cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crosslinguistic influence at the syntax proper: Interrogative subject-verb inversion in heritage Spanish

This study examines the potential effects of crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of subject–verb inversion in Spanish matrix and embedded wh-questions among Spanish heritage language learners living in the United States. The results from an acceptability judgment task and a written production task administered to 17 US-born heritage speakers indicate crosslinguistic influence effects. The effects are more evident with embedded interrogatives than with matrix questions. A follow-up study with the heritage speakers also shows less inversion behavior with embedded questions in oral production but higher performance levels than in written production. The findings are discussed in relation to interface vulnerability approaches and current debates on the selective nature of crosslinguistic influence in L2 and bilingual development.
Replica Placement for Route Diversity in Tree-Based Routing Distributed Hash Tables

Distributed hash tables (DHTs) share storage and routing responsibility among all nodes in a peer-to-peer network. These networks have bounded path length unlike unstructured networks. Unfortunately, nodes can deny access to keys or misroute lookups. We address both of these problems through replica placement. We characterize tree-based routing DHTs and define MaxDisjoint, a replica placement that creates route diversity for these DHTs. We prove that this placement creates disjoint routes and find the replication degree necessary to produce a desired number of disjoint routes. Using simulations of Pastry (a tree-based routing DHT), we evaluate the impact of MaxDisjoint on routing robustness compared to other placements when nodes are compromised at random or in a contiguous run. Furthermore, we consider another route diversity mechanism that we call neighbor set routing and show that, when used with our replica placement, it can successfully route messages to a correct replica even with a quarter of the nodes in the system compromised at random. Finally, we demonstrate a family of replica query strategies that can trade off response time and system load. We present a hybrid query strategy that keeps response time low without producing too high a load.
Effects of exogenous catecholamines on plasma catecholamines and glucose in the sea lamprey,Petromyzon marinus

The effects of exogenous dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) on endogenous catecholamine (CA) titers and glycemia were studied with a highly specific and sensitive radioenzymatic assay (REA) in cardiac-cannulated, prespawning sea lampreys. Neither DA nor NE had a specific effect on the endogenous titers of the other two CAs, or on glycemia. In contrast, E caused a strong increase of both DA and NE at three different doses, one of which must have been in the physiological ranges. This increase may be due to direct stimulation of E on the NE and DA cells. E also caused hyperglycemia 45 min after the injection; however, this effect occurred only with unphysiologically high doses. An estimation of the disappearance rate of exogenous CAs revealed a mammalian-like speed, ranging from 3–5.5 min.
DITTO: automatic incrementalization of data structure invariant checks (in Java)

We present DITTO, an automatic incrementalizer for dynamic, side-effect-free data structure invariant checks. Incrementalization speeds up the execution of a check by reusing its previous executions, checking the invariant anew only the changed parts of the data structure. DITTO exploits properties specific to the domain of invariant checks to automate and simplify the process without restricting what mutations the program can perform. Our incrementalizer works for modern imperative languages such as Java and C#. It can incrementalize,for example, verification of red-black tree properties and the consistency of the hash code in a hash table bucket. Our source-to-source implementation for Java is automatic, portable, and efficient. DITTO provides speedups on data structures with as few as 100 elements; on larger data structures, its speedups are characteristic of non-automatic incrementalizers: roughly 5-fold at 5,000 elements,and growing linearly with data structure size.
The Future of Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Cancer

This article explores why cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), why CAM use should be of interest to physicians who treat cancer patients, and how physicians may appropriately support their patients' quest for comfort, quality of life, and healing. We use the term "CAM" to refer to substances and practices that have been available primarily outside of the American medical mainstream, that have sources other than medical doctors and allied health care providers, and that are not commonly recommended by medical doctors as treatments for a given condition. Alternative treatments are those used instead of conventional medicine; complementary treatments are those used in addition to conventional medicine.
Inducible and constitutive expression of vanC-1-encoded resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus gallinarum.

Clinical isolates Enterococcus gallinarum AIB39 and E. gallinarum GS1 were studied to establish whether the expression of vanC-1-mediated resistance may be inducible or constitutive. By growth curve analysis, strain AIB39 exhibited the same lag period (i.e., 1 to 1.5 h) whether it was subcultured to unsupplemented brain heart infusion broth or broth containing 6 micrograms of vancomycin per ml, a growth pattern typical of constitutively expressed resistance. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate peptidoglycan precursor extracts substantiated this finding because the serine-terminating pentapeptide precursor UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ser was produced in the presence and absence of vancomycin, whereas no UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala was detected. In contrast, results with strain GS1 were consistent with inducible expression. GS1 demonstrated a lag time that was 3 to 4 h longer when it was subcultured to vancomycin-containing broth than when it was subcultured in unsupplemented broth. HPLC analysis showed that in the absence of vancomycin only UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala was detected, but in the presence of drug only UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala was found. Inducible expression of vanC-1-mediated resistance in E. gallinarum is consistent with recent findings suggesting the presence of at least two ligases in this species. Although vanC-1 may be intrinsic to E. gallinarum, our findings raise doubt regarding the natural mechanism of this gene's expression.
Integrated HF CMOS-MEMS square-frame resonators with on-chip electronics and electrothermal narrow gap mechanism

