cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Placental transport of brevetoxin-3 in CD-1 mice.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of brevetoxin-3 administered to pregnant dams and to determine the extent of placental transport to fetuses. Twenty-nine pregnant CD-1 mice were administered 3 H-brevetoxin-3 (∼1.3 μCi/animal; ∼2.8 μg compound/kg) by intratracheal instillation on one of gestational days 15–18. Groups of four or five dams were killed at selected times through 48 h post-dosing. Four pregnant dams were administered 3 H-brevetoxin-3 on gestational day 15 or 16 via osmotic minipump to provide continuous delivery of compound (∼0.13 μCi, 7.5 ng compound/day) over a 72-h period. Then the dams and fetuses were killed. Brevetoxin-associated radioactivity was detected in placentas and fetuses within 0.5 h of intratracheal administration. Concentrations of brevetoxin equivalents in fetuses were approximately 0.3 ng/g throughout the 48-h post-dosing, resulting in a calculated dose to fetuses of 19 ng/g h. Following brevetoxin infusion, concentration of brevetoxin equivalents in fetuses was 0.1 ng/g, lower than that present in most maternal tissues. Results demonstrated placental transport of brevetoxin or its metabolites following maternal acute exposure and repeated low-dose exposure. The consequences of these findings for pregnant women exposed to brevetoxins by inhalation or ingestion remain to be determined.
Resonance quantum transport in doped conducting polymers: The improbable becomes possible

Metallic doped polymers (polyaniline and polypyrrole) have an electromagnetic response that, when analyzed within the standard theory of metals, is provided by an extremely small fraction of the total number of available electrons ~ 0.1% (in contrast to ~ 100% for common metals) but with anomalous long scattering time 10−13 s ( ~ 100 times longer than for common metals). We show that a network of metallic grains (polymer's crystalline domains) connected by resonance quantum tunneling through localized states in surrounding disordered medium produces this behavior. The small fraction of electrons is assigned to the low density of resonance states and the long scattering time is related to the narrow width of energy levels in resonance.
STEREOTYPE THREAT AND THE GENDER GAP IN POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE

Men tend to achieve higher response accuracy than women on surveys of political knowledge. We investigated the possibility that this performance gap is moderated by factors that render the communicative context of a survey intellectually threatening to women and thereby induce stereotype threat. In a telephone survey of college students' political knowledge, we manipulated two factors of the survey context: the alleged diagnosticity of the question set (i.e., whether it was portrayed as being sensitive to potential gender differences) and the gender of the interviewer. Consistent with previous studies of political knowledge, men scored higher than women overall. However, as predicted, this difference was reliably moderated by the manipulated factors. Women's scores were not reliably different from men's when the survey was portrayed as nondiagnostic and when women were interviewed by female interviewers. Diagnosticity and interviewer gender had no effects on men's scores. Consistent with previous research...
Stay With or Leave the Abuser? The Effects of Domestic Violence Victim’s Decision on Attributions Made by Young Adults

While negative attributions are often made toward female victims of domestic violence, studies have not explored whether attributions shift contingent upon whether women stay with or leave abusive husbands. Further, no studies investigated whether negative attributions decrease if the participants receive information about the prevalence of domestic violence or the risks inherent in leaving an abuser. Therefore, two studies were designed that investigated attributions made by young adults when women either stay with or leave an abusive husband and whether educating the participants about prevalence of domestic violence and risks of leaving mitigate negative judgments. In both studies, young adults responded to surveys assessing attributions toward a female heterosexual victim of domestic violence. Results indicated that participants made more positive attributions about her personality characteristics and parenting ability if a woman left the relationship. Informing students beforehand about potential risks of leaving and personal experience with domestic violence did not erase this effect, but interactions mitigated some of the effects. Results suggest that educating young adults about risks of violence while useful, is not sufficient to change blaming attitudes. Educators may instead need to challenge the attribution process. Further research involving attributions toward gay and lesbian victims of domestic violence is suggested.
An approximate solution for solid-phase diffusion in a spherical particle in physics-based Li-ion cell models

Abstract An approximate solution is presented for the spherical diffusion equation for the spherical particles in a physics-based lithium-ion battery model. This approximate solution is compared to different numerical and analytic solutions for various boundary conditions. These comparisons reveal that our approximate solution can provide accuracy and time-efficiency in simulation. This approximate solution is much faster than the numerical and truncated analytical solutions at high current rate, and shows better long-time accuracy than the short-time analytical solution. This approximate solution can also be used as the porous electrode model.
Utility of the OpenAccess database in academic research

The proliferation of OpenAccess is opening promising new research opportunities to academic communities. The benefits of adopting an OpenAccess based approach to EDA research are growing, and we review a number of them. Among them is the ability to learn about a domain while writing software for it, increased ease of code reuse, high-quality benchmarks, and enhanced industry adoption.
X-Ray Analysis of the Molecular Compound of Homosulfanilamide and Sulfathiazole

