cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authorship in Student-Faculty Collaborative Research: Perceptions of Current and Best Practices

Determining appropriate authorship recognition in student-faculty collaborative research is a complex task. In this quantitative study, responses from 1346 students and faculty in education and some social science disciplines at 36 research-intensive institutions in the United States were analyzed to provide a description of current and recommended practices for authorship in student-faculty collaborative research. The responses revealed practices and perceptions that are not aligned with ethical guidelines and a lack of consensus among respondents about appropriate practice. Faculty and student respondents agreed that students deserve more authorship recognition than they get in common practice but they did not agree on the appropriate authorship arrangement for several of the collaborative scenarios described in the study or on the relative value of various contributions to research projects. The misalignment with ethical codes and lack of consensus among the respondents is problematic because student-faculty collaborative research is common and authored publications are powerful indicators of research competency. With these detailed results, students and faculty can better anticipate areas where their perspectives are likely to differ and faculty can work to clarify ambiguous expectations.
Dose dependent inhibition of midazolam elimination by ketoconazole: Effect of CYP3A5 genotype

Aims Ketoconazole (K), a potent inhibitor and substrate of CYP3A enzymes, is commonly used to determine the worst-case drug interaction for CYP3A substrates. The effect of K dose and CYP3A5 genotype on in vivo CYP3A activity was assessed using the probe drug, midazolam (M). Methods 15 healthy volunteers (12 male), weighing (mean±SD) 76±12kg, completed a 3-phase, randomized, crossover study. Intravenous (IV, 0.05mg/kg over 30 minutes) and oral (4mg) M were administered on separate days before and during 7 days of dosing with K 200 or 400mg (K 1hr prior to IV M on day 6 and oral M on day 7). Serum samples were assayed for M and K by HPLC-MS. CYP3A5 genotype was obtained by allele-specific real-time PCR. Results The baseline AUCs after IV and oral M were 149±29 and 45±16μg×L/hr. The baseline oral bioavailability, systemic and oral clearance of M were 0.27±0.06, 26±6L/hr and 99±32L/hr, respectively. The average steady state concentration of K after 200mg and 400mg dosing was 1.3±0.5 and 3.9±1.4 mg/L, respectively. The fold increase in IV & oral M AUC was significantly greater (P≤0.02) after 400mg K (4.2±0.6 & 15±4, respectively) compared to 200mg K (3.4±0.7 & 11±4, respectively) daily. CYP3A5 genotype (*1/*1, *1/*3; n=7 vs. *3/*3; n=8) did not significantly alter the extent of inhibition observed after K dosing (P>0.05). Conclusions The extent of CYP3A inhibition by K is dose dependent with significantly greater effect by 400mg compared to 200mg K dosing. Grant support FDT-001756 from FDA and M01-RR00750 from NIH. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P35–P35; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.025
Construction of the phenomenological model of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction state trajectory

The Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction is used as an example of a self-organizing system which is easily and intelligibly observable, and experimentally accessible. The analysis does not require elaborate reconstruction of series of three-dimensional images as in the case of bird flocks, fish schools or organ behaviour. The analysis of living cells microscopic image series is even more elaborate. Moreover, the experimenter in the case of the chemical clock has full control of the mechanical constraints imposed on the system. In this, contributions are reported using both experimental and theoretical results of the BZ reaction as an experimental tool for the analysis of behaviour of the self-organizing system. We have created a state trajectory using several selected image identifiers (point information gain entropy – Hα). The Hα values define an approximate state space which may be analysed using multivariate analysis. In this report we provide results of this analysis.
Modeling interactions between electrical activity and second-messenger cascades in Aplysia neuron R15.

The biophysical properties of neuron R15 in Aplysia endow it with the ability to express multiple modes of oscillatory electrical activity, such as beating and bursting. Previous modeling studies e...
Absorption of solar radiation by the atmosphere as determined using satellite, aircraft, and surface data during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE)

Data sets acquired during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE) using simultaneous measurements from five independent platforms (GOES 8 geostationary satellite, ER-2, Egrett and Twin Otter aircraft, and surface) are analyzed and compared. A consistent data set can be built for selected days during ARESE on the basis of the observations from these platforms. The GOES 8 albedos agree with the ER 2, Egrett, and Twin Otter measured instantaneous albedos within 0.013±0.016, 0.018±0.032, and 0.006±0.011, respectively. It is found that for heavy overcast conditions the aircraft measurements yield an absorptance of 0.32±0.03 for the layer between the aircraft (0.5–13 km), while the GOES 8 albedo versus surface transmittance analysis gives an absorptance of 0.33±0.04 for the total atmosphere (surface to top). The absorptance of solar radiation estimated by model calculations for overcast conditions varies between 0.16 and 0.24, depending on the model used and on cloud and aerosol implementation. These results are in general agreement with recent findings for cloudy skies, but here a data set that brings together independent simultaneous observations (satellite, surface, and aircraft) is used. Previous ARESE results are reexamined in light of the new findings, and it is concluded that the overcast absorptance in the 0.224–0.68 μm spectral region ranges between 0.04±0.06 and 0.08±0.06, depending on the particular case analyzed. No evidence of excess clear-sky absorption beyond model and experimental errors is found.
Effect of inhibiting dolichol phosphate-mannose formation on the biosynthesis of the N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryl polyprenols by the retina.

