cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal intolerance and bleeding with non-narcotic analgesics.

Aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) are the most commonly used minor analgesics, but their effects on the gastrointestinal tract differ widely. The effects of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including phenylbutazone, are intermediate. Aspirin is significantly associated with major upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, whereas paracetamol is not. Short term use of aspirin produces erythema, erosions and occasionally ulcers; paracetamol does not, while other NSAIDs do so to varying degrees. Chronic gastric ulcer is linked to aspirin intake in patients with rheumatic disease, and epidemiologically in all heavy aspirin users. In only one epidemiological study was a paradoxical significant association reported between paracetamol intake and chronic gastric ulcer. Faecal occult blood loss is increased in most regular aspirin users but not in those taking paracetamol. Although formal studies in children have apparently not been made, in isolated small clinical series it has been reported that gastrointestinal bleeding and anaemia do occur in the paediatric age group after the use of aspirin. Pathophysiologically, aspirin alters the gastric mucosal barrier to hydrogen ions and lowers gastric potential difference; paracetamol has no effect on these parameters. Such changes correlate ultrastructurally with damage in surface epithelial cells and microerosions after the use of aspirin, but not after the use of paracetamol. Aspirin and other NSAIDs cause a dramatic reduction in the ability of gastric mucosa to generate protective prostaglandins; however, paracetamol also reduces prostaglandins. Other postulated mechanisms of aspirin damage include reduction in gastric mucosal secretion, reduction in bicarbonate output, and alteration of cell turnover. Because damage to gastric mucosa by aspirin and NSAIDs is often ‘silent’, the clinician needs a high level of suspicion and awareness regarding this problem. In patients prone to gastric damage, or in those with a past history of aspirin-induced gastric damage, paracetamol is the drug of choice when a minor, non-inflammatory problem requires an analgesic.
Declaration of Helsinki and Protection for Vulnerable Research Participants

In their Viewpoint on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki, Dr Millum and colleagues1 understand vulnerable groups or individuals to include not just research participants who are poor but also “participants who are at higher risk of harm, cannot consent, or, because of their position, eg, being a student, are at increased risk of coercion.” The revised declaration’s2 shift to an approach to vulnerable groups based on wrongs or harms rather than labeling is to be welcomed. One advantage of this approach is that it allows tailored protections for different forms of vulnerability, rather than blanket protections that may be ineffective or even counterproductive: “All vulnerable groups and individuals should receive specifically considered protection” (paragraph 19).2 Understanding vulnerability in this way is a structural change. Rather than outlining protections for categories of vulnerable participants, the focus shifts to recognizing situations in which fulfilling existing, internationally valid requirements demands additional care.3,4
Space Applications of Polymeric Materials

Polymers constitute an extremely large class of materials generally based on carbon chemistry. Their long chain structures and unique molecular architecture make them distinct from metals and ceramics and provided them with a very wide range of properties.
Mechanisms of HNO and NO production from Angeli's salt: density functional and CBS-QB3 theory predictions.

The mechanism of decomposition of Angeli's salt, Na2N2O3, was explored with B3LYP and CBS-QB3 computational methods. Angeli's salt produces both nitroxyl (HNO) and nitric oxide (NO), depending upon the pH of the solution. These calculations show that protonation on N(2), while less favorable than O protonation, leads spontaneously to HNO production, while diprotonation at O(3) leads to NO generation. Ka values for protonation at different centers and rate constants have been found which reproduce experimental data satisfactorily.
A micromechanical model of tension-softening and bridging toughening of short random fiber reinforced brittle matrix composites

Abstract A micromechanical model has been formulated for the post-cracking behavior of a brittle matrix composite reinforced with randomly distributed short fibers. This model incorporates the mechanics of pull-out of fibers which are inclined at an angle to the matrix crack plane and which undergo slip-weakening or slip-hardening during the pull-out process. In addition, the random location and orientation of fibers are accounted for. Comparisons of model predictions of post-cracking tension-softening behavior with experimental data appear to support the validity of the model. The model is used to examine the effects of fiber length, snubbing friction coefficient and interfacial bond behavior on composite post-cracking tensile properties. The scaling of the bridging fracture toughening with material parameters is discussed.
Hyperserotoninemia and serotonin receptor antibodies in children with autism but not mental retardation

Autism is a biological disorder manifesting psychiatric symptoms in children. The etiology is not known, although diverse factors may contribute to the cause of autism. The major symptoms are impaired social interaction, communication, and language skills. Apparently, they are related to abnormal development of certain centers within the brain, in particular cerebellum, brain stem, and limbic region (Bauman 1991). Hyperserotoninemia is seen in 30-66% of autistic children (Yuwiler et al 1992; Laszlo et al 1994), and some also have autoantibodies to brain serotonin receptor (Todd and Ciaranello 1985; Yuwiler et al 1992). Since up to 60% of autistic children show mental retardation, we measured serotonin levels and brain serotonin receptor antibodies in the plasmas of autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. The present study describes hyperserotoninemia and serotonin receptor antibodies in autistic children but not in mentally retarded children.
Anaplastic T large cell lymphoma diagnosed by exfoliative cytology in a post renal transplant patient.

