cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber strength and fiber/matrix bond strength in single crystal Al2O3 fiber reinforced Ni3Al based composites

A series of single-crystal A12O3 fiber (Saphikon), reinforced Ni3Al-based composites were fabricated by a liquid metal infiltration technique, pressure casting. Tensile testing and indentation techniques have been employed to measure fiber strength and fiber/matrix interfacial debond shear stress. The Weibull mean strength of the fiber has been observed to decrease drastically upon handling, exposure to high temperature, and casting. Alloying of Ni3Al with Ti has resulted in a further decrease in fiber strength. Thermal expansion mismatch between the fiber and matrix led to the formation of compressive twins in the fiber. These twins, forming on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeei0xd9vqVe0x% b9q8qqqrpe0db9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqVepee9pg0Firpepe0de9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaacUhaceaIXa% GbaebacaaIXaGaaGimaiaaikdacaGG9baaaa!3BD5! $$\{ \bar 1102\} $$ planes, produced cracks at their intersections, which were parallel to the fiber axis,c-axis. Twin-induced fiber cracking was observed in all cases, but most predominantly when Cr was present. While addition of Cr at the 1 at. pct level had no appreciable effect on the interfacial debond shear stress, addition of 0.5 at. pct Cr resulted in an approximately threefold increase in debond stress, from 19 MPa to about 54.5 MPa. Alloying of Ni3Al with Cr has also resulted in partial dissolution of the A12O3 fiber. Addition of Ti had a moderate effect on increasing the fiber/matrix bond strength.
Intermetallic phases formed by ruthenium–nickel alloy interdiffusion

Abstract Diffusion couples were formed between elemental ruthenium and a low refractory-content nickel-base superalloy. The couples were heat treated at various temperatures to evaluate diffusion paths and phase equilibria between the constituent materials. The interfacial layers formed by interdiffusion have been evaluated by electron microprobe analysis and transmission electron microscopy. An intermetallic Heusler phase, based on Ru2AlTa, formed at the interface of the couples during heat treatment. Two buttons of similar composition to the interface layer were arc-melted and analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results of these analyses and their implications for nickel-based systems and their coatings will be discussed.
Synthesizing hashing circuits

An approach for hardware synthesis of hashing transformations is presented, where the prescribed features that define a secure transformation are enforced by the design rules. This approach is fundamentally different from that adopted in implementations like SHA-1 or MD5, which are based on first devising an algorithm, and then analyzing it, with possible further modifications until arriving at a satisfactory performance that does not necessarily have solid theoretical foundations.
Does Preoperative Genitography in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Cases Affect Surgical Approach to Feminizing Genitoplasty

Purpose: Genitography has traditionally been an imperative part of radiographic evaluation in females born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia before surgical reconstruction. We evaluated the role of preoperative genitogram in surgical reconstruction planning and how it correlates with intraoperative findings.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 40 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia who underwent feminizing genitoplasty at our institution between 2003 and 2009. Preoperative genitogram findings were recorded and correlated with operative findings.Results: A total of 42 preoperative genitograms were available for review in 40 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia who underwent feminizing genitoplasty. Genitography revealed complete anatomy of the urogenital sinus in 30 cases (72%) while bladder filling alone was present in 9 (21%) and vaginal filling was noted in 2 (5%). The urogenital sinus could not be catheterized in 1 patient (2%). Vesicoureteral reflux was ...
Applications and benefits of ceramic membranes

Abstract This article looks at the applications and benefits of ceramic membranes. It covers crossflow technologies, membrane elements and modules and recent developments in this segment of membrane technology. Also presented are examples that demonstrate the ability of ceramic membranes to concentrate process streams, recover valuable products, and increase yields — making them a cost-effective and often preferred method of filtration.
A developmental analysis of the formation and use of conceptual categories

Abstract A sorting task was used to define concepts held by 4-, 5-, 8-, and 18-year-olds as available and nonavailable. These concepts were then used at the appropriate age levels in a discrimination-learning task. After learning the discrimination, either a reversal (R) or half-reversal (HR) shift was required. The responses for all items were reversed in a reversal shift and for one-half of the items in a half-reversal shift. Performance on the task was assessed by conceptual organization (CO) index: CO = [ HR (R + HR) ] − .50 . With stimulus materials calibrated for concept availability, young children's CO index did not differ from that of older children. At all ages, CO was higher for available than for nonavailable concepts.
Compositeness, Feynman Diagrams, and the Reggeized Absorption Model

