cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract TP250: Impact of Emergency Medical Services Acute Stroke Routing Protocols on Primary Stroke Center Certification in California.

Background: An organized stroke system of care includes the development of Primary Stroke Centers (PSCs) and preferential emergency medical services (EMS) routing to deliver suspected stroke patients to designated PSCs. EMS routing of stroke patients is not nationally governed and in California, EMS routing is decided on the county level. EMS routing policies might provide a financial or competitive incentive for hospitals to invest in PSC accreditation. We sought to evaluate the relationship between the independent adoption of EMS stroke routing protocols and hospital acquisition of PSC designation in California. Methods: All dates of California PSC certification were obtained through The Joint Commissions website qualitycheck.org and follow-up call to the stroke coordinator. Starting dates of EMS stroke routing policies were obtained for each county with at least one PSC. We describe the number of hospitals achieving PSCs designation relative to implementation of EMS routing policies, and annual rates of conversion to PSC for each county. Results: As of June 2012 there are 127 PSCs in California in 27 counties; 22 of 58 counties have implemented EMS routing policies. The greatest number of PSCs were in Los Angeles County (29) followed by San Diego (11) and Santa Clara (9) counties. Achievement of PSC designation was more frequent in the periods immediately before and after a county’s adoption of EMS routing (48 PSCs,38% of total, designated within one year and 81,64%, within 2 years). In Los Angeles, there were 4 hospitals with PSC certification >1 year in advance of EMS routing, 11 within a year of EMS routing and 13 additional PSC’s >1 year after EMS routing policies. The rate of conversion to stroke center accelerated prior to EMS diversion policy adoption and decelerated in the years following. Conclusion: Implementation of EMS routing policies may be an important factor driving PSC certification. National adoption of EMS routing policies for stroke may lead to greater numbers of PSCs, which could positively impact patient care.
Adorno, Werturteilsstreit and 'The Good' - An Epistemological Perspective

Following the original dispute about freedom from value judgments in sociology and social sciences overall (Werturteilsstreit), Theodor W. Adorno and Karl Popper engaged in a heated debate about universal methodology and positivism in the social sciences. It is specifically against Popper's theory that Adorno's epistemological theory is developed.This paper will attempt to reevaluate Adorno's position across works, including the recently published lectures. It will do so by taking into account recent scholarship and Adorno's relation to Weber's original thesis of the possibility of value free judgment. The paper will specifically consider the relation to other critical theorists such as Habermas and Marcuse on the one hand, and to critical rationalists like Popper and Albert on the other, to further establish Adorno's position.By doing this, I hope to lay the foundation for an epistemological perspective on the 'ethic' or 'moral' good in Adorno's critical theory. Claims to the impossibility of value free judgment that are in essence based on epistemological premises make the question of values necessarily an epistemological question. Therfore, only an evaluation of Adorno's epistemological theory can grant insight into his notion of 'the good' - or the lack thereof.
The Importance of Foregone Options: Generalizing Social Comparisons in Sequential-Move Games

Recent experimental evidence supports the influence of a player's unchosen alternatives on other agent's actions. This paper examines a tractable theoretical model of reference-dependent preferences in which individuals compare other players' chosen action with respect to their unchosen alternatives. We analyze the equilibrium prediction in complete information sequential-move games, and compare it with that of standard games where players are not concerned about unchosen alternatives. We show that, without relying on interpersonal payoff comparisons (i.e., with strictly individualistic preferences), our model predicts higher cooperation among the players than standard game-theoretic models. In addition, our framework embodies different models from the literature on social status acquisition and intentions-based reciprocity as special cases. Finally, we confirm our results in three economic applications: the ultimatum bargaining game, the labor market gift exchange game, and the sequential public good game.
Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on intracellular pH regulation in isolated rat bile duct epithelial cells

To determine if ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) induces a HCO3(-)-rich hypercholeresis by stimulating HCO3- secretion from bile duct epithelial (BDE) cells, we studied the effect of UDCA, sodium tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), and cholic acid on intracellular pH (pHi) regulation and HCO3- excretion in BDE cells isolated from normal rat liver. Exposure of BDE cells to UDCA (0.5-1.5 mM) produced a dose-dependent initial acidification [from -0.05 to -0.16 pH units (pHu)], which was lower in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate than in N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2- ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), because of the higher cell-buffering power in the presence of HCO3-. In contrast, TUDCA (1 mM) had no effect on pHi in either media. BDE acidification induced by UDCA (1.5 mM) in KRB was not inhibited by Cl- depletion excluding activation of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange. Most BDE cells spontaneously recovered their basal pHi during the UDCA infusion (0.5-1 mM) by a secondary activation of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger (amiloride inhibition of pHi recovery; n = 4), and pHi overshot basal levels by 0.1-0.2 pHu after UDCA withdrawal. The activity of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange (Cl- removal/readmission maneuver) as well as the activities of Na(+)-H+ exchange and Na(+)-HCO3- symport (NH4Cl acid load in HEPES and KRB, respectively) were unaffected by UDCA (0.5 mM) compared with controls. Cholic acid (1.5 mM), which does not produce a hypercholeresis, also acidified BDE cells in KRB media. These studies indicate that UDCA does not stimulate HCO3- excretion from isolated rat BDE cells but modifies pHi in BDE cells as a weak acid.
Predictors of Lawsuit Activity Against Nursing Homes in Hillsborough County, Florida

