cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of polyimide Langmuir–Blodgett films on silver using infrared, Raman and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies

Ultrathin films of the dimethylhexadecylamine salt of the polyamic acid of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and oxydianiline (ODA) were deposited onto silver substrates using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. These films were transformed to PMDA/ODA polyimide by both thermal and chemical processes. Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that there was no strong interaction between the tertiary amine salt films and the silver substrates and that imidization of these films was quite complete. Both RAIR and SERS were also used to determine the molecular orientation in as-deposited tertiary amine salt films and in films that were imidized. It was concluded that ODA moieties were parallel to the silver surfaces in the as-deposited films. However, both SERS and RAIR indicated that imide formation induced orientation in which the PMDA moieties became more perpendicular to the silver surface while the ODA moieties were more parallel.
Abusing the Bible: The case of Deuteronomy 15

Deuteronomy 15:11 proclaims, “There will always be poor people in the land ….” This declaration has been used, and abused, over and over again, in order to validate our dismissive attitudes toward ...
Efficient CDMA wireless position location system using TDOA method

In this paper, a new position location (PL) estimation technique for CDMA wireless communications system is proposed. The proposed technique provides faster solution to the hyperbolic model and does not suffer from the convergence problem. The performance of the proposed PL technique has been tested by considering different system parameters, such as channel noise and variable position of the user. Test results show that the proposed PL technique can successfully determine the position of a wireless user under various challenging scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (In this paper, a new algorithm was proposed to determine the user location in a CDMA cellular network. It was observed that the system performance improves with decreasing SNR. Thus the SNR should be enhanced in the transmission channel by canceling the noise or by increasing the signal power. We also observed that the position location accuracy does not change appreciably with respect to the sampling rate variations. The position location accuracy improves with the increase in correlation length.)
Purification of thymic macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).

Aqueous extracts of the thymus of animals which had been challenged immunologically have been shown to contain MIF activity. This MIF could be purified by precipitation with 70% ethanol, concentrated by ultrafiltration between 30,000 and 50,000 daltons, isoelectrically focused at pH 6.8–7.1, and electrophoresed on preparative acrylamide gels. The resulting product is electrophoretically homogeneous at pH 4.3 in polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and SDS-gel electrophoresis. It has a molecular weight of 36,000 daltons. It is trypsin- and neuraminidase-labile and is thermostable. It degrades and reassembles in electrophoresis at pH 7.0. It is not chemotactic for macrophages but apparently activates them phagocytically. It has no proteolytic activity.
WHO'S PATENTING IN THE UNIVERSITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE SURVEY OF DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS

We use the Survey of Doctorate Recipients to examine the question of who in US universities is patenting. Because standard methods of estimation are not directly applicable, we use a zero-inflated negative binomial model to estimate the patent equation, using instruments for the number of articles to avoid problems of endogeneity. We also estimate the patent model using the generalized method of moments estimation of count data models with endogenous regressors. We find work context and field to be important predictors of the number of patent applications. We also find patents to be positively and significantly related to the number of publications. This finding is robust to the choice of instruments and method of estimation. The cross-sectional nature of the data preclude an examination of whether a trade-off exists between publishing and patenting, holding individual characteristics constant over time. But the strong cross-sectional correlation that we find does not suggest that commercialization has co...
Design and performance of a resonant roller wedge actuator

A compact rotary motor driven by piezoelectric bimorph actuators was developed for applications in adaptive, conformable structures for flow control. Using a roller wedge (rotary roller clutch) as its central motion rectifying element, the actuator converts electrical power to mechanical power by way of a set of resonating bimorph/mass systems. With this type of resonant drive system, the output mechanical power of the actuator was dramatically improved over previous inchworm-type designs. Also, the actuator cost was kept low by using commercial roller clutches and bimorph actuators instead of PZT stacks. Within an application size constraint of 4 x 4 x 1.75 inches, the unloaded speed was 600 RPM, the stall torque was 0.5 N-m, and the peak output power was nearly 4 watts. The motor is driven by a single frequency sinusoidal input, resulting in significant improvements of the cost, size and complexity over typical piezoelectric actuator drivers. Since the backlash of the roller clutch is a critical parameter in assessing the motor performance, an experimental study was performed to better understand its dynamics.
Comparison of Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urine Specimens

