cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting Colon Cancer Cells Using PEGylated Liposomes Modified With a Fibronectin-Mimetic Peptide

The ability to target cancer cells using an appropriate drug delivery system can significantly reduce the associated side effects from cancer therapies and can help in improving overall quality of life post cancer survival. Integrin α5β1 is expressed on several types of cancer cells, including colon cancer, and plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, the ability to target the integrin α5β1 using an appropriate drug delivery nano-vector can signficantly help in inhibiting tumor growth and reducing tumor metastasis. In this study we have designed functionalized stealth liposomes (liposomes covered with polyethylene glycol (PEG)) that specifically target the integrin α5β1. The PEG provides a steric barrier allowing the liposomes to circulate in the blood for longer duration and the functionalizing moiety, the PR_b peptide specifically recognizes and binds to integrin α5β1 expressing cells. PR_b is a novel peptide sequence, designed in our lab, that mimics the cell adhesion domain of fibronectin, and includes four building blocks, RGDSP (the primary recognition site for α5β1), PHSRN (the synergy site for α5β1), a (SG)5 linker, and a KSS spacer. In this study, we demonstrate that by optimizing the amount of PEG and PR_b on the liposomal interface we can engineer nano-vectors that bind to CT26.WT, HCT116, and RKO colon cancer cells in a specific manner and are internalized through α5β1-mediated endocytosis. Stealth liposomes functionalized with an RGD containing peptide bind to colon cancer cells and internalize, but they have much lesser efficiency than PR_b-targeted stealth liposomes, and more importantly they are not as specific since many integrins bind to RGD. PR_b-targeted stealth liposomes are as cytotoxic as free 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and exert the highest cytotoxicity on CT26.WT cells compared to RGD-targeted stealth liposomes and non-targeted stealth liposomes. In order to further increase the efficacy of the system we have designed peptide-functionalized stealth liposomes that are pH-sensitive and exhibit triggered release under mild acidic conditions present in endocytotic vesicles. The proposed targeted delivery system has the great potential to deliver a therapeutic load directly to colon cancer cells, in an efficient and specific manner.
Properties of medium-density particleboard from saline Athel wood

Abstract The Athel tree, Tamarix aphylla (L), can potentially be used as a biomass crop to help manage saline subsurface drainage water in arid land irrigated agriculture. In this study, Athel wood was used to manufacture medium-density particleboard with an aim of developing new applications for the saline wood. The research investigated the effects of different types of adhesives, particle sizes, bark content (BC), resin content (RC), and hot water pretreatment on the mechanical and water resistance properties of the Athel-derived, medium-density particleboards. The measured mechanical properties included tensile strength (TS), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bond strength (IB) of the finished particleboards. Water absorption and thickness swell were used to evaluate the water resistance. Polymeric methane diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) resin made particleboard of better mechanical properties and water resistance than urea formaldehyde (UF). The medium size (20–40 mesh) particles gave the best mechanical properties and water resistance than of the particleboard when evaluated against the smaller size (40–60 mesh) and larger size (10–20 mesh) particles. The mechanical properties of particleboard were improved as the resin content of the UF-board increased from 7 to 16%, but deteriorated as the bark content increased from 0 to 16.2%. The particleboard made from the wood particles that had undergone hot water pretreatment had poor mechanical properties and water resistance compared with the particleboard made from the untreated particles. Saline Athel wood is an appropriate material for manufacturing particleboards.
Quartically hyponormal weighted shifts need not be 3-hyponormal

We give the first example of a quartically hyponormal unilateral weighted shift which is not 3-hyponormal.
Trabalho domestico: inatividade economica ou trabalho nao-remunerado?

Classified in the category of household tasks in the surveys carried out by the Brazilian Census Office (IBGE), domestic labor performed by housewives has always been considered economic inactivity, similar to that of students, pensioners, the disabled and those who live on unearned income. Such work remains invisible in official statistics, although the early 1990s saw changes. This article has the aim of shedding some light on the topic by analyzing the average number of hours spent on household tasks according to a number of variables. The author holds that, due to the high number of hours dedicated to domestic tasks (usually by women), it would be legitimate to consider this category as one that performs unpaid labor, and never as one with economic inactivity.
Transmission degradation and preservation for tapered optical fibers in rubidium vapor

The use of subwavelength diameter tapered optical fibers (TOFs) in warm rubidium vapor has recently been identified as a promising system for realizing ultralow-power nonlinear optical effects. However, at the relatively high atomic densities needed for many of these experiments, rubidium atoms accumulating on the TOF surface can cause a significant loss of overall transmission through the fiber. Here we report direct measurements of the time scale associated with this transmission degradation for various rubidium density conditions. Transmission is affected almost immediately after the introduction of rubidium vapor into the system, and declines rapidly as the density is increased. More significantly, we show how a heating element designed to raise the TOF temperature can be used to reduce this transmission loss and dramatically extend the effective TOF transmission lifetime.
A New Channel for Detecting Dark Matter Substructure in Galaxies: Gravitational Lens Time Delays

