cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE DECISION PROCESS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY RELATED ENERGY DEVELOPMENT DECISIONS

ABSTRACT Many energy decisions are characterized by long administrative delays, costly litigation and ineffective environmental input. A decision process that can integrate ecological values directly into energy decisions was developed in three steps: 1) a multiobjective decision model was conceptualized; 2) a non-monetary ecological currency was developed to integrate ecological values early in the process; and 3) Interactive computer-assisted conflict resolution procedures were developed to achieve collaborative solutions on economic/ecological trade-off frontiers. The process was used successfully by electric utility, environmental, and regulatory interests in a collaborative workshop to locate hypothetical electric generating capacity in a pilot study area.
Consequences of 131I Transmutation in Gas Phase Radioiodine Molecules and Adsorbed on Graphite Surface

The release of the radioisotope 131I represents a major health concern because of its absorption by the thyroid gland. Capture materials, such as activated carbon, provide a means to efficiently mi...
Pondering Endlessly About Nursing Theory

The author in this article provides a review and introduction to Marlaine C. Smith’s fifth edition of Nursing Theories and Practice. Additionally, the author explores the notions of theory and midd...
Validity and reliability of a short self-efficacy instrument for hypertension treatment adherence among adults with uncontrolled hypertension

Abstract Objective To establish the reliability and validity of a self-report measure designed to assess self-efficacy for hypertension treatment adherence. Methods This investigation was embedded within a six-month randomized clinical trial (RCT), which demonstrated that a tailored, stage-matched intervention was more effective at improving hypertension control than usual care among individuals (n = 533) with repeated uncontrolled hypertension. The instrument used to assess self-efficacy for hypertension treatment adherence (SE-HTA) comprised three subscales that assessed diet self-efficacy (DSE), exercise self-efficacy (ESE), and medication self-efficacy (MSE). To determine SE-HTA validity and reliability, we assessed internal consistency using Cronbach’s α coefficients, conducted exploratory factor analysis, and evaluated convergent and discriminant validity, as well as test-retest reliability using Spearman’s ρ correlation coefficients. Results Cronbach’s α (internal consistency) values for DSE, ESE, and MSE were 0.81, 0.82 and 0.74. Factor analysis and the scree plot demonstrated three distinct factors, which correspond to the three subscales contained in the SE-HTA instrument. SE-HTA possessed good convergent and discriminant validity, and moderate test-retest reliability. Conclusion The SE-HTA instrument containing diet, exercise, and medication adherence subscales is valid and reliable in adults with uncontrolled hypertension. Practice implications This SE-HTA instrument measures self-efficacy and could help facilitate behavior change in hypertension.
On the political economy of the financial crisis and bailout of 2008–2009

U.S. policies to promote home ownership and other banking regulatory deci- sions helped to create a highly leveraged international market for mortgage-based securities. Declines in the price of housing, consequently, had major effects on the balance sheets and portfolios of financial institutions throughout the world. The political response to the financial crisis has been rapid and large. In general, differ- ences in the effectiveness of government policies show the advantage of standing institutions at crisis management relative to innovative legislation.
Modeling Macro-Critical Energy Sectors in Low-Income Countries; A General Framework and an Application to Côte d’Ivoire

This paper proposes a general framework for monitoring macro-critical energy sectors in low-income countries, defined as consisting of the three subsectors of crude oil and natural gas production, refinery, and electricity production. It aims to derive consistent information on physical and financial flows in the sector, including on interlinkages between the subsectors. It then applies this framework to Cote d'Ivoire. While being an important source of growth, the Ivoirien energy sector is found to have important shortcomings, in particular as regards transparency, efficiency and contribution to fiscal revenue. Among the key problems are partially intransparent production sharing arrangements for hydrocarbon production, price distortions for natural gas, administered prices for refined petroleum products, underfunding and lack of investment in the electricity sector, and inefficient government subsidies in the latter two subsectors.
Structural and Environmental Influences Increase the Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infection in a Sample of Female Sex Workers.

BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) have elevated rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV, yet few studies in the United States have characterized the STI burden in this population. METHODS Data were derived from the EMERALD study, a structural community-based intervention with FSWs in Baltimore, MD. Participants (n = 385) were recruited through targeted sampling on a mobile van. Prevalent positive chlamydia or gonorrhea infections were determined by biological samples. Multivariable logistic regressions modeled correlates of confirmed positive STI (gonorrhea or chlamydia). RESULTS Confirmed STI positive prevalence was 28%, 15% chlamydia and 18% gonorrhea. Approximately two-thirds of the sample (64%) was younger than 40 years, one-third (36%) were Black, and 10% entered sex work in the past year. The sample was characterized by high levels of structural vulnerabilities (e.g., housing instability and food insecurity) and illicit substance use. Female sex workers were more likely to have a positive STI if they had financial dependent(s) (P = 0.04), experienced food insecurity at least weekly (P = 0.01), entered sex work in the past year (P = 0.002), and had 6 or more clients in the past week (P = 0.01). Female sex workers were less likely to have a positive STI test result if they were 40 years or older compared with FSW 18 to 29 years old (P = 0.02), and marginally (P = 0.08) less likely with high (vs. low) social cohesion. CONCLUSIONS More than a quarter of FSWs had confirmed chlamydia or gonorrhea. In addition to STI risks at the individual level, STIs are driven by structural vulnerabilities. Results point to a number of salient factors to be targeted in STI prevention among FSWs.
Forest Management for Climate Protection

