cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

Methodologic aspects including causes of factitious hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are summarized. The differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia is reviewed under three main headings: hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia with decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) action or activity, and hypocalcemia with normal PTH action and activity. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is subdivided into three broad categories: hyperproteinemia, PTH-mediated hypercalcemia, and non-PTH-mediated hypercalcemia. The causes of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are outlined with a focus on pathophysiology and clinicochemical sequelae. A laboratory perspective is emphasized in outlining management strategies.
Preparation of metastable CoFeNi alloys with ultra-high magnetic saturation (B s = 2.4-2.59 T) by reverse pulse electrodeposition

Abstract The results of reverse pulse electrodeposition of CoFeNi films with ultra-high magnetic saturation, i.e. Bs values between 2.4 and 2.59 T, are presented in this work. Based on valence-bond theory (Hund’s rule) it was assumed that the electronic configuration of MOH obtained by one electron reduction of electroactive intermediate (MOH+ads + e → MOHads) or oxidation of metal (M − e + HOH → MOH + H+) would result with larger number of spins per atom for each of transition metals in MOH-precipitated in CoFeNi deposit- with one more spin than their respective neutral metal in the order: Fe > Co > Ni. The experimental results showed that the increase of Bs value above Slater-Pauling curve was not observed for CoFe alloys, thus FeOH and CoOH compounds were not present in deposit. However, the increase of the Bs values above the Slater-Pauling curve (Bs = 2.4–2.59 T) was observed, for CoFeNi films obtained by reverse pulse electrodeposition. Therefore, NiOH as a stable compound is probably formed in a one-electron oxidation step during anodic pulse oxidation reaction precipitated presumably at the grain boundaries, giving rise to the ultra-high magnetic saturation of CoFeNi films. The effects of experimental conditions on elemental composition, magnetic properties, crystal structure, and thermal stability of CoFeNi films were studied.
Utility of Novel Autoantibodies in the Diagnosis of Sjögren's Syndrome Among Patients With Dry Eye.

Purpose To investigate the value of 3 novel autoantibodies [salivary protein 1 (SP1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA6), and parotid secretory protein (PSP)] in differentiating Sjogren's syndrome (SS)-related dry eye from non-SS dry eye. Methods Forty-six dry eye patients with SS (SS dry eye), 14 dry eye patients without SS (non-SS dry eye), and 25 controls were included. The 2012 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria were used for the diagnosis of SS. After a detailed review of systems, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, Schirmer test without anesthesia, tear film breakup time, and ocular surface staining were performed to assess dry eye. All participants underwent serological testing using a commercially available finger prick kit. Results Thirty-seven patients with SS (80.4%) had a positive traditional autoantibody and 28 (60.9%) had a positive novel autoantibody. Traditional autoantibodies were absent in all non-SS dry eye patients and controls. Novel autoantibodies were present in 7/14 (50%) non-SS dry eye patients and 4/25 (16%) controls. Among 3 novel autoantibodies, anti-CA6 was significantly more prevalent in the SS and non-SS dry eye groups than in controls (52.2% vs. 42.9% vs. 8.0%, P = 0.001). Dry eye patients with positive anti-CA6 alone were significantly younger than patients with only traditional autoantibodies. Anti-CA6 was associated with worse dry eye signs and symptoms. Conclusions Anti-CA6 was the most prevalent novel autoantibody in patients with dry eye, and was associated with younger age and more severe disease. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether anti-CA6 is a marker for early SS or perhaps another form of an autoimmune dry eye disease.
Colorectal cancer lung metastasis treatment with polymer-drug nanoparticles.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States; the predominant cause for mortality is metastasis to distant organs (e.g., lung). A major problem limiting the success of chemotherapy in metastatic CRC is the inability to target tumor tissues selectively and avoid severe side effects to normal tissues and organs. Here, we demonstrate polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) entrapping chemotherapeutic agents provide a new therapeutic option for treating CRC that has metastasized to the lung. PNPs assembled from FDA approved biocompatible block copolymer accumulated predominantly in lung tissue. PNPs showed negligible accumulation in liver, spleen and kidneys, which was confirmed by fluorescent nanoparticle imaging and analysis of PI3K inhibition in the organs. PNPs entrapping PI3K inhibitors (i.e., wortmannin and PX866) suppressed CRC lung metastasis growth, and SN-38-loaded PNPs completely eliminated CRC lung metastasis. Our results demonstrate that polymer-drug nanoparticles offer a new approach to reduce toxicity of cancer therapy and has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with lung metastasis.
On the Contrary: Disjunctive Syllogism and Pragmatic Strengthening

