cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-temperature flares observed in broadband soft X-rays

Broadband soft solar X-rays monitored by the GOES satellites have been used to detect high-temperature flares (> 25 MK). The data suggest that there are two general categories of high-temperature flares: those that are intrinsically hot and recur repeatedly in particular active regions and those that show enhanced temperatures because of their proximity to the solar limb. Intrinsically hot flares associate with gamma-ray flares and impulsive hard X-ray flares. Hot flares show a small incidence with gradual hard X-ray flares, but those cases are either extremely intense flares or limb flares. The apparently hot flares occur near the visible limb, which suggests the strong thermal stratification of flare plasmas as demonstrated by over-the-limb events; even on the visible disk near the limb, the lower, cooler plasmas are somehow partially occulted.
DRINKING AND DRIVING BY YOUNG FEMALES

Recent research indicates that women are drinking and driving more often and that the proportion of female drivers involved in fatal crashes is increasing. U.S. Fatal Accident Reporting System data (Fell 1987) suggest that although overall alcohol involvement rates in fatal crashes have been declining for the past four years, the rates for females aged 21-24 have not, and their alcohol involvement rate in late-night single vehicle (SV) crashes, a surrogate measure of alcohol-related (A/R) crashes, is almost as high as that of male drivers. This paper examines the involvement of North Carolina (NC) female drivers who are less than 35 years of age for the period of 1976 through 1985 and reports on trends in driver licensing, arrests for drinking and driving, SV nighttime and A/R crashes, and measured blood alcohol levels in fatalities. It identifies an emerging driving-while-impaired (DWI) problem for younger women, particularly those 21 to 24 years of age. Significant trends pertaining to the involvement of women will have implications for the design and implementation of educational, deterrence, enforcement, and rehabilitation programs.
A technique for analyzing radiation from conformal antennas mounted on arbitrarily-shaped conducting bodies

This paper presents an efficient method to solve the problem of radiation from conformal aperture and microstrip antennas mounted on arbitrarily-shaped conducting bodies. The method, based on the surface equivalence and reciprocity principles, uses a combination of the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and Method of Moments (MoM) techniques to substantially improve the computational efficiency of the radiation pattern calculation. When the geometry and location of the radiating element are modified, only a small portion of the overall analysis requires re-simulation. This leads to a significant improvement in computational efficiency over presently-used techniques, and can substantially improve design efficiency when included in an optimization loop. The technique is first validated by solving two canonical problems, namely a thin slot which is oriented either axially or azimuthally on an infinitely long, perfectly conducting cylinder. These patterns are then compared to those produced by the same slot...
Understanding environmentally sensitive consumer behaviour: an integrative research perspective

Purpose – The potential underlying causal factors of environmental behaviours have been examined from various theoretical angles by mostly focusing on individual motivations in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model based on an integrative approach to better understand eco-sensitive consumer behaviours and their predictors. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews distinct theoretical approaches and, based on the integrative perspective, develops a model using the framework of the goal framing theory (GFT). Findings – On the basis of the GFT, the authors propose that 12 variables influence the pro-environmental behaviours of consumers: biospheric values, egoistic values, altruistic values, environmental concern, awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, subjective norms, attitudes towards behaviour, perceived behavioural control, personal norms, affect, and behavioural intention. Furthermore, the authors categorize environmental behaviours based on...
Sunk Costs, Contestability, and the Latent Contract Market

The idea that an industry with sunk costs may be contestable even in the absence of long-term contracts has received little attention informal economic theory yet is sometimes popular among practitioners. This paper formally illustrates the argument. In an infinitely repeated game, there exists a class of contestable outcomes in which the monopolist sells only on the spot market and charges low prices along the equilibrium path to prevent customers from resorting to long-term contracts. The crucial test for contestability is the level of transaction costs in the latent contract market.
Jaime Amorocho 1920–1983

Jim made his initial major contribution to hydrology with his Ph.D. dissertation, in which he developed a mathematical modeling procedure for nonlinear analysis of hydrologic systems. He continued the use of mathematical modeling procedures to analyze hydrologic problems throughout his career, including the novel application of entropy to assess uncertainty in hydrologic systems. The availability of new technologies always fascinated him. He developed practical procedures to analyze rainfall from satellite imagery. His broad interests led him to direct the construction and operation of a snowmelt lysimeter for field studies of mountain snowpacks for fundamental work in snow hydrology. He contributed much to the basic understanding of fluid mechanics and hydraulics through hydraulic model studies of significant structures, including flows in natural channels, sediment transport in rivers, and wind shear effects on flow in large open channels. He was an early developer and user of a laser Doppler flow velocity meter, which he and colleagues used extensively in studies of fundamental fluid mechanics. His research activity embraced broad areas of hydrology and hydraulic engineering.
Plasma waves and electromagnetic radiation at Venus and Mars

