cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetogenesis and the Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway of CO2 Fixation

Conceptually, the simplest way to synthesize an organic molecule is to construct it one carbon at a time. The Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of CO(2) fixation involves this type of stepwise process. The biochemical events that underlie the condensation of two one-carbon units to form the two-carbon compound, acetate, have intrigued chemists, biochemists, and microbiologists for many decades. We begin this review with a description of the biology of acetogenesis. Then, we provide a short history of the important discoveries that have led to the identification of the key components and steps of this usual mechanism of CO and CO(2) fixation. In this historical perspective, we have included reflections that hopefully will sketch the landscape of the controversies, hypotheses, and opinions that led to the key experiments and discoveries. We then describe the properties of the genes and enzymes involved in the pathway and conclude with a section describing some major questions that remain unanswered.
Probing the reactivity of C6-hydrocarbons on Au surfaces: cyclohexane, cyclohexyl and cyclohexene on Au(1 1 1)

Au is often added to reduce the activity of Group-VIII transition metals like Ni, Pd and Pt in dehydrogenation catalysts. In order to improve understanding of the fundamental chemistry of hydrocarbons at Au sites, further studies of stable hydrocarbon molecules and reactive intermediates on Au surfaces are needed. The adsorption and thermal chemistry of cyclohexane (C6H12), cyclohexyl groups (C6H11) produced by electron-induced dissociation (EID) of cyclohexane, and cyclohexene (C6H10) on Au(1 1 1) was studied by using primarily temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and Fourier-TransformInfrared Reflection-Absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Both cyclohexane and cyclohexene are reversibly adsorbed on Au(1 1 1) surfaces, with desorption peak temperatures of 198 and 213 K from the adsorbed monolayer, respectively, and 143 K from both multilayer films. EID with an incident electron energy of 30 eV on a monolayer film of cyclohexane selectively breaks one C–H bond in weakly bound cyclohexane molecules to form adsorbed C6H11 groups on the Au(1 1 1) surface, as established by TPD and IRAS. The Au(1 1 1) surface can readily and selectively dehydrogenate adsorbed cyclohexyl groups to produce cyclohexene at or below 216 K. Cyclohexyl groups also undergo disproportionation reactions at 273 K to produce cyclohexane and cyclohexene. We suggest that surface Au atoms may play a more important, direct role in the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation selectivity found for transition metal–Au alloys than is commonly discussed. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Vegetation-Soil-Thaw-Depth Relationships along a Low-Arctic Bioclimate Gradient, Alaska: Synthesis of Information from the ATLAS Studies

Differences in the summer insulative value of the zonal vegetation mat affect the depth of thaw along the Arctic bioclimate gradient. Toward the south, taller, denser plant canopies and thicker organic horizons counter the effects of warmer temperatures, so that there is little correspondence between active layer depths and summer air temperature. We examined the interactions between summer warmth, vegetation (biomass, Leaf Area Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), soil (texture and pH), and thaw depths at 17 sites in three bioclimate subzones of the Arctic Slope and Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Total plant biomass in subzones C, D, and E averaged 421 g m � 2 , 503 g m � 2 , and 1178 g m � 2 respectively. Soil organic horizons averaged 4 cm in subzone C, 8 cm in subzone D, and 14 cm in subzone E. The average late-August thaw depths in subzones C, D, and E were 44 cm, 55 cm, and 47 cm respectively. Non-acidic soils in equivalent climates generally have shorter-stature sedge-dominated canopies and many frost boils, and consequently have thicker active layers than acidic soils. The trends reported here are useful for palaeo-ecological reconstructions and predictions of future ecosystem changes in the Low Arctic. Climate change will not lead to uniform thickening of the active layer, and could lead to shallower active layers in some presently dry areas due to paludification. Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive and Maladaptive Dissociation: An Epidemiological and Anthropological Comparison and Proposition for an Expanded Dissociation Model

Dissociation is the psychological aspect of stress response. It is an adaptive reaction to a stressor on a short-term basis but can be maladaptive if under- or overutilized and comprises the partitioning of consciousness, ranging from barely to rigidly partitioned. Current means of measuring dissociation focus primarily on DSM-IV-TR Dissociative Disorders and do not sufficiently account for adaptive sub-clinical forms or maladaptive under-dissociating. These measures of pathology are not useful for determining how well-adapted a population is to stress– i.e., how well dissociation is generally put to use. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to analyze the general population and university student studies that have been conducted using current epidemiological methods of assessing dissociation in sub-clinical populations; and (2) to compare and contrast anthropological and epidemiological models of dissociation. An alternative method for assessing dissociation that synthesizes these two views is proposed.
IGF-I gene transfer effects on inflammatory elements present after thermal trauma

