cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for Converting a Class of Univariate Functions into D.C. Functions

D.c. functions are functions that can be expressed as the sum of a concave function and a convex function (or as the difference of two convex functions). In this paper, we extend the class of univariate functions that can be represented as d.c. functions. This expanded class is very broad including a large number of nonlinear and/or ’nonsmooth‘ univariate functions. In addition, the procedure specifies explicitly the functional and numerical forms of the concave and convex functions that comprise the d.c. representation of the univariate functions. The procedure is illustrated using two numerical examples. Extensions of the conversion procedure for discontinuous univariate functions is also discussed.
A Geometric Framework for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

Most current intrusion detection systems employ signature-based methods or data mining-based methods which rely on labeled training data. This training data is typically expensive to produce. We present a new geometric framework for unsupervised anomaly detection, which are algorithms that are designed to process unlabeled data. In our framework, data elements are mapped to a feature space which is typically a vector space ℛd. Anomalies are detected by determining which points lies in sparse regions of the feature space. We present two feature maps for mapping data elements to a feature space. Our first map is a data-dependent normalization feature map which we apply to network connections. Our second feature map is a spectrum kernel which we apply to system call traces. We present three algorithms for detecting which points lie in sparse regions of the feature space. We evaluate our methods by performing experiments over network records from the KDD CUP 1999 data set and system call traces from the 1999 Lincoln Labs DARPA evaluation.
Changes in neutral lipid constituents during differentiation of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract The total lipid content of differentiating Dictyostelium discoideum was 100 to 125 mg per g dry weight; of this, about 95 mg per g was polar lipid (mainly phospholipid) and 25 mg per g was neutral lipid in the early stages. During culmination and maturation of the sorocarp, polar lipid declined to 75 mg per g, while neutral lipid increased to 40 mg per g. Per 1010 cells, polar lipid declined from 135 to 75 mg and neutral lipid increased from 33 to 45 mg. The neutral lipid fraction was resolved into its major components and the level of each in milligrams per g dry weight was determined at 10 different stages of slime mold differentiation. Stigmast-22-en-3β-ol remained near 10 to 11 during the early stages, rose to 15 at the beginning of migration, and then declined back to about 12; stigmastenol C16-C18 esters began a prolonged rise from 1 to 2 during early aggregation, ultimately reaching 15 in 3-day sorocarps; ubiquinone declined from 0.5 to 0.2 to 0.3 during aggregation where it remained until culmination, when it rose rapidly to a maximum of 1 to 2 in mature sorocarps; free fatty acids increased to a maximum of 7 during early aggregation and then fell sharply to less than 2 during migration; and triglycerides and diglycerides declined from initial levels of 2 to 4 to about 1 during the early stages. Approximate balances among the different lipid components were calculated from the changes in quantities. During the period prior to early aggregation, a net synthesis of lipid (phospholipid, sterol, and sterol ester) occurred from unidentified precursors. During aggregation metabolism shifted toward a net degradation, characterized by a rapid conversion of free fatty acids to unidentified products. This net degradation continued during the migration-preculmination period, although phospholipid replaced the nearly exhausted triglyceride and free fatty acid reserves as the major source of lipid. During the later periods net sterol synthesis ceased, but sterol ester synthesis continued at the expense of preformed free sterol.
Enzymatic modification of lymphocyte receptors for antigen III. loss of antigen-responsiveness with recovery after adoptive transfer.

Spleen cells from bovine serum albumin (USA)-primed CBA mice were exposed in proteolysis by papain and pronase under conditions where cell recovery jml viability were not impaired but surface Ig and antigen-binding wore greatly reduced. The ability of the cells to respond to BSA was tested by a modified Farr assay of serum taken 10 days after adoptive transfer of cells to lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. Cells not exposed to enzymes were able to respond to BSA either in vitro before adoptive transfer or in vivo after transfer. Cells exposed to papain and pronase were unable to respond in vitro, but normal antibody production was approached when the cells were exposed to antigen in vivo. Thus, after removal of much surface Ig; the cells were temporarily unresponsive to antigen but were still functional, as demonstrated by their ability to recover responsiveness in vivo.
Influence of layer thickness on the strength of angle-ply laminates

Experimental results are presented showing that the strength and toughness of finite width angle-ply laminates can be increased significantly by using an alternating layer stacking sequence as opposed to a clustered configuration. The ultimate tensile stress of an alternating plus/minus theta laminate of the form (+ or - theta) sub 2 sub s can be much as 1.5 times that of a clustered configuration of the form theta sub 2/-theta sub 2 sub s. Further, the toughness of the alternating layer configuration can be as much as 2.7 times that of the clustered configuration. These differences are explained analytically through consideration of the influence of layer thickness on the magnitude of the interlaminar shear stress and by examination of failed specimens. It is shown that the two laminate configurations exhibit distinctly different failure modes for some fiber angles. Both laminate configurations exhibit catastrophic failure with the damage limited essentially to a small region defined by the length of a single crack across the width of the specimen, parallel to the fiber direction. Results are presented for T300/5208 graphite-epoxy for fiber orientations of 10, 30, and 45 deg.
Frustrated Kinetic Energy, the Optical Sum Rule, and the Mechanism of Superconductivity

