cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensible Heat Loss after Systemic Anticholinergic Treatment

Systemic atropine administration decreases eccrine sweat gland release via competitive inhibition at cholinergic receptors and augments skin blood flow by a yet unknown mechanism. Increased skin blood flow promotes auxiliary radiative and convective heat flux by 20–100% in both warm and cold environments. These studies showed that the systemic dose of atropine (2 mg, im) was sufficient to block cholinergic sweat gland activity and core and skin temperatures were higher after atropine compared to control experiments. There was an enhanced skin blood flow thermosensitivity to esophageal temperature drive following atropine administration.
Are Suicidal Phenomena in Children Different to Suicidal Phenomena in Adolescents? A Six-Year Review.

Background: There has been little published about the nature and frequency of suicidal phenomena in children compared to that of adolescents. Method: Standardised information on all presentations with suicidal phenomena to the Children’s University Hospital, Dublin from 2002 to 2008 were retrospectively analysed from a centralised database. Results: During the time period of the study, 401 young people presented for assessment, of whom 21.9% (N = 88) were under 12 years of age. Children differed from adolescents in terms of gender distribution, method of self‐harm, and risk factors present. Conclusion: Children under 12 are capable of displaying suicidal phenomena and differ considerably to adolescents in this regard.
Evaluation of efficiency in a virtual memory environment

The development of elaborate supervisory systems for the modern day computer has dictated a need for a means of evaluating the efficiency of the computing system under normal operating conditions. This paper defines a set of synthetic job streams which can be used to evaluate the performance of virtual memory computing systems under batch program conditions. An illustration of the use of these synthetic streams is presented in an empirical search for the optimum batch limit of a specific example of a virtual memory computer system. Limited tests are also presented to support the results of this study.
The Renal Reabsorption of Glucose in the Developing Canine Kidney: A Study of Glomerulotubular Balance

Extract: Twenty puppies, 18 hr-40 days of age, were used to investigate the relation between maximal tubular reabsorption of glucose (TmG) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during maturation. The renal threshold for glucose was examined in an attempt to obtain information concerning functional heterogeneity. There was a slow increase in dry kidney weight (DKW) over the first 2 weeks of life, relative to the more rapid rate noted thereafter. Examination of the clearance of inulin (CIN) and TmG revealed a pattern of increase with age similar to that observed for the relation of DKW to age. The ratio of TmG to CIN initially was high (4.22), fell markedly over the first few days, and thereafter continued to decrease exponentially until levels were achieved that were similar to values found in adult animals (2.75–3.31). These data suggest that the documented anatomical glomerular preponderance in the infant kidney may not have a consistent functional correlate. Analysis of the glucose threshold as a function of age revealed a statistically significant positive regression; however, the increase with age was small (range 190–254 mg/100 ml), and all values fell within the 95% confidence limits for adult thresholds. A comparison of splay between the youngest and oldest puppies demonstrates an increase in splay and thus in functional heterogeneity of the younger animals, a finding which may reflect a population of nephrons with relative glomerular preponderance, despite the presence of glomerulotubular balance for the kidney as a whole. Speculation: Current evidence, including that of the present investigation, suggests that although functional tubular capacity at birth may be limited, glomerulotubular balance is maintained.
Age-specific cancer incidence rates increase through the oldest age groups.

Abstract Background In the United States, from 2005 to 2009, nearly 8% of all cancers diagnosed and 15% of cancer deaths occurred in individuals aged 85 years and older (85 + age group). With the aging of the U.S. population, an analysis of incidence of cancer in the elderly population may provide information for clinical care and resource allocation. Materials and Methods Previously reported data were retrieved from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 18 Registry for years 2000 to 2010 and Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) for years 2004 to 2008. Cancers included invasive cases only, except for nonmalignant meningiomas, and rates were per 100,000. Results The age-specific cancer incidence rate (IR) increases with age until a decrease in the 85 + age group. IR for all cancers combined for this age group was 2,317 per 100,000. Statistically, males had significantly higher IR compared with females (3,194 versus 1,911 [P ≤ 0.0001]). Blacks had an IR similar to whites (2,255 versus 2,340 [P = 0.12]). Despite a drop in the overall IR in this oldest age group, IR for certain cancers continued to increase. Among these cancers, gastrointestinal cancers like colorectal, pancreatic and stomach had the highest incidence and mortality rates. Conclusions This study contributes to measuring cancer burden in the oldest old population. In certain cancers, including meningiomas, the IR continues to rise with advancing age. Management of cancer in elderly is challenging and screening persons in the 85 + age group for frailty very thoroughly may help guide decisions of palliative versus aggressive therapies.
Step Back and Consider: Learning From Reflective Practice in Infant Mental Health

When early interventionist Kelly drives up to the apartment, she tells herself, “It’s okay, I can do this.” She gets out of her car, grabs her bag, and walks to the door. Dominic, an engaging 18-month old with developmental disabilities, sees her and waddles over with a big smile. His mom, Stephanie, walks out of the kitchen, holding her 6-month-old baby girl. Kelly has been working with this family for about 2 years. She first started working with DeMarco, Dominic’s 4-year-old brother; about the same time that DeMarco transitioned to preschool services, Dominic qualified for services. Recently, Kelly has been working with Stephanie on ways to engage in reciprocal play with Dominic through games, songs, and books and to encourage him to use words and gestures to request preferred items.
Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type.

