cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests for sphericity under correlated multivariate regression equations model

In this paper, the authors investigated the asymptotic distribution theory connected with the likelihood ratio test (LRT)-like test statistic for sphericity under correlated multivariate regression equations (CMRE) model. An asymptotic expression is obtained for the null distribution of the above test statistic. Asymptotic nonnull distribution of the above test statistic under fixed alternatives is also derived. The above results are derived when the underlying distribution is multivariate normal. It was also shown that the above results are valid even when the joint distribution of the observations is elliptically symmetric. The authors also derived the asymptotic null distribution of the LRT-like test statistic when the observations on each variable are elliptically symmetric.
MIT educators share success

This column describes the use of computer graphics as a teaching tool. At MIT, the course Physics 8.02 has a high enrollment, but it is one of the more difficult classes for students because of the non-intuitive nature of electromagnetism. In order to properly demonstrate the phenomena, Professor John Belcher developed a series of short videos with animation and text of selected experiments. He emphasizes that "the power of animation in explaining electromagnetism can only be appreciated by viewing sample animations." You can find examples of these animations at http://web.mit.edu/jbelcher/www/anim.htmlThis article is reprinted from the SIGGRAPH 2000 Educators Program.
Use of a novel microfluidic disk in the analysis of single-cell viability and the application to Jurkat cells.

Abstract Jurkat cells were trapped in the microchambers of a novel disk-shaped cell separation device and stained with Cellstain. Approximately 90% of the cells were living. Single cells were isolated with a branching microchannel after rotation at 4500 rpm for 30 s, demonstrating that a living single cell could be trapped in the microchambers.
Modeling Strategies: In Search of the Holy Grail

(2000). Modeling Strategies: In Search of the Holy Grail. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 74-81.
Home Internet Use among Hospice Service Recipients: Recommendations for Web-Based Interventions

A growing number of researchers are exploring strategies to improve hospice care through the use of web-based technologies. This study of 50 hospice patients and caregivers was conducted in order to obtain data describing home internet use among hospice service recipients. Over half (58%) of respondents reported having home internet access, with most using a dial-up connection. Primary reasons for accessing the web included e-mail and information searches. Findings suggest that the hospice industry should explore adopting web-based technologies as a strategy to enhance rather than replace traditional care. Providers must consider the strengths and potential limitations of patients and caregivers when designing online services. Specific recommendations for web-based hospice interventions are discussed at length.
407 USE OF HYDRAULIC CAPILLARY INFUSION SYSTEM IN STUDY OF ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY IN CHILDREN

One hundred sixty-one esophageal manometric studies were performed on 106 pts using infusion system previously described for adults.(1) Flow rate was 0.6 cc/min. Three fused esophageal catheters with outside diameter of 3.1 mm and internal diameter of 0.8 mm/catheter were used. Sixty-three pts had gastroesophageal reflux, 29 normal, 14 other esophageal diseases. Amplitude (A) and duration (D) of peristaltic contractions and velocity (V) of contraction wave down esophagus were determined on 13 pts without identifiable esophageal disease (6 2 yrs). Data expressed as mean ± SD. Conclusions: (1) No difference in A, D or V in pts 2 yrs. (2) Infusion system allows for use of low flow rates and small catheter size. (3) Abnormalities in peristalsis can be quantitated in pediatric patients. (1) Arndorfer RC. Gastro 73. 1977.
Effect of Stain, Technician, Number of Spermatozoa Evaluated and Slide Preparation on Assessment of Spermatozoal Viability by Light Microscopy

Summary Experiment 1: Percentages of spermatozoa were scored viable or nonviable (non-eosinophilic or eosinophilic) in an ejaculate from each of ten stallions stained with Hancock's stain, i.e., eosin Y-nigrosin (EN) or a mixture of ethidium bromide (EB) and acridine orange (AO). When spermatozoa were stained immediately after seminal collection, no significant difference (P>0.05) was detected in percentage of spermatozoa scored as viable with EN or EB-AO (55 ± 3.4 vs 52 ± 5.2), respectively. Similarly, when aliquots from each ejaculate were subjected to conditions expected to drastically reduce viability, percentages of spermatozoa scored viable with EN were not different (P>0.05) from those obtained using EB-AO stain. Thus, EN appeared to provide a practical means for rapidly estimating percentages of viable spermatozoa in equine ejaculates. Experiment 2: Six ejaculates from each of six stallions were stained with EN and evaluated by two experienced technicians. To determine effects of region of slide and number of spermatozoa evaluated on percentages of spermatozoa scored either normal or abnormal, and eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic, each slide was divided into three regions and 100, 200 and 300 spermatozoa evaluated. When spermatozoa were scored abnormal, abnormalities were sub-classified into specific anomalies of the head, mid-piece or tail. In addition, data were analyzed to determine variation between technicians evaluating the spermatozoa, and percentage of spermatozoa scored eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic after storage for 0, 7 or 28 days after slide preparation. Region within slide, number of spermatozoa evaluated, technician or storage had no significant effects (P>0.05) on percentage of spermatozoa classified as normal, abnormal, eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic. However, there was a difference (P
A family of transcriptional adaptor proteins targeted by the E1A oncoprotein