The objective of this study is to examine the litigation experience of twenty-eight nursing homes in Hillsborough County, Florida. Primary data were collected from Hillsborough County Circuit Court's Clerk's Recording Computer System about lawsuit activity from 1996 to 2000 and linked to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting system. We found that registered nurse levels, size, and being part of a chain or system impacted litigation in Hillsborough County.
The Edgerton Bible Case: Humphrey Desmond's Political Education of Wisconsin Catholics

Humphrey Desmond (1858-1932) was a man who sensed and responded to the changing nature of the Roman Catholic Church and American society during the period from 1880 to 1920. His central belief was that there was compatibility between Catholi cism and American life. He expressed this conception as editor for fifty years of the Catholic Citizen of Wisconsin and as pub lisher and editor of the first chain of Catholic newspapers in the United States.1 In many of his twenty-four books and dozens of articles for periodicals this theme was also paramount. Frequently these writings were addressed to Catholics. In the face of a significant number of them who, fearing the effects of separation of church and state, of political, social, and intellectual involvement with the Protestant majority, and of the secularism and materialism of America, urged withdrawal from modern cul ture, Desmond advocated interaction between Catholic and non Catholic and the establishment of Catholic institutions and men tality that would cooperate with the best in the American spirit.2 His writings were also aimed at the non-Catholic population of the United States. He insisted that the Catholic immigrant's pride in his heritage and religion could be used to encourage true patriotism through meaningful cultural interaction. He main tained that there was nothing in Catholicism that conflicted with the spirit of the democracy. His historical accounts of the Middle
Investigation of the Effect of Damage Shape and Beam Shape Using a Unified Framework

The coupled effects of damage and beam shapes are investigated using the “Unified Framework” as applied to Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko models for spanwise uniform beams with T-shaped cross sections. The natural frequencies are used as parameters to adjudge the coupled effect. The Unified Framework predicts that natural frequency may increase due to damage. Since the T-beam considers of two parts the flange and the web, their dimensions are varied to investigate changes in natural frequencies.
Increased vascular response to calcium channel agonist by Dahl S rat kidney.

We examined responses to the calcium channel agonist, BAY-K 8644, of isolated perfused kidneys from Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and -resistant (DR) rats that had been stabilized on high (HI) and low (...
Freemasons in China: The Portuguese Link

The presence of Freemasonry in China has been a subject of vivid debate as many see in it the track of the European colonisation of China and Asia as this type of organizations was a breed for expatriates looking to integrate themselves in these societies that were for the majority exotic, odd and difficult to understand. As Portugal kept the control of commerce in the China Seas until late 19th century, masonic lodges were important points of contact were acquaintances were made and business enterprises designed. As in other parts of the Portuguese Empire these venues happened spontaneously with no interference of the Crown and later of the Republic. Portuguese lodges were pioneer and preceded the creation of British Lodges in Hong Kong, following the victory of the British over China in the Opium Wars and later in mainland China, where concessions were formed to legitimize the European and American trade with China. With the victory of the Communists in the Civil War, freemasonry get dormant in the mainland but continued active in Hong Kong and Macau, becoming groupings were ethnic Chinese mixed with Caucasian freemasons.
Radiological Diagnosis of Inflammatory Pseudotumor of Lung:A Report of 32 Cases

Objective To discuss the characteristics of X-ray tomography,CT performance of the pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor.Method The X-ray,CT characteristics of 32 cases with pulmonary inflammatory pseudoumor comfirmed by operatation and pathological examination were analysed.Results Most of the tumours involucrums are integrated,and the boundary is smooth.Most lump body assumes circular,or ellipse sphere shadow,and the density is even.Most diameters are 35cm.The tumour and the pleural cling togather or have the adhesion.In the tumor edge,a sharp angle similar to pleura curtain-like adhesion could be seen,and the sharp angle unifies with the tumor to form exactly a "peach tip"—a typical diagnosis sign.Conclusion Based on the comprehensive analysis of clinical data,X-ray tomography,CT performance are important in the diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor.
The spectrum of chronic active liver disease

