cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Extended Bayesian-FBP Algorithm

Recently we developed a Bayesian-FBP (Filtered Backprojection) algorithm for CT image reconstruction. This algorithm is also referred to as the FBP-MAP (FBP Maximum a Posteriori) algorithm. This non-iterative Bayesian algorithm has been applied to real-time MRI, in which the k-space is under-sampled. This current paper investigates the possibility to extend this Bayesian-FBP algorithm by introducing more controlling parameters. Thus, our original Bayesian-FBP algorithm became a special case of the extended Bayesian-FBP algorithm. A cardiac patient data set is used in this paper to evaluate the extended Bayesian-FBP algorithm, and the result from a well-establish iterative algorithm with ${{\rm L}_1}$ -norms is used as the gold standard. If the parameters are selected properly, the extended Bayesian-FBP algorithm can outperform the original Bayesian-FBP algorithm.
The Role of the Popes in the Invention of Complementarity and the Vatican's Anathematization of Gender

This article examines the origins and uses by the Vatican of the theological anthropology of complementarity, arguing that the doctrine of complementarity, under which the sexes are essentially different though not unequal, is an invention of the twentieth century untraceable in earlier centuries, but developed by, among others, the Popes from Pius XII through Benedict XVI, in part as a response to feminist claims, including those recently anathematized by the Vatican under the term ‘gender.’ After exploring some difficulties with the application of the doctrine of complementarity as Catholic orthodoxy, the article concludes by compiling preliminary evidence as to the extent Pope Francis will continue his predecessors’ approach to complementarity.
Forward-adjoint Monte Carlo coupling with no statistical error propagation

Methods for coupling multiple forward and adjoint radiation transport Monte Carlo calculations with no statistical error propagation are presented. Correlated forward and adjoint particle histories are uniformly initialized on arbitrarily placed intermediate source boundaries throughout the calculational system. In applying the method to multilegged duct streaming problems, these source boundaries are placed at the duct leg intersections. The necessary forward and adjoint fluxes for the coupling procedure are each computed from an opposite-mode calculation. The no-error-propagation feature is the result of an exact correlation of all phase-space variables for coupled forward-adjoint particle histories at each boundary. For ducts of more than two legs, next-event estimation between forward and adjoint collision sites across arbitrarily placed intermediate scoring boundaries is necessary to achieve the variable correlation. Comparison of calculational results between the coupled and standard methods for two- and three-legged ducts are presented.
Efficient Fuzzy Search on Encrypted Data

We study the problem of efficient (sub-linear) fuzzy search on encrypted outsourced data, in the symmetric-key setting. In particular, a user who stores encrypted data on a remote untrusted server forms queries that enable the server to efficiently locate the records containing the requested keywords, even though the user may misspell keywords or provide noisy data in the query. We define an appropriate primitive, for a general closeness function on the message space, that we call efficiently fuzzy-searchable encryption (EFSE). Next we identify an optimal security notion for EFSE. We demonstrate that existing schemes do not meet our security definition and propose a new scheme that we prove secure under basic assumptions. Unfortunately, the scheme requires large ciphertext length, but we show that, in a sense, this space-inefficiency is unavoidable for a general, optimally-secure scheme. Seeking the right balance between efficiency and security, we then show how to construct schemes that are more efficient and satisfy a weaker security notion that we propose. To illustrate, we present and analyze a more space-efficient scheme for supporting fuzzy search on biometric data that achieves the weaker notion.
Contention in Cryptoland: Obfuscation, Leakage and UCE

This paper addresses the fundamental question of whether or not different, exciting primitives now being considered actually exist. We show that we, unfortunately, cannot have them all. We provide results of the form \(\lnot \mathbf A \vee \lnot \mathbf B \), meaning one of the primitives \(\mathbf A ,\mathbf B \) cannot exist. (But we don’t know which.) Specifically, we show that: (1) VGBO (Virtual Grey Box Obfuscation) for all circuits, which has been conjectured to be achieved by candidate constructions, cannot co-exist with Canaletto’s 1997 AI-DHI (auxiliary input DH inversion) assumption, which has been used to achieve many goals including point-function obfuscation (2) iO (indistinguishability obfuscation) for all circuits cannot co-exist with KM-LR-SE (key-message leakage-resilient symmetric encryption) (3) iO cannot co-exist with hash functions that are UCE secure for computationally unpredictable split sources.
Close Enough for Government Work? Heien’s Less-Than-Reasonable Mistake of the Rule of Law

