cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining relational and resource influences on the performance of border region SMEs

Abstract At the U.S.–Mexico border, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are embedded in dual natured institutional and cultural contexts that share common functional and morphological characteristics. In this context firms are challenged by moving from one organizing template to another as embedded network influences constrain and enhance strategic outcomes. We develop and test a model of the impact of embeddedness components including social capital, personal relations and economic interaction on firm outcomes. Our results indicate that these components combine to influence the development of valuable resources and firm adaptation. We find that resources and adaptation significantly relate to SME performance.
Lyapunov-Based Tracking Control in the Presence of Uncertain Nonlinear Parameterizable Friction

Modeling and compensation for friction effects has been a topic of considerable mainstream interest in motion control research. This interest is spawned from the fact that modeling nonlinear friction effects is a theoretically challenging problem, and compensating for the effects of friction in a controller has practical ramifications. If the friction effects in the system can be accurately modeled, there is an improved potential to design controllers that can cancel the effects; whereas, excessive steady-state tracking errors, oscillations, and limit cycles can result from controllers that do not accurately compensate for friction. A tracking controller is developed in this paper for a general Euler-Lagrange system that contains a new continuously differentiable friction model with uncertain nonlinear parameterizable terms. To achieve the semi-global asymptotic tracking result, a recently developed integral feedback compensation strategy is used to identify the friction effects online, assuming exact model knowledge of the remaining dynamics. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis is provided to conclude the tracking and friction identification results. Experimental results illustrate the tracking and friction identification performance of the developed controller.
1441 PERINATAL REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (rCBF): EFFECT OF THEOPHYLLINE

Theophylline (T) is known to produce cerebral vasoconstriction in both animals and humans. It is unclear whether these effects vary regionally, especially in the developing brain. Using the tracer iodo-[C] antipyrine and the indicator-fractionation technique described by Cavazutti and Duffy, we studied rCBF in awake newborn dogs (3 to 9 days old), treated with either saline (n=4) or T (n=3). Catheters were placed in the right common carotid artery and the right external jugular vein while under halothane anesthesia. Following a 4 hour recovery period, either T, 45 mg/kg, or saline was administered by slow IV infusion. After an additional 1 hour equilibration period, the rCBF measurement was performed. pCO2, measured just prior to rCBF determination, was 36 ± 3 mm Hg (mean ± S.D.) in the saline group and 26 ± 6 mm Hg in the T group. T levels in treated animals equaled 38 ± 4 μg/ml. RCBF in the saline group ranged from 6 ml/100 gm/min in sub-cortical white matter to 75 ml/100g/min in the oculomotor n. nucl. T treated dogs, when compared to saline treated dogs, had lower values in all 28 areas of the brain analyzed. Thalamic and midbrain nuclei showed the greatest reductions (35-48%). At the other extreme, medullary and cerebellar structures showed little reduction (7-16%) with T. Though exceptions were noted, the degree of T associated reduction in rCBF generally paralleled reported newborn dog CO2 - CBF sensitivity.
Fiber optic interferometric sensors for micro-positioning applications

The precision displacement control in high-resolution instrument is influenced by non-linearity effects of PZT actuators. The capacitive sensor within PZT actuator is often used as a displacement sensor for feedback control, but the calibration and traceability of capacitive sensor are hardly to be accomplished. The optic fiber sensor is a useful high-resolution displacement sensor to perform the measurement in space-limited instrument, and it’s also capable of a non-contact function. In this paper, the structure of an optic fiber sensor was introduced, and the hysteresis characteristic of PZT actuator was evaluated. In addition, the performance of the capacitive sensor within PZT actuator for close-loop control was compared with those of the optic fiber sensor, and the differences ratio between both was less than 0.12 %. Following the scanned images by interference microscope, the images have some distortions before applying the compensated curve function for non-linearity. Thus, the optic fiber sensor could be provided a calibration service for displacement measurement of interference microscope.
Optimal multichannel data transmission in computer networks

We study end-to-end routing in a communication system where there is a bandwidth and a propagation delay associated with each link, as well as a queuing delay associated with each intermediate node. We present a polynomial time algorithm for computing an optimal multichannel routing to transmit a given message. Examples are also given to show that several previously published path-based algorithms for this problem are suboptimal. We then generalize the multichannel routing problem to delay-constrained multichannel routing problem and show that this generalized problem can also be solved in polynomial time.
Nitrogen dynamics in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems with inorganic fertilizer or legume nitrogen inputs

Nitrogen (N) dynamics were studied in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems on the Georgia Piedmont. Nitrogen inputs in the form of ammonium nitrate (95 kg-N/ha) and winter legume (crimson clover) residues were compared. The legume provided adequate N for summer crop (grain sorghum) production, but water use by the legume reduced the ability of sorghum to utilize the N. Legume N inputs became availabe to plants more gradually than fertilizer inputs. Weed growth and potential denitrification activity were higher in legume-N treatments than in fertilizer-N treatments. Tillage affected the timing of N avaialbility more than the total amount of available N. Summer crops took up more N under conventional tillage while winter crops took up more N under no-tillage. Denitrification activity was higher under no-tillage but was not a significant output from the agroecosystems. Leaching losses of N differed seasonally between treatments but were not significant in any of the agroecosystems.
Interpretation of Pharmacokinetic Models of Intravenously Injected Drugs Adsorbed on a Carrier

