cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of common behavioral observation software applications and recommendations for use.

In the field of animal behavior and behavioral ecology, many standardized methods to observe animal behavior were established approximately 50 years ago. While the protocols are similar, behavioral researchers can take advantage of technological advancements to enter observations directly onto a handheld computer (phone, tablet, etc.), saving precious time. However, we now have the choice between many different platforms for recording behavioral observations. Our challenge is choosing the most appropriate platform that fits a particular study question, research design, budget, and desired amount of preparatory time. Here, we review six software applications for handheld computers that are available for real-time entry of behavioral observations: Animal Behaviour Pro, Animal Observer, BORIS, CyberTracker, Prim8, and ZooMonitor. We discuss the preliminary decisions that have to be made about the study design and we assess the six applications by reviewing 1) which behavioral sampling methods are possible per platform, 2) the setup and data collection routines, 3) the data output format, and 4) how to customize certain platforms so they will work more effectively for particular study aims or sampling methods. Our goal is to help researchers make calculated decisions about what behavioral observation platform is best for their study system and question.
The u3si2-H system

Abstract U 3 Si 2 is of interest to the nuclear industry as a candidate fuel material due to its high uranium density and high thermal conductivity. However, it has been observed to react with hydrogen, resulting in material decrepitation. As a result, it is important to understand the thermodynamics of the U 3 Si 2 -H system. In this study, the thermodynamics of the hydrogen absorption reaction of U 3 Si 2 were determined experimentally using Sievert’s gas absorption and related to crystallographic evolution with hydrogen content using X-ray diffraction. Experimentally-determined thermodynamic parameters were compared with results from density functional theory modeling. Results from this study were also compared with those determined in previous work. Sievert’s gas absorption results were used to develop the pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) curves of the U 3 Si 2 -H system. It was found that the hydride phase exhibited a maximum stoichiometry between U 3 Si 2 H 1.8 and U 3 Si 2 H 2 . The two-phase region for hydride formation from U 3 Si 2 exhibited a miscibility gap with a critical temperature between 623 and 673 K, as calculated from the PCT curves. Analysis of the PCT curves also showed that both the enthalpy and entropy of the hydrogen absorption reaction increased with hydrogen content but were lower than the values for uranium trihydride formation from uranium metal. The enthalpy of reaction for hydrogen absorption was calculated to range between -86.9 and -94.8 kJ mol − 1 , while the entropy of reaction was calculated to range between 101.9 and 138.8 J mol − 1 K − 1 . DFT modeling of the thermoydnamic stability of the U 3 Si 2 hydride phases yielded a decomposition temperature of U 3 Si 2 H 2 of approximately 600 K, which was consistent with the experimental results. Similarly, the DFT-calculated enthalpy and entropy of reaction to form U 3 Si 2 H 1.5 were determined to be -106.5kJ mol − 1 and 121.8J mol − 1 K − 1 , respectively, which were both in close agreement with the experimentally-determined values.
Leveling the Playing Field: How Campaign Advertising Can Help Non-Dominant Parties

Voters are often uncertain about and biased against non-dominant political parties. By reducing the information gap with dominant parties, political advertising may thus disproportionately benefit non-dominant parties electorally. We test this argument in Mexico, where three main parties dominate many localities. To identify the effects of exposure to partisan advertising, we exploit differences across neighboring precincts in campaign ad distributions arising from cross-state media coverage spillovers induced by a 2007 reform that equalized access to ad slots across all broadcast media. Our results show that ads on AM radio increase the vote shares of the PAN and PRD, but not the previously-hegemonic PRI. Consistent with our model, campaign advertising is most effective in poorly informed and politically uncompetitive electoral precincts, and against locally dominant parties of intermediate strength.
Clinical outcomes and complications of fluid-filled scleral lens devices for the management of limbal stem cell deficiency.

Abstract Aims To evaluate the clinical and visual outcomes of fluid-filled scleral lens devices (SL) wear in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). Design Retrospective consecutive case series. Methods 27 eyes with LSCD confirmed by in vivo confocal microscopy at the Stein Eye Institute and fitted with SL were included. Correlations between corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and LSCD stage determined by clinical grading were performed between baseline (after the SL fit) and the last follow-up (the time of discontinuation of SL wear or the last visit in eyes in which SL were continued). In a subset of patients that had worsened LSCD while using SL, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and anterior segment fluorescein angiogram (AS-FA) were performed. Results Baseline LSCD grading was stage I in 12 eyes (44.4%), stage 2 in 12 eyes (44.4%), and stage III in 3 eyes (11.1%). At the last follow-up, CDVA was improved in 7 eyes (25.9%), remained stable in 13 eyes (48.1%) and decreased in 7 eyes (25.9%, P = 0.16). The LSCD stage was improved in 7 eyes (25.9%), remained stable in 8 eyes (29.6%) and worsened in 12 eyes (44.4%, P = 0.10). AS-OCT and AS-FA, performed in 5 eyes, showed limbal compression and delayed fluorescein filling. Conclusion SL can improve visual acuity and maintain the ocular surface in the majority of eyes. Worsening of the ocular surface might be a result of limbal hypoxia. Close monitoring of SL fit is necessary in these compromised eyes.
Do Exchange Rate Changes Have Symmetric or Asymmetric Effects on the Demand for Money in Korea

