cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging Axillary Lymph Nodes in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer

The presence of axillary lymph node metastasis in patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer carries significant prognostic and management implications. As a result, there is increasing interest to stage accurately the axilla with preoperative imaging to facilitate treatment planning. Currently, the most widespread imaging techniques for the evaluation of the axilla include ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. In many settings, the ability to detect axillary lymph nodes containing metastases with imaging and image-guided biopsy can allow surgeons to bypass sentinel lymph node dissection and proceed with full axillary lymph node dissection. However, no imaging modality currently has sufficient negative-predictive value to obviate surgical staging of the axilla if no abnormal lymph nodes are detected. Promising advanced imaging technologies, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and magnetic resonance lymphangiography, hold the potential to improve the accuracy of axillary staging and thereby transform management of the axilla in patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer.
A geometrical approach to computing free-energy landscapes from short-ranged potentials

Particles interacting with short-ranged potentials have attracted increasing interest, partly for their ability to model mesoscale systems such as colloids interacting via DNA or depletion. We consider the free-energy landscape of such systems as the range of the potential goes to zero. In this limit, the landscape is entirely defined by geometrical manifolds, plus a single control parameter. These manifolds are fundamental objects that do not depend on the details of the interaction potential and provide the starting point from which any quantity characterizing the system—equilibrium or nonequilibrium—can be computed for arbitrary potentials. To consider dynamical quantities we compute the asymptotic limit of the Fokker–Planck equation and show that it becomes restricted to the low-dimensional manifolds connected by “sticky” boundary conditions. To illustrate our theory, we compute the low-dimensional manifolds for identical particles, providing a complete description of the lowest-energy parts of the landscape including floppy modes with up to 2 internal degrees of freedom. The results can be directly tested on colloidal clusters. This limit is a unique approach for understanding energy landscapes, and our hope is that it can also provide insight into finite-range potentials.
MESFET wideband distributed paraphase amplifier

Abstract Wideband distributed MESFET paraphase amplification has been investigated. The analysis of the amplitude and phase imbalance of microwave paraphase amplifiers is presented. A set of universal design curves is given which enables one to make trade-offs between the desired bandwidth and the number of devices. A design using typical 60-μm MESFETs in a monolithic circuit yields a predicted 1 dB bandwidth of 40 GHz with less than 10° phase imbalance over the band. A hybrid design using commercially available transistors has a band of from 2 to 7 GHz. Experimental data is presented for the hybrid circuit showing very good agreement between the measured results and computer simulated curves.
We Don’t Always Mean What We Say: Attitudes Toward Statutory Exclusion of Juvenile Offenders From Juvenile Court Jurisdiction

In the United States, juvenile offenders are often excluded from the jurisdiction of juvenile court on the basis of age and crime type alone. Data from national surveys and data from psycholegal research on support for adult sanction of juvenile offenders are often at odds. The ways in which questions are asked and the level of detail provided to respondents and research participants may influence expressed opinions. Respondents may also be more likely to agree with harsh sanctions when they have fewer offender- and case-specific details to consider. Here, we test the hypothesis that attitudes supporting statutory exclusion laws measured in the absence of specific case-specific details may not be the best indicator of agreement with such laws in practice. We found that support for statutory exclusion was affected by exposure to information about an offender’s unique situation and by exposure to general scientific information about adolescent development. These results suggest that despite apparent widespr...
Looking for Sin in All the Wrong Places: An Empirical Investigation of the Affluenza Construct

Sin taxes, popular source of tax revenue, are best applied to antisocial and inelasti consumption. But what consumption behaviors are antisocial and addictive? This research examines the assumption that excessive antisocial consumption – affluenza – is addictive. Four hundred fourteen subjects completed a measure of affluenza. Analysis identified six factors: materialism, overspending, urgency, financial stress, shopaholicism, and self-centeredness. The results showed little evidence of the hypothesized level of affluenza in the American working population, with some limited impact of age, gender and education. Politicians looking for sins to tax may be looking in all the wrong places.
"Filled with desperation": psychotherapy with an insanity acquittee.