AbstractThe classical compartmental analysis and the curve fitting procedure provide appropriate representations of pharmacokinetics of drugs. However, in the case of drugs given with a carrier, the interpretation of the calculated data may often be ill-defined due to the method of measurement of the concentration in the plasma or their physical adsorption or desorption. One of the relevant
Linear and nonlinear vibration analysis of sandwich cylindrical shell with constrained viscoelastic core layer

Abstract Damping characteristics of three-layered sandwich cylindrical shell for thin and thick core viscoelastic layers are studied using semi-analytical finite element method. The finite element method is developed based on the linear and nonlinear variations of the displacement distribution through the thickness of the core layer. Transient vibration has been conducted using the developed linear and nonlinear models and shown that the nonlinear formulation exhibits more damping property than the linear model. The effect of geometric nonlinearity due to the large deformation of the shell has also been considered assuming small strain and moderate rotation. Different assumptions based on the continuity and discontinuity in transverse shear stresses and slope of in-plane displacements are considered in the finite element formulation and their effects have been investigated. Considering nonlinearity of eigenvalue problem due to the frequency dependent property of viscoelastic material, an efficient algorithm has been developed to find the natural frequencies and loss factors of the viscoelastic cylindrical shell considering large deformation. The effect of imperfect bonding between the layers has also been investigated in the modeling and it is shown that slippage between layers at the interfaces leads to reduction in loss factor at the majority of modes.
Isolation of synaptic complexes from frozen and thawed brain tissue affected by multiple sclerosis.

Abstract The report compares the characteristics of isolated synaptic complexes (axon terminals retaining adhesion to the postsynaptic membrane) from frozen and unfrozen human brains (three from multiple sclerosis patients). All brains were obtained postmortem. The buoyant density in CsCl sucrose density gradients of the synaptic complexes from frozen or fresh brain were identical ϱ 1.18–1.19) to each other and to the density of synaptic complexes from other humans and other species. Isolated synaptic complexes were readily recognizable by electron microscopy after freezing and thawing of the tissue. The membrane protein composition and buoyant density of the isolated synapses from frozen-thawed brains of patients who died of glomerular nephritis or multiple sclerosis were identical to each other in these parameters and to synapses from unfrozen brains. These fiindings indicate that frozen human brain may be used for several studies involving isolated synapses.
Co-localization of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in response to a threonine-devoid diet

The anterior piriform cortex (APC) has been shown to be an essential brain structure for the detection of dietary indispensable amino acid (IAA) deficiency, but little has been known about possible molecular detection mechanisms. Increased phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) has been directly linked to amino acid deficiency in yeast. Recently, we have shown increased phosphorylation of eIF2α (p-eIF2α) in the rat APC 20 minutes after ingestion of an IAA-deficient meal. We suggest that if phosphorylation of eIF2α is an important mechanism in detection of IAA deficiency, then APC neurons that show p-eIF2α should also show molecular evidence of potentiation. The present research demonstrates increased expression and co-localization of p-eIF2α and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in APC neurons, but not in the primary motor or agranular insular cortices in response to an IAA-deficient diet. ERK1/2 is an element of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, an intraneuronal signaling mechanism associated with neuronal activation. The region of the APC that responds to IAA deficiency with increased p-eIF2α and p-ERK1/2 labeling ranges from 3.1 to 2.5 mm rostral of bregma. Within this region, only a few neurons respond to IAA deficiency with co-localization of abundant p-eIF2α and p-ERK1/2. These chemosensory neurons probably detect IAA deficiency and generate neuronal signaling to other portions of the brain, changing feeding behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:485–494, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Brachial artery aneurysm in an infant: Case report and review of the literature*

A case is reported of a congenital aneurysm of the brachial artery in a 9-month-old boy. The lesion was excised and the artery reconstructed with an end-to-end anastomosis. Review of the English language literature showed that brachial artery aneurysms in children usually occur in association with arteritis, connective tissue disorder, or a syndrome of multiple aneurysms of unknown origin.
ISG15 deregulates autophagy in genotoxin-treated ataxia telangiectasia cells.

