cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression and Inheritance of Nine Transgenes in Rice

A total of 66 transgenic rice cell lines were produced by simultaneously transforming rice callus with nine different plasmids/genes. PCR analysis indicated that the co-transformation frequency of each gene was about 70%. All the cell lines carried at least three genes and 11 cell lines carried all nine genes. Thirty-two fertile transgenic plants (R0) were generated from the transgenic cell lines and seeds of 32 transgenic R1 lines and 5 R2 lines were harvested and analyzed for gene inheritance and protein expression. Progeny segregation analysis indicated that the multiple transgenes were integrated into the same locus of the rice genome, resulting in a 3:1 segregation ratio of the transgenes. Expression analysis of all nine transgenes revealed that the transgenes were expressed in all generations (R0, R1, and R2) and about half of the transgenes from each line were expressed. The expression of one transgene appears to have no effect on the expression of another transgene. Among the 66 cell lines, six lines (9.1%) expressed seven or eight transgenes out of the nine transformed genes. All together, our results showed that multiple genes could be delivered into rice cells simultaneously and cell lines expressing multiple genes could be generated. The results and procedures reported here should be useful in designing multi-plasmid transformation experiments such as those required for plant metabolic engineering.
Divergence and differential expression of actin gene families in higher plants.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the diversity and differential expression of plant actin gene families and proteins. The plant actins are encoded by ancient and divergent classes of genes that may not have shared a common actin gene ancestor since the evolution of early vascular plants. The encoded actin proteins show remarkable sequence and charged residue variability within any single plant. The number of assorted roles proposed for plant actins in various cell processes and cell types, this complex gene family is required to meet the demands for actin regulation and/or novel actin protein function. The correlation of diverse actin genes and proteins with numerous proposed actin functions and the demonstration of a required role for actin in these processes are yet to be explored. Isolation or construction of plant actin mutants provides the critical proof of function for individual classes of actins. Analysis of plant actin gene sequences suggests that they contain extremely diverse protein isovariants.
Harmonizing International Water Law: Current Challenges and Future Prospects

Development of an international legal regime governing water resources is, at present, an uncoordinated and inconsistent practice. While the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses made an attempt to codify international norms relating to water, the Convention remains unratified fifteen years later. As a result, successive efforts to promote the development of international water law have been faced with the unenviable task of either reconciling the Convention’s status with current understandings of customary international law (e.g., the 2004 Berlin Rules on Water Resources) or progressing in spite of it (e.g., the 2008 Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers). A harmonization of the various legal instruments – principally, the Watercourses Convention and the Law of Transboundary Aquifers – would strengthen existing principles and lay a foundation for the development of a more robust and synergistic regime.
Rigid Posterior Lumbopelvic Fixation without Formal Debridement for Pyogenic Vertebral Diskitis and Osteomyelitis Involving the Lumbosacral Junction: Technical Report.

Background: Pelvic fixation with S2-alar-iliac (S2AI) screws can increase the rigidity of a lumbosacral construct, which may promote bone healing, improve antibiotic delivery to infected tissues, and avoid L5-S1 pseudarthrosis. Purpose: To describe the use of single-stage posterior fixation without debridement for the treatment of pyogenic vertebral diskitis and osteomyelitis (PVDO) at the lumbosacral junction. Study Design: Technical report Methods: We describe the management of PVDO at the lumbosacral junction in which the infection invaded the endplates, disc space, vertebrae, prevertebral soft tissues, and epidural space. Pedicle involvement precluded screw fixation at L5. Surgical management consisted of a single-stage posterior operation with rigid lumbopelvic fixation augmented with S2-alar-iliac screws and without formal debridement of the infected area, followed by long-term antibiotic treatment. Results: At 2-year follow-up, successful fusion and eradication of the infection were achieved. Conclusions: PVDO at the lumbosacral junction may be treated successfully using rigid posterior-only fixation without formal debridement combined with antibiotic therapy.
Superovulation and intrauterine insemination in cases of treated mild pelvic disease.

Purpose: Our purpose was to examine the effect of treated mild pelvic disease on the outcome of superovulation with intrauterine insemination (SO/IUI).
Backscattering modulation using strongly coupled magnetic resonance (SCMR) antennas

SCMR is a promising technology for remote sensing applications that require increased levels of power. This paper aims to develop the vital communication link between the sensor and reader in a similar way to passive RFID tags. A backscattering modulator and demodulator were designed and implemented using an SCMR system. Measured results indicate that using backscattering modulation is effective. This technology negates the need for other methods of communication, which may consume more power than desired.
First-order catchment mass balance during the wet season in the Panama Canal Watershed