In the last two decades posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) have been recognized as a complication of organ transplantation with immunosuppression. The reported incidence of PTLDs in renal transplant patients ranges between 0.3–3% (Birkeland et al., Transplantation 1999;67:876–881). In contrast to the reported incidence of PTLDs in post bone marrow transplant, it is 1% in HLA-matched recipients and up to 20% in HLA mismatched T-cell depleted bone marrow recipients (Curtis et al., Blood 1996;94:2208–2216).2 In cardiac transplant recipients the reported incidence of PTLDs is between 1.8–9.8 (Mihalov et al., Clin Transplant 1996;10:248–255). PTLDs are predominately extranodal. They have varied morphologic patterns and clonality, but almost all are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The vast majority are of B cell lineage; only about 10% are of T-cell origin. We report a T-cell anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) presenting with bilateral pleural effusion and liver involvement in a renal transplant recipient. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:35–37. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mechanism of sliding wear of lubricated flake graphite cast iron

Abstract One aspect of the mechanism of sliding wear of lubricated cast iron is discussed. It was observed that when a lubricant, which is moderately oxidized, is applied to the sliding surface of cast iron, the lubricant is retained by the graphite particles on the surface of the cast iron and the oxygen in the lubricant moderately oxidizes the surface and improves its wear resistance.
Characterization of networks from the peroxide cure of polybutadiene

Polybutadienes with molecular weights varying between 12,500 and 92,000 and containing from 23.4% to 93% 1,2-structure were cured with 1 to 8 parts per hundred of dicumyl peroxide at temperatures ranging from 130° to 175°C. The cured samples were swollen in toluene and the crosslink densities were determined by application of the Flory-Rehner equation. The unsaturation remaining after cure was measured by infrared and was found to be in good agreement with the unsaturation level calculated from the swelling data. From these measurements it was found that a molecular weight between crosslinks of less than 100 g/mole could be obtained. The number of double bonds consumed per radical formed was found to vary from 6 to 185. The highest values were obtained with polymers highest in 1,2-content cured with the lowest initiator levels and at the lowest temperatures.
Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Production of IL-5 Is Regulated by NKT Cells during Influenza Virus Infection

Respiratory virus infections, such as influenza, typically induce a robust type I (pro-inflammatory cytokine) immune response, however, the production of type 2 cytokines has been observed. Type 2 cytokine production during respiratory virus infection is linked to asthma exacerbation; however, type 2 cytokines may also be tissue protective. Interleukin (IL)-5 is a prototypical type 2 cytokine that is essential for eosinophil maturation and egress out of the bone marrow. However, little is known about the cellular source and underlying cellular and molecular basis for the regulation of IL-5 production during respiratory virus infection. Using a mouse model of influenza virus infection, we found a robust transient release of IL-5 into infected airways along with a significant and progressive accumulation of eosinophils into the lungs, particularly during the recovery phase of infection, i.e. following virus clearance. The cellular source of the IL-5 was group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) infiltrating the infected lungs. Interestingly, the progressive accumulation of eosinophils following virus clearance is reflected in the rapid expansion of c-kit+ IL-5 producing ILC2. We further demonstrate that the enhanced capacity for IL-5 production by ILC2 during recovery is concomitant with the enhanced expression of the IL-33 receptor subunit, ST2, by ILC2. Lastly, we show that NKT cells, as well as alveolar macrophages (AM), are endogenous sources of IL-33 that enhance IL-5 production from ILC2. Collectively, these results reveal that c-kit+ ILC2 interaction with IL-33 producing NKT and AM leads to abundant production of IL-5 by ILC2 and accounts for the accumulation of eosinophils observed during the recovery phase of influenza infection.
Rain chemistry under the plume from an oil-fired power plant—a case study

Abstract Rain was sampled near an oil-fired power plant in Oswego, N.Y. under conditions in which the smoke plume was embedded in a low stratus cloud. This plant burns high-sulfur oil (up to 2.8 % sulfur) with MgO added to protect the stack, so it was of interest to investigate the net change in pH under the plume. Closely-spaced rainwater samples were taken from 3 ground level rows perpendicular to the plume at roughly 2, 3 and 4 km from the stack. Analysis showed that the rain was less acidic (by about one half pH unit) under the plume in the first row and comparable to background by the third row. A strong increase in magnesium (3–16 times) and some increase in sulfate was measured under the plume, but no increase in nitrate was seen. Vanadium was found to be a good indicator of plume presence.
The evaluation of targeted outreach in an adolescent HIV/AIDS program.

