected beef identity, brown, bloody/serumy, metallic, burnt, smokey-charcoal, and juiciness (P 0.05) for Quality grade on tenderness measured by Warner-Bratzler shear force values. However, inside skirts cooked to 58°C were more tender than other internal temperature endpoints, and pan-grilled skirts were more tender than other cooking methods (P 0.05) on outside skirt steaks. ConclusionIn the beef industry, beef flavor is a driver of consumer acceptability. This research was conducted to assist in the development of the Beef Flavor Myology tool that will aid in determining factors that impact beef flavors across various cuts, cooking methods, marbling levels, and cooked internal temperature.
Stimulation of collagenesis by poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and -glycolide polymer (PLGA)-containing absorbable suspension suture and parallel sustained clinical benefit.

Background Though the collagen-stimulating capacity of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is well established, no data are available on collagen stimulation by the PLLA/PLGA within absorbable suspension sutures used for tissue repositioning. Aims To characterize collagen stimulation by absorbable suspension sutures through examination of patient biopsies and assess severity of nasolabial folds (NLF) over time. Patients/methods Single-center, open-label, prospective study of 25 healthy volunteers treated with absorbable suspension sutures for descent of midface tissues. Punch biopsies were collected and evaluated for total collagen content. Subject and investigators evaluated NLF severity using the Nasolabial Fold Wrinkle Assessment Score (NLF-WAS). Seventeen of 25 patients completed the collagenesis portion of the study. Results Collagen deposition was apparent at day 90 and increased significantly compared with baseline at days 180 and 270 and between days 90 and 180. Subject- and investigator-reported NLF-WAS were significantly improved at all post-treatment time points through day 270. Conclusions Absorbable suspension sutures stimulate collagen in areas immediately adjacent to the path of the PLLA/PLGA monofilament and cones, providing mechanistic support for improvement in appearance observed in clinical studies. This neocollagenesis, coupled with repositioning by the suture's cones, makes absorbable suspension sutures a valuable tool for patients seeking facial rejuvenation.
Five Decades of Global Chemical Terror Attacks: Data Analysis to Inform Training and Preparedness.

Background Chemical weapons attacks during the recent conflict in Syria and Iraq highlight the need to better understand the changing epidemiology of chemical weapons use, especially among non-state actors. Public health professionals and policy-makers require this data to prioritize funding, training, chemical weapons preparedness, disaster response, and recovery. The purpose of this investigation is to provide descriptive data that can be used by policy-makers and public safety officials to better prepare for these potential attacks. Methods A five-decade descriptive retrospective review of The Global Terrorism Database, maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, was conducted to understand trends in chemical agents, targets, and routes of exposure. We reviewed and analyzed data specific to these documented chemical attacks between 1970 and 2017. Results 383 terror attacks involved chemical weapons over the study period. A specific agent was named in 154 incidents, while 124 incidents could be classified into traditional chemical weapons categories (eg, vesicant, choking agents). A route of exposure was identified in 242 attacks, with the most common routes of exposure being dermal-mucosal and inhalational. Caustic agents were used in the highest portion of attacks (25%) where the route of exposure was known. Explosive devices were used in 21% of attacks to deliver these chemical agents. Of particular note, private citizens and educational facilities were targeted in 25% and 12% of attacks, respectively. The average number of attacks increased from 6 per year between 1970 and 2011 to 24.9 per year between 2011 and 2017 (coinciding with the start of the Syria conflict). The most commonly utilized chemicals were chlorine (26.0%), tear gas (20.8%), and cyanide (15.6%). Blood agent incidents declined from 32.6% before the September 11, 2001 attacks to 13.6% after 2001, while nerve agent attacks fell from 9.3% to 1.2%. In contrast, choking (namely chlorine) and vesicant (mustard) agent use increased from 7% to 48.1% and from 2.3% to 6.2% of attacks, respectively. Conclusions Chemical weapon use in global terrorism remains an increasingly common occurrence that requires better characterization. The average number of chemical terrorist attacks per year is increasing, with a large proportion resulting from the conflicts in Iraq and Syria. Choking (chlorine) and vesicant (mustard) agents have become the predominant chemical terror agent since 2001, with a decreased incidence of blood (cyanogenic) and nerve (sarin) agents. Future preparedness initiatives should focus on vulnerable targets such as private citizens and educational institutions. Improving blast injury response is essential, along with prioritizing disaster training focused on choking agents, vesicants, and caustics.
Dynamic Event Tree Framework to Assess Collision Risk Between Various Aircraft Types