In Heien v. North Carolina, the Supreme Court held 8-1 that a search or seizure can be lawful under the Fourth Amendment despite its being founded on a government agent’s mistake of law, as long as the mistake was “reasonable.” The gist of the opinion was symmetry: Just as probable cause and reasonable suspicion do not require the police to be correct about the facts, but merely to have the right level of justified factual suspicion, these objective standards do not require the police to be correct about the law, but only to have a reasonable belief about what the law forbids. Plausible sounding as it may be, Heien is a riches of embarrassment. The symmetry reasoning is superficial, as it ignores or fails to grasp the power of obvious counterarguments I explore here, including: (1) A search or seizure based on a mistake of law is the joint result of executive and legislative action; viewing a government as a whole, mistakes of law are never reasonable because a reasonable legislature writes criminal statutes clearly enough to allow reasonable police officers to know what the law is. (2) Indeed, a state legislature can hardly be said to provide citizens with constitutionally sufficient “fair notice” of criminal prohibitions if the meaning of a criminal statute is so ambiguous that we cannot even expect law enforcement officers to get the law right. (3) Just as reasonable “ignorance of the criminal law is no excuse” for citizens, it should not excuse or empower government officials, especially not for mistakes about the law they are tasked with enforcing. (4) The issue in Heien arises almost entirely in the context of traffic enforcement, which is the very last place in criminal law where the Court should grant the police an extra dose of discretion. We might summarize these four points with the simple proposition that government, being the creator of law, is always limited in power by the law it actually creates, a principle which distinguishes government mistakes of law from governmental mistakes of fact. On reflection, Heien is a serious misstep for the rule of law.
Externalities of public housing: The effect of public housing demolitions on local crime

Abstract This paper evaluates the potential for negative externalities from public housing by examining crime rates before and after demolition of public housing projects in Chicago between 1995 and 2010. Using data on block-level crimes by type of crime merged to detailed geographic data on individual public housing demolitions, I find evidence that Chicago's public housing imposed significant externalities on the surrounding neighborhood. Using a difference in difference approach comparing neighborhoods around public housing projects to nearby neighborhoods I find that crime decreases by 8.8% after a demolition. This decrease is concentrated in violent crime. I use an event study to show that the decrease occurs at the approximate date of the eviction of the residents and persists for at least 5 years after the demolition. Neighborhoods with large demolitions and demolitions of public housing that had been poorly maintained display the largest crime decreases.
Simulation of stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering in shock ignition

We study stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in shock ignition by comparing fluid and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Under typical parameters for the OMEGA experiments [Theobald et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 102706 (2012)], a series of 1D fluid simulations with laser intensities ranging between 2 × 1015 and 2 × 1016 W/cm2 finds that SBS is the dominant instability, which increases significantly with the incident intensity. Strong pump depletion caused by SBS and SRS limits the transmitted intensity at the 0.17nc to be less than 3.5 × 1015 W/cm2. The PIC simulations show similar physics but with higher saturation levels for SBS and SRS convective modes and stronger pump depletion due to higher seed levels for the electromagnetic fields in PIC codes. Plasma flow profiles are found to be important in proper modeling of SBS and limiting its reflectivity in both the fluid and PIC simulations.
CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF COLLAGEN NERVE WRAP FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE SCARRING

Introduction Management of painful scarring of a nerve after surgery or trauma is challenging. Wrapping with a vein or adhesion barriers such as silicone have been reported with some success. This is a retrospective review of application of a xenograft collagen wrap around a peripheral nerve following neurolysis. There is no report in English literature of use of a collagen wrap for this purpose. Materials/Methods 12 patients underwent use of the Neuragen™ bovine collagen nerve conduit or NeuraWrap™ (Integra Life Sciences, Plainsboro, NJ) over a 6 year period. The causes were, scarring after carpal tunnel (n=5) or cubital tunnel release (n=3) or partial nerve injury (n=4, radial, median, dorsal ulnar, digital nerves). Follow up ranged from 6–12 months. Outcome was assessed by VAS or functional improvement. Results No patient developed adverse reaction to the xenograft conduit. All 10 patients with painful scarring reported improvement of pain with reduction in mean VAS from 7 to 2 at final follow-up. The patient with radial palsy with scarring of the nerve had full recovery of radial nerve function by 6 months. The partially injured sensory branch of median nerve and digital nerve regained normal 2PD. The patients with scarring after decompression surgery had improvement in pain and range of motion of adjacent joints but did not show any change in clinical neurological status. Conclusions A collagen conduit wrapped around a partially injured or scarred nerve is safe and associated with clinical improvement in pain and nerve function.
From From A Broken Bottle Traces of Perfume Still Emanate, Volume Five

From A Broken Bottle Traces of Perfume Still Emanate is an ongoing series of letters written by composer/multi-instrumentalist N., founding member of a band known as the Molimo m'Atet. Volumes one through four are Bedouin Hornbook, Djbot Baghostus's Run, Atet A.D. and Bass Cathedral. Volume five is not yet titled.
The Separation and Identification of Sol Rubber Hydrocarbons

Abstract (1) Nature produces a definite sol component in any single specimen of natural rubber. (2) The sol component can be separated and purified by refractionation methods. (3) Purified sol rubber retains the it can be vulcanized to yield a product of physical properties of natural rubber; it can be vulcanized to yield a product of superior quality. (4) No experimental evidence exists to justify the opinion that rubber is a two-phase system. (5) Sol rubber and gel rubber are mutually soluble.
Effects of biomechanical forces on signaling in the cortical collecting duct (CCD).

