cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using district-level occurrences in MaxEnt for predicting the invasion potential of an exotic insect pest in India

Abstract Insect pests are a major threat to agricultural biosecurity across the world, causing substantial economic losses. Majority of the species distribution modeling studies use precise coordinates (latitude/longitude) of species occurrences in MaxEnt (or maximum entropy model). However, lack of precise coordinates of insect pest occurrences at national/regional level is a common problem for many countries including India. This is because of the limited resources, lack of nationally coordinated surveys, and growers/farmers’ privacy issues; district-level occurrences are commonly available (e.g., National Agricultural Pest Information System or NAPIS in the United States; http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/ ). We demonstrated the use of MaxEnt to generate a preliminary, district-level map of the potential risk of invasion by an exotic cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in India. District-level occurrence data were integrated with bioclimatic variables (values averaged within districts) using MaxEnt. The MaxEnt model performed better than random with an average test AUC value of 0.86 (±0.05). Our model predictions matched closely with the documented occurrence of P. solenopsis in all nine cotton growing states, and also predicted suitable habitats in other districts across India. The greatest threat of P. solenopsis infestations were predicted in most districts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, southwestern Punjab, northwestern Rajasthan, and western Haryana. Precipitation of coldest quarter, temperature annual range, and precipitation seasonality were the strongest predictors associated with P. solenopsis distribution. Precipitation of coldest quarter was negatively correlated with P. solenopsis occurrence. Mapping the potential distribution of invasive species is an iterative process, and our study is the first attempt to model national-level risk assessment of P. solenopsis in India. Our results can be used for selecting monitoring and surveillance sites and designing local, regional and national-level integrated pest management policies for cotton and other cultivated crops in India. The maps of potential pest distributions are urgently needed by agriculture managers and policymakers. Our approach can be used in other countries that lack precise coordinates of insect pest occurrences and generate a preliminary map of potential risk because it may be too late to wait for the precise coordinates of pest occurrences to generate a perfect map.
Seismic damage and fragility analysis of structures with tuned mass dampers based on plastic energy

The effectiveness of using a tuned mass damper (TMD) to improve a structure's ability to dissipate earthquake input energy is investigated through the use of seismic fragility curves. The nonlinear material behaviour of the structure is captured using the force analogy method, the backbone for analytically quantifying plastic energy dissipation in the structure. Numerical analysis was performed to study the global response and local energy dissipation of a six-storey moment-resisting steel frame with and without a TMD installed for 100 simulated non-stationary Gaussian earthquake ground motions. The effectiveness of the TMD, based on reduction of seismic responses and enhancement of the seismic fragility, is considered at structural performance levels for immediate occupancy and life safety as identified in FEMA 440. An ‘equivalent monotonic plastic strain’ approach—a local measure of structural damage—is used to correlate the seismic fragilities at different global performance levels based on storey drift. Results illustrate that a TMD can enhance the structure's ability to dissipate energy at low levels of earthquake shaking, while less effective during moderate to strong earthquakes, which can cause a significant period shift associated with major structural damage. This ‘de-tuning’ effect suggests that an extremely sizable TMD is not effective in reducing damage of a structure. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Nanonetworks in the Terahertz Band

Nanotechnology is providing a new set of tools to the engineering community to design nanoscale components withunprecedented functionalities. The integration of several nano-components into a single entity will enable thedevelopment of advanced nanomachines. Nanonetworks, i.e., networks of nanomachines, will enable a plethora ofapplications in the biomedical, environmental, industrial and military fields. To date, it is still not clear hownanomachines will communicate. The miniaturization of a classical antenna to meet the size requirements ofnanomachines would impose the use of very high radiation frequencies, which would compromise the feasibility ofelectromagnetic nanonetworks. Therefore, a new wireless technology is needed to enable this paradigm. The objectiveof this work is to establish the foundations of graphene–enabled electromagnetic communication in nanonetworks.First, novel graphene-based plasmonic nano-antennas are proposed, modeled and analyzed. The obtained results pointto the Terahertz Band (0.1–10 THz) as the frequency range of operation of novel nano–antennas. For this, the secondcontribution in this work is the development of a novel channel model for Terahertz Band communication. In addition,the channel capacity of the Terahertz Band is numerically investigated to highlight the potential of thisstill–unregulated frequency band. Third, new communication mechanisms for electromagnetic nanonetworks are developed.These include a novel modulation based on the transmission of femtosecond-long pulses, new low-weight codes for channelerror prevention in nanonetworks, a novel symbol detection scheme at the nano–receiver, a new energy model forself–powered nanomachines with piezoelectric nano–generators, and a new Medium Access Control protocol tailored tothe Terahertz Band. Finally, a one–to–one nano-link is emulated to validate the proposed solutions.
Relative involvement of spinal opioid receptors in physical dependence on intrathecal butorphanol and morphine.

