cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of a phospholipid precursor into the hemochorionic and yolk sac placentas associated rat embryos.

Pregnant Long-Evans rats were subjected to a teratogenic regimen, i.e., were fed a synthetic diet lacking folic acid and containing 9-methylpteroylglutamic acid on the 11th to 14th days of gestation. Experimental and control pregnant rats injected with 10 muCi of [2-14C] ethanolamine on the 14th day were killed 1 or 2 days later. The total radioactivity and radioactivities of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) were determined in chloroform extracts of homogenates and subcellular fractions prepared from hemochorionic and yolk sac placentas and maternal liver. The distribution of radioisotope into PC and PE of control and experimental yolk sac placentas was similar, and paralleled the distribution in maternal liver. However, the distribution of radioisotope into PC and PE of the hemochorionic placentas did not parallel that of the maternal liver, and radiolabeled PC accumulated faster in experimental placentas than in controls. We suggest that the ability of the hemochorionic placenta to synthesize PC from PE was impaired by the teratogenic regimen, and that the organ took up relatively more PC from the maternal plasma. We propose that this teratogen-induced shift from placental lecithin synthesis to selective lecithin uptake underlies the previous finding of an increased accumulation of radio-labeled PC in embryos from pregnant females subjected to this teratogenic regimen (Chepenik and Waite, '73).
Discriminating Features for Writer Identification

This paper investigates highly discriminating features for writer identification for off-line handwritten text lines and passages. Five categories of features are tested: slant and slant energy, skew, pixel distribution, curvature, and entropy. Four experiments are run utilizing the IAM Handwriting Database and the ICDAR 2011 Writer Identification Contest dataset: the first, on 10 writers from the IAM dataset, the second, on 50 writers from the IAM dataset, the third, on 100 writers from the IAM dataset, and the fourth, strictly following the methodology of the 2011 ICDAR Writer Identification Contest. When compared to the other methodologies tested in the ICDAR competition, ours ranked fourth out of nine. These features support high recognition rates and are competitive with other state of the art methods for writer identification.
Determination of the Stability Constants of Tetracycline Complexes

The Bjerrum ΔKOH method for determining the degree of formation ( n ¯ ) from the titration curves of a ligand with and without metals is derived without approximations. The Calvin and Wilson method is rederived in a form which allows easy comparison between the values calculated by each method. The advantages of the n ¯ comparison method are discussed. Thermodynamic dissociation constants and stoichiometric biligand stability constants are calculated for five tetracycline analogs. Contrary to previous work, the biologically inactive tetracycline derivatives, 4-epi-chlortetracycline and 4-epi-anhydrotetracycline, were found to form 2:1 complexes with cupric ions. The choice of methods for the calculation of the stability constants from n ¯ and [HT − ] potentiometric data is discussed.
Hydrogen site occupancy and hydrogen diffusion in LaNi 4 BH 1.5

The ${\mathrm{CeCo}}_{4}$B-type ternary compound ${\mathrm{LaNi}}_{4}$B reacts with hydrogen gas at room temperature to form the hydride ${\mathrm{LaNi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{BH}}_{1.5}$ in the pressure range 1-100 atm. Rigid-lattice proton second moments indicate that hydrogen only occupies sites within the La-Ni basal planes in this hydride. The La-B planes, which do not accommodate hydrogen, appear to act as barriers to long-range hydrogen diffusion along the [001] direction. We have studied the diffusion behavior of hydrogen in ${\mathrm{LaNi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{BH}}_{1.4}$ by NMR measurements of the proton relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{1\ensuremath{\rho}}$ and find evidence for at least two activated-jump processes. The long-range diffusion process is characterized by lower mobilities and larger activation energies than observed in ${\mathrm{LaNi}}_{5}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$; comparison of the results with those previously obtained for ${\mathrm{LaNi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{AlH}}_{4.3}$ suggests that the activated step for diffusion in these hydrides is passage of hydrogen through the $12o$ sites, or through saddle points joining these sites to other sites occupied by hydrogen. Evidence for a low-activation-energy process is also observed; this process is interpreted as a localized hopping within clusters of $3f\ensuremath{-}12n$ sites that does not result in hydrogen transport. These observations are consistent with the five-site model [$\frac{P6}{\mathrm{mmm}} ({D}_{6h}^{1})$ space group] for hydrogen site occupancy in ${\mathrm{LaNi}}_{5}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$, but they are less easily related to site occupancies for the $P31m ({C}_{3v}^{2})$ model. Additionally, the presence of several anomalies in the ${\mathrm{LaNi}}_{4}$B x-ray powder pattern prompted us to conduct single-crystal investigations which indicate that the ${\mathrm{CeCo}}_{4}$B structure represents only a subcell in a larger hexagonal antiphase domain structure extending along the directions of the basal-plane axes.
A framework for scalable, parallel performance monitoring