Much progress has been made in the classification of chronic hepatitis syndromes, based on correlation of specific histologic features with progressive liver destruction. Four etiologic subtypes have been defined--drug-induced, hepatitis B, non-A, non-B hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. The last paradoxically is least understood etiologically and pathophysiologically but the most amenable to specific therapy.
Percutaneous valve-in-homograft for management of a failed homograft

A 72-year-old male presented with NYHA Class IV symptoms of heart failure for the last 4 months. He had a history of aortic valve replacement with a homograft and mechanical mitral valve replacement 12 years ago for infective endocarditis. Contemporary transthoracic echocardiogram images were challenging but suggested a severely dilated left …
The Politics of Inequality in Russia: Regime Diversity in the Russian Regions

The formal organization of state power in the Russian regions – officially called the “subjects of the federation” – bears a strong family resemblance throughout the country. This fact, combined with the tendency toward the centralization of power in the country under Vladimir Putin in the 2000s, might suggest that regional differences in formal and informal regime characteristics are insignificant. Certainly it is the case that chief executives, often called governors even in the ethnic republics headed by presidents, dominate decision making everywhere, echoing the strongly presidential tilt at the federal level. Legislative assemblies, courts, mass media, and civic groups tend to be weak constraints at most on the governors. The actual distribution of power among political and social actors, however, can vary substantially. Even neighboring regions can feature significantly different political regimes. In some regions, governors are handmaidens of a dominant firm, such as an energy or minerals-extracting company. In others, power is more broadly dispersed. In many, the governor rules as a kind of chief executive officer of a state corporation that owns and controls much of the local economy. These patterns vary both over space and over time as particular governors establish their own regimes and as the power of major economic interests waxes and wanes. Systematic measurement of such elusive arrangements has stymied researchers seeking to understand the sources and consequences of this variation.
A Constitutive Model for Isothermal Pseudoelasticity Coupled with Plasticity

In this paper, a new constitutive model for isothermal pseudoelastic shape memory alloys is presented. The model is based upon a kinematic hardening framework that was previously developed for ferroelastic and ferroelectric switching behavior. The basis of the model includes a transformation surface, an associated flow rule for transformation strain, and kinematic hardening with the back stresses represented by a transformation potential that is dependent upon the transformation strain. In contrast to many models that introduce tension/compression asymmetry by devising transformation surfaces in terms of invariants of the stress tensor, this model achieves this capability by means of expressing the transformation potential from which the back stresses are derived as a weighted mix of two potentials that are, respectively, calibrated to measured tensile and compressive responses. Additionally, in this model, plastic deformation is allowed to occur at high stresses by employing a standard $$J_{2}$$ -based yield surface with isotropic hardening. Finally, to demonstrate the ability of the constitutive model to perform in highly non-proportional loading states, some finite element simulations on crack tip fields are presented.
Status of Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Research in the United States

Methadone maintenance treatment was established in New York City in 1964 by Drs. Vincent Dole and Marie Nyswander.1,2 The original treatment regimen implemented by Drs. Dole and Nyswander with their staff provided comprehensive medical and rehabilitative services to intravenous heroin addicts. Criteria for admission included: 4 years of heroin addiction, a history of prior treatment failure, voluntary desire for treatment, age over 19, primary dependence upon opiates, and absence of psychosis or major medical complications. In the initial studies, addicts were evaluated and stabilized on a daily oral dose of methadone on an inpatient service before transfer to an outpatient clinic for continued treatment. With further experience, it was found feasible to eliminate the inpatient phase of treatment and start with the outpatient clinic.
The Effects of Industry Specific and Local Economic Factors on Credit Default Swap Spreads: Evidence from REITs

Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads on Real Estate Investment Trust (REITs) have been extremely volatile since the onset of 2008 financial crisis. To have a better understanding of it, we examine the CDS spreads on REITs for both pre- and post-crisis with a particular focus on the effects of geographic concentration and local economic conditions on CDS spreads on REITs. We document that, above and beyond the factors of commonality suggested in the literature, a REIT’s geographic concentration has strong explanatory power for the behaviors of CDS spreads on REITs and the magnitude of this impact depends on the state of the local economy. Our findings suggest there is a potential local-to-private risk transfer through which market participants incorporate their expectations about the future economic health of the region into asset prices. This channel leads to significant co-movement between CDS spreads on REITs and the performance of local economy.
Polyphenolic rich foods on oxidative stress and inflammatory-mediated insulin resistance (IR) in humans