The air transportation system provides an extremely safe mode of transportation. Maintaining adequate separation ensures safety but limits capacity of the airspace. In addition to the expected growth in commercial flights, the number and diversity of other aircraft (e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles, UAVs) will also increase significantly. Various types of UAVs have a wide range of specifications and performance characteristics (e.g., cruise speed and maximum operating altitude) that can differ significantly from manned aircraft. They may also have different collision avoidance technologies that rely on various sensors (e.g., optical, thermal, or laser) to detect and avoid nearby aircraft. While accommodating the variety of aircraft types in an airspace, collision risk should remain less than a specified target level of safety. This paper develops a case study for collision risk of an airspace with different aircraft types and collision avoidance capabilities using a proposed dynamic event tree framework. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on the parameters used in the case study.
Numerical Simulations of Particulate Suspensions via a Discretized Boltzmann Equation Part II. Numerical Results

A new and very general technique for simulating solid-fluid suspensions has been described in a previous paper (Part I); the most important feature of the new method is that the computational cost scales with the number of particles. In this paper (Part II), extensive numerical tests of the method are described; for creeping flows, both with and without Brownian motion, and at finite Reynolds numbers. Hydrodynamic interactions, transport coefficients, and the short-time dynamics of random dispersions of up to 1024 colloidal particles have been simulated.
Tax Terrorism: Nasty Truths About Investor Control Theory and the Accommodation of Social Security Privatization

The privatization of Social Security could have promised profound challenges to the investor control doctrine (given the level of investor discretion anticipated). Revenue Ruling 2003-91 handily eliminates the apparently imminent conflict between longstanding, IRS-asserted doctrine and the demands of the political arena. One could argue that the pronouncement reflects little more than doctrinal evolution, but such evolution is a giant leap away from the twenty-two-year-old notion that investor discretion should be minimal and appears to be a doctrinal accommodation of potential Social Security privatization. This Article argues that the investor control doctrine should be dismissed. I further propose that investor discretion should be allowed with respect to the investment of contract assets, subject to (1) investment professional guidance or risk assessment, (2) age-sensitive adjustments with respect to the percentage of contract assets subject to investor discretion, and (3) limits with respect to the aggregate amount a taxpayer may invest in variable life insurance or variable annuity contracts.
Spatial data reduction through element -of-interest (EOI) extraction

Any large, multifaceted data collection that is challenging to handle with traditional management practices can be branded ‘Big Data.’ Any big data containing geo-referenced attributes can be considered big geospatial data. The increased proliferation of big geospatial data is currently reforming the geospatial industry into a data-driven enterprise. Challenges in the big spatial data domain can be summarized as the ‘Big Vs’ – variety, volume, velocity, veracity and value. Big spatial data sources can be considered in two broad classes, active and passive, as each is impacted to varying degrees. Some of these challenges may be alleviated by reducing unprocessed, or minimally processed, (raw) data to features, which we refer to as the extraction of Elements of Interest (EOI). In fact, many applications require EOI extraction from raw data to enable their basic employment. This chapter presents current state-of-the-art methods to create EOI from some types of georeferenced big data. We classify the data types into two realms: active and passive. Active data are those collected specifically for the purpose to which they are applied. Passive data are those collected for purposes other than those for which they are utilized, included those ‘collected’ for no particular purpose at all. The chapter then presents use cases from both the active and passive spatial realms, including the active applications of terrain feature extraction from digital elevation models and vegetation mapping from remotely-sensed imagery and passive applications like building identification from VGI and point-of-interest data mining from social networks for land use classification. Finally, the chapter concludes with future research needs.
Women in higher education: A brief report on stress during COVID-19

Higher education institutions have evolved into a more stressful environment. Women have been experiencing higher levels of stress than their male counterparts. With higher education adopting to th...
Adult Children's Educational Attainment and Parent Health in Mid- and Later-Life.

OBJECTIVES Intergenerational models of adult health contend that children's educational attainments influence the health and well-being of their parents. However, it is unclear how much of this association is confounded by background characteristics that predict both children's educational attainments and parents' subsequent health, particularly in the United States. METHODS Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health Parent Study are used to examine how having no children who completed college influences parents' self-rated health and depressive symptoms. We rely on propensity score methods to more squarely assess this relationship net of potential confounding bias and to test for heterogeneity in the consequences associated with having no children who completed college. RESULTS Having no children who completed college is negatively associated with parents' self-rated health and positively associated with depressive symptoms. After statistically balancing differences in background characteristics between groups, these associations remain, though the magnitude of the coefficients is attenuated. Supplemental matching analyses suggest that while the association between children's education and self-rated health might be spurious, the association with depressive symptoms is more robust. Additionally, among parents with the highest propensity for having no children who complete college, the consequences on depressive symptoms are greatest. DISCUSSION This study pays particular attention to selection-related concerns surrounding the association between offspring educational attainment and parent well-being in the United States. These findings are important given the call for investments in children's educational opportunities as promoting both the well-being of adult children and their parents.
Atresia coli in calves

