cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An implicit three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver for compressible flow

A three-dimensional numerical method based on the lower-upper symmetric-Gauss-Seidel implicit scheme in conjunction with the flux-limited dissipation model is developed for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. A new computer code which is based on this method requires only 9 microsec per grid-point per iteration on a single processor of a Cray YMP computer and executes at the sustained rate of 170 MFLOPS. A reduction of 4 orders of magnitude in the residual for a high Reynolds number flow using 230 K grid points is obtained in 24 minutes. The computational results compare well with available experimental data.
A Study of High School Music Participants Stylistic Preferences and Identification Abilities in Music and the Visual Arts

Little is known about how high school students conceptualize the basic Classical-Romantic style dichotomy or how students operate within such a conceptual framework as concerns stylistic preference and identification. Thus 55 subjects were tested with music and visual arts exemplars to assess their preferences and stylistic identification abilities.Although there was a slight preference for the Classical style in general, an interesting interaction resulted in preferences for Classical music and Romantic art. Because the subjects were music performance students, their demonstrated preference for music examples was expected; more surprising, however, was their ability to identify visual arts styles more effectively than musical styles. Knowledge of one's personal preferences appeared to relate to better stylistic identification ability, but more music performance experience did not seem to relate either to preference or stylistic identification ability.
ImplantBench: Characterizing and Projecting Representative Benchmarks for Emerging Bioimplantable Computing

Healthcare will advance dramatically when micro- and nanoscale computing chips, implanted in the human body, can assist digitally in clinical diagnosis and therapy. To design and engineer the necessary processor and accelerator architectures, computer architects must first understand the current and potential workloads. ImplantBench, the first attempt at a representative workload taxonomy, includes realistic, full-blown workloads spanning security, reliability, bioinformatics, genomics, physiology, and heart activity.
Jobs are Going Overseas The Discursive Construction of Outsourcing

In this article we examine the discourse of outsourcing and globalization in India and the US as represented in global popular media; and show that it is rooted in a given range of ideological positions—revealed by identifying key arguments, vocabulary and linguistic structure of the texts. Ideological material, we argue, is enacted in the discursive structures of the text; and that the role of the state is discursively constructed through those positions.
Learning Human-like Knowledge by Singular Value Decomposition: A Progress Report

Singular value decomposition (SVD) can be viewed as a method for unsupervised training of a network that associates two classes of events reciprocally by linear connections through a single hidden layer. SVD was used to learn and represent relations among very large numbers of words (20k-60k) and very large numbers of natural text passages (1k- 70k) in which they occurred. The result was 100-350 dimensional "semantic spaces" in which any trained or newly added word or passage could be represented as a vector, and similarities were measured by the cosine of the contained angle between vectors. Good accuracy in simulating human judgments and behaviors has been demonstrated by performance on multiple-choice vocabulary and domain knowledge tests, emulation of expert essay evaluations, and in several other ways. Examples are also given of how the kind of knowledge extracted by this method can be applied.
Probabilistic job scheduling for distributed real-time applications

The authors describe a heuristic for dynamically scheduling time-constrained tasks in a distributed environment. When a task is submitted to a node, the scheduling software tries to schedule the task locally so as to meet its deadline. If that is not feasible, it tries to locate another node where this could be done with a high probability of success. Nodes in the system inform each other about their state (vis-a-vis the availability of free cycles) using a combination of broadcasting and gossiping. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated both analytically and via simulation. Based on these findings, they argue that keeping a diverse availability profile and using passive bidding (through gossiping) are both advantageous to distributed scheduling for real-time systems. >
Charter Schools and the Panoptic Effect of Accountability

like many states in the United States, charter schools are toutedas a reform effort that can significantly alter how education is conducted(“Good Report Card,” 1998; “State Charter School Law,” 1995). It isbelieved that the flexibility given to charter schools will allow them to bemore innovative in their pedagogical and curricular approaches (Meyers,1998; Stepp, 1999), and that this innovation will result in improved studentachievement (“Education Needs,” 1998; “Good Report Card,” 1998; Stepp,1999). This gain in student performance has yet to materialize in Georgia.According to the Georgia State Department of Education’s annual report
Pipelining of cordic based IIR digital filters

Cordic based IIR digital filters possess desirable properties for VLSI implementation such as local connection, regularity, and good finite word-length behavior, but can't be pipelined to finer levels (such as bit or multi-bit levels) due to the presence of feedback loops. In this paper, a pipelining method for the cordic based IIR digital filters is proposed using the constrained filter design methods and the polyphase decomposition technique. Using this method, the filter sample rate can be increased to any desired level.
Influence of Yb:Hf Ratio on Ytterbium Hafnate/Molten Silicate (CMAS) Reactivity

