cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soybean-based wood adhesives for structural panels

Recent research attention has focused on soybean-based adhesives because of increased phenolic resin prices and adhesive demand. Soybean-based adhesives have not been extensively used in industrial applications since 1960 s because of their poor water resistance and long curing time. This study was conducted to investigate the adhesive properties of crosslinked soy flour and/or soy hydrolyzate with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins for use in structural panels. Neutral phenolic soy (NPS) and alkaline phenolic soy (APS) resins were prepared and used to bond southern pine plywood. Adhesive bond quality of the soybean-based phenolic resins was evaluated by glueline shear test following the procedure detailed in Product Standard PS 1-95 for construction and industrial plywood. With NPS resins, higher bond quality of plywood panels was associated with increasing PF level and a viscosity of 160 centipoise (cps) PF resin. Addition of an extender and long assembly time had a negative effect on durability of the plywood panels. For APS resins, bond quality for plywood panels was enhanced with increased PF level and longer assembly time. However, it was necessary to add 19% corn-cob powder to the glue mix and to press at 200 °C to improve the bond quality with APS resins. Within the range of variable levels investigated, the following conditions produced higher wet wood failure than a control glue mix. For NPS resins best results were obtained with a 160 cps PF, a 30 minute assembly time, and no extender. For APS resins best results were obtained with a 50 cps PF, a 200 °C press temperature, 19% corn-cob powder, and a 60 minute assembly time. Comparable results were obtained with either a 40% or 50% PF level in the resins. Under these conditions, the wet wood failure of plywood bonded with both resins approached the
Relationship between soybean pubescence density and soybean mosaic virus field spread

An important factor in the natural spread of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is that viruliferous aphid landing must be followed by probing. Previous studies showed that increased pubescence density of soybean provided resistance to SMV by inhibiting the probing activities of aphids. In this study we compared the incidence level of SMV infection in six `Clark' isolines with different pubescence densities and fit the disease progress curves (increase with time in the percent of plants infected with SMV) in three Clark isolines with normal, dense, and extra-dense pubescence to compare patterns of SMV spread in the field. Our objectives were (1) to corroborate the effects of dense pubescence on the incidence level of SMV infection and extend this to soybean with extra-dense pubescence; (2) to characterize the effects of pubescence density on occurrence of SMV epidemics. Each increase in pubescence density reduced the incidence level of SMV infection. The pubescence density of soybean affected the disease progress curves of SMV. The dense pubescence isoline had a lower upper asymptote parameter, and the extra-dense pubescence isoline had both a lower upper asymptote parameter and a larger delay parameter than the normal pubescence isoline. On the other hand, denser pubescence did not significantly affect the rate of SMV spread. Therefore, dense pubescence provided resistance to SMV by reducing the maximum incidence of SMV infection while extra-dense pubescence provided resistance by both reducing the maximum incidence of infection and delaying the time at which maximum SMV spread occurred.
Enteric Nervous System Development

The enteric nervous system (ENS) can control nerve-mediated behaviors independent of central nervous system input because it contains intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) and interneurons that permit integrative neuronal activity. Luminal stimuli activate mucosal enteroendocrine cells, which secrete signaling molecules, such as serotonin, that stimulate IPANs to initiate peristaltic and secretory reflexes. The ENS develops as a result of interactions of its neural crest-derived precursors with the enteric microenvironment. Mutations in genes required early in ENS development lead to segmental aganglionosis (Hirschsprung’s disease). Effects of mutations in genes required later are subtle and may underlie functional bowel disorders.
Lysias and a forgotten law on the administration of orphans’ estates in classical Athens

Una legge conservata in una citazione di Lisia, che stabilisce che le tenute degli orfani nell’Atene del quarto secolo a.C devono essere trasformate in proprieta terriere, e stata scartata come falsa sulla base del suo essere in contraddizione con altre leggi. Malgrado queste contraddizioni siano state dimostrate essere piu apparenti che vere, in anni recenti nessuno studioso ha rivalutato la validita della legge in questione. Il presente saggio sostiene la probabile esistenza di una tal legge, il cui scopo era compatibile con il modo in cui la giurisprudenza ateniese cercava di proteggere le tenute dei propri cittadini. Inoltre un’interpretazione che affermi la sua esistenza chiarifica l’importanza e il significato di brani riguardanti la gestione dei beni degli orfani nelle fonti oratorie ateniesi
Concept map of dispositional humility among professionals in an interdisciplinary healthcare environment: qualitative synthesis.