A fully differential square frame resonator (SFR), operating at resonant frequencies of 6.184MHz and 17.63MHz for the fundamental and 2/sup nd/ harmonic, respectively, is introduced, which is the highest resonant frequency reported to date in CMOS-MEMS technology. In-plane CMOS-MEMS resonators have been fabricated directly on a conventional CMOS substrate with on-chip differential amplifiers. To enhance the output motional current, an electrothermal-actuated electrode is designed to reduce the input/output capacitive gap. A 5/spl mu/m-thick, 4 /spl mu/m-wide, 63 /spl mu/m-long SFR with fixed electrodes exhibits a quality factor of 996 in vacuum at 6.18MHz.
Fast Content Distribution on Datacenter Networks

Peer-to-peer (P2P) applications distribute large files fast. That makes them popular on the Internet and has motivated their use on data center networks. On data center networks, however, these Internet applications waste bandwidth. To fully use available bandwidth, we propose the P2P copy (PCP) application. Results with a prototype show that PCP reduces content distribution times by an order of magnitude.
Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuritis in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis: Two Case Reports and Literature Review

Ethambutol, a synthetic bacteriostatic agent, is a first line agent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although optic neuritis is the most serious adverse effect of ethambutol, most cases in the literature are reversible. Renal failure prolongs the half-life of ethambutol and increases the risk of ethambutol-induced optic neuritis. We present two patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), who were on maintenance dialysis and suffering ethambutol-induced optic neuritis. The first woman had been suffering ESRD on hemodialysis for 2 years. After tuberculosis was diagnosed, she was prescribed three-combined anti-tuberculosis medications, including ethambutol 800 mg/day. Bilateral blurred vision suddenly occurred 4 months after the start of treatment, and she became totally blind despite discontinuing ethambutol. The second woman had been on hemodialysis for 5 months. Tuberculosis was diagnosed by lung biopsy. After 3 weeks of three-combined anti-tuberculosis medications including ethambutol (1200 mg/day), reduced visual acuity and color vision defects occurred. One year after the discontinuation of ethambutol, visual acuity remained little improved. Physicians should be aware of ethambutol-induced optic neuritis and ethambutol should be used cautiously in patients with renal failure.
Cognitive ethology, over-attribution of agency and focusing abilities as they relate to the origin of concepts

Carey's superb discussion of the origin of concepts is extended into the field of cognitive ethology. I also suggest that agency may be a default mechanism, often leading to over-attribution. The problem therefore becomes one of specifying the conditions in which agency is not attributed. The significance of attentional/focusing abilities on conceptual development is also emphasized.
Effect of hyaluronidase on experimental hypercholesterolemia in rabbits and rats and atheromatosis in rabbits.

Summary1. Subcutaneous or intravenous injection of hyaluronidase depressed hypercholesterolemia in rabbits and rats. 2. Intraperitoneal injection of hyaluronic acid prevented hypercholesterolemia in nephrotic rats. 3. Hyaluronidase facilitated general lipidoses and aggravated atheromatosis in rabbits. 4. The advisability of indiscriminately lowering the blood cholesterol level in hypercholes-terolemics is questioned. 5. The antihyper-cholesterolemic effect of hyaluronidase was abolished when specific antibodies to the enzyme developed. 6. Endogenous experimental hypercholesterolemia in rabbits does not depend on the presence of the adrenals.
What Helped Nonprofits Weather the Great Recession

This study examined the effectiveness of several financial strategies for nonprofit organizations in fighting the Great Recession. Using data from human services and community improvement organizations in the state of New Jersey, we tested hypotheses about the relationships between three measures of financial sustainability and various fundraising efforts and financial indicators. We found that (1) except for strong external funding relationships, funding efforts were generally not effective in enhancing financial sustainability during the crisis; (2) higher operating margin and equity ratio improved an organization's ability to generate revenue and maintain expense levels, but higher debt ratio and administrative cost ratio were generally harmful; and (3) revenue diversification might aggravate fiscal stress and cause more expense cuts in a severe crisis. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanics of nonprofit management during times of harsh fiscal conditions and suggest useful ways for nonprofit organizations to navigate future financial crises.
AIDS and suicide.