Atresia coli is a congenital abnormality in cattle that is lethal without surgical correction. Although the condition has been reported predominantly in the Holstein-Friesian breed, the inheritance of atresia coli remains controversial and not completely understood. A systematic review of published cases and hospital-based case-control study were undertaken to evaluate breed as a risk factor for atresia coli in cattle, and to determine the best method for surgical management. Systematic review of 37 published studies indicated that atresia coli has been diagnosed in 10 cattle breeds and 12 countries, with the marked preponderance of cases occurring in Holstein-Friesian calves. Epidemiologic analysis indicated that Holstein-Friesian cattle were at significantly greater risk for the condition than all other dairy cattle breeds (P < 0.0001) and all other cattle breeds (P < 0.0001). Atresia coli probably occurs secondary to vascular insufficiency of the developing colon in calves. Holstein-Friesian cattle are predisposed to atresia coli, probably because their developing colon grows at a faster rate and/or to a greater extent than that in other cattle breeds. Early or vigorous palpation per rectum of the amniotic vesicle appears to increase the risk of atresia coli in a predisposed fetus, probably through palpation-induced damage to the rapidly developing colonic vasculature. Surgical correction of atresia coli had a poor overall success rate (short term survival rate was <50%) and long term survival rate (<35%). Because of the poor survival rate, expense, and potential for propagation of a genetic defect, definitive surgical correction should not be routinely performed on affected Holstein-Friesian calves.
Management of the Crura During Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Methods This is a retrospective cohort study that evaluated patients undergoing LSG performed by a single surgeon in a 7-year period. Data were collected via chart review. The primary endpoint was hiatal hernia presence at 5 years post-operatively. Secondary endpoints included post-procedural complications (nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, or reflux) at 30 days post-operatively. Results A total of 361 patients were included in the analysis: 154 without crural closure, 164 primary crural closure, and 43 primary crural closure with mesh reinforcement. Rates of hiatal hernia occurrence at 5 years were 9.7% (no closure), 14.0% (primary closure), and 16.3% (closure with mesh reinforcement), respectively, and did not differ significantly among the 3 cohorts (P = .37). Overall rates of 30-day complications were 11.5%, 21.5%, and 28.6%, respectively (P = .015). Conclusion Rates of hiatal hernia after sleeve gastrectomy do not differ, regardless of management of the crura. In addition, and perhaps more significantly, avoidance of crural closure was associated with fewer 30-day complications. In fact, the highest rate of 30-day complications was seen in the group that received closure with mesh reinforcement. These data suggest that crural closure during LSG should be avoided. Further prospective study of these findings is warranted.
FLAP SURVIVAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES IN ELBOW SOFT TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION: A 25-YEAR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ABSTRACT Introduction Different elbow flap reconstructions have been described. We aim to define the optimal flap technique based on defect size and etiology. Methods A systematic review was undertaken using terms "(Elbow reconstruction) AND ((Soft tissue) OR (flap))". Flaps were grouped under fasciocutaneous (FCF), muscular (MF), distant pedicled (DPF), and free flaps (FF). Primary outcome was flap survival. Secondary outcomes were postoperative complications and range of motion (pROM). Results 20 articles with 224 patients were included. Defect sizes were small ( 100 cm2) (16%). Etiologies included trauma (26%), burn contractures (26%), infection (26%), hardware coverage (16%), and others (6%). FCF (54%) was the preferred flap followed by MF (28%), DPF (13%), and FF (5%). Rate of flap necrosis was 4% and other complications 10%. pROM (reported in 154 patients) was >100-degree, 50-100-degree, and Conclusion Elbow flap reconstruction can be performed using different techniques. FCFs are the most commonly used reconstruction. MFs are useful for smaller defects and hardware coverage. DPFs and FFs are needed for massive injuries.
The PVM System: Status, Trends, and Directions

The Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) system is a software framework that enables heterogeneous concurrent computing in heterogeneous environments. Since its conception in 1989, it has evolved into a very popular and widely used platform for cluster and network computing. The programming model supported by PVM, straightforward formulation of the API, robust portable implementations, and timeliness have all played an important role in PVM's impact on high performance computing. We discuss the overall design of PVM and describe its ongoing evolution, recently introduced features, and future directions.
Two decades of pediatric kidney transplantation in a multi-ethnic cohort

Muneeruddin S, Chandar J, Abitbol CL, Seeherunvong W, Freundlich M, Ciancio G, Burke GW, Zilleruelo G. Two decades of pediatric kidney transplantation in a multi-ethnic cohort. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:667–674. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: This study evaluated a 20-yr experience in kidney transplantation in children from a predominantly Hispanic community. A retrospective analysis was carried out in children who received kidney transplants from 1985 to 2005. Of 124 kidney transplants, 81 (65%) were from LD. Racial distribution was Hispanic (48%), followed by AA (24%) and Caucasian (26%). First yr allograft survival was similar in LD and DD and significantly better in LD until seven yr post transplant. eGFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Photoadaptation Alters the Ingestion Rate of Paramecium bursaria, a Mixotrophic Ciliate.