Summary: Purpose: A 34-year-old woman with progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type was considered for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy. Methods: After demonstration of intractability to multiple antiepileptic regimens and progressive deterioration in cerebellar function, the patient was implanted with a vagus nerve stimulator and followed for 1 year. Neurological status, seizure frequency, and parameter changes were analyzed. Results: VNS therapy resulted in reduction of seizures (more than 90%) and a significant improvement in cerebellar function demonstrated on neurological examination. The patient reported improved quality of life based in part on her ability to perform activities of daily living. Conclusions: VNS therapy may be considered a treatment option for progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The effects of VNS on seizure control and cerebellar dysfunction may provide clues to the underlying mechanism(s) of action.
N2O Dissociation behind reflected shock waves

The dissociation of N2O/Ar mixtures, with and withoutadded CO, has been studied by monitoring both infrared and ultraviolet emissions behind reflected shock waves. Initial temperatures ranged from 1850 to 2535°K, and the total concentrations were 1.94–2.40 × 1018 molecule/cm3. The infrared emission, corrected if necessary for CO, was observed to decay exponentially, and an apparent rate constant Kapp was obtained. Addition of CO had no effect upon kapp and all the data can be described by the followingArrhenius parameters (in units of cm3/molecule.sec): log A=−9.31±0.12 and EA=219.1±5.2 kJ/mole. Ultraviolet emission data, in runs with added CO, indicate that the atomic oxygen concentration reached a constant value at t 2050°K. Numerical integration of the mechanism allowed comparison of calculated and observed parameters relating to both infrared and ultraviolet data. A consistent fit to these data was obtained with k1=1.3×10−9 exp (−238 kJ/RT) and k2=k3=1.91×10−11 exp(−105 kJ/RT). The concentration of atomic oxygen produced by N2O dissociation is shown to be a sensitive function of k1 through k3. Upper limits are also set for the rate constants of the following reactions:
Reservoir characterization of Permian Khuff-C carbonate in the supergiant Ghawar Field of Saudi Arabia

The Permian Khuff-C carbonate reservoir in the ‘Uthmaniyah sector of Saudi Arabia's super giant Ghawar Field was discovered by exploratory drilling in 1982 (Figure 1). The reservoir is a prolific producer of nonassociated gas and condensate but its porosity and permeability distribution is complex and primarily controlled by the depositional facies distribution and its later diagenesis. Figure 1. Map of regional setting of Ghawar Field in the northeastern part of the Arabian peninsula showing the study area in Uthmaniyah Sector. Khuff sediments were deposited in subtidal and gently dipping tidal flats in an extremely arid environment. Khuff-C reservoir facies vary in quality as a result of their diagenetic history. Khuff-C porosity varies from about 30% to less than 5%. Some parts of Khuff-C reservoir facies have been dolomitized and later leached which resulted in good reservoir development. Some dolograinstone facies, however, have been cemented by anhydrite that destroyed the reservoir porosity and permeability. These localized cemented reservoir facies of various sizes are distributed sporadically throughout the field. The challenge is to predict the occurrence of these tight Khuff-C facies between wells, in order to avoid them when planning development drilling for gas. The characterization of interwell heterogeneity has reduced risk in the location of development wells. Khuff-C reservoir well spacing in this area of Ghawar is more than 2 km. With such a coarse well spacing, it is difficult to characterize the reservoir heterogeneity with well data alone. Integration of 3-D seismic data with petrophysical information and reservoir simulation history match results has improved our understanding of the reservoir complexity and improved the mapping of porosity distribution in Khuff-C reservoir. This has permitted us to define the local tight porosity facies in Khuff-C reservoir throughout the field. Amplitude inversion of the 3-D seismic data has revealed high acoustic impedance in the vicinity …
Two-year follow-up results for Hip-Hop to Health Jr.: a randomized controlled trial for overweight prevention in preschool minority children

