cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of cerebral laser-Doppler flow oscillations by halothane, PCO2, and nitric oxide synthase blockade

We investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) played a role in the generation of cerebrocortical flow oscillations and their modification by hypocapnia, hypercapnia, and halothane administration. Parietal cortical laser-Doppler flow (LDF) was monitored transcranially in anesthetized (barbiturate + 0-1.0% halothane), artificially ventilated, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty minutes after infusion of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 20 mg/kg i.v.) mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased from 105 +/- 10 to 132 +/- 15 mmHg (P < 0.02), while mean LDF decreased from 159 +/- 36 to 135 +/- 30 perfusion units (PU, P < 0.05). Oscillations in LDF at a frequency of 6.3-7.8 cycles/min and amplitude of 10% were induced or augmented by L-NAME but not by D-NAME or indomethacin (2 mg/kg i.p.). L-arginine (200 mg/kg) abolished the oscillations post-L-NAME at constant MAP. Sodium nitroprusside infusion (10(-5) M, 5-50 microliters/min) reversed the L-NAME-induced increase in MAP and decrease in mean LDF but di...
Appraisal of Surface Hopping as a Tool for Modeling Condensed Phase Linear Absorption Spectra.

Whereas surface hopping is usually used to study populations and mean-field dynamics to study coherences, in two recent papers, we described a procedure for calculating dipole–dipole correlation functions (and therefore absorption spectra) directly from ensembles of surface hopping trajectories. We previously applied this method to a handful of one-dimensional model problems intended to mimic the gas phase. In this article, we now benchmark this new procedure on a set of multidimensional model problems intended to mimic the condensed phase and compare our results against other standard semiclassical methods. By comparison, we demonstrate that methods that include only dynamical information from one PES (the standard Kubo approaches) exhibit large discrepancies with the results of exact quantum dynamics. Furthermore, for model problems with nonadiabatic excited state dynamics but no quantized vibrational structure in the spectra, our surface hopping approach performs comparably to using Ehrenfest dynamics ...
Environmental and spatial drivers of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic characteristics of bat communities in human-modified landscapes.

BACKGROUND Assembly of species into communities following human disturbance (e.g., deforestation, fragmentation) may be governed by spatial (e.g., dispersal) or environmental (e.g., niche partitioning) mechanisms. Variation partitioning has been used to broadly disentangle spatial and environmental mechanisms, and approaches utilizing functional and phylogenetic characteristics of communities have been implemented to determine the relative importance of particular environmental (or niche-based) mechanisms. Nonetheless, few studies have integrated these quantitative approaches to comprehensively assess the relative importance of particular structuring processes. METHODS We employed a novel variation partitioning approach to evaluate the relative importance of particular spatial and environmental drivers of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic aspects of bat communities in a human-modified landscape in Costa Rica. Specifically, we estimated the amount of variation in species composition (taxonomic structure) and in two aspects of functional and phylogenetic structure (i.e., composition and dispersion) along a forest loss and fragmentation gradient that are uniquely explained by landscape characteristics (i.e., environment) or space to assess the importance of competing mechanisms. RESULTS The unique effects of space on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structure were consistently small. In contrast, landscape characteristics (i.e., environment) played an appreciable role in structuring bat communities. Spatially-structured landscape characteristics explained 84% of the variation in functional or phylogenetic dispersion, and the unique effects of landscape characteristics significantly explained 14% of the variation in species composition. Furthermore, variation in bat community structure was primarily due to differences in dispersion of species within functional or phylogenetic space along the gradient, rather than due to differences in functional or phylogenetic composition. DISCUSSION Variation among bat communities was related to environmental mechanisms, especially niche-based (i.e., environmental) processes, rather than spatial mechanisms. High variation in functional or phylogenetic dispersion, as opposed to functional or phylogenetic composition, suggests that loss or gain of niche space is driving the progressive loss or gain of species with particular traits from communities along the human-modified gradient. Thus, environmental characteristics associated with landscape structure influence functional or phylogenetic aspects of bat communities by effectively altering the ways in which species partition niche space.
Regulative effect of dodder ( Cuscuta nevadensis Jtn.) on the vegetation of the northern Mojave Desert

On two separate transects in the Rock Valley area of the northern Mojave Desert in the spring of1976, 4 percent to 17 percent of the perennial plants were infested with the parasite Cuscuta nevadensis Jtn. (dodder), and dead pieces of dodder from previous years were on dead plants equivalent to another 5 percent, indicating that the dodder had a regulating effect on the plant population and may be an important cause of perennial plant death.
Female Masculinity at Work: Managing Stigma on the Job

In this study, the author interviewed 49 self-identified masculine women in the United States to examine how they negotiate stigma in the workplace. Masculine women often negotiate dual stigmas due...
Funds of High School to College Knowledge: Exploring Low-Income Student Perceptions of College Writing.