I resistance (IR) is a critical metabolic abnormality requiring attention. In addition to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), its roots are found in cardiovascular diseases, stroke, Alzheimer disease and longevity. The association of obesity with T2D has been recognized for decades, and the major basis for this link is the ability of obesity to engender IR. The growing obesity epidemic in the United States continues to escalate the number of individuals at risk for developing IR. In the United States, an estimated ~78 million individuals are affected by IR. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved; however, only 5–10% of patients exhibit specific genetic mutations responsible for IR. Therefore, an outstanding percentage is due to environmental factors, many of which are modifiable, such as the diet. Although the exact mechanisms of IR have not been described fully, cellular events sensitive to oxidative stress and inflammation have been described and suggested as causative factors of IR. Fruits and vegetables, and particularly those with higher polyphenolic content are suggested to have favorable effects on human health due to their ability to modulate oxidative and/or inflammatory stress in peripheral and central tissues. Therefore, this presentation will be focus on the studies that has demonstrated the effects of polyphenolic compounds on oxidativeinflammatorystress and further, the relationship of these responses to insulin action in humans.
MatrixFlow: temporal network visual analytics to track symptom evolution during disease progression.

OBJECTIVE To develop a visual analytic system to help medical professionals improve disease diagnosis by providing insights for understanding disease progression. METHODS We develop MatrixFlow, a visual analytic system that takes clinical event sequences of patients as input, constructs time-evolving networks and visualizes them as a temporal flow of matrices. MatrixFlow provides several interactive features for analysis: 1) one can sort the events based on the similarity in order to accentuate underlying cluster patterns among those events; 2) one can compare co-occurrence events over time and across cohorts through additional line graph visualization. RESULTS MatrixFlow is applied to visualize heart failure (HF) symptom events extracted from a large cohort of HF cases and controls (n=50,625), which allows medical experts to reach insights involving temporal patterns and clusters of interest, and compare cohorts in novel ways that may lead to improved disease diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS MatrixFlow is an interactive visual analytic system that allows users to quickly discover patterns in clinical event sequences. By unearthing the patterns hidden within and displaying them to medical experts, users become empowered to make decisions influenced by historical patterns.
Physiological Changes of Sleep

This chapter summarizes the profound physiological changes that occur during sleep in almost every system of the body as well as the somatic and autonomic nervous systems (ANS). Sleep-related changes in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS determine most of the changes in different body systems and organs in sleep. These changes are distinct from those noted in wakefulness. Sleep is not just a period of rest and repose, but may also be a state of danger for some vulnerable individuals. It is important to be aware of these distinctions of physiological functions between sleep and wakefulness because of profound clinical implications of these physiological alterations in sleep.
Cross-Species Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Attentional Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Bridging the Translational Gap.

Cross-Species Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Attentional Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Bridging the Translational Gap
Adapting Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs as a Framework for Resident Wellness.

Issue: Burnout in graduate medical education is pervasive and has a deleterious impact on career satisfaction, personal well-being, and patient outcomes. Interventions in residency programs have of...
Hyperfine Resonance of Deuterium Atoms Stabilized in Impurity-Helium Solids

We describe a method of combining the stabilization of impurities in super-fluid helium and magnetic resonance techniques to study hyperfine resonance in atomic deuterium obtained by passing a D 2 -He mixture through a radiofrequency discharge, The resulting D-D 2 -He gas mixture penetrates a superfluid helium surface and forms a Van der Waals solid mixture containing atoms of D and He as well as D 2 molecules. In preliminary experiments we have applied magnetic resonance (309 MHz) to the β-δ transition to study spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation in atomic deuterium and to provide information about the surroundings of atomic deuterium isolated in the D-D 2 -He solid.
Properties of Ferroic Nanomaterials

Ferroic materials have attracted a significant amount of attention due to their ability to be polarized in an applied external field. This polarization response lends these materials to a wide variety of applications, including sensors, actuators, and other medical and electronic devices. However, the properties of ferroic materials change when the size scale of the material reaches the nanoscale. These, ferroic nanomaterials have unique properties compared to their bulk counterparts, which can be leveraged for novel applications. In this chapter, the unique properties of ferroic materials at the nanoscale will be discussed within the context of their bulk properties and new applications.
Properties and Performance of Specific Materials

In the previous chapters the discussion has been centred upon the principles whereby good thermoelectric and thermomagnetic materials can be selected. It is the purpose of the present chapter to show how the best known materials exemplify these principles and to provide data on which the design of cooling units can be based.
Correction to: What's Happening During Home Visits? Exploring the Relationship of Home Visiting Content and Dosage to Parenting Outcomes.

