cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of Single-Precision Floating-Point MAC for Deep Learning

Multiply and accumulate (MAC) units form the basic building blocks in several key areas such as digital signal processing, deep learning, medical imaging and multimedia applications. In Deep Neural Network (DNN) or deep learning, convolution accounts for more than 90% of overall computation, dominating the runtime and energy consumption of the system. These convolution operations are primarily performed using MACs. This paper analyzes the delay and power performances of single-precision Floating-Point MACs using four different multiplication algorithms. The multiplication algorithms used for the performance analysis in this paper are Wallace Tree Reduction, Modified Booth Encoding (MBE), Combinational Array, and Add and Shift. The performances of the various implemented MAC units are analyzed using TSMC 45nm and 90nm technology nodes.
Use of Office Versus Ambulatory Surgery Center Setting and Associated Ancillary Services on Healthcare Cost Burden for Vasectomy Procedures.

Abstract Objective To analyze variation in total healthcare costs for vasectomies performed in the United States, based on procedure setting and use of ancillary pathology services. Methods We queried the MarketScan Commercial Claims database using CPT, ICD, and HCPCS codes to identify men who underwent vasectomy between 2009 and 2015, either in the office or ambulatory surgical center (ASC) setting, with or without use of pathology services. All payments for each treatment episode were calculated based on relevant claims. Patient out-of-pocket expenses were defined as the sum of copayments, coinsurance, and deductibles for each claim. Trends in vasectomy use, and differences in procedure costs by practice setting were compared over the study period. Results 453,492 men underwent a vasectomy between 2009 and 2015. The number of procedures decreased from 76,197 in 2009 to 37,575 in 2015 (P = .002). Average procedural costs increased from $870 in 2009 to $938 in 2015 (P = .001). Overall, 82.6% and 17.4% of procedures were performed in the office vs ASCs, respectively. In-office procedures were associated with lower total healthcare costs ($707 vs $1851) and lower patient out-of-pocket expenses ($173 vs $356) than those performed in ASCs. Vasal segments were submitted for pathologic evaluation in 40% of cases, which increased average payments by 55%. The use of ASCs and ancillary pathology services for vasectomies performed during the study period increased vasectomy-associated costs by $64 million. Conclusion The unnecessary use of ASCs and ancillary pathology services for vasectomy may lead to tens of millions of dollars in potentially avoidable healthcare costs annually.
Policing and Special Populations: Strategies to Overcome Policing Challenges Encountered with Mentally Ill Individuals

The police in America are often the first representatives of government to interact with the mentally ill, even more so with those who may be prone to violent or irrational behavior. Given the prevalence of mental illness, not only in the general public, but more so in homeless and incarcerated populations, it is obvious that the police must have a more concrete understanding of the plethora of mental illnesses, symptoms and actions that may be encountered. This chapter will examine these concerns in the United States, with specific emphasis placed on the policies and practices of the New York City Police Department.
A Parallel Simulation Approach to ACAS X Development

With a rapidly growing and evolving National Airspace System (NAS), ACAS X is intended to be the nextgeneration airborne collision avoidance system that can meet the demands its predecessor could not. The ACAS X algorithms are developed in the Julia programming language and are exercised in simulation environments tailored to test different characteristics of the system. Massive parallelization of these simulation environments has been implemented on the Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center cluster in order to expedite the design and performance optimization of the system. This work outlines the approach to parallelization of one of our simulation tools and presents the resulting simulation speedups as well as a discussion on how it will enhance system characterization and design. Parallelization has made our simulation environment 33 times faster, which has greatly sped up the development process of ACAS X.
Chapter 13 – Internet Security

The field of Internet security metrology is early in its development. Organizations collect many individual measures, but often do not understand how to analyze those measures and combine them into higher-level metrics that can be used for decision making. Many measures are also defined or implemented poorly, so that the data they generate is inaccurate, irrelevant, inconsistent, or misleading. Also, many measures have no meaning unless they are carefully considered within the context of other measures, but not much work has been done in identifying which measures relate to other measures. Little research has been performed to determine which measures and metrics are most relevant for determining a system or an organization's Internet security posture, particularly, studies of empirical data from real-world operational environments and analysis of the degree of variability between different organizations security objectives. Examples of questions that this chapter will attempt to answer in a scientific manner are: How vulnerable is a particular system or a system design? What are the differences in Internet security among multiple systems or networks within an organization? How does the Internet security of one organization's systems and networks compare to those of another organization? If particular changes are made to Internet security controls, how much does an individual systems security or the organization's security improve?
The Power of the Periphery: How Norway Became an Environmental Pioneer for the World

What is the source of Norway's culture of environmental harmony in our troubled world? Exploring the role of Norwegian scholar-activists of the late twentieth century, Peder Anker examines how they portrayed their country as a place of environmental stability in a world filled with tension. In contrast with societies dirtied by the hot and cold wars of the twentieth century, Norway's power, they argued, lay in the pristine, ideal natural environment of the periphery. Globally, a beautiful Norway came to be contrasted with a polluted world and fashioned as an ecological microcosm for the creation of a better global macrocosm. In this innovative, interdisciplinary history, Anker explores the ways in which ecological concerns were imported via Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962, then to be exported from Norway back to the world at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Hepatic peroxisomal β-oxidation suppresses lipophagy via RPTOR acetylation and MTOR activation

