cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An explanation for sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP)

This review traces the examination of autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory derangements associated with seizure activity in the clinical and preclinical literature generally, and in the author’s animal model specifically, and concludes with the author’s views on the potential mechanisms for sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP). An animal model that employs kainic acid-induced seizures on a background of urethane anesthesia has permitted unprecedented access to the behavior of autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems during seizure activity. The result is a detailed description of the major causes of death and how this animal model can be used to develop and test preventative and interventional strategies. A critical translational step was taken when the rat data were shown to directly parallel data from definite SUDEP cases in the clinical literature. The reasons why ventricular fibrillation as a cause of death is so rarely reported and tools for verifying that seizure-associated laryngospasm can induce obstructive apnea as a cause of death are discussed in detail. Many details of the specific kinetics of activation of brainstem neurons serving autonomic and respiratory function remain to be elucidated, but the boundary conditions described in this review provide an excellent framework for more focused studies. A number of studies conducted in animal models of seizure activity and in epilepsy patients have contributed information on the autonomic, cardiovascular, and respiratory consequences of seizure activity spreading through hypothalamus and brainstem to the periphery. The result is detailed information on the systemic impact of seizure spread and the development of an understanding of the essential mechanistic features of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This review summarizes translation of data obtained from animal models to biomarkers that are useful in evaluating data from epilepsy patients.
What Should We do with the Monster? Electromagnetism and the Psychosociology of Knowledge

This investigation begins with the recognition that what passes for knowledge at different times and among different people is not a universal invariable. This is evident not only when one compares primitive with modern societies, or the East with the West, but also with respect to the divergent approaches to understanding the natural world which have been cultivated by Western scientists. The question is why there are such cross-cultural and personal differences. Education, the influence of tradition and of community standards, the apparent logic of theories and force of facts — all these explanatory factors commonly employed by historians are important in understanding a scientist’s work. However, the historian is repeatedly forced to recognize that enculturation, logic, and the supposed compelling force of facts all operate selectively. The question is whether or not there are generalizable ways of accounting for the differential de facto selection that individuals make from the pool of explanatory alternatives. Putting the question this way suggests an answer in terms of biographical particulars, or of individual psychodynamics. Although such explanations are not in principle to be shunned, the supraindividual, social aspects of the problem gain prominence when one recognizes the historical occurrence of groups of people sharing the same sets of attitudes.
Sphingolipids Metabolites: A New Class of Second Messengers in the Regulation of Cell Growth

The interaction of growth factors with specific cell surface receptors triggers multiple intracellular signaling pathways that culminate in DNA synthesis and cell division.1, 2 Growth signaling networks in which glycerophospholipid metabolites, such as diacylglycerol, inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (InsP3), phosphatidic acid, and arachidonic acid, serve as second messengers have been well characterized.3–5 Much less is known of the second messengers derived from another major class of membrane lipids, the sphingolipids. All sphingolipids, including ceramide, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and sulfatides, contain (1) a long-chain sphingoid base as their backbone, of which sphingosine is the most prominent, (2) an amide-linked fatty acid, and (3) a polar head group (hydroxyl for ceramide, phosphorylcholine for sphingomyelin, and carbohydrate residues of varying complexity for glycosphingolipids). These ubiquitous cellular components have long been known to play an important, yet undefined, role in cell growth regulation.6–8
Melanoma Control in the United States: Current Status

Screening and education for melanoma/skin cancer are receiving increasing worldwide attention. In an attempt to improve melanoma control in the United States, where incidence and mortality rates continue to increase, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) has provided free skin cancer screenings to more than 600000 Americans and prevention messages to millions more. This chapter reviews and summarizes ongoing melanoma control activities in the United States, including prevention, education, and early detection/screening. We also address outcome measures in melanoma control and suggest that the unique external and visible nature of skin cancer blurs the distinction between screening and education. Measuring and evaluating the benefits of international melanoma control activities presents many challenging tasks. Future collaborative work must include complementary strategies in melanoma/skin cancer prevention, education, and screening to combat the worldwide increase in melanoma incidence and mortality.
Animal Behavior Desk Reference: A Dictionary of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Second Edition

"Words are our tools, and, as a minimum, we should use clean tools. We should know what we mean and what we do not, and we must forearm ourselves against the traps that language sets us." -- The Need for Precise Terminology, Austin (1957, 7-8) It follows that, for effective and efficient communication, people should have, or at least understand, th
An Analytical Model for Flow of Seawater Adjacent to an Igneous Wall

