cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Birth of U.S. Naval Aeronautics and the Navy's Aerodynamics Laboratory

Abstract : This report describes the formation of the Navy's Aerodynamics Laboratory and its pioneering contributions in naval aeronautics from 1911 to 1919. The Navy was just beginning serious interest in aviation in 1911 with the procurement of its first aircraft, a Curtiss A-1. This aircraft was technologically similar to the Wright brothers' first airplane but with greater power to allow takeoff from the water using its large central float. At this time the practice of aeronautical engineering was largely a process of trial and error. While this method was successful for small aircraft like the A-l, it posed a significant impediment for development of larger more capable aircraft. Under the leadership of Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, the Navy's Experimental Wind Tunnel was designed and built at the Washington Navy Yard next to the Navy's Experimental Model Basin to advance the state of aeronautical engineering. The Navy's new wind tunnel was the world's largest and the centerpiece of the Navy's Aerodynamics Laboratory. The laboratory, and the naval constructors who worked there under Taylor, developed and refined methods for testing scaled models of complete aircraft as well as aircraft components. These experiments provided the data needed to effectively design large aircraft and led to the success of the Navy's NC flying boat. In 1919, an NC was the first airplane to fly across the Atlantic. This was an accomplishment that at the time was as amazing to the average person as landing on the moon would be fifty years later. In a decade when U.S. advancements in aeronautics were waning, the pioneering work of the Navy's Aerodynamics Laboratory propelled the Navy to the forefront of aeronautics in the second decade of the 20 century. The laboratory established a foundation for the continued development of aeronautics and left a legacy that continues 100 years later.
Validation of the Brief Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (B‐BAES)

BACKGROUND: The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) is a reliable and valid 14-item measure of alcohol's acute stimulant and sedative effects, but its length may preclude use in research paradigms with time constraints on assessment. Here, we report further psychometric support for the 6-item Brief BAES (B-BAES) originally developed by our group in 2009. METHODS: Two studies are included: the first study tested the B-BAES in an independent sample of young adult heavy social drinkers administered 0.8 g/kg alcohol in a laboratory challenge study (N = 104) to confirm the reliability and validity of the 6-item B-BAES. The second study compared the predictive validity of the B-BAES versus the BAES in a separate sample of 104 heavy drinkers who took part in a prospective laboratory alcohol challenge and follow-up study of drinking behaviors. RESULTS: An item analysis demonstrated strong support across several intervals on the breath alcohol curve for the same 6 B-BAES items (energized, excited, up, sedated, slow thoughts, sluggish). Confirmatory factor analysis with the B-BAES demonstrated strong support for the same underlying structure as with the full BAES, and tests of internal consistency reliability were very strong to excellent. B-BAES subscale scores correlated highly with corresponding scores of the BAES and predicted binge-drinking frequency during a 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide strong psychometric support to confirm use of the B-BAES in studies assessing alcohol's stimulant and sedative properties. The B-BAES may be a useful new tool to enhance the scope of future research assessing alcohol's biphasic effects, particularly in paradigms when time and concise measurement are priorities. Language: en
Sphincter of oddi dysfunction caused by an ampullary neoplasm

Abstract The case of a 50-year-old man with abdominal pain and abnormal liver test results is described. Endoscopic retrograde cholanglopancreatography with manometric studies showed biliary dilatation, poor ductal drainage, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Clinical and radiographic clues suggested the possibility of an ampullary lesion; a small ampullary adenoma was detected after endoscopic sphincterotomy, and ampullary carcinoma was found in the operative specimen. Malignancy can cause sphincter dysfunction not only in the esophagus (as pseudoachalasia) but in the ampulla of Vater as well.
Identification, Chromosomal Assignment, and Expression Analysis of the Human Homeodomain-Containing Gene Orthopedia (OTP)

Homeodomain (HD) genes are helix-turn-helix transcription factors that play key roles in the specification of cell fates. In the central nervous system (CNS), HD genes not only position cells along an axis, but also specify cell migration patterns and may influence axonal connectivity. In an effort to identify novel HD genes involved in the development of the human CNS, we have cloned, characterized, and mapped the human homologue of the murine HD gene Orthopedia (Otp), whose product is found in multiple cell groups within the mouse hypothalamus, amygdala, and brain stem. Human cDNA and genomic libraries were screened with probes derived from mouse Otp sequences to find the human homologue, OTP. The deduced amino acid sequence of the open reading frame of the human cDNA is 99% homologous to mouse Otp and demonstrates a high degree of conservation when compared to sea urchin and Drosophila. OTP was mapped to human chromosome 5q13.3 using radiation hybrid panel mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Flanking markers were identified from YAC clones containing OTP. A single putative OTP gene product was found in 17-week human fetal brain tissue by Western blot analysis using a novel polyclonal antibody raised against a conserved 13-amino-acid sequence at the C-terminus of the OTP protein. Expression in the developing human hypothalamus was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
Controlled myocardial infarction induced by intracoronary injection of n‐butyl cyanoacrylatein dogs: A feasibility study

