cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Statistical and Artificial Intelligence-based False Information Cyberattack Detection Models for Connected Vehicles

Connected vehicles (CVs), because of the external connectivity with other CVs and connected infrastructure, are vulnerable to cyberattacks that can instantly compromise the safety of the vehicle itself and other connected vehicles and roadway infrastructure. One such cyberattack is the false information attack, where an external attacker injects inaccurate information into the connected vehicles and eventually can cause catastrophic consequences by compromising safety-critical applications like the forward collision warning. The occurrence and target of such attack events can be very dynamic, making real-time and near-real-time detection challenging. Change point models, can be used for real-time anomaly detection caused by the false information attack. In this paper, we have evaluated three change point-based statistical models; Expectation Maximization, Cumulative Summation, and Bayesian Online Change Point Algorithms for cyberattack detection in the CV data. Also, data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) models, which can be used to detect known and unknown underlying patterns in the dataset, have the potential of detecting a real-time anomaly in the CV data. We have used six AI models to detect false information attacks and compared the performance for detecting the attacks with our developed change point models. Our study shows that change points models performed better in real-time false information attack detection compared to the performance of the AI models. Change point models having the advantage of no training requirements can be a feasible and computationally efficient alternative to AI models for false information attack detection in connected vehicles.
Genomic and Epigenetic Foundations of Neocentromere Formation

Centromeres are essential to genome inheritance, serving as the site of kinetochore assembly and coordinating chromosome segregation during cell division. Abnormal centromere function is associated...
Let Us Give the Russians Their Due

A current report by an Academy committee (Pediatrics, 31:512, 1963) credits Sir Edward Mellanby in 1920 with the discovery of the antirachitic potency of cod liver oil. While in no way deprecating Mellanby9s excellent work, it should be pointed out that the value of cod liver oil was firmly established more than a decade before Mellanby9s report. There was clinical testimony to support its use during the latter part of the nineteenth century, but it was the Russian pediatrician J. A. Schabad of St. Petersburg who gave the first convincing demonstration of its efficacy.
D,L-10-Camphorsulfonic Acid (Reychler's Acid) †

d,l-10-Camphorsulfonic acid (Reychler's acid) product: d,l-10-Camphorsulfonic acid Keywords: sulfonation, C-sulfonation
Principles of Neoplasia

Neoplasia refers to a persistent, abnormal growth of tissue which exceeds and is uncoordinated with the growth of surrounding normal tissues. Normally, cells do not replicate unless they are stimulated by exogenous growth factors released in response to physiologic, pathologic, or reparative demands. Neoplastic cells, however, are characterized by the ability to replicate in the absence of these exogenous growth factors. Although inherited genetic influences unquestionably play a direct role in the development of certain neoplasms, epidemiologic evidence suggests that 75–90% of human neoplasia is due to environmental factors. Indeed, tissues most directly exposed to the environment (skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, etc) tend to show higher rates of neoplastic transformation. Evidence also suggests that neoplastic transformation is a progressive process involving multiple steps and that in the majority of cases, neoplastic transformation involves somatic mutations of the cellular DNA. It appears, therefore, that neoplasia is, in essence, a “genetic” disease in that the fundamental cellular changes occur at the level of DNA but that these changes are induced by environmental factors.
Phosphorylation of ferredoxin and regulation of renal mitochondrial 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in vitro.

The kidney is the principal physiologic site of production of biologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 α-hydroxylase (1-OHase) activity found in renal mitochondria is under tight hormonal control. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the renal conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in young animals, which is accompanied by dephosphorylation of ferredoxin (Fx), a component of the mitochondrial 1-OHase enzyme complex (Siegel, N., Wongsurawat, N., and Armbrecht, H. J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16998–17003). The present study investigates the capacity of Fx to be phosphorylated in vitro and to modulate the 1-OHase activity of a reconstituted system. Fx was phosphorylated by renal mitochondrial type II protein kinase. Phosphorylation did not alter Fx mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels but did decrease the pI as measured by isoelectric focusing. Amino acid analysis demonstrated that 1 mol of serine and 1 mol of threonine were phosphorylated per mol of Fx. Peptide mapping of phosphorylated Fx was consistent with phosphorylation of serine 88 and threonine 85 or 97. Fx was selectively dephosphorylated by rabbit skeletal muscle protein phosphatase C2 but not C1. Phosphorylation of Fx significantly inhibited the 1-OHase activity of a reconstituted system consisting of Fx reductase, Fx, and renal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450. These findings suggest that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of Fx may play a role in modulating renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production.
Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma of the lung. Report of a case with cytologic features and ultrastructural correlation.

