cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal Changes in Tissue Repair upon Repeated Exposure to Thioacetamide

In an earlier study it was reported that a single low dose of thioacetamide (TA, 50 mg/kg) administered 36 h prior to challenge with a high dose of 400 mg/kg offers protection from lethality of high dose (Mangipudy et al., Pharmacol. Toxicol. 77, 1995). The mechanism underlying this protection was found to be preplaced hepatocellular division and tissue repair that peaked by 36 h following the low-dose treatment. In a separate study using the dose-response paradigm, it was established that the rate and the extent of the tissue repair response following infliction of injury after acute exposure has a critical bearing on the ultimate outcome of toxicity (Mangipudy et al., Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 1995). The objective of this study was to investigate the cell proliferation dynamics after repeated exposure to TA (50 mg/kg i.p.). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-225 g) were administered TA at intervals of 96 h. Liver injury and tissue repair were studied over a time course following each treatment. Tissue repair was estimated by S-phase DNA synthesis measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation into hepatonuclear DNA while liver injury was estimated by serum alanine aminotransferase activity. After the first dose of 50 mg/kg, peak S-phase DNA synthesis was observed at 36 h. This returned to control values by 96 h at which time the rats are known to overcome liver injury. A second dose of TA (repeated dose 1, RD1) resulted in peak S-phase DNA synthesis 12 h later at 48 h. Following the third dose (RD2) a dramatic increase in S-phase DNA synthesis was noted from as early as 12 h. Much higher peak was observed at 72 h. Interestingly, following the fourth dose (RD3) S-phase stimulation did not occur. Instead, a significant latency was observed for cells in the S-phase DNA synthesis even at time points as late as 144 h following the treatment. Liver injury on the other hand exhibited no significant differences between repetitions until RD2. However, injury was sustained in the rats treated with the fourth dose (RD3) while it returned to control levels in the earlier three instances. Sustained prolongation of liver injury after the fourth dose is presumably because tissue repair was not operational. Thus repeated exposure to TA causes a significant increase in tissue repair response although it is temporally delayed until a threshold is reached. Repetition beyond the threshold results in a marked attenuation of the repair response. These findings suggest that toxicodynamics of cell proliferation are altered after repeated exposure.
Quantum Theory of an Electron Gas in Intense Magnetic Fields

Relativistic electron gas in strong magnetic field, obtaining equation of state with quantum theory
Toward a strategic theory of communication design

As technical communication in the contemporary world becomes more complex and globalized, there is a need for a theoretical framework that captures the general building blocks of communication strategies. In this article I first identify three key dimensions of communication strategies and then situate communication strategy in the literature of rhetorical invention. I contend that previous scholars have not paid close attention to the notion of strategy as an explicit theoretical construct, despite extensive discussion on rhetorical invention over the past two millennia. To fill this gap in the research, I postulate a strategic theory of communication design by extending the theory of representational composition. The theory is intended to provide (a) communicators with “common” conceptual building blocks for developing their communication strategies, and (b) analysts with a means to uncover strategies found in existing communication artifacts.
Rich inflection and the production of finite verbs in child language

Children acquiring languages with rich inflection produce verbal morphology earlier in development than those learning languages with more impoverished inflection. In this paper, I present data from bilingual children acquiring Basque and Spanish, two null-subject languages with rich morphology which show a lead-lag pattern in the acquisition of inflection. Verbal inflection appears earlier in Spanish than in Basque, and although children produce few root infinitives in either language, they produce fewer in Spanish than in Basque. This is surprising, given that Basque has even “richer” verbal inflection than Spanish insofar as Basque has more obligatory morphological distinctions than Spanish does. These results lead me to propose that a combination of factors facilitate the early emergence of inflection in languages such as Spanish, including nominative/accusative case marking as well as morphological complexity, rather than solely the richness of the verbal paradigm.
Interstitial fluid pressure in muscle and compartment syndromes in man

Abstract The wick technique for measuring muscle-compartment pressure is an accurate measurement for early diagnosis of compartment syndromes in man. The technique is highly reproducible and offers numerous advantages including rapid and long-term equilibrium recordings of fluid pressure. Normal human intracompartmental pressures of −3 to +5 mm Hg rise to between 60 and 95 mm Hg during isometric contraction, suggesting muscle ischemia during contractile episodes. As determined by the wick technique, patients with compartmental pressures over 30 mm Hg are at substantial risk of incurring a syndrome. Fasciotomy immediately relieves the high intracompartmental pressure.
Croissance en solidification dirigée de l'eutectique quasi-binaire Ni3AlNi3Ta