Bosanquet’s dictum that “The essence of formal negation is to invest the contrary with the character of the contradictory” (Bosanquet in Logic, vol. 1. Clarendon, Oxford, 1888) describes the tendency for contradictory (apparent wide-scope) negation to be semantically or pragmatically strengthened to contrary readings whenever possible. Strengthening to a contrary instantiates the inference schema of disjunctive syllogism or modus tollendo ponens: from ϕ∨φ and ¬ϕ, infer φ. The role of disjunctive syllogism is instantiated in a variety of strengthening shifts in natural language where a disjunctive excluded-middle premise is pragmatically presupposed in relevant contexts. In a range of apparently quite diverse phenomena—negative strengthening in lexical and clausal contexts (e.g. “neg-raising”), apparent scope adjustments with negated plural definites and bare plurals, epistemic strengthening of weak implicature in both main and embedded contexts, and children’s word learning strategies, among others—can be collected under the umbrella the general preference for strengthening to contrariety via disjunctive syllogism. This can be modelled using the Square of Opposition Aristotle describes in Chap. 46 of the Prior Analytics I, which I dub the Singular Square, to formalise his analysis of the interrelations among singular expressions (it’s good/it isn’t good/it’s not-good/it isn’t not-good).
SHOCK-INDUCED OPTICAL CHANGES IN Al2O3 AT 200 GPa; IMPLICATIONS FOR SHOCK TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN METALS

A knowledge of the optical property of window materials at shock pressures above 100 GPa is crucial for determining shock temperatures in metals. We have examined the optical properties of Al2O3 at 200-300 GPa pressures using a time-resolved optical method. The strong emission and the partial opacity are observed from the shocked Al2O3. Wavelength- and time-dependence of the emission will be presented. A new electro-optical technique facilitating time-resolved optical measurements at a 2-stage light gas gun will be described.
Weight Loss and Nutritional Assessment

Weight loss occurs because of inadequate caloric intake. [Optimal body weights are described in Chapter 2 (Table 2-6).] Weight loss is a state of malnutrition. However, malnutrition also includes obesity and disorders that result in overnutrition as well as undernutrition. Furthermore, malnutrition includes selective deficiencies in proteins, vitamins, and minerals such as described in Chapters 2 and 3. A simple lack of food supply remains the greatest cause of decreased caloric intake in the world. Consequently, starvation, kwashiorkor, and marasmus are the most common diseases resulting from inadequate food supply and are seen frequently in underdeveloped societies. Obviously, these are due to economic and sociologic factors rather than body disorders or digestive diseases.
Citing Counsel's Opinion About the Merits of Legal Proceedings in SEC Filings

This essay focuses on a narrow issue: whether, and how, issuers should cite counsel’s opinion when expressing opinions about the merits of legal proceedings in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Issuers currently use different approaches: some actually state counsel’s opinion; some state the issuer’s opinion with citation to counsel’s opinion as a basis thereof; and some state the issuer’s opinion without any reference to counsel’s opinion. First, this essay reviews the mandatory disclosures that relate to the merits of legal proceedings, explains how counsel’s opinion about the merits of legal proceedings informs those disclosures, provides examples of issuer disclosures under each approach, and reviews the SEC staff’s historical treatment of this issue. Second, this essay analyzes three key considerations that should inform an issuer’s approach: (1) the issuer’s potential securities fraud liability for opinions about the merits of legal proceedings; (2) the risk of exposing counsel to private civil securities fraud liability as a primary violator; and (3) the risk of waiving the attorney-client privilege and attorney work product protection. Finally, drawing from the preceding, this essay argues that, when expressing opinions about the merits of legal proceedings, issuers should state their opinions with citation to counsel’s opinion as a basis thereof.
Are parents at a higher risk for secondary traumatic stress?: How interviewing child victims impacts relationships with forensic interviewer's friends and family.

Abstract Background Forensic interviewers are at a heightened risk for secondary traumatic stress (STS) due to their frequent interactions with victims of child maltreatment ( Bonach & Heckert, 2012 ). To date, however, few studies have examined the negative effects of this work on interviewers’ social and emotional well-being. Objective The present study seeks to explore the effect of STS on the relationships of forensic interviewers, including those with friends, family, and their respective children. Participants and setting Data are derived from a sample of 367 forensic interviewers (FIs) recruited from across the United States. Methods The current study used a cross-sectional research design to obtain qualitative and quantitative data from an online survey of certified forensic interviewers. Results Personal-level predictors of STS included interviewers’ sex (β = 0.11, p = 0.02), trauma history (β = 0.13, p = 0.004), and frequency of socializing with family members outside of work (β = -0.12, p = 0.01). Work-related predictors included the frequency of direct (β = 0.10, p = 0.04) and indirect exposures to graphic details of child maltreatment (β = 0.09, p = 0.05), burnout (β = 0.58, p = 0.000), and years of experience investigating crimes against children (β = 0.10, p = 0.03). Factors such as parental status and external social support were not significantly associated with STS in the qualitative analysis. Conclusions Forensic interviewers experience both positive and negative effects of exposure to crimes against children, with work-related factors being particularly impactful on the potential for STS.
DNA Methylation Markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Male Veterans With or Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation are associated with both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated epigenetic associations with T2DM according to HIV infection status and assessed interaction effects among 681 male participants of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Methylation at previously reported sites, cg1963031 (TXNIP), cg18181703 (SOCS3), and cg09152259 (PROC), was significantly associated with T2DM in HIV-infected individuals. We identified 3 novel associations with suggestive statistical significance: cg1231141 (ADAMTS2), cg19534769 (HGFAC), and cg13163919 (TLE3). Suggestive interaction with HIV infection status was found at cg17862404 (TSC22D1). The implicated genes are involved in inflammation, pancreatic β-cell function, and T2DM pathogenesis.
The surrogate system hypothesis for joint mechanics

