cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A successful term pregnancy following the systemic and intraperitoneal administration of cisplatin chemotherapy

The advent of successful chemotherapy has improved the prognosis and long-term disease-free survival for many patients with a variety of malignancies. Preservation of reproductive function in female patients is now possible with conservative surgery in certain selected malignancies. Successful pregnancies following chemotherapy or ovarian cancer have been reported. This is the first reported case of a term pregnancy following the systemic and intraperitoneal administration of cisplatin chemotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Cholesteryl ω-Phenylalkanoates

Abstract A homologous series of cholesteryl ω-phenylalkanoates was synthesized from cholesterol and the imidazolides of ω-phenylalkanoic acids. The mesomorphic properties of 16 members, cholesteryl benezoate through cholesteryl 16-phenylhexadecanoate, were determined microscopically. All homologues, except cholesteryl phenylacetate, show a cholesteric mesophase. A monotropic smectic mesophase is found in cholesteryl 8-phenyloctanoate, 10-phenyldecanoate and higher members. The values of the cholesteric-isotropic transition temperatures alternate with increasing chain length, but the smectic-cholesteric transition temperatures do not show this odd-even effects. Cholesteric colors are exhibited by most of the cholesteryl ω-phenylalkanoates and a well-defined visible spectrum of selectively reflected light by cholesteryl 10-phenyldecanoate and successive homologues.
Random exchange and random field ising systems: Static and dynamic critical behavior

Abstract Theoretical and experimental studies of random magnets have generated considerable interest and controversy during the last decade. This critical review attempts to clarify experimental aspects of the REIM and, particularly, the RFIM problems in dilute Ising antiferromagnets. It has been shown that REIM to RFIM crossover scaling governs both static and dynamic critical behavior in all d = 3 systems (FexZn1−xF2, MnxZn1−xF2 and FexMg1−xCl2), as well as nonequilibrium behavior, with a universal exponent φ = 1.42 ± 0.03 which satisfies the Aharony inequality φ#62;γ, the REIm susceptibility exponent. Extreme critical slowing down is observed in the d = 3 RFIM case. The behavior of RFIM systems at the lower critical dimension dl = 2 differs in almost every respect from that d = 3 #62; dl, contrary to what was claimed in the earliest neutron experiments and is still popularly believed.
Evaluation of three laparoscopic modalities: robotics versus three-dimensional vision laparoscopy versus standard laparoscopy.

Purpose: Standard laparoscopy has undergone many recent advances with the advent of three-dimensional visual systems and robotic surgical systems. In evaluating the usefulness of these new systems, it is difficult to objectively measure their advantages in the operating room. Therefore, we designed a trial using three different laparoscopic modalities to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each modality. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven subjects were entered into the study. Three different laparoscopic modalities were tested. These included standard laparoscopy with two-dimensional cameras, the 3Di Endosite visual system, and the daVinci Robotic Surgical System. A standard laparoscopic trainer was utilized and testing consisted of three different tasks: peg transfer, ring manipulation, and cannulation. Results: Of the 27 subjects, 16 (60%) reported some degree of laparoscopic experience. The number of pegs transferred with standard laparoscopy and the Endosite 3Di system was significantly greater ...
Tumor necrosis factor α and insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetic patients

The relationship between basal serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels and peripheral tissue (muscle) sensitivity to insulin was examined in 63 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 18 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 123 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The BMI was similar in NGT (28.8±0.7 kg/m2), IGT (31.1±1.0), and T2DM (30.0±0.4) groups. The fasting serum TNFα concentration in T2DM (4.4±0.2 pg/ml) was significantly higher than in NGT (3.1±0.2) and IGT (3.4±0.2; both P<0.05). In T2DM the fasting plasma glucose (FPG=183±5 mg/dl) and insulin (FPI=17±1 µU/ml) concentrations were significantly higher than in NGT (FPG=95±1; FPI=10±1) and IGT (FPG=100±2; FPI=13±1; all P<0.01). The rate of total body insulin-mediated glucose disposal (Rd; 40 mU/m2 min euglycemic insulin clamp in combination with 3H-glucose) was reduced in T2DM (102±3 mg/m2 min) compared with NGT (177±10) and IGT (151±14; both P<0.01). The serum TNFα concentration was inversely correlated with Rd (r=−0.47, P<0.0001) and positively correlated with both FPG (r=0.32, P=0.004) and FPI (r=0.32, P=0.004) in NGT plus IGT. No correlation was observed between serum TNFα and Rd (r=−0.02), FPG (r=0.15), or FPI (r=0.15) in T2DM. In stepwise multiple regression analysis using age, sex, BMI, FPG, FPI and serum TNFα concentration as independent variables, only BMI and serum TNFα concentration were significant and independent predictors of Rd (r2=0.29, P<0.0001) in the NGT plus IGT group, while FPG and FPI were significant and independent predictors of Rd (r2=0.13, P<0.0001) in T2DM. These results suggest that: (i) an increase in circulating TNFα concentration is associated with peripheral insulin resistance and increased plasma glucose and insulin levels prior to the onset of type 2 diabetes; and (ii) the further deterioration in peripheral insulin resistance in T2DM (compared with NGT and IGT) is unrelated to the increase in serum TNFα concentration.
BIDIRECTIONAL LOADING OF R. C. BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS.

