cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preprocessing of video for compression

This paper addresses the issue of introducing information loss in a video sequence prior to coding with the objective of maintaining visual quality while lowering the bit rate required to code the video. We argue that managing perceptually meaningful information if better accomplished in the motion domain rather than the pixel intensity domain. Based on recent advances in motion estimation and modeling, we introduce a representation of video data using motion information wherein every frame of a sequence is replaced with a field of interframe correspondences. Knowledge of the previous frame along with the filed of interframe correspondences is sufficient to reconstruct the current frame. Preprocessing is accomplished by filtering interframe correspondences and generating processed video using the filtered correspondence field. Simulations using the MPEG video coding standard reveal that rate gains of up to 20 percent are possible when filtering such that the processed and original video are of similar visual quality.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The HIV Epidemic in Four African Countries Seen through the Demographic and Health Surveys

The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia provide information on how people react to HIV/AIDS: knowledge acquisition; (self-declared) strategies for avoiding HIV; age at first intercourse; monogamy; abstinence; having been tested and wanting to be tested. A subsample of respondents are marriage partners allowing the analysis of assortativeness in behaviour. When possible, DHS findings are related to the epidemiological literature. Throughout, attention is given to the internal consistency of the surveys and their consistency with epidemiological studies. Suggestions are made for the improvement of DHS-type surveys. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
The Viscous Lubrication of Rolling and Sliding Rigid Cylinders

The viscous lubrication of rolling and sliding cylinders is studied both independently and with the aid of much of the previous work done by other investigators. Building upon the specialized results of others, a problem formulation is obtained which encompasses the general viscous fluid as well as the linear viscous fluid. A uniform solution technique is derived which is adequate for the general problem formulation. Results obtained for three special classes of viscosity functions are presented.
Thermochemistry of metal catalyzed reactions

Abstract A simple bond-order-conservation method that predicts stability of adatom structures on metal surfaces is presented. This theory introduces the concepts of the n -center 2-electron bond and metal valence. Metal valence is denned in terms of the effective atomic number (EAN) as given by valence bond theory. Adatom coverage that satisfies the unsaturated metal valence at the surface is shown to agree with experimental observations of adlayer coverages. Surface reconstructions and alloy surface composition are in good agreement with the model predictions. The energetics of reaction on metal surfaces, such as barriers for molecular dissociation are determined. Both metal valence and surface structure alter the ability of a metal surface to dissociate molecules. The optimal catalytic activity for formic acid decomposition occurs with the late Group VIII metals. This relatively simple theory gives excellent predictions of adlayer structures and reaction energetics on Group VI, VII, VIII and IB metals.
The Cr(II) reduction of [Co(bpy)3]3+. Observation of a dimeric Cr(III) reduction product

Abstract The Cr(II) reduction of [Co(bpy)3]3+ proceeds by a series of steps which are accounted for by a complex and highly unusual mechanism. The chromium(III) product of the reaction is a dimer formulated as [Cr2(bpy)(OH)2(OH2)6]4+. The cobalt products include [Co(OH2)6]2+ and [Co(bpy)(OH2)4]3+. Intact free 2,2′-bipyridine and a reduced bipyridine species are also recovered. Four consecutive reactions are observed on the stopped-flow traces. The first one is independent of the [Cr(II)] concentration indicating that reduction has already occurred. The rate constant for this reaction is 46.3 ± 0.2 s−1. The second reaction is auto-catalyzed and has a rate constant of approximately (1.38 ± 0.2) × 102 s−1 assuming first order behavior. The thrid reaction is dependent on [Cr(II)] and has a rate constant kobs = k′3 + k″3[H+] where k′3 = 53 ± 3 M−1 s−1 and k″3 = (4.6 ± 0.2) × 102 M−2 s−1. The fourth reaction is independent of [Cr(II)] and has a rate constant kobs = k′4 + k″4[H+] where k′4 = 0.39 ± 0.02 s−1 and k″4 = 2.16 ± 0.06 M−1 s−1. A mechanism consistent with these observations is proposed.
The Soft X-Ray Properties of Nearby Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei and their Contribution to the Cosmic X-Ray Background