Traditionally, culture and immunoassays have been performed for the detection of sexually transmitted diseases, including Chlamydia trachomatis. However, these assays may often require invasive specimen collection methods, such as female cervical and male urethral swabs. Recently, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have been approved for testing for the presence of C. trachomatis in urine samples. Our objective was to compare the sensitivities and specificities of C. trachomatis detection in urine samples with three NAATs: the Abbott LCx (LCx), BD ProbeTec ET (ProbeTec), and Gen-Probe APTIMA Combo 2 (AC2). Urine specimens (n = 506) were collected from both symptomatic and asymptomatic males and females from various high school health clinics. Specimens were tested for C. trachomatis with the three NAATs, and a true-positive result was defined as any two positive NAATs. The C. trachomatis prevalence was 14.8% (75 of 506 samples). Of the 75 urine samples defined as true positives, LCx detected 72, ProbeTec 72, and AC2 detected 75. The sensitivities of LCx, ProbeTec, and AC2 for C. trachomatis detection were 96.0, 96.0, and 100%, and the specificities were 99.1, 100, and 98.8%, respectively. Four of five samples that were positive with AC2 and negative with LCx and ProbeTec were found to be positive with an alternative target TMA-based NAAT, APTIMA C. trachomatis, suggesting that they may have been true positives. Two of four uniquely positive LCx samples available for subsequent testing were both found to be positive by Roche PCR. We found that the LCx, ProbeTec, and AC2 NAATs are highly sensitive and specific methods for the detection of C. trachomatis in urine specimens and can be recommended for noninvasive screening of C. trachomatis in urine.
A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Studying the Role of Overconfidence in Problem Gambling

Research on the neural correlates of decision making in gambling tasks may be informative for understanding problem gambling. The present study explored confidence and overconfidence using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure brain activity during a judgment task. Nineteen undergraduates who self-identified as frequent gamblers (average age 19.7 years; 5 females, 14 males) participated in this study. Participants first completed the DIGS (Winters, Specker & Stinchfield, 2002), a measure of gambling pathology. They then engaged in a behavioral task of confidence assessment, wherein they answered two-alternative trivia questions and estimated the probability that each answer was correct. In a subsequent MEG task, they viewed the questions and a target answer, and indicated with a button press whether the target matched the correct answer. Confidence was directly related to activity in the right prefrontal cortex. Matching and mismatching targets were associated with activity in the medial occipital cortex and left supramarginal gyrus, respectively. An interaction of pathology and match/mismatch was observed in the right inferior occipital-temporal junction region, showing more activity following a mismatch in non-problem gamblers, but not in problem gamblers. Implications of the results for understanding of top-down modulation and attentional systems are discussed in relation to gambling behavior.
A HIGH-Speed Packet-Switching Network for CATV Systems

A high-speed packet-switched metropolitan area network can be built on a residential cable television (CATV) system. The-goal of such a system is to extend the local area network environment from the office to the home. This paper presents an overview of communications to the home via CATV and proposes specific methods of utilizing the residential CATV system to bring high performance communication to the home.
Tyrosine hydroxylase-based DNA-vaccination is effective against murine neuroblastoma.

Background. The disruption of self-tolerance against neuroblastoma is the ultimate goal of an effective DNA-vaccine. Procedure. Here we demonstrate the induction of a protective immunity against syngeneic murine NXS2 neuroblastoma in A/J mice, following vaccination with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) derived antigens. Oral gene delivery was accomplished using an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium as a carrier harboring vectors encoding for mTH antigens. Results. Vaccination was effective in protecting animals from a lethal challenge with wild-type NXS2 tumor cells. Conclusions. These results provide the first evidence of the TH self antigen being recognized by T-cells and demonstrate that a THbased DNA vaccine is a potentially useful immunotherapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 35:641‐646, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effective Median Sternotomy Closure in High-Risk Open Heart Patients

We describe a novel surgical technique with a median sternotomy closure in high-risk open heart patients. In contrast to conventional sternal closure, in which sternal wires are passed through the intercostal space, the novel technique in sternal closure passes sternal wires transcostally or through costo-chondral joints.
Josephson physics mediated by the Mott insulating phase

We investigate the static and dynamic properties of bosonic lattice systems in which condensed and Mott insulating phases coexist due to the presence of a spatially varying potential. We formulate a description of these inhomogeneous systems and calculate the bulk energy at and near equilibrium. We derive the explicit form of the Josephson coupling between disjoint superfluid regions separated by Mott insulating regions. We obtain detailed estimates for the case of alternating superfluid and Mott insulating spherical shells in a radially symmetric parabolically confined cold atom system.
LIGHT STIMULATED STARCH DEGRADATION IN PLASTIDS AND LEAF MORPHOGENESIS

Summary The problem of chlorophyll synthesis cannot be completely isolated from the many other physiological processes occurring in the plant cell. Exogenous and endogenous factors which have a profound effect on the developing chlorophyll synthesizing mechanism primarily manifest themselves in the development of plastids. As the proplastid matures, at various stages of its development it becomes subject to new environmental influences. This is evident through the variable response observed with ageing. The germinating seedling and its proplastids do not exhibit the photosensitive response that is found in slightly older plants. Tt would appear, therefore, that during the ontogeny of these light responsive organelles, the various endo- and exoplastid biochemical systems which enable them to function in their eventual role as synthesizing centers within the cell are not organized simultaneously, but rather follow a sequence of developmental steps. Finally, when these systems are all complete, the plastid is poised for dynamic changes to occur under the influence of radiant energy. The preliminary data presented have indicated a partially light dependent carbohydrate degradatioii in etiolated seedlings. These changes may be of considerable significance i n explaining various photomorphogenic responses. Most particularly, the light induced disappearance of starch from the developing plastid is readily observed and may be bio-chemically determined in less than 12 hr. Further details on the kinetics and time course of this light induced degradation of starch may establish the fundamental nature of this reaction in its role in the many cellular morphological responses.
Systolic hypertension: Nonhomogeneous diseases☆

