cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of motivation for abstinence at the end of outpatient substance abuse treatment

Commitment to abstinence, a motivational construct, is a strong predictor of reductions in drug and alcohol use. Level of commitment to abstinence at treatment end predicts sustained abstinence, a requirement for recovery. This study sought to identify predictors of commitment to abstinence at treatment end to guide clinical practice and to inform the conceptualization of motivational constructs. Polysubstance users (N = 250) recruited at the start of outpatient treatment were reinterviewed at the end of services. Based on the extant literature, potential predictors were during treatment measures of substance use and related cognitions, psychological functioning, recovery supports, stress, quality of life satisfaction, and treatment experiences. In multivariate analyses, perceived harm of future drug use, abstinence self-efficacy, quality of life satisfaction, and number of network members in 12-step recovery contributed 26.6% of the variance explained in the dependent variable, a total of 49.6% when combined with the control variables (demographics and baseline level of the outcome). Gender subgroup analyses yielded largely similar results. Clinical implications of findings for maximizing commitment to abstinence when clients leave treatment are discussed as are future research directions.
Extensive differences in gene expression between symbiotic and aposymbiotic cnidarians.

Coral reefs provide habitats for a disproportionate number of marine species relative to the small area of the oceans that they occupy. The mutualism between the cnidarian animal hosts and their intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts provides the nutritional foundation for coral growth and formation of reef structures, because algal photosynthesis can provide >90% of the total energy of the host. Disruption of this symbiosis (“coral bleaching”) is occurring on a large scale due primarily to anthropogenic factors and poses a major threat to the future of coral reefs. Despite the importance of this symbiosis, the cellular mechanisms involved in its establishment, maintenance, and breakdown remain largely unknown. We report our continued development of genomic tools to study these mechanisms in Aiptasia, a small sea anemone with great promise as a model system for studies of cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis. Specifically, we have generated de novo assemblies of the transcriptomes of both a clonal line of symbiotic anemones and their endogenous dinoflagellate symbionts. We then compared transcript abundances in animals with and without dinoflagellates. This analysis identified >900 differentially expressed genes and allowed us to generate testable hypotheses about the cellular functions affected by symbiosis establishment. The differentially regulated transcripts include >60 encoding proteins that may play roles in transporting various nutrients between the symbiotic partners; many more encoding proteins functioning in several metabolic pathways, providing clues regarding how the transported nutrients may be used by the partners; and several encoding proteins that may be involved in host recognition and tolerance of the dinoflagellate.
Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: review and suggested criteria

At a time of increased social usage of net and collaborative applications, a robust and detailed theory of social presence could contribute to our understanding of social behavior in mediated environments, allow researchers to predict and measure differences among media interfaces, and guide the design of new social environments and interfaces. A broader theory of social presence can guide more valid and reliable measures. The article reviews, classifies, and critiques existing theories and measures of social presence. A set of criteria and scope conditions is proposed to help remedy limitations in past theories and measures and to provide a contribution to a more robust theory and measure of social presence.
THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Introduction Cannabinoids and their endogenous and synthetic analogs exert complex cardiovascular effects both in vitro and in vivo mediated by cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and the endocannabinoid degrading enzymes are expressed in the myocardium [1-3], human coronary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells [4, 5], and infiltrating inflammatory cells, among many other tissues/cells [6]. In experimental animals and in humans (depending on the route of administration, duration, and the dose) these cardiovascular effects may include CB1-mediated bradycardia/tachycardia, hypotension, and depressed cardiac contractility involving modulation of autonomic outflow through sites of action at presynaptic autonomic nerve terminals and in the central nervous system, as well as direct effects on myocardium and the vasculature [7]. In spite of the above mentioned cardiovascular effects of endocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) appears to play a limited role in cardiovascular regulation under normal physiological conditions. However, in various disease conditions, the ECS may become overactivated and play important protective and/or detrimental roles. Key Points
Synthesis of chiral crystallization processes

A process synthesis procedure is presented for the resolution of racemic mixtures by crystallizaiion. The phase behaviors of racemic mixtures and of those in the presence of solvents and resolving agents are discussed. The Corresponding separation schemes are synthesized by considering the separation steps in a flowsheet as movements on a phase diagram. Separations with and without involving racemization and deracemization are considered. The procedure is illustrated with several examples, including the manufacture of ibuprofen and naproxen.
Uncertainty and the IPCC. An editorial comment

