cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic Flight Control Systems

This book provides readers with a design approach to the automatic flight control systems (AFCS). The AFCS is the primary on-board tool for long flight operations, and is the foundation for the airspace modernization initiatives. In this text, AFCS and autopilot are employed interchangeably. It presents fundamentals of AFCS/autopilot, including primary subsystems, dynamic modeling, AFCS categories/functions/modes, servos/actuators, measurement devices, requirements, functional block diagrams, design techniques, and control laws. The book consists of six chapters. The first two chapters cover the fundamentals of AFCS and closed-loop control systems in manned and unmanned aircraft. The last four chapters present features of Attitude control systems (Hold functions), Flight path control systems (Navigation functions), Stability augmentation systems, and Command augmentation systems, respectively.
Clean combustion and flare minimization to reduce emissions from process industry

Flares are important safety devices that can burn off unwanted gases from upstream, midstream, and downstream industries. However, if operated improperly, flaring can emit huge amount of pollutants, in addition to CO2, and will cause significant environmental and health risks. It is highly desirable to achieve zero flaring via flare minimization and flare gas recovery. If the waste gas has to be combusted using a flare, the flaring event should be clean and efficient, making minimal environmental and health impacts. This article gives a holistic review of the most recent status of flaring world-wide, newest regulations in the United States and state-of-art technologies for achieving clean combustion during flaring, flare minimization, and flare recovery. Adaption of these technologies can help the process industries meet compliance and improve their sustainability.
Creating an Active Learning Environment using Reproducible Data Science Tools

After a decade of struggle to help students install and launch machine virtual machines in the cloud, the author migrated his computer science course to the Gigantum data science platform, which automates the delivery of complex software configurations. The goal was to make it easier for students to complete projects so that they could focus on programming rather than system administration. In the process, lectures were redesigned into an active learning experience in Jupyter notebooks in which students run and modify examples as they are presented and can reproduce exactly all work that they have done or has been demonstrated.
ATAC-Seq-based Identification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA in Mammalian Cells and Its Validation Using Inverse PCR and FISH.

Recent studies from multiple labs including ours have demonstrated the importance of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) from yeast to humans ( Shibata et al., 2012 ; Dillon et al., 2015 ; Moller et al., 2016 ; Kumar et al., 2017 ; Turner et al., 2017 ; Kim et al., 2020 ). More recently, it has been found that cancer cells obtain a selective advantage by amplifying oncogenes on eccDNA, which drives genomic instability ( Wu et al., 2019 ; Kim et al., 2020 ). Previously, we have purified circular DNA and enriched the population using rolling circle amplification followed by high-throughput sequencing for the identification of eccDNA based on the unique junctional sequence. However, eccDNA identification by rolling circle amplification is biased toward small circles. Here, we report a rolling circle-independent method to detect eccDNA in human cancer cells. We demonstrate a sensitive and robust step-by-step workflow for finding novel eccDNAs using ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) combined with a Circle_finder bioinformatics algorithm to predict the eccDNAs, followed by its validation using two independent methods, inverse PCR and metaphase FISH (Fluorescence in situ Hybridization).
The Baptist Missionary Society’s Home Mission Contribution, 1792–1810

The Baptist Missionary Society’s participation in home mission efforts from 1792 to 1810 sheds light on an often overlooked segment of the BMS’s history. In 1795, the BMS began to conduct home miss...
A family-based weight loss randomized controlled trial for youth with intellectual disabilities.

BACKGROUND Scant data exist on weight loss interventions for youth with intellectual disabilities (ID). OBJECTIVE To compare weight loss among youth with ID randomized to a 6-month, family-based behavioural intervention (FBBI) or a waitlist and to compare weight loss among youth who completed a 6-month maintenance (FBBI-M) intervention to a control group (FBBI-C). METHODS Youth with ID and overweight/obesity, aged 14-22 years, were randomized to the FBBI or to a waitlist and subsequently randomized to a maintenance intervention or a control group. Sessions were held weekly during the FBBI and biweekly during the FBBI-M. Using an intention-to-treat approach, we used linear mixed models to test differences in the change in weight and in BMI from the start of FBBI. RESULTS The 24 participants who received the FBBI lost, on average (SE), 5.1 (1.1) kg (P < .001) over 6 months. The 13 participants who were waitlisted gained, on average (SE), 1.2 (1.6) kg over the 6-month waiting period. At 12 months, those who received FBBI-M lost, on average (SE), 4.4 (1.7) kg more than those who received FBBI-C (-7.6 vs -3.2 kg, P-value = .008). CONCLUSION Participation in an intensive FBBI for weight loss with ID was efficacious, and continued participation in a maintenance intervention yielded additional weight loss.
To Test or Not to Test: COVID-19 Prevention Strategies to Keep Large Gatherings Safe.

