cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A polymorph of the 6,13-dichloropentacene organic semiconductor: crystal structure, semiconductor measurements and band structure calculations

Polymorphism is an important issue for the application of organic semiconductors in field-effect transistors due to the dependence of device performance on crystal packing. Recently an organic semiconductor, 6,13-dichloropentacene (DCP), was shown to give a field-effect mobility as high as 9 cm2 V−1 s−1 when crystallized in the form of microribbons obtained by physical vapor transport (PVT), in contrast with the much lower mobilities found in crystals grown from solution. In the present manuscript we show that the crystals grown in the vapor phase are a polymorph of the structure reported for the crystals grown from solution. Both polymorphs show a π-stacking motif but differ in the interplanar distances and the displacement of the molecules along the long axes of the molecules. The DCP PVT structure compares favorably to that of rubrene, but DCP shows a much lower mobility. Band structure calculations show that the rubrene crystal exhibits greater band dispersion than DCP even though the long-axis displacement in rubrene is much greater. We conclude that the transport properties cannot be inferred simply by the magnitude of the intrastack long-axis displacement, but requires a consideration of the relative location of the HOMO/LUMO coefficients of the neighboring molecules in the stack.
Parametric concepts in liquid rotational molding

A description of the fluid mechanics and the energy transfer mechanisms present in a liquid rotational molding system is discussed. A simplified model assuming the liquid can be drawn off in a continuous layer over the mold surface was assumed. For the case of a negligible energy of reaction, a closed form analytical solution has been developed. The effects of mold composition and polymer thickness on the heating and cooling cycles have been analytically determined. The more complex problem, which includes the energy of reaction, has been solved for a representative case.
The role of ependyma in spinal cord regeneration in the urodele, Triturus.

Abstract The distal tip of Triturus tail cord regenerates revealed an enlarged central canal enclosed by basophilic ependymal cells with numerous basal processes. The processes loosely enclosed continuous tunnel-like pathways in which were found an occasional small unmyelinated axon. At more rostral levels the tunnels were filled with axons. The results are interpreted to mean that in newt tail regeneration, as in that of the lizard, the ependyma forms a pathway to guide regenerating cord fibers caudally. This study also touches upon the formation of neurons and neuroglia by the ependyma.
Use of a Nisin-Producing Starter Culture Suitable for Cheddar Cheese Manufacture

Abstract A nisin-producing starter culture that produced acid at rates suitable for Cheddar cheese manufacture was developed by combining the naturally occurring lactose-fermenting, nisin-producing, and proteinase-positive strain Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis NCDO 1404 and the lactose-positive, nisin-positive, proteinase-positive transconjugant Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris JS102. Cheddar cheese manufactured with 1% NCDO 1404 and .5% JS102 as starter cultures exhibited normal acid development; the cheese was of normal composition and contained ca. 700 IU of nisin/g. Experiments using a nisin resistance factor from plasmid pFG010 to increase resistance to nisin by L. lactis ssp. lactis C2 revealed that nisin resistance and acid development by the recipient increased in the presence of nisin. However, the mechanism of resistance encoded by pFG010 resulted in inactivation of nisin in the test system.
High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of a Nanoceria Spray-Coated 316L Stainless Steel Under Short-Term Air Exposure

Nanoceria coatings using a spray method were implemented on a 316L stainless steel (SS). Coated and uncoated coupons were exposed to dry air at 1073 K to 1273 K (800 °C to 1000 °C) for short time periods (up to 24 hours) and in situ measurements of oxidation were carried out using a highly sensitive thermogravimetric balance. From the experimental outcome, activation energies were determined in both, coated and uncoated 316 SS coupons. The estimated exhibited activation energies for oxidation in the coated and uncoated conditions were 174 and 356 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition, the developed scales were significantly different. In the coated steel, the dominant oxide was an oxide spinel (Fe, Mn)3O4 and the presence of Fe2O3 was sharply reduced, particularly at 1273 K (1000 °C). In contrast, no spinel was found in the uncoated 316L SS, and Fe2O3 was always present in the scale at all the investigated oxidation temperatures. The coated steels developed a highly adherent fine-grained scale structure. Apparently, the nanoceria particles enhanced nucleation of the newly formed scale while restricting coarsening. Coarse grain structures were found in the uncoated steels with scale growth occurring at grain ledges. Moreover, the oxidation rates for the coated 316L SS were at least an order of magnitude lower than those exhibited by the steel in the uncoated condition. The reduction in oxidation rates is attributed to a shift in the oxidation mechanism from outward cation diffusion to inward oxygen diffusion.
Uronic acid analysis by automated anion exchange chromatography.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive assay for individual uronic acids has been developed based on their separation on a 0.5 × 22-cm column of Aminex A-25 in 0.12 m Tris-acetate buffer, pH 7.4. Quantification of these sugars is accomplished by coupling the column to the analytical portion of a Technicon sugar analyzer. Each determination is complete in 3 hr, and as little as 25 nmol of uronic acid can be measured with accuracy.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation as a result of supraceliac clamping: implications for thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair

Massive coagulopathy and bleeding continues to play a major role in the operative mortality and perioperative multi-system failure of patients requiring elective thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. It was the purpose of this study to determine the coagulation defect that occurs with supraceliac aortic clamping and the effects of increasing aortic cross-clamp time (AXCT) on the coagulation system and its recovery. Through a standard thoracoabdominal incision, 16 mongrel dogs had their aortas cross-clamped simultaneously just above the diaphragm and at the aortic bifurcation. Animals were divided into four groups of four animals each; sham operation, 30 minute AXCT, 60 minute AXCT, and 90 minute AXCT. Central venous blood was sampled prior to aortic cross clamping (AXC), during AXC and 1 hour, 2 hours, 5 hours, 7 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after the clamp was removed. All samples were assayed for platelets, fibrinogen, fibrin split products, prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT). Platelets and fibrinogen decreased as PT and PTT increased with increasing AXCT consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (P
Hierarchical structure in schematic representations : Aspects of meaning in the cinematic shot

Abstract The observation that the cinematic medium employs distinctive meaning-construction devices combined with the conviction that interpretation presupposes some preliminary cognitive processing, motivate attempts to explicate the former in terms of the latter. Focusing on one device - the cinematic shot - this paper examines such an attempt against some test cases from the movies of Alfred Hitchcock. The account proceeds in two stages: First, a hierarchical model of cinematic representation is developed, applying the ‘basic level’ analysis of categorial organization, proposed by Rosch et al. (1976), to the ‘script’ model of stereotyped schematic representations, proposed by Schank and Abelson (1977). Second, a scrutiny of ‘discourse-violations’ of the basic level in the cinematic exemplars is given a pragmatic account, shedding light on how these devices trigger meaning-construction in real-time viewing. A conclusion ensues, surveying some of the implications and consequences this study carries to both film criticism and cognitive theory.
A Sensitive Photoelectric Method for Determining the Chromaticity of Phosphorescent and Fluorescent Materials

A multiplier photo-tube is used in connection with a constant-deviation monochromator to determine the spectral energy distribution for sources having low brightness. The amplification in the tube itself gives high sensitivity without the use of multi-stage amplifier circuits, and slit widths can be made narrow enough to give accurate results for spectral distribution curves generally encountered. The spectral characteristics of two samples of fluorescent cloth are determined first, by using the photoelectric method and, secondly, by the use of a spectrograph with panchromatic plates. A comparison of the two methods is made, and the results are shown graphically by plotting the spectral distribution curves obtained in each case. The convenience, and sensitivity of the photoelectric method gives a marked advantage over the spectrographic method which requires long photographic exposures, and consequent density evaluations.
A YING–YANG THEORY IN NONLINEAR DISCRETE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

This paper presents a Ying–Yang theory for nonlinear discrete dynamical systems considering both positive and negative iterations of discrete iterative maps. In the existing analysis, the solutions relative to "Yang" in nonlinear dynamical systems are extensively investigated. However, the solutions pertaining to "Ying" in nonlinear dynamical systems are investigated. A set of concepts on "Ying" and "Yang" in discrete dynamical systems are introduced to help one understand the hidden dynamics in nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. Based on the Ying–Yang theory, the periodic and chaotic solutions in nonlinear discrete dynamical system are discussed, and all possible, stable and unstable periodic solutions can be analytically predicted. A discrete dynamical system with the Henon map is investigated, as an example.
In situ reverse transcription to detect the cbbL gene and visualize RuBisCO in chemoautotrophic nitrifying bacteria

Aims:In situ methodologies targeting the cbbL gene were used to visualize cells of nitrifying bacteria. Both procaryotic in situ PCR (IS-PCR) and in situ reverse transcription (ISRT) protocols were employed to determine gene presence and expression, respectively. Methods and Results: Aged-oligotropic seawater samples were inoculated with microbial assemblages containing a mixture of actively growing nitrifying bacteria, starved nitrifying bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria without cbbL. After the molecular manipulations, we found that while all the nitrifiers (healthy or starved) with the cbbL gene were detected by IS-PCR, only the actively growing autotrophic nitrifiers with detectable levels of carbon fixation and nitrification activity were detected by ISRT analysis. Conclusions: These results show how IS-PCR and ISRT supplement each other, and their potential for the analysis of heterogeneous populations where an assortment of healthy and starved/dormant cells are expected.
Asymptotics and integrability properties for matrix coefficients of admissible representations of reductive p-adic groups

Abstract We obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for the pth power integrability of a matrix coefficient of an admissible representation of a reductive p-adic group in terms of the exponents of the matrix coefficient.
The Robinson-Trautman type III prolongation structure contains $K_2$

