cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CO2 decreases membrane conductance and depolarizes neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii.

To identify central sites of potential CO2/H+-chemoreceptive neurons, and the mechanism responsible for neuronal chemosensitivity, intracellular recordings were made in rat tissue slices in two cardiopulmonary-related regions (i.e., nucleus tractus solitarii, NTS; nucleus ambiguus, AMBc) during exposure to high CO2. When the NTS was explored slices were bisected and the ventral half discarded. Utilizing such “dorsal” medullary slices removed any impinging synaptic input from putative chemoreceptors in the ventrolateral medulla. In the NTS, CO2-induced changes in firing rate were associated with membrane depolarizations ranging from 2–25 mV (n = 15). In some cases increased e.p.s.p. activity was observed during CO2 exposure. The CO2-induced depolarization occurred concomitantly with an increased input resistance ranging from 19–23 MΩ (n = 5). The lower membrane conductance during hypercapnia suggests that CO2-induced depolarization is due to a decreased outward potassium conductance. Unlike neurons in the NTS, AMBc neurons were not spontaneously active and were rarely depolarized by hypercapnia. Eleven of 12 cells tested were either hyperpolarized by or insensitive to CO2. Only 1 neuron in the AMBc was depolarized and it also showed an increased input resistance during CO2 exposure. Our findings suggest that CO2/H+-related stimuli decrease potassium conductance which depolarizes the cell and increases firing rate. Although our in vitro studies cannot guarantee the specific function of these cells, we believe they may be involved with brain pH homeostasis and cardiopulmonary regulation.
Induction of microsomal oxidases in the housefly and the action of inhibitors and stress factors

Abstract Dieldrin induction of microsomal oxidases in the housefly was studied with two dieldrin-resistant housefly strains. The objective was to further characterize the nature of the inductive action. The level of induction was indicated by assays of heptachlor and aldrin epoxidase activity of microsomes prepared from the treated insects. By means of ligation between thorax and abdomen and the use of isolated abdomens it was shown that the observed increases in enzyme activity was due in part, at least, to the direct action of dieldrin. Other evidence indicated that dieldrin also exerts a secondary effect, originating in the head of the flies. Actinomycin D at 0.02 μg/fly completely blocked the dieldrin induction, but puromycin in doses as high as 10 μg/fly had no effect. Heptachlor epoxide and endrin also induced the oxidases, and the effective level for induction by endrin was much lower than for dieldrin.
Theoretical Implications of Imperfect Competition on Quota License Prices and Auctions

This article looks at the implications for trade policy of recent work on quota auctions. Recent work has considered a variety of market structures in addition to the standard one of monopoly in the product market. It has also emphasized details of the implementation process, as well as the timing of decisions and dynamic factors. Such considerations are shown to be important, because they can greatly affect the outcome of trade policies.
Chemisches Recycling von Kunststoffen durch oxidativen Abbau zu wertvollen organischen Verbindungen

Die Beseitigung von Kunststoffabfallen erleichtern konnte ein Verfahren, bei dem Polymere unter recht milden Bedingungen mit Stickstoffoxiden und Sauerstoff reagieren. Polyethylen wird dabei in guten Ausbeuten zu wertvollen offenkettigen α,ω-Dicarbonsauren (unter anderem Adipinsaure) abgebaut, aus Polystyrol entstehen (Nitro-)Benzoesauren, und Nylon-6,6 liefert ein Gemisch aus Disauren. Polypropylen, Polymethylmethacrylat und Polyacrylsaure werden zu Oligomeren abgebaut.
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy with Fourier-transform-limited light pulses

Abstract We have investigated the implications of using a pulsed, nearly Fourier-transform-limited, single-mode light source for cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) in the mid-infrared spectral range. We show that in the case where the coherence time and duration of the light pulse exceeds the cavity roundtrip time, mode beating generates oscillations in the ring-down waveform. When the period of the oscillations is comparable to the ring-down time, it becomes difficult to obtain meaningful decay constants. This situation can be avoided by careful choice of cavity geometry and mode matching conditions together with suitable electronic filtering.
“Class as one” and “class as many” before modern set theory

Summaries The aim of this article is to show that the distinction “class as one — class as many” used by Bertrand Russell and the similar Cantorian distinction between konsistente and inkonsistente Vielheiten have a history before modern set theory. To do so, the example of Thomas Vincentius Tosca (1651–1723, Valencia, Spain) is presented [1]. This choice is rather arbitrary and should not be construed as involving any claim of originality on his behalf. What is interesting about Tosca, however, is the combination he represents of theology, scholastic philosophy, and modern science, which gives particular weight to his endorsement of the distinction.
Security considerations in data center configuration management