Background US healthcare consumers increasingly demand more integrative medical care. Collaboration among clinicians trained in different professional disciplines and specialties may require particular character traits and/or training that focus on factors that facilitate effective collaborative work. Dispositional humility may be a factor that balances self-focused desire for recognition with other-focused professional collaboration to serve patients. The objective of this paper is to create a concept map of dispositional humility in healthcare professionals as a factor to enhance collaboration. Methods Articles published between 1997 and 2017 were searched using the term "dispositional humility" or titles containing "humility" AND either "leadership," "cultural," "religious," "relational," or "personality." The abstracts were screened for relevance and full articles were located. To strengthen the scientific rigor of qualitative work by systematizing a method of concept analysis, the Walker and Avant's eight-step concept analysis was used. Results Ninety-five articles were reviewed in the qualitative synthesis, including 82 full-text articles from the original search and 13 full-text articles containing the concepts "empathy," "professionalism" or "openness" identified from references found in the 82 articles. A concept map was created after interpreting the contents of these articles. Conclusions Collaboration requires not only professional competency but also positive dispositional factors. Dispositional humility allows clinicians to have an accurate self-assessment, to be open to new ideas, to appreciate the contribution of others, and to develop generosity. Dispositional humility in leaders can facilitate character development of team members and create an environment characterized by fairness and equality, transparency, non-punitive consequences for reporting errors and near-misses, and a safe and encouraging environment. Nonetheless, dispositional humility must be nurtured and developed through professional training because high educational attainment, career and financial success, and busy schedules may lead to a sense of self-importance and entitlement that promotes separation of team members into hierarchies based on professional disciplines and specialties.
Affording Archaeology: How Field School Costs Promote Exclusivity

Field schools are essential for undergraduate students pursuing careers in archaeology, but they are expensive and, consequently, inaccessible to many. Although there have been efforts to rectify this through the creation of scholarships, there have been no systematic studies of the full cost of archaeological field schools. Here, we present a study of 208 field schools from 2019, including their tuition, room and board, and airfare, as well as the wages that students may lose by participating in them rather than working. We also explore how archaeologists interviewed for Heath-Stout's dissertation study of diversity issues in the discipline have navigated finding field experiences. We argue that scholarships are an ineffective and insufficient means of promoting equity and accessibility in the field because the root of the problem lies in institutionalized inequality and exclusivity. We provide strategies that students and faculty can use to address these problems on both individual and systemic levels. By making field schools affordable and accessible to a more diverse set of undergraduate students, we can create a more just and inclusive discipline.
Original ArticlesThe California 500: Medical care at a NASCAR Winston Cup race☆

Background. Stock car racing is America's fastest-growing professional sport. With more than 5.5 million paid admittances and another 148 million watching the 34-race NASCAR Winston Cup series on television, emergency physicians are increasingly called upon to organize medical support for such events. Currently, little reliable information is available to assist in determining what specific personnel and equipment are necessary to optimally support a race event. Objective. To characterize the spectrum of presenting injuries and illnesses at a NASCAR Winston Cup event. Methods. This study was a retrospective review of all patients presenting to nine on-site first aid stations from June 19 to 22, 1997, for the inaugural California 500 race weekend at California Speedway in Fontana, California. Staffing of the nine first aid stations was provided by 20 paramedics, 25 emergency nurses, five emergency physicians, nine advanced life support (ALS) ambulances with two crew members each, and a medically configured helicopter with flight crew. Results. Of the 923 patients seen, 38 were drivers/crew, 230 were track employees, and 644 were spectators. One hundred thirty-six of the patients were treated in the two infield facilities, while 787 were treated in the grandstand first aid stations. Patients seen per hour peaked just before the start of the race at 73 patients seen. Of the ten patients transported to the hospital, three required admission. No deaths occurred. Conclusion. These data may assist individuals planning medical support for large motorsports venues. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE 2002;6:315-318
Reflections on the Religious Other from Modern Jewish Philosophy

This essay reviews research gathered by Alon Goshen-Gottstein on Judaism and World Religions. The essay examines the notion of the Other as both feared and loved in Judaism. It assesses the work of Goshen-Gottstein positively and adds portraits of the Other from modern Jewish philosophers, Hermann Cohen, Martin Buber, and Emmanuel Levinas, that attempt to show how others from different religions and cultures can help to open new perspectives on life and even open a way to God. The paper ends with an argument for both universalistic perspectives from theologies of creation and particularistic perspective from theologies of revelation in interfaith dialogue.
A Case Report of Loperamide-Induced Ventricular Storm:

Loperamide is an easily accessible antidiarrheal medication. Unlike other medications in its class, loperamide is unique in that it causes euphoria at supratherapeutic levels due to its effect on opioid receptors. Unfortunately, with its growing abuse potential also comes increasing reports of cardiotoxicity including prolonged QT, torsades de pointes, and sudden cardiac death. We report a case of a 29-year-old female who presented with unstable arrhythmia that further progressed into electrical storm in the setting of loperamide toxicity. Due to its growing popularity and availability, it is important for clinicians to understand loperamide's mechanisms for causing toxicity as well as how to appropriately treat its complications.
CPM Use Reduces Rates of Arthrofibrosis After ACL Reconstruction in a Pediatric Population

