cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermographic evaluation of primary closure and second intention healing in dairy calves.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the suitability of infrared thermography in assessing healing of surgically created wounds that are managed by primary closure or second intention in neonatal dairy calves during a 3‐week period. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: Six Jersey bull calves. METHODS: Two skin patches approximately 10 cm² were shaved on each hind limb of all calves. The dorsal patch was designated the wound creation site, and the ventral patch was the control. The wound creation sites were randomly assigned for either primary closure or healing by second intention. Wounds were created by using an 8‐mm biopsy punch. Thermographic imaging was performed prior to wound creation and at 0 minutes; 15 minutes; 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours; and 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postwounding. RESULTS: There were no differences in skin temperature changes observed between wounds that were managed by primary closure or second intention (P = .9934) at any time. Time after wound creation had an effect on the skin temperature (P < .0001), with skin temperature consistently warmer (P < .05) 2, 4, and 8 hours after creation of wounds compared with subsequent times. CONCLUSION: Infrared thermography was unable to detect differences in wound healing by primary closure or second intention in this model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Thermographic monitoring to detect differences in wound healing was not evident in this model. This model might be useful in monitoring temporal changes during early wound repair.
CRTAM protects against intestinal dysbiosis during pathogenic parasitic infection by enabling Th17 maturation

The gastrointestinal tract hosts the largest collection of commensal microbes in the body. Infections at this site can cause significant perturbations in the microbiota, known as dysbiosis, that facilitate the expansion of pathobionts, and can elicit inappropriate immune responses that impair the intestinal barrier function. Dysbiosis typically occurs during intestinal infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Host resistance to T. gondii depends on a potent Th1 response. In addition, a Th17 response is also elicited. How Th17 cells contribute to the host response to T. gondii remains unclear. Here we show that class I-restricted T cell-associated molecule (CRTAM) expression on T cells is required for an optimal IL-17 production during T. gondii infection. Moreover, that the lack of IL-17, results in increased immunopathology caused by an impaired antimicrobial peptide production and bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen.
Non-stiff boundary and interface penalties for narrow-stencil finite difference approximations of the Laplacian on curvilinear multiblock grids

Abstract The Laplacian appears in several partial differential equations used to model wave propagation. Summation-by-parts–simultaneous approximation term (SBP-SAT) finite difference methods are often used for such equations, as they combine computational efficiency with provable stability on curvilinear multiblock grids. However, the existing SBP-SAT discretization of the Laplacian quickly becomes prohibitively stiff as grid skewness increases. The stiffness stems from the SATs that impose inter-block couplings and Dirichlet boundary conditions. We resolve this issue by deriving stable SATs whose stiffness is almost insensitive to grid skewness. The new discretization thus allows for large time steps in explicit time integrators, even on very skewed grids. It also applies to the variable-coefficient generalization of the Laplacian. We demonstrate the efficacy and versatility of the new SATs by applying them to acoustic wave propagation problems inspired by marine seismic exploration and infrasound monitoring of volcanoes.
Modeling and Analysis of Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity Operations in 5G Networks

Multi-Radio Access Technology (multi-RAT) dual connectivity (DC) is an important feature in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) fifth generation (5G) New Radio (NR) specification. This feature aims at providing better throughput, latency and mobility performance for the end user by augmenting existing Long-Term Evolution (LTE) infrastructure with the new 5G NR base stations. In this paper, we develop a simple analytical model that captures the relevant characteristics of this tightly coupled network. Using the model, we investigate the level of traffic steering and flow control required for the system to achieve its full potential for a variety of operating conditions. We present a non-exhaustive set of numerical results from the model that provide insight into the complex interplay between packet delay experienced at the user equipment and system parameters such as LTE and 5G link capacities, user traffic demands, and 5G link dynamics. Our results indicate that dynamic flow control and traffic steering mechanisms that can quickly respond to varying network conditions are critical to achieving low latency, high user data rates, and increased reliability that are often attributed to the 5G technology.
Dashboard: Nonintrusive Electromechanical Fault Detection and Diagnostics

Modern power monitoring systems record vast amounts of equipment operational data. For these systems to improve efficiency and performance, the data must be presented as an intuitive decision aid for watchstanders. The Nonintrusive Load Monitor (NILM) dashboard provides actionable information for energy scorekeeping, activity tracking, and equipment fault detection and diagnostics (FDD). Electrical monitoring through the NILM dashboard can identify both “soft” faults (the gradual degradation of equipment performance) and “hard” faults (the complete failure of a piece of equipment). This paper presents metrics and visualizations that have proven useful for FDD. Analysis is presented from case studies of the NILM dashboard for identifying fault conditions aboard two United States Coast Guard cutters (USCGCs), SPENCER and ESCANABA.
Practical Considerations and Examples in Adapting Amidations to Continuous Flow Processing in the Early Development