Llibre and colleagues' brief research report investigated the effect of point-of-care onsite testing, use of face masks, and improved ventilation in preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a large indoor concert. The editorialists evaluate factors that contributed to the success of these multimethod prevention strategies and the cost-effectiveness of such measures. They also consider how these measures could be adapted to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in other settings.
Formation of rhinovirus-soluble ICAM-1 complexes and conformational changes in the virion.

Abstract Viral receptors serve both to target viruses to specific cell types and to actively promote the entry of bound virus into cells. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) can form complexes in vitro with a truncated soluble form of the HRV cell surface receptor, ICAM-1. These complexes appear to be stoichiometric, with approximately 60 ICAM molecules bound per virion or 1 ICAM-1 molecule per icosahedral face of the capsid. The complex can have two fates, either dissociating to yield free virus and free ICAM-1 or uncoating to break down to an 80S empty capsid which has released VP4, viral RNA, and ICAM-1. This uncoating in vitro mimics the uncoating of virus during infection of cells. The stability of the virus-receptor complex is dependent on temperature and the rhinovirus serotype. HRV serotype 14 (HRV14)-ICAM-1 complexes rapidly uncoat, HRV16 forms a stable virus-ICAM complex which does not uncoat detectably at 34 degrees C, and HRV3 has an intermediate phenotype. Rhinovirus can also uncoat after exposure to mildly acidic pH. The sensitivities of individual rhinovirus serotypes to ICAM-1-mediated virus uncoating do not correlate with uncoating promoted by incubation at low pH, suggesting that these two means of virus destabilization occur by different mechanisms. Soluble ICAM-1 and low pH do not act synergistically to promote uncoating. The rate of uncoating does appear to be inversely related to virus affinity for its receptor.
Organochlorine Contaminants in The Great Lakes

Great Lakes sediments and biota are contaminated by persistent and toxic organochlorine compounds. Large areas of sediments are contaminated, however, much higher concentrations are observed in fish and birds due to bioaccumulation processes The estimated total load of polychlonnated biphenyls in the sediments of the Lakes Ontario, Erie and Superior is approximately 50 metric tons. Spatial and temporal changes of sediment contamination can provide useful information on contaminant sources and pathways within the basin. With increasing numbers and amounts of chemicals in use, the potential for further environmental damage is high. Environmental research, effluent limitations and public education are needed to restore and maintain high water quality in the Great Lakes.
Reference coordinate systems: An update

This paper is an updated version of the earlier work ‘Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics: A Preview’, by the author published in the Proceedings of IAU Colloquium 56 on Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics, Sept. 8–12, 1980, Warsaw, Poland, E.M. Gaposchkin and B. Kolaczek, eds., D. Reidel, 1981.
Experimental evaluation of direct liquid cooling on GaN HEMT based power amplifier MMIC

We describe the use of direct liquid cooling to improve the performance of an X-band GaN HEMT based power amplifier Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit. With improved cooling, the operating drain bias was increased from 20V to 44V and the PA MMIC delivered 5.1W/mm power density while dissipating 8.9W/mm of thermal power under continuous wave operating condition.
Influence of sexual dimorphism on endothelial morphology, metabolism and mechanics (680.18)

Microvessels are dynamic complexes of vascular structures, formed elements of blood carried by plasma, parenchymal cells, and the interstitial matrix through which they course. Only recently how th...
Significance of p16 in Site-specific HPV Positive and HPV Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Expression of p16INK4A (p16 positive) is highly correlated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), however, p16-positivity is not limited to HPV positive tumors and therefore, not a perfect surrogate for HPV. p16 survival outcomes are best documented for the oropharyngeal site (OP); non-OP sites such as the oral cavity (OC), larynx, and hypopharynx (HP) are understudied. The goal of this study was to evaluate p16 in the context of HPV16 and examine p16 survival outcomes in HPV16 positive and HPV16 negative site-specific HNSCC. p16 and HPV16 status were determined by immunohistochemistry and qPCR respectively, on 80 primary HNSCC from four sites: OC, OP, larynx and HP. p16 expression was different across sites (p<0.001), was more frequent in OP than non-OP sites (p<0.0001), and was different between Caucasian Americans (CA) and African Americans (AA) (p=0.031), similar to HPV16 (p=0.013). p16 was associated with marital status (p=0.008) and smoking (p=0.014). p16 positive patients had improved survival (similar to HPV16 positive cases). Patients with p16 negative/HPV16 negative status had the worst survival for all sites combined as well as for OP. p16 status is an important prognostic indicator in both OPSCC and non-OPSCC and the p16 positive/HPV16 negative group is likely a distinct subgroup lacking any HPV genotype. Cohorts with larger representations of non-OP sites examining multiple molecular markers will be key to deciphering and dissecting out p16’s role as a useful prognostic indicator when assessed in combination with HPV status.
A Genetic Algorithm For Improved Shellsort Sequences

