cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of generalized Zubov's method to power system stability†

Abstract The generalized form of Zubov's partial differential equation (Szego 1962) is written using the dynamical equations of a power system. Then a Lyapunov function which satisfies the partial differential equation is obtained by using a transformation of state variables. The V function obtained is used to describe the region of stability. The application of the method to the power system stability problem is illustrated by considering a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus, Three examples, using three different models for the synchronous machine, are given.
Expanding the Usability Toolkit: Using PowerPoint™ to Perform Website Analysis and Testing:

Many usability software packages exist to serve the needs of user experience practitioners. However, these options are often expensive and possess steep learning curves. The purpose of this paper is to provide novice practitioners a usability toolkit that is easy to use, versatile, and affordable. Using basic presentation software, PowerPoint™, graduate students in a usability and redesign course performed card sorting tasks with several users and used the results to create website prototypes for usability testing. The detailed methods for deploying these usability techniques via PowerPoint™, as well as the benefits of these methods, will be explored.
Use of inhaled nitric oxide and acetylcholine in the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension and endothelial function after cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUNDIncreased pulmonary vascular resistance is common in congenital heart disease and is exacerbated by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We investigated whether CPB is responsible for pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and contributes to postoperative pulmonary hypertension.METHODS AND RESULTSWe infused the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACH) into the pulmonary circulation of pulmonary hypertensive children with congenital heart disease either before (n = 12) or after (n = 22) surgical repair on CPB. The dose response to ACH (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) was recorded for all hemodynamic variables. Nine additional postoperative patients were studied with ACH followed by inhalation of 80 ppm nitric oxide, an endothelium-independent smooth muscle relaxant. Plasma levels of cyclic GMP (cGMP) were measured before and after ACH and nitric oxide administration. Pulmonary vasodilation with 10(-6) M ACH was seen in all preoperative patients but was markedly attenuated in postoperative patients. Baseline...
KSR2 is a calcineurin substrate that promotes ERK cascade activation in response to calcium signals

Protein scaffolds have emerged as important regulators of MAPK cascades, facilitating kinase activation and providing crucial spatio/temporal control to their signaling outputs. Using a proteomics approach to compare the binding partners of the two mammalian KSR scaffolds, we find that both KSR1 and KSR2 interact with the kinase components of the ERK cascade and have a common function in promoting RTK-mediated ERK signaling. Strikingly, we find that the protein phosphatase calcineurin selectively interacts with KSR2 and that KSR2 uniquely contributes to Ca2+-mediated ERK signaling. Calcineurin dephosphorylates KSR2 on specific sites in response to Ca2+ signals, thus regulating KSR2 localization and activity. Moreover, we find that depletion of endogenous KSR2 impairs Ca2+-mediated ERK activation and ERK-dependent signaling responses in INS1 pancreatic β-cells and NG108 neuroblastoma cells. These findings identify KSR2 as a Ca2+-regulated ERK scaffold and reveal a new mechanism whereby Ca2+ impacts Ras to ERK pathway signaling.
GUN OWNERSHIP AND CARRYING: COMPARISON OF PROTECTIVE AND SUBCULTURAL CORRELATES

Data from 1046 respondents in Virginia suggest subcultural, as compared to protective, motivations for possession of and carrying guns.
Impact of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive disease, antimicrobial resistance and colonization in Alaska Natives: progress towards elimination of a health disparity.

We evaluated invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), antimicrobial resistance and nasopharyngeal colonization before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in Alaska Natives (AN), a population with high IPD rates. We obtained IPD rates from population-based surveillance. Colonization was determined from annual surveys among rural AN of all ages and from urban children. After vaccine introduction, vaccine-type IPD rates declined by 91% among AN children <2 years, by 80% among non-Natives <2 years, and by 40% for adults of all races (P < 0.001 each). IPD decreased for isolates resistant to penicillin, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole (P < 0.001 each). Vaccine-type colonization decreased among rural and urban children <5 years and among rural adults (P < 0.001 each). PCV7 vaccine has eliminated a longstanding disparity of vaccine-type IPD for AN children. Decreased vaccine-type colonization and IPD in adults demonstrate indirect vaccine effects.
Paracetamol: is all the concern valid?