BACKGROUND : Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma of the lung, a chemetherapy- and radiation-resistant subtype of small cell lung cancer, constitutes 4-6% of small cell lung cancer but has been described rarely in the cytopathology literature. CASE : A 64-year-old man presented with a left hilar mass. A concurrent transbronchial biopsy and postbiopsy bronchial washing were performed. The latter presented as loosely cohesive cells, scattered singly, in small clusters, in monolayer sheets and in a perivascular arrangement. The tumor exhibited a wide spectrum of cytomorphology : small cells with pyknotic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm were admixed with larger cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. Nuclear shape included oval, spindle and peg. Nuclear size was also highly variable. The tumor was retrieved from the transbronchial biopsy and processed for ultrastructural study. CONCLUSION : Based on cytologic-ultrastructural correlations, the seemingly mixed morphology may have resulted from the rapid degeneration of a single clone of tumor cells : the viable tumor cells were the large cells, and the dying cells were the small cells. A novel ultrastructural observation is that the perivascular tumor cells developed peculiar, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes abutting an undulating basement membrane along the thin-walled blood vessel.
Against Value: Accumulation in the Oil Industry and the Biopolitics of Labour Under Finance

Current theses on the financialization of capitalism postulate a shift from investment in material growth to financial channels, with the implication that the extraction of value from the labour process is no longer the central locus of corporate profitability and that the antagonism between labour and capital in the accumulation process has been displaced by the tension between corporate managers and financial markets. This article challenges both claims of financialization and its political implications. Using an analysis of the oil industry in the US, focusing particularly on layoffs, I argue that, instead of inhibiting material accumulation, financialization signals a change in the form of investment that has led to the intensification of labour and its deepening subsumption under capital, transcending labour exploitation and extending the sovereignty of capital over the life of living labour.
Patient Safety Data Sharing and Protection from Legal Discovery

Abstract : The Institute of Medicine report, TO Err Is Human, recommended that collaborative networks of health care organizations should exchange information regarding medical errors to prevent the same errors from being repeated. Another recommendation, that Congress enact legislation protecting such exchanged information from legal discovery, has not occurred. Even if such legislation does pass, it may conflict with existing Federal discovery requirements. Nevertheless, existing State and Federal law may offer some protection. The most promising source of existing protection for all members of patient safety collaboratives is 42 U.S.C. SS299c-3(c), which extends protection to data collection sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The Department of Health and Human Services' confidentiality certificates and State peer review protection laws may offer little if any protection. However, with AHRQ sponsorship and the proper structure, health care organizations may be able to safely exchange information with one another without fear of liability or disclosure of sensitive information.
Political Freedom, Corruption, Public Institutions, and Economic Growth: A Global Analysis Since the Fall of the Soviet Union

Over the past few decades, the level of globalization and economic interdependence among nations has continued to rise. Given this rise of interdependence among nations one wonders whether or not political regime type has any influence on a country’s economic growth. Do democracies promote higher economic growth than non democracies? Or is regime type an irrelevant factor neither promoting nor hindering economic growth? If the effects of regime type on economic growth are not well understood, how can foreign policy makers seek to promote democracy throughout the world? The relationship between democracy and economic growth has been a hotly debated topic for many decades, but despite a sizable amount of theoretical and empirical literature there still has been contradictory conclusions drawn regarding the impact of democracy on economic growth. In this paper, I explore the arguments concerning the positive and negative effects of political freedom on economic growth. Also, I explore the arguments put forth by some scholars that political freedom itself does not produce economic growth; rather, they argue it is other intervening variables that lead to economic growth. I address this complex relationship through the lens of Twenty-first Century Growth Theory and develop an operational model using a fixed-effects pooled cross-sectional times-series from 1990-2009. I find that political freedom, low levels of corruption, and the presence of quality institutions contribute to economic growth. Also, counter-intuitive to my expectations, I find that economic volatility contributes to economic growth, but in unexpected ways.
Did You Feel It

In this history of seismology and its impact, Coen focuses on the contributions of human observers—citizens as well as scientists.
Evaluation of Dynamic Channel and Power Assignment for Cognitive Networks

In this paper, we develop a unifying optimization formulation to describe the Dynamic Channel and Power Assignment (DCPA) problem and an evaluation method for comparing DCPA algorithms. DCPA refers to the allocation of transmit power and frequency channels to links in a cognitive network so as to maximize the total number of feasible links while minimizing the aggregate transmit power. We apply our evaluation method to five representative DPCA algorithms proposed in the literature. This comparison illustrates the tradeoffs between control modes (centralized versus distributed) and channel/power assignment techniques. We estimate the complexity of each algorithm. Through simulations, we evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithms in achieving feasible link allocations in the network, and their power efficiency. Our results indicate that, when few channels are available, the effectiveness of all algorithms is comparable and thus the one with smallest complexity should be selected. The Least Interfering Channel and Iterative Power Assignment algorithm does not require cross-link gain information, has the overall lowest run time, and achieves the highest feasibility ratio of all the distributed algorithms; however, this comes at a cost of higher average power per link.
Romanticism and Interpersonal Resource Exchange among African American-Anglo and Other Interracial Couples:

