cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glandular segmentation of cone beam breast CT volume images

Cone beam breast CT (CBBCT) has potential as an alternative to mammography for screening breast cancer while limiting the radiation dose to that of a two-view mammogram. A clinical trial of CBBCT has been underway and volumetric breast images have been obtained. Although these images clearly show the 3D structure of the breast, they are limited by quantum noise due to dose limitations. Noise from these images adds to the challenges of glandular/adipose tissue segmentation. In response to this, an automated method for reducing noise and segmenting glandular tissue in CBBCT images was developed. A histogram based 2-means clustering algorithm was used in conjunction with a seven-point 3D median filter to reduce quantum noise. Following this, a 2D parabolic correction was applied to flatten the adipose tissue in each slice to reduce system inhomogeneities. Finally, a median smoothing algorithm was applied to further reduce noise for optimal segmentation. The algorithm was tested on actual breast scan volume data sets for subjective analysis and on a 3D mathematical phantom to test the algorithm. Subjective comparison of the actual breast scans with the denoised and segmented volumes showed good segmentation with little to no noticeable degradation. The mathematical phantom, after denoising and segmentation, was found to accurately measure the percent glandularity within 0.03% of the actual value for the phantom containing larger spherical shapes, but was only able to preserve small micro-calcification sized spheres of 0.8 and 1.0 mm, and small fibers with diameters of 1.2 and 1.4 mm.
The Importance of Patient Education Throughout the Continuum of Health Care

Health care consumers today are information seekers with a plethora of knowledge available at their fingertips. Individuals who have health care decisions will frequently present the health care professional with health information found on the Internet, written health literature, or anecdotes of well-meaning family friends. Yet this health information may be inaccurate or come from unreliable sources. How the health professional responds to information presented by the health care consumer may dramatically affect the relationship with the health professional. If the reaction is interpreted negatively, the health consumer may seek health care somewhere else. By increasing awareness of credible health information sources and steering the health care consumer to appropriate and reliable information, the health professional can have a positive impact on the health care outcome. Patient education must be viewed as part of the continuum of health care and accurate health information the foundation.
Management of a Case of Chronic Radiodermatitis on the Forehead

An area of radiodermatitis was excised from the forehead area, repaired with an advancement-rotation flap, and followed by elevation of the ipsilateral brow to restore symmetry.
Moral volition: the fifth and final domain leading to an integrated theory of conscience understanding.

Abstract Objective To define discrete developmental levels of understanding of the ways in which normal children and adolescents link autonomy and will to moral obligation and to study the correlation between this progression and previously identified stages of conscience conceptualization. Method One hundred thirty-two normal volunteers between the ages of 5 and 17 years were individually interviewed using the moral volition section of the semistructured Stilwell Conscience Interview. Analysis of the interviews resulted in five levels of understanding of moral self-evaluation and volitionally chosen behavior. Results Analyses of variance and covariance showed that the five levels of moral volition had significant correlation with five conceptualization stages, with stage criteria showing a stronger correlation than age. Self-identified tasks of oughtness were hierarchically defined beginning with those defining a morality of restraint followed by moralities of mastery/sufficiency, virtuous striving, idealization, and individual responsibility. Perception of increased independence of self in interaction with conscience was noteworthy at stages 4 and 5. Conclusions Moral volition is the domain of conscience functioning that defines understanding of moral self-evaluation and volitionally chosen actions; five levels of understanding can be demonstrated in normal children between the ages of 5 and 17 years.
Misunderstanding Savings Growth: Implications for Retirement Savings Behavior

Abstract People systematically underestimate exponential growth. This article illustrates this phenomenon, its implications, and some potential interventions in the context of saving for retirement, where savings grow exponentially over long periods of time. Experiment 1 shows that a majority of participants expect savings over 40 years to grow linearly rather than exponentially, leading them to grossly underestimate their account balance at retirement. Experiment 2 demonstrates that this misunderstanding leads to underestimates of the cost of waiting to save, which makes putting off saving more attractive than it should be. Finally, Experiments 3–5 show that highlighting the exponential growth of savings motivates both college students and employees to save more for retirement. Making clear to employees the exponential growth of savings before they make crucial decisions about how much to save may be a simple and effective means of increasing retirement savings.
THIOPENTAL FOR ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION OF NEONATES WITH SEVERE PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PPHN). 252

The oxygenation of neonates with PPHN is labile, and these infants are hemodynamically unstable. They react to procedures poorly. Intubation is one of the most stressful procedures these neonates have to undergo. Although thiopental has been used for induction of anesthesia in the operating room, its use in the NICU setting is rare. The hemodynamic response to intubation in neonates with PPHN after the administration of thiopental was examined.
Selection of Summer Roosting Sites by Indiana Bats (Myotis sodalis) in Missouri

