cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic variability of rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) at the leading edge of its riverine invasion

Species around the globe are undergoing phenotypic shifts at ecologically relevant timescales as they invade new ecosystems and respond to changing environments. Disentangling the contribution of environmental gradients from the process of range expansion in shaping these changes, and identifying the specific traits undergoing selection, are both critical to anticipate the secondary spread and impact of invasive species. Here, we investigate phenotypic changes in rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus), a nuisance invasive species, through an extensive survey of their invasion gradient in multiple tributaries of the John Day River (JDR, Oregon, U.S.A.), a major tributary of the Columbia River. Rusty crayfish in the JDR have developed better physiological condition (intrinsic growth and/or reproductive potential measured as RNA/DNA ratio) but less competitive morphology (lighter body and smaller claws) as they spread upstream and downstream from their location of initial introduction. In addition, rusty crayfish in invasion front populations are at a lower trophic level than conspecifics closer to core areas. By accounting for variations in temperature, primary productivity, and prey (macroinvertebrates) biomass throughout the invasion extent of rusty crayfish, our findings suggest that low conspecific densities at the invasion edge and spatial sorting primarily drive these phenotypic changes. The trends observed here are thus likely to intensify over time as rusty crayfish continues to rapidly spread throughout the JDR and reach the mainstem Columbia River. Our study shows that phenotypic shifts can manifest rapidly over environmental gradients experienced during the range expansion of aquatic invasive species. Patterns in both morphological and functional traits documented in the JDR demonstrate the importance of both environmental factors and dispersal processes in shaping these responses in riverine networks.
Cost Implications of Indefinite Delivery–Indefinite Quantity Contracting in the US Defense Sector

AbstractPublic sector procurement policies are traditionally designed to encourage open competition to ensure a fair price. Yet many public agencies also deliberately use procurement strategies, su...
Explainable Visualization of Collaborative Vandal Behaviors in Wikipedia

Online social networks are prone to be targeted by various frauds and attacks, which are difficult to detect due to their complexity and variations. The challenge is to make sense of all information with suitable exploration tools for different groups of users. This project focuses on an explainable visualization approach to study collaborative behaviors of vandal users on Wikipedia. Our approach creates visualization with commonly used techniques from cartography and statistical graphics that are familiar to the general public for effectiveness and explainability. We have built a large-scale visualization system which supports an illustrative interface with multiple data query, filtering, analysis, and interactive exploration functions. Examples and case studies are provided to demonstrate that our approach can be used effectively for a set of Wikipedia behavior analysis tasks.
Incidence and Outcomes of Home Parenteral Nutrition in Patients With Crohn Disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Background We sought to estimate the incidence of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) use in a population-based cohort of patients with Crohn disease (CD), and to assess clinical outcomes and complications associated with HPN. Methods We used the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) to identify residents of Olmsted County, who were diagnosed with CD between 1970 and 2011, and required HPN. Results Fourteen out of 429 patients (3.3%) with CD received HPN (86% female). Eleven patients (79%) had moderate-severe CD and 12 patients (86%) had fistulizing disease. Thirteen patients (93%) underwent surgery, primarily due to obstruction. Among CD incidence cases, the cumulative incidence of HPN from the date of CD diagnosis was 0% at 1 year, 0.5% at 5 years, 0.8% at 10 years, and 2.4% at 20 years. Indications for HPN included short bowel syndrome in 64%, malnutrition in 29%, and bowel rest in 21%. The median duration of HPN was 2.5 years. There was an average weight gain of 1.2 kg at 6 months, an average weight loss of 1.4 kg at 1 year, and a further weight loss of 2.2 kg at 2 years from the start of HPN. Patients were hospitalized a mean of 5 times after the start of HPN, mainly due to catheter-related bloodstream infections and thrombosis. Conclusions Less than 4% of patients with CD need HPN. Most have moderate to severe disease with short bowel syndrome or malnutrition. Possible reasons for the patients' weight loss could be noncompliance, and increased metabolic needs because of active disease.
On environments of not knowing: How some environmental spaces and circulations are made inscrutable

Abstract In this paper we develop the concept of “inscrutable spaces” to describe spaces that are made difficult to know by an interplay of biophysical, epistemic, and political economic factors, and whose unintelligibility has serious repercussions for environmental politics and everyday life. We also offer an analytic that can be used to examine how inscrutable spaces are produced and maintained. Together, the concept and analytic provide scholars with tools for examining how and why knowledge is not produced in some environmental spaces despite their importance, as well as how knowledge absences persist over time. After developing the analytic, we apply it to two case studies – one about airborne dust and one about aquifer management – to show how atmospheric and subsurface spaces were actively made inscrutable. A key component of the inscrutable spaces analytic is its inclusion of biophysical attributes in examinations of environmental unintelligibility. Rather than relegating biophysical dynamics to the background, the framework encourages analysts to investigate how biophysical factors interact with epistemic and political economic influences to produce gaps in environmental knowledge production that are persistent and consequential. The utility of this approach is three-fold: (1) working to tease these factors apart makes the impacts of each more discernible; (2) putting them back together again highlights how they interact to produce and maintain inscrutable spaces and circulations; and (3) leveraging a systematic approach to analyzing inscrutability allows for fruitful comparisons among case studies that can illuminate broader trends in the (non)production of environmental knowledge.
Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis exhibit sex-specific pain encoding in mice

