cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of the Femoral Condyles

To know the dimensions of the femoral condyles is of major importance for the design of new knee implants. In the case of total knee replacement, this may not be as critical as in cases where only small segments such as sections of the load-bearing surface are replaced.
Sepsis in Old Age: Review of Human and Animal Studies

Sepsis is a serious problem among the geriatric population as its incidence and mortality rates dramatically increase with advanced age. Despite a large number of ongoing clinical and basic research studies, there is currently no effective therapeutic strategy that rescues elderly patients with severe sepsis. Recognition of this problem is relatively low as compared to other age-associated diseases. The disparity between clinical and basic studies is a problem, and this is likely due, in part, to the fact that most laboratory animals used for sepsis research are not old while the majority of sepsis cases occur in the geriatric population. The objective of this article is to review recent epidemiological studies and clinical observations, and compare these with findings from basic laboratory studies which have used aged animals in experimental sepsis.
Transcriptional Control of Cardiac Boundary Formation

Abstract The heart is the first organ to form during embryogenesis and its function is critical for the viability of the mammalian embryo. As development proceeds, the early heart tube is remodeled by the addition of new structures with discrete boundaries. Each of these boundaries contributes to physical and functional compartments in the mature heart and serves to ensure proper unidirectional blood flow and rhythmic contraction. The establishment and maintenance of each of these boundaries is controlled by an evolutionary‐conserved network of signaling pathways and transcription factors that function combinatorially to specify distinct divisions within the heart. This chapter focuses on the transcription factors that are involved in the establishment and maintenance of functional boundaries and distinct identities within the heart. The combinatorial interactions between cell‐restricted and ubiquitous transcription factors in the establishment of atrial and ventricular restricted expression patterns are highlighted. In addition, numerous genes and transgenes exhibit expression that is restricted to either the right ventricle and outflow tract or the left ventricle and atria. This unique division is discussed in the context of the recent discovery that two distinct cardiac progenitor populations, the first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF), reside in the mesoderm and contribute to the heart. A transcriptional network for the SHF and its derivatives in the right ventricle and outflow tract is proposed. Finally, distinctions in the regulation of gene expression in primary myocardium versus chamber or working myocardium are discussed.
Answering Oren's Challenge: The Independent Role of Public Democratic Identity in the Security and Foreign Policies of Democracies

In 1971, the United States and India came as close to war, or at least armed conflict. In that year, as East and West Pakistan, joined since the partition events of 1947, disintegrated into what is now Pakistan (West) and Bangladesh (East). India, caught between the two combatants, dealing with significant refugee influxes, and with a sizable Bengali minority, became militarily involved, supporting the breakaway Bangladesh against the militarily superior Pakistan. The Nixon Administration, rather than treat the situation as a regional problem, framed it in terms of global geopolitics (Kux, 1994). Pakistan, a ‘friend’ of the United States, was being “screwed [by] a friend of Russia’s” (Widmaier, 2005, p. 432). Seeking to intimidate India - and by proxy the Soviet Union - the Nixon Administration eventually sent the USS Enterprise and its attending Carrier Battle Group (CBG) to the Bay of Bengal. While military force was never brought to bear, the threat was certainly present, thus making the events of 1971 a rare ‘near miss’ - a situation where the use of force between democracies was a real possibility (Layne, 1994).
High-throughput screening of glutaminase inhibitors for the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: Implementation of a fluorescence-based assay

Recent studies suggest that reducing synaptic glutamate release may prove therapeutic in schizophrenia. Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG), present in human brain mitochondria, is thought to medwiate the major flux of glutamate to the neurotransmitter pool. PAG catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamine (Gln) to L-glutamic acid (Glu), so inhibiting PAG seems a promising means of reducing Glu release. The goal of this study was to establish the parameters for a high-throughput screening to identify potential PAG inhibitors. Glutaminase A from E. coli was used as a substitute for PAG. Gln was added as the substrate and its conversion to Glu measured using Amplex Red technology as Resorufin fluorescence. First, the linear range for the relationship between glutamate added and Resorufin fluorescence was determined. We measured the kinetics of PAG action, showing that after one hour there was a complete conversion of glutamine to glutamate. However, the relationship between PAG concentration and Resorufin fluorescence was non-linear, consistent with cooperativity in PAG function. We then assayed 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), the best known glutaminase inhibitor, and determined an inhibition constant of 73 nM. DON was more effective against bacterial glutaminase than the known millimolar-level inhibition in mammalian neurons, indicating that the bacterial glutaminase would not be suitable for screening for inhibiters of human PAG, and thus for identifying PAG inhibitors with therapeutic potential for schizophrenia. In conclusion, the parameters for the assay of PAG activity and its inhibition were established; and synthesis of human glutaminase should allow us to move forward to high-throughput screening.; ;
Power spectrum of sea level change over fifteen decades of frequency