Abstract The main challenges in the design and analysis of jointed structures deal with the prediction of dissipation across bolted interfaces. Since friction is thought to be one of the main mechanisms for this, the current study investigates the utility of frictional parameter identification applied across different structures. Based on recent discoveries, a Surrogate System Hypothesis has been formulated to systematize this: the hypothesis states in brief, that the physical properties of a joint are independent of its structural context. The current work seeks to obtain a better understanding of the underlying systems by evaluating a confidence metric for the hypothesis for a relatively simple set of systems—physically perturbed configurations of the Brake-Reus Beam. Interfacial friction is modeled using whole jointed patches with distributed hysteretic (Iwan) elements and simulations are conducted using the Quasi-Static Modal Analysis (QSMA) approach to estimate the modal characteristics of the system response (amplitude dependence of natural frequency and dissipation). Posing the estimation as a Multi-Objective Optimization Problem (MOOP) is shown to reveal important features of both the employed constitutive model as well as the structure that is modeled. Consequently, the approach is used to evaluate the epistemic uncertainty inherent in three different friction models. The studies reveal that a confidence metric for the hypothesis can be formulated in such a way that it is nearly independent of the friction constitutive model that is employed.
HUBzero®: Novel Concepts Applied to Established Computing Infrastructures to Address Communities' Needs

The science gateway framework HUBzero® has been enhanced and further developed since its initial vision in 1996 -- always driven by requirements of the diverse communities applying HUBzero® for their research. HUBzero® is part of a computational landscape that has never evolved as fast as in the last decade. Novel frameworks and concepts on the user interface side such as Javascript libraries and Jupyter notebooks support communities in their working environment with easy-to-use user interfaces while novel technologies and concepts in the backend allow for effective and efficient modeling, simulations and processing research tools and data. HUBzero®'s enhancements include extensions for BOINC and XSEDE infrastructures on the backend while offering interactive computations and analytical tools via Jupyter Notebooks, RStudio, and other web applications as publishing environments. The paper goes into detail for novel developments for the three use cases Purdue University Research Repository (PURR), nanoHUB and MyGeoHub. First, PURR has been extended to utilize the enhanced data storage service Data Depot and high-speed networks of the Purdue local campus infrastructure. Second, nanoHUB offers over 500 simulation tools and it has been enhanced with a novel caching system to explore the input parameter space for already computed results via BOINC. The third extension is concerned with builtin features for geospatial data and modeling in MyGeoHub that offers to execute compute-intensive tasks on XSEDE. The diverse extensions can be reused in various hubs developed with HUBzero® requiring such diverse features and accessing different distributed computing infrastructures.
Modelling diet choices

Meat is an important source of greenhouse-gas emissions, but not enough people are giving it up. A new model integrates diets, land use and climate change to explore the potential and implications of mass adoption of vegetarian diets.
Postvasectomy Scrotal Pain and Hematospermia, a Possible Harbinger for Vasectomy Failure and Recanalization: A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION Vasectomy is the most common and most effective method of achieving permanent male sterility. However, there is a low risk of vasectomy failure. To our knowledge, there is no symptom complex that has been identified and described that is predictive of early recanalization and vasectomy failure. CASE PRESENTATION A 44-year-old man underwent a routine bilateral vasectomy without complication. Two months after the procedure, the patient experienced an acute onset of scrotal pain and hematospermia. Several semen analyses were performed during the following months, the results of which demonstrated progressively rising numbers of motile sperm and were indicative of vasal recanalization. The patient underwent repeated vasectomy, during which he was found to have right vasal recanalization leading to vasectomy failure. DISCUSSION Delayed postvasectomy scrotal pain associated with hematospermia may be a sign of vasal recanalization. We propose that this symptom complex should prompt an investigation for vasal recanalization, during which the patient should be instructed to refrain from intercourse without the use of an additional method of contraception.
Outcomes of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients Requiring Multiple Episodes of Support.