Amidation is among the most frequently executed reactions in pharmaceutical research and development. We have explored the feasibility of adapting amidations to plug flow reactor (PFR) process cond...
Learning in the Field: Comparison of Desktop, Immersive Virtual Reality, and Actual Field Trips for Place-Based STEM Education

Field trips are a key component of learning in STEM disciplines such as geoscience to develop skills, integrate knowledge, and prepare students for lifelong learning. Given the reported success of technology-based learning and the prevalence of new forms of technology, especially with immersive virtual reality (iVR) entering the mainstream, virtual field trips (VFTs) are increasingly being considered as an effective form of teaching to either supplement or replace actual field trips (AFTs). However, little research has investigated the implications of VFTs in place-based STEM education, and empirical evidence is still limited about differences between students’ learning experiences and outcomes in VFTs experienced on desktop displays and field trips experienced in iVR. We report on a study that divided an introductory geoscience laboratory course into three groups with the first two groups experiencing a VFT either on desktop (dVFT) or in iVR (iVFT), while the third group went on an AFT. We compared subjective experiences (assessed via questionnaires) and objective learning outcomes for these groups. Our results suggest that, although students reported higher motivation and being more present in the iVFT group, they did not learn more compared to those in the dVFT group; both VFT groups yielded higher scores for learning experience and perceived learning outcomes than the actual field site visit. These findings demonstrate positive learning effects of VFTs relative to AFTs and provide evidence that geology VFTs need not be limited to iVR setups, which lead to considerable equipment costs and increased implementation complexity. Discussing the results, we reflect on the implications of our findings and point out future research directions.
Smad3 Regulates Smooth Muscle Cell Fate and Governs Adverse Remodeling and Calcification of Atherosclerotic Plaque

Abstract Atherosclerotic plaques consist mostly of smooth muscle cells (SMC), and genes that influence SMC biology can modulate coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Allelic variation at 15q22.33 has been identified by genome-wide association studies to modify the risk of CAD, and is associated with expression of SMAD3 in SMC, but the mechanism by which this gene modifies CAD risk remains poorly understood. SMC-specific deletion of Smad3 in a murine atherosclerosis model resulted in greater plaque burden, positive remodeling, and increased vascular calcification. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that loss of Smad3 altered SMC progeny phenotype toward the previously described chondromyocyte fate, but importantly also promoted transition to a novel cell-state that governs remodeling and recruitment of inflammatory cells. This new remodeling population was marked by uniquely high Mmp3 and Cxcl12 expression, and its appearance correlated with higher-risk plaque features such as increased positive remodeling and macrophage content. Further, investigation of transcriptional mechanisms by which Smad3 alters SMC cell-fate revealed novel roles for Hox and Sox transcription factors whose direct interaction with Smad3 regulate an extensive transcriptional program balancing remodeling and vascular ECM with significant implications for human Mendelian aortic aneurysmal diseases. Together, these data suggest that Smad3 expression in SMC inhibits the emergence of specific SMC phenotypic transition cells that mediate adverse plaque features, including positive remodeling, monocyte recruitment, and vascular calcification.
Globalisation, imperialism and regulation

This paper challenges the idea that globalisation should be viewed as a damaging western ideology. Indeed, it is argued ‘that globalisation should be examined using ‘positive’ economic methodology, which allows for an objective assessment of its effects, and that as a process it cannot even be conceived of as ideological. Rather than being an expression of economic American imperialism, the benign process of globalisation is threatened by the United States’ unwillingness to maintain its hegemonic position, its ‘Pax’, whilst simultaneously attempting to legislate the affairs of the world, through a form of ‘ethical imperialism’. This argument is developed through an examination of the debate over global public goods, and in particular through a study of two key areas: the maintenance of peace, and the role of international financial institutions in dealing with recurrent financial crises.
Multiple design models in a medical information system: an application and extension of Norman's model

This dissertation presents an analysis of a medical information system using the principles of cognitive engineering. Donald Norman's* (1986) work on mental models where he identifies three models of a computer system--the Design Model, the User Model, and the System Image--is the framework for the analysis. Three types of data were collected in the dissertation research: interview data from eight designers and nine users, documentary data, and participant observation data. The data were analyzed for patterns and discrepancies by comparing and contrasting the Design Model, the User Model, and the System Image. The major conclusion of the study is the Design Model is not a single model, but instead three distinct models: the Visionary Model; the Implementer Model; and the Interpreter Model. Three other conclusions about the Design Model and the User Model are: First, the User Model varies more in size than type. Next, the Design Model and User Model need not be of the same type and of the same size for an information system to be successful. Third, the Design Model and User Model are formed through different processes: The Design Model is formed top-down, and the User Model is formed bottom-up. Four additional conclusions drawn from the study are: First, users do not take advantage of the full potential of the system. Next, users do not take advantage of system options. Third, the medical information system studied is a successful system. Fourth, Donald Norman's theories on mental models are validated by data recorded in the research. Education implications and recommendations of this research can be used to alert system designers to the differences between the designer's and the user's mental model. A better understanding of the mental models and their formation process, provides insight for improved system design, and improved instructional techniques. The result will be easier to learn and easier to use information systems. ftn*Norman, Donald A., & Draper, Stephen W. (1986). User centered system design new perspectives on human-computer interaction. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
An Energy-Efficient Compressed Sensing-Based Encryption Scheme for Wireless Neural Recording

