cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Economic Considerations to Achieve the Price Parity of SiC MOSFETs with Silicon IGBTs

This paper aims to establish an intuitive model to determine the chip size of 1200V SiC MOSFET for a particular current rating. In order to provide the direction of next generation SiC MOSFETs, the most vital device parameters were investigated, and their quantitative influences are given. Cost analysis, based on the proposed method, shows that it is feasible to achieve the price parity to Silicon IGBTs by concurrent efforts such as improvements on the device innovation, advanced packaging technology, and reduced processing cost by leveraging high volume commercial 150 mm Si Foundries in US.
The dietitian and credentialing.

The individual dietitian is faced with a dilemma concerning “credentialing.” What is it? How does it affect her today? tomorrow? Here is an in-depth discussion of this important area of concern.
(Mis)appropriation Art: Transformation and Attribution in the Fair Use Doctrine

Since the adoption of transformation by the Supreme Court, judicial decisions have continued to expand the fair use doctrine. Relying on transformation has led judges to subjectively critique and analyze artwork in order to make a legal decision. However, while a majority of circuits apply transformation, it is not followed by all of them. Transformation should no longer be a requirement in a fair use analysis concerning appropriation art, because it first requires subjective interpretation of an artist’s work. Transformation also gives an advantage to artists appropriating the work, claiming fair use of another’s copyrighted work. Instead, the emphasis should be on the overall effect on the market for the original work by the secondary use, with special consideration given to how attribution to the original author aids in the fair use test. ∗ B.M., 2010, Berklee College of Music; J.D. candidate, 2016, Northeastern University School of Law. I would like to thank Professor Kara Swanson, Ph.D., for her support and comments on early versions of this Note as well as Nathanael Karl Harrison, Ph.D., for our many discussions on the subject. I would also like to thank my parents, Yashira Agosto, and Nicholas Fede for their comments and support during the writing of this Note. 6 ZWISLER FINAL.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 1/29/16 3:02 PM 164 CHICAGO-KENT JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY [Vol 15:1
The miRNA landscape of colorectal polyps.

The genomic landscape of adenomas and polyps may help define disease pathways. Expression of miRNAs in adenomas and polyps may importantly contribute to these pathways. We evaluated miRNA expression in 293 polyp-normal colorectal mucosa pairs. Polyps were classified as either adenomatous polyp (AD), hyperplastic polyp (HP), or sessile serrated polyp (SSP). We compared these miRNA expression profiles in polyps to miRNA expression in microsatellite unstable (MSI) and stable (MSS) tumors. A False Discovery Rate of 0.05 based on Benjamini and Hochberg was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. There were 70 miRNAs with differential expression by polyp type with a fold change 1.34 after adjusting for multiple comparisons. The major differences in miRNA expression were observed between AD and SSP and AD and HP, with few differences in expression noted for SSP and HP. AD polyps were more likely to be upregulated from normal colonic mucosa, while SSP and HP were more likely to be downregulated from normal colonic mucosa. MiRNA expression in the SSP and HP tumors almost uniformly go in opposite directions from the MSS tumor miRNA expression and was mixed with MSI tumors. We conclude that different types of polyps have unique miRNA expression profiles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear Dynamics of Heterochromatin Repair

Repairing double-strand breaks (DSBs) is particularly challenging in pericentromeric heterochromatin, where the abundance of repeated sequences exacerbates the risk of ectopic recombination and chromosome rearrangements. Recent studies in Drosophila cells revealed that faithful homologous recombination (HR) repair of heterochromatic DSBs relies on the relocalization of DSBs to the nuclear periphery before Rad51 recruitment. We summarize here the exciting progress in understanding this pathway, including conserved responses in mammalian cells and surprising similarities with mechanisms in yeast that deal with DSBs in distinct sites that are difficult to repair, including other repeated sequences. We will also point out some of the most important open questions in the field and emerging evidence suggesting that deregulating these pathways might have dramatic consequences for human health.
Vegetative Buffer Strips for Reducing Herbicide Transport in Runoff: Effects of Buffer Width, Vegetation, and Season

The effectiveness of vegetative buffer strips (VBS) for reducing herbicide transport has not been well documented for runoff prone soils. A multi-year plot-scale study was conducted on an eroded claypan soil with the following objectives: (1) assess the effects of buffer width, vegetation, and season on runoff transport of atrazine (ATR), metolachlor (MET), and glyphosate; (2) develop VBS design criteria for herbicides; and (3) compare differences in soil quality among vegetation treatments. Rainfall simulation was used to create uniform antecedent soil water content and to generate runoff. Vegetation treatment and buffer width impacted herbicide loads much more than season. Grass treatments reduced herbicide loads by 19-28% and sediment loads by 67% compared to the control. Grass treatments increased retention of dissolved-phase herbicides by both infiltration and adsorption, but adsorption accounted for the greatest proportion of retained herbicide load. This latter finding indicated VBS can be effective on poorly drained soils or when the source to buffer area ratio is high. Grass treatments modestly improved surface soil quality 8-13 years after establishment, with significant increases in organic C, total N, and ATR and MET sorption compared to continuously tilled control. Herbicide loads as a function of buffer width were well described by first-order decay models which indicated VBS can provide significant load reductions under anticipated field conditions.
A multi-view recurrent neural network for 3D mesh segmentation

