cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading sounds: closed-captioned media and popular culture: book review

The word "access" means to enter into, participate in, and engage with, and captions for sounds are a way to provide access to video content for persons with disabilities. Trying to capture an absolute way for captioning sounds in video media texts is as illusive, impossible, and unethical as trying to establish or declare a single way to write or to read a text. Sean Zdenek's book Reading Sounds investigates the practices that create captions and examines captions as a rhetorical artifact related to the composition of video. This review will examine Reading Sounds from the perspective of a practitioner in the area of web, classroom, and information communication technology accessibility and an academic focused on communication design and disability, indicating points relevant to both practitioners and academics.
Intervention and Control Groups

An integral step in clinical trial design is the identification of the intervention to be studied and what, if any, control group will serve for comparison. Similar to the study endpoints, the interventions and controls of the trial are originally stipulated in the primary research question, further defining its importance. Although presented in a stepwise format, the precise definition of intervention and control is inherently closely linked to the establishment of the endpoints and so the processes may occur more concurrently. The time spent early in the design phase defining the intervention and controls up front is essential to the subsequent conduct and success of the trial. The intervention needs to be relevant to the disease being studied, needs to be supported by sufficient equipoise regarding its role in treatment, and needs to potentially offer something better than the current standard, especially if it incurs greater risk. Finally, the proper control group needs to be selected to make the comparison and conclusions believable, applicable, and generalizable. If these criteria are reached, then you are another step closer to the critical new knowledge that will positively impact clinical practice and improve patient outcomes.
Biomimetic Molecular Signaling using DNA Walkers on Microparticles

We report the release of catalytic DNA walkers from hydrogel microparticles and the detection of those walkers by substrate-coated microparticles. This might be considered a synthetic biology analog of molecular signal release and reception. One type of particles was coated with components of a DNA one-step strand displacement (OSD) reaction to release the walker. A second type of particle was coated with substrate (or “track”) for the molecular walker. We distinguish these particle types using fluorescence barcoding: we synthesized and distinguished multiple particle types with multicolor fluorescence microscopy and automated image analysis software. This represents a step toward amplified, multiplex, and microscopically localized detection based on DNA nanotechnology.
Easy alloying on flat carbides

Reactive metal–support interactions are generally considered characteristic of oxide supports. Now, two-dimensional niobium carbide, a member of the MXenes family, has been used as a platinum support providing an active water-gas shift catalyst via reduction-induced formation of stable, catalytically active Nb–Pt nanoparticles.
Abstract 3570: Adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific CTLs requires anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 to drive tumor eradication

Adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive T cells (ACT) has led to significant clinical responses in hematologic malignancies. However, its efficacy in solid tumors has been dismal, likely due to the immunosuppression imposed by the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. A proven effective strategy to revert the immunosuppressive TME is immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), including anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1, which have been recently approved by FDA for cancer therapy. Here, using the orthotopic B16-F10 melanoma model, we combine ACT of PMEL-1 Tg+ CTLs that recognize the endogenous melanoma antigen gp100 with dual blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1, the highly pursued effective combinatorial ICB, to treat established tumors. Although ACT alone transiently suppresses tumor growth, complete tumor regression requires additional dual anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 blockade. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the ICOS-Eomes-IFN-γαμμα axis, but not the ICOS-T-bet-IFN-γαμμα axis, in CTLs mediates the therapeutic effects of ACT and ICBs. Our data provide direct evidence that combining ACT of CTLs with ICBs confers long-term protection to tumor challenges, which largely depends on CTL-intrinsic expression of ICOS. Citation Format: Lewis Zhichang Shi, Jianjun Gao, Luis Vence, Jorge Brando, James Allison, Padmanee Sharma. Adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific CTLs requires anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 to drive tumor eradication [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3570.
Case 30: Hematuria

A 17-year-old girl (120 lb) presents with hematuria and is scheduled for a cystostomy. Her history is unremarkable except for interstitial cystitis. The patient has had numerous anesthesia/surgery procedures for her complaints. The family history is negative for anesthesia-related complications. The patient is taking no medication and is classified as an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I (ASA 1). The patient requests an epidural anesthetic, and as there are no contraindications, an epidural is placed in L3–L4 interspace. Lidocaine 2 % (15 ml) produces a good block, and the operation proceeds uneventfully. Thirty-five minutes after the start of the surgery, the patient complains that she is feeling unwell. You have given no drugs for the last 50 min. You note that the electrocardiogram (ECG) shows a sudden onset of ventricular tachycardia and the Dynamap alarms, indicating no blood pressure (BP). The oxygen saturation has dropped from 100 % to 76 %. The patient is now unconscious and, although you do not know what happened, you quickly place a face mask with 100 % oxygen and assist her respiration. The carotid pulse is present but very weak. The Dynamap still indicates no BP. The saturation has increased to 86 %. You call for a defibrillator and proceed to deliver a shock at 100 J. There is a rapid return to sinus tachycardia, and the BP returns to normal as does oxygen saturation. The patient complains of pain in the chest and inquires as to what happened. You are at a loss to explain the cause. The epidural lidocaine that you gave 35 min ago is highly unlikely to be the cause.
PLASMA AND CSF DOPAMINE METABOLITES IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS: EFFECTS OF PROBENECID AND HALOPERIDOL

