cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical optimization of pre-swirl stators for horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines

Hydrokinetic turbines are an important element of the world's future renewable energy portfolio, with applications in both river (unidirectional) and tidal (bidirectional) situations. However, use is presently limited, due in part to typically low turbine efficiency. This project focused on improving horizontal axis turbine performance through the use of pre-swirl stator blades. Pre-swirl stators alter the turbine inlet flow so as to maximize the blade lift in the rotational direction. The increased lift leads to greater torque and power output from the turbine. The number of stator blades, chord length, and position relative to the turbine were fixed based on parametrics in the propeller literature. The remaining important stator parameters were the cross-sectional shape and the angle of attack. The shape was selected by considering several standard foil shapes and selecting the ones with the highest stall angle and highest lift/drag ratio. Numerical flow simulations were run with the selected foils at various angles of attack to determine the velocity at the turbine location and the streamline flow around the blade. The optimal angle of attack was the one which produced an inflow angle in the desired range, with the highest velocity magnitude. Following determination of the optimal foil shape and angle of attack, a 3D model of the shroud with stators was created in SolidWorks and analyzed for future experimental testing.
A computer-aided investigation on the fundamental limits of caching

We present our recent effort, in the context of the caching systems, in developing a computer-aided approach in the investigation of information systems. Yeung's linear programming (LP) outer bound of the entropy space is our starting point, however our effort goes significantly beyond using it to prove information inequalities. A symmetry-reduced linear program is used to identify the boundary of the memory-transmission-rate tradeoff for several simple cases, for which we can obtain a set of tight outer bounds. General hypotheses on the optimal tradeoff are formed from these computed data, which are then analytically proved. This leads to a complete characterization of the optimal tradeoff for caching systems with only two users, and a partial characterization for systems with only two files. Next, we show that by carefully analyzing the joint entropy structure of the outer bounds for certain cases, a novel code construction can be reverse-engineered, and unachievability of linear codes can be proved for some other cases. Finally, we show that strong outer bounds can be computed through strategically relaxing the LP, which allows us to compute outer bounds for larger problem cases, despite the seemingly impossible computation scale.
Magdalena de Cao y la arqueología colonial en el Perú

With this essay, I want to explore how some of our findings during the fieldwork at Magdalena de Cao Viejo, Chicama Valley, are related with the examination of identities in an Early Colonial Period site. First, I describe the site and then focus on in key lines of evidence about problems and potentialities to identify assimilation, accommodation, hybridization and resistance through archaeological methods since the beginning of the project to the present.
Who will I be when I retire? Introducing a Lacanian typology at the intersection of present identity work and future narratives of the retired self:

The study introduces a framework by which insights from Lacanian psychoanalysis can be employed to offer a more nuanced understanding of how retirement is currently being reinvented. Building on an...
Plant Polyphenols as Epigenetic Modulators of Glutathione S-Transferase P1 Activity

Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione and thioester bond formation to a variety of electrophilic substances, engaged as a housekeeper in the detoxification of xenobiotics. GSTP1 is abundantly expressed in some mammalian tissues and has been shown to act as a modulator of signal transduction pathways controlling proliferation and cell death. Loss of GSTP1 in normal tissues incurs increased oxidative damage to cells, making them susceptible to neoplastic transformation. In contrast, its overexpression in tumor cells leads to the development of resistance to anticancer agents. Use of dietary polyphenols and synthetic compounds to induce GSTP1 is a potential strategy for cancer prevention in humans. This chapter presents the current body of knowledge regarding GSTP1 and its roles in carcinogenesis, and highlights the need for further investigation of its potential in chemoprevention.
The Truth and Identity of a Person and of a People

The question of the truth has always intrigued both philosophers and non-philosophers alike. It is a rather easy thing to ascertain when dealing with evident facts, of events witnessed, but there is another aspect to the truth which is not easily seen: the metaphysical truth of Being and of beings. What is it that constitutes the truth of an entity, its identity; that which constitutes its essence, its real nature, its whatness, its beingness? This is precisely the point at issue; how do we know the essence of an entity?
Imagining Doctors: Medical Students and the TV Medical Drama.

