cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substituting Far-Red for Traditionally Defined Photosynthetic Photons Results in Equal Canopy Quantum Yield for CO2 Fixation and Increased Photon Capture During Long-Term Studies: Implications for Re-Defining PAR.

Far-red photons regulate shade avoidance responses and can have powerful effects on plant morphology and radiation capture. Recent studies have shown that far-red photons (700 to 750 nm) efficiently drive photosynthesis when added to traditionally defined photosynthetic photons (400-700 nm). But the long-term effects of far-red photons on canopy quantum yield have not yet been determined. We grew lettuce in a four-chamber, steady-state canopy gas-exchange system to separately quantify canopy photon capture, quantum yield for CO2 fixation, and carbon use efficiency. These measurements facilitate a mechanistic understanding of the effect of far-red photons on the components of plant growth. Day-time photosynthesis and night-time respiration of lettuce canopies were continuously monitored from seedling to harvest in five replicate studies. Plants were grown under a background of either red/blue or white light, each background with or without 15% (50 μmol m-2 s-1) of far-red photons substituting for photons between 400 to 700 nm. All four treatments contained 31.5% blue photons, and an equal total photon flux from 400 to 750 nm of 350 μmol m-2 s-1. Both treatments with far-red photons had higher canopy photon capture, increased daily carbon gain (net photosynthesis minus respiration at night), and 29 to 31% more biomass than control treatments. Canopy quantum yield was similar among treatments (0.057  0.002 moles of CO2 fixed in gross photosynthesis per mole of absorbed photons integrated over 400 to 750 nm). Carbon use efficiency (daily carbon gain/gross photosynthesis) was also similar for mature plants (0.61  0.02). Photosynthesis increased linearly with increasing photon capture and had a common slope among all four treatments, which demonstrates that the faster growth with far-red photon substitution was caused by enhanced photon capture through increased leaf expansion. The equivalent canopy quantum yield among treatments indicates that the absorbed far-red photons were equally efficient for photosynthesis when acting synergistically with the 400-700 nm photons.
Closing the Brief Case: What a Fluke! A Case of Fascioliasis with Pulmonary Involvement in a Peace Corps Volunteer.

A 25-year-old Caucasian American woman without significant medical history presented to the travel clinic with a 1-week history of worsening diarrhea and bloating. She had recently returned from an 8-month trip to Ethiopia, where she worked as a Peace Corps volunteer. While in Ethiopia, she resided
Particle Filtration Efficiency Testing of Sterilization Wrap Masks.

Objectives Non-traditional materials are used for mask construction to address personal protective equipment shortages during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Reusable masks made from surgical sterilization wrap represent such an innovative approach with social media frequently referring to them as "N95 alternatives." This material was tested for particle filtration efficiency and breathability to clarify what role they might have in infection prevention and control. Methods A heavyweight, double layer sterilization wrap was tested when new and after 2, 4, 6, and 10 autoclave sterilizing cycles and compared with an approved N95 respirator and a surgical mask via testing procedures using a sodium chloride aerosol for N95 efficiency testing similar to 42 CFR 84.181. Pressure testing to indicate breathability was also conducted. Results The particle filtration efficiency for the sterilization wrap ranged between 58% to 66%, with similar performance when new and after sterilizing cycles. The N95 respirator and surgical mask performed at 95% and 68% respectively. Pressure drops for the sterilization wrap, N95 and surgical mask were 10.4 mmH2O, 5.9 mmH2O, and 5.1 mmH2O, respectively, well below the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health limits of 35 mmH2O during initial inhalation and 25 mmH2O during initial exhalation. Conclusions The sterilization wrap's particle filtration efficiency is much lower than a N95 respirator, but falls within the range of a surgical mask, with acceptable breathability. Performance testing of non-traditional mask materials is crucial to determine potential protection efficacy and for correcting misinterpretation propagated through popular media.
Reporting on Science as an Ongoing Process (or Not)

Efforts to cultivate scientific literacy in the public are often aimed at enabling people to make more informed decisions — both in their own lives (e.g., personal health, sustainable practices, c it was comparatively rare for articles to attend to the methodology or the social–institutional processes by which particular results come about. At best, we argue that this represents a missed opportunity.
Prospects for Using RNAi as Control for Ants

The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) has inspired insect scientists to aim towards the development of this technology for protection against insect pests. The RNAi mechanism works at the intracellular level by exploiting a mode of action specific to the expression of genes, interrupting the transcription to translation process. Many of the limitations of RNAi technology are being addressed to adapt it for insect pest application. However, most of the insect pest problems for which RNAi is being developed involve direct plant-insect interactions, primarily in monoculture crop systems. Ants are important agricultural pests that generally do not feed directly on crops, yet have dramatic impact on agroecosystems. The application of RNAi to pest ants is complicated by the social nature of ants. Here the goal is to examine the potential application of RNAi to ant pests, especially invasive ants, which present distinct challenges with regard to delivery, targeting, efficacy, and risks.
Combating Diagnostic Delay of Endometriosis in Adolescents via Educational Awareness: A Systematic Review

