cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation in Graduate Medical Education

Emergency medicine is a complex and challenging specialty. During the course of an emergency medicine training program, residents must achieve competence in a number of domains including technical skills, teamwork, communication, medical knowledge, and multi-tasking. Medical simulation has emerged as a safe, popular, exciting, effective, and valuable educational tool that is particularly well-suited to the training needs of emergency medicine residents (McLaughlin et al., Acad Emerg Med 15(11):1117–1129, 2008; McLaughlin et al., Simulation in emergency medicine. In: Levine et al., editors. The comprehensive textbook of healthcare simulation SE – 20. New York: Springer, 315–328, 2013). This chapter reviews the role that simulation can play in emergency medicine training, highlights some innovative programs and curricula, and describes some common challenges and solutions for implementing a simulation program.
Selecting Data Granularity and Model Specification Using the Scaled Power Likelihood with Multiple Weights

Firms routinely employ temporal sales data for making managerial decisions. To use such data appropriately, managers need to make two decisions: (a) the temporal granularity (e.g., weekly, monthly, or quarterly) and (b) an accompanying demand model. In most empirical contexts, however, the “appropriate” granularity-model combination is determined in an ad-hoc manner, leaving managerial decisions vulnerable to granularity and model choices. While extant literature has proposed methods that either select the best-fitted model or conduct robust inference against model misspecification, most methods assume that the granularity is correctly specified or pre-specify it. Our research fills this gap by proposing a method, the scaled power likelihood with multiple weights (SPLM), that not only identifies the best-fitted granularity-model combination but also conducts doubly (granularity and model) robust inference against incorrect selection. An extensive set of simulations shows that our method has higher statistical power than extant approaches for selecting the best-fitted granularity-model combination and provides results that are more stable (robust) across granularity-model combinations. We apply our framework to estimating the price and advertising elasticities for a Nielsen scanner dataset and find that, similar to our simulations, optimal prices and sales forecasts from our approach are more stable across granularity-model combinations.
Ambivalent broadcasters: women contest the public sphere in postwar U.S. college radio

Between the end of World War II and the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, college radio women secured a tenuous credibility within the postwar educational landscape. Educators claimed civic discours...
Optimal Parking Management of Connected Autonomous Vehicles

In this paper we develop a dynamic model for the parking management of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) in a given area with multiple parking lots. Motivated by the well-known Lotka-Volterra equations, a mathematical model is developed to incorporate the interactions among those parking garages. Parking space availability is considered as the system state, while the price of parking is used as the control variable chosen by the parking garage operators from the admissible set. By regulating parking rates, the demand can be properly distributed among the set of parking lots under consideration, which could potentially reduce traffic congestion as well as fuel consumption of CAVs. Further, we formulate an optimal control problem with the objective of maintaining the availability of each parking lot at a desired level. The optimization problem is addressed using Pontryagin's minimum principle which determines the optimum parking pricing policy. A series of numerical experiments is conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Since the mathematical model is fairly general and can be easily modified, it is believed that the procedures presented here will be useful for the parking management of CAVs in the near future.
Lower Mortality with Cryoprecipitate During Massive Transfusion in Penetrating but Not Blunt Trauma

