cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virus and protein crystal growth on earth and in microgravity

Protein and virus crystals commonly grown in the laboratory on earth have also been grown in a microgravity environment on the US Space Shuttle. Two techniques for growth of the crystals were investigated: vapour diffusion and direct liquid-liquid diffusion. Crystals produced in microgravity, although generally isomorphous with earth-grown crystals, frequently show positive changes in habit, size and degree of perfection. X-ray diffusion analyses of crystals grown free from gravity usually show an improvement in the intensity-to-background ratio for all resolution ranges, and in some cases an extension of the resolution of the diffraction patterns to a higher limit. Both findings suggest an overall improvement in the quality of macromolecular crystals grown in space. A possible source of this improvement is the formation of depletion zones around crystals growing in microgravity that remain stable in the absence of convection and thereby allow more self-regulated growth. This in turn may be manifested as a more uniform and general ordering of the molecules in the crystal lattice and/or a reduction in gross crystal imperfections. Some illustrative results obtained in two kinds of macromolecular crystal growth experiments on International Microgravity Laboratory-1 are described.
Membrane action of DMSO and other chemical inducers of Friend leukaemic cell differentiation.

DMSO and other cryoprotective agents produce a pronounced increase on the phase transition temperature of phospholipid membranes, indicating an increased stability. The effects of DMSO and the other cryoprotective agents, divalent cations, and local anaesthetics on the transition temperature of phospholipid membranes seem to correlate with their effects on the differentiation of Friend leukaemic cells in vitro. These studies suggest that the induction of differentiation by cryoprotective agents may be the result of the interaction of these agents with cell membranes.
Implicit sequence learning is represented by stimulus-response rules

For nearly two decades, researchers have investigated spatial sequence learning in an attempt to identify what specifically is learned during sequential tasks (e.g., stimulus order, response order, etc.). Despite extensive research, controversy remains concerning the information-processing locus of this learning effect. There are three main theories concerning the nature of spatial sequence learning, corresponding to the perceptual, motor, or response selection (i.e., central mechanisms underlying the association between stimulus and response pairs) processes required for successful task performance. The present data investigate this controversy and support the theory that stimulus-response (S-R) rules are critical for sequence learning. The results from two experiments demonstrate that sequence learning is disrupted only when the S-R rules for the task are altered. When the S-R rules remain constant or involve only a minor transformation, significant sequence learning occurs. These data implicate spatial response selection as a likely mechanism mediating spatial sequential learning.
Is Korean a syllabic alphabet or an alphabetic syllabary

This article supplies a critical overview of Korean with respect to writing system, orthography, phonology, and morphology as well as the role of vowels for the purpose of clarifying inconsistently used terms in the literature. An inaccurate terminology may plague interpretations and conclusions drawn from research studies. The Korean writing system is unique in that it relies on the alphabetic principle but the visual representation and processing unit are syllable oriented. According to Rogers [(1995). Optimal orthographies. In I. Taylor and D. R. Olson (eds), Scripts and Literacy. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 45–58], an optimal writing system should be easily acquired by the beginning reader and efficient for the skilled reader. These criteria arguably are met for Korean Hangul. It is argued that Korean is best viewed as an alphabetic syllabary or alphasyllabary rather than as a syllabic alphabet. Supporting evidence for this perspective is provided.
Proposed dielectric-based microstructure laser-driven undulator

This script presents a field-based analysis of laser acceleration of relativistic electrons in a free space that is bounded by a thin scattering or by a thin absorbing surface. The laser acceleration process is analyzed in terms of the inverse-radiation formalism and compared to the more familiar field path-integral analysis method. When the scattering boundary is modeled as a linear-index medium the predictions for laser-electron interactions from both field methods are found to agree. For the absorbing boundary both interaction pictures are also found to agree provided that the inverse radiation method is generalized to include absorption of energy from the boundary that is modeled as a linear ohmic-loss object.
Prior exercise and postprandial incretin responses in lean and obese individuals.

ABSTRACTPurposeThe incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) help regulate postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) and insulin concentrations, but the effects of acute aerobic exercise on GLP-1 or GIP responses are unclear. The purpose of thi
Probing excitons and biexcitons in coupled quantum dots by coherent two-dimensional optical spectroscopy

We calculate two-dimensional (2D) photon-echo and double-quantum-coherence spectra of two coupled InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots at various distances, taking into account electron, hole, and exciton hopping. Signatures of direct and indirect excitons in two-exciton resonances are revealed. At short distances, electron delocalization contributes to the creation of new biexcitonic peaks, and dipole-dipole interactions shift the two-exciton energies.
Media Review: Women's Status in Higher Education: Equity Matters