Plasma waves play a significant role in the interaction of the solar wind with the ionospheres of the unmagnetized planets, Venus and Mars. Upstream of the planet plasma oscillations are generated by electrons energized and reflected at the bow shock. The spatial extent of the plasma oscillations is indicative of the amount of energy gained at the shock. Comparison with the Earth's bow shock suggests that the electron energization is controlled by shock curvature. At the dayside ionopause of the unmagnetized planets low frequency waves are observed. These waves were originally identified as whistler-mode waves at Venus, but were subsequently identified as lower hybrid or ion acoustic waves. The waves appear to have an important role in mediating coupling between the solar wind and planetary ionosphere, in terms of either energy or momentum transfer. Plasma waves are also observed in the nightside ionosphere of the planets, and whistler-mode waves have been observed at low altitudes at Venus. These waves have been identified with planetary lightning, although recent observations by the Cassini spacecraft during its Venus flybys suggest that lightning at Venus must have different characteristics than terrestrial lightning. The waves are also subject to collisional Joule dissipation, and considerations of the predicted heating may help constrain the possible source mechanisms for the waves. Given the rich plasma wave environment at the unmagnetized planets, and the importance of plasma waves in the dynamics of the plasma, future aeronomy missions should include some form of wave instrumentation.
Dynamism and development

Abstract In industrialized countries, the human needs and purposes to be served by science and technology are increasingly subject to greater social control. People in developing countries are also preoccupied with controlling choices in the development and application of technology - and the priceless ingredient in controlling their own destiny. The encounter between the more and less dynamic societies makes developing countries the targets of an ‘information bombardment’. Science, technology, values and organization - the ‘active ingredients’ in development - are all forms of information (a resource that is not merely renewable but expandable). The capacity of indigenous people to understand and manipulate the information flow - linking science (‘know what’) and technology (‘know-how’) to human values (‘know why’) and social authority and organization (‘know who’) - is consequently the key to the dynamics of ‘development’.
Methodology for calculating aerodynamic sensitivity derivatives

A general procedure is developed for calculating aerodynamic sensitivity coefficients using the full equations of inviscid fluid flow, where the focus of the work is the treatment of geometric shape design variables. Using an upwind cell-centered finite volume approximation to represent the Euler equations, sensitivity derivatives are determined by direct differentiation of the resulting set of coupled nonlinear algebraic equations that model the fluid flow. The technique is implemented and successfully tested in two dimensions for flow through a subsonic nozzle (Moo = 0.85) and also a supersonic inlet (Moo = 2.0). Specifically, the method is demonstrated by calculating the sensitivity of the aerodynamic loads (forces) on the interior walls of the nozzle/inlet to variations in the geometric parameters that define the shape. The sensitivity coefficients calculated using this approach compare very well with those calculated using the method of "brute force" (i.e., using finite differences to approximate the sensitivity derivatives) and are computationally less expensive to obtain.
Surface Operators in Abelian Gauge Theory

We consider arbitrary embeddings of surface operators in a pure, non-supersymmetric abelian gauge theory on spin (or non-spin) four-manifolds. For any surface operator with a priori simultaneously non-vanishing parameters, we explicitly show that the parameters transform naturally under an SL(2,Bbb Z) (or Γ_0(2)) duality of the theory. However, for non-trivially-embedded surface operators, S-duality holds only if the quantum parameter effectively vanishes, while the overall SL(2,Bbb Z) (or Γ_0(2)) duality holds up to a c-number at most, regardless. Via the formalism of duality walls, we furnish an alternative derivation of the transformation of parameters - found also to be consistent with a switch from Wilson to 't Hooft loop operators under S-duality. With any background embedding of surface operators, the partition function and the correlation functions of non-singular, gauge-invariant local operators on any curved four-manifold, are found to transform like modular forms under the respective duality groups.
Single-Molecule Junction Conductance through Diaminoacenes

Conductivities have been measured for diaminoacenes with benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene rings. The conductivities were strong functions of the placement of the amino group contact points for the gold electrodes. There was good correlation with quantum-mechanical theory, and with the stabilities of the related mono- and dications of the molecules. It is proposed that some electron abstraction by the drain precedes electron donation by the source with these electron-rich systems.
Comparison of Optimality Criteria Algorithms for Minimum Weight Design of Structures

This paper presents a comparison of frequently used optimization algorithms based on optimality criteria to design a minimum weight structure. After summarizing the different methods, the relationship between the various algorithms is shown. They differ only in the degree of approximations made in formulating the recurrence relations to modify the design variables and to evaluate the Lagrange multipliers. A new iterative scheme, similar to Newton-Raphson, is also presented, with the equations written in such a form that it is not necessary to select the initial design vector of the unknown Lagrange multipliers. It is shown that with this scheme a minimum weight design can be obtained with a smaller number of analyses of the structure than with previously proposed methods.
Probing Planck-Scale Physics with Extragalactic Sources?