Medical students who watch and try to emulate the techniques and behaviors of physicians on popular medical dramas can gain emotional knowledge about patients and about themselves. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Physical Properties of Water and Water Cycle

The purpose of this chapter is to provide some background information on the physical properties of water and factors affecting the flow of water. This material will be helpful in understanding the development of many of the principles and techniques presented in the following chapters. A review of the hydrologic or water cycle and some comments on the distribution of water are given. Water is the medium for aquaculture, and we feel that those involved in aquaculture should have a good conception of the hydrosphere. Some readers may be familiar with this material and prefer to go directly to Chapter 2.
Grounding natural language instructions to semantic goal representations for abstraction and generalization

Language grounding is broadly defined as the problem of mapping natural language instructions to robot behavior. To truly be effective, these language grounding systems must be accurate in their selection of behavior, efficient in the robot’s realization of that selected behavior, and capable of generalizing beyond commands and environment configurations only seen at training time. One choice that is crucial to the success of a language grounding model is the choice of representation used to capture the objective specified by the input command. Prior work has been varied in its use of explicit goal representations, with some approaches lacking a representation altogether, resulting in models that infer whole sequences of robot actions, while other approaches map to carefully constructed logical form representations. While many of the models in either category are reasonably accurate, they fail to offer either efficient execution or any generalization without requiring a large amount of manual specification. In this work, we take a first step towards language grounding models that excel across accuracy, efficiency, and generalization through the construction of simple, semantic goal representations within Markov decision processes. We propose two related semantic goal representations that take advantage of the hierarchical structure of tasks and the compositional nature of language respectively, and present multiple grounding models for each. We validate these ideas empirically with results collected from following text instructions within a simulated mobile-manipulator domain, as well as demonstrations of a physical robot responding to spoken instructions in real time. Our grounding models tie abstraction in language commands to a hierarchical planner for the robot’s execution, enabling a response-time speed-up of several orders of magnitude over baseline planners within sufficiently large domains. Concurrently, our grounding models for generalization infer elements of the semantic representation that are subsequently combined to form a complete goal description, enabling the interpretation of commands involving novel combinations never seen during training. Taken together, our results show that the design of semantic goal representation has powerful implications for the accuracy, efficiency, and generalization capabilities of language grounding models.
Behavior in behavioral strategy : capturing, measuring, analyzing

Measuring behavior requires research methods that can capture observed outcomes and expose underlying processes and mechanisms. In this chapter, we present a toolbox of instruments and techniques we designed experimental tasks to simulate decision environments and capture behavior. We deployed protocol analysis and text analysis to examine the underlying cognitive processes. In combination, these can simultaneously grasp antecedents, outcomes, processes, and mechanisms. We applied them to collect rich behavioral data on two key topics in strategic management: the exploration–exploitation trade-off and strategic risk-taking. This mix of methods is particularly useful in describing actual behavior as it is, not as it should be, replacing assumptions with data and offering a finer-grained perspective of strategic decision-making.
Oral Melanomas: A Case Series of a Deadly Neoplasm.

Purpose To describe and discuss the demographic and clinical features of oral melanomas, which are relatively rare but deadly neoplasms, and list the criteria for their diagnosis to increase early detection. Materials and Methods An institutional review board–approved retrospective search of oral melanomas was performed in the archives of the University of Florida Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Biopsy Service (Gainesville, FL) from 2015 through 2018. Exclusion criteria included cases with inconclusive diagnosis, skin involvement, and missing clinical data or slide material. Of 7 patients with a diagnosis of melanoma of the head and neck region, 6 (87.5%) were found to be diagnosed with oral melanomas and met the inclusion criteria. Results All 6 patients were at least 45 years (range, 45 to 87 yr). The male-to-female ratio was 4:2. Three patients were asymptomatic and 3 experienced symptoms, including pain, swelling, and tingling. Seven lesions were detected in these 6 patients. Three of these lesions were located on the maxillary gingiva, 2 were on the mandibular gingiva, and 2 involved the palate. Two lesions were diagnosed as spindle cell melanoma, 4 were diagnosed as melanoma, and 1 was diagnosed as a mucosal lentiginous melanoma. Conclusion Oral melanomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oral pigmented lesions, especially on the gingiva or palate, in middle-age and elderly patients. Oral melanomas have a male bias. In addition, supportive criteria enabling early diagnosis of oral melanomas is addressed.
A Message to Medical School Promotion Committees: Proper Credit for Peer-Reviewed Online Educational Materials

Historically, academic promotions have been primarily based on scholarly productivity measured by the number and quality of peer-reviewed papers published in print journals and the number of peer-reviewed grants received. Other traditional academic activities such as teaching, book editing, mentoring, and involvement in national scientific organizations have also been considered. Although this evaluation approach continues to be effective for those who concentrate on basic science research, it has often fallen short for those whose scholarly interests are in biomedical education per se and/or in enhancing the practice of medicine at the translational and clinical end of the spectrum. Unlike other academic disciplines, medical schools either own, or are affiliated with, hospitals that provide clinical service to patients and train future healthcare providers. Therefore, many faculty members spend the majority of their time delivering care to patients rather than concentrating on their own basic, translational, or clinical research. In recognition of this conundrum, many medical schools have broadened their promotion criteria to recognize outstanding faculty members by devising rubrics that reward less traditional forms of scholarship as well as exceptional teaching. This has been reflected in many institutions by creating various promotion tracks with names such as “Clinician-Educator,” “Clinical Innovator,” “Educational Leader,” etc. The creation of these various tracks for promotion has not only enabled faculty members to excel and thrive in their particular areas of interest but also helped meet institutional (and societal) demands and provide a more equitable reward system. Although this progressive step met the desired needs when first created, there is a sense among many faculty now that promotion criteria must further evolve to reflect the changing academic environment (1–3). Recent advances in communication technology are changing the way scientific and medical information is disseminated. More and more scientists and physicians are receiving their …
Interhospital Variation in the Costs of Pediatric/Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Procedures: Analysis of Data From the Pediatric Health Information Systems Database

