cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of composite plate in water with transient and steady state motions

Abstract Hydrodynamic loading and dynamic response of a composite plate were measured inside a tow tank while the speed of the plate increased from zero to various steady-state values and remained at the steady state values. Strain responses of the plate were recorded using strain gages. To determine the effect of the composite plate with fluid–structure interaction, a stiffer and heavier aluminum plate was compared to the composite plate. The composite plate was tested under various setting angles relative to the towing direction. Some experimental data were compared to numerical results at steady state motions, and they agreed well each other. The study showed that the hydrodynamic loading was greater on the polymer composite plate than on the aluminum plate of the same size. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic force was much greater during the transient period of the increasing speed than at the final steady state speed. The ratio of the peak strain in the composite plate during the transient period to the strain at the steady state motion depended on the plate speed and the setting angles significantly. Therefore, design and analysis of composite structures moving in water should consider the hydrodynamic loading during the transient motion including fluid–structure interaction.
Ejection of Flammable Liquids During Loading and Unloading: A Preliminary Experimental Investigation

Flammable liquids in industrial settings, e.g., the shop floor or laboratory, may sometimes be transferred or handled in small containers. Pouring a flammable liquid from one container into another presents a hazard potential for static electric discharge and subsequent ignition of the flammable liquid vapors. This phenomenon is well-known and industry guidance documents are available. This risk is usually mitigated with appropriate safeguards against the generation of static electricity or other potential ignition sources.In the instances where an ignition source is present, ignition of the flammable vapors accompanying the liquid pour or in the headspace of the container may occur. If the flammable vapor space above the liquid surface is ignited, the ensuing overpressure and fluid conditions may be sufficient to eject some of the liquid from the container. Flammable liquid ejection can potentially result in the projection or transport of fire over large distances with severe consequences.In this study, we perform a series of bench scale experiments. We aim to determine and investigate the factors influencing the ejection of flammable liquids during loading and unloading of small containers. Developing a better understanding of the parameters governing this phenomenon may allow for the design of engineering safeguards to assist in the prevention of flammable liquid ejection.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Influence of body fat on trifluralin toxicokinetics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

We previously characterized the toxicokinetics of trifluralin (TF) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and found a large steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) that was attributed to a large, poorly perfused peripheral storage compartment. Because adipose tissue was expected to be an important peripheral storage tissue for this lipophilic herbicide, we studied its toxicokinetics in trout that differed in body fat content. Large, hatchery-reared rainbow trout and adult summer-run steelhead trout were fitted with an aortic cannula and given a 1-mg/kg dose of TF. The steelhead were studied approximately 3 weeks prior to spawning and after a 9-month fasting period. The total lipid content of the steelhead after removal of the reproductive organs averaged 1.2% of body weight, whereas that of the hatchery trout was 8%. Toxicokinetic analysis of the plasma concentration-time profile using a three-compartment model found the Vss in steelhead to be reduced significantly (p < 0.01) compared with the hatchery trout (1.3 vs. 5.7 L/kg). Other parameters that differed were the maximum plasma concentration, which was higher in steelhead (p < 0.05), and the elimination t1/2,β and mean residence time, which were reduced (p < 0.05) in steelhead. Although several physiological factors are probably involved, examination of the relationship between Vss and lipid content supported the hypothesis that the distribution of TF in trout was largely influenced by the lipid content of the fish.
The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the Vietnam generation : a multimethod, multisource assessment of psychiatric disorder

Findings from the Congressionally mandated National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study indicate that nearly one-half million Vietnam veterans—15.2% of the men and 8.5% of the women who served in Vietnam—suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) fifteen or more years after their military service. Current PTSD prevalence rates for Vietnam veterans are significantly and substantially higher than the rates for their comparable Vietnam generation peers, which range from 0.3% to 2.5%. Additionally, the current prevalence rate among male Vietnam veterans was found to differ significantly among race/ethnicity subgroups: 27.9% among Hispanic men, 20.6% among black men, 13.7% among white/other men. Multivariate analyses indicated that although background factors are significantly related to the current prevalence of PTSD, the current prevalence is much higher among Vietnam veterans than among era veteran and civilian counterpart comparison groups even after background differences are taken into account. These analyses also demonstrated the important role of exposure to combat and other types of war zone stress in the current prevalence of the disorder.
Tumor-infiltrating, myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T cell activity by nitric oxide production in an intracranial rat glioma+vaccination model

In rats bearing an intracranial T9 glioma, immunization with tumor antigens induces myeloid suppressor cells, which express neutrophil (His48) and monocyte (CD11bc) markers, to infiltrate the tumors. The His48+/CD11bc+ cells were not derived from CNS microglia but were hematogenous; suppressed multiple T cell effector functions; and are myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The glioma-infiltrating MDSC expressed arginase I, iNOS, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and TGF-β; however, inhibitor/blocking studies demonstrated that NO production was the primary mechanism of suppression which induced T cell apoptosis. These findings suggest that neuro-immunomodulation by MDSC in rat gliomas maybe mediated by a pathway requiring NO production.
Evaluation of Models of Electrostatic Interactions in Proteins

