cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking and anxiety.

460 of 1025 contacted individuals completed the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and a questionnaire on smoking behavior. The data indicated that smokers, as a group, scored higher on the anxiety scale than nonsmokers. No support for the notion of a significant correlation between amount of smoking and level of anxiety was obtained. Ss reported increases in smoking behavior during periods of stress but indicated that these increases were usually not maintained beyond the period of stress.
Successful Gastric Volvulus Reduction and Gastropexy Using a Dual Endoscope Technique

Gastric volvulus is a life threatening condition characterized by an abnormal rotation of the stomach around an axis. Although the first line treatment of this disorder is surgical, we report here a case of gastric volvulus that was endoscopically managed using a novel strategy. An 83-year-old female with a history of pancreatic cancer status postpylorus-preserving Whipple procedure presented with a cecal volvulus requiring right hemicolectomy. Postoperative imaging included a CT scan and upper GI series that showed a gastric volvulus with the antrum located above the diaphragm. An upper endoscopy was advanced through the pylorus into the duodenum and left in this position to keep the stomach under the diaphragm. A second pediatric endoscope was advanced alongside and used to complete percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement for anterior gastropexy. The patient's volvulus resolved and there were no complications. From our review of the literature, the dual endoscopic technique employed here has not been previously described. Patients who are poor surgical candidates or those who do not require emergent surgery can possibly benefit the most from similar minimally invasive endoscopic procedures as described here.
Infantile spasms in a child with brain tumor: Seizure-free outcome after resection

Abstract A 17-month-old child had typical infantile spasms (IS) in association with a frontal lobe tumor. EEG showed hypsarrthmia, and typical IS were documented by video-EEG monitoring (no focal features were identified). Seizures ceased after surgical removal of the tumor, a ganglioglioma. We investigated the role of surgery in infants with West syndrome (WS) and lesions of various types.
Random Processes of the Form Xn+1 = anXn + bn(mod p)where bn takes on a Single Value

This paper studies random processes of the form X n +1 = a n X n + b n (mod p) where b n has only one possible value and a n is o or 1 with probability l/2 each. For values of p satisfying certain constraints imposed by a n and b n , X n gets close to uniformly distributed on Z/pZ for large enough n. This paper explores how large n needs to be as a function of p. Adapting techniques used by Chung, Diaconis, and Graham and techniques previously developed by the author, this paper shows that if n > c 1 log p log log p then X n gets close to uniformly distributed as p approaches infinity and that if n > c 2 log p then X n approaches the uniform distribution for almost all p satisfying the constraints. Furthermore, if a = 2, this paper shows that for certain p, if X n gets close to uniformly distributed, then n > C3 log p log log p.
Argon laser microirradiation of mitochondria in rat myocardial cells. VI. Correlation of contractility and ultrastructure.

Abstract A correlation is made between individual laser microbeam lesions (0.25–1 μm in diameter) in single mitochondria of myocardial cells and alterations in cellular contractility. A moderate lesion is described ultrastructurally that has three concentric zones of damage. In addition, the outer mitochondrial membrane is broken, and the intercristae matrix outside the lesion may be affected. Two kinds of weak lesions are described. No concentric zones of damage are observed, and the cristae and mitochondrial membranes outside the lesion area are not grossly affected. All cells that exhibited an alteration in contractile patterns had moderate lesions. A correlation between laser energy density and type of lesion was observed. The nature of the lesions and explanations of the contractile responses are discussed.
M-phase specific centrosome-microtubule alterations induced by the fungicide MBC in human granulosa cells

The mitostatic action of the commonly used fungicide methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate (MBC) was evaluated in primary cultures of human ovarian granulosa cells with respect to the organization and stability of spindle microtubules and mitotic centrosomes. MBC caused metaphase arrest and abnormal chromosome organization following a 3-15 h treatment at a concentration of 30 microM. While microtubules were retained in MBC-treated cells, alterations in spindle shape and microtubule composition were noted. Exposure to MBC resulted in an increased number of spindle poles associated with chromosomes displaced from the metaphase plate. A gradual increase from tri- to multipolar spindles was noted with prolonged treatment although a relatively constant fraction (50%) of bipolar spindles was maintained. In non-dividing cells, MBC had no effect on microtubule organization. Analysis of mitotic figures by immunofluorescence microscopy showed a reduction in interpolar and astral microtubules in response to MBC treatment while acetylated kinetochore microtubules were retained and their plus-ends were attached to metaphase chromosomes. In multipolar spindles, analysis of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) with antisera to stable centrosomal markers (SPJ and 5051) revealed that only poles associated with displaced chromosomes retained these markers. In contrast, transient centrosome markers (NuMA and centrophilin) were localized to all poles of multipolar spindles. Since MBC alters centrosome organization during mitosis, the results suggest that one mechanism of action of this agent is impairment of spindle microtubule dynamics at the centrosome.
On income taxation and the core