Data centers need to manage a large amount of configuration information for a variety of computational, storage and networking assets at multiple levels (e.g., individual devices to entire data center). The increasingly sophisticated configuration management required to support virtualization significantly enhances chances of misconfigurations and exploitation by hackers that could impact data center operations. In this paper, we expose a number of attack/misconfiguration scenarios for data center resources. We also propose a mechanism, called Sentry, for securing this data by exploiting the hierarchical setup and redundancy in the server and network configurations. We show that the scheme can secure configuration data with only a small overhead.
Performance capacity of fiddler crab males with regenerated versus original claws and success by claw type in territorial contests

Laboratory measures of whole-animal performance are expected to correlate with morphological indices and success in activities that contribute to fitness. Males of the sand fiddler crab, Uca pugilator Bosc (Brachyura Ocipodidae), possess a single enlarged claw that is used in ritualized contests for possession of breeding burrows. Contests may escalate to pinching actions, suggesting claw closing force as a relevant performance indicator. When a claw is lost, it is regenerated. Within a western Atlantic salt marsh, regenerated claws are less massive and operate at reduced mechanical efficiency relative to original claws, suggesting a less powerful weapon. In the laboratory, the closing force of regenerated claws is less than that of original claws of the same length or mass. Perhaps as a consequence, males with regenerated claws are unlikely to use pinching behaviors and usually lose contests against males with original claws. Males with regenerated claws are less likely to possess breeding burrows that f...
Extent of H-atom abstraction from OH+p-cymene and upper limits to the formation of cresols from OH+m-xylene and OH+p-cymene

Aromatic hydrocarbons are important constituents of vehicle exhaust and of non-methane volatile organic compounds in ambient air in urban areas. It has recently been proposed that dealkylation is a significant pathway for the OH radical-initiated reactions, leading to the formation of phenolic compounds and/or oxepins (Noda, J., Volkamer, R., Molina, M.J., 2009. Dealkylation of alkylbenzenes: a significant pathway in the toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylene + OH reaction. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 113, 9658―9666.). We have investigated the formation of cresols from the reactions of OH radicals with m-xylene and p-cymene, and obtain upper limits of <1% for formation of each cresol isomer from OH + m-xylene and <2% for formation of each cresol isomer from OH+p-cymene. In addition, we have measured the formation yield of 4-methylacetophenone (the major product formed subsequent to H-atom abstraction from the CH(CH 3 ) 2 group) in the OH + p-cymene reaction to be 14.8 ± 3.2%, and estimate that H-atom abstraction from the CH 3 and CH(CH 3 ) 2 groups in p-cymene accounts for 20 ± 4% of the overall OH radical reaction. We also used a relative rate technique to measure the rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with 4-methylacetophenone to be (4.50 ± 0.43) x 10 ―12 cm 3 molecule ―1 s ―1 at 297 ± 2 K.
Nitroglycerin inhibits experimental thrombosis and reocclusion after thrombolysis

Nitroglycerin inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro, but its effect on thrombosis and platelet function in vivo is controversial. This study assessed the effect of nitroglycerin on primary thrombus formation in response to vessel wall injury and secondary thrombus formation, or rethrombosis, after lysis of an existing thrombus. In the first protocol the right carotid artery was instrumented with a flow probe, stenosis, an anodal electrode, and a proximal infusion line. A 300 microA anodal current was used to induce endothelial injury and subsequent thrombotic occlusion of the vessel. Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC; 0.05 U/kg intraarterially) was injected proximal to the thrombus 30 minutes after occlusion. After APSAC, nitroglycerin (1 microgram/kg/min intraarterially, n = 7) or vehicle (n = 6) was infused proximal to the thrombus for 3 hours. Reocclusion occurred in two of seven nitroglycerin-treated dogs and six of six vehicle-treated dogs (p < 0.05). In the second protocol both carotid arteries were instrumented as described previously. Anodal current (300 microA, 180 minutes) was applied to the right carotid (n = 12) artery to determine control times to occlusion. The left carotid artery served as the test vessel, receiving either nitroglycerin (1 microgram/kg/min intraarterially, n = 6) or trimethaphan (0.05 mg/kg/hr intraarterially, n = 6). Trimethaphan was used to produce controlled hypotension to match the approximately 10% decrease in mean arterial blood pressure that was observed during nitroglycerin infusion. Control arteries and those treated with trimethaphan formed occlusive thrombi in all instances. Nitroglycerin infusion resulted in a lower incidence of occlusion (1 of 6; p < 0.05 vs control value) and inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate and arachidonic acid (p < 0.05). Local infusion of nitroglycerin reduced the formation of primary thrombi, independent of the hypotensive effect of the drug, and exerted systemic effects on platelet aggregation. Furthermore, platelet inhibition with nitroglycerin reduced the incidence of secondary thrombus formation (rethrombosis) after thrombolysis. The results suggest that a potential benefit of nitroglycerin therapy may be derived from its ability to inhibit thrombotic events in patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction.
Teratogenic effects of 6-hydroxylaminopurine in the rat--protection by inosine.

