cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of guayule resin as a pesticide.

Abstract Researchers from the United States are evaluating the nonrubber-producing extract (resin) of the guayule bush (Parthenium argentatum Gray) as a potential wood protectant against marine and terrestrial wood-destroying organisms in Panama. Wood treated with guayule resin was not attacked, or only lightly attacked, by limnorians (crustacean borers) after 45 months in Limon Bay. After 19 months in the Bay of Panama, treated wood was undamaged by teredinids but heavily damaged by pholads; both are molluscan borers. Treated wood was not attacked by termites of the genus Coptotermes during 33 months of exposure in the Panamanian rain forest. Termites of the genus Heterotermes had not attacked wood treated with guayule resin after 45 months in the Panamanian rain forest. A 20-week laboratory evaluation of guayule resin for efficacy against brown-rot (Gleophyllum trabeum, Antrodia carbonica, Formitopsis cajanderi, Lentinus ponderosa) and white-rot (Dichomitus squalens, Trametes versicolor, Ganodermas sp) fungi was performed. Statistical analysis revealed a significant inhibition of decay of the treated wood by these organisms. A 12-week laboratory evaluation of guayule resin for efficacy against soft-rot fungi was also conducted. None of the treated wood was damaged by soft-rot fungi.
Potato improvement through parental line breeding—A five year report of the North Central 35 Regional Project, NC-35

The NC-35 project has established a unified program designed to develop parents improved genetically for certain important economic characters. Researches have been conducted emphasizing concentration of genes conditioning desired characters, inheritance studies, incorporation of desired characters from IR-1 stocks, and improvement of breeding and testing methods. Though the work is difficult, progress has been made. Twenty-three publications have been reported resulting from researches relating directly or indirectly to the NC-35 project. It is anticipated that more rapid progress will be realized as the use of haploid and other new materials develop.
Granuloma inguinale associated with hepato-spleno-megaly and diffuse pulmonary infiltration

A case of granuloma inguinale superimposed on apparently a visceral sarcoidosis has been reported. The degree of hepato-splenomegaly was considerable, pulmonary pathology was present, and myocardial involvement suspected. Factors in the epidemiology that modify sarcoid development or might possibly give rise to that type reaction from Donovan bodies are emphasized and discussed.
Repeatability and internal consistency of abdominal 2D and 4D PC MR flow measurements

Background We have recently demonstrated the benefits of a radially undersampled 4D-MR flow acquisition (PC-VIPR) [1,2] for angiographic imaging of the renal vasculature in humans [3] and for transstenotic pressure gradients in a swine model [4]. Validation of velocity measurements in vivo with non-MRI methods is desirable, but not possible. The purpose of this study was to assess the repeatability of 2D and 4D-PC flow measurements in humans and to assess the internal consistency of arterial in-flow and out-flow measurements in the renal vasculature.
Stability of a general predator—Prey model

Abstract In this paper, we propose a general predator—prey model which includes the Lotka—Volterra model, Gause model, generalized Gause model, Hsu model (1978), Kuang- Freedman model (1988), etc. as special cases. Several results on the local and global stability are obtained concerning this model. These results are generalizations of those obtained by Hsu (1978), Cheng (1981), Liou and Cheng (1988).
Cost of morphological specialization: feeding performance of the two morphs in the trophically polymorphic cichlid fish, Cichlasoma citrinellum

Summary. The feeding performance on soft and hard prey of two morphs of the trophically polymorphic Neotropical cichlid fish, Cichlasoma citrinellum, was investigated in the laboratory. The molariform morphs, specialized to feed on hard prey, are able to crack snail shells that are twice as hard as those cracked by the papilliform morphs. During ecological bottlenecks in food resources this ability should allow molariform morphs to exploit alternate, less preferred prey sources that are not available to papilliform morphs. Analysis of stomach contents revealed that molariform morphs feed significantly more often on hard snails than do papilliform morphs (Meyer 1989a). The performance advantage of the trophically specialized morphs when feeding on hard prey is countered by their less efficient performance on soft diets. The morphologically generalized papilliform morph feeds more efficiently on soft prey. The abundance of preferred soft prey, seasonal fluctuations in prey availability and the frequency of ecological bottlenecks may determine the relative abundance of these two morphs in natural populations in Nicaraguan lakes.
Damping of polymer composite materials for flywheel applications