Abstract Background Balanced blood product transfusion improves the outcomes of trauma patients with exsanguinating hemorrhage, but it remains unclear whether administering cryoprecipitate improves mortality. We aimed to examine the impact of early cryoprecipitate transfusion on the outcomes of the trauma patients needing massive transfusion (MT). Methods All MT patients 18 years or older in the 2017 Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) were retrospectively reviewed. MT was defined as the transfusion of ≥10 units of blood within 24 hours. Propensity score analysis (PSA) was used to 1:1 match then compare patients who received and those who did not receive cryoprecipitate in the first 4 hours after injury. Outcomes included in-hospital mortality, 1-day mortality, in-hospital complications and transfusion needs at 24 hours. Results Of 1,004,440 trauma patients, 1,454 MT patients received cryoprecipitate and 2,920 did not. After PSA, 877 patients receiving cryoprecipitate were matched to 877 patients who did not. In-hospital mortality was lower among patients who received cryoprecipitate (49.4% v. 54.9%, P = 0.022), as was 1-day mortality. Sub-analyses showed that mortality was lower with cryoprecipitate in patients with penetrating (37.5% versus. 48%, adjusted P = 0.008), but not blunt trauma (58.5% versus. 59.8%, adjusted P = 1.000). In penetrating trauma, the cryoprecipitate group also had lower 1-day mortality (21.8% versus. 38.6%, P Conclusions Cryoprecipitate in MT is associated with improved survival in penetrating, but not blunt, trauma. Randomized trials are needed to better define the role of cryoprecipitate in MT.
Depression, anxiety, and daily activity among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a two-group cross-sectional study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant changes to adolescents’ daily lives and, potentially, to their mental health. The pandemic has also disproportionately affected historically marginalized and at-risk communities, including people of color, socioeconomically disadvantaged people, people identifying as female, and youth. Objective: This study aimed to understand differences in depression and anxiety among 2 groups of adolescents in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine demographic and daily activity variables associated with depression and anxiety. Methods: Online surveys were distributed in 2019 and 2020. Demographic questions were asked at the time of enrollment, and included participants’ age, gender, race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). The 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used to assess symptoms of depression, and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale was used to assess symptoms of anxiety. A total of 4 pandemic-specific daily activity questions were asked only of the pandemic group. Analyses of covariance compared depression and anxiety between prepandemic and pandemic groups. Demographic and lifestyle variables were included as covariates. Results: The sample comprised a total of 234 adolescents, with 100 participants in the prepandemic group and 134 participants in the pandemic group. Within the pandemic group, 94% (n=126) of adolescents reported being out of school due to the pandemic, and another 85.8% (n=115) and 57.1% (n=76) were prevented from extracurricular activities and exercise, respectively. Higher depression was seen in the pandemic group, with a least-squares adjusted mean of 7.62 (SD 1.36) compared to 6.28 (SD 1.42) in the prepandemic group, although the difference was not significant (P=.08). There was no significant difference in anxiety scores between the 2 groups (least-squares adjusted means 5.52, SD 1.30 vs 5.01, SD 1.36; P=.48). Within the pandemic group, lower SES was predictive of anxiety, such that those in the pandemic group of lower SES were more anxious than their higher-SES peers (least-squares adjusted means 11.17, SD 2.34 vs 8.66, SD 2.16; P=.02). Within the pandemic group, being out of work or school and not partaking in extracurricular activities or exercise due to the pandemic were not associated with higher depression or anxiety scores. Conclusions: In this study, neither being in the pandemic group nor experiencing changes in daily activity due to the pandemic was associated with higher depression or anxiety. However, we found that adolescents from lower SES backgrounds experienced significantly more anxiety during the pandemic than their more privileged peers. Both instrumental and mental health interventions for low-income adolescents are imperative.
American Political Economy in Global Perspective

This book is a guide to claims about the proper role of government and markets in a global economy. Moving between systematic comparison of nineteen rich democracies and debate about what the United States can do to restore a more civilized, egalitarian and fair society, Harold L. Wilensky tells us how six of these countries got on a low road to economic progress and which components of their labor-crunch strategy are uniquely American. He provides an overview of the impact of major dimensions of globalization, only one of which – the interaction of the internationalization of finance and the rapid increase in the autonomy of central banks – undermines either national sovereignty or job security, labor standards, and the welfare state. Although Wilensky views American policy and politics through the lens of globalization, he concludes that the nation-state remains the center of personal identity, social solidarity and political action.
Molecular Dynamics as an Approach to Study Prion Protein Misfolding and the Effect of Pathogenic Mutations

Computer simulation of protein dynamics offers unique high-resolution information that complements experiment. Using experimentally derived structures of the natively folded prion protein (PrP), physically realistic dynamics and conformational changes can be simulated, including the initial steps of misfolding. By introducing mutations in silico, the effect of pathogenic mutations on PrP conformation and dynamics can be assessed. Here, we briefly introduce molecular dynamics methods and review the application of molecular dynamics simulations to obtain insight into various aspects of the PrP, including the mechanism of misfolding, the response to changes in the environment, and the influence of disease-related mutations.
Adjunctions Between Categories Of Domains

In this paper we show that there is no left adjoint to the inclusion functor from the full subcategory C0 of Scott domains (i.e., consistently complete ω-algebraic cpo's) to SFP, the category of SFP-objects and Scott-continuous maps. We also show there is no left adjoint to the inclusion functor from C0 to any larger category of cpo's which contains a simple five-element domain. As a corollary, there is no left adjoint to the inclusion functor from C0 to the category of L-domains. We also investigate adjunctions between categories which contain C0, such as SFP, and sub categories of C0. Of course, it is well-known that each of the three standard power domain constructs gives rise to a left adjoint. Since the Hoare and Smyth power domains are Scott domains, we can regard each of these two adjunctions as left adjoints to inclusion functors from appropriate subcategories of C0. But, our interest here is in adjunctions for which the target of the left adjoint is a lluf subcategory of C; such a subcategory has all Scott domains as objects, but the morphisms are more restrictive than being Scott continuous. We show that three such adjunctions exist. The first two of these are based on the Smyth power domain construction. One is a left adjoint to the inclusion functor from the category C of consistently complete algebraic cpo's and Scott-continuous maps preserving finite, non-empty infima to the category of coherent algebraic cpo's and Scott-continuous maps. The same functor has a restriction to the subcategory of coherent algebraic cpo's whose morphisms also are Lawson continuous to the lluf subcategory of C whose morphisms are those Scott-continuous maps which preserve all non-empty infima. The last adjunction we derive is a generalization of the Hoare power domain which satisfies the property that, if D is a nondeterministic algebra, then the image of D under the left adjoint enjoys an additional semigroup structure under which the original algebra D is among the set of idempotents. In this way, we expand the Plotkin power domain P(D) over the Scott domain D into a Scott domain.
Expression of the potyvirus genome: the role of proteolytic processing.