Given the widespread use and availability of paracetamol, we appreciate the ongoing need to evaluate its safety. However the review by Roberts et al 1 appears to be one in a string of recent articles drawing dubious or misleading conclusions regarding the safety of paracetamol.2 ,3 We question these conclusions about the safety of taking properly dosed paracetamol. The alternatives for chronic pain, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids, carry risks of significant morbidity and mortality.4 ,5 In the systematic …
PET Motion Tracking with Radioactive Fiducial Markers

Anesthetics used to keep small animals motionless during PET studies are a major confounding factor in the uptake and retention of radiotracers, particularly in the brain. This study proposes the use of radioactive fiducial markers to track and recover motion using only data from the PET scanner allowing anaesthetized imaging. Three small Na-22 fiducials (1mm, 10uCi) were attached to the outside of a micro hot-rod cylinder. To measure the accuracy with which fiducial markers can be tracked in the presence of a radioactive background the cylinder was filled with 1mCi F-18 and translated through the field of view at a known speed. For further validation the cylinder was filled with 0.3mCi F-18 and waved in a random motion path for 10 min. To process the listmode data is first gated into short time frame (100ms) images using simple ray casting. Each time frame image was registered (Mutual Information) to a reference frame to recover motion transforms. The listmode data is reprocessed transforming each event and binning into a single motion corrected sinogram which is reconstructed using standard programs. In the controlled motion study the fiducial markers were tracked with high precision (mean abs. error = 0.34mm). The motion recovered images were artifact free, showed good image quality, and a minimal loss of resolution. These studies suggest that motion tracking with radioactive fiducials is possible, and is suitable to enable anaesthetized brain imaging in a rat.
A Simple Moist Tropical Atmosphere Model: The Role of Cloud Radiative Forcing

Abstract A simple moist model for the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation is constructed by combining the simple models of Gill and Neelin and Held. The model describes the first baroclinic mode of the moist troposphere with variable “gross moist stability” in response to given thermodynamic forcing from surface evaporation and atmospheric cloud radiative forcing (CRF), which is a measure of the radiative effects of clouds in the atmospheric radiative heating. When the present model is forced solely by the observed atmospheric CRF, quantitatively reasonable Hadley and Walker circulations are obtained, such as the trades, the ascending branches in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), as well as the descending branches in the cold tongue and subtropics. However, when the model is forced only by the observed surface evaporation, the Walker circulation totally disappears, and the Hadley circulation reverses. These results indicate that, in the conte...
A Real Time Face Tracking And Animation System

In this paper, a novel system for real time face tracking and animation is presented. The system is composed of two major components: (1) real time infra-red (IR) based active facial feature tracking, and (2) real time facial expression generation based on a 3D face avatar. Twenty-two feature points, head pose orientation and eye close-open status are effectively extracted through a video input. Based on the detected facial features, a 3D face model is animated by a dynamic inference algorithm and a transformation from facial motion parameters to facial animation parameters. The work can be extended to the fields of real time facial expression analysis and synthesis for applications of human-computer interaction, model-based video conferencing and low bit rate avatar communication. The performance of the developed system is evaluated by its real time implementation for facial expression generation.
Asteroseismology of Planetary Nuclei

The first two pulsating planetary-nebula nuclei (PNNs), those of K 1-16 and Lo 4, were discovered by Grauer & Bond (1984) and Bond & Meakes (1990). They are nonradial multiperiodic g-mode pulsators, with typical periods near 25–31 min and low amplitudes (up to ~ 0.05–0.1 mag). These PNNs have extremely high temperatures (T eff > 100,000 K), and are hydrogen-deficient with high abundances of C and O. Their spectra and pulsational properties are very similar to those of the pulsating GW Vir (PG 1159–035) white dwarfs.
Treatment of rotator cuff tears in older individuals: a systematic review.

Background Rotator cuff disease is common in older adults and may compromise health status and functional independence. However, little evidence exists to guide the treatment of rotator cuff tears (RCTs) in the older patient. This study evaluated the evidence regarding treatment of RCTs in patients with a mean age of 60 years or older. Methods PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Citation Index (Web of Knowledge), Sport Discus, CINAHL, The Cochrane Controlled Trials registry, podium and poster presentations, proceedings, and abstracts from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons were searched for published and unpublished studies from 1966 to 2009. Inclusion criteria were English language, level of evidence I to III or greater, a full-thickness RCT, and treatment (surgery, physical therapy, injections, medications, or observation). Exclusion criteria included purely retrospective studies, isolated tears of the subscapularis, partial RCTs, revision surgery, and grafting or tendon transfer procedures. The blinded studies were independently evaluated using principles in the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, 2001) statement and then collated by level of evidence and treatment strategy. Results Eight studies (1 level I, 4 level II, and 3 level III) evaluated treatment outcomes in patients aged older than 60 years. Review of the included operative studies suggests possible efficacy with operative intervention. However, heterogeneity of these studies and bias did not allow for a valid consensus on the best treatment approach. Conclusions There is insufficient evidence to suggest efficacy in operative or nonoperative treatment of RCTs in older patients. The results presented here suggest possible favorable outcomes with operative management of RCTs.
Nursery paradigm enhances motor engagement of a novel environment by infants of mothers who had a demanding task.

