cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome-wide characterization of human cytomegalovirus in natural infection and experimental latency.

The transcriptional program associated with herpesvirus latency and the viral genes regulating entry into and exit from latency are poorly understood and controversial. Here, we developed and validated a targeted enrichment platform and conducted large-scale transcriptome analyses of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. We used both an experimental hematopoietic cell model of latency and cells from naturally infected, healthy human subjects (clinical) to define the breadth of viral genes expressed. The viral transcriptome derived from experimental infection was highly correlated with that from clinical infection, validating our experimental latency model. These transcriptomes revealed a broader profile of gene expression during infection in hematopoietic cells than previously appreciated. Further, using recombinant viruses that establish a nonreactivating, latent-like or a replicative infection in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, we defined classes of low to moderately expressed genes that are differentially regulated in latent vs. replicative states of infection. Most of these genes have yet to be studied in depth. By contrast, genes that were highly expressed, were expressed similarly in both latent and replicative infection. From these findings, a model emerges whereby low or moderately expressed genes may have the greatest impact on regulating the switch between viral latency and replication. The core set of viral genes expressed in natural infection and differentially regulated depending on the pattern of infection provides insight into the HCMV transcriptome associated with latency in the host and a resource for investigating virus–host interactions underlying persistence.
Recognition of rare hemoglobin variants by hemoglobin A1c measurement procedures

Abstract Background Unrecognized hemoglobinopathies can lead to measured hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) concentrations that are erroneous or misleading. We determined the effects of rare hemoglobin variants on capillary electrophoresis (CE) and HPLC methods for measurement of Hb A1c. Methods We prospectively investigated samples in which Hb A1c was measured by CE during a 14-month period. For samples in which the electropherograms suggested the presence of rare hemoglobinopathies, hemoglobin variants were identified by molecular analysis or by comparison with electropherograms of known variants. When sample volume permitted, Hb A1c was measured by 2 HPLC measurement procedures and by boronate affinity HPLC. Results Hb A1c was measured by CE in 33,859 samples from 26,850 patients. 15 patients (0.06%) were identified as having rare hemoglobinopathies: Hbs A2 prime, Agenogi, Fannin-Lubbock I, G Philadelphia, G San Jose, J Baltimore, La Desirade, N Baltimore, Nouakchott, and Roanne. Among 6 of these samples tested by 2 ion-exchange HPLC methods, the rare Hb was detected by both HPLC methods in only one sample, and none were detected by boronate affinity HPLC. The mean of the Hb A1c results of 2 HPLC methods differed from the result of the CE method by 0.7–2.2% Hb A1c in samples with variant hemoglobins versus Conclusion Measurement procedures differ in the ability to detect the presence of rare Hb variants and to quantify Hb A1c in patients who harbor such variants.
Adverse Effects of Normal Nutrients and Foods on Host Resistance to Disease

Our studies show that under certain circumstances normal nutrients may have adverse effects on host resistance. Undernutrition and deficiencies of certain nutrients may protect the host against intracellular infections, while refeeding with normal foods and repletion of nutrient deficiencies seem to have the potential for activating quiescent disease. In some societies, long standing deficiencies of nutrients are part of an ecological compromise favoring optimum co-existence of host and pathogens. Once this equilibrium is disturbed by upgrading nutritional status, disease may erupt with unusual violence.
Neuromarketing: A New Approach for Fashion Marketing?

The predominant focus of marketing research is done on the conscious mind but future marketing research needs to simultaneously focus on understanding both the conscious and nonconscious mind (Zaltman, 2000). Six underlying principles of the human brain suggest: 1) the nonconscious mind governs thought processes; 2) the majority of human communication is non-verbal (especially in an emotional context); 3) the majority of the human brain is dedicated to deciphering visual information; 4) humans think in visual representations, not words; 5) feeling or emotions precede thoughts; and the human brain disregards 60% of the information it is presented with during half a day (Ebbinghaus, 1992).
Lion Hunting and Other Mathematical Pursuits. A Collection of Mathematics, Verse, and Stories by Ralph P. Boas, Jr. Edited by Gerald L. Alexanderson and Dale H. Mugler

(1996). Lion Hunting and Other Mathematical Pursuits. A Collection of Mathematics, Verse, and Stories by Ralph P. Boas, Jr. Edited by Gerald L. Alexanderson and Dale H. Mugler. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 103, No. 7, pp. 607-609.
Student Self-Management through Contract Administration

(2006). Student Self-Management through Contract Administration. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 149-153.
Getting Past the Prisoners' Dilemma: Transparency and Accountability Reforms to Improve New York's Industrial Development Agencies

