cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
End-to-end congestion control schemes: utility functions, random losses and ECN marks

We present a framework for designing end-to-end congestion control schemes in a network where each user may have a different utility function and may experience noncongestion-related losses. We first show that there exists an additive-increase-multiplicative-decrease scheme using only end-to-end measurable losses such that a socially optimal solution can be reached. We incorporate round-trip delay in this model, and show that one can generalize observations regarding TCP-type congestion avoidance to more general window flow control schemes. We then consider explicit congestion notification (ECN) as an alternate mechanism (instead of losses) for signaling congestion and show that ECN marking levels can be designed to nearly eliminate losses in the network by choosing the marking level independently for each node in the network. While the ECN marking level at each node may depend on the number of flows through the node, the appropriate marking level can be estimated using only aggregate flow measurements, i.e., per-flow measurements are not required.
Probabilistic topic models

Probabilistic topic modeling provides a suite of tools for the unsupervised analysis of large collections of documents. Topic modeling algorithms can uncover the underlying themes of a collection and decompose its documents according to those themes. This analysis can be used for corpus exploration, document search, and a variety of prediction problems.In this tutorial, I will review the state-of-the-art in probabilistic topic models. I will describe the three components of topic modeling:(1) Topic modeling assumptions(2) Algorithms for computing with topic models(3) Applications of topic modelsIn (1), I will describe latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), which is one of the simplest topic models, and then describe a variety of ways that we can build on it. These include dynamic topic models, correlated topic models, supervised topic models, author-topic models, bursty topic models, Bayesian nonparametric topic models, and others. I will also discuss some of the fundamental statistical ideas that are used in building topic models, such as distributions on the simplex, hierarchical Bayesian modeling, and models of mixed-membership.In (2), I will review how we compute with topic models. I will describe approximate posterior inference for directed graphical models using both sampling and variational inference, and I will discuss the practical issues and pitfalls in developing these algorithms for topic models. Finally, I will describe some of our most recent work on building algorithms that can scale to millions of documents and documents arriving in a stream.In (3), I will discuss applications of topic models. These include applications to images, music, social networks, and other data in which we hope to uncover hidden patterns. I will describe some of our recent work on adapting topic modeling algorithms to collaborative filtering, legislative modeling, and bibliometrics without citations.Finally, I will discuss some future directions and open research problems in topic models.
Post-Inpatient Brain Injury Rehabilitation Outcomes: Report from the National OutcomeInfo Database

Abstract This study examined outcomes for intensive residential and outpatient/community-based post-inpatient brain injury rehabilitation (PBIR) programs compared with supported living programs. The goal of supported living programs was stable functioning (no change). Data were obtained for a large cohort of adults with acquired brain injury (ABI) from the OutcomeInfo national database, a web-based database system developed through National Institutes of Health (NIH) Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) funding for monitoring progress and outcomes in PBIR programs primarily with the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4). Rasch-derived MPAI-4 measures for cases from 2008 to 2014 from 9 provider organizations offering programs in 23 facilities throughout the United States were examined. Controlling for age at injury, time in program, and time since injury on admission (chronicity), both intensive residential (n = 205) and outpatient/community-based (n = 2781) programs resulted in significant (a...
Dietary stimulation of sucrase in a patient with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.

Abstract A 7-year-old girl with a 6-year history of chronic diarrhea and poor weight gain was found to have jejunal sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. Dietary fructose was used as a form of therapy to increase the sucrase activity to a level that would allow her to ingest small amounts of sucrose without becoming symptomatic. Treatment with isocaloric diets containing fructose caused a concomitant increase in jejunal sucrase activity. The maximal sucrase activity was approximately four times that seen on a fructose free diet (from 0.38 to 1.67 μmoles substrate hydrolyzed/minute/gm mucosa). There was also an improvement in sucrose tolerance tests as measured by a rise in blood sugar and a decrease in urinary and fecal excretion of sucrose. She was subsequently treated with a sucrose-restricted diet which contained approximately 20% of the calories as fructose and has remained asymptomatic for 6 months despite occasional sucrose ingestion.
Determining linear shape change: toward automatic generation of object recognition programs

