cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National Testing of the Emergency Department Patient Experience of Care Discharged to Community Survey and Implications for Adjustment in Scoring.

Background:The emergency department (ED) setting is unique and measuring quality of care in the ED requires the development of ED-specific tools. The Emergency Department Patient Experience of Care Discharged to Community Survey was designed to measure patient experience in the ED setting.Objectives
Enabling Conversations: African American Patients' Changing Perceptions of Kidney Transplantation.

Racial disparities in access to kidney transplantation (KTX) among African Americans (AAs) have been attributed in part to insufficient patient education. Interventions are needed to provide AAs with culturally sensitive, understandable information that increases their capacity to pursue KTX. Research about the factors that activated patients to pursue KTX is necessary to inform such interventions; however, few studies have yielded this type of information. We conducted focus groups and one-on-one interviews with 26 AA referred, listed, or transplanted patients and 3 nephrologists to explore decisional factors that foster pursuit of KTX. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and qualitative analytic methods to identify themes and subthemes were applied in an effort to inform message content for a future educational video intervention. Three themes emerged from thematic content analysis: (1) healthcare provider communication, (2) exposure to peer transplant success, and (3) family encouragement. Enabling provider communication techniques include repetition about the KTX option, optimistic messaging about KTX access, and comforting conversations about the KTX process. We identified information based on patient views and experiences to help inspire and develop animated videos designed to activate patients towards KTX. Interventions are needed that address informational gaps and focus on emotion to improve patients’ experiences and ability to understand transplant opportunities.
Adherence and cumulative bisphosphonate dose in relation to risk of skeletal-related events among older patients with multiple myeloma.

e18250Background: Adjuvant intravenous bisphosphonates (IV BP) reduce the risk of skeletal-related events (SRE) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We examined the effects of bisphosphonate uti...
Effects of Subcytotoxic Exposure of Silver Nanoparticles on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells

Abstract Introduction: In vitro toxicology evaluations utilizing human stem cell models represent attractive alternatives to conventional animal models, which are not always predictive of human res...
UNIT 19.4 Detection of Protein-Protein Interactions by Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation of proteins from whole-cell extracts is a valuable approach to testing for physical interactions between proteins of interest. When a precipitating antibody is used, this method is referred to as co-immunoprecipitation. Coprecipitation can be used to study interactions between known proteins and as a means of identifying components of a complex. This unit describes basic approaches to immunoprecipitating tagged proteins from whole-cell extracts. The extract is prepared under nondenaturing conditions, the protein of interest is precipitated, and the precipitate is tested for a second specifically associated protein. The approach can be used for native or epitope-tagged proteins for which antibodies are available, or for recombinant proteins that bind with high affinity to a molecule that can be coupled to a solid-phase matrix. An associated protein is detected by separating the precipitated proteins by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with a second antibody that recognizes the putative associated protein. Keywords: co-immunoprecipitation; immunoprecipitation; protein interactions; protein tags; antibody; immunoblot
Excitation-scan mirror array system advancements to hyperspectral imaging applications

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology has been applied in a range of fields for target detection and mixture analysis. While its original applications were in remote sensing, modern uses include agriculture, historical document authentications and medicine. HSI has shown great utility in fluorescence microscopy; however, acquisition speeds have been slow due to light losses associated with spectral filtering. We are currently developing a rapid hyperspectral imaging platform for 5-dimensional imaging (RHIP-5D), a confocal imaging system that will allow users to obtain simultaneous measurements of many fluorescent labels. We have previously reported on optical modeling performance of the system. This previous model investigated geometrical capability of designing a multifaceted mirror imaging system as an initial approach to sample light at many wavelengths. The design utilized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a multifaceted mirror array to combine light sources into a liquid light guide (LLG). The computational model was constructed using Monte Carlo optical ray software (TracePro, Lambda Research Corp.). Recent results presented here show transmission has increased up to 9% through parametric optimization of each component. Future work will involve system validation using a prototype engineered based on our optimized model. System requirements will be evaluated to determine if potential design changes are needed to improve the system. We will report on spectral resolution to demonstrate feasibility of the RHIP-5D as a promising solution for overcoming current HSI acquisition speed and sensitivity limitations.
Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus for diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis

The cerebellar vermis, long associated with axial motor control, has been implicated in a surprising range of neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive and affective functions. Remarkably little is known, however, about the specific cell types and neural circuits responsible for these diverse functions. Here, using single-cell gene expression profiling and anatomical circuit analyses of vermis output neurons in the mouse fastigial (medial cerebellar) nucleus, we identify five major classes of glutamatergic projection neurons distinguished by gene expression, morphology, distribution, and input-output connectivity. Each fastigial cell type is connected with a specific set of Purkinje cells and inferior olive neurons and in turn innervates a distinct collection of downstream targets. Transsynaptic tracing indicates extensive disynaptic links with cognitive, affective, and motor forebrain circuits. These results indicate that diverse cerebellar vermis functions could be mediated by modular synaptic connections of distinct fastigial cell types with posturomotor, oromotor, positional-autonomic, orienting, and vigilance circuits.
Stability of floodplain subsurface microbial communities through seasonal hydrological and geochemical cycles

