cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of Diabetes Mellitus to Predict Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Unstable Angina Pectoris

The objective of this study was to determine short- and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in unselected patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with acute ischemic chest pain (AICP). In patients with DM presenting to the emergency department with AICP, short-term cardiovascular outcomes remain discordant between trials and registries, whereas long-term outcomes are not well-described. A consecutive cohort of all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, presenting with AICP from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 1992, was followed for a median duration of 16.6 years. The primary outcome was long-term all-cause mortality. Other outcomes included a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization (major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events [MACCEs]) as well as heart failure (HF) events at 30 days and at a median of 7.3 years, respectively. Of the 2,271 eligible patients, 336 (14.8%) were classified with DM. The crude 30-day MACCE rate was 10.1% in patients with DM and 6.1% in those without DM (p = 0.007). HF events were more common in patients with DM at 30 days (9.8% vs 3.1%, p <0.001). At 7.3 years, patients with DM were more likely to experience MACCEs and HF events than those without DM (71.2% vs 45.1%, unadjusted hazard ratio 2.15%, 95% confidence interval 1.87 to 2.48, p <0.001, and 45.1% vs 18.2%, p <0.001, respectively). Over the follow-up period, 272 patients with DM (81.9%) died, compared with 936 (49.2%) without DM (p <0.001). In conclusion, DM is associated with a higher short-term risk for MACCEs and HF and a higher long-term risk for mortality in unselected patients with AICP. DM should be included as a high-risk variable in national acute coronary syndrome guidelines.
Microcatheter to recanalization (procedure time) predicts outcomes in endovascular treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke: when do we stop?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke consists of various mechanical and pharmacologic modalities used for recanalization of arterial occlusions. We performed this study to determine the relationship among procedure time, recanalization, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing endovascular treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment during a 6-year period. Demographic characteristics, NIHSS score before and 24 hours after the procedure, and discharge mRS score were ascertained. Procedure time was defined by the time interval between microcatheter placement and recanalization or completion of the procedure. We estimated the procedure time after which favorable clinical outcome was unlikely, even after adjustment for age, time from symptom onset, and admission NIHSS scores. RESULTS: We analyzed 209 patients undergoing endovascular treatment (mean age, 65 ± 16 years; 109 [52%] men; mean admission/preprocedural NIHSS score, 15.3 ± 6.8). Complete or partial recanalization was observed in 176 (84.2%) patients, while unfavorable outcome (mRS 3–6) was observed in 138 (66%) patients at discharge. In univariate analysis, patients with procedure time ≤30 minutes had lower rates of unfavorable outcome at discharge compared with patients with procedure time ≥30 minutes (52.3% versus 72.2%, P = .0049). In our analysis, the rates of favorable outcomes in endovascularly treated patients after 60 minutes were lower than rates observed with placebo treatment in the Prourokinase for Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial. In logistic regression analysis, unfavorable outcome was positively associated with age (P = .0012), admission NIHSS strata (P = .0017), and longer procedure times (P = .0379). CONCLUSIONS: Procedure time in patients with acute ischemic stroke appears to be a critical determinant of outcomes following endovascular treatment. This highlights the need for procedure time guidelines for patients being considered for endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke.
Intraoperative portal vein blood flow predicts allograft and patient survival following liver transplantation

Abstract Background We hypothesized that operative variables might predict survival following liver transplantation. Methods We examined perioperative variables from 469 liver transplants carried out at the University of Washington during 2003–2006. Logistic regression determined the variables' contributions to survival at 30, 90 and 365 days. Results Portal vein blood flow (>1 l/min) was significant to patient survival at 30, 90 and 365 days. Complete reperfusion was only a significant predictor of survival at 30 days. This provided model receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) statistics of 0.93 and 0.87 for 30 and 90 days, respectively. At 365 days, hepatic artery blood flow (>250 ml/min) combined with portal vein blood flow was significantly predictive of survival, with an AUC of 0.74. A subset analysis of 110 transplants demonstrated improved 1-year survival with more aggressive vascular revisions. Discussion Portal vein blood flow is a significant predictor of survival after liver transplantation. Initially, the liver's survival is based on portal vein blood flow; however, subsequent biliary problems and patient demise result from both poor portal vein and inadequate hepatic artery blood flow.
Efficient process interaction simulation in Java: implementing co-routines within a single Java thread

The genesis of a research effort to develop a Java-based process-oriented simulation framework is described. A key enabler to the framework is an efficient co-routine mechanism implemented within the context of a single Java thread. A design for such a co-routine mechanism is described and some initial results of an implementation within the IBM Jikes reference virtual machine are given.
Distinct responses of protein kinase C isozymes to c-erbB-2 activation in SKBR-3 human breast carcinoma cells.