Objectives To assess the impact of a culturally proficient dietary/physical activity intervention on changes in body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2 ). Study design Randomized controlled trial (Hip-Hop to Health Jr.) conducted between September 1999 and June 2002 in 12 Head Start preschool programs in Chicago, Illinois. Results Intervention children had significantly smaller increases in BMI compared with control children at 1-year follow-up, 0.06 vs 0.59 kg/m 2 ; difference −0.53 kg/m 2 (95% CI −0.91 to −0.14), P =.01; and at 2-year follow-up, 0.54 vs 1.08 kg/m 2 ; difference −0.54 kg/m 2 (95% CI −0.98 to −0.10), P =.02, with adjustment for baseline age and BMI. The only significant difference between intervention and control children in food intake/physical activity was the Year 1 difference in percent of calories from saturated fat, 11.6% vs 12.8% ( P =.002). Conclusions Hip-Hop to Health Jr. was effective in reducing subsequent increases in BMI in preschool children. This represents a promising approach to prevention of overweight among minority children in the preschool years.
‘It broadens your view of being Basque’: identity through history, branding, and cultural policy

The purpose of the paper is to address what is the impact of the synthesis between Basque history, branding identity and Law 8/1994 on Basque identity in the homeland and Diaspora. Naturally occurring brands combine history, anthropology, sociology, and marketing to explain the phenomenon of communities defined by a sense of place. Focusing on both the Basque Country and Basques in Boise, Idaho as one case study, the authors discuss how the naturally occurring brand and cultural policy of the Basque people became formalized 20 years ago with Law 8/1994. The article addresses who the Basques are and how they have branded themselves through language, place, industry, food, drink, and culture. Similarities to other communities are explored so that other ethnic/cultural communities can learn from this Diaspora cultural policy discussion.
Gas-phase versus liquid-phase structures by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Bevorzugte Protonierung: Produziert Elektrospray-Ionisierungsmassenspektrometrie Gasphasen- oder Flussigphasenstrukturen? Die bevorzugte Protonierungsstelle in para-Aminobenzolsaure hangt vom Medium ab, und die Struktur ihrer konjugierten Saure variiert mit dem Losungsmittel, das beim Sprayvorgang eingesetzt wird.
Blood pressure in Dublin school-children

The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 903 Dublin school-children, aged 6–14 years inclusive, were measpred by standard sphygmomanometry in the school environment. Mean systolic and diastolic pressures rose with age, though the rise was less marked and less consistent in boys. In the early teens, both systolic and diastolic pressures of girls were significantly higher than of boys. The blood pressure values found in this survey are similar to those found in other populations of children.
Creeping up on condensed quixes. A new test of color-mediated electroweak symmetry breaking

Abstract Jet data from the Fermilab Tevatron can provide an immediate test of models that employ a sextet-quark (quix) condensate to break the electroweak symmetry.
L-Dopa and the albino riddle: content of L-Dopa in the developing retina of pigmented and albino mice.

Background The absence or deficiency of melanin as in albinos, has detrimental effects on retinal development that include aberrant axonal projections from eye to brain and impaired vision. In pigmented retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), dihydroxyphenalanine (L-Dopa), an intermediate in the synthetic path for melanin, has been hypothesized to regulate the tempo of neurogenesis. The time course of expression of retinal L-Dopa, whether it is harbored exclusively in the RPE, the extent of deficiency in albinos compared to isogenic controls, and whether L-Dopa can be restored if exogenously delivered to the albino have been unknown.
Generation of a Polyclonal Antibody Against Lipid Peroxide-Modified Proteins

A specific polyclonal antibody against the lipid peroxide (LOOH)-modified rabbit serum albumin (RSA) was generated in rabbits. The antibody selectively recognized the modified protein in a concentration-dependent manner and did not cross react with aldehyde-modified proteins or proteins directly oxidized with the free radical generator 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH). Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), but not native LDL, was also recognized by the antibody in a concentration-dependent manner. The antibody also cross reacted with several other proteins modified by LOOH suggesting that the antibody is directed towards a common epitope and not towards the protein sequence. Western blot analysis of normal human plasma showed that at least three different proteins are recognized by the antibody. RAW cells, preincubated with LOOH, were immunostained with the antibody and the antigenic epitopes were present intracellularly, while controls lacking in the primary antibodies failed to show immunoreactivity. Atherosclerotic arteries from cholesterol-fed monkeys and human atherosclerotic lesions were also immunostained by the antibody. The immunoreactivity was co-localized in areas rich in foam cell macrophages. These results suggest that LOOH-modified proteins present an unique antigenic epitope that may represent a primary product of interaction of LOOH with proteins.
Emergency department Chlamydia screening through partnership with the public health department.