[1] The power spectrum of relative sea level change has been estimated over more than 15 orders of magnitude in frequency, from a frequency of 1/(591 Ma) to a frequency of 1/(5 s). Although there are still regions of the spectrum where data sampling and duration do not allow the power to be calculated, most notably between periods of 100–1000 years, the general shape of the spectrum is that in which the power depends on the square of the reciprocal frequency, apart from periods between 1 and 100 years where the power spectrum falls off less steeply with increasing frequency. A spectrum in which power depends on reciprocal frequency squared is the same spectrum as that calculated from a random walk signal of finite length. There are some causes that have defined frequencies, such as those associated with tides and the Milankovitch cycles of the ice ages, but there is also a continuum of relative sea level change that requires other causes. The implications of this are discussed in the light of global change and heating of the lithosphere from the bottom.
Fission modes of Fm 256 and Fm 258 in a microscopic approach

A static microscopic study of potential-energy surfaces within the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-plus-BCS model is carried out for the $^{256}\mathrm{Fm}$ and $^{258}\mathrm{Fm}$ isotopes with the goal of deducing some properties of spontaneous fission. The calculated fission modes are found to be in agreement with the experimentally observed asymmetric-to-symmetric transition in the fragment-mass distributions and with the high- and low-total-kinetic-energy modes experimentally observed in $^{258}\mathrm{Fm}$. Most of the results are similar to those obtained in macroscopic-microscopic models as well as in recent Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations with the Gogny interaction, with a few differences in their interpretations. In particular an alternative explanation is proposed for the low-energy fission mode of $^{258}\mathrm{Fm}$.
Richard II and the Unforgetting Messiah

Critics have long agreed that Shakespeare’s Richard II is deeply related to the Christian messiah, but they rarely think beyond a simple acknowledgment of the fact that Richard is a “Christ figure.” This essay argues that critics have failed to acknowledge fully Richard’s messianic character because they have operated without a fully informed theory of the messianic — a theory that questions the trustworthiness of standard historical narratives and narrative arcs. Richard’s analogical self-forgetting issues from a traditional theology handed down from Aquinas. A diverse set of writers — from Vida to Agamben — have described these modes of self-forgetting and analogy as the work of the messiah. This essay argues that Shakespeare deserves inclusion in this group.
Ethanol self-administration patterns and taste aversion learning across inbred rat strains

Abstract Initial self-administration of high doses of EtOH is shown to be associated in some inbred rat strains with the eventual development of a low preference for EtOH, presumably as a consequence of taste aversion learning occuring during initial intake. Only modest support was obtained for the hypothesis that strain differences in the aversiveness of EtOH affects taste aversion learning. The instrinsic palatability of EtOH and the salience of EtOH as a conditioned stimulus may also affect EtOH preference, but there do not appear to be differences among strains in their general ability to form taste-toxicosis associations.
OUTCOME OF FETAL VENTRICULOMEGALY

Ventriculomegaly was diagnosed in 50 fetuses in the perinatal ultrasound unit of Yale-New Haven Medical Center. The outcomes were elective abortion, 13 (26%); antepartum death, 0 (0%); intrapartum death, 7 (14%); neonatal death within 24 h, 11 (22%); neonatal death after 24 h and within 28 days, 3 (6%); death after 28 days, 2 (4%); survival, 14 (28%). 70% of the deaths were associated with severe congenital anomalies or intrapartum cephalocentesis. Of the 14 survivors, 6 (43%) had Bayley mental or Stanford-Binet scores of over 80, 2 (14%) had scores from 65 to 80, and 6 (43%) had scores of less than 65. The differences in outcome between this antenatal population and previously described neonatal populations with ventriculomegaly may result from the high rate (84%) of abnormalities in association with ventriculomegaly in this study and selection biases in neonatal studies.
Electron microscopic visualization of proteoglycans and collagen in bovine costal cartilage.

Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
Infantile cortical hyperostoses.

Summary Six additional cases of infantile cortical hyperostoses are described. Ten cases have now been reported from this clinic. The findings indicate that this disorder is a new infantile syndrome for which the cause is unknown and the pathogenesis obscure. The skeletal lesion is a hyperplasia of subperiosteal bone on the peripheryof the cortex. Pleural exudate removed from one patient contained 500 monocytes per cubic millimeter. The nature of the soft tissue swellings and the tissue elements in them which are affected primarily have not been determined. The components of the syndrome common to all patients are deep swellings of the soft tissues and cortical hyperostoses in the neighboring bones. Other important features lacking in some patients include fever, hyperirritability, pseudoparalysis, dysphagia, pleurisy, anemia, leucocytosis, monocytosis, increased rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes, and excessive serum phosphatase. Soft tissue swellings have been located in the scalp, face, neck, thorax, and extremities. Hyperostoses have been demonstrated in the calvarium, mandible, clavicles, scapulas, ribs and the tubular bones of the extremities including the metatarsals. The mandible and the clavicles are affected most frequently. Initial symptoms have appeared as early as the third week of life andas late as the twentieth month. Duration of the active manifestations has varied from eight weeks to nine months. All patients have recovered. The course of the disease has not been modified by the administration of sulfonamides or penicillin.
The use of mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplantation in pediatric patients: an analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database.

