cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ephrin receptor A2 and Roundabout Guidance Receptor 1 heterodimer: A potential theranostic for squamous cell carcinomas

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the lung (LSCC) and head and neck (HNSCC) are very prevalent with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. In both cancer types, Ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2) is known to be over expressed and exhibit opposing effects via two distinct signaling mechanisms. While it can inhibit cancer cell survival and migration by ligand-dependent signaling through tyrosine kinase phosphorylation at Y588 and Y772, it can promote tumor progression and cell migration in a ligand-independent manner via phosphorylation at S897. Variable ABnormal morphology (VAB-1) is the C. elegans ortholog of the human ephrin receptor (EPHR) that interacts genetically and biochemically in a dose-dependent manner with the axon guidance receptor, SAX3, the worm ortholog of ROBO. Double mutants of vab-1(EPHR)/sax-3(ROBO) are synthetic lethal, underscoring the interaction between the two signaling pathways which prompted us to investigate their role in SCC. Using biochemical and biophysical techniques, we show that EPHA2 and ROBO1 reside in the same complex and interact physically to form a functional heterodimer in LSCC and HNSCC. Furthermore, we show that treating squamous cells with the SLIT2, ligand of ROBO1, hinders phosphorylation of EPHA2 at S897, and thereby, attenuates cell proliferation. Interestingly, SLIT2 can interact with EPHA2 and attenuate the proliferation of cells that have low ROBO1 expression. Additionally, SLIT2 can act synergistically with the EPHA2 inhibitor, Ensartinib to attenuate cell growth in LSCC and HNSCC cells. Taken together, the data suggest that SLIT2 may serve as a novel therapeutic for LSCC and HNSCC. Here, we propose to stratify patients for treatment with SLIT2 and/or Ensartinib, based on their EPHA2 and ROBO1 expression levels in the diseased tissue. Thus 85% of LSCC cases can be treated with combination of SLIT2+Ensartinib and 55% of HNSCC cases can be treated with either SLIT2 or Ensartinib. Furthermore, EPHA2 and ROBO1 may represent novel theranostics in these two diseases.
Supercharged eGFP-TRAIL Decorated NETs to Ensnare and Kill Disseminated Tumor Cells.

NETosis is an innate immune response elicited by activated neutrophils to fight microbial infections. Activated neutrophils release DNA fibers decorated with anti-microbial proteins called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) into the extracellular space to trap and kill surrounding microbes. Here, we show that tumor-derived IL-8 released by cancer cells also activates the release of NETs. Until now, there have been no existing technologies that leverage NETs as an anti-tumor drug delivery vehicle. In this study, we demonstrate the re-engineering of neutrophils to express an apoptosis-inducing chimeric protein, supercharged eGFP-TRAIL, on NETs that can ensnare and kill tumor cells while retaining their anti-microbial capabilities. We observed significant TRAIL-induced apoptosis in tumor cells captured by TRAIL-decorated NETs. This work demonstrates NETs as a promising technology to deliver protein in response to local cytokine signals.
5G tracker: a crowdsourced platform to enable research using commercial 5g services

While 5G has offered many opportunities for research, the majority of studies have been conducted with constrained experimental settings or done privately by 5G operators. Even a year after the launch of commercial 5G networks, research over commercial 5G has been limited due to the lack of publicly available tools and datasets. In this paper, we propose 5G Tracker - a crowdsourced platform intended to aid researchers in collecting and leveraging large-scale 5G datasets. This platform includes an Android app that records passive and active measurements tailored to 5G networks and research. We have been using 5G Tracker for over 8 months, during which time we have collected over 4 million data points, consuming over 50 TB of cellular data across multiple 5G carriers in the U.S. Our experience shows that 5G performance is affected by several user-side contextual factors besides location such as user mobility level, orientation, weather, location dynamics (e.g., moving vehicles), and environmental features such as pillars, foliage, and buildings. This is partly because mmWave signals (considered key to mainstream 5G) are known to be highly sensitive to obstructions and user mobility. These observations highlight the need to move towards building context-aware 5G performance prediction models that can provide guidance for decisions at various layers such as preemptive handoff, multi-path scheduling, tower placement, and "5G-aware" application development. Finally, we showcase the utility of our platform by building a first of kind, interactive 5G coverage mapping application as a case study driven by the data we collected, which is publicly available at: https://5gophers.umn.edu.
Principles of Hartmann-Shack aberrometry.

