cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Vocational Rehabilitation Services and Outcomes of Youth with Autism: 2006–2010

As the number of adults with a diagnosis of autism continues to grow, attention is drawn to whether they receive adequate services and achieve satisfactory employment outcomes, compared with their peers with other disabilities. After examining data from the U.S. state vocational rehabilitation programs from the years 2006–2010, we found that youth with autism received similar levels of services and reported similar employment outcomes compared with their peers with other disabilities. However, these outcomes were modest, declining, and substantially different across states, regardless of the types of disabilities. We recommend continuous monitoring of services and outcomes of people with autism and other disabilities as a means to promote their economic self-sufficiency and inclusion in society.
Effect of form of iron on the interaction between nickel and iron in rats: growth and blood parameters.

In two fully-crossed, two factor, completely randomized designed experiments, female weanling rats were fed a basal diet (con taining about 10 ng of nickel and 2.3 ^.g of iron/g) supplemented with graded levels of nickel and iron. Iron was supplemented to the diet in experiment 1 at levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100 jug/g as a mixture of 40% FeSO4-nHaO and 60% Fe2(SO4):)-nH2O and in experiment 2 at levels of 0, 12.5, 25, 50"and 100 Â?Â?g/g as Fe2(SO4)s-nH2O (92% of the salt was in the ferric form). In both experiments, nickel was supplemented to the diet at levels of 0, 5 and 50 /ig/g as NiCUâ€¢ 3H2O. When ferric sulfate was fed, an interaction between nickel and iron affected the hematocrit, hemoglobin level and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity which did not occur when a mixture of ferric and ferrous sulfates was fed. Growth, hematocrit and hemoglobin level, but not plasma cholesterol, of rats fed ferric sulfate were affected by dietary nickel. The effect of dietary nickel on hematocrit and hemoglobin level was less obvious and on plasma cholesterol was significant when rats were fed ferric-ferrous sulfate. Hematocrits and hemoglobin levels were lower in nickel-deprived than in nickel-supplemented rats only when iron was supplemented at low levels as ferric sulfate. When iron was added to the diet at 100 Â?ig/g as ferric sulfate or at 25, 50 and 100 /Â?g/g as a ferric-ferrous sulfate mixture, dietary nickel had no obvious affect on hematocrits and hemoglobin levels. This suggests that nickel has a role in the absorption of the ferric ion. J. Nutr. 110: 965-973, 1980.
Modernists Despite Themselves: The Phenomenology of the Secular and the Limits of Critique as an Instrument of Change

Probing the discourse of religious freedoms exposes the complex and multidimensional relations between religion and social change. The critics of this discourse, especially as it is integrated into the articulation of American foreign policy, fittingly historicize and locate it in continuity with the broader discourses of orientalism, colonialism, and neoimperialism/neoliberalism as well as with the domestic antagonisms between religious and political institutional spheres. This kind of interrogation is born out of, or shares affinity with, what I term “the phenomenology of the secular,” which is theoretically grounded, for the most part, in the work of anthropologist Talal Asad and his historicist and genealogical critique of “religion.” I argue that the phenomenologists of the secular are implicated in power reductionism and thus risk an antirealist and reactionary position. This debilitates their capacity to theorize an alternative to the hegemonic discourse they critique.
Suppression of vibration due to transmission error of harmonic drives using peak filter with acceleration feedback

Harmonic drives are widely used in robotics and precision positioning systems because of their unique properties such as near-zero backlash, high speed reduction ratio. However, they possess a periodic positioning error known as the transmission error and it produces a speed ripple on the gear output shaft. This is critical when the frequency of the speed variation coincides with the resonant frequency of the control system. This paper presents a speed control system to suppress the vibrations caused by the transmission error from harmonic drives. First, a new analysis scheme is proposed to analyze the effects of the transmission error. Next, a peak filter using load side acceleration information is designed and added into the servo loop in parallel with the existing controller. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed system regulates the load side velocity satisfactorily and suppresses the vibration caused by the transmission error effectively.
Single Well Tracer Tests in Aquifer Characterization

When the purpose of aquifer testing is to yield data for modeling aqueous mass transport, pumping tests and gradient measurement can only partially satisfy characterization requirements. Effective porosity, ground water flow velocity, and the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity within the aquifer are left as unknowns. Single well tracer methods, when added to the testing program, can be used to estimate these parameters. A drift, and pumpback test yields porosity and velocity, and point-dilution testing yields depth-discrete hydraulic information, A single emplacement of tracer into a test well is sufficient to conduct both tests. The tracer tests are facilitated by a simple method for injecting and evenly distributing the tracer solution into a wellbore, and by new ion-selective electrode instrumentation, specifically designed for submersible service, for monitoring the concentration of tracers such as bromide.
How weeds emerge: a taxonomic and trait‐based examination using United States data