Summary Tropical hydrology is poorly understood for a number of reasons. Intense biological activity in the tropics introduces complexities to the hydrologic process. Bioturbation, rapid rates of decay, and intensive insect activity all tend to promote rapid flow paths in the upper soil. Aggressive weathering leads to clays depleted of light cations and deep soil profiles. Processes in the seasonal tropics are further complicated by seasonal transitions, and very large changes in catchment storage between seasons. Beginning in 2005, we installed a suite of hydrologic sensors in a 16.7 ha first-order catchment in the Panama Canal Watershed to observe hydrologic variables and identify the dominant streamflow generation processes. The site is located near the village of Gamboa, which is located on the east bank of the Panama Canal at the confluence of Lake Gatun and the Chagres River. The study catchment is located on the north side of a ridge off the eastern flank of a 230 m tall hill known as Cerro Pelado, and is covered by 70–120 year old re-growth triple-canopy forest. Measurements included: rainfall above the canopy, throughfall, stemflow, evapotranspiration, shallow groundwater levels and streamflow. Deep groundwater storage was not measured. This paper describes measurements made, data collected, and the worth of those data in estimating the mass balance closure of a first-order catchment during the wet season. We compare measurements of the different components of the water cycle with observations from other published studies from the tropics. Data analysis results indicate water balance closure errors of approximately 8%.
Critical physics agency: further unraveling the intersections of subject matter knowledge, learning, and taking action

In this rejoinder to Bryan Brown and John Reveles, we highlight the facts that (a) sociocultural theories of learning do not go far enough because they fail to address a number of issues and (b) we require concepts such as power and positionality to understand science learning.
Social Norms, Social Networks, and HIV Risk Behavior Among Injection Drug Users

Social network structure and norms are linked to HIV risk behavior. However little is known about the gradient of norm of HIV risk that exists among social networks. We examined the association between injection risk network structure and HIV risk norms among 818 injection drug users (IDUs). IDUs were categorized into four distinct groups based on their risk behaviors with their drug networks: no network members with whom they shared cookers or needles, only cooker-sharing member, one needle-sharing member, and multiple needle-sharing members. The riskiest group, networks of multiple needle sharers, was more likely to endorse both risky needle-sharing and sex norms. Networks of only cooker sharers were less likely to endorse high-risk norms, as compared to the networks with no sharing. There were also differences based on gender. Future HIV prevention interventions for IDUs should target both injection and sex risk norms, particularly among IDUs in the multiple needle-sharing networks.
Culture, personality, and reactions to praise and criticism

An empirical study was designed to investigate the effects of personality and sociocultural background on reactions to positive and negative performance feedback. Eighty college students of two sociocultural backgrounds (Mexican- and Anglo-American) were asked to work on a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle and were then either praised or criticized, ostensibly according to their “problem-solving strategies,” but actually on the basis of random assignment to either condition. Seven dependent variables were included, representing various reactions to the feedback. Four-way analyses of variance were conducted on each dependent measure with the independent variables being type of feedback, locus of control, sex of subject, and ethnicity. In addition to consistent main effects for feedback, the results revealed that reactions to feedback, particularly criticism, are often mediated by personality and/or sociocultural factors. The findings are discussed in relation to previous literature and the need to take a sociocultural perspective in psychological research is emphasized.
Street-level policy entrepreneurship

AbstractResearch on policy entrepreneurs typically identifies these individuals as high-level government officials or actors who lobby such elites, largely ignoring low-rung bureaucrats whose entrepreneurship concerns policy implementation. These lacunae may exist because street-level bureaucracy scholarship does not necessarily expect implementing bureaucrats to be entrepreneurial. This article argues the contrary. The existence of street-level policy entrepreneurship and its influence on policy innovations pursued by public bureaucracies is illuminated via two US state case studies. The cases describe efforts by state bureaucrats to adopt and entrench a science policy innovation for wetland management into regulatory practice.
Managing Strategic Relationships: The Key to Business Success

The article reviews the book “Managing Strategic Relationships: The Key to Business Success,” by Leonard Greenhalgh.
Mechanism of singlet oxygen interaction with solvent removing prohibition of the radiative 1Δg → 3Σ−g transition in oxygen

Abstract The values of relative O2(1Δg) luminescence rate constant (krelr) in thirty-two solvents with ionization potentials IP = 8–11 eV are satisfactorily described by a linear dependence of log(krelr/n2) versus IP with a slope of −0.30 eV−1. Singlet oxygen acting as an electron acceptor forms a loose exciplex with a partial charge transfer with solvents acting as electron donors; CT interactions remove the prohibition on the radiative 1Δg → 3Σ−g transition in oxygen. In the region IP > 11 eV, the solvents are very poor electron donors at least for strong electron acceptors such as CCl4 and chloroform and also for as weak an electron acceptor as water a reverse electron transfer should occur from oxygen to the solvent molecule.
Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide associated free radicals increase rat embryonic neuronal polyamine uptake and ornithine decarboxylase activity: protective effect of vitamin E

