cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Taylor Instability” of the Surface of an Elastic-Plastic Plate

Surface bumps or waves of initial amplitude h 0 and wavelength λ grow in a ductile metal plate when it is subjected to a sufficiently large acceleration α in the direction of the inward normal from the surface to the plate. This “Taylor instability” is explained and explicit results are given that agree with the main features of the one set of experiments that have been reported. In this first approximation the metal of density ρ is supposed isotropic and perfectly plastic with yield strength σ 0 in uniaxial tension or compression that is twice the yield strength in shear. A threshold value is found for ρσh 0 below which no (appreciable) growth will take place and above which the increase of amplitude h is very rapid with time t. For plates of thickness H appreciably greater than λ , and ρσh 0 above the threshold (1 + π/2) σ 0 F , where β = and F is a shape factor that ranges from 1/2 for a square wave of amplitude h 0 and total height from crest to trough of 2 h 0 , to π/4 for a sinusoidal wave, to unity for a rectangular bump and π/2 for a half sine wave bump of height h 0 on a flat surface.
Process Variation Challenges and Solutions Approaches

The technical and economic impacts of worsening process variations and intra-die device mismatches are elaborated in this chapter, especially with regards to product yield, reliability, and manufacturing cost. This introduction is followed by a survey of diverse built-in testing and calibration approaches aimed at enhancing performance, yield, and reliability in the presence of variations.
Intransitive Verbs and Auxiliaries

In Italian there are two particularly striking facts, originally brought to my attention by D. Perlmutter, which suggest that the class of verbs traditional grammar refers to as ‘intransitive’ is not homogeneous, and in particular that there exist important structural differences between sentences like (1a) and (1b).
Conflicts & Biases: Role of Information Avoidance & Intuition in Shaping Decision Strategies

When confronted with a decision, we can consider the optimal ways to approach it, including which information to seek and follow (or avoid) and which decision-making strategy to utilize. As we judg...
Overview of systemic treatment in recurrent and advanced cervical cancer: a primer for radiologists

Imaging has a central role in surveillance of cervical cancer, guiding decision on when to initiate treatment for recurrent disease and to guide management in advanced cervical cancer. Due to the increased availability of pelvic radiation therapy, the rate of atypical presentation of recurrent disease has increased. Simultaneously, the array of systemic therapies now available for advanced cervical cancer has considerably expanded in the last few years, with therapies now available in mid and low-income countries. While pelvic recurrences are amenable of loco-regional treatment, recurrent disease may present with metastases to the thoracoabdominal organs, lymph nodes, bones, skin and brain, for which systemic treatment represent the standard of care. Besides combined chemotherapy regimens, alternative chemotherapies, biosimilars and immune checkpoint inhibitors are now available, each associated with a definite pattern of response and toxicity. In this review, after describing the typical and atypical presentations of recurrent and advanced cervical carcinoma on cross-sectional imaging, we will discuss systemic treatment for recurrent or advanced disease and their associated radiographic sequelae, in light of the newly available therapies.
An Unusual New Species of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) from Colombia

A new species, Phyllanthus mutisianus, is described on the basis of a collection from Colombia made by the expedition of Jose Mutis. It is distinguishable from all other neotropical species of Phyllanthus by virtue of the distinctive leaf venation and very long fruiting pedicels. The type specimen lacks mature flowers, but the vegetative morphology, inflorescence, and fruiting structures suggest placement in subgenus Xylophylla, section Elutanthos.
Estimated Quality of Life and Economic Outcomes Associated With 12 Cervical Cancer Screening Strategies: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis.