This paper presents a compressed sensing (CS) based encryption scheme for wireless neural recording. An ultrahigh efficiency was achieved by leveraging CS for simultaneous data compression and encryption. CS enables sub-Nyquist sampling of neural signals by taking advantage of their intrinsic sparsity, while the CS process simultaneously encrypts the data with the sampling matrix being the cryptographic key. To share the key over an insecure wireless channel, we implemented an elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) based key exchanging protocol. Local key shuffle and updating were adopted to eliminate the risks of potential information leakage. CS was executed in an application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) fabricated in 180nm CMOS technology. Mixed-signal circuits were designed to optimize the power efficiency of the matrix-vector multiplication (MVM) of the CS operation. The ECC was implemented in a low-power Cortex-M0 based microcontroller (MCU). To be protected from timing attacks, the implementation avoided possible data-dependent branches. A wireless neural recorder prototype has been developed to demonstrate the proposed scheme. The prototype achieved an $8\times$ data rate reduction and a $35\times$ power saving compared with conventional implementation. The overall power consumption of ASIC and MCU was $442\mu \text{W}$ during the encrypted wireless transmission. The average correlated coefficient between the reconstructed signals and the uncompressed signals was 0.973, while the ciphertext-only attacks (CoA) achieved no better than 0.054 over 200,000 attacks. This work demonstrates a promising data compression and encryption scheme that can be used in a wide range of low-power signal recording systems with security requirements.
Wormholes in Quantum Mechanics

We introduce a geometric path integral definition of wormhole partition functions in a general class of 1D quantum systems obtained by quantizing a phase space. We compute the wormhole partition function in a semi-classical limit and in some simple examples. The partition function of the n-fold wormhole is found to be identical to the n-th Renyi entropy of a thermal mixed state of the doubled system. This mixed state incorporates three types of quantum statistical behavior: classically correlated, quantum entangled, and classically uncorrelated. We apply our prescription to 2D CFTs with Virasoro symmetry and recover the holographic dual formulation in terms of AdS3 gravity.
A longitudinal quality improvement program to optimize experiential education's ability to develop trusted independent pharmacist practitioners.

Abstract Problem description To meet the evolving role of today's pharmacist, student pharmacists need to be given independent responsibilities that increase in rigor as they advance through the curriculum and be able to practice both autonomously and as part of an interprofessional team. Quality improvement methods: The University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (SSPPS) experiential programs office undertook a 20-year process of developing independence for students. Students faced increasing challenges and responsibilities as they moved through experiential practice settings, with constant, cyclic adjustments made in response to feedback. Results of CQI inquiry The continuous focus on developing independence in students has established a culture of trust in the Colorado pharmacy practice community. Students are allowed autonomy, and are challenged with increasing rigor as they advance. Graduates are well-prepared to perform both independently and as part of a team. Interpretation and discussion The curricular framework based on trust and independent learning has helped the SSPPS train student pharmacists to meet the demands of current pharmacy practice, as well as expected roles in the future. Requiring increasing responsibilities from students as they move through the curriculum allows them to move along the spectrum set up through the entrustable professional activity (EPA) assessments to achieve high ratings for an individual skill. Continuous feedback and adjustments are necessary to identify what can be accomplished in pharmacy practice settings. Conclusions This 20-year approach to curricular design and modifications within experiential education has produced independent pharmacy practitioners upon graduation.
The effect of marijuana on labour market outcomes:evidence from medical marijuana laws

We use the staggered roll out of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) as a plausibly exogenous shock to individuals’ marijuana used to identify the effect of marijuana on labour-market outcomes. While our...
A Blueprint for Success: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Clinical Operations within a Bronchoscopy Suite.