Summer roosting sites were studied at four maternity colonies of Indiana bats ( Myotis sodalis ) in northern Missouri. Colonies of Indiana bats used two types of roosts, primary and alternate, that differed in intensity of use, number, and probable function. Primary roosts were defined as roosts where use by >30 bats on more than one occasion was observed. The number of primary roosts per colony ranged from one to three. All primary roosts were in standing dead trees situated in trees exposed to direct sunlight. Alternate roosts were used by smaller numbers of bats. These roosts included both living and dead trees that typically were located within the shaded forest interior. Differences in patterns of use between types of roosts seemed to be influenced by weather conditions in that use of alternate roost trees increased during periods of elevated temperature and precipitation. Indiana bats have specific requirements for roost sites, but also must be able to relocate when loss of bark, tree fall, or other events render their current roost sites unusable. Practices of forest management within the summer range of Indiana bats should favor retention of large-diameter, mature, and senescent trees.
Correlating detergent fiber analysis and dietary fiber analysis data for corn stover collected by NIRS

There exist large amounts of detergent fiber analysis data [neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL)] for many different potential cellulosic ethanol feedstocks, since these techniques are widely used for the analysis of forages. Researchers working in the area of cellulosic ethanol are interested in the structural carbohydrates in a feedstock (principally glucan and xylan), which are typically determined by acid hydrolysis of the structural fraction after multiple extractions of the biomass. These so-called dietary fiber analysis methods are significantly more involved than detergent fiber analysis methods. The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is feasible to correlate detergent fiber analysis values to glucan and xylan content determined by dietary fiber analysis methods for corn stover. In the detergent fiber analysis literature cellulose is often estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL, while hemicellulose is often estimated as the difference between NDF and ADF. Examination of a corn stover dataset containing both detergent fiber analysis data and dietary fiber analysis data predicted using near infrared spectroscopy shows that correlations between structural glucan measured using dietary fiber techniques and cellulose estimated using detergent techniques, and between structural xylan measured using dietary fiber techniques and hemicellulose estimated using detergent techniques are high, but are driven largely by the underlying correlation between total extractives measured by fiber analysis and NDF/ADF. That is, detergent analysis data is correlated to dietary fiber analysis data for structural carbohydrates, but only indirectly; the main correlation is between detergent analysis data and solvent extraction data produced during the dietary fiber analysis procedure.
Tunable diode laser diagnostics for atmospheric pressure plasmas

Tunable diode laser diagnostics based on spectrally resolved laser absorption have been developed to probe the excited states 4s3P2,, (lsg.4 Paschen notation) of atomic argon in an atmospheric pressure plasma produced by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch. The purpose of this research is to explore the use of compact continuous-wave, semiconductor diode lasers as light sources for laser-based diagnostic techniques in high temperature, atmospheric pressure plasmas. Plasma parameters to be determined include electron number density (ne), population temperature Rw). and kinetic temperature 0. -
Thermochemical assessment of oxygen gettering by SiC or ZrC in PuO2−x TRISO fuel

Particulate nuclear fuel in a modular helium reactor is being considered for the consumption of excess plutonium and related transuranics. In particular, efforts to largely consume transuranics in a single-pass will require the fuel to undergo very high burnup. This deep burn concept will thus make the proposed plutonia TRISO fuel particularly likely to suffer kernel migration where carbon in the buffer layer and inner pyrolytic carbon layer is transported from the high temperature side of the particle to the low temperature side. This phenomenon is oberved to cause particle failure and therefore must be mitigated. The addition of SiC or ZrC in the oxide kernel or in a layer in communication with the kernel will lower the oxygen potential and therefore prevent kernel migration, and this has been demonstrated with SiC. In this work a thermochemical analysis was performed to predict oxygen potential behavior in the plutonia TRISO fuel to burnups of 50% FIMA with and without the presence of oxygen gettering SiC and ZrC. Kernel migration is believed to be controlled by CO gas transporting carbon from the hot side to the cool side, and CO pressure is governed by the oxygen potential in the presence of carbon.more » The gettering phases significantly reduce the oxygen potential and thus CO pressure in an otherwise PuO2-x kernel, and prevent kernel migration by limiting CO gas diffusion through the buffer layer. The reduction in CO pressure can also reduce the peak pressure within the particles by ~50%, thus reducing the likelihood of pressure-induced particle failure. A model for kernel migration was used to semi-quantitatively assess the effect of controlling oxygen potential with SiC or ZrC and did demonstrated the dramatic effect of the addition of these phases on carbon transport.« less
Exploration of Different Constraints and Query Methods with Kernel-based Semi-supervised Clustering

Semi-supervised clustering makes use of a small amount of supervised data to aid unsupervised learning. The method used to obtain the supervised information, and the way such information is integrated within the learning algorithm can greatly affect the final result. This paper introduces two different kernel-based semi-supervised clustering algorithms, and investigates the power of kernel methods in principle. Moreover, driven by practice, two methods to obtain supervised data are considered. We compare our kernel-based semi-supervised clustering approaches with semi-supervised K-means and unsupervised kernel K-means. The experimental results show that both our methods can outperform the others, regardless of the technique used to generate the supervised data.
Specific visuomotor deficits due to alcohol intoxication: Evidence from the pro- and antisaccade paradigms