Abstract Previously (Kean E.L. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7952–7954), it was shown that dolichol phosphate-mannose stimulated the formation of the N -acetylglucosamine-containing mono-, di- and trisaccharide intermediates of the dolichol pathway. Consistent with this activating role, the present report demonstrates that inhibition of the formation of dolichol phosphate-mannose by the antibiotics, showdomycin and diumycin, also blocked the stimulatory phenomenon.
Analytical Modeling of Supersonic Retropropulsion Plume Structures

The propulsive-aerodynamic interactions of a vehicle undergoing supersonic retropropulsion are heavily dependent on the configuration of the nozzles and their integration with the vehicle. Knowledge of the interaction effects is gained from wind-tunnel results as well as computational fluid dynamics simulations. Because of the complex flowfield structures created by a vehicle employing supersonic retropropulsion, there are significant time and computational resource requirements to generate solutions for a particular configuration under specific flow conditions. Analytical flowfield models allow for preliminary information regarding flow structure to be available with minimal computational resources. By using these analytical models in the design process, the efficiency at which these studies can be performed can be improved by reducing the design space of nonfavorable designs and illustrating scenarios for higher-fidelity analysis. This paper proposes a method for analytically describing the plume bounda...
Political Integration and the Effect of War on Suicide: United States, 1933–76

Explanations of the effect of war on the suicide rate and the need to disentangle the effects of economic and political integration in the relation of the suicide rate to war are noted. Most explanations ignore economic conditions; they imply that the direct effect of a great national war on the suicide rate is a result of the war's generation of political integration and political integration's subsequent depressing of the tendency to suicide. If such explanations are correct, a great national war should, with economic conditions held constant, decrease suicide. An examination of trends in suicide rates among white U.S. adults does not show, however, that war directly decreases the suicide rate.
Compact Bandstop Filters with Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, Etched Beam Splitters and Total Internal Reflection Mirrors

Compact bandstop filters based on conventional waveguides, etched beam splitters, total internal reflection mirrors and integrated SOAs were demonstrated. 8.2(14.5) nm FSR and 18(12) dB ER are obtained for resonator of circumference 75(45) μm.
Studies on the occurrence and distribution of wood smoke marker compounds in foggy atmospheres

Fog water and interstitial air samples were collected simultaneously and analyzed for methoxylated phenols, which have been previously reported as incomplete combustion products from wood lignin. The purposes of this study were to ascertain if these methoxylated phenols could be detected in fog sampled in residential areas and to determine the distribution of the compounds between fog droplets and interstitial air. The fog water was collected with a Teflon filament fog collector and filtered through a 0.2-[mu]m filter before extraction and GC analysis. Vapor samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler to separate fog droplets from interstitial air; the organic vapors were collected on polyurethane foam. Guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, and syringol were the most commonly found among the 16 methoxylated phenols confirmed in fog samples. The distributions between air and water approximately followed Henry's law, suggesting that previously reported enrichments into fog water are related to analyte hydrophobicity, described by either the octanol/water partition coefficient or the water solubility.
Untreated hypercholesterolemia in an emergency department chest pain observation unit population.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in a predominantly African American, innercity chest pain observation unit (CPOU) patient population, and to estimate the percentage of patients eligible for cholesterol-lowering therapy as indicated by the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Methods: A cross-sectional study design utilizing a convenience sample of patients from a high-volume urban hospital CPOU. Patients with chest pain suspicious of cardiac etiology who had negative initial electrocardiograms and cardiac markers were assigned to the chest pain protocol. Consenting subjects were screened for hypercholesterolemia through capillary blood point-of-care testing with a cutoff of 190 mg/dL. Those who tested positive had four-hour fasting complete lipid profiles performed by the central laboratory. Results: There were 112 patients enrolled in this study (mean age = 51 years; 57% male; and 83% African American). Elevated values on the screening test were obtained on 28 [25%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 16.9 to 33.0] of these patients. These patients were found to have a mean four-hour fasting total cholesterol level of 224 mg/dL, a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level of 138 mg/dL, a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level of 52 mg/dL, and a triglyceride level of 168 mg/dL. Of the patients identified through the screening test, 54% proved eligible for cholesterol-lowering medications and 91.7% of these patients reported an interest in initiating therapy. Conclusions: In this study, approximately 25% of inner-city CPOU patients are possible candidates for cholesterol-lowering interventions. Benefits of initiating therapy during this potential “teachable moment” in a CPOU should be investigated in a subsequent multicenter randomized trial.
Photonic Measurements Of Microwave Pulses

