cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choroid Plexus: Normal Locations and Appearances

The choroid plexus (CP) can be seen anywhere throughout the ventricular system with the exception of the cerebral aqueduct. It consists of numerous capillary-rich villi (with a blood flow of nearly ten times that of the cerebral cortex), which in turn are composed of a type of ependymal cells. The purpose of the choroid is to serve as a sort of filtration system for the ventricular system and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The most apparent location of the CP is the glomus, located within the trigones (atria) of the lateral ventricles. The CP is typically contiguous through the ventricular system, although this may not be apparent on thicker images in a single plane. While the CP can be present throughout the ventricular system, regions that are normal locations for the CP but that may be unusual to see on imaging within the third or fourth ventricles include the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles, the choroidal fissures, the foramina of Monro, the foramina of Luschka, the cerebellopontine angles, or even the foramen of Magendie (i.e., the median aperture).
Two-Stage Stochastic Programming Models and Algorithms

This chapter discusses the technical and management solution approaches for solving UC problems under uncertainty. There are many recent programs and studies targeted to uncertainty resistance, such as demand response program, energy storage, real-time rescheduling, contingency management, risk measure and control. In recent years great interests has been directed towards reducing the impacts of uncertainty on electrical power system, and the focuses of solving deterministic UC problems are transferred to solving UC problems under uncertainty. One of successful approaches is to apply two-stage stochastic programming to build UC models incorporating system’s uncertainties. Also, several commonly used algorithms are introduced because they achieve better computational performance to deal with the large-scale real world problems. Their features and uses in practice are included for reader’s comparisons.
Overcoming barriers to reprogramming and differentiation in nonhuman primate induced pluripotent stem cells

Abstract. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) generated by cellular reprogramming from nonhuman primates (NHPs) are of great significance for regenerative medicine and for comparative biology. Autologously derived stem cells would theoretically avoid any risk of rejection due to host–donor mismatch and may bypass the need for immune suppression post-transplant. In order for these possibilities to be realized, reprogramming methodologies that were initially developed mainly for human cells must be translated to NHPs. NHP studies have typically used pluripotent cells generated from young animals and thus risk overlooking complications that may arise from generating iPS cells from donors of other ages. When reprogramming is extended to a wide range of NHP species, available donors may be middle- or old-aged. Here we have pursued these questions by generating iPS cells from donors across the life span of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and then subjecting them to a directed neural differentiation protocol. The differentiation potential of different clonal cell lines was assessed using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results show that cells derived from older donors often showed less neural marker induction. These deficits were rescued by a 24 h pretreatment of the cells with 0.5 % dimethyl sulfoxide. Another NHP that plays a key role in biological research is the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). iPS cells generated from the chimpanzee can be of great interest in comparative in vitro studies. We investigated if similar deficits in differentiation potential might arise in chimpanzee iPS cells reprogrammed using various technologies. The results show that, while some deficits were observed in iPS cell clones generated using three different technologies, there was no clear association with the vector used. These deficits in differentiation were also prevented by a 24 h pretreatment with 0.5 % dimethyl sulfoxide.
Are There Long-Term Consequences of Iliac Artery Trauma during Endograft Implantation? Results of Serial Duplex Ultrasound Follow-up:

PurposeThe implantation of abdominal aortic endografts requires the insertion of large devices that have the potential to traumatize the iliac arteries, particularly on the ipsilateral side, where ...
The Human Blood-Nerve Barrier Transcriptome

The blood-nerve barrier (BNB), formed by tight junction-forming microvessels within peripheral nerve endoneurium, exists to regulate its internal microenvironment essential for effective axonal signal transduction. Relatively little is known about the unique human BNB molecular composition. Such knowledge is crucial to comprehend the relationships between the systemic circulation and peripheral nerves in health, adaptations to intrinsic or extrinsic perturbations and alterations that may result in disease. We performed RNA-sequencing on cultured early- and late-passage adult primary human endoneurial endothelial cells and laser-capture microdissected endoneurial microvessels from four cryopreserved normal adult human sural nerves referenced to the Genome Reference Consortium Human Reference 37 genome browser, using predefined criteria guided by known transcript or protein expression in vitro and in situ. We identified 12881 common transcripts associated by 125 independent biological networks, defined as the normal adult BNB transcriptome, including a comprehensive array of transporters and specialized intercellular junctional complex components. These identified transcripts and their interacting networks provide insights into peripheral nerve microvascular morphogenesis, restrictive barrier formation, influx and efflux transporters with relevance to understanding peripheral nerve homeostasis and pharmacology, including targeted drug delivery and the mediators of leukocyte trafficking in peripheral nerves during normal immunosurveillance.
Broadening the ontological perspectives in science learning: implications for research and practice in science teaching