Abstract Fourteen reinforced concrete beam‐column joint subassemblages were tested to investigate the effects of load history, beam reinforcement size, beam geometry and floor slabs on joint behavior under cyclic bidirectional load reversals. The full‐scale specimens were loaded biaxially to simulate the worst loading condition on the joints of a multi‐story ductile moment‐resisting frame. The tests showed that biaxial effects can have a significant impact on joint behavior due to the deterioration of column strength, that the beam and slab geometry can significantly affect the joint shear response, and that bond conditions and column‐to‐beam flexural capacity ratio control the design of such subassemblages.
Recent Advances in Gene Delivery for Structural Bone Allografts

In this paper, we review the progress toward developing strategies to engineer improved structural grafting of bone. Three strategies are typically used to augment massive bone defect repair. The f...
Temporal variability of lunar exospheric helium during January 2012 from LRO/LAMP

Abstract We report observations of the lunar helium exosphere made between December 29, 2011, and January 26, 2012, with the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet spectrograph on NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission ( LRO ). The observations were made of resonantly scattered He i λ 584 from illuminated atmosphere against the dark lunar surface on the dawn side of the terminator. We find no or little variation of the derived surface He density with latitude but day-to-day variations that likely reflect variations in the solar wind alpha flux. The five-day passage of the Moon through the Earth’s magnetotail results in a factor of two decrease in surface density, which is well explained by model simulations.
Orthogonal polyanalytic polynomials and normal matrices

The Hermitian Lanczos method for Hermitian matrices has a well-known connection with a 3-term recurrence for polynomials orthogonal on a discrete subset of R. This connection disappears for normal matrices with the Arnoldi method. In this paper we consider an iterative method that is more faithful to the normality than the Arnoldi iteration. The approach is based on enlarging the set of polynomials to the set of polyanalytic polynomials. Denoting by d the number of elements computed so far, the arising scheme yields a recurrence of length bounded by √8d for polyanalytic polynomials orthogonal on a discrete subset of C. Like this slowly growing length of the recurrence, the method preserves, at least partially, the properties of the Hermitian Lanczos method. We employ the algorithm in least squares approximation and bivariate Lagrange interpolation.
CYLD and HCC: when being too sensitive to your dirty neighbors results in self-destruction.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the outcome of ongoing cycles of cell death and regeneration in chronic liver disease. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Nikolaou et al. show that the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD is critical for controlling the balance between hepatocyte loss, regeneration, and malignant progression.
Primary intrathyroidal paraganglioma: histopathology and novel molecular alterations

We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with an intrathyroidal paraganglioma. Sequences of the nicotinamide NNMT (N-methyl transferase) gene at the PGL1 locus in intrathyroidal paraganglioma showed a heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphism and extragenic mutation. Also, sequences of the SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) gene subunits B, C, and D were examined and identified the presence of multiple homozygous and heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our case confirms the presence of an increased number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and mutations in both PGL1 and SDH loci in intrathyroidal paraganglioma. To our knowledge, this is the first example of intrathyroidal paraganglioma to be so analyzed for both mutations and for single nucleotide polymorphisms in PGL1 and SDH loci. The presence of these genetic abnormalities may have therapeutic implications.
Effect of aging on the blood-brain barrier

Aging is commonly associated with progressive deterioration in central nervous system (CNS) function. Nutritional factors or environmental toxins have important effects on CNS degenerative changes. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major modulator of nutrient delivery to the CNS. The tight junctions and the paucity of pinocytosis or fenestrations in brain capillary endothelium act as an effective barrier between the CNS and the circulating toxic agents. Senescence is associated with significant, though often subtle, changes in BBB. Conditions which are commonly associated with aging, such as hypertension and cerebrovascular ischemia, aggravate the age-related alterations in BBB function. The histologic changes in brain vasculature with aging is region selective and species specific. The common age-related histologic changes include loss of capillary endothelial cells, elongation of the remaining endothelial cells, and decreased capillary diameter in rat cortex, but not in the monkey or human cortex, and a decrease in the number of mitochondria in endothelial cells of the brain capillaries in the monkey but not in the rat. The age-related alterations in BBB transport function include a decrease in BBB choline transport with aging and decreased brain glucose influx. The BBB neutral amino acid transport appears to be unaltered in the aged mice. Most of the studies reported so far have failed to show a significant age-related alteration in BBB permeability to water-soluble substances and high molecular weight solutes in the absence of neurological disease. A more profound change in BBB permeability appears to be associated with Alzheimer's disease. Immunohistological studies have demonstrated the presence of serum proteins in the cerebrovascular amyloid in patients with Alzheimer's disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Removal of process-generated organic impurities from recycled water in semiconductor fabs

