cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pragmatic force in semantic context

Stalnaker’s Context deploys the core machinery of common ground, possible worlds, and epistemic accessibility to mount a powerful case for the ‘autonomy of pragmatics’: the utility of theorizing about discourse function independently of specific linguistic mechanisms. Illocutionary force lies at the peripherybetween pragmatics—as the rational, non-conventional dynamics of context change—and semantics—as a conventional compositional mechanism for determining truth-conditional contents—in an interesting way. I argue that the conventionalization of illocutionary force, most notably in assertion, has important crosscontextual consequences that are not fully captured by a specification of dynamic effects on common ground. More generally, I suggest that Stalnaker’s purely informational, propositional analysis of both semantic content and dynamic effects distorts our understanding of the function of language, especially of the real-world commitments and consequences engendered by robustly ‘expressive’ language like slurs, honorifics, and thick terms.
Coagulation Factor XIIa Activates Platelets and Is the Physiological Agonist of Protease-Activated Receptor 3.

Abstract 770 Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors that are activated by proteases. Thrombin is the major agonist for PAR1 and PAR4, whereas tryptase and coagulation factor Xa are the agonists for PAR2. In addition to these major agonists, PARs can be activated by other coagulation proteases. The physiological agonist of PAR3 has not been identified to date; as a result, the molecular pharmacology and physiology of PAR3 remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to identify a physiological agonist to PAR3. We used PAR4 null murine platelets, which are known to express only PAR3. In this study, we tested the effect of several coagulation proteases and found that only coagulation factor XIIa (FXIIa) activated PAR4-/- murine platelets, in a concentration-dependent manner. FXIIa caused murine platelet shape change, aggregation, secretion and thromboxane A2 generation and this activation was abolished by C1 esterase inhibitor, a FXIIa inhibitor. FXIIa-induced murine platelet activation was completely abolished by BMS200261, a PAR1 antagonist, without affecting the catalytic activity of FXIIa. As murine platelets do not express PAR1, these data indicate that BMS200261 acts as an antagonist of PAR3 and hence inhibits FXIIa-induced platelet activation. FXIIa also caused mobilization of intracellular calcium from murine platelets and this calcium increase is abolished by BMS200261 in the presence or absence of the PAR4. PAR1 and PAR4 couple to Gq to cause intracellular calcium increases. YM-254890, a Gq inhibitor, abrogates PAR1- or PAR4-mediated calcium mobilization. However, YM-254890 did not affect FXIIa –induced platelet calcium mobilization in murine platelets. FXIIa caused activation of Gq-/- mice platelets similar to wild -type platelets, suggesting that FXIIa -induced calcium mobilization in platelets is independent of Gq pathways. Furthermore, FXIIa-induced platelet activation was completely abolished by BAPTA-AM, which indicates that calcium is required for FXIIa-induced platelet activation. Furthermore, FXIIa caused phosphorylation of Erk and Akt in PAR4 null murine platelets and this phosphorylation was abolished by BMS200261, but not by YM-254890. These observations may explain previous reports that demonstrated lack of stable thrombus formation in FXII null mice. We conclude that FXIIa activates platelets through PAR3 independently of Gq pathways leading to calcium mobilization and activation of Erk and Akt. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Human rickettsioses: Host response and molecular pathogenesis

Rickettsia are medically relevant obligately intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause potentially severe disease. As the causative agents of epidemic typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, these neglected pathogens have had significant impacts on society with mortality rates reaching upwards of 50 %. Antibiotic therapies are often delayed, as initial diagnosis is difficult and easily confused with viral infections. This chapter will address Rickettsia and host interactions such as adhesion to and invasion of host target cells, endothelial pathogenesis, and immune response to rickettsioses. Further, the chapter will provide an overview of rickettsial genetics, metabolism, and secretion systems and their relationship to molecular pathogenesis.
Kinks in the a/2 screw dislocation in Ta

We study the structure and formation energy of kinks in the 1/2a〈111〉 screw dislocations in metallic Tantalum (Ta) using molecular dynamics with a first principles based many-body interatomic potential. In our study, four a/3〈112〉 kinks are constructed in a quadrupole arrangement in the simulation cell. To the simulation cell, we impose periodic boundary conditions in the directions perpendicular to the [111] direction and fix boundary condition in the [111] direction. We find that two, energetically equivalent, core configurations for the 1/2a〈111〈 dislocation lead to 8 distinguishable single kinks and 16 kinds of kink pairs. The different mismatches of the core configurations along [111] direction attributed to the differences in the formation energy for various types of kinks. Formation energies for all possible kinds of isolated single kinks and kink pairs have been determined. It was found that 0.730 eV was the lowest energy cost to form a kink pair in the a/2〈111〉: screw dislocation in Ta.
A novel on-die GHz AC stress test methodology for high speed IO application

A new methodology and test circuit for evaluation of device reliability are presented. The stress conditions must emulate the real circuit operation, or similar to product-like environment. Existing methodology might not archive this purpose. In this paper, an on-die wave front generator was established in circuit level. Experiments in this study cover from mechanisms of off state, Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) and Hot Carrier Injection (HCI). Based on the extensive results, strong dependence of reliability to layout effect can be concluded. And the reliability guidelines and recommendations for high speed IO circuit design can be made.
Hookah use among adolescents: Differential cognitions about hookah and cigarettes.

