cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome of gastric cancer patients after successful gastrectomy: influence of the type of recurrence and histology on survival.

BACKGROUND. The effect of the location of disease recurrence after curative (R0) gastrectomy on patient survival has not been elucidated. The authors hypothesized that the location of recurrence would have a significant influence on survival. METHODS. Medical records of all patients who received treatment for gastric cancer at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1985 and 1998 were reviewed. Patients who underwent R0 resection for gastric cancer and subsequently developed localized (anastomotic) recurrence (LR), lymph node (regional) recurrence (NR), or distant metastases (DM) were analyzed for overall survival (OS). All study factors were entered into a Cox proportional hazards model to provide multivariate hazard ratios. The model was adjusted for the effects of primary site of recurrence, histologic grade, patient age, and location of the primary tumor. RESULTS. This retrospective analysis included 227 consecutive patients. The median survival of patients who developed NR (11 months) was similar to that of patients who developed LR (10 months), but both groups had significantly longer median survival compared with patients who developed DM (7 months; log-rank P = .03). Patients who had well differentiated or moderately differentiated tumors had a longer OS (11 months) than patients who had poorly differentiated tumors (8 months; log-rank P = .02). In this cohort, location of the primary cancer and age at recurrence had no significant impact on OS. CONCLUSIONS. The data from this study suggested that, among patients who undergo R0 gastrectomy for gastric cancer, LR and NR versus DM should be considered a valid stratification factor for randomized trials based on significant differences in survival. Determining whether this stratification should apply to histologic differentiation will require further investigation in a larger multicenter cohort. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phenytoin Removal by Plasmapheresis in Renal Insufficiency

The removal of phenytoin by plasmapheresis in a patient with compromised renal function is described. The results indicate that plasma concentrations of total phenytoin increase after plasmapheresis, while unbound phenytoin plasma concentrations and free fraction decrease. The amount of phenytoin removed was 36 mg and, when expressed as a fraction of total body stores, equaled 2.8%. The negligible amount of total body phenytoin removed during plasmapheresis was the result of an increased volume of distribution due to renal failure and hypoalbuminemia. Our results indicate that the removal of phenytoin by plasmapheresis is likely to be greatest when its free fraction is the lowest and blood flow the highest. The data suggest that replacement of phenytoin after plasma exchange may be unnecessary but in all cases should be based on unbound concentrations or the determination of the absolute amount of phenytoin removed during the procedure.
Effects of various depressant drugs on deprivation-induced water consumption.

Abstract The volume of water consumed in a 60 min period by rats deprived of water for 23 hr was increased by a variety of sedative drugs such as barbiturates, glutethimide, methaqualone and methyprylon. The antipsychotic agent, promazine, decreased water consumption under similar conditions, while antianxiety agents such as chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate had a stimulatory effect similar to the barbiturates. The results may be significant in consideration of the use of liquid reinforcement in punishment attenuation studies.
Why Are We Rushing to Publish DSM-IV?

DSM-IIIwas published in 1980.1Seven years later,DSMIII-Revised (DSM-III-R) was published.2Less than one year after the publication ofDSM-III-R, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) announced its intention to publishDSM-IVby the end of 1992 (Psychiatric News, Jan 15, 1988, p 1). Thus, a five-year interval will separate the publication ofDSM-III-RandDSM-IV. The thesis of this essay is that five years is insufficient for the accumulation of an adequate database to guide the developers ofDSM-IV. Moreover, the publication of threeDSMeditions within 12 years will result in diagnostic subdivisions within both the research and clinical communities, which will impair progress in the development of a valid classification. DSM-IV: THE GOAL AND ITS FULFILLMENT The chairperson of the task force for the development ofDSM-IV, Allen Frances, MD, is advocating a conservative approach toward changing theDSM-III-Rcriteria such that only those changes
Fiscal system analysis—concessionary systems

The economic and system measures associated with hydrocarbon development are subject to various levels of private and market uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytic framework to quantify the influence of private and market uncertainty under a concessionary fiscal system. A meta-modeling approach is employed to develop regression models for take and investment criteria in terms of various exogenous, fiscal, and user-defined parameters. The critical assumptions involved in estimation, the uncertainty associated with interpretation, and the limitations of the analysis are examined. The deepwater Gulf of Mexico Na Kika development is considered as a case study.
The determinants of tobacco control in Europe: A research note

Abstract A series of Probit regressions are estimated to assess the determinants of tobacco control laws in a cross-section of European countries. Although significance is sparse amongst several of the variables included in the analysis, we do find a tendency for the probability of tobacco control to be higher in lower income non-EU countries, with larger shares of government health care expenditures.
Tailoring DoDAF For Service-Oriented Architectures