Bacteriovorous protozoa harboring symbiotic algae are abundant in aquatic ecosystems, yet despite a recent interest in protozoan bacterivory, the influence of light on their ingestion rates has not been investigated. In this study, Paramecium bursaria containing endosymbiotic Chlorella was tested for the effect of light on its ingestion rate. P. bursaria was grown for 4 to 6 days under five different light fluxes ranging from 1 to 90 microeinsteins s-1 m-2. Ingestion rates were determined by using 0.77-μm-diameter fluorescent microspheres. 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-labeled Enterobacter cloacae was used in one experiment to confirm differences in uptake rates of bacteria by P. bursaria. Unlike phagotrophic phytoflagellates, the ciliates demonstrated different ingestion rates in response to different light intensities. Although symbionts contribute carbon to their host via photosynthesis, the paramecia of the present study fed faster after exposure to higher light intensities, whereas their aposymbiotic counterparts (lacking endosymbionts) were unaffected. Light-induced changes in ingestion rates were not immediate, but corresponded to the period of time required for endosymbiont populations to change significantly. This strongly suggests that the symbionts, stimulated by higher light levels, may dictate the feeding rates of their hosts. Thus, light, apart from temperature, may influence the impact of certain protists on natural bacteria and may affect laboratory-based determinations of protistan feeding rates.
Is there a link between long-term endothelial receptor antagonists therapy and carcinogenesis in PAH: A case series?

Objective: Endothelial receptor antagonists (ETRAs) are commonly used agents in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Data suggest a carcinogenetic potential of ETRA in animals treated with long-term high dose ETRA. However, there is no such reported data on patients exposed to long-term ETRA therapy. We report our novel data in five PAH patients who developed cancer while on an ETRA. Material and methods: Retrospective chart review conducted at Baylor College of Medicine from 01/2005 to 12/2010 identified 5 patients who developed cancer while on an ETRA. Demographic data, NYHA/WHO functional class, six-minute walk distance (6MWD), type of cancer, echocardiogram, and survival data was collected. Results: Mean age was 55.4±8.6 years (Mean±SD). All were female and duration of PAH was 6.80±1.92 years. Mean duration of ETRA therapy was 4.6±0.89 years. Four patients had idiopathic PAH and one patient had connective tissue disease associated PAH. At the time of cancer diagnosis, BNP levels were 123.74±65.3 pg/ml, 6MWD was 390.25±75.3 meters, right ventricular systolic pressure was 83±21.4 mm Hg, RAP was 11±2.23 mm Hg and CO was 4.12±.45 L/min. Follow-up duration after cancer diagnosis was 0.74±1.6 years. One patient developed bronchoalveolar lung cancer, two patients had infiltrating ductal cancer, one had malignant melanoma and one had multiple myeloma. One patient had died while the other four patients are alive at the time of last follow-up. Conclusion: Carcinogenetic potential of ETRA should be considered in PAH patients who are on long-term ETRA therapy. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Structure and ligand of a histone acetyltransferase bromodomain

Histone acetylation is important in chromatin remodelling and gene activation1,2,3,4. Nearly all known histone-acetyltransferase (HAT)-associated transcriptional co-activators contain bromodomains, which are ∼110-amino-acid modules found in many chromatin-associated proteins5,6,7,8,9. Despite the wide occurrence of these bromodomains, their three-dimensional structure and binding partners remain unknown. Here we report the solution structure of the bromodomain of the HAT co-activator P/CAF (p300/CBP-associated factor)10,11. The structure reveals an unusual left-handed up-and-down four-helix bundle. In addition, we showby a combination of structural and site-directed mutagenesis studies that bromodomains can interact specifically with acetylated lysine, making them the first known protein modules to do so. The nature of the recognition of acetyl-lysine by the P/CAF bromodomain is similar to that of acetyl-CoA by histone acetyltransferase. Thus, the bromodomain is functionally linked to the HAT activity of co-activators in the regulation of gene transcription.
A generalized uncertainty threshold principle for discrete systems with jump Markov parameters and multiplicative noise

The author presents a generalized version of the uncertainty threshold principle for discrete-time systems with both jump Markov parameters and multiplicative noise. It is shown that it is only if this threshold is not exceeded that an optimal steady-state control can exist. >
Rosette-like structures in the spectrum of spitzoid tumors.

