cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new perspective and analysis for regenerative machine tool chatter

The paper contains a practical perspective on regenerative machine tool chatter. Chatter is a well known phenomenon, occurrence of which is undesired in manufacturing. Aggressive machining conditions, in the sense of removing more metal rapidly, usually cause chatter. In most cases, these conditions can be determined a priori to the operation. A chatter stability study and its reasoning based on root locus plot analysis of time delayed systems is presented as a new and practical perspective in the field. At the junction of root locus and chatter concepts an area of particular interest to the authors arises: a new method for active vibration suppression, the Delayed Resonator. It is an active vibration absorber tuning of which is achieved utilizing a simple time delayed feedback. The cross linking between the Delayed Resonator study and the subject matter, machine tool chatter, is exciting to share. This is the primary motivation in pursuing this study. One of the highlights of the work appears at the phenomenon called Dual Frequency Delayed Resonator. This feature has been conjectured in the literature using the well known “stability lobes”, but never discussed with detail.
Universal Classifier Synchronizer Demodulator

A universal classifier synchronizer and demodulator (UCSD) is conceived as a self-contained system which forms the heart of a truly cognitive receiver. It can automatically interpret features of the received signal to accomplish physical layer classification, synchronization and demodulation without any priori information about the waveform from the transmitter side. In this paper we propose a cognitive receiver functioning as a finite state machine. The accommodated modulations include AM, FM, FSK, MPSK, and QAM. The designed system has been verified using a stand-alone MATLAB-enabled Anritsu MS2781A Signature Signal Analyzer running Windows, and GNU Radio plus a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) in Linux.
Competitive Science: Is Competition Ruining Science?

Science has always been a competitive undertaking. Despite recognition of the benefits of cooperation and team science, reduced availability of funding and jobs has made science more competitive than ever. Here we consider the benefits of competition in providing incentives to scientists and the adverse effects of competition on resource sharing, research integrity, and creativity. The history of science shows that transformative discoveries often occur in the absence of competition, which only emerges once fields are established and goals are defined. Measures to encourage collaboration and ameliorate competition in the scientific enterprise are discussed.
COMPARISON OF ANGIOPLASTY AND SURGERY FOR UNOPERATED COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

BACKGROUNDThe use of balloon coarctation angioplasty instead of surgery as treatment for unoperated coarctation of the aorta is controversial. The efficacy and complications of the two procedures have not been studied before in a prospective fashion.METHODS AND RESULTSThirty-six patients were prospectively randomized to either angioplasty (20 patients) or surgery (16 patients). Immediate results and patient follow-up, including physical examination, angiograms, and magnetic resonance imaging, were compared between groups. Reduction in peak systolic pressure gradient across the coarctation was similar (86%) immediately after both balloon coarctation angioplasty and surgery. On follow-up, aneurysms were seen only in the angioplasty group (20%) and not in the surgery group (0%). No aneurysms have shown progression or required surgery. The incidence of other complications was similar in both groups, although two patients experienced neurological complications after surgery. Although not statistically differen...
Management Tenure and Network Time: How Experience Affects Bureaucratic Dynamics

Meier and O’Toole have developed an empirical model that allows scholars to test for the impact of managers on a system and its outputs. In this article I attempt to add to management theory and analysis by examining the impact of time in the system and management tenure. I use ordinary least squares to replicate and expand upon Meier and O’Toole’s results, using school superintendent survey responses along with outcome measures from school districts in Texas. The most interesting results suggest that (1) networking has a much larger impact when one controls for experience with the system; (2) experience with the system has independent effects on outcomes; (3) management tenure interacts with networking, resulting in greater outcomes; and (4) new managers may find alternative (possibly deceitful) ways of affecting outcomes other than working their networks. The public management field is in the midst of a theoretical and empirical upheaval concerning the role played by networks in the delivery of public services. The rise of public/private cooperation in the public sphere has cast doubt on the picture of the modern bureaucracy as a hierarchical system of inefficiency. I continue the process of examining management effects through public/private networks by exploring the frequently discussed but infrequently tested idea of time within a network. Much of the management literature treats networking as a one-shot phenomenon, ignoring ‘‘managerial experience’’ differences across organizations, but this study treats the relationships formed over time as a critical element of network management success. The article is fairly straightforward in that it adds a number of new components to a previously developed model of management, to look separately at ‘‘new’’ and ‘‘established’’ managers in their respective networks. There are two overriding themes: First, what effects do new managers have in their networks? Do they find it easy to operate, or do they need time to develop relationships and build trust? The converse is asked about established managers: Do they make outcome production inefficient because they are
Styrene inhalation toxicity studies in mice. II: Sex differences in susceptibility of B6C3F1 mice