Riparian floodplains represent an interaction zone between the terrestrial subsurface and rivers, where regional groundwater flows, infiltration, and evapotranspiration drive mixing of water and import/export of nutrients and contaminants. These dynamics create seasonally transient redox conditions that drive biogeochemical transformations, which strongly modify groundwater quality. Microbial responses to changing hydrological conditions are perhaps the critical step connecting hydrology to geochemical transformations and groundwater quality, yet are not well understood. We aimed to address this knowledge gap by monitoring seasonal transitions at the U.S. Department of Energy legacy uranium ore processing site in Riverton, WY, through spring-summer-fall hydrological transitions. Our goal was to characterize the microbial community throughout the soil profile, down to the saturated aquifer, and observe its response to wet-dry transitions across a full season and compare to changes in geochemistry and hydrology. Next-generation sequencing was employed to identify biogeochemically-relevant microbial taxa based on the 16S rRNA gene; we found a broad diversity of microbial clades including taxa involved in sulfur and metal cycling, as well as nitrification. These data were paired with measurements of soil moisture, major nutrients and cations, and trace elements. Overall microbial community composition was dependent on soil depth or type, with seasonal effects only observed in the topsoil or subsurface aquifer. This finding indicates that microbial communities in the transiently-reduced center of the soil profile at the Riverton, WY site are remarkably stable, despite moisture and redox inversions. In addition, these communities likely impact the communities in surrounding soil horizons through export of metabolites and solutes as the water table rises and falls throughout the season.
Performance and Stability of Tenofovir Alafenamide Formulations within Subcutaneous Biodegradable Implants for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

A critical need exists to develop diverse biomedical strategies for the widespread use of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (HIV PrEP). This manuscript describes a subcutaneous reservoir-style implant for long-acting delivery of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) for HIV PrEP. We detail key parameters of the TAF formulation that affect implant performance, including TAF ionization form, the selection of excipient and the exposure to aqueous conditions. Both in-vitro studies and shelf stability tests demonstrate enhanced performance for TAF freebase (TAFFB) in this long-acting implant platform, as TAFFB maintains higher chemical stability than the TAF hemifumarate salt (TAFHF). We also examined the hydrolytic degradation profiles of various formulations of TAF and identified inflection points for the onset of the accelerated drug hydrolysis within the implant using a two-line model. The compositions of unstable formulations are characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and are correlated to predominant products of the TAF hydrolytic pathways. The hydrolysis rate of TAF is affected by pH and water content in the implant microenvironment. We further demonstrate the ability to substantially delay the degradation of TAF by reducing the rates of drug release and thus lowering the water ingress rate. Using this approach, we achieved sustained release of TAFFB formulations over 240 days and maintained > 93% TAF purity under simulated physiological conditions. The opportunities for optimization of TAF formulations in this biodegradable implant supports further advancement of strategies to address long-acting HIV PrEP.
Comparison of fixed charge and polarizable models for predicting the structural, thermodynamic, and transport properties of molten alkali chlorides

Results from extensive molecular dynamics simulations of molten LiCl, NaCl, KCl, and RbCl over a wide range of temperatures are reported. Comparison is made between the “Polarizable Ion Model” (PIM) and the non-polarizable “Rigid Ion Model” (RIM). Densities, self-diffusivities, shear viscosities, ionic conductivities, and thermal conductivities are computed and compared with experimental data. In addition, radial distribution functions are computed from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and compared with the two sets of classical simulations as well as experimental data. The two classical models perform reasonably well at capturing structural and dynamic properties of the four molten alkali chlorides, both qualitatively and often quantitatively. With the singular exception of liquid density, for which the PIM is more accurate than the RIM, there are few clear trends to suggest that one model is more accurate than the other for the four alkali halide systems studied here.
Companioning artmaking: Creating art alongside clients in group art therapy

Abstract This art-based collaborative research study explored the perceptions of four group art therapists who engaged in the practice of creating art alongside their clients. It aimed to explore the challenges these art therapists perceive to be associated with their practice of in-session artmaking through a series of in-depth interviews incorporating discussion and artmaking. Analysis included coding of interview transcripts, reviewing art, and isolating video and audio clips which were first organized into video summations and then refined into a culminating video. Outcomes included three contemporary risks associated with creating alongside clients and four skills therapists in this study developed to mitigate these challenges: (a) multitasking, (b) shifting awareness, (c) letting go of control, and (d) media awareness. The study provides a practical discussion of how experienced art therapists apply this practice and suggests skills that may be needed to successfully manage potential challenges. It also adds the term “companioning artmaking” to the literature. This inclusive term describes the practice of creating art in the presence of group members to be with and beside them while acting as a role model and companion.
Adaptive Voltage Positioning Design of Single Stage 48/1V Sigma Converter for Fast Transient Response