The basis of the interlayer tunneling theory of high-temperature superconductivity is that the electronic kinetic energy in a direction perpendicular to the copper-oxygen planes is a substantial fraction of the condensation energy. This issue is critically examined, and it is argued from a rigorous conductivity sum rule that the consequences of this theory are consistent with recent optical and penetration depth measurements. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Antibody-mediated graft versus host reactions in renal transplantation

Graft versus host reactions (GvHR) are frequent and severe complications of bone marrow transplantation. Although the major symptoms of GvHR in these patients are thought to be mediated through T lymphocytes, both clinical and experimental observations indicate that antibody production also is stimulated by GvHR. In animal models of GvHR, Gleichmann and colleagues 1 have demonstrated a range of antibody-mediated lesions, which become more pronounced when the antigenic differences between donor and host favor stimulation of helper T lymphocytes and a chronic disease process. Cnly limited attention has been given to the possibility that 'passenger lymphocytes' in solid tissue transplants may cause GvHR. In 1953 Simonsen suggested that the plasma cells he observed in the interstitium of transplanted canine kidneys were possibly of donor origin, but he abandoned this hypothesis when radiolabelling experiments demonstrated that cells of host origin infiltrated skin and kidney allografts (reviewed in Ref. 2). Yet, sporadic cases have been reported of unexpected hemolytic episodes following the transplantation of kidney, liver or lung from a donor who is Rh negative or O blood group to a patient whose erythrocytes bear Rh, A, B0 or AB antigens 3-1°. One report suggested that irradiation of the donor kidney prevented antibody production to the recipient's erythrocytes 5, and in a few cases antibodies that were eluted from the recipients' erythrocytes have been shown to be of donor a!!otype9-11; thus substantiating the hypothesis that the hemolytic episodes reflect GvHR. Some investigators 5.6.11 have argued that this phenomenon may be more frequently encountered when cyclosporine A (CyA) is used as an immunosuppressive agent, because selective effects of CyA on T lymphocytes might prevent rejection of the donor Blymphocytes but not suppress antibody production by these lymphocytes. Several recent reports have documented the Ionyitudinal titers of circulating antibodies to recipient ~, B or Rh antigens in CyA treated renal transplant recipients. These antibodies have been detected within 1 to 3 weeks after transplantation and they can persist for months 6, even after immunosuppression is discontinued 8. Both IgG and IgM antibodies have been detected in the serum and in eluates from the recipients' erythrocytes by the indirect antiglobulin test
Real-time volume measurements in the isolated beating rat heart

A new technique, utilizing scattered X-rays, has been developed that is capable of measuring isolated working rat heart left ventricular (LV) volumes continuously throughout the cardiac cycle. The technique was validated by comparing cardiac outputs measured via fluid collections (r=0.959, n=10). The new methodology will permit real-time measurements of pressure-volume relationships, stroke work, and indexes of diastolic function in the isolated working rat heart. >
New Agents in the Arsenal to Fight Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Prior to 2010, the treatment options for castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) were limited. In the past 3 years, four new agents have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in CRPC. These four agents differ in their mechanisms of action and highlight the progress made in our understanding of CRPC, and more importantly, provide options with proven clinical benefit. This review examines the development, investigational evolution, adverse events, and future direction of: 1) the androgen receptor inhibitor, enzalutamide, 2) androgen biosynthesis inhibitor, abiraterone, 3) novel taxane chemotherapy, cabazitaxel, and 4) autologous immunotherapeutic agent, sipuleucel-T.
PROFILING TO DESCRIBE THE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIMPLE MODEL MENTHOL SOLUTION

The objective of this study was to compare data obtained using descriptive analysis (DA) and free-choice profiling (FCP) ofa simple model solution. Three menthol isomers (1-, d-, dl-), each at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04% (w/v), were tested. A trained DA panel (n = 11) used two aroma, three nasal-sensation, two taste, and five mouth-sensation terms to describe the samples. An untrained panel (n = 15) used FCP to assess the same solutions. Individual FCP panelists used from nine to twenty-one terms. All DA terms significantly discriminated among the samples. Seven to eighteen of the FCP panelist descriptors significantly discriminated among the samples. Procrustes analyses (PA) indicated that FCP and DA similarly discriminated among the samples, possibly because the solutions were essentially one dimensional. Sample loadings on dimension 1 of both spaces were correlated (r = 0.966) as were dimension 2 loadings (r = 0. 783). The FCP Rc-value was 91.2 % and the DA Rc value was 85. 6%. At higher concentrations (0.04 and 0.02 %) 1-menthol was significantly stronger than d-menthol in eucalyptus aroma, nasal clearing, all mouth cooling attributes, and bitter aftertaste. At 0.01 % concentration no significant differences were detected among the menthol isomers.
Explaining the Adoption of E-Government Features: A Case Study of Iowa County Treasurers’ Offices