Endometriosis occurs in approximately 10% of adult women worldwide; however, it is commonly under- or misdiagnosed in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to analyze existing scientific literature for reasons for diagnostic delay of endometriosis and to determine how education regarding endometriosis could be improved. An integrative review was conducted based on articles published between December 1980 and December 2020. Suitable articles were identified from the MEDLINE/PubMed databases, using relevant terms. Eligible studies included discussion on potential causes of diagnostic delay of endometriosis in the adolescent population. Data were extracted from eligible publications and qualitative synthesis was used. The 27 articles included in the study revealed several primary reasons for the delay, such as a physician and/or patient knowledge gap, normalization by physician and patient, lack of research, and physician resistance. Strategies to lessen diagnostic delay of endometriosis in adolescents must include integrated actions by educators and healthcare providers to improve health literacy and awareness of common causes of pelvic pain in this age group.
Social Security Coverage for State and Local Government Workers: A Reconsideration

Since it was created in 1935, Social Security has grown from covering about half of the work force to covering nearly all workers. The largest remaining exempted group is a subset of state and local government workers (SLGWs). As of 2008, Social Security did not cover about 27 percent of the 23.8 million SLGWs (Congressional Research Service 2011). Non-coverage of SLGWs is concentrated in certain states scattered around the country and includes workers in a diverse set of jobs, ranging from administrators to custodial staff. Some police and fire department employees are not covered. About 40 percent of public school teachers are not covered by Social Security (Kan and Alderman 2014). Under current law, state and local governments that do not offer their own retirement plan must enroll their employees in Social Security. But if it does offer a retirement plan, the state or local government can choose whether to enroll its workers in Social Security. This paper reviews and extends discussion on whether state and local government workers should face mandatory coverage in Social Security. Relative to earlier work, we focus on links between this issue and recent developments in state and local pensions. Although some of the issues apply equally to both existing and newly hired SLGWs, it is most natural to focus on whether newly hired employees should be brought into Social Security.
The OS/2 Warp Survival Guide

INTRODUCTION: OS/2 Hardware Requirements Software Requirements INSTALLING OS/2: Hard Disk Partitions Installation Procedure Initial OS/2 Configuration INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKPLACE SHELL: Shell Basics Shell Object Configuration System Setup Objects Getting Help MIGRATING APPLICATIONS: Using the Migrate Facility Using Software with OS/2 DOS UNDER OS/2: Built-in DOS Support Specific DOS WINDOWS UNDER OS/2: The WINDOWS/2 Support Windows Application Features OS/2 APPLICATIONS: OS/2 Application Support COMMAND-LINE INTERFACES: The OS/2 Command Line The DOS Command Line THE PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMS: Personal Productivity Programs More Productivity Programs Editors System Utilities ADVANCED FEATURES: Advanced WPS Features OS/2 Print Spooler OS/2 Display System Configuration Error Recovery REXX Language OS/2 and Networks.
Microarray analyses reveals “what’s up” in human neuroblastoma malignant stem cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4337 Human neuroblastoma cell lines comprise three different phenotypes: neuroblastic (N), substrate adherent (S), and stem cell (I), each having distinct morphological, biochemical and tumorigenic characteristics. The I-type malignant stem cells can undergo continuous self-renewal or can differentiate into N-type or S-type cells, spontaneously or when induced with various differentiating agents. Previous studies measuring plating efficiency in soft agar and tumor formation in athymic mice showed that I-type cells are significantly more malignant than either N or S, regardless of N-myc expression or amplification status. To better characterize these I-type cells and explore the mechanisms underlying their malignant potential, microarray expression data are being analyzed to identify genes that are differentially expressed in the I cells compared to the N and S cells. To date, more than 300 possible candidates have been identified with the Affymetrix Gene Chip Human Genome U 95 Set and Human Genome U 133 Plus 2.0 Arrays. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed consistently elevated expression in I versus N or S cells in only 5 candidates (CD133, KIT, HUMNF1ISO, GPRC5C, and NOTCH1). Almost 50 gene candidates showing either increased or decreased expression in I cells on the above mentioned microarray platforms were not differentially expressed when studied by RT-PCR. Western blot analyses of the CD133, c-kit, and Notch1 proteins confirm their greater expression in I cells compared to N and S cells. Most of these proteins are expressed by normal (non-transformed) stem cells and thus their increased expression may reflect the stem cell nature of I cells. The role(s) that these proteins play in the malignant potential of the cancer stem cell remains to be determined. Since recent evidence suggests that the malignant stem cell may be the causative agent in tumor progression in human neuroblastoma, the I-type cancer stem cell may be a crucial therapeutic target in the management of this devastating childhood cancer.
Lifestyle factors and ghrelin: critical review and implications for weight loss maintenance

