cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Evolving Surface Contamination on Spacecraft Charging

The effects of evolving surface contamination on spacecraft charging have been investigated through (i) ground-based measurements of the change in electron emission properties of a conducting surface undergoing contamination and (ii) modeling of the charging of such surfaces using the NASCAP code. Specifically, we studied a Au surface as adsorbed species were removed and a very thin disordered carbon film was deposited as a result of exposure to an intense, normal incidence electron beam. As a result of this contamination, we found an ~50% decrease in secondary electron yield and an ~20% reduction in backscattered yield. The type and rates of contamination observed are similar to those encountered by operational spacecraft. Charging potentials of an isolated panel of the material were determined under both sunlit and eclipse conditions in geosynchronous orbits for typical and extreme environments. In all environments studied, just monolayers of contamination lead to predictions of an abrupt threshold effect for spacecraft charging; panels that charged to small positive values when uncontaminated developed kilovolt negative potentials. The relative effect of NASCAP parameters for modeling secondary and backscattered electron emission and plasma electron distributions were also investigated. We conclude that surface contamination must be considered to avoid the serious detrimental effects associated with severe spacecraft charging.
Foundations for Quality Management of Scientific Data Products

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.]The consequences of scientific conclusions based on faulty data can be far reaching, remain unchallenged for years in the literature, and skew subsequent research. Additionally, since most scientific res..
Building Academic Success on Social and Emotional Learning: What Does the Research Say? edited by Joseph E. Zins et al.

Social-emotional learning (SEL) is becoming increasingly popular in schools as educators are beginning to recognize its importance for improving students' academic achievement and the school enviro...
The person-in-environment perspective in social work journals: A computer-assisted content analysis

Disagreement over the meaning, utility, and implementation of the person-in-environment (p-i-e) perspective represents social work's efforts to continually redefine itself in a dynamic world. The choice of a guiding perspective is significant, particularly in this era in which concern about the interdependence of global social, economic, and environmental systems is growing. Much of the debate about the p-i-e has taken place in social work journals. This article provides an empirical assessment of how social work scholars have interpreted and applied p-i-e related concepts in social work journals, through the use of a computer-assisted content analysis of all article abstracts in core journals reviewed in Social Work Abstracts (SWA) from 1987 to 1996.
Comparative Study of Invertases of Streptococcus mutans

Sucrase activity was studied in 13 strains of Streptococcus mutans representing the five Bratthall serotypes. Sucrose-adapted cells have sucrase activity in the 37,000 x g-soluble fraction of all strains. The enzyme was identified as invertase (beta-d-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.26) because it hydrolyzed the beta-fructofuranoside trisaccharide raffinose, giving fructose and melibiose as its products, and because it hydrolyzed the beta-fructofuranoside dissacharide sucrose, giving equimolar glucose and fructose as its products. Invertases of c and e strains exhibit two activity peaks by molecular exclusion chromatography with molecular weights of 45,000 to 50,000 and about 180,000; those of serotypes a, b, and d strains exhibit only a single component of 45,000 to 50,000 molecular weight. The electrophoretic mobility of invertases is different between the serotypes and the same within them. Inorganic orthophosphate (P(i)) has a weak positive effect on the V(max) of invertases of serotypes c and e cells but a strong positive effect on the invertases of serotype b cells; P(i) has a strong positive effect on the apparent K(m) of the invertases of serotype d cells, but has no effect on the V(max); P(i) has a strong positive effect on both the apparent K(m) and V(max) of the invertases of serotype a cells. Thus, the invertases were different between all of the serotypes but similar within the serotypes. These findings support the taxonomic schemes of Coykendall and of Bratthall. It was additionally noted that 37,000 x g-soluble fractions of only serotypes b and c but not serotypes a, d, and e cells have melibiase activity, and it could be deduced that serotype d cells lack an intact raffinose permease system.
Direct electron spin resonance detection of free radical intermediates during the peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of phenacetin metabolites

Abstract The oxidation of the phenacetin metabolites p-phenetidine and acetaminophen by peroxidases was investigated. Free radical intermediates from both metabolites were detected using fast-flow ESR spectroscopy. Oxidation of acetaminophen with either lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide or horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide resulted in the formation of the N-acetyl-4-aminophenoxyl free radical. Totally resolved spectra were obtained and completely analyzed. The radical concentration was dependent on the square root of the enzyme concentration, indicating second-order decay of the radical, as is consistent with its dimerization or disproportionation. The horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of p-phenetidine (4-ethoxyaniline) at pH 7.5–8.5 resulted in the one-electron oxidation products, the 4-ethoxyaniline cation free radical. The ESR spectra were well resolved and could be unambiguously assigned. Again, the enzyme dependence of the radical concentration indicated a second-order decay. The ESR spectrum of the conjugate base of the 4-ethoxyaniline cation radical, the neutral 4-ethoxyphenazyl free radical, was obtained at pH 11–12 by the oxidation of p-phenetidine with potassium permanganate.
Multistep direct reaction analysis of continuum spectra in reactions induced by light ions