The question could have been posed by any patient: a depressed suburban housewife, a melodramatic college student, or a homeless drug addict about to hit rock bottom. On that day, it was posed by J.M. (not his real initials), my patient of about 5 months, during our weekly psychotherapy hour on the
Abiotic Microhabitat Parameters of the Spruce-fir Moss Spider, Microhexura montivaga Crosby and Bishop (Araneae: Dipluridae)

Abstract The Spruce—fir Moss Spider (Microhexura montivaga) is a federally endangered species found only in the high-elevation southern Appalachian spruce—fir forests. Little is known about the basic ecology of the spider. The goal of this project was to determine the temperature and humidity parameters of the microhabitat around known spider locations. iButton temperature and humidity data loggers were placed at sites on Mt. Lyn-Lowry, Browning Knob, Whitetop Mountain, and Mt. Rogers (a range that encompasses all metapopulations). No statistically significant (P > 0.05) differences in humidity between positive and negative presence sites, among metapopulations, or individual sites were found. Temperature data showed varied results. This research provides a number of applications for the conservation and management of the Spruce—fir Moss Spider, such as understanding metapopulation variation, better husbandry techniques, and using collected data to determine conversion factors/models for temperature data ...
Financial Crisis and Indian Agriculture

Agricultural growth is a crucial element in resolving food price crises, enhancing food security, and accelerating pro-poor growth. After decades of policy neglect and underinvestment in public goods such as agricultural science, rural infrastructure, and information and monitoring, high food prices have provided some positive incentives for policymakers, farmers, and investors to increase agricultural productivity. By the end of the year 2008-2009, the global crisis had taken a substantial toll of India’s economic performance but it was by no means catastrophic. The rate of economic growth had slowed to the 5-6% range in the second half of the year from the 9% average of the previous five years, but it was still much better than the negative growth rates in industrial countries and better than the performance of most significant developing countries with the exception of China.However, with the sudden shrinkage in world trade after September 2008, India’s exports in January-Mary, 2009 were about 20% lower than in the previous year. This meant that hundreds of thousands of jobs were lost in sectors like garments, textiles, footwear and leather products and gems and jewellery. This paper try to answer the following questions: How did this global crisis come about? How severe is it and how long might it last? And against the backdrop of this world crisis, what are some of the priorities for India’s agricultural sector.To conclude, the unprecedented global economic crisis has definitely taken a toll of India’s economic performance. Most likely it has also reduced our potential for economic development in the next 3 or 4 years. However, despite the severity of the global crisis, India’s economy has demonstrated considerable resilience, in part, thanks to the strength of our agricultural sector. With sound and determined economic policies we should be able to recover a growth momentum of 7-7.5% in a year or two. That will be a little less than our growth performance in 2003-2008. But it will be far better than nearly every other significant economy in today’s world.
Robustness, evolvability, and accessibility in the signal-integration space of gene regulatory circuits.

Gene expression is commonly modulated by a set of regulating gene products, which bind to a gene’s cis-regulatory region. This region encodes an input-output function, referred to as signal-integration logic, that maps a specific combination of regulatory signals (inputs) to a particular gene expression state (output). The space of all possible signalintegration functions (genotypes) is vast and highly redundant: for the same set of inputs, many functions yield the same expression output (phenotype). Here, we exhaustively characterize signal-integration space within a computational model of genetic regulation. Our goal is to understand how the inherent redundancy of signal-integration space affects the relationship between robustness and evolvability in regulatory circuits. Among a number of results, we show that robust phenotypes are (i) evolvable, (ii) easily identified by random mutation, and (iii) mutationally biased toward other robust phenotypes. We then explore the implications of these results for mutation-based evolution by conducting an ensemble of random walks between randomly chosen source and target phenotypes. We demonstrate that the time required to identify the target phenotype is independent of the properties of the source phenotype.
Closed-System One-Pot Block Copolymerization by Temperature-Modulated Monomer Segregation

A biphasic one-pot polymerization method enables the preparation of block copolymers from monomers with similar and competitive reactivities without the addition of external materials. AB diblock copolymers were prepared by encapsulating a frozen solution of monomer B on the bottom of a reaction vessel, while the solution polymerization of monomer A was conducted in a liquid layer above. Physical separation between the solid and liquid phases permitted only homopolymerization of monomer A until heating above the melting point of the lower phase, which released monomer B, allowing the addition of the second block to occur. The triggered release of monomer B allowed for chain extension without additional deoxygenation steps or exogenous monomer addition. A method for the closed (i.e., without addition of external reagents) one-pot synthesis of block copolymers with conventional glassware using straightforward experimental techniques has thus been developed.
Electrochemical Kinetics of Corrosion

This chapter introduces electrochemical corrosion kinetics of metallic systems. It starts by presenting basic interfacial electrochemical polarization aspects and the corrosion relevance. It then explains mixed potential theory, reversible electrode potential, exchange current density, corrosion potential, corrosion current, and Tafel slopes. A full discussion on ohmic and electrochemical polarization, special cases of the Butler-Volmer equation with high and low field approximation and concentration polarization are included to show the relationship to polarization behavior and mass transfer. By the end of the chapter, solved and exercise problems illustrate reaction kinetics analyses at the metal-solution interface, corrosion process mechanisms, corrosion rate control, and corrosion protection strategies.
Analysis of Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites in Human Urine

