cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cohabitation and the Restatement (Third) of Restitution & Unjust Enrichment

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1408II. Section 28 and Professor Dawson 1409III. Overview of Restitution 1410IV. Restatement (First) of Restitution from 1937 and Restatement (Third) of Restitution & Unjust Enrichment from 2010 Compared 1414A. The Restatement (First) and Cohabitation 1414B. Societal Changes Between 1937 and 2010 1416C. Restatement (Third) of Restitution & Unjust Enrichment and Cohabitation 1419V. Applicability of Section 28 1421VI. Uncertain Remedies Obtainable in Cohabitation Cases 1425A. Overview 1425B. Remedial Provisions in the Restatement (Third) 1428C. Title and Traceable Product 14281 . No Recovery Based on Enhanced Value of Acquired Assets 14292 . Recovery Based on Value from Acquired Assets ......... 1433D. Helpmate Services 14341. Valuable or Not 14342. Offsets 14363. Measuring Value 1440VII. Conclusion 1441I. IntroductionThe Restatement (Third) of Restitution & Unjust Enrichment endorses the modern view that a partner in a marriage-like relationship may recover in unjust enrichment from the one who left with jointly created assets. In doing so, the Restatement (Third) is following the example of the Restatement (First) of Restitution, which endorsed the then modern view that a putative wife, one who thought she was married, could recover in unjust enrichment from her "spouse." Both Restatements rejected the reasoning of cases that denied recovery to women (usually women) because they were in illicit, or meretricious, relationships. The Restatement (First) justified its rejection of this bar because the putative wife was the victim of deception or mistake. The Restatement (Third) rejects the bar on the ground that denying recovery to one partner can enrich the other, equally illicit, partner. The late Professor John Dawson, a leading voice in the articulation of the doctrine of restitution and unjust enrichment, would approve.The addition of Section 28, Unmarried Cohabitants, to the Restatement (Third) is a good step toward protecting the frustrated expectations of financially vulnerable, trusting people, some of whom raised families with their prior "spouse." It raises many questions about the scope of relief, however. The enriched cohabitant frequently leaves with his (usually his) future security unchanged. His partner often may have little earned income of her own. Section 28 has differing emphases about the value of homemaking and helpmate services. Some Illustrations describe recoveries that involve sharing assets created during the relationship. Illustration 1 1 , however, describes a woman who was an essential part of her partner's business and contributed ideas that helped it grow substantially. She would only be entitled to salary for that period but not any part of the increase in the business from her contributions (the "traceable product" from her services).In this Article I explain why I think Professor Dawson would approve of the addition of Section 28, which would explicitly make restitution available to cohabitants who live as if they were married. …
A Pitfall of Learning from User-generated Data: In-Depth Analysis of Subjective Class Problem

Abstract Research in the supervised learning algorithms field implicitly assumes that training data is labeled by domain experts or at least semi-professional labelers accessible through crowdsourcing services like Amazon Mechanical Turk. With the advent of the Internet, data has become abundant and a large number of machine learning based systems are being trained with user-generated data, where categorical data is used as labels. However, little work has been done in the area of supervised learning with user-defined labels where users are not necessarily experts and might be unable to provide correct labels to some data or the labels might contain significant human bias. In this article, we propose two types of classes in user-defined labels: subjective class and objective class - showing that the objective classes are as reliable as if they were provided by domain experts, whereas the subjective classes are subject to error and bias. We name this a subjective class problem and propose a Normalized Feature Indicative Score that can be effective in detecting subjective classes in a dataset without querying oracle. This score provides early detection of subjective classes in the data, saving time for data mining practitioners working with data that might contain errors and biases.
Magnetic Connections across the Chromosphere-Corona Transition Region

The plasma contributing to emission from the Sun between the cool chromosphere ($\le 10^4$K) and hot corona ($\ge 10^6$K) has been subjected to many different interpretations. Here we look at the magnetic structure of this transition region (TR) plasma, based upon the implications of CLASP2 data of an active region recently published by Ishikawa et al., and earlier IRIS and SDO data of quiet regions. Ishikawa et al. found that large areas of sunspot plages are magnetically unipolar as measured in the cores of \ion{Mg}{2} resonance lines, formed in the lower transition region under low plasma-$\beta$ conditions. Here we show that IRIS images in the line cores have fibrils which well aligned with the overlying coronal loop segments seen in the 171 A channel of SDO. When the TR emission in active regions arise from plasma magnetically and thermally connected to the corona, then the line cores can provide the first credible magnetic boundary conditions for force-free calculations extended to the corona. We also re-examine IRIS images of dynamic TR cool loops previously reported as a major contributor to transition region emission from the quiet Sun. Dynamic cool loops contribute only a small fraction of the total TR emission from the quiet Sun.
Composed Fine-Tuning: Freezing Pre-Trained Denoising Autoencoders for Improved Generalization

