cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural Hazards: Geology, Engineering, Agriculture, and Sociopolitical/Humanitarian Considerations for the Twenty-First Century

Dangers from natural hazards have been characterized quantitatively by national and international committees of geoscientists based on technical advances in geochemistry and geophysics (sensu lato). The current status of knowledge on natural hazards is reviewed with particular emphasis on comet/asteroid impact, earthquakes, and volcanoes. All these hazards are survivable by the world's population if appropriate measures are taken over the next century and millennium. Ideas for mitigation include: general use of weathered volcanic ash and power-station fly ash to make pozzolana cement for strengthening buildings, and stabilizing weak ground and hillsides prone to slumping; long-term storage of grains under nitrogen, together with other techniques for maintaining viability of stored food; drilling of tunnels under major cities to facilitate traffic flow, and for protection against impact of bolides and bombs; design of sea and lake fronts to guard against tsunamis from earthquakes and asteroid impact. The f...
A story of a seminal line-shape paper

Abstract A background of the publication of the seminal paper on line shape by C.J. Tsao and B. Curnutte (C.J. Tsao, B. Curnutte, Line-widths of pressure-broadened spectral lines, JQSRT 2 (1962) pp. 41–91.) is presented. This highly cited paper continues to have a significant impact on research involving molecular collisions.
A Classroom Demonstration of Nuttin's (1985) Ownership Effect: The Letters of My Own First Name

Undergraduate social psychology students can benefit from a classroom experience that demonstrates their preferences for objects or events related to themselves, particularly when the factors givin...
States continue push to tax internet sales

State and local governments have relied on sales tax as a significant source of revenue. But the Internet has made them lose sales tax revenue, as online purchases have soared. So states are continuing a push to tax sales made over the Internet, which can impact companies' cash flow. Here's an update of the situation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple stressor effects of near-future elevated seawater temperature and decreased pH on righting and escape behaviors of two common Antarctic gastropods

Warming seawater temperatures and ocean acidification on the coastal western Antarctic Peninsula pose unique challenges to stenothermal marine invertebrates. The present study examines prospective sub-lethal effects of elevated temperature, pCO2, and resultant decrease in seawater pH, on righting behavior and maximal escape speeds for two common gastropods, the limpet Nacella concinna (Strebel) and mesogastropod snail Margarella antarctica (Lamy). Replicate individuals held in individual containers were exposed to four combinations of seawater temperature (1.5 °C — current average, 3.5 °C — projected average by 2100) and pH (pH 8.0 — current average, pH 7.8 — projected average by 2100 as a result of elevated pCO2 levels) for a period of 6 weeks. Following this chronic exposure, righting behavior, determined for the limpets as proportion to right over 24 h and for snails as time to right, as well as maximum escape speed following contact with a sea star predator were measured. We found no significant differences in proportions of limpets displaying the capacity to right among the four temperature–pH treatments. However, there was a significant temperature–pH interaction effect for mean righting times in snails, indicating that the effect of pH on the time to right is dependent on temperature. We found no significant effects of temperature or pH on mean maximal escape speed in limpets. Additionally, we observed a significant temperature–pH interaction effect for mean maximal escape speed in snails. These interactive effects make it difficult to make clear predictions about how these environmental factors may impact behavioral responses.
Responses of simple and complex cells to compound sine-wave gratings.

Abstract We have studied the responses of simple and complex cells in the primary visual cortex of the cat to rigidly drifting compound sine-wave gratings as a function of the phase offset between fundamental and harmonic frequencies that both fell within the passband of the cell. Simple cells show phase-dependent increases and decreases in peak and mean response which are predictable on the basis of a cell's line weighting function. However, the amplitudes and phases of the base and harmonic frequencies in the response are, in general, not well predicted by the relationships of these same components in the compound grating stimuli. These distortions are shown to be largely a consequence of the rectification that follows linear summation at the simple cell stage. Such distortions are, in principle, correctable when the responses of a second simple cell, as part of a 180 deg phase pair, are taken into account. Complex cells typically showed a strong nonlinear response component at the difference frequency of drifting compound gratings. This was sometimes accompanied by a linear responses component at one, or both, of the separate stimulus frequencies. Information about the absolute phases of the frequency components of a compound grating is not preserved in the nonlinear response, of complex cells; however, information about the local phase difference between the gratings is preserved. In effect, the nonlinear component of the complex cell response is proportional to the time-varying signal envelope that results from the mutual interference of stimulus frequencies that fall in the cell's spatial receptive field and frequency passband.
Performance criteria for dynamic window systems using nanostructured behaviors for energy harvesting and environmental comfort