Recent evidence indicates that alterations in brain polyamine metabolism may be critical for nerve cell survival after a free radical initiated neurodegenerative process. It has been shown previously that A beta(1-42) and A beta(25-35) are toxic to neurons through a free radical dependent oxidative mechanism. Treatment of rat embryonic hippocampal neuronal cultures with A beta-peptides increased ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and spermidine uptake, suggesting that oxidative stress upregulates the polyamine mechanism for the repair of free radical damage. Pretreatment of the cells with vitamin E prior to A beta exposure decreased ODC activity and spermidine uptake to control level. This study is the first to demonstrate that A beta treated cells show an increased polyamine metabolism in response to free radical mediated oxidative stress and that the free radical scavenger vitamin E prevents these attenuations. These results are discussed with reference to Alzheimer's disease.
The Structure of Self-Rated Health Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Stroke

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine whether depressive symptomatology is a third fundamental component of the structure of self-rated health, in addition to two other components (physical disease and functional disability) among community-dwelling older adults with stroke. Data Sources and Study Setting: A total of 591 community-dwelling older adults with stroke were identified from the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest-Old (AHEAD) national survey of community-dwelling older adults. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Structural equation modeling was applied to compare a widely used two-factor model of self-rated health with a model adding depression as a third possible factor. Principle Findings: The hypothesized three-factor model explained additional 21% more variance of self-rated health of older adults with stroke (R2=79%, NNFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.04) as compared with the two-factor biomedical model (R2 = 58%, NNFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05). The three-factor model was st...
Mars Radar Observations, a Preliminary Report

Radar observations of a narrow belt of the surface of Mars, centered at 16 deg south latitude, show a very rugged terrain, with elevation differences greater than 13 kilometers from peak to valley. For nearby points, the relative altitude is measured to 40 meters at best; the precision is worse for points at different latitudes, or widely separated in longitude, because of orbital uncertainties. Some of the larger craters have been resolved, and their depth and, in some cases, the height of the raised rim have been measured. Where high resolution photographs are available, the correlation is excellent.
Mechanism of Rhodium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroacylation: A Computational Study

All-electron numerical density functional theory calculations with scalar relativistic corrections have been utilized to examine the mechanism of the intramolecular rhodium-catalyzed hydroacylation reaction. The gas-phase results reveal a key branch point early in the reaction at the oxidative addition step wherein the two important pathways evolve through five-coordinate Rh(III) intermediates characterized by an apical acyl group and an equatorial hydride, orientations seemingly counter to trans influence arguments. These pathways account for the gross features of the experimental product distribution as well as the isotope labeling outcomes observed by previous investigators in this area. A greatly simplified approximation to modeling the reaction environment was applied that focused on redressing the coordinative unsaturation prevalent during certain steps of the catalytic process by including an explicit molecule of solvent or an additional molecule of substrate. Such an approach allowed us to explain...
A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments

Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens’ opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame the event as a free-speech issue or a public safety issue. Past research has focused largely on documenting the size of framing effects in uncontested settings. By contrast, there has been little research on framing in competitive environments in which individuals receive multiple frames representing alternative positions on an issue. We take an initial step toward understanding how frames work in competitive environments by integrating research on attitude structure and persuasion. Our theory of framing identifies the key individual and contextual parameters that determine which of many competing frames will have an effect on public opinion.
Tunable spectral interferometry for broadband phase detection by use of a pair of optical parametric amplifiers

We demonstrate tunable, single-pulse spectral phase measurement of broadband ultrafast signals by linear spectral interferometry. The approach is based on a coherently coupled pair of optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs). The first amplifier is the source of a signal pulse that is coupled into a nonlinear medium, where the pulse generates a broadband signal by nonlinear interactions; the second OPA provides a phase-correlated reference pulse that can be tuned across the broad spectral range and used for complete characterization of the broadband signal generated by the first OPA. An experimental demonstration of the technique for a nonlinearly modulated femtosecond pulse with a bandwidth of >200 nm occupying the range 1.13-1.36 µm is given.
Nonorthogonal tight-binding Hamiltonians for defects and interfaces in silicon

A computationally efficient and physically accurate method is desirable for simulation of solid-state phenomena that must be modeled by large atomic systems. To this end we present a nonorthogonal tight-binding model Hamiltonian based on the extended H\"uckel approach. Tests of existing parametrizations of this type of model Hamiltonian on geometries including some low-energy crystal structures, point defects, and surfaces reveal important shortcomings. We develop an improved parametrization and test it extensively on a wide range of crystalline defects and surfaces, and an amorphous sample. Our model is well suited to capture the energetics of crystalline, defective crystalline, and amorphous silicon.
Two-dimensional condensation of methylguanidinium nitrate at the mercury | water interface