ABSTRACT The metabolites of dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC) were measured in the plasma and CSF of 15 psychiatric patients by mass-fragmentography. Probenecid produced a significant increase in both plasma and CSF HVA and DOPAC. There was a significant correlation between plasma and CSF: HVA (r=.85) and DOPAC (r=.61). Chronic haloperidol treatment significantly increased both plasma and CSF HVA. This data suggests that plasma HVA may be a useful index of central dopamine metabolism.
Green Challenges of Catalysis via Iron(IV)oxo and Iron(V)oxo Species

Abstract Various reactions involving iron(IV) and iron(V) oxo compounds or intermediates have been critically reviewed. The goal was to analyze the reasons for a significant interest by researchers to this biocatalytically inspired field of chemistry, in which the guiding stars are oxidizing enzymes cytochrome P450 and peroxidases. Properties and reactivity of iron(V)oxo species are discussed with a reference to comparable iron(IV)oxo compounds. Catalytic properties of iron compounds in aqueous solutions are reviewed with an emphasis upon iron(III) complexes of quadruply deprotonated tetraamido macrocyclic ligands (TAML activators). Novel applications of TAML activators are presented. New trends in developing oxidative catalysis by iron compounds are also briefly discussed.
Scalable Task and Motion Planning for Multi-Robot Systems in Obstacle-Rich Environments

Motion planning problems have been studied in both the artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics communities. AI solvers can compute plans for hundreds of simple agents in minutes with suboptimality guarantees, while robotics solutions typically include richer kinodynamic models during planning, but are very slow when many robots and obstacles are taken into account. We combine the advantages of the two methods by using a two-step approach. First, we use and extend AI solvers for a simplified coordination problem. The output is a discrete plan that cannot be executed on real robots. Second, we apply a computationally efficient post-processing step that creates a continuous plan, taking kinodynamic constraints into account. We show examples for ground robots in a warehouse domain and quadrotors that are tasked with formation change.
Wireless, Non-invasive, Asset Life-cycle Monitoring System

Exposure to harsh environments during storage, transportation, and handling can have significant effect on various system assets, making it important to understand the full life-cycle exposure of sensitive equipment. To quantify a system’s status timeline, a wireless, intelligent, low-power life-cycle monitoring device is being developed. No current monitoring systems have the capability to measure environmental conditions experienced by an asset and use that data to determine time spent in various states such as storage, transportation, handling and deployment. The sensor system being developed will employ a multi-modal sensing approach that will provide on-device analysis of the various parameters such as acceleration, temperature, and other environmental conditions for the duration of asset storage, handling, and distribution. Extremely low power and potentially easy to integrate into existing platforms, the monitoring system will include on-system intelligence for distinguishing between different statuses and is designed to use reliable, wireless, low-profile, and inexpensive sensing technologies. Embedded system intelligence is designed to use collected datasets to accurately quantify the asset’s current status and the amount of time spent within each state. The ability to monitor critical parameters and use them to classify this status throughout the asset’s life-cycle could provide some of the diagnostic information that would facilitate condition based maintenance. Engineers and operators can review exposure conditions and analyze how status and exposure effects contribute to the current condition of their equipment. The monitoring system will provide maintainers additional data points in assessing the historical use of the system.
ACCURACY OF IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC MONITOR IN DIAGNOSING CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING REVEAL LINQ TRURHYTHMTM VERSUS CONFIRM RX SHARPSENSETM

The use of implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) is steadily increasing; however, the accuracy of arrhythmia detection of these devices are unknown. We prospectively compared the accuracy of diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias between Reveal LINQ with TruRhythm™ and Confirm Rx with SharpSense™. A total
Multiscale corrosion analysis of superhydrophobic coating on 2024 aluminum alloy in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

In this work, a facile superhydrophobic coating for 2024-T3 aluminum alloy is developed and characterized. The corrosion resistance of the coating was analyzed. The results showed that the coating has high polarization resistance and a low corrosion rate. Furthermore, a micro/nanoscale investigation about the interaction between substrates and the corrosive environment was carried out using the in situ atomic force microscope technique. The change in surface topography was monitored for both the bare aluminum alloy substrate and the superhydrophobic aluminum alloy. The results showed that the coating retained surface features indicated that the coating has excellent corrosion resistance.
An Open-Source Framework for Rapid Development of Interactive Soft-Body Simulations for Real-Time Training