Analyses of continuum spectra of light-ion reactions, in terms of multistep direct reaction methods are discussed. The formulation used in the calculations is presented first, and is followed by several examples which show that this method works rather well in a variety of cases. Comparison with related theories is also made.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Multistep direct reaction method, calculations of cross sections, and polarizations of continuum spectra of reactions induced by light ions.
Induction by barbiturates of a cytochrome P-450-dependent fatty acid monooxygenase in Bacillus Megaterium: Relationship between barbiturate structure and inducer activity

Summary In a recent communication (Narhi, L. and Fulco, A.J. [1982] J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2147–2150) we found that a soluble cytochrome P-450-dependent fatty acid monooxygenase isolated from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 could be induced about 28-fold by phenobarbital. We have now examined 19 barbiturates and found that 13 significantly induce the specific monooxygenase activity. Of these, 11 are more active than phenobarbital and three (secobarbital, thiamylal and methohexital) are more than 30 times as active on a molar basis. The dialkyl barbiturates without exception show an excellent correlation between increasing lipophilicity and increasing potency as inducers as do most of the barbiturates containing an aromatic substituent. Nevertheless, it is apparent that certain structural features involving factors other than lipophilicity are also necessary for induction. Our finding that barbiturates can cause the non-substrate induction of a cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase in a prokaryote represents a unique discovery that may provide a relatively simple model for apparently similar induction systems in higher animals.
A Novel Speed Illusion Involving Expansion and Rotation Patterns

Abstract Using random dot stimuli well controlled for dot speed, we found that the moving features in expanding patterns appear to move faster than those in rotating patterns. The illusion is well correlated with the strength of the global motion signal. For example, in displays where the number of motion directions defining the patterns is reduced, the magnitude of the illusion decreases. Similarly, the strength of the effect diminishes as dot density is reduced. In patterns where only wedge-shaped segments of the stimuli are left exposed, the difference in perceived speed increases with the angular size of the wedge. Stimulus placement relative to the fixation point has little effect on the persistence of this phenomenon — expansion patterns appear to contain elements of greater speed, independent of stimulus eccentricity. These results argue against a local explanation for this perceptual illusion, suggesting that the global motion pattern of the stimulus, per se , is responsible. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Research in Training Clinics and Practice Research Networks: A Route to the Integration of Science and Practice

The present commentary encourages the development of research infrastructures within the training clinics of clinical psychology programs, the use of such infrastructures for creating a true integration of science and practice in the earliest days of graduate student education, and the formation of collaborative practice research networks among clinics and across other mental health agencies. Such developments may contribute to more rapid creation of ways of integrating science and practice and to methods for creating large-scale, scientifically rigorous, and clinically meaningful research to answer the most pressing questions that our profession faces.
Heterozygous diploid plants regenerated from anther culture of F1 rice plants

Plants derived from anther culture are theoretically haploid, but diploid plants are also known to arise. Anther culture-derived diploid plants are usually homozygous and are believed to be due to spontaneous doubling of chromosomes in either microsporocytes or callus cells during the culture process. However, heterozygous diploid regenerants may also arise from a) regeneration from cultured somatic cells, b) mutation occurring during or after a spontaneous doubling event, c) fusion of unlike haploid cells in chimeric callus, and d) regeneration from diploid microsporocytes resulting from aberrant meioses. This study was designed to elucidate the frequency and origin of diploid regenerants from rice anther culture. Regenerants were obtained from 11 F1 genotypes. Progeny testing detected heterozygosity in 7 out of 211 regenerants. Each of the heterozygous regenerants were from ‘Calrose 76’/waxy ‘M-101’, Half of the diploid regenerants from this cross were heterozygous. No heterozygous regenerants arose from the other 10 F1 genotypes. Progeny testing indicated that two of the heterozygous regenerants were as heterozygous as the F1 plants for three parental characters. The other five regenerants exhibited decreased levels of heterozygosity. One of the heterozygous regenerants exhibited evidence of mutation for a non-parental character. However, mutation is an unlikely cause of the observed high levels of parental-type heterozygosity. No evidence for the occurrence of chimeric callus was detected, making this an unlikely cause as well. The most likely origin of the observed partial heterozygosity is regeneration from diploid microspores, which could also produce plants exhibiting complete parental-type heterozygosity.
A future's approach to enhanced television and governance

Abstract Television has been a significant factor in American political life since the expansion of network news in the early 1960s. It serves as the primary means by which Americans get their political information. Likewise, it develops their sense of how politics and politicians operate in our democracy. This paper examines how enhanced television technologies might be applied to political programming, as well as the effects such changes might have on the future of participatory democracy. Following a series of conjectures regarding the future application of enhanced television technologies to politics, the potential benefits and drawbacks of interactive television on governance are discussed. Using the social shaping approach to technology foresight, it is demonstrated that forecasts of technology and governance are ultimately dependent upon the normative assumptions of the investigator.
Induction of lymphokine-activated killer cytotoxicity with interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α against primary lung cancer targets