Abstract Building an efficient facility for advanced bronchoscopic procedures involves many considerations. This review places particular emphasis on anesthesiology services, based on experience at a tertiary/quaternary care referral academic medical center. Topics include equipment requirements, applicable clinical standards and multidisciplinary collaboration. Patient flow arrangements for both outpatients and inpatients, from pre-operative care to discharge/disposition are highlighted. The importance of effective business planning, personnel training, leadership, communication, teambuilding, quality of care and patient safety are also discussed.
A Single Center Experience With Pralatrexate Alone Or In Combination With Bexarotene: Long Term Responses In Advanced Stage Relapsed/Refractory Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Introduction Pralatrexate is an anti-folate approved for relapsed/refractory peripheral Tcell lymphoma. Pralatrexate also had high activity and acceptable toxicity when used as a single agent in a dose finding phase 1/II study of 54 patients with relapsed/refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The response rate was 45% in 29 patients treated at an optimal dose of 15 mg/m2/week for 3 of 4 weeks. In a second international multicenter Phase I/II dose finding trial, the optimal dose of praletrexate from the first trial was combined 150- 300 mg/m2 bexarotene. Eligibility was based on ECOG IB with ≥ one prior systemic therapy. Pralatrexate was administered at 15 mg/m2 weekly via intravenous push for 3 of 4 weeks each cycle. The MTD for bexarotene was 150 mg/m2 taken orally daily with food and supplemented with both levothyroxine and atovastatin. All patients on praletrexate received bi-monthly vitamin B12 and daily folic acid supplementation. Response to therapy was determined by a composite score consisting of the modified skin assessment tool (mSWAT), lymph nodes by CT scan, and blood flow cytometry. Results The ORR for both trials at our site was 42% (11/26). The ORR in the Phase I dose finding trial of praletrexate alone was 4/12 (33%). The ORR in the pralatrexate plus bexarotene trial was 7/14 (50%). Ten of 26 patients enrolled in both trials received more than 9 cycles of praletrexate: 3 on pralatrexate and 7 on the pralatrexate/bexatotene combination ([Table 1][1]). There were 4 females and 6 males with median age of 71 years (range 41-82 years). Their clinical stagies were 4 with IIB, 1 with IIIB, 4 with IVA, and 1 with IVB. They received a median of 13 cycles (range 9-23). The median number of prior therapies was 4 (range, 2–5). Median time to response was 15.75 weeks (range 4-24 weeks) and the median duration of response was 26.75 weeks (range 8.5-49.5 weeks). Because there are still 4 responding subjects in ongoing therapy, the mean duration of response underestimates the true duration. Two patients (Table 1*) presented with lower leg tumors that responded to therapy leaving residual chronic leg ulcers and are on long term active treatment. View this table: Table 1 Long term Response Data for Pralatrexate and Bexarotene The most common related adverse events of any grade were stomatitis (Grade 1-2) (n=8), neutropenia (n=5), headaches (n=3), dizziness (n=3), nausea (n=3), fatigue (n=2). The dosing frequency of three out of four weeks was reduced to every other week at 10 mg/m2 in three of 10 long term responders. Summary/Conclusions Praletrexate alone or in combination with low dose oral bexarotene is active and capable of long term durable responses in CTCL patients with advanced age and stage. The combination of 150 mg/m2 of bexarotene with 15 mg/m2 of praletrexate was well tolerated and had a better profile than praletrexate alone at our center. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Off label study. Duvic: Spectrum: Research Funding. [1]: #T1
Testing of Chloride Exposed Reinforced Concrete and Potential Misrepresentation of Service Performance

Exposure testing of concrete block or slab specimens by cyclic chloride ponding has been widely utilized for ranking or qualifying different reinforcements and concrete mix designs and for projecting service performance. However, experimental issues such as inadequate bar end isolation, ponding bath leakage, and inappropriate specimen design and testing methodology can result in data that misrepresent long-term service performance. Further, the fact that most testing protocols use cyclic chloride solution ponding can lead to erroneous ranking of different corrosion resistant reinforcements, specifically because surface chloride concentration becomes elevated compared to that for actual service. The present paper discusses these issues and provides options whereby accelerated test data that more correctly rank different corrosion resistant reinforcements and more realistically represent service performance can be realized.
A Hierarchical Basis Multigrid Method for Unstructured Grids

This paper is concerned with the application of the hierarchical basis method to completely unstructured grids in two dimensional space. A two level method is presented and analyzed. Generalization to the multilevel case is also discussed with numerical examples demonstrating the efficiency of the algorithm.
Android - The New Generation Application Developer

Android is the World's most popular mobile platform. Android is an operating system which powers millions of phones, tablets and other devices and bring the power of google and the web into your hands. This paper basically has the history of the Android from its beginning into the market and how they have been upgrading the version of their software. The company has been working hard to be the best in the market.
Some topics in fractional Brownian motion