Concentrated ethanol has been used to induce controlled myocardial infarct in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. We report the acute and early follow-up results of an alternative agent, n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) glue, in a dog model. In 11 mongrel dogs, we injected n-BCA into different branches of the left anterior descending artery. Biplane left ventriculogram and coronary angiogram were performed before and after injection. In the surviving animals, we performed programmed stimulation (PS) to test for inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) 48 days later. Following euthanasia, the removed hearts were studied with computer tomography (CT) and gross and histologic examination. Three dogs were lost before injection. Four dogs died within 2 hr to 4 days, and four animals survived 48 days. Accidental embolization of n-BCA into nontarget vessels was documented in four subjects. In the n-BCA-injected animals, homogeneous circumscribed scar was demonstrated by CT and histology. The glue was confined strictly to the tributary of the injected vessel, infiltrating arterioles of 14 μm. There was intense granulomatous reaction (GR) in the vessel wall and in the surrounding myocardium. Remote areas were unaffected. Monomorphic VT was not inducible with PS. We report a feasibility study of n-BCA injection to selected coronary arteries of dogs to cause controlled myocardial infarction. We demonstrated that the glue does not escape from the target artery through capillaries or small collateral vessels and thus produces a sharply demarcated and homogeneous scar, which is confined strictly to the supply zone of the injected vessel. Improvement of the delivery system is necessary to eliminate inadvertent embolization. Long-term follow-up is needed to study the GR induced by n-BCA. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Implicit Solutions of Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations Using the Pressure Gradient Method

*† A modified pressure gradient method is developed for solving the incompressible twoand three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables. Velocity and pressure gradient vectors, rather than the velocity and pressure, are considered as dependent variables. This choice of the dependent variables is consistent with the flow physics as the velocity field of incompressible flows is not dependent on the pressure, but rather the pressure gradient. This introduces one and two additional dependent variables for two- and three-dimensions respectively. To close the system of equations, additional equations are obtained from the identity that the curl of the pressure gradient is zero. This choice of dependent variables also leads to Dirichlet boundary conditions for the pressure gradient, which improves numerical stability and convergence rates. The modified pressure gradient method includes a pressure gradient averaging term in the momentum equations to stabilize the solution. This term is extended here to general curvilinear coordinates. The system of equations is discritized using a conservative finite volume formulation. Time integration is achieved with a fully implicit scheme, including implicit boundary conditions. The implicit scheme guarantees that continuity is satisfied to machine zero. Numerical results compare well with solutions available in the literature for the cavity flow problem and flow about a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 40.
Effectiveness of an Informational Video Method to Improve Enrollment and Retention of a Pediatric Cohort

Objective The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY), a multinational epidemiological study, is designed to identify environmental exposures triggering autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children at increased genetic risk. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the use of an informational video in the enrollment and retention of eligible participants at the Colorado TEDDY clinical center.
Some chemical and physical properties of anomalous water

Abstract Anomalous water samples were prepared by condensing water vapor into glass and quartz capillaries. The transfer of microliter quantities of anomalous water/water mixtures into larger capillaries suitable for further studies was accomplished by centrifugation. Some of the droplets showed optical anisotropy when viewed under a polarizing microscope. A density gradient method was developed to measure the specific gravity of anomalous water droplets. In anomalous water the rate of trypsincatalyzed hydrolysis of the chromogenic substrate Nα-benzoyl-DL-arginine p-nitroanilide was less than 10% of the rate of hydrolysis observed in normal water. As reported earlier, the state of water associated with the enzyme carbonate hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.1) was studied by means of γ-γ directional correlation. With the use of the same technique and 133Ba tracer, a method was developed to measure and compare relaxation times and field symmetries in normal water, protein-bound water, and anomalous water condensed in capillaries.
Deterministic and Randomized Bounded Truth-Table Reductions of P, NL, and L to Sparse Sets

