cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temporal "pulse" of drinking: Tracking 5 years of binge drinking in emerging adults.

Binge drinking is associated with clinically significant individual-level and public health consequences. The topography of binge drinking may influence the emergence of consequences, but studies of topography require a higher level of temporal resolution than is typically available in epidemiological research. To address topography across the 5 "peak" years of binge drinking (18 to 23 years), we assessed daily binge drinking via successive 90-day timeline follow-back interviews of 645 young adults (resulting in almost 700,000 data points). RESULTS showed a weekend "pulse" of binge drinking that remained consistent across the entire 5 year span, with occasional holiday-based perturbations. Two-part latent growth curve modeling applied to this dataset showed that the often-observed decrease in drinking associated with "maturing out" was due more to decreased participation in binge drinking occasions, rather than to amounts consumed when drinking (intensity). Similarly, the number of binge drinkers varied by day of the week, but the intensity of binge drinking, for those drinking, varied little by day of the week. This approach also showed distinctive predictors for participation and intensity; baseline expectancies and sociability accounted for individual differences in participation, whereas impulsivity-sensation seeking predicted intensity. Individual patterns of binge drinking participation and intensity also predicted drinking consequences over the 5 years of the study. Given these results, binge drinking patterns may serve as a useful phenotype for future research on pathological drinking. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Wavelet-based confidence intervals for the self-similarity parameter

We propose and compare several methods of constructing wavelet-based confidence intervals for the self-similarity parameter in heavy-tailed observations. We use empirical coverage probabilities to assess the procedures by applying them to Linear Fractional Stable Motion with many choices of parameters. We find that the asymptotic confidence intervals provide empirical coverage often much lower than nominal. We recommend the use of resampling confidence intervals. We also propose a procedure for monitoring the constancy of the self-similarity parameter and apply it to Ethernet data sets.
Novel Molecular Insights into Classical and Alternative Activation States of Microglia as Revealed by Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC)-based Proteomics

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have been shown to display a complex spectrum of roles that span from neurotrophic to neurotoxic depending on their activation status. Microglia can be classified into four stages of activation, M1, which most closely matches the classical (pro-inflammatory) activation stage, and the alternative activation stages M2a, M2b, and M2c. The alternative activation stages have not yet been comprehensively analyzed through unbiased, global-scale protein expression profiling. In this study, BV2 mouse immortalized microglial cells were stimulated with agonists specific for each of the four stages and total protein expression for 4644 protein groups was quantified using SILAC-based proteomic analysis. After validating induction of the various stages through a targeted cytokine assay and Western blotting of activation states, the data revealed novel insights into the similarities and differences between the various states. The data identify several protein groups whose expression in the anti-inflammatory, pro-healing activation states are altered presumably to curtail inflammatory activation through differential protein expression, in the M2a state including CD74, LYN, SQST1, TLR2, and CD14. The differential expression of these proteins promotes healing, limits phagocytosis, and limits activation of reactive nitrogen species through toll-like receptor cascades. The M2c state appears to center around the down-regulation of a key member in the formation of actin-rich phagosomes, SLP-76. In addition, the proteomic data identified a novel activation marker, DAB2, which is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and is significantly different between M2a and either M1 or M2b states. Western blot analysis of mouse primary microglia stimulated with the various agonists of the classical and alternative activation states revealed a similar trend of DAB2 expression compared with BV2 cells.
Spatially Dependent Rate Theory Modeling of Thermal Desorption Spectrometry of Helium-Implanted Iron

Helium effects are among the most critical subjects in fusion materials research. A major task in the study of He effects is to understand how He interacts with irradiation-induced and/or inherent ...
Orexin Receptor Functions in the Ascending Arousal System

Brainstem ascending arousal system neurons have long been thought to regulate the expression of waking and sleep. The finding that lateral hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin)-synthesizing neurons innervate these regions, including monoaminergic and cholinergic structures, where orexin receptors are strongly expressed, naturally suggested involvement of orexin peptides in regulating arousal. This general idea has been supported by multiple, compelling lines of investigation, but how orexins mediate these and their other functions is far from completely understood. Since the absence of orexin signaling results in Narcolepsy—a severe disruption in normal waking and sleep, it seems likely that disrupted orexin signaling at these monoaminergic and cholinergic targets play key roles in this disorder. In this review, we discuss the cellular actions of orexin at these targets and the roles played by each receptor based on results from constitutive receptor knockout mice. We then consider the implications of these actions for understanding the role played by orexin in arousal and narcolepsy.
Influence of Interstitial Oxygen on the Lattice Parameters of Solution-Treated and Aged Ti-8.6 wt% Al Alloys