Performance monitoring of HPC applications offers opportunities for adaptive optimization based on the dynamic performance behavior, unavailable in purely post-mortem performance views. However, a parallel performance monitoring system must have low overhead and high efficiency to make these opportunities tangible. We describe a scalable parallel performance monitor called TAUoverMRNet (ToM), created from the integration of the TAU performance system and the Multicast Reduction Network (MRNet). The integration is achieved through a plug-in architecture in TAU that allows the selection of different transport substrates to offload the online performance data. A method to establish the transport overlay structure of the monitor from within TAU, one that requires no added support from the job manager or application, is presented. We demonstrate the distribution of performance analysis from the sink to the overlay nodes and the reduction in the large-scale profile data that could, otherwise, overwhelm any single sink. The results show low perturbation and significant savings accrued from reduction at large processor-counts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological considerations in conducting ethnocultrally sensitive research on intimate partner abuse and its multidimensional consequences

Increasingly, attention has focused on ethnoracial disparities as causes and correlates of intimate partner abuse (IPA). Research may benefit from conceptualizing the experiences of ethnic minority women through the lenses of cultural, structural, and institutional inequalities expressed as racism, sexism, and oppression. To enhance the study of ethnocultural variation in IPA research and to promote cultural competence, we discuss a range of methodological issues pertinent to conducting ethnoculturally sensitive IPA research. Providing examples and recommendations from research on U.S. women, this paper explores ethnocultural considerations at each step of the research process: (a) conceptualization of the research question, (b) sampling, (c) recruitment and retention, (d) study design, (e) measurement, (f) statistical analysis, (g) interpretation of results, and (h) ethics. Recommendations include greater use of multiethnic samples of battered women from varying nationalities, and more within-group analyses to capture the substantial diversity and resilience observed within samples of battered women of color. Enhanced use of mixed-method designs combining qualitative and quantitative approaches are likely to lead to more nuanced understandings of the ways in which race, class, and culture impact the nature, dynamics, and impact of IPA. More inclusive research questions and ecologically valid methodologies are necessary for developing culturally competent, data driven policies and practices to promote social justice for ethnic minority battered women.
Simulating, analyzing, and animating dynamical systems : a guide to XPPAUT for researchers and students

List of figures Preface 1. Installation 2 A Very Brief Tour of XPPAUT 3. Writing ODE Files for Differential Equations 4. XPPAUT in the Classroom 5. More Advanced Diffferential Equations 6. Spatial Problems, PDEs, and BVPs 7. Using AUTO. Bifurcation and Continuation 8. Animation 9 Tricks and Advanced Methods Appendix A. Colors and Linestyles Appendix B. The Options Appendix C. Numerical Methods Appendix D. Structure of ODE Files Appendix E. Complete Command List Appendix F. Error Messages Appendix G. Cheat Sheet References IndexAppendix C. Numerical Methods Appendix D. Structure of ODE Files Appendix E. Complete Command List Appendix F. Error Messages Appendix G. Cheat Sheet References Index.
PGF2α-associated vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy is ROS dependent and involves the activation of mTOR, p70S6k, and PTEN

Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy by largely unknown mechanism(s). To investigate the signaling events governing PGF2alpha-induced VSMC hypertrophy we examined the ability of the PGF2alpha analog, fluprostenol to elicit phosphorylation of Akt, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6k), glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in growth arrested A7r5 VSMC. Fluprostenol-induced hypertrophy was associated with increased ROS, mTOR translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, along with Akt, mTOR, GSK-3beta, PTEN and ERK1/2 but not JNK phosphorylation. Whereas inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) by LY-294002 blocked fluprostenol-induced changes in total protein content, pre-treatment with rapamycin or with the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 did not. Taken together, these findings suggest that fluprostenol-induced changes in A7r5 hypertrophy involve mTOR translocation and occur through PI3K-dependent mechanisms.
Integrable Hamiltonian Systems and the Painleve Property

A direct method is described for obtaining conditions under which certain $N$-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems are integrable, i.e., possess $N$ integrals in involution. This method consists of requiring that the general solutions have the Painlev\'e property, i.e., no movable singularities other than poles. We apply this method to several Hamiltonian systems of physical significance such as the generalized H\'enon-Heiles problem and the Toda lattice with $N=2 \mathrm{and} 3$, and recover all known integrable cases together with a few new ones. For some of these cases the second integral is written down explicitly while for others integrability is confirmed by numerical experiments.
Public policy for violence against women: 30 years of successes and remaining challenges.