Abstract Single i.p. injections of 6-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP) at doses ranging from 200 to 900 mg kg of maternal body weight given to the pregnant Wistar rat on day 11 or 12 of gestation produced malformations which included cleft palate, micrognathia and deformed appendages and tail in fetuses that survived to day 21 of gestation. No malformations were observed in fetuses at 21 days with any of the doses (50–600 mg kg ) given on day 9 or 10 of gestation. A single dose of 500 mg kg of inosine provided complete protection against fetal malformations produced by a single dose of 500 mg kg of HAP at 21 days when the two compounds were given at zero time and up to 5 min apart to the 12-day pregnant rat. Only partial protection occurred with lower doses of inosine (200–400 mg kg ), with all doses of hypoxanthine (50–1000 mg kg ) and adenine (50–250 mg kg ) as well as with increasing time intervals (10–120 min) between administration of equal amounts (500 mg kg ) of HAP and inosine.
Tailored Assemblies of Block Copolymers in Solution: It Is All about the Process

Block copolymers have the capacity to self-organize into a myriad of aggregate structures when placed in selective solvents, offering great promise for the construction of delivery vehicles and complex nanoscale assemblies. A key feature of these materials is their propensity to become kinetically trapped in nonequilibrium states, meaning that the structures they adopt depend sensitively on the processing route taken. While this makes it challenging to fully explore the landscape of possible morphologies, it also means that careful attention to the pathway of self-assembly can allow for remarkable control over the resulting nonequilibrium structures. In this Perspective, we highlight several recent advances in processing approaches that provide new levels of tailorability to the structures and encapsulated contents of block copolymer assemblies in solution.
Investigation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in natural gas pipelines and distribution systems in Wisconsin

Abstract Between January 28 and February 9, 1981, the Department of Natural Resources collected and analyzed 25 samples of oil from the state's natural gas pipeline supply and distribution system. Twenty-three samples were negative for PCB contamination at detection limits ranging from 1 to 50 mg/kg (p.p.m.). Two samples showed low level PCB contamination, quantified at 10 and 24 mg/kg respectively. Both positive samples were below the hazardous level (defined as 50 mg/kg (p.p.m.) or higher by federal regulations). Both positive samples were oil condensates collected from scrubbers designed to remove contaminants from the natural gas stream. The two scrubbers which yielded positive samples are located on major incoming pipelines that enter Wisconsin from the west and south. They are the first such scrubbers within the state boundary, so contaminants removed at these points came from a source(s) outside the state. This, plus the fact that all lubricating oils used at natural gas compressor stations within the state were negative for PCB, strongly suggests that we do not have a PCB problem in the natural gas distribution system within the state. Rather, the trace amounts identified at 2 peripheral locations on the system suggest out-of-state origin, probably residuals from isolated use of PCB-based lubricants some time in the past at compressor stations upstream from our state boundary. Sampling strategy, analysis, and interpretation of results are discussed in greater detail in the following text. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources was asked to provide assistance by the the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in determining whether a PCB problem existed in the state's natural gas supply and distribution system. The Department has checked lubricating oils used at all compressor stations in the state, and has checked oil condensates from selected gate stations and community distribution systems in Wisconsin. Only 2 of the 25 samples were positive for PCBs, and in both cases, the levels were below the hazardous level defined by federal regulation. Based on these findings, Wisconsin does not have a PCB contamination problem in its natural gas supply and distribution system. The evidence collected during this study suggests that the trace amounts of PCB identified at two peripheral locations on the system originated outside the state. It is recommended that the companies whose pipelines produced PCB-contaminated scrubber condensates pursue the source of this contamination by thoroughly testing lubricants and scrubber condensates from compressor stations and filter stations located upstream from the Wisconsin border. Specifically, the Department would like monitoring results from:
Treatment of low bone mass in premenopausal women: when may it be appropriate?

The diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women has been well defined. Criteria for making a diagnosis using bone density testing has been established and widely disseminated. However, the definition estab-lished by the World Health Organization for osteoporosis cannot be used for other populations such as premenopausal women without further study. Measuring bone mass in premenopausal women should be done infrequently and only if specific and significant risk factors are present. Premenopausal women have a low risk for fracturing but women with low bone mass are at a greater risk for developing fractures before and after menopause. The major reason for low bone mass is the failure to reach peak bone mass because of genetic influences, although some environmental factors may also play a role. Hormonal therapy for hypogonadism, treatment of diseases such as hyperpara-thyroidism, and keeping medications with detrimental effects on bone to a minimum are important components of treatment. Pharmacologic treatment of low bone mass in premenopausal women has not been well studied although on rare occasions it may be appropriate in women with low bone mass, defined as a Z score of -2 or less, and the presence of other diseases or risk factors. Caution is urged because of the unknown effects of treatment in this population. Further study of the implications of low bone mass and the effects of treatment in this group of women is needed.
Evidence for the presence of non-lipoprotein factors in diabetic serum capable of stimulating rat hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase in vitro

