cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assuring An Efficient Effort For Complying With The BRH Laser Standard

Compliance with the Bureau of Radiological Health's Laser Performance Standard requires that a manufacturer have a thorough knowledge of the standard, that the knowledge be communicated to those parts of the organization that are affected by the standard, and that the compliance efforts of the involved functions be integrated into a well-coordinated and tightly scheduled program. Consideration should be given to delegating responsibility to one individual for acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the standard and for maintaining a current awareness in laser regulatory matters. This individual also would be responsible for defining required tasks for each department and integrating completion dates into a program schedule to meet product delivery commitments. Compliance of both hardware and software should be evaluated at a design review meeting. Preparation of the certification report is a time-consuming task and requires close coordination of effort. The report coordinator should assign tasks, collect information and data and assure that the finished report meets BRH guidance specifications. The manufacturer should anticipate an inspection visit to his plant by a team from the BRH Compliance Division some time after the certification report has been filed. The inspectors will make measurements to verify proper classification of the product, and compliance with performance and labeling requirements will be checked. Quality control and production measurement programs will be reviewed and instrument calibration records examined. Product distribution records will be scrutinized. Compliance with the laser standard involves the manufacturer in a considerable expenditure of time and funds for tasks that would otherwise not be necessary. As an aid to budgeting, a check list of cost elements involved in the compliance program is provided. Important factors involved in exemptions for certain DOD laser products are considered.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Disintegration of Beryllium by Photons and Its Possible Bearing on the Mass of Be 9

Szilard and Chalmers [1] found that when beryllium was bombarded with the gamma-rays of radium in equilibrium with its decay products, neutrons were liberated, and could be detected by means of the radioactivity they excited in iodine. Meitner [2] showed that these neutrons excited radioactivity in I, Au and Ag, but not in Na, Si and Al. The former reactions involve the capture of a neutron, which, as Fermi [3] has shown, is most probable when the neutrons have little energy; while the latter three reactions involve the emission of an alpha-particle or proton, and probably have a higher probability when the bombarding neutrons have greater energies. Brasch and other [4], working with x-rays, have obtained this disintegration at voltages between 1.5 and 2 mev. In the present experiment, beryllium was bombarded with the x-rays from the tube in the Kellogg Radiation Laboratory. The tube is self-rectifying, and was supplied with 50 cycle a.c. at 0.9 mev peak. The electron current to the target was 2 m.a. The beryllium was located directly behind the tungsten target, in a bomb which was lowered inside the electrode. The ethyl iodide used as a detector for the neutrons was also in the bomb, just above the beryllium and in a Dewar vessel to prevent the heat generated at the target from reaching the ethyl iodide in the course of the irradiation, which lasted 40 minutes. The active iodine was separated .from the ethyl iodide by the method of Szilard and Chalmers [5]. 200 g of beryllium and 375 cc of ethyl iodide were employed; the inside diameter of the bomb was 6.2 cm, and its overall length 25 cm. The intensity of radiation at 1 cm behind the target is calculated to be 2.5X10^4 r/min., on the basis of the measured intensity at 50 cm from the target and the known filtration in both cases.
10 HERTZ OPTICAL RESONANCE LINEWIDTHS IN Cr : YA103

We have observed the nearly degenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) spectrum of Cr : YA103 using a new technique to eliminate the effects of laser jitter. The optical emission resonance at room temperature has a Lorentzian linewidth of 9.8 Hz, in excellent agreement with the measured longitudinal relaxation rate of 9.6 Hz on the 2E - 4A transition of Cr, determined by fluorescence decay.
Application of 13C NMR to the determination of metal—carbon σ bond formation in cyclometallation reactions with nitrogen donor ligands

A series of cyclometallated complexes of the nitrogen donor ligands, azobenzene, N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, 8-methylquinoline, and benzo[h]quinoline have been examined by 13C NMR. The total number of expected aromatic quaternary and CH carbon atom resonances were determined by comparison of the noise decoupled and single frequency off resonance decoupled spectra of a given complex. In this manner it can be readily determined that cyclometallation may have occurred. In those cases where metal-13C coupling is observed an unambiguous determination of metal—carbon σ bond formation is achieved.
Toxic effect on the chick embryo of homologous tissue suspensions following intravenous inoculation.