Biologically monitoring marijuana exposure from active and passive use requires both a wide linear range and sensitive detection. We have developed and validated a multifunctional method using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for analysis of urinary Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol and cannabinol, and two major metabolites of THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC and 11-hydroxy-THC, in active users and particularly in people exposed to secondhand marijuana smoke (SHMS). The method used positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode to reach the sensitivity needed to detect trace SHMS exposure with limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.002 to 0.008 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) and 0.005 to 0.017 ng/mL for "free" (unconjugated forms) and "total" (unconjugated plus conjugated forms) measurements, respectively. These LODs were approximately 10-100 times more sensitive than those reported in the literature. To reduce or avoid time-consuming repetitive sample preparation and analysis, the method simultaneously monitored multiple reaction monitoring transitions in negative ESI mode to quantify high analyte levels typically found in the urine of active marijuana users (linear dynamic range of 12.5-800 ng/mL). The validation results indicated this method was accurate (average inter/intra-day bias, <10%), precise (inter/intra-day imprecision, <10%), and fast (6 min run time). In addition, sample preparation throughput was greatly improved using an automation liquid-handling system, meeting the needs for potential large-scale population studies.
EmpPrior: using outside empirical data to inform branch-length priors for Bayesian phylogenetics.

Branch-length parameters are a central component of phylogenetic models and of intrinsic biological interest. Default branch-length priors in some Bayesian phylogenetic software can be unintentionally informative and lead to branch- and tree-length estimates that are unreasonable. Alternatively, priors may be uninformative, but lead to diffuse posterior estimates. Despite the widespread availability of relevant datasets from other groups, biologists rarely leverage outside information to specify branch-length priors that are specific to the analysis they are conducting. We developed the software package EmpPrior to facilitate the collection and incorporation of relevant, outside information when setting branch-length priors for phylogenetics. EmpPrior efficiently queries TreeBASE to find data that are similar to focal data, in terms of taxonomic and genetic sampling, and uses them to inform branch-length priors for the focal analysis. EmpPrior consists of two components: EmpPrior-search, written in Java to query TreeBASE, and EmpPrior-fit, written in R to parameterize branch-length distributions. In an example analysis, we show how the use of relevant, outside data is made possible by EmpPrior and improves tree-length estimates from a focal dataset. EmpPrior is easy to use, fast, and improves both the accuracy and precision of branch-length estimates in many circumstances. While EmpPrior’s focus is on branch lengths, the strategy it employs could easily be extended to address other prior parameterization problems in phylogenetics.
Lamb shift and the gravitational binding energy for binary black holes

We show that the correction to the gravitational binding energy for binary black holes due to the tail effect resembles the Lamb shift in the Hydrogen atom. In both cases a conservative effect arises from interactions with radiation modes, and moreover an explicit cancelation between near and far zone divergences is at work. In addition, regularization scheme-dependence may introduce ``ambiguity parameters.'' This is remediated---within an effective field theory approach---by the implementation of the zero-bin subtraction. We illustrate the procedure explicitly for the Lamb shift, by performing an ambiguity-free derivation within the framework of nonrelativistic electrodynamics. We also derive the renormalization group equations from which we reproduce Bethe logarithm (at order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e}^{5}\mathrm{log}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e}$), and likewise the contribution to the gravitational potential from the tail effect (proportional to ${v}^{8}\mathrm{log}v$).
Association of Appearance of Conflicts of Interest With Voting Behavior at FDA Advisory Committee Meetings-A Cross-sectional Study.

This cross-sectional study evaluates the association of appearance of conflicts of interest with voting behavior at FDA advisory committee meetings.
The Pauli Equation and the Dirac Operator

In chapter 33, we considered supersymmetric quantum mechanical systems where both the bosonic and fermionic variables that get quantized take values in an even-dimensional space \(\mathbf R^{2d}=\mathbf C^d\).
Case-Initialized Genetic Algorithms for Knowledge Extraction and Incorporation

This article investigates case-initialized genetic algorithms for extracting knowledge from past problem solving to solve subsequent problems. We develop a test problem class with similar solutions and the genetic algorithm is run for randomly chosen problems from the class. As the algorithm runs on a particular problem, solution strings are stored in a case-base and on subsequent problems, solutions from the case-base are used to initialize the population of a genetic algorithm. We investigate the effect of selection strategy and choice of appropriate cases for injection. Scaled roulette and scaled elitist selection both show improvement over a randomly initialized GA and elitist selection performs better than roulette. Over 50 problems the case-initialized genetic algorithm system shows a statistically significant decrease in the time taken to the best solution and solutions are of a higher fitness. Several strategies for choosing cases from the case base for injection all provide measurable improvement over random initialization.
The Vector Decomposition Problem for Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curves.