We focus on prediction problems with structured outputs that are subject to output validity constraints, e.g. pseudocode-to-code translation where the code must compile. While labeled input-output pairs are expensive to obtain, "unlabeled" outputs, i.e. outputs without corresponding inputs, are freely available (e.g. code on GitHub) and provide information about output validity. Pre-training captures this structure by training a denoiser to denoise corrupted versions of unlabeled outputs. We first show that standard fine-tuning after pre-training destroys some of this structure. We then propose composed fine-tuning, which trains a predictor composed with the pre-trained denoiser. Importantly, the denoiser is fixed to preserve output structure. Like standard fine-tuning, the predictor is also initialized with the pre-trained denoiser. We prove for two-layer ReLU networks that composed fine-tuning significantly reduces the complexity of the predictor, thus improving generalization. Empirically, we show that composed fine-tuning improves over standard fine-tuning on two pseudocode-to-code translation datasets (3% and 6% relative). The improvement is magnified on out-of-distribution (OOD) examples (4% and 25% relative), suggesting that reducing predictor complexity improves OOD extrapolation.
Ethical Dilemmas in Strategic Games.

An agent, or a coalition of agents, faces an ethical dilemma between several statements if she is forced to make a conscious choice between which of these statements will be true. This paper proposes to capture ethical dilemmas as a modality in strategic game settings with and without limit on sacrifice and for perfect and imperfect information games. The authors show that the dilemma modality cannot be defined through the earlier proposed blameworthiness modality. The main technical result is a sound and complete axiomatization of the properties of this modality with sacrifice in games with perfect information.
Doubling inequalities and critical sets of Dirichlet eigenfunctions

Abstract We study the sharp doubling inequalities for the gradients and upper bounds for the critical sets of Dirichlet eigenfunctions on the boundary and in the interior of compact Riemannian manifolds. Most efforts are devoted to obtaining the sharp doubling inequalities for the gradients. New idea is developed to overcome the difficulties on the unavailability of the double manifold in obtaining doubling inequalities in smooth manifolds. The sharp upper bounds of critical sets in analytic Riemannian manifolds are consequences of the doubling inequalities.
COVID-19 Policy Impact Evaluation: A guide to common design issues.

Policy responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly those related to nonpharmaceutical interventions, are unprecedented in scale and scope. However, evaluations of policy impacts require a complex combination of circumstance, study design, data, statistics, and analysis. Beyond the issues that are faced for any policy, evaluation of COVID-19 policies is complicated by additional challenges related to infectious disease dynamics and a multiplicity of interventions. The methods needed for policy-level impact evaluation are not often used or taught in epidemiology, and they differ in important ways that may not be obvious. Methodological complications of policy evaluations can make it difficult for decision-makers and researchers to synthesize and evaluate the strength of the evidence in COVID-19 health policy papers. Here we 1) introduce the basic suite of policy-impact evaluation designs for observational data, including cross-sectional analyses, pre-/post- analyses, interrupted time-series analysis, and difference-in-differences analysis; 2) demonstrate key ways in which the requirements and assumptions underlying these designs are often violated in the context of COVID-19; and 3) provide decision-makers and reviewers with a conceptual and graphical guide to identifying these key violations. Our overall goal is to help epidemiologists, policy-makers, journal editors, journalists, researchers, and other research consumers understand and weigh the strengths and limitations of evidence.
Latent Gaussian Count Time Series

This article develops the theory and methods for modeling a stationary count time series via Gaussian transformations. The techniques use a latent Gaussian process and a distributional transformati...
Robust Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study in Linear Quadratic Regulation.

This paper studies the robustness of reinforcement learning algorithms to errors in the learning process. Specifically, we revisit the benchmark problem of discrete-time linear quadratic regulation (LQR) and study the long-standing open question: Under what conditions is the policy iteration method robustly stable from a dynamical systems perspective? Using advanced stability results in control theory, it is shown that policy iteration for LQR is inherently robust to small errors in the learning process and enjoys small-disturbance input-to-state stability: whenever the error in each iteration is bounded and small, the solutions of the policy iteration algorithm are also bounded, and, moreover, enter and stay in a small neighborhood of the optimal LQR solution. As an application, a novel off-policy optimistic least-squares policy iteration for the LQR problem is proposed, when the system dynamics are subjected to additive stochastic disturbances. The proposed new results in robust reinforcement learning are validated by a numerical example.
Forming Better Stable Solutions in Group Formation Games Inspired by Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