Abstract A 3D object localization task may be divided into two steps. First, one object appearance will be classified into one of the topologically equivalent classes of the 3D object appearances, referred to as aspects of the object (aspect classification). Then, the precise attitude and position of the object will be determined within one aspect (linear shape change determination (LSCD)). We have been working on designing a compiler which automatically generates an object localization program from a given object and sensor model; the compiler adheres to the above two-step strategy of aspect classification and linear change determination. For the first step, the compiler generates a decision tree structure program. Each branch node of the tree represents a necessary decision, such as comparing the area size of a visible face, to classify one object appearance into a smaller number of aspect groups. Along this tree, an object appearance is to be classified into one particular aspect at a leaf node of the tree. This paper will investigate the design of the compiler component to generate the second step. The compiler extends each leaf node of the tree and connects several nodes so that it performs the LSCD. The compiler chooses the largest 3D face as the primal face among several visible faces at the aspect corresponding to a leaf node. The compiler has priority rules which will select one particular method out of several possible ones; this rule defines a face coordinate system on a primal face. By using these rules, it analyzes the primal face, defines the face coordinate system on it and registers the defining method to a node connected to the leaf node. The compiler also embodies the transformation from the face to the body coordinate system at the node. In order to increase the accuracy of the attitude and position, the compiler further puts two more nodes at each branch of the program. The first node establishes correspondences between model edges and image edges. The second node iteratively solves the transformation equation to determine the object's attitude and position using these correspondences. We have prepared a program library, which is a collection of prototypical objects to perform tasks mentioned before. In compile mode, the compiler retrieves necessary strategies defined at each node, finds proper prototypical objects from the program library, instantiates and inserts these objects to the node. In run mode, these instance objects run and determine the object's attitude and position through message-passing between objects.
Fluorous thiols in oligosaccharide synthesis

Abstract A new, almost odorless fluorous thiol is synthesized, which is utilized to prepare highly fluorinated thioglycosyl donors. These thioglycosides showed excellent reactivities in glycosylation reactions. The fluorous chain, stable under esterification, etherification, deacetylation, and glycosylation conditions, allowed facile purification of the thioglycosides by solid-phase extraction through fluorous silica gel. The fluorous thiol was readily recycled.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and partial cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer.

Cure of invasive bladder cancer is possible only if all disease is eradicated. For the primary tumor this usually requires total cystectomy. In selected cases, complete excision can be accomplished by TUR [1] or partial cystectomy [2]. These methods have the advantage of bladder preservation.
Editorial: Lessons From the Classic Scientific Literature.

Early in my career, my graduate mentor, the late Howard S. Tager, told me that you know you are getting old when you begin framing your research talks in the context of scientific history. As I have aged (slowly), this certainly rings true for me now. Over the years, as I included more historical references in my scientific talks, I have often reflected on some important differences in the ways science is conducted today versus the past. One clear difference is that there is more multiple ( 3) author papers published these days. The average number of authors per paper has risen from 1.5 in 1950 to more than 5 today (1). In our journal Molecular Endocrinology, the average number of authors per paper today is more than 6 (2). This increase in author numbers can be partially explained by the multitude of disparate techniques used in papers today that require the collaboration of many individuals. Our papers now are more complex, use many different types of experiments to test the hypotheses posited, and the conclusions are more nuanced with respect to molecular functions of proteins and nucleic acids. Nevertheless, reading some of the older scientific literature has taught me lessons that I think are valuable to any scientist today. So, let me reflect here upon one aspect of scientific history that has helped to shape the kind of scientist and diabetologist I have become. Recently, at the Annual Diabetes Symposium in Indianapolis, I had the opportunity to review and present a short history of insulin research and how the scientists who studied this one small peptide hormone transformed our understanding of molecular endocrinology. In the nearly 100 years that have elapsed since the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best, the discoveries surrounding the insulin molecule have represented “firsts” or “among firsts:” insulin was the first protein to be sequenced, the first protein to be chemically synthesized, the first protein whose concentrations were determined by RIA, among the first proteins whose crystal structure was solved, and the list goes on. Two scientists whom I admired greatly for their pioneering work during this heydey of insulinrelated discoveries, and whom I have cited in many of my research talks, died in the last year: Donald F. Steiner and Ronald E. Chance. In 1967 at the University of Chicago, Donald Steiner discovered that the 2-chain insulin molecule is synthesized as a larger, single chain precursor that he termed “proinsulin” (3, 4). His studies used pulse-chase labeling experiments followed by size-exclusion chromatography and collectively showed the incorporation of label into a peptide larger than insulin during short periods of pulse and later converted to insulin during longer periods of chase. The following year in 1968 at the Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, where the identical precursor was previously identified as a “minor component” of crystalline porcine insulin prep-
Making C–H bonds with CO2: production of formate by molecular electrocatalysts

Molecular approaches to the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate are varied and versatile in their methods. We discuss recent efforts to catalyse this reaction including significant progress made in the last 5 years. This Feature Article begins with a survey of molecular electrocatalysts that produce CO or H2, but have been observed under certain conditions to afford some formate. These examples are included because they provide valuable mechanistic insight for design of catalysts that produce hydrogenated products selectively from CO2. The subsequent discussion describes catalyst properties that favour C–H bond formation with CO2 and this is followed by recent advances that have been made in developing these catalysts. The focus on specific catalyst systems includes recently reported Ir PCP-type pincer complexes and Fe carbonyl clusters, such as [Fe4N(CO)12]−, that selectively produce formate from CO2 in aqueous solution. A discussion of the relevant thermochemical properties of the catalysts in the context of formate production is included.
Right atrial thrombi complicating use of central venous catheters in hemodialysis.