RAY OPTICS DESCRIPTION Nearly 400 years ago, the celebrated Jesuit philosopher-astronomer, Christopher Scheiner, professor at the University of Ingolstadt, demonstrated the focusing ability of the human eye using a simple device known as the Scheiner Disk.1 Scheiner's experiments showed that if an optically imperfect eye views through an opaque disk perforated with two pinholes, a single distant point of light such as a star will form two retinal images as illustrated in Figure 1. If the eye's optical imperfection is a simple case of defocus, then the double retinal images can be brought into register by viewing through a spectacle lens of the appropriate power. For optical aberrations other than defocus, however, a simple lens won't bring the two retinal images into coincidence. In such cases a more general method is needed for quantifying the refractive imperfections of the eye at each pupil location. This is achieved by using a fixed light source for the central, reference pinhole and a moveable light source for the outer pinhole as illustrated in Figure 2. By adjusting the moveable source horizontally and vertically, the isolated ray of light is redirected until it intersects the fixed ray at the retina and the patient now reports seeing a single point of light. Having made this adjustment, the displacement distances x and y are measures of the ray aberration of the eye at the given pupil point. This subjective aberrometer was first described by Smirnov2 and has been used extensively in visual optics research the past 40 years. To convert the Scheiner-Smirnov subjective technique into an objective aberrometer, we reverse the direction of light propagation by placing a spot of light on the retina. This spot then becomes a point source which radiates light back out of the eye as illustrated in Figure 3. Additional holes are drilled in Scheiner's disk, which astronomers and optical designers call a Hartmann screen.3 Each aperture in the Hartmann screen isolates a narrow pencil of rays emerging from the eye through a different part of the pupil. These emerging rays intersect a video Principles of Hartmann-Shack Aberrometry
Proceedings of the 17th conference on ACM Annual Computer Science Conference

The 1989 ACM Seventeenth Annual Computer Science Conference provides an excellent environment for interactions between academic, corporate, and government computer and information science researchers, educators, administrators, and students to broaden the scope of their professional interest. The conference emphasizes current research issues through its keynote and invited speakers, tutorials, panels, refereed papers and abstracts. This proceedings serves as a record of the refereed papers and research abstracts. It can in no way capture the important interactions in panel sessions, the reports of funding agencies, the tutorials, and the other special events. Activities such as the Turing Lecture, ACM Scholastic Programming Contest, and the Department Chair's program all add to the exciting professional environment. A special event this year is the computing history exhibit which blends the old and the new by presenting a UNIVAC I and advanced graphics stations in the same exhibit. The focus of the conference is "Preparing for Computing in the 1990's", with specific theme days on Knowledge Based Systems, Parallel Computing, and Looking to the Fifth Generation. Papers on these and related topics were intensely refereed and approximately thirty-three percent were accepted and are presented in this volume. Abstracts of current research are also presented in this proceedings.
Changes in anthropogenic impervious surfaces, precipitation and daily streamflow discharge: a historical perspective in a mid-atlantic subwatershed

Aerial photography provides a historical vehicle for determining long-term urban landscape change and, with concurrent daily streamflow and precipitation records, allows the historical relationship of anthropogenic impervious surfaces and streamflow to be explored. Anthropogenic impervious surface area in the upper Accotink Creek subwatershed (near Annandala, Virginia, USA) was mapped from six dates of rectified historical aerial photography ranging from 1949 to 1994. Results show that anthropogenic impervious surface area has grown from approximately 3% in 1949 to 33% in 1994. Coincident to this period, analysis of historical mean daily streamflow shows a statistically significant increase in the streamflow discharge response (per meter of precipitation) associated with “normal” and “extreme” daily precipitation levels. Significant changes were also observed in the frequency of daily streamflow discharge at given volumes above and below the historical daily mean. Simultaneously, the historical magnitude, frequency and pattern of precipitation values ≥ 0 mm, ≥ 6.0 mm and ≥ 35.0 mm show either no statistically significant change or influence on streamflow. Historical changes in streamflow in this basin appear to be related to increases in anthropogenic impervious surface cover. Historical aerial photography is a viable tool for revealing long-term landscape and ecosystem relationships, and allows landscape investigations to extend beyond the temporal and spatial constraints of historical satellite remote sensing data.
Clinical care management and workflow by episodes.