This study investigated the influence of YbO1.5 concentration on the reactivity between YbO1.5–HfO2 thermal barrier coating (TBC) materials and silicate melts [calcium–magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS), specifically 33CaO–9MgO–13AlO1.5–45SiO2, all in mol%]. Three thermal barrier oxides (TBO) with YbO1.5 concentration between 30 and 80 mol% were tested at 1300°C and 1500°C. Porous pellets were used to study reaction layer growth and the behavior within infiltrated porosity. Complementary experiments examined the phase equilibria in melts containing varying quantities of the candidate TBOs. The effectiveness of reactive crystallization to limit interaction depth increased with the YbO1.5 concentration in the TBO. The results indicate that the TBO must contain sufficient YbO1.5 to satisfy the equilibrium between the melt and HfO2-based fluorite phase before YbO1.5-bearing silicates can precipitate. Increasing the YbO1.5 availability leads to the crystallization of apatite, garnet, silicocarnotite, and/or cuspidine (alumino)silicates. Apatite was observed at 1300°C and 1500°C, garnet and silicocarnotite only appeared at 1300°C, and cuspidine was only evident at 1500°C. The implications for the design of CMAS-resistant coatings are discussed in the context of the experimental results.
A postmodern spiritual future for work

Contends that predictions of the end of work as we know it, and a bleak jobless future, as we head into the twenty‐first century, derive from a modernist paradigm of work ‐ a paradigm that has been the prevailing paradigm for the past 100 years. Seeks to provide a more hopeful and humane paradigm for the future of work ‐ a model based on spiritual guidelines and principles. Describes characteristics of each paradigm and then contrasts them on both the individual manager and organization levels. Explores how these principles could be applied to produce power in organizational settings.
Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: Purpose in life, religious coping and social support

Abstract Background High rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms have been observed in earthquake survivors from less developed areas of the world. This study, conducted three years after the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, aimed to identify potentially protective psychosocial factors associated with lower PTSD and depressive symptom levels. Methods Adult earthquake survivors (N=200) were recruited from affected areas in Northwestern Pakistan and completed self-report questionnaires measuring PTSD and depressive symptoms, positive and negative affect, and four psychosocial variables (purpose in life, positive and negative religious coping, and social support). Results Sixty five percent of participants met criteria for probable PTSD. Purpose in life was associated with lower symptom levels and higher positive emotions. A form of negative religious coping (feeling punished by God for one’s sins or lack of spirituality) was associated with higher symptom levels and negative emotions. Higher perceived social support was associated with higher positive emotions. Other significant relationships were also identified. Limitations Limitations include the recruitment of a sample of convenience, a modest sample size, and the cross-sectional nature of the study. Conclusions Findings suggest that some psychosocial factors may be protective across cultures, and that the use of negative religious coping is associated with poorer mental health outcomes in earthquake survivors. This study can inform preventive and treatment interventions for earthquake survivors in Pakistan and other less industrialized countries as they develop mental health care services.
Urinary cyclic nucleotides in adult male cystic fibrosis patients

Abstract Urinary adenosine 3':5'(cyclic)monophosphate and guanosine 3':5'(cyclic) monophosphate excretion are significantly elevated in adult male cystic fibrosis patients compared to normal men when values are expressed in ways which consider the smaller size of the cystic fibrosis subjects of the same age. Cystic fibrosis patients excreted 3.22 ± 1.16 nmol adenosine 3':5'(cyclic)monophos phate/g creatinine per 24 h vs. 1.97 ± 0.43 for normal men (p $ 0.02); and cystic fibrosis patients excreted 0.50 ± 0.16 nmol guanosine 3':5'(cyclic)monophosphate/g creatinine per 24 h vs. 0.30 ± 0.07 for normal men (p $ 0.05). Subjects were all adults who had completed linear growth and sexual development, thus eliminating any possible effects of slower maturation of cystic fibrosis patients, and all subjects were male, thus avoiding the fluctuation of urinary cyclic nucleotides with the menstrual cycle, problems which had complicated interpretation of previous studies.
Two-dimensional temperature estimation using diagnostic ultrasound

A two-dimensional temperature estimation method was developed based on the detection of shifts in echo location of backscattered ultrasound from a region of tissue undergoing thermal therapy. The echo shifts are due to the combination of the local temperature dependence of speed of sound and thermal expansion in the heated region. A linear relationship between these shifts and the underlying tissue temperature rise is derived from first principles and experimentally validated. The echo shifts are estimated from the correlation of successive backscattered ultrasound frames, and the axial derivative of the accumulated echo shifts is shown to be proportional to the temperature rise. Sharp lateral gradients in the temperature distribution introduce ripple on the estimates of the echo shifts due to a thermo-acoustic lens effect. This ripple can be effectively reduced by filtering the echo shifts along the axial and lateral directions upon differentiation. However, this is achieved at the expense of spatial resolution. Experimental evaluation of the accuracy (0.5/spl deg/C) and spatial resolution (2 mm) of the algorithm in tissue mimicking phantoms was conducted using a diagnostic ultrasound imaging scanner and a therapeutic ultrasound unit. The estimated temperature maps were overlaid on the gray-scale ultrasound images to illustrate the applicability of this technique for image guidance of focused ultrasound thermal therapy.
Differences in Monterey pine pest populations in urban and natural forests

