cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation and enhancement of surface acoustic waves on a highly doped p-type GaAs substrate

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have been widely studied due to their unique advantage to couple the mechanical, electrical, and optical characteristics of semiconductor materials and have successfully been used in many industrial applications. In this work, we report a design that uses piezoelectric material Zinc Oxide (ZnO) to enhance the generation and propagation of SAWs on the surface of a highly doped p-type Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrate, which is more extensively used in optoelectronic devices than intrinsic GaAs structures. To maximize the piezoelectricity and successfully generate SAWs, high quality c-axis orientation of the ZnO film is needed; thus we experiment and develop optimized recipes of a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system to deposit ZnO on the GaAs substrate. To further optimize the SAW performance, an intermediate Silicon Oxide (SiO2) layer is added between the ZnO film and GaAs substrate. Additionally, we test samples with varied thickness of ZnO films and dimensions of interdigital transducer (IDT) fingers to figure out their individual effect on SAW properties. The results and techniques demonstrated in this paper will provide guidance for further studies on enhancing SAWs propagating along many other doped semiconductor materials. This combination of acoustics and optoelectronics in doped semiconductors is a promising start to building enhanced and hybrid devices in various fields.
Trends in Place of Cardiovascular Deaths Related to Heart Failure in the United States from 2003-2017

Objectives While most patients would prefer to die at home, the majority of deaths among patients with HF still occur in medical facilities. Increased hospice utilization in the past decade for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may have contributed to changing national trends in place of death for HF patients. Therefore, we sought to describe the distribution of and trends in location for CVD deaths among patients with HF between 2003 and 2017. Methods HF-related CVD deaths were ascertained using the multiple cause of death files from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research data, which includes the underlying and contributing cause of death from all death certificates in the US. HF-related CVD deaths were identified whereby CVD (International Classification of Diseases, 10thRevision, I00-I78) was listed as underlying cause of death and HF (ICD-10 I50) was listed as contributing cause of death, or HF (ICD-10 I50) was listed as underlying cause of death from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2017. We performed linear regression with place of death as dependent variable and time as independent variable and calculated odds ratios for sex and race. Findings We identified 3,888,803 HF-related CVD deaths between 2003 and 2017 with 44% occurring in men, 9% in blacks, and 92% among individuals > age 65 years. From 2003 to 2017, proportion of deaths in hospice facilities and at home increased more than 40-fold (0.2% to 8.2%; Ptrend Conclusions While the majority of patients who die of HF-related CVD are still dying in medical facilities, increases in the proportion of patients dying in hospice facilities and at home may reflect a greater focus on patient-centered care at the end of life. More research is needed to better understand preferred location of death, hospice utilization during home deaths, and disparities in location and preferred place of death among HF patients.
Silver ions cause oscillation of bacterial length of Escherichia coli

Silver (Ag) in various forms have recently gained broad interest and been revisited due to their promising antimicrobial effects. Here we report our study on the morphological dynamics of live bacteria when subjected to Ag+ ions. Using time-lapse microscopy, we observed oscillations of cell-length for a large fraction of bacteria exposed to 60 μM of Ag+ ions. In addition, we found that the responses of bacteria to Ag+ ions were heterogeneous. We quantified the oscillations of cell-length with power spectral density, which appeared different from that of bacteria growing in the absence of Ag+ ions. Furthermore, a model similar to the predator-prey argument was developed to understand the observed oscillations of cell-length upon exposure to Ag+ ions. This model not only successfully produced the oscillations but also explained the observed heterogeneity in the bacterial responses to Ag+ ions.
Does the child brain rest?: An examination and interpretation of resting cognition in developmental cognitive neuroscience

In cognitive neuroscience, measurements of "resting baseline" are often considered stable across age and used as a reference point against which to judge cognitive state. The task-based approach-comparing resting baseline to task conditions-implies that resting baseline is an equalizer across participants and-in the case of studies of developmental changes in cognition-across age groups. In contrast, network neuroscience explicitly examines the development of "resting state" networks across age, at odds with the idea of a consistent resting baseline. Little attention has been paid to how cognition during rest may shift across development, particularly in children under the age of eight. Childhood is marked by striking maturation of neural systems, including a protracted developmental period for cognitive control systems. To grow and shape these cognitive systems, children have a developmental imperative to engage their neural circuitry at every possible opportunity. Thus, periods of "rest" without specific instructions may require additional control for children as they fight against developmental expectation to move, speak, or otherwise engage. We therefore theorize that the child brain does not rest in a manner consistent with the adult brain as longer rest periods may represent increased cognitive control. To shape this theory, we first review the extant literature on neurodevelopment across early childhood within the context of cognitive development. Next, we present nascent evidence for a destabilized baseline for comparisons across age. Finally, we present recommendations for designing, analyzing, and interpreting tasks conducted with young children as well as for resting state. Future work must aim to tease apart the cognitive context under which we examine functional brain development in young children and take considerations into account unique to each age.
Advantages and Limitations of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration

In this short chapter, the advantages and limitations of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration are summarized.
Energy Amplification of Steady Disturbances in Growing Boundary Layers

The importance and necessity of linear growth mechanisms in transition to turbulence at subcritical Reynolds numbers has recently been recognized [1]. In the absence of exponentially growing linear modes, transiently growing disturbances can provide the amplification of disturbance energy that ultimately may result in turbulent fluid motion. This transient growth is due to the non-orthogonal structure of the linear eigenfunction which, in turn, is a consequence of the non-selfadjoint nature of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. Many flows have been analyzed with regards to their transient amplification potential. Most of the analyses have concentrated on the temporal stability problem, and all of them have assumed a parallel mean flow which substantially simplifies the computations (see [2] for a review).
The use of visual programming tools and techniques for rapid in field ad-hoc edge of the network situational application integration in a coalition environment.

The upsurge in interest in "Internet of Things" technologies, solutions and products has brought with it a plethora of new tools to exploit them. Among these there are some more visual tools that provide a "flow based programming" 1 model. These would seem to be applicable to the in-field trials environment where rapid integration and re-configuration of devices under test may be required, especially in a coalition environment where differing interpretation and implementation of draft standards may cause interconnection issues. By using flow-based tools the integration of preconfigured "blocks" can lead to fast results, with higher accuracy than traditional programming techniques. We proposed and deployed one of these, Node-RED 2 , at a UK MoD Land Open Systems Architecture (LOSA) field trial in October 2014. This paper describes how the use of the Node-RED visual wiring tool, allowed very fast integration of networked assets during the field trial. These included individual sensors, gateways to soldier systems, and access to a NATO coalition partner's assets (vehicle, soldier and micro-uav).
Increased penetration depth by non-degenerate two-photon microscopy

In classical Two photon microscopy (TPM), fluorescence excitation happens via absorption of two photons with the same energy. However, the energies of the two photons do not need to be the same: the sum of their energies must be equal to the total energy required for the ground state to excited state transition. This feature allows for non-degenerate two-photon excitation (ND-TPE), where excitation occurs via simultaneous absorption of two photons of different energies derived from two laser beams. ND-TPE has been exploited in fluorescence microscopy to extend the range of excitation wavelengths , increase resolution, increase penetration depth, and mitigate excitation outside of the focal volume.We use non-degenerate two-photon excitation where the two excitation beams are displaced in space outside the focal volume to increase the signal-to-background ratio (SBR), overcoming the fundamental penetration depth limit of conventional two-photon microscopy.
Logarithmic Forms with Twisted Coefficients

Given a compact Kahler manifold, we consider the complementUof a divisor with normal crossings and a unitary local systemgon it. We consider a differential graded Lie algebra of forms with holomorphic logarithmic singularities and vanishing residues. We construct a spectral sequence converging to the L2cohomologyH• (U S)(2)corresponding to the anti-holomorphic filtration of this algebra and compute its E1term. This differential graded Lie algebra gives an example of a formal algebra which does not obey the ddc-Lemma.
The activation of human type IV collagenase proenzyme: sequence identification of the major conversion product following organomercurial activation

Abstract Type IV collagenase is a metalloproteinase which cleaves type IV collagen in a pepsin-resistant domain. Organomercurial activation of the latent 70-kDa type IV collagenase (type IV procollagenase) results in the autocatalytic removal of an amino-terminal domain resulting in the conversion to a 62-kDa activated form of the enzyme. Synthetic peptides corresponding to domains from the amino terminus (residues 1-17) and an internal domain near the carboxyl terminus (residues 472-490) were used as antigens to generate affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies which recognized their respective domains on the native type IV procollagenase. Western immunoblotting studies of the time course of the organomercurial activation process demonstrate a direct loss of the amino-terminal domain during the conversion to the lower molecular weight form. The amino-terminal sequence of the purified type IV procollagenase before and after activation reveals cleavage at a single locus with removal of residues 1-80, generating a new amino terminus YNFFPRKPKWDKNQ. This results in the removal of three distal cysteine residues located at positions 31, 36, and 73. The type IV collagenase site of autocatalytic cleavage corresponds exactly to the homologous sites of type I collagenase and stromelysin cleavage during their respective organomercurial activation. This site is adjacent to the carboxyl end of a highly conserved region consisting of the sequence PRCGVPDV, which contains an unpaired cysteine residue.
Proof of non-extremal nature of excited-state energies in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics with the use of constrained derivatives

With the use of a second derivative test based on constrained second derivatives, a proof is given that excited states in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are saddle points of the energy expectation value, and is shown, further, how to determine their Morse index.
Thermochemical Water Cracking Using Solar Heat

