cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of a non-equilibrium interface model

We have carried out extensive computer simulations of one-dimensional models related to the low noise (solid-on-solid) non-equilibrium interface of a two dimensional anchored Toom model with unbiased and biased noise. For the unbiased case the computed fluctuations of the interface in this limit provide new numerical evidence for the logarithmic correction to the subnormal $L^{\frac{1}{2}}$ variance which was predicted by the dynamic renormalization group calculations on the modified Edwards-Wilkinson equation. In the biased case the simulations are in close quantitative agreement with the predictions of the Collective Variable Approximation (CVA), which gives the same $L^{\frac{2}{3}}$ behavior of the variance as the KPZ equation.
Modeling of circuits with strongly temperature dependent thermal conductivities for cryogenic CMOS

When designing and studying circuits operating at cryogenic temperatures understanding local heating within the circuits is critical due to the temperature dependence of transistor and noise behavior. Local heating effects of a CMOS ring oscillator and current comparator were investigated at T=4.2K. In two cases, the temperature near the circuit was measured with an integrated thermometer. A lumped element equivalent electrical circuit SPICE model that accounts for the strongly temperature dependent thermal conductivities and special 4.2K heat sinking considerations was developed. The temperature dependence on power is solved numerically with a SPICE package, and the results are typically within [email protected] of the measured values for local heating ranging from <1K to over 100K.
A multi-sector intertemporal optimization approach to assess the GHG implications of U.S. forest and agricultural biomass electricity expansion

Abstract This study applies an intertemporal partial equilibrium model of the U.S. Forest and Agricultural sectors to assess the market, land use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of biomass electricity expansion. Results show how intertemporal optimization procedures can yield different biomass feedstock portfolios and GHG performance metrics at different points in time. We examine the implications of restricting feedstock eligibility, land use change, and commodity substitution to put our results in the context of previous forest-only modeling efforts. Our results highlight the importance of dynamic considerations and forest and agricultural sector interactions on projecting the GHG effects of biomass electricity expansion in the U.S.
Aligning two fragmented sequences

Upon completion of the human and mouse genome sequences, world-wide sequencing capacity will turn to other complex organisms. Current strategies call for many of these genomes to be incompletely sequenced. That is, holes will remain in the known sequence, and the relative order and orientation of the known sequence fragments may not be determined. Sequence comparison between two genomes of this sort may allow some of the fragments to be oriented and ordered relative to each other by computational means. We formalize this as an optimization problem, show that the problem is MAX-SNP hard, and develop a polynomial time algorithm that is guaranteed to produce a solution whose score is within a factor 3 of optimal.
Glucocorticoid inhibition of amino acid transport in rat hepatoma cells

Abstract Dexamethasone rapidly and reversibly inhibits the initial rate of transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid in rat hepatoma cells in tissue culture. Colcemid and cytochalasin B neither inhibit transport nor interfere with its inhibition by dexamethasone, arguing that microtubules and microfilaments are not involved in this hormonal effect. Continuous protein synthesis is required both for the dexamethasone inhibition of transport and for its reversal, although cycloheximide alone inhibits transport in control cells by less than 25%. A model for the dexamethasone inhibition of amino acid transport is presented suggesting that glucocorticoids either block the synthesis or enhance the degradation of a rate-limiting protein in the transport system.
Variable projection for nonlinear least squares problems

The variable projection algorithm of Golub and Pereyra (SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 10:413---432, 1973) has proven to be quite valuable in the solution of nonlinear least squares problems in which a substantial number of the parameters are linear. Its advantages are efficiency and, more importantly, a better likelihood of finding a global minimizer rather than a local one. The purpose of our work is to provide a more robust implementation of this algorithm, include constraints on the parameters, more clearly identify key ingredients so that improvements can be made, compute the Jacobian matrix more accurately, and make future implementations in other languages easy.
Hydroformylation by supported aqueous-phase catalysis: a new class of heterogeneous catalysts

HOMOGENEOUS catalysts typically operate at relatively mild temperatures and exhibit high activities and selectivities1. However, it has long been recognized that many homogeneous reactions are not commercially viable because of problems of catalyst recovery. Thus, significant efforts have centred around the immobilization of the organometallic species responsible for catalysis2. At best, the performance of such heterogeneous catalysts only approximate those of their homogeneous counterparts. Here we describe a novel family of heterogeneous catalysts, denoted supported aqueousphase catalysts (SAPCs), designed to facilitate chemical reactions at the interface of two liquids. These catalysts consist of a watersoluble organometallic complex dissolved in a film of water which is supported on a high-surface-area hydrophilic solid. Reactions of liquid-phase organic reactants take place at the water–organic interface. Heterogeneous hydroformylation of alkenes by SAPCs containing water-soluble organometallic rhodium complexes is used to illustrate the efficacy of these new catalysts.
FAIR Act Implications for Land Values in the Corn Belt