The article “What’s Happening During Home Visits? Exploring the Relationship of Home Visiting Content and Dosage to Parenting Outcomes”, written by Peggy Nygren, Beth Green, Katie Winters and Anna Rockhill, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 13 June 2018 without open access.
Ilececum: A Comprehensive Review

For gastrointestinal endoscopists, the ileocecum is the finishing line during colonoscopy and it is identified by three endoscopic landmarks: terminal ileum, ileocecal valve, and the appendiceal orifice. Although ileal intubation is recommended during routine screening colonoscopy, it is not required in most cases of screening colonoscopy. Ileal intubation is indicated in certain circumstances such as suspected inflammatory bowel disease and GI bleeding. There is much pathology that can be observed within the ileocecum. Careful and systematic examination should be stressed during GI endoscopic training and practice. In this review, the authors demonstrate its anatomy, endoscopic findings, and pathologies.
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS OF AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY: HOW DO THE INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL GRADUATES (IMGS) FARE?

Improving diversity and inclusion is a strategic priority for ACC. International Medical Graduates (IMGs- physicians who received medical degrees outside U.S.) constitute 29.4% of cardiology workforce in US (AAMC data 2014). We set out to evaluate whether IMGs practicing in US are adequately
Coping While Black: Chronic Illness, Mastery, and the Black-White Health Paradox

Prior research indicates that there is a black-white paradox in the relationship between physical health and mental health among American adults. However, none have considered black-white differences in psychosocial coping and depressive symptoms during the transitional stages from health to chronic illness. Using a nationally representative sample of chronically ill adults from the American Changing Lives study, this study builds on literature on chronic illness and the black-white paradox to examine if (1) growth in depressive symptoms across 16 years differs for black and white adults as they transition from healthy to chronically ill and (2) if the protective coping resource, mastery, provides an equal benefit to black and white chronically ill adults during that transition. Findings indicate that among chronically ill adults, not only do black-white disparities exist in how much mastery each group possesses, but that mastery’s utility as a protective resource against depressive symptoms differs by race, with black ill adults experiencing a poorer return on their mastery than white adults. Moreover, findings that black adults maintain the same level of depressive symptoms as white adults despite this mastery disadvantage provide additional support for Minorities’ Diminishing Returns Theory and some support for an emerging theory of collective resilience with regard to black American mental health.
Overview and Imaging of Orbital Tumors

As in any medical diagnostic process, the data obtained in the assessment is assembled into a plan for the patient. The history will guide the examination, and the findings will in turn guide the selection of ancillary procedures and often imaging. Often the differential diagnosis at this point can be narrow and reasonably so. Based on the requirements of differentiating these diagnostic possibilities and their respective treatment modalities, a management plan is selected. It is often the case in orbital disease that a tissue sample would be required, and the critical decision will be related to whether this tissue sample is obtained in fine needle aspirate, open incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, or en bloc resection. This decision is based on the characteristics of the lesion, the considerations for diagnosis and treatment beyond, as well as the wishes of the patient and the capabilities of the treating team.
Emotional processing subtypes in bipolar disorder: A cluster analysis

Abstract Background Evidence regarding the performance of Bipolar Disorder patients (BD) on Emotional Processing (EP) is conflicting, suggesting that heterogeneity within this population may exist. It is not completely understood if this impacts on clinical presentation and functional outcomes. Methods A total of 212 BD patients were recruited. Patients underwent MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery as well as a clinical evaluation to detect premorbid traits, comorbidities and clinical features. Performance on each basic emotion on the Emotional Recognition Task (ERT) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test were entered into hierarchical cluster analyses in order to determine the number of clusters and to assign subjects to specific clusters. We then compared subgroups on clinical factors and real-world community functioning. Results No differences between BD patients as a group and controls were found in EP performance. Two clusters of BD patients were found, one with “intact” performance (71.2%) that performed as healthy controls (HC) and other with “impaired” performance (28.8%) performing worse than HC and schizophrenic patients on basic emotion recognition. Patients in the “impaired group” presented higher rates of childhood trauma, schizotypal traits, lower premorbid IQ and education, poor psychosocial functioning and cognitive performance. Limitations Cross-sectional data which limits our ability to infer directionality of our findings. Conclusion These results suggest the presence of two subgroups regarding EP performance with unique clinical and neurodevelopmental profiles associated. Next steps will include using these data to identify a homogeneous group of patients to target these disabling symptoms with treatment.
An Osteological Study on the Prevalence of Osteochondromas.