Direct solar radiation is shown to be a potentially superior source of energy for the thermochemical production of hydrogen from water, especially in a regionally self-sufficient hydrogen economy. Its impact on chemical cycle selection, conversion efficiency, operating mode, plant siting, plant capacity, and product cost is compared with that of a nuclear heat source. Conceptual designs and development goals are suggested.
Some Preliminary Considerations of A Molten-Salt Extraction Process to Remove Tritium from Liquid Lithium Fusion Reactor Blankets

AbstractA method is described for removing tritium from liquid lithium fusion reactor blankets by extraction with molten salt. Results of distribution coefficient measurements made with lithium-lithium halide mixtures have demonstrated that tritium is preferentially distributed in the salt phase by a factor >1.0 on a volumetric basis. Other considerations related to (a) mutual solubilities between the salt and metal, (b) phase separation, (c) blanket neutronics, (d) corrosion, (e) fabrication, and (f) recovery of tritium from the salt phase indicate that the extraction process should be feasible. Calculations based on the blanket processing requirements for the reference theta-pinch reactor (RTPR) show that the equipment and power needed to carry out a molten-salt extraction operation on the lithium blanket of the RTPR are reasonable.
Outer Membrane Proteins of Escherichia coli VII. Evidence That Bacteriophage-Directed Protein 2 Functions as a Pore

Abstract Protein 1, a major protein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, has been shown to be the pore allowing the passage of small hydrophilic solutes across the outer membrane. In E. coli K-12 protein 1 consists of two subspecies, 1a and 1b, whereas in E. coli B it consists of a single species which has an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of 1a. K-12 strains mutant at the ompB locus lack both proteins 1a and 1b and exhibit multiple transport defects, resistance to toxic metal ions, and tolerance to a number of colicins. Mutation at the tolF locus results in the loss of 1a, in less severe transport defects, and more limited colicin tolerance. Mutation at the par locus causes the loss of protein 1b, but no transport defects or colicin tolerance. Lysogeny of E. coli by phage PA-2 results in the production of a new major protein, protein 2. Lysogeny of K-12 ompB mutants resulted in dramatic reversal of the transport defects and restoration of the sensitivity to colicins E2 and E3 but not to other colicins. This was shown to be due to the production of protein 2, since lysogeny by phage mutants lacking the ability to elicit protein 2 production did not show this effect. Thus, protein 2 can function as an effective pore. ompB mutations in E. coli B also resulted in loss of protein 1 and similar multiple transport defects, but these were only partially reversed by phage lysogeny and the resulting production of protein 2. When the ompB region from E. coli B was moved by transduction into an E. coli K-12 background, only small amounts of proteins 1a and 1b were found in the outer membrane. These results indicate that genes governing the synthesis of outer membrane proteins may not function interchangeably between K-12 and B strains, indicating differences in regulation or biosynthesis of these proteins between these strains.
Large-Eddy Simulations and Damped-Oscillator Models of the Unsteady Ekman Boundary Layer

AbstractThe Ekman boundary layer (EBL) is a central problem in geophysical fluid dynamics that emerges when the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force, and the frictional force interact in a flow. The unsteady version of the problem, which occurs when these forces are not in equilibrium, is solvable analytically only for a limited set of forcing variability regimes, and the resulting solutions are intricate and not always easy to interpret. In this paper, large-eddy simulations (LESs) of neutral atmospheric EBLs are conducted under various unsteady forcings to reveal the range of physical characteristics of the flow. Subsequently, it is demonstrated that the dynamics of the unsteady EBL can be reduced to a second-order ordinary differential equation that is very similar to the dynamical equation of a damped oscillator, such as a mass–spring–damper system. The validation of the proposed reduced model is performed by comparing its analytical solutions to LES results, revealing very good agreement. The ...
A survey of the complications of vaginal prolapse surgery performed by members of the Society Of Gynecologic Surgeons.

This study aimed to examine the frequency and nature of complications of vaginal prolapse surgery performed by members of SGS over a year and to determine the feasibility and the problems associated with prospective, multicentered collaborative data acquisition. A survey form, which included demographics, surgical indications, colpopexy type, concomitant procedures, technique, estimated blood loss (EBL), OR time, and intra/postoperative complications, was distributed to society members. The nature, extent, and solution of the complications were examined. There were 147 members of SGS at the time of the study. Many were reproductive endocrinologists and gynecologic oncologists. Twenty-one (14%) members participated. Three hundred forty-nine (349) completed forms were received: 187 sacrospinous fixations (SSF), 92 colposacropexies (CSP), and 70 high utero sacral suspensions (HUS). There were seven (3.7%) intraoperative complications for SSF, seven (7.6%) for CSP and three (4.3%) for HUS. There were four (2.1%) postoperative complications for SSF, six (6.5%) for CSP and none for HUS (NS). OR time was significantly longer for CSP vs. HUS ( P <.003) and for SSF vs. HUS ( p =.042). The EBL was significantly higher for SSF compared with CSP for the colpopexy procedure ( p =.013) and for entire cases ( p <.003). Analysis showed that all three colpopexies had significant intraoperative and postoperative complications of less than 8%. Intraoperative visceral damage was a concern for all three procedures. With SSF and CSP there was risk of bleeding and with HUS there was a risk of ureteral obstruction. Postoperative CSP complications were bowel obstruction, bleeding or hernia; for SSF neuropathy, and for HUS none. No life-threatening intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. OR time was significantly shorter for HUS than SSF. The highest EBL was with SSF. Only 14% of the SGS membership responded, despite multiple requests for participation, demonstrating the difficulty of multicenter data gathering.
Monolithic integration of complementary HBTs by selective MOVPE