Hepatic lipid homeostasis is controlled by a coordinated regulation of various metabolic pathways involved in de novo synthesis, uptake, storage, and catabolism of lipids. Disruption of this balance could lead to hepatic steatosis. Peroxisomes play an essential role in lipid metabolism, yet their importance is often overlooked. In a recent study, we demonstrated a role for hepatic peroxisomal β-oxidation in autophagic degradation of lipid droplets. ACOX1 (acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1, palmitoyl), the rate-limiting enzyme of peroxisomal β-oxidation, increases with fasting or high-fat diet (HFD). Liver-specific acox1 knockout (acox1-LKO) protects mice from hepatic steatosis induced by starvation or HFD via induction of lipophagy. Mechanistically, we showed that hepatic ACOX1 deficiency decreases the total cytosolic acetyl-CoA levels, which leads to reduced acetylation of RPTOR/RAPTOR, a component of MTORC1, which is a key regulator of macroautophagy/autophagy. These results identify peroxisome-derived acetyl-CoA as a critical metabolic regulator of autophagy that controls hepatic lipid homeostasis.
Cannabis and the Environment: What Science Tells Us and What We Still Need to Know

Author(s): Wartenberg, Ariani C; Holden, Patricia A; Bodwitch, Hekia; Parker-Shames, Phoebe; Novotny, Thomas; Harmon, Thomas C; Hart, Stephen C; Beutel, Marc; Gilmore, Michelle; Hoh, Eunha; Butsic, Van
Review of Gastrointestinal Motility in Cystic Fibrosis

Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are extremely common and have recently become a research focus. Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is poorly understood in the CF population, despite many speculations including the role of luminal pH, bacterial overgrowth, and abnormal microbiome. Nevertheless, dysmotility is emerging as a possible key player in CF intestinal symptoms. Our review article aims to explore the sequelae of defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genes on the GI tract as studied in both animals and humans, describe various presentations of intestinal dysmotility in CF, review newer diagnostic motility techniques including intraluminal manometry, and review the current literature regarding the potential role of dysmotility in CF-related intestinal pathologies.
Advanced understanding of prokaryotic biofilm formation using a cost-effective and versatile multi-panel adhesion (mPAD) mount

Abstract Most microorganisms exist in biofilms, which comprise aggregates of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix that provides protection from external stresses. Based on the conditions under which they form, biofilm structures vary in significant ways. For instance, biofilms that develop when microbes are incubated under static conditions differ from those formed when microbes encounter the shear forces of a flowing liquid. Moreover, biofilms develop dynamically over time. Here, we describe a cost-effective, 3D-printed coverslip holder that facilitates surface adhesion assays under a broad range of standing and shaking culture conditions. This multi-panel adhesion (mPAD) mount further allows cultures to be sampled at multiple time points, ensuring consistency and comparability between samples and enabling analyses of the dynamics of biofilm formation. As a proof of principle, using the mPAD mount for shaking, oxic cultures, we confirm previous flow chamber experiments showing that Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type and a phenazine deletion mutant (Δphz) form similar biofilms. Extending this analysis to anoxic conditions, we reveal that microcolony and biofilm formation can only be observed under shaking conditions and are decreased in the Δphz mutant compared to wild-type cultures, indicating that phenazines are crucial for the formation of biofilms if oxygen as an electron acceptor is not available. Furthermore, while the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii does not require archaella for attachment to surfaces under static conditions, we demonstrate that H. volcanii mutants that lack archaella are negatively affected in their early stages of biofilm formation under shaking conditions. Importance Due to the versatility of the mPAD mount, we anticipate that it will aid the analysis of biofilm formation in a broad range of bacteria and archaea. Thereby, it contributes to answering critical biological questions about the regulatory and structural components of biofilm formation and understanding this process in a wide array of environmental, biotechnological, and medical contexts.
Modelling and estimation for random fields

Filtering of random processes is now a well developed subject. To describe the situation,consider a Markov process x(t) whose evolution is described by a stochastic differential equation $$dx(t) = f(x(t))dt + \sigma (x(t))dw(t),$$ (1.1) ,where x(t) ∈ R n, w(t) is m-dimensional Brownian motion (that is \(\tfrac{{dw}}{{dt}}\) is white Gaussian noise), f : R n → R n, the drift, is a smooth bounded function and σ: R n × R m, the diffusion matrix funtion σ(·)σ T (·) is invertible of x(·) in the presence of whhite noise, that is, we observe $$dy(t) = h(x(t))dt + dv(t), where h : {R^n} \to {R^p}$$ (1.2) in smooth and E[∫() T h(x(t))2 dt] < ∞ , and v(t) is also standard p-dimensional Brownian motion which is independent of w(t). The filtering problem is the following:
Federal Courts, Overbreadth, and Vagueness: Guiding Principles for Constitution Challenges to Uninterpreted State Statutes