In 1996 the federal government enacted the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act, which represented a sweeping change in public policy toward agriculture. This paper examines the impact of the FAIR legislation on farmland values across the U.S. Corn Belt. A representative farm framework is used to determine the impact of FAIR on farmland values. The analysis suggests that marginal production environments are likely to suffer most severely under FAIR, and that a prolonged period of weak commodity prices could engender sharp declines in farmland values.
How to share memory in a distributed system

The power of shared-memory in models of parallel computation is studied, and a novel distributed data structure that eliminates the need for shared memory without significantly increasing the run time of the parallel computation is described. More specifically, it is shown how a complete network of processors can deterministically simulate one PRAM step in O(log n/(log log n)2) time when both models use n processors and the size of the PRAM's shared memory is polynomial in n. (The best previously known upper bound was the trivial O(n)). It is established that this upper bound is nearly optimal, and it is proved that an on-line simulation of T PRAM steps by a complete network of processors requires O(T(log n/ log log n)) time.A simple consequence of the upper bound is that an Ultracomputer (the currently feasible general-purpose parallel machine) can simulate one step of a PRAM (the most convenient parallel model to program) in O((log n)2log log n) steps.
Highly convergent synthesis of C3- or C2-symmetric carbohydrate macrocycles.

A highly convergent strategy for the synthesis of C3- or C2-symmetric oligosaccharide macrocycles is reported. Molecular modeling indicates these macrocycles possess sterically congested cavities. Weak host−guest interactions are observed that should be beneficial for applications such as functionalized molecular pores.
Predictions of Tensile Behavior and Strengths of a Si3N4 Ceramic at High Temperatures Based on a Viscoplastic Model

Tensile deformation and rupture behavior were simulated using a viscoplastic model developed recently. The model was formulated based on the state variable approach, which provides flexibility and versatility for characterizing the time-dependent behavior of ceramic materials under general thermomechanical loading conditions. Simulations portrayed by the model were compared with experimental tensile data obtained under two different tensile stressing rates. Results showed that the model was capable of simulating deformation behavior for all practical engineering purposes, but estimated high-temperature fracture strengths somewhat conservatively.
Correcting spurious resolution

Spurious resolution is a byproduct of optical defocus whereby sinusoidal image components are reversed in sign: light stripes become dark and vice-versa. Such contrast-reversal effects are readily apparent in defocused projected images, and in subjective visual experience while viewing targets closer than the near point of the eye. Mathematically, spurious resolution is due to negative zones in the optical transfer function. Such zones appear in the transfer functions that correspond to blurring by convolution with a uniform disk (as in geometrical optics), and in those implied by physical optics for a defocused eye limited only by diffraction. What happens if these spurious negative zones are re-inverted, restoring the original contrast signs? The answer for both geometrical and physical optics is that the pointspread function is greatly re-sharpened. Since sign correction is purely a phase operation, this means that substantial deblurring can be produced by a simple phase-correcting filter that entails no amplitude restoration at all. In principle such a filter could be inserted at any point between a target (e.g., printed text) and its retinal image, by convolving the image at that stage (e.g., on the page) with the inverse Fourier transform of the sign of the blur transfer function.
Current approaches in tamper-resistant and abuse-deterrent formulations.

Context: The escalating abuse of prescription drugs has recently spawned the development of novel drug formulations resistant to various methods of tampering and misuse.Objective: The intent of this paper is to provide an overview and classification system of formulation approaches, developed to produce what most refer to as abuse-deterrent or tamper-resistant dosage forms.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted within Embase™ and Medline using key words “abuse deterrentâ and “tamper resistantâ to identify relevant technologies. Only issued patents were examined using the phrase “abuse deterrent compositionâ searched through PatFT from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Current information from press releases and product innovator websites was obtained for additional data.Results: Identified formulation approaches were organized into two categories, physical approaches and chemical approaches. Physical approaches were subcategorized into solids, gels or non-intentionals, while...
Design of a handheld optical coherence microscopy endoscope

Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) combines coherence gating, high numerical aperture optics, and a fiber-core pinhole to provide high axial and lateral resolution with relatively large depth of imaging. We present a handheld rigid OCM endoscope designed for small animal surgical imaging, with a 6-mm diam tip, 1-mm scan width, and 1-mm imaging depth. X-Y scanning is performed distally with mirrors mounted to micro galvonometer scanners incorporated into the endoscope handle. The endoscope optical design consists of scanning doublets, an afocal Hopkins relay lens system, a 0.4 numerical aperture water immersion objective, and a cover glass. This endoscope can resolve laterally a 1.4-μm line pair feature and has an axial resolution (full width half maximum) of 5.4 μm. Images taken with this endoscope of fresh ex-vivo mouse ovaries show structural features, such as corpus luteum, primary follicles, growing follicles, and fallopian tubes. This rigid handheld OCM endoscope can be useful for a variety of minimally invasive and surgical imaging applications.
Luminescence from laser-induced bubbles in water-glycerol mixtures: Effect of viscosity