The monolithic integration of n-p-n and p-n-p heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) through the use of selective metal organic vapor phase epitaxial regrowth is discussed. This was accomplished by masking, patterning, and etching a p-n-p HBT wafer and then selectively regrowing an n-p-n structure in the etched areas. The selective epitaxial regrowth did not degrade the current gain of the p-n-p structure. Several complementary amplifier circuits were fabricated and tested successfully, demonstrating the feasibility of a monolithic complementary HBT technology. >
A repeated dose study of the toxicity of technical grade dibenz-(b.f.)-1,4 oxazepine in mice and hamsters

The repeated dose inhalation toxicology of technical grade dibenz-(b.f.)-1,4 oxazepine (CR) was studied in mice and hamsters. The animals were exposed 5 days/week for 18 weeks and retained until 1 year after the start of exposure. CR, at high doses, affected survival of both species, nevertheless the material produced little specific organ-directed toxicity.
Overview of the Health Benefits of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption for the Dietetics Professional: Selected Literature

Epidemiologic evidence of a protective role for fruits and vegetables in cancer prevention is substantial. The strength of this scientific base guides US national policymaking in diet and health issues and facilitates community and local programs that address national dietary goals to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Current scientific evidence also suggests a protective role for fruits and vegetables in prevention of coronary heart disease, and evidence is accumulating for a protective role in stroke. In addition, a new scientific base is emerging to support a protective role for fruits and vegetables in prevention of cataract formation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diverticulosis, and possibly, hypertension. This article provides an overview of the health benefits associated with fruit and vegetable consumption for each of these conditions, including brief discussions of underlying protective mechanisms, identifies key scientific findings regarding the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption, and outlines applications of these findings for dietetics professionals. The evidence reviewed provides additional support for increased consumption of a wide variety of vegetables, in particular, dark-green leafy, cruciferous, and deep-yellow-orange ones, and a wide variety of fruits, in particular, citrus and deep-yellow-orange ones. Continued attention to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is a practical and important way to optimize nutrition to reduce disease risk and maximize good health.
THE ENZYMATIC BASIS FOR THE METABOLISM AND INHIBITORY ACTION OF VALPROATE (VP): DEHYDROGENATION OF VP-CoA BY 2-METHYL-BRANCHED CHAIN ACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE (2-me BCAD)

VP is an eight carbon branched chain fatty acid. It is widely used as an anti-convulsant. Serious toxic side effects have occasionally been observed. VP is considered to be mainly metabolized via β-oxidation and glucuronide formation, and has been shown to inhibit fatty acid oxidation. However, the enzymatic mechanisms are currently unknown. We studied the VP-CoA oxidation by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ADs) and its inhibitory action on these enzymes using purified enzyme preparations. ADs catalyze the first reaction of the β-oxidation. Five of them are known. They are short (SCAD), medium (MCAD), long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (LCAD), isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) and 2-meBCAD. We purified all five of them to homogeneity from rat liver. We also purified SCAD, MCAD and IVD to homogeneity from human liver. Human LCAD was partially purified from placenta mitochondria. AD activities were assayed spectrophotometrically using phenazine methosulfate and dichloroindophenol (DCIP) as electron acceptors. Only 2-meBCAD dehydrogenated VP-CoA. The specific activity was 167 nmol of DCIP reduced/min/mg protein. This value was 7.6 percent of that for S-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, the best substrate for this enzyme. 2-Propyl-2-pentenoyl-CoA was identified as the reaction product by using GC/MS. No other ADs dehydrogenated VP-CoA to any significant degree. Inhibitory effects were tested using human Ads. 0.1 mM VP-CoA slightly inhibited MCAD alone. At 0.3 mM, it moderately inhibited SCAD, MCAD and IVD: the inhibition ranged from 18% for IVD to 25% for MCAD.
Why Two-Year-Olds Fail to Learn Gestures as Object Labels: Evidence from Looking Time and Forced-Choice Measures