We show that dark matter substructure in galaxy-scale halos perturbs the time delays between images in strong gravitational lens systems. The variance of the effect depends on the subhalo mass function, scaling as the product of the substructure mass fraction, and a characteristic mass of subhalos (namely m 2/m). Time delay perturbations therefore complement gravitational lens flux ratio anomalies and astrometric perturbations by measuring a different moment of the subhalo mass function. Unlike flux ratio anomalies, "time delay millilensing" is unaffected by dust extinction or stellar microlensing in the lens galaxy. Furthermore, we show that time delay ratios are immune to the radial profile degeneracy that usually plagues lens modeling. We lay out a mathematical theory of time delay perturbations and find it to be tractable and attractive. We predict that in "cusp" lenses with close triplets of images, substructure may change the arrival-time order of the images (compared with smooth models). We discuss the possibility that this effect has already been observed in RX J1131–1231.
Flow structure in a Rayleigh-Benard cell upon impulsive spin-up

We investigate convection in a cylindrical Rayleigh-Benard cell with radius-to-height ratio {Gamma} = {1/2}. The cell is subjected to impulsive spin-up about its vertical axis. We use TLC (thermochromic liquid crystal) for temperature field measurements and PIV (particle image velocimetry) for the velocity reconstruction of the transition in the range of Rayleigh numbers R from 5 x 10{sup 7} to 5 x 10{sup 8} and Taylor numbers Ta from 0 up to 2.4 x 10{sup 10}. The initial (at rest) and the final (in steady rotation) vection. The most persistent transient feature emerging is a sharply defined ringlike pattern or concentric patterns characterized by a decrease in temperature, axial velocity directed downward and high azimuthal shear. The latter leads to formation of an azimuthally regular structure of Kelvin-Helmholz vortices. During the next stage of the transition, the vortical structure loses azimuthal regularity and the pattern characteristic of turbulent rotating convection forms.
ZERO EXPECTED WEALTH TAXES: A MIRRLEES APPROACH TO DYNAMIC OPTIMAL TAXATION

PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH DIFFERENT ABILITIES to turn effort into output— that is, with different skills. These skills evolve stochastically. Talented people may awake one day with crippling back pain or chronic fatigue syndrome that renders them low skilled. Unemployed people may suddenly find a good job opportunity. Some people learn faster or forget slower than others. It is plausible to think of skills at birth as private information (as in Mirrlees (1971)), but these kinds of changes in skills are also difficult for outside observers to verify directly.
General Local Interactions and Tests of V-A Theory in Neutrino Scattering Processes

Neutrino scattering processes are studied in the framework of general local current-current interaction. The scattering amplitudes for such processes are expressed in a simple factorized form in terms of helicity form factors for the current vertex functions. These expressions explicitly display the full kinematic content of the local current-current interaction and are used as the basis for a systematic study of possible ways to test the $V\ensuremath{-}A$ structure of the weak current in high-energy neutrino scattering processes. A direct test in an "inclusive experiment" consists of measuring the outgoing lepton polarization. Alternative tests from angular and spin correlations are possible only in "exclusive experiments." Several examples of this latter type of experiment are given: (i) pure lepton scattering processes, (ii) neutrino scattering off spin-zero (nuclei) targets, (iii) quasi-elastic scattering off polarized-nucleon targets, (iv) quasi-elastic hyperon production (decay asymmetry), and (v) single-pion production in the ${N}^{*}$ region.
A model of plunder and economic growth

Until recently economists have tended to ignore what Jack Hirshliefer calls “the dark-side way of confiscation, exploitation, and conflict.” That is to say, economists have tended to ignore how societies or political regimes choose to allocate resources over productive activities and expropriation. Ignoring this allocation problem means too that the implications of expropriation for growth have been neglected. By way of ameliorating this relative neglect, I consider a simple model of conflict between two regimes in which each is trying to confiscate resources from the other. The amount of such confiscation in a non-cooperative Nash equilibrium and the implications for growth are derived. Considered also are the prospects for cooperation in which regimes reduce or completely eliminate plunder.
Sequestration of Heavy Metals from Water with Layered Metal Sulfides

Extraordinarily effective heavy metal ion scavenger: We show here that the material K(2x)Mn(x)Sn(3-x)S(6) (x = 0.5-0.95) (KMS-1) overcomes the limitations of the known heavy metal ion sorbents, showing the capability to rapidly reduce the concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb ions well-below the legally acceptable levels for drinking water. KMS-1 is inexpensive, easily prepared in large quantities, and may play a role in addressing the global problem of water contamination with heavy metal ions. The paradigm of heavy metal ion absorption of KMS-1 is the ability to form very strong M-S bonds.
Total Synthesis of the Strychnos Alkaloid (+)-Minfiensine: Tandem Enantioselective Intramolecular Heck–Iminium Ion Cyclization