Contemporary commercial building types continue to incorporate predominantly glazed envelope systems, despite the associated challenges with thermal regulation, visual comfort, and increased energy consumption. The advantage of window systems that could adaptively respond to changes in the environment while meeting variable demands for building energy use and occupant comfort has led to considerable investment towards the advancement of dynamic window technologies. Although these technologies demonstrate cost warranting improvements in building energy performance, they face challenges with visible clarity, color variability and response time. Furthermore, they remain challenged with respect to their ability to adequately control important qualitative criteria for daylighting such as glare and balanced light redistribution within occupied spaces. The material dependent limitations of advanced glazing technologies have initiated a search for new thin film solutions, with new device possibilities emerging across many fields. Idealized window performance has traditionally been defined as the dynamic control of solar transmittance, glare, solar gain and daylighting at any time to manage energy, comfort and view. However, in the context of wider goals towards building energy self-sufficiency through the achievement of on-site net zero energy, emerging material systems point towards other physical phenomena for achieving transparency modulation and energy harvesting, demanding a broader range of criteria for advanced glazing controls that allow the glazed building envelope to exist as a transfer function that can address and potentially accommodate the following five principal criteria: 1. Thermal management; 2. Daylighting harvesting and modulation; 3. Maintenance of views; 4. Active power capture, transfer, storage and redistribution; 5. Information Display. Building upon the existing set of performance requirements for high-performance glazing, this paper prescribes additional system functions using nano-structured behaviors operating within insulated glazing units (IGU) for energy harvesting opportunities and increased environmental comfort. Specifically, the proposed goal is to incorporate multiple functions that span energy performance with culturally valuable attributes such as variable patterning and information display.
Musical lives: A collective portrait of American parents and their young children

Abstract Across cultures and throughout history, parents have interacted musically with their young children. Using data from the Commonwealth Fund Survey of over 2000 families with children from birth to age 3, this study provides evidence about the frequency with which U. S. parents engage musically with their children and how that engagement varies with sociodemographic and parent characteristics, such as emotional distress, frustration, and responsivity. Sixty percent of the parents surveyed reported singing/playing music for their children daily, an additional 32% reported doing so weekly. Mothers compared to fathers were more likely to sing/play music for their children; these activities occurred more frequently with infants (0–23 months) than with toddlers (24–36 months), with firstborn rather than latter-born children, and with parents who had more than a high school education. Emotional distress was negatively associated with musical engagement. Results are discussed in relation to general developmental trends, implications for education, and recommendations for future research.
Inhibitory effects of 405 nm irradiation on Chlamydia trachomatis growth and characterization of the ensuing inflammatory response in HeLa cells.

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular bacterium that resides in the conjunctival and reproductive tract mucosae and is responsible for an array of acute and chronic diseases. A percentage of these infections persist even after use of antibiotics, suggesting the need for alternative treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated anti-bacterial effects using different wavelengths of visible light at varying energy densities, though only against extracellular bacteria. We investigated the effects of visible light (405 and 670 nm) irradiation via light emitting diode (LEDs) on chlamydial growth in endocervical epithelial cells, HeLa, during active and penicillin-induced persistent infections. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of this photo treatment on the ensuing secretion of IL-6 and CCL2, two pro-inflammatory cytokines that have previously been identified as immunopathologic components associated with trichiasis in vivo. Results: C. trachomatis-infected HeLa cells were treated with 405 or 670 nm irradiation at varying energy densities (0 – 20 J/cm 2 ). Bacterial growth was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR analyzing the 16S: GAPDH ratio, while cell-free supernatants were examined for IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) production. Our results demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect on chlamydial growth during both active and persistent infections following 405 nm irradiation. Diminished bacterial load corresponded to lower IL-6 concentrations, but was not related to CCL2 levels. In vitro modeling of a persistent C. trachomatis infection induced by penicillin demonstrated significantly elevated IL-6 levels compared to C. trachomatis infection alone, though 405 nm irradiation had a minimal effect on this production. Conclusion: Together these results identify novel inhibitory effects of 405 nm violet light on the bacterial growth of intracellular bacterium C. trachomatis in vitro, which also coincides with diminished levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
On the history and prehistory of CO2

I will trace the little known prehistory and parts of the better known history of CO2 by investigating some of the names it has been given from Antiquity to the present day. In Antiquity, the words pneuma or spiritus letalis designated both a supernatural force and an exhalation that emanated from certain caves. We will see how CO2 gradually came to be regarded as something natural, a gas and then substance.
Fluorescence Spectroscopic Profiling of Compound Libraries

Chromo/fluorophoric properties often accompany the heterocyclic scaffolds and impurities that comprise libraries used for high-throughput screening (HTS). These properties affect assay outputs obtained with optical detection, thus complicating analysis and leading to false positives and negatives. Here, we report the fluorescence profile of more than 70 000 samples across spectral regions commonly utilized in HTS. The quantitative HTS paradigm was utilized to test each sample at seven or more concentrations over a 4-log range in 1536-well format. Raw fluorescence was compared with fluorophore standards to compute a normalized response as a function of concentration and spectral region. More than 5% of library members were brighter than the equivalent of 10 nM 4-methyl umbelliferone, a common UV-active probe. Red-shifting the spectral window by as little as 100 nm was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in autofluorescence. Native compound fluorescence, fluorescent impurities, novel fluorescent compounds, a...
Synthesis of tetra-alkoxy- and tetra-aryloxyethenes