Summary.-Two groups of bonnet macaque (Maraca radiato) mother-infant dyads were exposed to 12 wk. of a variable foraging demand paradigm for the mothcrs beginning when the infants were approximately 18 weeks of age. For the nursery group, infants were required to remain in a nursery within the mothers' living area during the entire treatment period. Testing of the dyads of both groups in a novel room subsequent to the differential rearing experience showed that only the inhnts required to remain within the nursery exhibited an increase in motor engagement of the novel environment over the first hour of exposure, possibly reflecting greater security of ;lttachment in these nursery infants. We previously demonstrated that a foraging task for bonnet macaque (Maraca radiata) mothers that varies benveen easy and difficult for 2-wk. blocks (variable foraging demand) during early infant development results in reduced motor engagement of a novel environment by the infants in subsequent testing and suggests a reduced security of attachment by comparison to infants reared by mothers with a low foraging demand (2, 3). To clarlfy mechanisms in this effect, we also developed a contact-permissive-mesh nursery that allows us to operationalize when mothers have made themselves available to their infants for grooming, huddling, etc., i.e., at the nursery, and permits us to provision the infants selectively, thereby buffering them from the direct effects of the foraging demands (4). The present goal was to assess how nursery rearing might modb the impact of variable foraging demand on infants' behavioral patterns in a novel environment subsequent to the experimental rearing condition. The nursery rearing might increase the effects because dyadic interactions would have to be negotiated through mesh, and mother would be physically unavailable during the necessary periods of task engagement. However, because the nursery rearing allows mothers to choose when to make themselves physically available to their infants, they may be psychologitaUv available at the same time. Concordance of physical and psychological availabilities may be I11ghc.r the more positive the overall quality of dyadic interactions with a lesser Wtelihood of hsrr~cl~on or rejection. This in turn would promote more secure infant development and mitigate the effects of variable foraging demand.
A BROWNIAN-TIME EXCURSION INTO FOURTH-ORDER PDES, LINEARIZED KURAMOTO–SIVASHINSKY, AND BTP-SPDES ON ℝ+ × ℝd

In recent articles we have introduced the class of Brownian-time processes (BTPs) and the Linearized Kuramoto–Sivashinsky process (LKSP). Probabilistically, BTPs represent a unifying class for some different exciting processes like the iterated Brownian motion (IBM) of Burdzy (a process with fourth-order properties) and the Brownian–snake of Le Gall (a second-order process); they also include many additional new and quite interesting processes. The LKSP is closely connected to the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky PDEs, one of the most celebrated PDEs in modern applied mathematics. We start by surveying the fourth-order PDE connections to BTPs and the LKSP that we uncovered in two recent articles. In the second part of this paper we introduce BTP-SPDEs, these are SPDEs in which the PDE part is that solved by running a BTP. We consider a BTP-SPDE driven by an additive spacetime white noise on the time-space set ℝ+ × ℝd; and we prove the existence of a unique real-valued, Lp(Ω,ℙ) for all p ≥ 1, BTP solution to such BTP-SPDEs for 1 ≤ d ≤ 3. This contrasts sharply with the standard theory of reaction-diffusion type SPDEs driven by spacetime white noise, in which real-valued solutions are confined to one spatial dimension. Like the PDEs case, BTP-SPDEs also provide a valuable insight into other fourth-order SPDEs of applied science. We carry out such a program in forthcoming articles.
XAFS spectroscopic study of Tc2(O2CCH3)4X2 (X^Cl, Br)

Technetium dimers Tc2(O2CCH3)4X2 (X = Cl, Br) were synthesized and studied by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy (XAFS). EXAFS analysis gave for Tc2(O2CCH3)4Cl2: d Tc-Tc = 2.18(1) A, d Tc–Cl = 2.43(1) A and for Tc2(O2CCH3)4Br2: d Tc–Tc = 2.19(1) A, d Tc-Br = 2.63(1) A. The Tc Tc separations are in agreement with Raman studies while the Tc–X distances are somewhat larger. Comparison with other Tc(III) quadruply bonded dimers indicates that the carboxylate compounds exhibit larger Tc–Tc separations. The effect of the terminal ligand (nature and position) on the Tc–Tc separation is discussed.
Decision Trees and Wavelet Analysis for Power Transformer Protection

This paper proposes decision trees (DTs) and wavelet analysis for the protection of large transformers. The DTs assimilate a large number of measured and derived quantities such as wavelet decomposition and harmonic coefficients. Wavelet decomposition is performed on 32 samples from a one-cycle window. The DT input vector contains eight wavelet coefficients from one level of resolution and other variables such as RMS differential current, RMS restraining current, percent differential current, and second and fifth harmonics. The eight detail coefficients are sorted so that the DT input vector remains relatively constant for a quasi-periodic signal as the observation window moves along the time axis. DTs are trained on data extracted from a large number of simulations. Accuracies around 95% are obtained in the presence of CT saturation when using either wavelets or harmonics in addition to the differential and restraining currents.
QUALITY CRITERIA FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION SOLUTIONS OBTAINED WITH A GENETIC ALGORITHM

It is now a well-establish ed fact that multi-objective problems can be addressed with a genetic algorithm. The conventional techniques of objective combinations or successive optimization of all the objectives leading to the identification of a single point in the Pareto Set are outperformed by the possibility of getting several solutions at the same time.
Grid-based research, development, and deployment in New York State

In this paper, we present cyberinfrastructure and grid computing efforts in New York State. In particular, we focus on fundamental efforts in Binghamton and Buffalo, including the design, development, and deployment of the New York State Grid, as well as a grass-roots New York State Initiative.
Cyclosporine causes sympathetically mediated elevations in arterial pressure in rats.