BackgroundThere has been an increase in the use of central venous catheters for temporary hemodialysis access. In this report, we describe a case series of 12 patients on hemodialysis who developed...
Vector Dark Matter through a Radiative Higgs Portal

We study a model of spin-1 dark matter which interacts with the Standard Model predominantly via exchange of Higgs bosons. We propose an alternative UV completion to the usual Vector Dark Matter Higgs Portal, in which vector-like fermions charged under SU (2) W × U (1) Y and under the dark gauge group, U (1)′, generate an effective interaction between the Higgs and the dark matter at one loop. We explore the resulting phenomenology and show that this dark matter candidate is a viable thermal relic and satisfies Higgs invisible width constraints as well as direct detection bounds.
Would you snap up the deal? A study of consumer behaviour under flash sales

Flash sales refer to an emerging e-commerce practice in which a firm offers one or more products/service at a substantial discount within limited time. Macro-economic environment (residential areas...
WASP: allele-specific software for robust molecular quantitative trait locus discovery

The WASP suite of open-source tools performs unbiased allele-specific sequence read mapping and provides improved power for molecular QTL discovery. Allele-specific sequencing reads provide a powerful signal for identifying molecular quantitative trait loci (QTLs), but they are challenging to analyze and are prone to technical artifacts. Here we describe WASP, a suite of tools for unbiased allele-specific read mapping and discovery of molecular QTLs. Using simulated reads, RNA-seq reads and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) reads, we demonstrate that WASP has a low error rate and is far more powerful than existing QTL-mapping approaches.
Assessment of myocardial metabolic flexibility and work efficiency in human type 2 diabetes using 16-[18F]fluoro-4-thiapalmitate, a novel PET fatty acid tracer

Altered myocardial fuel selection likely underlies cardiac disease risk in diabetes, affecting oxygen demand and myocardial metabolic flexibility. We investigated myocardial fuel selection and meta...
Working environments: an ecological approach to industrial health and safety.

La technologie a contribue au developpement industriel, mais egalement aux problemes ecologiques et de securite inherents a la mecanisation des machines
Airborne Traffic Flow Data and Traffic Management

Imagery collected from airborne platforms has long been used to document the evolution of traffic congestion over time and across extended areas. The authors have documented such published research dating all the way back to 1927, and these activities continued in various periods of activity up through the late 1980s. Beginning in the late 1990s, many important ideas, new and old, on the use of airborne imagery for traffic analysis were investigated and tested in the field by a number of research teams around the world. Through detailed image processing techniques, this imagery can be used to automatically determine traffic flow measures. Prototype software tools have been developed to automatically estimate queue lengths at intersections, to estimate vehicle speeds, and to estimate vehicle flows and densities. Similar research has integrated traffic flow data from airborne imagery into formal data collection programs, where the data from the imagery is fused with ground detector data to enhance the estimates and forecasts of traffic flows. Some of these research teams have also “architectured” approaches to automatically, in real-time, georeference images from remote cameras for managing traffic. This is done by integrating the imagery with information on the height, location, and orientation of the camera. Using these camera data, in combination with a geographic representation (latitude–longitude) of the area to be studied, lead to an explicit way to georeference the road and vehicle locations. Absolute values of vehicle positions, speeds, accelerations, decelerations, and lane changes can be determined. There have been a wide variety of experiments in this area; these tests have extracted individual vehicle trajectories from digital video imagery. Uses of the obtained airborne traffic data are many: (a) off-line analyses can be used for transportation planning purposes, (b) online, real-time analyses can be used for traffic management, especially in areas where ground sensors are not available and for large-scale incidents, and (c) one can develop data sets of vehicle trajectories for use in the calibration–validation of micro-, meso-, and macroscopic traffic flow models.
DNA-based X-enriched sperm separation as an adjunct to preimplantation genetic testing for the prevention of X-linked disease.