This paper provides a brief overview of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and an explanation of how the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) can be used to describe a SOA. DoDAF uses IEEE 1471 definition of an architecture description to define a standard approach to describing, presenting, and integrating a DoD architecture that can be used with a service oriented approach to capability based planning. The principal objective of the Framework is to ensure that architecture descriptions can be compared and related across organizational boundaries, including Joint and multi-national boundaries. SOA is an architectural approach to application integration that enables flexible connectivity of applications or resources implemented as services. Such services have well-defined, platform-independent specifications that hide the underlying technical complexity of the environment (encapsulation), are self-contained (loosely coupled), and reusable. Capability based planning involves identifying required capabilities, their desired effects, and the ways (operational activities) and means (human functions or system services), as well as the conditions ands standards under which the capability is required. Creating DoDAF architecture descriptions that are capability based and service oriented supports globalization and the integration of geographically dispersed organizations (Net-centricity).
Growth of zinc aluminate & gallate spinels in molten bismuth germanate glasses

Abstract Small, well-formed octahedral crystals of cubic ZnAl 2 O 4 (up to 0.025 mm) and ZnGa 2 O 4 (up to 0.05 mm) spinels can be precipitated at 1250° C from molten ZnO/Bi 2 O 3 /2 GeO 2 mixtures that contain either Al 2 O 3 or Ga 2 O 3 . After quenching, the crystals can be separated from the adhering glass by appropriate dissolution techniques. These crystals can also be doped with Cr +3 by adding small amounts of Cr 2 O 3 to the original batches. The ZnAl 2 O 4 octahedra may be highly ordered. Density, refraction, and infrared results confirm these findings.
Wavelet Transforms in the Analysis of Mechanical Heart Valve Cavitation

Cavitation is known to cause blood element damage and may introduce gaseous emboli into the cerebral circulation, increasing the patient's risk of stroke. Discovering methods to reduce the intensity of cavitation induced by mechanical heart valves (MHVs) has long been an area of interest. A novel approach for analyzing MHV cavitation is presented. A wavelet denoising method is explored because currently used analytical techniques fail to suitably unmask the cavitation signal from other valve closing sounds and noise detected with a hydrophone. Wavelet functions are used to denoise the cavitation signal during MHV closure and rebound. The wavelet technique is applied to the signal produced by closure of a 29-mm Medtronic-Hall MHV in degassed water with a gas content of 5 ppm. Valve closing dynamics are investigated under loading conditions of 500, 2500, and 4500 mm Hg/s. The results display a marked improvement in the quantity and quality of information that can be extracted from acoustic cavitation signals using the wavelet technique compared to conventional analytical techniques. Time and frequency data indicate the likelihood and characteristics of cavitation formation under specified conditions. Using this wavelet technique we observe an improved signal-to-noise ratio, an enhanced time-dependent aspect, and the potential to minimize valve closing sounds, which disguise individual cavitation events. The overall goal of this work is to eventually link specific valves with characteristic waveforms or distinct types of cavitation, thus promoting improved valve designs.
Two Novel Vocalizations Are Used by Veeries (Catharus fuscescens) during Agonistic Interactions

Avian vocalizations are common examples of the complex signals used by animals to negotiate during agonistic interactions. In this study, we used two playback experiments to identify agonistic signals in a songbird species with several acoustically complex songs and calls, the veery. In the first experiment, we compared veery singing behavior in response to simulated territorial intrusions including playback of three variations of veery song: 1) song alone as a control, 2) songs with added whisper calls, and 3) songs with introductory notes removed. In the second experiment, we used multimodal stimuli including songs, whisper calls and songs with introductory notes removed, along with a robotic veery mount. Focal males readily responded to all of the playback stimuli, approached the speaker and/or robotic mount, and vocalized. Male veeries gave more whisper calls, and sang more songs without the introductory note in response to all types of playback. However, veeries responded similarly to all types of stimuli presented, and they failed to physically attack the robotic mount. These results indicate that rival veeries use two different types of novel vocalizations: whisper calls and songs lacking the introductory note as agonistic signals, but do not allow us to discern the specific functions of these two vocalizations.
Ground-State Energy of a Heisenberg-Ising Lattice

The Heisenberg-Ising Hamiltonian $H=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{x}\ensuremath{\sigma}_{x}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}+{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{y}\ensuremath{\sigma}_{y}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}})+\ensuremath{\epsilon}({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{z}\ensuremath{\sigma}_{z}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}})}$ for rectangular one-, two-, or three-dimensional lattices are considered. The sum is over nearest neighbors and $\ensuremath{\Delta}=\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ measures the anisotropy of the coupling. Upper and lower bounds for the ground-state energy are established and these bounds apply equally well to lattices of one, two, or three dimensions. Furthermore, it is shown that the ground-state energy per nearest-neighbor pair is nondecreasing as the dimension of the lattice (one, two or three) increases.
Nonmarket Labor Processes in an Advanced Capitalist Economy