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a cerebellar neurodegenerative disorder; however, the basis for the neurodegeneration in A-T is not well established. Lesions in the ubiquitin and autophagy pathways are speculated to contribute to the neurodegeneration in other neurological diseases and may have a role in A-T neurodegeneration. Our recent studies revealed that the constitutively elevated ISG15 pathway impairs targeted proteasome-mediated protein degradation in A-T cells. Here, we demonstrate that the basal autophagy pathway is activated in the ubiquitin pathway-compromised A-T cells. We also show that genotoxic stress triggers aberrant degradation of the proteasome and autophagy substrates (autophagic flux) in A-T cells. Inhibition of autophagy at an early stage using 3-methyladenine blocked UV-induced autophagic flux in A-T cells. On the other hand, bafilomycin A1, which inhibits autophagy at a late stage, failed to block UV-induced autophagic flux, suggesting that overinduction of autophagy may underlie aberrant autophagic flux in A-T cells. The ISG15-specific shRNA that restored proteasome function restores autophagic function in A-T cells. These findings suggest that autophagy compensates for the ISG15-dependent ablation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation in A-T cells. Genotoxic stress overactivates this compensatory mechanism, triggering aberrant autophagic flux in A-T cells. Supporting the model, we show that autophagy is activated in the brain tissues of human A-T patients. This highlights a plausible causal contribution of a novel “ISG15 proteinopathy” in A-T neuronal cell death.
Determining Adequate Information for Green Building Occupant Training Materials

Abstract As knowledge of the built environment's impact on resource and energy use increases, industry leaders are moving toward a healthier, more sustainable solution by building green. Though green buildings have the ability to improve occupant health and productivity, it is not clear what impact the behaviors of building occupants have on the building. New systems and technologies in green buildings require building occupants to think and operate differently in their new green environment, otherwise risking not fully gaining the benefits of the new facility. The new behaviors necessary to the success of the green building are not necessarily obvious or trivial. They cannot simply be learned “on-the-job;” rather the transformation will require formal education. It likely requires changing attitudes and beliefs in addition to building a robust understanding of new procedures. This study sought to determine the amount of information necessary to change occupants' willingness to use new energy-efficient be...
Complications after 344 damage-control open celiotomies.

Background: We reviewed our experience with the open abdomen and hypothesized that the known high wound complication rates were related to the timing and method of wound closure. Methods: All trauma admissions from 1995 through 2002 requiring an open abdomen and temporary abdominal coverage were included. The study group was then classified by three wound closure methods used in survivors: 1) primary (primary fascial closure); 2) temporizing (skin only, spit thickness skin graft and/or absorbable mesh), and 3) prosthetic (fascial repair using nonabsorbable prosthetic mesh). Results: In all, 344 patients required an open abdomen and temporary abdominal coverage either as part of a planned staged damage-control celiotomy (66%) or the development of the abdominal compartment syndrome (33%). Of these, 276 patients survived to wound closure. Sixty-nine of the 276 (25%) suffered wound complications (wound infection, abscess, and/or fistula). Thirty-four (12%) died after wound closure; seven of the deaths as a direct result of the wound complication. Complications increased significantly after 8 days (p < 0.0001) from the initial operative intervention to fascial closure. Primary fascial closure was achieved in 180 of 276 (65%) patients. Although there was no difference in the mean Injury Severity Score between the three groups, the primary group had significantly fewer mean transfusion requirements, shorter mean time to fascial closure, and a lower complication rate as compared with either the temporizing or prosthetic groups. The primary group thus incurred significantly less mean initial hospitalization charges. Conclusion: Morbidity associated with wound complications from the open abdomen remains high (25%). Morbidity is associated with the timing and method of wound closure and transfusion volume, but independent on injury severity. Also, delayed primary fascial closure before 8 days is associated with the best outcomes with the least charges.
Multilayer Reflectors for the 200 Å Region

Silicon/tungsten multilayer normal-incidence mirrors with maximum reflectance at 212 A have been designed and studied. Details of the fabrication and characterization techniques are given. Preliminary results of synchrotron measurements show agreement with calculations based on microscopic structure of these multilayers. The Si/W combination has desirable characteristics for use in X-UV or soft x-ray devices.
Phylogenetic relationships of Holarctic Teleiodini (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) based on analysis of morphological and molecular data

Phylogenetic relationships of 25 genera of Holarctic Teleiodini (Gelechiidae) are postulated based on morphology and molecular characters, including CO-I, CO-II, and 28S genes. The phylogenetic analysis of the morphology matrix yielded four equal most-parsimonious trees (length 330 steps, CI = 0.36, RI = 0.55) and a strict consensus tree (length 335 steps, CI = 0.36, RI = 0.54) with one polytomy and one trichotomy. The phylogenetic analysis of the combined morphology and CO-I + CO-II + 28S matrices yielded two equally most-parsimonious trees (length 1184 steps, CI = 0.50, RI = 0.42) and a strict consensus tree (length 1187 steps, CI = 0.50, RI = 0.42) that reinforced results from the morphological analysis and resolved the one polytomy present in the morphology consensus tree. Teleiodini are defined as a monophyletic clade with a Bremer support value greater than 5 in the consensus tree based on morphological and molecular data. Twenty-three clades of genera are defined with Bremer support values provided. An analysis of larval host-plant preferences based on the consensus tree for combined data indicates derivation of feeding on woody hosts from genera feeding on herbaceous hosts and a single origin of feeding on coniferous hosts. An area cladogram indicates five independent origins of Nearctic genera from Holarctic ancestors and one origin from a Palearctic genus.
Enterococcal Infections: Resistance Mechanisms, Treatment Strategies, and Hospital Issues