The minimal prolongation structure for the Robinson-Trautman equations of Petrov type III is shown to always include the infinite-dimensional, contragredient algebra,K2, which is of infinite growth. Knowledge of faithful representations of this algebra would allow the determination of Backlund transformations to evolve new solutions.
Agricultural Effects of Changes in Financial Markets

In this paper I will argue that nominal interest rates are being increased by rising real rates. Real rates are being driven by demands to finance economic development and infrastructural management. In recent decades they have been suppressed by highly regulated domestic financial markets and distorted by less developed international financial markets.
Gerald E. McClearn: Complexity in Behavior Genetics

A festskrift in honor of the career contributions of Gerald E. McClearn was held in State College, Pennsylvania in May 2009. A selection of papers presented at that celebration is included in this issue of Behavior Genetics. These papers illustrate contemporary progress in research areas that have been chosen to reflect key aspects of Jerry's career accomplishments.
Determination of rare-earth elements, yttrium and scandium in manganese nodules by inductively-coupled argon-plastma emission spectrometry

Abstract A sequential-scanning, inductively-coupled argon plasma emission spectrometer is used for the determination of the rare-earth elements, plus yttrium and scandium, in manganese nodules. Wavelength selection is optimized to minimize spectral interferences from manganese nodule components. Samples are decomposed with mixed acids in a sealed polycarbonate vessel, and elements are quantified without further treatment. Results for U.S. Geological Survey manganese nodule standards A-1 and P-1 had average relative standard deviations of 6.8% and 8.1%, respectively, and results were in good agreement with those obtained by other methods.
Constructing a second language: Analyses and computational simulations of the emergence of linguistic constructions from usage.

This article presents an analysis of interactions in the usage, structure, cognition, coadaptation of conversational partners, and emergence of linguistic constructions. It focuses on second language development of English verb-argument constructions (VACs: VL, verb locative; VOL, verb object locative; VOO, ditransitive) with particular reference to the following: (a) Construction learning as concept learning following the general cognitive and associative processes of the induction of categories from experience of exemplars in usage obtained through coadapted micro-discursive interaction with conversation partners; (b) the empirical analysis of usage by means of corpus linguistic descriptions of native and nonnative speech and of longitudinal emergence in the interlanguage of second language learners; (c) the effects of the frequency and Zipfian type/token frequency distribution of exemplars within the Verb and other islands of the construction archipelago (e.g., [Subj V Obj Obl path/loc ]), by their prototypicality, their generic coverage, and their contingency of form-meaning-use mapping, and (d) computational (emergent connectionist) models of these various factors as they play out in the emergence of constructions as generalized linguistic schema.
SOME PROPERTIES OF AN AESTHETIC FIELD THEORY.

We continue our study of the Lorentz-invariant field theory based on the equations Γ jk;l i =0 and gij;k=0. To first order in a perturbation expansion, we find Γ jk;l i =0 reduces to the wave equation. In orders higher than the first, we find that Γ jk;l i =0 cannot be linearized. We also find that the simple wave-type equation gij∂2g/∂xi∂xj=0 is contained in the theory when an appropriate choice is made for the parameters at the origin point.
An ideal model for switching in thin VO2 films

Abstract Analysis of an ideal model, where heat flow is restricted to one direction, results in good qualitative agreement with the current-voltage characteristics observed in materials that exhibit an abrupt increase in electrical conductivity at a critical temperature, such as VO 2 .
Quantitative structure-property relationships for aqueous solubilities and Henry's law constants of polychlorinated biphenyls

Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models have been developed which accurately calculate the congener-specific aqueous solubilities (S) and Henry's Law constants (HLCs) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). QSPRs were generated based on molecular models which were sensitive to slight changes in chemical structure. PCB aqueous solubilities were found to be a function of total surface area, melting point, and third shadow area. Observed HLCs were a function of the second moment of inertia, path-four connectivity index, path-three K index, and the second and third principal polarizabilities.
A Robust Approach to the Share-of-Choice Product Design Problem

Abstract A critical issue when solving the share-of-choice product design problem is the reliability of the optimal solution in the presence of partworth uncertainty. Existing approaches use point estimates of an individual's partworth utilities as input to the product optimization stage, ignoring within-person variability in estimates. Post-optimality sensitivity analysis is occasionally performed to assess the degree to which a solution is negatively impacted by partworth uncertainty. We propose a robust optimization model that explicitly captures variation in partworth estimates during the optimization process. Using a large, commercial dataset, we benchmark our model's performance against its deterministic counterpart. We also present inferential theory to guide the selection of model parameters controlled by the analyst. Results reveal that the new approach produces robust solutions in the face of measurement error. Out-of-sample coverage for individuals drawn from the target population is significantly higher than corresponding solutions from published methods.
Respite care for the chronically mentally ill: focus for the 1990s.