Abstract The core of an (optimal) income tax economy is examined. In such economies, optima are usually second best because the identities of the agents are not known to the government. Although it is generally unclear how to handle information problems in cooperative games such as the one examined here, two core concepts are explored. For the first concept, incentive compatibility is imposed only within potential blocking coalitions, and the core consists only of head taxes or is empty if there are no increasing returns to coalition size. For the second concept, incentive compatibility is also imposed for potential entrants into blocking coalitions, and the core is shown to be empty for a simple, reasonable, and interesting class of models.
A composite supported liquid membrane for ultraclean Co—Ni separations

Abstract A composite supported liquid membrane (SLM) for Co(II)Ni(II) separations is described. The composite SLM consists of two complementary SLMs in series, separated by an acidic aqueous chloride solution. The first SLM of the composite system contains a dialkylphosphinic acid as carrier. The second one utilizes, as the metal carrier, a tertiary alkylammonium salt. This composite SLM leads to continuous Co(II)Ni(II) separations which are far superior to those obtained by using the two SLMs of the system separately. The selectivity and permeability of this composite SLM have been measured. The results are in full agreement with the quantitative predictions made by using equations previously reported by us. Calculations also show that by using a series of these composite SLMs Co(II) solutions highly decontaminated from Ni(II) can be obtained in a few stages.
In situ ATR - FTIR spectroscopy of Hf(IV) tert butoxide adsorption on Si and Ge

Hafnium oxide ultra thin films on Si (100) are being developed to replace thermally grown SiO2 gates in CMOS devices. In this work, a specially designed Attenuated Total Reflectance -Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) reaction cell has been developed to observe chemisorption of hafnium (IV) t-butoxide onto a Si and Ge ATR crystal heated up to 250°C and under 1 torr of vacuum to observe the initial reaction pathways and species on the substrate surface in real time and under typical process conditions. Chemisorption spectra were compared to spectra of the liquid precursor and to spectra generated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of liquid, monodentate and bidentate absorbed precursor. An asymmetric stretching mode located at ~1017 cm-1 present in the chemisorbed spectra but not in the liquid spectra indicates that the adsorbed hafnium containing group is prevalent as a bidentate ligand according to calculations. Surface concentration of the chemisorbed species was dependant on the substrate temperature and precursor partial pressure allowing for determination of heats of adsorption which was 26.5 kJ/mol on Si.
Epidermal Dysplasia And Malassezia pachydermatis Infection In West Highland White Terriers

Abstract— A chronic, severely pruritic, seborrhoeic skin disorder of West Highland White terriers is reported. The dermatosis has no apparent sex predilection, often begins in animals less than one year of age and is probably genetically programmed. This syndrome is characteristically refractory to standard therapeutic regimens. Histologically the dermatosis is characterized by variable degrees of hyperplastic superficial perivascular dermatitis with a keratinization defect, epidermal dysplasia and the presence of budding yeast in surface and follicular keratin. Malassezia pachydermatis is isolated in pure culture from the skin lesions. Because of the unique histological findings in this syndrome, we propose that the disorder be called “epidermal dysplasia and Malassezia pachydermatis infection in the West Highland White terrier”. Resume— Une affection cutanee chronique, severement, prurigineuse, seborrheique, est decrite chez des West Highland White terriers. La dermatose, sans predisposition apparente de sexe, debute souvent sur des animaux ages de moins d'un an et reconnait probablement une origine hereditaire. La caracteristique de ce syndrome est d'etre resistant aux therapeutiques habituelles. A l'histologie, la dermatose est caracterisee par des degres variables de dermatite hyperplasique superficielle perivasculaire avec un defaut de keratinisation une dysplasie epidermique et la presence de levures bourgeonnantes dans la keratine superficielle et folliculaire. Malassezia pachydermatis est isolee en culture pure a partir des lesions cutanees. En raison de l'aspect histologique univoque dans ce syndrome, nous proposons que cette affection soit appelee: “Dysplasie epidermique et infection aMalassezia pachydermatis du West Highland White terrier”. Zusammenfassung— Eine chronische, hochgradig pruriginOse, seborrhoische Hauterkrankung des Westhighland-White-Terriers wird beschrieben. Die Dermatose zeigt keine deutliche Geschlechtsdisposition, beginnt oft im Alter unter einem Jahr und ist wahrscheinlich genetisch bedingt. Dieses Syndrom spricht auf die ublichen therapeatischen Masnahmen nicht an (Diagnostik durch Biopsie). Histologisch ist diese Dermatose gekennzeichnet durch unterschiedliche Grade einer hyperplastischen, superfiziellen, perivaskularen Dermatitis mit Keratinisierungsdefekt, durch epidermale Dysplasie und die Anwesenheit von Sprospilzen (Hefen) im oberflachlichen und follikularen Keratin. Aus den Hautveranderungen wird Malassezia pachydermatis in Reinkultur isoliert. Wegen der einzigartigen histologischen Befunde bei diesem Syndrom schlagen wir vor, diese Erkrankung “Epidermale Dysplasie und Malassezia pachydermatis—Infektion beim Westhighland-White-Terrier” zu nennen.
Effects of cholinergic, histaminergic, and peptidergic stimulation on pepsinogen secretion by isolated human peptic cells