48V voltage regulator modules (VRMs) are critical for telecom power supplies and are becoming popular for future data centers. By using a novel sigma converter topology, an outstanding performance in terms of efficiency (95%) and power density (700 W/in3) have been demonstrated. However, the control of the Sigma converter is challenging due to the quasi-parallel structure and has not been solved properly yet. In this paper, a control method combining V2 control and active droop control is adopted for the Sigma converter. A design guideline is proposed to achieve adaptive voltage positioning (AVP). Following the proposed design guideline, simulation and experimental results demonstrate good transient responses.
Coordination Dynamics of Human Brain and Behavior

New observations using a multisensor SQUID array are described showing that nonequilibrium phase transitions occur in both brain and behavior as a control Parameter is systematically varied. Coherent brain and behavioral states are captured by the same kind of order parameter, linking very different material components in each case. In line with synergetics [1], such results indicate that the brain is a self-organizing, pattern forming system that can switch flexibly from one coherent state to another. In this respect, brain and behavior share common dynamics.
A fast algorithm for Toeplitz-block-Toeplitz linear systems

A Toeplitz-block-Toeplitz (TBT) matrix is block Toeplitz with Toeplitz blocks. TBT systems of equations arise in 2D interpolation, 2D linear prediction and 2D least-squares deconvolution problems. Although the doubly Toeplitz structure should be exploitable in a fast algorithm, existing fast algorithms only exploit the block Toeplitz structure, not the Toeplitz structure of the blocks. Iterative algorithms can employ the 2D FFT (fast Fourier transform), but usually take thousands of iterations to converge. We develop a new fast algorithm that assumes a smoothness constraint on the matrix entries. For an M/sup 2//spl times/M/sup 2/ TBT matrix with M M/spl times/M Toeplitz blocks along each edge, the algorithm requires only O(6M/sup 3/) operations to solve an M/sup 2//spl times/M/sup 2/ linear system of equations; parallel computing on 2M processors can be performed on the algorithm as given. Two examples show the operation and performance of the algorithm.
Improvement on Performance of Mg‐C Refractories as Lining of Vanadium‐Extraction Converters

For the purpose of extending the service life of MgO-C bricks used as linings of vanadium-extraction converters, the effect of Fe addition on properties of MgO-C bricks was investigated. The results showed the addition of Fe could effectively improve the sinterability of the oxidized layer of the MgO-C refractory at 1400°C due to the effect of FeO (formed by oxidation of Fe) on formation of MgO-FeOss and modification of the microstructure, and excellent corrosion resistance against vanadium containing slag was also obtained due to the increase of compactness of the oxidized layer and concentration of FeO in the oxidized layer. Consequently, it is considered that MgO-C brick by introducing the new phase of Fe is a favorable substitute of MgO-C refractory to be used as linings of vanadium-extraction converters.
Structural similarity of the motor domain of normal and educable retarded boys.

Abstract Six derived factor solutions (three orthogonal and three oblique) described factors from the intercorrelation matrices of 47 motor performance and physical growth measures obtained on 71 intellectually normal boys and 71 educable retarded boys ages 6–9.9 yr. Six comparable common factors, labeled (1) strength/power/ body size; (2) gross limb eye coordination; (3) fine visual motor coordination; (4) fat or dead weight; (5) balance; (6) leg power and coordination were identified in the factor patterns of both subject groups. Four comparable specific factors were also recognized for both subject groups. After application of the Kaiser et al. technique to quantify the similarity of factor patterns, it was concluded that the basic components which underlie a major portion of the motor domain of intellectually normal and educable retarded boys are tangibly coincident.
Jejuno-ileal Atresia

Mural defects causing anatomical discontinuity of the small bowel can morphologically be divided into either atresia or stenosis and represent the most common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction. Atresia refers to complete occlusion of the intestinal lumen and accounts for 95% of cases while stenosis is defi ned as a partial intra-luminal occlusion resulting in incomplete obstruction. Jejuno-ileal atresia has a prevalence rate of approximately 1:330–1:1,500 live births, with a third of infants either born prematurely or small for date. Hereditary forms and familial patterns of atresia are exceptionally rare and may be on a basis of autosomal recessive or dominant transmission. A genetic basis however has been established for type III (b) and IV multiple atresias. Associated chromosomal and extra abdominal anomalies (7%) are well documented but not as common as in duodenal atresias. Following surgical correction of the anomaly, the majority of children grow and develop normally, the end result infl uenced by the length and absorptive function of the residual bowel, associated anomalies and the successful management of the short bowel syndrome.
The Impact of Individual and Team Goals on Human Distributed Dynamic Decisionmaking: A Mathematical Model