Abstract Background Hookah use is prevalent among adolescent and young adult populations. The study assessed how positive cognitions toward cigarettes moderate the impact of positive hookah cognitions on past 30 day hookah use among a representative sample of youth. Understanding cognitions about products can contribute to effective interventions. Methods Data from the 2015 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey was used to determine cognitions and use patterns among high school students. Weighted means and proportions were used for demographic comparisons for cognitions about products. t -Tests and chi-square analysis were conducted for differences between users and non-users. Logistic regressions were conducted for the modeling of interaction between hookah and cigarette cognition. Results Nearly one out of ten (9.6%) of adolescents reported current hookah use. Across all cognition measures, positive hookah cognitions were associated with current hookah use. Additionally, there was a pattern of hookah cognitions being more strongly associated with current hookah use among those students that did not endorse the equivalent cognition for traditional cigarettes. Conclusions Hookah cognitions were generally more associated with hookah use among youth who did not endorse positive cognitions for cigarettes compared to those that did endorse positive cognitions for cigarettes. This finding is novel given youth who feel negatively about cigarettes are more influenced by their hookah-specific cognitions. Youth who believe cigarettes pose harm may benefit from messaging about the harms of hookah. Interventions or prevention efforts that draw strong comparisons between cigarettes and hookah may be effective among youth.
Internal Carotid Artery Dissection in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

Carotid artery dissection is a significant cause of stroke in young patients. It may be asymptomatic and go undiagnosed, or minimal transient manifestations may follow, commanding a higher index of suspicion than ordinarily exists to avoid misdiagnosis. Reported herein is a 27-year-old man who suffered extracranial internal carotid artery dissection while practicing a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu submission maneuver. The patient's condition suddenly deteriorated one week later due to distal embolization and stroke. Despite endovascular treatment, with stenting of the cervical carotid artery, neurologic deficits remained. Of note, the objective in martial arts, which is to kill or incapacitate, has yet to be fully tempered in transitioning to sport. Brazilian Jiu-jitsu, a relatively new and fast-growing form of martial art, places emphasis on submission maneuvers. Related injuries are not common knowledge and are poorly described in the literature. This account is intended to shed light on the risk of this discipline. Through education and improved supervision, vascular injuries of this nature and the potentially lethal or disabling consequences may thus be prevented in young athletes.
Development of an Inline Dry Powder Inhaler That Requires Low Air Volume

Abstract Background: Inline dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are actuated by an external air source and have distinct advantages for delivering aerosols to infants and children, and to individuals with compromised lung function or who require ventilator support. However, current inline DPIs either perform poorly, are difficult to operate, and/or require large volumes (∼1 L) of air. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a new inline DPI for aerosolizing spray-dried formulations with powder masses of 10 mg and higher using a dispersion air volume of 10 mL per actuation that is easy to load (capsule-based) and operate. Methods: Primary features of the new low air volume (LV) DPIs are fixed hollow capillaries that both pierce the capsule and provide a continuous flow path for air and aerosol passing through the device. Two different configurations were evaluated, which were a straight-through (ST) device, with the inlet and outlet capillaries on opposite ends of the capsule, and a single-sided...
Aus Alt mach Neu, und umgekehrt

Seit uber einem Jahrzehnt treten wir, so heist es, durch unseren neuen Umgang mit den Medien in ein neues Zeitalter der Demokratie. Ein Zeitalter, das durch die Schnelllebigkeit der digitalen Kommunikationsformen im Gleichschritt mit seinem Triumph allerdings auch schnell zu veralten scheint. Schon sein Auftauchen stand im paradoxen Zeichen eines Scheiterns.
SPECIES OF MEAT ANIMALS | Pigs

The global pork industry produces more than 100 million tons of pork annually and is the most consumed meat animal protein in the world. Pork is raised in North and South America, Asia, Australia, and Europe as a major component of the agriculture economy on those continents. Many factors such as sex, age, body weight, climate, breed, and culture influence pork quality and how it is perceived and consumed.
Mechanism of phosgene-induced lung toxicity: role of arachidonate mediators.

