cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superelastic scattering of spin-polarized electrons from sodium.

Superelastic scattering of spin-polarized electrons from laser-excited sodium atoms has been measured at incident energies of 2.0, 17.9, and 52.3 eV over the angular range 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Circularly polarized excitation of the sodium atoms was used to produce pure 3 $^{2}P_{3/2}$ (F=3, ${M}_{F}$=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3) states, which are deexcited by collisions with spin-polarized electrons. The spin polarization of both the target electron and the incident electron allows the resolution of triplet and singlet contributions to ${L}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, the angular momentum transferred in the collision perpendicular to the scattering plane, and the measurement of r, the ratio of triplet to singlet cross sections. At low energy, agreement with theory is good over the entire angular range for r, but only at small angles for ${L}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$. At high energy, agreement is excellent over the full angular range.
A statistical model for electron transport and dose calculations

Abstract A statistical model for electron transport in homogeneous media is developed which assumes that electrons lose energy continuously between collisions by experiencing only small deflections around a straight path, and change their direction only at large-angle collisions without losing energy. The medium is characterized by its stopping power S(E), which is the energy loss per unit distance traveled by an electron, and by the energy-dependent scattering cross-section σ(E). The electron flux Ψ(x,E,t) due to a burst of electrons at t=0 at the origin; as a function of position, energy and time, and the steady state flux Φ(x,E) due to a time-independent point electron source; as a function of position and energy, are explicitly obtained. In this work, the diffusion equation which Φ(x,E) satisfies is valid at all energies during slowing down, and reduces to the Fermi-Eyges 1 equation for pencil-like electron beams. In this sense the proposed stochastic model extends the Fermi-Eyges theory to the later stages of slowing down where electrons diffuse isotropically.
Cell-free apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts: Inhibition by Bcl-2 and requirement for an organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria

Abstract Apoptotic cell death involves a ritual series of morphological changes, presumably reflecting a conserved molecular pathway. We now report that the nuclear events typical of apoptosis can be reproduced in "apoptotic" Xenopus egg extracts. In this cell-free system, nuclear assembly and protein import are initially normal; after 2–4 hr, however, a process of nuclear destruction ensues involving chromatin condensation and the shrinkage and fragmentation of the nuclei. This apoptotic process, which also occurs in nuclei added exogenously, is blocked by the addition of baculovirus-expressed Bcl-2 protein. To block the disintegration of nuclei that are added later, Bcl-2 must be present during this latent period. "Apoptosis" in these extracts requires a dense organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria. The cell-free system described here provides a novel tool for understanding intracellular events in apoptosis and the inhibitory function of Bcl-2.
The partial hydrogenation of small unsaturated molecules by osmium cluster compounds. The reaction of diispropylcarbodiimide with H2Os3(CO)10

Abstract The products (μ-H)[μ-η2-(CH3)2CHNHCNCH(CH3)2]Os3(CO)10, I, and (μ-H)- [μ-η2-(CH3)2CHNHCO]Os3(CO)9[CNCH(CH3)2], II have been obtained from the reaction of H2Os3(CO)10 with diisopropylcarbodiimine. Both products have been investigated by infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. For I: Space group, P21/c, a12.840(4), b  15.724(4), c 12.638(4) A, β 106.91(2)°, V  2441(2) A3, Z4, ϱ calc  2.66 g/cc. For 2869 reflections, R  0.051 and Rw  0.052. I contains an N-hydrido, N-isopropylamidinyl ligand bridging one edge of a triangular cluster of three osmium atoms. It was apparently formed by the incorporation of one carbodiimide molecule into the coordination sphere of the cluster followed by the transfer of one hydride ligand to one of the nitrogen atoms. For II: Space group P2 1/n;a  13.936(7), b  12.146(2), c  15.509(6) A, β  105.20(4)°, V  2533(3) A, Z  4, ϱcalc  2.57 g/cc. For 3065 reflections, R  0.052 and Rw  0.057. II contains an N-hydrido, N-isopropylformamido ligand bridging one edge of a triangular cluster of three osmium atoms and an isopropylisocyanide ligand. The molecule appears to have been formed by the cleavage of an NCH(CH3)2 moeity from one carbodiimide molecule and the transfer of it together with one hydride ligand to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group. The resultant formamido ligand bridges an edge of the cluster. The remaining fragment of the carbodiimide molecule bonds to one of the metal atoms of the cluster as a terminal isocyanide ligand. When heated, I loses one mole of carbon monoxide and forms the new cluster complex (μ-H)[μ3-η2-(CH3)2CHNHCNCH-(CH3)2]Os3(CO)9 III. On the basis of electron counting schemes, III is believed to contain a triply-bridging amidinyl ligand serving as a five electron donor. Most importantly, no II was formed from I indicating that it is not a precursor -to II. A mechanism for the formation of I and II is presented and discussed.
Semiclassical theory of elastic perturbations.

