cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ARE HAPPY PEOPLE ETHICAL PEOPLE? EVIDENCE FROM NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2003 meetings of the Missouri Valley Economic Association meetings.
Iterative solution of linear equations with unbounded operators

A convergent iterative process is constructed for solving any solvable linear equation in a Hilbert space, including equations with unbounded, closed, densely defined linear operators. The method is proved to be stable towards small perturbation of the data. Some abstract results are established and used in an analysis of variational regularization method for equations with unbounded linear operators. The dynamical systems method (DSM) is justified for unbounded, closed, densely defined linear operators. The stopping time is chosen by a discrepancy principle. Equations with selfadjoint operators are considered separately. Numerical examples, illustrating the efficiency of the proposed method, are given.
Ozone vegetation damage effects on gross primary productivity in the United States

Abstract. We apply an off-line process-based vegetation model (the Yale Interactive Terrestrial Biosphere model) to assess the impacts of ozone (O3) vegetation damage on gross primary productivity (GPP) in the United States during the past decade (1998–2007). The model's GPP simulation is evaluated at 40 sites of the North American Carbon Program (NACP) synthesis. The ecosystem-scale model version reproduces interannual variability and seasonality of GPP at most sites, especially in croplands. Inclusion of the O3 damage impact decreases biases of simulated GPP at most of the NACP sites. The simulation with the O3 damage effect reproduces 64% of the observed variance in summer GPP and 42% on the annual average. Based on a regional gridded simulation over the US, summertime average O3-free GPP is 6.1 g C m−2 day−1 (9.5 g C m−2 day−1 in the east of 95° W and 3.9 g C m−2 day−1 in the west). O3 damage decreases GPP by 4–8% on average in the eastern US and leads to significant decreases of 11–17% in east coast hot spots. Sensitivity simulations show that a 25% decrease in surface O3 concentration halves the average GPP damage to only 2–4%, suggesting the substantial co-benefits to ecosystem health that may be achieved via O3 air pollution control.
Measurements of Inequalities in Access to Higher Education: Case of the Russian Federation *

This paper focuses on the systematic investigation of the influence of the quasi-experimental projects on possible changes in inequality in access to higher education in Russia. While intuition points toward a positive effect of introduction of the standardized tests and educational vouchers on the decrease in inequality in access to higher education and more effective, efficient, and fairer distribution of the state funds in higher education, empirical evidence on this issue has yet to be found. This paper presents evaluation techniques for the experiments including introduction of the distribution index (DI) to measure income and education inequalities. The DI, the weighted DI, and the share weighted DI allow capturing changes in inequalities in income distribution, concentration of wealth, or access to higher education more precisely than does the Gini coefficient.
Letting Down the Team? Social Effects of Team Incentives

This paper estimates social effects of incentivizing people in teams. In two fieldexperiments featuring exogenous team formation and opportunities for repeated socialinteractions, we find large team effects that operate through social channels. The teamcompensation system induced agents to choose effort as if they valued a marginal dollar ofcompensation for their teammate from two-thirds as much (in one study) to twice as much asthey valued a dollar of their own compensation (in the other study). We conclude that socialeffects of monetary team incentives exist and can induce effort at lower cost than through directindividual payment.
Broad‐Spectrum Catalysts for the Ambient Temperature Anti‐Markovnikov Hydration of Alkynes

Anti-Markovnikov alkyne hydration provides a valuable route to aldehydes. Half-sandwich ruthenium complexes ligated by 5,5′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine are remarkably active for this transformation. In the presence of 2 mol % metal, a wide range of functionalized aliphatic and aromatic alkynes are hydrated in high yield at ambient temperature.
The role of interstitial gas in determining the impact response of granular beds

We examine the impact of a solid sphere into a fine-grained granular bed. Using high-speed X-ray radiography we track both the motion of the sphere and local changes in the bed packing fraction. Varying the initial packing density as well as the ambient gas pressure, we find a complete reversal in the effect of interstitial gas on the impact response of the bed: The dynamic coupling between gas and grains allows for easier penetration in initially loose beds but impedes penetration in more densely packed beds. High-speed imaging of the local packing density shows that these seemingly incongruous effects have a common origin in the resistance to bed packing changes caused by interstitial air.
The Principal Element of a Frobenius Lie Algebra

We introduce the notion of the principal element of a Frobenius Lie algebra \({\frak{f}}\) . The principal element corresponds to a choice of \({F \in \frak{f}^{*}}\) such that F[–, –] non-degenerate. In many natural instances, the principal element is shown to be semisimple, and when associated to sln, its eigenvalues are integers and are independent of F. For certain “small” functionals F, a simple construction is given which readily yields the principal element. When applied to the first maximal parabolic subalgebra of sln, the principal element coincides with semisimple element of the principal three-dimensional subalgebra. We also show that Frobenius algebras are stable under deformation.
A Framework for Investigating the Performance of Chaotic-Map Truly Random Number Generators