In this paper we derive the Reggeized absorption model from field-theoretic diagrams. This model has been used to describe a large number of quasi-two-body reactions. It involves a Regge-cut correction to Regge-pole amplitude which is generated by the exchange of the Regge pole and a Pomeranchuk pole. The cut features the product of the Reggeon and Pomeranchon (without complex conjugation of either) and a large magnitude for the cut (coherent inelastic effects add to the original cut term). The fundamental physical assumption of our derivation is that physical particles are composite objects of constituent pieces of matter. In a scattering process, some of the constituent matter takes part in the scattering while the rest stands by as a spectator. These ideas lead us to describe double-scattering processes by a class of diagrams involving exchange of two Reggeons in the crossed channel and propagation of composite physical particles in the direct channel. When the direct-channel particles are Reggeized, we obtain an expression for the Regge box diagram. We begin our analysis of diagrams by discussing the Amati-Fubini-Stanghellini diagram and similar diagrams to demonstrate how the absence of third double-spectral functions leads to the absence of a cut. For simple diagrams, we find that we are forced to invoke properties of form factors to show absence of the cut, but that for sufficiently composite diagrams the absence of the cut rests solely on the absence of the third double-spectral functions. Next we discuss the Mandelstam diagram and similar diagrams to demonstrate how the presence of third double-spectral functions leads to cuts. For each diagram we bring the expression for the amplitude to the form of the absorption model. Finally, we study the general class of diagrams referred to above. These diagrams feature compositeness in the direct channel (physical particles are composite), third double-spectral functions (physical particles have definite signature; no exchange degeneracy), and two-Reggeon exchange (double scattering and the Glauber spectator approximation). By assuming saturation of direct-channel amplitudes by physical states, we are led to an absorption formula (no complex conjugations) that includes the coherent inelastic factor $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ (diffraction production of direct-channel resonances).
Metabolic effects of phenethyl alcohol on mammalian cells.

Abstract In baby hamster kidney (BHK 21) cells, phenethyl alcohol interferes primarily with RNA synthesis. The effects of the compound on DNA and protein synthesis appear to derive from its primary effect on RNA metabolism. This conclusion was supported by the finding that phenethyl alcohol did not inhibit protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes which do not synthesize new RNA. The DNA isolated from phenethyl alcohol-treated cells was undegraded; this is at variance with the report of other investigators.
Identification of a novel region of the cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain important for dimerization in the absence of the light chains

Cytoplasmic dynein is the multisubunit protein complex responsible for many microtubule-based intracellular movements. Its cargo binding domain consists of dimers of five subunits: the intermediate chains, the light intermediate chains, and the Tctex1, Roadblock, and LC8 light chains. The intermediate chains have a key role in the dynein complex. They bind the three light chains and the heavy chains, which contain the motor domains, but little is known about how the two intermediate chains interact. There are six intermediate chain isoforms, and it has been hypothesized that different isoforms may regulate specific dynein functions. However, there are little data on the potential combinations of the intermediate chain isoforms in the dynein complexes. We used co-immunoprecipitation analyses to demonstrate that all combinations of homo- and heterodimers of the six intermediate chains are possible. Therefore the formation of dynein complexes with different combinations of isoforms is not limited by interaction between the various intermediate chains. We further sought to identify the domain necessary for the dimerization of the intermediate chains. Analysis of a series of truncation and deletion mutants showed that a 61-amino-acid region is necessary for dimerization of the intermediate chain. This region does not include the N-terminal coiled-coil, the C-terminal WD repeat domain, or the three different binding sites for the Tctex1, LC8, and Roadblock light chains. Analytical gel filtration and covalent cross-linking of purified recombinant polypeptides further demonstrated that the intermediate chains can dimerize in vitro in the absence of the light chains.
Spectra and structure of small ring compounds LIII. Rotational and vibrational spectra and conformational stability of cyclobutylcarboxylic acid chloride

Abstract The microwave spectrum of cyclobutylcarboxylic acid chloride, c-C 4 H 7 C(O)Cl, has been recorded from 26.5 to 39.0 GHz and only a -type transitions were observed. The R -branch assignments have been made for the ground and first two excited states of the asymmetric torsional mode of the 35 Cl species. The ground state rotational constants determined from these assignments are consistent with an equatorial- gauche conformation and the values are: A = 4349.86 ± 0.17, B = 1414.78 ± 0.01, and C = 1148.24 ± 0.01 MHz. These values when used with a set of reasonably assumed heavy atom structural parameters are consistent with a dihedral angle of puckering of 20°. From the relative intensity measurements of the excited state transitions, the frequency of the asymmetric torsion was estimated to be 54 ± 10 cm −1 . From a comparison of the infrared spectrum of the gas (3500 to 30 cm −1 ) and the Raman spectrum of the liquid (3200 to 100 cm −1 ) to the corresponding spectra obtained for the solid a second conformation can be shown to be present in the fluid phases at ambient temperature. From variable temperature studies of the Raman spectrum of the liquid the energy difference between the preferred equatorial- gauche and high energy (assumed to be equatorial- trans ) conformations is determined to be 1.4 kcal mol −1 . The ring puckering fundamental has been assigned to a weak band observed in the far infrared spectrum of the solid at 153 cm −1 and this assignment in addition to the assignments made for the remainder of the vibrational spectra are compared to those for some similar molecules.
The association of protein with the polyadenylic acid of HeLa cell messenger RNA: evidence for a "transport" role of a 75,000 molecular weight polypeptide.