Despite the adoption of international commitments to forest protection, deforestation and forest degradation continue unabated. A major issue is represented by national circumstances, which play a foremost role in determining the opportunities that countries have to implement and prioritize forest-based mitigation strategies in the land sector. Tropical primary forests, whose protection and restoration would produce the greatest benefits for the mitigation of global climate change, fall largely within few countries with enormous potential for improvement but facing major development challenges. An extraordinary global effort to sustain those countries is urgently needed for the sake of humankind. Further directions are proposed at the local urban scale, where most people live and forest parks can substantially relieve from the harshest consequences of climate change. It is also argued that an aggressive plan for electrification of energy end-uses at the urban level would be very beneficial to fully exploit the potential of urban forests.
On Edwin Bidwell Wilson's Erroneous Assessment of J M Keynes's Mathematical Capabilities: Clearly, Keynes Was a Very Good Mathematician

A careful examination of Wilson’s 1948 claim that it was clear that Keynes was not a good mathematician immediately crumbles into dust once Wilson’s own recommended reviews of the A Treatise on Probability are examined, as well as the then unpublished Edgeworth – Wilson exchanges where Wilson admitted to Edgeworth that he had skipped Part II of the A Treatise on Probability in his 1923 review because he could not follow Keynes’s mathematical analysis. Equally important is Wilson’s disguised, secret, concealed, camouflaged, second review of the A Treatise on Probability that he published in a 1934 issue of the Journal of the American Statistical Society, titled “Boole’s Challenge Problem”. In fact, the paper had nothing to do with Boole at all. Wilson was, in fact, well aware that Keynes was a very good mathematician, who had the aid and support of William Ernest Johnson, a mathematician who was superior to Wilson. Wilson was extremely jealous and envious of Keynes’s fame. Due to this envy, he decided to try to misrepresent what Keynes had done in the A Treatise on Probability. This is best illustrated by his failure to mention his 1934 JASA article, where he had to grudgingly admit that Keynes’s (and Boole’s) analysis were correct, in his 1948 Quarterly Journal of Economics article. It had taken Wilson 11 years to figure out what Keynes had done in his A Treatise on Probability in Part II. Wilson’s claim, that solving Boolean problems from chapters 16-21 of Boole’s 1854 The Laws of Thought were easy and straightforward, directly contradicted his private, personal exchanges with Edgeworth, where he a stated that he could not follow Keynes’s exposition. The only conclusion possible is that either Wilson was deceptive with Edgeworth in 1923 or he was deceptive with his readers in his 1934 JASA article.
Hyperpolarized 129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Functional Avoidance Treatment Planning in Thoracic Radiation Therapy: A Comparison of Ventilation- and Gas Exchange-Guided Treatment Plans.

Abstract Purpose To present a methodology to use pulmonary gas exchange maps to guide functional avoidance treatment planning in radiation therapy (RT) and evaluate its efficacy compared with ventilation-guided treatment planning. Methods and Materials Before receiving conventional RT for non-small cell lung cancer, 11 patients underwent hyperpolarized 129Xe gas exchange magnetic resonance imaging to map the distribution of xenon in its gas phase (ventilation) and transiently bound to red blood cells in the alveolar capillaries (gas exchange). Both ventilation and gas exchange maps were independently used to guide development of new functional avoidance treatment plans for every patient, while adhering to institutional dose-volume constraints for normal tissues and target coverage. Furthermore, dose-volume histogram (DVH)–based reoptimizations of the clinical plan, with reductions in mean lung dose (MLD) equal to the functional avoidance plans, were created to serve as the control group. To evaluate each plan (regardless of type), gas exchange maps, representing end-to-end lung function, were used to calculate gas exchange-weighted MLD (fMLD), gas exchange-weighted volume receiving ≥20 Gy (fV20), and mean dose in the highest gas exchanging 33% and 50% volumes of lung (MLD-f33% and MLD-f50%). Using each clinically approved plan as a baseline, the reductions in functional metrics were compared for ventilation-optimization, gas exchange optimization, and DVH-based reoptimization. Statistical significance was determined using the Freidman test, with subsequent subdivision when indicated by P values less than .10 and post hoc testing with Wilcoxon signed rank tests to determine significant differences (P Results Compared with DVH-based reoptimization of the clinically approved plans, gas exchange-guided functional avoidance planning more effectively reduced the gas exchange-weighted metrics fMLD (average ± SD, –78 ± 79 cGy, compared with –45 ± 34 cGy; P = .03), MLD-f33% (–135 ± 136 cGy, compared with –52 ± 47 cGy; P = .004), and MLD-f50% (–96 ± 95 cGy, compared with –47 ± 40 cGy; P = .01). Comparing the 2 functional planning types, Gas Exchange-Guided planning more effectively reduced MLD-f33% compared with ventilation-guided planning (–64 ± 95; P = .009). For some patients, Gas Exchange-Guided functional avoidance plans demonstrated clinically significant reductions in model-predicted toxicity, more so than the accompanying ventilation-guided plans and DVH-based reoptimizations. Conclusion Gas Exchange-Guided planning effectively reduced dose to high gas exchanging regions of lung while maintaining clinically acceptable plan quality. In many patients, ventilation-guided planning incidentally reduced dose to higher gas exchange regions, to a lesser extent. This methodology enables future prospective trials to examine patient outcomes.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Catchment Ditches Along Ohio Roadways

