cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of athletic superiority: a view from the other side

In physical education classes all learning that occurs does not fall under the carefully planned and structured lessons presented by teachers (Kirk, 1992). Physical education and athletics are inextricably related by teachers who often serve as coaches of athletic teams. These teacher/coaches often unconsciously transmit values from the athletic realm to physical education classes. This unplanned and unrecognized transmission of values and beliefs is known as the ‘hidden curriculum’ (Fernandez‐Balboa, 1993, p. 233). Often entrenched in this hidden curriculum are race‐based stereotypes that provide students with distorted perceptions of physical abilities based on race. This qualitative study seeks to examine this phenomenon from the European American perspective. European American former and present athletes were interviewed regarding their sports experiences and views. Results indicate that European American athletes in this study appeared to be steered away from developing lofty athletic aspirations. Th...
Petrologic and geochemical investigation of carbonates in peridotite xenoliths from northeastern Tanzania

Primary carbonates in peridotite xenoliths from the East African Rift in northeastern Tanzania occur as intergranular patches with accessory minerals (olivine and spinel), as patches with accessory magmatic minerals (nepheline), and as round monomineralic inclusions in primary olivine grains. All are characterized by calcitic compositions (Ca/Ca + Mg + Fe from 0.83 to 0.99), extremely low SiO2 + Al2O3 + Na2O + K2O, low trace element abundance [total rare-earth element (REE) abundance <25 ppm], uniform extinction, and lack of reaction textures with the host xenolith. Calculated Fe–Mg exchange coefficients between carbonate and primary olivine indicate disequilibrium in most samples. Combined with the lack of significant reaction textures, this suggests that the carbonates were introduced shortly before or during eruption of the host magma. A global compilation of electron microprobe analyses of mantle-derived carbonates (in xenoliths, xenocrysts, and megacrysts) reveals compositional clusters near end member calcite, end member magnesite, and stoichiometric dolomite. Eutectic liquid compositions are less common, suggesting that many carbonate inclusions reported worldwide may be crystalline precipitates. Likewise, the calcites in this study are not interpreted to represent quenched carbonatitic melts, but are interpreted instead to be crystalline cumulates from such melts. These inferences are consistent with recent experiments, which show that carbonatitic melts cannot become more calcitic than CaCO3∼80 wt%. Low trace element abundance may be a diagnostic feature of cumulate carbonate, and in combination with petrography and major element composition, serve to distinguish it from quenched carbonated liquid.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Women with Breast Cancer: A Survey of Patient Attitudes

ABSTRACT Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is suggested for women with symptomatic estrogen deficiency, but patients with breast cancer are advised against ERT because of concerns that ERT may precipitate cancer recurrence. The attitudes of women with breast cancer regarding ERT is critical in the design of appropriate strategies for the management of their menopause. A randomly selected group of 224 women with breast cancer responded to an anonymous survey that addressed the presence of menopause, antecedent therapies, symptoms related to estrogen deficiency, concerns about osteoporosis or heart disease, attitude about ERT, and perception about ERT-related cancer risk. Among women who completed the survey, 77% were postmenopausal and 81% had had multimodality therapy. Of menopausal women, 27% believed they needed some treatment for menopause and 8% had taken ERT since cancer diagnosis. Most women were afraid that ERT may precipitate cancer recurrence (78%) but they also were concerned about the menopause-related risk of osteoporosis (70%) and heart disease (72%). Overall, 44% of menopausal women were willing to consider ERT under medical supervision. Those treated with surgery alone were distinct in that 71% would consider ERT (p
Oceanographic applications of radar altimetry from a spacecraft.

Spacecraft radar altimetry applied to study of sea surface slopes, tides, tsunamis, storm surges and submarine geology
Opening Our Eyes, Changing Our Practices: Learning through the Transnational Lifeworlds of Teachers.

This article examines the inclusion of a culturally relevant curricular practice of social identity papers within teacher education in the USA that incorporates the transnational lifeworlds of teachers. Using tenets of feminist interdisciplinary frameworks, we highlight how this curricular practice allows teachers and teacher candidates in urban and rural contexts to examine transnational lifeworlds and their influence on culturally relevant practices in relation to notions of oppression and privilege. We focus on linguistic border crossings and both/and perspectives of teacher’s social identities. More research is needed to better understand the construction of teacher’s social identities within and across transnational lifeworlds and the ways it impacts their practices and student’s academic and social achievement.
Simple one-dimensional interaction systems with superexponential relaxation times