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) plays an emerging role in pain regulation. Pharmacological studies have found that inhibiting corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the BNST can selectively mitigate the sensory and affective-motivational components of pain. However, mechanistic insight on the source of CRF that drives BNST responses to these harmful experiences remains unknown. In the present study, we used a series of genetic approaches to show that CRF in the BNST is engaged in the processing and modulation of pain. We conducted cell-type specific in vivo calcium imaging in CRF-Cre mice and found robust and synchronized recruitment of BNSTCRF neurons during acute exposures to noxious heat. Distinct patterns of recruitment were observed by sex, as the magnitude and timing of heat responsive activity in BNSTCRF neurons differed for male and female mice. We then used a viral approach in Floxed-CRF mice to selectively reduce CRF expression in the BNST and found it decreased nociceptive sensitivity for both sexes and increased paw attending for females. Together, these findings reveal that CRF in the BNST influences multiple facets of the pain experience to impact the sex-specific expression of pain-related behaviors.
Time course of renal sodium transport in the pregnant rat

Abstract Progressive sodium retention and cumulative plasma volume expansion occur to support the developing fetus during pregnancy. Sodium retention is regulated by individual tubular transporters and channels. An increase or decrease in any single transporter could cause a change in sodium balance. Understanding the time-course for changes in each sodium transporter during pregnancy will enable us to understand progressive sodium retention seen in pregnancy. Here, we examined the activity of the major apical sodium transporters found in the nephron using natriuretic response tests in virgin, early pregnant, mid-pregnant, and late pregnant rats. We also measured renal and serum aldosterone levels. We found that furosemide sensitive sodium transport (NKCC2) is only increased during late pregnancy, thiazide sensitive sodium transport (NDCBE/pendrin) is increased in all stages of pregnancy, and that benzamil sensitive sodium transport (ENaC) is increased beginning in mid-pregnancy. We also found that serum aldosterone levels progressively increased throughout gestation and kidney tissue aldosterone levels increased only during late pregnancy. Here we have shown progressive turning on of specific sodium transport mechanisms to help support progressive sodium retention through the course of gestation. These mechanisms contribute to the renal sodium retention and plasma volume expansion required for an optimal pregnancy.
Episodic thought distinguishes spontaneous cognition in waking from REM and NREM sleep

Abstract Evidence suggests continuity between cognition in waking and sleeping states. However, one type of cognition that may differ is episodic thoughts of the past and future. The current study investigated this across waking, NREM sleep and REM sleep. We analyzed thought reports obtained from a large sample of individuals (N = 138) who underwent experience-sampling during wakefulness as well as serial awakenings in sleep. Our data suggest that while episodic thoughts are common during waking spontaneous thought, episodic thoughts of both the past and the future rarely occur in either N2 or REM sleep. Moreover, replicating previous findings, episodic thoughts during wakefulness exhibit a strong prospective bias and frequently involve autobiographical planning. Together, these results suggest that the occurrence of spontaneous episodic thoughts differs substantially across waking and dreaming sleep states. We suggest that this points to a difference in the way that human consciousness is typically experienced across the sleep-wake cycle.
Wind Loads on Girder Bridges

This paper supplements the rather small fund of knowledge available for designing girder bridges to resist wind loads. The authors have made wind-tunnel studies of the effect of variation in the an...
Cox, Gertrude Mary: A Brief Biography

This article has no abstract. Keywords: biometrics; statistical pioneer; experimental design
Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science

Now that the anti-metaphysical crusade of classical positivism has spent its force, and has been fragmented into the qualified and revisionist versions of logical empiricism, there is evidence of a cautious rediscovery of the relevance of metaphysics to science, within some recent discussion in philosophy and history of science. I say ‘rediscovery’ because the thesis is certainly not new, and some hardy souls within philosophy and history of science have held it all along in one or another version, even in the heyday of verificationism and reductionism. But what appears in present discussion is not radical enough. Rather, I would characterize it not simply as cautious, but as an attempt at piecemeal reconstruction within the framework of logical empiricism; or else simply as an emasculated descriptivist thesis about the history of science (simply repeating what every serious student of the subject knows: namely that metaphysics has always been relevant to science in paradigmatic historical instances).
Association of the regulatory beta-adrenergic receptor kinase with rat liver microsomal membranes.