Several tetra-alkoxyethenes have been synthesized from dialkoxy-monoaryl-oxymethanes by treatment with sodium hydride. The occurrence of dialkoxy carbenes as possible reaction intermediates is discussed. Best results (45-60%) were obtained with dialkoxy-mono-p-chlorophenoxymethanes. Tetra-aryloxyethenes have been prepared by a similar procedure in which diaryloxymethyl chlorides were used as starting compounds.
Strategies for studying cardiovascular phenotypes in genetically manipulated mice

Abstract Unraveling the pathogenesis of complex cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, requires the development of in vivo animal model systems. Although large-animal models have long served as the gold standard, recent advances in transgenic and gene-targeting approaches, mouse genetics, and microsurgical technology are initiating a revolution that has led to the unexpected coupling of in vivo molecular physiology with genetically engineered mice. This article discusses the design of strategies to study complex cardiovascular phenotypes in genetically modified mice, including both transgenic and gene-targeted animals. At this time, a number of strategies are used to address specific molecular or physiological questions, and examples are briefly highlighted. In addition, a number of potential problems in the generation and use of transgenic mice in the study of cardiovascular biology are presented.
A Harnack Inequality for Ordinary Differential Equations

is true for all x and y in [a, b] and for each u in H that is not identically zero. In other words, the ratios of the values of the nonzero functions in H at any two points of [a, b] all lie in the fixed interval [1/C, C] that is independent of the functions. (We will see in section 4 that C does, in general, depend on A and B as well as on a and b.) Alex Harnack (1851-1888) first introduced inequality (1.2) in his book Grundlagen der Theorie des Logarithmischen Potentials (Leipzig, 1887). In this book, the inequality was stated for positive harmonic functions, and Harnack used it to show that a bounded sequence of harmonic functions on an open connected set in Euclidean space contains a subsequence that converges uniformly on compacta to a harmonic function. This fact is useful, in turn, for establishing the existence of a harmonic function on an open set 2 that takes prescribed continuous data on the boundary 302 [6, pp. 2326](i.e., for solving the classical Dirichlet problem). Recall that a harmonic function on an open set i2 in R" is a function u in C2 (2) that satisfies Laplace's equation:
Norepinephrine stimulates behavioral activation in rats following depletion of nucleus accumbens dopamine.

Abstract Intraventricular (ICV) infusion of norepinephrine 3NE) produces locomotor activation in rats that is greatly prior depletion of whole brain catecholamines by ICV injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). In a series of experiments, the neural of this potentiated locomotor responses were examined. One group of animals received ICV infusion of 6OHDA to deplete whole brain catecholamines. Other rats were pretreated with desmethylimipramine (DMI) and then received 6OHDA infusion into the nucleus accumbens (NAC) to selectively deplete dopamine (DA) from this region. One week later, all animals were tested for their locomotor response to ICV infusion of NE. Both groups of rats exhibited a greatly potentiated locomotor response to ICV NE compared to corresponding sham-lesioned animals. Both ICV and NAC 6OHDA-injected animals also exhibited a supersensitive locomotor response to the DA receptor agonist apomorphine. These results suggest that NE-induced locomotor activation in ICV 6OHDA-treted rats results from the actions of NE on supersensitive NAC DA receptors.
Changing aids‐ and fertility‐related behavior: The effectiveness of sexual education

A questionnaire was used to access the effectiveness of a ten‐week university course on human sexuality in changing students' AIDS‐ and fertility‐related behavior. The students' knowledge and behavior were evaluated (1) early in the class before there were any discussions or readings about sexual behavior, AIDS, or birth control and (2) three months later—approximately one month after completing the class. A randomly selected control group of students who did not take the class on sexuality was given the questionnaire at the same two points in time. Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed significant increases in knowledge about the likelihood of contracting the virus from one act of vaginal intercourse. The experimental group also reported increased worry about contracting AIDS from their sexual activity, while the control group did not. Further, compared with the control group, the experimental group increased certain cautious behaviors, such as being more selective in their choice ...
Determinants of Data Breaches: A Categorization-Based Empirical Investigation

Data security breaches involving personal and sensitive information have significantly grown over the last few years. The stolen personal information—which includes social security number (SSN), medical records, date of birth, etc.—has been used to launch fraud against individuals and organizations. It already costs billions of dollars in the United States to detect and remediate consequences of security breaches which include identity theft frauds and lawsuits. It is estimated that on an average a company spends $2 million per data breach. With the increase in the rate of breaches, it has become equally important for organizations and individuals to understand the risks and take measures to safeguard personal information. This article investigates data security breaches, which accounted for about 26 million compromised records of personal information in the United States, to present the trends and risks that characterize the security breaches. The article categorizes the incident and loss trends into dif...
On the K+ -Ko mass difference