An increase in tubular fluid flow rate (TFF) stimulates Na reabsorption and K secretion in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and subjects cells therein to biomechanical forces including fluid shea...
Organocatalyzed Anodic Oxidation of Aldehydes to Thioesters

A method has been developed for the direct conversion of aldehydes to thioesters via integration of organocatalysis and electrosynthesis. The thiazolium precatalyst was found to facilitate oxidation of thiolate anions, leading to deleterious formation of disulfide byproducts. By circumventing this competing reaction, thioesters were obtained in good-to-excellent yields for a broad range of aldehyde and thiol substrates. This approach provides an atom-efficient thioesterification that circumvents the need for stoichiometric exogenous oxidants, high cell potentials, or redox mediators.
Morphological transitions in nanoscale patterns produced by concurrent ion sputtering and impurity co-deposition

We modify the theory of nanoscale patterns produced by ion bombardment with concurrent impurity deposition to take into account the effect that the near-surface impurities have on the collision cascades. As the impurity concentration is increased, the resulting theory successively yields a flat surface, a rippled surface with its wavevector along the projected direction of ion incidence, and a rippled surface with its wavevector rotated by 90°. Exactly the same morphological transitions were observed in recent experiments in which silicon was bombarded with an argon ion beam and gold was co-deposited [Moon et al., e-print arXiv:1601.02534].
Iodine-catalyzed aminosulfonation of hydrocarbons by imidoiodinanes. A synthetic and mechanistic investigation.

The amino-functionalization of a range of benzylic and some aliphatic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by reaction with imido-iodinanes (PhI═NSO2Ar) is catalyzed by I2 under operationally simple and mild conditions. The first examples of 1,2-functionalization of unactivated C−H bonds using imido-iodinanes as aminating agents are reported. Mechanistic investigations, including Hammett analysis, kinetic isotope effects, a cyclopropane clock experiment, and stereoselectivity tests, are indicative of a stepwise pathway in C−N bond formation. Investigation into the nature of the active aminating species has led to the isolation of a novel aminating agent formulated as (ArSO2N)xIy (x = 1, y = 2; or x = 3, y = 4).
Highly regioselective nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of N-tosylaziridines and alkylzinc reagents.

Herein, we report the first ligand-controlled, nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of aliphatic N-tosylaziridines with aliphatic organozinc reagents. The reaction protocol displays complete regioselectivity for reaction at the less hindered C–N bond, and the products are furnished in good to excellent yield for a broad selection of substrates. Moreover, we have developed an air-stable nickel(II) chloride/ligand precatalyst that can be handled and stored outside a glovebox. In addition to increasing the activity of this catalyst system, this also greatly improves the practicality of this reaction, as the use of the very air-sensitive Ni(cod)2 is avoided. Finally, mechanistic investigations, including deuterium-labeling studies, show that the reaction proceeds with overall inversion of configuration at the terminal position of the aziridine by way of aziridine ring opening by Ni (inversion), transmetalation (retention), and reductive elimination (retention).
Discount Houses in Australia and Mexico

The discount house is the latest American marketing innovation to be exported and to be met with the cry “It can't happen here.”In an article in the April, 1962, JOURNAL OF MARKETING, the author ge...
Specific Antibody Response of Human Subjects to Intracutaneous Injection of Pneumococcus Products

The blood of 63 human subjects selected because of the absence of recent infections, was studied for its content of specific antibodies against virulent strains of Types I, II, and III pneumococci before and after intracutaneous injections of minute amounts of pneumococcus products. The simultaneous injection of the specific polysaccharides of all three types of pneumococci and of proteins and autolysates derived from Types I and II pneumococci was followed by the appearance or increase of pneumococcidal power in the whole defibrinated blood and, in most instances, by the appearance of mouse-protective antibodies and agglutinins for one or more types. A single intracutaneous injection of 0.01 mg. of the protein-free type-specific polysaccharide of either Type I, Type II, or Type III pneumococci or 4 similar daily injections was followed, in most of 29 subjects, by the appearance of antibodies against the homologous, but not against the heterologous type pneumococci. Some subjects showed a simultaneous lowering of a preexisting pneumococcidal power for heterologous or homologous types. A single intracutaneous injection of O.1 mg. of pneumococcus protein in 13 individuals was not followed by the appearance of specific antibodies to any appreciable degree. Single intracutaneous injections of small amounts of autolysates derived from virulent strains of Type I, II, or III pneumococci were followed in 11 subjects by a more or less general rise in the pneumococcidal power with the appearance of homologous type agglutinins and protective antibodies in about one-third of the subjects.
Structure-Property Relationships in Elastomer-Modified Terpolymer Systems

