cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disenfranchised Grief Revisited: Discounting Hope and Love:

Kenneth Doka’s two anthologies on disenfranchised grief (Doka, 1989, 2002) are filled with discussions of the effects of disenfranchisement and its scope. The present article furthers reflection on both topics. It first explores the nature of disenfranchisement as a denial of a mourner’s “right to grieve” and analyzes the empathic, political, and ethical failures involved in this denial. It then notes that the literature on the subject is dominated by treatments of the disenfranchisement of suffering. And it urges that the scope of disenfranchisement extends to efforts to overcome suffering, the constructive labors of hope and love at the heart of grieving response to bereavement.
Designing network components with modern numerical analysis tools

Electric utilities are facing a changing environment due to the continual increase of demand for electricity, coupled with the drive to renewable energy sources and distributed generation.
Wnt/Frizzled Activation of Rho Regulates Vertebrate Gastrulation and Requires a Novel Formin Homology Protein Daam1

Wnt signaling via the Frizzled (Fz) receptor controls cell polarity and movement during development, but the molecular nature of Wnt/Fz polarity signal transduction remains poorly defined. Here we report that in human cells and during Xenopus embryogenesis, Wnt/Fz signaling activates the small GTPase Rho, a key regulator of cytoskeleton architecture. Wnt/Fz activation of Rho requires the cytoplasmic protein Dishevelled (Dvl) and a novel Formin homology protein Daam1. Daam1 binds to both Dvl and Rho, and mediates Wnt-induced Dvl-Rho complex formation. Inhibition or depletion of Daam1 prevents Wnt/Fz activation of Rho and of Xenopus gastrulation, but not of β-catenin signaling. Our study illustrates a molecular pathway from Wnt/Fz signaling to Rho activation in cell polarity signal transduction.
Schedulability in model-based software development for distributed real-time systems

Schedulability of distributed real-time system has been studied extensively. However, due to the discrepancies the reference model used in scheduling analysis and the object-oriented model, the results cannot be easily used for distributed real-time object-oriented software development. Even if object-oriented models can be used to conduct schedulability analysis successfully, there still lacks an effective approach to validate the implementation with the design. Model-based approach alleviates the discrepancies between models of different stages and the implementation by automatically transforming models at different granularity until the code generation for the implementation from the generated design. In this paper, an approach to incorporating schedulability analysis reference diagrams into the existing framework for model-based software development will be presented. It will improve the predictability of a distributed real-time system as well as increase the capability of model refinements and code generation using the new reference diagrams and schedulability analysis results to generate code for implementing scheduling and synchronization aspects of the distributed real-time system.
Convection and radiation heat transfer analysis in three-dimensional arrays of electronic components

The combined effect of convection and radiation heat transfer is studied in an array of electronic chips mounted between two parallel plates. The chips are cooled by a radiatively nonparticipating gas flowing inside the passage. The three-dimensional convection part of the problem was solved using the 19-point finite analytic method and radiation analysis using the discrete ordinates method. Results showing the effects of convection alone and combined radiation and convection are presented. For the geometry and conditions studied, radiation heat transfer represents 33% of the total heat transfer. >
Explaining IJV survival in a transitional economy through social exchange and knowledge-based perspectives

In this study, we combine social exchange and knowledge-based perspectives to develop a general path model of IJV survival. We further refine our expectations by considering the transitional economic context of our study and the somewhat unique managerial values resulting from the legacy of Marxist ideology. Results from structural equation modeling suggest that an imbalance in the management control structure between the parents leads to parental conflict and an increased likelihood of IJV failure. An imbalance in the ownership control structure, however, had no influence on conflict or survival. In general, support from the foreign parent is positively related to IJV learning and IJV survival. However, higher levels of technical support provided by the foreign parent to the IJV reduced the level of parental conflict, whereas management support had no effect on conflict. Our results suggest some dilemmas for firms pursuing IJVs in transitional economies. Although the foreign parent often contributes critical resources to the IJV, providing it with bargaining power and a high level of influence, an imbalance in management control between the partners may ultimately be detrimental to IJV survival. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Bandgap Tuning in Long Wavelength InAs Quantum Dots-in-Well Laser Structure

We employed the postgrowth impurity-free vacancy diffusion technique to selectively tune the bandgap of the InAs/InGaAlAs dots-in-well laser structure grown on (100) InP substrate. A blueshift up to 170 nm with a significant decrease in the photoluminescence linewidth has been observed. Spatial control of the bandgap shifts has been achieved using SiO2 and SixNy layers as annealing caps. A differential wavelength shift of 76 nm has been observed after a rapid thermal annealing step at 750 °C for 30 s. In contrast to most reported results in other material systems using similar process, we observed a larger bandgap shift from the SixNy capped samples than from the SiO2 capped samples. Our theoretical calculation indicates that the unusual intermixing behavior in this material system is governed by different interdiffusion rates of group-III atoms.
The status of cancer rehabilitation in the late 1990s.