Abstract Experimental diabetes in the rat has been shown to result in marked increases in bile acid pool and synthesis. In this study, mechanisms responsible for the increased bile acid synthesis was examined in rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. Our results indicate that a) in diabetic rats, hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase activity is increased by 100%, b) this increased activity is not due to a higher stimulating activity of cell supernatant factors, but c) may be due to a non-lipoprotein factor(s) in diabetic serum capable of stimulating (by 100%) cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase activity in control livers to the level noted in diabetic animals.
The Effectiveness of Alternative Preference Elicitation Methods in the Analytic Hierarchy Process

This study compares alternative preference elicitation methods that are currently available in software implementations of the analytic hierarchy process. For the simple problem used in this study, the elicitation methods may be sorted from least to most accurate as follows: (1) direct estimation, (2) graphical multiple bars, (3) graphical pairwise, (4) numeric pairwise and (5) verbal pairwise. However, the most accurate methods are not the easiest to use. Furthermore, actual accuracy differed substantially from users’ perceptions, indicating a need to assist the users in the selection of an appropriate elicitation method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coherent Optics -- A Tutorial Review

There may be some doubt as to what the title Coherent Optics refers to. To me it means that part of optics that depends upon the coherence of the light for its description. Classically, of course, long before the word partially coherent light came into use, coherent systems were known and formed the basis for that portion of the study of light called Physical Optics. Hence interfer-ence and diffraction phenomena are well recognized; interferometry has developed into a discipline all its own with a wide ariety of types of interferometers that confound the neophyte. Many of the various interferometers are named which provides a listing that looks like a scientific "who's - who" --Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, Twyman-Green, Fizeau, Fabry-Perot, Rayleigh, Lummer-Gehrcke, Jamin, Sirks-Pringsheim ........, interferometers. Again we must pity (with a certain amount of smug superiority) the uninitiated who doesn't realize the difference between Fabry-Perot fringes and Fizeau fringes. The literature contains many works on interferometry, the intent reader may well refer to Steel (1967), Tolansky (1955), Candler (1951).
Immunological cross-reactions between heterologous hemopexins.

Abstract 1. 1. The degree of immunological identity of the hemopexin of 64 mammals and non-mammals is determined by double diffusion in agar and two radioimmunoassays, employing antisera produced with the human or the rabbit protein. 2. 2. Antigenic determinants are shared by the Eutherian mammals but not by the non-Eutherian mammals and lower animals. 3. 3. The hemopexins of man and apes appear to be identical, whereas those of Old World monkeys lack one antigenic determinant, and New World monkeys lack at least two antigenic determinants.
Real-time tracking of concrete vibration effort for intelligent concrete consolidation

Abstract Proper consolidation of concrete is critical to the long-term strength of concrete structures. Vibration is a commonly used method to make concrete flowable and to remove the excessive entrapped air, therefore contributing to proper concrete consolidation. To introduce vibrations to freshly placed concrete, various tools such as internal vibrators are widely used in the construction industry. Producing a dense concrete without segregation with these tools requires an experienced vibrator operator. Inexperienced vibrator operators tend to over-consolidate or under-consolidate concrete. Many of these quality problems have their roots in the lack of quality control methods that can provide real-time feedback on the quality of concrete consolidation to vibrator operators. A real-time wireless sensing-based internal vibrator tip tracking system was developed and validated in this research to support intelligent concrete consolidation operations. More specifically, the research explored the use of an ultra wideband (UWB) tracking system to realize precise localization of the tip of an internal vibrator. A series of indoor and outdoor experiments are conducted to validate and model the tracking accuracy. A novel visualization program was developed to visualize operators' vibration effort in real-time. The program is capable of displaying vibration location and time in real-time. A vibrator operator can leverage such information to visualize the distribution of his vibration effort, and spot areas that may need mitigation actions. This also provides an innovative construction inspection practice to owners and resident engineers. The new concrete consolidation tool will allow contractors to proactively address concrete consolidation issues, a problem common to many concrete construction projects.
A reduced order electrolyte enhanced single particle lithium ion cell model for hybrid vehicle applications

o Low order, explicit models of lithium ion cells are critical for real-time battery management system (BMS) appli- cations. This paper presents a linearized 7 th order, electrolyte enhanced single particle model (ESPM) in an explicit impedance transfer function format with electrolyte diffusion effect. The impedance transfer function coefcients are explicit in terms of the model parameters, simplifying the implementation of temperature dependence in the ESPM (ESPM-T). The models are compared with a commercially available nite volume based model and results show accurate matching of pulse responses over a wide range of temperature and C-rates.
Using Moral Dilemmas in Children's Literature as a Vehicle for Moral Education and Teaching Reading Comprehension.