Finite one-dimensional random processes with local interaction are presented which keep some information of a topological nature about their initial conditions during time, the logarithm of whose expectation grows asymptotically at least asM3, whereM is the “size” of the setRM of states of one component. ActuallyRM is a circle of lengthM. At every moment of the discrete time every component turns into some kind of average of its neighbors, after which it makes a random step along this circle. All these steps are mutually independent and identically distributed. In the present version the absolute values of the steps never exceed a constant. The processes are uniform in space, time, and the set of states. This estimation contributes to our awareness of what kind of stable behavior one can expect from one-dimensional random processes with local interaction.
Rapid communication: effects of tobacco processing on the quantity of benzo[a]pyrene in mainstream smoke.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced during incomplete combustion of organic compounds and is one of the more carcinogenic PAHs detected in tobacco smoke. Addition of organic compounds during tobacco processing increases the likelihood of finding elevated concentrations of BaP in mainstream smoke when compared to smoke from unprocessed tobacco. To test this hypothesis, the tobacco from Marlboro "Red" (processed) cigarettes and nonprocessed Burley tobacco leaf cigarettes was combusted and the resulting combustion products were collected onto glass fiber filter pads. The quantity of BaP in the tobacco tar extracted from the pads was measured using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The concentration of BaP in the processed tobacco smoke was significantly higher than in unprocessed tobacco smoke. These results suggest that compounds added during tobacco processing increase the concentrations of BaP and therefore the carcinogenic potential of cigare...
Separation properties for graph-directed self-similar fractals

Examples of “separation properties” for iterated function systems of similitudes include: the open set condition, the weak separation property, finite type. Alternate descriptions for these properties and relations among these properties have been worked out. Here we consider the same situation for “graph-directed” iterated function systems, and provide the definitions and proofs for that setting. We deal with the case of strongly connected graphs. In many cases the definitions (and proofs) are much like the one-node case. But sometimes we have found changes were needed.
X-ray spectra, magnetic moments, and band theories of Cu-Ni alloys

Significant differences between modern band theories proposed for Cu-Ni solid solutions leave uncertain the mechanism responsible for their observed ferromagnetism. X-ray spectroscopy, a sensitive probe of the relevant unfilled $3d$ states, appears to agree with ferromagnetic coherent-potential-approximation (CPA) calculations but not with paramagnetic CPA or average-T-matrix-approximation calculations. Repeated $K$-edge measurements and new $L$ absorption edges of Cu and Ni are internally self-consistent and agree with published $M$ spectra but not with the related appearance-potential spectra.
Measurements of the degradation products of radioiodinated proteins.

Abstract This paper presents evidence that the fraction of radioactive iodide ( ∗ I − ) present in a sample of radioiodinated protein is grossly underestimated if determined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation in the absence of excess unlabeled iodide ion. In addition, the widely used separation of ∗ I − from radioactive iodine-labeled iodotyrosine in supernatants of trichloroacetic acid precipitates, which proceeds by oxidation of ∗ I − and subsequent extraction into chloroform (24), is dependent on the concentration of trichloroacetic acid used. Reproducibility and accuracy appear to be obtainable at concentrations of 10% (w/v) or higher. The modification of Goldberg's thin-layer chromatographic method (25) presented as an alternative method in the current paper offers the simplicity of separating ∗ I − , ∗ I-Tyr, and radioiodinated protein in a single step. The method can be used for small samples of urine, plasma, or tissue homogenates in which quantification of the labeled by-products from radioiodinated proteins is sought.
Proteomic analysis of zebrafish brain tissue following exposure to the pesticide prochloraz

Abstract The hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis plays a central role in the maintenance of homeostasis and disruptions in its function can have important implications for reproduction and other critical biological processes. A number of compounds found in aquatic environments are known to affect the HPG axis. In the present study, we used two-dimensional electrophoresis to investigate the proteome of female and male zebrafish brain after 96 h exposure to the fungicide prochloraz. Prochloraz has known effects on a number of key HPG molecules, including antagonism of Cyp17 and Cyp19 (aromatase). Twenty-eight proteins were shown to be differentially expressed in the brains of females and 22 in males. Proteins were identified using LC–MS/MS and identities were examined relative to brain function in the context of changing steroid hormone levels. There was little overlap between sexes in proteins exhibiting differential expression. Proteins with known roles in metabolism, learning, neuroprotection, and calcium regulation were determined to be differentially regulated. Relationships between identified proteins were also examined using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and females were shown to exhibit enrichment of several metabolic pathways. We used differentially expressed proteins to establish a putative classifier consisting of three proteins that was able to discriminate prochloraz-exposed from control females. Putatively impacted brain functions and specific protein changes that were observed have the potential to be generalized to other that similarly impact steroid hormone levels.
Development, installation, and initial operation of DIII-D graphite armor tiles