When a federal court is asked to declare an uninterpreted state law to be unconstitutionally overbroad or vague, it faces several tensions. On one side, the overbreadth and vagueness doctrines urge the court to strike down the statute on its face. On the other side, the related doctrines of constitutional avoidance, narrowing interpretations, abstention and certification all urge the court to find some way to save the statute at least as to some applications. But because of the cardinal principle that federal courts are not the final authority on the interpretation of state law, many federal courts err on the side of facial invalidation, thinking that any narrowing interpretation or abstention might be pointless. This was especially prevalent in the federal courts' handling of the 20 or so partial-birth abortion cases, in which many different federal courts heard challenges to state laws that were largely drafted on the same model. Using this set of cases as an example, we examine how federal courts handled the doctrinal tensions, and suggest ways for federal courts to prevent unconstitutional applications without using the strong remedy of facial invalidation. Specifically, we argue that federal courts in overbreadth/vagueness cases - which are facial challenges - have the same power that they do in as-applied challenges to limit the scope and applicability of a state statute. We argue that federal courts should consider a more prominent use of this power to avoid overly interfering with state laws.
Selectivity switch for nitrogen functionalization of styrene on Au(1 1 1)

Abstract Functionalization of styrene to form N-containing hydrocarbons, e.g. 2-phenylaziridine, benzonitrile, and benzyl nitrile, is achieved by reaction with adsorbed NHa and Na on Au(1 1 1). Electron-induced decomposition of condensed NH3 was used to produce NHa, Na and Ha on Au(1 1 1) at 110 K. The selectivity of the reactions is strongly dependent on the relative concentrations of the surface species. The addition of NH to styrene results in the production of 2-phenylaziridine, whereas adsorbed N and H atoms lead to the formation of nitriles benzonitrile and benzyl nitrile and, respectively, ethylbenzene. This work clearly establishes the utility of Au for promoting functionalization of olefins with nitrogen.
Reversible Focal Ischemia in the Rat: Effects of Halothane, Isoflurane, and Methohexital Anesthesia

Barbiturates and the volatile anesthetic isoflurane reduce CMR to similar values. If the mechanism of barbiturate protection against focal ischemic injury is due to a reduction in cellular energy requirements, then isoflurane should similarly reduce ischemic injury. To evaluate this, spontaneously hypertensive rats underwent 2 h of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) while receiving deep methohexital, isoflurane, or halothane anesthesia. Ninety-six hours postischemia, neurologic deficits were present but without a difference between groups. Mean ± SD infarct volume, as assessed by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and computerized planimetry, was significantly less in the methohexital group (n = 8; 166 ± 74 mm3) than in either the halothane (n = 9; 249 ± 71 mm3; p < 0.04) or the isoflurane (n = 9; 243 ± 62 mm3; p < 0.03) groups. One possible explanation for the lack of protective effect for isoflurane might be related to its vasodilative properties, which could result in a cerebral va...
Harnessing value in knowledge management for performance in buyer–supplier collaboration

This study aims to investigate how different knowledge-management processes (i.e. knowledge acquisition and dissemination) affect the manufacturers’ performance in collaborative economic exchanges with their suppliers. Drawing upon the knowledge based view and transaction cost economics, this study proposes that knowledge-management processes are positively related to the performance of the manufacturers in a collaborative buyer–supplier relationship. It also posits that this link is stronger when the levels of supply-chain integration and relational stability are higher rather than lower. The findings of this study show strong support for these propositions. Theoretical and practical contributions of this study are also addressed.
THE EFFECTS OF TRIPLOIDY AND METAMORPHOSIS ON THE FREE AMINO ACIDS OF URODELE LARVAE.

Abstract 1. 1. Quantitative analyses of the free amino acids of larvae of two species of newts at various stages and under various experimental conditions were performed. 2. 2. Comparison of diploid and triploid larval Triturus viridescens showed no significant effects of triploidy. In thiouracil-raised larvae, the triploids had higher amounts of histidine and/or lysine than diploids, but no other differences were observed. 3. 3. On the day of the first metamorphic molt, triploid Triturus viridescens show elevated amounts of alanine, histidine/lysine, threonine/glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and serine/glutamine relative to diploids. With the exception of histidine/lysine, the single tetraploid analyzed at this stage appeared not to be more abnormal than the triploids, suggesting that the altered surface/ volume ratios of the cells may be insufficient to account for the differences between diploids and triploids. 4. 4. Species differences in the free amino acid pools were observed in comparisons of Triturus viridescens with T. pyrrhogaster larvae.
Light chain-dependent self-association of dynein intermediate chain

