cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous Land Management in the Era of Self‐Determination

Indigenous people inhabit approximately 85% of areas designated for biodiversity conservation worldwide. They also continue to struggle for recognition and preservation of cultural identities, lifestyles, and livelihoods—a struggle contingent on control and protection of traditional lands and associated natural resources (hereafter, self-determination). Indigenous lands and the biodiversity they support are increasingly threatened because of human population growth and per capita consumption. Application of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to tribal lands in the United States provides a rich example of the articulation between biodiversity conservation and indigenous peoples' struggle for self-determination. We found a paradoxical relationship whereby tribal governments are simultaneously and contradictorily sovereign nations; yet their communities depend on the U.S. government for protection through the federal-trust doctrine. The unique legal status of tribal lands, their importance for conserving federally protected species, and federal environ- mental regulations' failure to define applicability to tribal lands creates conflict between tribal sovereignty, self-determination, and constitutional authority. We reviewed Secretarial Order 3206, the U.S. policy on "Amer- ican Indian tribal rights, federal-tribal trust responsibilities, and the ESA," and evaluated how it influences ESA implementation on tribal lands. We found improved biodiversity conservation and tribal self-determination requires revision of the fiduciary relationship between the federal government and the tribes to establish clear, legal definitions regarding land rights, applicability of environmental laws, and financial responsi- bilities. Such actions will allow provision of adequate funding and training to tribal leaders and resource managers, government agency personnel responsible for biodiversity conservation and land management, and environmental policy makers. Increased capacity, cooperation, and knowledge transfer among tribes and conservationists will improve biodiversity conservation and indigenous self-determination.
Spatial distribution of current and Fermi carriers around localized elastic scatterers in quantum transport.

The two-dimensional spatial distribution of the current and Fermi carriers around localized elastic scatterers in phase-coherent electron transport has been calculated using a generalized scattering-matrix approach. The distributions show dramatic differences depending on whether the scatterers are attractive (donorlike) or repulsive (acceptorlike). We find that attractive scatterers can produce strong vortices in the current, resulting in localized magnetic moments, while repulsive scatterers produce much weaker vortices and may not produce any at all in quasiballistic transport (few impurities). This is a significant difference between majority-carrier transport (when the scatterers are attractive) and minority-carrier transport (scatterers are repulsive). The vortices are caused by quantum-mechanical interference between scatterers and are accentuated by evanescent modes which have a stronger effect in the case of attractive scatterers owing to the formation of quasidonor states. We also examine the influence of the impurity configuration (positions of the scatterers) on the nature of the vortices.
Issues related to modeling the body mass index–mortality association: the shape of the association and the effects of smoking status

Research on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality has led to conflicting results; a lack of agreement about how to adjust for confounders, such as smoking status, has added to the problem. Complicating such analyses is the fact that the BMI-mortality association is not a symmetric quadratic relationship; the distribution tends to be skewed to the right, causing the optimal BMI--where mortality is at a minimum--to be overestimated. One way to overcome this problem is by transformation of the BMI distribution to normality. The authors suggest several approaches for doing so, including the use of 1/BMI, or lean body mass index, instead of BMI in modeling. Data sets on 50 cohorts from approximately 30 international studies were used to examine the association (direct, inverse, quadratic or none) between BMI and mortality and to investigate the possible interaction of smoking status. Of the 50 cohorts, 36 showed a quadratic association between BMI and mortality, 10 showed no association and 1 showed a direct association between lean BMI and mortality. Only three cohorts showed a significant interaction between BMI and smoking, which was approximately what one would expect from a 5% significance test, even if no interaction existed. The association between BMI and mortality is not changed when smoking status is ignored in a model or when data on smokers are excluded from analysis. The methodology used in this study could be extended to look for other interactions.
Working 225 V Over-Voltage Protection Cell With Tunable Trigger and Holding Voltages for Latch-Up Immunity

This paper describes the challenges encountered and solutions found to be the problem of developing over-voltage protection for 225 V circuit applications with measured tunable trigger voltages of 100-300 V, measured tunable holding voltages for latch-up immunity of 50-240 V, and corresponding strengths of 8.0-2.4 A Transmission Line Pulse (TLP). The device is engineered using technical computer-aided design and the performance is measured with dc characterization, unpowered TLP, powered and unpowered Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), as well as a 225 V product placement with a 1500-h High Temperature Operating Life lifetime reliability monitor. The final cell enables both 225 V powered and unpowered protection from high voltage switching transients and ESD events.
Tunable Self-Assembly of Genetically Engineered Silk-Elastin-Like Protein Polymers