Oxidation is one of the most effective ways of removing organic impurities from water or recycled waste water. The kinetics and the mechanism of oxidation of two types of organic impurities were studied: soluble but recalcitrant organic impurities and the organic particles such as photo-resists, entering the recycle streams. The UV photolysis and photocatalytic oxidation of organic impurities in ultrapure water were studied in a pilot ultrapure water plant. A novel photocatalytic filter was developed by depositing a layer of photocatalytically active material on an inorganic filter substrate. A number of naturally accruing soluble and particulate organic impurities as well as surfactants were used as model impurities in this study. The photocatalyst enhanced the oxidation by both increasing the adsorption on the filter and enhancing the oxidation reaction through the catalyzed formation of active radicals.
Post-Translational Modifications of the P2X4 Purinergic Receptor Subtype in the Human Placenta are Altered in Preeclampsia

P2X(4) receptors are activated by extracellular ATP to raise intracellular calcium, thus altering cell signalling. ATP release occurs under pathophysiological, stress and adverse cell conditions; these are all increased in preeclampsia. Although P2X(4) is abundantly expressed in normal placenta neither the differences in the amount of protein nor its post-translational modifications have been studied in placentae from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Thus we examined P2X(4) protein expression, localization and post-translational modifications in normotensive controls, term and preterm preeclamptic placentae. Densitometric analysis of Western blots showed a significant increase in P2X(4) protein expression in both term (p=0.002) and preterm preeclamptic (p=0.0008) placental samples compared to normotensive controls however the tissue localization of this receptor subtype was unaltered across the groups. Our data showed that P2X(4) is a nitrated protein in the placenta and this nitration is upregulated in preterm preeclamptic placenta compared to normotensive controls (p=0.03). We also demonstrated that P2X(4) is heavily glycosylated in the placenta by deglycosylation with PNGase F which reduced the protein product size by 23 kDa. We propose that P2X(4) acts within the syncytiotrophoblast to alter intracellular calcium and subsequent signalling pathways thereby restoring placental cell homeostasis following ATP-induced changes during pathophysiological conditions such as preeclampsia. We also propose that the post-translational modifications of nitration and glycosylation are required for the normal functioning of P2X(4).
Biotic effects of late Maastrichtian mantle plume volcanism: implications for impacts and mass extinctions

Abstract During the late Maastrichtian, DSDP Site 216 on Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean, passed over a mantle plume leading to volcanic eruptions, islands built to sea level, and catastrophic environmental conditions for planktic and benthic foraminifera. The biotic effects were severe, including dwarfing of all benthic and planktic species, a 90% reduction in species diversity, exclusion of all ecological specialists, near-absence of ecological generalists, and dominance of the disaster opportunist Guembelitria alternating with low O2-tolerant species. These faunal characteristics are identical to those of the K–T boundary mass extinction, except that the fauna recovered after Site 216 passed beyond the influence of mantle plume volcanism about 500 kyr before the K–T boundary. Similar biotic effects have been observed in Madagascar, Israel, and Egypt. The direct correlation between mantle plume volcanism and biotic effects on Ninetyeast Ridge and the similarity to the K–T mass extinction, which is generally attributed to a large impact, reveal that impacts and volcanism can cause similar environmental catastrophes. This raises the inevitable question: Are mass extinctions caused by impacts or mantle plume volcanism? The unequivocal correlation between intense volcanism and high-stress assemblages necessitates a review of current impact and mass extinction theories.
INDUCTION AND REGULATION OF PATHOGENIC Th17 CELL RESPONSES IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS

Schistosomiasis is a major tropical disease caused by trematode helminths in which the host mounts a pathogenic immune response against tissue-trapped parasite eggs. The immunopathology consists of egg antigen-specific CD4 T cell-mediated granulomatous inflammation that varies greatly in magnitude in humans and among mouse strains in an experimental model. New evidence, covered in this review, intimately ties the development of severe pathology to IL-17-producing CD4 T helper (Th17) cells, a finding that adds a new dimension to the traditional CD4 Th1 vs. Th2 cell paradigm. Most examined mouse strains, in fact, develop severe immunopathology with substantial Th17 as well as Th1 and Th2 cell responses; a solely Th2-polarized response is an exception that is only observed in low-pathology strains such as the C57BL/6. The ability to mount pathogenic Th17 cell responses is genetically determined and depends on the production of IL-23 and IL-1β by antigen presenting cells following recognition of egg antigens; analyses of several F2 progenies of (high × low)-pathology strain crosses demonstrated that quantitative trait loci governing IL-17 levels and disease severity vary substantially from cross to cross. Low pathology is dominant, which may explain the low incidence of severe disease in humans; however, coinfection with intestinal nematodes can also dampen pathogenic Th17 cell responses by promoting regulatory mechanisms such as those afforded by alternatively activated macrophages and T regulatory cells. A better understanding of the pathways conducive to severe forms of schistosomiasis and their regulation should lead to interventions similar to those presently used to manage other immune-mediated diseases.
Microstructure variability and macroscopic composite properties of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