Dynein light chains are bivalent dimers that bind two copies of dynein intermediate chain IC to form a cargo attachment subcomplex. The interaction of light chain LC8 with the natively disordered N-terminal domain of IC induces helix formation at distant IC sites in or near a region predicted to form a coiled-coil. This fostered the hypothesis that LC8 binding promotes IC self-association to form a coiled-coil or other interchain helical structure. However, recent studies show that the predicted coiled-coil sequence partially overlaps the light chain LC7 recognition sequence on IC, raising questions about the apparently contradictory effects of LC8 and LC7. Here, we use NMR and fluorescence quenching to localize IC self-association to residues within the predicted coiled-coil that also correspond to helix 1 of the LC7 recognition sequence. LC8 binding promotes IC self-association of helix 1 from each of two IC chains, whereas LC7 binding reverses self-association by incorporating the same residues into two symmetrical, but distant, helices of the LC7-IC complex. Isothermal titration experiments confirm the distinction of LC8 enhancement of IC self-association and LC7 binding effects. When all three light chains are bound, IC self-association is shifted to another region. Such flexibility in association modes may function in maintaining a stable and versatile light chain-intermediate chain assembly under changing cellular conditions.
Land Reform in Taiwan: Its Effect on Rural Social Organization and Leadership

The Hokkien village of Hsin Hsing where the writer carried on field research for 16 months in 1957 and 1958, is in Chang-hua Hsien (county) on the west-central coastal plain of Taiwan. It is a wet-rice agricultural village whose population of 650 persons comprises descendants of Chinese who emigrated approximately 170 years ago from Fukien (near Amoy) in southeastern China.
Poly(riboadenylic acid) preferentially inhibits in vitro translation of cellular mRNAs compared with vaccinia virus mRNAs: possible role in vaccinia virus cytopathology.

Abstract Vaccinia virus-induced inhibition of host protein synthesis seems to be mediated by viral transcripts based on their differential inhibition of cellular mRNA translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. In this study, we demonstrated that the removal of poly(riboadenylic acid) [poly(A)] from the in vitro viral transcripts abolished this inhibition in the same cell-free system. This observation led us to the finding that less than 1 microM poly(A) completely inhibited HeLa cell mRNA translation in the reticulocyte lysate, whereas only 50% inhibition of vaccinia virus mRNA translation was observed at the same concentration. Similar results were also obtained in a wheat germ protein-synthesizing system. This inhibitory effect of poly(A) was totally abrogated by the addition of polydeoxythymidylate. This selective inhibition was highly specific for poly(A) since other homopolymers, including poly(G), poly(C), and poly(dA), were not capable of causing such an inhibition. Poly(U), however, had a moderate selective inhibitory effect. Among the several mRNAs tested, the translation of L-cell, encephalomyocarditis virus, and reovirus RNAs was also sensitive to poly(A). However, vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA translation was strikingly more resistant. These results suggest that poly(A), which is also synthesized by the virion-associated poly(A) polymerase may be involved in vaccinia virus-mediated host cell shutoff.
Copepod growth in detail: pattern similarity to decapod larvae

Miller, C. B. 2008. Copepod growth in detail: pattern similarity to decapod larvae. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 332-338.It is proposed that copepods grow between one moult and the next in much the same fashion as established by Klaus Anger and others for decapod crustacean larvae. The analogy is justified by commonality of (i) approximately isochronal development patterns, (ii) potential for continuously exponential growth at stage-to-stage resolution, and (iii) demonstrated points of reserve saturation. Thus, as for crab zoeae, the copepod pattern should be very fast initial growth, then slowing as activity shifts to preparation of the new exoskeleton prior to moult. As much as 80% of growth may occur in the first half of the moult cycle, with no growth at all in the last third. Establishing the exact patterns for copepods faces difficulties not presented by decapod larvae, and some solutions to these problems are suggested. Obtaining precise data will help to predict and interpret (model correctly) the effects of food limitation in the field.
Four Small Puzzles That Rosetta Doesn't Solve

A complete macromolecule modeling package must be able to solve the simplest structure prediction problems. Despite recent successes in high resolution structure modeling and design, the Rosetta software suite fares poorly on small protein and RNA puzzles, some as small as four residues. To illustrate these problems, this manuscript presents Rosetta results for four well-defined test cases: the 20-residue mini-protein Trp cage, an even smaller disulfide-stabilized conotoxin, the reactive loop of a serine protease inhibitor, and a UUCG RNA tetraloop. In contrast to previous Rosetta studies, several lines of evidence indicate that conformational sampling is not the major bottleneck in modeling these small systems. Instead, approximations and omissions in the Rosetta all-atom energy function currently preclude discriminating experimentally observed conformations from de novo models at atomic resolution. These molecular “puzzles” should serve as useful model systems for developers wishing to make foundational improvements to this powerful modeling suite.
Role Construct Repertory Technique: some relationships with personality, psychopathology and intelligence for neuropsychiatric inpatients.