We have studied the effect of activation of the c-erbB-2 receptor tyrosine kinase on protein kinase C (PKC) in cultured SKBR-3 human breast cancer cells. Treatment with the agonistic anti-receptor monoclonal antibody TAb 250 induces receptor autophosphorylation and stimulates phospholipase C-’yl (1. K. Shawver et aL Cancer Res., 54: 1367-1 373, 1994). TAb 250 induced a rapid and marked translocation of PKC histone phosphorylation activity to the particulate fraction of SKBR-3 cells. By immunoblot, however, this translocation was limited to specific PKC isozymes.
Light matters: phototaxis and signal transduction in unicellular cyanobacteria

Many photosynthetic microorganisms have evolved the ability to sense light quality and/or quantity and can steer themselves into optimal conditions within the environment. Phototaxis and gliding motility in unicellular cyanobacteria require type IV pili, which are multifunctional cell surface appendages. Screens for cells exhibiting aberrant motility uncovered several non-motile mutants as well as some that had lost positive phototaxis (consequently, they were negatively phototactic). Several negatively phototactic mutants mapped to the tax1 locus, which contains five chemotaxis-like genes. This locus includes a gene that encodes a putative photoreceptor (TaxD1) for positive phototaxis. A second chemotaxis-like cluster (tax3 locus) appears to be involved in pilus biogenesis. The biosynthesis and regulation of type IV pilus-based motility as well as the communication between the pilus motor and photosensory molecules appear to be complex and tightly regulated. Furthermore, the discovery that cyclic AMP and novel gene products are necessary for phototaxis/motility suggests that there might be additional levels of communication and signal processing.
Chemicals which cause birth defects — teratogens: A special concern of research chemists

Abstract Women who are research chemists suffer an unusually high risk of being exposed to teratogenic chemicals (chemicals which cause birth defects) for the principal reason that they spend a good share of their lives in the laboratory in contact with wide variety of chemicals including new chemicals which may be unsuspected teratogens. Women research chemists therefore need to be able (a) to recognize known teratogens and (b) to predict teratogenicity of a compound that has not been tested. This article discusses these two points with an emphasis on the following topics: how to obtain information on teratogenicity of chemicals; how to interpret teratogenicity data from the literature; and how to make an educated guess about the teratogenicity of chemical compounds.
Body Dissatisfaction, Self-Focus, and Dieting Status Among Women

This study examined body shape preferences, body dissatisfaction, and self-focus between dieters and nondieters. Dieters were found to be more dissatisfied with their bodies than were nondieters. Although dieters did not have more stringent standards for body shape than nondieters, there was a larger discrepancy between ideal and current shape for dieters owing to their greater body weights. Dieters were also found to be highly and negatively self-focused on the Exner Sentence Completion Task (J. E. Exner, 1973). Moreover, dieting status was correlated with public rather than private selfconsciousness, suggesting that dieters are concerned with their public image. Taken together, these data suggest that some women may be motivated to diet in part because of intense self-focus about their current self-perception of being overweight.
Recombinant music: using the computer to explore musical style

A research project called Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI) is discussed. One subprogram of EMI is an expert system that uses pattern recognition processes to create recombinant music, i.e. music written in the styles of various composers by means of a contextual recombination of elements in the music of those composers. This EMI subprogram separates and analyzes musical pitches and durations and then mixes and recombines the patterns of these pitches and durations so that while each new composition is different, it substantially conforms to the style of the original. The fundamental problems in building a program to produce effective recombinant music are identified. The three steps used by the EMI program are discussed. They are: pattern matching for characteristics of the composer's style, analyzing each component for its deep hierarchical musical function, and reassembling the parts sensitively with a technique drawn from natural-language processing. Some examples of EMI's output are examined. >
Pentobarbital anesthesia modifies pulmonary vasoregulation after hypoperfusion

Our objectives were 1) to investigate the extent to which the pulmonary vascular response to increasing cardiac index after a period of hypotension and hypoperfusion (defined as reperfusion) measured in conscious dogs is altered during pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, and 2) to determine whether pentobarbital anesthesia modifies autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation of the pulmonary circulation during reperfusion. Base-line and reperfusion pulmonary vascular pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots were generated by stepwise inflation and deflation, respectively, of an inferior vena caval occluder to vary Q in conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized (30 mg/kg iv) dogs. During pentobarbital anesthesia, controlled ventilation (without positive end-expiratory pressure) allowed matching of systemic arterial and mixed venous blood gases to conscious values. Marked pulmonary vasoconstriction (P less than 0.01) was observed during reperfusion in pentobarbital-anesthetized but not in conscious dogs. Both sympathetic alpha-adrenergic receptor block and total ANS ganglionic block attenuated, but did not abolish, the pulmonary vasoconstriction during reperfusion in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Neither sympathetic beta-adrenergic receptor block nor cholinergic receptor block enhanced the magnitude of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to reperfusion during pentobarbital anesthesia. Thus, in contrast to the conscious state, the pulmonary vascular response to reperfusion is characterized by active, non-flow-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction during pentobarbital anesthesia. This response is primarily, but not exclusively, mediated by sympathetic alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction and is not offset by either sympathetic beta-adrenergic or cholinergic vasodilation. These results indicate, that, compared with the conscious state, pentobarbital anesthesia modifies pulmonary vasoregulation, during reperfusion following hypotension and hypoperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Population Economic Profile by Race and Ethnicity-Specific Categories: Microdata from the American Community Survey (2009–2011)