In advanced capitalist economies, the treatment of labor as a commodity suggests that labor's cost and availability depend on market mechanisms. Although neoclassical economic thought recognizes the influence of collective bargaining and labor legislation on the cost and availability of labor, economists generally pay scant attention to the ways informal and formal relations of power, along with myths of sexuality, ethnicity, and nationality, combine within labor processes in advanced capitalist economies to influence the cost and availability of labor. This article presents data on the labor processes in the North Carolina seafood processing industry and compares them to the labor processes accompanying the annual, seasonal importation of legal alien farm labor by U.S. agricultural producers. The labor processes of the former rest on kinship and informal social relations while those of the latter rest on formal political authority. The analysis suggests that, even in advanced capitalist economies, employers faced with labor supply problems do not rely on market mechanisms but instead tap formal and informal systems of authority to assure supplies of labor, and support their behaviors with myths of sexuality, ethnicity, and nationality. The article concludes with a discussion of these behaviors in the context of post-World War II international divisions of labor.
Observation of spin Coulomb drag in a two-dimensional electron gas

An electron propagating through a solid carries spin angular momentum in addition to its mass and charge. Of late there has been considerable interest in developing electronic devices based on the transport of spin that offer potential advantages in dissipation, size and speed over charge-based devices. However, these advantages bring with them additional complexity. Because each electron carries a single, fixed value (-e) of charge, the electrical current carried by a gas of electrons is simply proportional to its total momentum. A fundamental consequence is that the charge current is not affected by interactions that conserve total momentum, notably collisions among the electrons themselves. In contrast, the electron's spin along a given spatial direction can take on two values, ±ħ/2 (conventionally ↑, ↓), so that the spin current and momentum need not be proportional. Although the transport of spin polarization is not protected by momentum conservation, it has been widely assumed that, like the charge current, spin current is unaffected by electron–electron (e–e) interactions. Here we demonstrate experimentally not only that this assumption is invalid, but also that over a broad range of temperature and electron density, the flow of spin polarization in a two-dimensional gas of electrons is controlled by the rate of e–e collisions.
On the Transfer of Information and Energy in Multi-User Systems

The problem of joint transfer of information and energy for wireless links has been recently investigated in light of emerging applications such as RFID and body area networks. Specifically, recent work has shown that the additional requirements of providing sufficient energy to the receiver significantly affects the design of the optimal communication strategy. In contrast to most previous works, this letter focuses on baseline multi-user systems, namely multiple access and multi-hop channels, and demonstrates that energy transfer constraints call for additional coordination among distributed nodes of a wireless network. The analysis is carried out using information-theoretic tools, and specific examples are worked out to illustrate the main conclusions.
Feature ranking based nested support vector machine ensemble for medical image classification

This paper presents a method for classification of structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain. An ensemble of linear support vector machine classifiers (SVMs) is used for classifying a subject as either patient or normal control. Image voxels are first ranked based on the voxel wise t-statistics between the voxel intensity values and class labels. Then voxel subsets are selected based on the rank value using a forward feature selection scheme. Finally, an SVM classifier is trained on each subset of image voxels. The class label of a test subject is calculated by combining individual decisions of the SVM classifiers using a voting mechanism. The method is applied for classifying patients with neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results on both datasets demonstrate superior performance as compared to two state of the art methods for medical image classification.
Assessing a retrieval account of the generation and perceptual-interference effects

A number of memory phenomena are modulated by experimental design, with the effect (e.g., of bizarreness, generation, or perceptual interference) occurring in recall for mixed-list, but not pure-list designs. These effects have other similarities and have been treated in common theoretical frameworks, some focusing on encoding and others on retrieval. The typical paradigm for examining design effects confounds encoding and retrieval contexts, making it difficult to compare these accounts. Using a new paradigm, McDaniel, Dornburg, and Guynn (2005) concluded that retrieval processes contribute to the bizarreness effect. We applied this paradigm to the related perceptual-interference and generation effects. Participants were presented with two pure study lists and later recalled the lists separately (inducing pure retrieval sets) or together (inducing a combined or mixed retrieval set) in a single test. In four experiments, the combined recall condition consistently failed to enhance the size of the generation or perceptual-interference effect. Two additional experiments verified that perceptual interference and generation enhanced recognition memory, as predicted by the standard encoding accounts. The results provide no support for the retrieval account of these two variables but generally are consistent with an encoding locus.
Anti-reflection implementations for terahertz waves

Undesired reflection caused by impedance mismatch can lead to significant power loss and other unwanted effects. In the terahertz regime, anti-reflection method has evolved from simple quarter-wave antireflection coating to sophisticated metamaterial device and photonic structures. In this paper, we examined and compared the theories and techniques of several antireflection implementations for terahertz waves, with emphasis on gradient index photonic structures. A comprehensive study is presented on the design, fabrication and evaluation of this new approach.
Contribution of Pharmaceutical Innovation to Longevity Growth in Germany and France, 2001–7

