cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalization, Lawyers, and Emerging Economies: The Rise, Transformation, and Significance of the New Corporate Legal Ecosystem in India, Brazil, and China

Beginning in the 1990s, India, Brazil, and China have each developed a distinct corporate legal "ecosystem," comprised of new (or newly repurposed) domestic "corporate" law firms, foreign law firms competing (on the ground or virtually) to serve both foreign and domestic clients, general counsel offices of both domestic and multinational companies, and law schools either designed or retooled to supply lawyers qualified to practice corporate law. In this Article, we utilize data from an unprecedented set of empirical studies to document the rise of this new corporate ecosystem in these three important emerging economies, and to develop grounded theory about the forces that have produced this transformation, and that help to explain differences among the three jurisdictions. Specifically, we argue that differences in what we call the "micro-level gearing" in the relative importance of the three key elements in the corporate legal ecosystems that have developed in India, Brazil, and China – law firms, clients, and legal education – can be explained, in part, by differences in what we will call the "macro-level gearing" in the relative power of the state, the market, and the bar – both between all three countries and the United States, and among the three jurisdictions. This difference has been most pronounced in China, where the dominance of the "state gear" in shaping the corporate legal market contrasts sharply with both the U.S. "market" driven model, and the influence of the "bar" in shaping the micro-level corporate ecosystems in India and Brazil. We conclude by offering some tentative thoughts about the implications of our findings for a rapidly globalizing corporate legal services market in which a growing number of states are beginning to exert greater control at the macro-level.
Conventional Therapy of Hypoparathyroidism

Chronic, acquired hypoparathyroidism is a known complication of neck surgery. Conventional treatment includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation. In this chapter, we describe a case of a 48-year-old man who developed hypoparathyroidism following parathyroid surgery. Treatment and monitoring recommendations in accordance with international guidelines are reviewed.
Offending Histories and Typologies of Suspected Sexual Offenders Identified Via Untested Sexual Assault Kits

In this study, we present findings that detail the criminal offending histories and typologies of suspected sexual offenders identified from an initiative to follow up on the testing of thousands o...
Outcomes for patients with metastatic solid malignancies who achieve a complete response on an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

82Background: Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in metastatic solid malignancies can occasionally result in a complete response (CR). There is limited long-term data regarding outcomes for ...
Pentecostal republic: religion and the struggle for state power in Nigeria: by Ebenezer Obadare, London, Zed Books, 2018, 214 pp., £16.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781786992376

Ebenezer Obadare's Pentecostal Republic: Religion and the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria characterizes religion as an almost indistinguishable part of politics in Nigeria. Throughout the book,...
A Review of Grey Literature Cited by Food Loss Law and Policy Scholarship

In the United States, state and federal programs, rules, and legislation attempt to address the social, economic, and environmental impacts of food waste. Research on the efficacy of these interven...
Surgical Treatment of Fecal Incontinence

Fecal incontinence is the uncontrolled passage of gas or feces. It’s prevalence rates vary, occuring in up to 50% of institutionalized patients. While severity varies among patients, the negative impact on an individual is universal. The etiology of fecal incontinence may be multifactorial but can include risk factors such as age, obstetrical trauma, and postsurgical complications. There is no cure for fecal incontinence; therefore, the goals of treatment are to decrease the frequency and severity of the episodes and ultimately improve quality of life. This chapter will focus on the surgical management of fecal incontinence.
Short- and long-range crowding effects on water’s hydrogen bond networks

Summary Intracellular water is highly confined with approximately 40% of the cell volume occupied by biomolecules. Crowding alters water dynamics and interactions with biomolecules. In biochemical experiments, artificial crowders are commonly used to mimic intracellular environments, but their effects on biomolecules remain elusive. Here, we investigate the crowding effects by directly accessing the picosecond hydrogen-bond dynamics in crowded solutions using ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We quantify the effects of different crowding agents: small sugars; polysaccharides; and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Our results show that crowders introduce disorder within the first two solvation shells but stabilize ice-like order in water >1 nm from the crowder. The results show that accounting for crowder chemical structure, conformation, and crowder-solvent interactions is a key step toward a complete description of crowded solutions for in vitro for biomolecular studies.
Effects of Silica Powder and Cement Type of Durability of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has been shown to achieve exceptionally high strength in compression and high ductility through optimization of the particle packing density of the material’s matrix. This dense structure also offers UHPCs the ability to resist deterioration due to other environmental factors, such as freeze-thaw and the penetration of salts and ions from the surface. Robust UHPCs enables structures to last longer, reduces the cost of maintenance and helps achieve a significantly more sustainable infrastructure. To assess these parameters for UHPC, several non-proprietary blends are investigated by assessing the materials’ resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, ingress of chlorides as well as the presence and distribution of air voids. The main experimental variables are cement type and the quantity of silica powder, which varies from 0% to 25% of the cement weight. All mixes displayed extremely low levels of chloride ion penetration and high resistance to freeze-thaw with mass loss well below the limit in over 60 cycles of freeze-thaw. Analysis of the test data indicates that the silica powder content has little influence on these performance criteria.
Subsurface Physics Inspired Neural Network to Predict Shale Oil Recovery under the Influence of Rock and Fracture Properties