Background Spitz nevi demonstrate a diverse spectrum of morphologies. Recently, there have been two reported examples of Spitz nevi with rosette-like structures similar to Homer-Wright rosettes. Rosettes have also been described in melanomas and in a proliferative nodule arising in a congenital nevus. Methods A retrospective review of 104 cases of Spitz nevi and variants (n = 51), pigmented spindle cell nevi (n = 26), combined melanocytic nevi with features of Spitz (n = 8), atypical Spitz tumor (AST, n = 9), and spitzoid melanoma (n = 10). Results Rosette-like structures were present in 3 of the 104 cases (2.9%), including a compound Spitz nevus, a desmoplastic Spitz nevus, and an AST. All three cases demonstrated several foci of small nests of epithelioid cells with peripherally palisaded nuclei arranged around a central area of fibrillar eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical staining of the three spitzoid lesions demonstrated that the rosette-like structures express S100 protein, Melan-A, and neuron specific enolase (NSE) and lacked expression of neurofilament, glial fibrillary acidic protein and synaptophysin. Conclusions While uncommon, rosette-like structures can occur as a focal feature in Spitz nevi and AST. Rosette-like structures may represent a normal morphologic finding in Spitz nevi, and awareness of them may prevent misdiagnosis as a neural tumor or melanoma.
Unfolding patient motion with biplane radiographs

A method of unfolding patient movement between biplane radiographs is presented. This method requires biplane projections of two points with a known separation to determine a translation motion or biplane projections of two or three point pairs to determine a general patient motion. Such a point pair can be provided by two ends of a line source or two radiopaque marks, with a fixed distance between them. The point pairs can be taped on skin, implanted in the target volume, or embedded in the bony structures. After obtaining the point locations on each film, the three‐dimensional coordinates of points of interest at the instant of each view can be reconstructed, with an error of less than 0.5 mm. The motion parameters, characterized by a pseudotranslation vector and three axial rotational angles for the region of interest relative to the machine coordinate system, are also provided. In comparing with some other reconstruction algorithms, the point pair method can significantly improve source localization or point reconstruction in the presence of patient motion. Computer simulations and phantom experiments demonstrates the feasibility and accuracy of the method.
Nursing Diagnoses for Hospitalized Patients With AIDS

This study examined the reliability of nursing diagnoses identified from the medical records of 100 patients hospitalized for HIV disease on a 22-bed designated unit at a large metropolitan teaching hospital in Los Angeles. The diagnoses were identified in two ways: (a) staff nurses identified 16 different nursing diagnoses using preprinted care plans found in the medical records, with 2 to 9 problems per patient (M = 4.8, SD = 1.6) and (b) the nurse researcher-identified 45 different nursing diagnoses derived from defining characteristics documented in the medical records, with 1 to 9 identified problems per patient (M = 3.3, SD = 1.8). The most frequent problems identified were the same as those addressed in the clinical literature: pain, respiratory problems, nutritional deficits, and psychosocial concerns. The results of this study raise concerns about the limitations of nursing diagnosis research using existent data bases and the use of preprinted care plans.
Decay of homogeneous turbulence in three-range models

Abstract New models, with energy spectra which consist of three power-law ranges, are suggested to describe the free evolution of homogeneous and isotropic high-Reynolds-number turbulence. By selecting a single number, a characteristic of the energy spectrum in the model, very good agreement with experiments has been achieved for two independently measured parameters. Also, verifiable dependences of turbulence decay features on characteristics of the turbulence generation process are suggested.
The American Social Gospel and the Chinese YMCA

"The bad name missionaries have been given in popular American lore was at least partly earned for all of them by those who were bar ren-minded, the devotees and bigots, who were often immensely shrewd but were seldom immensely intelligent. 'How could a Protes tant God have stomached such stupid enthusiasts?'" So said David Treadup, the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) hero in John Hersey's book, The Call.1 Unlike the evangelical missionaries who went to China to save "the heathens from damnation," the YMCA secretar ies (or administrative officers) went primarily to reform the social or der. The YMCA story breaks many of our deeply held stereotypes about Christian missions in China.2 While most missionary groups tended to exercise a strong sense of paternalism, the YMCA group of nondogmatic and service-oriented men preached the earliest spirit of racial equality among their own ranks. Contrary to popular opinion that foreign missions were financed and remote-controlled from the home boards, the YMCA movement transformed itself quickly into an indigenous movement supported and managed by the Chinese. And unlike most Christian missions, which were spreading the gos pel of Western Civilization, the idealistic Association men strove to
Immunotherapeutic strategies for high-risk bladder cancer.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), which is the pathological diagnosis for the majority of bladder cancers, is a solid tumor entity that is responsive to immunotherapy as evidenced by a substantial cure rate documented with the use of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy in selected patients with high-grade superficial disease. The nonspecific immune modulation that occurs as a result of BCG therapy is not well understood; however, the success of BCG therapy provides a basis for the exploration of mechanisms related to immune responses and the development of novel immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of high-risk disease. In this review, we discuss the complexity of the immune system and therapies that are considered capable of manipulating it to potentially benefit patients with bladder cancer.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of KB cells. II. Analysis of RNA transcribed from adenovirus DNA.