We study a coordination game motivated by the formation of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), in which agents choose which facilities to join. Joining the same facility as other agents you communicate with has benefits, but different facilities have different costs for each agent. Thus, the players wish to join the same facilities as their "friends", but this is balanced by them not wanting to pay the cost of joining a facility. We first show that the Price of Stability (PoS) of this game is at most 2, and more generally there always exists an alpha-approximate equilibrium with cost at most 2/alpha of optimum. We then focus on how better stable solutions can be formed. If we allow agents to pay their neighbors to prevent them from deviating (i.e., a player i voluntarily pays another player j so that j joins the same facility), then we provide a payment scheme which stabilizes the solution with minimum social cost s*, i.e. PoS is 1. In our main technical result, we consider how much a central coordinator would have to pay the players in order to form good stable solutions. Let Delta denote the total amount of payments needed to be paid to the players in order to stabilize s*, i.e., these are payments that a player would lose if they changed their strategy from the one in s*. We prove that there is a tradeoff between Delta and the Price of Stability: Delta/cost(s*) < 1 - 2 PoS/5. Thus when there are no good stable solutions, only a small amount of extra payment is needed to stabilize s*; and when good stable solutions already exist (i.e., PoS is small), then we should be happy with those solutions instead. Finally, we consider the computational complexity of finding the optimum solution s*, and design a polynomial time O(log n) approximation algorithm for this problem.
WeaQA: Weak Supervision via Captions for Visual Question Answering

Methodologies for training visual question answering (VQA) models assume the availability of datasets with human-annotated \textit{Image-Question-Answer} (I-Q-A) triplets. This has led to heavy reliance on datasets and a lack of generalization to new types of questions and scenes. Linguistic priors along with biases and errors due to annotator subjectivity have been shown to percolate into VQA models trained on such samples. We study whether models can be trained without any human-annotated Q-A pairs, but only with images and their associated textual descriptions or captions. We present a method to train models with synthetic Q-A pairs generated procedurally from captions. Additionally, we demonstrate the efficacy of spatial-pyramid image patches as a simple but effective alternative to dense and costly object bounding box annotations used in existing VQA models. Our experiments on three VQA benchmarks demonstrate the efficacy of this weakly-supervised approach, especially on the VQA-CP challenge, which tests performance under changing linguistic priors.
Smooth Convex Optimization Using Sub-Zeroth-Order Oracles

We consider the problem of minimizing a smooth, Lipschitz, convex function over a compact, convex set using sub-zeroth-order oracles: an oracle that outputs the sign of the directional derivative for a given point and a given direction, an oracle that compares the function values for a given pair of points, and an oracle that outputs a noisy function value for a given point. We show that the sample complexity of optimization using these oracles is polynomial in the relevant parameters. The optimization algorithm that we provide for the comparator oracle is the first algorithm with a known rate of convergence that is polynomial in the number of dimensions. We also give an algorithm for the noisy-value oracle that incurs sublinear regret in the number of queries and polynomial regret in the number of dimensions.
PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN IMPULSIVE SOLAR FLARES

We present the major observationally-derived requirements for a solar flare particle acceleration mechanism, briefly discuss some general electrodynamic constraints that also need to be considered, and suggest a unified electron and ion acceleration theory. This theory consists of two elements: cascading MHD turbulence generated at large scales during the primary flare energy release, which is responsible for the energization of electrons and all ions except 3He, and an electron beam, which excites the waves necessary for 3He acceleration. An issue of special importance for understanding ion acceleration is the convincing measurement of the charge state of Fe, which can be accomplished by the Advanced Composition Explorer in the upcoming solar maximum.
Synergies of combining demand- and supply-side measures to manage congested streets

Author(s): Itani, Ibrahim, MS; Cassidy, Michael J., PhD; Daganzo, Carlos F., PhD | Abstract: An agent-based, multichannel simulation of a downtown area reveals the impacts of both redistributing traffic demand with time-dependent congestion pricing, and supplying extra capacity by banning left turns. The downtown street network was idealized, and loosely resembles central Los Angeles. On the demand-side, prices were set based on time-ofday and distance traveled. On the supply side, left-turn maneuvers were prohibited at all intersections on the network. Although both traffic management measures reduced travel costs when used alone, the left-turn ban was much less effective than pricing. When combined with pricing under congested conditions, however, the left-turn ban’s effectiveness increased considerably—it more than doubled in some cases. Furthermore, the two measures combined reduced travel costs in synergistic fashion. In some cases, this synergistic effect was responsible for 30% of the cost reduction. This strong synergy suggests that turning bans should be considered as an added option when contemplating congestion pricing.
Multivariate Functional Regression Via Nested Reduced-Rank Regularization

We propose a nested reduced-rank regression (NRRR) approach in fitting a regression model with multivariate functional responses and predictors to achieve tailored dimension reduction and facilitat...
Perceptions of police legitimacy and bias from ages 13 to 22 among Black, Latino, and White justice-involved males.