Abstract The present study was carried out to investigate the relative involvement of spinal opioid receptors in the development of physical dependence on intrathecal (IT) butorphanol in comparison with IT morphine. Dependence was induced by continuous IT infusion of butorphanol (52 nmol/h) and morphine (26 nmol/h) for 4 days in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Naloxone, CTOP, naltrindole, and nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) were administered IT to precipitate behavioral signs of withdrawal. Administration of IT naloxone produced a significantly greater increase in the profile of withdrawal signs in IT morphine dependence than that in IT butorphanol dependence. An IT nor-BNI challenge elicits behavioral signs of withdrawal only in rats dependent on IT butorphanol, but not in rats dependent on IT morphine. CTOP administered IT precipitated withdrawal signs in IT morphine dependence that were greater than that in IT butorphanol dependence. An IT treatment with naltrindole produced equivalent signs of withdrawal in both IT butorphanol- and morphine-dependent rats. These results suggest that continuous IT butorphanol results in the development of less physical dependence than that of IT morphine. Spinal κ- rather than δ- and μ-opioid receptors play a major role in the development of IT butorphanol dependence, whereas spinal μ-opioid receptors play a more important role than δ-opioid receptors in IT morphine dependence.
Hydropathic interaction analyses of small organic activators binding to antithrombin.

Abstract Recently we designed the first small organic ligands, sulfated flavanoids and flavonoids, that act as activators of antithrombin for accelerated inhibition of factor Xa, a key proteinase of the coagulation cascade [Gunnarsson and Desai, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2003) 13:579]. To better understand the binding properties of these activators at a molecular level, we have utilized computerized hydropathic interaction (HINT) analyses of the sulfated molecules interacting in two plausible electropositive regions, the pentasaccharide- and extended heparin-binding sites, of antithrombin in its native and activated forms. HINT analyses indicate favorable multi-point interactions of the activators in both binding sites of the two forms of antithrombin. Yet, HINT predicts better interaction of most activators, except for (−)-catechin sulfate, with the activated form of antithrombin than with the native form supporting the observation in solution that these molecules function as activators of the inhibitor. Further, whereas (+)-catechin sulfate recognized the activated form of antithrombin better in both the pentasaccharide- and extended heparin- binding sites, the native form was better recognized by (−)-catechin sulfate, thus explaining its weaker binding and activation potential in solution. A reasonable linear correlation between the overall HINT score and the solution free energy of binding of the sulfated activators was evident. This investigation indicates that HINT is a useful tool in understanding interactions of antithrombin with small sulfated organic ligands at a molecular level, has some good predictive properties, and is likely to be useful for rational design purposes.
Preclinical profile of the pyrimidinylpiperazinyl imide compound WY-47,846: a potential anxiolytic

A preclinical anxiolytic profile of the pyrimidinylpiperazinyl imide compound Wy-47,846, is presented. In an effort to achieve an orally active, nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent, the compound Wy-47,846 was synthesized and examined in various preclinical neurochemical, psychopharmacological and neurophysiological tests. Wy-47,846 displayed high affinity at the 5-HT-1A receptor binding site (Ki = 16.7 nM) and had weak-to-modest affinities for D-2 and 5-HT-2 receptors. Wy-47,846 also was effective in binding to the 5-HT-1A site in ex vivo receptor binding studies, but did not alter D-2 binding under these conditions. Wy-47,846 was also weak to inactive at displacing adrenergic (alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta), cholinergic, histamine H-1, opiate, and benzodiazepine receptor radioligands from their respective binding sites. Wy-47,846 reduced 5-HT-2 receptor binding following subacute (3 week) treatment. In both shelf-jump and discrete trial conditioned avoidance tests, Wy-47,846 reduced avoidance responding while increasing escape responses. No sedative effects were noted at behaviorally active doses. Like other nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics, Wy-47,846 also did not release the suppression of punished responding in shock-suppressed drinking nor in Geller-Seifter conflict experiments. Wy-47,846 also potently inhibited serotonergic neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus, suggesting agonist activity at the 5-HT-1A receptor and increased noradrenergic neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus by an unknown mechanism. These findings support the characterization of Wy-47,846 as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent.
Measurement of wave coherence properties using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar

Abstract There has been considerable recent interest in assessing the feasibility of constructing very large offshore structures with linear dimensions of over a kilometer. The climatology of very long ocean surface wave fields which might resonate with such structures fall outside the experience of conventional maritime design. Of particular importance are properties of wave coherence, i.e. wave groupiness and wave crest length. Spaceborne synthetic aperture radars produce high-resolution wave images over swaths 100 km wide or larger. In this paper, we review the theory of wave imaging by synthetic aperture radar, describe techniques to objectively measure the properties of wave groupiness and crest length, and apply these techniques to synthetic aperture radar images in the vicinity of hurricanes. We show that wave groupiness and wave long-crestedness are more prevalent than one might expect purely on the basis of the associated ocean wave spectrum.
Sedimentation velocity properties of catenated DNA molecules from HeLa cell mitochondria.