Fractional Brownian motion denotes a family of Gaussian processes whose applicability has been demonstrated empirically for a wide variety of physical phenomena. For more than five decades, these processes have described risky outcomes or physical uncertainties and in particular for more than four decades these processes have been used to model fluctuations in economic data. These processes have a selfsimilarity or fractal property in probability law. They can provide a model for long range dependence, rare events and bursty behavior. Kolmogorov [15] initially defined the family of fractional Brownian motions motivated by his study of turbulence [16,17], though Schonberg [25] predated Kolmogorov’s construction by showing that the covariance functions for these processes are positive definite and thereby Gaussian processes can be constructed. Hurst [14] empirically identified an index parameter of these processes in his modeling of rainfall in the Nile River region. The rainfall in this region had a bursty behavior with often long periods of either excessive rainfall or meager rainfall. Mandelbrot [19] motivated by his study of fractals studied fractional Brownian motions to model economic data as well as turbulence [20]. He coined the name fractional Brownian motion and noted that Hurst empirically computed an index for these processes which is now called the Hurst index. Mandelbrot and van Ness [21] investigated some basic properties of fractional Brownian motion. The empirical evidence for models with a fractional Brownian motion has continued in hydrology, finance and turbulence. More recently the empirical evidence for the use of fractional Brownian motions (FBMs) as random models broadened to internet traffic [4,18], medicine [23] and cognition [3,12]. 2. Fractional Brownian motion
Photographic Images of Refugee Spatial Encounters: Pedagogy of Displacement.

This paper examines my effort to document the experiences of a Bhutanese refugee community in a mid-western city of the United States. In particular, the essay looks at housing experiences the community encountered and my efforts to translate the events through photographs. The essay also explores how oppression operates in relation to refugee experiences. Recognizing that knowledge of recent refugees of color has been absent and perhaps may not be addressed in school curriculum in the near future---the photo essay project was created to serve as a curriculum about marginalized communities who are invisible in the curriculum. By using photographs, I explore three conceptsthat may help us examine the relationship between space and politics: (1) ideal spaces (2) violated spaces (3) damaged spaces. Lastly, by examining refugee experiences, the paper examines pedagogical approaches to utilizingphotographs to document oppression.
The Brookhaven Integrated Energy/Economy Modeling System and its use in Conservation Policy Analysis

This chapter discusses the methodology used for the analysis of alternative energy policies and their impacts on the energy and economic systems of the United States by Brookhaven National Laboratory, which involves the integration of three different models. A long-run macroeconomic growth and inter-industry model, econometric in nature, is used to estimate the aggregate energy/economy interactions and the long-run path of the economy. A linear programming, process-type model is used to estimate the least cost method of meeting specified energy service demands, and it captures the substitution possibilities within the energy system. A disaggregate input–output model is used to assess the impacts of the aggregate energy/economy interactions on detailed industrial sectors. The econometric model is the Dale W. Jorgenson Associates (DJA) long-term inter-industry transactions model (LITM). The DJA model is a simulation model of the structure and growth of the U.S. economy. The time-stepped energy system optimization model (TESOM) is a national energy system model based on Brookhaven's reference energy system (RES). The RES provides a complete and consistent accounting system, in physical units, for energy flows and for capital stocks of energy producing and consuming technologies.
Halogen and Sulfur Reactions Relevant to Polar Chemistry

It is widely hypothesized that catalytic cycles involving BrOx species play an important role in the episodic destruction of ground-level ozone which is observed in the springtime Arctic boundary layer, although the exact mechanism for production of BrOx radicals remains an open question [Barrie et al., 1988; Bottenheim et al., 1990; Finlayson-Pitts et al., 1990; McConnell et al., 1992]. The critical evidence linking ozone depletion with BrOx chemistry is an observed negative correlation between ozone and filterable bromine [Bottenheim et al., 1990; Kieser et al., 1992]. In a recent field study of springtime Arctic boundary layer chemistry [Kieser et al., 1992], ozone concentrations and ethane concentrations were found to be correlated; this observation suggests that chlorine atoms (which react rapidly with ethane) may also be an important catalyst for ozone destruction under springtime Arctic conditions.
Real Time Classification Mechanism for the Causes of Data Loss And Its Integration Into a High Performance Data Transfer System for Grid Computing

The importance of high-performance communication to the success of Grid applications makes it critical to develop communication protocols that can take full advantage of the underlying bandwidth when system conditions permit, can back-off in response to observed (or predicted) contention within the network, and can accurately distinguish between these two situations. Achieving this goal requires the development of classification mechanisms that are both accurate and efficient enough to execute in real time. In this paper, we discuss one such classifier that is based on the analysis of the patterns of packet loss and the application of Bayesian statistics. We describe two different analysis techniques that we apply to such patterns, one based on complexity theory and one based on a simple measure of the distance between successive packet losses. In addition, we discuss the integration of the classification mechanism into the control structures of an existing high-performance data transfer system for computational Grids. We present empirical results showing that the classifier is extremely accurate, efficient enough to execute in real time, and that utilizing the information it provides can have a tremendous impact on the performance of a largescale data transfer.
Evaluating Comanagement for Social‐Ecological Fit: Indigenous Priorities and Agency Mandates for Pacific Walrus