The cellular protein p300 is a target of the adenoviral E1A oncoprotein and is thought to participate in preventing the G0/G1 transition in the cell cycle, activating certain enhancers and stimulating differentiation pathways. CBP is a protein that is associated with and coactivates the transcription factor CREB, mediating the induction by cyclic AMP of certain responsive promoters. The sequences of p300 and CBP are highly related. We show here that p300, like CBP2, can stimulate transcription. This activity is directly and specifically inhibited by E1A. We also find that CBP exists in a DNA-bound complex containing a member of the CREB family and that E1A and CBP interact with one another in vivo. In keeping with the idea that E1A functionally targets CBP, cAMP-dependent transcription is repressed by E1A. Thus, p300 and CBP define a family of transcriptional adaptor proteins that are specifically targeted by the E1A oncoprotein.
Light diffraction studies of active muscle fibres as a function of sarcomere length

This investigation has established the following points. (1) Activation of single intact frog muscle fibres or mechanically skinned fibres results in a decrease in the intensity of the first-order line at all sarcomere lengths at which filament overlap is present. (2) At long sarcomere lengths (>3.6 µm) the intensity decrease upon stimulation of intact fibres diminishes until above 3.9 µm no decrease is seen. In the skinned preparation, no intensity change is seen at sacromere lengths above 3.6 µm. (3) The intensity decrease seen in the intact fibres in the 3.6–3.9 µm sarcomere length region may be due to contraction of sarcomeres near the tendons, which have a shorter sarcomere length than those illuminated by the laser beam, and thus may not be stretched beyond filament overlap. (4) No intensity decrease is observed upon activation at very long (>4.25 µm) sarcomere lengths. (5) Mechanically skinned fibres show a graded intensity response to free calcium. (6) Scans of first-order line width show no broadening upon activation, indicating that sarcomere length dispersion in the illuminated region of the fibre does not increase.
R-curve measurement of silicon nitride ceramics using single-edge notched beam specimens

R-curve behaviour of three kinds of silicon nitride-based ceramics has been studied using the single-edge notched beam (SENB) technique. If the notch is deep enough, the specimen shows stable fracture during the bending test, even when the sample is a brittle material. The conditions required to obtain stable fracture in the bending test are clarified by the analysis. The crack length of the specimen was also calculated from the changing load during the fracture test. In this study, coarse-grained silicon nitride shows a large increase of theR-curve. On the other hand, silicon nitride with silicon carbide whiskers shows noR-curve increase. The rise of theR-curve should be related to the microstructure of the ceramics, and especially to the grain size of the specimen, because silicon carbide whiskers are not large compared to the silicon nitride grains, and silicon carbide can reduce the grain growth of silicon nitride during sintering.
Ergodic theorems for hybrid sequences in a Hilbert space with applications

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the notion of generalized hybrid sequences, extending the notion of nonexpansive sequences introduced and studied in our previous work Djafari Rouhani (1981, 1990, 1990, 1997, 2002, 2004, 2002) [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , and prove ergodic and convergence theorems for such sequences in a Hilbert space H . Subsequently, we apply our results to prove new fixed point theorems for generalized hybrid mappings, first introduced in Kocourek et al. (2010) [14] , Takahashi and Takeuchi (2011) [20] , defined on arbitrary nonempty subsets of H .
Brain Cell Nuclear Retention of Testosterone Metabolites, 5α-Dihydrotestosterone and Estradiol-17β, in Adult Rats

Radioactivity was analyzed in tissue homogenates and purified cell nuclear fractions in the pituitary and 9 brain regions 2 h after an iv [7-3H]testosterone infusion into gonadectomizedadrenalectomized adult male and female rats. Unchanged testosterone (T) and its metabolites, 5αdihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol-17β (E2), were the predominant steroids recovered from cell nuclear fractions in all brain regions examined. Highest levels of E2 as a T metabolite were found in nuclear fractions from the amygdala, followed by the hypothalamus, preoptic area and septum, while levels of DHT as a T metabolite were highest in nuclear fractions from the pituitary, followed by the hypothalamus and the septum. The regional pattern was similar in both sexes. Low levels of DHT and E2 recovered from serum indicated these metabolites were probably formed in situ. Regional distributions of cell nuclear retained DHT and E2 as T metabolites were compared with the respective regional distributions observed after either [...
Transannular Effects in Dicobalta−Superphane Complexes on the Mixed-Valence Class II/Class III Interface: Distinguishing between Spin and Charge Delocalization by Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy, and ab Initio Calculations