Thirty years ago only two scholarly articles had been published on what was then referred to as “wife battering.”1,2 The Washington, DC, police department employed an informal “stitch rule” when responding to domestic calls.3 Police would make an arrest only if female victims had an injury that required a number of surgical sutures to close the wound. By the middle 1970s, the inattention to violence toward women stood in stark contrast to mounting evidence that domestic violence was not a rare and isolated personal trouble. Social scientists4 and advocates5–7 alike reported on persistent patterns of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse of women by their intimate partners. Concern for violence was embedded in the more general women’s movement. As the modern women’s movement gained momentum in the late 1960s and early 1970s, attention to violence and battering gained momentum as well. By the early 1990s, violence toward women had reached the status of a social problem with a place on the public policy agenda. The public had come to realize that violence toward women was a health and justice, as well as a personal, problem. A poll conducted for the Family Violence Prevention Fund in 1995 found that 83% of American adults polled stated that domestic violence was an extremely or very important social issue.8
The effect of cold acclimation upon glucose-6-phosphatase activity in two species of free-living nematodes. I. The effect of pH.

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was studied in two species of axenically cultured free-living nematodes, Panagrellus redivivus and Turbatrix aceti. Changes in glucose-6-phosphatase activity and in optimal pH for this enzyme were examined in control and cold-acclimated worms. 2. 2. In both the cold-acclimated and the control populations of both species, the optimal pH for glucose-6-phosphatase activity was 6·2. 3. 3. The glucose-6-phosphatase activity was greater in the cold-acclimated populations of P. redivivus than in the controls. No significant difference was observed between cold-acclimated and control T. aceti.
Short-term memory processes in text comprehension

Because of the limited capacity of the short-term, working memory system texts must be processed one sentences or major clause at a time in cycles. This cyclical processing strategy eliminates the limited capacity problem but creates a new one; namely: How does a reader maintain the coherence of a text which must be processed in fragments? Kintsch and van Dijk (1978) have suggested that part of short-term memory is set aside as a buffer in which propositions from earlier processing cycles are held over the guide the integration of new propositions into the long-term representation of the text as a whole. Two experiments are presented which provide empirical support for this claim. Using the kintsch and van Dijk (Psychological Review, 1978 , 85, 363–394) model to predict which propositions would be selected for inclusion in the short-term buffer, it was demonstrated that selected propositions are more available to subjects than unselected propositions from the same part of the text, and that the latter are no more availabe than unselected propositions from earlier in the text.
Near-wall response in turbulent shear flows subjected to imposed unsteadiness

Rapid-distortion theory is adapted to introduce a truly unsteady closure into a simple phenomenological turbulence model in order to describe the unsteady response of a turbulent wall layer exposed to a temporarily oscillating pressure gradient. The closure model is built by taking the ratio of turbulent shear stress to turbulent kinetic energy to be a function of the effective strain. The latter accounts for the history of the flow. The computed unsteady velocity fluctuations and modulated turbulent stresses compare favorably in the 'non-quasi-steady' frequency range, where quasi-steady assumptions would fail. This suggests that the concept of rapid distortion is especially appropriate for unsteady flows. This paper forms the basis for acoustical studies of the problem to be reported elsewhere.
Differential uptake of 125 I - and 99m TcO 4 - in a histologically unusual metastatic thyroid carcinoma.

A case is presented of a histologically unique thyroid carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes which concentrated 99mTcO4− to a significantly greater degree than 125I−. This phenomenon may be related to 1. a decreased ability of the tumor to organify iodine, 2. an increased rate of turnover of the iodine-labeled hormone by the tumor, or 3. the unusual “angiomatoid” pattern of the tumor and the difference in the blood levels of the two tracers at the time of the scans. Hot pertechnetate nodules must be rescanned with radioiodine.
The Criollo Outlook in the Mestizo Culture of Coastal Peru2

T HIS paper is concerned with identifying and analyzing one of the key patterns of mestizo culture, particularly with reference to Lima, in relation to selected aspects of mestizo culture and social structure in coastal Peru. The discussion presents this pattern, here termed the criollo (Creole) outlook, as it is defined and participated in by the mestizo; delineates the popular stereotype of the criollo "ideal personality"; and points out some of the major functions of the criollo outlook, principally in the ordering of class and ethnic relations.
A Plane Stress Perfectly Plastic Mode I Crack Solution With Continuous Stress Field

A statically admissible solution for a perfectly plastic material in plane stress is presented for the mode I crack problem. The yield condition employed is an alternative type first proposed hy von Mises in order to approximate his original yield condition for plane stress while eliminating most of the elliptic region as pertaining to partial differential equations. This yield condition is composed of two intersecting parabolas rather than a single ellipse in the principal stress space. The attributes of this particular solution of the mode I problem over that previously obtained are that it contains neither stress discontinuities nor compressive stresses anywhere in the field.
Quantifying energetics and dissipation in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