Objectives This study describes the largest North American single-institution experience with adult patients requiring multiple extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) runs in the same admission and aims to describe outcomes of survival and complication rates in this patient population. Design A retrospective chart review–based study in a single quaternary care center of venoarterial (VA) ECMO patients cannulated multiple times on ECMO support to assess for outcomes and survival (both of ECMO therapy and survival to discharge). Setting Single quaternary academic center for ECMO. Participants All patients undergoing VA ECMO who were at least 18 years of age from 2011 to 2019, composed of a total of 14 patients requiring multiple cannulations. Interventions None, this was a retrospective chart review. Measurements and Main Results Of the 326 patients reviewed, 14 patients (4.3% of all patients in the database) had multiple ECMO therapies. The average patient age was 55.2 ± 10.99 years of age, and 57% were female; 4 of the 14 (28.6%) patients survived to hospital discharge. The top 2 indications for initial VA ECMO therapy were cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction (35.7%) and after cardiotomy shock (35.7%). For repeated cannulation, the most common cause was hypoxia (64%, 9 patients), with 6 of these patients requiring a right ventricular assist device plus oxygenator. Other causes for repeated cannulation included post-cardiotomy shock (14%), recurrent ventricular tachycardia (14%), and cardiogenic shock (7%). All patients who required continuous venovenous hemofiltration during their first run of ECMO did not survive to discharge. Conclusions Fourteen of 326 patients in the authors’ VA ECMO database required additional ECMO therapy after decannulation; this represents at least 1 to 2 cases per year at higher-volume centers. Despite the small number of patients in this retrospective review, it seems that certain patients are reasonable candidates for additional ECMO therapy should their cardiopulmonary function again decline. The findings of renal replacement therapy and infection being more common during a second ECMO run are logical, but larger cohorts (ideally multicenter or from within the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry) are required to validate these preliminary findings.
Analysis of Parasitic Capacitors’ Impact on Voltage Sharing of Series-Connected SiC MOSFETs and Body-Diodes

The voltage sharing among series-connected SiC MOSFETs is more sensitive to the surrounding parasitic capacitors than Si IGBTs due to much higher dv/dt switching speed. To this end, this paper presents a detailed study of parasitic capacitors’ impact on the voltage sharing of series-connected SiC MOSFETs and body-diodes. The impact of different heatsink connection schemes and the corresponding change of the parasitic capacitors are also analyzed. The study reveals that, for series-connected SiC MOSFETs, the parasitic capacitor differences affect the gate miller plateau voltage and ultimately the dv/dt during turn-off and the voltage sharing is more sensitive to gateto-heatsink parasitic capacitor. For series-connected body-diodes, the voltage sharing is more sensitive to drain/source-to-heatsink capacitors which results in different dv/dt turn-off voltages across the body-diodes under different heatsink connections. The voltage sharing between two series-connected 10 kV SiC MOSFETs is tested in a multi-pulse test setup under different parasitic capacitors conditions.
A content analysis of transportation planning documents in Toronto and Montreal

Abstract In a well-designed public transportation system, planners aim for service to be frequent, fast and cost-effective. The absence of connectivity in a transit system results in public transportation becoming the least appealing mode of choice. This research focused on the last-mile problem (LMP) and its existing interventions in two Canadian cities. It explored the framework employed and language used within transportation planning documents in order to address the last-mile problem (LMP). Through a two-pronged content analysis method, 10 planning documents from Toronto and Montreal were examined to identify ways in which the last-mile problem is engaged and what kind of strategies are provided to address the issue. The manifest content analysis revealed that only two planning documents directly address the last-mile problem. However, the latent content analysis demonstrated ways in which the rest of the key-terms were utilized to further engage with the LMP, resulting in three recurring themes. Several policy recommendations expand on the three themes extracted from the content analysis with emphasis on shared-mobility, public-private partnerships and diversifying land-use as last-mile strategies.
Milk Containing A2 β-Casein ONLY, as a Single Meal, Causes Fewer Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance than Milk Containing A1 and A2 β-Caseins in Subjects with Lactose Maldigestion and Intolerance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial.

Acute-feeding and multiple-day studies have demonstrated that milk containing A2 β-casein only causes fewer symptoms of lactose intolerance (LI) than milk containing both A1 and A2 β-caseins. We conducted a single-meal study to evaluate the gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of milk containing different concentrations of A1 and A2 β-casein proteins. This was a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial in 25 LI subjects with maldigestion and an additional eight lactose maldigesters who did not meet the QLCSS criteria. Subjects received each of four types of milk (milk containing A2 β-casein protein only, Jersey milk, conventional milk, and lactose-free milk) after overnight fasting. Symptoms of GI intolerance and breath hydrogen concentrations were analyzed for 6 h after ingestion of each type of milk. In an analysis of the 25 LI subjects, total symptom score for abdominal pain was lower following consumption of milk containing A2 β-casein only, compared with conventional milk (p = 0.004). Post hoc analysis with lactose maldigesters revealed statistically significantly improved symptom scores (p = 0.04) and lower hydrogen production (p = 0.04) following consumption of milk containing A2 β-casein only compared with conventional milk. Consumption of milk containing A2 β-casein only is associated with fewer GI symptoms than consumption of conventional milk in lactose maldigesters.
Dynamic Boundary Layer Simulation of Pulsed CO2 Electrolysis on a Copper Catalyst

