cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FOIA and the First Amendment: Representative Democracy and the People's Elusive 'Right to Know'

Recent constitutional and human rights documents have typically included an express constitutional right to information, which some foreign and transnational courts have construed to include a governmental obligation to provide access to government information. Such judicial constructions manifest an understanding of democratic citizenship that is necessarily active and engaged. Although the First Amendment contains no such express right, the Supreme Court has acknowledged that various aspects of a “right to know” are implicitly protected by the First Amendment. In Houchins v. KQED, 438 U.S. 1 (1978), however, the Court declined to hold that the “right to know” implies any general, individually-enforceable constitutional right of access to government information. Because of the Court’s decision in Houchins, as well as the enactment of the Freedom of Information Act, questions of access to government information largely have come to be litigated as questions of statutory construction rather than constitutional rights or values. But the intent of those who enacted FOIA was to transform government, particularly with respect to the relationship between the governors and the governed; they intended to give to the people what James Madison rightly called “the power that knowledge gives,” and to supplant a system of law favoring the greatest possible secrecy with one that achieves the “fullest possible disclosure.” In short, those who enacted FOIA intended to provide a mechanism for enforcing the First Amendment “right to know.” Ironically, the enactment of FOIA has had the opposite effect, causing the executive and the courts to focus on the minutiae of FOIA, while overlooking its essential constitutional purpose. By enacting a statute to enforce the First Amendment “right to know,” Congress inadvertently removed from the picture the very constitutional value it sought to enforce. It was no longer necessary for courts to think about the connection between access to government information and the meaning of citizenship in a representative democracy. Given present concerns about national security, secrecy needs little help in trumping democratic demands for transparency. Current law tells judges that they must affirm a denial of disclosure whenever it is supported by an affidavit that is “logical” and “plausible,” but nothing more, and that they should not risk confusing themselves by looking at any of the requested records. This essay argues that the courts must exercise a more muscular form of review, construing FOIA in light of the fundamental constitutional value that it embodies. As Justice Scalia said in John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146, 161 (1989), the principle that FOIA’s exemptions should be narrowly construed must not be allowed to become “a formula to be recited rather than a principle to be applied.”
A Simple Method for Computing Minkowski Sum Boundary in 3D Using Collision Detection

Computing the Minkowski sum of two polyhedra exactly has been shown difficult. Despite its fundamental role in many geometric problems in robotics, to the best of our knowledge, no 3-d Minkowski sum software for general polyhedra is available to the public. One of the main reasons is the difficulty of implementing the existing methods. There are two main approaches for computing Minkowski sums: divide-and-conquer and convolution. The first approach decomposes the input polyhedra into convex pieces, computes the Minkowski sums between a pair of convex pieces, and unites all the pairwise Minkowski sums. Although conceptually simple, the major problems of this approach include: (1) The size of the decomposition and the pairwise Minkowski sums can be extremely large and (2) robustly computing the union of a large number of components can be very tricky. On the other hand, convolving two polyhedra can be done more efficiently. The resulting convolution is a superset of the Minkowski sum boundary. For non-convex inputs, filtering or trimming is needed. This usually involves computing (1) the arrangement of the convolution and its substructures and (2) the winding numbers for the arrangement subdivisions. Both computations are difficult to implement robustly in 3-d. In this paper we present a new approach that is simple to implement and can efficiently generate accurate Minkowski sum boundary. Our method is convolution based but it avoids computing the 3-d arrangement and the winding numbers. The premise of our method is to reduce the trimming problem to the problems of computing 2-d arrangements and collision detection, which are much better understood in the literature. To maintain the simplicity, we intentionally sacrifice the exactness. While our method generates exact solutions in most cases, it does not produce low dimensional boundaries, e.g., boundaries enclosing zero volume. We classify our method as ‘nearly exact’ to distinguish it from the exact and approximate methods.
A Commercially Available Perfectly Hydrophobic Material (θA/θR = 180°/180°)

We report contact angle studies of compressed samples of a commercially available lubricant (variable diameter submicrometer particles of tetrafluoroethylene oligomers) that indicate that this surface is perfectly hydrophobic (θA/θR = 180°/180°). We also report X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph, and 19F NMR characterization data, as it is a material for which no characterization data are available. These samples exhibit the most general lyophobicity of any material reported, showing nearly 180° contact angles with other liquids. That this material is commercially available (in kilogram quantities) will allow other groups, particularly nonsynthetic ones, to prepare and study perfectly hydrophobic surfaces. It should also have an impact on education: demonstration of superhydrophobicity in classrooms is trivial to do with this material.
Isolation and properties of a unidirectional H2-oxidizing hydrogenase from the strictly anaerobic N2-fixing bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum W5.