A genetic algorithm is used to find shellsort increment sequences that give good average-case performance on sequences of bounded size. Our approach applies a local improvement by removing a set of common factors from each increment sequence.
The effects of teamwork on individual learning and perceptions of team performance: A comparison of face‐to‐face and online project settings

Purpose – In light of contradictory research findings, the purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating effects of team setting (face‐to‐face or online) on the relationship that team member affect and interaction processes have on individual team source learning, and at the team level on the relationship between group cohesiveness and perceived team performance.Design/methodology/approach – Students enrolled in graduate level organizational behavior classes at a large university in the southeastern United States responded to the survey. The final sample included 79 students in 21 on‐campus teams and 97 students in 26 online teams. All classes surveyed required a detailed team project. Tests of the moderator hypotheses were conducted using hierarchical linear multiple regression.Findings – Team setting moderated the relationship that member teamwork orientation and member social interaction had on individual team‐source learning; the relationships were stronger in online teams.Practical implications ...
Novel packaging, cooling and interconnection method for GaN high performance power amplifiers and GaN based RF front-ends

We report a new approach for low-cost, scalable RF front-end packaging that enables “known good die” GaN MMICs to be combined with other ICs (Si, SiGe etc) and passives in an integrated 3D package that includes RF interconnects and cooling. The electroformed heat sink also serves as the substrate for creating the RF front-end. We call this multi-purpose layer the Integrated Thermal Array Plate (ITAP). Compared to conventionally mounted GaN power amplifiers (PA) using AuSn solder, the ITAP X-band PA showed 1.4x improvement in CW P out (4.4W at 8 GHz) while the ITAP Ku-band showed 1.3x improvement in CW P out (4W at 12 GHz). Compared to silver epoxy mounted PAs the improvement was 2x and 1.5x respectively. Additionally, by using a meandered GaN gate structure we demonstrated that the ITAP reduces the junction temperature by 40°C when the dissipated power is at 2W/mm or increases the power handling by 1.45x when the junction temperature is held at 150°C.
On the time-domain analysis of transmission lines

The analytical treatment for the propagation of pulses of arbitrary shape on lossy transmission lines usually involves a Laplace transform technique. However, the inverse transform is difficult to obtain and requires cumbersome calculations. Obviously, this is also the one-dimensional problem of the propagation of a pulse in a lossy medium. A direct time domain approach that is valid for small losses was previously presented (Uslenghi, Digest of AMEREM '96, p.348, 1996). That treatment is here generalized and systematized. Calculations are discussed for a lossless and a lossy transmission line.
The Reciprocal Act of Teaching and Learning: Are We Doing What the Best College Teachers Do?

What does it mean to be an excellent teacher? How often do we reflect on our professional goals as an educator, and how often do we take risks by trying something innovative in the classroom? How often are we so focused on the content that we fail to even acknowledge whether the students understand the content and can apply it in authentic situations? I would challenge each of you to dig deeply into the educational literature to carefully reflect on what we do in the classroom each day. Are we investing completely in the educational process each session? Are we really working diligently to foster student learning and critical thinking, or are we focused on content delivery to stay on track with our course outline? Are we using the best pedagogical strategies in the literature, or are we simply continuing what we have done each semester as we teach our courses?
SU‐GG‐I‐77: Quality Assurance Testing for a Clinical Digital Radiography System

Purpose: To develop a series of tests that can be readily performed on a clinical digital‐radiography (DR) system to assess the quality of the PACS‐archived image.Method and Materials: The quality of the final, processed and archived images from a digital radiography (DR) system was assessed using several measurements. These measurements included evaluation of the intra‐image characteristic (or sensitometric) curve of the system using an exposure‐calibrated aluminum step‐wedge and its variability with mAs or “exposure index”; measurement of the relative noise in the image as a function of exposure under the steps; and determination of the square‐wave‐response function (SWRF) from a bar‐pattern image. Test‐object images were obtained using an indirect flat‐panel system, saved on the hospital PACS, and evaluated offline, using image processing software. Results: The DR system provided non‐linear (s‐shaped) curves of pixel gray‐level versus step exposure; however, the curve shape derived from the calibrated step‐wedge was invariant of exposure mAs. Relative image noise decreased almost linearly with log exposure under the steps and decreased with increasing mAs, as expected. The SWRF provided a means to quantify the resolution, as a function of spatial frequency of the archived image.Conclusion: The methods described here provide a straightforward approach for testing the performance of the total DR system by evaluating the final archived image. These measurements provide an evaluation of the basic parameters that define the image quality and may be used as a means of quality assurance.
Clinically significant changes in pain along the visual analog scale