Major thermal injury results in severe prolonged responses with three components: a hypermetabolic response, inflammatory responses, and endogenous wound-healing processes. We showed that use of liposome-mediated gene transfer of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) reduces burn-induced inflammatory responses and enhances wound healing. In the present study, we found transient increased levels of IGF-I protein in rats exposed to thermal trauma via liposomal gene transfer in an effort to define the transcriptional events that occur after IGF-I delivery at the site of injury. The beneficial effects of IGF-I gene transfer act partly via amelioration of burn-induced inflammatory responses that mediate cell death through caspase-3 activity and Bax expression. IGF-I gene transfer induces selective stimulation of activation protein-1 DNA-binding activity and activation of antiapoptotic, but not inflammatory, NF-κB transcription factors. Data were consistent with our hypothesis that the beneficial effects of IGF-I gene transfer on burned rats act in part via activation protein-1 and NF-κB transcriptional regulation and the concordance between the results obtained with antiapoptotic, as opposed to the proapoptotic, sequences as well as the corresponding changes in measures of cell death via Bax and caspase-3 mechanisms.
Embedded Elliptical Crack at a Corner

A procedure for estimating the stress intensity factor of an embedded elliptical crack near the corner in a region of high stress concentration such as pressurized or thermally shocked nozzle-to-cylinder junction is discussed. The procedure is then used to analyze two hypothetical embedded circular cracks near the corner of a nozzle-to-cylinder junction where stress distributions in the uncracked junction are known. Also shown are two new stress intensity magnification factors for two embedded elliptical cracks, i.e., b/a = 0.2 and 0.982, close to a free corner, i.e., a/h = b/h = 0.9.
Not-So-Na&#239;ve Bayesian Networks and Unique Identification in Developing Advanced Diagnostics

Problems in accuracy and effectiveness in system diagnosis and prognosis arise from constructing models from design data that do not match implementation, failing to account for inherent uncertainty in test data, and failing to account for characteristics unique to specific units due to variations in usage, environment, or other factors. Large sums of money have been expended by owners of these systems, but little improvement in measures such as retest-OK rate and cannot duplicate rate has been reported. In fact, simply losing track of where specific units are located has resulted in substantial losses of money. In this paper, we study the problem of performing diagnosis and prognosis on systems and describe an approach to building models based on data collected about specific units. We rely on the emerging Department of Defense (DoD) Unique Identification (UID) program that is focusing on obtaining this data and apply Bayesian methods for constructing such diagnostic models. Specifically, we discuss an alternative class of Bayesian model that we call the " not-so-naive" Bayesian network (NBN). We also discuss the concept of the NBN in the context of the UID program as a means of tracking and deriving probabilities for creating the network. Finally, we focus on the specific problems encountered and lessons learned from working with a large, real-world database for the US Navy's STANDARD Missile.
Nanocrystalline epsein–barr virus decoys

A novel biotechnology is introduced by way of the successful synthesis of nanocrystalline Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) decoys having specific in vivo immunogenic activity. Assembled from ultrafine surface modified tin oxide and purified DNA-free isolated EBV envelope proteins, the decoys consisted of less than 150 nm units whose electrophoretic mobilities were similar to whole EBV; whose outer coats were strongly immunoreactive with murine monoclonal anti-EBV antibodies; and which elicited immunospecific neutralizing anti-EBV antibodies in the rabbit. The development of this carrier technology for vaccine preparations is suggested.
A Forager-Resource Population Ecology Model and Implications for Indigenous Conservation

Population ecology andforaging theory can be combined to simulate the population dynamics of hunter-gatherers and their prey resources. Such simulation study is important to issues of conservation be- cause many of the population processes that link human foragers and their prey occur over time scales that elude both ethnographic and archaeological fieldwork. To demonstrate, we used the model to examine hunter-gatherer population dynamics. We focused on a prey characteristic that affects its susceptibility to over-exploitation: the intrinsic rate of increase, r. We found thatforager-prey systems can stabilize without in- tentional conservation behavior and that prey "switching," fall-back foods, and in certcain circumstances, a higher r contribute to resource species persistence. Furthermore, a prey's vulnerability to local depletion or ex- tinction may depend on the demographic characteristics of the suite of resources harvested along with it. The model can serve as a "null hypothesis" for examining intentional resource conservation and presents points in concordance with, as well as divergentfrom, tenets in conservation biology. In particular, we discuss the implications of these findings for indigenous resource conservation in Amazonia (e.g., the overhunting of large primates and avifauna and the adoption of new procurement technologies) as uwell as the "Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis."
Motion of a curved vortex filament with decaying vortical core and axial velocity

The motion and decay of a vortex filament with large axial and circumferential velocity components in a three-dimensional stream are studied. Solutions are constructed to the Navier–Stokes equations by use of matched asymptotic expansions; the small parameter used is a measure of the ratio of the viscous effects to the vortex strength. The outer flow, which corresponds to the classical Biot–Savart type analysis is matched to the solution in an inner viscous region. The radius of the viscous core is assumed to be much smaller than the radius of curvature. The present viscous analysis yields the classical inviscid theory as a limiting case for the leading term in the outer region and thus can be used to correct various deficiencies in the latter. We show in particular, that the inner solution yields a finite velocity at all points in the filament and we determine how the components of both vorticity and velocity diffuse due to the viscous forces. The matching conditions guarantee the continuity of velocity ...
CIRCULATION CRITERION TO PREDICT LEADING-EDGE VORTEX BREAKDOWN OVER DELTA WINGS *