The luminescence pulses emitted from collapsing laser-induced bubbles in water-glycerol mixtures are studied as a function of the mixture concentration and applied hydrostatic pressure. The primary effect of increasing the glycerol concentration is to increase the viscosity of the fluid. The pulse duration of the luminescence is found to increase by more than a factor of two as the concentration increases up to $33%$ glycerol by volume, where the viscosity is nearly four times that of pure water. At higher glycerol concentrations the pulse duration remains nearly unchanged, until no luminescence can be observed at concentrations above $60%$, corresponding to a viscosity greater than 15 times that of water. The pulse duration further increases with applied pressures up to 8 bar, similar to that observed earlier in pure water.
Almost toric symplectic four-manifolds

Almost toric manifolds form a class of singular Lagrangian fibered symplectic manifolds that is a natural generalization of toric manifolds. Notable examples include the K3 surface, the phase space of the spherical pendulum and rational balls useful for symplectic surgeries. The main result of the paper is a complete classification up to diffeomorphism of closed almost toric four-manifolds. A key step in the proof is a geometric classification of the singular affine structures that can occur on the base of a closed almost toric four-manifold.
Reliable whisker weaving via curve contraction

Whisker Weaving is an advancing front algorithm for all-hexahedral mesh generation. It uses global information derived from grouping the mesh dual into surfaces, the STC, to construct the connectivity of the mesh, then positions the nodes afterwards. Currently, we are able to reliably generate hexahedral meshes for complicated geometries and surface meshes. However, the surface mesh must be modified locally. Also, in large, highly-unstructured meshes, there are usually isolated regions where hex quality is poor. Reliability has been achieved by using new, provable curvecontraction algorithms to sequence the advancing front process. We have also demonstrated that sheet moving can remove certain types of invalid connectivity.
Solution-phase hexasaccharide synthesis using glucosyl iodides.

Oligosaccharides composed of 1,6-glucosyl residues have been prepared from glucosyl iodides. The reactions are highly stereoselective, giving the α-glycosides as the only isolated products in yield...
Proximality in Pisot tiling spaces

A substitution $\vp$ is strong Pisot if its abelianization matrix is non-singular and all eigenvalues except the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue have modulus less than one. For strong Pisot $\vp$ that satisfies a no cycle condition and for which the translation flow on the tiling space $\T_\vp$ has pure discrete spectrum, we describe the collection $\T^P_\vp$ of pairs of proximal tilings in $\T_\vp$ in a natural way as a substitution tiling space. We show that if $\psi$ is another such substitution, then $\T_\vp $ and $\T_\psi$ are homeomorphic if and only if $\T^P_\vp$ and $\T^P_\psi$ are homeomorphic. We make use of this invariant to distinguish tiling spaces for which other known invariants are ineffective. In addition, we show that for strong Pisot substitutions, pure discrete spectrum of the flow on the associated tiling space is equivalent to proximality being a closed relation on the tiling space.
Filamin A Binding Stabilizes Nascent Glycoprotein Ibα Trafficking and Thereby Enhances Its Surface Expression

The glycoprotein (Gp) Ib-IX-V complex is essential for platelet-mediated hemostasis and thrombosis. The cytoplasmic domain of its largest polypeptide subunit GpIbα possesses a binding region for filamin A, which links GpIb-IX-V to the platelet cytoskeleton. There is evidence that filamin A binding to GpIbα directs the surface expression of GpIb-IX. To investigate the mechanism of this effect, we examined GpIbα biosynthesis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably co-expressing wild-type or mutant GpIbα with GpIbβ, GpIX with and without filamin A. We observed that surface GpIbα expression is enhanced in CHO cells co-expressing human filamin A. In comparison with cells expressing only GpIbα, GpIbβ, and GpIX (CHO-GpIbα/βIX), lysates from CHO-GpIbα/βIX + filamin A-expressing cells showed greater amounts of immature, incompletely O-glycosylated and fully mature GpIbα, but lesser amounts of the ∼15-kDa C-terminal peptide released when the extracellular domain of GpIbα is cleaved by proteases. When filamin A binding is eliminated by truncation of GpIbα at C-terminal residue 557 or by a deletion between amino acids 560–570, the decreased synthesis of mature GpIbα is accompanied by decreased immature GpIbα and by an increased immunodetectable C-terminal peptide. The synthesis of mature GpIbα in CHO-GpIbα/βIX cells is eliminated by brefeldin A (which inhibits transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)) and restored by lactacystin (which inhibits proteasomal degradation). These results suggest that GpIbα binds to filamin A within the ER and that filamin A binding directs post-ER trafficking of GpIbα to the cell surface.
Parallelism, uniqueness, and large-sample asymptotics for the Dantzig selector.