The effectiveness of catchment ditches along Ohio roadways was evaluated for 100 sites with the Oregon Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS), the New York State Rock Slope Rating Procedure (RSRP), the Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program (CRSP), and the Oregon Rockfall Catchment Area Design Guide. From the results of this evaluation, 48% of the ditches were ranked as adequate within an acceptable level of risk, 28% were ranked as marginally adequate, and 24% were ranked as inadequate. Although qualitative in nature, the ditch evaluation portion of the Oregon RHRS was found useful. None of the ditches evaluated met the Ritchie ditch depth criteria as used in RSRP. CRSP provided valuable information when the entire road cut was accessible for data collection. Because of slope height restrictions, the Oregon Rockfall Catchment Area Design Guide provided ditch evaluations for only 44% of the sites.
Bi-directional micro relays with liquid-metal wetted contacts

Micromachined relays with liquid-metal wetted contacts have been successfully demonstrated using bidirectional electrothermal electromagnetic actuators. MetalMUMPs process, a 6-mask foundry process with 8 thin film layers and a 20/spl mu/m nickel structural layer, is used to build these relays. Experimentally, the relay can be operated with 0.25 volt and 0.5 ampere and the breakdown voltage and the off-state resistance is greater than 200V and 100M/spl Omega/, respectively. The contact resistances of the initial gold-to-gold contacts are around 0.3/spl Omega/, while gold contacts wetted with a thin layer of liquid gallium alloy (melting point at -20/spl deg/C) can achieve contact resistance as low as 0.015/spl Omega/. As such, this bi-directional relay can perform single pole double throw (SPDT) function with lower contact resistance using liquid-metal contacts.
Identification of potential regulatory regions in the renin gene

(1988). Identification of Potential Regulatory Regions in the Renin Gene. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. Part A: Theory and Practice: Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 1141-1146.
Role of Business Support Services in the Economy of Potter County, Pennsylvania

The business support services industry is an important part of the history and economy of Potter County in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout Potter County and influences tax revenues in the County.
Molecular Rydberg transitions: The lowest-energy Rydberg transitions of s-type in CH3X and CD3X, X = Cl, Br, and I☆☆☆

The absorption spectra associated with transitions to the lowest-energy s-type Rydberg states of CH3X and CD3X, X = Cl, Br, and I, have been measured and analyzed. The spectra of the bromides and iodides consist, individually, of four electronic origins of s-excitation type. The vibrational frequency of a given normal mode is more or less identical in all four excited states of any one molecule; and the excited state/ground state ratios of the frequencies of any given normal vibrational mode are essentially identical for all four molecules (i.e., for 16 states, four for each of two bromides and two iodides). The spectra of the chlorides are amenable to a number of different vibronic analyses, none of them unique; these analyses are discussed.
Observations of the Dynamics and Acoustics of Attached Cavities

In this study of attached cavities on an axisymmetric headform, measurements were made of the noise generated by the cavitation. In addition to hydrophone recordings, a new technique employing flush mounted electrodes was used to measure the steady state and dynamic volume fluctuations of the attached cavities. The spectra of the noise are quite featureless and show some decrease in the high frequency content as the cavities become larger. However, the spectra from the electrode measurement show some distinct frequencies of fluctuation.
Statistical Analysis of Concentration Records

A time-series analysis of continous records of total discharge concentration of bed material from tests in a laboratory flume defines experimental values of the mean statistical parameters (mean concentration, standard deviation of the concentration fluctuations, and mean spectral frequency) as well as the probability and spectral distribution functions. The mean concentration and standard deviation are closely related only to the Froude number of the flow, but the mean spectral frequency and the normalized spectra and probability functions exhibit additional variability that may be attributed to a combined influence of water temperature and flow variables. That the mean concentration was only about 1.6 times the standard deviation illustrates the extreme variability of concentration data.
Early Adolescence, Like Pregnancy, Can Be an Uncomfortable Stage Leading to Wonderful Outcomes