A parabolic distribution for the chordwise axial circulation distribution over slender delta wings is proposed. Leading-edge vortex breakdown locations predicted on the basis of a critical value of the circulation show good agreement with observed locations over a range of sweep angles and angles of attack. Application of the method to predict breakdown on cranked delta wings characterized by small leading edge extensions and limited changes in sweep shows reasonable results. A,B,C0 c d k P R TO s S* t
Organizing Observations: Data Models

Thus far, discussion has focused on issues related to collecting and analyzing clinical data. Yet central to the challenge of informatics is the organization of all of this information to enable a continuum of healthcare and research applications: the type of attributes supported in characterizing an entity within a data model and the scope of relationships defined between these objects determine the ease with which we can retrieve information and ultimately drive how we come to perceive and work with the data. This chapter overviews several data models that have been proposed over the years to address representational issues inherent to medical information. Three categories of data models are covered: spatial models, which are concerned with representing physical and anatomical relations between objects; temporal models that embody a chronology and/or other time-based sequences/patterns; and clinically-oriented models, which systematically arrange information around a healthcare abstraction or process. Notably, these models no longer serve the sole purpose of being data structures, but are also foundations upon which rudimentary logical reasoning and inference can occur. Finally, as translational informatics begins to move toward the use of large clinical datasets, the context under which such data are captured is important to consider; this chapter thus concludes by introducing the idea of a the phenomenon-centric data model (PCDM) that explicitly embeds the principles of scientific investigation and hypotheses with clinical observations.
Federalism, delegated permitting and enforcement

A common policy question confronting federal systems is how best to apportion environmental regulatory authority between the federal government and states. While that power could theoretically be committed exclusively to one level of government, a common approach is a system of shared regulatory authority, often referred to as cooperative federalism. That term can apply to a wide variety of arrangements. One example would be a predominantly state-based system in which federal authority is limited to narrowly delineated areas, providing technical or financial support, or publishing non-binding guidelines to encourage harmonization. Another “classical” form would encompass centrally enacted or promulgated standards, with permitting and enforcement left entirely to state authority. A more dynamic approach recognizes the strengths in a system in which authority is more closely intertwined and overlapping rather than kept within largely separate spheres.This chapter compares federal systems utilizing approaches that span the spectrum from classical to more dynamic, with a focus on regulation of water pollution as the organizing mechanism for exploring different forms of cooperative federalism.
Static treatment modalities in facial paralysis: a review.

Introduction Facial nerve dysfunction can be attributed to several different causes. Several techniques have been developed to help treat the appearance and functional limitation of patients with sequelae of facial nerve dysfunction. There are options regarding static techniques of facial nerve injury treatment that range from facial musculature plication or shortening, fascial sling suspension via allograft or autograft, injectables and implants (ENDURAGen, AlloDerm, LifeCell, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA) to techniques such as brow lift, open and endoscopic facelifts, and various eyelid surgeries with upper and lower lid procedures. In this review the various static facial nerve treatment modalities are discussed. Methods and Results A comprehensive review of the literature was performed detailing the most common static facial nerve treatment modalities and their known results and complications. Conclusions There are individual issues associated with facial palsy for which individual solutions must be carefully tailored. Despite the presence of many surgical options, the results of reconstruction are limited. With the rapid advancement of surgical techniques, approaches to the management of facial nerve dysfunction have expanded, helping surgeons to improve and utilize alternative techniques for the treatment of patients with acute and chronic facial paralysis.
A Study of the Insect Fauna of Brazos County, Texas, with Special Reference to the CicadellidÆ

Brazos County is situated in East Central Texas between the Brazos and Navasota Rivers, which form, respectively, its western and eastern boundaries. The two rivers meet at the southern extremity of the county. The old Nacogdoches- San Antonio Road is the northern boundary. The county is about 150 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico. The general elevation ranges from 200 to 400 feet above sea level. The topography as a whole is level to very gently rolling. The bottom land along the Brazos River varies in width from a few hundred feet to five miles. The Navasota River bottoms have an average width of nearly a mile. The greater part of the area has probably been a land surface since Oligocene time.
Transformations of Triphenylgermyl Ligands in Iridium−Ruthenium Carbonyl Cluster Complexes