AbstractThis narrative study tracks low-income student perceptions of college writing. The study uses the Funds of Knowledge theoretical framework to suggest that underperforming high schools—like diverse households and families—socialize students into bodies of knowledge that are academically relevant regardless of whether or not they resemble institutional standards. Findings indicate that students are socialized to perceive college writing in ways that stigmatize high school knowledge and reduce postsecondary opportunity.
Building an ethical digital humanities community: Librarian, faculty, and student collaboration

ABSTRACTThis article examines work building a digital humanities community at Salem State University's Berry Library. The initiatives are comprised of a three-pronged approach: laying groundwork to build a DH center, building the DH project Digital Salem as a place-based locus for digital scholarship, and launching an undergraduate internship program to explore ethical ways of creating innovative research experiences for undergraduate students. Together, these initiatives constitute an important move toward putting libraries at the center of creating DH opportunities for underserved student populations and a model for building DH at regional comprehensive universities.
Katie Malone on Machine Learning

Host Edaena Salinas talks with Civis Analytics' Katie Malone about the basics of machine learning and why we'll be seeing it much more frequently. The Web extra at http://www.se-radio.net/2017/03/se-radio-episode-286-katie-malone-intro-to-machine-learning/ is an audio recording of this episode of Software Engineering Radio.
Diagnostic Performance of the Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio: Comparison With Fractional Flow Reserve

Background— Aim of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis of all available studies comparing the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) with fractional flow reserve (FFR). Methods and Results— Published trials comparing the iFR with FFR were searched for in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus electronic databases. A total of 23 studies were available for the analysis, including 6381 stenoses. First, a meta-analysis of all studies was performed exploring the correlation between FFR and iFR. Interestingly, we found good correlation (0.798 [0.78–0.82]) between the 2 indices ( P P Conclusions— The present meta-analysis shows that iFR significantly correlates with standard FFR and shows a good diagnostic performance in identifying FFR-positive coronary stenoses. Finally, iFR and FFR have similar diagnostic efficiency for detection of ischemia-inducing stenoses when tested against a third comparator.
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a mechanobiology perspective

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a dramatic disintegration of the jaw that affects patients treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) for diseases characterized by bone loss. These diseases are often metastasizing cancers (like multiple myeloma, breast cancer and prostate cancer (Aragon-Ching et al., 2009)) as well as osteoporosis. BRONJ is incompletely understood, although it is believed to arise from a defect in bone remodeling-the intricate process by which sensory osteocytes signal to osteoclasts and osteoblasts to resorb and form bone in response to stimuli. Further, tooth extraction and infection have been overwhelmingly linked to BRONJ (Ikebe, 2013). Because bone cells are highly networked, the importance of multicellular interactions and mechanotransduction during the onset of these risk factors cannot be overstated. As such, this perspective addresses current research on the effects of BPs, mechanical load and inflammation on bone remodeling and on development of BRONJ. Our investigation has led us to conclude that improved in vitro systems capable of adequately recapitulating multicellular communication and incorporating effects of osteocyte mechanosensing on bone resorption and formation are needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which BRONJ ensues.
Assessing the Implementation of Teaching Portfolios in the Academic Medical Center

Systems for documentation, review, and evaluation of research and publications for purposes of appointment, promotion and tenure review are well established in the academy. Comparable procedures for review and evaluation of educational contributions by faculty, however, are neither widely accepted nor strongly supported by empirical data with regard to their validity, reliability, efficacy, and acceptability. Duke University School of Medicine’s current initiative to develop and assess the use of teaching portfolios incorporates an evaluation component designed to illuminate these issues. Data gathered from group discussions, attitude surveys, observations, and interviews, are used to assess the relative value placed on teaching in the current clinical climate and to inform internal discussions and decisions with regard to documenting and evaluating the educational contributions of clinical faculty. Preliminary data reveal strong support among the academic leadership for development of empirically based, faculty validated methods for assessing the quality of teaching and learning, and explication of standards that accommodate the unique dimensions of clinical teaching. However, the data also reveal extraordinary pressures on clinical faculty to minimize engagement in teaching, an insufficient infrastructure to support appropriate documentation of educational quality, and the emergence of conflicts between the extrinsic economic reward system and the intrinsic valuing of teaching by faculty. Institutional responses to the current economic environment conflict with the fundamental educational mission of the academic medical center, creating significant challenges to faculty who chose academic medicine for its educational focus, and who desire recognition and validation of those activities.
A DFT analysis of the ground and charge-transfer excited states of Sc3N@Ih-C80 fullerene coupled with metal-free and zinc-phthalocyanine.