Abstract This paper introduces a multi-view recurrent neural network (MV-RNN) approach for 3D mesh segmentation. Our architecture combines the convolutional neural networks (CNN) and a two-layer long short term memory (LSTM) to yield coherent segmentation of 3D shapes. The imaged-based CNN are useful for effectively generating the edge probability feature map while the LSTM correlates these edge maps across different views and output a well-defined per-view edge image. Evaluations on the Princeton Segmentation Benchmark dataset show that our framework significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.
The pros and cons to real-time nerve monitoring during recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection: an analysis of the data from a series of thyroidectomy patients.

Liu et al . published a novel and provocative article in Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences entitled “Exclusive real-time monitoring during recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection in conventional monitored thyroidectomy”, that examines the benefits of intraoperative nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy with a new potential to continuously monitor the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) with minimal risk. The article sheds light on the advancements in nerve monitoring as an adjunct technology to the gold standard of anatomic identification of the RLN. It demonstrates how this technology can be an aid in real-time dissection of the RLN and ultimately vocal fold function outcomes. Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (CIONM) of the RLN during thyroid surgery allows the surgeon to assess impending neurophysiologic injury to the nerve by measuring amplitude and latency changes which may be able to predict impending vocal fold weakness without evidence of RLN injury anatomically (1). The authors however suggest that even with the application of this technique, RLN injuries still occur. RLN injury most often occurs during dissection and goes unrecognized until postop because there is no obvious anatomic injury. Results of multiple studies suggest that the RLN is at high risk for this type of injury during dissection (1,2) and therefore continuous RLN monitoring may improve a surgeon’s vocal fold functional outcomes with more real-time, continuous monitoring.
Looking at Relationships

We think of a dataset as a collection of d-tuples (a d-tuple is an ordered list of d elements). For example, the Chase and Dunner dataset had entries for Gender; Grade; Age; Race; Urban/Rural; School; Goals; Grades; Sports; Looks; and Money (so it consisted of 11-tuples). The previous chapter explored methods to visualize and summarize a set of values obtained by extracting a single element from each tuple. For example, I could visualize the heights or the weights of a population (as in Fig. 1.7). But I could say nothing about the relationship between the height and weight. In this chapter, we will look at methods to visualize and summarize the relationships between pairs of elements of a dataset.
Suppression of Th1-Mediated Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca by Lifitegrast.

Abstract Purpose: Increased interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression in dry eye causes ocular surface epithelial disease termed keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). The purpose of this study was to investi...
Toward a Transnational Approach to the Study of Jewish Latin American Literature and Culture

This response paper explores the significance of Judit Bokser Liwerant, not just as an individual researcher and theorist, but as a highly collaborative intellectual who is able to bring together scholars from the social sciences, history, and the humanities. Literary and cultural critics would benefit from Liwerant’s guidance to move away from ingrained “methodological nationalism” and to take into account the increasingly transnational flow of creative people, cultural products, and ideas. I sketch out some avenues of research that might be pursued by applying Liwerant’s concepts to the study of Jewish Latin American literary and cultural phenomena.
Archiving Spotify: Methods and Motives for Collecting Individual Music Streaming Data

In July of 2017, music streaming platform Spotify reached 60 million paid subscribers, nearly doubling from the year before and continuing to grow after the launch of rivals Apple Music and Tidal. ...
Prospective associations among objectively and subjectively assessed sleep and the metabolic syndrome.

Abstract Objective Subjective sleep disturbances have been associated with greater risk for concurrent and incident metabolic syndrome (MetS). Previous studies have not examined prospective associations among polysomnography-assessed sleep and the MetS, despite knowledge that self-reported sleep is subject to reporting bias, and that subjectively and objectively assessed sleep are weakly correlated. Method In the current study, objectively-assessed (polysomnography) and subjectively-assessed (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) sleep was measured in 145 adults at two timepoints, separated by 12–30 years. A continuous measure of the MetS was assessed at the second time point. Statistical analyses were adjusted for age, sex, lifetime history of major depressive disorder, follow-up time, and apnea-hypopnea index. Results Polysomnography-assessed sleep duration, latency, efficiency, and slow wave sleep were not significantly prospectively associated with the MetS (ps ≥ 0.16). Self-reported longer sleep latency was prospectively associated with higher MetS scores in unadjusted (β = 0.29, p = 0.002) and adjusted models (β = 0.25, p = 0.009). Longer sleep latency was associated with higher fasting glucose levels (β = 0.47, p Conclusion Our study provides evidence that subjective and objective measures of sleep may differ in their ability to prospectively predict MetS.
Continuous Electroencephalographic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective:Research on continuous electro-encephalographic monitoring (cEEG) in the intensive care unit (ICU) has previously focused on neuroscience ICUs. This study determines cEEG utilization with...
Estimation of Wind Conditions Utilizing RC Helicopter Dynamics