Long recognized as an occasional cause of urinary tract infection or endocarditis, in recent years the enterococcus has become a significant hospital-associated pathogen. Common infections related to this organism include urinary tract infections, wound and intraabdominal infections, and bacteremia. Perhaps the greatest significance of this organism relates to its inherent resistance to several antimicrobials and its propensity to acquire resistance to others. Traditional antimicrobial resistance issues include relative resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, resistance to low concentrations of aminoglycosides, and tolerance to agents which interfere with cell wall formation (β-lactams and vancomycin). Emerging resistance problems include high-level resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics and the rapid increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) which has occurred over the past decade. Unique genetic mechanisms have been described to account for these new resistance patterns. In general there is not clear evidence that VRE are any more virulent than susceptible enterococci, but the special issues and limitations they raise in terms of antibiotic choices make infection due to VRE more complex to manage. VRE can spread within health care institutions and may result in infection or gastrointestinal colonization with these organisms. Infection control policies, including isolation, strict hand washing, and barrier protection require considerable attention. The majority of infections other than endocarditis caused by susceptible strains of enterococci (e.g., urinary tract infections) should respond to bacteriostatic therapy, particularly when the patient has normal immune defenses. Endocarditis should be treated with bactericidal regimens, if any are feasible. Treatment of infections due to VRE, especially those due to Enterococcus faecium, are a continuing challenge because such isolates are usually resistant to multiple agents. Novel regimens of both established and experimental antimicrobial therapy have been used and are currently under study. For these reasons we recommend that it is best to approach treatment of serious infections due to multiresistant strains with the assistance of someone knowledgeable in the field.
A 93-Year-Old Man With Advanced Dementia and Eating Problems

More than 5 million Americans have dementia, a leading cause of death among persons older than 65 years in the United States. Eating problems typically develop during the advanced stage of dementia, which requires decision making to direct care toward either palliation or more aggressive measures, such as tube feeding. The case of Mr P, a 93-year-old man with end-stage dementia and recent hip fracture, illustrates the issues involved in this challenging crossroads when his daughter is confronted with his failure to orally maintain adequate hydration and nutrition. The discussion reviews the epidemiology and natural history of advanced dementia, the barriers to providing palliative care to patients with this condition, the role of pharmacotherapy, and the treatment options for feeding problems and the advantages and disadvantages of each option, and suggests an approach to help clinicians provide effective and compassionate decision support to patients with advanced dementia and their family members.
Matrix isolation study of the mechanism of the reaction of diborane with ammonia : pyrolysis of the H3B.NH3 adduct

Abstract Gas-phase pyrolysis of the H3B·NH3 adduct followed by trapping of the reaction product(s) in an argon matrix at 14 K was conducted to provide support for an earlier proposed mechanism for the reaction of B2H6 with NH3. As the pyrolysis temperature increased from 65 to 300°C, a decrease in yield of adduct was noted, along with a concomitant growth in H2BNH2. The results obtained here support a mechanism for the reaction of B2H6 with NH3 in which the 1:1 adduct H3B·NH3 is formed in an initial slow step, and is followed by rapid elimination of H2 to form H2BNH2.
The effect of prolonged cold and starvation and subsequent refeeding on plasma lipids and glucose of normal men

Abstract Six healthy young men served as test subjects in a 6-week study which consisted of a 2-week control period, a 2-week starvation-plus-cold period, and a 2-week period of refeeding with restricted diets. Plasma glucose levels declined to 20 per cent below control values within 2 days of cold and starvation, and remained there thereafter. Restoration to control levels was achieved during the first day of refeeding. Plasma cholesterol, phospholipids and total lipids increased during the early phases of cold and starvation, and were restored to control values by the end of the fourteenth day. Plasma free fatty acids (FFA) rose to over 200 per cent of control levels within 2 days, and remained constant thereafter. With refeeding, plasma cholesterol, phospholipids and total lipids “overshot” to levels of 20–40 per cent of control values; whereas, FFA declined to nadir levels which averaged 32 per cent below control concentrations. The reciprocal changes in FFA and other lipids suggest that in man, as in experimental animals, exuberant lipogenesis may occur when refeeding is instituted following depletion of endogenous substrates.
X-Ray Laser Microscopy

This paper describes work at Princeton on X-ray laser microscopy. Related to this work is a new system for the development of an X-ray laser in the wavelength region from 5 nm to 1 nm utilizing a Powerful Sub-Picosecond Laser (PP-Laser) of expected peak power up to 0.5 TW in a 300 fs pulse. Soft X-ray spectra generated by the interaction of the PP-Laser beam with different targets are presented and compared to the spectra generated by a much less intense laser beam (20-30 GW). The development of additional amplifiers for the recombining soft X-ray laser and the design of a cavity are presented from the point of view of applications for X-ray microscopy and microlithography.
Net Profits Versus Gross Business Taxation: The Swedish Debate

