cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keeping Options Open: What Motivates Entrepreneurs?

Using French administrative data on job-creating entrepreneurs, I estimate a life-cycle model in which risk-averse individuals can start businesses and return to paid employment. I estimate that the unobserved benefits of entrepreneurship represent 6,100 pre-tax euros per year (some 15% of profits), which adds up to 67,000 euros over the average entrepreneurial spell. For new entrepreneurs, the option of returning to paid employment is worth 82,000 euros. The main source of option value is not the unobserved heterogeneity in entrepreneurial abilities but rather the random-walk component of productivity. Together, unobserved benefits and this option value explain 42% of firm creations.
Residential buyouts as environmental mobility: examining where homeowners move to illuminate social inequities in climate adaptation

This study examines where residents move after accepting federally funded buyouts of their flood-prone homes. We use the concept of “environmental mobility” — defined as local, voluntary moves undertaken in the face of imminent environmental risk — to distinguish this type of climate adaptation from longer-distance and less-voluntary types of movement. We then use the case of Houston, Texas — the site of more than 3000 such buyouts between 2000 and 2017 — to build a unique dataset that enables, for the first time, address-level analysis of such environmental mobility. Results affirm that most people who move from residences of publicly identified environmental risk relocate to destinations nearby. Results also indicate that this environmental mobility reflects and thus seems to depend on racialization processes of neighborhood attainment, thereby challenging a purely technocratic framing of current buyout policies and illuminating the racialized nature of environmental mobility more generally.
The atmospheric Rayleigh-Bénard problem on the f-plane

When applied to a system of sizeable vertical extent that can undergo adiabatic expansion/compression, the Rayleigh-Benard treatment of convection between two parallel plates, kept at constant temperature, needs to be amended with the consideration of potential temperature as the conserved thermodynamic variable. The fixed-temperature boundary conditions are therefore expressed as a combination of potential temperature and pressure, and this causes the solutions to be a mixture of the odd and even modes of the classical problem. Here, solutions are presented for a rotating system, which supports both stationary and oscillatory modes. While the stationary modes are all stabilized by this mechanism, as was shown previously for a nonrotating system, the oscillatory modes can have a lower critical Rayleigh number than their traditional counterpart, when the Prandtl number is approximately between 0.2 and 1.0.When applied to a system of sizeable vertical extent that can undergo adiabatic expansion/compression, the Rayleigh-Benard treatment of convection between two parallel plates, kept at constant temperature, needs to be amended with the consideration of potential temperature as the conserved thermodynamic variable. The fixed-temperature boundary conditions are therefore expressed as a combination of potential temperature and pressure, and this causes the solutions to be a mixture of the odd and even modes of the classical problem. Here, solutions are presented for a rotating system, which supports both stationary and oscillatory modes. While the stationary modes are all stabilized by this mechanism, as was shown previously for a nonrotating system, the oscillatory modes can have a lower critical Rayleigh number than their traditional counterpart, when the Prandtl number is approximately between 0.2 and 1.0.
Resistance to Thiophanate-Methyl in Botrytis cinerea Isolates From Californian Vineyards and Pistachio and Pomegranate Orchards.

In this study, a mycelial growth assay was used to evaluate the sensitivity to thiophanate-methyl of 144 Botrytis cinerea isolates (collection A) from Californian vineyards and pistachio and pomegr...
Asynchronous Variance Reduced SGD with Momentum Tuning in Edge Computing

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a preferred optimization method for training large-scale deep learning models. To accelerate the training process, asynchronous SGD (ASGD) has been widely used in a distributed environment, where parameters of the model are maintained by a parameter server called master, and there exist multiple edges known as workers that locally process data in parallel and report the results back to the server. This is also known as edge computing. We propose a new variance reduced ASGD algorithm that reduces the variance of gradient update using the control variate method, and adaptively adjusts the momentum term based on the estimated gradient staleness. We perform experiments on a variety of real datasets to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Polar or not polar? The interplay between reconstruction, Sr enrichment, and reduction at the La 0.75 Sr 0.25 MnO 3 (001) surface

Polar surfaces created upon truncation of a crystal are unstable and give rise to surface reconstruction and defect segregation. Employing a computational approach, we identify an unpolar reconstruction of the La${}_{0.75}$Sr${}_{0.25}$MnO${}_{3+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ perovskite (001) surface. Its main characteristics are the association of cation and oxygen vacancies, and presence of the dopant, Sr, at the surface. This surface structure can be a key puzzle piece to understand the interaction of perovskite oxide surfaces with small molecules in the gas phase, such as O${}_{2}$, H${}_{2}$O, and CO${}_{2}$. And finding this surface structure and the conditions that stabilize it is an important step for rationally designing materials with long term stability in energy conversion and catalysis.
OUTCOMES OF CHIMNEY/SNORKEL ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR FOR SYMPTOMATIC AND RUPTURED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS

Abstract Objective Symptomatic and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are increasingly being managed with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). We aimed to identify the outcomes of symptomatic and ruptured AAAs that had undergone EVAR with a chimney or snorkel technique (ChEVAR). Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using the Vascular Quality Initiative registry from March 2013 to July 2019. All patients with symptomatic and ruptured AAAs with a proximal aortic zone of disease from 6 to 9 who had undergone ChEVAR were included. The outcomes were analyzed in accordance with the Society for Vascular Surgery reporting standards for EVAR. Results ChEVAR was performed in 77 patients (ruptured, 35 [45.5%]; symptomatic, 42 [54.5%]). The median age was 73.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 67.0-81.0 years), and 54 patients (70.1%) were men. The median maximum aneurysm diameter was 67.5 mm (IQR, 54.5-83.3 mm). All patients had American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥III. For the patients with ruptured AAAs, the mean lowest preoperative systolic blood pressure was 95.3 ± 29.3 mm Hg. The fluoroscopy time was 57.4 minutes (IQR, 41.2-79.0 minutes). The proximal aortic zone of disease was zone 6 in 9 (11.7%), zone 7 in 21 (27.3%), zone 8 in 36 (46.8%), and zone 9 in 11 (14.3%) patients. ChEVAR involved more than one vessel in 55 patients (71.4%). No significant difference was found in 30-day mortality between the patients with ruptured vs symptomatic AAAs (11.4% vs 7.1%; P = .695). Reintervention was required for 10 patients (13.0%) at a median of 9 postoperative days, 2 (20.0%) of whom died. Postoperatively, 31 patients (40.3%) had experienced a major complication. A type I endoleak had occurred in nine patients (11.7%), two (22.2%) of whom died. Long-term follow-up data were available for 38 patients (49.4%) at a median of 406.5 days (IQR, 326.8-602.0 days) postoperatively. Of the 18 patients with long-term radiographic data, sac growth was detected in 4 (22.2%). A total of 14 patients had died at a median of 26.5 days (IQR, 3.0-468.5 days). Conclusions ChEVAR for symptomatic and ruptured AAAs can be performed with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality. Long-term data are needed to determine the durability.
Auditory and visual system white matter is differentially impacted by normative aging in macaques

Deficits in auditory and visual processing are commonly encountered by older individuals. In addition to the relatively well-described age-associated pathologies that reduce sensory processing at the level of the cochlea and eye, multiple changes occur along the ascending auditory and visual pathways that further reduce sensory function in each domain. One fundamental question that remains to be directly addressed is whether the structure and function of the central auditory and visual systems follow similar trajectories across the lifespan, or sustain the impacts of brain aging independently. The present study used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological assessments of auditory and visual system function in adult and aged macaques to better understand how age-related changes in white matter connectivity at multiple levels of each sensory system might impact auditory and visual function. In particular, the fractional anisotropy (FA) of auditory and visual system thalamocortical and interhemispheric corticocortical connections was estimated using probabilistic tractography analyses. Sensory processing and sensory system FA were both reduced in older animals compared to younger adults. Corticocortical FA was significantly reduced only in white matter of the auditory system of aged monkeys, while thalamocortical FA was lower only in visual system white matter of the same animals. Importantly, these structural alterations were significantly associated with sensory function within each domain. Together these results indicate that age-associated deficits in auditory and visual processing emerge in part from microstructural alterations to specific sensory white matter tracts, and not from general differences in white matter condition across the aging brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Age-associated deficits in sensory processing arise from structural and functional alterations to both peripheral sensory organs and central brain regions. It remains unclear whether different sensory systems undergo similar or distinct trajectories in function across the lifespan. To provide novel insights into this question, this study combines electrophysiological assessments of auditory and visual function with diffusion MRI in aged macaques. The results suggest that age-related sensory processing deficits in part result from factors that impact the condition of specific white matter tracts, and not from general decreases in connectivity between sensory brain regions. Such anatomical specificity argues for a framework aimed at understanding vulnerabilities with relatively local influence and brain region specificity.
Chronic Baseline Prostate Inflammation is Associated with Lower Tumor Grade in Men with Prostate Cancer on Repeat Biopsy: Results from the REDUCE Study. Reply.

