cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sociedade contemporânea e o espetáculo do terror

With the coming of interactive media, the concept of Society of the Spectacle reaches a new level, in which the image acquires a crucial role in the interactions between governments, societies and extremist groups. These interactions, however, are being established through the promotion of violence and terror as a way of political articulation. In this sense, this article presents a discussion about the concept of Society of the Spectacle and about some functions of the image in the contemporary world. Keywords: Society of the Spectacle, interactive media, terrorism.
A view from the President's elbow

D Allan Bromley became a hero within the scientific and technological community of the US for re-establishing good scientific advice in the Bush White House after years of indifference during previous administrations. In his memoir Bromley, a nuclear physicist, reveals his game plan and the many bureaucratic obstacles he had to overcome to make his mark.
In-Flight Hypoxemia in a Tracheostomy-Dependent Infant.

Millions of passengers board commercial flights every year. Healthcare providers are often called upon to treat other passengers during in-flight emergencies. The case presented involves an anesthesia resident treating a tracheostomy-dependent infant who developed hypoxemia on a domestic flight. The patient had an underlying congenital muscular disorder and was mechanically ventilated while at altitude. Although pressurized, cabin barometric pressure while at altitude is less than at sea level. Due to this environment patients with underlying pulmonary or cardiac pathology might not be able to tolerate commercial flight. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has mandated a specific set of medical supplies be present on all domestic flights in addition to legislature protecting “Good Samaritan” providers.
Modeling and analysis of stacked depletion-mode NMOS transistors for RF switch applications

This paper investigates the use of stacked depletion-mode n-channel MOSFET (D-MOS) for RF switch applications. Compared to the commonly used enhancement-mode MOSFET (E-MOS), the D-MOS transistor offers a significant reduction in on-state resistance (RON) and off-state capacitance (COFF) simultaneously and an excellent figure of merit (RonX Coff) of 134fs (roughly 3X improvement) can be achieved. With the benefit of lower E-field around gate oxide, the D-MOS has higher power handling ability than E-MOS. We analyze a 20dBm SPDT RF switch with a new TCAD modeling methodology, which offer slow insertion loss, high isolation, and high power handling ability.
Education, Training, and Support for Rural Caregivers

Enabling individuals to live in the community despite health-care needs is an important and growing public policy concern. Providing services (preventive, support, remedial) for family caregivers is critical to the maintenance of care recipients’ health and well-being. Caregivers need a variety of knowledge and skills in order to be effective and, given the relative lack of services in rural areas, rural caregivers may have an even greater need for skills. Unfortunately, most of the interventions with caregivers have been tested on primarily urban samples. This chapter is an overview of the various education, training, and support needs that should be addressed in rural caregiver interventions and support programs as well as a consideration of the practice, research, training, and advocacy needs of rural caregivers.
Cholera and Escherichia coli Diarrhea

Few diseases have been characterized more clearly than cholera and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) diarrhea. During the 1960s, a number of landmark studies helped to elucidate the mechanisms of disease production in naturally acquired and laboratory induced cholera, and cholera toxin was purified and characterized. In the 1970s, research interest turned to the study of diarrhea produced by ETEC. Success with E. coli has stimulated renewed interest in cholera research. Many workers in these areas remain optimistic that both cholera and ETEC diarrhea may one day be controlled by immunoprophylactic measures.
Chemical process systems analysis using thermodynamic balance equations with entropy generation. Revaluation and extension

Abstract Modeling inconsistencies exhibited in previous work (O'Connell, 2017) associated with post-combustion methanolamine (MEA) and ammonia (NH 3 ) absorption processes have been revealed. The origin of the problem was that entropies for ionic reactions were not evaluated from input model equilibrium constants regressed from data. Revised calculations have been made using only properties of formation. Positive and consistent entropy generation rates ( S ˙ g e n ) are now found for all units and sections, and process convergence was achieved for multiple sections rather than for only single sections as before. Only minor changes in material, energy and overall S ˙ g e n appeared in the new simulations. Results for S ˙ g e n values show that the greatest irreversibilities for the MEA process are in the stripping section, though significant effects appear in the chiller, heat exchanger, and stripper flash. For the NH 3 process, roughly equal and large contributions to S ˙ g e n are in the absorption, heat exchange, and stripping sections. Process improvements should focus on these sections. Applying the methodology to proposed changes would quantitatively reveal the amounts of increased efficiency.
Engineered Nanoparticles Interact with Nutrients to Intensify Eutrophication in a Wetland Ecosystem Experiment