Background Osteochondromas are frequently reported to be the most common benign tumor of bone. However, there is not definitive data on their prevalence rate as they are often clinically silent, with previous studies estimating 1-3%. Methods We examined a large osteologic collection of 2954 skeletons to identify likely osteochondromas. One author examined all bones excluding the skull in each skeleton for atypical cortical projections. These candidates were then evaluated by an orthopedic resident and then a fellowship trained pediatric orthopedic surgeon for final inclusion using strict criteria. Results 13 cases of osteochondroma were identified from 2954 skeletons to yield a prevalence of 0.44% (95% confidence interval 0.20% - 0.68%) in the study population. All were located on long bones: three in the humerus, six in the femur and four in the tibia. Conclusions We found a prevalence of 0.44% for osteochondromas, which is approximately half the lowest value reported in previous literature.
Song variation in the Caatinga suboscine Silvery-cheeked Antshrike (Sakesphorus cristatus) suggests latitude and São Francisco River as drivers of geographic variation

Historical processes may result in patterns of differentiation among extant populations, which may lead to diversification and speciation. This is often expressed, and measured, as genetic and behavioral variation among populations. Suboscine birds acquire songs by innate mechanisms and are typically poorly studied relative to oscine birds, which may learn songs and thus develop unique dialects among populations. Behavioral features, including song, are extensively used to describe the structure and geographical variation in bird populations. In turn, this knowledge may shed light onto patterns of species diversification across ecoregions, which is particularly relevant in endemic species. Here we investigate for the first time song structure and variation in the Silvery-cheeked Antshrike, an endemic bird of a poorly studied South American dry forest, the Caatinga. We evaluate hypotheses for song diversification, correlating vocal acoustic parameters with geographic patterns and environmental variables. We measured temporal and spectral variables in the song of Sakesphorus cristatus across 14 localities spanning almost the entire range of the species’ distribution. The song presents a clear geographic pattern, and vocal variation was congruent with a barrier by the Sao Francisco River superimposed to a latitudinal clinal variation that was uncorrelated to climate variables. We argue that these regional differences may have a genetic basis since S. cristatus is a suboscine antbird that should not show song learning (social adaptation) and, apparently, does not have the song correlated to habitat features (acoustic adaptation). More detailed studies are required to test further hypotheses about the drivers of this potential genetic variation underlying the geographical variation in this suboscine bird song.
Case Report on Deep Brain Stimulation Rescue After Suboptimal MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor: A Tractography-Based Investigation

Essential tremor (ET) is the most prevalent movement disorder in adults, and can often be medically refractory, requiring surgical intervention. MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a less invasive procedure that uses ultrasonic waves to induce lesions in the ventralis intermedius nucleus (VIM) to treat refractory ET. As with all procedures for treating ET, optimal targeting during MRgFUS is essential for efficacy and durability. Various studies have reported cases of tremor recurrence following MRgFUS and long-term outcome data is limited to 3-4 years. We present a tractography-based investigation on a case of DBS rescue for medically refractory ET that was treated with MRgFUS that was interrupted due to the development of dysarthria during the procedure. After initial improvement, her hand tremor started to recur within 6 months after treatment, and bilateral DBS was performed targeting the VIM 24 months after MRgFUS. DBS induced long-term tremor control with monopolar stimulation. Diffusion MRI tractography was used to reconstruct the dentatorubrothalamic (DRTT) and corticothalmic (CTT) tracts being modulated by the procedures to understand the variability in efficacy between MRgFUS and DBS in treating ET in our patient. By comparing the MRgFUS lesion and DBS volume of activated tissue (VAT), we found that the MRgFUS lesion was located ventromedially to the VAT, and was less than 10% of the size of the VAT. While the lesion encompassed the same proportion of DRTT streamlines, it encompassed fewer CTT streamlines than the VAT. Our findings indicate the need for further investigation of targeting the CTT when using neuromodulatory procedures to treat refractory ET for more permanent tremor relief.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans both accumulate greater biomass in dual species biofilms under flow

Abstract Spatially structured communities of microbes – biofilms – are widespread in nature, and biofilm-dwelling microbes often respond to their environments in ways that are different from their planktonic counterparts. Further, most natural biofilms are multi-species mixtures of microorganisms; the ecology of intra- and inter-species interactions in these consortia, and the resulting effects on total community properties, are often not well understood. A common site of polymicrobial biofilm infections is the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is a genetic disorder in humans that leads to colonization of the lungs by a variety of microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. These opportunistic pathogens are frequently co-isolated from infected lungs, in addition to other infection sites including urinary and intravenous catheters. To study how these microbes behave together in biofilms, we developed a modified artificial sputum medium that is optically clear for use with microfluidic culture. In addition, we engineered strains with optimized fluorescent protein expression constructs allowing for single-cell resolution confocal microscopy. Using these tools and recently developed methods for spatial analysis of 3-D image data, we found that both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans display increased biovolume accumulation in multi-species biofilms relative to single-species biofilms. This pattern did not occur in planktonic co-culture and was thus specific to the biofilm environment. Interestingly, introduction of P. aeruginosa supernatants over dual-species biofilms strongly reduced C. albicans biovolume. This suggests that products that accumulate in batch culture were still inhibitory to C. albicans under a flow regime, but that they their de novo production in mixed species biofilms was not sufficient to inhibit C. albicans biofilm accumulation. Altogether our results indicate a critical impact of flow environment for the outcome of polymicrobial interactions and the need for high-resolution analysis of such communities in future work.
A Critical Period in Becoming a Teacher: How Novice Teachers Develop Their Professional Identity