Objectives The use of mechanical circulatory support to bridge pediatric patients to cardiac transplantation presents unique challenges because of the difficult anatomy and physiology in these patients. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing provided deidentifed patient-level data. The study population included 2532 transplantations performed on patients less than 19 years old in status 1/1A/1B between 1995 and 2005. Mechanical circulatory support was used in 431 patients: 241 (9.5%) received ventricular assist devices, 171 (6.8%) underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and 19 (0.8%) received intra-aortic balloon pumps. Results Patients supported on ventricular assist devices had similar levels of hospitalization and intensive care use and less need for inotropic support ( P P Conclusions Pediatric patients requiring a pretransplantation ventricular assist device have long-term survival similar to that of patients not receiving mechanical circulatory support. Early survival among patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and infants is poor, reinforcing the need for improvements in device design and physiologic management of infants and neonates.
Recent advances in optically pumped semiconductor lasers

Optically pumped semiconductor lasers offer significant advantages with respect to all traditional diode-pumped solid state lasers (including fiber lasers) in regards to wavelength flexibility, broad pump tolerance, efficient spectral and spatial brightness conversion and high power scaling. In this talk we will describe our recent progress in the lab and applying this technology to commercial systems. Results include diversified wavelengths from 460 to 570nm, power scaling to >60W of CW 532nm, and the launch of a low cost 5W CW visible source for forensic applications.
Differential cytoprotection by glycine against oxidant damage to proximal tubule cells

Differential cytoprotection by glycine against oxidant damage to proximal tubule cells. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) injured freshly isolated proximal tubules in an Fe-dependent fashion that was ameliorated by a lipophilic antioxidant, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), but was only minimally affected by glycine. Menadione-induced injury was Fe-independent and was unaffected by DPPD, but was strongly blocked by glycine. Fe was highly toxic when intracellular loading was facilitated by concomitant treatment with hydroxyquinoline (HQ). This toxicity was blocked by DPPD or chelating the Fe, but not by glycine. All of the lesions were characterized by severe depletion of glutathione and other soluble thiols. Menadione induced large increases in protein associated with the Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton and decreases in protein thiol content, consistent with extensive cross linking, but did not increase thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). tBHP and HQ + Fe had either no effect or only moderate, delayed effects on cytoskeletal proteins, but induced substantial increases of TBARS. Glycine did not the alter changes in cytoskeletal proteins, thiols, or TBARS produced by any of the agents. Protection against tBHP toxicity by deferoxamine and DPPD was accompanied by substantial suppression of TBARS accumulation. Superimposition of hypoxia during tBHP exposure reduced TBARS accumulation and restored cytoprotective activity to glycine. Thus, in contrast to its consistently strong cytoprotection against a number of other insults, glycine is only variably cytoprotective against oxidant lesions in freshly isolated proximal tubules. Extensive oxidative crosslinking of proteins is compatible with maintenance of glycine cytoprotection against lethal membrane damage. Fe-induced injury to proximal tubules associated with lipid peroxidation as manifested by TBARS formation is a relatively glycine-insensitive insult.
Structure and function of urodele myelin lacking alpha-hydroxy fatty acid-containing galactosphingolipids: Slow nerve conduction and unusual myelin thickness

Abstract Myelin of several Caudata (Urodela) species appears to be unique in the fact that it lacks hydroxycerebrosides and hydroxysulfatides although it contains their non-hydroxy counterparts. Comparison of the nerve conduction velocities in the Urodeles Necturus (salamander) and Notophthalmus (newt) with that in a reptile, Anolis (chameleon) which contains hydroxycerebrosides and -sulfatides indicated that the values were significantly reduced in the urodeles. Furthermore, urodele myelin thickness remained uniformly the same regardless of the size of the nerve fiber. Despite these differences the myelins appeared structurally similar. Electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction studies did not disclose any structural difference between the two orders. A teased fiber technique established that the ratio of internodal distance and fiber diameter in urodele nerves was essentially similar to that in Anolis . These findings suggest that the absence of hydroxycerebroside and -sulfatide may be related to the reduction in nerve conduction velocity unusual myelin thickness in the urodele nervous system.
Age, Income, and Gender: Demographic Determinants of Community Theater Patronage

