cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern recognition based tools enabling autonomic computing.

Fault detection is one of the important constituents of fault tolerance, which in turn defines the dependability of autonomic computing. In presented work several pattern recognition tools were investigated in application to early fault detection. The optimal margin classifier technique was utilized to detect the abnormal behavior of software processes. The comparison with the performance of the quadratic classifiers is reported. The optimal margin classifiers were also implemented to the fault detection in hardware components. The impulse parameter probing technique was introduced to mitigate intermittent and transient fault problems. The pattern recognition framework of analysis of responses to a controlled component perturbation yielded promising results
Serum osmolality and meal initiation in food and water-deprived rats.

Blood serum osmolality values and behavioral measures were obtained from food and water-deprived and nondeprived rats. No differences were observed in osmolality values, whereas substantial differences were observed between deprived and nondeprived groups in latency and duration of eating. The majority of deprived animals ate before drinking when simultaneously presented with food and water. Body fluid osmolality does not appear to play a primary role in the initiation of eating under conditions of combined food and water deprivation.
A COMPARISON OF ASBESTOS AND URBAN PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE IN VITRO MODIFICATION OF HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL FUNCTION

The mechanism for how inhaled particles cause or exacerbate human diseases is not known. It is clear, however, that some particles are more bioactive than others. One possible mechanism may involve a modification of antigen-presenting cell function. In this study, 2 forms of asbestos (crocidolite and Libby amphibole) and PM(2.5) (an urban particle) were cultured with human alveolar macrophages (HAMs) to determine whether antigen-presenting cell (APC) function was altered. HAMs were exposed to the bioactive particles, asbestos and PM(2.5), for 24 hours, then isolated free of extracellular particulates and nonviable cells. Isolated HAMs were then cultured with autologous lymphocytes in an 11-day APC assay using tetanous toxoid as the antigen and the resulting culture supernatants were assayed for lymphocyte-derived cytokines. Asbestos exposure, regardless of type, up-regulated a TH1 lymphocyte-derived cytokine, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), and the TH2 lymphocyte-derived cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13). PM(2.5) exposure up-regulated all 3 cytokines also. Although cytokine production levels were significantly higher for the treatment compared to control cultures as a group, there was extreme variability in the responses between subjects. In addition, there was no correlation between an individual's cells' response to asbestos verses PM, suggesting that more than one possible mechanism exists for a particle-induced APC effect and individual differential sensitivities to inhaled bioactive particles. This work supports the hypothesis that some inhaled particles can modify immune function by directly affecting APCs thus up-regulating the normal lymphocyte response to antigens in the lung.
A symmetric, positive definite formulation of a three-dimensional micellar/polymer simulator

An efficient approach to compositional simulation is described. Application to micellar/polymer flooding resulted in a significant saving in computation time. A new method was developed to impose precisely the outflow boundary condition arising from continuity of flux across the reservoir/wellbore interface. In a manner analogous to classic well models, the above condition was used to define produced concentrations from the wellblock concentrations. Effects of numerical dispersion in multidimensional, multiphase, multicomponent flow and the effectiveness of a dispersion control scheme are also discussed.
NEPHROLOGY: The natural history of renal tubular acidosis: Lightwood's syndrome revisitied

Twelve children with primary renal tubular acidosis (RTA) studied with HCO3− titration and NH4Cl loading have been observed 1½–8 yrs. These include 7 ♂ with proximal RTA (PRTA) dx'd at 7–18 mos, and 3 ♂ and 2 ♀ with distal RTA dx'd at 3–13 yrs. Bone disease and/or nephrocalcinosis were present in DRTA but not PRTA. GFR (CIN) at onset was normal or slightly decreased in PRTA, but 40–60% of normal in DRTA. GFR is now normal in all patients. With rx pts had accelerated growth, reaching at least the 3rd percentile in 2–3 yrs, with some achieving the 50th percentile. Five with PRTA have normal blood pH and HCO3 off rx, 5–8 yrs after dx. Two remain on rx <2 yrs after dx. The acidification defect in pts with DRTA persists. Thus PRTA appears to be a self-limited disease of bicarbonate reabsorption in male infants, characterized by growth retardation and acidemia, without bone disease and nephrocalcinosis. DRTA appears to be a permanent defect in urinary acidification, with acidemia, growth retardation, bone disease, and nephrocalcinosis. Response to rx in both groups is good, with marked improvement in growth, and normalization of GFR in DRTA despite severe degrees of initial nephrocalcinosis. On the basis of these observations, it seems likely that Light-woods's syndrome was proximal RTA—not distal RTA as has been considered heretofore.
Isolation of highly purified human and bovine brain endothelial cells and nuclei and their phospholipid composition.