Purpose: Some practitioners advocate for the use of continuous passive motion (CPM) machine protocols in an effort to prevent the development of intra-articular adhesions and range-of-motion (ROM) deficits after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, prior studies have failed to show CPM use to be effective in increasing ROM, but has been shown to reduce rates of arthrofibrosis requiring manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) after adult ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was therefore was to examine the efficacy of CPM use in a pediatric population for increasing post-operative ROM and reducing the number of necessary MUA. Methods …
Experimental Evidence on Social Trust and Responsiveness to COVID-19 Mitigation Policies

Observational evidence suggests that social trust and the closely related concept of social capital play a critical role in compliance with government policy, particularly in regards to public responsiveness to measures intended to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus. We use a survey experiment to causally estimate the impact of altering social trust on compliance with a range of policies intended to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing an instrumental variable approach, we are able to alter reported social trust, but find null effects in regards to compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures. We speculate on several explanations for this finding.
The Need for a Human Pangenome Reference Sequence.

The reference human genome sequence is inarguably the most important and widely used resource in the fields of human genetics and genomics. It has transformed the conduct of biomedical sciences and...
Cancer beliefs and screening across three NYC neighborhoods.

e22512Background: Differences in breast cancer screening exist between the NYC neighborhoods of East Harlem (EH) and Central Harlem (CH), and the Upper East Side (UES). Here we assess the relations...
Performance and Interpretation of Office Exercise Stress Testing

In an era where cardiovascular disease continues to increase in prevalence, chest pain is a commonly encountered complaint in the outpatient setting. Clinicians are often tasked with the challenge of selecting the most appropriate screening tool in the evaluation of a patient with suspected coronary artery disease. With proper consideration of indications and contraindications, exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) stress testing is an accessible, cost-conscious, and validated outpatient diagnostic modality for predicting coronary artery disease.
The Structures of Organolithium Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structures of organolithium and related compounds. The implications of structural considerations for an understanding of the mechanisms of organolithium reactions are also discussed. The organolithium compounds are members of a larger class that is often referred to as electron deficient and includes Group II and III organometallic compounds, boron hydrides, and others. Electron deficiency is characterized by the formation of polymeric species through the delocalization of one or more bonding electron pairs. Organolithium compounds vary widely in reactivity, but all are vigorously reactive with both air and moisture. These compounds may also interact with bases by dissociating. Typical adducts formed in this way are proposed on the basis of kinetic or colligative property data obtained upon the addition of the base to hydrocarbon solutions of the alkyllithium compounds. Both alkyl and aryllithium compounds are capable of reacting with other organometallic compounds to form mixed species of well-defined stoichiometry that may or may not contain coordinated solvent. The chapter discusses the kinetics and mechanisms of the organolithium reactions, where the association of alkyllithium compounds with hydrocarbon solvents and the effect of bases on alkyllithium kinetics are discussed.
Pure acoustic wave propagation in transversely isotropic media by the pseudospectral method

ABSTRACT Seismic wave propagation in transversely isotropic (TI) media is commonly described by a set of coupled partial differential equations, derived from the acoustic approximation. These equations produce pure P‐wave responses in elliptically anisotropic media but generate undesired shear‐wave components for more general TI anisotropy. Furthermore, these equations suffer from instabilities when the anisotropy parameter e is less than δ. One solution to both problems is to use pure acoustic anisotropic wave equations, which can produce pure P‐waves without any shear‐wave contaminations in both elliptical and anelliptical TI media. In this paper, we propose a new pure acoustic transversely isotropic wave equation, which can be conveniently solved using the pseudospectral method. Like most other pure acoustic anisotropic wave equations, our equation involves complicated pseudo‐differential operators in space which are difficult to handle using the finite difference method. The advantage of our equation is that all of its model parameters are separable from the spatial differential and pseudo‐differential operators; therefore, the pseudospectral method can be directly applied. We use phase velocity analysis to show that our equation, expressed in a summation form, can be properly truncated to achieve the desired accuracy according to anisotropy strength. This flexibility allows us to save computational time by choosing the right number of summation terms for a given model. We use numerical examples to demonstrate that this new pure acoustic wave equation can produce highly accurate results, completely free from shear‐wave artefacts. This equation can be straightforwardly generalized to tilted TI media.
Intranasal Midazolam—Study Results Challenged

As emergency physicians, we read with much interest the study by Theroux et al1 on the use of intranasal midazolam in the emergency department for children undergoing laceration repair. Our concern with the paper lies with the study design and the choice of statistical tests. First, the authors chose to do statistical analysis based on two groups, stating that, "Because these outcome variables did not vary significantly between the placebo and control groups, their results were pooled."
The kinetochore encodes a mechanical switch to disrupt spindle assembly checkpoint signalling