Abstract The poly(A) in HeLa cell messenger RNA appears to be associated with proteins in a poly(A)-protein complex that can be isolated after treatment of mRNA-protein complexes with nuclease. The particle survives repeated sedimentation and zonal electrophoresis; [35S]methionine in protein bands together with [3H]adenosine in poly(A). The largest (newest) poly(A)-ribonucleoprotein contains the largest poly(A) and the highest proportion of the most prominent polypeptide, P75 (Mr = 75,000). In addition, treatment of cells with 3′ deoxyadenosine (3′dA, cordycepin) prevents the labeling of new poly(A) as well as the appearance of [35S]methionine-labeled P75 in the larger poly(A)-protein complexes. Furthermore, the pre-existent P75, detected by densitometric scan of polyacrylamide gels containing proteins from the larger poly(A)-ribonucleo-protein, also disappears in 3′dA-treated cells. These data suggest a role for the P75 in the appearance of new mRNA in the cell cytoplasm.
Triceps brachii tendon: anatomic-MR imaging study in cadavers with histologic correlation

Objective The purpose of this cadaveric study was to describe the normal MR anatomy of the triceps brachii tendon (TBT) insertion, to correlate the findings with those seen in anatomic sections and histopathologic analysis, and to review triceps tendon injuries.
In-use stocks of metals: status and implications.

The continued increase in the use of metals over the 20th century has led to the phenomenon of a substantial shift in metal stocks from the lithosphere to the anthroposphere. Such a shift raises so...
Source term evaluation for combustion modeling

A modification is developed for application to the source terms used in combustion modeling. The modification accounts for the error of the finite difference scheme in regions where chain-branching chemical reactions produce exponential growth of species densities. The modification is first applied to a one-dimensional scalar model problem. It is then generalized to multiple chemical species, and used in quasi-one-dimensional computations of shock-induced combustion in a channel. Grid refinement studies demonstrate the improved accuracy of the method using this modification. The algorithm is applied in two spatial dimensions and used in simulations of steady and unsteady shock-induced combustion. Comparisons with ballistic range experiments give confidence in the numerical technique and the 9-species hydrogen-air chemistry model.
Comparison of laparoscopic choledochotomy closure techniques.

Background Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (CBDE) has traditionally been accompanied by T-tube drainage. However, other methods of choledochotomy closures have been reported. This study compared three laparoscopic methods of choledochotomy closure in a prospective, randomized fashion to determine which method should be the preferred technique
Effect of Estradiol on Albumin-I131 in the Skin of Mice Following Intravenous Injection.

SummaryAlbumin-I131 was injected intravenously into mice. Eight hours later the skin was removed and assayed for bound I131. In animals treated with 5 μg of estradiol dipropionate daily for 5 days, a significant increase in bound I131 was observed. This effect was not found in testosterone- or cortisone-treated mice.
Measurements of air-broadened and nitrogen-broadened Lorentz width coefficients and pressure shift coefficients in the nu(4) and nu(2) bands of (12)CH(4).

Air-broadened and N2-broadened halfwidth and pressure shift coefficients of 294 transitions in the nu4 and nu2 bands of C-12H4 have been measured from laboratory absorption spectra recorded at room temperature with the Fourier transform spectrometer in the McMath solar telescope facility of the National Solar Observatory. Total pressures of up to 551 Torr were employed with absorption paths of 5-150 cm, CH4 volume mixing ratios of 2.6 percent or less, and resolutions of 0.005 and 0.01/cm. A nonlinear least-squares spectral fitting technique has been utilized in the analysis of the twenty-five measured spectra. Lines up to J double-prime = 18 in the nu4 band and J double-prime = 15 in the nu2 band have been analyzed.
Chemistry and Structure of the Passive Film on Mild Steel in CO2 Corrosion Environments

The passivation process was carried out and monitored employing a three electrode electrochemical glass cell. Surface analysis using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) elucidated that trace magnetite in the dominant siderite (FeCO3) was responsible for the passivation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) technique was used to determine the structure of the passive layer and confirm its chemistry. A passive phase tens of nanometers thick was observed beneath iron carbonate scale and at the crystal boundaries. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)/EDX profiles suggest that this phase is not a carbonate containing compound since only oxygen and iron were observed. This indicates that the possible chemical compound for the passive phase is an iron oxide, agreeing with the previous GIXRD surface analysis. Fe3O4 as a passive film was confirmed.
Thermodynamics of oligo (A) N -2poly(U) from the dependence of the temperature of the helix-coil transition on oligomer concentration.