Endohedral metallofullerenes and phthalocyanine derivatives are recognized as excellent active materials in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The tri-metallic nitride endohedral C80 fullerenes have greater absorption coefficients in the visible region and electron-accepting abilities similar to C60, which can allow for higher efficiencies in OPV devices. In this work, we have investigated the ground and charge transfer excited states of two co-facial donor–acceptor (D–A) molecular conjugates formed by the non-covalent coupling of trimetallic nitride endohedral fullerene (Sc3N@Ih–C80) with metal-free (H2Pc) and zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) chromophores using DFT calculations. The charge transfer (CT) excitation energies are calculated using the perturbative delta-SCF method that enforces orthogonality between the ground and excited states. The binding energies calculated using the PBE and DFT-D3 methods indicate that the dispersion effects play an important role in the stabilization of these complexes. The ground state dipole moment of the Sc3N@C80–H2Pc dyad is much larger than that of Sc3N@C80–ZnPc, but this is reversed in the excited state where the dipole moment of Sc3N@C80–ZnPc increases significantly. The lowest few excitation energies in the gas phase for the two complexes are very close, in the range of 1.51–2.66 eV for Sc3N@C80–ZnPc and 1.51–2.71 eV for the Sc3N@C80–H2Pc complex. However, the lower ionization potential and lower exciton binding energy make the Sc3N@C80–ZnPc dyad a better candidate for OPVs as compared to the Sc3N@C80–H2Pc dyad.
Experimental study on wellbore cleanout in horizontal wells

Abstract Cleanout operations are often performed in horizontal wells to remove solids such as residual proppant after fracturing operations, milled plug debris or produced sand. Coiled tubing (CT) has emerged as a cost-effective and viable alternative to perform these operations due to its operational and rig assembling simplicity. Additionally, CT substantially reduces tripping time due to the absence of pipe connections. However, wellbore cleanout is challenging when CT is utilized in horizontal wells because of high annular clearance. Therefore, the principal objective of this study is to examine the effects of critical parameters such as fluid properties and flow rates on cleanout efficiencies to optimize the hole-cleaning operation. The study includes experimental investigation and empirical modeling. Flow loop experiments were conducted to determine cleanout efficiencies of three fluids. The tests were conducted in a 10.36 m long horizontal annular (127 mm × 60 mm) test section. The flow rate was varied from 5.04 to 9.46 L/s. The data was analyzed in terms of the rate of reduction of bed height and the amount of solids removed. Results indicate superior cleanout efficiency of low viscosity fluids, which is attributed to higher near bed fluid velocity and turbulence generated by low viscosity fluids. Higher fluid velocity and turbulence aid in lifting particles from the cuttings bed. The effects of flow rate and viscosity on cleanout efficiency were analyzed by applying dimensional analysis. Using non-linear regression, a generalized correlation is developed to allow upscaling of the experimental results.
The Clinical Features of Bronchiectasis Associated with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia--Results from the U.S. Bronchiectasis Research Registry.

Objective: This study compares and contrasts the clinical features of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis with 3 uncommon disorders known to be associated with bronchiectasis but with distinctly different underlying defined pathophysiologic derangements, namely severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Methods: The Bronchiectasis Research Registry provides a central database for studying patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. This report consists of information from 13 U.S. sites pertaining to the 3 study diagnoses. Patients with AATD (SZ and ZZ phenotypes only), CVI (patients with IgG≤500), PCD (history of physician diagnosed Kartagener’s syndrome or PCD), and patients with confirmed absence of the above 3 diagnoses (idiopathic control group) were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were computed for the main demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample stratified by group. Values between the groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test, and Chi-squared/ Fisher’s exact tests respectively. The significance level was set at 0.05. Software SAS 9.4 was used to perform the statistical analyses. Results: Of the 2170 participants in the database enrolled as of January 2017, 615 respondents had sufficient data and were included in the analyses. Patients with PCD (n=79, mean age 41.9 years [standard deviation (SD)=14.5]) were significantly younger than patients with AATD (n=58, mean age 66.9 [SD=10.7]), CVI (n=18, mean age 66.7 years [SD=10.5]) or the idiopathic group (n=460, mean age 64.2 [SD=15.9]), p<.0001. Compared to other groups, those with PCD had lower pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] forced vital capacity [FVC] and FEV1/FVC ratio) (p<0.01), and a greater proportion of them reported having exacerbations and/or hospitalizations in the past 2 years (p<0.01). Overall, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the organisms most commonly isolated from sputum. Mycobacterial infection was most commonly reported in those with AATD. Conclusions: This report from the U.S. Bronchiectasis Research Registry compares and contrasts differences in the clinical features of patients suffering from 3 rare conditions, with different underlying causes, to those without. The group with PCD had more symptoms, greater morbidity, lower lung function and more commonly were infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A greater percentage of those with AATD reported mycobacterial lung involvement.
Constitutive and herbivore-induced plant defences regulate herbivore population processes

