cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leukocyte and Endothelial Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors and Microvascular Thrombotic and Inflammatory Responses to Hypercholesterolemia

Angiotensin II (Ang II) exacerbates atherosclerosis in animal models with activated renin-angiotensin systems and hypercholesterolemia.1 Indirect evidence from trials in which angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers were efficacious in decreasing cardiovascular events support the notion that Ang II plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis clinically.2,3 AT1Rs mediate most of the physiological and pathophysiologic cardiovascular responses to Ang II.4 AT1Rs are involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.5 See page 313 Atherosclerosis is a disease of chronic inflammation of large arteries with intermittent acute exacerbations that are associated with clinical events.6 Leukocytes migrate into the arterial wall after adhering to and migrating through the endothelium. The vascular endothelium normally does not attract adherence of leukocytes or of platelets and, thus, basally is anti-inflammatory and antithrombogenic.6 “Dysfunctional” endothelium, which is associated with the presence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus, on the other hand, may attract leukocyte adherence and be prothrombogenic for multiple reasons, including enhanced platelet adherence.6 Dysfunction of the endothelium also is characterized by the loss of its normal role as a vasodilator, a function that is mediated to an important extent by the generation …
Words and Pictures: A Test of Samuel's Findings

This work is concerned with a study of the graphemic-phonemic associations formed during beginning reading responses and with the heuristic value of viewing the formation of such associations as a ...
Anomalous transitions of DODAB using fast scanning liquid calorimetry

Abstract Anomalous melting transitions are observed on dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DODAB) using a fast-scanning liquid calorimeter. A single transition is observed at low scan rates (1 K/min) while up to four peaks are evident at high scan rates (60 K/min). These deconvoluted transitions are signatures of the basic properties of the transition kinetic landscape which are convoluted into a single peak at low scanning rates. The technique is also applied to the proteins Rnase A, Lysozyme and Cytochrome P450. The calorimeter is a glass capillary uniformly coated with Ag, which acts both as the heating element and resistive thermometer.
Use of a totally implantable drug delivery system in a university-affiliated community hospital

We reviewed our experience at the Western Reserve Care System with totally implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) in cancer patients with vascular access problems. Fifty-one ports were placed in 50 patients. Forty-nine of the IDDS were placed under local anesthesia. One patient developed a hemothorax during placement. Two catheters were removed because of infection. Two catheters found to be occluded responded to flushing with streptokinase. All catheters remained functional up to the time of treatment completion or of the patient's death. The low morbidity and high success rates of IDDS should encourage placement early in the course of chemotherapy.
Multiple unfoldings of orbifold singularities: Engineering geometric analogies to unification

Katz and Vafa [Nucl. Phys. B497, 146 (1997)] showed how charged matter can arise geometrically by the deformation of ADE-type orbifold singularities in type IIa, M-theory, and F-theory compactifications. In this paper we use those same basic ingredients, used there to geometrically engineer specific matter representations, here to deform the compactification manifold itself in a way which naturally compliments many features of unified model building. We realize this idea explicitly by deforming a manifold engineered to give rise to an $S{U}_{5}$ grand unified model into a one giving rise to the standard model. In this framework, the relative local positions of the singularities giving rise to standard model fields are specified in terms of the values of a small number of complex structure moduli which deform the original manifold, greatly reducing the arbitrariness of their relative positions.
Collaborative Image Transmissions Based on Region and Path Diversity in Wireless Sensor Network

Many sensor applications such as monitoring and surveillance may require image sensor array to conduct collaborative image transmissions in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The large size image transmissions cause bottlenecks in WSN due to the limited energy resources and network capacity. In this paper, we propose a collaborative transmission scheme for image sensors to utilize inter-sensor correlations to decide transmission patterns based on transmission path diversities, which achieves minimal energy consumption, balanced sensor lifetime and required image quality. This optimization scheme not only allows each image sensor to transmit optimal fractions of the overlapped images through appropriate transmission paths in energy-efficient way, but also provides unequal protection on the overlap image regions through path selections and resource allocations to achieve good transmission image quality. The simulation results show that the proposed image transmission scheme can achieve considerable gains in terms of the network lifetime extension, image distortion reduction, and energy efficiency.
Three endpoints of in vivo tumour radiobiology and their statistical estimation

Purpose: To review the existing endpoints of tumour growth delay assays in experimental radiobiology with an emphasis on their efficient estimation for statistically significant identification of the treatment effect. To mathematically define doubling time (DT), tumour-growth delay (TGD) and cancer-cell surviving fraction (SF) in vivo using exponential growth and regrowth models with tumour volume measurements obtained from animal experiments.Materials and methods: A statistical model-based approach is used to define and efficiently estimate the three endpoints of tumour therapy in experimental cancer research.Results: The log scale is advocated for plotting the tumour volume data and the respective analysis. Therefore, the geometric mean should be used to display the mean tumour volume data, and the group comparison should be a t-test for the log volume to comply with the Gaussian-distribution assumption. The relationship between cancer-cell SF, TGD and rate of growth is rigorously established. The wides...
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Clinically Suspected Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