This paper investigates the applicability of a remote-controlled (RC) helicopter as a sensing platform for measuring local wind conditions. A simplified nonlinear multibody helicopter dynamics model has been proposed in this paper, which models local wind conditions in addition to capturing essential helicopter states such as fuselage dynamics, rotor inflow, blade flapping, and lead lagging. The critical aerodynamic parameters for the model were extracted using indoor calibration flights. This paper also presents the performance of particle swarm optimization in optimizing and validating the helicopter's dynamic model parameters. An in-house developed multisensor instrumentation system was used to track the helicopter dynamics and extract wind model parameters through anomalies in the helicopter dynamics estimates. A three-dimensional (3-D) map of local wind conditions was generated for a controlled turbulent wind environment created in an indoor test facility. To validate the system's performance, wind parameters estimated from the proposed system were quantitatively compared against the experimentally generated 3-D wind map.
Hot or Not: Leveraging Mobile Devices for Ubiquitous Temperature Sensing

This paper introduces a novel technique to measure indoor ambient air temperature using the battery temperature sensor found on typical smartphones. We develop physics-based models to predict ambient air temperature that consider the many warming and cooling scenarios faced by phones and account for the excess heat generated by smartphone components such as the CPU, screen, network, and charging hardware. To accommodate never-before-seen devices, we also develop a domain adaptation technique that leverages previously derived models, substantially reducing the overhead of learning accurate models for a new phone. We evaluate our models for a range of devices, operating scenarios, ambient temperatures, and phone cases, with mean errors generally less than 1.5% of ambient temperature. We also present a case study to demonstrate the utility of our approach for spatial and temporal monitoring of ambient temperature variations in an office building; while indoor conditions vary by as much as 13°F, mean error in measurement by our models is 1.4%.
Higher Technical Education in India: Need for New Initiatives

Higher technical education in India started receiving priority after independence with the creation of five IITs at Kharagpur, Bombay, Kanpur, Madras and Delhi each with foreign collaboration. Then NITs were created in different regions. Today there are 22 IITs and 31 NITs with an annual intake of 10,000 and 18,000, respectively. There are over 20 Technical Institutions of comparable quality in the private sector. In addition, there are a large number of private engineering colleges whose quality has been questioned. The country graduates over a million students per year with a large number of them from these private engineering colleges. There are not enough jobs for these engineering graduates. There is thus a crisis in engineering education calling for an urgent need to control this growth and also retain quality. We discuss some of these issues and offer solutions, which to many may seem harsh. All the development schemes of the Government. starting from ‘Clean India’ to ‘Digital India’ to ‘Start-up India’ depend on good quality S and T manpower. In this task IITs, NITs and private Technical Institutions with a history of quality have key roles to play.
Biracial families in park and recreation spaces: a case study of six families, implications and possibilities.

The basis of this article is an original study of interviews with biracial African-American and European-American couples with at least one child, noting what members of these families experience in recreational activities that connects to their lived racial identity. Although there is growing research on mixed-race families’ experiences in park and recreation spaces, there is still limited research on the leisure patterns, barriers and choices of mixed-race couples with children. Employing a qualitative design, the authors gathered data on the leisure and recreation experiences of this sample which resulted in findings of social isolation due to racial identity and experiences of racism in family relationships, recreation settings, and public spaces. The families studied expressed a desire for recreational activities that could support the biracial couple experience and that might help balance their biracial reality as a mixed-race family in the United States.In response to these findings, the discussion explores possibilities of community-engaged theater, storytelling practices, and the positive potential of play-based community activities that address issues of race and racial identity. Developing creative programming in park and recreation settings could support mixed-race families and provide a counter to experiences of racism. Suggestions for creative programming possibilities that help support racial dialogue and healing through play and recreation are made. By offering such programming, park and recreation settings can invite participants to connect around personal and societal experiences of racism and racial identity. The potential for biracial families is a low-stakes gathering for the purpose of play and community which could meet family needs. The potential for communities is a contribution to community engagement efforts and conversations around race. With programming that is geared toward mixed-race families in this way, the potential of park and recreational spaces is thus widened, as gatherings could serve as community and relationship-building outlets. Subscribe to JPRA
Photo Quiz: Rapidly Progressive Pneumonia in a Resident of the U.S. Midwest