AbstractThis media review of Elizabeth J. Allan's, Women's Status in Higher Education: Equity Matters, builds on prior research of women in higher education. Allan's 2011 ASHE Higher Education report examines the status of women through multiple lenses of feminist theory. This media review informs student affairs practice by highlighting the role theory plays in looking at status in higher education.
The kinetics of deuterium-neopentane exchange: effects of desorption and diffusion

The product distribution of isomers from the deuterium exchange of neopentane over palladium supported on silica-alumina particles is influenced by the competition among three rate processes: desorption, diffusion, and surface exchange. The theory based on a single-step surface mechanism is presented and given quantitative treatment, suitable for large conversions. The experimental results show a very wide variety of product distributions over the same catalyst, and can be quantitatively correlated by the theory.
Problems taking pills: understanding HIV medication adherence from a new perspective

HIV medication adherence remains a challenge for people taking antiretroviral therapy. In the last decade research in this area has proliferated, yet there is a need for novel research approaches that provide information on the development of successful medication adherence interventions. This study examined several key potential correlates of reasons for missed medication in a diverse sample of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) from nine cities in the US using an ordinal regression model. Examining the reasons for missed medication in relationship with regimen type, symptom experience, AIDS diagnosis, other health conditions, and social support offers a new approach. Problems taking pills (a factor of five reasons) was significantly associated (p=0.003) with use of a protease inhibitor (PI) regimen. A person taking a PI regimen has a 70% increase of having more problems taking pills versus a non-PI regimen. Symptom experience (odds ratio [OR]: 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7, 5.2) and other health conditions (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.98) were found to be independently associated with problems taking pills. This new perspective may provide a framework for further conceptualizing new analyses that are related to enhancing adherence intervention research and development.
Residual soil nitrogen in humid region wheat production

The amount of soil mineral N (nitrate + ammonium) present when winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is spring-fertilized is generally not taken into account when making N fertilizer rate recommendations in humid regions. This is partly because overwinter losses of soil N are thought to be extensive, resulting in little field-to-field variability in the amount of N fertilizer needed. Our objectives were to determine: whether significant levels of mineral N exist in the fall in fields planted to winter wheat in the Coastal Plain of Virginia; if so, the extent to which this mineral N remains within the rooting zone through the winter; and whether this residual N affects crop response to spring N fertilization [...]
Similarities and differences in mechanisms of phrenic and hypoglossal motor facilitation.

Abstract Intermittent hypoxia-induced long-term facilitation (LTF) is variably expressed in the motor output of several inspiratory nerves, such as the phrenic and hypoglossal. Compared to phrenic LTF (pLTF), less is known about hypoglossal LTF (hLTF), although it is often assumed that cellular mechanisms are the same. While fundamental mechanisms appear to be similar, potentially important differences exist in the modulation of pLTF and hLTF. The primary objectives of this paper are to: (1) review similarities and differences in pLTF and hLTF, pointing out knowledge gaps and (2) present new data suggesting that reduced respiratory neural activity elicits differential plasticity in phrenic and hypoglossal output (inactivity-induced phrenic and hypoglossal motor facilitation, iPMF and iHMF), suggesting that these motor pool-specific differences are not unique to LTF. Differences in fundamental mechanisms or modulation of plasticity among motor pools may confer the capacity to mount a complex ventilatory response to specific challenges, particularly in motor pools with different “jobs” in the control of breathing.
Ion Cyclotron Instability of Mirror-Confined Plasmas

The ion cyclotron instability of a mirror-confined plasma is analyzed based on the power consumption of the internally created electrostatic field in the plasma itself. The relative importance of two kinds of ion cyclotron modes, “anisotropy” and “loss-cone”, depends on the plasma density through the instability frequency band width as well as the temperature ratio of the parallel and perpendicular components. The amount of cold ions necessary to quench these instabilities is calculated for plasmas of various densities.
Particle Size Reduction of Alfalfa Silage Did Not Alter Nutritional Quality of High Forage Diets for Dairy Cattle

Twelve multiparous, lactating Holsteins were fed an energy adequate diet (50% wilted alfalfa silage) and two isonitrogenous diets containing 80% of the same silage. The two 80% alfalfa diets were identical in all respects except that for one diet 38% of the alfalfa silage was rechopped after fermentation to reduce the particle length from 5.63 to 3.12 mm. Feeding the 80% alfalfa diets decreased milk production due to limitation of digestible energy intake. Under conditions of energy restriction, reduction of particle size of alfalfa silage after fermentation did not result in any changes in feed intake, feed digestibility, or milk production. The results do not preclude the possibility of some changes for intake or digestibility with more extensive reductions in particle length of alfalfa silage. However, because the extent of forage particle size reduction is limited by nutritional and economic constraints, the results of this study indicate that there is no practical advantage to reducing the particle size of fermented alfalfa beyond that required for adequate fermentation.
Edge Surfaces in Lithographically Textured Molybdenum Disulfide