(2007). Early Adolescence, Like Pregnancy, Can Be an Uncomfortable Stage Leading to Wonderful Outcomes. Middle School Journal: Vol. 38, Celebrating Teachers and Teaching, pp. 41-43.
Including the Body in Couple Therapy: Bioenergetic Analysis

This column provides an opportunity for readers to share with their colleagues some of the creative techniques that they have successfully developed or adapted in their work with couples andfamilies. If it works wellfor you, others may also be able to adapt it for their purposes or be stimulated to invent or adapt another technique. Send manuscripts to Robert Sherman, 12 Berkshire Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, or to the Editor indicating that the manuscript is for this column.Thefollowing article is designed to encourage couple andfamily therapists to recognize that the body is part of the whole when we speak of a holistic approach. Techniques for working with the body can assist in opening up the doors to change by capitalizing on the enormous energy generated by the symptomatology and resistance.
Response of apples to diazocyclopentadiene inhibition of ethylene binding

Abstract Diazocyclopentadiene (DACP) is a light-activated compound that is thought to inhibit ethylene binding in plants. DACP was applied as a gas in the light for 24 hours to ‘Red Delicious’ apples harvested at a mature, preclimacteric stage. Treated apples held in air at 21°C for 30 days had lower internal ethylene concentrations than untreated fruits. Higher concentrations of DACP were more effective over longer periods of time. Untreated apples had a flesh firmness of 46 newtons after 30 days, while DACP treated apples were about 73 newtons. Starch conversion initially was slowed by DACP, but by 30 days all starch was lost. Retreatment of fruit with DACP during the 30 days did somewhat renew the effect on suppression of ethylene, but did not further effect flesh firmness or starch conversion. Apples treated once with DACP at harvest, then held in 0°C cold storage, contained much lower levels of internal ethylene and were approximately 10 newtons firmer after 18 weeks than untreated fruit.
Hopping Conductivity in Granular Metals

We present evidence that in granular metals the observed temperature dependence of the low-field conductivity, $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{b}{{T}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}})$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{1}{2}$, can be ascribed to a relationship $s{E}_{c}=\mathrm{const}$ between $s$, the separation of neighboring metal grains, and ${E}_{c}$, the electrostatic energy required to create a positive-negative charged pair of grains. This relationship results from simple considerations of the structure of granular metals. The predictions of the theory, for both the high- and the low-field electrical conductivity, are in excellent accord with experimental results in granular Ni-Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films.
Cytokine and chemokine networks influencing stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and marrow homing.

The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is an attractive target for gene therapy of genetic diseases of the immune and hematopoietic system, and for drug-resistance strategies in which genes conferring resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents can be transduced. Stem cells are relatively easy to obtain; e.g., by marrow aspiration or G-CSF mobilization into the peripheral blood, and can be enriched e.g., by the use of anti-CD34 + monoclonal antibody. For conventional retroviral transduction, normally quiescent HSC must be activated into the cell cycle by priming with appropriate cytokines, and it has been critical to identify cytokine combinations that preserve the self-renewal capacity of long-term repopulating HSC. It has become apparent that strategies designed to optimize HSC cycling and proviral integration can compromise the capacity of transduced HSC to compete in vivo against endogenous HSC or HSC that have not been activated into cell cycle. Lentiviral vectors can integrate genes into non-cycling cells but there is an increased efficiency of transduction if Go HSC are activated into G1-phase of the cell cycle. This reduced efficiency of long-term engraftment of ex vivo cultured HSC may be due to impaired self-renewal capacity or reduced marrow homing efficiency. The latter may be attributed to down modulation of chemokine receptors necessary for chemotactic homing to the marrow. Alternatively, or in addition, there may be down modulation of (1) HSC adhesion molecules necessary for endothelial adhesion and egress from the circulation: (2) metalloproteinases secreted by HSC that facilitate their migration through extracellular matrix and promote release of critical soluble regulatory factors in the marrow microenvironment. A more controversial view is that cell death pathways, for example those involving FasR (CD95) may be activated in cycling HSC, resulting in their selective destruction upon transplantation and localization to sites rich in Fas ligand such as the liver.
Small Business Leadership: Does Being the Founder Matter?

