cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production‐weighted Estimates of Aggregate Protection in Rich Countries Towards Developing Countries

A challenge in the development of aggregate indexes of trade protection is weighting individual tariffs in ways that (a) reflect their importance and (b) are not endogenous to the protection being measured. The most obvious basis for weights is actual imports; but these may be highly endogenous. Various authors have worked to correct this endogeneity. For example, in the Bouet et al. (2004) ‘MAcMap’ data set, weights are based on imports of reference groups of countries. But eliminating the endogeneity is difficult in product areas where protection is high and widespread. I develop a new set of estimates of overall protection in rich countries with respect to developing ones that eschews import weights as much as possible in favour of weights based on the value of exporter's total production. The results are generally higher than those of Bouet et al. Product areas in which protection is high and widespread seem systematically de-emphasised when using MAcMap weights, especially in agriculture. I also estimate tariff equivalents of trade-distorting subsidies by country and commodity. Agricultural tariffs dominate subsidies in trade-distorting effect, and agricultural protection in turn dominates goods protection generally. Japan is most protective, largely because of rice tariffs near 900 per cent, followed by Norway and Switzerland. Because of their greater reliance on agriculture, the poorest countries face the highest barriers, despite tariff preferences.
Emergency Department Encounters Among Youth With Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance Population-level reports of suicide-related emergency department (ED) encounters among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking, along with youth characteristics and preexisting psychiatric service use. Objective To characterize population-level and relative change in suicide-related ED encounters among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2019. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study evaluated ED encounters in 2019 and 2020 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California—a large, integrated, community-based health system. Youth aged 5 to 17 years who presented to the ED with suicidal thoughts or behaviors were included. Exposure The COVID-19 pandemic. Main Outcomes and Measures Population-level incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and percent relative effects for suicide-related ED encounters as defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommendedInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification(ICD-10-CM) codes in 4 periods in 2020 compared with the same periods in 2019. Results There were 2123 youth with suicide-related ED encounters in 2020 compared with 2339 in 2019. In the 2020 group, 1483 individuals (69.9%) were female and 1798 (84.7%) were aged 13 to 17 years. In the 2019 group, 1542 (65.9%) were female, and 1998 (85.4%) were aged 13 to 17 years. Suicide-related ED encounter incidence rates were significantly lower in March through May 2020 compared with this period in 2019 (IRR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.51-0.63;P Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of youth experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviors, suicide-related presentations to the ED initially decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely owing to shelter-in-place orders, then were similar to 2019 levels. However, a greater number of female youth, youth with no psychiatric history, and youth with psychiatric diagnoses at the time of the ED encounter presented for suicide-related concerns during the pandemic, suggesting these may be vulnerable groups in need of further interventions. Adjustments in care may be warranted to accommodate these groups during periods of crisis.
La epidemiología genética: disciplina científica en expansión

La epidemiologia genetica es una disciplina relativamente reciente que estudia la interaccion entre los factores geneticos y ambientales que dan origen a las enfermedades del ser humano. Valiendose de marcadores geneticos desarrollados a traves de la biologia molecular, de complejos algoritmos almacenados en computadoras y de amplias bases de datos, la epidemiologia genetica se ha desarrollado notablemente durante los ultimos 10 anos. El presente articulo describe los objetivos de la epidemiologia genetica y su metodologia, empleando ejemplos concretos tomados de la literatura cientifica reciente.
Viele Zweifler, wenige Verteidiger

Nach dem Tod von Laplace begann fur das Bayes-Theorem eine sturmische Zeit: Es wurde verachtet, umgeformt, widerwillig toleriert und schlieslich durch streitlustige Theoretiker fast vollig verdrangt. Aber trotz aller Querelen ging es entschlossen seinen Weg und trug dazu bei, in den USA und in Europa praktische Probleme des Militars, der Kommunikationstechnik, der Sozialhilfe und der Medizin zu losen.
Capturing brain deformation