OBJECTIVE: Ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was earlier shown to reduce clinically suspected, non–laboratory-confirmed invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in a cluster-randomized trial (the Finnish Invasive Pneumococcal disease trial). PCV10 was introduced into the Finnish national vaccination program in September 2010 using a 3-dose schedule. We evaluated the impact of PCV10 on clinically suspected IPD among vaccine-eligible children in a population-based nationwide study. METHODS: The target cohort eligible for vaccination program (children born June 2010–September 2013) was compared with 2 season- and age-matched (ages 3–42 months) reference cohorts before PCV10 introduction. The trial period (January 2009–August 2010) was excluded. Hospitals’ inpatient and outpatient discharge notifications with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision , diagnoses compatible with IPD (A40.3/B95.3/G00.1/M00.1) and unspecified sepsis (A40.9/A41.9/A49.9/G00/G00.9/I30.1/M00/M00.9/B95.5) were collected from the national Care Register. Laboratory-confirmed IPD cases were excluded. Rates of register-based non–laboratory-confirmed IPD (or unspecified sepsis) before and after PCV10 implementation were calculated. RESULTS: The rate of register-based non–laboratory-confirmed IPD episodes was 32 in 100 000 person-years in the vaccine-eligible target cohort and 94 in the combined reference cohorts. Relative rate reduction was 66% (95% confidence interval: 59–73) and absolute rate reduction 62 in 100 000 person-years. For the more sensitive case definition of register-based non–laboratory-confirmed IPD or unspecified sepsis, the relative rate reduction was 34% (95% confidence interval 29–39), but the absolute reduction was as high as 122 in 100 000 person-years. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report demonstrating nationwide PCV impact on clinically suspected IPD during routine vaccination program. The large absolute rate reductions observed have major implications for cost-effectiveness of PCVs.
Public Service Motivation Theory and Voluntary Organizations: Do Government Employees Volunteer More?

Research has shown that individuals with greater public service motivation (PSM) values are more likely to work for government, because government jobs offer more public service opportunities; the question then arises of whether they are also drawn into other activities that offer service opportunities, such as participation in voluntary organizations. This study examined the volunteering behavior of government employees in different domains. Using the Americans’ Changing Lives survey, logistic regression models were estimated to examine the relationship between employment in the government sector and self-reported volunteering in five different types of organization. The results indicated that government employees engage in significantly more volunteering than their private-sector counterparts. When separate models were run for volunteering in each organization type, controlling for several other factors, the results showed that these initial big differences were driven primarily by their volunteering in...
N-Acetylprocainamide kinetics and clinical response during repeated dosing.

Kinetics of and clinical responses to N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were evaluated in 10 patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias who had not responded to usual doses of currently available antiarrhythmic drugs. Kinetic data analysis was by measured NAPA concentrations (n = 149) collected during repeated dosing. Response was evaluated with serial 24-hr ambulatory ECGs. An a priori kinetic model based on earlier studies predicted NAPA concentrations well (r =0.94, SEE = 3.6 mg/l). The capability for defining patient-specific estimates for drug disposition with six or seven serum concentrations measured at the outset of therapy was subsequently confirmed with larger data sets from the same patients. Mean values for elimination rate (0.082 hr−1 ± 0.017) and volume of distribution (1.25 l/kg ± 0.28) were of the same order as in earlier single-dose studies. A substantial degree of interpatient and intrapatient variability in the absorption rate for NAPA was observed. NAPA was not found to be clinically effective in any of the 10 patients, although two patients demonstrated a >70% reduction in frequency of premature ventricular contractions. There were adverse effects in all patients, which frequently required dose reduction or cessation of therapy. In this group of patients with resistant arrhythmias, NAPA was no more effective than baseline therapy, and adverse effects often limited complete evaluation. The kinetic analysis demonstrated the feasibility of a strategy for developing patient-specific kinetic models that may have applications to other antiarrhythmic drugs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 378–386; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.175
Models of health: A survey of practitioners

Summary Purpose Models of health influence providers’ practice and delivery of health care. This study surveyed a random sample of providers to determine if health care providers from mainstream medicine (MM), integrative medicine (IM), and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) hold mutually exclusive models of health or combine notions from models thought to be contradictory. Methods A survey was created through qualitative research, piloted, and mailed to a wide variety of MM, IM, and CAM health care professionals. Results All providers combined various models and definitions of health. Most utilized the biomedical approach to some extent. Balance (holistic model) and functioning in daily life were essential to most respondents’ models of health, disease, and healing. Close communication between MM and CAM systems was preferred over complete separation or a single system. Conclusions Many providers of all types combine widely disparate components in their definitions of health, providing keys for improving communication.
Advanced Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Target Detection