We present an open-source framework that provides a low barrier to entry for real-time simulation, visualization, and interactive manipulation of user-specifiable soft-bodies, environments, and robots (using a human-readable front-end interface). The simulated soft-bodies can be interacted by a variety of input interface devices including commercially available haptic devices, game controllers, and the Master Tele-Manipulators (MTMs) of the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK) with real-time haptic feedback. We propose this framework for carrying out multi-user training, user-studies, and improving the control strategies for manipulation problems. In this paper, we present the associated challenges to the development of such a framework and our proposed solutions. We also demonstrate the performance of this framework with examples of soft-body manipulation and interaction with various input devices.
Bio-Orthogonal Chemistry Enables Solid Phase Synthesis of Long RNA Oligonucleotides

ABSTRACT Solid phase synthesis of RNA oligonucleotides which are over 100-nt in length remains to be challenging due to the complexity of purification of the target strands from the failure sequences. This work describes a non-chromatographic strategy that will enable routine solid phase synthesis of long RNA strands. The optimized five-step process is based on bio-orthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder chemistry between trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and tetrazine (Tz) and entails solid phase synthesis of RNA on a photo-labile support. The target oligonucleotide strands are selectively tagged with Tz. After photocleavage from the solid support, the target oligonucleotide strands can be captured and purified from the failure sequences using immobilized TCO. The approach was optimized using a model 20-mer DNA strand and was successfully applied towards synthesis of 76-nt long tRNA and 101-nt long sgRNA. Purity of the isolated oligonucleotides was evaluated using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, while functional fidelity of the sgRNA was confirmed using CRISPR-Cas9 experiments and flow cytometry.
Proactive and Reactive Aggression Towards Siblings Versus Peers

Research on sibling aggression remains limited despite growing evidence that aggression towards siblings is associated with negative adjustment outcomes. The current study advances the field by examining proactive and reactive aggression toward siblings in middle childhood. Specifically, this study utilized youth self-reports to 1) evaluate the 6-month stability of sibling proactive and reactive aggression, 2) compare rates of sibling aggression to peer aggression, and 3) evaluate links between sibling proactive and reactive aggression and internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety). Findings indicated stability in both sibling proactive and reactive aggression, and rates of sibling aggression were higher than rates of peer aggression at both time points. Further, as anticipated, both sibling and peer reactive, but not proactive, aggression were uniquely positively associated with internalizing symptoms. Results suggest that sibling proactive and reactive aggression can be reliably assessed and are associated with expected outcomes, but peer aggression demonstrated stronger clinical utility than sibling aggression. Future directions are discussed.
Enhanced Detection of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Pathogens With the BioFire® Pneumonia FilmArray® Panel.

ABSTRACT Background Although most observational studies identify viral or bacterial pathogens in 50% or less of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), we previously demonstrated that a multi-test bundle (MTB) detected a potential pathogen in 73% of patients. This study compares detection rates for potential pathogens with the MTB versus the Biofire® Pneumonia FilmArray® panel (BPFA) multiplex PCR platform and presents an approach for integrating BPFA results as a foundation for subsequent antibiotic stewardship (AS) activities. Methods Between January 2017 to March 2018, all patients admitted for CAP were enrolled. Patients were considered evaluable if all elements of the MTB and the BPFA were completed, and they met other a priori inclusion criteria. The primary endpoint was the percentage of potential pathogens detected using the MTB (8 viral and 6 bacterial targets) versus the BPFA (8 viral and 18 bacterial targets). Blood and sputum cultures were performed on all patients. Two or more procalcitonin (PCT) levels assisted clinical assessments as to whether detected bacteria were invading or colonizing. Results Of 585 enrolled patients, 274 were evaluable. A potential viral pathogen was detected in 40.5% with MTB versus 60.9% of patients with BPFA with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 9.00 (4.12 to 23.30) p
Capturing Photo Narratives in Short-Term Study Abroad.