Summary � Weeds can cause great economic and ecological harm to ecosystems. Despite their importance, comparisons of the taxonomy and traits of successful weeds often focus on a few specific comparisons – for example, introduced versus native weeds. � We used publicly available inventories of US plant species to make comprehensive comparisons of the factors that underlie weediness. We quantitatively examined taxonomy to determine if certain genera are overrepresented by introduced, weedy or herbicide-resistant species, and we compared phenotypic traits of weeds to those of nonweeds, whether introduced or native. � We uncovered genera that have more weeds and introduced species than expected by chance and plant families that have more herbicide-resistant species than expected by chance. Certain traits, generally related to fast reproduction, were more likely to be associated with weedy plants regardless of species’ origins. We also found stress tolerance traits associated with either native or introduced weeds compared with native or introduced nonweeds. Weeds and introduced species have significantly smaller genomes than nonweeds and native species. � These results support trends for weedy plants reported from other floras, suggest that native and introduced weeds have different stress adaptations, and provide a comprehensive survey of trends across weeds within the USA.
Melting Around a Migrating Heat Source

The problem of melting around a moving heat source arises in many different situations such as nuclear reactor technology (i.e., “self-burial” process of nuclear waste materials and reactor core “melt-down”), process metallurgy, and geophysics. Experiments were undertaken with a horizontal cylindrical heat source that melted its way through a phase-change material (n-octadecane) under its own weight. The heat source velocity and solid-liquid interface motion for a constant surface temperature source were measured. Effects of heat source density and surface temperature as well as the effects of the initial subcooling of the solid were investigated and are reported. The flow structure in the melt was visualized using a dye. Timewise variation of temperature distribution in the solid and the melt were also measured and are discussed. Results for the heat source migration velocity and the volume of the material melted are correlated in terms of the relevant problem parameters.
Upper Limits to Mass-Specific Metabolic Rates

An intriguing aspect of animal diversity is the wide range of maximal mass-specific metabolic rates attainable by various species. Metabolic ceilings vary with respect to whether hypermetabolic states involve relatively short bouts of burst or aerobic exercise, or long-term physical activity wherein time-averaged rates of dietary energy intake equal rates of energy expenditure. Design of metabolic flux capacities at the biochemical level can only be meaningfully considered in the context of design at higher levels of biological organization and maximum physiological requirements at the level of the whole organism. Studies of this nature have led to important insights concerning the rules that govern evolutionary design and the constraints that may set upper limits to mass-specific metabolic rates.
An efficient method for direct conversion of fluorescent probe into PET/fluorescent probe

1160 Objectives Although fluorescent dyes could be used for PET/optical probe construction, the procedure generally involves a separate introduction of fluorescent tag and radioactive tag. Based on our newly developed fluoride exchange approach, in this study, a simple and fast method was developed to directly convert BODIPY dye conjugated fluorescent probe into PET/fluorescent probe. Methods The BODIPY dyes were conjugated to peptide (BODIPY-RGD) or organic inhibitor (BODIPY-NB1) respectively to obtain the fluorescent probes first. Various reaction temperatures, times, solvents, and additives, were explored to optimize the labeling reaction with 18F. Radio-HPLC was used to monitor the reaction progress. Results In the presence of Lewis acids, both BODIPY-RGD and BODIPY-NB1 can be radiolabeled in the matter of minutes with azeotropically dried 18F-fluoride in good yields. The 18F-BODIPY-RGD was obtained in 20% labeling yield based on 18F-fluoride. Due to the cationic and lipophilic nature of 18F-BODIPY-RGD, this agent showed a strong PET signal from the kidney and liver of the mice. 18F-BODIPY-NB1 was obtained in 80% labeling yield. As shown in the figure, no apparent bone uptake was observed up to 3h p.i, which indicated its good stability in vivo. Conclusions We discovered that Lewis acids can be used to promote the 18F-labeling of BODIPY-conjugates in high efficiency. Our approach allows the direct conversion of a fluorescent probe into PET/fluorescence probe. Research Support This research was supported by the American Cancer Society (MRSG-12-034-01-CCE) and Wright foundation. We would also like to thank Dr. Neamati9s group for providing the BODIPY-NB1 compound.
Teenage pharmapocalypse? : an exploratory examination of prescription drug abuse.