Author(s): Bui, JC; Kim, C; Weber, AZ; Bell, AT | Abstract: Pulsed electrolysis has been demonstrated to improve the faradaic efficiency (FE) to C2+ products during the electrochemical reduction of CO2 over a Cu catalyst, but the nature of this enhancement is poorly understood. Herein, we developed a time-dependent continuum model of pulsed CO2 electrolysis on Cu in 0.1 M CsHCO3 that faithfully represents the experimentally observed effects of pulsed electrolysis. This work shows that pulsing results in dynamic changes in the pH and CO2 concentration near the Cu surface, which lead to an enhanced C2+ FE as a consequence of repeatedly accessing a transient state of heightened pH and CO2 concentration at high cathodic overpotential. Using these insights, a variety of pulse shapes were explored to establish operating conditions that maximize the rate of C2+ product formation and minimize the rates of H2 and C1 product formation.
Carrier multiplication yields of CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals by transient photoluminescence spectroscopy

Engineering semiconductors to enhance carrier multiplication (CM) could lead to increased photovoltaic cell performance and a significant widening of the materials range suitable for future solar technologies. Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have been proposed as a favorable structure for CM enhancement, and recent measurements by transient absorption have shown evidence for highly efficient CM in lead chalcogenide and $\mathrm{CdSe}$ NCs. We report here an assessment of CM yields in $\mathrm{CdSe}$ and $\mathrm{CdTe}$ NCs by a quantitative analysis of biexciton and exciton signatures in transient photoluminescence decays. Although the technique is particularly sensitive due to enhanced biexciton radiative rates relative to the exciton, ${k}_{BX}^{\mathrm{rad}}g2{k}_{X}^{\mathrm{rad}}$, we find no evidence for CM in $\mathrm{CdSe}$ and $\mathrm{CdTe}$ NCs up to photon energies $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}g3{E}_{g}$, well above previously reported relative energy thresholds.
P017. Impact of Chronic Care Management on Heart Failure Readmissions

Background Heart Failure (HF) currently affects 6.2 million Americans, with an expected 8.5 million by 2030. There are 134, 000 annual HF readmissions (CMS) at an estimated cost of $4.5 billion. HF readmission significantly impacts Quality of Life (QOL) and mortality. Research suggests that Chronic Care Management (CCM) programs improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Given the significant clinical and economic burdens associated with HF, we examined the effect of Nurse Practitioner led CCM program on hospitalization rate in HF patients. Method All patients enrolled in the CCM program between May 31, 2017 and January 4, 2019 at the Advanced Heart Disease Clinic were included in the analysis. Criteria for CCM participation included a diagnosis of HF plus another chronic condition. Number of hospitalizations, KCCQ scores, and LVEF scores were collected on each patient during the 18-month period, pre-enrollment and post-enrollment. A non-parametric Wilcox Signed-Rank Test was used to compare hospitalization rate; a Paired Sample T-test was used to compare QOL and LVEF. Results Twenty-nine patients were included in the analysis. Post CCM enrollment, there was a statistically significant reduction in HF hospitalization compared to pre-enrollment (p= 0.0007; 95% CL). Among the 14 (48%) patients with available KCCQ scores, no statistical difference was found pre to post-enrollment. Among the 25 (86.2%) patients with documented LVEF scores, 48% had improved EFs post enrollment (p=0.20). These results indicated that enrollment in a CCM program for HF may significantly reduce hospitalizations and in turn may have a positive impact on QOL with improvement in LVEF.
Organic X-Ray Radioluminescent Crystalline Colloidal Arrays Encapsulated in Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate Based Hydrogel Films

Due to Coulombic forces, X-ray active copolymer nanoparticles self-assembled into crystalline colloidal arrays which were stabilized through encapsulation in hydrogels. The system was able to emit blue light when pumped with an X-ray source.
Capitalism, Democratic Capitalism, and the Pursuit of Antitrust Laws

A major global policy development in the last few decades has been the adoption of national antitrust laws by many developing and transition countries. A primarily American creation, antitrust laws have now spread to nearly all corners of the world. This study undertakes a political economy approach to understanding the global adoption of antitrust laws. We focus on the causal connection between a democratic form of capitalism and antitrust adoption. We argue that the interaction of democracy with a pure form of capitalism results in a political economy characterized as “democratic capitalism.” On the basis of this understanding, we then develop a theoretically grounded conceptual model and offer multiple testable propositions. Our findings show that democratic capitalism, and not capitalism in its pure form, was instrumental in countries adopting national antitrust laws. We attribute this finding to the greater “transactional congruity” that exists between democratic capitalism and antitrust laws. We conclude by discussing the implications of this finding for future antitrust adoption.
Reducing prejudice by enhancing the other rather than the self

