cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
India's Science: Elitism Prevails

After reading the News Focus story “India rising” (R. Stone, 24 February, p. [904][1]) and the related Editorial, “India's ‘science for all’ academy” (R. Mashelkar, 24 February, p. [891][2]), I can't escape asking: Why doesn't such a competent and highly educated scientific workforce produce? It seems that in India, scientists who become successful or achieve some modicum of notoriety eventually become science administrators and preside over decades of myopic science policies and self-preservation, including handpicking those who are “respectful and compliant,” ensuring vertical transmission of mediocrity and incompetence. This continuum of elitism, contaminated with favoritism, leaves Indian science bereft of new ideas and energies. The only time that this practice was defied was when Nehru (India's first prime minister) appointed a young, energetic visionary physicist named Homi Bhabha, much to the chagrin of the late Sir C.V. Raman (the Nobel laureate). It was Bhabha who ushered the Indian Atomic Energy program to its current stature and competence. In a nation of more than a billion people, there shouldn't be a dearth of energy or ideas. It is sad that Stone did not find any young Indian scientists to write about. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.335.6071.904 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1220166
Iterative problem solving in teams: insights from an agent-based simulation

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the effect of knowledge overlap, search width and problem complexity on the quality of problem-solving in teams that use the majority rule to aggregate heterogeneous knowledge of the team members. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses agent-based simulations to model iterative problem-solving by teams. The simulation results are analyzed using linear regressions to show the interactions among the variables in the model. Findings – We find that knowledge overlap, search width and problem complexity interact to jointly impact the optimal solution in the iterative problem-solving process of teams using majority rule decisions. Interestingly, we find that more complex problems require less knowledge overlap. Search width and knowledge overlap act as substitutes, weakening each other’s performance effects. Research limitations/implications – The results suggest that team performance in iterative problem-solving depends on interactions among knowledge overlap, search...
A regulated incubator controlling CO2 concentration, humidity and temperature for use in animal cell culture.

Summary1. A device for continuously monitoring and regulating the carbon dioxide content of cell culture incubators is presented. 2. CO2 concentration is determined by measuring the pH of a bicarbonate solution which is continuously equilibrated with gas samples drawn from the incubator. 3. Installation and operation of the device in a practical cell culture incubator is described.
Supporting System Acquisition Decisions through Ecological Perception

While there has been significant work in developing methods and algorithms to streamline the system acquisition process, there has been little research on how to display these complex, multivariate trade spaces to the decision maker. In order to determine what type of decision support tool best supports high-level system acquisition decision makers, two graphical decision tools are compared, a configural display and a traditional spreadsheet presentation. Due to their support of ecological perception, configural displays are thought to support both high and low level reasoning in a more effortless and efficient manner. This paper describes the design of a system acquisition configural display and presents the results from an experiment that uses an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) acquisition case study. These results indicate that the configural display is the preferred decision support tool of choice, and it appeared to achieve as high or superior performance as the spreadsheet display, although no statistical differences were found.
A Multiscale Computational Model Combining a Single Crystal Plasticity Constitutive Model with the Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) for Metallic Polycrystals

A multiscale computational model is developed for determining the elasto-plastic behavior of polycrystal metals by employing a single crystal plasticity constitutive model that can capture the microstructural scale stress field on a finite element analysis (FEA) framework. The generalized method of cells (GMC) micromechanics model is used for homogenizing the local field quantities. At first, the stand-alone GMC is applied for studying simple material microstructures such as a repeating unit cell (RUC) containing single grain or two grains under uniaxial loading conditions. For verification, the results obtained by the stand-alone GMC are compared to those from an analogous FEA model incorporating the same single crystal plasticity constitutive model. This verification is then extended to samples containing tens to hundreds of grains. The results demonstrate that the GMC homogenization combined with the crystal plasticity constitutive framework is a promising approach for failure analysis of structures as it allows for properly predicting the von Mises stress in the entire RUC, in an average sense, as well as in the local microstructural level, i.e., each individual grain. Two–three orders of saving in computational cost, at the expense of some accuracy in prediction, especially in the prediction of the components of local tensor field quantities and the quantities near the grain boundaries, was obtained with GMC. Finally, the capability of the developed multiscale model linking FEA and GMC to solve real-life-sized structures is demonstrated by successfully analyzing an engine disc component and determining the microstructural scale details of the field quantities.
Prevalence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Xiamen city from 1985 to 2010