Importance Many cervical cancer screening strategies are now recommended in the United States, but the benefits, harms, and costs of each option are unclear. Objective To estimate the cost-effectiveness of 12 cervical cancer screening strategies. Design, Setting, and Participants The cross-sectional portion of this study enrolled a convenience sample of 451 English-speaking or Spanish-speaking women aged 21 to 65 years from September 22, 2014, to June 16, 2016, identified at women's health clinics in San Francisco. In this group, utilities (preferences) were measured for 23 cervical cancer screening–associated health states and were applied to a decision model of type-specific high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV)–induced cervical carcinogenesis. Test accuracy estimates were abstracted from systematic reviews. The evaluated strategies were cytologic testing every 3 years for women aged 21 to 65 years with either repeat cytologic testing in 1 year or immediate hrHPV triage for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), cytologic testing every 3 years for women age 21 to 29 years followed by cytologic testing plus hrHPV testing (cotesting), or primary hrHPV testing alone for women aged 30 to 65 years. Screening frequency, abnormal test result management, and the age to switch from cytologic testing to hrHPV testing (25 or 30 years) were varied. Analyses were conducted from both the societal and health care sector perspectives. Main Outcomes and Measures Utilities for 23 cervical cancer screening–associated health states (cross-sectional study) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and total costs for each strategy. Results Utilities were measured in a sociodemographically diverse group of 451 women (mean [SD] age, 38.2 [10.7] years; 258 nonwhite [57.2%]). Cytologic testing every 3 years with repeat cytologic testing for ASC-US yielded the most lifetime QALYs and conferred more QALYs at higher costs ($2166 per QALY) than the lowest-cost strategy (cytologic testing every 3 years with hrHPV triage of ASC-US). All cytologic testing plus hrHPV testing (cotesting) and primary hrHPV testing strategies provided fewer QALYs at higher costs. Adding indirect costs did not change the conclusions. In sensitivity analyses, hrHPV testing every 5 years with genotyping triage beginning at age 30 years was the lowest-cost strategy when hrHPV test sensitivity was markedly higher than cytologic test sensitivity or when hrHPV test cost was equated to the lowest reported cytologic test cost ($14). Conclusions and Relevance Cytologic testing every 3 years for women aged 21 to 29 years with either continued cytologic testing every 3 years or switching to a low-cost hrHPV test every 5 years confers a reasonable balance of benefits, harms, and costs. Comparative modeling is needed to confirm the association of these novel utilities with cost-effectiveness.
The Routledge Handbook of Chinese second language acquisition, edited by Chuanren Ke

This article reviews The Routledge Handbook of Chinese second language acquisition 978-113894-660-6
Cut Negative Tax out of Step-Up at Death

In this article, Johnson argues that Congress should exclude double deductions and negative taxes from the step-up in basis under section 1014. This proposal is the first of three Shelf Projects designed to prune back the basis step-up under section 1014. The Shelf Project is a collaboration of tax professionals to propose and perfect ideas to protect and develop methods for raising revenue in ways that improve the fairness and efficiency of the tax system.
EVALUATION OF THE INTER- AND INTRAINDIVIDUAL AGREEMENT OF A PODODERMATITIS SCORING MODEL IN GREATER FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS ROSEUS)

Pododermatitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in flamingos under human care; management and treatment options vary widely based on subjective assessment from veterinarians or animal care staff (ACS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement of pododermatitis severity scores assigned by veterinarians, ACS, and veterinary students when given a standardized rubric. Twenty-four greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) from a single zoo-managed flock were evaluated over time for pododermatitis. The individual feet of each bird were imaged, blinded, randomized, and scored for hyperkeratosis, fissures, nodules, papillomatous growth, and overall subjective score by seven evaluators (three veterinary specialists, two ACS, and two veterinary students) using a previously established flamingo pododermatitis scoring rubric. Interindividual reliability between evaluators and intraindividual agreement among specialists was determined. Reliable interindividual agreement was seen for fissures (Krippendorff's α [KA] = 0.807) between all seven evaluators, whereas the other individual lesions had very low reliability. Between the specialists, fissures had low interindividual reliability (KA = 0.782). Two specialists had strong intraindividual agreement for fissure score and one specialist had strong intraindividual agreement for overall subjective score (Cohen's κ [CK] 0.8-0.9, P < 0.01). Hyperkeratosis, papillomatous growth, nodules, and overall subjective score had low to moderate inter- and intraindividual reliability or agreement (KA, 0.06-0.49; CK, 0.02-0.8). In conclusion, the current scoring method for flamingo pododermatitis does not supply a reliable method for tracking foot health based on images alone across timepoints, except for fissures. Further analysis of the scoring system being used during a physical examination is warranted.
A fake news inoculation? Fact checkers, partisan identification, and the power of misinformation

Previous research finds that misinformation is often difficult to correct once a person accepts it as truth. Nonetheless, a few studies have shown evidence that fact-checkers can help lower an indi...
Pathophysiology of Types of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes

In this chapter, we will describe the many and varied types of diabetes that can affect youth. We will also discuss the synthesis of insulin and mechanisms regulating β-cell secretion in non-diabetic individuals, as well as insulin-mediated glucose clearance. The development of hyperglycemia and pathogenesis of ketogenesis in type 1 diabetes will be presented, as well as differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Quantitative depth profiling of Al in SiC using time of flight–secondary ion mass spectroscopy

Historically, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy (D-SIMS) has been used to quantitatively monitor the depth distribution of species present in low concentrations in samples/devices. We are not aware of any manuscript that describes the use of time of flight–secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) to perform quantitative analysis of aluminum present at low concentrations in silicon carbide (SiC) wafer substrates. In this paper, we will show that ToF-SIMS is able to replicate D-SIMS analysis. However, analysis at the lowest concentrations requires the collection of more spectral images at each depth. Tables of sputtering rates and sputtering yields, in addition to relative sensitivity factors are provided. We also highlight the benefits of ToF-SIMS analysis.
Shared Christian Religious Identity, Religiousness, and Marital Satisfaction.

