cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agroforestry Adoption By Smallholders

Agroforestry is a joint forest production system whereby land, labor, and capital inputs are combined to produce trees and agricultural crops (and/or livestock) on the same unit of land. Although existing for centuries (maybe millennia) as an array of traditional land use practices in the tropics, agroforestry emerged in the late 1970s as a modern, improved tropical land use system suitable for scientific study, replete with its own international research center, the International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and journal, Agroforestry Systems. During the 1990s, interest in agroforestry in temperate regions increased rapidly when the scientific community discovered the complex land management systems developed by rural landowners in North America and Europe, including forest farming, alley cropping, shelterbelts, riparian buffers, and silvopastural systems (Lassoie and Buck 1999).
What Is the Molecular-Level Role of the Solution Components in Protein Crystallization?†

Buffers, organic and inorganic salts, small-molecule organic compounds, and polymers are added to protein solutions to facilitate the formation of protein crystals. To understand the role that these additives play at the molecular level, we analyze several recent results on the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein crystallization and on the interactions between protein molecules in solution. The presented evidence shows that the structuring of the water molecules around the protein molecules in solution is the main component of the thermodynamics of crystallization, has a significant influence on the protein intermolecular interactions in solution, and largely determines the kinetics of growth of the crystals. It appears that an important function of the different additives is similar: they rearrange the structured water to make crystallization thermodynamically feasible and kinetically achievable. On the basis of these insights, we formulate a potential pathway toward rational search for solution compo...
Energetics of selective cleavage at acidic residues studied by time- and energy-resolved surface-induced dissociation in FT-ICR MS

Abstract Surface-induced dissociation (SID) of four model peptides: LDIFSDF, LDIFSDFR, RLDIFSDF, and LEIFSEFR, was studied using a novel Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) specially equipped to perform SID experiments. The energetics and dynamics of selective cleavages at acidic residues were deduced by modeling the time- and energy-resolved fragmentation efficiency curves (TFECs) using an RRKM-based approach developed in our laboratory. RRKM modeling revealed that addition of a basic residue—arginine—to the C-terminus of a peptide has a very small effect on the dissociation threshold. However, the dynamics of dissociation is dramatically affected by the presence of arginine. The Arrhenius pre-exponential factor for dissociation of LDIFSDF is two orders of magnitude higher than the pre-exponential factor for dissociation of arginine-containing peptides. The difference in the pre-exponential factors is indicative of a complex rearrangement process associated with selective fragmentation. Molecular mechanics modeling of the four parent ions gives some qualitative insight into the differences in fragmentation mechanisms.
Quality testing of chromatographic data with the aid of a statistical criterion

Testing the reproducibility of chromatographic data with the usual statistical test (t-Student's, Chi-Square, etc.) is in most cases a time-consuming error-inviting procedure. The criterion developed in this paper allows the experimenter to obtain a good estimate of the confidence bounds by applying an extremely simple test. Two examples involving the RF values of pyridoxamine-fPO4 illustrate the method.
Quantitative Assessment of Scale Resorption in Migrating and Spawning Steelhead of the Snake River Basin

AbstractScales have been used for decades as a tool to interpret life histories in steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. Resorption can affect the accuracy of life history interpretations based on scale patterns, depending on the amount of material resorbed. For example, resorption can affect the distinctiveness and characteristics of spawn checks. Spawn checks have been reported in iteroparous salmonids, but no published experimental studies have established the precise relationship between reproduction and scale features. Our objectives were (1) to quantify scale resorption, and (2) to identify contributing factors to the observed resorption in migrating and spawning Snake River steelhead. Prespawn and postspawn scale samples from 72 fish were paired for analysis. We found considerable individual variability in the amount of material resorbed between prespawn and postspawn samples (mean, 26%; SD, 13.7%). Most resorption occurred during the winter as gonads matured and secondary sex characteristics were formed....
Extent of Coterminous US Rangelands: Quantifying Implications of Differing Agency Perspectives

Rangeland extent is an important factor for evaluating critical indicators of rangeland sustainability. Rangeland areal extent was determined for the coterminous United States in a geospatial framework by evaluating spatially explicit data from the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools (LANDFIRE) project describing historic and current vegetative composition, average height, and average cover through the viewpoints of the Natural Resources Inventory (NRI) administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program administered by the US Forest Service. Three types of rangelands were differentiated using the NRI definition encompassing rangelands, afforested rangelands, and transitory rangelands. Limitations in the FIA definition permitted characterization of only two rangeland types: rangeland and rangeland vegetation with a small patch size. These classes were similar to those from the NRI definition but differed in tree canopy cover threshold requirements. Estimated rangeland area resulting from the NRI- and FIA-LANDFIRE models were 268 and 207 Mha, respectively. In addition, the NRI-LANDFIRE model identified 19 Mha of afforested rangelands due principally to encroachment and increased density by species classified as trees belonging to the genera Quercus, Prosopis, and Juniperus. The biggest discrepancies between acreage estimates derived from NRI- and FIA-LANDFIRE models occurred in oak, pinyon-juniper, and mesquite woodlands. The differences in area estimates between the NRI and FIA perspectives demonstrate the need for development of unified, objective methods for determining rangeland extent that can be applied consistently to all rangelands regardless of ownership or jurisdiction. While the models and geospatial information developed here are useful for national-scale estimates of rangeland extent, they are subject to the limitations of the LANDFIRE data products.
Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice

Scientists have described myriad traits in mammalian and avian species that evolved to attract mates. But the brain mechanisms by which conspecifics become attracted to these traits is largely unknown. Yet mammals and birds express mate preferences and make mate choices, and data suggest that this "attraction system" is associated with the dopaminergic reward system. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a cross-cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic love we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and studied 17 people who were intensely "in love" (Aron et al. [2005] J Neurophysiol 94:327-337). Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the right ventral tegmental area and right caudate nucleus, dopamine-rich areas associated with mammalian reward and motivation. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward pathways contribute to the "general arousal" component of romantic love; romantic love is primarily a motivation system, rather than an emotion; this drive is distinct from the sex drive; romantic love changes across time; and romantic love shares biobehavioral similarities with mammalian attraction. We propose that this attraction mechanism evolved to enable individuals to focus their mating energy on specific others, thereby conserving energy and facilitating mate choice-a primary aspect of reproduction. Last, the corticostriate system, with its potential for combining diverse cortical information with reward signals, is an excellent anatomical substrate for the complex factors contributing to romantic love and mate choice.
Exotic Superconducting Phases of Ultracold Atom Mixtures on Triangular Lattices

We study the phase diagram of two-dimensional Bose-Fermi mixtures of ultracold atoms on a triangular optical lattice, in the limit when the velocity of bosonic condensate fluctuations is much larger than the Fermi velocity. We contrast this work with our previous results for a square lattice system in the work of Mathey et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 030601 (2006)]. Using functional renormalization-group techniques we show that the phase diagrams for a triangular lattice contain exotic superconducting phases. For spin-1/2 fermions on an isotropic lattice we find a competition of s-, p-, extended d-, and f-wave symmetries, as well as antiferromagnetic order. For an anisotropic lattice, we further find an extended p-wave phase. A Bose-Fermi mixture with spinless fermions on an isotropic lattice shows a competition between p- and f-wave symmetries. These phases can be traced back to the geometric shapes of the Fermi surfaces in various regimes, as well as the intrinsic frustration of a triangular lattice.
Antithyroid Drugs: II. Paraxanthine1

THE EFFECTIVENESS of most of the antithyroid drugs that have been used in the control of thyrotoxicosis has depended upon their ability to interfere with the production of the thyroid hormone. However, the recent observations of Carter and his collaborators (1) suggested that possibly a drug had been found which would antagonize the effects of preformed thyroxin. These investigators found a substance, identified as paraxanthine (1:7 dimethylxanthine), in liver of the ox and the whale and in human urine, which in certain concentrations completely antagonized the action of thyroxin in converting a winter frog heart into a summer frog heart; it also abolished the calorigenic effects of thyroxin in rats. The maximal effects of paraxanthine were obtained when in each liter of solute 0.22 μg. of this substance was used for 1 mg. of thyroxin. The greater the deviation in the ratio of these two substances the less antagonistic was the effect.
Personal Communication: How I teach medical students as an attending physician

The General Professional Education of the Physician (GPEP) Report (1984) recommended a major re-examination of the clinical clerkship, so that medical students could master the basic skills of medicine before graduation. These include clinical observation, interviewing, physical examination, and problem-solving skills. This essay discusses the teaching approach of one attending physician during the third year ward clerkship in pediatrics. It describes how many of the goals of clinical medical education can be accomplished during the clerkship in a practical, realistic way. It is the only description about what happens during the teaching sessions of a clinical clerkship on a day by day basis in the medical literature. This approach may serve as a model for clinical teachers of medicine in the organization and planning of the clerkship experience.
Preparation and properties of polymeric solid electrolyte: Polyethylene oxide--sodium iodide complexes

Abstract The thermal and electrical properties of mixtures of polyethylene oxide and sodium iodide were measured for concentrations of salt up to 25 mole %. A maximum in dc conductivity is observed at low concentrations of NaI, a region in which no crystalline complex is formed as determined from DSC measurements.
Market architectures, institutional landscapes and testbed experiments

