cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of a secondary patient on the family practice visit

BACKGROUND This study describes how the provision of care to a family member other than the identified patient affects the outpatient family practice visit. METHODS Research nurses directly observed consecutive patient visits on 2 separate days in the offices of 138 practicing family physicians. Patient visits during which another family member's problem was addressed were identified. Differences in patient and visit characteristics, patient satisfaction, delivery of preventive services, and time use, measured with the Davis Observation Code, were compared for visits with and without the provision of care to a family member. RESULTS Care was provided to a secondary patient during 18% of observed outpatient visits. The secondary patient was present during only half of these visits. When another family member's problem was discussed, patients were more likely to report that their expectations for the visit were met. There was no difference in patient report of satisfaction with the visit, the delivery of preventive services, or the level of billing for visits at which another family member's problem was addressed. Visits during which another family member's problem was discussed were an average of 1.3 minutes longer; with less time spent chatting, providing feedback, and conducting physical examinations, and more time spent counseling, taking history, gathering family information, and delivering preventive services. CONCLUSIONS The provision of care to a second family member is relatively common in family practice, and affects the care of the index patient in identifiable ways. This care of another family member represents an important added value of family practice.
TU-H-CAMPUS-TeP1-05: Fast Processed 3D Printing-Aided Urethane Resin (PUR) Bolus in Radiation Therapy

Purpose: 3D printed custom bolus is regularly used in radiation therapy clinic as a compensator. However, usual method of bolus printing with 100% filling is very time-consuming. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and benefit of 3D printed bolus filled with UR. Methods: Two boluses were designed on nose (9e electrons) and ear (6× photons) for a head phantom in treatment planning system (TPS) to achieve dose coverage to the skin. The bolus structures (56–167cc) were converted to STereoLithographic (STL) model using an in-house developed algorithm and sent to a commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer. Only shells were printed with polylactic acid (PLA) material. Liquid UR was then placed in a vacuum pump and slowly poured into the hollow bolus from its top opening. Liquid UR hardened in around half an hour. The phantom was rescanned with custom boluses attached and the dosimetry was compared with original design in TPS. Basic CT and dose properties were investigated. GaF films were irradiated to measure dose profile and output of several open photon and electron beams under solid water and UR slabs of same thicknesses. Results: CT number was 11.2±7.3 and 65.4±7.8, respectively for solid water(∼1.04g/cc) and UR(∼1.08g/cc). The output measurement at dmax for 6× was within 2% for the two materials. The relative dose profiles of the two materials above dmax show 94–99% Gamma analysis passing rates for both photons and electrons. Dose distributions with 3D PUR boluses maintained great coverage on the intended skin regions and resembled that with computer generated boluses. Manufacturing 3D PUR boluses was 3–4 times faster than 100% printed boluses. The efficiency significantly improves for larger boluses. Conclusion: The study suggests UR has similar dose responses as solid water. Making custom bolus with UR greatly increases clinical workflow efficiency.
The Origins of Crisis

Nothing can be understood about Nigeria until its pattern of ethnic diversity is delineated. Within the boundaries drawn by the British are a staggering variety of ethnic groups, as revealed by the presence of some 248 distinct languages (Coleman, 1958: 15). Many of these linguistic groups are tiny and politically insignificant. But just three comprise roughly two-thirds of the population: the Hausa-Fulani, the Yoruba, and the Igbo (Table 2.1). In this respect, Nigeria can be classified as having (in Horowitz’s terms) a relatively ‘centralised’ ethnic structure.
Crowdsourcing metadata quality: A survey of potential tools and use cases

In previous articles in this series the author has explored metadata quality issues related to the parsing of enumeration information as well as strategies for creating a cloud-based data warehouse solution to enable quick and responsive querying for harmonized metadata. In building on this theme the author explores the role that crowdsourcing can plan in improving metadata quality in the current article. The author reviews an “experiment” in using crowdsourcing platforms to improve metadata quality. The platforms/metadata quality issues tested were used to validate technical metadata on proxy configuration. The platforms explored demonstrated that crowdsourced metadata work is feasible but under the expected limitations associated with such work (e.g., limited expertise of workers, need to break task down into bite-sized tasks, difficulty in crowdsourcing complex tasks as a result).
Testing Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in the Public Sector: Is it Applicable to Public Managers?