A unidirectional H2-oxidizing hydrogenase (H2ase-HO) has been isolated from the anaerobic N2-fixer Clostridium pasteurianum W5. Extensively purified (> 200-fold or > 400–800 μmoles H2 oxidized/min/mg protein) H2ase-HO can use ferredoxin (Fd), methyl viologen (MV), benzyl viologen, methylene blue or dichlorophenolindophenol as the sole electron acceptor but does not produce H2 from reduced Fd or MV. H2ase-HO has a lower mol. wt., is less negatively charged and less O2-sensitive than the classical bidirectional H2ase from the same organism. The level of the H2-oxidizing enzyme is higher in N2-fixing cells than in NH3-grown cells. H2ase-HO occurs mainly outside the cell membrane and is inhibited by carbon monoxide.
Adhesion test standardization for multichip module packages

This paper summarizes the adhesion test standard and technique developed collectively by groups from the IBM Research Division, Yorktown Heights, and the Development Laboratory of IBM Microelectronics Division at East Fishkill. This activity was Initiated since the increased complexity of interconnection technologies require a large number of interfaces to maintain their integrity while being subjected to a large variety of processes. For example, reliable adhesion of polymer layers to metals and ceramics plays a vital role in several IBM key product technologies, such as the recently announced Glass-Ceramic Module multichip packaging technology used in the system 390/ES9000, models 820, 900 and 9021, computers and the Metallized Ceramic Polyimide (MCP) products. During the course of these product development cycles, it was noted that, sample preparation and measurement techniques can strongly affect the measured adhesion strength of a multi-component structure such as that found in multichip and multilayer modules. As a result of the observed variability in a multitude of adhesion measurements from many IBM laboratories, it was decided that standardization of the sample preparation and adhesion measurement techniques was required. During the course of collective work between a large number of participants, it became clear, that once a certain number of rules are followed, data collected from different workers can be compared. These rules form the basis of the peel standard which is discussed here. Once the standard measurement of adhesion is implemented, various adhesion promotion techniques can be directly compared, which lead to a swift and facile improvement in the reliability of products and in their development cycle time.
Rician noise removal in diffusion tensor MRI

Rician noise introduces a bias into MRI measurements that can have a significant impact on the shapes and orientations of tensors in diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images. This is less of a problem in structural MRI, because this bias is signal dependent and it does not seriously impair tissue identification or clinical diagnoses. However, diffusion imaging is used extensively for quantitative evaluations, and the tensors used in those evaluations are biased in ways that depend on orientation and signal levels. This paper presents a strategy for filtering diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images that addresses these issues. The method is a maximum a posteriori estimation technique that operates directly on the diffusion weighted images and accounts for the biases introduced by Rician noise. We account for Rician noise through a data likelihood term that is combined with a spatial smoothing prior. The method compares favorably with several other approaches from the literature, including methods that filter diffusion weighted imagery and those that operate directly on the diffusion tensors.
Genetic programming analysis of gene expression profiles predicts survival in pleural mesothelioma.

B57 Purpose:Predicting which malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients (pts) will most likely benefit from surgical therapy is imprecise. We hypothesized that a genetic programming (GP) analysis of pretherapy tumor gene expression profiles could accurately predict survival in surgically cytoreduced MPM of all stages. Experimental Design: Tumor gene expression profiles from 20 MPM pts having cytoreductions and identical postoperative cisplatinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy were created using the Affymetrix U95A human genome array. In a supervised learning mode, GP analysis identified those gene relationships that were key predictors of survival time after surgery. A 14-pt training set and a separate 6-pt test set were created after stratifying for tumor stage and survival time. Predictive gene classifier rules, generated using the training set, were assessed for overall generality by N-fold cross validation and tested for accuracy using the test set. External validation was accomplished by utilizing a completely independent dataset of an additional 31 MPM pts from another research institution. Results: A predictive gene scoring function composed of a unique mathematical combination of 4 genes (TBX19, FOP, CCNB1, RAC1) was created that was able to correctly identify short-term (≤12 months) and long-term (>12 months) survivors in the initial test set with 83% accuracy (5 of 6 pts) based on the score produced. The same function was also able to predict and rank individual pt survival durations, in months after surgery, as the score produced correlated well (Kendall9s tau = 0.73, Pearson9s r = 0.87) with actual survival times. The same scoring function was externally validated for its ability to predict MPM pt survival using a completely independent dataset (Pearson9s r = 0.44, 2-tailed p-value = 0.013). The clinical outcomes appeared to be independent of tumor histology and reflected the heterogeneity of survival in early stage MPM pts. Conclusions: These data suggest that GP analysis of gene expression profiles from pretherapy MPM biopsies may be an accurate method for predicting which patients will most likely benefit from a surgical and adjuvant chemotherapy approach. Furthermore, by identifying recurring gene expression motifs during the process of generating candidate predictive gene classifier rules, GP might be able to suggest novel molecular interactions involved in the pathogenesis of MPM and its sensitivity to anticancer therapies that may warrant further investigation.
The abstract nature of anatomic construction and its advantages: scientific medicine and human dignity.