Summury.-The Role Construct Repertory Technique, the Cattell 16 Personalicy Factor Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Shipley-Institute of Living Scale of Intelligence were administered to 20 newly admitted neuropsychiatric patients in a regional Veterans Hospital in the Midwesc. In view of the absence of observed relationships between the Bannister-Fransella Grid and personality and intelligence, and the presence of relationships between the Role Construct Repertory Technique and other personaliry measures, the purpose of this study was to investigate relacionships among three scores of construcc structure and measures of personality, psychopathology, and intelligence. Moderate correlations were found with each of the three measures, indicating that, rather than "clinically unique," the Role Construct Repertory Technique provides a wealth of clinical information also discernible by other measures.
Germanium-catalyzed hierarchical Al(2)O(3) and SiO(2) nanowire bunch arrays.

Germanium (Ge), a Group IV semiconductor, was recently used as an effective catalyst to grow individual, single-crystalline ZnOnanowires through a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process [Pan et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 274–278]. Here, we show that Ge can also act as an efficient catalyst for the large-scale growth of highly aligned, closely-packed polycrystalline Al2O3 and amorphous SiO2nanowire bunch arrays. The Ge-catalyzed Al2O3 and SiO2nanowire growth exhibits many interesting growth behaviors including (i) multiple nanowire growth catalyzed by one micrometer-size Ge particle, (ii) branching growth and (iii) batch-by-batch growth. These growth phenomena are distinct from the conventional Au-catalyzed nanowire growth but are analogous to the recently reported Ga-catalyzed SiO2nanowire growth. It is anticipated that many other oxidenanowires and nanowire assemblies can be synthesized through the Ge-catalyzed VLS process. The Ge-catalyzed Al2O3 and SiO2nanowires emit strong visible light under ultraviolet light excitation.
Time course of visual perception: coarse-to-fine processing and beyond.

Abstract Our perception of a visual scene changes rapidly in time, even when the scene itself does not. It is increasingly clear that understanding how the visual percept changes in time is crucial to understanding how we see. We are still far from fully understanding the temporal changes in the visual percept and the neural mechanisms that underlie it. But recently, many disparate lines of evidence are beginning to converge to produce a complex but fuzzy picture of visual temporal dynamics. It is clear, largely from psychophysical studies in humans, that one can get the ‘gist’ of complex visual scenes within about 150 ms after the stimulus onset, even when the stimulus itself is presented as briefly as 10 ms or so. It generally takes longer processing, if not longer stimulus presentation, to identify individual objects. It may take even longer for a fuller semantic understanding, or awareness, of the scene to emerge and be encoded in short-term memory. Microelectrode recording studies in monkeys, along with neuroimaging studies mostly in humans, have elucidated many important temporal dynamic phenomena at the level of individual neurons and neuronal populations. Many of the temporal changes at the perceptual and the neural levels can be captured by the multifaceted and somewhat ambiguous concept of coarse-to-fine processing, although it is clear that not all temporal changes can be characterized this way. A more comprehensive, albeit unproven, alternative framework for understanding visual temporal dynamics is to view it as a sequential, Bayesian decision-making process. At each step, the visual system infers the likely nature visual scene by jointly evaluating the available processed image information and prior knowledge about the scene, including prior inferences. Whether the processing proceeds in a coarse-to-fine fashion depends largely on whether the underlying computations are hierarchical or not. Characterizing these inferential steps from the computational, perceptual and neural standpoints will be a key part of future work in this emerging field.
Comparison of magnetic source estimation to intracranial EEG, resection area, and seizure outcome

SummaryObjectives Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is used to guide intracranial electroencephalography (ICEEG) monitoring and determine areas for resection. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to report our experience using dipole modeling/dipole scanning, current density reconstructions, and beam-forming methods in a large cohort of pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy. Methods Source localization results for each algorithm and seizure-onset zone, defined by ICEEG, were described by three blinded reviewers according to five location criteria. The accuracy of each algorithm was then compared to ICEEG. The relationships between the accuracy of these algorithms (discordant, lobar concordant, sublobar concordant) and long-term seizure outcome was calculated using positive and negative predictive values. Results Thirty-two patients (mean age ± SD, 10.8 ± 5 years) were included in this retrospective review. No algorithms had sublobar concordance with ICEEG in all patients, including when algorithms were grouped by type (dipole modeling/dipole scanning, current density reconstruction, beam forming). Synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) with excess kurtosis tended to be the most accurate, but there were no significant differences between algorithms. When comparing the source modeling with ICEEG findings, significantly more patients with a seizure-free outcome were found to have lobar or sublobar concordance of multiple signal classification (MUSIC) (61.1%) and standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) (52.9%). Positive predictive values were highest for MUSIC (61.9%) and equivalent current dipole (ECD) (57.1%). Negative predictive values were highest for SAM(g2)-VS (83%), minimum norm estimate (MNE) (75%), MUSIC (73.7%), and ECD (73.5%). Significance This study describes the use of multiple MEG source estimation techniques and demonstrates that all algorithms have similar rates of concordance with ICEEG. Also, the concordance or discordance of MUSIC with ICEEG was the best predictor of long-term seizure outcome.
The geomagnetic and cosmic-ray storm of May 25/26, 1967