Given the limitations in providing monetary rewards as an incentive in the public sector, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation can be promising if it is applicable to public employees. This study identifies the effects of motivators and hygiene factors on public managers’ job satisfaction, and finds out if there is difference, compared to how private-sector employees are motivated. According to the findings, a majority of identified motivators in the previous research showed positive effects on job satisfaction among public managers, and public managers’ job satisfaction was not affected by hygiene factor as predicted in Herzberg’s study. Managerial implications are discussed.
Saliva Cotinine as a Measure of Smoking Abstinence in Contingency Management – A Feasibility Study

The present study investigated the feasibility of using twice-weekly monitoring of saliva cotinine in a prize-based contingency-management program for smoking cessation. Saliva samples were tested using semi-quantitative NicAlert™ cotinine test strips. Smokers (N = 20) who reported smoking at least five cigarettes per day were randomly assigned to either a contingent or a non-contingent reinforcement group. A five-day baseline phase was followed by a four-day shaping phase during which participants were asked to gradually decrease smoking. During the subsequent three-week abstinence phase, participants submitted breath CO and saliva samples twice per week. For those in the contingent reinforcement group, prize draws could be earned for negative samples or, on the first day of the abstinence phase and after a relapse, for saliva samples one semi-quantitative level below the previous sample. On each visit participants in both groups were given feedback on their saliva cotinine and breath CO levels, and were given instructions for how much to reduce smoking in order to meet the next smoking criteria. Saliva cotinine measures significantly correlated with breath CO measures and aligned with self-reports of smoking. Attendance in both groups decreased after the shaping phase. Cotinine and CO levels decreased in participants, but there were no significant group differences. Although the present study failed to demonstrate a treatment effect for the prize contingency (possibly due to the relatively low net payment), it appeared that using NicAlert™ saliva cotinine test strips was a relatively easy and effective way to monitor smoking throughout a contingency-management program.
Multimillennial dendroclimatic studies from the western United States

Multimillennial tree-ring chronologies from the mountains of the western United States provide an excellent opportunity to study decade to century scale variability in pre-instrumental times. This results from the lack of ecological interaction between the widely-spaced, climate-sensitive, long-lived trees characteristic of the higher elevations of this region. The availability of climate-sensitive > 1000 year tree-ring records in the western conterminous United States is unique. For example, 80 tree-ring chronologies of at least 1000 years length and 23 of at least 2000 years length, have been developed at our Laboratory for this region. A number of climate reconstructions of high quality have already been published using subsets of these data. The great potential of this resource will be demonstrated by reference to these reconstructions. In particular, we introduce a preliminary reconstruction of precipitation in the Great Basin covering the period 6000 B.C. to A.D. 1979. We will use this to place in context a striking pattern of two multidecade droughts each terminated by intense wet periods in the period between A.D. 900 and 1400.
Can higher frequencies reduce magnetics size? An exploration of the impact of frequency on optimized flyback transformers

A well-discussed strategy to miniaturize magnetic components is to increase frequency. We consider the impact of frequency on the size of the transformer in a flyback converter. We have built a flyback transformer optimization routine that employs accurate and computationally efficient loss models to evaluate practical designs. An 18/11 pot core was picked and optimized over a range of frequencies. The best performing designs fell in the 500 kHz–2 MHz range suggesting that the biggest opportunities for miniaturization lie in this frequency range.
Kicking a crude habit: diversifying away from oil and gas in the twenty-first century

This article investigates the correlates of diversification away from oil and natural gas dependence in the context of the twenty-first century resource boom (and bust). In a sample of 40 oil- and ...
Letter to the Editor regarding “The Alliance of TMD Organizations: A Call to Action” from CRANIO®

Dear Editor,Dr. Shapira’s editorial, The Alliance of TMD Organizations: A call to action, is more confrontational than a reasoned call for collaboration. He states his goal, and that of The Allianc...
Abstract 11202: Life’s Simple 7 and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes substantial morbidity and mortality. The Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) metrics serve as a marker of “ideal cardiovascular health” and provide a framework for decreasing the overall burden of cardiovascular diseases. We examined the association between the LS7 metrics and incident AF in MESA, a multicenter prospective cohort study. Methods: The study population comprised 6,814 men and women, free of established cardiovascular disease at baseline. “Ideal cardiovascular health” was measured from the components of the LS7 metrics (smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diet, blood pressure, total cholesterol and blood glucose). The metrics were categorized into: ideal (assigned 2 points); intermediate (1 point) and poor (0 point). Scores for each participant, were summed for a maximum score of 14. A score of 0-8 was inadequate; 9-10, average and 11-14, optimal. Cox proportional hazard ratios and incidence rates per 1000 person years were calculated from ICD-9 diagnosis of AF. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, education, income and health insurance. Results: After excluding participants with incomplete data, the final study population was 6,506 (53% women, mean age 62 ±10 years). During a median follow-up of 11.2 years, 355 participants (5.5%) developed AF. Overall, optimal and average scores were associated with a lower hazard for AF compared with inadequate scores [0.59 (0.43-0.81) and 0.92 (0.76-1.13) respectively]. A similar trend was mostly observed when the results were stratified by race/ethnicity (Table). Conclusion: Favorable LS7 status is associated with a lower risk of AF across all race/ethnic groups. These findings suggest that promoting ideal cardiovascular health may reduce the incidence of AF including its complications and healthcare expenditure.
Archiving Marianne Moore