Governance arrangements such as comanagement are regarded by many as promising arenas for effective natural resource management. However, measuring comanagement's success at achieving conservation goals has been equivocal. Our research evaluates the lack of conclusive outcomes through a critical consideration of how different goals and values inherent in comanagement affect the institutional (or policy) diagnostic of “fit.” More narrowly, sustaining natural resources requires that management policies foster fit between the scales of sociopolitical processes governing resource use and the scales of ecological processes regulating a resource. Without a process that encourages such harmonization, theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that comanagement regimes are unlikely to accomplish long-term conservation goals. We use a case study of walrus comanagement under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act to demonstrate that when the formal institutions preconditioning comanagement do not develop out of a deliberative process among comanagement partners, two major problems can arise: (i) Policy institutions mismatch ecological and social processes relevant to resources and communities; and (ii) data to assess the fit of institutions and support learning is more difficult to acquire. In our case study, both these factors constrain the ability of comanagement to foster walrus conservation or support the capacity of Native Alaskans to adapt to contemporary social and environmental conditions. Our research concludes that to achieve marine mammal conservation, previous institutional arrangements framing comanagement that are predicated on static conceptions of people and ecosystems must be redesigned to provide better policy fit across local to international priorities. To do so requires opening up deliberative spaces, where Western science and priorities are confronted with indigenous perspectives. However, the benefit of enhancing deliberation carries risks and costs related to trade-offs between the values of democratic process, and protections for both wildlife species and indigenous groups.
Spin-coherence-induced hole burning in charged GaAs quantum dots

Spin-coherence-induced hole burning is clearly identified in high-resolution nearly degenerate differential transmission experiment. The inhomogeneously broadened spin decoher-ence time is extracted from the narrow hole-burning widths, and approaches 11 nsec at zero field.
The relationship between the X-ray and optical luminosities for QSOs

A study of simple models for the optical and X-ray luminosities of QSOs shows that a thick accretion disk around a black hole is consistent with the observed dependence of the X-ray luminosity L(x) on the optical luminosity L(opt) to the bth power, with b roughly in the range 0.5-0.8. The disk is expected to be thick since the sources are accreting at rates near the Edington limit. Using the model of McMillan, Lightman, and Cohn (1981) for the gas supply rate, the evolution of L(opt) is predicted to be proportional to t/t(0) to the -8/3 and that of L(x) is predicted to be proportional to t/t(0) to the -2.
Facing the Problems of the World Economy

The specter of protectionism is haunting the world economy. In this time of high unemployment and low growth, many countries are responding to serious domestic problems with one of the oldest and most discredited approaches—measures to restrict world trade. The perilous drift toward the depressing policies of the 1930s is now noticeable to the most casual observer.
Possible explanations of phase transitions in highway traffic

It is shown that all the phase transitions in and out of freely flowing traffic reported earlier for a German site could be caused by bottlenecks, as are all the transitions observed at two other sites examined here. The evidence suggests that bottlenecks cause these transitions in a predictable way, and does not suggest that stoppages (jams) appear spontaneously in free flow traffic for no apparent reason. It is also shown that many of the complicated instability phenomena observed at all locations can be explained qualitatively in terms of a simple Markovian theory specific to traffic that does not necssarily include spontaneous transitions into the queued state as a feature.
Causes of death after radical prostatectomy at a large tertiary center.

Purpose: Most men treated with radical prostatectomy do not die of prostate cancer. We evaluated the cause of death in a large series of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and compared the rate of death to that of the general American population.Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 18,209 men who underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution between 1975 and 2009. Close patient followup and a national database were used to identify which patients died and classify the cause of death. These data were compared with general American population data from the National Vital Statistics System.Results: Median age at radical prostatectomy was 59 years (IQR 54.0–63.0). At a median followup of 7.4 years (IQR 3.7–11.9) 1,419 patients had died (7.8%), including 379 of prostate cancer. Actuarial 10 and 20-year overall survival rates after radical prostatectomy were 92.6% and 69.2%, respectively. The overall death rate was lower in men treated with radical prostatectomy than in the ge...
Information-theoretic analysis of rotational distributions from quantal and quasiclassical computations of reactive and nonreactive scattering