Moral development research has previously demonstrated that more extended discourse is a vital element in effective moral education, although the difficulty of implementing this type of discourse i...
Strengths-Based Recovery Practice in Chemical Dependency: A Transpersonal Perspective

Given the tremendous damage chemical dependency can inflict on the human spirit, a transpersonal perspective is relevant to the recovery process because it assigns importance to the development of ...
Temporal quantification of electromyography with reference to motor control research

Abstract Two methods of EMG quantification currently employed in motor control laboratories are examined. It is argued that the method of computer quantification via the specification of magnitude and duration criteria, termed here the “input parameters method”, is not purely objective and derives invalid results in some instances. A case is presented for an “interactive graphics method”, in which the experimenter is given prime responsibility for determining temporal characteristics of the EMG patterns.
Indices of abdominal adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness test performance in middle-school students.

Background. Previous research suggests that use of BMI as a screening tool to assess health in youth has limitations. Valid alternative measures to assess body composition are needed to accurately identify children who are aerobically fit, which is an indicator of health status. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between select anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness test performance in middle-school students. Methods. Participants included 134 students (65 boys and 69 girls) recruited from the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Anthropometric measures consisted of BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and percent body fat estimated from two-site skinfolds (%BF-SKF), as well as the hand-held OMRON BIA device (%BF-BIA). Cardiorespiratory fitness tests included the one-mile run and PACER test. Data were collected on four separate testing days during the students’ physical education classes. Results. There were statistically significant moderate correlations between the %BF estimations, WHtR, and cardiorespiratory fitness test scores in both genders . BMI at best only displayed weak correlations with the cardiorespiratory fitness test scores. Conclusions. The results suggest that alternative measures such as %BF-SKF, %BF-BIA, and WHtR may be more valid indicators of youth aerobic fitness lending to their preferred use over BMI.
Time of neonatal androgen exposure influences length of testosterone treatment required to induce aggression in adult male and female mice.

Male and female mice, gonadectomized within the first 12 hr of life, were administered either testosterone propionate (TP) or oil on Postnatal Day 0, 3, 6, or 12. They were implanted with a capsule containing testosterone (T) on Day 60 and tested for fighting behavior against an olfactory bulbectomized male every other day for a maximum of 62 days (30 tests). Virtually all animals fought regardless of whether or not they were exposed to TP neonatally. However, the neonatally androgen-exposed mice fought sooner following the administration of T than did the non-neonatally androgen-exposed animals. Animals exposed to TP on Day 12 required a longer exposure period to T than did the mice given TP on Day 6. Moreover, significantly more neonatally than non-neonatally androgenized mice fought 2 weeks after the T capsule was removed. It also was found that non-neonatally androgen-exposed males fought sooner in response to adult T treatment than did non-neonatally androgenized females. The results suggested that both prenatal and early postnatal androgen exposure influence sensitivity to the aggression-promoting property of androgen in adulthood.
Sympathetic arousal to a vestibular stressor in high and low hostile men

The aim of the present experiment was to extend the literature on hostility and a cerebral systems based model of sympathetic arousal to a vestibular-based stress. Several authors have concluded that autonomic stress reactivity in high hostile individuals must be interpersonally based, whereas healthy vestibular system functioning does not depend on interpersonal features. Utilizing a vestibular activation paradigm, skin conductance levels of 15 high hostile and 15 low hostile men were recorded after brief passive rotation about the vertical neuroaxis. It was expected that hostile individuals would exhibit higher skin conductance levels after rotation compared with low hostile individuals. The results confirmed expectations of heightened sympathetic tone among high hostiles subsequent to vestibular stress. Overall, the findings are interpreted to support a cerebral model of frontal region capacity limitation for regulation of vestibular stress that is independent of psychosocial mechanisms.
Separable Laplace equation, magic Toeplitz matrix, and generalized Ohm's law

We say that a Laplace equation on an inhomogeneous medium is separable if the medium can be represented as the product of the argument functions. It is shown that the conductivity equation on a 2-D disk is reduced to a couple of ordinary differential equations if the conductivity of the medium is the product of the angle and radius functions. Several important cases are discussed such as circular and a noncircular blob-like medium conductivity. We derive a closed form of the Neumann-to-Dirichlet map that gives rise to a new family of symmetric matrices-we call it the magic Toeplitz matrix (a symmetric Toeplitz matrix with the rows and columns summing to the same value). The generalized Ohm's law on the disk is derived, which relates the vector of the current density to the vector of voltages through the resistance matrix. We demonstrate how a separable Laplace PDE can be applied to electrical impedance tomography and breast cancer detection.
Effects of scopolamine on components of delayed response performance in the rat.