beta-Adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) is a regulatory enzyme involved in the modulation of beta-adrenergic and other G protein-coupled receptors. It has been described that beta ARK is a cytosolic protein that transiently translocates to the plasma membrane in order to specifically phosphorylate agonist-occupied receptors. In this report, we used beta ARK-specific antibodies to demonstrate that a significant amount of this kinase is present in rat liver microsomal membranes. beta ARK seems to be peripherally associated with the cytosolic side of microsomal membranes since it can be stripped from the membranes by mild salt treatment. Cell-free association experiments indicate that the interaction of beta ARK is reversible, saturable, and strongly inhibited by protease or heat treatment of the microsomes, thus suggesting that beta ARK interacts with a protein component of the microsomal membrane. Gradient fractionation studies indicate that the highest beta ARK-specific activity co-migrates with endoplasmic reticulum enzymatic markers. Furthermore, indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy experiments performed in cultured cells using affinity-purified anti-beta ARK antibodies are consistent with this subcellular localization pattern. Taken together, our data suggest that several beta ARK pools (i.e. microsome-bound, plasma membrane-bound, and cytosolic) may exist inside the cell. Such results are in line with recent reports showing that proteins involved in plasma membrane signal transduction, such as heterotrimeric G proteins, are also associated with membranes of different intracellular organelles.
Micropuncture Study of Pancreatic Secretion in the Cat

Using micropuncture techniques, pancreatic electrolyte secretion was studied in 50 female mongrel cats. During maximal secretin stimulation (GIH, 4 to 6 U per kg-hr), juice was collected from intralobular (10 to 50 µ diameter), and extralobular (25 to 300 µ diameter) ducts by micropuncture and compared with juice simultaneously collected from the main duct. The juice [Cl-] steadily decreased from intralobular ducts (112 ± 9 mEq per liter) to the main duct (46 ± 8 mEq per liter). During in vivo perfusion, secretion of H2O and HCO3- by the extralobular ducts (25 to 150 µ diameter) was sensitive to secretin. There was no evidence for secretion by the main duct. Pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes appears to result from the admixture of a Cl-rich primary secretion originating from intralobular structures and a larger volume of HCO3--rich fluid originating from the smaller extralobular ducts. HCO3--Cl- exchange in these ducts accounts for the characteristic changes in concentrations of HCO3- and Cl- as the flow rate varies.
Mitotic activation of proliferative cells in the inner nuclear layer of the mature fish retina: Regulatory signals and molecular markers

New neurons continuously differentiate within the otherwise mature retina of teleost fish, both under normal conditions and in response to injury. We investigated the effects of surgical injury and intraocular injection of neurotrophic factors on the mitotic rate of proliferative inner nuclear layer cells (PINC). PINC are continually born in the inner nuclear layer and then migrate to the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Surgical excision of a part of a retina activates PINC mitotic activity near and far from the lesion. In the injured eye, up-regulation of PINC cells is largest in the dorsonasal sector of the retina, regardless of the site of lesion. Up-regulation extends even to the unlesioned contralateral eye, where it occurs in the same dorsonasal sector. Intraocular injection of ciliary neurotrophic factor mimics the effect of injury on PINC in the treated eye but not on the untreated contralateral retina. We searched for the expression in PINC of Pax6, a transcription factor linked to retinal progenitor cells and found that less than 0.5% of all PINC cells express it. Importantly, the number of Pax6-expressing PINC does not change significantly in the retinas subjected to any of the experimental manipulations tested. Under normal conditions, the default fate of PINC cells is to migrate to the ONL and, likely, replenish the rod progenitor pool. PINC respond to injury (both surgical and light-dependent) by increasing their mitotic rate; this increase is long lived, but there are no changes in the expression level of Pax6. PINC probably are a heterogenous cell population that can be specified for ultimate, different purposes: creating rod precursors, creating founder cells, creating cone precursors. Several fates are recognized now, but others may also be possible. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:127–141, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The root distribution of polynomials with a three-term recurrence

Abstract For any fixed positive integer n, we study the root distribution of a sequence of polynomials H m ( z ) satisfying the rational generating function ∑ m = 0 ∞ H m ( z ) t m = 1 1 + B ( z ) t + A ( z ) t n where A ( z ) and B ( z ) are any polynomials in z with complex coefficients. We show that the roots of H m ( z ) which satisfy A ( z ) ≠ 0 lie on a specific fixed real algebraic curve for all large m.
Software section: MINTO, a mixed INTeger optimizer

MINTO is a software system that solves mixed-integer linear programs by a branch-and-bound algorithm with linear programming relaxations. It also provides automatic constraint classification, preprocessing, primal heuristics and constraint generation. Moreover, the user can enrich the basic algorithm by providing a variety of specialized application routines that can customize MINTO to achieve maximum efficiency for a problem class.
Characterization of equine natural killer and IL-2 stimulated lymphokine activated killer cell populations.