We report the world's first clinical pregnancy resulting from DNA-based enrichment for X-bearing human spermatozoa, for prevention of X-linked hydrocephalus. Sperm separation was followed by embryo biopsy and nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for gender determination. Enriched populations of X- bearing spermatozoa ranging from 80 to 89% pure as determined by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) resulted in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) rates indistinguishable from normal IVF procedures (65%). In two separate biopsy procedures, 7/9 and 15/16 of the resulting embryos were determined to be female by multiplex PCR. Embryo transfer resulted in a karyotypically normal female fetus. This technique should be widely applicable to gender selection for the prevention of genetic disorders
New Complexity Results and Algorithms for the Minimum Tollbooth Problem

The inefficiency of the Wardrop equilibrium of nonatomic routing games can be eliminated by placing tolls on the edges of a network so that the socially optimal flow is induced as an equilibrium flow. A solution where the minimum number of edges are tolled may be preferable over others due to its ease of implementation in real networks. In this paper we consider the minimum tollbooth $${MINTB}$$ problem, which seeks social optimum inducing tolls with minimum support. We prove for single commodity networks with linear latencies that the problem is NP-hard to approximate within a factor of 1.1377 through a reduction from the minimum vertex cover problem. Insights from network design motivate us to formulate a new variation of the problem where, in addition to placing tolls, it is allowed to remove unused edges by the social optimum. We prove that this new problem remains NP-hard even for single commodity networks with linear latencies, using a reduction from the partition problem. On the positive side, we give the first exact polynomial solution to the $${MINTB}$$ problem in an important class of graphs--series-parallel graphs. Our algorithm solves $${MINTB}$$ by first tabulating the candidate solutions for subgraphs of the series-parallel network and then combining them optimally.
Theta distinguished representations, inflation and the symmetric square L-function

A theta distinguished representation is a quotient of a tensor of exceptional representations, where “exceptional” is in the sense of Kazhdan and Patterson. We study relations between theta distinguished representations of $$\mathrm {GL}_n$$ and $$\mathrm {GSpin}_{2n+1}$$ . In the case of $$\mathrm {GSpin}_{2n+1}$$ (or $$\mathrm {SO}_{2n+1}$$ ) exceptional (or small) representations were constructed by Bump, Friedberg and Ginzburg. We prove a Rodier-type hereditary property: a tempered representation $$\tau $$ is distinguished if and only if the representation $${\mathrm {I}}(\tau )$$ induced to $$\mathrm {GSpin}_{2n+1}$$ is distinguished, and the multiplicity of both quotients is at most one. If $$\tau $$ is supercuspidal and distinguished, then so is the Langlands quotient of $${\mathrm {I}}(\tau )$$ . As a corollary, we characterize supercuspidal distinguished representations, in terms of the pole of the symmetric square L-function at $$s=0$$ .
Geologic and seismologic aspects of the Managua, Nicaragua, earthquakes of December 23, 1972

abstract The Managua, Nicaragua, earthquake of December 23, 1972 (body-wave magnitude of 5.6, surface-wave magnitude of 6.2), and its aftershocks strongly affected an area of about 27 km 2 centered on Managua. Within this area, over 11,000 people were killed and 20,000 were injured. About 75 per cent of the city9s housing units were destroyed or rendered uninhabitable leaving between 200,000 and 250,000 people homeless, and property damage exceeded half a billion dollars. As a consequence, the economy and government of the city, and to a large extent the entire country, were severely disrupted. Surface geology shows that there are at least four subparallel strike-slip faults spaced 270 to 1,150 meters apart in the Managua area that slipped in a predominantly sinistral (left-lateral) sense during the earthquake. Aftershock studies show that at least one of these northeast-trending faults extends from the surface to a depth of 8 to 10 km over a maximum length of about 15 km. The faults are mappable on land for 1.6, 5.1, 5.9 and 2.7 km; aftershock data indicate that faulting extends at least 6 km northeast of the city beneath Lake Managua. Horizontal displacements vary, with the maximum aggregate sinistral slip ranging from 2.0 to 38.0 cm. There is also a local small down-to-the-southeast vertical component of slip on three of the four faults. The nature and distribution of the surface faulting are consistent with a tectonic origin for the earthquake. The extensive destruction and loss of life in the Managua area were caused by a combination of the following factors: (1) occurrence of the earthquake on faults directly beneath the city, (2) poor behavior of structures, chiefly tarquezal (wood frame and adobe) and masonry, during strong seismic shaking, and (3) direct displacement of structures, streets, and utilities by faulting. The historic record of seismicity and geological evidence of active Holocene faulting and volcanism together show that Managua is an unusually high-risk area in terms of geological hazards and that these hazards should be a primary consideration in evaluating reconstruction of Managua.
A TWO-COMPONENT NORMAL MIXTURE ALTERNATIVE TO THE FAY-HERRIOT MODEL