This brief approximates the hidden Markov model of chaotic-map truly random number generators (TRNGs) and describes its fundamental limits based on the approximate entropy rate of the underlying bit-generation process. It is demonstrated that the entropy rate plays a key role in the performance and robustness of chaotic-map TRNGs, which must be taken into account in the circuit design optimization. Finally, the optimality conditions for postprocessing units that extract truly random bits from a raw random number generator are derived.
Bandwidth and Power Allocation for Cooperative Strategies in Gaussian Relay Networks

Achievable rates with amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative strategies are examined for relay networks. Motivated by sensor network applications, power-constrained networks with large bandwidth resources and a large number of nodes are considered. It is shown that AF strategies do not necessarily benefit from the available bandwidth. Rather, transmitting in the optimum AF bandwidth allows the network to operate in the linear regime where the achieved rate increases linearly with the available network power. The optimum power allocation among the AF relays, shown to be a form of maximal ratio combining, indicates the favorable relay positions. Orthogonal node transmissions are also examined. While the same optimum bandwidth result still holds, the relay power allocation in this case can be viewed as a form of water-filling. In contrast, the DF strategy will optimally operate in the wideband regime and is shown to require a different choice of relays. Thus, in a large scale network, the choice of a coding strategy goes beyond determining a coding scheme at a node; it also determines the operating bandwidth, as well as the set of relays and best distribution of the relay power.
Local migration with extrapolated VSP Green’s functions

We have developed a novel vertical seismic profile (VSP) imaging method that requires only a local velocity model around the well. This method is denoted as a “local migration,” where the model-based forward-propagation and backward-propagation operators are computed using a local velocity model between the well and the target body. The velocity model for the complex overburden and salt body is not needed, and the source-side statics are automatically accounted for. In addition, kinematic and dynamic effects, including anisotropy, absorption, and other unknown/undefined rock effects outside of this local velocity model, are mostly accounted for. Numerical tests on an acoustic 2D Sigsbee VSP data set, an elastic salt model, and offset 2D VSP data in the Gulf of Mexico partly validate the effectiveness of this method by accurately imaging the sediments next to the vertical well.
The minimal components of the Mayr–Meyer ideals

rifi such that each ri has degree at most deg f+(kd) n). Mayr and Meyer in [MM] found (generators) of a family of ideals for which a doubly exponential bound in n is indeed achieved. Bayer and Stillman [BS] showed that for these Mayr-Meyer ideals any minimal generating set of syzygies has elements of doubly exponential degree in n. Koh [K] modified the original ideals to obtain homogeneous quadric ideals with doubly exponential syzygies and ideal membership equations. Bayer, Huneke and Stillman asked whether the doubly exponential behavior is due to the number of minimal and/or associated primes, or to the nature of one of them? This paper examines the minimal components and minimal primes of the Mayr-Meyer ideals. In particular, in Section 2 it is proved that the intersection of the minimal components of the Mayr-Meyer ideals does not satisfy the doubly exponential property, so that the doubly exponential behavior of the Mayr-Meyer ideals must be due to the embedded primes. The structure of the embedded primes of the Mayr-Meyer ideals is examined in [S2]. There exist algorithms for computing primary decompositions of ideals (see GianniTrager-Zacharias [GTZ], Eisenbud-Huneke-Vasconcelos [EHV], or Shimoyama-Yokoyama [SY]), and they have been partially implemented on the symbolic computer algebra programs Singular and Macaulay2. However, the Mayr-Meyer ideals have variable degree and a variable number of variables over an arbitrary field, and there are no algorithms to deal with this generality. Thus any primary decomposition of the Mayr-Meyer ideals has to be accomplished with traditional proof methods. Small cases of the primary decomposition analysis were partially verified on Macaulay2 and Singular, and the emphasis here is on “partially”: the computers quickly run out of memory.
The symplectic sum formula for Gromov–Witten invariants

In the symplectic category there is a 'connect sum' operation that glues symplectic manifolds by identifying neighborhoods of embedded codimension two submanifolds. This paper establishes a formula for the Gromov-Witten invariants of a symplectic sum Z = X#Y in terms of the relative GW invariants of X and Y. Several applications to enumerative geometry are given. Gromov-Witten invariants are counts of holomorphic maps into symplectic manifolds. To define them on a symplectic manifold (X,w) one introduces an almost complex structure J compatible with the symplectic form w and
Spectral phase control of remote surface-plasmon-mediated two-photon-induced luminescence

We demonstrate the use of spectral phase modulation as a mechanism for control over surface-plasmon-mediated two-photon-induced luminescence at distances tens of microns from the focal spot of a femtosecond laser.
Transverse Instability of Periodic Traveling Waves in the Generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equation