A 38-year-old male presented to our emergency department (ED) with a persistent and productive cough, diffuse chest pain that worsened with exertion, and a 20-pound unintended weight loss over the past 6 months. He was nicotine dependent and had insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus. The
GQ9 Is Ignoring Hunger Comparable with Ignoring Genocide? Review of Eyal Mayroz’s Reluctant Interveners

Eyal Mayroz’s book, Reluctant Interveners, focuses on how public opinion shapes and is shaped by the US government’s response to genocide, a type of mass atrocity. Mass atrocity is defined here as widespread avoidable harm. Hunger can be viewed as another type of mass atrocity, even if the harm is not imposed intentionally. The book and this review show that responses to hunger and genocide have been similar.
Spontaneous, Chelation‐Driven Reduction of the Neptunyl Cation in Aqueous Solution

Octadentate hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) and catecholamide (CAM) siderophore analogues are known to be efficacious chelators of the actinide cations, and these ligands are also capable of facilitating both activation and reduction of actinyl species. Utilizing X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies, as well as cyclic voltammetry measurements, herein, we elucidate chelation-based mechanisms for driving reactivity and initiating redox processes in a family of neptunyl-HOPO and CAM complexes. Based on the selected chelator, the ability to control the oxidation state of neptunium and the speed of reduction and concurrent oxo group activation was demonstrated. Most notably, reduction kinetics for the NpV O2 +/ /NpIV redox couple upon chelation by the ligands 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) and 3,4,3-LI(CAM)2 (1,2-HOPO)2 was observed to be faster than ever reported, and in fact quicker than we could measure using either X-ray absorption spectroscopy or electrochemical techniques.
Security Analysis of Wireless Train Control Systems

In order to enhance the performance of safety, capacity and timely schedules in railroad operations, information communication technologies (ICT) are introduced into railroad systems. Different entities are connected with information exchange, such as base stations, wayside devices, and locomotive systems. Based on ICT, there are many critical messages are transmitted on the air to improve the railroad operations. In this paper, we present security analysis of a general wireless train control systems (WTC). We first present a general WTC system model. Based on the general WTC system model, we study a trust model, attack models, and security objectives. A case study for identity-based security schemes is presented over the general WTC system model for securing the communication between the back office and the locomotive system. An identity (ID) - based signcryption scheme and an ID-based signature scheme are proposed to achieve confidentiality, integrity, authentication and end-to-end security. Security analysis and performance analysis of the proposed schemes are studied to show that our proposed scheme can achieve required security services with low computational and communication overhead.
School Finance Equalization and Intergenerational Income Mobility: Does Equal Spending Lead to Equal Opportunities?

School finance reforms have been implemented across US states in the past 40 years to equalize expenditure across school districts. This paper exploits such changes to examine the effects of inequality in school expenditure on intergenerational income mobility of students. I use the slope coefficient of per-capita income on per-pupil expenditure within each commuting zone as a summary statistic of inequality in expenditure. I address issues of omitted variable bias and endogeneity of expenditure using the parameters of the financing formulas to generate simulated instruments for expenditure. OLS and 2SLS estimates show that school finance equalization substantially improves intergenerational mobility of children born in low-income families, and has no effect on mobility of richer children. The effect of equalization is largest during primary school years, and smallest during middle school years. My results also show that an overall increase in school expenditure improves mobility of poorer children. These results suggest that equalization of expenditure across districts is important to guarantee equal long-run opportunities of children.
Decrease in Positivity Rate of Influenza Tests Coinciding With Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2: Data From a Southeastern Wisconsin Laboratory.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak prompted public health interventions and changes in public behavior that may have affected the 2019-2020 influenza season METHODS: Using data from a laboratory in southeastern Wisconsin, we compared the number of weekly influenza tests and their positivity rates during the 2019-2020 influenza season with the previous 4 seasons RESULTS: The number of influenza tests per week at the outset of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak was higher than the average the previous 4 years, and positivity rates declined to 0% earlier than any of the previous 4 seasons CONCLUSION: The testing trajectory and positivity rate for influenza differed during the part of the 2019-2020 season coinciding with the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as compared to similar periods during the previous 4 seasons Copyright© Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Inc
Axonal Growth Abnormalities Underlying Ocular Cranial Nerve Disorders.