An association between suicide and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been noted in several epidemiologic studies. Numerous case reports also support the trend of an increased suicide risk in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and persons with AIDS. A variety of medical, neurologic, and psychiatric factors may contribute to the death of an HIV patient. I present the case of a 27-year-old man who committed suicide approximately 2 years after he received a diagnosis of AIDS. He had no previous psychiatric history. It is imperative that physicians caring for such patients be aware of the various neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of HIV infection. If appropriate, an assessment of suicide risk should be included in the regular office visit.
Dickens and the artists

The writings of Victorian novelist Charles Dickens (1812–70) have remarkably visual characteristics. His rich descriptions of people and places conjured vivid pictures in ways that few other writer...
Regulation of the vertebrate cell cycle by the cdc2 protein kinase.

A homolog of the cdc2/CDC28 protein kinase of yeast is found in all vertebrate species that have been investigated. Human cdc2 exists as a complex with a 13-kD protein that is homologous to the suc1 gene product of fission yeast. In both human and fission yeast cells, the protein kinase also exists in a complex with a 62-kD polypeptide that has not been identified genetically but acts as a substrate in vitro. We have studied the properties of the protein kinase in rat and human cells, as well as in Xenopus eggs. We find that in baby rat kidney (BRK) cells, which are quiescent in cell culture, the cdc2 protein is not synthesized. However, synthesis is rapidly induced in response to proliferative activation by infection with adenovirus. In human HeLa cells, the protein kinase is present continuously. It behaves as a cell-cycle oscillator that is inactive in G1 but displays
Effects on Leucine-3H Incorporation by Submandibular Gland Cells of Rat Neonates

SummaryEffect of anoxia on leucine-3H incorporation by submandibular gland cells of neonatal rats has been studied by means of quantitative radioautography. The results show that there is a marked suppression of leucine-3H incorporation during the first 4 hr following the anoxia administration. There is an apparent recovery by 24 hr, and no difference between the experimental and control animals is observed after this time. It is concluded that the synthesis of overall cytoplasmic proteins is temporarily impaired after a brief exposure to anoxia in submandibular gland cells of neonatal rats.
The Prenatal Growth of the Human Thymus.

The weight of the human thymus in the fetal period is characterized by great variability. Therefore a large number of observations are necessary to demonstrate even the approximate course of prenat...
Ab initio potential energy and dipole moment surfaces of (H2O)2.

A full-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface (PES) and dipole moment surface (DMS) are reported for the water dimer, (H2O)2. The CCSD(T)-PES is a very precise fit to 19 805 ab initio energies obtained with the coupled-cluster (CCSD(T)) method, using an aug-cc-pVTZ basis. The standard counterpoise correction was applied to approximately eliminate basis set superposition errors. The fit is based on an approach that incorporates the permutational symmetry of identical atoms [Huang, X.; Braams, B.; Bowman, J. M. J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 122, 044308]. The DMS is a fit to the dipole moment obtained with Moller−Plesset (MP2) theory, using an aug-cc-pVTZ basis. The PES has an RMS fitting error of 31 cm-1 for energies below 20 000 cm-1, relative to the global minimum. This surface can describe various internal floppy motions, including various monomer inversions, and isomerization pathways. Ten characteristic stationary points have been located on the surface, four of which are transition structures and the r...
Nature of the renal hemodynamic action of amino acids in dogs

Anesthetized dogs were used to study the nature of the renal hyperemia and hyperfiltration ascribed to amino acids. Intravenous (n = 6) or intraportal venous (n = 6) infusion of a solution of three metabolizable amino acids [serine, alanine, and proline (SAP) approximately 0.051 mmol.kg-1.min-1] elevated renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by a similar amount (30%) over the same time course (60 min). Yet, direct intra-arterial infusion of SAP into the kidney at either approximately 0.0051 or 0.051 mmol.kg-.min-1 (n = 12) failed to significantly elevate either RBF or GFR over 60 min. A transient increase in RBF (approximately 13%) was, however, noted by minute 15 of the infusion. Unlike SAP, intraportal venous infusion of a physiological dose of branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine, approximately 0.0195 mmol.kg-1.min-1, n = 6) failed to elevate either RBF or GFR over 60 min. By comparison, either intravenous or intraportal venous infusion of SAP at approximately 0.020 mmol.kg-1.min-1 (n = 12) elevated renal hemodynamics by approximately 14% over 60 min. The data suggest that the liver does not directly mediate amino acid-induced increases in renal hemodynamics but that some other intermediary step activated following amino acid administration may be necessary before the renal hyperemia and hyperfiltration ascribed to amino acids are manifested in anesthetized dogs.
The New Deal as the Social Work of Desire

This chapter discusses the New Deal’s reconfiguration of artistic modernism and early American applications of economic rights so as to incorporate a new vision of social work.
Where Did This Box of Books Come From

The publication of The Norton Anthology of World Religions and the subsequent massive free exam copy mailing campaign by W. W. Norton requires an explanation. Why does the field of religious studies need such an anthology? What has led us to the place where such an anthology even makes sense? This essay examines the explanations General Editor Jack Miles gives for why The Norton Anthology of World Religions arrived in faculty mailboxes all over the country in the spring of 2015.
Remembering Peace in Religious, Ecological, and Economic Terms