The present study examines the extent to which romanticism (i.e., an orientation toward the welfare of one’s romantic relationship dyad) is reflected in patterns of interpersonal resource exchange (i.e., the reciprocity of affection and respect as interpersonal commodities or resources) in a sample of 91 interracial couples. Results indicated that consistent with predictions, (a) men and women in interracial relationships as a whole exchanged affection as well as respect at significant levels; (b) a romantic model of interpersonal resource exchange provided a significantly better fit to data for an African American-Anglo and other interracial couples significantly better than did a core model of interpersonal resource exchange; and (c) means and correlations among romanticism and individuals’ giving of interpersonal resources did not differ significantly across Black male-White female and White male-Black female couples. Implications for the study of personal relationship processes among interracial and i...
Chromatographic analysis of the adducts formed in DNA complexed with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II).

DNA (calf thymus) was reacted to completion with varying amounts of (/sup 195m/Pt)-cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) and then hydrolyzed in formic acid at 110/sup 0/C for 15 min. The hydrolysate was then applied to an Aminex A6 cation-exchange column and eluted with potassium carbonate (0.01 M, pH11). For a molar ratio of bound Pt per nucleotide (r) of 0.06 or less, most of the radioactivity eluted in the form of two products identified as (1) a bifunctional homoadduct formed between Pt and two guanine residues, and (2) a bifunctional heteroadduct formed between Pt and a residue each of adenine and guanine. The amount of heteroadduct was about 20% of that of the homoadduct. When r was greater than r = 0.06, several additional peaks were observed, one of which was tentatively identified as a monofunctional adduct of guanine and Pt. For all r values, a portion of the Pt, amounting to --20%, eluted in the void volume and may reflect a partial breakdown of the adducts during hydrolysis.
A network of field test sites as a platform for research on engineering and management of the highway transportation infrastructure

An effort is currently underway to create an Engineering Research Consortium Initiative (ERCI) focused on engineering and management of the highway transportation infrastructure. The goal of the ERCI will be to provide administrative and logistical support for a coordinated, problem-focused research program on the highway transportation infrastructure system. The cornerstone of the initiative will be field test-sites. Example sites might include major long span bridges, sample populations of operating bridges, decommissioned bridges, a regional network of highways and bridges, various types of pavement and geotechnical structures, or a major transportation hub serving a metropolitan area. Sites would be instrumented to collect a broad range of engineering (structural, geotechnical, hydraulic), human (traffic) and natural (climatological, seismological) response data. The field sites would be networked to provide real-time access to test facilities across the country; a secure central repository would be established for collecting data from the sites. The data and information gathered from these sites would be used by engineers and scientists to study the complex interactions and cause-and-effect relations of the various engineered, human and natural components of the highway hyper-system. A major research thrust of the ERCI will be security of the highway infrastructure system, with particular emphasis on bridges. The National Science Foundation and the Federal Highway Administration are expected to provide funding for the program through a joint agency initiative. Two workshops were recently held with experts from around the world to discuss the plans for the ERCI. The paper provides more details on the ERCI and the status of the effort to date.
Primary structures of three Armenian hamster monoclonal antibodies specific for idiotopes and metatopes of the monoclonal anti-fluorescein antibody 4-4-20