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system. Though intensively studied in humans and rodents, NK cells remain less well characterized in other species. Studies are often limited by the lack of specific cell markers; however, the mAb NK-5C6 has been suggested to recognize an evolutionarily conserved molecule on NK cells and reacts with cells from several species. This mAb was used in the current investigation to identify and characterize equine NK cells, and was found to label approximately 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Two-color flow cytometry analysis identified the NK-5C6+ cell population as being CD3−, CD4− and CD8−, but positive for MHC class I and LFA-1 expression. Depletion of CD3+ T cells increased the percent NK-5C6+ cells in PBL; this enriched population demonstrated a specific cytotoxic response against a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) deficient NK target cell line (K-562), but not MHC+ target cells (EqT8888). These results provide evidence for an equine NK cell population, which exhibits endogenous lytic activity and a phenotype similar to that of human and mouse NK cells. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with IL-2 promoted the development of LAK cells. These cells were predominantly CD3+ T cells, demonstrated intracellular perforin expression, and effectively lysed both K-562 and EqT8888 target cells. Hence, equine NK cells can be identified by the NK-5C6 mAb and distinguished from IL-2 stimulated LAK cells by their cytotoxic response to specific target cell lines.
Non-thermal equilibrium melting of granular packed bed in horizontal forced convection. Part II: numerical simulation

Abstract A mathematic model based on the theory of interacting continua is developed to describe the complex liquid–solid two-phase flow with phase-change particles as encountered in non-thermal equilibrium melting of granular packed bed subject to horizontal, forced convection. The model is solved numerically using the SIMPLE method, in which the pressure correction based on two-phase mixture continuity equation is implemented. Conservation equations are solved in the entire computational domain including both the liquid–solid region and liquid-only region. It is ensured that the global mass, momentum, and energy of two phases are conserved. The local volume-averaged solid velocity and solid volume fractions are predicted as variables so that the moving and repacking of solid particles can be simulated. This is a step forward from the results published in the open literature where the assumptions of zero-relative motion of solid particles and constant porosity or the constant volume are often used. In addition, the model provides the detailed information about the motion of two phases and phase-change characteristics. Within the uncertainty, the simulation results agree reasonably with the available experimental data presented in Part I of this study [1] .
A global subsonic solution to an interacting transonic shock for the self-similar nonlinear wave equation

Abstract We present the existence of the subsonic solution to a two-dimensional Riemann problem governed by a self-similar nonlinear wave equation where the boundary of the subsonic region consists of a transonic shock and the sonic circle. Thus the governing equation becomes a free boundary problem on the transonic shock and degenerates on the sonic circle. By utilizing the barrier methods and iterative methods, we show the well-posedness of the transonic shock in the entire subsonic region and thus establish the global solution. This result does not rely on any smallness of Riemann data.
The Role of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Regeneration in the Induction Requirement of Photosynthetic CO2 Exchange under Transient Light Conditions

The temporally variable light environment of natural plant canopies presents distinct limitations to carbon assimilation, partially as a result of the photosynthetic induction requirement that develops when leaves are shaded. This study was undertaken with soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves to further identify factors contributing to the activation state of the fast component of induction during low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) periods. Determination of pool sizes of carbon reduction cycle intermediates at low light and upon return to saturating light indicated that different limitations to photosynthetic activity arise over the time course of a 10-minute low PPFD period. Photosynthetic activity upon reillumination was limited by the regeneration of ribulose 1,5-P2. There was an increase in the levels of fructose 1,6-P2, sedoheptulose 1,7-P2, triose-P, ribose 5-P, and ribulose 5-P pools, indicating inactivation of stromal enzymes, most notably fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase, and ribulose 5-P kinase. The fast-induction component was the most important factor limiting assimilation during rapid, brief light transients, during which the decay of the slow component was minimal. This may be particularly significant for upper leaves in soybean canopies that generally experience very rapid light transients.
Decision rules and signal detectability in a reinforcement-density discrimination.

Two probabilistic schedules of reinforcement, one richer in reinforcement, the other leaner, were overlapping stimuli to be discriminated in a choice situation. One of two schedules was in effect for 12 seconds. Then, during a 6-second choice period, the first left-key peck was reinforced if the richer schedule had been in effect, and the first right-key peck was reinforced if the leaner schedule had been in effect. The two schedule stimuli may be viewed as two binomial distributions of the number of reinforcement opportunities. Each schedule yielded different frequencies of 16 substimuli. Each substimulus had a particular type of outcome pattern for the 12 seconds during which a schedule was in effect, and consisted of four consecutive light-cued 3-second T-cycles, each having 0 or 1 reinforced center-key pecks. Substimuli therefore contained 0 to 4 reinforcers. On any 3-second cycle, the first center-key peck darkened that key and was reinforced with probability .75 or .25 in the richer or leaner schedules, respectively. In terms of the theory of signal detection, detectability neared the maximum possible d′ for all four pigeons. Left-key peck probability increased when number of reinforcers in a substimulus increased, when these occurred closer to choice, or when pellets were larger for correct left-key pecks than for correct right-key pecks. Averaged over different temporal patterns of reinforcement in a substimulus, substimuli with the same number of reinforcers produced choice probabilities that matched relative expected payoff rather than maximized one alternative.
Echocardiographic assessment of hemodynamic changes produced by two methods of inducing fluid deficit in dogs.