The range of symbols that children treat as object names narrows over the course of development as children accrue more experience with and exposure to language. By two years of age, children no longer treat gestures as object labels. Here we investigate the source of this new-found failure and ask whether it stems primarily from a failure to form associations between gestures and their referents, as opposed to a failure to interpret these associations as referential. To explore these possibilities, we tested word versus gesture learning in a paradigm consisting of both a preferential looking task (designed to detect implicit associations) and a forced-choice task (designed to index explicit symbol-to-referent mapping). Our findings reveal that unlike two-year-olds in the word condition, two-year-olds in the gesture condition failed to demonstrate associations between gestures and objects in either task, suggesting that they did not form associative links between gestures and their intended referent. Impo...
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS IN BLACK AMERICAN MEN: RELATIONSHIPS WITH AGING, PROSTATE SIZE, FLOW RATE AND BOTHERSOMENESS

Purpose: Studies of lower urinary tract symptoms in men have been restricted to predominately white populations and these observations may not be generalized to black American men. A goal of the Flint Men’s Health Study was to evaluate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in a community based sample of black American men.Materials and Methods: We identified 721 eligible subjects after a 2-stage stratified sampling protocol of black American men residing in Flint, Michigan and an in-home interview. Of these men 364 (50%) completed the study protocol, including serum prostate specific antigen measurement, digital rectal examination, uroflowmetry and transrectal ultrasound. These men comprised our study group. Patients completed the American Urological Association (AUA) symptom and bothersomeness scores. Moderate to severe symptoms and impairment were defined as an AUA symptom score of greater than 7 and bothersomeness score of greater than 3, respectively. Data were stratified by 10-year age group...
Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in East Asia, Expanded

What began as a simple question, in conversation with Ben Elman this past May, about when Kuhn's Structure was translated into Chinese and by whom, has turned into a complex historiography of the h...
Synthesis of a lactone diastereomer of the cembranolide uprolide D.

A convergent stereoselective synthesis of a C1/C14 bis-epimer of uprolide D is described in which an intramolecular Barbier-type reaction was employed for macrocyclization with concomitant introduction of the C1 and C14 stereocenters of a fused α-methylene lactone ring through an anti-Felkin−Anh transition state. Unlike previous examples of allyl chromium additions, none of the Felkin−Anh derived adduct could be detected.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF MEAN WIND AND STABILITY ON A HEAT ISLAND CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTIC OF AN URBAN COMPLEX

Abstract A simple two-dimensional linear model was used to explore the nature of the heat island circulation of an urban area. Two stability categories, stable and near-neutral, were assumed to define the boundary layer conditions. The heat island circulation was studied under the condition of no-mean wind and also for cases when a mean wind existed. The forcing function (differential heating) was given as a smoothly varying function in the horizontal that would create a smoothly varying temperature field with no discontinuities in the temperature distribution. A rather weak two-cell circulation system was developed in which depth and intensity were dependent on the boundary layer stability. Allowing a mean wind to exist produced a displacement of the two-cell circulation downstream to a location that is a function of the heating rate and the advection of heat and momentum by the mean wind.
Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. III. Response of regional lymph node cells from breast and colon cancer patients to PHA stimulation

To obtain information regarding the immunologic capacity of regional lymph nodes (RLNs) in patients with cancer, investigations were performed utilizing lymph nodes and/or blood lymphocytes from 140 patients with operable breast or colon cancers, benign breast disease, or cardiac problems requiring open heart surgery. Cells of all regional lymph nodes (RLNCs) from breast cancer patients responded to PHA stimulation. The response of stimulated and non-stimulated RLNCs from patients with negative nodes was significantly greater than that of cells from women with positive nodes. The presence or absence of tumor in nodes from positive node patients had no effect on 3HT uptake by RLNCs from such nodes. In patients with breast cancer, regardless of nodal status, a significant variation in 3HT uptake was observed between cells derived from different RLNs within the same patient. A similar variability occurred between patients. Such findings were noted when RLNCs were cultured with or without PHA. There was no significant difference in uptake of 3HT by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from breast cancer patients and women with benign breast disease. When PBLs and RLNCs from the same breast cancer patients were exposed to undiluted PHA, the response of the former was significantly greater than that of the latter. While both types of cells were less stimulated by diluted PHA, the response by RLNCs was significantly greater. Results from colon cancer patients were similar to those from patients with breast cancer. Virtually all nodes responded to PHA stimulation and the 3HT uptake by RLNCs was greater when they came from negative rather than positive node patients. There was a variation in response of nodes to PHA in individual patients and between patients. Unlike findings with breast cancer, the response of RLNCs and PBLs from patients with colon cancer to undiluted PHA was not significantly different, but as with the former disease, RLNCs demonstrated a greater response to dilute PHA. RLNCs from patients with breast and colon cancer were stimulated by PHA to a greater degree than LNCs from patients undergoing open heart surgery. Whether this difference indicates that cells from patients with heart disease are less responsive, or that those from cancer patients are more so is uncertain. In conclusion, the present studies indicate that virtually all RLNs (with and without metastases) from patients with primary operable breast and colon cancers contain cells capable of responding to PHA stimulation. If, as is generally considered, such a response is indicative of lymphocyte immunocompetence, then RLNs continue to possess immunologic capabilities despite the presence of growing tumors.
Accommodating paper in document databases