This paper discusses the pros and cons of New York's Industrial Development Agencies (IDAs), which offer economic development subsidies to attract and retain businesses. IDA reform has become an important public policy issue, and the paper explores some of the reforms that have been proposed, including measures that would: increase monitoring and reporting requirements; make the subsidy award process more objective; increase public participation; heighten ethics requirements for IDA boards; impose penalties for subsidy abuse; make IDAs more accountable to school districts and local governments; and that would improve the environmental and social qualities of IDA projects. The paper concludes that many reforms are warranted, and it suggests that reform supporters should prioritize these accountability and transparency measures. Controversial reforms, such as increased wage requirements and clawbacks, should be modified so as to make them more acceptable to business interests. Compromise proposals might rely on incentives rather than mandates, or include sufficient exceptions.
Work-in-Progress: Hardware Implementation of a Multi-Mode-Aware Mixed-Criticality Scheduler

To minimize size, weight, power, and cost, the industry aims at consolidating different criticality applications on the same hardware platform. In such a mixed-criticality environment, it is challenging to contain the overhead due to potential mode changes under overload conditions. Traditional scheduler implementation at the software level introduces additional overheads due to timer interrupt processing and context switching. To minimize overall software overhead and to improve timing predictability, in this paper, we propose an implementation of the mixed-criticality scheduler in the hardware that is capable of detecting task-overruns and making mode transitions seamlessly.
Mixed Reality and 3D Printed Models for Planning and Execution of Face Transplantation.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel holographic craniofacial surgical planning application and its implementation throughout the planning and operative stages of facial transplantation by performing a critical analysis of comparative utility, cost, and limitations of MR and 3D printing. Summary of background data Face transplantation is a highly complex form of craniofacial reconstruction requiring significant planning, knowledge of patient-specific spatial relationships, and time-sensitive decision making. Computer-aided 3D modeling has improved efficiency and outcomes of complex craniofacial reconstruction by enabling virtual surgical planning and 3D printed model generation. MR technology can enhance surgical planning, improve visualization, and allow manipulation of virtual craniofacial biomodels within the operative field. Methods Accounting for the time-sensitive nature of face transplantation, a unique, highly coordinated workflow for image acquisition and processing was designed to facilitate rapid holographic rendering and 3D printing. During recent face transplantation, both holographic and 3D printed models were utilized, and the time and cost of fabrication were compared. Results Holographic models required less time and cost for fabrication. They provided both comprehensive visualization of 3D spatial relationships and novel means to perform VSP and virtual face transplantation by interacting with and manipulating patient-specific, anatomic holograms. Conclusion Time efficiency, low-cost biomodel production, provision of unlimited preoperative surgical rehearsal, and potential for intraoperative surgical guidance makes holographic VSP and MR highly promising technology for use in complex craniofacial surgery.
Slothful Movements: Disability, Acceleration, and Capacity Feminism in Disney’s Zootopia (2016)

Critics and audiences applauded Disney’s Zootopia (2016) as a new brand of politically-conscious, pedagogical children’s media but uniformly read it as a critique of sexism and racism. This article...
Brief Report: Linguistic Mazes and Perseverations in School-Age Boys with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder and Relationships with Maternal Maze Use.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS) are neurodevelopmental disorders with overlapping pragmatic language impairments. Prior work suggests pragmatic language differences may run in families. This study examined specific pragmatic difficulties (i.e., linguistic mazes and perseverations) in boys (9–18 years) with idiopathic ASD (n = 26) and FXS+ASD (n = 29), and relationships with maternal maze use. Language samples were obtained separately for boys and mothers. Nonparametric analyses suggested that boys largely did not differ in their rates of mazes, but that boys with FXS+ASD exhibited more perseverations. Mazes were correlated between fragile X dyads. Maternal mazes were correlated with child perseverations among idiopathic ASD dyads. These findings have implications for the etiological significance of ASD-related language phenotypes.
Stimuli and Behavior

The concept of stimuli as energy from the external or internal environment impinging on receptors is not as simple as it may seem. Sensory systems include pre-neural filters and amplifiers that alter the energy before it reaches receptor neurons. Once the receptors have transduced the resulting energy, the peripheral neural signals interact with other neurons in an increasingly complex hierarchy. What is passed on to these poorly defined higher order systems—the welter of neural connections that lie between inputs and outputs—are “stimuli” in their own right. To complicate matters even further, these higher order effects elicit feedback to the lower order stations they came from in a never-ending loop.
The Impact of Depression and Exercise Self-Efficacy on Benefits of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Veterans with COPD.