Abnormalities in cranial motor nerve development cause paralytic strabismus syndromes, collectively referred to as congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders, in which patients cannot fully move t...
A computational framework for studying energetics and resource management in sea turtle migration and autonomous systems

Sea turtles complete migrations across vast distances, covering entire ocean basins. To track these migrations, satellite tracking tags are attached to their shells. The impact of these tags must be considered to ensure that turtles' natural behavior is not artificially and adversely impacted through tag-related drag, and that the data collected by a small sample of sea turtles accurately represents the larger population. Additionally, it can be difficult to study animal energetics in the field over large migration distances. In this work, we modify a computational behavior model to study how satellite tracking tags affect turtle migration behavior. Our agent based model contains synthetic magnetic field environments that are used for navigation cues, an ocean current, resource distributions that represent locations of food, and an agent that attempts to migrate to several different goals. The agent loses energy as it progresses, and searches for the resource distributions to replenish itself. Our novel simulation framework demonstrates the relationship between an agent's available energy capacity, its energy consumption based on mechanical power expended, and its ability to navigate to all migratory goal points. This study can be utilized to (1) probe the impacts of an animal's energy capacity and foraging behavior on its resulting navigation and ecology, (2) guide future satellite tag designs, and (3) develop usage recommendations for a suitable tracking tag based on the type of experiment being conducted. Our model can be expanded beyond sea turtles to study other marine species (e.g., sharks, whales). Additionally, this model could be expanded to other domains within the marine environment. For example, it could be modified to examine design trade-offs in remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), which share many of the same operational constraints as sea turtles and other migratory species.
Poroelastic response of spherical indentation into a half space with an impermeable surface via step displacement

Abstract A fully coupled poroelastic solution for spherical indentation into a half space with an impermeable surface when the indenter is subjected to step displacement loading is presented. The solution is obtained within the framework of Biot’s theory using the McNamee–Gibson displacement function method. Mathematical difficulties associated with solving poroelastic contact problems are overcome by the use of a series of special functions such as the modified Struve and Bessel functions for evaluating integrals with kernels that oscillate rapidly and the method of successive substitution for solving Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Expressions for the poroelastic fields on the surface and inside the half space are derived. Effect of poroelasticity on incipient failures in form of tensile crack initiation and plastic deformation are discussed. The theoretical analysis shows that the normalized indentation force relaxation has a relatively weak dependence on material properties through a single derived material constant ω only and the asymptotic behaviors at ω = 0 at both early and late times can be expressed in closed-form. Master curves of indentation force relaxation can be constructed by fitting the full solution with an elementary function for convenient use of poroelasticity characterization in the laboratory. In addition, excellent agreement is achieved between the theoretical solution and numerical results from FEM simulations using a hydromechanically coupled algorithm that we had previously benchmarked rigorously.
Cross-Modal Interaction Between Auditory and Visual Input Impacts Memory Retrieval.

How we perceive and learn about our environment is influenced by our prior experiences and existing representations of the world. Top-down cognitive processes, such as attention and expectations, can alter how we process sensory stimuli, both within a modality (e.g., effects of auditory experience on auditory perception), as well as across modalities (e.g., effects of visual feedback on sound localization). Here, we demonstrate that experience with different types of auditory input (spoken words vs. environmental sounds) modulates how humans encode and later recall concurrently-presented visual objects. Participants viewed a series of line drawings (e.g., picture of a cat) displayed in one of four quadrants while listening to a word or sound that was congruent (e.g., “cat” or meow), incongruent (e.g., “motorcycle” or vroom-vroom), or neutral (e.g., a meaningless pseudoword or a tonal beep) relative to the picture. Following the encoding phase, participants were presented with the original drawings plus new drawings and asked to indicate whether each one was “old” or “new.” If a drawing was designated as “old,” participants then reported where it had been displayed. We find that words and sounds both elicit more accurate memory for what objects were previously seen, but only congruent environmental sounds enhance memory for where objects were positioned – this, despite the fact that the auditory stimuli were not meaningful spatial cues of the objects’ locations on the screen. Given that during real-world listening conditions, environmental sounds, but not words, reliably originate from the location of their referents, listening to sounds may attune the visual dorsal pathway to facilitate attention and memory for objects’ locations. We conclude that audio-visual associations in the environment and in our previous experience jointly contribute to visual memory, strengthening visual encoding through exposure to auditory input.
Make a Difference in a Different Way: Twitter Bot Creators and Wikipedia Transparency.

Software robots (bots) are a major part of contemporary Internet culture, employed by businesses for customer service, artists for digital expression, and ‘bad actors’ for misinformation. A recent line of Twitter bots, known as WikiEdits bots, has attempted to increase information transparency on the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. This study expands on previous work on Twitter bots by investigating the motivations and experiences of the developers who created bots that monitor Wikipedia for edits made by government bodies and other primary stakeholders. Thirteen qualitative interviews were conducted with a global sample of WikiEdits contributors, revealing various opinions on the successes, shortcomings, and significance of the project. The data reveal that participants hold a high level of computer and programming literacy, and while some creators were driven by activist ideals, others used the project more as a personal technical challenge. This study contributes to CSCW’s interest in how activism is materialized, enabled, and constrained by examining the ways in which a loose network of developers with various motivations use platform affordances to highlight data transparency possibilities.
The Pharmacology of Hallucinogens and Designer Drugs