Properly characterizing the economic profile of a population is important. In the United States (US), the collection and dissemination of population statistics by race and ethnicity is mandatory. Because current legal directives in the US fail to accurately capture the ethnic component, this paper presents a race and ethnic-specific coding scheme. In addition, estimates of personal income are provided by the suggested race and ethnic-specific groups for a selected group of males. This is done using American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample 3-year (2007–2011) files. It is found that Non-Latino-White males have a larger portion (48 %) of their group making more than $50,000 per-year when compared to Non-Latino-Others (52 %); Non-Latino-Blacks (69 %); Non-Mexican-Latinos (73 %); and Mexican-Latinos (80 %). Because the letter of the law and its derivative standards fail to properly identify the economically vulnerable individuals, research into economic conditions of minority groups should continue.
A New Vaccine to Prevent Herpes Zoster

Among persons who live until the age of 85 years, herpes zoster will develop in approximately half, with an incidence that seems to be increasing. Although the disease may be mild in healthy young adults, persons over the age of 50 years and those who are immunocompromised are more likely to have complications that include herpes zoster ophthalmicus and postherpetic neuralgia. The live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine that is licensed in the United States reduces the incidence of herpes zoster by 70% among persons between the ages of 50 and 59 years, by 64% among those between the ages of . . .
Peculiarities of the Power Hydrocannon Operation

The paper is concerned with improvement of the devices for formation of super high-speed fluid jets termed hydro cannon. Two modes of the energy injection into the fluid (the piston impact and the powder explosion) are considered and advantages of the use of the gunpowder are determined. A numerical technique for prediction of the jet formation, developed previously by one of the authors is applied for description of the velocity and pressure fields within the hydro cannon. Effect of the design parameters on the fluid acceleration is explored and suggestions for improvement of the hydro cannon design are made.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Standardized Analytical Techniques for Bee-Collected Pollen

Existing quantitative palynological techniques (i.e., chemical processing, counting, and numerical analysis of pollen) were adapted for use by entomologists. Particularly important were calculation of pollen concentrations and assessment of pollen volume. Corbicular pellets, honey, larval pollen provision masses, and feces contained pollen exines representative of plants visited by bees. Dietary importance of a plant was assessed from a number of pollen grains and volume. Counts of small pollen grains represented dietary importance adequately (i.e., Larrea and Ambrosia ), whereas counts of large grains (i.e., Cereus and Acacia ) underrepresented dietary importance. Data were presented in graph form and reliability was demonstrated from samples repeatedly drawn from a thoroughly mixed honey bee pollen diet. Corbicular pellets were collected from Apis mellifera (L.) colonies fitted with Ontario Agricultural College pollen traps during 1985 in Pima Canyon, near Tucson, Ariz.; 25 species were present. Results from a bee diet include pollen grains of diverse morphologies and volumes, stressing the importance of adequate sample preparation, chemical processing, and numerical analysis. Use of these methods by apiculturists and melittologists will facilitate direct, justifiable comparison of pollen diets for bees.
Studies on the experimental epidemiology of respiratory infections. VI. The relationship between dose of microorganisms and subsequent infection or death of a host.

affected. This in turn may be expressed in a mathematical relationship using the variables, dosage and mortality. It is our object to present such a mathematical formulation, based on a physical model, relating dosage to mortality. In order to ascertain the validity of this formulation, a series of experiments was designed to obtain the relationship between magnitude of dose of a respiratory pathogen and subsequent mortality. When an arbitrary exposure period of 20 minutes was selected for challenging test groups of Namru strain of albino mice (Garber and Hauth, 1950) with various respiratory dosages obtained by altering the concentration of the organisms in the suspension to be atomized, the observed mortalities roughly paralleled the aerosol concentrations. This indicates that a definable relationship may be demonstrated between dosage
Simulation of Multibody Spacecraft Reconfiguration through Sequential Dynamic Equilibria