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a unique signalling mechanism that responds to the state of attachment of the kinetochore to spindle microtubules. SAC signalling is activated by unattached kinetochores, and it is silenced after these kinetochores form end-on microtubule attachments. Although the biochemical cascade of SAC signalling is well understood, how kinetochore-microtubule attachment disrupts it remained unknown. Here we show that, in budding yeast, end-on microtubule attachment to the kinetochore physically separates the Mps1 kinase, which probably binds to the calponin homology domain of Ndc80, from the kinetochore substrate of Mps1, Spc105 (KNL1 orthologue). This attachment-mediated separation disrupts the phosphorylation of Spc105, and enables SAC silencing. Additionally, the Dam1 complex may act as a barrier that shields Spc105 from Mps1. Together these data suggest that the protein architecture of the kinetochore encodes a mechanical switch. End-on microtubule attachment to the kinetochore turns this switch off to silence the SAC.
Decentralised Markov parameters fixed modes and decentralised plucker invariants

The properties of the decentralised pole placement map under constant output feedback are investigated and they are linked to known invariants of the decentralised pole assignment problem. An expression of the differential of this map leads to the definition of the Decentralised Markov Parameters (DMP) and this in turn provides simple means for selecting decentralisation schemes which guarantee the absence of fixed modes and further well condition the problem. The results which are originally presented for the decentralised constant output feedback are subsequently extended to the case of decentralised PI feedback.
A general approach to differential transmit diversity

We consider the design of transmit diversity techniques that do not require channel estimates at the transmitter or receiver. We propose a general approach to differential modulation for multiple transmit antennas based on groups of unitary matrices. This approach can be applied to any number of transit antennas and any signal constellation. We further design optimal differential transmit diversity schemes for the particular case of two transmit antennas.
Analysis of human neck loads during isometric voluntary ramp efforts: EMG-Assisted optimization modeling approach

Neck muscle forces and spinal loads at the C4/5 level were estimated that result from isometric voluntary ramp efforts gradually developing to maximums in flexion, extension, left lateral bending and right lateral bending. Electromyographic (EMG) activities, a three-dimensional anatomic data of the neck and a hybrid model, EMG-assisted optimization (EMGAO) model, were used. The model computed the cervical loads at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of peak moments. The highest model-predicted C4/5 joint compressive forces occured during flexion; 361 (±164) N, 811 (±288), N, 1207 (±491) N and 1674 (±319) N in 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of peak moment respectively. Variations in load distribution among the agonistic muscles and co-contractions of antagonistic muscles were estimated during ramp effors. Results suggest that higher C4/5 joint loads than previously reported are possible during isometric, voluntary muscle contractions. These higher physiological loads at C4/5 level must be considered possible during orthopedic reconstruction at this level.
The effect of oxidative stress on Ca2+ release and capacitative Ca2+ entry in vascular endothelial cells

Abstract Oxidative stress imposed by the accumulation of oxygen free radicals (reactive oxygen species, ROS) has profound effects on Ca 2+ homeostasis in the vascular endothelium, leading to endothelial dysfunctions and the development of cardiovascular pathologies. We tested the effect of the oxidant and ROS generator tert -butyl-hydroperoxide ( t BuOOH) on Ca 2+ signaling in single cultured calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells loaded with the fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator indo-1. Acute brief (5 min) exposures to t BuOOH had no effect on basal cytosolic free Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ), agonist (ATP)-induced Ca 2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and on Ca 2+ store depletion-dependent capacitative Ca 2+ entry (CCE). Prolonged (60 min) exposure to t BuOOH did not affect intracellular Ca 2+ release, but caused a profound inhibition of CCE. After 120 min of treatment with t BuOOH not only was CCE further reduced, but also ATP-induced Ca 2+ release due to a slow depletion of the stores that resulted from CCE inhibition. The antioxidant Trolox (synthetic vitamin E analog) prevented the inhibition of CCE by t BuOOH and attenuated the increase of [ROS] i , indicating that inhibition of CCE was due to the oxidant effects of t BuOOH. The data suggest that in vascular endothelial cells oxidative stress primarily affects Ca 2+ influx in response to Ca 2+ loss from internal stores. [Ca 2+ ] i is an important signal for the production and release of endothelium-derived factors such as nitric oxide (NO). Since CCE is the preferential Ca 2+ source for NO synthase activation, the finding that oxidative stress inhibits CCE may explain how oxidative stress contributes to endothelial dysfunction-related cardiovascular pathologies.
The efficacy of a mind-body-spirit group for women with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial

Increasing numbers of women with breast cancer are seeking alternatives to standard group support in coping with their illness. This study examines outcomes for 181 women with breast cancer randomized to either a 12-week standard group support or a 12-week complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) support intervention. Participants in the CAM group were taught the use of meditation, affirmation, imagery and ritual. The standard group combined cognitive-behavioral approaches with group sharing and support. Both interventions were found to be associated with improved quality of life (CAM, P=0.008; Standard, P=0.006), decreased depression (CAM, P=0.004; Standard, P=0.02), decreased anxiety (CAM, P=0.0003; Standard, P=0.02) and increased "spiritual well-being" (CAM, P=002; Standard, P=0.003). Only the CAM group showed increases in measures of Spiritual Integration (P=0.001) which were also significant between groups (P=0.003). The Standard group was associated with decreased confusion (P=0.01) and decreased helplessness/hopelessness (P=0.01), while the CAM group was associated with decreased avoidance (P=0.01). None of these latter changes were significant between groups. At baseline, very high correlations were noted between measures of quality of life, mood, and spiritual integration. At the end of the intervention, the CAM group showed higher satisfaction (P=0.006) and fewer dropouts (P=0.006) compared to the standard group. Better outcomes in quality of life in the CAM group were associated with lower initial fighting spirit (r=-.39, P=0.001). No baseline factors predicted better outcomes in the Standard group. In summary, the study found equivalence on most psychosocial outcomes between the two interventions.
Putting routing tables in silicon

Moving routing tables from RAM to custom or semicustom VLSI can lower cost and boost performance. The routing table problem is presented by discussing the available architectures and how they are related. It is shown that simple table lookup is just a special case of the standard trie structure and that the use of partitioning combined with the trie structure provides a continuum that can lead to a CAM implementation at one extreme. The high-level tradeoffs in the choice of various parameters for the trie are estimated. A careful choice of word size can balance the requirements for speed with the costs of area. Also considered are the costs and benefits of splitting the table into a number of tries, which are searched simultaneously. VLSI implementations are outlined, and the costs are compared. General CAM structures are not needed for the routing table application, and custom CAMs can be very efficient. Tries, however, can be competitive in many cases, due to the resources available for building conventional memories. >
522. Efficacy of mirtazapine in stimulant associated insomnia in patients with ADHD

gle-blind placebo lead-in, patients were randomized to five weeks of double-blind treatment. 2 patients discontinued prior to the initial assessment and 38 patients completed at least one week of treatment with risperidone (N 5 19) or placebo (N 5 19). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was the primary outcome measure. Secondary measures included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and other assessments. Analysis of end-point measures showed a significant reduction in global psychosis (PANSS ratings) in the risperidone-treated patients but not in the placebo group (p , 0.05). Hallucinations and delusions declined significantly only in the risperidone group. The risperidone group also had a significant reduction in CAPS reexperiencing symptom subscale scores. The average dose of risperidone was 2.5 6 1.7 mg. There were minimal extrapyramidal symptoms in either group. These data support the potential efficacy of risperidone in treating psychotic features associated with PTSD and suggest that core PTSD reexperiencing symptoms may also be responsive.
Are common factors across different psychotherapies the main explanation for the Dodo Bird verdict that "Everyone has won so all shall have prizes"?

This commentary reflects on Weinberger's article on the “Dodo Bird” verdict that typically applies when outcomes of different types of psychotherapy are compared. It covers the history of the verdict, its truth, the best explanations for it, and the nature of the common factors.
INHERITANCE OF FIBRIN-STABILISING-FACTOR DEFICIENCY

Abstract A review of the known cases of hereditary deficiency of fibrin-stabilising factor (factor XIII) raises the possibility that this disorder is inherited in two ways, via autosomal recessive or via sex-linked recessive genes
Effect of rare-earth-doping on the magnetoresistive properties of sputtered Co–Ag alloy thin films

Abstract Rare-earth (RE) doped Co0.4Ag0.6 thin films (≈40 nm) were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature by an rf-magnetron sputtering system. Co-sputtering was used to dope RE (Ce, Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy and Er) into the Ag region. The evolution of the magnetoresistance (MR) properties and the phase separation in this sputtered Co–Ag alloy system were investigated in relation to the annealing condition and the RE-doping. Experimental results showed that the doping of either Ce, Tb or Sm enhanced the MR response of the Co–Ag films, while Nd depressed the response.
Pharmacokinetics of dosing regimens which utilize multiple intravenous infusions: gentamicin in burn patients.

A general approach to the establishment of dosing regimens for drug administration by multiple intravenous infusions is presented. The method is applicable where the elimination kinetics are first order and can be represented by a one-compartment open model. The approach utilizes serum concentration-time data obtained during any dosing interval for the calculation of the apparent distribution volume and the half-life in individual patients. These values are then used to individualize the dosing regimen where it is required to maintain serum concentrations of the drug within a desired range. Estimation of kinetic parameters for gentamicin in burn patients with normal or only slightly reduced renal function demonstrates a relatively constant distribution volume of 0.25 ± 0.086 liter/kg (mean ±sd)but a relatively variable half-life of 2.1 ± 1.3 hr. This finding supports the view that gentamicin regimens should be individualized even in patients with essentially normal renal function.
THE NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT AND SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF STIMULATED PIGEON CROP GLAND TISSUE1