The solid state structure of a 1 : 1 homosulfanilamide : Sulfathiazole adduct was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the acidic proton of sulfathiazole is abstracted by the aminomethyl group of homosulfanilamide to form a salt. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds are also involved in the stabilization of this "molecular compound".
Deviation of hydraulic fractures through poroelastic stress changes induced by fluid injection and pumping

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the deviation of hydraulic fractures associated with the poroelastic change of the in situ stress field caused by fluid injection and pumping in the reservoir. This mechanism is studied within the confines of a simple model involving one injection and one pumping well, and a hydraulic fracture propagating along the path initially equidistant from the two wells. Analysis of the fracture deviation from its straight-ahead path and determination of the conditions leading to attraction of the fracture by the injection well are both based on a theoretical study of the stress trajectories. Comparison of the analytical prediction of the fracture path with the computed path using a numerical technique shows excellent agreement between the two methods, provided that a certain dimensionless toughness is small. The principal results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, a fracture propagating along a path, initially midway between an injection and a pumping well, will always be deviated by the injection well due to the shear stress induced by fluid injection and pumping along the initial path. Second, the injection well acts as an attractor of hydraulic fractures propagating within its “attraction basin”. Then, the fracture will propagate toward the injection well rather than simply be deviated by it. One of the features of this attraction basin is the existence of a “fracture barrier” characterized by a 90° rotation of the principal stress directions, with respect to far-field principal directions. Third, fracture deviation and attraction towards the injection well appears to be primarily controlled by only two dimensionless quantities: Π = S 0 lσ∗ ., the ratio of the stress deviator at infinity over the characteristic stress σ∗ associated with injection and pumping of fluid, and π = 4ct/L2, a dimensionless time (where c is the diffusivity and L is the half-distance between the two wells). The number of significant parameters is thus remarkably less than expected from a dimensional consideration. Only in the region close to the injection well is there an influence of an additional number Π 1 = (P 0 − p 0 )lσ∗ , the ratio of the difference between the mean pressure at infinity and initial pore pressure to the characteristic stress σ∗.
The effect of induced anxiety on cognition: threat of shock enhances aversive processing in healthy individuals

Individuals with anxiety disorders demonstrate altered cognitive performance including (1) cognitive biases towards negative stimuli (affective biases) and (2) increased cognitive rigidity (e.g., impaired conflict adaptation) on affective Stroop tasks. Threat of electric shock is frequently used to induce anxiety in healthy individuals, but the extent to which this manipulation mimics the cognitive impairment seen in anxiety disorders is unclear. In this study, 31 healthy individuals completed an affective Stroop task under safe and threat-of-shock conditions. We showed that threat (1) enhanced aversive processing and abolished a positive affective bias but (2) had no effect on conflict adaptation. Threat of shock thus partially models the effects of anxiety disorders on affective Stroop tasks. We suggest that the affective state of anxiety—which is common to both threat and anxiety disorders—modulates the neural inhibition of subcortical aversive processing, whilst pathologies unique to anxiety disorders modulate conflict adaptation.
Natural convection in a vertical slot filled with porous medium

Abstract Natural convection in a porous rectangular cavity with isothermal vertical walls at different temperatures has been studied. It is found that for a given Rayleigh number Ra, the convection Nusselt number Nuc (or Nu-1), which represents the enhancement of heat transfer by convection, is inversely proportional to the height/width aspect ratio H as the latter increases. This leads to a very simple correlation expressed as NucH = a(H > Hm), where constant a and marginal aspect ratio Hm are determined numerically. It is demonstrated that this new correlation is consistent with the observation that for a given Ra, the effect of the top and bottom adiabatic ends is limited to a fixed length; beyond that, an aasymptotical parallel flow, which coincides with the analytical solution for an infinitely long enclosure, prevails around the mid-height of the enclosure. It is suggested that instead of Nu, Nuc (=Nu-1) be used in the correlation of Nu, Ra and H in order to cover results for high H and low Ra.
New insights on the mechanisms of the pH-independent reactions of benzo[a]pyrenes 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxides.