This paper describes a novel hybrid-control strategy to reconfigure multibody spacecraft from one shape to another in such a way that passively stable system dynamics enable both low control effort and a high degree of robustness. This approach treats reconfigurable spacecraft systems as multibody kinematic mechanisms with controllable kinematics and takes advantage of ambient force fields in the space environment (gravity gradient, magnetism, etc.) along with passively generated, non-contacting forces on the spacecraft (such as those from permanent magnets) to drive the reconfiguration maneuver to one stable dynamic equilibrium after another, in sequence. The use of kinematic constraints and passive dynamics adds robustness, while the stepwise nature of the reconfiguration maneuver provides many safe-hold points for verification regardless of transient dynamics. The focus on kinematic constraints lends itself well to Udwadia and Kalaba’s technique for generating equations of motion. This work details the augmentation of the Udwadia-Kalaba equations with quaternion states and Euler’s equation for fully 3D rigid body motions, as well as the development of a simulation environment and computational tools for exploring sequential-equilibrium reconfigurations.
Methionine ligand lability of homologous monoheme cytochromes c

Direct electrochemical analysis of adsorbed bacterial monoheme cytochromes c has revealed a phenomenological loss of the axial methionine when examined using pyrolytic "edge-plane" graphite (EPG) electrodes. While prior findings have reported that the Met-loss state may be quantitatively understood using the cytochrome c from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus as a model system, here we demonstrate that the formation of the Met-loss state upon EPG electrodes can be observed for a range of cytochrome orthologs. Through an electrochemical comparison of the wild-type proteins from organisms of varying growth temperature optima, we establish that Met-ligand losses at graphite surfaces have similar energetics to the "foldons" for known protein folding pathways. Furthermore, a downward shift in reduction potential to approximately -100 mV vs standard hydrogen electrode was observed, similar to that of the alkaline transition found in mitochondrial cytochromes c. Pourbaix diagrams for the Met-loss forms of each cytochrome, considered here in comparison to mutants where the Met-ligand has been substituted to His or Ala, suggest that the nature of the Met-loss state is distinct from either a His-/aquo- or a bis-His-ligated heme center, yet more closely matches the pKa values found for bis-His-ligated hemes., We find the propensity for adoption of the Met-loss state in bacterial monoheme cytochromes c scales with their overall thermal stability, though not with the specific stability of the Fe-Met bond.
Dipole moments of HCO + and NH + from cyclotron frequency polarizability shifts

Using single ions in a precision cryogenic Penning trap and by measuring the small shifts in their cyclotron frequencies due to their electric polarizability, the ground-state electric dipole moments of HCO${}^{+}$ and NH${}^{+}$ have been determined. The results are \ensuremath{\mu}(HCO${}^{+}$) $=$ 1.543(12) $e{a}_{0}$ and \ensuremath{\mu}(NH${}^{+}$) $=$ 0.782(11) $e{a}_{0}$, which agree with theoretical predictions.
Training PhD students to bridge the Academia–Industry gap

It is now well understood that the career paths of PhD students are diverse and not all PhD graduates strive for a career in academia. Even if the opposite were true, the number of PhD graduates greatly exceeds the number of currently available and projected academic positions. It is clear that the PhD as it is traditionally understood has to evolve. With the changing outcomes of the PhD has come the requirement to provide students with training that will equip them with marketable skills vital for success in reallife workplaces, extending them beyond their disciplinespecific research and knowledge with skills applicable to industry, academia, government, the community and possibly entrepreneurial activities. This article describes a training module ‘From Project to Product’, which has been developed at Monash University to engage students with industry and introduce them to career pathways outside of academia.
An Evaluation of Abiotic Carbon Sinks in Deserts

Recent field studies have reported anomalous CO2 uptake using eddy-covariance techniques in arid and semiarid ecosystems. The rates of CO2 uptake are incompatible with changes in situ of organic carbon pools. Here, I examine several potential mechanisms of abiotic CO2 uptake in arid and semiarid soils: atmospheric pressure pumping, carbonate dissolution, and percolation of soil water through the vadose zone. Each mechanism is deemed inadequate to explain the observations of the eddy-covariance systems, which must now be questioned for their accuracy in desert ecosystems.
A Study of Mao Zedong's Thought of Sociology

Mao Zedong studied sociology from the three aspects of the theoretical foundation of sociology,basic research methods of the study and applied sociology,emphasizing that the basis and guiding principle of the study must be Marxist materialist view of history and materialist dialectics,and the basic approach must be investigation.In the long-period social practice of leading Chinese revolution and construction,his thought of applied sociology took shape.Besides,he also made some brilliant exposition in terms of economic sociology,political sociology,military sociology,population sociology,national sociology and so on.
Heavy Loaded Questioner Closely—The Writing Theory of Liu Heng's Novel