In this paper, we investigate the spectral instability of periodic traveling wave solu- tions of the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation to long wavelength transverse perturbations in the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. By analyzing high and low frequency limits of the appropriate periodic Evans function, we derive an orientation index which yields sufficient conditions for such an instability to occur. This index is geometric in nature and applies to arbitrary periodic traveling waves with minor smoothness and convexity assumptions on the nonlinearity. Using the integrable structure of the ordinary differential equation governing the traveling wave profiles, we are then able to calculate the resulting orientation index for the elliptic function solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries and modified Korteweg-de Vries equations.
Orientable embeddings and orientable cycle double covers of projective-planar graphs

In a closed2-cell embedding of a graph each face is homeomorphic to an open disk and is bounded by a cycle in the graph. The Orientable Strong Embedding Conjecture says that every 2-connected graph has a closed 2-cell embedding in some orientable surface. This implies both the Cycle Double Cover Conjecture and the Strong Embedding Conjecture. In this paper we prove that every 2-connected projective-planar cubic graph has a closed 2-cell embedding in some orientable surface. The three main ingredients of the proof are (1) a surgical method to convert nonorientable embeddings into orientable embeddings; (2) a reduction for 4-cycles for orientable closed 2-cell embeddings, or orientable cycle double covers, of cubic graphs; and (3) a structural result for projective-planar embeddings of cubic graphs. We deduce that every 2-edge-connected projective-planar graph (not necessarily cubic) has an orientable cycle double cover.
Motivating Content Contributions to Online Communities: Toward a More Comprehensive Theory

This paper extends previous research by proposing a model that can help explain ways to motivate member contributions to online communities (OCs). New features in the model will allow researchers to test the relative effects of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards as motivators in OCs. Some OCs have introduced extrinsic re-enforcements like gifts, social recognition, and feedback to entice their community members to contribute. However, some research in non-OC settings has suggested that extrinsic rewards can be detrimental to intrinsic motivation. The new model presents findings from organizational behavior and psychology literature that suggest extrinsic rewards can increase a person's intrinsic motivation under some conditions.
The legitimacy of vaccine critics: what is left after the autism hypothesis?

The last dozen years have seen a massive transnational mobilization of the legal, political, and research communities in response to the worrisome hypoth- esis that vaccines could have a link to childhood autism and other developmental conditions. Vaccine critics, some already organized and some composed of newly galvanized parents, developed an alternate world of internally legitimating studies, blogs, conferences, publications, and spokespeople to affirm a connection. When the consensus turned against the autism hypothesis, these structures and a committed membership base unified all the organizations in resistance. This article examines the relationship between mobilization based on science and the trajectory of legitimacy vaccine criticism has taken. I argue that vaccine critics have run up against the limits of legitimate scientific argument and are now in the curious position of both dou- bling down on credibility- depleting stances and innovating new and possibly resonant formulations.
Wildcard dimensions, coding theory and fault-tolerant meshes and hypercubes

Hypercubes, meshes and tori are well known interconnection networks for parallel computers. The sets of edges in those graphs can be partitioned to dimensions. It is well known that the hypercube can be extended by adding a wildcard dimension resulting in a folded hypercube that has better fault-tolerant and communication capabilities. First we prove that the folded hypercube is optimal in the sense that only a single wildcard dimension ran be added to the hypercube. We then investigate the idea of adding wildcard dimensions to d-dimensional meshes and tori. Using techniques from error correcting codes we construct d-dimensional meshes and tori with wildcard dimensions. Finally, we show how these constructions can be used to tolerate edge and node faults in mesh and torus networks. >
EFFECTS ON FARM INCOME AND THE ENVIRONMENT FROM TARGETING AGRICULTURAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS)

To evaluate potential effects on net farm income and water quality from specific agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs), estimates of phosphorus loading for current and alternative farming methods were combined with cost and return estimates to create a positive mathematical programming model of a major watershed. Targeting specific BMPs to susceptible regions was the most effective policy for improving water quality. This had smaller negative impacts on farm income than not targeting BMPs to reduce phosphorus effluent from agriculture.
Risk, Research, and Returns: Valuation of the Potential of Improved Citrus Cultivars

The U.S. citrus industry faces potentially devastating losses due to diseases currently infecting or threatening citrus groves. Potential exists in the development of genetically modified citrus trees that are resistant to disease. Growers face risk not only from losses attributable to disease, but also in their decisions to invest in establishing groves. Scenarios including hypothetical disease resistant citrus cultivars as well as forecasted tree losses, fruit prices, and costs are modeled and evaluated with risk ranking to identify the potential benefit of adopting improved citrus cultivars. Returns to the grower are the primary focus, however, returns to organizations producing disease resistant cultivars are also modeled.
A SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUE FOR HIDDEN-LINE ELIMINATION IN TERRAINS