Previous studies that included the exchange rate in the Korean demand for money assumed that the effects of the exchange rate changes are symmetric and adjustment process is linear. They found no significant effects. In this paper we apply Shin et al.’s (2014) Nonlinear ARDL approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling and test the symmetric versus asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on the demand for money in Korea. Using quarterly data over the period 1973-2014, the results show that indeed the effects are asymmetric in the short run. In the long run, however, although the effects are symmetric but both won depreciation and won appreciation have significantly negative effects on the demand for money, supporting the wealth effects argument.
Positive Neuropsychology: Synthesis and Future Directions

The present volume has defined and clarified an overarching orientation to neuropsychological practice and research focused on promoting cognitive health: positive neuropsychology. This chapter serves as a brief review of contributions here and considers additional areas and future directions related to positive neuropsychology topics. Other domains discussed include positive outcomes in neuropsychiatric disorders, promoting cognitive health through public education, studying individuals with superior cognitive functioning, and further clinical applications of positive neuropsychology. Possible strategies to prioritize the study and promotion of cognitive health are also considered.
On the Aerodynamic Noise of a Turbulent Jet

Summary A new model is advanced for analyzing the broad-spectrum noise of a turbulent jet. The shear layer bounding the turbulent jet is assumed to play an important role in modifying the "quadrupole sound radiation" from the interior. To the sound-emit­ ting, small-scale turbulent eddies (with frequencies much higher than those of large-scale eddies), the laminar shear layer has an irregular contour, as if the large-scale turbulent motions were frozen. The linearized analysis is then applied to the laminar shear layer to relate the acoustic oscillations across it. The concept of geometrical acoustics is generalized to represent the passage of an acoustic ray through a laminar shear layer. Acoustic rays may be traced across the shear layer as transmis­ sion and refraction, but they may also be apparently "absorbed" or "generated" by the laminar layer. This "generation" is visual­ ized as the schematic representation, within the framework of geometrical acoustics, of the action of the Reynolds stress in transferring energy from the shearing mean flow to the acoustic waves. Such action of the Reynolds stress can be neglected in ordinary acoustics when the acoustic medium is not moving at speeds comparable to the speed of sound in the medium. How­ ever, this action is of crucial importance in the aerodynamic noise of high-speed turbulent jets where the Reynolds stress is the fun­ damental element of the radiating quadrupoles, according to Lighthill. Those acoustic waves that become "stationary" with respect to the local mean flow somewhere in the interior of the shear layer are significantly modified by the viscous action through the critical layer. The shear layer therefore serves as a selective amplifier of the acoustic waves passing through it. Kinematically, the shear layer brings about the preferred downstream emission. Dynamically, the shear-layer augmentation signifi­ cantly increases the polar peak noise level. The acoustic power output per unit solid angle for such downstream emissions aug­ mented by the shear layer (including the polar peak) varies as Uj8, as predicted by Lighthill, but without Lighthill's convective corrections. On the other hand, the acoustic power output per unit solid angle nearly normal to the jet, due to the transmitted downstream-propagating waves, varies roughly as £//. Heating the jet gas increases the shear-layer augmentation and may in­ crease the polar peak noise level by several db. The silencing action of the edge notches and edge teeth may also be inter­ preted as due apparently to the result of possible distortion of the shear-layer profiles.
Studies on the structure of collagen: II. The nature of the N- and C-terminals in enzyme-treated and untreated collagen

Abstract The amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acids liberated by the action of pronase and other enzymes on the tropocollagen molecule have been determined. In agreement with previous studies no N-terminals have been detected in untreated collagen whereas 10–14 (14–15 after correction according to the e-lysine derivative recovery) free N-terminal glycines have been found after pronase treatment. In the denaturated products, the α1 and α2 chains (α1 being apparently a mixture of α1 and α3) contained 3.4 and 3.3 moles of N-terminal glycine per polypeptide chain, respectively. After chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) and pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) treatment roughly 3 moles of free N-terminals appeared, namely 2 moles of phenylalanine and 1 mole of tyrosine per tropocollagen molecule. Glycine, alanine, lysine and arginine were found as C-terminals in untreated collagen (in ratios of approx. 3:1:1:1). C-terminal glycine, lysine and phenylalanine appeared after treatment with pronase (in approximate ratios of 5:12:1 per mole of collagen).
The All‐Metal Blackburn “Bluebird” Mark IV: Design, Care and Maintenance of a “Sociable” British Light Aeroplane with Side‐by‐Side Seating