The argument presented in this paper is that efforts designed to engender systemic advancements in science education for fostering the scientific literacy of learners are directly related to the ontological perspectives held by members of the discipline. In elaborating this argument, illustrative disciplinary perspectives representing three complementary aspects of science education are addressed. These three perspectives represent the disciplinary knowledge and associated dynamics of: (a) science students, (b) science teachers, and (c) science education researchers. In addressing the ontological perspectives of each, the paper emphasizes how interdisciplinary perspectives can accelerate progress in science education.
Identification and Characterization of an Adhesin Gene of Helicobacter pylori by Cloning

Helicobacter pylori colonizes gastric epithelial cells: in 1988 [8] we described the fibrillar NLBH as the putative colonization factor Saitoh et al. [16] demonstrated that H. pylori binds to N-acetylneuraminyllactose-ceramide isolated from human gastric mucosa. The work reported here represents the first step in elucidating the molecular composition of the NLBH, i.e., cloning of the adhesin subunit of the NLBH. Subsequent work will be required to clone and identify additional gene products which are involved in expression of the native structure on the surface of H. pylori.
Response to Paul J. Griffiths

I APPRECIATE THE CARE and clarity with which Paul J. Griffiths lays out an intellectual grid through which to view contemporary dilemmas concerning the future of the academic study of religion. Griffiths' grid shows that these dilemmas are of a piece with larger epistemic issues of our day: the status of claims to truth, the difficulty of wrestling with difference. Focal to Griffiths' essay is the difference between theological and nontheological approaches to religion (a term inevitably defined variably in different registers, Griffiths rightly notes). He advocates for the theological over the nontheological, finding the latter guilty of a kind of false consciousness. Theologians are commendably open about their normative claims; practitioners of nontheological methods (Griffiths cites J. Z. Smith and Bruce Lincoln as examples) are blind to their own need for (and unacknowledged tendency to make) normative claims-a lacuna born of a misguided desire to assert their independence from theology. Griffiths predicts a bleak future for the so-called "scientific" study of religion unless it returns to "the warm embrace of Christian theology, where it properly belongs." I am not persuaded that the future for the scientific study of religion is "bleak" apart from theology's embrace, no matter how warm (some might say suffocatingly so) it might be. This dire prediction does not seem to follow necessarily from Griffith's critique of the field, no matter how apt it might be. Let us grant, for the sake of argument that the study of religion is plagued by an unacknowledged need for normativity and
Exploring suppressed long-distance correlations as the cause of suppressed large-angle correlations

The absence of large-angle correlations in the map of cosmic microwave background temperature fluctuations is among the well-established anomalies identified in full-sky and cut-sky maps over the past three decades. Suppressed large-angle correlations are rare statistical flukes in standard inflationary cosmological models. One natural explanation could be that the underlying primordial density perturbations lack correlations on large distance scales. To test this idea, we replace Fourier modes by a wavelet basis with compact spatial support. While the angular correlation function of perturbations can readily be suppressed, the observed monopole and dipole-subtracted correlation function is not generally suppressed. This suggests that suppression of large-angle temperature correlations requires a mechanism that has both real-space and harmonic-space effects.
Media Agenda Diversity and Intermedia Agenda Setting in a Controlled Media Environment: A Computational Analysis of China’s Online News

China’s online news environment is complex and rapidly changing. The paper explores the diversity of China’s online news landscape and questions whether it remains dominated by the official news so...
Enhanced Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus after Gamma Irradiation of the Spore Inoculum.

Distilled water plus 0.1% surfactant suspensions of spores of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were exposed to several radiation levels of cobalt-60 gamma rays. Spores of A. flavus isolate M-141 were exposed to radiation levels of approximately 16, 90 and 475 Krads and inoculated onto a sterile rice substrate which was then monitored for aflatoxin production. In this initial trial with A. flavus M-141, aflatoxins B1 and M production on rice increased as radiation dose increased. At the highest dose, this increase was more than 50 times higher than the non-irradiated controls. Spores of an aflatoxin G1-producing A. parasiticus isolate, M-1094, were exposed to 90, 215 and 430 Krads and resulted in increased production of aflatoxins G1, B1, and M. Aflatoxin production by M-1094 was highest at the low and medium dose levels. Irradiation of spores of this isolate with 430 Krads produced no observable spore germination or growth on rice and no detectable aflatoxin after 1 week of incubation at 27 ...
The case for a thick shareholder concept