We perform a suite of two- and three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations with the Athena code of the non-driven Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the subsonic, weak magnetic field limit. Focusing the analysis on the non-linear turbulent regime, we quantify energy transfer on a scale-by-scale basis and identify the physical mechanisms responsible for energy exchange by developing the diagnostic known as spectral energy transfer function analysis. At late times when the fluid is in a state of MHD turbulence, magnetic tension mediates the dominant mode of energy injection into the magnetic reservoir, whereby turbulent fluid motions twist and stretch the magnetic field lines. This generated magnetic energy turbulently cascades to smaller scales, while being exchanged backwards and forwards with the kinetic energy reservoir, until finally being dissipated. Incorporating explicit dissipation pushes the dissipation scale to larger scales than if the dissipation were entirely numerical. For scales larger than the dissipation scale, we show that the physics of energy transfer in decaying MHD turbulence is robust to numerical effects.
Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of macrophytes and associated periphyton along a nitrate gradient in two subtropical, spring-fed streams

Summary 1. An increase in human population and associated changes in land use have caused an increase in groundwater nitrate concentrations throughout central Florida. Within the region, this nitrate-laden groundwater returns to the surface via numerous large springs that serve as the origin of flow for many coastal streams and rivers. These rivers can exhibit strong nitrate gradients because of the high nutrient uptake potential of the rivers. 2. We hypothesised that downstream declines in nitrate concentrations would be manifested spatially as increases in the δ15N of the residual pool of nitrate, macrophytes and periphyton as a consequence of isotopic fractionation associated with preferential use of 14NO3−. This hypothesis was tested in two spring-fed river systems, the Chassahowitzka and Homosassa rivers, along Florida's central Gulf of Mexico coast. 3. In general, δ15N values of nitrate, macrophytes and periphyton increased with decreasing fraction of nitrate remaining in each of the two study systems. The fractionation associated with nitrate uptake by macrophytes and associated periphyton was determined from the relationship between δ15N of both constituents of the macrophyte community and the fraction of nitrate removed from the system. Values for fractionation by macrophytes and periphyton ranged from 1.9‰ to 3.6‰ and from 0.7‰ to 2.5‰, respectively.
Topographical study of the neurons containing hpGRF immunoreactivity in monkey hypothalamus

Abstract Hypothalamic neurons producing growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) have been characterized by immunohistochemistry in monkey hypothalamus, using an antiserum raised against hpGRF 1−40 , a peptide with GRF activity isolated from a human pancreatic tumor. Cell bodies with hpGRF immunoreactivity were found in arcuate and ventromedial nuclei. From these neurons, bundles of fibers innervate median eminence and appear to terminate in contact with portal vessels. In addition to median eminence, hpGRF immunoreactive fibers were found mostly in the anterior hypothalamus and the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei where they give perineuronal endings. These results correlate with earlier physiological data on hypothalamic control of growth hormone secretion and suggest that GRF is also involved in interneuronal relationships related or unrelated to neurohumoral control of pituitary secretions.
Cosmic Radio Noise Intensities in the VHF Band

During 1948 and 1949, the National Bureau of Standards conducted continuous, broad-directivity measurements of the cosmic radio noise intensities at frequencies between 25 and 110 mc. Their purpose was to evaluate the importance of this noise from the standpoint of its interference with radio communication. The results show a regular daily variation in noise corresponding to the movement of the principal sources of cosmic radio noise across the antenna receiving pattern. This normal cosmic noise intensity pattern was found to be constant within the limits of the accuracy of the measurements. It was found convenient to present the results in terms of daily maxima and minima which bracketed the daily variations. No measurable change in these limits was observed in the course of these measurements. Besides the normal cosmic radio noise, penrods of abnormal high noise levels, generally associated with periods of unusual solar activity, were observed and recorded.
Chronic extrinsic cardiac denervation by regional neural ablation. Description of the operation, verification of the denervation, and its effects on myocardial catecholamines.

A technique for complete extrinsic denervation of the heart by the ablation of neural structures in the mediastinum is described. The completeness of denervation was verified by direct electrical stimulation of the main vagal and sympathetic trunks. Total deple tion of myocardial catecholamines followed the procedure in chronic survivors. Animals prepared in this manner are useful in the study of the neurologically isolated heart and simulate this aspect of the problem of cardiac transplantation.
Venus: Lessons for Earth

The old idea that Venus might possess surface conditions to those of an overcast earth has been thoroughly refuted by space-age measurements. Instead, the two planets may have started out similar, but diverged because of the greater solar flux at Venus. This cannot be proved, but is consistent with everything known. A runaway greenhouse effect could have evaporated an 'ocean'. The hydrogen would escape, and most of the oxygen would be incorporated into the crust. Without liquid water, CO2 would remain in the atmosphere. Chlorine atoms would catalyze the recombination of any free oxygen back to CO2. The same theories apply to the future of the earth, and to the explanation of the polar ozone holes; the analogies are striking. There is no likelihood that the earth will actually come to resemble Venus, but Venus serves both as a warning that major environmental effects can flow from seemingly small causes, and as a testbed for the predictive models of the earth.
Magnesium carbonate as a phosphorus binder: A prospective, controlled, crossover study