Damping of pure resin and T700/epoxy composite lamina in longitudinal and transverse directions were investigated experimentally and analytically. The effect of aging on damping was also studied by placing samples at 60°C in an oven for extended periods of time and using results from time-dependant studies. Damping master curves vs. frequency were constructed from individual curves at various temperatures using the match principle. Master curves constructed using Arrhenius equation matched those constructed using the match principle for the matrix but not for the composite. The damping response of the composite lamina was used to predict the response of laminate composites. It was found that for a specific frequency range, damping decreases with the increase in aging time, and that damping is dependent on the direction of fibers, highlighting the importance of multi-direction reinforcement for composite flywheel rotors. Laminate damping was also experimentally evaluated for a number of configurations (0°, ± 45° and 90°). The half power method was used to identify the damping characteristics for coupon samples. These experimental measurements matched results from lamina investigation and indicated that the 0° specimen has the lowest damping ratio in the fiber direction, while the highest damping ratio corresponds to the 45° fiber orientation. It was also observed that the damping factor was only weakly dependent upon frequency for a broad range of frequencies, which is an important result with regard to simulation and stability analyses. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:498–508, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
When the Rich Don't Get Richer: Equalizing Tendencies of Creative Networks

Analysis of the collaborative online environment The Pool suggests that inequalities in some creative networks may level out over time due to the long-term effects of user ratings.
The DLK-1 Kinase Promotes mRNA Stability and Local Translation in C. elegans Synapses and Axon Regeneration

Growth cone guidance and synaptic plasticity involve dynamic local changes in proteins at axons and dendrites. The Dual-Leucine zipper Kinase MAPKKK (DLK) has been previously implicated in synaptogenesis and axon outgrowth in C. elegans and other animals. Here we show that in C. elegans DLK-1 regulates not only proper synapse formation and axon morphology but also axon regeneration by influencing mRNA stability. DLK-1 kinase signals via a MAPKAP kinase, MAK-2, to stabilize the mRNA encoding CEBP-1, a bZip protein related to CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, via its 3'UTR. Inappropriate upregulation of cebp-1 in adult neurons disrupts synapses and axon morphology. CEBP-1 and the DLK-1 pathway are essential for axon regeneration after laser axotomy in adult neurons, and axotomy induces translation of CEBP-1 in axons. Our findings identify the DLK-1 pathway as a regulator of mRNA stability in synapse formation and maintenance and also in adult axon regeneration.
Error monitoring dysfunction across the illness course of schizophrenia

Response monitoring abnormalities have been reported in chronic schizophrenia patients, but it is unknown whether they predate the onset of psychosis, are present in early stages of illness, or are late-developing abnormalities associated with illness progression. Response-synchronized event-related potentials (ERP) recorded during a picture-word matching task yielded error-related negativity (ERN), correct-response negativity (CRN), and error positivity (Pe) from 84 schizophrenia patients (SZ), 48 clinical high risk patients (CHR), and their age-matched healthy controls (HC; n = 110 and 88, respectively). A sub-sample of 35 early illness schizophrenia patients (ESZ) was compared to 93 age-matched HC and the CHR patients (after statistically removing the effects of normal aging). Relative to HC, 1) SZ, ESZ, and CHR had smaller ERNs, and 2) SZ and ESZ had larger CRNs and smaller Pes. Within the SZ, longer illness duration was associated with larger CRNs but was unrelated to ERN or Pe. CHR and ESZ did not differ on ERN or CRN, although Pe was smaller in ESZ than CHR. These results indicate that while ERN, CRN, and Pe abnormalities are present early in the illness, only the ERN abnormality is evident prior to psychosis onset, and only the CRN abnormality appears to worsen progressively over the illness course. Brain regions subserving response monitoring may be compromised early in the illness and possibly during its clinical prodrome.
Field and Temperature Dependent Suspension Studies of High Temperature Superconductors

We have employed a novel variable-temperature, variable-field/field-gradient cryogenic levitometer, previously used in levitation experiments, to study the suspension properties of the thallium-based high temperature superconductors. Our results are compared and contrasted with the levitation studies and the singular features of the suspension properties are noted.
GigaDB: promoting data dissemination and reproducibility

Often papers are published where the underlying data supporting the research are not made available because of the limitations of making such large data sets publicly and permanently accessible. Even if the raw data are deposited in public archives, the essential analysis intermediaries, scripts or software are frequently not made available, meaning the science is not reproducible. The GigaScience journal is attempting to address this issue with the associated data storage and dissemination portal, the GigaScience database (GigaDB). Here we present the current version of GigaDB and reveal plans for the next generation of improvements. However, most importantly, we are soliciting responses from you, the users, to ensure that future developments are focused on the data storage and dissemination issues that still need resolving. Database URL: http://www.gigadb.org
COVERT POLITICAL CONFLICT IN ORGANIZATIONS: Challenges from Below

▪ Abstract This review considers a class of political activity that has largely been ignored by researchers extending social movement theory into organizations: covert political conflict. Although much of the literature we discuss focuses on contemporary corporations where the bulk of research on covert conflict has occurred, we also explore studies of covert conflict in a range of historical and organizational contexts that fall outside the contemporary work world. As we define it, covert political conflict encompasses four interrelated elements: contestation of institutionalized power and authority, perceptions of collective injury, social occlusion, and officially forbidden forms of dissent. Beyond these elements, covert conflict varies in its material and symbolic forms, collective dimensions, social visibility, and outcomes. We also examine explanatory approaches for covert conflict at the micro, organizational, field, and macro levels of analysis. Finally, we suggest a number of areas for future res...
Bacteriostatic inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae by three human transferrins