Nowak, D.J. and McBride, J.R., 1992. Differences in Monterey pine pest populations in urban and natural forests. For. Ecol. Manage., 50: ! 33-144. Monterey pines (Pinus radiata D, Don) planted along streets (i.e. street trees) within Carmel, California and its immediate vicinity, and naturally grown Monterey pine within adjacent native stands, were sampled with regard to intensity ofvisual stress characteristics, western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum f. typicum [ Engelm. ] Gill ), and western gall rust (Peridermium harknessii J.P. Moore) infection, and frequency of sequoia pitch moth (S~nanthedon sequoiae Hy. Edw.) and red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens LeConte) attacks. The street trees were stratified into four geographic zones: one highly urban zone, two urban zones, and one suburban zone. Dwarf mistletoe infections generally were more common in the forest stand than on street trees in the highly urban and urban zones for trees less than 50 cm dbh and were positively correlated with stand density. Pitch moth attacks were mo~'e common in all street tree zones than the natural forest, and were positively correlated with amount of pruning and wounding, and negatively correlated with amount of crown closure and stress. Red turpentine beetle attacks were positively correlated with stress and diameter, and may follow pitch moth attacks. More beetle attacks occurred in the two urban zones than in the natural forest, probably clue to significantly more large trees in these zones, and more pruning and wounding in the street tree setting than in the forest.
Restoration of Conductivity with TTF-TCNQ Charge-Transfer Salts

The formation of the conductive TTF-TCNQ (tetrathiafulvalene–tetracyanoquinodimethane) charge-transfer salt via rupture of microencapsulated solutions of its individual components is reported. Solutions of TTF and TCNQ in various solvents are separately incorporated into poly(urea-formaldehyde) core–shell microcapsules. Rupture of a mixture of TTF-containing microcapsules and TCNQ-containing microcapsules results in the formation of the crystalline salt, as verified by FTIR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Preliminary measurements demonstrate the partial restoration of conductivity of severed gold electrodes in the presence of TTF-TCNQ derived in situ. This is the first microcapsule system for the restoration of conductivity in mechanically damaged electronic devices in which the repairing agent is not conductive until its release.
Lithofacies and sequence stratigraphy of the Barnett Shale in east-central Fort Worth Basin, Texas

Ten Barnett Shale lithofacies have been recognized in a 223-ft (68-m)-long core from Johnson County, Texas. Eight of these lithofacies match those previously identified in the main producing area of the Newark East (Barnett Shale) field in the northern part of the Fort Worth Basin, but two new lithofacies have been identified in this core, resedimented spiculitic mudstone lithofacies and lag deposits, both of which are indicative of a relatively higher energy environment and downslope resedimentation of shallower water deposits. The recognition of cyclical stacking patterns of the lithofacies, condensed sections (CSs), and transgressive surfaces of erosion were the keys to establishing the sequence-stratigraphic framework in these fine-grained rocks, which consists of seven stratigraphic intervals in the lower Barnett Shale and nine stratigraphic intervals in the upper Barnett Shale. Spectral gamma-ray uranium and thorium logs aided in this objective and are recommended for future sequence-stratigraphic studies of these and other shales. The sequence-stratigraphic framework reveals that the lower Barnett Shale in this area was deposited mainly in a low-energy, relatively deep-water environment, somewhat far from a terrigenous source area, which probably lies to the northwest. By contrast, the upper Barnett Shale was deposited in an oxygenated shallower water environment, which had a source area from the west and southwest sides of the basin. The higher frequency of sea level fluctuation during development of the upper Barnett Shale most probably indicates periodic tectonic activity, perhaps associated with a structural high that was susceptible to sea level fluctuations. Alternatively, it could have resulted from the onset of glaciations in Gondwanaland during this time. This higher frequency may indicate that the upper Barnett is Chesterian in age, because cyclicity was higher than during the Osagean and Meramecian stages. If so, there may be more high-frequency cycles than recognized in this core. Siliceous sponge spicules are more common in this core than in more northerly cores, so more brittle facies might prevail in the southern part of the Fort Worth Basin. High gamma-ray log responses, which are caused by a high total organic carbon, and/or in-situ phosphate minerals are commonly found in CSs and can be used for regional correlations. However, high gamma-ray phosphatic deposits that have been resedimented to downslope positions by sediment gravity flows are an exception to the previous statement. Correlation of the Barnett stratigraphic intervals now provides a north-to-southeast stratigraphic framework along the Fort Worth Basin. Relative hydrocarbon potential (RHP) is an organic geochemical parameter applied to this core and found to provide an indicator of marine transgressions and regressions. We recommend continued testing and use of the RHP parameter for high-frequency sequence-stratigraphic analysis of unconventional gas shales.
Quality-adjusted life years lost from nonfatal motor vehicle accident injuries