Markets, corporations, shareholding, management, law, and ethics are all human constructs. A human element seems essential to their existence. Yet, the predominant conception of shareholders as used in academia as well as the business world is thin, generic, and inanimate. This article argues that a thick conception of shareholders as human beings is needed to legitimize and improve managerial decision making under value pluralism, accurately reflect empirical reality of capital markets, and meet moral demands to respect the dignity of the human person. Drawing on the philosophical idea of thick evaluative concepts, the article explores how this idea can be applied to shareholders and begins to examine some of the implications of considering shareholders’ humanity for the responsibilities of and relationships between managers and shareholders.
Mass transport characterization of platinum group metal-free polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes using a differential cell with an integrated electrochemical sensor

Abstract A method to enable in place measurements of the mass transport resistance for platinum group metal (PGM)-free polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes is presented. Thin platinum black layers deposited at the membrane interface served as electrochemical sensors, performing hydrogen oxidation, for hydrogen probe gas molecules while PGM-free catalyst materials, being electro-inactive to hydrogen oxidation, were probed for mass transport resistance through the full layer. Theoretical considerations, assumptions, and future applications of the methodology are discussed. The method is demonstrated on catalyst layers fabricated from a commercially available PGM-free oxygen reduction catalyst. Effective diffusivity measurements using hydrogen were made which were then used to estimate the effective diffusivity of air of the full layer without the confounding effect of electrode flooding. This method complements alternative techniques such as mercury porosimetry or x-ray computed tomography and can be easily adopted by research groups everywhere to study MEA-level properties of PGM-free catalyst layers and accelerate the development and deployment of PGM-free PEFCs.
How to Avoid the Dark Side of Gamification: Ten Business Scenarios and Their Unintended Consequences

The problems that may arise from gamification have been largely ignored by researchers and practitioners alike. At the same time, use of gamification in recruitment, onboarding, training, and performance management are on the rise in organizations as businesses turn toward technology to meet their objectives. This chapter investigates drawbacks of using elements of games in each of these applications through a series of scenarios describing different gamified interventions. For each scenario, a discussion follows regarding potential problems with the intervention, how psychological science may explain this, how these errors can be avoided, as well as future directions for gamification research. Employee motivation is noted as a critical concern in gamification, and classic theories of motivation are utilized to help explain why some interventions may fail to motivate desired behavior. For training design, a popular area for gamification, practitioners are urged to consider the intended training outcomes before designing a training program with gaming elements.
Chapter 13 – Gene Delivery

In the previous chapter, we learned how to engineer genes, but we have not yet discussed what to do with them. In this chapter, we will see many different ways of delivering genes into cells. Gene delivery is in itself a powerful biotechnology, but, as we will see in later chapters, it is also a technology that has been built upon for widespread and impactful applications.
Minnesota, USA: Minnesota: Finance and Policy in a High Performing U.S. State

The U.S. national policy pendulum tends to swing between devoting more resources to one set of value preferences over the other. Three key tensions have repeatedly emerged on the policy landscape of the United States: (1) choosing between equity and efficiency; (2) varying reliance on centralized versus decentralized structures; and (3) switching between “civic” and market-driven policy levers. We choose to highlight Minnesota because it illustrates many of the policy tensions and contradictions apparent on the national landscape. These trends exist in the context of an increasingly diverse student body, stable or shrinking school budgets, and expanding demands on the purpose of schools. In many ways, Minnesota’s educational governance system has much in common with other U.S. states: (1) its state agencies are the most powerful policy actors; (2) it faces pressures between equalizing funds versus maintaining local control; and (3) it has increased state legislative response to national discourses. Minnesota also represents our contention that there are 50 distinct structures and patterns of educational governance in the United States. While systemic reform has been the mantra for many US states, Minnesota legislators have tended to tinker around the edges and emphasize voluntary rather than mandated change.
Launching a Medication-Assisted Treatment in an Outpatient Office-Based Practice

Background: Opioid use and overdose are escalating in the United States. Primary care providers are in a strategic position to assess patients for medication-assisted treatment (MAT). Objectives: To describe the implementation of MAT in an integrated primary care residency clinic and assess provider comfort levels with evaluating patients for high-risk opioid use, conduct crucial conversations about MAT treatment options and referral to MAT for evaluation and treatment. Methods: As part of a Primary Care Training and Enhancement grant through Health Resources and Services Administration, we used an implementation process to allow for optimal clinic flow. The process included assessment of patient populations, identifying a provider champion, organizing multidisciplinary team, engaging a practice facilitator, designing clinic model and infrastructure, creating the electronic health record order sets along with provider and staff training. Providers responded to brief questions to evaluate comfort levels in 3 domains: identifying high-risk opioid use, conducting crucial conversations about treatment options and referral to MAT for evaluation and treatment. Discussion: Incorporating MAT within an integrated primary care clinic and residency program with waiver training for residents was a successful and innovative program. The availability of MAT provided a solution for patients that could benefit from this type of treatment. MAT presence gave providers the opportunity to refer these patients for treatment that had not previously been as accessible. Conclusion: An integrated primary care practice with an embedded MAT can be successful with an organized structure to optimize clinic flow.
Nuclear Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Myeloid Leukemia