The rates and products of the reactions of (±)-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9β,10β-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (1) and (±)-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (2) in water and dioxane−water mixtures have been determined over a pH range wider than that of earlier studies. This study provides additional insight on the mechanisms of the pH-independent reactions of 1 and 2. The rate profile for reaction of 1 shows acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at pH 11.5. The rate decrease between pH 10 and pH 11.5 is accompanied by a decrease in the yield of tetrols from 60% (pH 8) to 29% (pH 11.2) and is interpreted to be the result of a partial change in mechanism brought about by attack of hydroxide ion acting as a base to deprotonate a carbocation intermediate and regenerate 1 at pH >10, thus reducing the contribution of the pathway for tetrol formation in which water attacks the carbocation. The rate pro...
Por escrito: De la palabra a la composición by FEBLES, JORGE, & CAROLYN HARRIS

A review of the book "Por escrito: De la palabra a la composicion," by Jorge Febles and Carolyn Harris is presented.
An energy criterion for the stress-induced martensitic transformation in a ductile system

Abstract An energy criterion is developed to calculate the stress-strain behavior of a ductile system involving martensitic transformation under the application of stress. The martensitic inclusions are taken to develop from the ductile austenitic matrix due to the reduction in the Gibbs free energy, which consists of the chemical free energy and the surface energy of the parent and product phases, and the mechanical potential energy of the nonlinear system. The inclusions thus formed are assumed to be thin spheroidal platelets, randomly oriented in the matrix, each possessing a normal and shear component of transformation strain. A micromechanical theory is established to determine the nonlinear potential energy and the change in Gibbs free energy of the two-phase system at a given stage of transformation. It is found that the stressstrain behavior of the metastable system is the outcome of two competing effects, one from the ductility due to the plastic deformation of the ductile matrix and the phase transformation strain of the martensite inclusions, and the other from the stiffness due to the purely elastic response of the transformed martensites. While the ductility prevails in the early stage of deformation the stiffening effect later becomes more dominant with increasing amount of transformation. The resulting stress-strain curve then exhibits the familiar sigmoidal shape, characteristically different from that of an ordinary ductile phase. The theory does not assume any a priori law for the evolving volume fraction of the martensite ; it is calculated incrementally based on the change of Gibbs free energy between the current and the transformed state. Nor does the theory assume any a priori flow rule for the transformation strains, which are calculated strictly from the lattice parameters of the parent and transformed phase. Comparison with some available experimental data for the stress-strain behavior of a TRIP steel and the corresponding evolution of the martensite content further shows a reasonable agreement.
Concentrated Fenofibrate Nanoparticle Suspensions from Melt Emulsification for Enhanced Drug Dissolution

Concentrated fenofibrate (FNB) nanoparticle suspensions are produced via an oil/water melt emulsification process from the micronized drug particles dispersed in water above the drug melting point. Sonication energy enables forming nanosized melt droplets, and nanosized solid particles upon subsequent cooling. Stabilization achieved via surface-active molecules is necessary to prevent coalescence of the droplets or agglomeration of the solid nanoparticles. Judicious selection of stabilizer and concentration resulted in 150-nm drug particles with solid loading up to 30 %. The hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance concept is applicable, facilitating selection of surfactants based on their chemical structure. The strong in vitro dissolution rate enhancement suggests improved FNB bioavailability.
The Translation of Teachers’ Understanding of Gifted Students Into Instructional Strategies for Teaching Science

This study examined how instructional challenges presented by gifted students shaped teachers’ instructional strategies. This study is a qualitative research grounded in a social constructivist framework. The participants were three high school science teachers who were teaching identified gifted students in both heterogeneously- and homogeneously-grouped classrooms. Major data sources are classroom observations and interviews. Data analysis indicated that these science teachers developed content-specific teaching strategies based on their understanding of gifted students, including: (a) instructional differentiation, e.g., thematic units, (b) variety in instructional mode and/or students’ products, (c) student grouping strategies and peer tutoring, (d) individualized support, (e) strategies to manage challenging questions, (f) strategies to deal with the perfectionism, and (g) psychologically safe classroom environments.
Capital and Carbuncles: The “Great Books” Reappraised.

Professor David Easton's widely discussed essay in academic psychoanalysis is indicative of the methodological trauma through which political science is now passing. Of particular interest is his chapter on political theory, which, according to his diagnosis, has suffered from a malady known as "decline into historicism."' His specific point of criticism is that the commentaries of Dunning, McIlwain, and Sabine have led students away from serious study of value theory. This kind of attack, however, does not get to the nub of the problem which surrounds political theory. For while political scientists seem to feel that political theory should be made the "heart" of their discipline,2 they will also have to acknowledge that the "heart" of political theory itself has been reading the "Great Books." A far greater indictment than Easton's, then, is that it is an unquestioning reliance on the "Great Books" which has served to thwart any significant expansion of the scope and function of political theory-in terms of value theory or any other kind. Students are told to read the books with great care. But why they have to read them at all is a question which has seldom been squarely confronted. Hence both undergraduates and graduate students come away, perhaps somewhat pleased that they can now quote a few choice axioms from Burke, but nonethemore edified as to how the learned authors of yesteryear can aid them in understanding the science of politics. The reason for this, as Easton has suggested and as I will make plain, is that the "Great Books" are primarily taught as history-more particularly, as history of ideas and historical biography-with often a smattering of logic added. The student of politics, when he comes to study theory, is immediately given an historian's pair of shoes. Virtually all the methods which he learned as a political scientist are painstakingly ignored. It is not being deprecatory of the study of history to point out that it is something quite different from the study of politics. It would be a grave error to fail to see that a knowledge of history is vital for the political scientist. He cannot understand the American Senate of 1954 without knowing something of the War between the States; he cannot claim to know today's House of Commons without appreciating its Elizabethan counterpart. But history, when used by the student of politics, must, like Harold Laski's expert, be on tap and not on top. For this reason, then, the polit-
Foundations for an Intercultural Philosophy of Christian Education