The potato virus Y [potyvirus] group is comprised of a number of distinctive members, estimated to be between 100 and 150 dependent on the criteria used in classification (Edwardson, 1974; Hollings and Brunt, 1981). Although each member has a rather restrictive host range, the large number of putative members make these viruses ubiquitous pathogens present in most agricultural settings. As such, over the past 5 years they have become one of the more intensively studied plant virus groups. Using molecular biological approaches, our understanding of potyvirus gene structure, function, and expression has increased dramatically.
A Strong Hot Spot Theorem

A real number alpha is said to be b-normal if every m-long string of digits appears in the base-b expansion of alpha with limiting frequency b-m. We prove that alpha is b-normal if and only if it possesses no base-b ''hot spot''. In other words, alpha is b-normal if and only if there is no real number y such that smaller and smaller neighborhoods of y are visited by the successive shifts of the base-b expansion of alpha with larger and larger frequencies, relative to the lengths of these neighborhoods
Psychological Refractory Period in Simple Paired Responses

Abstract An experiment was performed for the purpose of obtaining further evidence on the psychological refractory period. Two groups of five subjects completed simple and paired reaction-time responses to the appearance of visual signals, and the procedures for groups varied only in respect to the duration of stimuli. The major findings were: (a) the duration of signals had no significant effect upon either simple or paired reaction times; (b) delays in the second reaction time in paired responses persisted throughout the entire range of 50–500 millisec. between signals; (c) when the interval between signals was greater than the first reaction time in paired responses, the second reaction time was inversely related to the interval between signals; and (d) the first reaction time in paired responses was significantly longer than the simple reaction time for that member.
Azasteroids—VI : A facile total synthesis of dl-8-azaestrone methyl ether and related systems

Abstract A three step (four operational) synthesis of dl -8-azaestrone methyl ether (IX) was accomplished in 43% overall yield from known, readily available starting materials. Condensation of the tetrahydroisoquinoline alcohol, VI, with 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione gave the enaminoketone, VIIa, in 94% yield which was quantitatively transformed into the corresponding bromide, VIIb. The latter was cyclized in acetonitrile to give the unstalbe iminium salt, VIII, which was reduced to 55:45 mixture of ( dl )-14α- and 14β-8-azaestrone methyl ether (IXa, IXb). Related steroidal systems have also been prepared by utilization of previously reported methods. An attempt to extend this approach to the d -homo-8-azaestrone series proved unsatisfactory.
GLACIAL CLIMATES | Volcanic and Solar Forcing

Volcanic eruptions and changes in the output of the Sun have been the dominant external drivers, or ‘forcings,’ of climate change during the Quaternary prior to the industrial revolution. A combination of proxy indicators have been used to study the magnitude and timing of changes in these forcings and the climate response. These include ice core records of volcanic particulate (aerosol) amounts and of cosmogenic isotopes that are correlated with solar output, and multiple indicators of surface temperature and precipitation. Comparison between the forcings and climate variability, and comparisons with results from climate model simulations, have shown that volcanic forcing typically played a major role in short-term (annual to decadal) climate variations, whereas solar forcing appears to have usually dominated on longer timescales at both the global and the regional scales.
Are there misconceptions about the coronary system’s role in heart attacks? A novel and reproducible approach to demonstrate the anatomy of a heart attack (536.8)

Data collected has shown that misconceptions of the Coronary System’s role in heart attacks exist amongst the undergraduate anatomy students surveyed. Namely demonstrated was a misunderstanding of how the heart receives its own blood for its metabolism. Understanding one of the leading causes of death in the United States, Myocardial Infarction or heart attacks, is a part of the undergraduate anatomy curriculum. While studying the anatomy and physiology of the heart, students may have focused more of their time learning about the larger vessels associated with the circulatory system, with less attention paid to the smaller coronary arteries. The purpose of this study was three-fold: 1) To assess whether there were any misconceptions about heart attacks such as the misconception that heart attacks are caused by cessation in systemic circulation (Sudden Cardiac Arrest). 2) To design the Coronary Blood Flow Bio Model (CBBM), a reproducible demonstration of the Coronary System, that is easily implemented in a...
Inner-Shell Photoionized X-Ray Lasers