Aquarter of a century ago, in the early days of Nixon's War on Cancer, the National Cancer Institute provided seminal funding for several cancer rehabilitation programs scattered across the country. These efforts documented the wide array of rehabilitation needs of cancer patients, I the failure of medical personnel to recognize these needs,' and the feasibility of rehabilitation interventions for cancer pa­ tients.' By the early 1980s, a variety ofmodels for delivery of cancer rehabilitation services had been identified.' Even though the survival rate from cancer was significantly poorer then than today, rehabilitation services were viewed as an important component of cancer care. Early work in cancer rehabilitation often focused on the problems of acutely hospitalized patients who frequently underwent physically disabling surgical procedures. Cur­ rent perspectives on cancer rehabilitation see it as a field concerned with many broad areas of human function, in­ cluding physical, psychological, social, and vocational ac­ tivities. As suggested by Cullen,' the major goal of contem­ porary cancer rehabilitation is to help each patient achieve maximum function in all of these areas within the limita­ tions imposed by the disease or its treatment. Furthermore, Mellette" has suggested that "cancer rehabilitation is the process aimed at prevention of the physical and psycho­ social dysfunction which may result from the disease or its treatment." As part of this process, clinicians must antici­ pate sequelae and initiate preventive interventions. Since the early 1980s the treatment of cancer has in­ creased in complexity leading to new kinds of rehabilita­ tion problems. Surgical procedures are often less extensive than in preceding decades (eg, radical mastectomy vs modified radical mastectomy vs segmental mastectomy with radiation); however, to limit the extent of surgery, the patient receives adjunctive chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, which increases both the duration and toxic effects of treatment. Multimodal therapy, combining 2 or 3 treat­ ment approaches, is now standard for many curable can­ cers. The rehabilitation and recovery process is prolonged for these intensively treated patients compared with earlier times when surgery was the sole form of treatment. Pri­ mary treatment frequently extends from 6 months to a year, and the combined adverse effects of multi modal therapy can affect all areas of function (physical, psychosocial,
Discovering user attribute stylistic differences via paraphrasing

User attribute prediction from social media text has proven successful and useful for downstream tasks. In previous studies, differences in user trait language use have been limited primarily to the presence or absence of words that indicate topical preferences. In this study, we aim to find linguistic style distinctions across three different user attributes: gender, age and occupational class. By combining paraphrases with a simple yet effective method, we capture a wide set of stylistic differences that are exempt from topic bias. We show their predictive power in user profiling, conformity with human perception and psycholinguistic hypotheses, and potential use in generating natural language tailored to specific user traits.
Transforming Fields of Study in Landscape Ecology

In this chapter, the authors consider fields of study relevant to landscape ecology , organizational models, and changing parameters of landscape study.
A Counterexample to Variabilism

Recent literature contains influential arguments for variabilism, the view that we should understand proper names as analogues not of constants but of variables. In particular, proper names are said to sometimes take semantic values that are not referential but purely general. I present a counter-example to this view.
Girls Talk Back: Changing School Culture through Feminist and Service-Learning Pedagogies

This paper explores the intersection of feminism and service-learning by describing the creation of a women’s studies course for girls attending an alternative high school. In the course participants could critique sexist practices in the media and in the school, as well as establish cultural competence through engaging in service projects that they would lead. The researchers found that course content correlated with students’ identity development regarding sexual harassment awareness and prevention. Furthermore, participants’ increased their internal motivation (locus of control) in general and self-identification with feminism.
Abstract PR-5: A pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies of body mass index and pancreatic cancer risk

PR-5 Background Overweight and obesity have been hypothesized to promote pancreatic carcinogenesis by increasing insulin and IGF-1 levels. These factors may stimulate cell division, promote tumor development and increase local blood flow. Studies have reported inconsistent results between overweight and obesity and pancreatic cancer risk. Methods A pooled analysis of the primary data from 14 prospective cohort studies was conducted. The study sample consisted of 786,042 men and women among whom 2,135 pancreatic cases were identified. All studies measured height and weight at baseline; weight in early adulthood was measured in 11 studies. Study-specific multivariate relative risks (MV RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by Cox proportional hazards models, and then pooled by a random effects model. Results Compared to individuals with a BMI between 21-22.9 kg/m², a 16% (95% CI: 1-34%) and 47% (95% CI: 23-75%) higher pancreatic cancer risk was observed among overweight (BMI between 25-29.9 kg/m²) and obese (BMI≥30 kg/m²) individuals, respectively. Results were similar for men and women. A positive association was observed for BMI in early adulthood (pooled MV RR = 1.29, 95% CI= 1.07-1.55) comparing BMI≥25 kg/m² to a BMI between 21-22.9 kg/m². Pancreatic cancer risk was higher among individuals who were overweight in early adulthood (BMI≥25 kg/m²) and not obese at baseline (BMI Discussion and Conclusions Overall, positive associations were observed for overweight and obese individuals and pancreatic cancer risk. As pancreatic tumors are highly fatal, determining preventive factors offers a feasible approach to reducing this disease’s morbidity and mortality. These results are in line with The World Cancer Research Fund recommendation to maintain body weight within the normal range, as overweight and obesity are also linked to other cancers, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):PR-5.
Chemical Processing and Properties of Nanocrystalline BaTiO3