Ghrelin, the only known appetite-stimulating hormone in humans, may be one factor involved in increased appetite, cravings and food intake following weight loss. Innovative strategies for suppressing ghrelin and decreasing appetite during weight loss maintenance are needed. Recent research has highlighted relationships between ghrelin, stress and lifestyle factors. The purposes of the current review are to (i) describe the current status of knowledge about ghrelin and lifestyle factors; (ii) critically examine research in this area, highlighting inconsistencies and methodological issues and (iii) discuss future directions and implications for obesity treatment. Based on Literature search using PsycINFO and Medline databases, we reviewed experimental studies on relationships between ghrelin, stress, exercise and sleep. Ghrelin levels are positively related to stress hormones, and stress management interventions including exercise and sleep may help to reduce acylated ghrelin and corresponding appetite. Behavioural interventions may offer a practical, cost-effective alternative for reducing or stabilizing ghrelin levels after initial weight loss. Adding behavioural techniques designed to reduce ghrelin to traditional weight loss maintenance protocols may help individuals to maintain weight loss. Future directions for investigating relationships between ghrelin and behavioural factors, examining the efficacy of behavioural programmes in reducing ghrelin and improving weight loss maintenance are discussed.
Regulation of signal transduction by glycosylation

The incredible diversity found in cell-surface glycoconjugate structures led researchers over 30 years ago to propose that complexity in carbohydrates must play a role in cellular communication. Recent studies from a number of laboratories have confirmed this hypothesis, demonstrating that cell-surface glycoconjugates play significant roles in signal transduction events. One striking example is the effect of O-fucose modifications on the Notch-signalling pathway. Notch is a cell-surface receptor that is essential for proper development. The extracellular domain of Notch contains up to 36-tandem epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats, many of which are predicted to be modified at putative consensus sequences with O-fucose and O-glucose saccharides. Genetic alterations (by knockout or RNAi methodologies) in the enzyme responsible for the addition of O-fucose to Notch, protein O-fucosyltransferase-1, result in severe, embryonic lethal phenotypes resembling Notch mutants. Thus, O-fucosylation appears to be essential for proper Notch function. Elongation of the O-fucose monosaccharide by the β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, Fringe, modulates Notch function, either increasing or decreasing response from ligands depending on context. Although it is now clear that O-fucose modifications affect Notch signalling, the molecular mechanism by which this occurs is not known. As an initial step in understanding how O-fucose glycans affect Notch function, we are mapping O-fucose modifications to specific sites on Notch. Already, we have demonstrated that O-fucose modifies one of the EGF repeats involved in ligand binding, suggesting that the sugars may play a role in Notch–ligand interactions. Experiments to test the role of O-fucose modifications at specific sites are in progress. We have also found that Fringe modifies O-fucose on some EGF repeats but not others. Our initial analyses suggest that the basis of this specificity is encoded within the sequences of the individual EGF repeats. Site mapping has also confirmed the presence of O-glucose saccharides on Notch. The evolutionarily conserved, predicted O-glucose sites on Notch are as numerous as those for O-fucose, suggesting that the O-glucose modifications will play an equally important role in Notch biology. We have recently identified an enzymatic activity capable of catalyzing the addition of O-glucose to EGF repeats. Purification of the protein O-glucosyltransferase is underway. These and other results will be discussed.
Functional development of the T cell receptor for antigen.

For over three decades now, the T cell receptor (TCR) for antigen has not ceased to challenge the imaginations of cellular and molecular immunologists alike. T cell antigen recognition transcends every aspect of adaptive immunity: it shapes the T cell repertoire in the thymus and directs T cell-mediated effector functions in the periphery, where it is also central to the induction of peripheral tolerance. Yet, despite its central position, there remain many questions unresolved: how can one TCR be specific for one particular peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand while also binding other pMHC ligands with an immunologically relevant affinity? And how can a T cell's extreme specificity (alterations of single methyl groups in their ligand can abrogate a response) and sensitivity (single agonist ligands on a cell surface are sufficient to trigger a measurable response) emerge from TCR-ligand interactions that are so low in affinity? Solving these questions is intimately tied to a fundamental understanding of molecular recognition dynamics within the many different contexts of various T cell-antigen presenting cell (APC) contacts: from the thymic APCs that shape the TCR repertoire and guide functional differentiation of developing T cells to the peripheral APCs that support homeostasis and provoke antigen responses in naive, effector, memory, and regulatory T cells. Here, we discuss our recent findings relating to T cell antigen recognition and how this leads to the thymic development of foreign-antigen-responsive alphabetaT cells.
An Engineering Test Useful in Developing Glass Seals for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Developing reliable, hermetic ceramic-to-metal seals has become a key issue to the future success of planar solid oxide fuel cell (pSOFC) technology. In the course of designing and fabricating operating pSOFC stacks at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory over the past several years, we have relied on a simple, but extremely useful seal testing technique that allows us to screen through the numerous variables involved in developing glass seals. Here we discuss the design of the test apparatus and the procedure we employed when using the test to analyze the effects of various processing parameters on the hermeticity and durability of our glass seals.
New programmable FFT implementations for radar signal processing