Catenated molecules of closed circular DNA have been isolated from the mitochondrial DNA of HeLs cells. The sedimentation coefficients of several purified species have been investigated. The catenated dimer, made up of two interlocked duplex circles, sediments at 51 S in its superhelical (closed) form. Treatment with pancreatic DNase to relax the duplex circles converts the 51 S doubly closed dimer to a 42 S singly open species, then to a 36 S doubly open catenated dimer. The triply closed trimer sediments at 63 S and is converted to a 45 S triply open form by DNase. Electron microscopy of the DNA samples before and after DNase treatment shows that under the conditions used DNase does not change the catenated nature of the DNA. The measured sedimentation coefficients, have been compared with those estimated from previously proposed correlations of sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight, and with the sedimentation coefficients for catenated DNA presented by Wang. When all the interlocked circles in a catenane are relaxed, the DNA sediments about 5–10% faster than a relaxed multiple-length circular molecule of the same molecular weight. The sedimentation coefficient, 36 S, of the fully relaxed catenated dimer is 1.4 times that of the relaxed monomer.
Successful treatment of gemcitabine toxicity with a brief course of oral corticosteroid therapy

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog that is useful in the treatment of solid tumors. Its use has been postulated to produce lung injury by causing a capillary leak syndrome. We describe a gemcitabine-treated female patient who developed severe dyspnea, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, and hypoxia, with evidence of interstitial disease on pulmonary function tests. Following the administration of oral corticosteroids, she had complete resolution of all signs and symptoms of gemcitabine toxicity. Physicians should be aware of this treatable complication of gemcitabine therapy.
Neuromorphic Biophotonic Sensor Based on Near Infrared Optical Reflectometry

A biophotonic image sensor has been demonstrated by depositing a thin Au (gold) film on the single optical fiber by sputtering process to incorporate a self-contained reference plane, as well as to be sustainable for different contact interfacial medium. This side-viewing optical probe has been polished for 43°-49° angle in order to unilaterally reflect the beam to be focused with a micro dome-shape lens simply formed by high-energy melting process at the distal end of the standard single-mode fiber. The all fiber interferometric optics using a low (partial) coherence double-sided autocorrelator performing as a high-precision optical reflectometer at 1300 nm range noninvasively conducted a direct profiling of the depth information inside a biological tissue and for diagnosing brain tumors, as well as imaging subsurface depth profile for other turbid organic/inorganic samples. The optical probing imager, which normally operates in low power of 3 mW-7 mW has ~35 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a ~15 μm axial resolution (3-dB width of the reflected peak curve).
Leaf Herbivores Decrease Fitness of a Tropical Plant

Damage by insect herbivores to neighboring individuals of the shrub Piper arieianum in a neotropical wet forest varies greatly. This differential damage has a genetic basis and results in a 2-year decrease in growth, seed production, and seed viability, with larger plants recovering before smaller plants. The results provide evidence that leaf herbivores represent a potentially strong selective force for the evolution of plant defenses.
Polyethylene Coating Damage on an Underwater Pipeline in the Southern North Sea

Following a recent inspection, approximately 60 km of a 138 km methanol pipeline was found to be under-protected due to the premature consumption of the original zinc bracelet sacrificial anodes. The cathodic protection system had been designed to last 40 years accommodating uniform coating holidays of up to 3% of the total surface area. However, substantial coating damage (in excess of the design allowance) in localised areas has resulted in accelerated depletion of the system in less than 12 years. A retrofit, sled anode, cathodic protection system was designed to furnish the current required to protect the pipeline for the next 30 years. This system is composed of a 330 kg, Al-Zn-In alloy, stand-off anode mounted upon a low profile sled. The design can provide a 3 amp current for 30 years, which will protect approximately 200 metres of uncoated pipeline at a current density of 50 mA/m/sup 2/. During the autumn of 1983, 50 of these sled anodes were installed on the main methanol line. The result was a 200 mV cathodic potential shift within 24 hours.
Software for biomedical engineering signal processing laboratory experiments

In the early 1990's we developed a special computer program called UW DigiScope to provide a mechanism for anyone interested in biomedical digital signal processing to study the field without requiring any other instrument except a personal computer. There are many digital filtering and pattern recognition algorithms used in processing biomedical signals. In general, students have very limited opportunity to have hands-on access to the mechanisms of digital signal processing. In a typical course, the filters are designed non-interactively, which does not provide the student with significant understanding of the design constraints of such filters nor their actual performance characteristics. UW DigiScope 3.0 is the first major update since version 2.0 was released in 1994. This paper provides details on how the new version based on MATLAB! works with signals, including the filter design tool that is the programming interface between UW DigiScope and processing algorithms.
Antinociceptive effect of nifedipine and verapamil tested on rats chronically exposed to nicotine and after its withdrawal