Stueckelberg formulation for transition probabilities to interpret perturbation effects in elastic scattering differential cross section measurements
Challenge your teaching

Twenty-first century research in the life sciences is becoming an increasingly interdisciplinary endeavor where teams of scientists use tools and insights from a variety of fields to solve complex biological problems. By and large, our educational system has not kept up with these changes. How can science education and the life sciences curriculum better reflect the way students will do science when they leave the hallowed halls of academia?
A STATISTICALLY BASED MATHEMATICAL WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR A NON-ESTUARINE RIVER SYSTEM

A mathematical model has been formulated, solely through the use of the mathematical statistics, for the purpose of predicting river water quality without reference to the causal chemical, biological and physical relationships. In a sense, this is a “black box” approach wherein with a known input, one may reliably predict the output. The use of a main force statistical method for predicting river-water quality can provide accurate predictive information with a minimum of time and money expended if a sufficiently large data base is available for the river system in question. What has been lacking in the past is a model which is not only statistically significant but contains only those water quality parameters which contribute significantly to the estimation of the dependent variable. The model which is herein described discusses the formulation procedure, data collection requirements, model hypothesis testing and significance procedures, and finally validation methods employed in verifying the final model equations. A description of how the simulated results are employed in the forecasting procedure is also developed.
Spectrophotometric determination of myoglobin in cardiac and skeletal muscle: separation from hemoglobin by subunit-exchange chromatography.

Abstract Myoglobin is extracted from muscle and separated from blood hemoglobin by subunit-exchange chromatography on a column of Sepharose 4B to which hemoglobin α-β subunits are linked covalently. Hemoglobin is retained on the column. Myoglobin in the effluent is determined spectrophotometrically as ferrous myoglobin or as carbon monoxide ferrous myoglobin. The method is applicable to cardiac, smooth, or skeletal muscle from mammals, reptiles, birds, and teleost fish, but failed with the one amphibian and the one shark tested.
C-type natriuretic peptide does not attenuate the development of pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxia and VEGF receptor blockade.

Abstract Aims C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a local regulator of vascular tone and remodeling in many vascular beds. However, the role of CNP in modulating pulmonary arterial hypertensive and vascular remodeling responses is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if CNP is capable of preventing the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Main methods We used animal models of PH caused by chronic hypoxia alone or in combination with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor blocker SU5416. We measured pulmonary hemodynamics, right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling effects in response to a continuous infusion of low dose or high dose CNP or vehicle placebo. Key findings Right ventricular hypertrophy and a marked elevation in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) were seen in both models of PH. Rats treated with the combination of SU5416 and chronic hypoxia also developed pulmonary endothelial hyperproliferative lesions. Continuous intravenous infusion of CNP at either dose did not attenuate the development of PH, right ventricular hypertrophy or vascular remodeling in either of the models of PH despite a three-fold increase in serum CNP levels. Significance CNP does not prevent the development of PH in the chronic hypoxia or SU5416 plus hypoxia models of pulmonary hypertension suggesting that CNP may not play an important modulatory role in human PH.
Processes underlying dimensional interactions: Correspondences between linguistic and nonlinguistic dimensions.

In six experiments, we examined speeded classification whenone dimension was linguistic and the other was nonlinguistic. In five of these, attributes on the dimensions corresponded. meaningfully, having in common the concepts “high” and “low”. Forexample, in Experiment 1, the visually presented words HI and w were pairedwith high- or low-pitched tones; in Experiment 2, the dimensions were visual words and vertical position, in Experiment 3, they were spoken words and position, and in Experiments 4 and 5, spoken words and pitch. For each dimension in each pair, subjects suffered Garner interference when dimensions were varied orthogonally. Garner interference remained constant across 15 blocks of trials (Experiment 5). Subjects also showed significant congruity effects in all experiments, with attributes from congruent stimuli (e.g., HI/high pitch) classified faster than attributes from incongruent stimuli (e.g.,HI/low pitch). These results differ from those obtained previously with noncorresponding pairs of linguistic-nonlinguistic dimensions. The results also differ from those obtained with traditional Stroop dimensions (colors and color words; Experiment 6), which showed minimal Garner interference and diminishing congruity effects acrossblocks of trials. Weconclude that the interactions found here represent crosstalk between channels within a semantic level of processing We contrast our view with current models of dimensional interaction.
Developing a survey instrument to characterize social capital resources impacting undergraduates' decisions to enter and persist in engineering