Abstract A number of terpolymers, incorporating as the elastomer phase polybutadiene, polyisoprene, poly-2,3-dimethylbutadiene, poly(butadiene-co-styrene), and poly(butadiene-co-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine), were studied. Matrices were composed of poly(styrene-co-aerylonitrile) (SAN), poly(α-methylstyrene-eo-acrylonitrile), and poly(styrene-co-acenaphthylene). At constant elastomer content and elastomer molecular weight in systems employing a SAN matrix, Izod impact resistance was found to vary inversely with rising elastomer-glass transition temperature. In systems of various matrix composition, using a polybutadiene elastomer, heat deflection temperatures were found to vary directly and impact resistance inversely with rising matrix-glass transition temperature. In acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), systems of constant matrix composition and elastomer content, varying the elastomer molecular weight from 0.6 to 2.6×105 resulted in increasing the Izod impact resistance from 0.67 to 12.8 ft-1b/in. of notch.
Shattuck lecture--allocating scarce medical resources and the availability of organ transplantation. Some moral presuppositions.

The Problem Some: controversies have a staying power because they spring from unavoidable moral and conceptual puzzles. The debates concerning transplantation are a good example. To begin with, the...
Symbolic dynamics in the planar three-body problem

A chaotic invariant set is constructed for the planar three-body problem. The orbits in the invariant set exhibit many close approaches to triple collision and also excursions near infinity. The existence proof is based on finding appropriate “windows” in the phase space which are stretched across one another by flow-defined Poincare maps.
Mapping the Ideological Marketplace

I develop a method to measure the ideology of candidates and contributors using campaign finance data. Combined with a data set of over 100 million contribution records from state and federal elections, the method estimates ideal points for an expansive range of political actors. The common pool of contributors who give across institutions and levels of politics makes it possible to recover a unified set of ideological measures for members of Congress, the president and executive branch, state legislators, governors, and other state officials, as well as the interest groups and individuals who make political donations. Since candidates fundraise regardless of incumbency status, the method estimates ideal points for both incumbents and nonincumbents. After establishing measure validity and addressing issues concerning strategic behavior, I present results for a variety of political actors and discuss several promising avenues of research made possible by the new measures.
Integrated optimization and simulation framework for large-scale crowd management application

This paper introduces an integrated optimization–simulation framework for the formation, scheduling, and path assignment of groups at large-scale, organized events. The framework consists of network analysis, optimization, and simulation components. The first component finds sets of shortest paths for each origin in the network. The optimization component determines the group size, the departure time, and the path under capacity constraints. The objective is minimization of the travel time and matching of the preferred arrival time distribution of different demand units. The simulation component simulates each person in the network according to that person’s path and departure time determined by the previous components. The network performance characteristics supplied by the simulation inform the network analysis and optimization components for the next iteration. The framework is applied to the Jamarat process during the Hajj season in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to provide a schedule for 1.5 million peo...
Banks' Financial Reporting and Financial System Stability

The use of accounting measures and disclosures in banks’ contracts and regulation suggests that the quality of banks’ financial reporting is central to the efficacy of market discipline and nonmarket mechanisms in limiting banks’ development of debt and risk overhangs in economic good times and in mitigating the adverse consequences of those overhangs for the stability of the financial system in downturns. This essay examines how research on banks’ financial reporting, informed by the financial economics literature on banking, can generate insights about how to enhance the stability of the financial system. We begin with a foundational discussion of how aspects of banks’ accounting and disclosures may affect stability. We then evaluate representative papers in the empirical literature on banks’ financial reporting and stability, pointing out the research design issues that empirical accounting researchers need to confront to develop well-specified tests able to generate reliably interpretable findings. To this end, we provide examples of settings amenable to addressing these issues. We conclude with considerations for accounting standard setters and financial system policy makers.
Vascular segmentation in magnetic resonance angiography: A modified region growing approach

A modified region growing algorithm is proposed to extract cerebral vessels using a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) database. To improve the performance of the image segmentation method, as a pre-processing step, image enhancement methods are applied by the gamma correction technique and spatial operations. This step improves the detection of gray-level discontinuities in MRA images. The traditional region growing method is modified by extending the neighborhood as 24 pixels and by defining a filling protocol to label vascular structure. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of the traditional region growing method and four other segmentation methods. The minimum and maximum errors of the modified region growing algorithm is calculated as zero and 1.11%, respectively while the traditional region growing method has 0.2% and 7.81%.
QUANTIFYING THE KINETIC VARIABILITY INHERENT IN CEMENTING TECHNIQUE DURING TKA

