cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation across amphibian species in the size of the nuclear genome supports a pluralistic, hierarchical approach to the C-value enigma

Amphibians have featured prominently in discussions of the C-value enigma, the still-unresolved puzzle regarding the evolution of genome size. Their wide range in nuclear DNA contents and diverse ecological and developmental lifestyles make them excellent subjects for addressing the key elements of the C-value enigma. However, in some cases the importance of work on amphibians appears to be overstated. This is especially true of claims that patterns of variation in salamanders support a particular theory of genome size evolution to the exclusion of others. This study provides a critical re-examination of some of these claims, as well as an investigation of the relationships between genome size, cell and nuclear size, and metabolism in amphibians. The results of these analyses, combined with an overview of previous amphibian genome size literature, strongly indicate the need for a pluralistic approach to the C-value enigma. In particular, it must be recognized that evolutionary forces operating and interacting at several levels of biological organization (of which the genome itself is one) are responsible for the observed patterns in amphibian genome size distributions. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 79, 329–339.
Fast Escape Analysis and Stack Allocation for Object-Based Programs

A fast and scalable interprocedural escape analysis algorithm is presented.T he analysis computes a description of a subset of created objects whose lifetime is bounded by the lifetime of a runtime stack frame.T he analysis results can be used for many purposes, including stack allocation of objects, thread synchronization elimination, dead-store removal, code motion, and iterator reduction. A method to use the analysis results for transforming a program to allocate some objects on the runtime stack is also presented.F or non-trivial programs, typically 10%-20% of all allocated objects are placed on the runtime stack after the transformation.
Interaction between Smad 3 and Dishevelled in murine embryonic craniofacial mesenchymal cells.

Structured Abstract Authors – Warner DR, Greene RM, Pisano MM Objectives – To determine the in vivo interaction between Smad 3 and Dishevelled-1. Design – Cell culture transfection followed by immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies. Setting and Sample Population – The Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville. Experimental Variable – Overexpression of myc-Smad 3. Outcome Measure – Western blotting of anti-Dishevelled immunoprecipitates for Smad 3. Results – Smad 3 and Dishevelled isoforms-1, -2, and -3 all bind Smad 3 in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays and Smad 3 binds to Dishevelled-1 in vivo. Stimulation of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway leads to increased binding of Smad 3 and Dishevelled-1 in vivo. Conclusion – Smad 3 binds all three known isoforms of Dishevelled and binds Dishevelled 1 in vivo. TGFβ signaling modulates the interaction between Smad 3 and Dishevelled-1.
The FASTBUS Standard - A Review of the Current Status

The new FASTBUS standard is nearing finalization, and a prototype test program has been underway for the past 18 months. This paper reviews the objectives, current status and future directions of the FASTBUS standard.
Hemoglobins, Haptoglobins, and Transferrins in Man*

lapped. The distribution of genes within a population, and the differences in the frequency of their alleles which characterize one population and distinguish it from another, need not be considered trivial if selection plays a part in determining them. A search for additional loci as aids in classification may be sterile and boring; but a quest for the sources of human variation and the analysis of the interactions of genetic and ecological factors stimulates continuing interest. Recently accumulated evidence indicates that some, and perhaps most, aspects of polymorphism in man are adaptive and that cultural factors are commonly involved in the process of adaptation. By their joint efforts cultural and physical anthropologists are in a position to contribute to a deeper understanding of those factors which have made us what we are today. Such collaboration is dependent upon the degree of communication established between scholars in these two facets of anthropology. The student of human biology needs to hear frequently about recent advances in the analysis of culture, and especially of cultural practices which affect the genetic structure or phenotypic appearance of different populations. In return, new developments in human biology should be brought to the attention of anthropologists in general. Significant among such advances is the understanding of the structure, function, and inheritance of various protein fractions of the blood. A number of these are inherited in simple Mendelian manner and thus lend themselves readily to genetic analysis. As they occur in varying frequencies among different human populations, they can, like the blood types, suggest the degree of ancestral relationships between them. Like the blood types, too, their variety demonstrates the widespread extent and probable utility of balanced polymorphism in the human species. In 1949 when Neel established the genetic mechanism for sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia and Pauling et al. (1949) demonstrated the electrophoretic difference between normal and sickle cell hemoglobin, doors were opened to unique research opportunities in genetics, biophysics, biochemistry, medicine, and anthropology. The past dozen years have witnessed vast strides in the understanding of the structure of the hemoglobin molecule, the strategy of the gene in producing its end product in the individual, and the ebb and flow of genes in the course of human history.
Robot hands and the mechanics of manipulation (T. Mason and J.K. Salisbury, Jr. (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T., 1985) [Book Reviews]