An upgrade of the DIII-D vacuum vessel protection system has been completed. The ceiling, floor, and inner wall have been armored to enable operation of CIT-relevant double-null diverted plasmas and to enable the use of the inner wall as a limiting surface. The all-graphite tiles replace the earlier partial coverage armor configuration which consisted of a combination of Inconel tiles and graphite brazed to Inconel tiles. A new all-graphite design concept was chosen for cost and reliability reasons. The ten minute duration between plasma discharge required the tiles to be cooled by conduction to the water-cooled vessel wall. Using two and three-dimensional analyses, the tile design was optimized to minimize thermal stresses with uniform thermal loading on the plasma-facing surface. Minimizing the stress around the tile hold-down feature and eliminating stress concentrators were emphasized in the design. The design of the tile fastener system resulted in sufficient hold-down forces for good thermal conductance to the vessel and for securing the tile against eddy current forces. The tiles are made of graphite, and a program to select a suitable grade of graphite was undertaken. Initially, graphites were compared based on published technical data. Graphite samples were then tested for thermal shock capacity in an electron beam test facility at the Sandia National Laboratory (SNLA) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. The expected operational heat load to the tiles is 500 W/cm 2 for 10 s over the entire tile during limiter operation and 1000 W/cm 2 over a 2 cm wide band for 10 s for divertor operation. Comparative stress analysis was performed on the basis of 1000 W/cm 2 uniformly distributed on the front surface for 5 s with 10 min between pulses. Prototype tiles survived beam heating to the limit of the beam system which was 1000 W/cm 2 for 4 s or 1750 W/cm 2 for 1.75 s. The electron beam facility at the Sandia National Laboratory was used to deposite higher heat flux in a 2 cm wide band in order to model divertor heat flux conditions. These tests were successful with heat fluxes up to 2500 W/cm 2 for 5 s. Both the ion beam and the electron beam tests produced surface temperatures up to 3100 °C which resulted in minor surface erosion but no structural cracking. Installation of approximately 1600 armor tiles was accomplished in November/December 1987. Initial operation experience with the new armor system is summarized.
Hot electron generation at a steep interface in super intense laser-matter interaction

Super intense laser light (> 1020 W/cm2) is able to sweep preplasma over short times and compress the preplasma density gradient typically generated by the prepulse of today's high-intensity, high energy laser systems. Hot electron generation at steep plasma density gradients has been studied in a previous paper [Kemp et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2008)], which identified a mode of hot electron acceleration that is characterized by the formation of low-density shelf in front of the target. In this paper, we study the direct interaction mode, which appears after the shelf plasma interaction. We propose an analytical model to describe the absorption, explain electron energy spectra, and identify the parameter regime where the direct interaction mode becomes important.
Inviscid spatial stability of a compressible mixing layer

Presented are the results of a study of the inviscid spatial stability of a parallel compressible mixing layer. The parameters of this study are the Mach number of the moving stream, the ratio of the temperature of the stationary stream to that of the moving stream, the frequency and the direction of propagation of the disturbance wave. Stability characteristics of the flow as a function of these parameters are given. It is shown that if the Mach number exceeds a critical value there are always two groups of unstable waves. One of these groups is fast with phase speeds greater than 1/2, and the other is slow with speeds less than 1/2. Phase speeds for the neutral and unstable modes are given, as well as growth rates for the unstable modes. It is shown that three-dimensional modes have the same general behavior as the two-dimensional modes but with higher growth rates over some range of propagation direction. Finally, a group of very low frequency unstable modes was found for sufficiently large Mach numbers. These modes have very low phase speeds but large growth rates.
Theoretical study of flow, pressure and solute concentration in double membrane systems.

Abstract A model system consisting of two rigidly held membranes in series was investigated through the application of the Kedem and Katchalsky thermodynamic single membrane flow equations. This analysis results in predictions of the steady state flow properties as well as values for the solute concentration and pressure of the internal compartment when the system is under the influence of a constant solute concentration or hydrostatic pressure gradient. It is demonstrated that although the flow properties and internal compartment pressure are complicated functions of the membrane permeability coefficients and driving gradient across the system, the relationships are greatly simplified by the explicit appearance of the internal compartment steady state solute concentration in the equations. It is shown that the steady state volume flow rate depends on the absolute value of the solute concentration in the external compartments, as well as the solute concentration gradient across the system. The properties of non-linear dependence of volume flow on concentration gradient, and rectification of volume flow are discussed and shown to be independent properties of the system. For the system under the influence of a solute concentration gradient, the internal compartment pressure can be greater or less than the ambient pressure, and depends mainly on the order in which the membranes are encountered by the volume flow. These properties are qualitatively correlated with certain available experimental observations in biological systems.
High-Current Photodetectors as Efficient and High-Power RF Output Stages

This paper describes an improved photodetector design which demonstrates excellent large- and small-signal behavior. Maximum small-signal compression currents have increased to over 700 mA at 300 MHz. Output RF power amplifier stage efficiencies of 40% (class AB operation) and over 27% (Class A) has been achieved from 0.3 to 6 GHz with RF power outputs over +24 dBm.
Intraoperative duplex sonography during renal artery reconstruction.