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and exercise capacity. Little is known about the impact of depression symptoms and exercise self-efficacy on improvements in these key PR outcomes. This study examined the impact of baseline depression status and change in depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II] score) over the course of PR on change in HRQoL assessed by the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire-Self Reported (CRQ-SR) and exercise capacity as measured by the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). We also examined whether baseline exercise self-efficacy moderated the association between baseline depression symptoms and change in these key PR outcomes. We studied 112 US veterans (aged 70.38 ± 8.49 years) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who completed PR consisting of twice-weekly 2-hour classes for 18 sessions. Depressed (BDI-II >13) and nondepressed (BDI-II ≤13) patients at baseline demonstrated comparable and significant improvement in CRQ-SR total score, subscales, and 6MWT. Greater reduction in depression over the course of treatment was significantly associated with greater improvement in CRQ-SR total score and the following subscales: fatigue, mastery, and emotional function. Change in depression did not predict change in 6MWT distance. Baseline exercise self-efficacy moderated the association between baseline depression symptoms and change in CRQ-SR fatigue. Specifically, when baseline exercise self-efficacy was 152.0, greater baseline depression was associated with greater improvement in CRQ-SR fatigue. PR programs should address mood and confidence to exercise given their impact on key PR outcomes.
Pigment Dispersion by Light in the Melanophores of the Fiddler Crab

Adaptive color changes in animals have been the subject of a large number of investigations. One genus that has been extensively studied is the fiddler crab, Uca (Fingerman, 1968). The effects of light, temperature, and hormones on the chromatophores of this animal have been successfully described and analyzed. However, incident radiation can elicit chromatophore responses in Uca in two ways (Brown and Sandeen, 1948). One is the direct action of light on the chromatophores (primary response). The other effect (secondary response) is an indirect one caused by light entering the eyes of the animal and ultimately resulting in secretion of neurohormones that affect the crab’s chromatophores. Background responses of Uca are typical secondary responses (Brown and Hines 1952).
Optimal Control Applied to Air Pollution

The industrial revolution has been the beginning of an experiment consisting in changing the composition of the atmosphere by projecting gigatons of chemicals. In recent years evidences have accumulated that the impact on the biosphere and human health, is complex and potentially disastrous. The costs associated with the health effects of pollution keep increasing with evidences of new effects [2]. The mitigation of air pollution comes at a very significant cost and may even imply some difficult societal changes. On the other hand, the damages due to pollution are so substantial that it has become clear that failing to limit air pollution is potentially as costly as, or costlier than, engaging in a vigorous mitigation policy. So, if there is a trade-off between industrial activity and pollution level, then the relation between economic prosperity and pollution level has a different nature. The indirect cost of pollution is such that economic prosperity requires that the industrial activity be made environmentally friendly.
Analysis of RNA decay, processing, and polyadenylation in Escherichia coli and other prokaryotes.

Abstract This chapter provides detailed methodologies for isolating total RNA and polyadenylated RNA from E. coli and other prokaryotes, along with the procedures necessary to analyze the processing and decay of specific transcripts and determine their 3′‐ and 5′‐ends. The RNA isolation methods described here facilitate isolating good‐quality RNA in a very cost‐effective way compared to the commercially available RNA isolation kits, without employing phenol and/or alcohol precipitation. We also discuss the limits associated with polyacrylamide and agarose gels for the separation of small and large RNAs. Methods useful for the analysis of post‐transcriptionally modified transcripts and the processing of very large polycistronic transcripts are also presented.
A universal interface between PC and neural network hardware

An integrated system for image processing is proposed. The main elements of the system consist of a cellular neural network (CNN) software simulator, multiplexing hardware, and an interface between a PC and the hardware and software.
Constantly Connected: The Impact of Social Media and the Advancement in Technology on the Study Abroad Experience

This study examined the impact of the advancement in technology and convenience of social media on the study abroad experience. It tried to determine whether smartphones and their ability to remotely access the Internet on the go positively or negatively affect the study abroad experience. The results indicated that the advancement of technology has positively impacted the abroad experience because of the convenience it offers users in communicating and finding information while on the go. However, the study found that the pervasiveness of the social media negatively affected the study abroad experience; people often seem more interested in documenting an experience for the Internet instead of fully appreciating the moment while abroad.
Selfish third parties act as peacemakers by transforming conflicts and promoting cooperation.

The tremendous costs of conflict have made humans resourceful not only at warfare but also at peacemaking. Although third parties have acted as peacemakers since the dawn of history, little is known about voluntary, informal third-party intervention in conflict. Here we introduce the Peacemaker Game, a novel experimental paradigm, to model and study the interdependence between disputants and third parties in conflict. In the game, two disputants choose whether to cooperate or compete and a third party chooses whether or not to intervene in the conflict. Intervention introduces side payments that transform the game disputants are playing; it also introduces risk for the third party by making it vulnerable to disputants’ choices. Six experiments revealed three robust effects: (i) The mere possibility of third-party intervention significantly increases cooperation in interpersonal and intergroup conflicts; (ii) reducing the risk to third parties dramatically increases intervention rates, to everyone’s benefit; and (iii) disputants’ cooperation rates are consistently higher than third parties’ intervention rates. These findings explain why, how, and when self-interested third parties facilitate peaceful conflict resolution.
Negative Results for Multilevel Preconditioners in Image Deblurring