The book must be considered, in the opinion of this reviewer, to be an advanced text in robotics. It requires the reader to have at least one of the following four backgrounds: 1) a certain amount of maturity in the subject material; 2) practical experience in robotics; 3) thorough knowledge in the subject of mechanics; or 4) very high levels of motivation. As stated above, it has the right balance of abstraction and practice and should appeal to a large spectrum of readers. Several realistic design assumptions, i.e., negligible inertial and Coriolis forces in comparison with contact and friction forces, small velocities, and no impact, have substantially simplified the analysis, dynamics, and control issues. This emphasis on quasi-static analysis is implied in the first section of the book and succinctly stated in the second section. In summary, this book is a well-written and comprehensive expose of the state of the art in quasi-static robotics applied to the analysis and design of manipulators and hands. As the authors state, there are numerous challenging problems that remain. More precise modeling of interaction of solid objects, where velocities and accelerations are not neglected, control of the nature of the forces of contact, purely nonholonomic constraints, redundancies in sensors, inputs, and states, design with unisense actuators, and a plethora of nonlinear estimation and identification problems are just a few that come to mind.
The Two-Tranche Method of Estimating CDO Recovery Rates

Similarly rated tranches are not created equal. Among other things, some tranches have better recovery potential than others. Investors who rely on rating agency look-up tables to estimate recovery rates for structured credit products may over-or underestimate recovery values. This is particularly true for managers of CDO-Squared or ABS CDO transactions. We propose the Two Tranche Method (TTM) as a way for investors to quickly estimate CDO tranche recovery rates.
Effect of various inorganic phosphorus compounds on oxidative phosphorylation.

Abstract Among 13 phosphorus compounds tested as possible inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, only one, thiophosphate, could be considered as a true uncoupling agent, increasing oxygen consumption and inhibiting phosphate esterification. Pyrophosphate, triphosphate, diimidotriphosphate, and boron phosphate inhibited phosphate esterification, and to a lesser extent oxygen consumption. Isohypophosphate and diphosphate were found to be weakly inhibitory, while pyrophosphite, trimetaphosphimate, and sodium phosphate glasses of varying chain length were virtually inert. With the exception of triphosphate, none of the inhibitors produced significant inhibition of hexokinase at concentrations which interfered with phosphate esterification. Doubling the magnesium concentration partially reversed the inhibition caused by triphosphate, but not that caused by pyrophosphate.
Convenient synthesis of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, a natural antibiotic involved in the control of take-all disease of wheat.

2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) is an antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. It is a major determinant in the biological control of several plant diseases. DAPG is produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens both in vitro and in the rhizosphere of wheat. It is involved in the natural suppression of take-all disease known as take-all decline, which develops in soils following extended monoculture of wheat or barley. A one-step synthesis of DAPG from the commercially available 2-acetylphloroglucinol is described. This reaction involves the direct alkylation of 2-acetylphloroglucinol using acetic anhydride as the acetylation reagent, with boron trifluoride−etherate as the catalyst. This synthesis is simple and produces higher yields of DAPG (90%) as compared with previously described procedures. As ecological concerns are gaining equal status with agricultural concerns, the demand for natural biocontrol measures is increasing. There is tremendous pressure from society on agricultur...
Novel Proteins That Interact with the COOH-terminal Cytosolic Routing Determinants of an Integral Membrane Peptide-processing Enzyme

The steady state distribution of membrane forms of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) in the secretory pathway of neurons and endocrine cells depends on signals in its cytosolic COOH-terminal domain (CD). Mutagenesis studies yielded catalytically active PAM proteins that are not properly localized or internalized. Employing the yeast two-hybrid system, we isolated two distinct cDNAs whose protein products showed a strong interaction with the CD of PAM. The interaction of these novel PAM COOH-terminal interactor proteins (P-CIPs) did not occur with a misrouted CD mutant as bait in the yeast system. Both proteins, P-CIP2 and P-CIP10, were expressed as fusion proteins that interacted in vitro with solubilized integral membrane PAM. P-CIP2 was homologous to several serine/threonine and dual specificity protein kinases, while P-CIP10 contained spectrin-like repeats. Endogenous P-CIP2 was localized to the Golgi region of AtT-20 corticotrope tumor cells, and expression of integral membrane PAM disrupted the distribution of endogenous P-CIP2. Both P-CIP2 and P-CIP10 mRNAs were found to be expressed in rat brain neurons also expressing PAM proteins. P-CIP2 and P-CIP10 may be members of a family of cytosolic proteins involved in the routing of membrane proteins that function in the regulated secretory pathway.
Development and Application of Foamers to Enhance Crude Oil Production

INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST. Development and Application of Foamers to Enhance Oil and Gas Production
Application of the CVBEM to multiply connected regions

Abstract The complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) is extended to solving boundary value problems of the Laplace equation over two-dimensional multiply connected regions. Using the principal value of the Cauchy integral, linear trial functions are used to represent both the known and unknown values of the underlying analytic function. The CVBEM is then applied to developing streamlines within a river that flows past bridge piers. The purpose of the CVBEM analysis is to design the bridge pier alignment so as to minimize the disturbance to the flow field within the river.
Bright White Scattering from Protein Spheres in Color Changing, Flexible Cuttlefish Skin

Throughout nature, elegant biophotonic structures have evolved into sophisticated arrangements of pigments and structural reflectors that manipulate light in the skin, cuticles, feathers and fur of animals. Not many spherical biophotonic structures are known and those described are often angle dependent or spectrally tuned. White light scattering by the flexible skin of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is examined and how the unique structure and composition of leucophore cells serve as physiologically passive reflectors approximating the optical properties of a broadband Lambertian surface is investigated. Leucophores are cells that contain thousands of spherical microparticles called leucosomes that consist of sulfated glycoproteins or proteoglycans and reflectin. A leucophore containing ≈12 000 leucosome microspheres is characterized three-dimensionally by electron microscopy and the average refractive index of individual leucosomes is measured by holographic microscopy to be 1.51 ± 0.02. Modeling of the ultrastructural data and spectral measurements with Lorenz-Mie theory and Monte Carlo simulations suggest that leucophore whiteness is produced by incoherent scattering based upon a randomly ordered system. These soft, compliant, glycosylated proteinacious spheres may provide a template for bio-inspired approaches to efficient light scattering in materials science and optical engineering.
Vanadate-induced Expression of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor through Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway and Reactive Oxygen Species

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor composed of HIF-1α and HIF-1β/aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator subunits. HIF-1 expression is induced by hypoxia, growth factors, and activation of oncogenes. In response to hypoxia, HIF-1 activates the expression of many genes including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin. HIF-1 and VEGF play an important role in angiogenesis and tumor progression. Vanadate is widely used in industry, and is a potent inducer of tumors in humans and animals. In this study, we demonstrate that vanadate induces HIF-1 activity through the expression of HIF-1α but not HIF-1β subunit, and increases VEGF expression in DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells. We also studied the signaling pathway involved in vanadate-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression and found that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling was required for HIF-1 and VEGF expression induced by vanadate, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was not required. We also found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in vanadate-induced expression of HIF-1 and VEGF in DU145 cells. The major species of ROS responsible for the induction of HIF-1 and VEGF expression was H2O2. These results suggest that the expression of HIF-1 and VEGF induced by vanadate through PI3K/Akt may be an important signaling pathway in the vanadate-induced carcinogenesis, and ROS may play an important role.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of 11 new breast cancer cell lines

We describe a survey of genetic changes by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in 11 human breast cancer cell lines recently established in our laboratory. The most common gains took place at 8q (73%), 1q (64%), 7q (64%), 3q (45%) and 7p (45%), whereas losses were most frequent at Xp (54%), 8p (45%), 18q (45%) and Xq (45%). Many of the cell lines displayed prominent, localized DNA amplifications by CGH. One-third of these loci affected breast cancer oncogenes, whose amplifications were validated with specific probes: 17q12 (two cell lines with ERBB2 amplifications), 11q13 (two with cyclin-D1), 8p11–p12 (two with FGFR1) and 10q25 (one with FGFR2). Gains and amplifications affecting 8q were the most common genetic alterations in these cell lines with the minimal, common region of involvement at 8q22–q23. No high-level MYC (at 8q24) amplifications were found in any of the cell lines. Two-thirds of the amplification sites took place at loci not associated with established oncogenes, such as 1q41–q43, 7q21–q22, 7q31, 8q23, 9p21–p23, 11p12–p14, 15q12–q14, 16q13–q21, 17q23, 20p11–p12 and 20q13. Several of these locations have not been previously reported and may harbour important genes whose amplification is selected for during cancer development. In summary, this set of breast cancer cell lines displaying prominent DNA amplifications should facilitate discovery and functional analysis of genes and signal transduction pathways contributing to breast cancer development. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
Phytotoxic Sulfide More Important than Nutrients for Plants Within a Groundwater-Fed Wetland