Purpose:We investigated whether baseline acute or chronic prostate inflammation among men with initial negative biopsies for prostate cancer was associated with cancer grade in 2-year repeat biopsi...
The anxious flâneur: Digital archiving and the Wayback Machine

The Wayback Machine, the world’s most extensive web archive, contains over 370 billion webpages dating to 1996. Yet despite its tagline, “Universal Access to All Knowledge,” overwhelmed visitors re...
Safer adaptive cruise control for traffic wave dampening

This project aims to develop an adaptive cruise controller for vehicles at low speeds in stop-and-go traffic. Current adaptive cruise controllers can use RADAR sensors to follow a vehicle at high speeds (greater than 18 mph), but reach their limits if the lead vehicle's velocity dips below threshold, requiring the driver of the host vehicle to resume control over the car's speed. Some cruise controllers adapt to stop-and-go traffic, but these are mostly experimental and have yet to see widespread commercial implementation. These experimental models often have issues because of their limited data; consequently, the acceleration and deceleration can be jarring and uncomfortable to passengers. In contrast, because of our reliable sensor data, and the sensor configuration unique to the CAT Vehicle, our cruise controller will be capable of following cars at low speeds and functioning continuously, even when the car is stopped.
Endogenous Technical Change and Convergence of Per Capita Income: New Theory and Evidence

The formal theoretical model in this study enables segmentation of countries with respect to three factors, namely, the extent to which income inequality is adopted as a policy variable; the extent to which there is focus on generation of either of `incremental', or `disruptive' innovations; and the extent to which entrepreneurship that is not predicated on innovation is not encouraged. The resulting endogenous segmentation is shown to be more robust than segmentation that is predicated on countries that are covered, or not, in the database of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Using the resulting segmentation, empirical findings provide evidence for existence of country-specific steady states for sample countries. Convergence is a general equilibrium outcome, not because of accumulation of optimal amounts of physical capital, but because upon arrival at steady state, attempts at maintenance of preceding growth rates for Per Capita Income induce deterioration of a country's ranking with respect to each of Per Capita Income, and income inequality. Countries then, acting rationally transition to lower growth rates, resulting in convergence of country growth rates. Given sub-optimality of outcomes must arise endogenously from transition beyond steady state within any general equilibrium model, there is arrival at empirical validation for existence of country-specific steady states. Consistent with existence of steady states for growth rates of Per Capita Income, arrival at steady state is shown to be associated with lowest realizations of supplies of new manufacturing innovations.
Reliability Assessment of Converter- Dominated Power Systems Using Variance-Based Global Sensitivity Analysis

With the proliferation of renewable energy and power electronic converters in power systems, the reliability issue has raised more research attention than ever before. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework to assess the reliability of a power system considering the effect from various power converter uncertainties. For the converter stage, we formulate a reliability model for each power converter based on several semiconductor devices, for which ambient uncertainties and converter topologies are considered. For the system stage, we estimate system reliability indicators through a non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation and calculate their variances. Afterward, we leverage machine learning regression algorithms between two stages to establish a nonlinear reliability relation. Moreover, a variance-based sensitivity analysis (SA) is conducted to rank and identify the most influential converter uncertainties with respect to the variance of system EENS. Based on the SA conclusions, system operators can take proactive actions to mitigate the potential risk of the system.
EXPLORing exosomes for the treatment of acute kidney injury.

Exosomes are emerging as a novel drug delivery system for the treatment of numerous diseases, including acute kidney injury. In this issue of Kidney International, Kim et al. use a novel optogenetically engineered exosome technology, "EXPLOR," to deliver the exosomal repressor of nuclear factor-κB into mice before and after renal ischemia-reperfusion. They report that these exosomes downregulated renal nuclear factor-κB signaling and ameliorated acute kidney injury. This study deserves attention for its significant scientific and potential clinical value in acute kidney injury.
Trend and Thoughts: Understanding Climate Change Concern using Machine Learning and Social Media Data

Nowadays social media platforms such as Twitter provide a great opportunity to understand public opinion of climate change compared to traditional survey methods. In this paper, we constructed a massive climate change Twitter dataset and conducted comprehensive analysis using machine learning. By conducting topic modeling and natural language processing, we show the relationship between the number of tweets about climate change and major climate events; the common topics people discuss climate change; and the trend of sentiment. Our dataset was published on Kaggle (\url{https://www.kaggle.com/leonshangguan/climate-change-tweets-ids-until-aug-2021}) and can be used in further research.
Verbal Governance, Verbal Shaping, and Attention to Verbal Stimuli

Whence comes the power of words? Citizens of purportedly civilized nations have come under the sway of the rhetoric of demagogues. Soldiers have killed and been killed following the orders of military superiors. Leaders of some religious sects have put people to death for utterances labeled blasphemous or heretical. Leaders of others have taken their own and their followers’ lives with words of salvation on their lips. Yet were my next words to promise you immortality in good health and prosperity in a world of intellectual challenge, amusement, and good fellowship, asking nothing more in return than a portion of your current worldly goods, I doubt you would take up my offer. Some in our culture, however, do give things over to or do things for those who say they guarantee eternal bliss in exchange. Why are so many so susceptible to such verbal behavior?
An algebraic introduction to K-theory

1. Groups of modules: Ko 2. Sources of Ko 3. Groups of matrices: K1 4. Relations among matrices: K2 5. Sources of K2.
190-MHz CMOS 4-Kbyte pipelined caches

