cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nature of the Isolated Gallium Active Center for Propane Dehydrogenation on Ga/SiO2

Single-site Ga/SiO2 catalysts exhibit up to 99% C3H6 selectivity at 4% propane conversion with an initial rate of 5.4 × 10−4 (mole C3H6) (mole Ga)−1 s−1 during propane dehydrogenation (PDH) at 550 °C. Following pre-treatment in H2 at 550 °C, only four-coordinate, Ga3+–O Lewis acid sites are observed under reaction conditions. At 650 °C in H2, an additional isolated Ga site with lower Ga–O coordination (N Ga−O < 4) is formed and leads to a 30% decrease in the initial PDH rate per total moles of Ga. The PDH rates are equivalent when normalized by the amount of surface, four-coordinate Ga3+–O, regardless of catalyst pre-treatment conditions, which indicates that these isolated Ga3+ centers are the catalytically relevant sites. Isolated, Lewis acidic Ga3+ cations present as four-coordinate Ga3+–O centers exhibit up to 99% C3H6 selectivity during propane dehydrogenation (PDH) at 550 °C. An additional isolated Ga site with lower Ga–O coordination is formed during H2 treatment at elevated temperatures, but is inactive for PDH and reversibly decomposes under reaction conditions.
Abstract 118: Physician Specific Practice Patterns and 30-day Heart Failure Readmission Rates: Is One Way Better Than the Other?

Background: Heart failure (HF) admissions place a significant burden on hospital resource utilization. Management of inpatient HF remains heterogeneous, from daily diuresis to discharge strategies. We sought to evaluate if specific physician practices were associated with two important contributors to resource utilization, readmission and length of stay (LOS). Methods: Physician-specific discharges, LOS, and 30-day readmission rates from 7/1/2015-6/30/2016 were extracted from the EHR. Patients with “shock” as the primary diagnostic code were excluded. We created a survey to assess HF management strategies that was administered to all cardiologists and hospitalists at our institution; physicians were blinded to LOS and readmission data. Many factors potentially impacting LOS and discharge decisions were queried, including physical examination, medication use and kidney function. Results: We received 62 of 69 (90%) survey responses – 26 cardiologists and 36 hospitalists. Overall, 52% (32 of 62) were male with a median 7 years in practice [IQR 3-13]. We tracked HF utilization metrics in 58 physicians, encompassing 753 patient discharges in the preceding year. Total 30-day readmission rate was 17.0% (128 of 753). No significant differences were seen in discharge practices between readmission rate tertiles. Median of the median LOS was 4.7 days (IQR 4.0-5.8), and physicians above median LOS were compared to physicians below median LOS. Point estimates suggest physicians with lower median LOS targeted a daily net diuresis goal greater than 3L (40% vs 11% for those above median LOS, p = 0.1), and were less likely to hold beta blockers (17% vs 37%, p = 0.1) or to consider 24 hours of inpatient oral diuretics prior to discharge to be “very important” (16% vs 56%, p Conclusions: We identified three specific HF management patterns that may be associated with lower LOS without a concomitant increase in 30-day readmission: (1) more aggressive daily diuresis, (2) continuation of beta blockade, and (3) not delaying discharge to observe 24 hours of an oral diuretic regimen. Further studies are warranted to confirm and quantify the impact of these changes on resource utilization.
Sustainable Intensification, Community, and the Montpellier Panel: A Meta-analysis of Rhetoric in Practice in Sub-Saharan Africa

Agriculture-led economic development, an impor­tant policy driver in sub-Saharan Africa, requires both agricultural intensification and environ­mentally sustainable resource management. Sus­tain­­able Intensification (SI) provides a mechanism for achieving both. However, SI within an SSA context has yet to be widely examined in the scholarly literature; it has been confined instead to technical briefs and white papers. This meta-analysis, conducted in 2015, examines 58 articles that focus on SI in SSA published between 2001 and 2015 and listed in prominent research data­bases (EBSCOhost, Agricola, and Google Scholar). This analysis uses the 2013 Montpellier Framework for Sustainable Intensification (Agriculture for Impact, 2013) to examine, critique, and find avenues for improvement in research within this emerging body of literature. Generally, the litera­ture adheres to major concepts within the Mont­pellier framework, with the exception of commu­nity. Despite the prominence of community within the Montepellier framework, incorporation of community processes was often accidental. This analysis also reveals that major components of SI, such as nutrition, food security, and income, are poorly operationalized and make an assessment of SI’s impact on socio-economic conditions and nutrition problematic. Based on this meta-analysis, the need for interdisciplinary engagement (a blending of bio­physical and social scientists) is clear. Additionally, there is a demonstrable need for the inclusion of measurable concepts of community within SI processes or outcomes.
Reliving the History of Compensatory Education: Policy Choices, Bureaucracy, and the Politicized Role of Science in the Evolution of Head Start