We prove that there is no sparse hard set for P under logspace computable bounded truth-table reductions unless P=L. In case of reductions computable in NC1, the collapse goes down to P=NC1. We parameterize this result and obtain a generic theorem allowing us to vary the sparseness condition, the space bound and the number of queries of the truth-table reduction. Another instantiation yields that there is no quasipolynomially dense hard set for P under polylog-space computable truth-table reductions using polylogarithmically many queries unless P is in polylog-space. We also apply the proof technique to NL and L. We establish that there is no sparse hard set for NL under logspace computable bounded truth-table reductions unless NL=L and that there is no sparse hard set for L under NC1-computable bounded truth-table reductions unless L=NC1. We show that all these results carry over to the randomized setting: If we allow two-sided error randomized reductions with confidence at least inversely polynomial, we obtain collapses to the corresponding randomized classes in the multiple access model. In addition, we prove that there is no sparse hard set for NP under two-sided error randomized polynomial-time bounded truth-table reductions with confidence at least inversely polynomial unless NP=RP.
RNA-mediated transfer of the gene coxII from the mitochondrion to the nucleus during flowering plant evolution

The gene coxII, normally present in the mitochondrion, was functionally transferred to the nucleus during flowering plant evolution. coxII transfer is estimated to have occurred between 60 and 200 million years ago, whereas loss of coxII from the mitochondrion occurred much more recently, being restricted to a single genus of legumes. Most legumes have coxII in both the nucleus and the mitochondrion; however, no evidence is found for simultaneous coxII expression in both compartments. The nuclear coxII sequence more closely resembles edited mitochondrial coxII transcripts than the genes encoding these RNAs. Hence, gene transfer appears to have involved reverse transcription of an edited RNA intermediate. The nuclear gene contains an intron at the junction of the transit peptide sequence and the mature protein-coding sequence; exon shuffling may have played a role in assembling a functional coxII gene in the nucleus.
Temporally and spectrally resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of high grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.

Background and Objectives Temporal and spectral fluorescence spectroscopy can identify adenomatous colonic polyps accurately. In this study, these techniques were examined as a potential means of improving the surveillance of high grade dysplasia (HGD) in Barrett's esophagus (BE). Study Design/Materials and Methods Using excitation wavelengths of 337 and 400 nm, 148 fluorescence spectra, and 108 transient decay profiles (at 550 ± 20 nm) were obtained endoscopically in 37 patients. Corresponding biopsies were collected and classified as carcinoma, HGD, or low risk tissue (LRT) [non-dysplastic BE, indefinite for dysplasia (IFD), and low grade dysplasia (LGD)]. Diagnostic algorithms were developed retrospectively using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to separate LRT from HGD. Results LDA produced diagnostic algorithms based solely on spectral data. Moderate levels of sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were obtained for both 337 nm (Se = 74%, Sp = 67%) and 400 nm (Se = 74%, Sp = 85%) excitation. Conclusions In the diagnosis of HGD in BE, steady-state fluorescence was more effective than time-resolved data, and excitation at 400 nm excitation was more effective than 337 nm. While fluorescence-targeted biopsy is approaching clinical usefulness, increased sensitivity to dysplastic changes—possibly through modification of system parameters—is needed to improve accuracy levels. Lasers Surg. Med. 32:10–16,2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Surface diffusion of Ge on Si(111): Experiment and simulation

Surface diffusion of Ge on Si(111) at high temperatures has been examined experimentally by second-harmonic microscopy and computationally by molecular-dynamics simulations with a Stillinger-Weber potential. Experimentally, the activation energy and preexponential factor for mass-transfer diffusion equalled 2.48{plus_minus}0.09eV and 6{times}10{sup 2{plus_minus}0.5}cm{sup 2}/s, respectively. Simulational results yielded essentially the same numbers, confirming the utility of the Stillinger-Weber potential for diffusional studies. A previously developed semiempirical correlation also did fairly well. The simulations also provided estimates for the corresponding parameters for intrinsic diffusion and for the enthalpy and entropy of Ge adatom-vacancy pair formation on Si. The simulations further yielded evidence for minor contributions of atom exchange to intrinsic diffusion, as well as the complex high-temperature islanding phenomena on picosecond time scales. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Is Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Necessary for Reformed Science Teaching?: Evidence from an Empirical Study

This study tested a hypothesis that focused on whether or not teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is a necessary body of knowledge for reformed science teaching. This study utilized a quantitative research method to investigate the correlation between a teacher’s PCK level as measured by the PCK rubric (Park et al. 2008) and the degree to which his/her classroom is reform-oriented as measured by RTOP (Sawada et al. 2002). Data included 33 instructional sessions of photosynthesis and heredity videotaped with 7 high school biology teachers. Each session was given a score on both the PCK rubric and RTOP by two independent raters. Results indicate that PCK score is significantly related to RTOP score in terms of both total score (r = .831, p < .01) and sub-component scores (ranging from r = .616 to .805, p < .01). Implications for science teacher education and future research are discussed.
Strengthening Effective Government–Citizen Connections through Greater Civic Engagement