Humans' involvement in many systems brings various humans' cognitive limitations and biases to systems affecting systems' performance. Salient among these characteristics are humans' different goals. Based on an empirical research, this paper presents a mathematical model for studying the impact of individual and team goals on human distributed decisionmaking within a generic task sequencing environment. By combining optimization concepts with relevant descriptive factors on humans' cognitive limitations, the problem is formulated as a dynamic Nash game for the case with individual goals, and a decision tree for the case with the team goal. Preliminary model-data comparison suggests that individual goals induce the DMs to overvalue their own tasks and deviate from model strategies. A team goal facilitates DMs' coordination and yield better overall performance.
Interactive modeling of virtual ecosystems

We present a novel technique for interactive, intuitive, and efficient modeling of virtual plants and plant ecosystems. Our approach is biologically-based, but shades the user from overwhelming input parameters by simplifying them to intuitive controls. Users are able to create scenes that are populated by virtual plants. Plants communicate actively with the environment and attempt to generate an optimal spatial distribution that dynamically adapts to neighboring plants, to user defined obstacles, light, and gravity. We demonstrate simulations of ecosystems composed of up to 140 trees that are computed in less than two minutes. Various phenomena previously available for non-realtime procedural approaches are created interactively, such as plants competing for space, topiary, plant lighting, virtual forests, etc. Results are aimed at architectural modeling, the entertainment industry, and everywhere that quick and fast creation of believable biological plant models is necessary.
[5] Overexpression of neuropeptide precursors and processing enzymes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the overexpression of neuropeptide precursors and processing enzymes. It is reported that the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-coupled amplification method is a reliable and relatively straightforward way to overexpress a variety of different protein precursors. The method can be used to overexpress proenkephalin, prodynorphin, a mutated proenkephalin, PC1, and PC2. Expression levels for these proteins have ranged from 0.5 to 30μg/ml. Interesting differences have emerged from these various amplifications. Using the DHFR-coupled amplification method, neuropeptide precursors can often be obtained in yields appropriate for crystallization efforts, while processing enzymes that are constitutively secreted (i.e., do not possess a membrane-spanning domain) can be enzymatically characterized. Further refinements of this overexpression method should lead to better methods of maintaining enzyme activity, because at present the amount of enzymatically active PC1 recovered and the specific activity of PC 1 are low compared to the amount of enzyme protein secreted. With the overexpression of several different neuropeptide precursors, interesting comparisons of processing specificity of the new neuroendocrine convertases will become possible.
Looking at discourse in a corpus: The role of lexical cohesion

This paper is aimed at reporting on the development and application of a computer model for discourse analysis through segmentation. Segmentation refers to the principled division of texts into contiguous constituents. Other studies have looked at the application of a number of models to the analysis of discourse by computer. The segmentation procedure developed for the present investigation is called LSM ('Link Set Median'). It was applied to three corpus of 300 texts from three different genres. The results obtained by application of the LSM procedure on the corpus were then compared to segmentation carried out at random. Statistical analyses suggested that LSM significantly outperformed random segmentation, thus indicating that the segmentation was meaningful.
Cytology of immunologic memory. A morphologic study of lymphoid cells during the anamnestic response.

Pairs of rats were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and simultaneously labeled with thymidine-methyl-3H or 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-125I. From 10–50 days later, their lymphoid organs were examined 3 days after anamnestic stimulation with KLH or after primary injection of BGG. Light and electron microscopic study of the labeled cells revealed that immunologic memory resided in the mature resting monoribosomal lymphocyte which, upon stimulation, transformed to an immature polyribosomal lymphocyte and mitotically active blast cell. These latter elements differentiated into plasma cells directly or after mitosis.
Fermionic perturbation theory for the statistical mechanics of the nonlinear Schrödinger model

A fermionic perturbation theory is developed for the statistical mechanics of the nonlinear Schrodinger model. The theory is based on an interacting-fermion picture of the Bethe wave function. The inner product of the Bethe wave function is explicitly evaluated, and a simple graphical representation of it is given. The basic equations obtained for the free energy agree with those of Yang and Yang. In particular, the present theory gives a clear-cut meaning to the ɛ function of Yang and Yang: It represents a fermion energy at finite temperatures.
Design and validation of a toroidal-based ophthalmic adaptive optics system

Performance of ophthalmic adaptive optics systems is often degraded by the need to use spherical mirrors off axis. We investigate toroidal mirrors as a possible solution. Measured improvement in performance is consistent with theoretical predictions.
A homing guidance law for binary range-rate measurements