Introduction, 657. — The "traditional" position, 658. — The labor rejection of the "traditional" position, 662. — Effects on the level and allocation of investment, 667. — Conclusion, 668.
Brand Equity Dilution: Retailer Display and Context Brand Effects:

Consistency among the various elements of a marketing program is believed essential in building and maintaining brand image and equity. And yet, a brand's ultimate presentation to customers is cont...
Correlations of Low-Pressure Carbon Dioxide and Hydrocarbon Solubilities in Imidazolium-, Phosphonium-, and Ammonium-Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Part 1. Using Surface Tension

This paper examines the dependence of gas solubility on the surface tension of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The solubility phenomena of the CO2, ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, and 1,3-butadiene in five imidazolium-, four phosphonium-, and eight ammonium-based RTILs are explained using the Hansen RTIL solubility parameters that were calculated from surface tension measurements. The Hansen solubility parameters were estimated from the surface tensions of the respective RTILs with a proportionality constant that is a function of the ratio of the number of nearest-neighbor interactions in the bulk liquid to those on the surface. The calculated solubility parameters are almost independent of temperature. The surface tension solubility parameter model explains the effect of variation of alkyl chain lengths in the cations and the variation of the RTIL anions on gas solubility within an error of ±15%. The analysis may indicate that the CO2−anion interaction is not the dominant factor that determines th...
Optimization of Acoustic Pressure Measurements for Impedance Eduction

As noise constraints become increasingly stringent, there is continued emphasis on the development of improved acoustic liner concepts to reduce the amount of fan noise radiated to communities surrounding airports. As a result, multiple analytical prediction tools and experimental rigs have been developed by industry and academia to support liner evaluation. NASA Langley has also placed considerable effort in this area over the last three decades. More recently, a finite element code (Q3D) based on a quasi-3D implementation of the convected Helmholtz equation has been combined with measured data acquired in the Langley Grazing Incidence Tube (GIT) to reduce liner impedance in the presence of grazing flow. A new Curved Duct Test Rig (CDTR) has also been developed to allow evaluation of liners in the presence of grazing flow and controlled, higher-order modes, with straight and curved waveguides. Upgraded versions of each of these two test rigs are expected to begin operation by early 2008. The Grazing Flow Impedance Tube (GFIT) will replace the GIT, and additional capabilities will be incorporated into the CDTR. The current investigation uses the Q3D finite element code to evaluate some of the key capabilities of these two test rigs. First, the Q3D code is used to evaluate the microphone distribution designed for the GFIT. Liners ranging in length from 51 to 610 mm are investigated to determine whether acceptable impedance eduction can be achieved with microphones placed on the wall opposite the liner. This analysis indicates the best results are achieved for liner lengths of at least 203 mm. Next, the effects of moving this GFIT microphone array to the wall adjacent to the liner are evaluated, and acceptable results are achieved if the microphones are placed off the centerline. Finally, the code is used to investigate potential microphone placements in the CDTR rigid wall adjacent to the wall containing an acoustic liner, to determine if sufficient fidelity can be achieved with 32 microphones available for this purpose. Initial results indicate 32 microphones can provide acceptable measurements to support impedance eduction with this test rig.
Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation-Mediated Tissue Water Distribution is Normalized by Adjunctive Peritoneal Resuscitation

Background Adjunctive direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) from hemorrhagic shock (HS) improves intestinal blood flow and abrogates postresuscitation edema. HS causes water shifts as a result of sodium redistribution and changes in transcapillary Starling forces. Conventional resuscitation (CR) with crystalloid aggravates water sequestration. We examined the compartment pattern of organ tissue water after HS and CR, and modulation of tissue edema by adjunctive DPR. Study Design Rats were hemorrhaged (40% mean arterial pressure for 60 minutes) and assigned to four groups (n = 7): sham, no HS; HS no resuscitation; HS+CR (shed blood plus 2 volumes Ringer's lactate); and HS+CR+DPR (20 mL clinical intraperitoneal (IP) dialysis fluid). Isotopic markers determined equilibrium distribution volumes [V D ] in gut, liver, lung, and muscle by quantitative autoradiography (2-hour postresuscitation). Total tissue water (TTW) was determined by wet-dry weights. Extracellular water was measured from 14 C-mannitol V D , and intravascular volume (IVV) from 131 I-labeled IgG V D . Cellular and interstitial water volumes were calculated. Results HS alone decreased IVV in all tissues and TTW in gut, lung, and muscle, but not liver, compared with shams. IVV remained decreased with all resuscitations despite restoration of central hemodynamics. CR caused interstitial edema in gut, liver, and muscle, and cellular edema in lung. DPR reduced (liver, muscle) or prevented (gut, lung) these volume shifts. Conclusions HS decreases IVV. HS-induced water shifts are organ-specific and prominent in gut, lung, and muscle. CR restores central hemodynamics, does not restore IVV, and alters organ-specific TTW distribution. Adjunctive DPR with IP dialysis fluid normalizes TTW and water compartment distribution and prevents edema. Combined effect of DPR and intravascular fluid replacement appears to prevent global tissue edema and improve outcomes from HS.
EXCESSIVE MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY AND BEING OVERWEIGHT AT 17 YEARS OF AGE. † 656