The authors have designed two high-throughput, wide-dynamic-range, real-time FFT processors for use in advanced wide-bandwidth HF radar systems. These FFTs are capable of real-time operation at continuous throughput rates greater than 2 MHz with a programmable transform length of up to 16 K points. Either 32-b fixed-point or 32-b floating-point (IEEE format) computations can be performed. An interesting result is that both FFT design approaches provide approximately the same throughput rate, are approximately the same size (250 ICs), and require less than 100 W of power. >
From causes to conditions in group research

Summary It is time to move beyond standard conceptual and research paradigms in scientific work on group behavior and performance to better align our models and methods with the phenomena we are studying. Cause–effect models are of limited use in conducting research and generating useable theory about group behavior and performance. This paper proposes and illustrates an alternative conceptual approach that focuses on the conditions within which groups chart their own courses. The paper suggests three implications of a condition-focused approach for those who create, lead, and serve in purposive groups, and closes with a discussion of the conceptual challenges that must be overcome if the potential of a condition-focused approach is to be realized. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Humanistic and Religious Foundations of Deep Time

Bursting the Limits of Time . The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. By Martin J. S. Rudwick . University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005. 732 pp. $35, £28.50. ISBN 0-226-73111-1. The author offers a comprehensive and engaging account of the emergence of the recognition of Earth's long history during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Production of Metallic Foams Having Open Porosity Using a Powder Metallurgy Approach

Abstract A technique has been recently developed to produce foamed metallic structures from dry powder blends containing a metallic powder, a polymeric binder, and a foaming agent. The blend is molded and heat-treated to foam and consolidate the material. The final properties may be tailored by varying the sintering temperature. Microstructure, chemical composition, and properties of nickel (Ni) foams sintered at different temperature are presented and discussed. The resulting material has an open cell microstructure with three levels of porosity. This structure leads to materials having low density (∼ 90% porosity) and high specific surface area. The specific surface area is reduced and the mechanical strength is increased when the sintering temperature increases.
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation

Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have been the primary anticoagulant for the past few decades, and to a lesser degree aspirin, in preventing thrombotic events from atrial fibrillation. In spite of our experience with warfarin over the years, its use has been limited by multiple challenges: its need for frequent international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring, its narrow therapeutic range, variation with metabolism, diet, and other medications, and the need for frequent dosage adjustment. With the advent of newer/novel oral anticoagulants such as oral direct thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran) and oral factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban), we are at the dawn of a new era in anticoagulation. Compared with VKAs, they do not need INR monitoring, have a rapid onset of action, are a fixed-dose therapy, and for unclear reasons, have been shown to cause significantly less intracranial hemorrhage than VKAs.
Ethical guidelines in surgical patient care.

In a recent survey of ethics in surgery, emphasis was placed on the importance of the physician-patient relationship, as contrasted with the relation of physicians to one another and to society. In the management of certain difficult surgical problems, an understanding of ethical guidelines can provide practical help with surgical decisions. This statement is exemplified by review of a complex clinical case report.
Quantitative Echocardiography, Part 1 Myocardial Tissue Characterization with Analysis of Radiofrequency Signas

The quantitative applications of echocardiography in clinical practice are well known. The measurements of cardiac chamber dimensions, wall thickness, and overall performance have been uniformly adopted. An important emerging ultrasound modality known as tissue characterization of the myocardium has evolved from experimental studies to clinical investigation. The ability to quantitate myocardial acoustic properties by the measurement of integrated backscatter (in decibels) provides direct assessment of myocardial structural characteristics and contractile performance, to complement conventional two-dimensional imaging of ventricular wall motion and wall thickening. Despite the considerable amount of work that has been done, there are several areas of research that need to be further investigated before widespread clinical use of these techniques is possible. Specifically, absolute values of myocardial backscatter are not yet obtainable with the current instrumentation; only the relative change in backscat...
A Comparison of Alternative Intervention Strategies for Unintended Roadway Departure (URD) Control

SUMMARY This paper investigates the use of several different inputs for the control of a vehicle, in the context of URD. In this investigation, the goal of the URD controller is to provide an intervention in the event of the vehicle leaving the road. The types of inputs that will be considered are (i) Four Wheel Steering, (ii) Front Wheel Steering, (iii) Four Wheel Brake Steering, (iv) Front Wheel Brake Steering, and (v) Rear Wheel Brake Steering. The controller design is an LQ controller based on the simplified dynamics of a 2 degree of freedom bicycle model. However, the analysis of the different strategies are performed on a 7 degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model. The key contribution of this paper is the quantitative evaluation of the relative efficiencies of each of these input strategies being examined. Unlike most control schemes, the performance measure to be used will not be the output tracking error of the system. Instead, the metric of performance is the ratio of peak tire force used versu...
Serotonin-induced decrease in hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity and corresponding increase in prolactin release are abolished at midpregnancy and by transplants of rat choriocarcinoma cells.