A one-dimensional deconvolution problem is discretized and certain multilevel preconditioned iterative methods are applied to solve the resulting linear system. The numerical results suggest that multilevel multiplicative preconditioners may have no advantage over two-level multiplicative preconditioners. In fact, in the numerical experiments they perform worse than comparable two-level preconditioners.
Abstract 200: Computer-Assisted Monitoring of Hemodynamic Condition During a Simulated Experiment of Hypovolemia Using Lower Body Negative Pressure

Background: Real-time physiologic status monitoring of hemorrhaging war-fighter or civilian from the point of injury and along ensuing echelons of care in austere environments pose significant challenges. These challenges range for those arising from the environment to the physical profiles of monitors and the types of measures they make. Objective: To develop an automated clinical support system capable of using low level physiologic signals such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) to monitor hemodynamic compensation in response to injury or illness. Methods: An adapted low profile portable and wearable armband monitor was used to collect prolonged measurement of a single lead ECG from volunteer human subjects undergoing lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a model of human hemorrhage. Fifty-five subjects underwent 5-minute intervals of progressive LBNP until hemodynamic decompensation at which time LBNP was halted. Using several advanced signal processing techniques including novel applications of the Stockwell Transform and L-1 Norm optimized taut-string theory, hidden underlying bio-markers were extracted from the ECG signal which was then used to develop a predictive model using support vector regression using radial basis kernel to predict the severity of blood loss with respect to LBNP levels. Results: Using by-subject cross validation for each of the 55 subjects, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated between the algorithm’s estimates and the actual LBNP levels for each subject. High correlation between the prediction and actual levels were observed with a mean correlation coefficient across all subjects of 0.862 and σ of 0.072. The mean r2 value was 0.928 with σ of 0.04. The system predicted changes in stability prior to any significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure among subjects during LBNP. Conclusions: The developed ECG analytic technique has provided encouraging results and has shown potential to be applicable in a variety of critical care environments and applications where detection of hemodynamic changes prior to overt decompensation would allow early intervention. This when used with wearable sensors opens up new possibilities for monitoring in different locations.
A quantum critical trio: Solvable models of finite temperature crossovers near quantum phase transitions

The physics of three simple solvable quantum models is reviewed in some detail: the spin 1/2 XX chain (and the related dilute spinless Fermi gas), the Ising chain in a transverse field, and the large N limit of the O(N) quantum rotor model. A unified scaling description is presented, and the many common features among the models are highlighted. The crossovers in these systems are the simplest paradigms of finite temperature physics near quantum critical points.
Engineers at War, by Adrian G. Traas

Two-hundred thousand Americans served in engineering divisions during the Second Indochinese War. Whatever one's stand on the war—and we seem to be further away from consensus than ever—the accompl...
Growth mechanisms of co‐evaporated kesterite: a comparison of Cu‐rich and Zn‐rich composition paths

Earth abundant kesterite solar cells have achieved 7–10% cell efficiency mostly by processes that separate the film deposition and the annealing into two sequential steps. In contrast, co-evaporation onto a high-temperature substrate, demonstrating previous success in chalcopyrite (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) solar cells, allows real-time composition control. Chalcopyrite research widely supports the model that Cu-rich growth conditions assist grain growth, and subsequently, the endpoint composition can be adjusted back to Cu-poor via monitoring the surface emissivity of the film. On the basis of the same intentions, the recent development of co-evaporated kesterite (Cu2ZnSnSe4) adapts the concept and achieves 9.2% efficiency. To understand the effect of growth strategies, this study examines the phase evolution, grain morphology, and device performance in Cu-rich growth and other strategies (Zn-rich and close-to-stoichiometric). By characterizing films obtained from interrupted depositions and also interpreting the variation in surface emission during growths, this study found a subtle hindrance in the reaction of CuxSey and ZnSe possibly caused by the volatile nature of SnSex. The hindrance explains why, distinctive from chalcopyrite, little difference in grain size is observed between kesterite films made by Cu-rich versus Zn-rich growth at these deposition rates. At last, a Zn-rich growth 9.1% device, certified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, is presented, which equals the performance of the previously-reported Cu-rich growth device. At the present stage, we believe the Cu-rich and Zn-rich growth share equal promise for the optimization of kesterite solar cells. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superconductivity: An X-ray oxygen regulator.