The positive association between maternal weight gain (MWG) during pregnancy and size at birth is well recognized. This study evaluated the effect of MWG on adolescent obesity. Data on 11,428 infants born between November 1974 and February 1976, was made available from the computerized records of the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, and matched to data at age 17 years obtained from the military draft medical examination records. The data were analyzed separately for females (n=4,383) and males (n=7,045). A logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio for being overweight(>90th percentile for BMI) at age 17 years, adjusting for the confounding effect in the mother of prepregnant weight, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status, ethnic origin, education and occupation, and in the infant of birth order, birth weight and gestational age. Subjects whose mothers gained excessive weight during pregnancy (>16 kg; >90th percentile), were significantly (p <0.001) more likely to be overweight at 17 years of age compared with subjects whose mothers gained 11 to 16 kg, with odds ratios of 1.68 (95th confidence interval 1.32-2.15) for males, and 1.71(1.28-2.28) for females. The adjusted odds ratios, taking into account the above confounding variables, were 1.70 (1.31-2.20) and 1.74 (1.28-2.36) for males and females, respectively. These findings suggest that excessive MWG is associated with a higher risk of being overweight in late adolescence. These findings may reflect the effect of increased intrauterine nutrition or the influence of confounding extrauterine environmental factors.
Nonlinear Thermal Dynamic Analysis of Graphite/Aluminum Composite Plates

Because of the increased application of composite materials in high-temperature environments, the thermoelastic analysis of laminated composite structures is important. Many researchers have applied the classical lamination theory to analyze laminated plates under thermomechanical loading, which neglects shear deformation effects. The transverse shear deformation effects are not negligible as the ratios of inplane elastic modulus to transverse shear modulus are relatively large for fiber-reinforced composite laminates. The application of first-order shear deformation theory for the thermoelastic analysis of laminated plates has been reported by only a few investigators. Reddy and Hsu have considered the thermal bending of laminated plates. The analytical and finite element solutions for the thermal bucking of laminated plates have been reported by Tauchert and Chandrashekara, respectively. However, the first-order shear deformation theory, based on the assumption of constant distribution of transverse shear through the thickness, requires a shear correction factor to account for the parabolic shear strain distribution. Higher order theories have been proposed which eliminate the need for a shear correction factor. In the present work, nonlinear dynamic analysis of laminated plates subjected to rapid heating is investigated using a higher order shear deformation theory. A C(sup 0) finite element model with seven degrees ofmore » freedom per node is implmented and numerical results are presented for laminated graphite/aluminum plates.« less
Examining the dynamics of spouse abuse: an alternative view.

Spouse abuse continues to be a great problem in our society. Much of the literature about the problem, however, assumes that the roles of perpetrator and victim are always fixed, with the man as perpetrator and the woman as victim. This perception is understandable if the injuries received are the focus of attention, and the sole informant about the violence is the person who has most often been the recipient of injuries. On occasions when both partners are interviewed, a different perception of violent relationships is likely to emerge. Violence can be viewed as occurring along a continuum. One extreme is represented as mutual combat, in which both partners play a role in the escalation of conflict. The other extreme follows the traditional concept of battering where the woman is victimized by the man. Primary care practitioners are in a position to assist clients who are in violent relationships and to help them learn more functional problem-solving skills. This article focuses on methods of identifying violent couples and teaching them how to interrupt the cycle of violence. Language: en
Three-loop feedback control of fault-tolerant power supplies in IBM Enterprise System/9000 processors

In an Enterprise System/9000™ (ES/9000™) processor, a fault-tolerant power system composed of multiple power supplies connected in parallel provides thousands of amperes of current to low-voltage (1–2 V) logic circuit boards, monitors the voltage at each board, and immediately responds to compensate for failure of a supply. If a supply fails, the very fast closed-loop response redistributes the current uniformity among the remaining supplies and allows the normal functioning of the processor logic to continue uninterrupted. This rapid response is not obtained from a conventional two-loop (current-mode) feedback power supply because the loop bandwidth is restricted by a resonance that develops in the power distribution. A third feedback loop that is added to each supply controls this power distribution resonance and makes possible the wide loop bandwidth necessary to achieve the required power system control. Analysis is presented of a three-loop control system, and a simulation of its application to a typical ES/9000 power system is described.
Impact of glycerol on thermostability and heat-induced gelation of bovine serum albumin