Neutron powder diffraction data have been obtained on Ti-8.6wt.% Al alloys with three different oxygen contents ( 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm) in the solution-treated and aged condition ( containing α2) to investigate possible oxygen and aluminum ordering and lattice parameter variations. The lattice parameters “a” and “c” were found to depend on the oxygen content and heat-treatment condition. Consistent with the literature lattice parameter data on pure Ti, the “a” lattice parameter of the solution-treated Ti-8.6Al material is relatively insensitive to the oxygen content while the “c” parameter increases with increasing oxygen. Following aging to precipitate the ordered α 2 , the “c” lattice parameter in the Ti-8.6Al alloys still exhibits a positive dependence on oxygen content with aging and a slight “c” increase over the solution-treated condition. The “a” lattice parameter following aging is observed to be lower than the solution-treated value, particularly for the 1000 and 2000ppm alloys. The diffraction data will be discussed in light of parallel electron microscopy results and literature data.
Urodynamic Findings and Long-Term Outcome Management of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-Induced Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

AbstractWe studied urodynamically 46 patients between 20 and 74 years old with multiple sclerosis and uncomfortable bladder symptoms. The response to treatment was recorded during a followup of 1 to 10 years (mean 3½ years). Lack of response to appropriate therapy predicated on urodynamic testing appeared to be related to progression of multiple sclerosis.
Prognostic Factors and Management of Carcinomas of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Cancers of the biliary tract are uncommon but aggressive malignancies that pose difficult problems in diagnosis and management. Long-term survival with these cancers is limited by their propensity for local invasion, so that pathologic stage becomes a major prognostic factor, and by their ability to cause biliary obstruction and sepsis and interfere with hepatic function. In selected patients, surgical resection offers the possibility of cure, but effective palliation is often the principal goal of treatment. Radiologic and endoscopic modalities thus often play a major role in patient management.
Case of Anterior Urethral Diverticulum in Male Quadriplegic

Abstract A case of an acquired infected anterior urethral diverticulum in a male quadriplegic is presented. The etiology, pathology, symptomatology and treatment are discussed.
Epigenetics and Aging

The skin is susceptible to various external and intrinsic insults affecting the structural and functional integrity of epidermal, dermal, and hypodermal layers. Accumulating evidence suggests that aging presents a developmentally orchestrated process finely regulated by epigenetic events. Converting multipotent dermal fibroblasts to lineage-specific cells, inhibiting microRNAs (miRNAs) that control master regulatory genes in melanocyte biology, and improving collagen tissue strength and integrity are some cutaneous-specific changes regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. DNA methylation plays an important role in the aging process of the skin and with only a few studies conducted thus far, the influence of histone modifications in aged skin is gaining prominence. miRNAs in conjunction with DNA methylation and histone modification alter transcriptomes, emerging as powerful epigenetic regulators in cutaneous aging. These mechanisms and their specific interactions in aging skin are elucidated in the chapter. Therapies which have the potential to rejuvenate and reverse aging of skin by targeting specific epigenetic signatures are also discussed.
Genetic Characterization of the Exceptionally High Heat Resistance of the Non-toxic Surrogate Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679

Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 is a non-toxic endospore former that is widely used as a surrogate for Clostridium botulinum by the food processing industry to validate thermal processing strategies. PA 3679 produces spores of exceptionally high heat resistance without botulinum neurotoxins, permitting the use of PA 3679 in inoculated pack studies while ensuring the safety of food processing facilities. To identify genes associated with this heat resistance, the genomes of C. sporogenes PA 3679 isolates were compared to several other C. sporogenes strains. The most significant difference was the acquisition of a second spoVA operon, spoVA2, which is responsible for transport of dipicolinic acid into the spore core during sporulation. Interestingly, spoVA2 was also found in some C. botulinum species which phylogenetically cluster with PA 3679. Most other C. sporogenes strains examined both lack the spoVA2 locus and are phylogenetically distant within the group I Clostridium, adding to the understanding that C. sporogenes are dispersed C. botulinum strains which lack toxin genes. C. sporogenes strains are thus a very eclectic group, and few strains possess the characteristic heat resistance of PA 3679.
Automatic metaphor detection using constructions and frames

This paper presents MetaNet’s automatic metaphor detection system that applies theoretical principles from construction grammar, frame semantics, and recent developments in conceptual metaphor theory, including the theory of cascades (Lakoff 2014). The system has achieved relative success in identifying metaphorical expressions for a range of target domains from large corpora and holds promise as a useful tool for corpus-based study of metaphor. The detection system relies on MetaNet’s conceptual network of frames and metaphors as a computational resource for its functionality, and improves automatically as the representations stored in the network are built up. In addition, because of its theoretically principled design the system’s level of accuracy at identifying metaphorical expressions provides feedback to linguists about the accuracy of the frame and metaphor analyses in the network.
Fully kinetic simulations of collisionless, mesothermal plasma emission: Macroscopic plume structure and microscopic electron characteristics