Herbivore-induced plant defences regulated by the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) are predicted to influence herbivore population dynamics, in part because they can operate in a density-dependent manner. While there is ample evidence that herbivore-induced plant responses affect individual performance and growth of herbivores, whether they scale-up to regulate herbivore population dynamics is still unclear. We evaluated the consequences of variation in plant defences and herbivore density on herbivore development, reproduction and density-dependent population growth. We investigated potential mechanisms affecting the strength of herbivore density-dependent processes by manipulating jasmonate expression, quantifying plant defensive traits (phytohormones JA and SA and serine proteinase inhibitors) and adding aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) at different densities to plants to simulate different initial population density and herbivore load. We manipulated jasmonate defences by using genetically modified lines of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) with elevated or suppressed jasmonate-dependent defences. Jasmonate-insensitive plants cannot induce the defences regulated by the JA pathway, while jasmonate-overexpressing plants constitutively express jasmonate-dependent defences. We found that jasmonate defences provided resistance against aphids and influenced density-dependent processes. Jasmonate-overexpressing plants reduced aphid reproduction, prolonged developmental time, dampened aphid populations across all aphid densities and caused density-independent aphid population growth. Jasmonate-overexpressing plants showed high JA-dependent constitutive levels of resistance and were unable to activate the SA pathway in response to aphid feeding. In contrast, jasmonate-insensitive plants increased aphid reproduction, shortened developmental time, reduced population growth only at high initial densities and promoted strong negative density-dependent population growth. Aphid feeding on jasmonate-insensitive plants did not induce jasmonate-dependent defences, but induced the SA pathway in a density-dependent manner, which resulted in negative density-dependent aphid population growth. Aphid feeding on jasmonate-insensitive and jasmonate-overexpressing plants differentially activated the salicylate pathway, revealing a negative crosstalk between the defensive phytohormones JA and SA. By muting or enhancing jasmonate-mediated responses and quantifying SA phytohormone induction, we demonstrated that plant defences are a key factor driving not only the performance, but also the density dependence processes and population growth of herbivores.
The Vanishing Middle Class: Prejudice and Power in a Dual Economy

In recent years, the academic community has shown a renewed interest in analyzing the mechanisms behind economic inequality, as seen in the work of Thomas Piketty, Branko Milanovic and Dani Rodrik....
Darcy Flow Solutions with a Free Surface

The flow of liquids through porous media is treated as a generalized case of Darcy's Law by dividing the body into finite elements and satisfying continuity of flow and pressure equilibrium from element to element. This technique is applied to flow problems where a free-surface exists and a systematic variational method for describing this surface is developed. The material permeability may be described by a non-isotropic, space varying, second rank tensor. The class of solutions is restricted to two dimensional problems and examples for plane conditions and axial symmetry are given.
General Psychology as Common Ground and Point of View: Enduring and Evolving Features:

The article draws from historical and contemporary resources to articulate the enduring or persistent responsibilities of general psychology, suggesting “common ground” and “point of view” as usefu...
Knockdown of MTDH increases drug sensitivity to HDAC inhibitor and TRAIL combination treatment in endometrial cancer cells

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance is vital to design therapies to restore chemosensitivity. MTDH mediates drug resistance by regulating expression of genes required for the control of apoptosis and cell cycle. These findings indicate that sensitivity to chemotherapy agents and combination treatment with HDAC inhibitor and TRAIL can be restored by manipulating MTDH, and hence depletion of MTDH is a potentially novel avenue for effective cancer therapy.
Identifying women who share patterns of reproductive hormones, vasomotor symptoms, and sleep maintenance problems across the menopause transition: group-based multi-trajectory modeling in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

Objective To identify groups of women who share levels and patterns of change in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), self-reported sleep maintenance problems, and frequent vasomotor symptoms (VMS) up to 10 years before and after their final menstrual period and to evaluate their premenopausal characteristics. Method Group-based multi-trajectory modeling grouped 1,407 women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation who had an observed natural menopause and did not use hormone therapy, based on repeated measures of FSH, sleep maintenance problems, and frequent VMS relative to final menstrual period. Multivariable analyses assessed race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, and depressive symptoms as predictors of group membership. Results Women formed five distinct groups: (1) low symptoms (low VMS/sleep problems)/high FSH rise (N = 552; 39.2%); (2) moderate VMS and sleep problems/low FSH rise (N = 169; 12.0%); (3) dominant sleep problems (lower VMS/high sleep problems)/high FSH rise (N = 203; 14.4%); (4) dominant VMS (high VMS/lower sleep problems)/high FSH rise (N = 297; 21.1%)); and (5) high symptoms (high VMS/high sleep problems)/intermediate FSH rise (N = 186; 13.2%)). Multivariate analyses showed that race/ethnicity, premenopausal body mass index and depressive symptoms, and increasing depressive symptoms during the early phase of the transition predicted group membership. Conclusions Women can be classified based on shared levels and patterns of FSH, sleep maintenance problems, and frequent VMS across the menopause transition. Either VMS or sleep maintenance problems can be dominant in the face of high FSH. Experiencing one menopause-related symptom or hormone profile does not automatically imply that another is also being experienced.
Enantioselective Intermolecular Radical C-H Amination