Burns (2007) objects to BODY WORLDS on several grounds. Prominent among these is the loss of personal dignity caused by the creation and public presentation of plastinated bodies. Burns begins his ...
Prognostic determinants in patients with stage IIIC and IV uterine papillary serous carcinoma.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival impact of cytoreductive surgery and other prognostic determinants in patients with stage IIIC and IV uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). Methods All patients with FIGO stage IIIC and IV UPSC who underwent surgical staging at the two participating institutions, between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2007, were identified from the tumor registry database. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to generate overall survival (OS) data. Factors predictive of outcome were compared using the log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. Results Analysis of 79 patients with stage IIIC–IV disease was performed. Optimal cytoreduction was associated with a median survival of 36months, compared with 12months for patients who underwent a suboptimal surgical effort ( p =0.001), and a disease-free survival (DFS) of 21months vs. 10months ( p =0.001), respectively. Regression analysis identified stage (HR=2.4, p =0.03), absence of visible residual disease (HR=0.5, p =0.03), and chemotherapy (HR=0.1, p Conclusions Cytoreduction to no gross residual disease and the use of platinum therapy are associated with a significant survival benefit for patients with stage IIIC–IV UPSC. Recommended management for this group of patients should consist of maximal surgical cytoreduction followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, preferably in combination with paclitaxel. Adjuvant radiation therapy should also be considered.
AD-1 oblique wing aircraft program

The oblique wing concept for super- and subsonic transport was assessed by analysis and wind tunnel radio control model and remotely piloted vehicle testing. A one-sixth scale wind tunnel model and a low speed manned oblique wing research airplane (AD-1) were developed. Model wind tunnel test data on dynamic structural response characteristics were used in a simulator to develop the control system. The airplane is of simple design with fiber glass skin, weight of approximately 2100 lbs and speeds of up to 175 knots at altitudes up to 15,000 ft. Flight testing will investigate handling and flying qualities, oblique wing flight control characteristics, aeroelastic wing design and will compare actual with predicted aerodynamic characteristics. Nineteen flights were made at 12,000 to 13,000 feet with speeds of 100-160 knots. Flutter clearance as a function of wing sweep angle is now under investigation.
Analysis of the A∼–X∼ electronic transition of the 2,1-hydroxypropylperoxy radical using cavity ringdown spectroscopy

Abstract The near infrared A ∼ – X ∼ electronic absorption spectrum of the 2,1-hydroxypropyl peroxy radical (2,1-HPP) has been recorded at room temperature by cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Twenty-five conformers of 2,1-HPP are predicted to exist as minima on the potential energy surface calculated via either ab initio or density functional theory. However, the experimental spectrum is explained in terms of the origin bands and vibrational structure of the three conformers predicted to be most stable. In addition to the OO stretch and COO bend bands typically observed in the A ∼ – X ∼ spectra of peroxy radicals, we attribute some observed bands to low-frequency fundamentals corresponding to the OOCC bending of 2,1-HPP. This assignment is supported by both Franck–Condon simulations and experiments on jet-cooled radicals.
Dual role of CcpC protein in regulation of aconitase gene expression in Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis.

The role of the CcpC regulatory protein as a repressor of the genes encoding the tricarboxylic acid branch enzymes of the Krebs cycle (citrate synthase, citZ; aconitase, citB; and isocitrate dehydrogenase, citC) has been established for both Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, hyperexpression of citB–lacZ reporter constructs in an aconitase null mutant strain has been reported for B. subtilis. We show here that such hyperexpression of citB occurs in L. monocytogenes as well as in B. subtilis and that in both species the hyperexpression is unexpectedly dependent on CcpC. We propose a revision of the existing CcpC–citB regulatory scheme and suggest a mechanism of regulation in which CcpC represses citB expression at low citrate levels and activates citB expression when citrate levels are high.
A graphical, database-querying interface for casual, naive computer users