Despite the rapid rise in diversity and quantities of engineered nanomaterials produced, the impacts of these emerging contaminants on the structure and function of ecosystems have received little attention from ecologists. Moreover, little is known about how manufactured nanomaterials may interact with nutrient pollution in altering ecosystem productivity, despite the recognition that eutrophication is the primary water quality issue in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we asked two main questions: (1) To what extent do manufactured nanoparticles affect the biomass and productivity of primary producers in wetland ecosystems? (2) How are these impacts mediated by nutrient pollution? To address these questions, we examined the impacts of a citrate-coated gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) and of a commercial pesticide containing Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles (CuNPs) on aquatic primary producers under both ambient and enriched nutrient conditions. Wetland mesocosms were exposed repeatedly with low concentrations of nanoparticles and nutrients over the course of a 9-month experiment in an effort to replicate realistic field exposure scenarios. In the absence of nutrient enrichment, there were no persistent effects of AuNPs or CuNPs on primary producers or ecosystem productivity. However, when combined with nutrient enrichment, both NPs intensified eutrophication. When either of these NPs were added in combination with nutrients, algal blooms persisted for >50 d longer than in the nutrient-only treatment. In the AuNP treatment, this shift from clear waters to turbid waters led to large declines in both macrophyte growth and rates of ecosystem gross primary productivity (average reduction of 52% ± 6% and 92% ± 5%, respectively) during the summer. Our results suggest that nutrient status greatly influences the ecosystem-scale impact of two emerging contaminants and that synthetic chemicals may be playing an under-appreciated role in the global trends of increasing eutrophication. We provide evidence here that chronic exposure to Au and Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles at low concentrations can intensify eutrophication of wetlands and promote the occurrence of algal blooms.
Supporting Engineering Design Ideas with Science and Mathematics: A Case Study of Middle School Life Science Students

Although engineering design is dependent upon the use of science and mathematics, the actual prototype, model, or solution that pre-college students generate can be accomplished without the students explicitly using scientific or mathematical concepts. It is therefore important to explore how students apply science and mathematics concepts when engaged in a curriculum that was purposefully developed to foster student understanding of standards-based content. The purpose of this research is to apply the case study method to explore the following research question: How do middle school students use scientific and mathematical concepts that were explored during the problem scoping lessons of an engineering design-based STEM integration unit to generate ideas and make design decisions? Researchers collected data from one 7th-grade team during an integrated STEM unit and applied qualitative content analysis methods to examine the data. The findings show that students meaningfully used science and mathematics concepts taught within the unit to defend their engineering design ideas/decisions. It also revealed incomplete understanding of certain concepts. Engineering design can provide opportunities for teachers to assess how well students have learned scientific and mathematical concepts, provided that the curricula are carefully designed to prompt students‘ use of content to make design decisions.
One-Variable Equations and Inequalities: The Unity of Computational Experiment and Formal Demonstration

This chapter concerns Type II applications of computing technology to one-variable equations and inequalities. It shows how in the context of TEMP there is a need not only to justify the results of such applications by using theory but also to use theory in order to fill in missing parts left from experimentation. Consequently, the chapter argues for the importance of mathematical knowledge the teachers of mathematics need in order to provide students with Style II assistance in the context of TEMP. The chapter demonstrates how TEMP may include a transition from problem solving to problem posing so that the ACA framework can support Type II technology applications to mathematics teaching. Finally, the chapter shows how the use of technology in the context of experimentation with mathematical concepts can develop entries into the history of mathematics through which connections between the classic concepts and their representations through the modern tools can be established.
Bilirubin oxidation products, oxidative stress, and intracerebral hemorrhage

Hematoma and perihematomal regions after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are biochemically active environments known to undergo potent oxidizing reactions. We report facile production of bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes) via hemoglobin=Fenton reaction under conditions approximating putative in vivo conditions seen following ICH.
α-Endosulfine in Diabetic Nephropathy

The sulfonylureas (SULF) have long been utilized as oral agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (1). The primary effect of SULF is the stimulation of insulin secretion following binding to specific SULF receptors (SUR) on pancreatic β-cells. However, SUR have extensive representation in a multitude of extrapancreatic tissues. Therefore, it is not unanticipated that SULF may induce metabolic changes aside from that of insulin secretion. These drugs have been shown to increase glucose uptake and glucose transporter (GLUT) expression in myocytes, adipocytes, and skeletal muscle cells (2, 3, 4, 5). Moreover, we have documented significant SULF-induced metabolic effects in cultured rat mesangial cells (MCs), including alterations in mesangial matrix metabolism and MC contractility, independent of their effect on the ambient level of glycemia. The latter effect mimicked that provided by other known MC effectors of contractility, for example, atrial natriuretic peptide and angiotensin II.
Shear Shock Wave Focusing in Human Skull Phantom: Observations with High-Frame Rate Ultrasound Imaging and Matched Simulations