Abstract This paper describes the implementation of clinically defined episodes of care and the introduction of an episode-based summary list of patient problems across Mayo Clinic Rochester in 1996 and 1997. Although Mayo's traditional paper-based system has always relied on a type of 'episode of care' (called the "registration") for patient and history management, a new, more clinically relevant definition of episode of care was put into practice in November 1996. This was done to improve care management and operational processes and to provide a basic construct for the electronic medical record. Also since November 1996, a computer-generated summary list of patient problems, the "Master Sheet Summary Report," organized by episode, has been placed in all patient histories. In the third quarter of 1997, the ability to view the episode-based problem summary online was made available to the 3000+ EMR-capable workstations deployed across the Mayo Rochester campus. In addition, the clinically oriented problem summarization process produces an improved basic "package" of clinical information expected to lead to improved analytic decision support, outcomes analysis and epidemiological research.
Autunite from MT. Spokane, Washington

Near Mt. Spokane, Washington, coarsely cry-stalline autunite is developed in vugs, fractures, and shear zones in granitic rock. With the exception of dispersed submicroscopic uraninite particles, autunite is the only ore mineral in the deposits. A study of associated granitic rocks revealed that apatite, the most abundant accessory constituent, was preferentially leached and corroded in mineraiized zones, suggesting that it may have provided a source of lime and phosphate for the formation of autunite. Leaching may have been effected partly by meteoric water, but is considered more probably due to the action of ascending connate solutions that may also have carried uranium from unoxidized, as yet undiscovered deposits, at depth. Autunite from the Daybreak mine was studied optically, chemically, and by x-ray diffraction. The autunite is commonly zoned from light-yellow margins to dark-green or black cores, and autunite from the inner zone has a higher gravity and higher refractive indices than peripheral light material. X-ray-powder-diffrtiction patterns of dark and light meta-autunite formed from this autunite show no significant differences in the d spacings; however, diffraction patterns of nine zoned samples each show uraninite to be present in the dark, and absent from the light, phase. UO/sub 2/ and UO/sub 3/more » determinations range from 0.66 to 0.70% and 57.9 to 58.0%, respectively, for light autunite, whereas dark autunite showed a range (in seven determinations) of UO/sub 2/ from 1.2 to 4.0%, and UO/sub 3/ from 55.1 to 58.8%. The wide range of UO/sub 2/, values in dark autunite is tentatively attributed to nonuniform distribution of discrete uraninite particles, which may also account for the dark color and higher density. Thermogravintetric and differential therrmal analyses of autunite suggest discrete water losses at about 90, 145, and 220 deg C. The first water loss probably represents dehydration to meta-autunite II, also recognizable by marked changes in optical properties and the x-ray diffraction pattern. The form of the DTA curve above 90 deg C resembles that of montmorillonite. suggesting that the dehydrations at about 145 and 220 deg C may involve interlayer water as in montmorillonites, and the analogy with montmorillonite is further indicated by x-ray patterns of metaautunite II heated just above these temperatures .Autunite heated to red heat shoivs a diffraction pattern distinct from all others. The cation exchange capacity of autunite, about 2.5 milliequivalents per l0O grams,is substantially lower than that previously reported for artifical material. (auth)« less
Monitoring financial stability in developing and emerging economies : practical guidance for conducting macroprudential analysis

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, interest in systemic risk has surged among academics and policy makers. The mitigation of systemic risk is now widely accepted as the fundamental underlying concept for the design of the post-crisis regulatory agenda. Effective mitigation requires the presence of a well-developed analytical methodology for monitoring systemic risk, so that policy makers can make informed policy choices. This remains a challenging area, particularly in developing and emerging economies characterized by rapid structural changes and gaps in data availability. This working paper aims to provide policy makers in developing and emerging economies with practical tools for the analysis of systemic risk, focusing on the identification of domestic, systemically important banks; analyzing interconnectedness within the financial system; and analyzing the cyclical component of systemic risk.
Dealing with conflicts of interest in biomedical research: IRB oversight as the next best solution to the abolitionist approach.

The author details the conflicts of interest facing individual investigators and research institutions and describes the current mechanisms, primarily focused at the relationship between the investigator and the research institution, to regulate these conflicts. The author finds these mechanisms insufficient and believes that the best approach is not to regulate conflicts, but to abolish them. The author acknowledges, however, that there is a lack of political will in an abolitionist approach. He proposes, therefore, institutional review board oversight at the level of the relationship between researcher and individual subjects as the next best solution.
Dual curves and pseudoholomorphic curves

A notion of dual curve for pseudoholomorphic curves in 4-manifolds turns out to be possible only if the notion of almost complex structure structure is slightly generalized. The resulting structure is as easy (perhaps easier) to work with, and yields many analogues of results in complex surface theory, using a description of the local geometry via Cartan's method of equivalence. Duality then uncovers a new infinite-dimensional family of geometric integrable systems. These are the first steps toward geometry on moduli spaces of pseudoholomorphic curves.
Bank Stability and Market Discipline: Debt-for-Equity Swap versus Subordinated Notes