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) thin layers were prepared by sol-gel processing. Details are reported for the synthesis route from methoxyethoxide precursors. Partially hydrolyzed solutions were spin-cast onto metallized silicon substrates, and a multilayering technique was used to develop sub-micron structures. Information is reported on the thermal processing conditions used and the development of structure. Crystallization started at 600°C and was fully developed by 700°C. The room temperature structure was cubic, and the grain size was 25–50 nm. Details are reported for the dielectric properties. Ferroelectricity was not observed. Dielectric constant (200–300) increased with increasing grain size, and was stable with respect to temperature, field and frequency. The properties are attractive for potential integrated capacitor applications.
The Brain and the Gut

In order for events in the brain to lead to a breakdown in adaptation and gastrointestinal function, signals must reach the digestive tract by way of the vagus or sympathetic nerves, the release or failure to release of humoral substances from the brain into the systemic circulation or by a brain-induced effect on blood flow to the digestive tract. The effects on the gut may be entirely in terms of function — e.g. failure of the stomach to empty, or in terms of structural pathology — e.g. ulcerations. Delayed gastric emptying can produce the clinical syndrome of non-ulcer dyspepsia. Gastric mucosal ischemia in response to brain-initiated influences on the circulation can lead to acute gastric mucosal erosions and probably ulcerations. In experimental animal external factors acting on the brain can alter the migrating myoelectrical complexes in the upper digestive tract and modify intestinal transit times. Brain lesions can be followed by mucosal ulcerations where local resistance factors and/or excessive aggressive factors appear to be mediating the structural changcs. The role of newer neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in contributing to the breakdown in adaptation or in preventing it is an active research area.
Optimization of a Solar Thermal Power Plant Using an Automated Control System

The solar thermal power plant, which is located at the CLECO Alternative Energy Center on the University of Louisiana at Lafayette Energy Research Complex, is a research project that works toward optimizing solar thermal power generation. The project involves the investigation and implementation of new methods that will potentially improve the overall efficiency of the power plant. One improvement to the project was recently established by developing a Wonderware InTouch Platform that integrated programmable logic controllers and replaced the human-machine interfaces (HMIs) that were used to operate the power plant. The new application is an independent HMI that allows the operator to focus on one screen when generating electricity. The application forces the devices to communicate and operate based on QuickScripts. It provides the operator with real-time system efficiencies and the opportunity to make system adjustments to potentially optimize the generation of power. The development of this Wonderware InTouch application improved the automation, reliability, optimization and safety of the power plant and the implementation of this application is an essential step toward producing a fully automated solar thermal power plant.
“When Saying You Care Ain’t Really Caring”

In the wake of the not guilty verdict in the U.S. murder trial of Trayvon Martin, Juror B37, a White female, appeared on CNN’s Anderson 360 to describe her thought process during deliberation. Responding to the credibility of the testimony of Rachel Jeantel, an African American teenage female, Juror B37 stated, “I don’t think it was very credible … because of her education and her communication skills. She wasn’t a good witness.”
Sound attenuation in amorphous silica at frequencies near the boson peak

We use molecular dynamics phonon wave packet (WP) simulations to study acoustic propagation and attenuation in amorphous silica $(a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2})$ at frequencies near the boson peak (BP) position and compare them with the results of equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) simulations. The sound attenuation coefficients obtained from WP simulations are generally consistent with those from EMD predictions and have reasonable agreement with the existing experimental data. Near the BP position, we found the frequency-dependent sound attenuation coefficients for longitudinal and transverse modes both follow the Rayleigh-scattering fourth power law. Above the BP frequency, however, the propagating phonon is essentially attenuated in $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ within a few nanometers, and the accurate determination of the sound attenuation coefficients by the WP simulation becomes challenging. The modeling results provide a reference for future experimental investigations of sound attenuation in $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ thin film using narrow-band coherent phonons.
A Proof of Beal's Conjecture

It is proved in this paper t that the equation $z^\xi=x^\mu+y^\nu$ has no solution in relatively prime positive integers $x, y, z,$ with $\xi, \mu, \nu$ odd primes at least $3.$ This is equivalent to Fermat\rq{}s Last Theorem which is stated as follows: If $x.y, z$ are positive integers, and $\pi$ is an odd prime satisfying $z^\pi=x^\pi+y^\pi,$ then $x, y, z$ are not relatively prime.
Semipermanent GPS (SPGPS) as a volcano monitoring tool: Rationale, method, and applications