In the works of Liu Heng,there is consistently full of the nervous sense of life and death that the person who deadlocked gives birth to desire is with give up all hope.This became the inherent momentum that the novel was narrated,and appeared profoundly pessimistic and fatalism consciousness.The female images in the Liu Heng's works were not equal to the male ones,particularly in deal with men and women's sexual relations at whole.Taken a sweeping view the creation course of Liu Heng,there was a distinct way which from belief in the idealism to human position,from vehement detesting arriving pessimism feelings, following the intense society criticizing closely reading selfhood to strict,following to call morals and the intuitive knowledge to consoling the orbit coming to terms and self-saving.This formed the essential core of Liu Heng's novel.
Does Age Influence Bariatric Surgery Outcomes

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate presurgical comorbidities, perioperative and postoperative complications, and postsurgical outcomes of minimally invasive bariatric surgery in patients aged 55 years and older to determine if age should be used as a selection criteria for bariatric surgery. Methods: A total of 750 patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy or robotic-assisted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass from January 2008 to June 2014. Patients were divided into three groups according to age: <55 years old; ≥55 to <65 years old; and ≥65 years old. Demographics, presurgical comorbidities, perioperative and postoperative complications (leaks or conversions to open surgery), and postsurgical outcomes were compared across the different groups. Results: Significant differences in presurgical comorbidities were found across age groups (p<0.001). Results from descriptive statistics revealed that patients younger than 55 years of age had a greater number of complications—defined as leaks (n=1) or conversions ...
Stable and symmetric filter convolutional neural network

First we present a proof that convolutional neural networks (CNN) with max-norm regularization, max-pooling, and Relu non-linearity are stable to additive noise. Second, we explore the use of symmetric and antisymmetric filters in a baseline CNN model on digit classification, which enjoys the stability to additive noise. Experimental results indicate that the symmetric CNN outperforms the baseline model for nearly all training sizes and matches the state-of-the-art deep-net in the cases of limited training examples.
A theory-informed, process-oriented Resident Scholarship Program

Background : The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires residency programs to provide curricula for residents to engage in scholarly activities but does not specify particular guidelines for instruction. We propose a Resident Scholarship Program that is framed by the self-determination theory (SDT) and emphasize the process of scholarly activity versus a scholarly product. Methods : The authors report on their longitudinal Resident Scholarship Program, which aimed to support psychological needs central to SDT: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. By addressing those needs in program aims and program components, the program may foster residents’ intrinsic motivation to learn and to engage in scholarly activity. To this end, residents’ engagement in scholarly processes, and changes in perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness were assessed. Results : Residents engaged in a range of scholarly projects and expressed positive regard for the program. Compared to before residency, residents felt more confident in the process of scholarly activity, as determined by changes in increased perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Scholarly products were accomplished in return for a focus on scholarly process. Conclusions : Based on our experience, and in line with the SDT, supporting residents’ autonomy, competence, and relatedness through a process-oriented scholarship program may foster the curiosity, inquisitiveness, and internal motivation to learn that drives scholarly activity and ultimately the production of scholarly products. Keywords: scholarly activity; residency training; research; self-directed learning; self-determination theory (Published: 14 June 2016) Citation: Med Educ Online 2016, 21: 31021 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v21.31021
Comparative pharmacokinetics of minocycline in foals and adult horses.

The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of minocycline in foals vs. adult horses. Minocycline was administered to six healthy 6- to 9-week-old foals and six adult horses at a dose of 4 mg/kg intragastrically (IG) and 2 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) in a cross-over design. Five additional oral doses were administered at 12-h intervals in foals. A microbiologic assay was used to measure minocycline concentration in plasma, urine, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure minocycline concentrations in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells. After i.v. administration to foals, minocycline had a mean (±SD) elimination half-life of 8.5 ± 2.1 h, a systemic clearance of 113.3 ± 26.1 mL/h/kg, and an apparent volume of distribution of 1.24 ± 0.19 L/kg. Pharmacokinetic variables determined after i.v. administration to adult horses were not significantly different from those determined in foals. Bioavailability was significantly higher in foals (57.8 ± 19.3%) than in adult horses (32.0 ± 18.0%). Minocycline concentrations in PELF were higher than in other body fluids. Oral minocycline dosed at 4 mg/kg every 12 h might be adequate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in foals.
Mechanical Doppler compensation for electron excitation of NRF photons

Identification of Special Nuclear Material (SNM) by Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence is developing as a promising method but is currently limited by available photon sources. A very limited source spectrum (≪ 1 eV width at MeV energies) is ideal. One method of providing this source is by electron excitation of a target containing the nucleus of interest. In this method, however, the photon energy mismatch caused by the nuclear recoil must be accounted for. We propose to provide this Doppler compensation by directing an MeV-range electron beam at a rotating target loaded with the nucleus of interest. Rotation rates are in excess of 200,000 RPM for the NRF lines of interest in SNM detection. Some design scenarios will be discussed, along with issues pertaining to nuclear physics and materials science.
Road less traveled: race and American automobility