Abstract The electromagnetic mass difference between K+ and Ko is related to that between π+ and πo by means of the algebra of currents and hypothesising a partial conservation of the isovector electromagnetic current in analogy with PCAC.
ON DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LINGUISTIC VARIABLES DEFINED VIA FUZZY SUBSETS

We introduce three different classes of linguistic variables. Each of these classes can assume values defined via a fuzzy subset.
Affinity-based cluster assignment for unrolled loops

To compete performance-wise, modern VLIW processors must have fast clock rates and high instruction-level parallelism (ILP). Partitioning resources (functional units and registers) into clusters allows the processor to be clocked faster, but operand transfers across clusters can easily become a bottleneck. Increasing the number of functional units increases the potential ILP, but only helps if the functional units can be kept busy.To support these features, optimizations such as loop unrolling must be applied to expose ILP, and instructions must be explicitly assigned to clusters to minimize cross-cluster transfers. In an architecture with homogeneous clusters, the number of functional units of a given type is typically a multiple of the number of clusters. Thus, it is common to unroll a loop so that the number of copies of the loop body is a multiple of the number of clusters. The result is that there is a natural mapping of instructions to clusters, which is often the best mapping. While this mapping can be obvious by inspection, we have found that existing cluster assignment algorithms often miss this natural split. The consequence is an excessive number of inter-cluster transfers, which slows down the loop.Because we were unable to find an existing cluster-assignment algorithm that performed well for unrolled loops, we developed our own. Our Affinity-Based Clustering (ABC) algorithm has been implemented in a production compiler for the Texas Instruments TMS320C6000, a two-cluster VLIW architecture. It is tailored for exploiting the patterns that result from either manual or compiler-based unrolling. As demonstrated experimentally, it performs well, even when post-unrolling optimizations partially obscure the natural split.
A radiotherapy technique to limit dose to neural progenitor cell niches without compromising tumor coverage

Radiation therapy (RT) for brain tumors is associated with neurocognitive toxicity which may be a result of damage to neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We present a novel technique to limit the radiation dose to NPC without compromising tumor coverage. A study was performed in mice to examine the rationale and another was conducted in humans to determine its feasibility. C57BL/6 mice received localized radiation using a dedicated animal irradiation system with on-board CT imaging with either: (1) Radiation which spared NPC containing regions; (2) Radiation which did not spare these niches; or (3) Sham irradiation. Mice were sacrificed 24 h later and the brains were processed for immunohistochemical Ki-67 staining. For the human component of the study, 33 patients with primary brain tumors were evaluated. Two intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans were retrospectively compared: a standard clinical plan and a plan which spares NPC regions while maintaining the same dose coverage of the tumor. The change in radiation dose to the contralateral NPC-containing regions was recorded. In the mouse model, non-NPC-sparing radiation treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the number of Ki67+ cells in dentate gyrus (DG) (P = 0.008) and subventricular zone (SVZ) (P = 0.005) compared to NPC-sparing radiation treatment. In NPC-sparing clinical plans, NPC regions received significantly lower radiation dose with no clinically relevant changes in tumor coverage. This novel radiation technique should significantly reduce radiation doses to NPC containing regions of the brain which may reduce neurocognitive deficits following RT for brain tumors.
On computing radiative heat flux distributions using the FN method

the exit intensities, heat fluxes internal to the medium must be the eigenfunction for the continuum eigenvalues and N is its comnuted from the nrimarv results associated with the norm. These functions are given by (cf. (4)) sin&lar eigenfun~tion-expansion. A computational problem is encountered in such evaluations. The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate how this problem may be resolved. The heat flux within an anisotropically scattering planar slab of finite optical thickness is given from the singular eigenfunction expansion technique by (IS)
Generality of shear thickening in dense suspensions

Suspensions are of wide interest and form the basis for many smart fluids. For most suspensions, the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, that is, they shear thin. Few are reported to do the opposite, that is, shear thicken, despite the longstanding expectation that shear thickening is a generic type of suspension behaviour. Here we resolve this apparent contradiction. We demonstrate that shear thickening can be masked by a yield stress and can be recovered when the yield stress is decreased below a threshold. We show the generality of this argument and quantify the threshold in rheology experiments where we control yield stresses arising from a variety of sources, such as attractions from particle surface interactions, induced dipoles from applied electric and magnetic fields, as well as confinement of hard particles at high packing fractions. These findings open up possibilities for the design of smart suspensions that combine shear thickening with electro- or magnetorheological response.
Serological Aspects of Immunity in Invertebrates