The group of m-torsion points on an elliptic curve, for a prime number m, forms a two-dimensional vector space. It was suggested and proven by Yoshida that under certain conditions the vector decomposition problem (VDP) on a two-dimensional vector space is at least as hard as the computational Diffie-Hellman problem (CDHP) on a one-dimensional subspace. In this work we show that even though this assessment is true, it applies to the VDP for m-torsion points on an elliptic curve only if the curve is supersingular. But in that case the CDHP on the one-dimensional subspace has a known sub-exponential solution. Furthermore, we present a family of hyperelliptic curves of genus two that are suitable for the VDP.
Identification of malignant breast tumors based on acoustic attenuation mapping of conventional ultrasound images

Although breast cancer imaging techniques continue to improve rapidly, about 75% of all breast biopsies turn out to be benign. These unnecessary biopsies are expensive and very stressful for the patients. In this paper we propose a new method for reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies. Our approach consists of transforming conventional ultrasonic images into corresponding attenuation maps. These maps are then analyzed, yielding automatic classification of malignant tumors. We provide a proof of concept for this approach by testing it on a benchmark of clinical images from three different image acquisition systems. Our tests show excellent sensitivity and specificity, indicating that up to four-fold reduction in the number of unnecessary biopsies may be possible. Moreover, we demonstrate the system robustness by working on all the images without any system-specific tuning.
Effect of graphic element type on visual perceptions of curvilinear and rectilinear flow diagrams

This study replicated a study conducted by Branch, Rezabek and Cochenour (1998) who contended that perception and interpretation can be influenced by the type of graphic elements used to compose a ...
Ruptured Intracranial Mycotic Aneurysm in Infective Endocarditis With Left Ventricular Assist Device and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator Device: A Clinical Course.

Abstract We report the first case of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm-related Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia in a patient supported by a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Mycotic aneurysms (MAs) are aneurysmal degeneration of the arterial wall as a result of infection. Current recommendations for management of intracranial mycotic aneurysms are based on a few retrospective case studies. There are only a few cases of intracranial MA reported in patients with LVAD infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella rhinos. Here, we describe the first case of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm caused by a less virulent organism (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and conclude that screening for asymptomatic MA should be strongly considered in patients with persistent LVAD- and implantable cardiac defibrillator pacemaker–associated infections.
Bot conversations are different: leveraging network metrics for bot detection in Twitter

Automated social media bots have existed almost as long as the social media platforms they inhabit. Although efforts have long existed to detect and characterize these autonomous agents, these efforts have redoubled in the recent months following sophisticated deployment of bots by state and non-state actors. This research will study the differences between human and bot social communication networks by conducting an account snow ball data collection, and then evaluate features derived from this communication network in several bot detection machine learning models.
Apostles of Wilderness: American Indians and Thoreau's Theology of the Wild

This article examines the development of Henry David Thoreau's theology of the wild through his engagement with American Indians. Thoreau believed that for peoples' souls to survive being cut off p...
Selective Detection of Alcohol Through Ethyl-Glucuronide Immunosensor Based on 2D Zinc Oxide Nanostructures

Alcohol intoxication leads to road accidents, violence, and the deteriorated health of heavy drinkers. Hence, a convenient means to monitor alcohol consumption with an accuracy and selective manner is a demand by law enforcement personnel, service/hospitality industry, or individual drinkers. We report on a label-free, highly sensitive, and selective alcohol immunosensor based on 2D zinc oxide nanoflakes (ZnO-NFs), which were synthesized on gold-coated flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates using a single-step sonochemical process. Selective detection of alcohol was achieved via ethyl-glucuronide (EtG) detection by immobilizing EtG antibody (EtG-AB) on the as-synthesized sensing electrodes of ZnO-NFs. The 2D ZnO-NFs provide unique sensing advantages over bulk materials. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements demonstrated the sensitivity of 0.032 mA/decade/cm2 in the concentration range of 1 ng/ml to 100 $\mu \text{g}$ /ml which covered the physiological range. The minimum level of detection was determined much lower than 1 ng/ml. Shelf-life studies showed that the presented EtG sensors can be used over two months after the first use without significant performance degradation. Our method and device would help realizing continuous alcohol monitoring in the wearable platform.
Adapting IT Governance Practices for the Changing IT Function