Abstract Antinociceptive effect of nifedipine (15 mg/kg i.p.) and verapamil (10 mg/kg s.c.) was examined in rats chronically exposed to nicotine (6 mg/kg/day via Alzet osmotic pump for 28 days) and after nicotine withdrawal. Sham operated rats served as control for testing DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide, a solvent for nifedipine), nifedipine and verapamil alone. Nociception was measured by the tail-flick technique. Nifedipine, but not verapamil, injected to control rats produced a ceiling tail-flick latency (20 sec) 30 min after the injection, lasting for 10 min. In rats exposed to chronic nicotine for 3 days, nifedipine treatment exhibited ceiling tail-flick latency within 10 min lasting for 80 min. Tested in rats exposed to nicotine for 3 weeks, nifedipine treatment produced this effect 25 min after the injection lasting for 60 min. Nicotine withdrawal abolished this effect. Verapamil did not exhibit any significant changes in tail-flick latencies. These data support our hypothesis that smoking patients treated with nifedipine could be at a potential risk in developing a high pain threshold and missing the first sign of heart attack -a chest pain.
Radiation damage effects on detectors from the IR to x rays

Here is presented a review of radiation damage studies of detectors used primarily in astronomy focused space missions. Covered are effects on devices used for the wavelengths from the IR all the way through to X rays.
Moral reasoning and engineering

Quite recently schools of engineering, like other professional schools, have been attempting to introduce an ethical dimension into their curricular offerings. The reasons for this are various, but they are not the specific concern of this paper. The primary purpose of this paper is to suggest some ways in which philosophy, with the aid of developmental psychology, might contribute to the teaching of engineering ethics to engineering students.
Ultrasonic Sensitivity: A Tympanal Receptor in the Green Lace Wing Chrysopa carnea

Chrysopa carnea can perceive ultrasonic frequencies up to at least 100 kilohertz modulated at pulse repetition rates as rapid as 150 per second. The receptor sites are a bilateral pair of small swellings in a vein of the fore wings.
On Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces of Polynomials

Certain Hilbert spaces of polynomials, called Szego spaces [11], are studied. A transformation, called Hilbert traneformation, is constructed for every polynomial associatted with a Szego space. An orthogonal set is found in a Szego space which determines the norm of the space. A matrix factorization theory is obtained for defining polynomials. Measures associated with a Szego space are parametrized by functions which ue analytic and bounded by one in the unit disk. A fundmental factorization theorem relates Szego spaces to weighted Hardy spaces.
New York City's war on fat.

The author reviews New York City's efforts to combat obesity by banning the use of trans fat in restaurants and requiring chain restaurants to post calorie information on menu boards. She discusses the restaurant industry's ongoing legal challenges to these new policies.
KATRINA, BLACK WOMEN, AND THE DEADLY DISCOURSE ON BLACK POVERTY IN AMERICA

This article explores the suffering and resilience of Black women who were impacted by Hurricane Katrina in August of 2005. It also explores the ways in which the pre-existing national discourse on poverty, race, and gender set the stage for victim blaming and the neglect of poor Black women and children after the storm. African American women in the Gulf Coast region are some of the poorest in the nation. Women in general are more vulnerable in times of natural disaster because they are the primary caretakers of the young and the old. These factors and others meant that poor Black women were among those most severely impacted by Hurricane Katrina. They also had minimal resources to cope with the disaster and its aftermath. However, instead of sympathy and support, some conservative pundits have sought to link the suffering caused by Katrina to the lack of patriarchal Black family structures, which they argue could have helped individuals survive in the crisis. Contrary to these stereotypes, many Black women have not only been resilient and self-reliant, but creative and heroic in the face of crisis. It is their stories that offer hope for the future of New Orleans and our nation.
Abbott out as National Science Foundation's Assistant Director for Geosciences

Mark Abbott will not head the U.S. National Science Foundation's Geosciences Directorate, the agency stated on 2 August. This reverses a 10 July announcement by NSF that Abbott, dean of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University (OSU), would assume the NSF assistant director position in October (Eos, 17 July 2007, p. 294). A mid-July review by the NSF Office of General Council raised concerns that conflict of interest rules would limit Abbott's ability to manage significant parts of the Geosciences Directorate. Because Abbott would have remained affiliated with OSU and with a number of programs, he would have needed to recuse himself from involvement in 4 out of 9 major funding areas related to the geosciences portfolio, according to Jeff Nesbit, director of the NSF Office of Legislative and Public Affairs.
Thermal recombination: Beyond the valence quark approximation

Quark counting rules derived from recombination models agree well with data on hadron production at intermediate transverse momenta in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. They convey a simple picture of hadrons consisting only of valence quarks. We discuss the inclusion of higher Fock states that add sea quarks and gluons to the hadron structure. We show that, when recombination occurs from a thermal medium, hadron spectra remain unaffected by the inclusion of higher Fock states. However, the quark number scaling for elliptic flow is somewhat affected. We discuss the implications for our understanding of data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
Place-Based Ocean Management: Emerging U.S. Law and Practice