This study investigates whether shared Christian religious identity between spouses, individual/shared religiousness, and satisfaction with that religiousness affects individual and marital satisfa...
'Tempus Loquendi, Tempus Tacendi' the Politics and Motives of Archbishop William J. Walsh: 1916-1921

Archbishop William J. Walsh seems to exist largely in the background of Irish Historiography during the highly volatile and revolutionary period between 1916 and 1921. Historians studying Archbishop Walsh during this time frame have, thus far, primarily relied on Father Michael Curran’s witness statement to the Bureau of Military History. Father Curran was the Archbishop’s secretary from 1909 to 1919 and was, himself, an ardent Nationalist, and so his references, inferences, and conclusions regarding the Archbishop are tinged with a slightly radical nature. Thus far few historians seemed to have felt the need to truly analyze the Archbishop’s life during the revolutionary period as, according to Curran, his actions and opinions were no different than a fairly large contingent of Nationalist Ireland – he was a Nationalist Archbishop, and everything he did stemmed from that ‘fact’. But this research, while dependent on Father Curran’s statement, has checked it against Walsh’s own writings, along with related documents found in the Dublin Diocesan Archive, and has attempted to challenge the largely accepted view of the Archbishop as an ardent Nationalist in order to portray the Archbishop how he actually was, rather than how he was re-imagined as being.
Enhanced Schedulability Tests for Real-Time Regularity-Based Virtualized Systems with Dependent and Self-Suspension Tasks

As virtualization becomes increasingly popular, more critical applications that require real-time performance guarantees are deployed on virtualized systems. In such systems, the Hierarchical Real-Time Scheduling (HiRTS) framework divides the scheduling problem into task-level scheduling and resource-level scheduling. Specifically, resource-level scheduling divides a physical resource into multiple resource partitions while task-level scheduling schedules the tasks on each resource partition. Accordingly, the Regularity-based Resource Partitioning (RRP) model offers efficient resource-level scheduling. Despite the availability of adequate resource-level tools, the task-level scheduling based on the RRP model still has a scope for improvements. To extend the applicability of the RRP model under a variety of task workload environments, this paper offers: (1) a more practical schedulability test for independent tasks whose key parameters, i.e., Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET), period and deadline, are non-integral multiples of a time slice; (2) a tuned Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling approach and a corresponding schedulability test for intra-VM dependent tasks; (3) schedulability tests for self-suspended tasks based on Fixed-Relative-Deadline (FRD) scheduling strategies.
Continuous glucose monitoring in primary care - are we there?

Purpose of review In this review, we examine the expanding role of continuous glucose monitoring in glycaemic management in primary care. Recent findings Improving technology and decreasing cost have increased the uptake of use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for glycaemic management in primary care, wherein most diabetes is managed. Optimized use of this technology, however, will require a convergence of several factors. Availability of devices for people with diabetes, availability of data at the time of clinical interactions, and expertise in interpretation of CGM and ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) data, as well as optimization of therapies, will be required. Significant progress has been made in all three areas in recent years, yet creating systems of support for widespread use of CGM in primary care remains an area of active investigation. Summary There has been significant uptake in the use of CGM in the management of diabetes in primary care. Optimized use, however, requires both access to CGM data and the expertise to use the data. Although promising strategies have emerged, the task of generalizing these strategies to the broad population of primary care in America is ongoing. CGM technology holds significant potential for improving glycaemic management in primary care, yet important work remains to leverage the full potential of this promising technology.
The molecular physiology of citrate.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular physiology of citrate. It discusses the properties of the enzymes that metabolized citrate. High concentrations of citrate are found in bone and other biominerals, in prostate and seminal fluid as a fermentation product of molds, and in citrus fruits. Citric acid has pK values of about 3.1,4.8, and 6.4 so that in most cells it will exist mainly as the trianion. The acid does not have an unpleasant sour taste and this property makes it commercially important as an acidulant in many pharmaceutical and food products. There are three kinds of proteins that bind citrate. There are the enzymes that form, break down, or modify citrate. There are proteins that transport citrate across biomembranes and, moreover, there are enzymes whose activities are affected when they bind citrate.
THE BALANCE OF ACID-FORMING AND BASE-FORMING ELEMENTS IN FOODS, AND ITS RELATION TO AMMONIA METABOLISM