Abstract To assess renal duplex sonography as an intraoperative study to detect technical defects during repair, 57 renal artery reconstructions in 35 patients were studied. Sixteen men and 19 women (mean age, 62 years) underwent unilateral (13 patients) or bilateral (22 patients) renal artery repair to 57 kidneys. Methods of repair included aortorenal bypass grafting in 29 cases (20 saphenous vein, 5 polytetrafluoroethylene, 4 Dacron), reimplantation in 7, transrenal thromboendarterectomy with patch angioplasty in 13, and transaortic extraction thromboendarterectomy in 8. Branch renal artery repair was required in six cases (five in vivo, one ex vivo). Fourteen patients had combined aortic replacement (11 patients: 8 abdominal aortic aneurysms, 3 aortic occlusions) or visceral artery reconstruction (three patients: three superior mesenteric artery thromboendarterectomies, one inferior mesenteric artery thromboendarterectomy). Intraoperative renal duplex sonography (mean scan time, 4.5 minutes) was complete in 56 of 57 repairs (98%), and renal duplex sonography was normal in 44 repairs (77%). Overall, B-scan defects were present in 13 repairs (23%). Six of these (11%) were defined as major B-scan defects by Doppler spectra with focal increases in peak systolic velocity ≥2.0 meters/sec (major defect, mean renal artery peak systolic velocity, 3.1 m/sec), which prompted immediate operative revision. Seven B-scan defects were defined as minor by Doppler spectra (minor defect, mean renal artery, peak systolic velocity, 0.7 m/sec) and were not revised. Postoperative evaluation (range, 1 to 22 months; mean follow-up, 12.4 months) of 55 renal artery repairs in 34 operative survivors (surface renal duplex sonography, 33 patients; renal angiography, 9 patients) demonstrated 42/43 renal artery repairs with normal intraoperative renal duplex sonography, and 6/6 repairs with minor B-scan defects were patent and free of critical stenosis. Of the 6 renal artery revisions prompted by major B-scan defects, 4 remained patent, 1 stenosed, and 1 occluded. Our experience suggests that intraoperative renal duplex sonography during renal artery repair provides valuable anatomic and physiologic information. Renal artery repairs with normal renal duplex sonography and minor B-scan defects without Doppler spectral changes demonstrated 98% patency without critical stenosis at 12.4 months of mean follow-up. However, major B-scan defects defined by a focal increase in renal artery peak systolic velocity should be considered for immediate correction. (J VASC SURG 1991;14:364-74.)
Hydroxyapatite chromatography of short double-helical DNA

Abstract Short double-helical segments of T7 DNA, ranging in length from 16 to more than 2000 nucleotide pairs, were specifically cleaved by the restriction endonuclease from Hemophilus aegyptius , endonuclease Z. These segments were separated by gel electrophoresis, and assigned lengths on the basis of their mobility using the known lengths of Hin II + III and H. aegyptius endonuclease III segments of ФX replicative form I as a standard. Shorter segments elute from hydroxyapatite at lower concentrations of sodium or potassium phosphate buffer: the concentration of phosphate buffer causing elution is inversely proportional to the reciprocal of the segment length. On the basis of these plots one may estimate that double-helical segments having more than 17 nucleotide pairs will be retained on hydroxyapatite at 25 °C in 0.14 M potassium buffer. When this expectation is tested by prolonged eluting with 0.14 M potassium phosphate buffer, the minimum segment length that is quantitatively retained was found to be between 28 and 37 nucleotide pairs long. Similar experiments with sodium phosphate buffer at 60 °C indicate segments longer than 43 to 54 will be quantitatively retained on hydroxyapatite in spite of prolonged washing with 0.12 M sodium phosphate buffer. When duplex segments are treated with exonuclease III to produce partly single-chained molecules, it is found that the elution position is that expected for single-chain-free duplex segments of the calculated shorter length. This suggests that the presence of single chains has no effect on binding of duplexes to hydroxyapatite.
Protein proteolysis and the multi-dimensional electrochromatographic separation of histidine-containing peptide fragments on a chip.