Lithographic techniques were used to expose edge surfaces in layered molybdenum disulfide single crystals. This microstructuring produced ideal samples for the study of the surface morphology and electronic structure of this catalytically important material. The optical absorption that was measured at mid-gap increased by two orders of magnitude after texturing. This increase resulted from reduced molybdenum at surface defects that are located on edge planes, as shown by photoemission spectroscopy. This information cannot easily be obtained on conventional crystals with predominantly basal plane surfaces.
Fine mapping of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) from Lycopersicon hirsutum chromosome 1 affecting fruit characteristics and agronomic traits: breaking linkage among QTLs affecting different traits and dissection of heterosis for yield

The near-isogenic Line TA523, containing a 40-cM introgression at the bottom of chromosome 1 from Lycopersicon hirsutum acc. LA1777, affects several agronomically important traits. A set of recombinant lines (subNILs) derived from the original NIL TA523 were developed in order to fine-map, by substitution mapping, the genetic factors included within the original introgression. In the current experiment, TA523 showed redder, rounded, less pigmented shoulder, lower-weighted fruits and higher brix, whereas higher yield and brix*yield was observed only in the hybrid TA253×TA209 suggesting heterosis for these traits. By substitution mapping we mapped independent genetic loci affecting brix, yield and fruit shape, whereas fruit weight, shoulder pigmentation and external color mapped to a position coincident with the brix locus. Analysis of the subNILs revealed that the gene action of most of the QTLs was additive or nearly additive. The exception was for the yield QTL which was dominant (d/a=0.7), eliminating the possibility that yield increase is due to true overdominance at a single gene locus. However, no negative yield effects were detected in other regions of the introgressed segment, as would be predicted by a dominance complementation model. Therefore, epistatic interactions among genetic factors along the introgressed segment are suggested as the cause of yield heterosis. Results from this study, combined with previous experiments involving different tomato wild species, demonstrate that the base of chromosome 1 of tomato contains multiple QTLs affecting various agronomic and fruit traits and that these effects can not be attributed to the pleiotropic effects of a single locus.
The influence of field-aligned currents on auroral electron temperatures

Abstract A precipitating flux of auroral electrons produces a flow of reverse current to maintain electrical neutrality in the ionosphere. The transport effects associated with such a current act as heat sinks for the electron gas, resulting in auroral electron temperatures that are lower at high altitude than they would be in the absence of the current. In a typical aurora the difference approaches 1000°K above 700 km. There are electric fields associated with the parallel currents but their magnitude is only a few microvolts per meter.
Alpha, Dimension-Free, and Model-Based Internal Consistency Reliability

As pointed out by Sijtsma (in press), coefficient alpha is inappropriate as a single summary of the internal consistency of a composite score. Better estimators of internal consistency are available. In addition to those mentioned by Sijtsma, an old dimension-free coefficient and structural equation model based coefficients are proposed to improve the routine reporting of psychometric internal consistency. The various ways to measure internal consistency are also shown to be appropriate to binary and polytomous items.
Pharmacologic treatment of detrusor incontinence with thiphenamil HCl.

A controlled double-blind crossover study is reported in which quantitative urodynamic data and qualitative information are combined to evaluate the treatment of detrusor incontinence using thiphenamil HCI in patients with detrusor instability. Patients placed on the treatment protocol were randomized to placebo or thiphenamil 400 mg q.i.d. Two weeks of thiphenamil HCI or placebo administration were followed by 1 week of washout followed by a cross-over to an additional 2 weeks of placebo or thiphenamil HCI administration. Of the 23 patients 7 dropped out at various stages of the study. The mean age of patients studied was 44 ± 14 years old. Throughout the study, patients were asked to complete a formalized diary card of the amount and time of voiding and the incidence of incontinence. Three urodynamics studies were done in the following sequence: pretreatment, postwashout, and posttreatment. Parameters of bladder capacity, sensations, stability and pressure/flow were obtained. In addition, resting urethral closure pressures were recorded. The results show that the frequency of incontinence, which was based on the patients’ responses, decreased significantly (0.01 < p < 0.025). There was an insignificant decrease in the number of voidings and increase in the amount voided each time. Patients on thiphenamil reported that their pads were significantly drier from baseline (p = 0.01). In response to questions comparing problems caused by urine loss during baseline and thiphenamil treatment, analysis shows a significant decrease of problems due to loss of urine (p = 0.01) when the patient was taking the drug compared to the placebo. Evaluation of urodynamic parameters shows a significant reduction in detrusor voiding pressure from 46.1 ± 25.3 to 31.9 ± 14.1 (p = 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the flow rate, capacity, urethral resting or opening pressure or bladder work. Residual volume during urodynamics was lower on thiphenamil HCI but this difference was marginally significant. It is concluded that patients reported that thiphenamil HCI produced a significant decrease in their frequency and amount of incontinence. This conclusion is based on the documentation available in the diary cards and questionnaire. The urodynamic studies do not, as a whole, reflect an objective numerical improvement in many of the parameters considered.
Electromagnetic simulations of photocathode sources using green~s function methods