sphingomyelin (as percentage of the lipid phosphorus) --. 38.44 (log age in years)-15.20. Similar plots for the other major phospholipid classes also gave straight lines but with opposite slopes. Equations for the other phospholipids were: per cent phosphatidyl choline = 54.9117.88 (log age in years); per cent phosphatidyl ethanolamine = 38.73-15.71 (log age in years); per cent phosphatidyl serine -19.31-8.262 (log age in years); and per cent phosphatidyl inositol = 8.315-3.804 (log age in years).
SHY1, the Yeast Homolog of the MammalianSURF-1 Gene, Encodes a Mitochondrial Protein Required for Respiration

Abstract C173 and W125 are pet mutants ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, partially deficient in cytochrome oxidase but with elevated concentrations of cytochrome c. Assays of electron transport chain enzymes indicate that the mutations exert different effects on the terminal respiratory pathway, including an inefficient transfer of electrons between thebc 1 and the cytochrome oxidase complexes. A cloned gene capable of restoring respiration in C173/U1 and W125 is identical to reading frame YGR112w of yeast chromosome VII (GenBankZ72897). The encoded protein is homologous to the product of the mammalian SURF-1 gene. In view of the homology, the yeast gene has been designated SHY1 (SurfHomolog of Yeast). An antibody against the carboxyl-terminal half of Shy1p has been used to localize the protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Deletion of part ofSHY1 produces a phenotype similar to that of G91 mutants. Disruption of SHY1 at a BamHI site, located approximately 2/3 of the way into the gene, has no obvious phenotypic consequence. This evidence, together with the ability of a carboxyl-terminal coding sequence starting from the BamHI site to complement a shy1 mutant, suggests that the Shy1p contains two domains that can be separately expressed to form a functional protein.
Correction to electron beam monitor papers

Abstract Two mistakes have been found in previously published papers about the electron beam monitor system of the NBS Linac. They invalidate the previously proposed explanation of the change in the measured Faraday cup error when vacuum foils are introduced into the beam line. When these mistakes are corrected, it is found that the generation of secondary electron by Moller scatter in the vacuum foils accounts for only about one third of the observed change, rather than all of it, as originally claimed. Additional experiments at 50 MeV have shown that the observed change is a non-linear function of foil thickness, and that the beam transmitted by the foils includes electrons with energies as small as 0.3 MeV. Electrons with this low an energy could not have been generated by Moller scattering and must be the product of multiple processes in the foils.
Specular reflectivity from pyramidal surface morphologies

Abstract A model is presented for the specular reflectivity from a surface containing mounds and craters. These features are described using a pyramidal geometry that leads to a non-Gaussian distribution of terrace heights. The model is used to interpret and compare in situ synchrotron X-ray reflectivity measurements from homoepitaxially grown Cu(0 0 1), Ag(0 0 1) and Ag(1 1 1). Temperature-dependent vacancy trapping at low temperature is observed in each of these systems and it is found that the effects of surface mounds are manifested in the X-ray reflectivity for Ag(1 1 1) and Cu(0 0 1) but not for Ag(0 0 1).
Neurobiology of Tourette's syndrome: concepts of neuroanatomic localization and neurochemical abnormalities

Despite a preponderance of evidence suggesting an organic rather than psychogenic origin for Tourette syndrome, the precise neurobiological abnormality remains speculative. Neuroanatomically, there is expanding confirmation that cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical pathways represent the site of origin for tics and accompanying neuropsychiatric problems. Pathophysiological hypothesis are generally defined based on involvement of (1) a specific anatomical site (striato-thalamic circuits, striatal compartments), (2) physiologic abnormality (excess thalamic excitation, impaired intracortical inhibition), or (3) involvement of a specific neurotransmitter or synaptic component. This review provides information essential for understanding current and future proposals pertaining to the neurobiology of this intriguing disorder.
Diabetes is a proinflammatory state: a translational perspective.

The diabetic state confers an increased propensity to accelerated atherogenesis. Inflammation is pivotal in atherosclerosis; in addition to the established risk factors, inflammation appears to play a pivotal role in diabetes and its complications. Evidence for increased inflammation includes: increased levels of plasma C-reactive protein, the prototypic marker of inflammation; increased levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor; increased monocyte superoxide and proinflammatory cytokine release (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α); increased monocyte adhesion to endothelium; increased NF-κB activity; and increased Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression and activity in diabetes. Thus, it appears that both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are proinflammatory states and that these could contribute to increased diabetic vasculopathies.
Discourse: Trudi Schoop and Vaslav Nijinsky, and dance as healer

Conceived as an entree to discourse, this paper explores the phenomenon of dance as healer, to evoke rather than to answer questions. The intention has been to examine dance in its capacity of healer, scrutinising it in the absence of a formal intermediary intervention such as dance/movement therapy or other somatic models. The early lives of two former luminaries of the dance world are profiled: the first, Trudi Schoop, famed comic mime and early pioneer in dance/movement therapy; the other, Vaslav Nijinsky, renowned dancer and choreographer in the world of ballet. Disparate heritages and life circumstances carried them along radically divergent paths, although both struggled to overcome serious psychiatric issues. Schoop overcame her difficulties vis-a-vis obsessive-compulsive behaviours; Nijinsky's accumulated problems led, ultimately, to chronic schizophrenia. They shared, in common, an overriding passion for and commitment to dance. The discourse focuses on the role of dance, as healer, in their exis...
Sources for ACM history: what, where, why

ACM has developed a rich and varied history over its first six decades. Preserving that history in an open and plentiful archive is key to helping future historians tell the ACM story.
Health care delivery for Alaska Natives: a brief overview.