Abstract Semipermanent GPS (SPGPS) is an alternative to conventional campaign or survey-mode GPS (SGPS) and to continuous GPS (CGPS) that offers several advantages for monitoring ground deformation. Unlike CGPS installations, SPGPS stations can be deployed quickly in response to changing volcanic conditions or earthquake activity such as a swarm or aftershock sequence. SPGPS networks can be more focused or more extensive than CGPS installations, because SPGPS equipment can be moved from station to station quickly to increase the total number of stations observed in a given time period. SPGPS networks are less intrusive on the landscape than CGPS installations, which makes it easier to satisfy land-use restrictions in ecologically sensitive areas. SPGPS observations are preferred over SGPS measurements because they provide better precision with only a modest increase in the amount of time, equipment, and personnel required in the field. We describe three applications of the SPGPS method that demonstrate its utility and flexibility. At the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming, a 9-station SPGPS network serves to densify larger preexisting networks of CGPS and SGPS stations. At the Three Sisters volcanic center, Oregon, a 14-station SPGPS network complements an SGPS network and extends the geographic coverage provided by 3 CGPS stations permitted under wilderness land-use restrictions. In the Basin and Range province in northwest Nevada, a 6-station SPGPS network has been established in response to a prolonged earthquake swarm in an area with only sparse preexisting geodetic coverage. At Three Sisters, the estimated precision of station velocities based on annual ~ 3 month summertime SPGPS occupations from 2009 to 2015 is approximately half that for nearby CGPS stations. Conversely, SPGPS-derived station velocities are about twice as precise as those based on annual ~ 1 week SGPS measurements. After 5 years of SPGPS observations at Three Sisters, the precision of velocity determinations is estimated to be 0.5 mm/yr in longitude, 0.6 mm/yr in latitude, and 0.8 mm/yr in height. We conclude that an optimal approach to monitoring volcano deformation includes complementary CGPS and SPGPS networks, periodic InSAR observations, and measurements from in situ borehole sensors such as tiltmeters or strainmeters. This comprehensive approach provides the spatial and temporal detail necessary to adequately characterize a complex and evolving deformation pattern. Such information is essential to multi-parameter models of magmatic or tectonic processes that can help to guide research efforts, and also to inform hazards assessments and land-use planning decisions.
GATA1 Is a Sensitive and Specific Nuclear Marker for Erythroid and Megakaryocytic Lineages.

Objectives GATA binding factor 1 (GATA1) is a transcription factor essential for erythromegakaryocytic differentiation. Given its function in lineage specification, we sought to evaluate the immunohistochemical profile of GATA1 in normal marrow and acute leukemia and assess the use of GATA1 as a specific erythromegakaryocytic immunohistochemical marker. Methods Immunohistochemical studies for GATA1 expression were performed on bone marrow biopsy specimens to define its role in the evaluation of acute leukemia and other hematologic disorders. Results In normal marrows, intense nuclear reactivity is seen in immature erythroid precursors and megakaryocytes. Weak to moderate nuclear positivity is seen in eosinophils and mast cells. In marrows involved by acute leukemia, blasts of pure erythroleukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia exhibit intense nuclear GATA1 positivity, while blasts of acute myeloid leukemia of other categories are negative. GATA1 is also absent in the blasts of acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and in the neoplastic cells of metastatic carcinoma and plasma cell neoplasms. Conclusions Intense GATA1 nuclear expression is a sensitive and specific marker for cells of erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages and is an excellent marker for neoplastic cells of pure erythroleukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease-related symptom recurrence in patients discontinuing proton pump inhibitors for Bravo wireless esophageal pH monitoring study

Abstract Background Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Those that do not achieve symptom relief, or non-responders, usually undergo esophageal pH monitoring off PPIs in order to confirm the presence of GERD. Aims To assess the efficacy of the reverse-PPI trial in evaluating the presence of GERD or its recurrence rates, as well as to identify a correlation between the symptom recurrence rates and GERD severity determined by 48-hour Bravo esophageal pH-monitor testing. Methods A final total of 205 patients that underwent the 48-hour Bravo esophageal pH-monitoring study were retrospectively included. Patients discontinued PPI usage for at least 7 days prior to testing, and completed symptom questionnaires during the 2-day test. The Bravo test was considered positive if the percentage of time with esophageal pH 4.4%. Results A total of 363 patients underwent 48-hour Bravo testing and of those patients, 205 were eligible for the study. Ninety-two patients reported symptoms as being «same/better» and 113 as being «worse» after stopping PPIs. Of the 92 patients with improved symptoms, 44 (48%) had documented acid reflux during the Bravo study, compared with 65 of 113 (58%) patients with worsening symptoms that also complained of acid reflux. Of the 109 patients found to have confirmed GERD upon pH monitoring, 65 (59.6%) reported a worsening of symptoms, compared with 48 of 96 (50.0%) patients without GERD (p = 0.043). Main symptoms stated to be worse included heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, nausea, and belching (p 7 days (p = 0.042) Conclusion Symptom exacerbation following PPI cessation for at least 7 days correlated with acid reflux severity assessed by Bravo testing. Patients off PPIs for 7 days had a higher likelihood of experiencing worsening symptoms, compared with those off PPIs for more than 7 days. These findings suggest that when PPIs are held for 7 days or less prior to Bravo testing, acute worsening of upper GI symptoms due to the abrupt discontinuation of therapy may influence the Bravo results. The etiology of this may be related to rebound acid hypersecretion and needs to be further elucidated in future studies.
In the Supreme Court of the United States...Counsel for Amici Curiae

