cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book Review of Henry Ford's War on Jews and the Legal Battle Against Hate Speech, by Victoria Saker Woeste (Stanford University Press 2012)

Book review of Henry Ford's War on Jews and the Legal Battle Against Hate Speech. The book is an historical account of a Henry Ford's notorious crusade against American Jews and Aaron Sapiro's libel action against him in federal court in Detroit. The book recounts events leading to a 1927 mistrial of the lawsuit and analyzes Ford's highly-publicized apology that precipitated a settlement between the parties.
'Spit and Acquit': Legal and Practical Ramifications of the DA's DNA Gathering Program

A new practice has surfaced in the Orange County, California criminal justice system. Formally titled the 'DNA Collection and Crime Deterrence Program' but informally dubbed 'spit and acquit,' it has become a standard tool used to negotiate criminal cases, from petty crimes up to felony charges. While this may initially appear to be an easy way to dispose of criminal cases and clear heavily clogged court calendars, the hidden perils and ethical questions associated with such a barter mandate closer scrutiny. This article examines and critiques the Orange County District Attorney’s procedure of collecting defendants' DNA in exchange for a reduction or outright dismissal of criminal charges.
The Unveiled power of NGOs: how NGOs influence states' foreign policy behaviors

This research project is designed to understand the relationship between states and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), especially how they influence one another. In this study, I argue that the theoretical relationship between states’ foreign policy behaviors and the behavior of NGO is dynamic and conditional, with the influence of NGOs on states’ behaviors depending on the host states’ regime type and the age of the influencing NGOs. I also argue that NGOs influence states’ foreign policy behaviors toward other states both directly and indirectly, functioning as information providers, lobbying groups, agenda setters, and norm generators. By applying these theoretical arguments to the field of international development, the influence of NGOs on states’ decisions about foreign aid is analyzed with the case of the United States. A new time-series cross-sectional dataset of the activities of US-based NGOs in developing countries is constructed by utilizing annual reports of NGOs, websites, and through personal communication with NGO officers. In addition, another new dataset is constructed about the number of New York Time articles. With constructed datasets, the quantitative studies are conducted. The quantitative studies show that as number of US-based NGO field operations in developing countries increase, that country is significantly more likely to receive higher amounts of aid from the United States. NGOs that have longer operations in developing countries are also more effective at lobbying the United States to provide more foreign aid. Furthermore, empirical analyses show that as number of US-based NGO activities increase in a country, the media coverage of that country increases. The qualitative analyses of NGOs’ influence on states’ foreign policy behaviors are also conducted. Interviews with NGO workers, governmental officials, and a reporter from the New York Times provide insight about
Anxiety: cognitive behaviour therapy with children and young people

(2010). Anxiety: cognitive behaviour therapy with children and young people. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 157-158.
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

DIETARY carbohydrate accounts for about half the calories ingested by man and consists of the polysaccharides, starch and glycogen, and the disaccharides, sucrose and lactose. In the Western diet, starch accounts for about 60 per cent, sucrose for 30 per cent, and lactose for 10 per cent of the ingested carbohydrate. Other oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose are ingested in small amounts in legumes (kidney beans, lentils and navy beans) but cannot be hydrolyzed by intraluminal or intestinal enzymes. Although not important nutritionally, saccharides in legumes are acted upon by bacteria in the lower small intestine and colon to . . .
Interconversion of MeReO(dithiolate)(NC5H4-X) and MeReO(dithiolate)(PAr3) complexes: The equilibrium constants follow the Hammett equation but the rate constants do not

Equilibration occurs among the species MeReO(dithiolate)Py, MeReO(dithiolate)(PZ3), Py, and PZ3 where the chelating dithiolate ligand is 1,2-ethanedithiol (edt) or 1,3-propanedithiol (pdt), Py stands for NC5H4-4-X and PZ3 for both P(C6H4-4-Y)3 and P(alkyl)n(Ph)3−n. Equilibrium constants in the pdt series were evaluated directly; values of K generally favor phosphane coordination and range from 4.8 × 10−2 (X = NMe2, Y = Cl) to 3.2 × 104 (X = CN, Y = OMe). The values of K are well correlated by the Hammett equation with ρXK = 2.7(3) and ρYK = −2.0(3). Kinetic data were determined with the stopped-flow method for 65 reactions of the edt and pdt complexes, and resolved into forward and reverse components by use of the equilibrium constants. Values of kfor deviate markedly from Hammett behavior, especially along any series with a given X substituent, where plots of log kfor against 3σY take on a V-shaped appearance. This pattern has been interpreted in terms of a two step mechanism for ligand substitution reactions of these complexes. The rate constants for those phosphanes that are the better Lewis bases are governed by Re–P bond formation. The rate constants for those phosphanes that are weaker Lewis bases, on the other hand, are governed by the second step in which an initial ψ-octahedral complex rotates towards a transition state that is an approximate trigonal prism. In so doing, the prior Re–P interaction is weakened, which gives rise to an increase in log kfor with σY.
Abstract 450: Tumor Necrosis Factor Disrupts Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx Imaged by High-pressure Freezing, Freeze Substitution TEM