In this article, Edward Zigler, interviewed by Barbara Beatty, talks about a turning point in the history of Head Start that reveals how policy choices, bureaucracy, and science came together when ...
Why Have Hearings for Kids If You're Not Going to Listen?: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approach to Mental Disability Proceedings for Minors

This article explores the therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) implications of civil commitment or other mental disability proceedings involving children. Its primary focus is due process hearings provided to review the appropriateness of minors' hospitalization in public or private mental health facilities. Providing such due process protections including legal counsel for children has been criticized as counter-therapeutic, reinforcing the child's denial of mental disability and increasing conflict with parents and therapists. Advocates for minors' civil rights have replied that due process hearings for minors are required to prevent inappropriate hospitalization and promote accurate evaluation and treatment in the least restrictive setting. This paper will analyze from a TJ perspective one state's attempt to balance the interests of parent, child, and state by providing independent clinical review hearings and legal representation for minors committed to private mental health facilities. After a brief overview of the case law and policy background establishing due process rights for minors in the civil commitment context, the article reviews the literature on the therapeutic possibilities of civil commitment proceedings, summarizing key concerns. Using a hypothetical due process hearing, the article identifies ways in which the existing procedures are counter-therapeutic. Finally, the article recommends ways of improving the therapeutic potential of mental disability proceedings for minors.
Novel applications for serum procalcitonin testing in clinical practice.

Introduction: Procalcitonin has emerged as a reliable marker of acute bacterial infection in hospitalized patients and the assay has recently been incorporated into several clinical algorithms to r...
Skin commensal bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis promote survival of melanocytes bearing UVB-induced DNA damage, while bacteria Propionibacterium acnes inhibit survival of melanocytes by increasing apoptosis.

Background/purpose Skin commensal bacteria have been described to help orchestrate skin homeostasis, signaling through innate immunity pathways. This study for the first time aimed at studying the relationship between skin commensals and melanocytes after UVB exposure. Methods An in vitro UVB radiation model with normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHMs) and skin commensal bacteria supernatant from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes was established. Melanocytes DNA damage, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), and cellular proliferation marker Ki-67 were measured by ELISA and immunofluorescence staining. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and PCR array and RT-qPCR. Results Normal human epidermal melanocytes are able to survive and proliferate while bearing DNA damage after UVB radiation. Skin commensal bacteria S. epidermidis and its by-product LTA promote melanocytes survival by inducing upregulation of TRAF1, CASP14, CASP5, and TP73. On the other hand, P. acnes can inhibit UVB-irradiated melanocytes survival by increasing apoptosis. Conclusion Our studies show different aspects of commensal activity on melanocytes during irradiation. The possible balance achieved by the different skin commensal can influence NHM potential to become cancer cells.
Raman spectroscopy for subsea applications

Abstract: This chapter provides a broad overview of recent developments in the application of laser Raman spectroscopy for in situ ocean research. The authors use examples from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, primarily working with spectrometers deployed by remotely operated vehicles (ROV). Raman spectroscopy is a highly developed field of instrumentation with rapidly expanding applicability to oceanographic science and marine industrial needs. The current state of the technology, and the scientific advances made to date, are documented with a basic description of Raman physics sufficient to illustrate the advantages of Raman spectroscopy. The chapter concludes with commentary and consideration regarding the possibilities for breaking with traditional spectrographic methods used so far.
Decimeter GPS Positioning for Surface Element of Sea Floor Geodesy System

This paper describes the results of an analysis of several GPS based positioning systems, which have been designed to allow accurate positioning of the surface element of a seafloor-to-surface acoustic array. The results of covariance analyses are discussed. The precision, accuracy, and data rates required from the GPS receiver are given.
4 – POLYMERS, GLASSES, CERAMICS, AND NONMETALLIC MIXTURES

This chapter introduces two of the four important classes of engineering materials: polymers and ceramics. Both ceramics and polymers are clearly distinct from metals and from one another. Ceramics and silica glasses are among the oldest materials used by humans, whereas polymers are among the newest. But, surprisingly, even among ceramics the new or fine varieties are truly modern, state-of-the-art materials. This represents a vivid example of art being supplanted by science; nevertheless, there is still much room for art. One group of materials is organic in nature and the other inorganic. Raw materials and sources for them thus differ. There are extremes in atomic bonding. Organic polymers are low-temperature materials reflecting the dominant role of van der Waals bonding. Ceramics are composed of strong ionic and covalent bonds that decompose or melt only at extremely elevated temperatures. There is the huge gulf in what is meant by crystallinity. Ceramic crystals, even those found in nature, are paradigms of beautifully ordered structures; in fact the science of crystallography was originally devoted to unfolding their internal atomic arrangements. Despite these distinctions there are important similarities between glasses and polymers. Both types of materials exist in amorphous forms. But even among amorphous structures there are differences. In polymers, individual molecules can be flexible linear chains or they can be interconnected in three-dimensional networks. This latter configuration is the one that silicate glasses exhibit. But, whereas tetrahedral units are linked via bridging oxygen atoms in silicates, there are no simple rules that structurally or chemically characterize network polymer units.
Language skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome: I. Comprehension.