Abstract The effects of scopolamine and methyl scopolamine on working memory processes were investigated in a paired trial, go-no go delayed response procedure in which rats initiated their own trials. Drug effects were examined concurrently on performance at three delays—no, 0, and 2.5 sec. Scopolamine disrupted no-delay (discrimination) performance in a dose-related manner. Scopolamine also progressively reduced performance at 0-delay and 2.5 sec delay more than at no-delay, but only at the highest administered dose (0.5 mg/kg). Scopolamine affected sensitivity, but not response bias. Although both scopolamine and methyl scopolamine reduced the probability of trial initiation, only scopolamine disrupted accuracy of performance on the initiated trials.
Least-change quasi-Newton updates for equality-constrained optimization

This paper investigates quasi-Newton updates for equality-constrained optimization. Using a least-change argument we derive a class of rank-3 updates to approximations of the one-sided projection of the Hessian of the Lagrangian which keeps the appropriate part symmetric (and possibly positive definite). By imposing the usual assumptions we are able to prove 1-step superlinear convergence for one of these updates. Encouraging numerical results and comparisons with other previously analyzed updates are presented.
Recognition and Redistribution Rethinking Culture and the Economic

Nancy Fraser has elaborated a framework for analyzing different forms of oppression using the categories of redistribution and recognition. This framework has come under criticism from Iris Marion ...
Spent fuel as a waste form: Data needs to allow long term performance assessment under repository disposal conditions

Performance assessment calculations are required for high level waste repositories for a period of 10,000 years under NRC and EPA regulations. In addition, the Siting Guidelines (IOCFR960) require a comparison of sites following site characterization and prior to final site selection to be made over a 100,000 year period. In order to perform the required calculations, a detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical processes that affect waste form performance will be needed for each site. While bounding calculations might be sufficient to show compliance with the requirements of IOCFR60 and 40CFRI91, the site comparison for 100,000 years will need to be based on expected performance under site specific conditions. The only case where detailed knowledge of waste form characteristics in the repository would not be needed would be where radionuclide travel times to the accessible environment can be shown to exceed 100,000 years. This paper will review the factors that affect the release of radionuclides from spemt fuel under repository conditions, summarize our present state of knowledge, and suggest areas where more work is needed in order to support the performance assessment calculations.
Health information-seeking and perceptions of website credibility: Examining Web-use orientation, message characteristics, and structural features of websites

The study reported here examined perceptions of health website credibility during the process of acquiring health information using the World Wide Web. The relationships between perceptions of website credibility and both message characteristics (e.g., statistics, testimonials) and structural features of health websites (e.g., privacy policy statement, third-party endorsements) were assessed. Additionally, one's Web-use orientation (i.e., searching or surfing) was evaluated as a moderator of the preceding relationships. The results showed a positive relationship between the presence of structural features and perceptions of website credibility as well as a positive relationship between the presence of message characteristics and attitudes about the health topic. Although Web-use orientation moderated the relationship between message characteristics and perceptions of website credibility, the nature of this relationship was inconsistent with study predictions.
Purification of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from rabbit plasma and characterization of its differences from TFPI isolated from human plasma

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor that is thought to function as a natural anticoagulant to regulate tissue factor-induced coagulation (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 708, 1991). TFPI's mechanism of action has been well characterized as a two step reaction in which TFPI combines with factor Xa and subsequently TFPI/factor Xa combines with and effectively neutralizes factor VIIa/tissue factor. In human plasma, TFPI occurs in two major molecular weight forms of 34 and approximately 40 kDa. The 40 kDa form is a heterodimer of TFPI in covalent disulfide linkage to human apolipoprotein AII. TFPI circulates in human plasma primarily in association with the plasma lipoproteins. We have now isolated and partially characterized TFPI from rabbit plasma and find that, although functionally and immunologically related to TFPI isolated from human plasma, it differs from human TFPI in some of its physical properties. Rabbit TFPI is larger (approximately 45 kDa) and more extensively glycosylated than human TFPI, does not form mixed disulfides with other proteins in plasma, and unlike its human counterpart, does not circulate in plasma associated with lipoproteins.
Nanoethics and Policy Education: a Case Study of Social Science Coursework and Student Engagement with Emerging Technologies

The article analyzes the integration of a module on nanotechnology, ethics, and policy into a required second-year social science course at a technological university. It investigates not simply the effectiveness of student learning about the technical aspects of nanotechnology but about how issues explored in an interdisciplinary social science course might influence student opinions about the potential of nanotechnology to benefit the developing world. The authors find a correlation between student opinions about the risks and benefits of nanotechnology for the developing world with their judgment of whether nanotechnology fits comparative, historical models for development.
A New Phenomenon in the High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Discharge

