cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Good diagnoses require good diagnosticians: Collecting and integrating the data

The use of sets of diagnostic criteria and excellent structured clinical interviews will not result in data that is adequate for valid diagnoses or for dimensional measures if the rater collecting the data does not have adequate clinical skills. In the absence of biological measures or tests we are dependent on the rater's diagnostic and interviewing skills-both with subjects about themselves and with family informants asked to provide information about others. Best estimate diagnosticians (who usually have more experience and training) cannot compensate for inadequate or incorrect information and may even be misled by the information provided to them. In reviewing videotaped interviews sent by trained and experienced raters who were seeking certification, approximately 40% of the raters were judged to have failed to conduct an adequate diagnostic evaluation. Principal Investigators should make every effort to assure that their diagnostic data is being collected by experienced and well-trained professional raters and that the raters' on-going work is subjected to close supervision and review.
Understanding and managing generational differences in the workplace

Purpose – The modern workplace now consists of four different generations for the first time in history. Each generation, Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y, has been heavily influenced by the events of their time; this creates a new challenge for employers. Companies must make workplace adjustments in order to create a productive environment for all employees, regardless of their generation. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The findings of researchers interested in generational differences, workplace communication, management, diversity in the workplace, and many other topics were studied in the production of this piece.Findings – This research shows that employers must identify the separate characteristics of each generation present in their workplace. Further, employers must foster a work environment that aids productivity for every generation; they must give their employees the information and skills needed to understand the generational c...
The impact of international assistance organizations on the development of education

Seth Spaulding (United States). Professor of Education, specialist in social and economic development problems at the University of Pittsbw'gh. Former official at Unesco. Author of numerous works on educational development in an international context. The literature of comparative, international and development education during the past several years abounds with material suggesting that education reflects society and that if meaningful reform is to occur, there must first be profound societal changes. At the same time, the literature reports on numerous attempts to 'democratize' education and to improve the quantity, quality and relevance of education through various programmes, projects and activities, many financed heavily by bilateral and multilateral assistance organizations. In essence, while we are awaiting the ideal social revolutions in the various countries, the professionals in the field continue to try to find ways in which education can be improved in existing economic and social contexts. Some of the more operationally oriented educators would even venture to posit the notion that social change is inevitable in either a revolutionary or evolutionary mode and that appropriate mass education carries with it the seeds of change. Whatever one's ideological bias, however, it is an established fact that educational opportunity is expanding dramatically in all countries of the Third World. And no one can dispute the fact that assistance organizations have been and are influencing the direction of this expansion, both in terms of the kind of educational programmes receiving priority and in terms of how these programmes are implemented once adopted. This is done through the various policies adopted by the various assistance organizations (which guide the financing and assistance priorities) and through the way such agencies manage technical-assistance activities, capital loans and other grants, once they agree to assist a government.
Use of mice for initial approximation of reentry intervals into pesticide-treated fields.

The possibility of using laboratory mice to obtain information relative to establishment of reentry intervals for pesticide-treated fields was investigated. Pre- and postexposure blood cholinesterase levels of mice exposed for 10 hours to insecticide-treated (field applications) tobacco, cotton, or apple leaves were determined at 24 hour intervals. Differences were found between insecticides with respect to both initial inhibition and residuality as well as different types of foliage, rates of application, and formulation.
A measured data set for evaluating electron-beam dose algorithms.

The purpose of this work was to develop an electron-beam dose algorithm verification data set of high precision and accuracy. Phantom geometries and treatment-beam configurations used in this study were similar to those in a subset of the verification data set produced by the Electron Collaborative Working Group (ECWG). Measurement techniques and quality-control measures were utilized in developing the data set to minimize systematic errors inherent in the ECWG data set. All measurements were made in water with p-type diode detectors and using a Wellhofer dosimetry system. The 9 and 20 MeV, 15 x 15 cm2 beams from a single linear accelerator composed the treatment beams. Measurements were made in water at 100 and 110 cm source-to-surface distances. Irregular surface measurements included a "stepped surface" and a "nose-shaped surface." Internal heterogeneity measurements were made for bone and air cavities in differing orientations. Confidence in the accuracy of the measured data set was reinforced by a comparison with Monte Carlo (MC)-calculated dose distributions. The MC-calculated dose distributions were generated using the OMEGA/BEAM code to explicitly model the accelerator and phantom geometries of the measured data set. The precision of the measured data, estimated from multiple measurements, was better than 0.5% in regions of low-dose gradients. In general, the agreement between the measured data and the MC-calculated data was within 2%. The quality of the data set was superior to that of the ECWG data set, and should allow for a more accurate evaluation of an electron beam dose algorithm. The data set will be made publicly available from the Department of Radiation Physics at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.
Flow properties of selected pharmaceutical powders from a vibrating spatula