Three human transferrin variants verified by rivanol precipitation were separated using vertical block polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution convection. A bacteriostatic inhibition measurement in vitro of the three transferrins was made. The data indicate that human transferrin variants exhibit different degrees of inhibition on Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Distracción: Notes on Cultural Citizenship, Visual Ethnography, and Mexican Migration to Pennsylvania

As part of his effort to organize Mexican workers in the mushroom industry of southeastern Pennsylvania, Luis Tlaseca has made and shown videos on a variety of topics, including Mexican migrants' participation in the annual Mushroom Festival. In this article, I describe Tlaseca's understandings of this video project as well as the video's reception by a group of migrant workers. I argue that at both levels, production and reception, the video has been interpreted both as a reflection on class and race relations as well as cultural citizenship. In doing so, I contextualize understandings of cultural citizenship in terms of what I call “structures of belonging.”
Estimating Rain Derived Inflow and Infiltration for Rainfalls of Varying Characteristics

The objective of this paper is to describe an autoregressive regression framework with respect to metered sewer flow and simultaneous rainfall data series. The main purpose is to produce more reliable estimates for rain derived inflow and infiltration (RDII) characteristics in a sanitary sewer basin. The discussion is centered at three specific points: (1) a justification for an autoregressive error structure; (2) a modeling setup to capture the RDII characteristics for rain events of varying duration and intensity; and (3) a statistical quantification of RDII reduction, by a sewer rehabilitation project, via tests based on two independent data series.
An Illuminance-Reflectance Model for Nonlinear Enhancement of Color Images

An image enhancement algorithm based on illuminance-reflectance model is proposed for improving the visual quality of digital images captured under insufficient and/or non-uniform lighting conditions. The paper presents computational methods for estimation of scene illuminance and reflectance, adaptive dynamic range compression of illuminance, and adaptive enhancement for mid-tone frequency components. The images are processed in a similar way as human eyes sensing a scene. The algorithm demonstrates high quality of enhanced images, robust performance and fast processing speed. Compared with Retinex and multi-scale retinex with color restoration (MSRCR), the proposed method shows a better balance between luminance enhancement and contrast enhancement as well as a more consistent and reliable color rendition without introducing incorrect colors. This is an effective technique for image enhancement with simple computational procedures, which makes real-time application successfully realized. The application of this image enhancement technique to the FRGC images yields improved face recognition results.
Justice and Political Economy in Commercial Society: Adam Smith's "Science of a Legislator"

The problem of Adam Smith's assessment of "commercial society" is inextricably linked to the nature of the unity of his moral philosophy. In this article, I offer an interpretation of Smith's "Science of a Legislator" that locates its unity and meaning in the application of a certain method of analysis in his theory of justice and political economy. In Smith's Science, commercial society is constituted by a set of principles, or mechanisms, the two most important being moral sentiments and competitive markets. These mechanisms transform the pursuit of self-love toward the public good and are based upon the faculty of sympathy. When properly guided by the legislator, they yield both justice and opulence. The effects of commerce on the character of the laboring classes, however, threaten to undermine moral sentiments and, thus, the basis of justice and social cohesion. The advancement of justice in commercial society, then, will depend upon the legislator's ability to ensure the proper functioning of these ...
Fuzzy clustering with Learnable Cluster dependent Kernels

We propose a new relational clustering approach, called Fuzzy clustering with Learnable Cluster dependent Kernels (FLeCK), that learns multiple kernels while seeking compact clusters. A Gaussian kernel is learned with respect to each cluster. It reflects the relative density, size, and position of the cluster with respect to the other clusters. These kernels are learned by optimizing both the intra-cluster and the inter-cluster similarities. Moreover, FLeCK is formulated to work on relational data. This makes it applicable to data where objects cannot be represented by vectors or when clusters of similar objects cannot be represented efficiently by a single prototype. The experiments show that FLeCK outperforms several other algorithms. In particular, we show that when data include clusters with various inter and intra cluster distances, learning cluster dependent kernel is crucial in obtaining a good partition.
Human and Canid Dietary Relationships: Comparative Stable Isotope Analysis From the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska

Abstract Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes are used to address the dietary relationship between humans and two canid species at the Uyak site (KOD-145) on Kodiak Island, Alaska: dog (Canis familiaris) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes). We assess the relative contribution of marine and terrestrial protein to each species’ diet as a measure of their dietary relationship to people, using zooarchaeological data, food web data, and ethnohistoric observations to interpret the results. The results suggest that dogs and foxes had different diets: the dogs are consistently enriched in both 13C and 15N, which indicates a heavy dependence on marine protein, while the fox samples produced both marine and terrestrial isotope values. Data from this project have the potential to expand our understanding of human-canid relationships in this island environment and in the greater context of island ecology, and contribute some of the first isotopic data for small terrestrial mammals in the Gulf of Alaska.
Notes and Observations on the Biology and Rearing of Creophilus Maxillosus (L.) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

On April 13, 1947, a single live female of Creophilus maxillosus (L.) collected from the carcass of a squirrel in Urbana, Illinois, was placed in a battery jar partially filled with an inch or two of black earth. On April 18 four more of these beetles (sex undetermined) were obtained from the same carcass and placed in a separate battery jar. By April 20 several white oval eggs were conspicuous against the black earth, having been dropped at random in the first battery jar; and by April 22, additional eggs had been obtained from both jars, and small but active first instar larvae were seen in the first jar. I attempted to rear these larvae through to adults for the pleasure of observing the life cycle. This was easily done, and during the subsequent 1½ months eggs were reared through to adults, the reared adults were mated, and eggs again obtained. During this time between 60 and 70 larvae were reared, some of which devoured one another at various stages before I learned to isolate them. These beetles were kept near my desk at room temperature, and various observations were made and recorded. Since I have had some requests concerning this information, much of which has not previously been recorded, these observations are presented now, although additional study remains to be done.
Analyzing Campaign Contributions in Context: The Effects of Political Environment and Legal Regulations on Itemized Contributions to Federal Campaign Committees

Political campaign contributions are not made in a vacuum. Rather, contributions from individuals are affected by the political and legal environment experienced by potential donors. I study itemiz...
Research on Calculation Model Based on Suspension Cable Theories in Construction Cargo Cableway

Construction cargo cableway often changes the construction fields,so the precision and efficiency of the main cables’ calculation are of great importance to the safety and expenditure in construction.Based on the study of two suspention cable theories,i.e.catenary theory and parabola theory,the calculation models and algorithms were established,the calculation program applying Mathematca and C#.NET technology was compiled,and the applicability of the two theories were discussed in details as well.Practical application demonstrates that the test data and the calculation results are in well accordance,which identfied the precision of the algrithoms and the realization of parameterized design.
Outcome of listing for heart transplantation in infants younger than six months: Predictors of death and interval to transplantation

Background The major limiting factor to successful heart transplantation in infants is the limited supply of donors. To examine the impact of donor limitations on survival after listing, a multiinstitutional study was designed to identify risk factors for death while waiting and for longer interval to transplantation. Methods Between January 1 and December 31, 1993, 118 infants 6 months of age or younger (86 younger than 29 days) were listed for heart transplantation from 21 institutions. The primary diagnosis was hypoplastic left-sided heart syndrome (HLHS) in 70 (59%), other congenital defects in 32 (27%), cardiomyopathy or myocarditis in 13 (11%), and other diagnoses in 3. Among the 48 patients without HLHS, 32 (67%) required inotropic, mechanical, or prostaglandin support, whereas 16 (33%) did not. Results At 6 months after listing, only 6% remained on the list awaiting transplantation, 59% underwent transplantation. 31% died while waiting, and 4% were removed from the list. The greatest mortality rate before transplantation was among patients with HLHS in whom the actuarial mortality rate if they were unable to receive a transplant was 77% at 6 months, compared with 52% in patients without HLHS and without inotropic or mechanical support (p = 0.05). By multivariable analysis, risk factors for death while waiting included inotropic support (p = 0.02), smaller size (p = 0.0007), and blood type O (p = 0.003). Surgical procedures before listing did not significantly influence pretransplantation mortality rates. The interval from listing to transplantation increased with young age (p = 0.01) in patients without HLHS and smaller size (p = 0.001) and blood group O (p = 0.0006) for patients with HLHS. The effect of blood type O on mortality rates and longer interval to transplantation was due to the distribution of type O donor hearts to non-type O recipients. Palliative operations after listing did not favorably influence survival; nine patients underwent first-stage Norwood while waiting, and six died before transplantation. Conclusions The mortality rate is unacceptably high among infants awaiting transplantation, particularly in patients with HLHS. Infants receiving intravenous inotropes or mechanical support at listing are at high risk of early death while waiting. The distribution of blood group O donors to non-blood group O recipients results in higher mortality rates among blood group O recipients. Greater emphasis should be placed on medical strategies to improve survival while waiting and on expanding existing graft resources.
Italy. The Transition to IFRS in Italy and Elsewhere, or from Code Napoléon to the Devolution of Sovereignty