Objective To understand the epidemic,mortality and the trend of epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Xiamen city and establish the suitable prevention and control strategy which were suitable for the city.Methods Collecting data on epidemiology of HFRS.Results From 1985 to 2010,there were 22 cases of HFRS,1 case died,the incidence of HFRS fluctuations between 0-0.238/100 000.The overall positive rate of Hantavirus antibody among the host animals was 13.45%,of which Rattus norvegicus was 21.52%.Positive lung tissues were detected from the host animals were 2.52%.The rate of hidden infection of the healthy population was 1.63% in 2009.There was no statistical difference between the 2009 in Xiamen and 1984-1997 in Fujian Province(P=0.175).Conclusion The epidemic of HFRS is sporadic distribution,the infectious ability is relatively weak.
Improved Optimized General Regression Neural Network Based on Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm for Forecast Problem

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of traditional nonlinear prediction model,an improved forecasting method of optimized general regression neural network based on fruit fly optimization algorithm(FOA) was proposed.In this modified FOA algorithm,the fruit flies were divided into two parts iterative optimization to avoid the optimization process into a local optimum,which improved FOA optimizing performance.The modified FOA was used to optimize the speed of radial basis function expansion of generalized regression neural network,and then using the trained general regression neural network prediction model to forecast,finally,an order forecasting numerical example ia used to empirical research.The empirical results show that the method in solving the order forecasting problems has higher prediction accuracy and better nonlinear fitting than general regression neural network based on fruit fly optimization algorithm and traditional generalized regression neural network.
Precursors of Low-Grade Serous Adenocarcinoma of the Ovary: Pathology and Molecular Pathways

Unlike their high-grade counterparts, the cellular origins of low-grade serous ovarian carcinomas have been somewhat overlooked. This chapter details the current state of knowledge on low-grade serous carcinomas and some of their putative precursor lesions.
Hiatal hernia repair. Findings in short-term follow-up.

1. A detailed study of changes in symptoms of 16 patients who underwent hiatal hernia repair (including 4 patients with proved esophagitis) is presented.
To comment or not to comment

Investigated effects of anti-cyberbullying videos on civic behavioral intentions.Manipulated commenting behavior, virality, and arousal level of videos.Greater CBI upon exposure to high than low arousing videos.Significant effect of three-way interaction on civic behavioral intentions.Viral behavioral intentions strongly predicted civic behavioral intentions. An experiment investigated the effects of commenting behavior, virality, and arousal level on anti-cyberbullying civic behavioral intentions. Participants (N=98) were exposed to cyberbullying-related YouTube videos that varied in arousal level (low vs. high), number of views (low vs. high), and commenting behavior where they either commented on the video or did not comment after watching it. Participants expressed greater Civic Behavioral Intentions (CBI) upon exposure to highly than lowly arousing videos. Additionally, they expressed greater CBI when instructed to comment on highly arousing videos with high than low views, while those who did not comment on highly arousing videos expressed greater CBI upon exposure to videos with low than high views. As for lowly arousing videos, participants who were instructed to comment expressed greater CBI when the video had low than high views, while those who did not comment did not differ in CBI as a function of the number of views. Viral behavioral intentions (VBI) were the strongest predictors of CBI with degrees that varied as a function of commenting behavior, virality, arousal level, and the interactions among them. Results are discussed within the framework of the relationship between online engagement and offline civic action.
An Economic Definition of Fear and Risk

Life is uncertain by its very nature. In many ways, it is becoming less and less certain all the time. Our economic life is amazingly more complicated than what it was just a century or even half a century ago. Each of these complications brings not only more that can go right but also more that can go wrong. With progress, our economic well-being has been most enhanced while our economic security is most diminished.
Anomalous primes and the elliptic Korselt criterion

Abstract We explore the relationship between elliptic Korselt numbers of Type I, a class of pseudoprimes introduced by Silverman in [10] , and anomalous primes. We generalize a result in [10] that gives sufficient conditions for an elliptic Korselt number of Type I to be a product of anomalous primes. Finally, we prove that almost all elliptic Korselt numbers of Type I of the form n = p q are a product of anomalous primes.
Randomized Intervention Trial to Decrease Bisphenol A Urine Concentrations in Women: Pilot Study.

Abstract Background: Previous studies have shown that women have higher concentrations of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), but an intervention to reduce BPA is lacking in women. To test the hypothesis that an intervention to reduce BPA would decrease urinary BPA concentrations over 3 weeks, 24 women (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 22.1 ± 2.8 kg/m2 body mass index, 20.9 ± 1.5 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention or control. Materials and Methods: The intervention included weekly face-to-face meetings to reduce BPA exposures from food, cosmetics, and other packaged products. Women were provided with BPA-free cosmetics, hygiene, glass food/water containers, and daily self-monitored major sources of BPA. Fasting urine BPA and creatinine concentrations, and weight were assessed at study entry and after 3 weeks. Results: A significant (p = 0.04) treatment × time interaction effect was observed on creatinine-adjusted BPA concentrations. From study entry to 3 weeks, women in the interventio...
The Uniqueness of Single Data Function, Multiple Model Functions, Inverse Problems Including the Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Problem