This paper reports a system for three-dimensional electrochromatography in a chip format. The steps involved included trypsin digestion, copper(II)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography [Cu(II)-IMAC] selection of histidine-containing peptides, and reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography of the selected peptides. Trypsin digestion and affinity chromatography were achieved in particle-based columns with a microfabricated frit whereas reversed-phase separations were executed on a column of collocated monolithic support structures. Column frits were designed to maintain constant cross sectional area and path length in all channels and to retain particles down to a size of 3 μm. Cu(II)-IMAC selection of histidine-containing peptides from standard peptide mixtures and protein digests followed by reversed-phase chromatography of the selected peptides was demonstrated in the electrochromatography mode. The possibility to run a comprehensive proteomic analysis by combining trypsin digestion, affinity selection, and a reversed-phase separation on chips was shown using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin as an example.
Some theorems on instability with applications to multiaccess protocols

An important question in stochastic modeling is whether a denumerable state Markov chain describing a system is stable or not. Adopting a general definition of stability, we discuss some conditions for instability. We extend slightly previous results on nonergodicity, and we present new criteria for moments of a chain to be infinite. Finally, we apply these instability conditions to study some multidimensional Markov chains that describe multiaccess protocols in a broadcast environment. In particular, we prove that the exponential backoff algorithm is unstable for λ > 0.461, and the decentralized dynamic control algorithm is unstable for λ > e−1 = 0.368.
A theory of cognitive control, aging cognition, and neuromodulation

A theory is described which links cognitive changes observed in normal aging to an underlying decline in the function of the dopamine (DA) system projection to prefrontal cortex (PFC). The theory postulates that this neural mechanism is integral to the representation, maintenance and updating of context information, and as such impacts cognitive control across a wide range of cognitive domains, including working memory, attention, and inhibition. Behavioral and brain imaging data in support of the theory are discussed, which demonstrate selective impairments in context processing among healthy older adults associated with abnormal PFC activation. These findings highlight the utility of a computational approach to cognitive aging. Current directions for further refinement and validation of the model are outlined.
Properties of DX Centers in AlxGa1−xAs and Effects on Heterojunction Devices

In this paper the effects of DX levels on the properties of AlxGa1-xAs and certain heterojunction device structures are summarized. Studies of alloy effects, variations of the local atomic environment near the donor, are reviewed and microscopic models of the DX center are discussed in terms of these and other recent experimental results.
Random Cayley Digraphs and the Discrete Logarithm

We formally showthat there is an algorithm for dlog over all abelian groups that runs in expected optimal time (up to logarithmic factors) and uses only a small amount of space. To our knowledge, this is the first such analysis. Our algorithm is a modification of the classic Pollard rho, introducing explicit randomization of the parameters for the updating steps of the algorithm, and is analyzed using random walks with limited independence over abelian groups (a study which is of its own interest). Our analysis shows that finding cycles in such large graphs over groups that can be efficiently locally navigated is as hard as DLOG.
Practical Structure Layout Optimization and Advice

With the delta between processor clock frequency and memory latency ever increasing and with the standard locality improving transformations maturing, compilers increasingly seek to modify an application's data layout to improve spatial and temporal locality and to reduce cache miss and page fault penalties. In this paper, we describe a practical implementation of the data layout optimizations structure splitting, structure peeling, structure field reordering and dead field removal, both for profile and non-profile based compilations. We demonstrate significant performance gains, but find that automatic transformations fail for a relatively high number of record types because of legality violations or profitability constraints. Additionally, we find a class of desirable transformations for which the framework cannot provide satisfying results. To address this issue, we complement the automatic transformations with an advisory tool. We reuse the compiler analysis done for automatic transformation and correlate its results with performance data collected during runtime for structure fields, such as data cache misses and latencies. We then use the compiler as a performance analysis and reporting tool and provide insight into how to layout structure types more efficiently.
Eliminating the "Pitfalls" of chronic indwelling central venous access device placement in cancer patients by utilizing a venous cutdown approach and by selectively and appropriately utilizing intraoperative venography

There are several very obvious and simple solutions for eliminating the "Pitfalls" and for minimizing the risk of occurrence of any perioperative complications associated with placement of chronic indwelling central venous access devices in cancer patients. The first is the utilization of a venous cutdown approach, such as the cephalic vein or the external jugular vein, which essentially eliminates potentially life-threatening perioperative complications, such as pneumothorax and injury to the great vessels (with or without associated hemothorax). The second is the selective and appropriate utilization of intraoperative venography for defining the central venous anatomy and for providing a venous roadmap in those particularly challenging cases in which difficulties are encountered during chronic indwelling central venous access device placement.
Principal Stratification as a Framework for Investigating Mediational Processes in Experimental Settings.