ABSTRACT As funds for nonprofit theatrical groups continue to dwindle, effective and efficient marketing strategies become even more critical. This paper investigates whether different consumer groups perceive different theatrical dimensions as more important in deciding whether or not to attend a local theatrical production. Data was collected from attendees of a musical production presented by a community theater group. Results suggest that distinct demographic segments find different tangible elements of the performance to be more or less important. The results have implications for community theater groups and other nonprofit arts organizations. Practical suggestions are made for enhancing the effectiveness of community theater marketing programs.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with pelvic kidney

Abstract Effective methods for performing abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy associated with congenital pelvic kidney are presented. The embryology and surgical anatomy of these lesions are reviewed. Ordinarily, successful aortic reconstruction can be performed with low risk to the pelvic kidney by use of readily available in situ cold perfusion. Two illustrative case reports applying this method are presented. The recently reported technique of double proximal clamping of the aorta was also employed in one case. This technique allows lumbar collaterals within the aneurysm to perfuse the kidney during construction of the proximal aortic anastomosis, thereby minimizing absolute renal ischemic time. Both in situ cold perfusion and double proximal clamping are effective methods for renal preservation that do not rely on complex extraanatomic techniques. A review of the literature with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of previously reported methods of renal preservation is presented. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:404–9.)
The Rising Level of the Great Salt Lake: Impacts and Adjustments

Abstract Societal responses to climatic fluctuations can be difficult and costly. The recent case of the rising level of the Great Salt Lake indicates that resource managers are often unprepared to respond to climate related impacts, except in an ad hoe and costly fashion. Precipitation in the Great Salt Lake drainage basin between 1982 and 1986 averaged 134 percent of normal, resulting in a rise in the level of the Great Salt Lake of 3.66 m (12 ft) to a new historic record high level of 1283.77 m (4211.85 ft). This rise in the level of the take has had widespread adverse impacts, forcing resource managers to implement costly emergency flood mitigation measures. Policymakers, however, have been unwilling to implement long-term policies aimed at adapting to fluctuating lake levels, relying instead on crisis management while hoping that the lake will soon recede. The water level of the Great Salt Lake, its impacts and adjustments, and an assessment of the long-term adjustment options are discussed.
Inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase by catechol analogs.

Abstract Catechol analogs inhibit the activity of lysyl hydroxylase (peptidyllysine, 2-oxyglutarate: oxygen 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.4), a microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of certain lysyl residues in collagen to hydroxylysine. Chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase activity was measured by specific tritium release as tritiated water from an l -[4,5- 3 H]lysine-labelled unhydroxylated collagen substrate prepared from chick calvaria. Catechol analogs did not bind irreversibly to either enzyme or substrate, as full activity was restored with dialysis. Addition of excess cofactor, Fe 2+ , ascorbic acid, or α-ketoglutarate, did not affect inhibition. Kinetic analysis revealed that with respect to collagen substrate, catechol demonstrated a noncompetitive type of inhibition with a K i of 15 μM.
A System For Automatic Film Reading And Dynamic Display Generation

The development of high speed data acquisition capabilities has made possible the recording of large volumes of data in short time spans. If this data is to be efficiently utilized, means for automatically reading, interpreting and analysing it must be developed. Modern high speed computers provide an effective data analysis tool. This paper presents a system which automatically reads, at high speeds, data recorded on photographic emulsion and which generates dynamic displays, an effective means for observing and demonstrating trends in data. The central component of the system is a UNIVAC 1105 computer which synchronizes and directs the operation of all peripheral components of the system. The film is read by positioning a spot of light on a C.R.T. at a computer specified point via two digital to analog converters, imaging this spot on the film, detecting the amount of light passed through the film with a photomultiplier and placing the binary equivalent of the detected value in the computer via an A-D converter. Dynamic displays are generated with a pulse operated 16mm motion picture camera which is viewing a C.R.T. The motion of the camera film and shutter are controlled by the computer as is the generation of the display points for each film frame.
Synaptic targeting of glutamate receptors

The proper targeting and clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at appropriate postsynaptic sites are principal requirements for the formation of functional synapses. Recently, new studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the targeting and clustering of glutamate receptors at excitatory synapses in the brain. Members of the SAP90/PSD-95 family of proteins have emerged as potential regulators of glutamate-receptor membrane distribution. Further, targeting motifs within glutamate receptor subunits have been identified. These findings provide important clues in the effort to understand the molecular features of synaptic organization.
Behavioral Neurobiology: Leech Lust in the Lab

Summary Animals typically will not exhibit reproductive behaviors during invasive experimental manipulations. The demonstration of courtship-related impulse activity in isolated leech ganglia promises new opportunities to elucidate the neural basis of mating.
Reversible inactivation of photosystem II reaction centers in cation-depleted chloroplast membranes.