Abstract Marine protected areas and marine reserves are being established in United States ocean waters under several federal and state laws. Relevant laws include the National Marine Sanctuaries Act, the Magnuson–Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management, the National Monument Act, the federal Submerged Lands Act, and the California Marine Life Protection Act. This article evaluates U.S. place-based ocean management from the perspectives of relevant international law principles and programs and foreign nation experiences relevant to the U.S. It then focuses on the challenges presented in managing multiple uses of U.S. ocean waters in the face of federal and state jurisdictional complexity. Integrating place-based management with fisheries management is given special attention.
N-process-level regulation of nitrogen trace gas flux in Hawaiian montane rainforest

Abstract Nutrient amendments and inhibition experiments were used to evaluate factors controlling the production of N trace gases in soils. Sampling was conducted at five sites which form a 200−4.5 × 106 y chronosequence in Hawaiian montane rainforest. The pattern of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from soils in the laboratory was similar to that observed in the field, with emissions of NO + N2O increasing with soil age. Autoclaving of soils indicated that there was little or no abiological production of N2O. The response of N2O and NO flux to sieving and acetylene addition is consistent with N trace gas production being primarily denitrification-based in all but the oldest site, where nitrification-based production is significant. All the soils had increased emissions of N2O in response to additions of N. Soils from the 185,000-y-old Kohala site, however, had the lowest proportional N2O response, did not have elevated NO emissions in response to addition of N, and had a small, but significant NO response to addition of carbon. This intermediate-age site represents a transition stage in soil development in which N trace gas production is the least limited by N-availability.
Tumor, Lymph Node, and Lymph Node-to-Tumor Displacements Over a Radiotherapy Series: Analysis of Interfraction and Intrafraction Variations Using Active Breathing Control (ABC) in Lung Cancer

Purpose To estimate errors in soft tissue–based image guidance due to relative changes between primary tumor (PT) and affected lymph node (LN) position and volume, and to compare the results with bony anatomy–based displacements of PTs and LNs during radiotherapy of lung cancer. Methods and Materials Weekly repeated breath-hold computed tomography scans were acquired in 17 lung cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. PTs and affected LNs were manually contoured on all scans after rigid registration. Interfraction and intrafraction displacements in the centers of mass of PTs and LNs relative to bone, as well as LNs relative to PTs (LN–PT), were calculated. Results The mean volume after 5 weeks was 65% for PTs and 63% for LNs. Systematic and random interfraction displacements were 2.6 to 4.6 mm and 2.7 to 2.9 mm, respectively, for PTs; 2.4 to 3.8 mm and 1.4 to 2.7 mm, respectively, for LNs; and 2.3 to 3.9 mm and 1.9 to 2.8 mm, respectively, for LN–PT. Systematic and random intrafraction displacements were less than 1 mm except in the superoinferior direction. Interfraction LN–PT displacements greater than 3 mm were observed in 67% of fractions and require a safety margin of 12 mm in the lateral direction, 11 mm in the anteroposterior direction, and 9 mm in the superoinferior direction. LN–PT displacements displayed significant time trends ( p Conclusion Interfraction LN–PT displacements were mostly systematic and comparable to bony anatomy–based displacements of PTs or LNs alone. Time trends, large volume changes, and the influence of pathoanatomic conditions underline the importance of soft tissue–based image guidance and the potential of plan adaptation.
A New Method of Troubleshooting Semi-Automatic Checkout Equipment

A new method of developing and presenting troubleshooting information for semi-automatic checkout equipment has been developed for the Mark 6 Re-entry Vehicle program based upon the signal-flow method of analysis. This analysis enables the technician to logically eliminate all sources of malfunction which might produce a given erroneous output. It has been proven to be effective in reducing system down-time and in assisting in training of technicians. This method may be useful for other fixed-sequence checkout operations.
An empirical test of association between production and financial performance: the case of the commercial banking industry

Banks choose the asset and liability mix of their portfolio in order to achieve maximum efficiency and optimal financial position. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between a bank's financial performance, measured by accounting-based ratios, and production performance proxied by efficiency indexes. While the existing literature examines financial ratios and efficiency issues in isolation, it is shown that a significant association between financial and production performances does exist for large commercial banks and that this association is time-sensitive. This finding suggests that efficiency indexes should be considered as a supplement to financial ratios in on-site examination in order to monitor the performance of banking firms more effectively.
Can Jurors Recognize Missing Control Groups, Confounds, and Experimenter Bias in Psychological Science?