THE experience gained with the previous models of the “Bluebird” type has enabled the Bluebird IV to be produced embodying all the requirements essential in a light aeroplane for private and club flying. This experience indicated that the policy of side‐by‐side seating in preference to the more usual tandem arrangement was fully justified, and, although previously it had been considered that such an arrangement was necessarily detrimental to performance owing to the wider fuselage, a considerable amount of investigation proved that a fuselage could be designed maintaining the requisite width, but of such a “body form” as to make this loss of performance practically non‐existent. As a result of these investigations it was decided to develop the “Bluebird” both acrodynamically and structurally, and the actual product by its flight tests confirms the theoretical and model investigation, the side‐by‐side Bluebird IV having a performance at least equal to the performance of the best tandem light aeroplane of the same class and the same engine.
γδ T Cells Promote Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation and Immune Privilege through Their Production of IL-10

Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) is a form of peripheral tolerance that is induced by introducing Ags into the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye, and is maintained by Ag-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs). ACAID regulates harmful immune responses that can lead to irreparable injury to innocent bystander cells that are incapable of regeneration. This form of immune privilege in the eye is mediated through Tregs and is a product of complex cellular interactions. These involve F4/80+ ocular APCs, B cells, NKT cells, CD4+CD25+ Tregs, and CD8+ Tregs. gammadelta T cells are crucial for the generation of ACAID and for corneal allograft survival. However, the functions of gammadelta T cells in ACAID are unknown. Several hypotheses were proposed for determining the functions of gammadelta T cells in ACAID. The results indicate that gammadelta T cells do not cause direct suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity nor do they act as tolerogenic APCs. In contrast, gammadelta T cells were shown to secrete IL-10 and facilitate the generation of ACAID Tregs. Moreover, the contribution of gammadelta T cells ACAID generation could be replaced by adding exogenous recombinant mouse IL-10 to ACAID spleen cell cultures lacking gammadelta T cells.
Power electronics applications in electric/hybrid vehicles

Power electronics is an enabling technology for the development of cleaner, fuel efficient, and 42 V architecture based vehicles. In electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, the challenges are to have a high efficient, rugged, small size and low cost inverter and the associated electronics for controlling a three phase electric machine. In addition to the power electronics, the technology of the electric motor plays a major role in the dynamics of the vehicles and the type of the power converter required for the controlling the vehicle operating characteristics. The power electronic system should be efficient to improve the range and performance of the electric vehicles, and fuel economy in hybrid vehicles. This article shows the challenges of the automotive environment to overcome and new developments from device level to system level.
Active Database Systems

Active database systems extend traditional database systems with the capability to react to various events, which can be either generated internally or externally. We discuss the event-condition-action (ECA) paradigm to specify reactive behavior and its enabling tools and triggers which are available in commercial DBMS. We motivate the need for formal reasoning about active database behavior and present the desirable global properties of termination and confluence. Then we discuss the various semantic dimensions of triggers that relate to their instantiation, condition evaluation, scheduling, and execution and we discuss their coupling with the underlying transaction model. The main features of prototype active database systems and of commercially available DBMS are reviewed. We introduce some of the challenges that face active database systems in novel, highly heterogeneous, distributed, and dynamic driven application domains such as workflow systems, streaming database, and moving objects databases. Finally, we give a brief overview of a new paradigm, (ECA)'2, which is geared toward settings in which both the event detection and the condition evaluation are done in distributed fashion and are continuous in nature. Keywords: active databases; triggers; event-condition-action; semantic dimensions; composite events; coupling; conflict resolution; children triggers
Ethyl β,β‐Pentamethyleneglycidate

Ethyl β,β-pentamethyleneglycidate product: Ethyl β,β-pentamethyleneglycidate Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; epoxide formation; tert-butyl alcohol; potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butyl alcohol; apparatus, for evacuating and introducing nitrogen into reaction vessels
Stress Hyperglycemia and Glycemic Control

Stress hyperglycemia is common in critically ill and injured patients and is a component of the “fight-and-flight” response. Until recently, stress hyperglycemia was considered a beneficial adaptive response, with the raised blood glucose providing a ready source of fuel for the brain, skeletal muscle, heart, and other vital organs at a time of increased metabolic demand. However, retrospective studies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery suggested that perioperative hyperglycemia was associated with an increased risk of postoperative infections and increased mortality.1–3 Furthermore, these studies suggested that control of blood glucose reduced these complications. Following the first Leuven Intensive Insulin Therapy Trial in 2001, “tight glucose control” became regarded as the standard of care in all ICU patients around the world.4
Synthesis of Two-Photon LC Materials