Abstract Styrene Inhalation Toxicity Studies in Mice. II. Sex Differences in Susceptibility of B6C3F1 Mice. Morgan, D. L., Mahler, J. F., Dill, J. A., Price, H. C., Jr., and Adkins, B., Jr. (1993). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 21, 317-325. Styrene is a commercially important chemical used in the production of plastics and resins. In initial short-term styrene inhalation studies, toxicity was significantly greater in male B6C3F1 mice than in females, suggesting that males may metabolize styrene more extensively and/or may be less able to detoxify reactive metabolites. In addition, a nonlinear dose-response was observed where toxicity and mortality were greater in mice exposed to 250 ppm than in those exposed to 500 ppm. These studies were conducted to investigate potential mechanism(s) for sex differences and the nonlinear dose-response in styrene toxicity by evaluating the effects of repeated styrene exposure on styrene oxide production, hepatic GSH availability, and hepatotoxicity in male and female B6C3F1 mice. Mice (36/sex/dose) were exposed to 0, 125, 250, or 500 ppm styrene 6 hr/day for up to 3 days. Styrene exposure caused increased mortality and hepatotoxicity (centrilobular necrosis, increased serum liver enzymes) in males and females after one or two exposures to 250 and 500 ppm. Hepatic GSH levels were decreased in a dose-dependent manner in males and females. After one exposure, GSH levels in males rebounded above controls in all dose groups. After three exposures to 125 or 250 ppm males appeared to maintain GSH levels; GSH was still decreased in the 500 ppm group. GSH levels in females were decreased after each exposure in all dose groups to lower levels than in males, and did not rebound above controls. Male mice had significantly greater blood styrene levels than females after one exposure to 500 ppm; however, there were no significant sex differences in blood styrene after subsequent exposures. Levels of SO in blood were not significantly greater in male mice than females within a dose group, and did not change significantly with repeated styrene exposures for 3 days. Blood styrene and SO levels were significantly higher at 500 ppm than at 250 ppm indicating that styrene uptake and metabolism are greater at 500 ppm than at 250 ppm. The higher incidence of mortality in male mice and the nonlinear dose-response to styrene cannot be explained by gender- or dose-related differences in hepatotoxicity, GSH depletion, or blood styrene or SO levels.
Verbal communication impacts quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Global quality of life (QoL) in patients with ALS has been found to be independent of overall physical function. However, the relationship between verbal communication ability and QoL has not been explored. This was a retrospective study using data from a study validating the ALS-Specific QoL Questionnaire (ALSSQoL). Speech function was assessed using the first question on the ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS), ranging from 4 (normal speech) to 0 (loss of useful speech). There were 338 participants for whom data were available for speech function and for all ALSSQoL subscales. Analysis of variance revealed that QoL varied among individuals with different functional abilities for speech (F (4,333) = 5.13, p = 0.001). Specifically, poorer QoL was related to initial impairments in verbal communication ability (p = 0.005). QoL also was poorer in those with no speech ability compared to those with normal speech (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the ability to communicate verbally, unlike overall physical function, is directly related to overall QoL in patients with ALS. The initial period of speech impairment appears to have a particularly strong impact on QoL, and may be an important time for intervention.
Classification of remotely sensed images using decimal coded morphological profiles

In this paper, we propose a novel method for pixel classification of remotely sensed images. The proposed method exploits the spatial information of image pixels using morphological profiles produced by structuring elements of different sizes and shapes. Morphological profiles produced by multiple structuring elements are combined into a single feature by decimal coding. The advantage of proposed feature is that it can effectively utilize the potential of multiple morphological profiles without increasing the complexity of feature space. The proposed approach was tested on remotely sensed images with known ground truths, and performance was improved up to 27 % in the overall accuracy results over existing techniques.
Large-scale network partitioning for decentralized traffic management and other transportation applications

For numerous large-scale engineering and science problems, domain decomposition (DD) has generally been accepted by research communities as among the most attractive methods to obtain solutions eff...
Police Perceptions of Their External Legitimacy in High and Low Crime Areas of the Community

Until recently, police legitimacy research has primarily focused on citizen perceptions of the police. However, it may be that the police believe citizens associate other factors, such as distributive justice or performance, with legitimacy. The present study adds to the literature by surveying a nationally representative sample of U.S. police officers about how they believe citizens residing in high and low crime areas of the community evaluate police in terms of legitimacy. Findings suggest that respondents believe procedural justice and distributive justice are important to citizens of both areas in terms of generating trust. At the same time, respondents believe that citizens of high and low crime areas feel obligated to obey the police for different reasons.
The role of radiation therapy in the management of cutaneous melanoma

The local treatment of cutaneous melanoma with surgical excision is well-established; however, the role of adjuvant radiation is not well-defined. Characteristics of the primary melanoma can indicate a higher local recurrence risk and thus warrant consideration of adjuvant treatment to the primary site. Management of the lymph node regions has been studied in some recent clinical trials, especially with the advent of sentinel lymph node procedures. We will review the indications for radiation to the primary site as well as lymph node regions based on the available data.
Dilution of Atmospheric Radiocarbon CO2 by Fossil Fuel Emissions