Silk--elastin-like protein polymers (SELPs), consisting of the repeating units of silk and elastin blocks, combine a set of outstanding physical and biological properties of silk and elastin. Because of the unique properties, SELPs have been widely fabricated into various materials for the applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. However, little is known about the fundamental self-assembly characteristics of these remarkable polymers. Here we propose a two-step self-assembly process of SELPs in aqueous solution for the first time and report the importance of the ratio of silk-to-elastin blocks in a SELP's repeating unit on the assembly of the SELP. Through precise tuning of the ratio of silk to elastin, various structures including nanoparticles, hydrogels, and nanofibers could be generated either reversibly or irreversibly. This assembly process might provide opportunities to generate innovative smart materials for biosensors, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Furthermore, the newly developed SELPs in this study may be potentially useful as biomaterials for controlled drug delivery and biomedical engineering.
Problems for Linguistic Solutions to the Paradox of Analysis

G. E. Moore opined that the paradox of analysis might be avoided if it could be shown that sentences expressing conceptual analyses convey information not only about concepts, but also about the expressions they use. If so, “to be a brother is to be a male sibling” and “to be a brother is to be a brother” might express the same proposition, and yet not be identical in information value as the paradox suggests. How sentences might do this, Moore could not see. Many philosophers have pointed out an obvious way in which sentences might be said to convey information about the expressions they use. Some have suggested this information might be used to develop Moore's intuition and resolve the paradox of analysis. I argue that this approach fails. I present a version of the paradox of analysis that resists this sort of solution.
AvCloak: A Tool for Black Box Latency Measurements in Video Conferencing Applications

The usage and number of available video conferencing (VC) applications are rising as the high-bandwidth, low latency networks on which they depend become increasingly prevalent. Since VC applications support real-time human interaction, problems with performance that impair interactivity are social issues. Currently, performance measurements cannot easily be obtained due to the proprietary nature of VC applications, however, such measurements would be useful because they enable researchers to easily evaluate the performance impact of architectural and design decisions, quantitatively compare VC applications, and determine service level agreement (SLA) compliance. In this paper, we present a tool called Av Cloak that is capable of measuring several key performance metrics in proprietary VC applications: mouth-to-ear latency and jitter, capture-to-display latency and jitter, and audio-visual synchronization skew. AvCloak takes these measurements by wrapping ("cloaking") the VC application's audio/video inputs/outputs and transmitting timestamp data through them. At the sender side, AvCloak synthesizes media data encoding timestamps and feeds them to the VC application's media inputs, while at the receiver side, AvCloak decodes timestamps from the VC application's media outputs. Since AvCloak interacts with the target VC application only through its media inputs and outputs, it treats the target application as a black box and is thus applicable to arbitrary VC applications. We provide extensive analyses to measure AvCloak's overhead and show how to improve accuracy in measurements using two popular VC applications: Skype and Google+ Hangouts.
Cyclic Tachycardia and Hypotension

A 60-year-old man presented to the emergency department with multiple episodes of palpitations, dyspnea, diaphoresis, and lightheadedness. One episode was associated with a syncopal event 1 week before admission. His symptoms recurred during hospitalization, at which time telemetry documented a narrow complex tachycardia at 160 bpm accompanied by hypotension. During the next 24 hours, he developed sinus tachycardia and hypotension followed by normal sinus rhythm and hypertension, which alternated in a cyclic pattern with a periodicity of ≈8 minutes (Figure …
Quasi-Geostrophic Frontogenesis

Abstract An exact solution to the quasi-geostrophic equations is derived for an initial horizontal wind field which contains deformation. The variation in the initial temperature field is confined to a band which is oriented normal to the axis of contraction of the deformation field. In the solution, a frontal zone forms and the temperature at two boundary points becomes discontinuous as the time approaches infinity. The solution is very similar to Stone's solution and it generalizes his work. Some aspects of the solution are not realistic.
On the equivalence of pull-up transistor assignment in PLA folding and distribution graph

Pull-up transistor assignment is one of the tasks in product term foMing of a Programmable Logic Array (PILA). This problem can be solved, in polynomial time, fLY first modeling it as a distribution graph, and then as a flow network. The pull-up transistor assignment problem seems simpler than the distribution graph problem. Thus, it may be possible to model the problem, differently (without using a distribution graph) and obtain asymptotically more efficient algorithms. In this paper, we show that the modeling is not the issue. In fact, the distribution graph problem can also be modeled as the pull-up transistor assignment problem. Hence, finding a more efficient algorithm for the pull-up transistor assignment problem is equivalent to having a more efficient algorithm for the distribution graph problem.
MOBILITY FROM PRERETIREMENT TO POSTRETIREMENT JOB