Willis looks back on her career as a Marianne Moore scholar, including her work as the founding archivist of the Marianne Moore collection at the Rosenbach Museum and Library.
Survival of non-coplanar, closely packed planetary systems after a close encounter

Planetary systems with more than two bodies will experience orbital crossings at a time related to the initial orbital separations of the planets. After a crossing, the system enters a period of chaotic evolution ending in the reshaping of the system's architecture via planetary collisions or ejections. We carry out N-body integrations on a large number of systems with equally-spaced planets (in units of the Hill radius) to determine the distribution of instability times for a given planet separation. We investigate both the time to the initiation of instability through a close encounter and the time to a planet-planet collision. We find that a significant portion of systems with non-zero mutual inclinations survive after a close encounter and do not promptly experience a planet-planet collision. Systems with significant inclinations can continue to evolve for over 1,000 times longer than the encounter time. The fraction of long lived systems is dependent on the absolute system scale and the initial inclination of the planets. These results have implications to the assumed stability of observed planetary systems.
The Association between Physical Activity and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults with Obesity

Physical activity reduces the likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the association between different physical activity levels and MetS remains unclear in older adults with obesity. This cross-sectional study used four waves of data (2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, 2013– 2014) from two datasets: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and United Sates Department of Agriculture’s Food Patterns Equivalents Database. The sample included adults 60+ years of age (n= 613) with obesity who had physical activity and MetS data. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and categorized into three physical activity levels (low, medium, and high); and medium or high physical activity levels are aligned with or exceed current physical activity recommendations. Participants were classified as having MetS using a commonly agreed upon definition. Multiple logistic regression models examined the association between the three physical activity levels and MetS risk factors and MetS. All analyses adjusted for potential confounding variables and accounted for complex sampling. Of 613 respondents, 72.1% (n=431) were classified as having MetS, and 44.3% (n = 263) had not met physical activity recommendations. Participants with high levels of physical activity had a lower risk of MetS (OR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.13, 0.72) and more healthful levels of high–density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.18, 0.84), blood pressure (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.20, 0.77), fasting glucose (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.15, 0.78) than participants categorized as having low physical activity. Physical activity is associated with lower risk of MetS only for participants with the highest level of physical activity, which suggests that physical activity dosage is important to reduce MetS risk in older adults with obesity.
Six High-Leverage Writing Practices for Teaching English Language Learners in English Language Arts

This chapter provides an overview of the Six High-leverage Writing Practices approach for teaching English language learners (ELL) in English language arts contexts. Through understanding, implementing, and reflecting on the research-based instructional practices discussed in this chapter, educators cultivate a shared understanding around quality ELL-relevant instructional practices and create more purposeful, coherent systems – in classrooms and across schools – to support ELLs to thrive academically. This approach links theory to practice and provides a structure for teachers to engage culturally and linguistically diverse students in a dynamic culture of thinking and meaning-making.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Cardiogenic Shock Utilizing Hemodialysis for Acute Kidney Injury.

In the setting of cardiogenic shock (CS), impaired biventricular function can cause acute decrease in renal function via reduced renal perfusion and increased renal venous pressure. We sought to analyze the characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with CS who utilized renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis) for acute kidney injury (AKI-HD). We utilized data from the National Inpatient Sample to calculate national rates of in-hospital mortality, use of temporary mechanical support, vascular injury requiring surgery, length of stay (LOS) and hospitalization cost from 2010 to September 2015. We compared the in-hospital outcomes between CS with AKI-HD and a propensity score-matched group without AKI-HD. We identified 6,076 hospitalizations (weighted n = 24,272) with CS and AKI-HD and 76,878 (weighted n = 378,553) with CS not AKI-HD. Among these cases 48.1% (n = 39,403, weighted n = 193,746) had ST elevation myocardial infarction as the cause of CS. Patients with CS and AKI-HD had higher comorbidity burden and they were also more likely to receive mechanical circulatory support device (absolute standardized difference >10% for all comparisons) compared with CS patients without AKI-HD. After matching 4,457 cases for patient-level and hospital-level characteristics, CS with AKI-HD was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality (75.74% vs 51.58%, p
Cyanine Modification Tuned for Amine Photorelease.

Cyanines are emerging as useful agents for photoreleasing biological compounds because of their capability of utilizing near-infrared (NIR) light. Another benefit is their ability to self-sensitize to produce singlet oxygen for the release of aryl amines, a process that has not been as feasible in the past. Here, we highlight the paper by Schnermann et al. (https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13090), which reports on a cyanine conjugate for heterolytic photocleavage of aryl amines. This paper is timely-delving into a photorelease mechanism involving a domino rearrangement and β-elimination triggered by NIR light.
γ‐Hydroxynitrile Alkylations: Electrophile‐Dependent Stereoselectivity.