Abstract This article proposes a number of fundamental principles that seek to establish a solid platform for a philosophy of Christian Education that is culturally responsive and responsible. In this theological-practical reflection the author affirms that the context where most processes of Christian Education take place in the United States today is one profoundly marked by cultural diversity. Consequently, the locus, the subject, and the methodological questions concerning Christian Education must develop an intercultural perspective. There is an urgent need for effective intercultural models of Christian Education. The article provides a horizon to envision and ground such models.
Only the ring was square: frankie carbo and the underworld control of American boxing

(1988). Only the ring was square: frankie carbo and the underworld control of American boxing. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 29-52.
Surface Layer Formation on Thin-Film LiMn2 O 4 Electrodes at Elevated Temperatures

Thin-film LiMn 2 O 4 electrodes, which were exposed to pure dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or to a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and DMC (1:1 by volume) containing 1 M LiPF 6 at elevated temperatures, were studied by using X-ray diffraction, current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CSAFM). cyclic voltammetry, ordinary Raman spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Thin, electronically insulating surface layers were detected by CSAFM and SERS on all electrodes. The surface layer formed by exposure to DMC at 70°C was uniform and preserved the electrode structure, however, it led to complete electrode deactivation, probably due to loss of surface electronic conductivity and slower lithium-ion transport rates through the surface layer. A similar surface layer was formed when the electrodes were exposed to EC-DMC-LiPF 6 , however, the layer formed at 70°C did not prevent LiMn 2 O 4 decomposition and consequent electrode capacity loss In this case, manganese dissolution was observed, accompanied by the formation of λ-MnO 2 . SER spectra of the surface layers suggest that they were formed as a result of DMC decomposition at the LiMn 2 O 4 surface. The SER spectra displayed hands characteristic of Li-O-R, carbonate. and carboxyl groups. Derivatives of carbon-oxygen triple bonds or silver-carbon-oxygen groups, which are possibly a result of interactions between the surface layer and silver microparticles, were also detected.
SC-29THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF A NEWLY DISCOVERED NEURAL LIKE STEM CELL

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. However, due to their tumor-tropic migratory capacity, stem cells are emerging as feasible delivery vehicles to therapeutically target primary and invasive tumor cells. However, this approach faces a number of hurdles, including: (1) the potential tumorigenic and cancer propagating capacity of pluripotent cells; and (2) the inability to obtain certain autologous stem cells. Therefore the goal of this work is to establish the therapeutic potential of a newly discovered neural-like stem cell (NLSC) that we derived peripherally from a unique pericyte that we identified. Importantly, we found that NLSC possess similar characteristics as NG2-glia. We tested the tumor tropism of NLSCs in vitro using a transwell assay and found that they preferentially migrated towards conditioned media. Furthermore, we demonstrated that our NLSCs migrated directionally towards orthotopic GBMs in vivo. We also demonstrated the potential on NLSCs to artificially secrete a prototype therapeutic (TRAIL) and kill adjacent GBM cells in vitro. Importantly, when implanted orthotopically or subcutaneously for extended periods of time (> 4 weeks), NLSCs did not form tumors. To test if these NLSCs contributed to tumor progression, we tested their ability to support angiogenesis and transform into tumor associated fibroblasts (TAFs). Using both an in vitro endothelial tube formation assay and an in vivo matrigel plug assay, we found that NLSCs did not support angiogenesis, in contrast to MSCs. To test if our NLSCs transformed into TAFs, we exposed them to TGF-β and observed that only MSCs, but not NLSCs transformed into TAFs demonstrated by the expression of α-SMA and collagen type-1, both characteristic of fibroblast lineage. Based on these findings, NLSCs represent a novel promising peripherally derived source of stem cells that can potentially safely be used to deliver therapeutics to GBM.
Phenomenological analysis of the interacting boson model

The classical Hamiltonian of the interacting boson model is defined and expressed in terms of the conventional quadrupole variables. This is used in the analyses of the dynamics in the various limits of the model. The purpose is to determine the range and the features of the collective phenomena which the interacting boson model is capable of describing. In the commonly used version of the interacting boson model with one type of the $s$ and $d$ bosons and quartic interactions, this capability has certain limitations and the model should be used with care. A more sophisticated version of the interacting boson model with neutron and proton bosons is not discussed.
Optical characterization of MEMS micro-mirror arrays using digital holographic Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor: a new technique