NUMEROUS investigators have found that rapidly growing tissues have a high content of nucleic acids and the relationship of these acids to the synthesis of cellular proteins has been discussed in recent reviews (Caspersson, 1947; Thorell, 1947; and Davidson, 1949). In the light of these results the rapid growth of tissues which are stimulated by hormones presumably would also show an increase in nucleoprotein and nucleic acids. The growth of these tissues is often associated with an increase in the activity of enzymes which in turn can be correlated with functional changes that accompany the growth. Thus there is an increase in succinic and malic dehydrogenases during the growth of hormonallystimulated tissues such as the corpus luteum of the rat during pregnancy (Meyer, Soukop, McShan and Biddulph, 1947; McShan, Erway and Meyer, 1948), and the growth of the prostate and seminal vesicle of the rat under the influence of androgen (Davis, Meyer and McShan, 1949).
A study of methods of incorporation and source of14C on distribution of radioactivity in potato plants

Russet Burbank potato plants grown in the greenhouse were given14C as14CO2 and as uniformly labelled sucrose. Labelled sucrose was applied; (1) by injection into the main stem, (2) injection with a hypodermic needle into the debladed petiole and (3) uptake of labelled sucrose kept in a vial fastened to the main stem using thread as a wick. Plants harvested 6 hours later were analyzed for radioactivity in the foliage, roots, and tubers. The greatest proportion of radioactivity was found in the foliage. Tubers were analyzed for radioactivity in the basic (amino acids), acidic (organic acids and sugar phosphates), neutral (sugars) and alcohol insoluble solid (starch) fractions. Most of the radioactivity was found in the sugar component of the chemical fraction. Plants treated with147CO2 had a higher percentage of radioactivity in the acidic and starch fractions than plants treated with sucrose. Sucrose applied by petiole injection not only showed higher total incorporation but also exhibited more translocation of labelled material into the tubers than the other methods.
Understanding of basic mechanisms of β-cell function and survival: Prelude to new diabetes therapies

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are both diseases of insulin insufficiency, although they develop by distinct pathways. The recent surge in the incidence of type 2 diabetes and the chronic ailments confronted by patients with either form of the disease highlight the need for better understanding of β-cell biology. In this review, we present recent work focused on this goal. Our hope is that basic research being conducted in this and other laboratories will ultimately contribute to the development of methods for enhancing β-cell function and survival in the context of both major forms of diabetes. Our strategy for understanding the β-cell involves a multidisciplinary approach in which tools from the traditional fields of biochemistry, enzymology, and physiology are teamed with newer technologies from the fields of molecular biology, gene discovery, cell and developmental biology, and biophysical chemistry. We have focused on two important aspects of β-cell biology in our studies: β-cell function, specifically the metabolic regulatory mechanisms involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and β-cell resistance to immune attack, with emphasis on resistance to inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species.
The catalytic gasification of carbon in incinerator fly ash

Four fly ashes collected from electrostatic precipitators—three from municipal solid waste incinerators and one from a coal-fired power plant—were studied for their potential to catalyze carbon gasification reactions. A fixed-bed tubular reactor employing mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen was used to measure CO and CO2 evolved from native carbon in fly ash in the temperature range 275–350°C. Experiments using pure carbon were also run for comparison. MSWI fly ash was discovered to accelerate carbon gasification rates by at least an order of magnitude. At 300°C, gasification rates of native carbon in the different MSWI fly ash ranged from 1–8 mg-C/g-min, compared to pure carbon gasification rates of 0.03–0.2 mg-C/g-min. Activated carbon, having a high internal surface area, mixed to MSWI fly ash also showed an accelerated gasification rate, suggesting that the catalytic action was long-range. No catalytic activity was observed with coal fly ash. Apparent activation energies for gasification of native carbon in MSWI fly ash ranged from 25–34 kcal/mole, while those for pure carbon ranged from 10–20 kcal/mole. The apparent activation energy of gasification in coal fly ash was 14 kcal/mole. The oxygen concentration dependence on gasification rate in fly ash was determined to be 0.54; that for pure carbon was 0.71.
Growth of Corynebacterium bovis in Mammary Secretions During Physiological Transitions of the Bovine Mammary Gland

An in vitro microassay was used to evaluate growth of five strains of Corynebacterium bovis in mammary secretions collected from quarters of five Holstein cows at 0, 14, and 28 d of involution, at parturition, and 14 d after parturition. Variation in growth among different strains of Corynebacterium bovis was observed. Corynebacterium bovis grew well in mammary secretions obtained at the last milking of lactation, at parturition, and 14 d after parturition. However, growth of four strains of Corynebacterium bovis in mammary secretions obtained at 14 and 28 d of involution was reduced significantly. In contrast, a streptomycin-resistant strain of Corynebacterium bovis grew well in mammary secretions obtained during involution. These data suggest that mammary secretions support growth of Corynebacterium bovis during lactation but inhibit growth during the nonlactating period. Inhibition of growth in secretions collected during the nonlactating period may be associated with the high rate of spontaneous elimination of Corynebacterium bovis intramammary infection from cessation of milking to parturition. Conversely, enhanced growth in milk may be related to persistent Corynebacterium bovis intramammary infections during lactation.
Arctic sea ice distribution at end of summer 1973–1976 from satellite microwave data