In this issue, Swart et al. (2009) provide a useful review of how uncertainty has been treated in the assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and how this treatment has evolved over time. They also recommend a series of improvements for future IPCC assessments, with which I am substantially in agreement. In this essay, I will emphasize three points on how to communicate uncertainty through the IPCC process. The first point is with regard to the treatment of uncertainty within Working Group IIII (WG III). Swart et al. highlight the relatively sparse description of uncertainties in WG III relative to that of WG I and II. While I do not disagree, I would argue that part of the solution is for the community to produce more instances of rigorous analysis of uncertainty for their respective models and projections. The primary role of the IPCC is not to perform new analyses, but to summarize the literature. Thus, if there are only few uncertainty analyses of emissions or mitigation cost projections, no guidance to IPCC authors will compensate. Examples of formal uncertainty analyses do exist (e.g., Webster et al. 2008; Manne and Richels 1994; Nordhaus and Yohe 1983; Nordhaus and Popp 1997; Reilly et al. 1987; Scott et al. 1999), but have been relatively rare compared to the number of analyses that neglect uncertainty. Formal uncertainty analysis of socio-economic models is difficult and costly, in part for the reasons outlined by Swart et al. Nevertheless, the community at large is responsible for providing the basis of future assessments. The second point that I wish to echo from Swart et al. is that the supposed distinction between seemingly objective physical science uncertainties and the more readily apparent subjectivity of social science uncertainties is less clear than many would like to believe. Clearly, the issue of intentionality (i.e., free will among the
Clinical correlates of acute pulmonary events in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease

Objectives We aimed to identify risk factors for acute pulmonary events in children and adolescents in the Pulmonary Hypertension and the Hypoxic Response in SCD (PUSH) study. Methods Patients with hemoglobin SS (n = 376) and other sickle cell genotypes (n = 127) aged 3–20 yrs were studied at four centers in a cross-sectional manner. A subgroup (n = 293) was followed for a median of 21 months (range 9–35). Results A patient-reported history of one or more acute pulmonary events, either acute chest syndrome (ACS) or pneumonia, was obtained in 195 hemoglobin SS patients (52%) and 51 patients with other genotypes (40%). By logistic regression, history of acute pulmonary events was independently associated with patient-reported history of asthma (P 3 severe pain episodes in the preceding 12 months (P = 0.002), higher tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) (P = 0.028), and higher white blood cell (WBC) count (P = 0.043) among hemoglobin SS patients. History of acute pulmonary events was associated with >3 severe pain episodes (P = 0.009) among patients with other genotypes. During follow-up, 43 patients (15%) had at least one new ACS episode including 11 without a baseline history of acute pulmonary events. History of acute pulmonary events (odds ratio 5.0; P < 0.0001) and younger age (odds ratio 0.9; P = 0.007) were independently associated with developing a new episode during follow-up. Conclusions Asthma history, frequent pain, and higher values for TRV and WBC count were independently associated with history of acute pulmonary events in hemoglobin SS patients and frequent pain was associated in those with other genotypes. Measures to reduce pain episodes and control asthma may help to decrease the incidence of acute pulmonary events in SCD.
Child Sexual Abuse, Coping Responses, Self-Blame, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Adult Sexual Revictimization:

The present study examined the psychological sequelae of child sexual abuse (CSA) and the factors that contributed to revictimization in the form of adult sexual assault (ASA) using a survey of 577 female college students. CSA characteristics, maladaptive coping in response to CSA, degree of self-blame at the time of the abuse and currently, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were examined as predictors of revictimization. Results indicated that individuals who reported both CSA and ASA had more PTSD symptoms, were more likely to use drugs or alcohol to cope, act out sexually, withdraw from people, and seek therapy services. In addition, the revictimized group reported more self-blame at the time of the abuse and currently. The only factor that predicted revictimization in this study was the number of maladaptive coping strategies used. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Transport and Deposition of Particles and Fibers in Human Tracheobronchial Tree

Transport and deposition of ellipsoidal fibers in the human upper airways were analyzed using an asymmetric airway bifurcation model. The trachea and the first two generations (G0–G1) of the tracheobronchial tree were included in the study. The focus of the study was on prediction of transport and deposition of fibers and elongated particles. The laryngeal jet at the trachea entrance was modeled as an effective turbulence disturbance, and Reynolds stress transport turbulence model (RST) was used. For accurate modeling of the near wall airflow, the “two-layer zonal model” was used for boundary consideration, and the turbulence normal fluctuation close to wall is further corrected based on the “quadratic variation near wall model” (Tian and Ahmadi 2007). Lagrangian simulation of ellipsoidal fiber transport and deposition was developed where the coupled translational and rotational motions of the fibers were accounted for. The particle equations of motion included the hydrodynamic drag and torque, shear induced lift, gravitational sedimentation, and turbulence diffusion effects. The simulation results showed that the elongated fiber remained aligned with the main flow most of the time. On short duration occasions, the fibers rotated impulsively along their path. The fiber rotational motion was dependent on fiber geometry and the local flow shear. Fiber deposition pattern and deposition rate in the trachea and the first bifurcation were evaluated, and the results were compared with the experiments.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Mismatching Meanings in Brain and Behavior