Peacebuilders and environmentalists share a fundamental challenge: reforming the collective memories which fuel cycles of violence and ecological degradation. This chapter offers a tripartite account of how collective memory influences collective behavior, politically and environmentally. It then highlights a shared strategy used to address this problem. Both Daniel Philpott, a political philosopher and peacebuilding activist, and Wangari Maathai, Nobel Laureate and environmental activist, affirm the use of public rhetoric which combines religious narrative with historical data to heal collective memory. While this chapter does not argue for the effectiveness of Philpott’s and Maathai’s approach—that argument requires further empirical study—it does offer an interdisciplinary research agenda to scholars and activists in either field.
Letter From Briceno et al Regarding Article, “An Unexpectedly High Incidence of Stroke and Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Formation After Electrical Isolation of the Left Atrial Appendage for the Treatment of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias”

We find somewhat puzzling the conclusions of the paper by Rillig et al.1 First, this is a small nonrandomized series. Second, the 3 patients with thromboembolic events had documented atrial fibrillation recurrence. Among those with left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus, the recurrence rate is unclear. Thus, are the thromboembolic events related to the procedural technique itself or to atrial fibrillation recurrence? One could argue that these patients were on anticoagulation anyway. But this is not the case, the patient with a transient ischemic attack was off of anticoagulation, and among the 10 patients with LAA thrombus, one was off …
Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is arbitrarily divided into acute and chronic forms. The acute form of the disease ordinarily occurs between 21 and 60 days following bone marrow transplantation. Patients develop maculopapular or scarlatiniform eruptions. In the more severe forms of the disease, bullae may develop and progress to widespread desquamation in a toxic epidermal necrolysis-like pattern. The palms and soles are often involved early in the disease, while the trunk, neck, cheeks, and ears are commonly affected as the disease progresses.
Developmental Culture and Effectiveness in Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACTNonprofit organizations have historically been seen as a vanguard in U.S. civil society, supplying places and spaces for innovation and change to flourish. According to the Competing Values Culture Framework (CVCF), a developmental organizational culture, characterized by innovation and risk-taking, may help organizations respond to changes in their operating environments and be more effective at boundary-spanning activities, such as fostering external support, acquiring resources, and spurring growth. Despite its importance, the culture–effectiveness relationship has not been studied sufficiently in nonprofit organizations. The exploratory study described in this article examines the links between developmental culture and nonprofit organizational effectiveness. Results suggest that nonprofit executive directors see organizational culture as more than a phenomenon to be experienced. Specifically, findings indicate that executive directors perceive there to be a positive and significant relationsh...
Remembering Rollett and Debunking Shapiro (Again)

Columbia University Professor James Shapiro, an acknowledged expert on Shakespeare, has made a number of mistaken and misleading claims over the years about the Shakespeare authorship question (SAQ). This pattern continued in comments he made to the New York Times that were paraphrased in a June 2016 article about newly studied documents relating to the coat-of-arms obtained by William Shakspere of Stratford-upon-Avon (1564-1616), the traditionally credited author of the works published under the name "William Shakespeare." This essay compares Professor Shapiro's questionable contributions to the SAQ (along with those of Professors Stephen Greenblatt and Stanley Wells) to the studies of the late Dr. John M. Rollett, a British scientist and respected independent scholar of the SAQ. The essay concludes that independent scholars (even though sometimes derided as "amateurs") have sometimes adhered better to reliable standards of scholarship than credentialed and tenured academics who are supposed "experts" in their fields.
DIRECTIONS FOR THEORY AND THEORIZING IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

INTRODUCTION This volume brings together a broad collection of theory and research in criminal justice. Throughout, the guiding theme is the understanding of criminal justice phenomena in multiple sectors and at multiple levels by using a scientific approach to the study of criminal justice. In other words, the work in this volume pays explicit attention to the development and testing of scientific theory as a means of understanding criminal justice.
Leisure and Class in Victorian England: Rational Recreation and The Contest for Control, 1830–1885. Peter Bailey

(1988). Leisure and Class in Victorian England: Rational Recreation and The Contest for Control, 1830–1885. Peter Bailey. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 162-164.
The Error in Prediction of F2 Maximum Usable Frequencies by World Maps Based on Sunspot Number

Abstract The feasibility of preparing semi-permanent world maps for predicting F2 maximmn usable frequencies based on sunspot number is studied. The components of variance of the prediction are estimated; they arise from the following four major sources of error: determining regressions of F2 characteristics on sunspot number with limited years of data, the scatter of points about these regressions, drawing world contour maps with limited niunbers of stations, predicting the future sunspot number. All four sources are found to contribute about equally to a total standard deviation of monthly median maximum usable frequency predicted five months in advance of about 1 and 3 Mc for 0 and 4000 km respectively. Hence the proposed maps are concluded to be feasible.
Soviet Studies: Education