Rationale Alcohol affects a variety of human behaviors, including visual perception and motor control. Although recent research has begun to explore mechanisms that mediate these changes, their exact nature is still not well understood. Objectives The present study used two basic oculomotor tasks to examine the effect of alcohol on different levels of visual processing within the same individuals. A theoretical framework is offered to integrate findings across multiple levels of oculomotor control. Materials and methods Twenty-four healthy participants were asked to perform eye movements in reflexive (pro-) and voluntary (anti-) saccade tasks. In one of two counterbalanced sessions, performance was measured after alcohol administration (mean BrAC = 69 mg%); the other served as a within-subjects no-alcohol comparison condition. Results Error rates were not influenced by alcohol intoxication in either task. However, there were significant effects of alcohol on saccade latency and peak velocity in both tasks. Critically, a specific alcohol-induced impairment (hypermetria) in saccade amplitudes was observed exclusively in the anti-saccade task. Conclusions The saccade latency data strongly suggest that alcohol intoxication impairs temporal aspects of saccade generation, irrespective of the level of processing triggering the saccade. The absence of effects on anti-saccade errors calls for further research into the notion of alcohol-induced impairment of the ability to inhibit prepotent responses. Furthermore, the specific impairment of saccade amplitude in the anti-saccade task under alcohol suggests that higher level processes involved in the spatial remapping of target location in the absence of a visually specified saccade goal are specifically affected by alcohol intoxication.
Technology Status and Design Overview of a Hybrid Fuel Cell System for a Motorcycle

The global development of fuel cell based propulsion has emphasized larger vehicles, with most manufacturers demonstrating a car, van or truck. However, the transportation market in many countries is dominated by smaller two and three wheeled vehicles. A fuel cell motorcycle could replace two stroke scooters that proliferate emissions, as well as, their electric counterparts that require long recharges for short ranges, and also four stroke motorcycles. This paper is a review and assessment of literature relating to the design and analysis of hybrid electric fuel cell motorcycle engines. The engine design is intended for a specific demonstration motorcycle, but should be able to scale down to a scooter size, or be adapted to work in other small vehicles. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell system utilizes an ambient air blower, pure hyrogen storage in metal hydrides, a control system, active liquid cooling, a radiator, power conditioning and water management systems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The basis of English orthography

Abstract Orthography, regardless of the status we assign to it within the science of linguistics, is an important feature of the English language. It is the source of most of our knowledge of Old and Middle English; it is the principal medium through which foreigners come in contact with Present-Day English, and it is an object of frequent scrutiny by linguistics who labor over the problems of teaching spelling and reading. In spite of this position, however, there has been published neither a comprehensive study of Modern English spelling-to-sound correspondences nor a detailed history of English spelling. The available information on these topics must be gathered from a multitude of diverse sources and pieced together much as ancient vases are reconstructed from unsorted potsherds.
Growth of oriented molecular sieve crystals on organophosphonate films

THE successful construction of complex organic/inorganic bio-mimetic systems1-3has demonstrated the great power of supra-molecular pre-organization and templating in controlling crystal growth4. For instance, polar organic surfaces or surface-attached polar groups can induce the formation of thin films of iron oxide5. It would be of great interest, for the design of novel devices such as sensors or catalyst membranes6, to be able to control the growth on surfaces of porous crystals with oriented channels: such channels could, for example, control the access of molecules to the surface of a field-effect transistor in a sensor device. Films and membranes with non-oriented channels have been prepared by depositing or growing zeolite7–12 crystals on metal or metal-oxide supports13–21; in one case21, pre-grown crystals of an aluminophosphate zeolite were oriented by application of an electric field. Here we report the oriented growth of crystals of a zinco-phosphate zeolite on gold surfaces modified with metal phosphonate multilayer films. We attribute the high degree of orientation (>90%) to a strong affinity between the phosphonic acid groups of the phosphate multilayer and the (111) faces of the growing crystals.
Synergistic interaction between Beauveria bassiana- and Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis-based biopesticides applied against field populations of Colorado potato beetle larvae.