Abstract The eutectic Ni 3 AlNi 3 Ta of the quasi-binary system Ni 3 AlNi 3 Ta, the phase diagram of which is not known, has been isolated as part of work directed towards the development of eutectic alloys for high temperature applications. After a brief description of the experimental procedures, including the localization of the composition by the method of zone melting, the structures of this eutectic are described in terms of the solidification parameters. The eutectic alloy, having a composition 64.35 wt% Ni, 30.2 wt% Ta, 5.45 wt% Al, has a fibrous structure of Ni 3 Al in a matrix of Ni 3 Ta, the fibres representing about 35% of the volume. The two following morphological anomalies: - high interfibre spacing γ, and relatively high volume fraction of fibres-are explained by analogy with other eutectic systems showing a similar, but more marked anomaly, such as CoCoAl and NiCr, and also with the help of the growth law: γ 2 R = constant. This information, combined with electron probe microanalyses, gives an indication of the basic form of the phase diagram. In conclusion, some tensile and creep properties at high temperature are presented.
Symbolic regression of multiple-time-scale dynamical systems

Genetic programming has been successfully used for symbolic regression of time series data in a wide variety of applications. However, previous approaches have not taken into account the presence of multiple-time-scale dynamics despite their prevalence in both natural and artificial dynamical systems. Here, we propose an algorithm that first decomposes data from such systems into components with dynamics at different time scales and then performs symbolic regression separately for each scale. Results show that this divide-and-conquer approach improves the accuracy and efficiency with which genetic programming can be used to reverse-engineer multiple-time-scale dynamical systems.
GaAs homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP) far-infrared detectors

Abstract The recent development of p-GaAs homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP) far-infrared (>40 μm) detectors is briefly reviewed. The emphasis is on the detector performance, which includes responsivity, quantum efficiency, bias effects, cut-off wavelength, uniformity, noise, and negative capacitance characteristics. Promising results indicate that p-GaAs HIWIP detectors have great potential to become a strong competitor in far-infrared applications.
Straightforward fabrication of a highly branched graphene nanosheet array for a Li-ion battery anode

A new graphene-based hybrid nanostructure is designed for anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. The highly branched graphene nanosheets (HBGNs) directly grown on a copper current collector exhibited promising electrochemical performance due to their unique morphology, high electrical conductivity, large interfacial surface area, and high porosity.
EPR and optical-absorption studies of Cmsup3+ in YPO 4 and LuPO 4 single crystals

$^{244}{\mathrm{Cm}}^{3+}$ has been incorporated as a dilute impurity in single crystals of the tetragonal-symmetry lanthanide orthophosphate hosts, ${\mathrm{LuPO}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{YPO}}_{4}$. EPR spectroscopic observations were made of all of the excited doublets in the ground $^{8}\mathrm{S}_{7/2}$ multiplet of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{3+}$ in both host crystals. Excited-state resonances were observed at both 77 and 4.2 K by use of X-band frequencies. The observed axial g values were used to compute the admixed wave functions for all four doublet levels in the ground manifold of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{3+}$ and to calculate the g value expected for the lowest-lying doublet that could not be observed by EPR spectroscopy. Optical-absorption and Zeeman-effect investigations were carried out for the case of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{YPO}}_{4}$, and a ground-state g value was obtained for the lowest-lying doublet in the ground-state manifold that was in excellent agreement with the value predicted by use of EPR results for the three excited-doublet levels. The Mohr-circle construction was used to obtain additional information regarding the nature of the crystal-field interaction for ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{3+}$ in the two crystal systems. In particular, the tetragonal crystal-field interaction was found to be stronger in the ${\mathrm{YPO}}_{4}$ host than in ${\mathrm{LuPO}}_{4}$. Additionally, the crystal-field-induced admixtures were found to be smaller at 77 K than at 4.2 K for both hosts, and the signs of the Steven's parameters were determined to be positive for ${b}_{4}^{0}$ and negative for ${b}_{2}^{0}$.
Flow injection immunosensing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a quartz crystal microbalance

Abstract A piezoelectric immunosensor has been developed for the detection of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The antigen (benzo[a]pyrene–BSA conjugate, BaP–BSA) was immobilized through thioctic acid on gold coated quartz crystals, with a basic resonant frequency of 10 MHz. The monoclonal antibody 10c10 (mAb10c10), which specifically recognizes benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was detected through frequency decreases (mass increase due to the immunoreaction). Determination of BaP was performed in the flow injection system by using a competitive pattern, in which BaP reacted with the bound mAb10c10 causing frequency increases. A nanomolar level of BaP can be detected with this immunosensor. The mAb10c10 modified quartz crystal cross-reacts with pyrene and naphthalene.
Effects of advertisements on smokers’ interest in trying e-cigarettes: the roles of product comparison and visual cues

Introduction Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-powered nicotine delivery devices that have become popular among smokers. We conducted an experiment to understand adult smokers’ responses to e-cigarette advertisements and investigate the impact of ads’ arguments and imagery. Methods A US national sample of smokers who had never tried e-cigarettes (n=3253) participated in a between-subjects experiment. Smokers viewed an online advertisement promoting e-cigarettes using one of three comparison types (emphasising similarity to regular cigarettes, differences or neither) with one of three images, for nine conditions total. Smokers then indicated their interest in trying e-cigarettes. Results Ads that emphasised differences between e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes elicited more interest than ads without comparisons (p Conclusions Interest in trying e-cigarettes was highest after viewing ads with messages about differences between regular and electronic cigarettes and ads showing product use. If e-cigarettes prove to be harmful or ineffective cessation devices, regulators might restrict images of e-cigarette use in advertising, and public health messages should not emphasise differences between regular and electronic cigarettes. To inform additional regulations, future research should seek to identify what advertising messages and features appeal to youth.
Quantifying solute distributions in the bioturbated zone of marine sediments by defining an average microenvironment