Objectives. Describe the Alaska Native Health Care delivery system and some of the historical elements that shaped it. Study Design. Retrospective program review. Methods. Retrospective review of existing administrative and clinical programs. Results. Over the last 10,000 -15,000 years the Alaska Native Health System developed from at traditional tribal based self-care system to a complex system that is interdependent on local, state, federal, and private insurance payers. The Alaska Tribal Health System takes an intentional approach to planning. While the system may face an uncertain future, it is poised to continue it remarkable success. The regional health corporations are the backbone of the system and it is the regional health corporations that own the Alaska Tribal Health System. In addition, it is the Alaska Tribal Health System that is responsive to the needs and priorities of the regional health corporations and their Native constituents. The spirit of the Alaska Native has inspired their health care providers at all levels to develop innovative "work arounds" to provide state of the art care through regionalization and telemedicine. Despite the many challenges ahead, the Alaska Tribal Health System will continue to strive to increase the health of Alaska Native people to the highest status possible. Conclusion. The Alaska Native health care system is a dynamic system administered by and for Alaska Native peoples. This system has risen to many challenges in the past and has made great strides through both ingenuity and necessity. Keywords: Alaska Native, Heath care delivery, Tribal governance, innovation
Theory of phase-conjugation by four-wave mixing in a waveguide

We show that one can generate the time-reversed replica of an "input" monochromatic, image-bearing beam by coupling it into a waveguide where it interacts with counterpropagating multimode "pump" waves of the same frequency. The nonlinear electric polarization density that is third order in the propagating electric fields in the guide medium generates the replica by the process of "four-wave mixing." We show also that the input beam can serve simultaneously as its own pump beam. If the frequency ν of the backward pump beam is different from the frequency ω to of the input beam, then the "phase-conjugate" to the input is generated at the entrance plane to the guide, and this radiates a replica of the input field, magnified by \omega/\nu , back along the input beam. The pump power required per resolution element to phase-conjugate a beam in a waveguide is orders-of-magnitude less than for the corresponding process with free (unguided) waves interacting in an infinite medium. Unlike the requirements for free waves, the pump waves do not need to be well aligned or single-mode to produce high fidelity in the replication process. Neither does the guiding structure or enclosed medium have to be precise in dimension or uniformity; the main requirements on the guiding structure being that it not attenuate the waves too heavily. Formulas are derived for the replication efficiency and fidelity in the various guided configurations. We also show how the process can be used: 1) to make a narrowband optical filter with a large acceptance solid angle; 2) to perform image-frequency conversion; 3) to obtain Raman and two-photon spectra of small samples; and 4) to achieve broadband optical amplification. We examine the conditions under which phase conjugation and these applications can be performed at several frequencies simultaneously. Limitations placed by the power-dependence of propagation constants are derived.
Indentation size effect in polycrystalline F.C.C. metals

Abstract High purity aluminum and alpha brass samples were tested for the indentation size effect (ISE) using a combination of microhardness (high load) and nanoindentation (low load). We employed rate effects to study low temperature deformation mechanisms using nanoindentation creep and load relaxation. Based on these rate effects which are conspicuous in terms of the rate sensitivity of the hardness, ∂H / ∂ ln e eff , we calculated the activation volume, V ∗ , and compared data from indentation creep with data from uniaxial loading. The data from nanoindentation for alpha brass when plotted, V ∗ vs H or τ (flow stress) , extrapolated into literature data from conventional tensile testing, while the aluminum nanoindentation data exhibited an offset. We propose some mechanisms for this offset. We demonstrate that the trend of V ∗ vs H , resulting from the ISE in a single specimen, concurs with that obtained from testing specimens with various levels of work hardening. This suggests that the ISE is driven by a dislocation mechanism. Additionally, when the results are fitted to a strain gradient plasticity model (SGP), the data at deep indents (microhardness and large nanoindentation) exhibited a straight-line behavior closely identical to literature data. However, for shallow indents (nanoindetation data), the slope of the line severely changes, decreasing by a factor of ten, resulting in a “bilinear behavior”. We also propose some possible mechanisms for this behavior.
A microwave backscattering model for rain column