Self-enhancement may exacerbate ingroup favoritism. What if, rather than self-enhancement, individuals focused on enhancing others? Could this reduce prejudice? Three studies tested the impact of s...
Two parallel pathways are required for ultrasound-evoked behavioral changes in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ultrasound has been shown to affect the function of both neurons and non-neuronal cells. However, the underlying molecular machinery has been poorly understood. Here, we show that at least two mechanosensitive proteins act in parallel to generate C. elegans behavioral responses to ultrasound stimuli. We first show that these animals generate reversals in response to a single 10 msec pulse from a 2.25 MHz ultrasound transducer. Next, we show that the pore-forming subunit of the mechanosensitive channel TRP-4, and a DEG/ENaC/ASIC ion channel MEC-4, are both required for this ultrasound-evoked reversal response. Further, the trp-4 mec-4 double mutant shows a stronger behavioral deficit compared to either single mutant. Finally, overexpressing TRP-4 in specific chemosensory neurons can rescue the ultrasound-triggered behavioral deficit in the mec-4 null mutant, suggesting that these two pathways act in parallel. Together, we demonstrate that multiple mechanosensitive proteins likely cooperate to transform ultrasound stimuli into behavioral changes.
Implications of Mandatory National Technology Competencies for Professional Preparation in Health Education

Abstract As technological literacy increasingly becomes necessary to access and communicate health-related information, instructional technology competency standards for educators, including health educators, are needed to ensure compliance with professional development goals and guidelines. This article examines proposed recommendations by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education, the International Society for Technology in Education, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, the International Technology Education Association, the National School Board Association, and other recognized educational organizations. The concept of technological competence as related to the National Health Standards Project and current status of health education is explored, with areas in need of further research or development identified.
The Discovery of the Biological Synthesis of Nitric Oxide

We have reviewed the experimental work reported through 1988 that provided the foundation for the new field of NO* biology. In addition, we have described experiments carried out between 1988 and 1990 that led directly to the purification of the first NOS isoform. A wide range of biomedical scientists have extended and refined the core information published in the period through 1988, and the study of NO*biology has entered many new fields and resulted in many new discoveries. It is clear that this work has had, and will continue to have, a major impact on our understanding of physiology and pathophysiology.
The Caribbean festival of the creative arts: Carifesta ‘72

(1973). The Caribbean festival of the creative arts: Carifesta ‘72. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 61-65.
Learning Structural Models in Multiple Projection Spaces

We present an Expectation-Maximization learning algorithm (E.M.) for estimating the parameters of partially-constrained Bayesian trees. The Bayesian trees considered here consist of an unconstrained subtree and a set of constrained subtrees. In this tree structure, constraints are imposed on some of the parameters of the parametrized conditional distributions, such that all conditional distributions within the same subtree share the same constraint. We propose a learning method that uses the unconstrained subtree to guide the process of discovering a set of relevant constrained tree substructures. Substructure discovery and constraint enforcement are simultaneously accomplished using an E.M. algorithm. We show how our tree substructure discovery method can be applied to the problem of learning representative pose models from a set of unsegmented video sequences. Our experiments demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for human motion classification.
Studies on Mutarotases VI. ENZYME LEVELS AND SUGAR REABSORPTION IN DEVELOPING RAT KIDNEY AND INTESTINE

Abstract Appearance of the enzyme mutarotase in kidney and intestine of embryonic and newborn rats was compared with the ability of these tissues to transport sugars. Kidney enzyme was first detected in the 17-day-old embryo, but levels in both the embryonic and the newborn kidney were marginal compared to those in the adult. A rapid and progressive increase in mutarotase levels which began immediately following birth correlated well with the increase in tubular volume. The mutarotase content of the fully developed kidney was about 1200 international enzyme units per g. Mutarotase appeared earlier in embryonic intestine (Day 15) and increased to almost double the adult level in the 24 hours preceding birth. Levels of the intestinal enzyme returned to normal at the end of the suckling period. Measurements of functional capacity to transport sugars were made with the use of 3H-d-galactose as the test sugar. Kidney slices from newborn animals did not concentrate d-galactose under conditions which allowed establishment of 3- to 5-fold gradients with adult tissue. In contrast, a sugar transport mechanism was well developed in the newborn rat intestine. A phloridzin-sensitive preferential uptake of 3H-d-galactose was observed with both 14C-inulin and 14C-d-mannose as reference compounds. The studies show that the mutarotase content of developing kidney and intestine correlates well with the development of active transport processes for sugars in these tissues.
The permanent ice cover of Lake Bonney, Antarctica: The influence of thickness and sediment distribution on photosynthetically available radiation and chlorophyll‐a distribution in the underlying water column

The thick permanent ice cover on the lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, inhibits spatial lake sampling due to logistical constraints of penetrating the ice cover. To date most sampling of these lakes has been made at only a few sites with the assumption that there is a spatial homogeneity of the physical and biogeochemical properties of the ice cover and the water column at any given depth. To test this underlying assumption, an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) was deployed in Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley. Measurements were obtained over the course of 2 years in a 100 × 100 m horizontal sampling grid (at a 0.2 m vertical resolution). Additionally, the AUV measured the ice thickness (in water equivalent) and collected images looking up through the ice, which were used to quantify sediment distribution on the surface and within the ice. Satellite imagery was used to map sediment distribution on the surface of the ice. We present results of the spatial investigation of the sediment distribution on the ice cover and its effects on biological processes, with particular emphasis on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The surface sediment is a secondary controller of the ice cover thickness, which in turn controls the depth-integrated PAR in the water column. Our data revealed that depth-integrated PAR was negatively correlated with depth-integrated chlorophyll-a (r = 0.88, p < 0.001, n = 83), which appears to be related to short-term photoadaptation of phytoplanktonic communities to spatial and temporal variation in PAR within the water column.
Gas chromatography of phenols