The conformations of proteins and protein−protein complexes observed in nature must be low in free energy relative to alternative (not observed) conformations, and it is plausible (but not absolutely necessary) that the electrostatic free energies of experimentally observed conformations are also low relative to other conformations. Starting from this assumption, we evaluate alternative models of electrostatic interactions in proteins by comparing the electrostatic free energies of native, nativelike, and non-native structures. We observe that the total electrostatic free energy computed using the Poisson−Boltzmann (PB) equation or the generalized Born (GB) model exhibits free energy gaps that are comparable to, or smaller than, the free energy gaps resulting from Coulomb interactions alone. Detailed characterization of the contributions of different atom types to the total electrostatic free energy showed that, although for most atoms unfavorable solvation energies associated with atom burial are more th...
Double Solutions of Impulsive Dynamic Boundary Value Problems on a Time Scale

A double fixed-point theorem is applied to obtain the existence of at least two positive solutions of a right focal boundary value problem for a second order impulsive dynamic equation on a time scale.
Evaluation of engraftment and immunological tolerance after reduced intensity conditioning in a rhesus hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy model.

Evaluation of engraftment and immunological tolerance after reduced intensity conditioning in a rhesus hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy model
Theoretical Study of the Benzene Excimer Using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

A theoretical characterization of the potential energy surfaces of the singlet benzene excimer states derived from the B2u monomer excited state has been performed using time-dependent density functional theory. The excited-state potential energy surfaces were initially characterized by computations along the parallel and perpendicular intermolecular translational coordinates. These calculations predict that the lowest excited state for parallel translation is bound with a minimum at 3.15 angstroms and with a binding energy of 0.46 eV, while the perpendicular translational coordinate was essentially found to be a repulsive state. At the calculated minimum distance, the effect of in-plane rotation, out-of-plane rotation, and slipped-parallel translation were examined. The rotational calculations predict that deviations from the D6h geometry lead to a destabilization of the excimer state; however, small angular variations in the range of 0 degrees -10 degrees are predicted to be energetically feasible. The slipped-parallel translational calculations also predict a destabilizing effect on the excimer state and were found to possess barriers to this type of dissociation in the range of 0.50-0.61 eV. When compared to experimentally determined values for the benzene excimer energetics, the calculated values were found to be in semiquantitative agreement. Overall, this study suggests that the time-dependent density functional theory method can be used to characterize the potential energy surfaces and the energetics of aromatic excimers with reasonable accuracy.
A Test of the Competition Hypothesis of Vocal Mimicry, Using Song Sparrow Imitation of White-Crowned Sparrow Song

A series of experiments were carried out to determine whether territorial male white-crowned sparrows could discriminate between playback of their own species song (the model) and the same song produced by a song sparrow (the mimic). Males responded strongly to both songs, and there were no significant differences in response measures between model and mimic. In contrast, most males showed no response to control song sparrow song, although two individuals showed clear interspecific responses. The results are discussed in relation to the competition hypothesis of vocal mimicry, which requires both deception of the model by the mimic and some evidence of interspecific aggression.
On energy efficiency of geographic opportunistic routing in lossy multihop wireless networks

Geographic opportunistic routing (GOR) is an emerging technique that can improve energy efficiency in lossy multihop wireless networks. GOR makes local routing decision by using nodes' location information, and exploits the broadcast nature and spatial diversity of the wireless medium to improve the packet forwarding reliability. In this paper, our goal is to fully understand the principles and tradeoffs in GOR, thus provide insightful analysis and guidance to the design of more efficient routing protocols in multihop wireless networks. We propose a local metric, one-hop energy efficiency (OEE), to balance the packet advancement, reliability and energy consumption in GOR. We identify and prove important properties about GOR on selecting and prioritizing the forwarding candidates in order to maximize the expected packet advancement. Leveraging the proved properties, we then propose two localized candidate selection algorithms with O(N 3) running time to determine the forwarding candidate set that maximizes OEE, where N is the number of available next-hop neighbors. Through extensive simulations, we show that GOR applying OEE achieves better energy efficiency than the existing geographic routing and blind opportunistic routing schemes under different node densities and packet sizes.
Synthesis of the 4-Deoxy-2-Deutero-4-Fluoro Analog of Methyl O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-Galactopyranoside