This paper presents a fully kinetic particle particle-in-cell simulation study on the emission of a collisionless plasma plume consisting of cold beam ions and thermal electrons. Results are presented for both the two-dimensional macroscopic plume structure and the microscopic electron kinetic characteristics. We find that the macroscopic plume structure exhibits several distinctive regions, including an undisturbed core region, an electron cooling expansion region, and an electron isothermal expansion region. The properties of each region are determined by microscopic electron kinetic characteristics. The division between the undisturbed region and the cooling expansion region approximately matches the Mach line generated at the edge of the emission surface, and that between the cooling expansion region and the isothermal expansion region approximately matches the potential well established in the beam. The interactions between electrons and the potential well lead to a new, near-equilibrium state different from the initial distribution for the electrons in the isothermal expansion region. The electron kinetic characteristics in the plume are also very anisotropic. As the electron expansion process is mostly non-equilibrium and anisotropic, the commonly used assumption that the electrons in a collisionless, mesothermal plasma plume may be treated as a single equilibrium fluid in general is not valid.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Other Neuromodulation

Review the indications and clinical and technical aspects of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy and other neurostimulation devices in drug-resistant epilepsy. This chapter will review the historical aspects, indications, technical aspects, major clinical trials, managing stimulus parameters (programming), and safety and precautions in handling patients treated with VNS.
EXCITONS ON LINEAR CHAINS

Abstract Previously, the full width and structure of triplet exciton bands in organic molecular crystals have eluded direct experimental observation because of the symmetry restriction for electric dipole transitions to K ≠ 0 states. Crystals, in which interactions between translationally in-equivalent sites are small, may be treated as one dimensional linear chains. By substituting appropriate impurity molecules into the chain, polymers of various lengths are isolated. The optically allowed energy levels of each N-mer fall within the bandwidth of the neat crystal. Because the triplet state is being observed, a nearest neighbor approximation to the interaction energy is valid; the exchange energy, density of states, and exciton bandwidth are then experimentally measurable. Spectral results will be presented from which these quantities may be directly oftained.
Communication: Key to Productive Construction

The ease of information exchange within a project organization can have a significant effect on construction productivity. Management designed communications systems tend to be slow and often transient with incomplete and censured information. More sensitive and faster systems operate on an informal basis if conditions are right, and tend to promote a productive environment. Hidden communications often thwart management's efforts, although they have the potential of reinforcing management. Three types of communication are discussed, together with the need for a formal feedback system to keep management aware of job problems.
Determinants of anemia among women and children in Nepal and Pakistan: An analysis of recent national survey data.

Anemia remains one of the most intractable public health challenges in South Asia. This paper analyzes individual-level and household-level determinants of anemia among children and women in Nepal and Pakistan. Applying multivariate modified Poisson models to recent national survey data, we find that the prevalence of anemia was significantly higher among women from the poorest households in Pakistan (adjusted prevalence ratio [95% CI]: 1.10 [1.04-1.17]), women lacking sanitation facilities in Nepal (1.22 [1.12-1.33]), and among undernourished women (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 ) in both countries (Nepal: 1.10 [1.00-1.21] and Pakistan: 1.07 [1.02-1.13]). Similarly, children in both countries were more likely to be anemic if stunted (Nepal: 1.19 [1.09-1.30] and Pakistan: 1.10 [1.07-1.14]) and having an anemic mother (Nepal: 1.31 [1.20-1.42] and Pakistan: 1.21 [1.17-1.26]). Policies and programs need to target vulnerable and hard-to-reach subpopulations who continue to bear a disproportionate burden of anemia. Covariates of poverty underpin rates of anemia among children and their mothers, but income growth alone will not suffice to resolve such deeply entrenched problems. Greater understanding of the relative role of various diet, health, sanitation, and educational factors by local context should guide investments to resolve anemia in tandem with stunting and maternal underweight.
Market Value Volatility and the Volume of Traded Stock for U.S. Industrial Corporations

A novel two-phase econometric approach was used to first obtain the variance (volatility) of the firm’s market value adjusted for its common stock repurchases and other determinants (the traditional approach). Then, the variance of some 1,077 firms was used to predict the volume of the firm’s common stock traded over a given period of time (the novel approach). The hypothesis was that fast traders in the stock market can use the variance of the firm’s market value as a source of risk information, when deciding on what stock to purchase. An unbalanced panel of firms covering the quarterly time periods from 1999 (4) to 2017 (1) was analyzed by the longitudinal method to obtain the variances. Then, linear regression was used to relate the volume of stock traded to the variances. The novel method goes beyond the traditional volatility approach. The statistical results were acceptable for both phases, but with some concern over the use of the variance as an independent determinant in the second phase analysis.
3.09 – Animal Models of Amnesia