Abstract High performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites have made major advances in recent years, to the point where they are being adopted in building and bridge constructions. The most significant advantage of HPFRCC over conventional concrete is their high tensile ductility. However, the tensile strain capacity has been observed to vary, most likely as a result of the variability of the microstructure derived from the processing of these materials. This paper describes the composite property variability, as well as the variability of the material microstructure. Scale linkage is discussed. In particular, the tensile stress–strain curves, and the crack pattern on uniaxially loaded specimens are presented. The treatment of random fibers in micromechanical models, and tailoring of matrix flaw size distribution for saturated multiple cracking are examined. It is suggested that robust composite properties can be achieved by deliberate control of microstructure variability. Some open issues concerning the randomness of microstructures and possibly related macroscopic behavior are also identified. Further gains in composite property control may be expected from improvements in characterization and modeling of the microstructure randomness.
Latvia Normality and Disappointment

Nearly two decades after renewed independence, the population of Latvia is quite unhappy with the status quo. The number of inhabitants in the country continues to decline due to outmigration and a...
Self-organizing maps: ordering, convergence properties and energy functions

We investigate the convergence properties of the self-organizing feature map algorithm for a simple, but very instructive case: the formation of a topographic representation of the unit interval [0,1] by a linear chain of neurons. We extend the proofs of convergence of Kohonen and of Cottrell and Fort to hold in any case where the neighborhood function, which is used to scale the change in the weight values at each neuron, is a monotonically decreasing function of distance from the winner neuron. We prove that the learning dynamics cannot be described by a gradient descent on a single energy function, but may be described using a set of potential functions, one for each neuron, which are independently minimized following a stochastic gradient descent. We derive the correct potential functions for the oneand multi-dimensional case, and show that the energy functions given by Tolat (1990) are an approximation which is no longer valid in the case of highly disordered maps or steep neighborhood functions.
Colloid-Imprinted Carbons as Stationary Phases for Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

A novel colloid-imprinting method is employed for the preparation of carbonaceous stationary phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). This colloid-imprinting method combined with oxidative stabilization treatment affords carbons with a porous shell/nonporous core structure. The particle morphology, pore size, pore shape, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of these carbons can be finely tuned by selecting proper experimental conditions. Although their surface area and pore volume decrease noticeably after graphitization, their primary pore structure is maintained. In addition, the graphitization process eliminates the high-energy sites and substantially reduces structural heterogeneity, making colloid-imprinted carbons attractive stationary phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The colloid-imprinted graphitic carbons with surface mesoporosity appeared to be attractive for chromatographic separations of alkylbenzenes under reversed-phase conditions.
Transcendental obstructions to weak approximation on general K3 surfaces

Abstract We construct an explicit K3 surface over the field of rational numbers that has geometric Picard rank one, and for which there is a transcendental Brauer–Manin obstruction to weak approximation. To do so, we exploit the relationship between polarized K3 surfaces endowed with particular kinds of Brauer classes and cubic fourfolds.
Exploring the Logic Behind Southern Africa’s Food Crises

Summary Government action during food crises in southern Africa frequently exacerbates the problems, driving food staple prices well beyond import parity. We argue that an inability to make credible commitments, due largely to a lack of trust between public and private sectors, contributes to this dynamic. Empirical policy analysis can facilitate resolution only within a consultative process involving a broad range of stakeholders. The policies emerging from such a process are not likely to approximate first best recommendations. Yet the precise policies may be less important than the fact that they exist and that main stakeholders find them credible.
Trimming analog circuits using floating-gate analog MOS memory

A floating-gate MOS analog memory circuit that can be electrically programmed for positive and negative voltage changes and that can be fabricated in a standard CMOS IC process is described. Unlike existing electrically erasable floating-gate memory circuits, this circuit does not require special fabrication techniques like ultrathin tunneling oxides or textured polysilicon. Instead, mask geometry is used to cause field-enhanced Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons from a floating gate. Retention measurements at elevated temperatures indicate that the loss of floating-gate charge should be less than 0.1% over a ten-year period at temperatures below 100 degrees C. One limitation of this structure is that the rate of change of the floating-gate voltage can be quite small (e.g. 10 mV/s). A general trimming circuits, whose novel feature is that any number of trimming circuits can be independently and simultaneously adjusted across an entire IC, has been incorporated into a prototype CMOS op amp to decrease its input offset voltage from 10 mV to less than 0.5 mV. >
Crystal Structure of Thermus aquaticus Core RNA Polymerase at 3.3 Å Resolution