At Planck scale, spacetime is "foamy" because of quantum fluctuations predicted by quantum gravity. Here we consider the possibility of using spacetime foam-induced phase incoherence of light from distant galaxies and gamma-ray bursters to probe Planck-scale physics. In particular, we examine the cumulative effects of spacetime fluctuations over a huge distance. Our analysis shows that they are far below what is required in this approach to shed light on the foaminess of spacetime.
EVIDENCE FOR ORBITAL DECAY OF RX J1914.4+2456: GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION AND THE NATURE OF THE X-RAY EMISSION

RX J1914.4+2456 is a candidate double-degenerate binary (AM CVn) with a putative 569 s orbital period. If this identification is correct, then it has one of the shortest binary orbital periods known, and gravitational radiation should drive the orbital evolution and mass transfer if the binary is semi-detached. Here we report the results of a coherent timing study of the archival ROSAT data for RX J1914.4+2456. We performed a phase coherent timing analysis using all five ROSAT observations spanning a four-year period. We demonstrate that all the data can be phase connected, and we show that the 1.756 mHz orbital frequency is increasing at a rate of 1.5 +/- 0.4 x 10(exp -17) Hz/s consistent with the expected loss of angular momentum from the binary system via gravitational radiation. In addition to providing evidence for the emission of gravitational waves, our measurement of the orbital v(dot) constrains models for the X-ray emission and the nature of the secondary. If stable mass accretion drives the X-ray flux, then a positive v(dot) is inconsistent with a degenerate donor. A helium burning dwarf is compatible if indeed such systems can have periods as short as that of RX J1914.4+2456, an open theoretical question. Our measurement of a positive v(dot) is consistent with the unipolar induction model of Wu et al. which does not require accretion to drive the X-ray flux. We discuss how future timing measurements of RX J1914.4+2456 (and systems like it) with for example, Chandra and XMM-Newton, can provide a unique probe of the interaction between mass loss and gravitational radiation. We also discuss the importance of such measurements in the context of gravitational wave detection from space, such as is expected in the future with the LISA mission.
A two-stage denoising filter: The preprocessed Yaroslavsky filter

This paper describes a simple image noise removal method which combines a preprocessing step with the Yaroslavsky filter for strong numerical, visual, and theoretical performance on a broad class of images. The framework developed is a two-stage approach. In the first stage the image is denoised by a classical denoising method (e.g., wavelet or curvelet thresholding). In the second step a modification of the Yaroslavsky filter is performed on the original noisy image, where the weights of the filters are governed by pixel similarities in the denoised image from the first stage. The procedure is supported by theoretical guarantees, achieves very good performance for cartoon images, and can be computed much more quickly than current patch-based denoising algorithms.
Total synthesis, assignment of the relative and absolute stereochemistry, and structural reassignment of phostriecin (aka Sultriecin).

A total synthesis of phostriecin (2), previously known as sultriecin (1), its structural reassignment as a phosphate versus sulfate monoester, and the assignment of its relative and absolute stereochemistry are disclosed herein. Key elements of the work, which provided first the originally assigned sulfate monoester 1 and then the reassigned and renamed phosphate monoester 2, relied on diagnostic 1H NMR spectroscopic properties of the natural product for the assignment of relative and absolute stereochemistry as well as the subsequent structural reassignment, and a convergent asymmetric total synthesis to provide the unequivocal authentic materials. Key steps of the synthetic approach include a Brown allylation for diastereoselective introduction of the C9 stereochemistry, an asymmetric CBS reduction to establish the lactone C5-stereochemistry, diastereoselective oxidative ring expansion of an α-hydroxyfuran to access the pyran lactone precursor, and single-step installation of the sensitive Z,Z,E-triene ...
Gas-phase chemistry of actinide ions: probing the distinctive character of the 5f elements

Abstract Recent years have witnessed an increased level of activity in the study of gas-phase chemistry of bare and oxo-ligated actinide ions. The intent of this report is to summarize some key accomplishments in gas-phase actinide ion chemistry. Early work on thorium and uranium is described along with an account of recent results for the more radioactive synthetic actinides. Reactions of bare and oxo-ligated actinide ions with hydrocarbons have been a central focus of study and reveal important insights into actinide chemistry. Also briefly summarized are a few representative reactions with other types of substrates. Some results for the homologous lanthanide elements are included for comparison. Other types of reactions are also considered with an emphasis on the unique behavior of the actinides. Future prospects in the field of gas-phase actinide ion chemistry are discussed.
Severe new limits on the host galaxies of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Most burst models require bursters to reside in normal host galaxies with peak luminosities of photon s-1 or photon s-1 . These models can be directly tested by looking for host galaxies in small GRB error boxes in either of two data sets: (1) 8 optical transients detected for SAX bursts and (2) 23 of the all-time bright bursts. If the hosts are normal galaxies, then analysis of either data set shows photon s-1 . This result strongly rejects both luminosity cases provided bursters appear in normal host galaxies, with the bright burst sample being free of problems relating to galaxy evolution. In conclusion, bursters are either more distant than allowed for in the star-formation-rate scenario or they are not in normal galaxies.
Cosmology and the neutron lifetime

The standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis arguments are reviewed. The primordial He abundance is inferred from HeC and HeN and HeO correlations. The strengthened Li constraint as well as 2D plus 3He are used to limit the baryon density. The allowed number of neutrino families, Nν is delineated using the new value of τn = 890 ± 4 s (τ12 = 10.3 min) reported at this meeting. The formal statistical result is Nν = 2.6 ± 0.3 (1σ), providing a reasonable fit (1.3σ) to three families but making a fourth light (mν ⪅ 10 MeV) neutrino family exceedingly unlikely (≳ 4.7σ) (barring significant systematic errors either in D + 3He, and Li and/or 4He and/or τn). It is also shown that uncertainties induced by postulating a first-order quark-hadron phase transition do not seriously affect the conclusions.
A simple method for knoevenagel condensation of α,β‐conjugated and aromatic aldehydes with barbituric acid

Several aromatic and α,β-conjugated aromatic aldehydes were condensed with barbituric acid in methanol solution in the absence of acid or base as a catalyst, affording 5-ylidenebarbituric acid derivatives in almost quantitative yields.
Synthesis of Fused Polycyclic Aromatics by Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Arynes Using 2-Halobiaryls

The Pd-catalyzed annulation of arynes by 2-halobiaryls and related vinylic halides provides a very efficient, high yielding synthesis of polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrocarbons. This process appears to involve the catalytic, stepwise coupling of two very reactive substrates, an aryne and an organopalladium species, to generate excellent yields of cross-coupled products.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Although the cause of IIH remains obscure, it has become clear that loss of visual function is common and patients may progress to blindness. Diagnosis should adhere to the modified Dandy criteria. Recent case-control studies cast doubt on the validity of many frequently cited conditions associated with IIH. Valid associations include obesity, recent weight gain, female gender, vitamin A intoxication, and steroid withdrawal. IIH patient management should include serial perimetry using a sensitive disease-specific strategy. This is done so the proper therapy can be selected and visual loss prevented or reversed.
Compact group actions that raise dimension to infinity

Abstract For every prime p and each n = 2, 3,…, ∞, we construct an action of G = Π i = 1 ∞ ( Z pZ ) on a two-dimensional compact metric space X with n -dimensional orbit space.
Immunologic mechanisms in psoriasis

The demonstration of activated T lymphocytes, HLA-DR+ I-CAM 1+, gamma IP-10+ keratinocytes, and increased levels of lymphokines in active plaques suggests that immunologic mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation in psoriasis may be linked by those cytokines many of which are produced by both keratinocytes and leukocytes. Epidermal acanthosis and keratinocyte mitoses have been observed in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and after the intradermal injection of gamma interferon. Gamma interferon and its induced proteins have been demonstrated in active psoriatic plaques. Increased levels of the keratinocyte autocrine cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF)- alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, have been detected in active plaques. The apparent overexpression of IL-6 in hyperplastic psoriatic tissue may explain features of psoriasis that link keratinocyte proliferation with immune activation and tissue inflammation. Both IL-6 and gamma interferon increased TGF-alpha expression in normal cultured keratinocytes. Cytokines produced during immune activation and other inflammatory processes may lead to epidermal hyperplasia.
The numerical accuracy of truncated Ewald sums for periodic systems with long-range Coulomb interactions

Abstract Ewald summation is widely used to calculate electrostatic interactions in computer simulations of condensed-matter systems. An analysis is presented of the errors arising from truncating the infinite real- and Fourier-space lattice sums in the Ewald formulation. An optimal choice is derived for the Fourier-space cutoff given a screening parameter η. It is found that the number of vectors in Fourier space required to achieve a given accuracy scales with η 3 . The proposed method can be used to determine computationally efficient parameters for Ewald sums, to assess the quality of Ewald-sum implementations, and to compare different implementations.
Simple quantum feedback of a solid-state qubit

We propose an experiment on quantum feedback control of a solid-state qubit, which is within the reach of the present-day technology. Similar to an earlier proposal [R. Ruskov and A. N. Korotkov, Phys. Rev. B 66, 041401(R) (2002)], the feedback loop is used to maintain coherent oscillations in a qubit for an arbitrarily long time; however, this is done in a significantly simpler way, which eases the bandwidth problem. The main idea is to use the quadrature components of the noisy detector current to monitor approximately the phase of qubit oscillations. The price for simplicity is a less-than-ideal operation: the fidelity is limited to about 95%. The feedback loop operation can be experimentally verified by the appearance of a positive in-phase component of the detector current relative to an external oscillating signal used for synchronization.
Congestive Heart Failure Masquerading as Primary Pulmonary Disease