The approval and implementation of EU Directives started a process of clash between civil-law and common-law countries which, in creeping a way, is on move since then with pervasive effects on the accounting theory and practice and on the accounting profession as well. The story got underway by the unclear true and fair concept, implemented by each national state according to its previous legal and accounting tradition. To unravel the problem, the passage was suggested to IAS-International Accounting Standards, these ones being—on their turn—heavily country-minded.
Fhl2 Regulates The Function Of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

Fhl2 is a member of four and one half LIM domain protein family. It acts as a transcriptional modulator, regulating proliferation and apoptosis in a cell-context dependent manner. The role of endogenous Fhl2 in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs) is still unknown. To determine the in vivo function of Fhl2 in hematopoiesis, we characterized the HSCs/HPCs in Fhl2 -null mice. At age of 3 months, Fhl2 -null mice revealed normal hematopoietic parameters. As shown by flow cytometric analysis, Fhl2 -null mice had a normal distribution of Mac-1+Gr+ myeloid cells, B220+ B cells and CD3+ T cells in bone marrow and spleen, suggesting that Fhl2 l oss does not affect mature cell differentiation in young mice. The frequency and total number of stem cell enriched population LSK (Lin-Sca+c-Kit+) and Long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs) (Lin-Sca+c-Kit+CD48-CD150+) were marginally increased in Fhl2 -/- mice as compared to wildtype mice, whereas the frequency and the number of hematopoietic progenitor cells was reduced in Fhl2 -/- mice as compared to Fhl2 +/+ mice. Transplantation exposes HSCs to various stresses including replicative and oxidative stresses. To examine whether Fhl2 regulates the function of HSCs/HPCs under stress, we transplanted bone marrow cells from Fhl2 -/- or control mice into lethally-irradiated wildtype mice to generate chimeric mice. 7 months after transplantation, the Fhl2 -/- chimeric mice developed MDS-like disease with a significant decrease in platelet, red blood cell (RBC) counts and Hemoglobin (Hb) level as compared to control chimeric mice. The number of LT-HSC, LSK and HPCs in Fhl2 -/- chimeric mice were significantly less than they were in control chimeric mice, as determined by flow cytometric analysis. However, the frequency of Mac-1+Gr-1+ myeloid cells, B220+ B cells and CD3+ T cells were comparable in Fhl2 -/- and Fhl2 +/+ chimeric mice, suggesting that Fhl2 loss reduces repopulation capacity of LT-HSCs but does not affect HPCs differentiation in recipient mice. As evidenced by the reduced G population of HSCs and LSKs in Fhl2 -null chimeric mice as compared to control chimeric mice, Fhl2 may regulate HSCs self-renewal under stress by controlling HSC quiescence. To further determine the function of HSCs, we performed the competitive repopulation assay. In agreement with the observation that Fhl2 -/- HSCs have a reduced repopulation capacity, the ratio of Fhl2 -/- derived total Peripheral Blood (PB) cells vs. competitor-derived PB cells was significantly decreased as compared to Fhl2 +/+ - derived recipients at secondary transplantation, and the ratio gradually decreased up to 4-5-fold as compared to Fhl2 +/+ - derived recipients at tertiary transplantation. Previously, we showed that FHL2 is down-regulated in subsets of Therapy-related Myelodyplastic Syndrome or Acute Myeloid Leukemia (t-MDS/t-AML patients). Together, these data suggest that Fhl2 is required for maintenance of HSCs/HPCs, and its downregulation may contribute to the development of t-MDS/t-AML in patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Towards a reconceptualisation of the lumpenproletariat: The collective organisation of poverty for social change through participatory media

This study examines the activist-oriented participatory media processes of those who arguably could be classified as contemporary lumpenproletariat in San Francisco, California. Based on ethnographic research conducted at POOR Magazine in San Francisco, this article argues that, despite obstacles of disenfranchisement and disindividuation, people living in poverty and homelessness can organise collectively for social change via participatory media processes. Working with POOR Magazine , I conducted a qualitative analysis of the process of participatory media production and the media artefacts of people living in poverty and homelessness. The data are analysed through a critical/cultural theoretical lens to help reframe and redefine the conception of the lumpenproletariat. The findings of this study saw the possibility for collective organisation emerge in four ways: ideology, leadership, organisation and collective identity; this gives us a better understanding of the power and potential of lumpenproletariat media.
Systematic review: Safety of balloon assisted enteroscopy in Crohn's disease