Our understanding of human amnesia has been greatly advanced through the use of animal models. Although animals and humans differ greatly in many ways, the basic principles of brain organization and function are homologous. The use of selective methods of lesion production has enabled neuroscientists to examine in rats and monkeys the contribution of specific structures implicated in human memory in a way that is rarely possible in human studies. This chapter describes several categories of animal model that have advanced our understanding of the processes underlying normal human memory and, in particular, the deficits observed in human amnesia.
The Use of Intelligence Tests in the Diagnosis of Specific Reading Disability

Specific reading disability has been the subject of formal academic inquiry for over a century. Throughout this period, intelligence tests have played a central, but constantly evolving role in the evaluation and diagnosis of this disorder. Within this chapter, we discuss: (a) the current definition of reading disability; (b) a brief historical perspective on the use of intelligence tests to identify and diagnose specific reading disability; (c) present day methods of diagnosing specific reading disability; (d) specific cognitive constructs and their relevance to the accurate diagnosis of reading disability; and (e) the future use of intelligence tests in the identification and diagnosis of a specific reading disability, often referred to as dyslexia.
Gendered Peer Involvement in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Effects of Prenatal Androgens, Gendered Activities, and Gender Cognitions.

A key question in understanding gender development concerns the origins of sex segregation. Children’s tendencies to interact with same-sex others have been hypothesized to result from gender identity and cognitions, behavioral compatibility, and personal characteristics. We examined whether prenatal androgen exposure was related to time spent with boys and girls, and how that gendered peer involvement was related to sex-typed activities and gender identity and cognitions. We studied 54 girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) aged 10–13 years varying in degree of prenatal androgen exposure: 40 girls with classical CAH (C-CAH) exposed to high prenatal androgens and 14 girls with non-classical CAH (NC-CAH) exposed to low, female-typical, prenatal androgens. Home interviews and questionnaires provided assessments of gendered activity interests and participation, gender identity, and gender cognitions. Daily phone calls over 7 days assessed time spent in gendered activities and with peers. Girls with both C-CAH and NC-CAH interacted more with girls than with boys, with no significant group differences. The groups did not differ significantly in gender identity or gender cognitions, but girls with C-CAH spent more time in male-typed activities and less time in female-typed activities than did girls with NC-CAH. Time spent with girls reflected direct effects of gender identity/cognitions and gender-typed activities, and an indirect effect of prenatal androgens (CAH type) through gender-typed activities. Our results extend findings that prenatal androgens differentially affect gendered characteristics and that gendered peer interactions reflect combined effects of behavioral compatibility and feelings and cognitions about gender. The study also shows the value of natural experiments for testing hypotheses about gender development.
“Bouleversement”: Fitzgerald’s changing representation of being “thrown over”

Critics bemoan the affectations in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s first novel, This Side of Paradise. Amory Blaine, the closely related narrator, and the author all receive sharp criticism on this count. Mi...
Uterus, Tubes, and Ovaries

The role of ligaments as support for the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and bladder is described. The ovary has the capacity to produce many benign and malignant tumors; maximal effort should be focused on the preservation of useful function when the presumed histology is benign.
Nanoscale Dynamics and Energetics of Proteins and Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes in Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The present article describes techniques for classical simulations of proteins and protein-nucleic acid complexes, revealing their dynamics and protein-substrate binding energies. The approach is based on classical atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the experimentally determined structures of the complexes. MD simulations can provide dynamics of complexes in realistic solvents on microsecond timescales, and the free energy methods are able to provide Gibbs free energies of binding of substrates, such as nucleic acids, to proteins. The chapter describes methodologies for the preparation of computer models of biomolecular complexes and free energy perturbation methodology for evaluating Gibbs free energies of binding. The applications are illustrated with examples of snapshots of proteins and their complexes with nucleic acids, as well as the precise Gibbs free energies of binding.
Regulation of angiogenesis by scatter factor

Scatter factor (SF, hepatocyte growth factor) is a cytokine that stimulates motility, proliferation, and morphogenesis of epithelia. These responses are transduced through a tyrosine kinase receptor that is encoded by a proto-oncogene (c-met). SF is a potent angiogenic molecule, and its angiogenic activity is mediated, in part, through direct actions on endothelial cells. These include stimulation of cell motility, proliferation, protease production, invasion, and organization into capillary-like tubes. SF also stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and pericytes, cell types that also participate in the formation of capillaries and other microvessels. SF is chronically overexpressed in tumors, and it is postulated SF may function as a tumor angiogenesis factor. SF production in tumors may be due, in part, to an abnormal tumor: stroma interaction in which tumor cells secrete soluble proteins (SF-inducing factors) that stimulate stromal cell SF production and in part to autocrine production by the tumor cells themselves. Recent studies suggest a linkage between tumor suppressors (anti-oncogenes) and inhibition of angiogenesis. We hypothesize that tumor suppressor gene mutations may contribute to activation of an SF → c-met signalling pathway, leading to an invasive and angiogenic tumor phenotype. Modulation of this pathway may provide clinically useful methods of enhancing or inhibiting angiogenesis.
Purine nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleobases of liver, skeletal muscle, blood and tumor cells during the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice.