The amici are eight economists – scholars and experts in competition, industrial organization, and the economic analysis of antitrust issues. Amici respectfully submit that sound antitrust economics supports judgment in favor of the Petitioners. The Second Circuit’s ruling sets new and flawed antitrust standards for analyses of two-sided markets, standards that are based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the economics of such markets. Unless corrected by this Court, the decision will result in anticompetitive distortions not only in the credit card industry, but also in the many extant and emerging industries that involve or are alleged to involve two-sided platforms.
Sample Sizes for Variables Sampling Plans Based on a Decision Theoretic Approach

Tables for variables acceptance sampling plans for use with small lots are presented. The sampling plans are derived using a decision theoretic approach for which the theory has been previously presented by the authors. Using this approach, which takes ..
Biodeterioration of Hair in a Soil Environment

Hair is an important type of physical evidence that frequently occurs in criminal and civil cases. For example, human head and pubic hairs may be exchanged between the perpetrator and victim in a case of sexual assault ( an example of the Locard exchange principle (DeForest et al. , 1983)). Hairs may also be found embedded in upholstery or decorative plastics in the interior of automobiles following automobile accidents (Masakowski et al. , 1986).
Automating the construction of patchers that satisfy global constraints

Generate-and-test algorithms to solve constraint satisfaction problems are often inefficient, but can be constructed fairly easily by knowledge compilation techniques that convert declarative problem knowledge and domain knowledge into a procedural format [Liew and Tong, 1987]. Current research is focusing on methods to improve the efficiency of generate-and-test algorithms by completely incorporating local constraints into generators of parts of composite solutions [Braudaway, 1988]. More global constraints on multiple parts cannot necessarily be incorporated into the part generators. Their satisfaction must be ensured in a different way. We describe an (unimplemented) method for transforming a generate-and-test algorithm into a generate-test-and-patch algorithm that efficiently hillclimbs toward a solution satisfying a particular global constraint. Our method is based on constructing an evaluation function from the global constraint, that reflects the "degree" to which the constraint has been satisfied. Some of the steps in this method rely on categorizing the global constraint into a generic class. In this paper, the constraint classes on which we focus are quota-meeting and covering constraints. We illustrate the general approach by applying it to a simple generate-and-test algorithm for house floorplanning. We provide empirical results that corroborate our claim that the efficiency of the algorithm has been significantly improved.
Metabolomic analyses reveal extensive progenitor cell deficiencies in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a musculoskeletal disorder that causes severe morbidity and reduced lifespan. Individuals with DMD have an X-linked mutation that impairs their ability to produce functional dystrophin protein in muscle. No cure exists for this disease and the few therapies that are available do not dramatically delay disease progression. Thus, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms underlying DMD which may ultimately lead to improved treatment options. The muscular dystrophy (MDX) mouse model is frequently used to explore DMD disease traits. Though some studies of metabolism in dystrophic mice exist, few have characterized metabolic profiles of supporting cells in the diseased environment. Using nontargeted metabolomics we characterized metabolic alterations in muscle satellite cells (SCs) and serum of MDX mice. Additionally, live-cell imaging revealed MDX-derived adipose progenitor cell (APC) defects. Finally, metabolomic studies revealed a striking elevation of acylcarnitines in MDX APCs, which we show can inhibit APC proliferation. Together, these studies highlight widespread metabolic alterations in multiple progenitor cell types and serum from MDX mice and implicate dystrophy-associated metabolite imbalances in APCs as a potential contributor to adipose tissue disequilibrium in DMD.
Potential Impact of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Black and White Adolescent Sexual Minority Males.

Objectives. To assess the potential impact of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) on the HIV epidemic among Black and White adolescent sexual minority males (ASMM).Methods. We used a network model and r...
THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF A COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTION WITH MEXICAN-HERITAGE PARENTS IN BOOSTING THE EFFECTS OF A SUBSTANCE USE PREVENTION INTERVENTION WITH YOUTH.