The dependence of the diastereoselectivity of the reaction of the starting γ-hydroxynitriles on the nature of the electrophiles is investigated.
Considerations for Spinal Cord Injury in the Athlete

Although rare, catastrophic cervical spine injuries resulting in acute spinal cord injury (SCI) do occur as a result of athletic events. An acute SCI can be thought of as an initial traumatic primary injury with a secondary injury that follows as a result of the progressive cascade of events that results in tissue destruction and systemic autonomic consequences. The primary injury results from a mechanical insult. The result is disruption of neuronal axons, blood vessels, and cell membranes. This triggers a cascade of processes that define the secondary injury phase. During the secondary injury phase, necrosis results from mechanical disruption of cellular membranes, with simultaneous upregulation of cytokines and release of glutamate; together these processes can lead to further cell death. The early stages of the secondary injury are thought to be critical areas where medical intervention can benefit the patient. The interventions most commonly used today include surgery, maintaining high perfusion pressures, intravenous steroids, and induced hypothermia. Other medical modalities have been investigated with mixed results at this time.
Quick Fix: Requiring Students to End Discussion Posts with a Question

Online discussion boards are in frequent use these days in both face-to-face and online courses. While “discussion” is in the name, it’s not uncommon to see students struggle to have meaningful con...
ADVANCED ROCK CLIMBERS EXHIBIT GREATER FINGER FORCE AND RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE COMPARED TO NOVICES DURING TREADWALL CLIMBING

Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of rock climbing experience on time to fatigue (TTF), finger flexor force production relative to body weight (REL FP), and changes in finger flexor muscle activity during tread wall climbing. Methods: Eight advanced and seven novice sport rock climbers performed a climbing protocol on a treadwall system. The protocol consisted of climbing for six 5-minute intervals or until voluntary failure. A mounted force plate was used to measure finger force production before and after the climbing protocol. Subjects performed a 20-second maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) against the force plate with the dominant and non-dominant fingertips in a common climbing hand configuration known as a half crimp. Muscle activity was monitored with electromyographic electrodes placed bilaterally over the subjects flexor digitorum superficialis. Median frequency (MF) and root mean square (RMS) were analyzed. The treadwall was set at a difficulty of 9 IRCRA/5.9 YDS. It rotated at 7 m/min and was fixed at 7 degrees overhanging. Results: Significant group differences were observed in subject characteristics, TTF (30{+/-}0 vs. 25.7{+/-}3.6 min), REL FP (5.6{+/-}1.2 vs. 3.2{+/-}0.9 N/kg BW), {Delta}FP (+1.5{+/-}12.3% vs. -31{+/-}16%), and {Delta}MF (+6.3{+/-}22.4% vs. -17.6{+/-}10.9%). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that advanced climbers possess greater finger flexor force production and resistance to fatigue compared to novices during bouts of climbing on a treadwall system. This may be attributed to physiological changes due to years of training, such as metabolic adaptations and oxygenation capacity in the forearm musculature.
Thorium tetrafluoride analyzed by XPS

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed on a freshly exposed thorium tetrafluoride (ThF4) granule surface. The sample surface exhibits stoichiometric ThF4 with hydrocarbon contamination and an oxide impurity which is tentatively attributed to thorium oxyfluoride.
Observing Visual Attention and Writing Behaviors During a Writing Assessment: Comparing Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder to Peers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Typically Developing Peers

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate heterogeneous writing skills that are generally lower than their typically developing (TD) peers and similar to peers with attention difficulties like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recent evidence suggests children with ASD spend less time engaging in writing tasks compared to their peers, but previous studies have not examined engagement specifically within the writing task environment. This study used video observation data collected from 121 school-age children (60 children with ASD, 32 children with ADHD, and 29 TD children) to compare differences in visual attention and writing task behaviors and relationships between task behaviors and age, cognitive skills, and ASD and ADHD symptom severity. Findings indicated that groups mostly spent time looking at and writing on the draft, though this was lowest in the ASD group. No differences were found between the ASD and ADHD groups after accounting for task behavior durations as percentages of total used task time. Groups spent little time looking at their outlines and looking away from the task, with all groups spending relatively more time looking at the task picture. Time spent engaged with the draft showed a positive relationship with writing performance across groups, but a negative relationship between time spent looking at the task picture and writing performance only appeared for the ADHD group. The ASD and ADHD groups showed negative associations between draft engagement and ASD symptom severity but not ADHD symptom severity. Implications are discussed for understanding writing task engagement in research and instructional contexts. LAY SUMMARY: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate variable writing skills. Here, we examine how children with ASD engage during a writing task by using video observation data to compare their engagement to peers with and without attention difficulties. Findings indicate (a) lower draft engagement and similar task disengagement in children with ASD compared to their peers and (b) moderate-to-strong relationships between writing scores and ASD symptom severity with within-task engagement in children with ASD and their peers with attention difficulties.
A family of unbiased confidence intervals for a ratio of variance components

Abstract For linear mixed models having two variance components, one can compute exact confidence intervals for a ratio of the variances. We show that there is a family of unbiased intervals and highlight those unbiased intervals which have short expected length.
An age-dependent modification of enzyme regulation.