This research is concerned with some aspects of the retrieval of information from database systems by casual, naive computer users. A "casual user" is defined as an individual who only wishes to execute queries perhaps once or twice a month, and a "naive user" is someone who has little or no expertise in operating a computer and, more specifically for the purposes of this study, is not practiced at querying a database. The research initially focuses on a specific group of casual, naive users, namely a group of clinicians, and analyzes their characteristics as they pertain to the retrieval of information from a computer database. The characteristics thus elicited are then used to create the requirements for a database interface that would, potentially, be acceptable to this group. An interface having the desired requirements is then proposed. This interface consists, from a user's perspective, of three basic components. A graphical model gives a picture of the database structure. Windows give the ability to view different areas of the database, physically group together items that come under one logical heading and provide the user with immediate access to the data item names used by the system. Finally, a natural language query language provides a means of entering a query in a syntax (that of ordinary English) which is familiar to the user. The graphical model is a logical abstraction of the database. Unlike other database interfaces, it is not constrained by the model (relational, hierarchical, network) underlying the database management system, with the one caveat that the graphical model should not imply any connections which cannot be supported by the management system. Versions of the interface are implemented on both eight-bit and sixteen-bit microcomputers, and testing is conducted in order to validate the acceptability of the interface and to discover the level of graphical model which the users find most acceptable. The results of this testing are reported and further areas for research suggested.
Submerging the imperial eye: Affective narration as environmentalist intervention in Richard Flanagan’s Death of a River Guide:

In Richard Flanagan’s novel, Death of a River Guide, the narrator, river guide Aljaz Cosini, occupies an unusual position; throughout the novel, he remains underwater, drowning in Tasmania’s Franklin River. Bringing postcolonial analyses of the novel form into conversation with ecofeminist critiques of rationalist constructions of the human, I contend that Flanagan uses the position of his narrator to deliver a critique of the imperial eye and the rationalist construction of the human that it manifests, revealing their complicity in reinforcing an illusion of human separation from non-human nature that has destructive environmental consequences. Affect scholarship provides a framework for studying the alternative model that Flanagan provides as he narrates Aljaz’s “visions” in ways that force a rethinking of the human in non-reductive, non-binary terms that preserve the relationality between mind and body, human and non-human nature. Attending to Flanagan’s narrative strategies in the context of Tasmanian...
Static relaxations of puckering distortions in intercalated layered solids

Abstract Layered solids have been qualitatively characterized according to their transverse layer rigidity with respect to point-like puckering distortions. In this scheme graphite is a ‘floppy’ layer system, layered aluminosilicates contain ‘rigid’ layers and layer dichalcogenides fall between these extremes. The primary signature of layer rigidity is the dependence of the basal spacing, d ( x ), on composition, x , in a ternary systems A 1− x B x L where L represents the host layers while A and B are distinct guest species with radii r A r B . Previous attempts to quantify the layer rigidity (i.e. account for d ( x )) using models which employed infinitely rigid layers have been singularly unsuccessful. In the present paper a one-parameter finite layer rigidity model, which yields an extremely good fit to the composition dependent basal spacing of a wide variety of layered solids which includes the floppy and rigid extremes, is described. In this model, a healing length is introduced to quantify the static spatial relaxation of a point-like puckering distortion. Both a discrete and continuous version of the model are presented and shown to yield equivalent results. It is found that, as expected, the more rigid the host layer, the larger the healing length, the values of which are deduced for several important layered solids.
Tissue migration capability of larval and adult Brugia pahangi.

Infection with mosquito-born filarial nematodes occurs when hosts are bitten by a vector carrying the infective third stage larvae (L3) of the parasites. These larvae, deposited on the skin by the feeding mosquito, are presumed to enter the skin via the vector-induced puncture wound. Larvae of Brugia spp. must then migrate from the entry site, penetrate various skin layers, and locate a lymphatic vessel that leads to their lymphatic predilection site. We have recently established an intradermal (ID) infection model using B. pahangi and the Mongolian gerbil, allowing us to investigate the migratory capability of B. pahangi. Larval and adult parasites recovered from the peritoneal cavities of gerbils were capable of establishing an infection following ID (larvae) or subcutaneous (adult) injection. Third and fourth stage larvae both migrated away from the injection site within hours, although data suggest they localize to different lymphatic tissues at 3 days postinfection (DPI). Immature adult (28 day) B. p...
Yield Losses in Winter Wheat Caused by Low-Density Cereal Aphid Populations

In most autumns on the Northern Plains of the USA, low population densities of several species of cereal aphids feed on seedling winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., for a month or more. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of that feeding on the growth and yield of ‘Rose’ winter wheat. Experiments were conducted by confining non-viruliferous (barley yellow dwarf virus) greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), at precisely maintained population densities of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15 aphids per plant, bird cherry oat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), at densities of 10 or 15 aphids per plant, or Russian wheat aphids, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), at 5, 10, 15, and 20 aphids per plant on seedling plants for 30 d in an environmental chamber at 10°C (to simulate mean October temperature in the field), 12 h day/night. The results showed that the threshold for significant yield loss under these environmental conditions was at the 10 aphids per plant level for the bird cherry oat aphid and the Russian wheat aphid, and 15 apbids per plant for greenbug. Yield losses caused by any of the aphid species were in the range of 35 to 40% at 15 aphids per plant. Although the visible injury to plants caused by the feeding of the greenbug and the Russian wheat aphid was striking, the bird cherry oat aphid was as damaging to yield as the other two species in this study.
Algorithm for Detecting and Correcting Errors in Archived Traffic Data