In this paper we give a practical and efficient output-sensitive algorithm for constructing the display of a polyhedral terrain. It runs in O((d+n) log2 n) time and uses O(nα(n)) space, where d is the size of the final display, and α(n) is a (very slowly growing) functional inverse of Ackermann’s function. Our implementation is especially simple and practical, because we try to take full advantage of the specific geometrical properties of the terrain. The asymptotic speed of our algorithm has been improved upon theoretically by other authors, but at the cost of higher space usage and/or high overhead and complicated code. Our main data structure maintains an implicit representation of the convex hull of a set of points that can be dynamically updated in O(log2 n) time. It is especially simple and fast in our application since there are no rebalancing operations required in the tree.
THE INTERNAL SHEAR OF TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PROGENITORS DURING ACCRETION AND SIMMERING

A white dwarf (WD) gains substantial angular momentum during the accretion process that grows it toward a Chandrasekhar mass. It is therefore expected to be rotating quickly when it ignites as a Type Ia supernova. The thermal and shearing profiles are important for subsequent flame propagation. We highlight processes that could affect the WD shear during accretion, as well as during the ~1000 yr of pre-explosive simmering. Baroclinic instabilities and/or the shear growth of small magnetic fields provide sufficient torque to bring the WD very close to solid-body rotation during accretion. The lack of significant shear makes it difficult to grow a WD substantially past the typical Chandrasekhar mass. Once carbon ignites, a convective region spreads from the center of the WD. This phase occurs regardless of progenitor scenario, and therefore it is of great interest for understanding how the WD interior is prepared before the explosive burning begins. We summarize some of the key properties of the convective region, including a demonstration that the mass enclosed by convection at any given time depends most sensitively on a single parameter that can be expressed as either the ratio of temperatures or densities at the top and bottom of the convection zone. At low Rossby numbers, the redistribution of angular momentum by convection may result in significant shearing at the convective/nonconvective boundary.
Linking Organizational and Field-Level Analyses: The Diffusion of Corporate Environmental Practice

This article examines the diffusion of corporate environmental practice in the context of field-level dynamics. It builds a conceptual model that makes links among (a) the complex constituency of t...
NetSolve: Grid Enabling Scientific Computing Environments

The purpose of NetSolve is to create the middleware necessary to provide a seamless bridge between the simple, standard programming interfaces and desktop systems that dominate the work of computational scientists and the rich supply of services supported by the emerging Grid architecture, so that the users of the former can easily access and reap the benefits (shared processing, storage, software, data resources, etc.) of using the latter.
Toward improved review of software designs

A good deal of effort has been invested in recent years to improve both the form of programs and the processes used to create them. As the payoffs from this work become apparent and more widespread, attention is turning to the form of designs and the processes used to create them.
Space-time coding for receive switch and stay combining

Switch and stay diversity combining offers a substantial complexity reduction at the cost of modest performance degradation compared to systems implementing selection diversity. In this work, the design and performance of space time coded multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems employing switch and stay combining at the receiver, with two antennas, is considered. Assuming known channel at the receiver, a novel switching algorithm is proposed and an upper bound on the pairwise error probability (PEP) is derived. Based on this upper bound, the optimal switching threshold is derived and it is shown that full diversity is achieved when the optimal switching threshold is used. For the case when the channel has to be estimated at the receiver, a minimal complexity training scheme suitable for both switching and channel estimation is described, where it is shown that full diversity is still achievable. By comparing the PEP expressions for the system with perfect channel knowledge at the receiver against the system with imperfect channel knowledge, the power distribution between the training and the data space-time (ST) codewords is optimized to minimize the loss suffered due to channel estimation. Simulation results have also been included to corroborate our results.
The "True" Column Density Distribution in Star-Forming Molecular Clouds

We use the COMPLETE Survey's observations of the Perseus star-forming region to assess and intercompare the three methods used for measuring column density in molecular clouds: near-infrared (NIR) extinction mapping; thermal emission mapping in the far-IR; and mapping the intensity of CO isotopologues. Overall, the structures shown by all three tracers are morphologically similar, but important differences exist among the tracers. We find that the dust-based measures (NIR extinction and thermal emission) give similar, log-normal, distributions for the full (~20 pc scale) Perseus region, once careful calibration corrections are made. We also compare dust- and gas-based column density distributions for physically meaningful subregions of Perseus, and we find significant variations in the distributions for those (smaller, ~few pc scale) regions. Even though we have used ^(12)CO data to estimate excitation temperatures, and we have corrected for opacity, the ^(13)CO maps seem unable to give column distributions that consistently resemble those from dust measures. We have edited out the effects of the shell around the B-star HD 278942 from the column density distribution comparisons. In that shell's interior and in the parts where it overlaps the molecular cloud, there appears to be a dearth of 13CO, which is likely due either to ^(13)CO not yet having had time to form in this young structure and/or destruction of ^(13)CO in the molecular cloud by the HD 278942's wind and/or radiation. We conclude that the use of either dust or gas measures of column density without extreme attention to calibration (e.g., of thermal emission zero-levels) and artifacts (e.g., the shell) is more perilous than even experts might normally admit. And, the use of ^(13)CO data to trace total column density in detail, even after proper calibration, is unavoidably limited in utility due to threshold, depletion, and opacity effects. If one's main aim is to map column density (rather than temperature or kinematics), then dust extinction seems the best probe, up to a limiting extinction caused by a dearth of sufficient background sources. Linear fits among all three tracers' estimates of column density are given, allowing us to quantify the inherent uncertainties in using one tracer, in comparison with the others.
Economic Determinants of Audit Committee Independence