The new compound IrRu3(CO)11(GePh3)3(μ-H)4, 1, was obtained in 64% yield from the reaction of IrRu3(CO)13(μ-H) with HGePh3 at room temperature. Compound 1 has a butterfly structure for the four metal atoms with three GePh3 ligands and four bridging hydride ligands around the periphery of the cluster. When the reaction was performed at hexane reflux for 10 min, a second, minor compound, Ir2Ru2(CO)11(GePh3)(μ-H)3, 2, was formed. Compound 2 contains a closed cluster having two iridium and two ruthenium atoms, one GePh3 ligand, and three bridging hydride ligands. When compound 1 was heated to 68 °C for 6 h, two new compounds, IrRu3(CO)10(μ-η2-C6H5)(μ4-GePh)2, 3, and IrRu3(CO)9(μ-η2-C6H5)(μ4-GePh)2(μ-GePh2), 4, were formed by cleavage of phenyl rings from the GePh3 ligands. Compounds 3 and 4 contain square IrRu3 clusters of the metal atoms with quadruply bridging GePh germylyne ligands on opposite sides of the cluster. Both compounds also contain a rare η2-bridging phenyl ligand. Compound 4 was found to react ...
Role of Double-Strand Break End-Tethering during Gene Conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Correct repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is critical for maintaining genome stability. Whereas gene conversion (GC)-mediated repair is mostly error-free, repair by break-induced replication (BIR) is associated with non-reciprocal translocations and loss of heterozygosity. We have previously shown that a Recombination Execution Checkpoint (REC) mediates this competition by preventing the BIR pathway from acting on DSBs that can be repaired by GC. Here, we asked if the REC can also determine whether the ends that are engaged in a GC-compatible configuration belong to the same break, since repair involving ends from different breaks will produce potentially deleterious translocations. We report that the kinetics of repair are markedly delayed when the two DSB ends that participate in GC belong to different DSBs (termed Trans) compared to the case when both DSB ends come from the same break (Cis). However, repair in Trans still occurs by GC rather than BIR, and the overall efficiency of repair is comparable. Hence, the REC is not sensitive to the "origin" of the DSB ends. When the homologous ends for GC are in Trans, the delay in repair appears to reflect their tethering to sequences on the other side of the DSB that themselves recombine with other genomic locations with which they share sequence homology. These data support previous observations that the two ends of a DSB are usually tethered to each other and that this tethering facilitates both ends encountering the same donor sequence. We also found that the presence of homeologous/repetitive sequences in the vicinity of a DSB can distract the DSB end from finding its bona fide homologous donor, and that inhibition of GC by such homeologous sequences is markedly increased upon deleting Sgs1 but not Msh6.
Regulating the Scope of an Emotion Regulation Perspective on Intergroup Reconciliation

In the target article, Cehajic-Clancy, Goldenberg, Gross, and Halperin (this issue) present an emotion regulation framework for understanding intergroup reconciliation. Applying insights gained fro...
On valuation method of company solvency

The valuation method of company is wi dely used in disposing intangible assets by asset management companies .Introduces the concepts of the method,analyses the specialty,and puts forward my viewpoint in calculating dynamic solvency.
Clinical Analysis of 10 Cases of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Iridocyclitis

Objective To study the clinic features and prognosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)-associated iridocyclitis.Methods Ten cases of JRA -associated iridocyclitis choosed from 107 cases with JRA were reviewed and analysed.Results Polyarticular( n =9) and pauciarticular( n =1) were observed among JRA -associated iridocyclitis.Four were acute cases and all were recovered.Secondary glaucoma ( n =1) and ablepsia( n =1) were find in the chronic cases of 6,respectively.Conclusions Iridocyclitis is a common complication of JRA. Most of them are polyarticular group. The acute cases have better results compared to the chronic cases which often have more complications such as glaucoma,cataract, et al .
Supported health care decision-making for people with intellectual and cognitive disabilities.

Supported Health Care Decision-Making for People with Intellectual and Cognitive Disabilities Corresponding Author: Clarissa Kripke, MD, FAAFP Clinical Professor, Family and Community Medicine Director Developmental Primary Care University of California, San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave. MU3E, Box 0900 San Francisco, CA 94143 415-683-8792 cell/text Clarissa.Kripke@ucsf.edu http://odpc.ucsf.edu key words: supported decision-making; self-direction; disability; intellectual and developmental disability The published version can be found at: Kripke, C. Supported health care decision-making for people with intellectual and cognitive disabilities. Family Practice 2016. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmw060
Y90 Radioembolization Significantly Prolongs Time to Progression Compared With Chemoembolization in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background & Aims Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) is used to treat patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Radioembolization is a minimally invasive procedure that involves implantation of radioactive micron-sized particles loaded with yttrium-90 (Y90) inside the blood vessels that supply a tumor. We performed a randomized, phase 2 study to compare the effects of cTACE and Y90 radioembolization in patients with HCC. Methods From October 2009 through October 2015, we reviewed patients with HCC of all Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages for eligibility. Of these, 179 patients with BCLC stages A or B met our enrollment criteria and were candidates for cTACE or Y90 therapy. Patients were assigned randomly to groups that received Y90 therapy (n = 24; 50% Child–Pugh A) or cTACE (n = 21; 71% Child–Pugh A). The primary outcome was time to progression (TTP), evaluated by intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary outcomes included safety, rate of response (based on tumor size and necrosis criteria), and Kaplan–Meier survival time. We performed inverse probability of censoring weighting and competing risk analyses. Results Patients in the Y90 radioembolization group had significant longer median TTP (>26 mo) than patients in the cTACE group (6.8 mo; P = .0012) (hazard ratio, 0.122; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.027–0.557; P = .007). This was confirmed by competing risk and inverse probability of censoring weighting analyses accounting for transplantation or death. A significantly greater proportion of patients in the cTACE group developed diarrhea (21%) than in the Y90 group (0%; P = .031) or hypoalbuminemia (58% in the cTACE group vs 4% in the Y90 group; P Conclusions In a randomized phase 2 study of patients with HCC of BCLC stages A or B, we found Y90 radioembolization to provide significantly longer TTP than cTACE. Y90 radioembolization provides better tumor control and could reduce drop-out from transplant waitlists. ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT00956930.
Using information to close the energy efficiency gap: a review of benchmarking and disclosure ordinances