This study investigates the development of vocabulary and syntax comprehension skills cross-sectionally in 48 children and adolescents with Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), aged 5–20 years, in compariso...
Transmission Constraint Relaxation and Pricing in the New York Electricity Market

The New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) has adopted two-stage transmission constraint relaxation and pricing as part of its congestion management process. The first stage solves the Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED) using the original transmission constraint limit; a large penalty cost is applied to screen for infeasible transmission constraints. The second stage relaxes any infeasible transmission constraint up to its constraint reserve margin and resolves the SCED with the relaxed transmission constraint limit. The NYISO’s graduated transmission shortage cost is applied in the second stage to limit the cost SCED can incur to resolve transmission congestion. The shadow price of the transmission constraint is capped by the graduated transmission shortage cost.
β-Cryptoxanthin: Chemistry, Occurrence, and Potential Health Benefits

β-Cryptoxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids. With high concentrations in human serum and tissue, it is inversely associated with many life-threatening diseases. This paper presents a brief overview of the chemical properties and occurrence of β-cryptoxanthin and summarizes the recent trend in β-cryptoxanthin research. β-Cryptoxanthin is an oxygenated carotenoid common as both free and esterified forms in fruits and vegetables. The distribution of free β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin esters is dependent upon plant types and environmental conditions, such as season, processing techniques, and storage temperatures. The use of β-cryptoxanthin as a nutritional supplement, food additive, and food colorant have stimulated a variety of approaches to identify and quantify free β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin esters. Advances in analytic approaches, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV and mass spectrometry (MS), have been developed to analyze β-cryptoxanthin, especially the ester forms. In recent years, β-cryptoxanthin has been thought to play an import role in promoting human health, particularly among the population receiving β-cryptoxanthin as a supplement. Some research indicates that the bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin in typical diets is greater than that of other major carotenoids, suggesting that β-cryptoxanthin-rich foods are probably good sources of carotenoids. β-Cryptoxanthin provides various potential benefits for human health. The chemical structure, occurrence, and absorption of β-cryptoxanthin are discussed in this review. This review provides the latest major approaches used to identify and quantify β-cryptoxanthin. Additionally, various benefits, including provitamin A, anti-obesity effects, antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity, are summarized in this review.
Mechanical integrity of solution-processed perovskite solar cells

The fracture of a variety of solution-processed organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells and isolated perovskite layers is reported. The study covers cells in which the perovskites, including planar and mesoporous layers, are deposited by an array of solution-state deposition techniques and feature a wide variety of ancillary organic and inorganic charge transport layers. Understanding the influence of materials selection and fabrication techniques on mechanical stability is an important step towards realizing mechanically robust perovskite cells.
Environmental Sustainability and Economic Development in Brazil

This chapter examines how specific industrial policies have impacted the Amazon, and how such policies have impacted Brazilian nationals in conditions of poverty. Particular attention is paid to the complex and sometimes counterintuitive relationships that exist between poverty reduction efforts and the many times disconnected efforts to protect the environment. Using empirical observation and scientific reports on environmental degradation in Brazil, this study has found that there is a predominant narrative in the world that puts poverty reduction goals in direct contraposition to the goals of environmental sustainability. This position, which has been mainly advanced by a number of governments as well as multinational agro-industrial corporations, manipulates the cause of poverty as an excuse to support public policies that allow predator companies to exploit natural resources in unsustainable ways, with clear negative effects in the short, medium, and long terms both for the poor and for the health of the planet.
Engineering and design of holding yards, loading ramps and handling facilities for land and sea transport of livestock

Facilities designed for intensively raised animals trained to lead are not appropriate for handling extensively raised animals unaccustomed to close contact with people. The author provides information on facility design for both intensively and extensively raised livestock. Non-slip flooring in handling facilities is essential for all livestock. Cleats must be spaced on loading ramps for trucks or ships so that the hooves of the animals fit easily between them. Cleats spaced too far apart cause slipping and falling. In developing countries, building stationary ramps for vehicles of differing heights using concrete, wood or steel is recommended. Highly mechanised systems, such as hydraulic tailgate lifts, are not recommended in developing countries due to maintenance difficulties. The holding capacity for livestock shipping and receiving terminals should be designed to hold the largest number of animals handled on the busiest days. To maintain high standards of animal welfare, it is important to train employees to handle animals using methods to reduce stress and to conduct weekly audits of handling using an objective, numerical scoring system to maintain high welfare standards.
Microstructural and Thermomechanical Comparison of Ni-Rich and Ni-Lean NiTi-20 at.% Hf High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy Wires