Post bomb period data for 14C in atmospheric carbon dioxide from seven measurement stations are available in small samples up to and including the year 2007. They do not support the theory that dilution by 14C-free fossil fuel emissions is responsible for falling levels of 14C in atmospheric CO2. We find instead that the observed decline of 14C in atmospheric CO2 is consistent with the exponential decay of bomb 14C. We also find that the attribution to fossil fuel emissions of the pre-bomb dilution of 14C in atmospheric CO2 in the period 1900-1950 found by Stuiver and Quay in tree-ring data is inconsistent with total emissions and changes in atmospheric CO2 during that period. We conclude that the data for 14C in atmospheric CO2 do not serve as empirical evidence that the observed increase in atmospheric CO2 since the Industrial Revolution is attributable to fossil fuel emissions.
Chapter Three. The Case Against Retribution

There are strong intuitions on both sides of the responsibility/determinism debate, and each side would like to claim that the other side has the burden of proof. To some extent the debate is an academic exercise: no one really plans to change the way he lives his life depending on the outcome, and everyone is free to place the burden of proof where he will. When it comes to retribution and punishment, however, the stakes are considerably higher. Those who would argue that the community is entitled to externalize the cost of crime control onto those who are said to deserve it must bear the burden of proof, and must meet a rather high standard of proof to boot.
An Eventcentered Heroic Tragedy——An Analysis of Tears and Filial Piety (ku cun xiao) by Guan Hanqing

Tears and Filial Piety (ku cun xiao), an opera written by the famous Chinese playwright in the Yuan Dynasty, contributes a lot to the diversity of tragic characters in the early Chinese opera history. Li Cunxiao and Li Keyong, two tragic heroes in the opera, are especially valuable for their heroic images. In respect to the plot, images and tragic types of the opera, it is held in this paper that the opera is an event-centered heroic tragedy. Though it is immature in its form of presentation, it succeeds in conveying the information about Guan’s time and it should be remembered as the first attempt to make opera as a type of drama. A lot can be learned from Guan’s writing experience.
Investigation on Commonly Used Fruit Plant Medicine of Miao Nationality in Leigong Mountain Natural Reserve

To investigate the species of commonly used fruit plant medicine of Miao Nationality in Leigong Mountain Natural Reserve by the methods of consulting relevant literature,carrying out field investigation,and specimen classification,etc. The results basically classified the situation of the commonly used fruit plant medicine of Miao Nationality in Leigong Mountain Natural Reserve and 20 species were confirmed.
Optical coherence tomography and focal electroretinogram evaluation of cystoid macular edema secondary to retinitis pigmentosa treated with intravitreal triamcinolone: case report.

PURPOSE. To assess macular structure and function by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and focal electroretinogram (FERG) before and after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) administration for cystoid macular edema (CME) in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS. A 33-year-old man with RP and refractory bilateral macular edema was treated with IVTA in his left eye and evaluated with visual acuity, OCT, and FERG for 6 months. RESULTS. Compared to the fellow eye, after IVTA mean retinal thickness significantly decreased, while FERG amplitude and phase did not show significant changes at the end of follow-up. Visual acuity showed a significant tendency to improve. CONCLUSIONS. In this case report, IVTA improved macular anatomy and visual acuity; this result, however, was not associated with a similar electrophysiologic response.
What is Sociology

There must be as many differing definitions of sociology as there are sociologists. However, let us consider just a few: …sociology is the study of social order, meaning thereby the underlying regularity of human social behaviour. The concept of order includes the efforts to attain it and departures from it. Sociology seeks to define the units of human social action and to discover the pattern in the relation of these units — that is, to learn how they are organised as systems of action.1 … they (societies) all exhibit common elements and constant features. These are the elements that give to society its form and shape, that constitute its structure and that, in a word, comprise the social order. It is the first task of a general sociology to discover these constants, to describe them with an economy of concepts, and to delineate their inter-relationships.2 … sociology is the scientific study of the process and forms of social organisation.3 … sociology represents an attempt to apply to the study of human society the same scientific method and approach that have been so dramatically successful in yielding an understanding of the physical world.4 Sociology is the systematic study of the relationships of men in groups and of groups in society, of how these relationships are patterned and how they change.5 The sociological approach is based on the assumption that much of human behaviour can be understood by an examination of the social situation in which it occurs.6
Repeated Social Defeat, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior: Monocytes Carry the Signal