This study examined the ability of jury-eligible community members (N = 248) to detect internal validity threats in psychological science presented during a trial. Participants read a case summary in which an expert testified about a study that varied in internal validity (valid, missing control group, confound, and experimenter bias) and ecological validity (high, low). Ratings of expert evidence quality and expert credibility were higher for the valid versus missing control group versions only. Internal validity did not influence verdict or ratings of plaintiff credibility and no differences emerged as a function of ecological validity. Expert evidence quality, expert credibility, and plaintiff credibility were positively correlated with verdict. Implications for the scientific reasoning literature and for trials containing psychological science are discussed.
Identification of dedifferentiation and redevelopment phases during postpneumonectomy lung growth

Surgical resection of pulmonary tissue exerts a proregenerative stretch stimulus in the remaining lung units. Whether this regeneration process reenacts part or whole of lung morphogenesis developmental program remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed the stretch-induced regenerating lung transcriptome in mice after left pneumonectomy (PNX) in its developmental context. We created a C57BL/6 mice lung regeneration transcriptome time course at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days post-PNX, profiling the cardiac and medial lobes and whole right lung. Prominent expression at days 3 and 7 of genes related to cell proliferation (Ccnb1, Bub1, and Cdk1), extracellular matrix (Col1a1, Eln, and Tnc), and proteases (Serpinb2 and Mmp9) indicated regenerative processes that tapered off after 56 days. We projected the post-PNX transcriptomic time course into the transcriptomic principal component space of the C57BL/6 mouse developing lungs time series from embryonic day 9.5 to postnatal day 56. All post-PNX samples were localized around the late postnatal stage of developing lungs. Shortly after PNX, the temporal trajectory of regenerating lobes and right lung reversed course relative to the developing lungs in a process reminiscent of dedifferentiation. This reversal was limited to the later postnatal stage of lung development. The post-PNX temporal trajectory then moves forward in lung development time close to its pre-PNX state after days 28 to 56 in a process resembling redevelopment. A plausible interpretation is that remaining pulmonary tissue reverts to a more primitive stage of development with higher potential for growth to generate tissue in proportion to the loss.
Branes at angles and black holes

We construct the most general supersymmetric configuration of $D2$-branes and $D6$-branes on a 6-torus. It contains arbitrary numbers of branes at relative $U(3)$ angles. The corresponding supergravity solutions are constructed and expressed in a remarkably simple form, using the complex geometry of the compact space. The spacetime supersymmetry of the configuration is verified explicitly, by solution of the Killing spinor equations, and the equations of motion are verified too. Our configurations can be interpreted as a 16-parameter family of regular extremal black holes in four dimensions. Their entropy is interpreted microscopically by counting the degeneracy of bound states of $D$-branes. Our result agrees in detail with the prediction for the degeneracy of BPS states in terms of the quartic invariant of the E(7,7) duality group.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : XVI. EFFECTS OF HYPOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS UPON RESPIRATION.

1. In highly hypertonic solutions of sea water the rate of respiration of Laminaria agardhii is rapidly reduced. 2. In highly hypotonic solutions the rate of respiration of Laminaria agardhii is reduced somewhat less rapidly than in the case of hypertonic solutions. 3. Hypertonic solutions of NaCl, CaCl(2), and of mixtures of NaCl, and CaCl(2) in the proportion of 50:1, all caused a decrease in the rate of respiration of wheat seedlings.
Interpreting ECG data by integrating statistical and artificial intelligence tools

The use of an automated system integrating data conditioning, statistical methods, and artificial intelligence tools to summarize and interpret high-frequency physiological data such as the electrocardiogram is investigated. The development of a methodology and its associated tools for real-time patient monitoring and diagnosis is accomplished by using the commercial programming environments MATLAB and G2, a real-time knowledge-based system (KBS) development shell. Data interpretation and classification is performed by integrating statistical classification methods and knowledge-based techniques with a graphical user interface that provides quick access to the analysis results as well as the original data. A KBS was developed that incorporates various statistical methods with a rule-based decision system to detect abnormal situations, provide preliminary interpretation and diagnosis, and to report these findings to the healthcare provider.
Interactions of Estrogen-Receptor and Antiestrogen Receptor Complexes with Nuclei in Vitro*

Interactions of the estrogen-receptor complex (ER) with nuclei in vitro were shown to be dose, time, temperature, and tissue dependent. Specificity was demonstrated by the ability of ER charged with unlabeled 17β-estradiol to compete with [3H]ER for the nuclear acceptor sites. The ionic environment affected [3H]ER nuclear interactions; [3H]ER binding varied inversely with ionic strength, and apparent nuclear saturation was observed in the presence of 0.1 m KC1. Nuclear interactions of estrogen receptor charged with 17β- estradiol (ER) or monohydroxytamoxifen (AER) were compared. While both ER and AER (nonradiolabeled) were efficient competitors for [3H]ER nuclear binding, differences were observed when 3H-labeled ligands were used for saturation analysis of the nuclear acceptor sites. Scatchard analysis of the data revealed similar apparent Kd Values for [3H]ER and [3H]AER binding to the nuclear sites (mean ± SD, 1.2 ± 0.5 × 1O−9 and 2.6 ± 0.2 × 10−9 M, respectively). However, the relative number of nucle...
All-trans-retinoic acid inhibits growth of human pancreatic cancer cell lines