This paper investigates the contribution of pharmaceutical innovation to recent longevity growth in Germany and France. The effect of the vintage of prescription drugs (and other variables) on the life expectancy and ageadjusted mortality rates of residents of Germany is examined, using longitudinal, annual, state-level data during the period 2001v7. The estimates imply that about one-third of the 1.4–year increase in German life expectancy during the period 2001–7 was due to the replacement of older drugs by newer drugs. The effect of the vintage of chemotherapy treatments on age-adjusted cancer mortality rates of residents of France is also investigated, using longitudinal, annual, cancer-site-level data during the period 2002–6. The estimates imply that chemotherapy innovation accounted for at least one-sixth of the decline in French cancer mortality rates, and may have accounted for as much as half of the decline.
Insider Trading Activity, Different Market Regimens, and Abnormal Returns

This paper show that corporate insiders earn abnormal returns by adjusting their own firm's stock trading to future market movements. Insider trading activity in bear markets is characterized by decreases in insider sales and increases in purchases, consistent with the view that those markets are followed by improved economic conditions. Conversely, insider sales increase and purchases decrease in bull markets, consistent with the view that inferior market conditions tend to follow those periods.
Characterization of new aromatic polymers for 157-nm photoresist applications

There is currently tremendous interest in developing 157nm photoresists for imaging applications at 100nm and below. Due to the high VUV absorbance of the polymers used in 248 and 193 photoresists new materials are being investigated for applications at 157nm. In this report the characterization of a number of partially fluorinated polymers based on aromatic backbones will be described. Data on the absorbance, dissolution properties, solvent retention and acid diffusion characteristics of these systems will be presented.
Structural Optimization of a Hat-Stiffened Panel Using Response Surfaces

A design study for structural optimization of a hat-stiffened laminated composite panel concept for an upper cover panel of a typical passenger bay of a blended wing-body transport airplane configuration is described. The feasibility of a hat-stiffened composite panel concept for an upper cover panel is investigated and is compared on the basis of weight to a thick sandwich panel concept that has been selected by designers as the baseline concept for the upper cover panel. The upper cover panel is designed for two load cases: internal pressure only and combined internal pressure and spanwise compression due to wing bending. The structural optimization problem is formulated using the panel weight as the objective function, with constraints on stress and buckling. The spacing of the hat stiffeners, the thickness of the skin, and the thickness of the components of the hat stiffener are used as design variables. The initial geometry of the hat-stiffened panel design is determined using the PANDA2 program by restricting the design to have uniform cross section in the spanwise direction. Because of the pressure loading, a more efficient design has variable cross section. Such designs are obtained by combining the STAGS finite element program with the optimization program in the Microsoft EXCEL spreadsheet program using response surfaces. Buckling and stress response surfaces are constructed from multiple STAGS analyses and are used as constraints in the optimization. The optimization conducted with the response surfaces results in considerable weight savings compared to the uniform cross section design, albeit a more complex design. Initial optimization cycles identify a design space where simple approximate analyses, such as Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Kirchhoff plate theory applied to laminated composites, can be used to predict the behavior of the structure.
Glial–neuronal interactions in the neuroendocrine control of mammalian puberty: Facilitatory effects of gonadal steroids

It is now clear that astroglial cells actively contribute to both the generation and flow of information within the central nervous system. In the hypothalamus, astrocytes regulate the secretory activity of neuroendocrine neurons. A small subset of these neurons secrete luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), a neuropeptide essential for sexual development and adult reproductive function. Astrocytes stimulate LHRH secretion via cell–cell signaling mechanisms involving growth factors recognized by receptors with either serine/threonine or tyrosine kinase activity. Two members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and their respective tyrosine kinase receptors appear to play key roles in this regulatory process. Transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) and its distant congeners, the neuregulins (NRGs), are produced in hypothalamic astrocytes. They stimulate LHRH secretion indirectly, via activation of erbB-1/erbB-2 and erbB-4/erbB-2 receptor complexes also located on astrocytes. Activation of these receptors leads to release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which then binds to specific receptors on LHRH neurons to elicit LHRH secretion. Gonadal steroids facilitate this glia-to-neuron communication process by acting at three different steps along the signaling pathway. They (a) increase astrocytic gene expression of at least one of the EGF-related ligands (TGFα), (b) increase expression of at least two of the receptors (erbB-4 and erbB-2), and (c) enhance the LHRH response to PGE2 by up-regulating in LHRH neurons the expression of specific PGE2 receptor isoforms. Focal overexpression of TGFα in either the median eminence or preoptic area of the hypothalamus accelerates puberty. Conversely, blockade of either TGFα or NRG hypothalamic actions delays the process. Thus, both TGFα and NRGs appear to be physiological components of the central neuroendocrine mechanism controlling the initiation of female puberty. By facilitating growth factor signaling pathways in the hypothalamus, ovarian steroids accelerate the pace and progression of the pubertal process. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 40: 528–540, 1999
The rheology of printing inks. III. Studies of simple dispersions