The ability of fasted aged rats to respond to glucose refeeding by restoring glucokinase activity to its initial fed value is significantly impaired. Administration of large amounts of insulin appears to overcome the age-dependent deterioration of regulatory capacity.
An adaptive observer design methodology for bounded nonlinear processes

In this paper we address the problem of augmenting a linear observer with an adaptive element. The design of the adaptive element employs two nonlinearly parameterized neural networks, the input and output layer weights of which are adapted on line. The goal is to improve the performance of the linear observer when applied to a nonlinear system. The networks teaching signal is generated using a second linear observer of the nominal systems error dynamics. Boundedness of signals is shown through Lyapunov's direct method. The approach is robust to unmodeled dynamics and disturbances. Simulations illustrate the theoretical results.
Ocular infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: update on epidemiology and management.

Background: To provide an update on the frequency, distribution, risk factors and in vitro susceptibility of ocular infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Design: Retrospective study of university clinic patients. Participants: One hundred thirty-nine patients with culture confirmed non-tuberculous mycobacteria infections seen at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from January 1980 to July 2007. Methods: Chart review of data collected included patients' demographics, risk factors, microbiological profiles and clinical outcomes. Main Outcome Measures: Frequency, distribution, risk factors and in vitro susceptibility of ocular infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Results: A total of 183 non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates from 142 eyes were identified, with a fourfold increase in the number of eyes infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria from 1980–1989 (13.4%) to 2000–2007 (56.3%). Eighty-three percent of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates were identified as M. abscessus/chelonae. The majority (91%) of isolates were recovered within 10 days. Common diagnoses included keratitis (36.6%), scleral buckle infections (14.8%) and socket/implant infections (14.8%). Identifiable risk factors were presence of biomaterials (63.1%), ocular surgery (24.1%) and steroid exposure (77%). The median time from diagnosis of culture positive non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection to resolution was 13 to 24 weeks. Combination therapy was used to treat 80% of infected eyes. In vitro susceptibility of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates were: amikacin, 81%; clarithromycin, 93%; and moxifloxacin, 21%. Conclusions: The incidence of ocular infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria has increased within the last 8 years, with a high number of biomaterial associated infections among this group. Clinical diagnosis and microbiological confirmation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infections remains challenging. Patient outcomes may be improved by early diagnosis, appropriate therapy and removal of biomaterials.
Syn‐tectonic pluton intrusion during contractional deformation: microstructural and metamorphic evidence from the aureole of the Acadian Victory Pluton, north‐eastern Vermont, USA

Structures within the aureole of the Acadian (Devonian) Victory Pluton suggest that movement along the Monroe Fault occurred during pluton intrusion. Pre- or syn-tectonic garnet textures, including discordant internal and external foliations, sigmoidal inclusion trails and deflection of the matrix foliation around garnet, are found along the Monroe Fault. In sillimanite+K-feldspar grade rocks, the matrix foliation, defined by biotite and fibrolitic sillimanite, wraps around garnet and sillimanite porphyroblasts. Granite dykes and sills near the pluton contact are folded and boundinaged, and leucosome fills garnet pressure shadows and shear bands. Away from the fault and pluton contact, microstructures indicate much less deformation during metamorphism, suggesting that deformation was partitioned into the fault or the pluton. Deformation ceased before crystallization of the main body of the Victory Pluton was complete. It is possible that magmatism facilitated deformation along the Monroe Fault, and/or that the magma was transported to the mid- to upper crust along the Monroe Fault. This study suggests that Acadian deformation in north-eastern Vermont occurred as late as 390–370 Ma.
Lesion-induced sprouting of commissural/associational axons and induction of GAP-43 mRNA in hilar and CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus are diminished in aged rats