Abstract The success of a growing business is inextricably intertwined with the leadership capability of its chief executive. The purpose of this paper is to empirically test whether there are managerial differences between founder and non-founder chief executive officers (CEOs) of small and medium-sized enterprises. We report preliminary findings of a study of 151 chief executives and their firms, examining measures of proactive behavior, strategic posture, and organization structure. The findings indicate that founder CEOs are significantly more likely than non-founder chief executives to have a proactive disposition and point to the possibility of an indirect effect of that disposition on managerial style.
Polysomatism and modules of gehlenite composition and structure in the Hanic phase (Ca5Al6MgSiO17)

Discrete, well-ordered, single-phase crystals (the Hanic phase) form when powders the bulk composition of Ca5Al6MgSiO17 are allowed to react in the absence of a melt. If, on the other hand, either the powders or crystals of Ca5Al6MgSiO17 are molten and then cooled, complex intergrowths form. These intergrowths consist of modules having the composition and structure of Ca3Al4MgO10 and gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), forming a polysomatic series in which the modules occur in varied proportions. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images reveal the details of these intergrowths. Mass balance is achieved by the formation of this polysomatic series together with Mg-substituted mayenite (Ca12−xMgxAl14O33). The tetrahedral sheets in gehlenite have close structural similarities to those of Ca5Al6O14. Based on our HRTEM images, we hypothesize chemical substitutions between gehlenite and Ca5Al6O14, resulting in gehlenite-like modules that are depleted in Si and correspondingly enriched in Al and Ca.
Leadership in a Humane Organization.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the way leadership influences an organization to become humane through its features and behaviors; as well as the organizational circumstances in which humane leadership can be nurtured. The first empirical case study, in the fields of Human Resource Development (HRD) and hospitality management, to explore the way employees from different national cultures (as measured by their individualistic/collectivistic values), in a US-based hotel, perceive their workplace to be a humane organization (HO), as defined by Chalofsky (2008), was the one made by Dimitrov (2009, 2010). More specifically, the example set by leadership in the studied hospitality organization is the focus of the present descriptive manuscript. The importance of HRD concepts such as the HO for the academic study and practical development of leadership in organizations is significant, through the effects leadership has on employee satisfaction and engagement at the workplace. Design/methodology...
Iron-reducing bacteria accumulate ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticle aggregates that may support planktonic growth.

Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) play key roles in anaerobic metal and carbon cycling and carry out biogeochemical transformations that can be harnessed for environmental bioremediation. A subset of FeRB require direct contact with Fe(III)-bearing minerals for dissimilatory growth, yet these bacteria must move between mineral particles. Furthermore, they proliferate in planktonic consortia during biostimulation experiments. Thus, a key question is how such organisms can sustain growth under these conditions. Here we characterized planktonic microbial communities sampled from an aquifer in Rifle, Colorado, USA, close to the peak of iron reduction following in situ acetate amendment. Samples were cryo-plunged on site and subsequently examined using correlated two- and three-dimensional cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). The outer membranes of most cells were decorated with aggregates up to 150 nm in diameter composed of ∼3 nm wide amorphous, Fe-rich nanoparticles. Fluorescent in situ hybridization of lineage-specific probes applied to rRNA of cells subsequently imaged via cryo-TEM identified Geobacter spp., a well-studied group of FeRB. STXM results at the Fe L2,3 absorption edges indicate that nanoparticle aggregates contain a variable mixture of Fe(II)–Fe(III), and are generally enriched in Fe(III). Geobacter bemidjiensis cultivated anaerobically in the laboratory on acetate and hydrous ferric oxyhydroxides also accumulated mixed-valence nanoparticle aggregates. In field-collected samples, FeRB with a wide variety of morphologies were associated with nano-aggregates, indicating that cell surface Fe(III) accumulation may be a general mechanism by which FeRB can grow while in planktonic suspension.
Kin recognition in Rana cascadae tadpoles: maternal and paternal effects

Abstract Cascades frog ( Rana cascadae ) tadpoles preferentially associate with full siblings over half sibling and half siblings over non-siblings when reared with siblings or as isolates. These tadpoles can use cues of maternal or paternal origin in distinguishing siblings from non-siblings, but maternal cues are preferred over paternal cues. This suggests that a hierarchy of cue importance may exist. Our results are consistent with both a phenotypic matching and a genetic recognition system of kin recognition. Thus, both learned and innate components may play a role in R. cascadae sibling recognition. Kin recognition may facilitate preferential treatment of kin, such as cooperation in food finding or in warning against predators, and therefore those individuals behaving altruistically in kin groups can increase their inclusive fitness.
Working with Undergraduate Teaching Assistants: Best Practices and Lessons Learned (Abstract Only)

Instructors struggling to support their ever-growing undergraduate population may be interested in starting, expanding, or improving an undergraduate teaching assistant (TA) program. This session seeks to connect individuals interested brainstorming and sharing strategies for improving the impact of undergraduate TAs. We will break into small groups to discuss tips for (0) structuring funded and unfunded undergraduate TA programs, (1) training undergraduate TAs, and (2) recruiting and selecting undergraduate TAs. All tips will be posted on CSTeachingTips.org for dissemination to other CS educators. This BoF welcomes instructors already supporting undergraduate TAs and instructors who are interested in build an undergraduate TA program.
Theoretical Analysis of the Onset of Gas Entrainment from a Stratified Region through a Single Side‐Oriented Branch at Moderate Froude Numbers