Cyclosporine-induced immunosuppression has emerged as a new cause of hypertension, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In patients, this hypertension is accompanied by sympathetic neural activation. We therefore hypothesized that increased sympathetic nerve discharge is an important mechanism by which cyclosporine raises blood pressure. To test this hypothesis, we examined effects of acute administration of cyclosporine (5 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle on renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity, renal and femoral blood flow velocity (pulsed Doppler flowmetry), and arterial pressure in chloralose-anesthetized rats. Vehicle had no effect on sympathetic nerve activity, whereas cyclosporine caused renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity to increase progressively over 60 minutes to levels that were 362 +/- 46% and 388 +/- 70%, respectively, of the baseline values (p less than 0.05). These increases in sympathetic nerve activity were accompanied by proportional increases in renal and femoral vascular resistance and sustained increases in mean arterial pressure (+19 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.05 versus baseline). The cyclosporine-induced increases in regional vascular resistance and arterial pressure were greatly attenuated, or abolished, by ganglionic blockade or by clonidine (central sympatholysis) but were unaffected by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. These findings demonstrate that in an anesthetized animal preparation, the vasoconstrictor and blood pressure-raising effects of cyclosporine are caused by sympathetic neural activation.
Finite-length vs. infinite-length MMSE-DFE: the connection

The paper extends a number of results on the infinite-length minimum mean-square-error decision feedback equalizer (MMSE-DFE) reported in Cioffi et al. to the finite-length case. Cholesky factorization and displacement structure theory are demonstrated to be two powerful analytical tools for analyzing the finite-length MMSE-DFE. The objective throughout the paper is to establish finite-length analogs of the well known infinite-length MMSE-DFE results. Similarities and differences between the two cases are examined and delineated. Moreover, convergence of the derived finite-length results to their well-established infinite-length counterparts is shown. Several special cases and variations on the FIR MMSE-DFE structure are also analyzed and discussed. >
Interfacial Energies in the Si/SiC System and the Si+C Reaction

The high ratio of the SiC grain-boundary energy to the Si(l)/SiC interfacial energy is used to explain two microstructural observations: (1) the penetration of dense SiC by Si(l), and (2) the morphology of the SiC formed when glassy carbon is reacted with Si(l). Comments are made concerning the mechanism of the Si+C reaction and the effect of sintering aids on the SiC grain-boundary energy.
Constructing the Color-Blind Classroom: Teachers' Perspectives on Race and Schooling.

The purpose of this study is to explore teachers’ attitudes towards race and schooling, and the ways in which they ‘do’ race in contemporary ‘color-blind’ learning environments where social location is not believed to exert any meaningful influence on students’ potential for success. Data for this study were gathered through observations and in-depth interviews of teachers in a primarily white elementary school, a primarily Hispanic elementary school, and a primarily African American elementary school, all within the same school district north of Chicago. This research finds that in an era of post-racial politics, teachers regularly make use of color-blind ideologies in order to support their understandings of race and schooling. Further, these ideologies underlie the widespread adoption of the social equality maxim, and reflect and sustain the creation of color-blind classrooms.
Diverse viral glycoproteins as well as CD4 co-package into the same human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) particles.

Background: Retroviruses can acquire not only their own glycoproteins as they bud from the cellular membrane, but also some cellular and foreign viral glycoproteins. Many of these non-native glycoproteins are actively recruited to budding virions, particularly other viral glycoproteins. This observation suggests that there may be a conserved mechanism underlying the recruitment of glycoproteins into viruses. If a conserved mechanism is used, diverse glycoproteins should localize to a single budding retroviral particle. On the other hand, if viral glycoproteins have divergent mechanisms for recruitment, the different glycoproteins could segregate into different particles. Results: To determine if co-packaging occurs among different glycoproteins, we designed an assay that combines virion antibody capture and a determination of infectivity based on a luciferase reporter. Virions were bound to a plate with an antibody against one glycoprotein, and then the infectivity was measured with cells that allow entry only with a second glycoprotein. We tested pairings of glycoproteins from HIV, murine leukemia virus (MLV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and Ebola virus. The results showed that glycoproteins that were actively recruited into virions were co-packaged efficiently with each other. We also tested cellular proteins and found CD4 also had a similar correlation between active recruitment and efficient co-packaging, but other cellular proteins did not. Conclusion: Glycoproteins that are actively incorporated into HIV-1 virions are efficiently co-packaged into the same virus particles, suggesting that the same general mechanism for recruitment may act in many viruses.
A new 9-point sixth-order accurate compact finite-difference method for the Helmholtz equation