Hyperspectral sensors provide 3-D images with high spatial and spectral resolution. Acquired data can be utilized in diverse applications such as detection and control of hazardous agents in atmosphere and water, military targets, and so on. Over the last decade, hyperspectral remote sensing algorithms for target detection have evolved from the spectral-based methods, which only use spectral information, to more recent methods based on spatial-spectral information. Spatial information plays a crucial role to improve the efficiency of the algorithms. Furthermore, the parallelization of the algorithms reduces the computation time. Developments in the area of commodity computing provide affordable approach for target detection applications with real-time constraint. We will give a scientific overview of recent target detection algorithms which try to overcome existing limitations (e.g. spectral variability or background interference) in hyperspectral remote sensing. Unlike current target detection methods in literature, this study explains and assesses different aspects of developments in target detection algorithms comprehensively. In particular, this study focuses on development in atmospheric correction methods which especially deal with background interference, development in methods based on spectral information and spectral-spatial information (both methods especially deal with spectral variability), and parallelization of the algorithms. With consideration of hyperspectral data challenges in real-world, an optimum approach is the adaptive algorithm based on spatial-spectral information in which their computation is performed in parallel
Clinical Response to Clozapine in Patients With Schizophrenia

One of the take-home messages from our recent report regarding the clinical and biological effects of the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, was that the admixture of clozapine's effects on dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems may underlie its unique efficacy in otherwise poorly responsive patients with schizophrenia. 1 We agree with a suggestion by R. W. Pies, MD, (unpublished communication to theArchives, May 1992) that clozapine's diverse pharmacologic properties indicate strategies for augmentation of neuroleptic drugs in treatment-resistant patients and that thioridazine or mesoridazine besylate may be particularly useful, given their relatively low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. Whereas much attention has been given to the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 (5-HT 2 ) antagonism of clozapine, including the ratio of 5-HT 2 to D 2 affinities as a predictor of neuroleptic atypicality, 2 we have noted that clozapine's relatively potent α 2 -antagonism (putatively contributing to observed increases in norepinephrine turnover) is distinct among
CONTROL OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES BY FUEL SPRAY MODIFICATION USING SMART FUEL INJECTOR

This paper describes an experimental investigation of suppressing combustion instabilities using a smart fuel injector in a liquid fueled (n-heptane) combustor. The main objective is to determine the effects of primary and secondary swirling air flows generated within the injector upon fuel spray properties and recirculation zones which are responsible for the severity of combustion instabilities. The combustor consisted of a center-mounted, double-staged, air- assist atomizer. The swirl was imparted to both primary (inner stage) and secondary (outer stage) air streams in the counter direction through each set of tangentially oriented orifices. To produce a fuel spray, primary air flow was perpendicularly injected into the fuel stream at the exit of the fuel nozzle. Secondary air flow then impinged upon the generated spray, further developing atomization. Combustion occurred when they were mixed in a recirculation zone generated downstream of the injector face. Results show that the relative mass flow rate ratio of primary to secondary swirling air flows (K) greatly affects the fuel spray properties, flow field and, thus, combustion instabilities. For relatively lower K, huge variation of instability frequency and amplitude against the equivalence ratio was observed and a toroidal recirculation zone appeared in periphery near the inlet of the combustor. This zone was stretched downstream as K was increased. For relatively higher K, the recirculation zone developed along the centerline and the RMS pressure amplitude was nearly constant at about 6% of the combustor's mean pressure over the entire range of investigated equivalence ratios. The results of this study strongly suggest that such smart fuel injectors could be used to prevent the onset of detrimental combustion instabilities in real engines.
Approximating a Loading-Dependent Cascading Failure Model With a Branching Process

We quantify the closeness of the approximation between two high-level probabilistic models of cascading failure. In one model called CASCADE, failing components successively load the unfailed components, whereas the other model is based on a Galton-Watson branching process. Both models are generic, idealized models of cascading failure of a large, but finite number of components. For suitable parameters, the distributions of the total number of failures from the branching process and CASCADE models are close enough to make the branching process a useful approximation.
Hypoxia-recruited angiogenic neutrophils

In this issue of Blood, Massena et al identify a novel CD49d+CXCR4highVEGFR1high population of neutrophils that specifically migrate to sites of hypoxia and enhance angiogenesis.
Controversy, Conflicts, and Law School Clinics