Several studies have recommended reliance on subordinated debt as a tool for monitoring banks by investors and for enhancing depositors’ protection. However, subordinated debenture increases the level of leverage and thus the probability of costly failure. We propose a novel financial instrument, ‘Debt-for-Equity Swap’ contract (DES), that pays to its holder a fixed income unless the value of the bank’s assets falls below a predetermined threshold. In such an event, the debt obligation is automatically converted to the bank’s common equities. By using a contingent claims valuation approach we present closed-form solutions for the valuation of liabilities, the cost of deposit insurance and the value of bankruptcy costs of a bank that includes DES or alternatively subordinated debt in its capital structure. We compare and evaluate quantitatively the effects of DES contract versus subordinated debt on bank stability, depositor protection, incentives for risk taking, the ability to provide market discipline and the value of bankruptcy costs. The implications of the paper highlight the fact that the DES contract has salient advantages over subordinated debt as an efficient tool for enhancing market stability and bank efficiency, since it reduces the value of bankruptcy costs. The advantage of the DES over subordinated debt as a provider of depositors’ protection depends on the level of mandatory intervention, assets value and volatility as well as on the ratio of bankruptcy costs. The model illustrates the pros and cons of each of the two capital instruments as a tool for enhancing market discipline. While the value of subordinated debt increases with the value of assets, its disadvantage as a monitoring tool derives from its low sensitivity to changes in assets volatility when the level of regulatory intervention is relatively high in terms of capital adequacy and the rate of bankruptcy costs is relatively low. The DES contract is beneficial as a tool for monitoring due to its negative sensitivity to increase in assets risk. However, when the conversion ratio is relatively high its price might increase as the leverage ratio increases.
Environment Conscious Ceramics (Ecoceramics)

Environment conscious ceramics (Ecoceramics) are a new class of materials, which can be produced with renewable natural resources (wood) or wood wastes (wood sawdust). Silicon carbide-based ecoceramics have been fabricated by reactive infiltration of carbonaceous preforms by molten silicon or silicon-refractory metal alloys. These carbonaceous preforms have been fabricated by pyrolysis of solid wood bodies at 1000 C. The fabrication approach, microstructure, and mechanical properties of SiC-based ecoceramics are presented. Ecoceramics have tailorable properties and behave like ceramic materials manufactured by conventional approaches.
Estimation of a Composite Food Demand System for the United States—A Revisit

We revisit the composite food demand system for the United States covering the period from 1953 to 2008. We were unable to produce elasticity measures that are as close or similar to those reported in Huang and Haidacher (1983), although the same demand system specification was employed. Our results based on the more recent data set of 1982-2008 show that most of the own-price elasticities are negative and statistically significant, varying from -.1861 (poultry) to -.9476 (nonfood). In general, the estimated own-price elasticities appear to be smaller in magnitude or more inelastic than previously reported. In contrast, we estimate the significant income elasticities for food vary from .5172 (dairy) to 4.6687 (fish), while Huang and Haidaicher (1983) report their income elasticities to vary from -.6343 (fruits) to .5748 (fats & oils). The estimated income elasticities for nonfood group appear to remain fairly constant among different studies, ranging from 1.0407 to1.2035.
Resilient Data-Centric Storage in Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks will be used in a wide range of challenging applications where numerous sensor nodes are linked to monitor and report distributed event occurrences. In contrast to traditional communication networks, the single major resource constraint in sensor networks is power, due to the limited battery life of sensor devices. It has been shown that data-centric methodologies can be used to solve this problem efficiently. In data-centric storage, a recently proposed data dissemination framework, all event data is stored by type at designated nodes in the network and can later be retrieved by distributed mobile access points in the network. In this paper we propose Resilient Data-Centric Storage (R-DCS) as a method to achieve scalability and resilience by replicating data at strategic locations in the sensor network. Through analytical results and simulations, we show that this scheme leads to significant energy savings in reasonably large-sized networks and scales well with increasing node-density and query rate. We also show that R-DCS realizes graceful performance degradation in the presence of clustered as well as isolated node failures, hence making the sensornet data robust.
Advances in 3D electromagnetic finite element modeling

Numerous advances in electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA) have been made in recent years. The maturity of frequency domain and eigenmode calculations, and the growth of time domain applications is briefly reviewed. A high accuracy 3D electromagnetic finite element field solver employing quadratic hexahedral elements and quadratic mixed-order one-form basis functions will also be described. The solver is based on an object-oriented C++ class library. Test cases demonstrate that frequency errors less than 10 ppm can be achieved using modest workstations, and that the solutions have no contamination from spurious modes. The role of differential geometry and geometrical physics in finite element analysis is also discussed.
Aggregate Fluctuations with Adverse Selection in Credit Markets