The processability of Ni-rich Ni50.8Ti29.2Hf20 and Ti–rich Ni49.8Ti30.2Hf20 (at.%) high temperature shape memory alloy wires was investigated. Hot-extruded NiTiHf rods with an initial diameter of 6.35 mm, were hot-rolled (HR) at 750, 775, 800, or 825 °C to a square cross section with ~ 1.9 mm side lengths, over a series of 33 non-consecutive hot passes. The thermomechanical behavior of HR, solutionized, and aged NiTiHf wires was examined with thermal cycling using differential scanning calorimetry and tensile testing to assess the viability of the hot-rolling process. The ideal rolling temperature for Ni-rich NiTiHf wires lies just over the H-phase dissolution temperature (near 800 °C), to avoid wire embrittlement caused by H-phase precipitates and to limit compositional instability at the wire surface caused by HfO2 internal oxidation. The characteristic oxide layers formed during the rolling process and subsequent heat treatments were compared across rolling temperatures and compositions to address several challenges associated with NiTiHf wire processing.
Tracing the Transnational: Scaling (neo)imperial realities through the body in Chris Abani’s fiction

Current thinking in materialist postcolonial and world-literary studies shows the realities of empire to be ongoing and mutable, and the local–global interface to be among the most vexed issues in ...
Digital Scholarship in Digital Conversion. A Report of the ALCTS PARS Digital Conversion Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Conference, Washington, DC, June 2019

The Digital Conversion Interest Group, part of the Association for Libraries and Technical Collections (ALCTS) Preservation & Reformatting Section (PARS), held its annual meeting on Saturday, June ...
The Use of Descriptive Terms for Ventricular Size on Noncontrast Head CT Radiology Reports.

Abstract Background and Purpose Multiple radiographic terms can be used to describe enlarged ventricles on noncontrast head computed tomography (CTs); however, precise terminology is important to determine etiology and clinical management. The purpose of this study was to characterize how ventricular size was described in radiology reports, especially in the setting of hydrocephalus. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of adult patients with at least 2 consecutive noncontrast head CTs from 2010 to 2016 was performed. Reports were grouped based on ventricular descriptions into 3 categories: “acceptable,” “unclear,” and “not acceptable.” An additional subgroup was created for an examination indication of “hydrocephalus.” Descriptive statistics and subgroup analysis were performed. Results A total of 270 patients with noncontrast head CTs were included, of which 53.3% (n = 144) used “acceptable” terms, 18.2% (n = 49) “unclear,” and 28.5% (n = 77) “not acceptable.” Ventricle size was reported as normal in 21.1% (n = 57) of cases. “Hydrocephalus” was given as an indication for 57 exams, of which 84.2% (n = 48) were categorized as “acceptable,” 7.0% (n = 4) “unclear,” and 8.8% (n = 5) “not acceptable.” Chi-square test of independence revealed a significant relation between “acceptable” terminology and “hydrocephalus” indication (χ2 = 27.68, P Conclusion Approximately half of radiology reports had an “acceptable” description of the ventricles. When “hydrocephalus” was in the indication, the report was more likely to have an “acceptable” description. Accurate clinical indications, and standardized terminology may improve the clinical utility of radiology reports for patients with hydrocephalus.
Connecting Caregiver Wages and Distress: Felt Precarity, Parenting, and Child Behavior:

In contemporary socioeconomic contexts, employed mothers may experience felt precarity, an emotional reaction to structurally generated vulnerability. This study links wages, a potential source of ...
Transmission Scheduling for Hybrid Backscatter-HTT Nodes

We consider a system with one single-antenna reader and multiple hybrid backscatter-harvest-then-transmit (HTT) transmitters. The transmitters can operate in either the backscattering mode or the HTT mode; and the reader that supports both operating modes acts as a power transmitter and information receiver. The objective is to determine the transmission mode of all transmitters and minimize the total transmission time of the system. We provide problem formulations under both ideal and realistic power consumption models for HTT transmitters. We theoretically prove several key properties of the system under both models and develop bisection-based algorithms to solve the problems optimally with complexity $\mathcal {O}(\log K)$ where $K$ is the number of transmitters. The results are then further extended to the case of a massive MIMO reader.
Estimates, Precision, Accuracy, and Adaptation in Applied Lighting

Estimates, precision, and accuracy all involve the concept of error, but in different ways. An estimate is an approximate prediction of the amount of something. Precision refers to the reproducibil...
Externalizing internal state