We develop an analytical model describing the flow of NaCl– $$\hbox {H}_2\hbox {O}$$ in a saturated porous medium adjacent to a hot vertical wall and apply the model to flow along a 450-m high dike in a generic, high-temperature seafloor hydrothermal setting. After 0.5–4 days, a steady two-phase layer forms along the wall with a maximum width of approximately 20 cm. The layer consists of rising, low salinity vapor and sinking, high salinity brine; its width increases as height to 1/2 power. The brine salinity is highest at the dike–fluid interface and decreases toward the edge of the layer. Vapor dominates the vertical heat transport, while brine dominates salt transport; the resulting phase separation leads to increasing liquid volume saturation and bulk salinity with increasing depth. The bulk salinity reaches 10% NaCl by weight (wt%) at the lowest height for which the model is valid. The two-phase zone begins to decay from the bottom upward at around 7 days. Phase separation at the top of the system persists for 21 days. The heat required to sustain the layer is derived primarily from the latent heat of magma crystallization.
Particle Strain Analysis of Epoxy-Based Composites Following Quasi-Static and Dynamic Compression

We investigate localized strains in polymer-based composites subjected to varying strain-rates and strains. Research on composites is often focused on their bulk mechanical behavior. However, many material phenomena are influenced by their microstructure, such as the mixing and reaction mechanisms of constituents in structural energetic materials. Therefore, the response of composites at the mesoscale is of clear interest; especially as insight into the micro-deformation and damage, and interaction effects between the constituents at the local level will better inform our understanding of the bulk composite constitutive behavior. To more fully understand the composite mechanical behavior at the mesoscale, uniaxial compression experiments were conducted on epoxy reinforced with aluminum (20 or 40 vol%) and nickel (0 or 10 vol%) particles. Additionally, the particle size of aluminum was either 5 or 50 μm in diameter. Experiments were carried out at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates. Resulting microstructures were analyzed to measure the degree of particle strain and compared to the global material strains for different degrees of strain-rate, strain, and particle size and volume fraction. The aluminum particle strain increased with global strain and had a strong dependency on strain rate. Introducing stiffer nickel particles resulted in larger aluminum particle strains. The nickel particle strain was minimal (< 3%) and showed no dependency with strain rate. This research gives insight into the interactions of particle reinforced composite constituents and their deformation at the mesoscale which is important for understanding phenomena such as preignition mechanisms in structural energetic materials.
Hydrogen reduction of MoO 3 at temperatures between 300° and 450°C

Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) was reduced by hydrogen at temperatures between 300° and 450°C. The weight lost during each reduction experiment was followed using an automatic recording balance. X-ray diffraction analysis of the reduction product and the weight-loss data confirm the formation of a suboxide of molybdenum having a composition between Mo2O and MoO.
Do Physically Literate Adolescents Have Better Academic Performance

This study examined the relationship between physical literacy (i.e., motor competence, physical activity, and health-related fitness) and academic performance (i.e., executive function, class atte...
Diffuse Responsibility Undermines Public Oversight: A Field Experiment at Bwindi National Park, Uganda

Bureaucratic corruption persists in many settings because responsibility for public projects is diffuse, as is responsibility for oversight. We hypothesized that the dissemination of citizen monitoring in ways that give individual authorities specific knowledge of mismanagement would improve the delivery of public projects by activating specific responsibility to correct problems. Working with the Uganda Wildlife Authority, we implemented a field experiment that involved citizen monitoring of a national park revenue-sharing program and the delivery of reports about the implementation status of community projects to the highest-ranking administrative official responsible for oversight. Counter to our expectations, we did not find evidence that the dissemination of reports improved the delivery of revenue-sharing projects. Follow-up interviews found that the targeted officials did not use the information and perhaps even actively disregarded reports to avoid specific responsibility. However, the treatment also provided information to citizens about what they should expect, which instigated several public claims for accountability that officials could not ignore, prompting more aggressive oversight. Based on this alternative channel, we conclude that anti-corruption initiatives based on citizen monitoring need to make specific responsibility unavoidable for relevant officials, but that the strategies for promoting specific responsibility need further consideration.
Western Administrative Law in Northeast Asia: A Comparativist's History

This study sets out to develop and test a series of arguments about relationships between state, law, and economy in Northeast Asia. The doctrinal focus is on administrative law, broadly defined, while the substantive focus is on economic governance, in particular the means by which three states in the region used public authority to shape industries and industrialization trajectories. The historical scope will be broad, tracing the development of administrative law in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, from the initial importation of Western public law models in the late·nineteenth century until today. The final chapter discusses the People's Republic of China, and the possibilities for administrative law in that society.
New Prospects for Speech by the Hearing Impaired

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a variety of explanations for the fact that speech of the deaf is fundamentally different from that of individuals with normal hearing. For example, findings from the experiments on central speech processing point to basic differences in speech organization. Specifically, the temporal relationship between syllable length and speech formulation time observed in the speech production of hearing children was not found in the responses of their deaf child peers. A possible origin of this difference was suggested to be differing mental representations of speech distilled from prior verbal experiences. In the deaf these representations, or schemata, were likely dominated by visual sensations. This contrasts with the dominance of auditory sensations in speech of the hearing. A possible extension of this difference lies in the as yet relatively unexplored effects of speech deprivation. Some evidence points to possible disturbances in oral sensory perception because of the absence of stimulation normally provided by the intricate actions of articulate speech. The dominant role of vision in the deaf suggests a need to explore more direct visual routes to speech perception and production.
Influence of demographic factors on the personal financial management behavior of lower income people in Batticaloa.