OBJECTIVE Although researchers, policymakers, and practitioners recognize the importance of the public's perceptions of police, few studies have examined developmental trends in adolescents and young adults' views of police. HYPOTHESES Hypothesis 1: Perceptions of police legitimacy would exhibit a U-shaped curve, declining in adolescence before improving in young adulthood. Hypothesis 2: At all ages, Black youth would report more negative perceptions of police legitimacy than Latino youth, who would report more negative perceptions than White youth. Hypothesis 3: Perceptions of police bias would be consistently associated with worse perceptions of police legitimacy. METHOD Utilizing longitudinal data from the Crossroads Study, this study examined within-person trends in males' perceptions of police legitimacy from ages 13 to 22, as well as whether perceptions of police bias were associated with perceptions of police legitimacy. RESULTS Perceptions of police legitimacy followed a U-shaped curve that declined during adolescence, reached its lowest point around age 18, and improved during the transition to young adulthood. Compared with White youth, Latino and Black youth had shallower curves in perceptions of police legitimacy that exhibited less improvement during the transition to adulthood. Further, perceptions of police bias were consistently associated with more negative perceptions of police legitimacy across races and ages. CONCLUSIONS While perceptions of police legitimacy may decline during adolescence before improving during the transition to adulthood, perceptions of police bias are consistently negatively related to youth and young adults' perceptions of police legitimacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Self-Adaptive Swarm System (SASS)

Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) studies artificial intelligence entities working together to reason, plan, solve problems, organize behaviors and strategies, make collective decisions and learn. This Ph.D. research proposes a principled Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) cooperation framework, Self-Adaptive Swarm System (SASS), to bridge the fourth level automation gap between perception, communication, planning, execution, decision-making, and learning.
Bank regulation and monetary policy transmission: Evidence from the U.S. States liberalization

Abstract This paper studies the impact of geographic banking restrictions on monetary policy transmission. Exploiting the staggered state-level deregulation of U.S. banking from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, we find that interstate deregulation sharply increased the responsiveness of bank lending to monetary shocks, nearly doubling it. The effect occurred primarily for small and illiquid banks, pointing to a strengthening of the bank lending channel of monetary transmission. We find that this is especially due to a lower propensity of small banks affiliated with complex bank holding companies to insulate borrowers from monetary contractions.
Learning Good State and Action Representations via Tensor Decomposition

The transition kernel of a continuous-state-action Markov decision process (MDP) admits a natural tensor structure. This paper proposes a tensor-inspired unsupervised learning method to identify meaningful low-dimensional state and action representations from empirical trajectories. The method exploits the MDP's tensor structure by kernelization, importance sampling and low-Tucker-rank approximation. This method can be further used to cluster states and actions respectively and find the best discrete MDP abstraction. We provide sharp statistical error bounds for tensor concentration and the preservation of diffusion distance after embedding.
A stochastic SPOD-Galerkin model for broadband turbulent flows

The use of spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) to construct low-order models for broadband turbulent flows is explored. The choice of SPOD modes as basis vectors is motivated by their optimality and space-time coherence properties for statistically stationary flows. This work follows the modeling paradigm that complex nonlinear fluid dynamics can be approximated as stochastically forced linear systems. The proposed stochastic two-level SPOD-Galerkin model governs a compound state consisting of the modal expansion coefficients and forcing coefficients. In the first level, the modal expansion coefficients are advanced by the forced linearized Navier-Stokes operator under the linear time-invariant assumption. The second level governs the forcing coefficients, which compensate for the offset between the linear approximation and the true state. At this level, least squares regression is used to achieve closure by modeling nonlinear interactions between modes. The statistics of the remaining residue are used to construct a dewhitening filter that facilitates the use of white noise to drive the model. If the data residue is used as the sole input, the model accurately recovers the original flow trajectory for all times. If the residue is modeled as stochastic input, then the model generates surrogate data that accurately reproduces the second-order statistics and dynamics of the original data. The stochastic model uncertainty, predictability, and stability are quantified analytically and through Monte Carlo simulations. The model is demonstrated on large eddy simulation data of a turbulent jet at Mach number $$M=0.9$$ and Reynolds number $$\mathrm {Re}_D\approx 10^6$$ .
Experimental Demonstration of Conjugate-Franson Interferometry.

Franson interferometry is a well-known quantum measurement technique for probing photon-pair frequency correlations that is often used to certify time-energy entanglement. We demonstrate, for the first time, the complementary technique in the time basis called conjugate-Franson interferometry. It measures photon-pair arrival-time correlations, thus providing a valuable addition to the quantum toolbox. We obtain a conjugate-Franson interference visibility of $96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%$ without background subtraction for entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Our measured result surpasses the quantum-classical threshold by 25 standard deviations and validates the conjugate-Franson interferometer (CFI) as an alternative method for certifying time-energy entanglement. Moreover, the CFI visibility is a function of the biphoton's joint temporal intensity, and is therefore sensitive to that state's spectral phase variation: something that is not the case for Franson interferometry or Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry. We highlight the CFI's utility by measuring its visibilities for two different biphoton states: one without and the other with spectral phase variation, observing a 21% reduction in the CFI visibility for the latter. The CFI is potentially useful for applications in areas of photonic entanglement, quantum communications, and quantum networking.
Demonstration of panda: a weakly supervised entity matching system