This article is about the risk of retaliation that is inherent in a law school clinic’s decision to help clients express views that influential members of society may find controversial. The article examines a series of issues related to clinicians’ management of this risk, including (1) whether cases that offend university donors or other powerful defendants create ethical conflicts for clinics, (2) whether clinicians should consider potential impacts on their home institutions when selecting cases, (3) whether clinicians and administrators of educational institutions should share information about case selection in an effort to manage risk; (4) whether clinicians can insulate their programs from criticism by a) representing only the poor, b) preserving spotless ethical records, or c) handling only claims that are worthy of vindication; and (5) whether law schools should limit clinical offerings to subject areas that are relatively unlikely to annoy society’s movers and shakers. The article suggests resolutions to each of these issues, offers advice about clinicians’ best tools for managing controversy, and urges law school clinics - and the institutions that house them - to live by their values.
Insularity or Solidarity? The Impacts of Political Opportunity Structure and Social Movement Sector on Alliance Formation

Past democratization processes revealed a rise of interorganizational collaboration between social movement organizations. This paper investigates this sociopolitical phenomenon by analyzing the conditions under which alliances form within or across social movement industries in the context of democratizing Korea. A negative binomial regression analysis examines the impacts of the political opportunity structure and the social movement sector on different forms of protests: single, intramovement, and intermovement protests. Statistical results show that various dimensions of the political opportunity structure render differential effects, rather than a uniform effect, on alliance patterns. At the organizational level, coalitions and organizational diversity positively affect all forms of protests. The establishment of a strong alliance structure broadly empowers movements by providing a locus of organizational interactions and supports.
Team-Based Learning in Anatomy Lab: Promoting Active Learning and Professionalism

In-class and laboratory team-based learning (TBL) activities were piloted in a first-year medical human anatomy course to promote active learning and problem-solving. The activities were well-received by students and added small group problem-solving opportunities, decreased didactic lecture time without compromising exam performance, and provided practice delivering professional feedback.
Multivoicedness in Historical Representation: American College Students' Accounts of the Origins of the United States

AbstractIndividuals' representations of history involve a process in which narratives provided by the sociocultural setting are appropriated and used in specific settings to produce concrete texts. This process involves various forms of multivoicedness. The distinction is made between heteroglossia and means conflict as forms of multivoicedness, and these two forms are used to analyze a set of written texts produced by college students about the origins of the United States. This analysis indicates that these students relied very heavily on a single basic narrative as a "mediational means," but they invoked it in a range of different ways, thereby generating different forms of multivoicedness. The nature of this multivoicedness is explored in terms of notions of resistance and consumption. (Education; Psychology; Historical Narrative; Multivoicedness)
BT-06PLK1 AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DIPG

Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are highly aggressive, universally fatal, childhood tumors that arise in the brainstem. DIPGs have no effective treatment, and their location and diffuse nature render them inoperable. Radiation therapy remains the standard of care for this devastating disease. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) regulates critical steps in mitotic progression and has been shown to be highly expressed in many human cancers. We examined the expression of PLK1 mRNA in DIPG tumor samples through microarray analysis and found it to be upregulated versus normal pons. This finding highlighted PLK1 as a potential small-molecule target. Recent studies have shown that inhibition of PLK1 leads to a decrease in cell proliferation and radiosensitization in other forms of pediatric brain tumors. Treatment of DIPG cell lines with BI 6727, a new generation, highly selective inhibitor of PLK1, resulted in decreased cell proliferation and a marked increase in cellular apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis of treated cells showed a significant arrest in G2/M phase and a substantial increase in sub-G0/G1 cell population, a finding that correlates with the expected mechanism of action of BI 6727. Treatment also resulted in an increased γH2AX expression, indicating BI 6727 can induce DNA damage. Together, these findings suggest that targeting PLK1 with small-molecule inhibitors, in combination with radiation therapy, will hold a novel strategy in the treatment of DIPG that warrants further investigation.
The effects of source unreliability on prior and future word learning

Young children regularly learn words from interactions with other speakers, though not all speakers are reliable informants. Interestingly, children will reverse to trusting a reliable speaker when...
Iontophoresis and Chloride-Containing Compounds: Parameters Required for Killing

AbstractFungi, and gram-positive and gram-negative organisms were susceptible to iontophoretic killing in simple media. Iontophoresis did not depend on electrode type but did require chloride-containing compounds in the medium. All organisms could be killed efficiently if chloride-containing compounds (for example sodium chloride and calcium chloride) were present in physiological concentrations. Effectiveness of iontophoretic killing could be reduced by nonphysiologically elevated concentrations of other substances (for example creatinine and albumin). The data suggest that iontophoresis should function well in urine, since chloride-containing compounds are present in adequate concentrations even if some naturally occurring compounds, such as creatinine or albumin, are elevated.
Relationship between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review