Geomagnetic disturbances and cosmic ray storm of 25-26 May 1967 caused by McMath plage region 8818, noting Forbush decreases and ring current effect
MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM—Mechanism of growth hormone stimulation of skeletal muscle growth in cattle

Growth hormone, also called somatotropin (ST), is a polypeptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. The major functions of GH include stimulating bone and skeletal muscle growth, lipolysis, milk production, and expression of the IGF-I gene in the liver. Based on these functions, recombinant bovine ST (bST) and recombinant porcine ST (pST) have been used to improve milk production in dairy cows and lean tissue growth in pigs, respectively. However, despite these applications, the mechanisms of action of GH are not fully understood. Indeed, there has been a lot of controversy over the role of liver-derived circulating IGF-I and locally produced IGF-I in mediating the growth-stimulatory effect of GH during the last 15 yr. It is in this context that we have conducted studies to further understand how GH stimulates skeletal muscle growth in cattle. Our results do not support a role of skeletal muscle-derived IGF-I in GH-stimulated skeletal muscle growth in cattle. Our results indicate that GH stimulates skeletal muscle growth in cattle, in part, by stimulating protein synthesis in muscle through a GH receptor-mediated, IGF-I-independent mechanism. In this review, besides discussing these results, we also argue that liver-derived circulating IGF-I should be still considered as the major mechanism that mediates the growth-stimulatory effect of GH on skeletal muscle in cattle and other domestic animals.
Quantitative analysis of target coverage and germinal center response by a CXCL13 neutralizing antibody in a T-dependent mouse immunization model.

Study the impact of CXCL13 neutralization on germinal center (GC) response in vivo, and build quantitative relationship between target coverage and pharmacological effects at the target tissue. An anti-CXCL13 neutralizing monoclonal antibody was dosed in vivo in a T-dependent mouse immunization (TDI) model. A quantitative site-of-action (SoA) model was developed to integrate antibody PK and total CXCL13 levels in serum and spleen towards estimating target coverage as a function of dose. To aid in the SoA model development, a radio-labeled study using [I125] CXCL13 was conducted in mice. Model estimated target coverage was linked to germinal center response using a sigmoidal inhibitory effect model. In vivo studies demonstrated that CXCL13 inhibition led to an architectural change in B-cell follicles, dislocation of GCs and a significant reduction in the GC absolute numbers per square area (GC/mm2). The SoA modeling analysis indicated that ~79% coverage in spleen was required to achieve 50% suppression of GC/mm2. The 3 mg/kg dose with 52% spleen coverage resulted in no PD suppression, whereas 30 mg/kg with 93% coverage achieved close to maximum PD suppression, highlighting the steepness of PD response. This study showcases an application of SoA modeling towards a quantitative understanding of CXCL13 pharmacology.
Synthesis of multifunctional polymer brush surfaces via sequential and orthogonal thiol-click reactions

Fabrication of multifunctional surfaces with complexity approaching that found in nature requires the application of a modular approach to surface engineering. We describe a versatile post-polymerization modification strategy to synthesize multifunctional polymer brush surfaces via combination of surface-initiated photopolymerization (SIP) and orthogonal thiol-click reactions. Specifically, we demonstrate two routes to multifunctional brush surfaces: in the first approach, alkyne-functionalized homopolymer brushes are modified with multiple thiolsvia a statistical, radical-mediated thiol-yne co-click reaction; and in the second approach, statistical copolymer brushes carrying two distinctly-addressable reactive moieties are sequentially modified via orthogonal base-catalyzed thiol-X (where X represents an isocyanate, epoxy, or α-bromoester) and radical-mediated thiol-yne reactions. In both cases, we show that surface properties, in the form of wettability, can be easily tuned over a wide range by judicious choice of brush composition and thiol functionality.
Evolutionary Biology: A Basic Science for Medicine in the 21st Century

Evolutionary biology was a poorly developed discipline at the time of the Flexner Report and was not included in Flexner's recommendations for premedical or medical education. Since that time, however, the value of an evolutionary approach to medicine has become increasingly recognized. There are several ways in which an evolutionary perspective can enrich medical education and improve medical practice. Evolutionary considerations rationalize our continued susceptibility or vulnerability to disease; they call attention to the idea that the signs and symptoms of disease may be adaptations that prevent or limit the severity of disease; they help us understand the ways in which our interventions may affect the evolution of microbial pathogens and of cancer cells; and they provide a framework for thinking about population variation and risk factors for disease. Evolutionary biology should become a foundational science for the medical education of the future.
The 15N/14N isotope fractionation in dissociative recombination of N2 +