The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily has been studied extensively in many solid tumors and some receptors have been targeted to develop therapies. However, their roles in leukemia are less clear and vary considerably among different types of leukemia. Some NRs participate in mediating the differentiation of myeloid cells, making them attractive therapeutic targets for myeloid leukemia. To date, the success of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) remains a classical and unsurpassable example of cancer differentiation therapy. ATRA targets retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and forces differentiation and/or apoptosis of leukemic cells. In addition, ligands/agonists of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) have also been shown to inhibit proliferation, induce differentiation, and promote apoptosis of leukemic cells. Encouragingly, combining different NR agonists or the addition of NR agonists to chemotherapies have shown some synergistic anti-leukemic effects. This review will summarize recent research findings and discuss the therapeutic potential of selected NRs in acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, focusing on RAR, VDR, PPAR, and retinoid X receptor (RXR). We believe that more mechanistic studies in this field will not only shed new lights on the roles of NRs in leukemia, but also further expand the clinical applications of existing therapeutic agents targeting NRs.
Field-induced magnetic phase transitions and the resultant giant anomalous Hall effect in the antiferromagnetic half-Heusler compound DyPtBi

We report field-induced magnetic phase transitions and transport properties of antiferromagnetic DyPtBi. We show that DyPtBi hosts a delicate balance between two different magnetic ground states, which can be controlled by a moderate magnetic field. Furthermore, it exhibits giant anomalous Hall effect $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{A}=1540\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{AHE}}=24%)$ in a field-induced type-I spin structure, presumably attributed to the enhanced Berry curvature associated with avoided band crossings near the Fermi energy and/or nonzero spin chirality. The latter mechanism points DyPtBi towards a rare potential realization of anomalous Hall effect in an antiferromagnet with face-centered-cubic lattice that was proposed in [Physical Review Letters 87, 116801 (2001)].
SWI/SNF complexes act through CBP-1 histone acetyltransferase to regulate acute functional tolerance to alcohol

SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling genes are required for normal acute responses to alcohol in C. elegans and are associated with alcohol use disorder in two human populations. In an effort to discover the downstream genes that are mediating this effect, we identified SWI/SNF-regulated genes in C. elegans. To identify SWI/SNF-regulated genes in adults, we compared mRNA expression in wild type and swsn-1(os22ts) worms under conditions that produce inactive swsn-1 in mature cells. To identify SWI/SNF-regulated genes in neurons, we compared gene expression in swsn-9(ok1354) null mutant worms that harbor a neuronal rescue or a control construct. RNA sequencing was performed to an average depth of 25 million reads per sample using 50-base, paired-end reads. We found that 6813 transcripts were significantly differentially expressed between swsn-1(os22ts) mutants and wild-type worms and 2412 transcripts were significantly differentially expressed between swsn-9(ok1354) mutants and swsn-9(ok1354) mutants with neuronal rescue. We examined the intersection between these two datasets and identified 603 genes that were differentially expressed in the same direction in both comparisons; we defined these as SWI/SNF-regulated genes in neurons and in adults. Among the differentially expressed genes was cbp-1, a C. elegans homolog of the mammalian CBP/p300 family of histone acetyltransferases. CBP has been implicated in the epigenetic regulation in response to alcohol in animal models and a polymorphism in the human CBP gene, CREBBP, has been associated with alcohol-related phenotypes. We found that cbp-1 is required for the development of acute functional tolerance to alcohol in C. elegans. We identified 603 transcripts that were regulated by two different SWI/SNF complex subunits in adults and in neurons. The SWI/SNF-regulated genes were highly enriched for genes involved in membrane rafts, suggesting an important role for this membrane microdomain in the acute alcohol response. Among the differentially expressed genes was cbp-1; CBP-1 homologs have been implicated in alcohol responses across phyla and we found that C. elegans cbp-1 was required for the acute alcohol response in worms.
Addressing critical cross-cultural issues in elementary STEM education research and practice: a critical review essay of Engineering in Elementary STEM Education