A combined T-matrix algorithm and vector radiative transfer layered precipitation model has been used to analyze scattering from rain column. The raindrop is modeled as spheroid with complex permittivity. The phase matrices for differential layers rain-drop scattering within the rain column are computed using the T-matrix approach, and backscattering from the entire rain column that accounts for multiple-scattering and boundary interactions are determined by solving the vector radiative transfer equations. Model analyses and some data comparisons were conducted at Ku-Band using published measured/observed parameters. Results show that model predictions agree well with published TRMM measurements. More extensive model validation and analyses will be provided in the full paper.
Two specialized delayed-neutron detector designs for assays of fissionable elements in water and sediment samples

Abstract Two specialized neutron-sensitive detectors are described which are employed for rapid assays of fissionable elements by sensing for delayed neutrons emitted by samples after they have been irradiated in a nuclear reactor. The more sensitive of the two detectors, designed to assay for uranium in water samples, is 40% efficient; the other, designed for sediment sample assays, is 27% efficient. These detectors are also designed to operate under water as an inexpensive shielding against neutron leakage from the reactor and neutrons from cosmic rays.
Position for cystoscopic surgery of anterior bladder wall.

Abstract For transurethral surgery of tumors of the anterior bladder wall a prone position for cystoscopic surgery has been described. This position can be adapted easily for female patients. In the male patient insertion of the resectoscope can be facilitated by performing a perineal urethrotomy.
SIMPLIFIED EXPERIMENTAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE KINETICS OF NON-CATALYTIC GAS-SOLID REACTIONS

(1985). SIMPLIFIED EXPERIMENTAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE KINETICS OF NON-CATALYTIC GAS-SOLID REACTIONS. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 36, No. 1-6, pp. 191-196.
Improvement of accuracy in a high-capacity, six degree-of-freedom load cell : Application to robotic testing of musculoskeletal joints

This study investigated a previously unaccounted for source of error in a high-capacity, six degree-of-freedom load cell used in multi-degree-of-freedom robotic testing of musculoskeletal joints, an application requiring a load cell with high accuracy in addition to high load capacity. A method of calibration is presented for reducing the error caused by changes in universal force-moment sensor (UFS) orientation within a gravitational field. Uncorrected, this error can exceed a magnitude of 1% of the full-scale load capacity-the manufacturer-stated accuracy of the UFS. Implementation of the calibration protocol reduced this error by approximately 75% for a variety of loading conditions. This improvement in load cell accuracy (while maintaining full load capacity) should improve both the measurement and control of specimen kinetics by robotic/UFS and other biomechanical testing systems.
Spatial and temporal aspects of reproduction in North Carolina fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator Bosc)

Abstract Male courtship cycles, female cycles of mating, incubation and larval release, and foraging patterns of Ucap ugilator Bosc found on sloping and elevated flat salt marsh beaches in North Carolina were studied to identify correlates between the spatial and temporal distribution of resources and behavioral differences. We also compared temperate and subtropical (Florida) populations. All showed semimonthly cycles of reproduction. However, North Carolina crabs courted, mated, and spawned within the intertidal zone, rather than above it as did Florida crabs, probably because salt marsh substrata provide stable (non-collapsing) incubation chambers for brooding females. Crabs on sloping beaches foraged in herds at food-rich lower zones during both diurnal and nocturnal low tides. Those on elevated flats, where the food supply is uniformly distributed, rarely left their burrows to feed. When herding occurred, it was primarily during new moon nocturnal low tides. Finally, crabs on elevated flats exhibited temporally restricted spawning periods compared to those on sloping beaches where water depths, even during the neap tides, were sufficient for larval release.
Profile and activity of the bacterial biota of ground beef held from freshness to spoilage at 5–7 °C

Four samples of fresh ground beef were stored aerobically and held at 5–7 °C for up to 28 days. Although one sample initially yielded 21 different genera of bacteria while two others yielded only seven, all four spoiled essentially in the same way as assessed by aerobic, psychrotrophic, and Gram-negative counts, and by extract-release volume (ERV) and pH values. Pseudomonas spp. was dominant in the spoilage of all samples. As to why this group is so consistently associated with the low-temperature aerobic spoilage of fresh meats, it is hypothesized that they possess the capacity to form a biofilm and that quorum sensing is involved in the overall biofilm forming and functioning processes.
Fracture toughness of nanocrystalline ZrO2-3mol% Y2O3 determined by vickers indentation