Citizens are more trusting of government since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, but their civic behaviors are little changed. One reason is that they mostly have been asked for monetary gifts to fund disaster relief and to serve others through existing nonprofit organizations. Available theoretical and empirical analyses suggest the three factors of motivation, skills, and network connections contribute to increased civic engagement, which is defined by behaviors such as seeking to persuade others to join in mobilizing commitment and resources to address a collective problem. Responses to 9/11 have not addressed these three factors. Increased civic engagement strengthens democracy and can contribute to the development of public judgment, which is critical to sustaining support of efforts to thwart terrorism. Success in any effort to increase civic engagement requires different strategies and actions by public officials.
Differential levels of synovial fluid aggrecan aggregate components in experimental osteoarthritis and joint disuse

The levels of proteoglycan aggregate components (link protein, keratan sulfate epitope, and total sulfated glycosaminoglycan) were determined in the synovial fluid lavages of dogs with experimental osteoarthritis or disuse atrophy. A model of experimental osteoarthritis was created by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament of the right knee; studies were carried out 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Joint disuse was studied at 4 and 8 weeks after initiation of the disuse. Recovery after disuse also was studied in joints that had 3 weeks of remobilization after 4 or 8 weeks of disuse. Synovial fluid lavages from the right knee joints of untreated animals were used as controls. The concentrations of keratan sulfate epitope, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and link protein in the synovial fluid lavages at 6 and 12 weeks after transection of the anterior cruciate were elevated compared with the control values. Similar analysis of the fluid after disuse showed that the levels of keratan sulfate epitope and sulfated glycosaminoglycan were increased compared with the control levels and the levels after transection. However, the concentration of link protein in the fluid after disuse was not significantly different from the control level. The levels of keratan sulfate epitope and sulfated glycosaminoglycan in the synovial fluid lavages after disuse with recovery were high, but the levels of link protein remained low. The results indicate that the catabolism of proteoglycan aggregates in articular cartilage during early osteoarthritis and disuse is different. The determination of keratan sulfate epitope in synovial fluid lavages appears to provide a relatively general indication of proteoglycan catabolism, whereas increased levels of link protein may be more indicative of cartilage degeneration.
Middle Cerebral and Umbilical Doppler Norms Based on Sonographic Fetal Measurements During the Third Trimester

Fetal umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) doppler resistance indices may be useful in the management of intrauterine growth retardation and other conditions leading to fetal compromise. Their interpretation is dependent on gestational age, however. When fetal compromise is suspected and gestational age is not certain, norms based on fetal size or independent of age would be useful. This study developed norms for UA and MCA resistance indices (RI) based on fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) measurements performed within one week of doppler interrogation during the third trimester from 70 studies performed on 48 women who had suspicion of fetal compromise and questionable dating, but normal pregnancy outcome. UA RI was significantly related to BPD: UA RI = 1.107 − 0.0585 × BPD (cm) ± 0.053 RMSE (R2 = 0.251, P < 0.0001). MCA RI was related to FL: MCA RI = 1.121 - 0.045 × FL (cm) ± 0.033 RMSE (R2 = 0.369, P < 0.0001). Additionally, the difference between them (MCA RI – UA...
What Influences CS Faculty to Adopt Teaching Practices

Despite widespread development, research, and dissemination of teaching and curricular practices that improve student retention and learning, faculty often do not adopt them. This paper describes the first findings of a two-part study to improve understanding of adoption of teaching practices and curriculum by computer science faculty. The paper closes with recommendations for designers and developers of teaching innovations hoping to increase their chance of adoption.
Performance of phosphonates as copper(II) ions stabilization agents for industrial water systems

Copper(II) salts have long been used to kill algae in water systems, but they can precipitate as insoluble salts and form deposits on equipment surface. It is important to remove toxic metal from industrial waste because of contamination and toxicity issues. This paper discusses the testing and effects of various phosphonates to control copper-based fouling in the industrial water systems. It has been found that Cu(II) ions stabilization (complexation, precipitation, dispersion, etc.) strongly depends on solution pH, reaction time, and phosphonate concentration. Results on the evaluation of various phosphonates suggest the following order, in terms of decreasing effectiveness: HEDP ≈ HPA > PAPEMP > AMP >> PBTC.
Social control in the metropolis: A community-level examination of the minority group-threat hypothesis

Research on the minority group-threat hypothesis has often found that the percentages of black and Latino populations at the city level have predicted variations in municipal police resources, net of all measured control variables. To date, no study has linked changes in minority representation within a single city over time at the community level to changes in the allocation of police resources. This study tested the hypothesis in 74 New York City police precincts in 1975, 1982, and 1992. It found that increases in the percentages of Latino populations of precincts have predicted changes in police deployment, and the link between Latino populations and police deployment is nonlinear.
The effect of sweeteners on bitter taste in young and elderly subjects