Shale oil reservoir is one of the promising unconventional oil reservoirs with large deposits worldwide. Due to its complex nature and development strategy planning, understanding the behavior and devising a development strategy through numerical simulation is inexpensive and time-consuming. Hence, this study proposes to implement an Artificial neural network to understand the mechanism involved in the shale oil matrix and predict its performance. This study involves, at first, generating a mechanistic model in order to develop a dataset featuring the responses of fracture and rock properties on shale oil recovery. Later, an artificial neural network is trained and tested to predict the oil recovery under the influence of a defined set of fracture and rock properties. The neural network is validated by k-fold cross-validation. Moreover, an optimizer is used to minimize the loss in the trained proxy model. The results show that the generated proxy model efficiently predicts the oil recovery on different fracture and rock properties. Moreover, the model results are found to be consistent with the trend analysis showing the robust nature of the model in predicting oil recovery.
Backcountry Encounter Norms, Actual Reported Encounters, and Their Relationship to Wilderness Solitude

Backcountry backpackers' norms concerning the maximum acceptable tolerance limits for visual-social contacts at three encounter sites (trailhead, trail, and campsite) were examined in the Great Smo...
Effect of nitrogen intake on nitrogen recycling and urea transporter abundance in lambs.

Urea recycling in ruminants has been studied extensively in the past, but the mechanisms regulating the amount of urea recycled or excreted remain obscure. To elucidate the role of urea transporters (UT) in N recycling, nine Dorset-Finn ewe lambs (20.8 +/- 0.8 kg) were fed diets containing 15.5, 28.4, and 41.3 g of N/kg of DM for 25 d. Nitrogen balance and urea N kinetics were measured during the last 3 d of the period. Animals were then slaughtered and mucosa samples from the rumen, duodenum, ileum, and cecum, as well as kidney medulla and liver, were collected. Increasing N intake tended to increase N balance quadratically (1.5, 5.1, and 4.4 +/- 0.86 g of N/d, P 0.10) in UT abundance, quantified by densitometry, were found. Ruminal-wall urease activity decreased linearly (P 0.10) in lambs on the high-protein diet. In the present experiment, urea transporter abundance in the kidney medulla and the gastrointestinal tract did not reflect the increase in urea-N reabsorption by the kidney and transferred into the gut.
Surgical never events and contributing human factors.

Introduction We report the first prospective analysis of human factors elements contributing to invasive procedural never events by using a validated Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Methods From August 2009 to August 2014, operative and invasive procedural “Never Events” (retained foreign object, wrong site/side procedure, wrong implant, wrong procedure) underwent systematic causation analysis promptly after the event. Contributing human factors were categorized using the 4 levels of error causation described by Reason and 161 HFACS subcategories (nano-codes). Results During the study, approximately 1.5 million procedures were performed, during which 69 never events were identified. A total of 628 contributing human factors nano-codes were identified. Action-based errors ( n = 260) and preconditions to actions ( n = 296) accounted for the majority of the nano-codes across all 4 types of events, with individual cognitive factors contributing one half of the nano-codes. The most common action nano-codes were confirmation bias ( n = 36) and failed to understand ( n = 36). The most common precondition nano-codes were channeled attention on a single issue ( n = 33) and inadequate communication ( n = 30). Conclusion Targeting quality and interventions in system improvement addressing cognitive factors and team resource management as well as perceptual biases may decrease errors and further improve patient safety. These results delineate targets to further decrease never events from our health care system.
Applied Developmental Science

Developmental psychology's emergent identity as an applied developmental science reflects the field's rich and complex history and forecasts significant challenges and opportunities as we begin our second century of science, practice, and promoting human welfare. A brief history of developmental psychology documents how the “applied developmental science” umbrella and framework foster progress in multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary scholarship consistent with contemporary contextual and bioecological theories. Several examples of substantive areas of inquiry and action articulate theoretical, empirical, and professional issues. These include parenting and early care and education, as well as developmental psychopathology and developmental assets. Applied developmental science requires and provides special methods (e.g., outreach scholarship, innovative community partnerships), ethical imperatives, and considerations for training and credentialing. As part of applied developmental science, developmental psychology is increasingly well poised to realize its potential for enhancing the well-being of children, adolescents, and their families. Keywords: applied developmental science; bioecological theory; contextualism; ethics; history of development; multidisciplinary scholarship; well-being
How Old Is the Flower and the Fly

Pollination--insects and plants benefiting each other--is one of nature's more widespread examples of mutual adaptation. How did it evolve? In his commentary, Labandeira discusses research reported in the same issue by [Ren][1] on elongated mouthparts and other pollination-adapted features of Late Jurassic brachyceran flies. This new work adds substantially to our understanding of the lineages of these insects and also the evolution of angiosperms, the most common form of seed plant. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/280/5360/85
Effects of the Health Hazard Appraisal Inventory on Practices of College Students.