Abstract A number of derivatives of distyrlbenzene, having a high cross section for two-photon absorption, are synthesized. Gradual variations in design are carried out to understand the structure-activity correlation and to bring in liquid crystalline nature. The goal is to synthesize liquid crystals with high nonlinear absorption, specifically two-photon absorption, so they can be used as optical shutters and laser hardening materials.
Stacked macro fiber piezoelectric composite generator for a spinal fusion implant

A manufacturing method was developed to create a piezoelectric 3-layer stacked, macro fiber composite generator operating in d33 mode to promote bone growth in spinal fusion surgeries. A specimen of 9 × 17 × 9 mm thick was constructed from 800 μm diameter PZT fibers and medical grade epoxy. Electromechanical testing was performed at three stages of manufacturing to determine the influence of these processes on power generation. An average peak power of over 335 μW was generated in the heat-treated specimen during simulated human body loads. The work provides insights into manufacturing methods for lowered source impedance power generation for a variety of applications.
Human Blood Cell Sensing with Platinum Black Electroplated Impedance Sensor

AC impedance sensing is an important method for biological cell analysis in flow cytometry. For micro impedance cell sensors, downsizing electrodes increases the double layer impedance of the metal-electrolyte interface, thus leaves no sensing zone in frequency domain and reduces the sensitivity significantly. We proposed using platinum black electroplated electrodes to solve the problem. In this paper, using this technique we demonstrated human blood cell sensing with high signal to noise ratio.
The effects of freeze-preservation on some pollen enzymes. 1. Freeze-thaw stresses.

Summary Isozyme patterns of nonspecific esterase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and peroxidase were studied to aid explanation of the nature of freeze-thaw injury to pollen. Fresh samples of Lilium longiflorum L. and Zea mays L. pollen were frozen at rates between 200 and 0.5°C/min and thawed at rates ranging between 218 and 2.5°C/min. Soluble enzymes were extracted from pollen and analyzed by disc electrophoresis on 7.5% polyacrylamide gels. The gels were stained for enzymes using substrate specific stains and the stained gels were scored for isozyme patterns, migration rate and relative activity. The data suggest that isozymic alterations of nonspecific esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, peroxidase and to a lesser extent leucine aminopeptidase are associated with freezing and thawing treatments. Generally, a decrease in enzyme stainability could be observed with freezing rates below 180 or 150°C/min. A diffused staining pattern of some enzymes may be a reflection of conformational changes. Increased acid phosphatase activity of frozen-thawed samples may indicate lysosomal damage. The isozymes of leucine aminopeptidase remained fairly stable in most treatments.
Analysis of the core components of Alzheimer paired helical filaments A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of fatty acids, carbohydrates and long‐chain bases

We have carried out a fatty acid and carbohydrate compositional analysis of the protease-resistant core of paired helical filaments (prcPHF) isolated from six Alzheimer's diseased brains. Fatty acids, long-chain bases and monosaccharides were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of fatty acid methyl esters, trimethylsilylated long-chain bases, peracetylated alditol acetates and trimethylsilyl methyl glycosides. Glucose and mannose were found to be the only carbohydrate components. Four of the six prcPHF samples contained only glucose while the remaining two samples contained between 30–40% mannose in addition to glucose. None of the samples were found to contain either hydroxylated fatty acids or long-chain bases. The average fatty acid profile of prcPHF was highest in stearic (C18:0) and palmitic acids (C16:0) with less than 10% unsaturated fatty acids. By comparing the carbohydrate and lipid composition of prcPHF to similar data for other brain glycolipids, it was determined that prcPHF is a unique glycolipid, distinct from cerebrosides, gangliosides or brain phospholipids. The fatty acid and carbohydrate composition of a glycolipid isolated from a population of normal brains according to the prcPHF protocol was found be identical to that of prcPHF glycolipid. It is possible that subtle differences in structure or indigenous factors are responsible for the initiation of PHF formation in vivo.
EEG changes in intrathecal baclofen overdose: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Objective : To review the clinical and EEG manifestations of intrathecal baclofen overdose. Methods : We identified one patient who had received an overdose of intrathecal baclofen. Information about the clinical course was obtained by reviewing the patient's medical record. EEGs were recorded with the use of the standard 10–20 electrode placement system. Results : The patient received 30 mg baclofen intrathecally. Shortly after the injection he developed respiratory insufficiency and quadriparesis and later became comatose. The first EEG obtained 20 h after the injection showed very frequent quasiperiodic generalized epileptiform discharges. The patient gradually improved clinically and a second EEG obtained 24 h later showed only intermittent bursts of generalized slow wave activity. A repeat EEG study 1 week later was normal. Conclusions : The EEG in intrathecal baclofen overdose can show quasiperiodic generalized epileptiform discharges. This does not necessarily indicate the presence of underlying potential epileptogenicity, and treatment with an antiepileptic medication is not necessary.
Radiations from Arsenic 77 and Germanium 71