Objective: The endothelial surface glycocalyx (GCX) is a hydrated mesh formed from a wide variety of endothelial cell membrane-associated macromolecules including glycoproteins bearing sialic acid and proteoglycans. It is thought to be damaged in diseases associated with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) since surface proteoglycan and sialic acid amount decreased after TNF treatment. We imaged in vitro GCX in response to TNF-α using rapid freezing/freeze substitution (RF/FS) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) so that the GCX can be stably preserved in its hydrated configuration. Methods and Results: Human glomerular ECs (HGenC) were seeded onto fibronectin- coated PET membrane of the 96-multiwell inserts and allowed to grow to confluence for 4 days. Before experimentation, cells were then treated with TNF (20 ng/ml) or control medium for 24 h. The PET membrane with the cells attached were removed from the Transwell insert by carefully cutting around the membrane edges with a scalpel, ...
Transverse combining of four beams in MBE-4

Abstract Transverse beam combining is a cost-saving option employed in many designs for induction linac heavy ion fusion drivers. The resultant transverse emittance increase, due predominantly to anharmonic space charge forces, must be kept minimal so that the beam remains focusable at the target. A prototype combining experiment has been built using the MBE-4 experimental apparatus. Four new sources produce up to 6.7 mA Cs+ beams at 200 keV. The ion sources are angled toward each other so that the beams converge. Focusing upstream of the merge consists of four quadrupoles and a final combined-function element (quadrupole and dipole). All lattice elements are electrostatic. Owing to the small distance between beams at the last element (about 3–4 mm), the electrodes here are a cage of small rods, each at different voltage. The beams emerge into the 30-period transport lattice of MBE-4 where emittance growth due to merging, as well as the subsequent evolution of the distribution function, can be diagnosed. The combiner design, simulation predictions and preliminary results from the experiment are presented.
High-level synthesis: current status and future prospects

High-level synthesis is becoming increasingly important in the area of VLSI CAD. During the last decade, much research has been carried out in this area and some results have been achieved. This paper presents a survey on the state-of-the-art of current high-level synthesis research and applications. Besides basic knowledge, a comprehensive overview has been conducted among the various theories, methods, algorithms, and applications of the existing systems. Their advantages, limitations, and feasibilities are also described. Finally, some points on current status and future directions of high-level synthesis are addressed.
The approximation method, relational biology and organismic sets

It is pointed out that the approximation method for diffusion problems, developed by N. Rashevsky in 1937 and successfully used since then by many authors, was in a sense a precursor of relational biology. The connection between the approximation method, relational biology, and the theory of organismic sets, developed in a series of recent papers by N. Rashevsky, is discussed. A number of conclusions known to hold experimentally, are then derived from relational considerations and some of them are applied to organismic sets.
Diagnosis of membrane fouling using a rotating annular filter. 2. Dilute particle suspensions of known particle size

Abstract In a continuing study of membrane fouling, we report on the behavior of dilute particle suspensions in a rotating annular filter with a nominal 0.45 μm surface modified polysulfone microfiltration membrane. Particle size (25.7, 11.9, and 2.02 μm), particle type (styrene/divinylbenzene and styrene/polyvinyltoluene), transmembrane pressure (10–100 kPa) and rotational speed (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 rpm) were varied. The mean flux-transmembrane pressure data are analyzed using a recent narrow-gap solution to the Navier-Stokes equations for azimuthal flow in an annulus with Darcy's law for flow through a porous wall on the inner rotating cyclinder [Belfort et al., J. Membrane Sci., 77 (1993) 1]. By accounting for centrifugal pressure, the data for all rotational speeds can be plotted with one universal correlation for each feed type. From these data, we suggest that particle intrusion into the pores of the membrane causing pore constriction and plugging is the dominant form of fouling for the systems studied here. Particle intrusion depends on membrane pore size distribution, density difference between the particles and the carrying fluid, particle size, and rotational speed. Also, intruded particles reduce volumetric flow through the blocked pores thus increasing the resistance to flow and reducing the mean permeation flux. Using a corrected version of the Meireles et al. [J. Membrane Sci., 56 (1991) 13] approach, changes in the mean membrane pore size distribution resulting from this intrusion are predicted. By minimizing the sum of the squares of the errors between calculated and measured flux-pressure slopes for two suspensions containing different particle diameters, we obtained best fit values for the mean radius r* and the variance σ2 of the log-normal pore size distribution.
Issues and Methods in Psychotherapy Process Research.