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to test the hypothesis that the change in visual analog scale (VAS) associated with a clinically significant change in pain is related to the initial VAS score. Methods: A convenience sample of adults with isolated extremity trauma was enrolled. A VAS score was obtained on entry into the study. Descriptions of change in pain ("lot less," "little less," "about the same," "little more," or "lot more") and VAS scores were then obtained every 30 minutes until the patient was free of pain or discharged or a total of 2 hours had passed. Patients were divided into 3 cohorts on the basis of the initial VAS score: VAS score of less than 34, VAS score of 34 to 66, and VAS score of 67 or greater. The absolute values of VAS changes associated with pain descriptions of a "little less" or "little more" (defined as clinically significant), "about the same" (defined as clinically insignificant), and "lot less" or "lot more" were calculated. Results: The change in VAS associated with clinically significant changes in pain in the cohort with VAS scores of less than 34 was 13±14 (mean±SD), which was significantly lower than that of the cohort with VAS scores of 67 or greater (28±21). There was no statistically significant difference in clinically significant changes in pain between the middle cohort and either the upper or lower cohorts ( P =.07 and P =.29, respectively). There was no significant change in VAS for clinically insignificant changes in pain among the 3 cohorts (3±4, 6±6, and 8±16, respectively). Conclusion: Patients with greater pain require a greater change in VAS score to achieve clinically significant pain relief. [Bird SB, Dickson EW. Clinically significant changes in pain along the visual analog scale. Ann Emerg Med. December 2001;38:639-643.]
Cyclic Strain Resistance, Stress Response, Fatigue Life, and Fracture Behavior of High Strength Low Alloy Steel 300 M

The focus of this technical manuscript is a record of the specific role of microstructure and test specimen orientation on cyclic stress response, cyclic strain resistance, and cyclic stress versus strain response, deformation and fracture behavior of alloy steel 300 M. The cyclic strain amplitude-controlled fatigue properties of this ultra-high strength alloy steel revealed a linear trend for the variation of log elastic strain amplitude with log reversals-to-failure, and log plastic strain amplitude with log reversals-to-failure for both longitudinal and transverse orientations. Test specimens of the longitudinal orientation showed only a marginal improvement over the transverse orientation at equivalent values of plastic strain amplitude. Cyclic stress response revealed a combination of initial hardening for the first few cycles followed by gradual softening for a large portion of fatigue life before culminating in rapid softening prior to catastrophic failure by fracture. Fracture characteristics of test specimens of this alloy steel were different at both the macroscopic and fine microscopic levels over the entire range of cyclic strain amplitudes examined. Both macroscopic and fine microscopic observations revealed fracture to be a combination of both brittle and ductile mechanisms. The underlying mechanisms governing stress response, deformation characteristics, fatigue life, and final fracture behavior are presented and discussed in light of the competing and mutually interactive influences of test specimen orientation, intrinsic microstructural effects, deformation characteristics of the microstructural constituents, cyclic strain amplitude, and response stress.
Evaluating the cause of death in obese individuals: a ten-year medical autopsy study.

Background. Obesity is a growing public health problem associated with increased morbidity and rate of death. Postmortem examination is imperative to determine the cause of death, to detect clinically unsuspected disease entities, and consequently to determine the actual impact of obesity on patient mortality. Methods. A total of 849 adult autopsies were retrospectively reviewed. Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and nonobese patients were separately studied. The primary cause of death in each group was categorized into malignancy, infection, stroke, ischemic and nonischemic heart disease, pulmonary embolism, hemorrhage, and primary nonneoplastic diseases of different organ systems. Results. Of 849 autopsies, 32.3% were obese. The leading causes of death in the obese population were malignancy (31.4%), infection (25.9%), ischemic heart disease (12.8%), and pulmonary embolism (6.2%). Obese individuals were statistically more likely to die from pulmonary embolism and liver disease and less likely to die from neurologic diseases and nonischemic heart disease. Conclusion. Autopsies on obese individuals constitute a third of all adult medical autopsies in our center. Increased death rates in the obese due to pulmonary embolism and liver disease should receive special clinical attention. Autopsy findings in the obese population should contribute to overall premortem disease detection, prevention, and management.
Finite Elements for Three-Dimensional Magnetostatic Fields and its Application to Trubine-Generator End Regions

This paper presents a general finite element solution of magnetostatic fields due to three-dimensional current sources, in axisymmetric geometries, in terms of the scalar magnetic potential. In the space occupied by the current sources, and there only, a correction field defined by a vector quantity must be added to the scalar potential field. Numerically, this correction field is obtained by using a vector potential which may be allowed to be divergenceless in the mean. Since the correction field is non-zero only in the current-carrying space, it is computationally relatively inexpensive to find. This method is used to predict the open-circuit and short-circuit magnetic fields in the end region of a turbine-generator. In order to assess the accuracy of the process, the magnetic fields are calculated and compared with the classical current-sheet approach and test measurements.
FEMINIST POLITICAL DISCOURSES: Radical Versus Liberal Approaches to the Feminization of Poverty and Comparable Worth