ABSTRACT Methyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-6-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-(2-2H)-β-D-galactopyranoside was prepared by the condensation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl bromide and methyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-(2-2H)-β-D-galactopyranoside (17), followed by deprotection. The introduction of deuterium at C-2 in an intermediate methylhexopyranoside was achieved by a double inversion, brought about by oxidation of C-2 of a derivative of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside, to give the corresponding ketone, and subsequent reduction thereof with NaBD4, to give a derivative with the D-manno configuration (8). Inversion of the configuration at C-2 of the latter was achieved by displacement with sodium benzoate of the O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl (triflyl) group in the 2-O-triflyl derivative of 8. The resulting synthon was converted, conventionally, to methyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-6-O-trityl-(2-2H)-β-D-glucopyranoside. Its conversion into the 6-O-trityl derivative of 17, unsuccessful by treatment with dim...
Views of problem drinking among Native American, Hispanic, and Anglo children

Native American, Hispanic, and Anglo sixth graders reacting to an example of teenage problem drinking expressed similar beliefs and attitudes in many respects. However, Native American children viewed the problem as less serious, subscribed more to a disease theory of alcoholism, attributed less causal responsibility to the individual, and adopted a less aggressive approach toward treatment than did Hispanic, and especially Anglo, children. Their less conventional value orientations accounted for all these differences except their stronger endorsement of a disease theory of problem drinking.
Oviposition rhythm of individualDrosophila pseudoobscura

D. pseudoobscura oviposits mostly during the day with some oviposition at night. Oviposition varies from tight clustering to loose scattering from different individuals. Daily oviposition ranges from good to poor to no eggs over 24 h. Althoug this species was an excellent model for the eclosion rhythm it does not serve as a good model for continued study of the oviposition rhythm under present experimental conditions.
The Forty-One Steps

A parametric shape grammar is given which generates the floor plans of Japanese tearooms. The language of tearoom plans defined by this grammar is general; it incorporates a diversity of tearoom styles from the past four centuries.
DDX1 Is an RNA-Dependent ATPase Involved in HIV-1 Rev Function and Virus Replication

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein is essential for the virus because it promotes nuclear export of alternatively processed mRNAs, and Rev is also linked to translation of viral mRNAs and genome encapsidation. Previously, the human DEAD-box helicase DDX1 was suggested to be involved in Rev functions, but this relationship is not well understood. Biochemical studies of DDX1 and its interactions with Rev and model RNA oligonucleotides were carried out to investigate the molecular basis for association of these components. A combination of gel-filtration chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that recombinant DDX1 expressed in Escherichia coli is a well-behaved folded protein. Binding assays using fluorescently labeled Rev and cell-based immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed a specific RNA-independent DDX1–Rev interaction. Additionally, DDX1 was shown to be an RNA-activated ATPase, wherein Rev-bound RNA was equally effective at stimulating ATPase activity as protein-free RNA. Gel mobility shift assays further demonstrated that DDX1 forms complexes with Rev-bound RNA. RNA silencing of DDX1 provided strong evidence that DDX1 is required for both Rev activity and HIV production from infected cells. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a clear link between DDX1 and HIV-1 Rev in cell-based assays of HIV-1 production and provide the first demonstration that recombinant DDX1 binds Rev and RNA and has RNA-dependent catalytic activity.
The Kuroshio Extension Front from satellite sea surface temperature measurements

The position and strength of the surface Kuroshio Extension Front (KEF), defined as the sea surface temperature (SST) gradient maximum adjacent to the Kuroshio Extension (KE) axis (approximated by a specific SSH contour consistently located at, or near, the maximum of the SSH gradient magnitude), have been studied using weekly, microwave SST measurements from the later 1997 to early 2008. The mean KEF meanders twice around ∼36°N between the east coast of Japan and 153°E. It then migrates southeast to ∼34°N, just before reaching the Shatsky Rise (∼158°E), then progresses mostly eastward. Spatially, the KEF is strongest near the Japan coast, while it is seasonally strongest in winter and weakest in summer. Low-frequency variations of its strength, most notably in its upstream region, can be related to the known bimodal states of the KE. During 2003–2005, when the KE was in its stable state, the winter KEF SST gradient exceeded 10°C/100 km.
The Association Between the Receipt of Lipid Lowering Therapy and HIV Status Among Veterans Who Met NCEP/ATP III Criteria for the Receipt of Lipid Lowering Medication

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between HIV infection status and the receipt of lipid lowering therapy based on National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP/ATP III) guidelines and to assess whether HIV viral load and hepatitis C (HCV) status alters that association.
Crystal structure of dicalcium potassium trihydrogen bis(pyrophosphate) trihydrate

The crystal structure of Ca2KH3(P2O7)2·3H2O has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/n witha=10.518(3),b=19.253(9),c=7.340(3)A,β=90.07(2)°, andZ=4. The structure was refined toR=0.048 andR w=0.044 for 1839 reflections withI≥3σ(I). The structure consists of a compact assembly of Ca, K, HP2O7, and H2P2O7 ions and three water molecules arranged in layers perpendicular to theb-axis. The two independent Ca ions and the HP2O7 ion comprise one layer; K and H2P2O7 ions and the three water molecules form an interstitial layer. Coordinations of the two independent Ca ions are quite similar, but the environments of HP2O7 and H2P2O7 ions are quite different, probably due to their locations in different layers. The general structural features are quite similar to those of Ca(NH4)HP2O7.
Analysis of survival data by an exponential-generalized Poisson distribution