On the basis of elementary two-state, ideal solution thermocynamics, a modified expression for the melting of oligo. polynucleotide helices is derived which is applicable to variations in TmN and/or oligomer concentration, Cm with oligomer length, N: ((I)) ΔHr is the enthalpy per helix residue, i.e., per base-pair or base-triplet, Vrf is the thermodynamic “available” or “reaction” volume, in liters/mole of helical residues; and n is the number of polynucleotide strands, e.g., n = 2 for oligo (A)N·2 poly(U)∞. Some earlier treatments have engendered confusion in the interpretation of the “reaction volume,” but with the derivation herein, the entropic origin and physical significance of Vrf is unequivocal. The following approximation was arrived at for the reduction expected in the configurational entropy, ΔSrconf, ∞, for (A)∞·2(U)∞, when the poly(A), strand is substituted for by an equivalent strand of contiguous oligo(A)N,′s: ((II)) This adjustment of ΔSrconf, ∞ represents the source of the coefficient to 1/Tm∞ in expression (I). The expectation that ΔSrconf, N < ΔSrconf, ∞ is due to the effect of releasing normal internucleotide configurational restrictions every Nth residue in one-third of the strands of the (A)N·2(U)∞ helix. Although the reduction in ΔSrconf, ∞ (II) may seem small (i.e., only 5.5% for the tetramer), its effect on the magnitude of Vrf in expression (I) is exponential. Thus, without these considerations the quantitative applicability of earlier expressions is questionable. By examining the variation in TmN with cm for a single N, all assumptions, required for evaluating Vrf or the entropic effects of discontinuities in the (A)N strand are avoided in the determination of a reliable enthalpy. We have therefore examined the system ((III)) and obtained a ΔHr = 12.58 ± 0.08 kcal per mole (A)·2(U) base-triplets between 5 and 2.5°C. That this value for ΔHr is in such excellent agreement with all calorimetric values reported for (A)∞·2(U)∞ suggests that the enthalpy for reaction(III) is not significantly affected by disconnections in the backbone of (A)4·2(U)∞. From (I), Vrf = 6.0 × 10−4 1/mole or 1 A 3per helical residue. ΔHr°, corrected for residual single-strand stacking in (A)4, is in excellent agreement with that found earlier for (A)1·2(U)∞. A residual heat capacity of 90 kcal(±20) per mole (A)·2(U) base-triplets per °C is deduced from the decrease of ΔHr° with temperature.
Polynomial-size Frege and resolution proofs of st -connectivity and Hex tautologies

A grid graph has rectangularly arranged vertices with edges permitted only between orthogonally adjacent vertices. The st- connectivity principle states that it is not possible to have a red path of edges and a green path of edges which connect diagonally opposite corners of the grid graph unless the paths cross somewhere.We prove that the propositional tautologies which encode the st-connectivity principle have polynomial-size Frege proofs and polynomial-size TC0-Frege proofs. For bounded-width grid graphs, the st-connectivity tautologies have polynomial-size resolution proofs. A key part of the proof is to show that the group with two generators, both of order two, has word problem in alternating logtime (Alogtime) and even in TC0.Conversely, we show that constant depth Frege proofs of the st-connectivity tautologies require near-exponential size. The proof uses a reduction from the pigeonhole principle, via tautologies that express a "directed single source" principle SINK, which is related to Papadimitriou's search classes PPAD and PPADS (or, PSK).The st-connectivity principle is related to Urquhart's propositional Hex tautologies, and we establish the same upper and lower bounds on proof complexity for the Hex tautologies. In addition, the Hex tautology is shown to be equivalent to the SINK tautologies and to the one-to-one onto pigeonhole principle.
Transport properties of N-acyl derivatives of the coprogen and ferrichrysin classes of siderophores inNeurospora crassa

Several derivatives of the coprogen and ferrichrysin classes of siderophores were synthesized as potential affinity labels of the iron uptake system inNeurospora crassa. While only one of these compounds has proved useful as an affinity label, all were recognized and transported byNeurospora crassa. One derivative, chloroacetyl-ferrichrysin, proved to be an unexpectedly potent reversible inhibitor (K1=0.4 μM) of both ferrichrysin and coprogen uptake, similar to the natural siderophore, ferrirubin. The reported results provide further understanding of the steric and electronic requirements of siderophores for the iron uptake system inNeurospora crassa.
Bladder neck invasion is an independent predictor of prostate-specific antigen recurrence