We have previously shown that phosgene markedly increases lung weight gain and pulmonary vascular permeability in rabbits. The current experiments were designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase-...
Thermodynamic analysis of the Co–W system

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations including spin polarization were performed to obtain the energies for all end-member configurations of the μ phase, which were used to evaluate the Gibbs energies of the μ phase. The Co–W system was thermodynamically re-assessed in the present work. The present calculated phase diagram fits well with the experimental data. Applying the DFT results was essential for giving a better description of the μ phase.
Decentralized beneficiary behavior in humanitarian supply chains: models, performance bounds, and coordination mechanisms

Effectiveness in humanitarian supply chain operations depends on the critical last mile between beneficiaries and needed supplies or services. Often, the last mile is traveled by the beneficiaries themselves. This paper’s focus is on systems in which beneficiaries make autonomous decisions about where to seek supplies or services using a utility function that captures distance, congestion, and the relative importance of the two factors. We model beneficiary behavior as a network congestion game where the resources are a set of facilities from which individuals choose. Importantly, our models capture the fact that the relative importance of distance and congestion may be specific to both the individual and the facility; we represent this using a factor called the congestion weight. We prove new bounds on the system performance that results from decentralized beneficiary decisions in comparison to centralized optimal assignments, and we introduce mechanisms for achieving centrally optimal outcomes even in the presence of decentralization. We demonstrate the methods with data from the international public health response to the Haiti cholera epidemic.
Differentiation of Pluripotent Synthetic Minimal Cells via Genetic Circuits and Programmable Mating

Abstract Synthetic minimal cells, here defined as liposomal bioreactors synthesizing protein, are a recent technology that models the intricate gene and protein networks of live cells, without the noise inherent to natural systems. Here we show a toolset for engineering combinatorial genetic circuits in synthetic cells, where distinct populations of synthetic cells control single-gene components, and those populations are assembled via programmable fusion to construct complex biological pathways. We utilize this technology to demonstrate that progenitor populations can mimic differentiation into new lineages in response to small molecule stimuli or as an effect of “mating” with another synthetic cell population. This provides a practical tool for metabolic engineering and natural pathway study, as well as paving the way towards the construction of live synthetic cells with complex gene pathways and the ability to form distinct lineages.
Fast simulation of deformable characters with articulated skeletons in projective dynamics

We propose a fast and robust solver to simulate continuum-based deformable models with constraints, in particular, rigid-body and joint constraints useful for soft articulated characters. Our method embeds degrees of freedom of both articulated rigid bodies and deformable bodies in one unified optimization problem, thus coupling the deformable and rigid bodies. Our method can efficiently simulate character models, with rigid-body parts (bones) being correctly coupled with deformable parts (flesh). Our method is stable because backward Euler time integration is applied to rigid as well as deformable degrees of freedom. Our method is rigorously derived from constrained Newtonian mechanics. In an example simulation with rigid bodies only, we demonstrate that our method converges to the same motion as classical explicitly integrated rigid body simulator.
Accelerometer Parameterization and the Quality of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Solutions

In preparation for the Center for Space Research Release 6 of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, 32 accelerometer parameterization schemes are analyzed, which combine skew-symmet...
Object-Based Image Analysis Using Harmonic Analysis on A High-Spatial Resolution Satellite Image

The ability to extract biophysical and structural properties of features in digital images is an important goal in remote sensing. Delineating the boundaries of image features, and building meaning...
Realizing Maximum Microwave Absorption of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) with a Data-Driven Method

Large reflection loss (RL) and broad effective bandwidth (f10) are two of the most important parameters for microwave absorbing materials (MAM). In this manuscript, we report that a strong and bro...
For re-institutionalizing the marketing discipline in Era V

Commentaries on the status of the marketing discipline conclude that it is significantly troubled, which raises the question: Do the troubles identified portend a de-institutionalization of the discipline in marketing’s Era IV (1980–2020) and its potential re-institutionalization in Era V (2020-?)? This article examines (1) the marketing discipline’s founding in Era I (1900–1920), (2) how the discipline became institutionalized in Era II (1920–1950), (3) how marketing was re-institutionalized in Era III (1950–1980), and (4) how the discipline’s fragmentation in Era IV (1980–2020) portends its de-institutionalization. The article concludes by arguing for the marketing discipline’s re-institutionalization in Era V (2020-?).
Developing a Smartphone App With Augmented Reality to Support Virtual Learning of Nursing Students on Heart Failure

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to develop an Augmented Reality (AR) app on heart failure for remote training of nursing students and compare it against recorded video lecture. We conducted a quasi-experimental study using pretest-posttest design with junior nursing students. Methods The experimental group used the self-paced app; the control group viewed the same content using pre-recorded video lecture. Results There were no significant differences in learning, although more students indicated that they preferred the AR app. Conclusion As a stand-alone teaching method, AR apps may perform as well as video lectures and may encourage student engagement.
Ouroboros Functionals, Families of Ouroboros Functions, and Their Relationship to Partial Differential Equations and Probability Theory