Abstract Prospective studies have shown that systolic hypertension is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but few physiologic studies have characterized the problem. Therefore, two groups of men (older and younger than 35 years) with systolic hypertension (systolic pressure 150 mm Hg or greater and diastolic pressure 95 mm Hg or less) were studied hemodynamically. The 13 younger patients demonstrated a hyperkinetic circulation manifested by a significantly increased heart rate, elevated left ventricular ejection rate and cardiac indexes and normal vascular resistance. The 13 older patients had a normal heart rate, significantly reduced cardiac and left ventricular ejection rate indexes, and increased vascular resistance with respect to the younger men with systolic hypertension and normotensive control subjects. Plasma volume was reduced only in the older patients ( P
Collection, Extraction, and Analysis of Lead in Atmospheric Particles

Environmental science students are frequently exposed to the analysis of waters, soils, and biological species but have limited experience analyzing the air they breathe. This lab experiment was developed to introduce environmental science majors to a high-volume air sampler, hot-acid extraction, graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) spectroscopy, limits of detection and quantitation, and percent recovery. Lead was specifically chosen for analysis due to the University’s location in Berks County, PA, where two nonattainment areas of this criteria air pollutant are designated by U.S. EPA. Two lab sections determined the concentration of lead in total suspended particulates (TSP) to be 0.0097 ± 0.0009 μg/m3 and 0.0011 ± 0.0012 μg/m3 on two different sampling days in March 2013. Students compared their experimental values to the 2008 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead of 0.15 μg/m3. This experiment provided students an opportunity to think about the chemical composition of atmospheric particles, emission sources, and human health effects.
Metabolic rate and the restorative function of sleep

It has been shown that performance improves during sleep more rapidly after sleep deprivation than during normal sleep. Recovery after sleep deprivation is also characterized by a different sleep stage distribution and by a decreased metabolic rate compared to a normal night of sleep. The present study examined whether sleep during a period of increased metabolic rate was less restorative than a normal period of sleep. Twelve normal young adults participated for two 4-day periods. In each period, an undisturbed baseline sleep night was followed by baseline testing. On the subsequent night, Ss slept a total of 212 min, starting at 0200 h after consuming placebo or 400 mg of caffeine. After the nap, subjects remained awake for 41 h until beginning an undisturbed night of recover sleep. During the period of sleep loss, subjects remained at the sleep laboratory where they performed computer tests and MSLTs. The caffeine produced a significant increase in metabolic rate during the nap. Although total sleep time was held constant, there was an increase in stage 1 and a decrease in stage 4 sleep after caffeine use. Performance on addition and vigilance tasks was significantly decreased after the caffeine plus nap condition. However, no significant difference were found on the MSLT, and subjective vigor was significantly greater following the caffeine and nap combination. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of sleep in maintaining performance was decreased by increased physiological activation during sleep.
Dynamic magnetoelastic coupling in Ni

Abstract Resonant longitudinal and transverse phonon excitation in polycrystalline nickel films is reported with parallel r.f. and d.c. magnetic fields applied in the film plane. A new contribution to the magnetoelastic Hamiltonian, which is linear in applied magnetic fields and strains, is proposed to explain the results of this and other experiments on Ni.
Fire and topographic effects on decomposition rates and N dynamics of buried wood in tallgrass prairie.