Soviet education was an unprecedented program of state-sponsored social development through public education that rose and fell with the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991. It was characterized by a wide array of coordinated educational, cultural, and vocational training activities that were to be closely integrated with the building of Soviet socialism. Almost all accounts, both Soviet and Western, acknowledge that Soviet education experienced some dramatic achievements, especially in raising literacy rates and providing education to disadvantaged populations. There is also a consensus in the postwar research that the Soviet party–state, educated society, and much of the population came to share a broad commitment to the principles of secular, co-educational, and free education for all. Regardless of the educational system's actual quality, the regime's commitment to mass public education and its rhetoric of equity created significant compensatory legitimacy for a political and economic system that experienced frequent policy failures and that incited divisive class and ethnic conflicts. Only in the post-Soviet period of the 1990s did the almost unanimously positive view of Soviet education come under serious criticism, as some Russian and Western researchers began to re-examine the limits and failures of Soviet socialism. Yet, at the same time, many other educators and researchers, particularly in Russia, continued to defend the achievements of Soviet education, especially in contrast to the alleged failures of ‘radical’ educational reform in the 1990s.
Semidirect Products of a Quasigroup by its Transassociants

The aim of this Chapter is to present some results on the relation between loops and homogeneous spaces. Here we follow a purely algebraic line of investigation, but all results on partial or local (in the smooth case) structures can be obtained by the evident localization.
A novel technique for removing a fibrin sheath from a mediport catheter in the pediatric population

Mediport (also known as port, portacath or Infusaport) is a commonly placed central venous access in pediatric patients. Fibrin sheath formation around the central venous catheter is a common biological response leading to port malfunction in the form of inability to aspirate but preserved capacity for infusion of fluids. If fibrinolytic therapy fails, percutaneous fibrin sheath stripping via transfemoral route or replacement with a new mediport are routine/conventional treatments for a fibrin sheath. We describe a novel technique for removing a fibrin sheath by exteriorizing the catheter through the neck entry site, stripping the fibrin sheath from the catheter manually under sterile conditions and replacing the catheter via a peel-away sheath introduced through the same skin incision as an alternative to complete port replacement or attempted catheter stripping.
Fitting Motivation to Fitts’ Law : Effect of a Penalty Contingency on Controlled Movement:

An experiment examined the effect of a penalty on performance of target acquisition movements, focusing on overall movement time, the fit of the data to Fitts’ Law, and ballistic and homing submove...
Thiamine deficiency in fishes: causes, consequences, and potential solutions

Thiamine deficiency complex (TDC) is a disorder resulting from the inability to acquire or retain thiamine (vitamin B1) and has been documented in organisms in aquatic ecosystems ranging from the Baltic Sea to the Laurentian Great Lakes. The biological mechanisms leading to TDC emergence may vary among systems, but in fishes, one common outcome is high mortality among early life stages. Here, we review the causes and consequences of thiamine deficiency in fishes and identify potential solutions. First, we examine the biochemical and physiological roles of thiamine in vertebrates and find that thiamine deficiency consistently results in impaired neurological function across diverse taxa. Next, we review natural producers of thiamine, which include bacteria, fungi, and plants, and suggest that thiamine is not currently limiting for most animal species inhabiting natural aquatic environments. A survey of historic occurrences of thiamine deficiency identifies consumption of a thiamine-degrading enzyme, thiaminase, as the primary explanation for low levels of thiamine in individuals and subsequent onset of TDC. Lastly, we review conservation and management strategies for TDC mitigation ranging from evolutionary rescue to managing for a diverse forage base. As recent evidence suggests occurrences of thiamine deficiency may be increasing in frequency, increased awareness and a better mechanistic understanding of the underlying causes associated with thiamine deficiency may help prevent further population declines.
Ticagrelor Use in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Balancing Evidence-Based Medicine with Affordability.

STUDY OBJECTIVE Data from randomized controlled trials support a mortality benefit with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Many healthcare providers preferentially treat patients with AMI with ticagrelor. The goal of this study was to determine the association between out-of-pocket drug costs and ticagrelor continuation compared with switching to clopidogrel among patients hospitalized for AMI, following a pharmacist-led discussion on outpatient co-payment costs for ticagrelor. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING A tertiary care academic medical center. PATIENTS Patients hospitalized with AMI between February 15, 2015 and January 23, 2017, who were loaded with ticagrelor on presentation. MAIN RESULTS Of 143 patients with AMI loaded with ticagrelor, 70 (49%) switched to clopidogrel after cost discussion. The median monthly ticagrelor co-payment was $268.29 (interquartile range [IQR] $45-$350) for switchers, versus $18 (IQR $6-$24) for non-switchers (p<0.001). Patients with co-payments of $100/month or more were 3.4 times more likely to switch to clopidogrel (relative risk 3.41, 95% confidence interval 2.12 to 5.47), compared with patients with co-payments of less than $100/month. CONCLUSIONS Following a discussion of outpatient costs, half of patients with AMI switched from ticagrelor to clopidogrel when given the choice.
Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles of furosemide-silver complex and evaluation of antibacterial activity