Abstract The bioturbated zone of marine sediments is a region having a complex, time-dependent geometry of diffusion and chemical reactions. It is possible to simplify this geometry by postulating an average sediment microenvironment and modelling it as representative of the sediment body as a whole. The microenvironment is assumed to correspond to a single, tube-dwelling animal together with its surrounding sediment and can be represented by a finite hollow cylinder. A transport-reaction model derived from this postulate produces good agreement between observed and predicted pore water profiles using realistic physical constants. The average vertical distributions of pore water solutes and their sediment-water fluxes are influenced by the presence of irrigated burrows to varying degrees depending on the kind of reactions governing their behavior. Pore water profiles of solutes, such as NH + 4 , subject to zero order reaction rates are highly sensitive to the abundance and sizes of burrows while the net flux of the constituent across the sediment-water interface is not. In contrast, profiles of solutes such as Si that are subject to first order reaction rates are less sensitive to the presence of irrigated burrows but net fluxes are greatly affected. Average pore water concentrations, fluxes of solutes like Si and the apparent one-dimensional diffusion coefficients required to match vertical gradients with measured solute fluxes, are influenced by both the size and spacing of burrows. Because of the range of solute concentrations within the microenvironment at any given depth it is not strictly valid to make detailed solubility calculations on the basis of average pore water concentrations within the bioturbated zone.
Combining the Penman-Monteith equation with measurements of surface temperature and reflectance to estimate evaporation rates of semiarid grassland

The Penman-Monteith equation is useful for computing evaporation rates of uniform surfaces, such as dense vegetation or bare soil. This equation becomes less useful for evaluation of evaporation rates at the regional scale, where surfaces are generally characterized by a patchy combination of vegetation and soil. This is particularly true in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The approach proposed here is an attempt to use remotely-sensed measurements of surface reflectance and temperature to allow application of the Penman-Monteith theory to partiallyvegetated fields without a-priori knowledge of the percent vegetation cover and canopy resistance. Basically, the Penman-Monteith equation was combined with the energy balance equation to estimate the surface temperature CT,) associated with four states: surfaces characterized by full-cover vegetation and bare soil with evaporation rates at potential and zero. Then, linear interpolations between T, values computed for full-cover and bare soil conditions were used to provide information at intermediate states based on measurements of actual surface reflectance and temperature. The approach was first tested using ground-based measurements of surface reflectance and temperature at a rangeland site; the results compared well with on-site measure
Field Dependence of Dilute Ising Paramagnets

Quenched and annealed dilute, spin one-half, Ising paramagnets are studied under the influence of an external magnetic field of arbitrary magnitude. Both cases are considered for non-interacting and interacting magnetic species. The short range magnetic interactions are taken into account by using, to the first order in the interaction strength, the exponential operator technique introduced by Honmura and Kaneyoshi. The results clearly show the differences between the behavior of the magnetization and susceptibility as magnetic interactions are turned on for the quenched and annealed cases. For the annealed dilute paramagnet, the magnetization and concentration are calculated for arbitrary external field and chemical potential and, as expected, exhibit phase behavior similar to a three-state, spin-one, Ising model. Unter dem Einflus eines auseren Magnetfelds beliebiger Grose werden abgeschreckte und getemperte verdunnte Ising-Paramagnete mit Spin 1/2 untersucht. Beide Falle werden fur nichtwechselwirkende und wechselwirkende magnetische Spezies betrachtet. Die magnetischen Nahwechselwirkungen werden durch die von Honmura und Kaneyoshi eingefuhrten Exponentialoperatoren erster Ordnung der Wechselwirkungsstarke berucksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen klar die Unterschiede zwischen dem Verhalten der Magnetisierung und Suszeptibilitat, da magnetische Wechselwirkungen fur den abgeschreckten und den getemperten Fall auftreten. Fur den getemperten verdunnten Paramagnet werden Magnetisierung und Konzentration bei beliebigem auseren Feld und chemischen Potential berechnet und zeigen, wie erwartet, ein Phasenverhalten, das dem eines Ising-Spin-1-Modells mit drei Zustanden ahnlich ist.
Interactive simulation of burning objects

In this paper, we describe a fast and interactive method for simulating and controlling the combustion process together with the decomposition of burning solids. The combustion and decomposition processes are integrated to create a physically-based model that runs at interactive rates.
A spacecraft mass memory design using self-structured magnetic bubbles