In this paper, we consider the distribution of life length of a series system with random number of components, say Z. Considering the distribution of Z as generalized Poisson, an exponential-generalized Poisson (EGP) distribution is developed. The generalized Poisson distribution is a generalization of the Poisson distribution having one extra parameter. The structural properties of the resulting distribution are presented and the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters is investigated. Extensive simulation studies are carried out to study the performance of the estimates. The score test is developed to test the importance of the extra parameter. For illustration, two real data sets are examined and it is shown that the EGP model, presented here, fits better than the exponential–Poisson distribution.
The effect of sodium desoxycholate on the extraction of myocardial creatine phosphokinase and protein

Abstract Rat heart creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7, 3.2) was extracted in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of sodium desoxycholate and the enzyme activity and total protein content of the extract was determined. Utilization of 0.05 and 0.10% desoxycholate had no effect on the extraction of creatine phosphokinase, while it caused a 70–75% increase in the protein value. Concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% desoxycholate almost doubled the release of creatine phosphokinase. Concomitantly, protein values rose five-to sevenfold. It is suggested that the addition of sodium desoxycholate to a concentration of 0.5% will greatly enhance myocardial creatine phosphokinase release provided the protein content of the extract is not desired as a reference point.
On the Liapunov instability of the oscillating pendulum

Abstract A linear stability analysis utilizing Floquet theory is performed to establish that there is no contradiction between the linear and non-linear Liapunov stability judgments of the solution to the classical pendulum equation. Accordingly, contrary to a reference in the literature, the pendulum is not a physical situation that may be used to illustrate the possible discrepancy between linear and non-linear stability analyses.
Localization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal nuclei in vivo.

Abstract Autoradiography of frozen sections of intestinal tissue taken from rachitic chickens given a single intravenous dose of 1,25-dihydroxy[23,24 3 H]vitamin D 3 (650 pmol, 78 Ci/ mmol) has been carried out. Specific localization of label in the nuclei of intestinal villi and crypt cells could be demonstrated at 2.5 to 6 h postinjection. In contrast, no concentration or localization of radioactivity could be detected in intestinal muscle, liver, and skeletal muscle. These results strongly support the concept that the function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in intestine is mediated by a nuclear mechanism.
Pixel-based reverse engineering of graphical interfaces

My dissertation proposes a vision in which anybody can modify any interface of any application. Realizing this vision is difficult because of the rigidity and fragmentation of current interfaces. Specifically, rigidity makes it difficult or impossible for a designer to modify or customize existing interfaces. Fragmentation results from the fact that people generally use many different applications built with a variety of toolkits. Each is implemented differently, so it is difficult to consistently add new functionality. As a result, researchers are often limited to demonstrating new ideas in small testbeds, and practitioners often find it difficult to adopt and deploy ideas from the literature. In my dissertation, I propose transcending the rigidity and fragmentation of modern interfaces by building upon their single largest commonality: that they ultimately consist of pixels painted to a display. Building from this universal representation, I propose pixel-based interpretation to enable modification of interfaces without their source code and independent of their underlying toolkit implementation.
Vibrational calculations on water with improved force fields

By using the full Watson Hamiltonian and a variational technique, the lower-lying vibrational state energies (J = 0) of H2O, HDO, D2O, HTO, DTO, and T2O are calculated from a high-level ab initio potential energy surface. The basis functions are products of one-dimensional harmonic oscillator functions. Comparison is made with experiment, and also with results obtained from different theoretical techniques. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TREATMENT OF EDEMA BY THE COMBINED ADMINISTRATION OF CHEMICALLY DIFFERENT DIURETIC AGENTS.

Abstract Despite the fact that edema can generally be controlled with the use of a single potent diuretic agent, there is a small group of edematous patients in whom such therapy is not sufficient. Heretofore these latter patients have generally been treated with diuretic cocktails consisting of a parenteral mercurial in combination with one or more mild diuretic agents which serve primarily to potentiate the action of the mercurials. The present study indicates that the combined administration of various chemically different but individually potent (benzothiadiazine, phthalimidine and mercurial) diuretics has substantial additive diuretic actions. Use of the latter combinations is encouraged in patients with refractory edema.
Molecular Contacts for Chlorosome Envelope Proteins Revealed by Cross-Linking Studies with Chlorosomes from Chlorobium tepidum†