Removal of synaptic connections following a partial deafferentation lesion results in a sprouting of remaining afferents that terminate near the denervated area. However, while the ability to form new synapses in response to injury has been reported in both young and aged rats, previous studies have suggested that the injury-induced response in the hippocampus of aged rats may be delayed and/or not as extensive as compared to young adults. Given that growth associated proteins are central for the regulation of neurite outgrowth during both development and regeneration, we were interested in determining if the magnitude and time course of the sprouting response of hippocampal neurons to deafferentation might correlate with induction of growth associated proteins and whether these parameters could be modulated with age. For our studies we used the Holmes fiber stain to determine the expansion of the C/A fiber plexus following denervation and compared the time course of the sprouting response with that observed by in situ hybridization for the neurite outgrowth proteins, growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43), superior cervical ganglion-10 (SCG-10), and neurofilament-68 (NF-68) at various time points after the lesion for each age group. We found that the commissural/associational (C/A) fiber plexus expanded by 45% in young adult rats at 30 and 45 d postlesion and was accompanied by a significant increase in expression of GAP-43 mRNA in both ipsilateral and contralateral hilar and CA3 pyramidal neurons, the cell bodies of origin for the C/A pathway. In contrast, a dampened sprouting response was observed in aged rats at all time points postlesion and coincided with a lack of induction of any of the growth-associated proteins. These results suggest that GAP-43 is involved in outgrowth of C/A axons in the hippocampus in response to a partial deafferentation lesion. However, factors that stimulate neurite outgrowth and upregulate GAP-43 mRNA in response to a partial deafferentation lesion diminish with age.
Zinc Binding by Glycosaminoglycans

Seven different standard GAGs were shown to bind various amounts of 65Zn by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 at pH 4.0 and pH 7.0. "Molar" zinc-binding ratios, calculated on the basis of molar bound 65Zn per hexuronic acid and sulfate of each GAG, were significantly different for C4S, C6S, DS, HA, HS, at the two pHs; however, there was no difference for HP and KS. Moreover, while the binding ratios of C4S, C6S, and DS were higher, those of HA and HS were lower at pH 4.0 than at pH 7.0. The order of increasing zinc-binding ratios was (i) HS, KS, HA, C6S, C4S, DS, HP at pH 4.0 and (ii) C6S, KS, C4S, DS, HS, HP, HA at pH 7.0.
Social cohesion and the smoking behaviors of adults living with children.

Abstract Introduction The smoking behavior of adults can negatively impact children through exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and by modeling this unhealthy behavior. Little research has examined the role of the social environment in smoking behaviors of adults living with children. The present study specifically analyzed the relationship between social cohesion and smoking behaviors of adults living with children. Methods Data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey, a random-digit dial cross-sectional survey of California Adults, were used. Adults living with children reported their levels of social cohesion and smoking behaviors (N = 13,978). Logistic regression models were used to predict odds of being a current smoker or living in a household in which smoking was allowed, from social cohesion. Results Overall, 13% of the sample was current smokers and 3.74% lived in households in which smoking was allowed. Logistic regression models showed that each one-unit increase in social cohesion is associated with reduced odds of being a current smoker (AOR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.85–0.99) and reduced odds of living in a household in which smoking is allowed (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.75–0.93), after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusions Among adults living with children, higher social cohesion is associated with a lower likelihood of both being and smoker and living in a home where smoking is allowed. Thus, future research is needed to better understand mechanisms that explain the relationship between social cohesion and smoking-related behavior in order to prevent smoking-related health consequences and smoking initiation among children and adults.
The Anisotropic Migrator's Equation

Consider a scalar travel t,ime field, constructed by assigning to each point in space, the time at which a wave front passes. The gradient of this scalar field is called the s[ownesa. It has the units of reciprocal velocity and the direction of most rapid increase in the travel time field. Phase velocity is defined as the reciprocal of slowness. Phase velocity is normal to the wavefront, while ray velocity is not usually so. The ray and phase velocities at any point on a wavefront are related by analytical expressions.
Pediatric residents' clinical and educational experiences with end-of-life care

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to document the frequency of pediatric resident experiences with end-of-life care for children and the educational context for these experiences, as well as to determine whether residents deem their preparatory training adequate. METHODS. An Internet-based survey was distributed to all categorical pediatric residents at the Johns Hopkins Children9s Center. Survey items asked residents to (1) quantify their experiences with specific responsibilities associated with the death of a pediatric patient, (2) identify their educational experiences, and (3) respond to Likert scale statements of, “I feel adequately trained to… .” The responsibilities were discussion of withdrawal/limitation of life-sustaining therapy, symptom management, declaration of death, discussion of autopsy, completion of a death certificate, seeking self-support, and follow-up with families. RESULTS. Forty (50%) of 80 residents completed the survey. Residents had been present for a mean (± SD) of 4.7 (± 3.0) patient deaths. More than 50% of residents had participated in discussions of withdrawal/limitation of life-sustaining therapy, symptom management, completing a death certificate, and seeking personal support; however, CONCLUSION. Pediatric residents have limited experience with pediatric end-of-life care and highly varied educational experiences and do not feel adequately trained to fulfill the responsibilities associated with providing end-of-life care for children. Overall, this perception does not improve with increased level of training. This study identifies several target areas for curricular intervention that may ultimately improve the end-of-life experience for our pediatric patients and their families and the young physicians who care for them.
Tropical 40–50- and 25–30-Day Oscillations Appearing in Realistic and Idealized GFDL Climate Models and the ECMWF Dataset