Background: Hydration status is important to the cardiovascular system because of its effects on preload. Decreased preload can alter echocardiographic measurements of systolic and diastolic function, potentially confounding interpretation of results. Hypothesis/Objectives: Mild fluid deficits are associated with measurable echocardiographic changes that are validated by physical and biochemical markers of decreased intravascular volume. Animals: Twenty-five healthy staff/student-owned dogs with no evidence of cardiac or renal disease. Methods: Prospective, interventional laboratory study. Dogs were randomly assigned to water deprivation (WD) alone for 8 hours (n = 13) or to furosemide treatment (FTx, 2.5 mg/kg IV) followed by WD for 8 hours (n = 12). Echocardiograms, biochemical sampling, and physical parameters were measured at baseline, and after 4 and 8 hours. Results: Both protocols induced fluid deficit as indicated by significant (P < .00001) decreases in weight at 4 hours (WD, 1.1%; FTx, 3.7%) and 8 hours (WD, 2.7%; FTx, 4.5%). Furosemide significantly decreased left ventricular end-diastolic volume (54.3 ± 19.3–42.1 ± 17.3 mL, P < .0001), cardiac index (4.2 ± 1.1–2.9 ± 0.9 L/min/M2, P < .0001), and mitral valve E wave velocity (0.79 ± 0.2–0.66 ± 0.2 m/s, P= .0004). These changes were accompanied by significant increases in blood urea nitrogen concentration (13.8 ± 2.6–14.8 ± 2.7 mg/dL, P= .04), vasopressin concentration (1.4 ± 1.2–3.3 ± 1.9 pg/mL, P= .045), and PCV (49.8 ± 4.5–53.2 ± 6.5%, P= .006). Effects of water deprivation alone were similar, but less pronounced. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Mild fluid deficits have measurable hemodynamic effects in dogs. Hydration status should be considered when evaluating cardiac function by echocardiogram.
Evaluation of a new testing policy for human immunodeficiency virus to improve screening rates.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a change in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing policy on HIV testing rates in an urban maternity clinic population. METHODS: Since 1995, our institution has provided pretest counseling and voluntary HIV testing to all pregnant women. After the 1999 Institute of Medicine recommendation of HIV testing with patient notification as a routine component of prenatal care, we conducted a prospective study to determine whether this policy would increase our HIV screening rates. The intervention incorporated HIV testing into the routine battery of tests drawn at antenatal care. Not to be tested required active refusal. The intervention group was comprised of all women receiving an initial antenatal visit in one of our eight maternity clinics between August 1, 1999, and July 30, 2000. The control group was comprised of all women presenting for prenatal care in the same clinics during the year before the intervention. RESULTS: The 3415 women in the intervention group and 3778 controls were similar with respect to most demographic and risk factors. After the intervention, HIV testing increased from 75% to 88% (P < .001). Among all women in both years of the study, women who were in the intervention group, less than 20 years of age, or who had a history of substance abuse, were more likely not to refuse testing. CONCLUSION: After implementation of a policy of routine HIV testing with active patient refusal, HIV testing rates increased among pregnant women in our large, urban obstetric clinic population.
Recommendations for a screening series for allergic contact eyelid dermatitis.

Background Although allergic contact dermatitis of the eyelids is a common condition, limited information is available regarding the selection of patch-testing chemicals for proper evaluation. Objective The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the relevance of allergens responsible for allergic eyelid dermatitis among a series of patch-tested patients attending our clinic at the University of Miami and compare these results to published studies in the literature. Methods Data were retrospectively reviewed for eyelid-only dermatitis from clinically relevant patch-test evaluations performed between December 2004 and January 2007. Results Formaldehyde was the most frequently encountered antigen, accounting for 45.83% (11/24) of the cases, followed by nickel 33.33% (8/24) and balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae) 29.17% (7/24). In addition, not only did we find a higher prevalence of certain allergens when compared with other studies, but we identified several relevant allergens not previously reported at other referral centers. Conclusions The allergens found to be relevant in eyelid dermatitis vary among different regions. These data may help contribute to generating a standard screening tool to improve the detection and management of these cases.
Observation of self-induced transparency in nano-suspensions with negative polarizability