A critical challenge for the neurosurgeon during surgery is to be able to preserve healthy tissue and minimize the disruption of critical anatomical structures while at the same time removing as much tumor tissue as possible. Over the past several years we have developed intraoperative image processing algorithms with the goal of augmenting the surgeon's capacity to achieve maximal tumor resection while minimizing the disruption to normal tissue. The brain of the patient often changes shape in a nonrigid fashion over the course of a surgery, due to loss of cerebrospinal fluid, concomitant pressure changes, the impact of anaesthetics and the surgical resection itself. This further increases the challenge of visualizing and navigating critical brain structures. The primary concept of our approach is to exploit intraoperative image acquisition to directly visualize the morphology of brain as it changes over the course of the surgery, and to enhance the surgeon's capacity to visualize critical structures by projecting extensive preoperative data into the intraoperative configuration of the patient's brain. Our approach to tracking brain changes during neurosurgery has been previously described. We identify key structures in volumetric preoperative and intraoperative scans, and use the constraints provided by the matching of these key surfaces to compute a biomechanical simulation of the volumetric brain deformation. The recovered volumetric deformation field can then be applied to preoperative data sets, such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) in order to warp this data into the new configuration of the patient's brain. In recent work we have constructed visualizations of preoperative fMRI and DT-MRI, and intraoperative MRI showing a close correspondence between the matched data. A further challenge of intraoperative image processing is that augmented visualizations must be presented to the neurosurgeon at a rate compatible with surgical decision making. We have previously demonstrated our biomechanical simulation of brain deformation can be executed entirely during neurosurgery. We used a generic atlas to provide surrogate information regarding the expected location of critical anatomical structures, and were able to project this data to match the patient and to display the matched data to the neurosurgeon during the surgical procedure. The use of patient-specific DTI and fMRI preoperative data significantly improves the localization of critical structures. The augmented visualization of intraoperative data with relevant preoperative data can significantly enhance the information available to the neurosurgeon.
Obesity and chronic kidney disease

Obesity is associated with the early onset of glomerulomegaly, hemodynamic changes of a hyperfiltering kidney, and increased albuminuria, which are potentially reversible with weight loss. However, pathologic lesions of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis develop in experimental models of sustained obesity, and are observed in morbidly obese humans presenting with massive proteinuria. In addition, several observational, cross sectional and longitudinal studies document that obesity is as an independent risk factor for the onset, aggravated course, and poor outcomes of chronic kidney disease, even after adjustment for confounding co-morbidities including metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension, the major causes of chronic kidney disease. Early dietary intervention to reduce weight, and where necessary bariatric surgery, should be considered in the management of overweight and obese chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.
Biological research on sexual orientation: a critique of the critics.

Evolutionary biologists are tired of being accused of being too biologically deterministic, by critics who have little understanding of what biological or evolutionary theories actually imply. Misunderstandings came about because social-science disciplines often do not share evolutionary biology's tendency to build into their models multiple "normal" paths of development. Sociobiologists first explained homosexuality adaptively because they first try to explain everything adaptively. Most nonbiologists are unaware of this very strong evolutionary tradition. It is now fashionable to discount scientific objectivity, but there are many examples of where such an attack is unwarranted. Kinsey produced a nontypological theory of sexual orientation in spite of his history as a taxonomist. Sociobiologists produced a nonpathological explanation of nonreproductive homosexuality in spite of the centrality of reproductive success in their models. In judging whether a discipline is particularly likely to be misused in...
A finite element multigrid preconditioner for Chebyshev—collocation

Abstract This paper concerns the iterative solution of the linear system arising from the Chebyshev–collocation approximation of second-order elliptic equations and presents an optimal multigrid preconditioner based on alternating line Gauss–Seidel smoothers for the corresponding stiffness matrix of bilinear finite elements on the Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto grid.
Emerging Application Domains and the Computing Fabric

Computing devices are clearly proliferating in a variety of domains ranging from controlling household appliances, to the cockpits of aircraft. Thus, there is an ever increasing demand for cheap and compact computers intended to perform a few functions, extremely well. Historically, customization has been the answer to this need. However, customization unfortunately implies very high costs—the exacerbated costs limit the scope of proliferation of course. To redress this and thus enable the extraordinary growth-potential of these emerging domains— loosely referred to as embedded systems here—current research in computing is revisiting established and stable technologies ranging from (high-level) programming languages at the software end of the spectrum, to gate-level design and synthesis at the hardware end. A theme that seems to be emerging, is to provide the future application developer with the advantages of customization, at costs approaching currently mass-produced commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software and hardware. Thus, hardware is increasingly being viewed as a flexible fabric, amenable to low-cost customization based on the application developer’s needs and preferences. A goal of this talk is to outline the “point-technologies” that are being innovated to help realize this vision.
The deep-sea isopods: A biogeographic and phylogenetic overview

Abstract Isopod crustaceans are among the most numerous and diverse macrofaunal taxa in the deep sea. In contrast to the situation in shallow water, the Asellota encompasses the majority of the deep-sea fauna. Taxa within the Asellota exhibit marked depth zonation. Its most primitive superfamily is limited to fresh water. The rest are marine, where with increasing depth the incidence of more specialized taxa increases. Within its most advanced superfamily, Janiroidea, the most primitive families are primarily restricted to shallow water, while the more specialized families dominate in the deep sea. The most notable exception is the occurrence of these specialized families in shallow water at high latitudes. On the basis of this pattern, it has been suggested that the deep-sea fauna is a result of invasion from shallow water, primarily at high latitudes. The present paper argues that, on the contrary, the specialized deep-sea families evolved in situ, and that their presence at shallow high latitudes is th...
Should we continue to drain the pylorus in patients undergoing an esophagectomy

A systematic review of the literature was performed to assess the necessity of a pyloric drainage procedure during an esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction. Earlier data recommend performing a pyloric drainage procedure for all esophagectomies; however, recent studies have questioned this. A thorough literature search (January 2001-November 2011) was performed using the terms esophagectomy, pyloroplasty, pyloromyotomy, botulinum toxin, and pyloric drainage. Only studies that compared patient outcome after undergoing an esophagectomy with a pyloric drainage procedure with those undergoing an esophagectomy without a pyloric drainage procedure were selected. Only four studies, comprising 668 patients in total, were identified that compared patient outcome after undergoing an esophagectomy with or without a pyloric drainage procedure, and two additional meta-analyses were identified and selected for discussion. All studies were retrospective, and because of the heterogeneity of studies, patient demographics, reporting, and statistical analysis of patient outcome, pooling of data and meta-analysis could not be performed. Careful analysis demonstrated that pyloric drainage procedure was associated with a non-significant trend for delayed gastric emptying and biliary reflux, while not affecting the incidence of dumping. No correlation was determined between a pyloric drainage procedure and anastomotic leaks, postoperative pulmonary complications, length of hospital stay, and overall perioperative morbidity. While there are risks associated with a pyloric drainage procedure and data exist supporting its omission during an esophagectomy, no good conclusion can be drawn from the current literature. Larger multi-institutional, prospective studies are required to definitively answer this question.
A dynamic scheduling problem in packet switched satellite networks

A queueing model and scheduling methods that eliminate transmission overlaps in time and maximize the weighted throughput of satellite networks are considered. A single server provides service to a set of parallel queues. The service of different customers cannot overlap. The service of queue i may be initiated only at certain time instances. >
Methylmercury Content of Eggs in Yellow Perch Related to Maternal Exposure in Four Wisconsin Lakes

We examined the influence of maternal mercury and selected lacustrine variables on the mercury content of eggs from yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Total mercury, methylmercury, and inorganic mercury were determined in eggs and carcasses (less eggs) from three seepage lakes with a pH range of 6.1−7.0 and a fourth lake in which pH was experimentally increased from 5.5 to 6.8 by addition of alkaline groundwater. The concentration of total mercury in eggs was strongly correlated with that in the maternal carcass. Concentrations and burdens of mercury in eggs and carcasses were inversely correlated with lake water pH, acid-neutralizing capacity, calcium, and dissolved organic carbon. In eggs containing more than 30 ng/g dry weight (4.5 ng/g wet weight) of total mercury, methylmercury averaged 91% of total mercury and ranged from 85% to 96%. Mean burdens of total mercury in individual eggs varied greatly among lakes (range, 2.3−63 pg), and the egg mass averaged 1.9% of the whole-body burden. We conclude that ...
Effects of changing salt and water balance on renal kallikrein, kininogen and kinin.

Effects of changing salt and water balance on renal kallikrein, kininogen and kinin. The kallikrein–kininogen–kinin system (KKK) has been implicated in the renal sodium excretion response to changes in dietary sodium. However, both increases and decreases in the activity of this system have been observed when urinary sodium excretion is augmented by a variety of maneuvers. To further evaluate the potential physiologic role of this system, we measured three components of the KKK system in urine. Total kallikrein, intact kininogen, and kinin were measured twice in normal individuals during balance on both a high (250 mEq/day) or low (10 mEq/day) sodium intake. A consistent and significant reduction in the activity of all three components of the KKK system was noted during the high salt intake. Furthermore, during the high sodium intake, further acute reductions in components of this system were observed when an acute saline but not water load was administered. The consistent response of the various components of the KKK system to both acute and chronic sodium loading suggests that the system is physiologically linked to the regulation of sodium balance. However, the directional changes argue against a primary natriuretic effect of this system.
TU-FF-A1-05: The Uncertainty of Dose Measured with An Ionization Chamber in Low-Density Media

Purpose: An ionization chamber is often used for measuring dose distributions to validate a photon beam dose calculation algorithm for radiation treatment planning. The presence of an ionization chamber can cause dose perturbations at the point of interest especially in low‐density media. This study investigates the magnitude of this type of perturbation as a function of photon beam energy and field size in a low‐density lung medium. Method and Materials: The Monte Carlo codes BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc are used to simulate 6–18 MV photon beams and to calculate dose distributions in a heterogeneous phantom. We benchmarked Monte Carlodose calculations against measurements in a lung phantom using a MOSFET detector. The dose to a point of interest in a lung medium is calculated with and without an ionization chamber in order to study the perturbation due to the chamber. The Monte Carlo simulation is also used to validate the Varian Eclipse Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA). Results: The results show dose increases of up to 6% and 12% due to the presence of an RK ionization chamber at the point of measurement inside lung medium for a small 3×3 cm2 field for 6 and 18 MV incident phantom beams, respectively. However this dose perturbation becomes negligible when beam field size increases to 10×10 cm2. The results of Monte Carlo calculation show that AAA is accurate in predicting dose distributions in lung and at lung‐tissue interface for 6 MV beam. This result contradicts the conclusion by Van Esch et al (Med. Phys. vol.33, pp.4130–48, 2006). Our finding of chamber perturbations explains the discrepancies between their measurements and calculations using AAA. Conclusion:Ionization chambers are not suitable for measuring dose in low‐density medium due to perturbation.
Drop-on-demand printing of cells and materials for designer tissue constructs

Abstract Adapting bottom-up approaches to tissue engineering is a real challenge. Since the first application of fused deposition modeling for tissue engineering scaffolds, considerable effort has been focused on printing synthetic biodegradable scaffolds. Concurrently a variety of rapid prototyping techniques have been developed to define macroscopically the shapes of deposited biomaterials, including photolithography, syringe-based gel deposition, and solid freeform fabrication. These designed scaffolds have shown promise in regenerating tissues at least equivalent to other scaffolding methods. An exciting advance in scaffold aided tissue regeneration is presented here, that of cell and organ printing, which allows direct printing of cells and proteins within 3D hydrogel structures. Cell printing opens the possibility to programmed deposition of scaffold structure and cell type, thus controlling the type of tissue that can be regenerated within the scaffold. Several examples of printed tissues will be presented including contractile cardiac hybrids. The hybrid materials have properties that can be tailored in 3D to achieve desired porosities, mechanical and chemical properties. The materials include alginate hydrogels with controlled microshell structures that can be built by spraying cross-linkers onto ungelled alginic acid. Endothelial cells were seen to attach to the inside of these microshells. The cells remained viable in constructs as thick as 1 cm due to the programmed porosity. Finite element modeling was used to predict the mechanical properties and to generate CAD models with properties matching cardiac tissue. These results suggest that the printing method could be used for hierarchical design of functional cardiac patches, balanced with porosity for mass transport and structural support.
Blind Identification of Manufacturing Variation Patterns by Combining Source Separation Criteria

Blind source separation recently has been investigated for blindly identifying variation patterns in multivariate manufacturing data, to aid in tracking down and eliminating root causes of manufacturing variation. Many different criteria can be used in blind separation algorithms, the performance and applicability of which depend on conditions that generally are not known a priori. We present a method for automatically combining the different criteria so as to directly minimize the mean squared estimation error. The resulting algorithm is more effective and more robust than counterparts that use other means of combining the criteria.
Determining the minimum cost configuration for a two-level medical record storage system

Abstract Record systems often consist of two types of storage, one “high speed” and easily accessed, the other “low speed.” Given costs associated with maintaining and accessing records and fixed costs for altering the configuration of records in the two types of storage, results are obtained demonstrating rules for determining which records are to be placed in fast storage, and the size of this storage.
Quantitative peptide binding motifs for 19 human and mouse MHC class I molecules derived using positional scanning combinatorial peptide libraries.

Background: It has been previously shown that combinatorial peptide libraries are a useful tool to characterize the binding specificity of class I MHC molecules. Compared to other methodologies, such as pool sequencing or measuring the affinities of individual peptides, utilizing positional scanning combinatorial libraries provides a baseline characterization of MHC molecular specificity that is cost effective, quantitative and unbiased. Results: Here, we present a large-scale application of this technology to 19 different human and mouse class I alleles. These include very well characterized alleles (e.g. HLA A*0201), alleles with little previous data available (e.g. HLA A*3201), and alleles with conflicting previous reports on specificity (e.g. HLA A*3001). For all alleles, the positional scanning combinatorial libraries were able to elucidate distinct binding patterns defined with a uniform approach, which we make available here. We introduce a heuristic method to translate this data into classical definitions of main and secondary anchor positions and their preferred residues. Finally, we validate that these matrices can be used to identify candidate MHC binding peptides and T cell epitopes in the vaccinia virus and influenza virus systems, respectively. Conclusion: These data confirm, on a large scale, including 15 human and 4 mouse class I alleles, the efficacy of the positional scanning combinatorial library approach for describing MHC class I binding specificity and identifying high affinity binding peptides. These libraries were shown to be useful for identifying specific primary and secondary anchor positions, and thereby simpler motifs, analogous to those described by other approaches. The present study also provides matrices useful for predicting high affinity binders for several alleles for which detailed quantitative descriptions of binding specificity were previously unavailable, including A*3001, A*3201, B*0801, B*1501 and B*1503.
The microbiology “unknown” misadventure

A 19-year-old nursing student was hospitalized after several days of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fevers. Salmonella paratyphi A was isolated from multiple blood cultures. Because this is an unlikely isolate in the United States, an investigation ensued. Two and a half weeks earlier, the student had been working on a microbiology laboratory exercise "unknown." Both the "unknown" organism and the patient's blood culture isolates were identified as S. paratyphi A, with the same biochemical reactions and antimicrobial susceptibility results. The patient's condition improved with antibiotic therapy, and she was discharged after 9 days in the hospital. Conclusions related to our investigation are as follows: (1) relatively virulent organisms were unnecessary to fulfill the laboratory objectives, (2) pipetting by mouth must never be allowed, (3) proper labeling of specimens is imperative, (4) instructors should have knowledge of laboratory safety regulations, and (5) it is the obligation of laboratory directors and administrators to provide a safe academic environment.
Abstract 533: Differential expression of IGF-II in Vietnamese women in triple negative breast cancer is dependent on biallelic or monoallelic IGF-II with ApaI SNP.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is more likely to be advanced, poorly differentiated, larger, and present in women of younger age and of lower socioeconomic status. Moreover, TNBC patients have worse outcomes when treated with currently available adjuvant chemotherapy. We have demonstrated that Breast cancer (BC) tumors from AA patients express significantly higher levels of IGF-II compared to Caucasian women (CA), and show a higher activation of the IGF signaling pathways in tumors progression (Kalla et.al., 2010). Thus we designed a study in younger Vietnamese women where TNBC incidence is increasing. A total of 24 paired BC samples were analyzed by gDNA PCR for IGF-II Apa I polymorphism to correlate with IGF-II mRNA and protein levels. The levels of IGF-II correlated with the imprinting status, i.e., Biallelic (BA; n=14)>>, Monoallelic with SNP (MAS; n=5)>, and Monoallelic non-ApaI SNP (MA; n=5)>. Higher IGF-II levels were expressed in tumor as compared to normal BC tissue samples. The free proIGF-II protein and mRNA levels were higher in biallelic tumor tissues as compared to the proIGF-II levels detected in monoallelic tumor samples. The growth factor receptors; Insulin receptor A (IRA), Insulin receptor B (IRB), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), Estrogen receptor-1 (ESR1), Progesterone receptor (PGR) and Human epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB2) levels were determined to show if IGF-II monoallelic or biallelic dosage regulated the receptor levels. We conclude that biallelic IGF-II expression in TNBC tumors results in higher IGF-II mRNA, protein and related receptors levels than in monoallelic samples. Citation Format: Vinodh Kumar Radhakrishnan, Qianwei Tan, Marino A. De Leon, Daisy D. De Leon. Differential expression of IGF-II in Vietnamese women in triple negative breast cancer is dependent on biallelic or monoallelic IGF-II with ApaI SNP. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 533. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-533
Identification and Treatment of Women with Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Women with genetic hypercholesterolemias, including familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), are at greatly increased lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease. All women with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥190 mg/dL after a trial of lifestyle therapy should receive statin therapy. Aggressive risk factor control and complete avoidance of tobacco exposure are required in order to minimize the excess risk conferred by hypercholesterolemia. Most women with FH require high-intensity statin therapy to achieve a >50% LDL-C reduction for long-term prevention of cardiovascular events. Before starting statins, fibrates, niacin, or ezetimibe, women with FH should be counseled on the potential for birth defects and to discontinue these drugs at least 1–2 months prior to stopping contraception. Cholesterol-lowering drugs can be resumed once pregnancy and lactation are completed. All women should have a fasting lipid panel performed by age 20 years. The children and other first-degree relatives of women with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL should be screened for FH.
Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Unique Research Opportunity.

The data set known as Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (SLSY) offers unusual opportunuities for research on questions not easily purpued by developmental psychologists. This article provides a history of Children of the NLSY, describes the data set with special focus on the child outcome measures and a subset of maternal life history measures, highlights several of the research and policy relevant issues that may be addressed, and shows how the intersection of children's and mothers' lives may be studied in less static, more life-course oriented ways. Examplars are given in the topics of maternal employment and child care, adolescent pregnancy and child rearing, divorce, povert, and multigenerational parenting
Formation of disulphide-linked mu 2 omega 2 tetramers in pre-B cells by the 18K omega-immunoglobulin light chain.

Pre-B cells are precursors of B lymphocytes that contain intracel-lular heavy-chain protein (µ) and are either yet to rearrange their light-chain genes or are in the process of doing so1–4. These cells have traditionally been considered to contain intracellular µ-chain with no associated light chain. We demonstrate here that pre-B lymphoid lines synthesize a protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 18,000 (18K), which we term ω, which forms disulphide-linked µ2ω2 tetramers. This protein could be immunoprecipitated with µ-chain from pre-B lines, but not from T-cell and fibroblast lines that express transfected µ-genes, nor from a pre-B line that synthesizes a Dµ-protein (which lacks a V domain). We view the ω-chain as being a pre-B specific surrogate light chain that may be essential for the important regulatory function that the µ-protein is believed to have at this stage of differentiation.
Better Health Sciences Collections with OCLC's WorldCat

Abstract As the world's largest bibliographic database, OCLC's WorldCat has unique value in identifying materials for building a high-quality health sciences collection. WorldCat on FirstSearch is a valuable addition to the librarian's collection development toolbox to help compensate for the cessation of the Brandon/Hill lists. The database's large size, powerful keyword search feature, currency, and the ability to highlight important information through its interface all contribute to its usefulness in collection development. Several pilot projects and ongoing research in open access, “work-based” record design hold much promise for increased versatility.
Spacecraft attitude control subsystem: Reliability, multi-state analyses, and comparative failure behavior in LEO and GEO

Abstract The attitude control subsystem (ACS) on board a 3-axis stabilized spacecraft is critical for on-orbit operations; its degradation can significantly disrupt mission performance, and its failure is fatal to the spacecraft. An ACS that fails early on-orbit, for example in the first couple of years on a spacecraft with a 15-year design lifetime, results in significant losses to all stakeholders and constitutes a major financial blow to the satellite operator or insurer—losses can amount to a few hundred mission dollars. Understanding and preventing/mitigating ACS failure is an engineering and financial imperative. In this work, we first provide a comprehensive statistical analysis of ACS failure behavior on orbit. The results indicate that the ACS is a major driver of spacecraft unreliability and contributes up to 20% of all spacecraft failures. Nonparametric and parametric results, including mixture Weibull distributions, are provided for ACS reliability, and they are complemented with the subsystem’s multi-state failure analysis. It is shown for example that the ACS is 89% likely to be fully operational after 15 years on-orbit. Results also demonstrate that ACS suffers from both infant mortality and wear-out failures. The findings are important for satellite manufacturers and equipment providers as they indicate opportunities for improved ground testing and burn-in procedures for the ACS, and they highlight the need to consider additional redundancy, even in stand-by form, especially if increased spacecraft design lifetime is sought. Second, we conduct a comparative analysis of failure behavior of the ACS in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geosynchronous orbit (GEO). The results demonstrate a marked difference in failure behavior in LEO and GEO: the ACS degrades and fails more frequently, harder (more severe anomalies), and earlier (more infant anomalies/failures) in LEO than in GEO. We expand on these results and conclude with hypotheses for causal factors of this difference in failure behavior.
Space weather: Where did all the electrons go?

Geomagnetic storms driven by the solar wind can cause the flux of high-energy electrons in the Earth's Van Allen belts to rapidly fall. Analysis of data obtained during one such event from multiple spacecraft located at different altitudes in the magnetosphere reveals just where these electrons go.
Transient photoconductivity in CdSe nanoparticles and nanocrystalline TiO2 as measured by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy

The transient photoconductivity of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline colloidal TiO2 has been measured time-resolved THz spectroscopy (TRTS), a non-contact electrical probe with sub-picosecond temporal resolution. The photoconductivity deviates strongly from Drude behavior and is explained by disorder-induced carrier localization and/or backscattering of the photogenerated carriers. In addition, the carriers are found to thermally equilibrate with the lattice in roughly 300 femtoseconds. The size-dependent photoconductivity of CdSe nanoparticles ranging from 2.54 nm up to >25 nm has also been measured using TRTS. The measured change in the frequency-dependent optical density and change in phase of the transmitted THz pulse fall into three distinct groupings as a function of size and can be classified for diameters smaller than the Bohr exciton radius, diameters greater than the Bohr exciton radius but smaller than the bulk mean free path, and diameters greater than the bulk mean free path. The underlying cause of the grouping is a size-dependent mobility (or carrier scattering rate).© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Overlayer Test of Surface Photoemission Effect in Cu(100)

Angle-resolved photoemission from bulk valence bands of a single crystal yields direct-transition peaks that are often distorted due to interference with broadband indirect emission induced by the surface. The present study is a direct test of this surface effect by using an overlayer to modify the surface boundary condition. A Cu(100) single crystal exhibited a rather asymmetric sp direct-transition peak and a significant indirect emission intensity. Deposition of a thin Ag overlayer shielded the Cu surface from vacuum, and both the peak asymmetry and the indirect emission intensity were suppressed. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The binding site on SV40 DNA for a T antigen-related protein

A protein closely related to SV40 T antigen was purified in a biologically active form from cells infected with the defective adenovirus-SV40 hybrid, Ad2+D2. This 107,000 dalton hybrid protein binds and protects a specific portion of SV40 DNA from digestion by pancreatic DNAase I. Hybridization, endonuclease cleavage and pyrimidine tract analysis of the protected fragments reveal that the D2 hybrid protein binds in a sequential manner to tandem recognition sites which lie within a sequence of 120 nucleotides at position 67 near the origin of SV40 replication.
A comparison of the polypeptides of four measles virus strains

Abstract The polypeptides of measles virions from four different sources have been analyzed and compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in both phosphate buffer and discontinuous Tris buffer systems. A similar pattern of six polypeptides was found with the four different virus strains. Only one polypeptide (G) was found to contain detectable amounts of carbohydrate label; this was the largest virion polypeptide with an estimated molecular weight of 80,000. Slight differences in electrophoretic mobilities of the nucleocapsid protein subunits (NP) were found among the different strains; with estimated molecular weights in the 60,000 to 62,000 range. Another polypeptide with a molecular weight of ∼ 70,000 has been found to be associated with the nucleocapsids isolated from infected cells. The three remaining polypeptides identified have estimated molecular weights of 55,000, 42,000, and 37,000, and the smallest of these has been designated M, by analogy to other paramyxoviruses. The differences between the present results and previous findings with measles virus, and the possible relationship of measles virus polypeptides to those of other paramyxoviruses, have been discussed.
Study of radiation interchange in an enclosure consisting of plane isothermal and adiabatic surfaces

This study examines the validity and accuracy of the commonly used diffuse, specular, and diffuse-specular constant property models for predicting radiant interchange among real surfaces by comparing analytical predictions with experimental data. The materials tested were sandblasted stainless steel, electropolished stainless steel, rough electroplated gold, and smooth electroplated gold. Measurements were made over the temperature range from 310.4 ‡K to 644.0 ‡K. The data indicates that the simple diffuse model yields reasonably accurate radiant heat exchange predictions. The variation in the radiative surface characteristics with direction should be accounted for in some manner, particularly for specular or nearly specularly reflecting surfaces.
Maximum 2-rank webs AGW(6, 3, 2)

Abstract The maximum 2-rank almost Grassmannizable 6-webs AGW (6, 3, 2) of codimension two given on a six-dimensional differentiable manifold X 6 are described.
Evaluation of the predation capacity of Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Microtheca ochroloma (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in field cages.

ABSTBACT The predation capacity of the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), was evaluated at three release rates in field cages containing larvae of the yellowmargined leaf beetle, Microtheca ochroloma Stal (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a pest of organic crucifer (Brassicaceae) crops in the United States. The experiment was conducted twice, in February—March 2009 and in February—March 2010. On the same day as the introduction of 132 first instars of M. ochroloma into the cages, four (= low), 10 (=medium), or 16 (=high) first instars of P. maculiventris were released evenly among six turnip (Brassica rapa L.) plants in cages. Control treatment cages received no predators. In 2009, the mean number of M. ochroloma larvae declined progressively during the first four sampling dates. On the final (seventh) sampling date, the mean numbers of total M. ochroloma in the two higher release-rate treatments were significantly lower than in the low release-rate and control treatment...
THE IDENTIFICATION AND PURIFICATION OF A CELL‐SURFACE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE FROM THE DINOFLAGELLATE PROROCENTRUM MINIMUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Two cell-surface proteins were identtjied in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schilkr strain CCMP 1329 that are evident in phosphate-limited cultures, but not in nitrate-limited cultures or cultures growing exponentially in complete media. These proteins were detected by labeling cell-surface proteins with the biotinylating reagent succinimidyl 6-(biotinamido) hexanoate. One protein, of appoximately 200,000 daltons was purified using differential centrifugation, detergent extraction, and gel filtration chromatography. This purified protein was able to hydrolyze orthophosphate groups from p-nitrophenylphosphate at pH 8, indicating it is an alkaline phosphatase, although it is larger than other alkaline phosphatases isolated to date tom most microorganisms. This protein may be induced to help P. minimum cleave orthophosphate groups from organic forms of phosphate in marine environments. Ultimately, this protein could represent a unique antigen for developing an antibody probe for examining the relationships between phosphate stress and bloom formation in P. minimum, and perhaps other dinoflagellates, in the field.
Effect of Ration Moisture Level on Value of Alfalfa Plus Cracked Corn as a Complete-Feed Silage for Lactating Cows

Abstract Twelve Holstein cows were used in a switch-back design to compare the ad libitum feeding of complete-feed silages containing 68% (H), 53% (M), and 47% (L) moisture. The silages were composed of field-wilted alfalfa and cracked corn added at the time of ensiling to constitute about 50% of the total dry matter. The different moisture levels of silage were obtained by varying the period of field wilting. Cows in one block of the two-block design received an alfalfa-corn pellet supplement. The other block received no pellets. In addition, cows received only water and minerals. Performance differed significantly for (H), (M), and (L) silages in: daily milk yield, 49.3, 53.0, and 53.1lb; milk fat, 3.73, 3.43, and 3.31%; daily dry matter intake, 32.9, 38.9, and 40.0lb; and feed efficiency, .40, .65, and .72 megcal digestible energy per pound of 4% FCM. Dry matter digestibility, energy digestibility, and daily FCM yields averaged 68.2%, 67.8%, and 47.8lb, respectively, but did not differ significantly among silage moisture levels. The supplemental pellets significantly increased milk yield from 48.6 to 55.1 lb/day and decreased fat per cent from 3.75 to 3.24%, but did not significantly affect FCM, dry matter intake, or digestibility. These results suggest that a complete-feed silage has practical potential, especially for mechanized group-feeding operations.
Metal Grains in Chondritic Meteorites

THE nickel–iron minerals taenite and kamacite in octahedrites (iron meteorites) are inhomogeneous, as shown in Fig. 1: taenite crystals are richest in nickel and kamacite crystals are poorest in nickel at the phase boundaries where they abut one another1–3. This is a natural consequence of the behaviour of nickel–iron alloy systems if they are cooled slowly and steadily, as in the interior of a planet4–10. The binary nickel–iron phase diagram predicts that beneath ∼ 800° C, as temperature falls, taenite and kamacite should continuously react with one another and change in composition. Nickel concentration should increase steadily in taenite, while in kamacite at T < ∼ 500° C it should decrease.
Cycloheximide and chloramphenicol: effect on rat liver acetate metabolism.

Conversion of isotopic acetate to cholesterol, to fatty acids and to CO2 by rat liver homogenates is dramatically curtailed within 3 hr following injection of chloramphenicol or cycloheximide. Cholesterol synthesis from mevalonate remains unaltered, indicating that this does not imply generalized depression of all metabolic processes. This apparent shutdown of acetate metabolism suggests that caution be exercised when these drugs are employed as specific inhibitors of protein synthesis.
On the product of certain permutations

A theorem by M. Cohn and A. Lempel, relating the product of certain permutations to the rank of an associated matrix, is restated and reproved. Its relationship to old and recent results in topological graph theory is pointed out.
Misdiagnosis of atrial septal defect in patients with hereditary telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease) and hepatic arteriovenous fistulas

Two patients with hereditary telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease) and high-output congestive heart failure secondary to large hepatic arteriovenous malformations had preoperative heart catheterization and exploratory cardiotomy to correct presumed intracardiac left-to-right shunts at the atrial level. At operation, both patients had oxygen-enriched blood returning from the inferior vena cava. Subsequent hepatic angiography demonstrated large hepatic arteriovenous fistulas, and both patients underwent hepatic artery banding and ligation, with reduction of left-to-right shunting.
The Improvement of Hatchability of Coturnix (J apanese Quail) Eggs by EDTA

Abstract Preliminary investigations from our department have indicated an improvement in the hatchability of coturnix eggs when the diets contained 0.38% or 0.76% EDTA, equivalent to 0.5% and 1.0% EDTA-Na2 (Craig et al., 1968). The results of investigations on dietary EDTA and its effects on the fertility and hatchability of coturnix eggs are reported here.…
Stress analysis of a bonded repair over a corrosion grind-out using an inclusion model with a second ordered eigenstrain theory

Abstract The problem of an isotropic sheet with an internal elliptical grind-out repaired with an octagonal bonded patch is analyzed, following Rose's two-stage analysis procedure [Theoretical analysis of crack patching, in: A.A. Baker, R. Jones (Eds.), Bonded Repair of Aircraft Structures, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1988] for a crack patching problem. For simplicity, the bending effect is ignored in the present analysis. In the first stage, an infinite sheet reinforced by an octagonal patch under a prescribed far-field stress and a uniform thermal field is analyzed using an inclusion model with a second ordered eigenstrain theory, without considering a grind-out cavity. The stresses ( σ ij * ) inside the patched area at a center of the prospective grind-out location are calculated and later used as far field boundary conditions for a second (stage II) problem. In the second stage, the patch is assumed to be infinite and an integral part of a sheet. Stage II analysis then involves solving a problem of an infinite patched sheet containing an embedded elliptical grind-out cavity under far field stresses and initial strain field. The latter problem is also solved using an inclusion model with a second ordered eigenstrain. This approach had been used previously by the present authors very successfully in solving for a similar repair problem but with an elliptical patch and for a grind-out with a uniform depth [Analytical approach to bonded repair of elliptical dent, corrosion grind-out and cut-out, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2000, submitted] in a relatively thin sheet. However, our recent 3-D finite element study showed that the use of such inclusion analogy in a stage II stage analysis would not yield sufficiently accurate results for a repair problem of a very deep grind-out cavity in a thick sheet. The original approach given in (Duong et al., loc. cit.) therefore has been modified in this paper. The present paper also deals in particular with additional complexities such as octagonal shaped patch, a grind-out cavity with a spherical depth, and effects of thermal stresses due to curing and/or cruising.
Betrayal Trauma: Traumatic Amnesia as an Adaptive Response to Childhood Abuse

Betrayal trauma theory suggests that psychogenic amnesia is an adaptive response to childhood abuse. When a parent or other powerful figure violates a fundamental ethic of human relationships, vict...