The hallucinogens represent a broadly defined class of drugs that cross pharmacological boundaries. These drugs are grouped together as much for historical reasons as for psychological effects. By strict definition, the hallucinogens alter and distort perceptions in space and time. An hallucination is a false perception, and these drugs produce exaggerated sensory phenomena including visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. These perceptions originate internally from drug’induced changes in the brain, and as in hallucinations, project onto an external reality.
Molecule cascades: nanometer-scale molecular architectures that compute

We present a nanometer-scale computation scheme in which all of the devices and interconnects required for the one-time computation of an arbitrary logic function are implemented by atomically-precise arrangements of molecules bound to a surface. The motion of one CO molecule on a Cu (111) surface causes a nearby molecule to hop to a new site, which in turn moves another molecule, and so on in a cascade of motion similar to a row of toppling dominoes. This cascade communicates one bit of information across the surface. Logic gates and other devices are implemented by engineered arrangements of molecules at the intersections of these cascades. We use a low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscope to assemble and demonstrate a 3-input sorter that uses several AND gates and OR gates, and the crossover and fan-out units needed to connect them.
Electrons on Helium Films

Electrons on a helium film offer the possibility of studying a two-dimensional (2D) degenerate electron fluid in the low-density limit. This system would be complementary to 2D electrons in heterostructures and MOSFETs for which the fluid phase has a higher density than the crystal state. The possibility of studying quantum melting, the effect of a magnetic field on the phase diagram, the 2D Hall effect, and possibly superfluidity in a single layer of electrons as well as the ripplonic polaron and other unique states makes this an intriguing system to investigate.
Toxic Shock Syndrome in Children Aged 10 Years or Less

Eight children aged 10 years or less had toxic shock syndrome, and medical records were reviewed for seven of them. There were four boys and three girls, ranging in age from 5 5/12 to 10 8/12 years; all seven met the Centers for Disease Control case definition of toxic shock syndrome. One boy died. The illness was generally characterized by fever, followed by erythroderma, gastrointestinal complaints, and mucous membrane hyperemia. Based on the need for supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation, the girls tended to have milder courses than the boys. In four of four cultures performed prior to the institution of antibiotic therapy. Staphylococcus aureus grew from one or more sites. One boy also met the case definition of Kawasaki syndrome and has had multiple coronary artery aneurysms demonstrated in early and late follow-up. Toxic shock syndrome in these children was similar to published descriptions of toxic shock syndrome in series of adult patients, except that, as a group, the children had a greater incidence of respiratory embarrassment.
What Is the Impact of Hypogammaglobulinemia on the Rate of Infections and Survival in Solid Organ Transplantation? A Meta-Analysis

Hypogammaglobulinemia has been described after solid organ transplantation and has been associated with increased risk of infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of severe hypogammaglobulinemia and its relationship with the risk of infections during the first year posttransplantation. Eighteen studies (1756 patients) that evaluated hypogammaglobulinemia and posttransplant infections were included. The data were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Q statistic method was used to assess statistical heterogeneity. Within the first year posttransplantation, the rate of hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG 400 mg/dL. The odds for 1-year all-cause mortality for severe hypogammaglobulinemia group was 21.91 times higher than those for IgG > 400 mg/dL group (95% CI: 2.49-192.55; p = 0.005; I(2) = 0%). Severe hypogammaglobulinemia during the first year posttransplantation significantly increased the risk of CMV, fungal and respiratory infections, and was associated with higher 1-year all-cause mortality.
Portal Vein Thrombosis

Portal vein thrombosis is a condition not infrequently encountered by clinicians. It results from a combination of local and systemic prothrombotic risk factors. The presentation of acute thrombosis varies widely from an asymptomatic state to presence of life-threatening intestinal ischemia and infarction. In the chronic stage, patients typically present with variceal bleeding or other complications of portal hypertension. Abdominal ultrasound color Doppler imaging has a 98% negative predictive value, and is considered the imaging modality of choice in diagnosing portal vein thrombosis. Controlled clinical trials to assist with clinical decision-making are lacking in both acute and chronic portal vein thrombosis. Oral anticoagulant therapy is initiated if the risks of bleeding are low, but long-term anticoagulation is generally not recommended in patients with concomitant hepatic cirrhosis. The roles of invasive therapeutic approaches such as thrombolysis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt continue to evolve. This review conflates dissenting views into a rational approach of managing patients with portal vein thrombosis for the general internist.
Defect geometries and laser-induced damage in multilayer coatings