THE mechanism of the positive column of the high-pressure mercury vapour discharge appears to be now well understood1. It has been a basic assumption in all the theoretical work—and this has been borne out by general experience of the behaviour of the discharge—that the positive column is substantially uniform in all properties along the whole of the distance between the electrodes, at least to within less than a millimetre from the discharge terminations. It is true that there are some exceptions : the column often tends to contract near the electrodes, and in long vertical burning tubes this effect is more marked at the lower end. This contraction is not difficult to understand, and its accentuation at the lower electrode is due to the higher density there compared with that at the upper end of the tube. It is true also that very close to the cathode small intense bright spots may often be seen2, but it has always seemed likely that this was associated with a purely surface effect on the electrode; and there has been no evidence to suggest that in the high-pressure condition any appreciable degree of axial non-uniformity could be produced.
Main-group compounds selectively oxidize mixtures of methane, ethane, and propane to alcohol esters

Much of the recent research on homogeneous alkane oxidation has focused on the use of transition metal catalysts. Here, we report that the electrophilic main-group cations thallium(III) and lead(IV) stoichiometrically oxidize methane, ethane, and propane, separately or as a one-pot mixture, to corresponding alcohol esters in trifluoroacetic acid solvent. Esters of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol, and propylene glycol are obtained with greater than 95% selectivity in concentrations up to 1.48 molar within 3 hours at 180°C. Experiment and theory support a mechanism involving electrophilic carbon-hydrogen bond activation to generate metal alkyl intermediates. We posit that the comparatively high reactivity of these d 10 main-group cations relative to transition metals stems from facile alkane coordination at vacant sites, enabled by the overall lability of the ligand sphere and the absence of ligand field stabilization energies in systems with filled d-orbitals.
Direct evidence for perpendicular spin orientations and enhanced hyperfine fields in ultrathin Fe(100) films on Ag(100).

Conversion-electron M\"ossbauer measurements have been used to study hyperfine fields in Fe/Ag(100) single-crystal multilayer films at temperatures down to 15 K. The Fe layer thicknesses corresponded to 1.0, 2.4, and 5.5 monolayers (ML). From the relative intensity of the M\"ossbauer lines we show conclusively that the orientation of the magnetic moment of the 1.0- and 2.4-ML films in zero applied field is perpendicular to the film plane while the orientation of the 5.5-ML sample is in plane at room temperature and partially out of plane at low temperatures. The low-temperature hyperfine fields are enhanced compared to bulk Fe.
Schistosome proteolytic enzyme

Abstract 1. 1. A globin-digesting enzyme extracted from lyophilized Schistosoma mansoni has been studied. The optimum pH is 3·9. There was no evidence for the release of free amino acids from globin as a result of the enzymic activity. 2. 2. Partial purification of the enzyme was achieved by ethyl alcohol precipitation. 3. 3. The activity of the enzyme on the separated α- and β- chains of globin was less than on whole globin.
Dementia in long-term care.

A majority of residents in long-term care facilities (LTCF) are cognitively impaired. Dementia is either the reason they are in such facilities in the first place, or it develops as they “age in place.” Whereas only 5% to 10% of all seniors are demented, at least two-thirds of nursing home residents in the United States have dementia, a figure that is true for the United Kingdom as well. Residents of assisted-living and residential care facilities are generally less impaired than residents of skilled nursing facilities, but 24% had at least mild dementia in one study. and 21% at least moderate dementia in another. These figures are for LTCF that do not even specialize in dementia care. Facilities specializing in dementia care are increasingly popular and account for a large but unknown percentage of the LTC dementia population. It is clear that large numbers of seniors with dementia are in some type of institutional care. A Canadian study indicates that over a 4-year period, there is a 50.9% chance of a person with dementia living at home to be institutionalized, with a median time to placement of 41 months from the time of diagnosis. Given that over half of patients with dementia will need institutional care, it is no wonder that such care constitutes the major portion of added costs of care for people with dementia. This is arguably the single most common disabling and costly geriatric syndrome in long-term care. In this supplement to the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, we review important aspects of dementia in long-term care. The opening article by Singer and Luxenberg provides an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of dementia in LTCF, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD). After this, a series of articles covers the diagnosis and treatment of the common non-AD dementias. Jennifer Merrilees and Bruce Miller review frontotemporal dementia, Joseph Quinn discusses vascular dementia, and Andrew Gustavson and Jeffrey Cummings summarize the evidence for use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in other neuropsychiatric disorders. The treatment of psychiatric symptoms associated with dementia is covered by Donna Masterman, and depression in dementia is reviewed by Elaine Peskind. Our hope is that this supplement will provide you with a broad, practical, and detailed overview of dementia in the long-term care setting, adding the latest clinical science to decisions you make everyday on behalf of your patients. We thank Pfizer Inc. for its support of this supplement through an unrestricted educational grant.
Contactless Electromodulation Characterization of Compound Semiconductor Surfaces and Device Structures