Lanas AI, Anderson JW, Uemura N, Hirschowitz BI. Effects of cholinergic, histaminergic, and peptidergic stimulation on pepsinogen secretion by isolated human peptic cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:678-683.Background: Whereas pepsin secretion by the human stomach has been extensively investigated, -the characteristics of the peptic cell cannot be fully understood from in vivo studies. We therefore studied isolated human peptic cells to test directly cellular responses to different agents. Methods: Eight endoscopic biopsy specimens yielded 106 cells, >90% pure and >95% viable. Secreted pepsinogen was measured with a sensitive hemoglobin digestion method at pH2. Results: Pepsinogen secretion was concentration-dependently stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh) (EC50 equals; 0.3 μM), cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 (2 nM), histamine (2 μM), and gastrin-1 (30 nM) but not by bombesin or pentagastrin. ACh stimulation was inhibited 40 times more potently by atropine (IC50 equals; 12 nM) than by pirenzepine (IC50 equals; 0...
Figuring Out Sex in a Reconfigured Body: Experiences of Female Colorectal Cancer Survivors with Ostomies

Colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies can face complex concerns regarding sexuality. We used an anthropological perspective to examine the experiences of 30 female colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies to shed light on the sexual challenges and adaptations made in the wake of cancer surgery and treatment. Participants fell into four categories with regard to their sexual experience post surgery; however, not all women found their altered sexuality to be particularly problematic. This type of phenomenological examination can inform a more patient-centered, less biomedically focused paradigm for assessing and improving the sexual health of cancer survivors.
Fracture toughness of polycrystalline YCu, DyCu, and YAg

Abstract Room temperature fracture toughness was measured for YCu, DyCu, and YAg. Standard tensile tests indicated that YCu was the least ductile of these three intermetallics (11% elongation at failure); DyCu had an intermediate ductility (16% elongation at failure); while YAg was the most ductile (20% elongation at failure). The KIC value was determined directly for YCu using ASTM test method E 399-90; JIC values were measured using ASTM test method E 813-89 for DyCu and YAg, and these JIC values were converted to KIC values. The KIC values were found to be 12.0 MPa m for YCu, 25.5 MPa m for DyCu, and 19.1 MPa m for YAg. These values are relatively high for polycrystalline, fully ordered, stoichiometric intermetallic compounds tested in room air of normal humidity. Factors that may contribute to the high fracture toughness of these materials are discussed.
Ikaros changes the face of NuRD remodeling

The inclusion of the transcription factor Ikaros in the NuRD chromatin-remodeling complex regulates both the targeting and activity of the NuRD complex in lymphocytes, thereby influencing developmental gene-expression programs.
Effect of Leuprolide on Serum Amyloid-β Peptide Levels and Memory in Patients With Prostate Cancer With Biochemical Recurrence

Objective To investigate whether prostate cancer patients receiving leuprolide demonstrated objective cognitive decline accompanied by a change in plasma levels of amyloid-β. Methods Between November 19, 2003, and July 21, 2008, we prospectively enrolled 50 patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer and measured plasma amyloid-β peptide 40 and amyloid-β peptide 42 levels with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline before the first leuprolide injection and at 2, 4, and 12 months. The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess 49 patients at baseline and at subsequent visits, and 24 were also assessed by the California Verbal Learning Test–Short Form. Results Patients were a median age of 71 years (range, 59-89 years). Compared with baseline levels, plasma amyloid-β peptide 40 levels were increased at 2 months ( P = .04) and 4 months ( P = .02). Age was correlated with plasma amyloid-β peptide 40 levels ( P = .003) and likely accounted for this relationship. Plasma amyloid-β peptide 42 and performance on cognitive tasks did not differ from baseline, but memory measures improved slightly after baseline, most likely due to a practice effect. Conclusion Leuprolide therapy was not associated with a decline in cognition or memory function or with elevated plasma amyloid short-term. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
An Example of Collaboration on an Authentic Learning Project in Heritage Tourism: The Case of the Scots-Irish in North Carolina

A scholarship of teaching and learning project explored how student engagement in an authentic project and collaboration between partners can aid the progress of a project in tourism planning. Qualitative analyses of student reflections on the project are provided and suggestions for collaboration on authentic projects are presented.
Crystallization of an anti-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-dinitrophenyl monoclonal antibody Fab fragment with and without bound hapten.

The Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody, AN02, specific for a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-dinitrophenyl hapten was crystallized both with and without bound hapten. Both crystals formed in phosphate-buffered saline (150 mm-NaCl, 10 mm-Na2PO4, 0·02% (w/v) NaN3 (pH 7·4) at 4 °C and diffracted beyond 2·2 A resolution (A = 0·1 nm). Fab with bound hapten crystallizes in space group P6122 or P6522, with cell dimensions a = b = 73·23 A, c = 373·8 A, α = β = 90 ° and γ = 120 °. Unoccupied Fab also crystallizes in space group P6122 or P6522 with cell dimensions a = 73 A, c = 377 A, α = β = 90 ° and γ = 120 °.
Synthetic ferrihydrite as a potential iron amendment in calcareous soils

Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the use of siliceous ferrihydrite as a slow release Fe fertilizer for a sandy calcareous soil from the Coastal Bend area of Texas. This soil is low in amorphous Fe oxide and has a history of severe Fe chlorosis. Siliceous ferrihydrite was prepared in the laboratory by reaction of ferric sulfate with NaOH in the presence of varying amounts of sodium silicate. Silicate was used during the synthesis of ferrihydrite structure to: (1) promote the formation of smaller crystals with higher reactive surface areas, and (2) inhibit the transformation of this material to more crystalline phases. Cumulative amount of Fe released from each of the materials after six successive DTPA extractions was related to the Si/Fe ratio of the ferrihydrite. The greenhouse results indicated that at the level of 100 mg Fe per kg, Fe‐.75 Si and Fe(III) were equally effective in reducing chlorosis; however, Fe(II) was a much less effective source of Fe. The Fe supplying abilities o...
EFFECT OF SODIUM SALICYLATE ON HORMONAL RESPONSES TO HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN TYPE II DIABETICS

SUMMARY Prostaglandins and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors are known to influence the secretion of a number of hormones. More specifically, sodium salicylate is known to increase insulin secretion in Type II diabetics in response to a glucose stimulus. To challenge the hypothesis that prostaglandins may be instrumental in a generalized defect of glucose recognition in Type II diabetics, the effect of sodium salicylate on the hormonal counter-regulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was examined. Before salicylate treatment, seven Type II diabetics had brisk increases (mean ± SEM) in circulating adrenaline (time 0 = 50 ± 7 pg/ml; peak = 1630 ± 330 pg/ml), noradrenaline (time 0 = 260 ± 46 pg/ml; peak = 770 ± 140pg/ml), glucagon (time 0 = 38 ± 6 pg/ml; peak = 75 ± 10 pg/ml) and pancreatic polypeptide (time 0 = 149 ± 30 pg/ml; peak = 1170 ± 180 pg/ml) in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In contrast to previous studies in normal subjects, treatment with sodium salicylate failed to augment hypoglycaemia-induced secretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline or pancreatic polypeptide in Type II diabetics. The glucagon response to hypoglycaemia was augmented by sodium salicylate when the data were expressed as the incremental area under the glucagon vs. time curve, but not when peak response was used for analysis. These results are inconsistent with a prostaglandin-related generalized defect in glucose recognition in Type II diabetics and suggest that augmentation of hormone secretion in these patients by sodium salicylate may be specific for glucose-induced insulin secretion.
Abstract 5150: Oncogene amplification in glioblastomas associates specifically with the increased expression of multiple glycolytic mediators

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Although aberrant enhancement of glycolytic potential is a defining attribute of malignancy, the underlying mechanisms are complex and difficult to ascertain. A network of contributing factors is suspected to permit multiple inputs and redundancy. In this study, 79 oncogenes in glioblastomas were examined by multiplex ligation-dependent amplification (MLPA) for copy number changes to test for associations with real-time quantitative PCR expression levels of genes encoding lactate dehydrogenases (LDHA, LDHC), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), glycogen synthase (GYS1), carbonic anhydrases (CA3, CA12), a monocarboxylate transporter (SLC16A3), hypoxia inducible factor-1A (HIF1A), and growth factors (VEGFA, PDGFA, & EGF). All were normalized to housekeeping genes and then adjusted to the level of glycolysis by division with concurrent expression of (ENO1) that encodes enolase, a key glycolytic enzyme. Tumors were separated into two groups by a cut-off of 1.10 times ENO1 to define increased and non-increased gene expression relative to glycolysis. Except for CA12 (increased in almost all tumors), expression levels yielded two groups to quantify differences in regard to the percent of tumors with amplified oncogenes. Copy numbers of oncogenes determined by MLPA to be at least 3-fold greater than normal brain DNA (tested concurrently) defined increased levels of amplification for each gene. Of the 17 amplified oncogenes (0-6 per tumor), EGFR was most frequent (11/22 tumors). The greatest difference (52%, p = 0.01) occurred between increased versus non-increased LDHC groups for tumors with amplified oncogenes. The table lists differences for each gene. Thus, amplified oncogenes associate specifically with enhanced expression levels of genes for glycolytic mediators in glioblastomas. Identification of the amplified oncogenes (EGFR &/or others) in individual tumors provides potential targets for down-regulating aberrant glycolysis in brain tumors. ![Figure][1] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5150. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5150 [1]: pending:yes
Scattering by ionization and phonon emission in semiconductors. II. Monte Carlo calculations

Calculations of the pair-creation energy $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and the Fano factor $F$ for semiconductors are done for the assumptions that in each scattering event all possible sets of product particles are equally probable, that the energy bands are those of free particles separated by a band gap ${E}_{g}$, and that there is a single phonon energy $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$. The results from calculations done previously with the use of a recursive method are corroborated and expanded with the use of the Monte Carlo method. The electron-phonon interaction is divided into a deformation-potential interaction and a polar-mode electrostatic interaction, and the $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ dependence of these interactions is incorporated into the calculations. New values of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and $F$ are calculated. For many semiconductors, the accord of these values with experiments is as good as the accord of previous calculations done with the deformation potential alone, indicating the insensitivity of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ to the added interaction.
Magnetic Fields in Interplanetary Space: A weak magnetic field pulled out from the sun has considerable influence on interplanetary processes.