We have recently observed that smooth low acceleration shear waves develop into destructive high acceleration shear shocks as they propagate in fresh ex vivo porcine brain. We hypothesize that local amplification of acceleration at the shock front can damage neurons and be responsible for a wide range of traumatic brain injuries. Currently there are no simulation tools for modeling the propagation of shear shock waves in human head. Here, 1) a new system of equations is presented to model the propagation of linearly-polarized shear shock waves in isotropic solids, 2) a generalized Maxwell body is used to model the attenuation/dispersion in soft solids, described by a power law with non-integral exponents, and 3) the resulting system is numerically simulated using a custom high-order finite volume method: piecewise parabolic method. A simulation of shear waves in human skull with brain parameters is shown, along results from on-going experiments of shear wave propagation in gelatin using the same geometry.
Dietary choline is related to neural efficiency during a selective attention task among middle-aged adults with overweight and obesity.

Objectives: Obesity is associated with poorer brain health and cognitive function. However, it is not clear whether specific dietary factors may provide neuroprotective effects among individuals wi...
A real-time, click chemistry imaging approach reveals stimulus-specific subcellular locations of phospholipase D activity

The fidelity of signal transduction requires spatiotemporal control of the production of signaling agents. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a pleiotropic lipid second messenger whose modes of action differ based on upstream stimulus, biosynthetic source, and site of production. How cells regulate the local production of PA to effect diverse signaling outcomes remains elusive. Unlike other second messengers, sites of PA biosynthesis cannot be accurately visualized with subcellular precision. Here, we describe a rapid, chemoenzymatic approach for imaging physiological PA production by phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes. Our method capitalizes on the remarkable discovery that bulky, hydrophilic trans-cyclooctene-containing primary alcohols can supplant water as the nucleophile in the PLD active site in a transphosphatidylation reaction of PLD's lipid substrate, phosphatidylcholine. The resultant trans-cyclooctene-containing lipids are tagged with a fluorogenic tetrazine reagent via a no-rinse, inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, enabling their immediate visualization by confocal microscopy in real time. Strikingly, the fluorescent reporter lipids initially produced at the plasma membrane (PM) induced by phorbol ester stimulation of PLD were rapidly internalized via apparent nonvesicular pathways rather than endocytosis, suggesting applications of this activity-based imaging toolset for probing mechanisms of intracellular phospholipid transport. By instead focusing on the initial 10 s of the IEDDA reaction, we precisely pinpointed the subcellular locations of endogenous PLD activity as elicited by physiological agonists of G protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. These tools hold promise to shed light on both lipid trafficking pathways and physiological and pathological effects of localized PLD signaling.
Exploiting Visual and Report-Based Information for Chest X-RAY Analysis by Jointly Learning Visual Classifiers and Topic Models

Manual examination of chest x-rays is a time consuming process that involves significant effort by expert radiologists. Recent work attempts to alleviate this problem by developing learning-based automated chest x-ray analysis systems that map images to multi-label diagnoses using deep neural networks. These methods are often treated as black boxes, or they output attention maps but don’t explain why the attended areas are important. Given data consisting of a frontal-view x-ray, a set of natural language findings, and one or more diagnostic impressions, we propose a deep neural network model that during training simultaneously 1) constructs a topic model which clusters key terms from the findings into meaningful groups, 2) predicts the presence of each topic for a given input image based on learned visual features, and 3) uses an image’s predicted topic encoding as features to predict one or more diagnoses. Since the net learns the topic model jointly with the classifier, it gives us a powerful tool for understanding which semantic concepts the net might be exploiting when making diagnoses, and since we constrain the net to predict topics based on expert-annotated reports, the net automatically encodes some higher-level expert knowledge about how to make diagnoses.
Altered Neural Connectivity in Females, But Not Males with Autism: Preliminary Evidence for the Female Protective Effect from a Quality-Controlled Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.