One of the most important factors underlying the rheological properties of printing inks is the interaction between the pigment and the vehicle. The complicated formulations of most inks, however, make it difficult to make a detailed study of this factor, and very little attention has been given it in the past. For this reason a simple system of calcium carbonate in polybutene oil was chosen for the study reported here. With this system, quantitative information on the nature of the pigment-vehicle interaction has been obtained. An understanding of simple systems, such as this one, is essential before we can hope to understand the much more complicated systems present in commercial printing inks. The particle size of the pigment has been found to have a marked effect on the viscosity: i.e., the smaller the particle size, the greater the viscosity at a given loading. This effect has been explained on the basis that there is a shell of immobilized vehicle on the surface of each pigment particle and in the narrow portions of the interstices of agglomerates. This immobilized vehicle increases the effective pigment volume to an extent proportional to the amount of pigment surface present. This increase of effective pigment volume can be treated quantitatively so that data on similar pigments of different particle size can be correlated. Particle-size distribution in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 μ has no effect on the viscosity. The addition of a surface-active agent, i.e., stearic acid, has been found to reduce the viscosity by localizing the pigment-vehicle interaction and thus decreasing the thickness of the shell of adsorbed vehicle. These results add to our understanding of the many factors which contribute to the rheological properites of printing inks and which, in turn, control their printing properties.
Analysis of Localized Calcium Alteration During Neural Cell Death

Fluctuations in intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+i) levels are believed to participate in a myriad of physiological and pathological intracellular events. In an attempt to investigate localized alterations in Ca2+i dynamics in a cell-based neurodegeneration model, we used Fura-2/AM dye to monitor Ca2+i ion levels in the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells induced to undergo apoptosis with 500 nM staurosporine (STS) over a 24 h period. Using rapid illumination frequency at 5 Hz per 340/380 nm excitation wavelength pair, streaming image acquisition and analysis of 12 very small regions of interest (ROI) of ∼86.5 μm2 in either peri-nuclear (PN) or distal (DST) cytoplasmic locations, we captured micro-regional signals (“Ca2+i ripples”) at selected eight time points that were analyzed for dynamic changes in peak Ca2+i amplitudes and frequencies across both STS exposure times and CCh treatment with standard methods consisting of nonlinear curve-fitting and fast Fourier transform, respectively, and with a novel method of recurrence quantification analysis. Their results, although at times mixed or conflicting, showed that there may indeed be alterations in local Ca2+i signaling/dynamic which are biologically valid and sometimes differ from the global Ca2+i signaling/dynamic of whole cytoplasms.I propose, then, that, at least for intrinsic apoptosis, an early activation of caspases leads to cleavages of increasingly more IP3 receptors and sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase of ER which may enhance Ca2+i release by the former and inhibit uptake by the latter. Ultimately, this results in the accumulation of the ion that starts locally and heterogeneously until spreading by waves and becoming more apparent at the whole cytoplasmic scale.
On completeness of quadratic systems

Abstract A dynamical system is called complete if every solution of it exists for all t ∈ R . Let K be the dimension of the vector space of quadratic systems. The set of complete quadratic systems is shown to contain a vector subspace of dimension 2 K / 3 . We provide two proofs, one by the Gronwall lemma and the second by compactification that is capable of showing incompleteness as well. Characterization of a vector subspace of complete quadratic systems is provided. The celebrated Lorenz system for all real ranges of its parameters is shown to belong to this subspace. We also provide a sufficient condition for a system to be incomplete.
Bridging the gap: Experience with the Qatar summer college preview program

The transition from high school to college is a challenge for many. The academic, social, and pedagogical expectations among high schools and colleges in different cultures can make this transition even more challenging. How does one bridge the gap from being college eligible to college ready? As part of the answer to this question and to familiarize local high school students with its expectations and majors, Carnegie Mellon University initiated a summer college preview program (SCPP) in Doha, Qatar. This paper discusses our experience with this novel K12 outreach program. We discuss its goals, structure, outcomes, student feedback, and lessons learned.
Horizontal shear flow in the mantle beneath the Tonga arc

In the Tonga subduction zone, a systematic shear deformation, in which deep material moves relatively to the south, is superimposed on the mode of down-dip shortening which is characteristic of the region. We interpret this observation, together with a tectonic reconstruction, in terms of the interaction between the subducting lithospheric slab and a horizontal shear flow in the mantle.
Shear wave elastography helps differentiate biliary atresia from other neonatal/infantile liver diseases