This article considers a robust hierarchical Bayesian approach to deal with random effects of small area means when some of these effects assume extreme values, resulting in outliers. In the presence of outliers, the standard Fay-Herriot model, used for modeling area-level data, under normality assumptions of random effects may overestimate the random effects variance, thus providing less than ideal shrinkage towards the synthetic regression predictions and inhibiting the borrowing of information. Even a small number of substantive outliers of random effects results in a large estimate of the random effects variance in the Fay-Herriot model, thereby achieving little shrinkage to the synthetic part of the model or little reduction in the posterior variance associated with the regular Bayes estimator for any of the small areas. While the scale mixture of normal distributions with a known mixing distribution for the random effects has been found to be effective in the presence of outliers, the solution depends on the mixing distribution. As a possible alternative solution to the problem, a two-component normal mixture model has been proposed, based on non-informative priors on the model variance parameters, regression coefficients and the mixing probability. Data analysis and simulation studies based on real, simulated and synthetic data show an advantage of the proposed method over the standard Bayesian Fay-Herriot solution derived under normality of random effects.
Childhood Immunization and Access to Health Care: Evidence From Nepal

This article examines the effect of access to health care center, in terms of travel time, on childhood immunization in Nepal using the 2004 and 2011 waves of the Nepal Living Standards Measurement Surveys. We employ probit and instrumental variable probit estimation methods to estimate the causal effect of travel time on the probability of immunization. Results indicate that travel time to the nearest health center displays a significant negative association with the probability of immunization (coefficient = -0.015,P< .05). Furthermore, the effect of travel time tends to be stronger in rural and distant areas of Nepal's mountain and hill regions. The results suggest that policy interventions should increase the number of mobile clinics in rural villages and provide conditional cash transfer to incentivize immunization coverage at the household level. In addition, household income, parental education, ethnicity, and household location emerge as important determinants of immunization in Nepal.
Little Conformal Symmetry

A partial solution to the Higgs mass hierarchy problem is developed using the slow flow of coupling constants near a conformal fixed point. Under the addition of a small number of carefully chosen new matter fields, we can expect the Higgs mass to remain small and protected without UV divergences.
Learning precise spike train-to-spike train transformations in multilayer feedforward neuronal networks

We derive a synaptic weight update rule for learning temporally precise spike train-to-spike train transformations in multilayer feedforward networks of spiking neurons. The framework, aimed at seamlessly generalizing error backpropagation to the deterministic spiking neuron setting, is based strictly on spike timing and avoids invoking concepts pertaining to spike rates or probabilistic models of spiking. The derivation is founded on two innovations. First, an error functional is proposed that compares the spike train emitted by the output neuron of the network to the desired spike train by way of their putative impact on a virtual postsynaptic neuron. This formulation sidesteps the need for spike alignment and leads to closed-form solutions for all quantities of interest. Second, virtual assignment of weights to spikes rather than synapses enables a perturbation analysis of individual spike times and synaptic weights of the output, as well as all intermediate neurons in the network, which yields the gradients of the error functional with respect to the said entities. Learning proceeds via a gradient descent mechanism that leverages these quantities. Simulation experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed learning framework. The experiments also highlight asymmetries between synapses on excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
Effects of Welfare Reform on Women's Voting Participation

This study investigates the effects of welfare reform in the United States in the 1990s on voting among low-income women. Using the November Current Population Surveys with the added Voting and Registration Supplement for the years 1990 through 2004 and exploiting changes in welfare policy across states and over time, we estimate the causal effects of welfare reform on women's voting registration and voting participation during the period in which welfare reform unfolded. During this time period, voter turnout was decreasing in the United States. We find robust evidence that welfare reform led to smaller declines in voting (about 3 to 4 percentage points, which translates to about 10% relative to the baseline mean) for women who were exposed to welfare reform compared to several different comparison groups of similar women who were much less exposed. The robust findings suggest that welfare reform had prosocial effects on civic participation, as characterized by voting. The effects were largely confined to presidential elections, were stronger in Democratic than Republican states, were stronger in states with stronger work incentive policies, and appeared to operate through employment, education, and income. (JEL D72, H53, I38, J21)
Analytical Modeling of Address Allocation Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A detailed description of the Internet Protocol Address Assignment (IPAA) is presented and state diagrams for its behavior constructed. Formulae for the expected latency and communication overhead of the IPAA protocol are derived, with the results being given as functions of the number of nodes in the network with message loss rate, contention window size, coverage ratio, and the counter threshold as parameters. The IPAA and MANET Configuration (MANETconf) are compared in detail. The results show that the latency and communication overhead for MANETconf are significantly higher than for the IPAA protocol. Results of extensive sensitivity analyses for the IPAA protocol are also presented.
Chain Structure of Vinyl and Diene Polymers in Relation to Polymerization Mechanism