The oxidative electron-transfer properties of several superphane complexes consisting of cyclopentadienylcobalt cyclobutadiene moieties linked by either three (compounds 1 and 4) or five (compounds 2 and 5) bridging methylene groups have been studied by experimental and theoretical methods. In both cases two separate one-electron oxidations are found. The mixed-valent monocations of the (−CH2−)5-bridged complexes are valence-trapped with very weak interactions between metal centers. The (−CH2−)3 complexes, however, have strong interactions between the two molecular halves. The intervalence transfer (IT) band of 1+ has characteristics of both class II (localized) and class III (delocalized) behavior, but the IR spectra of carboxy-labeled 4+ clearly establish trapped valence for the monocations of the propano-bridged systems. Photoelectron spectra and ab initio calculations at the UHF level show that, in the ground electronic state, 1+ has a half-filled orbital (i.e., electron spin) that is essentially loca...
The dislocation core in crystalline materials

Abstract The art of forming materials into technologically useful artifacts by manipulation of the dislocation substructure dates back at least 8000 years to the Sumerian coppersmiths.1 Physical understanding of the mechanisms involved, on the other hand, began little more than 50 years ago; modem knowledge suggests that even now this understanding is far from complete.
Reducing Truckload Transportation Costs Through Collaboration

In the highly fragmented truckload transportation industry a substantial fraction of truck movements involves empty trucks, i.e., moves that reposition trucks. However, reducing the amount of truck repositioning is difficult because the need for a carrier to reposition its trucks depends on the interactions between the shippers the carrier is serving. Through collaboration, shippers may be able to identify and submit sequences of continuous loaded movements to carriers, reducing the carriers' need for repositioning, and thus lowering the carriers' costs. A portion of the carriers' cost savings may be returned to the shippers in the form of lower prices. We discuss optimization technology that can be used to assist in the identification of repeatable, dedicated truckload continuous move tours with little truck repositioning. Timing considerations are critical to practical viability and a key focus of our efforts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms developed on various randomly generated instances as well as on instances derived from data obtained from a strategic sourcing consortium for a $14 billion U.S. industry.
An energy-based model of friction and its application to coated systems

Abstract An energy-based friction model is used to develop expressions for the friction coefficient; these expressions depend on familiar mechanical parameters, stress-strain curves and microstructural features of the materials. The main assumption is that the frictional work performed is equal to the work of plastic deformation during steady state sliding. The results include as a special case the well-known expression for the friction coefficient derived from adhesion theories. However, the new model can also be applied to more complex systems such as those involving coatings. In particular, for soft coatings on hard substrates as well as for hard coatings on soft materials, the friction coefficient can be predicted as a function of layer thickness in accordance with reported observations. Furthermore, guidelines are presented for achieving low friction by using coatings. The new model can also be applied to systems involving reaction layers, transferred material and solid lubricants of varying thickness. In addition, the model offers some insight into the variation in friction coefficients with time and into the processes which occur during running-in.
Agreement in CP

Abstract Chomsky (1986) argues that SPEC-head agreement takes place in IP and in CP. This paper examines the possibility that SHA in CP, which I label as Agreement in COMP (AIC), is variable in its formulation, and is central to explaining the variable that-trace effect (Perlmutter 1968, Kayne 1981, Sobin 1987), as well as a variety of other phenomena involving SpecCP, C, and traces, both in complement constructions and in relative clause constructions. I argue that AIC is crucially limited in its applicability by features of wh-ness ([+ / - WH]) and indexicality ([+ / - i]). In particular, AIC is triggered by an element which is [+ phonetic/ ∝ WH/ ∝i]. When AIC applies, the result is to transfer index from SpecCP to the complementizer, which in turn may antecedent- govern a subject (SpecIP) position. When AIC does not apply, the Minimality condition blocks proper government of such a subject position. This proposal leads to an extension of the conditions under which a category is L-marked and to rejection of the proposal that a ‘featureless’ head allows the absence of a minimality barrier X' (Chomsky 1986: 48). However, it retains the proposal that a minimality barrier X' may be absent when SpecXP is absent (Chomsky 1986: 4).
The Perception of Others

We are in life all convinced that by opening our eyes and by listening we really do perceive other people.
Binding of thiamin thiazolone pyrophosphate to mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase and its effects on kinase and phosphatase activities

Abstract The pyruvate dehydrogenase component of the bovine kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase complex has two thiamin-PP binding sites per α 2 β 2 tetramer. Titration of these binding sites with the transition state analog, thiamin thiazolone pyrophosphate, strongly inhibits phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and ATP. The analog has little effect, if any, on dephosphorylation of phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase by pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivates the enzyme, but does not significantly affect the thiamin-PP binding sites. It appears that phosphorylation produces a conformational change in pyruvate dehydrogenase that displaces a catalytic group (or groups) at the active center.
Population and labour force issues for Australia: the Borrie Report projections in retrospect.