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have estimated the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost from nonfatal motor vehicle accident injuries, but these estimates have a number of limitations. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to estimate the QALYs lost from the typical motor vehicle accident injury based on 1) data obtained through a standard preference elicitation procedure, 2) both permanent and nonpermanent injuries, and 3) a more realistic baseline quality-of-life level from which to determine the QALY decrement. This study also intends to demonstrate the advantages of using self-reported health status as the basis for determining a change in QALYs. RESEARCH DESIGN: Ordered probit equations were estimated to determine the change in self-reported health status associated with 3 categories of injuries. These results were next converted to their marginal effects and weighted by the quality-of-life estimates for self-reported health status found in Nyman and others (2007). The quality-of-life decrements for the 3 categories of injury were then converted to QALY decrements by applying estimates of the duration of that injury type. Subjects. The data came from 8 years of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), from 1997 to 2004. MEASURES: Self-reported health status categories were excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. RESULTS: The reference case decrement for an average motor vehicle accident injury is 0.0612 QALYs or 0.0360 QALYs, if discounted at 3%. CONCLUSIONS: Quality-of-life weights for self-reported health status can be used to exploit the dcata in large national surveys. Language: en
Hydro-Jet technology in urologic surgery

Hydro-Jet technology utilizes an extremely thin, high-pressure stream of water. This technology has been routinely used in industry as a cutting tool for different materials such as metal, ceramic, wood and glass. Recently, Hydro-Jet technology has been used for dissection and resection during open and laparoscopic surgical procedures. A high-pressure jet of water allows selective dissection and isolation of vital structures such as blood vessels and nerves. This has resulted in improved dissection and decreased complication rate in recent experimental and clinical studies. This technology has been successfully applied during open and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, cholecystecomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.
Communication through a common culture or language

Communication takes place within a broad culture, whether one or more languages are involved. For communication to take place between different cultures, a higher level entity develops, and it can become a culture in itself. Examples are the large international organizations which have developed common terminology, phrases, and signals for their own purposes and most academic disciplines that communicate through a jargon uniquely their own. Examples illustrating this thesis are drawn from history (the seventeenth century in Europe) and from the author's experience as a conference interpreter for international organizations which have developed common concepts, a common terminology, and certain conventions for their own purposes. >
The EBNA2 Polyproline Region Is Dispensable for Epstein-Barr Virus-Mediated Immortalization Maintenance

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) is required for EBV-mediated immortalization of primary human B cells and is a direct transcriptional activator of viral and cellular genes. The prototype EBNA2 protein contains a unique motif in which 43 out of 45 amino acids are prolines (polyproline region [PPR]). Previous genetic analysis has shown that deletion of the PPR resulted in viruses unable to immortalize B cells, although the protein did appear transcriptionally functional (R. Yalamanchili, S. Harada, and E. Kieff, J. Virol. 70:2468-2473, 1996). The PPR's uniqueness and requirement for immortalization make it an attractive therapeutic target. However, the role of this highly unusual motif for immortalization remains enigmatic. We have recently developed a transcomplementation assay that allows both genetic and functional analyses of EBNA2 in EBV-mediated immortalization maintenance (A. V. Gordadze, R. Peng, J. Tan, G. Liu, R. Sutton, B. Kempkes, G. W. Bornkamm, and P. D. Ling, J. Virol. 75:5899-5912, 2001). Surprisingly, we found that ΔPPR-EBNA2 was able to support B-cell proliferation similar to that of wild-type EBNA2 in this assay, indicating that deletion of the PPR from EBNA2 does not result in a loss of function required for immortalization maintenance. Further analysis of this mutant EBNA2 revealed that it consistently activated the viral LMP1 and LMP2A promoters severalfold better than wild-type EBNA2 in transient cotransfection assays. In addition, one striking difference between lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing wild-type EBNA2 from those expressing ΔPPR-EBNA2 is that the latter cells have significantly reduced EBV genomic levels. The data are consistent with a model in which lower EBNA2 target gene dosage may be selected for in ΔPPR-EBNA2-dependent cell lines to compensate for hyperactive stimulation of viral genes, such as LMP-1, which is cytostatic for B cells when overexpressed. It is conceivable that the hyperactivity rather than the loss of function, as hypothesized previously, could be responsible for the inability of recombinant ΔPPR-EBNA2 EBVs to immortalize B cells.
Re-Constituting Phenomenology: Continuity in Levinas’s Account of Time and Ethics

ABSTRACT : At the heart of Levinas’ work is an account of subjectivity that is premised on his account of temporality. In this regard, Levinas is like many other phenomenologists. However, in order to understand Levinas in this manner, we must first reconceive what Levinas means by ‘ethics’, so we can see the fundamental continuity in his accounts of subjectivity and temporality. By understanding the continuities, not just within but also between, Levinas’ ethical subject and his futural temporality, we are able to reconceive of the scope and method of phenomenology, so as to adequately assess Levinas’ influence in that discipline.
Past and present water budget of Venus