Abstract The structural units of vinyl polymers generally occur in a regular head-to-tail sequence ((see PDF for diagram)) such that the substituent occurs on alternate atoms of the chain. Good evidence for this type of structure has been found for polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate (i.e., polyvinyl alcohol resulting from the hydrolysis of polymerized vinyl acetate), the polymer of methylvinyl ketone, the polymer of methylisopropenyl ketone, and polyvinyl chloride. Polymers of disubstituted ethylenes, such as isobutylene and vinylidene chloride, also possess the head-to-tail structure. Marvel and Cowan concluded that α-haloacrylates polymerize to give some, at least, of the head-to-head, tail-to-tail structure, although the evidence in this instance may be open to question. The prevalence of the head-to-tail arrangement is easily explained in terms of the free-radical mechanism of chain growth. The free radical may add in either of two ways to the monomer:
A Robust Feedforward Model of the Olfactory System

Most natural odors have sparse molecular composition. This makes the principles of compressed sensing potentially relevant to the structure of the olfactory code. Yet, the largely feedforward organization of the olfactory system precludes reconstruction using standard compressed sensing algorithms. To resolve this problem, recent theoretical work has shown that signal reconstruction could take place as a result of a low dimensional dynamical system converging to one of its attractor states. However, the dynamical aspects of optimization slowed down odor recognition and were also found to be susceptible to noise. Here we describe a feedforward model of the olfactory system that achieves both strong compression and fast reconstruction that is also robust to noise. A key feature of the proposed model is a specific relationship between how odors are represented at the glomeruli stage, which corresponds to a compression, and the connections from glomeruli to third-order neurons (neurons in the olfactory cortex of vertebrates or Kenyon cells in the mushroom body of insects), which in the model corresponds to reconstruction. We show that should this specific relationship hold true, the reconstruction will be both fast and robust to noise, and in particular to the false activation of glomeruli. The predicted connectivity rate from glomeruli to third-order neurons can be tested experimentally.
Site-Selective C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Di-, Tri-, and Tetrapeptides at the N-Terminus

Although the syntheses of novel and diverse peptides rely mainly on traditional coupling using unnatural amino acids, postsynthetic modification of peptides could provide a complementary method for the preparation of nonproteinogenic peptides. Site selectivity of postsynthetic modification of peptides is usually achieved by targeting reactive moieties, such as the thiol group of cysteine or the C-2 position of tryptophan. Herein, we report the development of site-selective functionalizations of inert C(sp3)–H bonds of N-terminal amino acids in di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides without installing a directing group. The native amino acid moiety within the peptide is used as a ligand to accelerate the C–H activation reaction. In the long run, this newly uncovered reactivity could provide guidance for developing site-selective C(sp3)–H activation toward postsynthetic modification of a broader range of peptides.
The Evolution of the Concept of Environmental Discourses: Is Environmental Ideologies a Useful Concept?

The concept of environmental discourses currently has two distinct meanings in environmental politics. The first approach emphasizes its traditional meaning, as textual and spoken interactions about the environment. The second, more recent approach utilizes the notion of environmental discourses as group worldviews towards the environment. This paper discusses the evolution of the term environmental discourses and the appropriateness of each approach for environmental politics scholarship. This study develops the concept of environmental ideologies as a belief system towards the environment, using the analogy of political ideologies that describes systems of beliefs towards political, social, and economic structures of a society. A formula: environmental discourse = environmental issue environmental ideology allows combining three core concepts of environmental politics: environmental issues come into environmental discourse, and, therefore, into existence as environmental policy problems, through the lens of environmental ideologies.
Measurement of the Isothermal Volume Dilation Accompanying the Unilateral Extension of Rubber

Using a torsion balance immersed in water and natural rubber ring specimens cured with di‐tertiary‐butyl‐peroxide, measurements were made of the isothermal volume dilation of rubber for mean extensions e=14, 33, and 51%, thus extending the results of Gee, Stern, and Treloar to lower strains. Chain molecular weights Mc=3000, 4400, 5100, and 5500 were employed. The chain molecular weights were determined by swelling in benzene, the uncertainty in each determination being about 10%. Observed fractional volume increases ranged from 3.2×10−5 for e=14% and Mc=5500 to 14×10−5 for e=51% and Mc=3000. Using Gee's expression for the volume dilation, but obtaining the slope of the stress‐strain curve from the statistical theory, curves were fitted to the data. The fitting process constituted a determination of Young's modulus E for each rubber specimen. The resulting curves are in good agreement with those of Gee, Stern, and Treloar. Additional determinations of E were made from rough stress‐strain curves and from th...
Extreme load estimation for wind turbines - Issues and opportunities for improved practice