Abstract Methylguanidinium nitrate can form a condensed interfacial monolayer, similar to that observed with guanidinium nitrate. However, the presence of the methyl group dramatically changes the effect of the salt monolayer on electrode kinetics.
Nonlinear Dynamics of One-Way Clutches in Belt-Pulley Systems

One-way clutches are frequently used in the serpentine belt accessory drives of automobiles and heavy vehicles. The clutch plays a role similar to a vibration absorber in order to reduce belt/pulley vibration and noise and increase belt life. This paper analyzes a two-pulley system where the driven pulley has a one-way clutch between the pulley and accessory shaft that engages only for positive relative displacement between these components. The belt is modeled with linear springs that transmit torque from the driving pulley to the accessory pulley. The one-way clutch is modeled as a piecewise linear spring with discontinuous stiffness that separates the driven pulley into two degrees of freedom (DOF). The harmonic balance method (HBM) combined with arc-length continuation is employed to illustrate the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the one-way clutch. HBM with arc-length continuation yields the stable and unstable periodic solutions for given parameters. These solutions are examined across a range of excitation frequencies. The results are confirmed by numerical integration and the widely used bifurcation software AUTO. At the first primary resonance, most of the responses are aperiodic, including quasiperiodic and chaotic solutions. At the second primary resonance, the peak bends to the left with classical softening nonlinearity because clutch disengagement decouples the pulley and the accessory over portions of the response period. The dependence on system parameters such as clutch stiffness, excitation amplitude, and inertia ratio between the pulley and accessory is studied to characterize the nonlinear dynamics across a range of conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Finite graphs that are inverse limits with a set valued function on [0,1]

Abstract We show that a finite graph that is the inverse limit with a single surjective upper semi-continuous set valued function f : [ 0 , 1 ] → 2 [ 0 , 1 ] is either an arc or a simple triod. It is not known if there is such a simple triod.
The Iowa City UNESCO City of literature digital library

Iowa City is one of only four designated Cities of Literature worldwide by UNESCO. To highlight the city's rich local literary history, a University of Iowa interdisciplinary research team de-veloped a digital library featuring Iowa City authors and locations. The Iowa City UNESCO City of Literature "City of Lit" digital library consists of a mobile application for the general public and a web-based information system for researcher/content creators.
Delta four acetylenic acids - selective inhibitors of the formation of slow reacting substance.

Summary The delta four acetylenic fatty acids, 4,7,10-hexadecynoic acid, 4,7,10,13-nonadecatetraynoic acid and 4,7,10,13-henicosatetraynoic acid were investigated for their effect on cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxy-genase activity as well as formation of slow reacting substance by homogenates of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells. None of these compounds tested altered arachidonic acid oxygenation by the cyclooxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase. However, all four compounds markedly suppressed SRS synthesis with 4,7,10,13-henicosatetraynoic acid being the most potent one. These compounds are therefore valuable tools in elucidating the contribution of slow reacting substance (leukotriene C 4 and D 4 ) in biological functions.
THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND NET CLINICAL BENEFIT OF CANGRELOR IN WOMEN UNDERGOING ELECTIVE OR URGENT PCI: INSIGHTS FROM THE CHAMPION-PHOENIX TRIAL

Cangrelor is an intravenous ADP receptor antagonist that leads to potent and reversible inhibition of platelet aggregation. The relative efficacy and safety of some antiplatelet drugs in women have been disputed. We therefore evaluated the efficacy and safety of cangrelor in women undergoing PCI.
Hysteresis, periodic oscillation and pitchfork bifurcation in a coupled mapping system

Abstract For a coupled map system, there are two possible types of oscillation in the outputs when the control parameter lies within the first pitchfork bifurcation regime of the system. One is hysteresis and the other is a period-two oscillation. We find that for the coupled Ikeda map the output behavior has hysteresis if the dimension of the map is even and has a periodic oscillation for an odd dimension. This pattern has been verified for dimension up to 48. We also investigate the three dimensional case and find that there are two types of periodic oscillation: one output type is synchronous while the other is nonsynchronous. These two types of oscillation can coexist when the control parameters are the same. They are distinguished by the initial values.
Predictions of HBT parameters in Pb + Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV from a hadronic rescattering model

A kinematic model based on the superposition of p + p collisions, relativistic geometry and final-state hadronic rescattering is used to predict two-boson HBT parameters in √sNN = 2.76 TeV Pb + Pb collisions. A short proper time for hadronization is assumed. Previous calculations using this model which were performed for √sNN = 200 GeV Au + Au collisions were shown to describe reasonably well the trends of two-pion HBT in experiments carried out at that energy, giving the present predictions for Pb + Pb at higher energy some degree of credibility.
Efficiency tests in the Spanish futures markets