Previously, we have introduced a very small number of examples of what we call Ouroboros functions. Using our already established theory of Ouroboros spaces and their functions, we will provide a set of families of Ouroboros functions that bolster our overall understanding of the Ouroboros spaces. From here, we extend the theory of Ouroboros functions by introducing Ouroboros functionals and Ouroboros functional spaces. Furthermore, we re-frame the expected value of a random variable as an Ouroboros functional, which proves to be more intuitive in view of probabilistic measure theory. We then show that these Ouroboros functions have additional applications, as they are general solutions to certain elementary linear first order partial differential equations (PDEs). We conclude by elaborating upon this connection and discussing future endeavors, which will be centered on answering a given hypothesis.
AML-204: Venetoclax Combined with FLAG-IDA Induction and Consolidation in Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Context: FLAG-IDA induction results in complete remission in approximately 85% of newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (ND-AML), however 30-40% experience relapse. Combining the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax (VEN) with chemotherapy improves efficacy, inferring FLAG-IDA+VEN may improve outcomes in ND-AML. Objectives: The primary P2 objective was determination of the overall activity of FLAG-IDA+VEN. Key secondary objectives include overall response rate (ORR: CR+CRi+CRh+MLFS+PR), CRc (CR+ CRh+CRi), overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and duration of response (DOR). Design: A Phase 1b/2 study evaluating FLAG-IDA+VEN in ND and relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML patients ≥ 18 years of age. Phase 1b results were previously reported (DiNardo, JCO 2021). The Phase 2 (P2) portion enrolled patients into two cohorts: ND-AML (n=38), and R/R-AML (n=39). ND-AML outcomes are reported herein. Results: Thirty-eight patients with ND-AML (sAML: n=7, therapy-related AML: n=5) enrolled. Median age was 44 years (range 20-65). ELN risk was favorable, intermediate, and adverse in 18%, 37%, and 45% of patients. Three patients were too early for response evaluation. The ORR was 94% (CR: n=24 [69%], CRh: n=5 [14%], CRi: n=1 [3%], MLFS: n=3 [9%]) and corresponding CRc rate was 86% (n=30). 93% of CRc patients attained MRD-negative status. Patients received a median of 2 (range: 1-6) cycles. 57% (n=20) transitioned to allogeneic stem-cell transplant (HSCT). Median DOR was 18.4 (95% CI: 13.1-21.1) months. Median cycle length for cycles 1 and 2 were 31 and 41 days. No 30 or 60-day mortality occurred. Common adverse events included febrile neutropenia (34%), pneumonia (28%), cellulitis (16%), and bacteremia (16%). Eight patients relapsed (ELN intermediate: N=3, ELN adverse: N=5) including 100% of patients with baseline TP53 mutations (N= 4); and there have been 4 deaths, all in relapsed patients. Five relapses and three of four deaths occurred post-HSCT. After a median study follow up of 15 months, median EFS and OS were NR, with 1-year EFS and OS rates of 76% and 96%, respectively. Conclusions: FLAG-IDA+VEN induction and consolidation results in high MRD-negative composite CR rates in ND-AML with an expected safety profile. Durable responses were observed at 12-months. Long-term follow up is ongoing to confirm these results.
Live or Lecture Capture: Evidence from a Classroom Random Control Trial

This study employs a random control trial experimental design to compare student learning outcomes in situations with live lectures and situations with ‘captured’ – virtually recorded asynchronous – lectures. Students across five sections of introductory microeconomics were randomly assigned to attend a lecture in person or virtually. They were then quizzed on the material covered. Later in the semester, the same students were switched to the opposite modality and quizzed again on new material. An important feature of the experimental design was that the topics differed significantly in complexity. We find that with the more difficult topic, students watching recorded lectures performed better than those attending live lectures. For an easier topic, however, the opposite was true. Male students benefitted most from lecture capture, particularly on the more difficult topic. Women students were largely indifferent to changes in lecture modality.
An Artificial Viscosity Method for the Design of Supercritical Airfoils

A numerical technique is presented for the design of two-dimensional supercritical wing sections with low wave drag. The method is a design mode of the analysis code H which gives excellent agreement with experimental results and is widely used in the aircraft industry. Topics covered include the partial differential equations of transonic flow, the computational procedure and results; the design procedure; a convergence theorem; and description of the code.
A Comparison of Five Introductory Textbooks in Global Health

Essentials of global health, by R. Skolnik, Sudbury, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2008, 322 pp., including index and supplementary materials, US$57 (paperback), ISBN 13: 978-0-7637-3421-3; ISBN 1...
A programmable coefficient continuous-time A/D /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/ modulator

A continuous-time /spl Delta/-/spl Sigma/modulator has been proposed that uses floating-gate transistors to program the feed-forward and feedback coefficients. The G/sub m/-C integrators are designed to run in subthreshold and take advantage of the floating gate circuit architecture to increase the linear range and minimize V/sub TH/ error. A 2nd order modulator was fabricated in 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS with measured maximum SNR of 59.2dB, maximum SINAD of 50.27 and a DR approximately 50dB. A modulator with an unlatched comparator was also tested and an initial investigation has begun into the asynchronous behaviour of the modulator when it is without clocking.
Studies on the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Different effects of F0 inhibitors on unisite and multisite ATP hydrolysis by bovine submitochondrial particles.