Studies have been performed to characterize the flow of certain powders of pharmaceutical interest from a vibrating spatula. Lactose, cromolyn sodium, sodium chloride and charcoal powders were prepared by milling or sieving. Jet milling yielded micronized powder (1–10 μm), which was recovered from the product jar or metal cyclone. Particles in the larger size ranges were prepared by sieving. Photomicrograph images of the products were obtained by scanning electron microscopy. All of the powders were subjected to flow studies from vibrating beds to a top loading pan balance. Cumulative mass versus time, flow profiles were plotted. Bulk flow properties, as reflected in mass flow rates (Mi), were assessed. Irregular flow patterns were obtained for lactose, cromolyn sodium and charcoal, whereas sodium chloride was free flowing. The lengths of the lines depicting cumulative mass versus time, for samples of each material, were estimated using the inswing structured walk technique. Stride lengths (γ) of 1–100 mm were employed. Fractal dimensions were obtained from graphs of the logarithm of the cumulative mass versus time line length plotted against the logarithm of the stride length. Thus, flow irregularities were indicated by fractal dimensions (δ). In all of the powders studied, mass flow rates increased as the particle size increased. Sodium chloride did not exhibit fractal behavior (δ ≤ 1.007), as there were no flow irregularities. Lactose, cromolyn sodium and charcoal did not appear to exhibit fractal behavior (δ ≤ 1.010) at large stride lengths (γ = 15–100 mm). At small stride lengths (γ = 1–10 mm) these materials did exhibit fractal behavior (δ equals; 1.029–1.059) indicative of flow irregularity. This method may be used to numerically quantify uniformity of flow from a vibrating spatula, and would be useful in a number of industrial processes.
A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.
Molecular alterations associated with LNCaP cell progression to androgen independence.

BACKGROUND There is no effective therapy currently available for androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer (CaP). This is largely due to lack of information about the molecular mechanisms by which androgen-dependent tumor cells progress to androgen independence. In this study, we investigated molecular alterations occurring in AI LNCaP cells. METHODS We established and characterized three AI LNCaP sublines that exhibited a wide range of cytogenetic alterations. In order to understand why androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells can survive in an androgen-deprived environment, we analyzed the expression of signaling proteins associated with proliferation and survival of AI cells. In addition, gene expression profiling was performed to gain insight into molecular alterations in these LNCaP sublines. RESULTS These LNCaP sublines exhibited heightened levels of androgen receptor (AR), HER2, MAPK, serine 473-phosphorylated Akt, and Bcl-2, implicating these proteins as mediators of AI growth. Gene expression profiling identified a common set of 66 genes that were differentially expressed in all three sublines compared to the parental LNCaP cells. Of these, 32 were apparently androgen regulated, while the remainder comprised an expression signature specific for androgen independence. CONCLUSION We have developed AI LNCaP cell models and identified several genes that are specifically expressed in these models. Elucidating the relative importance of these genetic changes will help define the molecular mechanism by which CaP progresses to androgen independence. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in architecture of the golgi complex and other subcellular organelles during myogenesis

Myogenesis involves changes in both gene expression and cellular architecture. Little is known of the organization, in muscle in vivo, of the subcellular organelles involved in protein synthesis despite the potential importance of targeted protein synthesis for formation and maintenance of functional domains such as the neuromuscular junction. A panel of antibodies to markers of the ER, the Golgi complex, and the centrosome were used to localize these organelles by immunofluorescence in myoblasts and myotubes of the mouse muscle cell line C2 in vitro, and in intact single muscle fibers from the rat flexor digitorum brevis. Antibodies to the ER stained structures throughout the cytoplasm of both C2 myoblasts and myotubes. In contrast, the spatial relationship between nucleus, centrosome, and Golgi complex was dramatically altered. These changes could also be observed in a low-calcium medium that allowed differentiation while preventing myoblast fusion. Muscle fibers in vivo resembled myotubes except that the ER occupied a smaller volume of cytoplasm and no staining was found for one of the Golgi complex markers, the enzyme alpha-mannosidase II. Electron microscopy, however, clearly showed the presence of stacks of Golgi cisternae in both junctional and extrajunctional regions of muscle fibers. The perinuclear distribution of the Golgi complex was also observed in live muscle fibers stained with a fluorescent lipid. Thus, the distribution of subcellular organelles of the secretory pathway was found to be similar in myotubes and muscle fibers, and all organelles were found in both junctional and extrajunctional areas of muscle.
A Self‐Attribution‐Reactance Model of Recovery from Injury in Type A Individuals1