A self-structured multilayered bubble device developed for spacecraft sensor systems is described. The data link buffer mass memory is analyzed, and system characteristics are estimated based on a nominal 1.6 micron bubble diameter. It is shown that a memory of at least 10 billion bits capacity and 30 megabits per second could be developed with conventional spacecraft constraints.
A Further Note on Crop Removal in the Chicken

Abstract IT WAS recently shown (Fisher and Weiss, 1956) that surgical removal of the crop of young chicks did not in any way interfere with their feed consumption and growth. Since Mangold (1929) indicated that crop removal was almost always fatal (employing mature hens) and furthermore, since he states that regeneration or new out-pouchings occur soon after removal of the crop, it was thought of interest to report herein further data which we have accumulated on cropless birds. As indicated previously (Fisher and Weiss, 1956) no difficulties were experienced in raising chicks to full maturity. We have since maintained such birds through a complete laying season with excellent production throughout. In Figure 1 are shown part of the digestive tracts from the upper esophagus down to the proventriculus of two hens, respectively, which had their crops surgically removed at one week of age and two control birds. It can be seen …
Long-Term Results of Phase II Ablation after Breast Lumpectomy Added to Extend Intraoperative Margins (ABLATE l) Trial

Background Excision followed by radiofrequency ablation (eRFA) is an intraoperative method that uses intracavitary hyperthermia to create an additional tumor-free zone around the lumpectomy cavity in breast cancer patients. We hypothesized that eRFA after lumpectomy for invasive breast cancer could reduce the need for re-excision for close margins as well as potentially maintain local control without the need for radiation. Study Design This prospective phase II institutional review board-approved study was conducted from March 2004 to April 2010. A standard lumpectomy was performed, then the RFA probe was deployed 1 cm circumferentially into the walls of the lumpectomy cavity and maintained at 100°C for 15 minutes. Validated Doppler sonography was used to intraoperatively determine adequacy of ablation. Results One hundred patients were accrued to the trial, with an average age of 65.02 years ± 10.0 years. The stages were Tis (n = 30); T1mic (n = 1); T1a (n = 9); T1b (n = 27); T1c (n = 22); T2 (n = 10) ; and T3 (n = 1). Grades were I (n = 48); II (n = 29); and III (n = 23). Seventy-eight subjects had margins >2 mm (negative), 22 patients had margins ≤ 2 mm, of which 12 were close and 3 focally positive, which, at our institution, would have required re-excision (only 1 patient in this group had re-excision). There were 6% postoperative complications, and 24 patients received radiation therapy (XRT). During the study mean follow-up period of 62 months ± 24 months (68-month median follow-up) in patients not treated with XRT, there were 2 in-site tumor recurrences treated with aromitase inhibitor, 3 biopsy entrance site recurrences treated with excision and XRT to conserve the breast, and 2 recurrences elsewhere and 1 contralateral recurrence; all 3 treated with mastectomy. Conclusions Long-term follow-up suggests that eRFA may reduce the need for re-excision for close or focally positive margins in breast cancer patients, and eRFA may be a valuable tool for treating favorable patients who desire lumpectomy and either cannot or do not want radiation. A multicenter trial has been initiated based on these results.
Synaptic patterning of left-right alternation in a computational model of the rodent hindlimb central pattern generator

Establishing, maintaining, and modifying the phase relationships between extensor and flexor muscle groups is essential for central pattern generators in the spinal cord to coordinate the hindlimbs well enough to produce the basic walking rhythm. This paper investigates a simplified computational model for the spinal hindlimb central pattern generator (CPG) that is abstracted from experimental data from the rodent spinal cord. This model produces locomotor-like activity with appropriate phase relationships in which right and left muscle groups alternate while extensor and flexor muscle groups alternate. Convergence to this locomotor pattern is slow, however, and the range of parameter values for which the model produces appropriate output is relatively narrow. We examine these aspects of the model's coordination of left-right activity through investigation of successively more complicated subnetworks, focusing on the role of the synaptic architecture in shaping motoneuron phasing. We find unexpected sensitivity in the phase response properties of individual neurons in response to stimulation and a need for high levels of both inhibition and excitation to achieve the walking rhythm. In the absence of cross-cord excitation, equal levels of ipsilateral and contralateral inhibition result in a strong preference for hopping over walking. Inhibition alone can produce the walking rhythm, but contralateral inhibition must be much stronger than ipsilateral inhibition. Cross-cord excitatory connections significantly enhance convergence to the walking rhythm, which is achieved most rapidly with strong crossed excitation and greater contralateral than ipsilateral inhibition. We discuss the implications of these results for CPG architectures based on unit burst generators.
Rapid ethanol fermentations using vacuum and cell recycle