Summary form only given. The inclusion of space-charge fields into beam simulations of photocathode sources can be challenging since the beam is typically tightly bunched (implying rapid spatial and time variations of the fields) and fields are reflected by surrounding conducting structures, i.e. cathode, cavity walls, and irises. Since a Green's function by definition is generated by a Delta function source while satisfying an appropriate boundary conditions, i.e. a conducting boundaries, a Green's function method can be effectively utilized for computing the space-fields in a photocathode source simulation. We demonstrate how these methods are used in a newly developed code called IRPSS (Indiana RF photocathode source simulator) and show initial simulations using IRPSS
Natal territory size, group size, and body mass affect lifetime fitness in the cooperatively breeding Florida Scrub-Jay

ABSTRACT Early rearing conditions can have profound short- and long-term effects on survival and reproduction of vertebrates. In cooperatively breeding birds, where variable social conditions interact with other sources of environmental variation, fitness consequences of the natal environment are of particular interest. We used data from a long-term study of the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) to examine how characteristics of the natal brood, territory, and social group interacted to influence future survival and reproduction. Nestling and juvenile body mass were significant positive predictors of survival from fledging through the first year of life. The area of oak scrub in the natal territory correlated positively with nestling and juvenile body mass and had two long-term consequences: it was positively related to the probability of becoming a breeder and negatively related to age at first breeding, particularly for males. Effects of natal group size were complex and partially dependent on...
popRange: a highly flexible spatially and temporally explicit Wright-Fisher simulator.

Background Sequencing and genotyping technology advancements have led to massive, growing repositories of spatially explicit genetic data and increasing quantities of temporal data (i.e., ancient DNA). These data will allow more complex and fine-scale inferences about population history than ever before; however, new methods are needed to test complex hypotheses.
Combining surface mapping and process data to assess, predict, and manage dust emissions from natural and disturbed land surfaces.

The impact of dust emission on air quality is a significant health and environmental concern. Accurately determining the source (natural versus anthropogenic) and load of dust is an important component of any mitigation effort. We develop an approach to assess dust emission potential based on study of Nellis Dunes Recreation Area, a popular off-road vehicle area close to Las Vegas, Nevada. A mapping approach to assess dust emission potential is presented, which may serve as a template to assess other areas for this hazard. A 1:10,000 map delineating units based upon surficial characteristics affecting dust emission (e.g., soil texture, rock cover, surface crusts, and vegetation) was created. Seventeen surface units are grouped into four major classes (sand, silt and clay, rock covered, and active drainages). A >500 km network of trackways was digitized into a geographic information system (GIS) to determine the distribution of tracks across surface types to assess the density of disturbance. Wind-erosion measurements and off-road experiments using different vehicles (four-wheeler, motorcycle, and dune buggy) were performed on the various surface types to assess the amount of dust generated. Dust emission risk maps for Nellis Dunes Recreation Area are presented for two types of processes: off-road vehicular (ORV) activity and wind erosion. Highest dust emissions for ORV activity occur on map units composed of silt and clay, and on desert pavements. These areas can also produce large amounts of dust through natural wind erosion when disturbed. In contrast, the sandy units produce high emissions through natural wind erosion, and therefore limiting ORV use in those areas provides no benefit to air quality.
Reducing queue-fill variability for emergency traffic in a differentiated services network

Supporting emergency services applications using the Internet has gained considerable interest in the recent past. A simple multiple average multiple threshold (MAMT) random early detection (RED) scheme is used to provide the necessary quality of service for emergency traffic. We have studied the RED dropping function as one of the contributing factors towards the variation observed in the queue fill. This may cause interactive emergency applications to experience large delay and delay variation thus deteriorating the service provided to them. Hence, we compare the performance of the linear dropping function in terms of average delay and variation in queue fill with that of the three other dropping functions namely: concave, convex and step. With the help of an exhaustive simulation study conducted using the network simulator-2, we conclude that the concave function provides the best performance
Advanced packaging of high-power Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide laser and amplifier arrays for coherent beam combining