WHILE most of the scattered attempts to produce antibodies in invertebrates have failed1, some of the reactions which have been produced in host animals are interesting in themselves. For example, it has been clearly demonstrated that caterpillars develop a temporary, but significant, resistance to bacteria following injections with several kinds of substances2–4, and that in some cases they even produce heat-stable bactericidal substances5. Of great potential significance has been the work of Cantacuzene6–8, who induced slow antibody-like responses in several marine crabs, in a marine worm, and possibly in an ascidian. His work was done during 1919–28, and therefore lacks some of the quantitative and control data which might fully establish the findings. The findings are of such significance, however, that there is great need to repeat his work and to re-investigate the problem in the same hosts.
Stone-age mass spectrometry: the beginnings of “SIMS” at RCA Laboratories, Princeton

Abstract This paper takes you back almost half a century, to the time when mass spectrometry was young and exciting, and research was exploring new frontiers every day. Our early experiments called “sputtering of surfaces by positive ion beams”, now known as “SIMS”, were carried out with the simple, yet flexible instrumentation available at that time and produced many interesting results that are still valid today. Since commercial equipment did not exist in those days, just about everything had to be designed and constructed in-house - hardware as well as circuitry. Thus progress was slow, but occasional malfunctioning of a component could be readily rectified. It is gratifying to see how SIMS has developed in the interim from our early feasibility studies into a major research effort carried out worldwide in many laboratories.
Sleep apnea syndrome in chronic renal disease

Abstract purpose: We performed this study in order to expand on an earlier report indicating a high prevalence of the sleep apnea syndrome in male patients with end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis and to determine whether patients with chronic renal insufficiency (prior to the initiation of therapy for end-stage renal disease) and female patients with end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis were affected. patients and methods: Polysomnography was peformed in 26 male and female patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis who were not receiving testosterone. They included 22 whose histories were suggestive of sleep apnea ("symptomatic") and four whose histories were not ("asymptomatic"). results: Sixteen of the symptomatic (73 percent) and none of the asymptomatic patients were found to have clinically significant sleep apnea syndrome (p conclusion: These preliminary date raise the possibility of an association of chronic renal disease and the sleep apnea syndrome, and suggest that osme of the daytime sleepiness and disturbed nocturnal sleep in such patients may be related to sleep apnea. They also indicate that questioning patients with chronic renal disease about symptoms suggestive of a sleep disorder is useful in determining who are at high risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Further study is required to establish a causal relationship between chronic renal disease and the sleep apnea syndrome, and to determine the prevalence of the latter in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Laboratory growth of larval lampreys (Lampetra (Entosphenus) tridentata Richardson) at different food concentrations and animal densities

Lampreys are important research animals. This study investigates some of the Parameters important for culturing the Suspension feeding larvae: food concentration, temperature and crowding. Large larvae (Lampetra (Entosphenus) tridentata Richardson) were used, weigh-ing from l·5 to 3·0 g (wet). Two food types were employed: suspended yeast cells (Saccharo-myces cerevisiae, 0–20 mg1 – (dry), or, in a few tests, a fine particulate fish food, Liquifry® (Interpet LTD, 0–13 mg l-1). At both 14 and 4°C, yeast could sustain weight increases comparable to those in nature: >6% month-1 for up to 6 months, the duration of the study. In a single lest, a vitamin Supplement failed to improve growth on yeast. Growth-was fastest at 14°C (+41% month-1, max. weight increase), although also substantial at 4°C (+11% month-1, max). Growth could not be sustained at 20°C, due perhaps to difficulty in removing products of food decay from the aquaria. Food level being constant, growth rate varied inversely with animal density. It is suggested that larval lampreys release a growth-inhibiting substance into the sand which they inhabit. Overall, the best growth was obtained at 14° C, with <0·05g of animal (wet weight) – aquarium water and average daily yeast concentrations between 4 and 13 mg –. Liquifry was associated with lowered growth rates when present continually above 4 mg (dry weight) – (14° C), although growth did occur at lower concentrations.
Acute airway narrowing in monkeys from challenge with 2.5 ppm formaldehyde generated from formalin.

Nine adult male Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were exposed for 10 min to 2.55 +/- 0.03 ppm formaldehyde (HCHO; mean +/- standard error of the mean, SEM) generated from formalin with a newly developed HCHO challenge system. The generation system was capable of producing highly stable HCHO vapor concentrations with fluctuations of HCHO concentrations of less than +/- 5%. The experimental design included pre-exposure methacholine challenge to determine if responses to HCHO were associated with pre-existing bronchial hyperreactivity. Significant changes in average pulmonary flow resistance (RL) were observed (compared to control RL values) at 2 (p less than 0.01), 5 (p less than 0.01), and 10 min (p less than 0.005) post-HCHO challenge. Pre-challenge RL values (mean +/- SEM) were 11.3 +/- 1.4 cm H2O.l/s, while at 2, 5, and 10 min after HCHO challenge, values were 16.1 +/- 2.1, 16.9 +/- 2.8 and 20.0 +/- 3.4 cm H2O.l/s, respectively. Methacholine challenge data suggest that reactions to HCHO tend to be greater in monkeys hyperreactive to methacholine, but the relationship does not reach statistical significance in this small series of animals. These data indicate that significant pulmonary function deficits occur immediately after challenge with 2.55 ppm HCHO vapor in monkeys.
Effects of nifedipine GITS and atenolol monotherapy on serum lipids, blood pressure, heart rate, and weight in mild to moderate hypertension.