Current design load estimation procedures for wind turbines often do not accurately treat the statistical nature of loads. Current practice for wind turbine load analysis is reviewed. The authors’ opinions on the shortcomings of these practices are discussed. Experience gained from current research on statistical load extrapolation methods is reviewed. Statistical modeling techniques are presented. Open questions on current techniques are summarized and critical issues that need to be resolved for an accurate statistical load extrapolation method are discussed.
Psychosine, the cytotoxic sphingolipid that accumulates in globoid cell leukodystrophy, alters membrane architecture

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is a neurological disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC). In the absence of GALC, the cytotoxic glycosphingolipid, psychosine (psy), accumulates in the nervous system. Psychosine accumulation preferentially affects oligodendrocytes, leading to progressive demyelination and infiltration of activated monocytes/macrophages into the CNS. GLD is characterized by motor defects, cognitive deficits, seizures, and death by 2–5 years of age. It has been hypothesized that psychosine accumulation, primarily within lipid rafts, results in the pathogenic cascade in GLD. However, the mechanism of psychosine toxicity has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, we synthesized the enantiomer of psychosine (ent-psy) to use as a probe to distinguish between protein-psy (stereo-specific enantioselective) or membrane-psy (stereo-insensitive nonenantioselective) interactions. The enantiomer of psychosine has equal or greater toxicity compared with psy, suggesting that psy exerts its toxicity through a nonenantioselective mechanism. Finally, in this study we demonstrate that psy and ent-psy localize to lipid rafts, perturb natural and artificial membrane integrity, and inhibit protein Kinase C translocation to the plasma membrane. Although other mechanisms may play a role in disease, these data strongly suggest that psy exerts its effects primarily through membrane perturbation rather than through specific protein-psy interactions.
Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: A meta-analysis

Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: A meta-analysis
Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroimination of Alkynes

A modular and atom-efficient synthesis of 2-aza-1,3-butadiene derivatives has been developed via nickel-catalyzed intermolecular coupling between internal alkynes and aromatic N–H ketimines. This novel alkyne hydroimination process is promoted by a catalyst system of a Ni(0) precursor ([Ni(cod)2]), N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand (IPr), and Cs2CO3 additive. The exclusive formation of (Z)-enamine stereoisomers is consistent with a proposed anti-iminometalation of alkyne by π-complexation with Ni(0) and subsequent attack by the N–H ketimine nucleophile. An NHC-ligated Ni(0) π-imine complex, [(IPr)Ni(η1-HN═CPh2)(η2-HN═CPh2)], was independently synthesized and displayed improved reactivity as the catalyst precursor.
Professors in the Boardroom and Their Impact on Corporate Governance and Firm Performance

We find that companies with directors from academia are associated with higher performance. This relation is driven by professors without administrative positions. We also find that academic directors play an important governance role through their advising and monitoring functions. Specifically, our results show that the presence of academic directors is associated with greater acquisition performance, a higher number of patents and citations, higher stock price informativeness, lower discretionary accruals, lower chief executive officer (CEO) compensation, and higher CEO forced turnover-performance sensitivity. Overall, our results indicate that academic directors are valuable advisors and effective monitors and firms benefit from having academic directors.
Three-Dimensional, Laminar Flow Past a Short, Surface-Mounted Cylinder

The topology and evolution of three-dimensional flow past a cylinder of slenderness ratio SR=1 mounted in a wind tunnel is examined for 0.1≤Re≤325 (based on the diameter of the cylinder) where steady-state solutions have been obtained. Direct numerical simulations were computed using an in-house parallel finite element code. The three-dimensional theory of separation is used to analyze and interpret the flow phenomena. Results indicate that symmetry breaking occurs at Re=1, while the first prominent structure is a horseshoe vortex downstream from the cylinder. At Re=150, two foci are observed, indicating the formation of two tornadolike vortices downstream. Concurrently, another horseshoe vortex is formed upstream from the cylinder. For higher Reynolds numbers, the flow downstream is segmented to upper and lower parts, whereas the topology of the flow on the solid boundaries remains unaltered. Pressure distributions show that pressure, the key physical parameter in the flow, decreases everywhere except im...
Cohesive energy and structural parameters of binary oxides of groups IIA and IIIB from diffusion quantum Monte Carlo