This paper evaluates the [Australian] National Population Inquirys First Report (1975) and Supplementary Report (1978) and argues that the methods employed for fertility projections fall short of providing an adequate analysis for the development of social policy in respect of employment policies and migration programmes. Specifically the author argues that the Reports do not seriously address the possibility that fertility might continue to decline below replacement level with consequent implications for womens increasing labour force participation. The likely effects of population structure on future employment/unemployment policies are discussed in [relation to] the increased demand for skilled labour and the decreased demand for unskilled labour in a changing labour market. The major point raised is the dilemma of relying on short-term immigration policies to provide skilled labour at the expense of providing training for the indigenous potential workforce and retraining for women. (EXCERPT)
Dogs don't bark at parked cars

Abstract The following essay, by the Past President of the World Futures Studies Federation (WFSF), was presented as the Opening Keynote Address to the WFSF World Conference ‘Coherence and Chaos in our Uncommon Futures’, Turku, Finland, 23 August 1993.
The carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen from middle Permian to middle Triassic

The results of a theoretical isotope mass balance model are presented for the time dependence of burial and weathering-plus-degassing fluxes within the combined long-term carbon and sulfur cycles. Averaged data for oceanic δ13C and δ34S were entered for every million years from 270 to 240 Ma (middle Permian to middle Triassic) to study general trends across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Results show a drop in the rate of global organic matter burial during the late Permian and a predominance of low values during the early-to-middle Triassic. This overall decrease with time is ascribed mainly to epochs of conversion of high biomass forests to low biomass herbaceous vegetation resulting in a decrease in the production of terrestrially derived organic debris. Additional contributions to lessened terrestrial carbon burial were increased aridity and a drop in sea level during the late Permian which led to smaller areas of low-lying coastal wetlands suitable for coal and peat deposition. Mirroring the drop in organic matter deposition was an increase in the burial of sedimentary pyrite, and a dramatic increase in the calculated global mean ratio of pyrite-S to organic-C. High S/C values resulted from an increase of deposition in marine euxinic basins combined with a decrease in the burial of low-pyrite associated terrestrial organic matter. The prediction of increased oceanic anoxia during the late Permian and early Triassic agrees with independent studies of the composition of sedimentary rocks. Weathering plus burial fluxes for organic carbon and pyrite sulfur were used to calculate changes in atmospheric oxygen. The striking result is a continuous drop in O2 concentration from ∼30% to ∼13% over a twenty million year period. This drop was brought about mainly by a decrease in the burial of terrestrially derived organic matter. but with a possible contribution from the weathering of older organic matter on land. It must have exerted a considerable influence on animal evolution because of the role of O2 in respiration. Some examples are the extinction of many vertebrates, loss of giant insects and amphibians, and the restriction of animals to low elevations. It is concluded that the extinction of plants may have contributed to the extinction of animals.
Fungus ashes and tobacco: the use of Phellinus igniarius by the indigenous people of North America.

The Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History has unusual boxes which were made by the Inuit of Alaska in the late 1800s to hold the ashes of Phellinus igniarius basidiocarps. The fungus was burned and the ashes mixed with tobacco to give it a ‘powerful kick’. Museum collections of P. igniarius indicate that its use by Native Americans as a masticatory or for smoking purposes was widespread across North America.
Delay of insulin addition to oral combination therapy despite inadequate glycemic control: delay of insulin therapy.

BACKGROUND Patients and providers may be reluctant to escalate to insulin therapy despite inadequate glycemic control.
On the Sauer-Xu formula for the error in multivariate polynomial interpolation

Use of a new notion of multivariate divided difference leads to a short proof of a formula by Sauer and Xu for the error in interpolation, by polynomials of total degree? n in d variables, at a 'correct' point set.
Whom do words hurt? Individual differences in susceptibility to verbal overshadowing

SUMMARY The phenomenon of verbal overshadowing, in which describing memory for nonverbal stimuli (e.g. faces, tastes, or music) interferes with subsequent recognition performance, has previously been associated with situations in which participants’ perceptual expertise exceeded their verbal expertise (e.g. Melcher and Schooler, 1996). Such findings suggest that individual diAerences in perceptual and verbal ability should predict who will be vulnerable to verbalization. In this study participants performed six trials of a standard verbal overshadowing procedure (viewing a face, verbally recalling it or engaging in an unrelated activity, followed by taking a forced choice recognition test). Perceptual ability was assessed using both a domain specific measure (face recognition ability) and non-specific measures (e.g. embedded figures). General verbal ability was determined on the basis of high school or college GPA. As predicted, verbal overshadowing (i.e. lower performance for verbalization relative to control participants) was greatest among participants with high perceptual expertise and low verbal expertise. This relationship was observed with both the domain-specific and domain-general measures of perceptual expertise. These findings suggest that individuals may be especially vulnerable to verbal overshadowing when their general perceptual abilities exceed their verbal abilities. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 12: S105‐S125 (1998)
Usefulness of serial pulmonary function testing as an indicator of amiodarone toxicity