The Dantzig selector (Candes and Tao, 2007) is a popular l1-regularization method for variable selection and estimation in linear regression. We present a very weak geometric condition on the observed predictors which is related to parallelism and, when satisfied, ensures the uniqueness of Dantzig selector estimators. The condition holds with probability 1, if the predictors are drawn from a continuous distribution. We discuss the necessity of this condition for uniqueness and also provide a closely related condition which ensures uniqueness of lasso estimators (Tibshirani, 1996). Large sample asymptotics for the Dantzig selector, i.e. almost sure convergence and the asymptotic distribution, follow directly from our uniqueness results and a continuity argument. The limiting distribution of the Dantzig selector is generally non-normal. Though our asymptotic results require that the number of predictors is fixed (similar to (Knight and Fu, 2000)), our uniqueness results are valid for an arbitrary number of predictors and observations.
Effectiveness of Multi-Image Presentations

This is an investigation of the effectiveness of viewing three types of visual presentations over different intervals of time. The treatment presentations were specifically designed to test the ability of viewers to recall cognitive information from a linear, two, and four image program. Evaluation of recall was measured by a multiple-choice test instrument administered immediately, twenty-four hours, and seven days after the treatment. Three 16mm motion picture presentations were made of forty still cartoons used for all treatment presentations. The findings of the investigation point the direction between the relationship of recall and retention in viewing multi-image programs when cue summation and redundancy are not considered.
Reworking the Tucson-Melbourne Three-Nucleon Potential

We introduce new values of the strength constants (i.e., a, b, c, and d coefficients) of the Tucson-Melbourne (TM) 2π-exchange three-nucleon potential. The new values come from contemporary dispersion-relation analyses of meson-factory πN-scattering data. We make variational Monte-Carlo calculations of the triton with the original and updated three-body forces to study the effects of this update. We remove a short-range–π-range part of the potential due to the c coefficient and discuss the effect on the triton binding energy.
Symmetric and non-symmetric quantum Capelli polynomials

Generalizing the classical Capelli identity has recently attracted a lot of interest ([HU], [Ok], [Ol], [Sa], [WUN]). In several of these papers it was realized, in various degrees of generality, that Capelli identities are connected with certain symmetric polynomials which are characterized by their vanishing at certain points. From this point of view, these polynomials have been constructed by Sahi [Sa] and were studied in [KS]. The purpose of this paper is twofold: we quantize the vanishing condition in a rather straightforward manner and obtain a family of symmetric polynomials which is indexed by partitions and which depends on two parameters q, t. As in [KS], their main feature is that they are non-homogeneous and one of our principal results states that the top degree terms are the Macdonald polynomials. It is an interesting problem whether these quantized Capelli polynomials are indeed connected with quantized Capelli identities (see [WUN]) as it is in the classical case. But the main progress over [KS] is the introduction of a family of non-symmetric polynomials which are also defined by vanishing conditions. They are non-homogeneous and their top degree terms turns out to be the non-symmetric Macdonald polynomials. To prove this, we introduce certain difference operators of Cherednik type of which our polynomials are a simultaneous eigenbasis. Because of these operators, the non-symmetric functions are much easier to handle than the symmetric ones. Moreover, the latter can be obtained by a simple symmetrization process. More specifically, the non-symmetric vanishing conditions are as follows: For λ ∈ Λ := N let |λ| := ∑ λi and let wλ be the shortest permutation such that w −1 λ (λ) is a partition (i.e., a non-increasing sequence). Let q and t be two formal parameters and
Experimental measurement of nonlinear plasma wake fields

We report direct high-resolution observation of nonlinear steepened plasma waves excited in the wake of an intense, self-pinched electron beam. Oscillations in both accelerating and deflecting fields are measured, and analyzed in the context of linear and nonlinear plasma-wave theory. The degree of nonlinearity in the wake fields is shown to be consistent with analytical predictions of the beam self-pinching. The impact of these results on plasma acceleration and focusing schemes is discussed.
Identification of Y-Shaped and O-Shaped Diffusion Regions During Magnetic Reconnection in a Laboratory Plasma

Two strikingly different shapes of diffusion regions are identified during magnetic reconnection in a magnetohydrodynamic laboratory plasma. The shapes depend on the third vector component of the reconnecting magnetic fields. Without the third component (antiparallel or null-helicity reconnection), a thin double-Y{endash}shaped diffusion region is identified. In this case, the neutral sheet current profile is accurately measured to be as narrow as the order of the ion gyro-radius. In the presence of an appreciable third component (cohelicity reconnection), an O-shaped diffusion region appears and grows into a spheromak configuration. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Symptomatic leiomyoma of the adrenal

Although small leiomyomas of the adrenal are a common incidental finding at autopsy, larger examples are extremely rare and have been asymptomatic, discovered as an incidental finding during computed abdominal scanning. We report the first, to our knowledge, instance of a large, symptomatic adrenal leiomyoma, and discuss the pathological and radiological features of the lesion.
European and North American Sports Differences(

Past comparative work argues that the differences between European and North American sports dramatically outweigh any similarities. This paper explores the arguments that fans, sports organizations, and team objectives are different in the two regions and offers a set of questions that must be answered if, indeed, the opposite is not true. In addition, insights gained from the overriding similarities are offered concerning competitive balance, life after the Bosman decision, broadcasting, and league structure in Europe. European sports are far from any tragic end, but directors of sports organizations have seen the handwriting on the wall, economically speaking. They are about to live in lively times.
Preparation and lattice parameters of americium and curium monobismuthides