We prove that the problem of inverting Rayleigh wave phase velocity functions $$c\left( k \right)$$ , where $$k$$ is wavenumber, for density $$\rho \left( z \right)$$ , rigidity $$\mu \left( z \right)$$ and Lame parameter $$\lambda \left( z \right)$$ , where $$z$$ is depth, is fully non-unique, at least in the highly-idealized case where the base Earth model is an isotropic half space. The model functions completely trade off. This is one special case of a common inversion scenario in which one seeks to determine several model functions from a single data function. We explore the circumstances under which this broad class of problems is unique, starting with very simple scenarios, building up to the somewhat more complicated (and common) case where data and model functions are related by convolutions, and then finally, to scale-independent problems (which include the Rayleigh wave problem). The idealized cases that we examine analytically provide insight into the kinds of nonuniqueness that are inherent in the much more complicated problems encountered in modern geophysical imaging (though they do not necessarily provide methods for solving those problems). We also define what is meant by a Backus and Gilbert resolution kernel in this kind of inversion and show under what circumstances a unique localized average of a single model function can be constructed.
Student Perceptions of a New Campus Alcohol Policy: Linking Deterrence and Blame Attribution:

How do students make judgments about their future behaviors involving the use of alcohol? The present study advances deterrence theory by introducing elements of attribution theory while examining the perceived deterrent effects of a newly instituted dry policy on a college campus. A phone survey of 508 full-time undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 26 was conducted 1 year following the ban on alcohol. Hypotheses are presented in two models and predict that deterrence (surveillance and enforcement) and blame explain intentions to violate the alcohol policy. These relationships are expected to be mediated by problem attribution and shame and are moderated by gender. Results show that perceived peer surveillance does reduce intentions to violate the policy in the future but formal enforcement does not. Findings further indicate that attributing blame acts to increase the likelihood of experiencing shame, therefore, reducing intentions to violate the alcohol policy. Gender conditioned the effect...
Spectroscopic Characterization of Adsorbed 13CO2 on 3-Aminopropylsilyl-Modified SBA15 Mesoporous Silica

Multiple chemisorption products are found from the interaction of CO2 with the solid-amine sorbent, 3-aminopropyl silane (APS), bound to mesoporous silica (SBA15) using solid-state NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. We employed a combination of both 15N{13C} rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR and 13C{15N} REDOR to determine the chemical identity of these products. 15N{13C} REDOR measurements are consistent with a single 13C–15N pair and distance of 1.45 A. In contrast, both 13C{15N} REDOR and 13C CPMAS are consistent with multiple 13C products. 13C CPMAS shows two neighboring resonances, whose chemical shifts are consistent with carbamate (at 165 ppm) and carbamic acid. The 13C{15N} REDOR experiments resonant at 165 ppm show an incomplete buildup of the REDOR data to ∼90% of the expected maximum. We conclude this 10% missing intensity corresponds to a 13C NMR species that resonates at the identical chemical shift but that is not in dipolar contact with 15N. These data are consistent with the presence of...
New Greenbug1 Resistant Sources in Winter Barley, Hordeum vulgare

Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is a chronic problem for small grains on the Southern Plains. Central to the pest status of greenbug is the occurrence of resistance-breaking biotypes. Rsg1 and Rsg2 are the only two genes for resistance of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., to greenbug. Only Rsg1 has been deployed in cultivars. Discovery of new resistant genes is essential as biotypes continue to shift. Five winter barley accessions, PI 499276, PI 565657, PI 566459, CI 2458, and PI 565676, ‘Post 90’ (Rsg1), STARS 1501B (Rsg2), and susceptible ‘Schuyler’, were evaluated in isolated cages against 14 greenbug biotypes: B, C, E, F, H, I, TX1, WY4 A, WY4 B, WY10 MC, WY10 B, WY12 MC, WY81, and WY86. Damage scores were based on a scale of 1–9 for chlorosis (1 was resistant and 9 was dead). Damage means were classified as R or S and used to construct a response matrix which indicated unique resistance genes in four lines. These new sources have potential to reduce vulnerability of barley to future outbreaks of greenbug.
Protecting Against Malicious Bits On the Wire: Automatically Generating a USB Protocol Parser for a Production Kernel