Individually addressable GaAs-based 9XX-nm Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide (SCOW) laser and amplifier arrays have been demonstrated in a modular 2-D stacked architecture. Approximately 20 W of coherently-combined power was obtained from two optically stacked amplifier modules.
The effect of prostanoids on hepatic bile flow in dogs with normal liver and bile duct cell hyperplasia

Bile flow rates and composition are subject to a wide variety of neural, endocrine and paracrine influences. The effects of these multiple factors may be different in the diseased liver compared to the response produced in the normal liver. As prostanoids may have a therapeutic role in liver disease it was intended to evaluate the effects of two principal therapeutic prostanoids, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin, on bile flow in dogs with a normal liver and in dogs with hepatotoxin-induced liver injury. Initially, in awake animals with chronic biliary and gastric fistulas the bile flow response to prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin was evaluated and compared to the response produced by bile salt infusion alone and to that produced by the standard choleretic hormones, secretin and glucagon. The animals were then fed alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and the studies repeated. ANIT is a hepatoxin that produces bile duct cell hyperplasia which was confirmed in dogs by demonstrating that ANIT increased [3H]thymidine incorporation by isolated canine bile duct cells. In normal dogs, the prostanoids, secretin, and glucagon increased hepatic bile flow. 10 days of ANIT feeding produced a hypercholeresis. While secretin was able to stimulate the hyperplastic biliary epithelium and increase bile flow over values produced by the hyperplastic biliary epithelium alone, neither prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, or glucagon appeared to stimulate the hyperplastic biliary epithelium. As ANIT produced evidence of cholestasis and hepatocellular damage, only secretin would seem to have a potential therapeutic role in increasing bile flow in cholestatic liver disorders associated with bile duct cell hyperplasia.
The Phosphorus Needs of Finishing Broilers in Relationship to Dietary Nutrient Density Levels

Abstract Studies were conducted to examine the phosphorus needs of the broiler chick from the period of four to eight weeks of age in relation to the dietary nutrient density. Graded levels of phosphorus were added to broiler diets containing metabolizable energy levels of 2970 to 3410 kcal./kg. The adequacy of the diets was measured by weight gains, feed utilization, tibia ash and bone breaking strength. The results of these studies would indicate that there was little improvement in performance to be gained with the addition of more than 0.12 percent of supplemental inorganic phosphorus to an all-plant broiler diet containing 0.42 percent total phosphorus. The energy content of the diet, over the range tested, had no effect on the chick’s need for phosphorus during this period.
Implementation problems in Hadamard transform spectrometry

The multiplex advantage offered by Hadamard transform spectrometry (HTS) can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of a spectrometer. However, additional processing of the spectrometer output is required to recover the individual spectral components. A block diagram description of HTS and the spectrum-recovery process is presented. A computer simulation of this model has been developed and can be used to examine the effects of certain nonidealities that may typically be encountered. Traditionally, the inverse Hadamard transform (IHT) has been used as the spectrum-recovery method, but the IHT does not take into account the nonidealities associated with the multiplexing process. Two spectrum-recovery methods that address the problems of nonidealities are presented. The relative performance of all three methods is compared with regard to mean square error (MSE) and the computational efficiency of the algorithms necessary to implement the schemes. An example application is described, and the performance of the three spectrum-recovery schemes is discussed. >
Information esthetics: from MoMa to wall street

My after-dinner talk has the goal of being a visual dessert, showing some of the information designs and explorations that I've put together in the last twenty years as a practicing designer and more recently, as an artist. I'll show the ones that people reacted to most strongly; partly to soothe and entertain, but partly in the hopes that some of the techniques I apply might be useful in the work of other attendees. To that end I'll present a simplified Knowledge Acquisition Pipeline, a kind of designer's checklist that has been valuable in guiding my students and me while creating information-rich displays and user interfaces. It helps organize the wide variety of techniques available to us as information designers. But more--it helps us understand why they might work, where they might be useful in a design, and even what types of information can best be shown with which techniques. It works as a generative guideline as well as an intellectual framework. I'll tie parts of the examples back to this pipeline to show how it works in practice. The application of this pipeline to visualization work suggests that as a field we are getting good value out of our understanding of the earlier processes--those having to do with sensation and perception. But later processes still have a lot of room for exploration: the visual attributes we use to represent data can often be made more specific, and therefore both more communicative and easier to decode. The world is richer than we can describe with circular nodes and linear links. And when we can get a visual vocabulary from the target audience, their own higher level semantic relationships may also be more easily absorbed and manipulated. I suggest that what such "illustrative information displays" lose in generality they more than make up in ease of interpretation and viewer engagement.
MIDLIFE WOMEN'S POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS Case Studies of Psychosocial Development and Political Commitment