Mounting evidence indicates that proinflammatory signaling in the brain affects mood, cognition, and behavior and is linked with the etiology of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. The purpose of this review is to focus on stress-induced bidirectional communication pathways between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune system that converge to promote a heightened neuroinflammatory environment. These communication pathways involve sympathetic outflow from the brain to the peripheral immune system that biases hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into a glucocorticoid-resistant and primed myeloid lineage immune cell. In conjunction, microglia-dependent neuroinflammatory events promote myeloid cell trafficking to the brain that reinforces stress-related behavior, and is argued to play a role in stress-related psychiatric disorders. We will discuss evidence implicating a key role for endothelial cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier in propagating peripheral-to-central immune communication. We will also discuss novel neuron-to-glia communication pathways involving endogenous danger signals that have recently been argued to facilitate neuroinflammation under various conditions, including stress. These findings help elucidate the complex communication that occurs in response to stress and highlight novel therapeutic targets against the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Glassy Dynamics of Passive and Active Network Materials: A Microscopic Theory

Signatures of glassy dynamics have been identified experimentally for a rich variety of materials in which molecular networks provide rigidity. Here we present a theoretical framework to study the glassy behavior of both passive and active network materials. We construct a general microscopic network model that incorporates nonlinear elasticity of individual filaments and steric constraints due to crowding. By building constructive analogies between structural glass forming liquids and random field Ising magnets implemented using a heterogeneous self-consistent phonon method, we provide a microscopic approach to determine the mismatch surface tension and the configurational entropy, which compete in determining the barrier for structural rearrangements. This model recapitulates the influence of crosslinking on the fragility of inorganic network glass formers. For active network materials, the mapping, which correlates the glassy characteristics to the network architecture and properties of nonequilibrium motor processes, is shown to capture several key experimental observations on the cytoskeleton of living cells. Our calculations also identify a spinodal point where simultaneously the mismatch penalty vanishes and the mechanical stability of amorphous packing disappears.
Complications and parent satisfaction in pediatric osseointegrated bone-conduction hearing implants.

Objective To assess long-term complication rate and parental satisfaction of osseointegrated bone conduction hearing implants (OBCHIs). Study Design Retrospective chart review of children undergoing OBCHIs. Methods A retrospective chart review of children undergoing OBCHIs for the treatment of conductive, mixed, and single-sided sensorineural hearing loss in children. Results Forty-five subjects were identified with 0.3 to 10.4 years of follow-up. The mean/median age and age range at implant were 9.0/7.8 and 1.7 to 19.1 years. The underlying hearing loss for the cohort included conductive (N = 30), sensorineural (N = 7), and mixed (N = 8) hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss, caused by aural atresia (62.9), was the most common indication for implantation. Fifty-eight complications occurred in 29 subjects, most related to skin infection or overgrowth. Seventeen events required revision surgery, and 18 required oral antibiotics and/or office-based cauterization. Children under the age of 5 years were more likely to have failure of osseointegration or require revision surgery. Parents of 33 subjects underwent a phone interview; 76% rated the overall satisfaction as satisfied or very satisfied. Conclusion A large percentage of children undergoing OBCHI develop postoperative complications, and up to 44% require revision surgery—a figure higher than generally reported and higher than in adults. No factors were found to adequately explain the higher complication rates in children compared to adults. Despite the occurrence of complications, parents viewed this device as satisfactory from many perspectives. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Correlation Function Profile Analysis in Laser Light Scattering I. General Review on Methods of Data Analysis

We present a general review on methods of correlation function profile analysis in photon correlation spectroscopy. The limited. objectives are: (1) to emphasize the interactive nature of experimental measurements, data analysis and theory, (2) to provide simple basic equations with a minimum of mathematical details for the different methods of data analysis, and (3) to summarize some useful relations between methods of data analysis and model fitting including molecular polydispersity.
Thinking about Free Will

Peter van Inwagen, author of the classic book An Essay on Free Will (1983), has established himself over the last forty years as a leading figure in the philosophical debate about the problem of free will. This volume presents eleven influential essays from throughout his career, as well as two new and previously unpublished essays, 'The Problem of Fr** W*ll' and 'Ability'. The essays include discussions of determinism, moral responsibility, 'Frankfurt counterexamples', the meaning of 'the ability to do otherwise', and the very definition of free will, as well as critiques of writings on the topic by Daniel Dennett and David Lewis. An introduction by the author discusses the history of his thinking about free will. The volume will be a valuable resource for those looking to engage with van Inwagen's significant contributions to this perennially important topic.
Theoretical equation of cutting temperature for brittle materials in turning fluorophlogopite ceramics