TEENAGE PHARMAPOCALYPSE?: AN EXPLORATORY EXAMINATION OF PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE Lorin Brooke Friley April 4, 2011 The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of teenage prescription drug abuse in Jefferson County, Kentucky to gain a better understanding of the environment and characteristics of a teenager who abuses prescription drugs, and to gain insight into this situation through the perspectives of adult professionals who regularly work with teenagers. In-depth interviews were conducted with five professionals, and data analyses were performed to determine recurring themes. There were four primary emergent themes, including: profiling of a teenage prescription drug abuser; factors influencing likelihood of drug abuse; portfolio of mental, emotional, and social issues; and treatment processes. There was general consensus among interviewees that there is no "typical" profile of a teen who abuses prescription drugs. There are many convening factors that contribute to the likelihood a teen will abuse prescription drugs, including peer influence and familial influence. Teens who abuse prescription drugs generally present with a multitude of mental health issues, coping difficulties, and social struggles. If a teen who is abusing prescription drugs receives treatment, there are generally many cycles of unsuccessful treatment programs prior to a success.
Characteristics and Value of Machine Learning for Imaging in High Content Screening

Requirements for a flexible image analysis package for high content screening (HCS) are discussed. An overview of tools and techniques for image analysis and machine learning is given. Machine learning for classification and segmentation, the two fundamental elements of image analysis, is discussed. Next generation image analysis packages for HCS are reviewed. Recommendations for the development of image analysis solutions for advanced assays are given.
Social sanctions and informal accountability: Evidence from a laboratory experiment

When public goods are co-produced by citizens and public authorities, problems of free riding and problems of provider accountability frequently coincide. How are voluntary contributions to a public good sustained when they are vulnerable to rent extraction by a third party? In a laboratory experiment, I test whether contributions in a public goods dilemma can be decentrally enforced through costly, mutual sanctioning capacity, even if the contributions can be misappropriated by a third party. I find that costly sanctioning capacity among the beneficiaries of a public good can substantially reduce free riding, without increasing the rate at which contributions are misappropriated by the provider. However, this effect can be undermined if mutual sanctioning capacity exists between the third-party provider and the beneficiaries. Contrary to existing predictions, social sanctioning relationships which both embed the provider and encompass the beneficiaries of a public good are not associated with greater, bu...
Technique for 3-D Analysis of Cheumatopsyche pettiti (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Swarms

3-D movement of individuals within the swarm of a trichopteran species, Cheumatopsyche pettiti (Banks), was studied using a video/digitizer/microcomputer technique developed for use in the field. The swarm was videotaped in the field and basic movements of individuals within the aggregation were analyzed in the laboratory. An accuracy analysis of the technique was conducted in the laboratory and found to be comparable to previous 3-D techniques used for studying insects and fish schools. This method is an improvement over previous techniques due to its flexibility and broad application potential. It was developed for studying complex activity, such as swarms, but can be used in situations where movement in 3-D space is of interest. The caddisfly species studied was found on the average to be a high-speed swarmer with great variation in speed during the swarming process. High speed may benefit males of this species by increasing the probability of contacting a female as she enters the swarm.
The phaco machine: analysing new technology

Purpose of reviewThe phaco machine is frequently overlooked as the crucial surgical instrument it is. Understanding how to set parameters is initiated by understanding fundamental concepts of machine function.Recent findingsThis study analyses the critical concepts of partial occlusion phaco, occlus
The Nature and Consequences of Inclusive Leadership

Despite increasing demographic diversity in the workplace, gender, ethnic, racial and class inequities remain entrenched (Acker, 2006; Carter & Silva, 2010; Catalyst, 2013; Reskin & Padavic, 2006)....
Structural Phase Transformations in V2O5 Thin Film Cathode Material for Li Rechargeable Batteries

We report on investigations of V2O5 thin film cathodes prepared by pulsed laser deposition and the phase transformations which occur during electrochemical cycling. Our experimental results on PLD-grown, textured V2O5 crystalline films concur with reports in the literature that there is a voltage threshold above which, cycling appears to be completely reversible and below which, cycling appears to be irreversible. Crystalline films discharged beyond the threshold to 2.0 V vs. Li exhibited an immediate and continuous fade in capacity as well as a ∼90% decrease in XRD peak intensity and a similar decrease in Raman signal intensity in as few as 10 cycles. We have made co-phase material by both electrochemically discharging virgin, crystalline V2O5 and by further discharging previously cycled films which showed irreversible structural changes.
High-Fidelity LES Simulations of Self-Sustained Pitching Oscillations on a NACA0012 Airfoil at Transitional Reynolds Numbers

This work explores self-sustained pitching oscillations of a NACA0012 airfoil operating at low-to-moderate Reynolds numbers in which the aerodynamic flow is in a transitional regime. One-degree of freedom (DOF) pitching oscillations were explored over a range of Reynolds numbers (7.7 × 10 < Rec ≤ 2.0 × 10). Laminar separation flutter grows naturally at the lowest Reynolds numbers. At Rec = 1.5 × 10, which falls above the previously identified flutter regime, sustained oscillations emerged following a disturbance applied to the structural model. This finding extends the applicable range of flow speeds beyond those previously reported and identifies a bifurcation of solution states at the extended Reynolds numbers. In all cases, negative aerodynamic damping is largely provided by suction beneath a separation bubble located behind the elastic axis. This feature induces a moment conducive to the pitching motion. Open trailing edge separation on the opposite surface transitions and reattaches immediately preceding the maximum angles of incidence. This event imparts a spike in the moment opposed to the pitching direction briefly damping oscillations. Earlier transition and reattachment of the trailing edge separation for the Rec = 1.5 × 10 case signals an earlier entrance to the negative work regime compared to the Rec = 1.1 × 10 case and resulting in a decreased LCO amplitude.
Methods for Evaluating Environmental and Performance Tradeoffs for Air Transportation Systems