Recently, many studies have emerged to document how the public sector uses the Internet to provide information and services, but very few have analyzed the factors that influence the adoption decis...
Unique interactions between the chromophore and glutamate 16 lead to far-red emission in a red fluorescent protein

mPlum is a far-red fluorescent protein with emission maximum at ∼650 nm and was derived by directed evolution from DsRed. Two residues near the chromophore, Glu16 and Ile65, were previously revealed to be indispensable for the far-red emission. Ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence emission studies revealed a time dependent shift in the emission maximum, initially about 625 nm, to about 650 nm over a period of 500 ps. This observation was attributed to rapid reorganization of the residues solvating the chromophore within mPlum. Here, the crystal structure of mPlum is described and compared with those of two blue shifted mutants mPlum-E16Q and-I65L. The results suggest that both the identity and precise orientation of residue 16, which forms a unique hydrogen bond with the chromophore, are required for far-red emission. Both the far-red emission and the time dependent shift in emission maximum are proposed to result from the interaction between the chromophore and Glu16. Our findings suggest that significant red shifts might be achieved in other fluorescent proteins using the strategy that led to the discovery of mPlum.
Optimal control of neurons using the homotopy perturbation method

The behavior of many natural and engineered systems is determined by oscillatory phenomena for which the input-output relationship can be described using phase models. The use of such models significantly reduces the complexity of control design, and enables the application of powerful semi-analytical methods for optimal control synthesis. In this paper, we examine the optimal control of a collection of neuron oscillators described by phase models. In particular, we employ Pontryagin's maximum principle to formulate the optimal control problem as a boundary value problem, which we then solve using the homotopy perturbation method. This iterative optimization-free technique is promising for neural engineering applications that involve nonlinear oscillatory systems for which phase model representations are feasible.
The development of an embedding technique for polylactide sponges.

The use of absorbable polymeric biomaterials is increasing in the field of tissue engineering. These polymeric scaffolds provide mechanical strength and shape as the engineered tissue forms. Histological analysis is an important part of the development of an appropriate polymeric construct, because it allows the analysis of the cell/material interaction. Unfortunately, routine paraffin processing often degrades these absorbable polymers, and routine staining can dissolve the remnants. This research sought to develop a histological procedure that would retain the polymer structure. Two processing procedures, paraffin and glycol methacrylate, were tested on three in vitro groups of poly-L-lactide sponges, high cell density seeding, low cell density seeding, and a control. The paraffin processing caused shrinkage and degradation of the polymer, and staining dissolved the remnants. The glycol methacrylate processing minimized damage to the polymer even after staining.
Geochronology of Tertiary Igneous Rocks in Central Nevada

Potassium-argon dating of Tertiary igneous rocks in Lander County, central Nevada, indicates that igneous activity was episodic and can be separated into three periods. Igneous activity started abruptly about 37 m.y. ago with local extrusion of andesitic to quartz-latitic lava flows and intrusion of hypabyssal rocks of similar composition. This activity ceased about 33 m.y. ago and was followed by extrusion of rhyolite ash-flow sheets that blanketed large parts of the region. These ash-flow sheets range from about 34 to 22 m.y. in age. The final phase, represented by basalt and basaltic-andesite flows and intrusive rhyolite flow-dome complexes, took place about 16 to 10 m.y. ago. Andesitic to dacitic lava and hypabyssal rocks about 35 m.y. old are widespread east of Lander County and rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs 34 to 20 m.y. old are found south and east of Lander County. The younger (16 to 10 m.y.) basalt and basaltic-andesite flows are related to volcanism of the Snake River plain province to the north. The precision of the ages was evaluated by means of: (1) repeat analyses of the same mineral separate, (2) age determination of mineral pairs from the same hand specimen, and (3) age determinations on widely spaced samples from the same geologic body or formation. The last method seems most meaningful from a geologic point of view.
Assessing the impact of screening mammography: Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in Connecticut (1943-2002).