Abstract Purpose: Most HIV infected youth are unaware of their serostatus. Among adolescents who know they are HIV positive, only a small percentage are currently receiving care in age-specific programs. Establishing effective links between prevention and service programs is critical in reaching this group of young people. Methods: A specific outreach strategy was designed to develop more referrals from a wider variety of agencies to better serve youth at risk for HIV. A needs assessment of community-based agencies was the basis for: 1. overcoming barriers to care, 2. specifying the target population, 3. assessing existing referrals, and 4. selecting agencies for different levels of intensity of outreach. Results: Six barriers faced by potential referring agencies were identified and corresponding solutions created which were incorporated into the outreach strategy. A comparison was made of referrals in the years before, during and after the outreach strategy was instituted. A significant difference by (X 2 analysis) was noted in the number of agencies (p Conclusions: Systematic targeted outreach programs are an efficient way to maximize the time and effort of outreach staff. The result was an increase in the number and diversifity of referrals. This strategy could be used by groups caring for adults or younger children who want to expand services to include adolescents or by groups providing HIV/AIDS care who want to specifically serve adolescents.
Anxiety and volunteering

It was suggested that the relationship between anxiety and volunteering might best be studied using an anxiety scale which is not clinically oriented, such as the Activity Preference Questionnaire (APQ). Anxiety levels of introductory psychology students were assessed using the APQ and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS). APQ scores were significantly related to the tendency to volunteer for psychological experiments. High anxious S s participated in more experiments than did moderate or low anxious Ss. TMAS scores were not related to experimen tal participation.
Surface-Impurity Segregation on Pt and Its Potential Role in the Reconstruction of Pt{100}

Field emission microscopy studies and very high-resolution Auger electron spectroscopy analyses of platinum field-emitter surfaces show that P, Si, and S impurities strongly segregate to the {100} areas, and that Si stabilizes the nonequilibrium {012} planes. Auger spectra demonstrate the difficulty of detecting Si and S impurities on Pt because of peak-overlap problems at 92 and 152 eV, respectively. Evidence is presented which suggests that these impurities have been largely overlooked in Pt{100} reconstruction studies.
Resolution of oxidative stress by thioredoxin reductase: Cysteine versus selenocysteine.

Thioredoxin reductase (TR) catalyzes the reduction of thioredoxin (TRX), which in turn reduces mammalian typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (PRXs 1–4), thiol peroxidases implicated in redox homeostasis and cell signaling. Typical 2-Cys PRXs are inactivated by hyperoxidation of the peroxidatic cysteine to cysteine-sulfinic acid, and regenerated in a two-step process involving retro-reduction by sulfiredoxin (SRX) and reduction by TRX. Here transient exposure to menadione and glucose oxidase was used to examine the dynamics of oxidative inactivation and reactivation of PRXs in mouse C10 cells expressing various isoforms of TR, including wild type cytoplasmic TR1 (Sec-TR1) and mitochondrial TR2 (Sec-TR2) that encode selenocysteine, as well as mutants of TR1 and TR2 in which the selenocysteine codon was changed to encode cysteine (Cys-TR1 or Cys-TR2). In C10 cells endogenous TR activity was insensitive to levels of hydrogen peroxide that hyperoxidize PRXs. Expression of Sec-TR1 increased TR activity, reduced the basal cytoplasmic redox state, and increased the rate of reduction of a redox-responsive cytoplasmic GFP probe (roGFP), but did not influence either the rate of inactivation or the rate of retro-reduction of PRXs. In comparison to roGFP, which was reduced within minutes once oxidants were removed reduction of 2-Cys PRXs occurred over many hours. Expression of wild type Sec-TR1 or Sec-TR2, but not Cys-TR1 or TR2, increased the rate of reduction of PRXs and improved cell survival after menadione exposure. These results indicate that expression levels of TR do not reduce the severity of initial oxidative insults, but rather govern the rate of reduction of cellular factors required for cell viability. Because Sec-TR is completely insensitive to cytotoxic levels of hydrogen peroxide, we suggest TR functions at the top of a redox pyramid that governs the oxidation state of peroxiredoxins and other protein factors, thereby dictating a hierarchy of phenotypic responses to oxidative insults.
Leveraging Production Waste Streams: Enablers of Successful By-Product Exchange—An Exploratory Study

As the topic of sustainability continues to gain momentum, companies are seeking ways to integrate environmental solutions into their product development process. Decisions made throughout the product development process affect the sustainability of the product from raw material extraction, to production process impacts, to end of life disposal. One such impact is the generation of waste by-products. By utilizing waste as raw materials, companies can continue to cycle technical and biological nutrients thus minimizing the scatter of waste to the natural environment. The focus of this research is to explore the enablers and barriers to utilizing waste streams as raw materials. Using a qualitative approach, nine different organizations from four companies crossing over multiple industries are studied. Key characteristics of production waste that enable successful by-product exchanges are identified, as well as the role the product development process needs to play in creating value from exchanges.© 2010 ASME
The Value of the Planck Constant h

IN NATURE for March 3, p. 287, I directed attention to the desirability of obtaining new data on the value of e/m, from deflexion experiments or from the Zeeman effect.
Framing written emotional expression from a religious perspective: effects on depressive symptoms.