Plant diversity in groundwater-fed wetland ecosystems is typically extraordinarily high, yet the biogeochemical controls of this diversity are still incompletely understood. We hypothesized that fine-scale variation in sulfide would influence plant community composition via direct phytotoxicity and indirect mediation of phosphorus release from iron, coupled with gradients in other chemicals such as calcium. We measured porewater chemistry and plant species composition at 400 locations within a calcareous rich fen in central New York State. Groundwater-derived calcium (Ca2+) and sulfate and redox-sensitive sulfide and ferrous iron (Fe2+) showed high heterogeneity. Phosphorus availability was limited and not readily traceable to toxic sulfide, whereas nitrogen (TDN) was more abundant than expected. Using the corrected Akaike information criterion to select between competing models of toxic, nutrient, and mixed-chemistry influences on vegetation, we found that hydrogen sulfide explained decreases in total plant cover, cover of the three most frequently occurring species, dicot species density, plant height, and litter accumulation. Furthermore, sulfide coupled with calcium and phosphorus to explain plant species density and composition. Sulfide was more likely to explain decreased cover of dominant species than rare species. The presence and cover of uncommon species was often unexpectedly explained best by Fe2+ and sulfate, but all models of plant responses with environmental predictor variables were better than the “null” model of mean plant response that lacked environmental variables. An integrated geochemical assessment of coupled groundwater chemistry, redox-sensitive chemistry, and nutrient influences on plants demonstrated the importance of phytotoxic sulfide in explaining plant species density and composition.
Emerging from distrust: a review of strategies and principles for action

It is no longer controversial to observe the decline in trust in political institutions, political actors and in others more generally. Yet, trust still seems central to democratic political stability and efficiency. If distrust is on the rise – and it certainly appears that it is – we therefore have good reasons to worry about the quality of our democracies. This essay begins by evaluating the relationship between trust and distrust (since they are not, strictly speaking, opposites), as well as the causes and consequences of widespread distrust. Its main contribution is a critical evaluation of proposed methods to curb distrust and build trust. Research into developing these methods, and in articulating the principles that underpin them, is still in its infancy, and it is clear that there is no agreement with respect to the best approaches to trust‐building in environments characterized by distrust. Yet, clear steps towards thinking through and developing effective methods and strategies are being taken,...
Archaeomonad (Chrysophyta) cysts: ecological and paleoecological significance.

Abstract Archaeomonads are chrysophyte cysts abundant in Weddell Sea sea ice, but they form in the water column in reponse to conditions that occur in areas where no sea ice is present. The association between archaeomonads and sea ice depends on a particular sequence of oceanographic conditions, beginning with lateral advection followed by vertical harvesting on rising ice crystals. Comparing fossil and modern distributions suggests archaeomonads underwent an ecological transition or expansion in the Early Tertiary Period, from sediment underlying anoxic waters to sediments underlying sea ice.
Photopolymerized hydrogel materials for drug delivery applications

Abstract A novel photopolymerized hydrogel material has been developed for use as a drug delivery vehicle for bioactive materials. The hydrogel precursor consists of polyethylene glycol copolymerized with an α-hydroxy acid and with acrylate termini at each end. The precursor is water-soluble and non-toxic. The precursor polymerization conditions are very mild, and polymerization can be carried out in direct contact with cells and tissues. The degradation rate and permeability of the hydrogel can be altered by changing the composition of the precursors, allowing use of this class of materials for a variety of applications. In vitro release of proteins and oligonucleotides is reported.
Limiting trust in the storage stack

We propose a framework for examining trust in the storage stack based on different levels of trustworthiness present across different channels of information flow. We focus on corruption in one of the channels, the data channel and as a case study, we apply type-aware corruption techniques to examine Windows NTFS behavior when on-disk pointers are corrupted. We find that NTFS does not verify on-disk pointers thoroughly before using them and that even established error handling techniques like replication are often used ineffectively. Our study indicates the need to more carefully examine how trust is managed within modern file systems.
An on-Line Monitor for Alpha-Emitting Aerosols