In continuation of previous work1 ash analyses have been made of a number of foods and from the percentages of total sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine on the one hand, and of sodium, potasium, calcium and magnesium on the other, the excess of acid over base or of base over acid which will result from the oxidation of the food has been calculated. Previous ash analyses have also been studied and supplemented by such determinations as were necessary to permit the calculation of this balance for a wide range of food materials. Meats and eggs show a predominance of acid-forming elements; in fruits and vegetables the base-forming elements predominate. From this standpoint the fruits and vegetables tend to balance the meats of the diet. Milk and the cereals contain acid-forming and base-forming elements in more nearly equivalent proportions.Through the kindness of Mr. L. H. Smith, samples of corn which had been bred through ten generations for high and low protein content respectively were obtained from the Illi...
Validating and Securing Spontaneous Associations between Wireless Devices

One of the sought-after characteristics of mobile and ubiquitous computing environments is for devices to become spontaneously associated and interoperate over wireless networks. However, unlike the cable that connects two devices in a wired association, a wireless network does not provide a physical indication of which device is on the other end of the association. Further, the messages sent over a wireless network are readily accessible to other devices on the same network. Hence, a spontaneous wireless association is subject to various spoofing and replay attacks. We introduce protocols to thwart these attacks by physically validating the two devices in a wireless association and, in so doing, exchanging a shared session key between them for subsequent secure communication.
Correcting for Measurement Error in a Stochastic Frontier Model: A Fishery Context

Using data from the Mid-Atlantic surfclam fishery, this study examines the effect of measurement error on the analysis of technical efficiency. After specifying a stochastic frontier model and estimating it under naive analysis, a measurement error correction technique known as Simulation Extrapolation (SIMEX) is used to obtain less biased estimates of technical efficiency and production parameters. The SIMEX estimates of the stochastic frontier model agree with economic theory and show that important relationships between technical efficiency and vessel characteristics are present, something the naive estimates do not. Both sets of estimates show regional variation in technical efficiency, possibly due to declining landings per-uniteffort, suggesting future fishery management should take this into account.
A Hierarchical Distance-dependent Bayesian Model for Event Coreference Resolution

We present a novel hierarchical distance-dependent Bayesian model for event coreference resolution. While existing generative models for event coreference resolution are completely unsupervised, our model allows for the incorporation of pairwise distances between event mentions â€” information that is widely used in supervised coreference models to guide the generative clustering processing for better event clustering both within and across documents. We model the distances between event mentions using a feature-rich learnable distance function and encode them as Bayesian priors for nonparametric clustering. Experiments on the ECB+ corpus show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods for both within- and cross-document event coreference resolution.
Does a Nutritious Diet Cost More in Food Deserts

Food deserts and their potential effects on diet and nutrition have received much attention from policymakers. While some research has found a correlation between food deserts and consumer outcomes, it is unclear whether food deserts truly affect consumer choices. In this article, we compare food prices in food deserts, defined as low‐income, low‐access census tracts, and nonfood deserts to observe whether and to what extent consumers face higher prices for a complete diet in food deserts. If a nutritionally complete diet costs significantly more in food deserts, resident consumers may be constrained from consuming healthier foods. We use store‐level scanner data from a nationally representative sample and calculate a census‐tract level Exact Price Index (EPI) based on a food basket defined by the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP). The EPI addresses potential biases from both product heterogeneity and variety availability. We find that the overall price impact of living in a food desert is small; low‐access areas have only 3.5% higher EPI than high‐access counterparts. However, consumers who are constrained to shop within their own census tracts face a much higher EPI than high‐access counterparts (9.2%). The higher EPI primarily comes from lower variety availability in food deserts.
Portfolio Optimization and Corporate Networks: Extending the Black Litterman Model

The Black Litterman (BL) model for portfolio optimization combines investors’ expectations with the Markowitz framework. The BL model is designed for investors with private information or with knowledge of market behavior. In this paper I propose a method where investors’ expectations are based on accounting variables, recommendations of financial analysts, and social network indicators of financial analysts and corporate directors. The results show promise when compared to those of an investor that only uses market price information. I also provide recommendations about trading strategies using the results of my model.
Health, Government, and Irving Fisher

This paper provides a few historical notes on government involvement in health, followed by a summary of the theoretical arguments that economists offer in its support. Irving Fisher's views and recommendations about health are examined in the light of today's perceptions concerning health, health economics, and health policy. The wide variety of roles that the U.S. and other governments currently play in health is reviewed, and the ability of economics to explain these roles is assessed. The consequences of government involvement for the health of populations, for expenditures on health care, and for political and social stability are examined. The paper concludes with an overview of new worldwide trends in health policy and some probable explanations for these trends.
Fast magnetic field penetration into an intense neutralized ion beam