Abstract RNA synthesized enzymically by nucleolar or nucleoplasmic forms of KB RNA polymerase with adenovirus DNA as template contains species made both early and late after infection as well as species which are not found in RNA isolated from infected cells. The RNA is heterogeneous in size.
Experimental demonstration of a wafer-bonded heterostructure based unipolar transistor with In 0.53 Ga 0.47 as channel and III-N drain

This paper report the first demonstration of a fully functional wafer-bonded current aperture vertical electron transistor (BAVET). A maximum drain current (Id) of 29 mA and transconductance (gm_d) of 7.4 mS at a Vgs = 0 V is measured for a device with a width of (75x2) f.lm and an aperture length (Lap) of 8 μm.
A Comparison of the Tensile Strength of Four Prosthodontic Adhesives

Purpose This study compared the in vitro tensile bond strength of four prosthodontic adhesives to sandblasted base-metal alloy. Materials and Methods Alloy cylinders were bonded end-to-end with the various adhesives, thermocycled, stored for 28 days, and subjected to a tensile load. Results Mean tensile bond strengths obtained were: Panavia = 42.3 MPa, Metabond = 31.1 MPa, All-Bond = 28.06 MPa, and F21 = 18.5 MPa. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P < .05) in mean bond strengths between the adhesive systems. Conclusion Under the conditions of this study, the Panavia system showed the strongest mean tensile bond strengths.
An Online Method for Interpolating Linear Parametric Reduced-Order Models

A two-step online method is proposed for interpolating projection-based linear parametric reduced-order models (ROMs) in order to construct a new ROM for a new set of parameter values. The first step of this method transforms each precomputed ROM into a consistent set of generalized coordinates. The second step interpolates the associated linear operators on their appropriate matrix manifold. Real-time performance is achieved by precomputing inner products between the reduced-order bases underlying the precomputed ROMs. The proposed method is illustrated by applications in mechanical and aeronautical engineering. In particular, its robustness is demonstrated by its ability to handle the case where the sampled parameter set values exhibit a mode veering phenomenon.
CompSurf: an environment for exploring surface reconstruction methods on a grid ☆

CompSurf is a novel visualization system that enables researchers in the area of geographic information systems to compare multiple surface reconstruction techniques simultaneously. The system displays two digital elevation models and grid-based contours from which the surfaces are derived. The researcher can view the surfaces from any angle and examine statistics for each. The system's object oriented design allows the researcher to add new interpolation or approximation methods easily; a dynamically linked library obviates the need for system recompilation. A graphical user interface allows easy manipulation or computation of surfaces, and automatically incorporates new reconstruction methods added to the system.
CHANGE IN EXTRAVASCULAR LUNG WATER WITH GROWTH IN RATS

Although previous studies have demonstrated that total lung water decreases with growth, the possibility that this may have resulted solely from changes in pulmonary blood water (PBW) has not been excluded. Since extravascular lung water (ELW) may be the more important determinant of lung function, we measured ELW at 2, 8, 14, 22, 28, 180 and 365 days in a total of 66 rats. Following intravenous injection of 51Cr tagged red blood cells, radioactivity as well as wet and dry weight of samples of blood and lung were measured to determine ELW and PBW. Regression analysis revealed a significant and rapid fall in ELW from 2 to 28 days (slope = -0.028) and a slower but significant decline subsequently through 180 days (slope= -0.002) p<0.01. We conclude that there is a decline in both ELW and PBW with growth throughout the first 6 months of life in the rat.
A rapid quantitative method for measuring UTP, UDP, and UMP in the picomole range.