Radical reactions hold a number of inherent advantages in organic synthesis that may potentially impact the planning and practice for construction of organic molecules. However, the control of enantioselectivity in radical processes remains one of the longstanding challenges. While significant advances have recently been achieved in intramolecular radical reactions, the governing of asymmetric induction in intermolecular radical reactions still poses challenging issues. We herein report a catalytic approach that is highly effective for controlling enantioselectivity as well as reactivity of the intermolecular radical C-H amination of carboxylic acid esters with organic azides via Co(II)-based metalloradical catalysis (MRC). The key to the success lies in the catalyst development to maximize noncovalent attractive interactions through fine-tuning of the remote substituents of the D2-symmetric chiral amidoporphyrin ligand. This noncovalent interaction strategy presents a solution that may be generally applicable in controlling reactivity and enantioselectivity in intermolecular radical reactions. The Co(II)-catalyzed intermolecular C-H amination, which operates under mild conditions with the C-H substrate as the limiting reagent, exhibits a broad substrate scope with high chemoselectivity, providing effective access to valuable chiral amino acid derivatives with high enantioselectivities. Systematic mechanistic studies shed light into the working details of the underlying stepwise radical pathway for the Co(II)-based C-H amination.
[Fat-soluble vitamins in different eggs and egg products in Hangzhou City].

Objective To analyze the contents of fat-soluble vitamins in different kinds of eggs and egg products in Hangzhou City. Methods The contents of fat-soluble vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K_1 and vitamin K_2(menaquinone-4, menaquinone-7 and menaquinone-9) in eggs and egg products were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The contents of vitamin D were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The determined contents were compared with the corresponding nutrient reference values. Results The contents of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in different eggs and egg products were 64-278 μg RAE/100 g edible, 0. 2-9. 6 μg/100 g edible, 0. 59-2. 31 mg α-TE/100 g edible and 9. 5-84. 8 μg/100 g edible, respectively, accounting for 4%-192% of the corresponding nutrient reference values. The contents of fat-soluble vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in duck, goose and quail eggs were higher than those in chicken eggs and pigeon eggs. Conclusion There are some differences in fat-soluble vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in different eggs and egg products, but there is no significant difference between groups.
Enzyme Free Energy Diagrams: Enzyme–Substrate Binding Is Always Spontaneous

In at least two papers published in this Journal, enzyme free energy diagrams were presented showing enzyme–substrate binding to be nonspontaneous. I present here several different approaches showing that enzyme–substrate binding is always spontaneous, and the y-axis of the reaction progress diagrams presented previously is in fact standard enthalpy (H°), and not free energy.
A 128 Gb/s PAM4 Linear TIA with $12.6\ \text{pA}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ Noise Density in 22nm FinFET CMOS

This paper presents a 128 Gb/s single-ended linear trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) intended for use in receivers for 400G Ethernet optical modules and co-packaged optics. The inverter-based shunt-feedback TIA is implemented in a 22 nm FinFET CMOS process. It supports a record data rate of 128 Gb/s PAM4 and provides a DC trans-impedance gain of $59.3\ \text{dB}.\Omega$ while dissipating only 11.2 mW of power from a 0.8 V supply. Series and shunt inductive peaking techniques are used to achieve a 3-dB trans-impedance bandwidth of 46 GHz with a competitive input referred noise density of $12.6\ \text{pA}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ . These results improve upon state-of-the-art BiCMOS/CMOS linear TIAs, demonstrating the potential for highly integrated, low-cost, high-sensitivity 100+G CMOS optical receivers in this process technology.
A Generalized Theory of Power.

The complex representation of real-valued instantaneous power may be written as the sum of two complex powers, one Hermitian and the other non-Hermitian, or complementary. A virtue of this representation is that it consists of a power triangle rotating around a fixed phasor, thus clarifying what should be meant by the power triangle. The in-phase and quadrature components of complementary power encode for active and non-active power. When instantaneous power is defined for a Thevenin equivalent circuit, these are time-varying real and reactive power components. These claims hold for sinusoidal voltage and current, and for non-sinusoidal voltage and current. Spectral representations of Hermitian, complementary, and instantaneous power show that, frequency-by-frequency, these powers behave exactly as they behave in the single frequency sinusoidal case. Simple hardware diagrams show how instantaneous active and non-active power may be extracted from metered voltage and current, even in certain non-sinusoidal cases.
High Temperature and Cracking: Equations to Avoid High-Heat Concrete Mixtures in Massive Bridge Footings

AbstractThis study aims to provide engineers with a set of equations to evaluate temperature models for massive footings to avoid the use of high-heat mixtures that can induce excessive expansion. ...
Administration of Physical Education of Girls and Women

(1911). Administration of Physical Education of Girls and Women. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 364-379.
Fenretinide is metabolized to 4-oxo-fenretinide in mice, humans and in vitro-grown tumor cells