Abstract A prospective study was conducted of 189 patients treated with amiodarone, maintained at doses of 400 to 800 mg/day and followed for up to 6 years. Only patients who had life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias unresponsive to conventional therapy were enrolled, and they underwent baseline pretreatment pulmonary function tests, with follow-up testing every 6 months. Morbidity and mortality statistics were confirmed by chart review and patient telephone interview. Of the 189 enrolled patients, 101 are alive, 84 are dead and 4 are lost to follow-up. Amiodarone-induced toxicity to the neurologic system, lungs, thyroid or liver was the primary or complicating cause of death in 12 of the 84 patients who died. The overall prevalence of all these forms of toxicity was 15%. Sixty-nine percent of the patients with amiodarone toxicity had pulmonary toxicity atone or combined with other forms of toxicity. Pulmonary function test abnormalities were noted at baseline in 75% of patients who had amiodarone-induced toxicity. The proportion of abnormal baseline pulmonary function tests was not significantly different among all toxic patients, pulmonary toxic patients and nontoxic patients. An evaluation of the decrease in pulmonary function over time could not distinguish patients who developed toxicity from those who did not. The observed incidence of pulmonary toxicity is consistent with published values; however, contrary to the findings of others, no statistically significant differences in pulmonary function at baseline or in changes over time were found between toxic and nontoxic patients. Differences from previous findings may be reflective of the more severe illness of the present population as evidenced by the high prevalence of abnormal pulmonary function at baseline and a high incidence of subsequent cardiac death. Two findings have not been previously reported: abnormal pulmonary function tests in patients with amiodarone-induced toxicity in nonpulmonary organs, and the frequent finding of concurrent multiple organ involvement in pulmonary toxic patients. The data indicate that pulmonary function tests are only a nonspecific indicator of pulmonary abnormalities in a population with preexisting cardropulmonary disease. In the absence of a specific diagnostic test, diagnosis of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity rests on a constellation of characteristics compiled from pulmonary function tests, chest x-rays, physical signs and a compatible history.
High-intensity ion sources for accelerators with emphasis on H− beam formation and transport (invited)a)

This paper lays out the fundamental working principles of a variety of high-current ion sources for accelerators in a tutorial manner, and gives examples of specific source types such as dc discharge-driven and rf-driven multicusp sources, Penning-type, and electron cyclotron resonance-based sources while discussing those principles, pointing out general performance limits as well as the performance parameters of specific sources. Laser-based, two-chamber, and surface-ionization sources are briefly mentioned. Main aspects of this review are particle feed, ionization mechanism, beam formation, and beam transport. Issues seen with beam formation and low-energy transport of negative hydrogen-ion beams are treated in detail.
Unilateral brain-stem lesions.

To the Editor. —In patients with apparently unilateral brain-stem lesions, brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials have usually shown the most marked abnormality when the ear ipsilateral to the lesion has been monaurally stimulated. This observation is curious in view of the generally acaccepted predominance of contralateral pathways when studied behaviorally. In keeping with most previous observations, Markand et al 1 report five cases of ipsilateral wave IV/V suppression associated with unilateral midbrain lesions, indicated by increased signal in T-2-weighted images in magnetic resonance scans. They make the point that unilateral lesions at the mesencephalic level are more likely to produce effects on brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials evoked from either ear than more caudal lesions, whose effects are more predictably ipsilateral. They go on to state, however, that when effects are asymmetric, the response from the ipsilateral ear is more abnormal. In conflict with these observations and conclusions are at least two cases in which unilateral
Long-range chemical ordering in Al-Cu-Fe, Al-Cu-Mn, and Al-Cu-Cr quasicrystals

The dependence of the F-type order and the stability of Al–Cu–Fe quasicrystals on quenching rate and composition are reported. In the Al–Cu–Mn and Al–Cu–Cr systems, where only metastable quasicrystals can be formed, a disordered icosahedral phase is obtained by melt-spinning, and P ⇉ F-type ordering is observed after annealing. Simultaneous evolution of the diffuse scattering and the ordering is observed as well. The quasicrystalline phases, P-type icosahedral as well as decagonal, in the ternary Al–Cu–TM alloys are structurally similar to those in the binary Al–TM alloys. Dislocations in the icosahedral phase have been imaged both by their strain field contrast and in high resolution.
Fault Diagnosis under Transparent-Scan

Transparent-scan provides opportunities for test compaction that do not exist with the conventional test application scheme for scan circuits. However, test compaction can reduce the ability of a transparent-scan sequence to diagnose faults. We describe a static test compaction procedure that reduces the length of a transparent-scan sequence while maintaining its stuck-at fault coverage and the number of stuck-at fault pairs it distinguishes. We use the static test compaction process as part of a process that constructs the transparent-scan sequence gradually, using test compaction to prevent the length of the sequence from becoming unnecessarily long.
Like Father, Like Son: Young Children's Understanding of How and Why Offspring Resemble Their Parents