Patients with congestive heart failure, particularly when it is chronic and insidious, may not have the typical signs of progressive dyspnea, cough, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or edema with weight gain. In addition, the roentgenographic findings may be atypical. Thus, the combination of atypical clinical and roentgenographic findings and the absence of positive physical findings such as rales and cardiac gallop may mislead the clinician from the correct diagnosis of congestive heart failure. Eight patients with congestive heart failure had their conditions originally diagnosed as primary pulmonary disease. The pulmonary diagnoses included diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, asthmatic bronchitis, diffuse pulmonary infiltrate of undetermined cause, pneumonitis, tumor, hilar mass, and emphysema. In such patients, the clinician must be alert for the possibility of congestive heart failure, particularly in elderly patients or patients with a history of coronary artery disease or valvular heart disease. The response to therapy for heart failure may be the best means of differentiating the patient with primary pulmonary disease from the one with congestive heart failure.
Principal Component Pursuit with reduced linear measurements

In this paper, we study the problem of decomposing a superposition of a low-rank matrix and a sparse matrix when a relatively few linear measurements are available. This problem arises in many data processing tasks such as aligning multiple images or rectifying regular texture, where the goal is to recover a low-rank matrix with a large fraction of corrupted entries in the presence of nonlinear domain transformation. We consider a natural convex heuristic to this problem which is a variant to the recently proposed Principal Component Pursuit. We prove that under suitable conditions, this convex program guarantees to recover the correct low-rank and sparse components despite reduced measurements. Our analysis covers both random and deterministic measurement models.1
The "hidden catch" in The Invisible Hook

In The Invisible Hook, Leeson argues that by devising a complex system of rules (called the “pirate code”) and procedures for electing their leaders, pirate societies created governance structures where the leaders were strong enough to “control the governed” but were not strong enough to break the constraints that bound them. There is, however, a “hidden catch” within The Invisible Hook. There are important differences between pirate crews and societies, between pirate captains and political leaders, and between the pirate code and constitutions. Moreover, understanding these differences is critical for understanding how criminal bands were able to accomplish a feat that still proves problematic for many societies.
APPLICATION OF A TIGHT-BINDING TOTAL-ENERGY METHOD FOR AL, GA, AND IN

We apply our tight-binding (TB) methodology to the $\mathrm{sp}$ metals Al, Ga, and In, all of which have distinctive ground states. The results show that this approach works as well for such elements as it does for transition metals. Bulk properties such as lattice constants, bulk moduli, and elastic constants were found to be consistent with experiments. We emphasize that our method successfully predicts the correct ground states of both Ga and In, without inclusion of the corresponding first-principles data in the fit. In addition, we note the success of our method in Al, a metal not normally described by TB.
Effective neutrino mass operators: a guide to model building

Effective operators relevant for generating small Majorana masses for the neutrinos in the Standard Model will be considered. These operators serve as a useful guide for building models of neutrino mass. Some of these operators are represented by familiar models in the literature, and others lead to interesting new models. The number of the relevant operators will be drastically reduced if neutrinoless double beta decays are observed in current experiments.
Zero-bias anomaly and possible superconductivity in single-walled carbon nanotubes

We report measurements of field-effect transistors made of isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes contacted by superconducting electrodes. For large negative gate voltage, we find a dip in the low-bias differential resistance. Remarkably, this dip persists well above the superconducting transition temperature of the electrodes, indicating that it is not caused by superconducting proximity effect from the electrodes. This conclusion is supported by measurements on carbon nanotubes contacted by normal electrodes showing similar features. One possible explanation is superconductivity in the nanotubes, occurring when the gate voltage shifts the Fermi energy into van Hove singularities of the electronic density of states.
Effects of Engine Exhaust Flow on Boattail Drag

Wind-tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the effects of jet plume shape and entrainment on hoattail pressure drag. The results were used to determine nozzle drag levels at various engine operating conditions as well as at conditions related to airplane force models. An isolated nozzle model with a pressure-tapped exterior and changeable internal parts was tested subsonically to examine changes in drag due to alterations in internal geometry and nozzle pressure ratio. In addition, tests were run with solid plume-shaped sleeves as a means to separate plume-shape effects from jet entrainment effects. Large differences in drag were measured with changes in plume shape, and, in certain regimes, jet entrainment also had a significant effect. The results of this study include boattail pressure distributions, integrated drag coefficients, and a comparison of test data with analytically predicted drag levels. Nom enclatur e A = cross-sectional area CD = boattail pressure drag coefficient (drag/g<^4.m) Cp = boattail pressure coefficient [(P — Po)/qQ] D,d = diameter h = boundary-layer height L = length of boattail MQ = freestream Mach number NPR = nozzle pressure ratio (PTJ/PO) P = local static pressure Po = freestream static pressure PTJ = exhaust jet total pressure q = dynamic pressure R = radius /3 = boattail trailing-edge angle Subscripts boattail terminal plane jet B,b J M,m T maximum freestream total
A CORRELATION BETWEEN STELLAR ACTIVITY AND HOT JUPITER EMISSION SPECTRA