We have examined ROSAT soft X-ray observations of a complete, distance-limited sample of Seyfert and LINER galaxies. X-ray data are available for 46 out of 60 such objects which lie within a hemisphere of radius 18 Mpc. We have constructed radial profiles of the nuclear sources in order to characterize their spatial extent and, in some cases, to help constrain the amount of flux associated with a nuclear point source. PSPC data from ROSAT have been used to explore the spectral characteristics of the objects with sufficient numbers of detected counts. Based on the typical spectral parameters of these sources, we have estimated the luminosities of the weaker sources in the sample. We then explore the relationship between the soft X-ray and Hα luminosities of the observed objects; these quantities are correlated for higher luminosity AGNs. We find a weak correlation at low luminosities as well, and we have used this relationship to predict LX for the 14 objects in our sample that lack X-ray data. Using the results of the spatial and spectral analyses, we have compared the X-ray properties of Seyferts and LINERs, finding no striking differences between the two classes of objects. However, both types of objects often exhibit significant amounts of extended emission, which could minimize the appearance of differences in their nuclear properties. The soft X-ray characteristics of the type 1 and type 2 active galaxies in the sample are also discussed. We then compute the local X-ray volume emissivity of low-luminosity Seyferts and LINERs and investigate their contribution to the cosmic X-ray background. The 0.5–2.0 keV volume emissivity of 2.2 × 1038 ergs s-1 Mpc-3 we obtain for our sample suggests that low-luminosity AGNs produce at least 9% of the soft X-ray background.
Policy-Based Governance within Luna: Why We Developed Yet Another Agent Framework

In this article, we explain our rationale for the development of Luna, a software agent framework. In particular, we focus on how we use capabilities for comprehensive policy-based governance to ensure that key requirements for security, declarative specification of taskwork, and built-in support for joint activity within mixed teams of humans and agents are satisfied. KAoS, IHMC's ontology-based policy services framework, enables the semantically-rich and extensible semantics and the operational power and flexibility needed to realize these capabilities within Luna. We show how Luna is specifically designed to allow developers and users to leverage different forms of policybased governance in an endless variety of ways.
Connections between Romanovski and other polynomials

A connection between Romanovski polynomials and those polynomials that solve the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation with the trigonometric Rosen-Morse and hyperbolic Scarf potential is established. The map is constructed by reworking the Rodrigues formula in an elementary and natural way. The generating function is summed in closed form from which recursion relations and addition theorems follow. Relations to some classical polynomials are also given.
Compton scattering in ignited thermonuclear plasmas.

Inertially confined, ignited thermonuclear D-T plasmas will produce intense blackbody radiation at temperatures $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$; it is shown that the injection of GeV electrons into the burning core can efficiently generate high-energy Compton scattering photons. Moreover, the spectrum scattered in a small solid angle can be remarkably monochromatic, due to kinematic pileup; a peak brightness in excess of ${10}^{30}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\text{photons}}/({\mathrm{mm}}^{2}\text{ }{\mathrm{mrad}}^{2}\text{ }\mathrm{s}\text{ }0.1%\text{ }\mathrm{\text{bandwidth}})$ is predicted. These results are discussed within the context of the Schwinger field and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.
Exposing Multi-Relational Networks to Single-Relational Network Analysis Algorithms

Many, if not most network analysis algorithms have been designed specifically for single-relational networks; that is, networks in which all edges are of the same type. For example, edges may either represent “friendship,” “kinship,” or “collaboration,” but not all of them together. In contrast, a multi-relational network is a network with a heterogeneous set of edge labels which can represent relationships of various types in a single data structure. While multi-relational networks are more expressive in terms of the variety of relationships they can capture, there is a need for a general framework for transferring the many single-relational network analysis algorithms to the multi-relational domain. It is not sufficient to execute a single-relational network analysis algorithm on a multi-relational network by simply ignoring edge labels. This article presents an algebra for mapping multi-relational networks to single-relational networks, thereby exposing them to single-relational network analysis algorithms.
A Gamma-Ray Burst with a 220 Microsecond Rise Time and a Sharp Spectral Cutoff

The gamma-ray burst GRB 920229 has four extreme and unprecedented properties: a spike near the end of the burst has a rise in brightness with an e-folding timescale of 220±30 μs, a fall in brightness with an e-folding timescale of 400±100 μs, and a large change in spectral shape over a time of 768 μs, while the spectrum of the entire burst has a sharp spectral cutoff to high energies with ΔE/E=18%. The rapid changes occur during a spike in the light curve that was seen 0.164 s after the start of the burst. The spectrum has a peak νFν at 200 keV with no significant flux above 239 keV, although the cutoff energy shifts to less than 100 keV during the decay of the spike. These numbers can be used to place severe limits on fireball models of bursts. The thickness of the energy production region must be smaller than ~66 km, ejected shells must have a dispersion of the Lorentz factor of less than roughly 1% along a particular radius, and the angular size of the radiation emission region is on the order of 1' as viewed from the burst center. The physical mechanism that caused the sharp spectral cutoff has not been determined.
Phase Comparison protection using adaptive carrier modulation

Phase comparison protection has been traditionally applied using a fixed ratio of sequence quantities to modulate the power line carrier at either end of the line. This paper examines a practical method to control this ratio adaptively in order to provide better coverage for high resistance earth faults. The paper also looks at techniques to compensate for phase errors introduced by charging current and signal elongation by the power line carrier communication equipment. Since phase comparison is a normally quiescent protection scheme, fault detection methods based on change in sequence quantities at the instance of a fault are also discussed.
Charter school quality and parental decision making with school choice