The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree of reduction in perceived bitterness by sweeteners at both threshold and suprathreshold concentrations of bitter compounds. Detection and recognition thresholds were determined for six bitter compounds (caffeine, denatonium benzoate, magnesium chloride, quinine hydrochloride, sucrose octaacetate, and urea) in the absence and presence of several suprathreshold concentrations of five sweeteners. The sweeteners were: sucrose, aspartame, sodium saccharin, mannitol, and sorbitol. Polycose was also tested along with the sweeteners. The degree to which bitter thresholds were affected by the addition of sweeteners was dependent on the chemical classification of the sweeteners and their concentrations. In general, the natural sweeteners, sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol, were more effective than the noncaloric sweeteners, aspartame and sodium saccharin, in elevating the detection and recognition thresholds of the bitter compounds. A sweetness intensity approximating that of 6% sucrose (0.175 M sucrose) or greater was required to elevate thresholds. For elderly subjects, sweeteners did not significantly elevate thresholds for denatonium benzoate and sucrose octaacetate. The degree to which sorbitol and sucrose can decrease the perceived bitterness intensity of suprathreshold concentrations of the six bitter compounds was also determined. The concentrations of sweeteners and bitter compounds were selected to be of moderate to high subjective intensity. The levels of sweeteners used in the mixtures were: sucrose (none, 0.946 M, and 2.13 M) and sorbitol (none, 2.1 M, and 3.68 M). Both sweeteners significantly reduced the bitterness ratings of almost every concentration of the six bitter compounds. The greatest reductions in bitterness were 87.0% for 0.192 microM denatonium benzoate mixed with 2.13 M sucrose and 84.7% for 1.8 M urea mixed with 3.68 M sorbitol.
Postoperative radiation therapy for major salivary gland malignancies.

Between 1966 and 1982 there have been 46 patients treated with surgery plus post-operative radiation therapy for malignant tumors of salivary gland origin. The indication(s) for radiotherapy included positive margins (42%), advanced local tumor (37%), positive nodes (33%), or high grade histology (48%). Overall actuarial local control at 5 years was 73%, being 100% for T1, 83% for T2, 80% for T3, and 43% for T4. Actuarial survival at 5 years was 80% for T1, 83% for T2, 60% for T3, and 48% for T4. Patients with positive nodes (N+) did worse than those with negative nodes (No), with locoregional control and survival at 5 years being 58% vs. 83%, (P = 0.025) and 38% vs. 80% (P = less than .01), respectively. We found no need for contralateral neck treatment even for those with positive nodes. Also, to date, none of eight patients with adenoid cystic histology has failed locally, as opposed to three of eight failures in patients treated with surgery alone. We believe that post-operative irradiation provides excellent locoregional control for appropriate patients with malignant tumors of major salivary glands.
Intrinsic Properties of Light and Corpuscles from Distant Sources.

Spectra of distant nebulae, compared with those of neighboring nebulae, are shifted toward the red by amounts which increase with the distance which the light has traveled. This fact indicates that we are confronted with a phenomenon which involves history on a large scale, history either of the universe as a whole, or history of some of its individual parts. Scientifically speaking, history means the change in time of dimensionless ratios of significant physical quantities. Thus, on the relativistic interpretation of the redshift of light from nebulae the dimensionless ratio D/d between two lengths changes (increases) in time. Appropriate choices for these two lengths are Bohr's characteristic length d = h^2/4π^2me^2 as a supposedly fixed terrestrial measuring stick, and D = V^1/3 where V is the volume which on the average contains one extragalactic nebula. However, many other interpretations of the redshift are possible. The assumption that history must be operative clearly suggests the necessity of an investigation of all dimensionless ratios between significant physical quantities. Only after this investigation has been completed will a final understanding of the redshift and other cosmic phenomena be possible. The following discussion will be concerned with the behavior of the most trivial dimensionless ratios only. A more general program may be outlined, but so far essential data for its realization are lacking.
American War Powers and Terrorists: The Case of Usama Bin Laden

During the Cold War, observers of American politics noted that an imperial presidency developed in regards to the decision to use force abroad. Although the Constitution and the War Powers Act of 1973 grant significant war powers to the Congress, Congress largely deferred and abdicated these powers to the commander in chief, as the President asserted essential unlimited constitutional authority. This practice held true when the United States used force against terrorist actors, such as President Ronald Reagans strikes against Muammar Qaddafi. However, President Clintons strikes against Usama Bin Laden represent a different example of the war powers interplay. Domestic political considerations for Clinton and the nature of the United States target presented new incentives and an unprecedented case of much closer consultation with Congress prior to using force.
Self-Assembly of Luminescent Molecular Squares Featuring Octahedral Rhenium Corners.