The inner-shell photoionized x-ray lasing scheme is an attractive method for achieving x-ray lasing at short wavelengths, via population inversion following inner-shell photoionization (ISPI). This scheme promises both a short wavelength and a short pulse source of coherent x rays with high average power. In this dissertation a very complete study of the ISPI x-ray laser scheme is done concerning target structure, filter design and lasant medium. An investigation of the rapid rise time of x-ray emission from targets heated by an ultra-short pulse high-intensity optical laser was conducted for use as the x-ray source for ISPI x-ray lasing. Lasing by this approach in C at a wavelength of 45 {angstrom} requires a short pulse (about 50 fsec) driving optical laser with an energy of 1-5 J and traveling wave optics with an accuracy of {approximately} 15 {micro}m. The optical laser is incident on a high-Z target creating a high-density plasma which emits a broadband spectrum of x rays. This x-ray source is passed through a filter to eliminate the low-energy x rays. The remaining high-energy x rays preferentially photoionize inner-shell electrons resulting in a population inversion. Inner-shell photoionized x-ray lasing relies on the large energy of a K-{alpha} transition in the initially neutral lasant. The photo energy required to pump this scheme is only slightly greater than the photon energy of the lasing transition yielding a lasing scheme with high quantum efficiency. However, the overall efficiency is reduced due to low x-ray conversion efficiency and the large probability of Auger decay yielding an overall efficiency of {approximately} 10{sup {minus}7} resulting in an output energy of {micro}J's. They calculate that a driving laser with a pulse duration of 40 fs, a 10{micro}m x 1 cm line focus, and an energy of 1 J gives an effective gain length product (gl) of 10 in C at 45 {angstrom}. At saturation (gl {approximately} 18) they expect an output of {approximately} 0.1 {micro}J per pulse. The short duration of x-ray lasing (< 100 fs) combined with a 10-Hz repetition rate (P{sub avg} = 1{micro}W) makes this source of coherent x rays ideal for pump-probe experiments to study fast dynamical processes in chemistry and material science.
Extreme value analysis of optimal level-crossing prediction for linear Gaussian processes

A novel approach of combining the practical appeal of Kalman filtering with the design of an optimal alarm system for the prediction of level-crossing events was introduced in earlier work. Here, the aim is to perform a more detailed extreme value analysis using the critical threshold that enables definition of the level-crossing event. It will be rigorously proven that the approximations and baseline methods previously used yield important intuitive conclusions about the impact of low measurement noise and high levels on improved capability of level-crossing predictors. Where possible, elegant closed-form solutions for a well-known alarm system metric in face of those limiting considerations are also provided.
Externally driven magnetic reconnection in the presence of a normal magnetic field

[1] Studies of tearing instabilities and magnetic reconnection in the terrestrial magnetotail must consider the effect of the finite normal field component Bz. Three-dimensional (3-D) particle-in-cell simulations with an open geometry are used to investigate the impact of an externally applied convection electric field on the stability of a moderately thick (1.6c/ωpi) current sheet configuration containing a nonzero Bz. The driving field is localized in the direction of the main magnetic field (x) but is uniform in the cross-tail (y) direction. The initial response of the current sheet to the driving field is dominated by the formation of an embedded electron current layer on the scale of the electron inertial length. This layer forms nearly uniformly in y; cross-tail modes do not play an important role. Once the normal field is driven southward in a local region of the sheet, global scale reconnection is initiated at a rate comparable to that seen in studies of simple 1-D current sheets. The formation of the thin electron current layer is accompanied by the development of an electrostatic potential structure which serves to confine the ions in the thin electron layer and to deflect the ions into the outflow region. The reconnection process forms a high-energy tail on the electron distribution extending up to ∼mec2. These high-energy electrons are accelerated in the thin electron current sheet and then spread out along the separatrices.
Developmental changes in the acute ethanol sensitivity of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission in the BNST.

Abstract Glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission undergo significant changes during adolescence. Receptors for both of these transmitters (NMDAR, and GABA A ) are known to be key targets for the acute effects of ethanol in adults. The current study set out to investigate the acute effects of ethanol on both NMDAR-mediated excitatory transmission and GABAergic inhibitory transmission within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) across age. The BNST is an area of the brain implicated in the negative reinforcing properties associated with alcohol dependence, and the BNST plays a critical role in stress-induced relapse. Therefore, assessing the developmental regulation of ethanol sensitivity in this key brain region is important to understanding the progression of ethanol dependence. To do this, whole-cell recordings of isolated NMDAR-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) or evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) were performed on BNST neurons in slices from 4- or 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. Ethanol (50 mm) produced greater inhibition of NMDAR–eEPSCs in adolescent mice than in adult mice. This enhanced sensitivity in adolescence was not a result of shifts in function of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR, measured by Ro25-6981 inhibition and decay kinetics measured across age. Adolescent mice also exhibited greater ethanol sensitivity of GABAergic transmission, as ethanol (50 mm) enhanced eIPSCs in the BNST of adolescent but not adult mice. Collectively, this work illustrates that a moderate dose of ethanol produces greater inhibition of transmission in the BNST (through greater excitatory inhibition and enhancement of inhibitory transmission) in adolescents compared to adults. Given the role of the BNST in alcohol dependence, these developmental changes in acute ethanol sensitivity could accelerate neuroadaptations that result from chronic ethanol use during the critical period of adolescence.
High naturally occurring radioactivity in fossil groundwater from the Middle East.