(1980). Effects of the Health Hazard Appraisal Inventory on Practices of College Students. Health Education: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 28-30.
Effects of freezing on white perch Morone americana (Gmelin, 1789): implications for multivariate morphometrics

Summary This study tested the hypothesis that duration of freezing differentially affects whole-body morphometrics of a derived teleost. Whole-body morphometrics are frequently analyzed to test hypotheses of different species, or stocks within a species, of fishes. Specimens used for morphometric analyses are typically fixed or preserved prior to analysis, yet little research has been done on how fixation or preservation methods or duration of preservation of specimens might affect outcomes of multivariate statistical analyses of differences in shape. To determine whether whole-body morphometrics changed as a result of freezing, 23 whole-body morphometrics of age-1 white perch (Morone americana) from western Lake Erie (n = 211) were analyzed immediately after capture, after being held on ice overnight, and after freezing for 100 or 200 days. Discriminant function analysis revealed that all four groups differed significantly from one another (P < 0.0001). The first canonical axis reflected long-axis morphometrics, where there was a clear pattern of positive translation along this axis with duration of preservation. Re-classification analysis demonstrated fish were typically assigned to their original preservation class except for fish frozen 100 days, which assigned mostly to frozen 200 days. Morphometric comparisons using frozen fish must be done on fish frozen for identical periods of time to avoid biases related to the length of time they were frozen. Similar experiments should be conducted on other species and also using formalin- and alcohol-preserved specimens.
CD34+ stem cell treatment for acute ischemic stroke (678.20)

Stroke is the most common cause of significant acquired disability in adults for which only limited therapeutic strategies exist, limited by a brief therapeutic window (<4 h). No pharmacological compound to date has been found to increase recovery reliably once brain injury has occurred. Stem cell transplantation techniques offer novel approaches that may enhance endogenous repair mechanisms, promote brain recovery and regeneration, and may ultimately reduce neurological deficits in stroke patients. While showing positive results, current stem cell therapies are highly inefficient, with a tiny percentage of injected cells arriving at the intended injured site. Following on from our previous open label phase 1 study in stroke patients, to determine the safety and feasibility of treatment with immunoselected CD34+, we have used a murine model of ischemic stroke (the middle cerebral artery occlusion model) to investigate the migration of CD34+ stem cells to the infarcted area. Using both intravital and confo...
Thrombolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Making Sense of The Clinical Trials Data

Trials during the 1980s established that thrombolytic therapy restores coronary blood flow rapidly and reduces mortality compared to control or placebo therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Comparative studies have generated controversy, however, in that the newer agents tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and anistreplase (APSAC), shown to open arteries more rapidly than streptokinase (SK), achieve no greater mortality reductions. In these trials, tPA may have been disadvantaged because adjunctive IV heparin therapy was not given. This possibility is being explored in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and tPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) study. However, heparin may not entirely explain the discrepancy because (1) among patients in International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS-3) given IV heparin out of protocol, no difference in mortality between tPA and SK was observed; (2) reinfarction was actually slightly less after tPA; and (3) APSAC, longer acting and more efficient than SK and not requiring early IV heparin, achieved no greater mortality reductions. Another explanation for the discrepancy between 90-minute patency and mortality effects among agents is that benefit in the usual time frame of treatment (2–6 hours after onset of symptoms) depends more on diastolic effects (improved healing with preserved diastolic size, shape) than on systolic effects (reduction in infarct size) and is less time-dependent. A similar survival outcome is then consistent with the observation that all three agents lead to similar plateau patency rates at ≥ 3 hours. Prehospital throtnbolysis trials are exploring the possibility that greater functional and mortality benefits are associated with therapy given very early (within 1–2 hours). Differential benefits might be seen when regimens with differing thrombolytic efficiencies are given within 1–2 hours of symptom onset, but this possibility must be established by direct comparative trials. Future trials should emphasize improved myocardial salvage by more rapid delivery of thrombolytic therapy as well as the use of more efficient thrombolytic regimens.
Extending TimeML with Typical Durations of Events

In this paper, we demonstrate how to extend TimeML, a rich specification language for event and temporal expressions in text, with the implicit typical durations of events, temporal information in text that has hitherto been largely unexploited. Event duration information can be very important in applications in which the time course of events is to be extracted from text. For example, whether two events overlap or are in sequence often depends very much on their durations.
Photolysis of Alkyl Aryl Sulfoxides: α-Cleavage, Hydrogen Abstraction, and Racemization1