The book, Engineering in Elementary STEM Education: Curriculum Design, Instruction, Learning, and Assessment, written by Cunningham (Engineering in elementary STEM education: curriculum design, instruction, learning, and assessment, Teachers College Press, New York, 2018), highlights examples of engineering curriculum and pedagogy that Cunningham and her team have developed for the last 15 years. Additionally, she contends that engineering education has the potential to provide underrepresented students with opportunities to experience authentic and relevant STEM education, as well as to help them understand their strengths and abilities as future scientists or engineers. Given the popularity of this book and of the Engineering is Elementary (EiE) curriculum on which it is based, we conducted a critical review essay to more closely examine Cunningham’s claims. Using sociotransformative constructivism, as a theoretical framework, we found Cunningham’s book and supporting EiE curriculum to be rich resources of well-intended concepts and activities for integrating engineering practices in the science classroom. However, the EiE curriculum—like many other curriculum materials in the field—fall short of meeting their equity and diversity goals. In this essay, we argue that some of the EiE curriculum highlighted in Cunningham’s book seem to unintentionally promote colonized thinking, romanticized notions of engineering as a pure human endeavor; and culturally and socially unauthentic scenarios. Our goal is to generate reflection and transformative discussions so that we can elevate this and similar types of popular curriculum. To this end, we also offer suggestions for making STEM curriculum more culturally and socially relevant.
Architecting an MBSE Black-Box System Model for the Physical Layer of a Visible Light Intersatellite Communication System

Fast and reliable high-speed intersatellite communication (ISC) between small satellites is dependent on the physical layer (PL) design of the onboard communication system. However, as with nonlegacy systems, the lack of architecture and design information pertaining to the development of the PL of an LED-based visible light communication (VLC) system for ISC poses significant challenges to architecting the communication system. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach to the specification of the system design. To this end, we explore the use of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) principles in mitigating the design complexity of the PL architecture for the VLC system. Design concerns and gaps are addressed by developing an executable black-box system model that specifies the conceptual architecture of the system, and a parametric model that analyzes multiple system configurations based on generated values for the signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate parameters. We utilize the structural, behavioral, and parametric semantics of SysML to define, specify, visualize, and analyze the various system design configurations. The resulting PL black-box system specification is verified through model execution.
Copper nutrition and biochemistry and human (patho)physiology.

Abstract The essential trace mineral copper plays important roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. Disruption of copper homeostasis may underlie the development of ischemic heart disease, and connective tissue and neurodegenerative disorders. Copper also likely participates in the host response to bacterial infection and is further implicated more broadly in regulating immunity. Recent studies further associate copper with disruption of lipid homeostasis, as is frequently seen in, for example, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Moreover, continuing investigation of copper chaperones has revealed new roles for these intracellular copper-binding proteins. Despite these (and many other) significant advances, many questions related to copper biology remain unanswered. For example, what are the most sensitive and specific biomarkers of copper status, and which ones are useful in marginal (or “sub-clinical” copper deficiency)? Further research on this topic is required to inform future investigations of copper metabolism in humans (so the copper status of study participants can be fully appreciated). Also, are current recommendations for copper intake adequate? Recent studies suggest that overt copper deficiency is more common than once thought, and further, some have suggested that the copper RDAs for adults may be too low. Additional human balance and interventional studies are necessary and could provide the impetus for reconsidering the copper RDAs in the future. These and myriad other unresolved aspects of copper nutrition will undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
Efficacy of various prescribed vitamin D supplementation regimens on 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels in long-term care.

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to examine the efficacy among various vitamin D supplementation regimens on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and determine the minimal dose rate required to achieve sufficient serum concentrations (≥75 nmol/l) among older adults in long-term care (LTC). DESIGN A 1-year medical history was abstracted from medical records, and a one-time blood draw to measure serum 25(OH)D concentrations was obtained. Individuals were stratified into vitamin D-supplemented and non-supplemented groups. The supplemented group was further categorised into four treatment forms: single-ingredient vitamin D2or3, multivitamin, Ca with vitamin D or combination of the three, and by daily prescribed doses: 0-9·9, 10-19·9, 20-49·9, 50-99·9 and >100 μg/d. SETTING Five LTC communities in Austin, Texas. PARTICIPANTS One hundred seventy-three older (≥65 years) adults. RESULTS Of the participants, 62% received a vitamin D supplement and 55% had insufficient (≤75 nmol/l) 25(OH)D serum concentrations. Individuals receiving single-ingredient vitamin D2or3 supplementation received the highest daily vitamin D mean dose (72·5 μg/d), while combination of forms was the most frequent treatment (44%) with the highest mean serum concentration (108 nmol/l). All supplementation doses were successful at reaching sufficient serum concentrations, except those<20 μg/d. Using a prediction model, it was observed that 0·025 μg/d of vitamin D supplementation resulted in a 0·008 nmol/l increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Based on the predictive equation, results suggest that supplementation of 37·5 μg/d of vitamin D2or3 or combination of vitamin D is most likely to achieve sufficient serum 25(OH)D concentrations in older adults in LTC.
Surviving switch failures in cloud datacenters