ConclusionThe toxic effect in vivo of certain tissue derivatives exhibits biologic specificity. This specificity appears to parallel that of thromboplastin on the clotting of blood plasma in vitro.
Epithelial Dysplasia of the Gingiva: Report of a Case

A case of epithelial dysplasia of the mandibular gingiva is reported. The significance of this lesion and its implications are discussed.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Presentation, Complications, and Prognosis

Abstract Fifty-three symptomatic adults with autosomal dominant polycystc kidney disease were studied retrospectively for a mean follow-up of 12 years (range 10 months to 33 years). Diagnosis was confirmed by either x-ray, ultrasound, laparotomy, or autopsy. Commonest presenting clinical findings were flank pain (30%), hypertension (21 %), symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) (19%), gross hematuria (19%), and palpable masses (15%). A total of nine patients (17%) progressed to end-stage renal disease. Change in renal function measured using the reciprocal of plasma creatinine plotted against time was linear for each individual patient with a maximum functional decline of 0.7 mgldLlyr (slope = − 0.07). Past the age of sixty renal failure was uncommon. Easily controlled hypertension developed in 64% attended by mild retinopathy. UTIs were common (53%), often recurrent (61%), precipitated by instrumentation in 6 of 14 patients (43%), leading to death in two (33%). Renal calculi were extremely common (34%) and had no defined metabolic cause. The presence of hematuria (64%), gross or microscopic, bore no relationship to the decline in renal function. Pregnancy was normal in these patients with no increase in fetal or maternal morbidity or mortality. We conclude the following: (1) Renal functional deterioration is linear, less than previously reported, and bears no relationship to hematuria. (2) Hypertenson is common, easily treated, and causes minor end-organ damage. (3) Renal calculi are frequent. (4) Urinary tract instrumentation often induces infection with considerable morbidity and mortality and must be avoided. (5) Pregnancy is not contraindicated if renal function is normal. (6) The prognosis for survival in this disease is better than previously reported.
Amyloid Protofibrils of Lysozyme Nucleate and Grow Via Oligomer Fusion

The mechanisms linking deposits of insoluble amyloid fibrils to the debilitating neuronal cell death characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases remain enigmatic. Recent findings implicate transiently formed intermediates of mature amyloid fibrils as the principal toxic agent. Hence, determining which intermediate aggregates represent on-pathway precursors or off-pathway side branches is critical for understanding amyloid self-assembly, and for devising therapeutic approaches targeting relevant toxic species. We examined amyloid fibril self-assembly in acidic solutions, using the model protein hen egg-white lysozyme. Combining in situ dynamic light scattering with calibrated atomic-force microscopy, we monitored the nucleation and growth kinetics of multiple transient aggregate species, and characterized both their morphologies and physical dimensions. Upon incubation at elevated temperatures, uniformly sized oligomers formed at a constant rate. After a lag period of several hours, protofibrils spontaneously nucleated. The nucleation kinetics of protofibrils and the tight match of their widths and heights with those of oligomers imply that protofibrils both nucleated and grew via oligomer fusion. After reaching several hundred nanometers in length, protofibrils assembled into mature fibrils. Overall, the amyloid fibril assembly of lysozyme followed a strict hierarchical aggregation pathway, with amyloid monomers, oligomers, and protofibrils forming on-pathway intermediates for assembly into successively more complex structures.
A study of inhibitory antagonism in cat visual cortex.

Abstract Since there seems to be good evidence that GABA may act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cortex, we tested the effects of an antagonist of GABA, namely the alkaloid bicuculline, on the response properties of visual cortex neurons, using a computer-controlled stimulus presentation system to assess quantitatively the changes in receptive field organization after the drug. Complex cells were most affected, increasing both evoked and spontaneous activity and losing some of their specificities for stimulus parameters such as orientation and direction. Hypercomplex cells lost their inhibitory flanks, responding equally well to long and short bars after the drug. Simple cells were the least affected, usually becoming somewhat depressed after the drug. Preliminary tests with another inhibitory amino acid antagonist, strychnine, showed that it excited simple cells, indicating that possibly more than one inhibitory transmitter is at work in the cortex. The results are discussed with relation to the synaptic anatomy of the cortex, and it is concluded that a class of stellate cells, using GABA, is a likely candidate for the transmitter of some intracortical inhibition.
Fluctuations of Energy Loss in Semiconductor Detectors

Significant fluctuations and broadening of the energy-loss spectrum are expected in certain cases of passage of charged particles through "thin" detectors. Experimental measurements of this phenomenon (by use of lithium-drifted silicon detectors) are in good agreement with the rigorous theory of Vavilov, as tabulated by Seltzer and Berger.
Infrared, Raman, and DFT vibrational spectroscopic studies of C60F36 and C60F48.

IR and Raman spectra of two fluorofullerenes, C60F48 and C60F36, are thoroughly studied. Assignment of the experimental spectra is provided on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) computations. Perfect correspondence between experimental and computed spectra enabled us to confirm that the major isomer of C60F48 has D3 symmetry. It was found that as-synthesized samples of C60F36 consist mainly of C3 and C1 isomers in ca. 2:1 ratio and 2−3% of T-symmetric structures. Extensive AM1 and DFT computations have shown that all three structures are the most stable isomers of C60F36. Previous structural assignment of the C3 isomer (Gakh, A. A.; Tuinman, A. A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 7137−7139) was confirmed by the vibrational data.
Sedimentology of Very Thick Calcarenite Marlstone Beds in a Flysch Succession, Southwestern Pyrenees