Introduction A number of studies have suggested an epidemiologic association between metabolic syndrome and psoriasis. A systematic review of the literature is necessary to determine whether the synthesis and interpretation of recent studies support the relationship between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study conducted a comprehensive systematic review that synthesizes and interprets primary observational studies in order to elucidate the relationship between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Evidence acquisition We performed a systematic review search using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register, and SCOPUS databases (1946-2016) and performed a manual search of selected references. We identified English-language, human-subject, observational studies that examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in conjunction with psoriasis. Evidence synthesis We included data from 17 articles with an aggregate of 28,939 participants, among whom 3791 were psoriasis patients. Overall, the studies reported a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis. The odds ratio (OR) for metabolic syndrome and psoriasis ranged from 1.39-4.49, and the adjusted OR ranged from 1.29 to 5.14. The studies reported a higher prevalence of the individual components of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis. A dose-response relationship was observed between psoriasis severity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Due to the scarcity of cohort studies, it is difficult to fully examine the impact of psoriasis on the development of metabolic syndrome. Variability in how outcomes were recorded existed among some studies, which made between-study comparisons difficult. Conclusions Psoriasis patients have a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome as well as its individual components when compared to the general population. The odds of metabolic syndrome and its components are higher with increased psoriasis disease severity. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the contribution of psoriasis in the development of metabolic syndrome.
Microbial diversity within the Trichodesmium holobiont.

Summary Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the genus Trichodesmium play a critical role in the productivity of the tropical and subtropical oligotrophic oceans. The ecological success of these populations is likely associated with the diverse microbial interactions occurring within the Trichodesmium holobiont, especially between Trichodesmium and heterotrophic bacterial epibionts. Yet, the composition of the Trichodesmium holobiont and the processes governing microbial assemblage are not well documented. Here, we used high-resolution 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to examine the diversity of Trichodesmium and associated epibionts across different ocean regions and colony morphologies (puffs and rafts). Trichodesmium Clade I (i.e., T. thiebautii-like) dominated the colonies in all ocean basins regardless of morphology, although the Trichodesmium community structure significantly varied between morphologies in some regions. On average, Alphaproteobacteria (i.e., Thalassobius), Gammaproteobacteria (i.e., Pseudoalteromonas), Sphingobacteria (i.e., Microscilla and Vibrio) and Flavobacteria dominated the epibiont communities, but community composition and structure significantly differed between regions. Epibionts from the two colony morphologies were taxonomically and functionally distinct in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. These findings suggest that the colony types might define two distinct niches and that epibiont assemblage might be driven in part by selective processes, where epibionts are selected according to their influence on colony metabolism.
Uncovering manifold structures in Robonaut's sensory-data state space

This paper presents results from the application of dimensionality reduction algorithms to sensory-data time-series that were recorded from Robonaut - NASA's humanoid robot while it was being teleoperated through three tool manipulation tasks. The algorithms tested were principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, and spatio-temporal Isomap. Structures were shown to exist in some cases, but their detection required careful analysis and a correct choice of parameters
Measurements of Fukushima fallout by the Berkeley Radiological Air and Water Monitoring project

The massive earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011 caused extensive damage at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. During subsequent venting and explosions at the reactor site, there were releases of fission products such as 131I, 134Cs, 136Cs, 137Cs, and 132Te. Trace amounts of these isotopes were detectable in California around March 17. In the days after the disaster, the Berkeley Radiological Air and Water Monitoring (BRAWM) Project was started to measure the amounts of radioisotopes in the local environment around Berkeley. BRAWM has detected radioactive isotopes from Fukushima Daiichi in the air, rainwater, creek runoff, milk, soil, berries, and leafy vegetables. The team continues to monitor fallout levels in order to understand the nature of the radioactive releases from Fukushima as well as quantify the dilution or accumulation of the radioisotopes as they make their way through the environment and food chain.
Paleoanthropology, the Short Version