How is information technology (IT) governance adapted when an organization transitions from an in-house to an outsourced IT function? Based on a case study of a very large, complex outsourcing engagement of an organization's IT function on a global scale, we develop recommendations to guide others in effectively managing this transition.
Treatment Response to Acquired Aphasia with Seizures and Prognosis through Electroencephalogram on Cognitive Function

Purpose: Acquired epileptic aphasia (AEA) accompanied by electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormality is a rare disease; therefore, there are few studies...
Differential luminescent imaging method

Luminescent imaging is an area of active research for obtaining physical and chemical properties of a flow. Oxygen-sensitive luminescent probes are used as pressure-sensitive paints to capture unsteady flow over a fluid dynamic surface. The luminescent output is acquired by a photo-sensitive imaging chip, such as CCD and CMOS. Because these imaging chips acquire a digital signal, luminescent imaging is a poor technique for the measurement of small changes in the signal, which is equivalent to or lower than the noise level. A differential luminescent imaging method is studied to capture small fluctuations in a signal level. A theoretical model to describe the differential method is introduced and validated by experiments. Based on the static characterization, it is shown that the differential method possessed its sensitivity to capture fluctuations as small as 0.002% of the mean signal, which is an improvement in sensitivity by a factor of 81 as compared to the conventional luminescent imaging method.
Gravitational wave detection with photometric surveys

Gravitational wave (GW) detections have considerably enriched our understanding of the universe. To date, all GW events from individual sources have been found by interferometer-type detectors. In this paper, we study a GW detection technique based on astrometric solutions from photometric surveys and demonstrate that it offers a highly flexible frequency range that can uniquely complement existing detection methods. From repeated point-source astrometric measurements, periodic GW-induced deflections can be extracted and wave parameters inferred. We emphasize that this method can be applied widely to any photometric surveys relying on relative astrometric measurements, in addition to surveys designed to measure absolute astrometry, such as Gaia. We illustrate how high-cadence observations of the galactic bulge, such as offered by the Roman Space Telescope's Exoplanet MicroLensing (EML) survey, have the potential to be a potent GW probe with a complementary frequency range to Gaia, pulsar timing arrays, and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. We calculate that the Roman EML survey is sensitive to GWs with frequencies ranging from $7.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$ to $5.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}$, which opens up a unique GW observing window for supermassive black hole binaries and their waveform evolution. While the detection threshold assuming the currently expected performance proves too high for detecting individual GWs in light of the expected supermassive black hole binary population distribution, we show that binaries with chirp mass ${\mathcal{M}}_{c}g{10}^{8.3}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ out to 100 Mpc can be detected if the telescope is able to achieve an astrometric accuracy of 0.11 mas. To confidently detect binaries with ${\mathcal{M}}_{c}g{10}^{7}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ out to 50 Mpc, a factor of 100 sensitivity improvement is required. We propose several improvement strategies, including recovering the mean astrometric deflection and increasing astrometric accuracy, number of observed stars, field-of-view size, and observational cadence. We also discuss how other existing and planned photometric surveys could contribute to detecting GWs via astrometry.
Do standardized hip fracture care programs decrease mortality in geriatric hip fracture patients

Abstract There is mounting support for the implementation of a standardized hip fracture program (SHFP) for geriatric patients. However, the current evidence to assess geriatric hip fracture outcomes following treatment in a SHFP is limited to small, single-center, observational studies. Using a large, multinational dataset, this study aims to assess whether enrollment in a SHFP was associated with improved 30-day patient-important outcomes in geriatric hip fracture patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate if the SHFP treatment effect varies by baseline mortality risk. An observational cohort study was conducted using data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) for the years of 2016 and 2017. The study included 17,395 geriatric hip fracture patients over the age of 65. Over half (54%) of patients were enrolled in a SHFP on admission to hospital. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included 30-day reoperation and readmission. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate treatment effects, adjusting for race, anesthesia technique, and baseline mortality risk. The heterogeneity of treatment effect was determined by stratifying patients into quartiles based on their baseline mortality risk. The overall 30-day mortality risk was 6.6%. Enrollment in a SHFP did not reduce the 30-day risk of mortality (risk difference (RD): -0.2; 95% CI: -0.7, 0.3; p = 0.48), reoperation (RD: -0.2%; 95% CI: -0.6, 0.3; p = 0.36) or readmission (RD: -0.4%; 95% CI: -0.1, 0.4%; p = 0.20) when analyzed as a single sample. However, there were greater differences in the SHFP treatment effects when stratified by their preoperative mortality risk. Specifically, a 2.0% (95% CI: 4.2, 0.0%; p = 0.06) reduction in mortality was observed in the patients in the highest risk quartile for mortality and a 1.7% (95% CI: -3.2, -0.2%; p = 0.02) reduction in the medium-high risk quartile. The NSQIP data suggest that SHFPs do not significantly improve the short-term outcomes for the average geriatric hip fracture patient. However, a SHFP may significantly reduce the risk of 30-day mortality in higher risk patients. Therefore, the efficiency of SHFPs could potentially be improved with targeted deployment to high risk geriatric hip fracture patients.
Explorations in Latin Literature