While the normative pattern of retirement is complete cessation of labor force activity, approximately one-third of men work during their retirement. This research focuses on such "working-retirees" by investigating the prevalence and patterns of occupational mobility from pre- to postretirement job, as well as the impact that institutional constraints on (re)employment in later life may have on the chances of occupational mobility. Using data from the older men's cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys, a sample of working-retirees was extracted from men who retired between 1967 and 1978. Results showed a substantial amount of occupational mobility among the working-retired. The structure of mobility was found to be similar to younger labor force participants in that most mobility consists of moves to adjacent occupational categories. Unlike career mobility of nonretired workers, however, the large majority of moves constituted downward mobility. Using the economic segmentation perspective, log-linear and logistic regression analyses indicated that working-retirees whose preretirement jobs were in the core sector were more likely to experience occupational mobility. As a more specific indicator of bureaucratic control of the labor force, industry-level pension coverage rates were used in the logistic regressions and higher rates of pension coverage were found to result in a greater likelihood of mobility. These results indicate that the considerable occupa
The Multipurpose 15-Protofilament Microtubules in C. elegans Have Specific Roles in Mechanosensation

Summary Because microtubules perform many essential functions in neurons, delineating unique roles attributable to these organelles presents a formidable challenge. Microtubules endow neurons with shape and structure and are required for developmental processes including neurite outgrowth [1], intracellular transport [2], and synapse formation and plasticity [3, 4]; microtubules in sensory neurons may be required for the above processes in addition to a specific sensory function. In Caenorhabditis elegans , six touch receptor neurons (TRNs) sense gentle touch [5] and uniquely contain 15-protofilament microtubules [6]. Disruption of these microtubules by loss of either the MEC-7 β-tubulin [7] or MEC-12 α-tubulin [8] or by growth in 1 mM colchicine causes touch insensitivity [5, 6], altered distribution of the touch transduction channel, and a general reduction in protein levels. We show that the effect on touch sensitivity can be separated from the others; microtubule depolymerization in mature TRNs causes touch insensitivity but does not result in protein distribution and production defects. In addition, the mec-12(e1605) mutation selectively causes touch insensitivity without affecting microtubule formation and other cellular processes. Touching e1605 animals produces a reduced mechanoreceptor current that inactivates more rapidly than in wild-type, suggesting a specific role of the microtubules in mechanotransduction.
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance qualified: A follow‐up study

The Bethesda System recommends that the diagnosis of “atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance” (ASCUS) be qualified when possible to indicate whether a reactive process, or a squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), is favored. In order to evaluate the utility of this recommendation, 308 cervicovaginal smears diagnosed as ASCUS favoring a reactive (FR) or dysplastic (FD) process were identified. Concurrent or follow-up biopsies and cervicovaginal smear results were reviewed and compared to the follow-up of 103 cervicovaginal smears diagnosed as ASCUS without qualification. A follow-up diagnosis of SIL was found in 46.5%, 29.5%, and 26.2% of the ASCUS FD, ASCUS FR, and ASCUS unqualified cases, respectively. A repeated ASCUS diagnosis was found in 20.4%, 21.8%, and 18.4% of the ASCUS FD, ASCUS FR, and ASCUS unqualified cases, respectively. Follow-up of each group was negative for dysplasia in 30.0%, 48.7%, and 54.4% of the ASCUS FD, ASCUS FR, and ASCUS unqualified cases, respectively. These results support the use of an ASCUS FD category for the increased detection of patients with dysplasia. The ASCUS FR category was not helpful in our laboratory. Follow-up studies of qualified ASCUS cases in individual practice settings may be useful in guiding patient management. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14:380–384. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social status, social context, and arterial blood pressure.

As social change and economic development have proceeded, the prevalence of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, has increased in the developing world. In part this is due to the adoption of diets and other health behaviors characteristic of industrialized nations; in part it is a function of changing social and economic circumstances. In this paper, we describe the development and testing of a model designed to account for social and economic effects on cardiovascular disease risk. The model incorporates the fact that global economic processes have made a lifestyle characterized by the consumption of Euroamerican material goods and information a basis for the assignment of social status in local communities. But economic change at the local level is rarely sufficient to provide a foundation for individuals' status aspirations. Hence, many individuals attempt to maintain a lifestyle inconsistent with their economic standing, a variable we term lifestyle incongruity. Here we describe how this factor is associated with higher blood pressure in a variety of settings and also how the effects of lifestyle incongruity can be modified in local contexts by social class and social role processes. This latter process, contextual modification, is illustrated by data from American Samoa. In this example, the association of lifestyle incongruity with blood pressure is examined in 30 male household heads and 26 spouses. After an examination of Samoan ethnography focused attention on the importance of age and gender differences as defining social contexts of intracultural variation, the model was modified to assess interactions between age and gender as they affect the association of lifestyle incongruity and blood pressure. Lifestyle incongruity is strongly associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure for the younger household heads, minimally associated with blood pressure for older household heads, and only slightly associated with the blood pressure of their spouses. The regression coefficients for the lifestyle incongruity by age by sex interaction term was significant at P ≤ 0.01 for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The consistency of these results with expectations based on the ethnographic record is emphasized in the interpretation. We feel that the lifestyle incongruity model represents an empirically successful attempt to link global political-economic processes, local social structure, and biological outcomes. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:55–66, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The trace metal composition of suspended particles in the oceanic water column near Bermuda