Abstract Decay rates and N dynamics of wood in soils of annually burned and unburned tallgrass prairie were measured over a 3-y period. Wooden dowels were placed at upland, mid-slope and lowland sites in two annually burned and two unburned watersheds. After 3 y, an average of only 15% of initial wood mass remained in burned watersheds, while 34% remained in unburned watersheds. Topographic position also significantly affected decay rates, with dowels decaying faster in the shallow-soil, upland sites and slope sites than in the deep-soil, lowland sites. This pattern is opposite of that generally observed for plant productivity (i.e. greater at lowland sites compared to uplands), and suggests that the controls of belowground decomposition and plant productivity are dissimilar. Dowels in both burned and unburned watersheds showed significant increases in N concentration over 3 y. Topographic position did not affect N concentration in the residual dowel material. Burn treatment, however, did affect N concentration, with dowels decomposing in burned watersheds having a higher average N concentration (0.5% after 3 y exposure) than dowels in unburned watersheds (0.43%). Relatively rapid decay rates resulted in net release of N, despite increased N concentration in the residual material. Faster net N release on the annually burned watershed was due to faster mass loss, since there were no differences in the rate of increase in N concentration per unit mass lost. Surface soil temperatures on burned prairie following spring fire usually exceed those on unburned prairie. However, average monthly summer soil temperatures (May–August) at a 10 cm depth in burned and unburned plots during the study were not statistically different and could not explain decay rate differences. Additionally, one of our unburned watersheds was accidentally burned during the first year of the study. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in rates of wood decay between that watershed and the other unburned watershed. This suggests that indirect effects of annual fire (i.e. changes in the composition of soil flora and fauna) may override the short-term effects of fire (i.e. changes in soil temperature and moisture) on belowground decomposition in tallgrass prairie.
Views of householders and lay disciples in the Sutta Pitaka : A reconsideration of the lay/monastic opposition

Abstract Many scholars have argued that early Buddhism was primarily an ‘other‐worldly’ religion focusing on ascetics and monastics. In their view, the laity does not figure prominently, it was only centuries later that the laity's involvement became more noticeable. By examining references to householders (gahapati) and lay disciples (upāsaka) in the Sutta Pitaka section of the Pāli canon, this article challenges the view that the role of the laity primarily pertained to supporting the monastics with food, clothing, and shelter.
Caspase-3-Dependent Cleavage of the Glutamate-L-Cysteine Ligase Catalytic Subunit during Apoptotic Cell Death.

Apoptotic cell death is usually accompanied by activation of a family of cysteine proteases termed caspases. Caspases mediate the selective proteolysis of multiple cellular targets often resulting in the disruption of survival pathways. Intracellular levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are an important determinant of cellular susceptibility to apoptosis. The rate-limiting step in GSH biosynthesis is mediated by glutamate-l-cysteine ligase (GCL), a heterodimeric enzyme consisting of a catalytic (GCLC) and a modifier (GCLM) subunit. In this report we demonstrate that GCLC is a direct target for caspase-mediated cleavage in multiple models of apoptotic cell death. Mutational analysis revealed that caspase-mediated cleavage of GCLC occurs at Asp499 within the sequence AVVD499G. GCLC cleavage occurs upstream of Cys553, which is thought to be important for association with GCLM. GCLC cleavage is accompanied by a rapid loss of intracellular GSH due to caspase-mediated extrusion of GSH from the cell. However, while GCLC cleavage is dependent on caspase-3, GSH extrusion occurs by a caspase-3-independent mechanism. Our identification of GCLC as a target for caspase-3-dependent cleavage during apoptotic cell death suggests that this post-translational modification may represent a novel mechanism for regulating GSH biosynthesis during apoptosis.
On the Nonuniqueness of the Coupled Origin Time–Velocity Tomography Problem

When earthquakes are used as sources in velocity tomography, the unknown velocity structure and the unknown hypocentral parameters (that is, source location and origin time) must be simultaneously estimated during the imaging process. This coupling allows the two sets of unknowns to trade off, and increases the degree of nonuniqueness of the resulting tomographic image above what would have been present had the hypocentral parameters been precisely known. We analyze, in detail, the nonuniqueness associated with unknown origin time, which we argue is often a more important source of nonuniqueness than is unknown location. While this type of nonuniqueness has long been understood to be a problem in teleseimic tomography, we show here that it is of equal importance in all coupled problems. We provide a practical method for calculating null solutions and calculate them for several commonly encountered experimental geometries. We also show that the attenuation tomography possesses a mathematically identical nonuniqueness, with unknown source amplitude being the analogue to unknown origin time.
THE FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION

THE EXTENSION of a large volume of credit on residential mortgages continues as an important element of economic stability. Its impact has been re-emphasized by the mortgage credit restrictions established in October, I950.1 Housing finance since the middle of I930's has been affected by the federal mortgage insurance and guaranty programs and by the establishing of a secondary mortgage market in the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), formerly a part of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and since September 7, I95o, a part of the Housing and Home Finance Agency.2 During the period I947 through I949 non-farm mortgage recordings of $20,000 or less have averaged nearly I2 billion annually and in the first seven months of I950 ran at a I 5-billion dollar rate. Of this huge total, which is incomplete because of the large quantity of rural non-farm building arising from urban population movements into unincorporated areas and of mortgages over $20,000, between one-fourth and one-third were FHA insured or VA guaranteed. This government insurance and guaranty program stimulated private lending by reducing risks and increasing
A comparison of traditional wall motion assessment and quantitative shape analysis: A new method for characterizing left ventricular function in humans