Abstract Charter schools have become a very popular instrument for reforming public schools, because they expand choices, facilitate local innovation, and provide incentives for the regular public schools while remaining under public control. Despite their conceptual appeal, analysis has been hindered by the selective nature of their student populations. This paper investigates the quality of charter schools in Texas in terms of mathematics and reading achievement and finds that average school quality in the charter sector is not significantly different from that in regular public schools after an initial start-up period but that there is considerable heterogeneity. Perhaps more important for policy, however, is the finding that the parental decision to exit a charter school is significantly related to school quality. The magnitude of this relationship is substantially larger than the relationship between the probability of exit and quality in the regular public school sector and consistent with the notion that the introduction of charter schools substantially reduces the transactions costs of switching schools.
Image segmentation as an estimation problem

Abstract Picture segmentation is expressed as a sequence of decision problems with the framework of a split-and-merge algorithm. First regions of an arbitrary initial segmentation are tested for uniformity and if not uniform they are subdivided into smaller regions, or set aside if their size is below a given threshold. Next regions classified as uniform are subject to a cluster analysis to identify similar types which are merged. At this point there exist reliable estimates of the parameters of the random field of each type of region and they are used to classify some of the remaining small regions. Any regions remaining after this step are considered part of a boundary ambiguity zone. The location of the boundary is estimated then by interpolation between the existing uniform regions. Experimental results on artificial pictures are also included.
Parallel complexity of logical query programs

We consider the parallel time complexity of logic programs without function symbols, called logical query programs, or Datalog programs. We give a PRAM algorithm for computing the minimum model of a logical query program, and show that for programs with the “polynomial fringe property,” this algorithm runs in time that is logarithmic in the input size, assuming that concurrent writes are allowed if they are consistent. As a result, the “linear” and “piecewise linear” classes of logic programs are inN C. Then we examine several nonlinear classes in which the program has a single recursive rule that is an “elementary chain.” We show that certain nonlinear programs are related to GSM mappings of a balanced parentheses language, and that this relationship implies the “polynomial fringe property;” hence such programs are inN C Finally, we describe an approach for demonstrating that certain logical query programs are log space complete forP, and apply it to both elementary single rule programs and nonelementary programs.
Cooperative Advertising and Pricing in a Dynamic Stochastic Supply Chain: Feedback Stackelberg Strategies

Cooperative (co-op) advertising is an important instrument for aligning manufacturer and retailer decisions in supply chains. In this, the manufacturer announces a co-op advertising policy, i.e., a participation rate that specifies the percentage of the retailer's advertising expenditure that it will provide. In addition, it also announces the wholesale price. In response, the retailer chooses its optimal advertising and pricing policies. We model this supply chain problem as a stochastic Stackelberg differential game whose dynamics follows Sethi's stochastic sales-advertising model. We obtain the condition when offering co-op advertising is optimal for the manufacturer. We provide in feedback form the optimal advertising and pricing policies for the manufacturer and the retailer. We contrast the results with the advertising and price decisions of the vertically integrated channel, and suggest a method for coordinating the channel.
A universe in a global monopole

We investigate brane physics in a universe with an extra dimensional global monopole and negative bulk cosmological constant. The graviton zero mode is naturally divergent; we thus invoke a physical cutoff to induce four-dimensional gravity on a brane at the monopole core. Independently, the massive Kaluza-Klein modes have naturally compactified extra dimensions, inducing a discrete spectrum. This spectrum remains consistent with four-dimensional gravity on the brane, even for a small mass gap. Extra dimensional matter fields also induce four-dimensional matter fields on the brane, with the same Kaluza-Klein spectrum of excited states. We choose parameters to solve the hierarchy problem, that is, to induce the observed hierarchy between particle and Planck scales in the effective four-dimensional universe.
Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Novel Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in the United States

Inflammation and hyperhomocysteinemia may be important mechanisms by which smoking promotes atherosclerotic disease.
Syntheses, and crystal and electronic structures of the new Zintl phases Na2ACdSb2 and K2ACdSb2 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, Yb): Structural relationship with Yb2CdSb2 and the solid solutions Sr2–xAxCdSb2, Ba2–xAxCdSb2 and Eu2–xYbxCdSb2

Abstract Presented are the details of the syntheses, crystal and electronic structures of a new family of Zintl phases Na2ACdSb2 and K2ACdSb2 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, Yb), as well as the solid solutions Sr2–xAxCdSb2, Ba2–xAxCdSb2 and Eu2–xYbxCdSb2. The structures of Na2ACdSb2 and K2ACdSb2 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, Yb) were determined to be of a new type with the non-centrosymmetric space group Pmc21 (no. 26), Pearson symbol oP12, with lattice parameters a=4.684(1)−4.788(1) A; b=9.099(3)−9.117(2) A; c=7.837(1)−8.057(2) A for the Na2ACdSb2 series, and a=4.6637(9)−5.0368(8) A; b=9.100(2)−9.8183(15) A; and c=7.7954(15)−8.4924(13) A for K2ACdSb2, respectively. The solid solutions Sr2–xAxCdSb2, Ba2–xAxCdSb2 and Eu2–xYbxCdSb2 (x≈1) are isostructural and isoelectronic to the recently reported Yb2CdSb2 (space group Cmc21 (no. 36), Pearson symbol cP20). All discussed structures are based upon CdSb24– polyanionic layers, similar to the ones observed in Yb2CdSb2, with various alkali- and/or alkaline-earth cations coordinated to them. Magnetic susceptibility and Seebeck coefficient measurements on selected Eu2–xYbxCdSb2 samples, taken at low temperatures up to 300 K, are also reported.
Convex measures of risk and trading constraints