An algorithm is presented for correcting errors in archived loop data from freeway traffic-management systems that are the result of poorly calibrated sensors. These errors pose a significant difficulty when archived data are used in off-line analysis because the calibration errors are difficult to detect by using traditional methods. In the presented work, consistency of vehicle counts is used to judge the validity of the data: if vehicles counts are balanced, the data are valid; if vehicle counts are not balanced, the data are not valid. The method also can determine a correction factor. This correction factor is used to create a time series that can be combined with the original data to adjust the volume to create a consistent data set. To illustrate the methodology, an example case is presented that details the process of identifying a pair of reference stations that are properly calibrated. After the reference stations are identified, a poorly calibrated station is identified, and the data from this ...
A Comparative Multidose Pharmacokinetic Study of Buspirone Extended‐Release Tablets with a Reference Immediate‐Release Product

Buspirone is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,717,634 as a pharmaceutically active compound that has been found to be effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression. In this randomized, two-treatment, two-period, multidose crossover study, the pharmacokinetics of a once-daily extended-release (ER)formulation of buspirone was compared with that of an immediate-release (IR) formulation of commercially available buspirone. A total of 30 mg of the ER formulation was administered to 36 healthy volunteers once daily for 7 days, and 15 mg of the IR formulation was administered twice daily for 7 days. Pharmacokinetic profiles of buspirone and its metabolite, 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine (1-PP), were obtained at steady state. The bioavailability of buspirone from the ER formulation was more than three times higher than that from the IR formulation at steady state, and that of 1-PP was about 25% less. The mean steady-state Cmax of buspirone from the ER formulation was 46% higher than that from the IR formulation (p < 0.05), and that for 1-PP was lower by 29% (p < 0.05). The mean apparent half-life of buspirone from the ER formulation (9.04 hours) was considerably longer than that observed for the IR formulation (3.06 hours). The median 1-PP/buspirone AUC ratio was much higher for the IR formulation at steady state (24.4) than for the ER formulation (6.44). There were no significant differences in average pharmacokinetic metrics observed in men and women. Based on these observations of the potential benefits of once-daily dosing with the ER product in terms of prolonged buspirone plasma concentrations, a significant increase in the ratio of buspirone to 1-PP concentration with a lower intersubject variation could be achieved that should provide an improvement in the desired therapeutic effects of buspirone.
Alterations in long bones of young albino rats induced by dihydrotachysterol. (hytakerol).

SummaryGroups of young albino rats were treated either by repeated subcutaneous injections or by repeated forced feedings with dihydrotachysterol (Hytakerol) over periods ranging from 7 to 30 days, total dosage of the drug varying from .31 to 5.5 mg. The histological alterations in the long bones resulting from this treatment have been described. Significant changes were induced with relatively lower dosage when the drug was given by stomach tube but with either method were in direct proportion to the total dosage and duration of the experiment. The most striking changes consisted of the appearance of extensive channels, wide passageways and cystic cavities extending varying distances from the endosteal toward the periosteal surfaces of the cortex of the long bones. After prolonged oral administration most of the shaft was reduced to a trabecular meshwork. Some of these spaces were occupied by highly vascular hemopoietic tissue, with some infiltration of fibroblastic cellular tissue. Infrequently at the d...
Teaching software engineering through game design

Many projects currently used in Software Engineering curricula lack both the "fun factor" needed to engage students, as well as the practical realism of engineering projects that include other computer science disciplines such as Software Engineering, Networks, or Human Computer Interaction. This paper reports on our endeavor to enhance interest and retention in an existing Software Engineering curriculum through the use of computer game-based projects. Specifically, a set of game-centric, project-based modules have been developed that enable students to: (1) actively participate in the different phases of the software lifecycle taking a single project from requirement elicitation to testing and maintenance; (2) expose students to real issues in project and team management over the course of a 2-semester project; and at the same time (3) introduce students to the different aspects of computer game design. Preliminary results suggest the merits of our approach, showing improved class participation and performance.
Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Improvement Factors in Fiber Optic Filtered Hybrid Systems

We define photovoltaic and hybrid system improvement factors which can characterize the utility of optical filters for solar energy applications. Comparison of two types of optical fiber filtered concentrators is then facilitated by this metric.
Remodeling as Metaphor: Sex Offenders' Perceptions of the Treatment Process