In this paper we describe the design and implementation of a 190-MHz pipelined 4-Kbyte instruction and data cache. The caches are designed in 1.0-/spl mu/m CMOS and measure 0.78/spl times/0.47 cm/sup 2/. This paper describes the microarchitecture, cache timing, circuit implementation, and layout of both the instruction and the data cache. The key features of these caches are pipelined execution and the use of dynamic single-phase clock logic. We discuss the interface of this cache with the processor core and the off-chip controller. This paper also describes the pipelined structure of the cache and the miss detection and handling logic.
Familial heart block and sinus bradycardia: Classification and natural history

Abstract Study of 1 family and review of 18 revealed a spectrum of inherited bradycardia from pure familial heart block (10 families), through combined familial heart block and sinus bradycardia (6 families), to pure familial sinus bradycardia (3 families). Familial heart block occurs in 2 forms, congenital (8 families) and of adult onset (8 families). Either may be associated with sinus bradycardia. Complete heart block appeared to be congenital in all 20 affected members of families with congenital block, resulting in 10 deaths, 8 within the first 10 days of life. A narrow QRS complex did not improve the prognosis of members with complete heart block. Of 17 patients with familial complete heart block of adult onset, 8 died from heart block at a mean age of 47 years. Since partial block preceded complete block in 11 subjects who had prior electrocardiograms, it may be possible to identify family members in whom complete block is likely to develop. In families with pure sinus bradycardia, sinus bradycardia was inherited with a high degree of penetrance. It resulted in nodal rhythm in all 16 affected members and in atrial fibrillation in 9. Atrial fibrillation may be protective in these circumstances, not requiring cardioversion. Sinus bradycardia in families with heart block was usually benign. Various features of formation of the conduction system may provide an embryologie basis for the combined inheritance of sinus nodal disease and heart block. Although the lesions may reside in the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node-His bundle junction, pathologic correlates of the familial bradycardias require further elucidation.
Moderate alcohol consumption and hemoglobin A1C in women with previous gestational diabetes (811.6)

Objective: We examined alcohol consumption in relation to hemoglobin A1C levels in women within five years of a pregnancy affected by gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional design. Habitual alcohol consumption was assessed with the Block 2005 food frequency questionnaire. Elevated hemoglobin A1C levels were defined as 蠅 5.7% and measured with the Bayer A1C Now+ meter. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured height and weight. Data analysis included descriptive, bivariate statistics, and multiple linear regression. Results: Participants (n = 74, 54% non-white); mean age 35.6 (SD = 5.5) years and were 2.5 (SD = 1.6) years since their GDM delivery. Nearly half (47.3%) had an elevated A1C. Mean alcohol intake was 0.44 (SD = .64) servings/day. Greater consumption was associated with lower A1C (rho = -.45, p = <.0001). Alcohol intake was higher in those without diabetes risk (M = .59, SD = .66 servings per day) compared to those with diabetes risk (M = .27, SD = .58 ser...
Temperature controls on aquatic bacterial production and community dynamics in arctic lakes and streams

Summary The impact of temperature on bacterial activity and community composition was investigated in arctic lakes and streams in northern Alaska. Aquatic bacterial communities incubated at different temperatures had different rates of production, as measured by 14 C-leucine uptake, indicating that populations within the communities had different temperature optima. Samples from Toolik Lake inlet and outlet were collected at water temperatures of 14.2°C and 15.9°C, respectively, and subsamples incubated at temperatures ranging from 6°C to 20°C. After 5 days, productivity rates varied from 0.5 to ~13.7 m gCl -1 day -1 and two distinct activity optima appeared at 12°C and 20°C. At these optima, activity was 2- to 11-fold higher than at other incubation temperatures. The presence of two temperature optima indicates psychrophilic and psychrotolerant bacteria dominate under different conditions. Community fingerprinting via denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes showed strong shifts in the composition of communities driven more by temperature than by differences in dissolved organic matter source; e.g. four and seven unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found only at 2°C and 25°C, respectively, and not found at other incubation temperatures after 5 days. The impact of temperature on bacteria is complex, influencing both bacterial productivity and community composition. Path analysis of measurements of 24 streams and lakes sampled across a catchment 12 times in 4 years indicates variable timing and strength of correlation between temperature and bacterial production, possibly due to bacterial community differences between sites. As indicated by both field and laboratory experiments, shifts in dominant community members can occur on ecologically relevant time scales (days), and have important implications for understanding the relationship of bacterial diversity and function.
Design of a Virtual Watershed Client for the WC-WAVE project