We have successfully demonstrated a photonic free space microwave frequency sensor at the Sandia High Power Microwave facility. This sensor, which uses the Pockels effect, is a miniature dielectric device that we constructed from electro-optic and fiber-optic components. In this sensor, an incident pulsed microwave electric field modulates a carrier laser beam at the microwave frequency. The depth of modulation is proportional to the field strength. Since the bandwidth of the detected signal exceeds that of conventional transient signal digitizers, we use a prototype High Speed Multichannel Data Recorder that we have developed. This instrument employs a high bandwidth streak camera to record the sensor signal in real time, without the need for downmixing. Because it is small and dielectric, the sensor is non-perturbing. Its input and output leads are fiber-optic and therefore immune to electromagnetic interference. Because the sensor is broadband, we can Fourier transform the pulse and obtain a power spectrum. We discuss the construction and use of this sensor and present data showing the direct recording of a 3 GHz microwave pulse on the High Speed Multichannel Data Recorder. We also discuss the use of multigigahertz analog laser diode transmitters in extending the bandwidth of conventional pulsed microwave diagnostics.
Using FPGA systems across the computer science curriculum (abstract only)

The field of computer science is continuously growing, requiring curriculum developers to make numerous tradeoffs between depth and breadth with every advance. Faculty must look for new ways to communicate more concepts within a fixed number of contact hours as well as employ techniques that underscore interrelated concepts over multiple courses. With this poster, we present the use of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as a flexible hardware system that may be modified to suit the needs of a wide variety of classes. While FPGA devices are a natural fit for teaching hardware concepts in organization and architecture classes, we feel that they can also be used in a variety of roles within a number of other courses. We describe our work integrating FPGA curriculum modules into several courses in the CS curriculum: organization and architecture, compiler construction, robotics, operating systems, security, and image processing. We believe that by using these devices in several courses, students gain greater familiarity with a hands-on, reconfigurable hardware platform and can leverage this experience throughout their coursework. This approach is consonant with recent trends that emphasize the importance of students being able to reason about the end-to-end operation of an entire system and helps strengthen the relationships between different subfields within computer science. We describe both the changes made to our curriculum and the effectiveness of our approach.
Ab initio models of amorphous InN

In this paper, we present the first structural model of amorphous indium nitride obtained from first-principles simulation. We created a small 64-atom model by quenching from the melt and analyzed a chemically ordered 250-atom model of Mousseau and Barkema. We find that both N and In atoms tend to be fourfold. Upon relaxation, we find no homopolar bonds in the small cell and only one in the 250-atom cell. The topology of the models is analyzed with pair-correlation functions, bond angle distributions, and ring statistics. The vibrational and electronic properties are also obtained. We found that density-functional methods in the local-density approximation predict a very small gap for amorphous InN, similar to the case for crystalline InN.
Rheb Binding to Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Is Regulated by Amino Acid Sufficiency

The removal of extracellular amino acids or leucine alone inhibits the ability of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to signal to the raptor-dependent substrates, p70 S6 kinase and 4E-BP. This inhibition can be overcome by overexpression of the Rheb GTPase. Rheb binds directly to the amino-terminal lobe of the mTOR catalytic domain, and activates mTOR kinase in a GTP-dependent manner. Herein we show that the binding of Rheb to endogenous and recombinant mTOR is reversibly inhibited by withdrawal of all extracellular amino acids or just leucine. The effect of amino acid withdrawal is not attributable to changes in Rheb-GTP charging; amino acid withdrawal does not alter the GTP charging of recombinant Rheb. Moreover, the binding of mTOR to Rheb mutants that are unable to bind guanyl nucleotide in vivo is also inhibited by amino withdrawal. The inhibitory effect of amino acid withdrawal is exerted through an action on mTOR, at a site largely distinct from that responsible for the binding of Rheb; deletion of the larger, carboxyl-terminal lobe of the mTOR catalytic domain eliminates the inhibitory effect of amino acid withdrawal on Rheb binding, without altering Rheb binding per se. The lesser ability of the mTOR catalytic domain to bind Rheb after amino acid withdrawal does not persist after extraction and purification of the mTOR polypeptide. Amino acid withdrawl may generate an inhibitor of the Rheb-mTOR interaction that interferes with the signaling function of TOR complex 1.
Estrous cycle modulation of extracellular serotonin in mediobasal hypothalamus: role of the serotonin transporter and terminal autoreceptors.