Aim To determine the overall and comparative risk of procedure related perforation of balloon assisted enteroscopy (BAE) in Crohn's disease (CD). Methods Systematic review (PROSPERO #CRD42015016381) of studies reporting on CD patients undergoing BAE. Seventy-three studies reporting on 1812 patients undergoing 2340 BAEs were included. Primary outcome of interest was the overall and comparative risk of procedure related perforation of diagnostic BAE in CD. Secondary outcomes of interest were risk of procedure related perforation of diagnostic double balloon enteroscopy (DBE), risk of procedure related perforation of therapeutic BAE, efficacy of stricture dilation, and clinical utility of endoscopically assessing small bowel disease activity. Results Per procedure perforation rate of diagnostic BAE in CD was 0.15% (95%CI: 0.05-0.45), which was similar to diagnostic BAE for all indications (0.11%; IRR = 1.41, 95%CI: 0.28-4.50). Per procedure perforation rate of diagnostic DBE in CD was 0.12% (95%CI: 0.03-0.44), which was similar to diagnostic DBE for all indications (0.22%; IRR = 0.54, 95%CI: 0.06-0.24). Per procedure perforation rate of therapeutic BAE in CD was 1.74% (95%CI: 0.85-3.55). Eighty-six percent of therapeutic perforations were secondary to stricture dilation. Dilation was attempted in 207 patients and 30% required surgery during median follow-up of 18 months. When diagnostic BAE assessed small bowel disease activity, changes in medical therapy resulted in endoscopic improvement in 77% of patients. Conclusion Diagnostic BAE in CD has a similar rate of perforation as diagnostic BAE for all indications and can be safely performed in assessment of mucosal healing.
Regulation of Exon 2′/2 of Protein 4.1R by Coordinated Transcription and Splicing.

Alternative splicing events altering the 5′ end of the red blood cell protein 4.1 (4.1R) mRNA are critical for modulating the expression of both the 135 kD and 80 kD isoforms. Three mutually exclusive 5′ exons, 1A, 1B, and 1C, are transcribed from their respective promoter and exhibit differential splicing to exon 2′/2 splice acceptor sites. Exon 1A splices to the distal 3′ splice site (3′ ss) excluding exon 2′ and encoding for the 80 kD isoform. Exons 1B and 1C splice to the proximal 3′ ss, including exon 2′ in mature mRNA and encoding for the 135 kD form. We investigated the regulatory mechanism involved in the selection of the alternative 3′ ss, using 1A, 1B, and 1C minigene constructs containing intronic sequences downstream of each exon joined with intronic sequences upstream of exon 2′. We positioned either CMV or the respective native promoter upstream of the minigene and analyzed the spliced products for exon 2′ expression in mouse (MELC or C2C12) or human (HeLa or RD) cells. When under the control of the CMV promoter, all 1A, 1B, and 1C minigenes resulted in the inclusion of exon 2′. However, when under the control of its respective promoter, the minigene mimicked its endogenous splicing pattern, suggesting that promoter identity influences the alternative exon 2′ splicing decision. To confirm this hypothesis, we switched 1A and 1B promoters in their respective minigene constructs. Replacement of the 1A promoter by the 1B promoter resulted in the inclusion of exon 2′ in the 1A minigene. Conversely, replacement of the 1B promoter by the 1A promoter caused increased exclusion of exon 2′ in the 1B minigene, confirming that alternative splicing of exon 2′ is sensitive to the type of promoter. The current model on the modulation of alternative splicing by promoters suggests that the promoter might control alternative splicing via the regulation of polymerase II (pol II) elongation or processivity. To test whether the same mechanism applies to exon 2′/2 splicing, we treated 1A and 1B minigene-transfected cells with transcription elongation inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-b-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). Inhibition of transcription elongation did not affect splicing of the 1B minigene, but it enhanced exon 2′ inclusion in the 1A minigene. The distal 3′ ss is a stronger splice site than the proximal 3′ ss. A highly processive elongating pol II favors the simultaneous presentation of both sites to the splicing machinery, a situation in which the distal 3′ ss out-competes the proximal 3′ ss, resulting in exon 2′ exclusion. Conversely, a slow pol II processivity on the 1B promoter favors the selection of the proximal 3′ ss and inclusion of exon 2′. Taken together, our results show that the alternative splicing of exon 2′/2 is tightly coupled to promoter architecture. Inclusion or exclusion of exon 2′ is achieved through a coordinated action of transcription and splicing.
The cytochromes of mitochondria from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST

1. Mitochondria of the obligately aerobic ciliate protozoon, Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST, are unusual in that they possess a cytochrome oxidase system that does not react with reduced mammalian cytochrome c; the presence of cytochromes a603+a3 is masked in the α-band region of spectra by the broad absorption band of cytochrome a620. 2. Other haemoproteins present include cytochromes b560, b556, c553 and c549. 3. The reaction of reduced cytochrome a3 with CO is reversed by flash photolysis, and in the presence of O2 the subsequent oxidation of this cytochrome is followed by that of cytochrome a603. 4. Cytochromes a620 and b560 also react with CO and with KCN; the latter cytochrome corresponds with that designated cytochrome o by other workers. 5. The contribution of cytochrome a603 to difference spectra is revealed by making use of the fact that it does not react with KCN. 6. Cytochrome a620 is unstable, and its α-absorption band is lost from spectra of mitochondria which have been aged or treated with ultrasound, detergents or organic solvents. 7. Possible pathways of electron transport via the several different terminal oxidases in Tetrahymena mitochondria are proposed.
The Importance of Interagency Collaboration for Crossover Youth: A Research Note