Nanocrystalline 3Y-ZrO{sub 2} with densities ranging from 90.4% to 98.7% of theoretical and grain sizes from 55 nm to 160 nm were tested by Vickers indentation. The hardness of nanocrystalline and submicron (Tosoh) 3Y-ZrO{sub 2} was a strong function of density but independent of grain size and could be expressed as Hardness (GPa) = 0.549*Density (in %) + 40.449 with a correlation coefficient, R, of 0.919. The fracture toughness of both submicron and nanocrystalline 3Y-ZrO{sub 2} was low, about 2.5--4.5 MPa{center_dot}m{sup 1/2}, in contrast with the 8.4 MPa{center_dot}m{sup 1/2} for a micron-grained 3Y-ZrO{sub 2} sample. In addition, the fracture toughness was relatively constant over all density and grain size ranges studied (55--400 nm; 90--100% density). The low fracture toughness, combined with no perceptible grain size dependence, implies that there is not a significant room temperature ductility mechanism peculiar to nanocrystalline materials. Minor effects may exist, but they are not sufficient to noticeably increase the fracture toughness. Because the data fit with existing trends of decreasing transformation toughening with decreasing grain size, it is presumed the poor fracture toughness of the nanocrystalline samples is due to a diminished capacity to transformation toughen via the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation.
β-Cell Growth: An Unusual Paradigm of Organogenesis That is Cyclin D2/cdk4 Dependent

Improved understanding of the signals that regulate growth and maintenance of adult ?-cells is remains one of the main questions in diabetes research. However, new advances in identifying the specific components involved in G1 cell cycle progression of ?-cells suggest that the molecular determinants of this pathway could ultimately be revealed. We find that cyclin D2, and to a minor degree cyclin D1, are required for adult ?-cell growth. Our observations complement previous data regarding cdk4, and suggest that mitogenic signals act via this pathway to influence acquisition of adult ?-cell mass. Although cyclin D2/cdk4 activity is critically important for ?-cell growth, it was unclear how much ongoing replication is required to maintain ?-cell mass. Recent long-term ?-cell labeling studies reveal that adult ?-cells could conceivably live for the life of the organism. This new paradigm of long-lived ?-cells challenges previous notions of rapid turnover of adult ?-cell mass. Thus, much remains to be learned...
A Steiner tree approach to efficient object detection

We propose an approach to speeding up object detection, with an emphasis on settings where multiple object classes are being detected. Our method uses a segmentation algorithm to select a small number of image regions on which to run a classifier. Compared to the classical sliding window approach, this results in a significantly smaller number of rectangles examined, and thus significantly faster object detection. Further, in the multiple object class setting, we show that the computational cost of proposing candidate regions can be amortized across objects classes, resulting in an additional speedup. At the heart of our approach is a reduction to a directed Steiner tree optimization problem, which we solve approximately in order to select the segmentation algorithm parameters. The solution gives a small set of segmentation strategies that can be shared across object classes. Compared to the sliding window approach, our method results in two orders of magnitude fewer regions considered, and significant (10–15x) running time speedups on challenging object detection datasets (LabelMe and StreetScenes) while maintaining comparable detection accuracy.
On the robust stabilizability of uncertain linear time-invariant plants using nonlinear time-varying controllers

Abstract We consider general families of linear time-invariant plants described by a nominal plant model with additive or multiplicative unstructured modeling uncertainty. We show that such families of plants are robustly (uniformly) stabilizable by nonlinear time-varying controllers, if and only if they are robustly stabilizable by linear time-invariant ones. Some auxiliary results on Hankel and L ∞ -norm approximation are also obtained.
Subclinical disability in valued life activities among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective Subclinical disability, the need for modifications in task performance or frequency without reported difficulty with the task, has been identified as a stage along the disability continuum. We estimated the prevalence of subclinical disability in valued life activities (VLAs) among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), identified characteristics of individuals with VLA subclinical disability, and estimated the ability of VLA subclinical disability to predict later decrements in functioning. Methods Data were from 3 years of a longitudinal panel study of individuals with RA, for which annual structured telephone interviews are conducted (n = 508 in year 1, n = 442 in year 3). Respondents rated difficulty in VLAs and then reported whether they used any of 4 behavioral modifications (limitations, extra time, help, or equipment) for each. Subclinical disability was defined for each VLA as no reported difficulty with use of any modification. Multiple regression analyses identified predictors of subclinical disability in year 1 and the role of year 1 subclinical disability in development of overt disability between year 1 and year 3. Results Almost three-quarters of the subjects exhibited subclinical disability in at least 1 VLA in year 1. Duration of RA was consistently associated with subclinical disability. Individuals with subclinical disability at baseline were significantly more likely to experience increases in functional limitations (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.01–1.18) and VLA disability (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23) over a prospective 2-year period. Conclusion Subclinical disability may be a valuable marker of individuals in a disability transition phase who are particularly susceptible to intervention that would enable them to maintain functioning.
Molecular scale analysis of dry sliding copper asperities

A fundamental characterization of friction requires an accurate understanding of how the surfaces in contact interact at the nano or atomic scales. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are used to study friction and deformation in the dry sliding interaction of two hemispherical asperities. The material simulated is copper and the atomic interactions are defined by the embedded atom method potential. The effect of interference, δ, relative sliding velocity, v, asperity size, R, lattice orientation, θ, and temperature control, on the friction characteristics are investigated. Extensive plastic deformation and material transfer between the asperities were observed. The sliding process was dominated by adhesion and resulted in high effective friction coefficient values. The friction force and the effective friction coefficient increased with the interference and asperity size but showed no significant change with an increase in the sliding velocity or with temperature control. The friction characteristics varied strongly with the lattice orientation and an average effective friction coefficient was calculated that compared quantitatively with existing measurements.
The near ultraviolet dissociation dynamics of azomethane: Correlated V-T energy disposal and product appearance times