Abstract Bismuthides of americium-243 and curium-248 have been prepared by reaction of each actinide metal with bismuth at elevated temperatures and characterized subsequently by X-ray powder diffraction. Both products exhibited face-centered cubic crystal symmetry and are considered to be monobismuthides with the NaCl-type structure. The lattice parameter for AmBi was determined to be a o = 0.6332(8) nm, confirming one of two values reported previously. The only previous report of CmBi was tentative and suggested an anomalously small lattice parameter. The value of a o = 0.6333(11) nm obtained in this study is consistent with a value extrapolated from the preceding actinide monobismuthides.
Conformational model for asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions with chiral dienes

Abstract 1-( O -methylmandeloxy)dienes have significant advantages for asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions, and we now show that high (90%) diastereofacial selectivities can be obtained with these dienes, permitting considerable choice as to dienophile and the presence of additional functionality. We present experimental support, including X-ray structures showing the conformations of three Diels-Alder adducts, for a transition state model which explains the origin of these selectivities. The distinctive characteristics of this model are that the phenyl group is nearly perpendicular to the ester CO, i.e., the PhCCO dihedral angle is near 90°, and that the methoxy group is close to the carbonyl oxygen. These features may have wider applications for chiral control by α-chiral ester groups in other types of reactions. Our results should renew interest in the use of chiral 1-acyloxydienes.
On the Validity of the Definition of Angular Momentum in General Relativity

We exam the validity of the definition of the ADM angular momentum without the parity assumption. Explicit examples of asymptotically flat hypersurfaces in the Minkowski spacetime with zero ADM energy–momentum vector and finite non-zero angular momentum vector are presented. We also discuss the Beig–O Murchadha–Regge–Teitelboim center of mass and study analogous examples in the Schwarzschild spacetime.
Shape Optimization of Plate and Shell Structures

In the past, much of the work done in structural optimization consisted of resizing the members of fixed configuration models. There is, however, a broad class of plate and shell problems in which an additional 'reduction in mass can be attained by including in the design process the capability for varying the shape of boundaries and the shape and location of cutouts. This additional capability has made it necessary to address other problems such as how to maintain an adequate finite element model, how to define perfectly general shapes which satisfy a number of criteria, and how to impose the proper constraints so that a realistic design results. The shape design capability is demonstrated on practical problems which result in as much as 35% weight savings over a uniform thickness design with fixed boundaries.
DUST SCATTERING AND THE RADIATION PRESSURE FORCE IN THE M82 SUPERWIND

Radiation pressure on dust grains may be an important physical mechanism driving galaxy-wide superwinds in rapidly star-forming galaxies. We calculate the combined dust and gas Eddington ratio ( ) for the archetypal superwind of M82. By combining archival GALEX data, a standard dust model, Monte Carlo dust scattering calculations, and the Herschel map of the dust surface density distribution, the observed FUV/NUV surface brightness in the outflow constrains both the total UV luminosity escaping from the starburst along its minor axis (L?; UV) and the flux-mean opacity, thus allowing a calculation of . We find that L?; UV 1- 6 10 42 ergs s -1 , 2- 12 times greater than the UV luminosity observed from our line of sight. On a scale of 1- 3 kpc above the plane of M82, we find that 0:01- 0:06. On smaller scales ( 0:25- 0:5 kpc), where the enclosed mass decreases, our calculation of L?; UV implies that 0:1 with factor of few uncertainties. Within the starburst itself, we estimate the single-scattering Eddington ratio to be of order unity. Thus, although radiation pressure is weak compared to gravity on kpc scales above the plane of M82, it may yet be important in launching the observed outflow. We discuss the primary uncertainties in our calculation, the sensitivity of to the dust grain size distribution, and the time evolution of the wind following M82’s recent starburst episodes. Subject headings: galaxies: formation, galaxies: general, galaxies: starburst, galaxies: individual: M82
The correlation of maternal cytomegalovirus infection during varying stages in gestation with neonatal involvement

An obstetric population was prospectively followed for evidence of primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection during gestation. The cord serum of infants whose mothers had serologic evidence of infection was analyzed for the level of IgM and for the presence of specific anticytomegalovirus IgM antibodies. The progeny were cultured for cytomegalovirus. In the four cases of maternal infection identified, the cord sera were found to be positive by immunofluorescence for anticytomegalovirus IgM immunoglobulins and correlated with recovery of virus in the immediate neonatal period or beyond. There was a direct correlation between severity of neonatal infection and presumed duration of disease in utero. These observations suggest that cytomegalovirus is capable of infecting the products of conception irrespective of gestational age, and that the clinical manifestations of congenital cytomegalovirus infection appear to be primarily a reflection of the duration of infection in utero.
Preparation of 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl and N-arylated 2-amino-1,1′-binaphthyl derivatives via palladium-catalyzed amination