Current autonomous robots that are highly reactive are not significantly intelligent and the robots that are significantly intelligent are not highly reactive. The previous research has concentrated on modifications to internal computational structures of robots, ignoring the modifications to external environments (which can preserve both intelligence and reactivity). This work is the first to formalize the modification of an environment that externalizes the internal states. Since some reactive robots exhibited problems like deadlocks and myopic functionality, hybrid architectures with modules like planners began to be explored. In this transition, the potential of reactivity went largely unexamined. Making a robot more reactive means transforming its internal state into an external state that can be extracted through perception (we do not use response time to measure the degree of reactivity, though the response time is important). Some internal states have to be updated whenever external world changes and externalizing these states eliminates such updates, since the most recent information is available in the world itself. Hence there are reasons for robots to be more reactive. In the mobile robot competitions of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence, the rocks in the event of finding life on Mars were painted black to aid in visual recognition. However this kind of environmental modification has not been formally incorporated into the architectures of autonomous robots. As a result, it has been viewed more as a low level fix rather than as a paradigm that deserves a separate investigation. Our work bridges this gap. The states are externalized through environment modifiers called "markers". These markers are semantically equivalent to the internal states that they externalize, e.g. a blue strip of paper (a marker) on the door of refrigerator can be used to recognize the refrigerator and thus the presence of the blue strip is equivalent to the presence of the refrigerator (when these strips are put only on the refrigerators). An introduction of markers requires a modification to the behaviors’ stimuli, so that the markers can play an active role in the functionality of a robot. Markers can be kept only on certain ob-
An efficient concurrent implementation of a neural network algorithm: Research Articles

The focus of this study is how we can efficiently implement the neural network backpropagation algorithm on a network of computers (NOC) for concurrent execution. We assume a distributed system with heterogeneous computers and that the neural network is replicated on each computer. We propose an architecture model with efficient pattern allocation that takes into account the speed of processors and overlaps the communication with computation. The training pattern set is distributed among the heterogeneous processors with the mapping being fixed during the learning process. We provide a heuristic pattern allocation algorithm minimizing the execution time of backpropagation learning. The computations are overlapped with communications. Under the condition that each processor has to perform a task directly proportional to its speed, this allocation algorithm has polynomial-time complexity. We have implemented our model on a dedicated network of heterogeneous computers using Sejnowski's NetTalk benchmark for testing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of Puccinia horiana, Causal Agent of Chrysanthemum White Rust, Sampled From Naturally Infected Plants

Chrysanthemum white rust (CWR), caused by Puccinia horiana, is pathogenic on many Chrysanthemum spp. and close relatives, and infects commercially important florist chrysanthemum cultivars (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) throughout the world. Due to regulations, most research and observations with CWR are done in vitro with symptomatic plants. In contrast, research presented herein is based on microscopic examination of symptomatic and asymptomatic plants collected from natural outbreaks in the field. We observed scattered (not in a linear pattern) telial sori on infected chrysanthemum leaves, stems, and flowers that coalesced at high infection levels. Teliospores were mainly two-celled but occasionally one- or three-celled. Promycelia arose from the apical teliospore cell, the basal cell, or both. The number of basidiospores on promycelia varied from one to four. Germ tubes, arising from P. horiana basidiospores, penetrated the host epidermis directly without appressoria. A mucilaginous exudate formed at the site of attachment and penetration of leaf and stem tissue, as well as on internal cell walls. P. horiana colonization was systemic, with intercellular mycelium and intracellular M-haustoria in both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected host tissue. Hyphal anastomosis was observed within infected plants, suggesting that asexual fusion between different P. horiana pathotypes or genotypes might occur.
EVALUATION OF SCREENING TESTS FOR URINARY MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

A recently developed spot test, "MPS paper," has been added to other screening tests for urinary mucopolysaccharides. The effectiveness of this test has been compared to that of the cetytrimethylammonium bromide and the acid albumin gross turbidity tests in normal children and in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. Although all these tests are effective in the detection of excessive mucopolysaccharides in urine, their excessive sensitivity yields many weak false-positives. We found "MPS paper" test to yield 34% false-positive tests, compared to 42% for cetytrimethylammonium bromide and 8% for the acid albumin gross turbidity test. We have concluded that the acid albumin gross turbidity is the most reliable screening test for detection of mucopolysaccharide disorders. "MPS paper" spot test has the advantage of being simple and practical, but weak positive results should be interpreted with great caution; it has the added disadvantage of being the most costly of the screening tests at the present time.
Reduced Circulating GDF11 Is Unlikely Responsible for Age-Dependent Changes in Mouse Heart, Muscle, and Brain

Recent high-profile studies report conflicting data on the age-related change in circulating growth/differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin as well as the former's influence on muscle regeneration. Both ligands bind and activate ActRIIB receptors with similar affinities and should therefore have similar actions, yet these studies suggest that GDF11 activates muscle regeneration whereas myostatin is well known to inhibit it. They also suggest that circulating GDF11 levels, but not those of myostatin, decline with age. We performed a careful assessment of the ELISA used to quantify circulating myostatin in these studies and determined that assay reagents significantly cross react with each protein, each of which is highly homologous. Circulating myostatin levels decreased with age and estimates of GDF11 levels using myostatin null mice indicate that they were almost 500 times lower than those for myostatin. This suggests that circulating GDF11 has little physiological relevance as it could not outcompete myostatin for ActRIIB binding sites. Together, these results further suggest that the previously reported aging muscle, heart, and brain phenotypes attributed to reduced circulating GDF11 should be reconsidered.
A Method for Extracting Stream Channel Flow Paths from LiDAR Point Cloud Data