Switch failures can hamper access to client services, cause link congestion and blackhole network traffic. In this study, we examine the nature of switch failures in the datacenters of a large commercial cloud provider through the lens of survival theory. We study a cohort of over 180,000 switches with a variety of hardware and software configurations and find that datacenter switches have a 98% likelihood of functioning uninterrupted for over 3 months since deployment in production. However, there is significant heterogeneity in switch survival rates with respect to their hardware and software: the switches of one vendor are twice as likely to fail compared to the others. We attribute the majority of switch failures to hardware impairments and unplanned power losses. We find that the in-house switch operating system, SONiC, boosts the survival likelihood of switches in datacenters by 1% by eliminating switch failures caused by software bugs in vendor switch OSes.
Some aspects of localization, depletion, uptake and turnover of catecholamines by glomus cells of the rat carotid body.

The carotid body has been shown biochemically to contain catecholamines, predominantly dopamine1. Further evidence for the presence of catecholamines in glomus cells is provided by studies of histofluorescence, and glomus cells fluoresce intently after exposure to hot paraformaldehyde vapor,2 3, 4, a histochemical test specific for catecholamines5. The glomus cells of the rat carotid body contain numerous dense-core or granulated vesicles6, 7, resembling somewhat the vesicles seen in other catecholaminergic cells and nerve fibers. Presumably these vesicles are the site of location, wholly or in part, of the neurotransmitter substances. The biochemical tests show that the catecholamines are in the carotid body, and the histofluorescence studies demonstrate that the catecholamines are in the glomus cells. However, definitive proof has still not yet been presented that the dense-core vesicles are indeed the site of storage of catecholamines in glomus cells.
An Innocent Murder? The Laws of International Armed Conflict and the 2006 Tragedy at Qana

In the early morning of June 30, 2006, Israeli warplanes struck a civilian apartment complex in Qana, Lebanon, killing some 28 persons, none of whom were thought to have been Hezbollah militants. Footage of the attack was streamed instantly across the world, leading many to decry Israel’s tactics in its conflict against Hezbollah. But did the attack actually violate the Laws of International Armed Conflict? Or, worse, does the attack epitomize the notion of an innocent murder—terrible, perhaps immoral, but lawful? Furthermore, do Hezbollah’s violations of the LOIAC excuse reactionary violations by Israel? This paper offers an analysis of the incident at Qana, drawing from the LOIAC, reports by international observers, and statements from involved parties to determine that Israel’s attack did not likely transgress the LOIAC, demonstrating the limits of international law and its relative detachment from morality. 2 Global Tides, Vol. 1 [2007], Art. 1 http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/globaltides/vol1/iss1/1
Developing a Different Perspective on Disease

Developmental Origins of Health and Disease . Peter Gluckman and Mark Hanson, Eds. . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006. 541 pp. $150, £90. ISBN 9780521847438. Emphasizing public health issues and an evo-devo perspective, the contributors explore the biological bases for the link between early development and chronic diseases.
Mechanisms of Antiviral Actions of Interferons

In this Section, I shall describe the antiviral actions of interferons at the cellular and molecular level. I have chosen to separate in vivo antiviral activities to be described in the Section after discussion of each of the non-antiviral mechanisms, as it seems likely that the involvement of interferon in natural recovery processes from viral infections represents a composite of each of the antiviral and non-antiviral actions (Stewart II, 1973).
Parameter variation effects on timing characteristics of high performance clocked registers

Violations in the timing constraints of a clocked register can cause a synchronous system to malfunction. The effects of parameter variations on the timing characteristics of registers that determine the timing constraints are investigated in this paper. The sensitivity of the setup time and data propagation delay to parameter variations is demonstrated for four different register designs. The robustness of each register design under variations in power supply voltage, temperature, and gate oxide thickness is determined.
A neural network for scheduling and allocation in VLSI design

Neural networks have shown success in solving some difficult optimization problems. Problems become more complex, it is increasingly difficult to find a suitable encoding of constraints into an energy function, which will effectively guide the network to a desired solution. In previous work by Gassen and Carothers (1993), a difficult scheduling problem in VLSI design was encoded into a Hopfield-type neural network. In this paper, we report significant enhancements which allow additional design constraints to be considered and more flexibility for considering the specific design under development. >
Elimination of Negation in a Logical Framework