Summary 1960) and the isolation of the RNAP enzyme from bacte- rial sources (Chamberlin and Berg, 1962), a wealth of The X-ray crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus core biochemical, biophysical, and genetic information hasRNA polymerase reveals a “crab claw”–shaped mole- accumulated on RNAP and its complexes with nucleic cule with a 27 A˚ wide internal channel. Located on the acids and accessory factors (von Hippel et al., 1984; back wall of the channel is a Mg 2 1 ion required for Erie et al., 1992; Sentenac et al., 1992; Gross et al., catalytic activity, which is chelated by an absolutely 1996). Nevertheless, the enzyme itself, in terms of its conserved motif from all bacterial and eukaryotic cel- structure–function relationship, remains a black box. An lularRNApolymerases.The structureplaceskeyfunc- essential step toward understanding the mechanism of tional sites, defined by mutational and cross-linking transcription and its regulation is to determine three- analysis, on the inner walls of the channel in close
Power in international politics

The concept of power is central to international relations. Yet disciplin- ary discussions tend to privilege only one, albeit important, form: an actor control- ling another to do what that other would not otherwise do. By showing conceptual favoritism, the discipline not only overlooks the different forms of power in inter- national politics, but also fails to develop sophisticated understandings of how global outcomes are produced and how actors are differentially enabled and constrained to determine their fates. We argue that scholars of international relations should employ multiple conceptions of power and develop a conceptual framework that encourages rigorous attention to power in its different forms. We first begin by producing a tax- onomy of power. Power is the production, in and through social relations, of effects that shape the capacities of actors to determine their circumstances and fate. This general concept entails two crucial, analytical dimensions: the kinds of social rela- tions through which power works (in relations of interaction or in social relations of constitution); and the specificity of social relations through which effects are pro- duced (specific/direct or diffuse/indirect). These distinctions generate our taxonomy and four concepts of power: compulsory, institutional, structural, and productive. We then illustrate how attention to the multiple forms of power matters for the analysis of global governance and American empire. We conclude by urging scholars to beware of the idea that the multiple concepts are competing, and instead to see connections between them in order to generate more robust understandings of how power works in international politics.
Heightened Sour Preferences During Childhood

Basic research has revealed that the chemical sensory world of children is different from that of adults, as evidenced by their heightened preferences for sweet and salty tastes. However, little is known about the ontogeny of sour taste preferences, despite the growing market of extreme sour candies. The present study investigated whether the level of sourness most preferred in a food matrix and the ability to discriminate differences in sour intensity differed between 5- to 9-year-old children and their mothers, by using a rank-by-elimination procedure embedded in the context of a game. Mothers also completed a variety of questionnaires and children were asked several questions to assess whether children's temperament and food preferences and habits related to sour preferences. The results indicated that, although every mother and all but two of the children (92%) were able to rank the gelatins from most to least sour, more than one-third (35%) of the children, but virtually none of the adults, preferred the high levels of sour taste (0.25 M citric acid) in gelatin. Those children who preferred the extreme sour tastes were significantly less food neophobic (P < 0.05) and tended to experience a greater variety of fruits when compared with the remaining children (P = 0.11). Moreover, the children's preference for sour tastes generalized to other foods, such as candies and lemons, as reported by both children and mothers. These findings are the first experimental evidence to demonstrate that sour taste preferences are heightened during childhood and that such preferences are related to children's food habits and preferences. Further research is needed to unfold the relationship between the level of sour taste preferred and the actual consumption of sour-tasting foods and flavors in children.
Blood Serum Fractions in Turkeys Exposed to Fowl Cholera Infection

Abstract STERN and Reiner (1949) have summarized data relating to the value of electrophoresis as a diagnostic tool. Gradwohl (1963) has pointed out that electrophoretic patterns of serum are an index to the physiologic condition of the patient rather than an indication of a specific disease. Sanders et al. (1944) reported the presence of a component related to gamma globulin in chickens with leucosis. Lynch and Stafseth (1954) found that antibody titers decreased with a decrease in gamma globulin in turkeys infected with Salmonella pullorum. A decrease in total protein and a marked decrease in albumin was reported (Goldstein and Scott, 1957) in chicks with exudative diathesis. Shelton and Olson (1960) found an increase in total serum protein and gamma globulin and a decrease in albumin in chickens infected with Mycoplasma synoviae. Loliger and Stute (1960) established three general groups in studying the relationship between the type of disease and the…
A comparison of boundary-layer transition data from temperature-sensitive paint and thermocouple techniques

Temperature sensitive paint and thermocouple techniques comparison for boundary layer transition data, considering aerodynamic heating and transition Reynolds numbers
DNA nicking by HinP1I endonuclease: bending, base flipping and minor groove expansion