The brief period between the conception of the interplanetary magnetic field and conclusive proof of its existence has been an exciting one. Imaginative theoretical developments and careful experimental verification have both been essential to rapid progress. From the various lines of evidence described here it is clear that an interplanetary magnetic field is always present, drawn out from the sun by the radially streaming solar wind. The field is stretched into a spiral pattern by the sun9s rotation. The field appears to consist of relatively narrow filaments, the fields of adjacent filaments having opposite directions. At the earth9s orbit the field points slightly below the ecliptic plane. The magnitude of the field is steady and near 5 gammas in quiet times, but it may rise to higher values at times of higher solar activity. A collision-free shock front is formed in the plasma flow around the earth. In the transition region between the shock front and the magnetopause the magnitude of the field is somewhat higher than it is in the interplanetary region, and large fluctuations in magnitude and direction are common. A shock front has also been observed in space between a slowly moving body of plasma and a faster, overtaking plasma stream.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Self-Rated Health Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Despite increased attention to health disparities in the United States, few studies have examined the impact of socioeconomic inequalities on self-rated health over time. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, this article investigates socioeconomic inequalities in self-rated health among middle-aged and older adults. The findings indicated that higher level of income, assets, and education, and having private health insurance predicted better self-rated health. In particular, increases in income or assets predicted slower decline in self-rated health. Interestingly, economic status had greater impact on females' decline in self-rated health. Blacks were less likely to suffer rapid decline in self-rated health than were whites. The findings led to the conclusion that health disparities should be understood as the interplay of socioeconomic status, gender, and race/ethnicity.
Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue. Edited by Brian Z. Tamanaha , Caroline Sage , and Michael Woolcock . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 270 pp. $ 99.00 cloth.

Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue. Edited by Brian Z. Tamanaha, Caroline Sage, and MichaelWoolcock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 270 pp. $ 99.00 cloth.This collection of essays (some of them previously published in the Hague Journal on the Rule of Law) emerges from a 2010 workshop organized by the "Justice for the Poor" initiative in the World Bank. The book, like the workshop, brings together scholars and practitioners (a dichotomy curiously maintained even in the list of contributors). The hope, expressed in the excellent introduction by Caroline Sage and Michael Woolcock (a version of which had been circulated to the conference participants in preparation) was to initiate a dialogue to instill better mutual knowledge.Indeed, some contributions to the book suggest that the classic definition of legal pluralism as the coexistence of plural laws in the same social space, and the ensuing discussion in scholarship, are still not yet universally known. Daniel Adler and Sokbunthoeun So, in their paper, confine "law" to state law and discuss how state law is sometimes not effective. David Kinley discusses, as pluralism, varieties of human rights law between states, but not interaction with non-state law. Varun Gauri does adopt the classical definition, but his list of shortcomings of non-state law-substantive defects, lack of enforcement power, lack of publicity-still uses an idealized vision of state law as the yardstick.Appropriately, several other chapters are conceived largely as brief introductions into legal pluralism made for non-experts. William Twining even calls his chapter "Legal Pluralism 101" and provides a highly sophisticated analytical survey. Sally Merry gives a very lucid and succinct introduction to legal pluralism, legal culture, legal consciousness and legal mobilization, from the lens of anthropology, and links this with the concrete example of women's courts in Gujarat. Lauren Benton presents the historical link between pluralism and Empire/colonialism. Brian Tamanaha and, somewhat more systematically, Gordon Woodman, link more explicitly the two topics of the book and invite development practitioners both to take pluralism more seriously as a concept and to view it with less suspicion as a phenomenon. Julio Faundez shows how such rather theoretical considerations play out in a wide variety of contexts. Christian Lund points out that institutional pluralism exists also between state institutions, and shows this in the example of property rights in Niger. Meg Taylor and Nicholas Menzies apply academic insights faithfully (perhaps too much so) to the example of mining.Fortunately, most authors reject the simple question whether legal pluralism is a problem or an opportunity, and respond either with "yes and no" or assert that legal pluralism represents simply the background conditions against which development agencies operate (thus Patrick Glenn). …
Assessment of Interfraction Patient Setup for Head-and-Neck Cancer Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Using Multiple Computed Tomography-Based Image Guidance