Personal finance management behavior is playing an important role in every households. Hence, personal financial management behavior has received an increasing concern in recent years. Personal financial management behavior influenced by many factors during financial decision making, demographic profile of lower income people is also one of the decision influencing factor among others. Therefore, this study is aimed to identify whether demographic factors affecting on the personal financial management behavior of lower income people. Based on the findings of the study, it concludes there is a significant difference between demographic factor such as education level, per capita income level and marital status and lower income peoples’ personal financial management behavior and no significant difference between the gender, age level and the personal financial management behavior of lower income peoples in Batticaloa.
13 – Transform Coding

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a technique in which the source output is decomposed or transformed into components that are then coded according to their individual characteristics. It also highlights number of different transforms, including the popular discrete cosine transform, and discuss the issues of quantization and coding of the transformed coefficients. The decoding scheme is the inverse of the encoding scheme for image compression. For the overlapped transform used in audio coding the decoder adds the overlapped portions of the inverse transform to cancel aliasing. The basic approach is modified depending on the particular characteristics of the data. The chapter concludes with a description of the baseline sequential joint photographic experts group (JPEG) image-coding algorithm and some of the issues involved with transform coding of audio signals.
A Magnetless Microstrip Filtering Circulator based on Coupled Static and Time-Modulated Resonators

This paper reports for the first time a magnetless microstrip circulator with a filtering response. By coupling static resonators to spatio-temporally modulated resonators, two isolation poles and two reflection poles can be obtained within the passband, showing wideband nonreciprocal transmission and impedance matching characteristics. As a proof-of-concept, a microstrip circulator at 825 MHz is designed, simulated, and measured. The measurement shows excellent circulator responses with minimum in-band insertion loss of 1.75 dB, in-band isolation better than 20 dB, and in-band return loss better than 20 dB. The measurement agrees very well with simulation.
Mitigating emergent computation: the need for new approaches in systems engineering

Modern computing systems demonstrate strong propensity for unintended, emergent computations and the related unintended, emergent programming models that enable or amplify cyber-attacks. Computing mechanisms built for a particular purpose and with particular intended models of execution prove to be capable of executing unintended computing tasks outside of their original specification and their designers and programmers' mental models. We start examining systems for signs of emergent behavior (with methods such as fuzz-testing) only after they are fully built. However, a system's exploitability models and propensity for emergent execution arise-and can also therefore be mitigated-already at the design stage.
Developing Fluid Administration Protocols in Bovine Practice

In a variety of clinical disorders of cows and calves, dehydration develops because of fluid losses from the body. Normally, the volume and composition of body fluids are maintained in an extremely narrow range as excretion is matched to intake. Water intake from ingested water and feeds as well as endogenous water production balances water loss through the urine, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and skin. The amount of a substance added by intake and endogenous production is equal to the amount eliminated by excretion or endogenous utilization. The urinary and gastrointestinal tracts are the major means by which cattle maintain water and electrolyte balance. Excesses can be managed by increased excretion but deficits must be corrected by increased intake. The purpose of this paper is to identify the clinical conditions that are associated with dehydration in cattle, and to provide the assessment parameters that guide trained farm personnel to chose the best route of administration for an appropriate volume and concentration of rehydration fluids. The fluid protocols discussed in this paper will be based on body weight assumptions for a calf and cow of 100 and 1200 lb ( 45 and 550 kg), respectively.
Operation Retirement: A Four-Stage Model of Military Retirement and Transition to Civilian Healthcare Leadership

Introduction. Little research has been done on the retirement transition of military officers to second careers in the civilian sector. Even less has been done about Military Health System officers transitioning to leadership roles in the civilian sector. This study takes an in-depth look at the process of retirement from the MHS and transition to civilian leadership. Materials and Methods. The researchers conducted an interview-based qualitative study of N=28 Medical Service Corps officers who had retired one to five years prior from the MHS and started second careers in leadership roles in (non-Federal) civilian healthcare (UNH IRB #6462). Medical Service Corps officers were selected because they did not have clinical roles they could fall back on, and had to transition to leadership roles. Results. A four-stage model of retirement emerged consisting of stages similar to an offensive ground operation: Planning (preparation for retirement), Movement to Contact (job search), Attack (integration into a civilian leadership role), and Exploitation (continuing to develop a satisfactory second career going forward). Each stage presented some unique challenges to the retiree, however underdeveloped networking skills had negative impacts at each of the stages. Conclusions. A successful transition from leadership in the MHS to leadership in civilian healthcare is aided by developing networking skills, network leadership, and a professional network that extends into the civilian market well in advance of retirement.
Factors related to phantom limb pain and its effect on quality of life.