Natural language interpretation is generally thought to be compositional, that is, the meanings of expressions are a function of the meanings of their parts and of the way the parts are syntactically combined. Theories of the syntax–semantics interface aim to articulate the details of this function. This article discusses a new research program in which psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic experiments on so-called syntax–semantics mismatches are used to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate between structure and meaning.
The Ties That Bind National Identity Salience and Pro-Social Behavior Toward the Ethnic Other

At the psychological level, ethnic conflict can be seen as an extreme result of normal group identification processes. Bridging perceived intergroup boundaries is therefore key to improving intergr...
Suppression of phase decoherence in a single atomic qubit

Suppressing decoherence in a quantum system is of great importance for quantum information processing as well as high-precision spectroscopy. The fault-tolerance quantum computation requires the decoherence rate to be below a threshold level 1. Low decoherence is also demanded to store quantum information in a quantum memory 2‐7. For high-precision spectroscopy, suppressing decoherence prolongs the measurement time and thus increases the precision of the measurement. In view of achieving long coherence times, many quantum information processing protocols 8‐21 and high-precision measurements 22‐28 have thus employed the long-lived internal states of ions or neutral
Realtime detection of salient moving object: A multi-core solution

Detection of salient moving object has great potentials in activity recognition, scene understanding, etc. However techniques to characterizing the object in fine granularity have not been well developed in real applications due to the computational intensity. The emerging multi-core technology in hardware design provides an opportunity for the compute intensive algorithms to boost speed in parallel. This paper proposed a scalable approach to detecting salient moving object which is designed inherently for parallelization. To characterize the object in fine granularity, we extract color-texture homogenous regions as the basic processing unit by image segmentation. To identify salient object, we generate probabilistic template by learning the space-time context. The parallel algorithm is implemented using OpenMP. Evaluations have been carried out on sports, news, and home video data. For the CIF size image, we get processing speed of 51.1 frames per second and near linear speed up on an eight-core machine. It indicates that the algorithm parallelization is a promising solution for practical applications in the multimedia field.
Variable-blocksize disparity estimation in stereoscopic imagery

This paper addresses the problem of developing and implementing a variable block size (quadtree splitting) disparity estimation technique that is optimized for use in compression of stereo pairs and studying its performance over a range of rate/distortion constraints. First the constrained optimization problem is formulated as an unconstrained one using the Lagrange multiplier approach. Then by solving the optimization problem using dynamic programming, the optimal variables representing the optimal quadtree structure and the quantizer for each node are determined.
Protein kinase C-α comes to the rescue of aquaporin-2.

the article by Thai et al. ([12][1]) in an issue of the American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology brings to the forefront a previously unrecognized role of PKC-α in preventing downregulation of aquaporin (AQP)2 by ANG II. Regulated transport of water, sodium, and urea in the renal medulla is
English Learners: Challenges in Assessment and the Promise of Curriculum-Based Measurement:

Despite the growing body of research validating the use of curriculum-based measurement, few studies have focused on using this type of assessment with English learners. Proper assessment of English learners is essential for progress monitoring, determining language proficiency, predicting achievement, and identifying students with disabilities. However, because of linguistic and cultural factors, traditional norm-referenced standardized tests of achievement may not be valid for language minority students. In light of these issues, as well as the growing gap in achievement between language minority and language majority students, greater accountability in the education of English learners is needed. This article delineates some of the challenges in the assessment of English learners in schools, reviews studies that have used curriculum-based measurement with English learners, and outlines the usefulness of such an approach as part of a problem-solving model with this population. Limitations and areas for ...
Another look at the rationality of the Livingston price expectations data

(1990). Another look at the rationality of the Livingston price expectations data. Applied Economics: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 477-485.
Higher rates of internal ovulations occur in broiler breeder hens treated with testosterone