The Very Short Introduction series is just that, a series of pocket-sized (4.5× 7”) books about a wide variety of topics. It seems similar to the now-defunct French series “Que sais-je” (“what do I know,” or better “what should I know”). In this volume, Bernard Wood, a leading scholar of human evolution, presents the main theoretical background, fossil data, and interpretations of biological paleoanthropology; he specifically bypasses archaeology, which is set to appear in another “VSI” on Prehistory, but that loses one of the main integrative benefits of modern paleoanthropology. As part of the introductory/historical section, Wood presents two alternative classifications of higher primates, which will interest readers of Journal of Mammalian Evolution. In the traditional version, there are two families other than Hylobatidae (all apes in Pongidae; a subfamily Australopithecinae for all genera other than Homo within Hominidae), while there is just one in the version that includes genetic evidence; here, however, Wood is hoisted by his own petard, recognizing Ponginae, Gorillinae, and Homininae (with Panini and Hominini). The reason for recognizing an Italian sandwich as a tribe for chimps is obviously to keep our own minor clade at the currently-desired tribal level, but this leads to imbalance at the subfamily level. There is no simple answer-either humans must devolve to subtribe Hominina (homininans) or we can cheat as I have done and place Pan as Homininae indet., recognizing Gorillini and Hominini (or, of course, abandon Linnaean nomenclature altogether). About halfway through the book (chapter 5, p. 58), Wood begins to consider the human fossil record, with successive chapters on: the predecessors to Australopithecus; Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and the earliest species of Homo (which Wood here returns to that genus, despite previous ejection in Wood and Collard, 1999a,b); later species of Homo; and modern humans, including our origins and global dispersal. Each of these chapters has a “points to watch” box of current questions and controversies, as well as a site map and a typical Wood phylogram of taxon ranges without clear indications of phylogeny. Unfortunately, the size restrictions prevent the inclusion of photographs or even drawings of the fossils themselves, and morphology in general
Undergraduate and Graduate Research and Creative Activities: Faculty’s evaluation, time commitment and perceived barriers

This study evaluates faculty’s perception about research and creative activities conducted by both undergraduate and graduate students. Specifically, it examined the types of research and creative activities faculty are involved in, evaluated the time and effort involved in research and creative activities and reviewed the benefits for students and faculty engaged in research and creative activities. The findings outline some of the barriers faculty encounter in mentoring students but show that faculty members are aware of the benefits for students who engage in research and creative activities. However, they have difficulties promoting these activities due to paucity of time and resources.
The environmental impacts of alternative food waste treatment technologies in the U.S.

Abstract A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to determine the environmental impacts of several waste treatment scenarios for a suburban New York (U.S.) municipality. The study goal was to determine if separate food waste recovery and management was environmentally sounder than waste-to-energy incineration (the baseline case). Three alternatives, enclosed tunnel composting, enclosed windrow composting, and anaerobic digestion with subsequent enclosed windrow composting of residuals, were examined considering the entire residual waste stream (not just separated food wastes). Impact categories assessed were climate change, environmental eutrophication and acidification, resource depletion, and stratospheric ozone depletion. A normalized, aggregated impact assessment was created to compare the treatments across categories. The anaerobic digestion scenario scored best, followed by the tunnel composting and the baseline waste to energy incineration scenarios, and, last, the enclosed windrow composting scenario. Although it was possible to select an alternative that decreased environmental burdens compared to the business-as-usual case, all modeled scenarios resulted in higher overall environmental burdens than savings, underscoring the need to avoid creating waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental burdens, and ultimately lead to more sustainable waste management practices.
Impact of simultaneous exposure to arboviruses on infection and transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

The recent emergence of both chikungunya and Zika viruses in the Americas has significantly expanded their distribution and has thus increased the possibility that individuals may become infected by more than one Aedes aegypti-borne virus at a time. Recent clinical data support an increase in the frequency of coinfection in human patients, raising the likelihood that mosquitoes could be exposed to multiple arboviruses during one feeding episode. The impact of coinfection on the ability of relevant vector species to transmit any of these viruses (that is, their vector competence) has not been determined. Thus, we here expose Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to chikungunya, dengue-2 or Zika viruses, both individually and as double and triple infections. Our results show that these mosquitoes can be infected with and can transmit all combinations of these viruses simultaneously. Importantly, infection, dissemination and transmission rates in mosquitoes are only mildly affected by coinfection.
Intrinsically disordered RGG/RG domains mediate degenerate specificity in RNA binding

RGG/RG domains are the second most common RNA binding domain in the human genome, yet their RNA-binding properties remain poorly understood. Here, we report a detailed analysis of the RNA binding characteristics of intrinsically disordered RGG/RG domains from Fused in Sarcoma (FUS), FMRP and hnRNPU. For FUS, previous studies defined RNA binding as mediated by its well-folded domains; however, we show that RGG/RG domains are the primary mediators of binding. RGG/RG domains coupled to adjacent folded domains can achieve affinities approaching that of full-length FUS. Analysis of RGG/RG domains from FUS, FMRP and hnRNPU against a spectrum of contrasting RNAs reveals that each display degenerate binding specificity, while still displaying different degrees of preference for RNA.
Weyl-Titchmarsh Matrix Functions and Spectrum of Non-selfadjoint Dirac Type Equation

In this paper we consider the matrix non-selfadjoint equations of the Dirac type with the corresponding boundary condition atx= 0. We investigate the connection between the spectrum of the equation and the singularities of the corresponding Weyl-Titchmarsh matrix function. Using the Weyl-Titchmarsh matrix function, we construct the Green matrix function.
Engineering of E. coli for Heterologous Expression of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Pathways Recovered from Metagenomics Libraries