We investigated the effect of central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) administration on hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons and related changes in neuronal activity to circulating PRL levels in two physiological models: 1) pregnant rats expressing (day 8) or not expressing (days 11 and 16) PRL surges, and 2) ovariectomized rats transplanted with rat choriocarcinoma cells, which secrete functional placental lactogen-I. Over a 4-min period between 0900 and 1400 h, rats were administered either vehicle or 5-HT (20 micrograms/6 microliters) through lateral ventricular cannulae. Plasma PRL levels were determined by RIA. NSD 1015 (25 mg/kg intraarterial), a dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase inhibitor, was injected 20 min after initiation of ventricular infusion. Ten min later, the stalk-median eminence (SME) was dissected. The rate of DOPA accumulation, determined by measuring DOPA levels in the SME by HPLC, was used as an index of tyrosine hydroxylase catalytic activity, indicating...
1159 READMISSION OF THE NEWBORN WITH FEBRILE ILLNESS-PREDICTIVE VALUE OF FEVER, CBC AND PLATELET COUNTS

1159 READMISSION OF THE NEWBORN WITH FEBRILE ILLNESS-PREDICTIVE VALUE OF FEVER, CBC AND PLATELET COUNTS
The role of topology in engineering design research

Aspects of the mathematical specialty of topology appear within several seemingly distinct areas of engineering design and engineering design theory. Indeed, the expression “topology of a design” is often used informally. In this article a primary intent is to demonstrate the diversity of applications of topology within engineering design. A complementary goal is to introduce the engineering design community to topology as a rich, formal, well-established mathematical discipline that may be of value for wider study. Upon reviewing some of these topological applications, it appears that topology holds promise as a basis for formalizing engineering design theory. This article considers topology as a basis for unifying design abstractions. The potential benefit may be the realization of commonalities between design aspects previously considered separately, where each now has its own attendant specialized, expensive analyses.
Pleistocene speciation of sister taxa in a North Pacific clade of brooding sea stars (Leptasterias)

Although numerous coastal marine species show intra-specific lineage splitting and population divergence times that date to the period of glacial cycles during the Pleistocene epoch, reported instances of recent speciation in the coastal marine environment are relatively rare. Marine organisms with brood-protection and other reproductive modes with limited dispersal potential have been suggested to experience more frequent speciation and extinction events than related species with higher dispersal rates, but few studies have actually estimated divergence times of sister species in these organisms. Here, two mitochondrial gene regions (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, putative control region and upstream tRNAs) and a nuclear gene region (Elongation factor 1α subunit intron 4) provide evidence of recent (0.5–1.2 Mya) cladogenetic events in four pairs of putative sister taxa in a predominantly North Pacific brooding subgenus of sea stars (Leptasterias subgenus Hexasterias). Calibration is obtained from a trans-arctic migration in a related clade of sea stars (Leptasterias subgenera Hexasterias and Nesasterias) that is timed to the opening of the Bering Strait at 3.5 ± 0.25 Mya, and uncertainty in the calibration point is accommodated with a normally-distributed Bayesian prior probability. Similar estimates of population splitting times for two of the pairs of putative sister taxa were obtained by a multilocus coalescent analysis. Estimates of mitochondrial mutation rates (0.01/My) were approximately 50% of the values calibrated for sister species pairs in tropical sea stars and sea urchins.
On the robustness of the optimum balanced 2m factorial designs of resolution v (given by Srivastava and Chopra) in the presence of outliers

Abstract In this paper we study the sensitivity of the optimum balanced resolution V plans for 2m factorials, to outliers, using the measure suggested by Box and Drapper (1975). We observe that the designs are robust, i.e., have low sensitivity.
Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder

Carcinoma-in-situ of the bladder is a complex intraurothelial neoplasm. Although histologically confined to the superficial urothelium, the natural history of the lesion is unpredictable. In its most aggressive form, it is a diffuse field change process characterized by unremitting irritative voiding symptoms and is a harbinger of early muscle invasion. On the other hand, histologically identical, but focal CIS may be completely asymptomatic and remain dormant for decades without evidence of invasion or progression. The following review will address the pathologic, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic dilemmas facing the urologist in dealing with CIS.
Permittivity evaluation of multilayered hyperbolic metamaterials: Ellipsometry vs. reflectometry