Previous results showed that the transition of Ehrlich ascites tumor from the proliferating into the resting phase of growth is closely connected with a tremendeous loss of cellular purine nucleotides (Siems et al., 1989). That correlates with a decline of the incorporation rates of adenine, hypoxanthine and adenosine and a decreased ATP turnover (Schmidt et al., 1991). The reasons for these changes are still unknown. The question which should to be answered was: are the drastic changes of purine pattern in Ehrlich ascites cells accompanied by deviations of nucleotide concentrations in the so-called normal tissues of the host? We selected liver and muscle as organs with the highest production of nucleotide precursors for the organism (van Waeg, 1987), erythrocytes and ascites fluid as transport media between precursor supplying organs and purine consuming tumor for studies on host-tumor interrelationships.
Community lexical access for an endangered polysynthetic language: An electronic dictionary for St. Lawrence Island Yupik

In this paper, we introduce a morphologically-aware electronic dictionary for St. Lawrence Island Yupik, an endangered language of the Bering Strait region. Implemented using HTML, Javascript, and CSS, the dictionary is set in an uncluttered interface and permits users to search in Yupik or in English for Yupik root words and Yupik derivational suffixes. For each matching result, our electronic dictionary presents the user with the corresponding entry from the Badten (2008) Yupik-English paper dictionary. Because Yupik is a polysynthetic language, handling of multimorphemic word forms is critical. If a user searches for an inflected Yupik word form, we perform a morphological analysis and return entries for the root word and for any derivational suffixes present in the word. This electronic dictionary should serve not only as a valuable resource for all students and speakers of Yupik, but also for field linguists working towards documentation and conservation of the language.
Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, Executive Functioning, and Stress: Exploring a Process Model in Adolescents

The association of trait mindfulness with emotional well-being has been found to be mediated by executive functioning. However, there is little empirical evidence on this process in adolescents. Therefore, this study tested these associations using an adolescent sample participating in a physical education yoga class. This study extended previous research by also including self-compassion and state mindfulness in addition to trait mindfulness. A prospective design employed a pilot yoga curriculum in a high school physical education class. Adolescents (N = 20) completed assessments of trait mindfulness and self-compassion at baseline, state mindfulness experienced during yoga classes over the 12 week physical education yoga class, and six indices of executive functioning and stress at the end of the 12 weeks. Path analysis was used to test the process model found by Short with the extensions of self-compassion and state mindfulness. Self-compassion directly predicted problems with activity level impulse control and indirectly predicted stress. When self-compassion did not predict specific executive functioning indicators, state mindfulness experienced in yoga predicted stress. This study contributes preliminary evidence that suggests further research into the unique effects of trait and state mindfulness as well as self-compassion on adolescent cognitive and affective outcomes. Results support the use of contemplative practices, such as yoga, in adolescent physical education as a strategy to boost emotion regulation processes.
Social Learning and Distracted Driving among Young Adults