Randomized controlled studies demonstrate that early detection and intervention reduce breast cancer mortality by approximately 25%. Though the ultimate goal of screening is to reduce breast cancer deaths, the immediate goal is to detect and treat early-stage tumors before they pose a threat to life. To assess the impact of early detection and intervention in the general population, we analyzed breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in the NCI’s Historical Connecticut Tumor Registry (1943–2002). Though breast cancer rates increased for the entire study period, overall incidence rates rose faster than previously following the initiation of mammography screening in the early 1980s in the United States. Of note, stage-specific incidence rates increased 152% (53.2–133.9 per 100,000 woman-years) for early-stage tumors and fell 16% (56.1–47.2 per 100,000 woman-years) for late-stage breast cancers. Period- and cohort-age-specific incidence rates rose dramatically for early-stage tumors among women targeted for screening (ages 40–80 years), whereas rates for regional and distant stages declined modestly among women ages >50 years. Breast cancer mortality rates fell 31.6%. Along with increases in incidence rates for early-stage tumors, rates for late-stage disease and breast cancer mortality declined following widespread screening mammography, consistent with effective early detection and improved treatment over time. However, the disparity between the dramatic rise in early-stage tumors compared to the more modest declines in late-stage disease and mortality suggests that many mammography-derived early-stage lesions may never progress to late-stage cancers and pose a threat to life.
Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment Among Oldest-Old Women

Objectives Physical activity may reduce the risk of cognitive decline in the elderly, but its effects among the oldest-old (i.e., those aged 85 years and older) are not well known. Our study assessed the association between very late-life physical activity and 5-year risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia and neuropsychological test performance among oldest-old women. Methods This prospective study was conducted at three sites. Participants included 1,249 women (mean [standard deviation] age: 83.3 [2.8] years). Baseline physical activity was measured by self-reported blocks walked per week and analyzed according to tertile. Five years later, surviving participants who were 85 years and older (oldest-old) completed neuropsychological testing and underwent adjudication of clinical cognitive status (normal, MCI, or dementia). All analyses were adjusted for baseline age, education, cognition, depression, body mass index, hypertension, smoking, and coronary artery disease. Results Compared with women in the lowest tertile, women in the highest tertile were less likely to develop dementia (13.0% versus 23.2%; multivariate adjusted odds ratio: 0.54 [95% confidence interval: 0.36–0.82]). However, risk of MCI was not associated with physical activity. Physical activity was also associated with higher performance 5 years later on tests of global cognition, category fluency, and executive function but not phonemic fluency, memory, or attention. Conclusions Higher level of very late-life physical activity was associated with a lower risk of subsequent dementia in oldest-old women. These findings support future studies for late-life physical activity interventions for the prevention of dementia among oldest-old women.
Nitrogen analogs of representative substrates and inhibitors of α-chymotrypsin

Abstract The replacement of the α-methine or α-methylene group, present in a series of representative substrates and inhibitors of α-chymotrypsin, by a nitrogen atom or an amino group leads to a loss of substrate activity or to an increase in the magnitude of the enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constants. An explanation of these phenomena is proposed.
Surface molecules and chemisorption. II. Photoemission angular distributions

A theory of the angular distributions of electrons photoemitted from submonolayer films of chemisorbed atoms is presented. Chemisorption is treated within the surface-molecule limit of the Anderson model. It is shown that the key features which differentiate between solid-state photoemission and atomic photoionization are the localization of the hole left behind in the photoexcitation process and the preferential orientation of atomic or molecular orbitals (in photoemission from solids or chemisorbed atoms). The differential photoionization cross sections or angular distributions for spatially oriented atoms and surface molecules are obtained and contours of constant emission intensity, as projected on a flat fluorescent screen which is parallel to the surface, are presented. It is shown that the chemisorption bonding geometry can be ascertained from such measurements.
Patient safety curriculum for surgical residency programs: Results of a national consensus conference

Background The American College of Surgeons (ACS) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) are committed to promoting patient safety through education. In view of the critical role of residents in the delivery of safe patient care, the ACS and ACGME sponsored jointly a national consensus conference to initiate the development of a curriculum on patient safety that may be used across all surgical residency programs. Conclusions National leaders in surgery with expertise in surgical care and surgical education, patient safety experts, medical educators, key stakeholders from national organizations, and surgical residents were invited to participate in the conference. Attendees considered patient safety issues within the context of the 6 core competencies defined by the ACGME and American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). Discussions resulted in the development of a curriculum matrix that includes listings of patient safety topics, teaching and learning strategies, and assessment methods. Guidelines for implementation and dissemination are also provided. The curriculum content underscores the need to create an organizational culture of safety and focuses on both individuals and systems. Individual residency programs may prioritize the curriculum content based on their specific needs. The ACS and ACGME will pursue development of educational modules to address the curriculum content, disseminate helpful information, and assist in implementation of new educational interventions. This effort has the potential to positively impact residency education in surgery, help surgical program directors address the core competencies, and enhance patient safety.
Forming, changing, and acting on attitude toward affirmative action programs in employment : A theory-driven approach