*† ‡ § The design and operation of air transportation systems must balance their impact on the environment in conjunction with other metrics such as performance, safety, capacity, and economics. Consequently, selecting the “best” or “optimal” design and operation of a system has become more challenging due to the need to resolve competing tradeoffs. A conceptual framework was developed to analyze air transportation system tradeoffs and facilitate the development of methods to resolve these tradeoffs. The framework was applied to the particular case of analyzing environmental/performance tradeoffs for commercial aircraft cruise operations. In order to explore the research framework, five analyses were performed. One analysis assessed how a hypothetical tax on contrail production would influence a stakeholder’s willingness to redefine their respective “optimal” cruise operation (trajectory). In this analysis, valuation theory was used to quantify a stakeholder’s relative preference amongst a set of candidate cruise trajectories to find their respective optimal trajectory. Another analysis determined the competing/complementary nature of the system objectives of interest, thereby identifying the most important competing tradeoffs to be resolved. The sensitivity of the important competing tradeoffs to the assumed operating conditions of a system was also explored.
Smoker's Paradox in Patients With ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background Prior studies have found that smokers undergoing thrombolytic therapy for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction have lower in‐hospital mortality than nonsmokers, a phenomenon called the “smoker's paradox.” Evidence, however, has been conflicting regarding whether this paradoxical association persists in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods and Results We used the 2003–2012 National Inpatient Sample databases to identify all patients aged ≥18 years who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare in‐hospital mortality between smokers (current and former) and nonsmokers. Of the 985 174 patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, 438 954 (44.6%) were smokers. Smokers were younger, were more often men, and were less likely to have traditional vascular risk factors than nonsmokers. Smokers had lower observed in‐hospital mortality compared with nonsmokers (2.0% versus 5.9%; unadjusted odds ratio 0.32, 95% CI 0.31–0.33, P <0.001). Although the association between smoking and lower in‐hospital mortality was partly attenuated after baseline risk adjustment, a significant residual association remained (adjusted odds ratio 0.60, 95% CI 0.58–0.62, P <0.001). This association largely persisted in age‐stratified analyses. Smoking status was also associated with shorter average length of stay (3.5 versus 4.5 days, P <0.001) and lower incidence of postprocedure hemorrhage (4.2% versus 6.1%; adjusted odds ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.80–0.83, P <0.001) and in‐hospital cardiac arrest (1.3% versus 2.1%; adjusted OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.76–0.81, P <0.001). Conclusions In this nationwide cohort of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, we observed significantly lower risk‐adjusted in‐hospital mortality in smokers, suggesting that the smoker's paradox also applies to ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Prospects for Meeting the Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards in the U.S.

Abstract In 2013, the transportation sector accounted for 34% of the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions, with no significant change from prior years. Efforts to improve vehicle transportation efficiency and curb associated environmental emissions had led to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for passenger cars and light trucks initially introduced in 1975. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has phased in new standards recently that require an average combined fleet-wide fuel economy of 35.1 - 35.4 mpg by 2017, 40.3 - 41.0 mpg by 2021, and 48.7 - 49.7 mpg by 2025. The new legislation has the potential to reduce overall U.S. emissions by close to 6% should the 2025 goals be attained. To reach these targets, compliance levels set to begin in 2017 will require a fine to be paid for every 0.1 mpg a manufacturer's fleet average is below the compliance target. The goal of this study was to assess the potential for CAFE to achieve the desired average fleet fuel economy goals set forth in the U.S., and evaluate its past effectiveness at reducing actual on-road fuel consumption. The possibility of the 2017-2025 CAFE standards to be more or less successful than the 2011-2016 standards at meeting fuel economy goals were evaluated together with strategies that auto manufacturers would most likely use to meet the 2017 - 2025 CAFE standards. The study analyzed past transportation efficiency trends and future projection models, and explored the industry and consumer-side impacts of the CAFE standard within the proposed timeframe. The possibility of automakers adapting to presented changes quickly to meet the increasingly strict CAFE standards and keeping up with improving the average fleet fuel economy seem difficult at best. While the effectiveness of allowances and credits similar to a cap and trade mechanism has prevented a major shortfall between CAFE standards and average fleet fuel economy to date, it is likely that most manufacturers will not be able to adapt in time to avoid facing fines moving into the future.
The DoF of Two-Way Butterfly Networks