BACKGROUND The 1997 TNM staging system for prostatic carcinoma and the 2002 revision thereof classified prostatic carcinoma with bladder neck involvement classified as pT4 disease. This classification is based on the belief that tumors that invade surrounding structures are more aggressive and warrant higher staging than tumors that do not invade surrounding structures. Recent reports in the literature suggested that microscopic involvement of the bladder neck does not carry independent prognostic significance. Therefore, resection specimens with bladder neck involvement should not be classified as pT4. The current study prospectively examined the prognostic significance of bladder neck involvement by prostatic carcinoma. METHODS The authors analyzed the totally embedded and whole-mounted radical prostatectomy specimens from 364 consecutive patients. The mean patient age was 66 years (range, 41–77 years). The bladder neck, which had been coned from the specimen, was cut in a perpendicular fashion. Involvement of the bladder neck was defined as the presence of neoplastic cells within the smooth muscle bundles of the coned bladder neck. The data were prospectively collected. Bladder neck involvement was analyzed in relation to age, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate weight, Gleason score, final pathologic classification, tumor volume, surgical margin status, the presence of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasm, multifocality, seminal vesicle invasion, extraprostatic extension, perineural invasion, and PSA recurrence. RESULTS Bladder neck involvement was found in 22 (6%) of 364 patients. Univariate results indicated that bladder neck involvement versus no bladder neck involvement was significantly associated with preoperative PSA (P < 0.001), higher pathologic classification (P < 0.001), larger tumor volume (P< 0.001), extraprostatic extension (P < 0.001), positive surgical margins (P < 0.001), and PSA recurrence (P = 0.003). In a multivariate logistic regression model controlling for pathologic classification, Gleason score, and surgical margin status, bladder neck involvement was an independent predictor of PSA recurrence (P = 0.04). The adjusted odds ratio for bladder neck involvement was 3.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.04–10.03). CONCLUSIONS In the current study, bladder neck involvement was an independent predictor of early PSA recurrence. The data demonstrated the importance of continued assessment of bladder neck invasion and supported the placement of tumors with bladder neck involvement in a stage that recognizes the prognostic implications of such involvement. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
The midtarsal joint locking mechanism.

Background: The midtarsal joint, consisting of the talonavicular and the calcaneocuboid joints, is presumed to be responsible for the foot being both flexible and rigid during different parts of th...
Population Genetics of Wood-Feeding Cockroaches in the Genus Cryptocercus

Members of the genus Cryptocercus are xylophagous, wingless, subsocial cockroaches that inhabit decaying logs in temperate forests. Given their winglessness, subsocial living, and the patchy distribution of food resources (decomposing logs), it is likely that Cryptocercus populations are substructured. Allozyme variation at eight polymorphic loci was assayed for 10 subpopulations of Cryptocercus darwini and 13 subpopulations of Cryptocercus wrighti, both of which are distributed in the Appalachian Mountains. The mean FIS was 0.13 and FST was about 0.25 for both C. darwini and C. wrighti. The relatedness among individuals of a subpopulation of both species was not significantly different from that expected among full sibs. In terms of how genetic variation is partitioned, C. darwini and C. wrighti differed from each other substantially. Most of the genetic variation occurred among subpopulations of C. wrighti in the same region and among subpopulations of C. darwini in different regions. We discuss the factors that may have contributed to the observed similarities and differences in the breeding structure of the two species. Members of the genus Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) are subsocial, xylophagous cockroaches that inhabit damp, decaying logs of temperateforests inthePalearctic and Nearctic. Cryptocercus are organized into subsocial groups in which one or both parents care for nymphs in various stages of development (Cleveland et al. 1934; Nalepa 1984). Unlike
Nonlinear effects in electrorheological fluids

Electrorheological fluids (ER) are colloidal suspensions of micron-sized highly polarizable particles in low conductivity liquids. Under a large external electric field the particles align into chains or columns nearly parallel to the field, thereby increasing very significantly (e.g., by several orders of magnitude) the resistance to shear. This marked change of the rheological behavior of ER fluids, under an external electric field, makes them potentially useful for a variety of automotive applications. On February 7, 1997 L. Craig Davis from Ford Motor Company described some features of ER fluids and then dealt with the issue of how to compute the shear stress. He considered a simplified model of just two spherical particles with small gap, and derived an integral equation for the electric potential on the spheres. He considered both linear and nonlinear dependence of the conductivity on the electrostatic field, as well as time dependent excitation. Having solved the integral equations numerically, he showed that his results fit well with measurements. The question of establishing existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behavior of the solution of the integral equation (as indicated by the analysis of Davis) are open mathematical problems.
An Homotopy Algorithm for the Lasso with Online Observations

It has been shown that the problem of l1-penalized least-square regression commonly referred to as the Lasso or Basis Pursuit DeNoising leads to solutions that are sparse and therefore achieves model selection. We propose in this paper RecLasso, an algorithm to solve the Lasso with online (sequential) observations. We introduce an optimization problem that allows us to compute an homotopy from the current solution to the solution after observing a new data point. We compare our method to Lars and Coordinate Descent, and present an application to compressive sensing with sequential observations. Our approach can easily be extended to compute an homotopy from the current solution to the solution that corresponds to removing a data point, which leads to an efficient algorithm for leave-one-out cross-validation. We also propose an algorithm to automatically update the regularization parameter after observing a new data point.
Architectures for personalized multimedia