A model of attitude toward affirmative action programs (AAPs) was applied in 4 studies involving 1,622 participants. In Study 1, attributes people tacitly associate with AAPs were identified by open-ended elicitation. Using those attributes, an instrument was developed and administered in Studies 2, 3, and 4. In those studies, a multiplicative composite of beliefs and evaluations about the AAP attributes predicted AAP attitude, consistent with M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action. Demographic effects on AAP attitude were partially mediated by this composite. In Studies 3 and 4, an experimental manipulation of AAP information was successful in changing AAP attitude, but in a way that polarized existing demographic differences. Study 4 also showed that AAP attitude and subjective norm jointly and uniquely predicted intentions to perform AAP-related behaviors. Intentions predicted the actual behavior of mailing postcards to political representatives reflecting participants' support for AAPs.
Extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from aqueous ammonium thiocyanate by dihexyl-N,N-diethylcarbamolymethylphosphonate and related compounds

Abstract The extraction behavior and separation factors of Am(III) and Eu(III) from low acid ammonium thiocyanate solutions were studied using dihexyl-N,N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate (DHDECMP) and related compounds. It was found that very dilute (<0.1 M) solutions of ammonium thiocyanate were sufficient to allow quantitative extraction of Am(III) with DHDECMP. Significant differences between DHDECMP and dibutylbutylphosphonate (DB[BP]) in the extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from thiocyanate were found and indicate chelation is occurring with DHDECMP, unlike the situation in the low acid lithium nitrate system. Infrared spectroscopy of the extracted complexes of La(III) and extraction studies with dihexyl-N,N-diethylcarbamoylethylphosphonate (DHDECEP), dihexyl-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate (DHDIBCMP), and di-(2-ethylbutyl)-N,N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate (DEBDECMP) confirm that chelation occurs with thiocyanate complexes of Am(III) and Eu(III). Separation factors, α, for Am(III) an...
Facile Insertion of CO2 into Tetra- and Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Lanthanide Moieties To Form (C5Me4RCO2)- Carboxylate Ligands (R = H, Me)

Recent efforts to extend the reduction chemistry of LnZ3/M and LnZ2Z‘/M (Ln = lanthanide; Z = C5Me5, C5Me4H; Z‘ = BPh4, Cl; M = alkali metal) to substrates beyond N2 have identified unexpectedly facile insertion of CO2 into lanthanide cyclopentadienyl linkages to make carboxylate ligands. The insertion was initially identified in [(C5Me4H)La(THF)]3(μ-η1:η1-O2CC5Me4H)3(μ3-η2:η2:η2-CO3)(μ3-Cl), 1, a product of a (C5Me4H)3La/Na/CO2 reaction in the presence of chloride. In this case, both insertion and reduction of CO2 to carbonate was observed. A [(C5Me5)2La][(μ-Ph)2BPh2]/KC8/CO2 reaction also provided a CO2 insertion product, [(C5Me5)La(μ-η1:η1-O2CC5Me5)(μ-η1:η2-O2CC5Me5)]2, 2, but in this case a CO2 reduction product was not identified. CO2 insertion also occurs in the absence of an alkali metal. Hence, the (C5Me4H)3Ln complexes (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd) react with CO2 to form mixtures of tetramethylcyclopentadienyl carboxylate products. In the La complex, single crystals of {[(C5Me4H)2La](μ-η1:η1-O2CC5Me4H)}2...
On the practical consequences of theoretical principles

Abstract By contrasting the different explanations offered by two approaches - Generative Grammar and Form-Content analysis - for the same linguistic data (the non-occurrence of ∗ se se sequences in Spanish) it is demonstrated that analytical practice is indeed dependent on theoretical principles. Generative Grammar's view of language as a unique, species-specific phenomenon, is shown to be coherent both with an acceptance of traditional categories and with a purely model-like, ‘internal’ explanation. Form-Content's view of language as a tool for communication manipulated by human beings results in an ‘external’ type explanation: the non-occurrence of se se is only to be expected, given the Form-Content (non-traditional) account of the observed uses of se in Spanish.
The Treatment of Maladaptive Shame in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Pilot Study of "Opposite Action"

This study sought to pilot test a short-term intervention for maladaptive shame in borderline personality disorder (BPD) based on the skill of “opposite action” from dialectical behavior therapy. Five women with BPD were treated with the intervention using a single-subject, multiple-baseline design. Results indicate that, although state ratings of shame are highly variable, it is possible to reduce shame about a specific event over a short period of time. This was verified by a new shame measure that was created for this study. Results from this study have several implications for the treatment of shame in BPD and other clinical populations. A detailed case example is provided.
Animal personality as a driver of reproductive isolation