Some of the problems and issues that have characterized process research in psychotherapy are discussed, as is the complexity of research that attempts to combine process and outcome adequately. The diversity of topics studied, the variety of scales used, the individual theoretical constructs investigated, the investigation of single process variables, and the relative lack of replication have made integration of findings difficult. It is suggested that more than one therapeutic orientation be studied in a specific project in order that some type of control be included. Although statistically significant correlations between selected process variables and measures of outcome have been secured, proof of causality remains to be demonstrated.
Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line

Boxing might be regarded as the first global sport. Contenders have long traversed borders, defending their titles against various national and imperial champions. From ex-Virginia slave Tom Moline...
Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms increased approximately 50% until the mid-1990s, when it plateaued. The incidence of complications related to GERD including hospitalization, esophageal strictures, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and mortality also increased during that time period, but the increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma has since slowed, and the incidence of strictures has decreased since the mid-1990s. GERD is responsible for the greatest direct costs in the United States of any gastrointestinal disease, and most of those expenditures are for pharmacotherapy. Risk factors for GERD include obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and respiratory diseases.
Structural characterization of sulfonated azo dyes using liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry

Eight monosulfonated and disulfonated azo dyes were analyzed using liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry, in the negative ion mode, under low-energy collision conditions (110–150 eV). Many structurally characteristic fragment ions were obtained, several of which have not been reported previously using other mass spectrometric techniques. Among the structurally important ions observed were those due to loss of SO2, SO3 and various aromatic substituents, such as NO2 and NHCOCH3. Losses of N2 were also proposed. In addition, product ions due to cleavage at the azo linkage were observed, and also SO3− and HSO3− ions. Several of the azo cleavage product ions detected did not contain sulfonate groups. Possible pathways for the formation of product ions are proposed. The structural information obtained should help to better characterize and identify sulfonated azo dyes in the future.
Integer Programming: Methods, Uses, Computations

This paper attempts to present the major methods, successful or interesting uses, and computational experience relating to integer or discrete programming problems. Included are descriptions of general algorithms for solving linear programs in integers, as well as some special purpose algorithms for use on highly structured problems. This reflects a belief, on the author's part, that various clever methods of enumeration and other specialized approaches are the most efficacious means existent by which to obtain solutions to practical problems. A serious try at gathering computational experience has been made---but facts are difficult to uncover. The paper is written with intent to enable readers to read selected sections without having to read the whole.
Space Syntax: Some Inconsistencies

This paper reports on a number of inconsistencies that appear in space syntax—a well-known technique of urban analysis—when dealing with certain geometrical configurations. At a simple level, the a...
Treating some small melanocytic choroidal lesions without waiting for growth.

1. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. Factors predictive of growth and treatment of small choroidal melanoma: COMS report No. 5. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1537-1544. 2. Murray TG. Small choroidal melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1577-1578. 3. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Shaq HM, et al. An analysis of prognostic factors in 4000 patients with cutaneous melanoma. In: Balch CM, Milton GW, eds. Cutaneous Melanoma: Clinical Management and Treatment Results Worldwide. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1985: 332. 4. Balch CM, Murad TM, Soong SJ, et al. Tumor thickness as a guide to surgical management of clinical stage I melanoma patients. Cancer. 1979; 43:883-888. 5. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg. 1970;172:902908. 6. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. COMS Manual of Procedures. Springfield, Va: National Technical Information Service; 1995. Publication PB95-179693. 7. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. Design and methods of a clinical trial for a rare condition: the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study: COMS Report No. 3. Control Clin Trials. 1993;14:362-391. 8. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) randomized trial of pre-enucleation radiation of large choroidal melanoma. II: initial mortality findings. COMS Report No. 10. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:779-796. 9. Diener-West M, Earle JD, Fine SL, et al. The COMS randomized trial of iodine 125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma, III: initial mortality findings. COMS Report No. 18. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:969-982. 10. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. Mortality in patients with small choroidal melanoma: COMS Report No. 4. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:886-893. 11. Robertson DM. Changing concepts in the management of choroidal melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:161-170. 12. Shields CL, Shields JA. Clinical features of small choroidal melanoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002; 13:135-141. 13. Augsburger JJ. Is observation really appropriate for small choroidal melanomas? Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1993;91:147-174. 14. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. Accuracyofdiagnosisofposterioruvealmelanomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:1268-1273. 15. Sumich P, Mitchell P, Wang JJ. Choroidal nevi in a white population: the Blue Mountains Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:645-650. 16. Curtin VT. Natural course of small malignant melanomas of choroid and ciliary body. Trans Ophthalmol Soc N Z. 1978;30:61. 17. Sobrin L, Schiffman JC, Markoe AM, Murray TG. Brachytherapyafter initialobservationofsuspected small choroidal melanomas. Ophthalmology. In press. 18. Kupfer C. Discussion: Risk factors for growth and metastasis of small choroidal melanocytic lesions. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1995;93: 277-278.
Maternal Obesity and Tobacco Use Modify the Impact of Genetic Variants on the Occurrence of Conotruncal Heart Defects

Conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are among the most severe birth defects worldwide. Studies of CTDs indicate both lifestyle behaviors and genetic variation contribute to the risk of CTDs. Based on a hybrid design using data from 616 case-parental and 1645 control-parental triads recruited for the National Birth Defects Prevention Study between 1997 and 2008, we investigated whether the occurrence of CTDs is associated with interactions between 921 maternal and/or fetal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and maternal obesity and tobacco use. The maternal genotypes of the variants in the glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (GCLC) gene and the fetal genotypes of the variants in the glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 (GSTA3) gene were associated with an elevated risk of CTDs among obese mothers. The risk of delivering infants with CTDs among obese mothers carrying AC genotype for a variant in the GCLC gene (rs6458939) was 2.00 times the risk among those carrying CC genotype (95% confidence interval: 1.41, 2.38). The maternal genotypes of several variants in the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) family of genes and the fetal genotypes of the variants in the GCLC gene interacted with tobacco exposures to increase the risk of CTDs. Our study suggests that the genetic basis underlying susceptibility of the developing heart to the adverse effects of maternal obesity and tobacco use involve both maternal and embryonic genetic variants. These results may provide insights into the underlying pathophysiology of CTDs, and ultimately lead to novel prevention strategies.
Prospective, randomized comparison of sequential intravenous followed by oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of serious infections

In a prospective, comparative trial, 47 hospitalized patients with serious infections that required parenteral antibiotic therapy were randomly assigned to receive either ciprofloxacin (200 mg every 12 hours intravenously followed by 500 mg every 12 hours orally at a time dependent on the patients' clinical and bacteriologic responses) or ceftazidime (2 g every eight to 12 hours intravenously). All evaluable subjects (39 patients) had documented infections, 23 percent of which were associated with bacteremia. The mean/median duration of intravenous antibiotic use for ciprofloxacin was 7.37/five days and for ceftazidime 9.95/seven days; 63 percent of the ciprofloxacin patients received an additional 17 days of oral therapy with ciprofloxacin, whereas intravenous therapy with ceftazidime was followed by an average of 12 days of an oral regimen in 55 percent of patients. Overall response rates for patients receiving ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were 76 percent (16 of 21) and 82 percent (18 of 22), respectively. Four out of five bacteremias in each group were successfully treated. Overall, 69 percent of the pathogens were gram-negative aerobes, and 47 percent of the infections involved the urinary tract. Failure of therapy was most often associated with pneumonia (two of five failures with ciprofloxacin and three of four failures with ceftazidime). Adverse effects occurred in approximately 20 percent of patients in each group and were mild and reversible. Superinfections occurred in five of 19 (26 percent) ciprofloxacin recipients and seven of 20 (35 percent) ceftazidime recipients. All fungal superinfections involved the genitourinary tract and occurred most often in association with chronic indwelling catheters. Enterococcal superinfections occurred in both groups (a bacteremic urinary tract infection in a ceftazidime patient and osteomyelitis in a ciprofloxacin patient). Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was documented in a ceftazidime recipient. The mean duration of hospitalization following the onset of antibiotic treatment was 10.45 days in the ciprofloxacin group and 12.95 days in the ceftazidime group. Sequential intravenous/oral ciprofloxacin was as safe and effective as intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of infections due to susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
Parallel query evaluation as a Scientific Data Service

Scientific experiments and simulations produce mountains of data in file formats, such as HDF5, NetCDF, and FITS. Often, a relatively small amount of data holds the key to new scientific insight. Locating that critical information in these large files is challenging because existing solutions need significant user involvement in preparing the data, generating indexes, and answering queries. Data management systems that support querying, such as SciDB, require a costly process of loading data from scientific data formats to these systems. The search results also need to be converted back to a format needed by the subsequent data analysis and visualization tools. These steps are time-consuming, tedious, and possibly error-prone. Toward providing efficient data management directly on these scientific file formats, we introduce a framework called Scientific Data Services (SDS). SDS targets to provide efficient data management optimizations as services. In this paper, we introduce the design and implementation of one such service, the parallel querying service. To answer the queries efficiently, we transparently augment user data with bitmap indexes and ordered datasets. We design the querying service to manage these augmented datasets and to redirect queries automatically to bitmap indexes or to ordered datasets based on their availability and the expected query response time. The generation of bitmap indexes and sorted datasets and querying are parallelized to work on large supercomputers. We show that SDS achieves 22X, 55X, and 62X speedups compared to conventional full-scan approach of sifting through data in answering three queries from a plasma physics analysis application.
Oxidation of 14 C-glycerol administered by ventriculocisternal perfusion in the dog.