Denis Feeney is one of the most distinguished scholars of Latin literature and Roman culture in the world of the last half-century. These two volumes conveniently collect and present afresh all his major papers, covering a wide range of topics and interests. Ancient epic is a major focus, followed by Latin lyric, historiography and elegy. Ancient literary criticism and the technology of the book are recurrent themes. Many papers address the problems of literary responses to religion and ritual, with an interdisciplinary methodology drawing on comparative anthropology and religion. The transition from Republic to Empire and the emergence of the Augustan principate form the background to the majority of the papers, and the question of how literary texts are to be read in historical context is addressed throughout. All quotations from ancient and modern languages have now been translated and Stephen Hinds has contributed a foreword.
A New Decorrelation Phase Covariance Model for Noise Reduction in Unwrapped Interferometric Phase Stacks

The accuracy of geophysical parameter estimation made with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time-series techniques can be improved with rapidly increasing available data volumes and with the development of noise covariance matrices applicable to joint analysis of networks of interferograms. In this article, we present a new decorrelation phase covariance model and discuss its role in noise reduction in unwrapped interferometric phase stacks. We demonstrate with an example in which we average unwrapped interferogram phase stacks that span over a transient event how a noise covariance model can aid in noise reduction. Our model suggests that, for rapidly decorrelating surfaces (i.e., surfaces with much shorter correlation time than SAR acquisition intervals), it is preferable to incorporate all available interferograms from long observation windows. For slowly decorrelating surfaces (i.e., surfaces with longer correlation time than SAR acquisition intervals), our model suggests that a small subset of interferometric pairs is sufficient. We validate our model and three existing models of decorrelation phase covariance matrices in both Cascadia, a region with heavy vegetation cover, and Death Valley, a desert region with C-band Sentinel-1 A observations. Our proposed model matches observations with the smallest average discrepancy between theory and observations.
Planarian stem cells specify fate yet retain potency during the cell cycle

Planarian whole-body regeneration is enabled by stem cells called neoblasts. At least some neoblasts are individually pluripotent. Neoblasts are also heterogeneous, with subpopulations of specialized neoblasts having different specified fates. Fate specification in neoblasts is regulated by fate-specific transcription factor (FSTF) expression. Here, we find that FSTF expression is common in neoblast S/G2/M cell-cycle phases but less common in G1. We find that specialized neoblasts can divide to produce progeny with asymmetric cell fates, suggesting that they could retain pluripotency. Furthermore, no known neoblast class was present in all neoblast colonies, suggesting that pluripotency is not the exclusive property of any known class. We tested this possibility with single-cell transplantations, which indicate that at least some specialized neoblasts are likely clonogenic. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model for neoblast pluripotency in which neoblasts can undergo specialization during the cell cycle without loss of potency.
Localization of the Higgs mode at the superfluid–Mott glass transition

The amplitude (Higgs) mode near the two-dimensional superfluid--Mott glass quantum phase transition is studied. We map the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian of disordered interacting bosons onto an equivalent classical $\mathit{XY}$ model in ($2+1$) dimensions and compute the scalar susceptibility of the order parameter amplitude via Monte Carlo simulation. Analytic continuation of the scalar susceptibilities from imaginary to real frequency to obtain the spectral densities is performed by a modified maximum entropy technique. Our results show that the introduction of disorder into the system leads to unconventional dynamical behavior of the Higgs mode that violates naive scaling, despite the underlying thermodynamics of the transition being of the conventional power-law type. The computed spectral densities exhibit a broad, noncritical response for all energies, and a momentum-independent dispersion for long wavelengths, indicating strong evidence for the localization of the Higgs mode for all dilutions.
Zweikanal-Serien-Parallel-Anordnung von gas-chromatographischen Trennsäulen durch Säulenschaltung