Previous studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate white matter (WM) structural connectivity have suggested widespread, although inconsistent WM alterations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), such as greater reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA). However, findings may lack generalizability because: (a) most have focused solely on the ASD male brain phenotype, and not sex-differences in WM integrity; (b) many lack stringent and transparent data quality control such as controlling for head motion in analysis. This study addressed both issues by using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) to separately compare WM differences in 81 ASD (56 male, 25 female; 4-21 years old) and 39 typically developing (TD; 23 males, 16 females; 5-18 years old) children and young people, carefully group-matched on sex, age, cognitive abilities, and head motion. ASD males and females were also matched on autism symptom severity. Two independent-raters completed a multistep scan quality assurance to remove images that were significantly distorted by motion artifacts before analysis. ASD females exhibited significant widespread reductions in FA compared to TD females, suggesting altered WM integrity. In contrast, no significant localized or widespread WM differences were found between ASD and TD males. This study highlights the importance of data quality control in DTI, and outlines important sex-differences in WM alterations in ASD females. Future studies can explore the extent to which neural structural differences might underlie sex-differences in ASD behavioral phenotype, and guide clinical interventions to be tailored toward the unique needs of ASD females and males. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1472-1483. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Previous Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) studies have found atypical brain structural connectivity in males with autism, although findings are inconclusive in females with autism. To investigate potential sex-differences, we studied males and females with and without autism who showed a similar level of head movement during their brain scan. We found that females with autism had widespread atypical neural connectivity than females without autism, although not in males, highlighting sex-differences.
Rhyme Production Strategies Distinguish Stuttering Recovery and Persistence.

Purpose The primary aim of the current study was to examine the developing phonological awareness of 4- to 5-year-old children who stutter (CWS) in relation to eventual recovery (CWS-eRec) or persi...
R & R Dialog: Taking the AE’s Perspective: Insights into Seemingly Irrational Decisions:

This manuscript gives insight into the mind of the action or associate editor when making decisions regarding the revise and resubmit process. Based on personal experiences, I offer advice regardin...
Mitigating the Risk of Infectious Diseases Among Rural Drug Users in Western North Carolina: Results of the Southern Appalachia Test, Link, Care (SA-TLC) Health Care Provider Survey

Purpose To characterize how health care providers in western North Carolina (NC) manage patients with substance use disorders and to inform strategies for preventing injection drug use (IDU)-associated outbreaks of bloodborne infectious diseases. Methods We collected data on practice characteristics, provider sociodemographics, and attitudes and beliefs about hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opioid use, and IDU via online survey. Providers in 8 counties of western NC were invited to participate by email. Results were analyzed using descriptive and bivariate statistics. Findings Of 84 respondents participating between 30 July and 3 December 2018, 81% were practicing clinicians and 46% served a county identified as being vulnerable to IDU-associated outbreaks of HCV or HIV. A substantial proportion was unsure about injecting behaviors among patients. Scores reflected comfort working with opioid users, though this varied by medical specialty. One-quarter of respondents "never" discussed harm reduction or HCV treatment with patients known to inject drugs; 22% "never" discussed HIV screening with injectors; and 1 in 3 referred at-risk patients out for HCV or HIV testing rather than ordering a test themselves. Scores indicated low levels of stigma toward persons living with HCV or HIV. Respondents identified HIV treatment, HCV treatment, and liver disease management as training needs. Conclusions Our findings provide insights to inform health infrastructure improvement, with the goal of preventing HCV or HIV outbreaks in southern Appalachia. Rural health care workers are willing to receive additional training if it can improve care for patients affected by substance use disorders.
Is there a relation between visual motor integration and academic achievement in school-aged children with and without ADHD?

Visual-motor integration, motor coordination, and visual perception are associated with academic achievement in early school-aged children; however, our understanding of these associations in older school-aged children and children with neurodevelopmental disorders is limited. A well-characterized, clinically evaluated sample of 39 children with and without ADHD ages 8-13 (M = 10.07, SD = 1.56; 14 girls; 67.5% White/non-Hispanic) were administered standardized academic and visual-motor integration tests. Results: Backward entry regression analyses that initially included age, sex, socioeconomic status, ADHD symptoms, comorbidities, and IQ revealed that better visual perception uniquely predicted better-developed reading (β = .38) and math skills (β = .21; both p < .03), whereas better motor coordination was associated with better reading (β = .25), writing (β = .50), and math skills (β = .21 all p < .05). The integration of visual perception and motor coordination processes was uniquely associated only with math skills (β = .28; p = .007). Children with ADHD exhibited significantly lower visual-motor integration (d = 1.16) and potentially motor coordination (d = 0.51), but did not differ from Non-ADHD children in terms of visual perception (d = 0.03). These findings extend prior evidence from younger, neurotypical samples, and indicate that underdeveloped visual-motor integration and/or its subcomponents (visual perception and motor coordination) reflect unique risk factors for academic underachievement in school-aged children's math, reading, and written language skills.
An Ecologist's Guide to Nature Activity for Healing

As a follow-up to the Reciprocal Healing conference in Sedona, Arizona (November 2019), the goal of this submission is to offer suggested activities for practicing natural history and building towa...
INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO, EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL, ARTE E CULTURA: UMA REFLEXÃO