This paper describes the theoretical basis, development, and initial results of a quantitative survey instrument that measures the engineering-related social capital resources of undergraduate engineering students. Despite significant efforts over the last few decades to increase participation of under-represented groups in engineering within the United States, progress has been disturbingly slow. Further research in this domain is needed to realize the significant advancements that are necessary for diversifying undergraduate engineering enrollment. The long-term purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual model based on Social Capital Theory to provide a deeper understanding and explanation of undergraduates' academic and career choices related to engineering, of which developing the survey instrument is the first step. Our “Name and Resource Generator” instrument has been administered to 890 students at three institutions within the United States. Supporting literature and initial results indicate that under-represented students in engineering may utilize different mechanisms for developing and activating engineering-related social capital compared to other engineering undergraduates, and that an approach utilizing social capital theory shows promise as a model with which to improve the diversity of the engineering field.
Analysis of the energy levels of Mn2+ in halo apatite structures

Abstract Reported optical spectra of Mn2+-doped halo apatites are analyzed in octahedral, cubic, and C3 symmetries. Specifically the apatites doped with Mn2+ are Ca10F2(PO4)6, Cd10Cl2(PO4)6, Ca10F1.8Cl0.2(PO4)6, and Sr10F1.8Cl0.2(PO4)6. The cubic approximation was assisted by the use of Tanabe-Sugano-like plots, and the experimental data were averaged for a best analysis where the Slater parameters F(2) and F(4) and the crystal-field parameter B40 were varied. A point charge calculation of the crystal-field parameters for the C3 sites in each of the apatites and the resulting crystal-field parameters, B20, B40, and B43, weer used as starting values in fitting the reported energy levels in C3 symmetry. The parameters that best fit both the cubic approximation and the C3 symmetry are given for each of the apatite host crystals.
The electrochemical properties of polyaniline derivatives : poly(4,4'-diphenylamine methylenes) and poly(4,4'-diphenylimine methines)

The electrochemical properties of poly(4,4′-diphenylamine methylenes) and poly(4,4′-diphenylimine methines) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. A dehydrogenation reaction occured when poly(4,4′-diphenylamine methylenes) underwent a electrochemical reaction and transformed to poly(4,4′-diphenylimine methines). The fully oxidized poly(4,4′-diphenylimine methines) had the electrochemical band gaps of 1.60–1.72 eV, which were found to significantly smaller than those of the fully reduced poly(4,4′-diphenylamine methylenes).
Three-dimensional modeling of spatial soil properties via artificial neural networks

Geotechnical engineers recognize the variability of the geological materials they work with, including uncertainties associated with subsurface characterization tasks. These uncertainties include data scattering, such as real spatial variation in soil properties, or random testing errors. Systematic errors, as can occur in bias measurement procedures, are also common. In almost all construction projects, penetration tests play a major role in subsoil characterization. Interpretation of test results is mostly empirical, and it is therefore prudent to find a suitable computational method to minimize the error in predicting values at points away from actual test locations. In this research, the capabilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs) are assessed as a computational method for predicting standard penetration test (SPT) results at any point (x, y, z) in a field where a set of SPTs is performed. SPT and moisture content data for five bore holes are used to train and test the developed three-dimensiona...
Rollin Film Rates in Liquid Helium

Quantitative measurements have been made on the flow of the Rollin film out of a cylindrical vessel containing liquid helium. The range of temperature studied extends from 1.34 K to the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point. It is found that the film transfer rate is somewhat greater than that observed for isothermal flow under a gravitational potential difference. Evidence is presented tending to show that the film can evaporate at temperatures near those of the parent liquid.
Ion beam mixing: Basic experiments

We review basic quantitative experiments in ion beam mixing of simple layered solid systems. Most have employed ions with mass from 20 to 136 amu and energies between 50 and 600 keV, while sample configurations fall into two categories: ∼ 10 A “marker” layers of impurity atoms buried in otherwise homogeneous media, and “bilayers” of two materials of several hundred A each. We tabulate the quantitative results of all such measurements reported to date for marker systems, and the low temperature (in the temperature-independent regime, or < 300 K) results for bilayers. We also compare the collected results with quantitative calculations of collisional mixing and qualitative pictures of relaxation and thermal diffusion mixing from molecular dynamics simulations and chemical rate theory.
Adenosinetriphosphatase activity of rat liver mitochondria following in situ anoxia

Abstract 1. 1. A method based upon changes in tonicity was devised which localized ATPase within the mitochondrion and which defines the functional state of the mitochondrial membrane. 2. 2. A comparison between calcium and magnesium as mitochondrial ATPase activators with respect to anoxia showed that the normal activator is magnesium, and calcium is effective only indirectly through injury.
Hydrodynamic chromatography as a probe of polymer dynamics during flow through porous media

Ecoulement de polymeres flexibles en milieu poreux. Etude de polyacrylamide en partie hydrolyse, virus de tabac et xanthene
Rate constants for the gas phase reactions of O3 with the natural hydrocarbons isoprene and α- and β-pinene

Abstract Rate constants have been determined for the gas phase reaction of ozone with the naturally emitted hydrocarbons isoprene and α-pinene over the temperature range ~ 276 to 324 K, and with β-pinene at 296K. At 296 K the rate constants obtained are ( × 10 17 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ): isoprene, 1.17; α-pinene, 8.4 and β-pinene, 2.1. The rate constants for α- and β-pinene are significantly lower than previous literature values, thus increasing the importance of reaction with the OH radical as an atmospheric removal process for these two hydrocarbons.
Boundary work: American ethnographers as intercultural communicators in Japan