Midlife women's political consciousness may be importantly influenced by a preoccupation with generativity. Analysis of three case studies suggests the importance of several elements for a developm...
Two-Stage Mineralization of Phenanthrene by Estuarine Enrichment Cultures

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene was mineralized in two stages by soil, estuarine water, and sediment microbial populations. At high concentrations, phenanthrene was degraded, with the concomitant production of biomass and accumulation of Folin-Ciocalteau-reactive aromatic intermediates. Subsequent consumption of these intermediates resulted in a secondary increase in biomass. Analysis of intermediates by high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and UV absorption spectrometry showed 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (1H2NA) to be the predominant product. A less pronounced two-stage mineralization pattern was also observed by monitoring 14CO2 production from low concentrations (0.5 mg liter−1) of radiolabeled phenanthrene. Here, mineralization of 14C-labeled 1H2NA could explain the incremental 14CO2 produced during the later part of the incubations. Accumulation of 1H2NA by isolates obtained from enrichments was dependent on the initial phenanthrene concentration. The production of metabolites during polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation is discussed with regard to its possible adaptive significance and its methodological implications.
Test systems for determining antifouling coating efficacy using on-line detection of bioluminescence and fluorescence in a laminar-flow environment

Summary Test systems have been developed which enable the evaluation of bacterial biofilm formation and metabolic activity under conditions simulating those of in situ environments. A series of laminar-flow adhesion cells were constructed with provisions for on-line, non-destructive measurements of bioluminescence, fluorescence, open circuit potential, and pO2 to monitor colonization and succession as influenced by a systematic change in bulk-phase and substratum conditions. Bioluminescence by biofilms of the bioluminescent marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi was utilized as an endpoint for adhesion in evaluations of antifouling (AF) ship hull coatings. Resistance to colonization of V. harveyi was noted in the order of F-121 (Navy)> BRA 640 (IP)> 15% DNP. Statistically significant (p <0.05) correlations were obtained between bioluminescent, viable, and direct bacteria counts. Tryptophane was used as a biomass marker in fluorometric measurements of V. harveyi biofilms. These methods enabled on-line evaluations of biofilm formation and AF coating efficacy.
Right Management Infrastructure for Home Content

Users are creating and sharing their own content. Based on various properties, user groups are created, which may need to share content only between members. This induces the need for a rights management solution, which keeps the user and his content in focus. Such a solution will enable fine grained rights control over distributed material in an easy and secure way. In order to make the life of the user easier, devices in the home network and in personal area networks may form a device domain, which can be managed as one entity. To manage such a device domain and to have it tamper resistant, an always online device would be the best focal point. An entity called Digital Rights Management (DRM) broker is introduced to serve as a home agent, cache for user right definitions and to act as a gateway for external access of home content. This node provides connection interface between the various DRM standards used by external content provider companies. The possiblity of user-centric content sharing with the help of a home DRM architecture is shown. In this paper, a solution is shown for efficient device domain management, a tamper resistant central unit is recommended and a service example is shown.
Developing a comprehensive need-based curriculum for non-computer science majors (abstract)

Research aimed at correcting words in text has focussed on three progressively more difficult problems:1) non-word error detection;2) isolated-word error correction; and3) contextdependent word correction.In response to the first problem, efficient pattern matching and n-gram analysis techniques have been developed for detecting strings that do not appear in a given word list. In response to the second problem, a variety of general and application-specific spelling correction techniques have been developed. Some of them were based on detailed studies of spelling error patterns. In response to the third problem, a few experiments using natural language processing tools or statis tical language models have been carried out. This article surveys documented findings on spelling error correction techniques, reviews the state of the art of context-dependent word correction techniques, and discusses research issues related to all three areas of automatic error correction in text.(The Article on which the Talk was based appeared in the December 1992 Issue of Computing Surveys)
Use of social media during public emergencies by people with disabilities.

INTRODUCTION: People with disabilities are generally more vulnerable during disasters and public emergencies than the general population. Physical, sensory and cognitive impairments may result in greater difficulty in receiving and understanding emergency alert information, and greater difficulty in taking appropriate action. The use of social media in the United States has grown considerably in recent years. This has generated increasing interest on the part of national, state and local jurisdictions in leveraging these channels to communicate public health and safety information. How and to what extent people with disabilities use social and other communications media during public emergencies can help public safety organizations understand the communication needs of the citizens in their jurisdictions, and plan their social media and other communications strategies accordingly. METHODS: This article presents data from a survey on the use of social media and other communications media during public emergencies by people with disabilities conducted from November 1, 2012 through March 30, 2013. RESULTS: The data presented here show four key results. First, levels of use of social media in general are high for people with disabilities, as well as for the general population. Second, use of social media during emergencies is still low for both groups. Third, levels of use of social media are not associated with income levels, but are significantly and strongly associated with age: younger people use social media at higher rates than older people in both groups (pCONCLUSION: These last two results suggest that effective emergency communications strategies need to rely on multiple media types and channels to reach the entire community. Language: en
Phase delaying the human circadian clock with a single light pulse and moderate delay of the sleep/dark episode: no influence of iris color