Personalized multimedia on-demand services are fast evolving from a symbiosis of storage, network, and content providers. A major obstacle to their practical realization is the unprecedented cost of storage and transmission. Architectures and caching techniques can minimize the costs of delivering personalized multimedia programs across metropolitan networks. >
Persistent, Widespread, and Strongly Absorbing Haze Over the Himalayan Foothills and the Indo-Gangetic Plains

We examine the impact of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds on the direct radiative forcing of the Himalayan foothills and the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) regions, home for over 500 million S. Asians. The NASA-Terra MODIS satellite data reveal an extensive layer of aerosols covering the entire IGP and Himalayan foothills region with seasonal mean AODs of about 0.4 to 0.5 in the visible wavelengths (0.55 micron), which fall among the largest seasonal mean dry season AODs for the tropics. We show new surface data which reveal the presence of strongly absorbing aerosols that lead to a large reduction in solar radiation fluxes at the surface during the October to May period. The three-year mean (2001 to 2003) October to May seasonal and diurnal average reduction in surface solar radiation for the IGP region is about 32 (±5) W m−2 (about 10% of TOA insolation or 20% of surface insolation). The forcing efficiency (forcing per unit optical depth) is as large as −27% (note that the forcing is negative) of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) solar insolation, and exceeds the forcing efficiency that has been observed for other polluted regions in America, Africa, East Asia, and Europe. General circulation model sensitivity studies suggest that both the local and remote influence of the aerosol induced radiative forcing is to strengthen the lower atmosphere inversion, stabilize the boundary layer, amplify the climatological tendency for a drier troposphere, and decrease evaporation. These aerosol-induced changes could potentially increase the life times of aerosols, make them more persistent, and decrease their single scattering albedos, thus potentially leading to a detrimental positive feedback between aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing, and aerosol persistence. In addition, both the model studies and observations of pan evaporation suggest that the reduction in surface solar radiation may have led to a reduction in surface evaporation of moisture. These results suggest the vulnerability of this vital region to air pollution related direct and indirect (through climate changes) impacts on agricultural productivity of the region.
Identification of a multivariable interval dynamic model from measurements in the frequency domain

Frequently, manufacturing processes cannot be accurately described using a model with fixed parameters. Interval models for which the parameters are within certain intervals may be more effective in describing such processes. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to identify interval models of multivariable systems from measurements in the frequency domain. The intervals are minimized with membership constraints. The numerical aspccts for implementing thc proposed algorithm are also addressed. Simulation examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Micropapillary histology: a frequent morphology of mutation-associated lung adenocarcinoma?

Non–small cell lung carcinoma is a histologically diverse group of tumors that until recently has been treated homogeneously. As a result, pathologists recognized major classes of squamous, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, with subclasses and variants to ensure accurate diagnosis, to identify rare subtypes, to assist pathologist communication, and to create uniformity in research despite the fact that these classes did not generally influence clinical decision-making. This has changed radically in the last few years. Chemotherapeutic regimens may be tailored based on histologic subtype, and targeted therapies are contraindicated in certain histologic subtypes. Molecular classification has led to insights into tumor pathogenesis, prognostication, and therapeutics. While the molecular age in lung cancer diagnostics and targeted therapeutics is driving the movement towards personalized medicine, it needs to be emphasized that pathologists have been providing personalized information all along. In fact, if we divide the patient-specific information into 4 categories—histologic classification, pathologic staging, prognostic markers of survival, and predictive markers of therapeutic response—pathologists can better understand the interplay of existing practice and novel findings in their current and future practice. In this issue of the American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Achcar and colleagues 1 provide an example of how morphologic classification and molecular classification provide complementary data that serve different components of personalized patient-specific information. In fact, this work demonstrates the issues that exist once these distinct data sets are merged, and shows us the challenges that face the surgical pathologists, thoracic pathologists, and molecular pathologists of the future.
A unified statistical model to support local sequence order independent similarity searching for ligand-binding sites and its application to genome-based drug discovery

Functional relationships between proteins that do not share global structure similarity can be established by detecting their ligand-binding-site similarity. For a large-scale comparison, it is critical to accurately and efficiently assess the statistical significance of this similarity. Here, we report an efficient statistical model that supports local sequence order independent ligand–binding-site similarity searching. Most existing statistical models only take into account the matching vertices between two sites that are defined by a fixed number of points. In reality, the boundary of the binding site is not known or is dependent on the bound ligand making these approaches limited. To address these shortcomings and to perform binding-site mapping on a genome-wide scale, we developed a sequence-order independent profile–profile alignment (SOIPPA) algorithm that is able to detect local similarity between unknown binding sites a priori. The SOIPPA scoring integrates geometric, evolutionary and physical information into a unified framework. However, this imposes a significant challenge in assessing the statistical significance of the similarity because the conventional probability model that is based on fixed-point matching cannot be applied. Here we find that scores for binding-site matching by SOIPPA follow an extreme value distribution (EVD). Benchmark studies show that the EVD model performs at least two-orders faster and is more accurate than the non-parametric statistical method in the previous SOIPPA version. Efficient statistical analysis makes it possible to apply SOIPPA to genome-based drug discovery. Consequently, we have applied the approach to the structural genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to construct a protein–ligand interaction network. The network reveals highly connected proteins, which represent suitable targets for promiscuous drugs. Contact: [email protected]
Fragile X Syndrome An Educator's Role in Identification, Prevention, and Intervention