Forty-nine patients, with ages ranging from eighteen to seventy years and with mild to moderate primary hypertension (sitting diastolic blood pressure of > 95 mmgH and < 115 mmHg) were randomized into a twenty-one-week, double-blind, prospective study to determine the effects of monotherapy of nifedipine GITS (gastrointestinal therapeutic system) versus atenolol on serum lipids, lipid subfractions, apolipoproteins, (apo), and blood pressure (BP). Nifedipine GITS and atenolol significantly reduced blood pressure, but nifedipine GITS reduced sitting and standing systolic BP significantly more than atenolol (p = .001). Sitting and standing heart rate decreased significantly (p = 0.001) during atenolol therapy but did not change significantly during nifedipine GITS therapy. Atenolol increased weight (mean change + 2.2 lb; p = 0.011), but nifedipine GITS decreased weight (mean change - 2.4 lb; p = 0.07).Nifedipine GITS had a more favorable effect on the lipid profile. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-...
Owner survey of headshaking in horses

Objective—To determine signalment, history, clinical signs, duration, seasonality, and response to various treatments reported by owners for headshaking in horses. Design—Owner survey. Animals—109 horses with headshaking. Procedure—Owners of affected horses completed a survey questionnaire. Results—78 affected horses were geldings, 29 were mares, and 2 were stallions. Mean age of onset was 9 years. Headshaking in 64 horses had a seasonal component, and for most horses, headshaking began in spring and ceased in late summer or fall. The most common clinical signs were shaking the head in a vertical plane, acting like an insect was flying up the nostril, snorting excessively, rubbing the muzzle on objects, having an anxious expression while headshaking, worsening of clinical signs with exposure to sunlight, and improvement of clinical signs at night. Treatment with antihistamines, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, antimicrobials, fly control, chiropractic, and acupuncture had limited succ...
Variable-rate selective excitation

Abstract A procedure is introduced for refabricating any spatially selective excitation pulse to reduce its SAR while preserving its duration and slice profile. Called variable-rate selective excitation, the procedure allows for a variable trade-off of RF amplitude for duration at each sample of the pulse. SAR reduction of 50% is possible with only a mild smearing of the off resonance slice profile. Experimental slice profiles verify the principle.
Structure of the DNA-binding region of lac repressor inferred from its homology with cro repressor

It is shown that the amino acid sequence and the DNA gene sequence of the 25 amino-terminal residues of the lac repressor protein of Escherichia coli are homologous with the sequences of five DNA-binding proteins: the cro repressor proteins from phage lambda and phage 434, the cI and cII proteins from phage lambda, and the repressor protein from Salmonella phage P22. The region of homology between lac repressor and the other proteins coincides with the principal DNA-binding region of cro repressor. In particular, residues Tyr-17 through Gln-26 of lac repressor correspond to the alpha-helix Gln-27 through Ala-36 of cro repressor, which we have postulated to bind within the major groove of the DNA and to be primarily responsible for the recognition of the DNA operator region by the protein [Anderson, W. F., Ohlendorf, D. H., Takeda, Y. & Matthews, B. W. (1981) Nature (London) 290, 754--758]. By analogy with cro repressor, we propose that residues 17--26 of lac repressor are alpha-helical and that this helix and a twofold-related alpha-helix in an adjacent subunit bind within successive major grooves of the lac operator, which is in a right-handed Watson--Crick B-DNA conformation. Also, by analogy with cro repressor, we suggest that residues Thr-5 through Ala-13 of lac repressor form a second alpha-helix and contribute, in part, to DNA binding. The proposed structure for the DNA-binding region of lac repressor is consistent with chemical protection data and with genetic experiments identifying the probable locations of a number of the residues of the repressor protein that either do or do not participate in DNA binding.
Pathology of the umbilical cord in congenital syphilis: Analysis of 25 specimens using histochemistry and immunofluorescent antibody to Treponema pallidum