This letter studies the two-way butterfly network, a class of two-way four-unicast networks. We first show that bidirectional links do not increase the degrees of freedom for this network, thus giving the first example of a network to the best of our knowledge, where bidirectional links do not increase the degrees of freedom. Furthermore, we show that sufficient caching at the relays or increasing the number of antennas at the relays can double the degrees of freedom for the two-way butterfly network.
Unraveling the essential role of CysK in CDI toxin activation

Abstract Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is a widespread mechanism of bacterial competition. CDI+ bacteria deliver the toxic C-terminal region of contact-dependent inhibition A proteins (CdiA-CT) into neighboring target bacteria and produce CDI immunity proteins (CdiI) to protect against self-inhibition. The CdiA-CTEC536 deployed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli 536 (EC536) is a bacterial toxin 28 (Ntox28) domain that only exhibits ribonuclease activity when bound to the cysteine biosynthetic enzyme O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A (CysK). Here, we present crystal structures of the CysK/CdiA-CTEC536 binary complex and the neutralized ternary complex of CysK/CdiA-CT/CdiIEC536. CdiA-CTEC536 inserts its C-terminal Gly-Tyr-Gly-Ile peptide tail into the active-site cleft of CysK to anchor the interaction. Remarkably, E. coli serine O-acetyltransferase uses a similar Gly-Asp-Gly-Ile motif to form the “cysteine synthase” complex with CysK. The cysteine synthase complex is found throughout bacteria, protozoa, and plants, indicating that CdiA-CTEC536 exploits a highly conserved protein–protein interaction to promote its toxicity. CysK significantly increases CdiA-CTEC536 thermostability and is required for toxin interaction with tRNA substrates. These observations suggest that CysK stabilizes the toxin fold, thereby organizing the nuclease active site for substrate recognition and catalysis. By contrast, Ntox28 domains from Gram-positive bacteria lack C-terminal Gly-Tyr-Gly-Ile motifs, suggesting that they do not interact with CysK. We show that the Ntox28 domain from Ruminococcus lactaris is significantly more thermostable than CdiA-CTEC536, and its intrinsic tRNA-binding properties support CysK-independent nuclease activity. The striking differences between related Ntox28 domains suggest that CDI toxins may be under evolutionary pressure to maintain low global stability.
Human Factors: Changing Systems, Changing Behaviors

In its 1991 report advocating the computer-based patient record as “an essential technology for health care,” the Institute of Medicine (IOM) acknowledged the problems caused by clinician resistance, suggesting mechanisms to encourage clinician input and recommending programs to educate students and practitioners in computer use (Institute of Medicine 1997). In two more recent, high-profile studies on medical errors and quality of care, the IOM clearly assigned information technology (IT) to a supporting role. Its report calling for a safer health system (2000) described technology (not just IT) as “a ‘member’ of the work team.” And this technology was “not restricted” to technology used by health care professionals, but included non-health professionals and “people at home” (p 62–63). The IOM made the supporting role of IT clearer still in its second report calling for a new health system. There, using information technology was given billing equal to that accorded to four other areas: building organizational supports, applying evidence to healthcare delivery, aligning payment policies with quality improvements, and preparing the workforce. Both organizational and workforce issues involve “interrelationships between humans, the tools they use, and the environment in which they live and work,” or what is defined as human factors (Institute of Medicine 2000, p 63). These factors received growing attention throughout the 1990s. By 1998, a prize-winning system implementer, Reed Gardner, formulated the 80/20 rule, stating that “the success of a project is perhaps 80% dependent on the development of the social and political interaction skills of the developer and 20% or less on the implementation of the hardware and software technology” (Gardner 1998). Nancy Lorenzi and Bob Riley offered a corollary of sorts, noting that “people who have low psychological ownership in a system and who vigorously resist its implementation can bring a ‘technically best’ system to its knees” (Lorenzi and Riley 2000).
Parents with Intellectual Disabilities Experiencing Challenging Child Routines: A Pilot Study Using Embedded Self-Determination Practices

Background Practices to facilitate self-determination have not received appropriate attention in research concerning parents with intellectual disabilities (ID). Likewise, parenting interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities have seldom observed both parent and child behavioural outcomes. Methods This study evaluated the effectiveness of a parenting intervention embedded with self-determination facilitation practices for two dyads of a parent with intellectual disabilities and their young child. The interventions focused on increasing parents’ ability to correctly implement steps of a parenting routine while reducing occurrence of challenging child behaviour. Results The results of the study demonstrated two basic effects of correctly completed steps of the parenting routine and a reduction of challenging child behaviour. Parents also reported decreased feelings of stress during the routine following completion of the intervention. Conclusions Implications for future research and replication of this pilot study are discussed.
Quantifying the need and potential of assisted migration