Abstract A procedure for the determination of picomole amounts of uracil nucleotides is described. The key reaction is the condensation of UTP and [ 14 C]glucose 1-phosphate catalyzed by uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase yielding UDP-[ 14 C]glucose. The product is determined by selective adsorption onto charcoal in the presence of 0.8 m Trizma Base. UDP is measured as UTP after its conversion in an incubation with excess ATP and nucleoside diphosphate kinase. Similarly, UMP is analyzed after it is converted to UDP by nucleoside monophosphate kinase. The uracil nucleotide content of germinated wheat embryos had been determined with this method.
The Mechanical Bidomain Model: A Review

The mechanical bidomain model is a new mathematical description of the elastic behavior of cardiac tissue. Its primary advantage over previous models is that it accounts for forces acting across the cell membrane arising form differences in the displacement of the intracellular and extracellular spaces. In this review, I describe the development of the mechanical bidomain model. I emphasize new predictions of the model, such as the existence of boundary layers at the tissue surface where the membrane forces are large, and pressure differences between the intracellular and extracellular spaces. Although the theoretical analysis is quite mathematical, I highlight the types of experiments that could be used to test the model predictions. Finally, I present open questions about the mechanical bidomain model that may be productive future directions for research.
Management of Twin Pregnancies Consisting of a Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Normal Fetus

Abstract Objective: To report the clinical features, management, and outcome of twin pregnancies consisting of a complete hydatidiform mole and a coexisting normal fetus. Methods: Between 1966 and 1997, seven women with complete hydatidiform mole and coexisting normal fetus were treated at the John I. Brewer Trophoblastic Disease Center of Northwestern University Medical School. Clinical features, including presenting symptoms, gestational dates, hCG levels, and complications, as well as route of delivery or evacuation, pregnancy outcome, genetic analysis, and need for chemotherapy were assessed. Results: Four women required uterine evacuation before 20 weeks’ gestation because of vaginal bleeding or medical complications, one woman required an emergency hysterotomy because of hemorrhage at 24 weeks, and two women delivered normal, viable infants at 26 and 34 weeks. The pathologic diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole was confirmed in each case and the chromosome complement was 46,XX in all molar gestations. Four of seven women required chemotherapy for treatment of nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors, including both women who delivered viable infants and two of the five women whose pregnancies were evacuated before 24 weeks’ gestation. All four patients were treated with five to seven cycles of a 5-day methotrexate regimen and achieved complete remission. Conclusion: Patients with a twin pregnancy consisting of a complete mole and a normal fetus are at increased risk for hemorrhage and medical complications, as well as the development of persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor.
Design of the health monitoring system for the artificial pancreas: low glucose prediction module.

Background: The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a safety system for the artificial pancreas device system (APDS). Safe operation of the APDS is a critical task, where the safety system is engaged only as needed to ensure reliable operation without positive feedback to the controller. Methods: The Health Monitoring System (HMS) was designed as a modular system to ensure the safety of the APDS and the user. It was designed using a large set of ambulatory data and evaluated in silico by inducing hypoglycemia with a missed meal [bolus for a 65 g carbohydrate (CHO) meal] and administering rescue CHOs per HMS alerting. The HMS was validated in-clinic with a real-life challenge of a subject who overdosed insulin prior to admission. Results: The HMS was evaluated for clinical use with a 15 min prediction horizon. Retrospectively, 93.5% of episodes were detected with 2.9 false alarms per day. During in silico evaluation, the HMS reduced the time spent <70 mg/dl from 15% to 3%. When the HMS was first tested in-clinic, the subject overdosed ~3 U of insulin prior to her arrival to a closed-loop session (against protocol). The controller reduced insulin delivery, and the HMS gave four alerts that were successfully received via clinical software and text and multimedia messages. Even with insulin reduction and CHO supplements, hypoglycemia was unavoidable but manageable due to the HMS, confirming that a safety system to detect adverse events is an essential part of the APDS. Conclusions:
Balancing social acceptability with treatment effectiveness of an intrusive procedure: a case report

The debate over social acceptability of intrusive procedures has led some school districts to adopt policies allowing punishment for only the most extreme forms of destructive behavior. We investigated the effectiveness of selectively implementing punishment for only the most severe topographies of aggression and property destruction, while less extreme behaviors were ignored. Results indicated that severe behaviors were reduced to near-zero levels only when both severe and less severe behaviors were similarly punished.
Bovine plasma proteins increase virulence of Haemophilus somnus in mice.

Abstract The role of bovine serum or plasma proteins in Haemophilus somnus virulence was investigated in a mouse model of septicemia. An increase in virulence was detected when the organism was pre-incubated for 5 min and inoculated with fetal calf serum. When purified bovine serum or plasma proteins were pre-incubated with H. somnus before inoculating into mice, transferrin was found to increase virulence. Bovine lactoferrin was also noted to increase virulence, but to a lesser extent and had a delayed time course when compared with transferrin. Using an ELISA assay, an increased amount of H. somnus whole cells and culture supernatant bound to bovine transferrin when the organism was grown in iron-restricted media. Lactoferrin also bound to H. somnus , but binding was not affected by growth in iron-restricted media and it was eliminated with 2 M NaCl, which reversed charge mediated binding. Transferrin, but not lactoferrin, supported growth of H. somnus on iron-depleted agar based media using a disk assay. Therefore, lactoferrin increased virulence by an undetermined mechanism whereas transferrin increased virulence of H. somnus by binding to iron-regulated outer-membrane proteins (IROMPs) and providing iron to the pathogen.
A Comprehensive Approach to the Inservice Training of Teachers.