Introduction Aseptic loosening has been reported to be the most common, contemporary mode of total knee arthroplasty failure. It has been suggested that the etiology of revision due to loosening can be attributed, in part, to joint imbalance and the variability inherent in standard surgical techniques. Due to the high prevalence of revision, the purpose of this study was to quantify the change in kinetic loading of the knee joint before versus after the application of the final cement-component complex. Methods Ninety-two consecutive, cruciate-retaining TKAs were performed, between March 2014 and June 2014, by two collaborating surgeons. Two different knee systems were used, each with a different viscosity cement type (either medium viscosity or high viscosity). All knees were initially balanced using a microelectronic tibial insert, which provides real-time feedback of femoral contact points and joint kinetics. After the post-balance loads were captured, and the surgeon was satisfied with joint balance, the final components were cemented into place, and the sensor was re-inserted to capture any change in loading due to cementing technique. Results Of the 92 TKAs performed, 42% of patients required post-cement correction due to changes in loading. Of the entire cohort, 41% of patients were also classified as “imbalanced”, post-cementing, as defined previously in literature. The average absolute value of the post-cementing change to intercompartmental loading was 28.2 lbs. (±24.8 lbs.). Of those patients with excessive changes to joint loading, 84.2% exhibited the majority of change to loading in the medial compartment, which is theorized to be due to the right-handedness of both surgeons and angle of impaction. There was a highly statistically significant relationship between post-cementation loading changes and proportion of imbalance ( P Discussion Joint imbalance and loosening substantially contribute to the current 2.7 billion dollar TKA revision burden in the United States. The post-cementing imbalance, as detected by the sensor in this study, demonstrates how using quantified methods in TKA may mitigate imbalance-related complications. By using technology to guide the surgeon through appropriate kinetic correction, the subtleties in imbalance, despite a symmetrical flexion gap, can be corrected for more effectively than by subjective surgeon “feel.” Longer clinical follow-up of these patients will be necessary to track the outcomes associated with quantifiably balanced joint loading.
Enantioselective synthesis of an ophiobolin sesterterpene via a programmed radical cascade.

Cyclase enzymes weave simple polyprenyl chains into the elaborate polycyclic ring systems of terpenes, a sequence that is often difficult to emulate under abiotic conditions. Here we report a disparate synthetic approach to complex terpenes whereby simple prenyl-derived chains are cyclized using radical, rather than cationic, reaction pathways. This strategy allowed us to efficiently forge the intricate 5-8-5 fused ring systems found in numerous complex natural product classes and also enabled a nine-step total synthesis of (–)-6- epi- ophiobolin N, a member of the large family of cytotoxic ophiobolin sesterterpenes. A small-molecule thiol catalyst was found to override the inherent diastereoselectivity observed during a reductive radical cascade cyclization process. This work lays the foundation for efficient synthesis of terpenoid ring systems of interest in medicinal research, particularly those that have been historically challenging to access.
Internal Audit Quality and Financial Reporting Quality: The Joint Importance of Independence and Competence

In light of the growing importance of internal audit functions (IAF) and the limited archival evidence on internal audit quality, we examine an interactive model of IAF quality (comprised of competence and independence) to better understand the determinants of IAF effectiveness as a financial reporting monitor. Our tests support the hypothesis that the joint presence of competence and independence is a necessary antecedent to effective IAF financial reporting monitoring. In sum, our results show that, the answer to “what is the effect of internal audit competence (independence) on financial reporting quality?” is “it depends on the independence (competence) of the internal auditor.” Our study extends the understanding of IAF quality determinants in the realm of financial reporting as it relates to ongoing discussions by researchers, standard setters, regulators, and practitioners.
New Tools for Applying GIS in Water Resources

AbstractNew developments in geographic information systems are providing a stronger framework for synthesizing geospatial and temporal water resources data into a single information system. Arc Hyd...
Comparing two trainable grammatical relations finders

Grammatical relationships (GRs) form an important level of natural language processing, but different sets of GRs are useful for different purposes. Therefore, one may often only have time to obtain a small training corpus with the desired GR annotations. On such a small training corpus, we compare two systems. They use different learning techniques, but we find that this difference by itself only has a minor effect. A larger factor is that in English, a different GR length measure appears better suited for finding simple argument GRs than for finding modifier GRs. We also find that partitioning the data may help memory-based learning.
Bonaparte, Napoleon (Napoleon I) (1769–1821)