A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9a,4a-(iminoethano)-9H-carbazole (4) is a central structural feature of the Strychnos alkaloid minfiensine (1) and akuammiline alkaloids such as vincorine (5) and echitamine (6). A cascade catalytic asymmetric Heck−iminium cyclization was developed that rapidly provides 3,4-dihydro-9a,4a-(iminoethano)-9H-carbazoles in high enantiomeric purity. Two sequences were developed for advancing 3,4-dihydro-9a,4a-(iminoethano)-9H-carbazole 27 to (+)-minfiensine. In our first-generation approach, a reductive Heck cyclization was employed to form the fifth ring of (+)-minfiensine. In a second more concise total synthesis, an intramolecular palladium-catalyzed ketone enolate vinyl iodide coupling was employed to construct the final ring of (+)-minfiensine. This second-generation total synthesis of enantiopure (+)-minfiensine was accomplished in 6.5% overall yield and 15 steps from 1,2-cyclohexanedione and anisidine 13. A distinctive feature of this sequence is the use of palladium-catalyzed reacti...
Optimizing solar insolation in transformable fabric architecture: A parametric search design process

Abstract A design studio and a parallel research project focused on transformable fabric architecture. To facilitate a part of this work, computer based shape generation tools were used to optimize the placement of thin-film photovoltaic cells onto a transformable roof structure. In addition, the tension membrane fabric is rigged in a way that is similar to a sailing boat. The fabric is set into position by winches and cables. The winches are hand-operated so as to lower the overall energy cost. The initial computer models proceeded concurrently with the mockup of small-scale physical prototypes. In addition, the author used an open source programming language to implement a particle spring real time simulation of the fabric shapes. The simulation included a three-dimensional graphical representation of solar insolation and helped to further determine the physical geometry of the project. One of the primary goals was to evaluate whether larger transformations to the structure as a whole or smaller movements in the fabric would help to optimize the solar insolation benefits. As the examination of potential forms narrowed down to classical saddle shapes, the practical details of rigging the fabric imposed further limitations on its transformable nature. This paper is focused on how modeling with ad hoc tools and real-time computer simulation influenced the direction of the work.
Nighttime radical observations and chemistry

The nitrate radical, NO3, is photochemically unstable but is one of the most chemically important species in the nocturnal atmosphere. It is accompanied by the presence of dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, with which it is in rapid thermal equilibrium at lower tropospheric temperatures. These two nitrogen oxides participate in numerous atmospheric chemical systems. NO3 reactions with VOCs and organic sulphur species are important, or in some cases even dominant, oxidation pathways, impacting the budgets of these species and their degradation products. These oxidative reactions, together with the ozonolysis of alkenes, are also responsible for the nighttime production and cycling of OH and peroxy (HO2 + RO2) radicals. In addition, reactions of NO3 with biogenic hydrocarbons are particularly efficient and are responsible for the production of organic nitrates and secondary organic aerosol. Heterogeneous chemistry of N2O5 is one of the major processes responsible for the atmospheric removal of nitrogen oxides as well as the cycling of halogen species though the production of nitryl chloride, ClNO2. The chemistry of NO3 and N2O5 is also important to the regulation of both tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. Here we review the essential features of this atmospheric chemistry, along with field observations of NO3, N2O5, nighttime peroxy and OH radicals, and related compounds. This review builds on existing reviews of this chemistry, and encompasses field, laboratory and modelling work spanning more than three decades.
Luminescence from laser-created bubbles in cryogenic liquids

A luminescence pulse is observed from laser-created bubbles in pressurized liquid nitrogen and argon, occurring at the first collapse point of the bubble motion. The duration of the light pulse depends linearly on the bubble size, ranging from $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ for bubbles with maximum diameters between 0.2 and $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mm}$. The spectrum of the light consists entirely of atomic lines, which surprisingly turns out to contain strong emission lines from excited states of the neutral chromium atom. It is likely that this results from small microflakes of stainless steel knocked off the walls of the sample cell by the shock waves generated from the laser pulse. The small metallic flakes are preferentially ionized by the laser, resulting in bubbles containing chromium and other metal atoms in their interior. An analysis of the relative intensities of the triplet chromium lines shows that the compression in the bubble collapse is heating the chromium to temperatures of order $4500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$.
Energy estimates for Galerkin semidiscretizations of time domain boundary integral equations

In this paper we present a battery of results related to how Galerkin semidiscretization in space affects some formulations of wave scattering and propagation problems when retarded boundary integral equations are used.
Lepton flavor violation at LEP II and beyond