Summary1–314C–Glycerol in artificial CSF was perfused from the third ventricle to the cisterna magna in dogs. The appearance of 14CO2 in the perfusate and in blood from the confluens sinuum was studied after 95, 135, and 175 min of perfusion. Specific activity of CO2 in the perfusate at all times exceeded that of the venous blood which in turn exceeded that of arterial blood. The calculated rate of oxidation of glycerol was between 2 and 10 nmoles/min in the majority of animals. The disappearance of counts from the perfusate indicated a consistent uptake of the labeled glycerol. A significant fraction of the labeled glycerol was recovered in the perfused tissue.
Wittgenstein and his Philosophy of Beginnings and Beginnings and Beginnings

Traditionally, compared with Wittgenstein, philosophers have begun their investigation too late in the day. They have thought of people as being already self-conscious, self-contained individuals, acting in a willful and intellectual manner. Indeed, they have interpreted Wittgenstein’s latter philosophy, and his claim that the meaning of a word is its use in the language, in this way: as if he were concerned with language only as a tool, or as move in a language-game, with words said willfully and intellectually. In this view, words have meaning only if they are systematically connected with states of affairs and/or states of mind. There is, however, another side to Wittgenstein: a concern with the beginnings of language-games in spontaneous bodily reactions, and with such reactions as being the prototypes for new ways of thinking rather than as the results of ones already in existence. Here, meaning is understood in terms of one’s direct and immediate responsiveness to one’s surroundings. This paper explores this side of Wittgenstein’s thought, and relates it to practical methods for beginning new practices, by noticing the presence within our old practices of such, usually unnoticed spontaneous bodily reactions.
Transmembrane signalling by the N-formyl peptide receptor in stably transfected fibroblasts

Abstract We investigated the requirement for N-formyl peptide receptor-mediated transmembrane signalling in transfected mouse fibroblasts that express the receptor. Stably transfected cells displayed specific binding for N-formyl-Met-Leu-[ 3 H]Phe with a dissociation constant of 3 nM. The cells responded to ligand stimulation with mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores. Calcium mobilization was ligand dose-dependent (EC 50 =3 nM fMet-Leu-Phe) and could be inhibited by pertussis toxin treatment. These results provide the first demonstration that expression of the single-chain N-formyl peptide receptor in mouse fibroblasts is sufficient for mediating ligand-induced early transmembrane signalling events, which do not appear to require other neutrophil-specific cellular components.
Theory of opposed-flow flame spread

Abstract A critical, historical review of the flame spread literature is given, beginning with the first systematic studies of opposed-flow flame spread. Important modeling effects are described, including qualitative, simplified, μg and comprehensive numerical modeling. A brief discussion of subjects with the potential for further development is also given. Although this review focuses on flame-spread theory the emphasis is on the logical development, not the detailed mathematics.
Nickel(O)-mediated hydrocyanation and carbonylation reactions of alkynes with trimethylsilyl(iso)cyanide☆

Abstract Under nickel(0) mediation, trimethylsilyl(iso)cyanide serves as both as useful syn -hydrocyanating agent and a carbohylating agent for alkynes.
Helicobacter pylori and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Helicobacter pylori (previouslyCampylobacter pylori) is almost invariably associated with chronic duodenal ulcer disease. The relationship betweenH. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is unknown. We investigated the frequency ofH. pylori infection in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and also what effectH. pylori infection had on gastric function in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.H. pylori infection was diagnosed based on a specific serologic (ELISA) assay based on high-molecular-weight cell-associated proteins ofH. pylori. We studied 20 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; 15 men and 5 women ranging in age from 24 to 71 years, median age 51. Six Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients hadH. pylori infection compared to 100 consecutive patients with chronic recurrent duodenal ulcer disease (P<0.05). Pretreatment basal acid output in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients ranged from 7.9 to 95.0 mmol/hr, median 35.2. Pentagastrin-stimulated maximal acid output ranged from 8.5 to 132 mmol/hr, median 52.7. Acid secretion was lower in theH. pylori-infected patients than the uninfected patients (BAO 24.5±6.5 vs 45.4±6.6, and MAO 44.3±11.8 vs 67.9±10.7, forH. pylori infected vs uninfected patients, respectively). The difference in BAO was statistically significant (P<0.05). The present results indicate thatH. pylori is not a major contributing factor in duodenal ulcer associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The association of a reduced BAO withH. pylori suggests that these findings may be related.
CONTEMPORARY HUMANISM IN GEOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT Geographers emphasizing an existential phenomenological perspectiv in their research have referred to their work as humanistic grography. Some humanist geographers argue that their approach offers an alternative to, or a presuppositionless basis, for, scientific geography. A review of the philosophies espoused by humanist geographers and an examination of their interpretations of these philosophies suggests that humanistic geography is best understood as a form of criticism.
n-Hexane Biodegradation in Trickle Bed Air Biofilters