Recent efforts to harden hosts against malicious USB devices have focused on the higher layers of the protocol. We present a domain-specific language (DSL) to create a bit-level model of the USB protocol, from which we automatically generate software components that exhaustively validate the bit-level syntax of protocol messages. We use these generated components to create a stateful, connection-tracking firewall for USB. We integrate this firewall with the FreeBSD kernel and demonstrate that it achieves complete mediation of USB traffic, thus protecting the rest of the kernel, including higher-level policy mechanisms such as USBFilter, from low-level attacks via maliciously crafted packets. In addition to in-kernel data structures and packet validation routines, our system generates a user-level policy engine that allows for flexible and expressive firewall behavior beyond mere message syntax validation, as well as functions for pretty-printing packets (which can be used in both the kernel and in protocol analysis software). We use a Haskell back-end to generate C code that we integrate with the FreeBSD kernel, thus making our entire system amenable to formal verification.
Supporting Multiple Learning Experiences on a Childhood Vocabulary Tutoring Platform

We present a unified learner modeling approach in a childhood vocabulary tutoring platform that enables learning continuum across multiple learning experiences. By decoupling experiences from learner modeling, multiple learning experiences can be developed independently making learning approaches scalable in an inherently diverse setting: each child, his/her family, environment, geography, cultural differences can all make each learner really unique. By understanding the information-theoretic equivalence of different assessment types, and mapping different play and learning activities to one or more of these types, we can enable a rapid convergence of the learner model to better represent a young learner’s knowledge. More interestingly, when normalized, different assessment types converge at different levels of the normalized score.
Die Lehre vom Lenken

Das Wort Kybernetik hat in der Offentlichkeit noch weit mehr Resonanz gefunden als das Wort Computer. Viele Leute halten die Kybernetik fur die Familie der Wissenschaften um den Computer herum, und das ist gar nicht ganz falsch. Wer aber Sinn fur Feinheiten hat, sollte hier ein wenig vorsichtig sein. Noch dazu ist in letzter Zeit auch noch der Name Informatik haufig zu horen gewesen, so das eine Klarung der Begriffe ganz gut tun mag.
Future Treatments of Ependymoma

Although ependymoma is the third most common form of central nervous system (CNS) tumor, it is a poorly understood disease. The variable patterns of histology and clinical presentation, lack of consensus regarding appropriate means to stage and grade the disease, and the separation of pediatric and adult oncology services, have each hindered efforts to advance understanding of ependymoma biology and treatment. As a result, no new therapeutic approaches have been identified to treat ependymoma during the last 20 years and up to 40% of patients remain incurable (Brandes et al. 2005; Merchant and Fouladi 2005). The remarkable insensitivity of ependymoma to most nonsurgical conventional therapies has contributed further to this impasse in clinical management.
Valine requirement of the high-producing lactating sow.

Two hundred three (40 or 41/treatment, average parity 4.3) Large White x Landrace or Large White x Chester White x Landrace sows were used to determine the valine requirement of sows with a genetic capacity for high milk production. All diets were formulated to contain .90% total lysine, with all amino acids other than valine formulated to be at least 110% of their suggested estimates relative to lysine based on ratios derived from the National and Agricultural Research Councils. The control diet was formulated to .75% total valine, and crystalline valine replaced cornstarch to provide additional treatments containing .85, .95, 1.05, and 1.15% total dietary valine. Corresponding valine:lysine ratios were 83, 94, 106, 117, and 128%. Mean litter size after adjustment was 10.3 pigs across treatments, and average lactation length was 26 d. Number of pigs weaned was not affected by dietary valine (mean = 10.2 pigs), nor was daily sow feed (mean = 6.24 kg) or lysine (mean = 56 g) intake. Valine intake increased (linear, P .10) on sow weight change, 10th rib, or last lumbar backfat change from d 0 to 21 or d 0 to weaning or on days from weaning to estrus. These results demonstrate that increasing dietary valine for high-producing sows (21-d litter weights > 60 kg) results in improved litter weight gain. Based on the linear responses observed, the requirement is at least 1.15% of the diet (72 g/d of valine intake) to maximize litter weaning weight and litter weight gain, much greater than recommended currently by the National Research Council (100% of lysine, 36.5 g/d) or the Agricultural Research Council (70% of lysine, 25.5 g/d).
Reducing the Risks of Pregnancy Termination

The intense interest that has been focused around legal abortion in the United States has had some extraordinarily beneficial side effects. Perhaps the most important has been the systematic scientific monitoring of abortion morbidity and mortality. Christopher Tietze (to whom this seminar and paper were dedicated) was the patron saint of abortion surveillance. The Joint Program for the Study of Abortion (JPSA) was the first to look at the medical consequences of legal abortion. His pioneering work was continued and expanded by the Abortion Surveillance Division of the Centers for Disease Control (Cates, Grimes, 1981a, 1981b; Grimes, Cates, 1979; Peterson et al., 1981). In addition to the national data, in-depth analysis was provided by comprehensive reviews of the performance of some of the larger not-for-profit freestanding abortion centers (Burnhill, 1978a).
Research Methodology in Used Oil Recycling