At present, two fundamental mysteries in particle physics are the origins of electroweak symmetry breaking and the fermion mass matrices. The experimental discovery of superpartners would represent enormous progress in the understanding of electroweak symmetry breaking, but would it also allow progress on the flavor problem? To date, nearly all experimental studies of supersymmetry have ignored the possibility of flavor mixings in the sfermion sector. However, since all superpartners must be given masses, all supersymmetric theories necessarily allow for the possibility of new flavor mixings beyond the standard model. In addition, there are now many supersymmetric theories of flavor, which predict a wide variety of superpartner flavor mixings. In this study, the author examines the possibility of measuring these mixings at LEP II and the Next Linear Collider (NLC). Rare flavor changing processes, such as {mu} {yields} e{gamma}, {tau} {yields} {mu}{gamma}, {tau} {yields} e{gamma}, b {yields} s{gamma}, and neutral meson mixing, already provide important constraints on the sfermion flavor mixings through the virtual effects of superpartners. However, as will be seen below, once superpartners are discovered, it will be possible to probe these mixings much more powerfully by directly observing the change in flavor occurring at the superpartner production and decay vertices.
Assembly of DNA/Fullerene Hybrid Materials.

Ordering of cationic fullerene derivatives on a DNA template by phosphate/fullerene complexation provides a rapid route to organic materials several hundred nanometers in length (shown on the right). Hydrophobic interactions between the fullerene units lead to DNA supercoiling that can be relieved by adding a nonionic surfactant. The products are easily imaged by transmission electron microscopy without the need for heavy-metal staining.
Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in stratified fluids

We present an analytic theory of Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in an arbitrary number N of stratified fluids subjected to a shock. Following our earlier work on Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities, the theory assumes incompressible flow in which a shock is treated an impulsive acceleration, g = ..delta.. v delta(tau/sub s), ..delta..v being the jump velocity induced in the system by a shock at time tau/sub s/. We discuss the special cases N = 2 and N = 3, and illustrate both Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities by examples patterned after inertial confinement fusion implosions.
Calculated energies and relaxations of the low-index planes of ordered Cu3Au

Abstract The absolute-zero specific energies, and the atomic-scale relaxations, of the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of ordered Cu 3 Au were calculated using Finnis-Sinclair many-body potentials. The gold-rich truncations of the (100) and (110) surfaces were found to be energetically favored over the gold-poor truncations. This is in agreement with published low-energy ion scattering studies of Cu 3 Au. The mixed-composition truncations of these low-index surfaces were each found by the calculation to be buckled, with gold atoms displaced toward the vacuum, as compared to copper atoms. A comparison is made to a low-energy electron diffraction study of gold deposited onto the Cu(100), which also showed the buckling of a mixed copper-gold surface, and to embedded-atom method calculations of the low-index surfaces of Ni 3 Al, which is isomorphic to ordered Cu 3 Au.
Magnesium Methyl Carbonate-Activated Alkylation of Methyl Ketones with an ω-Halo Nitrile, Esters, and Amides

Terminally substituted, extended-chain derivatives of the 2-dibenzofuranyl methyl ketone 6 and its phenylethyl analogue 12 were readily obtained by converting the ketones to magnesium chelates of their β-carboxylated enolates with magnesium methyl carbonate (MMC, methyl methoxymagnesium carbonate, Stiles's reagent), followed by alkylation in situ with ω-halo compounds, X(CH2)nY where X = Br and Y = CO2Me, CN, CONMe2, CON(i-Pr)2, CON(CH2)4, or CON(CH2)5 for n = 1; X = Br or I, and Y = CO2Me for n = 2; and X = Br and Y = CO2Me for n = 3. Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (n = 0) gave products derived from MMC and the solvent, N,N-dimethylformamide. The order of reactivity of the halides was α > β > γ and β-I > β-Br. β-Bromo amides were found to be unsuitable reactants. Lower reaction temperatures favored alkylation over competing elimination of HX from methyl β-halopropionate. No self-condensation products of the ketones were observed; however, bis-alkylation and monomethylation products were formed when reaction ...
CD-PHY: Physical layer security in wireless networks through constellation diversity

A common approach for introducing security at the physical layer is to rely on the channel variations of the wireless environment. This type of approach is not always suitable for wireless networks where the channel remains static for most of the network lifetime. For these scenarios, a channel independent physical layer security technique is more appropriate which will rely on a secret known to the sender and the receiver but not to the eavesdropper. In this paper, we propose CD-PHY, a physical layer security technique that exploits the constellation diversity of wireless networks which is independent of the channel variations. The sender and the receiver use a custom bit sequence to constellation symbol mapping to secure the physical layer communication which is not known a priori to the eavesdropper. Through theoretical modeling and experimental simulation, we show that this information theoretic construct can achieve Shannon secrecy and any brute force attack from the eavesdropper incurs high overhead and minuscule probability of success. Our results also show that the high bit error rate also makes decoding practically infeasible for the eavesdropper, thus securing the communication between the sender and receiver.
Weights of mixed tilting sheaves and geometric Ringel duality