Attention is given to a detailed analysis of Pioneer Venus large-probe neutral mass spectrometer data which confirm an earlier report that the abundance of Venus deuterium relative to hydrogen is two orders of magnitude larger than that of terrestrial deuterium. The D/H ratio in the bulk atmosphere of Venus today is found to be between 0.014 and 0.02. The argument that present-day HDO can be in a steady state with exogenous (cometary) sources is based on an underestimate of the hydrogen abundance and an overestimate of current escape rates. The large isotope ratio requires that Venus once had above-surface water amounting to at least a few tenths of a percent of a terrestrial ocean and has since lost almost all of the associated hydrogen.
Influence of soil porosity on water use in Pinus taeda

We analyzed the hydraulic constraints im- posed on water uptake from soils of different porosities in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) by comparing genetical- ly related and even-aged plantations growing in loam versus sand soil. Water use was evaluated relative to the maximum transpiration rate (E crit ) allowed by the soil- leaf continuum. We expected that trees on both soils would approach Ecrit during drought. Trees in sand, how- ever, should face greater drought limitation because of steeply declining hydraulic conductivity in sand at high soil water potential ( Ψ S ). Transport considerations sug- gest that trees in sand should have higher root to leaf ar- ea ratios (AR:AL), less negative leaf xylem pressure ( Ψ L), and be more vulnerable to xylem cavitation than trees in loam. The A R :A L was greater in sand versus loam (9.8 vs 1.7, respectively). This adjustment maintained about 86% of the water extraction potential for both soils. Trees in sand were more deeply rooted (>1.9 m) than in loam (95% of roots <0.2 m), allowing them to shift water uptake to deeper layers during drought and avoid hydraulic failure. Midday Ψ L was constant for days of high evaporative demand, but was less negative in sand (-1.6 MPa) versus loam (-2.1 MPa). Xylem was more vulnerable to cavitation in sand versus loam trees. Roots in both soils were more vulnerable than stems, and expe- rienced the greatest predicted loss of conductivity during drought. Trees on both soils approached Ecrit during drought, but at much higher Ψ S in sand (<-0.4 MPa) than in loam (<-1.0 MPa). Results suggest considerable phenotypic plasticity in water use traits for P. taeda which are adaptive to differences in soil porosity.
Platelet Adenylyl Cyclase Activity in Alcoholics and Subtypes of Alcoholics

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity was measured in membrane preparations of platelets from control and alcoholic subjects. The sample consisted of 51 alcoholics who were categorized as type I or type II using the criteria of Gilligan et al. (Genet. Epidemiol. 4:395-414, 1987) and 54 normal controls. Alcoholic males exhibited significantly lower values than controls in basal and fluoride-stimulated platelet AC activity. When male alcoholics were segregated into type I and type II categories, the platelet AC activity did not differ between subtypes, and both subtypes had AC activity that was below control values. Western blot analysis of the quantity of Gs alpha and Gi alpha proteins in a subset of male controls and alcoholic subjects demonstrated no significant relationship between quantity of G proteins and AC activity. The results confirm lower platelet AC activity in male alcoholics, compared with controls. Given the lack of quantitative relations between Gs alpha and Gi alpha proteins and AC activity, the results support the contention that individual differences in platelet AC activity in the alcoholic subjects may reflect quantitative or qualitative differences in the AC catalytic units.
Application of the Evolutionary Species Concept to Parthenogenetic Entities: Comparison of Postformational Divergence in Two Clones of Aspidoscelis tesselata and between Aspidoscelis cozumela and Aspidoscelis maslini (Squamata: Teiidae)

Sumner Lake State Park, De Baca County, New Mexico, is the only known locality where three pattern classes of diploid, parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis tesselata (Sumner C, Sumner D, and Sumner E) coexist in syntopy. Reciprocal skin transplants confirmed that the pronounced phenotypic differences between Sumner C and Sumner E represent postformational genetic changes rather than separate hybridization origins. Sumner D is meristically indistinguishable from Sumner C and is considered to be a recent mutational derivative of the latter. In contrast, Sumner E is distinctly different from Sumner C in multivariate meristic characters and several important life-history characteristics. Discordant patterns of phenotypic variation characterize many geographically disjunct groups of A. tesselata classified as pattern class E, thus defying a cohesive diagnosis. Therefore, based on the evolutionary species concept (ESC), we consider Sumner C and Sumner E to be divergent clonal groups in the same species. We contrast this example with a parthenogenetic complex on the Yucatan Peninsula in which formal recognition of Aspidoscelis maslini and Aspidoscelis cozumela can be accommodated under the ESC.
Conjugate Markov Decision Processes