Traditional methods of delineating stream channel networks use gridded raster elevation data. Direct use of LiDAR point clouds, without first creating a raster or grid, could improve efficiency and accuracy. This paper reports the development, and demonstration of a method of delineating stream channels directly from LiDAR point cloud data without the intermediary step of interpolation to a raster or grid. This method, termed “mDn”, is an extension of the D8 method that has been used for several decades with gridded raster data. The method divides the region around a starting point into sectors, using the LiDAR data points within each sector to determine an average slope, and selecting the sector with the greatest downward slope to determine the direction of flow. An algorithm was developed and implemented in ArcVew’s Avenue scripting language. Three adjustable parameters allow fine tuning: radial resolution, angular resolution, and maximum course change. A case study area was selected just north of Redfish Lake, Idaho, at the Fishhook Creek inlet. High resolution aerial photography was used to trace the creek for a reference stream. An mDn delineation, a TauDEM delineation, and other common stream delineations were compared with the reference stream, by calculating sinuosity and root mean square error. Although, the TauDEM delineation yielded a higher sinuosity than the mDn delineation, sinuosity of the mDn delineation more closely matched that of the reference stream than either the TauDEM method or the existing published stream delineations. Stream channel delineation using the mDn method yielded the smallest root mean square errors.
II Social problems and interfaces

EFT systems offer businesses and individuals a new set of alternatives for conducting their financial transactions. As with any new product or service, success will depend on consumer acceptance in the marketplace. In seeking this success, EFT has to contend with three barriers: regulation, economies of scale, and consumer attitudes. None of these barriers are insurmountable, but they are all sufficiently serious that potential service providers must take them into account in their planning.
A novel device for chronic intracranial drug delivery via microdialysis.

A system is described for chronic intracranial drug administration in the rat using a modified in vivo microdialysis probe coupled to an Alzet model 2002 osmotic minipump. The results presented demonstrate that this system can be used for the chronic administration of quinolinic acid with minimal non-specific damage. Each pump delivered approximately 225 ~1 of solution over a period of 19-20 days when tested in vitro. The dialysis units were uniform in function, delivering > 93% of the [3H]quinolinic acid initially loaded into the minipump. For in vivo analysis of this apparatus the dose of quinolinic acid tested produced extensive destruction of the striatum. The present system allows reliable drug diffusion over a relatively large area without pressure injection variability. In conclusion, we have developed a simple and inexpensive technique for administration of drugs into brain parenchyma with substantial advantages over previously used techniques.
We're Listening: Using Patron Feedback to Assess and Enhance Purchase on Demand

Oregon State University Libraries piloted a one-year interlibrary loan purchase on demand service beginning in February 2009. An online survey was used to measure patron satisfaction and determine future borrowing and recommendation behavior. These results, along with patron comments, were used to explore future success of the service and ways to enhance the permanent service. Results provide context for the success of purchase-on-demand programs and support the development of innovative tools that increase the efficiency of purchase-on-demand workflow. Oregon State University Libraries permanently adopted the successful service and is working to incorporate patron input on purchase decisions.
Practical approach for sub-hourly and hourly prediction of PV power output

This paper proposes a practical and reliable approach for the prediction of photovoltaic power generation using solar irradiance as the input. Solar irradiance is modeled as the sum of a deterministic component and a Gaussian noise signal. The solar irradiance on a partly cloudy day is forecasted by Kalman filtering. The shaping filter for the Gaussian noise is calculated using spectral analysis and an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. The results of the two approaches are compared with the measured irradiance at a PV generating facility within an electric utility company. The results show that better estimates are obtained using spectral analysis than those obtained with the ARMA model, particularly for lower sampling rates.
Identifying masked superior oblique involvement in thyroid eye disease to avoid postoperative A-pattern exotropia and intorsion