A new family of molecular squares containing ReI polypyridyl and polypyrazyl centers has been synthesized at quantitative yields via a self-assembly method. Ambient-temperature photophysical studies reveal that two of the squares (4,4‘-bipyridine- and pyrazine-bridged species) readily luminesce in solution from relatively long-lived charge-transfer excited states. These squares expand the growing field of inorganic cyclophane self-assembly chemistry to the octahedral metal systems.
Optimization of the Critical Instrumental Parameters for Achieving Maximum Sensitivity and Precision in Flame-Spectrometric Methods of Analysis:

A brief description of the optimization of critical instrumental parameters for achieving maximum sensitivity and precision is given for flame-emission, atomic-absorption, and atomic-fluorescence flame spectrometry. The discussion covers suggested techniques for optimization.
Pacing lightly: optogenetics gets to the heart.

Transfer of the light-activated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 gene enables optical control of heart muscle membrane potential.
Constant phase uniform current loop for detection of metallic objects using longitudinal magnetic field projection

Currents on remote metallic objects such as landmines can be induced by projecting strong magnetic fields. These currents result in electromagnetic fields that can be subsequently detected. The magnetic field varies slowly as it passes from air into the ground and is sufficient to excite currents in buried metallic objects. Traditionally strong magnetic fields are produced using short-range transformer like inductive coupling, or as a component of powerful propagating electromagnetic fields. The strength of the magnetic component of the propagating electromagnetic field is restricted by regulatory limits on the total radiated radio frequency power. There is a need for a means to produce forward projected strong magnetic field at medium ranges with low-level propagation. This paper reports on a non-radiating loop antenna which maintains a constant amplitude and phase current around the loop and projects a strong magnetic field. The radiated field is small and results from the relativistic time-of-flight effect from one side of the loop to the other. The result is that a very strong magnetic field is produced in the near- to mid-field region, up to one wavelength away from the loop. Experiments with a prototype antenna and modeling show that the H-field is very high, radiated electromagnetic fields are negligible, and the drop off in field strength is inversely proportional to the distance squared. This agreement between experiments and modeling allows for a design based on computer simulations.
Response of large galliforms and tinamous (Cracidae, Phasianidae, Tinamidae) to habitat loss and fragmentation in northern Guatemala

The potential conservation value of fragmented or countryside landscapes in the tropics is being increasingly recognized. However, the degree to which fragmented landscapes can support species and the key patch and landscape features that promote population persistence remain poorly understood for elusive species such as ground-dwelling birds. We examined the presence/absence of seven species of galliforms and tinamous in 50 forest patches of 2.9–445 ha in northern Guatemala using camera traps and audiovisual surveying. After accounting for differences in detectability among species we found great variation in patterns of vulnerability of these species to habitat loss and fragmentation, with the three largest species being the most vulnerable. Distribution patterns of species among patches was influenced more strongly by measures of landscape context, such as the amount and configuration of habitat in the surrounding landscape, than within-patch variation in vegetation structure or disturbance. Our results indicate that large-bodied game birds may be particularly sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation and emphasize that management efforts for these species need to go beyond consideration of local, within-patch factors to consider the impact of processes in the surrounding landscape. Our findings also demonstrate the utility of camera traps as a methodology for surveying large terrestrial bird species in fragmented landscapes.
Hyper-X Wind Tunnel Program

This paper provides an overview of NASA's focused hypersonic technology program, called the Hyper-X Program. The Hyper-X Program, a joint NASA Langley and Dryden program, is designed to move hypersonic, air breathing vehicle technology from the laboratory environment to the flight environment, the last stage preceding prototype development. The Hyper-X research vehicle will provide the first ever opportunity to obtain data on an airframe integrated scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) propulsion system at true flight conditions and the first opportunity for flight validation of experimental wind tunnel, numerical and analytical methods used for design of these vehicles. A substantial portion of the program is experimentally based, both for database development and performance validation. The program is now concentrating on Mach 7 vehicle development, verification and validation and flight test risk reduction. This paper concentrates on the aerodynamic and propulsion experimental programs. Wind tunnel testing of the flight engine and complete airframe integrated scramjet configuration flow-path is expected in 1998 and 1999, respectively, and flight test is planned for 2000.
Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems: Do They Hold for Lesbians and Gay Men?