The photochemistry of a series of alkyl aryl sulfoxides is described. The initial event of the photolysis process is homolytic cleavage to form sulfinyl/alkyl radical pairs. The radical pair partitions between recombination to starting material, formation of sulfenic esters, disproportionation to an olefin and benzenesulfenic acid, and formation of typical radical escape products. The quantum yield for conversion depends on the structure or the reactivity of the alkyl radical, with the sequence benzyl > tertiary alkyl > secondary alkyl > primary alkyl > (di)aryl. The high racemization efficiency of some aryl primary-alkyl sulfoxides suggests that another nonradical pathway for the photoracemization process may exist. Product analysis does not support any hydrogen abstraction pathways.
Design, Analysis, and Optimization of DDR2 Memory Power Delivery Network

In this paper, design procedure and analysis method of power delivery network of DDR2 memory chip are introduced. The power delivery network of memory chip is optimized by tuning the location of power/ground chip pad and on-chip decoupling capacitor's W/L size. The results show that the properly designed power/ground chip pads and decoupling capacitors greatly reduce power noise, resulting in the reduction of chip cost by using less area for on-chip decoupling capacitor.
Deciphering the fluorescent variability of human genomic heterochromatin by DA/DAPI technique

A number of selective staining techniques have been utilized to decipher the variability of pericentromeric heterochromatin. One such technique is called DA/DAPI and it is believed to be stain specific. However, we demonstrate otherwise and suggest that pericentromeric regions of all human chromosomes stain positive by DA/DAPI-technique. It must be emphasized that the incidence of DA/DAPI positive stained chromosomes, other than 1, 9, 15, 16 and Y, is a rare occurrence and only a small portion of the pericentromeric region is DA/DAPI positive, as reported here using 50 normal individuals.
Depolarization-evoked accumulation of cyclic AMP in brain slices: inhibition by exogenous adenosine deaminase.

In guinea pig cerebral cortical slices labeled during a prior incubation with radioactive adenine, electrical stimulation or the presence of depolarizing agents such as veratridine, ouabain, and high concentrations of K+ elicit a marked accumulation of radioactive cyclic AMP. This accumulation is reduced in all cases by the presence of theophylline, a compound that antagonizes the stimulatory effects of adenosine on cyclic AMP accumulation in brain slices. Exogenous adenosine deaminase also reduced the accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by electrical stimulation, veratridine, and high concentrations of K+. Thus, adenosine formed in neuronal compartments under depolarizing conditions appears to be released into the extracellular medium as a prerequisite to stimulation of the cyclic AMP-generating system. Adenosine deaminase does not prevent the reduction in levels of ATP under depolarizing conditions, nor does it antagonize the accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by a combination and norepinephrine. Adenosine deaminase does not, however, prevent the accumulations of cyclic AMP elicited by the depolarizing agent, ouabain.
Interview with Daniel Dennett conducted by Bill Uzgalis in Boston, Massachusetts on December 29, 2004

A taped conversational interview with Daniel Dennett and Bill Uzgalis covers a wide range of topics arising from Dennett's thoughts about computing and human beings. The background of Dennett's work is explored as are his views about mind-brain identity theory, artificial intelligence, functionalism, human exceptionalism, animal culture, language, pain, freedom and determinism, and quality of life.
Serological monitoring of eastern wild turkeys for antibodies to Mycoplasma spp. and avian influenza viruses.

From 1981 through 1986, plasma or serum samples were obtained from 322 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from Georgia (n = 111), Kentucky (n = 21), Louisiana (n = 22), North Carolina (n = 118), Tennessee (n = 19), Missouri (n = 24) and Iowa (n = 7). These samples were tested for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and in most instances, M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagridis (MM), and avian influenza (AI) virus. All 322 turkeys were seronegative for MG by the rapid plate agglutination (RPA) test. All of a subsample (n = 147) also were negative (titer ≤ 1:40) for MG by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Five of 253 turkeys (2%) were seropositive (+ 4 reaction) for MS by the RPA test; however, HI tests for MS on these five turkeys were negative as were attempts to isolate MS from trachea and homogenized lung tissue. Three of 253 turkeys (1%) were seropositive (+ 1 to +3 reactions) for MM by the RPA test. None of 210 turkeys had antibodies to AI by the agar gel precipitation test. These data sugge...
Is "Cultural Recognition" a Useful Concept for Leftist Politics?

It is not clear that "cultural recognition" should be a central goal of leftist politics. The idea that cultures have value simply by virtue of being cultures seems absurd, so it might be better to talk simply about eliminating prejudice and stigmatisation.
Self-induced attentional blink: A cause of errors in multiple-target visual search

Object Perception, Attention, and Memory (OPAM) 2012 Conference Report 20th Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN USA Organized by Melissa Vo, Carly Leaonard, Michael Mack, and Joshua Cosman 1...
LIESST Effect Studies of Iron(II) Spin-Crossover Complexes with Phosphine Ligands: Relaxation Kinetics and Effects of Solvent Molecules

57Fe Mossbauer data are presented to show that polycrystalline samples of [Fe(dppen)2X2]·2S, where dppen is cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene and X- is Cl- or Br- and S is CHCl3 or CH2Cl2, exh...
Polarimetric optical fiber weight sensor