HinP1I recognizes and cleaves the palindromic tetranucleotide sequence G↓CGC in DNA. We report three structures of HinP1I–DNA complexes: in the presence of Ca2+ (pre-reactive complex), in the absence of metal ion (binary complex) and in the presence of Mg2+ (post-reactive complex). HinP1I forms a back-to-back dimer with two active sites and two DNA duplexes bound on the outer surfaces of the dimer facing away from each other. The 10 bp DNA duplexes undergo protein-induced distortions exhibiting features of A-, B- and Z-conformations: bending on one side (by intercalation of a phenylalanine side chain into the major groove), base flipping on the other side of the recognition site (by expanding the step rise distance of the local base pair to Z-form) and a local A-form conformation between the two central C:G base pairs of the recognition site (by binding of the N-terminal helix in the minor groove). In the pre- and post-reactive complexes, two metals (Ca2+ or Mg2+) are found in the active site. The enzyme appears to cleave DNA sequentially, hydrolyzing first one DNA strand, as seen in the post-reactive complex in the crystalline state, and then the other, as supported by the observation that, in solution, a nicked DNA intermediate accumulates before linearization.
Instantaneous dimensional changes of the left ventricle in dogs.

The cardiac cycle in dogs starts with an isovolumic period in which there is shortening of the base-to-apex length with an increase in cross-sectional area. Total shortening is about one-fourth of that in open-chest dogs. Minimal changes in base-to-apex length occur during the ejection phase, and there is a typical pattern of decrease in cross-sectional area. During isovolumic relaxation, the left ventricular base-to-apex length increases. Rapid filling is characterized by a sudden increase in cross-sectional area and is followed by a diastasis of varying lengths. Atrial systole is associated with a sudden significant increase in cross-sectional area and a decrease in base-to-apex length. The magnitude of change in cross-sectional area about the left ventricle during ejection may be used as an index of stroke volume. Our studies suggest that the ventricle contracts in an "eccentric manner," and relaxes in a "concentric fashion." Simultaneous monitoring of the instantaneous changes in cross-sectional area and circumference about the middle of the left ventricle may be used as an index of its efficiency of contraction in awake, intact dogs.
Adoption of Site-Specific Information and Variable-Rate Technologies in Cotton Precision Farming

Probit analysis identified factors that influence the adoption of precision farming technologies by Southeastern cotton farmers. Younger, more educated farmers who operated larger farms and were optimistic about the future of precision farming were most likely to adopt site-specific information technology. The probability of adopting variable-rate input application technology was higher for younger farmers who operated larger farms, owned more of the land they farmed, were more informed about the costs and benefits of precision farming, and were optimistic about the future of precision farming. Computer use was not important, possibly because custom hiring shifts the burden of computer use to agribusiness firms.
Justice, Trust, and Trustworthiness: A Longitudinal Analysis Integrating Three Theoretical Perspectives

Despite a significant amount of theoretical and empirical attention, the connection between justice and trust remains poorly understood. Our study utilized Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman’s (1995) distinction between trustworthiness (the ability, benevolence, and integrity of a trustee) and trust (a willingness to be vulnerable to the trustee) to clarify that connection. More specifically, we drew on a theoretical integration of social exchange theory, the relational model, and fairness heuristic theory to derive predictions about the relationships among justice, trustworthiness, and trust, with supervisors as the referent. A longitudinal field study stretching over two periods showed that informational justice was a significant predictor of subsequent trust perceptions, even when analyses controlled for prior levels of trust and trustworthiness. However, the relationship between justice and trustworthiness was shown to be reciprocal. Procedural and interpersonal justice were significant predictors of subsequent levels of benevolence and integrity, with integrity predicting subsequent levels of all four justice dimensions. We describe the theoretical implications of these results for future research in the justice and trust literatures.
Vorticity structure and evolution in a transverse jet

Transverse jets arise in many applications, including propulsion, effluent dispersion, oil field flows, and V/STOL aerodynamics. This study seeks a fundamental, mechanistic understanding of the structure and evolution of vorticity in the transverse jet. We develop a high-resolution three-dimensional vortex simulation of the transverse jet at large Reynolds number and consider jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios r ranging from 5 to 10. A new formulation of vorticity-flux boundary conditions accounts for the interaction of channel wall vorticity with the jet flow immediately around the orifice. We demonstrate that the nascent jet shear layer contains not only azimuthal vorticity generated in the jet pipe, but wall-normal and azimuthal perturbations resulting from the jet–crossflow interaction. This formulation also yields analytical expressions for vortex lines in the near field as a function of r.Transformation of the cylindrical shear layer emanating from the orifice begins with axial elongation of its lee side to form sections of counter-rotating vorticity aligned with the jet trajectory. Periodic roll-up of the shear layer accompanies this deformation, creating complementary vortex arcs on the lee and windward sides of the jet. Counter-rotating vorticity then drives lee-side roll-ups in the windward direction, along the normal to the jet trajectory. Azimuthal vortex arcs of alternating sign thus approach each other on the windward boundary of the jet. Accordingly, initially planar material rings on the shear layer fold completely and assume an interlocking structure that persists for several diameters above the jet exit. Though the near field of the jet is dominated by deformation and periodic roll-up of the shear layer, the resulting counter-rotating vorticity is a pronounced feature of the mean field; in turn, the mean counter-rotation exerts a substantial influence on the deformation of the shear layer. Following the pronounced bending of the trajectory into the crossflow, we observe a sudden breakdown of near-field vortical structures into a dense distribution of smaller scales. Spatial filtering of this region reveals the persistence of counter-rotating streamwise vorticity initiated in the near field.
Modeling nitrogen flux by larval insect herbivores from a temperate hardwood forest.