4 studies investigated the broad claim that preschoolers understand biological inheritance. In Study 1, 4-7-year-old children were told a story in which a boy was born to one man and adopted by another. The biological father was described as having one set of features (e.g., green eyes) and the adoptive father as having another (e.g., brown eyes). Subjects were asked which man the boy would resemble when he grew up. Preschoolers showed little understanding that selective chains of processes mediate resemblance to parents. It was not until age 7 that children substantially associated the boy with his biological father on physical features and his adoptive father on beliefs. That is, it was not until age 7 that children demonstrated that they understood birth as part of a process selectively mediating the acquisition of physical traits and learning or nurturance as mediating the acquisition of beliefs. In Study 2, subjects were asked whether, as a boy grew up, various of his features could change. Children generally shared our adult intuitions, indicating that their failure in Study 1 was not due to their having a different sense of what features can change. Studies 3 and 4 replicated Study 1, with stories involving mothers instead of fathers and with lessened task demands. Taken together, the results of the 4 studies refute the claim that preschoolers understand biological inheritance. The findings are discussed in terms of whether children understand biology as an autonomous cognitive domain.
Pilot plant batch production of Neurospora crassa

A 50-gal. growth chamber is described together with its air filter and humidifier. The unit was designed especially for the production of Neurospora crassa, and was found to be effective in producing bulk amounts of mycelia with a high specific activity of tryptophan synthetase.
Human granulosa-luteal cells secrete parathyroid hormone-related protein in vivo and in vitro.

The presence of mRNA transcripts and/or immunoreactivity for PTH-related protein (PTHrP) in several normal mammalian tissues suggests a possible paracrine or autocrine role for this hormone. Since immunohistochemical studies of human ovary demonstrate the presence PTHrP immunoreactivity in this tissue, we wondered if ovarian follicular fluid (OVFF) might contain PTHrP. We retrospectively analyzed 28 OVFF samples obtained at ova harvest in 21 women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fourteen samples contained significant adenylate cyclase-stimulating activity in a PTHrP-sensitive bioassay. In a subsequent prospective analysis, 41 of 45 freshly obtained OVFF samples demonstrated significant activity. This bioactivity was completely neutralized by antisera to PTHrP, but was unaffected by antisera to PTH. Fifteen OVFF samples were also analyzed in a sensitive 2-site immunoradiometric assay for PTHrP, and all 15 demonstrated significant levels of the hormone. The PTHrP levels did not correlate with the presenc...
The Strong correlation Between Code Signatures and Performance

A recent study examined the use of sampled hardware counters to create sampled code signatures. This approach is attractive because sampled code signatures can be quickly gathered for any application. The conclusion of their study was that there exists a fuzzy correlation between sampled code signatures and performance predictability. The paper raises the question of how much information is lost in the sampling process, and our paper focuses on examining this issue. We first focus on showing that there exists a strong correlation between code signatures and performance. We then examine the relationship between sampled and full code signatures, and how these affect performance predictability. Our results confirm that there is a fuzzy correlation found in recent work for the SPEC programs with sampled code signatures, but that a strong correlation exists with full code signatures. In addition, we propose converting the sampled instruction counts, used in the prior work, into sampled code signatures representing loop and procedure execution frequencies. These sampled loop and procedure code signatures allow phase analysis to more accurately and easily find patterns, and they correlate better with performance
Performance of a novel self-organization protocol for wireless ad-hoc sensor networks

The paper presents an ad-hoc architecture for wireless sensor networks and other wireless systems similar to them. In this class of wireless system the physical resource at premium is energy. Bandwidth available to the system is in excess of system requirements. The approach to solve the problem of ad-hoc network formation here is to use available bandwidth in order to save energy. The method introduced solves the problem of connecting an ad-hoc network. This algorithm gives procedures for the joint formation of a time schedule (similar to a TDMA schedule) and activation of links therein for random network topologies. This self-organization method is energy-sensitive, distributed, scalable, and able to form a connected network rapidly.
Direct aerosol radiative forcing in the Yangtze delta region of China: Observation and model estimation

[1] The Yangtze delta region of China is a key agricultural area that experiences relatively high aerosol loadings [Xu et al., 2002]. In order to characterize the aerosol radiative properties and estimate direct aerosol radiative forcing in this region, measurements of the multiwavelength aerosol optical depth, τλ, light scattering coefficient, σsp, and absorption coefficient, σap, as well as the downward photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm), DPAR, were conducted during November 1999 in Linan, China. The direct aerosol radiative forcing for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and total solar radiation (0.2–4.0 μm, TSR) at both the surface and top of atmosphere (TOA) are estimated based on the measurements using two radiative transfer models. The model estimates indicate that the mean cloud-free instantaneous direct aerosol radiative forcing efficiency (for solar zenith angle < 70°) at the surface for PAR is −73.5 W m−2, which is in agreement with the value of −74.4 W m−2 derived directly from the measurements of DPAR and 500 nm aerosol optical depth (τ500). On the basis of the measured mean τ500 of 0.61, and the estimated cloud optical depth and cloud coverage of 5.0 and 50%, respectively, the 24-hr mean direct aerosol radiative forcing at the surface for PAR is estimated to be approximately −11.2 W m−2. This suggests that the amount of PAR reaching the surface over the Yangtze delta region is reduced by ∼16% as a result of the direct radiative effect of aerosols. The model results also indicate that the cloud-free 24-hr average direct aerosol radiative forcing efficiency at the TOA for TSR is −30.4 W m−2. When the presence of clouds is considered, the mean direct aerosol radiative forcing at the TOA for TSR is estimated to be approximately −12.1 W m−2. This value is roughly an order of magnitude greater than the estimated global mean aerosol radiative forcing of −0.3 to −1.0 W m−2 suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [1996]. Overall, this study indicates that aerosols have a substantial impact on the amount of radiation reaching the surface as well as the radiation balance at the TOA in the Yangtze delta region.
Motion artifact reduction for IVUS-based thermal strain imaging