ABSTRACT Research regarding gender differences in alcohol use and alcohol-related problems finds that men drink more and suffer higher rates of alcohol-related problems compared with women. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether these differences also exist between lesbians and gay men. A sample of 335 lesbians and gay men were recruited through lesbian and gay events, Listservs, and friendship networks. Items from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2000) measured alcohol consumption. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (Selzer, 1971) and the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (Miller, Tonigan, & Longabaugh, 1995) measured alcohol-related problems. Gay men tended to drink more often than lesbians, but there were no significant gender differences regarding alcohol-related problems. Research, theoretical, and clinical implications are discussed.
The influence of patient size on dose conversion coefficients: a hybrid phantom study for adult cardiac catheterization

In this study, the influence of patient size on organ and effective dose conversion coefficients (DCCs) was investigated for a representative interventional fluoroscopic procedure—cardiac catheterization. The study was performed using hybrid phantoms representing an underweight, average and overweight American adult male. Reference body sizes were determined using the NHANES III database and parameterized based on standing height and total body mass. Organ and effective dose conversion coefficients were calculated for anterior–posterior, posterior–anterior, left anterior oblique and right anterior oblique projections using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX 2.5.0 with the metric dose area product being used as the normalization factor. Results show body size to have a clear influence on DCCs which increased noticeably when body size decreased. It was also shown that if patient size is neglected when choosing a DCC, the organ and effective dose will be underestimated to an underweight patient and will be overestimated to an underweight patient, with errors as large as 113% for certain projections. Results were further compared with those published for a KTMAN-2 Korean patient-specific tomographic phantom. The published DCCs aligned best with the hybrid phantom which most closely matched in overall body size. These results highlighted the need for and the advantages of phantom-patient matching, and it is recommended that hybrid phantoms be used to create a more diverse library of patient-dependent anthropomorphic phantoms for medical dose reconstruction.
Distribution of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic activities among cell fractions from rat liver.

Abstract The distribution of activities for synthesis of phosphatidylinositol among cell fractions from rat liver was determined. Activity was concentrated in endoplasmic reticulum; rough and smooth fractions were nearly equal. Golgi apparatus exhibited a biosynthetic rate 44% that of endoplasmic reticulum. Plasma membranes and mitochondrial fractions were only 6% as active as endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus fractions from rat liver catalyze the net synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in vitro, whereas plasma membrane and mitochondrial fractions do not.
Control considerations using a generic ARM seeker

Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation is a valuable technique for testing advanced concepts and designs of missile systems. Since actual hardware is used for concept evaluation, model fidelity is assured since "real world" effects are built in. This paper presents a description of a generic Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM) seeker designed specifically for test purposes and how it can be utilized for control and system evaluation studies.
Comparison of manual and user guided methodologies for the classification and retrieval of construction site images

The amount of original imaging information produced yearly during the last decade has experienced a tremendous growth in all industries due to the technological breakthroughs in digital imaging and electronic storage capabilities. This trend is affecting the construction industry as well, where digital cameras and image databases are gradually replacing traditional photography. Owners demand complete site photograph logs and engineers store thousands of images for each project to use in a number of construction management tasks like monitoring an activity's progress and keeping evidence of the "as built" in case any disputes arise. So far, retrieval methodologies are done manually with the user being responsible for imaging classification according to specific rules that serve a limited number of construction management tasks. New methods that, with the guidance of the user, can automatically classify and retrieve construction site images are being developed and promise to remove the heavy burden of manually indexing images. In this paper, both the existing methods and a novel image retrieval method developed by the authors for the classification and retrieval of construction site images are described and compared. Specifically a number of examples are deployed in order to present their advantages and limitations. The results from this comparison demonstrates that the content based image retrieval method developed by the authors can reduce the overall time spent for the classification and retrieval of construction images while providing the user with the flexibility to retrieve images according different classification schemes.
Advanced negative i-line resist development on metal surfaces for next-generation lithography mask fabrication

Development of next generation mask technology requires the use of several different metallic materials. As a result, it is necessary to develop resist processes which offer a combination of good resolution and adhesion for each surface. In this study, Ultra i-300, a high resolution, chemically amplified, negative i-line resist was evaluated for use with several metal substrate materials. The metal films in the evaluation include: Cr, TaSi, TaSiN, and TiW. Early tests with Ultra i-300 using a baseline process optimized for silicon, provide very poor adhesion on these metal films. Several approaches were used to solve this problem including pre-application dehydration bakes, modified processing bakes, surface pretreatments, and use of anti-reflective coatings. Adjustment of the soft bake/post bake temperatures greatly improved adhesion, but resulted in severe standing waves and/or poor processing latitude. Significant improvements were achieved using AR2-600 a DUV anti-reflective coating (ARC) with a modified bake process. This eliminated standing waves, improved adhesion, and provided the best resolution and processing latitude. Other ARCs were also evaluated in an attempt to further optimize the process. Although the goal of this study was to develop a resist process for next generation mask technology, the results are applicable wherever it is desirable to use a negative i-line resists on metallic substrates.
A direct magnocellular-preopticospinal pathway in goldfish: Implications for control of sex behavior

Neurons in the pars magnocellularis and gigantocellularis of the goldfish magnocellular preoptic nucleus concentrate horseradish peroxidase by retrograde transport following its placement into sectioned spinal cord. Implants at rostral levels labeled the greatest number of preoptic cells. The pathway demonstrated is primarily ipsilateral and appears equivalent to the paraventricular-spinal system of tetrapods. In goldfish it may control sperm release and other stereotyped reproductive responses.
Why spin = 1, 2 species have no electron paramagnetic resonance signal under normal conditions: Possible detection by electron paramagnetic resonance at frequency close to D value?