Light exposure in the late evening and nighttime and a delay of the sleep/dark episode can phase delay the circadian clock. This study assessed the size of the phase delay produced by a single light pulse combined with a moderate delay of the sleep/dark episode for one day. Because iris color or race has been reported to influence light-induced melatonin suppression, and we have recently reported racial differences in free-running circadian period and circadian phase shifting in response to light pulses, we also tested for differences in the magnitude of the phase delay in subjects with blue and brown irises. Subjects (blue-eyed n = 7; brown eyed n = 6) maintained a regular sleep schedule for 1 week before coming to the laboratory for a baseline phase assessment, during which saliva was collected every 30 minutes to determine the time of the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Immediately following the baseline phase assessment, which ended 2 hours after baseline bedtime, subjects received a 2-hour bright light pulse (~4,000 lux). An 8-hour sleep episode followed the light pulse (i.e. was delayed 4 hours from baseline). A final phase assessment was conducted the subsequent night to determine the phase shift of the DLMO from the baseline to final phase assessment. Phase delays of the DLMO were compared in subjects with blue and brown irises. Iris color was also quantified from photographs using the three dimensions of red-green-blue color axes, as well as a lightness scale. These variables were correlated with phase shift of the DLMO, with the hypothesis that subjects with lighter irises would have larger phase delays. The average phase delay of the DLMO was -1.3 ± 0.6 h, with a maximum delay of ~2 hours, and was similar for subjects with blue and brown irises. There were no significant correlations between any of the iris color variables and the magnitude of the phase delay. A single 2-hour bright light pulse combined with a moderate delay of the sleep/dark episode delayed the circadian clock an average of ~1.5 hours. There was no evidence that iris color influenced the magnitude of the phase shift. Future studies are needed to replicate our findings that iris color does not impact the magnitude of light-induced circadian phase shifts, and that the previously reported differences may be due to race.
MIMO Precoding with Limited Rate Feedback: Simple Quantizers Work Well

Transmitter precoding is a crucial technique for harnessing the potential of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels. In many practical wireless systems, a limited amount of feedback from the receiver is available at the transmitter, which can be used to direct the choice of the precoder from a codebook to match the channel state. Assuming noiseless, limited-rate feedback, this work studies the design of simple, efficient quantization and feedback schemes which achieve near-optimal ergodic channel capacity. In the case the precoder takes the form of a beamforming vector for modulating a single symbol stream, it is found that simple scalar quantization of the elements of the vector is nearly optimal over a wide range of feedback rates; it typically costs a fraction of a dB higher SNR to achieve the same capacity as that of far more sophisticated vector quantization schemes. In the case a precoding matrix consisting of multiple beams is used to modulate multiple symbol streams, separate encoding of the beams using scalar quantization also performs well. Roughly speaking, the rate loss due to separate encoding of the beams increases linearly with the number of beams but appears to be constant over a wide range of SNRs. The loss can be reduced substantially by more sophisticated encoding of each beam, e.g., two-state trellis coded quantization. The complexity of such quantization schemes is linear in the number of antennas and the number of feedback bits.
Sexual Segregation in Roosevelt Elk: Cropping Rates and Aggression in Mixed-Sex Groups

Few studies of sexual segregation in ruminants have tested widely invoked mechanisms of segregation in mixed-sex groups. In a sexually segregated population of Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti), we examined if adult males had reduced intake of forage when in mixed-sex groups and if intersexual differences in aggression caused females to avoid males. Based on a mechanistic model of forage intake, animals with lower instantaneous feed intake should have higher cropping rates. Focal animal sampling indicated that adult males and females in summer and winter had similar cropping rates in mixed-sex groups, whereas males in male-only groups had lower rates of cropping than males in mixed-sex groups. Outside the mating season, males in male groups spent proportionally less time #1 body length of congenders than females in female groups, and the rate of aggression #1 body length was higher for males. Female‐female aggression was higher in mixed-sex groups that contained more males than the median proportion of males in mixed-sex groups. Female and mixed-sex groups walked away when groups of males numbering .6 were #50 m but did not walk away when male groups #50 m had #5 individuals. Sexual segregation was associated with behaviors of sexes in mixed-sex groups: reduced intake of forage by males and increased female‐female aggression with more males.
Demographic Effects and Use of Demographically Corrected Norms with the WAIS-III and WMS-III