An intriguing window on Japanese/American intercultural relations can be found in American ethnographers’ in-depth accounts of their difficulties with Japanese informants. Although the literature contains excellent self-analyses of this kind, this body of data has yet to be mined for general lessons regarding communication between Americans and Japanese. This paper addresses that gap by comparing several reflexive accounts of doing ethnography in Japan: Matthews Hamabata's Crested Kimono, Gail Bernstein's Haruko's World, Liza Dalby's Geisha, and Crafting Selves by Dorinne Kondo. Examining the barriers to Japanese/American communication through this special lens reveals a complicated picture. On the one hand, familiar factors, such as the universalism of Americans, their emphasis upon individual autonomy in social relations, and the Japanese matrix of constantly shifting in-group/out-group relations are often the dominant influences on intercultural interactions. Yet, on the other hand, situational contexts and the value orientations and political commitments of the actors clearly do modify the expression of such factors and sometimes even reverse the expected outcomes. The present approach facilitates the representation of these complex relationships. A qualitative analysis in which an objectively framed comparison aimed at generalization rests upon the non-reified foundation of several reflexive ethnographies, shows promise as one strategy for transcending the stalemate between traditional group-based interpretations of culture and more recent approaches stressing individual agency and internal cultural diversity. This paper also illustrates some advantages of an anthropological approach to communication between the members of two cultures whose differences have long been a focus of interculturalist research and examines implications for models of collectivist and individualist cultures.
Order automorphisms of spaces of nondecreasing functions

Abstract A characterization of the order automorphisms of the space of nondecreasing left-(or right-) continuous functions from one closed subinterval of the extended reals to another is given. This characterization is then used to show that these order automorphisms are continuous with respect to weak convergence.
Methods of cost-effectiveness analysis: areas of consensus and debate

Abstract Methods of evaluating socioeconomic relationships have evolved over many years, and a number of specific approaches have been developed. Among the techniques available, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has emerged as the most widely used and accepted method. Yet, despite considerable effort by the analytical community to refine this technique into one more useful for making health policy decisions, much debate and confusion still persist among analyst, readers, and policymakers concerning methods standards and the overall usefulness of CEA in resource allocation decision making. Thus the purpose of this paper is to summarize, critically examine, and commment on existing recommended methods for socioeconomic evaluation of health care interventions. In particular, we examine an exhaustive set of component methods within the general area of cost-effectiveness and comment on areas of apparent consensus and debate. Our review reveals many areas of agreement and many yet to be resolved. Analysts generally agree on the components of the overall framework for an analysis; basic methodologic principles; the general treatment of costs; the principle of marginal analysis; the need for and general approach to discounting; the use of sensitivity analysis; the extent to which ethical issues can be incorporated; and the importance of choosing appropriate alternatives for comparison. The principal areas in which disagreement still persists are choice of study design, measurement and valuation of health outcomes including conversion of health outcomes to economic values, transformation of efficacy results into effectiveness outcomes, and the empirical measurement of costs.
The Effect of Visual Distraction Upon Recall and Attitude Change

Attitude formation has been thought to require the characteristics of acquiring and accepting new information. However, some evidence exists to suggest that even though comprehension may be reduced by distracting stimuli, this distraction can actually aid persuasion. In order to test such a hypothesis, two experimental groups were tested under different conditions. Group A listened to an emotional message about segregation, and was tested for comprehension and attitude change. Group B was also exposed to the same persuasive message, but during the message presentation, subjects were shown 35mm color slides containing visual stimuli irrelevant to the message. Results indicated that the distracting stimuli produced a significant reduction in recall of information, while also producing a significant opinion shift. Keywords: Driver distraction
Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: In Search of Knowledge

Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: In Search of Knowledge. Edited by Thomas Carothers. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006. 350p. $50.00 cloth, $19.95 paper. The checkered history of rule-of-law promotion is only one part of a larger program of external intervention that has aimed to reshape economic policies and political institutions throughout the post–Cold War world. Those efforts—labeled good governance, state building, and postconflict intervention—have, if anything, intensified and broadened since the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This dispassionate and valuable evaluation of rule-of-law promotion reflects directly on the record of international assistance for legal reform, as well as the likely success of that even more ambitious agenda. Two introductory essays by Thomas Carothers, well known for his research on democracy promotion, offer a critical account of international assistance for legal reform, emphasizing the knowledge deficit that plagues claims of successful international influence. The following chapters attempt to fill that knowledge gap, at the same time underlining obstacles to sharper evaluation and learning on the part of donors and practitioners.
Filtering in time-varying W-CDMA networks