Background Cardiac catheterization is an important but costly component of health care for young patients with cardiac disease. Measurement of variation in their cost between hospitals and identifi...
Lehmann, Winfred Philipp (b. 1916)

Winfred Philip Lehmann was born on June 23, 1916, near Surprise, Nebraska, the son of a Lutheran minister. He spent his early childhood in a German-speaking community until 1919, when his family moved to an English-speaking parish. He attended Northwestern Academy High School in Wisconsin from 1928 to 1932, when he entered Northwestern College in Watertown, Wisconsin, where he studied liberal arts and comparative philology (B.A. 1936). Graduate studies in Germanic linguistics followed from 1937 to 1941 at the University of Wisconsin (Madison). There he studied with Einar Haugen, Roe-Merrill Heffner, Alexander Hohlfeld, Alfred Senn, and William Freeman Twaddell. He received his M.A. from the university in 1938 and his Ph.D. in 1941. In 1940, he married Ruth Preston Lehmann (nee Miller), a professor of English at the University of Texas who specialized in Old English and Old Irish. She died in 2000.
Calciphylaxis in a nondialysis patient treated with sodium thiosulfate and high dose of oxygen.

BACKGROUND Calciphylaxis in a nondialysis patient is a rare condition and is characterized by calcific deposition in tissue. We present a case of calciphylaxis in a nondialysis patient who was diagnosed by clinical presentation and skin biopsy and was treated with sodium thiosulfate with improvement of skin lesions. CASE A 43-year-old female with type 2 diabetes and atrial fibrillation taking oral anticoagulation medication presented with reddish drainage from the right buttock. On physical examination, a large perirectal abscess overlying necrosis was found. She also developed acute kidney injury with creatinine of 3.7 mg/dL at peak from 0.8 mg/dL at baseline. She received antibiotics intravenously and wound debridement. During hospitalization, she developed areas of numerous painful erythematous lesions with central dusky necrosis on bilateral lower extremities. Punch biopsy was done, which initially revealed small-vessel vasculitis. However, those lesions did not respond to steroid therapy. A second biopsy was done showing extensive fat necrosis and medial calcification of vessel walls consistent with calciphylaxis. She was treated with high-flow oxygen and sodium thiosulfate intralesionally and intravenously for 6 months. The lesions remarkably reduced in size and were less painful on follow-up. CONCLUSION High-dose oxygen and sodium thiosulfate could potentially be effective treatments for calciphylaxis in nondialysis patients.
Steel Bridge Load Rating Impacts Owing to Autonomous Truck Platoons

Autonomous truck platoons are two or more trucks driving together as a single unit through the use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication technology. These platoons can automatically accelerate or bra...
Habitability in Berthing Compartments and Well-Being of Sailors Working on U.S. Navy Surface Ships.

ObjectiveThe study had two objectives: (a) to assess the prevalence of sleep-related habitability concerns in the berthing compartments of U.S. Navy surface ships and (b) to assess whether habitabi...
Tracheostomy in morbidly obese patients

Abstract Tracheostomy is one of the earliest surgical procedures described in the management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) with a near complete resolution of symptoms following surgery. While the procedure is not as commonly utilized today for management due to other less invasive modalities and advances in upper airway surgery, it remains a reliable reserve for patients who do not tolerate or fail other management strategies discussed in this book. This chapter will discuss tracheostomy and upper airway surgery including perioperative management and special considerations in the setting of OHS.
COVID-19 Vaccines: Characterizing Misinformation Campaigns and Vaccine Hesitancy on Twitter

Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation on social media has increased concerns about COVID-19 vaccine uptake required to achieve herd immunity and overcome the pandemic. However anti-science and political misinformation and conspiracies have been rampant throughout the pandemic. For COVID-19 vaccines, we investigate misinformation and conspiracy campaigns and their characteristic behaviours. We identify whether coordinated efforts are used to promote misinformation in vaccine related discussions, and find accounts coordinately promoting a `Great Reset' conspiracy group promoting vaccine related misinformation and strong anti-vaccine and anti-social messages such as boycott vaccine passports, no lock-downs and masks. We characterize other misinformation communities from the information diffusion structure, and study the large anti-vaccine misinformation community and smaller anti-vaccine communities, including a far-right anti-vaccine conspiracy group. In comparison with the mainstream and health news, left-leaning group, which are more pro-vaccine, the right-leaning group is influenced more by the anti-vaccine and far-right misinformation/conspiracy communities. The misinformation communities are more vocal either specific to the vaccine discussion or political discussion, and we find other differences in the characteristic behaviours of different communities. Lastly, we investigate misinformation narratives and tactics of information distortion that can increase vaccine hesitancy, using topic modeling and comparison with reported vaccine side-effects (VAERS) finding rarer side-effects are more frequently discussed on social media.
Right Ventricular Free Wall Rupture After Myocardial Infarction.