Abstract Palladium-catalyzed amination reactions were carried out with 2-triflato-2′-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl (5) and benzophenone imine followed by hydrolysis of the imine and hydrogenolysis of the benzyl protecting group to afford 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl (1). Arylamines were also coupled successfully with 5 under similar conditions.
Social Security, Life Insurance and Annuities for Families ∗

Abstract In this paper we ask whether an aspect of social security, namely its role as a provider of insurance against uncertain life spans, is welfare enhancing. To this end we use an OLG model where agents have a bequest motive and differ in sex and marital status and where families are formed and destroyed and their characteristics evolve (exogenously) according to U.S. demographic patterns of marriage, divorce, fertility and mortality. We compare the implications of social security under a variety of market structures that differ in the extent to which life insurance and annuities are available. We find that social security is a bad idea. In economies where the private sector provides annuities and life insurance, it is a bad idea for the standard reason that it distorts the intertemporal margin by lowering the capital stock. In the absence of such securities social security is still a very bad idea, only marginally less so compared with economies with annuities and life insurance. We also explore these issues in a world where people live longer and we find no differences in our answers. As a by-product of our analysis we find that the existence of life insurance opportunities for people is important in welfare terms while that of annuities is not.
RCW 103 — revisiting a cooling neutron star

Recent observations of the compact source embedded within the supernova remnant RCW 103 rekindle interest in the origin of this object's emission. We contrast several models in which neutron-star cooling powers RCW 103. Specifically, either the presence of an accreted envelope or a sufficiently intense magnetic field can account for the X-ray emission from this object.
The Gospel of Thomas

This article views the Gospel of Thomas as the product of an early Eastern form of Christianity, most probably originating in a Syrian context. The text should not be seen as representing some Gnostic or marginal sapiential form of Christianity, rather it reflects a trajectory in `orthodox' Christianity that valued mystical or esoteric teaching. Such traditions have been found in mainstream Christianity throughout its history. The text of the Gospel of Thomas is understood to be a rolling corpus, or aggregate of sayings that represent different moments in the life and history of the early Thomasine community.
On Hodge spectrum and multiplier ideals

We describe a relation between two invariants which measure the complexity of a hypersurface singularity. One is the Hodge spectrum which is related to the monodromy and the Hodge filtration on the cohomology of the Milnor fiber. The other is the multiplier ideal, having to do with log resolutions.
Economics of stone management

Cost, in addition to efficacy and morbidity, has become an important factor in determining the best therapeutic modality for a variety of disease states. A comprehensive literature search finds that, in general, for staghorn calculi, percutaneous nephrostolithotomy is more cost-effective than shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) for stones greater than 2 cm in any dimension, while SWL may be cost-effective for smaller stones. For ureteral stones, observation is the least costly treatment strategy. Among surgical options, ureteroscopy is less costly than SWL. For single and recurrent stone formers, medical prophylactic strategies involving drug therapy are more costly than conservative therapy involving dietary measures alone. However, drug strategies yield fewer stone recurrences.
Reparametrization invariance and the expansion of currents in the heavy quark effective theory

Abstract The coefficients appearing at leading and subleading order in the 1 m expansion of bilinear heavy quark currents are related to each other by imposing reparametrization invariance on both the effective current operators and the short-distance coefficient functions in the heavy quark effective theory. When combined with present knowledge about the leading order coefficients, the results allow to calculate all coefficients appearing at order 1 m to next-to-leading order in renormalization-group improved perturbation theory. They also provide a meaningful definition of the velocity transfer variable ν·ν′ at order 1 m .
Electromagnetic Fields in an Axial Symmetric Waveguide with Variable Cross Section

A new class of separable variables is found which allows one to find an approximate analytical solution of the Maxwell equations for axial symmetric waveguides with slow (but not necessarily small) varying boundary surfaces. Two examples of the solution are given. Possible applications and limitations of this approach are discussed.
Poincaré duality and periodicity, II. James periodicity

Let K be a connected finite complex. This paper studies the problem of whether one can attach a cell to some iterated suspension Σ j K so that the resulting space satisfies Poincare duality. When this is possible, we say that Σ j K is a spine. We introduce the notion of quadratic self duality and show that if K is quadratically self dual, then Σ j K is a spine whenever j is a suitable power of two.
Potentials and economics of residential thermal loads providing regulation reserve

Residential Thermostatically Controlled Load (TCLs) such as Air Conditioners (ACs), heat pumps, water heaters, and refrigerators have an enormous thermal storage potential for providing regulation reserve to the grid. In this paper, we study the potential resource and economic analysis of TCLs providing frequency regulation service. In particular, we show that the potential resource of TCLs in California is more than enough for both current and predicted near-future regulation requirements for the California power system. Moreover, we estimate the cost and revenue of TCLs, discuss the qualification requirements, recommended policy changes, and participation incentive methods, and compare TCLs with other energy storage technologies. We show that TCLs are potentially more cost-effective than other energy storage technologies such as flywheels, Li-ion, advanced lead acid, and Zinc Bromide batteries.
Determining 3-D motion and structure of a rigid body using the spherical projection