If community based care is to remain the treatment of choice for the severely mentally ill, then acceptable, affordable, and accessible respite care must be available for the families who assume significant responsibility for their loved one's care.
Stalled fork rescue via dormant replication origins in unchallenged S phase promotes proper chromosome segregation and tumor suppression.

Eukaryotic cells license far more origins than are actually used for DNA replication, thereby generating a large number of dormant origins. Accumulating evidence suggests that such origins play a role in chromosome stability and tumor suppression, though the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we show that a loss of dormant origins results in an increased number of stalled replication forks, even in unchallenged S phase in primary mouse fibroblasts derived from embryos homozygous for the Mcm4(Chaos3) allele. We found that this allele reduces the stability of the MCM2-7 complex, but confers normal helicase activity in vitro. Despite the activation of multiple fork recovery pathways, replication intermediates in these cells persist into M phase, increasing the number of abnormal anaphase cells with lagging chromosomes and/or acentric fragments. These findings suggest that dormant origins constitute a major pathway for stalled fork recovery, contributing to faithful chromosome segregation and tumor suppression.
Prophylaxis of Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema with Topical Indomethacin

A prospective double-masked study of 500 patients was performed to assess the effect of topical indomethacin on the angiographic incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME) in patients undergoing intraocular lens implant surgery. All patients received either topical indomethacin or placebo before surgery and for nine months after surgery. All patients underwent planned extracapsular extraction (PEC) or posterior chamber phacoemulsification (PC-KPE). Implantation of a posterior chamber lens and a primary capsulotomy were performed in all cases. All cases received postoperative topical corticosteroids. Of the 500 cases, 390 (78%) underwent fluorescein angiography; most were performed between 2 1/2 and 5 months after surgery. The incidence of angiographically confirmed CME was significantly higher in the placebo-treated patients as compared to those treated with indomethacin (18.5% vs 9.6%; P = 0.04). Patients 60 years of age or older had a significantly higher incidence of CME than younger individuals (15% vs. 3.4%; P = 0.03). When corrected for the effects of drug regimen and age, by means of multiple logistic regression, there was no significant correlation between procedure (PEC vs. PC-KPE) and CME rate (P = 0.62). There was no significant difference in postoperative visual acuity between the indomethacin- and placebo-treated patients (P = 0.65).
Effects of competitive binding on the amperometric determination of copper with electrodes modified with chromotrope 2B.

Abstract Electrodes modified with Chromotrope 2B incorporated by ion-exchange into a polycationic film of electropolymerized [Ru(v-bpy) 3 ] 2+ (v-bpy = 4-vinyl-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl) have been employed in the amperometric determination of copper in solution and exhibit very high sensitivity as well as linear calibration curves in the concentration range 7 × 10 −8 −1 × 10 −4 M . The effects of competing ligands, including chloride, bromide, oxalate, ammonia, acetate, citrate, borate, humic and fulvic acids, or the presence of competing metal ions such as cobalt or nickel on the uptake of copper by the modified electrodes have also been studied. The presence of competing ligands or metal ions decreases the analytical signal due to copper incorporation. The magnitude of this effect is dependent on the relative strength of coordination of the competing ligands for copper ions or of Chromotrope 2B for the competing metals, and also on the concentration of the interferents. The relevance of this work to speciation studies is discussed.
Technological innovations in hospitals: what kind of competitive advantage does adoption lead to?

The authors propose an analytical framework for innovations, based on the resource-advantage theory of competition. Categorisation of innovations depends on how they contribute to a firm's competitive advantage. Essentially, do innovations reduce costs to the organisation, or do they increase the value of its market offerings? They apply this framework to an important segment of the US economy: healthcare (specifically hospitals), to examine the impact of technological innovations for competitive advantage. The findings show that adoption is higher among bigger hospitals and also teaching hospitals.
Spontaneous laser action in laser isotope separation.

The gain per unit length is calculated for a laser isotope separation process based on selective two-step photoionization.
Biographical Sketch: Fuller Albright, MD 1900–1969

This biographical sketch on Fuller Albright corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: The Metabolic Effects of Steroid Hormones in Osteoporosis, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-011-1832-z.
Vetoes, Bargaining, and Boundary Conditions

“Testing Theories of Congressional-Presidential Interaction with Veto Override Rates” (henceforth “Veto Override Rates”) offers several tests of two models of vetoes and finds the models wanting. The paper concludes that something is seriously amiss with the models. In my view, the problem lies not in the models but in the tests. Understanding why the tests miss the mark is helpful in understanding models of veto politics, and more generally in thinking about testing strategies when multiple models analyze different causal mechanisms that hold under different circumstances. I should note immediately that the effort in the paper to think hard about override rates is admirable; it simply does not go far enough.
Feeding and activity induced by orexin A in the lateral hypothalamus in rats

Orexin A injected into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) stimulates feeding and activates neurons in brain sites regulating feeding and arousal. The feeding effects of orexin A have been demonstrated during the light cycle, a time when rats are normally resting, and the effect of orexin A on activity after injection into the LH has not been previously measured. Thus, it is unclear whether LH orexin A-induced feeding is secondary to enhanced arousal. To address this, LH-cannulated rats habituated to a running wheel were injected with either orexin A (1000 pmol) or vehicle during light and dark cycles. Food intake and running wheel rotations were measured for 2 h. Spontaneous physical activity (SPA) was also measured during the dark cycle. During the light cycle, orexin A in the LH stimulated feeding in the presence and absence of a running wheel and increased number of running wheel rotations in the presence and absence of food. During the dark cycle, orexin A in the LH induced SPA (+/- presence of food), but had no effect on feeding. These data show that LH orexin A stimulation of feeding is not always coincident with increased activity, suggesting that feeding induced by LH-injected orexin A is not consequent to enhanced arousal.
Ion energy-angle distribution functions at the plasma-material interface in oblique magnetic fields

The ion energy-angle distribution (IEAD) at the wall of a magnetized plasma is of fundamental importance for the determination of the material processes occurring at the plasma-material interface, comprising secondary emissions and material sputtering. Here, we present a numerical characterization of the IEAD at the wall of a weakly collisional magnetized plasma with the magnetic field inclined at an arbitrary angle with respect to the wall. The analysis has been done using two different techniques: (1) a fluid-Monte Carlo method, and (2) particle-in-cell simulations, the former offering a fast but approximate method for the determination of the IEADs, the latter giving a computationally intensive but self-consistent treatment of the plasma behavior from the quasi-neutral region to the material boundary. The two models predict similar IEADs, whose similarities and differences are discussed. Data are presented for magnetic fields inclined at angles from normal to grazing incidence (0°–85°). We show the scaling factors of the average and peak ion energy and trends of the pitch angle at the wall as a function of the magnetic angle, for use in the correlation of fluid plasma models to material models.
Resonant damping of toroidicity-induced shear-Alfvén eigenmodes in tokamaks.

An analytical theory of toroidicity-induced shear-Alfv\'en eigenmodes (TAE) is presented. The full two-dimensional problem is treated using a variational approach and the radial eigenmode structure is analyzed. We show that TAE suffer a significant damping due to the strong absorption occurring at the resonances with the shear-Alfv\'en continouus spectrum. The resonant damping is shown to be larger than the electron Landau damping and therefore constitutes an important dissipation mechanism in determining the threshold for TAE instabilities driven by alpha and energetic particles in tokamak experiments.
Wireless controller area network for in-vehicle communication

One of the major challenges of today's in-vehicle electrical architecture is the rapidly increasing complexity of interconnecting controllers, sensors, actuators and other on-board electronic components. Traditionally, this task is accomplished using standard wired bus technologies such as Controller Area Network (CAN). In this paper we introduce the Vehicular wIreless CAN (ViCAN) — a CAN based hybrid communication architecture that is tailored to the in-vehicle environment and that aims at reducing wiring complexity by combining wireless and traditional wired CAN physical layers in a cost effective and seamless fashion. We show by analysis that such a hybrid architecture can potentially support highly reliable end-to-end communication with very low complexity and no/small degradation in data-rate.
Synthesis of Ultrathin Films of Polyacrylonitrile by Photoinitiated Polymerization from Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold†

We report the synthesis of grafted polyacrylonitrile (PAN) brushes from alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. The SAM consists of a dithiol-AIBN initiator that can be activated at room temperature by irradiation at 300 nm. The polymerizations were performed in DMF and yielded PAN films with a maximum thickness of ∼45 nm and a root mean square roughness of 0.17 nm after Soxhlet extraction. The static water contact angle was 55°, and the films were thermally stable after annealing at 105 °C for 3 days. The film thickness increased by 12% after annealing. The polymer films were characterized by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and ellipsometry.
Investigations of the mechanism of enhancement in novel two-photon absorption branched macromolecules

The nonlinear optical and excited state dynamics of a branched octupolar molecule (tris-4,4’,4”-(4- nitrophenilethynyl)triphenylamine(T-NPTPA)) with charge transfer character is investigated by combining measurements of two-photon absorption, time-resolved fluorescence, transient absorption, and three-pulse photon echo peak shift. The data are compared with those obtained for the linear molecule dimethylnitroaminotolane (DMNAT) representing a linear building block of the octupolar system. The purpose of this investigation is to understand the mechanism of the enhanced nonlinear optical properties of the trimer system relative to their linear analogs.
Effect of maintenance oral theophylline on dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial imaging using SPECT and dipyridamole-induced hemodynamic changes