In a qualitative study, photo narratives from eight students covering eighty total photos were collected and analyzed to understand the existing student experience across eight short-term study abroad programs from three different institutions in Texas. Photos and their connected narrative interviews were examined for compositional focus, statements connected to intercultural growth, and whether photos were related to planned program activities. Given the growing visual libraries of students, this research provides an initial look at ways digital media already exists in study abroad. Moving forward, photo narratives offer the potential for education abroad leaders to embrace digital media while enhancing intercultural learning through structured assessments rooted in visual theory and photoethnography to better prepare and reveal students’ stories, learning, and intent. Abstract in Vietnamese Trong một nghien cứu định tinh, những câu chuyện bằng hinh ảnh của tam sinh vien bao gồm tam mươi bức ảnh được chọn, sau đo phân tich để hiểu được trải nghiệm của cac sinh vien hiện co trong tam chương trinh du học ngắn hạn từ ba cơ sở dại học khac nhau ở Texas. Cac bức ảnh va cac cuộc phỏng vấn về cac câu chuyện được kết nối của họ đa được kiểm tra về trọng tâm thanh phần, về cac tuyen bố lien quan đến sự phat triển giữa cac nền van hoa, va về việc liệu cac bức ảnh nay co lien quan đến hoạt động của chương trinh đa được len kế hoạch hay khong. Với cac thư viện trực quan ngay cang tang của cac sinh vien, nghien cứu đa cung cấp một cai nhin ban đầu về cac phương tiện truyền thong kỹ thuật số hiện co trong chương trinh du học. Trong tương lai, việc tường thuật bằng hinh ảnh sẽ mang lại tiềm nang cho cac nha lanh đạo giao dục ở nước ngoai tiếp nhận phương tiện truyền thong kỹ thuật số trong việc tang cường học tập giữa cac nền van hoa thong qua cac bai đanh gia co cấu truc bắt nguồn từ lý thuyết trực quan va việc mo tả dân tộc học bằng ảnh để chuẩn bị va trinh bay tiểu sử, qua trinh học tập, va ý định của cac sinh vien được tốt hơn.
Link Prediction for Biomedical Network

Network datasets are seen ubiquity in many fields, such as protein interactions, paper citation, and social networks. While some networks are well-defined, many others are not. For example, the interactions of proteins in cancer pathways are still studied by system biologists and medical researchers. Therefore, one of the primary analytic tasks to perform on these networks is link prediction, where we desire to reveal some unknown relationships with certain levels of confidence. In this paper, we carry out some experiments on network datasets in the biomedical domain using state-of-the-art Graph Neural Networks. The results show that entity’s values facilitate graph-based models to perform well on uncovering latent relationships in biomedical research and potentially be extended on other application domains.
Person-specific dose-finding for a digital messaging intervention to promote physical activity.

OBJECTIVE Digital messaging is an established method for promoting physical activity. Systematic approaches for dose-finding have not been widely used in behavioral intervention development. We apply system identification tools from control systems engineering to estimate dynamical models and inform decision rules for digital messaging intervention to promote physical activity. METHOD Insufficiently active emerging and young adults (n = 45) wore an activity monitor that recorded minute-level step counts and heart rate and received 0-6 digital messages daily on their smartphone for 6 months. Messages were drawn from 3 content libraries (move more, sit less, inspirational quotes). Location recordings via location services in the user's smartphone were used to lookup weather indices at the time and place of message delivery. Following system identification, responses to each message type were simulated under different conditions. Response features were extracted to summarize dynamic processes. RESULTS A generic model based on composite data was conservative and did not capture the heterogeneous responses evident in person-specific models. No messages were uniformly ineffective but responses to specific message content in different contexts varied between people. Exterior temperature at the time of message receipt moderated the size of some message effects. CONCLUSIONS A generic model of message effects on physical activity can provide the initial evidence for context-sensitive decision rules in a just-in-time adaptive intervention, but it is likely to be error-prone and inefficient. As individual data accumulates, person-specific models should be estimated to optimize treatment and evolve as people are exposed to new environments and accumulate new experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Literature Reviews on Modeling Internal Geometry of Textile Composites and Rate-Independent Continuum Damage

Textile composite materials have good potential for constructing composite structures where the effects of three-dimensional stresses are critical or geometric complexity is a manufacturing concern. There is a recent interest in advancing competence within Langley Research Center for modeling the degradation of mechanical properties of textile composites. In an initial effort, two critical areas are identified to pursue: (1) Construction of internal geometry of textile composites, and (2) Rate-independent continuum damage mechanics. This report documents reviews on the two subjects. Various reviewed approaches are categorized, their assumptions, methods, and progress are briefed, and then critiques are presented. Each review ends with recommended research.
The composition of the mitochondrial membrane in relation to its structure and function.

Publisher Summary Mitochondria are considered the power house of the cell. The conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA occurs in mitochondria. It also localizes the complex enzyme system that transmits to oxygen the electrons removed from all the various metabolic substrates and converts part of the energy so released into the form of high energy phosphate. This chapter reviews the evidence that indicates that this enzyme system is embedded in the membranes of the mitochondria. It also discusses the composition, structure, and function of this membrane. Ball and Cooper's method for mitochondrial membrane preparation includes (1) removing soluble components, (2) differentially suspending particles, (3) precipitating particles with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , (4) suspending particles, and (5) precipitating and resuspending particles. The pellet obtained by high speed centrifugation in the last step of the preparation is fixed in osmic acid. This pellet is composed of thin-walled membranous, vesicular structures. The fact that the lipid components of the membrane preparation can be extracted by the use of cold chloroform–methanol indicates that they are not bound to the protein components by covalent linkages.
Organometallic chemistry of the transition metals: XXXIII. Some new reactions of cyclopentadienyltetracarbonylniobium