Single beds of up to 41 m thick are exposed for 16 km along the strike in an Eocene flysch, Spanish Pyrenees. These mega-beds consist of a lower calcarenite (up to 25 m) and an upper marlstone (up to 16 m). Their volume is minimally of the order of 1 km3. The mega-beds are underlain by slump sheets which in places exceed 100 m in thickness. The calcarenites show erosional sole markings, no internal amalgamation, a graded texture expressed by matrix percent, coarsest quartz grains, and coarsest foram tests. The marlstones are burrowed from their top, they are graded as expressed by matrix percent, coarsest quartz grains, and carbonate percent. Their grading continues the upward size decline in the underlying calcarenites, and their thickness and carbonate percent vary with those of the underlying calcarenites. Single calcarenite-marlstone beds are interpreted as deposited by turbidity currents. The great thickness and other uncommon features (e.g. consistent association with an underlying slump sheet, distal thickening, locally repetitive grading, compositional inhomogeneity) can be accounted for by (1) widespread slumping initiating voluminous turbidity currents, (2) concurrence of tributary turbidity currents to deposit a single mega-bed, and (3) ponding of the turbidity currents behind what may have been a local, palaeobasin floor high. Slumping and simultaneous turbidity currents were probably triggered by earthquakes of great magnitude. The basin floor high may have formed by basement faulting. The mega-beds do not occupy a particular niche in a facies sequence and their great thickness does not reflect a particular environment of deposition. Instead, they more likely reflect the seismic regime (periodic earthquakes of great magnitude) and tectonic style (block faulting) of the flysch basin.
Mullite Alumina Particulate Composites by Infiltration Processing: II, Infiltration and Characterization

Mullite/alumina composites were fabricated by infiltrating porous alumina preforms with a hydrolyzed ethyl silicate sol. Evidence is presented which suggests that initial infiltration occurred without complete filling of the porosity by the sol. Multiple infiltrations were used to increase the amount of SiO2 introduced but led to blockage of the pores in the surface of the preform. Sintered bodies had concentration gradients, SiO2 decreasing from the surface inward. Although mullite limited grain growth in alumina, in partially modified bodies large grains (>1 mm) with a preferred orientation were observed at the interface between the two zones.
ENHANCED SO3 EMISSIONS FROM STAGED COMBUSTION

Staged combustion is a recognized, effective means for lowering NO x emission. Examination of the staged combustion process suggests however that the high CO levels produced in the first stage may pump a sufficient level of oxygen atoms into the second stage to result in an increased (enhanced) SO 3 formation. Experiments were carried out in a small two-stage combustor which allowed for an examination of SO 3 formation under similar single- and two-stage conditions. The experiments show that staging does cause enhanced SO 3 formation, the enhancement is of short duration, and is dependent on the air/fuel ratio of each stage and the delay interval between the first and second stages. Kinetic analysis yields a value of k 1 =7.4×10 14 cm 6 mole −2 sec −1 for the reaction SO 2 +O+M=SO 3 +M and k 2 =1.5×10 11 cm 3 mole −1 sec −1 for the reaction SO 3 +O=SO 2 +O 2 (T=1685 K). The kinetic analysis also shows that enhancement of SO 3 formation in staged combustion can occur. However, the experimental results suggest that the enhancement may only be a transient phenomenon dependent on several combustion variables.
Origin of urinary tyramine and trypta mine

Abstract The effects of intestinal antibacterial agents, a glucose diet (protein withdrawal) and a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, alone and in combination, on the excretion of urinary tyramine and tryptamine were studied in human subjects. Diminution of intestinal (fecal) flora was consistently accompanied by increased excretion of the amines whether the level of excretion was normal or had already been increased by inhibition of MAO. Protein withdrawal significantly decreased amine excretion regardless of the state of intestinal flora. It is concluded that urinary tyramine and tryptamine are mainly of tissue rather than bacterial origin. The kinetics of the decarboxylation in tissue are such that the excretion of amines in the urine varies with the intake of the precursor amino acids.
Identification of Histidine Tautomers in Proteins by 2D 1H/13Cδ2 One-Bond Correlated NMR

If the 13Cdelta2 chemical shift of neutral ("high pH") histidine is >122 ppm, primarily Ndelta1-H tautomer (2) is indicated; if it is <122 ppm, primarily Nepsilon2-H tautomer (1) is indicated. His resonances from the catalytic triad of active serine proteases, for example, are readily distinguished from those of denatured enzyme. The 13Cdelta2 chemical shifts increased by 6.2 ppm for the catalytic histidines in both alpha-lytic protease and subtilisin BPN' in raising the pH from that of imidazolium cation to that of tautomer 2. This tautomer identification method is easy to implement, requiring only bioincorporation of [U-13C] (or the more readily available [U-13C,15N])-histidine. Standard 1H/13C correlation HMQC or HSQC NMR pulse programs then yield the 13Cdelta2 chemical shifts with the benefit of high 1H sensitivity. Because of large one-bond spin-couplings (1JCH approximately 200 Hz), the method should extend to proteins having large 1H and 13C line widths, including very high molecular weights.
The Efficacy and Complications of Salvage Cryotherapy of the Prostate