Legislation and activities in the United States on the subject of used oil recycling have increased dramatically in the past several years. However, a substantial portion of both industry and government have some concerns about the lack of scientific and technical research and data on certain aspects of the quality and consistence of recycled petroleum oils, particularly re-refined engine oils. Further, there are some significant environmental concerns about pollution aspects of used oils and their recycling by-products and wastes. Since 1976, the (U.S.) National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has had a legislatively mandated program to “… develop test procedures for the determination of substantial equivalency of re-refined or otherwise processed used oil … with new oil for a particular end use” (42 U.S. Code 6363c). The NBS research includes identification of problem areas in the characterization of used and recycled oils, research into new measurement methods for determination of novel constituents in these materials, and the development and evaluation of appropriate test procedures and standards for recycled oil products. Aspects of this research discussed in this paper include analysis of total elemental content and speciation studies on lead and on the halogens (chlorine and bromine) and hydrocarbon type characterization studies on lubricating oil fractions.
Bundles of Pseudodifferential Operators and Modular Forms

We describe connections between pseudodifferential operators and modular forms in terms of vector bundles over a Riemann surface whose fibers are the spaces of certain pseudodifferential operators.
U.S. adults with opioid use disorder living with children: Treatment use and barriers to care.

Abstract Background U.S. Adults with an opioid use disorder who live with a child have unique treatment needs, but little is known about the treatment use of these adults. Methods Data come from the 2010–2014 versions of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual, nationally representative survey assessing substance use in the United States. Adults (>18) with a heroin or pain-reliever use disorder living in a household with a child ( Results Of the 820,000 adults with an opioid use disorder living with at least one child, 28% reported receiving any past-year substance use treatment, a rate comparable to adults not living with a child (30%). Among adults reporting unmet treatment need, those who lived with a child were more likely to report that access barriers like not being able to find the right kind of program (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–7.1), as well as stigma (aOR 4.1, 95% CI 1.5 to 11.2), kept them from receiving care. Conclusion Most adults with opioid use disorder who live with a child are not receiving any substance use treatment. Efforts to expand opioid use disorder treatment programs must include investment in programs that meet the specialized needs of families.
The Seal of Biliteracy: Considering equity and access for English learners

The Seal of Biliteracy is a grass-roots language policy initiative that is sweeping across the United States. An award affixed to high school graduates’ transcripts and diplomas, the overarching purpose of the policy is to promote and foster students’ bilingualism and biliteracy in K-12 schools. Initiated in California in 2011, the policy has been modified significantly as stakeholders in 32 different states have drafted, passed, and enacted similar legislation in recent years. On its surface, the policy appears to hold promise in disrupting the monolingual norm prevalent in U.S. schools; however, with many states focusing efforts on world language education for English-dominant students, a critical analysis of the policy from the lens of the large and growing population of English learners is warranted. This paper considers the 32 state policies from this lens, first exploring the policy purpose and logistics and then making policy recommendations to enhance equity and access for English learners. The recommendations target stakeholders across the United States who seek to either initiate or revise Seal of Biliteracy policies within their unique state contexts.
Social determinants and disparities in quality radiation therapy in early-stage breast cancer.

e17562 Background: Radiation therapy receipt and quality duration (QRTD, # days RT start to end) after breast conserving surgery (BCS) are associated with optimal outcomes in early-stage breast can...
Novelty and educational experience

AbstractUsing the method of educational criticism and connoisseurship, I interviewed and observed 41 participants of adventure education (AE) programmes. Through these efforts, novelty was revealed...
Precision QED \otimes QCD Resummation Theory for LHC Physics: IR-Improved Scheme for Parton Distributions, Kernels, Reduced Cross Sections with Shower/ME Matching