Objective: Previous research has found an inverse association between exposure to emotional trauma and well-being. More recently, studies on written emotional expression found that repeated expression of a traumatic experience is beneficial to physical health. However, possible mechanisms through which written emotional expression may work to influence health are still under investigation. Recent research on psychological stress has also found associations among religion, meaning, and health. This study evaluated the effects of taking a religious perspective while engaged in written emotional expression. Method: Participants included 215 college students, who were assigned randomly to one of three experimental groups. One was given conventional written emotional expression instructions for writing about a traumatic experience; another was instructed to write about the trauma from a religious/spiritual perspective; a control group wrote about a trivial topic. Results: Compared with control participants, those in the trauma-religion condition experienced significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms at 1-month follow-up. Conventional trauma writing had no effect on dependent measures. Conclusion: These findings encourage further investigation of religion as a factor that may augment the health-promoting effects of written emotional expression.
On the possibility of silicon nitride as a ceramic for structural orthopaedic implants. Part II: chemical stability and wear resistance in body environment

In Part I, the processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of three silicon nitride-based ceramics were examined and their non-toxicity was demonstrated. In this Part II, some features critical to biomedical applications were investigated: (i) the wetting behaviour against aqueous media, including physiological solutions; (ii) the chemical stability in water and in physiological solutions; and (iii) the wear resistance, measured under experimental procedures that simulate the conditions typical of the hip joint prosthesis. The results confirmed that silicon nitride may serve as a biomaterial for bone substitution in load bearing prosthesis.
Hydrogen bonding interactions in methacrylate monomers and polymers

It is well appreciated that hydrogen bonding affects a variety of monomer and polymer properties. This study focused on Bis-GMA and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) to help elucidate how the strength and nature of specific noncovalent interactions involved with these different functional dimethacrylate structures are expressed in the monomers and polymers. Hydrogen bonding interactions in monomers and comonomer mixtures as well as in appropriate model compounds were examined by FT-IR under ambient conditions, at elevated temperatures and in dilution studies. The investigation of hydrogen bonding extended to monomer viscosity, photopolymerization reaction kinetics, and polymer mechanical properties. The strength of hydrogen bonding was shown not only to be greater for Bis-GMA compared with UDMA, but there is also greater contribution from intermolecular interactions that enhance the hydrogen bonding effects. While UDMA-based polymers reach significantly higher levels of conversion compared with Bis-GMA materials, the stronger hydrogen bonding reinforcement associated with Bis-GMA appears to provide for comparable mechanical strength properties. Depending on the hydrogen bond donor functionality of a monomer as well as its neighboring functional groups, overall monomer structure and comonomers used, hydrogen bonding can favorably affect polymerization reactivity and mechanical properties, even in materials that form highly crosslinked polymeric networks.
Singular Weighing Designs and a Reflexive Generalized Inverse

Abstract In [1] the problem of singular weighing designs was cast in the framework of a reflexive generalized inverse, and it was shown how a singular design could be augmented to secure maximized efficiency. This note proves, in the same context, a theorem which may be called an analog of Price's Theorem, R. 16, in respect of the generalized inverse used in [1].
Ion beam modification of Gd2Ti2O7

Abstract Irradiation of Gd2Ti2O7 with 3 MeV Ar+ ions results in expansion of the unit cell volume and irradiation-induced amorphization. The damage cross section for amorphization determined from X-ray diffraction data is 0.023 nm2. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction confirm the irradiation-induced amorhous character at high fluences. Raman spectroscopy indicates a decrease in scattered intensity and an increase in linewidth with fluence for the principal vibrational modes, consistent with increasing-induced disorder. The wave number of the most intense Raman peak at ≈310 cm−1 (attributed to the O-Gd-O bending mode) decreases with fluence, indicating a change in bond angle. The increase with fluence in the wave number of the Raman peak at ≈ 515 cm−1 (attributed to the Gd-O stretching mode) suggests a decrease in this bond length. At intermediate fluences, a forbidden peak at ≈ 765 cm−1 becomes slightly activated by irradiation-induced disorder on the cation sites.
Algorithm 861: Fortran 90 subroutines for computing the expansion coefficients of Mathieu functions using Blanch's algorithm

A translation to Fortran 90 of Gertrude Blanch's algorithm for computing the expansion coefficients of the series that represent Mathieu functions is presented. Its advantages are portability, higher precision, practicality of use, and extended documentation. In addition, numerical validations and comparisons with other existing methods are presented.
Treatment of systemic and renal-limited vasculitic disorders with pooled human intravenous immune globulin.

Idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis is characterized by an absence of immunohistological evidence of immune deposits, often with evidence of segmental glomerular necrosis. Such pauciimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis is the most common renal manifestation seen in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, and glomerulonephritis associated with other systemic vasculitic disorders (i.e., Churg-Strauss syndrome). Recently, the idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritides, either in renal-limited form or in association with other systemic vasculitic disorders, were found to have in common a serologic marker, antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. These cytoplasmic and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies are specific for constituents of neutrophil primary granules and monocyte lysosomes. As serologic markers for vasculitic disorders, they are also felt to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing vascular injury.In vitro, both perinuclear and cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies are capable of causing cytokineprimed neutrophils to undergo degranulation and respiratory burst, releasing toxic oxygen species and lytic enzymes. Antiidiotype antibodies which inhibit antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodiesin vitro, in a V region-dependent manner, are found in pooled humanγ-globulin preparations. Intravenous immune globulin infusionsin vivo have produced dramatic improvements in the necrotizing vascular injury produced by antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies, and a rapid reduction in these autoantibody levels is seen post-intravenous immune globulin infusion in most patients. The proposed mechanisms of action of intravenous immune globulin in vasculitic disorders include Fc-dependent mechanisms, and F(ab′)2-dependent mechanisms are likely important. Intravenous immune globulin infusions appear to have an important place in the management of the necrotizing vascular injury. Blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials will be necessary to establish definitively intravenous immune globulin as a therapeutic option in vasculitic disorders.
Sponge predation in the oyster reef community as demonstrated with Cliona celata Grant

Abstract Predation by various invertebrates on the burrowing sponge, Cliona celata Grant, was investigated both in the laboratory and field, in order to determine the importance of predation to a sponge population and the adaptive advantage of burrowing to escape predators. Thirty-one species of molluscs, crustaceans, polychaetes, and echinoderms commonly found on oyster beds in Beaufort, North Carolina were tested for their ability to prey on C. celata . Gastropods Diodora cayenensis Lamarck, Seila adamsi , H. C. Lea and Doriopsilla pharpa Marcus, isopod Cilicaea caudata (Say), decapods Alpheus heterochaelis Say, Panopeus herbsti Milne Edwards, Neopancpe sayi (Smith) Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith), Menippe mercenaria (Say) and Pilutnnus sayi Rathbun, and echinoids Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) and Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) were all found to ingest sponge. Diodora, Seila, Doriopsilla, Cilicaea, Alpheus and Arbacia frequently eat sponges in nature. All sponge predators were able to obtain sponge ventilation papillae, which extend beyond the surface of the shell housing the sponge. Papillae lost to predation were regenerated within 12 days in Cliona celata ; little regeneration was noted in predator-damaged Haliclona permollis (Bowerbank), a nonburrowing sponge. Only Arbacia was able to breach sponge galleries in the shell and destroy Cliona celata 2 to 3 times faster than growth could replace lost sponge tissue. The paucity of subtidal shelly bottom sponge fauna and cryptic or high intertidal habits of oyster bed sponges in Beaufort Harbor suggest at least partial control of populations of several common sponges by predators.
Suffering in Konrad Fleck’s Flore und Blanscheflur as a Catalyst in the Meeting with the Foreign: Emotional Bonds with the Orient in a Late-Medieval Sentimental Romance

Already in the twelfth century European audiences learned about the later significantly popular account of Floire and Blancheflor which emphasizes the far-reaching impact that deeply erotic emotions can have on political power structures. The Middle High German sentimental version by Konrad Fleck serves here as a platform to analyze how much influence true love could have on the behavior of society at large, influencing it to embrace courtly values and ethics on a large scale. Whereas recent research has mostly focused on the performativity of emotions, here I examine the function of emotions for social and cultural developments. As Fleck demonstrates, when the two young lovers face their certain death at the hand of the Babylonian ruler, they demonstrate so much ardent love for each other that they fight over who would die first. This then moves the despotic Admiral to such an extent, along with all his people, that he lifts the death penalty, allows these two young people to marry, and enters into friendship with the young male protagonist. In fact, he changes his entire outlook on life and behavior, transforming into an almost ideal ruler who would fit right into the courtly world. The analysis demonstrates how much Fleck, similar to his European contemporary writers, advocated the value of emotions for didactic, moral, and even political purposes.
Methadone vs. L‐alpha‐acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the Treatment of Opiate Addiction

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of the reported randomized, controlled trials comparing methadone to L-alphaacetylmethadol (LAAM) to assess the efficacy of LAAM relative to methadone in the treatment of opiate addiction. All studies were conducted in standard outpatient opiate addiction treatment clinics. Most patients were men from lower socioeconomic strata. A statistically significant risk difference favoring methadone was detected for retention-in-treatment and discontinuation of treatment because of side effects. The risk difference for illicit drug use favored LAAM, but was not significant. A small treatment difference in favor of methadone was noted. LAAM does appear to be a relatively effective alternative in the treatment of opiate addiction, more so in certain select situations.
Antagonism of Myc functions by Arf

The Arf-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway is activated by sustained hyperproliferative signals emanating from oncoproteins such as Myc. A recent study reveals a novel level of feedback control, whereby induced p19(Arf) binds to Myc and blocks cell proliferation by selectively impairing its transactivation functions.
Influence of adsorbed CH3O on CO desorption from Ni/Al2O3