Abstract Experimental evaluations are increasingly common in the U.S. educational policy-research context. Often, in investigations of multifaceted interventions, researchers and policymakers alike are interested in not only whether a given intervention impacted an outcome but also why. What features of the intervention led to the impacts observed, or what was the causal mechanism or pathway through which treatment assignment resulted in an improved outcome? Quantitative methods for modeling such mediational processes appropriately are an active area of methodological exploration. I contribute to this literature by discussing an approach that relies on the analytic framework of principal stratification. Approaches, such as regression analysis and instrumental variables estimation (a special case of principal stratification), rely on assumptions—sequential ignorability and an exclusion restriction, respectively—that may be too strong to be plausible in practical settings. Principal stratification provides ...
Order of actions mitigates hypocrisy judgments for ingroup more than outgroup members

Compared to the conventional order of hypocritical actions—saying one thing and then doing another—merely reversing the order of these actions can mitigate whether an individual is judged to be a hypocrite (Barden, Rucker, & Petty, 2005). The present research examines how factors extraneous to a target’s own actions—specifically, group membership—influence hypocrisy judgments. Three experiments provided consistent evidence that reversing the order of statement and behavior mitigated hypocrisy judgments to a greater extent when observers judged ingroup targets compared to outgroup targets. This pattern was observed across two distinct groups (i.e., gender and political party). In addition, mediational evidence suggested that the greater mitigation for ingroup targets stemmed from the observer’s greater tendency to make attributions that ingroup targets had genuinely changed for the better.
Feasibility of coronary artery wall thickening assessment in asymptomatic coronary artery disease using phase-sensitive dual-inversion recovery MRI at 3T.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to (a) investigate the image quality of phase-sensitive dual-inversion recovery (PS-DIR) coronary wall imaging in healthy subjects and in subjects with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and to (b) investigate the utilization of PS-DIR at 3 T in the assessment of coronary artery thickening in subjects with asymptomatic but variable degrees of CAD. Materials and Methods A total of 37 subjects participated in this institutional review board-approved and HIPAA-compliant study. These included 21 subjects with known CAD as identified on multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCT). Sixteen healthy subjects without known history of CAD were included. All subjects were scanned using free-breathing PS-DIR magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of coronary wall thickness at 3 T. Lumen–tissue contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and quantitative vessel parameters including lumen area and wall thickness were measured. Statistical analyses were performed. Results PS-DIR was successfully completed in 76% of patients and in 88% of the healthy subjects. Phase-sensitive signed-magnitude reconstruction, compared to modulus-magnitude images, significantly improved lumen–tissue CNR in healthy subjects (26.73 ± 11.95 vs. 14.65 ± 9.57, P P P 2 vs. 5.71 ± 3.11 mm 2 , P = .25). Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of successfully obtaining vessel wall images at 3 T using PS-DIR in asymptomatic patients with known variable degrees of CAD as detected by MDCT. This was achieved with a fixed subject-invariant planning of blood signal nulling. With that limitation alleviated, PS-DIR coronary wall MRI is capable of detecting arterial thickening and positive arterial remodeling at 3 T in asymptomatic CAD.
Dye-enhanced diode laser photothermal ablation of skin☆

Abstract Background: Near-infrared diode lasers are promising new light sources. However, their applications for rapid and precise removal of tissue is limited because their radiation is poorly absorbed by most tissue. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the interaction of diode laser radiation with tissue by topically applying absorbing dye to enhance laser-tissue interaction and to examine the ability of this approach to create superficial and localized thermal effects in skin. Methods: Immediate and long-term responses of guinea pig skin to low-power (3 to 5 W X 1 sec) diode laser (805 nm) irradiation in conjunction with indocyanine green as a dye were studied. Tissue response was characterized on the basis of gross and histopathologic analysis of biopsy specimens taken at different times. Results: The observed depths of thermal damage with dye were greater than those produced by diode laser used alone at higher power settings (10 W X 1 sec). Conclusion: Interaction of diode laser radiation enhanced by topical application of dye causes localized superficial thermal effects in skin. This may offer a new modality in the treatment of superficial lesions.
Does parental involvement in pediatric emergency department asthma treatment affect home management

To determine whether parents who deliver albuterol treatments in a pediatric emergency department with a metered dose inhaler with a spacer device (MDIS) report better adherence to MDIS use at home compared to parents whose children undergo standard nebulizer therapy. Children aged 1-5 years were randomized by day to usual treatment with nebulized albuterol (40 children) or to treatment by the parent with albuterol with an MDIS (46 children). All caregivers received standard discharge instructions, a spacer and an MDI. Two weeks following the visit, a trained research assistant blinded to the child's group status, administered a brief telephone questionnaire to each caretaker. At follow-up, children in the MDIS group were 7.5 times more likely to be using the MDIS for their albuterol treatments (95%CI 1.6-35.6). Involving parents in treatment of asthma exacerbations in the emergency department using an MDIS may improve adherence to MDIS use at home.
Flame Acceleration in Narrow Tubes: Eect of Wall Temperature on Propulsion Characteristics