Chlorosomes are unique light-harvesting antennae found in two phyla of green bacteria: Chlorobi and Chloroflexi. In the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum, 10 proteins (CsmA, CsmB, CsmC, CsmD, CsmE, CsmF, CsmH, CsmI, CsmJ, and CsmX) exist in the chlorosome envelope. Chlorosomes from the wild type and mutants lacking a single chlorosome protein were cross-linked with the zero-length cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC) and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Similar cross-linking products were observed when the time and temperature were varied or when EDC was replaced with glutaraldehyde. Specific interactions between chlorosome proteins in cross-linked products were identified by immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant chlorosome proteins. We confirmed these interactions by demonstrating that these products were missing in appropriate mutants. Confirming the location of CsmA in the paracrystalline baseplate, cross-linking showed that CsmA forms dimers, trimers, and homomultimers as large as dodecamers and that CsmA directly interacts with the Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein. Cross-linking further suggests that the precursor form of CsmA is inserted near the edges of the baseplate, where CsmA and pre-CsmA interact with CsmB and CsmF. Several chlorosome proteins, including CsmA, CsmC, CsmD, CsmH, CsmI, CsmJ, and CsmX, were shown to exist as homomultimers in the chlorosome envelope. On the basis of the structural information obtained from these cross-linking experiments, a model for the locations and interactions of the proteins of the chlorosome envelope is proposed.
Ocular Findings in a Family With Sotos Syndrome (Cerebral Gigantism)

Purpose/Methods We examined the ocular features in a two-generation family with Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism). Sotos syndrome is characterized by excessive growth in prenatal and early life, advanced bone age, and typical facial features. Results/Conclusion One patient had presenile nuclear sclerotic cataracts, megalophthalmos, hypoorbitism, and exotropia. One of her daughters had megalocornea, exophoria, and iris hypoplasia. Her other daughter had megalocornea. The ophthalmologist can play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of Sotos syndrome.
Computational predictability of time‐dependent natural convection flows in enclosures (including a benchmark solution)

This paper summarizes the results from a special session dedicated to understanding the fluid dynamics of the 8:1 thermally driven cavity which was held at the First MIT Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Dynamics in June, 2001. The primary objectives for the special session were to: (1) determine the most accurate estimate of the critical Rayleigh number above which the flow is unsteady, (2) identify the correct, i.e. best time-dependent benchmark solution for the 8:1 differentially heated cavity at particular values of the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, and (3) identify those methods that can reliably provide these results
Freezing and Melting of Lipid Bilayers and the Mode of Action of Nonactin, Valinomycin, and Gramicidin

An abrupt loss of effectiveness of the presumed carriers, nonactin and valinomycin, in mediating ion conductance occurred at the same temperature as the membrane fluidity, judged visually, was lost. By contrast, the effects of the presumed channel-former, gramicidin, were the same on solid and liquid membranes. Taken together, these findings imply that freezing the membrane primarily reduces the mobility of these antibiotics with little effect on their solubility.
Development of a large-scale traffic simulation model for hurricane evacuation--methodology and lessons learned

This paper focuses on traffic modeling of large-scale hurricane evacuation networks. Several research efforts to date have addressed the evacuation problem from a local perspective. The largest network found in the open literature on microscopic simulation of evacuation operations was of an area 45 miles long and 15 miles wide. The current study models 10 cities with a total length of approximately 2,000 miles of roadway including freeways, arterials, and local streets in two regions in Virginia--the Hampton Roads region and the city of Richmond. This research accomplished the following objectives: (1) estimate the traffic performance of evacuation routes and other major arterial streets; (2) locate the major bottlenecks, congestion, or other operational difficulties in the network; (3) estimate the total network evacuation time; and 4) recommend amendments to the traffic control plan to improve the traffic performance. The simulation results led to the following conclusions: (1) for a category 4 storm with high hotel occupancy, almost all vehicles (99%) were able to exit the network by the end of 27 h; (2) traffic demand on I-64 exceeded capacity for the section between I-64/Fort Eustis Blvd. and I-64/I-295 interchanges, significantly reducing the speed of evacuating vehicles; (3) the reversed lanes can carry more vehicles than their current assigned demand; and (4) for a category 3 storm, the throughput values for different evacuation routes are nearly the same with or without lane reversal. The modeling lessons learned from this research are also documented in the paper. For the network model development, geographic information system maps and a text processing scripting language (e.g., PERL) are shown to be useful tools. Parallel processing is recommended, especially for conducting statistical analysis of output data, given the enormously high run times (25-30 h in the current research) for the detailed simulations. The limitations of microscopic simulation in handling large-scale networks are identified and remedies are suggested.
Tracheobronchial resection and reconstruction.