A self-attribution-reactance model of Type A behavior and medical recovery is introduced. The model proposes that Type As' bias to view themselves as causal for all outcomes makes them sensitive to events (illness, injury, or treatment) that reduce their personal control. Consequently, Type As are more likely than Type Bs to respond to such events with reactant behavior (noncompliance with treatment) in order to restore their perceptions of control and freedom. In a test of the model, 32 patients being treated for running-related injuries were assessed for Type A behavior, preference for control over and involvement with treatment, and attributions for and reactions to their injury at the beginning of treatment. The physician's ratings of progress through treatment made at the conclusion of the study served as the measure of recovery. Results supported the model in that extreme Type As were more likely than moderate Type As and Type Bs to be judged as exhibiting poor recovery. Moreover, Type As judged to have made poor progress made more extreme self-attributions and were more angry about their injuries than were Type A and B patients judged to have made good progress. The implications of the findings for promoting compliance are discussed.
Language model capitalization

In many speech recognition systems, capitalization is not an inherent component of the language model: training corpora are down cased, and counts are accumulated for sequences of lower-cased words. This level of modeling is sufficient for automating voice commands or otherwise enabling users to communicate with a machine, but when the recognized speech is intended to be read by a person, such as in email dictation or even some web search applications, the lack of capitalization of the user's input can add an extra cognitive load on the reader. For these cases, speech recognition systems often post-process the recognized text to restore capitalization. We propose folding capitalization directly in the recognition language model. Instead of post-processing, we take the approach that language should be represented in all its richness, with capitalization, diacritics, and other special symbols. With that perspective, we describe a strategy to handle poorly capitalized or uncapitalized training corpora for language modeling. The resulting recognition system retains the accuracy/latency/memory tradeoff of our uncapitalized production recognizer, while providing properly cased outputs.
A simulation model for the performance of a hybrid liquid desiccant system during cooling and dehumidification

A finite difference model describing simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a hybrid liquid desiccant cooling system is presented in this paper. This type of system provides cooled and dehumidified air by a combination of a packed absorber tower and a conventional vapour compression system. The model will allow the prediction of the rate of condensation in the dehumidification tower and the evaporator of the vapour compression system, the conditions of the air and liquid desiccant leaving the tower, the conditions of the air leaving the evaporator, and other important parameters. The mathematical model results were validated with existing experimental data for a similar system with an uncertainty of 10.5% for the total rate of condensation and 0.8°C for the evaporator air exit temperature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test-Mex: Estimating the effects of school year length on student performance in Mexico

Estimating the impact of changing school inputs on student performance is often difficult because these inputs are endogenously determined. We investigate a quasi-experiment that altered the number of instructional days prior to a nationwide test in Mexico. Our exogenous source of variation comes from across states and over time changes in the date when the school year started and the date when the test was administered. We find that having more days of instruction prior to examination slightly improves student performance but exhibits diminishing marginal returns. The effects vary along the distribution of resources as determined by a poverty index, with lower improvements in poorer schools. These findings imply a weaker net benefit of policies expanding the length of the school year as they could widen the achievement gap by socioeconomic status.
The Mormon Menace: Violence and Anti-Mormonism in the Postbellum South. By Patrick Q. Mason. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2011. Pp. xii, 252. $29.95.)

This book investigates the peculiarly violent behavior of Southerners toward Mormons. “Mormonism was unique,” writes Patrick Q. Mason, “in the way it inspired Southerners to set aside general norms...
Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. The role of exercise in treatment and prevention.

Abstract Glucocorticoids have catabolic effects on skeletal muscle. These effects demonstrate fiber type specificity: Type IIB fibers are most susceptible and type I fibers least susceptible to the atrophy effects of glucocorticoids. Exercise training has been used frequently to counteract glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. Studies have demonstrated that both resistance exercise and endurance exercise are effective in attenuating this atrophy. The cellular mechanisms mediating the attenuating effect of exercise on glucocorticoid-induced atrophy are not completely understood. More research is needed to further elucidate the details of these mechanisms and to determine the most efficacious exercise protocols for deterring glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. Exercise evaluation of patients with glucocorticoid-induced myopathy and subsequent exercise prescription must be individualized and based on the patient's initial muscle function and medical status.
Captopril versus captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide for essential hypertension in Koreans.