Background: The emergency department (ED) serves a population that may benefit from numerous screening initiatives but screening in the ED is challenging due to crowding as well as resource and time constraints. One option may be to collect specimens in the ED and then partner with the public health department (PHD) to analyze the specimens off-site and arrange follow-up treatment. Objectives: The objective was to explore the feasibility of chlamydia screening in females using a partnership model in which the ED is responsible for urine collection and the PHD is responsible for chlamydia testing, notification, and treatment. Methods: A collaborative partnership-based chlamydia screening project was initiated at a large (90,000 visits/yr), urban, teaching ED from April 2007 to April 2008. Study information sheets were handed out to a convenience sample of eligible female patients and visitors (15–24 yr of age). Those wishing to participate provided a urine sample and follow-up contact information. The information sheet also asked if they had either lower abdominal pain or vaginal discharge (affirmative answer for either was considered symptomatic). Specimens collected in the ED were retrieved by PHD staff for off-site testing. The PHD contacted those participants testing positive using the patient provided contact information and arranged for treatment. Results: Of the 633 women offered screening, 296 (47%) agreed to testing and provided samples. Of the 296 tested, 38 (12.8%) were positive for chlamydia infection, and 25 (66%) received follow-up and treatment; 13 could not be contacted through information they provided. A higher percentage of symptomatic subjects (23 of 115, or 20%) tested positive for chlamydia than asymptomatic subjects (15 of 181, or 8.3%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of an ED–PHD partnership for chlamydia screening in young women. This model can potentially be applied to other initiatives and may improve public health screening without creating significant additional burdens for crowded EDs.
Vestibuloocular reflex arc analysis using an experimentally constrained neural network

The primary function of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) is to maintain the stability of retinal images during head movements. This function is expressed through a complex array of dynamic and adaptive characteristics whose essential physiological basis is a disynaptic arc. We present a model of normal VOR function using a simple neural network architecture constrained by the physiological and anatomical characteristics of this disynaptic reflex arc. When tuned using a method of global optimization, this network is capable of exhibiting the broadband response characteristics observed in behavioral tests of VOR function. Examination of the internal units in the network show that this performance is achieved by rediscovering the solution to VOR processing first proposed by Skavenski and Robinson (1973). Type I units at the intermediate level of the network possess activation characteristics associated with either pure position or pure velocity. When the network is made more complex either through adding more pairs of internal units or an additional level of units, the characteristic division of unit activation properties into position and velocity types remains unchanged. Although simple in nature, the results of our simulations reinforce the validity of bottom-up approaches to modeling of neutral function. In addition, the architecture of the network is consistent with current ideas on the characteristics and site of adaptation of the reflex and should be compatible with current theories regarding learning rules for synaptic modification during VOR adaptation.
Pulse radiolysis of alkanes: a time-resolved EPR study—part I. Alkyl radicals

Abstract Time-resolved EPR was applied to detect short-lived alkyl radicals in pulse radiolysis of liquid alkanes. Two problems were addressed: (i) the mechanism of radical formation and (ii) the mechanism of chemically-induced spin polarization in these radicals. (i) The ratio of yields of penultimate and interior radicals in n-alkanes at the instant of their generation was found to be ≈ 1.25 times greater than the statistical quantity. This higher-than-statistical production of penultimate radicals indicates that the proton transfer reaction involving excited radical cations must be a prevailing route of radical generation. The relative yields of hydrogen abstraction and fragmentation for various branched alkanes are estimated. It is concluded that the fragmentation occurs prior to the formation of radicals in an excited precursor species. (ii) The analysis of spin-echo kinetics in n-alkanes suggests that the alkyl radicals gain the emissive polarization in spur reactions. This initial polarization increases with shortening of the aliphatic chain. We suggest that the origin of this polarization is the ST − mechanism operating in the pairs of alkyl radicals and hydrogen atoms generated in dissociation of excited alkane molecules. It is also found that a long-chain structure of alkyl radicals results in much higher rate of Heisenberg spin exchange relative to the recombination rate (up to 30 times). That suggests prominent steric effects in recombination or the occurrence of through-chain electron exchange. The significance of these results in the context of cross-linking in polyethylene and higher paraffins is discussed.
Wall pressure measurements for three-dimensional transonic tests

An experiment is described that provides input data for wind-tunnel wall interference assessment methods that are based on test-section wall pressure distributions. Wall pressures have been measured along orifice rows on the test-section walls during longitudinal force tests on two model sizes of the same configuration. These data were acquired at Mach numbers between 0.60 and 0.90 in a small, atmospheric transonic wind tunnel. A sample of the data and a discussion of results are presented.
Locked in, but not out?