Identification of Treponema pallidum in the placenta is important for diagnosis of congenital syphilis; however, spirochetes are difficult to observe in chorionic villi. To determine the sensitivity of umbilical cord examination for T pallidum, and the association of spirochetes with cord pathology, placentas were prospectively obtained from 25 women with untreated syphilis. The most common finding using hematoxylin-eosin staining was a normal-appearing umbilical cord (48%); necrotizing funisitis was the most frequent pathological lesion (36%). Spirochetes were detected using silver and immunofluorescent staining in 89% of cords, including 92% of histologically normal and 84% of abnormal cords. Three specimens showed subamnionic aggregates of spirochetes, consistent with amniotic fluid infection. Necrotizing funisitis was strongly associated with umbilical artery infection by spirochetes (P = .008). There was a 100% correlation between results of silver and immunofluorescent staining. The umbilical cord is a sensitive site for morphological confirmation of T pallidum; it is significant for the pathologist that spirochetes may often be detected in the absence of overt tissue inflammation or necrosis.
Monte‐Carlo Modeling of polar wind photoelectron distributions with anomalous heat flux

{ital In} {ital situ} measurements above the polar cap by the DE satellites show asymmetric, field-aligned electron velocity distributions in the photoelectron energy range (5--60 eV). The formation of these aniosotropic distributions is described by a collisional kinetic equation that includes the effects of Coulomb collisions (via a Fokker-Planck operator), those of a parallel electric field, and the magnetic mirror effects of the geomagnetic field. We solve this equation using a Monte Carlo simulation method. The simulation illustrates the formation of the portion of the observed electron distributions originating in the ionosphere, and permits us to evaluate the significance of the suprathermal electrons at higher altitude. Both observations and calculations indicate that these electrons possess an energy flux which, by its effect on the polar wind electric field, may influence the dynamics of the polar wind outflow. {copyright} American Geophysical Union 1989
Polarity of nuclear and organellar DNA during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Plumbago zeylanica

Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis of Plumbago zeylanica were studied using isolated megasporocytes, megaspores, and embryo sacs labeled with Hoechst 33258 for nuclear and organellar (presumably plastid) DNA. Megasporogenesis conforms to the tetrasporic Plumbago type, producing a coenomegaspore with four megaspore nuclei. Organeller DNA is polarized in the micropylar end of the coenomegaspore and embryo sac, reflecting the site of egg cell formation. The three remaining nuclei are somewhat displaced to the chalazal pole, producing a variable number of accessory cells and a 4N secondary central cell nucleus. Ultimately, the mature embryo sac consists of two to five cells including an egg cell, a central cell, zero to two lateral cells, and zero to one antipodal cell depending on the degeneration of the lateral or chalazal nuclei during megagametogenesis.
Growth of Jupiter: Enhancement of core accretion by a voluminous low-mass envelope

Abstract We present calculations of the early stages of the formation of Jupiter via core nucleated accretion and gas capture. The core begins as a seed body of about 350 km in radius and orbits in a swarm of planetesimals whose initial radii range from 15 m to 50 km. The evolution of the swarm accounts for growth and fragmentation, viscous and gravitational stirring, and for drag-assisted migration and velocity damping. During this evolution, less than 9% of the mass is in planetesimals smaller than 1 km in radius; ≲25% is in planetesimals with radii between 1 and 10 km; and ≲7% is in bodies with radii larger than 100 km. Gas capture by the core substantially enhances the size-dependent cross-section of the planet for accretion of planetesimals. The calculation of dust opacity in the planet’s envelope accounts for coagulation and sedimentation of dust particles released as planetesimals are ablated. The calculation is carried out at an orbital semi-major axis of 5.2 AU and the initial solids’ surface density is 10 g cm - 2 at that distance. The results give a core mass of nearly 7.3 Earth masses ( M ⊕ ) and an envelope mass of ≈ 0.15 M ⊕ after about 4 × 10 5 years, at which point the envelope growth rate surpasses that of the core. The same calculation without the envelope yields a core of only about 4.4 M ⊕ .
Lattice preserving maps on lattices of continuous functions

Abstract Lattice preserving maps between sublattices of continuous functions on locally compact spaces (e.g. the functions with compact support) are studied. These maps, though not necessarily linear, are related to continuous functions between the underlying locally compact spaces. Consequences for first countable spaces including an automatic continuity for these lattice maps are provided.
The Duhemian historiographical project

Duhem regarded the history of physical science as carrying a twofold lesson for the practicing physicist. First, history revealed the slow, groping, yet continuous development of physical theory toward a true description of the relations among natural entities. Second, history also unmasked false explanations and metaphysical beliefs that might seduce the unwary scientist into following an unfruitful line of research. This paper brings forth the central images underlying Duhem's historiographical project and uses the papers by S. Menn and W. A. Wallace to ask what Duhem's enterprise actually meant in practice. I argue that the main question is the following: What is to count as the proper space of historical meaning and explanation? ‘Strong’ Duhemians, such as S. Menn, purchase the longue duree at the cost of making historical agents into completely passive transmitters of conceptual homologies; ‘weak’ Duhemians, such as W. A. Wallace, shorten the temporal distance between agents and permit thereby a modicum of conflict and negotiation within physical theory while still seeking to preserve long-term conceptual genealogies. Both positions, it is argued, allow insufficient room for actors' categories to determine the space of cultural analysis.
Nonlinear Volterra Integrodifferential Equations