The radionuclide ${\mathrm{As}}^{77}$ has been shown by scintillation spectrometry to emit gamma rays of energies 32, 87, 160, 247, 270, and 520 kev. It is estimated that these quanta are associated with beta-ray branches totaling about 2.5 percent of the total beta radiation. The continuous gamma-ray spectrum accompanying orbital electron capture in ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{71}$ has been shown to have an end point at 225\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12 kev. $\mathrm{Log}\mathrm{ft}$ is calculated to be $4.4(\ensuremath{\Delta}I=0, 1; \mathrm{no})$, consistent with an assignment of spin \textonehalf{} to the ground state of ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{71}$ in accord with the theory of the shell model.Some data relative to gamma rays from ${\mathrm{Os}}^{193}$ and ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{77}$ are included.
Deactivation force-deflection behavior of multistranded stainless steel wires

This investigation measured the deactivation (unloading) force-deflection behavior of selected multistranded stainless steel orthodontic wires. The guidelines from the revised American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association Specification No. 32 for orthodontic wires (type 2, nonlinear elasticity) were used to perform a 3-point bending test to obtain data for the deactivation force levels at 3, 2, 1, and 0.5 mm, and permanent deformation values. The study tested 20 wire designs: triple-stranded twisted wires, 5- and 6-stranded coaxial wires, and 8- and 9-stranded braided rectangular wires of selected cross-sections. Twenty specimens were tested for each wire design. The specification guidelines for testing provided a means for obtaining comparative unloading force delivery data for the deflections tested. Multistranded wires of significantly different cross-section, weave, and strand number fell within relatively narrow ranges of force delivery at the 0.5-mm (1.7-42.7 grams-force [gmf]) and 1-mm (31.1-134.2 gmf) deflections and wider ranges of force levels at the 2-mm (57.0-320.5 gmf) and 3-mm (72.5-451.8 gmf) deflections. All wires exhibited some permanent deformation, but none averaged greater than 0.66 mm. The testing also showed that multistranded wires of significantly different design exhibit similar force levels. The guidelines of the revised Specification No. 32 yielded deactivation data with regard to force delivery and provided comparisons of the wire designs tested.
Attenuation of infective Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae with triethylene melamine and the production of immunity in rats.

Abstract N. brasiliensis infective larvae treated with triethylene melamine (TEM) at concentration of 0·5 to 1 per cent. did not develop normally in susceptible white rats, though their motility in vitro appeared unimpaired. The numbers of worms developing in the lungs and small intestine were reduced by 58 per cent. and 96 to 100 per cent. respectively compared with normal larvae, showing that attenuation resulted in worms being held up in the lung phase of migration. A single immunising dose of larvae treated with 0·5 per cent. TEM resulted in 62 per cent. protection compared with 54 per cent. for a single dose of normal larvae. Two doses of larvae treated with 1·0, 0·7 or 0·5 per cent. TEM resulted in 66, 86 and 72 per cent. protection respectively compared with 76 per cent. for normal larvae.
Military experience and training effects on civilian wages

(1990). Military experience and training effects on civilian wages. Applied Economics: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 69-81.
Fabrication Of XLWIR Window Materials

A technique was developed for fabrication of strong, fully dense, polycrystalline windows of CsI by hot-pressing in a steel die. We began with ultra-pure, ultra-dry CsI powder and conducted all processing operations within a glove box purged with dry N/sub 2/. We were able to hot-press 5.08 cm CsI discs having transmittance of about 80% in the extra long wavelength (/greater than or equal to/10 ..mu..m) infrared range---equivalent to that of single crystal CsI. The flexural strength of CsI bars fabricated by hot pressing small-particle-size powder was 18 MPa, about 5 times higher than that of single crystal CsI. 7 refs., 9 figs.
Next generation spacecraft interconnect standard (NGSIS)

It is not expected that at the end of it all, the NGSIS will publish a solution that fits all the problems presented. It is more likely that we have before us a small set of answers that scale with the problem presented. This applies to a physical interconnect where we will see photonic links given a certain met threshold, e.g. data rate; otherwise, we will apply a standard copper bus. This also applies to the type of protocol suite selected to control the flow of data throughout the spacecraft; whether it is on a high data rate section of the network, or on a low data rate portion that is concerned with health, guidance, and navigation.
Orders in Hopf algebras