The most devastating aspect of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may not be the loss of mobility or spontaneous respiration but the inability to communicate. For people with ALS who elect mechanical ventilation, the inexorable disease progression can lead to an incomplete locked-in syndrome (LIS)1,2 and then to a total LIS where neither eye movements nor any other efferent capacity remains. The moment that occurs, consciousness undoubtedly persists, but for an unknown period of time. In some cases, years later, family members maintain that their loved one is communicating by changing pupil size or pulse rate, or just a look in the eye. The dispassionate physician remains uncertain, perhaps believing that consciousness requires not just an internal dialogue but also observing the results of thoughts or actions. Others may quietly hope that consciousness cannot survive extended periods of immobility, unannounced and unmitigated discomfort, and complete disconnection.
Economical slotted screwdriver made from old dental instrument for implant prosthodontics.

Implant dentistry has brought many possibilities for the restoration of edentulous and partially edentulous patients; however, the high cost of dental implant fixtures and components is a major concern. Contemporary infection control practices mandate heat sterilization of reusable dental instruments that have been placed in the oral cavity.l Therefore, the dentist with a busy implant practice must stock numerous duplicate instruments at considerable expense. Slotted screwdrivers are very often used in implant procedures, and the retail cost of an implant
Density functional study of FeS, FeSe and FeTe: Electronic structure, magnetism, phonons and superconductivity

We report density functional calculations of the electronic structure, Fermi surface, phonon spectrum, magnetism, and electron-phonon coupling for the superconducting phase FeSe, as well as the related compounds FeS and FeTe. We find that the Fermi-surface structure of these compounds is very similar to that of the Fe-As based superconductors, with cylindrical electron sections at the zone corner, cylindrical hole surface sections, and depending on the compound, other small hole sections at the zone center. As in the Fe-As based materials, these surfaces are separated by a two-dimensional nesting vector at $(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi})$. The density of states, nesting, and Fermi-surface size increase, going from FeSe to FeTe. Both FeSe and FeTe show spin-density wave (SDW) ground states, while FeS is close to instability. In a scenario where superconductivity is mediated by spin fluctuations at the SDW nesting vector, the strongest superconductor in this series would be doped FeTe.
Simple stretching and compression algorithm using Lagrange's polynomials

Most implementations of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms available in software packages and libraries require the number of points on the input to be an integral power of two. However most digital images especially those obtained in PC based systems will seldom meet this requirement. This paper will present a simple computational technique to adjust image dimensions to an appropriate size. Nonlinear polynomials are used as the basis for the scheme. The derivation of the basic interpolation functions is presented and a basic three by three mask is obtained. Observations regarding properties of image and mask are made which lead to the reduction of the mask to a three by one. An optimal procedure for utilizing the mask is also presented.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Internationalization, multinationalization and globalization of R&D: Toward a new division of labor in science and technology?

The aim of the present paper is to analyze the current processes of internationalization, multinationalization, and globalization of R&D activities with the aim of identifying new forms, if any, of the global organization of science and technology. Special attention will be paid to interfirm behavior, the role of the state, and global scientific and technological cooperation. The main thesis is that current processes are characterized by
Cupping lesions simulating child abuse.

1. Lincoln EM, and Gilbert LA: Disease in children due to Mycobacteria other than mycobacterium tuberculosis, Am Rev Respir Dis 105:683, 1972. 2. Wolinsky E: Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases, Am Rev Respir Dis 119:107, 1979. 3. Kragballe K, Ellegaard J, and Herlin T: Antibody-dependent monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The effects of adherence and removal of mononuclear phagocytic cells, and of in vitro incubation, Scand J Haematol 24:405, 1980. 4. Borregaard N, and Kragballe K: Role of oxygen in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by monocytes and neutrophils, J Clin Invest 66:676, 1980. 5. Dannenberg AM: Macrophages in inflammation and infection, N Engl J Med 293:489, 1975. 6. Duriseti L, Galant S, Morozumi P, Green G, Lehrer R, and Shimizu I: Monocyte killing defect in disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis, Clin Res 26"184 A, 1978. 7. Kragballe K, Zachariae H, Herlin T, and Jensen JR: Histiocytosis X an immunedeficiency? A study with antibody-dependent monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, Br J Dermatol (in press). 8. Kragballe K, and Borregaard N: Mechanism of decreased antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by monocytes and neutrophils in atopic dermatitis, Acta Dermatovenerol 61:11, 1981. 9. Kragballe K, and Herlin T: Antibody-dependent monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in atopic dermatitis. Relation to clinical state and cAMP response, Allergy 36:27, 1981. 10. Kragballe K, Herlin T, and Jensen JR: Impaired monocytemediated cytotoxicity in atopic dermatitis, Arch Derm Res 269:21, 1980. 11. Buckley RH, Wray BB, and Belmaker EZ: Extreme hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and undue susceptibility to infection, Pediatrics 49:59, 1972.
Trafficking in persulfides: delivering sulfur in biosynthetic pathways