This study aims to investigate phantom limb pain (PLP), PLP-related factors, and the effect of PLP on quality of life in patients who had undergone upper or lower extremity amputation.One hundred f...
Di-μ-chlorido-bis­[(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine-κ3N,N′,N′′)copper(II)] bis­(tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate)

In the centrosymmetric title complex, [Cu2Cl2(C15H11N3)2](CF3O3S)2, the CuII metal center is fivefold coordinated by two chloride ions and three nitro­gen atoms of the terpyridine ligand in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry; two tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate ions complete the outer coordination sphere. π–π stacking inter­actions between the pyridyl rings in adjacent mol­ecules contribute to the alignment of the complexes in columns along the a-axis. This structure represents the first example of a binuclear dication of formula [Cu(terpy)2Cl2]2+ with tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate as counter-ions.
The Syndrome of Love

What is love? In this paper I argue that love is a psychological syndrome, or an enormously complex cluster of psychological attitudes and dispositions that’s accompanied by a corresponding set of symptoms that flow from it. More specifically, I argue that love is an affectionate loyalty that takes different shapes across cases and that manifests itself in some set of behavioral and emotional expressions, where this set of expressions also varies across cases. After laying down three theoretical constraints that viable theories of love must satisfy, I sketch my syndrome theory of love in detail and then defend it. First, I argue that it has a strong yet defeasible claim to satisfying the three theoretical constraints. Then I defend my theory against two objections that target its extensional adequacy. I conclude that we have good grounds for being optimistic about the theory even though it calls for further development and scrutiny.
The Fast Spacecraft Instrument Data Processing Unit

The Ramaty High-Energy Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) spacecraft is a NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) class mission. RHESSI is designed to image solar X-rays and gamma rays with high-energy resolution. The Instrument Data Processing Unit (IDPU) serves as the central RHESSI instrument on-board data-processing element. It controls and monitors the instrument operations, and provides a flexible telemetry collection and formatting system. The system responds autonomously to optimize science data collection over a wide dynamic range of conditions, handling up to 40 Mbps of telemetry during solar flares. This paper presents an overview of the IDPU hardware and software design.
Integrating radar remote sensing of habitat structure: a pilot project for biodiversity informatics

Mapping for biodiversity informatics requires information on habitat so that known species occurrences may be extrapolated to maps of potential species occurrences. In the case of vegetation requirements for habitat, most current datasets of actual vegetation have been derived from optical (e.g. aerial photography or Landsat) remotely sensed data. These data are largely limited to describing horizontal structure: vegetation community composition and landscape spatial metrics. This paper introduces new radar remote sensors that are more suited to directly measure vegetation height and other multi-dimensional forest structural variables such as density, basal area, and biomass, and to map these as continuous fields over large areas. We discuss this in the context of bird species, one of the taxonomic groups whose habitat preferences may be strongly influenced by multi-dimensional structure. The site for the pilot study is the Michigan Forests Test Site (MFTS) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, an area of mixed hardwood and coniferous forest communities. Our study uses two methods, one inductive and one deductive, to investigate the utility of incorporating radar data into biodiversity informatics databases. We evaluate the use of radar alone and also in combination with Landsat data for mapping of bird habitat for biodiversity informatics.
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based detection of thyroid-specific gene expression in fine-needle aspirate for thyroid cancer recurrence evaluation: a case report and review of the literature.

Background Despite improved surveillance for patients after total thyroidectomy for cancer, there has yet to be a diagnostic method that detects recurrence with 100% accuracy. Methods A 60-year-old woman with a family history of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) underwent total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablation. On postoperative surveillance, ultrasound examination of the neck demonstrated a focus concerning for recurrence and a fine-needle aspirate (FNA) was performed. The cytology report was nondiagnostic and, hence, RNA was extracted from the specimen followed by reverse transcription (cDNA), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect thyroid-specific gene expression (thyroglobulin =Tg; sodium-iodide symporter = NIS; thyroperoxidase = TPO). Results Expression of select thyroid-specific genes was demonstrated, and given the patient's remarkable cancer and family history, surgical resection was elected. Final pathology demonstrated follicular adenoma. Conclusion This case demonstrates a novel approach used in the evaluation for recurrent thyroid cancer as an adjunct to FNA cytology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E165–E168, 2015
Eigenanatomy improves detection power for longitudinal cortical change