Bovine submitochondrial particles prepared in the presence of GTP (G-SMP), as well as G-SMP washed in 150 mM KCl, catalyzed unisite ATP hydrolysis with a first order rate constant of 0.12 s-1. This rate constant remained unchanged at ATP concentrations [F1]. By analogy to our previous studies on the inhibition of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex by antimycin (Hatefi, Y., and Yagi, T. (1982) Biochemistry 24, 6614-6618), it is proposed that venturicidin and organotin compounds freeze the structure of the F0 sector of the ATP synthase complex in such a manner that prevents the subunit molecular motions required for rapid proton flux but allows a slow proton flux generated by ATPase activity at low ATP concentrations.
Bacteriophage f1 Infection: Fate of the Parental Major Coat Protein

Abstract The major coat protein of infecting f1 phage is incorporated into the inner membrane of the host cell, even in the absence of phage f1DNA penetration and replication. The major coat protein monomers are reutilized in the assembly of new phage. They are not conserved as a single unit but behave as independent units which are slowly incorporated into newly manufactured phage.
Effects of Various Drugs on Hemolytic Activity of Streptococcus zymogenes

Drugs known to interrupt the chain of protein synthesis (streptomycin, chloramphenicol, ethidium bromide) appeared to affect production of the group D lysin by Streptococcus zymogenes by inhibiting growth. Drugs which block cell wall synthesis (vancomycin, bacitracin, d-cycloserine, and phosphonomycin) inhibited lytic activity by a mechanism independent of growth. Bacitracin appeared not to have a major effect on lysin production but elicited the production of an inhibitor of lytic activity.
Lifecycle of laser-produced air sparks

We investigated the lifecycle of laser-generated air sparks or plasmas using multiple plasma diagnostic tools. The sparks were generated by focusing the fundamental radiation from an Nd:YAG laser in air, and studies included early and late time spark dynamics, decoupling of the shock wave from the plasma core, emission from the spark kernel, cold gas excitation by UV radiation, shock waves produced by the air spark, and the spark's final decay and turbulence formation. The shadowgraphic and self-emission images showed similar spark morphology at earlier and late times of its lifecycle; however, significant differences are seen in the midlife images. Spectroscopic studies in the visible region showed intense blackbody-type radiation at early times followed by clearly resolved ionic, atomic, and molecular emission. The detected spectrum at late times clearly contained emission from both CN and N2+. Additional spectral features have been identified at late times due to emission from O and N atoms, indicating...
Is there value beyond safety in CMR imaging of PM/AICD patients?

Background Pacemaker/ AICD imaging is currently clincally performed in the MRI environment. A vigilant team consisting of Cardiologist, EP staff, and technologists with close patient monitoring and supervision has evolved this heretofore risky endeavor into a procedure with established safety if done properly. However, once safety is established, does such add valuable irrefutable information to merit that risk?
Quantum Information Science from the Perspective of a Device and Materials Engineer

Publisher Summary Quantum mechanics plays a daily role everyone's life. The idea of using quantum mechanics to build "quantum computers" that outpace "classical computers" is not all that new. The chapter briefly discusses Turning machine; there are two classes of Turing machines: deterministic and probabilistic. The deterministic Turing machine consists of an infinitely long tape partitioned into cells, each containing a 0. or a 1. There is a read/write head that can move left or right by one cell at a time. The head can exist is one of a finite set of memory states and contains a set of instructions (a program) that specify, depending on the current internal state and the bit currently being read by the head, how the internal state of the head will change, whether the bit being scanned will be changed and in which direction the head will move, if it moves at all. While the head of a deterministic Turing machine, in a given state, reading a certain bit on the tape, has only one (unique) successor state available to it, a probabihstic Turing machine has multiple successor states available. Which state is ultimately acquired depends on a random choice.
Trace Size vs. Parallelism in Trace-and-Replay Debugging of Shared-Memory Programs

Execution replay is a debugging strategy in which a program is run over and over on an input that manifests bugs. For explicitly parallel shared-memory programs, execution replay requires support of special tools --- because these programs can be nondeterministic, their executions can differ from run to run on the same input. For such programs, executions must be traced before they can be replayed for debugging. We present improvements over our past work on an adaptive tracing strategy that records only a fraction of the execution''s shared-memory references. Our past approach makes run-time-tracing decisions by detecting and tracing exactly the nontransitive dynamic data dependences among the execution''s shared data. Tracing the nontransitive dependences provides sufficient information for a replay. In this paper we show that tracing exactly these dependences is not necessary. Instead, we present two algorithms that introduce and trace artificial dependences among some events that are actually independent. These artificial dependences reduce trace size, but introduce additional event orderings that can reduce the amount of parallelism achievable during replay. We present one algorithm that always adds dependences guaranteed not to be on the critical path and thus do not slow replay. Another algorithm adds as many dependences as possible, slowing replay but reducing trace size further. Experiments show that we can improve the already high trace reduction of our past technique by up to two more orders of magnitude, without slowing replay. Our new techniques usually trace only 0.00025 - 0.2 reduction over past techniques which trace every access.
Thermophiles, Diversity of