ABSTRACTPurpose: A phase I/II study was done to evaluate the efficacy and complications of salvage cryotherapy as a treatment for locally recurrent prostate cancer following full dose radiation therapy and/or systemic therapy. The efficacy of single and double freeze-thaw cycles was compared using posttreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and prostate biopsies as end points.Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer following radiation, hormonal therapy and/or systemic chemotherapy underwent salvage cryotherapy using a single (71 men, mean followup 17.3 months) or double (79 men, mean followup 10.0 months) freeze-thaw cycle. PSA was measured approximately every 3 months postoperatively and sextant biopsies were repeated 6 months postoperatively. Complications were assessed by retrospective chart review and a mailed quality of life survey.Results: Overall, 45 patients (31%) had persistently undetectable PSA. Patients with a history of radiation therapy ...
Thermal and photochemical oxidation of self-assembled monolayers on alumina particles exposed to nitrogen dioxide.

Alumina is an important component of airborne dust particles as well as of building materials and soils found in the tropospheric boundary layer. While the uptake and reactions of oxides of nitrogen and their photochemistry on alumina have been reported in the past, little is known about the chemistry when organics are also present. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at ∼23 °C was used to study reactions of NO2 on γ-Al2O3 particles that had been derivatized using 7-octenyltrichlorosilane to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). For comparison, the reactions with untreated γ-Al2O3 were also studied. In both cases, the particles were exposed to water vapor prior to NO2 to provide adsorbed water for reaction. As expected, surface-bound HONO, NO2−, and NO3− were formed. Surprisingly, oxidation of the organic by surface-bound nitrogen oxides was observed in the dark, forming organo-nitrogen products identified as nitronates (R2CNO2−). Oxidation was more rapid under irradiation (λ > 290 nm) and formed organic nitrates and carbonyl compounds and/or peroxy nitrates in addition to the products observed in the dark. Mass spectrometry of the gas phase during irradiation revealed the production of NO, CO2, and CO. These studies provide evidence for oxidation of organic compounds on particles and boundary layer surfaces that are exposed to air containing oxides of nitrogen, as well as new pathways for the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds on these surfaces.
Indices of neurotransmitter synthesis and release in aging sympathetic nervous system

Activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were assayed in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal glands of young and aged Fischer-344 rats. The recovery of reserpine-depleted catecholamine stores and catecholamine loss following inhibition of synthesis and intraneuronal degradation also were assessed in sympathetic ganglia of young and aged rats. No age differences were observed in DBH activity of any tissues examined or in the activities of any enzymes in the coeliac-mesenteric ganglion complex. However, TH and ChAT activities were significantly higher in the superior cervical ganglia and adrenal glands of aged rats. In the hypogastric ganglion, only TH activity was higher in the old rats. Recoveries of reserpine-depleted catecholamine stores in the superior cervical and hypogastric ganglia of aged rats were slower than in young rats. Catecholamine loss following inhibition of synthesis and intraneuronal degradation was faster in the superior cervical ganglia but not in the hypogastric ganglia of old rats as compared with young rats. These findings suggest that neurotransmitter synthesis and release are enhanced with age in the superior cervical ganglion. The lack of age-related changes in the hypogastric ganglion might reflect the different cellular composition as well as the physiological role of this ganglion.
A Quantitative Description of the Binding States and In Vitro Function of Antitermination Protein N of Bacteriophage λ

The N protein of bacteriophage λ activates transcription of genes that lie downstream of termination sequences by suppressing transcription termination. N binds to specific (boxB) and non-specific sites on the transcript RNA and contacts RNA polymerase via cis-RNA looping, resulting in “antitermination” of transcription. To find the effect of N–boxB binding on antitermination, we quantitatively relate binding measurements made in isolation to in vitro antitermination activity. We measure binding of N to boxB RNA, non-specific single-stranded RNA, and non-specific double-stranded DNA fluorimetrically, and use an equilibrium model to describe quantitatively the binding of N to nucleic acids of Escherichia coli transcription elongation complexes. We then test the model by comparison with in vitro N antitermination activity measured in reactions containing these same elongation complexes. We find that binding of N protein to the nucleic acid components of transcription elongation complexes can quantitatively predict antitermination activity, suggesting that antitermination in vitro is determined by a nucleic acid binding equilibrium with one molecule of N protein per RNA transcript being sufficient for antitermination. Elongation complexes contain numerous overlapping non-specific RNA and DNA-binding sites for N; the large number of sites compensates for the low N binding affinity, so multiple N proteins are expected to bind to elongation complexes. The occupancy/activity of these proteins is described by a binomial distribution of proteins on transcripts containing multiple non-specific sites. The contribution of specific (boxB) binding to activity also depends on this distribution. Specificity is not measured accurately by measurements made in the presence and in the absence of boxB. We find that antitermination is inhibited by non-productive binding of N to non-specific sites on template DNA, and that NusA protein covers RNA sites on the transcript, limiting N access and activity. The activity and specificity of regulatory proteins that loop from high-affinity binding sites are likely modulated by multiple non-specific binding events; in vivo activity may also be regulated by the modulation of non-specific binding.
Syntheses and Characterization of Polyisobutylene Macromonomers with Methacrylate, Acrylate, Glycidyl Ether, or Vinyl Ether End-Functionality