We describe several general methods for calculating weights of mixed tilting sheaves. We introduce a notion called “non-cancellation property” which implies a strong uniqueness of mixed tilting sheaves and enables one to calculate their weights effectively. When we have a certain Radon transform, we prove a geometric analogue of Ringel duality which sends tilting objects to projective objects. We apply these methods to (partial) flag varieties and affine (partial) flag varieties and show that the weight polynomials of mixed tilting sheaves on flag and affine flag varieties are essentially given by Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials. This verifies a mixed geometric analogue of a conjecture by W. Soergel in [10].
Auditor industry specialization and audit fees surrounding Section 404 implementation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the association between auditor industry specialization and audit fees surrounding Section 404 implementation. Design/methodology/approach – With a sample of 1,006 industrial firms over the 2003-2005 reporting periods, an ordinary least square regression model was used to regress change in audit fees on auditor specialization measure and other control variables. Findings – It was found that auditor industry specialization is negatively related to the change in audit fees during the first year of Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) compliance (2003-2004). It was also found that there were no significant cost savings associated with auditor industry specialization in the second year of SOX compliance (2004-2005). Practical implications – These results suggest that industry-specific expertise may enable auditors to adapt more efficiently to new significant audit standards and regulations, but that such efficiencies are likely to be most pronounced during the initial...
Heat Transfer In Turbulent Boundary Layers Subjected to Free-Stream Turbulence—Part II: Analysis and Correlation

A new heat transfer correlation for turbulent boundary layers subjected to free-stream turbulence was developed. The new correlation estimates dimensionless heat transfer coefficients without the use of conventional boundary-layer thickness measures and the associated Reynolds numbers. Using only free-stream parameters (mean velocity, turbulence intensity and length scale), the new correlation collected many authors' elevated-turbulence, flat-plate Stanton number data to within ±11%. The level of scatter around the new correlation compared well to previous correlations that require additional flow information as input parameters. For a common subset of data, scatter using earlier correlation methods ranged from 5-10%; scatter around the new correlation varied from 6-9% over the same data subset. A length-scale dependence was identified in a Stanton number previously defined using a near-wall streamwise velocity fluctuation, St'. A new near-wall Stanton number was introduced; this parameter was regarded as a constant in a two-region boundary layer model on which the new correlation is based.
Cleanup techniques in the operating room.

A review of operating room cleanup techniques provides a rationalized checklist that is easy to read and follow. Certain recommendations, such as the lack of necessity of placing "dirty cases" at the end of the schedule and the dismissal of the ultraviolet light technique, are of prime interest to surgeons.
The Effect of Sexual Abstinence on Females' Educational Attainment

A number of studies have shown that teenagers who abstain from sex are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college than their sexually active peers. However, it is unclear whether this association represents a causal relationship or can be explained by unmeasured heterogeneity. We employ a variety of statistical techniques to distinguish between these hypotheses, using data on females from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Our results provide evidence that delaying first intercourse leads to an increased likelihood of graduating from high school. This relationship appears to be strongest among respondents in the bottom third of the ability distribution. Controlling for fertility reduces, but does not eliminate, the estimated effect of delaying intercourse.
A method of closure of the abdominal wall defect in exstrophy of the bladder.

Summary Two cases of elstrophy of the bladder have been reported in which the principle of retaining the bladder wall and covering the defect with delayed, interdigitated abdominal flaps was employed.
Sine-Gordon solitons as heterotic fivebranes

Abstract The euclidean analogues of the sine-Gordon solitons are used as sources of the heterotic fivebrane solutions in the ten-dimensional heterotic string theory. Some properties of these soliton solutions are discussed. These solitons in principle can appear as string-like objects in four-dimensional space-time after proper compactifications.
Emergency percutaneous dilatational cricothyroidostomy: use of modified nasal speculum.

Abstract The authors devised a percutaneous dilatational method which they believe trained physicians and nonphysicians (emergency medical technicians and paramedics) can use with safety and speed. With one blade of a modified nasal speculum embedded in a tapered small pigtail-dilator catheter, the closed, flattened instrument is forced through the cricothyroid ligament, with a twisting motion, and then opened. Only the skin is inclsed 1 cm in length. Then a free flow of air via attached syringe is sought before any further penetration. This guarantees accurate and safe entry into the airway. The operator forces the J-tipped dilator and speculum inward as the needle is withdrawn. At the proper depth the speculum is opened transversely, and a cuffed tracheostomy tube with an internal diameter of 6 mm is inserted. The instrument is removed and immediate suctioning and active ventilation is possible. The authors developed the use of this instrument in trials on a mannequin and on 25 cadavers.
Fractional D1-branes at finite temperature