This paper provides empirical evidence that audit committee independence is associated with economic factors. I find that audit committee independence increases with board size and board independence and decreases with the firm's growth opportunities and for firms that report consecutive losses. In contrast, no relation is found between audit committee independence and creditors' demand for accounting information. Although the analyses are based on data from 1991 to 1993, these results have implications for NYSE and NASDAQ listing requirements for audit committees adopted in December 1999. Specifically, the new requirements give firms the option of including non‐outside directors on their audit committees if it is in the best interests of the firm to do so.
Strengthening International Courts and the Early Settlement of Disputes

We construct a formal model of interstate disputes and nd that increasing the probability that a court will review cases on their merits reduces incentives for states to reach early settlements and increases the likelihood that costly litigation will take place. Similarly, we nd that strengthening the enforcement of court rulings also increases the use of the court in equilibrium. We evaluate the plausibility of our results by examining the use of the International Court of Justice.
Growth diagrams, domino insertion and sign-imbalance

We study some properties of domino insertion, focusing on aspects related to Fomin's growth diagrams (J. Algebraic Combin. 3 (1994) 357; J. Algebraic Combin. 4 (1995) 5). We give a self-contained proof of the semistandard domino-Schensted correspondence given by Shimozono and White (Electron. J. Combin. 8 (2001)), bypassing the connections with mixed insertion entirely. The correspondence is extended to the case of a non-empty 2-core and we give two dual domino-Schensted correspondences. We use our results to settle Stanley's '2n/2' conjecture on sign-imbalance (preprint, math.CO/0211113, 2002) and to generalise the domino generating series of Kirillov et al. (C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Serie I 318 (1994) 395).
A model for conducting experimental environmental accounting research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to survey the research methods employed in the extant environmental accounting literature, finding few experimental studies. The need for more experimentation in the literature is discussed, as well as how experiments' unique methodological advantages can help address important environmental accounting issues. These issues culminate in a proposed model for conducting experimental environmental accounting research.Design/methodology/approach – A synthesis of the environmental accounting literature emphasizes the research methods, and, advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as why and how experimental designs can contribute to the environmental accounting literature. Finally, the paper proposes and analyzes a framework for conducting environmental accounting experiments.Findings – Experiments can provide unique contributions to the environmental accounting literature. Relative to traditional accounting information, environmental accounting information com...
Unusual p‐Toluene Sulfonic Acid–Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation

Abstract Attempts to synthesize the antidepressant drug atomoxetine directly by p-TSA‐catalyzed reaction between o‐cresol and N‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐3‐hydroxypropyl amine in toluene at reflux temperature surprisingly resulted in the formation of ortho‐substituted phenol derivative. The structure is unambiguously confirmed by single crystal X-ray.
Entrepreneurship Research in Emergence: Past Trends and Future Directions:

This article evaluates the emergent academic field of entrepreneurship to better understand its progress and potential. We apply boundary and exchange concepts to examine 97 entrepreneurship articles published in leading management journals from 1985 to 1999. Some evidence was found of an upward trend in the number of published entrepreneurship articles, although the percentage of entrepreneurship articles remains low. The highly permeable boundaries of entrepreneurship facilitate intellectual exchange with other management areas but sometimes discourage the development of entrepreneurship theory and hinder legitimacy. We argue that focusing entrepreneurship research at the intersection of the constructs of individuals, opportunities, modes of organizing, and the environment will define the field and enhance legitimacy. Decision theory, start–up factors of production, information processing and network theory, and temporal dynamics are put forward for entrepreneurship scholars to explore important research questions in these intersections.
Speculative multithreaded processors

Speculation will overcome the limitations in dividing a single program into multiple threads that can execute on the multiple logical processing elements needed to enhance performance through parallelization.
Lower bounds for real solutions to sparse polynomial systems

We show how to construct sparse polynomial systems that have non-trivial lower bounds on their numbers of real solutions. These are unmixed systems associated to certain polytopes. For the order polytope of a poset P this lower bound is the sign-imbalance of P and it holds if all maximal chains of P have length of the same parity. This theory also gives lower bounds in the real Schubert calculus through the sagbi degeneration of the Grassmannian to a toric variety, and thus recovers a result of Eremenko and Gabrielov.
Accurate estimation of global buffer delay within a floorplan