Metal-dielectric nanolaminates represent a class of hyperbolic metamaterials with uniaxial permittivity tensor. In this study, we critically compare permittivity extraction of nanolaminate samples using two techniques: polarized reflectometry vs. spectroscopic anisotropic ellipsometry. Both Au/MgF2 and Ag/MgF2 metal-dielectric stacks are examined. We demonstrate the applicability of the treatment of the multilayered material as a uniaxial medium and compare the derived optical parameters to those expected from the effective medium approximation. We also experimentally compare the effect of varying the material outer layer on the homogenization of the composite. Additionally, we introduce a simple empirical method of extracting the epsilon-near-zero point of the nanolaminates from normal incidence reflectance. The results of this study are useful in accurate determination of the hyperbolic material permittivity and in the ability to tune its optical properties.
Charitable Bingo in Indiana Issues and Implications

Despite portrayals of gambling as a social vice, charitable gaming is big business in the United States and globally. While many nonprofit organizations sponsor charitable gaming events, such as bingo nights for their members and communities, to raise both friends and funds for their organizations, charitable gaming operations receive little attention from researchers. This article focuses on charitable bingo and contrasts bingo’s often folkloric background with the contemporary realities of charitable gaming. Our exploratory analysis offers reasons that bingo deserves study and calls researchers’ and practitioners’ attention to the scope and some of the implications of bingo operations. We focus on the characteristics of nonprofit organizations reporting bingo revenue in Indiana. Our findings suggest that while some nonprofits may be using bingo to raise much-needed funds or provide a social and recreational outlet for organization or community members, bingo is an uncertain financial pursuit for most organizations. We use a descriptive case study of bingo in Indiana to explore and illustrate the issues and questions raised in the article and to set up an agenda for future research on charitable bingo.
LOGICAL ATOMISM AND MODAL LOGIC

abstract logical space if S is a set, empty or otherwise, and f is a mapping from S onto S such that for each s e S, f(s) ~: s and f(f(s)) = s. Informally, S represents a space of atomic situations and f is the comple- mentation operation between the situations in that space. In addition, we shall say that ~I is a possible world of~, in symbols ~1 e W(y), if~l C S and for each s e S, either s e ~1 or f(s) e ~1 but not both. Finally, we note that in real as opposed to abstract, logi- cal space, one possible world is the (real) world, namely, the totality of existing atomic situations. Other worlds are "un- real" in so far as some, if not all, of the atomic situations constituting them do not exist (in the real world). In logical atomism, possible-existence and possible-non-existence are not material "properties" of atomic situations, though of course existence and (in our present variant) non-existence are. That is, in an appropriate sense, existence (being-the-case) and non- existence (being-not-the-case) are to atomic situations as material properties are to objects. But existence and non- existence are the only such material "properties" of atomic 45
Neurological complications in infants and children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Neurological complications occurred in 6 children, aged 6 months to 5 years, with acquired immune deficiency syndrome who were followed for 14 months. The most frequent manifestations included encephalopathies, acquired microcephaly, and pyramidal tract signs. Computed tomographic examinations showed variable degrees of cortical atrophy with ventricular dilatation and calcification. Electrophysiological abnormalities were demonstrated. Two children had documented central nervous system infections. Neurological deterioration resulted in dementia in 3 children. Cognitive impairment and developmental delays were evident in the other 3. Postmortem examination of the 3 children who died showed subacute cytomegalovirus encephalitis in 1; nonspecific hemispheric white matter changes, calcific vasopathy of the basal ganglia, and striking bilateral corticospinal tract degeneration in the second; and extensive calcific vasopathy of the basal ganglia and frontal centrum semiovale, and bilateral attenuation of the frontopontine and corticospinal tracts in the third.
Substance Use among Women at Risk for HIV Infection

This article reports results from a survey of culturally diverse women at risk for HIV infection in south Florida. Data concerning their substance use and its association with HIV risk behaviors are presented. Results indicate levels of consumption which exceed expectations based on general estimates of female substance use. Further, substance use was associated with specific behaviors and lifestyles which placed the women at increased risk for HIV infection.
Coordinate Regulation of B Cell Differentiation by the Transcription Factors EBF and E2A

Abstract The transcription factors EBF and E2A are required at a similar step in early B cell differentiation. EBF and E2A synergistically upregulate transcription of endogenous B cell–specific genes in a non-B cell line. Here, we examine a genetic collaboration between these factors in regulating B lymphopoiesis. We find that Ebf+/−E2a+/− mice display a marked defect in pro-B cell differentiation at a stage later than observed in the single homozygous mutant mice. Pro-B cells from Ebf+/−E2a+/− mice show reduced expression of lymphoid-specific transcripts, including Pax5, Rag1, Rag2, and mb-1. We also show that EBF directly binds and activates the Pax5 promoter. Together, these data show collaboration between EBF and E2A and provide insight into the hierarchy of transcription factors that regulate B lymphocyte differentiation.
Conductivity in Electrorheology