Abstract Maximal profit in both the commercial egg and meat industries requires that the quantity of oviposited eggs closely matches the quantity of large yellow follicles maturing in the ovary. While laying hens are genetically selected for maximal egg production and strategies for management of broiler breeders have been constructed to achieve a similar outcome, a percentage of ovarian follicles that are selected into the ovulatory hierarchy in these hens still never make it to oviposition possibly due to atresia of large yellow follicles or internal ovulation of the oocyte into the peritoneal cavity rather than the oviduct. The causes and mechanisms responsible for these processes remain unclear, however, evidence in wild birds suggests that stressful and/or territorial challenges may stimulate oocyte losses. Since testosterone and corticosterone are central to the responses to territorial intrusions and stress, respectively, and since both large yellow follicles and the oviduct that will engulf them are sensitive to hormonal cues, one or both hormones may play a role in the loss of large yellow follicles via atresia and/or internal ovulation in laying hens. To test this, broiler breeder hens were treated with corticosterone or testosterone 5 h prior to ovulation and observed to see whether these treatments influenced the likelihood that a hen would lay an egg 24 h after the predicted ovulation time. A subset of hens that did not lay an egg were killed and dissected to look for evidence of follicle atresia and internal ovulation. Testosterone treatment resulted in significantly more oocyte losses, and 60% of these occurred due to internal ovulations, as was indicated by the presence of yolk in the peritoneal cavity. Corticosterone did not influence the rate of oocyte losses, follicle atresia, or internal ovulation. These results suggest that testosterone can cause disruptions that ultimately prevent the oviduct from capturing the oocyte after ovulation.
The Future of Medium–Extended-Range Weather Prediction: User Perspectives

AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | MAY 2007 | 635 634 A long with the increased skill of the short-term (1–3 day) weather forecasts, the prospects for accurate 3–14 day forecasts have improved, thereby opening up new possibilities for forecast users. In the United States, the National Weather Service (NWS)’s Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) currently provides forecast products and guidance for the 3–7-day range, including maximum and minimum temperature, surface circulation and fronts, and precipitation probabilities, while the NWS Climate Prediction Center is responsible for longer-range forecasts such as the 6–10and 8–14-day probability outlooks for temperature and precipitation. The potential and current uses of these products for agriculture, aviation, utilities, and commodities are numerous, but can only be fully and productively realized if the economic, educational, and decision-making needs of specific users are taken into account. Discussions of user needs with our colleagues have yielded an outline of some of these opportunities and challenges of mediumand extended-range forecasts.1
A building block BIST methodology for SOC designs: a case study

System-on-Chip (SOC) designs use numerous and diverse embedded cores and memories. Very high system reliability requirements mandate greater than 99.9% ATPG chip manufacturing test coverage. Logic BIST and memory BIST are increasingly used for high system test coverage with additional constraints that some cores or pockets of user designed logic have to be functionally active during BIST. This paper describes the challenges of a design methodology to handle such SOC designs and the automated solutions that address these problems.
Winter Activity of Brazilian Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) at Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico

Abstract The Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) generally is considered a migratory species in western North America. Throughout the southwestern United States, however, winter records are known from many scattered locations. Here I report on T. brasiliensis exiting and entering a cave in southern New Mexico from November to March. I observed that a winter colony of Brazilian free-tailed bats at Carlsbad Cavern was comprised of males and females of different ages, and in February and March, I documented that numbers of individuals inhabiting the cavern were much higher than previously reported. Nearly all individuals returning to the cavern fed in November, about one-half fed in January and February, and none fed in early December and late March. I suspect that individuals wintering in the cavern consume insects during all colder months in the region, and lack of observations of bats feeding in December and March only reflect extremely windy conditions on nights of sampling. From December t...
Implementation of a Mapping Procedure for the Domain Decomposition for PDEs in Maple

Domain decomposition for partial differential equations(PDEs) is implemented using singular perturbation analysis. The programming work is accomplished in a symbolic programming environment, namely Maple.
The Relation Between Meal Size and the Time Between Meals: Effects of Cage Complexity and Food Cost

Abstract Certain popular models of the regulation of food intake predict a positive correlation between the size of a meal and the preceding and/or following intermeal interval. However, the reported strength of these prandial correlations has varied widely in the literature. To determine what factors may influence the strength of these relationships, we measured the timing of and amount consumed in meals of laboratory rats as a function of 1) whether they were housed in isolation or with partial access to peers or a running wheel, 2) whether they were disturbed daily or weekly for maintenance procedures, and 3) whether food was free or contingent on operant responding. We also compared two definitions of “meal” and “intermeal interval.” Strong prandial correlations were found only occasionally. Caging, food cost, and maintenance frequency did not affect the size of the correlations, although these factors did influence the rats' meal patterns. We conclude the regulation of food intake cannot be explained by models relying on a regular relationship between meal size and intermeal interval.
Vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) modified live virus vaccine followed by challenge with PRRS virus and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) protects against PRRS but enhances PCV2 replication and pathogenesis compared to Results for Nonvaccinated Cochallenged Controls