To forego the need to arbitrarily choose coordinate, reference, and tndexing systems and to make other assumptions mandated by tradittonal methods of measuring wall motion, a technique of regional function analysis based on shape characteristics and pattern recognitbn was developed. The method is based on curvature analysis, a fundamental shape parameter, and is adaptive to the complex geometry of Cine8ngiOgraphiC VentriCUlar images. QUantit8tiVe shape parameters were compared to a standard method of regional function analysis (center-line method) in 130 patients. Quantitative shape and wall motion indexes showed a positive correlatton over a broad range of normal and abnormal function (r = 0.748, p < 0.001). Overall sensitivity and specificity for categoriz8flon of regional function were not statIstically different for either technique. Within regions, however, shape criteria were more speciffc In categorizing inferior zones than anterior zones and were more often abnormal in the presence of mild regional abnormalities that were not located in the apical region. In conclusion, shape analysis and pattern recognition techniques c8n be used to forego dependence qn the numerous assumptions end approximattons required by tr8ditiOn8f wall motion techniques, while providing performance cheracteristics that are sfmilar to, ‘and in some instances better than, traditional approaches. Incorporation of shape information in assessments of regional function provides a more comprehensive evaluation that includes the important visual cues used by experienced observers or “experts.” (AM HEART J 1987;114:1183.)
Model based and empirical spectral analysis for the diagnosis of breast cancer

We explored the use of both empirical (Partial Least Squares, PLS) and Monte Carlo model based approaches for the analysis of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra measured ex vivo from freshly excised breast tissues and for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Features extracted using both approaches, i.e. principal components (PCs) obtained from empirical analysis or tissue properties obtained from model based analysis, displayed statistically significant difference between malignant and non-malignant tissues, and can be used to discriminate breast malignancy with comparable sensitivity and specificity of up to 90%. The PC scores of a subset of PCs also displayed significant correlation with the tissue properties extracted from the model based analysis, suggesting both approaches likely probe the same sources of contrast in the tissue spectra that discriminate between malignant and non-malignant breast tissues but in different ways.
Eddy Current Effects on Rotor Position Estimation for Sensorless Control of PM Synchronous Machine

High-frequency current responses of a PM synchronous machine with and without considering the eddy current effects are significantly different. This paper identifies and investigates the eddy current effects on rotor position estimation. Compensation method is developed to improve high-frequency-injection-based sensorless control of a PM synchronous machine at zero and low speeds. The estimation and sensorless control method, considering eddy current effects, has been verified by experimental results.
Chattanooga Shale in Tennessee--Resource Evaluation: ABSTRACT

At the time of its deposition during the Devonian Period, the Chattanooga Shale apparently covered all of Tennessee west of the Unaka Mountains except for two small areas. Erosion has removed the shale from west Tennessee, most of the Central Basin, and most of the Valley and Ridge. Folding and faulting further obscure its distribution in the Valley and Ridge. Five cores from a seven-county Eastern Highland Rim area were analyzed for shale thicknesses, organic elements, mineralogy, major inorganic elements, trace elements, and Modified Fischer Assay. Analyses indicate that in the initial study area, the Putnam-NW White County area is the best potential mine-plant site. Six additional cores were taken in this restricted area and analyzed as before. These data were also com ared with similar data from an east Tennessee Chattanooga Shale core. One square mile of Chattanooga Shale in the restricted study area contains 14.4 × 106 bbl of oil--11.5 × 106 bbl from the Gassaway member and 2.9 × 106 bbl from the Dowelltown member using normal retorting methods. Topography, nature and depth of overburden, other geologic conditions, and environmental considerations almost dictate underground mining. Underground methods give approximately 50% resource recovery. Hydrogen retorting should increase the oil yield by a factor of two. Although the east Tennessee section is 21 times thicker than the Eastern Highland River section, it is much leaner as far as extractable materials and is thus eliminated as an oil source. Organic analyses indicate potential carcinogenic materials present. Oil samples derived from the cores darken upon standing for a few weeks. This aging may cause problems during storage. End_of_Article - Last_Page 803------------
Synthesis of nucleic acids associated with a DNA-containing body in oocytes of Acheta.

Abstract A large DNA containing body is found in gonial and in oocyte nuclei of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. The DNA body is present in addition to chromosomal DNA and accounts for approx. 25% of the DNA in early prophase nuclei. Synthesis of this extra DNA continues into early prophase of meiosis long after DNA synthesis is completed by the chromosomes. While it is being formed, the DNA body is intimately associated with one or more chromosome pairs. Large quantities of nucleolar material accumulate at the periphery of the body during the diplotene stage of development. The DNA body of diplotene cells is composed of an inner core of Feulgen-positive material surrounded by a mass of RNA. As the cells proceed through the diplotene stage, it is proposed that DNA from the central core of the body acts as a template for synthesis of nucleolar RNA and in so doing is incorporated into the nucleolar mass.
Curvature and surface distribution of the polar rays in the solar corona on 12 November 1966