On decrit un systeme de commutation de colonnes appelle systeme de double colonne en serie/parallele. Le dispositif permet d'effectuer pendant une analyse, la commutation de deux colonnes chromatographiques du montage en serie ou montage en parallele. Pour ce systeme, deux circuits de gaz independants, deux detecteurs, ainsi qu'une vanne a 4 voies sont necessaires. Dans le montage en parallele, les chromatogrammes se deroulent simultanement comme dans le fonctionnement en double circuit. Ce systeme permet de separer, sur une deuxieme colonne, des composes qui ne sont pas separes sur la premiere, sans pour autant interrompe, le chromatogramme de la premiere colonne. Des possibilites d'application sont discutees, particulierement en ce qui concerne la combinaison de colonnes de partage avec des colonnes d'adsorption. Une analyses de gaz naturel sert comme exemple pour l'application pratique de ce systeme de commutation. Les avantages et desavantages de systemes de commutation fonctionnant avec et sans vanne de commutation des deux colonnes en serie ou en parallele sont examines. Les qualites de la vanne a 4 voies utilisee, qui est la partie essentielle du systeme, sont discutees en vue de l'application particuliere aux analyses de gaz.
Beyond No Regret: Instance-Dependent PAC Reinforcement Learning.

The theory of reinforcement learning has focused on two fundamental problems: achieving low regret, and identifying $\epsilon$-optimal policies. While a simple reduction allows one to apply a low-regret algorithm to obtain an $\epsilon$-optimal policy and achieve the worst-case optimal rate, it is unknown whether low-regret algorithms can obtain the instance-optimal rate for policy identification. We show that this is not possible -- there exists a fundamental tradeoff between achieving low regret and identifying an $\epsilon$-optimal policy at the instance-optimal rate. Motivated by our negative finding, we propose a new measure of instance-dependent sample complexity for PAC tabular reinforcement learning which explicitly accounts for the attainable state visitation distributions in the underlying MDP. We then propose and analyze a novel, planning-based algorithm which attains this sample complexity -- yielding a complexity which scales with the suboptimality gaps and the ``reachability'' of a state. We show that our algorithm is nearly minimax optimal, and on several examples that our instance-dependent sample complexity offers significant improvements over worst-case bounds.
Soluble Biomarkers of Cognition and Depression in Adults with HIV Infection in the Combination Therapy Era.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cognitive impairment and depression continue to be common among people with HIV (PWH) in the combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms that may underpin these disorders is needed. The purpose of this review is to describe published findings on soluble biomarkers from blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that have been associated with either cognition or depression among PWH in the setting of ART. RECENT FINDINGS Several biomarkers, including those that reflect viral persistence, monocyte/macrophage activation, and other processes, are associated with cognition and depressive symptoms. Some but not all results have been consistent across multiple studies. More research has been published on biomarkers of cognition relative to biomarkers of depression (particularly from CSF). More studies are needed that investigate multiple biomarkers to understand the role of distinct but additive pathways in these disorders and to guide the development of new therapies.
Reply to Putnam-Hornstein et al.: On honest mistakes and raceless children.

We appreciate the interest Putnam-Hornstein et al. (1) have shown in our work (2) in their letter, “Contact with the child protection system is pervasive, but are recent estimates correct?” We have three points in response. First, as Putnam-Hornstein et al. (1) are now aware but were not when they submitted their letter, there was a coding error that led our investigation estimates to be positively biased. We thank them for raising concerns that led to a rapid correction (2). Our confirmed maltreatment, foster care placement, and termination of parental rights estimates were correct and are unchanged. Second, … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: christopher.wildeman{at}duke.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The Bogoliubov-Valatin quasiparticles in a finite superconductor

The strong-coupling limit of the BCS model of a finite superconductor is analyzed mathematically and the exact Bogoliubov-Valatin quasiparticle operators are found. These quasiparticle operators are “number conserving.” The coefficientsu k ,v k and the quasiparticle energy are operators rather than constants, and they depend on the electron number density and the energy density. In the limit of large volume these densities becomec numbers in an irreducible representation, and the quasiparticles are described by the usual Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation.
Modeling and Simulation for Higher Layer Protocols

This chapter contains sections titled: Network Layer Transport and Application Layers Example of Higher Layer Modeling: Transport Layer Performance Analysis Example of Higher Layer Modeling: Detailed Network Layer Modeling ]]>
Book Review of Dorothy H. Evensen's and Carla D. Pratt's 'The End of the Pipeline'

Most authors facing the daunting challenge of publishing a book focus solely on making a valuable contribution to their field. With "The End of the Pipeline: A Journey of Recognition for African Americans Entering the Legal Profession," Dorothy H. Evensen and Carla D. Pratt not only offer a substantial addition to the literature in multiple fields, but do so using an innovative format. The book reports on findings of an empirical study of African Americans who traveled a precarious pathway to legal practice. Substantively, the book continues academic conversations involving students of color in higher education, the trajectory of young black professionals, the benefits of mentoring, and the importance of pipeline programs. Thus, the project's wide audience includes scholars and administrators working in law, education, sociology, psychology, and related fields. The unique format of the book provides an especially dynamic innovation. The authors begin with a presentation of their findings, then masterfully weave their findings with Critical Race Theory, and finally incorporate short essay responses to the study from various experts in related fields who reflect on the principal study while drawing on their own experience and scholarship.
Concept Analysis of Nurses' Happiness