We summarize the recent progress in a new approach to precision LHC physics based on the IR-improved DGLAP-CS theory as it relates to a new MC friendly exponentiated scheme for precision calculation of higher order corrections to LHC physics in which IR singularities from both QED and QCD are canceled to all orders in \alpha and in \alpha_s simultaneously in the presence of rigorous shower/ME matching. We present the first MC data comparing the implied new showers themselves with the standard ones using the HERWIG6.5 MC event generator as a test case at LHC energies.
Recurrence After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Versus Lobectomy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background Although lobectomy remains the standard of care for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, several studies suggest equipoise between lobectomy and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). However randomized evidence is lacking. We compared outcomes of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with lobectomy or SBRT. Methods We included clinical T1-2N0 non-small cell lung cancer treated with lobectomy or SBRT to a biologically effective dose of ≥100 Gy10. We used Cox proportional hazards and nearest-neighbor propensity score (2:1) matching to adjust for confounders. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess survival and recurrence. Results We identified 554 patients treated with lobectomy (n = 389) or SBRT (n = 165) at our institution between 2008 and 2018. After propensity score matching, there were 132 SBRT patients and 85 lobectomy patients. SBRT was associated with increased local recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 6.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.92-24.10; P = .003) and regional nodal recurrence (HR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.17-5.68; P = .018), and with worse overall survival (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.21-3.32; P = .007) and progression-free survival (HR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.50-3.67; P Conclusions We found superior outcomes in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer treated with lobectomy compared with SBRT, including locoregional control. These findings should be interpreted with caution because of selection bias but underscore the importance of robust randomized prospective data to clarify the relative efficacy of these modalities.
Design and rationale of a multicenter defeat alcoholic steatohepatitis trial: (DASH) randomized clinical trial to treat alcohol-associated hepatitis.

Abstract Background/aims Despite high mortality of alcohol-associated hepatitis, there has been limited advancement in treatment strategies. Defeat Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (DASH) is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial whose primary objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel combination of 3 drugs targeting different perturbations in AH. Methods Severe AH was diagnosed by liver biopsy or clinical and biochemical criteria and model for end stage liver disease (MELD) score ≥ 20 stratified by MELD scores (20–25 and ≥ 26) and randomized to a combination of an interleukin receptor 1 antagonist, Anakinra(100 mg daily for 14 days) to suppress acute inflammation, pentoxifylline (400 mg three times a day for 28 days) to prevent hepatorenal syndrome, and zinc sulfate (220 mg orally once daily for 6 months) or the standard of care therapy including methylprednisolone 32 mg orally once daily for 28 days. The primary efficacy outcome was the unadjusted log-rank test of the Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for the two treatment groups at 180 days. Results Between July 2012 to March 2018, 500 subjects with severe AH were screened of which 104 subjects were enrolled with MELD score of 25.6 ± 3.2 (20.0–35.0) in the investigational arm and 25.8 ± 4.5 (20.0–40.0) in the standard of care arm. Causes of screen failures included not meeting eligibility criteria (n = 347), declining to participate (n = 39), and other reasons (n = 10). Conclusions Data from the DASH consortium studies will determine if a combination of drugs targeting multiple mechanisms of injury in the severe AH will improve clinical outcomes.
The use of inertial measurement units to assess gait and postural control following concussion.

Abstract Background Impairments in gait and balance function are typical after concussion. There is evidence that these neuromuscular deficits persist past the typical time of symptom resolution. The ability to quantify these changes in gait and balance may provide useful information when making return to play decisions in clinical settings. Research Question Are changes in gait function and postural control evident across the course of a concussion management program? Methods A retrospective analysis of a convenience sample of 38 patients who were seen for concussion between October 2017 and May 2019 was performed. Gait and balance measures were assessed at their initial clinic visit post-injury and at their clearance visit using inertial measurement units. During dual-task walking trials, the medial-lateral motion of the center of mass and gait velocity were measured. Postural sway complexity and jerk index were measured during both eyes-open and eyes-closed balance trials. Results Paired samples t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to determine whether statistically significant changes occurred for the gait and balance variables, respectively. Medial-lateral sway decreased (4.4 ± 1.3 cm to 4.0 ± 1.2 cm, p = 0.018) and gait velocity increased (0.78 ± 0.23 m/s to 0.91 ± 0.18 m/s, p Significance These preliminary results support the potential use of measures of gait and postural control to assess recovery following a concussion in a clinical setting.
Near-Infrared Imaging of Early-Type Galaxies IV. The Physical Origins of the Fundamental Plane Scaling Relations

The physical origins of the Fundamental Plane (FP) scaling relations are investigated for early-type galaxies observed at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. The slope for the FP is shown to increase systematically with wavelength from the U-band through the K-band. A distance-independent construction of the observables is described which provides an accurate measurement of the change in the FP slope between any pair of bandpasses. The variation of the FP slope with wavelength is strong evidence of systematic variations in stellar content along the elliptical galaxy sequence. The intercept of the diagnostic relationship between log(D_K/D_V) and log(sigma_0) shows no significant dependence on environment within the uncertainties of the Galactic extinction corrections, demonstrating the universality of the stellar populations contributions at the level of Delta(V-K)=0.03 mag to the zero-point of the global scaling relations. Several other constraints on the properties of early-type galaxies --- the slope of the Mg_2-sigma_0 relation, the effects of stellar populations gradients, and deviations of early-type galaxies from a dynamically homologous family --- are included to construct an empirical, self-consistent model which provides a complete picture of the underlying physical properties which are varying along the early-type galaxy sequence. This empirical approach demonstrates that there are significant systematic variations in both age and metallicity along the elliptical galaxy sequence, and that a small, but systematic, breaking of dynamical homology (or a similar, wavelength independent effect) is required. Predictions for the evolution of the slope of the FP with redshift are described. [abriged]
The Challenge of Rich Vocabulary Instruction for Children with Developmental Language Disorder