Napoleon Bonaparte remains one of the most adored and infamous figures in the history of the modern world. He was an officer in the French army who, in his early career, distinguished himself in victories in the French Revolutionary Wars between 1793 and 1799. Following a coup d'etat on November 9, 1799, he became first consul under the new regime of the consulate and later established a dictatorship. In 1802 he was declared consul for life, and, in May 1804, he was declared Emperor of the French, titled Napoleon I, and proclaimed a hereditary monarch. He introduced a sweeping series of new codes, laws, and decrees, including a civil code, the Code Napoleon. Between 1803 and 1815, he brutally prosecuted the Napoleonic Wars and occupied most of continental Europe. France became a racial state as “whiteness” became a prerequisite for French identity and ethnic populations were stripped of citizenship and civil rights.
The e-Salesman System

Current e-commerce Web sites employ designs that are catalog based. Most Web-stores are seen to be fancy displays of product catalogs. The drawback is that customers are easily confused with the number of links available; they have to go through complex navigation and keyword searches to find their products; and solely rely on their own decision to purchase a product. Additionally, they cannot distinguish one retailer from another based on the Web-front; identity of the Web-business is lost. Hence, there is a lack of trust. The human and personal element seen in traditional shopping is also lost when shopping online. This paper discusses and proposes an intelligent solution to these problems. The e-Salesman System (eSS) aims to simulate the human element of traditional shopping for online sales. It is based on a knowledge driven, intelligent model as opposed to a catalog based, and static model. It is supported by a framework that is easily extensible and customizable to the needs of any Web-store.
RF Spectroscopy in an Atomic Fountain

We have created an atomic fountain starting with a sample of laser cooled Na atoms. Excitation of the atoms between the F=1, mF=0 and F=2, mF=0 ground states have an observed linwidth of 2.0 Hz at ν = 1,772,626,129. +1/−10 Hz using the Ramsey resonance technique.
VIS keynote address: An Evolving Visual Language.

Visualization of all types of data is a highly effective tool used by researchers to gain insight into natural phenomena and to communicate their findings. It is also an increasingly popular means of presenting large scientific datasets to the general public in informal educational settings such as museums and planetaria. Visualization has appeared in many forms and in many cultures throughout digital history and contributes to the evolving visual language of science. Dr. Donna Cox and the Advanced Visualization Laboratory team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois, collaborate with science teams, writers, producers, educators, and media distribution professionals on content designed to engage a wide range of audiences. In the past 8 years alone, her collaborative educational and outreach projects have produced science narratives featuring data visualizations that have been viewed by more than 45 million people worldwide. Cox leads an NSF-funded project to create scientific visualizations and then test audiences' understanding of the phenomenon that is being presented. Large-scale computational data present unique visualization challenges for producers of high-resolution, production-quality 3D IMAX movies; feature films; and museum fulldomes. In this keynote, Cox will provide a visual feast of major projects, including new digital fulldome museum shows and award-winning IMAX films.
Moral Education in the “Badlands”

The author’s initial argument concludes that parents should refrain from inculcating norms and dispositions suitable for peacetime when ruthless enemies seek to kill or imprison their children. Drawing on recent interpreters of Kant, this paper argues that teaching children to deceive pursuers is consistent with Kantian arguments against lying. This paper modifies the initial argument to take account of the need to also inculcate peacetime norms, even in wartime. It shows that the amended argument has applicability to a variety of real‐world contexts and explores its implications for schools. A final section responds to purported objections.
Silk-Its Mysteries, How It Is Made, and How It Is Used.

This article reviews fundamental and applied aspects of silk–one of Nature’s most intriguing materials in terms of its strength, toughness, and biological role–in its various forms, from protein molecules to webs and cocoons, in the context of mechanical and biological properties. A central question that will be explored is how the bridging of scales and the emergence of hierarchical structures are critical elements in achieving novel material properties, and how this knowledge can be explored in the design of synthetic materials. We review how the function of a material system at the macroscale can be derived from the interplay of fundamental molecular building blocks. Moreover, guidelines and approaches to current experimental and computational designs in the field of synthetic silklike materials are provided to assist the materials science community in engineering customized fine-tuned biomaterials for biomedical applications.
Do Companies With Effective Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting Benefit From Sarbanes–Oxley Sections 302 and 404?:

Post-SOX (Sarbanes–Oxley Act) academic research on internal control focuses on the characteristics of publicly listed companies disclosing material control weaknesses or the consequences experienced by these companies. However, to date, limited research has empirically examined whether these new disclosures truly enhance “public interest” by promoting “equity” in the capital markets through enhanced information distribution. In this article, we empirically investigate the impact these disclosures have on information asymmetry and related market micro-structure. We hypothesize that both the management’s and the auditor’s reporting on internal control provide outside investors additional and higher quality information about a firm’s future prospects, thereby reducing the information asymmetry in capital markets. Such reduction in information asymmetry should be reflected in decreased bid-ask spreads and price volatility, as well as increased trading volume. Our cross-sectional analyses show that, subsequent...
When Showrooming Increases Retailer Profit