We present evidence for a correlation between the observed properties of hot Jupiter emission spectra and the activity levels of the host stars measured using Ca II H & K emission lines. We find that planets with dayside emission spectra that are well-described by standard one-dimensional atmosphere models with water in absorption (HD 189733, TrES-1, TrES-3, WASP-4) orbit chromospherically active stars, while planets with emission spectra that are consistent with the presence of a strong high-altitude temperature inversion and water in emission orbit quieter stars. We estimate that active G and K stars have Lyman α fluxes that are typically a factor of 4-7 times higher than quiet stars with analogous spectral types and propose that the increased UV flux received by planets orbiting active stars destroys the compounds responsible for the formation of the observed temperature inversions. In this paper, we also derive a model-independent method for differentiating between these two atmosphere types using the secondary eclipse depths measured in the 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands on the Spitzer Space Telescope and argue that the observed correlation is independent of the inverted/non-inverted paradigm for classifying hot Jupiter atmospheres.
Associative logic for highly parallel systems

Some of the advantages of a highly parallel system are well known. With several computers and memories available, double or triple redundancy can supply extremely high reliability where such reliability is a necessity. The loss of one computer will mean a reduced computing rate but no complete breakdown of the system; this desirable attribute has been called graceful deterioration. We can also have modular enhancement when the user who wishes to solve his problems more rapidly has but to add another computer module or two in parallel with his existing installation, if his problems are responsive to parallel treatment. Complex real-time problems of supreme urgency will require a high degree of parallelism if they are to be solved. Of course all of these advantages of parallel systems assume an exceedingly flexible means of programming and control for the system.
Treatment of coccidioidomycosis

This review has traced chemotherapy of coccidioidomycosis from its unsuccessful beginnings through the present time. Although in vitro susceptibilities give initial impressions of activity of many drugs, and although animal studies identify the diseases targeted for initial trials, ultimately it is the patient in whom the benefits and risks of a new agent must be weighed. For this reason, considerations have been limited to clinical studies, with no review of animal data or immunologic forms of therapy such as transfer factor. In this review, amphotericin B has been found to be the first active antifungal agent in coccidioidomycosis. Although responses clearly occurred, even in meningitis, the vagaries of disease and investigators prevented a really hard assessment of how many patients really were "cured" versus how many relapsed again and again. Responses were given in broad ranges and the term "remission" came to be considered a more accurate definition for this illness than "cure." The azole antifungals, though fungistatic, gave us, for the first time, the ability to treat a patient indefinitely with an oral preparation; the advantages of this cannot be overstated. Although all of these drugs act by similar mechanisms, the differences in potency, pharmacokinetics and toxicities have brought fluconazole and itraconazole to the fore. Which of the two is superior (if either is) cannot be defined with the limited data available. The role of SCH39304 is, at present, unclear. Other agents such as nikkomycin and modified polyenes may enter a role in clinical evaluation of coccidioidomycosis, but for the next five years the drugs described in the preceding pages, or combinations, are likely to constitute the pharmaceutical arsenal against C. immitis. While we now have much more to offer the heirs of Domingo Escurra and Jose Furtado-Silveira than gentian violet and carbolic acid, we still have response rates of less than 75% for extrameningeal disease and we have not yet identified a drug that will guarantee a cure without later relapse. There is still a way to go.
Some Aspects of Massive World-Brane Dynamics

We study the internal dynamics of Ramond-Ramond solitons excited far from the BPS limit by leading Regge trajectory open strings. The simplest world volume process for such strings is splitting into two smaller pieces, and we calculate the corresponding decay rates. Compared to the conventional open superstring, the splitting of states polarized parallel to the brane is suppressed by powers of logarithms of the energy. The rate for states polarized transverse to the brane often decreases with increasing energy. We also calculate the static force between a D-brane excited by a massive open string and an unexcited D-brane parallel to it. The result shows that transversely polarized massive open strings endow D-branes with a size of order the string scale.
Extending the High Level Architecture Paradigm to Economic Simulation