In vivo microdialysis was used to examine extracellular serotonin (5-HT) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of male and female Fischer (CDF-344) rats. Females from the stages of diestrus, proestrus, and estrus were used. Additionally, ovariectomized rats, primed subcutaneously (s.c.) with estradiol benzoate or estradiol benzoate plus progesterone were examined. Extracellular 5-HT in the MBH varied with stage of the estrous cycle and with the light/dark cycle. Proestrous females had the highest microdialysate concentrations of 5-HT during the light portion of the light/dark cycle and lowest concentrations during the dark portion of the cycle. Diestrous females had the highest levels during the dark portion of the cycle, while males and estrous females showed little change between light and dark portions of the cycle. In ovariectomized rats, there was no effect of 2.5 μg or 25 μg estradiol benzoate (s.c.) on extracellular 5-HT; but the addition of 500 μg progesterone, 48 h after estrogen priming, reduced microdialysate 5-HT near the threshold for detection. In intact females and in males, reverse perfusion with 3 μM fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), or 2 μM methiothepin, a 5-HT receptor antagonist, increased microdialysate concentrations of 5-HT. Estrous females and males showed nearly a 4-fold increase in microdialysate 5-HT in response to fluoxetine while smaller responses were seen in diestrous and proestrous rats. In contrast, proestrous rats showed the largest response to methiothepin. Estrous females showed a delayed response to methiothepin, but there was no methiothepin-induced increase in extracellular 5-HT in males. These findings are discussed in reference to the suggestion that extracellular 5-HT in the MBH is regulated in a manner that is gender and estrous cycle dependent. The 5-HT terminal autoreceptor may exert a greater role in proestrous females; the serotonin transporter appears to play a more active role in the regulation of extracellular 5-HT in estrous females and in males.
Analysis of whole-book recognition

Whole-book recognition is a document image analysis strategy that operates on the complete set of a book's page images, attempting to improve accuracy by automatic unsupervised adaptation. Our algorithm expects to be given initial iconic and linguistic models---derived from (generally errorful) OCR results and (generally incomplete) dictionaries---and then, guided entirely by evidence internal to the test set, the algorithm corrects the models yielding improved accuracy. We have found that successful corrections are often closely associated with "disagreements" between the models which can be detected within the test set by measuring cross entropy between (a) the posterior probability distribution of character classes (the recognition results from image classification alone), and (b) the posterior probability distribution of word classes (the recognition results from image classification combined with linguistic constraints). We report experiments on long passages (up to 180 pages) revealing that: (1) disagreements and error rates are strongly correlated; (2) our algorithm can drive down recognition error rates by nearly an order of magnitude; and (3) the longer the passage, the lower the error rate achievable. We also propose formal models for a book's text, for iconic and linguistic constraints, and for our whole-book recognition algorithm---and, using these, we rigorously prove sufficient conditions for the whole-book recognition strategy to succeed in the ways illustrated in the experiments.
Bone lining (endosteal) cells and hematopoiesis: A light microscopic study of normal and pathologic human bone marrow in plastic-embedded sections

Human trabecular bone that encloses the bone marrow (BM) is covered by a single layer of thin, sometimes inconspicuous, flat, elongated (spindle-shaped) endothelium-like cells with a round or oval nucleus. These "bone lining" cells, or endosteal cells (EC), form a continuous membrane (endosteum) over the trabecular bone surfaces. In most cases, the composition and thickness of these cells do not vary unless the cells are in intimate contact with hematopoietic tissue. In that instance, they are seen as a single layer adjacent to hematopoietic tissue or as a zone of tightly packed or loosely arranged mononuclear (hematopoietic) cells, some apparently originating from the endosteum. In a reparative process, such as following BM harvest, during which bony trabeculae (BT) are mechanically fractured, these cells are seen giving rise to osteoprogenitor (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) cells. Occasionally, the EC appear similar to BM stromal cells (morphologically and by their association with collagen/reticulin fibers) and are best seen at or near the BT that are cut tangentially. Short processes extending from the EC towards the underlying osteocytes have also been observed, suggesting that a channel of communication exists between them and osteocytes. Our observations, coupled with the experimental findings of others (i.e., that hematopoietic stem cells are concentrated near the endosteum, that cells responsible for BM and stroma regeneration are derived from the endosteal layer, and that high concentrations of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors are produced there), indicate that, in addition to functioning as a simple membranous covering layer for BT, the endosteum helps to support osteocytes and maintains mineral homeostasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ocean heat content and Earthʼs radiation imbalance. II. Relation to climate shifts

Abstract In an earlier study of ocean heat content (OHC) we showed that Earthʼs empirically implied radiation imbalance has undergone abrupt changes. Other studies have identified additional such climate shifts since 1950. The shifts can be correlated with features in recently updated OHC data. The implied radiation imbalance may possibly alternate in sign at dates close to the climate shifts. The most recent shifts occurred during 2001–2002 and 2008–2009. The implied radiation imbalance between these dates, in the direction of ocean heat loss, was − 0.03 ± 0.06 W / m 2 , with a possible systematic error of [ − 0.00 , + 0.09 ] W / m 2 .
Depression in Clinical Practice