Summary Image guidance systems are commonly used with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in head-andneck cancer irradiation. We retrospectively analyzed 3302 interfraction computed tomography (CT) images for 117 patients using multiple image guidance modalities: kilovoltage cone-beam CT (KVCBCT), megavoltage fan-beam CT (MVFBCT), and megavoltage cone-beam CT (MVCBCT). Our data suggest that the clinical target volume-to-planned target volume (CTV-to-PTV) margin for head-and-neck IMRT may be a function of Purpose: Various image guidance systems are commonly used in conjunction with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in head-and-neck cancer irradiation. The purpose of this study was to assess interfraction patient setup variations for 3 computed tomography (CT)-based on-board image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) modalities. Methods and Materials: A total of 3302 CT scans for 117 patients, including 53 patients receiving megavoltage cone-beam CT (MVCBCT), 29 receiving kilovoltage cone-beam CT (KVCBCT), and 35 receiving megavoltage fan-beam CT (MVFBCT), were retrospectively analyzed. The daily variations in the mediolateral (ML), craniocaudal (CC), and anteroposterior (AP) dimensions were measured. The clinical target volume-to-planned target volume (CTV-toPTV) margins were calculated using 2.5S þ 0.7 s, where S and s were systematic and random positioning errors, respectively. Various patient characteristics for the MVCBCT group, including weight, weight loss, tumor location, and initial body mass index, were analyzed to determine their possible correlation with daily patient setup. Results: The average interfraction displacements (� standard deviation) in the ML, CC, and AP directions were 0.5 � 1.5, � 0.3 � 2.0, and 0.3 � 1.7 mm (KVCBCT); 0.2 � 1.9, � 0.2 � 2.4, and 0.0 � 1.7 mm (MVFBCT); and 0.0 � 1.8, 0.5 � 1.7, and 0.8 � 3.0 mm (MVCBCT). The day-to-day random errors for KVCBCT, MVFBCT, and MVCBCT were 1.4-1.6, 1.7, and 2.0-2.1 mm. The interobserver variations were 0.8, 1.1, and 0.7 mm (MVCBCT); 0.5, 0.4, and 0.8 mm (MVFBCT); and 0.5, 0.4, and 0.6 mm (KVCBCT) in the ML, CC, and AP directions, respectively. The maximal calculated uniform CTV-to-PTV margins were 5.6, 6.9, and 8.9 mm for KVCBCT, MVFBCT, and MVCBCT, respectively. For the evaluated patient characteristics, the calculated margins for different patient parameters appeared to differ; analysis of variance (ANOVA) and/or t test analysis found no statistically significant setup difference in any direction.
Strategy for Overcoming Cost Hurdles of Plug-In-Hybrid Battery in California: Integrating Post-Vehicle Secondary Use Values

Advances in electric drive technology, including lithium ion batteries as well as the development of strong policy drivers such as California's Global Warming Solutions Act, now contribute to a more promising market environment for the widespread introduction of plug-in vehicles in California. Nevertheless, battery costs remain high. This study explores a strategy for overcoming the significant hurdle to electric transportation fuel use presented by high battery costs. It describes offsetting plugin-vehicle battery costs with value derived from post-vehicle stationary use of hybrid batteries and quantifies the possible effect the net present value that several of these benefits might have on battery lease payments. With a focus on blended-mode plug-in hybrids with minimized battery size, even the subset of values explored (regulation, peak power, arbitrage, and some carbon reduction credit) promises to lower battery lease payments while simultaneously allowing vehicle upgrades and profitable repurposing o...
Expert Opinion: What Causes Migraine: Which Physician Explanation Do Patients Prefer and Understand?

Background.—Although “What causes migraine,” is one of the most common questions migraineurs ask their physicians, little is known about what response physicians provide, whether migraineurs believe it is important that they be provided information, or which explanation is most informative. Methods.—Seven migraine specialists were personally contacted and a convenience sample of 23 neurologists were surveyed at a meeting to obtain a range of explanations. Four explanations were selected and edited. One hundred consecutive patients seen in a general neurology practice participated in the study. Results.—The mean response on a 5-point Likert scale to the statement,“It is important to provide patients an explanation of what causes migraine,” of 15 neurologists surveyed at a meeting was 4.3 (5 = strongly agree). One hundred consecutive patients participated in the study with a mean age of 39.1 years and 87 females. The mean response to the question, “How important is it for a physician to provide you with an explanation of what causes migraine?” was 4.7 on a 5-point Likert scale (5 = very important). The explanation preferred by most (56) of the subjects was the longest (245 words) with the fewest (4) choosing the briefest (25 words). Conclusions.—This study suggests that neurologists and migraineurs believe that it is very important for a physician to provide them with an explanation of what causes migraine. An explanation that may be most informative may contain information in lay terms about the pathophysiology and the many triggers. The physician can provide explanations verbally, through handouts, or by referral to internet sites. Better patient understanding of what causes migraine may improve treatment adherence and patient satisfaction.
A divergent approach to the preparation of cysteine and serine analogs

Malonate diesters containing a prochiral quaternary carbon have been successfully transformed into analogs of cysteine and serine. The chiral half-esters are obtained in good yield, and enantioselectivity by selective hydrolysis using Pig-Liver Esterase (PLE) as the catalyst. The resulting half-ester intermediates are transformed into α2, 2-, β2, 2-, and β3, 3-analogs of cysteine and serine. The methodology described here allows for the preparation of both enantiomers of the amino-acid analogs by selective manipulation of the ester and acid functionalities. This divergent strategy allows a common synthetic strategy to be used to prepare a variety of unnatural amino-acid classes from a common intermediate which should prove useful in the design of novel peptide libraries. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal sequencing of credible reforms with uncertain outcomes