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) activated with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) generate potent lytic activity (LAK) against a variety of malignant cells. IL-2 alone is sufficient for LAK generation, but high concentrations are needed to generate optimal cytotoxicity. Our recent studies based on combinations of biological agents indicated that alternative activation pathways may exist. Synergy for LAK induction was investigated using IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). Single-cell suspensions of primary human lung carcinomas were prepared from seven established cell lines and 32 fresh tumor specimens. Not only were all cell lines sensitive to allogeneic LAK, but also all fresh tumors were sensitive to some degree to both autologous and allogeneic LAK lysis measured by a 4-h 51Cr-release assay. LAK-mediated cytotoxicity, induced with a combination of human recombinant IL-2 (Cetus, 100 U/ml) and TNF (Genentech, 500 U/ml), showed a mean fourfold increase (range 0.7–16.3) over IL-2 alone. No lytic activity was generated from PBM incubated with media or TNF alone. The sequence dependence of adding IL-2 and TNF in enhancing cytolytic activity was also studied. In vitro kinetics data revealed that the addition of TNF 2–6 h before the addition of IL-2 greatly increased LAK activity over that obtained from the simultaneous addition of the two cytokines. These results demonstrated (a) the synergy of IL-2 and TNF for generating LAK; (b) the lysis of fresh primary lung cancer cells by LAK; and (c) the sequence dependence of IL-2 and TNF for the induction of optimal LAK activity.
Using Cognitive Processing Therapy-Cognitive in a Residential Treatment Setting With an OIF Veteran With PTSD and a History of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Study

Abstract The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common among military personnel returning from deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. Despite the prevalence, scant evidence exists to inform clinicians as how to best treat these individuals, particularly for individuals with PTSD and a history of severe TBI. This case study presents the course of treatment in a VA residential PTSD/TBI program for an Operation Iraqi Freedom Veteran with PTSD, a history of severe TBI, and other psychiatric comorbidities. Cognitive Processing Therapy–Cognitive (CPT-C) was utilized as the primary PTSD treatment in conjunction with ancillary treatment. Data obtained during and following treatment suggest that CPT-C, without modifications to the protocol, offered within a residential treatment program may be an effective treatment for veterans with PTSD and a history of severe TBI.
Estimating Public Willingness to Fund Nongame Conservation Through State Tax Initiatives

Nongame conservation is insufficiently funded at local, national, and global levels. Despite campaigns and reforms over the past 30 years in the United States, adequate and consistent federal funding has failed to materialize and shifted the focus to state-level initiatives. We surveyed North Carolina residents during April–May 2010, to assess public willingness to fund nongame conservation, preferred nongame conservation funding mechanisms, and key predictors of support for nongame funding. We estimated a model of willingness-to-pay (WTP) using interval-censored data modeling and compared models using the Akaike Information Criterion. The mean WTP was US$98.80/year/household when respondents were allowed to choose their own tax vehicle, thus removing any payment vehicle bias; an additional sales tax on outdoor recreation equipment was the most preferred funding mechanism. In a follow-up question, respondents indicated a mean WTP of US$32.92/employed adult (equivalent to about $65/household) annually via a flat income tax. The importance of nongame conservation to respondents, frequency of watching and/or enjoying wildlife, and education were positively related to WTP, whereas age was negatively related to WTP. Prisons were the most popular source from which to reallocate funds to nongame conservation (48%), and respondents believed an average of US$545,000 should be reallocated. Our findings suggested that while the general public indicated that they valued nongame conservation and were amenable to tax increases or reallocations for nongame conservation, they believed that taxes should be user-based and specialized (e.g., outdoor equipment taxes). These findings highlighted public WTP for nongame conservation even during an economic recession. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
The Class Analysis of Poverty

To understand more fully the nature of poverty it must be viewed as the result, in part, of inherent features of the social system. The author describes four general approaches to explaining poverty: poverty as a result of inherent individual attributes, as the by-product of contingent individual characteristics, as a by-product of social causes, and as a result of inherent properties of the social system. He then elaborates a class exploitation analysis of poverty by explaining how economic oppression, economic exploitation, and class generate a social system in which poverty plays a crucial functional role. The general problem of poverty must be broken down into two subproblems: poverty generated inside exploitative relations (the working poor) and poverty generated by nonexploitative oppression (the underclass). A class analysis of poverty argues that significant numbers of privileged people have a strong, positive material interest in maintaining poverty. Poverty can be reduced in the United States only through popular mobilization of pressure that challenges the power of the dominant classes.
Surface Melting of Particles: Predicting Spherule Size in Vapor-Phase Nanometer Particle Formation