Coinfections involving porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) contribute to a group of disease syndromes known as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Presumably, PRRSV infection enhances PCV2 replication as a result of modulation of host immunity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PCV2 replication and pathogenesis in pigs vaccinated with a PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine and subsequently challenged with a combination of PRRSV and PCV2. During the early postchallenge period, the number of pigs with PRRSV-associated clinical signs was decreased, and average daily gain (ADG) was increased, in the vaccinated group, demonstrating the protective effect of PRRS vaccination. However, during the later postchallenge period, more pigs in the vaccinated group showed increased PCV2 viremia, decreased ADG, increased PCVAD clinical signs, and increased mortality. In this disease model, the early benefits of PRRSV vaccination were outweighed by the later amplification of PCVAD.
Little Ice Age Permanent Snowcover in the Eastern Canadian Arctic: Extent Mapped from Landsat-1 Satellite Imagery

Extensive areas of the eastern Canadian Arctic are light grey/white on both conventional black and white air photography and on multi-spectral LANDSAT-1 satellite imagery. These areas stand out in ...
247 URINE F2-ISOPROSTANES ARE REDUCED IN LUPUS NEPHRITIS.

Purpose Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune complex formation and activation of the innate immune system. An essential player in this response is the generation of reactive intermediates. We have reported increases in nitric oxide (NO) production during the disease activity and inducible NO synthase-dependent increases in urine F2-isoprostanes murine lupus nephritis (LN). F2-isoprostanes are formed by the reaction of arachidonate and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Urine levels are an accepted measure of systemic oxidant stress. We hypothesized that there would be an increase in urine F2-isoprostanes in LN that associates with the degree of glomerular proliferation. Methods We recruited 19 lupus, 13 LN, and 9 healthy control subjects. Only LN subjects with active disease (requiring significant increases in immunosuppressive therapy) were enrolled. Of these LN subjects, 12 had renal biopsies performed at the time of urine collection. Biopsies were classified by WHO class, activity, and chronicity. Urine F2-isoprostanes were measured by isotopic dilution, immunoaffinity extraction, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-negative ion chemical ionization. Standard laboratory measures of SLE disease activity were measured at the time of the study visit. WHO class was scored for analysis according to the extent of proliferation (V = 1, II = 2, III = 3, IV = 4). Results were reported as mean 6 standard error in ng/mg urine creatinine. A Spearman correlation was used to determine relationships between clinical variables and urine F2-isoprostane levels. One-way ANOVA was used to compare F2-isoprostane levels between groups. Results Urine F2-isoprostane levels were greater in SLE subjects and controls than LN subjects (0.58 6 0.07 vs 0.53 6 0.1 vs 0.34 6 0.06, p = .14 for entire group). Among SLE subjects, the presence of nephritis was associated with lower F2-isoprostane levels (p = .06). Among those with nephritis, the histopathological activity score (a measure of proliferative activity) was significantly negatively correlated with F2-isoprostane levels (r = 2.66, p = .02). Conclusions These findings did not agree with our hypothesis that F2-isoprostanes would increase with proliferative LN. These results could reflect (1) a reduction in ROI production in proliferative LN or (2) reaction of ROI-reactive nitrogen intermediates. NO production was reported as increased in proliferative LN. Superoxide (SO) generated during proliferative disease may react with NO to form peroxynitrite, making SO unavailable as a substrate for generation of F2-isoprostanes. Future work will focus on markers of peroxynitrite production in this population.
Analysis on the surveillance sitiuations of the province soil transmitted nematodiasis surveillance site in Yuechi county in 2010

Objective: To understand the soil-borne nematode Yuechi epidemic dynamics, epidemiology and control factors for the development of countermeasures and to provide a scientific basis for evaluation of control effects. Methods: The establishment of monitoring points, application Kato-Katz smear stool examination Turkey egg-derived line; cellophane tape anal swab method for detecting pinworm infection in children under the age of 12; improved soil saturated sodium nitrate flotation method for detecting worms, hook eggs. Results: 575 persons received stool examination, with a total infection rate of 46.09%. The infection rates of hookworm and ascarid were 45.57%, 1.22%, respectively. Hookworm and Ascaris mixed infection rate was 0.87%; 47 children at age 3-12 were examined by perianal swab method, with an Enterobius vermicularis infection rate of 14.89%; Forty soil samples were tested, with asearid and hookworm egg positive rates of 0 and 2.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The residents of soil nematode infection rate is still at a high level in Yuechi county, comprehensive prevention measures should be taken to control it.
Prosthetic Graft Patency in the Setting of a Polymicrobial Infection in Swine (Sus scrofa).