Feminist campaigns concerning feminization of poverty and comparable worth are analyzed in terms of their major policy goals and the arguments typically used to justify those goals. The differences between liberal and radical discourses on each issue are outlined and the implications for feminist practice discussed. It is concluded that situating the issues of women's poverty and pay equity in a liberal political discourse may strengthen important ideological and social underpinnings of women's subordination.
The epidemiology of obesity and self-defined weight problem in the general population: Gender, race, age, and social class

As part of a broad health survey, a random sample of 2,115 black and white adults, aged 18–96, were interviewed on weight and weight concerns. Significant age, gender, race, and social class differences were found. Forty-six percent of black women, 28% of black men, 18% of white women, and 16% of white men were overweight. Prevalence of obesity was lowest among the youngest and oldest respondents. Three-fourths of respondents at least 20 lb overweight considered themselves too heavy, as did one-fourth of respondents who were not overweight. White women who reported “no weight problem” had a mean weight well below the lower limit of the normal weight range, whereas white men, black men and black women reporting “no weight problem” has mean weights above the normal weight range. Culture acceptance of overweight is discussed.
Compatibility of Amblyseius (Typhlodromips) swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) for biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on roses

Abstract Two commercially-marketed natural enemies of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), a phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius (= Typhlodromips ) swirskii (Athias-Henriot), and an anthocorid bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), were evaluated for their compatibility on cut roses, Rosa hybrida L. cv. ‘Tropicana’. Our goal was to evaluate the degree to which intraguild predation of A. swirskii by O. insidiosus could affect suppression of F. occidentalis . We conducted laboratory experiments to examine: (1) effects of prey densities, prey composition, and crop structure on predation by O. insidiosus , (2) prey switching by O. insidiosus, and (3) effects of Orius gender on prey preference. If relative densities of F. occidentalis and A. swirskii were varied on flowers or foliage, O. insidiosus always switched to the more abundant prey. Male and female O. insidiosus did not show preference for A. swirskii over immature or adult F. occidentalis , but females killed more prey than males. In greenhouse trials simulating thrips infestations of cut rose crops during commercial production, we compared control of F. occidentalis on roses with releases of only A. swirskii or both O. insidiosus and A. swirskii . Roses with or without predators produced similar numbers of harvestable flowers, but roses without predators had, on average, two to three times more thrips than roses with predators. Concurrent releases of O. insidiosus with A. swirskii did not appear to either interfere with or enhance suppression of F. occidentalis on cut roses because counts of thrips and predatory mites on flowers with both O. insidiosus and A. swirskii were not statistically different from similar counts on flowers with only A. swirskii .
Simultaneous Retrievals of Column Ozone and Aerosol Optical Properties from Direct and Diffuse Solar Irradiance Measurements

[1] A retrieval technique has been developed to simultaneously determine column ozone amounts and aerosol optical properties using surface observations of solar ultraviolet direct normal and diffuse horizontal irradiance from a multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer. The retrieval consists of a Bayesian scheme involving a tropospheric ultraviolet radiative transfer model. The technique was tested using cloud-free observations collected during a Mexico City Metropolitan Area air pollution field campaign from April to May 2003. Retrieval results compared favorably to those of independent techniques, including ozone amounts from a direct-Sun method, Langley-derived aerosol optical depths, and aerosol single-scattering albedos from a direct-to-diffuse irradiance ratio technique. Further comparisons were performed between the measurements and model simulations when using the retrieval results as inputs, both from the proposed technique and the combined independent methods. Simulations using the results of the new method were found to agree with the observations within the assumed limits of measurement and model uncertainty. It is anticipated that the technique will be applied across a 33-site network of radiometers maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture UV-B Monitoring and Research Program for development of aerosol climatologies and for providing ground validation for satellite measurements.
Structural Model of the Voltage Sensing Domain in Ci-VSP

CiVSP is a voltage sensor-containing phosphatase whose N-terminal comprises a voltage sensing domain (VSD). Its lack of a conduction pore makes CiVSP an excellent model to study conformational changes in VSDs. Although the structure of CiVSP's VSD is unknown, it shares sequence homology with the VSDs of potassium channels with known crystal structures. We have taken advantage of this similarity to generate a model of CiVSP's VSD using the program ESyPred3D. The stability of the model was tested using the molecular dynamics simulation package, NAMD. After equilibration, we imposed an electric field to mimic a membrane potential of −200mV at 300K for a total simulation time of 20ns. One feature of the model is that residues R223 to R229 adopt a 3-10 helical structure with polar residues facing into the protein core. Meanwhile, water molecules in the interior of the helical bundle form an hourglass-shaped profile resembling those seen in Kv1.2 simulations. The water crevices are separated by a hydrophobic plug limited outside by R223 interacting with L155 and inside by R226 interacting with D159. These interactions serve as water barriers that focus the electric field. Experimentally, we have observed that the CiVSP mutant R217Q R223H produces a proton current at negative potentials. Simulations of the present model carrying these mutations effectively displayed a narrowing of the hydrophobic plug, allowing water molecules from the top and bottom crevices to come into close proximity, while R226 prevents the collapse of the hydrophobic plug. This effect might create the optimal conditions for proton conduction. We conclude that our model of the ‘resting’state of CiVSP's VSD contains features that are consistent with experimental observations and is a good starting point to study conformational changes in VSDs.(Support: GM062342, GM030376)
On Generic Existence and Uniqueness in Nonconvex Optimal Control Problems