In this paper we consider the problem of planar homing guidance for a vehicle with a known heading angle traveling to a beacon with unknown location and using only a measurement of binary range-rate. We present a planar homing guidance law utilizing a sliding mode controller and an observer. This guidance law does not require knowledge of the vehicle's location, the closest points of approach for multiple headings, or the time history of binary range-rate measurements. We also present this guidance law's response to initial conditions and measurement errors. This approach provides a method of low-cost, autonomous homing-guidance that utilizes a single, omnidirectional receiver to guide a vehicle to a single, omnidirectional transmitting beacon.
Bis(perfluorophenyl azides) as highly efficient crosslinking agents for poly(vinyl phenol)

Abstract Negative photoresists based on poly(vinyl phenol) (PVP) have been developed using bis(perfluorophenyl azides). Examples of bisPFPAs include 1,5-bis(4′-azido-2′,3′,5′,6′-tetrafluorophenyl)-1,4-pentadiene-3-one (4) and 2,6-bis(4′-azido-2′,3′,5′,6′-tetrafluorophenylmethylene)-4-methylcyclohexanone (5). The use of long wavelength bisPFPAs makes it possible to carry out crosslinking reactions at near UV region (around 350 nm). These bisPFPAs exhibit high crosslinking efficiencies towards PVP. Addition of only 1.8 wt% of the crosslinker to PVP gave more than 70% of film retention after development. PVP resists containing 3.6 wt% of bisPFPA yield films with 95% retention.
A Psychrometer System for Micrometeorology Profile Determination.

Abstract An aspirated psychrometer system using thermopiled copper-constantan sensors is described. Field data are presented showing temperature and humidity profiles obtained over a turf crop by nine self-contained units mounted on a 6 m mast. Temperature and humidity can be determined with accuracies of 0.025C and 0.15 mm Hg vapor pressure. The units are relatively inexpensive and easy to fabricate. The wet-bulb element, a porous ceramic cup supplied with a continuous column of water from a reservoir, provides more reliable and less critical operation than the conventional cotton-wick elements.
Making healthy eating and physical activity policy practice: The design and overview of a group randomized controlled trial in afterschool programs

National and state organizations have developed policies calling upon afterschool programs (ASPs, 3-6 pm) to serve a fruit or vegetable (FV) each day for snack, while eliminating foods and beverages high in added-sugars, and to ensure children accumulate a minimum of 30 min/d of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Few efficacious and cost-effective strategies exist to assist ASP providers in achieving these important public health goals. This paper reports on the design and conceptual framework of Making Healthy Eating and Physical Activity (HEPA) Policy Practice in ASPs, a 3-year group randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of strategies designed to improve snacks served and increase MVPA in children attending community-based ASPs. Twenty ASPs, serving over 1800 children (6-12 years) will be enrolled and match-paired based on enrollment size, average daily min/d MVPA, and days/week FV served, with ASPs randomized after baseline data collection to immediate intervention or a 1-year delayed group. The framework employed, STEPs (Strategies To Enhance Practice), focuses on intentional programming of HEPA in each ASPs' daily schedule, and includes a grocery store partnership to reduce price barriers to purchasing FV, professional development training to promote physical activity to develop core physical activity competencies, as well as ongoing technical support/assistance. Primary outcome measures include children's accelerometry-derived MVPA and time spend sedentary while attending an ASP, direct observation of staff HEPA promoting and inhibiting behaviors, types of snacks served, and child consumption of snacks, as well as, cost of snacks via receipts and detailed accounting of intervention delivery costs to estimate cost-effectiveness.
Characterizing the Glycocalyx of Poultry Spermatozoa: I. Identification and Distribution of Carbohydrate Residues Using Flow Cytometry and Epifluorescence Microscopy

The aim of the present work was to use a battery of lectins to 1) delineate the carbohydrate content of sperm glycocalyx in the turkey and chicken using flow cytometry analysis, and 2) evaluate the distribution of existing sugars over the sperm plasma membrane surface with epifluorescent microscopy. Carbohydrate groups (corresponding lectins) that were investigated included galactose (GS-I, Jacalin, RCA-I, PNA), glucose and/or mannose (Con A, PSA, GNA), N-acetyl-glucosamine (GS-II, s-WGA, STA), N-acetyl-galactosamine (SBA, WFA), fucose (Lotus, UEA-I), sialic acid (LFA, LPA), and N-acetyl-lactosamine (ECA). Spermatozoa were assessed before and after treatment with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid. Mean fluorescence intensity (MnFI) was used as indicator of lectin binding for flow cytometry analysis. Nontreated spermatozoa from both species showed high MnFI when incubated with RCA-I, Con A, LFA, and LPA, as did chicken spermatozoa incubated with s-WGA. Neuraminidase treatment increased the MnFI for most lectins except LFA and LPA, as expected. Differences in MnFI between species included higher values for s-WGA and ECA in chicken spermatozoa and for WFA in turkey spermatozoa. Microscopy revealed segregation of some sugar residues into membrane-specific domains; however, the 2 staining techniques (cell suspension vs fixed preparation) differed in identifying lectin binding patterns, with fixed preparations yielding a high degree of nonspecific binding. We conclude that 1) the glycocalyx of turkey and chicken spermatozoa contains a diversity of carbohydrate groups, 2) these residues are extensively masked by sialic acid, 3) the glycocalyx composition is species-specific, and 4) some glycoconjugates appear to be segregated into membrane-specific domains. Characterization of the poultry sperm glycocalyx is the first step in identifying the physiological impact of semen storage on sperm function.
Instruments and technique for continuous triangulation upon a sounding‐balloon