Abstract The position isomers of nitro-, fluoro-, bromo-, and iodophenols, were separated in microgram amounts by using the F and M 500 gas chromatograph with thermal conductivity detector. Isomeric methoxyphenols and benzene diols (catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone) also were shown to be separable, the latter mixtures being performed with the thermal conductivity detection or with flame ionization detection on the Perkin-Elmer 154 D gas chromatograph. Conditions are described for the simultaneous determination of microgram quantities of binary mixtures contaning the nitrophenol or fluorophenol isomers, and of the ternary mixture containing the three isomeric nitrophenols. Quantitative analysis of a solution containing resorcinol and hydroquinone could be performed by measurement of the peak heights. However, the presence of catechol interfered with the determination of its isomers.
THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-L-RHAMNOSE METABOLISM IN SMOOTH AND ROUGH STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA WESLACO.

Okazaki, Tuneko (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.), Jack L. Stominger, and Reiji Okazaki. Thymidine diphosphate-l-rhamnose metabolism in smooth and rough strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella weslaco . J. Bacteriol. 86: 118–124. 1963.—Logarithmic-phase cells of Escherichia coli O18, which have rhamnose in their lipopolysaccharide, contained only traces of thymidine diphosphate (TDP)-l-rhamnose. Extracts of this organism, however, catalyzed the synthesis of TDP-l-rhamnose from TDP-d-glucose. On the other hand, cells of E. coli R44, a rough variant of this strain which contains no rhamnose in its lipopolysaccharide, contained a large amount of TDP-l-rhamnose. Like the smooth form, this organism was able to synthesize TDP-l-rhamnose. The rough variant is apparently a mutant blocked in some manner in utilization of TDP-l-rhamnose for lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Similar studies of smooth (rhamnose-containing) and rough (rhamnose-lacking) forms of Salmonella weslaco showed that both organisms can synthesize TDP-l-rhamnose from TDP-d-glucose. In contrast to the smooth and rough forms of E. coli O18, only traces of TDP-l-rhamnose were detected in extracts of both forms. A second thymidine diphosphosugar compound isolated from E. coli R44 is similar or identical to TDP-X, previously isolated from E. coli Y-10. Images
Hot Gas in the Galaxy

Observations of the x-ray diffuse background suggest that a significant fraction of the volume of the Galaxy contains low-density million-degree gas. Large-scale angular structures seen in x-ray all-sky surveys imply the existence of at least three nearb y bubbles of hot gas, Sco-Cen, Orion-Eridanus, and Mono-Gem, in addition to x-ray emitting gas located in the local cavity. The near-isotropy of the high-latitude x-ray background in the 0.5 — 1 keVrange away from identified bubbles is consistent with a large-scale-height few-million-degree x-ray emitting halo or emission from the intragroup medium of the Local Group. Absorption features seen in the x-ray background angular distribution in the 0.1 – 0.28 keV range also place some irregular regions of l ower temperature gas in the halo. In this brief review, I will summarize our knowledge of these hot regions.
Assembly Manual for the Berkeley Lab Cosmic Ray Detector

The Berkeley Lab Cosmic Ray Detector consists of 3 main components that must be prepared separately before they can be assembled. These components are the scintillator, circuit board, and casing. They are described in the main sections of this report, which may be completed in any order. Preparing the scintillator paddles involves several steps--cutting the scintillator material to the appropriate size and shape, preparing and attaching Lucite cookies (optional), polishing the edges, gluing the end to the photomultiplier tube (optional), and wrapping the scintillator. Since the detector has 2 paddles, each of the sections needs to be repeated for the other paddle.
High saturation intensity InGaAs/InP waveguide photodetector

In this paper, the fabrication, frequency response, and saturation characteristics of a waveguide pin photodiode made from double heterostructure InGaAs/InP materials are presented. The detector is designed for operation at optical wavelengths ranging from 1.3 to 1.5 /spl mu/m. The materials are grown using a low pressure, organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxial reactor. Due to the use of a vent-run manifold and growth interruption at the heterointerface, high quality detector material is obtained. >
Segregation behavior in proton- and heavy-ion-irradiated ferritic–martensitic alloys