The Spanish futures markets, the MEFF RENTA FIJA, and the MEFF RENTA VARIABLE, are among the fast-growing futures markets in the world. These markets are known for their cutting-edge technological innovations related to trading, providing information, clearing, and settlement. The growing importance of these markets for both foreign and domestic investors motivated the examination of their efficiency. Test results from serial correlations, unit root tests, and variance ratio tests overwhelmingly show that the random walk hypothesis cannot be rejected, indicating that the MEFF markets are efficient. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 59–77, 1999
A 2.6mW 370MHz-to-2.5GHz Open-Loop Quadrature Clock Generator

In this paper, a wide frequency open-loop quadrature generator is sufficiently compact to allow many stages to be cascaded affordably. The generator is built from cascaded quad corrector stages, each of which in turn, can be understood as a modification of a common interpolating 4-stage ring oscillator. In the circuit, the delay of each stage is a linear superposition of the delays Phi of the associated inner and outer loop elements. If the outer loop element inputs are made independent, the driven oscillator is resulted. Provided the input drive is sufficient, the frequency of the driven oscillator is that of the driving input, and the phase of each internal node is an interpolation of the phase of its input drive and the phase of the preceding stage. This interpolation acts to average offsets from quadrature in the incoming phases. If the input drive is insufficient, the oscillator will run near its natural or unloaded frequency, omega0=2pifo.
Glibenclamide's action in the hypothalamus alters peripheral glucose homeostasis.

Bilateral injections of 0.2 nmol of glibenclamide, targeted at the ventromedial hypothalamus of albino rats, significantly impaired recovery of blood glucose levels following insulin-induced hypoglycemia (P=0.0026). Similar injections of 0.2 and 2.0 nmol glibenclamide reduced blood glucose by 23.6 and 40.8 mg%, respectively, in otherwise untreated rats (P<0.01 and P<0.001). Intravenous injection of these doses of the drug did not lower blood glucose. The results support the hypothesis that KATP+ channels within the hypothalamus serve a counterregulatory function in the maintenance of peripheral glucose levels.
Academic productivity in emergency medicine.

In 1997 the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) developed a task force that suggested the use of NIH research grant funding levels as a method of ranking Emergency Medicine programs nationwide. (1). The use of NIH research dollars or number of grants as a measure of productivity is not currently in use in Emergency Medicine as, to date, such awards are relatively few. Indeed, the NIH web posting dealing with extramural awards to medical school departments does not yet list Emergency Medicine as a medical school department (http://silk.nih.gov/public/cbz2zoz.@www.medschd. fy99.htm). Until such time as NIH funding levels become a measure of the success of a specific Emergency Medicine program, some surrogate measure of academic productivity must be used. Several other methods of academic productivity measurement have been proposed previously, such as student evaluation scores and continuing education participation. (1) This editorial describes a ranking of Emergency Medicine programs by the average number of peer reviewed manuscripts published on an annual basis. Such a measure, at least in some part, allows individuals within specific departments to compare their individual, and their program’s, productivity, with others in the United States.
A stein two-sample procedure for the general linear model with unequal error variances

The pronerties of the tests and confidence regions for the parameters in the classical general linear model depend upon the equality of the variances of the error terms. The level and power of tests and the confidence coefficients associated with confidence regions are vitiated when the assumption of equality is not true. Even when the error variances are equal the power of tests and the size of confidence regions depend upon the unknown common variance and hence are uncontrollable. This paper presents a two-stage procedure which yields tests and confidence regions which are completely independent of the variances of the errors and hence tests with controllable power and confidence regions of fixed controllable size are obtained.
Behavior of aerosols undergoing brownian coagulation and gravitational settling in closed systems

Abstract A generalized solution was obtained to an equation expressing the behavior of high number density aerosols undergoing Brownian motion and gravitational settling in a well stirred, closed system. Graphs are presented which show the variation with time of aerosol concentration and number density, and the geometric mean radius and geometric standard deviation of the aerosol size distribution.
Measures of effectiveness for analysis of radar pulse train deinterleavers