We introduce the notion of a convex measure of risk, an extension of the concept of a coherent risk measure defined in Artzner et al. (1999), and we prove a corresponding extension of the representation theorem in terms of probability measures on the underlying space of scenarios. As a case study, we consider convex measures of risk defined in terms of a robust notion of bounded shortfall risk. In the context of a financial market model, it turns out that the representation theorem is closely related to the superhedging duality under convex constraints.
Theory of ballistic electron emission microscopy

A theory of ballistic electron emission microscopy is presented that incorporates constant-tunnel-current feedback and models the band-structure and space-charge effects on the electron transmission. The computation is beyond the effective-mass approximation but short of being from first principles. The transmission coefficient includes detailed symmetry treatments of the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$-, L-, and X-point semiconductor conduction channels and the three-dimensional k-space current injection dependency. This approach naturally leads to the inclusion of multiple current channels, i.e., simultaneous inclusion of several propagating and evanescent bands of various symmetry types. We investigate the effects of the model parameters on the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ spectra and compare our predictions to experiment, yielding fairly good agreement. We also compare theoretical and experimental Au/GaAs(001) $dI/dV$ data and find that the L point does not contribute to an observable threshold and that the corresponding experimental feature is due instead to band-structure effects.
Galaxy morphology: halo gas connections

We studied a sample of 38 intermediate redshift MgII absorption-selected galaxies using (1) Keck/HIRES and VLT/UVES quasar spectra to measure the halo gas kinematics from MgII absorption profiles and (2) HST/WFPC-2 images to study the absorbing galaxy morphologies. We have searched for correlations between quantified gas absorption properties, and host galaxy impact parameters, inclinations, position angles, and quantified morphological parameters. We report a 3.2-sigma correlation between asymmetric perturbations in the host galaxy morphology and the MgII absorption equivalent width. We suggest that this correlation may indicate a connection between past merging and/or interaction events in MgII absorption-selected galaxies and the velocity dispersion and quantity of gas surrounding these galaxies.
Quantum Field Theory in Condensed Matter Physics

This book is a course in modern quantum field theory as seen through the eyes of a theorist working in condensed matter physics. It contains a gentle introduction to the subject and therefore can be used even by graduate students. The introductory parts include a derivation of the path integral representation, Feynman diagrams and elements of the theory of metals including a discussion of Landau–Fermi liquid theory. In later chapters the discussion gradually turns to more advanced methods used in the theory of strongly correlated systems. The book contains a thorough exposition of such non-perturbative techniques as 1/N-expansion, bosonization (Abelian and non-Abelian), conformal field theory and theory of integrable systems. The book is intended for graduate students, postdoctoral associates and independent researchers working in condensed matter physics.
Infinite wedge and random partitions

We use representation theory to obtain a number of exact results for random partitions. In particular, we prove a simple determinantal formula for correlation functions of what we call the Schur measure on partitions (which is a far reaching generalization of the Plancherel measure; see [3], [8]) and also observe that these correlations functions are $ \tau $ -functions for the Toda lattice hierarchy. We also give a new proof of the formula due to Bloch and the author [5] for the so-called n-point functions of the uniform measure on partitions and comment on the local structure of a typical partition.
Synthesis of Vinyl and β-Phthalimido Ketones

Abstract Vinyl ketones are prepared by reaction of an aldehyde with a vinyl Grignard reagent followed by a Swern oxidation. β-Phthalimido ketones are then obtained by 1,4-addition of phthalimide.
Corporate Learning and Quality Control at the Bell System, 1877–1929

From 1877 to 1929 the Bell System extended its qualityassurance capabilities, a step that was critical to the company's ability to certify the reliability of its equipment and apparatus and to provide economical service. Learning in this context involved the gradual development of an organizational structure for coordinating and controlling quality-assurance activities at both the staff and line levels and between the corporate elements of the Bell System. Over the course of the initiative, innovative methods of analysis emerged that provided useful new insights into the manufacturing process. The company's adaptation of probability theory, for example, enabled it to launch a comprehensive inspection regime, which became known as “statistical quality control” (SQC). Based on this new approach, Bell succeeded in broadening its manufacturing knowledge, quantifying definitions of quality, reducing costs and risk, thus assuming the more reliable operation of its vast telephone network. Eventually this upgrading of learning led to the formation of a new profession of quality engineering, which found adherents across many industries in the United States and abroad.
Microlensing of an extended source by a power-law mass distribution