Cell recycle and vacuum fermentation systems were developed for continuous ethanol production. Cell recycle was employed in both atmospheric pressure and vacuum fermentations to achieve high cell densities and rapid ethanol fermentation rates. Studies were conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC No. 4126) at a fermentation temperature of 35°C. Employing a 10% glucose feed, a cell density of 50 g dry wt/liter was obtained in atmospheric-cell recycle fermentations which produced a fermentor ethanol productivity of 29.0 g/liter-hr. The vacuum fermentor eliminated ethanol inhibition by boiling away ethanol from the fermenting beer as it was formed. This permitted the rapid and complete fermentation of concentrated sugar solutions. At a total pressure of 50 mmHg and using a 33.4% glucose feed, ethanol productivities of 82 and 40 g/liter-hr were achieved with the vacuum system with and without cell recycle, respectively. Fermentor ethanol productivities were thus increased as much as twelvefold over conventional continuous fermentations. In order to maintain a viable yeast culture in the vacuum fermentor, a bleed of fermented broth had to be continuously withdrawn to remove nonvolatile compounds. It was also necessary to sparge the vacuum fermentor with pure oxygen to satisfy the trace oxygen requirement of the fermenting yeast.
WATTR: a method for self-powered wireless sensing of water activity in the home

We present WATTR, a novel self-powered water activity sensor that utilizes residential water pressure impulses as both a powering and sensing source. Consisting of a power harvesting circuit, piezoelectric sensor, ultra-low-power 16-bit microcontroller, 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a 433 MHz wireless transmitter, WATTR is capable of sampling home water pressure at 33 Hz and transmitting over 3 m when any water fixture in the home is opened or closed. WATTR provides an alternative sensing solution to the power intensive Bluetooth-based sensor used in the HydroSense project by Froehlich et al. [2] for single-point whole-home water usage. We demonstrate WATTR as a viable self-powered sensor capable of monitoring and transmitting water usage data without the use of a battery. Unlike other water-based power harvesters, WATTR does not waste water to power itself. We discuss the design, implementation, and experimental verification of the WATTR device.
Dependability in data mining: a perspective from the cost of making decisions

This study describes the cost involved in maintaining dependability that involves availability, reliability, and security. The comparison of the cost as well as the need to get additional data set to improve the predictive accuracy is fundamentally an economic and policy decision. It is also highly dependent on the nature of the task. For the tasks that deal with massive data sets and/or the tasks often require real time decision making are the ones that would benefit from the cost perspective.
A Clinician's Guide to the Assessment and Management of Nonadherence in Glaucoma

Purpose To apply lessons learned in the treatment of systemic hypertension to the problem of nonadherence in glaucoma medical therapy. Clinical Relevance Although physicians recognize that nonadherence with glaucoma medication is a problem, most lack the skill set to identify nonadherent patients, to identify the causes of nonadherence, and to provide solutions to address nonadherence. Methods A PubMed search was conducted using the terms " adherence " OR " compliance " AND " hypertension ," with the following limitations: title, English language, humans, from 2000 through 2009. Other studies identified outside of the PubMed search were included if relevant. Results Studies from the systemic hypertension literature suggest that simplifying medication regimens, lowering costs, and patient education about the disease and the importance of taking medications are successful strategies for improving adherence. In addition, good family or social support, frequent physician visits, and pairing medication administration with specific activities (such as meals or brushing one's teeth) can help improve adherence. Conclusions The body of literature on adherence interventions in chronic diseases such as systemic hypertension shows that although many interventions have been tested and evaluated, only some are successful. Paradigms derived from behavioral medicine and nursing offer valuable lessons on how to motivate patients to change behavior, but these activities require skill sets not traditionally taught in medical school. Just as there are myriad causes of nonadherence, the interventions most likely will need to be multifaceted and tailored to the individual patient. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Cytokine Profiling in Patients with VCP-Associated Disease

Valosin containing protein (VCP) disease (also known as Inclusion Body Myopathy, Paget Disease of Bone and Frontotemporal Dementia [IBMPFD] syndrome) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding VCP classically affecting the muscle, bone and brain. Although the genetic cause has been identified, details regarding the pathogenesis of IBMPFD have not been fully determined. Muscle wasting observed in VCP disease is suggestive of cytokine imbalance. We hypothesized that dysfunctional protein homeostasis caused by VCP mutations leads to cytokine imbalances thereby contributing to the muscle wasting phenotype. Circulating levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were measured in plasma of patients with VCP disease or controls. TNF a and EGF were significantly altered in VCP disease as compared to control. TNF a was up-regulated, consistent with a cachexia phenotype and EGF levels were increased. No significant differences were observed in IL-4 and IL-6. Cytokine imbalances may be associated with VCP disease and may play a contributory role in VCP myopathy. Further understanding of how VCP dysfunction leads to aberrant protein homeostasis and subsequent cytokine imbalances may also aid in the understanding of other proteinopathies and in the development of novel treatments.
Effect of Phenobarbital on the Level of Gossypol in the Liver and the Effect of Gossypol and Phenobarbital on Liver Microsomal O-Demethylation and Lipid Peroxidation Activities in the Rat

The metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver by enzymes associated with the encloplasmic reticulum is markedly enhanced by phA©nobarbitaltreatment. In the reported experiments, intraperitoneal injection of sodium phA©nobarbital reduced the concentration of gossypol, a xenobiotic, in the livers of rats fed 0.05 and 0.075% free gossypol. The effect of gossypol on liver microsomal p-nitroanisole demethylase and lipid peroxidation was studied in both sodium phenobarbital-treated and nontreated rats. Liver lipid peroxidation activity was found to be inversely related to the gossypol con centration in the liver. In a liver postmitochondrial supernate prepared from rats that were gavaged with 25, 50, and 100 mg gossypol/kg of body weight, lipid peroxidation activity was inhibited while O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole was not affected. In traperitoneal injection of sodium phA©nobarbital increased p-nitroanisole demethylase activity but did not overcome the gossypol-inhibited lipid peroxidation. There was no effect on O-demethylation in rats fed 0.075% free gossypol; however, lipid peroxidation was drastically reduced. The gossypol-inhibited NADPH and ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in microsomes isolated from the livers of rats gavaged with gossypol were overcome by adding Fe3* to the incubation medium. J. Nutr. 104: 1567-1575, 1974.
Data aggregation in sensor networks: No more a slave to routing

Application-specific data aggregation can play a significant role in energy-efficient operation of wireless sensor networks. Existing aggregation techniques rely heavily on the routing protocol to build shortest paths to route node measurements to the base station and are limited in the types of supported queries. We propose an aggregation scheme that utilizes the inherent information gradients present in the network. The query is directed to the source of information, resulting in better load sharing in the network. We support a variety of queries ranging from simple maximum, minimum or average of the readings of sensor nodes to more complex quantile queries such as k highest values or kth highest value through a generic query algorithm. The query algorithm shifts the computation to the querying agent, thus eliminating any in-network aggregation.
Noise and Hearing Loss: A Review

BACKGROUND: Noise-induced hearing loss is a major cause of deafness and hearing impairment in the United States. Though genetics and advanced age are major risk factors, temporary and permanent hearing impairments are becoming more common among young adults and children especially with the increased exposure to portable music players. Though treatment options are limited for most people with noise-related hearing loss, several modifiable health behaviors that should begin in childhood might prevent or delay the onset of hearing impairment. The purpose of this article is to review modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors, comorbidity, and the role of health education in the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss. METHODS: Review of current literature in the etiology, prevention, and treatment of noise-induced hearing loss as well as the role of health education. RESULTS: Nonmodifiable risk factors related to noise-related hearing loss include increasing age, genetics, male gender, and race. Modifiable risk factors are voluntary exposure to loud noise, nonuse of hearing protection, smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, tooth loss, and the presence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: As hearing impairment among children and teenagers rises due to mostly voluntary exposure to loud noise, there are many implications for health education. Health educators need to address barriers to the use of hearing protection, deliberate exposure to loud music, and other modifiable risk factors, which cause and exacerbate hearing loss among those exposed to loud noise.
A REVIEW OF GOLD LEACHING IN ACID THIOUREA SOLUTIONS

Since the initial report of thiourea as a complexing reagent for gold leaching, considerable research has been directed toward the use of thiourea as an alternative to cyanide for gold extraction from different auriferous mineral resources. At the same time, some fundamental investigations of the system have been reported. In this article, a review of both applications and fundamental research is made, including a review of the recent results from laboratory studies at the University of Utah. Recent research results demonstrate that thiourea decomposition is quite slow in the presence of ferric sulfate for simple solutions. Ferric sulfate and formamidine disulfide (FDS) are effective oxidants with fast kinetics. No passivation of the gold surface is observed in simple acidic solutions. However, in actual leaching systems, some sulfide minerals significantly catalyze the redox reaction between thiourea and ferric ion, causing high thiourea consumption if ferric ion is present in excess. The presence of cop...
“Editing”: A Productive Metaphor for Regulating CRISPR

O'Keefe and colleagues' (2015) study of popular media identifies two predominant metaphors in descriptions of CRISPR-based genetic technologies: editing and targeting. 1. In the interest of brevit...
Euthanasia of food animals.

Humane euthanasia is considered to be the rapid and painless inducement of death. It is necessary for unconsciousness to occur quickly and be followed immediately by cardiac andlor respiratory arrest. Although many methods of euthanasia have been used, not all fulfill the criteria of humane euthanasia. Methods of euthanasia used in food animals are presented and evaluated as to their appropriateness.
800-MeV magnetic-focused flash proton radiography for high-contrast imaging of low-density biologically-relevant targets using an inverse-scatter collimator