Retinoids are a class of molecules structurally related to vitamin A that have potent antiproliferative and differentiating effects on a variety of normal and neoplastic tissues. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has become a first-line chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of certain leukemias; however, the effect of ATRA on pancreatic tumors is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ATRA on the growth characteristics of both exocrine and endocrine human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The in vitro growth of four cell lines was examined after treatment with a wide dose range of ATRA. The growth of all tumor cell lines was inhibited by ATRA in a dose-dependent fashion beginning at 0.1 microgram M. The in vivo growth of functioning human pancreatic carcinoid (BON) xenografts in Balb/c athymic mice was determined by treatment with several doses of ATRA over 1 month. The growth of BON tumors was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that ATRA exerts direct antiproliferative effects on both exocrine and endocrine human pancreatic cancers and may be useful in the chemotherapy of these tumors.
Grass roots of soil carbon sequestration

Should the Earth’s land surface be protected from the natural forces of erosion caused by wind and water? Obviously, without question, yet the Earth’s 13 billion ha of land are at serious risk of b...
A New Tax on Gasoline: Estimating Its Effect on Consumption

Based on extrapolation of a recent estimate of the elasticity of demand for gasoline, it is concluded that a tax of 5 cents per gallon per year over the period 1979 to 1988 can be expected to produce significant reductions in gasoline consumption, contrary to widely expressed opinions.
Improving the iron oxide sink method for extracting soil phosphorus

Iron oxide coated filter paper can estimate labile P in soil by acting as a P sink. Variations in procedures and contamination from soil adhering to the sinks limit effective data interpretation, however. We evaluated two papers with pores <5.0 μm and one with pores 20 to 25 μm. Iron oxide coatings were formed by exposing FeCl 3 -treated papers to NH 3 vapor or 2.7 M NH 4 OH. Coated papers were either fixed in a screen assembly or allowed to move freely during shaking. The screen assembly eliminated abrasion loss of the FeO coating. Paper circles (5.5 cm) proved satisfactory and eliminated the need to cut 2 by 10 cm strips from coated papers. Fixed, small-pore circles had less soil contamination (0.8-1.9 mg) than fixed, large-pore circles (4.7-8.1 mg), a condition confirmed by x-ray diffraction. Similarly, free, small-pore circles retained less soil contamination (3.5-9.0 mg) than free, large-pore circles (16.1-21.7 mg). Two sources of acid-extractable P inflated the labile P pool. First, acid-extractable P from soil adhering to papers increased sink-extractable P by 7.5 to 24.1 mg P kg -1 an error of 28 to 65%. Also, paper prepared in NH 3 vapor acidified the extracting solution with Kahola (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Hapludoll) and Haynie (coarse-silty, mixed [calcareous], mesic Typic Udifluvent) soils and increased their extractable P an average of 13 mg P kg -1 , or 56%. To eliminate some analytical problems associated with the FeO-sink extraction of soil P, we recommend preparing small-pore circles (<5 μm) in NH 4 OH solution and securing them during shaking.
Superior vena cava obstruction due to prostate carcinoma

Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) is considered an oncologic emergency commonly associated with lung carcinoma. The case presented here is that of a 48-year-old man presenting with SVCO, which was diagnosed as metastatic prostate carcinoma localized to the chest. He was treated with goserelin and aggressive radiotherapy with a drop in his prostate-specific antigen levels and symptomatic relief that lasted approximately 12 months. SVCO recurred locally in the chest and the patient died 24 months after diagnosis. This represents a rare presentation of prostate carcinoma and underlines the necessity for tissue diagnosis before local radiotherapy.
Lubrication of saliva substitutes at enamel-to-enamel contacts in an artificial mouth

Abstract Mechanisms of salivary lubrication can be quantitatively measured by a reduction in the coefficient of friction. It is important that lubrication be assessed under the conditions of the oral cavity to properly assess lubrication regimes. The relative lubricity of three artificial salivas and two controls were assessed at a bovine enamel interface in an artificial mouth with a range of conditions that approximate oral function. Statistical analysis indicated that the enamel lubricity of sodium dodecylsul-fate (SDS) and Oracare-D saliva substitutes were different from the other saliva substitutes and water. The low friction with Oracare-D and SDS saliva substitutes was because of resident amphipaths adsorbed at the enamel interface. Amphipaths adsorbed on enamel may provide a reduction in interocculsal friction and its resulting complications for patients with xerostomia.
Interactive, Richly Cued Shaded Display Of Multiple 3D Objects In Medical Images