Ecological Niches of Thermophiles Physiological Diversity Phototrophs Chemolithoautotrophs Heterotrophs Keywords: archaea, thermophilic; extreme environments; thermophiles
Candidate-Sponsored TV Ads for the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election: A Content Analysis

In 2004, roughly 44% of presidential candidate–sponsored political ads were negatively framed, with more than 90% of the attack ads featuring direct attacks against the opponent's persona and/or policies. Perhaps the presence of attack ads by 527 groups lowered the bar for candidate-sponsored ads, as the electorate was desensitized by the mudslinging barrage. Although candidate evaluations are higher after candidate-sponsored than party-sponsored attack ads, backlash fears mitigated the negativity of many candidate-sponsored ads. Nonetheless, negativity pervaded many of these presidential candidate–sponsored ads. Perhaps backlash fears have decreased to the point that candidates no longer dread the repercussions of negative ads.
5.1.1 Applying Systems Architecture to Technology Policy Research: Models of Space Activity in Developing Countries

This paper presents results from a study on emerging satellite programs in developing countries. A Systems Architecture Framework is used as a tool to enable social science research in technology policy. The study finds that the Architectural Framework is useful for integrating concepts from disparate literature communities; decomposing a socio-technical system into progressively lower levels of analysis; and synthesizing findings to enable explanation and theory building.
Therapist Strategies for Building Involvement in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescent Depression.

This study examined predictive relations between 9 therapist behaviors and client involvement in manual-guided, cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent depression. Analyses included 42 adolescents who met criteria for a depressive disorder (major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, or adjustment disorder with depressed mood) and who were treated in school-based clinics. Therapist behaviors hypothesized to promote client involvement were coded from Session 1 audiotapes; client involvement was coded from Session 2. Unlike prior research, the current study examined associations between behaviors and involvement while controlling for initial client resistance to isolate the therapist contribution to involvement. Results show that 3 therapist behaviors from Session 1 (attending to teen's experience, exploring teen's motivation, and less structure) predicted greater client involvement in Session 2, controlling for initial resistance. Only exploring motivation and less structure uniquely predicted Session 2 involvement when the 3 behaviors were examined simultaneously. Session 1 therapist behaviors predicted significant variance in involvement at Sessions 2, 4, and 8. Client initial presentation as resistant was associated with more exploring motivation and praising, but initial resistance did not explain associations between therapist behaviors and involvement. Implications for implementing evidence-based treatments are discussed.
Identification of hydration reactions through stresses induced by volume change I. C3A systems

Abstract A novel method for determining interfacial stress developed in thin coatings of cementitious systems is used to detect hydration reactions in hydrating C3A systems. Pastes investigated include: C 3 A , C 3 A + CaCl 2 , C 3 A + C S H 2 , C 3 A + C S H 2 + CaCl 2 , C 3 A + C C , C 3 A + C C + C S H 2 , C 3 A + C C + CaCl 2 , C 3 S , CaCl 2 , portland cement + CaCl2. The method is sensitive to the generation of tensile or compressive stress in cement mineral pastes due to volume changes resulting from the hydration process. Analysis of stress-time curves provides evidence for the occurrence of chemical change induced volume changes. Insight into the nature of expansive reactions involving C3A and gypsum or calcium carbonate was obtained. Evidence that compressive stress generation during hydration of portland cement is a direct result of the interaction of chloride with the aluminate phases is presented.
Relationship between bone bruise volume and the presence of meniscal tears in acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture

To determine whether there is a relationship between the size of the bone bruise volume after an acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and the presence of meniscal tears in the medial and lateral compartment. Following Institutional Review Board approval, 50 patients with an acute ACL rupture and MRI imaging within 30 days of injury were identified. Two musculoskeletal radiologists evaluated the lateral and medial menisci and graded them as one of the following: no meniscal tear, tear of one meniscus (medial or lateral) or tear of both menisci (medial and lateral). Sagittal T2 fat-suppressed images were used to calculate bone bruise volume. The relationship between bone bruise volume and the presence of a meniscus tear was calculated. Forty-three (86 %) patients had a bone bruise, 16 (32 %) patients had no tear, 7 (14 %) patients had lateral meniscus tear, 13 (26 %) patients had medial tear and 14 (28 %) patients had medial and lateral tears. There was a statistically significant difference in femoral bone bruise volume when comparing no meniscal tear to medial and lateral tears as well as when comparing medial or lateral tears to medial and lateral tears. There is a statistically significant relationship between femoral bone bruise volume and the presence of meniscal tears in ACL injury, especially in the setting of medial and lateral pathology. Retrospective cohort study, Level III.
User Interface for Ground-Water Modeling: ArcView Extension