Abstract Radiation-induced segregation at grain boundaries, precipitate/matrix interfaces, and dislocations were analyzed using atom probe tomography in ferritic–martensitic alloys HCM12A, T91 and HT-9 following proton irradiation to 7 dpa at 400 °C and in HCM12A following Fe2+ ion irradiation to 100 dpa at 500 °C. Segregation of Cr varied considerably among grain boundaries (from depletion to enrichment). However, segregation of Ni, Si, Mn, P (enrichment) and W (depletion) at grain boundaries was rather consistent. Radiation-induced segregation at 100 dpa by Fe2+ was very comparable to that at 7 dpa by protons in both segregation tendencies and magnitudes in HCM12A. Although segregation magnitudes varied, similar segregation tendencies at sinks were observed among HCM12A, T91 and HT-9. Cr, Ni, Si and P tended to enrich at precipitate/matrix interfaces, which may promote the formation of new phases at these sites. Enrichment of Ni and Si at sinks was consistently observed in the three alloys regardless of sink types (grain boundaries, dislocations or the precipitate/matrix interfaces of the Cr carbides).
IR laser ablation of dental enamel

An overview of the basic mechanisms of IR laser ablation of dental enamel is presented. Enamel is a highly structured tissue consisting of an heterogeneous distribution of water, mineral, protein and lipid. Absorption bands of water and carbonated hydroxyapatite can be selectively targeted from 2.7 to 11-micrometer via several laser wavelengths. Mechanistic differences in the nature of ablation and the varying surface morphology produced can be explained by the microstructure of the tissue. Suggested criteria for the choice of the optimum laser parameters for clinical use, the influence of plasma shielding and the role of exogenous water on the mechanism of ablation are discussed.
Defining Volunteering for Community Campaigns: An Exploration of Race, Self Perceptions, and Campaign Practices

A substantial percentage of volunteer needs are met by a relatively small percentage of individuals. Community volunteer organizations may address these shortages by recruiting volunteers using media campaigns. However, problems occur when perceptions of volunteering differ between volunteers and the organization, with race emerging as a key factor in shaping these perceptions. This article addresses such a gap in perceptions by using focus group data to consider the extent to which African American male volunteers' perceptions and actions align with those of a major US volunteer organization. Our results provide insights on how groups can more successfully reach out to potential volunteers by recognizing and overcoming perceptual and actual differences regarding volunteerism.
Characterization and electrochemical response of sonogel carbon electrode modified with nanostructured zirconium dioxide film

Abstract A new modified carbon electrode was developed by coating sol–gel derived zirconium dioxide film on the top of graphite carbon electrode, which showed good electrochemical activity and reversibility in the redox process of catechol in acidic aqueous solution (0.1 M H2SO4), even in the presence of ascorbic acid (a common interferent). Good electrochemical behavior, including relatively small oxidation and reduction peak separation (ΔEp = 71 mV), improved sensitivity, and good operation stability and reproducibility, can be explained by specific physicochemical properties of sol–gel derived ZrO2 film. Such properties include robust and interconnected crystal network structure with high ZrO2 purity, relatively high BET surface area/pore volume, larger interfacial contact area and good adhesion between ZrO2 film and sonogel graphite carbon material. This study proved that zirconium dioxide film prepared by such a sol–gel route is a promising electrode material for the development of novel conducting electrodes based on sonogel graphite carbon for the detection of neurotransmitters.
Molecular Weights of Celluloses

DURING recent years a good deal of attention has been given to the investigation of the molecular weight of native cellulose, but the results are highly discordant, the values most frequently quoted being those of Mark1 (about 30,000, on the basis of micell length by X-ray analysis and other data), Stamm2 (40,000, by sedimentation equilibrium in the ultra-centrifuge) and Staudinger3 (about 120,000 by extrapolation of viscosity vs. molecular weight data). The sedimentation equilibrium method is the soundest theoretically, and we have recently demonstrated experimentally4 that it gives correct molecular weight values for long-chain molecules which, like cellulose, give highly viscous solutions.
Golgi maturation visualized in living yeast

The Golgi apparatus is composed of biochemically distinct early (cis, medial) and late (trans, TGN) cisternae. There is debate about the nature of these cisternae. The stable compartments model predicts that each cisterna is a long-lived structure that retains a characteristic set of Golgi-resident proteins. In this view, secretory cargo proteins are transported by vesicles from one cisterna to the next. The cisternal maturation model predicts that each cisterna is a transient structure that matures from early to late by acquiring and then losing specific Golgi-resident proteins. In this view, secretory cargo proteins traverse the Golgi by remaining within the maturing cisternae. Various observations have been interpreted as supporting one or the other mechanism. Here we provide a direct test of the two models using three-dimensional time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This approach reveals that individual cisternae mature, and do so at a consistent rate. In parallel, we used pulse-chase analysis to measure the transport of two secretory cargo proteins. The rate of cisternal maturation matches the rate of protein transport through the secretory pathway, suggesting that cisternal maturation can account for the kinetics of secretory traffic.
Free operant DRL performance maintained by a single electrical brain stimulation reinforcement

Two rats with chronically implanted electrodes positioned in the lateral hypothalamus were trained to respond on a single lever with only a single ESB reinforcement according to a DRL 30-sec schedule of reinforcement. The results indicated that multielement behavioral chains with multiple ESB reinforcements are not necessary for the comparison of ESB and conventional reinforcers.