Microlensing promises to be a powerful tool for studying distant galaxies and quasars. As the data and models improve, there are systematic effects that need to be explored. Quasar continuum and broad-line regions may respond differently to microlensing due to their different sizes; to understand this effect, we study microlensing of finite sources by a mass function of stars. We find that microlensing is insensitive to the slope of the mass function but does depend on the mass range. For negative-parity images, diluting the stellar population with dark matter increases the magnification dispersion for small sources and decreases it for large sources. This implies that the quasar continuum and broad-line regions may experience very different microlensing in negative-parity lensed images. We confirm earlier conclusions that the surface brightness profile and geometry of the source have little effect on microlensing. Finally, we consider non-circular sources. We show that elliptical sources that are aligned with the direction of shear have larger magnification dispersions than sources with perpendicular alignment, an effect that becomes more prominent as the ellipticity increases. Elongated sources can lead to more rapid variability than circular sources, which raises the prospect of using microlensing to probe source shape.
Digital simulation of the general atmospheric circulation using a very dense grid

The dynamics of the weather represents, in its full generality, a computational problem which far exceeds the capability of any computer presently foreseeable. Fortunately, however, specific aspects of the weather problem can be profitably attacked with computers already in existence.
The Vela Pulsar in the Ultraviolet

We describe time-tagged observations of the Vela pulsar (PSR B0833-45) with the HST STIS MAMA UV detectors. Using an optimal extraction technique, we obtain an NUV light curve and crude FUV phase-resolved spectra. The pulse is dominated by complex nonthermal emission at all phases. We obtain approximate spectral indices for the brightest pulse components, relate these to pulsations observed in other wave bands, and constrain the thermal surface emission from the neutron star. An upper limit on the Rayleigh-Jeans component at UV pulse minimum suggests a rather low mean surface temperature T < 4.6 × 105(d300/R14.2)2 K. If confirmed by improved phase-resolved spectroscopy, this observation has significant impact on our understanding of neutron star interiors.
PROPERTIES OF A POLAR CORONAL HOLE DURING THE SOLAR MINIMUM IN 2007

We report measurements of a polar coronal hole during the recent solar minimum using the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on Hinode. Five observations are analyzed that span the polar coronal hole from the central meridian to the boundary with the quiet-Sun corona. We study the observations above the solar limb in the height range of 1.03-1.20 R ☉. The electron temperature T e and emission measure (EM) are found using a geometric mean emission measure method. The EM derived from the elements Fe, Si, S, and Al are compared in order to measure relative coronal-to-photospheric abundance enhancement factors. We also studied the ion temperature T i and the non-thermal velocity v nt using the line profiles. All these measurements are compared to polar coronal hole observations from the previous (1996-1997) solar minimum and to model predictions for relative abundances. There are many similarities in the physical properties of the polar coronal holes between the two minima at these low heights. We find that the electron density, T e, and T i are comparable in both minima. T e shows a comparable gradient with height. Both minima show a decreasing T i with increasing charge-to-mass ratio q/M. A previously observed upturn of T i for ions above q/M>0.25 was not found here. We also compared relative coronal-to-photospheric elemental abundance enhancement factors for a number of elements. These ratios were ~1 for both the low first ionization potential (FIP) elements Si and Al and the marginally high FIP element S relative to the low FIP element Fe, as is expected based on earlier observations and models for a polar coronal hole. These results are consistent with no FIP effect in a polar coronal hole.
Anisotropic magnetoconductance in quench-condensed ultrathin beryllium films

Near the superconductor-insulator (S-I) transition, quench-condensed ultrathin Be films show a large magnetoconductance which is highly anisotropic in the direction of the applied field. Film conductance can drop as much as seven orders of magnitude in a weak perpendicular field (< 1 T), but is insensitive to a parallel field in the same field range. We believe that this negative magnetoconductance is due to the field de-phasing of the superconducting pair wavefunction. This idea enables us to extract the finite superconducting phase coherence length in nearly superconducting films. Our data indicate that this local phase coherence persists even in highly insulating films in the vicinity of the S-I transition.
Precession of the Lunar Core

Abstract Goldreich (Goldreich, P. [1967]. J. Geophys. Res. 72, 3135) showed that a lunar core of low viscosity would not precess with the mantle. We show that this is also the case for much of lunar history. But when the Moon was close to the Earth, the Moon’s core was forced to follow closely the precessing mantle, in that the rotation axis of the core remained nearly aligned with the symmetry axis of the mantle. The transition from locked to unlocked core precession occurred between 26.0 and 29.0 Earth radii, thus it is likely that the lunar core did not follow the mantle during the Cassini transition. Dwyer and Stevenson (Dwyer, C.A., Stevenson, D.J. [2005]. An Early Nutation-Driven Lunar Dynamo. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts GP42A-06) suggested that the lunar dynamo needs mechanical stirring to power it. The stirring is caused by the lack of locked precession of the lunar core. So, we do not expect a lunar dynamo powered by mechanical stirring when the Moon was closer to the Earth than 26.0–29.0 Earth radii. A lunar dynamo powered by mechanical stirring might have been strongest near the Cassini transition.
Zeta functions of infinite graph bundles