Designer markets are becoming a reality. A merger of theory and experimental work is setting stages for a different kind of economics. The modern theory of mechanisms suggests that it is possible to design markets and/or decentralized mechanisms that can perform tasks that were thought to be impossible. The mechanisms themselves can become active participants with computers solving complex optimization or coordination problems based on "messages" submitted to the system by decentralized agents. Competition becomes utilized in new ways in the context of what are becoming known as "smart markets." Testbed experiments are demonstrating that such processes can be developed beyond purely theoretical discussions. Paper processes, mechanisms found only as ideas on the pages of a journal, are being transformed to operating processes with a physical presence that can be studied and modified by practical considerations. Policy research has expanded to incorporate the ideas; and traces of such modern theorizing can be found in institutions that are being put into place. The five papers contained in this issue represent different stages of the new approach to economic research.
Crystallography and magnetism of two 1-(4-nitroxylphenyl)pyrroles.

Stable radicals 1-(4-(N-tert-butyl-N-aminoxyl)phenyl)pyrrole (BNPP) and 1-(4-(N-[para-methoxyphenyl]-N-aminoxyl)phenyl)pyrrole (MNPP) were synthesized and characterized by crystallography and magnetism. BNPP crystals exhibit 1-D chains of intermolecular nitroxide NO to nitroxide CH3 contacts, but polycrystalline magnetic susceptibility measurements show quite small antiferromagnetic (AFM) exchange interactions. MNPP shows stronger AFM exchange interactions that appear to be associated with a 2-D planar mesh of crystallographic nitroxide to nitroxide (N)O···N(O) contacts of 4.0−4.2 A. The AFM behavior of MNPP can be fitted to a 2-D square planar Heisenberg antiferromagnetic exchange model with J/k = (−)0.78 ± 0.04 K and mean field constant θ = (−)0.77 ± 0.12 K.
EPR Spectrometers at Frequencies Below X-band

The majority of EPR spectra are obtained at X-band (ca. 9 GHz) EPR.However, there are many incentives for obtaining EPR spectra at frequencies below X-band. This review focuses primarily on the hardware aspects of EPR experiments at lower frequencies including tabulations of papers concerning low-frequency spectrometers, magnets, field gradients, radiofrequency sources, bridges, and resonators.
Multi-frequency improved constant amplitude pulses for broadband inversion

Optimization of constant amplitude broadband inversion pulses for maximum inversion over a range of multiple fields yields more regular pulses with better tolerance to B(1) errors than those optimized for a single field. These multi-frequency improved constant amplitude (MICA) pulses as constructed for (13)C broadband inversion give best results for HMQC and especially HSQC type experiments. Most of the advantages of MICA pulses versus other inversion pulses in these experiments can be attributed to their relatively short durations. Linearly truncated versions of these pulses do not offer any advantage over MICA pulses for these applications. MICA inversion pulses can also be used for decoupling and a (13)C decoupling example gives twice the decoupling bandwidth as the GARP1 sequence at the same power level with no appreciable increase in decoupling sidebands.
Justice and the human development approach to international research.

The debate over when medical research may be performed in developing countries has steered clear of the broad issues of social justice in favor of what seem more tractable, practical issues. A better approach will reframe the question of justice in international research in a way that makes explicit the links between medical research, the social determinants of health, and global justice.
Testing a Point Null Hypothesis: The Irreconcilability of P Values and Evidence

Abstract The problem of testing a point null hypothesis (or a “small interval” null hypothesis) is considered. Of interest is the relationship between the P value (or observed significance level) and conditional and Bayesian measures of evidence against the null hypothesis. Although one might presume that a small P value indicates the presence of strong evidence against the null, such is not necessarily the case. Expanding on earlier work [especially Edwards, Lindman, and Savage (1963) and Dickey (1977)], it is shown that actual evidence against a null (as measured, say, by posterior probability or comparative likelihood) can differ by an order of magnitude from the P value. For instance, data that yield a P value of .05, when testing a normal mean, result in a posterior probability of the null of at least .30 for any objective prior distribution. (“Objective” here means that equal prior weight is given the two hypotheses and that the prior is symmetric and nonincreasing away from the null; other definiti...
Two-dimensional Wigner crystal in anisotropic semiconductors

We investigate the effect of mass anisotropy on the Wigner crystallization transition in a two-dimensional (2D) electron gas. The static and dynamical properties of a 2D Wigner crystal have been calculated for arbitrary 2D Bravais lattices in the presence of anisotropic mass, as may be obtainable in Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with (110) surface, as well as the newly discovered organic semiconductor systems. By studying the stability of all possible lattices, we find significant changes in the crystal structure and melting density of the electron lattice with the lowest ground state energy.
Spontaneous Pressure Elevations in Small Veins and Effects of Norepinephrine and Cold