Thermal strain imaging (TSI) using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has the potential to identify lipid pools within rupture-prone arterial plaques and serve as a valuable supplement to current IVUS systems in diagnosing acute coronary syndromes. The major challenge for in vivo application of TSI will be cardiac motion, including bulk motion and tissue deformation. Simulations based on an artery model, including a lipid-filled plaque, demonstrate that effective bulk motion compensation can be achieved within a certain motion range using spatial interpolation. We also propose a practical imaging scheme to minimize mechanical strains caused by tissue deformation based on a linear least squares fitting strategy. This scheme was tested on clinical data by artificially superimposing thermal displacements corresponding to different temperature rises. Results suggest a 1-2/spl deg/C temperature rise is required to detect lipids in an atherosclerotic plaque in vivo.
Choline and Methionine Supplementation of Layer Diets Varying in Protein Content

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with White Leghorn laying hens to evaluate choline and methionine addition to diets containing various crude protein (CP) levels. Cornsoybean meal diets containing 25 g/kg meat and bone meal were used in all experiments. Either choline or methionine supplementation at 1.0 g/kg improved egg production and feed:egg ratio of hens fed 140 g/kg CP from 23 to 35 weeks of age in Experiment 1. The magnitude of response from methionine was significantly greater than that from choline. Egg production and feed:egg ratios were not affected by these supplements in diets containing 160 g/kg CP. Added methionine also improved egg yield and egg weight at both levels of CP, whereas choline had no effect. In Experiment 2, .5 g/kg choline or methionine increased egg weight of hens fed 140 g/kg CP from 33 to 45 weeks of age, but these supplements had no effect in diets containing 160 g/kg CP. In phase 2 of this experiment, either choline or methionine at 1.0 g/kg improved egg production and egg yield of hens fed either 150 or 130 g/kg CP from 45 to 57 weeks of age. The responses from methionine were greater than those from choline. Methionine also improved egg weight at the lower protein level, whereas choline had no effect. The results of this study indicate that laying hens respond to either dietary choline or methionine supplementation; the response to methionine was greater, however, than the response to choline. In almost all cases, the magnitude of response in performance parameters to methionine or choline addition was greater with marginal protein diets than with diets adequate in CP. The data are supportive of specific needs for supplemental methionine and choline in the lower protein diets, not for just choline or methyl groups per se.
The History of Medieval Theatre / Theatre of Medieval History: Dramatic Documents and the Performance of the Past

Theatre history has long been a sub-discipline of literary criticism or, more recently, performance studies; it is usually not the province of trained historians. While potentially problematic for the study of any period, this trend has had a particularly limiting effect on the study of medieval drama and its larger historical contexts. This article explains why, offers a brief overview of medieval theatre's modern history and the current state of intellectual inquiry, and then suggests some historical uses of dramatic texts and of performance itself as an analytical category.
Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women of ethnic minority: a potential contributor to preeclampsia

We investigated risk for comorbidities and preeclampsia at low vitamin D levels in ethnic minorities. Umbilical cord vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was determined in urban minorities: 80.9% African American and 17% Hispanic mothers-baby pairs. To identify the correlation between vitamin D levels and high-risk comorbidities which result in preeclampsia, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Below the Institute of Medicine threshold of 25(OH)D for pregnant women (25 ng ml−1), obesity (P=0.055) and pregestational diabetes (odds ratio (OR)=2.056) were observed. The study median was 16 ng ml−1 (<25th percentile), at which gestational hypertension (P=0.042), chronic hypertension (OR=4.842) and pregestational diabetes (OR=3.45) became relevant. The risk for preeclampsia increased 12-fold with gestational hypertension (P=0.003) and 14-fold with combined chronic and gestational hypertension (P=0.001). Pregnant women of ethnic minority had lower median vitamin D levels which may contribute to a potential risk for preeclampsia.
Design of Membrane Cascades