A internacionalizacao do ensino superior tem mostrado mudancas nas ultimas decadas, em conjunto com as transformacoes socioculturais e economicas que as nacoes experimentaram. Isso obrigou as Instituicoes de Ensino Superior a rever suas acoes na perspectiva desses ventos de mudanca. Por outro lado, as expressoes culturais e artisticas sempre foram diversificadas e enriquecidas pela circulacao de seus expoentes, entre diferentes espacos territoriais, delimitados ou nao por uma linha de fronteira geografica. No Ensino Superior, as artes e a cultura residem em varios espacos do trabalho dessas instituicoes, dentro das quais sao contadas: a formacao de profissionais; ensinar atraves das artes; as expressoes artisticas e culturais da comunidade educativa e; a custodia e cuidado do patrimonio cultural. Em cada uma dessas areas elas desempenham um papel importante, no entanto, nao foi suficientemente analisado qual seria o seu lugar em relacao a internacionalizacao da Educacao Superior. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar as esferas do ensino superior, onde artes e cultura podem se tornar parte do processo de internacionalizacao do ensino superior. Este estudo foi realizado com base em uma revisao documental, focada na busca de elementos que pudessem contribuir para uma analise critica e reflexiva sob diferentes ângulos.
Twelve Drummers Drumming… With Dystonia.

Background Reports of drummers' dystonia are rare, particularly compared to the literature on dystonia in string, piano and brass players. Several cases of drummers' dystonia have been included in large series of multiple instrumentalists, but there are few reports comprised exclusively of drummers with musicians' dystonia. We present here a series of 12 drummers with task-specific, focal dystonia affecting their upper limbs while drumming and spanning multiple playing techniques and musical styles. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of drummers with dystonia seen at academic Movement Disorders centers. Results All 12 patients were male, and the majority eventually developed spread of dystonia to tasks other than drumming. Ten of the 12 had dystonia affecting their fingers, while 8/12 had dystonia affecting the wrist. Only 1/12 had involvement proximal to the wrist. Pharmacologic interventions were largely ineffective; 3 had some benefit from botulinum toxin injections, but this was limited by problematic weakness in one drummer. Discussion The phenomenology in our series is concordant with prior reported cases, demonstrating frequent wrist involvement, though we also found that a greater proportion of patients had dystonia affecting the fingers. It could be hypothesized that different drumming techniques or musical styles modulate the relative risk of dystonic involvement of the different anatomical regions of the upper limb. Highlights Drummers' dystonia is one of the least common forms of musicians' dystonia, though this may reflect fewer numbers of these instrumentalists. We present the largest series of drummers' dystonia and review previously published cases. Our cohort, representing diverse drumming styles, showed frequent involvement of dystonia in the wrists and fingers.
On Latency For Non-Scheduled Traffic in TSN

Although networks based on 802 standards were initially designed to transport best-effort traffic, they now can accommodate all sorts of traffic, including time-sensitive ones. The latter is possible through a group of standards developed and maintained by the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task Group. This set of protocols ensures bounds and latency guarantees for streams of periodically arriving data. However, no bounds or guarantees are specified for stochastically arriving data. In this work, we propose an approximation for the end-to-end average latency that randomly arriving frames experience in a flow over a TSN path. These are non-scheduled frames arriving at a scheduled network. We based our approximation on a classic model from urban traffic literature called Fixed-Cycle Traffic Light (FCTL). Our approach is effective and extremely fast to compute compared to exact models or simulations.
F + center in ZnO

The energy levels of the ground state and the first excited state of a single electron, trapped at an oxygen-ion vacancy in a ZnO crystal, have been calculated in this paper by using a semicontinuum model. The electrostatic polarization potential of the vacancy is calculated by direct summations over the electronic and atomic dipoles of the neighboring ions. The data of Tessman, Kahn, and Shockley on electronic polarizabilities of the zinc ion and the oxygen ion in ZnO are used. Absorption and emission occurs according to the Franck-Condon principle. The energy difference between the computed ground state and the excited state agrees well with the experimental absorption wavelength. The evaluated value of the wavelength for the emission in the transition of the electron from the relaxed excited state to the relaxed ground state is also in agreement with observation.
Modeling Transient Leakage Signals from Abandoned Wells with T2Well: Effects of Plug Gap Aperture