The Negro Motorist Green Books were published by Victor H. Green & Company between 1936 and 1967. The books were references for black motorists on road trips to help them avoid dangerous towns, racist establishments, and the effects of a segregated America. This paper explores these books and situates them within the greater context of the American road. My argument is that they represent an entry for black motorists into the modern American automobility discourse. I also suggest that the ambivalent and even humorous tone used by these Green Books represents an attempt at coping with modernity while still living under backwards conditions. Finally, I briefly introduce a challenge to the claim that the Civil Rights Movement was the sole impetus for the end of needing such books. To accomplish this, I frame this automobility using a Foucauldian approach of genealogy and power/knowledge relationships.
Are Cigarette Smokers', E-Cigarette Users', and Dual Users' Health-Risk Beliefs and Responses to Advertising Influenced by Addiction Warnings and Product Type?

Introduction This research examines cigarette smokers' and e-cigarette users' product-related health-risk beliefs across tobacco products and considers the effects of addiction warnings on consumers' responses to persuasion attempts. Aims and methods Study 1 used a cross-sectional survey with a sample of 195 adult cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and dual users to examine health-risk beliefs associated with combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes (cancer, lung disease, stroke, heart disease, harm to an unborn baby, and addiction). Using a sample of 265 adult cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and dual users, Study 2 used a between-subjects experiment to examine the effects of an addiction warning presented in an advertisement on health-risk beliefs and willingness to try the promoted product. Results Study 1 results reveal that health-risk beliefs for cigarettes are extremely high, whereas health-risk beliefs for e-cigarettes are lower and vary across specific health-risk beliefs; specifically, beliefs related to addiction and harm to an unborn baby are greater than other risk beliefs. Extending these findings, Study 2 results demonstrate that health-risk beliefs associated with cigarette smoking are not affected by an addiction warning in a cigarette advertisement. However, an addiction warning in an e-cigarette advertisement does modify e-cigarette-related risk beliefs, which, in turn, reduces consumers' willingness to try the promoted e-cigarette. Conclusions Findings indicate that the addition of an addiction warning may be effective in changing consumers' risk beliefs associated with e-cigarettes and consumers' responses to e-cigarette persuasion attempts. Implications By examining cigarette smokers' and e-cigarette users' product-related health-risk beliefs and considering the effects of an addiction warning on consumers' responses to persuasion attempts, this research contributes to the understanding of how warnings in tobacco promotion affect cigarette smokers', e-cigarette users', and dual users' health-risk beliefs and willingness to try promoted products. Specifically, findings show that health-risk beliefs associated with e-cigarettes can be modified using an addiction warning in an e-cigarette advertisement, whereas health-risk beliefs associated with combustible cigarettes are not influenced by an addiction warning.
CXCR-4 activation mediates resistance to mTOR-directed therapy via regulation of VEGF expression

B35 An explant pancreas adenocarcinoma xenograft model was used to determine potential mediators of resistance to mTOR-directed therapy. A panel of 16 individual patient tumors where treated with temsirolimus for 28 days identifying 7 xenografts as resistant and 9 as sensitive to temsirolimus. Baseline real-time mRNA analysis of these tumors demonstrated that high levels of SDF-1α expression, not CXCR4, correlated with resistance to temsirolimus (correlation coefficient 0.586, p-value 0.017). Treatment of mTOR resistant xenograft Panc159 with the combination of CXCR4 inhibitor (AMD3465) and temsirolimus synergistically inhibited Panc159 growth kinetics compared to treatment with either single agent. This response was associated with an inhibition of p70 phosphorylation as well as cyclin D and cMyc expression. Furthermore, the activation of CXCR4 by exogenous SDF-1α converted the temsirolimus sensitive tumor Panc410 to a resistant xenograft. The inhibition of CXCR4 signal transduction by AMD3465 negated the effect of exogenous SDF-1α on Panc410 growth kinetics in the presence of temsirolimus. Exposure of the xenograft Panc410 to SDF-1α in the presence of temsirolimus specifically induced a 3 fold induction in cyclin D and cMyc expression. Next, modulation in VEGF expression was analyzed as angiogenesis has been demonstrated to be an important determinant of response to mTOR-directed therapy. Treatment of the mTOR resistant xenograft Panc159 with temsirolimus resulted in an induction of VEGF expression. The addition of AMD3465 to temsirolimus abrogated VEGF mRNA and protein expression. Conversely, induction of an mTOR resistant phenotype in Panc410 xenografts was associated with the specific induction of VEGF mRNA and protein expression. Together these data provide initial evidence that CXCR4 activation by SDF-1α is a mediator of resistance to mTOR-directed therapy via regulation of VEGF production.
An improved survey method for monitoring population trends of Golden‐winged Warblers and other patchily distributed birds