Building energy use accounted for 38 % of total US carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2012, and roughly half of those emissions were attributable to the commercial building sector. A new policy that has been adopted in 15 US cities and one US county is a requirement that commercial and sometimes also multifamily residential building owners disclose their annual energy use and benchmark it relative to other buildings. We discuss these nascent policies, summaries of the data that have been collected so far, and how to evaluate whether they are having an effect on energy use and CO2 emissions. Missing or imperfect information is a contributor to the energy efficiency gap, the finding that many low-cost options for improving energy efficiency fail to be adopted. These new laws may be an important step in closing the gap in the commercial and multifamily building sectors, but careful evaluation of the programs will be essential.
A deeper look at implicit weight bias in medical students

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP, Barnes-Holmes et al. in Psychol Rec 60:527–542, 2010) was utilized as a relatively new tool to measure implicit weight bias in first- and third-year medical students. To date, only two studies (Miller et al. in Acad Med 88:978–982, 2013; Phelan et al. in Med Educ 49:983–992, 2015) have investigated implicit weight bias with medical students and both have found pro-thin/anti-fat implicit attitudes, on average, using the Implicit Association Test (IAT, Greenwald and Banaji in Psychol Rev 102:4–27, 1995) as the assessment tool. The IRAP, however, allows for a deeper analysis of implicit attitudes with respect to both thin and fat in isolation, and it was found that medical students are, on average, actually both pro-thin and pro-fat, and on average are more pro-thin than pro-fat, as opposed to anti-fat. Additionally, it was found that medical students’ implicit weight bias against fat/obese individuals improved over the first 2 years of medical training, and this improvement was specifically driven by improved implicit attitudes toward overweight and obese, while implicit attitudes toward thin remained constant over that time. The implications of more sensitive implicit bias assessment and specific changes in bias over time are discussed within the context of medical education curriculum development.
Development of qPCR systems to quantify shoot infections by canker-causing pathogens in stone fruits and nut crops.

Aims To develop real-time PCR assays for quantification of shoot infection levels of canker disease of stone fruits and nut crops caused by six fungal pathogen groups. Methods and Results This study focused on six major canker-causing fungal pathogen groups: Phomopsis spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia spp., Cytospora spp., Neofusicoccum spp., and Diplodia spp., occurring in stone fruits and nut crops in California. DNA primers were designed to specifically target each of the six pathogen groups after the specificity tests using canker-causing and non-canker-causing pathogens and by using DNA sequences of other species from GenBank using BLAST. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) systems were developed and used to quantify the infection levels of inoculated dried plum shoots. Conclusions For Neofusicoccum spp. and Phomopsis spp., which were used in inoculation of walnut shoots, the values of the molecular severity ranged from 5.60 to 6.94 during the 16 days of latent infection period. The qPCR assays were more efficient, accurate and precise to quantify latent infections caused by canker-causing pathogens as compared to the traditional plating methods. Significance and Impact of the Study This study demonstrated the potential of using the developed qPCR systems for epidemiological studies on canker diseases of woody plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
CAPA Makes its Play to Unionize NCAA Athletes

A report on a group of collegiate football players attempting to be certified as a labor union. The article also examines the implications certification would have on the landscape of all collegiate sports.
Low excess noise Al x In 1-x As y Sb 1-y (x: 0.3∼0.7) avalanche photodiodes

We report avalanche photodiodes fabricated from a previously uncharacterized material system, Al x In 1-x As y Sb 1-y digital alloy. A series of Al x In 1-x As y Sb 1-y (x: 0.3∼0.7) p-i-n avalanche photodiodes have been grown on GaSb substrate. Dark current characteristics, avalanche multiplication, external quantum efficiency, and excess noise are presented. Very low excess noise, corresponding to k = 0.03∼0.05, has been observed.
Design of a Hole Trapping Ligand.