We describe a novel channel through which credit frictions driven by adverse selection problems cause financial shocks to lead to fluctuations in real activity. When firms have private information about their default risk, firms with high probability of default have stronger incentives to run up debt while firms with low probability of default have stronger incentives to internally finance their investments. This asymmetric behavior leads to an adverse selection problem in credit markets. With adverse selection, we show that an otherwise neutral shock to dispersion of firm riskiness can lead to large changes in aggregate productivity, cross sectional dispersion of firm productivity, and credit spreads that are qualitatively in accordance with the data. We then show that a calibrated version of the model performs well regarding real and financial moments in the data.
Money's Role in the Monetary Business Cycle

A small, structural model of the monetary business cycle implies that real money balances enter into a correctly-specified, forward-looking IS curve if and only if they enter into a correctly-specified, forward-looking Phillips curve. The model also implies that empirical measures of real balances must be adjusted for shifts in money demand to accurately isolate and quantify the dynamic effects of money on output and inflation. Maximum likelihood estimates of the modelOs parameters take both these considerations into account, but still suggest that money plays a minimal role in the monetary business cycle.
Autonomy with equity and accountability : toward a more transparent, objective, predictable and simpler (TOPS) system of central financing of provincial-local expenditures in Indonesia

During the past decade, Indonesia has transformed itself from centralized governance to decentralized local governance. Local governments were given extensive expenditure responsibilities while keeping the tax system centralized. To finance decentralized provincial-local expenditures, Indonesia implemented a new system of intergovernmental finance. This paper provides a review of the equity and efficiency implications of the current system of central-provincial-local transfers. It finds that the system of intergovernmental finance represents one of the most complex systems ever implemented by any government in the world. The system is primarily focused on a gap-filling approach to provincial-local finance to ensure revenue adequacy and local autonomy but without accountability to local residents for service delivery performance. This is done through a great degree of academic rigor using highly complex procedures. The complexity leads to a lack of transparency, inequity and uncertainty in allocation as well as creating incentives for jurisdictional fragmentation and reducing own-tax effort. Simpler alternatives are available that have the potential to address equity objectives while also enhancing efficiency and citizen-based accountability. Such alternatives would represent a move away from complex gap filling and special allocation approaches to simple, output based transfers to finance operating expenditures. These would be complemented by capital grants to deal with infrastructure deficiencies, and fiscal capacity equalization as a residual program with an explicit standard to ensure that all local jurisdictions have adequate means to deliver reasonably comparable levels of public services at reasonably comparable levels of tax burdens across the country. The paper argues that such an alternative system of intergoveernmental finance would preserve autonomy, while enhancing equity, simplicity, objectivity, transparency and accountability.
The Infant Formula Market: Consequences of a Change in the WIC Contract Brand

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is the major purchaser of infant formula in the United States. To reduce cost to the WIC program, each State awards a sole-source contract to a formula manufacturer to provide its product to WIC participants in the State. As part of the contract, the WIC State agency receives rebates from the manufacturers. In this study, we use 2004-09 Nielsen scanner-based retail sales data from over 7,000 stores in 30 States to examine the effect of winning a WIC sole-source contract on infant formula manufacturers’ market share in supermarkets. We find that the manufacturer holding the WIC contract brand accounted for the vast majority — 84 percent — of all formula sold by the top three manufacturers. The impact of a switch in the manufacturer that holds the WIC contract was considerable. The market share of the manufacturer of the new WIC contract brand increased by an average 74 percentage points after winning the contract. Most of this increase was a direct effect of WIC recipients switching to the new WIC contract brand. However, manufacturers also realized a spillover effect from winning the WIC contract whereby sales of formula purchased outside of the program also increased.
Group theoretical analysis of symmetry breaking in two-dimensional quantum dots

We present a group theoretical study of the symmetry-broken unrestricted Hartree-Fock orbitals and electron densities in the case of a two-dimensional N-electron single quantum dot ~with and without an external magnetic field!. The breaking of rotational symmetry results in canonical orbitals that ~1! are associated with the eigenvectors of a Huckel Hamiltonian having sites at the positions determined by the equilibrium molecular configuration of the classical N-electron problem and ~2! transform according to the irreducible representations of the point group specified by the discrete symmetries of this classical molecular configuration. Through restoration of the total-spin and rotational symmetries via post-Hartree-Fock projection techniques, we show that the point-group discrete symmetry of the unrestricted Hartree-Fock wave function underlies the appear- ance of magic angular momenta ~familiar from exact-diagonalization studies! in the excitation spectra of the quantum dot. Furthermore, this two-step symmetry-breaking and symmetry-restoration method accurately de- scribes the energy spectra associated with the magic angular momenta.
Interaction of H2O and NO2 with BaY Faujasite: Complex Contraction/Expansion Behavior of the Zeolite Unit Cell

In situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction in combination with the Rietveld method was used to study the contraction/expansion behavior of a BaY faujasite zeolite during dehydration and NO2 adsorption/desorption reactions. The adsorption of water and NO2 molecules induced a significant contraction of the zeolite unit cell. The unexpected contraction of the unit cell was closely related to the amount of water and NOx species (NO+, NO2, NO3-) inside the framework. The reaction H2O + NO2 → NO3- + H+ had a substantial effect on the structural properties of the BaY system. The NO3- groups produced a shift in the position of the Ba cations and a reduction in the zeolite unit cell.
Is it really all about the money? Reconsidering non-financial interests in medical research.

Concern about financial conflicts crowds out sufficient consideration of other interests that may bias research conduct. Regulations, institutional policies, and guidance from professional bodies and medical journals all primarily focus on financial ties. But why? Economic gain is not the only powerful influence. This article argues that we under-prioritize non-financial interests in the regulation of medical research. It critiques the usual reasons given for regulating financial and non-financial interests differently — that the interests contrast in terms of tangibility, that financial interests are optional, and that financial interests can be efficiently carved out as a discrete area of focus. Moreover, disparate regulatory treatment seems inattentive to the very similar social and psychological forces that animate the bias effect of both financial and non-financial interests and fails to account for how financial and non-financial interests synergistically interact. Under-prioritization of non-financial interests threatens to erode public trust and creates negative spillover effects that weaken financial conflicts regulation. Optimal regulation requires a more integrated, balanced, and proportionate response to secondary interests in medical research.
Does Neighborhood Disorder Predict Recovery From Mobility Limitation? Findings From the Health and Retirement Study.

Objective: This research explores whether perceptions of physical neighborhood disorder predict recovery from mobility limitation over a 2-year period and examines whether psychosocial factors (i.e...
High harmonic generation in plasmas by relativistic Thomson scattering

Summary from only given. We present for the first time experimental signatures of this process in the high-order VUV emission from the plasma. Our experiments were done with a Nd:glass laser with a peak intensity I= 10/sup 18/ W cm/sup -2/ interacting with an underdense plasma. Harmonics from free electrons are expected to be produced at high intensity and even with circular polarization.
Benefits of Community Based Organizations for community development

The research is based on comparative study which evaluates performance of various Community Based Organizations in different localities of Nowshera Kalan (Pakistan) after 2010 floods which devastated the whole region, with the aim to find relationship between Community Based Organizations and community development. After 2010 floods, people in Nowshera Kalan were facing too many problems for removing mud, dead animals and repair and cleaning of houses. Many national and international nongovernmental organizations intervened to help the affected people but they were unable to contact any elder or representative from each locality. These nongovernmental organizations had encouraged these community based organizations for each locality and then provided them financial support and resources for restoration and reconstruction of lifelines and livelihoods. For this research, progress reports of Various Community Based Organizations in the study area were studied who worked in different areas like education, public health, WATSAN (Water and sanitation), public awareness, sustainable livelihood and social welfare of the community. The study found that there is strong relationship between Community Based Organizations and community development. Educating and Encouraging local population about the importance of community based organizations and its role in problem solving of a particular community is of utmost importance. The study highlights visible changes among the two communities having and lacking these organizations. They can play vital role in community development if funds are provided and enhanced their capacities and resource base.
Bearing false witness: The Clinton impeachment and the future of academic freedom

By signing letters about the constitutional standards governing impeachment, an issue most of them know very little about, many academics placed partisanship and self-interest above all else. The logic of academic freedom, however, cannot be squared with academics who see celebrity and power as more important than the pursuit of truth. At the least, academic freedom conveys the message that scholars who speak out on public issues know something about those issues. When academics join forces to send a purely political message, their reputation as truth seekers will diminish and, with it, their credibility. That day has not yet arrived. But it is fast approaching. For this very reason academics must hold politically motivated professors accountable for abusing academic freedom. [Note: Cass Sunstein has written a response to this paper, "Professors and Politics," which will appear in the same issue of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review.]
TAX PREFERENCES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND ADULT COLLEGE ENROLLMENT

The federal government delivers substantial college aid through the tax code, after introducing education tax credits in 1998 and a tuition deduction in 2002. The design of the Lifetime Learning tax credit and the tuition deduction may make them particularly useful to older students. This paper investigates how these provisions have affected college attendance of individuals in their 30s and 40s. For most adults, there is no effect on college attendance. Among men whose 1998 educational attainment falls short of earlylife educational expectations, eligibility for an education tax preference is associated with a 2.5 to 3.4 percentage point increase in the probability of college attendance.
The Size Distribution of Profits from Innovation