High levels of naturally occurring and carcinogenic radium isotopes have been measured in low-saline and oxic groundwater from the Rum Group of the Disi sandstone aquifer in Jordan. The combined 228Ra and 226Ra activities are up to 2000% higher than international drinking water standards. Analyses of the host sandstone aquifer rocks show 228Ra and 226Ra activities and ratios that are consistent with previous reports of sandstone rocks from different parts of the world. A compilation of previous data in groundwater from worldwide sandstone aquifers shows large variations in Ra activities regardless of the groundwater salinity. On the basis of the distribution of the four Ra isotopes and the ratios of the short- to long-lived Ra isotopes, we postulate that Ra activity in groundwater is controlled by the balance of radioactive decay of parent Th isotopes on aquifer solids, decay of the dissolved radium isotopes, and adsorption of dissolved Ra on solid surfaces. The availability of surface adsorption sites, w...
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INSECT HERBIVORY ON RESPONSES BY SALIX CORDATA TO SAND ACCRETION

This study examined the effects of long-term insect herbivory on the response of sand dune willow, Salix cordata, to sand accretion. Plants were either exposed to insect herbivory (by a specialist flea beetle, Altica subplicata) or protected from insect herbivory with cages for three years. Plant growth and mortality, as well as sand levels, were then assessed for the next four years, during which time natural sand accretion occurred. The goal was to examine how growth and mortality were affected by past herbivory and sand accretion, and most importantly, whether these two factors interacted to affect plant per- formance. There was a highly significant positive correlation between mortality rate and amount of sand accretion. Plants with past herbivory had significantly greater mortality rates than plants with no past herbivory, but this difference resulted from a plant size effect. Shorter plants were more susceptible to mortality from sand burial, and plants with past herbivory were significantly shorter than plants without past herbivory. Past herbivory stimulated both stem diameter and height growth over the entire study. The stem diameter growth response to sand accretion varied strongly for plants with and without past herbivory, and the nature of the relationships also varied among dunes. On the west dune, where sand accumulated at a much faster rate, there was a negative rela- tionship between sand accumulation and stem diameter growth, but this relationship was only significant for plants with past herbivory. On the east dune, with a slower sand accumulation rate, stem diameter growth was positively related to sand level for plants with past herbivory, but negatively related to sand level for plants with no past herbivory. Past herbivory and sand accretion also affected future susceptibility to herbivory. Beetle densities were significantly greater on plants with no past herbivory than on plants expe- riencing herbivory three years earlier. For plants with no past herbivory, plants experiencing high amounts of sand had greater beetle densities than plants experiencing low amounts of sand. Thus, this study demonstrated long-term effects of herbivory on increasing plant mortality (indirectly via a decrease in plant size), increasing both stem diameter and height growth of surviving plants, and decreasing future susceptibility to herbivory. Past herbivory also strongly altered the stem diameter growth response of plants to another stress, sand accretion.
Mechanism of Regulation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity in the Normoxic Newborn Brain

Mechanism of Regulation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity in the Normoxic Newborn Brain
Facilitation and matching bias in the abstract selection task

Abstract The present study examined performance on Wason's abstract selection task. Specifically, it explored further our hypothesis that the difficulty of the task can be traced to two sources: selective encoding of the problem information, and inadequate analytic processing of the encoded information. The results of Experiment 1 replicated our earlier finding of good performance when an explicated rule with categorical elements is used along with violation selection instructions and a decision justification format. In addition, Experiment 1 demonstrated that the type of elements used in the rule (categories vs specific instances of categories) did not influence the rate of correct performance. Experiment 2 examined the effects of explicated rules that allow matching bias to operate. The rate of correct selections was lowered, but only significantly so for the categorical rules. Performance in both cases, however, was still well above baseline. The results are discussed in terms of our selective encoding...
Aniline: Evidence for an enterogastric cycle in the rat.