Fragile X syndrome is a recently identified genetic disorder considered to be the most common inherited form of mental retardation. Current research is revealing that this chromosomal anomaly is linked to a variety of other educationally relevant problems including learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, speech and language deficits, autistic characteristics, and behavior disorders. A description of the unique inheritance pattern reveals why milder forms of the syndrome are now beginning to be identified and educational interventions applied. This review highlights the physical, intellectual, academic, behavioral, and communication characteristics associated with fragile X. With knowledge of fragile X syndrome, the educator can play a key role in recognizing the disorder and referring for both early diagnosis and genetic counseling.
Elevated body swing test: a new behavioral parameter for rats with 6- hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a depletion of dopamine (DA) neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. Stereotaxic injections of 6- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a selective neurotoxin, into either the medial forebrain bundle or the substantia nigra result in a massive DA denervation of the nigrostriatal pathway. Following unilateral nigrostriatal DA depletion, hemiparkinsonian animals develop a stereotypical rotational behavior when challenged with DA agonists such as apomorphine. The drug-induced rotational behavior has been widely used as the behavioral index of hemiparkinsonian animals, but it has some limitations. Although asymmetries in the rotational behavior may indicate an imbalance of DA contents and release capacity in the bilateral nigrostriatal pathway, the behavior is a pharmacological reaction. Accordingly, the drug-induced rotation test is subject to sensitization effects. The present study proposes the elevated body swing test (EBST) as a measure of asymmetrical motor behavior of hemiparkinsonian animals in a drug-free state. The EBST simply involves elevating the animal by handling its tail and recording the frequency and direction of the swing behavior. Unilateral nigral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats exhibited significant biased swing activity with the direction contralateral to the lesioned side, corresponding to the direction of apomorphine-induced rotations. A 30 sec EBST was noted as the peak time for biased swing activity. At 7 d postlesion (the start of testing), and every week thereafter for a period of 2 months, a fairly stable biased swing activity level was observed. At 1 and 2 months postlesion, the same animals were also challenged with apomorphine.
Social Networks and Perceptions of Intergroup Conflict: The Role of Negative Relationships and Third Parties

This study investigated the relationship between interpersonal relationships among members of different departments and individuals' perceptions of intergroup conflict within an organization. Altho...
Aromatic polyethers, polysulfones, and polyketones as laminating resins. VIII. Aryl disulfide units as crosslinking agents

Oxidation of 1,4-phenylenedimercaptan has given a cyclic trimeric disulfide. Oxidation of 1,3-phenylenedimercaptan has yielded a similar product. These monomers have been incorporated in the chains of aromatic polyether, sulfone, ketone polymers and serve as crosslinking sites on heating these polymers.
The Mechanical Reliability of Sputter-Coated Indium Tin Oxide Polyester Substrates for Flexible Display and Touchscreen Applications

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films deposited on polyester substrates are a key material in the development of two exciting technologies, touchscreens and flexible liquid crystal displays. The new generation “plastic” displays and touchscreens must be flexible and robust, have excellent optical properties, and be inexpensive. We report on the mechanical and electrical reliability of ITO on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate (PET). We show that the mechanical behavior of the ITO film is dominated by the properties of the substrate and that the deformation of the substrate is mapped by the crack patterns in the ITO. This is most strongly evidenced in the simulated wear of a touchscreen where failure after >50000 pen strokes is primarily due to cracking of the ITO as a result of increased substrate deformation over time. In addition the mechanical reliability of the ITO layer is dependent on the film thickness. Cracking was observed in a 105 nm thick ITO film at a strain of 0.022 and for a 16.8 nm thick film at 0.003. The thickness and hence sheet resistance of the film effectively limits the maximum allowable deformation of the substrate and must be considered in the design of suitable display and touchscreen devices. In addition we report on the change in resistance with time-at- temperature and relate this to the shrinkage of the substrate.
Reframing the Victim: Rhetoric for Segregation in the Greenville News

Most of the scholarly work on the rhetoric of the civil rights movement has focused on the speeches, writing, and actions of African-American protestors who fought against segregation and to gain equal rights or on violent physical responses by whites to the actions of African-American protestors. Much less research and writing have focused on examining the local spoken or written responses to the grassroots-level agitation of marches and sit-ins. This work helps to fill that gap by identifying the core rhetorical strategy used by Wayne C. Freeman, editor of the Greenville News, in editorials defending segregation in 1960. This essay expands upon the idea of a rhetoric of “victimage,” as put forward by Kenneth Burke and Friedrich Nietzsche, to show how Freeman reframed white southerners as victims of slander, discrimination, and violence in order to justify continued resistance to integration.
Efficient Cu‐catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Addition Reactions of Fluoroalkylsulfonyl Chlorides with Electron‐deficient Alkenes Induced by Visible Light