The recovery of instruments carried by sounding-balloons is ordinarily left to chance. In favorable locations as, for example, Missouri and southern Illinois where the country is open and flat and quite thickly populated, the chance recovery of such instruments may exceed 90 per cent with no more stimulus than a conspicuous reward-label attached to the instrument. As a result of these high recoveries there appears to have been no need for the development of a procedure for following a sounding-balloon to make recovery approach certainty, the difference between such recovery and, say 90 per cent, being insufficient to warrant the trouble and expense of following. (Our present interest in sounding-balloons lies in the measurement of ultra-violet radiation from the Sun, and in such fluctuations as it may exhibit. The aid of Dr. C. G. Abbot and the Smithsonian Institution has made it possible for us to undertake our present program.)
Acute retinal necrosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus: immunohistopathologic confirmation.

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a syndrome characterized by progressive intraretinal inflammation and necrosis. The clinical diagnosis is frequently supported by the identification of the causative infectious agent, most commonly varicella-zoster virus (VZV), though herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have also been implicated1,2. Epstein-Barr virus, a double-stranded DNA virus transmitted by oral secretions, infects more than 90% of humans3. Primary infection is characterized most commonly by the clinical syndrome of infectious mononucleosis, which is characterized by fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, palatal petechiae, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. The virus remains latent within memory B cells where it may reactivate, yielding virus capable of infecting new B cells and epithelial cells4. There are only a few reported cases of EBV-associated ARN1,2,5 and all lack definitive demonstration of the virus. Epstein-Barr virus DNA has been previously detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in vitreous samples of patients with ARN, but only in conjunction with VZV DNA1,2. Herein, we describe a case of ARN in which EBV was the sole virus detected both by vitreous PCR and, most importantly, by molecular pathology (microdissection and PCR) confirming the virus within the retina of the enucleated globe.
Analyzing Preference for Pace as a Component of Task Performance

An exploratory analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between measures of perceptual style, selective attention, and preference for pace. The main intent was to determine whether preference for pace and information-processing ability were related. The expectation was that ability and preferences would have a low correlation. Testing 30 male and 30 female university students the results confirmed a low relationship between preference for pace and information-processing ability.
Formulas for Sediment Porosity and Settling Velocity

Several existing formulas for the initial porosity and settling velocity of sediment have been tested by using extensive data collected from different countries and regions, and modified to achieve better reliability or convenience in use.
ARDS and Diffuse Alveolar Damage: A Pathologist’s Perspective

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is the histologic correlate of most patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is a relatively straight forward diagnosis and the main differential diagnosis clinically is acute pneumonia and histologically is bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia (BOOP). The histologic progression of DAD includes 3 phases (exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic) that correlate with the time rather than its specific cause. The factors that govern which patients will do well and which will develop a fulminant course is not known.
Improving Concrete Containment Structures Associated with Fixed-Cone Valves

Fixed-Cone valves are often used to dissipate energy and regulate flow at the low level outlet works of dams. Fixed-Cone valves, also known as Howell-Bunger valves, create an expanding conical jet allowing the energy of the water to dissipate over a large area. However, in many applications constructing the large stilling basin necessary for these valves is either not possible or not feasible. In order to reduce the relative size of the stilling basin, hoods or concrete containment structures have been used in conjunction with Fixed-Cone valves. This paper discusses the use of baffles in concrete containment structures in order to dissipate energy in a considerably confined space. It was determined that using baffles, in place of a deflector ring and end sill (Used in traditional containment structures.), significantly improves the function of containment structures by reducing downstream flow velocities and improving flow patterns and stability. This information will be useful to engineers allowing them to minimize scour and erosion associated with concrete containment structures.
Investigation of diffusion mechanisms during nickel oxide film growth by an isotope separation technique