Abstract This paper describes the case of a 68-year-old man who presented in cardiac tamponade due to a right ventricular free wall rupture after a recent ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction...
Estimating Poisson Error Rates When Debugging Software

Five estimators for the vector of mistake rates of errors discovered in debugging software are proposed and compared for a model in which an unknown number of errors yield numbers of mistakes having independend Poisson distributions.
Instructor rating markets

We describe the design of Instructor Rating Markets (IRMs) where human participants interact through intelligent automated market-makers in order to provide dynamic collective feedback to instructors on the progress of their classes. The markets are among the first to enable the empirical study of prediction markets where traders can affect the very outcomes they are trading on. More than 200 students across the Rensselaer campus participated in markets for ten classes in the Fall 2010 semester. In this paper, we describe how we designed these markets in order to elicit useful information, and analyze data from the deployment. We show that market prices convey useful information on future instructor ratings and contain significantly more information than do past ratings. The bulk of useful information contained in the price of a particular class is provided by students who are in that class, showing that the markets are serving to disseminate insider information. At the same time, we find little evidence of attempted manipulation by raters. The markets are also a laboratory for comparing different market designs and the resulting price dynamics, and we show how they can be used to compare market making algorithms.
Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model for Head Impact Injury Hazard

This study explores the application of viscoelastic modeling for characterization of the response of the brain to impulsive loading with the objective of learning whether such models could exhibit the same time dependency of strain or likelihood of injury, as exhibited by the Severity Index, HIC Index, Wayne Tolerance Curve, and other similar representations of tolerance. The mathematical relationships between viscoelastic properties and the corresponding time dependency of tolerance are shown for Newtonian, Bingham plastic, and Pseudo-Bingham, as well as more general behavior. Preliminary static and dynamic tests upon small mammalian material are described with particular attention given to strain in the vicinity of the brainstem as a function of loading profile. Both the theoretical and experimental results show that the falling time dependency of the above indexes can be interpreted in terms of nonlinear viscoelastic response.
Monotonic Partial Order Reduction: An Optimal Symbolic Partial Order Reduction Technique

We present a new technique called Monotonic Partial Order Reduction (MPOR) that effectively combines dynamic partial order reduction with symbolic state space exploration for model checking concurrent software. Our technique hinges on a new characterization of partial orders defined by computations of a concurrent program in terms of quasi-monotonic sequences of thread-ids. This characterization, which is of independent interest, can be used both for explicit or symbolic model checking. For symbolic model checking, MPOR works by adding constraints to allow automatic pruning of redundant interleavings in a SAT/SMT solver based search by restricting the interleavings explored to the set of quasi-monotonic sequences. Quasi-monotonicity guarantees both soundness (all necessary interleavings are explored) and optimality (no redundant interleaving is explored) and is, to the best of our knowledge, the only known optimal symbolic POR technique.
Acute myocardial infarction in ninety Negro patients: Clinical manifestations and immediate mortality

Abstract 1. 1. The records of ninety Negro patients with acute myocardial infarction have been reviewed. 2. 2. The findings indicate that a higher index of suspicion would lead to more frequent diagnosis and better treatment of this potentially fatal disease in the Negro. 3. 3. The clinical manifestations, age-sex incidence, laboratory findings and immediate mortality rate (death within thirty days) have been compared with those of a similarly studied group of 229 white patients in the same geographic area. 4. 4. Generally the clinical manifestations were the same in the two groups. 5. 5. The incidence of precordial pain as a presenting symptom was 85 per cent in the Negro group and 90 per cent in the white group. 6. 6. The sex incidence in the Negro series was almost equal whereas in the white series the ratio of males to females was 3:1. 7. 7. A higher incidence of hypertension was found among the Negroes. 8. 8. A higher incidence of diabetes mellitus was found among females, both in the Negro and the white patients. 9. 9. The immediate mortality was lower among the Negro patients, 26 per cent, than among white patients, 41 per cent.
Hierarchies of natural topic in Shona