The Virtual Watershed Client, built using the Unity game engine, provides a tool that allows researchers, students, and others to observe and analyze geospatial datasets and theoretical model data acquired from the Virtual Watershed Platform. The Virtual Watershed Platform is used as a service to acquire data that is used by the Virtual Watershed Client to create terrain, satellite imagery, shapes, and model data. A detailed design and the current implementation of this Virtual Watershed Client will be discussed in this paper.
A new perspective on independent component analysis

Abstract The paper examines the performance of the independent component analysis (ICA) which represents random vectors X by vectors X ˜ whose components are linear forms of independent random variables. The representation holds exactly or asymptotically in tails for Gaussian and non-Gaussian vectors with special characteristic functions or Gaussian, translation, and non-Gaussian vectors with independent tails. However, the distributions of X ˜ and its target vector X differ for a board range of non-Gaussian vectors. This statement is supported by numerical examples and theoretical arguments. It is also shown that the ICA representation X ˜ is approximately Gaussian for high dimensional vectors.
Measurement of Pain Sensation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the evaluation of pain as a single univariate variable. Like the overall brightness of a complex visual stimulus, the concept of overall or integrated pain can be meaningful. In a situation in which a subject is presented with two stimuli, simultaneously varying in quality and duration, one must choose which stimulus is preferred for a third stimulation. Such choices would be made on the overall integrated impression related to the overall aversiveness of the two stimulus-evoked experiences. The issues and caveats associated with univariate methods also apply to the separate assessment of important pain dimensions. This chapter also explains the methods that separately assess two primary dimensions of the intensity and unpleasantness of pain sensations and conclude with a brief critique of methods that evaluate all of the multiple dimensions of pain experience.
The MDG Story: Intention Denied

This article gives an insider's view of the origin of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the aim of which was two-fold: to rescue the Millennium Declaration from oblivion and to expand the development narrative beyond economic growth. The former has been successful, but not the latter. Since its establishment, the MDG agenda has been permeated with the idolatry of literalism and sanitized to fit the conventional development paradigm. Statistics have been abused to fabricate evidence of success. The great paradox is that poverty is increasingly regarded as a multi-dimensional phenomenon whilst its quantification remains essentially one-dimensional, which reinforces a money-metric perspective of the MDGs. The agenda has been cut back to a standard set of macroeconomic, sectoral or institutional reforms of a technical nature. However, the MDG agenda implies fundamental transformations in society, which are invariably driven by domestic politics and local actors. The world is off track, not because of insufficient economic growth but mostly because people in the bottom quintiles have benefited disproportionately little from national progress. As long as the world continues to turn a blind eye to the growing inequities within countries, the MDGs will be mission impossible. For the remaining period, their meaning is best described as ‘Minding Development Gaps’.
Metropolitan Population Deconcentration in Canada, 1941-1976

This paper reports on changes in population density with distance from city centre as measured by the negative exponential function for 20 Canadian metropolitan areas during 1941 to 1976. Two-point estimation is used to determine the negative exponential function from available published statistics and maps....Two important aspects of urban population change in Canada are documented. First central city population densities have consistently declined during 1941 to 1976 with no indication of cessation in the declines....Second populations have continued to spread out or deconcentrate during this period. Deconcentration becomes stronger over time and especially characterizes the larger population centres. (summary in FRE) (EXCERPT)
Pitfalls in prediction of coronary arterial obstruction from patterns of anterior infarction on electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram

Abstract Sixty patients with patterns of anterior wall myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram underwent coronary cineangiographic studies. In 47 with patterns of isolated anterior wall infarction, 25 (53 percent) had entirely normal coronary arteries on cineangiogram. Of these, 17 had rheumatic heart disease, 5 primary myocardial disease and 3 no demonstrable abnormality. Only 11 of the 25 (46 percent) had patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy. In the 22 with significant coronary disease on cineangiography, 3 had triple, 12 had double and 7 had single vessel disease. Of 12 patients with combined patterns of anterior and inferior wall myocardial infarction, only 1 (with primary myocardial disease) had normal coronary arteries. Of 12 patients with significant disease, 8 had triple vessel involvement. Thus, in patients with patterns of anterior myocardial infarction on electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram who are referred for study primarily because of valvular or myocardial disease, selective coronary arteriography frequently shows complete absence of coronary arterial obstruction. When such patients have coronary artery disease, it is frequently more widespread than anticipated from the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic patterns; occasionally, it may spare even the left anterior descending coronary artery. Caution is indicated in the prediction of coronary artery disease from electrocardiographic or vectorcardiographic records, especially in patients selected for catheterization procedures.
Effects of the axonal leak conductance on energy and information

Ionic "leak" conductances which have little to no dependence on the membrane potential have long been known to exist in neurons and play a critical role in stabilizing them electrically. Hodgkin and Huxley measured a small total leak conductance (GL) of approximately 0.3 mS/cm2 in the squid giant axon in addition to much larger voltagegated Na+ and K+ conductances [1]. Potassium leak currents may flow through several K+ channels simultaneously [2], while a recent study [3] has identified a possible subfamily of Na+ leak channels.
Application of a Guttman intensity analysis to personality measurement