The presence of sulfur in cofactors has been appreciated for over a century, but the trafficking and delivery of sulfur to cofactors and nucleosides is still not fully understood. In the last decade, great strides have been made toward understanding those processes and the enzymes that conduct them, including cysteine desulfurases and rhodanese homology domain proteins. The persulfide group (R-S-SH) predominantly serves as the sulfur donor, and sulfur incorporation pathways share enzymes to a remarkable degree. Mechanisms for the use of persulfide groups are illustrated with the relatively simple case of 4-thiourdine generation, and further possibilities are illuminated by the 2-thiouridine and cofactor biosynthetic systems. The rationale and ramifications of sharing enzymes between sulfur incorporation pathways are discussed, including implications for interpreting genetic or genomic data that indicate a role for a sulfur transfer protein in a particular biological process.
Cellular engineering: molecular repair of membranes to rescue cells of the damaged nervous system.

PURPOSE: The acute administration of hydrophilic polymers (polyethylene glycol) can immediately seal nerve membranes, preventing their continuing dissolution and secondary axotomy. Polymer application can even be used to reconnect, or fuse, the proximal and distal segments of severed axons in completely transected adult mammalian spinal cord. CONCEPT: The sealing or fusion of damaged nerve membranes leads to a very rapid (minutes or hours) recovery of excitability in severely damaged nerve fibers, observed as a rapid return of nerve impulse conduction in vitro, as well as an in vivo recovery of spinal cord conduction and behavioral loss in spinal cord-injured adult guinea pigs. RATIONALE: Surfactant application produces a rapid repair of membrane breaches through mechanisms of interaction between the polymers and the aqueous phase of damaged membranes, and their ability to insert into, or seal, the hydrophobic core of the axolemma exposed by mechanical damage. DISCUSSION: This new technology applied to severe neurotrauma offers a clinically safe and practical means to rescue significant populations of spinal cord nerve fibers within 8 hours after damage-preventing their continued dissolution and secondary axotomy by secondary injury mechanisms. Application of this novel technology to other injuries to the peripheral and central nervous system is discussed, as well as a general application to soft tissue trauma.
“When Diet and Exercise Are Not Enough”: An Examination of Lifestyle Change Inefficacy Claims in Direct-to-Consumer Advertising

Previous research suggests that direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements for pharmaceutical drugs have the potential to influence consumers’ perceptions of whether symptoms should be treated medically and/or through behavior change. However, the relative frequency of messages emphasizing these approaches in pharmaceutical advertising remains largely unknown. A content analysis of print and television advertisements for cholesterol management medication between 1994 and 2005 (for print) and between 1999 and 2007 (for television) was conducted. First, the extent to which established theoretical constructs drawn from health communication scholarship are depicted in the content of DTC cholesterol advertisements is quantified. Second, specific claims about behavior change inefficacy when a pharmaceutical alternative is available are identified. Findings indicate that DTC ads offer many mixed messages about the efficacy of diet and exercise in reducing cholesterol and risk of heart disease. Theoretical and pract...
GLUCOSE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM BY THE GUT OF RAINBOW TROUT.

Abstract 1. 1. Absorption and metabolism of d -glucose in vitro by perfused intact segments and incubated slices of trout gut were studied. 2. 2. Glucose moved against an apparent concentration difference into the mucosa but not through submucosal tissue into fluid bathing the serosal gut surface. 3. 3. Mean rates of glucose absorption at 24°C by perfused mid-gut were 26 and 54 μg/mg dry wt./hr with glucose concentrations of 50 and 100 mg% in the medium, respectively. Calculated transport (mucosal absorption—three-fifths total glucose utilization) was approximately 30 per cent of absorption. 4. 4. Glucose transport rate was three to six times higher in mid-gut than in caeca and hind-gut on both a weight and surface area bases. 5. 5. Absorption and transport were greatly increased by increased media temperature, glucose concentration in the medium and feeding activity, whereas rates of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and oxygen consumption remained relatively constant under the same conditions. 6. 6. Rates of all determined catabolic processes in caeca and mid-gut were of similar magnitude. 7. 7. Mucosal membranes restrict diffusion of endogenous glucose and lactate into surrounding media more than serosal membranes do.
Steady-state kinetic modeling constrains cellular resting states and dynamic behavior.