A key component of the functional metagenomics approach for complex natural product discovery is the host system chosen to screen environmental DNA. The host must provide technical simplicity to enable high throughput assessment of the target compounds of interest. Furthermore, intracellular support is crucial to allowing biosynthesis of those compounds with the most chemical and bioactivity diversity. This chapter examines the characteristics of functional metagenomics screening hosts, including those historically used in discovery applications. An emphasis is placed on identifying desirable features of selected hosts and how engineering strategies may be applied to further enable the goals of compound discovery. A special emphasis is placed on the use of Streptomyces spp. and Escherichia coli as screening hosts and how the parallel field of heterologous biosynthesis engineering with these two hosts has interfaced with past and present objectives in functional metagenomics. Other screening hosts and future prospects for this component of metagenomics-based discovery are also discussed.
The Development of Protanine-Coated Cellulose Hollow Fibers for Heparin Removal: In Vitro Characterization and in Vivo Testing

Nearly 20 million extracorporeal blood circulation (ECBC) procedures are conducted each year. They all require heparin anticoagulation to prevent the clotting process which is initiated when blood comes into contact with the extracorporeal device. However, heparin leads to a high incidence (830%) of bleeding complications. To avoid such complications, protamine, a heparin antidote, is generally administered at the conclusion of an ECBC procedure to neutralize the heparin anticoagulant activity. Unfortunately intravenous administration of protamine often causes serious adverse responses. We suggest an approach which could control both types of complications. The approach consists of placing a hollow fiber device containing immobilized protamine (i.e., a protamine filter) at the distal end of the ECBC procedure. The protamine filter would remove heparin before heparin is returned to the patient, thereby eliminating any heparin-induced bleeding complications. The protamine filter would also obviate the need of intravenous protamine administration and allow for an external protamine treatment, thereby eliminating protamine-induced complications. In vivo studies involving dogs have shown that the protamine filter is capable of removing heparin from the animal’s blood circuit. The protamine filter also possesses certain anti-thrombogenic activity and induces significantly less thrombocytopenic responses when compared with the clinical procedure of intravenous protamine administration. Other preliminary in vivo data will also be presented.
Crystal structures of two 2,3-diaryl-2,3-di-hydro-4H-1,3-benzo-thia-zin-4-ones.

The syntheses and crystal structures of 2,3-bis­[3-(tri­fluoro­meth­yl)phen­yl]-2,3-di­hydro-4H-1,3-benzo­thia­zin-4-one (di-m-CF3; C22H13F6NOS) (1) and 2,3-bis­(4-methyl­phen­yl)-2,3-di­hydro-4H-1,3-benzo­thia­zin-4-one (di-p-CH3; C22H19NOS) (2) are reported. Each structure is racemic: the asymmetric unit of 2 consists of two mol­ecules. In both 1 and 2, the six-membered 1,3-thia­zine ring is close to an envelope conformation with the chiral C atom forming the flap. In 1, the 2-aryl group is pseudo-equatorial, while in 2 it is pseudo-axial. In 1, the pendant aryl rings form a V shape with an inter-centroid distance of 3.938 (3) A and an acute dihedral angle of 48.3 (2)° between them. Both CF3 groups are disordered over two orientations in 0.687 (19):0.313 (19) and 0.667 (16):0.33 (16) ratios. In each of the independent mol­ecules of 2, the aryl rings are almost orthogonal to each other [dihedral angles = 85.50 (12) and 86.07 (11)°]. In both structures, the chiral C atom and the O atoms participate in C—H⋯O-type hydrogen bonding between symmetry-related mol­ecules of 1 or the independent enanti­omers in 2, forming chains along the c-axis direction in 1 and the b-axis direction in 2. Additionally, in 1, π–π contacts of both face-to-face and edge-to-face type, as well as π-H⋯O and π-H⋯F inter­actions are observed. In 2, a racemic mixture of mol­ecules forms layers in the ac plane linked by weak π–π and C—H⋯π inter­actions.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF WET-COMPACT BONE

ABSTRACT The electrical properties of fully-wet, bovine-compact bone are measured in three orthogonal planes, using a differential technique. The measured frequency range is 1 kHz to 1 MHz. For axial, radial, and circumferential directions the specific resistances are 16.6, 54.0, and 35.8 kilo ohm-cm; the specific capacitances are 183, 52, and 73 pf-cm−1; and the specific impedances are 16.6 /-1.09 , 54.0 /−1.01 , and 35.8 /−0.94 kilo ohm-cm respectively at 1 kHz. The measured electrical properties indicate that the wet-compact bone is a dispersive and anisotropic material. The differential technique used in this study provides an accurate means to measure the electrical properties of bone. The results further indicate that the moisture content of bone dominates in determining the electrical properties of bone.
Multiple imputation of missing marijuana data in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System using a Bayesian multilevel model.