Abstract This paper reports the complete Vγ, Vκ, Cγ1 and Cκ nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of two hamster monoclonal anti-metatype antibodies, 3A5-1 and 4A6. These antibodies have been previously characterized in terms of their binding and molecular stabilization properties with liganded murine monoclonal and single-chain antibody 4-4-20 active sites. Also reported are the complete Vκ and Cκ nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of hamster monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody 1F4, which is specific for the unliganded 4-4-20 active site. Oligonucleotide primers based on the 5′ ends of murine variable genes, along with primers specific for murine IgG Cγ1 and κ constant region genes, have been used in cDNA and polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) to amplify IgG cDNA from Armenian hamster/mouse hybridomas. The hamster Cγ1 and Cκ domain sequences are highly homologous to previously reported murine sequences. The anti-idiotype mAb Vκ gene demonstrated strong similarity to the murine VκV gene subgroup while the two anti-metatype mAb Vκ genes approximated more closely to the murine VκIII gene subgroup. The two anti-metatype mAbs utilized highly homologous Vγ genes, with differing HCDR 3 regions, that appeared similar to the murine VγI(a) subgroup. These sequence determinations represent the first primary structures reported for antibodies with anti-metatype activity and are additions to the relatively sparse hamster immunoglobulin genetic database. Results are discussed in terms of 4-4-20 active site specificity and anti-metatype activity, as well as immunoglobulin structural diversity in an anti-Ig immune response.
Response to combined modality therapy correlates with survival in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose: Although concurrent chemoradiotherapy can now achieve demonstrated long-term survival in patients with locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (LANSCLC), it is difficult to predict which patients will benefit most from this therapeutic approach. Studies have suggested that local control, and the response to therapy, may be linked to improved survival; however, detailed analysis of the impact of tumor response to chemoradiotherapy on survival has not been thoroughly reported. Therefore, we sought to determine the impact of the response rate on survival for patients who were treated with combined modality therapy for LANSCLC. Methods and Materials: We reviewed the data from 116 patients enrolled between 1994 and 1997 in three trials investigating paclitaxel-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy for LANSCLC. Tumor size measurements were assessed immediately before and 2 months after completion of combined modality therapy to determine the response and to calculate the percentage of decrease in tumor size. Results: Patients with a response (complete or partial) had an improved 4-year overall survival rate compared with patients with no response (stable or progressive disease; 21.1% vs. 3.3%, p n = 74) using Cox proportion model analysis. After combined modality therapy, a 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% decrease in tumor size conferred a 39%, 63%, 78%, 86%, and 92% reduction in risk of death compared with a 0% decrease in tumor size ( p Conclusion: The response by conventional response criteria correlated strongly with improved overall survival and progression-free survival and an increasing percentage of decrease in tumor size resulted in a reduction in the risk of death. Additional investigation of the degree of response as a factor predictive of improved therapeutic efficacy, translating into improved survival, is warranted.
Iron chelators increase the resistance of Ataxia telangeictasia cells to oxidative stress

Ataxia telangeictasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immune dysfunction, genomic instability, chronic oxidative damage, and increased cancer incidence. Previously, desferal was found to increase the resistance of A-T, but not normal cells to exogenous oxidative stress in the colony forming-efficiency assay, suggesting that iron metabolism is dysregulated in A-T. Since desferal both chelates iron and modulates gene expression, we tested the effects of apoferritin and the iron chelating flavonoid quercetin on A-T cell colony-forming ability. We demonstrate that apoferritin and quercetin increase the ability of A-T cells to form colonies. We also show that labile iron levels are significantly elevated in Atm-deficient mouse sera compared to syngeniec wild type mice. Our findings support a role for labile iron acting as a Fenton catalyst in A-T, contributing to the chronic oxidative stress seen in this disease. Our findings further suggest that iron chelators might promote the survival of A-T cells and hence, individuals with A-T.
Massive stress changes in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride films on thermal cycling

Massive irreversible increases in tensile stress (up to 2 GPa) on thermal cycling are demonstrated for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) silicon nitride films. Results give further evidence for the claim that this phenomenon is generic to PECVD films and is attributable to the removal of bonded hydrogen: the magnitude of stress increase is independent of the film stress and can be accounted for with a calculation involving the amount of evolved hydrogen. The massive stress changes cause film fracture in most of the films discussed here, with a large diversity of fracture behavior exhibited. The effects of deposition conditions (temperature, plasma frequency, substrate) on film modulus, hardness and coefficient of thermal expansion, as well as stress and stress hysteresis are also examined.
Strontium-90 in Canada goose eggshells and reed canary grass from the Columbia River, Washington

Strontium-90 (90SR) released to the ground near the N Reactor at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site enters the Columbia River through shoreline seeps. The 90Sr is then potentially available for uptake by plants and animals. The life history and foraging behavior of nesting Canada geese is such that female geese could ingest 90Sr while foraging on shoreline plants. Radichemical analyses showed that goose eggshells taken from an island, downstream from the N Reactor, contained more 90Sr than did eggshells collected from other downstream islands. Reed canary grass samples taken from shoreline areas immediately downstream from the N Reactor contained higher concentrations of 90Sr than samples from other downstream areas. All goose eggshells did not contain enhanced levels of 90Sr, and all reed canary grass samples did not contain enhanced levels of 90Sr, but a relationship exists between the releases of 90Sr to the Columbia River and the enhanced levels of 90Sr in some of the environmental samples analyzed.
Transmembrane signaling by antigen receptors of B and T lymphocytes

The specificity of immune responses depends upon the activation of only those lymphocytes that recognize the introduced antigen. In recent years, a great deal has been learned about the structure of lymphocyte receptors for antigens and about their signal transduction mechanism. These receptors activate intracellular protein tyrosine kinases of at least two families, the Src family and the Syk/ZAP-70 family. Recent studies have given us considerable insight into the interactions of these two types of kinases and how they mediate antigen receptor signaling.
The Detection of Carriers of Fowl Cholera, and Its Control, by Means of a Stained-Antigen, Rapid Whole- Blood Test