Many open problems involve the search for a mapping that is used by an algorithm solving an MDP. Useful mappings are often from the state set to some other set. Examples include representation discovery (a mapping to a feature space) and skill discovery (a mapping to skill termination probabilities). Different mappings result in algorithms achieving varying expected returns. In this paper we present a novel approach to the search for any mapping used by any algorithm attempting to solve an MDP, for that which results in maximum expected return.
Control of thymidine incorporation in mucosal explants from patients with chronic ulcerative colitis

Abstract Chronic ulcerative colitis is considered a "premalignant" lesion in patients with chronic and total colonic disease. In organ culture, we have studied the mucosa from normal human colon, and from patients with ulcerative colitis. These tissues were maintained for up to 20 hr in organ culture, and a measure of proliferative activity was studied. Since phosphodiesterase inhibitors decrease thymidine incorporation into rabbit colon DNA, we studied this parameter to see whether premalignant mucosa responded differently from mucosa that was not premalignant. Thymidine incorporation in normal mucosa was inhibited maximally by 5 mM theophylline (72 ± 4% of control without theophylline). The effect of theophylline on the incorporation of thymidine into DNA was studied in 26 patients with ulcerative colitis in remission, 10 with only rectal or left-sided involvement for up to 15 yr, 8 with universal colitis for less than 10 yr, and 8 with universal colitis for over 10 yr. When all patients with left-sided colitis were studied, the incorporation of thymidine was 85 ± 6% of the control value without the drug. However, when patients in this group were divided, theophylline inhibited the group with less than a decade of disease (70 ± 4%), but not those with disease for over 10 yr (97 ± 3%). Mucosa from the group with universal colitis for less than 10 yr responded to theophylline (69 ± 3% compared with no drug). The group with universal colitis for over 10 yr showed no significant inhibition (95 ± 5% of control) despite the lack of histologically premalignant mucosa in the cultured samples. Three ulcerative colitis patients with cancer and premalignant changes in their colon were also studied. None of the morphologically premalignant areas demonstrated inhibition of thymidine incorporation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (84–163% of control). We conclude that patients with longstanding colitis in remission demonstrate a defect in the modification of thymidine incorporation into DNA by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, regardless of the extent of their disease. Moreover, this biochemical defect can be detected in tissues in which premalignant morphologic changes are not evident. These data suggest that the duration of inflammatory change, more than the extent of the disease within the colon, may be the more important factor in leading to the observed alteration in control of DNA synthesis.
Modified Formulations of Particle Deposition and Removal Kinetics in Saturated Porous Media

Important revisions on the particulate deposition and removal rate equations are offered for flow of particulate suspensions through saturated porous media by distinguishing between the factors effecting the mechanisms of various particle deposition and removal processes, and their rate coefficients and parameters. Formulation considers particle transport by convection and dispersion toward open and partially jammed pores, flux of particles above a critical minimum in suspension, unblocked particles available for removal at the pore surface, shear-force below critical for deposition of suspended particles, shear-force above critical for entrainment of unblocked surface particles, active ion concentration below critical for spontaneous particle release from pore surface, critical pore-throat-to-particle diameter ratio for pore-throat jamming, deformation and pore-sealing effects of elastic particles, internal filter cake formation by particle accumulation behind pore throats, normal-force above critical for dislocation of deposits from pore throats, and thermal-, concentration-, stress-, and mobility-shock phenomena. Inherent limitations of previous outstanding rate equations are alleviated by means of theoretical reasoning and/or experimental observations.
A STUDY OF MORAL DECISION-MAKING: BUSINESS MAJORS VERSUS NON-BUSINESS MAJORS

In the field of psychology there is a theory of ethical grounding that distinguishes between people on the basis of “idealism” versus “relativism.” An idealistic person is one who believes in absolute truths, values, and rules. A relativistic person, on the other hand, believes that truth is relative to some context; and for them there are no, nor should there be, any absolute values or rigid ethical rules of conduct. This study surveyed undergraduate business and non-business students at a mid-sized southern university to examine whether business majors differed from non-business majors on idealism/relativism and moral decision-making. This research question has important implications not only for pedagogical purposes but also practical implications in the hiring of persons by employers. The results of the study produced evidence that on theoretical terms business students are more relativistic than non-business students but when presented with practical real-world situations in which to apply relativistic thinking, the two groups were not significantly different.
Optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum wells

We demonstrate optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy of heavy- and light-hole excitons in GaAs quantum wells. This is enabled by active interferometric stabilization of the excitation pulse separation and of a reference pulse.
World System Debates

The world systems orientation in the field of international relations is relatively new and complements previous approaches. The contributors to this volume have in some cases reevaluated their own earlier studies to consider transhistorically manifested continuities and pressures for structural change. The major point of agreement presently reached is the perpetuation and endurance of our present world order and certain long-term structures which support it. A healthy debate takes place over the relationship between economics and the state system.
Guest-Accelerated Molecular Rotor

A molecular rotor was designed in which the rate of rotation is accelerated by guest complexation. The binding of an acetate guest to the urea groups lowers the barrier of the adjacent Caryl−Nimide bond by 2 to 4 kcal/mol. This behavior is in contrast to most molecular rotors in which guest complexation slows rotation.
Location of flow-limiting segments via airway catheters near residual volume in humans.