This paper will review the use of contactless electromodulation methods, such as photoreflectance (PR) and contactless electroreflectance (CER), to characterize the electronic properties of compound semiconductor surfaces exposed to different growth and post-growth conditions. Also the characterization of properties critical to device performance can be evaluated. For example, using PR and CER it has been found that there is a lower density of surface hole traps than electron traps in certain as-grown MBE (001) GaAs samples and that this condition persists even after air exposure. This behaviour is in contrast to other samples, including both bulk and MBE grown (001) surfaces in which the Fermi level is pinned mid-gap for both n- and p-Mype structures. We also have observed that Ar+ bombardment under UHV conditions results in Fermi level pinning close to the conduction band edge and that thermal annealing restores mid-gap pinning. Finally, using PR we are able to characterize the electric fields and associated doping levels in the emitter and collector regions of heterojunction bipolar transistor structures (fabricated from III-V materials), thus demonstrating the ability to perform in-process evaluation of important device parameters.
Response of thermal demand meters

THE TIME OF RESPONSE of demand meters is of critical importance wherever a demand charge is made for electricity. In demand meters of the mechanical block-interval type the demand interval is usually governed by a gear train and resetting mechanism connected with some synchronous device, such as a clock motor, and response time presents no special problems in design. The response time of thermal meters depends upon less easily evaluated constants and coefficients. This article examines these factors and presents equations from which the time of response may be calculated.
Absolute infrared intensities of the fundamental absorption bands in solid CCl4

Abstract The absolute infrared absorption intensifies of the two active fundamental vibrations of CCl4 have been measured for the solid at —170°C. The thickness was determined by interference fringes. Intensity measurements are also reported for ν4 in the gas and liquid phases. The strong CCl stretching vibration, ν3, in Fermi resonance with ν1 + ν4, has an intensity in the solid of 45.3 ± 6.5 kdarks, almost the same as in the liquid state, but somewhat higher than in the gas phase. An increase in intensity from the gas phase is also observed for the weak bending mode, ν4, which has an intensity of 0.08 ± 0.02 kdarks in the solid state. These values suggest that the CCl4 solid shows approximately “ideal” behavior, as judged by the infrared intensities, since they are predicted fairly well from the gas phase intensities by the field effect. In an attempt to display infrared intensity data from condensed phase in a more meaningful way, the “delocalisation moment” is defined and the results for CCl4 and for some linear triatonmic molecules are presented.
Chemical induction of Hsp70 reduces α-synuclein aggregation in neuroglioma cells

Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is associated with the development of a number of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Analyses of post mortem tissues revealed the presence of molecular chaperones within α-syn aggregates, suggesting that chaperones play a role in α-syn misfolding and aggregation. In fact, inhibition of chaperone activity aggravates α-syn toxicity, and the overexpression of chaperones, particularly 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70), protects against α-syn-induced toxicity. In this study, we investigated the effect of carbenoxolone (CBX), a glycyrrhizic acid derivative previously reported to upregulate Hsp70, in human neuroglioma cells overexpressing α-syn. We report that CBX treatment lowers α-syn aggregation and prevents α-syn-induced cytotoxicity. We demonstrate further that Hsp70 induction by CBX arises from activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). The Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101 and the Hsp70 enhancer 115-7c led to an increase or decrease in α-syn aggregation, respectively, in agreement with these findings. In summary, this study provides a proof-of-principle demonstration that chemical modulation of the Hsp70 machine is a promising strategy to prevent α-syn aggregation.
Fast cryofixation technique for X-ray microanalysis

SUMMARY The proposed cryofixation technique uses a tubule-shaped needle chilled in liquid propane for simultaneous excision and freezing of a tissue specimen. Due to this simultaneity, ionic shifts created by traumatic influences are avoided even in the outermost cells of the specimen. Moreover, it is shown here that stopping the blood flow for more than about 10 s results in notable ionic shifts between cells and extracellular space in rat heart and liver. Such preparative ischaemic injury is minimized by the Fast Cryofixation Technique because it can be easily performed on organs within the circulatory system, whilst the heart of the animal is still beating. Intracellular concentrations of the monovalent ions in rat heart and liver, obtained by this method, tally well with recent results from different independent techniques reported in the literature. As demonstrated by cross-sectioning and freeze-fracturing, the structural preservation of the freezing technique is sufficient for X-ray microanalytical work.
The Instructional Design Knowledge Base: Theory, Research, and Practice

The authors have developed a comprehensive history of instructional design and performance improvement. They methodically describe the theories that became the foundation of instructional design and then explain how instructional design led to other theories, including performance improvement. They also identify future research opportunities. The Instructional Design Knowledge Base: Theory, Research, and Practice (2011; 219 pages; ISBN13: 978-0-415-80200-0, hardcover, $163.00; ISBN13: 978-0-415-80201-7, paperback, $47.95; ISBN13: 978-0-203-84098-6, e-book, $35.99 Kindle edition) is published by Taylor & Francis.