The perceptions of 43 adult male sex offenders were examined to generate a grounded theory of the sexual abuse treatment process. Methodology included interviews, direct observations, and record analysis. Constant comparative analysis was used to collect and analyze data concurrently. The offenders use remodeling as a metaphor for their treatment process; they remodel themselves, their relationships, and their environment, but the foundations of offending are ever present. The remodeling process involves falling apart, taking on, tearing out, rebuilding, doing the upkeep, and moving on. Remodeling as a metaphor offers a concrete, visual, individualized, and safe way to address the treatment process of sex offenders.
Light scattering as a tool for magnetic field measurements in a plasma

Abstract The physical nature of light scattering by a plasma is explained by demonstrating the analogy with Rayleigh, Brillouin, and Raman scattering in crystals and neutral gases. More specifically it is shown that a magnetic field produces a cyclotron fine structure such that the continuous light scattering spectrum of a field free plasma is transformed into a set of lines with spacing determined by the cyclotron frequency; this frequency is proportional to the magnetic field. The conditions under which the cyclotron fine structure can be resolved are established, and it is shown that the magnetic field in fusion plasmas can be measured, in principle, by the light scattering method.
Using a Convenient, Quantitative Model for Torsional Entropy To Establish Qualitative Trends for Molecular Processes That Restrict Conformational Freedom

A non-quantum-mechanical, readily applied model is described that estimates torsional entropy (Stor, the entropy associated with torsional motions about a single bond) quantitatively. Using this model, torsional entropies are evaluated for a variety of molecular arrangements. Qualitative trends emerge from these estimates that are consistent with chemical intuition. The entropy associated with torsional motion is not constant: values of Stor range from 0 to 15 J mol-1 K-1 and are sensitive to details of the bond around which the torsion occurs Important characteristics include the bond length, the hybridization, the symmetry, the sizes of these atoms or groups of atoms, and the extent of conjugation to adjacent bonds. These values are relatively independent of one another in a number of important cases, and therefore the total change in conformational entropy for a given process may be estimated by adding changes in entropy due to restricting torsions around individual bonds. A model that permits quantit...
Factor intensity reversal in a multi-factor, two-good economy

Abstract This paper analyzes the possibility of factor intensity reversal (FIR) in a multifactor, two-good economy with fixed factor endowments. Sufficient conditions under which the factor-intensity ranking of the two sectors remains unchanged at all factor and commodity prices are derived. It is discovered that if both sectors have constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) technologies, FIR cannot occur, suggesting that there are many cases in which FIR can be ruled out, as CES functions cover a wide range of technologies. However, when these sufficient conditions are not satisfied, FIR is possible, as demonstrated with an example.
LESBIANS AND CANCER SUPPORT: CLINICAL ISSUES FOR CANCER PATIENTS

In this article, I discuss clinical issues addressed while conducting support groups for lesbians with cancer. For group participants, issues relating to sexual orientation affected comfort levels with treatment interventions, communication with health care providers, ability to obtain emotional support, and coping. For example, assistance in information processing, decision making, and emotional support during treatment are typically provided by spouses of individuals with cancer. However, many women reported experiencing additional anxiety because of their decision to reveal their sexual orientation to medical providers. Fear of stigmatization and the possibility of compromised care contributed to anxiety about disclosure of sexual orientation. Whenever possible, differences in women's experiences based on race are also highlighted. The findings can begin to inform our assessment, problem conceptualization, and treatment approaches for lesbians with cancer.
In the Flow, Being Heard, and Having Opportunities: Sources of Power and Power Dynamics in Global Teams

In our qualitative study of 9 globally distributed software development teams, we found that power and how it was distributed across locations had a significant effect on team dynamics. We describe the sources of power for these teams, which include being in the flow of information, feeling that one's voice is heard by decision makers, and having opportunities for career growth and advancement. We also examine power dynamics across locations by team and show that having more balanced power was typically associated with more power struggles rather than fewer. Four of the 9 teams had ongoing power contests. Each of these teams had some sources of power at one location and other sources of power at the other location. Both sites worried about losing power, felt they should have more, and struggled against losing ground. We conclude with a discussion of the need for CSCW to expand beyond collaboration to address issues of power. We propose ideas for systems to support globally distributed teams in creating more equal access to more sources of power and alleviating unhealthy power dynamics.
The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1) and iron metabolism in macrophages

Slc11a1 (solute carrier family 11 member 1) (formerly Nramp1) modulation of iron metabolism in macrophages plays an important role in early phase macrophage activation, and therefore host innate immunity. This review focuses on the role of Nramp1 in intramacrophage iron metabolism, with emphasis on the two prevailing mechanisms of Nramp1 modulation of iron metabolism in macrophages.
Apparent anti-frequency effects in language production: The Addition Bias and phonological underspecification☆