We present the design of a weight sensor which is based on the polarimetric properties of optical fiber. Our design consists of an optical fiber embedded between two metallic plates with a hole filled with epoxy. Both high and low birefringence fibers are investigated. Our experimental results compare very well to theory. The optical power conservation law is used to check the accuracy of the measurement. The fiber optical sensors using low birefringence fibers are calibrated to measure a weight up to 12 metric tons. The sensitivity of the sensors and its dependence on parameters such as the epoxy hole size and the sensing length are discussed.
Locus of control and persistence: Effects of skill and chance sets on session and postsession indices

The relationship of locus of control and skill and chance sets to session and postsession indices of persistence was assessed. Three indices of persistence were used: (a) time spent in an attempt to solve puzzles, (2) number of attempts to solve the puzzles, (3) willingness to return later for a similar experiment. The first two are experimental session indices, the latter, a postsession index. Neither of the session indices was related to locus of control or set. Willingness to return was strongly related to a skill set among internal subjects and to a chance set among external subjects. These differences are interpreted in terms of situational demand characteristics and extrinsic motivation.
Aging. II. Changes in Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase Contents of Aging Male and Female Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in the aging male and female confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin DuVal. Acid phosphatase activities in both sexes were found to be greater than the alkaline phosphatase activities at any given stage of adult life. The female had 2 maxima in the acid phosphatase activities, 1 in the very early part and the other in the very old age of the adult life. The male had the maximum activity in the early part of the adult life. The alkaline phosphatase activities in the female were found to be at a higher level than those in the male, whereas in the latter a consistently low level was maintained for a considerable length of adult life, but neither activity fell to zero level at any stage of life. A relationship between the phosphatase activities and the capacity of the females to produce eggs throughout the adult life has been found to exist. The changes in the phosphatase activities have been related to the durations of larval, pupal, and adult stages of this insect.
The mechanism of cerebral hypoxic‐ischemic damage

The four most prominent hypotheses on the cellular processes leading to hypoxic-ischemic neuronal damage or death are (1) the lactacidosis hypothesis, (2) the calcium overload hypothesis, (3) the excitotoxic hypothesis, and (4) the oxygen-free radical hypothesis. The authors comment on the evidence in favor of and against each in an attempt to select the one hypothesis that best explains the mechanism of cerebral hypoxic-ischemic damage while withstanding the scrutiny of scientific testing. A major part of this inquiry is derived from in vitro studies that are suited to mechanistic exploration. They conclude that the calcium overload hypothesis is the best qualified in this respect. It is important to note, however, that some of the other hypothetical mechanisms may play a secondary role in exacerbating neuronal damage by accelerating calcium influx and overload.
Integrating Cloud Processes in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 5

AbstractThis paper provides a description of the integrated representation for the cloud processes in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5). CAM5 cloud parameterizations add the following unique characteristics to previous versions: 1) a cloud macrophysical structure with horizontally nonoverlapped deep cumulus, shallow cumulus, and stratus in each grid layer, where each of which has its own cloud fraction, and mass and number concentrations for cloud liquid droplets and ice crystals; 2) stratus–radiation–turbulence interactions that allow CAM5 to simulate marine stratocumulus solely from grid-mean relative humidity without relying on a stability-based empirical formula; 3) prognostic treatment of the number concentrations of stratus liquid droplets and ice crystals, with activated aerosols and detrained in-cumulus condensates as the main sources and with evaporation, sedimentation, and precipitation of stratus condensate as the main sinks; and 4) radiatively active cumulus and snow. By imposin...
Atomic-beam study of the 5-min solar wavelength oscillations

Long records of the wavelength oscillations of the solar 7699 A potassium line have been obtained with an atomic-beam resonance-scattering apparatus taken to Kitt Peak. Data are presented giving the dependence of rms oscillation amplitude on the size of the area observed and power spectra of the oscillations are shown. The results are compared with recent work by others.
A cost analysis technique for research management and design

A classic research approach is to optimize experimental design and available resources. However, that approach does not guarantee that results will be useful. This article takes the view that research should not be undertaken unless there is assurance that final results will be significant to a level specified before any work is begun. Given that assurance, the relationship between cost and statistical significance is explored, a new approach to optimization s developed, and the use of models in research design is considered.
Spontaneous platelet aggregation: observations on potential mechanisms.