We have measured the translational energy release for methyl radical photofragments with zero and one quantum of umbrella vibration, which were produced by the ultraviolet dissociation of azomethane. Translational energy distributions exhibit bimodal structure and are similar for both methyl radical vibrational states and for two dissociation wavelengths (355 and 330 nm). Compared to earlier non-state-selective measurements, these distributions exhibit a stronger preference for high kinetic energies. We have also observed that the appearance times for both methyl radical vibrational states are fast compared to the experimental time resolution, thus resolving an outstanding mechanistic disagreement. These observations are consistent with a previously proposed mechanism in which a concerted three-body dissociation follows randomization of parent internal energy.
One-stop genomic DNA extraction by salicylic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles

Salicylic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles were prepared via a modified one-step synthesis and used for a one-stop extraction of genomic DNA from mammalian cells. The synthesized magnetic particles were used for magnetic separation of cells from the media by nonspecific binding of the particles as well as extraction of genomic DNA from the lysate. The quantity and quality were confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction. The entire process of extraction and isolation can be completed within 30 min. Compared with traditional methods based on centrifugation and filtration, the established method is fast, simple, reliable, and environmentally friendly.
Practical Application of Anatomy for the Dental Implant Surgeon

A proficient knowledge of oral anatomy is needed to provide effective implant dentistry. This article addresses basic anatomic structures relevant to the dental implantologist. Pertinent muscles, blood supply, foramen, and nerve innervations that may be encountered during implant procedures are reviewed. Caution must be exercised when performing surgery in certain regions of the mouth. Furthermore, numerous suggestions are provided regarding the practical application of anatomy to facilitate successful implant therapy.
Capturing and analyzing wheelchair maneuvering patterns with mobile cloud computing

Power wheelchairs have been widely used to provide independent mobility to people with disabilities. Despite great advancements in power wheelchair technology, research shows that wheelchair related accidents occur frequently. To ensure safe maneuverability, capturing wheelchair maneuvering patterns is fundamental to enable other research, such as safe robotic assistance for wheelchair users. In this study, we propose to record, store, and analyze wheelchair maneuvering data by means of mobile cloud computing. Specifically, the accelerometer and gyroscope sensors in smart phones are used to record wheelchair maneuvering data in real-time. Then, the recorded data are periodically transmitted to the cloud for storage and analysis. The analyzed results are then made available to various types of users, such as mobile phone users, traditional desktop users, etc. The combination of mobile computing and cloud computing leverages the advantages of both techniques and extends the smart phone's capabilities of computing and data storage via the Internet. We performed a case study to implement the mobile cloud computing framework using Android smart phones and Google App Engine, a popular cloud computing platform. Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed mobile cloud computing framework.
c-FLIP protects mature T lymphocytes from TCR-mediated killing.

Although c-FLIP has been identified as an important player in the extrinsic (death receptor-induced) apoptosis pathway, its endogenous function in mature T lymphocytes remains undefined. c-FLIP may inhibit or promote T cell death as previous data demonstrate that the c-FLIP L isoform can promote or inhibit caspase 8 activation while the c-FLIP S isoform promotes or inhibits T cell death when overexpressed. Although the c-FLIP R isoform inhibits cell death in cell lines, its function in T cells remains unknown. To investigate the function of c-FLIP in mature T cells, we have generated several genetic mouse models with c-FLIP or its individual isoforms deleted in mature T cells. Surprisingly, we found that c-FLIP protects mature T cells not only from apoptosis induced by the death receptors Fas and TNFR but also from TCR-mediated and spontaneous apoptosis. Thus, c-FLIP plays an essential role in protecting mature T cells from a death signal induced through the TCR itself and is required for naive T cell survival. Our results demonstrate that c-FLIP functions beyond the extrinsic death pathway.
Constraints on a Broadcast Innovation: Zenith's Phonevision System, 1931–1972

The first “pay TV” system to be delivered over the telephone was a technological opportunity that was never fatty realized, due to the regulatory environment, internal company politics, and the growing strength of broadcast television.
A Pediatrician's Primer for School Health Activities

This paper provides a basic approach to school health for the pediatrician. The Task Force on Pediatric Education predicts that knowledge and skills concerning school health will be included in the future among those basic skills common to the preparation of all who aspire to the specialization of pediatrics.
Factorial-based response-surface modeling with confidence intervals for optimizing thermal-optical transmission analysis of atmospheric black carbon