A defining characteristic of living cells is the ability to respond dynamically to external stimuli while maintaining homeostasis under resting conditions. Capturing both of these features in a single kinetic model is difficult because the model must be able to reproduce both behaviors using the same set of molecular components. Here, we show how combining small, well-defined steady-state networks provides an efficient means of constructing large-scale kinetic models that exhibit realistic resting and dynamic behaviors. By requiring each kinetic module to be homeostatic (at steady state under resting conditions), the method proceeds by (i) computing steady-state solutions to a system of ordinary differential equations for each module, (ii) applying principal component analysis to each set of solutions to capture the steady-state solution space of each module network, and (iii) combining optimal search directions from all modules to form a global steady-state space that is searched for accurate simulation of the time-dependent behavior of the whole system upon perturbation. Importantly, this stepwise approach retains the nonlinear rate expressions that govern each reaction in the system and enforces constraints on the range of allowable concentration states for the full-scale model. These constraints not only reduce the computational cost of fitting experimental time-series data but can also provide insight into limitations on system concentrations and architecture. To demonstrate application of the method, we show how small kinetic perturbations in a modular model of platelet P2Y1 signaling can cause widespread compensatory effects on cellular resting states.
PREFERENTIAL RELEASE OF THE ENZYME UDP-GALACTOSE POLYSACCHARIDE TRANSFERASE DURING CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN THE SLIME MOLD, DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM.

Abstract At specific stages during cellular differentiation in the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, the enzyme UDP-galactose polysaccharide transferase appears, rapidly increases to a peak of specific activity, and then disappears. The data presented in this paper indicate that, during a brief interval subsequent to attainment of the specific activity peak, the enzyme is released by the cells into the extracellular milieu. Thus, prior to this time all of the activity remains associated with the cells during lowspeed centrifugation, whereas afterward the activity is found in the supernatant fluid. The release is not due to cell lysis or the loss of bulk cytoplasm but represents the differential excretion of this enzyme at a specific activity ca 30-fold higher than the intracellular level. The mucopolysaccharide product is synthesized at a time when virtually all the enzyme is still associated with the cells and it remains bound to the cells long after the enzyme has been released.
Pituitary Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations in Pregnant and Lactating Pigs

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) concentrations were determined in anterior pituitary glands of pigs by the human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) augmentation and the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion methods, respectively. Glands were obtained on days 13, 18, 40, 80, 110 of pregnancy and day 14 of lactation. The dry weights of these glands were relatively uniform at days 13, 18 and 40 of pregnancy, but an increase was observed at day 80, which continued until day 14 of lactation. Except for a significantly low value encountered on day 80 of pregnancy, FSH concentrations were similar throughout pregnancy and lactation. LH concentration increased from day 13 to a maximum at day 18, and then decreased during the remainder of pregnancy. At day 14 of lactation, LH concentration was less than that observed at day 110 of pregnancy. No relationship was found between the rise and fall in FSH and LH, and the number or weight of corpora lutea, or the number of living embryos or fetus...
Deceptive Practices in Managing a Family Member with Alzheimer's Disease

Deception in the Alzheimer family shares characteristics with deception in a variety of other settings, in that it becomes routinized and contextualized. However, deception in the Alzheimer family is utilized toward the end of informal social control rather than primarily for information control. A key differentiating feature of the Alzheimer context is the gradually diminishing mental capacity and awareness of the person with the disease. This four-year longitudinal study, involving participant observation of a caregivers' support group and in-depth interviews of its members, examines how deceptive practices are learned; the various forms such practices take, including two-party deception and collusion with others; and conflict posed for the caregiver between treating the family member with dignity and coping with the daily ordeal of managing in the home.
Clothing and Teacher Credibility: An Application of Expectancy Violations Theory

Clothing is an important aspect of communication that can influence the perceptions of wearers' credibility and attractiveness as well as a variety of other judgments. In the classroom, these perceptions are made by students about teachers and are a function of the type of behavior expected from their teachers. This paper argues that we have expectations for appropriate and inappropriate attire. Burgoon's expectancy violations theory was applied to the study of clothing and the credibility of instructors in college classes. Two instructors gave lectures in undergraduate college classes and violated or adhered to the students' expectations for appropriate attire and acted in a highly rewarding or less rewarding manner. The results do not support the U-shaped pattern predicted by expectancy violations theory, but rather, the results suggest that teachers should strive for a moderately formal clothing style. This result is qualified by the finding that students appeared to have attended to their instructors' clothing less under conditions of high reward than in the low-reward conditions. This suggests that teachers' clothing will be a less consequential determinant of the impression that their students form when the teachers are otherwise perceived as having a high instrumental value in and of themselves.
Differential processing of cytosolic and mitochondrial caspases.