Abstract Speech errors are explored using an experimental task. It is shown that there are asymmetries between certain pairs of consonants: alveolar consonants are more often replaced by consonants of other places of articulation than vice versa; oral stops are more often replaced by consonants of other manners of articulation than vice versa; and voiceless consonants are more often replaced by voiced consonants than vice versa. In most instances, the higher error rate is on the phoneme of higher frequency. The same contrasts show a high proportion of exchange errors. Other contrasts show a greater error rate on the phoneme of lower frequency and a low proportion of exchange errors. It is argued that the data reflect two biases in language production: the Frequency Effect and the Addition Bias (which has been demonstrated with consonant clusters). The data argue for the psychological reality of the concept of underspecification from linguistic theory, which holds that some feature values of phonological segments are left blank in lexical representations and filled in later with default feature-filling rules.
Making Complementary Choices in Consumption Episodes: Highlighting versus Balancing:

Although most research on consumer decision making has focused on individual choices, the majority of products are purchased and consumed with other products (e.g., an appetizer, an entree, and a d...
Stomach cancer patterns in European immigrants to Connecticut, United States.

Age-adjusted annual incidence rates of stomach cancer (ICD-9 code #151) were examined for the period 1973–88 among Connecticut residents who were born in the United States or who emigrated from one of five European nations (Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom, Germany, Portugal). Risk of stomach cancer among each of the five immigrant groups was elevated significantly above that of US-born residents. The magnitude of difference ranged from a 1.62-fold excess among persons born in Italy to a 4.27-fold increase in risk among persons born in Portugal. Cancer risk to foreign-born residents was less than that observed in their native countries, with decreases of 25–64 percent found here. Several differences in patient and disease characteristics were observed according to country of birth. Compared with US-born residents, there was a lesser predominance of males among patients born in Italy, Poland, and the UK. Among all foreign-born groups, the gastric cardia was involved less frequently, and the pyloric region more frequently, than in US-born patients. Adenocarcinomas were significantly less common among Polish-born cases. The findings suggest different etiologies in foreign and US-born patients.
The C-terminus of the S. cerevisiae α-pheromone receptor mediates an adaptive response to pheromone

Summary STE2 encodes a component of the S. cerevisiae α-pheromone receptor that is essential for induction of physiological changes associated with mating. Analysis of C-terminal truncation mutants of STE2 demonstrated that the essential sequences for ligand binding and signal transduction are included within a region containing seven putative transmembrane domains. However, truncation of the C-terminal 105 amino acids of the receptor resulted in a 4- to 5-fold increase in cell-surface pheromone binding sites, a 10-fold increase in pheromone sensitivity, a defect in recovery of cell division after pheromone treatment, and a defect in pheromone-induced morphogenesis. Overproduction of STE2 resulted in about a 6-fold increase in α-pheromone binding capacity but did not produce the other phenotypes associated with the ste2-T326 mutant receptor. We conclude that the C-terminus of the receptor is responsible for one aspect of cellular adaptation to pheromone that is distinct from adaptation controlled by the SST2 gene, for decreasing the stability of the receptor, and for some aspect of cellular morphogenesis.
Socialism and development: Editors' introduction

Abstract There is now sufficient socialist development experience that efforts to learn from its variety can be very fruitful. To some degree all such experience must be interpreted in comparison with the dominant models of socialism, the Soviet Union and China. This paper has drawn upon those countries, and other socialist countries to suggest a set of central questions which will appear in any socialist development pattern. The papers which follow, and which have been introduced in the course of this paper, provide much greater detail and specificity on the questions. The first large grouping of papers examines specific country experience in order to provide an empirical base for dealing with ‘socialist’ countries. A second group of papers examines in depth the questions of strategy and of organization. Finally, the ‘political’ side of political economic analysis is highlighted in the three papers which deal with the transition to socialism, human rights, and women's emancipation.
A Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Molecular Cardiac Surgery With Recirculation Mediated Delivery of βARKct Gene Therapy: Developing a Quantitative Definition of the Therapeutic Window

Abstract Background Two major problems for translating gene therapy for heart failure therapy are: safe and efficient delivery and the inability to establish a relationship between vector exposure and in vivo effects. We present a pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis of molecular cardiac surgery with recirculating delivery (MCARD) of scAAV6-βARKct. MCARD's stable cardiac specific delivery profile was exploited to determine vector exposure, half-life, and systemic clearance. Methods and Results Five naive sheep underwent MCARD with 10 14 genome copies of scAAV6-βARKct. Blood samples were collected over the recirculation interval time of 20 minutes and evaluated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). C(t) curves were generated and expressed on a log scale. The exposure, half-life, and clearance curves were generated for analysis. qPCR and Western blots were used to determine biodistribution. Finally, all in vivo transduction data was plotted against MCARD's PK to determine if a relationship existed. Vector concentrations at each time point were (cardiac and systemic, respectively): 5 minutes: 9.16 ± 0.15 and 3.21 ± 0.38; 10 minutes: 8.81 ± 0.19 and 3.62 ± 0.37; 15 minutes: 8.75 ± 0.12 and 3.69 ± 0.31; and 20 minutes: 8.66 ± 0.22 and 3.95 ± 0.26; P Conclusion MCARD may offer a viable method to establish a relationship between vector exposure and in vivo transduction. Using this methodology, it may be possible to address a critical need for establishing an effective therapeutic window.
Socio-cognitive factors in the acquisition and transfer of knowledge