Herbivorous insects flux considerable amounts of nitrogen from the forest canopy to the soil in the form of frass. The amount of nitrogen fluxed varies depending on the characteristics of the herbivores, their food resources, and their physical environment. We used concepts from metabolic ecology and ecological stoichiometry to develop a general model of individual nitrogen flux via frass fall for moth and sawfly larvae from a temperate hardwood forest in northern Wisconsin, USA. We found that individual nitrogen flux (Q N, mg N/day) was related to larval body mass (M B, mg dry), short-term variation in environmental temperature (T, K), and larval nitrogen concentration (N B, proportion dry mass) as Q N = e25.75 M B 0.77 e−0.83/kT N B −1.56 , where k is Boltzmann’s constant (8.62 × 10−5 eV/K). We also found that larval nitrogen flux did not vary with the nitrogen concentration of food, and suggest that this was due to compensatory feeding by larvae living on low-quality leaves. With further work, models of individual N flux could be used to scale individual fluxes to population and community levels, and thus link the characteristics of insect herbivore communities with the flow of nitrogen through forested ecosystems.
Optimal power allocation for a time-varying wireless channel under heavy-traffic approximation

This paper studies the problem of minimizing the queueing delay for a time-varying channel with a single queue, subject to constraints on the average and peak power. First, by separating the time-scales of the arrival process, the channel process and the queueing dynamics it derives a heavy-traffic limit for the queue length in the form of a reflected diffusion process. Given a monotone function of the queue-length process that serves as a penalty, and constraints on the average and peak available power, it shows that the optimal power allocation policy is a channel-state based threshold policy. For each channel state j there corresponds a threshold value of the queue length, and it is optimal to transmit at peak power if the queue length exceeds this threshold, and not transmit otherwise. Numerical results compare the optimal policy for the original Markovian dynamics to the threshold policy which is optimal for the heavy-traffic approximation, to conclude that that latter performs very well even outside the heavy-traffic operating regime.
Arrhythmias After Heart Transplantation: Mechanisms and Management

Heart transplantation (HT) has significantly altered the treatment paradigm for end-stage heart disease. With current surgical techniques and postoperative immunosuppression, 1-year survival after HT is ≈90%, 5-year survival is ≈70%, and median survival exceeds 10 years.[1][1]–[3][2] These
Determinants of Erythrocyte Size in Chronic Liver Disease

Serial determinations of red cell volumes were made with an electronic sizing device in 30 patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Variations in red cell volumes were correlated with other hematologic and clinical findings. The results of these studies suggest that volume macrocytosis in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis is either due to megaloblastosis of the bone marrow or to an accelerated influx of young red cells into the peripheral blood.
Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia: Colonialism to Stalinism: The Dynamic between Clans and the State

“They took our identity, our names. What is a man if he can not remember his name?” One Hundred Days There Are No More (1981), Chingiz Aitmatov Understanding the post-Soviet trajectories in Central Asia, and why they differ so markedly from the post-communist and post-authoritarian transitions elsewhere, demands that we first understand the bases of social and political order in Central Asia – social organization and identities. For the twentieth century, this demands that we explain this social order in terms of the distinctiveness of the Soviet legacy in Central Asia . Rather than assume that the Soviet regime successfully made “mankurts” of its Central Asian peoples – to borrow Aitmatov's term – we should examine how pre-Soviet identities and social organization interacted with and adapted to the new Soviet order. An abundant literature on the nature of the Soviet system and its legacy exists; however, that literature generally assumes a uniform Soviet system and culture, and a uniform legacy. Yet neither the Soviet system nor its legacy is so straightforward. The legacy is far more complex and varied than formal Soviet institutions, ideology, and political culture imposed from above. The twelve time zones of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics included a vast array of languages and cultures, more than 100 ethnic groups, many more sub-ethnic groups, and significant religious differences.
Patching Broken DNA: Nucleosome Dynamics and the Repair of DNA Breaks