A new 9-point sixth-order accurate compact finite-difference method for solving the Helmholtz equation in one and two dimensions, is developed and analyzed. This scheme is based on sixth-order approximation to the derivative calculated from the Helmholtz equation. A sixth-order accurate symmetrical representation for the Neumann boundary condition was also developed. The efficiency and accuracy of the scheme is validated by its application to two test problems which have exact solutions. Numerical results show that this sixth-order scheme has the expected accuracy and behaves robustly with respect to the wave number.
Nonphotolithographic nanoscale memory density prospects

Technologies are now emerging to construct molecular-scale electronic wires and switches using bottom-up self-assembly. This opens the possibility of constructing nanoscale circuits and memories where active devices are just a few nanometers square and wire pitches may be on the order of ten nanometers. The features can be defined at this scale without using photolithography. The available assembly techniques have relatively high defect rates compared to conventional lithographic integrated circuits and can only produce very regular structures. Nonetheless, with proper memory organization, it is reasonable to expect these technologies to provide memory densities in excess of 10/sup 11/ b/cm/sup 2/ with modest active power requirements under 0.6 W/Tb/s for random read operations.
Fungicidal Components of Mammalian Granulocytes Active against Cryptococcus neoformans

Citric acid extracts of granule-rich fractions, prepared from rabbit and guinea pig heterophils or human neutrophis, killed Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. These extracts sere fractionated by micropreparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. In preparation of rabbit and guinea pig heterophils, cryptococcidal activity was associated predominantely with lysosomal cationic protein complex. Human neutrophils lacked strictly comparable cationic proteins but contained other components that killed C. neoformans. These components appeared to be identical to previously described proteins of the human neutrophil active against Candida parapsilosis.
Fitness consequences of sociality in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster: influence of group size and composition

We used 7 years of live-trapping data from an Illinois population of prairie voles to examine how survival and reproductive success varied with size and composition of social groups. Specifically, we examined measures of fitness for residents of single female units, male–female pairs and communal groups. Reproductive success, measured as either the number of young that survived to 12 or 30 days of age per adult female in a group, was higher for groups of three adults than for smaller or larger groups. The ideal group composition with respect to reproductive success appeared to be one adult female and two adult males. Individuals born into groups with three adults survived longer than did those born into smaller or larger groups. There was no clear relationship, however, between group size and survival of adult members of groups. Sudden disappearance of a group, presumably to predation by weasels, was associated with relative group size such that the largest groups were more likely to disappear. Overall, our data indicate that prairie voles living in communal groups with three adult members have higher fitness than those living in smaller groups or in larger communal groups.
Efficient question answering in a hybrid system

A connectionist model for answering open-class questions in the context of text processing is presented. The system answers questions from different question categories, such as how, why, and consequence questions. The system responds to a question by generating a set of possible answers that are weighted according to their plausibility. Search is performed by means of a massively parallel directed spreading activation process. The search process operates on several knowledge sources (i.e., connectionist networks) that are learned or explicitly built-in. Spreading activation involves the use of signature messages, which are numeric values that are propagated throughout the networks and identify a particular question category (this makes the system hybrid). Binder units that gate the flow of activation between textual units receive these signatures and change their states. That is, the binder units either block the spread of activation or allow the flow of activation in a certain direction. The process results in a pattern of activation that represents a set of candidate answers based on available knowledge sources. >
Assessing patient and caregiver understanding of and satisfaction with the use of contact isolation.

Background Contact isolation is a method used for limiting the spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms when caring for patients. This policy has been linked to several adverse outcomes and less patient satisfaction. We assessed patient and caregiver understanding and satisfaction with the use of contact isolation. Methods A prospective survey of >500 patients in contact isolation at our institution was performed during 2014. Participants responded to a series of statements relating to contact isolation, using a 5-point Likert scale. Responses were assessed for overall positivity or negativity and further compared according to floor type or designation. Results Of the patients, 48.7% responded to the survey; 70 caregivers also responded. Patient and caregiver responses were similar and were positive overall. Most respondents felt safer because of the use of contact isolation and because it prevented infections. A smaller majority of respondents also thought the policy was adequately explained to them and adhered to by staff. Conclusions In the largest collection of respondents surveyed to date about contact isolation and its impact on them, the policy was viewed positively, both by patients and caregivers. There is still room for improvement in the area of patient education regarding the use of contact isolation.
Reconstruction of Ala, Cheek, and Upper Lip

The patient was a 58-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of a growth on the skin of the right ala. She was in good health and had smoked 1½ packs of cigarettes a day for 10 years. Examination of her nose revealed a 1-cm slightly ulcerated skin lesion. Biopsy of the area revealed a basal cell carcinoma. Mohs surgery was performed and resulted in a full-thickness loss of the entire ala. The defect extended into the medial cheek where a 2 × 1 cm loss of soft tissue was noted. In addition, a 2.0 × 1.5 cm skin defect of the adjacent upper lip was present (Fig. 26.1). This represented a complex facial defect involving three separate aesthetic regions: nose, cheek, and lip.
Outcomes of Lisfranc Injuries in the National Football League