Abstract Among the factors that determine the response a particular patient will have to various antihypertensive drugs, racial and environmental differences are increasingly being recognized as important. 1,2 The response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with and without a diuretic in blacks and whites is well documented. 3 However, little information is available regarding the response of Orientals. 4 This study was designed to compare captopril (Capoten ® , Squibb Korea) as a single antihypertensive agent and captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide (Capozide ® , Squibb Korea) in Korean patients in a double-blind, controlled clinical trial to determine if one regimen is superior to the other in terms of efficacy or subjective adverse effects, or both.
TIME SEQUENCE OF NUCLEAR PORE FORMATION IN PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ-STIMULATED LYMPHOCYTES AND IN HELA CELLS DURING THE CELL CYCLE

The time sequence of nuclear pore frequency changes was determined for phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes and for HeLa S-3 cells during the cell cycle. The number of nuclear pores/nucleus was calculated from the experimentally determined values of nuclear pores/µ2 and the nuclear surface. In the lymphocyte system the number of pores/nucleus approximately doubles during the 48 hr after PHA stimulation. The increase in pore frequency is biphasic and the first increase seems to be related to an increase in the rate of protein synthesis. The second increase in pores/nucleus appears to be correlated with the onset of DNA synthesis. In the HeLa cell system, we could also observe a biphasic change in pore formation. Nuclear pores are formed at the highest rate during the first hour after mitosis. A second increase in the rate of pore formation corresponds in time with an increase in the rate of nuclear acidic protein synthesis shortly before S phase. The total number of nuclear pores in HeLa cells doubles from ∼2000 in G1 to ∼4000 at the end of the cell cycle. The doubling of the nuclear volume and the number of nuclear pores might be correlated to the doubling of DNA content. Another correspondence with the nuclear pore number in S phase is found in the number of simultaneously replicating replication sites. This number may be fortuitous but leads to the rather speculative possibility that the nuclear pore might be the site of initiation and/or replication of DNA as well as the site of nucleocytoplasmic exchange. That is, the nuclear pore complex may have multiple functions.
Nuclear Energy Levels and Mass of Nitrogen-17

Energy levels and the atomic mass defect of the nucleus ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ have been determined by measuring the kinetic energies of proton groups produced in the reaction ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}({\mathrm{Li}}^{7}, p){\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ on bombardment of isotopically separated ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ targets with 2-Mev ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ ions.The protons were counted at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, in the laboratory system, from the forward direction of the lithium beam. The group of highest energy gave an ($M\ensuremath{-}A$) value of 12.92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 Mev for the ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ ground state, corresponding to a physical atomic weight of 17.01388\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00006. Two completely resolved groups of lower energy showed excited states at 1.32 and 1.89 Mev. Two strong but incompletely separated peaks showed levels at 2.50 and 2.82 Mev of excitation. Incompletely resolved groups of lower energy indicated four higher states at 3.27, 3.57, 3.86, and 4.18 Mev. Due to low counting rates, intensity estimates are difficult but indicate that, at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 2-Mev bombardment, the ground-state group is only \textonequarter{} as strong as the most intense groups which arise from the 2.50 and 2.82-Mev levels. The groups from the higher levels (3.3-4.2 Mev) are less intense by a factor of 0.7. A comparison is made of the spectrum of ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ with ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{17}$. Coulomb corrections are applied to calculate the isotopic spin $T=\frac{3}{2}$ sequence corresponding to the above levels in ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$, the lowest such level being predicted at 11.04 Mev in ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$. A brief discussion is given of the reaction and also of the interpretation in terms of nuclear shell structure of the levels observed.
Formation of 14CO2 and 3HOH from glucose-1-14C,-1-3H during oral cortisone glucose tolerance tests in obese patients.

Abstract Glucose-1-14C was given to 10 nonobese and 19 obese adult female subjects in the oral load of a cortisone glucose tolerance test (CGTT); the extent of reduction of expiration of 14CO2 in the obese was compared with the abnormality of the blood glucose concentration curve of CGTT and the k value of an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT) in the same patients. In some patients glucose-1-3H was also included in the oral load and the rate of formation of tritiated body water (3HOH) taken as a general measure of glucose utilization. Obese patients excreted only about half as much 14CO2 as nonobese subjects during the first 90 min after ingestion and about two thirds as much after 3 hr. Calculation of total formed breath and body 14CO2 indicated similar differences. At a time (2 hr) of maximum difference in blood glucose concentration in the CGTT that of the obese group was 25 per cent higher than that of the nonobese, with much less significance of difference than for the 14CO2. The mean k value of the IGTT for the obese group was 60 per cent of that for the nonobese group. Within the obese group the reduction in total formed 14CO2 was highly correlated with the nonisotopic parameters of glucose tolerance and was correlated to a lesser extent with parameters of obesity. Since formation of 3HOH from glucose-1-3H was not significantly reduced in the obese group, the abnormality of metabolism of glucose-1-14C in the obese patients appears to be a diversion of 14C to some organic products with concomitant decrease in formation of 14CO2. The tritium data suggest no decrease in the absorption or overall initial utilization of glucose.
Anti-AIDS agents. 34. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of betulin derivatives as anti-HIV agents.