Following a technique developed by Saito, the positions and orientations of the polar rays visible in a photograph of the total solar eclipse of 12 November 1966 were examined to infer the length of an equivalent bar magnet representing the Sun's external magnetic field and the true distribution of polar rays from the two-dimensional projection seen in the photograph. In spite of the strong asymmetry in solar activity between the northern and southern solar hemispheres at the time of the eclipse, it was found that the magnetic field as delineated by the polar rays could be well represented by an extended dipole whose poles were each 0.43 R ⊙ from the center of the Sun and on the axis of rotation. The polar rays are distributed mainly in a circular zone 9° away from the pole and about 8° wide, with this zone bounded by empty regions at the pole and 15° to 20° away from it, beyond which there are again some rays, but not so many. These results are in good accord with expectation from Saito's analysis.
The clinical challenge of imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia: emerging strategies with new targeted agents

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a progressive and often fatal hematopoietic neoplasm. The disease is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which arises following a balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, creating the BCR-ABL fusion gene. It is often stated that the only proven curative option is allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), which is indicated for only a limited subset of patients. The Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib mesylate (IM) represented a major advance over conventional CML therapy. Following IM treatment, more than 90% of patients obtain complete hematologic response, and 70–80% of patients achieve a complete cytogenetic response. Resistance to IM represents an increasing clinical challenge and is often a result of point mutations causing a conformation change in Bcr-Abl, which impair IM binding. Novel targeted agents designed to overcome IM resistance, including multitargeted TKIs and farnesyl transferase inhibitors, are in various phases of development. Dasatinib, which has recently become available in the clinic, is a Bcr-Abl TKI that also inhibits Src, c-Kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and ephrin A receptor kinases. In a phase II randomized trial in patients resistant or intolerant to IM, patients receiving dasatinib had better hematologic and cytogenetic responses than those on high-dose IM, irrespective of the presence or absence of mutations. Nilotinib has also shown promising activity. Combining IM with conventional chemotherapy, interferon, and targeted agents including TKIs is being actively pursued. Diagnostic testing may enable individualized targeted treatment so that patients receive the most effective agent first-line.
RseB Binding to the Periplasmic Domain of RseA Modulates the RseA:ςE Interaction in the Cytoplasm and the Availability of ςE·RNA Polymerase

The Escherichia coli sigmaE regulon has evolved to sense the presence of misfolded proteins in the bacterial envelope. Expression of periplasmic chaperones and folding catalysts is under the control of sigmaE RNA polymerase. The N-terminal domain of RseA sequesters sigmaE in the cytoplasmic membrane, preventing its association with core RNA polymerase. The C-terminal domain of RseA interacts with RseB, a periplasmic protein. The relative concentration of sigmaE:RseA:RseB is 2:5:1 and this ratio remains unaltered upon heat shock induction of the sigmaE regulon. Purification from crude cellular extracts yields cytoplasmic, soluble sigmaE RNA polymerase as well as membrane sequestered sigmaE.RseA and sigmaE.RseA.RseB. RseB binding to the C-terminal domain of RseA increases the affinity of RseA for sigmaE by 2- to 3-fold (Kd 50-100 nM). RseB binds also to the misfolded aggregates of MalE31, a variant of maltose binding protein that forms inclusion bodies in the periplasm. We discuss a model whereby the RseB-RiseA interaction represents a measure for misfolded polypeptides in the bacterial envelope, modulating the assembly of sigmaE RNA polymerase and the cellular heat shock response.
Comparison of techniques to measure the point spread function due to scatter and flare in EUV lithography systems

The source of flare in EUVL systems is mostly from the mid-spatial frequency roughness (1 /μm - 1 /mm spatial periods) of mirrors. Due to the challenges in polishing mirrors to a small fraction of the wavelength, flare in EUV lithography tools is expected to be greater than flare in current DUV tools. Even though EUV flare is constant across the field, there can be within-die flare variations due to variations in layout density. Hence, it is expected that to meet the CD control requirements for the 32 nm node, Flare Variation Compensation (FVC), akin to Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) would be required. FVC needs the within-die flare level estimated by convolving the Point Spread Function due to scatter (PSFsc) with the mask layout. Thus, accurate knowledge of the system PSFsc is essential for FVC. Experimental results of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) technique to estimate flare and the PSFsc of the Engineering Test Stand (ETS) are presented. It was also determined that due to the nature of the PSFsc in EUVL tools a more accurate measure for flare would be to use the 0.5 μm line as opposed to the current 2 μm line standard for measuring flare on DUVL tools.
Superconducting surface impedance under radiofrequency field

Abstract Based on BCS theory with moving Cooper pairs, the electron states distribution at 0 K and the probability of electron occupation with finite temperature have been derived and applied to anomalous skin effect theory to obtain the surface impedance of a superconductor under radiofrequency (RF) field. We present the numerical results for Nb and compare these with representative RF field-dependent effective surface resistance measurements from a 1.5 GHz resonant structure.
Identifying gaps between HCI, software engineering, and design, and boundary objects to bridge them