Entity matching (EM) refers to the problem of identifying tuple pairs in one or more relations that refer to the same real world entities. Supervised machine learning (ML) approaches, and deep lear...
Who did it Matters: Executive Equity Compensation and Financial Reporting Fraud

Abstract In within-firm analysis of 1,805 executives, executives implicated in financial reporting fraud cases have significantly stronger equity incentives than their within-firm peers who are not implicated in the fraud. Executives implicated in fraud cases also have significantly stronger equity incentives than executives at non-fraud firms in similar roles. However, the equity incentives of non-implicated executives at fraud firms are no different than those for executives at non-fraud firms. The results are significant across executive roles and for equity incentives measured as wealth sensitivity to changes in stock price or stock price volatility. Executive-level analysis that considers which executives are implicated in the fraud may provide more precise measurement of the association and statistical significance of the relationship between equity incentives and fraud. Finally, firm-level measures that consider the equity incentives of all members of the top management team may better identify fraud firms than do measures focusing on one executive.
Editing Conditional Radiance Fields

A neural radiance field (NeRF) is a scene model supporting high-quality view synthesis, optimized per scene. In this paper, we explore enabling user editing of a category-level NeRF - also known as a conditional radiance field - trained on a shape category. Specifically, we introduce a method for propagating coarse 2D user scribbles to the 3D space, to modify the color or shape of a local region. First, we propose a conditional radiance field that incorporates new modular network components, including a shape branch that is shared across object instances. Observing multiple instances of the same category, our model learns underlying part semantics without any supervision, thereby allowing the propagation of coarse 2D user scribbles to the entire 3D region (e.g., chair seat). Next, we propose a hybrid network update strategy that targets specific network components, which balances efficiency and accuracy. During user interaction, we formulate an optimization problem that both satisfies the user's constraints and preserves the original object structure. We demonstrate our approach on various editing tasks over three shape datasets and show that it outperforms prior neural editing approaches. Finally, we edit the appearance and shape of a real photograph and show that the edit propagates to extrapolated novel views.
Autonomy in Philanthropy: A Model for Nonprofit Organizations

People seem to think of autonomy merely as freedom or liberty, and of philanthropy only as charity or voluntary goodwill. These conceptualizations are simplistic and fail to address the ethical and...
UPSLAM: Union of Panoramas SLAM

We present an empirical investigation of a new mapping system based on a graph of panoramic depth images. Panoramic images eﬃciently capture range measurements taken by a spinning lidar sensor, recording fine detail on the order of a few centimeters within maps of expansive scope on the order of tens of millions of cubic meters. The flexibility of the system is demonstrated by running the same mapping software against data collected by hand-carrying a paired lidar and IMU around a laboratory space at walking pace, moving them outdoors through a campus environment at running pace, driving the sensors on a small wheeled vehicle on- and off-road, flying the sensors through a forest, carrying them on the back of a legged robot navigating an underground coal mine, and mounting them on the roof of a car driven on public roads. The full 3D maps are built online with a median update time of less than ten milliseconds on an embedded NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier system.
Efficient and Robust LiDAR-Based End-to-End Navigation

Deep learning has been used to demonstrate end-to-end neural network learning for autonomous vehicle control from raw sensory input. While LiDAR sensors provide reliably accurate information, existing end-to-end driving solutions are mainly based on cameras since processing 3D data requires a large memory footprint and computation cost. On the other hand, increasing the robustness of these systems is also critical; however, even estimating the model’s uncertainty is very challenging due to the cost of sampling-based methods. In this paper, we present an efficient and robust LiDAR-based end-to-end navigation framework. We first introduce Fast-LiDARNet that is based on sparse convolution kernel optimization and hardware-aware model design. We then propose Hybrid Evidential Fusion that directly estimates the uncertainty of the prediction from only a single forward pass and then fuses the control predictions intelligently. We evaluate our system on a full-scale vehicle and demonstrate lane-stable as well as navigation capabilities. In the presence of out-of-distribution events (e.g., sensor failures), our system significantly improves robustness and reduces the number of takeovers in the real world.
A Zero-One Law for Uniform Diophantine Approximation in Euclidean Norm

We study a norm sensitive Diophantine approximation problem arising from the work of Davenport and Schmidt on the improvement of Dirichlet's theorem. Its supremum norm case was recently considered by the first-named author and Wadleigh, and here we extend the set-up by replacing the supremum norm with an arbitrary norm. This gives rise to a class of shrinking target problems for one-parameter diagonal flows on the space of lattices, with the targets being neighborhoods of the critical locus of a suitably scaled norm ball. We use methods from geometry of numbers and dynamics to generalize a result due to Andersen and Duke on measure zero and uncountability of the set of numbers for which Minkowski approximation theorem can be improved. The choice of the Euclidean norm on $\mathbb{R}^2$ corresponds to studying geodesics on a hyperbolic surface which visit a decreasing family of balls. An application of a dynamical Borel-Cantelli lemma of Maucourant produces a zero-one law for improvement of Dirichlet's theorem in Euclidean norm.
TeraFET terahertz detectors with spatially non-uniform gate capacitances