Abstract Commercial biopesticides based on the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana strain GHA and the bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis were applied alone and in combination (tank mixed) against larval populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in small plots of potatoes over three field seasons. Interactions between the two products were evaluated in terms of pest-control efficacy. B. bassiana (formulated as Mycotrol) was applied at low and medium label rates of 1.25 and 2.5 × 1013 conidia/ha, and B. thuringienis (formulated as Novodor) was applied at low and high label rates of 40.3 and 120.8 × 106 Leptinotarsa units/ha. Two weekly applications of the bacterial pesticide alone provided 50–85% control of beetle larvae within 14 days after the initial application, while applications of the mycopesticide alone produced no greater than 25% control. Maximum control, in nearly all tests, was produced by the combination of the two products. The combined treatments produced a statistically significant 6–35% greater reduction in larval populations than would have been predicted had the two biopesticides acted independently. This low-level synergistic interaction was observed during all field seasons and resulted from combinations at all rates, including, in one of two tests, the low rates of each product. These results indicate that B. thuringiensis and B. bassiana have strong potential for integrated biologically based management of Colorado potato beetle.
Amino Acid Substitutions in the C-terminal Regulatory Domain Disrupt Allosteric Effector Binding to Biosynthetic Threonine Deaminase from Escherichia coli

Abstract Shifts in the sigmoidal kinetics of allosteric threonine deaminase promoted by isoleucine and valine binding control branched chain amino acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. A highly conserved α-helix in the C-terminal regulatory domain of the tetrameric enzyme was previously implicated in effector binding and feedback inhibition. Double (447, 451) and triple (447, 451, 454) alanine replacements for the conserved amino acids leucine 447, leucine 451, and leucine 454 in this region yield enzyme variants that show increased sigmoidality in steady-state kinetics, and which are less sensitive to the allosteric modifiers isoleucine and valine. Equilibrium binding studies using fluorescence, enzyme kinetic, and calorimetric approaches indicate that the enzyme variants possess reduced affinity for isoleucine and valine, and suggest that heterotropic ligands can bind to the same site to promote their different effects. The increase in sigmoidal kinetics for the mutants relative to wild-type threonine deaminase may be attributable to the elimination of l-threonine binding to the effector sites, which activates the wild-type enzyme. Enzyme kinetic data and isotherms for active site ligand binding to the mutants can be analyzed in terms of a simple two-state model to yield values for allosteric parameters that are consistent with previous estimates based on an expanded two-state model for homotropic cooperativity for threonine deaminase.
Calculating heat transfer through windows

To calculate the energy performance of buildings, one must know the heat-transfer characteristics of the windows as functions of environmental variables, such as temperature and wind speed. Window designs are becoming more complex in response to the need for energy conservation. In this paper, we develop a general procedure for calculating the net energy flux through the glazed area of a window composed of an arbitrary number of solid layers. These layers, which may have thin-film coatings, can have any specified solar and thermal radiation properties and enclosed spaces between solid layers can contain either air or other gases. We verified our results by comparing them with experimental measurements of heat flow using a calibrated hot-box.
Exentération pelvienne par abord laparoscopique et périnéal

Resume Objectif Evaluer la faisabilite, la morbidite et le devenir de patientes ayant eu une exenteration pelvienne laparoscopique avec abord perineal. Patientes et methodes Depuis 2000, nous avons realise sept exenterations pelviennes laparoscopiques avec abord perineal associe a une reconstruction complexe. Toutes les patientes sauf une avaient recu une irradiation prealable. Une exenteration pelvienne totale a ete realisee dans deux cas, une exenteration anterieure et moyenne dans trois cas et dans deux cas une exenteration moyenne et posterieure. La reconstruction urinaire a ete realisee dans un cas par un Bricker, dans quatre cas par la confection d'une poche continente de Miami. Une reconstruction vaginale a ete effectuee dans trois cas par une epiplooplastie tubulisee, dans un cas par un lambeau musculocutane gluteal inferieur. Le retablissement de la continuite digestive a ete realise par une anastomose colorectale protegee. Une patiente a subi une colostomie definitive. Une conversion en minilaparotomie a ete necessaire dans un cas afin de realiser une radiotherapie peroperatoire. Resultats La duree operatoire est de 6 h 30 avec des saignements inferieurs a 500 cc. Quatre patientes ont eu une complication postoperatoire mineure. Aucune patiente n'a eu de revision de la poche de Miami. La duree d'hospitalisation est de 27 jours. Avec un suivi moyen de 14 mois, quatre patientes sont mortes, dont trois en raison d'une evolution metastatique. Une patiente presente une recidive locale. Deux patientes sont en vie sans recidive. Discussion et conclusion L'association de l'abord laparoscopique et perineal permet de realiser avec reproductibilite et faisabilite un geste complexe d'exenteration pelvienne associee a une reconstruction des trois axes (urinaire, genital et digestif).
Statistically optimal image reconstruction in propagation-based phase-contrast tomography

Propagation-based phase-contrast tomography is a coherent imaging method that seeks to reconstruct the three-dimensional complex-valued refractive index distribution of an object. Measurements of the transmitted wavefield intensities on two parallel detector-planes at each tomographic view angle are utilized to determine the wavefield's complex amplitude, which represent the projection data utilized for tomographic reconstruction. The mathematical formulas employed to determine the complex amplitude contain Fourier domain singularities that can result in greatly amplified noise levels in the reconstructed images. In this article, statistically optimal reconstruction methods that employ multiple (>2) detector-planes are developed that mitigate the noise amplification effects due to singularities in the reconstruction formulas. These reconstruction methods permit exploitation of statistically complementary information in a collection of in-line holographic measurement data, resulting in images that can have dramatically reduced noise levels. Computer-simulation studies are conducted to demonstrate and investigate quantitatively the developed reconstruction methods.
Reliability and validity of an algorithm for fuzzy tissue segmentation of MRI.