AbstractShowrooming, the phenomenon of consumers visiting a brick-and-mortar (B&M) store to learn about products but then buying online to obtain lower prices, is attracting increased attention both in business practice and in academic literature. It is considered a major threat to the B&M retailers, and determining “how to fight it” seems to be the only consideration. However, the manufacturer’s need for retail informational services has always been one of the essential reasons for retailers to exist and is a means for retailers to achieve profitability. The popular arguments about the threat of showrooming ignore the strategic role of the manufacturer in the distribution channel. This article analytically shows that when the manufacturer’s decisions are considered (i.e., when the manufacturer–retailer contract is endogenous), consumers’ ability to engage in showrooming may lead to increased, rather than decreased, profitability for B&M retailer(s). Thus, retail efforts to restrict showrooming behavior m...
Costs Associated with Treatment Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM)

8048Background: MM- and MM-treatment induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN) impairs quality of life and imposes function limitations in patients. The economic burden attributable to PN in MM patients...
NO DIFFERENCE IN DISLOCATION SEEN IN ANTERIOR VERSUS POSTERIOR APPROACH IN TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Background: The direct anterior approach (DAA) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) has rapidly become popular, but there is little consensus regarding the risks and benefits of this approach in comparison with a modern posterior approach (PA). Methods: 2,147 patients who underwent DAA THA were propensity score matched with patients undergoing PA THA on the basis of age, gender, body-mass index (BMI) and American Society of Anaesthesia classification using data from a state joint replacement registry. Mean age of the matched cohort was 64.8 years, mean BMI was 29.1 kg/m2 and 53% were female. Multilevel logistic regression models using generalised estimating equations (GEEs) to control for grouping at the hospital level were utilised to identify differences in various outcomes. Results: There was no difference in the dislocation rate between patients undergoing DAA (0.84%) and PA (0.79%) THA. Trends indicating a slightly longer length of stay with the PA and a slightly greater risk of fracture, increased blood loss and hematoma with the DAA are consistent with previous studies. Conclusion: On the basis of short-term outcome and complication data, neither approach has a compelling advantage over each other, including no difference in the dislocation risk.
The rise of supplemental lending at the World Bank

World Bank projects sometimes receive supplemental loans months or years after initial project approval. Largely unnoticed, supplemental lending has mushroomed in the last decade, accounting for nearly 30% of all new loans in some years. These loans can serve important functions, as they come without the bureaucratic delays associated with new projects. We argue that supplemental loans are potentially useful foreign policy tools for powerful donors in settings where time is of the essence. Consistent with this, we find that countries receive significantly larger supplemental loans while serving a two‐year term on the geopolitically important United Nations Security Council. L'essor des prets supplementaires au sein de la Banque mondiale. Les projets de la Banque mondiale peuvent parfois beneficier de prets supplementaires plusieurs mois ou annees apres leur validation initiale. Passant tres souvent inapercus, ces prets supplementaires ont prolifere au cours des dernieres decennies, representant certaines annees pres de 30 % de tous les nouveaux prets accordes. Echappant aux delais bureaucratiques afferents aux nouveaux projets, ces prets peuvent revetir d'importantes fonctions. Nous affirmons que les prets supplementaires representent d'utiles outils de politique etrangere pour les puissants donateurs dans les situations ou le temps constitue un element crucial. Dans cette optique, nous constatons que les pays recoivent des prets supplementaires bien plus importants lorsqu'ils siegent pour deux ans au Conseil de securite des Nations Unies, organe eminemment important au plan geopolitique.
Oceanic eddy detection and lifetime forecast using machine learning methods

We report a novel altimetry-based machine learning approach for eddy identification and characterization. The machine learning models use daily maps of geostrophic velocity anomalies and are trained according to the phase angle between the zonal and meridional components at each grid point. The trained models are then used to identify the corresponding eddy phase patterns, and to predict the lifetime of a detected eddy structure. The performance of the proposed method is examined at two dynamically different regions to demonstrate its robust behavior and region-independency.
Applicative parallelism on a shared memory multiprocessor

The authors discuss how software for applicative language programs can automatically detect and exploit parallelism to take advantage of current and future parallel processing systems. They use an applicative language, SISAL, to show the sources of parallelism. A prototype SISAL system is available to execute some sample programs and help examine how well the implementation uses potential parallelism. An outstanding problem in applicative language design and implementation is copy optimization. The single assignment semantics of these languages requires frequent data structure copying in some programs, The authors exemplify the importance of minimizing copying, and show that other optimizations, including high-quality code generation, are also important for applicative languages. >
Pulsed power experiments in hydrodynamics and material properties