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the influence of demographic on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) and Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III). The presentation of demographic influences on WAIS-WMS performance focuses on two issues of relevance to clinicians, and especially to clinical neuropsychologists. First, it focuses on the six cognitive constructs identified by recent confirmatory factor analyses of the joint WAIS-WMS battery. It is likely that these six factor scores will be increasingly seen as the most useful core data generated by the combined battery, gradually supplanting less precise indices and subtest scores. Second, it focuses on the relevance of demographic effects for the development and use of test norms. Particularly when cognitive tests scores are used for neurodiagnostic purposes, specificity should be as constant as possible across all segments of the normal population. The data from the WAIS-WMS standardization samples indicate that performance on all six cognitive factors are significantly related to education and ethnicity, in addition to age, some sex effects are noted as well. These demographic effects are not peculiar to the versions of the WAIS-WMS batteries. Similar findings have been reported for earlier versions of these tests and many other neuropsychological tests.
Book Review: Foreign Direct Investment: Analysis of Aggregate Flows, by: Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka

Over the past few decades, capital flows of all types have increased tremendously for both developed and developing countries. The lion’s share of this increase went to foreign direct investment (FDI). However, despite this surge in FDI for both sets of countries, developed countries still receive more FDI. What are the determinants of FDI in both sets of countries? This is the key question asked in this book.
Guidelines for Preparing Slides for Use in Oral Presentations

Many scientists spend a great deal of time planning and conducting research projects. They also recognize the importance of proper analysis and interpretation of the data collected during their studies. However, from the quality of slides which appear at various meetings it is evident that too little emphasis is being placed on the preparation and use of visual aids such as slides. The effective use of high quality slides can greatly enhance an oral presentation. When a scientist delivers a summary of his research activities he has a prime opportunity to promote science as well as himself and the institution or firm he represents. Therefore it is of utmost importance that the slides which are presented enhance or enrich his talk rather than detract from it. Good slides do not insure a good presentation, but poor slides can normally result in a poor presentation.
Size dependence of negative trion Auger recombination in photodoped CdSe nanocrystals.

We report a systematic investigation of the size dependence of negative trion (T–) Auger recombination rates in free-standing colloidal CdSe nanocrystals. Colloidal n-type CdSe nanocrystals of various radii have been prepared photochemically, and their trion decay dynamics have been measured using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Trion Auger time constants spanning 3 orders of magnitude are observed, ranging from 57 ps (radius R = 1.4 nm) to 2.2 ns (R = 3.2 nm). The data reveal a substantially stronger size dependence than found for bi- or multiexciton Auger recombination in CdSe or other semiconductor nanocrystals, scaling in proportion to R4.3.
Surface grafting of vinyl-functionalized poly(fluorene)s via thiol-ene click chemistry.

Thiol–ene chemistry is used for the surface grafting of vinyl-functionalized poly(fluorene) derivatives onto substrates containing free surface thiol groups. The grafting reaction proceeds in a matter of minutes under UV irradiation without photoinitiator, and the resulting surface-bound, solvent-impervious conjugated polymers retain their characteristic optoelectronic properties. End-chain grafted poly(fluorene)s reach greater surface densities than their side-chain grafted counterparts and show less blue-shifting of photoluminescence upon grafting, suggesting that chain end-grafted conjugated polymers experience less disruption of their extended conjugation and adopt a more brush-like surface conformation. Surface grafted poly(fluorene)s showed facile photopatterning, and thin film transistors with semiconducting polymers directly grafted to the dielectric layer showed performances directly comparable to conventional self-assembled layers of performance-improving alkylsilanes.
Prolonged Care Management for Depression A Case-Controlled Study of Those Enrolled for More Than One Year

Introduction: Collaborative care management (CCM) for the treatment of depression has been shown to be an effective therapy. CCM can be seen as a resource intensive treatment. Early identification of patients who would not be effectively treated with CCM could allow for alteration of therapy or change in modality. Methods: A retrospective case-controlled study used 132 patients with prolonged enrollment (>1 year) in CCM (cases) and 396 randomized CCM patients who achieved remission within 6 months (controls). The hypothesis was that by studying the epidemiology of patients in prolonged care management (PCM), characteristics could be determined to help define this group. Results: With regression modeling, the odds of a patient having PCM at 1 year was highly significant for those unmarried patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.736, confidence interval [CI] = 1.115-2.703, P = .015) with dysthymia (OR = 2.362, CI = 1.104-5.052, P = .027) and severe depression (OR = 2.856, CI = 1.551-5.260, P = .001). The adjusted ba...