Abstract Assisted migration is recognized as a possible method for species conservation under climate change. Predicted decrease in range size and emergence of new suitable areas due to climate change are the main reasons for considering assisted migration. The magnitude of such changes can be used to guide decisions on the applicability of this conservation method. However, it has not been formalized how predictions acquired, e.g., with the help of species distribution models or expert assessments, should translate into recommendations or decisions. Climate change threat indices concentrating on predicted loss of habitat are not directly applicable in this context as they do not define whether a species has the potential to expand its range compared to the area that remains suitable. Here we present a conceptual framework for identifying and quantifying situations in which predictions indicate that a species could benefit from assisted migration. We translate predicted changes in suitable area into separate metrics for migration need and migration potential on the basis of the amount of lost, remnant, and new area. These metrics can be used as part of decision-making frameworks in determining the most suitable conservation method for a specific species. They also hold potential for coarser screening of multiple species to estimate the proportion of species that could benefit from assisted migration within a given time frame and climate change scenario. Furthermore, the approach can be used to highlight time frames during which assisted migration or, alternatively, other conservation actions are the most beneficial for a certain species.
Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 1. Baeyer–Villiger‐Oxidation Conditions

The conversion of synthetic porphyrins to derivatives that contain a nonpyrrolic building block is an appealing method to generate porphyrinoids with functional groups at their periphery for sensing applications or chromophores with fine-tuned electronic properties for a number of technical and biomedical applications. Baeyer–Villiger oxidations are potentially suited to generate such pyrrole-expanded porphyrinoids from known octaethyloxochlorin. However, the application of different Baeyer–Villiger-oxidation conditions to this ketone merely led to the formation of novel and known compounds, such as porphyrinic meso-OH and N-oxide derivatives. This work demonstrates how the extraordinary structural stability of the porphyrin macrocycle redirects the reactivity patterns of classic ring-expansion reactions, which outlines some limits of the methods to convert a pyrrole in porphyrins into a nonpyrrolic building block.
Current Imaging Strategies for Patient Selection in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trials

Neuroimaging is an important part of acute ischemic stroke trials. Its key components include vascular, ischemic core, and penumbral imaging. These can be acquired by two modalities: computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This chapter provides an overview of common CT- and MRI-based angiographic, parenchymal, and perfusion imaging techniques, and their roles in patient selection in acute ischemic stroke trials.
Gift Giving, Reciprocity, and Exchange

Using Marcel Mauss’s foundational concept presented in The Gift, that exchanging gifts or services is an act motivated by developing social relationships, this chapter examines attempts made by skilled birth attendants to provide maternal health care to women of rural Indonesia, the rural women’s responses to the offered care, and the social results of those interactions. This chapter argues that by examining exchange and reciprocity important characteristics are revealed about how health care is given and received in contemporary society and how this impacts the health status of individuals. The conclusion is of particular interest for health researchers—how power and inequality are enacted in the health care encounter.
Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota of Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) Females From Different Parents

The potential for gut microbiota to impede or enhance pathogen transmission is well-documented but the factors that shape this microbiota in mosquito vectors are poorly understood. We characterized and compared the gut microbiota of adult females of Culex restuans (Theobald; Diptera: Culicidae) from different parents. Cx. restuans larvae from nine field-collected egg rafts were reared on a common diet and gut microbiota of newly emerged adult females characterized by MiSeq sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial diversity and evenness in individuals from one egg raft were significantly lower compared to those of three of the other eight egg rafts. The gut microbiota of adult females reared from seven of the nine egg rafts clustered together suggesting that individuals from most egg rafts had similar profiles of gut microbiota. These findings suggest that the microbiota of adult females from the same parents do not differ appreciably from the microbiota of adult females from different parents. However, additional studies using mosquitoes separated by geographic distances greater than those studied here and estimating the genetic distances between populations from different egg rafts are needed to provide further insights into the influence of host genetics on gut microbiota. Also worthwhile are studies evaluating how individuals from different egg rafts and harboring different gut microbiota compare in relation to vector competence for different pathogens.
Improving Workers' Productivity and Reducing Internet Abuse

The Internet and e-mail have become common in today's working environment. Although such technology arguably has made employees more efficient and has improved communication, it also has surfaced n...
Status epilepticus: Role for etiology in determining response to benzodiazepines.