The 3D comprehension of anatomic and computed objects in medical images, presented using shaded display, can be increased by attention to light sources, surface textures, and transparency. Increased 3D cues are provided by real-time interactive modification of viewpoint, object selection, transparency, and clipping planes. Methods for achieving these increases in comprehension will be presented. In particular, the following will be described, with applications from diagnostic CT and MRI and radiotherapy treatment planning: 1) A set of workstation-based tools, using heuristic and interactive approaches, for defining object contours, connecting them into objects, and tiling their surfaces. 2) A renderer that provides more rapid computation of many different presentations of the same view of a scene by keeping a large intermediate file of geometric information about a particular view. Choices of objects to be displayed, and for each object, its color, specularity, and transparency, can be deferred until, and changed after, all the geometric computations. 3) The usefulness of the Tektronix stereo polarizing plate and the kinetic depth effect for adding to the 3D comprehension of objects. 4) The custom-built graphics engine, Pixel-planes, and its use in providing, all in near real time, object selection, variation in object transparency levels, variation in viewpoint, and specification of clipping planes. Also described will be the ability of Pixel-planes to present oblique grey-scale image slices superimposed on the clipping planes as the clipping plane is interactively moved.
Effects of Chronic Immobilization Stress on Anxiety-like Behavior and Basolateral Amygdala Morphology in Fmr1 Knockout Mice

Abstract Several lines of clinical evidence support the idea that fragile X syndrome (FXS) may involve a dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function [ Wisbeck et al. (2000) J Dev Behav Pediatr 21:278–282; Hessl et al. (2002) Psychoneuroendocrinology 27:855–872]. We had tested this idea in a mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 KO) and found that the hormonal response to acute stress was similar to that of wild-type (WT) mice [ Qin and Smith (2008) Psychoneuroendocrinology 33:883–889]. We report here responses to chronic stress (CS) in Fmr1 KO mice. Following restraint for 120 min/d, 10 consecutive days, we assessed dendrite and spine morphology in basolateral amygdala (BLA). We also monitored behavior in an elevated plus maze (EPM) and the hormonal response to this novel spatial environment. After CS, mice of both genotypes underwent adrenal hypertrophy, but effects were greater in WT mice. Behavior in the EPM indicated that only WT mice had the expected increase in anxiety following CS. Serum corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were both increased following the spatial novelty of EPM, and there were no differences between genotypes in the hormonal responses. BLA dendritic branching increased proximal to the soma in WT, but in Fmr1 KO mice branching was unaffected close to the soma and slightly decreased at one point distal to the soma. Similarly, spine density on apical and basal dendrites increased in WT but decreased in Fmr1 KO mice. Spine length on apical and basal dendrites increased in WT but was unaffected in Fmr1 KO mice. These differences in behavioral response and effects on neuron morphology in BLA suggest a diminished adaptive response of Fmr1 KO mice.
The Anchor Location Service (ALS) protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks

Location-based routing (LBR) is one of the most widely used routing strategies in large-scale wireless sensor networks. With LBR, small, cheap and resource-constrained nodes can perform the routing function without the need of complex computations and large amounts of memory space. Further, nodes do not need to send energy consuming periodic advertisements because routing tables, in the traditional sense, are not needed. One important assumption made by most LBR protocols is the availability of a location service or mechanism to find other nodes' positions. Although several mechanisms exist, most of them rely on some sort of flooding procedure unsuitable for large-scale wireless sensor networks, especially with multiple and moving sinks and sources. In this paper, we introduce the Anchor Location Service (ALS) protocol, a grid-based protocol that provides sink location information in a scalable and efficient manner and therefore supports location-based routing in large-scale wireless sensor networks. The location service is evaluated mathematically and by simulations and also compared with a well-known grid-based routing protocol. Our results demonstrate that ALS not only provides an efficient and scalable location service but also reduces the message overhead and the state complexity in scenarios with multiple and moving sinks and sources, which are not usually included in the literature.
Dormancy Regulation in Peach Seeds

An inhibitor of seed germination was isolated from the integuments of Lovell peach seeds. Evidence from chromatographic analysis, from studies of its absorption of ultraviolet light and from assays on its effects on plant growth, indicate that the inhibitor is, if not identical with, dormin. Termination of rest in peach seeds is correlated with the disappearance of the inhibitor. The effects of the inhibitor are antagonistic to those of gibberellic acid on sections of wheat coleoptiles.
Stability of equilibrium points in the restricted full three-body problem

Abstract The stability of equilibrium points is investigated for a particle in orbit about a model that mimics a binary asteroid. First, the equations of motion of a particle in the gravitational field of a sphere–ellipsoid system are derived. As in the restricted three-body problem (R3BP), five equilibrium solutions are found. In the R3BP, the stability condition for the equilateral points is given by the Routh criterion. However, in this problem, since the non-spherical mass distribution of one of the primaries is taken into account, stability is a function of the mass ratio, the distance between the bodies and the size parameters of the ellipsoid. Analytic stability criteria for the equilibria are derived and presented for a range of these parameters. In general, although some exceptions exist, it is found that the presence of the ellipsoid body reduces the stability region from the R3BP.
Density functional for noncollinear magnetic systems

Neither local-spin-density nor generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) calculations of \ensuremath{\gamma}-Fe have produced the experimental wave vector of its spiral-spin-density-wave ground state. This we attribute to the fact that these approximations for exchange and correlation are oblivious to the noncollinear nature of the magnetization. We derive the form of an additional term in the density functional which eliminates this shortcoming of the local-spin-density approximation and the GGA.