We have carried out Monte Carlo calculations of the velocity distributions and escape fractions for 14N and 15N released in dissociative recombination of 28N2+ and 29N2+, respectively, for a range of ion temperatures (Ti) and electron temperatures (Te) appropriate to the Martian exosphere. Separate calculations were carried out for each vibrational level of N2+ for 0≤ν≤6. We have taken into account the variation in the dissociative recombination cross section with relative velocity of the ion and electron, and the differences in the vibrational and rotational energy levels of 28N2+ and 29N2+. The escape probabilities and ratios are found to be quite sensitive to the temperature of the N2+ ions, but less so to the electron temperature or to the assumed rotational distribution. The escape probabilities for N2+(ν=0), with Ti=400 K and Te=2000 K and an assumed escape velocity of 4.877 kms−1, are 0.391 and 0.669 for 15N and 14N, respectively. The ratio of the escape fractions, which is a measure of the isotope differentiation effect, is 0.58. This value is close to the ratio 0.51 computed by Wallis [1978], but the individual escape fractions are smaller than his values by about a third. Sample calculations are carried out of the time evolution of the N2 abundance and of the isotope enhancement ratio to illustrate the effect of the new computed escape probabilities. It is found that the N isotopes are still predicted to be overfractionated over the last 3.8 Gyr, but the requirements on the mechanism assumed to reduce the escape, such as the existence of a dense, early atmosphere, are reduced over those required by calculations that employ the escape fractions of Wallis.
Exploring different visions of the model–empirics nexus: Solow versus Lipsey

Does empirical work in economics both provoke and test theoretical models, or does model development proceed according to a theory-oriented research program, with little interaction with empirics? Robert Solow and Richard Lipsey have articulated different visions of this relationship. This paper: (i) describes these competing Solow versus Lipsey views; (ii) presents examples illustrating each view; and (iii) draws inferences about factors promoting a close relation between empirics and modeling. Three examples are examined in detail: the ‘nursing shortage’ literature; Lind's analysis of recent rent control models; and a wide-ranging evaluation of ‘is there too little theory in development economics?’ by leading development economists. Various factors promoting or inhibiting a close connection between modeling and empirics are identified.
The evaluation and selection of polymeric materials for reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract This paper describes some of the research which led to the selection and development of aromatic polyamides for Du Pont's commercial Permasep® permeators.
Projective and volume-preserving bundle structures involved in the formulation of A(4) gauge theories.

The bundle structures required by volume-preserving and related projective properties are developed and discussed in the context ofA(4) gauge theories which may be taken as the proper framework for Poincare gauge theories. The results of this paper include methods for extending both tensors and connections to a principal fiber bundle havingG1(4,R)xG1(4,R) as its structure group. This bundle structure is shown to be a natural arena for the generalized (±) covariant differentiation utilized by Einstein for his extended gravitational theories involving nonsymmetric connections. In particular, it is shown that this generalized (±) covariant differentiation is actually a special case of ordinary covariant differentiation with respect to a connection on theG1(4,R) xG1(4,R) bundle. These results are discussed in relation to certain properties of generalized gravitational theories based on a nonsymmetric connection which include the metric affine theories of Hehl et al. and the general requirement that it should be possible to formulate well-defined local conservation laws. In terms of the extended bundle structure considered in this paper, it is found that physically distinct particle number type conservation expressions could exist for certain given types of matter currents.
Randomized Effectiveness Trial of an Internet, Pure Self-Help, Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults

This study evaluated an Internet-delivered, cognitive behavioral skills training program versus a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control condition targeting depression symptoms in young adults aged 18 to 24 years. Potential participants were mailed a recruitment brochure; if interested, they accessed the study website to complete an online consent and baseline assessment. Intervention participants could access the website at their own pace and at any time. Reminder postcards were mailed periodically to encourage return use of the intervention. The pure self-help intervention was delivered without contact with a live therapist. The primary depression outcome measure was the Patient Health Questionnaire, administered at 0, 5, 10, 16, and 32 weeks after enrollment. A small but significant between-group effect was found from Week 0 to Week 32 for the entire sample (N = 160, d = .20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.50), with a moderate effect among women (n = 128, d .42, 95%C1 = 0.09-0.77). Greater depression reduction was associated with two measures of lower website usage, total minutes, and total number of page hits. Although intervention effects were modest, they were observed against a background of substantial TAU depression pharmacotherapy and psychosocial services. Highly disseminable, low-cost, and self-help interventions such as this have the potential to deliver a significant public health benefit.
Measuring assertion: A model and method

This paper presents five studies designed to develop and evaluate a measure of assertion called the College Women's Assertion Sample (CWAS). The experiments involved: (1) clarifying the construct to be measured; (2) calibrating situational items relevant to that construct; (3) deriving a quantified scoring system for subject-generated responses to items; (4) fixing and evaluating a standardized instrument format; and (5) exploring instrument properties including validity. Results from the work support the value of the derived instrument and suggest the more general utility of the hybrid Behaviormetric Assessment Model which the instrument implied.
The Evolution of Creationist Movements