Background:Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint injuries commonly occur in National Football League (NFL) competition; however, the career effect of these injuries is unknown.Purpose:To define the time to return to competition for NFL players who sustained Lisfranc injuries and to quantify the effect on athletic performance.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Data on NFL players who sustained a Lisfranc injury between 2000 and 2010 were collected for analysis. Outcomes data included time to return to competition, total games played after season of injury, yearly total yards and touchdowns for offensive players, and yearly total tackles, sacks, and interceptions for defensive players. Offensive power ratings (OPR = [total yards/10] + [total touchdowns × 6]) and defensive power ratings (DPR = total tackles + [total sacks × 2] + [total interceptions × 2]) were calculated for the injury season and for 3 seasons before and after the injury season. Offensive and defensive control groups co...
Heterogeneity and implicated surface effects : statistical, fractal formulation and relevant analytical solution

The aim of this paper is to examine the implications of material heterogeneity on brittle material response and on relevant surface effects. Statistical and fractal concepts are used for this purpose. In the statistical formulation the displacement gradients of the micro-medium are considered to be random fields characterized by stationary exponential or Gaussian auto-covariance and by the relevant correlation length or scale of fluctuation. Through Taylor series expansion around the mean of the random field, an important analogy is found between the statistical formulation and the micro-structural theory, originally introduced by Mindlin, where higher order gradients of deformation appear in the constitutive equations. The analogy is valid only when fluctuations are small, so that some simplifications are allowed. It is found that the so-called internal length appearing in the micro-structural formulation is analogous to the correlation length in the statistical one. In the statistical approach there are no extra boundary conditions in the formulation, as is the case when higher order gradients are introduced. However, what is know as “conditioning” of the field at the boundaries effects its behavior near/on them. The statistical approach can provide further information in the form of higher order moments not captured by the gradient theory. Material/structure response is strongly dependent on the aforementioned scale. Its effect is most pronounced near the boundaries of a structure where its role on surface related phenomena is paramount. In order to study heterogeneity at a hierarchy of scales, i.e. absence of characteristic length, complex disorderly system, fractal concepts and relevant power decay laws are considered. The formulation introduces the fractal dimension of the heterogeneous displacement gradient of the micro-medium, a length describing the overall size of the structure, and the lower cutoff of the scaling law. The physical interpretation of the lower cutoff is the lower limit of applicability of the power scaling law. Mathematically it is important since in this case the fractal can be “followed” in the spatial domain. Similarly to the statistical case, an analogy between the fractal formulation and gradient theories is identified. No extra boundary conditions appear in the fractal formulation. However, there are still open questions with respect to the behavior of a fractal after conditioning, as is the case on boundaries. The analytical solution of a relevant surface instability problem for the gradient, statistical, and fractal formulation is presented. The solution was obtained through symbolic computations by computer because the analytical work is tedious and error prone. The analytical solution provides significant insight into the problem of heterogeneity and skin effects in brittle materials, internal length estimation, and the role of fractal scaling properties. Finally, the concepts introduced herein are discussed with respect to experimental information and numerical implementation.
Differences in Ecological Responses of Three Biotypes of Ostrinia nubilalis from the North Central United States

Development of corn borers from 3 geographic origins was studied at 3 localities: Waseca (south central Minnesota), Ankeny (central Iowa), and Portageville (southeast Missouri). The study was conducted on field corn, inbred WF9, and a sweet corn, Seneca Chief, in 1963 and 1964, and on field corn inbreds WF9 and Oh43 in 1965 and 1966. Identical procedures were used at all 3 localities in any given season, although procedures were modified and refined from year to year. Analyses of the 4 years' results show that the 3 populations differ in the following ecological characteristics: (a) percent of survival, (b) percent of larvae entering diapause, (c) number of tunnels made by each borer, (d) rate of development, and (e) sensitivity in survival to host-resistance factors. In all cases, the Minnesota population was distinctly different from the Missouri population, while the Iowa population was intermediate. It was shown also that the biology of each biotype was influenced by ecological conditions, such as the location of experimental plots and host variety. Two additional conclusions were reached regarding the relative sensitivity of the different biotypes to ecological conditions, (a) The Missouri biotype was curtailed in survival when grown in the north, and the Minnesota biotype was enhanced in survival when grown in the south. The results show that the curtailment was greater than the enhancement. This fact suggests that the biotype which is adapted to warmer conditions is more sensitive to temperature changes than the biotype which is adapted to cooler conditions, (b) The Missouri biotype, which is adapted to short days in Missouri, showed a higher rate of pupation when grown in the north, and the Minnesota biotype, which is adapted to long days in Minnesota, showed a higher rate of diapause when grown in the south. The increase in pupation of the Missouri biotype when grown in the north was greater than the increase in diapause of Minnesota biotype when grown in the south. This fact suggests that the biotype which is adapted to short days is more sensitive to changes in photoperiod than is the biotype which is adapted to long days. These conclusions regarding the sensitivity of different biotypes to habitats with different temperatures and photoperiods, if proved to be true generally, would have great ecological significance in the prediction of behavior of introduced pests in new territories.
Overcoming Silos: The Role of an Interdisciplinary Course in Shaping a Sustainability Network