Experiments involving propagation of neutralized ion beams1 across a magnetic field indicate a magnetic field penetration time determined by the Hall resistivity rather than the Spitzer or Pedersen resistivity. In magnetohydrodynamics the Hall current is negligible because electrons and ions drift together in response to an electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field. For a propagating neutralized ion beam, the ion orbits are completely different from the electron orbits and the Hall current must be considered. There would be no effect unless there is a component of magnetic field normal to the surface2 which would usually be absent for a good conductor. It is necessary to consider electron inertia and the consequent penetration of the normal component to a depth c/ω p . In addition it is essential to consider a component of magnetic field parallel to the velocity of the beam which may be initially absent, but is generated by the Hall effect. The penetration time is determined by whistler waves rather than diffusion.
A Gaussian synapse circuit for analog VLSI neural networks

Back-propagation neural networks with Gaussian function synapses have a better convergence property over those with linear-multiplying synapses. A compact analog Gaussian synapse cell which is not biased in the subthreshold region has been designed for fully-parallel operation. This cell can approximate a Gaussian function with accuracy around 98% in the ideal case. Device mismatch induced by fabrication process will cause some degradation to this approximation. Programmability of the proposed Gaussian synapse cell is achieved by changing the stored synapse weight W/sub ji/, the reference current and the sizes of transistors in the differential pair. >
Learning from Networks of Examples

Most machine learning algorithms assume that examples are independent of each other, but many (or most) domains violate this assumption. For example, in real markets customers’ buying decisions are influenced by their friends and acquaintances, but data mining for marketing ignores this (as does traditional economics). In this talk I will describe how we can learn models that account for example dependences, and use them to make better decisions. For example, in the marketing domain we are able to pinpoint the most influential customers, “seed” the network by marketing to them, and unleash a wave of word of mouth. We mine these models from collaborative filtering systems and knowledge-sharing Web sites, and show that they are surprisingly robust to imperfect knowledge of the network. I will also survey other applications of learning from networks of examples we are working on, including: combining link and content information in Google-style Web search; automatically translating between ontologies on the Semantic Web; and predicting the evolution of scientific communities.
Why is Consumption So Smooth

For thirty years it has been accepted that consumption is smooth because permanent income is smoother than measured income. This paper considers the evidence for the contrary position, that permanent income is in fact less smooth than measured income, so that the smoothness of consumption cannot be straightforwardly explained by permanent income theory. The paper argues that in postwar U.S. quarterly data, consumption is smooth because it responds with a lag to changes in income.
The Structure and the Evolution of the U.S. Financial System, 1945-1986: A Minskian Approach Explaining the Emergence of Shadow Banking

The New Deal regulatory policies and institutions redesigned the U.S. financial structure and implicitly required the coordination between monetary policy and the regulatory framework; in that financial structure the Federal Reserve provided the reserves. The interest policy implicitly required the calibration and coordination of deposit ceiling rates and the prevailing market rate set by the Fed. However, the Treasury-Federal Reserve Accord of 1951 effectively dismantled the necessary coordination between monetary policy and the banking regulatory framework. The combination of interest rate differentials and reliance on markets as a liquidity provider triggered the creation of new financial instruments and institutions that changed the structure of the U.S. banking system. This policy encouraged the development of a financial system in which financial institutions seek to escape regulations. For instance, nonbank financial institutions escaped regulations and entered into the banking business model, gett...
Denominators and differences of boundary slopes for (1,1)-knots

We show that every nonzero integer occurs as the denominator of a boundary slope for infinitely many (1,1)-knots and that infinitely many (1,1)-knots have boundary slopes of arbitrarily small difference. Specifically, we prove that for any integers $$m,n>1$$ with n odd the exterior of the Montesinos knot $$K(-1/2, m/(2m\pm 1),1/n)$$ in $$S^3$$ contains an essential surface with boundary slope $$r = 2(n-1)^2/n$$ if m is even and $$2(n+1)^2/n$$ if m is odd. If $$n \ge 4m + 1$$ , we prove that $$K(-1/2, m/(2m+1),1/n)$$ also has a boundary slope whose difference with r is $$(8m-2)/(n^2-4mn+n)$$ , which decreases to 0 as n increases. All of these knots are (1,1)-knots.
Strangeness Production and Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

With the development of various heavy-ion facilities, nuclear physics is expanding into many new directions. One of these is the study of the properties of strange particles, namely hyperons and kaons, in dense matter. Strangeness plays a special role in the development of hadronic and nuclear models. The mass of strange quark is about 150 MeV, which is, on the one hand, considerably larger than the mass of light (up and down) quarks (∼ 5 MeV), but on the other hand, much smaller than that of charm quark (∼ 1.5 GeV). In the limit of vanishing quark mass the chiral symmetry is good, and systematic studies can be carried out using chiral perturbation theory for hadrons made of light quarks. On the other hand, if the quark mass is large, one can use the non-relativistic quark model to study the properties of charmed and heavier hadrons. The hadrons with strangeness lie in between these two limits and therefore present a challenge to the theorists.
Instruction time, Classroom Quality, and Academic Achievement