Closed-form expressions for buffered interconnect delay approximation have been around for some time. However, previous approaches assume that buffers are free to be placed anywhere. In practice, designs frequently have large blocks that make the ideal buffer-insertion solution unrealizable. The theory of Otten (ACM/IEEE Intl. Symp. Physical Design, p. 104, 1998) is extended to show how one can model the blocks into a simple delay-estimation technique that applies to both two-pin and multipin nets. Even though the formula uses one buffer type, it shows remarkable accuracy in predicting delay when compared to an optimal realizable buffer-insertion solution. Potential applications include wire planning, timing analysis during floorplanning, or global routing. The authors' experiments show that their approach accurately predicts delay when compared to constructing a realizable buffer insertion with multiple buffer types
Same-sex parenting and children’s outcomes: A closer examination of the American psychological association’s brief on lesbian and gay parenting

In 2005, the American Psychological Association (APA) issued an official brief on lesbian and gay parenting. This brief included the assertion: ‘‘Not a single study has found children of lesbian or gay parents to be disadvantaged in any significant respect relative to children of heterosexual parents’’ (p. 15). The present article closely examines this assertion and the 59 published studies cited by the APA to support it. Seven central questions address: (1) homogeneous sampling, (2) absence of comparison groups, (3) comparison group characteristics, (4) contradictory data, (5) the limited scope of children’s outcomes studied, (6) paucity of long-term outcome data, and (7) lack of APA-urged statistical power. The conclusion is that strong assertions, including those made by the APA, were not empirically warranted. Recommendations for future research are offered.
Scrambled Geometric Net Integration Over General Product Spaces

Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling has been developed for integration over $$[0,1]^s$$[0,1]s where it has superior accuracy to Monte Carlo (MC) for integrands of bounded variation. Scrambled net quadrature allows replication-based error estimation for QMC with at least the same accuracy and for smooth enough integrands even better accuracy than plain QMC. Integration over triangles, spheres, disks and Cartesian products of such spaces is more difficult for QMC because the induced integrand on a unit cube may fail to have the desired regularity. In this paper, we present a construction of point sets for numerical integration over Cartesian products of s spaces of dimension d, with triangles ($$d=2$$d=2) being of special interest. The point sets are transformations of randomized (t, m, s)-nets using recursive geometric partitions. The resulting integral estimates are unbiased, and their variance is o(1 / n) for any integrand in $$L^2$$L2 of the product space. Under smoothness assumptions on the integrand, our randomized QMC algorithm has variance $$O(n^{-1 - 2/d} (\log n)^{s-1})$$O(n-1-2/d(logn)s-1), for integration over s-fold Cartesian products of d-dimensional domains, compared to $$O(n^{-1})$$O(n-1) for ordinary MC.
Phase Transformation Kinetics in the Doped System LiAl5O8—LiFe5O8

Solid solutions of various compositions in the system LiAl5O8–LiFe5O8 were prepared by calcining mixtures of Li2CO3, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. Lattice parameters of the solid solutions were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples of equimolar composition were also prepared with titanium and magnesium as dopants. The doped and undoped samples were annealed at 1050°C for up to 192 h in air. Annealing at this temperature, which is inside the miscibility gap for an equimolar composition, led to the decomposition of the originally single-phase solid solution. The extent of phase transformation was followed by XRD. The fraction transformed was estimated using integrated peak intensities. The kinetic data were analyzed in light of the conventional kinetic equation and the previously derived equation which takes into account the diffusive and the interface transfer processes. It was observed that titanium enhances and magnesium suppresses the kinetics of phase separation. These results are rationalized on the premise that the predominant point defects are Schottky defects in this spinel system.
Expert systems approach for generalized traveling salesman problem

The expert systems approach for solving multiobjective control problems posed in the environment of high complexity, uncertainty, and global and local constraints is exemplified via the solution of a generalized traveling salesman problem.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution of Simple Alkenes

This report describes a nickel-catalyzed allylic substitution process of simple alkenes whereby an important structural motif, a 1,4-diene, was prepared. The key to success is the use of an appropriate nickel-phosphine complex and a stoichiometric amount of silyl triflate. Reactions of 1-alkyl-substituted alkenes consistently provided 1,1-disubstituted alkenes with high selectivity. Insight into the reaction mechanism as well as miscellaneous application of the developed catalytic process is also documented.
Coping Resources, Coping Processes, and Mental Health