Magnesium carbonate as a phosphorus binder: A prospective, controlled, crossover study. The use of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) to bind phosphorus (P) in chronic hemodialysis patients has been a popular tactic in the past decade. Nonetheless, problems with hypercalcemia decrease its usefulness, particularly in patients treated with calcitriol. A P binder not containing calcium (Ca) would be of value in these circumstances. In short-term studies, we showed that magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ) was well-tolerated and controlled P and Mg levels when given in conjunction with a dialysate Mg of 0.6 mg/dl. We, therefore, performed a prospective, randomized, crossover study to evaluate if the chronic use of MgCO 3 would allow a reduction in the dose of CaCO 3 and yet achieve acceptable levels of Ca, P, and Mg. We also assessed whether the lower dose of CaCO 3 would facilitate the use of larger doses of calcitriol. The two phases were MgCO 3 plus half the usual dose of CaCO 3 and CaCO 3 alone given in the usual dose. It was found that MgCO 3 (dose, 465 ± 52 mg/day elemental Mg) allowed a decrease in the amount of elemental Ca ingested from 2.9 ± 0.4 to 1.2 ± 0.2 g/day ( P µ g/treatment during the MgCO 3 phase and 0.8 ± 0.3 µ g/treatment during the Ca phase ( P 3 and a dialysate Mg of 0.6 mg/dl may be considered in selected patients who develop hypercalcemia during treatment with i.v. calcitriol and CaCO 3 .
Energy transfer and energy pooling from 2 2P32,12 excited Li atoms in Li vapor

Abstract Molecular Li 2 (A 1 Σ + u , B 1 Π u −X 1 Σ + g ) fluorescence bands are observed in a dilute lithium vapor excited at the first D-line frequencies. There are two possible mechanisms that can give rise to this result. One is a collision induced energy transfer between the excited Li( 2 P 3 2 , 1 2 ) atoms and Li 2 (X 1 Σ + g ) molecules, and the other, which must be present, is the collision induced, radiative combination of Li(2 2 P 3 2 , 1 2 ) with Li(2 2 S 1 2 ) to form excited molecules. In addition, generation of Li( 2 D 5 2 , 3 2 ) atoms was observed and attributed to Li(2 2 P)−Li(2 2 P) energy-pooling collisions.
Automating compensation in a multidatabase

Compensation is the process by which a committed transaction in a database is undone by running the semantic inverse of that transaction on the database. Compensation has been proposed as a technique for undoing committed work in various situations where strict atomicity cannot be maintained (H. Garcia-Molina, K. Salem, 1987; J.G. Mullen, 1991). We discuss compensation in long-running multidatabase transactions. We define the step approach to integrating local database schemas into a multidatabase. In the step approach, each local database is encapsulated by a set of procedures (steps). Steps can be grouped into atomic global transactions. Each step also has an associated compensating step, which is called if the compensating transaction is run. We examine two areas of multidatabase transaction management where compensation is required. The first is implementing compensation as a recovery technique when an open, nested transaction is aborted. The second is in backing out the effects of an atomic mutlidatabase transaction when some local database transaction commits before a global abort decision is made. >
Structural and magnetic properties of Nd–(Fe,M)–(C,B) melt-spun ribbons

Abstract The structural and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Nd–Fe–C–B based alloys have been studied using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and magnetometry techniques. Maximum coercivity of 9.6 kOe is found in an annealed Nd14Fe79C7 ribbon. A small amount of boron addition increases the coercivity to about 14 kOe, because it decreases the transformation temperature and therefore the grain size of the 2:14:1 phase. Homogenization of the initial ingot led to a more stable coercivity with the wheel speed. On the other hand Zr and Nb substitutions lead to the formation of Zr(Nb)-carbides, taking carbon away from the amount required to form the 2:14:1 phase uniformly throughout the sample, resulting in a decrease of coercivity.
Prostaglandin removal and metabolism by isolated perfused rat lung

Abstract We have investigated the mechanism(s) involved in the removal of prostaglandins (PG) from the pulmonary circulation by the lung. Unidirectional fluxes of PG from the circulation into the lung are measured in an isolated perfused rat lung preparation. Evidence is presented which suggests that a transport system for PG exists in lung tissue. This transport system is responsible for the removal of some PG from the circulation by the lung. PGE1 and PGF2α are substrates for this system, whereas PGB1, PGA1, and 15-keto-PGF2α are not. Since PGA1 is a substrate for the intracellular PG dehydrogenase, the selectivity of the lung's metabolism system for circulating PG is probably due to the selectivity of the transport system for PG. It is shown that the percentage of the pulmonary arterial concentration (CA) of PGE1 or PGF2α that is metabolized on passage through the pulmonary circulation decreases rapidly as CA increases. When the lungs were perfused with PGE1 (PGF2α), the metabolites detected in the venous effluent were 15-keto-PGE1 (PGF2α) and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE1 (PGF2α). The time course pattern of the appearance of metabolites in the venous effluent after the initiation of a constant CA, and the relative concentrations of the metabolites in the venous effluent, were examined as a function of CA.
Regulation of K-Cl cotransport: from function to genes.