Abstract To clarify differences between the tropical 40–50- and 25–30-day oscillations and to evaluate simulations and various theories, space-time spectrum and filter analyses were performed on a nine-year dataset taken from the nine-level R30 spectral general circulation model and the nine-year (1979–1987) ECMWF four-dimensional analysis dataset. In addition, the 40-level SKYHI model was analyzed to examine the effect of increased vertical resolution, while an ocean-surface perpetual January R30 model was analyzed to examine the effects of the absence of geographical and seasonal variations. The R30 model results indicate that the relative amplitude of the wavenumber-one component of the 40–50- and 25–30-day oscillations varies greatly from year to year. For the nine-year average, the simulated 40–50-day zonal velocity oscillations are as strong as observed, while the simulated 25–30-day zonal velocity oscillations are much stronger than observed. Although 40–50- and 25–30-day oscillations have similar ...
Teleplastic Abduction: Subjectivity in the Age of ART, or Delirium for Psychoanalysis: Commentary on Simon's “Spoken Through Desire”

Using the notions of “telepathy” (John Forrester), “teleplasty” (Roger Caillois), and “social choreography” (Andre Hewitt) this essay responds to Tracy L. Simon's analysis of her patient Nora by proposing a critique of subjectivity as predicated on the notion of the individual subject. Through a dialogue with dance studies, performance studies, and the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, a case is made for the symptom to be perceived not as a patient's own (property) but as world-delirium and as delirium of the world. Finally, analysand and analyst are conceived as dancers, incorporating and excorporating each other in the social choreography of an activity whose other name could be “lovemaking.”
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: do adipocytes bridge alloimmune and metabolic risk factors?

Purpose of reviewCardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is still a major cause of chronic graft failure. CAV develops in the coronary arteries as a diffuse, concentric expansion of the intima in conjunction with inflammation and fibrosis of the adventitia. We review recent publications that could link
Brillouin scattering from 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene single crystal

Abstract Brillouin light scattering from the orthorhombic sinle crystal sym-trichlorobenzene has been measured at room temperature. Sound velocities for the longitudinal waves. Experimentally independent of the magnitude of the wave vector, are given for the trhee principal directions in the crystal. The elastic constants C ii , with i = 1, 2 and 3, are derived.
The influence of lunar light on nocturnal activity of the old-field mouse

Abstract The effects of lunar light on the activity of old-field mice, Peromyscas polionotus, were determined by tracking in outdoor enclosures. Surface activity was inhibited by about 70% in full moon, 56% in three-quarter moon, 32% in half moon and 23% in quarter moon. The mice shifted their activity from the open area to cover during moonlit periods, thus inhibition in open areas was greater than indicated above. Activity patterns were not related to proximate foraging requirements, as food was provided ad libitum in the centre of the enclosures.
Demographic influences on the behavior of chimpanzees

Recent research has revealed substantial diversity in the behavior of wild chimpanzees. Understanding the sources of this variation has become a central focus of investigation. While genetic, ecological, and cultural factors are often invoked to explain behavioral variation in chimpanzees, the demographic context is sometimes overlooked as a contributing factor. Observations of chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, reveal that the size and structure of the unit group or community can both facilitate and constrain the manifestation of behavior. With approximately 150 individuals, the Ngogo community is much larger than others that have been studied in the wild. We have taken advantage of the unusual demographic structure of this community to document new and intriguing patterns of chimpanzee behavior with respect to hunting, territoriality, and male social relationships. Chimpanzees at Ngogo hunt often and with a considerable degree of success. In addition, male chimpanzees there frequently patrol the boundary of their territory and engage in repeated bouts of lethal intergroup aggression. By forming two distinct subgroups, male chimpanzees at Ngogo also develop social bonds above the level of dyadic pairs. While the sheer number of chimpanzees contributes to differences in hunting, patrolling, mating, and subgrouping at Ngogo, the demographic situation may also constrain behavioral interactions. At Ngogo, male chimpanzees who are closely related genetically through the maternal line do not appear to affiliate or cooperate with each other. Demographic constraints may be responsible for this finding. In this paper, I use these examples to illustrate how the demographic context affects the possible range of behavioral options open to individuals and ultimately contributes to the explanation of behavioral diversity in chimpanzees.
Implications of foliar monoterpenoid variation among ontogenetic stages of the California Bay Tree (Umbellularia californica) for deer herbivory