Abstract Thermal-optical transmission (TOT) analysis measures black carbon (BC) in atmospheric aerosol on a fibrous filter. The method pyrolyzes organic carbon (OC) and employs laser light absorption to distinguish BC from the pyrolyzed OC; however, the instrument does not necessarily separate the two physically. In addition, a comprehensive temperature protocol for the analysis based on the Beer–Lambert Law remains elusive. Here, empirical response-surface modeling was used to show how the temperature protocol in TOT analysis can be modified to distinguish pyrolyzed OC from BC based on the Beer–Lambert Law. We determined the apparent specific absorption cross sections for pyrolyzed OC ( σ Char ) and BC ( σ BC ), which accounted for individual absorption enhancement effects within the filter. Response-surface models of these cross sections were derived from a three-factor central-composite factorial experimental design: temperature and duration of the high-temperature step in the helium phase, and the heating increase in the helium–oxygen phase. The response surface for σ BC , which varied with instrument conditions, revealed a ridge indicating the correct conditions for OC pyrolysis in helium. The intersection of the σ BC and σ Char surfaces indicated the conditions where the cross sections were equivalent, satisfying an important assumption upon which the method relies. 95% confidence interval surfaces defined a confidence region for a range of pyrolysis conditions. Analyses of wintertime samples from Seattle, WA revealed a temperature between 830 °C and 850 °C as most suitable for the helium high-temperature step lasting 150 s. However, a temperature as low as 750 °C could not be rejected statistically.
Manufacture and Use of Dairy Protein Fractions

Fractionation of the mixture of proteins found in milk and whey to form pure, individual dairy protein fractions might allow individuals with special nutritional needs to tailor their diet to improve health. Ion exchange process chromatography was examined for this purpose using selective elution to release separately the proteins bound from whey and produce several protein fractions. Alternatively, bound proteins were released all at once to make a whey protein isolate. Prototype beverages containing these proteins were examined for clarity before and after thermal processing. Beverages containing whey protein isolate were clear at pH 2-7 before heating, but only beverages at pH <or= 3.0 were clear after thermal processing (88 degrees C, 120 s). Beverages at higher pH were made clear after heating by addition of food-grade lauryl sulfate, which prevented aggregation of the denatured proteins formed during thermal processing. Alternatively, thermally processed clear beverages at pH 3-7 were possible using the whey protein glycomacropeptide. Because of the balance between sweetness and acidity, beverages with a pH greater than carbonated soft drinks and juices (pH 2.5-3) might remain palatable using less sugar. Development of high-protein low-carbohydrate beverages might provide health benefits for individuals suffering from diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia, especially when these beverages contain dairy protein fractions known to be high in essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids.
Prevention and Treatment of Veno-Occlusive Disease

OBJECTIVE:T o review the current options for prevention and treatment of veno-occlusive disease in bone marrow transplant patients.DATA SOURCES:Articles were selected from a MEDLINE search (1966–October 1999) using the key terms veno-occlusive disease and bone marrow transplantation. In addition, references of all articles were examined for articles not found in the computer-based search.DATA EXTRACTION:All clinical trials, case—control studies, and case reports were evaluated.RESULTS:Heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, prostaglandin E1, ursodiol, and glutamine have been studied for prevention of veno-occlusive disease. Heparin has been studied most extensively; however, no preventive regimen has a defined role in therapy. For treatment, tissue plasminogen activator has been evaluated most thoroughly, yet its safety and efficacy have not been clearly established in patients with veno-occlusive disease. Other possible treatment options include antithrombin-III, defibrotide, glutamine plus vitamin E, and...
Phenolic materials via ring‐opening polymerization of benzoxazines: Effect of molecular structure on mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties

A series of benzoxazine compounds have been prepared from different bifunctional phenols and primary amines and the molecular compositions of the precursors are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, and size exclusion chromatography. It has been demonstrated that by design of the molecular structures of the benzoxazine precursors, therefore by tailoring of the network molecular architectures, new phenolic materials with superior mechanical and thermal properties, and ease-of-processing characteristics can be obtained. The characteristics of dynamic mechanical spectra of the phenolic materials are studied and related to their structural features. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Personhood, harm and interest: a reply to Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva

In the article 'After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?' arguments are made in favour of the moral permissibility of intentionally killing newborn infants, under particular conditions. Here we argue that their arguments are based on an indefensible view of personhood, and we question the logic of harm and interest that informs their arguments. Furthermore, we argue that the conclusions here are so contrary to ordinary moral intuitions that the argument and conclusions based upon it-including those which defend more mainstream methods of abortion-should be treated with immediate suspicion.
Dimensional predictors of response to SRI pharmacotherapy in obsessive–compulsive disorder

Background Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is clinically heterogeneous. Previous studies have reported different patterns of treatment response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) based on symptom dimension. Our objective was to replicate these results in OCD patients who participated in one of four randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials (RCT).
Open surgical management of high energy ipsilateral fractures of the fibula and calcaneus