It seems likely the magnitude of any causal link between achievement and instruction time depends upon the quality of instruction, the classroom environment and the rate that students translate classroom time into added knowledge. In this article, we use panel data methods to investigate instruction time effects in the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment data. The empirical analysis shows that achievement increases with instruction time and that the increase varies by both the amount of time and the classroom environment. The results indicate that school circumstances are important determinants of the benefits and desirability of increased instruction time
Omar Khadr: Domestic and International Litigation Strategies for a Child in Armed Conflict Held at Guantanamo

This essay explores the intersections and tensions between international human rights law and international humanitarian law as those two doctrinal areas played out in the concrete situation of Omar Khadr, a Canadian child detainee at Guantanamo Bay. Particular focus is given to how issues regarding his youth were addressed by the many tribunals involved: in the multiple venues of courts in the United States and Canada, and in international human rights bodies. The issues on Omar’s youth span many contexts, raising judicial questions regarding the legality of his detention, his treatment and separation from adults while detained, jurisdiction to prosecute him for war crimes, and the inadmissibility of statements based on his youth. My thesis here is simple: None of the tribunals that reviewed Omar’s legal issues, national or international, gave proper attention to his status as a child, nor to the special obligations in both human rights and humanitarian law with regard to that status. Some courts or human rights bodies ignored the status and some distinguished it away, but no final judicial decision acknowledged his juvenile status as a factor in the analysis, whether relief was granted or not. Omar Khadr as a trope for terrorist won out every time over Omar as a trope for child victim of war. Omar was neither the youngest juvenile nor the only juvenile at Guantanamo, and he was not the first juvenile in modern history to be tried for war crimes, but his treatment is an example to the world. The conclusion to this article points out that Omar’s sentencing by military commission at Guantanamo may have been the only context in which his youth played any role, albeit implicit.
Search-based methods to bound diagnostic probabilities in very large belief nets

Since exact probabilistic inference is intractable in general for large multiply connected belief nets, approximate methods are required. A promising approach is to use heuristic search among hypotheses (instantiations of the network) to find the most probable ones, as in the TopN algorithm. Search is based on the relative probabilities of hypotheses which are efficient to compute. Given upper and lower bounds on the relative probability of partial hypotheses, it is possible to obtain bounds on the absolute probabilities of hypotheses. Best-first search aimed at reducing the maximum error progressively narrows the bounds as more hypotheses are examined. Here, qualitative probabilistic analysis is employed to obtain bounds on the relative probability of partial hypotheses for the BN20 class of networks networks and a generalization replacing the noisy OR assumption by negative synergy. The approach is illustrated by application to a very large belief network, QMR-BN, which is a reformulation of the Internist-1 system for diagnosis in internal medicine.
Iterative Approximate Byzantine Consensus under a Generalized Fault Model

In this work, we consider a generalized fault model [7,9,5] that can be used to represent a wide range of failure scenarios, including correlated failures and non-uniform node reliabilities. Under the generalized fault model, we explore iterative approximate Byzantine consensus (IABC) algorithms [15] in arbitrary directed networks. We prove a tight necessary and sufficient condition on the underlying communication graph for the existence of IABC algorithms.
A New Regularity Lemma and Faster Approximation Algorithms for Low Threshold Rank Graphs

Kolla and Tulsiani [KT07, Kol11] and Arora, Barak and Steurer [ABS10] introduced the technique of subspace enumeration, which gives approximation algorithms for graph problems such as unique games and small set expansion; the running time of such algorithms is exponential in the threshold-rank of the graph.
Counting Words with Laguerre Series

We develop a method for counting words subject to various restrictions by finding a combinatorial interpretation for a product of weighted sums of Laguerre polynomials with parameter $\alpha = -1$. We describe how such a series can be computed by finding an appropriate ordinary generating function and applying a certain transformation. We use this technique to find the generating function for the number of $k$-ary words avoiding any vincular pattern that has only ones, as well as words cyclically avoiding vincular patterns with only ones whose runs of ones between dashes are all of equal length.
Developing a phonological awareness curriculum: Reflections on an implementation science framework

Purpose This article describes the process of developing and implementing a supplemental early literacy curriculum designed for preschoolers demonstrating delays in literacy development. Method Intervention research and implementation research have traditionally been viewed as sequential processes. This article illustrates a process of intervention development that was paralleled by a focus on implementation in early childhood settings. The exploration, preparation, implementation, sustainment framework is used to describe factors that need to be considered during a progression through these 4 phases of implementation. A post hoc analysis provides insight into a rather nonlinear progression of intervention development and highlights considerations and activities that have facilitated implementation. Conclusions The guiding principles of the exploration, preparation, implementation, sustainment implementation science framework highlight the important considerations in developing effective and practical int...
A fact-oriented approach to business rules