Abstract THE possibility of diagnosing fowl cholera infection with assurance is largely limited to certain laboratory methods such as the microscopic demonstration of the bipolar organisms in stained blood smears and their recovery and identification by cultural procedures and pathogenicity tests. Barger and Card (1935) state that “certain biological tests have been tried in the diagnosis of fowl cholera, but they have not proved to be of practical value.” The disease has in a few instances been diagnosed in poultry by means of the complement-fixation test, but this procedure is too expensive and time consuming to be suitable for common use. Several investigators have reported on the tube-method agglutination test as an aid in the diagnosis of cholera infection. It was shown by Csontos (1934 Csontos (1935) that the infection could be demonstrated by means of the agglutination test. Latif (1927) reported on an agglutination test (tube method) for fowl cholera, in . . .
Conformational Analysis in Mobile Cyclohexane Systems

By “Conformational Analysis” is meant the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of a compound in terms of its preferred “conformations”, i.e. rotational arrangements about single bonds. This particular review deals with cyclohexanoid compounds capable of existing in two or more stable conformations.
The Relationships Between States’ DUI Penalties and HIV-Positive Adults’ Drinking Behaviors

Evidence that persons with HIV who reside in states with stricter DUI penalties drink less might suggest that changes to alcohol policy might improve the health of persons with HIV and reduce the rate of new infections. Using multi-level modeling and data from the national HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, we examined how states’ DUI-related fines, jail time, license suspension, and court-referred treatment/education policies were related to past month drinking/not (n = 2,255) and among drinkers (n = 1,117), drinking frequency, drinks per occasion, and engagement in frequent heavy drinking. Fine strictness was negatively related to all outcomes. Residents in states with court-referred treatment/education had more current drinkers. Results suggested that punitive DUI policies might curb a variety of drinking behaviors whereas harm reduction DUI policies (e.g., court treatment programs) might have been established in response to higher drinking rates.
Lost in Translation? The Diffusion of Tim Hortons’ Restaurants in the Great Lakes Borderlands

Tim Hortons’ first donut store was established in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1964; other stores were added over time as the chain gradually diffused across Canada to become the country’s largest quick-service restaurant chain with more than 2,400 restaurants. In achieving this dominant status it adopted one of the strategies of any successful restaurant chain; utilizing a uniform architectural style to emphasize to customers the consistency in its menu and operations. This article examines the processes underlying the development of the Tim Hortons brand and the diffusion of its restaurants into the US, specifically the appearance of their restaurants in the Great Lakes borderlands. The study found a consistent architectural style in Ontario but several different styles in Michigan and New York. It is suggested that this lack of consistency in brand identification in its US restaurants is a contributory factor to their lack of profitability and smaller sales.
Graft copolymers of starch with mixtures of acrylamide and the nitric acid salt of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate

Mixtures of acrylamide and the nitric acid salt of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA·HNO3) have been graft polymerized onto unmodified wheat starch with ferrous ammonium sulfate–hydrogen peroxide initiation. Graft polymerizations were carried out with both unswollen starch granules and granules that had been swollen by heating in water to 60°C. Ungrafted synthetic polymers were removed from graft copolymers by cold-water extraction and were characterized by their Mn and DMAEMA·HNO3 content. Graft copolymers were characterized with respect to per cent add-on, Mn and DMAEMA·HNO3 content of grafted polymer, and grafting frequency. Ungrafted synthetic polymers contained a mole percentage of DMAEMA·HNO3 equal to or greater than that present in the initial monomer mixtures; whereas in most grafted polymers the mole-% DMAEMA·HNO3 in the grafted branches was less than that in the starting monomers. At all monomer ratios examined, polymer grafted to swollen starch granules contained a higher percentage of DMAEMA·HNO3 then polymer grafted to unswollen starch. The influence of starch granule swelling on the molecular weight and frequency of grafted branches was correlated with the composition of the initial monomer mixture. It was determined that the effect of granule swelling on graft copolymer structure would be minimal when 25–30 mole-% DMAEMA·HNO3 was used. In an acetonitrile–water solvent system, reactions with 20 and 50 mole-% DMAEMA·HNO3 produced graft copolymers with less DMAEMA·HNO3 in grafted branches than corresponding graft polymerizations run in water. The flocculation of 3% aqueous suspensions of diatomaceous silica was examined with selected starch graft copolymers.
Collisional angular momentum mixing of f states of Na