Number-theoretic techniques are very useful in studying the representation theory of finite groups. In this paper we attempt to introduce such techniques into the representation theory of finite-dimensional semisimple involutory Hopf algebras over a number field. We consider Hopf algebras which contain an integral Hopf algebra order, and study the relation between the structure of the Hopf algebra and the number-theoretic properties of its orders. Let H be a finite-dimensional semisimple involutory Hopf algebra. An element /l E H is called a left integral if hfl = .~(h)/l for all h E H. It is known [5, 61 that there exist left integrals in H for which E(A) # 0. Let A be an order in H, and let IT, be the ideal of all left integrals in A. The ideal E(L) gives much information on the structure of H and A. It plays a role similar to that played by the order of the group in discussing the representation theory of a finite group. In fact it always is a divisor of dim H. More specifically, let A* be the dual order to A in H*, and let L* be the ideal of left integrals in A*. We prove that c(L) c(L*) is the ideal generated by dim H. A is a separable algebra if and only if c(L) = R. If B is an order containing A, and M is the ideal of left integrals contained in B, we show that (c(L) c(&Z)l) (B/A) = 0. In particular, if E(L) = c(M), it follows that B = A. We then prove the following generalization of a theorem of Frobenius: the degree of any absolutely irreducible representation of H divides E(L). If H is the group algebra of a group G, and A is the integral group ring, then E(L) = (1 G I), and this gives Frobenius’ theorem. If G has a normal abelian subgroup N, then it is possible to construct an order for which c(L) = ([G : N]), in which case our result gives us a theorem of Ito. This
Measuring the benefits of foreign product variety with an accurate variety set

Abstract Recent studies have used import data to assess the impact of foreign varieties on domestic prices and welfare. We employ a market-based data set on the U.S. automobile market that allows us to define goods varieties at a more precise level, as well as discern location of production and ownership of varieties. Our estimates of price and welfare changes from new varieties in the U.S. automobile sector are twice as large as standard estimates when using our detailed market-based data. We also show that new varieties introduced by foreign-owned affiliates provided an additional 70 % welfare gain during our sample.
Curvature sampling of 3-D objects in medical images

The measurement of the local curvature of arbitrary discrete 3-D medical images is complicated by the difficulties of defining a local neighborhood and then mapping the surface of the neighborhood onto the unit square as a way to unambiguously define a parameterization. Five practical methods are presented for deriving one or more measures of curvature about a point on an arbitrary discretized surface. The first 3 methods approximate the surface patch using continuous biquadratics while the next 2 methods obtain the curvature directly from the discrete data points on the surface which define the neighborhood. The 5 methods are compared in computational complexity accuracy and robustness in the presence of a noisy surface. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The measurement of latitude, time, and height variations at a single laser tracking station

Recent analysis of laser data for determining variation of latitude have been based on apparent variations in the orbital inclination of the satellite derived from short orbital arcs of 6-8 hours. An alternative method, based on the daily adjustment of the station position to a much longer arc of 2 or 3 weeks has recently been developed and tested. In the new method a long orbital arc is derived from many days of data and is subsequently used as a reference orbit for the adjustment of the position of the station (only) on each day of the long arc for which tracking data are available. This new technique appears to give slightly better results when it is applied to a test period in August 1970, with the added advantage that earth rotation measurements can be derived from the same data at the same time. The results for the test period indicate a precision of 74 cm in variation of latitude and 0.81 ms in monitoring the earth's rotation with 6 hours of data.
Toxicity and effects of mosquito larvicides methoprene and surface film (Agnique ® MMF) on the development and fecundity of the tadpole shrimp Triops newberryi (Packard) (Notostraca: Triopsidae)

We investigated the interactions of tadpole shrimp, a mosquito biological control agent, with the juvenile hormone analog methoprene and a monomolecular surface film. In laboratory assays, the tadpole shrimp (TPS) Triops newberryi (Packard) was able to tolerate high concentrations of methoprene without negative impacts on its growth, longevity, and fecundity when exposed to 1 to 10 mg/liter, or 90–900 fold, of the IE90 levels against a laboratory colony of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The same held true in field trials when the habitats were treated with Altosid® Liquid Larvicide (Altosid® LL, 5% methoprene) at 0.3–1.2 liters/ha. or 1–4 fold of the label rates for mosquito control. However, some significant impacts on the TPS occurred when they were exposed to Agnique® Monomolecular Film (Agnique® MMF) at the label rates for mosquito control ranging from 1.89–9.45 liters/ha. under laboratory and field conditions. To avoid the negative impact of Agnique MMF on tadpole shrimp, it appears that 1.89 liters/ha. would be the maximum rate when Agnique MMF is used to control mosquitoes in the habitats where the TPS is employed as a biological control agent, or prevailing in the aquatic habitats with potential for suppressing mosquito larval populations.
Heroin Acts on Delta Opioid Receptors in the Brain of Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

AbstractHeroin, like morphine, given intracerebroventricularly produces analgesia by acting on μ opioid receptors in most mice. In contrast, in Swiss Webster mice, heroin has the unusual property of acting on brain δ opioid receptors whereas morphine still acts on μ receptors. The literature indicates that in diabetic mice and rats, the μ agonist potency of morphine is diminished while that to a δ receptor agonist is enhanced. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the response to heroin occurred through a δ receptor in the brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. One week after a cannula was surgically implanted in the lateral ventricle, diabetes was induced by intravenous administration of 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Three days later the receptor selectivity of intraventricular heroin in the tail flick test was determined by coadministration of opioid antagonists. In nondiabetic rats, a rightward shift in the dose response curve for heroin was produced by naloxone. D-P...
A shadow distance function decomposition of the environmental Kuznets curve: comparing the South China Sea and the Caribbean