X-ray illumination can be used to control the arrangement of oxygen atoms in cuprate superconductors, allowing the writing of regions of robust high-transition-temperature superconductivity.
The promising chemical kinetics for the simulation of propane-air combustion with KIVA-II code

The development of chemical kinetics for the simulation of propane-air combustion with the use of computer code KIVA-II since 1989 is summarized here. In order to let readers understand the general feature well, a brief description of the KIVA-II code, specially related with the chemical reactions is also given. Then the results of recent work with 20 reaction mechanism is presented. It is also compared with the 5 reaction mechanism. It may be expected that the numerical stability of the 20 reaction mechanism is better as compared to that of 5 reaction mechanism, but the CPU time of the CRAY computer is much longer. Details are presented in the paper.
Bioluminescence Of Marine Snow: Its Effect On The Optical Properties Of The Sea

During two 60-meter saturation dives, U.S. Navy divers hand-collected samples of marine snow (aggregates) and of surrounding water, and made video recordings of aggregates passing through a loop used to determine their sizes and numbers. Analyses of the video recordings revealed that aggregates were abundant during both dives, accounting for 748 and 759 ml per cubic meter of seawater volume respectively. Although the total volume of aggregate material was similar, it was distributed quite differently between the two dives in 220 larger (mean volume 3.40 ml) and 595 smaller (mean volume 1.28 ml) aggregates per cubic meter. Laboratory analyses revealed that many of the aggregate samples were luminous, emitting light from two to six orders-of-magnitude greater than that produced in comparable volumes of the surrounding water. We estimated the total light flux (1)(t) per cubic meter of seawater(l.l x 109 and 3.2 x 108 quanta per second), as well as the portion of that flux which was due to the aggregates. For the two dives, 63 and 20 per cent of the aggregate samples were luminous accounting for 97 and 44 per cent of the total light flux qb(t). These results indicate that marine snow is a variable source for light-scattering material and bioluminescence in the sea.
Use of radial density plots to calibrate image magnification for frozen-hydrated specimens

Abstract Accurate magnification calibration for transmission electron microscopy is best achieved with the use of appropriate standards and an objective calibration technique. We have developed a reliable method for calibrating the magnification of images from frozen-hydrated specimens. Invariant features in radial density plots of a standard are compared with the corresponding features in a “defocused” X-ray model of the same standard. Defocused X-ray models were generated to mimic the conditions of cryo-electron microscopy. The technique is demonstrated with polyoma virus, which was used as an internal standard to calibrate micrographs of bovine papilloma virus type 1 and bacteriophage ΓX174. Calibrations of the micrographs were estimated to be accurate to 0.35%–0.5%. Accurate scaling of a three-dimensional structure allows additional calibrations to be made with radial density plots computed from two- or three-dimensional data.
Neoadjuvant Therapy and Vascular Resection During Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Shifting the Survival Curve for Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Background Neoadjuvant therapy and vascular resection may offer patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer potential cure.
Polypeptide composition of cell membranes from chick embryo fibroblasts transformed by rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract Chick embryo fibroblasts were transformed by the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV-BH), or a mutant (RSV-BH-Ta) inducing temperature-dependent transformation. Surface membranes from normal and transformed cells were isolated as membrane vesicles by differential centrifugation, and as cell ghosts after ZnCl2 treatment and separation in an aqueous two-phase system. These preparations were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or phenol/urea/acetic acid. In general a greater resolution of individual bands was found in gels containing phenol/urea/acetic acid, which separates polypeptides on the bases of size and charge. Electrophoresis of preparations from nontransformed cells showed that two polypeptides (molecular weights 200 000 and 250 000) found in cell ghosts were missing in membrane vesicles. In cell ghosts, transformation by RSV-BH resulted in a significant decrease of the 250 000 molecular weight complex. Also a polypeptide (molecular weight 73 000) prominent in membrane vesicles from nontransformed cells was decreased in transformed cells. Surfaces from cells transformed by RSV-BH-Ta at 37°C presented patterns similar to those for RSV-BH infected cells. Shifting these cells to 41°C resulted in an increase in the 250 000 molecular weight complex, although the amount of this protein(s) never reached that found in noninfected cells. Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis failed to block the morphological changes occurring in RSV-BH-Ta cells after temperature shifts from 41°C to 37°C or vice-versa. The same inhibitors caused a reduction in the levels of the 250 000 molecular weight complex at both temperatures. These data indicate that these large membrane-associated polypeptides play little or no role in the morphological changes associated with transformation and its reversal.
Functional and oncologic results following transoral laser microsurgical excision of base of tongue carcinoma.