If we look at the symptoms, some consider that depression revolves around a deceleration of all a person's functions. This is because the patient not only experiences a slowing down of his motor function, actions, gestures, and nonverbal expression, but also a slowing down of his ideation, speech, and even his neurovegetative functions, such as cardiac and digestive function. The digestive system secretes less saliva and digestive juices amongst other things, which partly explains the resulting anorexia and weight loss. in severe depression, the patient also experiences altered temporal awareness. with time seeming labored, crawling painfully by. When listing the symptoms suffered by depressive patients in a number of countries across the world, this general slowness seems to be the most common.
The Impact of Ethnicity on Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Decisions and Outcomes

Hepatitis C virus infection is a major public health concern. Approximately 4 million people are reported to be infected with the virus in the United States, and the annual death rate due to HCV-associated decompensated liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma is estimated to be approximately 18,000 within the next decade. Therapeutic success, as measured by a sustained virologic response, is approximately 50 % in G1 patients with pegylated-interferon/ribavirin-based therapies. Independent studies have reported significant variation in response rates depending on the ethnicity or race of the patient, though the underlying reasons are not well understood. Historically, ethnic populations have been underrepresented in most large clinical trials of HCV therapies, even though these populations have disproportionately high rates of HCV infection. Recent clinical trials have investigated genetic variations in key biological pathways that may underlie the mechanisms responsible for the different rates of HCV clearance and treatment outcomes in ethnic populations treated with pegylated-interferon/ribavirin. However, as novel direct-acting antiviral drugs are added to, and eventually replace, existing treatment regimens, the role of the innate immune response in determining treatment outcomes will diminish. Socioeconomic and biological factors can impact rates of HCV infection, disease progression, and treatment outcomes in minority populations. Improved access to health care, novel antiviral treatments, and a better understanding of the host factors that contribute to disparities in treatment outcomes are expected to result in optimized treatment paradigms that directly target the virus, leading to improved outcomes for all patients.
Effects of scatter radiation on reconstructed images in digital breast tomosynthesis

We evaluated the effects of scatter radiation on the reconstructed images in digital breast tomosynthesis. Projection images of a 6 cm anthropomorphic breast phantom were acquired using a Hologic prototype digital breast tomosynthesis system. Scatter intensities in projection images were sampled with a beam stop method. The scatter intensity at any pixel was obtained by two dimensional fitting. Primary-only projection images were generated by subtracting the scatter contributions from the original projection images. The 3-dimensional breast was reconstructed first based on original projection images which contained the contributions from both primary rays and scattered radiation using three different reconstruction algorithms. The same breast volume was reconstructed again using the same algorithms but based on primaryonly projection images. The image artifacts, pixel value difference to noise ratio (PDNR), and detected image features in these two sets of reconstructed slices were compared to evaluate the effects of scatter radiation. It was found that the scatter radiation caused inaccurate reconstruction of the x-ray attenuation property of the tissue. X-ray attenuation coefficients could be significantly underestimated in the region where scatter intensity is high. This phenomenon is similar to the cupping artifacts found in computed tomography. The scatter correction is important if accurate x-ray attenuation of the tissues is needed. No significant improvement in terms of numbers of detected image features was observed after scatter correction. More sophisticated phantom dedicated to digital breast tomosynthesis may be needed for further evaluation.
Oxymorphone insufflation associated with acute sensorineural hearing loss: case files of the University of Massachusetts medical toxicology fellowship

A37-year-oldmale was found supine andminimally responsive in his mother’s basement. Emergency medical services reported miotic pupils, bradypnea, and depressed mental status that improved significantly after administration of naloxone 1 mg intramuscularly. In the emergency department, the patient had stable vital signs and normal mental status. He reported having consumed alcohol earlier, then snorting crushed Opana® (oxymorphone: Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc; Chadds Ford, PA, USA) shortly before being found unresponsive. The patient purchased the oxymorphone on the Internet and was unsure if he used the immediateor the extended-release formulation. In the emergency department, the patient felt well, except for acute subjective bilateral hearing loss described as feeling like he was “in a tunnel.” He denied any associated trauma, headaches, changes in vision, tinnitus, or ataxia. His physical examwas unremarkable except for subjective bilateral hearing loss observed by both the patient and the examiners. No formal audiologic testing was performed. What Is the Differential Diagnosis of Sensorineural Hearing Loss?
Methylthioadenosine, a growth factor for Endamoeba histolytica.