Crossover or dually involved youth are youth enmeshed in the child welfare system (CWS) and juvenile justice system (JJS). Given their dual status and high needs, attention has recently focused on ...
The nutritional physiology of sharks

Sharks compose one of the most diverse and abundant groups of consumers in the ocean. Consumption and digestion are essential processes for obtaining nutrients and energy necessary to meet a broad and variable range of metabolic demands. Despite years of studying prey capture behavior and feeding habits of sharks, there has been little exploration into the nutritional physiology of these animals. To fully understand the physiology of the digestive tract, it is critical to consider multiple facets, including the evolution of the system, feeding mechanisms, digestive morphology, digestive strategies, digestive biochemistry, and gastrointestinal microbiomes. In each of these categories, we make comparisons to what is currently known about teleost nutritional physiology, as well as what methodology is used, and describe how similar techniques can be used in shark research. We also identify knowledge gaps and provide suggestions to continue the progression of the field, ending with a summary of new directions that should be addressed in future studies regarding the nutritional physiology of sharks.
Interrelationship between food security status, home availability of variety of fruits and vegetables and their dietary intake among low-income pregnant women

Objective To (i) determine differences in the availability of variety of fruits and vegetables (FV and (ii) examine the inter-associations between food security status, availability of variety of FV fresh vegetables, -0·048 (-0·083, -0·023)). As food security worsened, the available variety of fresh F&V decreased, which was associated with lower intake. Conclusions The study highlights the interlink between food security, home food environment and diet quality, and the importance of nutrition education intervention to promote a healthy home food environment and improved pregnancy outcomes among low-income women.
Charles Babbage: A Brief Biography

(1972). Charles Babbage: A Brief Biography. The Journal of Data Education: Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 19-21.
Why Google Can’t Save Us

The Stanford History Education Group has prototyped, field tested, and validated a bank of assessments that tap civic online reasoning—the ability to judge the credibility of the information that floods young people’s smartphones, tablets, and computers. We developed 56 tasks and administered them to students across 12 states. In total, we collected and analyzed 7,804 student responses. From pre-teens to seniors in college, students struggled mightily to evaluate online information. To investigate how people determine the credibility of digital information, we sampled 45 individuals: 10 PhD historians, 10 professional fact checkers, and 25 Stanford University undergraduates. We observed them as they evaluated websites and engaged in open web searches on social and political issues. Historians and students often fell victim to easily manipulated features of websites, such as official-looking logos and domain names.
The Lone Instrument: Musical Solos and Sadness-Related Features

Given the extensive instrumental resources afforded by an orchestra, why would a composer elect to feature a single solo instrument? In this study we explore one possible use of solos—that of conveying or enhancing a sad affect. Orchestral passages were identified from an existing collection and categorized as solos or non-solos. Independently, the passages were characterized on seven other features previously linked to sad affect, including mode, tempo, dynamics, articulation, rhythmic smoothness, relative pitch height, and pitch range. Using the first four factors, passages were classified into nine previously defined expressive categories. Passages containing acoustic features associated with the “sad/relaxed” expressive category were twice as likely to employ solo texture. Moreover, a regression model incorporating all factors significantly predicted solo status. However, only two factors (legato articulation, quiet dynamics) were significant individual predictors. Finally, with the notable exception of string instruments, we found a strong correlation ( ρ = .88) between the likelihood that a solo is assigned to a given instrument and an independent scale of the capacity of that instrument for expressing sadness. Although solo instrumentation undoubtedly serves many other functions, these results are consistent with a significant though moderate association between sadness-related acoustic features and solo textures.
A 'Seldinger' method to facilitate accurate placement of an end cap following femoral nailing

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006; 88: 224–232 225 To demonstrate the reduction, the sponge is then slid so that the edges match and then the sponge ends reduced. The fracture is then reduced by forceful volar flexion whilst maintaining the traction against the intact material ‘periosteum’ (Fig. 3). The three-point moulding technique of plaster cast immobilisation is represented in our model by the three points that maintain reduction against the intact material (Fig. 4).
Methods for Evaluating in Vivo Rodent Models for Alzheimer’s Disease