A non-uniform capacitance profile in the channel of a terahertz (THz) field-effect transistor (TeraFET) could improve the THz detection performance. The analytical solutions and simulations of the hydrodynamic equations for the exponentially varying capacitance vs distance showed ∼10% increase in the responsivity for the 130 nm Si TeraFETs in good agreement with numerical simulations. Using the numerical solutions of the hydrodynamic equations, we compared three different Cg configurations (exponential, linear, and sawtooth). The simulations showed that the sawtooth configuration provides the largest response tunability. We also compared the effects of the non-uniform capacitance profiles for Si, III–V, and p-diamond TeraFETs. The results confirmed a great potential of p-diamond for THz applications. Varying the threshold voltage across the channel could have an effect similar to that of varying the gate-to-channel capacitance. The physics behind the demonstrated improvement in THz detection performance is related to the amplification of boundary asymmetry by the non-uniform device geometry.
Intermediation in over-the-counter markets with price transparency

Abstract A salient feature of over-the-counter (OTC) markets is intermediation: dealers buy from and sell to customers as well as other dealers. Traditionally, the search-theoretic literature of OTC markets has rationalized this as a consequence of random meetings and ex post bargaining between investors. We show that neither of these are necessary conditions for intermediation. We build a model of a fully decentralized OTC market in which search is directed and sellers post prices ex ante. Intermediation arises naturally as an equilibrium outcome for a broad class of matching functions commonly used in the literature. We further explore, both analytically and numerically, how the extent of intermediation depends on the nature of frictions and model primitives. Our numerical exercises also contrast the model's equilibrium implications to those of a benchmark model with random meetings and ex post bargaining.
A derivative-based parser generator for visibly Pushdown grammars

In this paper, we present a derivative-based, functional recognizer and parser generator for visibly pushdown grammars. The generated parser accepts ambiguous grammars and produces a parse forest containing all valid parse trees for an input string in linear time. Each parse tree in the forest can then be extracted also in linear time. Besides the parser generator, to allow more flexible forms of the visibly pushdown grammars, we also present a translator that converts a tagged CFG to a visibly pushdown grammar in a sound way, and the parse trees of the tagged CFG are further produced by running the semantic actions embedded in the parse trees of the translated visibly pushdown grammar. The performance of the parser is compared with a popular parsing tool ANTLR and other popular hand-crafted parsers. The correctness of the core parsing algorithm is formally verified in the proof assistant Coq.
The Coloniality of Neoliberal English: The Enduring Structures of American Colonial English Instruction in the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

This article highlights two relationships in regards to neoliberalism and second language. First, it examines the connection between English and neoliberalism. It focuses on the idea of English as a global language and the linguistic instrumentalism (Kubota, 2011; Wee, 2003) of English as a necessary tool for economic viability in the globalized market. Second, it explores this relationship by tracing English in the contemporary neoliberal context to the history of English as an element of overseas colonial rule. It employs Peruvian sociologist Anibal Quijano’s notion of coloniality of power (2000) to illustrate that the colonial context of neoliberal global English serves not merely as a historical legacy but as an enduring structure of oppressive power that continues to establish hierarchical difference through linguistic othering. This article highlights the historical context of colonial English instruction to demonstrate how English imposition served as the foundation for the neoliberal privileging of English as a global language. Specifically, it presents the cases of American colonial English instruction in Puerto Rico and the Philippines as a developmental link to the current neoliberal status of global English. It illuminates how American colonial administrations established English instruction in a manner that mystified its imposed nature and the context of conquest. This article thus depicts both how English is bound with neoliberalism and how claims of global English’s neutrality belie the historic colonial inequalities, which created the conditions for its existence. It concludes with an examination of the coloniality of global English and the enduring colonial structures of hierarchical difference established through English.
How Should We Feel About Another’s Death?