A theoretical investigation has been conducted for the prediction of the critical height at the onset of gas entrainment during single discharge from a stratified, two-phase region, through a branch installed on an inclined flat wall. The predicted critical height at the onset of gas entrainment was proven to be a function of Froude number (Fr) and density ratio of the interface fluids. Three different experimental data sets at wall inclination angles of zero, 45 and 90 degrees (i.e. side, inclined and bottom branches) were used for comparisons. A good concurrence was illustrated between the experimental and theoretical values. On a mene une etude theorique pour la prediction de la hauteur critique au debut de l'entrainement du gaz lors du dechargement simple d'une region diphasique stratifiee, dans une branche installee sur une paroi plate inclinee. On a prouve que la hauteur critique predite au debut de l'entrainement du gaz etait fonction du nombre de Froude (Fr) et du rapport volumique des fluides a l'interface. Trois ensembles de donnees experimentales differents a des angles d'inclinaison de la paroi de 45 et 90 degres (soient des branches laterales, inclinees et inferieures) ont ete utilises pour les comparaisons. Un bon accord a ete trouve entre les valeurs experimentales et theoriques.
Beyond Neoliberal Globalization: Another World

Globalization has become the predominant framework for the analysis of the world political economy. The literature is replete with telling criticism of the consequences of globalization controlled by neoliberal ideology, namely, social and economic injustice and despoliation of the environment. What needs to be done is to construct an alternative model of global change and to elaborate a political agenda for its implementation. Establishment theorists, stung by widespread antineoliberalism mobilizations including ones in Seattle and Washington, DC (right in the neoliberal heartland), have rallied to resist the challenge to their model of a corporation-dominated world. They have responded with "phase 2 reform" as damage control for the current world system (transperialism) through trickle-down economics. This is avoidance of what really is demanded by our time: transcending neoliberalism to achieve another world.
Growth of silicon and germanium on Cu(111) studied by angle-resolved direct and inverse photoemission.

The growth of evaporated silicon and germanium on Cu(111) has been studied by angle-resolved direct and inverse photoemission. At room temperature both semiconductors form a reacted interface a few angstroms thick. For overlayers of more than 20-\AA{} thickness the surface-sensitive photoemission techniques demonstrate the growth of pure silicon or germanium films. Annealing of thin films (5 \AA{}) of Si on Cu(111) results in a uniformly reacted interface with a (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) pattern, while annealing of Ge films results in a 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 LEED pattern. The dispersion of two unoccupied surface states of the annealed Ge film is determined by angle-resolved inverse photoemission. Based on our photoemission results, a description of the chemical reaction in the semiconductor-on-metal interface is presented.
Synaptic structures at nodes of Ranvier in spinal cords of mice.

Bodian and Taylor1 described presynaptic structures at nodes of Ranvier in the spinal cord of the monkey, and Andres2 reported a similar bout on from a node of Ranvier in the granular layer of the cerebellum of the albino rat. I have found two types of synapses at nodes in the central nervous tissue of rabbits3. In the first type, observed in the parietal cortex, the nodal axon gave rise to a process which terminated with a bouton; in the second, described in the reticular formation of the medulla, the nodal axon bulged out to form a synaptic bag.
Ureterosigmoidostomy Long-term results☆

Abstract Ureterosigmoidostomy was performed on 103 patients between 1928 and 1963 at the University of Wisconsin Medical Center. The indication for urinary diversion was a benign condition in 46 patients and a malignant disease in 57 patients. The surgical (hospital) mortality rate was 10 per cent for the entire series and 3 per cent for procedures performed since 1943. In patients with exstrophy of the bladder, the ten-year survival rate was 82 per cent and the twenty-year survival rate was 61 per cent. The complications of abnormal findings on postoperative pyelogram and of recurrent acute pyelonephritis have been markedly reduced by exclusive use of the Leadbetter combined technique of ureterosigmoidostomy.
An Algebraic Process for Visualization Design

We present a model of visualization design based on algebraic considerations of the visualization process. The model helps characterize visual encodings, guide their design, evaluate their effectiveness, and highlight their shortcomings. The model has three components: the underlying mathematical structure of the data or object being visualized, the concrete representation of the data in a computer, and (to the extent possible) a mathematical description of how humans perceive the visualization. Because we believe the value of our model lies in its practical application, we propose three general principles for good visualization design. We work through a collection of examples where our model helps explain the known properties of existing visualizations methods, both good and not-so-good, as well as suggesting some novel methods. We describe how to use the model alongside experimental user studies, since it can help frame experiment outcomes in an actionable manner. Exploring the implications and applications of our model and its design principles should provide many directions for future visualization research.
Prospective for nanowire transistors