Different from material removal mechanism in metals, the main form of material removal of ceramics is brittle fracture removal. Previous studies on fracture mechanics for brittle materials basically do not involve cutting temperature, and only static crack systems are discussed, without considering the kinetic energy of crack extension; however, in real turning processes, the problem of crack extension is within the domain of dynamic fracture mechanics. Therefore, kinetic energy is considered in energy balance equations. The work of cutting force is converted into surface energy, strain energy, kinetic energy and heat energy. According to the law on the conservation of energy in fracture process, the theoretical equation of cutting temperature for brittle materials in turning is established. Then, turning experiments on fluorophlogopite ceramics are conducted to verify the applicability of the theoretical equation. The theoretical values of metal model, ceramic model and experimental values are compared. Results show that the theoretical value of metal model has a very large deviation when used to predict the cutting temperature of ceramics; whereas, the theoretical value of ceramic model is basically with the same changing tendency as the experimental value. This indicates that the established theoretical equation is practical.
Decomposition and Stability of Multimachine Power Systems

Abstract An m-machine model with nonuniform damping and transfer conductances is pair-wise decomposed into m-1 interconnected subsystems each containing the speed of the reference machine as a common part. The overlapping decomposition leads to a Lur’e-Postnikov type of subsystem stability analysis and a vector Liapunov function application to computations of stability region estimates for the overall m-machine model. The proposed decomposition stability analysis should be judged satisfactory to the extent that the conservativeness of the obtained estimates are outweighed by their computational simplicity and the structural insight the approach can provide in transient stability analysis of multimachine power systems.
4 – Active Filters

Electrical filters are circuits designed to shape the magnitude and/or phase spectrum of an input signal to generate a desired response at the output. Thus, a frequency range can be defined as the passband where the input signal should be transmitted through the filter undistorted and unattenuated (or possibly amplified); stopbands require transmission to be blocked or the signal to be at least highly attenuated. In the frequency domain, the transmission characteristic is described by the transfer function : equation ( 4.1 ) f ≥ 26 kHz, and it is required to have 12.5-dB low-frequency gain. These requirements call for the fifth-order elliptic function (Zverev, 1967): T ( s ) = 9.04 ( s 4 + 2 , 718.9 s 2 + 1 , 591 , 230.9 ) s 5 + 40.92 s 4 + 897.18 s 3 + 28 , 513.8 s 2 + 400 , 103.6 s + 3 , 411 , 458.7 , ( 4.2 ) where the frequency is normalized with respect to 1 krad/s. A sketch of the function is shown in Figure 4.1.
Regulation and Function of 5′-Nucleotidases

Mammalian organs contain at least three different 5′-nucleotidases which favor AMP as substrate over other nucleotides by the criterion of Vmax/Km. These enzymes occur in plasma membrane, cytosol, and lysosomes. The plasma membrane enzyme has been purified to homogeneity, and its kinetic properties have been described in some detail. The enzyme shows a substantial preference for AMP over IMP [25].
Computational Modeling as a Means to Defining Neuronal Spike Pattern Behaviors

The intrinsic dynamical diversity exhibited by neurons likely plays a major role in information processing in the nervous system. Experimentally observed neuron behaviors show a wide variety of qualitatively distinguishable spike patterns such as delayed spiking, fast spiking, spiking with frequency adaptation, and bursting. Defining a neuron type based on its spike pattern behaviors is valuable for a systematic investigation of collective dynamics emerging from a network of neurons. In this chapter, we present and discuss a strategy to define neuron types using compact mathematical representations. First, we compare several widely used neuronal modeling systems such as Integrate and Fire and Hodgkin-Huxley type models and discuss their benefits and limitations. Then, we describe a framework to systematically classify experimentally observed spike pattern types. Finally, we discuss various aspects of optimization techniques that are relevant to the problem of representing a neuron type in an abstract model space.
Anti-drug-related Antibodies in Nonthrombocytopenic Cardiac Patients

Drug-related antibodies (quinidine, hydrochlorothiazide, and digoxin) were studied using the 51Cr platelet lysis test and a recently introduced simplified platelet factor 3 assay in a total of 109 patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Quinidine antibodies were found in 16 (14.7%), hydrochlorothiazide antibodies in six (5.5%) and digoxin antibodies in two (1.8%) of 109 patients. All patients had normal hematologic data, including platelet counts. There was a significantly high incidence of quinidine antibodies in male patients (p less than 0.02), despite the previous report that quinidine-induced purpura was seen predominantly in female patients. Ten patients (9.2%) had antiplatelet antibodies. The simplified platelet factor 3 assay can easily be done in most laboratories and appears as sensitive as the 51Cr platelet lysis test. The high incidence of drug-related or antiplatelet antibodies in hematologically asymptomatic patients may indicate the presence of an insidious, compensated thrombolytic state in many patients.
Production of Methane and Nitrous Oxide by Organic Soils within a Northern Hardwood Forest Ecosystem