Abstract Methylthioadenosine was found to be in vitro, under bacteria-free conditions, a potent growth factor for Endamoeba histolytica.
Drug use and delinquency : Shared and unshared risk factors in African American and Puerto Rican adolescents

The shared and unshared psychosocial risk factors related to stage of drug use and delinquency were examined. The sample consisted of 655 African American and 600 Puerto Rican male and female adolescents. Net regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that adolescent stage of drug use and delinquency reflect shared and unshared risk factors. The magnitude of the risk factors for adolescent delinquency was greater than for stage of drug use. The findings support a socialization hypothesis (from parent, to personality, to behavior), and the data were congruent with a dispositional model (from child, to parent or peer, to behavior).
Infrasellar Craniopharyngiomas: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Although craniopharyngiomas account for a large percentage of pediatric intracranial tumors, there is a bimodal age distribution. Most of these neoplasms are suprasellar or sellar in location. In this report we describe an unusual case of an infrasellar craniopharyngioma in a child. Only four previous cases of infrasellar craniopharyngiomas with no sellar involvement have been described. Infrasellar craniopharyngiomas are part of the continuum representing intracranial craniopharyngiomas and ameloblastomas of the jaw. A transnasal endoscopic biopsy was performed with a preliminary diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. The patient then underwent a radical resection of the infrasellar tumor via a subfrontal transbasal approach. This case illustrates a rare and unusual location for a craniopharyngioma. Craniopharyngiomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infrasellar neoplasms. Infrasellar craniopharyngiomas compromise part of the spectrum of tumors originating from enamel-forming neural crest cells.
Functional assessment of donor and recipient left atrium in heart transplant patients using full-volume three-dimensional echocardiography.

Background: Atrial function plays an important role in many cardiac conditions, how recipient and donor compartments of left atrium (LA) of transplanted hearts differentially contribute to overall LA function in transplanted hearts has not been described. We tested whether three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DE) could be used to calculate these compartment-specific atrial functions. Methods and Results: We analyzed 3DE images of 22 consecutive transplant patients who had diagnostic imaging quality (ages 59 ± 16 years) using TomTec Research Arena. The contour of the recipient and total LA were traced frame by frame, and the donor LA volume was calculated as the difference of the total LA volume minus the recipient LA volume. The LA ejection fractions of total LA, donor LA, and recipient LA were also calculated as (LA atrial end-diastolic volume − LA atrial end-systolic volume)/LA atrial end-diastolic volume of each compartment. Interobserver variability of LA volumes for the total, recipient, and donor compartments were 5.6 ± 2.4, 5.4 ± 2.0, and 9.3 ± 3.2 mL, respectively (n = 11). The donor LA ejection fraction was higher than that of recipient (41 ± 18% vs. 30 ± 14%, P = 0.013). When the patients were categorized as asymptomatic (New York Heart Association functional class [NYHA] functional class I) and symptomatic (NYHA functional class II–III), indexed donor LA atrial end-diastolic volume was significantly lower in asymptomatic patients as compared with symptomatic patients. Conclusions: Compartment-specific LA volumes can be calculated in orthotopic heart transplant patients using full-volume 3DE. Our findings may suggest that unique contribution of each LA compartment of transplanted hearts toward the symptoms of these patients.
Staying in touch: mechanical signals in plant-microbe interactions.

Mechanical stimulations play a significant role in the day to day existence of plants. Plants exhibit varied responses depending on the nature and intensity of these stimuli. In this review, we present recent literature on the responses of plants to mechanical stimuli, focusing primarily on those exerted during plant–microbe interactions. We discuss how microbes are able to apply mechanical stimuli on plants and how some plant responses to pathogenic and symbiotic microbes present striking similarities with responses to mechanical stimuli applied, for instance, using micro-needles. We hypothesize that appropriate responses of plants to pathogenic and symbiotic microbes may require a tight integration of both chemical and mechanical stimulations exerted by these microbes.
Ambient analysis by thermal desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization

Ambient mass spectrometry has attracted substantial attention in recent years. Among ambient ionization methods, thermal desorption ionization stands out because of two attributes: (1) simplicity, rendering the technique suitable for in-field applications, and (2) ability to couple with a variety of gas-phase ionization methods thereby broadening the range of molecules that can be analyzed with this method. Here, we report on improving the performance of a direct analysis in real time (DART) source by implementing atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) downstream of the desorption region. At identical desorption and ion sampling conditions, APPI leads to detection of radical molecular ions from non-polar compounds that are absent from the spectra generated by DART alone. Moreover, a factor of 3–5 improvement in sensitivity is observed using APPI for positive ions commonly detected by DART and DART-APPI. Using helium and nitrogen as desorption gases, APPI shows identical performance regardless of desorption gas type. In contrast, a dramatic decrease in sensitivity is observed for DART operated with nitrogen compared to DART with helium. Comparable performance for DART and DART-APPI are observed in negative ion mode, although both show a drastic improvement in the absence of the Vapur interface. This interface creates a differentially pumped chamber prior to inlet of the mass spectrometer and reduces the mass spectrometer gas load when helium is used as desorption gas.
Chaos and coherence in classical one-dimensional magnets