Background In the setting of vascular injury, vein interposition graft is the preferred conduit, but may have limited availability. This study seeks to develop a large animal model assessing the graft performance of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Dacron in the setting of a polymicrobial infection. Methods Thirty-seven animals were placed into 4 groups for a 21-day survival period. Six-millimeter PTFE or Dacron interposition grafts were placed in the right iliac artery with a standardized bacterial inoculation. Native vessel with and without contamination served as control groups. The inoculant was 1 × 10 7 of genetically labeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . The primary end points were graft patency (determined by duplex ultrasound and necropsy) and graft infection (culture with molecular analysis). Secondary end points included physiological measurements, blood cultures, laboratory data, and histopathology. Results PTFE and Dacron had similar infection rates of 85.7% and 75%, respectively. There was no significant difference in infectious organisms between graft materials. PTFE and Dacron exhibited bacterial ingrowth and transmigration to the intraluminal portion of the conduit. Forty-five percent of the Dacron group and 40% of the PTFE group remained patent at postoperative day 21 ( P = 0.98). Clinical data, including white blood cell count, percent neutrophils, and lactate, did not vary significantly between groups. Conclusions PTFE and Dacron perform similarly in terms of infection rates and graft failure as both have a propensity toward bacterial ingrowth and occlusion when compared with controls. This is a valid animal model to assess graft performance in the setting of polymicrobial infection and provides an avenue for studying novel prosthetic conduits.
Multistatic aerosol–cloud lidar in space: A theoretical perspective

Abstract Accurate aerosol and cloud retrievals from space remain quite challenging and typically involve solving a severely ill-posed inverse scattering problem. In this Perspective, we formulate in general terms an aerosol and aerosol–cloud interaction space mission concept intended to provide detailed horizontal and vertical profiles of aerosol physical characteristics as well as identify mutually induced changes in the properties of aerosols and clouds. We argue that a natural and feasible way of addressing the ill-posedness of the inverse scattering problem while having an exquisite vertical-profiling capability is to fly a multistatic (including bistatic) lidar system. We analyze theoretically the capabilities of a formation-flying constellation of a primary satellite equipped with a conventional monostatic (backscattering) lidar and one or more additional platforms each hosting a receiver of the scattered laser light. If successfully implemented, this concept would combine the measurement capabilities of a passive multi-angle multi-spectral polarimeter with the vertical profiling capability of a lidar; address the ill-posedness of the inverse problem caused by the highly limited information content of monostatic lidar measurements; address the ill-posedness of the inverse problem caused by vertical integration and surface reflection in passive photopolarimetric measurements; help relax polarization accuracy requirements; eliminate the need for exquisite radiative-transfer modeling of the atmosphere–surface system in data analyses; yield the day-and-night observation capability; provide direct characterization of ground-level aerosols as atmospheric pollutants; and yield direct measurements of polarized bidirectional surface reflectance. We demonstrate, in particular, that supplementing the conventional backscattering lidar with just one additional receiver flown in formation at a scattering angle close to 170° can dramatically increase the information content of the measurements. Although the specific subject of this Perspective is the multistatic lidar concept, all our conclusions equally apply to a multistatic radar system intended to study from space the global distribution of cloud and precipitation characteristics.
A Geography of Values in Disease

As Chapters 5 and 6 illustrate, coming to terms with clinical reality is never a purely theoretical endeavor. It is a form of action, which involves diverse modes of intervention and value judgments. In studying the role values play in disease concepts, we are reminded once again that disease is complex. This chapter investigates the ways in which disease reflects what and how we value. Put another way, it investigates the process of valuing, as opposed to the previous chapter’s emphasis on the nature of values. It sets forth a geography of prominent values that frame our understanding of disease.
Time travel, labour history, and the null curriculum: new design knowledge for mobile augmented reality history games

This paper presents a case study drawn from design-based research (DBR) on a mobile, place-based augmented reality history game. Using DBR methods, the game was developed by the author as a history...
Numerical Average-Value Modeling of Rotating Rectifiers in Brushless Excitation Systems

Brushless excitation systems are widely used for synchronous machines. As a critical part of the system, rotating rectifiers have a significant impact on the system behavior. This paper presents a numerical average-value model (AVM) for rotating rectifiers in brushless excitation systems, where the essential numerical functions are extracted from the detailed simulations and vary depending on the loading conditions. Open-circuit voltages of the brushless exciter armature are used to calculate the dynamic impedance that represents the loading condition. The model is validated by comparison with an experimentally validated detailed model of the brushless excitation system in three distinct cases. It has been demonstrated that the proposed AVM can provide accurate simulations in both transient and steady states with fewer time steps and less runtime compared with detailed models of such systems and that the proposed AVM can be combined with AVM models of other rectifiers in the system to reduce the overall computational cost.
Academic and Extracurricular Predictors of Peer Victimization: Evidence of Similarities Across Diverse Racial and Ethnic Categories

Scholars of aggression in educational settings have long been interested in studying sanctions against academic achievement. Though many studies focus on minority students’ experiences, research ha...
Partial Hard Thresholding: Towards A Principled Analysis of Support Recovery