Abstract The autoradiographic distribution of 14 C-aniline hydrochloride was studied in male Fischer 344 rats following iv administration of 3, 30 or 100 mg/kg. The highest initial concentrations of radioactivity associated with 14 C-aniline or its metabolites were found in the blood, liver, kidney, bladder and gastro-intestinal tract. At the 100 mg/kg dose, the spleen was the only organ that did not show a time-dependent decrease in radioactivity over 24 hr. After 0·5 and 6 hr, radioactivity was concentrated in the stomach and small intestine but there was comparatively little activity in the colon. Analysis of the stomach and jejunum for aniline and its metabolites using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy showed that aniline was predominant in the gastric contents (aniline:acetanilide, 7·3:1) and that acetanilide was the principal compound in the jejunal contents (acetanilide:aniline, 15:1). Trace amounts of o - and p -aminophenol and of acetaminophen were also detected. High levels of acetanilide in the small intestine were probably due to the metabolism of aniline in the mucosa of the gut. It was concluded that after iv injection aniline is rapidly concentrated in the stomach but that aniline and acetanilide are reabsorbed in the small intestine, thus completing an enterogastric cycle. Therefore the gastro-intestinal tract appears to be a major site for the metabolism of aniline in the rat.
Short-term supplementation of COX-2 inhibitor suppresses bone turnover in gonad-intact middle-aged male rats

There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the idea that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can effectively suppress ovariectomy-induced bone loss in adult rats. The present study investigated the effects of supplementation of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor [5,5-dimethyl-3-(3 flurophenyl)-4-(4 methylsulphonal) phenyl-2 (6H) furanone, DFU] to diets on bone metabolism, bone mineral density (BMD), and histomorphometry in middle-aged male rats. Forty 16-month-old male rats (n = 8/group) were fed diets containing 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg DFU body weight/day for 4 weeks. Supplementation of DFU resulted in higher plasma levels of pyridinoline, insulin-like growth factor I, and parathyroid hormone, but lower bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity, prostaglandin E(2,) and 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D(3). Compared to the control, DFU supplementation at 20 mg/kg did not affect total scanned area, BMD, and bone mineral content as determined by DEXA. Histomorphometric data showed that rats fed DFU at 20 mg/kg had lower values of mineralizing surface, eroded surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate, but no difference in trabecular thickness, number, and separation compared to the control. The present data demonstrate that the short-term supplementation of selective COX-2 inhibitor to gonad-intact middle-aged male rats resulted in suppression of bone formation and increased bone resorption, and thereby suppressed bone turnover rate, without significant loss of bone. Such action was through modulating local factors and systemic hormones.
“Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop”: Self-Control, Risky Lifestyles, and Repeat Victimization

Drawing from lifestyle-routine activity and self-control perspectives, the causal mechanisms responsible for repeat victimization are explored. Specifically, the present study investigates: (1) the extent to which self-control influences the changes victims make to their risky lifestyles following victimization, and (2) whether the failure to make such changes predicts repeat victimization. Two waves of panel data from the Gang Resistance Education and Training program are used (N = 1,370) and direct measures of change to various risky lifestyles are included. Two-stage maximum likelihood models are estimated to explore the effects of self-control and changes in risky lifestyles on repeat victimization for a subsample of victims (n = 521). Self-control significantly influences whether victims make changes to their risky lifestyles post-victimization, and these changes in risky lifestyles determine whether victims are repeatedly victimized. These changes in risky lifestyles are also found to fully mediate the effects of self-control on repeat victimization. Findings suggest that future research should continue to measure directly the intervening mechanisms between self-control and negative life outcomes, and to conceptualize lifestyles-routine activities as dynamic processes.
Immunization with zona pellucida proteins results in abnormal ovarian follicular differentiation and inhibition of gonadotropin-induced steroid secretion.

Changes in rabbit ovarian hormonal responses and cellular differentiation of ovarian follicles after immunization with porcine zona pellucida (ZP) have been examined. Steroid and peptide hormone levels were monitored after immunization to evaluate ovulation and pseudopregnancy cycles in immunized and control animals. All immunized rabbits developed serum antibodies to specific ZP antigens and failed to form functional corpora lutea in response to hCG administration, as evidenced by the absence of elevated serum progesterone concentrations. This is in contrast to control rabbits, which had elevated progesterone levels 8–9 days after hCG administration. Furthermore, all immunized animals showed greatly increased serum levels of FSH and LH compared to those of control animals. These effects on ovarian function were apparent within 20 weeks of the primary immunization. Follicular development was analyzed by light and electron microscopies. The numbers of primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles in ovaries o...
SOME RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A CHEESE‐LIKE PRODUCT PREPARED BY DIRECT ACIDIFICATION

A processed, nonfermented cheese-like product was prepared by direct acidification of milk and heat coagulation of the curd. Modification of the textural properties was done by the incorporation of carrageenan. Textural evaluation was done by uniaxial compression. The parameters analyzed were true stress-true (Hencky's) strain relationships obtained at two deformation histories, residual stresses after relaxation and true stresses and strains at failure. Results showed that with respect to all these parameters the experimental nonfermented product resembled commercial processed American cheese though at generally smaller strength levels. Introduction of carrageenan contributed solid properties to the experimental processed cheese. At 1% level of carrageenan the product had mechanical properties similar to those of commercial cheese.
Validation of a Large-Eddy Simulation Model to Simulate Flow in Pump Intakes of Realistic Geometry