Abstract Nickel oxide (NiO) films grown at 400, 600 and 800 °C under atmospheric conditions were studied using secondary ion mass spectroscopy to determine the distribution of the stable isotopes of Ni (58 and 60 a.m.u.) in the oxide. A theoretical basis for the separation of the isotopes of the mobile species during film growth is utilized to ascertain whether grain boundary or lattice diffusion of Ni occurs during growth. This is based on the condition that a reverse isotope separation can only occur by grain boundary diffusion, and was seen in the oxides grown at 400 and 600 °C. Oxidation at 800 °C resulted in two layers in the films grown on polished substrates. The upper layer showed no isotope separation, while reverse separation existed in the lower layer. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a distribution of fine oxide particles in the lower layer of the oxide grown at 800 °C. The mechanism proposed for the growth of NiO films at 800 °C involves a combination of both grain boundary and lattice diffusion, with lattice diffusion becoming the dominant mode above about 800 °C. Finally, the lateral growth of NiO grains during oxidation showed a transition at 800 °C, with the activation energy measured as 2.1 ± 0.3 eV below 800 °C and 0.3 ± 0.1 eV above 800 °C.
Age dependency of the Tei index of myocardial performance

Despite its clinical use as a sensitive measure of left ventricular performance, little is known about whether the Tei index is influenced by aging. We determined the Tei index in 141 subjects without cardiovascular disease (age 16-78 years). There were statistically significant variations in ejection time, isovolumic relaxation time, and the Tei index with aging. There was a moderate linear correlation between isovolumic relaxation time and age (r = 0.49, P <.001) and the Tei index and age (r = 0.33, P <.001). This investigation demonstrated that when assessing myocardial performance in patients using this index, age-normalized values should be used.
Improving sampling efficiency for system level power estimation

In this paper, we propose an efficient statistical sampling technique which is suitable for estimating the total power consumption of a large VLSI system. The basic idea is to generate simulation units for each module in the system independently and then form samples of the system power by randomly selecting simulation units for each module. Hence, sampling is performed both temporally (across different clock cycles) and spatially (across different modules). A module clustering step ensures that the module types are compatible with this sampling strategy. Experimental results show a 4/spl times/ reduction in the simulation time compared to existing Monte-Carlo simulation techniques.
Higher-twist parton distributions in QCD2

The higher-twist structure functions are calculated in QCD1+1 and formal sum rules are derived. It is demonstrated that the sum rule for the first moment of ƒ4 is violated if one restricts the integration to “experimental data” (x > 0). However, the sum rule is valid if a δ-function at the origin is taken into account. The physical origin of this δ-function is clarified from the point of view of canonical light-cone quantization (“zero mode” for the “bad” component) as well as using dispersion relations (fixed pole). The coefficient of the δ-function can be calculated by means of these dispersion relations as well as by considering a slightly non-forward Compton amplitude instead of the usual forward amplitude.
S44-04 - Cbasp for chronic depression: impact of co-morbidities and learning acquisition

Depression and other co-morbidities, such as alcoholism, frequently co-occur and make effective treatment more complex and challenging. There is a growing interest in the co-occurrence of substance use disorders and mood and anxiety disorders, but knowledge about effective behavioral treatment options is far from complete. Research supports the hypothesis that an integrated therapy such as CBASP, which possesses components of motivational, cognitive, behavioral therapy, as well as management of interpersonal reinforcements, to target co-occurring depression and alcoholism may be most effective for chronic depression and co-occurring disorders. CBASP has been shown to be effective in treating chronically depressed individuals and is a promising behavioral approach for use with chronically depressed patients who may report treatment resistance, traumatic developmental histories, manifest impoverished interpersonal relations, interactions, and coping skills, and demonstrate additional chronic under-functioning similar to alcohol dependent individuals with chronic depression. We review the application and research findings regarding the use of CBASP in chronically depressed individuals with co-occurring alcoholism. In addition, we explore the relationship between acquisition learning of the two primary skills in CBASP and treatment outcome. Learning acquisition is assessed in order to capture increases in felt emotional safety with the therapist, as well as perceived functionality on the part of the patient. We hypothesize that patients receiving CBASP will demonstrate an improvement in both symptoms of depression and their co-morbid disorders and that the amount of learning will be proportionally related to improvement in symptoms. We also explore patient characteristics that predict outcome.
Astrophysics space observatories - The next 25 years

The design characteristics and performance capabilities of orbiting astrophysical observatory optics are projected from the state-of-the-art to the next 25 years. Attention is given to the possible features of large optical/UV observatories as well as to an advanced gamma-ray observatory that could employ the Space Shuttle's External Tank as its structural basis. It is noted that telescope performance has reached fundamental technological barriers to further progress which demand radical innovations in optical configurations' design.
Metabolic substrate engineering as a tool for glycobiology.