Conventional surveys designed to monitor common and widespread species may fail to adequately track population changes of rare or patchily distributed species that are often of high conservation concern. We evaluated the performance of a new monitoring approach that employs both a spatially balanced sampling design and a targeted survey protocol designed to estimate population trends of one such patchily distributed species, the Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), in the Appalachian Mountains Bird Conservation Region (BCR 28), USA. Our spatially balanced survey consisted of 105 sample quads (one-quarter Delorme Atlas pages) across the current range of Golden-winged Warblers within BCR 28, each with five sample points located in early successional habitat. From 2009 to 2013, collaborators visited each sample point once per year during the peak breeding season and conducted a 17-min survey consisting of passive observation and playback of conspecific songs and mobbing vocalizations. We used multi-season, single-species occupancy models to estimate probability of quad occupancy, detection probability, and occupancy dynamics for Golden-winged Warblers and closely related Blue-winged Warblers (Vermivora cyanoptera). Our survey protocol resulted in high estimates of detection probability for Golden-winged (92%) and Blue-winged (79%) warblers, with 47% and 56% of quads estimated to be initially occupied, respectively. Derived population trend estimates (λ) indicated an average decline in population of 6% for Golden-winged Warblers and 7% for Blue-winged Warblers, resulting in estimated 21% and 22% declines, respectively, in quad occupancy after 5 yr. Our results demonstrate that coupling a spatially balanced survey design in appropriate habitat with a playback protocol to increase detection rates is a viable strategy for tracking populations of Golden-winged Warblers in the Appalachian Mountains BCR. Similar survey methods should be considered for other rare, declining, or patchily distributed bird species that require targeted monitoring.
Global to Local: Public Health on the Front Lines of Climate Change.

The article discusses the relation of local public health efforts to global effects of climate change. Topics include the regional disparities in climate-related health risks, the role of public health personnel in addressing the effects of climate change, and the roles of state and local governments in responding to climate change.
Reactivity of Fe0 Atoms with Mixed CCl4 and D2O Films over FeO(111)

The interaction of Fe0 with chlorinated hydrocarbons in an aqueous environment is important for the utilization of Fe0 nanoparticles in groundwater remediation technologies. This article builds upo...
Platinum migration out of zeolites onto iron oxide: an alternative to H spillover

TPR shows that the reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 is strongly enhanced in mixtures with platinum‐containing mordenite. However, no hydrogen spillover takes place from Pt0 particles along the walls of the zeolite pores. Only migration of platinum out of the zeolite onto the Fe2O3 leads to enhanced reduction of Fe2O3. TEM and EDX prove unambiguously that Pt clusters decorate Fe2O3 particles after an oxidative pretreatment of intimate mixtures, followed by reduction. Two paths exist for this migration of oxidized platinum: as Pt2+ ions and as PtO or PtO2 clusters. The rate for both transport mechanisms increases with temperature. Pretreatment with H2O vapor results in hydrated ions which have higher mobility and lead to more homogeneous distribution of the platinum over iron oxide particles. Reduction in wet hydrogen is slower than in dry hydrogen; no reduction to Fe 0 occurs in wet hydrogen.
Templating metastable Pd2 carboxylate aggregates

Evaluation of the potential for metal-metal (M-M) cooperation to enable catalysis requires access to specific polynuclear aggregates that display appropriate geometry and size. In many cases, exerting synthetic control over the aggregation of simple metal salts is a challenge. For example, Pd(ii) acetate self assembles as a trimer (i.e. Pd3(OAc)6) both in the solid state and in solution and does not feature close Pd-Pd interactions. Related carboxylate-supported Pd2 aggregates (i.e. Pd2(OAc)4), which would feature close Pd-Pd interactions, are thermodynamically metastable in solution phase and thus largely unavailable. Here we demonstrate ion metathesis within pre-formed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to prepare metastable Pd2 tetracarboxylates sites. The newly synthesized materials are characterized by elemental analysis, PXRD, SCXRD, EXAFS, XANES, and gas adsorption analysis. In addition, the critical role of network solvation on the kinetics of ion metathesis was revealed by coupled TGA-MS and ICP-MS experiments. The demonstration of templated ion metathesis to generate specific metastable coordination sites that are inaccessible in solution phase chemistry represents a new opportunity to interrogate the chemistry of specific polynuclear metal aggregates.
Impulsive Loading on an Elastic Half-Space

Abstract : Consideration is given to the wave system resulting from a step loading on an elastic half-space. The stresses in a one dimensional 'head' are given exactly. The maximum width of this 'head' is 2r sub 0, and its depth along the axis falls off like 1/z sub 2 for large z. However the magnitude of the stresses within the 'head' remain constant. This one dimensional 'head' could be of considerable importance in spalling problems. Integrals representing reflected waves can be obtained and treated by the same method. (Author)
192) The Impact of Stress and Sex on Sympathetic Regulation of Dural Vessel Tone