Analytical models for the quasi-static ER behavior of suspensions have been developed which take into consideration both the conductivity and dielectric mismatches between the components and the supra-ohmic behavior of the host liquid. Included are models for: (a) slightly conducting particles, (b) insulating particles with a conducting film and (c) highly conducting particles with an insulating film. Both dc and ac fields are treated. Good agreement between predicted and experimental results occur. The models indicate that promising ER suspensions for use over a wide frequency range are those which contain highly conducting particles coated with an "insulating" film which has a hihg dielectric constant and a high electrical breakdown strength. It is conceivable that with proper desigh a yield strength of 20–100 kPa may be obtained with an acceptable current density.
Effect of Air Pollution on Precipitation along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains

Abstract Air pollution generated in industrial and urban areas can act to suppress precipitation by creating a narrow cloud droplet spectrum, which inhibits the collision and coalescence process. In fact, precipitation ratios of elevated sites to upwind coastal urban areas have decreased during the twentieth century for locations in California and Israel while pollution emissions have increased. Precipitation suppression by pollution should also be evident in other areas of the world where shallow, orographic clouds produce precipitation. This study investigates the precipitation trends for sites along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains to determine the effect of air pollution on precipitation in this region. The examination of precipitation trends reveals that the ratio of upslope precipitation for elevated sites west of Denver and Colorado Springs, Colorado, to upwind urban sites has decreased by approximately 30% over the past half-century. Similar precipitation trends were not found for more prist...
Photosensory Input Pathways in the Medicinal Leech

The medicinal leech,Hirudo medicinalis possesses two types of photosensory organs: five bilateral pairs of eyes embedded in two longitudinal rows in the dorsal surface of the head, and seven bilateral pairs of sensilla situated in both the dorsal and the ventral surface of each of the 21 body segments. The photoreceptor cells of each eye or sensillum project their axons centrally via a characteristic cephalic or segmental nerve which carries the photosensory input to the brain or to the segmental ganglion. In response to a pulse of light the photoreceptors produce a train of impulses whose frequency first rises to anearly peak and then declines to asteady state plateau at which it remains until the end of the pulse. The amplitude of the early peak response and the level of the steady state plateau rise linearly with the log of the light pulse intensity, but the dynamic range of the early peak response is much narrower than that of the plateau. Both ocular and sensillar photoreceptors adapt to the intensity of interpulse background illumination; the ocular receptors adapt so completely that their level of background activity is nearly independent of the background light intensity, whereas the ventral sensillar photoreceptors adapt incompletely, so that their background activity rises with the background light intensity. Ocular and sensillar photoreceptors make their maximal response to green light at a wavelength of about 540 nm. They are almost insensitive to red and violet light at both extremes of the visible spectrum. The photosensory response of a single eye is directionally selective, whereas that of a single sensillum has much less directional selectivity. Several higher order sensory neurons were identified in the segmental ganglion that receive photosensory input from the sensilla. One of these neurons has the sensillum in the ipsilateral dorso-medial body wall of the same segment as its receptive field and another neuron the bilateral set of ventral sensilla in the body wall of the next posterior segment.
Mechanism of Crosslinking of Proteins by Glutaraldehyde IV: In Vitro and In Vivo Stability of a Crosslinked Collagen Matrix

The use of native or reconstituted collagen as a bioprothesis for tissue augmentation requires the introduction of exogenous synthetic crosslinks. The degree of crosslinking determines the rate of resorption or replacement of the implanted materials by the host. Since biophysical and chemical methods to quantify these crosslinks have in general been difficult to evaluate, we have developed in vitro enzymatic approaches which enable us to correlate the degree of crosslinking with the rates of enzymatic degradation. When the number of stable crosslinks formed is large it is essential to partially unfold the collagen fibrils by heating or by exposure to denaturing agents to enhance their susceptibility to hydrolysis. In the present study we demonstrate that increasing the number of reactive amino groups on collagen by coupling 1,6-diaminohexane to carboxyl groups using a water soluble carbodiimide can significantly enhance the number of crosslinks introduced by glutaraldehyde. We also show that the enzymatic method developed correlates well with the biodegradation of radiolabeled crosslinked collagenous tissues implanted subcutaneously in rats.
Activation analyses for different fusion structural alloys

The leading candidate structural materials, viz., the vanadium alloys, the nickel or the manganese stabilized austenitic steels, and the ferritic steels, are analysed in terms of their induced activation in the TPSS fusion power reactor. The TPSS reactor has 1950 MW fusion power and inboard and outboard average neutron wall loading of 3.75 and 5.35 MW/m{sup 2} respectively. The results shows that, after one year of continuous operation, the vanadium alloys have the least radioactivity at reactor shutdown. The maximum difference between the induced radioactivity in the vanadium alloys and in the other iron-based alloys occurs at about 10 years after reactor shutdown. At this time, the total reactor radioactivity, using the vanadium alloys, is about two orders of magnitude less than the total reactor radioactivity utilizing any other alloy. The difference is even larger in the first wall, the FW-vanadium activation is 3 orders of magnitude less than other alloys' FW activation. 2 refs., 7 figs.
Type I Collagen Fibrillogenesis: Initiation via Reversible Linear and Lateral Growth Steps