Abstract Isolated pea chloroplasts were washed once in 10 m m NaCl and were then suspended in “low-salt” medium. Approximately one-half of the photosystem II reaction centers of these salt-depleted membranes were found to be photochemically inactive. These units became active in the presence of low concentrations of divalent cations (5–10 m m Mg 2+ ) or high concentrations of monovalent cations (150–200 m m Na + ), as evidenced by a twofold increase in the steady-state flash yield of oxygen evolution under short (~10-μs) saturating repetitive flashes (two per second). The half-maximal increase in flash yield occurred at ~2 mM Mg 2+ or ~75 m m Na + . The flash yield of hydroxylamine oxidation in these low-salt chloroplasts increased twofold after Mg 2+ addition, indicating that the cation action was close to the reaction-center chlorophyll complex. The relation between flash yield and dark time between flashes was not changed significantly by Mg 2+ , indicating that the rate-limiting step of the overall electron transport (H 2 0 —→ ferricyanide) was not affected significantly. When the rate-limiting step was bypassed using silicomolybdate as the photosystem II electron acceptor (in the presence of diuron), the reduction rate doubled in the presence of Mg 2+ , even under continuous, saturating light. In glutaraldehyde-fixed chloroplasts, Mg 2+ did not increase the flash yield of O 2 evolution; this suggests that protein conformational changes in the chloroplast membranes were involved in Mg 2+ activation of photosystem II centers.
Evidence that brown is not an elemental color

Two experiments using the continuous judgmental color-naming technique (Sternheim & Boynton, 1966) were performed to investigate possible response biases in an earlier investigation of the possible elemental nature of brown (Fuld, Werner, & Wooten, 1983). We manipulated theorder in which the response categories were presented by attempting to build in a maroon category dependence (Experiment 1) and by avoiding a brown category dependence (Experiment 2). The results indicate that the order in which the response categories become available can influence color-naming results; they also indicate that brown is not an elemental color. Yellow and black were reconfirmed as elemental colors, thus upholding the assumption of Hering opponent process models that there are six elemental colors.
Interactive Multimodal Robot Programming

As robots enter the human environment and come into contact with inexperienced users, they need to be able to interact with users in a multimodal fashion—keyboard and mouse are no longer acceptable as the only input modalities. In this paper we introduce a novel approach for programming robots interactively through a multimodal interface. The key characteristic of this approach is that the user can provide feedback interactively at any time—during both the programming and the execution phase. The framework takes a three-step approach to the problem: multimodal recognition, intention interpretation, and prioritized task execution. The multimodal recognition module translates hand gestures and spontaneous speech into a structured symbolic data stream without abstracting away the user’s intent. The intention interpretation module selects the appropriate primitives to generate a task based on the user’s input, the system’s current state, and robot sensor data. Finally, the prioritized task execution module se...
Evaluation of the fundamental properties of quantum dot infrared detectors

The physical properties of detectors based on intraband optical absorption in quantum dots is described and examined in the interest of providing a competitive alternative infrared (IR) detector technology. These quantum dot detectors are an extension of quantum well infrared photodetectors and are expected to have a large performance advantage. A model is developed for quantum dot infrared photodetectors based on fundamental performance limitations enabling a direct comparison between IR materials technologies. A comparison is made among HgCdTe, quantum well, and quantum dot IR detectors, where quantum dots are expected to have the potential to outperform quantum wells by several orders of magnitude and compete with HgCdTe. In this analysis, quantum dots are expected to possess the fundamental ability to achieve the highest IR detector performance if quantum dot arrays with high size uniformity and optimal bandstructure may be achieved.
School urbanicity and financial generosity: Can neighborhood context predict donative behavior in spite of the economy?

This article contributes new research to the literature on the relationship between institutional-level factors and financial generosity. In the framework of the existing research on how school-level attributes correspond to donor behavior, no study has examined the relationship between the institutional neighborhood context and private giving. The purpose of this article is to examine this relationship. Specifically, this article has assessed the degree to which school urbanicity and other neighborhood contextual factors are related to alumni, corporate and foundation generosity. Controlling for commonly employed institutional predictors, such as school endowment, as well as holding constant the state, year and unique state-year economic environment over the period 1998–2008, the results have pointed toward significant correlations between a university's neighborhood context and private donations.
Modified Contemporary Comparison as a Predictor for Future Daughters