This paper reports the occurrence of spontaneous pressure changes in human small veins recorded by retrograde venous catheterization and experiments on the effects of norepinephrine and cold.
The size- and time-resolved composition of aerosols from a sub-Arctic boreal forest prescribed burn

Abstract Aerosols from wildfires are the primary aerosols in the Arctic atmosphere during the summer months. These aerosols occur in large, increasing quantities and impact the sensitive radiative balance in the Arctic. FROSTFIRE, a controlled burn in a Long-Term Ecological Research Area 50 km north of Fairbanks, Alaska, was designed to quantify the impacts of wildfire on sub-Arctic boreal forest ecosystems in permafrost regions. However, it provided a unique opportunity to examine smoke aerosols collected in the middle of a sub-Arctic boreal forest fire. A battery-powered eight-stage aerosol impactor (i.e. a Davis Rotating-drum Unit for Monitoring), mounted at the top of a 10 m meteorological tower in the burn zone, collected size- and time-resolved aerosol samples with 19.45 min resolution for 24 h during the burn. The samples underwent Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA) to determine the sizes and elemental compositions of the collected aerosols. Throughout the fire, the smoke reaching the sampler was strongly monodisperse with most of the aerosol mass in the optically active 0.56–1.15 μm in aerodynamic diameter size range. Fine organics comprised almost all of the mass in this optically active size range and the concentrations of the organics were high throughout the sampling period. However, unlike the fine organics, the potassium concentrations in the smoke decreased exponentially during the sampling period as the fire progressed from an active flaming to a smoldering behavior. The major findings from this field experiment are the dramatic differences in aerosol composition as a function of fire type (i.e. smoldering or active flaming) and that the largest emission of organics occurs during the smoldering phase, unaccompanied by the potassium emissions often used as a smoke tracer. These results agree with recent laboratory experiments.
ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF INCENTIVES ON MAIL SURVEY RESPONSE RATES: A META-ANALYSIS

This article reports the results of a meta-analysis of 38 experimental and quasi-experimental studies that implemented some form of mail survey incentive in order to increase response rates. A total of 74 observations or cases were classified into one of four types of incentive groups: those using prepaid monetary or nonmonetary rewards included with the initial survey mailing and those using monetary or nonmonetary rewards as conditional upon the return of the survey. Results were generated using an analysis of variance approach. The overall effect size across the 74 observations was reported as low to moderate at d = .241. When compared across incentive types, only those surveys that included rewards (both monetary and nonmonetary) in the initial mailing yielded statistically significant estimates of effect size (d = .347, d = .136). The average increase in response rates over control conditions for these types of incentives was 19.1 percent and 7.9 percent, respectively. There was no evidence of any impact for those incentive types offering rewards contingent upon the return of the survey.
Effects of aqueous sulfur dioxide on cellulose

The reaction of aqueous sulfur dioxide with cellulose pulp and cotton linters was investigated to determine the effect of this lignocellulosic pretreatment method on the cellulosic portion. Sulfur dioxide treatment dramatically reduced the DP of the cellulose but did not affect its enzymatic digestibility, and did not decrystallize the cellulose as recently reported by Leeet al. (1979).
Salt tolerance of rapid‐cycling brassica species in relation to potassium/sodium ratio and selectivity at the whole plant and callus levels

Abstract The potassium/sodium (K/Na) ratio in the shoots of six rapid‐cycling Brassica species was greatly reduced by seawater salinity. It proportionally decreased with increasing salinity from 4 dS/m to 12 dS/m. This decrease was correlated with salt‐induced growth reduction (expressed as the percentage of control) within a species. The change in K/Na ratio with increasing salinity, however, was not correlated with K‐Na selectivity. The change in K/Na ratio at the callus level corresponded to that at the whole plant level. Both K/Na ratio and K‐Na selectivity were not found to be correlated with the relative salt tolerance of these Brassica species, indicating that the maintenance of a high K/Na ratio as a mechanism for salt tolerance in these Brassica species was not operative. These results also suggest that a high shoot K/Na ratio or K‐Na selectivity may not be reliable selection criteria for salinity resistance in some species.
THE PROCESS OF FAMILY THERAPY EDUCATION

This article discusses basic theoretical assumptions underlying the process of family therapy education as the authors conceive it. The application of these assumptions is illustrated by the description of various teaching strategies that may be used in a wide range of graduate family therapy courses.
Altered host response to experimental pyelonephritis in alloxan diabetic rats.