The syntheses of new polyisobutylene macromonomers with methacrylate, acrylate, vinyl ether, and glycidyl ether end-functionality have been accomplished using simple nucleophilic substitution reactions of bromoallyl end-functional polyisobutylene. Use of a phase transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide significantly increased the rate of substitution reactions. The macromonomers were characterized by 1H, COSY, and 13C NMR spectroscopic, GPC, and MALDI-TOF MS analyses. The end-functionality was calculated to be ∼2 in all the cases. The GPC-RI traces were identical to the precursor bromoallyl telechelic PIB, indicating the absence of side reactions affecting the chain length in the corresponding substitution reactions.
Intracardiac Echocardiography Measurement of Dynamic Myocardial Stiffness with Shear Wave Velocimetry

Acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based methods have been demonstrated to be a viable tool for noninvasively estimating tissue elastic properties, and shear wave velocimetry has been used to measure quantitatively the stiffening and relaxation of myocardial tissue in open-chest experiments. Dynamic stiffness metrics may prove to be indicators for certain cardiac diseases, but a clinically viable means of remotely generating and tracking transverse wave propagation in myocardium is needed. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheter-tip transducers are demonstrated here as a viable tool for making this measurement. ICE probes achieve favorable proximity to the myocardium, enabling the use of shear wave velocimetry from within the right ventricle throughout the cardiac cycle. This article describes the techniques used to overcome the challenges of using a small probe to perform ARF-driven shear-wave velocimetry and presents in vivo porcine data showing the effectiveness of this method in the interventricular septum.
Resonances and threshold effects in low-energy electron collisions with methyl halides

Cross sections for elastic and inelastic electron collisions with $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}X$ $(X=\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br},\mathrm{I})$ molecules are calculated. For the lowest partial wave, the resonance $R$-matrix theory, and for the higher partial waves, the theory of scattering by dipolar plus polarization potential, are used. It is shown that the rotationally elastic scattering amplitude for a polar molecule in the fixed-nuclei approximation is logarithmically divergent for the forward direction, and a closure formula is derived to speed up the convergence at small angles. In treating the nuclear motion, only $\mathrm{C}\text{\ensuremath{-}}X$ stretch vibrations are taken into account. The dipole moment as a function of the $\mathrm{C}\text{\ensuremath{-}}X$ distance is modeled by a function incorporating the experimental value of the molecular dipole moments at the equilibrium distance and the derivatives of the dipole moments extracted from the experimental data on infrared intensities. This is supplemented by ab initio calculations of the dipole moment function for $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{Br}$ using the multiconfigurational valence bond method. The results for scattering cross sections show pronounced features caused by vibrational Feshbach resonances and threshold cusps. The features are most noticeable at the $v=6$, 7, and 8 thresholds in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{Cl}$, at the $v=3$ and 4 thresholds in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{Br}$, and at the $v=1$ threshold in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{I}$.
E-Participation, Transparency, and Trust in Local Government

This article examines the relationship between electronic participation (e-participation) and trust in local government by focusing on five dimensions of the e-participationprocess: (1) satisfaction with e-participation applications, (2) satisfaction with government responsiveness to e-participants, (3) e-participants’ development through the participation, (4) perceived influence on decision making, and (5) assessment of government transparency. Using data from the 2009 E-Participation Survey in Seoul Metropolitan Government, this article finds that e-participants’ satisfaction with e-participation applications is directly associated with their development and their assessment of government transparency. The findings reveal that e-participants’ satisfaction with government responsiveness is positively associated with their perceptions of influencing government decision making. Furthermore, there is a positive association between e-participants’ perception of influencing government decision making and their assessment of government transparency. Finally, the article finds that there is a positive association between e-participants’ assessment of government transparency and their trust in the local government providing the e-participation program.
Enemies and Citizens of the State: Die Boeremag as the Face of Postapartheid Otherness

This examination is a case study analysis of the Mail & Guardian’s news coverage surrounding the ongoing trial of members of the separatist group, die Boeremag. The 22 defendants stand accused of treason and 41 other criminal charges for the 2002 bombings of Soweto and conspiring to establish an independent Boer state. Utilizing a race critical lens, this analysis looks at these news representations of Afrikaner nationalists to glean insight into how law, race and racism can imbricate public understandings crime, specifically, in this case, domestic terrorism. It draws attention to the ways in which this fundamentalist group emerges as a repugnant Other and interrogates their roles within the “imagined” postapartheid South African community, the newspaper’s target audience. After explicating these dynamics, the paper concludes with a discussion of how this case study relates to practical dilemmas that stem from the utopian ideologies of reconciliation and nonracialism.
Broadband Imaging System With Three Fields Of View