We contribute a novel and interpretable dimensionality reduction strategy, eigenanatomy, that is tuned for neuroimaging data. The method approximates the eigendecomposition of an image set with basis functions (the eigenanatomy vectors) that are sparse, unsigned and are anatomically clustered. We employ the eigenanatomy vectors as anatomical predictors to improve detection power in morphometry. Standard voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyzes imaging data voxel-by-voxel—and follows this with cluster-based or voxel-wise multiple comparisons correction methods to determine significance. Eigenanatomy reverses the standard order of operations by first clustering the voxel data and then using standard linear regression in this reduced dimensionality space. As with traditional region-of-interest (ROI) analysis, this strategy can greatly improve detection power. Our results show that eigenanatomy provides a principled objective function that leads to localized, data-driven regions of interest. These regions improve our ability to quantify biologically plausible rates of cortical change in two distinct forms of neurodegeneration. We detail the algorithm and show experimental evidence of its efficacy.
Without a trace? PiggyBac-ing toward pluripotency.

A transposon-based approach has been added to the growing arsenal of technologies to produce transgene-free and potentially safer induced pluripotent stem cells.
A Further Experiment in the Recognition of Ego-Involved Materials

(1954). A Further Experiment in the Recognition of Ego-Involved Materials. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 135-138.
Periodic Director Patterns in Twist and Splay Frederiks Transitions in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Liouid Crystals

When a magnetic field is applied in the plane and perpendicular to the unperturbed director of a uniform planar-aligned liquid crystal, a twist Frederiks transition occurs. For fields greater than ...
Arnoldi methods for large Sylvester-like observer matrix equations, and an associated algorithm for partial spectrum assignment

Abstract We propose an Arnoldi-based numerical method for solving a Sylvester-type equation arising in the construction of the Luenberger observer. Given an N × N matrix A and an N × m matrix G , the method simultaneously constructs an m × m Hessenberg matrix H with a preassigned spectrum and an N × m orthonormal matrix X such that AX − XH = G . We consider the case when A is large and sparse, so that the standard techniques such as the well-known Hessenberg-Schur method for solving a Sylvester equation cannot be easily applied. As a byproduct, we propose an algorithm for the partial pole-assignment problem for large matrices.
Discrete-time random walks on diagrams (graphs) with cycles

Abstract After a review of the diagram method for continuous-time random walks on graphs with cycles, the method is extended to discrete-time random walks. The basic theorems carry over formally from continuous time to discrete time. Three problems in tennis probabilities are used to illustrate random walks on discrete-time diagrams with cycles.
Laticifer starch grain morphology and laticifer evolution in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)

The micromorphology of starch grains in the nonarticulated laticifer was examined in 200 taxa of succulent and nonsucculent Euphorbia. Rod, spindle, osteoid, discoid and intermediate shapes were found in latex. These unusual starch grain shapes are assumed derivatives from more rounded grains present in other angiospermous cells. Unbranched, rod–shaped grains were present in latex of annual and perennial herbaceous taxa. Spindle, osteoid, and discoid shapes, often branched, occurred in xerophytic, succulent taxa. Leafy taxa in several subgenera possessed rod–shaped grains. Taxa of the primitive subgenus, Esula, possessed the shortest rod–shaped grains derived from rounded grains common in parenchyma. Length of rod–shaped grains increased through herbaceous subgenera and culminated in Poinsettia where grain length may be extremely great. Dwarf or shrubby succulents with thickened roots have osteoid grains. Shrubby or arborescent coralline and cactiform species, specialized taxa, possessed large branched grains. Grain morphology of Euphorbia was compared with that from latex of other genera of the Euphorbiaceae. These in–depth analyses of laticifer plastids demonstrates the applicability of starch grain morphology for interpreting the progressive evolution of the nonarticulated laticifer as a cell type within the genus Euphorbia.
Treatment planning for SBRT using automated field delivery: A case study

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatment planning and delivery can be accomplished using a variety of techniques that achieve highly conformal dose distributions. Herein, we describe a template-based automated treatment field approach that enables rapid delivery of more than 20 coplanar fields. A case study is presented to demonstrate how modest adaptations to traditional SBRT planning can be implemented to take clinical advantage of this technology. Treatment was planned for a left-sided lung lesion adjacent to the chest wall using 25 coplanar treatment fields spaced at 11° intervals. The plan spares the contralateral lung and is in compliance with the conformality standards set forth in Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group protocol 0915, and the dose tolerances found in the report of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 101. Using a standard template, treatment planning was accomplished in less than 20 minutes, and each 10Gy fraction was delivered in approximately 5.4 minutes. For those centers equipped with linear accelerators capable of automated treatment field delivery, the use of more than 20 coplanar fields is a viable SBRT planning approach and yields excellent conformality and quality combined with rapid planning and treatment delivery. Although the case study discusses a laterally located lung lesion, this technique can be applied to centrally located tumors with similar results.
Augmentation and redistribution of myocardial blood flow during acute ischemia by intraaortic balloon pumping.