Abstract The supergravity dual of N regular and M fractional D1-branes on the cone over the Einstein manifold Q 1,1,1 has a naked singularity in the infrared. The supergravity dual of N regular and M fractional D3-branes on the conifold also has such a singularity. Buchel suggested and Gubser et al. have shown that in the D3-brane case, the naked singularity is cloaked by a horizon at a sufficiently high temperature. In this paper we derive the system of second-order differential equations necessary to find such a solution for Q 1,1,1 . We also find solutions to this system in perturbation theory that are valid when the Hawking temperature of the horizon is very high.
Algorithms for media

Falmagne recently introduced the concept of a medium, a combinatorial object encompassing hyperplane arrangements, topological orderings, acyclic orientations, and many other familiar structures. We find efficient solutions for several algorithmic problems on media: finding short reset sequences, shortest paths, testing whether a medium has a closed orientation, and listing the states of a medium given a black-box description.
INFERENCE OF EDGE REPLACEMENT GRAPH GRAMMARS

We describe an algorithm and experiments for inference of edge replacement graph grammars. This method generates candidate recursive graph grammar productions based on isomorphic subgraphs which overlap by two nodes. If there is no edge between the two overlapping nodes, the method generates a recursive graph grammar production with a virtual edge. We guide the search for the graph grammar based on the size of the grammar and the portion of the graph described by the grammar. We show experiments where we generate graphs from known graph grammars, use our method to infer the grammar from the generated graphs, and then measure the error between the original and inferred grammars. Experiments show that the method performs well on several types of grammars, and specifically that error decreases with increased numbers of unique labels in the graph.
Quantum groupoids associated to universal dynamical R-matrices

Abstract By using twist construction, we obtain a quantum groupoid D ⊗q Uqg for any simple Lie algebra g. The underlying Hopf algebroid structure encodes all the information of the corresponding elliptic quantum group—the quasi-Hopf algebras as obtained by Fronsdal, Arnaudon et al. and Jimbo et al.
The Thermodynamics of Black Holes

We review the present status of black hole thermodynamics. Our review includes discussion of classical black hole thermodynamics, Hawking radiation from black holes, the generalized second law, and the issue of entropy bounds. A brief survey also is given of approaches to the calculation of black hole entropy. We conclude with a discussion of some unresolved open issues.
Measuring the ability of residents to manage oncologic problems.

Background An OSCE was used to measure the ability of a cohort of residents to manage oncologic problems. Methods Nine oncologic clinical problems were presented to 56 surgical residents. Each problem contained a 5-minute data-gathering period (DGP) and a 5-minute data-interpretation period (DIP). A performance score was determined for each resident for each problem. Reliability was estimated by coefficient α; validity, by the construct of experience. Wilks's λ criterion was used to determine whether training level could be identified by OSCE performance. Results The DGP reliability was 0.80; the DIP, 0.49. Senior residents performed significantly better than junior residents (P = 0.0001), who performed significantly better than interns (P = 0.0009). Of the residents, 62% were competent on the DGP, but only 21% on the DIP. Important deficits in knowledge and clinical skills were apparent at all levels of training. Conclusion The education and evaluation of residents in oncology need improvement. J. Surg. Oncol. 64:135–142. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Immersion lithography and its impact on semiconductor manufacturing

ArF lithography is approaching its limit past the 90-nm node. F2 lithography using 157-nm light seems to be a natural extension to the next node. However, several key problems in F2 lithography are still insurmountable. Thin-film pellicle material cannot withstand more than 10 exposures. Hard pellicle technology is far from being manufacture worthy. Ditto for the F2 resist systems. Despite great progresses made, the CaF2 material still suffers from quality and quantity problems. On the other hand, ArF lithography using water immersion between the front lens element and the photoresist effectively reduces the 193-nm wavelength to 135 nm and opens up room for improvement in resolution and depth of focus (DOF). We give a systematic examination of immersion lithography, analyze and evaluate the diffraction, required, and available DOFs in a dry and an immersion system. We also analyze the effects of polarization to dry and immersion imaging. These phenomena are included in simulations to study the imaging of critical layers such as poly, contact, and metal layers for the 65-, 45-, and 32-nm nodes using 193- and 157-nm, dry and immersion systems. The imaging feasibility of 157-nm immersion to the 22-nm node is briefly studied. In addition to the imaging comparison, the impacts and challenges to employ these lithography systems are also covered.
On turbulent reconnection

We examine the dynamics of turbulent reconnection in two-dimensional and three-dimensional reduced MHD by calculating the effective dissipation due to coupling between small-scale fluctuations and large-scale magnetic fields. Sweet-Parker type balance relations are then used to calculate the global reconnection rate. Two approaches are employed—quasi-linear closure and an eddy-damped fluid model. Results indicate that despite the presence of turbulence, the reconnection rate remains inversely proportional to , as in the Sweet-Parker analysis. In two-dimensions, the global reconnection rate is shown to be enhanced over the Sweet-Parker result by a factor of magnetic Mach number. These results are the consequences of the constraint imposed on the global reconnection rate by the requirement of mean-square magnetic potential balance. The incompatibility of turbulent fluid-magnetic energy equipartition and stationarity of mean-square magnetic potential is demonstrated.
Photon-photon absorption and the uniqueness of the spectra of active galactic nuclei