Ozkara SanPurpose The purpose of this analysis is to examine and clarify the concept of nurses' happiness (NH), understand the different uses of the concept, explore the conditions that foster it, and consider the consequences of NH, including the phenomena that emerge as a result of NH occurrence. Organizing Framework The author utilizes Walker and Avant's eight-stage concept analysis. Methods Computer and manual searches were conducted of articles in the English language addressing NH from 1990 to present. EBSCO and PubMed are the electronic databases used to access literature for this paper. For both databases, the researcher has examined this new term by splitting the term nurses' happiness into its two root words, namely nurses and happiness. An inductive analysis of articles produced descriptive themes. Results Definitions of happiness and NH are analyzed. Antecedents, attributes, and consequences of NH are described. Model, borderline, contrary, and related cases for NH are also identified. Conclusions This concept analysis helps in the understanding of the definition of NH, the attributes that contribute to the occurrence of NH in clinical practice, as well as the consequences of NH, and how it should be measured from a nursing perspective. Ozkara San
Intimate Partner Violence in Interracial and Monoracial Couples

This study investigated intimate partner violence in interracial and monoracial relationships. Using a nationally representative sample, regression analyses indicated that interracial couples demonstrated a higher level of mutual IPV than monoracial white couples but a level similar to monoracial black couples. There were significant gender differences in IPV, with women reporting lower levels of victimization than men. Regarding relationship status, cohabiting couples demonstrated the highest levels of IPV and dating couples reported the lowest levels. Regarding interactions among couple racial composition, relationship status, and respondents’ gender, an interaction between racial composition and relationship status was found. Implications for practitioners and directions for future research are discussed.
EPR, spearhead of the European nuclear renaissance

World's energy needs continue to grow and each country reacts with its own dedicated decision-making software. On the longer term strong market drivers will inevitably shape the evolution of energy mixes; economic and environmental assets of nuclear electricity will be more widely recognized. The need for large evolutionary nuclear power reactors will increase. The EPR reactor has many cards to stand out on opening markets.
Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration in rats

The hypothesis that separate neural systems mediate the reinforcing properties of opioid and psychomotor stimulant drugs was tested by examining the role of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons in maintaining intravenous heroin and cocaine self-administration. After local destruction of the DA terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), rats trained to self-administer cocaine and heroin on alternate days were observed for changes in their drug-seeking behaviors. Postlesion responding for cocaine showed a time-dependent decrease or extinction, whereas heroin self-administration showed a time-dependent recovery. By the fifth trial postlesion, heroin self-administration had recovered to 76% of prelesion baseline levels, but cocaine self-administration had dropped to 30% of prelesion baseline rates. Thus, selective lesions of the DA terminals in the nucleus accumbens significantly attenuate cocaine but not heroin self-administration. These data support the hypothesis that independent neural substrates are responsible for the reinforcing actions of these two drugs.
Cognitive science meets autonomous mental development.

The 7th IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL 2008) took place at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in Monterrey, CA, from August 9 to 12, 2008. The Asilomar Conference Ground has been a place for some well-known conferences in U.S. history, with its natural beach surroundings dotted with rustic buildings with spacious rooms and other facilities. This year’s conference had financial support from the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society and technical coordination with the Cognitive Science Society. Like our previous meetings, ICDL 2008 was a truly interdisciplinary conference, with papers and posters ranging from computer science and engineering, machine learning, and robotics, to developmental, cognitive, and social psychology, with additional content in the fields of anthropology and linguistics, and the biological and neurosciences. The common theme was multidisciplinary efforts to understand complex dynamics of emergent cognitive and behavioral systems, in biological or artificial agents ⁄ systems. Attendees enjoyed cutting-edge talks from three outstanding invited speakers. Professor Richard Aslin of Rochester University discussed evidence and models of unsupervised learning by human infants and adults. Professor Terry Jernigan of UC-San Diego described recent breakthroughs in structural imaging of developing brains, and resulting insights into emergent changes in cognition. Professor Andrew Ng of Stanford described neurally inspired learning algorithms by which systems can discover complex structures. These talks were complemented not only by talks chosen by peer review but also by two reviewed
Baptism by conference: an effective Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists recruitment tool?

Objective:To explore common barriers medical students perceive to choosing psychiatry as a medical specialty as reflected in existing literature and the authors’ own experiences and whether funding...