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Micro-Mirror Arrays (MMAs) are widely used in advanced laser beam steering systems and as adaptive optical elements. The new generation of MEMS MMAs are fabricated by bulk micromachining of a single Silicon-On-Insulator wafer. Optical characterization of MEMS MMAs can be done by direct detection of the reflected beams or by using more advanced wavefront measuring techniques, such as a phase-shifting interferometer or Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. In the case of an interferometer, the geometry of the tested MMA can be calculated after performing the phase unwrapping procedure, which can be quite complex. In the latter case of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, careful selection of a highquality array of microlenses is required in order to match the capabilities of the wavefront sensor to the measured wavefront produced by the MMA. The presented digital Shack-Hartmann technique is a modified approach for wavefront characterization based on digital processing of the interferometer data. The optical wavefront from the tested MMA is mixed with the reference wavefront. Then the recorded interference intensity image is Fourier transformed producing digitally synthesized images of the optical beams in the far field. Therefore, the digital version of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor does not require the use of an array of microlenses and is primarily limited by the detector array geometry. One can digitally generate any configuration of subapertures corresponding to various geometries of microlenses. However, this new technique does require coherent optical mixing of the two wavefronts in order to produce the interference pattern.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Management Effects: A Substantively Motivated Approach to Panel Data Estimation

In recent years, the field of public management has begun to make use of panel data sets in quantitative research about governance and public policy. While panel data permit researchers to undertake more advanced and nuanced analyses than cross-sectional data, these benefits are not realized if methods designed for cross-sectional data are used instead. This article outlines different approaches to panel data estimation, illustrating differences in the estimates produced by each approach using data from 1,000 Texas public school districts drawn across 11 years. Our findings suggest that researchers should be cautious in differentiating between relationships that occur “between” organizations and those that occur “within” an organization.
Stressors of College: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Students

Perceived stress and stressors of nontraditional (returning-adult) and traditional college students were compared. Forty-seven nontraditional students 24-54 years old and 47 traditional students, matched for demographics, completed the Adolescent Perceived Events Scale (Compas, Davis, Forsythe, & Wagner, 1987) for college students. They rated 210 life events according to the desirability, impact, and frequency of the events. Significant differences were found between the nontraditional and traditional students for events in the following categories: academics, peer and social relations, family and network, autonomy and responsibility, and intimacy. Nontraditional students enjoyed going to classes and doing homework more, whereas traditional students worried more about school performance. Peer events, including social activities, had much more impact on traditional students, whereas nontraditional students reported much more responsibility in the home. The results suggest that there are significant differences between the groups in their perceptions of stressors.
Simulation and verification of a piezoelectrically actuated diaphragm for check valve micropump design

Abstract This paper presents a design guideline for a piezoelectric actuated check valve diaphragm micropump for microfluidic applications. Diaphragm average displacement was adopted in analyzing a piezoelectrically actuated diaphragm. For the first time, the relationship between the stroke volume and backpressure of a check valve diaphragm micropump were simulated with a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool. The simulated results reasonably agreed to the experimental results of the micropump.
The use of carbon-utilization profiling to determine sources of fecal contamination in a central Texas watershed

The purpose of this research was to characterize the relationship of Escherichia coli isolates from various animals, sewage, and water based on carbon substrate utilization patterns, and to use these patterns to determine the dominant contributors of nonpoint source fecal pollution to a central Texas reservoir from its watershed. We collected 1028 fecal samples from cattle, companion animals, goat, horse, poultry, sewage, sheep, and wildlife, collectively. From these, 1915 E. coli fecal isolates were analyzed. We collected 100 water samples throughout the North Bosque watershed; 910 E. coli water isolates were analyzed. The Biolog system was used to generate a carbon-utilization pattern for each isolate. A dendrogram constructed from the carbon-utilization patterns demonstrated that isolates from the same source category usually clustered together, excluding water isolates that were spread over many clusters. A bacterial-source tracking library was constructed from the carbon-utilization data obtained fro...
Three key categories to implement supply chain MPS in a semiconductor foundry

The MPS (master production schedule) is the most important plan that a foundry can develop for production, inventory, staffing, etc. It sets the quantity of each end-item to be completed during each specific period of a short-range planning horizon. In the past, the production control engineers in a semiconductor foundry normally provided a monthly MPS plan. However, this was thought to be too inflexible, because the foundry's customer delivery requirements were continually changing, with a variety of different and urgent requests to meet the consumer market. A foundry needs to rapidly calculate and simulate its capacity, and attempt to fulfil the delivery requirements of every customer, and has become a very important issue within the semiconductor industry. In recent years, many foundries have established a supply chain feasibility study group, and have begun to study the best solutions to integrated supply chain management system issues that provide total customer-oriented internal planning and the execution of business processes. After several years of effort, the automatic MPS was successfully implemented in certain foundries. It became possible to have a flexible daily updated MPS that included input related to capacity status, the most updated order information and WlP balance, and the net results. The foundry could then follow the up-to-date data to meet its delivery goals, providing a major enhancement to the most important aspect of customer service-delivery
Centrally mediated opioid induced depression of hepatic glutathione: effects of intracerebroventricular administration of mu, kappa, sigma and delta agonists.