A universal EPR simulation program has been created by the author, which is based on the following spin Hamiltonian equation: [equation: see text] where D and E are the axial and rhombic zero-field splitting parameters, respectively. The program can be used for simulation of EPR spectra with half-integer electronic spin (S = n/2, n = 3, 5, 7, 9) systems. In this article, the integer spin (S = n/2, n = 2, 4) systems are also considered. The EPR simulation results show that when D > frequency, no EPR signal can be seen from EPR simulation; when D approximately frequency, whichever X/Q/W-band is used, the EPR signal can be seen on the basis of the simulated EPR results presented.
Demonstration and validation of constructive initialization method for neural networks to approximate nonlinear functions in engineering mechanics applications

This paper is a sequel paper to Pei et al. (Nonlinear Dyn 71(1–2):371–399, 2013) by the authors and their co-authors published in this journal. The main contribution lies in using complex data collected from real-world problems to validate the methodology and techniques given in Pei et al. (Nonlinear Dyn 71(1–2):371–399, 2013) and others to initialize neural networks in a systematic and constructive manner. Two sets of real-world laboratory data are analyzed: One set is from testing a full-sized nonlinear viscous fluid damper with harmonic displacements at different frequencies, and the other set a well-controlled complex nonlinear mechanism involving either rotational or torsional motion under random excitations. The force-state mapping formulation is adopted to analyze these data sets. In addition, we use the fractional derivative Maxwell model for the nonlinear viscous fluid damper application. This study is focused on determining the number of hidden nodes and the initial values of weights and biases for both multilayer feedforward or tapped delay line neural networks, before training them using the well-established backpropagation approach. This critical but subjective design issue is handled in a transparent manner that directly utilizes either the feature of the data, or the governing mathematical expression, and is carried out in a nearly deterministic manner. This contrasts sharply with Nguyen and Widrow (1990), a random initialization approach that prevails in training neural networks for function approximation. The initialization methodology and techniques developed in our prior and current work starting with Pei (2001) are explained and demonstrated, in the context of nonlinear problems encountered in typical applied mechanics applications, by using the two sets of data, and validated by examining the generalization capability of the trained neural networks. Future work and relevant technical hurdles are identified.
Effect of muscovite on the strength and lattice preferred orientations of experimentally deformed quartz aggregates

Abstract Axial compression experiments were performed on synthetic aggregates of quartz with varying volume percentages of muscovite, in order to assess the effect of the muscovite on the flow strength and the lattice preferred orientations. The experiments were performed at 800°C, with a confining pressure of 1200 MPa, constant strain rates of 10 −5 and 10 −6 s −1 , and variable strains. At 10 −5 s −1 , the quartz is very strong and deforms by recrystallization-accommodated dislocation creep. Experiments were carried out with 0%, 15%, 25%, 50% and 100% muscovite, using quartz grains 125–250 μm in size and muscovite grains of less than 20 μm in size. The peak strength of the aggregates is markedly decreased by the addition of muscovite; it decays from 1400 MPa (100% quartz) to 700 MPa (85%) to 450 MPa (50%) and then to 400 MPa (100% muscovite). The decreasing composite strength correlates with a significant decrease in the quartz grain strain, because strain is partitioned into the weaker muscovite, which undergoes kinking and dynamic recrystallization in addition to basal slip. At 10 −6 s −1 , the quartz is much weaker and deforms by climb-accommodated dislocation creep. Experiments were carried out with 0%, 25% and 50% muscovite, using quartz grains 90–120 μm in size and muscovite grains 53–90 μ in size. Under these conditions, the addition of muscovite has a smaller effect on the aggregate strength: it decays from 300 MPa (100% quartz) to 250 MPa (75%) to 200 MPa (50%). However, the quartz grain strain is significantly reduced by the muscovite additions. The quartz preferred orientations were measured by time-of-flight neutron diffraction at LANSCE for pure quartz samples and for those with 25% and 50% muscovite, shortened 35% and 50%. The pure quartz aggregate developed a small circle girdle of c axes. Adding 25% and 50% muscovite did not change the general texture pattern of the quartz but greatly reduced its strength, reflecting the reduced quartz grain strain and the greater strain heterogeneity.