While hydrophilic compounds are degraded easily in Trickling bed air biofilters (TBABs), hydrophobic compounds are retarded until biological cultures produce a sufficient RNA or enzyme/protein to utilize this compound. Hydrophobic compounds are not readily bio-available which makes them reluctant to biodegradation as mass transfer between the gas and liquid phases is a rate limiting step. To enhance the destruction of hydrophobic compounds in TBABs, the utilization of surfactant was introduced to increase the solubility which helps overcoming the rate limiting step. The surfactant was used as well to limit the growth of excess biomass ensuring smooth flow through the biofilter bed and preventing short circuits. Two different non-ionic non-toxic surfactants were used in this study: Triton X-100 and Tomadol® 25-7. Two lab-scale controlled TBABs were operated for investigating the performance difference for n-Hexane as an example of hydrophobic volatile organic compound (VOC) with and without the addition of surfactant. Operating conditions in both TBABs were as follows: nutrient feed rate (2L/day), air flowrate (1.4L/min), bed depth (60cm), empty bed retention time (120s), bed material (diatomaceous earth pellets) and room-temperature. The inlet concentration was changed from 50 to 100ppmv. Acclimation period, removal profile along biofilter depth, nitrogen consumption, and CO2 production were compared under continuous loading operation condition. The optimum concentration of surfactant in the nutrient feed was determined by a batch experiment. The effect of different surfactant concentrations on VOC water solubility with time was studied by considering different VOC concentration sets within the TBAB loading rate range.
Evaluation of four simulation models of cattle growth and body composition: Part II—Simulation and comparison with experimental growth data

Abstract Simulated results for cattle growth and body composition of four models were compared with experimentally measured values from three experiments. None of the models accurately estimated body composition. The models were more accurate in estimating empty body weight than body composition. Experimental treatments of dietary energy intake, mature size, age, and sex were not consistently misestimated in one direction among the three experiments. The models did not predict feed intake accurately. Using the intakes predicted by the models did not improve the prediction of body composition. None of the four models was clearly superior. It is concluded that use of growth curves as implemented in the four models provides only an approximation of the composition of a large group of animals. Growth curve based models can result in up to 20 to 25% error in estimates of body growth. These models would not be suitable in situations requiring close approximations of body growth and composition for the simulation of production practices. Adding detailed or complex logic to growth curve based models may be of little value in improving accuracy. More detailed, mechanistic models need to be evaluated and growth model logic and level of aggregation appraised.
Aflatoxin in Arizona cottonseed: Increase in toxin formation during field drying of bolls

Aflatoxin assays and moisture determinations were made on locks from bolls inoculated withAspergillus flavus 30–32 days from flower and harvested after additional periods of 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days. Inoculated locks were always tight but had moisture contents comparable to those in non-inoculated locks on the same bolls. Lowest toxin concentrations were in seeds from bolls still green at harvest with moisture contents >50%; highest concentrations were in bolls with fully fluffed locks and moisture contents <10%. The greatest increase in toxin concentrations occurred in bolls following suture opening, at the initiation of boll dry-down. Toxin concentrations were comparable for bolls that fluffed in 11 days from inoculation and those requiring 15 days for fluffing. A boll fluffing 11 days from inoculation had the highest level of toxin detected, ca 400 μg/g. The ripening and drying processes rather than the duration of fungal/plant interactionper se seems critical for maximum toxin formation.
Platelet Glycoprotein Receptor IIIa Polymorphism P1A2 and Ischemic Stroke Risk The Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study

Background and Purpose—Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb-IIIa), a membrane receptor for fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes but has not been previously investigated in relation to stroke in young adults. Methods—We used a population-based case-control design to examine the association of the GpIIIa polymorphism P1A2 with stroke in young women. Subjects were 65 cerebral infarction cases (18 patients with and 47 without an identified probable etiology) 15 to 44 years of age from the Baltimore-Washington region and 122 controls frequency matched by age from the same geographic area. A face-to-face interview for vascular disease risk factors and a blood sample for the P1A2 allele and serum cholesterol were obtained from each participant. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for one or more P1A2 alleles after adjustment for other risk factors. Results—Among cases and controls, the prevalence rates of one or more P1A2 a...
Introducing quantitative geography : measurement, methods and generalised linear models

Preface 1. Introduction Part I 2. Describing Geographical Data 3. Measuring Geographical Data 4. Summarising Geographical Data 5. Descriptive Models and Geographical Data 6. Statistical Reference Part II 7. Towards Integration: Generalised Linear Models 8. Generalised Linear Models for Continuous Data 9. Generalised Linear Models for Categorical Data 10. Some Extensions and Specialised Topics 11. Summary and Conclusions
The subfamilies and tribes of the family Bovidae