Abstract The mitochondria have been shown to play a key role in the initiation of caspase activation during apoptosis. Recently, some caspases have been shown to be associated with mitochondria. In this study, we used Jurkat T-lymphoblasts to show that caspases -2 and -3 are located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, associated with the inner membrane. Caspase-9 is associated with the outer membrane and is exposed to the cytosolic compartment. Caspase activation took place predominantly in the cytosol in response to Fas ligation, but staurosporine treatment led to caspase activation in both cytosol and mitochondria. In response to both Fas and staurosporine treatment, caspase processing could be detected earlier in cytosol than in mitochondria, but this could reflect the limits of sensitive detection by immunoblotting. Only trace amounts of Apaf-1 were found in association with the mitochondria. However, staurosporine treatment led to preferential autoprocessing of caspase-9 associated with mitochondria. These findings suggest that mitochondrial caspases are regulated independently of the cytosolic pool of caspases. The data are also consistent with the notion of a caspase nucleation site associated with mitochondria. Using a stable transfected CEM cell line, we show that Bcl-2 suppressed caspase processing in both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments in response to both staurosporine and Fas ligation.
Roll-expanded plugs for steam generator heating tubes verification of leak tightness over the component lifetime

Abstract Steam generator heating tubes are the boundary between the irradiated primary cycle and the conventional secondary cycle in a pressurized water reactor. Despite their operational task to transfer the heat from the primary to the secondary cycle, these tubes have a crucial safety function: the retention of irradiated primary coolant inside the circuit in all operating, emergency and off-design conditions. The heating tubes are subject to various degradation mechanisms during operation. To verify the integrity of each single tube, nuclear power plants carry out frequent in-service inspections. In case of a tube wall degradation beyond the permissible limit, the tube needs to be taken out of service in order to maintain the overall component integrity. The most common method to do so is to plug a damaged tube by a roll-expanded plug. After plugging, the roll-expanded plug acts as pressure boundary between the primary and the secondary cycle instead of the damaged heating tube. The plug must be able to maintain this function, previously provided by the heating tube, in all operational, emergency and off-design conditions. This article describes the approach to this verification by launching several comprehensive process qualification programmes consisting of mechanical analyses as well as static and dynamic testing programmes. The result was a qualified roll-expanded plug which remains leak-tight even during off-design conditions.
An Investigation of Transition Practices for Middle School Youth

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA 2004) shifted the requirement to initiate transition services from age 14 back to age 16, a change with significant implications for middle school students with disabilities transitioning into high school. This study, based on practices under the Amendments to IDEA 1997 regulations, employed a survey and open-ended interviews to investigate transition practices of special education teachers who instructed eighth- and ninth-grade adolescents with learning disabilities (LD). The study focused on (a) student participation at Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings, (b) strengths considered in IEP development, and (c) transition service needs focusing on a course of study. Findings demonstrated the significance of self-determination training and its application in the IEP process by the age of 14; reliance on assessments of students' strengths and needs, which include informal measures and information from family members; and t...
Maternal accuracy in predicting toddlers' behaviors and associations with toddlers' fearful temperament

Past research provides associations between maternal parenting behaviors and characteristics such as depression and toddlers' fearful temperament. Less is known about how maternal cognitive characteristics and normal personality relate to fearful temperament. This study examined associations among the maternal cognitive characteristic of accuracy, maternal personality, toddler gender, context, and 24-month-old toddlers' fearful temperament. Mothers were more accurate in predicting their daughters' emotional reactions in fear-eliciting contexts. High maternal approach personality was related to increased maternal accuracy for boys. High maternal approach personality, in conjunction with lower accuracy, however, was associated with higher levels of toddlers' fearful temperament. Results suggest implications for the current understanding of toddlers' fearful temperament.
Anionic Lipids Enriched at the ExPortal of Streptococcus pyogenes

The ExPortal of Streptococcus pyogenes is a membrane microdomain dedicated to the secretion and folding of proteins. We investigated the lipid composition of the ExPortal by examining the distribution of anionic membrane phospholipids. Staining with 10-N-nonyl-acridine orange revealed a single microdomain enriched with an anionic phospholipid whose staining characteristics and behavior in a cardiolipin-deficient mutant were characteristic of phosphatidylglycerol. Furthermore, the location of the microdomain corresponded to the site of active protein secretion at the ExPortal. These results indicate that the ExPortal is an asymmetric lipid microdomain, whose enriched content of anionic phospholipids may play an important role in ExPortal organization and protein trafficking.
Taurine effects on the transition temperature in arrhenius plots of ATP-dependent calcium ion uptake in rat retinal membrane preparations

Abstract The transition temperatures calculated from Arrhenius plots of ATP-dependent calcium ion uptake in rat retinal membrane preparations differed depending upon the presence or absence of exogenous taurine. At a constant calcium ion concentration of 10 μM and in the absence of taurine the transition temperature was 17.9 ± 4.9, whereas in the presence of 20 mM taurine the transition temperature was raised to 25.4 ± 0.8. Arrhenius plots of maximum velocities of calcium ion uptake (calculated from six calcium ion concentrations which varied from 5 to 300 μM) also demonstrated a taurine effect on the transition temperatures (13.5 vs 25.5). In addition, taurine lowered the apparent activation energy for calcium ion uptake.