In Na, the energy gap ..delta..E between the n,d state and the n,l > 2 states is ten times larger than ..delta..E between n,f and the n,l > 3 states. To investigate the effect of this difference on the d- and f-state l-mixing cross sections, sigma/sub d/ and sigma/sub f/, we have recently carried out experiments to measure sigma/sub d-f/, the l-mixing cross sections for a microwave-induced mixture of d and f states. Using the previously measured values of sigma/sub d/, we have derived values of sigma/sub f/ which have the same n dependence as sigma/sub d/. sigma/sub f/ is larger than sigma/sub d/ for Ne, but smaller for He and Ar. In addition, we have analyzed the final states after one collision with Ar using selective field ionization of the 17l states and have observed that after one collision all the l states are equally populated indicating that there are no ..delta..l selection rules for the process. This confirms the earlier suggestion that l mixing is caused by a short-range interaction.
Kinetics of BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 Formation from Metallo‐organic Precursors

Kinetics of BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 formation from metalloorganic precursors were studied. The fine grain size of the decomposed product and the greater degree of mixing led to very rapid kinetics of compound formation. The kinetics data were fitted to the Carter model for a diffusion-controlled process. Formation of PbTiO3 was modeled as a two-stage process with a single activation energy, and the formation of BaTiO3 as a single-stage process.
Accretion onto a moving black hole: An exact solution

We present an analytic solution for the steady-state, subsonic accretion of a gaseous medium onto a Schwarzschild or Kerr black hole. The black hole moves at a constant velocity through the medium, which is uniform and at rest far from the hole and obeys a P=\ensuremath{\rho} adiabatic equation of state. In the case of a rotating Kerr black hole, the flow is fully three dimensional, but the accretion rate does not depend on the orientation of the hole's spin with respect to the incident direction of the flow.
A Multigrid-Preconditioned Newton--Krylov Method for the Incompressible Navier--Stokes Equations

Globalized inexact Newton methods are well suited for solving large-scale systems of nonlinear equations. When combined with a Krylov iterative method, an explicit Jacobian is never needed, and the resulting matrix-free Newton--Krylov method greatly simplifies application of the method to complex problems. Despite asymptotically superlinear rates of convergence, the overall efficiency of a Newton--Krylov solver is determined by the preconditioner. High-quality preconditioners can be constructed from methods that incorporate problem-specific information, and for the incompressible Navier--Stokes equations, classical pressure-correction methods such as SIMPLE and SIMPLER fulfill this requirement. A preconditioner is constructed by using these pressure-correction methods as smoothers in a linear multigrid procedure. The effectiveness of the resulting Newton--Krylov-multigrid method is demonstrated on benchmark incompressible flow problems.
Calculation of Quasi-Particle Energies of Aromatic Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111).

We present many-body perturbation theory calculations of the electronic properties of phenylene diisocyanide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on a gold surface. Using structural models obtained within density functional theory (DFT), we have investigated how the SAM molecular energies are modified by self-energy corrections and how they are affected by the presence of the surface. We have employed a combination of GW (G = Green’s function; W = screened Coulomb interaction) calculations of the SAM quasi-particle energies and a semiclassical image potential model to account for surface polarization effects. We find that it is essential to include both quasi-particle corrections and surface screening in order to provide a reasonable estimate of the energy level alignment at a SAM−metal interface. In particular, our results show that within the GW approximation the energy distance between phenylene diisocyanide SAM energy levels and the gold surface Fermi level is much larger than that found within DFT, e.g.,...
Ellipsometric Measurements Of Thin Residual Films On Thermally Oxidized Silicon

Photoresist has been extensively used in the semiconductor industry for the masking and etching operation of integrated circuit fabrication. Photoresist cleanliness is a major factor influencing the overall quality of the photolithographic process. Because of its high sensitivity and the non-destructive nature of optical measurements, ellipsometry has been used in the present study to characterize thin residual films on thermally oxidized silicon. The optical constants of silicon and refractive index and thickness of the oxide film have been determined ellipsometrically at λ6328A. Thin residual films of less than 50A resulted as determined by the difference in the measurements before and after a given photolithographic process. Sample results are presented to show that ellipsometry is an extremely sensitive and effective tool of monitoring the cleanliness of photoresist treated surface after photolithographic process. Because of the limited precision and accuracy of our present ellipsometer, the optical constants of such a very thin residual film cannot be determined precisely.
Characterization Of Images Produced By Single And Multiple Apertures And Their Applications

We have considered the image formation due to a number of single and multiple apertures in their immediate vicinity. Under incoherent illumination the images are produced with an extremely high demagnification, typically of the order of 103. Analyses based on geometrical optics, Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory and the optical transfer function (OTF) have been used to characterize the images produced by pinholes, rectangular slits and rectangular transmission gratings. The high factor of demagnification has been advantageously utilized for numerous applications including image subtraction and phase object characterization. The reverse geometry producing highly magnified images has been discussed and applied to displacement metrology.
Instability of Some Black Holes