Abstract Experimental pyelonephritis produced by the inoculation of known quantities of P. vulgaris into the urinary bladders of rats produces a dose-dependent incidence of infection. Small inocula of bacteria in alloxan-diabetic rats produce more than twice the incidence of pyelonephritis found in non-diabetic animals given the same dose. Insulin regulation does not decrease the incidence of infection in these diabetic animals to the level observed in the control group. The infected kidneys of nondiabetic rats form cortical abscesses after 5 days of infection which are extensive and scar deeply as they heal. In kidneys of untreated diabetic rats which contain as many bacteria, abscess formation is rare. Insulin therapy permits the formation of cortical abscesses similar to those seen in the nondiabetic animal. Untreated diabetic animals infected for 14 days begin to form cortical abscesses, demonstrating that the sequence of events in the inflammatory response which leads to abscess formation in the nondiabetic rat is markedly delayed in the untreated diabetic animal unless insulin therapy is given.
Impact of viral genotypes and naturally occurring mutations on biological properties of hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B patients worldwide are infected with different viral genotypes. Within the same individual the dominant viral species evolves over the course of chronic infection to generate viral variants or mutants. The mutations, often selected by the host immune response or antiviral therapy, are sometimes restricted by viral genotypes. We are interested in characterizing mutations that affect the expression of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg), a protein with a large effect on duration of infection and severity of liver diseases. HBeAg is encoded by the precore region in addition to the core gene. Core promoter mutations reduce HBeAg expression at the transcriptional level. We found that the hot spot mutations (A1762T/G1764A) only mildly reduced HBeAg expression and enhanced genome replication, while incorporation of additional core promoter mutations intensified both phenotypes. At the step of translation, a G1896A nonsense mutation in the precore region abolishes HBeAg expression. We first reportedthat the G1896A mutation rarely occurred in genotype A. Subsequent studies by others established the role of polymorphism at nucleotide 1858, rather than genotype, as the determinant for the G1896A mutation. Conversion of the precore/core protein to HBeAg requires proteolytic removal of both the amino and carboxy termini, and a (151)RRGR(154) motif has been implicated as the carboxy terminal cleavage site. In this regard, genotype A is unique in possessing a dipeptide insertion that expands the motif into (151)RRDRGR(156). We found that genotype A is cleaved primarily at R156, generating a mature HBeAg that is two amino acids longer than HBeAg from other genotypes. There are different avenues whereby HBeAg expression or its antigenicity can be modulated by viral genotype and naturally occurring mutations.
New Concepts of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for the Lay Public Continuous-Chest-Compression CPR

More than 300 000 persons die of sudden cardiac arrest each year. A patient in cardiac arrest has very little chance of survival unless you, the bystander, take immediate action to sustain him or her until the paramedics arrive. Cardiac arrest is a condition in which the heart abruptly stops pumping blood. In many cases, the heart suddenly goes from a regular heartbeat to a random twitching, called ventricular fibrillation. When the heart is quivering like that, blood is not moved through the body, and the patient passes out. Do not waste time trying to determine whether the victim has a pulse. First, you should address the person in a loud voice. If there is no response, shake the person to check if he or she is unconscious. If there is no response, assess the breathing: Is it normal or abnormal? Abnormal breathing means either no breathing at all or intermittent gasping. If you witness a person suddenly collapse for no apparent reason and that person is unresponsive and not breathing normally, you should treat this as a cardiac arrest. First, notify the paramedics. In the United States, you can do this by calling 9-1-1 (the Table and …
Can fiscal sovereignty be reconciled with fiscal discipline

Over the past two decades, international bond markets have become the chief disciplinarian of fiscal policy, displacing the International Monetary Fund and the European Union in this role. This trend culminated in the wake of the global financial crisis, as countries that had indulged in moral hazard and fiscal profligacy during the Great Moderation were vulnerable to a sharp rise in sovereign risk premium and in some cases to loss of market access. The article compares the response of new governments in Hungary and United Kingdom to restore policy credibility. A major lesson is that governments that adopt a rules-based fiscal framework, including fiscal watchdogs and transparency norms, are far more successful in anchoring fiscal expectations and in achieving fiscal sovereignty than those that do not.
Single nucleotide polymorphism-based validation of exonic splicing enhancers.

Because deleterious alleles arising from mutation are filtered by natural selection, mutations that create such alleles will be underrepresented in the set of common genetic variation existing in a population at any given time. Here, we describe an approach based on this idea called VERIFY (variant elimination reinforces functionality), which can be used to assess the extent of natural selection acting on an oligonucleotide motif or set of motifs predicted to have biological activity. As an application of this approach, we analyzed a set of 238 hexanucleotides previously predicted to have exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) activity in human exons using the relative enhancer and silencer classification by unanimous enrichment (RESCUE)-ESE method. Aligning the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the public human SNP database to the chimpanzee genome allowed inference of the direction of the mutations that created present-day SNPs. Analyzing the set of SNPs that overlap RESCUE-ESE hexamers, we conclude that nearly one-fifth of the mutations that disrupt predicted ESEs have been eliminated by natural selection (odds ratio = 0.82 ± 0.05). This selection is strongest for the predicted ESEs that are located near splice sites. Our results demonstrate a novel approach for quantifying the extent of natural selection acting on candidate functional motifs and also suggest certain features of mutations/SNPs, such as proximity to the splice site and disruption or alteration of predicted ESEs, that should be useful in identifying variants that might cause a biological phenotype.
Growth and properties of InAsxSb1−x, AlyGa1−ySb, and InAsxSb1−x/AlyGa1−ySb heterostructures