Abstract Background Simultaneous ipsilateral fractures of the calcaneus and fibula are the result of high-energy injuries. Open surgical treatment of both fractures can be performed with incisions based on the described blood supply of the lower extremity. Methods A retrospective review for all patients with ipsilateral fractures of the calcaneus and fibula was performed over an eight-year period. Thirty-eight patients were identified. Eleven patients (28.9%) were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through two separate incisions. Average follow-up was 48.8 weeks. Results Two patients (18.1%) required a secondary procedure. Three patients (27.2%) developed incisional cellulitis that resolved with oral antibiotics and one patient required local wound care. All fractures united. Conclusions Ipsilateral fractures of the calcaneus and fibula require open reduction and internal fixation when closed or percutaneous treatment is not appropriate. We describe an operative approach based on the angiosomes of the lower extremity that allows for treatment of these complex injuries and report the associated complications.
A Study of the Effectiveness of a Narrow Channel Apparatus in Simulating Microgravity Flame Spread over Thin Fuels

NASA’s current flammability testing method for non-metallic solids is NASA-STD-(I)-6001A Test 1. Materials that allow for an upward flame propagation of six inches or more fail the flammability test. The flames in the Earth-based Test 1 are dominated by the upward-flowing buoyant gases, and this is not representative of actual flame behavior in microgravity, where there are no buoyant effects on flames. Scientists at NASA have shown that by spatially confining a horizontally spreading flame in the vertical direction, buoyant forces can be minimized in an Earth-based flame spread test. Results from flammability tests conducted in San Diego State University’s Narrow Channel Apparatus (SDSU NCA) closely match results from NASA’s Narrow Channel Apparatus at 1 atmosphere of pressure and 21% oxygen. The advantage of the SDSU NCA is that it not only minimizes buoyant effects, but it also allows flammability tests to be performed at normoxic equivalent atmospheres that more closely match future spacecraft cabin atmospheres. Normoxic conditions are achieved in the SDSU NCA by varying the total pressure, opposed flow oxidizer velocity, and oxygen concentration in the test channel. In our previous research we measured the flame spread rate across Whatman 44 ashless filter paper at total pressures from .27 to 1.0 atm and oxygen mole fractions from 0.77 to 0.21 respectively, along the normoxic curve for a gap height of 5 mm above and below the thin fuel. Significant differences in the flame spread rate were found, with much higher spread rates at the low pressure/high oxygen concentrations. This paper extends that work by comparing flame spread results from flammability tests conducted on Kimwipes ® in the SDSU NCA and in true microgravity in NASA’s Zero-Gravity Research Facility at several points along the normoxic curve. Also, a scaling analysis is conducted to study the effect of pressure on certain flame length scales.
Contributions to the electroretinogram of currents originating in proximal retina.

We have investigated responses in proximal retina of the cat that contribute to two kinds of electroretinogram (ERG) recordings: (1) the pattern ERG, a light-adapted response and (2) the threshold and near threshold ERG, a dark-adapted response (Sieving et al., 1986a, 1986b; Sieving & Steinberg, 1985). In intraretinal, extracellular recordings, two negative-going responses were identified that are maximal around the inner plexiform layer, and distinct from PII, which is maximal in distal retina: under light-adapted conditions, a spatially tuned response at light and light offset, the "M-wave" (previously described in cold-blooded animals by Karwoski & Proenza (1977, 1980)), and under dark-adapted conditions, the scotopic threshold response, or "STR," a response at light onset. The results under dark-adapted conditions are examined in more detail here. The STR is a very sensitive response whose threshold is 1.5-2.0 log units below that of the dc-component of PII and therefore well below the threshold of the a-, b-, and c-waves. It saturates about 2.4 log units below rod saturation. The STR contributes a negative-going potential to the dark-adapted ERG that is dominant near threshold; while PII (dc-component and b-wave) contributes a positive-going potential that is dominant at higher intensities (Sieving et al., 1986b). Investigation of the mechanism of the proximal retinal responses that contribute to the ERG supports of K(+)-Muller cell hypothesis of their origin.
Fault detection in a testable PLA with low overhead for production testing

A testable structure is presented for programmable logic arrays (PLAs) which is amenable to production testing. A low overhead structure is proposed to keep the kill area at the lowest value. This is achieved by using a single additional input line to the original PLA. Fault detection is based on a specific set of conditions which must be satisfied in the characteristic matrix and structure of the minimized PLA. The characteristics of the vectors in the test set are discussed. A two-phase test is used to supplement the basic test vector if the specified constraint in the minimized PLA structure is not met. Hardware overhead is lower than any other method found in the technical literature. >
Is Sea Spray a Factor in Microwave Backscatter from the Ocean

A continuous wave, Ku-band microwave system was operated in a wind-wave tank simultaneously with a video microphotography system to determine the effect of spray on microwave backscatter from rough water surfaces at high wind speeds. The results confirmed that spray does impact microwave backscatter. The important droplets, however, appear to be below the crests of wind waves and therefore difficult to measure by other means