It has been found that some charged, rotating black holes are unstable to the growth of a small, perturbing, massless scalar field. Additionally, there are strong indications that some uncharged black holes will be unstable to gravitational and electromagnetic perturbations as well.
A HREELS/TDS study of the intermediate formed by the reaction of C2N2 with H2 on Pt(111)

Abstract We report vibrational spectroscopy data (HREELS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy results on the molecular intermediate which is formed when cyanogen and hydrogen are coadsorbed on Pt(111). The reaction of cyanogen with adsorbed hydrogen becomes appreciable at ∼ 250 K. The vibrational spectrum of the surface species which is formed is consistent with a di-imine species (HN=CH=CH=NH). The di-imine decomposes at a surface temperature of 430 K resulting in the desorption of cyanagen and hydrogen.
Revised Dating For Early Rock Art of the Glen Canyon Region

The earliest style of petrographs known for the Glen Canyon region, Arizona and Utah, is believed to be much older than previously held. Between 4000 to 8000 yr ago is the suggested new beginning date.
Investigation into surfactant-aided matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry for peptide mapping

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) is a popular analytical tool for the analysis of large biomolecules such as proteins, oligonucleotides and oligosaccharides. This method has proven to be extremely useful for the analysis of water soluble proteins. However, analysis of hydrophobic proteins using MALDI-MS has been more of a challenge. The difficulty arises due to the limited solubility of these compounds in the aqueous solutions used to prepare the MALDI matrix. This study has investigated the effect of surfactants on the MALDI-MS data obtained from hydrophobic peptides and tryptic digests of hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins. The surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate was found to improve the information content obtained during MALDI-MS analysis of such molecules. Preliminary results which examine the applicability of surfactant-aided MALDI-TOFMS for the characterization of proteolytic digests of proteins will be presented, and the potential use of this analytical strategy in a proteomics-based examination of intrinsic membrane proteins will be discussed.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The density of the nonbranching degrees

On prend certaines sous-classes definissables naturelles et importante de degres recursivement enumerables et on etudie leur relation aux degres recursivement enumerables comme un tout. On obtient des informations sur la structure algebrique des degres recursivement enumerables
Lattice dynamic analysis of Raman data from tin tetrabromide: Chains at high pressures

A lattice dynamic model of chains of SnBr4 molecules is developed to analyze previously published Raman data at high pressures. This model is used to evaluate both the intra- and intermolecular bonding in SnBr4 up to about 10 GPa. The effective force constant associated with the intramolecular SnBr bond is found to increase in an approximately linear manner with pressure. The effective force constant of the intramolecular BrBr bond shows a dramatic decrease of about 30% near 6 GPA, the pressure at which chains of molecules begin to form in SnBr4. The effective force constant associated with the intermolecular BrBr bond rises linearly with pressure after the chains begin to form.
The probability of probability concept transfer

An attempt was made to demonstrate positive transfer of probability concepts from tasks in a mathematics classroom setting to similar tasks presented outside of the mathematics classroom. The results indicated that learning occurred as a result of classroom instruction. However, there was no evidence of transfer of the probability concepts.
Assessing the outcomes of student involvement in research: Educational outcomes in an Engineering Research Center

The academic literature on NSF's Engineering Research Center (ERC) program to date has been characterized with an emphasis that is somewhat disconnected from the stated goals of the program. The ERC program was established to accomplish two main goals: to improve engineering research and education so that engineers training in US universities can more readily contribute to engineering practice; and to train engineers in industry-relevant ways to improve industrial competitiveness. However, the bulk of academic writing on this program has focused on evaluating outcomes that are indirectly related to the core program mission, such as new products and processes acquired by firms, patents and licensing revenues, etc. To address this gap, this study assesses how ERCs affect student educational and training outcomes. Using survey data from a study of students affiliated with the Mid-America Earthquake Centre, this study assesses how center experiences affect the educational effects of ERCs. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
TEXTURE OF TEMPERATE FRUITS

Temperate fruits may be classed into two groups on the basis of their texture. One group comprises fruits that soften greatly as they ripen. These are characterized by a soft melting texture and usually have a relatively short shelf life. The measurement of the texture of these fruits is relatively straightforward. The second group encompasses fruits that soften moderately as they ripen. These are characterized by a firm, crisp, fracturable texture and have a relatively long storage life. The measurement of their texture poses a number of complex problems. Some factors that affect the firmness of temperate fruits are the kind, size, variety, maturity and temperature of the fruit, and cultural factors.
Transition Effects of Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