In general, aged rodents do not show classical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. Although aged rats do not normally contain s-amyloid protein (As)-rich plaques nor neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), in rare instances, they do have amyloid plaques of unknown composition that contain dystrophic neurites (Vaughan and Peters 1981). Recent studies with mice transgenic for the s-amyloid precursor protein (APP) containing familial AD mutations have demonstrated that mice which produce high levels of As readily develop diffuse and neuritic s-amyloid deposits. As in AD, reactive astrocytes, activated microglia and dystrophic neurites cluster around and within the deposits. These dystrophic neurites contain abnormally phosphorylated tau protein between 6 and 12 months of age (Games et al. 1995) and other pathological cytoskeletal alterations (Masliah et al. 1996). Although similar to NFT, the dystrophic neurites in the transgenic mice do not meet all the criteria for NFT because paired helical filaments have not been found, even at 18 months. Furthermore, although age-dependent selective synapse loss occurs (Cole et al. 1999), there has not yet been demonstrated any quantifiable neuron loss. Collectively, these studies show that rodents producing large amounts of As can develop neuritic plaques closely resembling those found in AD and are therefore an excellent model of studying plaque pathogenesis.
The Nature and Extent of Intercircuit Conflicts: A Solution Needed for a Mountain or a Molehill

Congress has made few major changes in the structure of the federal court system subsequent to its passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789.' Since the Evarts Act of 1891,2 when the circuit-riding duties of Supreme Court Justices were finally eliminated and the circuit courts of appeals established,3 the administration of justice at the federal level has rested fairly comfortably on a three-tier basis. The district courts try cases, the courts of appeals provide obligatory appellate review, and the Supreme Court supervises both, largely on discretionary review, as the court of last resort.4 Although some minor alterations and revisions in jurisdiction, procedure, and federal-state judicial relations have occasionally been necessary over the last century,5 the basic structure of the federal court system has remained essentially unchanged since 1891.
Static memory leak detection

Memory management problems are common in programs written in languages requiring manual memory deallocation. They are important because they can cause program failure, potentially allowing remote denial of service or unauthorized execution. This dissertation presents a novel static analysis and its implementation Clouseau, a tool that can semi-automatically identify memory leaks and double deletes in large C and C++ applications. We have formalized a practical ownership model of memory management and developed type systems to enforce it. In the model, every object is pointed to by one and only one owning pointer, which holds the exclusive right and obligation to either delete the object or to transfer the right to another owning pointer. Programs hold references to many objects in container data structures like lists and maps. Some containers have polymorphic element ownership and can be used to hold either owning or non-owning pointers to objects. Clouseau helps identify containers in large programs. Small user-generated specifications on the procedures that manipulate containers are then used to enforce the ownership model. Clouseau uses flow-sensitive and context-sensitive algorithms to infer likely ownership interfaces of procedures, methods, and object fields. Statements inconsistent with the model are identified as sources of potential errors. The algorithms are sound with respect to a large subset of the C and C++ languages, reporting warnings for all possible errors. They are practical and useful; identifying those warnings likely corresponding to errors and aiding user understanding by identifying inferred ownership interfaces. Applying Clouseau to ten applications demonstrates its applicability to large real programs and its effectiveness at finding memory management problems. We show that enforcing ownership models is efficient and effective at identifying leaks and multiple deletions in important programs and libraries. We compare identifying leaks statically using Clouseau to identifying them dunamically; in many cases, our system finds program errors that account for a large majority of the dynamic memory leak volume. Moreover, where no leaks were identified dynamically, Clouseau found potential leaks. Clouseau is effective at identifying container implementations in large programs. Modeling ownership in containers can substantially increase the effectiveness of static leak detection.
Advancing methods for the analysis of glioblastoma cell motion using quantitative time lapse holographic imaging and cellular tomography

Glioblastomas are brain cancers with very poor patient prognosis. We have developed a Glioblastoma U87 MR model, using 4-dimensional imaging in multi-day tracking experiments. The cells have a tendency to form long-term cellular associations, and quantifying their motility by standard approaches is difficult. We cultured the cells in a structured environment (wound healing template), separated the X and Y information to define cumulative directionality plots providing a metric of the overall cell population movement analyzed by holographic imaging cytometry. With cellular tomography, we obtained 3D time lapse tomographs of cells at 0.2 um resolution, enabling sub-cellular analysis at levels not previously possible. Even in label-free cultures, sub-cellular components can be distinguished and color-coded based on differences of their refractive index values. We discovered that there are numerous mitochondria present, both single and also actively undergoing fission and fusion processes. Many thin mitochondrial networks are present within the cytoplasm, and also extending away from the cell in tunneling nanotubes. There is fusion of these networks to form larger structures that form connections between cells. Substances can be seen moving bi-directionally between cells. After several days of culture, the cells form large multicellular and highly connected spheroids. This is evident in widefield stitched images of the spheroids. While the tendency of U87 cells to form spheroids was previously known, the combined results from our multi-modality quantitative imaging platforms provide new insights into the cellular dynamics of glioblastoma cells, and the networks that they form. This knowledge is being applied to the development anti-glioblastoma treatments.