Drawing from an ecodevelopmental framework, this article examines if adding a parenting component, Families Preparing the New Generation (Familias Preparando la Nueva Generacion), to an efficacious classroom-based drug abuse prevention intervention, keepin'it REAL, will boost the effects of the youth intervention in preventing substance use for middle school Mexican-heritage students. Youth attending schools in a large urban area in the Southwestern U.S. (N = 462) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: parent and youth, youth only, or control. Using ordinary least squares regression, changes in youth substance use outcomes were examined. Results indicate that youth whose parents also participated in prevention programming exhibited significantly lower use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and inhalants compared to youth who received only keepin'it REAL. These initial effects indicate that involving parents in prevention efforts can strengthen the overall efficacy of a youth prevention intervention. This article discusses specific implications for the design of prevention interventions, policy, and future research.
Reservoir simulation of carbon storage associated with CO2 EOR in residual oil zones, San Andres formation of West Texas, Permian Basin, USA

Abstract Residual oil zones (ROZs) are reservoirs in which oil is largely at levels of residual saturation. Such reservoirs cannot be produced by conventional techniques; rather some forms of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), such as CO2 injection is required. As a result, these zones have a potential for CO2 storage associated with EOR activities. In West Texas, the oil production potential of these zones, associated with the San Andres Formation alone, has been estimated as on the order of tens of billions of barrels. A series of numerical simulations of CO2 miscible flooding were conducted on 11 Sub-Volumes cut from a larger static reservoir that represents the range of heterogeneity in permeability and porosity found in San Andres ROZs. This work set out to evaluate the effects of injection strategies and reservoir heterogeneities on the performance of CO2 sequestration. The injection techniques investigated were: continuous CO2 injection and water alternating gas (WAG). Multiple factors were examined, including domain boundary conditions, well patterns, injection rates, permeability anisotropies, and natural fractures. It was found that ROZs could have higher retention fractions (i.e., volume fraction of injected CO2 retained in ROZs) for a combination of inverted five-spot well patterns and large WAG ratios. Based on the results of these numerical simulations, the long-term potential for CO2 storage associated with CO2-EOR of ROZs can be assessed. Our results provide key insights into how future CO2 storage projects associated with EOR in ROZs within carbonate sequences may be implemented.
TD-06 Blockade of interferon alpha receptor in lupus mice protects against neurological symptoms

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an incurable autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody deposition in tissues such as kidney, skin and lungs. Although less well understood, many patients with SLE experience neuropsychiatric symptoms that range from anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment to seizures and, in rare cases, psychosis. Collectively, these symptoms are referred to as central nervous system (CNS) lupus. In some cases, autoantibodies, such as anti-NMDAR or anti-phospholipid antibodies, promote CNS lupus. However, in many patients, CNS symptoms appear prior to serum autoantibody. Methods Lupus strains of mice used in the project: 564Igi, NZB/W, and MRL/lpr. Behavior testing was performed at the Harvard Behavior core. RNA sequencing of microglia was performed at the MIT sequencing core. Results We found that lupus-prone mice develop a distinct behavioral phenotype such as impaired learning and memory, anxiety and altered social behavior in which onset is age dependent. Examination of the brains of the lupus mice identified excess microglia engulfment of synapse material and a reduction in synapse density in the frontal cortex and hippocampus that correlates with the behavior phenotype. Comparison of RNA sequences of bulk sorted frontal cortex microglia identified differential expression of approximately 2000 genes between 564 and WT mice. To identify a role for interferon, RNA libraries were prepared from 564 and WT mice treated with a neutralizing antibody to IFNAR. Of the differentially expressed genes in lupus mice, about 20% were IFNa dependent. Notably, the microglia isolated from the lupus strain expressed an interferon gene signature that included IFNbeta but not IFNa. Pathway analysis of the interferon-dependent genes identified increased expression of genes important in phagocytosis and metabolic activity. Finally, reduction in peripheral levels of interferon alpha was protective from synapse loss and altered behavior (Bialas et al Nature 2017). Conclusions We conclude that elevated blood levels of IFNa can promote neurological symptoms in mice. These findings suggest that therapies that block peripheral autoimmunity and reduce circulating levels of IFNa may protect against the symptoms of CNS lupus. Acknowledgements Supported by grants from The Lupus Research Alliance (USA) and National Institutes of Health (USA).
A Critical Review of Learning Control Research

In designing an optimal control system, if the a priori information required is unknown or incompletely known, one possible approach is to design a controller which is capable of estimating the unknown information during its operation and determining the optimal control action on the basis of the estimated information. If the estimated information gradually approaches the true information as time proceeds, then the controller designed will approach the optimal controller; and, consequently, the performance of the control system is gradually improved. Because of the gradual improvement of performance due to the improvement of the estimated unknown information, this class of control systems has been called learning control systems. Design techniques proposed for learning control systems include: (1) trainable controllers using pattern classifiers, (2) reinforcement learning algorithms, (3) Bayesian estimation, (4) stochastic approximation, and (5) stochastic automata models. A survey of these techniques can be found in [1]. A general formulation using stochastic approximation has been treated extensively in [2, 3]. Practical applications include spacecraft control systems, the control of valve actuators, power systems, and production processes. In addition, several nonlinear learning algorithms have recently been proposed.
The Future of Economic and Social Rights