Abstract Background The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) provides important data for studying the role of marijuana in motor vehicle crashes. However, marijuana testing data are available for only 34% of drivers in the FARS, which represents a major barrier in the use of the data. Methods We developed a multiple imputation (MI) procedure for estimating marijuana positivity among drivers with missing marijuana test results, using a Bayesian multilevel model that allows a nonlinear association with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), accounts for correlations among drivers in the same states, and includes both individual-level and state-level covariates. We generated 10 imputations for the missing marijuana-testing data using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations and estimated positivity rates of marijuana in the nation and each state. Results Drivers who were at older age, female, using seatbelt at the time of crash, having valid license, or operating median/heavy trucks were less likely to test positive for marijuana. There was a reverse U-shaped association between BACs and positivity of marijuana, with lower positivity when BACs Conclusions Our MI procedure appears to be a valid approach to addressing missing marijuana data in the FARS and may help strengthen the capacity of the FARS for monitoring the epidemic of drugged driving and understanding the role of marijuana in fatal motor vehicle crashes in the United States.
A Retrospective, Descriptive Analysis of Hospital-acquired Deep Tissue Injuries

Preventing, identifying, and treating deep tissue injury (DTI) remains a challenge. PURPOSE The purpose of the current research was to describe the characteristics of DTIs and patient/care variables that may affect their development and outcomes at the time of hospital discharge. METHODS A retrospective, descriptive, single-site cohort study of electronic medical records was conducted between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2012, to identify common demographic, intrinsic (eg, mobility status, medical comorbidities, and incontinence), extrinsic (ie, surgical and procedural events, medical devices, head-of-bed elevation), and care and treatment factors related to outcomes of hospital-acquired DTIs; additional data points related to DTI development or descriptive of the sample (Braden Scale scores and subscale scores, hospital length of stay [LOS], intensive care unit [ICU] LOS, days from admission to DTI, time in the operating room, serum albumin levels, support surfaces/specialty beds, and DTI locations) also were retrieved. DTI healing outcomes, grouped by resolved, partial-thickness/stable, and full-thickness/unstageable, and 30 main patient/treatment variables were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared, and Fischer exact tests. RESULTS One hundred, seventy-nine (179) DTIs occurred in 141 adult patients (132 in men, 47 in women; mean patient age 64 [range 19-94]). Of those patients, 110 had a history of peripheral vascular disease and 122 had hypertension. Sixty-nine (69) DTIs were documented in patients who died within 1 year of occurrence. Most common DTI sites were the coccyx (47 [26%]) and heel (42 [23%]); 41 (22%) were device-related. Median hospital LOS was 23 (range 4-258) days and median ICU LOS was 12 (range 1-173) days; 40 DTIs were identified before surgery and 120 after a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. Data for DTI outcome groups at hospital discharge included 28 resolved, 131 partial-thickness/stable, and 20 full-thickness/unstageable; factors significantly different between outcome groups included mechanical ventilation (15/42/12; P = .01), use of a feeding tube (15/46/12; P = .02), anemia (14/30/9; P = .005), history of cerebrovascular accident (12/27/7; P = .03), hospital LOS (67/18/37.5; P <.001), ICU LOS (23/10/12; P = .03), time-to-event (13.5/8/9; P = .001), vasopressor use after DTI (13/31/11; P = .003), low-air-loss surface (10/9/3; P = .005), and device-related (14/24/4; P = .002). CONCLUSION DTI risk factors mirrored those of other PUs, but progression to full-thickness injury was not inevitable. Early and frequent assessment and timely intervention may help prevent DTI progression.
The Ecological Significance of Parasitic Crustaceans

Despite that aquatic parasite diversity and abundance likely surpasses that of terrestrial parasites, our understanding of aquatic parasites lags far behind our knowledge of terrestrial parasites. This is undoubtedly attributable to our being terrestrial primates and the associated logistical challenges of studying most aquatic environments. However, with improving technology that allows for more extended exploration of aquatic environments and the continued maturation of host-parasite ecology and functional biodiversity as fields of inquiry, our understanding of parasitic crustaceans is rapidly extending beyond identification and description of life cycles to describing the role of parasites in ecosystems. Both field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that parasitic organisms play critical roles at the individual, population and community levels. In this chapter, we explore these roles for parasitic isopods and copepods in particular and highlight recent studies that employ current methodologies in ecological research such as molecular and stable isotope analyses. This chapter should demonstrate to readers that there are still far more questions than answers about the role of parasitic Crustacea in aquatic systems, but based on what we know today, we can say they are likely one of the most critical players in aquatic ecosystem dynamics.