Abstract Numerical studies are reported for one-dimensional classical ferromagnetic chains and single spins with easy-plane anisotropy and various applied magnetic fields and damping terms. The possibility of temporal chaos is very sensitive to the configuration of anisotropy and magnetic fields. In the chain case, it is found that large amplitude spatial structures can dominate long-time attractors and compete with temporally chaotic tendencies.
The impact toughness and tensile properties of 8320 steel

In this paper, the quasi-static and impact toughness properties of 8320 steel are presented and discussed. Influence of temperature on quasi-static response and impact toughness properties are discussed in light of the concurrent and mutually interactive influences of test temperature, matrix deformation characteristics and macroscopic aspects of fracture.
On being a chair of medicine in 2012.

Shortly after becoming a chair of medicine in 2002, I chanced upon an article by Barry S. Coller, MD, PhD, entitled “Reflections on Being a Chair of Medicine, 1993-2001” that was published in Association of Professors of Medicine (APM) Perspectives in The American Journal of Medicine. The article served as a lueprint for me as I shouldered the new responsibiliies of being a chair. After a decade as a chair, I am elinquishing my position to undertake new challenges. s I was cleaning out my desk I again found myself eading Coller’s thoughtful discourse. It caused me to eflect on my own tenure as chair. Clearly, academic edicine has changed over the past decade and so, too, as the role of the chair of medicine. Some critics have rgued that being a chair of medicine in the era of ealth care reform requires greatly different skill sets han were required even a decade ago. I would posit hat while many of the challenges are new, most of the enets put forward by Coller are just as important today; lthough the order of priorities may be different and ew skill sets are required. To provide new chairs of edicine with the same type of information that Coller rovided a decade ago, I put forth what I think are the 0 most important concepts that a new chair should eep in mind when undertaking the challenge of leadng a department of medicine in 2012.
Guarding the Goods: an Introduction to Antimicrobial Stewardship

Abstract The emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the clinical challenges associated with it are formidable obstacles to providing quality health care in the 21st century (Bartlett, Clin. Infect. Dis. 53[Suppl. 1], S4-S7, 2011). Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) serve as a crucial component of a multi-faceted response to this problem. In 2007, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Disease Society of America released consensus guidelines for the creation of ASPs (Dellit et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 44:159-177, 2007). The primary strategies employed by ASPs include formulary restriction and antimicrobial order review with feedback to providers. There are also multiple secondary strategies that work in tandem with these, including the use of antibiotic order forms, clinical practice algorithms, conversion from parenteral to oral therapy, de-escalation of therapy, dose optimization, education, and the use of computer-assisted decision support software. Other components necessary to ensure the ASP's success include recruiting key personnel, the support of the hospital administration, integration with the clinical microbiology laboratory, and well-defined program goals and metrics (Dellit et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 44:159-177, 2007).
Expanding biodegradable polymer resin use: Assessing the aggregate impact on the US economy

Abstract This paper assesses the aggregate impact of the substitution of cornstarch-based biodegradable polymer resins for petroleum-based plastic materials and resins on the US economy. The analytical approach used consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, 6 household categories classified by income, and a government. The results suggest that for a $1.00 /lb of resin subsidy, the substitution of cornstarch-based biodegradable polymer resins for petroleum-based plastic materials and resins will result in an increase in output by all producing sectors of 0.067% or about $542 million, a rise in the consumption of goods and services of about 0.003% or $110 million, a rise in total utility of 0.004% or $168 million, and a net increase in government expenditures of 0.047% or $369 million. The agricultural sectors would be affected. For example, with a subsidy to promote the substitution of cornstarch-based biodegradable polymer resins for petroleum-based plastic materials and resins, output in the program crops sector (primarily corn) will expand (by about $431 million), output in the livestock sector will increase (by about $27 million), and output in all other agriculture commodities sectors will be increased (by about $192 million). When a larger subsidy of a $3.50 /lb for the production of cornstarch-based biodegradable polymer resins is considered, the effects are comparable to the $1.00/lb subsidy case. The differences between the impacts of the two subsidies are primarily with regard to the order of magnitude of the changes in the equilibrium values of the prices and quantities.
Digital workstation for Venus topographic mapping

A digital workstation was developed and is currently at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Flagstaff, Arizona to be used for Venus topographic mapping. The system is based on a mapping and geocoding image correlation (GIS MAGIC) system developed by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for the creation of precisely geocoded imagery data bases for both optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. A multitude of data from various sources has been processed, including conventional aerial photographs, airborne and orbital SAR, and Spot. This paper covers the GIS MAGIC development history, hardware/software features and capabilities. Also covered are the types of modifications required to accommodate Venus radar data and results which can be achieved using the GIS MAGIC System.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Expansion of tubenose gobies Proterorhinus semilunaris into western Lake Erie and potential effects on native species