Abstract Regional coronary blood flow (CBF) in the acutely ischemic, normotensive ventricle was evaluated using radionuclide-labeled microspheres. Intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) significantly increased CBF to myocardium made ischemic by either total or partial coronary artery occlusion. Both subendocardial and myocardial CBF in the ischemic area were increased by IABP, associated with a slight but not significant decrease in CBF to normally perfused areas of myocardium. The heart in this setting appears to autoregulate local CBF in response to IABP.
THE DETERMINATION OF NICKEL WITH DIMETHYLGLYOXIME IN THE PRESENCE OF IRON AND COBALT

Abstract A method for the determination of nickel in the presence of both ferric iron and cobalt is presented. The nickel is precipitated directly with dimethylglyoxime, without the prior reduction of the iron. The interference of the iron and cobalt is eliminated by the addition of N,N-dihydroxyethylglycine, which chelates the iron and prevents the formation of the iron-cobalt-dimethylglyoxime contaminant.
SU-C-BRCD-06: A Method of Streamlined Failure Mode and Effect Analysis to Improve Patient Safety

Purpose: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) provides a proactive method of improving the quality and safety of treatments by identifying and correcting hazards points in the process of clinical care. FMEA, however, is often thought to be prohibitively labor intensive. This study outlines a method of streamlined FMEA, conducted with limited resources, and assesses its feasibility and effectiveness. Methods: FMEA was performed on the external beam service of a clinic treating approximately 650 patients per year on three linear accelerators. A facilitator and local team leader were identified, and a plan was developed to complete the exercise in four one‐ hour meetings as follows: 1 (core group), introduction and process mapping, 2 (all staff) identification of failure modes from expert user input, 3 (core group) scoring of failure modes according to an FMEA risk priority number, RPN, i.e. the product of severity, occurrence and detectability scores, and 4 (all staff) error proofing of the top‐five ranked failure modes. Results: Fifty‐ two failure modes were identified, 43 of which were scored and ranked. Specific interventions were developed for the five highest ranked failure modes. FMEA scoring after intervention indicated that the average RPN score for the top five modes decreased from 273 to 161 (p=0.03) while FMEA scoring of a control group of failure modes with no intervention did not show a significant change in RPN (p=0.07). The exercise was accomplished within the expected timeline and required 55 total hours of staff time and 20 hours of facilitator effort. Conclusion: Streamlined FMEA analysis is feasible with a relatively modest effort, and can reduce the risk profile of a facility. This may open the possibility of performing repeat FMEA on a regular basis.
Lysogeny in marine Synechococcus.

Viral infection of bacteria can be lytic, causing destruction of the host cell, or lysogenic, in which the viral genome is instead stably maintained as a prophage within its host1. Here we show that lysogeny occurs in natural populations of an autotrophic picoplankton (Synechococcus) and that there is a seasonal pattern to this interaction. Because lysogeny confers immunity to infection by related viruses1, this process may account for the resistance to viral infection seen in common forms of autotrophic picoplankton2.
A Novel On-Line Fault Detection Scheme Using Multivariable Zeros and Zero Directions

A new algorithm which generates a class of input signals corresponding to which the combination of plant outputs in the output zero direction is always zero irrespective of time, is proposed. Using this result and the results in MacFarlane and Karcanias (1976) we propose two tests to find the defective rows and the defective columns of a plant transfer function matrix. Our fault detection scheme is based on the following triple: the output zero direction of the plant, the transmission zero of the plant, and the input zero direction of the plant. Based on the faulty rows and columns we identify the faulty elements of the plant transfer function matrix. A system of four interconnected water tanks with two multivariable zeros and four stable poles was found ideal for illustrating the results obtained. The algorithm proposed is used to detect changes occurring in the four-tank setup. Each input channel is analyzed one at a time. In the latter part of the work we have analyzed the 4-tank system by measuring the new steady state output of the plant which is obtained after disturbing the plant from its previous equilibrium state by changing the inputs by a small quantity from their equilibrium values. The method helps in pin-pointing the defective elements of the plant transition matrix. The key advantage of this method lies in the fact that the changes can be found without having to restart the plant.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy

We examined scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) to electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerves and to stimulation in the L5 and S1 dermatomes in 19 patients with unilateral radiculopathies involving these segments. For the dermatomal studies at least two trials of 512 responses were recorded from the vertex with reference to both the midfrontal and contralateral parietal electrodes, using an averaging technique. Findings on the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides were compared in each patient. We found that peroneal SSEPs were normal in all patients. Dermatomal SSEPs correctly identified the lesion in 5 patients. In 1 patient dermatomal SSEPs lateralized the lesion correctly but localized it to the adjacent root. In 10 cases dermatomol SSEPs gave misleading information, indicating an abnormality on the asymptomatic side in 1 patient and no abnormality in 9. In the remaining 3 patients, both SSEPs and radiological contrast studies failed to identify any lesion, although the radiculopathy was confirmed by electromyography. These findings raise doubt about the ultimate utility of these evoked potential techniques in the evaluation of patients with suspected radiculopathies.
The crystallographic, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the Zr1−xTixCrFeH2 system

Abstract The Zr 1− x Ti x CrFeH 2 system has been studied at various temperatures and in the pressure range up to 70 atm with x = 0 – 0.7. These intermetallics absorb copious amounts of hydrogen, the hydrogen densities relative to that of liquid hydrogen being 1.41 and 1.25 for Zr 0.7 Ti 0.3 CrFe and Zr 0.5 Ti 0.5 CrFe respectively. The pressure-composition isotherms exhibit a favorable dissociation pressure around 1 atm at room temperature. The enthalpies for the desorption process range from 24.3 to 36.1 kJ (mol H 2 ) −1 , depending on the x value. The entropy changes are almost constant with a value of 99.1 ± 1 J K −1 (mol H 2 ) −1 . The kinetics of the hydrogen sorption are rapid, being nearly complete in a few minutes. These results suggest that this material is a desirable candidate for hydrogen storage.
Radiation safety at low energy heavy-ion accelerators

Abstract The beam induced radiation hazards at low energy heavy ion accelerators are evaluated on the basis of nuclear physics principles. The flux, energy and angular distribution of neutrons and gamma-rays generated by stopping the beam in various materials are calculated and compared to available experimental data. Beam interactions with the residual gas in beam pipes are not considered. The induced radioactivity of beam stopping components is estimated.
Infrared spectroscopy of Cr+(H2O) and Cr2+(H2O): the role of charge in cation hydration.

Singly and doubly charged chromium−water ion−molecule complexes are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed-nozzle cluster source. These species are detected and mass-selected in a specially designed time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Vibrational spectroscopy is measured for these complexes in the O−H stretching region using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and the method of rare gas atom predissociation. Infrared excitation is not able to break the ion−water bonds in these systems, but it leads to elimination of argon, providing an efficient mechanism for detecting the spectrum. The O−H stretches for both singly and doubly charged complexes are shifted to frequencies lower than those for the free water molecule, and the intensity of the symmetric stretch band is strongly enhanced relative to the asymmetric stretch. Partially resolved rotational structure for both complexes shows that the H−O−H bond angle is greater than it is in the free water molecule. These polarization-induced effects are enh...
Programs for Children and Adolescents With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in the United States: A Historical Overview, Current Perspectives, and Future Directions

In this article, the authors briefly review the historical development and current status of services for students with emotional/behavioral disorders (E/BD) in the United States. Drawing upon that review, the authors examine disproportionality and personnel shortages and discuss present and future options for better serving this challenging population of children and youth.
Kinetics of polymerization

It is shown that three basic models of the Flory-Stockmayer theory of polymerization may all be described directly by means of a kinetic rate equation of a form first discussed by Smoluchowski, and correspond to the three known classes of solutions to this equation. The kinetics of gelation are discussed from the rate equation; the nature of both the Flory and the Stockmayer gelation theories is shown, and a new model of gelation is proposed. Some new solutions to Smoluchowski's equation are given in an appendix.
Effect of free mercury on the strengths of dental amalgams.

Abstract A previous study of several different Ag−Sn, Ag−Cu, and Ag−Sn−Cu alloys revealed that some of these alloys were susceptible to mercury embrittlement. The present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which embrittlement of alloy particles in amalgam affects the strength of the material. Specimens of low copper amalgam (O), high copper admixed amalgam (D), and high copper single composition amalgams (S and T) were condensed into 2 mm×4 mm×15 mm molds using a pressure of 14 MPa. After aging the specimens for 7 days at 37°C, mercury was coated on each specimen either by electro-plating mercury or by immersion in mercury. In each method, mercury was applied for 15 s or 1 min. At 30 s after coating, each specimen was placed in a 3-point fracture fixture and immediately loaded at 0.25 and 2.54 mm/min until fracture occurred. As controls, specimens of each amalgam without mercury coating were also tested. Ten specimens per experimental condition were tested. Fractured surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Strength reductions as high as 60% for O amalgam, 44% for D amalgam, and 31% for T amalgam were found. Two observations suggest that embrittlement of unconsumed alloy particles is primarily responsible for the strength reduction: 1) the amalgams showing susceptibility to mercury embrittlement in the present study contain alloy particles of alloys that were shown to be susceptible to embrittlement in an earlier study, and 2) the amalgam S, which showed the least susceptibility to mercury embrittlement, contains unconsumed alloy particles of an alloy that showed no significant embrittlement in the earlier study. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that free mercury released during corrosion or aging of amalgam restorations can contribute to the weakening of these restorations.
Characterization of a novel salt-tolerant Bacillus sp. from the nasal cavities of desert iguanas