Bonnie E. John HCI Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 +1 412-268-7182 bej@cs.cmu.edu Len Bass Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 +1 412-268-6763 ljb@sei.cmu.edu Rick Kazman Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 +1 412-268-6763 kazman@sei.cmu.edu Eugene Chen Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc. 1196 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1F Berkeley, CA 94708 +1 510-601-0994 eugene.chen @amanda.com
The enhancement of traditional behavioral couples therapy: Consideration of individual factors and dyadic development

There has been little effort by behavior therapists to develop couple interventions that view marriage from a content-relevant or developmental perspective. Consequently, we have delineated ways in which a perspective of intimate relationships including individual factors and dyadic development might guide the enhancement of traditional behavioral couples therapy (TBCT) with novel and improved techniques that will ultimately allows us to reach a wider range of distressed couples than our current interventions allows. Specifically, we examined the potential benefits to intervention that could occur by considering the impact of individual factors on relationship quality, using the literature on attachment patterns as an example. Further, we have discussed the potential gains to couple interventions that could occur by considering the impact of dyadic development on relationship satisfaction. We first addressed gradual changes in marriage, using intimacy as an example. Next we examined "stage of marriage" issues, using child behavior problems as an example. Finally, we considered whether or not a problem was chronic. Throughout, we have proposed utilizing TBCT as a starting point, and considering ways to enhance TBCT specifically, as it is the marital therapy for which we have the most information and empirical support.
Comparison of ROC-based and likelihood methods for fingerprint verification

The fingerprint verification task answers the question of whether or not two fingerprints belongs to the same finger. The paper focuses on the classification aspect of fingerprint verification. Classification is the third and final step after after the two earlier steps of feature extraction, where a known set of features (minutiae points) have been extracted from each fingerprint, and scoring, where a matcher has determined a degree of match between the two sets of features. Since this is a binary classification problem involving a single variable, the commonly used threshold method is related to the so-called receiver operating characteristics (ROC). In the ROC approach the optimal threshold on the score is determined so as to determine match or non-match. Such a method works well when there is a well-registered fingerprint image. On the other hand more sophisticated methods are needed when there exists a partial imprint of a finger- as in the case of latent prints in forensics or due to limitations of the biometric device. In such situations it is useful to consider classification methods based on computing the likelihood ratio of match/non-match. Such methods are commonly used in some biometric and forensic domains such as speaker verification where there is a much higher degree of uncertainty. This paper compares the two approaches empirically for the fingerprint classification task when the number of available minutiae are varied. In both ROC-based and likelihood ratio methods, learning is from a general population of ensemble of pairs, each of which is labeled as being from the same finger or from different fingers. In the ROC-based method the best operating point is derived from the ROC curve. In the likelihood method the distributions of same finger and different finger scores are modeled using Gaussian and Gamma distributions. The performances of the two methods are compared for varying numbers of minutiae points available. Results show that the likelihood method performs better than the ROC-based method when fewer minutiae points are available. Both methods converge to the same accuracy as more minutiae points are available.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Stimulates the Phosphorylation of Two Forms of STAT3 in Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neuropoietic cytokine that was identified, purified, and cloned based on its neurotrophic activity on cultured chick ciliary ganglion neurons. The molecular mechanisms by which CNTF elicits its effects on these neurons are unknown. We have previously identified functional receptors for CNTF on ciliary ganglion neurons and demonstrated the CNTF-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of an approximately 90-kDa protein. Here we show that CNTF induced the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of this protein and identify it as an avian form of the transcription factor, STAT3. Identification was confirmed by its recognition with two distinct anti-STAT3 antibodies and the lack of binding to antibodies against STAT1, -2, -4, -5, or -6. The phosphorylation was stable for up to 2 h but required the continued presence of CNTF. CNTF also induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a similar protein in cultured chick dorsal root ganglion and retinal neurons. In addition, we identify a second, 100-kDa form of STAT3 that appears in response to CNTF. Unlike previous reports, utilizing mammalian cell lines that detected a slower migrating form of STAT3 resulting from H7-sensitive protein phosphorylation, H7 did not prevent the appearance of the 100-kDa form in ciliary neurons. Thus, the 100-kDa avian protein may represent a novel form of CNTF-inducible STAT3.
Differential Expression of Immune-Regulatory Genes Associated with PD-L1 Display in Melanoma: Implications for PD-1 Pathway Blockade