1399 Fenretinide or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), a synthetic retinoid with apoptosis-induction activity and a favorable toxicity profile, is under investigation in clinical trials as a preventive and therapeutic agent. To date, the only identified metabolite of 4-HPR is the less polar compound N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4-MPR), which has been found in rodents and in humans. We have identified a new 4-HPR metabolite which is present in mice, humans and some in vitro–grown tumor cells. The metabolite, which is more polar than the parent drug, was identified by mass spectrometry as an oxidized form of 4-HPR with modification in position 4 of the cyclohexene ring, i.e. as 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-oxo-4-HPR). In mice receiving 4-HPR from the diet or treated daily i.p., the plasma levels of 4-MPR and 4-oxo-4-HPR were approximately 50% and 40% of those of the parent drug respectively. 4-HPR metabolism into 4-MPR and 4-oxo-4-HPR has also been observed in all human plasma samples analyzed up to now, i.e. in women participating in a breast tumor prevention trial, in children with neuroblastoma participating in a phase I trial, and in patients with advanced ovarian tumor. In women treated for 5 years with 4-HPR, the levels of 4-MPR and 4-oxo-4-HPR were approximately 130% and 75% of those of 4-HPR, respectively. 4-HPR metabolism was also investigated in neuroblastoma, breast and ovarian tumor cell lines exposed to 1 μM 4-HPR for 3 days. The metabolism of 4-HPR to 4-MPR and 4-oxo-4-HPR was lower in ovarian than in neuroblastoma and breast cancer cells: 4-MPR was found in 3/3 neuroblastoma, 3/3 breast and 0/4 ovarian tumor cell lines and 4-oxo-4-HPR was found in 1/3 neuroblastoma, 2/3 breast and 0/4 ovarian tumor cell lines. 4-HPR metabolism was not correlated with the 4-HPR growth inhibitory effect. When 1 of the investigated ovarian tumor cell lines was continuously treated with 4-HPR or transfected with RARβ, it metabolized 4-HPR into 4-oxo-4-HPR. 4-HPR metabolism to 4-oxo-4-HPR in these 2 cell lines and in the previous investigated cell lines was associated with the constitutive expression and 4-HPR-induction of CYP26A1, an all-trans-retinoic acid–inducible enzyme. Supported by AIRC.
Representation of inference in computer algebra systems with applications to intelligent tutoring

Presently computer algebra systems share with calculators the property thai a sequence of computations is not a unified computational sequence, thereby allowing fallacies to occur. We argue thai if computer algebra systems operate in a fram,ework of strict mathematical proof fallacies are eliminated. We show that this is possible in a working interactive system, REQD. We explain why computaiional algebra, done under the strict constraints of proof, is relevant to uses of computer algebra systems in instruction.
Who is the BosR around here anyway

Borrelia burgdorferi encodes a novel DNA-binding protein in the Fur/PerR family of transcriptional regulators termed BosR (BB0647). This issue of Molecular Microbiology contains two molecular genetic studies that help to clarify the function of BB0647 and resolve longstanding controversies. Loss of BB0647 appears to have a pronounced effect on borrelial gene expression and, in one study, caused significant in vitro growth defects. BB0647 was also found to be essential for infection of the mammalian host but not the tick vector. Both Ouyang et al. and Hyde et al. also demonstrate, quite unexpectedly, that BB0647 is required for induction of RpoS, an alternative sigma factor that controls a cadre of B. burgdorferi genes, most notably ospC, which enable the spirochetes to establish mammalian infection following tick inoculation. There are still many unanswered questions regarding the precise physiological role of BB0647, the most important of which relate to its homologues Fur and PerR: to what extent does it regulate either the response to oxidative stress and/or transition metal uptake? The mechanism(s) whereby BB0647 interfaces with the Rrp2-RpoN-RpoS pathway also remains to be discerned. However, these two seminal papers establish BB0647 (BosR) as a central player in the molecular biology and physiology of B. burgdorferi as well as the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.
Lessons from Behavioral Finance for Retirement Plan Design

This paper evaluates some of the key lessons of behavioral economics and finance research over the last decade for pension plan design. We divide the discussion into the natural phases of the retirement saving life cycle: accumulation, investment, and decumulation. After reviewing the lessons of behavioral finance, we conclude by outlining plan design alternatives that would be of use to plan sponsors and policymakers seeking to design more cost-effective and efficient retirement plans for the future.
Impact of test compression on power supply noise control

Compaction and compression are commonly used to minimize test data volume and test application time. Both techniques can greatly affect power supply noise (PSN) during test, as these techniques take advantage of the fact that test patterns have low care-bit density. However, there is little prior work studying how compression affects PSN. In this work, embedded deterministic test (EDT) and Illinois Scan patterns are generated with and without compaction. Our previous PSN control algorithm is extended to incorporate the compression constraints and applied to these patterns. The experimental results show that with the PSN control algorithm, EDT lowers the maximal PSN by 24.15% and Illinois Scan lowers it by 2.77% on un-compacted patterns. The maximal PSN is 22.32% and 6.94% lower on compacted patterns.
SERUM RETINOL AND AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