Abstract We study a two-period representative agent economy in which economic liberalization is modeled as adding a positive random variable to the marginal product of capital. We show liberalization always raises the expected utility of agents. Agents may respond to this by increasing consumption in the first period. Consequently, consumption in the second period is sometimes smaller than the in the first depending on the realization of the random variable. This ‘tail’ may cause the government to reject liberalization of declining GDP enters negatively in the government's objectives. We apply these results to the Chilean experience of the 1980s.
Tailoring Traditional Interviewing Techniques for Qualitative Research with Seriously Ill Patients about the End-of-Life: A Primer:

Conducting qualitative interviews with seriously ill individuals about end-of-life issues is challenging for interviewers seeking to understand the problems, processes, and experiences individuals undergo when faced with death and dying. Although all qualitative interviewers face issues of building trust and obtaining answers to their research questions, these issues are exacerbated for interviewers of end-of-life issues due to the challenges of debilitated participants, sensitive subject matter, and heightened emotionalism. The purpose of this article is to offer field-tested techniques to tailor basic interviewing practices for discussions of end-of-life issues with seriously ill individuals. Use of tailored techniques facilitates the comfort of both interviewer and participant and enhances the probability of obtaining complete and accurate data, which in turn can improve the effectiveness of subsequent programs, policies, and clinical practice based on research findings.
Global and Local Dynamic Equivalents Based on Structural Archetypes for Coherency

A previous paper [1] introduced a set of structural archetypes for coherency (SAC). Each SAC represented a set of structural conditions that caused a group of generators to remain-coherent for any disturbance outside the group (DOG). The present paper extends this concept by considering combinations of the basic SAC. It may happen that a particular group of generators within a power system (PS) does not fully satisfy the conditions for any one SAC, yet by partially satisfying the conditions for two or more of the SAC, the group may still remain coherent for any DOG. Using a linear model of the PS, two such possible combinations are considered and classified as either strong or weak linear decoupling (LD). The LD conditions combined with the original SAC form a hierarchy of structural conditions that cause coherency of a group of generators. An algorithm is presented for detecting a subset of these structural conditions. Three types of equivalents, parochial, local and global, are distinguished that exploit different SAC conditions Results of applying this algorithm to the 39-Bus New England System are presented.
Isopiestic determination of water binding by fish antifreeze glycoproteins.

Abstract The effectiveness of water binding of antifreeze glycoproteins relative to hemoglobin, cytochrome c and polyvinylpyrrolidone was determined by analyzing results obtained in an isopiestic study at 25°C. The net weight of water which moved from a protein/NaCl aqueous sample to a saturated NaCl reference solution increased in the order: antifreeze glycoprotein, hemoglobin, polyvinylpyrrolidone and cytochrome c. Since the glycoproteins were least effective in transporting water we conclude that, of the proteins studied, the glycoprotein was most effective in binding water under equilibrium conditions at 25°C.
The anxiogenic β-carboline FG-7142 increases in vivo and in vitro tyrosine hydroxylation in the prefrontal cortex

Systemic administration of the anxiogenic beta-carboline FG-7142, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, results in a regionally selective increase in dopamine (DA) utilization in the anteromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC). We have examined both in vivo and in vitro tyrosine hydroxylation in the PFC and other mesotelencephalic DA system terminal fields in order to determine if FG-7142 effects changes in DA synthesis, and to determine if the beta-carboline biochemically activates certain DA neurons through an action occurring at the cell body level (impulse-dependent regulation) or at the terminal field level (presynaptic regulation). FG-7142 increased in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation in the PFC and in the ventral tegmental area, midbrain source of the DA innervation of the PFC; no changes were observed in mesolimbic or nigrostriatal regions. The beta-carboline also increased in vitro tyrosine hydroxylation in the PFC, but decreased tyrosine hydroxylation in striatal slices. The effects of FG-7142 were blocked by the benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788. Another beta-carboline inverse agonist, methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboline-3-carboxylate, also increased in vitro tyrosine hydroxylation in the PFC. GABA exerted opposite effects to those of the beta-carbolines, decreasing in vitro tyrosine hydroxylation in the PFC and increasing DA synthesis in the CP. These data indicate that the benzodiazepine inverse agonists increase both in vivo and in vitro tyrosine hydroxylation in the PFC, and that the beta-carboline may act to increase DA synthesis at both the terminal field and the cell body level.
Information theoretic aspects of color signal processing in the visual system

Information theory is applied to provide a logical mathematical rationale for early color signal processing by the visual system. The analysis is made within the context of relevant visual physiology, which includes photon absorption, photopigment isomerization and regeneration, translation of isomerization rate into membrane potential, and the opponent colors transformation. Results from information and communication theory are used to detail how the information obtained by the photoreceptor array of the retina could most efficiently be processed in the context of the known physiologic limitations. The resulting model is applied to an analysis of some of the classic experiments of color vision, including those of increment threshold and hue cancellation, and provides an explanation for the opponent nature of color vision.
Statistical methods for assessing linkage disequilibrium at the HLA-A, B, C loci.