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes and the processes governing these fluxes were measured in a well-drained, upland forest soil (Spodosol) and a water-logged, organic soil (Histosol) in the northern hardwood forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA, to determine the extent to which fluxes and processes varied between soil types. Field measurements were carried out between April and November 1990 and indicated that methane fluxes were mostly negative (net consumption of atmospheric methane) for the forest soil and positive (net emission into the atmosphere) for the organic soil. The rate of methane consumption by the forest soil was highest when the soil was relatively dry. Methane production by the organic soil seemed to be controlled by sulfate deposition in rain which may have stimulated sulfate reduction at the expense of methane production. Nitrous oxide fluxes were negligible for the forest soil and relatively high for the organic soil. Interactions of several processes seemed to control nitrous oxide production by the soils and nitrous oxide fluxes observed in situ. When fluxes were weighted by the areal extent of these soil types in the forest, the ecosystem became a net source of atmospheric methane, with a mean daily flux of 0.5 mg m-2 d-1, rather than a methane sink as commonly thought and a slightly larger nitrous oxide source than expected.
Empirical acquisition of word-sense distinctions

Applications currently make use of many kinds of lexical information: categorial relations ("dog" is-a "canine"), synonymy ("pooch" same-as "dog") and word associations ("walk" occurs-often-with "dog"). However, an important type of information, differentia, is often omitted, especially in broad-coverage applications. Differentia are properties that distinguish a concept from others belonging to the same higher-level category. For instance, both beagles and wolfhounds are hounds, but the former are small, whereas the latter are quite large. Applications should incorporate differentia to provide finer word-sense distinctions and to facilitate inference of information not mentioned in the text. Determining the differentia is a difficult task, since the available knowledge sources define these properties using natural language. For instance, WordNet (Miller 1990), a commonly used source of lexical knowledge, provides explicit information on categorial relationships but leaves the differentia implicit in the definitions. This work will investigate empirical approaches for extracting these properties from machine readable dictionaries (MRD’s) and text corpora. The result will be lexical relations between the word being defined and words used in the definition. There has been some work on deriving differentia, but these have relied predominantly on manually developed heuristics. Here, corpus-derived associations will augment such heuristics for extracting information from MRD’s. Furthermore, this work will investigate a novel use of Bayesian networks for representing the various types of lexical knowledge in order to model the uncertainty in the relations and support integration of statistical and analytical knowledge. Dictionary definitions use certain fixed patterns, often with prepositional phrases, to indicate differentia. However, since prepositions are highly ambiguous, the same pattern can be used for different properties. To address this problem, syntactic pattern matching will be applied to each definition to identify potential properties. Then, statistical classification will be used to select the most plausible ones. To support this work, a representative sample of definitions will be annotated to indicate the properties that apply. This will serve as the primary training data for the classifier. To allow for a fallback mechanism, a separate classifier will be trained on the semantic role annotations in the second Copyright (~) 1998, American Association for Artificial In
Handling Process Safety and Stochastic Uncertainty in Economic Model Predictive Control

Abstract Process operational safety plays an important role in designing control systems for chemical processes. Motivated by this, in this work, we develop a process Safeness Index-based economic model predictive control system for a broad class of stochastic nonlinear systems with input constraints. A stochastic Lyapunov-based controller is first utilized to characterize a region of the state-space surrounding the origin starting from which the origin is rendered asymptotically stable in probability. Using this stability region characterization and a process Safeness Index function which characterizes the region in state-space in which it is safe to operate the process, an economic model predictive control system is then developed using Lyapunov-based constraints to ensure economic optimality, process operational safety and closed-loop stability in probability. A chemical process example is used to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Before and after plants

This essay explores how early modern English gardening books train their readers to encounter the future. These works are plotted with the rhetoric of anticipation, teaching planting in an environment of risk, promise, disappointment, and decay, and folding readers and gardeners into the inhuman rhythms of plant time. Through an investigation of ideas about lifespan, memory, and survival in the works of orchardists William Lawson and Ralph Austen, I show how these practical engagements with planting imagine a version of time that depends as much on the recursive attachments of touch as the linear progress of sequence.
Can the Phillips Curve Explain Inflation over the Past Half-Century?

Standard Phillips curve models of price inflation suggest that the United States should have experienced an episode of deflation during the Great Recession and the subsequent sluggish recovery. Although inflation reached very low levels, prices continued to rise rather than fall. More recently, many observers have argued that inflation should have increased as the unemployment rate declined and labor markets tightened, but inflation has remained below the Federal Reserve’s policy target. This paper confirms that the slope of the Phillips curve has declined over the past 50 years and is very close to zero today. The Phillips curve was modified to allow its slope to vary over time consistent with theories of price-setting behavior by firms when prices are costly to adjust and when information is costly to obtain or process. Adapting the Phillips curve to allow for time-variation in its slope helps explain the pattern of inflation, not only during and after the Great Recession, but also over the previous four decades.
TNFα selectively activates the IRE1α/XBP1 endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in human airway smooth muscle cells