The relation of serum retinol and carotenoids to airway obstruction was investigated in a population-based study. Respiratory symptoms and the pulmonary function of 83 white males were assessed in 1979 5 years after their blood had been drawn. Airway obstruction in 1979, defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1 second which was equal to or less than 75% of the forced vital capacity, was associated with a decreased 1974 level of serum retinol.
Blood stem cell transplantation and gene therapy of cancer

Primitive hemopoietic stem cells represent the most probable targets for genetic alterations due to exposure to ionizing irradiation or chemical carcinogens. We have applied a two-step protocol for the purification of CD34+HLA-DR-/low hemopoietic progenitor cells from cord blood (CB). CD34+ cells were isolated by monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD34 (My10) and immunomagnetic beads. Beads were cleaved off the CD34+ cells by enzymatic treatment with chymopapain. Due to chymopapain-resistance of epitopes recognized by the used mAbs purity control of CD34+ cells and separation into CD34+HLA-DR-/low and CD34+HLA-DR+ subsets could be performed by using flow cytometry. Two miniaturized procedures were applied to isolate poly(A)+ mRNA for the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from small numbers of CD34+HLA-DR-/low cells. In five experiments, the mean purity of immunomagnetically isolated CD34+ cells was 93.8% +/- 3.9. Flow cytometry sorting of CD34+ cells resulted in pure CD34+HLA-DR-/low populations (purity > 98.8%; range 98.8% to 99.9%; viability > 96%) with an average yield of 2600 +/- 800 cells/5 x 10(7) low density CB cells. By RT-PCR using both poly(A)+ mRNA isolation procedures, sequences corresponding to CD34 and beta 2-microglobulin were amplified from as few as 20 cells. Furthermore, a sequence-independent RT-PCR (SIP-RT-PCR) was applied to amplify the cDNA derived from five erythroblasts isolated from a burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E). Upon hybridization, full-length c-fos message was detected in the SIP-RT-PCR amplified material. Our data demonstrate that gene expression can be detected at the transcriptional level in small numbers of hemopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, the SIP-RT-PCR may allow the amplification of unique mRNA species when subtractive hybridization procedures are performed. The presented data should be useful to analyze gene expression in rare subsets of radiation-exposed immature hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells.
Space Charge and Grain Boundary Energy in Zirconia (3Y-TZP)

An analytical procedure is developed which provides the magnitudes of the space charge potential and the corresponding grain boundary energy in ionic oxides from the effect of an applied dc electric field on grain growth. Reasonable agreement occurred between the calculated values and expectations or other measurements. The agreement indicates that the physical mechanism governing the retardation of grain growth by an electric field in 3Y-TZP is through reduction in the grain boundary energy by the interaction of the field with the space charge.
Mummified Seal Carcasses in the McMurdo Sound Region, Antarctica

Information was collected on 90 mummified carcasses of the "crabeater" seal in the ice-free areas of the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica. The carcasses range from relatively well-preserved bodies to merely old, twisted, winddissected fragments of tissue. They are hard and dry and lie on the surface of the ground, mostly in valley bottoms. The arid, cold climate is ideal for retarding organic decay. One carcass was dated by radiocarbon analysis and found to be between 1600 and 2600 years old.
Challenges in providing general access to digitized x rays over the Internet

As part of a collaborative project with other government agencies, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) is engaged in the development of an electronic archive of digitized cervical and lumbar spine xrays taken in the course of nationwide health and nutrition examination surveys. One goal of the project is to provide access to the images via a client/server system specifically designed to enable radiologists located anywhere on the Internet to read them and enter their readings into a database at the server located at NLM. Another key goal is to provide general (public) access to these images, the radiologists' readings, and other collateral data taken during the survey. The system developed for such general access is based on a public domain server, the World Wide Web (WWW), and NCSA Mosaic, a distributed hypermedia client system designed for information retrieval over the Internet. This paper describes the design of the client/server software, the storage environment for the x-ray archive, the user interface, the communications software, and the public access archive. Design issues include file format, image resolution (both spatial and contrast), compression alternatives, linking collateral data with images, and the role of staging and prefetching.
Application of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry coupled with chemometrics to study the effect of location and botanical origin on volatile profile of unifloral American honeys.

: Ten Ohio and Indiana honey samples from star thistle (Centaurea Americana), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), clover (Trifolium spp.), cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), wildflower, and an unknown source were collected. The headspace of these honeys was analyzed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). SIMCA was utilized to statistically differentiate between honeys based on their composition. Ohio honeys from star thistle, blueberry, and clover were similar to each other in volatile composition, while Ohio wildflower honey was different. Indiana honeys from star thistle, blueberry, and wildflower were different from each other in volatile composition, while clover and cranberry honeys were similar. Honeys from Ohio and Indiana with the same floral origins were different in volatile composition. Furfural, 1-octen-3-ol, butanoic, and pentanoic acids were the volatiles with the highest discriminating power between types of floral honey. Methanol and ethanol followed by acetic acid were at the highest levels in most honeys, though furfural was at the highest concentration in Indiana blueberry honey, while 1-octen-3-ol was at the highest concentration in Indiana wildflower honey. The highest concentration of volatile compounds was in Indiana wildflower honey followed by Ohio wildflower honey, while the lowest concentration of volatile compounds was observed in Ohio clover honey followed by Indiana clover honey. Practical Application: Using chemometrics, concentrations of volatile compounds in different honeys can be used to determine the influence of botanical and geographical origins on aroma, which is important for the quality of honey. Characterization of volatile compounds can also be a useful tool for assessing honey quality.
A Second-grade Teacher's Adaptive Teaching During an Integrated Science-literacy Unit