This paper examines the relevance of Akers’ social learning theory (Akers and Jensen 2006; Akers and Jennings 2009) for the problem of distracted driving. Distracted driving is widespread and dangerous, with many drivers, particularly youthful ones, continuing to engage in such driving despite knowledge of its risks (see, e.g., Atchley et al. 2011; Prat et al. 2017). Much of the research to date is limited to texting; however, in recent years, cell phones have become major tools for entertainment and information, especially among younger people, resulting in the emergence of newer forms of distracted driving. Explanations of distracted driving from a criminological approach are limited (Quisenberry 2015 is an exception), yet criminological theory can contribute to our understanding of this relatively new and expanding form of deviance. Drawing on social learning theory, we explore the attitudes and behaviors of 935 college students regarding ‘traditional’ and newer types of phone-related distracted driving, as well as their perceptions of self and others’ cell phone use. Multivariate analysis indicates support for some of the social learning concepts, with definitions and one of the differentialreinforcement measures standing out in particular (perceived benefits of cell phone use while driving). We consider the implications of these findings for theory and policy.
Treatment-Related Adverse Events of Combination Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Although clinical practice guidelines for the management of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI)-related adverse events have recently been published, precise and nuanced toxicity data for combination ICI therapy are lacking. Therefore, herein we have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials on combination ICI to synthesize the treatment-related adverse event (TRAE) profile of combination ICI therapy. Methods: PUBMED, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database/EBM were searched for eligible studies. Clinical trials evaluating combination immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in advanced unresectable cancer were included in the analysis based on prespecified criteria. Risk of bias across studies was evaluated using Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test. The summary outcomes were pooled risk ratios (RR) and the logit-transformed proportion for incidence data. Results: A total of 18 studies comprising 2,767 patients across 10 cancer types were included in the final analysis. Combination ICI was associated with a slightly higher risk of all-grade adverse events (RR 1.07 [95% CI 1.03-1.11]) and markedly greater risk of grade 3 or higher adverse events (RR 2.21 [95% CI 1.57-3.10]) compared to monotherapy ICI. Subgroup analyses showed significant differences in risk of grade 3 or higher adverse events between treatment types (PD-1 + CTLA-4 and PD-L1 + CTLA-4), among cancer types, and among dosing regimens (N1I3, N3I1, and D20T1). The incidence of all-grade adverse events was 0.905 [95% CI 0.842-0.945], and the ratio of grade 3 or higher events to all-grade adverse events was 0.396 [95% CI 0.315-0.483]. The most common all-grade TRAEs were diarrhea/colitis, fatigue/asthenia, nausea/vomiting, rash, and pruritis. Conclusion: Combination ICI therapy has a significantly different treatment-related adverse event profile compared to monotherapy.
Advising Experiences Among First-year International Doctoral Students

The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how international graduate students in their first-year of doctoral study selected their faculty advisor and how this selection process influenced their advising relationship. Our results found that a majority of students in our sample were assigned to an interim advisor and most reported a positive advising experience. However, disquieting patterns emerged from the data: low frequency of advisor-advisee interaction, occurrences of mismatching between advisor-advisee, and an unknowingness of how to engage with one’s faculty advisor. Our study adds to the literature focusing on international students by shedding a light on nuanced advising experiences of first-year international doctoral students and by providing recommendations for faculty advisors and directors of graduate studies on ways to improve and systematize their advising practices so as to encourage retention and success among international doctoral students.
[PI265] Worker Protection Standard – Certified Crop Advisor Exemption

The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is a Federal regulation designed to protect agricultural workers (people involved in the production of agricultural plants) and pesticide handlers (people mixing, loading, or applying pesticides or doing other tasks involving direct contact with pesticides). It has been in full implementation since 1995. This document provides general guidance to help you comply with the WPS requirements for agricultural pesticides, 40 CFR part 170, as amended in 2015. This document addresses allowable WPS exemptions pertaining to Certified Crop Adviors.
An Exploration of Spirituality and Sexuality in Men Who Identify as Gay and Were Raised in a Conservative Christian Faith

Growing up in a conservative faith can affect the lives of gay men. The influence of early religious training can have an impact on the emotional, sexual, and even physical lives of those who belon...
Antibody-dependent enhancement and COVID-19: Moving toward acquittal.

• Immunoglobulins represent an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19. • Experimental findings of ADE with related coronaviruses provoked theoretical concerns of enhancing antibodies with COVID-19. • Emerging experimental and clinical data alleviate concerns and indorse the safety of antibody-based therapies for COVID-19.
Chemotherapy Versus Chemotherapy Plus Chemoradiation as Preoperative Therapy for Resectable Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of a Large, Single-Institution Experience.

We compared oncologic outcomes of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) with those of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus chemoradiation (CRT) for resectable gastric adenocarcinoma. We compared oncologic and survival outcomes of patients who received CT or CRT for gastric adenocarcinoma at our institution between July 1995 and July 2018. We analyzed propensity score–matched cohorts based on age, sex, race, tumor histologic characteristics, and clinical stage. We identified 440 patients (mean age 61 ± 12 years, 62% male, 55% white); 345 (78%) received CRT, and 95 (22%) received CT. The propensity score-matched cohorts included 65 patients who received CT and 65 who received CRT. The CRT group had similar frequencies of R1 resection margins to the CT group (7.7% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.75) but significantly higher frequency of pathologic complete response (27.7% vs. 1.5%, p < 0.001). The CRT group had lower pathologic stages (p = 0.002). Median disease-free survival was 50.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.7–97.2) in the CT group and 122.1 months (95% CI: 69.0–175.1) in the CRT group (p = 0.07). Median overall survival was 70.7 months (95% CI: 23.9–117.5) in the CT group and 122.1 months (95% CI: 68.7–175.4) in the CRT group (p = 0.21). Compared with CT, CRT for resectable gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with higher rates of pathologic complete response and subsequent lower final pathologic stage, but survival differences are not significant. Ongoing investigation is necessary to better determine the optimal neoadjuvant therapy and identify patients who receive optimal benefit from CRT. III.
Effect of operative time on complications following primary total hip arthroplasty: analysis of the NSQIP database.