Abstract Objective The study objective was to determine survival and functional results in patients who underwent transoral laser excision of base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Study Design This was a case series with chart review. Subjects and Methods Patients with biopsy-proven base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma primarily treated with transoral laser excision and followed for at least 24 months were included. Disease-specific and overall survival data were determined. Quality-of-life data were obtained using the University of Washington Quality of Life instrument. Results Of the 71 patients treated, one (1.4%), nine (12.7%), seven (9.9%), and 54 (76.1%) were stage I, II, III, and IV, respectively, at diagnosis. At 24 months, overall survival was 90 percent; disease-specific survival was 94 percent. Locoregional recurrence occurred in 10 percent. Given the low number of deaths, no significance was detectable between survival and gender, overall stage, tumor size, nodal status, or adjuvant therapy. Quality-of-life data, obtained for 46 patients, revealed the majority of patients had mild or no pain, minimally impaired to normal swallowing, and normal speech. Conclusion Transoral laser excision offers an acceptable treatment approach in terms of survival and quality of life for patients with base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Neurocircuitry of drug reward

In recent years, neuroscientists have produced profound conceptual and mechanistic advances on the neurocircuitry of reward and substance use disorders. Here, we will provide a brief review of intracranial drug self-administration and optogenetic self-stimulation studies that identified brain regions and neurotransmitter systems involved in drug- and reward-related behaviors. Also discussed is a theoretical framework that helps to understand the functional properties of the circuitry involved in these behaviors. The circuitry appears to be homeostatically regulated and mediate anticipatory processes that regulate behavioral interaction with the environment in response to salient stimuli. That is, abused drugs or, at least, some may act on basic motivation and mood processes, regulating behavior-environment interaction. Optogenetics and related technologies have begun to uncover detailed circuit mechanisms linking key brain regions in which abused drugs act for rewarding effects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Positive-ion chemistry of cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl

Abstract Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) techniques are used to study the positive-ion chemistry of CpCo(CO) 2 , Cp = η 5 -C 5 H 5 . An order of relative ligand binding energies to CpCo + is established: benzene > MeCN ⋍ NH 3 > tetrahydrofuran ⋍ Me 2 CO > propylene ⋍ Me-CHO ⋍ Me 2 O ⋍ NO ⩾ MeOH > CO. Relative ligand binding energies to CpCo(CO) + are similar. The proton affinity of CpCo(CO) 2 is indicated to be in the range 208 ∓ 4 kcal mol −1 , giving a homolytic bond energy of D (CpCo(CO) 2 + H) = 80 ∓ 6 kcal mol −1 . This suggests that protonation occurs on the ring. Methyl bromide reacts with CpCo + to substitute Me- for H- on the cyclopentadienyl ring. This reaction occurs four times and is followed by oxidative bromine transfer to give (η 5 -Me 4 C 5 H)CoBr + as the final product in this sequence. The results observed with CpCo(CO) 2 are generally very similar to those previously reported for CpNi(NO).
Luteolysis as Affected by Uterine Transplantation in the Syrian Hamster

Total hysterectomy in the hamster prolonged corpora luteal life span as measured by the length of copulation-induced pseudopregnancy (18.10 days as opposed to 9.20 days). Reversal of this elongation was accomplished by homologous uterine transplantation to the cheek pouch. Transplantation of estrous rat uteri into the cheek pouch of hysterectomized hamsters significantly shortened the duration of pseudopregnancy. Less conclusive were results obtained from transplanting uteri taken from rabbits on day 14 of pseudopregnancy, although a few cycles were found to be significantly shortened. Transplantation of human endometrium into hysterectomized hamsters was ineffective. Homologous endometrium transplanted into the cheek pouch shortened the length of pseudopregnancy following hysterectomy as effectively as whole uterine transplants. Homologous myometrium did not shorten pseudopregnancy when transplanted alone. The mechanism for control of luteal life span in the hamster appears to involve the uterine endomet...
The `Hoare logic' of concurrent programs

Hoare's logical system for specifying and proving partial correctness properties of sequential programs is generalized to concurrent programs. The basic idea is to define the assertion {P} S {Q} to mean that if execution is begun anywhere in S with P true, then P will remain true until S terminates, and Q will be true if and when S terminates. The predicates P and Q may depend upon program control locations as well as upon the values of variables. A system of inference rules and axiom schemas is given, and a formal correctness proof for a simple program is outlined. We show that by specifying certain requirements for the unimplemented parts, correctness properties can be proved without completely implementing the program. The relation to Pnueli's temporal logic formalism is also discussed.
Demonstration of a time-integrating microdosimeter

Abstract A tissue-equivalent spherical proportional counter is used with a modified amplifier system to measure specific energy deposited from a uniform radiation field for short periods of time (on the order of microseconds to milliseconds) in order to extrapolate to dose in sub-micron tissue volumes. The signal is integrated over a variable collection time which is adjusted with a square-wave pulse. Charge from partical passages is collected on the anode during the period in which the integrator is triggered, and the signal decays quickly to zero after the integrator feedback switch resets; the process repeats for every “triggering” pulse. Measurements of energy deposited from X-rays are examined. Spectral characteristics as a function of charge collection time are observed and frequency plots of specific energy and collection time-interval are presented.
Combining production history and petrophysical correlations to obtain representative relative permeability data