This review intends to summarize the vast literature on K-Cl cotransport (COT) regulation from a functional and genetic viewpoint. Special attention has been given to the signaling pathways involved in the transporter’s regulation found in several tissues and cell types, and more specifically, in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The number of publications on K-Cl COT has been steadily increasing since its discovery at the beginning of the 1980s, with red blood cells (RBCs) from different species (human, sheep, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, turkey, duck, frog, rat, mouse, fish, and lamprey) being the most studied model. Other tissues/cell types under study are brain, kidney, epithelia, muscle/smooth muscle, tumor cells, heart, liver, insect cells, endothelial cells, bone, platelets, thymocytes and Leishmania donovani. One of the salient properties of K-Cl-COT is its activation by cell swelling and its participation in the recovery of cell volume, a process known as regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Activation by thiol modification with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) has spawned investigations on the redox dependence of K-Cl COT, and is used as a positive control for the operation of the system in many tissues and cells. The most accepted model of K-Cl COT regulation proposes protein kinases and phosphatases linked in a chain of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. More recent studies include regulatory pathways involving the phosphatidyl inositol/protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated pathway for regulation by lithium (Li) in low-K sheep red blood cells (LK SRBCs), and the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) pathway as well as the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated mechanism in VSMCs. Studies on VSM transfected cells containing the PKG catalytic domain demonstrated the participation of this enzyme in K-Cl COT regulation. Commonly used vasodilators activate K-Cl COT in a dose-dependent manner through the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway. Interaction between the cotransporter and the cytoskeleton appears to depend on the cellular origin and experimental conditions. Pathophysiologically, K-Cl COT is altered in sickle cell anemia and neuropathies, and it has also been proposed to play a role in blood pressure control. Four closely related human genes code for KCCs (KCC1-4). Although considerable information is accumulating on tissue distribution, function and pathologies associated with the different isoforms, little is known about the genetic regulation of the KCC genes in terms of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. A few reports indicate that the NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway regulates KCC1 and KCC3 mRNA expression in VSMCs at the post-transcriptional level. However, the detailed mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of KCC genes and of regulation of KCC2 and KCC4 mRNA expression are unknown. The K-Cl COT field is expected to expand further over the next decades, as new isoforms and/or regulatory pathways are discovered and its implication in health and disease is revealed.
Heavy-Higgs-boson effects in the triplet-Majoron model.

An effective-Lagrangian approach is used to explore the effects of a strongly interacting longitudinal gauge-boson sector within the framework of the triplet-Majoron model of Gelmini and Roncadelli (GR). The leading one-loop effects in such a limit are obtained using a covariant derivative expansion method to secure the manifestly invariant one-loop effective action. Comparison is made with the minimal effects present in the strongly interacting limit of the standard model. Additional effects including enhancements to the production of the charged scalars of the GR model are found to be present. In particular it is found that the model's doubly charged scalar could be searched for at a hadron collider capable of producing center-of-mass energies of order \ensuremath{\surd}s=40 TeV and an integrated luminosity of order ${10}^{40}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$.
Population Extinction and the Genetics of Adaptation

Abstract: Theories of adaptation typically ignore the effect of environmental change on population size. But some environmental challenges—challenges to which populations must adapt—may depress absolute fitness below 1, causing populations to decline. Under this scenario, adaptation is a race; beneficial alleles that adapt a population to the new environment must sweep to high frequency before the population becomes extinct. We derive simple, though approximate, solutions to the probability of successful adaptation (population survival) when adaptation involves new mutations, the standing genetic variation, or a mixture of the two. Our results show that adaptation to such environmental challenges can be difficult when relying on new mutations at one or a few loci, and populations will often decline to extinction.
Effect of an acidified iron‐sulfur‐rich mining residue (iron‐sul) on soil and plant nutrient relationships in drip‐irrigated raspberry and strawberry

Abstract An acidified iron‐sulfur‐rich mining residue (iron‐sul) was applied in point source concentrations at drip‐irrigation emitter sites in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and strawberry (Fragaria X annassa Duch.) plantings grown on a calcareous Timpanogos silty clay loam, Spanish Fork, Utah. Treatment levels ranged from 0 to 1440 kg/ha. Soil test levels of Fe, Mn, and Cu were significantly increased by treatment, while the P soil test level decreased. This increased soil availability was not reflected in increased plant nutrient concentrations nor in correction of chlorotic conditions. Soil structure during the two seasons (1981 and 1982) appeared to be negatively influenced at application sites. This method of application does not successfully reduce lime‐induced chlorosis in small fruits grown in fine‐textured soils with drip irrigation.
p53 De-ubiquitination: at the edge between life and death.