The model presented in this article addresses three major areas: knowledge ac quisition, com petency or skill ac quisition, and the development of the significant experi ence. The authors base their sugges tions on experi ences at the In service Section of the Center for Pro fessional Develop ment at the Univer sity of Kentucky.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE AND RATS TO INFECTION WITH BACILLUS ABORTUS

1. White mice are highly susceptible to infection by inoculation with Bacillus abortus . The susceptibility appears to be as great as that of the guinea pig, and this animal probably can be substituted satisfactorily for guinea pigs in diagnostic work. 2. Both mice and rats are very refractory to feeding infection with Bacillus aborlus . The failure to infect mice in this way was complete, but the feeding of large amounts of culture gave infection in rats. Subcutaneous inoculation resulted in infection of all the animals. The difficulty of infecting rats and mice with Bacillus abortus by feeding makes it very doubtful whether these animals can have any role in the propagation and spread of infectious abortion in cattle.
Ligand discrimination by ErbB receptors: differential signaling through differential phosphorylation site usage

The four members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) mediate a variety of cellular responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors, and serve as a model for the generation of both diversity and specificity in RTK signaling. Previous studies indicate that receptor-receptor interactions figure prominently in signaling through ErbB receptors. In addition to a role in receptor kinase activation, ligand-induced ErbB receptor homo- and heterodimerization is thought to account for the diversity of biological responses stimulated by EGF-like growth factors. Since each receptor has the potential to couple to different complements of signaling pathways, EGF-like ligands specify cellular response by dictating which pairs of receptors become activated. More recently evidence has been uncovered for ligand discrimination by individual ErbB receptor dimers; receptors appear to realize which ligand is binding and differentially respond through autophosphorylation site usage. These observations indicate that ligand stimulation of RTKs is not generic, and point to another layer in the ErbB signal diversification mechanism. The mechanistic implications of ligand discrimination are discussed.
Responding to the war with Iraq among social work faculty in the USA, UK and Australia

EnglishThe current study explored how social work educators responded to the war with Iraq. The majority of respondents felt that faculty had a responsibility to educate students about the war. How...
Roles of Nutrition and Physical Activity in Musculoskeletal Complications Before and After Liver Transplantation

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) affects thousands of people in the United States annually. Improvements in survival after liver transplantation have broadened the indications for its use as a proven therapy for ESLD, rapidly increasing the number of transplant candidates. However, the number of patie
Bezier Surface Editing Using Marker-based Augmented Reality

This paper describes a marker-based Augmented Reality system for editing tensor-product Bezier surfaces. It uses both a small- scale multi-marker mat and a two-marker wand as its interactive elements. The multi-marker mat establishes a coordinate frame for the display of the surface. Because of its size, it allows the user to rotate and translate the mat physically, even while editing it. The wand is used to select individual control points and edit their 3D position with respect to the surface's coordinate frame. Differentiation between selection and modification is accomplished through a bimodal association of two markers at the end of the wand. The wand's mode is switched by rolling it between the fingers.
Lack of a sustained effect on catecholamines or indoles in mouse brain after long term subcutaneous administration of caffeine and theophylline.

Abstract Short term administration of methylxanthines has been reported to alter levels and turnover rates of brain catecholamines and indoles. In the present study continuous administration of caffeine and theophylline was achieved by subcutaneous implantation of silastic tubing filled with powdered methylxanthines. Serum levels of caffeine and theophylline were monitored daily for 2 weeks by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and averaged 35μM and 7μM, respectively. After 2 weeks of continuous exposure to methylxanthines the dopamine level and turnover rate were unaltered from control in the neostriatum, hypothalamus and cortex. Likewise the level and turnover of norepinephrine were unaltered from control in the cerebellum, hypothalamus and cortex. Also unaffected were the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA), serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the hypothalamus and cortex. These results indicate that in mice the continuous exposure to methylxanthines has no long lasting effect on monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.
American Indian Student Services at UND.

This chapter discusses American Indian student services at one university as a model for providing support for Native American students attending a predominantly white institution.
Characterization of organic compounds associated with weathered, surface‐retorted oil shale

Abstract A sample of weathered, surface‐retorted oil shale was analyzed for organic compounds using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer techniques. Various biological markers were identified including isoprenoid hydrocarbons, stearanes and terpanes, along with other classes of organic compounds including alkanes, fatty acids, alkylbenzenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The origin and environmental significance of these compounds are discussed.