Abstract A Gram-positive halophile designated strain DD1 was isolated from the nasal cavities of desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis). Strain DD1 grew well in 2.5 M KCl in 2 M NaCl, formed spherical refractile endospores within swollen terminal sporangia, had a temperature optimum of 45°C, tolerated pH conditions from 6.5 to 10, and grew both aerobically and anaerobically in media containing 1 M KNO3 or 0.1 M KNO2 as electron acceptor. Characterization of strain DD1 by standard physiological tests suggested that it may define a new species of the genus Bacillus.
Detection of Aircraft Deicing/Antiicing Fluid Additives in a Perched Water Monitoring Well at an International Airport

Tolyltriazoles have recently been shown to be the primary agents in aircraft deicing/antiicing fluids (ADAFs) responsible for acute Microtox activity. However, little is known about the fate and effect of these compounds in the environment resulting from airport deicing activities. This research communication describes the first evidence that constituents within ADAFs, other than glycols, are present in subsurface water samples from a major North American airport at environmentally significant concentrations. These concentrations are approximately 25 times higher than the reported EC50 values in Microtox assays.
Differential effects of RNAi treatments on field populations of the western corn rootworm.

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) mediated crop protection against insect pests is a technology that is greatly anticipated by the academic and industrial pest control communities. Prior to commercialization, factors influencing the potential for evolution of insect resistance to RNAi should be evaluated. While mutations in genes encoding the RNAi machinery or the sequences targeted for interference may serve as a prominent mechanism of resistance evolution, differential effects of RNAi on target pests may also facilitate such evolution. However, to date, little is known about how variation of field insect populations could influence the effectiveness of RNAi treatments. To approach this question, we evaluated the effects of RNAi treatments on adults of three western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) populations exhibiting different levels of gut cysteine protease activity, tolerance of soybean herbivory, and immune gene expression; two populations were collected from crop rotation-resistant (RR) problem areas and one from a location where RR was not observed (wild type; WT). Our results demonstrated that RNAi targeting DvRS5 (a highly expressed cysteine protease gene) reduced gut cysteine protease activity in all three WCR populations. However, the proportion of the cysteine protease activity that was inhibited varied across populations. When WCR adults were treated with double-stranded RNA of an immune gene att1 , different changes in survival among WT and RR populations on soybean diets occurred. Notably, for both genes, the sequences targeted for RNAi were the same across all populations examined. These findings indicate that the effectiveness of RNAi treatments could vary among field populations depending on their physiological and genetic backgrounds and that the consistency of an RNAi trait’s effectiveness on phenotypically different populations should be considered or tested prior to wide deployment. Also, genes that are potentially subjected to differential selection in the field should be avoided for RNAi-based pest control.
Using injectoporation to deliver genes to mechanosensory hair cells

Mechanosensation, the transduction of mechanical force into electrochemical signals, allows organisms to detect touch and sound, to register movement and gravity, and to sense changes in cell volume and shape. The hair cells of the mammalian inner ear are the mechanosensors for the detection of sound and head movement. The analysis of gene function in hair cells has been hampered by the lack of an efficient gene transfer method. Here we describe a method termed injectoporation that combines tissue microinjection with electroporation to express cDNAs and shRNAs in mouse cochlear hair cells. Injectoporation allows for gene transfer into dozens of hair cells, and it is compatible with the analysis of hair cell function using imaging approaches and electrophysiology. Tissue dissection and injectoporation can be carried out within a few hours, and the tissue can be cultured for days for subsequent functional analyses.
Hybrid photodiode crosstalk due to backscattered electrons

Abstract The fraction of backscattering electrons are measured for 19 and 73 pixel Hybrid Photodiodes. The data obtained are in good agreement with calculations. A new method of HPD alignment is proposed and tested.
A simple photoactivation and image analysis module for visualizing and analyzing axonal transport with high temporal resolution

A simple photoactivation and image analysis module for visualizing and analyzing axonal transport with high temporal resolution