This study decomposes the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 into scale, composition and technique effects for a sample of countries in the South China Sea and Caribbean basins, regions at risk of increased exposure to extreme tropical weather and at different developmental stages. Effect variation with respect to population density and investment proportion of GDP show evidence of more effective abatement activities and more appropriate technology in the South China Sea economies. The countries with the highest levels of technical efficiency in the different regions also have the most equal distribution of income and the highest population densities.
Thermionic Effects Caused by Vapours of Alkali Metals

Early in 1923 it was shown that a tungsten filament heated to 1200° K or more in saturated caesium vapour converts all caesium atoms which strike it into caesium ions. Thus when the filament is surrounded by a negatively charged cylinder a positive ion current flows from the filament, which is independent of the filament temperature (above 1200° K) and independent of the applied potential, if this is sufficient to overcome the space charge effect of the positive ions. At lower voltages the currents follow the 3/2 power law, and the currents are smaller than the corresponding electron currents obtainable from the same filament in the ratio of the square roots of the masses of the electrons and caesium ions. The reason that the caesium atoms lose their valence electrons so readily upon contact with the filament, is merely that the electron affinity of tungsten (Richardson work function) is 4·53 volts, while the electron affinity of a caesium atom (ionising potential) is only 3·88 volts. Experiments showed in fact that if the work function for the filament is lowered to 2·69, by allowing a monatomic layer of thorium atoms to accumulate on the surface (by diffusion from the interior of a thoriated tungsten filament), the positive ion emission becomes negligible.
Telephone-linked care for cancer symptom monitoring: a pilot study.

purpose: The purpose of this pilot project was to explore the feasibility of using a telephone-based computerized system to monitor postchemotherapy symptoms and to test the mechanism of generating alert communications to healthcare providers about symptoms that are poorly controlled. description of study: Twenty-seven patients with cancer participated in the study by calling the telephone-linked care (TLC) system daily during a single cycle of chemotherapy and reporting on seven common chemotherapy-related symptoms. Using selected symptom data, symptoms that met a preset threshold for severity generated a fax notification of the patient's symptom pattern to the physician. Patients then were interviewed about their satisfaction with TLC and about suggestions for improvement. results: The study demonstrated that TLC is easy to learn and use and that it captures daily symptom information from patients in their homes. A majority of patients experienced symptoms that were severe enough to generate symptom-alert faxes. Patient satisfaction with TLC was high. The technique, TLC voice, and the duration of the calls were acceptable to patients. There were few technical problems. clinical implications: The TLC system has the potential to improve dramatically symptom monitoring and symptom care of patients with cancer at home. Further testing is needed, but the TLC chemotherapy monitoring application shows promise for improving supportive-care service delivery for cancer patients. In its initial test, the TLC chemotherapy monitoring application has been shown to be highly acceptable to patients, able to generate useful symptom data, and able to generate faxed alerts to healthcare providers, thus improving communication about poorly controlled symptoms.
Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy in Biophysical Chemistry of Cells

This article addresses the question of what information and new insights atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides that are of importance and relevance to cellular biophysical chemistry research. Three enabling aspects of AFM are discussed: (a) visualization of membrane structural features with nanometer resolution, such as microvilli, ridges, porosomes, lamellapodia, and filopodia; (b) revealing structural evolution associated with cellular signaling pathways by time-dependent and high-resolution imaging of the cellular membrane in correlation with intracellular components from simultaneous optical microscopy; and (c) qualitative and quantitative measurements of single cell mechanics by acquisition of force-deformation profiles and extraction of Young's moduli for the membrane as well as cytoskeleton. A future prospective of AFM is also presented.
The effect of clinical outcome on platelet G proteins of major depressed patients.

Abstract Platelet G protein subunits (Gαi2, Gαq and Gβ) were measured in 15 non-treated depressed patients (recurrent major depression) and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls by using the Western immunoblot method. The depression severity was measured by the AMDP depression rating scale before start of treatment. The AMDP score ranged between 12 and 44. Patients were then treated with different antidepressant drugs (ATD) for 1 month, after which G protein and depression were reassessed. Results indicated that drug-free depressed patients displayed increased levels of G proteins subunits, in comparison to healthy controls. Antidepressant drug administration resulted in decrease of depression severity but only seven patients showed a net response to drugs (AMDP depression score less than 12). These drug-responding patients have also reduced G protein levels, while patients without significant improvement continued to display either the same levels of G proteins or higher, whatever the class of the drug administered. These results suggest that depression is associated to increase in G protein subunit levels and that the clinical outcome seemed to be the determining factor in further decrease occurring in G protein levels.
Protein Kinase C Activation Decreases Cell Surface Expression of the GLT-1 Subtype of Glutamate Transporter REQUIREMENT OF A CARBOXYL-TERMINAL DOMAIN AND PARTIAL DEPENDENCE ON SERINE 486