Abstract To evaluate the effect of maintenance oral theophylline therapy on the diagnostic efficacy of dipyridamole-thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging for coronary artery disease, dipyridamole-thallium-201 SPECT imaging was performed in eight men with documented coronary artery disease before intiation of theophylline treatment and repeated while these patients were receiving therapeutic doses of oral theophylline. Before theophylline treatment, intravenous dipyridamole caused a significant increase in heart rate, decrease in blood pressure, angina in seven of eight patients, and ST segment depression in four of eight patients. While they were being treated with theophylline, none of the patients had angina or ST segment depression, and there were no hemodynamic changes with intravenous dipyridamole. Before theophylline treatment, dipyridamole-thallium-201 SPECT imaging showed reversible perfusion defects in myocardial segments supplied by stenotic coronary arteries. With theophylline treatment, dipyridamole-thallium-201 SPECT showed total absence of reversible perfusion defects. Treatment with theophylline markedly reduced the diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging for coronary artery disease.
The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 is expressed in glial and neuronal progenitor cells, postmitotic neurons and reactive astrocytes

In this study we examined the distribution and developmental profile of the src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in the mouse brain. We found that SHP-2 is present in both mitotically active and postmitotic cells in the forebrains of embryonic day 12 (E12) mice. In a developmental study extending from embryonic day 12 to adulthood, Western blotting analysis demonstrated equivalent levels of SHP-2 protein at all of the ages examined. Expression of SHP-2 paralleled the level of enzymatic activity at the different developmental periods. In the adult brain SHP-2 was restricted to diverse classes of neurons, while the majority of glial cells did not express detectable levels of protein. However, reactive astrocytes in response to an ischemic brain injury showed SHP-2 immunolabelling. Our data suggest that SHP-2 may play a role in pathways of neuronal and glial progenitor cells, in a broad spectrum of neuronal responses in the adult brain and in the gliotic response to the injury.
Conductance calculations for the atomic relay

The resistance of a wire consisting of a line of 3 Mg atoms between two macroscopic metallic electrodes is calculated as a function of the displacement of the center atom laterally out of the line. A displacement of somewhat over 3 A increases the resistance by a factor of ∼10. This contrasts with the behavior of open-shell atoms: a lateral displacement of the same magnitude of the central atom in a line of Na atoms leads in fact to a smalldecreasein resistance.
Glass for neodymium fusion lasers

Of the various applications of laser glass, the recent use of large, high-power Nd glass lasers for inertial confinement fusion experiments has prompted an intensive search for improved glasses. Systematic studies of a large number of host glasses show that, within limits, the spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ laser ions which are important for energy storage and extraction can be tailored by compositional changes. These results should also be applicable to other rare-earth laser ions.
Factors Influencing Local Distribution of Cyprinodon variegatus (Pisces:Cyprinodontidae)

Abstract Local distribution of Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede was examined with special emphasis on entrance into fresh water. One hundred and twenty localities were examined in relationship to fish faunas and water chemistry. The chemical factors examined were calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen. These factors singly or in combination had little effect on local distribution. Primary freshwater fish and especially centrarchid fishes seem to exclude Cyprinodon with the mechanism for this exclusion appearing to be competition for some resource(s).
Continuous propagation of microorganisms

Microorganisms undergo a cycle of maturation during their life-span in a proliferating culture. This gives rise to a distribution of degrees of cellular maturation in the culture. The gross rate of any metabolic process carried on by the culture is therefore an average over all degrees of maturation present. Equations embodying the life-cycle concept are developed for cultures of organisms which proliferate by binary fission and do not form spores. The equations are solved for the age distribution in the special case of a continuous, steady state fermentation. Expressions for calculating gross metabolic rates and cell size distributions are derived. Finally, the stability of the steady state fermentor is discussed.
Viral Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Regulate Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity via Competing Innate Cytokine Signals

ABSTRACT Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as viral RNA, drives innate immune responses against West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging neurotropic pathogen. Here we demonstrate that WNV PAMPs orchestrate endothelial responses to WNV via competing innate immune cytokine signals at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a multicellular interface with highly specialized brain endothelial cells that normally prevents pathogen entry. While Th1 cytokines increase the permeability of endothelial barriers, type I interferon (IFN) promoted and stabilized BBB function. Induction of innate cytokines by pattern recognition pathways directly regulated BBB permeability and tight junction formation via balanced activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA, which in turn regulated the transendothelial trafficking of WNV. In vivo, mice with attenuated type I IFN signaling or IFN induction (Ifnar−/−Irf7−/−) exhibited enhanced BBB permeability and tight junction dysregulation after WNV infection. Together, these data provide new insight into host-pathogen interactions at the BBB during neurotropic viral infection. IMPORTANCE West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen capable of infecting the central nervous system (CNS), causing fatal encephalitis. However, the mechanisms that control the ability of WNV to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and access the CNS are unclear. In this study, we show that detection of WNV by host tissues induces innate immune cytokine expression at the BBB, regulating BBB structure and function and impacting transendothelial trafficking of WNV. This regulatory effect is shown to happen rapidly following exposure to virus, to occur independently of viral replication within BBB cells, and to require the signaling of cytoskeletal regulatory Rho GTPases. These results provide new understanding of host-pathogen interactions at the BBB during viral encephalitis.
THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF COMBINED ANDROGEN BLOCKADE WITH BICALUTAMIDE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE AGONIST IN MEN WITH METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACTPurpose: Combined androgen blockade therapy (CAB) has been shown to have a small survival advantage over luteinizing hormone releasing hormone LH-RH agonists (LH-RHa) alone in men with metastatic prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of CAB with bicalutamide and LH-RH agonist therapy to LH-RH agonist therapy alone.Materials and Methods: A macro-simulation model was developed to compare the cost-effectiveness of 2 interventions for stage D2 prostate cancer, 1) CAB with bicalutamide 50 mg per day and monthly dosing of an LH-RHa or 2) monthly LH-RH agonist therapy. Cost and outcomes are tabulated in 5 and 10-year time horizons. Model assumptions were taken from the published literature. Appropriate 1-way and multi-way sensitivity analyses were performed.Results: At 5 years, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for CAB, when compared with LH-RHa monotherapy, was $33,677 per quality-adjusted life-year. In other words, for every additional quality-adjust...
Adenosine A2A-receptor blockade abolishes the roll-off respiratory response to hypoxia in awake lambs