Logical frameworks with a logic programming interpretation such as hereditary Harrop formulae (HHF) [12] cannot express directly negative information, although negation is a useful specification tool. Since negation-as-failure does not fit well in a logical framework, especially one endowed with hypothetical and parametric judgments, we adapt the idea of elimination of negation introduced in [17] for Horn logic to a fragment of higher-order HHF. This entails finding a middle ground between the Closed World Assumption usually associated with negation and the Open World Assumption typical of logical frameworks; the main technical idea is to isolate a set of programs where static and dynamic clauses do not overlap.
Method Development and Monitoring of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Selected U.S. Waters

ABSTRACT Six representatives of the polynuclear family were recovered from trace levels in water by sorption on polyurethane foam plugs. Optimum conditions for recovery included heating the influent water to 62° ± 2°C and maintaining a flow rate of 250 ± 10 ml/min. The collected PAH were subjected to a clean-up procedure and analyzed by two dimensional thin layer chromatography coupled with fluorometric detection. Gas liquid chromatography-flame ionization failed to detect PAH at low concentrations and in some instances did not provide adequate resolution of different PAH. PAH were detected in trace quantities in all the water supplies studied. Whereas the sum of the six representative PAH in drinking water was small (0.9 − 15 ppt), the values found in raw water were as high as 600 ppt. It is unclear whether PAH are removed during treatment or whether they are transformed to another product and escape detection. The levels of PAH in water increased after contact with the distribution network. An increase in the mutagenic activity of water in the Ames assay was also noted at many sites following passage through the distribution pipes. Some of the mutagenic activity was suspected to be due to PAH.
Physiological Effects of Similar Training Programs in Males and Females.

Abstract Comparisons were made between untrained college-age males and females in selected physiological alterations as a result of training. Experimental groups trained three times weekly for eight weeks at a heart rate (HR) intensity between 75% and 85% of HR max with total distance run held equal between sexes. MANOVA revealed a significant training effect for the experimental groups as well as a significant difference between sexes in response to training. Univariate ANCOVA revealed a significant training effect for [Vdot]O2 max expressed in ml/kg.min−1 and 1.min−1, [Vdot]Emax expressed in 1.min−1 and 1/kg.min−1, O2 pulse at [Vdot]O2 max and body weight. Sex differences were found for [Vdot]E max (1.min−1), and weight. No significant training effect was found for HR max or VE at [Vdot]O2 max.
Putin's Choices: Explaining Russian Foreign Policy and Intervention in Ukraine

Russian President Vladimir Putin's evolving policies toward Ukraine have continued to surprise almost everyone. It was clear from the start that he considered the February 2014 ouster of Ukrainian ...
Prediction of high-resolution flowfields for rotorcraft aeroacoustics

A new approach to the vortex wake of a helicopter is described. This approach makes it possible to obtain highly accurate resolution of the flowfield experienced by the tail rotor with modest computational effort relative to alternative models. A full-span free wake model of the main rotor in a scheme is presented which reconstructs high resolution flow solutions from preliminary simulations with coarse resolution. A new reconstruction method uses local velocity correction terms to capture the steep velocity gradients characteristic of the the vortex-dominated incident flow. The approach is considered to be successful in capturing the high resolution flows necessary for analysis of rotor-wake/rotor interactions with substantially reduced computational cost.
Decorporation of plutonium by oral administration of a partially lipophilic polyaminocarboxylic acid.

Abstract—A new, orally administered, partially lipophilic polyaminocarboxylic acid chelator was tested for its ability to remove incorporated 239Pu deposits in rats. Animals were injected with 239Pu-citrate and 14 d later were treated for an additional 10 d with docosyl-triethylenetetraminepentaacet
Increase in monoamine concentration in rat brain following melatonin administration

Nachweis, dass Melatonin die Konzentration von Dopamin und Noradrenalin im Rattenhirn erhoht, wenn es intraarteriell oder intracisternal injiziert wird.
Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer

Immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant neoplasms has made significant progress over the last 20 years. Multiple molecular targets and clinical agents have been developed recently, particularly in the field of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Sipuleucel-T is currently the only FDA approved immunotherapy for prostate cancer. PSA-TRICOM (Prostvac) currently has a phase III randomized trial underway after a phase II trial showed an improvement in overall survival. Interestingly, both these agents showed improvement in overall survival with no measurable change in disease state, leading to significant controversy as the utility of these agents in prostate cancer. Ipilimumab revealed a benefit for a sub-cohort of men in a post-docetaxel group and is currently undergoing investigation in a pre-docetaxel group. There are a number of other targets such as PD-1 which have shown effectiveness in other neoplasms that will likely be investigated in the future for use in prostate cancer.
Comparison of a chemical assay with a tissue-mediated bio-assay for chemical mutagens.