A new ligand that covalently attaches to the surface of colloidal CdSe/CdS nanorods and can simultaneously chelate a molecular metal center is described. The dithiocarbamate–bipyridine ligand system facilitates hole transfer through energetic overlap at the inorganic–organic interface and conjugation through the organic ligand to a chelated metal center. Density functional theory calculations show that the coordination of the free ligand to a CdS surface causes the formation of two hybridized molecular states that lie in the band gap of CdS. The further chelation of Fe(II) to the bipyridine moiety causes the presence of seven midgap states. Hole transfer from the CdS valence band to the midgap states is dipole allowed and occurs at a faster rate than what is experimentally known for the CdSe/CdS band-edge radiative recombination. In the case of the ligand bound with iron, a two-step process emerges that places the hole on the iron, again at rates much faster than band gap recombination. The system was exp...
Differences in Unit Cohesion and Combat-Related Mental Health Problems Based on Attachment Styles in US Military Veterans

This study explored the differences in perceived unit cohesion, trauma symptoms, depression symptoms, and anxiety symptoms controlling for childhood trauma, based on attachment style in US military veterans. Previous studies have reported that higher levels of military unit cohesion, bonding through the social relationships between service members and their larger units, and secure attachment, are negatively associated with trauma symptoms, depression symptoms, and anxiety symptoms in veterans. This study examined mental health distress symptoms as well as military unit cohesion across attachment styles. Results suggest mean differences in trauma symptoms, depression symptoms, and anxiety symptoms across attachment styles. However, there was no difference in perceived unit cohesion across the four attachment styles. Those using fearful-avoidant attachment styles reported the highest mean trauma, depression, and anxiety symptoms followed by those using a dismissing-avoidant attachment style. Those using a secure attachment style reported the least mean trauma, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Implications for assessing and treating avoidant type attachment styles are discussed.
Associations Between Fathers' and Sons' Sexual Risk in Rural Kenya: The Potential for Intergenerational Transmission

Abstract Purpose Despite high rates of HIV in areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and men's role in driving the epidemic, little is known about whether or how sexual risk—both behaviors and beliefs—may be passed down through generations of males. This study examined associations between sexual risk behaviors and sex-related beliefs of adolescent males and those of their male caregivers in Kenya, as well as the potential moderating effects of parenting characteristics and father-son relationship quality. Methods Cross-sectional linear regression analysis was applied to baseline data from a trial of a family- and church-based intervention for families in rural Kenya that followed a stepped-wedge cluster randomized design. Our subsample consisted of 79 male caregiver and son (aged 10–16 years) dyads. Results Results demonstrated a direct relationship between fathers' and sons' sex-related beliefs that was not moderated by parenting or quality of father-son relationship. Parenting/relationship characteristics did moderate the relationship between fathers' and sons' sexual behavior; if fathers did not engage in high-risk sex and exhibited more positive parenting/higher relationship quality, their sons were less likely to be sexually active. Among fathers having high-risk sex, parenting was unrelated to sons' behavior except at very high levels of positive parenting/relationship quality; at these levels, sons were actually more likely to have had sex. Conclusions Findings support recommendations to include male caregivers in youth HIV prevention efforts, potentially by targeting fathers' parenting strategies and their individual risk.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Heart Valve Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Evaluation of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and correlation with heart valve abnormalities among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Nested case-control study was conducted with 70 patients with SLE selected from a longitudinal database based on levels of aPL and presence or absence of valve disease by echocardiogram. Valvular abnormalities observed were regurgitation (52), other (14), artificial valves (4), stenosis (2), thickening (2) and no Libman-Sacks endocarditis (0). The mitral valve was the most commonly affected (30 abnormalities), followed by the tricuspid (20 abnormalities). Multivariate logistic regression for those with and without an aPL value ≥20 units/mL, adjusted for disease duration and age, showed significant differences for any valve abnormality (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.0-8.9; P = 0.041) and individually for the tricuspid valve (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.0-11.1; P = 0.052) but not for the mitral valve (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 0.68-6.45; P = 0.195). Levels of aPL ≥20 units/mL showed no association with aortic (P = 0.253), pulmonic (P = 1.000), tricuspid (P = 0.127), or mitral (P = 0.249) valve abnormalities. Levels of aPL correlate with certain valvular abnormalities among patients with SLE.
Segregation, Desegregation, Segregation: Charter School Options as a Return to Separate and Unequal Schools for Urban Families

The controversial glory of the Brown decisions and the retraction of court-ordered reforms represent the limited gains of racial justice in education and the protection of white privilege through l...
Willingness to Pay and Disposition Toward Paying for Apps: The Influence of Application Reviews

This article describes how mobile application adoption is growing dramatically. However, only a small proportion of mobile apps are paid for. This leads to the question: which factors dispose an individual to be willing to pay for an app? Using uncertainty reduction theory as a framework, along with transaction cost economics, this study considers several individual level, app and app review characteristics which may influence willingness to pay. An experiment is conducted using a mobile application marketplace simulator and 4 application reviews are developed which vary in terms of information quality and app utility. Also measured are several individual characteristics. Findings suggest that individuals who have a disposition toward paying for apps and those who score low in terms of mobile computing self-efficacy are willing to pay more for apps. Also, individuals are willing to pay more for hedonic apps than utilitarian apps. Finally, there is a positive relationship between both history of paying for apps and trusting disposition on disposition toward paying for apps.
Perú 2016: continuidad y cambio en un año electoral