Abstract The influence of glycerol (0–40 wt%) on the thermal denaturation and gelation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution has been studied. The effect of glycerol on heat denaturation of 0.5 wt% BSA solutions (pH 7.0) was measured using ultrasensitive differential scanning calorimetry. The unfolding process was irreversible and was characterized by a denaturation temperature (Tm). There was no significant change in Tm as the glycerol concentration was increased from 0 to 40 wt%, suggesting that glycerol interacted similarly with the native and heat-denatured forms of the protein. The dynamic shear rheology of 4 wt% BSA solutions containing 200 mM NaCl was monitored as they were heated from 30 to 90 °C at 1.5 °C min−1, held at 90 °C for 70 min, and then cooled back to 30 °C at −1.5 °C min−1. The turbidity of the same solutions was monitored as they were heated from 30 to 90 °C at 1.5 °C min−1 or held isothermally at 90 °C for 10 min. Glycerol increased the protein gelation temperature ( Δ T gel ∼+3 ° C for 40 wt% glycerol) and decreased the gelation rate, which was attributed primarily to its ability to decrease the protein–protein collision frequency by increasing solution viscosity. The presence of glycerol either increased or decreased the shear modulus of the gels depending on its concentration and temperature, which was attributed to its ability to alter protein aggregation kinetics during gelation and its ability to increase the attractive forces between proteins at lower temperatures.
Energetics of small Pt clusters on Pt(111): Embedded-atom-method calculations and phenomenology.

We have employed the embedded-atom method (EAM) to predict the structures and energetics of clusters containing up to seven Pt atoms adsorbed on the Pt(111) surface. The calculated cluster binding energies depend primarily on the number of (nearest-neighbor) bonds between the adatoms. Clusters with the same number of adatoms divide, according to their binding energies, into subgroups (bond families) of clusters with a common number of bonds. The typical spread of binding energies in these bond families is less than 0.2 eV, while the separation between neighboring families corresponds to a mean bond strength of about 0.7 eV. Thus the most stable clusters assume geometries which maximize the number of bonds. In addition, we propose a scheme for modeling the energetics of metal adatom clusters on close-packed metal surfaces whose physical basis is the coordination dependence of metallic bonds. With a simple three-parameter model, we predict binding energies of over 20 Pt clusters in excellent agreement with the EAM calculations. The scheme provides a convenient way of including many-atom interactions in the energetics of two-dimensional (2D) metallic clusters, and should, therefore, be useful for studying the equilibrium properties of 2D metallic surfaces.
Carbohydrate composition of normal and variant human alpha 1-protease inhibitors.

Abstract Carbohydrate composition of normal human alpha 1-protease inhibitor (PiM1) and several variant inhibitors (PiM2, PiM3, PiA, PiS, and PiZ) was determined by methanolysis of the samples followed by quantitative analysis of both neutral and amino sugars using gas-liquid chromatography. All normal and variant inhibitors contained nine mannose, seven galactose, ten N-acetylglucosamine, and eight N-acetylneuraminic acid residues per molecule, and no significant difference was found in their carbohydrate compositions. PiA is a variant with the fastest anodal electrophoretic mobility, and PiZ is a variant with the slowest mobility thus far reported. The differences in electrophoretic mobility of these Pi variants are entirely due to their amino acid substitutions determined previously. These amino acid substitutions have no effect on the carbohydrate structure of the protease inhibitor.
Predicting the activity phase of a follower neuron with A-current in an inhibitory network

The transient potassium A-current is present in most neurons and plays an important role in determining the timing of action potentials. We examine the role of the A-current in the activity phase of a follower neuron in a rhythmic feed-forward inhibitory network with a reduced three-variable model and conduct experiments to verify the usefulness of our model. Using geometric analysis of dynamical systems, we explore the factors that determine the onset of activity in a follower neuron following release from inhibition. We first analyze the behavior of the follower neuron in a single cycle and find that the phase plane structure of the model can be used to predict the potential behaviors of the follower neuron following release from inhibition. We show that, depending on the relative scales of the inactivation time constant of the A-current and the time constant of the recovery variable, the follower neuron may or may not reach its active state following inhibition. Our simple model is used to derive a recursive set of equations to predict the contribution of the A-current parameters in determining the activity phase of a follower neuron as a function of the duration and frequency of the inhibitory input it receives. These equations can be used to demonstrate the dependence of activity phase on the period and duty cycle of the periodic inhibition, as seen by comparing the predictions of the model with the activity of the pyloric constrictor (PY) neurons in the crustacean pyloric network.
The Administrative State, the Exercise of Discretion, and the Constitution

Steven Cann is a professor of political science at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas. He is the author of Administrative Law (Sage, 4th ed., 2006) and publishes in the area of constitutional law, especially civil rights and liberties.
Absorption spectrum of CO in the Hopfield helium continuum region, 600-1020 Å