There is still no reliable method to predict the all-important size of the ‘primary’ spherules found in combustion-synthesized particulate products. Toward this end, we introduce surface melting concepts in developing a coagulation-coalescence model for nanoparticles in the low temperature regions of diffusion flames. The associated surface self-diffusivity, which controls the rate of spherule sintering at temperatures well below the equilibrium melting point, is therefore modified to include an important size effect. This formulation is used to calculate the sintering rate of two adjacent particles in a flame coagulation environment corresponding to a condensed phase volume fraction of Ca . 10 −1 ppm. Predicted spherule sizes show encouraging agreement with our experimental data for ca. 10 nm diameter Al 2 O 3 particles synthesized on the fuel side of a laminar CH 4 /O 2 diffusion flame seeded with Al(CH 3 ) 3 (TMA)[1].
Prognostic relevance of carcinoembryonic antigen and estrogen receptor status in breast cancer patients

Background. Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been reported in 10-95% of breast cancer. Its value as a predictor of disease progression is controversial. Methods. The expression of CEA in 202 Stages I and II breast carcinomas was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the results were correlated with various histologic and clinical parameters to establish CEA's biologic relevance. The mean follow-up of the patients was 6.5 years. The monoclonal antibody used does not cross-react with other molecules in the CEA gene family. Results. One hundred, thirteen (56%) tumors expressed CEA in more than 15% of the cells. Expression of CEA was associated with positive estrogen receptor (ER) status (P = 0.003). Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that, whereas disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were not associated significantly with CEA expression, tumor size, nuclear grade, ER status, lymph node metastases, and stage were. When ER status was stratified to CEA expression, patients who were ER negative and had CEA-negative tumors had a 3.9 times higher risk (P = 0.032) of death than did the patients with CEA-positive tumors. Cox regression analysis revealed that ER was the only parameter with significant interacting effect with CEA. Multivariate, stepwise Cox regression analysis showed that CEA expression, tumor size, and nuclear grade were the only significant independent predictors of DFS, and nuclear grade and lymph node metastasis the only significant predicotrs of OS in the ER-positive group. The only significant independent predictor of DFS and OS in the ER-negative group was CEA. When CEA expression was stratified to ER status, patients whose tumors lacked CEA and ER had threefold higher risk of disease relapse (P = 0.002) and a 5.3-fold higher risk of death (P = 0.0001) than those with ER-positive and CEA-negative tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that the association between CEA and ER was enhanced further after compensating for other parameters with independent predictive value. Conclusions. The association between CEA and ER was the most important independent predictor of a subgroup of patients (CEA-negative, ER-positive) with the most favorable prognosis. The results imply that the association of several tumor markers may provide tumor profiles with superior predictive value than a single parameter.
Early and late helix-coil transitions in closed circular DNA. The number of superhelical turns in polyoma DNA.

Abstract The titration of closed circular polyoma DNA with small amounts of hydroxyl ions causes an unwinding of the duplex and a simultaneous and quantitatively equivalent unwinding of the superhelices. The buoyant densities of both intact, I, and singly nicked, II, polyoma DNA were measured as a function of pH, and the fraction of the base pairs titrated was calculated from the buoyant density shifts. A small but significant increase in buoyant density occurred in I prior to the onset of the titration of II. This early titration or early helix-coil transition was completed when 3.2% of the base pairs were titrated. We have calculated from the foregoing result and the molecular weight of polyoma DNA that the closed circular molecule contains −15 ± 1 superhelical turns in buoyant cesium chloride at neutral pH. Each superhelical turn consists of an approximately 1000 A length of duplex DNA and contains about 300 base pairs. The remaining 97% of the alkaline titration of I occurs at pH values that are higher than the pH required completely to titrate singly nicked polyoma DNA II. The late alkaline titration curve is broad, has a midpoint at pH 12.28, and is not completed until the pH is 12.37 at 20 °C. The stabilization caused by the inability of the molecule to unwind was calculated to correspond to an elevation in the melting temperatures in standard saline citrate of 17 °C at the midpoint and 22 °C at the completion of the titration. An absorbance study of the thermal melting of closed circular polyoma DNA in standard saline citrate confirmed that the melting temperature exceeded 104 °C, while the singly nicked polyoma DNA II melted at 89 °C. Thermal melting of both I and II in 7.2 m -NaClO4 was studied by absorbance methods. The melting curve of II was similar to the curve for T7 DNA. The curve for I was broad with a midpoint at 73 °C compared with a midpoint of 48 °C for II. It was estimated from the foregoing results that the melting temperature of polyoma I in standard saline citrate should be 107 °C.
Unregulated Internet Usage: Addiction, Habit, or Deficient Self-Regulation?