Summary A tissue-mediated bioassay has been developed and coupled with a chemical test for the purpose of assessing the effect of mammalian physiology on chemical mutagens. In the bio-assay, the hamster, Mesocricetus auratus , was injected with the alkylating agent, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and Drosophila melanogaster served as the genetic indicator. The hamster's plasma was obtained by heart punctures at 2, 4, and 8 h after injection and was chemically analyzed for the presence of alkyl groups. Parallel plasma samples were fed to Drosophila males (10 per vial) on a saturated paper tissue for 24 h. The flies were subsequently mated for 2 days to virgin females, and their progeny were analyzed for sex-linked recessive lethals. A correlation of 0.9 was found between lethal mutations in the bio-assay and the amount of EMS in the blood plasma as measured by the chemical test. Since the dosage of EMS in the plasma was determined chemically, it was possible to reconstruct the genetic experiment, feeding similar doses of EMS in a 1% sucrose solution. A radiotracer experiment using [ 14 C]EMS revealed that the flies would consume only 0.56 as much of the plasma as a 1% sucrose in a 24-h feeding period. After correcting for the lower consumption of plasma, it was possible to determine whether EMS itself was responsible for the observed sex-linked recessive lethals or whether they were the result of some intermediate metabolite produced by the hamster. That the sex-linked recessive lethals rates of the two genetic experiments were the same within 0.95 confidence limits indicates that no intermediate metabolite was in the plasma. Thus the chemical assay is positively correlated with the mutation rate measured by the bioassay of the blood plasma. It was also found (by radiotracer methods) that Drosophila would feed upon other hamster tissues (kidney, lung, liver, and testes). Consequently it will be possible to extend these assays to evaluate the action of possible mutagens (carcinogens) in specific tissues of a given mammal.
Gerontology Doctoral Training: The Value of Goals, Program Perceptions, and Prior Experience among Students.

This study concerns the educational experiences and progression through the doctoral programs of two cohorts of students in 5 of the 6 gerontology doctoral programs within the United States. The project goals include assessments of change and/or stability in projected career trajectories, as well as an assessment of students' perceptions of the program-student fit in terms of curriculum, research experience, and faculty involvement. This paper focuses on the perceptions and expectations of students during their first year. Perceptions of the programs are mostly positive, but areas for improvement are identified. Further investigations of data through the subsequent years identify areas of focus for continued modification and potential improvement of doctoral programs.
Cloning of two rabbit GRO homologues and their expression in alveolar macrophages.

Abstract We cloned two rabbit GRO homologue cDNAs from a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rabbit alveolar macrophage (AM) cDNA library. One cDNA contains the complete coding sequence for a new mature GRO protein, RabGRO, which shares 68, 78 and 70% amino-acid identity with human GRO-α, -β and -γ, respectively. The other cDNA contains previously unreported sequence encoding a second GRO protein, rabbit permeability factor 2. The two Rab GRO proteins share 93% identity. Northern analysis shows that Rab AM GRO expression is rapidly induced by lipopolysaccharide. These findings suggest that GRO chemokines may be important in the pulmonary inflammation that occurs with septic lung injury.
Genetics, genomics, and their relevance to pathology and therapy

Genetic and genomic investigations are a starting point for the study of human disease, seeking to discover causative variants relevant to disease pathophysiology. Over the past 5 years, massively parallel, high-throughput, next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized genetics and genomics, identifying the causes of many Mendelian diseases. The application of whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing to large populations has produced several publicly available sequence datasets that have revealed the scope of human genetic variation and have contributed to important methodological advances in the study of both common and rare genetic variants in genetically complex diseases. The importance of noncoding genetic variation has been highlighted by the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap Epigenomics Program and integrated analyses of these datasets, together with disease-specific datasets, will provide an important and powerful tool for determining the mechanisms through which disease-associated, noncoding variation influences disease risk.
Ultraviolet photoemission studies of molecular adsorption on oxide surfaces

This paper reviews the current status of ultraviolet photoemission (UPS) measurements of the interaction of molecules with the surfaces of metal oxides. A brief summary of the electronic, geometric and compositional properties of atomically clean oxide surfaces is given, followed by a survey of the various adsorbate/substrate systems that have been investigated by UPS. Essentially all of that work to date has been on single-crystal oxide substrates. A brief description is also given of the various theoretical methods that are being used to study molecule/oxide interactions.
Congenital tracheal stenosis with associated cardiopulmonary anomalies: report of two cases with a review of the literature

We present two infants with congenital tracheal stenosis with complete tracheal rings. Both had associated congenital anomalies. The first case showed cardiac malformations, and the second case had agenesis of the right lung. We review the literature, in particular with reference to tracheal stenosis and pulmonary agenesis. We also propose that the constellation of anomalies may result from defects in the cervical mesenchyme and, as such, may represent one end of a spectrum of cervical mesenchymal field defects.