Fluoroalkylsulfonyl chlorides, R(f)SO2Cl, in which R(f)=CF3, C4F9, CF2H, CH2F, and CH2CF3, are used as a source of fluorinated radicals to add fluoroalkyl groups to electron-deficient, unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Photochemical conditions, using Cu mediation, are used to produce the respective α-chloro-β-fluoroalkylcarbonyl products in excellent yields through an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) process. Facile nucleophilic replacement of the α-chloro substituent is shown to lead to further diverse functionalization of the products.
Action Research and Practical Inquiry: An Overview and an Invitation to Teachers of Gifted Learners:

Action research is a method of systematically investigating classroom procedures and practices with an eye toward improving the quality of action in the schools. Teachers may use action research or practical inquiry in the course of their professional practice as a way of understanding teaching more fully, identifying and addressing classroom problems, extending their professionalism, and contributing to the field of education. This article provides background on, definitions of, and guidance for conducting action research. It also serves as a call for submitting to this journal reports from action research and practical inquiry for review and possible publication in JEG.
Urea-Treated Corn Silage in Low Protein Rations for Lactating Cows

Abstract Corn silages (34 to 37% dry matter) ensiled with 1) no additive; 2) 0.5% urea; 3) 0.75% urea; and 4) 0.75% urea+0.17% CaSO 4 were fed as the only forage to lactating cows averaging 29.3kg milk per day when treatment began. Concentrates containing 8, 12 or 18% crude protein also were fed at 1kg per 3kg milk. Treatments (six groups of 10 cows each), designated by silage number and per cent crude protein in the concentrate were: A) 1, 8;B) 2,8; C) 3, 8; D) 4, 8; E) 2, 12 and F) 1, 18. Experimental rations were fed for 70 days. Nitrogen balances were determined on five cows per group at the end of the feeding period. Intakes of total and silage dry matter (kg per 100kg body weight) averaged, respectively, 2.4, 1.2; 2.7, 1.4; 2.7, 1.5; 2.8, 1.5; 3.1, 1.6; and 2.8, 1.6. Silage intake of A was lower (P
Global Trends In The Commercialization Of Space

For the past half century, the commercial potential of space has been a major rationale for the space program in the United States and elsewhere. This paper will provide an overview of space-related industries, which accounted for global revenues in the range of $106 billion by 2006, and the drivers that impact their development. It incorporates the evolution of space policy, recent economic data, and the emergence of the private spaceflight industry.
Heterorhabditis floridensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Florida

In a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes associated with plants and trees in areas adjacent to production citrus groves in Florida, a new species of nematode in the genus Heterorhabditis was found based of morphological and molecular studies. The new nematode is described as Heterorhabditis floridensis n. sp. H. floridensis n. sp. is characterized by males, females, and infective juveniles. For males, the number of papillae in the terminal group of bursa is variable, either with 2 pairs of papillae (40%), with 3 papillae on one side and 2 papillae on the other side (30%), with one pair of papillae (20%), or with three pairs of papillae (10%). SW and GS values are 179 and 50, respectively. Females have a typical vulva pattern, which is different from that of closely related nematode species H. bacteriophora, H. mexicana, and H. indica. For infective juveniles, EP=109 (101–122) µ m, ES=135 (123–142) µ m, tail length=103 (91–113) µ m, and a=27.6 (25–32) are different from those of the above-mentioned three related nematodes. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS regions show that the new species forms a clade with H. mexicana, H. baujardi and H. indica and differs from these species by several nucleotide autapomorphies.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: location matters.

In this issue of the Journal , Giraldi et al. ([1][1]) compare transvenous and epicardial lead placement in patients with unfavorable coronary sinus anatomy. Patients who met standard criteria for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) including left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, New York Heart
Anatomic and Biomechanical Comparison of Traditional Bankart Repair With Bone Tunnels and Bankart Repair Utilizing Suture Anchors.

Background:Traditional Bankart repair using bone tunnels has a reported failure rate between 0% and 5% in long-term studies. Arthroscopic Bankart repair using suture anchors has become more popular; however, reported failure rates have been cited between 4% and 18%. There have been no satisfactory explanations for the differences in these outcomes.Hypothesis:Bone tunnels will provide increased coverage of the native labral footprint and demonstrate greater load to failure and stiffness and decreased cyclic displacement in biomechanical testing.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Twenty-two fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used. For footprint analysis, the labral footprint area was marked and measured using a Microscribe technique in 6 specimens. A 3-suture anchor repair was performed, and the area of the uncovered footprint was measured. This was repeated with traditional bone tunnel repair. For the biomechanical analysis, 8 paired specimens were randomly assigned to bone tunnel or sutur...