Payload space limitations, high optical fidelity and the desirability of fast slew rates imply that certain broadband active pointing systems should be lightweight, compact and high performance with small moments of inertia. This paper describes a 12 inch diameter, F/5 reflective hybrid with two fields of view in the visible SWIR, and one field of view in the LWIR region. By incorporating two classic optical designs, these stringent requirements are met at a level as to assure reasonably attainable weight, size and performance estimates.
Stress concentration factors for cylindrically orthotropic plates

Stress concentration factors are presented for circular holes in circular composite plates of cylindrical orthotropy when the outer edge of the plate is subjected to uniform uniaxial traction. The values that can be calculated from the formulas presented and the values shown in the diagrams are valid rigorously only for the circular plate but they can be used as approximation for differently shaped (for instance, rectangular) finite plates also.
Strangeness in hadronic stellar matter

We examine the presence of strangeness-bearing components, hyperons and kaons, in dense neutron star matter. Calculations are performed using relativistic mean field models, in which both the baryon-baryon and kaon-baryon interactions are mediated by meson exchange. Results of kaon condensation are found to be qualitatively similar to previous work with chiral models, if compatibility of the kaon optical potentials is required. The presence of strangeness, be it in the form of hyperons or kaons, implies a reduction in the maximum mass and a relatively large number of protons, sufficient to allow rapid cooling to take place. The need to improve upon the poorly known couplings of the strange particles, which determine the composition and structure of neutron stars, is stressed. We also discuss generic problems with effective masses in mean field theories.
Blogging privacy management rule development: The impact of self-monitoring skills, concern for appropriateness, and blogging frequency

The current study utilized communication privacy management (CPM) theory to examine how individuals' blogging privacy management rules are related to their communication-based personality dispositions (self-monitoring skills and concern for enacting socially appropriate interactions). The study also explored relationships between the same dispositions and blogging frequency. Overall, 356 bloggers completed an online survey instrument. Regression analysis provided support for both hypotheses. Bloggers with higher self-monitoring skills had a more private orientation towards their blogging privacy management practices. Bloggers' CFA level was related to more public and open blogging permeability rules. High self-monitors and high CFA dispositions were positively related to blogging frequency. Implications of the study to current computer-mediated communication (CMC) theory and research are discussed.
Diarrhea and quality of life in ambulatory HIV-infected patients

Our objectives were to determine HIV-infected patients' awareness and recognition of diarrheal symptoms; and to assess the impact of diarrhea on quality of life. The design was a cross-sectional study utilizing a structured telephone interview. The setting was the HIV/AIDS outpatient clinic of a tertiary referral hospital. HIV-infected patients who attended the clinic in 1994 were interviewed. The main outcome measure was the quality-of-life score (QLS). Fifty percent of patients acknowledged having diarrhea in the previous month. All four categories of diarrhea (self-reported or elicited, within the preceding week or month) were significantly associated with decreased QLS. Patients with diarrhea who did not recognize their symptoms as diarrhea also had significantly lower QLS than patients without diarrhea. Diarrhea in all categories was independently predictive of decreased QLS by multivariable analysis. Chronic diarrhea (symptoms for more than one month) was significantly associated with decreased QLS in patients with high as well as low CD4 cell counts. Lack of recognition of diarrhea may result in significant underreporting of diarrhea by patients to physicians. Diarrhea is highly prevalent in the HIV-infected population and is strongly associated with diminished quality of life.
Fundamentals and applications of structured ceramic foam catalysts

This paper reviews the use of ceramic foams as structured catalyst supports. They are open-cell ceramic structures that may be fabricated in a variety of shapes from a wide range of materials, and they exhibit very high porosities with good interconnectivity. These characteristics result in a lower pressure drop than that observed with packed beds and high convection in the tortuous megapores, which, in turn, enhances mass and heat transfer. They are easily coated with high-surface-area catalytic components, using well-established techniques. Research in the past decade has produced a large amount of fundamental information that elucidates the desirable properties of ceramic foams. In addition, many applications involving important reactions have appeared in the open and patent literature, especially for catalytic processes that suffer certain limitations, such as those encountered in relieving high pressure drop with low-contact-time reactions at high space velocities or with narrow reactors in heat-tran...
Decreased levels of the high molecular weight subunit of neurofilaments and accelerated neurofilament transport during the recovery phase of 2,5-hexanedione exposure.