Abstract A series of undoped InSb and InAsxSb1−x layers were grown using tetramer Sb4 and As4 sources on (100)-oriented semi-insulating GaAs and InP substrates with different growth parameters. Very high electron mobilities (70,000 and 110,000 cm2/V⋯s in InSb at 300 and 77 K, respectively) and n-type conductivity are obtained for all alloy compositions. The flux ratio PSb/PIn played a crucial role in determining the surface morphology and the mobility of InSb films. Barrier heights of A1 p−Al y Ga 1−y Sb Schottky diodes are measured and are 0.4 eV. A 300 A Si-doped InAs0.8Sb0.2 channel region sandwiched bet ween undoped Al0.4Ga0.6Sb buffer and gate barrier regions has μ = 1000 cm2/V⋯s and ns = 5.4×1012cm−2 at 300 K. 1 μm ga te FETs made with this heterostructure have shown a maximum extrinsic g m = 160 mS/mm and ƒ T = 5 GHz at 300 K .
Effect of acyclovir on various murine in vivo and in vitro immunologic assay systems

Abstract In two in vitro tests, lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and neutrophil chemotaxis, acyclovir showed no inhibitory effects at concentrations as high as 600 β M . The compound inhibited rosette formation with nonimmune mouse lymphocytes in vitro by approximately 50 percent at 15.8 μ M . The significance of this inhibition is unclear. In four in vivo tests in mice which measured humoral and cellmediated immunity (complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-independent cellular cytotoxicity, delayed hypersensitivity and graft versus host reaction) acyclovir showed no inhibitory effects at single doses up to 200 mg/kg given on day 2 after antigenic stimulation. Four daily doses of acyclovir at 50 mg/kg per day had no effect on the numbers of hemolytic IgM antibody-forming cells in the spleen when assayed on day 4. At the higher dosage of 100 mg/kg per day for four days, there was a slight reduction in the numbers of these cells. There was no significant decrease in hemagglutinin or hemolysin antibody titers after four daily doses of acyclovir up to 200 mg/kg.
RIS Model of the Helix‐Kink Conformation of Erythro Diisotactic Polynobornene

Computer simulations reveal the unique conformation of or erythro diisotactic polynorbornene, a polymer with numerous important applications in microelectronics. While previous simulations suggested that this polymer adopts a helix-kink morphology, the results presented herein indicate that the reversal of the helix symmetry is the origin of such kinks which cause a transition from a rigid-rod conformation to a random coil with increasing molecular weight. An RIS model was developed that accurately predicts the unique conformation of this polymer. This model predicts a rigid-rod helical conformation that eventually transitions to a random coil at a degree of polymerization of approximately 500.
Sheared-beam imaging: an evaluation of its optical compensation of thick atmospheric turbulence

Sheared-beam imaging (SBI) should compensate the effects of an idealized layer of turbulence located either in a transmitter/detector plane or in an object plane. This motivated the study of optical compensation of SBI in the presence of uniformly distributed turbulence over long horizontal paths in the cases of ideally smooth and ideally rough extended objects. The phase error along a one-dimensional wave front resulting from SBI observation is computed numerically in the long-path regime and is compared with that of an equivalent conventional system for the case of a large smooth object. It is found that for the conditions considered the phase errors of the SBI system are greater than those of a conventional system. In the case of an ideally rough object the extra information furnished by the SBI observations does not lead to data that can be inverted to compute an image by the conventional shearing-interferometric algorithm. The phase errors in imaging a point reflector, however, are perfectly compensated.
New λT Relations for Black Body Radiation

When the temperature of a black body is such that the maximum spectral efficiency of production of radiant energy occurs a t a given wave-length there also occurs at that wave-length, both the maximum spectral rate of production and the maximum spectral efficiency of production of photons. The particular wave-length involved is the effective wave-length for the total radiation, which is defined as the wave-length at which, for a given temperature, the percentage rate of increase in spectral radiancy with temperature is the same as for the total radiation from the black body source.
The History of Indonesia – By Steven Drakeley

This is one of forty or so volumes in the publisher's series, which are advertised as being “engagingly written and succinct narrative histories” covering political, cultural, and religious continu...
Laser raster conditioning of KDP and DKDP crystals using XeCl and Nd:YAG lasers