Objective: To assess the indications and results of airway resection and how frequently airway reconstructive options changed proposed therapy. Design: A retrospective survey of patients undergoing major airway resection. Setting: University of Washington–affiliated hospitals, Seattle, May 1992 through December 1996. Patients: Fifty consecutive patients with resectable benign and malignant tracheal or main bronchial disease undergoing tracheobronchial resections. Interventions: Patients underwent major airway resection as follows: tracheal or laryngotracheal resection, 23 patients; carinal resection, 6; and bronchial sleeve resection with or without pulmonary resection, 21. Indications for surgery were non–small cell lung cancer in 19 patients, primary airway tumor in 12, thyroid carcinoma in 1, and tracheal or bronchial stenosis in 18. Main Outcome Measures: Change in prereferral planned therapy from palliative to definitive or to pulmonary-sparing procedure, morbidity and mortality, relief of symptoms, and survival. Results: Mortality was 0%, and morbidity, 32% (16/50). Airway reconstruction changed the proposed therapy in 42 patients (84%). Functional results were good to excellent in 17 (94%) of 18 patients with benign disease. Patients with malignant disease had a 1-year survival of 93% (27/29) and a 2-year survival of 67% (12/18). Conclusions: Airway resection and reconstruction provide reliable relief of benign and malignant tracheobronchial disease with minimal morbidity and mortality. Airway reconstruction frequently changed prereferral planned therapy and provided definitive and parenchymalsparing procedures to patients with complex airway lesions. Arch Surg. 1997;132:850-856
Genetic and molecular approaches to the study of the anaerobic response and tissue specific gene expression in maize

Abstract. Plant gene expression is regulated during development and in response to environmental stimuli. For example, the pattern of gene expression in roots changes dramatically when seedlings are placed under low oxygen conditions. Roots respond to anaerobiosis by increasing cytosolic-glycolytic enzyme activity. Through the use of genetic and molecular techniques we have begun to characterize the differential expression of isozymes which show increased synthesis under anaerobic conditions and tissue specific expression during plant development.
All-solid-state generation of 100-kHz tunable mid-infrared 50-fs pulses in type I and type II AgGaS(2).

We report the operation of an all-solid-state system for the generation of tunable mid-infrared sub-50-fs pulses. A Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier, pumped by 10 W of power from 532-nm, diode-pumped, frequency-doubled Nd:YVO4 lasers, produced 4?µJ energy, sub-50-fs pulses at 800 nm with a 100-kHz repetition rate. This output was used to drive a ??BaB2O4 optical parametric amplifier followed by a difference-frequency generator based on a AgGaS2 crystal. Continuous tuning of ultrafast pulses from 2.4 µm to longer than 12 µm was obtained. A performance comparison of difference-frequency generation in type I and type II phase-matched AgGaS2 is reported.
Sociodemographic determinants of added sugar intake in preschoolers 2 to 5 years old.

Abstract Objectives: To determine sociodemographic predictors of added sugar intake from a national representative sample of 2- to 5-year-old children. Study design: Cross-sectional study that used dietary intake data of the US Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intake in Individuals 1994 to 1996 and 1998 (n = 5652). Amount of added sugar intake in teaspoons per day, teaspoons per 100 kcal, and percent of total energy was calculated by selected sociodemographic variables, accounting for sample design and weighted to permit inferences applicable to the total population. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to predict added sugar intake. Results: Average added sugar consumption was 15.4 tsp/d (15.7% of total energy). Significant differences were observed by several socio-demographic characteristics. Multivariate models predicting energy-adjusted intake indicated strong associations with age, ethnicity, income, day care/school attendance, Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participation, region of residence, and female head of household's educational level. Conclusions: The identified sociodemographic predictors of high added sugar intake might help target public health messages to improve children's diet quality and prevent future chronic diseases to population groups at highest risk. (J Pediatr 2002;140:667-72)
Development of coherent scattering and diffractive imaging and the COSMIC facility at the Advanced Light Source

A new facility is described that is being constructed for coherent scattering and microscopy at the Advanced Light Source. The undulator beamline delivers maximum coherent flux to two experiment programs. One is for soft x-ray coherent scattering and correlation studies, the other is for soft x-ray diffractive imaging using ptychographic reconstruction techniques. The energy resolution is sufficient for NEXAFS spectroscopy with full polarization control, from below the carbon edge to 2500eV. New instrumentation is planned for wavelength limited 2D imaging and 3D imaging at spatial resolution better than 10nm and for coherent scattering studies with a variety of sample environments including strong magnetic fields and cryogenic temperatures. High speed CCD detectors will make optimum use of the available flux on dedicated data transmission networks.
Investigating customer racial discrimination in the secondary baseball card market.