This paper describes the potential application of a US Department of Defense-developed simulation architecture to the domain of economic and financial simulation. This approach, known as the High Level Architecture (HLA)1 for Simulation Interoperability, provides the ability to link disparate simulations. This approach supports simulation interoperability and re-use, allowing for the development of composable sets of interacting simulations. The HLA approach has proven to be extremely successful in the military simulation arena, a domain that has a number of strong analogies to the economic and financial simulation domain. This paper provides an overview of the tenets of the HLA approach and proposes an extension of the tools and capabilities to the economic simulation domain.
Technology challenges for the Square Kilometer Array

The SKA offers an opportunity for new approaches to the design, development, and construction of radio astronomical instrumentation, building on industry expertise in large-scale manufacturing of high-technology devices. The SKA Organization includes an Industry Participation Manager, and the SKA web site includes an invitation for industry collaboration, a list of opportunities for industry, the management model, and contact information: See http://www. skatelescope.org/pages/page_industrial.htm.
A New Look at Carbon Abundances in Planetary Nebulae. IV. Implications for Stellar Nucleosynthesis

This paper is the fourth and final report on a project designed to study carbon abundances in a sample of planetary nebulae representing a broad range in progenitor mass and metallicity. We present newly acquired optical spectrophotometric data for three Galactic planetary nebulae, IC 418, NGC 2392, and NGC 3242, and combine them with UV data from the IUE Final Archive for identical positions in each nebula to determine accurate abundances of He, C, N, O, and Ne at one or more locations in each object. We then collect abundances of these elements for the entire sample and compare them with theoretical predictions of planetary nebula abundances from a grid of intermediate-mass star models. We find some consistency between observations and theory, lending modest support to our current understanding of nucleosynthesis in stars below 8 M☉ in birth mass. Overall, we believe that observed abundances agree with theoretical predictions to well within an order of magnitude but probably not better than to within a factor of 2 or 3. However, even this level of consistency between observation and theory enhances the validity of published intermediate-mass stellar yields of carbon and nitrogen in the study of the abundance evolution of these elements.
Unsteady transonic flow calculations for wing/fuselage configurations

Unsteady transonic flow calculations are presented for wing/fuselage configurations. Calculations are performed by extending the XTRAN3S (version 1.5) unsteady transonic small-disturbance code to allow the treatment of a fuselage. The research was conducted as part of a larger effort directed toward developing the capability to treat a complete flight vehicle. Details of the XTRAN3S fuselage modeling are discussed in the context of the small-disturbance equation. Transonic calculations are presented for two wing/fuselage configurations with leading-edge sweep angles of 0 and 36.65 deg, the results of which compare well with available experimental steady-pressure data. Unsteady calculations are performed for simple bending and torsion modal oscillations of the wing. Comparisons of sectional lift and moment coefficients for the wing-alone and wing/fuselage cases reveal effects of fuselage aerodynamic interference on the unsteady wing loading. Tabulated generalized aerodynamic forces, typically used in flutter analyses, indicate small changes in the real (in-phase) component and as much as a 30% change in the imaginary (out-of-phase) component when the fuselage is included in the calculation. These changes result in a 2-5% increase in total magnitude and a several degree increase in phase.
Redshift-independent distances to type Ia supernovae

We describe a procedure for accurately determining luminosity distances to Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) without knowledge of redshift. This procedure, which may be used as an extension of any of the various distance determination methods currently in use, is based on marginalizing over redshift, removing the requirement of knowing z a priori. We demonstrate that the Hubble diagram scatter of distances measured with this technique is approximately equal to that of distances derived from conventional redshift-specific methods for a set of 60 nearby SNe Ia. This indicates that accurate distances for cosmological SNe Ia may be determined without the requirement of spectroscopic redshifts, which are typically the limiting factor for the number of SNe that modern surveys can collect. Removing this limitation would greatly increase the number of SNe for which current and future SN surveys will be able to accurately measure distance. The method also may be able to be used for high-z SNe Ia to determine cosmological density parameters without redshift information.
The Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration: NASA’s First Step Toward Very High Data Rate Support of Science and Exploration Missions

Future NASA missions for both Science and Exploration will have needs for much higher data rates than are presently available, even with NASA’s highly-capable Space- and Deep-Space Networks. As a first step towards this end, for one month in late 2013, NASA’s Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) successfully demonstrated for the first time high-rate duplex laser communications between a satellite in lunar orbit, the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), and multiple ground stations on the Earth. It constituted the longest-range laser communication link ever built and demonstrated the highest communication data rates ever achieved to or from the Moon.
An alternative approach to hyperbolic structures on link complements

An alternative method is described for determining the hyperbolic structure on a link complement, and some of its elementary consequences are examined. The method is particularly suited to alternating links.
Selective syntheses of substituted 6-alkyl-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes

Abstract β-ionone is cyclized to 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene in 80–95% yield. Selective derivatization at the 5- and/or 7-positions of 6-alkyl-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes was achieved by nitration, acylation, and reduction.
Ring constrained analogues of β-alanine-containing GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists

A series of ring constrained analogues of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist XR299 (1) was investigated as potential inhibitors of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, a platelet receptor that plays a key role in platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion. Ring size was found to have a large effect on in vitro potency. Selected compounds showed good in vitro activity, a preference for binding to activated platelets, and modest duration of action when dosed iv as a racemate in a canine model.
Quality of the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register: a systematic review.