Trace metal partitioning between seawater and particles, both suspended and sinking, must be determined to understand and model oceanic trace metal scavenging processes. In order to improve the oceanic particulate trace metal data base, a newin-situ pump was developed and deployed to collect suspended particles from 0–4000 m in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. These particles were analyzed for Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb; major particulate carrier phases were estimated from Ca, opaline Si, and P. Cd is the only trace element of this group with a particulate maximum in near-surface waters. The other metals have low particulate concentrations (mol/l) in near-surface waters, and increase with depth into the upper thermocline. Particulate Al and Fe are then uniform with depth below about 1000 m until increasing in the bottom nepheloid layer. The remaining elements (Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb) decrease from the mid-thermocline values to lower and relatively uniform concentrations in deep waters. The similarities among the vertical profiles for these metals suggest that authigenic Mn oxides influence their uptake from the dissolved pool, although an important or dominant role for other host phases, specifically particulate organic matter, is not ruled out by the data. Mean intermediate and deep water concentrations are: Al, 3600; Fe, 1200; Mn, 146; Co, 1.5; Zn, 7.4; Cu, 15; Ni, 6.0; Cd, 0.06; and Pb, 2.1 pmol/l. These particulate Al and Mn values agree with previous measurements in this region, but the other elements are lower by a factor of 3 (Fe, Co) to 30 (Zn), suggesting that earlier data were compromised by contamination. The suspended metal data are used in a simple steady-state two-☐ flux model to evaluate the role of suspended particles in determining the vertical flux of metals in the Sargasso Sea. The model calculations indicate that removal of suspended particles in the deep (> 500 m) water column contributes less than half of the total deep flux for all of the elements investigated except for Cd. This result implies that uptake of these metals onto particles in the deep central ocean is a minor factor in their oceanic mass balance. If this finding is generally true for oligotrophic ocean environments, whole-ocean residence times for these elements must be governed largely by processes occurring either in near-surface waters or at ocean margins.
Radar Detection of Buried Landmines in Field Soils

The contrast in the dielectric constant between a landmine and the surrounding soil is one of the most important parameters to be considered when using ground penetrating radar (GPR) for landmine detection. For most geologic materials the dielectric constant lies within a range of 3 to 30, with dry sand at the lower end of this range at about 3 to 5. Nonmetallic antitank landmines have dielectric constants within a range of about 3 to 10 depending on their composition. A model was developed to predict whether or not field conditions are appropriate for use of GPR instruments. The predictions of this model were validated using GPR profiles in field soils with different soil textures at various soil water contents. Model predictions and field measurements provide convincing evidence that increasing the soil water content around a nonmetallic landmine can improve detection in sand and silt soils. However, data for the clay soils suggest that under elevated soil water conditions detection of nonmetallic landmines are not improved; instead radar images in these soils become worse with increasing soil water content. Data suggest that detection of metallic landmines also degrades with increasing soil water content in sandy soils. The field data are in agreement with the model predictions. Our experimental and model results demonstrate the great potential and the pitfalls of landmine sensors based on GPR. Knowledge of soil texture, dry bulk density, and water content are necessary to determine or predict whether soil conditions are suitable or not for GPR mine detection. The model presented here can be useful for making this determination.
Cellular automata modeling on IBM 3090/VF

Abstract The basic features concerning the implementation of the Hardy-Pomeau-De Pazzis (HPP) cellular automaton on a general purpose computer are illustrated, with explicit reference to the IBM 3090 vector processor. Special attention is paid to the choice of a proper data organization allowing it to take full advantage of the high processing rates offered by a high speed vector processor like IBM 3090.
Peer and self assessment during problem-based tutorials.