Purpose: A new multistep, volumetric-based tissue segmentation algorithm that results in fuzzy (or probabilistic) voxel description is described. This algorithm is designed to accurately segment gray matter, white matter, and CSF and can be applied to both single channel high resolution and multispectral (multiecho) MR images. Method: The reliability and validity of this method are evaluated by assessing (a) the stability of the algorithm across time, rater, and pulse sequence; (b) the accuracy of the method when applied to both real and synthetic image datasets; and (c) differences in specific tissue volumes between individuals with a specific genetic condition (fragile X syndrome) and normal control subjects. Results: The algorithm was found to have high reliability, accuracy, and validity. The finding of increased caudate gray matter volume associated with the fragile X syndrome is replicated in this sample. Conclusion: Since this segmentation approach incorporates fuzzy or probabilistic methods, it has the potential to more accurately address partial volume effects, anatomical variation within pure tissue compartments, and more subtle changes in tissue volumes as a result of disease and treatment. The method is a component of software that is available in the public domain and has been implemented on an inexpensive personal computer, thus offering an attractive and promising method for determining the status and progression of both normal development and pathology of the CNS.
Significant properties of complex digital artifacts: open issues from a video game case study

In this poster we present the preliminary output of a study meant to analyze the applicability of the InSPECT Assessment Framework to a particular kind of complex digital artifact: video games. We discuss open issues and possible improvements in the assessment workflow.
A nonspecific inhibitory effect of tRNA on the activity of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The inhibitory effect of tRNA on yeast 3-deoxy- d -arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) has been reinvestigated. From earlier studies the inhibition by tRNAPhe appeared to be quite specific. This study shows that tRNAPhe is indeed a potent inhibitor but so is unfractionated tRNA, as well as ribosomal RNA and heparin. Complete digestion to mononucleotides relieves the inhibition. Since the enzyme requires a metal ion (Co2+) we suggest that the RNA and heparin are inhibitory by virtue of their capacity to chelate the Co2+.
RELIABILITY OF SEROLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFLUENZA INFECTION IN INFANTS UNDER 6 MONTHS

Thirty-seven infants delivered between 10/78-12/78 were followed throughout the 1/79-3/79 influenza A Brazil (HINI) epidemic. At delivery cord and maternal blood was collected. Motherinfant pairs were monitored for respiratory illness. Nasal wash samples obtained from 3 mothers, I neonate and I sibling at the time of acute illness were positive for A Brazil (HINI). Acute and convalescent sera were drawn from each pair, and again at the termination of the study. The sera were analyzed by ELISA for H1 hemagglutinin specific IgG antibody. Twenty-one mothers were seronegative and 16 were seropositive for influenza antibody at the time of delivery. During follow-up, 15 infants of the seronegative mothers and 8 infants of the seropositive mothers had symptoms of influenza illness. Seven infants of the seronegative mothers and only one infant of the seropositive mothers had a rise in influenza titer (P<0.05). Serologic studies on the symtomatic infants showed that 6 of the 15 infants of seronegative mothers had a rise in influenza antibody, while none of the 8 infants of seropositive mothers had a rise in antibody (P<0.05). Of interest was the finding that one child of a seropositive mother shed virus and was symptomatic, but showed no rise in antibody titer. These data are consistent with observations derived from animal studies that passive antibody suppresses seroconversion, and suggest that influenza antibody titers on infants younger than 6 months do not correlate with viral infection.
Multiplexed and quantitative study of biomarker expression in tumor specimens using quantum dots

When conjugated with targeting molecules, quantum dots (QD) can be used as powerful cancer diagnostic tools providing the molecular profiles of cancer cases based on common clinical biopsies. Such personalized analyses will enable doctors to treat and manage the patients' diseases more effectively. The unique optical properties (e.g., size-tunable emission, simultaneous excitation, high brightness and photostability) of these nanoparticles make them superior to conventionally popular organic fluorophores 1-2 . Polymer-encapsulated, antibody-tagged QDs were prepared and used to successfully stain both fixed and live cells as well as clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. In the tissue staining study, QD bioconjugates targeting mutated p53 and early growth response protein (egr-1) were used to examine prostate cancer tissues. The tissue slides were then analyzed with a wavelength-resolved spectrometer to accurately quantify the protein expression levels. In comparison to traditional qualitatively based diagnostic procedures, quantum dot nanotechnology allows for a more quantitative, rigorous and objective analysis of tissue specimens in question. In addition, new developments in imaging instrumentation could automate spectroscopy measurements and data analysis.
STRUCTURAL ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON HEALTHY AND DISEASED SKIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HORNY LAYER