Both known and unknown (unmapped) plugged and abandoned wells are potential leakage pathways for CO2 from geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites. Although many abandoned wells have cement bridge plugs installed to prevent leakage, the seal between the cement and the inner casing wall is subject to failure creating a leakage flow path for formation fluids and CO2. In this study, we carried out detailed T2Well simulations of non-Darcy flow of CO2 and brine leakage up the gap between cement and inner casing wall and into the open fluid-filled column of a prototypical abandoned well. The goal of our study was to understand the expected leakage behavior dynamics, leakage rates, and the temporal signals associated with leakage that can be targets of near-surface monitoring. Simulation results show that the leakage of CO2 and brine upward in this system is transient with interesting phase interference behavior as buoyant CO2 flowing upward displaces brine as it flows through the cement-casing gap, into the column of brine, and upward to the top of the well. Oscillatory flows with varying pressure, temperature, and flow rates of CO2 and brine show strong dependence on gap aperture. The temporal patterns of leakage may be detectable with surface and near-surface monitoring approaches. In addition to helping with detecting and locating leaking wells, these transient leakage signals may provide information on the cause of leakage that could inform effective remediation design and execution approaches.
Computing the Three-Point Correlation Function of Galaxies in $\mathcal{O}(N^2)$ Time

We present an algorithm that computes the multipole coefficients of the galaxy three-point correlation function (3PCF) without explicitly considering triplets of galaxies. Rather, centering on each galaxy in the survey, it expands the radially-binned density field in spherical harmonics and combines these to form the multipoles without ever requiring the relative angle between a pair about the central. This approach scales with number and number density in the same way as the two-point correlation function, allowing runtimes that are comparable, and 500 times faster than a naive triplet count. It is exact in angle and easily handles edge correction. We demonstrate the algorithm on the LasDamas SDSS-DR7 mock catalogs, computing an edge corrected 3PCF out to $90\;{\rm Mpc}/h$ in under an hour on modest computing resources. We expect this algorithm will render it possible to obtain the large-scale 3PCF for upcoming surveys such as Euclid, LSST, and DESI.
Survival of Children With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the survival of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and potential influence of demographic and clinical characteristics on survival using population-based data. METHODS: Infants with nonsyndromic HLHS (n = 212) born between 1979 and 2005 were identified through the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. Vital status was ascertained through 2009 based on linkage with vital records. We estimated Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities stratified by select demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The overall survival probability to 2009 was 24% and significantly improved over time: from 0% in 1979–1984 to 42% in 1999–2005. Survival probability was 66% during the first week, 27% during the first year of life, and 24% during the first 10 years. Survival of very low and low birth weight or preterm infants and those born in high-poverty neighborhoods was significantly poorer. For children with information on surgical intervention (n = 88), the overall survival was 52%, and preterm infants had significantly poorer survival (31%) compared with term infants (56%). For children who survived to 1 year of age, long-term survival was ∼90%. CONCLUSIONS: Survival to adolescence of children with nonsyndromic HLHS born in metropolitan Atlanta has significantly improved in recent years, with those born full term, with normal birth weight, or in a low-poverty neighborhood having a higher survival probability. Survival beyond infancy to adolescence is high. A better understanding of the growing population of survivors with HLHS is needed to inform resource planning.
Studies on the elastase-serum protein interaction: I. Molecular identity of the inhibitors in human serum and direct demonstration of inhibitor-elastase complexes by zone and immunoelectrophoresis

Abstract By impregnation of agar gel human whole serum electrophoretograms with elastase, followed by overlaying with specific substrate (elastin particles in agar), it has been shown that elastase inhibitors are present in both the α 1 - and α 2 -globulin fractions. Immunoelectrophoresis, at pH 8.6, of elastase-whole serum mixtures produced a single arc of precipitate only in the β 1 -globulin region when diffused against antibody specific for elastase. Electrophoretically isolated α-globulin fractions ( α 1 and α 2 ) when reacted with elastase identified this protein inhibitor as a constituent of the α 1 -globulin fraction. It was subsequently identified as the 3.5S α 1 -glycoprotein ( α 1 - antitrypsin) of Schuitze when elastase-serum mixtures produced identical arcs of precipitate in the β 1 -globulin region (immunoelectrophoresis) with anti- α 1 -glycoprotein or antielastase antibodies. The α 2 -globulin elastase inhibitor has been identified as the α 2 -macroglobulin. Electrophoretic mobilities of the inhibitors determined from the elastase-agar gel impregnation experiments (above) were found to be in excellent accord with values for these proteins published by other investigators. The α 1 -glycoprotein-elastase complex possessed an electrophoretic mobility roughly intermediate to that of the parent proteins, whereas the mobility of the α 1 -macroglobulinelastase complex was higher than that of either protein component. When elastase-serum mixtures (elastase > equivalence point) were subjected to zone electrophoresis in agar gel, overlaid with elastin in agar and incubated for up to 48 hours at 37 °, elastase activity could be detected at the positions of the complexes ( α 2 - and β 1 -globulin positions). The equivalence point of the reaction calculated from these experiments was 0.99 mg of elastase complexed per milliliter of normal human serum and the degree of dissociation of the complexes ( α 1 + α 2 ) at the end of 48 hours at 37 ° was 25.5%. The equivalence point determined from an inhibition curve (elastase + hemoglobin + increasing amounts of serum) was found to be 0.9 mg elastase per milliliter of normal serum. A dissociation constant for the elastase-inhibitor complexes calculated from this plot yielded K = 2.6 × 10 −9 .
Use of atypical antipsychotics in refractory depression and anxiety.