An information-theoretic approach to the analysis of rotational excitation cross sections was developed by Levine, Bernstein, Johnson, Procaccia, and coworkers and applied to state-to-state cross sections available from numerical computations of reactive and nonreactive scattering (for example, by Wyatt and Kuppermann and their coworkers and by Pack and Pattengill and others). The rotational surprisals are approximately linear in the energy transferred, thereby accounting for the so-called “exponential gap law” for rotational relaxation discovered experimentally by Polanyi, Woodall, and Ding. For the “linear surprisal” case the unique relation between the surprisal parameter θR and the first moment of the rotational energy distribution provides a link between the pattern of the rotational state distribution and those features of the potential surface which govern the average energy transfer.
Comparative bioavailability: A new type of in vitro-in vivo correlation exemplified by prednisone

The average time to reach half-maximal plasma concentration of prednisolone and the average plasma concentrations of prednisolone at 0.5 and 1 hr obtained from three crossover bioavailability studies, involving testing of commercially available 5-mg prednisone tablets, were highly correlated (r⪖0.88) with parameters derived from in vitrotablet dissolution rates performed in the spin filter apparatus of Shah. The in vitroparameters were the times to dissolve 16% or 50% of the labeled amount of prednisone or the percent of the labeled amount of prednisone dissolved in 20 min in water at 37‡C. Such correlations may be useful in the setting of in vitrodissolution rate specifications for commencal prednisone tablets.
Schedule-dependent effects of haloperidol and amphetamine: multiple-schedule task shows within-subject effects

A two-lever, multiple-schedule task was used to evaluate the effects of haloperidol (HA) and amphetamine (AM) on responding controlled by continuous reinforcement (CRF) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. Rats were trained to press one lever for food delivered on a CRF schedule and the other lever for food delivered on a PR schedule. The operative schedule was signaled by the illumination of a cuelight mounted above the appropriate lever. Following 30 sessions of training, dose-response functions were determined for HA (0.0075, 0.015, 0.03, and 0.06 mg/kg) and AM (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg/kg). Both drugs produced dose- and schedule-dependent effects. For example, administration of 0.03 mg/kg HA did not affect responding under the CRF schedule but did reduce responding during PR components, whereas administration of 0.06 mg/kg reduced responding under both schedules of reinforcement. Some doses of AM produced increased responding under the CRF schedule and, within the same session, decreased responding under the PR schedule. The results with HA are consistent with the view that interfering with dopaminergic function affects the allocation and maintenance of responding and that this effect depends on properties of the schedule of reinforcement. The results with AM emphasize that statements about the effects of the drug on positively reinforced behavior cannot be made without reference to specific schedules of reinforcement.
Molecular structure—two-photon absorption property relations in polymethine dyes

We performed a comprehensive experimental investigation of two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra of a series of 12 symmetrical and asymmetrical cationic polymethine dyes, including complete one-and two-photon excitation anisotropy measurements. Quantum-chemical calculations were performed with the goal of understanding the nature of 2PA bands and of uncovering structure-property relations. We found that there are 2PA bands in the spectral region between the first absorption band and that for twice its energy. A weakly allowed 2PA band within the short-wavelength shoulder of the first absorption band was observed owing to the effects of vibrational and charge distribution symmetry breaking. The nature of the strongest 2PA band is connected to the electron transition from the molecular orbital localized at the benzene rings of the terminal groups to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Structure-property relations revealed that the 2PA cross section tends to be enhanced by either an increase in the length of the polymethine chromophore or an increase in the donor strengths in the terminal groups.
The nonexistence of “hermaphoroditic” tracer systems

This communiction argues that so-called “hermaphroditic” tracer systems, which are neither open nor closed, do not exist physically. The argument is based on the assumption that any observable (possibly nonhomogeneous) macroscopic compartment can be approximated by a compartmentC with a finite number of entry points for the tracer, each associated with an abstract subcompartment ofC. It is shown that the “hermaphroditic” property requires that the mean waiting time be infinite in at least one of the subcompartments, or in a subcompartment elsewhere in the system. A subcompartment with infinite mean waiting time must have some sort of memory, of infinite duration, which knows how long a given particle has been retained, however long that is, and thereby determines its probability of departure. Assuming, as seems likely, that no physical basis exists for such an infinite memory, it follows that “hermaphroditic” systems do not exist.
Inelastic scattering of 162-MeV pions by /sup 14/N

The inelastic scattering of 162-MeV pions by $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ has been studied over the angular range 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 115\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory system. The data were analyzed with a model which incorporates shell model wave functions into a distorted wave impulse approximation. Reduced transition probabilities obtained for a number of low-lying states are compared to previous data to validate the model. Among new assignments and shell model descriptions presented for several higher excited states is an assignment for the yrast ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state.
Universality of the fine structure in the chaotic regime of one-dimensional maps

Abstract The periodic windows in the chaotic regime of three one-dimensional maps are arranged in a symbolic binary tree and by their period respectively. The scaling properties of the measure of these windows are studied numerically. It is conjectured that the asymptotic behavior is universal for maps with the same order of maximum.
Evaluation of passive integrated transponder tag retention from two tagging locations in juvenile pallid sturgeon