An extremely sensitive on-line monitor for alpha-emitting aerosols has been developed. The monitor incorporates discrimination against background radon and thoron daughter product activity which is based on two factors. Firstly, the background activity is associated with small-sized dust particles, while the aerosol to be monitored has most of its activity associated with large-sized particles. Secondly, the alpha-particle energies from the two sources are different. The monitor utilizes virtual impactors to concentrate the largesized particles into a reduced flow. This size-selected sample is then collected on a filter which is viewed by a detector. The monitor is capable of detecting less than one maximum permissible airborne concentration, MPCa, of these hazardous aerosols in less than one-half hour.
Real-time monitoring and evaluation of energy efficiency and thermal management of data centers

Abstract The rapid growth of IT industry and the miniaturization of semiconductors have resulted in substantial increase in energy consumption, power density of IT equipment and, subsequently, heat dissipated from data center racks. Metrics have been proposed to overcome these energy efficiency and thermal management challenges. Measuring the performance of the data centers using a combination of wisely chosen metrics can increase the opportunity for considerable energy reduction. A variety of metrics developed and applied for such evaluation are reviewed herein. The energy and cooling efficiency of a small data center is then evaluated by applying several metrics. To perform the analysis, real-time monitoring of 25 parameters over a period of six weeks was performed through design and implementation of a wireless monitoring network. The results are analyzed and current energy efficiency and thermal management issues are discussed with respect to the relative effectiveness of the various metrics.
Scent marking and mate choice in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster

Abstract Scent marking is common among male and female rodents and might be used in male–male competition and as a mechanism for mate attraction. I tested the hypotheses that females would choose males based on their frequency and placement of scent marks, and that a female would advertise interest in a particular male by placing her scent marks on or near those of a preferred mating partner. In a series of experiments conducted with prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster, females did not choose mates based on the frequency or placement of scent marks by males nor did they advertise their interest in a particular male through the frequency or placement of scent marks. The number of males chosen that scent-marked more than their opponents did not differ significantly between females exposed (11 of 15) and not exposed (10 of 15) to scents of males. Females exposed and not exposed to scents of males preferred seven of the same males that had scent-marked more than their opponents. When a third group of females was exposed to four times more scent of the less preferred than preferred males, they still chose the preferred males. Thus, the frequency and placement of scent marks by males were not used to assess males for mate choice nor did female prairie voles use scent to advertise their preference for a mating partner. In that scent marking is common in male and female mammals, scent quality might be more important than quantity in male–male competition and mate attraction.Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy in the porcine model

Our aim was to assess the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy in an animate model. After developing the technique in acute animal experiments, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed in five young domestic pigs. Five trocars were used (2–10 mm, 2–12 mm, 1–11 mm) for video laparoscopic access to the peritoneal cavity. The operations were performed without complication in 62-95 min (mean±SEM, 77±7 min). Each animal tolerated oral feedings on the first postoperative day and subsequently gained 6–11 kg (10±2 kg) in the 4-7-week interval prior to sacrifice. Although there was a significant increase in serum amylase on the first postoperative day, this was associated with a comparable increase in hematocrit, possibly representing hemoconcentration. The weight of the laparoscopically resected pancreatic segment ranged from 16 to 36 g (19±2 g) while that of the pancreatic head at sacrifice was 13-29 g (21±3 g). At the time of sacrifice, there were few intraabdominal adhesions and no evidence of fluid collection or pancreatitis. The staple line across the body of the pancreas was grossly intact in all animals. We conclude that laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy in the porcine model is feasible and safe. It may therefore be possible to perform laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy in humans.
Gestational choline supplementation normalized fetal alcohol-induced alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in β-endorphin-producing POMC neurons of the hypothalamus.

Background Prenatal exposure to ethanol reduces the expression of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene, known to control various physiological functions including the organismal stress response. In this study, we determined whether the changes in POMC neuronal functions are associated with altered expressions of histone-modifying and DNA-methylating enzymes in POMC-producing neurons, since these enzymes are known to be involved in regulation of gene expression. In addition, we tested whether gestational choline supplementation prevents the adverse effects of ethanol on these neurons.
Contrasting rules for synaptogenesis, modification of existing synapses, and synaptic removal as a function of neuronal computation

Abstract There are three easily distinguishable forms of synaptic plasticity: synaptogenesis, modification of existing synapses, and synapse removal. For any particular synaptic class, only a compatible set of plasticity rules makes sense for these three distinguishable forms. Here we point out two such compatible sets, one for each of two classes of excitatory synapses. In both cases, synaptogenesis is local and anti-correlational, while modification of existing synapses encodes mostly positive correlations as adjusted by a particular negative correlation. Connections that offer little or nothing to the local, postsynaptic information processing is an inefficiency and leads to synapse removal.
Crumbs, a Component of the Apical Membrane, Is Required for Zonula Adherens Formation in Primary Epithelia ofDrosophila