In the last five years, a new application of high-performance pulsed power techniques within the Stockpile Stewardship Program has joined the traditional family of radiation source applications. This new application uses low-impedance, high-current drivers to produce high-energy density environments in materials for the study of material properties, instabilities, and hydrodynamics in complex geometries. The principle tool for producing high-energy density environments is the high-precision, magnetically imploded, near solid density liner. The most attractive pulsed power system for driving such experiments is an ultrahigh current, low-impedance, microsecond rise-time source that is economical both to build and to operate. In this paper, the authors review basic scaling arguments that set the scope of high-energy density environments made available by pulsed power-driven liners. They provide a summary of some investigations into the physics limiting the performance of near-solid metal liners under magnetic drive. They present a few examples of hydrodynamic experiments enabled by liners drive and note some demonstration experiments already performed with interim systems. Finally, they overview the pulsed power techniques under development at Los Alamos for high-energy density experiments.
Exploration and remote instrumentation by Students (ERIS): Video documentation in undergraduate ocean technology education

Success in the future ability to conduct global ocean research relies on our strategies to teach and train the next generation of ocean scientists. The mission of the Exploration and Remote Instrumentation by Students (ERIS) program at the University of Washington is to enhance undergraduate learning in the design and build process of advanced technologies. The ERIS program introduces the science of applied technology in oceanography through a series of courses that link the design, build, and maintenance of a student implemented underwater cabled observatory. We present a suggested template for a production method of how-to videos focused on capturing and communicating the design and build experience in ocean technology makerspaces. The use of this production method of videos produced by students, for students, creates structured learning opportunities and becomes an archive of online resources for future ocean technologists. Furthermore, video documentation enables students to link their participation in active learning experiences with skills in ocean science, technology and communication.
Adjustment to small, large, and sunspot shocks in open economies with stock collateral constraints,

Abstract This paper characterizes analytically the adjustment of an open economy with a stock collateral constraint to fundamental and nonfundamental shocks. In the model, external borrowing is limited by the value of physical capital. Three results are established: (1) Adjustment to external shocks is nonlinear. In response to small negative output shocks, the economy adjusts as prescribed by the intertemporal approach to the current account, with increases in debt, deficits in the trade and current account balances, and no significant movement in the price of collateral. By contrast, in response to large negative output shocks the economy experiences a sudden stop with debt deleveraging, trade and current account reversals, and a Fisherian deflation of asset prices. (2) Generically, weak fundamentals (low output and high external debt) give rise to multiple equilibria. (3) In this case, the economy is prone to self-fulfilling sudden stops driven by downward revisions of expectations about the value of collateral.
Closed-loop object recognition using reinforcement learning

Current computer vision systems whose basic methodology is open-loop or filter type typically use image segmentation followed by object recognition algorithms. These systems are not robust for most real-world applications. In contrast, the system presented here achieves robust performance by using reinforcement learning to induce a mapping from input images to corresponding segmentation parameters. This is accomplished by using the confidence level of model matching as a reinforcement signal for a team of learning automata to search for segmentation parameters during training. The use of the recognition algorithm as part of the evaluation function for image segmentation gives rise to significant improvement of the system performance by automatic generation of recognition strategies. The system is verified through experiments on sequences of indoor and outdoor color images with varying external conditions.
Corrective mid foot fusion for Charcot neuroarthropathy – the Kings' experience

Introduction The mid foot joints are usually the first to be affected in Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN). Reconstruction is technically demanding and fraught with complications. Patients and methods We present our experience of mid foot fusion in CN from a tertiary diabetic foot centre. We undertook mid foot corrective fusion in 27 feet (25 patients). Twelve of these had concurrent hind foot fusion. Eleven patients had type 1 diabetes, 12 had type 2 and 2 were non-diabetics. 23 patients were ASA grade 3 and 2 were ASA 2. 21 feet had ulcers preoperatively and mean HbA1c was 8.2. 13 patients had diabetic retinopathy and 6 had nephropathy. Results Average patient age was 59 (43 to 80) and our mean follow up was 35 months (7 to 67). One patient was lost to follow up and 2 patients died. Complete follow up data was available for 26 feet in 24 patients. Satisfactory correction of deformity was achieved in all patients. The mean correction of calcaneal pitch was from 0.6 preoperatively to 10.6 degrees postoperatively, mean Meary angle from 22 to 9 degrees, talo-metatarsal angle on AP view from 33 to 13 degree. Bony union was achieved in 21 out of 26 feet and at least one joint failed to fuse in 5. 19 out of 24 patients were able to mobilize fully or partially weight bearing. We had 6 patients with persisting and 3 with recurrent ulceration. Seven repeat procedures were carried out which included 2 revision fixations. Conclusion With our technique and a strict protocol 100% limb salvage and 81% union was achieved. 80% patients were mobile and ulcer healing was achieved in 72%. Corrective mid foot fusion is an effective procedure in these complex cases but require the input of a multidisciplinary team for perioperative care.