The tumour suppressor protein p53 is stabilized by the de-ubiquitination enzyme herpes-virus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP), which localizes to the promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear body (PML-NB). The pro-apoptotic activity of p53 is also induced by HAUSP. Therefore, p53 ubiquitination is a dynamic process, and HAUSP might function as a tumour suppressor by enhancing p53 stabilization.
Causal entropies—A measure for determining changes in the temporal organization of neural systems

We propose a novel measure to detect temporal ordering in the activity of individual neurons in a local network, which is thought to be a hallmark of activity-dependent synaptic modifications during learning. The measure, called causal entropy, is based on the time-adaptive detection of asymmetries in the relative temporal patterning between neuronal pairs. We characterize properties of the measure on both simulated data and experimental multiunit recordings of hippocampal neurons from the awake, behaving rat, and show that the metric can more readily detect those asymmetries than standard cross correlation-based techniques, especially since the temporal sensitivity of causal entropy can detect such changes rapidly and dynamically.
Simulation studies of islanded behavior of grid-connected photovoltaic systems

Simplified computer models are presented for predicting the run-on time of self-commutated inverters operating in a utility interactive mode. The inverter receives DC power from a photovoltaic (PV) array and delivers AC power to a local load or the utility lines. The models represent the dynamics of a phase-locked loop control circuit that is designed to destabilize the inverter operation and shut down the power-conditioning subsystem when a phase discrepancy between the line and some reference signal is detected. The sustained isolated operation (or islanding) of the PV system poses a possible safety concern to utility personnel and potential damage to utility-connected equipment. Two computer models, the TESLACO model and the APCC model, were implemented on an IBM PC using Pascal. They provide results compatible with experimental evidence and more elaborate computer modeling techniques. >
Loss of A5 noradrenergic neurons in multiple system atrophy.

The A5 noradrenergic group of the pons projects on the medulla and spinal cord and contributes to control of sympathetic activity and respiration. Because these functions are affected in multiple system atrophy (MSA), we sought to determine whether there was involvement of A5 neurons in this disorder. We counted tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive neurons in the A5 area and locus ceruleus in the pons obtained from six patients with clinical and neuropathological diagnoses of MSA and six age-matched controls using stereological methods. There was a severe loss of A5 neurons in MSA (total cell number 3,215 ± 258 in controls and 321 ± 62 in MSA, P < 0.001). The severity of cell loss was comparable to that of locus ceruleus neurons in these cases. Our results indicate that A5 neurons are severely affected in MSA and this may contribute to some of the manifestations of this synucleinopathy.
Intermediate host specificity in Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni penetrate into many kinds of snails, but development of normal sporocysts takes place only in certain species of Biomphalaria . Different populations of this snail vary greatly in laboratory infection rates with S. mansoni originating from diverse geographic localities. Cross-exposure experiments show that compatibility factors exist in both snails and parasites. Susceptibility of stocks of Biomphalaria to particular strains of S. mansoni is genetically determined and may be modified by selection in the laboratory. In a compatible snail, the sporocyst develops without host tissue reaction; in incompatible snails the early larvae are rapidly surrounded by amebocytes and fibroblasts, and destroyed. This reaction resembles the generalized host cellular response elicited by any foreign body. An individual snail exposed to many miracidia may have both developing and encapsulated sporocysts side by side within its tissues. The weight of current evidence suggests that elicitation or absence of this cellular response resides in the recognition or nonrecognition of the sporocyst as a foreign body. The sporocyst tegument surface, which forms within a few hours after miracidial penetration, may have a molecular conformation identical with that of the snail, or may be able to bind specific host molecules, so that detection and subsequent encapsulation by host cells are averted. Presuming genetic determination of the sporocyst surface structure and of the host cell detection capability, differing infection rates would result from the particular frequencies of relevant genes in the populations concerned.
WebSOS: an overlay-based system for protecting web servers from denial of service attacks

We present WebSOS, a novel overlay-based architecture that provides guaranteed access to a web server that is targeted by a denial of service (DoS) attack. Our approach exploits two key characteristics of the web environment: its design around a human-centric interface, and the extensibility inherent in many browsers through downloadable ''applets.'' We guarantee access to a web server for a large number of previously unknown users, without requiring pre-existing trust relationships between users and the system, by using reverse Graphic Turing Tests. Furthermore, our system makes it easy for service providers to charge users, providing incentives to a commercial offering of the service. Users can dynamically decide whether to use the WebSOS overlay, based on the prevailing network conditions. Our prototype requires no modifications to either servers or browsers, and makes use of Graphical Turing Tests, web proxies, and client authentication using the SSL/TLS protocol, all readily supported by modern browsers. We then extend this system with a credential-based micropayment scheme that combines access control and payment authorization in one operation. Turing tests ensure that malicious code, such as a worm, cannot abuse a user's micropayment wallet. We use the WebSOS prototype to conduct a performance evaluation over the Internet using PlanetLab, a testbed for experimentation with network overlays. We determine the end-to-end latency using both a chord-based approach and our shortcut extension. Our evaluation shows the latency increase by a factor of 7 and 2 respectively, confirming our simulation results.
Identifying the network coding opportunity