We derive conditions for generic existence and uniqueness of optimal control and trajectories for some class of finite-dimensional optimal control problems in the absence of traditional convexity assumptions. It is shown that for these problems existence and uniqueness of optimal control for a given initial point x is equivalent to the differentiability of optimal value functions at x. These results are obtained in the general framework of representation formulas for (sub-)gradients of inf-envelope functions which appear in nonsmooth analysis.
Associative memory - An optimum binary neuron representation

Convergence mechanism of vectors in the Hopfield's neural network is studied in terms of both weights (i.e., inner products) and Hamming distance. It is shown that Hamming distance should not always be used in determining the convergence of vectors. Instead, weights (which in turn depend on the neuron representation) are found to play a more dominant role in the convergence mechanism. Consequently, a new binary neuron representation for associative memory is proposed. With the new neuron representation, the associative memory responds unambiguously to the partial input in retrieving the stored information.
Rank rigidity for foliations by manifolds of nonpositive curvature

Abstract We develop a rank rigidity theorem for finite volume foliations by manifolds of nonpositive sectional curvature. It implies that if the leaves are irreducible Hadamard manifolds of geometric rank ⩾ 2, then the leaves are symmetric.
Cilioinhibitory process initiated by a neuronal pigment in Crassostrea virginica

Abstract 1. 1. A neuronal chromoprotein (yellow-carotenoprotein) initiates changes in lateral ciliary activity on the ctenidium of the oyster Crassostria virginica . 2. 2. Photic, electrical and chemical stimulation of this chromoprotein correlates with a neuro-regulatory mechanism that brings about a gradual cilioinhibition. Changes in ciliary activity initiated by external stimulation are abolished by denervation of the ctenidium. 3. 3. Microspectrophotometric measurements of the yellow-carotenoprotein spectral band patterns reveal two absorption maxima. 4. 4. It is postulated that photoactivation and/or release of specific neurotransmitters lead to transformations in chromoproteins with subsequent neuronal regulation of ctenidial ciliary activity.
Precision neutron interferometric measurement of the n − He 3 coherent neutron scattering length

A measurement of the $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ coherent scattering length using neutron interferometry is reported. The result, ${b}_{c}=(5.8572\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0072)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}$, improves the measured precision of any single measurement of ${b}_{c}$ by a factor of eight; the previous world average, ${b}_{c}=(5.74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}$, now becomes ${b}_{c}=(5.853\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}$. Measurements of the $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$, $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$, and $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ coherent scattering lengths have now been performed using the same technique, thus allowing one to extract the scattering length ratios: parameters that minimize systematic errors. We obtain values of ${b}_{n^{3}\mathrm{He}}∕{b}_{np}=(\ensuremath{-}1.5668\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0021)$ and ${b}_{nd}∕{b}_{np}=(\ensuremath{-}1.7828\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0014)$. Using the new world average value of ${b}_{c}$ and recent high-precision spin-dependent scattering length data also determined by neutron optical techniques, we extract new values for the bound singlet and triple scattering lengths of ${b}_{0}=(9.949\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.027)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}$ and ${b}_{1}=(4.488\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}$ for the $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ system. The free nuclear singlet and triplet scattering lengths are ${a}_{0}=(7.456\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}$ and ${a}_{1}=(3.363\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}$. The coherent scattering cross section is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}=(4.305\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{b}$ and the total scattering cross section is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}=(5.837\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{b}$. Comparisons of ${a}_{0}$ and ${a}_{1}$ to the only existing high-precision theoretical predictions for the $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ system, calculated using a resonating group technique with nucleon-nucleon potentials incorporating three-nucleon forces, have been performed. Neutron scattering length measurements in few-body systems are now sensitive enough to probe small effects not yet adequately treated in present theoretical models.
Evolution of die surfaces during repeated stretch-bend sheet steel deformation