— This paper reports on research seeking to determine how skew the distribution of profits from technological innovation is — i.e., whether it conforms most closely to the Paretian, log normal, or some other distribution. The question is important, because high skewness makes it difficult to pursue risk-hedging portfolio strategies, and it may have real business cycle consequences. Data from several sources are examined: the royalties from U.S. university patent portfolios, the quasi-rents from marketed pharmaceutical entities, the stock market returns from three large samples of high-technology venture startups, and preliminary results from a survey of German patents on which renewal fees were paid until full-term expiration in 1995. The evidence reveals a mixture of distributions, some close to log normality and some Paretian. Preliminary hypotheses about the underlying behavioral processes are advanced.
The Dynamical Structure and Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds

The interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies contains gas that spans a wide range of physical conditions, from hot X-ray emitting plasma to cold molecular gas. The molecular gas is of particular importance because it is believed to be the site of all the star formation that occurs in galaxies. In the Milky Way, molecular gas constitutes about half the total mass of gas within the solar circle. Much of this gas is concentrated in large aggregations called giant molecular clouds (GMCs), which have masses M ≳ 104 M⊙. Smaller molecular clouds are also observed, such as the high latitude clouds discovered by Blitz et al. [9] and the small molecular clouds in the Galactic plane cataloged by Clemens & Barvainis [19]. GMCs have internal structure, and I shall follow the terminology of Williams et al. [114] in describing this: Clumps are coherent regions in longitude-latitude-velocity space that are generally identified from spectral line maps of molecular emission. Starforming clumps are the massive clumps out of which stellar clusters form. Finally, cores are the regions out of which single stars (or multiple stellar systems like binaries) are formed. These characteristics, together with the important observational properties of GMCs, are reviewed elsewhere in this volume by Blitz. In this review I shall first briefly summarize some of the key properties of GMCs and then attempt to account for the dynamical properties theoretically.
Distributed position localization and tracking (DPLT) of malicious nodes in cluster based mobile ad hoc networks (MANET)

In this paper, a robust distributed malicious node detection and precise localization and tracking method is proposed for Cluster based Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). Certificate Authority (CA) node is selected as the most stable node among trusted nodes, surrounded by Registration Authority nodes (RAs) in each cluster to generate the Dynamic Demilitarized Zone (DDMZ) to defend CA from probable attackers and mitigate the authentication overhead. The RAs also co-operate with member nodes to detect a target node and determine whether it is malicious or not, by providing the public key certificate and trust value. In addition, Internet Protocol (IP) based Triangulation and multi-lateration method are deployed based on using the average time difference of Time of Arrival (ToA) and Time of Departure (ToD) of the management packets. Triangulation uses three reference nodes which are elected within each cluster based on Best Criterion Function (BCF) to localize each member node inside the cluster in 2D. Multi-lateration is employed to localize the malicious target node in 2D using four neighbor nodes. After localization of two consecutive positions, the target node is continuously localized and tracked by a particular node using the modified real time Position Localization and Tracking (PL&T) algorithm by adaptive beam forming and mapping the energy contours of tracking zone into coverage radii distance. The performance of the proposed scheme demonstrates the significant accuracy in the detection of malicious nodes within each cluster.
Dual euclidean Artin groups and the failure of the lattice property

Abstract The irreducible euclidean Coxeter groups that naturally act geometrically on euclidean space are classified by the well-known extended Dynkin diagrams and these diagrams also encode the modified presentations that define the irreducible euclidean Artin groups. These Artin groups have remained mysterious with some exceptions until very recently. Craig Squier clarified the structure of the three examples with three generators more than twenty years ago and Francois Digne more recently proved that two of the infinite families can be understood by constructing a dual presentation for each of these groups and showing that it forms an infinite-type Garside structure. In this article I establish that none of the remaining dual presentations for irreducible euclidean Artin groups correspond to Garside structures because their factorization posets fail to be lattices. These are the first known examples of Artin groups where all of their dual presentations fail to form Garside structures. Nevertheless, the results presented here about the cause of this failure form the foundation for a subsequent article in which the structure of euclidean Artin groups is finally clarified.
Hypergeometric functions over F_p and relations to elliptic curves and modular forms

For primes p ≡ 1 (mod 12), we present an explicit relation between the traces of Frobenius on a family of elliptic curves with j-invariant 1728 / t and values of a particular 2 F 1 -hypergeometric function over F p . We also give a formula for traces of Hecke operators on spaces of cusp forms of weight k and level 1 in terms of the same traces of Frobenius. This leads to formulas for Ramanujan's T -function in terms of hypergeometric functions.
From A to Z': Combining Anomaly and Z' Mediation of Supersymmetry Breaking