Coping, defined as action-oriented and intrapsychic efforts to manage the demands created by stressful events, is coming to be recognized both for its significant impact on stress-related mental and physical health outcomes and for its intervention potential. We review coping resources that aid in this process, including individual differences in optimism, mastery, self-esteem, and social support, and examine appraisal and coping processes, especially those marked by approach or avoidance. We address the origins of coping resources and processes in genes, early life experience, and gene-environment interactions, and address neural underpinnings of coping that may shed light on evaluating coping interventions. We conclude by outlining possible intervention strategies for improving coping processes.
Trade union growth and decline in Asia

We examine trends in union density and union influence in several Asian countries. Though we find variation in union density, all countries experienced union decline in the 1990s. Asian countries also vary on our new union influence measure. We use a logics of action framework to examine the institutional context surrounding union growth, decline and influence in each country. Based on our examination of how these institutional contexts are changing, and what we know about the strategies of unions, we are not hopeful regarding the near term prospects for reversing union decline.
An active ripple filtering technique for improving common-mode inductor performance

Active ripple filtering is the replacement of large passive components in power filter circuits with smaller passive components and active control circuitry. This letter focuses on common-mode filters, where a large common-mode inductor (choke) is replaced by two smaller chokes and active op-amp control. The technique is appropriate when improved attenuation is required at relatively low frequencies and the high-frequency filtering requirements are easily met. Smaller chokes save significantly in material and winding costs. The technique is more advantageous if wire-wound chokes can be replaced by planar printed circuit board chokes. The use of the technique in an automotive electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter application is explored in detail.
Tidal Disruption Flares of Stars From Moderately Recoiled Black Holes

In this Chapter, we calculate the rates at which stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) will be produced by supermassive black holes recoiling due to anisotropic gravitational wave emission. These black holes are kicked out of their galactic nuclei following the merger of their progenitors, with velocities \(v_{\rm k} \sim 10^{2-3}~{\rm km~s}^{-1}\). Although most kicked SMBHs will eventually return to the center of their host galaxy, during their peregrinations they will tidally disrupt both bound and unbound stars. We broadly survey the parameter space of kick velocities and galaxy properties, and find that the rates of detectably offset tidal disruption flares are of interest for LSST.
Prediction of Wave-Induced Motions for Hullborne Hydrofoils

Linear mathematical models are presented for predicting sway, heave, roll, pitch, and yaw motions of hullborne hydrofoil ships at arbitrary headings to the sea. These models are derived by combining linearized hydrofoil terms with standard strip theory. Predictions generally agree well with experiments.
On Full Diversity Space–Time Block Codes With Partial Interference Cancellation Group Decoding

In this paper, we propose a partial interference cancellation (PIC) group decoding strategy/scheme for linear dispersive space-time block codes (STBC) and a design criterion for the codes to achieve full diversity when the PIC group decoding is used at the receiver. A PIC group decoding decodes the symbols embedded in an STBC by dividing them into several groups and decoding each group separately after a linear PIC operation is implemented. It can be viewed as an intermediate decoding between the maximum likelihood (ML) receiver that decodes all the embedded symbols together, i.e., all the embedded symbols are in a single group, and the zero-forcing (ZF) receiver that decodes all the embedded symbols separately and independently, i.e., each group has and only has one embedded symbol, after the ZF operation is implemented. The PIC group decoding provides a framework to adjust the complexity-performance tradeoff by choosing the sizes of the information symbol groups. Our proposed design criterion (group independence) for the PIC group decoding to achieve full diversity is an intermediate condition between the loosest ML full rank criterion of codewords and the strongest ZF linear independence condition of the column vectors in the equivalent channel matrix. We also propose asymptotic optimal (AO) group decoding algorithm which is an intermediate decoding between the MMSE decoding algorithm and the ML decoding algorithm. The design criterion for the PIC group decoding can be applied to the AO group decoding algorithm because of its asymptotic optimality. It is well-known that the symbol rate for a full rank linear STBC can be full, i.e., nt, for nt transmit antennas. It has been recently shown that its rate is upper bounded by 1 if a code achieves full diversity with a linear receiver. The intermediate criterion proposed in this paper provides the possibility for codes of rates between nt and 1 that achieve full diversity with the PIC group decoding. This therefore provides a complexity-performance-rate tradeoff. Some design examples are given.
BIFURCATIONS IN ONE DEGREE-OF-VIBRATION QUANTUM BILLIARDS

We classify the local bifurcations of one dov quantum billiards, showing that only saddle-center bifurcations can occur. We analyze the resulting planar system when there is no coupling in the superposition state. In so doing, we also consider the global bifurcation structure. Using a double-well potential as a representative example, we demonstrate how to locate bifurcations in parameter space. We also discuss how to approximate the cuspidal loop using AUTO as well as how to cross it via continuation by detuning the dynamical system. Moreover, we show that when there is coupling, the resulting five-dimensional system — though chaotic — has a similar underlying structure. We verify numerically that both homoclinic orbits and cusps occur and provide an outline of an analytical argument for the existence of such homoclinic orbits. Small perturbations of the system reveal homoclinic tangles that typify chaotic behavior.
A genetic algorithm with memory for mixed discrete–continuous design optimization