The desorption rate of CO from the Ni surface of a 5.1% Ni/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst was significantly increased by the presence of CH{sub 3}O on the support. The CH{sub 3}O was formed by CO and H{sub 2} coadsorption at 385 K. Reverse spillover of CH{sub 3}O, as CO desorbed, maintained the Ni surface at a high coverage of CO and H{sub 2}. This increased the rate of CO desorption because of the repulsive interactions present between CO molecules on Ni at high coverages and because readsorption on Ni was decreased. These studies show that CH{sub 3}O must undergo reverse spillover onto the Ni surface in order to decompose. Decomposition directly on the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface does not occur at these temperatures. Carbon isotope labeling and temperature-programmed desorption were used to study this process. For hydrogen isotope labeling, a kinetic isotope effect for CH{sub 3}O decomposition indicated that C-H bond breaking or surface diffusion limited CH{sub 3}O decomposition. Oxygen isotope labeling showed that the carbon-oxygen bond did not break upon the formation or decomposition of CH{sub 3}O.
Epithelial downgrowth after Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty.

A 66-year-old man presented with decreased vision and corneal edema after 2 failed Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) graft procedures in the left eye. An uneventful third DSAEK procedure combined with anterior vitrectomy through the previous limbal wound was performed. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Histopathology of the excised failed graft revealed conjunctival epithelium on the posterior surface of the tissue. At 1 year, the endothelial cell count was 1997 cells/mm 2 and the uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 −2 . At 18 months, the graft remained clear with no signs of epithelial downgrowth. Clinicians should be aware that epithelial downgrowth can occur following DSAEK surgery. Fortunately, excision of the prior DSAEK graft with removal of the active epithelial membrane appears to have been a successful treament in this patient.
Histochemical application of a peroxidase DNAzyme with a covalently attached hemin cofactor.

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase is routinely used in immunohistochemistry to facilitate the chromogenic oxidation of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, producing an insoluble brown precipitate marking the location and quantity of a tissue protein. In an effort to develop non-protein reagents for tissue diagnostics, we have developed a peroxidase DNAzyme construct that can be used as a chromogenic functional group in immunohistochemistry assays. The DNAzyme is based on a reported 18-mer G-quadruplex-forming DNA sequence, PS2.M, and has been covalently linked to its catalytically active moiety, hemin, to avoid the high background signal associated with the use of free hemin in histochemical studies. The activity of the covalent construct is maintained under conditions where G-quadruplex formation is unfavored and where the noncovalent DNAzyme-hemin complex has no activity.
Repair of umbilical and epigastric hernias

Umbilical and epigastric hernias are primary midline defects that are present in up to 50% of the population. In the United States, only about 1% of the population carries this specific diagnosis, and only about 11% of these are repaired. Repair is aimed at symptoms relief or prevention, and the patient's goals and expectations should be explicitly identified and aligned with the health care team. This article details some relevant and interesting anatomic issues, reviews existing data, and highlights some common and important surgical techniques. Emphasis is placed on a patient-centered approach to the repair of umbilical and epigastric hernias.
Private Property Rights and Community Goods: Negotiating Landowner Cooperation Amid Changing Ownership on the Rocky Mountain Front

The cooperative practices of private landowners, while critical to cross-boundary conservation, are not well understood. Based on research along the Rocky Mountain Front in Montana, we document the ways that established customs governing cooperation between ranchers meet both individual and community needs. While ranchers argued for landowner control of private property, in practice, rancher property boundaries were permeable and contingent with regard to livelihood needs and certain community goods, such as hunting access to private lands. But changing landownership was causing conflict between neighbors and tension in local communities, because new landowners either inadvertently or intentionally challenged established boundary practices. Efforts at cross-boundary conservation need to recognize the challenges of changing landownership and the ways that existing customs might provide important foundations for cooperation. At the same time, an increasingly diverse set of private landowners must negotiate ...
Erratum to: how students experience and navigate transitions in undergraduate medical education: an application of Bourdieu's theoretical model.

Using Bourdieu’s theoretical model as a lens for analysis, we sought to understand how students experience the undergraduate medical education (UME) milieu, focusing on how they navigate transitions from the preclinical phase, to the major clinical year (MCY), and to the preparation for residency phase. Twenty-two medical students participated in this longitudinal case study. Students had similar preclinical and post-MCY experiences but different MCY experiences (rotational vs. longitudinal tracks). We interviewed students every 6 months in the preclinical phase, mid-way through MCY, and 7–8 months before graduation (101 total interviews). We inductively created codes, iteratively revised codes to best-fit the data, and thematically clustered codes into Bourdieu-informed categories: field (social structures), capital (resources) and habitus (dispositions). We found that students acclimated to shifts in the UME field as they moved through medical school: from medical school itself to the health system and back. To successfully navigate transitions, students learned to secure capital as medical knowledge and social connections in the preclinical and preparation for residency phases, and as reputable patient care and being noticed in the clinical phase. To obtain capital, and be well-positioned for the next phase of training, students consistently relied on dispositions of initiative and flexibility. In summary, students experience the complex context of medical school through a series of transitions. Efforts to improve UME would be well-served by greater awareness of the social structures (field) that students encounter, the resources to which they afford value (capital), and the dispositions which aid acquisition of these resources (habitus).
Coarsening of Ni3Ge precipitates in Ni-Ge alloys aged under uniaxial compression