This paper presents an adaptive filtering algorithm for the delivery of multimedia content with different quality of service (QoS) requirements, over wideband code-division multiple access (W-CDMA) networks. We assume that the service provider offers two distinct grades of service (GoS) to which users may subscribe: premium, or economy. Subscribers to the premium service receive higher quality levels measured by a set of parameters such as coding rate and format. The proposed algorithm guarantees that all users receive their contractual level of quality while maximizing the radio links' throughput, and maintaining the QoS requirements (e.g., target B.E.R, maximum transfer delay, and percentage of packets lost or delayed) for each media stream (e.g., voice, video, and data) downloaded to the users. Multimedia adaptation filters are installed at the output ports of the radio network controller. Simulation results show significant improvement in terms of increasing the number of admitted users while reducing the percentage of packets lost or delayed.
Recent frost date trends in the north‐eastern USA

Uncertainty in projections of future climate, along with a need for policy makers and management to respond to change in climate, highlight the importance of the detection of trends in climatological time series. Selected indicators of regional climate status and change may well be related to indicators of ecological condition. Climate factors are known to stress ecosystems. With the identification and description of trends in biologically important climate descriptors this knowledge could be used to provide scenarios of biological changes. One aspect of climate which stresses forest ecosystems is described by the annual date of the last hard spring-freeze (minimum temperature ⩽ −2·2°C). Averaged for New England, there was a significant linear trend indicating an earlier initiation of frost-free conditions (negative slope) for the period 1961–1990. Significant time trends were detected locally at stations throughout much of the New England regions as well. Temporal discontinuities in trend, spatial relationships, and urban influence were considered. The presence of trends in time does not appear to be related to geographical location. The direction of trend (positive or negative) exhibits some geographical coherency, which may be related to climatological variables such as percentage of possible sunshine and cloud cover.
Compliance with prenatal care visits in substance abusers.

Objective: We sought to determine whether pregnant, inner-city substance abusers, cared for in a multidisciplinary setting, had comparable numbers of missed appointments and similar outcomes in comparison with a low-risk patient population. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on a sample of 97 patients with uncomplicated prenatal care over a 7-year period (1994-2001). They were compared to a sample of 88 substance abusers cared for and delivered at Bellevue Hospital over the same period. Demographic information was recorded, as well as frequency of prenatal visits, number of missed appointments, birth weight, and gestational age at delivery. Results: In our population, substance abusers were found to be significantly older (28.9 vs. 25.6 years, p < 0.0001), had had more pregnancies (4.3 vs. 2.4, p < 0.0001) and had had more children (2.0 vs. 0.7, p < 0.0001) than controls. Both substance abusers and control patients had a similar number of scheduled appointments (11.4 in each group, p = 0.99), b...
A kinetic theory of spectral line shapes

The methods of kinetic theory are used to describe the radiation from an atom immersed in a gas of perturbing particles. It is shown that the line shape can be expressed in terms of a one-particle distribution function. The appropriate BBGKY hierarchy of equations is derived. This hierarchy is then truncated by assuming that only two-body collisions are important. The resulting equations are solved to obtain a non-Markovian kinetic equation which describes the combined effects of Doppler and pressure broadening. When the Markovian assumption is applied, a generalized linear Boltzmann equation is obtained which describes the line shape in the region where the impact limit is valid and which also describes the phenomenon of collisional narrowing.
The nutritional value of hydrolyzed poultry manure for broiler chickens.

Abstract STUDIES with poultry manure have been limited primarily to its fertilizer value. Its “apparent” or crude protein content (N × 6.25) and its abundance justify its consideration as a potential feedstuff with proper processing. Yushok and Bear (1943) observed that old litter manure from laying hens contained 2.50 percent nitrogen on an oven dried basis. This is equivalent to 15.63 percent crude protein. Fresh hen manure contained the nitrogen equivalent of 25.87 percent crude protein. White et al. (1944) reported that dried fresh hen manure contained 5.62 percent nitrogen, which is equivalent to 35.12 percent crude protein. Parker et al. (1959) obtained samples of poultry litter from 31 hen houses and 82 broiler houses and found their average nitrogen content to be 2.00 and 2.27 percent, equivalent to 12.50 and 15.28 percent crude protein, respectively. A considerable portion of the total nitrogen of poultry manure exists in non-protein forms such …
Protein kinase Cepsilon interacts with Bax and promotes survival of human prostate cancer cells.