This paper describes a new approach for reducing the number of the fitness function evaluations required by a genetic algorithm (GA) for optimization problems with mixed continuous and discrete design variables. The proposed additions to the GA make the search more effective and rapidly improve the fitness value from generation to generation. The additions involve memory as a function of both discrete and continuous design variables, multivariate approximation of the fitness function in terms of several continuous design variables, and localized search based on the multivariate approximation. The approximation is demonstrated for the minimum weight design of a composite cylindrical shell with grid stiffeners.
The Biological Weapons Convention: Securing Biology in the Twenty-first Century

The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is often considered to be a comparatively weak regime. It lacks several components regularly used to address other unconventional weapons (such as nuclear or chemical weapons). I argue that given the peculiarities of ensuring that biology is not used as a weapon, an alternative model might be better suited to strengthen international peace and security and to serve the needs of stakeholder communities. The first section of the paper identifies a set of ten characteristics desirable in any contemporary effort to tackle the potential hostile use of biology. The second section uses these characteristics to assess the utility of traditional arms control approaches. It then discusses how the BWC differs from existing models and characterizes current efforts under the BWC as an evolved networked model. Then I argue that a comparison with the identified desirable characteristics suggests, that in the case of biological weapons at least, an evolved networked model could offer additional benefits for international peace and security. The final section of the paper then examines, at a practical level, how the evolved networked model, as developed in the context of the BWC, meets specific needs of key stakeholder communities.
Pulmonary system limitations to endurance exercise performance in humans

Accumulating evidence over the past 25 years depicts the healthy pulmonary system as a limiting factor of whole-body endurance exercise performance. This brief overview emphasizes three respiratory system-related mechanisms which impair O(2) transport to the locomotor musculature [arterial O(2) content (C(aO(2))) × leg blood flow (Q(L))], i.e. the key determinant of an individual's aerobic capacity and ability to resist fatigue. First, the respiratory system often fails to prevent arterial desaturation substantially below resting values and thus compromises C(aO(2)). Especially susceptible to this threat to convective O(2) transport are well-trained endurance athletes characterized by high metabolic and ventilatory demands and, probably due to anatomical and morphological gender differences, active women. Second, fatiguing respiratory muscle work (W(resp)) associated with strenuous exercise elicits sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in limb-muscle vasculature, which compromises Q(L). This impact on limb O(2) transport is independent of fitness level and affects all individuals, but only during sustained, high-intensity endurance exercise performed above ∼85% maximal oxygen uptake. Third, excessive fluctuations in intrathoracic pressures accompanying W(resp) can limit cardiac output and therefore Q(L). Exposure to altitude exacerbates the respiratory system limitations observed at sea level, further reducing C(aO(2)) and substantially increasing exercise-induced W(resp). Taken together, the intact pulmonary system of healthy endurance athletes impairs locomotor muscle O(2) transport during strenuous exercise by failing to ensure optimal arterial oxygenation and compromising Q(L). This respiratory system-related impact exacerbates the exercise-induced development of fatigue and compromises endurance performance.
A Dynamic Level-k Model in Sequential Games

Backward induction is a widely accepted principle for predicting behavior in sequential games. In the classic example of the “centipede game,” however, players frequently violate this principle. An alternative is a “dynamic level-k” model, where players choose a rule from a rule hierarchy. The rule hierarchy is iteratively defined such that the level-k rule is a best response to the level-k-1 rule, and the level-∞ rule corresponds to backward induction. Players choose rules based on their best guesses of others' rules and use historical plays to improve their guesses. The model captures two systematic violations of backward induction in centipede games, limited induction and repetition unraveling. Because the dynamic level-k model always converges to backward induction over repetition, the former can be considered to be a tracing procedure for the latter. We also examine the generalizability of the dynamic level-k model by applying it to explain systematic violations of backward induction in sequential bargaining games. We show that the same model is capable of capturing these violations in two separate bargaining experiments. This paper was accepted by Peter Wakker, decision analysis.
Ligand-, Copper-, and Amine-Free Sonogashira Reaction of Aryl Iodides and Bromides with Terminal Alkynes

Conditions for an efficient ligand-, copper-, and amine-free palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction of aryl iodides and bromides with terminal alkynes have been developed. Critical to the success of this new protocol is the use of tetrabutylammonium acetate as the base. Noteworthy features of this method are room-temperature conditions and the tolerance of a broad range of functional groups in both reaction partners.
Rhodium-catalyzed addition of alcohols to terminal enones

Abstract [Rh(COD)(OMe)] 2 was found to catalyze the addition of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols with terminal enones to afford β-alkoxyketones in high yields.