Como un ano electoral, 2016 demostro la resistencia de los modelos economicos neolibera­les y los procedimientos democraticos en el Peru. La eleccion de Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, popularmente conocido como PPK, indica que Peru experimento un ano mas del modo “pi­loto automatico” de la derecha, con la continuacion de programas neoliberales dentro de un contexto de instituciones debiles e ineficientes. Las elecciones nacionales ilustran tambien la trayectoria de transferencias pacificas y democraticas de poder a nivel nacional, eviden­ciando el compromiso del electorado peruano con los procedimientos democraticos. Parte de este compromiso se basa en un persistente rechazo hacia Keiko Fujimori como candidata presidencial por parte de una significante proporcion de la poblacion. Al mismo tiempo, la calidad de la democracia peruana permanece moderadamente baja, debido a una variedad de factores, como la omnipresente corrupcion, los debiles partidos politicos, las problematicas instituciones estatales y los problemas de desigualdad y exclusion social. Este articulo es­boza estos patrones que continuan persistiendo a pesar de los cambios en el liderazgo que se introdujeron despues de las elecciones de abril y junio.
Experimental Evaluation of Supervisory Switching Control for Unmanned Surface Vehicles

In this paper, a method of incorporating multiobjective controller selection into a closed-loop control system is presented and validated using a full-sized unmanned surface vehicle. Three controllers are utilized to capture three “behaviors” representative of typical maneuvers that would be performed in a port environment: 1) a nonlinear controller for transiting between locations using an underactuated thruster configuration; 2) a nonlinear controller for station-keeping at a setpoint heading and position using a fully actuated thruster configuration; and 3) a nonlinear controller for reversing using an underactuated thruster configuration. Given a trajectory to follow, a performance-based supervisory switching control system (PBSSC) dictates the switching between controllers to improve the closed-loop performance. Stability between controller switches is guaranteed through average dwell-time switching, and a novel method for determining minimum dwell-time between subsystems with transformed states is utilized. The proposed system was tested in field experiments on a physical platform against a nonlinear, gain-scheduled “baseline” controller capable of adequately performing all three behaviors using a fully actuated thruster configuration. Using integral of absolute error (IAE) metrics, results demonstrate that positioning of the PBSSC system is 20% better than that of the fully actuated baseline controller. However, the orientation IAE of the baseline controller was 50% better than the other controllers, because the system uses a fully actuated thruster configuration along the entire experimental trajectory.
Dusky and Banded Leaf Monkeys

The Asian colobines are the most abundant and taxonomically diverse of all non-human primates in Asia. Their adaptive success undoubtedly lies in their possession of a sacculated stomach, which permits digestion of cellulose by bacterial fermentation (Bauchop, 1971), and thereby allows exploitation of the vegetative part of the primary production, which is less available to most other primates and arboreal mammals. Of the three colobine species in Peninsular Malaysia, the behaviour and ecology of the two widely-occurring sympatric species are the subject of this chapter.
Unfrustration of a frustrated liquid crystalline polymer

Abstract 4,4′-biphenyl dicarboxylate modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) copolyester molecules proximate to glass fiber surfaces in composites are shown to self-order into a liquid crystalline state. Near the glass fiber surfaces, the polymer chains are proposed to align and form more ordered domains increasing translational entropy, which leads to an overall increase in entropy of the system. The frustrated liquid crystalline polymer of this study, when confined near glass fiber surfaces, became more easily ordered, an example of the concept know as “order through entropy”. Solid-phase birefringence, lower molten-phase viscosity and storage modulus were observed and discussed as properties of these new systems. Such glass fiber reinforced PETBB55 composites possess enhanced mechanical and processing properties, a unique combination.
Synthesis and Characterization of Site-Specific O6-Alkylguanine DNA-Alkyl Transferase-Oligonucleotide Crosslinks

O6 -Alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase (AGT), a DNA repair protein, can form crosslinks with DNA. The AGT-DNA crosslinks are known to be mutagenic when AGT is heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, as well as in mammalian cells. To understand the biological consequences, reliable access to AGT-oligonucleotide crosslinks is needed. This article describes the synthesis and characterization of site-specific AGT-oligonucleotide crosslinks at the N2-position of deoxyguanosine and N6-position of deoxyadenosine. We developed a post-oligomerization strategy for the synthesis of propargyl-modified oligonucleotides. Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was used as a key step to obtain the iodoacetamide-linked oligonucleotides, which serve as good electrophiles for the crosslinking reaction with cysteine-145 of the active site of AGT. Trypsinization of AGT and hydrolysis of oligonucleotides, combined with analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was utilized to confirm the nucleobase-adducted peptides. This method provides a useful strategy for the synthesis and characterization of site-specific DNA-protein crosslinks, which can be further used to understand proteolytic degradation-coupled DNA repair mechanisms. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nkx2-5 Second Heart Field Target Gene Ccdc117 Regulates DNA Metabolism and Proliferation.