The neurotoxicant 2,5-hexanedione (HD) causes the accumulation of neurofilaments in the distal axon and an acceleration of neurofilament transport proximal to the site of their accumulation. It has been proposed that the acceleration of transport is due to the direct reaction of HD with neurofilament proteins and, conversely, that this acceleration is a secondary response of the axon to injury. The objective of this study was to determine whether the response of axons to HD intoxication includes acceleration of neurofilament transport. Pulse labeling was used to analyze neurofilament transport in age-matched rats exposed to HD or PBS. The animals receiving HD were exposed either throughout the period of radiolabel transport, or prior to the pulse labeling of neurofilament proteins. If acceleration of the rate of neurofilament transport was due to the direct reaction of HD with proteins, then neurofilaments synthesized after the exposure period should travel at control rates, since these proteins would not have been exposed to the toxicant. After 28 days of transport, optic nerve proteins were examined using SDS-PAGE, fluorography, and computerized densitometry. In both HD-treated groups, neurofilament transport was accelerated relative to age-matched control animals. In addition, the amount of NFH was decreased relative to other neurofilament subunits. The combination of accelerated transport and a diminished proportion of NFH is similar to the observations of neurofilament axonal transport during growth and development. These observations suggest that this persistent, secondary effect is a reparative response to injury that recapitulates axonal growth and development. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nature of the Antiferromagnetic-Paramagnetic Transition in Mn Cl 2 ·4 H 2 O

The heat capacity and magnetization at constant field versus temperature, as well as the adiabatic variation of temperature with magnetic field, have been determined in fields directed along the $c$ axis of a large spherical single crystal of Mn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}4${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O to virtually the limits of resolution of the dc methods used. In this study of the behavior of these quantities in the neighborhood of the antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition, one specific goal was to observe the (near) singularity in ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}M}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{H}$ at ${T}_{N}(H)$. In addition, we sought to test the predictions that isentropes cross the phase boundary (defined as the locus of maxima in ${C}_{H}$) tangentially, and that this crossing point should prove to be the point of inflection of the isentropes provided ${C}_{H}$ does not diverge too strongly. A test for determining the existence of a divergence without the necessity of measuring infinitely high values is outlined. The fact that the maximum in the zero-field adiabatic susceptibility occurs at a temperature ${T}_{max}g{T}_{N}(0)$ has been found to be reflected in the persistence of a minimum in plots of the isentropic variation of $T$ versus $H$ up to $T={T}_{max}$. This curious behavior has led us to speculate on a larger coexistence region of somewhat different character than has heretofore seemed reasonable.
Applications of complete discrimination system for polynomial for classifications of traveling wave solutions to nonlinear differential equations

Abstract If a partial differential equation is reduced to an ordinary differential equation in the form u ′ ( ξ ) = G ( u , θ 1 , … , θ m ) under the traveling wave transformation, where θ 1 , … , θ m are parameters, its solutions can be written as an integral form ξ − ξ 0 = ∫ d u G ( u , θ 1 , … , θ m ) . Therefore, the key steps are to determine the parameters' scopes and to solve the corresponding integral. When G is related to a polynomial, a mathematical tool named complete discrimination system for polynomial is applied to this problem so that the parameter's scopes can be determined easily. The complete discrimination system for polynomial is a natural generalization of the discrimination △ = b 2 − 4 a c of the second degree polynomial a x 2 + b x + c . For example, the complete discrimination system for the third degree polynomial F ( w ) = w 3 + d 2 w 2 + d 1 w + d 0 is given by △ = − 27 ( 2 d 2 3 27 + d 0 − d 1 d 2 3 ) 2 − 4 ( d 1 − d 2 2 3 ) 3 and D 1 = d 1 − d 2 2 3 . In the paper, we give some new applications of the complete discrimination system for polynomial, that is, we give the classifications of traveling wave solutions to some nonlinear differential equations through solving the corresponding integrals. In finally, as a result, we give a partial answer to a problem on Fan's expansion method.
Correlates of motivation to change in adolescents completing residential substance use treatment

Abstract This research identified psychosocial correlates of motivation to change in adolescents being discharged from residential treatment for substance use disorders. Using a naturalistic longitudinal design, adolescents in a residential treatment program in southeast Ohio were assessed at intake and discharge using self-administered questionnaires. Surveys assessed motivation to change one's drug and alcohol use, ways of coping to avoid future alcohol/substance use, and social support. The 68 participants (mean age = 16.0, range = 12–18) were predominantly Caucasian (87%) and male (69%). Over the course of treatment, adolescents reported significant increases in active-cognitive coping, avoidant-behavioral coping, and attachment and marginally significant increases in motivation to change and reliable alliance. Adolescents who reported higher discharge levels of motivation to change also reported greater levels of social integration at discharge. Strengthening adolescents' social integration may also increase their motivation to avoid using drugs and alcohol as they prepare to exit treatment and return to their home communities.
STRUCTURAL MODELING FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCH BRIDGE