The ability of cells to detect and repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is dependent on reorganization of the surrounding chromatin structure by chromatin remodeling complexes. These complexes promote access to the site of DNA damage, facilitate processing of the damaged DNA and, importantly, are essential to repackage the repaired DNA. Here, we will review the chromatin remodeling steps that occur immediately after DSB production and that prepare the damaged chromatin template for processing by the DSB repair machinery. DSBs promote rapid accumulation of repressive complexes, including HP1, the NuRD complex, H2A.Z and histone methyltransferases at the DSB. This shift to a repressive chromatin organization may be important to inhibit local transcription and limit mobility of the break and to maintain the DNA ends in close contact. Subsequently, the repressive chromatin is rapidly dismantled through a mechanism involving dynamic exchange of the histone variant H2A.Z. H2A.Z removal at DSBs alters the acidic patch on the nucleosome surface, promoting acetylation of the H4 tail (by the NuA4-Tip60 complex) and shifting the chromatin to a more open structure. Further, H2A.Z removal promotes chromatin ubiquitination and recruitment of additional DSB repair proteins to the break. Modulation of the nucleosome surface and nucleosome function during DSB repair therefore plays a vital role in processing of DNA breaks. Further, the nucleosome surface may function as a central hub during DSB repair, directing specific patterns of histone modification, recruiting DNA repair proteins and modulating chromatin packing during processing of the damaged DNA template.
Toward Techniques for Social Change

in social conditions affecting the client. Yet in spite of these many exhortations, relatively little concrete social action is evident. Why is this? One must respond to the question on many levels. Herbert Bisno emphasizes the social work profession's quest for status and the consequent fear of "rocking the boat." 1 Lloyd Ohlin highlights the rapid rate of organizational change in the field as well as the conformity process built into social work practice.2 The purpose of this paper is to identify still another dimen sion—the social worker's view of agency as a major obstacle in assuming social change functions—and to suggest an alternate view.
Automated extraction of family history information from clinical notes.

Despite increased functionality for obtaining family history in a structured format within electronic health record systems, clinical notes often still contain this information. We developed and evaluated an Unstructured Information Management Application (UIMA)-based natural language processing (NLP) module for automated extraction of family history information with functionality for identifying statements, observations (e.g., disease or procedure), relative or side of family with attributes (i.e., vital status, age of diagnosis, certainty, and negation), and predication (“indicator phrases”), the latter of which was used to establish relationships between observations and family member. The family history NLP system demonstrated F-scores of 66.9, 92.4, 82.9, 57.3, 97.7, and 61.9 for detection of family history statements, family member identification, observation identification, negation identification, vital status, and overall extraction of the predications between family members and observations, respectively. While the system performed well for detection of family history statements and predication constituents, further work is needed to improve extraction of certainty and temporal modifications.
Organizational Diversity Audit of Teachers and Staff in South Florida’s Broward County School Board

Today’s teachers and students are growing to become more diverse than ever before. As such, organizations and managers must be prepared to make changes to accompany diversity within the workplace and understand the needs, wants, and changing values of teachers and students throughout. This paper discusses the diversity within Broward County education board and administers a climate survey as an audit of the cultural, ethnic, and other demographic background differences of teachers in the area. Methodology and findings are recorded and the diversity auditing literature is discussed. Finally, relevant implementation and recommendations are provided for the creation and maintenance of a diverse education board.
Laparoscopic antrectomy: a safe and definitive treatment in managing type 1 gastric carcinoids

Abstract Background Treatment for type 1 gastric carcinoid (T1GC) includes esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), polypectomy, and antrectomy, but few studies compare outcomes. This study assessed risk-benefit ratio to determine the most effective treatment for T1GC. Methods A retrospective review of 52 T1GC patients (ages 30 to 88 years; 77% female) presenting to Mount Sinai Medical Center between 2004 and 2012 was conducted. Patient demographics, procedures, and outcomes were reviewed, and patient satisfaction was assessed using a phone-administered validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results Average EGDs needed per follow-up year was significantly lower for antrectomy than polypectomy or EGD surveillance (.395 vs 1.038 vs 1.380, P = .002). Antrectomy patients exhibited decreased recurrence risk than polypectomy patients (11% vs 44%, P = .049), despite longer follow-up time (6.10 vs 4.39 years, P = .023). Conclusions Antrectomy treats T1GC with lower recurrence risk and less postintervention monitoring, whereas allowing patients to avoid the discomfort of repeated EGD surveillance and anxiety over a lingering condition.
Finding common ground: Alternatives to code models for language use

Abstract The papers in this special issue offer valuable perspectives on public language activities as they are embedded in cultural and social contexts. The perspectives are diverse in their theoretical perspectives, the issues on which they focus, and the methodologies they use and promote using. They represent language studies from the perspective of ecological psychology, dynamical systems approaches, the Distributed Language Approach, and others. The contributions are, in some cases, revolutionary and dis-equilibrating. Different contributions to the special issue offer critiques of conventional scientific studies of decontextualized language and language processing, and offer new perspectives on such diverse domains as the understanding of agency, the study of reading, educational practice, and understanding how articulatory speech actions can have significance beyond that of the physical actions themselves.