This paper describes efforts toward developing a reliable numerical model to predict pump intake flow and associated vortices. Numerical prediction of these flows characterized by the formation of unsteady (meandering) intermittent vortices and presence of massive separation is very challenging. Successful prediction of these phenomena and their effects on the mean flow fields requires numerical methods and turbulence models that can accurately capture the dynamics of the main coherent structures in these flows. In the present work, large-eddy simulation (LES) in conjunction with an accurate nondissipative nonhydrostatic Navier-Stokes massively parallel solver is used to predict the flow and vortical structures in a pressurized pump intake of complex geometry. The LES model is validated using particle image velocimetry data recently collected on a laboratory model of a realistic geometry pump intake. To better put in perspective the predictive performance of the LES model, results from steady simulations employing the shear stress transport (SST) Reynolds-averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) model are presented and compared with LES. It is shown that even if SST can fairly successfully capture the mean velocity distribution and mean vortical structures in some regions, overall LES can more accurately predict the mean flow and turbulence statistics compared to the steady SST model.
Neuroelectric assessment of HIV : EEG, ERP, and viral load

The effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the central nervous system function were studied with electroencephalographic (EEG) and auditory event-related brain potentials (EPRs) in patients infected with HIV and unaffected young adult control subjects (n=10/group). All subjects were assessed once every 15 min for four trial blocks at the same time of day to assess EEG/ERP changes with time on task-induced fatigue. Spectral analysis was applied to the pre- and post-stimulus EEG segments. ERP values were evaluated with respect to group differences for component amplitude and latency measures. Spectral analysis demonstrated that HIV patients evinced greater pre-stimulus delta power over frontal areas compared to control subjects, and less post-stimulus spectral power for the delta, theta, and alpha bands over the central/parietal areas. P300 amplitude was smaller, and latency was marginally longer for the HIV patients compared to control subjects. P300 latency correlated positively with increases in the patient HIV viral load. Time-on-task generally did not affect EEG or ERP measures for either group other than contributing to an overall decrease in neuroelectric responsivity. Group spectral power effects were consistent with differences in arousal/fatigue level. P300 group differences were consistent with declines in cognitive capability, and P300 latency increased with increased viral load. HIV infection negatively affected central nervous system function as measured by EEG and cognitive ERPs in a manner that suggests decreased arousal and increased fatigue in HIV patients.
Lifetime, age, and rotation of coronal magnetic fields

The rotation of the solar electron corona is determined for intervals when nearly periodic variations dominated the polarization brightness record during 1964–1976. Coronal rotation rates derived for 765 intervals vary with height, latitude, and interval length. These rotation rates show a decrease of differential rotation with height and support earlier rotation studies which included much less stationary data. Analyses of the selected intervals and autocorrelation of the complete K-coronameter data set give quantitative estimates of the rotational effects of magnetic tracer age and lifetime. The principal effects detected are a relatively fast rotation of very long-lived tracers at high latitude and a relatively fast rotation of very short-lived tracers at low latitudes. The observations indicate that high-to-low latitude magnetic connections extending through the corona speed up rotation at high latitudes and retard it at low latitudes.
Mercury reduction and removal during high-level radioactive waste processing and vitrification

A reference process for immobilizing the high-level radioactive waste in borosilicate glass has been developed at the Savannah River Plant. This waste contains a substantial amount of mercury from separations processing. Because mercury will not remain in borosilicate glass at the processing temperature, mercury must be removed before vitrification or must be handled in the off-gas system. A process has been developed to remove mercury by reduction with formic acid prior to vitrification. Additional benefits of formic acid treatment include improved sludge handling and glass melter redox control.
Surface integrity of biodegradable Magnesium–Calcium orthopedic implant by burnishing