Abstract Photolysis of C5H5Nb(CO)4 with excess cycloheptatriene gives the dark brown tetrahapto complex C5H5Nb(CO)2C7H8 but no C5H5NbC7H7 analogous to the corresponding reaction of C5H5V(CO)4 with cycloheptatriene. Photolysis of C5H5Nb(CO)4 with cyclooctatetraene gives the dark green tetrahapto complex C5H5Nb(CO)2C8H8, the C8H8 ring in this complex remains fluxional below -86° C. Reaction of C5H5Nb(CO)4 with I2 gives re-brown C5H5Nb(CO)3I2 in which the carbonyl groups are relatively labile. Thus reaction of C5H5Nb-(CO)3I2 with (CH3)2PCH2CH2P(CH3)2 under ambient conditions results in the rapid replacement of two CO groups to give C5H5Nb(CO)[(CH3)2PCH2CH2 -P(CH3)2]I2. Treatment of C5H5V(CO)4 with I2 at room temperature gives the carbonyl-free complex C5H5VI2 with no evidence for any cyclopentadienyl-vanadium carbonyl iodide intermediates.
Conflict of Laws: Foreign Law as Datum

THE CONTRIBUTIONS of a great judge to the development of the law may be measured in many ways. In Chief Justice Traynor's case, the result is the same no matter what standard is applied. No respectable casebook dealing with state law can go to press without a Traynor opinion; top-ranking law students seeking clerkships are advised to apply to distinguished courts, like the United States Supreme Court, or to distinguished judges, like Roger Traynor; leading law schools compete to invite him to teach at their summer sessions, to accept their honorary degrees, and to lecture at their most auspicious occasions; law journals eagerly seek to print his lectures as leading articles.? In a Symposium such as this, where his many achievements are being recognized, it is perhaps presumptuous to lay claim to Traynor's primary interests. Yet his recent teaching has been devoted to conflict of laws and one of his major articles is a land-mark in conflicts theory.2 A Round Table discussion at the Association of American Law Schools 1962 Meeting honored his contributions to conflict of laws," and his achievements in that area have been singled out for comment by almost every major writer in the field.4 Indeed, his work in conflict of laws has been reviewed in great detail by Professor Brainerd Currie." It is difficult to add anything to most of the cases discussed by Currie.
Dehiscence following laparoscopy: report of an unusual complication.

Memorial Hospital in Worcester Massachusetts reports a case of dehiscence experienced by a 42-year old woman gravida 3 para 3 following dilatation curettage and laparoscopic sterilization. The operation was performed without difficulty under general endotracheal anesthesia and the patient was discharged on the first postoperative day. 4 days later and the woman sought readmission after discovering during a coughing fit fat protruding from a separation of the umbilical skin incision. Examination revealed omentum protruding through fascia and skin and a second operation revealed a fascial defect at the previous laparoscopy site no larger than the 11 mm trocar used for the procedure. A bleeding omental vessel was ligated while the remainder of the edematous hemorrhagic omental tissue was viable and left in situ. The defect was closed in layers and the patient was discharged on the fifth postoperative day having experienced no further complications. It is felt that the major factor in the development of the dehiscence was the location of the fascial puncture site directly below the umbilical incision and subcutaneous trocar tract. An angulated or "Z" tract at the lateral extremes of the umbilical plate could have prevented the reported complication and would certainly have avoided the obvious risk of perforation of aorta or cava posed by a trocar thrust at the level of the umbilicus and perpendicular to the abdominal wall.
Radical formation in the pulse radiolysis of liquid cyclohexane : Time-resolved EPR-scavenging study

Abstract The relative yields of cyclohexyl radical in pulse-irradiated liquid cyclohexane and cyclohexane solutions containing negative (CO2) and positive charge scavengers (cis- and trans-decalin) are measured via time-resolved EPR. Charge scavenging has a negligible effect on radical production. A mechanism of alkyl radical formation is suggested based on fragmentation of vibrationally excited cyclohexane radical cations.
Star Cluster Population of M 33