Summary Population augmentation and propagation of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) have been a focus of scientists since the mid-1990s. Various tag types have been used to gain a better understanding of population characteristics, stocking success, and movement patterns. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags have been consistently used since the inception of recovery efforts to mark age-1 and older pallid sturgeon. This tag has been successfully used with other sturgeon species, and tagging protocols for pallid sturgeon were developed in response to those successes. Tag retention rates in pallid sturgeon have been reported as variable or unknown and there has been no formal study to determine PIT tag retention in pallid sturgeon, particularly with age-1 individuals that are propagated in hatcheries to be stocked into the wild. The objective was to evaluate retention rates of PIT tags inserted into the operculum and along the base of the dorsal fin of age-1 pallid sturgeon (total fork length [FL] range = 214–358 mm). Tagged sturgeon (n = 80) were held in a large holding tank and inspected for tag loss twice a month for a total of 189 days. Final tag retention was 83% for tags inserted into the operculum and 85% for tags inserted near the dorsal fin. Tags shed from the operculum were from smaller fish (mean FL = 265 mm) and losses occurred during the first 60 days of the experiment. Tags shed from the dorsal site were predominantly from larger individuals (mean FL = 305 mm) and losses were continual throughout the experiment. Future research should determine size-specific tag retention rates so that hatcheries can maximize retention in either tag placement location.
Trends of Specialisation in Rodents: the Five-toed Jerboas, Subfamily Allactaginae (Dipodoidea, Rodentia)

Five-toed jerboas are bipedal rodents, which inhabit arid areas of Palaearctic Eurasia and North-East Africa. Three genera and about 15 species are recognised. The main goals of this study were: (1) to estimate the levels and trends of specialisation of the five-toed jerboas, (2) to reconstruct the course of their adaptive evolution. The results confirm that the adaptive evolution of Allactaginae goes in two main directions – towards fast bipedal locomotion and towards an herbivorous diet. Three main ecological types of Allactaginae were revealed: (1) relatively slow running herbivores (Pygeretmus platyurus and P. shitkovi), (2) fast running herbivores (P. pumilio) and (3) fast running granivores (Allactaga, Allactodipus). The results of this research support the hypothesis that the genus Pygeretmus represents an advanced lineage which evolved from an Allactaga-like morphological construction.
The interrelationship of membrane and protein structure in the functioning of the (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase

The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is irreversibly denatured by ethanol, tert-butanol, guanidine hydrochloride, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Denaturation by the alcohols proceeds by disruption of the phospholipid bilayer immediate to the ATPase with no major disruption of protein structure. Denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride disrupts protein structure with little effect on phospholipid structure. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disrupts neither protein nor phospholipid structure at concentrations which irreversibly abolish ATPase activity. The phospholipid bilayer immediate to the ATPase is more ordered than the overall membrane phospholipid bilayer as measured by its ability to orient the long axis of 3-(4′,4′-dimethyloxazolidinyl-N-oxyl)-5α-androstan-17β-ol perpendicular to the bilayer surface. However, the interior of the bilayer immediate to the ATPase is more fluid than for the overall membrane.
Preparation of oxyfluoronitride glasses from fluorophosphate-ain melts

Incorporation of N into fluorophosphate glasses in the Al2O3-P2O5-MeFxAlN (Me = Ba,Na) systems was investigated. Glasses with a maximum analyzed N content of approximately 0.72 wt% were obtained. The thermal properties showed trends similar to those observed in other N-containing glass systems. Glasses were optically transparent in the 0.28 to 4 μm region with N shifting the IR absorption edge to slightly higher wavelengths.
Monte Carlo calculations of coupled boson-fermion systems. II

We have recently developed a formalism for carrying out Monte Carlo calculations on systems with coupled boson-fermion degrees of freedom. Here we present the results obtained using these techniques on some specific systems. First the quantum-mechanics problem of a single boson coordinate linearly coupled to a fermion is studied. The fermion Green's function and the boson coordinate displacement are calculated and compared with exact results. Extending this analysis to a one-dimensional array, a field theory in one space and one imaginary time dimension is investigated. The fermion and boson Green's functions are calculated and compared with analytic results obtained in the limit where the bare boson frequency is much larger or much smaller than the characteristic fermion energies.
A view of people-oriented systems

My object is to discuss what is meant by the notion of a "person-oriented computer system". Typically, we talk about desirable systems being "comfortable" and "responsive" in some way. It seems to me that there are three general conceptual ideas which must underlie responsiveness and comfortableness:In some way the user has an understanding of the system, its purpose, and its behavior.The system has a model of the user that relates to his/her purposes and behavior.That during the process of communication they both modify their behavior towards each other.