This case study explored the nature of one elementary school teacher's adaptive teaching during an integrated science and literacy unit. Data were collected during four consecutive weeks of instruction, weekly interactive planning sessions, 20 classroom observations, and 20 post-lesson interviews. Our analysis suggests that adaptations may be established during planning or emerge while teaching. This study also indicated that an adaptive teacher uses ongoing formative assessment to scaffold students' learning. A coding system that typifies how and why a teacher adapts instruction across disciplines can be used to examine adaptive teaching. Implications for teacher educators and researchers are discussed.
The need to measure low-energy antineutrinos (E⊻<0.782 MeV) from the Sun

Measurements are needed of low-energy antineutrinos generated by possible neutron decay at the core of the Sun. The measurement will test the validity of a proposal that solar luminosity, solar neutrinos, and the outpouring of H+ ions from the solar surface are the products of a chain of reactions triggered by neutron emission from the solar core. Inverse β decay of 87-d 35S, induced by capture of low-energy antineutrinos on 35Cl, is a likely candidate for this measurement.
Economic Aspects of the Boulder Dam Project

I. Complexity of the issues, 177. — II. The Colorado River Basin, 181; Interests of the Imperial Valley in the project, 181; Interests of Los Angeles and neighboring cities, 183. — III. Interests of the Upper-Basin States, 185; The Colorado River Compact, 188; Arizona's interests, 188. — IV. Cost estimates and other figures, 191. — V. Administrative aspects of the Boulder Dam project act, 192; Financial provisions of the act, 194. — VI. Contracts for the allocation of electrical power rights, 197; Comparison of costs of hydro-electric and steam-generated power, 200; Total financial cost to the Los Angeles area, 202. — VII. Fundamental questions. (1) Long-run economic expediency, 205; (2) Immediate economic expediency, 206; (3) Political expediency, 209; (4) The policy of federal enterprise in the power industry, 213; Conclusion, 216.
In appreciation of Wassily Leontief

Abstract Virtually single-handedly, Wassily Leontief conceived, invented, and applied input-output analysis, one of the twentieth century's major advances in economics. In so doing, he overcame daunting obstacles, including lack of data and the fact that when he undertook his project computing machines able to perform the necessary computations did not exist. He was driven by his life-long conviction that economic analysis requires concrete, verifiable numbers rather than algebraic formulas, no matter how elegant.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of New Water-Soluble Bis-Quaternary Ammonium Methacrylate Polymers

New methacrylate monomers containing pendant quaternary ammonium moieties based on 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane (DABCO) were synthesized. The DABCO group contains either a butyl or a hexyl pendant group comprising the hydrophobic segment of the monomers and one tether group to the methacrylate moiety. The monomers were homopolymerized in water by using 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamide) dihydrochloride (V-50) as an initiator. The monomers and polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FTIR, and 13C-NMR. The antimicrobial activities of the corresponding small molecules (bis-quaternary ammonium monocarboxylates) and polymers were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Although the small molecules did not show any antimicrobial activity, the polymers were moderately effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the polymers with butyl and hexyl hydrocarbon chains against S. aureus and E. coli were found to be 250 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value for the polymer with the butyl group was higher than 1 mg/mL, whereas the MBC value for the polymer with hexyl group was found to be 62.5 μg/mL. Thus, an increase of the alkyl chain length from 4 to 6 significantly increased the antimicrobial activity of the polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 635–642, 2004
Computation of hypersonic laminar viscous flow past spinning sharp and blunt cones at high angle of attack

Computational results, obtained with a parabolic Navier-Stokes marching code, are presented for hypersonic viscous flow past spinning sharp and blunt cones at angle of attack. The code takes into account the asymmetries in the flow field resulting from spinning motion and computes the asymmetric shock shape, crossflow and streamwise shear, heat transfer, crossflow separation, and vortex structure. The Magnus force and moments are also computed. Comparisons are made with other theoretical analyses based on boundary-layer and boundary-region equations, and an anomaly is discovered in the displacement thickness contribution to the Magnus force when compared with boundary-layer results. In addition, a new criterion for defining crossflow separation behind spinning bodies is introduced which generalizes the Moore-Rott-Sears criterion for two-dimensional unsteady separation. A condition which characterizes the onset of separation in the flow field is defined.