We should like to emphasize that in discussing the Shona data we shall not be arguing for any particular (competence) model of grammar. We shall limit our discussion to the motivation of the facts to be presented, i.e. why speakers create the sentences they do in Shona, and to th problems listeners have in interpreting these sentences. Since we were able to work with only one speaker of Shona, we found it most effective to focus on how our informant interpreted sentences which either we or he himself constructed. Thus, although we shall often speak of interpretation and of assigning nouns to underlying case relations, we are not advocating the interpretivist approach to generative grammar. Quite to the contrary, we shall emphasize the role of semantics and pragmatics in syntax.
Text on the Weather

"in my dreams, I am a Weather-Man on TV. I originate in this medium, it feels right, it pits me against the Vicissitudes of Life. When the caU comes to rouse the City-dweUers from their slumbers it is not too soon to dream of love, the hot filaments of its success. That is what fills me. When you perform a Task you are aUve. "I say 'originate' in order to counter your objection that nothing can origi nate, that all is flux and loop and cycle, that there is no alpha and omega, that there is no Une along which you drag your life saying 'Now I'm getting somewhere, now I'm getting there.' I say 'medium' in order to counter your objection that I am a Pretender, that I am faking it, that I am giving you nothing, that I am being Hysterical. The threshold of my house is not Hyste ria. There is nothing in the Weather to control. I am all corners, you cannot get to me. "To know the weather is to know that you are helpless, not to lose hope
Measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a clinical environment: challenges and needs

The number of assessments of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] for diagnostic purposes has increased significantly during the past 5 y. Over the years, techniques for quantifying 25(OH)D have increased and evolved. Some changes have been for the better and some have not. Most current methods appear to provide valid results as long as the operator of the given technique is properly trained and motivated. In addition, any laboratory that assesses circulating 25(OH)D for clinical diagnosis needs to participate in the Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme. Finally, research has shown that circulating 25(OH)D is extremely stable in stored serum or plasma samples; this characteristic makes accurate, long-term epidemiologic studies of circulating 25(OH)D possible. In this article, I provide an overview of the techniques available for measuring 25(OH)D, compare these techniques with one another, and assess their clinical utility. I also briefly discuss the stability of 25(OH)D in biological media and present an overview of the Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme.
Sheaves of structures and generalized ultraproducts

Classical ultraproducts are constructed from indexed sets of structures, i.e., from sheaves of structures on discrete spaces. We generalize the construction so that the initial datum can be an arbitrary sheaf of structures. Boolean ultrapowers are obtained in the special case where the initial sheaf is a constant sheaf. In Part I, we review the relevant information about sheaves on topological spaces. In Part II, we define notions of forcing and weak forcing in the stalks of any sheaf. From any sheaf of structures P on a space L we construct a sheafP 0 on the spectrum of prime filters of the pseudoBoolean algebra (pBa) of opens of/. The "prime stalk theorem" is a Lo~-type theorem that characterizes the formulas weakly forced in any stalk o f P 0 at a pri~ne filter. In Part III, we construct a sheaf P* on the Stone space of the complete Boolean algebra of regular opens of/. The stalks of P* are called the ultrastalks of P, and they are t2~e generalized ultraproducts. With each tfltrafilter in the cBa (i.e., each point in the Stone space) there corresponds a maximal filter in the pBa, and the corresponding stalks of P* and p0 are isomorphic, thereby yielding two constructions of the generalized ultraproducts. The "ultrastalk theorem" generalizes the ~o~ ultraproduct theorem by characterizing truth in the stalks of P* (or, equivalently, in the stalks o f P 0 at maximal filters). In Part IV, a few extensions and applications are outlined. The primary purpose of this paper i~ to familarize the working model
Laparotomy for small-bowel obstruction: first choice or last resort for adhesiolysis? A laparoscopic approach for small-bowel obstruction reduces 30-day complications.

Introduction Small-bowel obstruction (SBO) requiring adhesiolysis is a frequent and costly problem in the United States with limited evidence regarding the most effective and safest surgical management. This study examines whether patients treated with laparoscopy for SBO have better 30-day surgical outcomes than their counterparts undergoing open procedures.
Biotic and Abiotic Pathways of Phosphorus Cycling in Minerals and Sediments: Insights from Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Phosphate