We have applied the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DMC) method to calculate the cohesive energy and the structural parameters of the binary oxides CaO, SrO, BaO, Sc2O3, Y2O3, and La2O3. The aim of our calculations is to systematically quantify the accuracy of the DMC method to study this type of metal oxides. The DMC results were compared with local, semi-local, and hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) approximations as well as with experimental measurements. The DMC method yields cohesive energies for these oxides with a mean absolute deviation from experimental measurements of 0.18(2) eV, while with local, semi-local, and hybrid DFT approximations, the deviation is 3.06, 0.94, and 1.23 eV, respectively. For lattice constants, the mean absolute deviations in DMC, local, semi-local, and hybrid DFT approximations are 0.017(1), 0.07, 0.05, and 0.04 A, respectively. DMC is a highly accurate method, outperforming the DFT approximations in describing the cohesive energies and structural parameters of these binary oxides.
Capital Control, Exchange Rate Regime, and Monetary Policy: Indeterminacy and Bifurcation

Will capital controls enhance macroeconomic stability? How will the results be influenced by the exchange rate regime and monetary policy reaction? Are the consequences of policy decisions involving capital controls easily predictable, or more complicated than may have been anticipated? We will answer the above questions by investigating the macroeconomic dynamics of a small open economy. In recent years, these matters have become particularly important to emerging market economies, which have often adopted capital controls. We especially investigate two dynamical characteristics: indeterminacy and bifurcation. Four cases are explored, based on different exchange rate regimes and monetary policy rules. With capital controls in place, we find that indeterminacy depends upon how the central bank’s response to inflation and its response to the output gap coordinate with each other in the Taylor rule. When forward-looking, both passive and active monetary policy can lead to indeterminacy. Compared with flexible exchange rates, fixed exchange rate regimes produce more complex indeterminacy conditions, depending upon the stickiness of prices and the elasticity of substitution between labor and consumption. We show the existence of Hopf bifurcation under capital control with fixed exchange rates and current-looking monetary policy. To determine empirical relevance, we test indeterminacy empirically using Bayesian estimation. Fixed exchange rate regimes with capital controls produce larger posterior probability of the indeterminate region than a flexible exchange rate regime. Fixed exchange rate regimes with current-looking monetary policy lead to several kinds of bifurcation under capital controls. We provide monetary policy suggestions on achieving macroeconomic stability through financial regulation.
Aminofluorination of Cyclopropanes: A Multifold Approach through a Common, Catalytically Generated Intermediate

We have discovered a highly regioselective aminofluorination of cyclopropanes. Remarkably, four unique sets of conditions—two photochemical, two purely chemical—generated the same aminofluorinated adducts in good to excellent yields. The multiple, diverse ways in which the reaction could be initiated provided valuable clues that led to the proposal of a “unifying” chain propagation mechanism beyond initiation, tied by a common intermediate. In all, the proposed mechanism herein is substantiated by product distribution studies, kinetic analyses, LFERs, Rehm–Weller estimations of ΔGET, competition experiments, KIEs, fluorescence data, and DFT calculations. From a more physical standpoint, transient-absorption experiments have allowed direct spectroscopic observation of radical ion intermediates (previously only postulated or probed indirectly in photochemical fluorination systems) and, consequently, have provided kinetic support for chain propagation. Lastly, calculations suggest that solvent may play an im...
On-Average KL-Privacy and its equivalence to Generalization for Max-Entropy Mechanisms

We define On-Average KL-Privacy and present its properties and connections to differential privacy, generalization and information-theoretic quantities including max-information and mutual information. The new definition significantly weakens differential privacy, while preserving its minimal design features such as composition over small group and multiple queries as well as closeness to post-processing. Moreover, we show that On-Average KL-Privacy is equivalent to generalization for a large class of commonly-used tools in statistics and machine learning that samples from Gibbs distributions—a class of distributions that arises naturally from the maximum entropy principle. In addition, a byproduct of our analysis yields a lower bound for generalization error in terms of mutual information which reveals an interesting interplay with known upper bounds that use the same quantity.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents.

Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric condition that usually emerges during childhood or adolescence. Over 80% of individuals with OCD have their onset before age 18 years. Epidemiologic studies suggest a prevalence of 1-2% for adolescents. Method This article reviews current knowledge of paediatric OCD in the following areas: age of onset, nosology and classification, subtypes, prevalence, aetiology, pathophysiology, assessment, prognosis and treatment. Results Essential components of treatment include long-term commitment, care management and illness education. Specific components of treatment include cognitive-behavioural therapy, parent behaviour management training and medication. Conclusions The most effective treatments are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. fluvoxamine, sertraline) and exposure/response prevention.
Legal and ethical aspects of behavior control.

There is a new climate of concern over the power of psychiatrists to shape behavior—a question made more critical by the increasing effectiveness of psychiatric treatment, including the use of drug...