Adenosine (ADO) receptor antagonists (aminophylline, caffeine) blunt the respiratory roll-off response to hypoxia in the newborn. This study was designed to determine the ADO receptor subtype invol...
The impact of free-riding on peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer networking is gaining popularity as a architecture for sharing information goods and other computing resources. However, these networks suffer from a high level of free-riding, whereby some users consume network resources without providing any network resources. The high levels of free-riding observed by several recent studies have led some to suggest the imminent collapse of these communities as a viable information sharing mechanism. Our research develops analytic models to analyze the behavior of P2P networks in the presence of free-riding. In contrast to previous predictions, we find that P2P networks can operate effectively in the presence of significant free-riding. However, we also show that without external incentives, the level of free-riding in P2P networks is higher than socially optimal. Our research also explores the implications of these findings for entrepreneurs, network designers, and copyright holders.
Progress-based e-learning courses with hierarchical subject structures

This paper presents implementation and pedagogy design of progress-based e-learning courses with hierarchical subject structures. It extends our previous work on courses with sequential subject structures. The progress-based e-learning emphasizes personalized course content delivery based on a student's course comprehension measurement, learning aptitude, and learning progress rules. Supporting courses with hierarchical subject structures increases the range of courses suitable for progress-based e-learning. It also provides flexibility in course content development. The implementation of these courses can employ the learning advancement management system (LAMS), a Web-based software system we introduced previously for supporting multiple progress-based e-learning courses through Web services.
Literacy and the Social Origins of Some Early Americans

An issue that has long concerned historians of colonial America is that of the social origins of the English men and women who came to the New World in bondage. It has been estimated that half of all white immigration to the thirteen colonies was made up of indentured servants; therefore no quantitative description of the labour force or the social structure of colonial America is possible without some knowledge of what kinds of people bound themselves to serve in return for passage to the colonies. Historians' assessments of these early immigrants have ranged widely, from Abbot Emerson Smith's judgment that they were ‘the most ignorant and idle’ of English contemporaries to Mildred Campbell's view that ‘most were drawn from the middling classes…the productive groups in England's working population’.
Uranium pinhole collimators for I-131 SPECT imaging

Pinhole apertures made of depleted uranium were evaluated for high-resolution SPECT brain tumor imaging of therapeutic doses (30-100 mCi) of intratumorally administered I-131 radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. High resolution is required for imaging residual tumor tissue, although for therapeutic doses, high collimator sensitivity is less important. Resolution of uranium and tungsten pinhole apertures was compared in planar and SPECT images of I-131 sources. Planar sensitivity was studied on- and off-axis. On-axis planar resolution for uranium pinholes is higher than that of tungsten pinholes for all cases examined; full-width-half-max (EWHM) is narrower for a 3 mm uranium pinhole than for a 1 mm tungsten pinhole, indicating significantly lower penetration at pinhole edges for uranium than for tungsten. Collimator sensitivity is higher for tungsten than for uranium, which also indicates higher edge penetration for tungsten. On-axis SPECT (14.4 cm radius) scans also show better resolution for a 2 mm uranium pinhole (7.8 mm EWHM) than for a 2 mm tungsten pinhole (9.5 mm FWHM), Background radiation from a uranium collimator (102 cts/sec) is acceptably low compared to expected clinical count rates.
SLAC Collider Injector, RF Drive Synchronization and Trigger Electronics and 15 AMP Thermionic Gun Development

The rf drive system for the Collider Injector Development (EL CID) including laser timing, subharmonic buncher drive and phasing, and accelerator rf drive is described. The rf synchronized master trigger generation scheme for the collider is outlined. Also, a 15 amp peak, 200 kV short pulse gun being developed at SLAC as a backup to the Sinclair laser gun is described.
Esophageal cancer staging: improved accuracy by endoscopic ultrasound of celiac lymph nodes.