Background:Long operative times in total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been shown to be associated with increased risk of revision as well as perioperative morbidity. This study assesses the effect o...
Relational Goes Beyond Interpersonal: The Development of Empathy in the Context of Culture:

It is clear a relational approach to the study of empathy is gaining traction across multiple disciplines. Both commentaries on “A Relational Framework for Integrating the Study of Empathy in Child...
Circular photogalvanic effect in organometal halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3

We study the circular photogalvanic effect in the organometal halide perovskite solar cell absorber CH3NH3PbI3. The calculated photocurrent density for a system with broken inversion symmetry is about 10−9 A/W, comparable to the previously studied quantum well and bulk Rashba systems. The circular photogalvanic effect relies on inversion symmetry breaking, so that by tuning the optical penetration depth, the degree of inversion symmetry breaking can be probed at different depths from the sample surface. We propose that measurements of this effect may clarify the presence or absence of inversion symmetry, which remains a controversial issue and has been argued to play an important role in the high conversion efficiency of this material.
Monitored anesthesia care during mechanical thrombectomy for stroke: need for data-driven and individualized decisions.

Background The optimal anesthesia management for patients with stroke undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT) during the COVID-19 pandemic has become a matter of controversy. Some recent guidelines have favored general anesthesia (GA) in patients perceived as high risk for intraprocedural conversion from sedation to GA, including those with dominant hemispheric occlusions/aphasia or baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score >15. We aim to identify the rate and predictors of conversion to GA during MT in a high-volume center where monitored anesthesia care (MAC) is the default modality. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained MT database from January 2013 to July 2020 was undertaken. Analyses were conducted to identify the predictors of intraprocedural conversion to GA. In addition, we analyzed the GA conversion rates in subgroups of interest. Results Among 1919 MT patients, 1681 (87.6%) started treatment under MAC (median age 65 years (IQR 55–76); baseline NIHSS 16 (IQR 11–21); 48.4% women). Of the 1677 eligible patients, 26 (1.6%) converted to GA including 1.4% (22/1615) with anterior and 6.5% (4/62) with posterior circulation strokes. The only predictor of GA conversion was posterior circulation stroke (OR 4.99, 95% CI 1.67 to 14.96, P=0.004). The conversion rates were numerically higher in right than in left hemispheric occlusions (1.6% vs 1.2%; OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.59 to 3.19, P=0.47) and in milder than in more severe strokes (NIHSS ≤15 vs >15: 2% vs 1.2%; OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.36, P=0.23). Conclusions Our study showed that the overall rate of conversion from MAC to GA during MT was low (1.6%) and, while higher in posterior circulation strokes, it was not predicted by either hemispheric dominance or stroke severity. Caution should be given before changing clinical practice during moments of crisis.
Evaluation of tissue integration of injectable, cell-laden hydrogels of cocultures of mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes with an ex vivo cartilage explant model.

This study investigated the chondrogenic activity of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs) and its impact on the mechanical properties of injectable poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based dual-network hydrogels loaded with poly(L-lysine) (PLL). To this effect, an ex vivo study model was employed to assess the behavior of the injected hydrogels - specifically, their surface stiffness and integration strength with the surrounding cartilage. The highest chondrogenic activity was observed from AC-encapsulated hydrogels, while the effect of PLL on MSC chondrogenesis was not apparent from biochemical analyses. Mechanical testing showed that there were no significant differences in either surface stiffness or integration strength among the different study groups. Altogether, the results suggest that the ex vivo model can allow further understanding of the relationship between biochemical changes within the hydrogel and their impact on the hydrogel's mechanical properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
High-Temperature Food Preservation and Characteristics of Thermophilic Microorganisms

The use of high temperatures to preserve food is based on their destructive effects on microorganisms. By high temperatures are meant any and all temperatures above ambient. With respect to food preservation, there are two temperature categories in common use: pasteurization and sterilization. Pasteurization by use of heat implies either the destruction of all disease-producing organisms (for example, pasteurization of milk) or the destruction or reduction in the number of spoilage organisms in certain foods, as in the pasteurization of vinegar. The pasteurization of milk is achieved by heating as follows: 145°F (63°C) for 30 min (low temperature long time, LTLT) 161°F (72°C) for 15 sec (primary high temperature short time, HTST, method) 191°F (89°C) for 1.0 sec 194°F (90°C) for 0.5 sec 201°F (94°C) for 0.1 sec 212°F (100°C) for 0.01 sec
Challenge: how IJCAI 1999 can prove the value of AI by using AI

The challenge formulated in this paper is a direct reaction to the reviewer selection process of IJCAI 1997, which relied on an unintelligent string matching program. We challenge the AI community to implement an intelligent knowledge-based reviewer selection program for IJCAI 1999.
The American mayapple revisited : Podophyllum peltatum-still a potential cash crop?