Abstract Magnesium–Calcium (MgCa) alloy as an emerging biodegradable implant material has received considerable attention in orthopedic fixation applications. The biodegradable MgCa alloys avoid stress shielding and secondary surgery inherent with permanent metallic implant materials. They also provide sufficient mechanical strength in load carrying applications as opposed to biopolymers. However, the key issue facing a biodegradable MgCa implant is the fast corrosion in the human body environment. The ability to adjust the degradation rate of MgCa alloys is critical in the successful development of biodegradable orthopedic materials. Burnishing as a low plastic deformation process is a promising technique to tune surface integrity of MgCa implant surface for biodegradation control. However, the poor ductility of MgCa alloys imposes a great challenge for burnishing. This study focuses on the basic understanding of surface mechanical behavior of burnished biodegradable MgCa0.8 (wt%) alloy. The effects of burnishing parameters, i.e., pressure, feed, speed, number of path, and burnishing pattern on surface integrity factors such as surface topography, roughness, microhardness, microstructure, and residual stresses are investigated. The burnished surfaces are shinier and smoother than the as-machined ones. The MgCa alloy can be safely burnished at suitable burnishing conditions since no cracks are produced at the surface and in the subsurface. The microstructure including grain size does not show a noticeable change after burnishing. The machined surfaces are harder than the burnished ones down to the deep subsurface (∼200 μm) as opposed to the shallow hardened depth (∼50 μm) in cutting. Residual stresses are highly compressive especially at low burnishing pressure.
Multicharged ion–surface measurements at ORNL MIRF using decelerated beams

Abstract Studies are reported of low energy multicharged ion–surface interactions carried out at the ORNL MIRF (Multicharged Ion Research Facility) utilitizing recently developed apparatus that implements a UHV floating scattering chamber. By means of a zoom lens at the entrance to the chamber, beams can be decelerated to interaction energies as low as a few eV per charge. After a description of the new apparatus and of some diagnostic measurements of the decelerated beams, we present initial measurements of backscattered projectile energy loss and charge state distributions of multicharged carbon, oxygen, and argon ions incident on Au(1 1 0), with energies down to a few 100 eV/ q , and incident angles ranging from normal to 70 ∘ from normal. These results were obtained utilizing a TOF system with a biasable drift tube for charge state analysis.
Segregation control in vertical Bridgman crystal growth

To help the crystal grow at a constant dopant concentration in vertical Bridgman crystal growth, the dopant concentration of the growth melt, i.e. the melt from which the crystal grows, was kept constant. To achieve this, three different methods were used to replenish the growth melt at a controlled rate and suppress dopant diffusion between the growth melt and the replenishing melt. In method one, a replenishing crucible having a long melt passageway was immersed in the growth melt. In method two, a replenishing crucible having an independent feed-rate control mechanism was held above the growth melt. In method three, a submerged diffusion baffle was used to form a long melt passageway between the growth melt and the replenishing melt. NaNO3 was used as a model material for crystal growth. Single crystals were grown by these three methods with effective segregation control. Method two was applied to InSb and single crystals were also grown with effective segregation control.
Youth and Parental Attitudes Toward Fighting

Certain parenting behaviors have been linked with youth aggression and violence, but less is known about whether parents' attitudes toward fighting are a risk factor for children's aggressive behavior problems and future injury risk. Social cognitive theory suggests that parents' beliefs about fighting and retaliation may influence their children's attitudes toward fighting and aggression. The authors examined the associations among parental and youth attitudes toward fighting, parent-child relationships, and youth aggressive behavior in adolescents at great risk for future interpersonal violence. Data came from 72 parents and their adolescents (aged 12 to 17 years, 89% African American), who presented to an emergency department for youth's assault-related injuries. Analyses revealed an association between parents' and youth's attitudes toward fighting. Youth's and parents' attitudes were positively correlated with aggressive behavior, fighting, and school suspension. Parents' attitudes predicted youth's aggressive behavior, even after controlling for youth's attitudes. The findings suggest that interventions for high-risk youth should target the fighting-related attitudes of both parents and youth.
Electrophysiology of the auditory system

This review has attempted to summarise the properties of electro physiological responses in the auditory system. The treatment was broad and consequently somewhat sketchy. For a more detailed recent treatment of the physiology of the auditory system the reader is referred to Pickles (1982), Moller (1983), or Altschuller et al (1986). The data on acoustic injury have been reviewed recently by Schmiedt (1984). Discussions of a number of topics such as development, hair cell function and speech encoding are found in Berlin (1984).
Electrode processes in the oxidation of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of the alkaloid laudanosine (Ia) to O-methylflavinantine (II) has been studied in acetonitrile solvent. Using cyclic voltammetry, rotating disc voltammetry and preparative electrolyses on several alkaloids, simple aliphatic amines and aromatic compounds, some aspects of the mechanism of this coupling reaction are elucidated. The first anodic wave for laudanosine at platinum has E p =0.55 V vs. Ag/Ag + . The electrode rapidly becomes partially passivated at potentials above 0.5 V. This is due to a film which “dissolves” below 0.5 V, at a rate independent of the potential. It is shown that the reaction (Ia)→(II) proceeds at 0.5 V by initial oxidation of the amine moiety. If acids such as sodium bicarbonate are added to the anolyte the amine is protonated causing the first wave to disappear. Oxidation at 1.1 V under these acidic conditions produces the same product, but more rapidly and in significantly higher yield because electrode filming and side reactions resulting from the amine oxidation are abrogated.