Guttman’s (Guttman & Suchman, 1947) statistical strategy for determining the zero or neutral point of an attitude scale is extended in this study to the area of personality measurement. The strategy assumes that the intensity with which pro and con feelings are held will plot as a U- or a J-shaped function of attitude content. We elected for focus in the present study a modification of Miller’s (1980) Behavioral Style Scale, a personality questionnaire designed to gauge the coping strategy adopted by the individual as he/she attempts to meet imminent threat. The modified Behavioral Style Scale failed to yield the U- or J-shaped function, suggesting complex measurement.
Head‐Position Identification

A binaural recording of traffic sounds that reached an artificial head oriented in five different positions was presented to five subjects, each of whom responded under four different criteria. The...
A nonlinear composite plate theory

A general nonlinear theory for the dynamics of elastic anisotropic plates undergoing moderate-rotation vibrations is presented. The theory fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities (moderate rotations and displacements) by using local stress and strain measures and an exact coordinate transformation, which result in nonlinear curvatures and strain-displacement expressions that contain the von Karman strains as a special case. The theory accounts for transverse shear deformations by using a third-order theory and for extensionality and changes in the configuration due to in-plane and transverse deformations. Five third-order nonlinear partial-differential equations of motion describing the extension-extension-bending-shear-shear vibrations of plates are obtained by an asymptotic analysis, which reveals that laminated plates display linear elastic and nonlinear geometric couplings among all motions.
The relationship between direct migration inhibition with measles antigen and E rosettes in normals and patients with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Direct migration inhibition with measles antigen and “avid” E-rosette formation are directly correlated in normal subjects. Both functions are decreased in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). These findings suggest that common factors affect both specific measles reactivity and nonspecific T-cell function in MS.
Cloned mouse mammary cell lines requiring androgens for growth in culture.

Abstract Clonally derived cell lines have been established from the mouse mammary tumor Shionogi carcinoma 115. Physiological concentrations of androgens markedly increase the growth rate and saturation density of these clones. The cells fall to grow in 1% fetal bovine serum-supplemented medium, but addition of 10–50 nM androstanolone or testosterone results in resumption of exponential growth. Some other androgens, but not estrogens or progesterone, stimulate growth of these cells. Steroid receptors can be isolated from the cells. In addition to their effect on growth, androgens also cause a marked alteration in the cell and colony morphology of the clones.
The shortest route through a network with time-dependent internodal transit times

Abstract The shortest route problems so far analyzed fall seriously short of reality in that they assume that the time required between any two vertices (nodes) is constant, an assumption which is certainly not true in many physical and biological applications. This analysis demonstrates how to perform a shortest route iteration in the more realistic case where internodal time requirements are time-variable. In the paper a modified form of Bellman's iteration scheme [1] for finding the shortest route between any two vertices in a network is developed for application to our generalized case. It converges to the shortest path between any two vertices in a finite number of iterations, and for any initial starting time, provided that certain initial conditions are satisfied. One of the main points of this treatment has been to arrange the work so that when computing a new iterate one does not have to recompute previous iterates at more advanced time points.
Mass Spectrometry Profiles Superoxide-Induced Intramolecular Disulfide in the FMN-Binding Subunit of Mitochondrial Complex I

Protein thiols with regulatory functions play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of the redox state in mitochondria. One major host of regulatory cysteines in mitochondria is Complex I, with the thiols primarily located on its 51 kDa FMN-binding subunit. In response to oxidative stress, these thiols are expected to form intramolecular disulfide bridges as one of their oxidative post-translational modifications. Here, to test this hypothesis and gain insights into the molecular pattern of disulfide in Complex I, the isolated bovine Complex I was prepared. Superoxide (O2·−) is generated by Complex I under the conditions of enzyme turnover. O2·−-induced intramolecular disulfide formation at the 51, kDa subunit was determined by tandem mass spectrometry and database searching, with the latter accomplished by adaptation of the in-house developed database search engine, MassMatrix [Xu, H., et al., J. Proteome Res. 2008, 7, 138–144]. LC/MS/MS analysis of tryptic/chymotryptic digests of the 51 kDa subunit from alkylated Complex I revealed that four specific cysteines (C125, C142, C187, and C206) of the 51 kDa subunit were involved in the formation of mixed intramolecular disulfide linkages. In all, three cysteine pairs were observed: C125/C142, C187/C206, and C142/C206. The formation of disulfide bond was subsequently inhibited by superoxide dismutase, indicating the involvement of O2·−. These results elucidated by mass spectrometry indicate that the residues of C125, C142, C187, and C206 are the specific regulatory cysteines of Complex I and they participate in the oxidative modification with disulfide formation under the physiological or pathophysiological conditions of oxidative stress.
Measurement of myoglobin oxygen saturation in the presence of hemoglobin interference by near-infrared spectroscopy