Abstract Modified Contemporary Comparisons of sires from United States Department of Agriculture files were searched to locate bulls summarized in October, 1974, with substantial additional information in a subsequent sire summary. The summary of October, 1974, and the latest subsequent summary through January, 1976, on 702 Holstein bulls were used to develop a measure of daughter performance from information added between summaries on each sire. Predicted Differences of milk, fat, and 72 other variables from the October, 1974, summary were independent variables for prediction of performance of additional daughters for milk and fat. The best predictive equation for performance of additional daughters for milk included Predicted Difference for milk, fraction culled, and Repeatability times contemporary fathers’ Modified Contemporary Deviation for milk, Predicted Difference for milk alone accounted for 94.3% as much of the predictable variation as did the entire predictive equation. Analysis of fat production of additional daughters provided similar evidence for the predictive value of Predicted Difference for fat. Analysis of sire summaries of first lactation, including data through May, 1976, verified the results. Predicted Difference for milk and fat from multi-herd proofs appear to be sufficiently accurate predictors of performance of future daughters to serve as sole criterion of selection for production in breeding programs.
Robustness of Approaches to ROC Curve Modeling under Misspecification of the Underlying Probability Model

A variety of statistical regression models have been proposed for the comparison of ROC curves for different markers across covariate groups. Pepe developed parametric models for the ROC curve that induce a semiparametric model for the market distributions to relax the strong assumptions in fully parametric models. We investigate the analysis of the power ROC curve using these ROC-GLM models compared to the parametric exponential model and the estimating equations derived from the usual partial likelihood methods in time-to-event analyses. In exploring the robustness to violations of distributional assumptions, we find that the ROC-GLM provides an extra measure of robustness.
Algorithm for Autonomous Longitude and Eccentricity Control for Geostationary Spacecraft

To lower satellite orbital maintenance cost, spacecraft designers are seeking flight software that provides more autonomy. Longitude and eccentricity are good candidates for autonomous control of geostationary spacecraft.The algorithm presented couples longitude control with eccentricity control. Longitude drift is modeled as onedegree-of-freedom motion and controlled with a quadratic equation predicting the subspacecraft Earth reference longitude after a predetermined amount of time. After formulation of the basic longitude control algorithm, addition of a differential corrections scheme resulted in an improved longitude error of ′0.015° longitude. Finally, implementation of longitude control and two-part maneuvers for eccentricity control successfully met the desired mission constraints. The algorithms developed form the basis for preparation of flight software for a geostationary spacecraft scheduled to launch in the next few years.
Block diagonalization and eigenvalues

Abstract This paper deals with block diagonalization of partitioned (not necessarily square) matrices. The process is shown to be analogous to calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Computer techniques and examples are provided. Several various types of applications are discussed including application to liver disease.
Thermodynamics of the formation of atmospheric organic particulate matter by accretion reactions—2. Dialdehydes, methylglyoxal, and diketones

Abstract Predicting the formation of organic particulate matter (OPM) in the atmosphere by absorptive gas/particle partitioning requires a knowledge of the identities, atmospheric levels, and physical properties of all condensable species. Data from field and chamber experiments have shown that a portion of atmospheric OPM samples are comprised of products generated during oxidation of volatile organic compounds. It has been suggested that some of these initially formed oxidation products also contribute to the formation of atmospheric OPM via molecular-weight (MW) building “accretion reactions”. The role of such reactions as well as a general theoretical approach for evaluating their thermodynamic relevance in regard to atmospheric OPM formation, have been discussed in prior work. This work utilizes that approach in considerations of accretion reactions of glyoxal, two other dialdehydes, methylglyoxal, and two diketones. The methods used to predict free energy of formation ( Δ G f ° ) values (and hence equilibrium constant ( K ) values) indicate that: (1) for 1,4-butanedial, 2,3-butanedione, and 2,5-hexanedione, the accretion reactions considered are not favorable; (2) for C6 and higher dialdehydes, reaction by aldol condensation may contribute to atmospheric OPM formation under certain circumstances, if kinetically favorable; and (3) for glyoxal, diol and subsequent oligomer formation, and for methylglyoxal, aldol condensation, are thermodynamically favorable, and may contribute significantly to OPM in the atmosphere, if kinetically favorable.
Liver Resection for Metastatic Disease After Y90 Radioembolization: A Case Series with Long-Term Follow-Up