The biological importance of oligosaccharides was first recognized in the context of their role in metabolism and energy storage. During the past three decades, it has become apparent that complex ...
Time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence quenching of N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide by acrylamide and iodide

We examined the time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence quenching of N-acetyl-l-tryptophanamide (NATA) by acrylamide and iodide, over a range of viscosities in propylene glycol. The quenching of NATA by acrylamide and iodide results in heterogeneity of the intensity decay which increases with the quencher concentration. We attribute the complex decays of NATA to transient effects in diffusion and the nature of the fluorophore–quencher interaction. These data were compared using the phenomenological radiation boundary condition (RBC) and distance-dependent quenching (DDQ) models for collisional quenching. We used global analysis of the time-resolved frequency-domain and steady-state data to select between the models. Consideration of both the frequency-domain and steady state data demonstrate that the quenching rate depends exponentially on the fluorophore–quencher distance, indicating the validity of the DDQ model. The rate constants for acrylamide and iodide quenching, at the constant distance of 5 A, were found to be near 1013 s−1 and 109 s−1, respectively. These rates reflect electron transfer and exchange interactions as the probable quenching mechanisms, respectively.
Directed inelastic hopping of electrons through metal-insulator-metal tunnel junctions

We have used the metal/amorphous silicon/metal tunnel junction as a model system to explore the role of localized states in electron transport through thin insulating layers. We measured the tunneling conductance as a function of temperature T, bias voltage V, and barrier thickness d. The data show marked deviations from the classical WKB tunneling theory in the limit of low T and V with d intermediate between the decay length in the barrier and the Mott variable range hopping length. The data are instead consistent with directed inelastic hopping along statistically rare but highly conductive ``chains'' of localized states. The most effective chains for a given set of conditions (T,V,d) contain a definite number of localized states, Ng1, configured in a nearly optimal way in space and energy. The conductance of the lowest-order hopping channel (all chains with N=2) exhibits the characteristic voltage and temperature dependences ${\mathit{G}}_{2}^{\mathrm{hop}}$(V)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{V}}^{4/3}$, and ${\mathit{G}}_{2}^{\mathrm{hop}}$(T)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{T}}^{4/3}$, respectively, as predicted by theory. Higher-order channels (Ng2) also conform to the theoretical predictions remarkably well. The physical nature of these highly conductive channels and their implications for conduction through thick tunnel barriers and thin dielectrics is discussed.
Cavitation erosion behavior of boron-implanted titanium and Ti6Al4V

Abstract Boron was implanted at an energy of 75 keV into bulk titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy. The boron distribution was determined by Auger spectroscopy, the resulting surface microstructures being characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cavitation erosion (CE) behavior, produced by using an acoustic horn in distilled water, was studied for the as-received, as-implanted and implanted-and-aged titanium and the Ti6Al4V alloy. The implantation-induced microstructural changes were correlated with modifications in the CE resistance.
Acoustic emissions produced by discrete fracture in rock part 2—Kinematics of crack growth during controlled Mode I and Mode II loading of rock

Abstract A well-characterized experimental programme was undertaken to study acoustic emission (AE) waveforms produced during discrete fracture propagation in rock. Large chevron-notched specimens were loaded in controlled conditions, and characteristic AE associated with Mode I and II fracture were isolated. Tested rock included medium-grained granite and micritic dolostone. The AE waveforms belonged to five characteristic classes. The variety of AE event classes was the same in Mode I and II loadings for both rock types. By far the most common three classes are related to basic step impulses. The mechanism for crack propagation in rock is indicated to be due to localized tensile failure for both tensile and shear loadings. Relative roughness of the crack surface corresponded closely with relative distributions of the different characteristic event classes. A ratio of event types was formulated which is a good indicator of the amount of out-of-plane crack growth. Rates of occurrence of AE events varied during loading modes, and between the two materials. Very few events occurred during load increase to peak or during unloading. Event rates increased as the crack propagated through the notch, and AE rates for subsequent constant-length crack propagation were constant.
Sex, lies, and gastrointestinal tract biopsies: A review of selected sexually transmitted proctocolitides

There are many insults that result in gastrointestinal tract inflammation. Infections can be particularly challenging because (1) only a limited number of organisms provoke a specific endoscopic and/or histologic appearance; and (2) although some organisms may be present on biopsies, the findings may be so subtle or organisms so few that they are easily missed if the reviewer is not performing a specific search for the offender. Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are rarely a consideration at the time of GI biopsy examination and clinicians rarely inquire about sexual behavior at the time of initial patient interview. Although establishing a definitive STI diagnosis is not possible on histology alone, these infections are associated with inflammatory patterns that may help raise this diagnostic possibility. Becoming familiar with these patterns is necessary as worldwide outbreaks of these infections are being reported. This review aims to provide the pathologist with histologic clues associated with the most frequently encountered bacterial pathogens in the setting of STI proctitis, namely, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum.