cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Role of Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components in Understanding Residents’ Attitudes toward Place Marketing:

This study examines attitudes and opinions of local residents regarding place marketing and identifies the role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in residents’ positive or negative attitudes toward place marketing. The conceptual model is developed based on attitude, reasoned action, and social exchange theories. Data are collected across several destination areas at different levels of tourism development to test Doxey’s Irridex model. Results show an adequate role of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components on positive or negative attitude formation in place marketing. Personal benefit from tourism is relevant for moderating the relationship between the three components and attitudes toward place marketing. Results imply residents from the least developed tourism county are more optimistic about increasing the local tourism economic growth as they are in the beginning stage of tourism development compared with the moderately and most developed counties, where some residents o...
Proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (VELCADE) induces stabilization of the TRAIL receptor DR5 mRNA through the 3'-untranslated region.

Addition of proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (VELCADE, bortezomib) to prostate cancer cells enhances cell death mediated by tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). PS-341 sensitizes prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing TRAIL receptors (DR5), inhibiting protein degradation, and elevating DR5 mRNA. Investigations into how PS-341 regulates the stability of DR5 mRNA revealed that PS-341 increased DR5 mRNA by extending its half-life from 4 to 10 h. The 2.5-kb 3′-untranslated region of the DR5 gene stabilized a heterologous gene in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, suggesting the importance of this mRNA sequence. In contrast, human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU145 do not show this stabilization, suggesting cell specificity. PS-341 treatment of LNCaP cells increases the level of specific cytoplasmic mRNA-binding proteins, including AUF-1 isoforms, hnRNP C1/C2, and HuR proteins. In UV cross-linking experiments, after PS-341 treatment, the HuR protein markedly increases binding to specific sequences in the DR5 3′-untranslated region. In LNCaP cells treated with PS-341, small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of HuR markedly decreases the half-life of DR5 mRNA, indicating that HuR is essential for mRNA stabilization. HuR protein is ubiquitinated, suggesting that PS-341 increases this protein by preventing its degradation. These experiments implicate modulation of mRNA stability as a novel mechanism by which proteasome inhibitors function, sensitizing cancer cells to antineoplastic agents. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(5):1091–100]
Methamphetamine treatment during development attenuates the dopaminergic deficits caused by subsequent high-dose methamphetamine administration

Administration of high doses of methamphetamine (METH) causes persistent dopaminergic deficits in both nonhuman preclinical models and METH-dependent persons. Noteworthy, adolescent (i.e., postnatal day (PND) 40) rats are less susceptible to this damage than young adult (PND90) rats. In addition, biweekly treatment with METH, beginning at PND40 and continuing throughout development, prevents the persistent dopaminergic deficits caused by a “challenge” high-dose METH regimen when administered at PND90. Mechanisms underlying this “resistance” were thus investigated. Results revealed that biweekly METH treatment throughout development attenuated both the acute and persistent deficits in VMAT2 function, as well as the acute hyperthermia, caused by a challenge METH treatment. Pharmacokinetic alterations did not appear to contribute to the protection afforded by the biweekly treatment. Maintenance of METH-induced hyperthermia abolished the protection against both the acute and persistent VMAT2-associated deficits suggesting that alterations in thermoregulation were caused by exposure of rats to METH during development. These findings suggest METH during development prevents METH-induced hyperthermia and the consequent METH-related neurotoxicity.
The Crucial Role of the States and Private International Law Treaties: A Model for Accommodating Globalization

This brief symposium contribution highlights the central and important role that state governments play in the development and integration of private international law treaties into the United States legal system. States play this central role even though, as some of the papers in this symposium have concluded, there are few, if any, constitutional constraints on the ability of the federal government to sign, ratify, and implement treaties that would displace state law. The primacy of states in the integration of private international law, this essay argues, points the way to a model of accommodation of other kinds of treaties affecting traditional areas of state control. The model of state government control over the integration of private international law offers a healthy, if modest, alternative to the sometimes reflexive nationalism pervading scholarship in this area.
A New Method for the Measurement of Surge Voltages in Windings

The increasing demand for electrical windings to be impulse tested has led to the study of the factors affecting the distribution of impulse voltages along the conductors. To obtain the essential test information it is necessary to record oscillograms of the voltage at various points along the winding when an impulse voltage is applied to the line terminal. In the normal way this would require removal of the conductor insulation to make connections to the windings. The paper describes two methods of utilizing a capacitance tapping on the conductor whereby any damage to the winding insulation is avoided. In the first method a simple capacitance voltage-divider circuit is used between the deflection plates of the cathode-ray oscillograph and the winding, the connection to the winding being obtained by wrapping a piece of foil round the outside of the conductor insulation. Better results are obtained, however, by using a suitably designed cathode-follower circuit between the tapping foil and the cathode-ray oscillograph. Consistent results were obtained for impulse waves chopped in times as short as about 0.07 microsec, corresponding to a frequency of about 4 Mc/s when a capacitance greater than 300μμF was used between the tapping foil and the winding.
The Trojan horse approach for managing invasive ants: a study with Asian needle ants, Pachycondyla chinensis

Ants are among the most ecologically and economically significant biological invaders and are notoriously difficult to eradicate once established. Invasive ants are typically managed with toxic baits which are often unattractive to the target species, toxic to non-targets, and environmentally persistent. The current study evaluated a novel Trojan horse approach for managing invasive ants in natural habitats based on the use of poisoned prey. Eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) were topically exposed to fipronil and presented to Asian needle ants (Pachycondyla chinensis) which are a significant invader in natural and disturbed habitats in the eastern United States. In laboratory assays, P. chinensis colonies were offered fipronil-treated termites within experimental arenas. The termites were readily attacked and consumed and results demonstrate that a single termite exposed to 25 ppm fipronil for 1 h is capable of killing 100 P. chinensis workers in 9 h. To evaluate population effects, field studies were conducted in forested areas invaded by P. chinensis. Fipronil-treated termites scattered on the forest floor provided rapid control of P. chinensis and ant densities throughout the treated plots declined by 98 ± 5 % within 28 days. I demonstrate that the poison baiting approach based on fipronil-treated termite prey is highly effective against P. chinensis and may offer an effective alternative to traditional bait treatments against other invasive ants, especially those with predatory and generalist feeding habits. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the poison baiting approach offers environmental benefits by delivering substantially less toxicant to the environment relative to current control methods which rely on commercial bait formulations. In summary, the poison baiting approach evaluated in this study appears highly suitable for controlling invasive ants and should be further tested against other invasive ants.
El significado y la activación del crimen de agresión bajo el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional (The Significance and Activation of the Crime of Aggression Under the International Criminal Court's Statute of Rome)

Spanish Abstract: El texto analiza las reformas efectuadas en Kampala al crimen de agresion, bajo el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional. En particular, el autor indaga sobre la definicion del crimen, sus filtros jurisdiccionales, los elementos del crimen y los entendimientos adoptados en Kampala. El articulo concluye revisando la participacion de Estados Unidos en relacion a la adopcion del crimen de agresion y sugiere las posibles estrategias para un futuro involucramiento con la comunidad internacional, tras el acuerdo de Kampala.English Abstract: The paper analyzes the amendments that took place on Kampala regarding the crime of aggression, under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. In particular, the author studies the definition of the crime, its jurisdictional filters, the elements of the crime and the understandings adopted at Kampala. The paper concludes by reviewing the United States of America’s involvement in connection with the adoption of the crime of aggression, and suggests potential future strategies for engagement with the international community, after Kampala’s agreements.
Stimulation of Jejunal Secretion by a Crude Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin

The effects of culture filtrates of Escherichia coli were studied in perfused canine jejunal Thiry-Vella loops and in ligated segments of rabbit small bowel. The enterotoxigenic E. coli strain employed was isolated from the jejunum of a man with acute cholera-like diarrhea in Calcutta. A culture filtrate of this strain demonstrated enterotoxic activity which was partially heat-stable. A control E. coli strain yielded no enterotoxic activity. A dose-response curve of the effect of the enterotoxin on canine jejunal absorption or secretion was obtained. The maximum secretory rates obtained were about 25% of those produced by cholera enterotoxin. The effect upon jejunal absorption was maximally developed within the first 90 min of exposure and disappeared equally rapidly, except at the highest doses studied, after removal of the enterotoxin. The E. coli enterotoxin did not increase jejunal clearance of serum albumin or diminish the magnitude of enhanced sodium absorption when the jejunal perfusion solution contained glucose. The electrolyte content of rabbit small bowel fluids induced by E. coli and cholera enterotoxins were similar. Perfusion of E. coli enterotoxin during maximal jejunal secretion induced by cholera enterotoxin did not further increase the secretory rate, suggesting that the two enterotoxins may act upon the same secretory mechanism. Repeated jejunal challenge with E. coli enterotoxin over a period of 8 weeks led to no decrease in jejunal responsiveness to the enterotoxin. The time course and dose response of E. coli enterotoxin upon jejunal function may explain differences in the clinical course of human diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic E. coli and Vibrio cholerae.
Election Laws and Agenda Setting: How Election Law Restrictiveness Shapes the Complexity of State Ballot Measures

Recently, many U.S. states that allow citizen initiatives have passed laws designed to make it more difficult for an initiative to qualify for the ballot (e.g., by increasing the number of signatures required to get on the ballot), thereby making it harder for citizens to bypass the legislature and make direct changes to public policy. Such laws have reduced both the number of measures that make the ballot and the number that pass on Election Day. I show that laws governing access of initiatives to the ballot also shape the policy agenda; provisions making it harder for proposals to get on the ballot decrease the complexity of the initiatives on the ballot. As less complex initiatives are more likely to be understood by voters and voters are reluctant to vote for measures they do not understand, more restrictive laws actually increase the likelihood that an initiative will pass.
How do solar UV irradiance and smoking impact the diagnosis of second cancers after diagnosis of melanoma?: No answer yet

It may be useful to look at the risk patterns for developing a second primary malignancy after a first primary melanoma diagnosis in order to understand the etiology and mortality due to melanoma. In this volume, W.B. Grant has proposed the interesting hypothesis that solar UV radiation and smoking may be inversely associated with the development of melanoma through the presence of dermal or solar elastosis. However, this association is inconsistent and may be explained by confounding by outdoor activity, physical exercise, obesity, diet and underlying immune or genetic factors.
Response of Hypophysectomized Immature Male Rats to Pregnant Mare Serum.

SummaryPregnant mare serum maintains testis weight and stimulates seminal vesicle weight in hypophysectomized male rats treated for a 5-day period. These data are compared with those from similarly treated female rats.
Bone marrow aspiration in the antemortem diagnosis of primary systemic amyloidosis.

Primary systemic amyloidosis has been recognized for more than a century and, although the symptoms, physical findings and laboratory data may be striking, the diagnosis is frequently not made until autopsy.' I6, 22 As histologic examination of tissue is necessary for the unequivocal diagnosis of amyloidosis, many organs have been utilized for biopsy, including gingiva, • kidney, small intestine,' n liver, and rectum. ' Bone marrow aspiration, a simple and frequently performed procedure, seems to be a possible source of tissue for the antemortem diagnosis of amyloidosis. Although reports of the presence of amyloid in bone marrow are few, ' ' ' 28 we have observed it frequently. This stimulated us to review specimens of bone marrow (obtained by aspiration) from our patients with primary systemic amyloidosis.
Security Games With Unknown Adversarial Strategies

The security community has witnessed a significant increase in the number of different types of security threats. This situation calls for the design of new techniques that can be incorporated into security protocols to meet these challenges successfully. An important tool for developing new security protocols as well as estimating their effectiveness is game theory. This game theory framework usually involves two players or agents: 1) a protector and 2) an adversary, and two patterns of agent behavior are considered: 1) selfish behavior, where each of the agents wants to maximize his payoff; and 2) leader and follower behavior, where one agent (the leader) expects that the other agent (the follower) will respond to the leader’s strategy. Such an approach assumes that the agents agree on which strategy to apply in advance. In this paper, this strong assumption is relaxed. Namely, the following question is considered: what happens if it is unknown a priori what pattern of behavior the adversary is going to use, or in other words, it is not known, what game he intends to play? Using a simple game-theoretic model, it is shown that the protector can lose if he does not take into account the possibility that the adversary can play a game other than the one the protector has in mind. Further considered is a repeated game in which the protector can learn about the presence of an adversary, and the behavior of belief probabilities is analyzed in this setting.
Dissolution Kinetics of Uric Acid Calculi

AbstractDissolution of uric acid calculi was studied in vitro. Calculated rate constants were then applied to an in vivo situation. The time required for complete dissolution of a uric acid calculus in a patient on oral alkali therapy can be estimated.Sodium bicarbonate, acetylcysteine, [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] -E were tested for relative effectiveness in dissolving uric acid calculi in vitro. In patients who require irrigation for dissolution of uric acid calculi [tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane] is the preferred agent.
Multimodal optical and Gd-based nanoparticles for imaging in inflammatory arthritis

Objectives This report documents a multimodal nanoparticle (MNP) contrast agent, containing embedded luminophores and surface-immobilized gadolinium chelates, as a contrast agent of inflamed synovium in a collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model. Methods DBA-1J mice were immunized for CIA and imaged after disease onset by two independent modalities. After intravenous administration of MNP contrast, optical and magnetic resonance images were obtained and clinical disease was scored, which was followed by processing of hindlimbs for immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Results We show a correlation between disease severity and MNP optical luminescence that is dose dependent. Immunofluorescence of hindlimb sections reveal that MNP-labeled cells are monocytes/macrophages within the inflamed synovium. Magnetic resonance (MR) relaxation time maps, which determine the quantitative measure of T1 and T2 values at each imaging voxel, demonstrated a decreasing T2 signal in actively inflamed joints that was more pronounced earlier rather than later during disease. Conclusions MNPs containing surface-immobilized gadolinium chelates and embedded luminophores are potential dual-modality contrast agents in inflammatory arthritis and localize to monocytes/macrophages within inflamed synovium.
Development Opportunities of Exoskeletons

Low birth rates and population aging are growing problems in developed and emerging industrialized countries. The medical equipment industry in Taiwan is expected to leverage the strength of local ICT and medical industries to develop products to assist immobile patients or improve life quality of the grey-haired. The global market is expected to be tremendous in the combination of medical equipment and intelligent robots.
The vacuum flashover of Dow-Corning type 704 diffusion-pump oil

Surface flashover characteristics of Dow-Corning type 704 diffusion-pump oil (DC-704) were measured to determine the suitability of this fluid as a vacuum barrier in pulse-power accelerators. These experiments were conducted on an Ion Physics Corporation FX-45 pulse generator, which provided 28-ns (FWHM) pulses in the 500- to 1000-kV range. These pulses went to either a resistive load or a field-emission diode via a vacuum-insulated coaxial transmission line partially filled with the oil. To date, almost 400 pulses have been fired and fields over 200-kV/cm have been sustained. For instances where the oil surface did flash over, open-shutter photographs recorded the spark channels. Since their probability did not show a strong field dependence, we believe that flashovers at these levels were due to spurious phenomena.
MTD assessment framework with cyber attack modeling

Moving Target Defense (MTD) has received significant focus in technical publications. The publications describe MTD approaches that periodically change some attribute of the computer network system. The attribute that is changed, in most cases, is one that an adversary attempts to gain knowledge of through reconnaissance and may use its knowledge of the attribute to exploit the system. The fundamental mechanism an MTD uses to secure the system is to change the system attributes such that the adversary never gains the knowledge and cannot execute an exploit prior to the attribute changing value. Thus, the MTD keeps the adversary from gaining the knowledge of attributes necessary to exploit the system. Most papers conduct theoretical analysis or basic simulations to assess the effectiveness of the MTD approach. More effective assessment of MTD approaches should include behavioral characteristics for both the defensive actor and the adversary; however, limited research exists on running actual attacks against an implemented system with the objective of determining the security benefits and total cost of deploying the MTD approach. This paper explores empirical assessment through experimentation of MTD approaches. The cyber-kill chain is used to characterize the actions of the adversary and identify what classes of attacks were successfully thwarted by the MTD approach and what classes of attacks could not be thwarted In this research paper, we identify the experiment environments and where experiment fidelity should be focused to evaluate the effectiveness of MTD approaches. Additionally, experimentation environments that support contemporary technologies used in MTD approaches, such as software defined networking (SDN), are also identified and discussed.
Modeling material interfaces with hybrid adhesion method

Abstract A molecular dynamics simulation approach is presented to approximate layered material structures using discrete interatomic potentials through classical mechanics and the underlying principles of quantum mechanics. This method isolates the energetic contributions of the system into two pure material layers and an interfacial region used to simulate the adhesive properties of the diffused interface. The strength relationship of the adhesion contribution is calculated through small-scale separation calculations and applied to the molecular surfaces through an inter-layer bond criterion. By segregating the contributions into three regions and accounting for the interfacial excess energies through the adhesive surface bonds, it is possible to model each material with an independent potential while maintaining an acceptable level of accuracy in the calculation of mechanical properties. This method is intended for the atomistic study of the delamination mechanics, typically observed in thin-film applications. Therefore, the work presented in this paper focuses on mechanical tensile behaviors, with observations in the elastic modulus and the delamination failure mode. To introduce the hybrid adhesion method, we apply the approach to an ideal bulk copper sample, where an interface is created by disassociating the force potential in the middle of the structure. Various mechanical behaviors are compared to a standard EAM control model to demonstrate the adequacy of this approach in a simple setting. In addition, we demonstrate the robustness of this approach by applying it on (1) a Cu-Cu 2 O interface with interactions between two atom types, and (2) an Al-Cu interface with two dissimilar FCC lattices. These additional examples are verified against EAM and COMB control models to demonstrate the accurate simulation of failure through delamination, and the formation and propagation of dislocations under loads. The results conclude that by modeling the energy contributions of an interface using hybrid adhesion bonds, we can provide an accurate approximation method for studies of large-scale mechanical properties, as well as the representation of various delamination phenomena at the atomic scale.
Botryllid species (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the Mediterranean coast of Israel, with some considerations on the systematics of Botryllinae

Several botryllid colonies of the genus Botrylloides from the Mediterranean coast of Israel are analysed. Three species are described: B. leachii, which differs because of its smaller size, from specimens collected from other European seas and is considered a case of dwarfism due to the particular hydrological conditions of the study area; B. anceps, a species originally described from the Indo-Pacific region, which probably migrated from the Red Sea; and Botrylloides israeliense, a new species. The distinction between the genera Botryllus and Botrylloides is discussed, and the original Milne-Edwards diagnosis based on differences in the structure of the system is recognised as still valid. Lastly, the diagnostic features usually employed in specific taxonomic determinations of Botryllinae are analysed.
The “parasitic isopod” Rhabdocheirus incertus Bonnier, 1898, is a pantochelis stage of a hyperiid amphipod (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea: Physocephalata)

Abstract Examination of the description and illustrations of Rhabdocheirus incertus Bonnier, 1898, shows that this taxon, originally described as an epicaridean isopod, is the pantochelis larval stage of a hyperiid amphipod belonging to the genus Vibilia H. Milne Edwards, 1830. Evidence is provided to support the synonymy of R. incertus with V. armata Bovallius, 1887 and Rhabdochiridae Richardson, 1905 with Vibiliidae Dana, 1852.
The Role of Social Capital Theory in the Development of Effective Religious Volunteerism

This study considers the impact of church involvement on social capital (SC) levels, and the impact of these levels on church volunteerism. SC theory suggests that relationships are established with a purpose in mind and that the aim of the individual is to use these relationships in a beneficial way. This theory drives the research hypotheses and findings of the study. It is hypothesized that church involvement has a positive correlation with higher levels of SC, and that SC has a positive correlation with volunteerism. SC, therefore, is seen as a mediating variable linking increased church involvement with increased volunteerism. Cette etude prend en consideration l’impact de l’implication religieuse sur les niveaux de capital social et l’impact de ces niveaux sur le benevolat religieux. La theorie du capital social suggere que les relations s’etablissent avec un but en tete et que l’objectif des individus est d’utiliser ces relations de maniere benefique. Cette theorie est le moteur des hypotheses de recherche et des resultats de l’etude. L’hypothese de l’etude est que l’implication dans les institutions religieuses a une correlation positive sur un niveau plus eleve de capital social et que le capital social a une correlation positive sur le benevolat. Le capital social est donc vu comme une variable mediatrice entre un accroissement de l’implication religieuse et l’augmentation du benevolat.
Combining the Strengths of Naturalistic and Laboratory Decision-Making Research to Create Integrative Theories of Choice

Naturalistic decision-making research contrasts with traditional laboratory research along a number of dimensions. It is typically more observational, more focused on expert performance, and more attentive to the context in which decisions are made than laboratory studies. This approach helps to shore up some of the weaknesses of laboratory research by providing incentive to develop integrative theories of choice and examining strong methods of problem solving in a choice domain. This paper contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of laboratory and naturalistic approaches to decision making. Then, it explores strategies for using both of these approaches as well as mathematical and computational modeling to find the optimal tradeoff between internal and external validity for research projects.
Selective Vapor Pressure Dependent Proton Transport in a Metal-Organic Framework with Two Distinct Hydrophilic Pores.

The mechanism of proton conductivity in porous solids (i.e., Grotthuss or vehicular) is related to the structure and chemical environment of the pores. Direct observation of structure–function relationships is difficult because state-of-the-art solid proton conductors are often amorphous. Here, we present a systematic elucidation of two distinct proton transport pathways within MIT-25, a mesoporous metal–organic framework that exhibits parallel channels of ∼27 A and ∼4.5 A width. We characterize transport through these pores using temperature- and humidity-dependent proton conductivity measurements and density functional theory. Through control of vapor pressure we are able to sequentially fill the small and large pores, promoting proton conductivity with distinct activation energies at low and high relative humidity, respectively.
Are Waterfowl Food Resources Limited during Spring Migration? A Bioenergetic Assessment of Playas in Nebraska’s Rainwater Basin

Accurate bioenergetic carrying capacity estimates of wetlands on public and private lands, as well as those managed for crop production are important for managing waterfowl populations and habitats. Given the importance of wetlands in the Rainwater Basin region of Nebraska for spring migrating waterfowl, we quantified and compared seed and aquatic invertebrate biomass and true metabolizable energy (TME) at three wetland types; public wetlands, wetlands enrolled in the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP), and cropped wetlands. Median seed biomass estimates at public, WRP, and cropped wetlands were 593 kg/ha, 561 kg/ha, and 419 kg/ha respectively. Cumulative TME varied among wetland type, with greater TME at cropped wetlands (2431 kcal/kg) than public (1740 kcal/kg) and WRP wetlands (1781 kcal/kg). Seed biomass estimates from this study were statistically greater than those currently used for management planning in the RWB, however, TME estimates were statistically lower than estimates currently assumed for WRP and public wetlands. Our estimates for aquatic invertebrate biomass were approximately 40-fold less than seed biomass estimates. Based on spring ponding frequency at wetlands in Nebraska’s Rainwater Basin, and the caloric estimates derived for each wetland type, we concluded that the regions wetlands meet the energetic demand of spring migrating waterfowl during 10% of years.
Why critique should not run out of steam: a proposal for the critical study of discourse

This essay is both a scholarly and personal endeavor to hold Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), and its shift toward Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) accountable to claims of doing critique. First,...
Treatment of Digital Melanonychia with Atypia.

Background Melanonychia of the digit is uncommon in the Caucasian population and is concerning because of potential malignant transformation. Several histologic changes occur before malignant transformation, including melanocytic atypia. The authors evaluated patients with melanonychia with melanocytic hyperplasia to determine the risk factors for malignant transformation. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed records for patients older than 18 years that underwent biopsy for melanonychia. They identified 22 patients with melanocytic hyperplasia with a median age of 61 years (interquartile range, 44 to 71 years). A bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate whether the degree of atypia was associated with malignant transformation and whether treatment choices by surgeons were based on melanocytic atypia. Results Following biopsy, patients were followed for a median of 41.0 months (interquartile range, 4.8 to 100.6 months). Melanocytic atypia was present in nine patients and transformed into a malignancy in three: in two patients it became a melanoma in situ, and in one it became an acral lentiginous melanoma. Moderate-severe and severe melanocytic atypia was associated with malignant transformation. After initial biopsy, 14 patients were monitored (11 without atypia and three with atypia). One patient with slight atypia, two patients with moderate-severe atypia, and two patients with severe atypia underwent additional treatment. Patients with melanocytic hyperplasia without atypia were monitored more often (78.6 percent versus 21.4 percent). Conclusions Melanonychia presents a challenge to the hand surgeon, as some patients may be monitored and some should undergo additional resection. Patients with moderate-severe melanocytic atypia following biopsy should undergo resection, and those with mild to slight atypia can most often be monitored clinically. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, IV.
Tuberculosis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV, and Other Infections Among Farmworkers in the Eastern United States

Farmworkers in the United States (US) have been disproportionately affected by the intersecting epidemics of tuberculosis (TB), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and HIV. Furthermore, farmworkers tend to be politically, socially, and economically disenfranchised, which contributes to their increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. This chapter examines the epidemiology of infectious diseases, specifically TB, STDs, and HIV, among farmworkers; explores the risks facing farmworkers; outlines existing and promising approaches for the prevention, care, and treatment among farmworkers; and recommends new areas for practice and research. Because data that document risk and infection rates among farmworkers are lacking and the current intervention arsenal is weak, focus must be placed on strengthening our understanding of needs and the development of effective multilevel strategies to intervene upon the health needs of this particularly vulnerable population. Nowhere is this more urgent than in the eastern US, an area in which little research has been done to understand and support farmworkers and a region that bears disproportionate burdens of TB, STDs, and HIV.
Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation For Holmes Tremor (P6.056)

Objective: To describe the safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus (ViM) in nine patients with Holmes tremor (HT). Background: HT is a rare, disabling tremor characterized by rest, postural, and kinetic components. This tremor most often occurs in patients with multiple sclerosis, brainstem tumors, strokes, or vascular lesions. The pathophysiology involves the cerebellar outflow tracts and dopaminergic nigrostriatal fibers. Medications have limited success and DBS has emerged as an effective treatment option. We present our results on the largest case series of ViM DBS in patients with Holmes tremor. Design/Methods: Nine consecutive patients with HT tremor due to varying etiologies underwent ViM DBS. Baseline clinical analysis included mean age of onset, mean delay from acute illness to appearance of HT, tremor severity, etiologies of tremor, MRI findings, and response to oral medications. DBS lead placement was done with stereotactic MRI coordinates, microelectrode recording and intraoperative CT scan. The clinical response to DBS was measured using the Fahn Tolosa Marin Tremor Rating Scale. Effective programming parameters and settings were recorded. Side effects after surgery and during follow up were analyzed. Results: The etiologies of HT consisted of multiple sclerosis (4), cavernoma (2), osmotic demyelination (1), Lithium toxicity (1), and TBI (1). The mean age of onset of tremor was 46 years. All nine patients underwent ViM DBS with no serious adverse events. Five patients had bilateral DBS placement; four had unilateral (left). Mean follow up was three years. Responses to DBS varied from partial to complete tremor control (mean 59% reduction). Rest and postural tremor responded better than the kinetic component. Sequential and variable programming strategies were used to obtain maximum benefit. Conclusions: ViM DBS is a safe and effective treatment option for Holmes tremor. Disclosure: Dr. Krause has nothing to disclose. Dr. Prakash has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bucholz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chand has nothing to disclose.
Evolution of academic-industry partnerships in cardiovascular research and development.

The advent of ‘big data’ and modern analytics mandates a change of scale in every aspect of the biomedical enterprise. These forces are realigning academic medicine and traditional industrial partners, and also creating the context for an emerging new ecosystem for discovery, translation, care and implementation that promises to transform and integrate all these areas of endeavour.
Non-Precious Metals Catalyze Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of 1,2-Diazines and Siloxyalkynes under Ambient Conditions.

The study demonstrates the possibility of switching from catalysts with precious metals such as Ag to more economical metal catalysts containing Cu or Ni, respectively.
Ultrafast Nanophotonics Applied to Quantum Optics and Hot Plasmonic Electron Generation

In this talk, recent efforts to use ultrafast spectroscopy to characterize light matter interactions with applications to single photon emitters for quantum optics and the generation of energetic carriers in plasmonic metamaterials are described.
Left sinus of Valsalva—Electroanatomic basis and outcomes with ablation for outflow tract arrhythmias

Introduction The ablation of outflow tract premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) is generally safe and effective. In some patients, successful ablation sites may not correlate with the earliest activation. We sought to evaluate mechanistic and anatomic relevance of the region below the left sinus of Valsalva in variable morphology outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias. Methods PVC cases where ablation was in the region inferior to the left sinus of Valsalva were identified. Procedural and demographic information and long-term outcomes were obtained. Cadaver dissections to evaluate regional anatomy were done as well. Results A total of 51 cases were included (age 53 ± 10; 37 [73%] males). Ablation was done for high PVC burden (>20%; mean 27% ± 8%) and presence of symptoms (73%) or ejection fraction less than 50% (78%). QRS morphology included either R wave (8; 16%), Rs (9; 18%), or rS (67%) in lead I, no precordial transition (40; 78%), V2 transition, (7; 14%), or V3 transition (4; 8%). In 31 (61%), the site just below the left coronary cusp was the earliest site, while the remainder had another site earlier. Ablation was acutely successful in 50 of 51 (98%). After 3 months, success was noted in 48 of 51 (94%). In two patients, repeat ablation in the same region resulted in durable suppression. Conclusion The cases presented emphasize the importance of a region centered below the left sinus of Valsalva, where multivariable morphology QRS may be successfully ablated. Consideration of mapping and ablation even when signals are late in this region may be warranted in previously failed ablation attempts or first-line evaluation.
Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production

Abstract Human transformation of the planetary landscape is extensive and may have exceeded the land system change planetary boundary. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) method models the intensity of human pressure on the landscape at different scales. Globally, HANPP has doubled since 1900 and currently humans appropriate about 25% of the total net primary production of the planet. HANPP spatially correlates well with anthropogenic biomes, as “used” anthropogenic biomes generally correlate with high HANPP. In addition to the global scale, the HANPP method can also be used at regional, national, and local scales, though extrapolation of datasets from one scale to the next should be carefully considered. Embodied HANPP is used to better understand the effect of imports and exports, and shows that HANPP generally is transferred from rural to urban populations. As a model, HANPP does have a relatively high level of uncertainty, but appears to be an important measure of land transformation.
Presentation and Analysis of a Multimodal Dataset for Grounded LanguageLearning.

Grounded language acquisition -- learning how language-based interactions refer to the world around them -- is amajor area of research in robotics, NLP, and HCI. In practice the data used for learning consists almost entirely of textual descriptions, which tend to be cleaner, clearer, and more grammatical than actual human interactions. In this work, we present the Grounded Language Dataset (GoLD), a multimodal dataset of common household objects described by people using either spoken or written language. We analyze the differences and present an experiment showing how the different modalities affect language learning from human in-put. This will enable researchers studying the intersection of robotics, NLP, and HCI to better investigate how the multiple modalities of image, text, and speech interact, as well as show differences in the vernacular of these modalities impact results.
Association between different types of mass media and antenatal care visits in India: a cross-sectional study from the National Family Health Survey (2015-2016).

Objective To generate evidence for the association between different types of mass media and antenatal care (ANC) visits in India. Design A cross-sectional study design, analysing data from India’s National Family Health Survey 4 (NFHS-4), 2015–2016. Setting Rural and urban India. Participants From NFHS-4, women who had given birth in the last 5 years before survey administration were included in this study. Women with missing information about their number of ANC visits and their caste were excluded, leaving 187 894 women in the final analytical sample. Primary outcome measures Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association of ANC utilisation with mass media exposure. Results Overall, our study showed that high exposure to all four types of mass media was positively associated with making at least eight ANC visits. In rural India, women who had high exposure to newspaper/magazine (adjusted OR (aOR), 1.43; 95% CI, 1.31 to 1.57), radio (aOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.37), television (aOR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.94 to 2.2) and movies (aOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.47) were more likely to make at least eight ANC visits. In urban India, women who had high exposure to newspaper/magazine (aOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.24), radio (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.65), television (aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.55) and movies (aOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.38) were more likely to make at least eight ANC visits. Conclusions Our findings emphasise the need for increased awareness about adequate ANC visits in India, to improve maternal, neonatal and child health outcomes. Our study highlights that television penetration is broader than other forms of media and has the potential to create awareness about health in both urban and rural populations. These findings can inform ANC-related health awareness campaigns in the country to allocate resources to appropriate media sources to encourage healthy behaviours.
Normal Phase Chromatographic Separation of Pigmented Wine Tannin by nano‐HPLC Quadrupole Time of Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Identification of Candidate Molecular Features

Background As a wine ages, altered sensory properties lead to changes in perceived quality and value. Concurrent modification of anthocyanin and tannin occur forming pigmented tannin, softening astringency and retaining persistent color. Wine tannin extracts of 1990 and 2010 vintages of Oakville Station Cabernet Sauvignon have been analyzed using normal phase chromatography with tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectroscopy (QToF) to investigate the compositional differences in their pigmented tannin fractions. Results The older wine demonstrates much greater structural diversity and a range of more polar compounds, while the younger wine contains fewer observed ion peaks. Several hundred molecular features are observable, and, as expected, there is progression to higher molecular weights after long aging. Between 7 and 16% of molecular features could be matched to a database of anticipated pigmented tannin compounds. Many signals had multiple possible isomeric identities, but fragmentation to resolve their identity was stymied by low sensitivity of MS2 capability provided by QToF, so isomeric disambiguation is incomplete. Conclusion The chromatography displayed a high degree of resolution in aged wines, separating many of the known pigment types, including aldehyde bridged compounds, pyranoanthocyanins, and direct condensation products among others, as well as resolving a great number of unknown compounds. Expanding our understanding of red wine pigments will lead to better wines as winemakers will be able to associate quality with particular wine pigment profiles once we can distinguish the relevant patterns in those pigments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Varying Diffusion Kinetics Along Random Grain Boundaries in a Model Austenitic Stainless Steel

Molecular Dynamics simulations of the diffusion process along a grain boundary in a model austenitic stainless steel are presented. We address diffusion in a series of general grain boundaries of tilt character with random misorientations around the axis. The diffusion process is quantified by analyzing individual atomic displacements. The results of simulations are verified by comparison with available experimental data. The results show that Cr diffuses about 25 pct faster than Fe or Ni. Most importantly, the simulations show that the diffusion kinetics varies widely among the set of general high angle boundaries studied, with diffusivities that span more than an order of magnitude. The variation is analyzed for correlations with grain boundary structure and energy. Faster diffusion kinetics are associated with higher energy grain boundaries and boundaries that are narrower, with more extra volume and are less centrosymmetric in their structure.
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and air pollution

The study empirically investigates and shows that on average, the implementation of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) may contribute in the fight against global warming. This st...
Moderate spectral resolution solar irradiance measurements, aerosol optical depth, and solar transmission from 360 to 1070 nm using the refurbished Rotating Shadowband Spectroradiometer (RSS)

Abstract. This paper reports on a third generation rotating shadowband spectroradiometer (RSS) used to measure global and diffuse horizontal plus direct normal irradiances and transmissions at 1002 wavelengths between 360 and 1070 nm. The prism-dispersed spectral data are from the ARM Southern Great Plains site in north central Oklahoma (36.605 N, 97.486 W) and cover dates between August 2009 and February 2014. The refurbished RSS isolates the detector in a vacuum chamber with pressures near 10−7 torr. This prevents the deposition of outgassed vapors from the interior of the spectrometer shell on the cooled detector that affected the operation of the first commercial RSS. Methods for (1) ensuring the correct wavelength registration of the data and (2) deriving extraterrestrial responses over the entire spectrum, including throughout strong water vapor and oxygen bands, are described. The resulting data produced are archived as ARM data records and include cloud-screened aerosol optical depths as well as spectral irradiances and solar transmissions for all three solar components.
An extended spatiotemporal exposure index for urban racial segregation

The Segregation Index quantifies the degree of segregation of social groups or classes. Because of the increasing use of fine-grained spatiotemporal activity and flow data, the conventional segrega...
The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany

1. Introduction and Background Part 1: Nazi Germany in Historical Perspective 2. Chronology 3. Historiography 4. A-Z of Historians. Tables and Maps Part 2: Nazi Germany: The Major Topics 5. Origins and Consolidation 6. Dictatorship in Action 7. Foreign Policy, War and the Holocaust 8. Opposition and Legacy Part 3: Nazi Germany: Names, Terms and Sources 9. Biographies 10. Glossary 11. Bibliography