A growing body of literature in a variety of disciplines has appeared over the last 20 years examining customer racial bias in the secondary sports card market; however, consensus on the matter has yet to emerge. In this article, we explore the more subtle ways that a player's race / ethnicity may affect the value of his sports card including a player's skin tone (light- to dark-skinned). Data were obtained for 383 black, Latino, and white baseball players who had received at least one vote for induction into Major League Baseball's Hall of Fame including their career performance statistics, rookie card price, card availability, Hall of Fame status, and skin tone. Findings indicate that card availability is the primary determinant of card value while a player's skin tone has no direct effect. Subsequent analysis demonstrates that a player's race (white / non-white) rather than skin tone did have an effect as it interacts with Hall of Fame status to influence his rookie card price.
The geometric-optics relation between surface slope error and reflected ray error in solar concentrators

In typical reflection-based solar concentrators, surface slope error mainly causes the reflected ray to deviate from the specular reflection direction and eventually from a target. Hence a fundamental understanding of the relation between surface slope error and reflected ray error is important for evaluating optical performance of solar concentrators. It has been widely accepted that when surface slope error follows the Rayleigh distribution, reflected ray error also follows. However, including this conventional relation, the relevant studies to date relied on purely geometric calculations and overlooked features of light scattering. In this study, the bidirectional reflectivity from geometric optics in light scattering theory is employed to derive a more rigorous distribution of reflected ray error. For the reflector surface without refraction, the geometric-optics relation demonstrates that the conventional relation holds only at normal incidence and becomes more and more incorrect as the incidence angle increases because of diminishing scattering effects. As a result, the conventional relation underestimates the peak flux produced by solar concentrators and their optical performance. The treatment that is able to account for scattering features and thereby overcome the limitations of the conventional relation is suggested in the use of the Monte Carlo ray-tracing method.
Unveiling the mystique of gender dysphoria syndrome.

There are common myths surrounding the condition of gender dysphoria and individuals seeking therapy. The diagnosis of gender dysphoria syndrome is applied to individuals who feel ill at ease with thei biological body and either seek hormonal reassignment therapy or hormonal therapy and sex reassignment surgery. The author discusses standards of care, diagnostic criteria, physiological and psychological changes incurred through hormonal therapy are introduced as well as surgical techniques. By assisting individuals with gender dysphoria syndrome to enhance the integration of their new gender role into their self-identity, nurses are in an excellent position to facilitate improvements in their overall health status as well.
Experimental study of simple structure

A battery of thirty-six tests was given to a group of high-school seniors. The factorial analysis reveals essentially the same primary factors that were found in previous studies. The test battery reveals a simple structure.
IMPACT OF WAITING TIME ON EVALUATION OF SERVICE QUALITY AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN FOODSERVICE OPERATIONS

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of waiting time on service quality and customer satisfaction. The surveys were distributed to customers in a cafeteria at a large northeastern university to measure service quality, customer satisfaction, expected reasonable waiting time, and perceived waiting time. Arrival rate and service times were collected to simulate actual waiting time. The results showed that when customers' expected reasonable waiting time was longer than perceived waiting time, the discrepancy between expected reasonable waiting time and perceived waiting time influenced service quality and customer satisfaction. The results also showed that negative correlations existed between simulated actual waiting time and customer perceptions of service quality.
Embodiment and the human from Dante through tomorrow

Katherine Hayles's How We Became Posthuman matches its rhetoric to its argument by highlighting anxiety in its cybernetic subjects as we face the prospect of disembodied humanity. Medievalists should be sympathetic since embodiment is key to the conception of full medieval personhood. Hayles reacted against a new desire to loosen the link of person to body and much speculative thinking continues to push in this direction. As contemporary science fiction shows, we can conceive a variety of technological advances that might allow intelligence to exist electronically and humans to become increasingly independent of their bodies. While some form of materiality and localized perspective seem necessary, in the future a person will be identified less by materiality or information than by understanding. The ability to recognize a being as a durable, comprehensible interlocutor will be the litmus test of the posthuman being.
Beiträge zur Chemie der Si‐N‐Bindung, XVIII [1]. Über lineare, cyclodisilazan‐modifizierte Oligosiloxane

Linear oligosiloxanes with cyclodisilazane rings built into the siloxane chain were prepared by the reaction of hydroxysilyl substituted cyclodisilazanes in the form of their lithiumsilanolates with dimethyldichlorosilane, α,ω-chlorosiloxanes or dimethylchlorosilyl substituted cyclodisilazanes.
Regulation of glycolysis in the mouse blastocyst during delayed implantation