The calculation of the multiplication of the soft component of the cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere is refined by use of the exact high energy radiative formulae of Bethe and Heitler, and the resulting diffusion equations are solved by the method of Snyder. Comparison with the vertical counter work of Pfotzer, and of Carmichael and Dymond, and with the ionization chamber data of Bowen, Millikan, and Neher, shows that the calculated position of the maximum of the multiplication curve is now in good agreement with that observed. The latter comparison also indicates that the penetrating component is at least largely of secondary origin.
Embryonic testis cord formation and mesonephric cell migration requires the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway

Mesonephric cell migration and seminiferous cord formation are critical processes in embryonic testis development at the time of male sex determination. Extracellular growth factors shown to influence seminiferous cord formation such as neurotropin-3 utilize in part the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway. The current study investigates the hypothesis that the PI3K pathway is critical in seminiferous cord formation and testis development. The role of the PI3K signaling pathway in testicular cord formation was examined using an Embryonic Day 13 organ culture system and a PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002. The actions of a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-specific inhibitor PD98059 was also examined. The PI3K inhibitor blocked cord formation or reduced the number of cords in a concentration-dependent manner. The actions of LY294002 were found to have a developmental stage specificity in that cord inhibition was observed in organs from embryos with 16-17 tail somites, while organs from embryos with 19 or more tail somites had no block in cord formation and only a small reduction in cord number. In contrast, the MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059 did not block cord formation and only caused a slight reduction in cord number. Neither PI3K or MAP kinase inhibitor altered apoptotic cell number, suggesting apoptosis was not the reason for the inhibition of cord formation. Embryonic testis cell migration assays showed that the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked mesonephros cell migration into the testis, while the MAP kinase inhibitor had no effect. Observations suggest the interference of cell migration is the cause for the inhibition of cord formation. Western blot analysis confirmed that LY294002 and PD98509 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/ERK2, respectively. Combined observations demonstrate that the PI3K signaling pathway is involved in embryonic testis cord formation and mesonephros cell migration.
Environmental Patterns Are Imposed on the Population Structure of Escherichia coli after Fecal Deposition

The intestinal microbe Escherichia coli is subject to fecal deposition in secondary habitats, where it persists transiently, allowing for the opportunity to colonize new hosts. Selection in the secondary habitat can be postulated, but its impact on the genomic diversity of E. coli is unknown. Environmental selective pressure on extrahost E. coli can be revealed by landscape genetic analysis, which examines the influences of dispersal processes, landscape features, and the environment on the spatiotemporal distribution of genes in natural populations. We conducted multilocus sequence analysis of 353 E. coli isolates from soil and fecal samples obtained in a recreational meadow to examine the ecological processes controlling their distributions. Soil isolates, as a group, were not genetically distinct from fecal isolates, with only 0.8% of genetic variation and no fixed mutations attributed to the isolate source. Analysis of the landscape genetic structure of E. coli populations showed a patchy spatial structure consistent with patterns of fecal deposition. Controlling for the spatial pattern made it possible to detect environmental gradients of pH, moisture, and organic matter corresponding to the genetic structure of E. coli in soil. Ecological distinctions among E. coli subpopulations (i.e., E. coli reference collection [ECOR] groups) contributed to variation in subpopulation distributions. Therefore, while fecal deposition is the major predictor of E. coli distributions on the field scale, selection imposed by the soil environment has a significant impact on E. coli population structure and potentially amplifies the occasional introduction of stress-tolerant strains to new host individuals by transmission through water or food.
On the possibility of strong versus weak quantification of scenic beauty—a further response to carlson

Abstract This short communication addresses some key points of contention regarding the use of quantification in the difficult business of assessing aesthetic value in landscapes by empirical-scientific systematic means. Important problems with the assignment of quantities to qualities are recognized, and the practice is described by distinguishing basic methods of aesthetic quantification as they relate to standards of aesthetic knowledge and evidence. The advantages and limitations of each method are briefly explored in defense of the range of landscape assessment possibilities open to empirical methods, as distinguished from purely qualitative critical assessment methods. The argument is framed within the broader debate between the author and A.A. Carlson regarding these issues, and seeks to further inform that discourse while also breaking some new ground and standing on its own in informing the practice of visual assessment and research.
A Mathematical Model of the Thermal Decomposition of Wood

Abstract A mathematical model developed for computer solution of heat transfer problems involving change of phase heat effects was applied to the prediction of transient temperature distributions and volatile product evolution rates in decomposing wood specimens. The required data input for the model was obtained directly from differential scanning calorimetric and thermal gravimetric measurements along with measured values of thermal conductivity A fast response electrical heater was designed to allow accurate specification of a constant heat flux boundary condition at the surface of a wood test specimen. Wood specimens were heated and partially decomposed while temperature profiles in the test specimen were measured with fine wire thermocouples. The measured temperature profiles, along with measurements of the weight loss of the heated specimen, were in good agreement with results predicted by the mathematical model. The model has several advantages over previous models, in that constancy of thermal pro...