We compute the equivariant zeta function for bundles over infinite graphs and for infinite covers. In particular, we give a ‘transfer formula’ for the zeta function of infinite graph covers. Also, when the infinite cover is given as a limit of finite covers, we give a formula for the limit of the zeta functions.
Plato’s Cave

Current interpretations of Plato's cave are obviously incorrect because they do not explain how what we hear does not come from what we see. I argue that Plato is saying that the colors we receive from our faculty of vision do not cause the sounds that we receive from our faculty of hearing. I also show how we do not see ourselves or one other, how the shadows on the wall of the cave are images of that which casts them and therefore have less reality than them, and how the cave illustrates the divided line's concern for the relationship between Forms and visible reality. The paper is structured around the two great riddles of the divided line: how Forms can be more real than everyday objects, and how one can know the unhypothesized beginning with complete certainty. I further argue that the puppets that cast shadows stand for the immanent Forms of the Phaedo and also for the moving Forms of the Timaeus. That of which these puppets are themselves images would thus stand for the Forms as they are in themselves of the Phaedo or the indestructible Forms of the Timaeus.
An Explicit Universal Gate-Set for Exchange-Only Quantum Computation

A single physical interaction might not be universal for quantum computation in general. It has been shown, however, that in some cases it can achieve universal quantum computation over a subspace. For example, by encoding logical qubits into arrays of multiple physical qubits, a single isotropic or anisotropic exchange interaction can generate a universal logical gate-set. Recently, encoded universality for the exchange interaction was explicitly demonstrated on three-qubit arrays, the smallest nontrivial encoding. We now present the exact specification of a discrete universal logical gate-set on four-qubit arrays. We show how to implement the single qubit operations exactly with at most 3 nearest neighbor exchange operations and how to generate the encoded controlled-NOT with 27 parallel nearest neighbor exchange interactions or 50 serial gates, obtained from extensive numerical optimization using genetic algorithms and Nelder–Mead searches. We also give gate-switching times for the three-qubit encoding to much higher accuracy than previously and provide the full speci.cation for exact CNOT for this encoding. Our gate-sequences are immediately applicable to implementations of quantum circuits with the exchange interaction. PACS: 03.67.Lx, 03.65.Ta, 03.65.Fd, 89.70.+c
Relaxation in stellar systems, and the shape and rotation of the inner dark halo

Why do galactic bars rotate with high pattern speeds, when dynamical friction should rapidly couple the bar to the massive, slowly rotating dark halo? This long-standing paradox may be resolved by considering the dynamical interactions between the galactic disc and structures in the dark halo. Dynamical friction between small-scale halo structure and the disc spins up and flattens the inner halo, thereby quenching the dynamical friction exerted by the halo on the bar; at the same time the halo heats and thickens the inner disc, perhaps forming a rapidly rotating bulge. Two possible candidates for the required halo structures are massive black holes and tidal streamers from disrupted precursor haloes. More generally, gravitational scattering from phase-wrapped inhomogeneities represents a novel relaxation process in stellar systems, intermediate between violent relaxation and two-body relaxation, which can isotropize the distribution function at radii where two-body relaxation is not effective.
Evidence of optimal water use by vegetation across a range of North American ecosystems

[1] We present empirical evidence for a relationship between the modal (most frequent) soil moisture level and the soil moisture level at which maximum evapotranspiration occurs for twenty-four flux tower sites in North America. We considered correlations and linear regressions between these two variables at annual, seasonal, bimonthly and monthly time scales for unimodal distributions of soil moisture, and found significant relationships between these two soil moisture variables at all time scales. Correlation was stronger during the summer than the winter, suggesting stronger coupling during the growing season. This coupling of modal soil moisture and soil moisture of maximum evapotranspiration suggests that vegetation may be optimizing productivity with respect to water use across different systems.
A Model of Nonlinear Fatigue-Creep (Dwell) Interactions

A nonlinear creep/dwell interaction model is derived based on nucleation and propagation of a surface fatigue crack and its coalescence with creep/dwell damages (cavities or wedge cracks) along its path inside the material, which results in the total damage accumulation rate as given by da/dN = (1 + (l c +l z )lλ){(da/dN) f +(da/dN) env }, where (da/dN) f is the pure fatigue crack growth rate, (da/dN) env is the environment-assisted crack growth rate, l c /l z is the cavity/wedge crack size, and λ is the average spacing between the internal cavities or cracks. Since wedge cracks are usually present in the form of dislocation pile-ups at low temperatures and cavitation usually occurs at high temperatures, the model attempts to reconcile the creep-/dwell-fatigue phenomena over a broad temperature range of engineering concern. In particular, the model has been used to explain the dwell fatigue of titanium alloys and high temperature creep-fatigue interactions in Ni-base superalloys under tensile cyclic creep rupture, compressive cyclic creep rupture, and tension/compression-hold strain controlled cyclic test conditions.
Vibrational Dephasing and Energy Relaxation of Admolecules by Phonons.