Previous studies have demonstrated sites of flow limitation in the central airways of dogs and humans. At low lung volumes, however, during a forced expiration, it is not clear whether flow-limiting segments (FLS) move into the lung periphery. Using intrabronchial lateral pressure catheters, we located FLS in human subjects at all lung volumes between functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV). Three individuals with severe intracranial hemorrhage maintained on ventilators were studied. Partial maximal flow-volume curves were generated from 1 liter above FRC to RV by lowering downstream pressure and using the interrupter technique. Sites of FLS were defined as the most downstream points where lateral pressure did not change with driving pressure. FLS were found in all subjects in the central airways. In one subject, FLS moved from segmental bronchi to the first subsegmental bronchus as RV was approached but not beyond. In the other two subjects, FLS remained fixed in location at all measured lung volumes. At constant volume, multiple FLS were located, all in parallel, e.g., fixed in left upper, left lower, and right middle lobar bronchi. In conclusion, sites of flow limitation remain in the central airways as lung volume approaches RV. FLS may move peripherally within the central airways but not beyond proximal subsegmental bronchi.
The Alibates Flint Quarry, Texas

It has been thought that one of the most easily recognized types of flint used in the manufacture of stone tools in the Southern Plains is Amarillo or Alibates flint (Kidder 1932: 31, 44; Krieger 1946: 50, 62; Skinner 1956: 13). This flint has been widely recognized in Texas, central and western Oklahoma, southern Kansas, eastern Colorado and western New Mexico (Watson 1950: 32; Bell and Baerreis 1951: 84; Suhm and Krieger 1954: 71). The material has been dated as early as Folsom and as late as protohistoric (Roberts 1942: 18; Schmidt and Toldan 1953: 173; Baker, Campbell, and Evans 1957: 2).
Changing the Rules Changes the Game: Party Reform and the 1972 California Delegation to the Democratic National Convention

Rules changes in the Democratic party have substantially altered one of the fundamental institutions of American politics. This article is an effort to assess some of the effects of the new rules on the selection of delegates to the Democratic National Convention on the strategic environment faced by presidential candidates. The article outlines the basic aspects of those rule changes, describes the problems involved in the implementation of the rules, and attempts to evaluate some of the consequences faced by the presidential campaign of Senator George McGovern in the context of the California primary of 1972.
Zero Dynamics Analysis for Spacecraft with Fuel Slosh

This paper presents a novel stability analysis of the zero dynamics of nonlinear dynamic models of spacecraft with fuel slosh. Mathematical models based on a Lagrange formulation are used, with the pendulum analogy of a typical spacecraft with fuel slosh dynamics, to include the behavior of the liquid dynamics coupled to the spacecraft. With both analytical and numerical results, it is shown that in the presence of fuel sloshing, the zero dynamics of both single-input single-output and multi-input multi-output spacecraft models are not asymptotically stable or even unstable at their nominal equilibrium point. This study indicates that special design considerations are needed for nonlinear feedback motion control of spacecraft with fuel sloshing uncertainties, to handle the nonminimum phase characteristics of nonlinear spacecraft models, which are shown by the phase portraits of their zero dynamics. The development of suitable control designs for such nonlinear systems is currently under investigation.
BREAKING WAVE DESIGN CRITERIA

Breaking wave heights measured in both field and random wave laboratory experiments are examined. The dependence of breaker height and breaker depth on beach slope and deep water steepness is presented. The results are compared with the design curves of the Shore Protection Manual (SPM) and the predictions of the randan wave model by Goda (1975). The comparisons indicate that the significant breaker height, based on Goda's model, is slightly conservative for the experimental cases; but the maximum breaker heights are reasonably predicted by the model. The design procedures in the SPM are based on a monochromatic wave breaking, and appear overly conservative, particularly for low wave steepness (less than 0.01) which occur frequently on the West Coast of the United States. The use of the Rayleigh distribution to predict wave height statistics is tested with random wave data for both deep and shallow water regions.
Analysis of ERP Implementation Based on Change Management

Change management,as part of the implementation of ERP,is a critical aspect for the success of ERP implementation.This paper analyzes the application,problems and solutions of change management during the implementation of ERP in the directly affiliated enterprises of State Grid Corporation.It provides reference to deepening development of change management in the directly affiliated enterprises of State Grids Corporation.
Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve

The mitral valve is a bicuspid valve which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. It opens during diastole and closes during systole to permit forward flow of blood through the heart. Mitral valve dysfunction can result in left atrial enlargement, arrhythmias, and symptoms of heart failure. Historically, cardiotomy has been the standard approach to the mitral valve. In recent years, however, new techniques have been used to access the mitral valve. These include percutaneous approaches for valve repair and even replacement. A successful mitral valve procedure, independent of approach, depends on understanding the anatomy and pathophysiology of the valve. This chapter addresses the anatomy of the mitral valve and surrounding structures as well as the common etiologies of mitral valve dysfunction.
Prenatal Hormonal Contributions to Sex Differences in Human Cognitive and Personality Development