Recent reports of problematic forms of Internet usage bring new currency to the problem of "media addictions" that have long been the subject of both popular and scholarly writings. The research in this article reconsidered such behavior as deficient self-regulation within the framework of A. Bandura's (1991) theory of self-regulation. In this framework, behavior patterns that have been called media addictions lie at one extreme of a continuum of unregulated media behavior that extends from normally impulsive media consumption patterns to extremely problematic behavior that might properly be termed pathological. These unregulated media behaviors are the product of deficient self-regulatory processes through which media consumers monitor, judge, and adjust their own behavior, processes that may be found in all media consumers. The impact of deficient self-regulation on media behavior was examined in a sample of 465 college students. A measure of deficient self-regulation drawn from the diagnostic criteria ...
Mass spectral skeletal and hydrogen rearrangements in some bicyclic ketones

The mass spectra of bicyclic ketones bicyclo[4.2.1]nonan-9-one, bicyclo[5.2.1]decan-10-one, bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-10-one and bicyclo[5.3.1]undecan-11-one specifically deuterated in positions both adjacent and nonadjacent to the carbonyl carbon have been investigated. The fragmentation and rearrangement processes predominating appear to be dictated by the inherent strain in the molecules. An unusual tendency for fragment ions to recyclize is supported by deuterium labeling results, high resolution mass measurements, metastable studies and comparison with model compounds. The mass spectra of the bicyclic ketones under investigation are considerably more complex than those of acyclic ketones.
A reinvestigation of the resolution of methylethyl-n-propyltin iodide

Abstract The reinvestigation of the only reported resolution1 of an asymmetric organotin compound showed that the claim for the resolution was in all probability based on erroneous results. This finding is in agreement with the result of recent NMR studies which indicated that inversion is rapid at the tin center of asymmetric organotin halides.
Condensation-induced water hammer in a horizontal pipe

Experiments were conducted for the purpose of investigating the phenomenon of condensation-induced waterhammer in an ammonia refrigeration system. Waterhammer was initiated by introducing hot ammonia gas over static subcooled ammonia liquid placed in a horizontal 146.3 mm diameter carbon steel pipe approximately 6.0 m long. By means of fast response piezoelectric pressure transducers and a high speed data acquisition system rapid dynamic pressures were recorded whenever a condensation-induced event occurred. Moreover, by means of top-mounted diaphragm pressure transducers sensing gas pressure the speed of liquid slugs propagating along the pipe was determined. Based upon careful interpretation of the results criteria for the transition from initial stratified flow to slug flow were established, similar to the so-called Taitel-Dukler correlation in two-phase flow literature. Kondensationsinduzierte Druckstose in einem horizontalen Rohr. Zur Untersuchung von kondensationsinduzierten Druckstosen in einer Ammoniak-Kalteanlage wurden Experimente an einer Versuchsanlage durchgefuhrt. Kondensationsschlage wurden ausgelost, indem in einem horizontalen, 6 Meter langen Stahlrohr mit einem Durchmesser von 146,3 mm heiser Ammoniak-Dampf uber eine unterkuhlte ruhende Flussigkeitsschicht aus Ammoniak geleitet wurde. Mit Hilfe einer hochtransienten Druck-Messtechnik und einem Hochgeschwindigkeitssystem zur Datenerfassung wurden die dynamischen Drucke, die bei einem Kondensationsschlag auftraten, aufgezeichnet. Daruber hinaus konnte die Geschwindigkeit der entstehenden Flussigkeitspfropfen durch Membran-Druckaufnehmer, die am oberen Scheitel des Rohres angebracht waren, bestimmt werden. Uber eine sorgfaltige Interpretation der Messergebnisse konnte ein Kriterium fur den Ubergang von Schicht- zu Pfropfenstromung aufgestellt werden, vergleichbar mit dem von Taitel-Dukler, das aus der Literatur zu Zweiphasenstromungen bekannt ist.
Progressing actin: Formin as a processive elongation machine

Formins are a family of structurally conserved proteins that regulate the assembly of the fast-growing end of actin filaments. New work shows that the molecular mechanism of formin function is conserved but that the rates of the reactions vary within and between species to such a degree that the mechanisms of various formin family members may seem to differ qualitatively.
Predictions of outcomes from cataract surgery in elderly persons.

Abstract To determine how well visual outcomes of cataract surgery can be predicted from acuity estimations by visual instruments and an ophthalmologist, the authors compared predictions of postsurgical visual acuity with the measured acuity at 4 months in 82 elderly persons. Comparisons were made between the potential acuity meter (PAM), laser interferometer (U), and an ophthalmologist, who predicted the final vision before surgery using screening visual information, including PAM, LI data, and results of the patient's examination. Neither instrument alone was successful in predicting postsurgical acuity ± 1 contiguous Snellen chart line (bivariate correlation [r] = 0.03 for PAM and 0.07 for LI). The ophthalmologist was the most accurate predictor of acuity within 1 line (r = 0.41, P ≤ 0.001). These results indicate that the PAM and LI did not independently predict postsurgical vision in elderly cataract patients, but results of a clinical examination markedly improved the accuracy of predictions.
To Dream the Impossible Dream: Toward Security Analysis for JavaScript