Das Rontgenbild normaler und pathologisch veranderter, vor allem psoriatischer Haut wurde beschrieben. In manchen Hautarealen des menschlichen Korpers ist an der Basis der Hornschicht eine sehr strukturdichte Lage vorhanden. Diese Lage ist bereits am ersten Lebenstage ausgebildet. Sie ist nicht mit dem Stratum lucidum identisch, obwohl diese Schicht in den Regionen, wo man sie nachweisen kann, eine erhebliche physikalische Dichte besitzt. Das Stratum lucidum ist aber nicht die physikalisch dichteste Schicht, wie fruher angenommen: An der Zehenbeere hatte die oberste Lage der Hornschicht die hochste physikalische Dichte. Die psoriatische Schuppe zeigt im Mikroradiogramm ein der Hornschicht von Ellbogen und Knien von Hautgesunden angenahertes Verhalten. Die psoriasiforme, parakeratotische Hornschicht besitzt eine hohe physikalische Dichte, was auch von anderen Untersuchern inzwischen bestatigt wurde. Dieses Verhalten ist bei der Proriasis besonders ausgesprochen, aber nicht fur diese spezifisch. Am Rande der Parakeratose ist die Hornschicht besonders dicht. In der Umgebung der psoriatischen Papeln konnen solche dichten Hornschichtareale sich anscheinend wiederholen.
Photochemical activity of spinach chloroplast fragments with aromatic compounds

1. 1. Photochemical production of ATP and H2O2 was catalyzed by 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, 5-nitrosalicylaldoxime, 3-nitrosalicylic acid, 4-nitrosalicylaldehyde, 3,5-dinitrosalicylaldehyde, and m-nitrobenzaldehyde. 2. 2. Salicylicaldehyde, 4-carboxylsalicylaldehyde, salicylamide, salicylanilide, and benzaldehyde were inactive as catalysts of ATP production. 3. 3. Salicylicaldehyde did not catalyze the photochemical production of O2 or H2O2.
Coupled fluid flow and geomechanical deformation modeling

Accurate prediction of reservoir production in structurally weak geologic areas requires both mechanical deformation and fluid flow modeling. Loose staggered-in-time coupling of two independent flow and mechanics simulators captures much of the complex physics at a substantially reduced cost. Two 3-D finite element simulators—Integrated Parallel Accurate Reservoir Simulator (IPARS) for flow and JAS3D for mechanics—together model multiphase fluid flow in reservoir rocks undergoing deformation ranging from linear elasticity to large, nonlinear inelastic compaction. The loose coupling algorithm uses a highlevel driver to call the flow simulator for a set of time steps with fixed reservoir properties. Pore pressures from flow are used as loads for the geomechanics code in the determination of stresses, strains, and displacements. The mechanics-derived strain is used to calculate changes to the reservoir parameters (porosity and permeability) for the next set of flow time steps. Mass is conserved in the coupled code despite dynamically changing reservoir parameters via a modification to the Newton system for the flow equations, and an approximate rock compressibility becomes a useful preconditioner to help with convergence of the modified flow equations. Two numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy of the coupled code. The first example is a quarterfive-spot waterflood undergoing poroelastic deformation, which is validated against a fully coupled simulator. Vertical displacements at the well locations match to within 10%. Moreover, experimentation shows that 13 mechanics time steps (taken over the course of 5 years of simulation time) were sufficient to achieve this result (a substantial cost savings over full coupling in which both the mechanics and flow equations must be solved at each time step). The second numerical example is based on real data from the Belridge Field in California, which illustrates one of the complex plastic constitutive relationships available in the coupled code. The results mimic behavior which was observed in the field. The coupled code serves as a prototype for loosely coupling together any two preexisting simulators modeling diverse physics. This technique produces a coupled code relatively quickly and inexpensively and has the advantage of accurately modeling complex nonlinear phenomena often
Experiments in imaging long-period seismic wavefields

No abstract available.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
GLUCOSE ENTRY INTO THE FETAL HEPATOCYTE (FH) REQUIRES NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT GLUT-1 AND GLUT-2

Low Km glucose transporter GLUT-1 mRNA and protein is found in vivo in adult hepatocytes (AH) only with starvation and diabetes. In contrast to AH, hepatic glycogenesis during fetal life is dependent upon glucose entry into hepatocytes at low glucose concentration. We have quantitated low Km GLUT-1 mRNA as well as high Km GLUT-2 mRNA in cultured rat FH compared to male AH, as % of FH at isolation.
Scattering-theoretic approach to the electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces: The (100) surface of tetrahedral semiconductors and Si O 2