Abstract The friction and wear characteristics of several die materials used for sheet metal forming have been investigated. The study examines five die materials tested in conjunction with three commercially produced automotive sheet steels. The die materials were: A2 tool steel, weld overlay, tungsten carbide, physical vapor deposited titanium nitride and transformation toughened zirconia. The three steels were: a low carbon uncoated aluminum killed drawing quality (AKDQ) sheet, a zinc-coated galvannealed sheet and a hot dip galvanized sheet. Each die material was tested using a repeated stretch-bend deformation with each steel sheet in order to examine the initial stages of die wear. The changes in the die surface profile were examined after approximately 140 tests and compared to the profile before testing. The tungsten carbide die material exhibited the least amount of change. Even though it was the smoothest before testing, the zirconia die material showed the most significant change, especially when tested with the two zinc-coated sheet steels.
Design of failure-accommodating multiloop LQG-type controllers

This note investigates the stability of multiloop LQG-type controllers in the presence of actuator and sensor outages. For the linear quadratic state feedback (LQSF) regulator case, it is proved that the closed-loop stability can be maintained in the presence of certain actuator failure states by inserting appropriate constant gains in the control loops. The results are also applicable (via duality) to the design of state estimators which maintain stability in face of sensor failures, provided that the failure state is known or detected. This regulator-estimator combination yields an LQG-type controller which is tolerant to certain actuator and sensor failure states.
A Minimal Counterexample to Universal Baireness

For a canonical model of set theory whose projective theory of the real numbers is stable under set forcing extensions, a set of reals of minimal complexity is constructed which fails to be universally Baire. The construction uses a general method for generating non-universally Baire sets via the Levy collapse of a cardinal, as well as core model techniques. Along the way it is shown (extending previous results of Steel) how sufficiently iterable fine structure models recognize themselves as global core models.
Temperature and Material Flow Prediction in Friction-Stir Spot Welding of Advanced High-Strength Steel

Friction-stir spot welding (FSSW) has been shown to be capable of joining advanced high-strength steel, with its flexibility in controlling the heat of welding and the resulting microstructure of the joint. This makes FSSW a potential alternative to resistance spot welding if tool life is sufficiently high, and if machine spindle loads are sufficiently low that the process can be implemented on an industrial robot. Robots for spot welding can typically sustain vertical loads of about 8 kN, but FSSW at tool speeds of less than 3000 rpm cause loads that are too high, in the range of 11–14 kN. Therefore, in the current work, tool speeds of 5000 rpm were employed to generate heat more quickly and to reduce welding loads to acceptable levels. Si3N4 tools were used for the welding experiments on 1.2-mm DP 980 steel. The FSSW process was modeled with a finite element approach using the Forge® software. An updated Lagrangian scheme with explicit time integration was employed to predict the flow of the sheet material, subjected to boundary conditions of a rotating tool and a fixed backing plate. Material flow was calculated from a velocity field that is two-dimensional, but heat generated by friction was computed by a novel approach, where the rotational velocity component imparted to the sheet by the tool surface was included in the thermal boundary conditions. An isotropic, viscoplastic Norton-Hoff law was used to compute the material flow stress as a function of strain, strain rate, and temperature. The model predicted welding temperatures to within 4%, and the position of the joint interface to within 10%, of the experimental results.
LDH isoenzyme pattern, lactate/pyruvate, and ultrastructure of fibrinogenic and epithelial cell lines exposed to 3% oxygen.

Abstract Human diploid fibroblast WI38 and canine epithelial MDCK cells were incubated in an environment flushed continuously for 96 h with 3% and 20% oxygen. Lactate and pyruvate formation and LDH isoenzyme patterns of cells in logarithmic and stationary phases showed characteristic differences between both cell lines. Lactate formation by WI38 cells at 3% oxygen was considerable within the first 18 h. The MDCK cells responded with an even greater lactate formation only after 18 h. The dynamics of LDH isoenzyme changes measured as H M subunits revealed for WI38 cells a sharp decline after 40 h at 3% oxygen in both logarithmic and confluent stages. MDCK cells show a sharp decline in H M during the first 40 h (confluent phase) or 20 h (log phase). No changes in either cell line, regardless of the oxygen environment, were seen in the ultrastructure of cells, as seen by transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested that the fibroblast, being better equipped for anaerobic metabolism, quickly produces more lactate without changing the LDH isoenzyme pattern at 3% oxygen. Epithelial cells react first with a modification in the LDH pattern and then a continuous increase in the formation of lactate to very high values.
In Silico Study Of Nonspecific DNA-protein Encounter Complexes

In search of its specific targets, a DNA-binding protein associates with nonspecific DNA and subsequently diffuses along the DNA. Structural characterization of the nonspecific DNA-protein encounter complexes is of great interest. Due to weak interactions between the protein and nonspecific DNA, however, such characterization is experimentally challenging. Here, we describe the first comprehensive computational study on the encounter complexes of 44 specific DNA-binding proteins with nonspecific canonical B-DNA. In the analysis of these encounter complex models, we found that the recognition sites for specific DNA are usually favorable interaction sites for the nonspecific DNA probe and that nonspecific DNA-protein interaction modes exhibit some similarity to specific DNA-protein binding modes. These results led us to a novel method that predicts DNA-binding sites and binding-modes for a DNA-binding protein without knowing its specific DNA target sequence. In benchmark tests, the method achieves significantly better performance than three previously established methods, which are based on sophisticated machine-learning techniques. We further apply our method to protein structures predicted through modeling and demonstrate that our method performs satisfactorily on protein models up to 5 A from their native structures.
ABUNDANCES OF RUTHENIUM, OSMIUM AND URANIUM IN SOME COSMIC AND TERRESTRIAL SOURCES