Bipolar II disorder is frequently misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder. In particular, correct diagnosis of bipolar II disorder may be delayed by years due to the predominance of depressive symptoms and the relative subtlety of hypomania, which may manifest only briefly and without elevated mood. The prevalence of bipolar II disorder varies from 0.5% to about 5% depending on the criteria used. Diagnosis can be improved by using mood disorder questionnaires, systematic probing, and prospective mood diary charting. There is a dearth of research into treatment of bipolar disorder. The limited available evidence suggests that lithium and lamotrigine may have efficacy in preventing relapse of mood episodes. Acute bipolar II depression could be treated with a combination of a mood stabilizer plus an antidepressant or pramipexole and in rare cases with antidepressant monotherapy. Hypomania will likely respond to monotherapy with antimanic agents. Adjunctive psychosocial treatments may provide additional benefit in patients with bipolar II disorder.
NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY

For over 40 years, natural products have served us well in combating cancer. The main sources of these successful compounds are microbes and plants from the terrestrial and marine environments. The microbes serve as a major source of natural products with anti‐tumour activity. A number of these products were first discovered as antibiotics. Another major contribution comes from plant alkaloids, taxoids and podophyllotoxins. A vast array of biological metabolites can be obtained from the marine world, which can be used for effective cancer treatment. The search for novel drugs is still a priority goal for cancer therapy, due to the rapid development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, the high toxicity usually associated with some cancer chemotherapy drugs and their undesirable side‐effects increase the demand for novel anti‐tumour drugs active against untreatable tumours, with fewer side‐effects and/or with greater therapeutic efficiency. This review points out those technologies needed to produce the anti‐tumour compounds of the future.
Magnetic circular dichroism and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of hydrogenases I and II from Clostridium pasteurianum.

Abstract The two iron-only hydrogenases (I and II) from Clostridium pasteurianum have been investigated by variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Samples were studied both reduced with dithionite under an atmosphere of H2 and after oxidation with thionine. The results are consistent with four and two [4Fe-4S]1+,2+ (F)-clusters in hydrogenases I and II, respectively. All four F-clusters are reduced and paramagnetic in reduced hydrogenase I, with up to one exhibiting an S = 3/2 ground state and the remainder having conventional S = 1/2 ground states. Both F-clusters have S = 1/2 ground states in reduced hydrogenase II; however, one appears to be only partially reduced under the conditions used for reduction. MCD studies of the oxidized enzymes show no temperature-dependent features in the visible region which can be attributed to the EPR-active S = 1/2 hydrogen-activating cluster, suggesting predominantly oxygen and nitrogen coordination for the iron atoms of this center. However, temperature-dependent MCD transitions arising from a hitherto undetected S greater than 1/2 Fe-S clusters are apparent in both oxidized hydrogenases. Detailed EPR studies of oxidized hydrogenase I revealed resonances from an S = 3/2 species, however, spin quantitation reveals this to be a trace component that is unlikely to be responsible for the observed low temperature MCD spectrum. The nature and origin of these S greater than 1/2 Fe-S clusters are discussed in light of the available spectroscopic data for these and other iron-only hydrogenases.
Quantitative and qualitative methods:: Is There an Alternative?

Abstract The social sciences are particularly self-concious about their methodologies, and the distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods is more distinctly drawn than it should be. To some extent, proponents of both approaches have exaggerated the differences. Arguments opposed to quantitative methods are refutable, and methodological pluralism is needed and should be encouraged. Clinical and formulaic approaches to inquiry may be distinguished, but the two approaches may be used within the same line of inquiry but at different stages in the process leading from data collection, through analysis and interpretation, to utilization of information. In fact, both approaches may be used at the same points with the additional benefit of permitting triangulation on a closer approximation to the truth.
Monitoring and evaluation of information systems via transaction log analysis