It is important to understand how teachers develop their professional identity because teacher educators and supervisors can take necessary steps to ensure novice teachers are provided necessary opportunities to cultivate their identity. This article examines research on professional identity development and explains how teachers develop their professional identity and why it is important for mentors to aid in the development process. This article draws on previous research to both define professional identity and explore the many aspects that lead to identity development in novice teachers. Findings suggest that although any experience can contribute to professional identity development, key factors have a major impact on how teachers develop their identity and the role identity development plays in pedagogical thinking. Understanding how professional identity develops can help teacher educators, supervisors, and mentors make available opportunities to build agency among novice educators, helping them to grow into reflective teachers.
Justification by Faith and Good Works: Thomistic Support

All Christians hold that grace is a free gift from God, something that man can never earn. St. Thomas Aquinas categorizes God's gift of grace into habitual grace and sanctifying grace; Christians agree the later is necessary for justification. How the process of receiving the sanctifying grace for justification plays out in reality is, however, an ongoing debate. This paper argues that a sound understanding of the metaphysics of both human will and God's will reveals that, to be justified, some sort of response is required by the human will. This leads to a defense of the Catholic soteriological position of justification by faith and good works. Acknowledging that both Protestants and Catholics rely on the Bible as authoritative on matters of religious truth, this paper cites the Bible as authoritative on such matters. This paper was awarded the 2016 Rossner Medal at Rockhurst University, an annual award given to the finest philosophy paper of the year at Rockhurst University and is issued by Faculty of the Department of Philosophy.
The relationship between dynamic functional network connectivity and spatial orientation in healthy young adults

Spatial orientation is essential to interacting with a physical environment, and better understanding it could contribute to a better understanding of a variety of diseases and disorders that are characterized by deficits in spatial orientation. Many previous studies have focused on the relationship between spatial orientation and individual brain regions, though in recent years studies have begun to examine spatial orientation from a network perspective. This study analyzes dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) values extracted from over 800 resting-state fMRI recordings of healthy young adults (age 22-37 years) and applies unsupervised machine learning methods to identify neural brain states that occur across all subjects. We estimated the occupancy rate (OCR) for each subject, which was proportional to the amount of time that they spent in each state, and investigated the link between the OCR and spatial orientation and the state-specific FNC values and spatial orientation controlling for age and sex. Our findings showed that the amount of time subjects spent in a state characterized by increased connectivity within and between visual, auditory, and sensorimotor networks and within the default mode network while at rest corresponded to their performance on tests of spatial orientation. We also found that increased sensorimotor network connectivity in two of the identified states negatively correlated with decreased spatial orientation, further highlighting the relationship between the sensorimotor network and spatial orientation. This study provides insight into how the temporal properties of the functional brain connectivity within and between key brain networks may influence spatial orientation.
Passive Permeate-Side-Heated Solar Thermal Membrane Distillation: Extracting Potable Water from Seawater, Surface Water, and Municipal Wastewater at High Single-Stage Solar Efficiencies

Globally, hundreds of millions of people still drink untreated surface water due to the lack of even a basic drinking water service and urgently need economical off-grid water treatment devices. A ...
Content priorities and allocation of time for the basic college health course.

Abstract The aspects of this investigation were to determine what relationship existed between the priority rankings by college students of personal and community health centered areas to be covered in a basic course and the percent of class time instructors devoted to the same areas; to collect problems and questions; and to construct a suggested time allotment schedule for teaching the various health areas. A rank-response instrument was constructed for use by students. Their instructors processed a content-weighting instrument. Treatment and analysis of data revealed a negligible degree of relationship between rankings of students and those of their instructors; and that instructors tend not to be in agreement with what their students consider prime areas of health content. Students were in general agreement about problems to be solved and questions to be answered. Use of student priorities is only one factor used in determining content for the basic personal and community health course for freshmen.
The Effect of Structure and Mechanism of the Hsp70 Chaperone on the Ability to Identify Chemical Modulators and Therapeutics