Abstract We identified SPA in three young apparently healthy women. SPA was associated with release of TXA 2 and was only partially inhibited by ADP-inhibitor apyrase and alpha 2 -adrenoceptor blocker yohimbine. In vitro incubation of aspirin (90 ug/ml) or selective TXA 2 synthetase inhibitor OKY-046 (0.1 uM) with platelet rich plasma (PRP) did not abolish SPA, although platelet generation of TXA 2 was markedly inhibited. In contrast, oral administration of large amounts of aspirin in one subject or in vitro incubation of PRP with TXA 2 -endoperoxide receptor blocker SQ 29,548 (20–100 nM) significantly inhibited SPA. These studies suggest that SPA is associated with TXA 2 release. Since TXA 2 -endoperoxide receptor blocker completely abolishes the secondary wave, agents like this may be of therapeutic value in individuals with SPA and evidence of tissue ischemia.
Vibration–translation energy transfer in anharmonic diatomic molecules. I. A comparative evaluation of the semiclassical approximation

The semiclassical approximation is applied to anharmonic diatomic oscillators in excited initial states. Multistate numerical solutions giving the vibrational transition probabilities for collinear collisions with an inert atom are compared with equivalent, exact quantum-mechanical calculations. Several symmetrization methods are shown to correlate accurately the predictions of both theories for all initial states, transitions, and molecular types tested, but only if coupling of the oscillator motion and the classical trajectory of the incident particle is considered. In anharmonic heteronuclear molecules, the customary semiclassical method of computing the classical trajectory independently leads to transition probabilities with anomalous low-energy resonances. Proper accounting of the effects of oscillator compression and recoil on the incident particle trajectory removes the anomalies and restores the applicability of the semiclassical approximation.
SPINAL modulated decoupling in high field double- and triple-resonance solid-state NMR experiments on stationary samples

Continuous wave irradiation has limited bandwidth for heteronuclear 1H decoupling at high fields and for 13C decoupling in 1H/13C/15N triple-resonance experiments. SPINAL-16 modulation is shown to improve the efficiency of 1H and 13C heteronuclear decoupling on single crystals of peptides and on magnetically aligned samples of membrane proteins in bicelles, which is of particular importance because aqueous samples of biomolecules are lossy at high fields, which limits the strengths of the RF fields that can be applied.
Sampling of the leucine pool from the growing peptide chain: difference in leucine specific activity of peptidyl-transfer RNA from free and membrane-bound polysomes.

Abstract The specific activity of leucine in newly synthesized protein was determined by isolating the nascent polypeptides of the growing polypeptide chains. The newt, Triturus viridescens , was labeled in vivo with [ 3 H]leucine. Polysomes were prepared from the livers. Peptidyl-tRNA was released from the polysomes by EDTA, isolated by sucrose gradient and purified on hydroxylapatite. It was then hydrolyzed with HCl and the amino acids were reacted with 14 C-labeled 1fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The specific activity of [ 3 H]leucine was determined from the [ 14 C]dinitrophenyl-[ 3 H]leucine after purification by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. By this approach we found twofold differences between leucine specific activity in the growing polypeptide chain of free polysomes and that of membrane-bound polysomes. Moreover, we recorded eight to tenfold differences between the specific activity of leucine in peptidyl-tRNA and that in the acid-soluble pool. Our results indicate and define the intracellular compartmentalization of the leucine pool available for protein synthesis.
Knowledge, Power, and Hypermedia

Our paper explores the relationship between knowledge and power first articulated in the modern age by Francis Bacon, in terms of M. Foucault's postmodern critique of Power/Knowledge that seems to reverse the meaning of Bacon's “knowledge is power” maxim. We apply Foucault's critique to instructional technology concentrating especially on hypermedia. We remark on the many similarities between Foucault's postmodern critique and the concerns of Theodore Nelson who coined the words “hypertext” and “hypermedia.” We will combine Foucault's Nietzschian insights with Nelson's characterization of “the Information Lords” to conclude with the following postmodern questions: Who makes the categories and constraints that are translated into truth and power? Is God dead, and if so, who will become the Information Lord?
Algorithm For Singular Value Decomposition

An iterative algorithm for the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a non-zero m x n matrix M is described and illustrated numerically. Derivations of the algorithm and sufficient conditions for convergence are outlined.
Far-Infrared Interferometry And Faraday Rotation For Thermal Plasmas

Interferornetric methods for determining the electron concentration Ne in thermal plasmas are reviewed. Such methods depend on measuring the contribution to the refractive index of the free electrons for a probing em wave of suitable frequency. This contribution depends on the ratio of the wave frequency f to the plasma frequency fp ∞ Ne 1/2 and in practice (f/fp) must be significantly greater than unity. For thermaill plasmis, of interest for various devices and processes, probe frequencies in the range 10 11 to 10 13 Hz are required, corresponding to wavelengths in the millimeter to mid infrared regions, which are accessible with CO2 laser-pumped gas lasers. The technique may be implemented using a two-path laser interferometer or, in the case of a strongly magnetized plasma, by using Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization. Experiments are detailed in which both these methods were used to measure Ne in seeded combustion plasmas in a mag-netohydrodynamic generator.
MiR-103a-3p targets the 5' UTR of GPRC5A in pancreatic cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of their targets in a sequence-dependent manner. For protein-coding transcripts, miRNAs regulate expression levels through binding sites in either the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) or the amino acid coding sequence (CDS) of the targeted messenger RNA (mRNA). Currently, for the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of mRNAs, very few naturally occurring examples exist whereby the targeting miRNA down-regulates the expression of the corresponding mRNA in a seed-dependent manner. Here we describe and characterize two miR-103a-3p target sites in the 5′ UTR of GPRC5A, a gene that acts as a tumor suppressor in some cancer contexts and as an ongocene in other cancer contexts. In particular, we show that the interaction of miR-103a-3p with each of these two 5′ UTR targets reduces the expression levels of both GPRC5A mRNA and GPRC5A protein in one normal epithelial and two pancreatic cancer cell lines. By ectopically expressing “sponges” that contain instances of the wild-type 5′ UTR targets we also show that we can reduce miR-103a-3p levels and increase GPRC5A mRNA and protein levels. These findings provide some first knowledge on the post-transcriptional regulation of this tumor suppressor/oncogene and present additional evidence for the participation of 5′ UTRs in miRNA driven post-transcriptional regulatory control.
Prognosis in the treatment of female sexual inhibition.