There are only few reports of liver resections for metastatic disease in patients previously treated with Y-90 radioembolization (RE), and long-term outcome data are sparse. We reviewed our center’s experience in patients undergoing hepatectomy after hepatic RE. A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing RE from 2004 to 2011 was performed. Demographic, clinicopathologic, operative, and long-term outcomes variables were collected. Independent pathologic review of tumor necrosis and normal liver tissue grading of fibrosis and inflammation after resection was performed. Data are expressed as medians and ranges. RE was delivered to 106 patients with primary and metastatic disease of the liver, of whom 9 patients (6 males, 3 females, median age 54 (47–76) years) with metastatic disease ultimately underwent resection. RE was previously administered to the right liver in five, the left liver in one, and to the whole liver in three. Two patients had a second RE performed before resection. Six of the nine patients had previously received several infusions of cytotoxic therapy. The operations occurred at a median of 115 (56–245) days after RE and included right lobectomy (n = 5), left lobectomy (n = 1), left-lateral sectionectomy (n = 1), and bilobar wedge resections (n = 2). Extrahepatic sites were resected in three patients. Median blood loss was 900 (range 250–3600) ml. Grade 3 or higher complications occurred in seven cases (78 %). Follow-up was complete all nine patients. Three patients (33 %) died within 30 days of resection. All those surviving the operative period had disease recurrence (time to recurrence: 202 [range 54–315] days), and all have since died (overall survival: 584 [range 127–1230] days). Review of resected specimens demonstrated median tumor necrosis of 70 % (range 20–90 %). In nontumor-bearing liver, fibrosis grade (0–4) and inflammation score (0–4) was 2 or less in all specimens. In this small cohort of highly selected and heavily pretreated patients, long-term survival in patients undergoing resection after RE appears possible, but the operations may carry substantial risks—highlighting the importance of careful patient selection for these resections. The etiology of morbidity and mortality is likely multifactorial and additional reports that include long-term outcomes will be necessary to identify more clearly the impact of RE on postoperative complications and death.
Armodafinil for Sarcoidosis-Associated Fatigue: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

Context Fatigue has been identified in more than one-half of patients with sarcoidosis. Although fatigue is not synonymous with impaired quality of life, most studies of sarcoidosis identify fatigue as a major cause of impaired quality of life.
Identification of normal and abnormally rough vowels by spectral noise level measurements

Abstract Our goal in this study was to learn whether vowel spectral noise level (SNL) measurements might differentiate between normal and abnormally rough test vowel samples. The vowel samples studied were obtained originally for two previous investigations. In one study, 20 normal-speaking subjects phonated in isolation each of five test vowels (/u/, /i/, /λ/, /a/, /ae/) both normally and with simulated abnormal vocal roughness. In the other, 20 subjects who individually presented a laryngeal pathology phonated each of the same test vowels in isolation. The 300 test samples available from the two studies were obtained at one intensity and mouth-to-microphone distance (75 dB SPL at 15 cm). From the original studies, narrow-band (3-Hz) acoustic spectra of the vowel samples and SNL measurements were available. For this study, a mean of 25 noise level measurements per vowel sample served as an SNL index for each test production. Additionally, for this study, the test samples were individually classified dichotomously as normal or as abnormally rough in quality by a panel of nine listeners. Data analysis resulted in the identification of an SNL mean value (termed the SNL “criterion”) that appeared to differentiate effectively between the perceptually normal and abnormally rough samples of each test vowel. In general, the findings appeared to support the hypothesis that vowel SNL measurements could be used to identify normal and abnormally rough vowel samples.
Characterization of avian lymphocyte surface proteins which bind to membrane and circulating immunoglobulins.

Abstract Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface radioiodination was employed to label membrane proteins of chicken cells from bursa, and spleen cells from normal or bursectomized (Aγ) chickens. Detergent lysates of labelled cells were precipitated with rabbit anti-chicken Ig Fab antisera to isolate membrane immunoglobulins and with chicken anti-human gamma globulin: human gamma globulin immune complexes or insoluble, heat-aggregated chicken Ig to isolate Fc receptors (FcR). Resolution of bursa or normal spleen cell membrane proteins bound by anti-Fab antibodies by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions revealed three molecular species (70,000, 45,000 and 25,000 dallons) specifically precipitated. All membrane proteins bound by the anti-Fab reagents were bound by antisera specific for chicken IgM. Bursa lymphocyte membrane proteins which bound to immune complexes were resolved into two major molecular species (55,000 and 45,000 daltons). The 45,000-dalton FcR exhibited an isoeleclric point and detergent sensitivily idenlical to a 45,000-dalton protein coprecipitated with membrane Ig. Two-dimensional gel analysis of Fc receptors obtained from spleen cells of bursectomized birds revealed that these proteins can be distinguished by size and/or charge from bursa Fc receptors. The results suggest that chicken lymphocyte Fc receptors comprise a group of proteins which can be distinguished by size, charge, and cellular origin.
Identification of surface proteins on bovine leukocytes by a biotin-avidin protein blotting technique