Spectroscopic measurement of myoglobin oxygenation has been made in the presence of hemoglobin using visible light. Although the spectral changes with oxygen binding are smaller, near infrared wavelengths have deeper tissue penetration. This offers an attractive means for making noninvasive muscle oxygenation measurements. Visible and near-infrared spectra of myoglobin with decreasing oxygen saturation in the presence of both oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin were obtained. Fractional oxygen saturations were determined from the visible region. The near-infrared spectra were divided into calibration and test sets and analyzed by the method of multiple linear regression. Baseline offsets were reduced by preprocessing the data using spectral second derivatives to enhance the significant features of the spectra. This method of analysis demonstrated good correlation of the near- infrared spectra with the calibration saturation data. These results show that myoglobin oxygen saturation measurements in vitro can be made in the presence of hemoglobin as an interferant, using near-infrared spectroscopy.
Estrogen receptor status and response to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer

Tumor estrogen receptor status in women with advanced breast cancer was correlated with clinical response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in a retrospective study. Following an extramural review of the clinical data of 40 patients, 26 responded to chemotherapy (65%). The response rate in 19 receptor-rich tumors was 89% and in 21 receptor-poor tumors, 43% (P < 0.01). The lowest response rate (14%) was observed in seven postmenopausal patients with receptor-poor tumors. Clinical characteristics of patients and variants in chemotherapy programs failed to explain the favorable response of receptor-rich tumors to cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Protonation and concerted proton-electron transfer reactivity of a bis-benzimidazolate ligated [2Fe-2S] model for Rieske clusters.

A model system for biological Rieske clusters that incorporates bis-benzimidazolate ligands (Prbbim)2– has been developed (PrbbimH2 = 4,4-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)heptane). The diferric and mixed-valence clusters have been prepared and characterized in both their protonated and deprotonated states. The thermochemistry of interconversions of these species has been measured, and the effect of protonation on the reduction potential is in good agreement to that observed in the biological systems. The mixed-valence and protonated congener [Fe2S2(Prbbim)(PrbbimH)](Et4N)2 (4) reacts rapidly with TEMPO or p-benzoquinones to generate diferric and deprotonated [Fe2S2(Prbbim)2](Et4N)2 (1) and 1 equiv of TEMPOH or 0.5 equiv of p-benzohydroquinones, respectively. The reaction with TEMPO is the first well-defined example of concerted proton–electron transfer (CPET) at a synthetic ferric/ferrous [Fe–S] cluster.
Dependent types in practical programming

We present an approach to enriching the type system of ML with a restricted form of dependent types, where type index objects are drawn from a constraint domain C, leading to the DML(C) language schema. This allows specification and inference of significantly more precise type information, facilitating program error detection and compiler optimization. A major complication resulting from introducing dependent types is that pure type inference for the enriched system is no longer possible, but we show that type-checking a sufficiently annotated program in DML(C) can be reduced to constraint satisfaction in the constraint domain C. We exhibit the unobtrusiveness of our approach through practical examples and prove that DML(C) is conservative over ML. The main contribution of the paper lies in our language design, including the formulation of type-checking rules which makes the approach practical. To our knowledge, no previous type system for a general purpose programming language such as ML has combined dependent types with features including datatype declarations, higher-order functions, general recursions, let-polymorphism, mutable references, and exceptions. In addition, we have finished a prototype implementation of DML(C) for an integer constraint domain C, where constraints are linear inequalities (Xi and Pfenning 1998).
Psychoactive drugs and false memory: comparison of dextroamphetamine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on false recognition

Rationale Several psychoactive drugs are known to influence episodic memory. However, these drugs’ effects on false memory, or the tendency to incorrectly remember nonstudied information, remain poorly understood.
Fast dynamical spin-up of ocean general circulation models using Newton–Krylov methods

Abstract Numerical models of the ocean play an important role in efforts to understand past climate variability and predict future climate changes. In many studies, ocean models are driven by forcings that are either time-independent or vary periodically (seasonally) and it is often highly desirable or even essential to obtain equilibrium solutions of the model. Existing methods, based on the simple, expedient idea of integrating the model until the transients have died out, are too expensive to use routinely because the ocean takes several thousand years to equilibrate. Here, we present a novel approach for efficiently computing equilibrium solutions of ocean models. Our general approach is to formulate the problem as a large system of nonlinear algebraic equations to be solved with a class of methods known as matrix-free Newton–Krylov, a combination of Newton-type methods for superlinearly convergent solution of nonlinear equations, and Krylov subspace methods for solving the Newton correction equations. As an initial demonstration of the feasibility of this approach, we apply it to find the equilibrium solutions of a quasi-geostrophic ocean model for both steady forcing and seasonally-varying forcing. We show that the matrix-free Newton–Krylov method converges to the solutions obtained by direct time integration of the model, but at a computational cost that is between 10 and 100 times smaller than direct integration. A key advantage of our approach is that it can be applied to any existing time-stepping code, including ocean general circulation models and biogeochemical models. However, effective preconditioning of the linear equations to be solved during the Newton iteration remains a challenge.
New roles and norms for older adults through higher education