Although interest in the ecological and evolutionary implications of animal personality continues to grow, the role that personality plays in speciation has received only modest attention. Here we explore links between personality and speciation, and offer a framework for addressing some of this field's most interesting questions.
An automated SO 2 camera system for continuous, real-time monitoring of gas emissions from Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook Crater

Abstract SO 2 camera systems allow rapid two-dimensional imaging of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emitted from volcanic vents. Here, we describe the development of an SO 2 camera system specifically designed for semi-permanent field installation and continuous use. The integration of innovative but largely “off-the-shelf” components allowed us to assemble a robust and highly customizable instrument capable of continuous, long-term deployment at Kīlauea Volcano's summit Overlook Crater. Recorded imagery is telemetered to the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) where a novel automatic retrieval algorithm derives SO 2 column densities and emission rates in real-time. Imagery and corresponding emission rates displayed in the HVO operations center and on the internal observatory website provide HVO staff with useful information for assessing the volcano's current activity. The ever-growing archive of continuous imagery and high-resolution emission rates in combination with continuous data from other monitoring techniques provides insight into shallow volcanic processes occurring at the Overlook Crater. An exemplary dataset from September 2013 is discussed in which a variation in the efficiency of shallow circulation and convection, the processes that transport volatile-rich magma to the surface of the summit lava lake, appears to have caused two distinctly different phases of lake activity and degassing. This first successful deployment of an SO 2 camera for continuous, real-time volcano monitoring shows how this versatile technique might soon be adapted and applied to monitor SO 2 degassing at other volcanoes around the world.
Prevalence of high serotonin uptake in lymphocytes of abstinent alcoholics

Abstract An impairment in serotonergic neurotransmission may be associated with alcoholism. We recently identified a high-affinity serotonin transporter (5-HTT) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Moreover, molecular analysis of RNA samples of human lymphocytes using reverse transcription, coupled with polymerase chain reaction, enabled us to confirm the expression of a 5-HTT identical to the one reported in neuronal tissues, as evidenced by hybridization and sequence analysis. In this investigation, we measured the serotonin (5-HT) uptake in PBLs of recovering alcoholics ( N = 10) with long-term abstinence (2–10 years) and non-alcoholic controls ( N = 10). 5-HT uptake was measured by incubating 1 × 10 7 cells of PBLs with [ 3 H]5-HT (3–1000 nM; sp. act. 23 Ci/mmol) for 10 min at 37 °. The results of this preliminary study revealed that abstinent alcoholics had significantly ( P 7 cells) as compared with controls (23.33 ± 2.50 pmol/10 7 cells). An enhanced uptake of 5-HT in PBLs of abstinent alcoholics agrees with previously reported observations of increased 5-HT uptake in brain and platelets of former alcoholics and their descendants. This suggested that a serotonergic mechanism may be linked to the heredity of alcoholism.
Optimizing software process control

An important problem in software project management is taking control decisions when a schedule slip occurs. Usually such decisions are based only on the manager's experience and intuition. They are often prohibitively costly and still do not guarantee the project's success. This article presents a method for finding the optimal control actions the manager should take to meet a project's deadline in a situation when a schedule slip occurs. The method is based on using a discrete optimization technique, such as dynamic programming. Validation of the method's effectiveness is also included.
Self‐potential global tomography including topographic effects

This paper is an extension of a previous study, in which the principles of self-potential ground surface tomography were outlined. The new arguments which are here set forth are the proper accounting for the topographic effects and a robust approach to global 3D tomography. The 2D case is initially considered in order to facilitate a full understanding of the new method. In order to gauge the topographic distortions, the concepts of slope effect and surface regularization are introduced, as suitable means to compute point by point correction factors of the measured self-potential data, prior to the recognition of the tomographic images of the primary and induced electric sources underground. The tomographic approach is then developed by introducing again the concepts of the scanning function and of the charge occurrence probability function, which were amply dealt with in the previous paper. The new approach to 3D global tomography means here the composition of charge occurrence probability functions related to any two orthogonal surface components of the natural electric field, in order to account fully for the total surface component of the self-potential field and hence to elicit the greatest amount of information. Two field examples are presented to show the full effectiveness of the proposed method. They refer, respectively, to a near-surface investigation for archaeological purposes and to a very deep investigation in an active volcanic area.
New results on surface flashover in silicon-dielectric systems