We report the development of a method for calculating the electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces. It is based on the Koster-Slater idea for treating localized perturbations, which was later extended to describe surfaces. The present method makes use of semiempirical tight-binding Hamiltonians and of a novel way to create free surfaces. A Green's-function scattering-theoretical formulation is employed. The properties of the bulk crystal are built in and preserved. Bound-surface-state energies are determined unambiguously and accurately even for states whose wave functions are very extended. The total and local changes occurring in the density of states due to the surface can be calcualted directly, and therefore very accurately, without having to subtract two large quantities. Some of the structure in the state-density changes is in the form of narrow peaks, which can be identified as resonances or antiresonances. In order to point out advantages of the method and to compare our results with the results of slab calculations, we present applications to the Si and Ge (100) free surfaces. The present method is shown to be very efficient, accurate, and fast. Despite the fact that a tight-binding Hamiltonian of a truly semi-infinite system is treated exactly, the method employs matrices which are much smaller than those arising in slab calculations. Finally, the method is applied to a study of the (100) surfaces of the isoelectronic series Ge-GaAs-ZnSe and to the (100) surfaces of cubic Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Milk yield of primiparous beef cows from three calving systems and varied weaning ages

Primiparous beef cows produced in 3 calving systems were used in a 2-yr study with a completely random design to measure milk yield throughout a 190-d lactation (2002, n = 20; 2003, n = 24 per calving system). Calving occurred in late winter (average calving date = February 4 +/- 2 d), early spring (average calving date = March 30 +/- 2 d), and late spring (average calving date = May 26 +/- 1 d). Additionally, cows used in this study had been weaned at varied ages as calves, creating 6 dam treatments. Dam age at weaning was 140 (late spring), 190 (late winter, early spring, late spring), or 240 (late winter, early spring) d of age. Milk production was measured by using the weigh-suckle-weigh technique at an average of 20, 38, 55, 88, 125, 163, and 190 d in milk. Milk yield for the 190-d lactation period was calculated as area under the curve by trapezoidal summation. Data were analyzed with a model containing treatment, year, and their interaction. Orthogonal contrasts were used to separate effects when treatment was significant (P < 0.10). Total milk yield did not differ (P = 0.42) between cows in the late winter and early spring systems, but cows in the late spring system tended to differ (P = 0.09) from the average of the other 2 systems. Cows in the late spring calving system had increased milk yield in 2002 and lesser milk yield in 2003 compared with the other calving systems (treatment x year interaction, P < 0.001). Cows born in late spring that had been weaned at 140 d of age produced more (P = 0.05) total milk than those weaned at 190 d of age. Peak milk yield was affected (P < 0.001) by treatment and showed a treatment x year interaction (P = 0.006). Day of peak lactation differed among treatments (P = 0.002), with cows in the late winter system peaking later (P = 0.007) than early spring cows, and late spring cows peaking earlier (P = 0.004) than the average of late winter and early spring cows. The average date of peak lactation was May 4 for the late winter system, May 31 for the early spring system, and July 19 for the late spring system. Calf ADG differed (P < 0.001) for the late spring system compared with the average of the late winter and early spring systems, but the relationship interacted with year (P < 0.001). Cow BW and BW change differed among treatments (P < 0.004), with much of the difference associated with the amount of milk produced or the timing of peak lactation. Season of calving affects milk yield of primiparous cows grazing Northern Great Plains rangelands and ADG of their calves.
Do the Dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory Map a Simple Genetic Architecture? Evidence From Molecular Genetics and Factor Analysis

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that the human temperament dimensions of novelty seeking and harm avoidance are associated with polymorphisms in the D4 dopamine receptor gene (D4DR) and the serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), respectively. Although these findings are consistent with Cloninger’s hypothesized psychobiological model of temperament and character, many studies failed to replicate these findings. In the present study the authors tested whether the psychobiological model taps the genetic architecture of personality by exploring associations between these candidate genes and the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory and by examining its phenotypic structure. METHOD: Of the 946 male and female participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging to whom the Temperament and Character Inventory was administered, 587 were genotyped for a polymorphism with a 48-base-pair repeat in the D4DR gene and 425 were genotyped for a 44-base-pair insertion or deletion in...
Retroviral transduction models of Ph+ leukemia: advantages and limitations for modeling human hematological malignancies in mice.