Although the paperless office has been imminent for decades, documents in paper form continue to be used extensively in almost all organizations. Present-day information systems are designed on the premise that any paper document in use will be either converted into electronic form or merely printed from electronic file(s) accessible to the system. Yet, paper is the medium of choice in many situations, mainly owing to its portability and usability, and the medium of necessity in others, especially where external communication or the traditional notion of authenticity are involved. Humans who find unique attractive features in both paper and electronic forms of documents, must survive this tension between the de-jure banishment of paper and its de-facto prevalence. In this paper, we propose to make paper documents first-class citizens by including them in the model underlying the information system. Specifically, we extend the schema of a document database with the notion of paper documents, physical locations, and the organizational hierarchy. This leads to an overall enhancement of document integrity and the ability to answer queries such as "where are the customer complaint letters we have received today?" and "which documents are in this filing cabinet?". Recent technological advances such as sensors have made the implementation of such a model very realistic.
Opto-ultrasonic communications for wireless intra-body nanonetworks

Abstract Wirelessly interconnected nanorobots, i.e., engineered devices of sizes ranging from one to a few hundred nanometers, are promising revolutionary diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications that could enhance the treatment of major diseases. Each nanorobot is usually designed to perform a set of basic tasks such as sensing and actuation. A dense wireless network of nano-devices, i.e., a nanonetwork, could potentially accomplish new and more complex functionalities, e.g., in-vivo monitoring or adaptive drug-delivery, thus enabling revolutionary nanomedicine applications. Several innovative communication paradigms to enable nanonetworks have been proposed in the last few years, including electromagnetic communications in the terahertz band, or molecular and neural communications. In this paper, we propose and discuss an alternative approach based on establishing intra-body opto-ultrasonic communications among nanorobots. Opto-ultrasonic communications are based on the optoacoustic effect, which enables the generation of high-frequency acoustic waves by irradiating the medium with electromagnetic energy in the optical frequency range. We first discuss the fundamentals of nanoscale opto-ultrasonic communications in biological tissues by modeling the generation, propagation and detection of opto-ultrasonic waves, and we explore important tradeoffs. Then, we discuss potential research challenges for the design of opto-ultrasonic nanonetworks of implantable devices at the physical, medium access control, and network layers of the protocol stack.
Effect of factor VIII concentrate on antigen-presenting cell (APC)/T-cell interactions in vitro: relevance to inhibitor formation and tolerance induction.

Inhibitor formation in patients with haemophilia receiving factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate is a common problem requiring tolerance induction therapy. Immune tolerance is dependent on defective T cell/antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions and inhibitor antibody formation is associated with effective T-cell/B-cell interaction. We studied the expression of the cell-surface molecules involved with these interactions using multiparameter flow cytometry and a whole blood stimulation assay–phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) to activate T cells and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate monocytes and B cells. Up-regulation of T-cell co-stimulatory receptors CD11a, CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CTLA4 were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by plasma-derived (pd)FVIII, but CD28 was unchanged. Up-regulation of monocyte and B-cell co-stimulatory ligands CD4O, B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) were also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by pdFVIII, but LFA-3 (CD58) was unchanged. The combined inhibitory effect of prednisolone, an immunosuppressive agent used in several tolerance induction protocols, with pdFVIII on co-stimulatory molecules, was additive. There was no significant alteration in T-cell/APC adhesion or co-stimulatory molecules noted in the presence of recombinant (rh)FVIII concentrate. The inhibitory effect of pdFVIII on molecules involved in interaction between T cells and APCs may result in immune tolerance in recipients of pdFVIII concentrate. The inhibitory effect of pdFVIII on CD40/CD40L up-regulation may result in defective antibody formation. We now provide evidence that the use of pdFVIII, through interfering with APC/T-cell interactions, may be more appropriate than rhFVIII for tolerance induction.
Total-evidence phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the Phylinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae), with the recognition of new tribes and subtribes and a redefinition of Phylini

The subfamily Phylinae (Heteroptera: Miridae) is one of the largest subfamilies of plant bugs and in the most recent classification comprised six tribes: Pilophorini, Hallodapini, Auricillocorini, Phylini, Pronotocrepini, and Leucophoropterini. Phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily using dynamic homology (POY), parsimony (TNT), and model-based (RAxML) methods are presented. A dataset comprising both morphological and molecular characters (16S, 18S, 28S, and COI-COII) was assembled for taxon samples of 164 ingroup and nine outgroup taxa. A reclassification of the subfamily based on the POY analysis is presented, recognizing nine tribes and nine subtribes. The Auricillocorini is synonymized with the Hallodapini and the Pronotocrepini with the Cremnorrhini; the Phylini was found to be polyphyletic and is redefined; the Semiini and Nasocorini are resurrected and redefined; and the Decomiini and Coatonocapsiniare presented as new tribes. The Hallodapini, rather than the Pilophorini, was found to be the sister-group to the remaining Phylinae.
SMASH and SENSE: experimental and numerical comparisons.