We use reactive Navier-Stokes numerical simulations to study the propagation of laminar ames in two-dimensional channels closed at one end. We consider three types of boundary conditions for channel walls: adiabatic, isothermal, and with a limited heat loss coecien t that was varied to model dieren t levels of material insulation. We also vary the channel width and compare resulting outo w velocities. The maximum ame acceleration and outo w velocity occur for adiabatic walls. As the heat loss coecien t increases, energy losses to the walls from the hot, burned material behind the ame front reduce ame acceleration and and outo w velocity. For isothermal walls, there is no signican t ame acceleration and the ame may be quenched. Previous computations showed the maximum ame acceleration in channels with adiabatic walls occurred when the channel was about v e times larger than the reaction zone of a laminar ame. As the energy-loss rate to the walls increases, the maximum outo w velocity decreases, and the position of the maximum shifts towards larger channels. The results indicate that the choice of the particular insulating material is critical for achieving the desired level of ame acceleration in practical propulsion devices.
On being contradictory

This paper discusses recognizing and producing contradictions. After illustrating the phenomena of contradiction, the paper presents conceptual classes of contradiction and gives an overview of the how they can be recognized. The next part discusses the construction of contradictions, in particular with respect to contradicting historic events. The object of this paper is to examine the computational logic of contradictions, using contradictions as an example of how reasoning processes can and must exploit semantic knowledge and episodic memory, and to illustrate the kind of metaknowledge needed to use certain reasoning devices correctly and effectively.
Determination of Protein and Solvent Volumes in Protein Crystals from Contrast Variation Data

By varying the relative values of protein and solvent scattering densities in a crystal, it is possible to obtain information on the shape and dimensions of protein molecular envelopes. Neutron diffraction methods are ideally suited to these contrast variation experiments because H/D exchange leads to large differential changes in the protein and solvent scattering densities and is structurally non-perturbing. Low resolution structure factors have been measured from cubic insulin crystals with differing H/D contents. Structure factors calculated from a simple binary density model, in which uniform scattering densities represent the protein and solvent volumes in the crystals, were compared with these data. The contrast variation differences in the sets of measured structure factors were found to be accurately fitted by this simple model. Trial applications to two problems in crystal structure determination illustrate how this fact may be exploited, (i) A translation function that employs contrast variation data gave a sharp minimum within 1–9A of the correctly positioned insulin molecule and is relatively insensitive to errors in the atomic model, (ii) An ab initio phasing method for the contrast variation data, based on analyzing histograms of the density distributions in trial maps, was found to recover the correct molecular envelope.
Registration of PD 99035 Germplasm Line of Cotton

PD 99035 (Reg. No. GP-902, PI 653111) is a noncommercial breeding line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) jointly released by the USDA-ARS, the Clemson University Experiment Station, and Cotton Incorporated in 2007. PD 99035 was selected from a cross of PD 93043 and 'DPL 5409'. PD 99035 possesses outstanding fi ber-quality properties, signifi cantly better than several commercial cultivars. Specifi cally, PD 99035 possesses outstanding fi ber strength and length potential, while also maintaining micronaire values lower than commercial cultivars. PD 99035 possesses mid- to late maturity and produces lint yield similar to or just below commercial cultivars. PD 99035 is best adapted within the southeastern United States, although our data also suggest it has broad adaptation across the U.S. Upland cotton production region. The combination of longer fi ber length, stronger fi ber strength, lower micronaire, and acceptable lint yield potential makes PD 99035 a valuable genetic resource to cotton breeding programs.
Flame retardant polyamide 6/nanoclay/intumescent nanocomposite fibers through electrospinning:

Flame retardant polyamide 6 (nylon 6) nanocomposite nanofibers containing montmorillonite clay (MMT) platelets and intumescent non-halogenated flame retardant (FR) additives were processed by elect...
Limits of Instantaneous Priority Multiplexing Applied to Black-and-White Pictures

Instantaneous priority multiplexing (IPM) is a recently proposed method for transmitting a number of black-and-white pictures through a channel that would otherwise suffice for only one black-and-white picture transmission, given that a certain amount of degradation is acceptable. To analyze this system, a mathematical description has been complemented by a simulation for the human observer in order to determine its performance properties. After careful consideration it has been found that the limit between acceptable and doubtful picture quality is identical with the theoretical limit for error-free transmission using an appropriate coding delay. The bandwidth compression factor for IPM transmission varies between 6 for line drawings and 1.5 for very black sketches. For the latter, "cross-vision" effects may become significant. As a successful approach to guarantee the required privacy in communication systems, a simple polyomino filter has been conceived which performs a certain feature recognition and pattern reconstruction. Owing to its simplicity, bandwidth saving by this improved version of IPM is an attractive alternative to the existing efficient encoding schemes for the multiplex transmission and storage of black-and-white pictures.
Fictive temperature of GeO2 glass : Its determination by IR method and its effects on density and refractive index