This paper will compare the various methods of analyzing the results of radar pulse train deinterleavers. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section of this paper will describe the basic methods, such as the confusion matrix, and some measures that can be obtained from the matrix. The measures will include correct correlation, miscorrelation, ambiguity and track purity. Correct correlation is calculated by dividing the total number of correctly clustered pulses by the total number of pulses in the collect. Miscorrelation measures the fraction of received pulses that incorrectly deinterleaved. Ambiguity measures the fraction of received pulses that are rejected by the deinterleaver as having uncertain association with a ground truth track. Track purity measures the ability of the deinterleaver to create a constructed track comprised of pulses from a single ground truth track. These metrics will show the quality of the deinterleaving operation. The second section of this paper will describe some of the advanced similarity measures of effectiveness. This section will also describe how distance measures will be used to analyze deinterleaver results. The two main similarity measures to be discussed in this paper will be the Rand Adjust and Jaccard coefficient. These similarity measures are also known as criterion indices and are used for evaluating the capacity to recover true cluster structure. The reason for the selection of the Jaccard and Rand Adjust as measures is that they both allow a value to be obtained that is between 0 and 1 that will show how good the clusterer in question has performed. The Rand Adjust also allows for more variability in the range between 0 and 1 and appears to provide a more accurate evaluation of the cluster. The distance measures that will be described include Euclidean, Mahalanobis and Minkowski distances. These distance measures have different methods to evaluate each cluster for purity. These measures will provide an indication of the quality of the deinterleaver operation. The third section of this paper will provide the results from these measures on a deinterleavered dataset and will discuss the comparison of these metrics.
Mathematical modelling of primary production in Green Bay (Lake Michigan, USA), a phosphorus-and light-limited system

Application of mathematical models in the design and evaluation of lake restoration programmes must include due consideration of three basic concepts of model development; 1) that the model framework is appropriately matched to the intended management use, 2) that selection of the proper degree of model complexity is fundamental to the achievement of model credibility and 3) that field and laboratory studies must be designed and interpreted with the aid of the model to insure development of a comprehensive, integrated tool.
Development and Application of a Model of Personal Control in Organizations

A dynamic model of personal control is proposed in this paper. Personal control is defined as the individual's beliefs, at a given point in time, in his or her ability to effect a change, in a desired direction, on the environment. Individuals in organizations are viewed as desirous of increasing their personal control. It is argued that employees of organizations persist in their attempts to restore a balance in their control perceptions, even when desired outcomes may not be attainable. Managerial implications of the model are described.
Benzodiazepine dependence potential: current studies and trends.

Abstract The appearance of newer, short-acting benzodiazepines has produced misconceptions regarding the potential addictive quality of these drugs. Following a review of the Smith and Wesson (1983) barbiturate withdrawal technique, application of this procedure to the withdrawal of individuals addicted to short-acting benzodiazepines is reviewed. Attention is also given to the emergence of “look-alike” drugs, and the resultant implications for substance abuse treatment personnel.
THE EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE ON THE OXYGEN EQUILIBRIUM OF HEMOGLOBIN

1. When formaldehyde (0.10 M) is added to solutions of human hemoglobin, the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin increases considerably (more than tenfold near pH 7). The interaction between hemes of the same hemoglobin molecule decreases, as shown by a drop in the value of n in Hill's equation from 2.9 to 1.5 or less. 2. In the presence of formaldehyde, both n and the oxygen pressure for half-saturation fall gradually as the pH rises in the range from pH 6.2 to 7.2. 3. Some of the effect of formaldehyde on the oxygen equilibrium may be due to combination with sulfhydryl groups of the protein, but nitrogenous groups are probably also involved.
Regulation of sprouty expression by PLCγ and calcium-dependent signals

Abstract Sprouty, an essential antagonist of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling, is induced following fibroblast growth factor receptor activation. The signaling pathways that induce sprouty have been incompletely characterized. However, studies show that MAP kinase signaling stimulates sprouty induction in various cell lines. Here we report that activation of sprouty expression by basic fibroblast growth factor required phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and calcium-dependent signaling. We showed that the induction of sprouty was inhibited by chelation of intracellular or extracellular calcium and that a fibroblast growth factor receptor deficient for PLCγ signaling only weakly induced sprouty expression. Additionally, inhibition of PLCγ with a pharmacological antagonist repressed the induction of sprouty by basic fibroblast growth factor. These findings indicate that calcium-dependent signaling regulates sprouty expression and that PLCγ is vital for this process. This pathway of sprouty induction may be critical at sites such as limb bud mesenchyme where MAP kinases are inactive.
On the role of routing in named data networking

A unique feature of Named Data Networking (NDN) is that its forwarding plane can detect and recover from network faults on its own, enabling each NDN router to handle network failures locally without relying on global routing convergence. This new feature prompts us to re-examine the role of routing in an NDN network: does it still need a routing protocol? If so, what impact may an intelligent forwarding plane have on the design and operation of NDN routing protocols? Through analysis and extensive simulations, we show that routing protocols remain highly beneficial in an NDN network. Routing disseminates initial topology and policy information as well as long-term changes in them, and computes the routing table to guide the forwarding process. However, because the forwarding plane is capable of detecting and recovering from failures quickly, routing no longer needs to handle short-term churns in the network. Freeing routing protocols from short-term churns can greatly improve their scalability and stability, enabling NDN to use routing protocols that were previously viewed as unsuitable for real networks.
Sintering behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of vacuum sintered SiC/spinel nanocomposite