Death most clearly harms an individual when it is the demise of someone to whom the individual has some sort of emotional relationship, such as love, friendship, or respect. Not only will the loss justify mourning or grieving, but also the process of dying and the event of death can cause additional feelings and emotions. Assuming that these emotional reactions or mental states can be sufficiently controlled by the person who will and does experience them, then there can be morally right/bad and wrong/bad feelings and emotions within a given context. In what follows, I will consider some of the main emotions associated with death and dying, emphasizing guilt. Guilt can arise for a variety of reasons—some justified, whereas others are not; hence, it can serve as a model for determining when an emotional reaction is fitting when someone is dying or dies.
'The Friendship of the People': Citizen Participation in Environmental Enforcement

There is a tension between citizen participation in environmental enforcement and an agency's discretion to choose the optimal balance between deterrence and cooperative approaches to enforcement. Citizen participation can reduce the costs of monitoring violations and their impacts and can pick up some of the burden of prosecuting violators. Cooperative enforcement can also reduce monitoring costs by encouraging regulated entities to provide information on their regulatory performance and can decrease those entities costs of compliance, as well focusing compliance on violations that cause net harm to the society. Cooperative enforcement, however, itself must be monitored to make sure that the agency does not abuse the discretion granted to it under this approach. At some level, however, citizen participation threatens effective use of cooperative enforcement. Although citizen participation provides a mechanism for controlling agency abuse under the cooperative enforcement model, such participation also scares regulated entities by empowering them to take unreasonable stands, and hence discourages companies from self reporting violations and acting candidly about what it will take to bring their plants into regulatory compliance. This article suggests three approaches to alleviate this tension and thereby capture the benefits of both citizen participation and a balanced model of enforcement. The article shows that although each of these three approaches - tripartism, corporatism and deliberative participation - holds some promise, each also raises significant concerns that prevent it from becoming the principal means of implementing participation in regulatory enforcement.
First report of powdery mildew on mulberry caused by Phyllactinia guttata in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is an increasingly importantcrop that is widely planted in the Hatay province,Turkey as a food source for silkworms. Production ofsilk products is the main source of income in thisprovince. Serious damage caused by powdery mildewwas discovered in the main mulberry production areasof Samandag and Harbiye regions in 2000. A diseaseincidence of 81–95% was recorded in affected orch-ards. Symptoms included white superficial myceliumwith abundant sporulation on lower leaf surfaces, andchlorotic spots on upper leaf surfaces. Mycelial growthwas observed on leaves, petioles and pedicels, but noton fruit and branches. Symptoms were apparent on eachplant, with disease severity ranging from a fewindividual spots to numerous lesions almost coveringwhole leaves.The white mycelium had lobed appressoria. Conidio-phores were straight and cylindrical. Single-celled, club-shaped conidia occurred usually singly on unbranchedconidiophores. Conidia ranged in length from 55 to85 mm (mean 68·25 ^2·88 mm), and in width from 15to 20 mm (mean 16·65 ^0·7 mm). Cleistothecia withtapering appendages and a bulbous base were yellowwhen young and turned black at maturity. Eachcleistothecium contained nine to 13 unitunicate asci,broadly oval to ellipsoid, short-stalked, and containingtwo ascospores. The size of cleistothecia ranged from225 to 255 mm in diameter (mean 235 ^3·27 mm).Asci were 68–95 mm long (mean 78·5 ^2·1 mm) and35–40 mm wide (mean 37·5 ^0·9 mm). Ascosporeswere 35–45 mm long (mean 40 ^1·29 mm) and 12·5–17·5 mm wide (mean 16 ^0·7 mm). The length ofappendages on cleistothecia ranged from 180 to285 mm (mean 242·6 ^6·7 mm).Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 1-year-old,healthy mulberry seedlings. These plants were inocu-lated by shaking conidia from powdery mildew-infectedleaves onto the leaves of healthy plants. Plants wereincubated in a growth chamber at 26 ^28C with a 16 hphotoperiod. Inoculated plants developed powderymildew symptoms after 9 days. The symptoms oninoculated plants and the morphological characteristicsof the pathogen were similar to those for naturallyinfected plants.Based on the characteristics of sexual and asexualstates and host specialization, the fungus was identifiedas Phyllactinia guttata (Webster, 1979; Hanlin, 1992).This is the first report of powdery mildew on mulberryin the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Acombination of high inoculum pressure, low humidityand an unusually hot, dry summer during 2000favoured fungal infection and disease development.The disease is important as severe foliar lesions renderplants unacceptable for silkworm production.
SU-E-T-514: Investigating the Dose Distributions of Equiangular Spaced Noncoplanar Beams

Purpose It has been demonstrated that the use of noncoplanar beams in radiation therapy may Result in dose distributions that are comparable or better than standard coplanar beams [Pugachev, 2001]. A radiation therapy system designed with a noncoplanar beam geometry could allow for a full ring diagnostic quality imaging system to be placed around the patient. Additionally, if the noncoplanar beams were fixed in number and in their angle with respect to the patient’s axial plane, then both treatment and imaging could be achieved concurrently without the need for moving parts, which could greatly reduce treatment times. For such a system to be designed, it is necessary to determine the appropriate number of beams and the beam angles to achieve optimal dose distributions. For simplicity, the beam angles are assumed to be equiangular in the patient’s axial plane, and only the beam angle with respect to the axial plane are varied. This study aims to investigate the dose distributions produced by equiangular noncoplanar beams for multiple beam numbers and beam angles, and to compare these dose distributions with distributions achieved in coplanar volumetric arc therapy (VMAT). Methods Dose distributions produced by noncoplanar beams were calculated using the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system by varying the gantry, collimator, and couch angles to simulate the noncoplanar delivery method. Noncoplanar intensity-modulated (NC-IMRT) beams using 8, 12, and 16 beams with angles varying from 45 degrees to 54 with respect to the patient’s axial plane were studied. Results The NC-IMRT beams produced dose distributions comparable to VMAT plans for a number of treatment sites, and were capable of meeting similar dose-volume histogram constraints. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that a noncoplanar beam delivery method with fixed beam numbers and beam angles is capable of delivering dose distributions comparable to VMAT plans currently in use.
Numerical evaluation of potential integrals