The multigate nanowire FET architecture allows for ultimate short-channel control and push Moore's law down to sub-5nm gate lengths. This paper reviews nanowire transistor device physics as well as circuit prospects in the fields of CMOS logic, memory, analog, RF and integrated sensor applications.
The feasibility of a piecewise-linear dynamic bowtie filter

Purpose: The prepatient attenuator (or “bowtie filter”) in CT is used to modulate the flux as a function of fan angle of the x-ray beam incident on the patient. Traditional, static bowtie filters are tailored only for very generic scans and for the average patient. The authors propose a design for a dynamic bowtie that can produce a time-dependent piecewise-linear attenuation profile. This dynamic bowtie may reduce dynamic range, dose or scatter, but in this work they focus on its ability to reduce dynamic range, which may be particularly important for systems employing photon-counting detectors. Methods: The dynamic bowtie is composed of a set of triangular wedges. Each wedge is independently moved in order to produce a time-dependent piecewise-linear attenuation profile. Simulations of the bowtie are conducted to estimate the dynamic range reduction in six clinical datasets. The control of the dynamic bowtie is determined by solving a convex optimization problem, and the dose is estimated using Monte Carlo techniques. Beam hardening artifacts are also simulated. Results: The dynamic range is reduced by factors ranging from 2.4 to 27 depending on the part of the body studied. With a dynamic range minimization objective, the dose to the patient can be reduced from 6% to 33% while maintaining peak image noise. Further reduction in dose may be possible with a specific dose reduction objective. Beam hardening artifacts are suppressed with a two-pass algorithm. Conclusions: A dynamic bowtie producing a time-dependent, piecewise-linear attenuation profile is possible and can be used to modulate the flux of the scanner to the imaging task. Initial simulations show a large reduction in dynamic range. Several other applications are possible.
Identification of highly brominated analogues of Q1 in marine mammals.

Abstract Three novel halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) have been identified in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal New England with the molecular formulae C 9 H 3 N 2 Br 6 Cl, C 9 H 3 N 2 Br 7 , and C 9 H 4 N 2 Br 5 Cl. They were identified using high and low resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and appear to be highly brominated analogues of Q1, a heptachlorinated HOC suspected to be naturally produced. These compounds were found in Atlantic white sided dolphin ( Lagenorhynchus acutus ), bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ), common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ), Risso's dolphin ( Grampus griseus ), harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ), beluga whale ( Delphinapterus leucas ), fin whale ( Balaenoptera physalus ), grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ), harp seal ( Phoca groenlandica ) and a potential food source ( Loligo pealei ) with concentrations as high as 2.7 μg/g (lipid weight). The regiospecificity of C 9 H 3 N 2 Br 6 Cl is suggestive of a biogenic origin. Debromination of C 9 H 3 N 2 Br 6 Cl may be significant in the formation of C 9 H 4 N 2 Br 5 Cl.
429 SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION UNDER ULTRASONIC OBSERVATION OF OVARIAN CYSTS CAUSING PRECOCIOUS PSEUDOPUBERTY IN YOUNG GIRLS

429 SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION UNDER ULTRASONIC OBSERVATION OF OVARIAN CYSTS CAUSING PRECOCIOUS PSEUDOPUBERTY IN YOUNG GIRLS
Molecular characterization of eag: a gene affecting potassium channels in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genes encoding proteins involved in the function of the nervous system can be identified via mutations causing behavioral abnormalities. An example is ether a go-go (eag) in Drosophila melanogaster, which was identified originally as an X-linked mutation that displayed ether-induced leg-shaking behavior. Electrophysiological and genetic evidence suggests that the product of the eag locus is intimately involved in the normal functioning of one or more types of voltage-gated potassium channels. To initiate a molecular analysis of eag we first generated a collection of deletions to pinpoint its cytological location. On the basis of this location, we identified an existing inversion, In(1)sc29, with one breakpoint at the eag locus and the other in the scute (sc) complex. A genomic library was prepared from In(1)sc29 and screened with a genomic DNA fragment that spanned the sc breakpoint to isolate DNA from the eag region. Beginning from this starting point over 85 kb of DNA were isolated by chromosome walking. Three additional eag alleles, including two dysgenesis-induced insertion mutations and a gamma-ray-induced insertional translocation, were located on the molecular map of the eag locus by Southern blot analysis. The molecular defects associated with these alleles encompass a total of 27 kb within the chromosome walk. A 10-kb transcript derived from this region, which is expressed most abundantly in heads, was identified on Northern blots. Two different eag mutations separated by over 20 kb interrupt the same transcript identifying it as the likely eag message. cDNAs representing a portion of this transcript have been isolated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nuclear HMGA1 nonhistone chromatin proteins directly influence mitochondrial transcription, maintenance, and function.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that HMGA1 proteins translocate from the nucleus to mitochondria and bind to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) at the D-loop control region [G.A. Dement, N.R. Treff, N.S. Magnuson, V. Franceschi, R. Reeves, Dynamic mitochondrial localization of nuclear transcription factor HMGA1, Exp. Cell Res. 307 (2005) 388-401.] [11]. To elucidate possible physiological roles for such binding, we employed methods to analyze mtDNA transcription, mitochondrial maintenance, and other organelle functions in transgenic human MCF-7 cells (HA7C) induced to over-express an HA-tagged HMGA1 protein and control (parental) MCF-7 cells. Quantitative real-time (RT) PCR analyses demonstrated that mtDNA levels were reduced approximately 2-fold in HMGA1 over-expressing HA7C cells and flow cytometric analyses further revealed that mitochondrial mass was significantly reduced in these cells. Cellular ATP levels were also reduced in HA7C cells and survival studies showed an increased sensitivity to killing by 2-deoxy- d -glucose, a glycolysis-specific inhibitor. Flow cytometric analyses revealed additional mitochondrial abnormalities in HA7C cells that are consistent with a cancerous phenotype: namely, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Additional RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that gene transcripts from both the heavy (ND2, COXI, ATP6) and light (ND6) strands of mtDNA were up-regulated approximately 3-fold in HA7C cells. Together, these mitochondrial changes are consistent with many previous reports and reveal several possible mechanisms by which HMGA1 over-expression, a common feature of naturally occurring cancers, may affect tumor progression.
Toward the modulation of negative index materials (NIM) by photoconductive coupling