Abstract A mixture of SiC and spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) nanopowder was prepared through the ball milling of talc, aluminum and graphite powder. The powder was uniaxially pressed into the form of pellets and the prepared specimens were annealed at various temperatures for different holding times. The prepared samples were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoindentation test, cold crushing strength (CCS) test and Archimedes principle test. The obtained results showed that the hardness, CCS and bulk density did not follow the same trend at different temperatures due to the interaction among various parameters. The detailed investigation of microstructure, phase changes and experimental conditions revealed the mechanisms behind these behaviors. The best sample obtained after annealing at 1200 °C for 1 h in vacuum had the mean hardness of 1.6 GPa and the mean CCS of 118 MPa.
Early quality of life benefits of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis.

Early quality of life benefits of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis. Background The impact of new therapies on patient quality of life (QOL) is emerging as an important indicator of the value of these therapies. In patients on dialysis, previous QOL evaluations have focused mainly on comparative approaches between modalities, or on longitudinal trends within a modality, but few have evaluated technical innovations or introduction of new therapies. The aim of the present study was to assess the early effects of a new dialysis solution (icodextrin) on the QOL of peritoneal dialysis patients. The QOL is compared with that of patients on dextrose, and the impact of demographic, and clinical characteristics on patients' QOL is examined. Methods The kidney disease quality of life questionnaire (KDQOL) was administered to patients who participated in a phase III double-blind, parallel group, active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution containing icodextrin in comparison with dextrose PD solution. A total of 93 patients (58 icodextrin, and 35 dextrose) completed the questionnaire at both baseline and after 13 weeks. In addition to patients QOL, patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded at both baseline and 13 weeks. Results Mean change scores from baseline to 13 weeks of icodextrin patients were substantially higher (≥5) than dextrose, particularly with respect to general health perception, physical functioning, role-physical, and many KDQOL symptom items such as lack of strength, washed out or drained, lack of appetite, faintness or dizziness, dry skin, cramps after an exchange or treatment, cramps during an exchange or treatment, and muscle spasms or twitching. At 13 weeks, icodextrin patients had significantly improved symptoms, and rated their health in general higher than those patients in the dextrose group. Upon multivariate analysis, icodextrin contributed significantly to the improvement of patients' mental health, general health, and symptoms such as muscle spasms or twitching, cramps during an exchange or treatment, cramps after an exchange or treatment, itchy skin, and faintness or dizziness. Conclusions Peritoneal dialysis patients treated with icodextrin experienced substantial quality of life improvement at 13 weeks after the start of treatment when compared to dextrose patients. Further research is necessary to determine patients' quality of life over time in a longitudinal study setting.
Central Delannoy Numbers and Balanced Cohen-Macaulay Complexes

We introduce a new join operation on colored simplicial complexes that preserves the Cohen-Macaulay property. An example of this operation puts the connection between the central Delannoy numbers and Legendre polynomials in a wider context.
Java enabling collaborative education, health care, and computing

Web technologies – in particular linked Java servers and clients – allow new dynamic collaborative environments linking people and computers. We describe the architecture of a system, TANGOsim, that combines a Java collaborative environment with an executive providing general message filters, and an event-driven simulator. The initial application is to command and control, but we describe how this approach can also be used in other areas, such as health care, scientific visualization and (distance) education. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational Changes in Spin-Labeled Cephalosporin and Penicillin upon Hydrolysis Revealed by Electron Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopy

We have synthesized spin-labeled analogs of cephalosporin and penicillin and of their solvolytic methyl ester products for structural characterization by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy. With β-lactamase I of Bacillus cereus 569/H/9 and the metallo-β-lactamase of Bacillus cereus 5/B/6, the spin-labeled penicillin and cephalosporin were shown to be as kinetically specific and catalytically active as the classical substrates benzylpenicillin and cephalosporin-C, respectively. Conformations of the spin-labeled antibiotics and of their methanolysis products have been compared on the basis of structure determination by ENDOR and molecular modeling. While the conformation of spin-labeled penicillin has been shown previously to be identical to that of amoxycillin (Mustafi, D.; Makinen, M. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6739−6746), the ENDOR-assigned conformation of spin-labeled cephalosporin is essentially identical to the X-ray-defined structure of cephaloglycine (Sweet, R. M.; Dahl, L. ...
Absence of vortex condensation in a two dimensional fermionic XY model