Purpose The aims of the study were to explore responses of children with developmental language disorder (DLD) to rich vocabulary instruction and to identify potential factors that contribute to ou...
Selective laser melting of tungsten: Effects of hatch distance and point distance on pore formation

Abstract An experimental study was conducted on the effects of point distance and hatch distance on pore formation in selective laser melting of tungsten. The Archimedes’ method was used to measure the apparent and closed porosities. Apparent (open) porosity and closed porosity were found to follow different trends: the apparent porosity increased but the closed porosity decreased as hatch distance or point distance increased. The open pores are attributed to the lack of fusion at the large hatch distance or point distance while the closed pores are attributed to the possible spattering and keyhole formation at the smaller hatch distance or point distance. The results led to understanding the effects of hatch distance and point distance on the formation of open and closed pores and provided insight on the optimization of process parameters to further increase the relative bulk density.
Chronic subacromial impingement leads to supraspinatus muscle functional and morphological changes: Evaluation in a murine model

Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration have been directly correlated with higher rates of incomplete or failed healing following surgical repair of the rotator cuff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinically relevant functional and morphological changes in the supraspinatus muscle at various time points in this model of rotator cuff tendinopathy. Subacromial impingement was induced in 47, male C57BL/6 mice (total 94 limbs) by implantation of a metal clip in the subacromial space. Specimens were evaluated at 4, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Gait analysis was used to measure various kinematic parameters. Supraspinatus muscle wet weight, histology, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes related to muscle atrophy and adipogenesis were performed to characterize the structural, cellular, and molecular changes. Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration was evident beginning at 6 weeks, with progression out to 12 weeks. Gait analysis identified significant functional changes in many aspects of gait and abnormal stance tracing as early as 4 weeks, verifying alterations in upper extremity function. We have demonstrated that clinically relevant changes to the supraspinatus muscle are seen starting 6 weeks after induction of subacromial impingement. Furthermore, the gait analysis provides key functional outcome measurements that may be useful for future evaluation of new therapeutic strategies.
The Debt Collection Outbreak: Recommendations for Idaho in Response to COVID-19

The coronavirus outbreak has generated not only a public health crisis, but an economic crisis as well. In an attempt to curb the spread of the virus, countries have implemented various public health measures, such as stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and temporary closure of non-essential businesses. These measures, along with various other factors stemming from the virus, have resulted in economic hardship for businesses, households, and individuals. As a result, governments across the globe have had to grapple with how to provide their citizens and businesses with resources and financial protection. More specifically, governments have had to balance creditor and debtor interests in implementing restrictions on debt collections throughout the pandemic. With the goal of providing specific recommendations for Idaho, this paper analyzes the various federal and state government measures taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic with respect to debt collection. This paper discusses COVID-19’s impacts on debtors and creditors; reviews the usual debt collection rights available to creditors when debtors default; summarizes the current federal responses to COVID-19’s impacts on debtors and creditors; including the gaps therein; examines states’ various responses to COVID-19’s impacts on debtors and creditors, including state legislation, regulation, executive orders, and court orders; and discusses Idaho’s limited responses to-date. Finally, drawing from the preceding sections, this paper recommends future additional Idaho-specific responses to COVID-19’s continuing impacts on debtors and creditors, with specific recommendations for Idaho’s governor, attorney general, supreme court, and legislature.
G protein- and β-arrestin Signaling Profiles of Endothelin Derivatives at the Type A Endothelin Receptor

Abstract Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor in the cardiovascular system, an effect mediated through the type A endothelin receptor (ETAR), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Antagonists of the ETAR have shown promising results in randomized clinical trials. However, side effects limit widespread use. Biased agonists have been developed to mitigate the untoward effects of a number of GPCR antagonists. These agents block deleterious G-coupled pathways while stimulating protective β-arrestin pathways. The goal of this study was to test whether there was any significant ligand bias between endothelin derivatives, and whether this could have any physiologic effects in the cardiovascular system. Methods A panel of endothelin derivatives were tested in assays of G protein signaling and β-arrestin 2 recruitment at the ETAR. We then tested the effects of ET-1 on the vasopressor response in wild-type and β-arrestin 1 and 2 KO mice. Results We found the endothelins activated a wide range of G proteins at the ETAR, but none of the endothelin derivatives demonstrated significant biased agonism. Endothelin derivatives did display structure-activity relationships with regards to their degrees of agonism. β-arrestin 1 and 2 knockout mice did not display any differences to wild-type mice in the acute pressor response to ET-1, and β-arrestin 2 knockout mice did not display any blood pressure differences to wild-type mice in the chronic responses to ET-1. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with vasoconstriction being mediated by G proteins with a lack of significant desensitization by β-arrestins at the ETAR. These findings suggest that G protein– and β-arrestin–biased ETAR agonists could have distinct physiologic effects from balanced agonists, although the endothelin peptide scaffold does not appear suitable for designing such ligands.
Exploring Electron Kinetics in RF and Microwave Discharges Using a Non-Stationary, Multi-Term Boltzmann Equation Model