The study of M 33 star clusters is pursued in an effort to understand the cluster formation processes in that disk galaxy. The clusters can be used as tracers of the kinematics, chemical evolution, and formation history of M 33, one of the few disk galaxies where such a complete picture can be obtained.
Amphibia-related viruses.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the present knowledge of both the suspected and established amphibia-related viruses. The former category includes viruses associated with a lipoma of Wisconsin frogs ( Rana pipiens ), an epithelioma of the newt, Triturus alpestris , and a lymphosarcoma of the toad, Xenopus laevis. The basis of the suspected viral etiology in these cases rests' usually on cell-free filtrate transmission experiments. Experiments of this kind illustrates this point for it has recently been convincingly demonstrated to be caused by a bacterium, and will be considered in more detail at the end of this section on suspected amphibian viruses. Physical data concerning the purification and morphology of postulated viruses in the other cases have yet to be presented. The first two genera, involving an anuran (Rana pipiens) liposarcoma and a urodele (Triton alpestris) epithelioma, are less convincing than the last genus, that of a toad (Xenopus Zuevis) lymphosarcoma. Established amphibian viruses include those isolated by tissue culture techniques and by physical methods. Particular emphasis will be placed on the virus typically associated with the Luck´e frog renal adenocarcinoma. The term “Luck´e” as used in the chapter refers to characteristic spheroid virus particles repeatedly observed in frog kidney tumors and in intraocular tumor implants. Such particles have not been seen in extensive examinations of healthy frog kidneys. One of the most important immediate problems in amphibian virus research is to define the relationship of the various frog virus isolates both to each other and to the more typical Luck´e tumor-associated viruses. Although filtration experiments and morphological studies strongly indicate a viral etiology for the frog renal adenocarcinoma, intrarenal injection of purified (mature) virus preparations into adult frogs has thus far failed to induce tumor formation.
Defecting From the Gutenberg Legacy: Employing Images to Test Knowledge Gaps

Education-based knowledge gaps are well-documented across countries, media platforms, and content. Without exception, knowledge is measured through words not images. Given the centrality of sight in the natural history of Homo sapiens, the extraordinary visual acuity of humans, and the proliferation of screen-based visual media environments in contemporary life, an experiment was conducted to test the knowledge gap visually. Participants watched 8 audiovisual news stories. Simple recognition of story details and comprehension of that information were tested in verbal and visual modalities. Results offered the first confirmation of the knowledge gap in visual terms. Yet, gaps were significantly smaller employing visual than verbal measures, pointing to the need for continued efforts to develop visual measures for future memory studies.
Interaction of Superconducting Vortices and Asymptotics of the Ginzburg-Landau Flow

We discuss the interaction of superconducting vortices in the gradient flow of the superconducting Ginzburg-Landau functional. Some conjectures are given and a result on the large time asymptotics of the flow due to the author and S. Demoulini is announced. A formula for the potential energy between vortices in the case of near critical coupling is given which has been computed by P. Shah.
An optimal feedback control framework for grasping objects with position uncertainty

As we move, the relative location between our hands and objects changes in uncertain ways due to noisy motor commands and imprecise and ambiguous sensory information. The impressive capabilities humans display for interacting and manipulating objects with position uncertainty suggest that our brain maintains representations of location uncertainty and builds compensation for uncertainty into its motor control strategies. Our previous work demonstrated that specific control strategies are used to compensate for location uncertainty. However, it is an open question whether compensation for position uncertainty in grasping is consistent with the stochastic optimal feedback control, mainly due to the difficulty of modeling natural tasks within this framework. In this study, we develop a stochastic optimal feedback control model to evaluate the optimality of human grasping strategies. We investigate the properties of the model through a series of simulation experiments and show that it explains key aspects of previously observed compensation strategies. It also provides a basis for individual differences in terms of differential control costs-the controller compensates only to the extent that performance benefits in terms of making stable grasps outweigh the additional control costs of compensation. These results suggest that stochastic optimal feedback control can be used to understand uncertainty compensation in complex natural tasks like grasping.
Application of Ultrasound for Bone Age Estimation in Clinical Practice

Objective To assess the validity of bone age assessment by ultrasonography (US). Study design Wrist US was performed on children (n = 100) undergoing radiographic bone age and compared with bone age estimation by a radiologist in the clinic and by endocrinologists under blinded conditions with Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW3) methods. Results The strongest correlation (r 2 ) was seen in the radiographic bone age assessment between the 2 endocrinologists using the GP method (96.7%). The poorest correlation was seen when comparing radiographic methods to US of either wrist (74.6% to 82.6%). When bone age correlations were divided into normal, delayed or advanced, the highest correlation between the radiographic and US methods was found in the normal bone age group (80.9% to 86.1%) with weaker correlations for the delayed bone age group (77.1% to 86.9%) and the advanced bone age group (62.2% to 81.1%). US tended to overread delayed bone age and underread advanced bone age. US had poor positive and negative predictive value for identification of a normal or delayed bone age. The negative predictive value of US was 91% for an advanced bone age. Conclusions On the basis of our data, US assessment should not yet be considered a valid replacement for radiographic bone age determination.
Prize Contingency Management for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Trial

Abstract Background Adjunctive behavioral smoking cessation treatments have the potential to improve outcomes beyond standard care. The present study had two aims: (1) compare standard care (SC) for smoking (four weeks of brief counseling and monitoring) to SC plus prize-based contingency management (CM), involving the chance to earn prizes on days with demonstrated smoking abstinence (carbon monoxide (CO) ≤6 ppm); and (2) compare the relative efficacy of two prize reinforcement schedules—one a traditional CM schedule, and the second an early enhanced CM schedule providing greater reinforcement magnitude in the initial week of treatment but equal overall reinforcement. Methods Participants ( N = 81 nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers) were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Results Prize CM resulted in significant reductions in cigarette smoking relative to SC. These reductions were not apparent at follow-up. We found no meaningful differences between the traditional and enhanced CM conditions. Conclusions Our findings reveal that prize CM leads to significant reductions in smoking during treatment relative to a control intervention, but the benefits did not extend long-term.
Electroencephalographic activity and mood in cocaine-dependent outpatients: Effects of cocaine cue exposure