OBJECTIVE Clinical factors contributing to benzodiazepine failure in treating status epilepticus (SE) include suboptimal dosing and seizure duration. As many benzodiazepine-refractory episodes of SE arise from acute etiologies, we sought to determine whether etiology impacts SE treatment. METHODS The potency of diazepam to terminate SE induced by lithium-pilocarpine (LiPilo-SE) or kainic acid (KA-SE) in 3-week-old rats was studied by video-electroencephalography. Synaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAR)-mediated currents were recorded from dentate granule cells using voltage-clamp electrophysiology. Surface expression of γ2 subunit-containing GABARs and Kv4.2 potassium channels in hippocampal slices was determined using a biotinylation assay. Expression of phosphorylated forms of β2/3 and γ2 subunits was determined using phosphospecific antibodies and Western blotting. RESULTS Diazepam failed to terminate late SE in LiPilo-SE animals but was successful in terminating KA-SE of 1- and 3-hour duration. One hour after SE onset, GABAR-mediated synaptic inhibition and γ2 subunit-containing GABAR surface expression were reduced in LiPilo-SE animals. These were unchanged in KA-SE animals at 1 and 3 hours. Phosphorylation of γ2 subunit residue S327 was unchanged in both models, although GABAR β3 subunit S408/409 residues were dephosphorylated in the LiPilo-SE animals. Kv4.2 potassium channel surface expression was increased in LiPilo-SE animals but reduced in KA-SE animals. INTERPRETATION SE-model-dependent differences support a novel hypothesis that the development of benzodiazepine pharmacoresistance may be etiologically predetermined. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms that underlie such etiological differences during SE and whether etiology-dependent protocols for the treatment of SE need to be developed. Ann Neurol 2018;83:830-841.
Fundamentals of High-Power Operation

The fundamentals and basic concepts that are important for our understanding the physics and technological issues related to high-power, single-mode diode-laser arrays are presented. Principal concepts such as the threshold gain condition (Sect. 2.1), current-gain properties (Sect. 2.2), optimization of the above-threshold operation (Sect. 2.3), and scaling limitations are reviewed (Sect. 2.4). A comparison of the performance characteristics of the semiconductor laser medium with other well-known non-semiconductor laser media (i.e., Nd:YAG, Rhodamine-6G dye, and CO2) is also included. The effects of injected carriers on the optical properties and spatial-mode discrimination are discussed in Sect. 2.6. Heating and thermal management issues are treated in Sect. 2.8. These are topics that are common to both single-element diode lasers and diode-laser arrays.
Experimental Observations on the Delamination Behavior in Composite Structures

The objective of the current paper is to present experimental data of interface cracks (delaminations) in layered Glass/Epoxy and Graphite/Epoxy composites under cyclic compressive (fatigue) and static (Mixed Mode Bending and Double Cantilever Beam) loads. The growth behavior ranges from self-similar growth along the interface in the unidirectional configuration to branching out of the interface in 90 deg. and cross-ply configurations. In the case of cyclic compressive loading, the specimens undergo repeated buckling/unloading of the delaminated layer with a resulting reduction of the interlayer resistance. Also, for this case, equations describing the growth of the delaminations under cyclic loads are obtained on the basis of a combined delamination buckling/post-buckling and fracture mechanics model. The latter is based on a mode-dependent critical fracture energy concept and is expressed in terms of the spread in the energy release rate in the pre- and post- buckling state. The growth laws developed in this manner are integrated numerically, in order to produce the delamination growth vs. number of cycles curves. An important characteristic in all the configurations tested is that the state of stress near the delamination tip is of mixed mode, I and II. In the cases where branching (intra-layer cracking) occurs, there is some self-similar crack growth from the initial delamination (simulated as a Teflon sheet inserted in the plate) followed by branching of the crack through the thickness of the plate. Observed behavior ranges from sudden and catastrophic failure induced by the intra-layer crack in the 90 deg. specimen to the alternate successive initiation of intra-layer cracks and secondary interlayer cracks (delaminations) in the cross-ply specimens. Experiments and statistics show that there is a critical branching angle above which crack growth is greatly accelerated. The particular details of the experimental study, including the difficulties and challenges, are discussed.
Suppression of bleomycin-induced increased production of nitric oxide and NF-kB activation by treatment with taurine and niacin.

The activation of transcription factor NF- kB appears to play a central role in the BL- induced lung injury and fibrosis and the antifibrotic effect of the combined treatment with taurine and niacin resides in their ability to suppress the NF - kB activation by preserving the IkB-α protein. In absence of NF-kB activation, some proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines are not released and this will retard the progression of the Mammatory and fibrotic events. In addition, the combined treatment with taurine and niacin inhibits the production of NO by down-regulating the synthesis of BL- induced over-expression of lung iNOS. The results of the present study have revealed novel strategies to develop drugs which can specifically inhibit the activation of NF-kB and over-expression of iNOS in the lungs and the availability of such drugs may prove to be therapeutically efficacious for the treatment of lung inflammation and fibrosis.
Synthesis and Turnover of Brain Phosphoglycerides — Results, Methods of Calculation and Interpretation