Abstract Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in clinics and poor new antibiotic pipeline in pharmaceutical industries have contributed to antibiotic crisis. Silver complexes are effective as broad-spectrum antibiotics due to chemical nature. Furosemide-silver complex (Ag-FSE) has been recently reported to have antibacterial activity that is, however, limited by its poor solubility in water and majority of organic solvents. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) offer advantages such as controlled and sustained release, enhanced solubility, scale-up and, biocompatibility. Present study aims to encapsulate Ag-FSE into SLNs and evaluate its sustained and improved antibacterial activity. Ag-FSE SLNs were prepared using hot homogenization and ultrasonication method. Size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of Ag–FSE SLNs, evaluated using dynamic light scattering, were 129.8 ± 38.5 nm, 0.114 ± 0.033 and −23.9 ± 3.62 mV, respectively. Ag-FSE SLNs exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (∼93%) and drug loading (∼9.3%). Shape of Ag-FSE SLNs was roughly spherical with smooth surface. In vitro release studies confirmed that encapsulation of Ag-FSE into SLNs resulted in sustained release of Ag-FSE over 96 h. Results confirmed 2-fold and 4-fold enhancement of activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In conclusion, Ag-FSE SLNs can be considered as promising topical antibacterial agent against bacterial infections.
Molecular dynamics simulations of nucleotide release from the circadian clock protein KaiC reveal atomic-resolution functional insights

The cyanobacterial clock proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC form a powerful system to study the biophysical basis of circadian rhythms, because an in vitro mixture of the three proteins is sufficient to generate a robust ∼24-h rhythm in the phosphorylation of KaiC. The nucleotide-bound states of KaiC critically affect both KaiB binding to the N-terminal domain (CI) and the phosphotransfer reactions that (de)phosphorylate the KaiC C-terminal domain (CII). However, the nucleotide exchange pathways associated with transitions among these states are poorly understood. In this study, we integrate recent advances in molecular dynamics methods to elucidate the structure and energetics of the pathway for Mg·ADP release from the CII domain. We find that nucleotide release is coupled to large-scale conformational changes in the KaiC hexamer. Solvating the nucleotide requires widening the subunit interface leading to the active site, which is linked to extension of the A-loop, a structure implicated in KaiA binding. These results provide a molecular hypothesis for how KaiA acts as a nucleotide exchange factor. In turn, structural parallels between the CI and CII domains suggest a mechanism for allosteric coupling between the domains. We relate our results to structures observed for other hexameric ATPases, which perform diverse functions.
Towards Enabling Trusted Artificial Intelligence via Blockchain

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence models are created, trained and used by different entities. The entity that curates data used for the model is frequently different from the entity that trains the model, which is different yet again from the end user of the trained model. The end user needs to trust the received AI model, and this requires having the provenance information about how the model was trained, and the data the model was trained on. This chapter describes how blockchain can be used to track the provenance of training models, leading to better trusted Artificial Intelligence.
The contextual effects of advice solicitation on advice outcomes: The role of perceived face threats and psychological reactance

ABSTRACTThis research examines how two contextual factors – verbal solicitation of advice and latent receptiveness to advice – affect advice outcomes, and whether these effects are mediated through...
Covering Protests on Twitter: The Influences on Journalists’ Social Media Portrayals of Left- and Right-Leaning Demonstrations in Brazil:

This study uses a media sociology approach to untangle how multiple influences shape the way journalists cover left- and right-leaning protests on social media. Several studies have investigated ho...
The complete life cycle of the unusual apostome Hyalophysa clampi (Ciliophora, Apostomatida), a symbiont of crayfish in Alabama (USA).

Abstract Hyalophysa clampi Browning and Landers, 2012 was reexamined to determine all stages in the life cycle of this symbiotic ciliate. The cell feeds as a normal exuviotroph within the exoskeleton of its molted crayfish host but does not encyst following the trophont stage. Trophonts transform into swimming tomont stages, which divide by palintomy over successive divisions, splitting to two cells, separating, and repeating. The divisions cease when the daughter cells attain the size of the infestive tomite stage, which attaches to a new crayfish. This unique life cycle is most similar to the European hermit crab symbiont Polyspira delagei, which forms chains of daughter cells during division. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the unusual presence of two contractile vacuoles in H. clampi, unique among the Apostomatida, and provided ultrastructural details to better understand light microscopy silver staining. The genus diagnosis for Hyalophysa is modified herein to accommodate this new life cycle.
Basement‐controlled deformation of sedimentary sequences, Anadarko Shelf, Oklahoma