Abstract Electroencephalographic (EEG) and subjective reactions to cocaine cues were evaluated in 18 cocaine-dependent outpatients, after 14 or fewer days of abstinence, and 16 noncocaine-dependent controls. EEG activity and desire for cocaine were recorded while subjects viewed three 5-min films that featured either cocaine-associated, erotic, or neutral stimuli. Other measures of mood state and cocaine craving, derived from the Mood Adjective Checklist and the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire, respectively, were recorded immediately after each film. Analyses of absolute EEG power within six frequency bands (delta, theta, slow and fast alpha, slow and fast beta) revealed no EEG abnormalities in the cocaine-dependent group under any condition. In both subject groups, the cocaine-associated and erotic films produced a similar reduction in total EEG power. The cocaine-associated and erotic films also produced a similar increase in the self-rated desire for cocaine, but this change only occurred in the cocaine-dependent group.
Biological and chemical responses in a temporarily open/closed estuary to variable freshwater inputs

In coastal lagoons with occasional connection to oceans, variations in physicochemical conditions and biological responses can be pronounced. To examine the influence of variable rainfall and tidal flushing, we measured, over a 4-year period, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen, and fish abundances, in Devereux Slough, a coastal lagoon occasionally connected to the Pacific Ocean along the California coast. We test the hypotheses that salinity is the primary influence on fish composition, and that fish density is affected by freshwater discharge and by berm breaches. During our sampled years, annual rainfall varied from 188 to 971 mm, and the sand berm separating the Slough from the ocean breached in each year except 2007, a drought period. Average yearly salinity ranged from 7.7 to 37.1 ppt. Hypoxic conditions in the near-bottom water were common each year. The best predictor of the fish composition was salinity, and an indirect correlation with fresh water discharge was responsible for much of the temporal variation in the fish assemblage. The interaction between salinity, state of the estuary mouth (open vs. closed), and precipitation significantly predicted densities of Fundulus parvipinnis (Girard 1984).
Interaction of chloride and CSH

Abstract The chloride binding properties of synthetic CSH preparations having a wide range of C/S and H/S ratios are examined. Bound chloride is separated into two types, alcohol-insoluble and tightly held. Dependence of so-called chemisorbed chloride on C S ratio, C S ratio and surface area is observed. A mechanism for chloride interaction compatible with the Feldman and Taylor models for CSH is suggested. Implications with respect to corrosion of steel in concrete are also discussed.
Long-acting androgens: Analytical and preparative HPLC of testosterone esters

Procedures are described for the normal phase and reverse phase HPLC analysis of testosterone esters having diverse side chains: examples are given of the gram-scale purification of these compounds using two commercial preparative liquid chromatography and an economical and efficient laboratory-assembled preparative liquid chromatograph.
EVOLUTION OF GYNODIOECY AND MAINTENANCE OF FEMALES: THE ROLE OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION, OUTCROSSING RATES, AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN SCHIEDEA ADAMANTIS (CARYOPHYLLACEAE).

Levels of inbreeding depression, outcrossing rates, and phenotypic patterns of resource allocation were studied to examine their relative importance in the maintenance of high numbers of females in gynodioecious Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae), an endemic Hawaiian shrub found in a single population on Diamond Head Crater, Oahu. In studies of inbreeding depression in two greenhouse environments, families of hermaphrodites exhibited significant inbreeding depression (i = 0.60), based on a multiplicative fitness function using seeds per capsule, germination, survival, and the inflorescence biomass of progeny. Differences between inbred and outcrossed progeny were smallest at the early stage of seeds per capsule and more pronounced at the later stages of survival and inflorescence production. These results are consistent with inbreeding depression caused by many mutations of small effect. Using allozyme analyses, the inbreeding coefficient of adult plants in the field was not significantly different from zero, implying that 8 in nature may be equal to one. The single locus estimate of the outcrossing rate for hermaphrodites was 0.50 based on progeny that survived to flowering; corrected for the disproportionate loss before flowering of progeny from selfing, the adjusted outcrossing rate at the zygote stage was 0.32, suggesting that considerable selfing occurs in hermaphrodites. Females were totally outcrossed. When females and hermaphrodites were compared for reproductive output in the field, females produced over twice as many seeds per plant as hermaphrodites, primarily because females had far more capsules per inflorescence than hermaphrodites. Females had greater mass per seed than hermaphrodites in the field, either because of greater provisioning or reduced inbreeding depression. There was no significant differential mortality with respect to sex over a seven year period. The higher number of seeds per plant of females, combined with substantial inbreeding depression and relatively high selfing rates for hermaphrodites, are probably responsible for the maintenance of females in this population. The predicted frequency of females based on data for seed production, the adjusted selfing rate, and inbreeding depression is 42%, remarkably close to the observed frequency of 39%. High levels of inbreeding depression suggest that considerable quantitative genetic variation is present for traits affecting fitness in this population, despite low allozyme variability and a presumed founder effect.
Authority, honour and the Strachey family, 1817–1974*