Transaction log analysis represents a powerful methodology which allows examination of both user commands and system responses when conducting an online information search. Machine-readable transaction log tapes from online catalogs are obtained and subsequently analyzed using stochastic pattern developments within parsed user sessions, mathematical models utilizing Markov chain analysis and the development of state transition probability matrices, which illustrate the probability of proceeding from one user or system state to another state. The objective of monitoring information systems and using transaction log analysis is to discover the extent to which systems are used and to determine the actual user patterns when conducting an information search. This in turn can aid in the evaluation of such systems and assist in the improvement of existing and future systems. Such analysis can assist in system design, while the predictive power of the methodology may allow real-time aids to be developed.As examples of the use of the methodology, patron use and system response patterns from several online public catalogs have been obtained by transaction log tapes. This paper presents an overview of the methodology, results obtained, and efforts that are being conducted within OCLC's Office of Research.
Nitric oxide-dependent and -independent components of cerebrovasodilation elicited by hypercapnia

We studied the effect of nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, on the increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) elicited by stepwise elevations in arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) from normocapnia up to 204 mmHg. Rats were anesthetized with halothane and ventilated. CBF was monitored over the parietal cortex using a laser-Doppler flowmeter. Increasing levels of hypercapnia elicited graded elevations in CBF that reached a plateau at PaCO2 = 82 +/- 1 mmHg (CBF +215 +/- 25%; n = 8; P or = 100 mmHg, L-NAME (40-80 mg/kg) did not attenuate the response (P > 0.05). Reduction of resting CBF (-50 +/- 4%; n = 6) by administration of chloralose (20-40 mg/kg i.v.) did not attenuate the CBF response to hypercapnia (P > 0.05). We also found that the attenuation by L-NAME of resting CBF (n = 5) and of the cerebrovasodilation elicited by hypercapnia (n = 6) has a relatively slow time course, the effects reaching a maximum 45-60 min after intravenous administration of the drug. We conclude that L-NAME does not attenuate the CBF response to CO2 uniformly at all levels of hypercapnia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
176Lu–176Hf geochronology of garnet II: numerical simulations of the development of garnet–whole-rock 176Lu–176Hf isochrons and a new method for constraining the thermal history of metamorphic rocks

We present numerical modeling results for the development of 176Lu–176Hf and 147Sm–143Nd garnet–whole-rock (WR) isochrons and show that the 176Lu–176Hf system can sometimes produce spurious garnet ages due to the faster diffusion of Lu3+ relative to Hf4+ in garnet, and resulting preferential retention of 176Hf relative to 176Lu. It is found that when 176Lu–176Hf garnet–WR ages are compromised by diffusion, the corresponding ages generally tend to pre- and post-date garnet growth in metapelites and metabasites, respectively. 147Sm–143Nd garnet ages are not compromised by preferential retention of the daughter product, due to the nearly identical diffusion kinetic properties of the parent and daughter nuclides. Garnet Hf isotopes are rarely re-equilibrated with those of the surrounding matrix phase(s) via diffusion at peak temperature; as a consequence, unlike ages determined from the 147Sm–143Nd system, garnet 176Lu–176Hf ages seldom represent cooling ages. When 176Lu–176Hf garnet ages are spurious due to preferential retention of the daughter product, it is still possible to use these ages to constrain the prograde thermal history of the host rocks, provided the peak P–T conditions and cooling rate are independently constrained. This technique has been exemplified by modeling the grain-size-dependent 176Lu–176Hf and 147Sm–143Nd garnet ages of metapelites from the Pikwitonei granulite domain, Canada. Although this study focuses on the 176Lu–176Hf decay system in garnet, preferential retention of the daughter product could potentially impact any geochronological system in which the parent nuclide diffuses significantly faster than the daughter isotope.
Medical-psychiatric units and the future of psychiatric practice

The professional lifetime of a psychiatrist is perhaps twoscore years, enough time for revolutionary changes in professional practice. Consider a young psychiatrist completing training in 1945. Skilled in psychodynamic psychotherapy and in narcotherapy, knowledgeable regarding electroconvulsive therapy, and comfortable supervising long-term inpatient care in state or private psychiatric hospitals, our colleague encounters dozens of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools over the next 40 years. New psychotherapeutic techniques must be maste~ouples therapy, family therapy, group psychotherapy, behavioral therapies, and fmally, brief, focal psychotherapy. The indications, contraindications, and side effects ofnew medications must be learned-phenothiazines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, benzodiazepines, butyrophenones, beta-blockers, and others. Our young psychiatrist sees state and private psychiatric hospitals transformed not only by the introduction ofeffective medications, but also by the concept of the therapeutic community. He or she must learn how to effectively use this changed treatment setting as well as the new settings that have sprung up over the years--day-care programs, halfway houses, inpatient units in general hospitals, and community mental health centers. Our colleague must learn about new treatments for childhood disorders, insomnia, drug abuse, alcoholism, sexual dysfunction, psychiatric
The smoking gun: working to eliminate tobacco smoke exposure.

“The scientific evidence indicates that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke” (US DHHS, 2006).