Migraine is a common, disruptive, and often debilitating neurological disorder that the World Health Organization classifies in the highest disability category. Migraine is up to three times more common in women than men. Attacks are commonly triggered by stress, and many migraineurs show signs of sympathetic dysregulation. While the vascular hypothesis for migraine has largely fallen from favor, there are still several lines of evidence to suggest that dysregulation of the dural vasculature may contribute to the initiation of a migraine attack. These include the evidence that migraine pain arises from dural nociceptors, that the dural vasculature is heavily innervated by both nociceptors and sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, that vascular endothelial cells may be a source of inflammatory mediators contributing to the sensitization and activation of dural nociceptors, and that the vasculature is a primary target for CGRP, a peptide that appears to play a central role in both the initiation and maintenance of pain associated with a migraine attack. We hypothesized that stress would result in a sex-dependent loss of sympathetic control over dural vasculature. Male and female rats were randomized to one of three groups: naive, acute stress (studied right after stress) or recovery (studied 24 hrs after stress). Stress consisted of a 30-minute immobilization restraint. A bipolar electrode was placed in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the skull was thinned over the middle meningeal artery. FITC-dextran was used to visualize dural blood vessels while the SCG was stimulated at differing frequencies. Vasopressin and nitroprusside were used to establish the minimum and maximum vessel diameters, respectively, per rat. Preliminary results suggest that the SCG stimulation frequency range of vessel regulation is sex-dependent and may be shifted in stressed animals. A stress-induced loss of sympathetic regulation of dural vessels could contribute to migraine initiation.
Integrated transcriptomic–genomic tool Texomer profiles cancer tissues

Profiling of both the genome and the transcriptome promises a comprehensive, functional readout of a tissue sample, yet analytical approaches are required to translate the increased data dimensionality, heterogeneity and complexity into patient benefits. We developed a statistical approach called Texomer ( https://github.com/KChen-lab/Texomer ) that performs allele-specific, tumor-deconvoluted transcriptome-exome integration of autologous bulk whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing data. Texomer results in substantially improved accuracy in sample categorization and functional variant prioritization.
A Bayesian Approach to Andean Faunal Assemblages

Faunal assemblages offer rich data for exploring domestication, subsistence, ritual practice, and political economy. Issues of equifinality, however, frequently complicate interpretations because different agents and processes may create similar archaeological signatures. Analysts are often forced to make interpretations based on qualitative observations, which can be difficult to justify or replicate. I present an alternative method for classifying Andean assemblages by using ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and archaeological data to construct a Bayesian network model. The model is assessed using specifically constructed test datasets and archaeological case studies. Bayesian models can lead to explicit and quantifiable probabilistic interpretations of faunal assemblages.
Conditions associated with giant pituitary tumors at the time of surgery effecting outcome morbidity and mortality.

Background Surgical outcome prediction has assisted physicians in discussing surgical intervention or expectant management. While increasing pituitary tumor size would seem to be associated with increasing challenge of removal and associated complications, that relationship has not been borne in the literature. Methods We performed a retrospective review of a consecutive cohort of pituitary surgeries completed at our institution. Data included age at the time of surgery, presenting symptoms and Glasgow Coma scale (GCS), GCS at discharge or 7 days postoperatively, GCS at 6 months, adenoma size, imaging characteristics of the tumor and brain before resection, postoperative complications, the presence of preoperative hydrocephalus, brainstem compression, and patient mortality. Results Patients with giant adenomas were more likely to present with a cranial nerve palsy (P = 0.019), altered mental status (P = 0.0001), hydrocephalus (P = 0.002), and mass effect on the brainstem (P = 0.020). Patients who experienced a postoperative decline in mental status were more likely to present with altered mental (P = 0.006), had an increased prevalence of mass effect on the brainstem (P = 0.005), and were more likely to have either an ischemic stroke (P = 0.0001) and vasospasms or new intraparenchymal hemorrhage (P = 0.013). Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that postoperative mental status declines after pituitary adenoma resection can be directly related to brainstem compression and further surgical irritation of the surrounding vasculature. The intraoperative irritation can be multifactorial and may result as the decompressed brain structures assume their anatomical position.
The Evolution of Long-term Care Programs Comment on "Financing Long-term Care: Lessons From Japan".

The need for long-term care (LTC) represents a “new social risk,” one that overlaps with and complements systems of care that pre-date such programs, complicating LTC program design. This commentary expands on Ikegami’s discussion of how these structural factors must be accommodated, as well as historical and cultural factors that influence public expectations of such a program. The commentary specifically focuses on the role of cash payments, caregiver benefits, and the sometimes indistinct line between LTC and health systems. The experiences of countries operating LTC program in a wide range of contexts can illuminate common challenges, as well as some potential solutions to these vexing design and operational issues.