Laser conditioning by raster scanning KDP and DKDP crystals using Nd:YAG and XeCl excimer laser systems was demonstrated. The laser systems were evaluated to determine their respective feasibility of improving the damage thresholds of the harmonic materials for use on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Crystals were first evaluated using an Nd:YAG laser (355 nm, 7.6 ns) by scanning 2 x 2 cm2 areas with sub-damage threshold fluences and then performing unconditioned (SA) damage tests at 355-nm in the respectively scanned regions. Subsequently, five KDP and DKDP samples of various damage quality were raster scanned in a similar fashion at MicroLas GmbH (Goettingen, Germany) using a commercial Lambda Physik Excimer system (XeCl, {lambda} = 308 nm, 20 ns). The samples treated in Germany were then tested at Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) at 355 nm to demonstrate the excimer's potentia1 as an alternative conditioning source. The excimer scan results suggest that crystals can be treated at high fluence (50 Ycm2, 308-nm, 204s) levels without noticeable bulk damage. In addition, comparable conditioning is possible even with the fluence set at 30% of the 308-nm damage threshold. The laser damage tests with 355-nrn on the majority of the excimer laser-treated crystals demonstrates themore » effect of conditioning, by raising the SI1 threshold or by reducing the low fluence tail of the 355-nm S/1 damage probability curves. Furthermore, the high average power and flat top beam profile of an excimer laser makes it possible to laser condition a 42-crn NIF-size crystal in one day, compared to 41 days for a commercial table-top Nd:YAG system. The test samples were to be particularly susceptible to surface damage during excimer raster conditioning, possibly due to high levels of dust and/or contaminants in the laboratory environment.« less
Connected speech intelligibility of children with cochlear implants and children with normal hearing.

The objective of this study was to compare the connected speech intelligibility of children who use cochlear implants with that of children who have normal hearing. Previous research has shown that...
Scalable choice models

Abstract Two representational criteria for probabilistic choice models are studied. These criteria, called scalability and weak scalability, are shown to be characterized by behavioral axioms designated, respectively, as pairwise dependence and weak pairwise dependence. The former is shown to be equivalent to the order independence axiom of Tversky. In addition, structural conditions on the choice alternatives are established under which all axioms are equivalent.
Stress Fracture of the Radius Diaphysis in a Skeletally Immature Wrestler

Stress fractures in the forearm are rare events. Failure to detect a nondisplaced stress fracture could lead to further injury or fracture displacement. We present a case of a 15-year-old male wrestler without overt risk factors, who presented with a transverse stress fracture in the middle third of the radial diaphysis. The clinician should consider this diagnosis when examining athletes with otherwise unexplained forearm pain.
Ultrasonic monitoring of the seal quality in flexible food packages

Ultrasonic Backscattered Amplitude Integral (BAI) values are used to detect critical and major defects such as nonbonding, wrinkles and bubbles distributed within the seal area of flexible food packages. The BAI-mode imaging by itself is not capable of detecting such nonbonding, wrinkles and bubbles distributed within the seal area. For this study, model defects in the seal region of all-plastic and foil-containing films were created by varying the sealing-bar temperature. Seal regions were scanned by a 17.3-MHz ultrasonic transducer, and the waveform for each scan point was processed by the BAI-mode method. The mean and the coefficient of variation of the BAI values (BAICV) were calculated. It is shown that a combination of mean BAI value and BAICV value can detect defects distributed in seals in flexible food packages. This technique has the potential of providing a real-time, on-line control by sensing whether a proper seal has been achieved.
Sanitation and Design of Lettuce Coring Knives for Minimizing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of ultrasound in combination with chlorine on the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations on lettuce coring knives. Two new coring devices designed to mitigate pathogen attachment were fabricated and evaluated. The coring rings of the knives were dip inoculated with soil slurry containing 10⁶ E. coli cells and treated with chlorinated water with and without ultrasonication for 30, 60, and 120 s. The rough welding joints on currently used in-field lettuce coring knives provided a site conducive to bacterial attachment and resistant to cell removal during sanitation treatment. The two modified coring knives harbored significantly fewer E. coli cells than did the currently used commercial model, and the efficacy of the disinfection treatment was high (P < 0.05). Ultrasound treatment reduced the E. coli O157:H7 counts to below the detection limit of 1.10 log CFU/cm² at both the coring ring blade and welding joint within 30 s in 1 ppm of chlorinated water. The redesigned coring knives and an ultrasound plus chlorine combination treatment may provide practical options for minimizing the microbial safety hazards of lettuce processed by core-in-field operations.
Additional mechanisms of hiatal hernia recurrence and its prevention