The Eurasian freshwater tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris (formerly Proterorhinus marmoratus) invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes in the 1990s, presumably via ballast water from transoceanic cargo ships. Tubenose gobies spread throughout Lake St. Clair, its tributaries, and the Detroit River system, and also are present in the Duluth-Superior harbor of Lake Superior. Using seines and bottom trawls, we collected 113 tubenose gobies between July 2007 and August 2009 at several locations in western Lake Erie. The number and range of sizes of specimens collected suggest that that tubenose gobies have become established and self-sustaining in the western basin of Lake Erie. Tubenose gobies reached maximum densities in sheltered areas with abundant macrophyte growth, which also is their common habitat in native northern Black Sea populations. The diet of tubenose gobies was almost exclusively invertebrates, suggesting dietary overlap with other benthic fishes, such as darters (Etheostoma spp. and Percina sp.), madtoms (Noturus spp.), and sculpins (Cottus spp.). A single mitochondrial DNA haplotype was identified, which is the most common haplotype found in the original colonization area in the Lake St. Clair region, suggesting a founder effect. Tubenose gobies, like round gobies Neogobius melanostomus, have early life stages that drift owing to vertical migration, which probably allowed them to spread from areas of colonization. The Lake St. Clair-Lake Erie corridor appears to have served as an avenue for them to spread to the western basin of Lake Erie, and abundance of shallow macrophyte-rich habitats may be a key factor facilitating their further expansion within Lake Erie and the remainder of the Laurentian Great Lakes.
Probing competitive pathways in building a hydroazulene moiety by reductive cyclization

Deuterium tracing and deuterium isotope effects demonstrate competitive pathways for the reduction of vinyl iodide in 3 (in the context of a proximal keto function) en route to guanacastepene.
A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMMING ABILITY AND THINKING SKILLS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

This article reports on a year-long study of high school students learning computer programming. The study examined three issues: I) what is the impact of programming on particular mathematical and reasoning abilities?; 2) what cognitive skills or abilities best predict programming ability?; and 3) what do students actually understand about programming after two years of high school study? The results showed that even after two years of study, many students had only a rudimentary understanding of programming. Consequently, it was not surprising to also find that programming experience (as opposed to expertise) does not appear to transfer to other domains which share analogous forrnal properties. The article concludes that we need to more closely study the pedagogy of programming and liow expertise can be better attained before we prematurely go looking for significant and wide reaching transfer effects from programming.
Social Media Effects on Young Women’s Body Image Concerns: Theoretical Perspectives and an Agenda for Research

Although there is a voluminous literature on mass media effects on body image concerns of young adult women in the U.S., there has been relatively little theoretically-driven research on processes and effects of social media on young women’s body image and self-perceptions. Yet given the heavy online presence of young adults, particularly women, and their reliance on social media, it is important to appreciate ways that social media can influence perceptions of body image and body image disturbance. Drawing on communication and social psychological theories, the present article articulates a series of ideas and a framework to guide research on social media effects on body image concerns of young adult women. The interactive format and content features of social media, such as the strong peer presence and exchange of a multitude of visual images, suggest that social media, working via negative social comparisons, transportation, and peer normative processes, can significantly influence body image concerns. A model is proposed that emphasizes the impact of predisposing individual vulnerability characteristics, social media uses, and mediating psychological processes on body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Research-based ideas about social media effects on male body image, intersections with ethnicity, and ameliorative strategies are also discussed.
Gendered reciprocity: Work discontent and the household production of health ☆

Abstract Theoretically, we consider the effects of workers’ discontent with their paid work and their unpaid household work on the health of their spouse. We examine ways in which gendering shapes these effects. Empirically, we perform ordered probit, probit, selection-corrected probit and bivariate probit analyses of data from the 1987–1988 and 1992–1994 waves of the National Survey of Families and Households. We find that if wives are discontent with the appreciation they receive for their paid employment, then their husbands’ health declines subsequently (n = 644 couples); if husbands are discontent with the fairness of their unpaid household labor, then their wives’ health declines subsequently (n = 609 couples). Findings and implications are discussed.
Adsorption of D2, CO and the interaction of co-adsorbed D2 and CO on Rh(100)

Abstract The adsorption of D 2 , CO and the co-adsorption of D 2 and CO on Rh(100) at low temperature (~ 100 K) have been studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The presence of CO on the surface reduces the deuterium sticking coefficient and the saturation deuterium coverage but no new CO or D 2 desorption peaks occur. Both TDS and LEED results show that preadsorbed deuterium inhibits the formation of a low temperature desorption state of CO. Thermal desorption of D 2 is greatly influenced by postdosed CO indicating formation of weakly bound states of deuterium indiced by CO adsorption. The results are consistent with a model in which CO and D are partially mixed and partially segregated when D 2 is dosed first, but when CO is dosed first there is no detectable mixing.