Abstract The kinetics of coarsening of Ni3Ge precipitates under applied compressive stress was investigated in [1 0 0]-oriented monocrystalline Ni–Ge alloy specimens (nominal composition 12.92 ± 0.5 at.% Ge) aged at 625 °C. The maximum stress used was ∼100 MPa, and the strains were predominantly elastic (plastic deformation was less than 1% except for the largest stress, where it was 3%). The microstructures were examined by transmission electron microscopy of the (1 0 0) sections cut perpendicular to the applied stress. The effects of applied stress are small, but conclusive. Compressive stress retards the kinetics of coarsening, tends to make the precipitates more spherical in shape and reduces their aspect ratio. These results are discussed in light of recent data from comparable measurements on Ni3Al precipitates. The elastic anisotropy of Ni3Al is greater than that of Ni3Ge, and it is suggested that this parameter might be important, even though it is not included in treatments of elastic interactions among precipitates.
Estonian literature, 1872–1914: A source for social history?

(1981). Estonian literature, 1872–1914: A source for social history? Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 120-127.
Morphological and physiological variations between sectors isolated from giant colonies of Candida albicans and C. stellatoidea.

Species of the genusCandida differ in their morphological and physiological characteristics. These same differences can also be observed between sectors isolated from one parental culture. Isolated sectors varied from each other and the parental culture from which they were derived in morphology, carbon assimilation, fermentation reaction, intracellular reduction tests, and nutritional requirements. These variable characteristics may be due to an extremely flexible adaptive mechanism or a multinucleate condition in which the nuclear types are not always identical to each other.
Cocaine adversely affects development of cortical embryonic neurons in vitro: immunocytochemical study of calcium-binding proteins

Abstract Neurons of cerebral cortex from 15–16 day old embryos of white rats (Sprague–Dawley) were cultured in MEM enriched with 5% horse serum. On the 7th day after plating the cultures were divided into three experimental and one control groups (6–8 Petri dishes in each group). In group 1, cultures were grown without additives. In group 2, cocaine chloride was added at concentrations 0.3, 0.6 and 1 mg/ml of culture. In group 3, a monoclonal antibody against calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (APV) or calbindin (ACB) was added at a concentration 25 μl/ml. In group 4, a combination of cocaine +APV was added at a concentration 1 mg+25 μl/ml of culture media. On the 10th day cultures were immunostained using APV and ACB antibodies. In developing GABAergic neurons of group 2 cocaine produced cytotoxic effects that were expressed in drastic decrease in number of neurons and in degeneration of their processes. The lower concentrations of cocaine caused milder cytotoxity and their effects were reversible. The highest concentration of cocaine caused irreversible degeneration of neurons. Similar cytotoxity was caused by APV or ACB in group 3. The most severe cytotoxic effects were seen in group 4, where a mixture of cocaine and APV was used. Overall, it can be concluded that cocaine in higher concentrations directly affects development of GABAergic neurons in vitro.
Deriving Function-Failure Similarity Information for Failure-Free Rotorcraft Component Design

Performance and safety are the top concerns of high-risk aerospace applications at NASA. Eliminating or reducing performance and safety problems can be achieved with a thorough understanding of potential failure modes in the design that lead to these problems. The majority of techniques use prior knowledge and experience as well as Failure Modes and Effects as methods to determine potential failure modes of aircraft. The aircraft design needs to be passed through a general technique to ensure that every potential failure mode is considered, while avoiding spending time on improbable failure modes. In this work, this is accomplished by mapping failure modes to certain components, which are described by their functionality. In turn, the failure modes are then linked to the basic functions that are carried within the components of the aircraft. Using the technique proposed in this paper, designers can examine the basic functions, and select appropriate analyses to eliminate or design out the potential failure modes. This method was previously applied to a simple rotating machine test rig with basic functions that are common to a rotorcraft. In this paper, this technique is applied to the engine and power train of a rotorcraft, using failures and functions obtained from accident reports and engineering drawings.
A 1:1 copper-dioxygen adduct is an end-on bound superoxo copper(II) complex which undergoes oxygenation reactions with phenols.

Employing a strongly electron-donating tripodal tetradentate ligand along with a reaction strategy designed to suppress binuclear peroxo complex formation, an end-on bound superoxo−copper(II) complex [CuII(NMe2−TMPA)(O2-)]+ (1) has been generated in solution [UV−vis (THF, −85 °C): λmax = 418 nm (e, 4300 M-1 cm-1), 615 nm (e, 1100), 767 nm (e, 840)]. Resonance Raman spectroscopy employing isotopically substituted dioxygen (including mixed isotope 16/18O2) proves the end-on superoxo CuII(O2-) structural formulation, ν(O−O) = 1121 cm-1; ν(Cu−O) = 472 cm-1. The first demonstration of CuII(O2-) oxidative reactivity with exogenous substrates, likely involving H-atom abstraction chemistry, comes with the finding that 1 effects the oxygenation and hydroperoxylation of substituted phenols.
Ventilatory impairment in the dysmyelinated Long Evans shaker rat.