The broadcast nature of wireless transmission makes network coding possible in wireless networks. The state-of-the-art algorithm, referred to as COPE, utilizes opportunistic listening to encode packets from different unicast sessions. In theory, the network coding gain of COPE is only dependent on the network topology. In practice, it is also dependent on the traffic pattern and MAC layer scheduling. In this paper, we propose an efficient and scalable algorithm “Identifying the Coding OPportunity (ICOP)” to identify the network coding opportunity in a wireless network that takes both the topology and the traffic pattern in the network into consideration. The advantages of ICOP are that it does not require complicated MAC layer scheduling and it does not require extra communication overhead. Our simulations demonstrate that ICOP performs better than COPE in terms of coding gains in the networks with non-evenly distributed traffic patterns.
The Effect of Various Instructional Conditions on Expressive Music Performance

This study is a comparison of the effectiveness of three approaches used to elicit expressivity in music students' performances: (a) aural modeling, (b) verbal instruction addressing concrete music...
γ-Frequency Excitatory Input to Granule Cells Facilitates Dendrodendritic Inhibition in the Rat Olfactory Bulb

Recurrent and lateral inhibition play a prominent role in patterning the odor-evoked discharges in mitral cells, the output neurons of the olfactory bulb. Inhibitory responses in this brain region are mediated through reciprocal synaptic connections made between the dendrites of mitral cells and GABAergic interneurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on interneurons play a critical role in eliciting GABA release at reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. In acute olfactory bulb slices, these receptors are tonically blocked by extracellular Mg2+, and recurrent inhibition is disabled. In the present study, we examined the mechanisms by which this tonic blockade could be reversed. We demonstrate that near-coincident activation of an excitatory pathway to the proximal dendrites of GABAergic interneurons relieves the Mg2+ blockade of NMDA receptors at reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses and greatly facilitates recurrent inhibition onto mitral cells. Gating of recurrent and lateral inhibition in the presence of extracellular Mg2+ requires gamma-frequency stimulation of glutamatergic axons in the granule cell layer. Long-range excitatory axon connections from mitral cells innervated by different subpopulations of olfactory receptor neurons may provide a gating input to granule cells, thereby facilitating the mitral cell lateral inhibition that contributes to odorant encoding.
Simulation of the global air‐sea transfer velocity field of helium

Air-sea exchange is important in constructing a budget of He in the upper oceanic water column. This exchange of He is controlled by the transfer velocity (KwHe) and the air-sea concentration gradient. Here, the global transfer velocity field of He is computed for January and July with user-defined derived fields based on control runs of the NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) CCM1 (Community Climate Model), a 12 layer atmospheric general circulation model. The spatial resolution of these calculations is 4.5° × 7.5° latitude-longitude. The range of KwHe variation over the globe is over an order of magnitude, varying from 5 to 75 cm hr−1. Equatorial values are generally 10-20 cm hr−1 and high latitude regions experience values in excess of 60 cm hr−1. The annual variability of the transfer velocity in the high-latitude northern hemisphere is larger than in the high-latitude southern hemisphere. This work shows that the spatial and temporal variation in the global transfer velocity field of He is significant. This result should be included in future high-resolution 3-dimensional coupled ocean-atmosphere tracer models when attempting to quantitatively deconvolute vertical transport and air-sea exchange in surface ocean He budgets. This approach may allow high-resolution global estimates of nitrate flux into the euphotic zone, an important component in oceanic biogeochemical modeling efforts.
Cytomorphology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): Review of sixteen cases occurring in HIV‐positive patients

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from infection of oligodendrocytes by JC virus. Although all patients immunocompromised by any congenital, acquired, or iatrogenic condition are at risk, the population which currently accounts for the majority of new cases is that infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Though the clinical/radiologic presentation is characteristic, biopsy confirmation is necessary, as these patients are at risk for other primary CNS disorders which may produce similar clinical findings. Immediate assessment of tissue adequacy by cytologic smear is generally preferred in these specimens due to its relative reduced risk of disease transmission when compared to conventional frozen section. We report here the cytologic findings seen in touch imprints and squash preparations of 16 cases of PML, all occurring in HIV-positive patients and obtained by stereotactic guided needle biopsy. Typical cytomorphologic findings are described and correlated with histologic sections. In addition, features useful in the exclusion of other differential diagnostic possibilities are discussed.
Sweet's syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with neutropenic fever and granulocyte colony stimulation factor

Granulocyte colony stimulation factor (G-CSF) is commonly used in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. We report the case of a 62-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who presented with neutropenic fever and sepsis. After treatment with G-CSF he developed Sweet's syndrome. Sweet's syndrome is a rare disorder but has been associated with cancer recurrence as well as administration of G-CSF. We present clinical and pathologic images that highlight the salient features of this entity.