Airway inflammation is a key aspect of diseases such as asthma. Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα mediate the inflammatory response. In various diseases, inflammation leads to endoplasmic reti...
The time of strong actomyosin binding depends on electrostatic interactions within the force generating region in human cardiac myosin

Two single mutations, R694N and E45Q, were introduced in the beta isoform of human cardiac myosin to remove permanent salt bridges E45:R694 and E98:R694 in the force-generating region of myosin head. Beta isoform-specific bridges E45:R694 and E98:R694 were discovered in the molecular dynamics simulations of the alpha and beta myosin isoforms. Alpha and beta isoforms exhibit different kinetics, ADP dissociates slower from actomyosin containing beta myosin isoform, therefore, beta myosin stays strongly bound to actin longer. We hypothesize that the electrostatic interactions in the force-generating region modulate affinity of ADP to actomyosin, and therefore, the time of the strong actomyosin binding. Wild type and the mutants of the myosin head construct (1-843 amino acid residues) were expressed in differentiated C2C12 cells, and duration of the strongly bound state of actomyosin was characterized using transient kinetics spectrophotometry. All myosin constructs exhibited a fast rate of ATP binding to actomyosin and a slow rate of ADP dissociation, showing that ADP release limits the time of the strongly bound state of actomyosin. Mutant R694N showed faster rate of ADP release from actomyosin, compared to the wild type and the E45Q mutant, thus confirming that electrostatic interactions within the force-generating region of human cardiac myosin regulate ADP release and the duration of the strongly bound state of actomyosin.
A Brief History of the Harvest Experiment: 1989–2019

Abstract The Harvest Oil Platform, near Point Conception, California, has long served as the NASA prime verification site for the TOPEX/POSEIDON and Jason series of reference altimeter missions. In this brief review article, we provide a short history of the platform verification experiment dating to the site selection in 1989. We describe the evolution of the verification data record over the past three decades, and demonstrate how the results have informed the development of a stable and accurate climate data record of sea level change from satellite altimetry.
New Religious-Nationalist Trends Among Jewish Settlers in the Halutza Sands

This article describes the religious worldview of the residents of three rural villages, established since 2010 in Southern Israel. Focusing on religious authority, the article traces the complex relationship between rabbis to their communities which is rarely a simple “top-down” traditional authority model. On the contrary, both the rabbis and their communities are aware of the fragility of their relationship, and therefore created a complex belief system in which the rabbis’ recommendation is sought, but not necessarily considered binding. In addition, the article describes the “Datlashim” (Hebrew acronym for “Ex-religious”). This liminal identity characterizes individuals who grew up within these religious communities but decided to dissent in their adulthood. They do not feel committed to, and sometimes openly reject the Jewish religious code. The article contributes to the scholarly understanding of religious authority, as well as the diversity within the religious-Zionist community in Israel, which has become increasingly influential is Israeli politics and society.
Distance Vertex Identification in Graphs

A red-white coloring of a nontrivial connected graph G is an assignment of red and white colors to the vertices of G where at least one vertex is colored red. Associated with each vertex v of G is ...
Evaluation of 21 papaya (Carica papaya L.) accessions in southern Florida for fruit quality, aroma, plant height, and yield components

Abstract Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a globally popular tropical fruit that can either be used in an unripe, “mature green” state in savory dishes, or consumed when ripe and sweet. In recent years, commercial papaya growers in southern Florida have favored large-fruited accessions often destined for the mature green market. Increased cultivation of papayas for the dessert fruit market, especially varieties with superior fruit quality may facilitate growth of the industry. Therefore, a study was designed to identify varieties that perform well in southern Florida, as well as accessions possessing useful characteristics for future breeding work. A total of 21 papaya accessions were assessed for yield components, plant height, and ripe fruit quality traits with an emphasis on aroma. In general, small fruited solo-type papayas were among the tallest accessions at first harvest reaching up to 244 cm tall for ‘Kapoho #1’ and with first fruit insertion heights up to 152 cm for ‘Kapoho #2’. N08–75, ‘Sunrise #2’, and ‘Sunset’ had higher average fruit numbers (43, 45, and 37 fruit per plant, respectively) than some of the larger fruited accessions like Saipan Red #1 (7 fruit per plant) throughout a six-month harvest period. The accessions with the highest fruit weights ranged from 1.48 to 2.13 kg for Brash Panama, HAES 7836, N07–24, Saipan Red #1, and Saipan Red #2. There were significant differences among the accessions for fruit quality traits including pH (4.55–5.13), titratable acidity (0.10–0.23%), and total soluble solids (8.9–14.5%). Quantification of 112 putatively identified and 12 unknown volatile compounds revealed terpenes as the most abundant components in 18 accessions, with linalool typically at the highest concentration. Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) revealed 26 volatiles that may contribute to aroma. Several of these compounds including butanoic acid, methyl butanoate, octanoic acid, and (E)-citral varied greatly in abundance among accessions. The variability observed for important fruit quality and agronomic traits suggests potential for improvement through plant breeding, as well as expanded cultivation of currently available varieties for the dessert fruit market in southern Florida.
Complex Boltzmann networks and one stage learning