Analytical expressions are derived for fast calculations of 3D potential integrals. These fast calculation methods remove the singularities from potential integrals and thus achieve very fast convergence with a very small number of sample points. The simulation results show that for a given number of significant digits, the fast calculation method always converges much faster than the singularity cancellation method for the prism domain.
Push Comes to Shove: New Images of Aggressive Women, by Maud Lavin

Aggression expresses itself in many ways, both positive and verboten, that are represented and articulated through art. Maud Lavin pursues a variety of these expressions across artistic media in he...
Dietary Nucleotides: Effects on Cell Proliferation Following Partial Hepatectomy in Rats Fed NIH-31, AIN-76A, or Folate/Methyl-Deficient Diets

The requirement of a number of tissues for dietary nucleotides could explain some of the differences observed in animals fed natural ingredient diets vs. those fed purified diets lacking a source of dietary nucleotides. Lack of dietary nucleotides is exacerbated in animals fed folate- or methyl-deficient semipurified diets, in which both salvage and folate-dependent de novo synthetic pathways are diminished. We examined hepatocyte proliferation following partial hepatectomy in weanling male Fischer-344 rats fed natural ingredient NIH-31 diet, nucleotide-free purified AIN-76A diet or a basal diet similar to AIN-76A but deficient in the methyl donors folate, choline and methionine. Additional groups were fed AIN-76A or folate/methyl-deficient diets supplemented with 0.25% yeast RNA. Compared with NIH-31, AIN-76A increased dUMP/dTTP ratios, reduced the mitotic index (MI) and increased the ratio of proliferating cell index (PCI) to mitotic cells, an indication that hepatocytes were delayed in S-phase. Addition of yeast RNA to AIN-76A reversed (by approximately 50%) the effects of AIN-76A on dUMP/dTTP and cell proliferation. A folate/methyl-deficient diet also produced an increased dUMP/dTTP ratio and markedly reduced the MI, increasing the PCI/MI, which suggested even further delay of cells in S-phase. Addition of yeast RNA to the folate/methyl-deficient diet was effective in significantly reversing the effects of folate/methyl deficiency.
Evaluation of SAR for integrated EBG textile monopole antenna for space health monitoring application

Wearable textile antennas are of interest for utilization in space biomedical application since they may provide lighter and smaller form factor while they can integrated into space garment. In this paper we focus on the safety concerns and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) evaluation of a compact wearable antenna system designed at operating frequency of 2.45 GHz in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band, intended for integration into a flight jacket of the astronaut inside the habitat. The purpose of the system is to constantly monitor vital signals of the astronauts. The habitat is designed by a team of researchers at the University of North Dakota (http://human.space.edu/projects/NDX-2.htm)
Therapy of Bacterial Fish Diseases

Abstract During the past decade considerable progress has been made in the therapy of bacterial fish diseases. This progress was possible largely because of the introduction of powerful chemotherapeutic agents such as sulfonamides and antibiotics. Fish furunculosis can be treated with very good results with sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfaguanidine as well as by chloramphenicol and terramycin. Ulcer disease caused by Hemophilus piscium resists treatment with sulfonamides but responds well to the above mentioned antibiotics. Chemotherapy of fish diseases caused by pseudomonads is possible with chloramphenicol, but sanitary measures are preferred. External disinfections with Roccal and pyridylmercuric acetate (PMA) are satisfactory in treatment and prophylaxis of gill diseases which are probably caused by superficial infections with myxobacteria. Sulfonamides are helpful in systemic infections with myxobacteria and are also being used with some success for the control of a recently described kidney ...
Fiscal illusion, budget maximizers, and dynamic equilibrium

This paper extends previous work in grant induced fiscal illusion in two ways. While previous models have focused on the existence of rational comparative static equilibria in the presence of illusion, this work focuses on the dynamic process by which steady state equilibria can be achieved. Furthermore, endogeneity in grants is incorporated, which necessitates the use of a budget maximizing hypothesis. However, it is shown that a broader interpretation of the budget maximizing assumption is necessary in order for this characterization to make sense in a grantor/recipient framework.