As part of a larger detailed investigation of foliar monoterpenoid variation in Umbellularia californica, monoterpenoid content was measured from trees at several sites in three ontogenetic stages: seedlings ( 4 m). Mature leaves were used in this study to standardize against the changes that occur during leaf development. Furthermore, as shown in other studies new growth of all three ontogenetic stages had extremely low terpenoid total yields (mg all monoterpenoids/g leaf dry weight). Variation due to collecting site, selected across a variety of community types and environments, was not significant for any of the variables studied. However, monoterpenoid total yields varied significantly (P < 0.001) among ontogenetic stages: seedlings had less than half the yields found in the sapling and adult tree foliage, whereas total yields between sapling and adult tree foliage did not differ statistically. No significant difference occurred among the ontogenetic stages in the ratios of hydrocarbons to oxygenated monoterpenoids. Little variation in monoterpenoid composition (% of the total yield by individual monoterpenoids) occurred among the ontogenetic stages. A year-long field study of Blacktailed Deer browse intensity revealed no strong preference among tagged shoots of mature leaves among ontogenetic stages with differing total yields. These results are discussed in relation to suggestions regarding plant chemical defense against mammalian herbivory.
Specific Heats of Cu, GaAs, GaSb, InAs, and InSb from 1 to 30°K

The specific heats of Cu, GaAs, GaSb, InAs, and InSb have been measured over the temperature range from 1 to 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with an accuracy of 0.5%. A comparison of the copper data with other published data verifies this estimate of the accuracy. The analysis of all four III-V compounds requires the inclusion of a free-carrier term linear in the temperature ($\frac{{c}_{\mathrm{fc}}}{T}\ensuremath{\sim}5$ \ensuremath{\mu}J/${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$ g at.) to explain the low-temperature data. The inclusion of this term results in excellent agreement between calorimetric and elastic-constant values of ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}$. A reduced plot of $\frac{\ensuremath{\Theta}}{{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}$ versus $\frac{T}{{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}$ shows a minimum (0.7 at approximately $\frac{T}{{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}=0.05$ which varies with average mass in both depth and location. The reduced $\frac{\ensuremath{\Theta}}{{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}$ curves for Ge and Si show qualitatively the same relative mass dependence but do not fall quantitatively into the pattern established by the compounds. The curve for GaAs (${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}=347\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, $\overline{M}=72.32$) coincides with that of Si (${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}=645\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, $M=28.086$) instead of Ge (${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}=374\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, $M=72.59$), as might be expected. These heat-capacity data are used to recalculate temperature-dependent Gr\"uneisen parameters from previous thermal-expansion data.
Coordinating bodies, minds and groups: Evolution and human social cognition

Abstract Human evolution occurred in the context of face-to-face groups. I argue that there are structural features of groups that recur across generations in evolutionary history; these should constitute “the mind's natural environment.” This article begins by developing a vocabulary of “repeated assembly” as a replacement for nature-nurture and biol- ogy-culture dualisms. It then proposes a face-to-face group structure based on four “core configurations.” These are hypothesized to repeatedly assemble, generation-to-generation, and to function in the coordination of human behav- ior. We should expect human mental systems to correlate with core configurations; also, that capabilities specialized for specific configurations should be extended for use in other configurations and recombined for novel behavior and situations, including the development of, and life in, complex modem societies.
Regulation of nitric oxide and bcl-2 expression by shear stress in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro†

Onset and progression of cartilage degeneration is associated with shear stress occurring in diarthrodial joints subjected to inappropriate loading. This study tested the hypothesis that shear stress induced nitric oxide is associated with altered expression of regulatory onco-proteins, bcl-2, and Fas (APO-1/CD95) and apoptosis in primary human osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures. Shear stress induced membrane phosphatidylserine and nucleosomal degradation were taken as evidence of chondrocyte apoptosis. Application of shear stress upregulated nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner and was associated with increases in membrane phosphatidylserine and nucleosomal degradation. Increasing levels of shear stress decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic factor, bcl-2, from 44 to 10 U/ml. Addition of the nitric oxide antagonists, L-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl) ornithine and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), reduced shear stress induced nucleosomal degradation by 62% and 74%, respectively. Inhibition of shear stress induced nitric oxide release by L-NAME coincided with a 2.7-fold increase of bcl-2, when compared to chondrocytes exposed to shear stress in the absence of L-NAME. These data suggest that shear stress induced nitric oxide is associated with changes in apoptotic regulatory factors that alter chondrocyte metabolism and may contribute to joint degeneration.
A two step Burg algorithm (spectral analysis)

The problem of estimating the parameters of a real-valued, stationary, nondeterministic, autoregressive process of order p from a time series of finite length is discussed. Burg's algorithm estimates these parameters indirectly by sequentially estimating one reflection coefficient at a time. The proposed approach is to sequentially estimate the reflection coefficients in pairs. The new algorithm has the same order of computational complexity as Burg's. It is guaranteed to generate parameter estimates that correspond to a stationary process (as does Burg's), and it produces estimates of the power spectral density that do not appear to suffer from spectral line splitting, in contrast to Burg's algorithm. >