Proton radiography shows great promise as a tool to guide proton beam therapy (PBT) in real time. Here, we demonstrate two ways in which the technology may progress towards that goal. Firstly, with a proton beam that is 800 MeV in energy, target tissue receives a dose of radiation with very tight lateral constraint. This could present a benefit over the traditional treatment energies of ~200 MeV, where up to 1 cm of lateral tissue receives scattered radiation at the target. At 800 MeV, the beam travels completely through the object with minimal deflection, thus constraining lateral dose to a smaller area. The second novelty of this system is the utilization of magnetic quadrupole refocusing lenses that mitigate the blur caused by multiple Coulomb scattering within an object, enabling high resolution imaging of thick objects, such as the human body. This system is demonstrated on ex vivo salamander and zebrafish specimens, as well as on a realistic hand phantom. The resulting images provide contrast sufficient to visualize thin tissue, as well as fine detail within the target volumes, and the ability to measure small changes in density. Such a system, combined with PBT, would enable the delivery of a highly specific dose of radiation that is monitored and guided in real time.
Effects of Tobacco Budworm Control at Different Treatment Levels with Several Insecticides on Flue-Cured Tobacco

Control of Heliothis virescens (F.) at 3 different treatment levels (2.5, 5, and 10%) with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Dipel®), methomyl, and monocrotophos maintained similar tobacco budworm infestations at the same treatment level on flue-cured tobacco for a given area where mid- to late-season infestations exceeded the 10% infestation level. Lower treatment levels maintained lower infestations of tobacco budworms. The number of insecticide applications required for tobacco budworrn control was influenced by the insecticide and treatment level used; the lower the treatment levels, the more applications required. No quality differences were apparent between the different treatment levels, but all significantly increased fluecured tobacco yields over untreated tobacco. The overall trend for the 3-yr study period was that the lower the treatment level designated, the greater the yield increase. However, under the conditions of these experiments in which the tobacco budworm infestations exceeded the 10% level at least once during each season, a 10% treatment level appeared most economical for Dipel and methomyl, but a 2.5% treatment level was considered economical for monocrotophos.
Parallel Pugilists: John L., Jr., and Gentleman Jack Stories in the New York Five Cent Library

An example of the way current events helped shape dime novels can be seen through the John L.,Jr., and Gentleman Jack stories published in Street and Smith's New York Five Cent Library. Alfred B. T...
Old-Fashioned Algebra Can Be Useful

In 1919 George Polya [6] published "Als Kuriosum" the following result. Let n > 17. If among the values assumed by an integral-coefficient polynomial of degree n, the same prime integer p, with plus or minus sign, appears n times, then the polynomial is either irreducible or the product of two irreducible factors of equal degree. The conclusion of this theorem is intriguing, but the portion of the hypothesis that limits its applicability to polynomials of at least the 17th degree indicates why it was published as a curiosity. Fortunately new methods [3] have shown that this theorem is true for all odd n > 3 and even n > 6. These extensions were discussed and the following examples given in [1] to show that the theorem does not hold for n =3 and n =6:
Chrysolina gypsophilae (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), a potential biocontrol agent of dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (Scrophulariaceae).

Chrysolina gypsophilae Kuest, a univoltine chrysomelid defoliator of Linaria spp., was studied as a potential biocontrol agent for dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. Laboratory tests were conducted in Italy to ascertain the host range of C. gypsophilae. The insect's biology was also studied. Our tests showed that C. gypsophilae has a host range restricted to the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae), of which L. dalmatica is a member. The tribe Antirrhineae includes ornamental species of which snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus L., is an important member. No literature records were found of C. gypsophilae attacking snapdragon. The decision to colonize C. gypsophilae in North America for dalmatian toadflax control should be based upon the economic impact of the weed in North America, its potential impact, and the importance of A. majus as an ornamental.
Droplet Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for High Throughput Screening for Enzyme Inhibitors

High throughput screening (HTS) is important for identifying molecules with desired properties. Mass spectrometry (MS) is potentially powerful for label-free HTS due to its high sensitivity, speed, and resolution. Segmented flow, where samples are manipulated as droplets separated by an immiscible fluid, is an intriguing format for high throughput MS because it can be used to reliably and precisely manipulate nanoliter volumes and can be directly coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) MS for rapid analysis. In this study, we describe a “MS Plate Reader” that couples standard multiwell plate HTS workflow to droplet ESI-MS. The MS plate reader can reformat 3072 samples from eight 384-well plates into nanoliter droplets segmented by an immiscible oil at 4.5 samples/s and sequentially analyze them by MS at 2 samples/s. Using the system, a label-free screen for cathepsin B modulators against 1280 chemicals was completed in 45 min with a high Z-factor (>0.72) and no false positives (24 of 24 hits confirmed). ...
Uptake of DDT by the American cockroach central nervous system.