A simple IR method of determining the fictive temperature of GeO2 glass, both surface and bulk, was developed using the same technique developed earlier for silica glass. Specifically, IR absorption and reflection peak wavenumbers of GeO2 structural bands were found to be correlated with the fictive temperature of the glass. Using this method structural relaxation kinetics can be investigated. Density and refractive index of GeO2 glass were also measured as a function of fictive temperature. � 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
A Familiar Constructibility Criterion

(1972). A Familiar Constructibility Criterion. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 277-278.
Information and Communication Technologies, Wartime Informing, and Insurgent Violence

In this piece, I explore the relationship between wartime informing by civilians, information and communication technologies, and the production of violence by insurgents. Using newly declassified data on calls - both false and legitimate - placed to a “tips” telephone hotline operated by British forces in Iraq's Basra region during the recent Iraq war, I show that while insurgents' efforts to overwhelm the platform were extensive - on some days, roughly 1200 false calls were received for every five legitimate tips provided by informants - intelligence received through the line appears to have led to reductions in particular types of wartime violence. This piece makes two fundamental contributions to the security studies literature: first, it provides evidence that while ICT platforms may tend to favor the efforts of non-state actors to mobilize against more powerful state targets, once conflict is initiated, such technologies can benefit the state by upsetting the information asymmetry upon which rebels often rely. Second, and more fundamentally, the piece offers the first direct quantitative evidence using actual “tips” data of the centuries-old proposition that information plays a central role during insurgency contests.
Inside-out, bottom-up healthcare reform.

The U.S. healthcare system is broken, but it can be fixed. A framework for healthcare reform includes: Greater use of evidence-based medicine Application of evidence-based operations New methods to lower financing and transaction costs A more active role for the consumer.
Neurohormonal mechanism of pancreatic exocrine secretion stimulated by sodium oleate and L-tryptophan in dogs.

In the present investigation, we have studied the effect of atropine on the pancreatic secretion stimulated by intraduodenal administration of either sodium oleate or exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK). In four dogs prepared with gastric and Thomas duodenal cannulas, pancreatic juice was collected for measurement of volume, bicarbonate, and protein output, and peripheral venous blood samples were obtained for radioimmunoassay of both secretin and CCK. Volume, bicarbonate, and protein output of the pancreatic juice increased significantly in response to sodium oleate (1-4 mmol/h) in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in pancreatic secretion paralleled the increments in both plasma CCK and secretin. Atropine given intravenously suppressed completely both pancreatic secretion and release of CCK stimulated by sodium oleate, whereas the release of secretin was not affected. Pancreatic secretion was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner by exogenous CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) at 16, 32, and 64 micrograms (14, 28, and 56 pmol).kg-1.h-1. Atropine inhibited protein output only partially, but it did not influence bicarbonate output. In five additional dogs, the effect of atropine on L-tryptophan-stimulated pancreatic secretion was studied. Interestingly, atropine failed to influence the CCK release and pancreatic secretion of volume and bicarbonate, except for protein secretion, which was significantly inhibited. It was shown previously that atropine inhibited significantly the pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate stimulated by secretin in physiological doses. Thus we conclude that the inhibition by atropine of the pancreatic exocrine secretion stimulated by sodium oleate is mediated by both suppression of CCK release and inhibition of action of secretin on the exocrine pancreas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Whys, Hows, and Lessons Learned from Our 780-Person Writing Class.

Two business communication faculty share the story of teaching a 780-person business writing class. The article discusses the challenges of teaching such a large writing class. Challenges ranged from adopting a hybrid course model to hiring adjunct faculty for help with the task of grading. The article offers lessons learned, and recommends that one proceed with caution when considering a superlarge format for writing instruction. Both theory and experience are used to support this position.
Korean Incentive Policies towards Industry and Agriculture

In just three decades, South Korea has changed from an agrarian economy into a manufacturing powerhouse, capable of competing with Japan and the USA in high technology products and with Europe and Japan in the manufacture of ships and automobiles. It has done so in a way that has spread the benefits of growth widely, across both urban and rural households. From nearly 50 per cent of GDP in the early 1950s, agriculture’s share fell to 14 per cent in 1984. Given the remarkable performance of Korean industry, it is easy to take for granted the rapidity and smoothness of Korea’s sectoral transition. In many countries much smaller shifts in economic structure have created severe intersectoral frictions. This paper explores the circumstances and policies that made Korea’s sectoral transition relatively painless, and concludes with an analysis of the current issues that confront Korea’s intersectoral incentive policy.