Purpose To report masked superior oblique muscle tightness as a possible mechanism causing A-pattern exotropia with intorsion after inferior rectus muscle recession in the context of thyroid eye disease. Methods Three patients with thyroid eye disease and involvement of the superior oblique muscle are presented, along with a fourth comparison case without superior oblique muscle involvement. Intraoperative torsion assessment and exaggerated traction testing were performed after detachment of the involved rectus muscles. A surgical procedure involving recession of tight superior oblique muscle(s) when recessing inferior rectus muscle(s) is presented, along with surgical results. Results The first case illustrated the problem of A-pattern exotropia and intorsion after inferior rectus muscle recessions and subsequent treatment with superior oblique tendon recessions. Patients 2 and 3 demonstrated signs of coexisting inferior rectus muscle involvement and superior oblique muscle involvement both preoperatively and intraoperatively, with a tight superior oblique muscle and marked intorsion, suggesting the need for superior oblique tendon recession at the time of inferior rectus recession. Postoperatively there was no symptomatic intorsion or A-pattern exotropia and both patients were heterophoric distance and near, with only rare diplopia. The fourth case, without superior oblique involvement, illustrated management with inferior rectus muscle recessions alone. Conclusions Superior oblique muscle involvement may be masked by coexistent inferior rectus muscle involvement and if not identified and addressed at the time of the first surgery may result in symptomatic intorsion and A-pattern exotropia. The clinical finding of minimal extorsion, or frank intorsion, in the presence of a tight inferior rectus muscle, may be an important sign of masked superior oblique muscle tightness. Intraoperative assessment of torsion and superior oblique tension may also help identify patients at risk. Superior oblique tendon recession, at the time of inferior rectus muscle recession, prevented development of a postoperative A-pattern exotropia and intorsion.
User-oriented text segmentation evaluation measure

The paper describes a user oriented performance evaluation measure for text segmentation. Experiments show that the proposed measure differentiates well between error distributions with varying user impact.
Awareness versus Consciousness

An attempt is made to differentiate between awareness and consciousness. The author proposes to conceive of awareness as a cathexis that, depending upon the state of the organism, is attached in varying degrees to the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious processes. In the waking state, what is conscious is in awareness. In sleep or narcosis a person is unconscious, but when he dreams he perceives with awareness the imagery he produces. In deep hypnotic trance, consciousness is minimal and unconscious ego and id functions drift into the light of awareness.
Tooling-integrated sensing systems for stamping process monitoring

In-situ stamping process monitoring plays a critical role in enhancing productivity and ensuring part quality in sheet metal stamping. This paper investigates the realization of two sensing methods to create a tooling-integrated sensing system: mutual inductance-based displacement measurement for sheet draw-in, and distributed contact pressure measurement at the tool–workpiece interface. The two sensing systems are complementary in nature, and together, they significantly enhance the on-line observability of the stamping process. The performance of the draw-in sensor was evaluated using numerical simulations and experiments in a small-scale and a large-scale lab setup, and its effectiveness has been confirmed under the presence of wrinkled sheet. To study the spatial and temporal variations of the tool–workpiece contact pressure in a stamping operation, experiments were conducted on a customized panel stamping test-bed with an array of thin-film force sensors embedded below the die flange and die cavity. The force sensor data were then numerically interpolated to form the contact pressure distribution across the tool–workpiece interface, based on the thin plate spline (TPS) method. Comparison between the interpolated pressure obtained from the surface generation techniques and direct measurement using redundant sensors and a press mounted load cell confirms the validity of the new contact pressure sensing method. The integrated sensing technique provides insight into the stamping process by quantifying process variations and providing a reference base for process control to reduce product disparities. Additionally, new product and process designs can be created based on the quantified and referenced variations. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Electrophysiological actions of norepinephrine in rat lateral hypothalamus. I. Norepinephrine-induced modulation of LH neuronal responsiveness to afferent synaptic inputs and putative neurotransmitters.

Abstract The present studies were conducted as part of an ongoing investigation of the effects of norepinephrine (NE) in neuronal circuits of the mammalian brain. In this report, we describe noradrenergic actions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), an area which has been implicated in the central integration of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, fluid balance and ingestive behaviors. Microiontophoretically applied NE was interacted with extracellularly recorded responses of LH neurons to iontophoretically applied putative neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate (Glu); and activation of known input pathways from the reticular thalamus (RT) and the lateral preoptic area (LPO). Peri-event histograms of cell responses were computed before, during and after NE microiontophoresis (5–50 nA) and used to quantitatively evaluate monoamine-induced effects on spontaneous and stimulus evoked activity of LH neurons. In 16 of 23 LH neurons, RT-stimulus-induced inhibition was markedly prolonged from a mean of 28.3 ± 4.8 ms to 44.7 ± 5.2 ms, during iontophoretic application of NE. In 22 of 38 LH cells. LPO-stimulus-induced excitatory responses were enhanced above control levels during NE administration. In further tests, inhibitory responses of LH cells to iontophoretic pulses of GABA were potentiated during NE administration in 69% (24 of 35) of the cases tested. ACh-induced excitation was potentiated in 9 of 21 cells. In 4 of these cases, otherwise subthreshold doses of ACh causes marked increases in cell firing during the period of NE administration. By contrast, Glu-evoked excitation was antagonized by NE iontophoresis in 65.5% (17 of 26) of LH cells tested. These findings indicate that, as in other noradrenergic target regions of the CNS, NE can facilitate synaptically mediated responses of LH neurons. Taken together these observations suggest that NE may play an important regulatory role in the synaptic transfer of information within LH circuits, and consequently exert considerable influence over the homeostatic functions mediated by this structure.
Establishing Size‐Based Mortality Caps