Determinations of ruthenium and osmium in ten chondrites by neutron activation analysis give average concentrations of 0.89 × 10−6gRug meteorite and 0.91 × 10−6gOsg meteorite. With proper assumptions these values lead in turn to cosmic abundances (per 106 Si atoms) of 1.3 for Ru and 0.73 for Os. The averages cited include Ru and Os concentrations for a carbonaceous chondrite, which, though below average, fall within the range of concentrations found for the non-carbonaceous chondrites. The range in both the Ru and Os concentrations from about 0.6 × 10−6 g/g to 1.4 × 10−6 g/g reflects not only the variable amount of metal content in the chondrites, but also the variation in Ru and Os concentrations in the metal phase. Analyses of the separated metal and siliceous phases of two chondrites show a marked enrichment of Ru and Os in the metal phase, and they further show that significant amounts of these elements are present in the siliceous phase. Ruthenium and osmium concentrations in Canyon Diablo troilite are found to be suppressed approximately two orders of magnitude below the chondritic averages, which makes it difficult to attribute the presence of Ru and Os in the siliceous phase of chondrites to sulfide inclusion. The isotopic ratio Os184Os190 for osmium in meteorites agrees with that in terrestrial material to about 1 per cent, within the limits of experimental error. The experimental uncertainty in determining the ratio Ru96Ru102 is greater, and as a consequence the agreement of Ru96Ru102 for ruthenium in meteoritic and terrestrial sources cannot be established to much better than 2–3 per cent. With these limits of experimental accuracy, no conclusive evidence for anomalous isotopic composition of ruthenium or osmium has been found in the samples analysed in this work. For samples in which the uranium concentration approaches that of ruthenium, the corrections necessary to account for fission-produced ruthenium permit incidentally the measurement of the uranium present. Uranium concentrations determined in this manner are reported for a few samples $ncluding the standard rocks G-1 and W-1. Two achondrites, a tektite and several terrestrial samples are found to have ruthenium and osmium concentrations 2–3 orders of magnitude below those in chondrites, giving evidence of the marked depletion of these elements in differentiated silicate matter.
From char to carbon: A study of A-centers☆

Abstract In order to obtain more information about the interaction between localized and conduction carrier spin centers in chars and carbons, artificial spin centers (A-centers) were made on sugar and PVDC chars as well as on P-33 carbon black using the oxidation technique developed by Antonowicz. The temperature dependence of ESR has been studied for materials heattreated in the HTT range 700–1800°C. Whereas for heattreatments 700–900°C the formation of A-centers results in a more Curie-like temperature behavior, for heattreatments of 1100°C and above the behavior does not depend on the concentration of A-centers. An explanation of this surprising result is suggested.
Food Attribute Importance, Situational Effects, and Homemaker Values

A repeated-measures analysis of variance design was used to test the hypothesis that food attribute importance, as perceived by homemakers, is affected by the type of food product, anticipated usage, and personal values. The conceptual framework that guided this study was developed by integrating pertinent con structs from various fields of inquiry, especially consumer behavior and psy chology. All hypothesized main effects (the type of food product, anticipated usage, and personal values) and one interaction effect, between the type of food and its anticipated usage, were found statistically significant. Results contain im plications for immediate applications in areas such as nutrition education and for further research.
Exhaust system burn injuries in children

Abstract Background/Purpose The authors had noted a number of children who had sustained burn injuries from the exhaust systems of recreational vehicles and wished to document the incidence of pediatric burn injury sustained from the exhaust systems of a wide scope of motorized vehicles. Methods The authors conducted a 10-year retrospective chart review including all children admitted to our institution with burn injuries from contact with vehicular exhaust systems. Results Twenty-three children were included. There were 18 boys, with a median patient age of 7 years. Most children (7 of 23) were injured from the exhaust systems of all-terrain vehicles. The average burn size (5%) was small, but almost two thirds of the burn injuries were full thickness. Of the 23 children, 21 required operative intervention for their burns, with 2 children requiring multiple surgical interventions. The average length of hospital stay was 11 days, and all children, except one who went to a rehabilitation facility, were discharged to home. Conclusions Pediatric health care providers should be aware that exhaust system contact burns in children are not rare events and they do tend to be significant. Surgical consultation should be requested early in the management of these particular burn injuries in children.