Biliary atresia is a rapidly progressive liver disease necessitating prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention, so it must be promptly distinguished from other neonatal/infantile liver diseases. To determine whether US shear wave elastography (SWE) can differentiate biliary atresia from other neonatal/infantile liver diseases based on liver hardness. Eleven children younger than 1 year who had suspected liver disease underwent anatomically and temporally-related hepatic shear wave elastography and clinically indicated percutaneous core needle biopsy. Shear wave elastography was performed immediately prior to liver biopsy at the targeted biopsy site using an Acuson S3000 US system/9L4 transducer (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, PA). Shear wave elastography was performed using Virtual Touch Quantification (VTQ) and Virtual Touch IQ (VTIQ) modes, and six shear wave speed measurements were acquired from each subject for each mode. Children were placed in two groups based on histology, biliary atresia (n = 6) vs. non-biliary atresia (other neonatal/infantile liver diseases) (n = 5), and mean shear wave speed measurements were compared using the unpaired student’s t-test (two-tailed). A P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Using the VTQ mode, mean liver shear wave speed was 2.08 ± 0.17 m/s for the biliary atresia group and 1.28 ± 0.13 m/s for the non-biliary atresia group (P < 0.0001). Using the VTIQ mode, mean liver shear wave speed was 3.14 ± 0.73 m/s for the biliary atresia group and 1.61 ± 0.23 m/s for the non-biliary atresia group (P = 0.003). Ishak liver fibrosis scores ranged from 3 to 6 for the biliary atresia group and from 0 to 1 for the non-biliary atresia group. Liver shear wave speed is abnormally increased in neonates and infants with biliary atresia.
Molecular evolution of a-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-7: implications in comparative PKA compartmentalization

A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) are molecular scaffolding proteins mediating the assembly of multi-protein complexes containing cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), directing the kinase in discrete subcellular locations. Splice variants from the AKAP7 gene (AKAP15/18) are vital components of neuronal and cardiac phosphatase complexes, ion channels, cardiac Ca2+ handling and renal water transport. Shown in evolutionary analyses, the formation of the AKAP7-RI/RII binding domain (required for AKAP/PKA-R interaction) corresponds to vertebrate-specific gene duplication events in the PKA-RI/RII subunits. Species analyses of AKAP7 splice variants shows the ancestral AKAP7 splice variant is AKAP7α, while the ancestral long form AKAP7 splice variant is AKAP7γ. Multi-species AKAP7 gene alignments, show the recent formation of AKAP7δ occurs with the loss of native AKAP7γ in rats and basal primates. AKAP7 gene alignments and two dimensional Western analyses indicate that AKAP7γ is produced from an internal translation-start site that is present in the AKAP7δ cDNA of mice and humans but absent in rats. Immunofluorescence analysis of AKAP7 protein localization in both rat and mouse heart suggests AKAP7γ replaces AKAP7δ at the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in species other than rat. DNA sequencing identified Human AKAP7δ insertion-deletions (indels) that promote the production of AKAP7γ instead of AKAP7δ. This AKAP7 molecular evolution study shows that these vital scaffolding proteins developed in ancestral vertebrates and that independent mutations in the AKAP7 genes of rodents and early primates has resulted in the recent formation of AKAP7δ, a splice variant of likely lesser importance in humans than currently described.
Composite Materials Derived from Oxovanadium Sulfates

The molecular and solid systems described here represent an interesting class of compounds. [V IV 2 O 2 (OH) 2 (SO 4 )(2,2′-bipyridine) 2 ] and [V IV 2 O 2 (SO 4 ) 2 (2,2′-bipyridine) 2 ] constitute the examples of fully reduced oxovanadium sulfate based hybrid materials with novel extended structures. Their preparations appear to be a significant step towards the development of V/O/SO 4 /organic ligand systems and its potential in providing new materials. These results point out that a large number of oxovanadium sulfate phases incorporating organic ligands with novel structures remain to be discovered. The results also suggest that use of robust rod like organic ligands may lead to the formation of V/O/SO42−/organic based composites with three-dimensional structures. Some of these possibilities are being explored in our laboratories and the outcome of this effort will be published elsewhere.
Attitudes toward Free Speech: Trends, Measurement and Individual Difference Considerations.