New experimental results are reported for silicon samples at high fields in different ambients: vacuum, N2, air, SF6 and SF6 + N2 mixtures, for different experimental conditions. The strong influence of the semiconductor quality and ambient dielectric on the prebreakdown and breakdown response of the system is presented. The high surface flashover sensitivity of semiconductor-vacuum system, as well as the significant interface activity in air and N2 is explained. Using a new physical model of the breakdown in semiconductor- dielectric systems, a new technique was developed consisting of an in-situ treatment of the semiconductor sample (in vacuum) before performing the high field measurements in SF6. Dramatic improvement of the voltage hold-off was obtained in one atmosphere (absolute) SF6. All standard good quality samples, subjected to the vacuum pre-treatment, supported without surface flashover, high fields in the range of 75 - 85 kV/cm, close to the critical breakdown field for SF6 gas at one atmosphere (approximately 89 kV/cm). The role of different defects in producing premature breakdown by surface flashover in SF6 is discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
rates of feldspar dissolution at pH 3–7 with 0–8 m M oxalic acid

Feldspar dissolution rates were measured in flow-through reactors, over a pH range of 3–7, oxalic acid concentration of 0–8 mM, and feldspar compositional range of An0An76. Dissolution rates in 0 and 1 mM concentrations of oxalic acid increased linearly with increasing mole percent anorthite in the solid. Dissolution was nonstoichiometric in oxalic acid, due to a preferential release of Al at steady state. 1 m M concentrations of oxalic acid increased dissolution rates by a factor of 2–5 at pH 3 and 2–15 at pH 5–6. At pH 5–6 the rate enhancement due to oxalic acid may increase with increasing anorthite content of the feldspar. The ligand-promoted rate, RL, defined as the observed total rate in oxalic acid minus the proton-promoted rate, Rt − RH, was estimated as 10−12.8(aHOx− + aOx2−)0.75, suggesting that both HC2O4− (bioxalate) and C2O42−- (oxalate) play a role in the dissolution mechanism.
Kinetics of the Reduction of p–Phenylazobenzenesulphonic Acid by Sodium Dithionite in Alkaline Solution

The reduction of p–phenylazobenzenesulphonic acid with excess of sodium dithionite in alkaline solutions 0–006–0030 M in dithionite ion is first order with respect to p–phenylazobenzenesulphonate ion concentration and one–half order with respect to dithionite ion concentration. The SO2 radical ion is a reaction intermediate in mechanisms proposed for the reduction.
Oxidation and determination of nitrite at modified electrodes

Abstract Modification of a platinum electrode by chemisorption of iodine was found to improve the reproducibility and to decrease the peak width in the oxidation of nitrite by linear scan voltammetry. A dip-coated film of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine), qPVP, increased the long term stability of the Pt/I electrode without inhibiting the nitrite oxidation. In a pH 4.6 phosphate buffer, the anodic peak current was directly proportional to nitrite concentration from 8×10−6 M to 4×10−3 M. A similar working range was observed by controlled potential electrolysis. The problems that are encountered on bare Pt and carbon electrodes were also eliminated by coating the substrates with qPVP and incorporating the IrCl62−,3− couple therein. The oxidation of nitrite was demonstrated to be mediated by the IrCl62−.
Parental presence plus oral midazolam decreases frequency of 5% halothane inductions in children

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the frequency of 5% halothane induction and behavioral distress during inhalation induction with both oral midazolam and parental presence compared with parental presence alone. Design: Randomized, controlled, double blind study. Setting. Same day anesthesia at a university department of anesthesiology. Patients: 72 ASA status I and II children, 3 to 10 years of age, scheduled for first time anesthesia. Interventions: Children were assigned to one of two groups to receive midazolam 0.5 mg/kg orally or placebo. A parent was present during induction. Children were videotaped at baseline, after treatment, and during induction. Tapes were scored for behavioral distress using the revised Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress. Measurements and Main Results: Children who received midazolam in the setting of parental presence had significantly fewer 5% halothane inductions than those who received placebo ( p p Conclusions: The combination of parental presence plus oral midazolam reduces the likelihood of needing a 5% rapid halothane induction when compared with parental presence without premedication.
An empirical assessment of pain beliefs