[Abstract Structures rooted in the crystalline basement frequently control the deformation of the host bedrock and the overlying sedimentary sequences. Here, we elucidate the structure of the c. 2‐km deep Precambrian granitic basement in the Anadarko Shelf, Oklahoma, and how the propagation of basement faults deformed the sedimentary cover. Although the basin is foreland in origin, the gently dipping shelf sequences experienced transpressional deformation in the Late Palaeozoic. We analyse a 3‐D seismic reflection data set and basement penetrating well data in an area of 824 km2. We observe: (a) pervasive deformation of the basement by basement‐bounded interconnected mafic sills, and a system of subvertical discontinuity planes (interpreted as faults) of which some penetrate the overlying sedimentary cover; (b) three large (>10 km‐long) through‐going faults, with relatively small (<100 m) vertical separation (Vsep) of the deformed stratigraphic surfaces; (c) upward propagation of the large faults characterized by faulted‐blocks near the basement, and faulted‐monoclines in the deeper sedimentary units that transition into open monoclinal flexures up‐section; (d) cumulative along‐fault deformation of the stratigraphy exhibits systematic trends that varies with offset accrual; (e) two styles of Vsep—Depth distribution which include a unidirectional decrease of Vsep from the basement through the cover rocks (Style‐1) and a bidirectional decrease of Vsep from a deep sedimentary unit towards the basement and shallower sequences (Style‐2). We find that the basement‐driven propagation (Style‐1) shows greater efficiency of driving the fault deformation to shallower depths compared to the intrasedimentary‐driven fault nucleation and propagation (Style‐2). Our study demonstrates an evolution of cumulative Vsep trends with offset accrual on the faults, and the partial inheritance of the heterogeneous intra‐basement deformation by the sedimentary cover. This contribution provides important insight into the upward propagation of basement‐driven faulting associated with structural inheritance in contractional sedimentary basins., Top Left: Curvature surface map of a sedimentary unit in the Anadarko Shelf, Oklahoma, showing large basement‐rooted faults and the associated fold deformation. Top Right: NW‐SE seismic section showing how both the intra‐basement and through‐going (basement‐rooted) faults offset basement‐bounded sills. Bottom: Implications of our findings for the tectonic evolution of the Anadarko Shelf. ]
The impact of pre-existing ulnar nerve instability on the surgical treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome: a systematic review.

Abstract: Background The decision to perform nerve transposition (NT) or in-situ decompression (SD) during surgical treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome is often based on nerve subluxation through elbow motion. This review assesses what impact nerve instability has on study design and reported outcomes. Methods A search was performed with Boolean operators: “ulnar nerve” OR “cubital tunnel” AND “decompression” OR “transposition” on PubMed, Clinical Key, and CINAHL to identify primary studies comparing NT and SD that report pre-existing nerve instability. Primary outcome was the effect of instability on study design. Secondary outcomes were nerve instability, patient reported scores, and complications. Results Five studies met criteria after screening 134 articles. In 3 studies, nerve instability dictated treatment. Prospective randomization was maintained in 1 study. Included cases totaled 464 SD and 304 NT. Complication rate was 8.6% overall, 4.3% for SD and 21.1% for NT. Bishop Scores were 56.9% Excellent and 37.3% Good for stable nerves and 62.0% Excellent and 29.3% Good for unstable nerves. Conclusions Very few studies report ulnar nerve instability, and study design is biased by ulnar nerve subluxation. Outcomes showed similar symptomatic improvement for both decompressed and transposed groups with higher complication rates for transposed group.
A Fistula Where? Left Anterior Descending to Pulmonary Artery Fistula.

Fistulas are abnormal passageways between two organs or vessels that usually do not connect. Coronary artery fistulas occur when one of the coronary arteries is connected to either a heart chamber or another blood vessel. This case presents a coronary artery fistula which may or may not be impacting the patient’s heart function. A 69-year-old male with multiple comorbidities presents with a chief complaint of shortness of breath. Catheterization reveals an anomalous left anterior descending to pulmonary artery fistula without a step up in oxygen saturation at the level of the pulmonary artery. Surgical management was deferred as this fistula was not deemed to contribute to the patient’s declining cardiac function. Operative management versus embolization would be a feasible alternative for patients who are symptomatic secondary to the coronary artery fistula and remains to be controversial in patients who are asymptomatic. Given the possibility of these fistulae eventually causing symptoms it would be practical to close them early on before symptoms arise or before size of the fistulae becomes an issue. Further research should be conducted to understand the management strategies for patients who present with coronary artery fistulas. J Med Cases. 2020;11(10):306-308 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3527
Improvement of the Standard Ampacity Calculations for Power Cables Installed in Trefoil Formations in Ventilated Tunnels