Abstract Prognostic variables in the treatment of female sexual inhibition were reviewed. Symptom variables (such as duration and severity), psychological variables (including nonsexual psychopathology, general anxiety, phobias, obsessions and compulsions, neuroticism, extraversion, and hostility), patient variables (such as the marital relationship, motivation, sexual dysfunction in the male partner), and treatment variables (such as theoretical orientation and treatment techniques, individual versus unit treatment, single therapist versus dual sex therapy team), as well as other prognostic variables are considered. Although only a few controlled studies exist, based on a rapidly growing number of reports tentative conclusions were drawn and ranked according to the weight of the supporting evidence.
Reduced deposition of collagen in the degenerated articular cartilage of dogs with degenerative joint disease.

Collagen metabolism in the focal degenerated cartilage from immature dogs with degenerative joint disease was compared with that in the adjacent ‘normal’ cartilage of the same joint surface. The deposition of collagen into the cartilage in vitro as measured by accumulation of hydroxyl [14C]proline was decreased in the early and in advanced stages of cartilage degeneration. The deposition of collagen into cartilage in vivo as measured by the accumulation of hydroxy[3H]proline (intravenously injected [3H]proline) also was reduced in the degenerated cartilages of a dog with degenerative joint disease. Gel electrophoretic analysis revealed that degenerated cartilage contained less α1 collagen chains, but increased amounts of larger proteins. Degenerated cartilage contained more water, increased amounts of unidentified, non-collagenous protien. increased collagenolytic enzyme activity and fewer chondrocytes. Decreased deposition of collagen would result in collagen depletion in the foci of degenerated cartilage in joints of dogs with degenerative joint disease.
Do advertised preferences predict the behavior of speed daters

Because researchers are making increasing use of data gleaned from Internet dating sites, it is important to know if the preferences people specify in Internet advertisements predict the choices that they actually make. HurryDate, a commercial speed-dating firm, collected data from over 10,000 people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s who participated in speed-dating events in cities across the United States. The present analysis compared these speed daters’ advertised preferences with their decisions to attend particular events and their choices of potential partners at the events they attended. Findings indicated that speed daters’ advertisements reflect frequently replicated sex differences and assortative patterns and that these advertised mate preferences predicted their decisions to attend particular events. Advertised preferences did not, in contrast, substantially predict decisions within events. These results support the conclusion that advertised preferences predict behavior in the mating domain in some contexts but not others.
Ecological Science and Statistical Paradigms