Abstract Using Bessel potential spaces and interpolation theory, we show the existence and uniqueness of global weak solutions of the semilinear Volterra integrodifferential equation u′(t) + Au(t) = ∫ t 0 a(t, s)g(s, u(s)) ds + ƒ(t, u(t)), t ≥ 0 u(0) = u0. The operator A is the negative infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup in a Banach space X and g(t, n) is the realization in X of an arbitrary polynomial differential operator in divergence form having the same order as A.
ANOMALOUS AND NORMAL SINGULARITIES AND THE INFINITE-MOMENTUM LIMIT.

The behavior of the intrinsic size of a bound state as a function of its mass is derived by using an analogy between nonrelativistic two-dimensional quantum mechanics and the infinite-momentum limit of relativistic quantum theory.
An Archive of Counterinsurgency: State Anxieties and Peasant Guerrillas in Cold War Mexico

Recently declassified Mexican spy reports that tracked and analysed revolutionary guerrilla organisations during the 1960s and 1970s collectively form an archive of counterinsurgency. The archive produced knowledge on individuals and groups deemed subversive threats to the authoritarian rule of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). This article examines one declassified spy report produced in late August 1972 after a peasant guerrilla movement in the south–western Mexican state of Guerrero surprisingly ambushed two military convoys. In proposing a series of counterinsurgent solutions to defeat the guerrilla El Partido de los Pobres (The Party of the Poor, PDLP), this article argues that the document reveals an anxious state's need to restore balance to a political situation unexpectedly off balance. The document's main suggestion, targeting the insurrection's base of popular support, would form the core of the counterinsurgency waged by the PRI regime in Guerrero from 1972 to 1974.
High pressure study of the superconducting and magnetic transitions of Er1−xGdxRh4B4

Abstract The superconducting and magnetic transitions were investigated under hydrostatic pressure up to about 19 kbar in the rare-earth rhodium boride ternaries, Er1−xGdxRh4B4, near the critical concentration of Gd above which the superconducting transition is completely suppressed. The superconducting transition temperature remains almost unchanged under pressure for all samples studied. The magnetic ordering temperature is enhanced linearly but at an increased rate as x approaches the critical concentration from below.
Using the Health Action Model to plan food safety educational materials for Hispanic workers in the mushroom industry

Sometimes educational materials do not work because they are designed without examining the worksite social and environmental factors affecting the target audience. Educational materials based on application of theory-based models may address more effectively the cause of food safety problems. The objective of this project was to use the Health Action Model (HAM) as a framework for developing food safety educational materials for Hispanic workers in the mushroom industry. HAM identifies five constructs or systems that represent conditions surrounding mushroom workers: Baseline food safety knowledge, normative system, motivational system, food safety/belief system, and appropriate working environment and conditions. Some refinements of the motivational construct were made for its use in this research. The Health Action Model provided a framework in which the variables that influence food safety behaviors were identified and described. The findings provided by using this framework were helpful to identify factors that should be taken into account in designing an educational intervention for Hispanic workers in the mushrooms industry. It is felt that the HAM model can be used as a guide to develop customized food safety educational materials at a variety of different settings and target audiences in food production facilities.
Nuclear Processes and Soft Fails in Microelectronics

Particle-induced single event effects (SEEs) are now recognized in the microelectronics and aerospace industries as one of the key factors which limit the reliability and performance in advanced technologies. In this survey we focus on an important class of SEEs, namely, single event upsets (SEUs), which are associated with soft fails in devices and circuits. We review our present understanding of the sources and physics of the SEU phenomena. At the fundamental level of particle interaction with semiconductor materials, certain nuclear processes – hadron-nucleus spallation reactions – are shown to play an important role in the SEU problems. We also discuss how nuclear modeling and certain experiments using proton, neutron and heavy ion beams provide critical inputs for SEU analysis.
New Endocranial Values for the Australopithecines

THROUGH the kindness of Professor Tobias, I recently spent five months in South Africa studying the endocranial remains of the australopithecines. I found substantial differences between my determinations of endocranial volumes and those previously published. Detailed descriptions of methods and morphological comparisons are in preparation.
Energy of the quasi-free electron in xenon

Abstract Field ionization of trimethylamine and of N , N -dimethylaniline doped into xenon is presented as a function of xenon number density up to the density of the triple point liquid, both at noncritical temperatures and along the critical isotherm. These data exhibit a decrease in the xenon induced shift of the dopant ionization energy near the xenon critical point. The energy of the quasi-free electron, arising from dopant field ionization, in xenon is calculated within a local Wigner–Seitz model to within ±0.3% of experiment at noncritical temperatures and for the critical isotherm.