Succinyl and 3‘-substituted glutaryl betulin derivatives showed stronger anti-HIV activity and higher therapeutic index (TI) values than their dihydrobetulin counterparts, with ratios of 1.2:1 to 15:1 (cf. 7 and 15, 9 and 17, 10 and 18, 11 and 19, and 12 and 20). For various 3‘-substituted glutaryl compounds, the order of anti-HIV effects, from strong to weak inhibition, was 3‘,3‘-dimethyl, 3‘-methyl, 3‘-ethyl-3‘-methyl, followed by 3‘,3‘-tetramethylene glutaryl derivatives (10 > 9 > 11 > 12, 18 > 17 > 19 > 20). The most potent compound, 10, has two 3‘,3‘-dimethylglutaryl groups and displays significant anti-HIV potency with an EC50 value of 0.000 66 μM and a TI of 21 515. Results for compounds (22 and 23) without a C-3 acyl group confirmed the importance of the C-3 acyl group to the anti-HIV effect. With 3‘,3‘-tetramethylene glutaryl derivatives, triacyl 29 showed stronger inhibition than diacyl 12; in contrast, 3‘,3‘-dimethylglutaryl compounds displayed opposite results. 3-Keto compounds (35 and 36) and...
Optimization of 2D Spatial Resolution for Diffuse Optical Imaging of Brain Function

The 2-D spatial resolution of diffusive optical imaging is studied using a computational analyzing approach. Influences of geometrical structure, optode density, dynamic range and noise level on spatial resolution are investigated in details.
Reversible depression in the T c of thin Nb films due to enhanced hydrogen adsorption

The effect of large hydrogen concentrations (\ensuremath{\approx}30% atomic), on the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of Nb films is discussed. The hydrogen is incorporated in solutionlike phases which occur at these concentrations because the (\ensuremath{\alpha} to \ensuremath{\beta}) hydride transition in these films is suppressed. X-ray-diffraction data show an asymmetric expansion of the [110] Nb interplanar spacing. This can be as high as a 6--8 % expansion perpendicular to the plane of the film for the addition of \ensuremath{\sim}70% hydrogen, with only a 1--2 % change in the plane of the film. ${T}_{c}$ is depressed to a value near 50% of that of the undoped film with about 30% atomic hydrogen, and returns to its initial value when the hydrogen is removed. A discussion is given of how both disorder and changes in the electronic structure can affect ${T}_{c}.$
Measurement of changes in ligament tension with knee motion and skeletal maturation.

This study was designed to determine the in situ strains, stresses, and loads in the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of skeletally immature and mature rabbits. Using a noncontact method, the magnitudes of the in situ strains were first determined as a function of knee flexion angle. The MCL was divided into three anatomical regions (anterior, middle, and posterior) across its width. For strain measurements, the variation of a gauge length in these regions was obtained in the intact knee at 60, 90, and 120 deg of flexion. Subsequently, all soft tissues around the knee were dissected away, leaving the femur-MCL-tibia (FMT) complex. The MCL was allowed to retract freely and the new length, called the zero length, was measured. From this, the in situ strains were determined. To obtain the stress-strain relationship of the FMT complex, the specimens were subjected to tensile testing. Knowing the in situ strains and the stress-strain relationship, the in situ stresses in the three anatomical regions of the MCL were determined as a function of knee flexion angle. Multiplying these stresses by 1/3 of the cross-sectional area and summing the loads thus calculated, the in situ loads of the MCL were obtained. Our data suggest that the in situ load in the MCL is not large within the range of knee flexion angles studied, i.e., 1.4 to 2.7 N for the skeletally immature animals and 3.0 to 5.8 N for the skeletally mature animals. An increase in the in situ load with skeletal maturation was demonstrated.
Is the Market Surprised by Poor Earnings Realizations Following Seasoned Equity Offerings

We examine the stock price reaction to earnings announcements in the five years following seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). On average, post-SEO earnings announcements are met with a significantly negative abnormal stock price reaction. Although, this negative reaction accounts for a disproportionately large portion of long-run post-SEO abnormal stock returns, on average, abnormal stock price reactions to post-SEO earnings announcements are reliably negative only within the smallest quartile of equity issuers. For small firms, therefore, these findings are broadly consistent with the hypothesis that firms issue equity when the market over-estimates the firm's future earnings performance. For larger equity issuers, however, our findings provide no support for the overoptimism hypothesis.
Identification of the γ-subunit interaction sites in the retinal cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase β-subunit

Abstract Using synthetic peptides, the identification of the retinal cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase (cGMP PDE) interaction sites for the inhibitory γ-subunit in the catalytic α-subunit were recently localized to residues #16–30 and 78–90 in the α-subunit (1). In this study, a binding radioimmunoassay (RIA) showed a weak interaction between PDEγ and PDEβ subunits in PDEβ residues #15–34, and stronger interaction sites were found in residues #91–110 and 211–230. Sequence comparison between PDEα and PDEβ illustrate some differences in these regions, particularly in PDEα 16–30 and PDEβ 15–34 regions. Differences in interaction sites in PDEα and PDEβ for PDEγ may account for the differences in affinities observed between PDEγ and the catalytic subunits.
The role of the thalamus in schizophrenia.