SUMMARY A number of standard and new statistics for measuring linkage disequilibrium are introduced applicable to any multilocus system. Included are the usual pairwise gametic disequilibrium function, D, the Lewontin disequilibrium index, DL, a Euclidean disequilibrium distance, DE, a hierarchy of stratified linkage disequilibrium functions (e.g. a pairwise disequilibrium value conditioned on the value of a third locus) and an averaged conditional disequilibrium expression, DW. Various global second order measures of disequilibrium are proposed partly based on contingency table statistics and weighted pairwise disequilibrium quantities. A non-parametric (stochastic) comparison assessment for global linkage disequilibrium is also developed. These measures are compared and contrasted at the HLA-A, B, C gene complex for a sample of 2000 haplotypes from a healthy Austrian population. Several results from applying these methods include: (1) Of the various pairwise disequilibrium measures examined, D, DE and DW correlated very closely with each other but differ from DL. (2) The ‘third-order interaction’ between two loci conditional on an allele (or group of alleles) at a third locus indicated that HLA-AB maintains the classical disequilibrium pairings only for conditioning on CX (the blank allele at locus C), and they mostly disappear for conditioning on C1 to C5. (3) Subpopulations involving C3 or C4 alleles exhibit the significant new combinations A33B17 and A2B15. (4) The B, C loci have a higher total linkage disequilibrium than A, B and A, C; more than expected by mapping distance relationships. (5) The total linkage disequilibrium was significantly larger for conditioning on CX compared to CX (non-CX), but smaller for the population conditioned by {C3, C4}. A number of interpretations of the results with respect to heterogeneity classifications of populations are discussed.
Nutritive Value of Oat and Pea Components of a Forage Mixture Harvested Sequentially

Abstract Herbage was sampled from small plots of oats and peas ( Avena sativa L. and Pisum arvense L.) at weekly intervals from late July through early October in southcentral Alaska during 1965, 1966, and 1967. Samples were separated into oat and pea components to determine changes within each species throughout this period of growth and maturation. Phenological notes and analytical data were obtained for the two species at each sampling date. Levels of crude protein declined continuously in oats but remained relatively uniform in peas after increasing initially. Cell wall constituents and acid-detergent fiber values varied with dates of sampling and were consistently higher in oats than in peas. Lignin remained relatively constant at 5% in peas and increased to this level in oats by early-milk stage of maturity. This study provides substantiating evidence that oats and peas are complementary in the forage mixture. Growth was determinate for oats and indeterminate for peas.
Absorption and Emission Spectra of Silicon and Germanium in the Soft X-Ray Region

The absorption spectra of thin evaporated foils of Si and Ge have been investigated in the soft x-ray region extending from 70 A to 200 A. The thicknesses of the various absorbers ranged from several hundred to several thousand angstroms. The spectral region covers the ${L}_{2,3}$ and ${M}_{2,3}$ absorption discontinuities of Si and Ge, respectively. The ${L}_{2,3}$ edge of Si appears at 123 A, while the ${M}_{2,3}$ edge of Ge is centered at 101.5 A. The linear absorption coefficients on the high-energy side of the respective edges of Si and Ge are 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The emission spectrum of a Ge target was also studied in the 60 A to 600 A region. Two bands, whose peaks fall at 102.4 A and 104.3 A, have been identified as the ${M}_{2}$ and ${M}_{3}$ emission spectra, corresponding to transitions from the valence band into the ${M}_{2}$ and ${M}_{3}$ levels. With the aid of the present measurements and Skinner's data on the $L$ emission bands of Si, it has been possible to arrive at an estimation of the magnitude of the energy gap in each semiconductor on the basis of the observed interval between emission and absorption edges. The range of forbidden energies as determined by the spectroscopic method is found to be 1.0 ev and 0.8 ev for Si and Ge, respectively.
Probability density function of partially coherent beams propagating in the atmospheric turbulence

Measurements of the intensity of a light beam produced by a laser source, reflected from a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) and propagating in a weakly turbulent maritime atmosphere have been carried out in a recent campaign on the grounds of the US Naval Academy. The effect of the degree of spatial coherence in the beam at the source plane (right after the reflection from the SLM) on the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the intensity of the propagating beam at a single fixed position in space is studied in detail. The measured intensity histogram of the fluctuating intensity is compared with the Gamma-Laguerre analytical model for the intensity PDF.
Supercomputer simulation of cracks and fractures by quasimolecular dynamics

Abstract A modern method for predicting the time and place of crack and fracture development is through molecular dynamics, which studies reactions to external forces in the small, that is, the molecular level. In quasimolecular dynamics, which is an attempt to bridge the gap between atomistic and continuum simulations, molecules are aggregated into larger units, called quasimolecules, to simulate the large scale behavior. In this first paper, quasimolecular dynamics is applied to the study of crack and fracture generation in a stressed, slotted plate made of pure copper. Conservation of mass and energy is basic to the methodology.
Helping Others and Helping Yourself: An Evaluation Of Two Training Modules in a College Course

The college classroom can be an effective and efficient context for providing help giving and self management training.