Abstract Suggestions are made for the practical implementation of membrane cascades using diafiltration for the fractionation of solute pairs. Experiments are described that demonstrate the desirability of replacing solvent during the course of each diafiltration, and a parallel modeling development suggests an attractive means for accomplishing this replacement. A batch process is described to achieve such separations by simple assemblies of existing equipment, and suggestions are made for designing continuous processors. Such cascades are attractive for a wide variety of solutes including native proteins, as well as commodity chemicals, and they can be applied to the resolution of enantiomers through simple modifications already described in the public literature. The same techniques can be applied to multicomponent systems using the concept of key components as has long been done in distillation. The low inherent capital costs and high throughput rates of such membrane cascades strongly suggest that th...
Proposal for a high voltage AlGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs triple junction photovoltaic cell

Abstract A monolithic high voltage 1.87 eV AlGaAs/1.65 eV AlGaAs/1.42 eV GaAs triple junction (3J) photovoltaic (PV) cell design is presented. The motivation for this particular design is to reduce resistive I 2 R power loss that degrades PV module efficiency, to bypass the use of limited resources such as indium and germanium, and to simplify epitaxial growth with the lattice matched Al x Ga 1− x As semiconductor family.
The “Millennials”: First year in practice

Each year, thousands of novice nurses join the workforce. The overwhelming majority begin their careers in an acute care facility. Most of what we know about novice nurses comes from studies conducted over the last several decades. These studies have focused heavily on issues such as novice/expert differences on the performance of tasks. While they illuminate differences in judgment and decision-making skills, they provide little information on the reality of the novices' clinical practice. What is missing in the literature is an insider's look from the perspective of the millennial-born (1980–1999) novice nurse. Millennial novice nurses have both educators and experienced nurses searching for communication and learning strategies to engage the newest members of the nursing profession, yet the perceptions of millennial novice nurses have not yet been identified. This is a qualitative interpretive longitudinal study that utilized phenomenology as the philosophical and context method to illuminate the perceptions of millennial novice nurses. Audio-taped interviews were conducted at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Findings have implications for both nurse educators and nurses in acute care facilities, especially those orienting the newest generation of novice nurses.
Uranium Mining and the AEC: The Birth Pangs of a New Industry *

The interrelationship of national security, the Atomic Energy Commission, government financial support, and the birth pangs of a new and growing industry with unusual competitive characteristics are examined in this article.
Superconductivity and Disorder in Low Carrier Density La-S

La-S films near the metal-insulator transition were prepared and characterized. Localization and percolation effects were observed in the films and the interplay between them was studied.
Growth and metabolism of gastrointestinal and skeletal muscle tissues in protein-malnourished neonatal pigs

Our objective was to determine whether neonates adapt to protein malnutrition by preserving the relative growth and metabolism of gastrointestinal tissue at the expense of skeletal muscle. We measured gastrointestinal, liver, and carcass tissue masses and blood flow, oxygen consumption, and net glucose and amino acid fluxes in vivo of the portal-drained visceral tissues (PDV) in neonatal pigs fed isocaloric diets containing either 30% protein [control (C)] or 15% [low protein (LP)] for 14 days. Relative protein mass and fasting blood flow and oxygen consumption of PDV tissue in either group were not different. Relative protein mass of liver and carcass was lower in LP pigs. Net essential amino acid absorption and insulin concentration after feeding were lower in LP pigs. Results demonstrate that protein malnutrition in neonatal pigs differentially altered rates of tissue growth, such that the proportion of body protein partitioned into gastrointestinal tissue was preserved, while that of skeletal muscle was reduced. Chronic reduction in amino acid absorption in protein-malnourished pigs resulted in a reduced insulin response to feeding, which presumably limited substrate availability and the anabolic stimulus for skeletal muscle protein accretion.
INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS AND THE MAINTENANCE OF GENOTYPIC VARIATION WITHIN TWO PERENNIAL GRASSES.

Theoretical models predict that natural selection acting through competitive interactions should lead to increased divergence in resource use and to more equal competitive abilities among different genotypes. The consequent overcompensatory interactions and similar competitive abilities will favor maintenance of genotypic diversity. In field experiments we found that naturally co-occurring genotypes of two perennial grasses, Danthonia spicata and Anthoxanthum odoratum, differed in interspecific competitive performance. The competitive performance of a given genotype often depended on the genotypic identity of the competing species, especially in Danthonia spicata. Both overcompensatory and undercompensatory interactions were found, but neither was prevalent for both species. These data indicate that interactions between species are complex and have an important genetic component. The results from this experiment are compatible with a competitive explanation for the maintenance of genetic variation, but the persistence of weakly competitive genotypes cannot be explained.
Verbal Development in a Mongoloid

A mongoloid boy, IQ about 60, was taught to read and write using the kinesthetic method. He kept a diary from age 11 to age 45. Test data at age 45, various statistical word-counts and reading indices, and a Q sort of diary entries randomly selected from age 13 to 41 showed a reading vocabulary level maintained at or above the seventh grade level, and a writing level approximately comparable. Analysis using the formula developed by Parks of a 5,000 word sample showed a style similar to the spoken language of a bright five year old, yet with high redundancy with words of low rank and selectivity for words of high rank that statistically differentiated the two.