In this paper 112 skeletal characters in 27 living species of bovids are used in cladistic and phenetic analyses of the relationships among the tribes in the family. Consideration and modification of the cladistic analysis leads to the conclusion that bovids cluster around four foci in ascending evolutionary sequence: Boselaphini and allies; Antilopini and some Neotragini; the Caprinae; and a group of African antelopes containing Aepyceros, Alcelaphini, Reduncini and Hippotragini. This conclusion is quite closely compatible with the phenetic distance analysis of the same data, provided die latter is read as if primitive or early bovids share more similarities than divergently advanced ones and hence associate more closely. Given the primitiveness of Boselaphini and allies, the crucial finding is that Caprinae link with African antelopes and that Antilopini are more remote. Cladistic and phenetic analyses of 32 characters in 12 extinct bovid species produce similar groupings, but also throw doubt on the classification of Aepyceros, Reduncini and Hippotragini alongside Alcelaphini within a clade of African antelopes. As a result of these two sets of studies, of living and of extinct bovids, minimal alterations are proposed to the arrangement of bovid tribes. In addition, Saiga is placed in the Antilopini, and, with less assurance, Pelea in the Neotragini, Aepyceros in the Alcelaphinae, and Pantholops in the Caprinae. The contribution of the fossil record to understanding bovid evolution is considered.
Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus: future directions.

Abstract Topical tacrolimus ointment and pimecrolimus cream represent the first members of a new class of medications. Topical immunomodulators have been developed for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Their superb safety profiles and excellent efficacy as anti-inflammatory agents make them attractive candidates to treat a host of other skin disorders. This article reviews published experiences that use them for psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus, pyoderma gangrenosum and other diseases. Possible modifications to these compounds and novel untested applications are discussed.
Homesteading in New York City, 1978–1993: The Divided Heart of Loisaida

Homesteading in New York City, 1978–1993: The Divided Heart of Loisaida. Malve Von Hassell. Westport, CT: Bergln and Garvey, 1996. xii. 205 pp., bibliography, Index.
Intersectionality of internalized HIV stigma and internalized substance use stigma: Implications for depressive symptoms:

We adopted an intersectionality framework and examined whether the relationship between internalized HIV stigma and depressive symptoms is moderated by internalized substance use stigma. A total of 85 people living with HIV with a history of substance use in the Bronx, New York, completed a survey. Results revealed evidence of moderation: Participants who internalized HIV stigma experienced greater depressive symptoms only if they also internalized substance use stigma. Researchers should examine stigma associated with multiple socially devalued characteristics to best understand how stigma impacts mental health among people living with HIV. Healthcare providers should address stigma associated with the full range of socially devalued characteristics with which people living with HIV live.
Multielement detector data analysis

Abstract A geometric method of analyzing multidetector data by using a multidimensional space is presented. The χ2 is minimized for each event and the resulting χ2 curve provides the selection criterion for separating good events from background.
Acquisition of Lubrol insolubility, a common step for growth hormone and prolactin in the secretory pathway of neuroendocrine cells.

Rat prolactin in the dense cores of secretory granules of the pituitary gland is a Lubrol-insoluble aggregate. In GH4C1 cells, newly synthesized rat prolactin and growth hormone were soluble, but after 30 min about 40% converted to a Lubrol-insoluble form. Transport from the endoplasmic reticulum is necessary for conversion to Lubrol insolubility, since incubating cells with brefeldin A or at 15 °C reduced formation of insoluble rat 35S-prolactin. Formation of Lubrol-insoluble aggregates has protein and cell specificity; newly synthesized human growth hormone expressed in AtT20 cells underwent a 40% conversion to Lubrol insolubility with time, but albumin did not, and human growth hormone expressed in COS cells underwent less than 10% conversion to Lubrol insolubility. del32–46 growth hormone, a naturally occurring form of growth hormone, and P89L growth hormone underwent conversion, although they were secreted more slowly, indicating that there is some tolerance in structural requirements for aggregation. An intracellular compartment with an acidic pH is not necessary for conversion to Lubrol insolubility, because incubation with chloroquine or bafilomycin slowed, but did not prevent, the conversion. GH4C1 cells treated with estradiol, insulin, and epidermal growth factor accumulate more secretory granules and store more prolactin, but not more growth hormone, than untreated cells; Lubrol-insoluble aggregates of prolactin and growth hormone formed to the same extent in hormone-treated or untreated GH4C1 cells, but prolactin was retained longer in hormone-treated cells. These findings indicate that aggregation alone is not sufficient to cause retention of secretory granule proteins, and there is an additional selective process.
Physiological modulation of the GABA receptor by convulsant and anticonvulsant barbiturates in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