Experiments using C14-DDT to relate the DDT content of the central nervous system (CNS) to frequency of appearance of DDT-induced trains indicate that the DDT content of the CNS is not directly related to the levels of nerve activity observed. After either small injected dosages of C14-DDT or large topical dosages of C14-DDT applied to the cerci, a larger number of DDT-induced trains appear in the abdominal CNS of the topically treated cockroaches. In contrast, the C14DDT content of the abdominal CNS of the topically treated American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), is actually less than the amount in the abdominal CNS of the cockroaches treated by injection. Thus, it seems that high levels of afferent activity are more important than the amount of DDT in the abdominal CNS for the production of high levels of activity in the abdominal CNS. When 0.107 ng of DDT in suspension is injected into the sixth abdominal ganglion no DDT trains are produced. When 10 times this dosage is injected into the sixth abdominal ganglion DDT trains are produced in the abdominal CNS. Observation of the frequency of appearance of DDT-induced trains at different temperatures reveals a relationship identical to that found in sensory nerves. That is, as temperature is increased, the frequency of appearance of DDT-induced trains in the abdominal CNS is also increased. Thus when the effect of DDT in the abdominal CNS is studied in the absence of high levels of afferent input, the relationship between the effect of DDT on nerve and temperature is the direct relationship which is obtained with sensory nerve, and not the inverse relation to temperature found in vivo with afferent input intact but subject to the action of DDT.
Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) control by compression of hay for export to Japan

Laboratory tests showed that significantly more pressure is required to destroy Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), puparia with a volume of ≥4.0 mm3 than puparia with a volume of ≤3.4mm3. About 0.21 kg/cm2 of pressure destroyed all puparia. Compression of hay in commercial compressors with 42 or 72 kg/cm2 of pressure caused significant reductions in survival of Hessian fly puparia to the adult stage compared with the controls in standard bales of timothy, Phleum pratense; alfalfa, Medicago sativa; oat, Avena sativa; Sudan grass, Sorghum bicolor sudanensis; Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon hays; and rye straw, Secale cereale . Mortality ranged from 75.1 to 95.4% and was significantly increased by 72 versus 42 kg/cm2 of pressure on the bales. Compression with 42 or 72 kg/cm2 of pressure showed the same level of control in the four comers and middle positions of the front, middle, and back sections of the bale except that fewer insects survived to the adult stage in the middle position of the bale when compressed with 72 kg/cm2 of pressure. Compression of hay has potential as a single quarantine treatment for hay exported to Japan.
Interference of Niagara Blue 2B with the Teratogenic Action of Trypan Blue.

SummaryThe results demonstrate that the non-teratogenic disazo dye, Niagara blue 2B, can afford some measure of protection to the embryo against the lethal and teratogenic action of trypan blue when injected prior to trypan blue in Sherman rats, over a selected range in dye concentration. This protection was not complete.
Schubert polynomials, slide polynomials, Stanley symmetric functions and quasi-Yamanouchi pipe dreams

Abstract We introduce two new bases for polynomials that lift monomial and fundamental quasisymmetric functions to the full polynomial ring. By defining a new condition on pipe dreams, called quasi-Yamanouchi, we give a positive combinatorial rule for expanding Schubert polynomials into these new bases that parallels the expansion of Schur functions into fundamental quasisymmetric functions. As a result, we obtain a refinement of the stable limits of Schubert polynomials to Stanley symmetric functions. We also give combinatorial rules for the positive structure constants of these bases that generalize the quasi-shuffle product and shuffle product, respectively. We use this to give a Littlewood–Richardson rule for expanding a product of Schubert polynomials into fundamental slide polynomials and to give formulas for products of Stanley symmetric functions in terms of Schubert structure constants.
Survey of initial case of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Kaifeng City

Objective To confirm a human case of infected with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus and indentify infectioussource,so as to control the spread of infection with H7N9 virus in human and provide a scientific basis for future preventionand control. Methods Field and loboratory survey of an unexplained pneumonia case were made. Throat swab samples ofwere collected from patients and tested by real-time RT-PCR(including A type, H1 subtypes, H3 subtypes, H5 subtypes, H7subtypes, N9 subtypes). Results Influenza- like symptoms along with chest tightness in a male chef patient initiallydemonstrated and aggravated continuously. The case was clinically diagnosed as serious pneumonia and ARDS, but possibilityof H7N9 avian influenza existed. The throat swab specimens were tested positive for H7N9. The patient didn't contacted withsimilar patients but with slaughtered poultry. All contacts were under daily surveillance for 8 days and no similar symptomswere observed. Conclusion The human case infected with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in 2013 was the initial onediagnosed and reported in Kaifeng City. And there was no evidence of person-to-person transmission.
Trends of hospitalization for anorexia nervosa in USA: A nationwide analysis

Objectives Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. While BN has been extensively studied in the past, the contemporary data for impact of BN on cost of hospitalization are largely lacking. Methods We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) dataset between 1998-2011 using the ICD-9 codes. Severity of co-morbid conditions was defined by Deyo modification of Charlson co-morbidity index. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and secondary outcome was total charges for hospitalization. Using SAS 9.2, chi-square test, t-test and Cochran-Armitage test were used to test significance. Results 19,441 patients were analyzed. 94.13% were female and 5.87% male (P Conclusions While mortality has slightly decreased from 1998 to 2011, the cost has significantly increased from $73.96 million/year to $139.93 million/year, which leads to an estimated $65.97 million/year additional burden to US health care system. In the era of cost conscious care, preventing BN related Hospitalization could save billions of dollars every year. Focused efforts are needed to establish preventive measures for BN related hospitalization.