Prediction of gas reservoir performance under water drive is very sensitive to relative permeability data. Gas-water relative permeability ratio (K /SUB g/ /K /SUB w/) at different values of water saturation (S /SUB w/) can be derived from production history. This technique provides data considered the most representative of reservoir characteristics since it reflects actual reservoir performance. However, the developed (K /SUB g/ /K /SUB w/) vs S /SUB w/ curve is only valid in the higher range of water saturation and in the absence of water coning and other forms of water intrusion. The valid portion of the curve can be used to calibrate a generalized correlation. The calibrated correlation is then used to derive relative permeability data over the entire water saturation range. The technique discussed can also be applied to oil-water systems.
A PCR-based Survey of Homeobox Genes in Ctenodrilus serratus (Annelida: Polychaeta)

The polychaete worm Ctenodrilus serratus was surveyed for the presence of HOM/HOX and engrailed-type homeobox genes using PCR with degenerate primers. Sixteen unique homeobox fragments were found in surveys of genomic and cDNA with three different primer sets. For three fragments, RACE was employed to obtain additional homeobox sequence and the 3' flanking region. Nine HOM/HOX-type fragments were identified, including putative representatives of the Hox1/lab, Hox2/pb, Hox3, Hox4/Dfd, and Antp/Lox5 cognate groups. Two additional Antp-like fragments could not be assigned specific orthology. Presence of an ortholog of leech Lox2 in addition to a Ubx/abdA-like gene suggests that independent duplications of a single precursor occurred in the annelid and arthropod lineages. No representative of the Hox9/AbdB group was identified. Our results are consistent with a hypothesis of a single HOM/HOX cluster in Ctenodrilus as extensive as that seen in strongly tagmatized arthropods, suggesting that the primitive role of these genes even in overtly metameric animals was something other than specification of overt segmental differentiation. The primers used also detected representatives of six other homeobox classes or families: Xlox (XlHbox8/HTr-A2), Ovx (Chox7), caudal, Prh (proline-rich homeobox), NEC (ceh-9/Tghbox5), and engrailed.
A Markov model for order of emission in free recall

Abstract A stochastic model is described which predicts the kinds of words that will appear in given recall positions. The emission of words in free recall is regarded as a Markov chain where the category of the recalled word is determined by the kind of word preceding it. The model employs three parameters based on associative measures between and within the categories of stimulus words. These parameters can be estimated by any one of the several existing verbal association indices. An experiment is described which tests the model. In spite of the nonmonotonic form of the data, the model proves to be a valuable predictor when only one if its three parameters is made free for fitting.
Quantification of atomic-scale grain boundary parameters by high-resolution electron microscopy

Abstract Recent grain boundary modeling studies in fcc metals have revealed global correlations between GB energy and (i) the rigid-body translation normal to the grain boundary (the so-called volume expansion) and (ii) the degree of deviation of the local atomic coordination across the interface relative to the ideal lattice. This communication describes an approach towards evaluation of such parameters by analyzing images obtained by axial high-resolution electron microscopy, utilizing digital image-processing techniques. Observations on several 〈1 1 0〉 tilt GB's in Au are presented.
Properties of Alfvén solitons in a finite-beta plasma

The properties of Alfven solitons are examined (solitons propagating parallel to the magnetic field in a magnetized plasma) in the case when the plasma possesses a finite pressure. Starting from a two-fluid system of equations, the reductive perturbation method is used to derive a derivative nonlinear Schr odinger equation, which is solved by a pseudo-potential method. An envelope soliton is found which possesses a width –amplitude relationship. The same functional form for the envelope of the magnetic energy density is obtained regardless of the value of the plasma b.
Epileptogenic zone localization using magnetoencephalography predicts seizure freedom in epilepsy surgery

© Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 International League Against Epilepsy. Objective The efficacy of epilepsy surgery depends critically upon successful localization of the epileptogenic zone. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) enables noninvasive detection of interictal spike activity in epilepsy, which can then be localized in three dimensions using magnetic source imaging (MSI) techniques. However, the clinical value of MEG in the presurgical epilepsy evaluation is not fully understood, as studies to date are limited by either a lack of long-term seizure outcomes or small sample size. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with focal epilepsy who received MEG for interictal spike mapping followed by surgical resection at our institution. Results We studied 132 surgical patients, with mean postoperative follow-up of 3.6 years (minimum 1 year). Dipole source modeling was successful in 103 patients (78%), whereas no interictal spikes were seen in others. Among patients with successful dipole modeling, MEG findings were concordant with and specific to the following: (1) the region of resection in 66% of patients, (2) invasive electrocorticography (ECoG) findings in 67% of individuals, and (3) the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormality in 74% of cases. MEG showed discordant lateralization in ~5% of cases. After surgery, 70% of all patients achieved seizure freedom (Engel class I outcome). Whereas 85% of patients with concordant and specific MEG findings became seizure-free, this outcome was achieved by only 37% of individuals with MEG findings that were nonspecific to or discordant with the region of resection (χ2 = 26.4, p < 0.001). MEG reliability was comparable in patients with or without localized scalp electroencephalography (EEG), and overall, localizing MEG findings predicted seizure freedom with an odds ratio of 5.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23-11.8). Significance MEG is a valuable tool for noninvasive interictal spike mapping in epilepsy surgery, including patients with nonlocalized findings receiving long-term EEG monitoring, and localization of the epileptogenic zone using MEG is associated with improved seizure outcomes.
Continuing challenges for computer-based neuropsychological tests.