Aims: The Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR) is one of the oldest individual level hospital discharge registers and has been intensively used for research purposes. The aim of this study was to gather information concerning the quality of FHDR into one place in terms of a systematic review of validation studies that compare data to external information. Methods: Several reference databases were searched for validity articles published until January 2012. For each included study, focus of validation, register years examined, number of compared observations, external source(s) of data, summary of validation results, and conclusions concerning the validity of FHDR were extracted. Results: In total, 32 different studies comparing FHDR data to external information were identified. Most of the studies examined validity in the case of vascular disease, mental disorders or injuries. More than 95% of discharges could be identified from the register. Positive predictive value (PPV) for common diagnoses was ...
Search strategies for applied molecular evolution

A new approach to drug discovery is based on the generation of high diversity libraries of DNA, RNA, peptides or small molecules. Search of such libraries for useful molecules is an optimization problem on high-dimensional molecular fitness landscapes. We utilize a spin-glass-like model, the NK model, to analyze search strategies based on pooling, mutation, recombination and selective hill-climbing. Our results suggest that pooling followed by recombination and/or hill-climbing finds better candidate molecules than pooling alone on most molecular landscapes. Our results point to new experiments to assess the structure of molecular fitness landscapes and improve current models.
Stable nondegenerate optical parametric oscillation at degenerate frequencies in Na:KTP

We report the realization of a light source specifically designed for the generation of bright continuous-variable entangled beams and for Heisenberg-limited inteferometry. The source is a nondegenerate, single-mode, continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator in Na:KTP, operated at frequency degeneracy and just above threshold, which is also of interest for the study of critical fluctuations at the transition point. The residual frequency-difference jitter is ±150 kHz for a 3 MHz cold cavity half width at half maximum. We observe 4 dB of photon-number-difference squeezing at 200 kHz. The Na:KTP crystal is noncritically phase matched for a 532 nm pump and polarization crosstalk is therefore practically nonexistent.
Compensation methodologies for local control using strain actuators and sensors

Piezoelectric materials can be used for structural actuation and sensing. Compensation schemes for local control using such actuators and sensors are investigated. It is found that increasing the rolloff of the dereverberated transfer function by shaping the actuator and sensor improves control design. However, experimental data shows little rolloff; this is attributed to unmodeled dynamics.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Point interactions from flux conservation

We show that the physical requirement of flux conservation can substitute for the usual matching conditions in point interactions. The study covers an arbitrary superposition of δ and δ′ potentials on the real line and can be easily applied to higher dimensions. Our procedure can be seen as a physical interpretation of the deficiency index of some symmetric, but not self-adjoint operators.
Long-term complications of implantable cardioverter defibrillator lead systems.

Abstract Over a period of 8.5 years in 255 patients with fullsystem implantable cardioverter defibrillators, leadspecific complications requiring reoperation developed in 32 patients. A total of 36 leads were affected. Lead fracture was the cause of failure in half of these patients. Refinement and improvement in structural designs of these leads, use of endocardial leads, and attention to technical details during implantation should decrease the incidence of these complications.
Control of adenine nucleotide translocation in liver mitochondria from ethanol-fed rats

Male rats developed fatty liver after being fed an ethanol-containing diet for 31 days. Liver mitochondria from these animals (ethanol mitochondria) catalyzed ATP synthesis at a slower rate than did mitochondria from pair-fed control rats (control mitochondria). Furthermore, ATP translocation was decreased in ethanol mitochondria and parameters influencing such were investigated. Several experiments indicated that ADP uptake into ethanol mitochondria is not decreased due to inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase by either long chain acyl CoA derivatives or unesterified fatty acids. Analyses of endogenous adenine nucleotides in ethanol mitochondria revealed lower ATP concentrations, but no decrease in total adenine nucleotides. In experiments where endogenous ATP was shifted to higher concentrations by incubation with BSA, the rate of ADP translocation was increased, with a linear correlation being observed between endogenous ATP concentrations and the rate of ADP translocation. The depressed ATP concentration in ethanol mitochondria suggests that the ATP synthetase complex is replenishing endogenous ATP at a slower rate. A decrease in the rate of ATP synthesis in ethanol mitochondria is sufficient to explain the decreased ADP translocation.
Global identification of the semiparametric Box–Cox model

Abstract We show identifiability of the Box–Cox model under restrictions that do not require the disturbance U to be independent or mean independent of the explanatory variable X . Our restrictions are on the support of the distribution of U given X .