We demonstrate for the first time stable self-trapping and self-induced transparency of light propagating in colloidal nano-suspensions with negative polarizabilities. Comparing to “polystyrene-water”-colloidal systems with positive polarizabilities, a fivefold increase in transmission ratio is achieved.
Terbutaline impairs the development of peripheral noradrenergic projections: Potential implications for autism spectrum disorders and pharmacotherapy of preterm labor

Terbutaline, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist, is used off-label for long-term management of preterm labor; such use is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders. We explored the mechanisms underlying terbutaline's effects on development of peripheral sympathetic projections in developing rats. Terbutaline administration on postnatal days 2-5 led to immediate and persistent deficiencies in cardiac norepinephrine levels, with greater effects in males than in females. The liver showed a lesser effect; we reasoned that the tissue differences could represent participation of retrograde trophic signaling from the postsynaptic site to the developing neuronal projection, since hepatic β2-adrenoceptors decline in the perinatal period. Accordingly, when we gave terbutaline earlier, on gestational days 17-20, we saw the same deficiencies in hepatic norepinephrine that had been seen in the heart with the later administration paradigm. Administration of isoproterenol, which stimulates both β1- and β2-subtypes, also had trophic effects that differed in direction and critical period from those elicited by terbutaline; methoxamine, which stimulates α1-adrenoceptors, was without effect. Thus, terbutaline, operating through trophic interactions with β2-adrenoceptors, impairs development of noradrenergic projections in a manner similar to that previously reported for its effects on the same neurotransmitter systems in the immature cerebellum. Our results point to the likelihood of autonomic dysfunction in individuals exposed prenatally to terbutaline; in light of the connection between terbutaline and autism, these results could also contribute to autonomic dysregulation seen in children with this disorder.
Grasses as a Single Genetic System. Reassessment 2001

Grasses are a large, diverse, and successful family of monocotyledonous flowering plants characterized most dramatically by their spikelet style of floral structure (Fig.[1][1]a) and by the number and pattern of these spikelets in the inflorescence. There are about 10,000 species that are
Comparison of the Thrombotest with the Modified Quick Test Drug-Induced Hypoprothrombinemia Countered with Phytonadione

Forty-five patients, given anticoagulant therapy with prothrombinopenic drugs, were given 10 mg. of phytonadione intravenously. Thrombotest prothrombin times and modified Quick-test prothrombin times were compared as indices for measuring the resulting increase in prothrombin times. These increases were similar generally for both tests. The thrombotest times were lower, approximately 0.5 to 0.67 of the comparable Quick-test times, and on several occasions, grossly inaccurate results were found with the thrombotest. Blood samples stored for 24 hours in Lusteroid tubes lost a significant reproducibility of thrombotest time. Therapeutic thrombotest-time levels are inadequate for acceptable hypoprothrombinemia as judged by the Quick-test times.
Measurement of Low‐Temperature Thermoelectric Power for Quenched Wustite

Thermoelectric power was measured at low temperatures (90 to 370 K) on wustite single crystals that had been quenched from a high-temperature equilibrium state into liquid nitrogen. Above 120 K, these measured results are consistent with the model proposed elsewhere by the authors to explain the high-temperature thermoelectric effects observed in wustite if a significant aggregation of defects occurs during the quench. Below 120 K, the measured thermoelectric power drops sharply and changes sign from positive to negative. Similar behavior has been observed in magnetite. These results are explained in terms of the ordering of Fe2plus; and Fe3plus; cations near aggregated defect clusters. This ordering creates narrow 3d6 and 3d5 bands in which both electrons and electron holes are mobile.
Microelectronics and printed circuits: Problems and their solutions

In this paper we present solutions to a number of problems that arise in microelectronics, printed circuits, and process automation. These problems are broadly concerned with wiring and interconnection of modules, circuit layout design, and the graphic display, manipulation, and alteration of circuits. The solutions are based on a number of results obtained by the author on the characterization, coding, symmetries, and generation of planar graphs. These results are constructive in that they can be given in the form of algorithms and are thus suitable for direct computer implementation.
Synthesis of silicate coating by layer-by-layer self-assembly of Yb2O3 and SiO2 particles

Abstract Multilayer particle assemblies that contained both Yb 2 O 3 and SiO 2 particles were prepared on Si substrates by layer-by-layer self-assembly (LBLSA) as a new non-line-of-sight avenue of producing dense and uniform Yb 2 O 3 –SiO 2 coating microstructures. Morphological characteristics of the multilayer particle assemblies upon viscous sintering in the temperature range of 1300 to 1350 °C were evaluated in reference to those of multilayer assemblies that only contained SiO 2 or Yb 2 SiO 5 particles. A 4-layer 0.5-μm SiO 2 particle assembly could be easily transformed to a dense and continuous coating structure after sintering. In contrast, a 4-layer 1.7-μm Yb 2 SiO 5 particle assembly could not be consolidated and densified, as anticipated from the absence of the viscous sintering mechanism provided by the SiO 2 phase. Most of the coatings produced from sintering of Yb 2 O 3 –SiO 2 (0.5 μm) particles assemblies were dense and continuous with Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 and Yb 2 SiO 5 as two predominant phases. The results suggest the feasibility of producing dense and uniform silicate coating structures by integrating the LBLSA concept with the viscous flow sintering mechanism provided by the SiO 2 particles.
The northern limits of glacial lake Algonquin in upper Michigan