The future of economic and social rights is unlikely to resemble its past. Neglected within the human rights movement, avoided by courts, and subsumed within a single-minded conception of development as economic growth, economic and social rights enjoyed an uncertain status in international human rights law and in the public laws of most countries. However, today, under conditions of immense poverty, insecurity, and political instability, the rights to education, health care, housing, social security, food, water, and sanitation are central components of the human rights agenda. The Future of Economic and Social Rights captures the significant transformations occurring in the theory and practice of economic and social rights, in constitutional and human rights law. Professor Katharine G. Young brings together a group of distinguished scholars from diverse disciplines to examine and advance the broad research field of economic and social rights that incorporates legal, political science, economic, philosophy and anthropology scholars.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Generation

Recent neural models of dialogue generation offer great promise for generating responses for conversational agents, but tend to be shortsighted, predicting utterances one at a time while ignoring their influence on future outcomes. Modeling the future direction of a dialogue is crucial to generating coherent, interesting dialogues, a need which led traditional NLP models of dialogue to draw on reinforcement learning. In this paper, we show how to integrate these goals, applying deep reinforcement learning to model future reward in chatbot dialogue. The model simulates dialogues between two virtual agents, using policy gradient methods to reward sequences that display three useful conversational properties: informativity, coherence, and ease of answering (related to forward-looking function). We evaluate our model on diversity, length as well as with human judges, showing that the proposed algorithm generates more interactive responses and manages to foster a more sustained conversation in dialogue simulation. This work marks a first step towards learning a neural conversational model based on the long-term success of dialogues.
Amnesty: Title IX Policies and Christian Colleges.

Underreporting of sexual assault on college campuses is a growing concern for institutions of higher education. Amnesty clauses in Title IX policies intend to reduce barriers to reporting, encourag...
A Framework to Detect Fake Tweet Images on Social Media

Misinformation on social media has become an alarming problem in recent years; the advent of social media platforms as a news source serves as a critical factor. Let alone misinformation; recently, social media platforms have faced a new challenge of tampered impersonated content (i.e., Tweets). Although several approaches have been proposed to detect misinformation, there is not much attention has been given to detecting impersonated fake content (i.e., Tweets). With the free tools available on the internet, it is very easy to generate a fake screen capture of a tweet. These tools are intended for fun, but the problem arises when they get weaponized to generate fake news and impersonated content. In this paper, we propose a framework that can help to detect tampered and impersonated tweets on other social media platforms or any digital platforms. We validate the results of the proposed framework with the dataset that we collected, which consists of real and multiple types of tampered tweets. Our proposed framework achieves accuracy of 83.33% on the test cases we have covered based on all the possible tampering there can be done to a screen capture of the tweet.
Correction to: Methodological Essay on Commercial Contracts

The original article was published with an incorrect version of footnote 3. The correct text appears below. 3The following conventions were followed in compiling the transcription and the translation. Square brackets indicate a lacuna of any length, parentheses the completion of an abbreviated text. Different type styles have been employed to indicate the different languages used in the document: Judeo-Arabic appears in roman type, Hebrew is underlined, and Aramaic is italicized. The text of the original article has been updated. Figures 1 and 2 should have been published in the above-mentioned article. The omitted figures and figure captions appear on the next pages. Figure 1. Jewish Theological Seminary ENA NS 13.34 recto. Image provided by The Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary. Figure 2. Jewish Theological Seminary ENA NS 13.34 verso. Image provided by The Library of The Jewish Theological Seminary.
“If I need to put more armor on, I can’t carry more guns”:: the collective action problem of breeding for productivity in the California strawberry industry

Facing the appearance of novel soil-borne plant diseases as well as increasing restrictions of the chemical fumigants that have long been used to treat them, developing disease resistant cultivars is one strategy among several that the California strawberry industry is supporting. Yet, under the assumption that growers most desire high yielding varieties, university strawberry breeders continue to emphasize productivity, despite knowing the difficulty of breeding for many different qualities. They make this assumption even as the industry’s per acre productivity reached an all-time high in 2018 while prices continued to slip, a dynamic predicted by Willard Cochrane’s famous technology treadmill. This paper explores if and why growers want yield over disease resistant varieties to assess if there are ways to slow or stop the treadmill. Based on twenty in-depth interviews with strawberry growers, we found that growers want yield to remain individually competitive even as they largely recognize that prioritizing yield over other qualities can be self-defeating for the industry. We additionally found that this desire is being augmented by buyer-grower contractual relationships, conditions of land access and rising land values, and practices of labor remuneration not heretofore theorized as playing into the treadmill. Given that those structural forces are not easily addressed, we also consider the role that university scientists play in constructing this desire for yield. On this question we draw on work in science and technology studies as it relates to university agricultural science to suggest that farmers’ needs and desires are a reflection of what university research and extension can offer and conclude that university breeders are best positioned to level the playing field by ceasing to breed for productivity.
Use of in vitro assays to identify antibiotics that are cytotoxic to normal equine chondrocytes and synovial cells.