Effective database applications, business rules management, data warehousing, enterprise modeling and re-engineering all depend on the quality of the underlying data model. To properly exploit relational, object-relational or object database technology, a clear understanding is needed as to how to create conceptual business models, transform them to logical database models for implementation on the chosen platform, and query the populated models. Fact-orientation provides a truly conceptual way to accomplish these tasks, facilitating communication between the modeler, the domain expert and the application. This presentation provides insights into the fact-oriented approach for modeling and querying information systems, focusing on verbalization and instantiation of data use cases for capturing business rules, including recent work on negative and default rule verbalizations.
Phase II study of an AKT inhibitor MK2206 in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma.

We conducted a phase II study of the AKT inhibitor, MK2206 in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma of any histology excluding Burkitt lymphoma or lymphoblastic lymphoma. MK-2206 was administered orally at 200 mg once weekly in 28-d cycles up to 12 cycles in the absence of progression or significant toxicity. The dose was adjusted based on tolerance. A total of 59 patients were enrolled. The final doses patients received were 300 mg (n = 33), 250 mg (n = 2), 200 mg (n = 16) and 135 mg (n = 8). Based on intent-to-treat analysis, objective response was observed in 8 (14%) patients (2 complete response and 6 partial response), with median response duration of 5·8 months. The overall response rate was 20% in 25 patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Rash was the most common toxicity (any grade 53%, Grade 3 in 15%) and was observed in a dose-dependent manner. The correlative cytokine analysis showed paradoxical increase in several cytokines, which may be explained by negative feedback mechanism induced by the on-target effect of AKT inhibitor. Our data demonstrate that MK2206 has a favourable safety profile with a modest activity in patients with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma. The future studies should explore mechanism-based combinations (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01258998).
Crop Insurance Savings Accounts

This research explores the viability of an alternative design for crop insurance based upon farmer-owned savings accounts that are regulated, monitored, and marginally assisted by the government. Such accounts could be an effective risk management tool for many farmers and could operate without major government subsidization. Relative to the current program, the proposed design should exhibit minimal moral hazard and adverse selection problems, and since farm-level risk does not have to be priced, the proposed design eliminates the premium rating difficulties that weaken actuarial soundness and trigger the need for substantial external subsidies. In addition, administrative costs should be considerably lower.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Quarks: From Paradox to Myth

In the past few years the dry and dusty subject of quantum field theory has come alive, like a desert suddenly blooming with flowers. Theorists have been overwhelmed by the unexpected lushness of field theory; they are now experimenting with the many new ideas that have been discovered. The experimentation involves a lot of study of model field theories which illustrate various ideas without being relevant to the real world. This is especially true of the one space, one time dimensional models which will be discussed by several lecturers. In time, theorists will learn which ideas are the most promising and will develop them to the point where one can make new experimental predictions; this will require several years probably. The present theoretical activity is similar to the activity around 1960 when Lie groups and partially conserved currents were discovered by theorists but they did not have SU(3) and SU(2) x SU(2) worked out in detail.
Bimolecular Photochemical Reactions of the Stilbenes

Article de synthese de 145 publications, consacrees a l'etude experimentale des reactions photochimiques bimoleculaires des stilbenes
Signatures resilient to continual leakage on memory and computation

Recent breakthrough results by Brakerski et al and Dodis et al have shown that signature schemes can be made secure even if the adversary continually obtains information leakage from the secret key of the scheme. However, the schemes currently do not allow leakage on the secret key and randomness during signing, except in the random oracle model. Further, the random oracle based schemes require updates to the secret key in order to maintain security, even when no leakage during computation is present. We present the first signature scheme that is resilient to full continual leakage: memory leakage as well as leakage from processing during signing (both from the secret key and the randomness), in key generation, and in update. Our scheme can tolerate leakage of a 1 - o(1) fraction of the secret key between updates, and is proven secure in the standard model based on the symmetric external DDH (SXDH) assumption in bilinear groups. The time periods between updates are a function of the amount of leakage in the period (and nothing more). As an additional technical contribution, we introduce a new tool: independent pre-image resistant hash functions, which may be of independent interest.
Using the Spatial Configuration of the Data to Improve Estimation

Using the well-known Harrison and Rubinfeld (1978) hedonic pricing data, this manuscript demonstrates the substantial benefits obtained by modeling the spatial dependence of the errors. Specifically, the estimated errors on the spatial autoregression fell by 44% relative to OLS. The spatial autoregression corrects predicted values by a nonparametric estimate of the error on nearby observations and thus mimics the behavior of appraisers. The spatial autoregression, by formally incorporating the areal configuration of the data to increase predictive accuracy and estimation efficiency, has great potential in real estate empirical work.
ISOSPIN BREAKING AND THE CHIRAL CONDENSATE.