A number of ancient shorelines formed by late-Pleistocene proglacial lakes have been found in eastern upper Michigan. These shorelines delimit several water planes, the uppermost of which is correlated with the Main Lake Algonquin stage. This correlation is based on the continuity of the highest water plane with Main Algonquin shorelines in Wisconsin and Ontario, the strength of the shoreline features, its altitudinal relationship with lower water planes, and a reinterpretation of radiocarbon dates from the Sault Ste. Maria area. The isobases of this water plane have a bearing of S75°E. At the time of the maximum extent of Lake Algonquin, ca. 10,600 yr B.P., its northern, ice-limited border lay along the Munising moraine, the northernmost of the two main morainic systems of eastern upper Michigan. This interpretation lends support to the idea of a period of slow deglaciation from ca. 11,000 to 10,000 yr B.P. An ice lobe occupied the central Lake Superior basin until early Holocene time. Radiocarbon dates on wood found beneath till or outwash at several sites indicate a minor ice readvance from the central Lake Superior basin ca. 10,000 yr B.P. If true, this would have prevented the development of the post-Duluth series of glacial lakes in the western Lake Superior basin until ca. 9900 yr B.P., well after the end of the main Lake Algonquin stage.
An Adaptive Load Balancing Method for Parallel Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We describe an adaptive method for achieving load balance in parallel computations simulating phenomena which are distributed over a spatially extended region, but are local in nature. We have tested the method on standard short-ranged parallel molecular dynamics calculations. The performance gain we observe confirms the value of the method for this type of calculation. We discuss possible generalizations of the method, for example, to higher dimensions.
A reference method for correlation of anatomic and function brain images: Validation and clinical application

We describe a reference device that provides accurate correlation between anatomic and functional brain images. The reference device, which generates, fiduciary reference points on sequential scan planes, is positioned adjacent to the canthomeatal line of the subject and held in place by a glasses-like framework anchored to the external auditory meatus. The reference system was tested on 17 subjects undergoing 99m Tc hexamethylpropylene amine oxime ([ 99m Tc]HMPAO) brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cranial computed tomography (CT) scans. The centers of the caudate nuclei, thalami, brain stem, and cerebellar vermis were identified independently on CT and SPECT. The average difference ±1 SD between structure locations (x, y, and z) on SPECT and CT were calculated as 1.86±1.5, 2.16±1.4, and 1.83±1.9 mm, respectively. The clinical application of the method is showed by coregistration of images from SPECT to MRI. An example of sequential [ 99m Tc]HMPAO brain SPECT scan sections precisely coregistered with MRI scan sections oriented parallel to and sequentially above the canthomeatal line illustrates the correlation between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) tracer activity on SPECT and normal anatomic structures. Test-retest activation paradigms in brain SPECT requires precise SPECT-to SPECT image coregistration to evaluate changes in rCBF during activation. Precisely coregistered rest, 48-hour repeat rest [ 99m Tc]HMPAO SPECT studies are shown to illustrate the normal intrasubject variability of tracer uptake. An example of the usefulness of image coregistration for evaluation of viable residual brain tumor and its application to tumor biopsy is presented. An example of developmental abnormalities identified by [ 99m Tc]HMPAO brain SPECT is illustrated by a case of austistic disorder. An example of image coregistration is stroke and evaluation of cerebrovascular disease with Diamox (Lederle Laboratory Division, Pearl River, NY) cerebrovasculature stress testing is presented. The usefulness in epilepsy using a protocol whereby the tracer is injected during the ictal phase of seizure is presented. We conclude that the reference system provides an accurate, rapid, and noninvasive patient-specific method for correlating brain structure with brain function.
Observation of Bernstein Waves Excited by Newborn Interstellar Pickup Ions in the Solar Wind

A recent examination of 1.9 s magnetic field data recorded by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in transit to Jupiter revealed several instances of strongly aliased spectra suggestive of unresolved high-frequency magnetic fluctuations at 4.4 AU. A closer examination of these intervals using the highest resolution data available revealed one clear instance of wave activity at spacecraft frame frequencies from 0.2 to 1 Hz. Using various analysis techniques, we have characterized these fluctuations as Bernstein mode waves excited by newborn interstellar pickup ions. We can find no other interpretation or source consistent with the observations, but this interpretation is not without questions. In this paper, we report a detailed analysis of the waves, including their frequency and polarization, that supports our interpretation.
Bacterial community evaluation during establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in soil contaminated with pyrene.