Abstract Background . Clinical staging of esophageal cancer is required for optimal therapy but remains imprecise. Pathologic verification of involved lymph nodes could potentially direct treatment allocation. With the rising incidence of distal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas, assessment of the celiac axis lymph nodes (CLNs) becomes important because it is a common nodal drainage basin. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) permits evaluation of CLNs and biopsy by fine-needle aspiration. This study examined the usefulness of this staging tool. Methods . A consecutive series of 62 patients with esophageal cancer considered resectable by computed tomographic scan underwent EUS for T and N staging and were retrospectively studied. A CLN visualized by EUS as greater than 5 mm was considered positive. Fine-needle aspiration of the CLN was performed routinely. Endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomographic staging were compared on the basis of pathologic verification of CLNs. Results . It was possible to evaluate CLNs by EUS in 59 (95%) of 62 patients: positive in 19, negative in 40. In EUS-positive patients, fine-needle aspiration was positive in 15, falsely negative in 2, and not done in 2. By computed tomographic scan, CLNs were negative in 57 patients and positive in 2. The CLNs were positive in 23 of 54 patients eligible for CLN pathologic verification. All positive CLNs not identified by EUS (7 false-negative EUS) were microscopic foci in one or two nodes and were associated with T3 tumors. Sensitivity and specificity of EUS were 72% and 97%, respectively, compared with 8% and 100% for computed tomographic scan. When EUS identified CLNs, fine-needle aspiration confirmed positivity in 88% of cases. Conclusions . Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration is useful in the detection and confirmation of CLN metastasis. In T3 tumors of the distal esophagus, a negative EUS result does not substantiate absence of CLN disease. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration may be important in guiding treatment for patients with distal adenocarcinoma and documenting disease before neoadjuvant therapy.
Diffractive and Micro-Optics for Multiplex Imaging

Multiplex systems require complex field encoding but are not particularly sensitive to discontinuity or chromatic dispersion. Diffractive and micro-optics provide a complex design space but have scattering and dispersion problems. This is a match made in heaven.
Risky business: an analysis of teacher risk preferences

A range of proposals aim to reform teacher compensation, recruitment, and retention. Teachers have generally not embraced these policies. One potential explanation for their objections is that teachers are relatively risk averse. We examine this hypothesis using a risk-elicitation task common to experimental economics. By comparing preferences of new teachers with those entering other professions, we find that individuals choosing to teach are significantly more risk averse. This suggests that the teaching profession may attract individuals who are less amenable to certain reforms. Policy-makers should take into account teacher risk characteristics when considering reforms that may clash with preferences.
Systemic Mast Cell Disease with Marrow and Splenic Involvement Associated with Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

Systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) has a highly variable clinical expression and course. That SMCD is associated with hematologic disorders has been widely described. We report an unusual case of systemic mast cell disease and concurrent chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in a 60 year old male.
Continuum dynamics of elastocapillary coalescence and arrest

The surface-tension–driven coalescence of wet hair, nano-pillars and supported lamellae immersed in an evaporating liquid is eventually arrested elastically. To characterize this at a continuum level, we start from a discrete microscopic model of the process and derive a mesoscopic theory that couples the inhomogeneous dynamics of drying to the capillary forcing and elastic bending of the lamellae. Numerical simulations of the resulting partial differential equation capture the primary unstable mode seen in experiments, and the dynamic coalescence of the lamellae into dimers and quadrimers. Our theory also predicts the elastic arrest of the pattern or the separation of lamellar bundles into their constituents as a function of the amount of liquid left at the end of the process.
The mycorrhizal status of Pseudotulostoma volvata (Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota)

Pseudotulostoma volvata (O. K. Mill. and T. W. Henkel) is a morphologically unusual member of the otherwise hypogeous Elaphomycetaceae due to its epigeous habit and exposed gleba borne on an elevated stalk at maturity. Field observations in Guyana indicated that P. volvata was restricted to rain forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal (EM) Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae), suggesting an EM nutritional mode for the fungus. In this paper, we confirm the EM status of P. volvata with a combination of morphological, molecular, and mycosociological data. The EM status for P. volvata corroborates its placement in the ectotrophic Elaphomycetaceae.
Intracochlear Electrical Stimulation Suppresses Apoptotic Signaling in Rat Spiral Ganglion Neurons after Deafening in Vivo

ObjectiveTo establish the intracellular consequences of electrical stimulation to spiral ganglion neurons after deafferentation. Here we use a rat model to determine the effect of both low and high...
Forwarded clock based receiver characterization methodology for statistical full link analysis tools

A methodology that can directly calibrate a forward clocked receiverpsilas parameters for a statistical electrical link analysis tool, is presented. The methodology overcomes limitations of jitter tolerance testing and aids in focused receiver debugging.