Abstract It has recently been demonstrated that morphine produces a loss of hepatocellular glutathione in mice by virtue of its action within the central nervous system. The ability of opioid receptor antagonists to abolish morphine's effect glutatione suggests that this action is opioid-receptor mediated. The involvement of opioid receptors in this phenomenon is confirmed in the present study in mice by the ability of naltrexone, 100 μg administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v),to completely block the decrease in hepatic glutathione induced by an i.c.v. injection of 100 μg of morphine. Intracerebroventricular administration of the selective mu (μ) opioid receptor agonist, (D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol5)enkephalin (DAGO; 25–50 μg), or the selective delta (δ) opioid agonist, [ D -Pen2, D -Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE; 3–50 μg), like morphine, produced significant decreases in hepatic glutathione 3 h after administration. The selective kappa (κ) opioid receptor agonists, ethylketocyclazocine (1–30 μg) and trans-(±)3,4-dichloro-N-methyl- N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]benzenacetamide-methane sufonate (U50 488; 10–300 μg), as well as the selective sigma (gs) opioid agonists, phencyclidine (PCP; 50–300 μx) and N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10 047; 1–30 μg), had no effect on the concentrations of glutathione ion the liver. It appears from these data that stimulation of μ- or δ-, but not κ- or σ-opioid receptors within the] central nervous system in a loss of hepatocelluclar glutatione
A new ‘tapir’ from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada — Implications for northern high latitude palaeobiogeography and tapir palaeobiology

The oldest and northernmost record of the tapir lineage, Thuliadanta mayri gen. et sp. nov. from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada (78°50′N) implies that tapiroid evolution was well underway by early Eocene (Wasatchian) time in northern high latitudes, and raises the possibility of a North American origin for the group. Phylogenetic analyses place the new Arctic tapir as the sister group to the later more advanced Desmatotherium, Colodon, and Irdinolophus. A phylogenetically-derived biogeographic reconstruction posed here suggests the tapir lineage may represent a rare instance of counterflow wherein an exotic North American taxon invaded Asia during the early Eocene. Moreover, Thuliadanta seems a plausible ancestor to Desmatotherium from both continents, suggesting that this branch of the tapir lineage may have originated at high latitudes and subsequently dispersed from there to mid-latitudes. Thuliadanta's occurrence on Ellesmere Island indicates that northern high latitudes should also be evaluated as a potential source area for some of the exotic taxa appearing in mid-latitudes during Eocene time. Using today's tapirs, and specifically the mountain tapir, as analogs, Thuliadanta seems a plausible year-round inhabitant in the mild temperate lowland forests of the Eocene High Arctic.
Strawson and the pains of others

(1965). Strawson and the pains of others. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 73-77.
Mitochondrial DNA Mutations May Contribute to Aging Via Cell Death Caused by Peptides that Induce Cytochrome c Release

Mice wherein the wild-type mitochondrial DNA polymerase (pol γ) is replaced by a proofreading-deficient version are born with mutation frequencies in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) much higher than are ever normally seen in old rodents or humans. These mice, however, are phenotypically normal at birth, raising the question regarding how the much lower frequencies observed in normal aging could possibly contribute to the aging process. In contrast, transgenic mice with cardiac-specific expression of a proofreading-deficient poly γ from birth onwards accumulate mtDNA mutations to levels normally seen in aging. But these mice develop dilated cardiomyopathy suggesting that age-related mtDNA mutations are pathogenic. Using computer simulation, we show that both findings are predicted based on the hypotheses that (1) rare lethal mutations that cause apoptosis underlie the pathogenesis of mutagenesis in mtDNA and (2) most sporadic mtDNA mutations are phenotypically recessive and therefore nonpathogenic. Biochemical evidence is presented that mitochondria with mtDNA mutations generate a peptide that causes the release of cytochrome c, providing a mechanism for the increased apoptosis observed in aging. Simulation also predicts that normal, age-related accumulation of mtDNA mutations causes significant levels of cell death. These findings suggest that mtDNA mutations play an important role in the aging process and that their pathogenic mechanism is linked to apoptosis.
Diagnostic testing of vitrectomy specimens.