In machine learning and compressed sensing, it is of central importance to understand when a tractable algorithm recovers the support of a sparse signal from its compressed measurements. In this paper, we present a principled analysis on the support recovery performance for a family of hard thresholding algorithms. To this end, we appeal to the partial hard thresholding (PHT) operator proposed recently by Jain et al. [IEEE Trans. Information Theory, 2017]. We show that under proper conditions, PHT recovers an arbitrary "s"-sparse signal within O(s kappa log kappa) iterations where "kappa" is an appropriate condition number. Specifying the PHT operator, we obtain the best known result for hard thresholding pursuit and orthogonal matching pursuit with replacement. Experiments on the simulated data complement our theoretical findings and also illustrate the effectiveness of PHT compared to other popular recovery methods.
Trauma exposure interacts with the genetic risk of bipolar disorder in alcohol misuse of US soldiers.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether trauma exposure moderates the genetic correlation between substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders, we tested whether trauma exposure modifies the association of genetic risks for mental disorders with alcohol misuse and nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms. METHODS High-resolution polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated for 10 732 US Army soldiers (8346 trauma-exposed and 2386 trauma-unexposed) based on genome-wide association studies of bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. RESULTS The main finding was a significant BD PRS-by-trauma interaction with respect to alcohol misuse (P = 6.07 × 10-3 ). We observed a positive correlation between BD PRS and alcohol misuse in trauma-exposed soldiers (r = 0.029, P = 7.5 × 10-3 ) and a negative correlation in trauma-unexposed soldiers (r = -0.071, P = 5.61 × 10-4 ). Consistent (nominally significant) result with concordant effect, directions were observed in the schizophrenia PRS-by-trauma interaction analysis. The variants included in the BD PRS-by-trauma interaction showed significant enrichments for gene ontologies related to high voltage-gated calcium channel activity (GO:0008331, P = 1.51 × 10-5 ; GO:1990454, P = 4.49 × 10-6 ; GO:0030315, P = 2.07 × 10-6 ) and for Beta1/Beta2 adrenergic receptor signaling pathways (P = 2.61 × 10-4 ). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the genetic overlap between alcohol misuse and BD is significantly moderated by trauma exposure. This provides molecular insight into the complex mechanisms that link substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, and trauma exposure.
Evaluating the Impact of Early Clinical Role Exposure to Ease Transition to the Clinical Year

The transition to clinical training is a well-documented source of medical student stress. While students are taught the essential skills of patient interviewing and physical examination, exposure to their role on the ward team may be limited. We designed an opportunity for pre-clinical medical students to shadow clinical students to better understand the role of the student on the clinical team. Participants were surveyed before and after to evaluate their understanding and comfort. They reported increased familiarity and comfort with the clinical student’s role after shadowing and that the experience was worthwhile and reduced their anxiety about the transition.
Partitioning Second‐Order Interaction in Three‐Way Contingency Tables

The principle of minimum discrimination information estimation and associated techniques are used to consider the partitioning of a three‐way contingency table when second‐order interaction is present. Within the partitioned model a sub‐hypothesis of logit linearity is also studied. Computational procedures utilize a generalized iterative scaling algorithm of Darroch and Ratcliff.
Team Stress Research: A Review and Recommendations for Future Investigations

Due to the increasing reliance on teamwork in the modern work environment featured by its fast pace and high pressure, research on how work teams perceive and manage stress has garnered growing attention. In an attempt to synthesize this literature, we summarized team stress research ranging from lab studies on ad hoc teams to field studies on intact work groups. We posited that research on team stress could benefit from an integrative overview of the theories and findings regarding teams’ reactions to stressors and their downstream consequences. Accordingly, we reviewed major theoretical frameworks used to explain perceptions and effects of stress in work teams. We then focused on empirical research that examined mediators and/or moderators of the team level stressor-strain relationships, due to their enhanced ability to inform underlying mechanisms. Finally, we concluded our review by proposing new theoretical directions to help guide further advancements in team stress research.
LRRK2 activity does not dramatically alter α-synuclein pathology in primary neurons