The processes of membrane assembly and disassembly are major areas of interest in cell biology. One means of studying these processes is to add radioactive precursors of membrane components and then to measure the turnover of the radioactive molecules. The purpose of this paper is to report results for the turnover of l,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (diacyl-GPE) and l,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (diacyl-GPC) including the apparent presence of fast and slow pools, to describe the methods for calculations of half-lives and pool sizes when two or more pools are present, and to discuss the possible interpretations of the presence of two pools. Our results have been obtained with brains from mice after intracerebral injections of [14C]ethanolamine or [14C]glycerol.
The Nonviable Patient and Organ Procurement

The current state of medical technology and critical care support is such that people who never had a chance of survival a generation ago routinely leave the hospital and return to productive lives. The unfortunate side effect of this remarkable advance is that not all patients fare so well. The patient rapidly delivered to tertiary care for resuscitation only to be found to have a lethal central nervous system disease is a common occurrence on trauma and critical care services. The concept of the nonsalvageable patient and the role of futile care has become a regular part of conversations among medical staff at all levels—physician, nursing, resident, medical student, and allied health professional. Recognition of this patient is not always simple. We will argue these issues among ourselves. Who is nonsalvageable? What care is futile? How do we broach this with the families of these patients?
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STAINS PROPOSED FOR THE DIRECT MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF MILK

Five stains which have been proposed as substitutes for stains now specified in Standard Methods were compared by means of a collaborative study involving nine different laboratories. Stain I was the present Standard Methods alcohol-containing methylene blue stain; Stain II was a potassium - dichromate - sulfuric acid polychrome methylene blue stain; Stain III was an acid- and water-free methylene blue stain; Stain IV was a modification of Stain III containing hydrogen peroxide; Stain V was a methylene blue stain, the use of which was accompanied by a modification in fixation of the milk film; and Stain VI was a modified two color stain, details of which were not supplied. Examination of weighted averages of all samples from all laboratories showed that Stain III yielded the highest average count. Unfavorable comments pertaining to all stains except Stain III were received. Great variation in the results between laboratories was evident. One stain might show superior results in one laboratory and give inf...
Sticky Assessment: Classroom Strategies to Amplify Student Learning

Sticky Assessment is a straightforward guide to assessment, designed to demystify assessment and to give teachers the tools they need become better assessors. Translating the latest research into a concise and practical volume, this book helps teachers to monitor student learning, make assessment engaging and meaningful for students, and to use assessment that improves rather than merely measures learning outcomes. With examples from classroom teachers and exercises designed to help teachers think through their processes, this book will be an invaluable and lasting resource for classroom teachers.
Neuronal connections killed in cold blood

Loss of neuronal junctions triggered by a clotting factor promotes cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease.
Scaling Contagious Disturbance: A Spatially-Implicit Dynamic Model

Spatial processes often drive ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles, and land-atmosphere feedbacks at the landscape-scale. Climate-sensitive disturbances such as fire, land-use change, pests, and pathogens, often spread contagiously across the landscape. While the climate-change implications of these factors are often discussed, none of these processes are incorporated into earth system models as contagious disturbances because they occur at a spatial scale well below model resolution. Here we present a novel second-order spatially-implicit scheme for representing the size distribution of spatially contagious disturbances. We demonstrate a means for dynamically evolving spatial adjacency through time in response to disturbance. Our scheme shows that contagious disturbance types can be characterized as a function of their size and edge-to-interior ratio. This emergent disturbance characterization allows for description of disturbance across scales. This scheme lays the ground for a more realistic global-scale exploration of how spatially-complex disturbances interact with climate-change drivers, and forwards theoretical understanding of spatial and temporal evolution of disturbance.
Impact of inhomogeneous reionization on the Lyman-α forest

The \lya forest at high redshifts is a powerful probe of reionization. Modeling and observing this imprint comes with significant technical challenges: inhomogeneous reionization must be taken into account while simultaneously being able to resolve the web-like small-scale structure prior to reionization. In this work we quantify the impact of inhomogeneous reionization on the \lya forest at lower redshifts ($2 < z < 4$), where upcoming surveys such as DESI will enable precision measurements of the flux power spectrum. We use both small box simulations capable of handling the small-scale structure of the \lya forest and semi-numerical large box simulations capable of representing the effects of inhomogeneous reionization. We find that inhomogeneous reionization could produce a measurable effect on the \lya forest power spectrum. The deviation in the 3D power spectrum at $z_{\rm obs} = 4$ and $k = 0.14 \ \rm{Mpc}^{-1}$ ranges from $19 - 36\%$, with a larger effect for later reionization. The corrections decrease to $2.0 - 4.1\%$ by $z_{\rm obs} = 2$. The impact on the 1D power spectrum is smaller, and ranges from $3.3 - 6.5\%$ at $z_{\rm obs}=4$ to $0.35 - 0.75\%$ at $z_{\rm obs}=2$, values which are comparable to the statistical uncertainties in current and upcoming surveys. Furthermore, we study how can this systematic be constrained with the help of the quadrupole of the 21 cm power spectrum.