Abstract The absorption spectrum of CO has been reinvestigated in the Hopfield helium continuum region, 600–1020 A. Rydberg series converging to the B2Σ+ state of CO+ were extended to higher members, and a new group of Rydberg series converging to the A 2 Π 1 2 state of CO+ was identified; it consists of eight vibrational series. Finally, another new Rydberg series converging to the X2Σ+ ground state of CO+ was also identified. The series limits obtained in the present study are 158664 cm−1 (B2Σ+), 133484 cm−1 ( A 2 Π 1 2 ), and 113029 cm−1 (X2Σ+). The electron configuration of the upper state of the new series converging to the X2Σ+ state is (5σ) (np). The rotational structures of the (5σ) (4pσ)1Σ+-X1Σ+ and (5σ) (4pπ)1Π-X1Σ+ bands were analyzed, and the molecular constants of these upper states are ν0 = 103054.25 cm−1, B0 = 1.9189 cm−1, and D0 = 6.6 × 10−5cm−1 for the 1Σ+ state and ν0 = 103271.49 cm−1, B0 = 1.9812 cm−1, and D0 = 1.4 × 10−5cm−1 for the 1Π state.
Colocalization of substance P and γ-aminobutyric acid in amacrine cells of the cat retina

Abstract Substance P and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were colocalized by immunocytochemistry in two subpopulations of amacrine cells in the cat retina. All of the cells which stained for substance P also showed GABA reactivity. However, there were many GABA-immunoreactive cells which did not stain for substance P. The presence of neuropeptides provides a basis for additional neurochemical characterization of the multiple populations of GABA immunoreactive cells.
Testing normality using kernel methods

Testing normality is one of the most studied areas in inference. Many methodologies have been proposed. Some are based on characterization of the normal variate, while most others are based on weaker properties of the normal. In this investigation, we propose a new procedure, which is based on the well-known characterization; if X 1 and X 2 are two independent copies of a variable with distribution F , then X 1 and X 2 are normal if and only if X 1 − X 2 and X 1 + X 2 are independent. If $X_{1}, \ldots, X_{n}$ is a random sample from F , we test that F is normal by testing nonparametrically that $u_{ii^\ast} = X_i - X_{i^\ast}$ and $v_{ii^\ast} = X_i + X_{i^\ast}$ are independent, $i \neq i^\ast = 1, 2, \ldots, n$ . This procedure has several major advantages; it applies equally to one-dimensional or multi-dimensional cases, it does not require estimation of parameters, it does not require transformation to uniformity, it does not require use of special tables of coefficients, and it does have very good p...
Inequality in Life Expectancy, Functional Status, and Active Life Expectancy Across Selected Black and White Populations in the United States

We calculated population-level estimates of mortality, functional health, and active life expectancy for black and white adults living in a diverse set of 23 local areas in 1990, and nationwide. At age 16, life expectancy and active life expectancy vary across the local populations by as much as 28 and 25 years respectively. The relationship between population infirmity and longevity also varies. Rural residents outlive urban residents, but their additional years are primarily inactive. Among urban residents, those in more affluent areas outlive those in high-poverty areas. For both whites and blacks, these gains represent increases in active years. For whites alone they also reflect reductions in years spent in poor health.
Compositionality as weak supervenience

This paper argues against Zoltan Szabo’s claim in “Compositionality as Supervenience” (Linguist Philos 23:475–505, 2000) that we ought to understand the principle of compositionality as the idea that in natural language, the meanings of complex expressions strongly supervene on the meanings of their constituents and how the constituents are combined. The argument is that if we understand compositionality Szabo’s way, then compositionality can play no role in explanations of the acquirability of natural languages, because it makes these explanations circular. This, in turn, would undermine the primary motivation for thinking that natural language is compositional, and would thus undermine the importance of the principle in natural language semantics. Thus, even if Szabo’s reading of the principle best accords with theorists’ intuitions about what sorts of languages are compositional—as he claims it does—there is good reason to reject that reading. Finally, the paper defends the claim that we ought to think of the principle as the idea that in natural language, the meanings of complexes weakly supervene on the meanings of their constituents and how they are combined.
Differences in Growth Generate the Diverse Palate Shapes of New World Leaf-Nosed Bats (Order Chiroptera, Family Phyllostomidae)

New World leaf-nosed bats (Family Phyllostomidae) display incredible craniofacial diversity that is associated with their broad range of dietary preferences. The short and broad palates of highly frugivorous bats are functionally linked to high bite forces, and the long and narrow palates of nectarivorous bats to flower feeding. Although the functional correlates and evolutionary history of shape variation in phyllostomid palates are beginning to be understood, the specific developmental processes that govern palate diversification remain unknown. To begin to resolve this issue, this study quantified palate morphology in seven phyllostomid species from a range of developmental stages and in adults. This sample includes species with short and broad, long and narrow, and intermediate palate shapes, and thereby covers the range of palate shapes displayed by phyllostomids. Results indicate that while initial palate shape (i.e., width vs. length) varies among species, the pattern of this variation does not match that observed in adults. In contrast, the relative growth of palate width and length in developing phyllostomids and the ratio of these axes in adults are significantly correlated. These and other results suggest that evolutionary alterations in patterns of palate growth have governed the diversification of palate shapes in adult phyllostomids. This implies that the diverse palate shapes of phyllostomids are the result of relatively subtle evolutionary changes in later rather than earlier development events.