When a 70-year-old multiarch concrete bridge was to be reconstructed by removing the deck and vertical spandrel columns down to the arch, analysis was necessary for unloading and reloading. The arch bridge, located on TH-55 over the Minnesota River, was of world-record length for such a structure when it was originally constructed in 1926 through 1928. The amount of steel reinforcement in each of the two support arches was only 32 No. 9 bars of 28.6-mm (1.125-in.) diameter. The deck, which was 18.3 m (60 ft) wide and supported at 9.1 m (30 ft) by columns, was designed as a patented panel system. This involved the use of only 250 kg (550 lb) of reinforcement in each deck panel. The slab did not possess upper reinforcement in the center areas, so removal operations could not allow the slab to cantilever in these areas. As a result of the minimal steel reinforcement in the deck and arches, removal operations needed to be planned safely and effectively. At no time during the removal process could the arches be placed in flexural stress above their very limited carrying capacity. Prospective contractors were advised of this condition and were given 2 weeks beyond the original deadline to submit bids accordingly. The proposal and plans given to each prospective contractor for bidding showed a possible deck removal method using a crane. Structural modeling by the contractor's consultant and the Minnesota Department of Transportation using Staad III finite element analysis was necessary for the contractor's bridge deck removal and replacement method. The existing slab removal and replacement with a wider, 27.4-m (90-ft) deck was successful and the bridge was reopened to traffic in October 1994.
Physiological Effects of Electrofishing on Largemouth Bass

Abstract Blood and tissue samples of adult largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were taken from control fish and from fish that were electroshocked and allowed recovery times of 0, 1, 3, 5.5, and 19 h. Shocking had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma protein, or percentage water content of tissue. No sexual differences in these factors were noted. Blood lactate increased significantly (P <0.01) l h after electroshocking, returned to pre-shocked levels within a 3-h period, and then continued to decline.
Vertebral Compression Fractures After Spine Irradiation Using Conventional Fractionation in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate the risk of vertebral compression fracture (VCF) after conventional radiotherapy (RT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) with spine metastasis and to identify risk factors for VCF in metastatic and non-metastatic irradiated spines. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 68 spinal segments in 16 patients who received conventional RT between 2009 and 2012. Fracture was defined as a newly developed VCF or progression of an existing fracture. The target volume included all metastatic spinal segments and one additional non-metastatic vertebra adjacent to the tumor-involved spines. Results: The median follow-up was 7.8 months. Among all 68 spinal segments, there were six fracture events (8.8%) including three new VCFs and three fracture progressions. Observed VCF rates in vertebral segments with prior irradiation or pre-existing compression fracture were 30.0% and 75.0% respectively, compared with 5.2% and 4.7% for segments without prior irradiation or pre-existing compression fracture, respectively (both p < 0.05). The 1-year fracture-free probability was 87.8% (95% CI, 78.2–97.4). On multivariate analysis, prior irradiation (HR, 7.30; 95% CI, 1.31–40.86) and pre-existing compression fracture (HR, 18.45; 95% CI, 3.42–99.52) were independent risk factors for VCF. Conclusion: The incidence of VCF following conventional RT to the spine is not particularly high, regardless of metastatic tumor involvement. Spines that received irradiation and/or have pre-existing compression fracture before RT have an increased risk of VCF and require close observation.
Disorders of Sex Differentiation: A Pediatric Urologist's Perspective of New Terminology and Recommendations

Purpose: In 2005 medical and lay experts convened (the Chicago Consensus), and reviewed and updated nomenclature and treatment recommendations in individuals with congenitally atypical gonadal, chromosomal or anatomical gender. This review summarizes, analyzes and considers the implications of these recommendations in pediatric urology practice.Materials and Methods: Publications identified in a PubMed® search of 2000 to 2010 as well as relevant prior reports of new concepts and trends in the diagnosis of and treatment for intersex/ambiguous genitalia/disorders of sex differentiation, and responses to the Chicago Consensus were reviewed.Results: In response to concerns regarding outdated, confusing and/or controversial terms, such as “intersex,” “hermaphroditism” and “sex reversal,” the consensus statement recommended a new taxonomy based on the umbrella term, “disorders of sex differentiation.” Additional categorization based on sex chromosome complement was recommended but not clearly defined and variou...
Presynaptic action of β(4-chlorophenyl)-GABA

Abstract Spinal presynaptic inhibition is thought to be mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Because of the relative impermeability of GABA through the blood-brain barrier, the GABA-derivative, β(4-chlorophenyl)-GABA (Lioresal), was used to investigate possible presynaptic function. In eight cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital the administration of Lioresal (1 mg/kg, iv) attenuated the dorsal root potential and dorsal root reflex. Both dorsal root potential and reflex are thought to reflect presynaptic inhibition. The decrease of the dorsal root potential was accompanied by a d-c shift of the potential between the dorsal root and the spinal cord. Using condition and test stimulation of the dorsal root, Lioresal attenuated the unconditioned ventral root reflex, but first increased the conditioned reflex before it finally diminished the conditioned ventral root reflex as well. These results suggest that Lioresal maximally depolarizes the afferent terminals, thereby blocking the dorsal root potential and dorsal root reflex as well as presynaptically inhibiting motoneuron reflexes. These data support the notion that the therapeutic use of Lioresal for the treatment of spasticity can be attributed to the presynaptic inhibitor mechanisms.