Numerical simulation for ground-water modeling often involves handling large input and output data sets. A geographic information system (GIS) provides an integrated platform to manage, analyze, and display disparate data and can greatly facilitate modeling efforts in data compilation, model calibration, and display of model parameters and results. Furthermore, GIS can be used to generate information for decision making through spatial overlay and processing of model results. ArcView is the most widely used Windows-based GIS software that provides a robust user-friendly interface to facilitate data handling and display. An extension is an add-on program to ArcView that provides additional specialized functions. An ArcView interface for the ground-water flow and transport models MODFLOW and MT3D was built as an extension for facilitating modeling. The extension includes preprocessing of spatially distributed (point, line, and polygon) data for model input and postprocessing of model output. An object datab...
Documenting the scope of the catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation

Abstract A wide variety of functionalized and unfunctionalized olefins are efficiently converted to the corresponding cis vicinal diols in moderate to good enantiomeric excess via the “slow addition” enhanced catalytic asymmetric osmylation process.
Copper, lead, mercury and zinc in periphyton from the south florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from the Big Cypress National Preserve were analyzed for concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, mercury, and methylmercury. Concentrations of organic carbon, inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in periphyton samples also were determined. The samples were extracted with sodium acetate solution at a pH of 5.5 to determine exchangeable and carbonate phase metal concentrations in periphyton. Total metal concentrations in the periphyton were directly related to the degree of calcite saturation in the water column. Exchangeable and carbonate phase metal concentrations were directly related to the percent inorganic carbon in the samples. A connection between the geochemistry of trace metals and calcite precipitation and dissolution is suggested.
Adaptive control of drug dosage regimens: Basic foundations, relevant issues, and clinical examples

In this paper we examine several of the fundamental foundations and relevant clinical issues in adaptive control of drug dosage regimens for patients. Truly individualized therapy with drugs having narrow margins of safety first requires a practical pharmacokinetic/dynamic model of the behavior of a drug. Past experience with a drug is stored in the form of a population model. Next, using the information in such a model and its relationship to the incidence of adverse reactions, a specific, explicit therapeutic goal must be selected by the responsible clinician, based on the patient's need for the drug and the risk of adverse reactions felt to be justified by each patient's need, small, moderate, or great. Individualized drug therapy thus begins with the selection of individualized therapeutic goals (low, moderate, or high) for each patient. Using subsequent feedback from the patient's serum drug levels, and using Bayesian fitting, the model is then linked to each patient as a patient-specific model. Control of the model by the dosage regimen increasingly controls the patient, to better obtain the desired explicit therapeutic goals. This process is essentially similar to that of a flight control or missile guidance system.
Ninety-One Osteoporosis Patients Affected with Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Case Series

Bisphosphonate (BP)-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) presents with necrotic bone in the mouth in the setting of BP exposure. It has been studied in cancer patients taking high-dose BP, but BRONJ has also been noted in patients taking lower-dose BP for osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to characterize the phenotypes and outcomes in a large series of patients with osteoporosis and BRONJ in the setting of BP exposure. We conducted a retrospective case series. The sample was composed of subjects with BRONJ and osteoporosis. Subjects with a history of BP treatment for myeloma or metastatic cancer to the bones were excluded. Descriptive statistics were computed for the study variables. Ninety-one cases of BRONJ met the inclusion criteria. Subjects had a median age of 71 years and were predominantly female (94.5 %). The median time of BP exposure was 60 months (range 2-120). Most subjects were treated with alendronate (82.4 %). The mandible was involved more frequently (58.2 %) than the maxilla (37.3 %). Subjects commonly (65.9 %), but not universally, reported pain. For subjects with treatment outcome data (n = 0), most reported improvement (80.0 %). Although BRONJ is an uncommon condition, the absolute number of cases is fairly large due to the very large number of patients taking BPs for osteoporosis. The findings of this study confirm that BRONJ primarily affects the mandible, a substantial minority present without pain, and patients typically improve with treatment.
Tc-99m pyrophosphate imaging of poloxamer-treated electroporated skeletal muscle in an in vivo rat model

Abstract Objective This study investigates whether 99m Tc pyrophosphate (PYP) imaging provides a quantitative non-invasive assessment of the extent of electroporation injury, and of the effect of poloxamer in vivo on electroporated skeletal muscle. Methods High-voltage electrical shock was used to produce electroporation injury in an anesthetized rat's hind limb. In each experiment, the injured limb was treated intravenously by either poloxamer-188, dextran, or saline, and subsequently imaged with 99m Tc PYP. The radiotracer's temporal behavior among the experimental groups was compared using curve fitting of time–activity curves from the dynamic image data. Results The washout kinetics of 99m Tc PYP changed in proportion to the electric current magnitude that produced electroporation. Also, 99m Tc PYP washout from electroporated muscle differed between poloxamer-188 treatment and saline treatment. Finally, 10-kDa dextran treatment of electroporated muscle altered 99m Tc PYP washout less than poloxamer-188 treatment. Conclusions Behavior of 99m Tc PYP in electroporated muscle appears to be an indicator of the amount of electroporation injury. Compared to saline, intravenous polaxamer-188 treatment reduced the amount of 99m Tc PYP uptake. Coupled to results showing poloxamer-188 seals ruptured cellular membranes, lessens the extent of electroporation injury and improves cell viability, 99m Tc PYP imaging appears to be a useful in vivo monitoring tool for the extent of electroporation injury.
Thickness Control of Sharp Cut-Off Type of Glasses*