Purpose To assess the usefulness of diagnostic tests that are performed on vitrectomy specimens from patients with suspected lymphoma or infection. Design Noncomparative, retrospective, interventional case series. Methods Seventy-eight consecutive patients (84 eyes) underwent pars plana vitrectomy for diagnostic purposes. Vitrectomy with cytologic, cytofluorographic, or microbiologic analysis of vitreous samples was performed. The main outcome measures were the efficiency of diagnostic procedure and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Results There were 28 patients (33 eyes) with suspected intraocular lymphoma and 50 patients (51 eyes) with suspected infection, which was subdivided into chronic endogenous endophthalmitis, atypical chorioretinitis, or chronic postoperative inflammation. Vitreous testing led to a diagnosis in 48 of 78 patients (61.5%); 14 patients with a final diagnosis of lymphoma/leukemia, and 34 patients with a final diagnosis of infection. When preoperative indication was compared with final clinical diagnosis, the efficiency of the diagnostic procedure of cytologic evaluation, flow cytometry, and bacterial/fungal culture was 67%, 79%, and 96%, respectively. For lymphoma, the PPV of cytologic evaluation was 100% and the NPV 60.9%. For infection, the PPV of bacterial/fungal culture was 100% and the NPV 94.9%. CD22+ B lymphocytes ≥20% of total cells on cytofluorographic analysis had a PPV of 88% for lymphoma. A cytofluorographic CD4:CD8 T-lymphocyte ratio ≥4 had a PPV of 70% for immunologically mediated uveitis. Surgical complications were rare and manageable. Conclusion Diagnostic vitrectomy in selected patients with carefully planned testing is an effective means of supporting diagnoses in intraocular lymphoma, chronic intraocular infections, and atypical chorioretinitis. Flow cytometry quantitates the percentages and ratios of various cell types and is helpful in contrasting intraocular lymphoma with immunologically mediated uveitis.
Dynamics and control of a multi-body planar pendulum

The explicit equations of motion for a gen- eral n-body planar pendulum are derived in a simple and concise manner. A new and novel approach for obtaining these equations using mathematical induc- tion on the number bodies in the pendulum system is used. Assuming that the parameters of the system are precisely known, a simple method for its control that is inspired by analytical dynamics is developed. The control methodology provides closed-form nonlinear control and makes no approximations/linearizations of the nonlinear system. No a priori structure is imposed on the controller. Globally, asymptotic Lyapunov sta- bilityisachievedalongwiththeminimizationofauser- provided control cost at each instant of time. This con- trolmethodologyisthenextendedtoincludeuncertain- tiesintheparametersofthesystemthroughtheuseofan
Interfacial chemistry and energy band line-up of pentacene with the GaN (0 0 0 1) surface

The chemical nature of the GaN surface combined with the bulk and surface electronic structure opens new potential application areas for this material. The nature of specific organic-GaN was developed for two cases in which the surface electronic structure of such interfaces was developed and utilized. The band alignment between n-GaN and pentacene was determined for surfaces prepared through reaction with HCl. The energy band offset was estimated through combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission measurements. XPS measurements indicated that there was no interfacial chemical reaction. The measured valence band offset between the n-GaN and the vapor-deposited pentacene was estimated to be greater than 2 eV providing a favorable band-offset for hole-injection from the GaN layer into pentacene. The surface of a AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistor (HFET) structures was also functionalized by an adsorbed hemin layer and was shown to be sensitive to the presence of reactive species such as NO. The HFET structure provides enhanced sensitivity to changes in the surface electric field, altered through the adsorption of chemically active species either directly on the surface or through the interactions with surface functionalization.
Gap-Leaping Western Boundary Current in a Circular Tank Model

Abstract An oceanographically generic problem of the interaction of a boundary current with bathymetric features such as a gap in the ridge or a strait between two islands is considered. Multiple flow patterns (penetrating or leaping the gap) and hysteresis (dependence on prior evolution) may exist in such systems. Examples include the Gulf Stream leaping from the Yucatan to Florida and the Kuroshio leaping from Luzon to Taiwan. Using numerical analysis, Sheremet earlier found that multiple steady states can be explained by variation in the balance between the inertia (which promotes leaping state) and the β effect (which promotes penetrating state). In the present work a verification of the multiple states and hysteresis in a laboratory model are offered. To set up a gap-leaping current, a circular tank with a sloping bottom (simulating the β effect) is used, and the flow is driven using a new method of pumping fluid through sponges (thus generating a Sverdrup flow in the interior). A semicircular ridge ...
The Potential Harvest of the Sea

Abstract Postwar growth of world marine fisheries has been rapid, from 17 million metric tons in 1948 to 40 million in 1962, and recently seems to have accelerated. Crude estimates of the potential total harvest may be made on the basis of information about unfished regions and underexploited stocks. These lead the author to conclude that, without radical changes in fishing techniques, or radical intervention, as for example by extensive aquaculture, the harvest can easily be increased by a factor of two, and probably four. It should also be possible to estimate potential harvest from net photosynthetic productivity and rates of transfer of materials through the food web to harvestable species, but such estimates are imprecise due to lack of good information about routes and rates of transfer. However, they support a conclusion that a potential harvest of 200 million tons a year is probably conservative. By harvesting species lower in the food chain, in areas where they occur in economically catchable agg...
Changes in rat liver plasma membrane phospholipids during aging.