A key question to address in the development of oxygen isotope ratios in phosphate (δ(18)O(p)) as a tracer of biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in ancient and modern environments is the nature of isotopic signatures associated with uptake and cycling of mineral-bound phosphate by microorganisms. Here, we present experimental results aimed at understanding the biotic and abiotic pathways of P cycling during biological uptake of phosphate sorbed to ferrihydrite and the selective uptake of sedimentary phosphate phases by Escherichia coli and Marinobacter aquaeolei. Results indicate that a significant fraction of ferrihydrite-bound phosphate is biologically available. The fraction of phosphate taken up by E. coli attained an equilibrium isotopic composition in a short time (<50 h) due to efficient O-isotope exchange (between O in PO(4) and O in water; that is, actual breaking and reforming of P-O bonds) (biotic pathway). The difference in isotopic composition between newly equilibrated aqueous and residual sorbed phosphate groups promoted the ion exchange (analogous to isotopic mixing) of intact phosphate ions (abiotic pathway) so that this difference gradually became negligible. In sediment containing different P phases, E. coli extracted loosely sorbed phosphate first, whereas M. aquaeolei preferred Fe-oxide-bound phosphate. The presence of bacteria always imprinted a biotic isotopic signature on the P phase that was taken up and cycled. For example, the δ(18)O(p) value of loosely sorbed phosphate shifted gradually toward equilibrium isotopic composition. The δ(18)O(p) value of Fe-oxide-bound phosphate, however, showed only slight changes initially but, when new Fe-oxides were formed, coprecipitated/occluded phosphate retained δ(18)O values of the aqueous phosphate at the time of formation of new Fe oxides. Concentrations and isotopic compositions of authigenic and detrital phosphates did not change, suggesting that these phosphate phases were not utilized by bacteria. These findings support burgeoning applications of δ(18)O(p) as a tracer of phosphorus cycling in sediments, soils, and aquatic environments and as an indicator of paleo- environmental conditions.
Optimal control-limit policies for a zero-memory replacement problem*

In this paper, we investigate the structural properties of optimal policies for a finite-memory, stochastic replacement problem. The characteristic which distinguishes this problem from the usual replacement problem is its information pattern; it is assumed that the controller has available for decision making the present (but not any past) realization of a process stochastically related to the state process. Two classes of structured policies are defined, both of which are generalizations of the class of control-limit policies for the usual replacement problem. For each definition, we present conditions which are proved to be sufficient for the existence of optimal control-limit policies.
Effect of precocene II on circadian rhythms of feeding and mating behavior in the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus

Oncopeltus fasciatus adults were treated with the antiallatotropin, precocene II and the circadian rhythms of feeding and mating behavior were monitored at 2-h intervals from lights on to lights off under 2 photoperiod regimes. Females ovariectomized as 5th instars were monitored for feeding and mating behavior at 2–3-h intervals from lights on to lights off as well. Neither precocene treatment nor ovariectomy was found to affect the mating or feeding behavioral rhythms under any photoperiod regime.
Acute pulmonary edema after diazepam–ketamine in a dog

An 8-year-old mixed-breed dog was anesthetized for colonoscopy. Moderate sedation was produced by premedication with glycopyrrolate, acepromazine, and hydromorphone, and anesthesia was induced by IV injection of diazepam and ketamine. Frothy, reddish-colored fluid flowed from the endotracheal tube immediately after endotracheal intubation but ceased after several minutes. Furosemide was injected IV. Anesthesia was maintained by sevoflurane in oxygen. Ventilation and arterial blood pressure were satisfactory, however, after oxygen was administered to maintain normal hemoglobin saturation. Radiography revealed changes consistent with a diagnosis of pulmonary edema. The following day, ventricular premature contractions developed and atrial dissociation, valvular regurgitation, and pulmonary hypertension were diagnosed on echocardiography. The proposed etiology is either profound transient hypotension and/or pulmonary hypertension induced by ketamine. The cardiac abnormalities that were present the following day suggest that myocardial dysfunction after induction of anesthesia was more severe than was apparent as assessed by routine physical examination and monitoring methods.
LOCAL-TIME SURVEY OF PLASMA AT LOW ALTITUDES OVER THE AURORAL ZONES.

A local-time survey of the low energy proton and electron intensities precipitated into the earth's atmosphere during periods of magnetic quiescence was constructed. A typical, individual satellite crossing of this region in each of eight local-time sectors was selected from a library of similar observations with the polar-orbiting satellite Injun 5. The trapping boundary for more energetic electron intensities, E 45 keV, is a natural coordinate for delineating the boundary between the two major types of lower energy, 50 or = E or = 15,000 eV. The main contributors to electron energy influx are inverted V precipitation poleward of the trapping boundary and the plasma sheet intensities equatorward. These are interpreted in terms of a magnetospheric model.
Can springs cut canyons into rock

Amphitheater-headed valleys on Earth and Mars are often assumed to result from erosion by emerging spring water (i.e., seepage erosion or groundwater sapping) rather than by surface runoff. The origin of such valleys has implications for landscape evolution on Earth and the hydrologic cycle and associated potential for life on other planets. In this paper we explore the evidence for seepage erosion in bedrock to address whether valley morphology can be used as a diagnostic indicator of seepage erosion. Seepage erosion is an important process in loose sediment where hydraulic forces cause grain detachment, often resulting in amphitheater-headed valleys. However, the extension of these processes to resistant rock is uncertain. In sedimentary rocks, groundwater might control the shape and rate of valley formation. It is possible, however, that seepage plays only a secondary role to runoff processes. This seems likely in basaltic valleys on Earth, where little evidence exists for seepage erosion. Since the ability of seepage to erode bedrock valleys remains unclear and because many amphitheater-headed valleys were probably carved by other processes, seepage erosion should not be inferred based solely on valley form.
NEUROwords. 8. Plasticity and neuroplasticity.