In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating a modulation mechanism for negative index materials (NIM) at GHz frequency range by means of photoconductive coupling. This leads the way to a fully integrated monolithic modulable NIM achieved by conventional microfabrication techniques. The photosensitive material was placed in the gap of the split-ring structure (SRR) structure and the response in terms of S-parameters was simulated using HFSS . Only a single SRR particle was simulated, without any loss of generality to the extension in concept to a NIM comprising of both negative permeability and negative permittivity.
Information-based sensor management for the intelligent tasking of ground penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction sensors in landmine detection pre-screening

Previous work has introduced a framework for information-based sensor management that is capable of tasking multiple sensors searching for targets among a set of discrete objects or in a cell grid. However, in many real-world scenarios-- such as detecting landmines along a lane or road--an unknown number of targets are present in a continuous spatial region of interest. Consequently, this paper introduces a grid-free sensor management approach that allows multiple sensors to be managed in a sequential search for targets in a grid-free spatial region. Simple yet expressive Gaussian target models are introduced to model the spatial target responses that are observed by the sensors. The sensor manager is then formulated using a Bayesian approach, and sensors are directed to make new observations that maximize the expected information gain between the posterior density on the target parameters after a new observation and the current posterior target parameter density. The grid-free sensor manager is applied to a set of real landmine detection data collected with ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors at a U.S. government test site. Results are presented that compare the performance of the sensor manager with the performance of an unmanaged joint pre-screener that fuses individual GPR and EMI pre-screeners. The sensor manager is demonstrated to provide improved detection performance while requiring substantially fewer sensor observations than are made with the unmanaged joint pre-screening approach.
Cation Transport in Escherichia coli : III. Potassium fluxes in the steady-state

The present study is concerned with the measurement of the unidirectional K flux in E. coli. Methods are described by means of which a fairly dense suspension of cells may be maintained in a well defined steady-state with respect to the intracellular K concentration and the pH of the medium. The kinetics of K42 exchange under these conditions are consistent with the presence of a single intracellular K compartment with a unidirectional K flux of 1 pmol/(cm2 sec.). This rate is independent of the extracellular K concentration over the range studied. The simultaneous rate of H secretion averages 16 pmols/(cm2 sec.) indicating that in the steady-state the efflux of metabolically produced H is not linked mole for mole to K movement.
Physical mapping of the mouse tilted locus identifies an association between human deafness loci DFNA6/14 and vestibular system development.

Abstract The tilted (tlt) mouse carries a recessive mutation causing vestibular dysfunction. The defect in tlt homozygous mice is limited to the utricle and saccule of the inner ear, which completely lack otoconia. Genetic mapping of tlt placed it in a region orthologous with human 4p16.3–p15 that contains two loci, DFNA6 and DFNA14, responsible for autosomal dominant, nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment. To identify a possible relationship between tlt in mice and DFNA6 and DFNA14 in humans, we have refined the mouse genetic map, assembled a BAC contig spanning the tlt locus, and developed a comprehensive comparative map between mouse and human. We have determined the position of tlt relative to 17 mouse chromosome 5 genes with orthologous loci in the human 4p16.3–p15 region. This analysis identified an inversion between the mouse and human genomes that places tlt and DFNA6/14 in close proximity.