Spherical projection is proposed as a fundamental tool in determining 3-D motion and structure of a rigid body from image sequences. Points on the image plane are represented by their central projections on the unit sphere. Based on the simple geometry of corresponding points on the unit sphere, methods for the determination of 3-D rigid body motion from an image sequence are described. For the pure translation case, methods are presented for determining object structure. For the general case of rotation plus translation, the equations used in existing methods for objects with curved surfaces are easily derived. Object structure can be determined by the method for the pure translation case. For planar surfaced objects, an efficient method is shown for computing the motion parameters.
Characterizations of regular local rings in positive characteristics

In this note, we provide several characterizations of regular local rings in positive characteristics, in terms of the Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity and its higher Tor counterparts it, = lim n→∞ l(Tor i (k, f n R))/P nd . We also apply the characterizations to improve a recent result by Bridgeland and Iyengar in the characteristic p case. Our proof avoids using the existence of big Cohen-Macaulay modules, which is the major tool in the proof of Bridgeland and Iyengar.
Complications of cochlear implant placement with minimal hair shave

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to determine if a change to minimal-hair shave preparation has altered the incidence of complications after cochlear implant surgery. Materials and methods Charts were reviewed on158 consecutive patients that underwent primary cochlear implant surgery for evidence of minor and major surgical complications with full- or minimal-hair shave preparation. Results Complications were noted within 6 weeks in 5 of 105 patients in the minimal-hair shave group and 3 of 53 in the full-hair shave group (4.8% v 5.7%, P = .53). Delayed complications were noted in 3 within the minimal-shave group and 1 within the full-shave group (2.9% v 1.9%, P = .58). Only 1 wound complication required replacement of the cochlear implant. Conclusions There is no evidence that minimal-hair shave adversely affects rates of wound complications in patents undergoing cochlear implant surgery. Therefore, minimal preoperative scalp shave may be an acceptable alternative to the traditional hair shaving technique.
Rate-Compatible Protograph-Based LDPC Codes for Inter-Symbol Interference Channels

This letter produces a family of rate-compatible protograph-based LDPC codes approaching the independent and uniformly distributed (i.u.d.) capacity of inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels. This problem is highly nontrivial due to the joint design of structured (protograph-based) LDPC codes and the state structure of ISI channels. We describe a method to design nested high-rate protograph codes by adding variable nodes to the protograph of a lower rate code. We then design a family of rate-compatible protograph codes using the extension method. The resulting protograph codes have iterative decoding thresholds close to the i.u.d. capacity. Our results are supported by numerical simulations.
Birth Kick Distributions and the Spin-Kick Correlation of Young Pulsars

Evidence from pulsar wind nebula symmetry axes and radio polarization observations suggests that pulsar motions correlate with the spin directions. We assemble this evidence for young isolated pulsars and show how it can be used to quantitatively constrain birth kick scenarios. We illustrate by computing several plausible, but idealized, models where the momentum thrust is proportional to the neutrino cooling luminosity of the proto-neutron star. Our kick simulations include the effects of pulsar acceleration and spin-up and our maximum likelihood comparison with the data constrains the model parameters. The fit to the pulsar spin and velocity measurements suggests that (1) the anisotropic momentum required amounts to ~10% of the neutrino flux, (2) while a prekick spin of the star is required, the preferred magnitude is small 10-20 rad s-1, so that for the best-fit models (3) the bulk of the spin is kick-induced with ~ 120 rad s-1 and (4) the models suggest that the anisotropy emerges on a timescale τ ~ 1-3 s.
Feature Variation and its Impact on Structural Acoustic Response Predictions

This paper presents a screening technique to assess the impact on model fidelity introduced by variations in the properties or positions of features in harmonically forced fluid-loaded structural acoustic models. The perspective taken is one of knowledge of a reference state, with a desire to determine the impact on the total radiated acoustic power due to perturbations in the reference state. Such perturbations change the predicted resonance frequencies of a structure under consideration, and hence, change the predicted response amplitudes. The method uses a single degree of freedom response model in the local region of each fluid-loaded resonance, coupled with eigenvalue sensitivities or variations, to estimate the perturbation impact. The perturbation is scaled by the degree to which each given mode participates in the response quantity of interest. The SDOF model yields results that indicate that proportional bandwidth analysis will be less sensitive to perturbation than constant bandwidth analysis. This is demonstrated through comparison of a constant bandwidth analysis and a 1/3 octave analysis applied to the same system. Elements of the analysis method are not necessarily restricted to model perturbations nor acoustic power, rather they may be used to assess the perturbation of any quadratic response quantity of interest due to changes in resonance frequency.
In Search of Profits: Measuring Income from the Unrelated Commercial Use of a Tax‐Exempt Organization's Assets