(2000). NEUROwords 8 Plasticity and Neuroplasticity. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 37-39.
Slot Film Cooling in an Accelerating Boundary Layer With High Free-Stream Turbulence

Slot film cooling and downstream heat transfer measurements have been acquired in the accelerating flows over two cylindrical leading edge test surfaces. Measurements were conducted at four blowing ratios, two Reynolds numbers and six well documented turbulence conditions for each test surface. Film cooling measurements were acquired over a four to one range in blowing ratio at the lower Reynolds number and at the two lower blowing ratios for the higher Reynolds numbers. The film cooling measurements were acquired at a coolant to free-stream density ratio of approximately 1.04. The flows were subjected to a low turbulence condition (Tu = 0.7%), two levels of turbulence for a smaller sized grid (Tu = 3.5%, and 7.9%), one turbulence level for a larger grid (8.1%), and two levels of turbulence generated using a mock aero-combustor (Tu = 9.3% and 13.7%). Turbulence level is shown to have a significant influence in mixing away film cooling coverage progressively as the flow develops in the streamwise direction. Effectiveness levels for the aero-combustor turbulence condition are reduced to as low as 20% of low turbulence values by the furthest downstream region. The slot in each case is located close to the stagnation region of the leading edge and the upstream boundary layers are very thin and accelerating. The slot is angled at 30° to the surface. Film cooling data, from the larger cylindrical stagnation region test surface, show that transitional flows have significantly improved effectiveness levels compared with turbulent flows. These data are expected to be very useful in grounding computational predictions of slot film cooling with elevated turbulence levels and acceleration.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
MULTIMETHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO EXAMINING RISK-TAKING

Research on risk-taking behavior has shown to yield inconsistent findings. Three studies were conducted using four different analysis techniques. The first study used a phenomenological approach and qualitative analysis to gain an understanding of risk-taking. A model of factors relating to risk-taking was developed and tested in a second study. The third study was conducted to develop scales of risk and used magnitude estimation and multidimensional scaling techniques. Results from the studies confirmed the multidimensionality of the construct of risk-taking. Also indicated was a gender difference in risk-taking behavior and perception. These studies expand our knowledge of risk-taking behavior in that 1) a method of categorizing risks was developed, 2) gender similarities and differences in risk-taking were explored, and 3) perceived magnitude and underlying dimensions of risk were developed.
Controlling interfacial disorder and strain of W-structured type-II superlattices using As2 flux

Abstract We have investigated how the photoluminescence varies with strain induced by interfacial disorder in W-structured type-II superlattices (WSLs). WSLs with compressive, tensile, and very low strain were grown using varying As 2 -to-In flux ratios during InAs layer growth. The strain was determined using X-ray diffraction, and the atomic-scale WSL structure was characterized by cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy. The changes in the interfacial structures with flux ratio and their effects on the optical properties can be qualitatively understood in terms of competing changes in growth surface morphology and anion cross-incorporation and their net effects on SL strain.
A Review of the Diagnosis and Management of Reflux Disease: Toward Creating a Clinical Protocol for the Otolaryngologist

Objectives: Reflux disease, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), is an extremely common condition which is diagnosed and treated routinely in an otolaryngology practice. There is great variability in the methods of both diagnosis and treatment amongst otolaryngologists. Our aim is to review current clinical practice guidelines on reflux disease, to identify areas of agreement and of controversy, and to begin to work toward a clinical protocol for reflux disease for the otolaryngologist. Study Design: Literature review with discussion. Methods: A PubMed search was performed looking for clinical practice guidelines on either GERD or LPR. Five hundred and seventy articles were identified and the most clinically relevant practice guidelines were selected. Results: Thirteen key articles were identified. Eleven of these come from the gastroenterology literature, and none of them come from the otolaryngology literature. There appears to be a consensus on empiric medication trial as first line therapy for presumed uncomplicated GERD and on prioritizing early identification of patients with severe disease complications. Areas of controversy include the definition of GERD and LPR, which diagnostic algorithm to use in which patient, and the long term management of medical therapy. Conclusions: While there are many clinical aspects of reflux disease that still remain a mystery, there is enough literature to support a rudimentary clinical protocol at this time. As further data become available from outcomes measurements, such a protocol may result in improved quality and standardization. A Review of the Diagnosis and Management of Reflux Disease: Toward Creating a Clinical Protocol for the Otolaryngologist
Force recovery after eccentric exercise in males and females