(1980). ATTITUDES TOWARD FREE SPEECH: TRENDS, MEASUREMENT AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE CONSIDERATIONS. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 115-125.
Technological intensity as a predictor vs. a moderator of the competitive responses to new entrants

Anecdotal and conceptual literature suggests that technology is strongly linked to the competitive nature of the marketplace (Fraker, 1984; Porter, 1988). But empirical work has yet to document the precise nature of such a link. There is reason to believe a market’s technological intensity (e.g., levels of RD rather, the market’s technological intensity influences what other variables are predictors of rivalry. In other words, rivalry in high tech and low tech markets will be best described using models containing different variables. The distinction being made holds significant implications for researchers. If technological intensity moderates the factors that predict rivalry rather than simply predicting rivalry directly, it suggests a fundamentally different sort of modeling effort. It suggests that it is inadequate to merely search for main effects, and that
The Work of Bernardino de Sahagun: Pioneer Ethnographer of Sixteenth-Century Aztec Mexico

The Work of Bernardino de Sahagun: Pioneer Ethnographer of Sixteenth-Century Aztec Mexico. J. JORGE KLOR DE ALVA, H.B. NICHOLSON and ELOISE QUINONES KEBER (eds.). Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988. 372 pp. $25.00 (paper). ISBN 0-942041-11-9
Adaptive enzyme responses in adipose tissue of obese hyperglycemic mice.

Abstract Effects of fasting-refeeding regimens were studied in genetically obese hyperglycemic mice and their thin littermates to ascertain the possible existence of a differential response. Animals were killed after a 48-hr fast followed by 24, 48, and 72 hr of refeeding with laboratory pellets plus either 15% glucose or 15% glycerol in the drinking water. In addition, obese mice were fasted 96 hr followed by 144 hr of refeeding. In adipose tissue of fasted-refed thin mice, activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), lactic dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), and also glycogen content were increased over control values. In fasted-refed obese mice, neither significant changes in the activities of these enzymes nor glycogen content were observed. In alloxan-treated thin mice, adipose tissue glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was decreased, while in identically treated obese animals, only alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased. The concept that an impaired “adaptive enzyme” response is a significant aspect of the obese state is suggested by these data.
Monitoring for multiple malformations in the detection of epidemics of birth defects

Although most known human teratogens often produce a combination of birth defects in an affected infant, surveillance programs aimed at detecting epidemics of birth defects usually only monitor rates of individual defects. A drawback to this approach is that an increase in the rate of infants affected with a specific combination of defects may lead to little or no increase in the rates of component defects. Using the Poisson distribution, we show that, compared with monitoring for individual defects, monitoring for combinations of two and three defects may require fewer numbers of births to detect an epidemic. In general, an increase can be detected more rapidly by monitoring the rates of defect combinations than by monitoring the rates of individual defects if most affected infants have combinations of defects rather than isolated defects. For example, in the case of Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), monitoring for the combination of cataracts with deafness and/or patent ductus arteriosus could have led to earlier detection of an epidemic than could monitoring for cataracts alone. In contrast, in the case of thalidomide embryopathy, monitoring for reduction defects of upper limbs in combination with reduction defects of lower limbs and/or microtia/anotia would not have led to earlier detection of an epidemic than would monitoring for reduction defects of upper limbs alone. This is due mainly to the low frequency of defect combinations among affected cases. When used with regular monitoring for individual defects, surveillance of defect combinations can enhance the ability of monitoring programs to detect epidemics of birth defects.
Identification of the glycosyl transferase required for synthesis of the principal glycolipid characteristic of heterocysts of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

Nitrogenase is oxygen-labile. Cyanobacterial heterocysts can fix N2 in an oxic milieu because their interior is micro-oxic, for which the glycolipid layer of the heterocyst envelope is required. ORF all5341 of the Anabaena sp. genome predicts a glycosyl transferase. An insertional mutant of all5341 synthesized only a nonglycosylated form of heterocyst envelope glycolipid, and lacked a glycolipid layer. All5341 appears to be the transferase required to glycosylate the glycolipid aglycone.
What is disputed on the web

We present a method for automatically acquiring of a corpus of disputed claims from the web. We consider a factual claim to be disputed if a page on the web suggests both that the claim is false and also that other people say it is true.Our tool extracts disputed claims by searching the web for patterns such as "falsely claimed that X" and then using a statistical classifier to select text that appears to be making a disputed claim.We argue that such a corpus of disputed claims is useful for a wide range of applications related to information credibility on the web, and we report what our current corpus reveals about what is being disputed on the web.
ANISOTROPY IN GROWTH-FRONT ROUGHENING

We consider a linear anisotropic growth equation that includes two anisotropic physical processes, evaporation/condensation and surface diffusion, to describe the roughening of the growth fronts generated by noises. By solving this equation analytically, we show that there are two different types of growth-front anisotropy: correlation length anisotropy and scaling anisotropy. A scaling anisotropy can generate different values of roughness exponent in different surface directions. It is shown that a competition of the two growth processes can lead to a rotation of the direction of anisotropy. We also consider the effect of growth-front roughening due to the anisotropy in surface diffusion barrier (Schwoebel barrier) to show that the surface can form ripple structures over time. These results are used to explain recent experimental results on growth-front anisotropy.
Resuscitation is better for combat casualty outcomes: Now let's forcefully close the performance improvement loop on adverse outcomes