As the Web becomes the dominant interface to ever more aspects of life, we become ever more dependent upon Web technology to protect our security and privacy. However, the impossible dream refers to the difficulty in ensuring that current Web technology, which is heavily based on JavaScript, actually does this. In this talk, I shall discuss our experience at IBM Research in building static program analysis to check security properties.
Doing Harm by Doing Good: latrogenic Effects of Early Childhood Enrollment and Promotion Policies

Recent national concerns about the educational achievement of U.S. students have resulted in an increased emphasis on readiness for school and, in combination with the pervasive effects of mandated standardized testing, have led to several enrollment and promotion practices that have negative consequences for young children. This paper examines the rationale and research data about four of these practices: raising the age at entry, retention in grade, extra-year and transition programs, and parental holding out from kindergarten. The problematic effects of these phenomena are identified, and their role in establishing a "four-tiered kindergarten" is described. An alternative approach to conceptualizing readiness that is free of these negative effects is presented.
A loosely coupled system integration approach for decision support in facility management and maintenance

Abstract With the objective of providing the best decision support to facility management and maintenance, this paper presents an agent-based, serviced-oriented approach for integrating data, information, and knowledge captured and accumulated during the entire facility lifecycle from its project planning, design, construction, material/component/equipment procurement, to operation and maintenance. All data/information/knowledge sources and hardware/software applications are loosely integrated through agent-based web services, either proactive or reactive, to provide decision support over all stages of the facility lifecycle, and particularly to optimize facility operations and maintenance. Case studies have been conducted with proof-of-concept prototype implementations to validate the proposed approach.
A new irreversible inhibitor of soybean lipoxygenase: relevance to mechanism

Abstract The mechanism of the oxidation of arachidonic acid by soybean lipoxygenase has been studied kinetically with the help of a newly designed inhibitor. It is proposed that olefin complexation with Fe(III) activates arachidonic acid for deprotonation by a basic group on the enzyme leading to an intermediate which then combines with dioxygen.
Carcinoma of the lung.

SINCE Evarts Graham1 accomplished the first successful pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung on February 27, 1933, there has been far-reaching progress in the field of cancer of the lung, includi...
Glucose Regulation by Isolated Near Term Fetal Monkey Liver

Extract: Near term fetal monkey livers were perfused with a closed recirculating system and a defined perfusion medium. Livers from normal fetal animals were able to release glucose rapidly into the perfusate when they were exposed to glucagon, cyclic AMP, or an aglycemic perfusate, but they did not remove glucose rapidly from the perfusate, synthesize glycogen, or activate liver glycogen synthetase in response to hyperglycemia (Figs. 1, 2, and 3; Table 1). Insulin decreased glucose mobilization in response to aglycemia, but did not stimulate glucose uptake during hyperglycemia; insulin activated glycogen synthetase (Table 1; Figs. 1 and 3). Livers from fetuses of streptozotocin-treated mothers and livers from 2-week-old neonates released more glucose into the perfusate in response to aglycemia then did livers from normal fetal monkeys (Fig. 4). These observations support the possibility that neonatal monkey liver is capable of rapidly mobilizing glucose during periods of hypo-glycemia but is unable to take up glucose and store glycogen rapidly during periods of hyperglycemia.
Studies in the psychology of dwarfism

Seventeen dwarfs, who were treated with human growth hormone, were investigatedpsychologically. The degree of psychomaturation achieved tended to parallel the degree to which the dwarf had been treated socially according to age and not size. Psychopathology, when present, was of the inhibitive, dissociative type, with constriction of the cognitive field; aggression and acting out were conspicuously absent. Psychosis was absent. The expectancies and consequences of treatment, including the increased growth, constitute a readjustment syndrome which is helped by psychologic counseling.
Negotiating the Early Developing Body: Pubertal Timing, Body Weight, and Adolescent Girls' Substance Use.

Despite knowledge that early pubertal timing predicts adolescent girls' substance use, it is still unclear whether this relationship persists beyond early adolescence and whether it is conditional on girls' body weight. This study examined the moderating role of body weight in the association between early pubertal timing and adolescent girls' substance use using three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The analytic sample included 5,591 adolescent girls attending middle-schools and high-schools in the United States (ages 10-15, 71% White, 14% Black). Results indicated that early pubertal timing was associated with substance use risk but effects were attenuated after controlling for prior use. Body weight moderated the association between early pubertal timing and girls' reported number of substances tried in middle adolescence. Body weight magnified the risk of having tried one substance, but buffered the risk of having tried three substances. Among those girls who did use substances, body weight did not moderate the relationship between early pubertal timing and heavy substance use. It is concluded that the substance use risk associated with early pubertal timing is most salient during the developmental period in adolescence when sensitivity to bodily changes may be heightened.
Purity improvement of the high-temperature superconducting powders by sedimentation