Podophyllum peltatum, was reexamined for its potential use in the commercial production of podophyllotoxin, a lignan used in the semisynthesis of important anticancer drugs. A survey of the natural population of the American mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum, was conducted in order to identify high-yielding genotypes. Plants were collected from the eastern and central United States. The lignan content of leaf blades and rhizome material of the collected specimens was characterized by aqueous extraction followed by HPLC analysis. Podophyllotoxin and α-peltatin appeared most prominently among the lignans obtained. Leaf blades were generally richer in podophyllotoxin than rhizomes. Several high-yielding accessions were identified, the blades of which contained 4.0–5.6% podophyllotoxin. A negative correlation was observed between podophyllotoxin and peltatin content in the blades. The combination of high biosynthetic capacity and preferential accumulation of podophyllotoxin in leaves of mayapple makesthis plant an excellent candidate for agricultural production of podophyllotoxin.
Effect of ethanol on acid secretion by isolated gastric glands from rabbit.

Abstract Isolated gastric glands from rabbit, as well as basolateral and microsomal membranes derived therefrom, were used to examine the effect of ethanol on several parameters related to acid secretion. Low concentrations of ethanol, 0.2%–5% (vol/vol), had no effect on basal aminopyrine accumulation by isolated gastric glands but significantly potentiated aminopyrine accumulation stimulated by histamine. In contrast, this dose range of ethanol inhibited aminopyrine accumulation stimulated by forskolin or dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. This dose range of ethanol produced a similar effect on adenylate cyclase activity of basolateral membranes from isolated gastric glands, with potentiation of histamine stimulation and inhibition of forskolin stimulation. Low-dose ethanol was found to produce increased proton permeability of the apical membrane of the parietal cell but had no effect on hydrogen-potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity. Ethanol (10%) significantly inhibited all parameters of acid secretion studied. Ethanol has a biphasic effect on acid secretion with potentiation of histamine-stimulated aminopyrine accumulation and adenylate cyclase activity at low doses and inhibition of all parameters of acid secretion at high doses.
The state of health economic research in South Africa: a systematic review.

Economic factors are a limiting factor toward the implementation of many health programmes and interventions. Economic evaluation has a great potential to contribute toward cost-effective healthcare delivery in South Africa. Little is known about the characteristics and quality of health economic (including pharmacoeconomic) research in South Africa. This study assessed the state of health economic (including pharmacoeconomic) research in South Africa. PUBMED, MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, EconLit and PsycINFO databases were searched to identify health economic articles pertaining to South Africa published between 1 January 1977 and 30 April 2010. The searches used the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and text words alone and in combination: ‘costs’, ‘health’ and ‘south Africa’. Our study included only original economic studies/analyses that pertained to South Africa, addressed a health-related topic, and had a statement or word in the title, abstract or keywords that indicated that an economic (including cost) analysis had been conducted. The study only included complete peer-reviewed publications (e.g. abstracts were excluded) that were reported in the English language. Two reviewers independently scored each article in the final sample using the data collection form designed for the study. In total, 108 studies investigating a wide variety of diseases were included in the study. These articles were published in 39 different journals mostly based outside of South Africa between 1977 and 2010. On average, each article was written by three authors. Most first authors had medical/clinical training and resided in South Africa at the time of publication of their study. Based on a 1–10 scale, with 10 indicating the highest quality, the mean quality score for all studies was 7.59 (SD 1.42) and half of the articles were of good quality (score 8–10) The quality of studies was related to the country in which the journal publishing the article was based (outside South Africa = higher); current residence of the primary author (outside South Africa = higher); method of economic analysis (economic evaluations higher than cost studies); type of data used (secondary higher than primary); primary training of the first author (health economics/pharmacoeconomics = higher); type of medical function (diagnosis = higher); study perspective (societal = higher); primary health intervention (pharmaceuticals = higher); study design (modelling = higher); number of authors (more = higher); and year of publication (more recent = higher) [p≥0.05]. Half of the articles were of poor or fair quality. Measures are needed to promote the commissioning of more and better quality health economic and pharmacoeconomic studies in South Africa.
Mexican Americans, Health of

Mexican American health has several paradoxical characteristics. Despite having the highest disparities in healthcare access, facing several socioeconomic problems, and having a higher risk of certain pathologies such as diabetes and obesity, the life expectancy and mortality rates of Mexican Americans are better than those of non-Hispanic whites. Several explanations of this phenomenon, known as the “Hispanic paradox,” have been proposed including data artifacts, migration patterns, and immigrants beliefs and behaviors. Keywords: health; immigration; minorities