A method has been developed which covalently attaches biotin to proteins on the outer surface of leukocytes. These proteins are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose by protein blotting. Labeled proteins are detected using an avidin-peroxidase conjugate and color indicator. The method has been used to identify surface proteins specific to either polymorphonuclear leukocytes or mononuclear leukocytes prepared from bovine peripheral blood. The method provides a highly sensitive, non-radioactive means of examining alterations of surface proteins on leukocytes under differing functional and physiological conditions. Cell viability is not altered by this labeling method and labeled cells can be used to examine functions of surface proteins.
Neuroprotection conferred by post-ischemia ethanol therapy in experimental stroke: an inhibitory effect on hyperglycolysis and NADPH oxidase activation

Ethanol provides neuroprotection following ischemia/reperfusion. This study assessed ethanol's effect on hyperglycolysis and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h. Three sets of experiments were conducted to determine ethanol's effect on (i) conferring neuroprotection by measuring infarct volume and neurological deficits 24 h post reperfusion; (ii) cerebral glucose metabolism and lactic acidosis by measuring brain and blood glucose concentrations and protein expression of glucose transporter 1 and 3 (GLUT1, GLUT3), phosphofructokinase (PFK), as well as lactic acidosis by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate; and (iii) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activation by detecting enzymatic activity and subunit expression at 3 h after reperfusion. When administered upon reperfusion, ethanol (1.5 g/kg) reduced infarct volume by 40% (p < 0.01) and neurological deficits by 48% at 24 h post reperfusion while reducing (p < 0.01) elevations in glycolytic protein expression and lactate levels during early reperfusion (3 h). Ethanol increased the reductions in cerebral glucose concentration at 3 h post reperfusion by 64% (p < 0.01) while enhancing (p < 0.01) post stroke blood glucose concentration, suggesting a reduced cellular glucose uptake and utilization. Ethanol decreased (p < 0.01) stroke-induced NOX activation by reducing enzymatic activity and gp91phox expression by 45% and 38%, respectively. Post-ischemia ethanol treatment exerts neuroprotection through attenuation of hyperglycolysis and associated NOX activation. Because of the lack of associated hypoglycemia and selectivity toward decreasing cerebral metabolism, further investigation of ethanol's use as a post-stroke therapy, especially in the context of hyperglycemia, seems warranted.
School and school activity schedules affect the quality of family relations: a within-couple analysis

In this study, we focus on community resources – specifically, children's school and school activity schedules, or school resource fit (SRF) – as a contextual variable influencing family-role quality (FRQ) among employed parents of school-aged (grades K-12) children in a sample of 58 Boston-area couples (N=116). We found that SRF is a significant predictor of parent-role quality (PRQ) and marital-role quality (MRQ) for mothers, but not fathers. Further, for mothers, the relationship between SRF and each FRQ indicator was mediated by the other FRQ indicator. There was no evidence of crossover effects of one partner's SRF on the other partner's FRQ.
Functional role of regrowing pyramidal tract fibers.

When pyramidal tract axons are severed in the infant hamster, the damaged fiber? regrow via a new pathway to their normal terminal sites in the medulla and spinal cord and there form synaptic connections (Kalil and Reh, ′79, ′82). We studied the behavior of animals with infant and adult lesions of the medullary pyramid to determine the functional significance of the new pathway in maintaining normal motor behavior. Examination of behaviors normally mediated by the pyramidal tract, particularly the manipulation of sunflower seeds during feeding, revealed a correlation between the presence of the new tract and the preservation of function. Furthermore, in the adult animal with an infant lesion, the spared behaviors were lost when the new pathway was destroyed.
Conformation of Free Linear Polymer Chains in a Polymer Network

Small angle neutron scattering has been used to measure the radius of gyration of deuterated linear polystyrene at dilute concentration contained in a polystyrene network with different crosslink densities. At each crosslink density, four samples with different linear chain concentrations (less than the overlap concentration) were made. The lower crosslink density samples (Nc >180) remained single phase, while higher crosslink density samples showed evidence of phase separation. Zimm plots were made for all samples which were single phase, and the second virial coefficient was obtained as a function of crosslink density. It was found that the second virial coefficient decreased with increasing crosslink density. Single chain form factors were obtained by extrapolating the scattering data to zero concentration of the linear chain for the single phase samples. A modified Debye equation was used to fit the zero concentration extrapolated scattering data over the entire experimental q range to obtain the radi...
Electric machines and energy storage technologies in EVs and HEVs for over a century

This paper reviews electric machinery and energy storage technologies that have been used in EVs and HEVs for over a century, i.e., since the automotive industry started until now. The review is intended to show trends in the evolution of these technologies in relationship with major technological breakthroughs and global events that shaped the EV and HEV industry. Electric machine types and power ratings, in addition to battery types and energy storage capacity are surveyed. A large database is then constructed and analyzed. Trends are shown to correlate well with global events and major automotive milestones with the rise and fall of different technologies. Three time periods are addressed between the first the automobile production and 2013. Future trends and expectations are then built based upon previous trends.