This chapter presents an overview of behavioral sexual differentiation in humans and presents data from our laboratory and other laboratories that highlight the importance of early (prenatal and/or postnatal) hormonal stimulation by androgenic substances in this process. Data derived from the study of individuals who were exposed to atypical levels of endogenous hormones or to exogenous compounds with an androgenic potential are presented to provide insight into the normal process underlying the emergence of sex differences (see also Reinisch, Ziemba-Davis, & Sanders, 1991).
Listeria Infections in Neonates

Although Listeria is a relatively uncommon cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis, it is important to include it as part of an initial differential diagnosis. An early presumptive diagnosis of Listeria infection may be possible with close attention to preliminary reports of Gram-positive rods. The appropriate choice of antimicrobial agents for treating Listeria infection in neonates should be guided by Listeria’s resistance patterns, the organism’s notable intracellular life cycle, and an awareness of likely anatomic sites of maternal and neonatal infections. Even a single occurrence of Listeria infection in a nursery may be related to a large outbreak. Accordingly, obtaining a nuanced exposure history and using contemporary outbreak monitoring and reporting tools may have broad benefits for controlling Listeria infection at its source and helping to limit its spread via large-scale food distribution networks.
On determining the transmission range for multi-hop slotted Aloha packet radio networks

The problems of determining the transmission range for stations and the routing assignments in slotted-Aloha packet radio networks to maximize the end-to-end throughput are addressed. A nonlinear programming formulation is used. It is shown that the problem can be solved by solving a polynomial number of routing problems. The solution procedure is used to solve the joint transmission range and routing problem for several typical packet radio networks. >
Diaphragmatic Embryogenesis and Human Congenital Diaphragmatic Defects

Abstract The diaphragm is an essential organ for the transition to postnatal life. Serious developmental defects of the diaphragm cause pulmonary hypoplasia, respiratory distress and cardiopulmonary failure at birth. Pulmonary hypoplasia may result both from abnormal mechanical forces and from primary defects in development due to abnormal gene function. Although only a minority of diaphragmatic hernia patients have an obvious cardiac malformation, evidence from mouse models suggests that more occult developmental issues may be present in the heart, and these issues may contribute to long term disease. The most serious diaphragmatic defects occur in the posterolateral (most common), posteromedial, or lateral diaphragm. These are often called “congenital diaphragmatic hernia” or CDH. The nomenclature for these defects is not yet standardized. Defects of the anterior diaphragm are usually not associated with severe illness. Defects that are limited to only the central tendon are extremely rare in humans. The posterior diaphragm develops from primordial mesenchymal tissue best visualized in the mouse thoracoabdominal region at embryonic day 11.5–12.5. This tissue includes the post-hepatic mesenchymal plate and the pleuroperitoneal folds. The embryonic anatomy is difficult to interpret, and the use of these terms is inconsistent. The anterior diaphragm forms from the transverse septum. Migrating muscle progenitor cells reach the diaphragm after the development of a contiguous, connective tissue sheet. Tendon progenitor cells differentiate and mature to form the central tendon, a structure separated from muscle by myotendonous junctions. Central tendon patterning defects and posterior hernias may occur together in the same genetic mouse model or the same human patient. The non-muscle mesenchyme of the diaphragm is most often implicated in hernia models. The diaphragm is covered by mesothelium, and the mesothelial cells express genes important for diaphragm development. The etiology of non-muscle cells and the contribution that they make to different portions of the diaphragm is an important area of investigation, which is currently limited by the availability of specific markers and mouse tools.
Obesity and the Pathogenesis of Barrett’s Esophagus

Barrett’s esophagus (BE), an intestinal-type metaplasia of normal esophageal squamous epithelium, is the only known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). This is the protean reason for interest in BE as a clinical entity, as 95% of BE patients die of other causes. EAC has risen at a rate of >350% since the mid-1970s, faster than any other cancer in the USA. This has been termed the “EAC epidemic” and has tracked in parallel with rising rates of obesity. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is widely accepted as the principle cause of BE. Obesity is the leading modifiable risk factor for BE and GERD. Obesity is also the leading modifiable risk factor for EAC, associated with a threefold increased risk of cancer. Central obesity has consistently correlated with BE and BMI has not. This may explain a significant skew toward white males, but trends are actually rising in all demographic groups.
The Physiological Basis of Reproductive Efficiency

It is commonly observed that human beings, like other mammals, first must “grow up” before becoming capable of reproduction. But on what scale is the “growing up” best measured: age, height, weight, skeletal age, or some other measure of the body? And how is the synchronization of the “grown upness” and reproductive ability brought about? (1).