The effects of the feedback of e(+)-e(-) pair reinjection in a plasma due to photon-photon absorption of its own radiation was examined. Under the assumption of continuous electron injection with a power law spectrum E to the minus gamma power and Compton losses only, it is shown that for gamma 2 the steady state electron distribution function has a unique form independent of the primary injection spectrum. This electron distribution function can, by synchrotron emission, reproduce the general characteristics of the observed radio to optical active galactic nuclei spectra. Inverse Compton scattering of the synchrotron photons by the same electron distribution can account for their X-ray spectra, and also implies gamma ray emission from these objects. This result is invoked to account for the similarity of these spectra, and it is consistent with observations of the diffuse gamma ray background.
Examples of quantum integrals

We first consider a method of centering and a change of variable formula for a quantum integral. We then present three types of quantum integrals. The first considers the expectation of the number of heads in n flips of a “quantum coin”. The next computes quantum integrals for destructive pairs examples. The last computes quantum integrals for a (Lebesgue)2 quantum measure. For this last type we prove some quantum counterparts of the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Essentially Every Unimodular Matrix Defines an Expander

Abstract. We generalize the construction of Gabber and Galil to essentially every unimodular matrix in SL 2 (Z). It is shown that every parabolic or hyperbolic fractional linear transformation explicitly defines an expander of bounded degree and constant expansion. Thus all but a vanishingly small fraction of unimodular matrices define expanders.
MULTICOMPONENT SOLUTION PHASE SYNTHESIS OF DEHYDROAMINO ACID DERIVATIVES BASED ON THE PASSERINI REACTION

Abstract We have synthesized a library of dehydroamino acid derivatives using a Passerini three component condensation reaction. A number of structurally diverse inputs were used, thus demonstrating a large tolerance of functionality for the key transformation.
Influence of the Coulomb interaction on the chemical equilibrium of nuclear systems at breakup

The importance of a Coulomb correction to the formalism proposed by Albergo for determining the temperatures of nuclear systems at breakup and the densities of free nucleon gases is dicussed. While the proposed correction has no effect on the temperatures extracted based on double isotope ratios, it becomes non-negligible when such temperatures or densities of free nucleon gases are extracted based on multiplicities of heavier fragments of different atomic numbers.
MacWilliams identities for terminated convolutional codes

Shearer and McEliece [8] showed that there is no MacWilliams identity for the free distance spectra of orthogonal linear convolutional codes. We show that on the other hand there does exist a MacWilliams identity between the generating functions of the weight distributions per unit time of a linear convolutional code C and its orthogonal code C⊥, and that this distribution is as useful as the free distance spectrum for estimating code performance. These observations are similar to those made recently by Bocharova et al. [1]; however, we focus on terminating by tail-biting rather than by truncation.
Overcoming the zero interest-rate bound: A quantitative prescription

Abstract Using a macro-econometric model we provide a quantitative estimate of the cash transfer or tax cut that would achieve recovery from a severe recession when the central bank is unable to achieve full recovery because of the zero bound. We introduce an automatic transfer and simulate its triggering in the severe recession. We find that an automatic transfer that averages 3% of quarterly GDP repeated four times (quarterly) reduces the unemployment rate an additional full percentage point and thereby completes the recovery. We recommend that legislatures enact an automatic counter-cyclical fiscal policy that will assure adequate stimulus without generating a long-term debt problem.
Image understanding architectures

One of the more complex processing problems facing both the military and commercial world is that of image analysis and understanding. The range of applications in which a real time computer vision system could have impact is extraordinarily large. In the military arena the need and potential benefits of a real time capability for target acquisition, autonomous guidance and image interpretation are well recognized and understood. To this end the Department of Defense is currently supporting several projects such as the DARPA Image Understanding (I.U.) Program to analyze both the processing requirements and machine organization for complex image processing and analysis. Truly autonomous systems which can perform both the imaging and processing in real-time using inexpensive and compact hardware will have significant impact in the tactical scenario for applications requiring remote sensing and analysis. (The term 'smart-sensors' has been introduced for hardware which performs both the sensing and processing in a single substrate.) In addition, an equally important impact might be made in areas such as automated production and inspection for machine assembly, etc. These two general areas are in many ways analogous and much of the hardware and software developed can be applied to both problems. Significant differences do, however, exist in terms of the signal to noise specification of the images, the required response time of the machinery, and the system constraints such as machine size and cost.
How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent

Abstract In this paper I argue for a property-driven approach to phonological typology. Rather than seeking to classify or label languages, the central goal of phonological typology is to determine how different languages systematize the phonetic substance available to all languages. The paper focuses on a very murky area in phonological typology, word-prosodic systems. While there is agreement that certain properties converge to characterize two prosodic prototypes, tone and stress, the term “pitch-accent” is frequently adopted to refer to a defective tone system whose tone is obligatory, culminative, privative, metrical, and/or restricted in distribution. Drawing from a database of ca. 600 tone systems, I show that none of these properties is found in all systems claimed to be accentual and that all five are amply attested in canonical tone systems. Since all one can say is that alleged pitch-accent systems exhibit significant constraints on the distribution of their tonal contrasts, they do not constitute a coherent prosodic “type”. Rather, alleged “pitch-accent” systems freely pick-and-choose properties from the tone and stress prototypes, producing mixed, ambiguous, and sometimes analytically indeterminate systems which appear to be “intermediate”. There thus is no pitch-accent prototype, nor can prosodic systems be treated as a continuum placed along a single linear dimension. The paper concludes that the goal of prosodic typology should not be to classify languages, but rather the properties of their subsystems.
A Direct Estimate of the Technique Effect: Changes in the Pollution Intensity of US Manufacturing 1990 - 2008

AbstractPollution emitted by US manufacturers is falling while output is rising. What accounts for this cleanup? Prior studies attribute the majority to “technique,” a mix of input substitution, process changes, and end-of-pipe controls. But that estimate is a residual left over after calculating other explanations. This paper provides the first direct estimate of the technique effect. I calculate analogues to Laspeyres and Paasche price indexes across more than 400 industries for six major air pollutants. The directly estimated technique effect confirms the indirect estimates. Production technique changes account for 90% of the overall cleanup of US manufacturing.
Resolution lower bounds for the weak functional pigeonhole principle

We show that every resolution proof of the functional version FPHPnm of the pigeonhole principle (in which one pigeon may not split between several holes) must have size exp(Ω(n/(log m)2)). This implies an exp(Ω(n1/3)) bound when the number of pigeons m is arbitrary.
A New Experimental Method for the Determination of Emittable Initial VOC Concentrations in Building Materials and Sorption Isotherms for IVOCs

This paper describes a new experimental method for determining the initial concentrations of emittable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials and sorption isotherms for individual VOCs (IVOCs), which are required for modeling the VOC emission rates of building materials and assemblies. The method is also useful for the rapid screening of materials, enabling manufacturers to compare different production processes in order to reduce VOC emissions from their products. In this experimental method, material specimens were first ground into powder form in a sealed container and then allowed to emit in a recirculation loop to measure equilibrium concentrations at different levels, as well as the accumulated emission mass. Test results for particle board are presented, and compared to those obtained from a 30 day small chamber emission test for the same material. Results showed that the extraction method significantly increased the release of VOCs from the material and can be used to determine the total emittable initial VOC concentrations and the sorption isotherms for acetaldehyde and hexanal. For formaldehyde, the residual amount after the extraction test was found to be significant, and requires further investigation. Further studies are needed to shorten the test time and determine the accuracy and repeatability of the extraction method.
"One-pot" syntheses of malondialdehyde adducts of nucleosides.

Short, “one-pot” syntheses of malondialdehyde adducts of deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxycytidine are described. These syntheses proceed in improved yield and easier purification than previous syntheses and are well suited for the preparation of isotopically labeled nucleoside adducts for biomarker and metabolic studies.
Cross-cultural user-interface design for work, home, play, and on the way

User interface design requires good visual design of metaphors, mental models, navigation, appearance, and interaction to represent data, functions, tasks, roles, organizations, and people. Techniques of simplicity, clarity, and consistency can improve the communication effectiveness of user interfaces for the Web, mobile devices and information appliances, and performance (productivity) tools. In particular, the use of appropriate typography, layout, color, animation, and symbolism can assist developers to achieve more efficient, effective communication to more diverse user communities.
An analysis of free vibration of orthogonally stiffened cylindrical shells with stiffeners treated as discrete elements.

Free vibration analysis for ring and stringer stiffened cylindrical shell, using Rayleigh-Ritz technique
Finitely based monoids

We present a method for proving that a semigroup is finitely based (FB) and find some new sufficient conditions under which a monoid is FB. As an application, we find a class of finite aperiodic monoids where the finite basis property behaves in a complicated way with respect to the lattice operations but can be recognized by a simple algorithm. The method results in a short proof of the theorem of E. Lee that every monoid that satisfies $$xt_1xyt_2y \approx xt_1yxt_2y$$ and $$xyt_1xt_2y \approx yxt_1xt_2y$$ is FB. Also, the method gives an alternative proof of the theorem of F. Blanchet-Sadri that a pseudovariety of $$n$$ -testable languages is FB if and only if $$n \le 3$$ .