In this study we investigated force loss and recovery after eccentric exercise, and further characterized profound losses in muscle function (n=192 subjects – 98 males, 94 females; population A). Maximal voluntary contractile force (MVC) was assessed before, immediately after, and at 36 and 132 h after eccentric exercise. Two groups were then established (A1 and A2). Group A1 demonstrated a >70% reduction in MVC immediately after exercise, but were recovering at 132 h after exercise. These subjects performed a follow-up MVC 26 days later (n=32). Group A2 demonstrated a >70% reduction in MVC immediately post-exercise, but still exhibited a >65% reduction in force at 132 h post-exercise; these subjects also performed a follow-up MVC every 7 days until full recovery was established (n=9). In population A, there was a 57% reduction in MVC immediately post-exercise and a 67% recovery by 132 h post-exercise (P 0.05). In group A1, although more females (two-thirds) showed large force losses after exercise, these females demonstrated greater %MVC recovery at 132 h post-exercise (59% vs 44%) and at 26 days post-exercise (93% vs 81%) compared to the males. In group A2, MVC recovery occurred between 33 and 47 days post-exercise. In conclusion, 21% of all subjects showed a delayed recovery in MVC after high-force eccentric exercise. Although there were no significant gender differences in force loss, a disproportionately larger number of females demonstrated force reductions of >70%. However, their recovery of force was more rapid than that observed for the males who also demonstrated a >70% force loss.
Application of Chimera Grid Scheme to Combustor Flowfields at all Speeds

A CFD method for solving combustor flowfields at all speeds on complex configurations is presented. The approach is based on the ALLSPD-3D code which uses the compressible formulation of the flow equations including real gas effects, nonequilibrium chemistry and spray combustion. To facilitate the analysis of complex geometries, the chimera grid method is utilized. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of the chimera scheme to reacting flows. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this numerical approach, several benchmark calculations of subsonic flows are presented. These include steady and unsteady flows, and bluff-body stabilized spray and premixed combustion flames.
Genetic disorders of surfactant dysfunction

Mutations in the genes encoding the surfactant proteins B and C (SP-B and SP-C) and the phospholipid transporter, ABCA3, are associated with respiratory distress and interstitial lung disease in the pediatric population. Expression of these proteins is regulated developmentally, increasing with gestational age, and is critical for pulmonary surfactant function at birth. Pulmonary surfactant is a unique mixture of lipids and proteins that reduces surface tension at the air-liquid interface, preventing collapse of the lung at the end of expiration. SP-B and ABCA3 are required for the normal organization and packaging of surfactant phospholipids into specialized secretory organelles, known as lamellar bodies, while both SP-B and SP-C are important for adsorption of secreted surfactant phospholipids to the alveolar surface. In general, mutations in the SP-B gene SFTPB are associated with fatal respiratory distress in the neonatal period, and mutations in the SP-C gene SFTPC are more commonly associated with interstitial lung disease in older infants, children, and adults. Mutations in the ABCA3 gene are associated with both phenotypes. Despite this general classification, there is considerable overlap in the clinical and histologic characteristics of these genetic disorders. In this review, similarities and differences in the presentation of these disorders with an emphasis on their histochemical and ultrastructural features will be described, along with a brief discussion of surfactant metabolism. Mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of lung disease caused by mutations in these genes will also be discussed.
c-Theorem and the topology of 2D QFTs

In this note we briefly discuss some topological structures of the space of 2D QFTs. Our main tool is the consideration of Zamalodchikov's c function as a Morse function of this space.
Honeyshell: A Flexible Expert System For Defect And Cause Analysis For Wave Soldering

An expert system for diagnosis of defect and analysis of cause in manufacturing an integrated circuit board (IC board) has been designed and built. The system architecture supports emulation of two important aspects of expert's problem solving. The first aspect concerns expert's ability to diagnose the defect quickly after a cursory examination of the IC Board. The second aspect concerns expert's ability to refocus his attention on likely defect candidates quickly if his initial considerations fail. Our approach uses rule classification and system architecture to accomplish this. The additional benefits are faster response time, dramatic reduction in the size of the rule base and the ability for the user to select level of expertise in this expert system to match his own level.
Determining the molecular origin of radiation damage/enhancement in electro-optic polymeric materials through polarized light microscopy

Previous studies on the radiation effects upon polymer and polymer-based photonic materials suggest that the radiation resistance of the material is heavily dependent on the choice of polymer-host and guest-chromophore. The best results to date have been achieved with electro optic polymeric materials based on CLD1 doped in APC, which has resulted in improved performance at the device level upon gamma-ray irradiation at moderate doses. Still, our understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the enhancement of the performance is unclear. In this paper, we discuss how polarized light microscopy could be used as a means to quantify the effect of the different physical parameters that influence the optical response of electro-optic polymeric thin film samples.