With two degenerate quarks, the chiral condensate exhibits a jump as the quark masses pass through zero. I discuss how this single transition splits into two Ising like transitions when the quarks are made non-degenerate. The order parameter is the expectation of the neutral pion field. The transitions represent long distance coherent phenomena occurring without the Dirac operator having vanishingly small eigenvalues.
Cosmological Inflation: A Personal Perspective

We present a brief review of Cosmological Inflation from the personal perspective of the speaker who almost 30 years ago proposed a way of resolving the problem of Cosmological Horizon by employing certain notions and developments from the field of High Energy Physics. Along with a brief introduction of the Horizon and Flatness problems of standard cosmology, this lecture concentrates on personal reminiscing of the notions and ideas that prevailed and influenced the author's thinking at the time. The lecture then touches upon some more recent developments related to the subject including exact solutions to conformal gravity that provide a first principles emergence of a characteristic acceleration in the universe and concludes with some personal views concerning the direction that the cosmology field has taken in the past couple of decades and certain speculations some notions that may indicate future directions of research.
Using potential influence diagrams for probabilistic inference and decision making

The potential influence diagram is a generalization of the standard "conditional" influence diagram, a directed network representation for probabilistic inference and decision analysis [Ndilikilikesha, 1991]. It allows efficient inference calculations corresponding exactly to those on undirected graphs. In this paper, we explore the relationship between potential and conditional influence diagrams and provide insight into the properties of the potential influence diagram. In particular, we show how to convert a potential influence diagram into a conditional influence diagram, and how to view the potential influence diagram operations in terms of the conditional influence diagram.
Exploring the limits of common coins using frontier analysis of protocols

In 2-party secure computation, access to common, trusted randomness is a fundamental primitive. It is widely employed in the setting of computationally bounded players (under various complexity assumptions) to great advantage. In this work we seek to understand the power of trusted randomness, primarily in the computationally unbounded (or information theoretic) setting. We show that a source of common randomness does not add any additional power for secure evaluation of deterministic functions, even when one of the parties has arbitrary influence over the distribution of the common randomness. Further, common randomness helps only in a trivial sense for realizing randomized functions too (namely, it only allows for sampling from publicly fixed distributions), if UC security is required. To obtain these impossibility results, we employ a recently developed protocol analysis technique, which we call the frontier analysis. This involves analyzing carefully defined "frontiers" in a weighted tree induced by the protocol's execution (or executions, with various inputs), and establishing various properties regarding one or more such frontiers. We demonstrate the versatility of this technique by employing carefully chosen frontiers to derive the different results. To analyze randomized functionalities we introduce a frontier argument that involves a geometric analysis of the space of probability distributions. Finally, we relate our results to computational intractability questions. We give an equivalent formulation of the "cryptomania assumption" (that there is a semi-honest or standalone secure oblivious transfer protocol) in terms of UC-secure reduction among randomized functionalities. Also, we provide an unconditional result on the uselessness of common randomness, even in the computationally bounded setting. Our results make significant progress towards understanding the exact power of shared randomness in cryptography. To the best of our knowledge, our results are the first to comprehensively characterize the power of large classes of randomized functionalities.
Toward making online biological data machine understandable

Huge amounts of biological data are available online. To obtain needed information, biologists sometimes have to traverse different Web sources and combine their data manually. We introduce a system that can automatically interpret the structures of heterogeneous Web pages, extract useful information from them, and also transform them to machine-understandable pages for the Semantic Web, so that a Semantic Web agent can automatically find the information of interest.
BL-WoLF: a framework for loss-bounded learnability in zero-sum games

We present BL-WoLF, a framework for learnability in repeated zero-sum games where the cost of learning is measured by the losses the learning agent accrues (rather than the number of rounds). The game is adversarially chosen from some family that the learner knows. The opponent knows the game and the learner's learning strategy. The learner tries to either not accrue losses, or to quickly learn about the game so as to avoid future losses (this is consistent with the Win or Learn Fast (WoLF) principle; BL stands for "bounded loss"). Our framework allows for both probabilistic and approximate learning. The resultant notion of BL-WoLF-learnability can be applied to any class of games, and allows us to measure the inherent disadvantage to a player that does not know which game in the class it is in. We present guaranteed BL-WoLF-learnability results for families of games with deterministic payoffs and families of games with stochastic payoffs. We demonstrate that these families are guaranteed approximately BL-WoLF-learnable with lower cost. We then demonstrate families of games (both stochastic and deterministic) that are not guaranteed BL-WoLF-learnable. We show that those families, nevertheless, are BL-WoLF-learnable . To prove these results, we use a key lemma which we derive.