Forced ventilated underground installations are challenging to design due to the complex mathematics of turbulent fluid flow. Previous methods have tackled this problem, but only recently, the effect of confinement on a single cable has been considered. In this paper, the effect of cable confinement on the practical case of ventilated trefoil installations is investigated. The complete Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problem is solved using Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations and validated by laboratory experiments using pipes. Then, FEM simulations are used to vary the distance of the trefoil from the tunnel wall, the current, and the wind velocity to get a comprehensive picture of the phenomena. This data is used to create a new empirical equation for the Nusselt number for a wide range of operating conditions. The principle of similitude is validated for a scaled-down model of a large tunnel and then used to analyze the thermal rating of tunnels. The new equation improves the IEC standard equations by accounting for the effect of cable confinement on trefoil installations. An important finding of this paper is that a lower maximum permissible current rating is obtained, which if ignored can present a serious risk for thermal damage.
Defining Devotional Hindu Dance

Bhakti is a crucial concept to understand before engaging in devotional Hindu dance. In many instances, bhakti is often recognizable, since faith, love, and devotion pours from the individual’s heart frequently in thoughts plus actions. Shri Hanumanji undeniably provides a strong, extraordinary example of bhakti. Every thought and action of Hanumanji focuses on devotion for Shri Rama. Also, I point to the goals of devotional Hindu dance in this chapter. It is imperative for devotional Hindu dancers to pay attention to their way of being and interactions before, during, and after the dance. Contemplative dressing is vital as one prepares to dance. Abhinaya develops naturally through bhakti during the dance. Ethical responsibility plays a key role in the life of the dancer after the dance.
Rethinking the Landscape: Emerging Approaches to Archaeological Remote Sensing

An emerging arena of archaeological research is beginning to deploy remote sensing technologies—including aerial and satellite imagery, digital topographic data, and drone-acquired and terrestrial ...
Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel

This book was first published in 1996. Matthew uniquely highlights Jesus as 'Emmanuel', but almost wholly overlooked are the deeper implications of this 'presence' motif for Matthean Christology, as well as its centripetal force on his readers. With regard to the rhetorical, historical and theological dimensions of the text, Dr Kupp takes a multi-disciplinary approach. The three verses commonly cited are only the starting point for the weaving of the Emmanuel Messiah into the story-telling, redaction and Christology of the Gospel. Kupp employs the lenses of both narrative and historical criticism to produce the first monograph in English on the subject of divine presence in Matthew. After giving primacy to a whole-story reading, Kupp finds its roots in the familiar social and literary contexts of Sinai, Jerusalem and the Jewish scriptures. Matthew's Gospel is a story that compels, a text with a history and a Christological treatise.
Optical Threshold Mechanism Using the Fiber Coupled Phase Conjugate Mirror

The recent development of optical implementations of various data processing procedures created a demand for a sensitive all optical threshold device [1]. We henceforth present a possible mechanism for such a device, based on the coupling of mutually incoherent light beams by means of the fiber coupled phase conjugate mirror (FCPCM)[2,3], and on an optical phenomenon in which the phase conjugate power of these beams is determined by their relative input power.
A cage release method to improve fish tagging studies

Abstract The return and survival of tagged fish to their depth of capture has proved difficult due to barotrauma and predation in previous telemetry studies. Tagging stress can slow and disorient the fish upon release, and reduce the ability to return to depth, relocate their home habitat site, and evade predators. To reduce these initial tag and release artifacts we designed and tested a remotely opening cage for use with reef fish in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Our objectives were to quickly return transmitter tagged fish to depth (20–30 m) in close proximity (
Pathways to risk among inner-city African-American adolescent females: the influence of gang membership

Differential rates of participation in three categories of risk behaviors (i.e., sexual activity, substance use, violence) were explored, comparing gang members to nonmembers, within a sample of 1,143 inner-city African American adolescent females. The relationship between gang membership and risk behavior also was examined, by exploring the association between a variety of microsystemic influences (e.g., gang, family, school) and participation in risk behaviors. MANOVA analyses indicated that gang members, relative to nonmembers, reported higher rates of participation in each of the three categories of risk behaviors. Stepwise linear regression analyses indicated that gang membership was the variable with the most consistent predictive ability, across all categories of risk, as it entered early in all equations and remained in all three final models after controlling for other statistically significant contextual variables. Findings suggest that intervention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent females' participation in sexual activity, substance use, and violence should consider the influence of gang membership on the participation in these behaviors.
Cooperation for Pennies: A Note onε-Equilibria

Abstract It is shown that, in finitely repeated smooth games, e -equilibria are capable of supporting full cooperation up to very near the end of the horizon, with very small amounts of irrationality, e . Furthermore, behavior, even near the end of the horizon, is highly insensitive to the amount of irrationality assumed. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C73, L13.