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) are the most common cause of heritable Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the most common mutations in LRRK2 lead to elevated kinase activity. For these reasons, inhibitors targeting LRRK2 have been the subject of intense research and development. However, it has been difficult to develop preclinical models that recapitulate PD-relevant LRRK2 phenotypes. The primary pathology in PD is the Lewy body (LB), which is a cytoplasmic aggregate of α-synuclein. The recent demonstration that LB-like aggregates of α-synuclein can be induced in primary neurons has provided a robust model for testing genetic modifiers of PD-relevant aggregation and neurodegeneration. In this study, we test the modulation of α-synuclein pathology by LRRK2 in primary neuron cultures using biochemistry and immunocytochemistry. We find that expression of familial mutant G2019S LRRK2 does not dramatically elevate the pathological burden of α-synuclein or neurodegeneration in neurons. We further test three LRRK2 inhibitors in two strains of wildtype neurons and find that even robust LRRK2 inhibition is insufficient to reduce α-synuclein pathology. LRRK2 inhibitors similarly had no effect in neurons with α-synuclein pathology seeded by human brain-derived pathological α-synuclein. Finally, we find that this lack of pathological modulation by LRRK2 was not confined to hippocampal neurons, but was also absent in midbrain dopaminergic neuron cultures. These data demonstrate that LRRK2 activity does not have more than minor effects on α-synuclein pathology in primary neurons, and more complex models may be needed to evaluate the ability of LRRK2 inhibitors to treat PD.
30 – Gastrointestinal Tract

This chapter describes the examination of developmental, structural, and functional components of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that are important in understanding mechanisms involved in the toxicologic pathology of this organ system.. The chapter focuses on the mechanisms by which toxic xenobiotics produce their deleterious effects on the GI tract and to determine the consequences of the toxicity on the integrity of gastrointestinal structure and function. The intrinsic ability of the gastrointestinal tract to resist toxic chemicals has led to a paucity of data regarding gastrointestinal toxicology. However, this organ system can be readily perturbed, leading to easily identified toxic responses such as emesis or diarrhea. Other perturbations, such as the insufficiency of some enzymes; the presence of localized inflammation, polyps, or neoplasms; changes in function, such as excess production of mucus or delayed gastric emptying; or structural damage such as ulcers are more difficult to identify and attribute to toxicologic processes. For these reasons, it is necessary to identify those functions and structures of the gastrointestinal tract that are subject to direct or indirect chemical toxicity, including storage, propulsion, digestion, absorption, secretion, barrier activity, and elimination. Because of the importance of nervous reflexes and hormones in regulation of the gastrointestinal tract, this organ system is relatively unique in that the toxic effects of chemicals at one site (e.g., stomach) may be expressed at another site (e.g., colon).
Embracing a Diversified Future for US Primary Care

Although less focused upon given the current emphasis on the patient-centered medical home innovation, the future for US primary care is arguably one that will be characterized by diversity in service delivery structures and personnel. The drivers of this diversity include increased patient demand requiring a larger number of primary care access points; the need for lower-cost delivery structures that can flourish in a low-margin business model; greater interest in primary care delivery by retailers and hospitals that see their involvement as a means to enhance their core business goals; the increased desire by non-physician providers to gain work independence; and a growing cadre of younger PCPs whose career and job preferences leave them open to working in a variety of different settings and structures. A key issue to ask of a more diversified primary care system is whether or not it will be characterized by competition or cooperation. While a competitive system would not be unexpected given historical and current trends, such a system would likely stunt the prospects for a full revitalization of US primary care. However, there is reason to believe that a cooperative system is possible and would be advantageous, given the mutual dependencies that already exist among primary care stakeholders, and additional steps that could be taken to enhance such dependencies even more into the future.
Intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancers categorized as HER2-positive using an alternative chromosome 17 probe assay

The 2013 update of the American Society of Clinical Oncology-College of American Pathologists (ASCO-CAP) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing guidelines recommend using an alternative chromosome 17 probe assay to resolve HER2 results determined to be equivocal by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). However, it is unclear if cases considered HER2-positive (HER2+) by the alternative probe method are similar to those classified as HER2+ by traditional IHC and FISH criteria and benefit the same from HER2-targeted therapies. We studied the clinical and pathologic features of all 31 breast cancers classified as HER2+ by the alternative probe method at our institution since 2013 and determined their PAM50 intrinsic molecular subtypes. For comparison, we analyzed 19 consecutive cases that were classified as HER2+ by traditional FISH criteria during the same time period. Thirty (97%) cancers in the alternative probe cohort were estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER+), while only 9/19 (47%) of traditional HER2 controls were ER+ (p = 0.0002). Sufficient tissue for intrinsic subtype analysis was available for 20/31 cancers in the alternative probe cohort and 9/19 in the traditional HER2+ group. None (0%) of the 20 alternative probe-positive cases were of the HER2-enriched intrinsic subtype, while 8/9 (89%) of those HER2+ by traditional FISH criteria were HER2-enriched (p = 0.0001). These findings suggest that breast cancers classified as HER2+ only by the alternative probe method are biologically distinct from those classified as HER2+ by traditional criteria, and raises questions as to whether or not they derive the same benefit from HER2-targeted therapies.