1Background: Explaining the diversity of symptoms that occur in schizophrenia is a major conceptual challenge. Perhaps the most powerful strategy is to identify a fundamental cognitive process and/or a fundamental neural circuit. Methods: Convergent data from our research group in Iowa and from investigators in other centres are summarized. Results: The thalamus plays a key role in information processing. A defect in circuitry connecting the thalamus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum could explain a wide range of symptoms. Neuropathology and imaging studies suggest that patients with schizophrenia may have abnormalities in this circuitry. Conclusion: The fundamental deficit in schizophrenia may be conceptualized as a “cognitive dysmetria” characterized by impairments in coordinating the perception, encoding, retrieval, and prioritization of experience and information. (Can J Psychiatry 1997;42:27-33)
Ozone effects on airway responsiveness, lung injury, and inflammation. Comparative rat strain and in vivo/in vitro investigations.

Asthmatic individuals appear to be particularly sensitive to the effects of certain air pollutants-including ozone (O3), an oxidant ambient air pollutant-for reasons that are poorly understood. The general purpose of these studies, therefore, was to expand and improve upon toxicologic methods for assessing ozone-induced effects on the airways of the rat by (1) developing an in vivo testing procedure that allows detection of airway responsiveness changes in rats exposed to ozone; (2) identifying a strain of rat that may be inherently more sensitive to the effects of ozone; and (3) validation of an in vitro epithelial culture system to more directly assess airway cellular/subcellular effects of ozone. Using methacholine inhalation challenges, we detected increased airway responsiveness in senescent F344 rats acutely after ozone exposure (2 ppm 2 h). We also determined that acutely after ozone exposure (0.5 ppm 8 h), Wistar rats developed significantly greater lung injury, neutrophilic inflammation, and bron...
Infection of Bacillus stearothermophilus with Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Early stationary-phase cells are most susceptible to infection with deoxyribonucleic acid from bacteriophage TP-1C. Transfection is destroyed by deoxyribonuclease and unaffected by phage antiserum.
Modulation of μ-Opioid Receptor Signaling by RGS19 in SH-SY5Y Cells

Regulator of G-protein signaling protein 19 (RGS19), also known as Gα-interacting protein (GAIP), acts as a GTPase accelerating protein for Gαz as well as Gαi/o subunits. Interactions with GAIP-interacting protein N-terminus and GAIP-interacting protein C-terminus (GIPC) link RGS19 to a variety of intracellular proteins. Here we show that RGS19 is abundantly expressed in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells that also express µ- and δ- opioid receptors (MORs and DORs, respectively) and nociceptin receptors (NOPRs). Lentiviral delivery of short hairpin RNA specifically targeted to RGS19 reduced RGS19 protein levels by 69%, with a similar reduction in GIPC. In RGS19-depleted cells, there was an increase in the ability of MOR (morphine) but not of DOR [(4-[(R)-[(2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl](3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide (SNC80)] or NOPR (nociceptin) agonists to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase and increase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Overnight treatment with either MOR [D-Ala, N-Me-Phe, Gly-ol5-enkephalin (DAMGO) or morphine] or DOR (D-Pen5-enkephalin or SNC80) agonists increased RGS19 and GIPC protein levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The MOR-induced increase in RGS19 protein was prevented by pretreatment with pertussis toxin or the opioid antagonist naloxone. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation alone increased the level of RGS19 and inhibitors of PKC 5,6,7,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-12-propanenitrile and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one, but not protein kinase A (H89), completely blocked DAMGO-induced RGS19 protein accumulation. The findings show that RGS19 and GIPC are jointly regulated, that RGS19 is a GTPase accelerating protein for MOR with selectivity over DOR and NOPR, and that chronic MOR or DOR agonist treatment increases RGS19 levels by a PKC and the MAPK pathway–dependent mechanism.
System Intrusion Detection and Prevention

The psychology and politics of ownership have historically dictated that individuals and groups tend to protect valuable resources. This grew out of the fact that once a resource has been judged to have value, no matter how much protection given to it, there is always a potential that the security provided for the resource will at some point fail. This notion has driven the concept of system security and defined the disciplines of computer and computer network security. Computer network security is made up of three principles: prevention, detection, and response. Although these three are fundamental ingredients of security, most resources have been devoted to detection and prevention because if we are able to detect all security threats and prevent them, then there is no need for response.
An algorithm for the routing and wavelength assignment problem in WDM networks

WDM provides the ability to divide the huge optical bandwidth available in fiber into lower-capacity wavelengths, and they can economically satisfy the growing demand for bandwidth. This paper studies the RWA optimization problem in a WDM network and provides an effective approach with reasonable computational complexity and good performance to solve this problem. We formulate the RWA problem as a minimizing-rejection-penalty problem. The approach combines the Lagrangean relaxation technique, the MSPAWG, a heuristic and subgradient method. In the NSFNET example, the influence on the overall rejection penalty from the number of converters and number of wavelengths installed is discussed. Also, the trade-off between the number of rejected connection demands and the disconnection ratio, which means the fairness of the rejection decision, by using different rejection penalties, is studied.
Realms of the viruses online.