Passive microwave data at 1.55 cm collected by the Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer are analyzed to determine the areal extent and distribution of Arctic sea ice at the time of transition from summer melt to fall freeze up of years 1973–1976. While regional variations are great, the total areal coverage of ice-laden sea changes interannually only about 2% from 7×106 km2. Ice surviving the summer melt has a mean concentration of 0.74 and a volume of 15.8×103 km3, both somewhat lower than earlier estimates. Multiyear ice concentrations were measured by examining on grid cells of 200 km dimension of brightness changes associated with freezing of leads. A significant spatial variation in multiyear ice emissivity was observed which brought about spatial brightness variation comparable to that caused by typical mixtures with open water and first-year ice. Measurement errors made the detail of interannual changes in emissivity suspect.
Family and environmental variables as predictors of social outcome in chronic schizophrenia

Abstract Schizophrenia remains a major psychiatric illness without definite etiological treatment, and greater efficacy in the treatment of its target symptoms 6 continues to be sought. Investigations during recent years have shown that these target symptoms are influenced by family and environmental factors and, if known, alteration of these may be beneficial in the optimum treatment of the schizophrenic syndrome. The objective of this study is to find which family and environmental variables predict the social outcome of the illness. It is a general experience 12 that schizophrenic patients with similar diagnoses, symptomatology, and chronicity respond differently to similar treatment. Some improve remarkably, some a little, others seem untouched by the treatment. In this study, variables cover a wide range of theoretical and empirical observations: childhood behavior, social crises in the patients' lives, illness patterns, sociological and sociobiological factors, and the families' attitudes and actions during the current illness and hospitalization.
A revision of the genus Phyllonoma (Grossulariaceae)

The genusPhyllonoma, easily recognized by its epiphyllous inflorescence, ranges from the mountains of Mexico and Central America into the Andes of northwestern Bolivia. A key to the species and distribution maps and descriptions for the 4 species recognized,Phyllonoma ruscifolia Willd. ex Schultes,P. tenuidens Pittier,P. laticuspis (Turcz.) Engler, andP. weberbaueri Engler, are given. Vegetative and floral anatomy as well as pollen morphology are discussed in relation to taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus.
Emergency Care of the Pregnant Patient

Vicki A. Keough, PhD, RN, ACNP, is a professor and acting dean in the Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University, Chicago, IL. The three words, ‘‘I am pregnant,’’ push the adrenalin button for emergency department (ED) nurses across the nation. Pregnancy complicates the overall plan of care for emergency patients because the ED nurse must also consider the ‘‘other patient’’ that is developing inside the mother. While the focus of care for ED nurses is on ‘‘resuscitation and stabilization’’ for all ED patients, when faced with a pregnant patient, this focus quickly switches to resuscitation and stabilization of both the mother and fetus. Although ED nurses have expertise in the resuscitation and stabilization phase of care, perinatal nurses have expertise in the overall care of pregnant patients. At this intersection of ED and comprehensive care for the obstetric patient, a unique opportunity for collaboration among ED and perinatal nurses exists. This series on caring for the pregnant patient in the ED addresses the challenges health care providers face in the provision of emergent care to pregnant patients and highlights exciting opportunities for collaboration between ED and perinatal nurses. This successful collaboration has the potential to improve outcomes for the obstetric patient and the unborn fetus.
Effects of neonatal monocular and binocular enucleation on transient acetylcholinesterase activity in developing rat visual cortex.

Geniculo-recipient layers of visual cortical area 17 in the laboratory rat display a transient pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity during the second and third postnatal weeks of life. The appearance of the AChE histochemical reaction product and its distribution in thalamic recipient layers of cortical area 17 suggest that this transient AChE serves as a marker for the region of geniculocortical axon terminals. In the present study, infant rats were enucleated monocularly or binocularly on the day of birth. Animals were sacrificed at postnatal days 5-21. Frozen sections cut in either the transverse plane or parallel to the pial surface were processed for AChE histochemistry. Neonatal monocular enucleation resulted in a marked reduction of transient AChE activity in thalamic recipient layers of the medial part of area 17 contralateral to the enucleated orbit, i.e., the monocular segment of area 17. No loss of AChE was observed in area 17 ipsilateral to the enucleation. Pigmented and albino strains of rats did not differ significantly in the extent to which monocular enucleation reduced the transient AChE in contralateral visual cortex. Neonatal binocular enucleation resulted in an almost complete loss of AChE histochemical staining in thalamic recipient layers throughout cortical area 17, without loss of AChE in other cortical regions. These data support the hypothesis that transient AChE serves as a marker for the region of geniculocortical axon terminals, and also demonstrate that the transient expression of AChE in visual cortex depends upon normal innervation or activity of the geniculocortical neurons.
We are acquainted with ourselves