Abstract Background: Peer and self assessment may contribute a unique and insightful perspective to a students’ performance. This study investigates the association between self, peer, and faculty evaluations in the intimate setting of a problem-based tutorial group. Methods: Third-year medical students participating in the required third-year surgical clerkship during the 1996–97 academic year (n = 154) were randomly assigned to problem-based learning groups and completed self and peer evaluations at the end of the last tutorial. These evaluations were compared with expert tutor ratings using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: A moderate correlation was found between peer and tutor ratings. There was very little correlation between self and tutor ratings. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that peer and self ratings in the setting of a tutorial group may provide additional valuable information regarding medical student performance during a surgery clerkship.
Effect of spreading of material on the surface of a fluid—an exact solution

Abstract A material of small density is being supplied at constant rate at a point on the surface of a quiescent fluid. The material may be an immiscible, lighter fluid of higher viscosity, or may be composed of a stream of solid particles. After some time the material spreads out with constant thickness and a steady state is reached. We would like to know the effect on the fluid, due to the spreading of surface material. The problem is governed by the non-dimensional parameter B/v where v is the viscosity and >B/r is the velocity imparted by the spreading material to the fluid underneath. Depending on the range of B/v, the Navier-Stokes equation in spherical coordinates admits one exact solution for positive B, and three different exact solutions for negative B. An exact boundary layer solution is found for B/v ⪢ 1. A uniformly valid solution is then constructed. The Stokes solution for ¦B/v¦ ⪡ 1 is also determined. Both approximations are compared with the exact solution.
Involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the central control of respiration, blood pressure and heart rate in the anaesthetized rat.

Abstract 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 1 ng-25 μg) injected into the cerebral ventricles of urethananaesthetized rats produced a rise in blood pressure, a biphasic change in heart rate and a decrease in ventilation. Responses were largest after injections into the 3rd ventricle. Lateral ventricle injections produced smaller responses while 4th ventricle injections produced the least response. The cardiovascular responses were prevented or reduced by prior intraventricular injection of bromolysergic acid diethylamide. The pressor response was not blocked by hexamethonium (10 mg/kg i.v.) and was only partly reduced by pretreatment with either 6-hydroxydopamine (3 × 100 mg/kg i.v.) or atropine methonitrate (10 mg/kg i.v.). The pressor response was prevented by spinal transection at C1 or C3 but only slightly reduced by transection at C5 or C7. In animals curarized and artificially respired with air, the blood pressure response was reduced. It is conjectured that the rise in blood pressure may involve a direct effect of hypoxia or hypercapnia resulting from a decrease in respiratory activity which is in turn mediated by a direct action of 5-HT on structures lining the 3rd ventricles. There appears to be little or no involvement of the autonomic nervous system in the response. The fall in heart rate is mediated sympathetically.
Photolysis of dipropyldiazirine and trapping of dipropylcarbene with piperidine

Photolysis (350 nm) of dipropyldiazirine in methylene chloride at 4°C produces a mixture of E and Z 3-heptene in 81% yield in an EZ ratio of 1.8. Tetrapropylazine was formed in less than 5% yield. Photolysis of dipropyldiazirine in the presence of piperidine leads to the formation of a carbene-amine adduct. In the presence of 0.06 M piperidine the yield of adduct is 48%, the yield of E and Z 3-heptene is 47% and the EZ ratio of 3-heptenes is 1.1. The results show that heptene is formed by three pathways. One pathway involves dipropylcarbene formed directly from the diazirine, the other pathways are attributed to ionic and photochemical reactions of 4-diazoheptane and to the excited state of the diazirine precursor. Dipropylcarbene can be easily intercepted with a simple trap. The yield of this process is limited by the efficiency with which the precursor forms the carbene.
H2-M Mutant Mice Are Defective in the Peptide Loading of Class II Molecules, Antigen Presentation, and T Cell Repertoire Selection

Abstract H2-M is a nonconventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule that has been implicated in the loading of peptides onto conventional class II molecules. We generated mice with a targeted mutation in the H2-Ma gene, which encodes a subunit for H2-M. Although the mutant mice express normal class II cell surface levels, these are structurally distinct from the compact SDS-resistant complexes expressed by wild-type cells and are predominantly bound by class II–associated invariant chain peptides (CLIPs). Cells from these animals are unable to present intact protein antigens to class II–restricted T cells and show reduced capacity to present exogenous peptides. Numbers of mature CD4 + T lymphocytes in mutant mice are reduced 3- to 4-fold and exhibit altered reactivities. Overall, this phenotype establishes an important role for H2-M in regulating MHC class II function in vivo and supports the notion that self-peptides contribute to the specificity of T cell positive selection.
Continuing care in high schools: a descriptive study of recovery high school programs

Data from 17 recovery high schools suggest programs are dynamic and vary in enrollment, fiscal stability, governance, staffing, and organizational structure. Schools struggle with enrollment, funding, lack of primary treatment accessibility, academic rigor, and institutional support. Still, for adolescents having received treatment for substance abuse, recovery schools appear to successfully function as continuing care providers, reinforcing and sustaining therapeutic benefits gained from treatment. Small size and therapeutic programming allow for a potentially broader continuum of services than currently exists in most of the schools. Recovery schools thus provide a useful design for continuing care, warranting further study and policy support.
Hoechst 33258 dye generates DNA-protein cross-links during ultraviolet light-induced photolysis of bromodeoxyuridine in replicated and repaired DNA.