Motivated by a puzzle in the study of two-dimensional lattice quantum electrodynamics with staggered fermions, we construct a two-dimensional fermionic model with a global U(1) symmetry. Our model can be mapped into a model of closed packed dimers and plaquettes. Although the model has the same symmetries as the XY model, we show numerically that the model lacks the well-known Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition. The model is always in the gapless phase showing the absence of a phase with vortex condensation. In other words the low energy physics is described by a noncompact U(1) field theory. We show that by introducing an even number of layers one can introduce vortex condensation within the model and thus also induce a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.
An operator's views on Fermilab's control system

Abstract A Fermilab accelerator operator presents views and personal opinions on the control system there. The paper covers features contributing to ease of use and comprehension, as well as a few things that could be improved. Included are such hardware as the trackball and interrupt button, the touch sensitive TV screen, the color Lexidata display, and black and white and color hardcopy capabilities. It also covers the software such as the generic parameter page, the generic plot package, and prepared displays. The alarm system is discussed from an operations standpoint, and also the datalogging system.
The structure of e-commerce in the banking industry: an empirical investigation

In this paper, we explore the status of e-commerce in the banking industry. A random sample of 43 commercial Virginia bank Web sites were evaluated to determine the level of e-commerce involvement and the potential of e-commerce in banking. Preliminary results indicate a state of fragmentation in the quality, content, personalization, and category of Web sites, although more and more banks have demonstrated ready commitment to “presence” on the Internet.
Constance Mellon's "Library Anxiety": An Appreciation and a Critique.

Gillian S. Gremmels is Library Director at Davidson College; e-mail: jigremmels@davidson.edu. © 2015 Gillian S. Gremmels, Attribution-NonCommercial (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) CC BY-NC. Introduction Even after almost thirty years, I vividly remember reading Constance A. Mellon’s article, “Library Anxiety: A Grounded Theory and Its Development,” when it appeared in the March 1986 issue of College & Research Libraries.1 I was a reference librarian at DePauw University in Indiana at the time, helping students individually and in “bibliographic instruction” classes. The resonance I felt when I read about library anxiety was powerful: yes, I thought; this is what I’m seeing in my students, who seem overwhelmed by the library, in need of librarians’ help, yet reluctant to approach us. To have the phenomenon confirmed by research and given a name authenticated it and enabled my colleagues and me to address it directly with students and faculty. I was also intrigued by Mellon’s method. I had never heard of grounded theory before, but a method that based its conclusions on students’ own rich descriptions of their realities greatly appealed to me. A few years later, when I was studying naturalistic/interpretivist research methodology at Indiana University, I read Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss’s book, The Discovery of Grounded Theory, and did my own grounded theory study on choices made by academic reference librarians while working with students. 2 My experience evidently was not unique. Mellon’s article was chosen as one of the seven most important in the 75-year history of College & Research Libraries because it made “library anxiety,” a phenomenon observed by practitioners, official and uncovered its origins. The article also legitimized the use of qualitative research methods by giving grounded theory wide recognition in a premier journal. In this essay, I summarize Mellon’s method and findings, trace the article’s influence, offer a critique, and suggest some directions for future research.
Formative Research on Sequencing Instruction with the Elaboration Theory

The elaboration theory of instruction offers guidelines for several patterns of simple-to-complex sequencing which were developed primarily from cognitive theory, especially schema theory. However, there has been relatively little empirical research on the theory. This study helps fill this void by conducting formative research to identify weaknesses in the theory and possible ways of overcoming those weaknesses. Four chapters in a text on electrical circuit analysis were revised according to the theory. The first phase of the study used interactive data collection for immediate, detailed reactions and suggestions on the sequence. Phase 2 utilized non-interactive data collection to assess the external validity of the results. Qualitative data analysis provided insights into ways to improve the theory. None of the results indicated that elements should be deleted. Weaknesses indicated new methods that should be added to the theory and existing methods that should be modified and/or enhanced.
Core/shell quantum dots with high relaxivity and photoluminescence for multimodality imaging.

A series of core/shell CdSe/Zn1-xMnxS nanoparticles were synthesized for use in dual-mode optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques. Mn2+ content was in the range of 0.6−6.2% and varies with the thickness of the shell or amount of Mn2+ introduced to the reaction. These materials showed high quantum yield (QY), reaching 60% in organic solvent. Water-soluble nanoparticles were obtained by capping the core/shell particles with amphiphilic polymer, and the QY values in water reached 21%. These materials also demonstrated high relaxivity with r1 values in the range of 11−18 mM-1 s-1 (at room temperature, 7 T). Both optical and MR imaging were performed on nanoparticles in aqueous solution and applied to cells in culture. The results showed that the QY and manganese concentration in the particles was sufficient to produce contrast for both modalities at relatively low concentrations of nanoparticles.
Krylov subspace methods for large-scale matrix problems in control

This paper presents a brief but state-of-the-art survey of some of existing Krylov subspace methods for large-scale matrix problems in control. Based on the discussions and observations, some research problems are suggested.