Type I collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro has been studied by laser light scattering, and the results indicate that initiation of aggregation involves at least two steps. Step I of aggregation involves no change in the intensity of scattered light at an angle of 90° and is accompanied by a decrease in the diffusion coefficient. Step II is characterized by an increased intensity of scattered light and decreased diffusion coefficients. Theoretical calculations using the Stokes-Einstein equation for the translational diffusion coefficient and the Perrin equation for the frictional coefficient of a prolate ellipsoid indicate that the step I aggregates are 4D staggered linear dimers and trimers 570 and 845 nm long, whereas step II aggregates are greater than 950 nm in length. These dimensions are similar to those previously reported based on physicochemical measurements and electron microscopy. It is proposed that the rate and extent of fibrillogenesis in vitro is controlled by the concentration of the linear aggregates and that the effects of temperature and collagen concentration on fibrillogenesis previously observed are qualitatively explained in terms of their effects on the concentration of these aggregates.
Rapidly induced auditory plasticity : the ventriloquism aftereffect

Cortical representational plasticity has been well documented after peripheral and central injuries or improvements in perceptual and motor abilities. This has led to inferences that the changes in cortical representations parallel and account for the improvement in performance during the period of skill acquisition. There have also been several examples of rapidly induced changes in cortical neuronal response properties, for example, by intracortical microstimulation or by classical conditioning paradigms. This report describes similar rapidly induced changes in a cortically mediated perception in human subjects, the ventriloquism aftereffect, which presumably reflects a corresponding change in the cortical representation of acoustic space. The ventriloquism aftereffect describes an enduring shift in the perception of the spatial location of acoustic stimuli after a period of exposure of spatially disparate and simultaneously presented acoustic and visual stimuli. Exposure of a mismatch of 8° for 20–30 min is sufficient to shift the perception of acoustic space by approximately the same amount across subjects and acoustic frequencies. Given that the cerebral cortex is necessary for the perception of acoustic space, it is likely that the ventriloquism aftereffect reflects a change in the cortical representation of acoustic space. Comparisons between the responses of single cortical neurons in the behaving macaque monkey and the stimulus parameters that give rise to the ventriloquism aftereffect suggest that the changes in the cortical representation of acoustic space may begin as early as the primary auditory cortex.
Envisioning change from the margins within: Human resource development (HRD) and corporate downsizing

This chapter addresses the contradictions inherent to working at the confluence of human resource development and adult education, as well as the opportunity for transformation in the workplace.
Mechanisms of resurgence II: Response-contingent reinforcers can reinstate a second extinguished behavior

Three experiments with rat subjects examined resurgence of an extinguished instrumental response using the procedure introduced by Epstein (1983) with pigeons. There were three phases: (1) initial acquisition of pressing on a lever (L1) for pellet reward, (2) extinction of L1, and (3) a test session in which a second lever (L2) was inserted, briefly reinforced, and then extinguished. Experiment 1 confirmed that if pressing L2 delivered 20 pellets followed by extinction, rats would resume L1 responding in the final test. Experiment 2 compared the effects of response-contingent and non-contingent rewards delivered upon insertion of L2. Although insertion of L2 alone did not increase L1 responding, response-contingent and non-contingent rewards led to comparable increases in L1 responding. Experiment 3 found that the delivery of non-contingent pellets during extinction of L1, which would be expected to reduce the ability of pellets to set the occasion for the L1 response, also reduced the effects of both response-contingent and non-contingent rewards during the final test. The results indicate that in this method, the resurgence treatment leads to an increase in L1 pressing due to simple presentation of the pellet; delivering the reinforcer after extinction of L1 reinstates L1 responding by setting the occasion for the L1 response.
A table of color distance scores for quantitative scoring of the Lanthony Desaturate color vision test

The Lanthony Desaturate Panel D-15 (D-15d) color vision test is used in neurotoxicological testing to assess acquired color vision deficits. The original test design included a qualitative scoring method. Quantitative scoring requires mapping the colored objects used in the test into a color space describing perceptual distances. A table of these distances has previously been published for the saturated version of this color vision test, but not the desaturate test. This communication includes a table of color distances for the calculation of Bowman's Total Color Distance Score (TCDS) for the D-15d. This table should be useful for non-computerized scoring under field test conditions or for devising one's own computerized scoring methods using the tabulated color distances for a look-up table. Data analysis programs using SAS or Matlab are available from the author.