— Substitution of bromodeoxyuridine for thymidine in the DNA of mammalian cells sensitizes them to a range of wavelengths of ultraviolet light. Cells are also sensitized to photochemical reactions involving dyes such as Hoechst 33258, which is used to produce differential staining of chromatids according to their bromodeoxyuridine content. Irradiation with 313 nm light of human and hamster cells containing bromodeoxyuridine in their DNA produced single-strand breaks, detectable by alkaline elution, but no DNA-protein cross-links. Irradiation with 360 nm light in the presence of Hoechst 33258 produced extensive DNA-protein cross-linkage as well as single-strand breaks. These cross-links were observed in DNA containing bromodeoxyuridine incorporated by either semiconservative or repair replication, and may provide a method for identification of proteins in close proximity to replication forks or repair sites. When the protein was removed with proteinase K, bromodeoxyuridine in repair patches after irradiation by doses of ultraviolet (254 nm) light as low as 0.26 J/m2 could readily be detected. Hoechst 33258-mediated photolysis, therefore, provides a sensitive new technique for measuring repair replication after ultraviolet light irradiation.
Effect of gamma-radiation on the tsetse fly Glossina Morsitans Westw

Puparia of Glossina morsitans Westw. were collected in the Zambesi valley and contained developmental stages from final phases of third-instar larvae to pupae near to eclosion. These puparia or the emerging adults were exposed to gamma-radiation from a Co 60 source at rates between 54 and 122 rad/min. Effective mortality in the pupal stage increased from 23 per cent, at 2,000 rads to 64 per cent, at 15,000 rads, while those deposited in spring (August-October) were more sensitive to gamma-rays than those collected in winter (May-July). Under described test conditions, 25 pairs of untreated flies produced a mean of 21 pupae in a 28-day test period, insemination averaged 95 per cent., and 56 and 62 per cent, of the males and females survived, respectively. Continuous irradiation reduced reproduction by over 95 per cent, between 8,000 and 15,000 rads wiih males emerging within the first two weeks after treatment; while males emerging during the third post-treatment week were completely sterilised with dosages above 4,000 rads. Treatments given as fractions one and four days apart gave a slightly higher level of residual fertility than that obtained with similar but continuous total dosages. Irradiation of adult males reduced reproduction to an extent comparable with that observed in males emerging from pupae within two weeks of treatment (> 90 per cent, from 8,000 rads). Females treated either as adults or as pupae were completely sterilised with doses of 1,000 to 8,000 rads. Males exposed to 8,000 and 12,000 rads retained their sterility throughout 39- and 45-day test periods, and were fully competitive with untreated males. Survival of virgin flies emerging from treated pupae was reduced both by increasing dosage from 4,000 to 15,000 rads, and decreasing pupal age at the time of treatment. Mortality during the 28-day mating period decreased with 1,000 and 2,000 rads, increased up to 8,000 rads, and apparently decreased with 12,000 and 15,000 rads. When the doses were fractionated, survival was longer than when treatment was continuous, and mortality was reduced to the level expected from the size of the first fraction. Virgin adult males given doses between 4,000 and 18,000 rads, and females given 2,000 and 4,000 rads, lived longer than the corresponding controls. The ability of the males to inseminate females was not affected by any of the treatments, and sperm from irradiated males were mobile and apparently behaved normally. Dominant lethality in the males was expressed by the failure to produce pupae in matings with untreated females, and in the treated female fly by the complete failure of oogenesis.
Parametric Study of the Performance of a Biplane Joined at the Tips

A parametric investigation has been conducted on a new multiple lifting surface configuration. This new configuration is a biplane joined at the tips with flow guides. This paper will explain the effects due to geometric parametric variation in stagger and gap on the performance of fourteen different rectangular planform flat plate profile biplane models joined at the tips by flow guides. The purpose of the present study is to examine the possibility of further increasing the aerodynamic efficiency of a biplane configuration by adding winglets both computationally and experimentally. The experimental integrated force data were obtained from wind-tunnel tests performed in the University of Dayton low-speed wind tunnel (LSWT) at Reynolds number 60,000 and 120,000. Test conditions varied angle of attack by ±25° . The computational study used the Athena Vortex Lattice (AVL) code based on the Vortex Lattice Method (VLM). Then, the computed results were verified by comparison with the experimental data and the two were found to compare quite well under some conditions, and not well under other conditions. The results show that both gap and stagger have positive effects on the coefficient of lift and aerodynamics efficiency. The models with positive stagger show higher lift coefficient and higher aerodynamic efficiency compared to the models with negative stagger. This effect of changing stagger from positive to negative values becomes less important at higher values of gap, due to the smaller interactions between the two wings. Curves of lift coefficient versus angle of attack show a change in the lift slope around the angle of attack of maximum aerodynamic efficiency. At highest Reynolds number, the trend of performance increase diminished.
Education and the Inequalities of Place