Na+-dependent glutamate transporters are required for the clearance of extracellular glutamate and influence both physiological and pathological effects of this excitatory amino acid. In the present study, the effects of a protein kinase C (PKC) activator on the cell surface expression and activity of the GLT-1 subtype of glutamate transporter were examined in two model systems, primary co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes that endogenously express GLT-1 and C6 glioma cells transfected with GLT-1. In both systems, activation of PKC with phorbol ester caused a decrease in GLT-1 cell surface expression. This effect is opposite to the one observed for the EAAC1 subtype of glutamate transporter (Davis, K. E., Straff, D. J., Weinstein, E. A., Bannerman, P. G., Correale, D. M., Rothstein, J. D., and Robinson, M. B. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18, 2475–2485). Several recombinant chimeric proteins between GLT-1 and EAAC1 transporter subtypes were generated to identify domains required for the subtype-specific redistribution of GLT-1. We identified a carboxyl-terminal domain consisting of 43 amino acids (amino acids 475–517) that is required for PKC-induced GLT-1 redistribution. Mutation of a non-conserved serine residue at position 486 partially attenuated but did not completely abolish the PKC-dependent redistribution of GLT-1. Although we observed a phorbol ester-dependent incorporation of 32P into immunoprecipitable GLT-1, mutation of serine 486 did not reduce this signal. We also found that chimeras containing the first 446 amino acids of GLT-1 were not functional unless amino acids 475–517 of GLT-1 were also present. These non-functional transporters were not as efficiently expressed on the cell surface and migrated to a smaller molecular weight, suggesting that a subtype-specific interaction is required for the formation of functional transporters. These studies demonstrate a novel effect of PKC on GLT-1 activity and define a unique carboxyl-terminal domain as an important determinant in cellular localization and regulation of GLT-1.
Kinetics of the thermal reactions of some disaccharides

Abstract The kinetics of the early stages of pyrolysis of several disaccharides have been examined thermogravimetrically. Cleavage of the glycosidic bond has been postulated as the rate-determining step for these thermal reactions. This step is followed primarily by the formation of anhydrohexopyranoses with the elimination of water. The kinetic parameters for these disaccharides have been compared with the literature values for aqueous acid hydrolyses of these same compounds.
Aerosol sulfate and trace elements in urban fog

Lahore has been enveloped by intense fog for a period of 1 to 2 months during the previous three winters. The extensive nature of the fog has caused severe disruption to transport and the economy in Northeastern Pakistan. In this paper we report aerosol data from a field study carried out from 25 December 1999 to 8 January 2000 during the fog period. High pollutant concentrations were observed throughout the field study with SO2 from 0.3 to 24.7 ppb, SO42- from 4 to 141 μg/m3, and NO3- from 3 to 74.5 μg/m3. Exceptionally high trace element aerosol concentrations were also observed, for example, Se concentrations up to 258 ng/m3, As of 26 ng/m3, and Sb of 84.8 ng/m3. Pb concentrations up to several μg/m3 were observed well above the WHO guideline of 1 μg/m3. Maximum aerosol concentrations were observed during the daytime compared to nighttime which is consistent with increased urban and photochemical activity throughout the day. Source apportionment revealed four major groupings. Group one is comprised of ...
Supervising ISODATA with an information theoretic stopping rule

Abstract New biomedical imaging modalities, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), provide fertile multidimensional environments for the automatic identification of biological soft tissues, but lack the a priori information required to appropriately train supervised classifiers. Hierarchical cluster analysis techniques can generate this information but they are inefficient on large data sets. We have developed an unsupervised clustering method that is a variant of the well known ISODATA algorithm. We replaced the heuristic rules that control ISODATA with rules that search for the minimum value of an information theoretic criterion. The criteria investigated in this study are Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and the Consistent AIC (CAIC). Both measure the global fit of a cluster model to the input data, and the smallest criterion value suggests the best fit. We tested the new method on multivariate Gaussian and real world data, including MR images of normal and diseased tissue in vivo.
TYPIST: a theory of performance in skilled typing

TYPIST is a TheorY of Performance In Skilled Typing built within the framework of the Model Human Processor (MHP; Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983). As such, it can be used to make quantitative predictions of performance on typing tasks and can be integrated with other MHP-based models of performance. In this article, I present the theory and explain the source of each theoretical assumption (MHP, typing task analysis, or empirical typing data). I then demonstrate different ways to use TYPIST by applying it to six transcription typing tasks. Finally, I summarize its application to many more typing tasks that display robust behavioral phenomena identified by Salthouse (1986).