The conventional hiatal hernia repair is a tension repair. Large defects such as those associated with an intrathoracic stomach can have a high rate of recurrence resulting in esophageal symptoms and in some instances gastric strangulation. Numerous additive procedures are used to secure the stomach in the abdominal cavity including mesh buttressing, fundoplication, anterior abdominal wall gastropexy and fundus diaphragmatic suture fixation. The optimal repair is unknown primarily because crura closure failure is poorly understood. A literature review was used to determine the proven causes of hiatal hernia recurrence. Early postoperative vomiting, surgeon inexperience, short esophagus and no crus closure are documented causes. In a series of 19 hiatal hernia recurrence repairs from our institution, additional causes such as suture pull-out and trauma have been established as additional mechanisms of recurrence. Increased intra-abdominal pressure associated with motor vehicle accidents was the precipitating factor in 2/19 patients. Suggested methods for prevention of hiatal disruption and resultant hernia are proposed which include: a postoperative antiemetic regimen, restricted activity in the early postoperative period, an assessment technique for the short esophagus when utilizing a laparoscopic approach, crus closure calibration and inclusion of the diaphragmatic fascia when performing hiatal closure for large paraesophageal hernias and the short esophagus.
A Miniature Strobe Light for a 60,000 Rpm Bearing Tester

A strobe light system for high speed machinery has been developed with the following specifications: Flashing Rate: 3,000 to 60,000 fpm (flashes per minute) Light Pulse Width: 1 microsecond at one third intensity points Light Intensity: 10 candle power max. at 60,000 rpm This paper presents the circuitry with a discussion emphasizing the design of the strobe light pulser.
Child and adolescent psychiatry: mid-course corrections.

Abstract The President of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry examines and assesses past Academy plans for its scientific development, educational program, service delivery, advocacy, and recruitment initiatives. The influence of governmental programs, reimbursement trends (managed care), and oversight and review mechanisms are described. The Academy's future medical agenda, public policy efforts, and research priorities are noted. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1992, 31, 1:1–5.
Redesign of N2 Injection System for Gas Turbines in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Applications

Gas Turbines (GT) applied to integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants utilizing Nitrogen injection to reduce emission and increase power output. This redesign process reduced the customer’s equipment and the operational cost for GT’s with Nitrogen injection. This project focused on reducing nitrogen supply pressure required by the GT. Customer’s cost of electricity (COE) is reduced, translating to additional potential revenue of $3.0MM over the life of the plant. This has been achieved through six sigma methodology of design optimization of the Nitrogen injection manifold, reduced combustion chamber pressure entry loss and optimizing the control system. Statistical analysis combined with various engineering tools was used to optimize, validate and verify the new design. The new design is applicable to all GT frame sizes. It also, can be applied as an upgrade to existing units.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Using a course redesign to address retention and performance issues in introductory accounting

Abstract This article describes how one accounting program addressed declining retention rates and student performance issues with a focused course redesign of its introductory financial accounting course. The course redesign unites (a) the notion of promoting a thorough comprehension of “core competencies” rather than providing a cursory acquaintance with a broader variety of less critical ancillary topics; (b) an assortment of “continual review” techniques designed to maximize retaining the in-depth knowledge attained; and (c) utilization of a variety of stimulating and effectual technological enhancements to engage students and foster an active learning environment in the course. Anecdotal evidence gathered and limited empirical analysis suggests that the redesign endeavors have increased performance, enhanced student retention, and stimulated growth in the number of accounting majors relative to enrollment growth in the college of business. This approach, or any of several variants, can be adopted by other accounting programs to address similar issues. With many institutions currently facing declining enrollments and student retention along with accompanying financial consequences, our experience provides a timely potential remedy.
SiC Power Electronic Devices, MOSFETs and Rectifiers

SiC power switching devices have demonstrated performance figures of merit far beyond the silicon theoretical limits, but much work remains before commercial production will be feasible. A significant fraction of the remaining work centers on materials science issues. This paper reviews the current status of unipolar power switching devices in SiC and identifies the major technological and material science barriers that need to be overcome.
Anaerobic carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1: H2O is a source of oxygen for the 1-methoxy group of spheroidene but not for the 2-oxo group of spheroidenone

Anaerobic biosynthesis of carotenoids in the purple facultative photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides was studied using mass spectrometry. We have demonstrated that (18)O from H2(18)O was incorporated into the 1-methoxy group of spheroidene and spheroidenone, the two major carotenoids produced by this bacterium during photosynthetic growth. Neither water nor CO2 was shown to provide an oxygen atom for the 2-oxo group of spheroidenone in R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 grown photosynthetically in the absence of molecular oxygen. Possible mechanisms for the anaerobic biosynthesis of spheroidenone in R. sphaeroides are discussed.