In his excellent research commentary “Ecological science and statistical paradigms: At the threshold” ( Science 's Compass, 23 Jan., [p. 502][1]), Brian A. Maurer calls for more testable models in analyzing ecosystem behavior, given the complexity and causal uncertainty associated with such ecosystems. Others, including me, would take his recommendation one step further. One major social science approach to analyzing highly complex and uncertain behavior is triangulation, the use of very different (indeed, orthogonal) theories, methods, or databases to converge on points for follow-up ([1][2]). By using such different but formal approaches to address an issue, we do not so much reduce the issue's uncertainty or complexity (although that is one aim) as we increase our confidence about how to proceed. Triangulation has recently been applied to the debate over sustainable development and ecosystem management ([2][3]) initiated by Ludwig, Hilborn, and Walters' 1993 Science Policy Forum ([3][4]). 1. [↵][5]1. N. Denzin , The Research Act (Aldine, Chicago, IL, 1970); 1. R. L. Shotland, 2. M. Marks 1. T. D. Cook , in Social Science and Social Policy, R. L. Shotland, and M. Marks, Eds. (Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1985), pp. 21–52; 1. J. Brewer, 2. A. Hunter , Multimethod Research (Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1989). 2. [↵][6]1. E. Roe , Taking Complexity Seriously: Policy Analysis, Triangulation, and Sustainable Development (Kluwer, Boston, 1998). 3. [↵][7]1. D. Ludwig, 2. R. Hilborn, 3. C. Walters , Science 260, 17 (1993). [OpenUrl][8][FREE Full Text][9] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.279.5350.502 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [7]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [8]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.issn%253D0036-8075%26rft.aulast%253DLudwig%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%26rft.volume%253D260%26rft.issue%253D5104%26rft.spage%253D17%26rft.epage%253D36%26rft.atitle%253DUncertainty%252C%2BResource%2BExploitation%252C%2Band%2BConservation%253A%2BLessons%2Bfrom%2BHistory%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.260.5104.17%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F17793516%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [9]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6MzoiUERGIjtzOjExOiJqb3VybmFsQ29kZSI7czozOiJzY2kiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6MTE6IjI2MC81MTA0LzE3IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjQ6Ii9zY2kvMjgwLzUzNjUvODAzLjQuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9
Bilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after spinal surgery.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the association between bilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathy and spinal surgery. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: After prone-position spinal surgery of 8 hours' duration, a 68-year-old woman was completely blind in both eyes. Moderate periorbital edema and temporal conjunctival chemosis were present bilaterally. Ophthalmic examination disclosed normal-appearing optic nerve heads, except for bilateral nasal fullness related to bilateral optic nerve drusen, and no retinal edema. Immediate cerebral arteriography, magnetic resonance imaging, and electroretinography were normal. Visual-evoked response was not detectable, and 7 weeks later, severe bilateral optic nerve head pallor developed. CONCLUSIONS: Severe selective hypoperfusion of the retrobulbar optic nerves may occur after spinal surgery. Pressure to the periorbital region may be a contributing factor.
Stimulation of the synthesis of specific glycoproteins in corneal epithelium by vitamin A.

Abstract The uptake of labeled glucosamine into a specific, purified glycopeptide of corneal epithelium was stimulated twofold by incubating whole corneas of vitamin A-deficient rats with retinol. This glycopeptide was found to be a moiety of a glycoprotein isolated from the incubation medium. The synthesis of this glycoprotein from incubated vitamin A-deficient corneas was stimulated to normal levels with as little as 2 × 10 −7 m added retinol in 3 hr; stimulation was 60% of maximum at 2 × 10 −9 m -retinol. No such stimulation of synthesis was observed when normal corneas were incubated with retinol. The glycoprotein stimulated by the added retinol was not a glycosaminoglycan and took up no labeled sulfate; its origin is not conjunctival. It is probably derived from corneal epithelium.
EFFECT OF COLLOIDAL PROBE RANDOM SURFACE FEATURES ON ADHESION

We have uncovered the fact that colloidal probes often have random surface features which when not properly accounted for, can significantly affect the magnitudes of the measured adhesive forces using atomic force microscopes (AFM). Colloidal probes have been used to measure the pull-off forces between the probe and surfaces. We prepared a series of colloidal probes by attaching glass spheres (radii of 3.3 μm to 17.4 μm) to the end of AFM cantilevers. Adhesive force between the probes and a silicon wafer surface was measured using an AFM under various loads from 6 nN to 100 nN in dry air. Results showed that the values of the pull-off forces did not correlate with the radii of the probes. Direct imaging of the glass sphere surface using a sharp tip revealed substantial random surface features which altered the size of real contact areas. We extracted the load-bearing areas from the topography data and used them to normalize the adhesion data. The measured adhesive force, after being normalized, was found to be independent of the load and the sphere radii, in agreement with prevailing contact mechanics theory.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Structure and energy of thin films of poly-(1,4- cis -butadiene): A new atomistic approach

In this work we study the formation of a thin film in vacuum by collapsing a random parent chain under two-dimensional boundary conditions. The initial random parent chain is obtained from atomistic simulation of bulk amorphous poly-(1,4-cis-butadiene). Films with a thickness of ∼25 A are obtained for parent chains with 100 monomers. The density drops off sigmoidally over a distance of ∼5 A near the free surfaces, while in the interior bulk density is obtained. The backbone bonds are randomly oriented in the interior and sharply oriented along the film plane near the free surfaces; the onset of order corresponds roughly with the drop in the mass density from its bulk value. The trans state of the CH2 -CH2 bond is also enriched compared to the bulk, in order for the chain to track the plane of the film more effectively. The difference in the energy of a chain in the amorphous bulk (3D periodic) and in the thin film (2D periodic) allows us to calculate the internal energy contribution to the surface energy; the agreement with the experimental value is reasonable.
A physician's meanderings on tattooing, body piercing, and suspension practices.

Mrs. Jones was jaundiced and her abdomen was distended. On the left side of her chest, there was a 7/8th inch high blue-black blurry tattoo, O+ (Figure 1). What was the story behind this tattoo, 53 years old, and placed when the patient was 7 years old? She told me the symbol represented her blood type. She had stood in line together with her class mates. First, her blood was taken with a small prick, and then the tattoo gun pierced her side with pain! Children around her were crying, and some were hiding. The cause was worthy, so her parents had not refused.1 Her diagnosis was cryptogenic cirrhosis, but what if she really had hepatitis C?