SummaryPhospholipid distribution in livers and liver plasma membrane preparations were determined on rats of various weights. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine levels decreased from 18% of liver membrane phospholipids in rats of 62 g to 12% of membrane phospholipid in rats of 500 g. No differences were apparent in other phospholipid classes.
Neither Confusing Cacophony Nor Culinary Complements A Case Study of Mixed Metaphors for Genomic Science

This article undertakes a close rhetorical reading of the speeches given by Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Francis Collins, and Craig Venter on June 26, 2000, at the White House ceremony announcing the completion of the Human Genome Project. Specifically, it looks at the metaphors used by each speaker to describe the activity of genomic scientists. Scientific activity regarding the genome was metaphorically compared to such actions as producing a map, opening a frontier, unlocking a vault, drawing a blueprint, reading an instruction manual, and learning a language. This article argues that these metaphors and the way in which they interact with each other can oversimplify the subject matter under discussion and can conflict with the ethical goals that the authors explicitly proclaim. An examination of the interaction between metaphorical vehicles in this particular case study amends some earlier claims that the author made in a theoretical reflection on the problems and the possibilities of mixed metaphors in ...
Retrospective review of 1170 endosseous implants placed in partially edentulous jaws

Abstract Statement of problem. Implant-supported restorations in the partially edentulous jaw have been performed at the Mayo Clinic for more than 10 years. Clinical performance of the implants and the prostheses should be reported to ensure effectiveness of this procedure. Purpose. This retrospective study described results for implant survival, implant fracture rate, prosthetic complications, and design changes that may impact these results. Material and methods. A retrospective chart review was conducted of all registered implant patients in a large multispecialty medical center. Patients with a partially edentulous jaw who had received endosseous implants to support and retain dental prostheses were included in this review. Implant survival and fracture, prosthetic complications, and demographic data were recorded and analyzed through Kaplan-Meier methods. Results. A total of 1170 implants were placed in four anatomic locations: anterior maxilla, posterior maxilla, anterior mandible, or posterior mandible. Location of implants was shown to have no effect on implant survival ( p = 0.7398), implant fracture rates ( p = 0.2385), screw loosening ( p = 0.8253), or screw fracture ( p = 0.2737). Development of new restorative components has resulted in significantly better rates of implant survival without fracture ( p = 0.0054), screw function without loosening ( p p = 0.0013). Implant survival seems to have been improved with the new components ( p = 0.0513). Conclusions. Implant survival in this study was independent of anatomic location of implants. Virtually all clinical performance factors were improved by design changes in implant restorative components that were brought to market in early 1991. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:415-21.)
Flatpea organogenesis from callus cultures

Abstract Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) tissues originating from several European accessions were regeneration potential on several media formulations. Low-frequency, whole-plant regeneration of flatpea was obtained from hypocotyl-derived callus cultures, although the primary response of all accessions was root formation without shoots. Conditions for optimum whole plant-regeneration included callus initiation on a modified Schenk-Hildebrandt low-ammonium (SH-LA) medium containing 5.0 μM indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 2.5 μM zeatin followed by two subcultures and transfer of calli to morphogenesis medium, basal (SH-LA) medium containing 1.0 μM zeatin and 0.1 μM IAA. A medium containing 2.5 μM zeatin and 1.0 μM IAA was also effective for morphogenesis. Root and shoot primordia developed in several cultures, approximately 60 days after explant transfer to callus induction medium. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (DABA) content was not appreciably reduced in regenerated material.
Calculations of 3D mirror equilibria using a finite element vector potential representation

Abstract Several applications of plasma equilibrium models require a suitable continuous representation for the magnetic field. For example, numerical generation of single particle orbits in these fields requires that the continuum representation maintain ▿ · B = 0 or at least keep it very small. Performing the interpolation analysis in terms of the vector potential A guarantees ▿ · B = 0, whereas using the magnetic induction B does not. The code presented here uses A as the primary dependent variable. A finite element representation employing tricubic splines significantly reduces spatial truncation errors compared to conventional finite difference methods. The theoretical equilibrium model allows pressure functions of the form P ( B , ψ = P( B ) ω(ψ). A modified long-thin approximation is derived which includes field line curvature effects; it agrees well with the results obtained from the code. Some results pertinent to the MFTF- B experiment are presented.