Combining anomaly with Z′ mediation allows us to solve the tachyonic slepton problem of the former and avoid fine tuning in the latter. We describe how the two mechanisms can be combined, and some of the phenomenology of such a joint scenario.
Fertility response to natural disasters : the case of three high mortality earthquakes

The event of a natural disaster, and being directly affected by it, brings a large shock to life-cycle outcomes. In addition to the replacement effects of higher fertility following a disaster that caused high mortality, a positive fertility response may be induced as children can be used to supplement household income. This paper analyzes three high mortality earthquakes: Gujarat, India, in 2001; North-West Frontier, Pakistan, in 2005; and Izmit, Turkey, in 1999. There is evidence of a positive fertility response to exposure to these large-scale natural disasters in addition to the response to child mortality. The results in this study are consistent with those of other studies that also find a positive fertility response following exposure to a disaster.
The limits of phenomenology: From behaviorism to drug testing and engineering design

It is widely believed that theory is useful in physics because it describes simple systems and that strictly empirical phenomenological approaches are necessary for complex biological and social systems. Here, we prove based on an analysis of the information that can be obtained from experimental observations that theory is even more essential in the understanding of complex systems. Implications of this proof revise the general understanding of how we can understand complex systems including the behaviorist approach to human behavior, problems with testing engineered systems, and medical experimentation for evaluating treatments and the Food and Drug Administration approval of medications. Each of these approaches are inherently limited in their ability to characterize real world systems due to the large number of conditions that can affect their behavior. Models are necessary as they can help to characterize behavior without requiring observations for all possible conditions. The testing of models by empirical observations enhances the utility of those observations. For systems for which adequate models have not been developed, or are not practical, the limitations of empirical testing lead to uncertainty in our knowledge and risks in individual, organizational, and social policy decisions. These risks should be recognized and inform our decisions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2015
Measuring financial performance in infrastructure : an application to Europe and Central Asia

Unintentional implicit subsidies (hidden costs) to public utilities can be considered an illegitimate claim on public resources. This paper examines the role and sources of hidden costs in the energy and water sectors in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region. It reviews available data and introduces a model-the Hidden Costs Calculator-that can be used to quantify the burden on governments of infrastructure policy and implementation decisions. This simple-to-apply model provides insight into three key components of hidden costs that affect infrastructure-poor bill collection rates, excessive losses due to inefficient operations or theft from the networks, and tariffs set below cost-recovery rates. The major advantage of this model is that, using existing data, it can provide a single measure for hidden costs that can be easily calculated, tracked, and reported. Therefore it can monitor and benchmark trends across sectors and countries without extensive or costly data collection. The model compares the difference between actual revenues and revenues that could be anticipated in a well-functioning system operating with cost-covering tariffs, bills paid, and losses normative for networks of a certain age and design. The underlying premise is that quantifying the order of magnitude of each component of hidden costs has potential for strengthening infrastructure policy dialogue and influencing decisionmakers who allocate scarce budgetary resources.
CUI networks: a graphical representation for conditional utility independence

We introduce CUI networks, a compact graphical representation of utility functions over multiple attributes. CUI networks model multiattribute utility functions using the well-studied and widely applicable utility independence concept. We show how conditional utility independence leads to an effective functional decomposition that can be exhibited graphically, and how local, compact data at the graph nodes can be used to calculate joint utility. We discuss aspects of elicitation, network construction, and optimization, and contrast our new representation with previous graphical preference modeling.
Social networks in Ghana

In this chapter we examine social networks among farmers in a developing country. We use detailed data on economic activities and social interactions between people living in four study villages in Ghana. It is clear that economic development in this region is being shaped by the networks of information, capital and influence that permeate these communities. This chapter explores the determinants of these important economic networks. We first describe the patterns of information, capital, labor and land transaction connections that are apparent in these villages. We then discuss the interconnections between the various economic networks. We relate the functional economic networks to more fundamental social relationships between people in a reduced form analysis. Finally, we propose an equilibrium model of multi-dimensional network formation that can provide a foundation for further data collection and empirical research.
Japan Bats a Triple

Compounds with double and triple bonds between carbon atoms abound. In contrast, silicon--the element most closely related to carbon--only reluctantly forms double bonds and, until this week, no compound with a triple bond involving silicon had been synthesized. Other elements outside the first row of the periodic table also rarely form multiple bonds. In his Perspective, [West][1] reviews the history of this field and highlights the report by [ Sekiguchi et al ][2]. of the first compound with a silicon-silicon triple bond. [][3] [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5691/1724 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/305/5691/1755 [3]: http://