The author considers the discrete Boltzmann net with complex activations and weights. In particular he shows the following: it is possible to define an energy Hamiltonian with properties similar to the one in the real case; with appropriate clamping of a set of pattern units, the usual two-stage learning can be accomplished in one stage; and this model is still strongly related to the physical Spin Glass model, although not to the simple Ising model. Simulations, extensions, and future work are discussed. >
Ca2+-dependent actin remodeling in the contracting A7r5 cell.

Previous work has shown that stimulation of contraction in A7r5 smooth muscle cells with phorbol ester (PDBu) results in the disassembly and remodeling of the α-actin component of the cytoskeleton (Fultz et al., 2000, J Mus Res Cell Motil 21: 775–781). In the present study, we evaluated the effect of increasing intracellular calcium ion concentration [Ca2+]i by A23187 and thapsigargin on α- and β-actin remodeling. The effects of A23187 and thapsigargin on cell contraction and actin remodeling were effectively identical. The two compounds caused contraction of A7r5 cells that was earlier in onset and more quickly completed than PDBu-induced contractions. Both the α- and β-actin isoforms were incorporated into stress cables in the resting cell. During the interval of contraction, β-actin cables shortened without evidence of disassembly. By comparison, the increase of [Ca2+]i resulted in partial or complete dissolution of α-actin cables without further remodeling. In addition, PDBu-mediated α-actin remodeling was blocked in the presence of A23187. Increased [Ca2+]i also caused dispersal of α-actinin but had no effect on the cellular distribution of talin suggesting the effect was selective for α-actin cytoskeletal structure. The incubation of cells in calcium-free media prevented α-actin dissolution by A23187/thapsigargin and also blocked PDBu-mediated remodeling. Finally, of six kinase inhibitors investigated, only ML-7 partially blocked the dissolution of α-actin cables by increased [Ca2+]i. The results suggest that the sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i beyond a threshold level initiates depolymerization of α-actin but not β-actin. It further appears that PDBu-induced α-actin remodeling requires Ca2+ but increases of [Ca2+]i beyond a threshold level may inhibit this activity. The finding that ML-7 partially inhibits α-actin dissolution in the presence of A23187/thapsigargin may be suggesting that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) plays a role in destabilizing α-actin structure in the activated cell.
Extensions of an approach to currents: Three- and four-point functions of currents

Previous work on the construction of anS-matrix theory of currents on the basis of unitarity, analyticity, Lorentz invariance and crossing is extended. The integral representations of third- and fourth-order current elements in terms of first-order current operators are obtained assuming that the current elements satisfy an unsubtracted Mandelstam representation. Corresponding representations are then obtained forS-matrix elements which are similar to that of the LSZ reduction formulae.
Rotating cell test apparatus for corrosion studies in multiphase flow involving gas, water, oil, and sand

A test apparatus was developed to study CO{sub 2} corrosion and simulate flow conditions in a multiphase pipeline involving gas, water, oil, and sand. The apparatus consists of a grooved rotator concentric with a vertical glass cylinder on which four steel cylindrical electrical resistance bands are located: one on the cell bottom and three on the inner wall at different elevations. The resistance bands and computer controlled electronics enable a corrosion measurement sensitivity of 1 mpy with a 24 hour of exposure period, 2 mpy in 12 hours, 0.5 mpy in 48 hours, etc. Spinning the rotator generates turbulent fluid flow against the inside of the outer vessel walls where the resistance bands are located. At low speeds, the phases include moving sand bed, water phase, oil phase and gas phase; and with proper band location monitoring of corrosion rates in each of the separate phases can be performed. At higher speeds a single multi-phase emulsion and a gas phase occur with the capability of generating shear stresses up to 75 Pa. Test results involving inhibitor evaluations are also presented.
Toward a Definition of Circadian Light

Light is formally defined in terms of the photopic luminous efficiency function [V(λ)], but the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian system is poorly characterized by this spectral weighting function. A new definition of circadian light should be considered because of the impact that fabricated and natural light sources may have on human health and well-being. Establishment of a formal definition of circadian light could lay the foundation for a new generation of lighting professionals and better lighting standards.
Leading as Constant Learning and Development: The Knowledge-Creative Enterprise

Great leaders are mindful not just of their own learning and development but also that of others within the organization. Making a company truly “knowledge-creative” can be done in many ways, but all of them require rigor, resourcefulness, and a positive learning culture. How to build a truly “knowledge-creative” company—an organization in which everyone continues to learn and develop new skills.