Three parallel-imaging methods were implemented and compared in terms of artifact and noise content: original SMASH, Cartesian SENSE, and an extremely simple method called here the "scissors method." These methods represent very different approaches to the parallel-imaging problem. The experimental and numerical comparisons presented here aim at shedding light on the whole spectrum of parallel-imaging methods, not just the three methods actually implemented. In our results, SMASH images had an artifact level significantly higher than SENSE images for all acceleration factors. The SNR in SENSE images was nearly optimal at low acceleration factors. As acceleration was increased, the noise content in SENSE images eventually sharply departed from optimal values, while the artifact content remained low.
TH‐E‐WAB‐01: MR Guided Therapy Planning

MRI has played a supportive role in radiation therapy for over two decades, and current observations and guidance suggest that this role will be increasing over the next several years. This symposium will explore some of the advances and questions related to using MRI as a key, if not solitary, imaging methodology in the planning of radiation therapy treatments. Both external beam radiation therapy as well as brachytherapy will be explored. Issues such as distortion, image quality, scanning time, optimization of MRI protocols, integration in the radiation therapy workflow, and knowledge and practice information of use to non‐diagnostic physicists will be explored. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the current and potential near future roles of MRI external beam radiation therapy 2. Understand current recommendations and future directions for MRI in brachytherapy 3. Understand the quality assurance and commissioning needs for MRI systems for the above uses 4. Understand the characteristics of modern MRI systems and the modifications and additional features that may facilitate radiation therapy use Siemens Medical Systems
Improved Selection of Internal Transcribed Spacer-Specific Primers Enables Quantitative, Ultra-High-Throughput Profiling of Fungal Communities

Ultra-high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of fungal communities has been restricted by short read lengths and primer amplification bias, slowing the adoption of newer sequencing technologies to fungal community profiling. To address these issues, we evaluated the performance of several common internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers and designed a novel primer set and work flow for simultaneous quantification and species-level interrogation of fungal consortia. Primer comparison and validation were predicted in silico and by sequencing a "mock community" of mixed yeast species to explore the challenges of amplicon length and amplification bias for reconstructing defined yeast community structures. The amplicon size and distribution of this primer set are smaller than for all preexisting ITS primer sets, maximizing sequencing coverage of hypervariable ITS domains by very-short-amplicon, high-throughput sequencing platforms. This feature also enables the optional integration of quantitative PCR (qPCR) directly into the HTS preparatory work flow by substituting qPCR with these primers for standard PCR, yielding quantification of individual community members. The complete work flow described here, utilizing any of the qualified primer sets evaluated, can rapidly profile mixed fungal communities and capably reconstructed well-characterized beer and wine fermentation fungal communities.
Possible sites at which 5-hydroxytryptamine may antagonize in vivo neuromuscular paralysis.

Abstract Experiments have been performed to determine the probable site at which exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonizes neuromuscular paralysis. The time course of 5-hydroxytryptamine appearance at the nerve-diaphragm does not parallel the time course of its potency in inhibiting botulinal intoxication. Additionally, 5-hydroxytryptamine will protect against in vivo poisoning by d -tubocurarine and hemicholinium-3. Thus its protective action is not specific to any cholinergic function. These observations, coupled with earlier reports from our laboratory, tend to eliminate the neuromuscular junction as a site of action. Imipramine is known to suppress uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by platelets, mast cells and nervous tissues. Nonetheless, injected imipramine did not diminish the potency of the indoleamine. Similarly, removal of blood platelets by irradiation does not diminish the toxin-inhibiting effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Previous work has eliminated the brain, gastro-intestinal tract, pulmonary system and kidneys as possible sites of action. The prolonged time course of 5-hydroxytryptamine retention in blood makes the circulatory system suspect. Furthermore, the demonstration that liberation of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine by reserpine prolongs survival of poisoned animals adds credibility to the hypothesis that the vascular system is the implicated locus of effect.
A capillary electrophoresis method for studying apo, holo, recombinant, and subunit dissociated ferritins.