Prostatic glandular epithelial cells express protein kinase Cɛ (PKCɛ), an oncoprotein that coordinately disrupts the reactivation of the tumor suppressor Rb, derepressess transcriptional elongation of the c-myc oncogene, and propagates survival signals in LNCaP cells. Since the activation of such a program may contribute to the progression of human prostate cancer, a proteomic analysis was performed to gain a more global perspective on the signaling network that PKCɛ might be capable of engaging in prostate cancer cells. Using CWR22 xenografts, we identified at least 18 different structural, signaling, and stress-related proteins that associated with PKCɛ, including an interaction with the proapoptotic protein Bax that was novel to recurrent CWR22 tumors. An investigation into the biological significance of the PKCɛ association with Bax provided the first evidence of an inverse relationship between endogenous levels of PKCɛ and susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to the apoptotic effects of phorbol esters. Western blot and antisense experiments demonstrated that CWR-R1 cells expressed moderate levels of PKCɛ and relied on this protein to survive in the presence of phorbol esters, while the apoptosis normally induced by phorbol esters in PKCɛ-deficient LNCaP cells was dependent on the presence of Bax. Forced expression of PKCɛ in LNCaP cells was sufficient to confer a significant resistance to phorbol esters and this resistance was associated with an inhibition of phorbol ester-induced Bax conformational rearrangements that are important for Bax oligomerization, mitochondrial integration, and cytochrome c release. Considered in their entirety, our data suggest that an association of PKCɛ with Bax may neutralize apoptotic signals propagated through a mitochondrial death-signaling pathway.
Acquired hypothyroidismwith muscular hypertrophy and precocious testicular enlargement

PRECOCIOUS sexual matura t ion and muscular hypertrophy are unusual and infrequently reported clinical manifestations of thyroid insufficiency. In 1935, Debrd and Semelaigne 1 emphasized the unusual clinical syndrome of muscular hypertrophy and cretinism which had been described earlier by Kocher. 2 With thyroid therapy the muscular hypertrophy is usually reversible, Precocious testicular enlargement has been reported in 16 hypothyroid male children. 3-6 Four of the children have had an enlarged sella turcica. Increased serum gonadotropins were present in the majority of patients tested. Test icular histology has shown early seminiferous tubular maturation in two cases. The testicular enlargement usually disappears rapidly when the hypothyroid state is corrected. We describe a 9-year-old boy with acquired hypothyroidism and the unique combination of muscular hypertrophy and testicular enlargement.
Integrating solid-modelling and drafting through multiple dynamic views

A computer-aided architectural and engineering design system that combines the power of geometric modelling utilities with the intuitive design and communication capabilities of drafting utilities is presented. The system, called WORLDVIEW, achieves this integration by representing the designed artifact non-redundantly in a 3-dimensional World and manipulates it through multiple 2-dimensional Views. The world consists of a collection of shapes that store all the formative information which is fertinent to the designed artifact, while the views consist of images of selected shapes, generated through particular two-way mapping transforms. Several views that depict the same set of shapes through different transforms can be displayed simultaneously, using multiple, dynamic, user-defined windows, thereby enabling addressability of points in the 3-dimensional world. Information that facilitates the communication of the designed artifact to other participants in the fabrication process, but which is not part of the artifact itself (such as dimension lines and annotations), is contained within the view rather than the world. This information is, nevertheless, linked dynamically to the model, such that when the latter is modified, the information stored by the views changes accordingly. Views are thus similar to conventional drawings in that they depict a scaled 2-dimensional image of a 3-dimensional artifact along with dimension lines and annotations. They differ, however, from conventional drawings in that they do not actually store the shape of the artifact itself, instead, they store references to the components of the 3-dimensional model that have been deemed visible in a given view. When the designer uses a particular view, those components of the model undergo a projection transformation, as prescribed by the view, which results in a 2-dimensional image that is displayed on the screen. By inverting the transformation, the changes that have been applied by the designer to the projected image are conveyed back to the 3-dimensional model, thereby providing the means to modify and manipulate it. Since all views depict the same world, they are not independent of each other; a change in the world made through one view is immediately apparent in all other views in which the modified component is imaged. The WORLDVIEW system is based on the one-to-many relationship between the 3-dimensional model (The ‘World’) that represents the artifact and the 2-dimensional images of that model that are used to visualize and manipulate it (the ‘Views’). Their integration simplifies the use of powerful modelling utilities by designers and enhances the integrity of the designed artifact.
Evaluation of the Relative Weight (Wr ) Index for Assessment of White Crappie and Black Crappie Populations