Pain beliefs represent patients' own conceptualizations of what pain is and what pain means for them. Such beliefs may be discordant with current scientific understanding and may serve to adversely affect compliance with modern methods of chronic pain treatment. This study attempts to assess several of the core dimensions around which pain beliefs develop and examines the relationship between pain beliefs and behavioral manifestations of the pain experience. An empirically and factorially derived product of this study, the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBAPI) assess 3 dimensions of pain beliefs: (1) self-blame, (2) perception of pain as mysterious, and (3) beliefs about the duration of pain. These core pain beliefs were found to be predictive of subjective pain intensity, multidisciplinary chronic pain treatment compliance, poor self-esteem, somatization and psychological distress, and associated with attributions about health locus of control.
Gemcitabine-Mediated Radiosensitization of Human Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Background/Purpose: Local and systemic control of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) remains a clinical challenge, particularly for retroperitoneal, deep truncal, or advanced extremity disease. 2′,2′-Difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (gemcitabine) is a potent radiosensitizer in many tumor types, but it has not been studied in human STS. The purpose of this study was to determine the radiosensitizing potential of gemcitabine in preclinical models of human STS. Materials and Methods: The in vitro radiosensitizing activity of gemcitabine was assessed with clonogenic survival assay on three human STS cell lines: SK-LMS-1 (leiomyosarcoma), SW-872 (liposarcoma), and HT-1080 (fibrosarcoma). Cell cycle distribution was determined using dual-channel flow cytometry. The in vivo radiosensitizing activity of gemcitabine was assessed with subcutaneous SK-LMS-1 nude mice xenografts. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with concurrent weekly gemcitabine and fractionated daily radiotherapy (RT) (2 Gy daily) for 3 weeks (a total dose of 30 Gy). Results: The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of gemcitabine for the human STS cell lines ranged from 10 to 1000 nM. Significant in vitro radiosensitization was demonstrated in all three human STS cell lines using gemcitabine concentrations at and below the IC 50 . Maximal radiosensitization was associated with accumulation of cells in early S-phase. SK-LMS-1 xenografts displayed significant tumor growth delay with combined gemcitabine and RT compared to either treatment alone. Treatment related toxicity was greatest in the gemcitabine plus RT arm, but remained at an acceptable level. Conclusions: Gemcitabine is a potent radiosensitizer in preclinical models of human STS. Clinical trials combining gemcitabine and RT in human STS are warranted.
ANTIANDROGEN AND HORMONAL TREATMENT OF ACNE

In the treatment of acne in women, the use of antiandrogens and other hormonal approaches is a valuable alternative to standard therapy. These treatments that are based on physiologically sound principles produce gratifying results in selected women with acne, and are the primary treatment for women with hirsutism. The drugs discussed in this article include spironolactone, cyproterone acetate, flutamide, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, finasteride, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Patient selection, pretreatment evaluation, and case studies also are discussed with an emphasis on practical applications.
Inequivalence of the Brink-Schwarz and Siegel superparticles

Dirac’s procedure is applied to the Brink-Schwarz and Siegel superparticle systems. Both systems are exhibited to have the same first-class constraints. The difference between the systems is the lack of second-class fermionic constraints in the Siegel superparticle. Thus the Siegel superparticle has a phase space with twice as many fermionic degrees of freedom as the Brink-Schwarz superparticle.
Prediction of orthodontic treatment of surgically exposed unilateral maxillary impacted canine patients.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether clinical variables associated with surgically exposed unilateral maxillary impacted canine cases are predictors for orthodontic treatment choices involving (1) extraction, (2) expansion, (3) extraction and expansion, or (4) nonextraction and nonexpansion. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of records of 97 cases meeting the inclusion criteria with unilateral maxillary impacted canines from three private practices were reviewed for gender, age, molar classification, impaction location and angulation, and presence of pretreatment maxillary and mandibular casts and cephalograms. Maxillary and mandibular transverse dimensions and lower incisor crowding were obtained from occlusal cast images using custom computer software. Skeletal analysis and incisor angulation and position were obtained from digitized cephalometric tracings. Statistical comparisons were made to determine parameters orthodontists could use to develop an orthodontic treatment plan. Results: ...
Long-term captopril therapy for chronic congestive heart failure.

Abstract Although the short-term hemodynamic and clinical responses to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are well known, little information is available about the long-term results of captopril therapy. In the present study, 15 stable outpatients received captopril therapy and were followed for a mean of 19 months (range 6 to 27) with serial clinical assessments and measurements of exercise tolerance, ejection fraction (EF) and cardiothoracic ratio. Exercise tolerance on a modified Naughton protocol improved from 10.5 ± 2.7 to 12.7 ± 2.4 minutes (mean ± standard deviation) at 3 months (p minutes , p
On the locality of the forward-backward algorithm (speech recognition)

A theorem which shows that the local maximum found by the forward-backward algorithm in the case of discrete hidden Markov models is really local is presented. By this it is meant that this local maximum is restricted to lie in the same connected component of the set (x:P(x)>or=P(x/sub 0/)) as the initial point x/sub 0/ (where P(x) is the polynomial being maximized). This theoretical result suggests that, in practice, the choice of the initial point is important for the quality of the maximum obtained by the algorithm. >
Animal rights terrorists: what every neuroscientist should know.

### Introduction The disgraceful, illegal, and immoral tactics used by animal rights activists to forward their agenda have led to the federal government labeling them as domestic terrorists, a very well deserved categorical name. The types of terrorism engendered by these groups are varied, but