It has been noted that certain spectrophotometric curves, especially those of the sharp cut-off type of colored glasses, have essentially the same shape—merely displaced in wave-length for different thicknesses. If this were strictly true, it must be that the curve between log log transmittance and wave-length is a straight line, since only a straight line can be moved vertically (by change of glass thickness) and match the same curve moved horizontally (by change of wave-length). If it is assumed that the log log transmittance versus wave-length curve is a straight line the curve between transmittance and wave-length has an S shape which is not a bad fit for actual spectrophotometric curves of certain glasses. If the fit were perfect, the wave-length displacement of the curve caused by change in thickness would be proportional to the change of the logarithm of thickness, the constant in the equation can be determined by the slope of the curve. With a series of infinitely sharp cut-off curves in which there is complete transmission for all wave-lengths greater than a certain wave-length, and complete absorption for all shorter than this, the values of Y, x, y, and z (Transmission and x, y, and z I.C.I. Coordinates), may be calculated. A wave-length of cut can be found which will produce the same chromaticity, x and y coordinates as any of the sharp cut glasses but the transmission will differ, being the maximum possible for the given chromaticity. The change in chromaticity expressed as change in y coordinate can be determined relative to change in wave-length of cut-off. By combining this latter relation with the change of wave-length of cut-off caused by change of thickness of the given glass as determined from the shape of the log log curve it is possible to calculate the required change in thickness to produce any desired change in the y coordinate within the capabilities of the glass.
Patterns of Drug Use among Nonmetropolitan and Rural Adults

This article examines illegal drug use among adults living in nonmetropolitan and rural areas of the United States using data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Subjects were classified into three categories by residence: nonmetropolitan-urban, metropolitan-rural, and nonmetropolitan-rural. Respondents indicate about 10% of adults were current users of marijuana or other illegal drugs. Discriminant analysis was used to examine differences among groups of individuals classified as current users, past users, and nonusers. For both marijuana and other illegal drugs, the variables that accounted most for group differences were age, marital, status, employment status, occupation, and income. Only minor differences in drug use were exhibited across the three residential categories. It is recommended that future research on the rural and nonmetropolitan adult population incorporate both structural level measures of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of localities, and individual level measures of peer influence, work stress, family factors, and psychosocial characteristics.
Magnetostriction of growth textured Tb–Zn alloys

Abstract The magnetostrictive performance of aligned microstructural composites of Tb–Zn alloys were experimentally tested at 77 K under compressive loads ranging from approximately 0–50 MPa and applied magnetic field up to 2000 Oe. Tb-8a/oZn, Tb-42a/oZn and the eutectic composition of Tb-27.8a/oZn were all directionally solidified to prepare aligned, textured microstructures. The eutectic sample grew with lamellar plates with the magnetically hard axes for each phase parallel with the rod axis and exhibited a strain of less than 100 ppm. The Tb-42a/oZn alloy solidified with TbZn dendrites in the magnetically hard [1 1 1] direction and exhibited a strain of 375 ppm. The Tb-8a/oZn alloy solidified pure Tb dendrites in the magnetically easy direction, the b -axis, yet it only displayed a 350-ppm magnetostriction at a maximum field of 2000 Oe due to the high anisotropy of the Tb dendrites.
US policy options toward an emerging China

Abstract The debate over how to respond to China's emergence on the world stage is often simplistic, limited to the stark alternatives of ‘containment’ or ‘engagement.’ In addition to these two options, the United States could also seek to ‘transform’ China into a democracy or to ‘condition’ its behaviour through a mix of inducements and punishments. All of these options have different assumptions regarding the impact of interdependence, the prospects for democratization, and the likelihood of confronting a hostile China in the future. Despite the claims of engagement's advocates, the effects of democratization and interdependence are uncertain at best, suggesting that caution is in order. Conversely, Beijing would be highly hostile to any shift from engagement, and US allies also would not support a change under present conditions. No consensus in the United States has emerged to replace engagement. Thus, although many of engagement's premises are not sound, it remains the most feasible policy under pres...
Libraries, educational institutions, and copyright proprietors: The first collision on the information highway

Abstract The Clinton administration's White Paper on the Intellectual Property Rights in the National Information Infrastructure makes a number of recommendations designed primarily to ensure that copyright owners' rights are protected in the digital environment. Some of these recommendations are favorable to libraries, but others will make it more difficult for libraries to make electronic works available to their users under conditions similar to those for printed materials. Worse, the existing balance between owners and the public will be destroyed if pending legislation is enacted.