Abstract A simple purification method that allows the separation of the particles containing the incompletely reacted minor-phase compounds from the particles containing almost only superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 compound is described. In this method, the calcined oxide powder is first wet milled and then sedimentation classified. During this process the particles containing the minor-phase compounds sediment at a slower rate and consequently they are concentrated into the oxide powders collected at the later stages of sedimentation. One example is included in order to demonstrate the method and to illustrate the improvement in the superconducting properties of the sintered YBa2Cu3O7 compacts obtained.
VELOCITY-DEPENDENT FEATURES OF A STATIC NUCLEON-NUCLEON POTENTIAL

The consequences of assuming a pseudoscalar classical field with pseudoscalar coupling are considered in a static approximation. Virtual pair formation of nucleon-antinucleon pairs is not calculated but it is supposed that it gives rise to an attraction. The interaction is being studied mainly in order to see what features of commonly assumed static potentials may not apply. The quantitative features of the derived interaction are not expected to correspond to the physical one. The qualitative character of deviations from static potential behavior is believed, however, to have a bearing on the velocity-dependent features of the actual interaction. The work neglects some of the effects of the exclusion principle caused by the population of negative-energy states. Some of the qualitative nonstatic features are: (a) different magnitudes of the spin-orbit potential in even and odd states, (b) inadequacy of the usual procedure of the insertion of $\frac{{e}^{2}}{r}$ in the wave equation for the calculation of phase shifts in $p\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering; this inadequacy is connected with the fact that the standard form of the wave equation is obtained only after a transformation of a wave equation in which $\frac{{e}^{2}}{r}$ has a direct significance as a potential energy, (c) velocity (energy) dependence of core radii and of magnitude of effective potentials, (d) occurrence of quadratic term in the tensor interaction in the effective potential even though in an earlier stage of the calculation only linear terms are present.
Design and Development Research: A Model Validation Case

This is a report of one case of a design and development research study that aimed to validate an overlay instructional design model incorporating the theory of multiple intelligences into instructional systems design. After design and expert review model validation, The Multiple Intelligence (MI) Design Model, used with an Instructional Systems Design (ISD) Model, was tested for use by four practicing instructional designers. Instruction developed for learners using this model was then evaluated measuring post-test and attitudinal scores with 102 participants. This report also provides a reflection on the lessons learned in conducting design and development research on model validation. The procedures and findings have implications for the processes involved in instructional design model validation through designer use and program implementation.
Reductive alkylation of Illinois No. 6 coal in liquid ammonia

Abstract The reductive alkylation of Illinois No. 6 coal was investigated using alkali metals and alkyl halides in liquid ammonia. Potassium is the most effective reducing agent and butyl iodide is the most effective alkylating agent for the preparation of coal alkylate that is soluble in tetrahydrofuran. The overall yield of soluble product is often improved through the reaction of the tetrahydrofuran-insoluble portion of the initial reaction products with an alkylating agent in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The infrared spectra of these materials suggest that the phase transfer agent catalyses the esterification of residual carboxylic acid functions. The intermolecular interactions between such acid groups and acceptor groups markedly restrict the solubility of the coal alkylate. The gel permeation chromatograms of the soluble reaction products are essentially featureless with only modest maxima at short and long elution volumes. The proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the reductive methylation products, prepared using methyl- 13 C iodide, suggest that carbon alkylation exceeds oxygen alkylation and that the alkylation of phenolic groups is the dominant O-alkylation reaction. The spectra also suggest that fewer ethers are cleaved in the reaction in liquid ammonia than under the conditions of the Sternberg reaction.
Spin-orbit coupling in pyrazine

Abstract An approximate quantitative calculation is given for the effect of spin-orbit coupling in perturbing the 2 B 2u (n, π ∗ ) state of pyrazine (1,4-di-aza-benzene). According to the calculations, the most important perturbation is due to a 1 B 1u (π, π ∗ ) state, rather than a 1 B 2u (n, π ∗ ) or 1 B 3u (π, π ∗ ) state. The calculated value for the oscillator strength, f, of the 3 B 2u (n, π ∗ ) ← 1 A g transition is f ≅ 6 × 10−8. This is in surprisingly good agreement with the value, ∼1 × 10−7, recently measured by Goodman and Kasha. It is suggested that measurements of the polarization of the phosphorescence of pyrazine in dilute rigid glass solution as a function of the frequency of the exciting radiation could be used to test the theoretical predictions.
Fibromatosis of the breast: a case report and literature review

Fibromatosis is an uncommon, relatively benign though locally infiltrating neoplasm consisting of well-differentiated fibroblasts surrounded by collagen bundles. The majority of the literature suggests that prevention of local recurrence mandates wide (en bloc) excision. Few more than a dozen cases of primary breast fibromatosis have been reported. Herein the clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic options are presented. Management should be based upon principles utilized for extra-mammary primary disease-en bloc resection. This may require total mastectomy and removal of pectoralis major muscle. Breast reconstruction should be deferred for a minimum of 3 years, during which time the majority of recurrences will have become manifest.
Sensitivity losses in a long wavelength sensitive mechanism of patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Abstract The foveal vision of certain patients afflicted with retinitis pigmentosa may be mediated solely by a long wavelength sensitivity (1ws) mechanism, because (1) increment threshold data could always be fitted to a single template curve with unity slope, (2) test and field sensitivities differ only by a proportionality constant over the visible spectrum, (3) intense background fields have additive (quantum catch) effects on thresholds, and (4) wavelength differences of bipartite foveal stimuli could not be distinguished. Both test and field sensitivities were appreciably lower than the lws sensitivity values for unaffected deuteranopes. The action spectrum was similar (but not identical) to estimates of the erythrolabe absorption spectrum. The results provide a better understanding of the photopic vision of patients with retinitis pigmentosa and further evidence that their effective optical density of residual cones is reduced.
Concordance of the Recently Published Body Adiposity Index With Measured Body Fat Percent in European‐American Adults

The body adiposity index (BAI; hip circumference (cm)/height (m)(1.5) - 18) has recently been shown to demonstrate a stronger correlation with percentage body fat (%fat) than that between the BMI and %fat in Mexican-American adults. Here, we compare the concordance between %fat from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and BAI, and between %fat and BMI, in European-American adults (n = 623). Agreement between BAI, BMI, and %fat was assessed using Lin's concordance coefficients (ρ(c)), where values <0.90 are considered poor. In the sample as a whole, the agreement between BAI and %fat (ρ(c) = 0.752) was far better than that between BMI and %fat (ρ(c) = 0.445) but was nonetheless relatively poor. There were large mean differences in %fat between the BAI and DXA %fat, particularly at lower levels of adiposity (<20%), and further the BAI overestimated %fat in males and underestimated %fat in females. Optimizing the BAI formula for our sample only marginally improved performance. Results of the present study show that BAI provides a better indicator of adiposity in European-American adults than does BMI, but does not provide valid estimates of %fat, particularly at lower levels of body fatness. Further research is warranted to investigate the predictive ability of BAI for various health outcomes.
DO HOUSEHOLD HEADS SPEAK FOR THE HOUSEHOLD? A RESEARCH NOTE

Many recent household surveys include questions about respondents’ subjective well-being. Nearly all of them, however, pose these questions only to the household head. This paper addresses an issue with practical and methodological concerns. Can survey designers ask only household heads and expect them to accurately represent the living conditions of the entire household? Using South Africa’s 1998 October Household Survey (OHS) to estimate econometric models of subjective well-being, this paper finds that the response of household heads is determined largely by factors shared by the entire household – housing, for example – and not on those experienced primarily by the head – individual health status, for example. This suggests that South African household heads are truly reporting household well-being, rather than their individual level of satisfaction. While this result probably cannot be widely generalized, the testing methodology is replicable and could be applied to similarly structured data sets.
Optical Interconnects: Limitations and Challenges

In this paper we deal with optical interconnects. This is an active area both in optical computing, and in the electronics area with the innovation of the optical coupling of electronic chips.
Photorearrangement of photocycloadducts from arenes and 1,3-cyclohexadiene

Abstract The 4π s +π s photoadduct from an arene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene may undergo a photochemical rearrangement to the 4π s +π s adduct.
Exact Dirac Equation Calculation of Ionization and Pair Production Induced by Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ions

An exact solution of the time-dependent Dirac equation for ionization and pair production induced by ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is presented. Exact transition probabilities, equivalent to those that would be obtained in an untruncated basis coupled channels calculation, are presented. Exact bound-electron positron pair production probabilities are calculated to be mostly smaller than those calculated with the same potential in perturbation theory at impact parameters small enough for differences to occur. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Nail diseases related to nail cosmetics

The use of nail care products and procedures to beautify and groom the nails is extremely common. Unfortunately, when improperly used, nail cosmetics can lead to nail diseases, such as paronychia, onycholysis, and brittle nails. Understanding the pathophysiology behind these conditions is an essential step toward better treatment and future prevention allowing patients to enjoy nail adornments while maintaining healthy nails.
Evidence that Renilla luciferase is not a calcium-triggered photoprotein

Abstract When crude extracts of Renilla luciferase are prepared in the presence of a chelator such as EDTA, a flash of light is observed upon the addition of calcium ions to such extracts. Although this behavior is reminiscent of calcium triggered photoproteins, we have shown that calcium ions have no effect on the activity of highly purified Renilla luciferase.
"Just the facts ma'am?": a contextual approach to the legal information use environment

This paper describes a qualitative study of information-seeking behavior patterns of students at the Villanova University School of Law Farmworker Legal Aid Clinic. The interactions of law student researchers with legal information systems were observed, as well as the overall context of use of those systems. The purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual framework for legal information behavior. A strong conceptual framework can be used by librarians and system designers to develop improved legal information systems, services, and instruction.