A non-stationary Boltzmann equation (BE) model is used to evaluate electron kinetics in RF and microwave discharges. The model is a multi-term model, which considers an arbitrary number of terms in the Legendre expansion of the velocity distribution function (VDF).
Generational differences in using online learning systems

The purpose of this study was to investigate generational differences in using online learning systems. The factors examined in this study were perceived satisfaction, perceived learning, online technology environment, interaction, student mo- tivation and self-management. A total of 966 usable responses were analyzed. A number of generational differences were found. Comparatively speaking, Millennials are more likely to perceive that technical capabilities of the online system reduce learning, have more interaction with students, have less interaction with instructors, are more comfortable with online course discussions, and are less likely to have an online learning plan. However, contrary to profiles of these generations common in the literature, re- sults suggested that the perceived satisfaction, learning, and motivation of these generations are more homogeneous than different.
The Effect of Law School Marketing Materials on U.S. News and World Report Rankings

In the last few years, law schools have inundated each other with glossy brochures, postcards, magazines, and other marketing materials in an attempt to influence their “peer assessment scores” in the annual U.S. News and World Report rankings. This article describes a study that attempted to determine whether law schools’ print marketing efforts to one another have an impact on their U.S. News rankings data. From June to December 2011, the author’s school collected and coded all of the materials it had received from schools, including materials that it itself had sent to others. In total, 427 unique pieces of marketing were received from 125 of the 191 schools that were the subjects of this study. They varied considerably in size, format, content, and audience. A number of statistical tests were conducted to compare a school’s marketing efforts with its overall rank, overall score, peer assessment score, and tier, along with any change in those variables from the 2011 rankings to the 2012 ones. The results showed that there was some correlation between a school’s marketing efforts and its U.S. News data. Schools that sent marketing materials had, on average, higher tier placement and peer assessment scores; however, there was not a significant change in year-to-year rankings variables. The number of pieces a school sent during the study period was, for the most part, not significant. On the other hand, the number of pages in its materials was correlated with a number of U.S. News variables. Schools that sent longer, magazine-type publications geared towards a specific audience had higher U.S. News scores and also showed a slight improvement in their overall score between the two years of rankings data in this study. However, it is possible that a co-variate, such as institutional financial resources, may be causing the results. Additional study is needed to determine whether marketing materials have a longer-term effect on U.S. News ranking variables that cannot be captured in a one year study.
Introduction to the Discipline for pastoral care giving.

During the last eight years, the professional chaplains of Spiritual Care Services at Barnes-Jewish Hospital-Washington University Medical Center (BJH) have developed a discipline based, outcome-oriented model for chaplaincy. This article introduces the elements of The Discipline, our development process, the effects on our chaplaincy attributable to its consistent use, and implications for the future. While many of our assumptions about chaplaincy have been challenged, our experience is that a disciplined, outcome-oriented model for chaplaincy has deepened our relationships with patients and significantly increased our integration into the care teams of the hospital. It has also challenged and enhanced our abilities to be emotionally present with patients while also giving attention to the process of the visits and chaplain interventions that contribute to patient healing and well-being.
Genetic Variation in Helianthus annuus and H. bolanderi

Abstract Electrophoretic evidence was used to compare levels and distribution of genetic variation in three outcrossing taxa: the non-weedy outcrosser, Helianthus bolanderi ssp. exilis, and two weedy taxa, H. bolanderi ssp. bolanderi and H. annuus. No significant differences in levels of genetic variation were observed among these taxa. However, the distribution of genetic variation within ssp. exilis and the two weedy taxa differed markedly. Most of the genetic variation in ssp. exilis resides within populations, whereas the majority of genetic variation in ssp. bolanderi and H. annuus is distributed among populations. Short population duration, founder events, and genetic drift may be responsible for higher genetic differentiation among populations of ssp. bolanderi and H. annuus. The higher levels of genetic variability within populations of ssp. exilis may be due to the greater stability and longer duration of its populations.