A growing number of older adults develop new roles and identities in their retirement years. They may be trend‐setters in creating new norms for future generations of retirees. Research conducted by the North Carolina Center for Creative Retirement at the University of North Carolina at Asheville on middle‐class, well‐educated retirees with professional or managerial prior work roles indicates that these retirees want volunteer, leadership, and learning opportunities. A study of 101 alumni of the center's leadership for seniors program showed how institutions of higher education can play a prominent part in facilitating the development of roles and norms that often transcend the general public's ideas of what retirees can do and contribute.
Prevention of Mold‐Induced Softening in Air‐Purged, Brined Cucumbers by Acidification

Mold-induced cucumber softening was prevented in air-purged fermentations by 0.16% acetic acid (equilibrated). Cucumber softening and pectate depolymerase activity increased in air-purged fermentations when the level of acid was decreased to 0.12% and below. Mold-induced softening was prevented in natural (not acidified) fermentations by delaying purging until indigenous microflora had reduced the brine pH to 4.0. Direct contact of air bubbles and cucumbers was not a requirement for subsurface mold growth. In air-purged commercial brines softening was evidenced by soft spots and skin blisters on cucumbers acidified with 0.05 and 0.0%, but not with 0.16%, acetic acid. In broth culture, growth of four mold isolates from soft cucumbers was inhibited by 0.3% acetic (pH 4.0) but not by up to 0.9% lactic acid (pH 3.0) at 5.3% NaCl.
Simple Description of Airflow Characteristics Inside an Unfolding Parachute

A simple calculation of the aire ow velocity and pressure inside a round parachuteunfolding during theine ation stage that precedes full parachute expansion is described. On the basis of photographic sequences of deployments in thee eld, the parachute is assumed to adopt the shape of a tubularsock as it unfolds from an elongated collapsed or folded state. The effects of the unfolding process are described by the motion of the transition region between foldedand unfolded fabric (called theunfoldingfront ),a region thatmoveslikea traveling pulseuptheparachute’ s longitudinal axis. Such a motion is determined by the energy-dissipating nature of fabric unfolding and is coupled to the motion of the air column entering the sock. An interesting prediction is that the translation velocity of the unfolding front rapidly reaches a constant value, or terminal velocity, which may be signie cantly lower than the air speed of the wind entering the parachute. A comparison with experimental data collected by the U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force cone rms this feature. The paper ends with a discussion on using the model to generate improved sets of initial conditions for the structure-coupled computational e uid dynamics codes that are used to simulate parachute ine ation.
Electrical Stimulation and Motor Recovery

In recent years, several investigators have successfully regenerated axons in animal spinal cords without locomotor recovery. One explanation is that the animals were not trained to use the regenerated connections. Intensive locomotor training improves walking recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in people, and >90% of people with incomplete SCI recover walking with training. Although the optimal timing, duration, intensity, and type of locomotor training are still controversial, many investigators have reported beneficial effects of training on locomotor function. The mechanisms by which training improves recovery are not clear, but an attractive theory is available. In 1949, Donald Hebb proposed a famous rule that has been paraphrased as "neurons that fire together, wire together." This rule provided a theoretical basis for a widely accepted theory that homosynaptic and heterosynaptic activity facilitate synaptic formation and consolidation. In addition, the lumbar spinal cord has a locomotor center, called the central pattern generator (CPG), which can be activated nonspecifically with electrical stimulation or neurotransmitters to produce walking. The CPG is an obvious target to reconnect after SCI. Stimulating motor cortex, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves can modulate lumbar spinal cord excitability. Motor cortex stimulation causes long-term changes in spinal reflexes and synapses, increases sprouting of the corticospinal tract, and restores skilled forelimb function in rats. Long used to treat chronic pain, motor cortex stimuli modify lumbar spinal network excitability and improve lower extremity motor scores in humans. Similarly, epidural spinal cord stimulation has long been used to treat pain and spasticity. Subthreshold epidural stimulation reduces the threshold for locomotor activity. In 2011, Harkema et al. reported lumbosacral epidural stimulation restores motor control in chronic motor complete patients. Peripheral nerve or functional electrical stimulation (FES) has long been used to activate sacral nerves to treat bladder and pelvic dysfunction and to augment motor function. In theory, FES should facilitate synaptic formation and motor recovery after regenerative therapies. Upcoming clinical trials provide unique opportunities to test the theory.