What better time than the flu season to explore the realms of the viruses? From your nasal passages to the dirt under your feet, viruses are everywhere, in innumerable hordes. They display a dazzling array of geometries, from compact rods to voluminous dodecahedrons (12-sided polyhedron). While all viruses are small compared with our cells (∼10,000 nm in diameter), they range over many magnitudes, from the tiny poliovirus (30 nm in diameter) to the bacterial-sized poxvirus (450 nm in diameter). Viruses have evolved strategies for infecting all taxa, but most viruses are highly specific about their cellular host. In humans, viruses cause diverse diseases, from chronic but benign warts, to acute and deadly hemorrhagic fever. Viruses have entertaining names like Zucchini Yellow Mosaic, Semliki Forest, Coxsackie, and the original terminator, T4. But what I find most fascinating about viruses is their testimony to the power of information. To understand viruses, we need to explore and understand their structure, and we need to interrogate their genomes. In this article, I will review a number of websites that open a portal to the realms of the viruses. Figure 1. A colorized image of T4 bacteriophage at a cell's surface from Wikimedia (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page). The image accompanied an online article on the therapeutic potential of viruses (http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1024) from Cosmos magazine.
Learning on Campus and Learning at a Distance: A Randomized Instructional Experiment.

To address a major methodological problem in the body of evidence on distance learning in postsecondary education, we conducted a randomized, true-experiment paired with a quasi-experiment. Community college students randomly assigned to receive instruction at a distance via a two-way interactive telecourse demonstrated learning equivalent to that of students assigned to on-campus, face-to-face instruction. However, students choosing to take the course via telecourse at remote sites had significantly higher course learning than either randomly assigned group. Such evidence suggests that the body of evidence on distance learning could be seriously confounded by learner self-selection.
Age-dependent resistance of mice to sindbis virus infection: viral replication as a function of host age.

The development of resistance of outbred white mice to two plaque size variants of Sindbis virus was studied as a function of host age. A sudden drop in mortality occurred over a 3-day period. As little as 1 plaque-forming unit (PFU) per mouse was lethal in 1-day-old animals, whereas inocula of 109 PFU per mouse failed to produce high mortality in weanlings. A comparison of viral growth kinetics shows that early replication was similar in newborns and weanlings but that after 6 to 8 hr the production rate and, therefore, the maximal viral titer were suppressed in weanlings. The data demonstrate a lethal viral threshold. Titers in excess of this level lead to mortality, whereas those below it allow survival.
Use of Leaf Petioles of Hedera Helix to Study Regulation of Adventitious Root Initiation

Two experimental systems for studying the regulation of root initiation in easy- and difficult-to-root tissues are described. One system utilizes in vitro cultured, debladed petioles of juvenile and mature leaves, and the other involves approach grafting of detached leaves to form cuttings composed of the four reciprocal combinations of juvenile and mature petioles with juvenile and mature lamina. The results of experiments with these systems lead to the following conclusions: (a) the morphogenetic process of root initiation is very different in easy- and difficult-to-root tissues; (b) auxin is required for root initiation in debladed juvenile petioles but stimulates only unorganized cell division in mature debladed petioles; (c) exogenously applied auxin has similar distribution patterns in juvenile and mature debladed petioles; (d) differences in ethylene metabolism do not appear to be causally related to differences in rooting potential in juvenile and mature debladed petioles; (e) root formation is a function of the rooting potential of cells localized in the petiole; (f) there is no evidence of a rooting inhibitor being transported from mature lamina; and (g) a translocatable substance(s) formed in juvenile lamina can either induce root initiation in mature petioles or increase rooting potential of new cells formed as a result of auxin treatment.
Delivery Room Respiratory Management of the Term and Preterm Infant

The immediate newborn transition is a time of great physiologic adjustments and many infants need assistance to make a successful transition to newborn life. Assisted ventilation is the most important intervention performed during this transitional period. Noninvasive ventilation is a necessary skill for all pediatric providers because it is the most frequently required lifesaving measure provided in the delivery room. Providing ventilation in the least injurious manner is also necessary and many aspects of how this can best be done are still unknown. Following the normal physiology of fetal to neonatal transition continues to be a logical, but challenging, approach to initial ventilatory support of the newborn in the delivery room.
A dynamic role for the Ah receptor in cell signaling? Insights from a diverse group of Ah receptor interacting proteins.

The aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor (AhR) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) transcription factor family. Consistent with the notion that PAS proteins are biological sensors, AhR binding to Ah toxicants induces or represses transcription of a wide range of genes and results in a cascade of toxic responses. However, an endogenous role for AhR in development and homeostasis is supported by (1) the discovery of low affinity, endogenous ligands; (2) studies demonstrating a role for the receptor in development of liver and vascular systems, that were established using mice lacking AhR expression; and (3) the presence of functional dioxin-responsive elements in promoter regions of genes involved in cellular growth and differentiation. A large body of recent literature has implicated AhR in multiple signal transduction pathways. AhR is known to interact with signaling pathways that are mediated by estrogen receptor and other hormone receptors, hypoxia, nuclear factor kappaB, and retinoblastoma protein. In addition, AhR complexes may affect cellular signaling through interactions with various other regulatory and signaling proteins, including PAS heterodimerization partners (ARNT), chaperone and immunophilin-like proteins (e.g. HSP90, XAP2/ARA9/AIP, p23), protein kinases and phosphatases (e.g. tyrosine kinases, casein kinase 2, protein kinase C), and coactivators (e.g. SRC-1, RIP 140, CBP/p300). Here we summarize the types of molecular cross talk that have been identified between AhR and cell signaling pathways.
Comparison of detection limits for EELS and EDXS

Simultaneous measurements have been made in the scanning transmission electron microscope to determine relative microanalytical sensitivities for electron energy loss (EELS) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopies (EDXS). A photodiode-array parallel detector was used for EELS, and an ultrathin window Si(Li) detector subtending a solid angle of 0.18 sterad was used for EDXS. Energy loss spectra were acquired in the first or second difference mode to reduce channelto-channel gain variations and to detect weak signals on large backgrounds. Both EELS and EDXS data were analyzed using multiple least squares procedures to fit reference spectra; this gave not only the fitting coefficients but also their standard deviations. Results showed that EELS is the method of choice for analysis of elements with Z 10. For higher atomic numbers (10 Z 25) EDXS is preferable to EELS if the K edge is used. However, EELS has the higher sensitivity for most elements in this atomic number range if the L23 edge is analyzed. For sodium detection limits are approximately a factor of 10 better with EELS. As the atomic number increases this factor becomes smaller although EELS still has a significant advantage for phosphorus. The occurence of the "white-line" resonance at the L23 edge for Z > 20 boosts the advantage of EELS for calcium but at iron EELS and EDXS have about the same sensitivity. Calculated estimates of the relative sensitivities for EELS and EDXS are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
Single-shot, real-time measurement of laser wakefields using frequency domain holography (FDH)

We report the first single-shot measurements of transverse and longitudinal structure of laser-generated wakefields. Real-time, non-averaged measurements of resonant wakes reveal detailed temporal and spatial features that depend on pulse energy and electron density.
Nuclear Field Theory: Exact Theory or Science Fiction?

To understand the boson behavior of a fermion system is of fundamental importance in many fields of physicsl. In nuclear physics, this problem too has attracted enormous interest because of the successes of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM)2. One possible way to carry out such studies is the nuclear field theory (NFT)3 which was first proposed in 1968 by Mottelson in his attempt to treat the coupling between the so-called elementary excitation modes in nuclei; it may be convenient for this purpose because the bosonic degrees of freedom is contained inherently. Obviously, the nuclear system is a fermion system. Therefore, any theory which professes to describe the system must be equivalent to the fully fermionic theory. From this point of view, it is unfortunate that a solid foundation for the NFT has not been provided for thus resulting either in a limited acceptability of the theory or merely regarded by many as just a model.
Investigation of Mott–Schottky Analysis Test Parameters to Study the Semiconductive Properties of Passive Films of Carbon Steel in Highly Alkaline Environments

A testing methodology for using Mott–Schottky (M-S) analysis to study the semiconductive properties of passive films that form on carbon steel in simulated concrete pores solutions (pH > 12.5) is presented. The development of the methodology includes determining the proper M-S potential sweep range, rate, and frequency for the passive steel, which were found to be −0.5 to 0.5 V, 18 mV/s, and 1000 Hz, respectively. The methodology was then applied to steel rebar in a saturated calcium hydroxide passivating solution (pH 12.6) to simulate the highly alkaline environments seen in concrete. Potentiostatically formed passive film was different from the film formed under open-circuit conditions. The passive film on steel rebar was found to be n-type with two discrete donor species. A donor density on the order of 1021 cm−3, a flatband potential of −0.53 V, and a maximum space charge layer thickness of 0.4 nm at full passivation were reported.