Within cooperative learning great emphasis is placed on the benefits of aetwo heads being greater than oneAE. However, further examination of this adage reveals that the value of learning groups can often be overstated and taken for granted for different types of problems. When groups are required to solve ill-defined and complex problems under real world constraints, different socio-cognitive factors (e.g., metacognition, collective induction, and perceptual experience) are expected to determine the extent to which cooperative learning is successful. Another facet of cooperative learning, the extent to which groups enhance the use of knowledge from one situation to another, is frequently ignored in determining the value of cooperative learning. This paper examines the role and functions of cooperative learning groups in contrast to individual learning conditions, for both an acquisition and transfer task. Results for acquisition show groups perform better overall than individuals by solving more elements of the Jasper problem as measured by their overall score in problem space analysis. For transfer, individuals do better overall than groups in the overall amount of problem elements transferred from Jasper. This paradox is explained by closer examination of the data analysis. Groups spend more time engaged with each other in metacognitive activities (during acquisition) whereas individuals spend more time using the computer to explore details of the perceptually based Jasper macrocontext. Hence, results show that individuals increase their perceptual learning during acquisition whereas groups enhance their metacognitive strategies. These investments show different pay-offs for the transfer problem. Individuals transfer more overall problem elements (as they explored the context more) but problem solvers who had the benefit of metacognition in a learning group did better at solving the most complex elements of the transfer problem. Results also show that collective induction groups (ones that freely share) – in comparison to groups composed of dominant members – enhance certain kinds of transfer problem solving (e.g., generating subgoals). The results are portrayed as the active interplay of socio-cognitive elements that impact the outcomes (and therein success) of cooperative learning.
Table algebras with multiple P-polynomial structures

Using covering numbers we prove that a standard real integral table algebra (A, B) with |B| ? 6 has a P-polynomial structure with respect to every b ? 1 in B if and only if 2|B|-1 is prime and (A, B) is exactly isomorphic to the Bose-Mesner algebra of the association scheme of the ordinary (2|B|-1)-gon. Then we present an example showing that this result is not true if |B| ? 5.
Identification and distribution of sequences having similarity to mitochondrial plasmids in mitochondrial genomes of filamentous fungi

Mitochondrial plasmids are autonomously replicating genetic elements commonly associated with fungal and plant species. Analysis of several plant and fungal mitochondrial genomes has revealed regions that show significant homology to mitochondrial plasmids, suggesting that plasmids have had a long-term association with their mitochondrial hosts. To assess the degree to which plasmids have invaded fungal mitochondrial genomes, BLAST search parameters were modified to identify plasmid sequences within highly AT-rich mtDNAs, and output data were parsed by E value, score, and sequence complexity. High scoring hits were evaluated for the presence of shared repetitive elements and location within plasmids and mtDNAs. Our searches revealed multiple sites of sequence similarity to four distinct plasmids in the wild-type mtDNA of Neurospora crassa, which collectively comprise more than 2% of the mitochondrial genome. Regions of plasmid similarity were not restricted to plasmids known to be associated with senescence, indicating that all mt plasmids can potentially integrate into mitochondrial DNA. Unexpectedly, plasmid-related sequences were found to be clustered in regions that have disproportionately low numbers of PstI palindromic sequences, suggesting that these repetitive elements may play a role in eliminating foreign DNA. A separate class of GC-rich palindromes was identified that appear to be mobile, as indicated by their occurrence within regions of plasmid homology. Sites of sequence similarity to mitochondrial plasmids were also detected in other filamentous fungi, but to a lesser degree. The tools developed here will be useful in assessing the contribution plasmids have made to mitochondrial function and in understanding the co-evolution of mitochondrial plasmids and their hosts.
Pelvic exenteration for advanced pelvic malignancies.

For many patients with bulky, locally advancedprimary or recurrent pelvic malignancy, aggressivesurgical extirpation is the best treatment option. Toremove large pelvic tumors that invade adjacent or-gans without compromising curability, an en-blocexcision of the tumor and adjacent organs is oftenrequired. Total pelvic exenteration—the removal ofall pelvic organs, including the rectum, bladder, andreproductive organs—has traditionally been associ-atedwithahigh rateofcomplicationsandfewlong-term survivors.