Students living in inner city and rural areas of the United States exhibit lower educational achievement and a higher likelihood of dropping out of high school than do their suburban counterparts. Educational research and policy has tended to neglect these inequalities or, at best, focus on one type but not the other. In this article, we integrate literatures on spatial stratification and educational outcomes, and offer a framework in which resources influential for achievement/attainment are viewed as embedded within, and varying across, inner city, rural and suburban places. We draw from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey and the Common Core of Data, and employ hierarchical linear and hierarchical logistic modeling techniques to test our arguments. Results reveal inner city and rural disadvantages in both family and school resources. These resource inequalities translate into important educational investments at both family and school levels, and help explain deficits in attainment and standardized achievement. We conclude by discussing the implications of our approach and findings for analyses of educational stratification specifically and spatial patterning of inequality more generally.
Tracking human body by using particle filter Gaussian process Markov-switching model

The goal of this article is to present an effective and robust tracking algorithm for nonlinear feet motion by deploying particle filter integrated with Gaussian process latent variable model and embedded with Markov-switching approach. Training trajectory data is projected from the observation space to the latent space of lower dimensionality in a nonlinear probabilistic manner. In the latent space, particle filter is used to track indeterministic motions of feet. The number of particles are reduced by incorporating learning knowledge as well as temporal information explored by Markov switching model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed approach is able to effectively track feet with relatively different motion patterns, and even under temporal occlusions.
A generic theory of conflict resolution: A critique

John W Burton has been a leading theorist in the study of conflict and conflict resolution for more than two decades. While it is possible to trace the development of Burton's theory through a number of writings (e.g., Burton, 1962; 1965; 1972; 1979; and 1984), this paper will concentrate on two statements of it: the comprehensive monograph Deviance, Terrorism and War (Burton, 1979) and "Generic Theory: The Basis of Conflict Resolution," an article written with Dennis]. D. Sandole that appeared in the October 1986 issue of this journal (Burton and Sandole, 1986). In the monograph Burton proclaims a Kuhnian "paradigm shift" in the study of conflict, and indeed of society itself. This shift entails moving away from a power/coercion/zero-sum game model of social exchange to one based on mutual "problem-solving," settlement, and "win-win" outcomes. Underlying this shift is a theory of society based upon universal, ontological, and generic/ genetic "human needs." This theory is sharply distinguished by him from one that emphasizes social institutions, structures, norms, laws or conventions more so than the individual. Burton views the two theories as inimically opposed, and much of Deviance, Terrorism and War is framed as a critique of the institutional theory, and as a brief for his needs-based alternative. The latest effort (Burton and Sandole, 1986) carries this work further. Because Burton's theory of conflict is postulated on a set of human needs that are held to be universal, Burton and Sandole are able to argue strongly for the generic nature of this theory, as well as for the processes of conflict resolution which are, in their view, deducible from the theory. This is one sense in which they mean "generic": transcending observable differences of race, class, culture, and so on. The second sense in which they claim their theory of conflict and conflict resolution is generic has to do with its range of applicability Specifically, Burton and Sandole argue that their generic theory of conflict and conflict resolution is applicable at all "levels" of social intercourse, from interpersonal, marital and domestic, to international. If we accept this second sense of "generic," then we may understand why the authors believe that the old discipline-based paradigm for the study of conflict-psychology, sociology or anthropology, international relations, etc.-is outmoded. These disciplines all implicitly accept the reality and integrity of different levels of social discourse and interaction. Burton and Sandole reject this in favor of a theory that makes possible a radically adisciplinary science of conflict and conflict resolution.
Lithium for irritability in post-traumatic stress disorder

Irritability is often a problem for patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We describe two cases that illustrate the use of lithium in the treatment of veterans with PTSD who complained of serious problems with irritability or angry outbursts. These cases are discussed in the context of evidence that lithium may be useful in other patients with disorders of impulse control. The evidence linking disorders of anger and impulse control to a dysregulation in neurotransmitter regulation, particularly in serotonergic pathways, supports a psychopharmacologic approach to treatment. These findings should lead to further study of the role of lithium in the treatment of this symptom complex in patients with PTSD.
The dimensions of social interaction

Often scientists talk about the same things with different vocabularies and from different points of view. To simplify common patterns of analysis used in the study of groups, this author presents a scheme for conceptualizing the basic variables in such research on face-to-face social interaction. Major dimensions of observed behavior are delineated under the headings of form and content of interaction for both personal and interpersonal behavior. This analysis is suggested as a framework for organizing ideas in this area of research.
Robust and efficient scalable video coding with leaky prediction

This paper presents a robust scalable video coding scheme with leaky prediction, suitable for time-varying error-prone channels, such as the Internet or wireless channels. The proposed scheme shows how leaky prediction can be utilized for efficient motion-compensated video coding, as well as for robust video transmission over packet erasure networks. We show that leaky prediction with a temporal prediction coefficient of less than one increases the robustness in the presence of errors significantly, while introducing only a small loss in coding efficiency in the error-free case. The proposed scalable video coding scheme is combined with a prioritized ARQ scheme in which higher priority is assigned to more important layers. Our simulation results demonstrate graceful degradation with an increasing error rate over wireless links.
The neuropsychology of prospective memory in normal aging: a componential approach.