There are two commonly used approaches to modeling human leukemia in mice: generation of mutant mice by traditional transgenic or knock-out/knock-in methods and retroviral bone marrow transduction and transplantation. For modeling leukemia, the retroviral model system has some distinct advantages over transgenic mice. Testing different forms and mutants of a given oncogene is much easier with the retroviral system and avoids the potential deleterious effects of expression of a transgene in nonhematopoietic tissues and during development. The retroviral provirus serves as a clonal marker of a transduced cell, facilitating analysis of clonality and transplantability of the malignancy. Finally, the retroviral system allows the assessment of the action of an oncogene in different subsets of hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow, which is difficult or impossible with transgenic models. This article summarizes recent progress in modeling human Philadelphia-positive leukemia in mice with the retroviral bone marrow transduction/transplantation system and emphasizes the advantages and limitations of this approach with examples from the BCR-ABL leukemogenesis literature.
Optimizing the Performance of Educational Web Services

We describe how web service architectures can provide better performance to applications by offering fine-grained services. We define web service granularity in terms of the amount of data that can be retrieved from a service in a single request on average. This is important because developers cannot predict if students will be using state of the art hardware. Thus, service-oriented architectures (SOA) with fine service granularity can minimize network communication and allow server machines to perform more work for applications. We present the Rashi Intelligent Tutoring System and describe how its architecture has been adapted into a web service with two competing application interfaces. We show how the interface that uses more fine-grained services leads to significant improvements in network message response time, message size, and response size, without a significant change in the number of requests.
Transendothelial migration enhances integrin-dependent human neutrophil chemokinesis

Transendothelial migration of neutrophils induces phenotypic changes that influence the interactions of neutrophils with extravascular tissue components. To assess the influence of transmigration on neutrophil chemokinetic motility, we used polyethylene glycol hydrogels covalently modified with specific peptide sequences relevant to extracellular matrix proteins. We evaluated fMLP-stimulated human neutrophil motility on peptides Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) and TMKIIPFNRTLIGG (P2), alone and in combination. RGDS is a bioactive sequence found in a number of proteins, and P2 is a membrane-activated complex-1 (Mac-1) ligand located in the gamma-chain of the fibrinogen protein. We evaluated, via video microscopy, cell motility by measuring cell displacement from origin and total accumulated distance traveled and then calculated average velocity. Results indicate that although adhesion and shape change were supported by hydrogels containing RGD alone, motility was not. Mac-1-dependent motility was supported on hydrogels containing P2 alone. Motility was enhanced through combined presentation of RGD and P2, engaging Mac-1, alpha(V)beta(3), and beta(1) integrins. Naive neutrophil motility on combined peptide substrates was dependent on Mac-1, and alpha(4)beta(1) while alpha(6)beta(1) contributed to speed and linear movement. Transmigrated neutrophil motility was dependent on alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(5)beta(1), and alpha(4)beta(1), alpha(6)beta(1), and Mac-1 contributed to speed and linear motion. Together, the data demonstrate that efficient neutrophil migration, dependent on multi-integrin interaction, is enhanced after transendothelial migration.
SERVING STUDENTS IN MIDDLE SCHOOL CONTENT CLASSES: A HEURISTIC STUDY OF CRITICAL VARIABLES LINKING INSTRUCTION AND ASSESSMENT

The purpose of this study was to describe three components of general education middle school content classrooms relevant to the success of students with learning difficulties. We analyzed the curriculum, sampled verbal presentations during instruction, and assessed performance outcomes, including student perception and two types of learning outcomes. The findings are exploratory but point to the need for these three components to be aligned for successful inclusion to occur.
Model Establishment of Multi-level Principal Agent based on Corporate Governance of High-tech

This paper studies the difference of multi-level principal agent model between the company of high-tech and traditional company from two aspects. Firstly, this paper establishes multi-level principal agent target function among stockholder, the board of director and manager of the company of high-tech based on common company's function; Secondly, it also establishes multi-level principal agent model between manager and employee of the company of high-tech based on common company's function. According to comparison, the difference between the company of high-tech and traditional one results from company's special characters. The results show that the company of high-tech should set up special human resource power mechanism other than common one.
Conjugation of RAFT-generated polymers to proteins by two consecutive thiol–ene reactions

Well-defined temperature-responsive polymers were covalently conjugated to model proteins by two consecutive Michael addition thiol–ene reactions. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was aminolyzed to yield thiol-terminated chains that were subsequently reacted with excess 1,8-bis-maleimidodiethyleneglycol. The resulting maleimide-terminated polymer was reacted with bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin to yield polymer–protein conjugates by a “grafting-to” approach. The thermoresponsive nature of PNIPAM was conferred to the conjugate, as demonstrated by dynamic light scattering analysis that indicated the formation of intermolecular aggregates at elevated temperatures.
Prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens.

AbstractPurpose: The prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens was assessed.Materials and Methods: The interval to progression (increasing prostate specific antigen level) was measured in 478 patients by status of the surgical margins.Results: At 5 years, the nonprogression rate was 64 percent for patients with and 83 percent for those without positive surgical margins. With a high grade cancer, seminal vesicle invasion or lymph node metastases, positive surgical margins had no effect on prognosis; with extracapsular extension and a Gleason score of 6 or less positive surgical margins were associated with a higher progression rate.Conclusions: Prognosis was adversely affected by positive surgical margins only in moderately differentiated cancers with extracapsular extension alone. If the cancer is otherwise confined, positive surgical margins are associated with an excellent prognosis unlikely to be improved by adjuvant therapy.