The study by Langan et al1 reviews the association between damage control resuscitation (DCR) and combat casualty outcomes over a 10-year period (2002-2011). Damage control resuscitation is a resuscitation guidelinewrittenanddistributed in the Iraq war combat theater in 2005, and as Langan et al1 demonstrate in their study of 57 179 soldiers admitted to combat hospitals, improved hospital outcomes are associatedwith thebroadadoptionof this transfusionapproach. Whilemany changes occurred during this decade ofwar, perhaps themost significantwashowresuscitationevolved.Crystalloiduseplummeted,andabalancedapproachtobloodproducts transfusionbecamethenorm.Langanetal1 state that“DCR isoneof themost importantmedical breakthroughsofour current conflicts.” Asastrong testament to thepowerof theJointTraumaSystem, it is important to note that research teams were deployed; protocols approved; data collected, entered into a database, and analyzed; guidelines promulgated; articles published; and changesmade, all while thewarwas ongoing. Literallyhundredsof civilians,USmilitarypersonnel, and collationpartnersworked tirelessly to accomplishment this feat. Currently,more than80 000casualtiesare recorded in theJoint TraumaRegistry.Plannersof futureconflicts (nextmonth,next year, or thenextdecade)must learn fromthis effort and implement the lessons learned.2 Clearlypublishedbutunfortunately largelyoverlookedby the military leadership is the finding that a large percentage of both prehospital and hospital combat deaths are potentially preventable.3,4 In addition, there are less-than-optimal outcomes (not resulting in death) that routinely occur. Both of these findingsdeserve tobegivenequal attention and to receive an immediate response. Data on these potentially preventable adverse outcomes should be compiled on a weekly basis by the Joint Trauma System. They then need to be reviewedby theUS Secretary of Defense, and each adverse outcome should serve as an immediate catalyst for focused research efforts and rapid system change. Similar preventable outcomes on the operational side of the military (eg, negligent discharge, losing aweapon, and leadership deficiencies) routinely incur an immediate command reaction. Preventable adverse outcomes on the medical side deserve a similar immediate command response. Today, some of the service’s medical commanders are drifting away from a focus on combat casualty care. Let’s not repeat what Col DeBakey so clearly articulated hashappenedafter everywar.5 SecretaryofDefenseRobertM. Gates described in his book6 the concepts of rapid review and positive action—theessenceof ahigh-functioning traumasystem. The War on Terrorism will not be over for a long time. Commandattention at all levels on combat casualty caremust remain a laser focus or our casualties will not have the best possible outcome.
Hyponatremia in pituitary insufficiency.

Abstract The mechanism of hyponatremia and impaired ability to excrete a water load was investigated in a patient with hypopituitarism and secondary adrenal insufficiency. The inability to dilute the urine was related to inappropriate ADH secretion. This was corrected by 1.0 mg. dexamethasone daily. Glucocorticoids were also demonstrated to increase tubule sodium reabsorption and this may have been a factor in the restoration of the serum sodium to normal with dexamethasone therapy.
Über die Unbestimmtheitsrelationen der Quantentheorie

Unbestimmtheitsrelationen der FormΔq≳h/m 0 c; Δt≳h/m 0 c 2 wurden vom Verfasser in einem fruheren Artikel veroffentlicht. Nun werden ihre physikalischen Grundlagen eingehend diskutiert und ihr Zusammenhang mit den Bohr-Heisenbergschen Ungenauigkeitsrelationen wird kurz erortert. Auch werden die Mesgenauigkeitsgrenzen der Impulsvariablen besprochen.
Spatiotemporal control of estrogen-responsive transcription in ERα-positive breast cancer cells

Recruitment of transcription machinery to target promoters for aberrant gene expression has been well studied, but underlying control directed by distant-acting enhancers remains unclear in cancer development. Our previous study demonstrated that distant estrogen response elements (DEREs) located on chromosome 20q13 are frequently amplified and translocated to other chromosomes in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. In this study, we used three-dimensional interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization to decipher spatiotemporal gathering of multiple DEREs in the nucleus. Upon estrogen stimulation, scattered 20q13 DEREs were mobilized to form regulatory depots for synchronized gene expression of target loci. A chromosome conformation capture assay coupled with chromatin immunoprecipitation further uncovered that ERα-bound regulatory depots are tethered to heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) for coordinated chromatin movement and histone modifications of target loci, resulting in transcription repression. Neutralizing HP1 function dysregulated the formation of DERE-involved regulatory depots and transcription inactivation of candidate tumor-suppressor genes. Deletion of amplified DEREs using the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic-editing system profoundly altered transcriptional profiles of proliferation-associated signaling networks, resulting in reduction of cancer cell growth. These findings reveal a formerly uncharacterized feature wherein multiple copies of the amplicon congregate as transcriptional units in the nucleus for synchronous regulation of function-related loci in tumorigenesis. Disruption of their assembly can be a new strategy for treating breast cancers and other malignancies.