The rate of oxidation of glucose is reduced in mouse embryos in the prolonged free living phase associated with delayed implantation and increases when the embryos are reactivated by estrogen. To determine how these changes in metabolism are regulated, several aspects of glucose metabolism were evaluated in dormant and reactivated blastocysts: 1) Embryos were exposed to 14C-pyruvate in vitro and evolved 14CO2 was measured. It was found that the rate of production of CO2 was equal in the two types of blastocysts, suggesting that aerobic pathways are fully functional during delayed implantation. 2) Production of lactate in the presence of O2 was measured and a decrease of 30% was found in delayed implanting embryos, suggesting that the overall regulatory mechanism for glucose metabolism resides in the glycolytic portion of the pathway. 3) Capacity for uptake and phosphorylation of glucose was evaluated using 3H-2-deoxyglucose and was found to be equal in the two types of embryos. 4) Total amounts of the rate-controlling enzymes for glycolysis (i.e., hexokinase and phosphofructokinase) in lysates of delayed and reactivated embryos were found to be equal, indicating that amounts of these enzymes are not limiting in delayed implantation. 5) Lactate production, measured under anaerobic conditions, was found to be equal, demonstrating that it is not the capacity for glycolysis but a difference in the degree of allosteric inhibition that is responsible for reduced glucose oxidation in delayed implantation. 6) Levels of ATP, ADP, and hexose-6-phosphates were found to be consistent with allosteric inhibition of the glycolytic pathway at phosphofructokinase during delay and a release of this inhibition with reactivation. In addition, finding a high ATP/ADP ratio in delayed implanting blastocysts indicates that the associated depression of macromolecular synthesis is not due to limited energy supply. Rather it suggests that the reduction in glucose metabolism is probably due to a decrease in energy demand.
One-way valve bottle contamination rates in the immediate post-functional endoscopic sinus surgery period.

BACKGROUND Sinonasal saline irrigation has become an accepted practice in the immediate postoperative management of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) patients. Recent studies have found that valveless delivery systems of sinonasal irrigation are colonized with bacteria. An alternative delivery system uses a one-way valve to reduce saline backflow and may limit bottle contamination. Our sole objective was to determine whether this system in post-FESS patients eliminates microbial bottle contamination. METHODS Eight patients undergoing FESS were given one-way valve irrigation bottles to use immediately after surgery. Bottles were collected after 1 week of use and another set of bottles after an additional week. Endoscopic-directed cultures of the middle meatus were performed at the time of surgery. Returned used bottles were swabbed for bacteria and the valve system of the bottle was analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the presence of bacteria. RESULTS All sinus swabs collected at the time of surgery grew bacteria with Staphylococcus sp. present in all samples. After the 1st week of use, 5/8 bottles grew bacterial cultures and showed bacterial presence on the valves by SEM. After the 2nd week, 4/5 bottles had positive culture results and also showed bacterial presence on the valves by SEM. CONCLUSION Despite commercial claims that the use of valves and limit of backflow into the bottle will eliminate contamination, our study showed that one-way valve delivery systems become contaminated with bacteria after 1 week of use. We also showed that the bottle valves themselves harbor bacteria after 1 week of use.
Free volumes in simple and polymeric liquids

Values of e0ν0 the vaporization energy and volume in the hypothetical liquid state at 0°K., are derived for some simple polar and nonpolar molecules used as models for vinyl polymers. The following empirical relationship between the free volume fraction, f = (v − v0)/v, and the liquid compressibility coefficient β is demonstrated: −f2 ∝ This is applied to several vinyl polymer liquids near their glass transition temperatures, Tg, giving. fg ≃ 0.17, if the “hard-core” volume v* is considered to be independent of pressure and temperature, (i.e., v* = v0); or, fg ≃0.12, if the P,T dependence of v* is considered to be the same as that of the glass. These agree with fg values derived by Simha and Boyer from thermal expansion coefficients for the two analogous cases. An empirical viscosity-free volume equation of the Doolittle form: η = ATneb/f is applied to the glass transition, on assuming that this is an isoviscosity state and with the use of reported values for the expansion and compressibility coefficients and dTg/dP for three polymers: polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(vinyl acetate). Reasonable values of b/n are thus obtained. This viscosity equation is critically examined in the light of molecular theories of liquid viscosity.
A Generalized Subsurface Flow Parameterization Considering Subgrid Spatial Variability of Recharge and Topography

Abstract Subsurface flow is an important hydrologic process and a key component of the water budget. Through its direct impacts on soil moisture, it can affect water and energy fluxes at the land surface and influence the regional climate and water cycle. In this study, a new subsurface flow formulation is developed that incorporates the spatial variability of both topography and recharge. It is shown through theoretical derivation and case studies that the power-law and exponential subsurface flow parameterizations and the parameterization proposed by Woods et al. are all special cases of the new formulation. The subsurface flows calculated using the new formulation compare well with values derived from observations at Tulpehocken Creek, Pennsylvania, and Walnut Creek, Iowa. Sensitivity studies show that when the spatial variability of topography or recharge, or both is increased, the subsurface flows increase at the two aforementioned sites and at the Maimai hillslope, New Zealand. This is likely due to...
A simulation model of the spread of Botrytis leaf blight of onion and its effect on onion yields

Abstract A computer model was constructed which simulated build-up and spread of Botrytis leaf blight of onion using inputs of daily averages of vapor pressure deficit, humidity and temperature. Destruction of leaf tissue and resulting effects on onion yields were modeled using data from several sources and a previously constructed model of growth of the onion plant. Effects of fungicide sprays as a disease control agent were incorporated in the model. The model was quite realistic when compared with research data collected from the field.