Abstract We evaluated a large data set and confirmed that current standard weight (Ws ) equations for white crappies Pomoxis annularis and black crappies P. nigromaculatus are length-biased. We applied the regression-line-percentile (RLP) technique to length-weight data for 27,002 white crappies (175 populations) and 21,709 black crappies (80 populations) to develop new 75th-percentile Ws relationships. The proposed Ws equations are log10 Ws (g) = –5.642 + 3.332 log10TL(mm) for white crappies and log10 Ws (g) = –5.618+ 3.345 log10TL(mm) for black crappies; TL is total length. There was no systematic bias evident in Wr values (Wr = 100· W /Ws ; W is individual fish weight) calculated with the RLP-generated equations. Frequency distributions of population-mean Wr values were consistent with those from studies of other fish species. No regional trends in Wr were observed. Moderate correlations were found between Wr and population structure. Relative weight was generally highest in the spring, decreased after...
Late cardiovascular consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as carbohydrate intolerance of any degree first recognized during pregnancy, complicates ~4% of all pregnancies in the United States. Several factors can increase one's risk of developing GDM, including obesity, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and race/ethnicity. Conversely, a history of GDM can increase the risk of developing not only T2DM but also cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of a diagnosis of T2DM. Several investigations have explored GDM relationships with CVD risk factors, CVD surrogate markers, and clinically evident CVD. These studies have included evaluations of biochemical parameters, such as inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers; endothelial dysfunction, such as that seen in impaired brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation; and vascular dysfunction, manifest as cardiac dysfunction or in diseases such as hypertension. This article will review these studies and examine factors considered to be responsible for promoting CVD in women with a history of GDM, such as T2DM and metabolic syndrome and its components. In addition, studies evidencing CVD in women with a history of GDM will be explored.
Treatment with the NMDA antagonist memantine attenuates nociceptive responses to mechanical stimulation in neuropathic rats

Systemic treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist memantine (MEM) resulted in a decrease in mechanical hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in neuropathic rats. Bolus injections of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg MEM (i.p.) attenuated withdrawal responses following mechanical stimulation for up to 6 h post-injection while saline had no effect. A more remarkable effect was observed following chronic treatment with MEM via mini-osmotic pumps (8 mg/kg per h for 7 days, i.p.), in which nociceptive responses were decreased during treatment and remained depressed for 3 days post-treatment. These antinociceptive effects can be obtained at doses which do not produce motor dysfunction. The results of this study demonstrate that MEM has a therapeutic effect on mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia and may be considered as an alternative treatment for pathological pain in the clinical setting.
Spiritual Practices as a Means of Coping with and Ameliorating Stress to Reduce Teacher Attrition.

Teacher attrition has been a serious problem in maintaining quality education in the United States. Although the research produced extensive documentation on teachers' stress and attrition, little attention has been paid to their spiritual stress coping strategies. This article documents various spiritual practices as a means of coping with stress employed by teachers with religious beliefs and illustrates how they process stress using spiritual practices. Many teachers report managing professional stress through spiritual practices such as prayer, meditation, and reading devotionals or scripture. The findings suggest implications for public and private, especially Christian, teacher preparation, professional development, and future research.
160 GHz Balanced Frequency Quadruplers Based on Quasi-Vertical Schottky Varactors Integrated on Micromachined Silicon

This work reports on an integrated frequency quadrupler operating at 160 GHz with maximum efficiency of 30% and corresponding output power of 70 mW. The quadrupler design includes two frequency doubler stages in cascade and is based on a balanced circuit architecture that addresses degradation issues often arising from impedance mismatches between multiplier stages. A unique quasi-vertical diode fabrication process consisting of transfer of GaAs epitaxy to a thin silicon support substrate is used to implement the quadrupler, resulting in an integrated drop-in chip module that incorporates 18 varactors, matching networks and beamleads for mounting. The chip is tailored to fit the multiplier waveguide housing, resulting in high reproducibility and consistency in manufacture and performance. Estimates of the varactor temperature for the multiplier were made using the diodes as integrated thermometers. These measurements estimate the operating temperature of the varactors in the quadrupler input stage to be 35 ° C.
Unmet Analgesic Needs in Cancer Patients

Abstract This study was designed to characterize unmet analgesic needs in a group of cancer patients. One hundred one inpatients were surveyed to document pain prevalence and intensity, satisfaction with pain control and factors associated with unmet analgesic needs during the week prior to admission. Forty four percent had unmet analgesic needs, defined as pain of moderate or greater than moderate intensity. These patients had a significantly greater prevalence of bone and axillary node involvement, higher than pain intensity, and less satisfaction with pain control. Fifty-nine percent were satisfied with pain control. Dissatisfaction was associated with higher usual pain intensity, less satisfaction with physician information about pain etiology, less frequent attribution of pain to disease, sharp pain, constant and intermittent pain, patient perceptions of less physician concern about pain, patient and physician belief that the patient is receiving insufficient analgesic, and patient wanting more control over analgesic regimen. Patients may benefit from improved treatment of specific syndromes and by attention to communication.
Development of gene therapy for blood disorders: an update

This review addresses the current status of gene therapy for immunodeficiencies, chronic granulomatous disease, suicide gene therapy for graft-versus-host disease, viral infections, malignant hematologic disorders, hemophilia, and the hemoglobin disorders. New developments in vector design have fostered improved expression as well as enhanced safety, particularly of integrating retroviral vectors. Several immunodeficiencies have been treated successfully by stem cell–targeted, retroviral-mediated gene transfer with reconstitution of the immune system following infusion of the transduced cells. In a trial for hemophilia B, long-term expression of human FIX has been observed following adeno-associated viral vector–mediated gene transfer into the liver. This approach should be successful in treating any disorder in which liver production of a specific protein is therapeutic.
Chronic productive cough and bronchiectasis in a 40-year-old woman