Purpose: Blocking the immunosuppressive PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has antitumor activity in multiple cancer types, and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and infiltrating myeloid cells correlates with the likelihood of response. We previously found that IFNG (interferon-gamma) was overexpressed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in PD-L1+ versus PD-L1(−) melanomas, creating adaptive immune resistance by promoting PD-L1 display. This study was undertaken to identify additional factors in the PD-L1+ melanoma microenvironment coordinately contributing to immunosuppression. Experimental Design: Archived, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded melanoma specimens were assessed for PD-L1 protein expression at the tumor cell surface with IHC. Whole-genome expression analysis, quantitative (q)RT-PCR, IHC, and functional in vitro validation studies were used to assess factors differentially expressed in PD-L1+ versus PD-L1(−) melanomas. Results: Functional annotation clustering based on whole-genome expression profiling revealed pathways upregulated in PD-L1+ melanomas, involving immune cell activation, inflammation, and antigen processing and presentation. Analysis by qRT-PCR demonstrated overexpression of functionally related genes in PD-L1+ melanomas, involved in CD8+ T-cell activation ( CD8A , IFNG , PRF1 , and CCL5 ), antigen presentation ( CD163 , TLR3 , CXCL1 , and LYZ ), and immunosuppression [ PDCD1 (PD-1), CD274 (PD-L1), and LAG3 , IL10 ]. Functional studies demonstrated that some factors, including IL10 and IL32-gamma, induced PD-L1 expression on monocytes but not tumor cells. Conclusions: These studies elucidate the complexity of immune checkpoint regulation in the tumor microenvironment, identifying multiple factors likely contributing to coordinated immunosuppression. These factors may provide tumor escape mechanisms from anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and should be considered for cotargeting in combinatorial immunomodulation treatment strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 21(17); 3969–76. ©2015 AACR .
A latent class typology of young women smokers.

Aims Despite aggressive anti-smoking campaigns, smoking rates are increasing among young women, suggesting the need for new approaches to reach this population. Segmenting audiences can facilitate targeting interventions to specific populations, based on association of smoking behaviors with other health behaviors and psychological and social antecedents. Using latent class analysis, we sought to profile patterns of behavioral, attitudinal and cognitive variables related to tobacco use among young women. Design This study is part of an ongoing Midwestern longitudinal self-report survey of the natural history of cigarette smoking. Participants Participants were 18–25-year-old women smokers (n = 443). Measurements Variables included a comprehensive range of demographic characteristics, smoking-related variables and general attitudinal variables. Findings Three distinct classes emerged with the following characteristics: (1) working women who tended to smoke daily but reported high levels of positive affect and life satisfaction (n = 212); (2) light-smoking college students who exercised regularly, began smoking after high school and quit successfully at follow-up 5 years later (n = 86); and (3) heavy smokers who were more likely to have children, report high levels of negative affect and smoke for addictive reasons, for stimulation and to control affect (n = 145). Differences in smoking cessation at a 5-year follow-up were significant across the classes (18.1%, 34.4% and 13.0% had quit for at least 6 months, respectively). Conclusions The psychosocial and behavioral profiles of these classes can potentially be used to tailor smoking interventions more effectively within this population.
Then and now: treatment volume, wound coverage, lung injury, and antibiotics: a capsule history of burn treatment at mid-century

While there are many ways in which the treatment of burns was improved at mid-century, four seem to lead the list: uid therapy; prompt wound coverage; the nature of lung injury; and infection. Marked improvement in these four realms of burn therapy occurred simultaneously, beginning just before and during World War II, and for a decade afterwards. It was my privilege to be a part of this scene and I relate these stories with a sense of nostalgia and the triumphs of Oliver Cope and his group, while at the same time bowing to the immense advances that have been made by other groups since that time [1±21]. The ®rst of these foci was that of improved understanding of the pathophysiology of burns, the volume and nature of uid dislocations caused by burns, and their treatment, as well as the nature of toxic substances that, superimposed on volume-reduction, caused renal failure. The second advance was a clear de®nition of the importance and methods for expeditious wound closure by burn excision and prompt grafting. Thirdly, was the elucidation of the nature of lung injury in burns, and fourthly, the availability of antibiotics to control infection. All four of these advances became available at or about the time ofWorldWar II.
Neural Correlates of Asymptotic Avoidance and Classical Conditioned Leg Flexion

Abstract Brain correlates of conditioned leg flexion behavior were studied in dogs bearing chronically implanted electrodes. Animals were trained to asymptote under either classical aversive or avoidance contingencies, and then were retrained under the other contingency; the order of training was balanced across subjects. The training groups were further subdivided into 3- and 5-sec CS-US intervals. These procedures produced stable behavior and large differences in response latency such that CS onset controlled latency under the avoidance contingency and CS duration controlled latency under the classical contingency. The discharge rate of multiple unit activity recorded from motor, association, and auditory cortices during asymptotic performance was characterized by primary and secondary peaks. Primary peak latencies were invariant with respect to flexion behavior. The latencies of secondary peaks varied as a function of the behavioral response latency and generally preceded the onset of flexion behavior.