The role of the Hsp70 molecular chaperone in effecting proper cellular protein folding, transport, and degradation processes, stabilizing protein complexes, and maintaining membrane integrity has long been recognized. More recently, Hsp70 has been linked to severe neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, as well as to cystic fibrosis and cancer. As a result, there is a growing interest in the development of small-molecule modulators of Hsp70 function. While several distinct classes of Hsp70 agonists and antagonists have been identified to date, clinical studies with Hsp70-targeted drugs have yet to be initiated, and proof of principle for therapeutic benefits remains to be established. However, a large body of preclinical biological evidence suggests that this chaperone plays a key role in many human diseases associated with protein (un)folding and trafficking and that the continued development of Hsp70 modulators will yield novel therapeutic strategies.
Some Spirits Heal, Others Only Dance: A Journey into Human Selfhood in an African Village; Everyday Spirits and Medical Interventions: Ethnographic and Historical Notes on Therapeutic Conventions in Zanzibar Town

Some Spirits Heal, Others Only Dance:. Journey into Human Selfhood in an African Village. Roy Willis. New York: Berg, 1999. 220 pp. Everyday Spirits and Medical Interventions: Ethnographic and Historical Notes on Therapeutic Conventions in Zanzibar Town. Tapio Nisula. Helsinki, Finland: The Finnish Anthropological Society, 1999. 321 pp.
Searching for meaningful feature interactions with backward-chaining rule induction

Exploring the vast number of possible feature interactions in domains such as gene expression microarray data is an onerous task. We propose Backward-Chaining Rule Induction (BCRI) as a semi-supervised mechanism for biasing the search for plausible feature interactions. BCRI adds to a relatively limited tool-chest of hypothesis generation software, and it can be viewed as an alternative to purely unsupervised association rule learning. We illustrate BCRI by using it to search for gene-to-gene causal mechanisms. Mapping hypothesized gene interactions against a domain theory of prior knowledge offers support and explanations for hypothesized interactions, and suggests gaps in the current domain theory, which induction might help fill.
Effect of salinomycin level on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics of sheep and feedlot performance of cattle

A sheep digestion trial and two feedlot trials with cattle were conducted to study effects of an ionophore, salinomycin, on nutrient digestibility, ruminal metabolism and cattle performance. In trial 1, addition of salinomycin at 5.5, 11 or 22 ppm to 60% concentrate diets fed to ruminal-cannulated rams had no effect (P greater than .05) on apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) or starch in comparison with control diets. Apparent nitrogen (N) digestibility was increased (P less than .05) in animals fed salinomycin. Salinomycin did not affect total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the rumen, but resulted in a linear (P less than .05) increase in molar proportion of propionate and a linear (P less than .05) decrease in molar proportions of acetate and butyrate and in acetate:propionate ratios. Shifts in VFA proportions were fully expressed within 4 d after salinomycin was added to the diet. In trial 2, salinomycin was added at 5.5, 11, 22 or 33 ppm to 85% concentrate diets fed to finishing steers. Salinomycin level had a quadratic effect (P less than .05) on daily weight gain and resulted in a quadratic (P less than .05) decrease in feed intake with a resultant average improvement of 10.3% in feed efficiency. Salinomycin (5.5, 11, 16.5 or 22 ppm) and monensin (22 ppm) were added to 90% concentrate diets in trial 3 and produced increased rates of gain without affecting feed intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fusion Product Energy Loss Measurements

The simultaneous measurement of the mean energy downshift of D-T alphas and D-D protons has been accomplished for a large variety of target wall thicknesses. The experiment has been performed with a Time-of-Flight spectrometer on the University of Rochester’s Omega laser system. Discrepancies between the measured fusion product mean energy downshift and those calculated by the computer code LILAC were found, and corrected for by modification of the thermal transport in LILAC. The ultimate purpose of this experiment is twofold: to compare the measured downshift with those predicted by current theories, and to further develop proton eaergy-spectra measurements as a diagnostic for the target conditions during ablative pusher experiments. Of particular interest are the tamper density-radius product, the compressed tamper electron temperature, and the fuel ion temperature.
The Role of Firm differences in An evolutionary Theory Of technical Advance

There is a curious disjunction between the treatment of firms and firm differences in the business management literature, and the treatment in much of economics. The former treats firms as complex organisms, but with management having considerable discretionary authority over broad firm policies. It is presumed that firms in roughly comparable situations often will differ in what they do, and that these differences will matter in terms of how they do. The question of what makes for good policies is what the business management field is all about.
The experiential effect of kindergarten on Bankson language screening test performance

This investigation examined the effect of kindergarten experience on the performance of two groups of children on the Bankson Language Screening Test. One group of children was tested at the beginning of their kindergarten experience and a second group was tested five months later. Performance of the two groups on the Bankson was determined to be significantly different, independent of age. The different performance pattern for each group is described as well as the possible implications. There may be a need for different sets of language test norms for children with kindergarten experience and for children without this experience.