Abstract Mortality limits are seldom identified as management objectives in freshwater fisheries. I present two simple models for establishing approximate mortality caps that reflect threshold objectives about fish mean size or size structure. The deterministic caps would take the form of intervals to account for uncertainties caused by measurement error, model assumption violations, and environmental fluctuations. The intervals represent danger zones that trigger intensified monitoring and reductions in harvest. Monitoring the status of the population relative to a mortality cap would require frequent estimates of fish size and less frequent estimates of mortality. The methods can be used with data obtained from angler harvest surveys and routine population sampling.
Health communication, self-care, and treatment satisfaction among low-income diabetes patients in a public health setting

Objective Diabetes patients with limited resources often experience suboptimal care. Less is known about the role of effective health communication (HC) in caring for low income diabetes patients.
Acute subclavian vein occlusion complicating biventricular ICD implantation

Obtaining venous access for pacemaker or defibrillator implantation can be complicated by vascular injury and/or pneumothorax. In the current case presentation, we describe a pneumothorax related to venous access that occurred due to acute, intraprocedural occlusion of the ipsilateral axillary and subclavian vein.
The effect of thermal cycling on the subsequent oxidation behavior of an aligned Co-based TaC eutectic alloy

In situ aligned composites are envisioned for applications in environments involving simultaneous exposure to the effects of thermal cycling and oxidizing atmospheres. Therefore, to examine the extent of any synergism between these two effects, the oxidation behavior at 800°C and 1000°C of the aligned eutectic alloy TaC-Co50B-3W was examined in both the as-solidified state and after exposure to thermal cycling effects. The results presented here indicate that thermal cycling strongly influences the oxidation behavior of this alloy.
The stratified thermal modules for the LCD TV with LED backlight

There are 180 LED lamps located at the LED panel for 85W power consumption for the LED backlight. The LED lamps dissipate 68W for heat. The 32” LCD TV geometry is 800 mm(L) * 500 mm(W) * 90 mm(H). There are six light-bars on the LED panel and 30 LEDs per bar. The single LED package emits red, green and blue. For fitting the LCD TV package case, the overall thermal module size is 700 mm(L)* 400 mm(W). In order to thin the LCD TV, the fins height is designed from 20 mm to 70 mm per 10 mm. Moreover, the fins length is set as 10 mm to 25 mm by every 5 mm. The thermal modules combine several types of fin under the natural convection. The thermal module multiplies the several fins types in one. Moreover, the stratified module is separated to upper and lower regions. The stratified thermal module provides higher fins for the upper region and induced supplied air-flow by the second opening. The results represent the upper region temperature is reduced from 68°C to 58°C obviously. The cold air-flow entrains the second opening and decreases the thermal and flow boundary effect. As the results, the temperature distribution of the whole thermal module obtains more uniform pattern by stratified design. So, the stratified thermal module enhances the temperature uniformity and increases that the air-flow passes through the tunnel of the fins.
Glucocorticoid Effects on Mesotelencephalic Dopamine Neurotransmission

Multiple neurochemical estimates were used to examine peripheral corticosterone (CORT) effects in dopaminergic terminal regions. Acute CORT administration, which elevated plasma CORT (5 h), slightly decreased dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to dopamine (DA) ratios in the striatum but not in other regions examined. Two weeks of adrenalectomy (ADX) increased both medial prefrontal cortex DOPAC/DA and homovanillic acid (HVA)/DA and striatal HVA/DA. A reciprocal pattern of changes was observed with CORT replacement in ADX animals. In contrast, CORT replacement in ADX animals did not significantly influence tyrosine hydroxylase content, basal dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation after NSD 1015 treatment or the decline in DA after alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, suggesting that neither DA neuronal activity nor release are altered by CORT. Moreover, neither gamma-hydroxybutyric acid lactone-induced increases in DOPA accumulation or stress-induced increases in DA utilization were influenced by CORT replacement, indicating that neither autoreceptor regulation of DA synthesis nor acute stress regulation of DA utilization are changed by CORT. The findings are most consistent with direct inhibition of basal DA metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum. The possible physiological and behavioral significance of this inhibition is being further explored.
Double recombinants in mitosis

A mathematical model for the random process of repeated cell division and recombination in two nonoverlapping genetic intervals is formulated and investigated. From this model, a test for statistical independence of recombination in the two intervals and a method of estimating the rate of double recombination are developed. Crossing over in both intervals, crossing over in one and gene conversion in the other, and gene conversion in both are treated. For markers on the same chromosome, all possible arrangements of the loci relative to the centromere are considered.