Abstract The actions of convulsant and sedative barbiturates on responses to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application and on inhibitory postsynaptic currents were compared using voltage-clamp techniques in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The convulsant barbiturates, 5-ethyl-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) barbituric acid (3M2B), and (+)-5-ethyl-5-(1,3-dimethylbutyl) barbituric acid ((+)-DMBB), and the sedative barbiturate, 5-ethyl-5-(3-methylbutyl) barbituric acid (3MB), all potentiated GABA-mediated chloride currents. In addition, these compounds prolonged the duration of GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents. The similarity between the action of convulsant and sedative barbiturates suggests that the convulsant activity of 3M2B and (+)-DMBB are not mediated by their actions at GABAergic synapses.
Gaussian neural networks for control function implementation

The systematic storage in neural networks of prior information to be used in the design of various control subsystems is investigated. Assuming that the prior information is available in a certain form (namely, input/output data points and specifications between the data points), a particular neural network using Gaussian nonlinearities and a corresponding parameter design method are introduced. The proposed neural network addresses the issue of effectively using prior information, and its use is illustrated in an implementation of a control law scheduler.
Effects of microbial processes on electrolytic and interfacial electrical properties of unconsolidated sediments

[1] The effect of microbial processes on electrical properties of unconsolidated sediments was investigated in a laboratory experiment consisting of biotic and abiotic sand columns. The biotic column (nutrient, diesel and bacteria) showed (a) temporal increase in the real, imaginary, and surface conductivity, and (b) temporal decrease in the formation factor. The abiotic columns (nutrient; and nutrient and diesel) showed no significant changes. Increase in microbial population numbers, decrease in organic carbon source, nitrate, and sulfate and increase in dissolved inorganic carbon and fluid conductivity were indicative of microbial activity in the biotic column. We also measure relative increase in the interfacial electrical properties that exceed relative increase in the electrolytic conductivity. Thus changes in the real and imaginary conductivity were induced by microbial processes. These results suggest that interpretation of geoelectrical data from near surface environments should consider effects of microbial processes.
V.—Questions and Answers on Ice-Motion

A Passage in Mr. Deeley's letter in the December Number suggests to me that some readers may like an opportunity of clearing their thoughts on some points connected with the motion of ice. After a tutor's fashion, I will ask some questions. Let any reader consider the answers he would give, and then compare with mine which shall follow.
An electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy approach to anthrax detection

Metal film over nanosphere (MFON) electrodes are excellent substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. These surfaces are produced by vapor deposition of a metal film over nanospheres that are assembled in a hexagonally close packed arrangement. The efficiency and reproducibility of AgFON electrode as SERS substrates are confirmed by the repeatability of the electrochemical surface enhanced Raman scattering spectra of pyridine and the Ru(bpy) 3 3+ /Ru(bpy) 3 2+ complexes adsorbed on AgFON electrodes. The Raman signal for AgFON electrodes is observed to be extremely stable even at extremely negative potentials in both aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. Recent reports have indicated that SERS enhancement factors of up to 14 orders of magnitude can be achieved, providing the sensitivity requisite for ultra trace level detection of target analytes. For this reason, we are developing a method for bacterial endospore SERS detection based on the endospores marker -- dipicolinic acid (DPA). The SERS spectra of dipicolinic acid in aqueous solutions are reported. The dipicolinate vibrational features could be observed in the SERS spectra at the concentration as low as 8 × 10 -5 M in 5 minutes. These limits of detection are entirely controlled by the thermodynamics and kinetics of DPA binding to the AgFON surface.
Effect of retinoic acid on the phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in HL-60 cells.

HL-60 cells were incubated with [32P]-Pi in order to label endogenous phosphoproteins in situ. These were then resolved via two-dimensional electrophoresis and autoradiograms were made from the gels. A comparison of autoradiograms made from retinoic-acid-differentiated cells with those made from control cells revealed a small number of phosphoproteins whose labeling was enhanced in differentiated cells. Incubating HL-60 cells with [35S]-methionine revealed that RA induced the synthesis of one of these proteins, (53 kDa, pl 4.8) although not to a degree sufficient to account for the increased phosphate labeling observed in differentiated cells. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), which arrests HL-60 cell proliferation without inducing differentiation, had no effect on endogenous protein phosphorylation. Treatment of DFMO-arrested cells with retinoic acid, however, increased the phosphorylation of the proteins and resulted in differentiation of the cells. Densitometric analysis of autoradiograms made from two-dimensional gels revealed that the phosphorylation of the 53-kDa, pl 4.8 protein was significantly elevated in cells exposed to RA for as little as 12 hours, i.e., before the cells were committed to differentiate and before a significant increase in the number of phenotypically mature cells was observed. It therefore appears that this protein may be an intermediate in the retinoic-acid-induced differentiation process.