ABSTRACT A greenhouse study was conducted to monitor microbial community dynamics related to contaminant concentration and plant growth during the phytoremediation of pyrene. Soil microbial communities in both bulk and rhizosphere soils were assessed using a polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). However, no correlation between pyrene concentration and bacterial community shifts was observed. Even though plants significantly enhanced pyrene degradation (undetectable after 91 d for planted treatments compared with 82 mg/kg for unplanted treatments after 147 d with initial concentration of 758 mg/kg), biodegradation may have been accomplished by the pre-existing microbial community. It is also possible that the method was unable to pick up subtle community shifts, considering that the carbon source from pyrene was only 3.7% of the existing soil organic matter. This research suggests that plants significantly enhance degradation and mineralization of pyrene in soil, alt...
Recommunalization of the disenfranchised: A theoretical and critical criminological inquiry

This article examines the eight-stage model of recommunalizing the homeless in a Single Room Occupancy (SRO) as developed by Arrigo and its theoretical grounding, based on principles derived from c...
Metal behavior at extreme loading rates: Thermodynamics

The objective of the study is to develop thermodynamics based approach, which explains several nonequilibrium phenomena in metals at extreme loading rates. It is a microscale analysis in which mobile defects such as dislocations enable the redistribution of energy within the stressed metal. The redistribution promotes the formation of submicrometer defect structures (slip bands and/or dislocation cells). The noncoincidental arrangement of the defects allows minimizing of free energy and offers the material the best opportunity to survive under the loading conditions. The slip bands are homogenized within a characteristic temporal and spatial scale, and appear in the form of perturbations in the field of particle velocity.
Systemic Insecticides for Control of Soybean Insects m South Carolina

Single granular applications of Nia 10242 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), Temik® (2-methyl-2-(methylthio) prop ion aldehyde 0-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime and GC 6506 (dimethyl p -(methylthio) phenyl phosphate) were made to soil, and Azodrin® (3-hydroxy- N -methyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate) was applied as a foliar spray to determine effectiveness in keeping insect populations on soybeans below economic levels. Granular applications of Nia 10242 or Temik or a foliar application of Azodrin generally were more effective when made in mid-or late August than earlier in the season. Nia 10242, applied as a side-dress granule on August 17, gave season-long control of Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant; green cloverwonns, Plathypena scabrat (F.); velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner; southern green stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say). A sidedress application of Temik on August 17 was effective throughout the season against Mexican bean beetles and stink bugs but did not give economic control of clover-worms or velvetbean caterpillars. Azodrin as a foliar spray on August 27 controlled Mexican bean beetles and velvetbean caterpillars throughout the season. stink bugs through September 21 anel a looper, Pseudoplusia includens Walker, 7 and 13 days after application. None of these materials controlled loopers or earworms 17 days after application. GC 6506 applied to the soil was not effective Increase in yield followed single g-ranular applications of Nia 10242 and Temik in 2 experiments and a foliar application of Azodrin in 1 experiment.
The link between host density and egg production in a parasitoid insect: comparison between agricultural and natural habitats

Summary Theory predicts that organisms should invest more heavily in overcoming factors that more frequently emerge as the primary constraints to fitness, and especially, those factors that constrain the fitness of the most highly reproductive members of the population. We tested the hypothesis that the fecundity of a pro-ovigenic parasitoid (where females emerge with their full egg load) should be positively correlated with the mean expectation for oviposition opportunities in the environment. More specifically, we tested whether females from agricultural systems, where hosts are often relatively abundant, emerge with more eggs than those from natural habitats. We studied the pro-ovigenic parasitoid wasp Anagrus daanei, which parasitizes eggs of leafhoppers of the genus Erythroneura. Erythroneura spp. leafhoppers feed on Vitis spp. (grapes) and are major pests of commercial vineyards as well as common herbivores of wild Vitis californica, which grows in riparian habitats. We sampled leafhoppers and parasitoids from eight vineyards and eight riparian habitats in central California. We found that leafhopper density was higher at vineyards than in riparian habitats, whereas leafhopper egg volume and parasitoid body size did not differ among these habitat types. Parasitoids from vineyards had higher egg loads than parasitoids from wild grapes, and fecundity was positively related to host density across field sites. Parasitoid egg volume was larger in natural sites; however, this variation was not significantly correlated with host density across field sites. Within a single population of parasitoids collected from a vineyard, parasitoid egg load was negatively correlated with longevity, suggesting a trade-off between reproduction and life span. The results may be explained by a rapid evolution of reproductive traits in response to oviposition opportunities; or alternatively, by the occurrence of maternal effects on the fecundity of daughters based on the foraging experience of their mothers. The ability of parasitoid fecundity to track mean host availability is likely to modulate the likelihood that parasitoid fitness will be constrained by a shortage of eggs and strengthen the ability of parasitoids to suppress the population densities of their hosts.