Profits a tax‐exempt organization earns from business activities that are not related to the organization's exempt purpose are subject to the unrelated business income tax (UBIT). This paper shows that when the taxable and tax‐exempt activities are substitutes, taxable income exceeds the incremental pretax financial return from the unrelated business activity because the exempt organization cannot deduct the opportunity cost of lost exempt function revenues when computing UBIT. As a result, the exempt organization may: (1) reduce or eliminate its unrelated business activity, or (2) change the way it uses its assets for unrelated business purposes by licensing the use of its assets to an unrelated taxable organization in exchange for nontaxable royalties. The model shows that although UBIT may distort the way in which an exempt organization uses its assets, this distortion can increase social welfare.
Holomorphic extensions of Laplacians and their determinants

The Teichmuller space Teich(S) of a surface S in genus g>1 is a totally real submanifold of the quasifuchsian space QF(S). We show that the determinant of the Laplacian det'(?) on Teich(S) has a unique holomorphic extension to QF(S). To realize this holomorphic extension as the determinant of differential operators on S, we introduce a holomorphic family {?µ,?} of elliptic second order differential operators on S whose parameter space is the space of pairs of Beltrami differentials on S and which naturally extends the Laplace operators of hyperbolic metrics on S. We study the determinant of this family {?µ,?} and show how this family realizes the holomorphic extension of det'(?) as its determinant.
Synthesis and Structure of In(IO3)3 and Vibrational Spectroscopy of M(IO3)3 (M = Al, Ga, In)

The reaction of Al, Ga, or In metals and H{sub 5}IO{sub 6} in aqueous media at 180{sup o}C leads to the formation of Al(IO{sub 3}){sub 3}, Ga(IO{sub 3}){sub 3,} or In(IO{sub 3}){sub 3}, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments have shown In(IO{sub 3}){sub 3} contains the Te{sub 4}O{sub 9}-type structure, while both Al(IO{sub 3}){sub 3} and Ga(IO{sub 3}){sub 3} are known to exhibit the polar Fe(IO{sub 3}){sub 3}-type structure. Crystallographic data for In(IO{sub 3}){sub 3}, trigonal, space group R3-bar , a=9.7482(4)A, c=14.1374(6)A, V=1163.45(8) Z=6, R(F)=1.38% for 41 parameters with 644 reflections with I>2{sigma}(I). All three iodate structures contain group 13 metal cations in a distorted octahedral coordination environment. M(IO{sub 3}){sub 3} (M=Al, Ga) contain a three-dimensional network formed by the bridging of Al{sup 3+} or Ga{sup 3+} cations by iodate anions. With In(IO{sub 3}){sub 3}, iodate anions bridge In{sup 3+} cations in two-dimensional layers. Both materials contain distorted octahedral holes in their structures formed by terminal oxygen atoms from the iodate anions. The Raman spectra have been collected for these metal iodates; In(IO{sub 3}){sub 3} was found to display a distinctively different vibrational profile than Al(IO{sub 3}){sub 3} or Ga(IO{sub 3}){sub 3}. Hence, the Raman profile can be used as amore » rapid diagnostic tool to discern between the different structural motifs.« less
Are some entrepreneurs more overconfident than others

Abstract Entrepreneurs are more susceptible to certain cognitive biases than are managers who are not entrepreneurs, but it is not clear why. In an effort to help explain why, I examine differences in the degree to which entrepreneurs exhibit the overconfidence bias. Results show that individual age, firm decision comprehensiveness and external equity funding affect the degree to which entrepreneurs are overconfident. In addition, founder-managers are shown to be more overconfident than are new-venture managers who did not found their firms. The results suggest that entrepreneurs' cognitive biases are a function of both individual and contextual factors.
Monetary Policy Regime Shifts and Inflation Persistence

Abstract Using Bayesian methods, we estimate a Markov-switching New Keynesian (MSNK) model that allows shifts in the monetary policy reaction coefficients and shock volatilities with U.S. data. We find that a more aggressive monetary policy regime was in place after the Volcker disinflation and before 1970 than during the Great Inflation of the 1970s. Our estimates also indicate that a low-volatility regime has been in place during most of the sample period after 1984. We connect the timing of the different regimes to a measure of inflation persistence.
Isotropical linear spaces and valuated Delta-matroids

The spinor variety is cut out by the quadratic Wick relations among the principal Pfaffians of an nxn skew-symmetric matrix. Its points correspond to n-dimensional isotropic subspaces of a 2n-dimensional vector space. In this paper we tropicalize this picture, and we develop a combinatorial theory of tropical Wick vectors and tropical linear spaces that are tropically isotropic. We characterize tropical Wick vectors in terms of subdivisions of @D-matroid polytopes, and we examine to what extent the Wick relations form a tropical basis. Our theory generalizes several results for tropical linear spaces and valuated matroids to the class of Coxeter matroids of type D.
Itô Formula for Free Stochastic Integrals

Abstract The objects under investigation are the stochastic integrals with respect to free Levy processes. We define such integrals for square-integrable integrands, as well as for a certain general class of bounded integrands. Using the product form of the Ito formula, we prove the full functional Ito formula in this context.