A correlation between laser-induced damage and the height of a coating defect was found from an examination of HfO2/SiO2 mirrors made by three different coating vendors. The nodular defects in these reactive e-beam deposited mirrors were studied using the combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, focused ion beam (FIB) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Each vendor has small defects in common, but characteristically different large defects. also the majority of seeds that caused the defects were made of hafnia, not silica. The apparent mechanical stability of the defects within the coating plays a major role in the laser resistance (1064 nm and 10 ns) of a high damage threshold coating.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Human recoverability index: A TraceLab experiment

It has been generally accepted that not all trace links in a given requirements traceability matrix are equal - both human analysts and automated methods are good at spotting some links, but have blind spots for some other. One way to choose automated techniques for inclusion in assisted tracing processes (i.e., the tracing processes that combine the expertise of a human analyst and special-purpose tracing software) is to select the techniques that tend to discover more links that are hard for human analysts to observe and establish on their own. This paper proposes a new measure of performance of a tracing method: human recoverability index-based recall. In the presence of knowledge about the difficulty of link recovery by human analysts, this measure rewards methods that are able to recover such links over methods that tend to recover the same links as the human analysts. We describe a TraceLab experiment we designed to evaluate automated trace recovery methods based on this measure and provide a case study of the use of this experiment to profile and evaluate different automated tracing techniques.
Machine learning techniques to diagnose breast cancer from image-processed nuclear features of fine needle aspirates

An interactive computer system evaluates and diagnoses based on cytologic features derived directly from a digital scan of fine-needle aspirate (FNA) slides. A consecutive series of 569 patients provided the data to develop the system and an additional 54 consecutive, new patients provided samples to test the system. The projected prospective accuracy of the system estimated by tenfold cross validation was 97%. The actual accuracy on 54 new samples (36 benign, 1 atypia, and 17 malignant) was 100%. Digital image analysis coupled with machine learning techniques will improve diagnostic accuracy of breast fine needle aspirates.
Intercalation in montmorillonite of molybdenum cations containing the Mo6Cl8 cluster core

Abstract Molybdenum cations containing the Mo 6 Cl 8 cluster core have been intercalated in montmorillonite. Cluster ions of the type [Mo 6 Cl 8 (H 2 O) 6− n (OH) n ] (4− n )+ were formed by argentometric titration of [Mo 6 Cl 8 ]Cl 4 · 2H 2 O to remove the four terminally bonded chlorines. At pH = 1.5 the clusters occupy the gallery region between the silicate layers of montmorillonite by displacement of Na + . The relationship between Na + released and cluster bound indicates the cluster intercalates mainly as monopositive cations ( n = 3), along with some dispositive cations ( n = 2). As the cluster loading approaches the cation exchange capacity of the clay, the gallery acidity decreases and additional cluster binds as neutral molecules with n = 4. Thus the maximum cluster loading (80 mmoles/100 g) exceeds the value expected on the basis of ion exchange alone (60 mmoles/100 g). The gallery height of 7.3 A for the new intercalate is compatible with the C 4 axis of the Mo 6 Cl 8 core being oriented perpendicular to the silicate layers. Thermolysis of the intercalated clusters at 240°C results in the oxidation of the intercalated clusters to molybdenum oxide. Cluster decomposition is accompanied by the collapse of some galleries, while others remain propped open by 3.9 A. The latter value corresponds to two layers of oxygen in the galleries. Thus the oxide is nonuniformly distributed on both the internal and external surfaces of the clay. Complete gallery collapse is observed at 300°C.
III. BLOOD PLASMA CHOLESTEROL : FLUCTUATIONS DUE TO LIVER INJURY AND BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION.

Hypocholesteremia with dissociation of the normal ratio of esterified to total cholesterol is related to chronic liver injury caused by chloroform. Hypercholesteremia may develop after prolonged biliary obstruction. The hypercholesteremia of chronic biliary obstruction may be promptly reduced below normal by chloroform poisoning or bile duct infection. Acute injury of liver due to chloroform anesthesia may cause no change in blood plasma cholesterol. Absence of bile in the intestine with faulty fat absorption does not cause the development of hypocholesteremia with dissociation of the ester ratio. Poor food consumption or short periods of fasting may cause no change in blood plasma cholesterol. Liver cells injured by chloroform may subsequently become resistant to chloroform. After prolonged biliary obstruction, the liver is apparently more sensitive to small doses of chloroform by mouth. Analysis of blood plasma cholesterol may have a clinical application in differentiation between simple obstructive and parenchymatous lesions of the liver.
Analysis of variation in expression of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type 2: searching for modifier genes.