To guide understanding of the neuropsychology of prospective memory and aging, we highlight several components of prospective memory, including planning an intended action, retrieving the action at the appropriate moment, and executing the action. We posit that frontal systems are particularly important for prospective memory tasks that require planning, that require strategic monitoring to detect the appropriate moment for executing the prospective memory intention, or for which execution of the retrieved intention must be delayed briefly. Drawing from a variety of approaches, including neuroimaging (with young adults) and studies examining individual differences relating to frontal functioning, we assemble preliminary evidence that supports this hypothesis. Further, because aging especially disrupts frontal functioning, the above noted prospective memory tasks would thus be expected to display the greatest age-related decline. The available literature confirms this expectation. A second key hypothesis is that some prospective memory tasks—those requiring minimal planning and supporting spontaneous retrieval—do not rely extensively on frontal processes but instead rely on medial-temporal structures for reflexive retrieval. These prospective memory tasks tend to show minimal or no age-related decline. The literature, though sparse with regard to the neuropsychological underpinnings of this kind of prospective memory task, is consistent with the present hypothesis.
Understanding the Tolerance of Dynamic Networks: A Routing-Oriented Approach

Research on delay tolerant networks (DTNs) has brought about a plethora of routing algorithms targeted at networks with different mobility patterns. However, few research works have been done towards developing methods to understand certain characteristics of DTNs, especially those with predictable characteristics (e.g., predictable mobility). As a step towards closing this gap, we devise an efficient scheme to study the tolerance of a DTN-like dynamic network in terms of delay. Our work is from the viewpoint of routing, and is based on theories in evolving graphs [1]. In this paper, we define the solvability of a DTN in terms of delay and show that it is non-trivial to examine it in the scope of a DTN through examples and analysis. We then propose both centralized and distributed solutions to this problem. Through extensive simulations based on real traces from UMass DieselNet [2] we study the solvability of both kinds of networks using approaches proposed in this paper. Finally, we briefly discuss the scenarios to which our work could be applied.
Supporting Mathematics Teachers' Online Discussion with the Use of Animated Classroom Stories as Reference Point

Sustaining online discussion in general has been a critical problem because of the nature of text-based exchange among participants. Supporting online teacher learning through the use of forums, in particular, has been more difficult because of the extreme complexity of the instructional practice that participants are expected to learn. We have used animated classroom episodes as embedded reference points in forum and a design-based research approach to develop and evaluate virtual settings for mathematics teachers to improve their practical skills. This paper reports on a part of results of the second study of the approach. We show evidence that teacher users produced meaningful and in-depth discussion over a period of eight weeks. This evidence supports the principle of embedding animations directly to the discussion space, which we found in a previous study, as well as supports a new principle of organizing forum in a tree-based structure format.
Macrophage-derived IL-1β stimulates Wnt signaling and growth of colon cancer cells: a crosstalk interrupted by vitamin D3

Tumor-associated macrophages mediate the link between inflammation and cancer progression. Here, we showed that macrophage-derived soluble factors induce canonical Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells and promote their growth. Tumor cells induced the release of interleukin (IL)-1beta from macrophages, which induced phosphorylation of GSK3beta, stabilized beta-catenin, enhanced T-cell factor (TCF)-dependent gene activation and induced the expression of Wnt target genes in tumor cells. Neutralization experiments using anti-IL-1beta-specific antibodies, or silencing of IL-1beta in THP1 macrophages, showed that IL-1beta was required for macrophages to induce Wnt signaling and to support the growth of tumor cells. Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 in THP1 macrophages was essential for the induction of IL-1beta and thus for the activation of beta-catenin signaling in tumor cells. Vitamin D3, an effective chemopreventive agent, interrupted this crosstalk by blocking the constitutive activation of STAT1 and the production of IL-1beta in macrophages, and therefore-in a vitamin D receptor-dependent manner-inhibited the ability of macrophages to activate Wnt signaling in colon carcinoma cells. Our data therefore established that vitamin D3 exerts its chemopreventive activity by interrupting a crosstalk between tumor epithelial cells and the tumor microenvironment.