Every discipline has its hazards, and for evolution scientists and educators, a major hazard consists of encounters with creationists, their rhetoric, and their attempts to insert antievolutionism into public education. Preparation for this hazard should be a standard part of the background of professional evolutionists. One important piece of this preparation involves understanding the historical origins of creationism within the wider history of western Christianity, especially evangelical Protestantism and its development in the United States. Here, I place the standard histories of “creation science” by Numbers and Larson (covering primarily the early 1900s to the 1980s) into this larger context (going back to the evangelical split over slavery before the Civil War and during), and then show how the “intelligent design” movement (from the 1980s until the present) fits squarely within the long history of primarily evangelical, biblicist opposition to evolution. The major creationist movements and slogans are identified and also placed into this historical picture. In summary, while creationism has evolved diverse labels and strategies for legal and rhetorical purposes, its fundamental essence remains unchanged. That essence is advocacy of miraculous divine intervention, i.e., special creation, in the history of life, and the claim that science must acknowledge special creation or dire consequences for society will follow.
Krox20 stimulates adipogenesis via C/EBPβ-dependent and -independent mechanisms

Krox20 is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor that is abundantly expressed in adipose tissue. However, its role in fat cell differentiation has not been established. In cultured 3T3-L1 cells, Krox20 is rapidly induced by serum stimulation. Overexpression of Krox20 in both 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and multipotent NIH3T3 cells promotes adipogenesis in a hormone-dependent manner. Conversely, RNAi-mediated loss of Krox20 function reduced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Ectopic expression of Krox20 can transactivate the C/EBPbeta promoter and increase C/EBPbeta gene expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. RNAi-mediated knockdown of C/EPBbeta diminished Krox20's proadipogenic effect. Finally, coexpression of Krox20 and C/EBPbeta in naive NIH3T3 cells resulted in the pronounced induction of a fully differentiated adipocyte phenotype, an effect previously observed only with PPARgamma. These data indicate that Krox20 is necessary for adipogenesis and that, when overexpressed, Krox20 potently stimulates adipogenesis via C/EBPbeta-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Delineation of AV conduction pathways by selective surgical transection: effects on antegrade and retrograde transmission.

Introduction: The role for transitional cells as determinants of AH and HA conduction was examined in the superfused rabbit AV junction. Methods: Bipolar electrodes and microelectrodes were used to record antegrade A-H and retrograde H-A activation, before and after transection of the transitional cell input to the compact AV node. Results: During pacing from the high right atrium, inferior to the coronary sinus os, beneath the fossa ovalis, or on the anterior limbus, AV Wenckebach block (WB) was mediated by identical transitional cells grouped in close apposition to the compact AV node. Paced WB cycle lengths were shorter from the high right atrium (196 ± 12 msec) and inferior to the coronary sinus os (195 ± 8 msec) versus the fossa ovalis (217 ± 9 msec) or anterior limbus (206 ± 11 msec). With His bundle pacing, retrograde HA WB (211 ± 17 msec) was observed within the N cell region within the compact AV node. After transection of posterior and superior transitional cell input to the compact AV node, the antegrade AH WB cycle length was prolonged (245 ± 18 msec), with an increased WB incidence within the NH region (compact AV node)(5% to 41%; p = 0.014). The incidence of retrograde HA WB determined within the NH region was increased (30% to 88%), with a decrease in the stimulus-fast pathway conduction time (98 ± 7 to 49 ± 6 msec; p < 0.01). Conclusions: The data demonstrate (1) a common transitional cell population determining AH WB, independent of atrial stimulation site, and (2) a plasticity of transitional cell-compact AV node connections, with rapid AH and HA conduction favored by removal of posterior/superior AV nodal input.
End-User Contribution to Logistics Value Co-Creation: A Series of Exploratory Studies

ABSTRACTRecently, retailers have been investing in technology-based platforms such as mobile applications to involve more of their customers in logistical value co-creation activities. Therefore, it would be important to guide these efforts by providing the retailers with a list of various consumer logistics value co-creation activities and help them better organize their technological investments by categorizing these functions. The objective of this study is to explore the logistics activities through which the end users can contribute to co-creation of value based on the notions of Service-Dominant Logic. A series of 4 exploratory survey studies revealed 10 end-user logistics functions and important implications for practice.
Benzoic acid degradation by small, pilot-scale artificial wetlands filter (AWF) systems

Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands (SF) or artificial wetlands filter (AWF) systems were examined for potential use in the removal from various waste streams of complex halogenated and nonhalogenated organic compounds as represented by benzoic acid (BA). Three small, pilot-scale AWF systems with differing reactor configurations including two planted reactors (Scirpus validus Valn) and an unplanted control, were run on a continuous flow basis and tested for removal of BA. Initial results for all systems indicated excellent (nearly 99%) removal of BA at concentrations up to 40 mg/l. At higher influent concentrations of 80 mg/l, a double stage, planted-reactor combination resulted in no effluent increases of BA, while all other test reactors including a double stage, unplanted system, showed marked increases at this higher concentration. Comparison of microbial dominance/diversity of the systems indicated a rich microbial population containing facultative anaerobes and fermenters as well as strict anaerobes and aerobes that could potentially adapt to a variety of organic substrates, but little difference in microbes was noted between planted and unplanted systems.