The Strachey family, like other professional families in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, transformed concepts of honour and authority. Rather than rooting such concepts in the values of birth and wealth, the Stracheys realized and utilized the ironic possibilities in the conventions of their time to reshape their understanding of the ways that they fit into the world. The Stracheys were a literary family. In things Indian and imperial, in things French, and in psychoanalysis they negotiated the discontinuities and uncertainties of the modern world in their drive for power, place, meaning, intimacy and a different kind of authority.
Hydrocortisone and/or desiccated thyroid in physiologic dosage

Twelve obese adults were starved with water as desired for 2 weeks. Desiccated thyroid was adminstered to 7 of these subjects in dosages increased by 1 grain daily to a total of 15 or 16 grains per day. Therapy with desiccated thyroid during the starvation regimen cancelled and reduced, respectively, the usual decrease in NPN and in serum CO 2 observed during starvation alone. Also such treatment with thyroid regularly raised the serum PBI and usually increased the BMR. Electrocardiographic changes consisted of tachycardia in some but not all patients treated with thyroid and occasional S-T and T wave depression during starvation with and without this hormone. The administration of desiccated thyroid in increasing dosages during treatment of obesity by total starvation increased the mean weight loss by 38 per cent above that recorded with starvation alone, viz. from 9.3 to 13.0 Kg. in 2 weeks. Potassium losses from cells wer about 14 per cent higher during the second week of starvation and thyroid administration. The addition of desiccated thyroid to the starvation regimen did not increase the proportion of the body weight losses attributable to loss of protein. Thus, negative balance of protein accounted for 8.4 per cent of the weight loss in those treated by starvation and 8.3 per cent in those treated by starvation and thyroid administration. Hence, the bulk of the weight loss during starvation and thyroid therapy stemmed, as it did during starvation alone, from losses of body fat and/or body water. Thyroid feeding during total starvation with water had no effect on the usual decrease in extracellular fluid volume observed with starvation alone but external losses of sodium and of chloride were slightly greater during the combined regimen. The combined regimen was well tolerated but it must be emphasized that this is a preliminary report of studies in selected hospitalized patients in good health. The program is not recommended for outpatient or universal trial without regard to age, cardiovascular status, etc.
SCHOOLING AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY IN GREECE

24 6½-yr.-old children in a Greek mountain village had previously performed poorly on the Bender-Gestalt test when compared to two groups of similar aged children from higher socio-economic environ...
Ventilation of pollutants trapped in valleys: A simple parameterization for regional-scale dispersion models

Abstract Pollutants emitted within a deep valley during night-time can be trapped within the stably stratified valley atmosphere and carried down the valley in locally developed drainage wind systems. After sunrise, as the valley atmosphere becomes heated and destabilized, the night-time pollutant plume is released into the regional-scale flows above the valley. Existing regional-scale transport and diffusion models unable to resolve the local circulations simply approximate pollutant transport during both day and night as a continuous release of pollutants from the source into the regional-scale flows. Regional flows, also, frequently differ in direction from the actual locally developed flows. This, in conjunction with treating the pollutant release to the regional flows as continuous, could result in poor performance of the regional-scale model. A method is described for parameterizing night-time valley-scale pollutant transport and post-sunrise break-up of the valley plume in regional-scale transport and diffusion models. A conceptual model of the technique is presented and simplified mathematical equations are given to illustrate the technique. Model simulations are presented to show the significant effect of the parameterization on regional-scale groundlevel concentrations.
Tips for cooperating teachers

The cooperating teacher is probably the most important person in the training of the student teacher. What the cooperating teacher does and the way in which he does it has, in the writer's opinion, a most impressionable effect upon the student teacher's pattern of behavior in the classroom situation. Research reported by Price at the University of Texas in 1959-60 tends to support the preceding point of view.1
Transfer of information technology to less developed countries: A systems approach

Less developed countries (LDCs) need appropriate information technology to support indigenous scientific and technical activities. The importance of information to scientific and technical achievement has already been recognized. Still lacking is a systematic approach to information technology transfer which considers the specific socioeconomic conditions of the recipient country. The author suggests adaptation of general systems methodology to the design of technology transfer mechanisms. Prior research is required into areas such as the determination of levels and interaction of socioeconomic conditions and the information infrastructure.