Abstract Although respiratory complications significantly contribute to morbidity/mortality in advanced myelin disorders, little is known concerning mechanisms whereby dysmyelination impairs ventilation, or how patients compensate (i.e. plasticity). To establish a model for studies concerning mechanisms of ventilatory impairment/compensation, we tested the hypotheses that respiratory function progressively declines in a model of CNS dysmyelination, the Long Evans shaker rat ( les ). The observed impairment is associated with abnormal inspiratory neural output. Minimal myelin staining was found throughout the CNS of les rats, including the brainstem and cervical bulbospinal tracts. Ventilation (via whole-body plethysmography) and phrenic motor output were assessed in les and wild-type (WT) rats during baseline, hypoxia (11% O 2 ) and hypercapnia (7% CO 2 ). Hypercapnic ventilatory responses were similar in young adult les and WT rats (2 months old); in hypoxia, rats exhibited seizure-like activity with sustained apneas. However, 5–6 month old les rats exhibited decreased breathing frequencies, mean inspiratory flow (V T /T I ) and ventilation (V˙ E ) during baseline and hypercapnia. Although phrenic motor output exhibited normal burst frequency and amplitude in 5–6 month old les rats, intra-burst activity was abnormal. In WT rats, phrenic activity was progressive and augmenting; in les rats, phrenic activity was decrementing with asynchronized, multipeaked activity. Thus, although ventilatory capacity is maintained in young, dysmyelinated rats, ventilatory impairment develops with age, possibly through discoordination in respiratory motor output. This study is the first reporting age-related breathing abnormalities in a rodent dysmyelination model, and provides the foundation for mechanistic studies of respiratory insufficiency and therapeutic interventions.
The 2003 ABA presidential address: 9/11...this is not a drill!

I am humbled by the honor bestowed upon me to serve as the President of the American Burn Association (ABA). For me, it is the ultimate achievement in a career that started, as with most burn doctors of my generation, as a matter of circumstance and opportunity rather than a matter of choice. Having fallen into the field, however, I must state that I am fortunate and proud to have had the pleasure of working as a member of what I consider the only true “team” in medicine—the burn team. With that introduction, I must take a few moments to thank some very special people who have invested time and patience in me and my career and with whom I share the honor of the presidency. I have had the good fortune to work under several master surgeons who guided my career and opened doors for me. My interest in burn care was inspired by Dr. Roger Sherman, my Chairman of Surgery at the University of South Florida in Tampa. One of his favorite expressions, and one which I use frequently with my residents, was “I can teach a monkey to operate, but I can’t teach him how to think.” With those words, he stimulated the thinking process in several generations of surgery residents. My second Chairman was Captain William Fouty, the Chief of Surgery at the National Naval Medical Center, where I served two years as staff surgeon and kidney transplanter. Bill knew of my interest in burns and trauma from my residency years and my disappointment with transplantation after about 11 months and, at my request, inquired of his counterpart at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) in San Antonio how I might learn burn care at the Mecca. The answer was that I would have to sell the Navy blue uniforms and buy green ones and commit to another three years of military life as a member of the Army. I’m sorry, Dr. Pruitt, but I just couldn’t get past the green uniform part. Subsequently, having made the decision to return to the South, Dr. Fouty helped me relocate to Charleston, SC, for a two-year extension of my Navy career. As he retired from the Navy and became the Chair of Surgery at the Washington Hospital Center (WHC), he tempted me to return to the Washington, DC, area with the offer of a job as director of a burn unit. This was a hard decision. I was faced with leaving the land of magnolias, gardenias, and no import tax on grits From The Burn Center at Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia. Address correspondence to Marion H. Jordan, MD Director of, The Burn Center at Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street NW, Room 3B-55, Washington, District of Columbia 20010. Copyright © 2004 by the American Burn Association. 0273-8481/2004
Service‐learning: mentoring leadership skills in the experienced teacher

Growth in the field of early childhood education has placed emphasis on improving quality through leadership and teacher education. With the advancement of the early childhood field, teacher education programs are called upon to develop leaders, challenge experienced teachers and meet professional standards through advanced degree programs. Developing leadership skills in experienced teachers holds promise for diversifying educational leadership and engaging in collaborative experiences. The state of educational leadership and the changing context of teacher education, support the use of service‐learning in advanced field experiences as a means to mentor experienced teachers. Reflections of three experienced female teachers who develop leadership skills in the areas of public policy/advocacy, administration and teacher education, through service‐learning are analyzed. Implications for preparing advanced teachers to be leaders in the field of early childhood education are discussed.