In fall 2009, seven faculty members from different disciplines partnered to develop and teach a 15-week undergraduate course on sustainability. These disciplines are family and consumer sciences, g...
Analysis of the Institutional Factors for the Urban-rural Imbalanced Supply of Public Goods in China

Since China's reform and opening—up policy,the impact of dual system in the transition period has not yet completely eliminated,the urban—rural imbalanced supply of public goods is still very serious. Entering into the 21~(st) century,the Chinese government has redefined the urban—rural relationship and increased the investment on agriculture and countryside.However,there exist still many institutional factors which result in the urban—biased supply of public goods,the institutional factors include mainly: government incentive mechanism,competition mechanism of regional economic development,financial system and the incentive mechanism of supply of public goods in rural community.Those factors make the local governments lack of motivation and capacity in providing rural public goods.The balanced urban—rural supply of public goods relies on the comprehensive reforms including especially government governance reform and financial system reform,and the comprehensive reforms lie on the fundamental changes of the concept on development by various levels of governments.
Calcitonin effects in primate pregnancy.

The acute effects of calcitonin (CT), a hypocalcemic hormone known to act by inhibiting bone resorption, were studied in rhesus monkeys in late pregnancy. Salmon CT was injected intravenously into either mother or fetus and the concentration of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in maternal plasma, fetal plasma, and amniotic fluid measured. Maternal CT administration produced a gradual fall in maternal plasma calcium levels and, to a lesser extent, in maternal plasma phosphorus levels. Both depth and duration of maternal hypocalcemia were related to dose. In addition, the degree of hypocalcemic response was greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant animals at equivalent dosage levels. Hypocalcemia induced in the mother by CT injection was not reflected in fetal hypocalcemia. Fetal CT administration produced a triphasic response in fetal plasma calcium, consisting of a prompt initial drop followed by a return to or above the baseline and then a more gradual decline. Both the initial and the secondary hypocalcemic responses in the fetus were dose-related in terms of depth and duration. These observations suggest that CT may be an important hormone in both maternal and fetal physiology.
Brewers dried yeast as a source of mannan oligosaccharides for weanling pigs.

Brewers dried yeast, a source of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), was assessed as an alternative to an antimicrobial agent (carbadox) for young pigs in two experiments. The yeast contained 5.2% MOS. Agglutination tests confirmed adsorption of several serovars of E. coli and Salmonella spp. onto the yeast product. In Exp. 1, seven replicates (five pigs per pen) of 22-d-old pigs were fed a nonmedicated basal diet or the basal diet with carbadox (55 mg/kg), yeast (3%), or a combination of 3% yeast and 2% citric acid for 28 d. Carbadox did not improve growth performance. Growth rate and feed intake were depressed (P 0.05) among treatments, but fecal shedding of carbadox-resistant coliforms was higher (P < 0.01) during the 9-d period in pigs fed carbadox. Total fecal coliforms were consistently lower throughout the postinoculation period in pigs fed yeast (P < 0.05). Yeast reduced colonization oftotal coliforms in the duodenum,jejunum, cecum, and colon, but it did not have a consistent effect on colonization of E. coli K88. Pigs fed yeast tended (P < 0.10) to have higher serum IgG levels than controls. In these experiments, brewers dried yeast and carbadox had minimal effects on growth, microbial populations, and intestinal health traits of early-weaned pigs, but certain serum immunological traits were enhanced by feeding yeast.
Attachment and Friendship

The centrality of the social world in human life is nowhere clearer than in the extreme dependence of children on their caregivers. Infants not only require that their caregivers provide for all of their physical needs, they also need a deep affective bond to learn about their physical and social world—to be able to explore, form relationships with others, to act both independently and collaboratively. This bond also scaffolds learning about language, how to interpret others’ behavior, and how to pursue joint projects. Human sociality generally begins with the infant-caregiver relationship. Like so many features of human life, attachment has both continuities and discontinuities with other animals. The extreme evolutionary investment that our species has made in the capacity to learn complex interactions with the physical and social world is evident in the prolonged dependence of human offspring. Even in the simplest forms of human life, children do not produce more than they consume until their late teens. The human investment of relational resources in complex capacities begins with the caregiver-infant relationship, which ramifies throughout individual and collective lives.
Home Writ Small: Nationalisms of Separatist Movements