Background Intra-articular (IA) antibiotic usage is prevalent in equine practice. However, recent emergence of antimicrobial resistance prompts re-evaluation of antibiotic selection, particularly when used prophylactically. Furthermore, many commonly used antibiotics exert direct cytotoxicity to equine cells, and appropriate IA doses have not been defined. Objectives To screen antibiotics in vitro as an initial assessment of cytotoxicity against normal equine joint cells in monolayer culture and explant tissues. Study design In vitro experimental study. Methods Chondrocytes and synovial cells were harvested from three horses and plated on 24-well plates (100 000 cells/wells in triplicate) for 48 hours prior to addition of antibiotics. Joint cells were exposed to antibiotics (n = 15) at various doses (25-0.39 mg/mL in complete DMEM media) for 24 hours and viability was assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined for each antibiotic. Cartilage explants were obtained from 3 horses, minced and exposed to antibiotics (n = 5) for 72 hours. Live/dead staining was performed, and fluorescence was visualised using Olympus IX83 spinning disk confocal microscope. Percentage of live vs dead cells was quantified. Results Antibiotics from different antimicrobial classes expressed dose-dependent but variable cytotoxicity to equine joint cells in vitro. Aminoglycosides and doxycycline had the lowest IC50 (most toxic). Ampicillin sulbactam, imipenem, tobramycin, ceftiofur sodium and amoxicillin had IC50 > 25 mg/mL for at least one cell line, representing potentially less cytotoxic alternatives. Main limitations Further studies are necessary to extrapolate these in vitro data results to the in vivo joint environment. Conclusions Targeted IA antibiotic therapy would involve selection of the safest antibiotics (highest IC50) with efficacy based on bacterial culture/sensitivity. Antimicrobial selection and evidence-based dosing may minimise damage to native articular cartilage and synovial cells and development of antimicrobial resistance when IA antibiotics are used in equine practice.
Transcarotid artery revascularization versus carotid endarterectomy and transfemoral stenting in octogenarians.

ABSTRACT Objective Transfemoral carotid artery stenting (TFCAS) has higher combined stroke and death rates in elderly patients with carotid artery stenosis compared with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) may have similar outcomes to CEA. This study compared outcomes after TCARs relative to those after CEAs and TFCAS, focusing on elderly patients. Methods We included all patients with carotid artery stenosis, and no prior endarterectomy or stenting, who underwent either a CEA, TFCAS, or TCAR in the Vascular Quality Initiative from September 2016 (TCAR commercially available) to December 2019. We categorized patients into age decades: 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and 80-90 years. Outcomes included 30-day and one-year composite rates of stroke or death. Cox-proportional hazards models evaluated both outcomes after adjusting for patient demographics, clinical factors, symptomatology, hospital CEA volume, and clustering. Results We identified 33,115 patients who underwent either a CEA, TFCAS, or TCAR for carotid artery stenosis (35% in their 60s, 44% in their 70s, and 21% in their 80s), where half (50%) were symptomatic. The majority of patients had CEAs (80%), followed by TFCAS (11%) and then TCARs (9.1%). The overall rate of 30-day stroke/death was 1.5% and of one-year stroke/death was 4.4%. Octogenarians had the highest 30-day and one-year stroke/death rates relative to their peers (2.3% and 6.3%, respectively). Among all patients, the adjusted hazards of TCARs relative to CEAs was similar for 30-day stroke/death (HR 1.10 [95%-CI 0.75-1.62]) and slightly higher for one-year stroke/death (HR 1.34 [1.02-1.76]). Among octogenarians, however, the adjusted hazards of TCARs relative to CEAs was similar for both 30-day stroke/death (HR 1.12 [0.59-2.13]) and one-year stroke/death (HR 1.28 [0.85-1.94]). TFCAS relative to CEAs had higher hazards of both 30-day stroke/death (HR 1.78 [1.10-2.89]) and one-year stroke/death (HR 1.85 [1.35-2.54]) in octogenarians. Conclusions TCARs had similar outcomes relative to CEAs among octogenarians with respect to 30-day and one-year rates of stroke/death. TCAR may serve as a promising less-invasive treatment for carotid disease in older patients who are deemed high anatomic, surgical, or clinical risk for CEAs.
Wealth and Retirement: Pondering the Fate of Formerly Incarcerated Men During the Golden Years:

This article extends the existing literature about the consequences that having a prison record has on formerly incarcerated men’s labor market outcomes by projecting forward to think about what th...