Abstract An investigation is made of the vibrational dephasing of a diatomic molecule adsorbed on a surface. Explicit analytic forms for the rate of dephasing by phonons are derived. For comparison, an expression for energy relaxation is given which is appropriate for OH on SiO2. It is found that the dephasing rate is considerably faster for this system than the energy relaxation rate. These conclusions are compared with the results of a recent experiment.
The New Direction in Educational Research: Alterable Variables

A major revolution has taken place during the past decade in educational research and our understanding of some of the factors that directly influence learning in or out of the schools. As a result, student learning can now be improved greatly and it is possible to describe the favourable learning conditions which can enable virtually all students to learn to a high standard. Researchers who were at one time concerned about providing equality of educational opportunity for students now speak of the learning conditions which can bring about virtual equality of educational outcomes for students. And such educational outcomes are at very high levels of attainment.
Elliptic flow from minijet production in heavy ion collisions

Abstract We calculate the contribution to the elliptic flow observable v 2 from two-particle correlations in minijet production in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. We use a minijet production cross section derived in a model inspired by saturation approach to high energy scattering. Resulting differential elliptic flow v 2 ( p T ) is an increasing function of p T for transverse momenta below the saturation scale Q s . At higher transverse momenta ( p T > Q s ) differential flow stops growing and becomes approximately constant, reproducing the elliptic flow saturation data reported by STAR. The centrality dependence of the minijet contribution to v 2 is also in good agreement with the data.
Thermoelastic wave induced by pulsed laser heating

In this work, a generalized solution for the thermoelastic plane wave in a semi-infinite solid induced by pulsed laser heating is developed. The solution takes into account the non-Fourier effect in heat conduction and the coupling effect between temperature and strain rate, which play significant roles in ultrashort pulsed laser heating. Based on this solution, calculations are conducted to study stress waves induced by nano-, pico-, and femtosecond laser pulses. It is found that with the same maximum surface temperature increase, a shorter pulsed laser induces a much stronger stress wave. The non-Fourier effect causes a higher surface temperature increase, but a weaker stress wave. Also, for the first time, it is found that a second stress wave is formed and propagates with the same speed as the thermal wave. The surface displacement accompanying thermal expansion shows a substantial time delay to the femtosecond laser pulse. On the contrary, surface displacement and heating occur simultaneously in nano- and picosecond laser heating. In femtosecond laser heating, results show that the coupling effect strongly attenuates the stress wave and extends the duration of the stress wave. This may explain the minimal damage in ultrashort laser materials processing.
Modularity in orbifold theory for vertex operator superalgebras

This paper is about the orbifold theory for vertex operator superalgebras. Given a vertex operator superalgebra V and a finite automorphism group G of V, we show that the trace functions associated to the twisted sectors are holomorphic in the upper half plane for any commuting pairs in G under the C2-cofinite condition. We also establish that these functions afford a representation of the full modular group if V is C2-cofinite and g-rational for any g ∈ G.
Emergency Helping and Religious Behavior

Students enrolled in general psychology classes completed a questionnaire and 10 days later participated in an apparently unrelated study which was actually a “lady in distress” experiment. Analysis of the responses of 71 subjects who participated in both parts indicated no significant relationships between helping behavior and literal scriptural belief. No significant effects were observed between helping behavior and responses to the Study of Values Religious scale, or frequencies of prayer and church attendance. The results are discussed in terms of Allport's view of utilitarian as opposed to unifying religious belief and described as supporting Kohlberg's contention that moral behavior develops independent of religious belief.
Phase Calibration of The Proposed Millimeter Array

The Millimeter Array (MMA) is proposed to operate on baselines of up to 3 km at frequencies up to 350 GHz. Since no operating interferometer can indicate the expected phase stability on such baselines on high, dry sites, NRAO has undertaken a site survey, measuring the opacity and estimating the phase stability on baselines ranging from about 100 m to 5 km with a tipping radiometer. Radiometers have sampled the atmospheres at South Baldy, NM, and Springerville, AZ, and NRAO has recently started taking data at the 12,200 foot VLBA site on Mauna Kea.
A table of boundary slopes of Montesinos knots

Abstract This note corrects errors in Hatcher and Oertel's table of boundary slopes of Montesinos knots which have projections with 10 or fewer crossings.
Available energy and the maintenance of a moist circulation