Abstract Introduction: Autosomal Dominant Osteopetrosis type II (ADO2) is a heritable osteosclerotic disorder that results from heterozygous mutations in the ClCN7 gene. Analysis of ADO2 in our pedigrees indicates that the penetrance is 66%, with a highly variable phenotype. Methods: To identify genes that modify disease status, we performed a 10 cM genome-wide scan using 400 microsatellite markers in 112 subjects from our 8 largest ADO2 families with mutations in the ClCN7 gene. Results were analyzed by parametric linkage analysis using autosomal dominant and recessive models for affects on disease status. Follow-up genotyping with additional microsatellite markers was performed for regions with LOD scores over 1.5. In addition, we compared the frequency of two nonsynonymous SNPs, rs12926089 (V418M) and rs11559208 (K691E), and one promoter SNP rs960467 in the normal ClCN7 allele between a sample of unaffected gene carriers and clinically affected subjects to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in the non-disease allele within the ClCN7 gene might influence disease expression. Results: We found potential evidence of linkage for a modifier gene(s) on 9q21–22 with a LOD score of 1.89, which is not statistically significant, but interesting. We also found that, for SNP V418M on the non-disease allele with the wild-type ClCN7 sequence, 94.92% (56/59) of clinically affected subjects and 78.13% (25/32) of unaffected gene carriers had a valine while 5.08% (3/59) of the affected subjects and 21.88% (7/32) of unaffected gene carriers had a methionine ( P P Conclusions: Chromosome 9q21–22 may harbor a modifier gene(s) that affect(s) ADO2 disease status and severity. Additionally, we find the associations between the polymorphisms on the non-disease allele and unaffected gene carrier status.
Automatic summarization of MEDLINE citations for evidence-based medical treatment: A topic-oriented evaluation

As the number of electronic biomedical textual resources increases, it becomes harder for physicians to find useful answers at the point of care. Information retrieval applications provide access to databases; however, little research has been done on using automatic summarization to help navigate the documents returned by these systems. After presenting a semantic abstraction automatic summarization system for MEDLINE citations, we concentrate on evaluating its ability to identify useful drug interventions for 53 diseases. The evaluation methodology uses existing sources of evidence-based medicine as surrogates for a physician-annotated reference standard. Mean average precision (MAP) and a clinical usefulness score developed for this study were computed as performance metrics. The automatic summarization system significantly outperformed the baseline in both metrics. The MAP gain was 0.17 (p<0.01) and the increase in the overall score of clinical usefulness was 0.39 (p<0.05).
Turbulent flow field in homogeneous-charge, spark-ignition engines

A two-dimensional, axisymmetric, turbulent, time-dependent simulation of the four-strokes of a homogeneous-charge, spark-ignition engine has been performed. The turbulent flow field is solved by means of a modified version of the k/∈ model of turbulence which introduces the compressibility effects in the Reynolds stresses. The valve is simulated as an infinitely thin plate and moves inside the cylinder in a specified manner. The spark plug is represented as a heat source and is located at the centerline and cylinder head. One-step, irreversible chemical reaction obeying a mean Arrhenius Kinetics Law has been considered. During the intake stroke, a high-speed jet strikes the valve and is radially deflected along the cylinder wall forming a recirculation zone with almost uniform axial velocity behind the valve. Turbulence energy is generated at the shear layers of the incoming jet. In the compression stroke, the piston drives the flow and turbulence decays. At 348°, the spark plug is activated, and the species equations are employed to study the combustion process. An initially-spherical flame develops until it reaches the piston face. Turbulence is generated at the flame front because of the flow acceleration; it also decreases by a dilatation effect; however, the latter effect is overcome by the former. At 378°, the species equations and spark plug are deactivated; the piston drives the flow and the axial velocity and turbulence energy are almost uniform. In the exhaust stroke, a high-speed, outgoing jet is formed. Local generation of turbulence occurs at the shear layers of the jet and just above the valve because of the radial acceleration of the flow there. Temperature, concentrations, pressure, velocity, and turbulent scales are resolved both spatially and temporally within the cylinder through the four-stroke operation.
The Revision Femur: A Potpourri of Options—Proximal Bone Loss: Distal Modular Fixation

There are many options in revision total hip arthroplasty with cases of proximal femoral bone loss (Paprosky Type IIB and Type IV femurs). The gold standard has been the use of extensively coated stems with a track record of 90%-95% survivorship at 10 years following revision surgery. Modular tapered stems can address problems that were somewhat problematic with extensively coated stems. Specifically, it is an option in the revision situation where distal diaphyseal fixation is less than 4 cm, in cases of large femoral canals, and in cases with stability concerns (ie, retention of acetabular components).
Systems development life-cycle for expert systems

Existing life-cycles for the development of traditional information systems are shown to be inadequate for addressing expert system requirements. A life cycle for expert systems is constructed, outlining the tasks and activities to be performed at each stage of system development. The life cycle highlights the role of alternative development paradigms and the importance of social and organizational characteristics in system transfer to users. The operationalization of the life-cycle is illustrated through a case study, describing the development process and major architectural components of an expert system that configures air-conditioning units. Several important issues encountered in transferring the system from test to production mode and in system evaluation are highlighted. Such a life-cycle approach can enhance project management for expert systems.