I am aware of the rain outside, but only in virtue of looking at a weather report. I am aware of my friend, but only because I hear her voice through my phone. Thus, there are some things that I’m aware of, but only indirectly. Many philosophers believe that there are also some things of which I am directly aware (i.e., acquainted). The most plausible candidates are experiences such as pains, tickles, visual sensations, etc. In fact, the philosophical consensus seems to be that experiences are the only plausible candidates for acquaintance. But I will argue that we are also acquainted with ourselves. After outlining what it means to be acquainted with oneself, I will introduce, develop, and defend a commonly used test for acquaintance. Then I will apply this test to us and show that we pass. I will consider various objections to my argument. But ultimately I will conclude that we can be, and often are, acquainted with ourselves.
Sending countries and the politics of emigration and destination.

This article examines available means and activities of sending (emigration) countries in their efforts to exert control over the “long-term-temporary” emigration process. This type, rather than “s...
Measurement of the hydride donor abilities of [HM(diphosphine)2]+ complexes (M = Ni, Pt) by heterolytic activation of hydrogen.

[M(diphosphine)2]2+ complexes (where M = Ni and Pt) react with hydrogen in the presence of bases to form the corresponding hydrides, [HM(diphosphine)2]+. In seven cases, equilibria have been observed from which the hydride donor ability (ΔG°H−) of the hydrides can be calculated. For six of these complexes, the ΔG°H− values calculated using heterolytic activation of hydrogen are compared with those based on thermodynamic cycles using pKa measurements and electrochemical half-wave potentials. The agreement between these two methods is good (within 1 kcal/mol). The reactivity of the various [M(diphosphine)2]2+ complexes toward hydrogen parallels their measured hydride acceptor abilities.
On the interpretation of the Na+L2,3 soft-X-ray absorption spectra of the sodium halides

Abstract By independently determining the threshold for band transitions from XPS and optical-gap data, the Na + L 2,3 soft-X-ray absorption spectra of the sodium halides are interpreted. Excitons with large binding energies (≈ 3 eV) are unambiguously identified, suggesting a much stronger electron-hole attraction than hitherto believed.
Dependence of Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentrations Upon Small Scale Nanoplankton and Bacterioplankton Distributions in the Western Sargasso Sea

Significant correlations between trophic components of the <20 μm microbial plankton and the concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrate (TCHO) and polysaccharide (PCHO) have been found at two drogued buoy stations which were sampled at 3 or 4-h intervals over diel cycles. An attempt was made to sample on two pre-selected isotherms (approximating isopycnals) at each station. Significant inverse correlations of TCHO and of PCHO with numbers of phototrophic nanoplankton (PNAN) were found along both isotherms at a station off the Carolina coast. Off central Florida, TCHO and/or PCHO were significant multiple linear functions of PNAN, heterotrophic bacterioplankton (BAC) and sometimes heterotrophic nanoplankton (HNAN) counts. Partial regression coefficients for PNAN were always negative and those for HNAN were positive. Inverse trends dominated the relations of BAC with PCHO and TCHO. The combined data from the two stations (300 nautical miles apart) produced very similar multiple linear relations. This suggests that the observed relationships are real, resulting from general physiological processes and interactions of the microbial plankton groups rather than from chance occurrences at a particular station, and that the combined activities of the <20 μm plankton actively regulate dissolved carbohydrate concentrations in the Sargasso Sea.
Estimating the altitude of volcanic sulfur dioxide plumes from space borne hyper‐spectral UV measurements

[1] The altitude of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) plumes determines the transport and atmospheric residence time of derived sulfate aerosol, and hence their impacts on the environment and climate. Knowledge of the altitude of fresh eruption clouds is also very important in aviation safety to avoid flying through ash clouds and for forecasting of plume drift. In this paper, we demonstrate the altitude dependence of the spectral response in the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) radiance when a SO2 absorption layer is added to an ozone-laden atmosphere. The distinctive spectral response serves as the physical basis for simultaneous SO2 loading and altitude retrievals, which can improve the characterization of volcanic emissions. We accomplish this by extending the recently developed Iterative Spectral Fitting (ISF) algorithm to include effective plume altitude determination when performing simultaneous ozone and SO2 retrievals. The extended ISF algorithm is applied to hyper-spectral Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements of two volcanic eruptions: Sierra Negra in October 2005 and Jebel al Tair in September 2007. The results show for the first time that a wide range of SO2 plume altitudes can be estimated directly from hyper-spectral BUV radiance measurements.