Moist available energy is defined as the amount by which the potential plus internal (including latent) energy of a given atmospheric mass field exceeds that of a hypothetical reference field, which can be constructed from the given field by rearranging the atmospheric mass, under reversible dry-adiabatic and moist-adiabatic processes, to minimize the potential plus internal energy. Dry available energy is equal to the amount of moist available energy which would be present in a dry atmosphere having the same temperature field as the given moist atmosphere, and is identical with available potential energy. Graphical procedures are presented for determining the moist and dry reference fields, and evaluating the available energies. In general the moist available energy exceeds the dry available energy. Both heating and cooling can produce and can also destroy moist and dry available energy. Evaporation can produce moist available energy, while precipitation can destroy it. Preliminary computations based upon averages indicate that the total production of moist available energy by evaporation-precipitation is at least as great as the production by heating-cooling, and possibly much greater. DOI:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00815.x
Linear latent structure analysis: Mixture distribution models with linear constraints

Abstract A new method for analyzing high-dimensional categorical data, Linear Latent Structure (LLS) analysis, is presented. LLS models belong to the family of latent structure models, which are mixture distribution models constrained to satisfy the local independence assumption. LLS analysis explicitly considers a family of mixed distributions as a linear space, and LLS models are obtained by imposing linear constraints on the mixing distribution. LLS models are identifiable under modest conditions and are consistently estimable. A remarkable feature of LLS analysis is the existence of a high-performance numerical algorithm, which reduces parameter estimation to a sequence of linear algebra problems. Simulation experiments with a prototype of the algorithm demonstrated a good quality of restoration of model parameters.
Analysis of a Simple Greedy Matching Algorithm on Random Cubic Graphs

We consider the performance of a simple greedy matching algorithm MINGREEDY when applied to random cubic graphs. We show that if λn is the expected number of vertices not matched by MINGREEDY, there are positive constants c1 and c2 such that C1n1/5 ≤ λn ≤ C2n1/5 log n.
Read-Twice DNF Formulas Are Properly Learnable

We show that read-twice DNF formulas-Boolean formulas in disjunctive normal form in which each variable appears at most twice-are exactly and properly learnable in polynomial time. Our algorithm uses membership queries and proper equivalence queries and is based on a simple, new characterization of minimal read-twice DNF formulas. The algorithm improves on earlier results of Hancock and Aizenstein and Pitt which showed that read-twice DNF formulas are learnable using more powerful equivalence queries, i.e., where the hypotheses could be arbitrary DNF formulas. We also improve on the time-complexity of these earlier algorithms. Other results which may be of independent interest outside of learning follow directly from this paper. Specifically, we show that read-twice DNF formulas can be tested for equivalence in polynomial time and that the smallest read-twice formula equivalent to a given one can be found in polynomial time.
Microdot Epoxy Stamping Process Qualification For Substrate Based Optocoupler BGA Packaging

This paper investigates the adhesive stamping process qualification using an in-line modular machine for microdot application on substrate based package for microcoupler. Characterization of different stamping tool design yielded a rounded tip and star tip design for LED and photo detector die. While implementing plasma cleaning after premolding process yielded clean bonding pads for die attach process, resin bleed out phenomenon was detected due to high surface energy of the bonding pads after plasma. Implementing plasma is necessary to attain clean bonding pads after substrate cleaning, a work in characterizing dwell time after plasma yielded to a staging time of 4 hours before stamping process.
Correct compilation of specifications to deterministic asynchronous circuits

Powerful methods have been developed by A. martin and others wherby asynchronous circuits may be automatically constructed by starting from high-level specifications and incrementally transforming them into asynchronous circuits. In this paper we make the informal arguments for the correctness of this compilatin process mathematically rigorous. With rigorsouly justified transformations, specifications may be translated into circuits that provably meet their specification. A full proof of the correctness of the circuit compiler is given. Other results of independent interest include: the process model takes fairness of gates into account, hazard-freeness is formally defined, and all hazard-free circuits constructed solely of and, or, not gates and C elements are proven to behave deterministically to any outside observer. A novel notion of equivalence is used to justify the correctness of the compiler.
Learning signaling network structures with sparsely distributed data.

Flow cytometric measurement of signaling protein abundances has proved particularly useful for elucidation of signaling pathway structure. The single cell nature of the data ensures a very large dataset size, providing a statistically robust dataset for structure learning. Moreover, the approach is easily scaled to many conditions in high throughput. However, the technology suffers from a dimensionality constraint: at the cutting edge, only about 12 protein species can be measured per cell, far from sufficient for most signaling pathways. Because the structure learning algorithm (in practice) requires that all variables be measured together simultaneously, this restricts structure learning to the number of variables that constitute the flow cytometer's upper dimensionality limit. To address this problem, we present here an algorithm that enables structure learning for sparsely distributed data, allowing structure learning beyond the measurement technology's upper dimensionality limit for simultaneously me...