Abstract A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method is described for detecting and quantitating apo and holo ferritins from horse spleen (HoSF), rat liver (RLF), recombinant human light chain (rLF), recombinant human heavy chain (rHF), site-directed variants of human light chain, and Azotobacter vinelandii bacterial ferritin (AVBF). This procedure is carried out at pH 8.2, where the ferritin molecules are associated into their 24-mers. Protein mobilities as expressed as elution times were clearly resolved and could be used to distinguish one ferritin type from another, providing a means for detecting and quantitating various ferritin species in purified or partially purified states. Measurements of these and other ferritins were also conducted at pH 2.0, where dissociation into their respective subunits occurs. For HoSF and RLF, the individual L and H subunits were resolved and their relative concentrations were determined by integrating the areas of the elution peaks. HoSF gave 89.8% L and 10.2% H and RLF gave 70.7% L and 29.3% H, while rLF, rHF, and AVBF gave only a single subunit, all in agreement with reported values obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CE of HoSF, containing increasing amounts of iron in the interior, in general, showed that protein mobilities increased, reached a plateau, and then slowly decreased with increasing core size, although buffer effects altered this CE behavior to some extent. Such results indicate that species formed early during core formation have individual iron atoms present and differ from those formed later in which the oligomeric iron core has formed. The binding of various metal ions to apo HoSF is readily determined by CE and provides a means for studying metal ion-ferritin interaction. Dramatic changes in the elution times were noted in different buffer systems, indicating that strong buffer interactions were occurring during metal binding to HoSF.
Influence of Cholesteric Solvents on the Kinetics of Schiff Base Formation from Enantiomeric Amines

Abstract In order to examine the influences of both the macroscopic and microscopic chirality of cholesteric media on a chemical process, the kinetics of the bimolecular reaction between p-ethoxybenzaldehyde (EBA) and enantiomeric S-(-)- or R-(+)-l-phenylethylamine (PEA) were studied in right-and left-handed cholesteric liquid crystals. The reaction was followed using two methods: (1) continuous monitoring of changes in pitch, and (2) monitoring changes in the intensity of IR absorption peaks, related to C=O and CH=N bonds. Differences between rates and activation parameters were observed when reactions were performed in steroidal cholesteric or chiral nematic solvents, and the effective helical twisting powers (HTP) of S-(-)- and R-(+)-PEA are not equivalent in the employed systems. That is, the reaction rate in the steroidal cholesteric solvent is lower for the enantiomer exhibiting the higher value of HTP. The value of HTP appears to be a guide to the strength of the solute-solvent interaction.
A Novel Integration Signal That Is Composed of Two Transmembrane Segments Is Required to Integrate the Neurospora Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase into Microsomes

The Neurospora plasma membrane H+-ATPase belongs to a family of cation-motive porters called P-type ATPases. Putative transmembrane segments of these enzymes contain one or more charged residues. Conditions were determined by which a transmembrane segment with charged residues is integrated into its cognate membrane. We constructed fusion proteins flanked by the hydrophilic domains of the amino and carboxyl termini of the H+-ATPase that contained either one or two transmembrane segments. Neurospora in vitro translation system supplemented with homologous microsomes was programmed with RNA transcripts of these constructs. When transmembrane segment number one (M1) or number two (M2) of the H+-ATPase was engineered into the construct, the resultant protein did not integrate into microsomes. When M1 and M2 were placed in tandem, the resultant protein integrated into microsomes as judged by the criteria of resistance to extraction at pH 11.5 and protection from protease digestion. The integration event depended on ATP and GTP and on microsomal protein(s). We posited that membrane topology of the amino-terminal third of the H+-ATPase, and perhaps of other P-type ATPases is achieved by inserting transmembrane segments into membrane in pairs.
An economic theory of the distribution of traffic speeds

Abstract A Cournot-Nash equilibrium model of the distribution of speeds in vehicular traffic is presented. The analysis reveals the possibilities of Pareto-optimal speed limit regulation, of gasoline as a Giffen, but not necessarily an inferior good, and of multiple traffic-flow maximums with respect to density.
The quality of record keeping and racial differences in validated turnout

The election administration studies and the vote validation studies conducted as part of the 1986 and 1988 National Election Studies are employed to determine whether the tendency of blacks more often to overreport voting than whites results from the poor quality of record keeping in election offices where black registration and voting records are maintained. Both objective indicators of record-keeping quality and the subjective assessments by the Survey Research Center field staff are employed. The analysis suggests that the tendency of blacks to overreport voting does not result from inferior record keeping in areas where blacks live.
Single-ion and pair-interaction potentials near simple metal surfaces

Presented is a model for semi-infinite simple metals which does not require crystalline order or a single species, and thus is applicable to problems of defect energetics near the surface and random-alloy surfaces as well as ideal metal surfaces. The formulation is based on the use of ionic pseudopotentials and linear-response theory. An expression for the total energy is obtained which depends explicitly on ionic species and position. This expression is decomposed into a density-dependent term and single-ion and ionic pair-interaction potential terms. The single-ion potentials oscillate about a constant bulk value, with the magnitude of the oscillation decreasing rapidly away from the surface. The interaction between pairs of ions near the surface is shown to be a noncentral force interaction which differs significantly from the central-force bulk pair potential. The effect of quantum interference in the response of the semi-infinite electron gas to the ions is seen in both the single-ion and the pair-interaction potentials. Results are presented for the simple metals sodium, potassium, and rubidium.