The cardiac transcription factor Nkx2-5 is essential for normal outflow tract (OFT) and right ventricle (RV) development. Nkx2-5−/− null mouse embryos display severe OFT and RV hypoplasia and a single ventricle phenotype due to decreased proliferation of Second Heart Field (SHF) cells, a pool of cardiac progenitors present in anterior pharyngeal arch mesoderm at mid-gestation. However, definition of the precise role of Nkx2-5 in facilitating SHF expansion is incomplete. We have found that Nkx2-5 positively and directly regulates a novel target gene, Ccdc117, in cells of the SHF at these stages. The nuclear/mitotic spindle associated protein Ccdc117 interacts with the MIP18/MMS19 cytoplasmic iron-sulfur (FeS) cluster assembly (CIA) complex, which transfers critical FeS clusters to several key enzymes with functions in DNA repair and replication. Loss of cellular Ccdc117 expression results in reduced proliferation rates associated with a delay at the G1-S transition, decreased rates of DNA synthesis, and unresolved DNA damage. These results implicate a novel role for Nkx2-5 in the regulation of cell cycle events in the developing heart, through Ccdc117′s interaction with elements of the CIA pathway and the facilitation of DNA replication during SHF expansion.
Na/K Pump Mutations Associated with Primary Hyperaldosteronism Cause Loss of Function.

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), a common cause of secondary hypertension, is frequently produced by unilateral aldosterone-producing adenomas that carry mutations in ion-transporting genes, including ATP1A1, encoding the Na/K pump’s α1 subunit. Whether Na/K pump mutant-mediated inward currents are required to depolarize the cell and increase aldosterone production remains unclear, as such currents were observed in four out of five mutants described so far. Here, we use electrophysiology and uptake of the K+ congener 86Rb+, to characterize the effects of eight additional Na/K pump mutations in transmembrane segments TM1 (delM102-L103, delL103-L104, and delM102-I106), TM4 (delI322-I325 and I327S), and TM9 (delF956-E961, delF959-E961, and delE960-L964), expressed in Xenopus oocytes. All deletion mutants induced abnormal inward currents of different amplitudes at physiological voltages, while I327S lacked such currents. A detailed functional characterization revealed that I327S significantly red...
The Impact of Preoperative Breast MRI on Surgical Management of Women with Newly Diagnosed Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.

Rationale and Objectives Use of preoperative breast MRI (pMRI) to evaluate ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) extent is controversial due to limited data on its impact on surgical management. We sought to evaluate the effect of pMRI on surgical management of women with core needle biopsy (CNB)-diagnosed pure DCIS at a multidisciplinary academic institution. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included all women with CNB-diagnosed DCIS (1/2004—12/2013) without prior ipsilateral breast cancer and who underwent surgery within 180 days of diagnosis. Patient features, number of CNBs and surgeries, and single successful breast conserving surgery (BCS) rate were compared between pMRI and no-pMRI cohorts. Number of surgeries and single BCS success rates were also compared to published US (SEER) and Danish National Registry data. Results Among the 373 women included, no clinical differences were identified between the pMRI ( n = 332) and no-pMRI ( n = 41) cohorts ( p > 0.05). The pMRI group experienced a higher additional CNB rate (30% vs. 7%, p = 0.002) but fewer total surgeries (mean = 1.2 vs. 1.5, p 0.001) than the no-pMRI group. Among the 245 women for whom BCS was attempted, the pMRI cohort underwent fewer mean surgeries (1.3 vs. 1.7, p 0.001) with a greater single successful BCS rate (77% vs. 43%, p 0.001). Compared to published data, women with pMRI who underwent BCS experienced fewer surgeries (difference (Δ) = −0.22 vs. −0.17, p 0.001) with a higher single successful BCS rate (Δ = +20% vs. +14%, p 0.001). Conclusion pMRI may improve surgical management of DCIS at multidisciplinary centers with breast cancer specialists.
An improved method for circular RNA purification using RNase R that efficiently removes linear RNAs containing G-quadruplexes or structured 3′ ends

Thousands of eukaryotic protein-coding genes generate circular RNAs that have covalently linked ends and are resistant to degradation by exonucleases. To prove their circularity as well as biochemically enrich these transcripts, it has become standard in the field to use the 3'-5' exonuclease RNase R. Here, we demonstrate that standard protocols involving RNase R can fail to digest >20% of all highly expressed linear RNAs, but these shortcomings can largely be overcome. RNAs with highly structured 3' ends, including snRNAs and histone mRNAs, are naturally resistant to RNase R, but can be efficiently degraded once a poly(A) tail has been added to their ends. In addition, RNase R stalls in the body of many polyadenylated mRNAs, especially at G-rich sequences that have been previously annotated as G-quadruplex (G4) structures. Upon replacing K+ (which stabilizes G4s) with Li+ in the reaction buffer, we find that RNase R is now able to proceed through these sequences and fully degrade the mRNAs in their entirety. In total, our results provide important improvements to the current methods used to isolate circular RNAs as well as a way to reveal RNA structures that may naturally inhibit degradation by cellular exonucleases.