HISTORY OF THE PRESENT ILLNESS The patient is a 40-year-old woman with a 20-year history of cough productive of 30 to 60 mL of thick, yellow mucus each day. She denies hemoptysis, fevers, chills, weight loss, night sweats, wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea on exertion, or shortness of breath. The only exacerbating factor for her cough is upper respiratory tract infections. She also describes a history of sneezing, clear rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, postnasal drip, and ocular pruritus since childhood. She denies anosmia. Her symptoms are perennial, but seemed to worsen in the spring and the fall and are precipitated by exposure to dust or various irritants. She develops approximately one sinus infection per year that resolves gradually with antibiotic therapy. The patient was noted to have polyps in 1993; however, turbinectomy and polypectomy had little impact on her symptoms.
Apolipoprotein E Is Upregulated in Olfactory Bulb Glia Following Peripheral Receptor Lesion in Mice

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a lipid transporting protein, has been postulated to participate in nerve regeneration. To better clarify apoE function in the olfactory system, we evaluated the amount and distribution of apoE in the olfactory bulb following olfactory nerve lesion in mice. Olfactory nerve was lesioned in 2- to 4-month-old mice by intranasal irrigation with Triton X-100. Olfactory bulbs were collected at 0, 3, 7, 21, 42, and 56 days postlesion, and both apoE concentrations and apoE distribution were determined. ApoE levels, as determined by immunoblot analysis, were twofold greater than normal during nerve degeneration at 3 days. ApoE levels remained elevated by approximately 1.5 times normal levels at 7 through 21 days after injury and returned to baseline by 56 days. Immunocytochemical studies supported these observations. ApoE immunoreactivity was prominent on the olfactory nerve at 3 days after lesion and decreased to baseline levels at later time periods. Double-labeling immunocytochemical studies confirmed that both reactive astroglia and microglia produced detectable amounts of apoE following the lesion. Return of apoE expression to baseline paralleled measures of olfactory nerve maturation as measured by olfactory marker protein. These data suggest that apoE increases concurrent with nerve degeneration. ApoE may facilitate efficient regeneration perhaps by recycling lipids from degenerating fibers for use by growing axons. The association of apoE genotype with dementing illnesses may represent a diminished ability to support a lifetime of nerve regeneration.
Aerosol retrievals over the ocean by use of channels 1 and 2 AVHRR data: sensitivity analysis and preliminary results

This paper outlines the methodology of interpreting channel 1 and 2 AVHRR radiance data over the oceans and describes a detailed analysis of the sensitivity of monthly averages of retrieved aerosol parameters to the assumptions made in different retrieval algorithms. The analysis is based on using real AVHRR data and exploiting accurate numerical techniques for computing single and multiple scattering and spectral absorption of light in the vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere-ocean system. We show that two-channel algorithms can be expected to provide significantly more accurate and less biased retrievals of the aerosol optical thickness than one-channel algorithms and that imperfect cloud screening and calibration uncertainties are by far the largest sources of errors in the retrieved aerosol parameters. Both underestimating and overestimating aerosol absorption as well as the potentially strong variability of the real part of the aerosol refractive index may lead to regional and/or seasonal biases in optical thickness retrievals. The Angstrom exponent appears to be the most invariant aerosol size characteristic and should be retrieved along with optical thickness as the second aerosol parameter.
The near ultraviolet absorption spectrum of gaseous HONO and N2O3

Abstract New measurements of the absorption cross sections for N 2 O 3 and HONO vapors have been made for the 300 – 400 nm wavelength range. The N 2 O 3 data were derived from the observed spectra of equilibrium mixtures of N 2 O 3 with NO, NO 2 and N 2 O 4 . HONO data were derived from its equilibrium mixtures with NO, NO 2 , H 2 O, N 2 O 3 and N 2 O 4 . Correction for the absorptions of NO 2 and N 2 O 4 in the first mixtures and NO 2 , N 2 O 4 and N 2 O 3 in the second mixtures were made using the measured initial compositions together with equilibrium and NO 2 , N 2 O 4 and N 2 O 3 absorption cross section data. The measured cross sections for HONO(g) are significantly greater than those reported from similar experiments by Johnston and Graham and are somewhat smaller than those recently published by Cox and Derwent. The new data are consistent with relative rate measurements for the photochemical reactions HONO + hv → HO + NO and NO 2 + hv → O + NO studied in a simulated-sunlight-irradiated reaction chamber at low reactant concentrations. The first order rate constants for the first of these reactions in the lower atmosphere are estimated as 0.089, 0.088, 0.086, 0.083, 0.077, 0.068, 0.054, 0.035, 0.017 and 0.004 min −1 for sea level and no ground reflectivity with solar zenith angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 78 and 86 °, respectively.