Even though they reflect opposing tendencies, both globalization and secessionism represent important phenomena in the contemporary world and have received considerable attention in recent scholarship.1 In many respects, each phenomenon is a challenge to the long-prevalent centrality of sovereign states in the world system. From the perspective of the neoliberal advocate of a global world order, secessionism, subnationalism, state sovereignty, regional integration, and globalization are points on a political development continuum running from the past to the future. From the viewpoint of a separatist wanting self-determination for his or her nation, the normative order is reversed and globalization may be the most serious threat to a nation’s cultural uniqueness and economic independence. Generally, evaluations of the processes of globalization and integration tend to be positive, those of nationalism and secessionism are usually negative.
Anglo-American Strategic Policy and Norway, 1945–54

Throughout the Second World War, Norway was recognised by all three members of the Grand Alliance as belonging to the British and American sphere of military responsibility. Moreover, the country was also assumed to be an area of special interest to Britain. This was a reflection both of the development of extensive functional ties during the war and historically close Anglo-Norwegian political and economic links. This “closeness” encompassed and was reinforced by mutual security interests pre-dating their common struggle against German hegemonic aspirations in Europe. More specifically, both Norway and Britain had shared a long-standing concern about the vulnerability of Norway’s northernmost province of Finnmark to possible Russian attempts to extend its short ice-free coastline to the Atlantic seaboard.2 While Britain viewed Norway as belonging to its sphere of interest, Norway for its part came to rely on an “implicit” British security guarantee. As the work of Olav Riste has shown, underlying Norwegian security policy after 1905 was the “unspoken assumption … that Great Britain with her sea power could be relied upon to prevent, in her own interest, any attempt by other powers to gain a foothold on the Norwegian coast.”3
Brain norepinephrine : neurobiology and therapeutics

Introduction: revision of an old transmitter Gregory A. Ordway Part I. The Neurobiology of Norepinephrine: 1. Neuroanatomical and chemical organization of the locus coeruleus Kimberly L. Simpson and Rick C. S. Lin 2. Interactions of norepinephrine with other neurotransmitter systems: anatomical basis and pharmacology Craig A. Stockmeier and Gregory A. Ordway 3. Receptors for norepinephrine and signal transduction pathways David B. Bylund 4. Regulation of gene transcription in the central nervous system by norepinephrine Ronald S. Duman and Samuel S. Newton 5. The norepinephrine transporter and regulation of synaptic transmission Subbu Apparsundaram Part II. Norepinephrine and Behavior: 6. Role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in arousal and circadian regulation of the sleep wake cycle Gary S. Aston-Jones, Monica Gonzalez and Scott Doran 7. Locus coeruleus and regulation of behavioral flexibility and attention: clinical implications Gary S. Aston-Jones, Michiyo Iba, Edwin Clayton, Janusz Rajkowski and Jonathan Cohen 8. Norepinephrine and long-term memory function Benno Roozendaal 9. Norepinephrine and stress David A. Morilak Part III. The Biology of Norepinephrine in CNS Pathology: 10. Animal models of psychopathology: focus on norepinephrine Leonie A. M. Welberg and Paul Plotsky 11. Neuropathology of central norepinephrine in psychiatric disorders: postmortem research Gregory A. Ordway 12. Norepinephrine in mood disorders Pedro L. Delgado and Cristinel Coconcea 13. Noradrenergic pathology and pain Antti Pertovaara 14. Norepinephrine in cognitive disorders Amy F. T. Arnsten 15. Norepinephrine in neurological disorders Francesco Fornai 16. Genetics of noradrenergic neurobiology Inna Belfer and David Goldman Part IV. Psychopharmacology of Norepinephrine: 17. Actions of antidepressant and other drugs on norepinephrine systems Elliott Richelson 18. The clinical role of norepinephrine antidepressants in depression and anxiety disorders J. Craig Nelson 19. Norepinephrine in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Fred W. Riemherr, Michael A. Schwartz, B. K. Marchant and E. Higgins 20. Psychopharmacology of norepinephrine in eating disorders Katherine A. Halmi and Sun Young Yum 21. Role of norepinephrine in substance abuse Susan L. Broom and Bryan K. Yamamoto.
Direct Air Capture of CO2 Using Amine Functionalized MIL-101(Cr)

Direct adsorption of CO2 from ambient air, also known as direct air capture (DAC), is gaining attention as a complementary approach to processes that capture CO2 from more concentrated sources such as flue gas. Oxide-supported amine materials are effective materials for CO2 capture from dilute gases, but less work has been done on metal organic framework (MOF) supported amine materials. Use of MOFs as supports for amines could be a versatile approach to the creation of effective amine adsorbents because of the tunability of MOF structures. In the present work, MIL-101(Cr) materials functionalized with amine species are evaluated for CO2 capture from simulated air. Two amines are loaded into the MOF pores, tris (2-amino ethyl) (TREN) and low molecular weight, branched poly(ethylene imine) (PEI-800), at different amine loadings. The MIL-101(Cr)-TREN composites showed high CO2 capacities for high loadings of TREN, but a significant loss of amines is observed over multicycle temperature swing adsorption exper...