Abstract A number of issues critical to the development of computer-based neuropsychological testing systems that remain continuing challenges to their widespread use in occupational and environmental health are reviewed. Several computer-based neuropsychological testing systems have been developed over the last 20 years, and they have contributed substantially to the study of neurologic effects of a number of environmental exposures. However, many are no longer supported and do not run on contemporary personal computer operating systems. Issues that are continuing challenges for development of computer-based neuropsychological tests in environmental and occupational health are discussed: (1) some current technological trends that generally make test development more difficult; (2) lack of availability of usable speech recognition of the type required for computer-based testing systems; (3) implementing computer-based procedures and tasks that are improvements over, not just adaptations of, their manually-administered predecessors; (4) implementing tests of a wider range of memory functions than the limited range now available; (5) paying more attention to motivational influences that affect the reliability and validity of computer-based measurements; and (6) increasing the usability of and audience for computer-based systems. Partial solutions to some of these challenges are offered. The challenges posed by current technological trends are substantial and generally beyond the control of testing system developers. Widespread acceptance of the “tablet PC” and implementation of accurate small vocabulary, discrete, speaker-independent speech recognition would enable revolutionary improvements to computer-based testing systems, particularly for testing memory functions not covered in existing systems. Dynamic, adaptive procedures, particularly ones based on item-response theory (IRT) and computerized-adaptive testing (CAT) methods, will be implemented in new tests that will be more efficient, reliabile, and valid than existing test procedures. These additional developments, along with implementation of innovative reporting formats, are necessary for more widespread acceptance of the testing systems.
Nonlinear upper hybnd drift waves for /spl rlhar2/E ⊥/spl rlhar2/B 0 in the vlasov-maxwell approximation

Upper hybrid drift waves are found as a special solution to a Vlasov-Maxwell plasma which has a longitudinal electric field and a perpendicular uniform magnetic field. A single-species plasma with a constant-density mobile neutralizing background supports spatially varying disturbances that oscillate at the upper hybrid frequency. The general functional dependences of the electric field, the plasma number density, and the one-particle distribution function for the special case are found from more general Vlasov-Maxwell equations invariant under a Lie group point transformation. The one-particle distribution function for the plasma is a function of the Liouville invariant, which is the energy in the generalized Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) reference frame, and the momentum in the drift direction.
Crossing over to cross-over trials

If you have never designed a cross-over trial before then Byron Jones and Scott Haughie give some helpful tips on how to do it.
The Effect of Triamcinolone Acetonide on a Refined Experimental Model of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Animal models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in which the intact vitreous body is injected with large numbers of fibroblasts do not resemble the human situation. Using a refined rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in which the vitreous is compressed and partially detached from the retinal surface and small amounts of tissue-cultured homologous fibroblasts (25,000) are scattered over the vascularized part of the retina, we reevaluated the effect of intravitreally injected triamcinolone acetonide. We found that 2 mg of the corticosteroid reduced the incidence of retinal detachments from 90% to 56%. The effect was less than in previous models with intact vitreous. Large doses of the corticosteroid had no additional effect on the reduction of retinal detachments, indicating an optimal dosage of 2 mg. The effect of the corticosteroid on neovascularization was considerable; with 8 mg it could almost be prevented (reduction from 74% to 8%).
Preparations of Carbon‐l4‐Labeled Polyoxyethylene (20) Sorbitan Monolaurate and their Metabolic Fate in Rats

SUMMARY Preparation is given and metabolic fate is shown in rats for both fatty-acid-V-labeled and polyoxyetbylene-C14-labeled polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate. The emulsifier's metabolic pattern, following oral administration, appears to be as follows: The ester bond between the polyoxyethylated polyol and fatty acid moieties undergoes almost complete hydrolysis, with the fatty acid portion being metabolized in a manner similar to that for trilaurin. The ether linkage between the polyoxyethylene chain and the hexitan molecule is not disrupted appreciably, and this polyoxyethylene-polyol emulsifier moiety is only slightly absorbed. The data also show that none of the polyol moiety is stored in the body of the animal. The fate of each labeled form of the emulsifier following intravenous administration is also shown.