The zonula adherens (ZA) is a cell–cell adherens junction that forms a belt in the apical most region of the lateral cell surface of many epithelia. It is composed of the cadherin–catenin complex and many associated proteins and is connected to a prominent belt of microfilaments. The ZA is believed to play an important role in the differentiation and behavior of epithelial tissues and thus contributes substantially to embryonic morphogenesis. InDrosophilaembryos the ZA is formed during and shortly after gastrulation from adherens junction material that appears on the cell surface during cellularization. A ZA is present in a subset of epithelia in theDrosophilaembryo called primary epithelia. A second specific marker for primary epithelia is the Crumbs protein, which in concert with the gene product ofstardustis required to maintain epithelial polarity. This report shows that both genes are required for the reorganization of adherens junction material into the ZA. Using immunoelectron microscopy it is shown that Crumbs is not a component of the ZA but is distributed over the entire apical cell surface and concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the ZA. These results indicate a rather direct requirement of an apical activity for the organization of the lateral membrane domain inDrosophilaprimary epithelia. It is proposed that the marginal zone of the apical cell surface contains acrumbs- andstardust-dependent retention mechanism for adherens junction material that aids in the formation of the ZA.
Creatine kinase isoenzyme associated with synaptosomal membrane and synaptic vesicles

Abstract Brain creatine kinase is principally of soluble cytoplasmic origin (anodal electrophoretic mobility). However, synaptosomal membranes and synaptic vesicles are enriched in an isoenzyme electrophoretically similar to muscle type creatine kinase (cathodal electrophoretic mobility), but which can be distinguished from muscle type by other means.
Comparison of various weed control programs for potatoes

All weed control programs resulted in satisfactory weed control. Costs of controlling weeds ranged from $10 to $93/ha. Cultivation alone was the cheapest method of controlling weeds. Controlling weeds by using herbicides alone with no cultivation resulted in the highest weed control costs but tended to give the best weed control at harvest. Herbicides saved one to two cultivations. EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) gave slightly better control of green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] and slightly poorer control of broadleaf weeds than trifluralin (α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Cultivation helped control weeds but had no other apparent beneficial or adverse effect on potatoes. The correlation coefficient between total tuber yield and dry weight of weeds was −0.97 at Grand Forks, North Dakota and −0.85 at Casselton, North Dakota.
Operational military helicopter interior noise and vibration measurements with comparisons to ride quality criteria

Balka (1981) has identified the attainment of a 'jet-smooth' ride as a primary goal of the helicopter industry for commercial and certain military helicopters. It was noted that criteria accounting for both multiple axis vibration and interior noise are needed. The present investigation has the objective to present a vibration and interior noise data base in a format suitable for direct evaluation of aircraft ride quality. The investigation is also concerned with an assessment of the measured environment against available criteria as an indication of the state-of-the-art for current machines. Interior noise and vibration measurements were obtained on eight military helicopters during routine operational flights. The data are presented in the form of a number of parameters.
A Model of the London Coal Trade in the Eighteenth Century

Newcastle coal was the primary source of fuel for London by the eighteenth century. Two major characteristics of the trade were periodic attempts at cartelization by producers and the existence of a substantial per unit tax on the commodity. In order to measure the relative quantitative impact of market structure and tax policy, a linear supply and demand model is estimated using two-stage least squares. The major arguments of the paper are the cartels were ineffective in restricting supply, that the tax on coal raised its price significantly, and that final consumers bore the greatest share of the tax burden. To the extent that the high price of energy discouraged industrial location and residential migration into the london area, it may have hampered the growth of the city at a critical time. 16 references, 3 tables.
Heterovalent selectivity and the combinatorial advantage.

Libraries of monovalent compounds can be reacted with each other to give libraries of bivalent ones. If those reactions are efficient, and if the products do not need to be purified, large numbers of bivalent compounds can be produced rapidly, and one might say there is a “combinatorial advantage” to doing so. However, selective formation of heterobivalent products must be possible otherwise statistical mixtures will form. This tutorial review describes methods that will give heterobivalent compounds almost exclusively. Although there are relatively few methods that will give that desired selectivity, such methods are becoming increasingly important as the potential applications of bi- and multivalent compounds emerge.
Vertex similarity in networks

We consider methods for quantifying the similarity of vertices in networks. We propose a measure of similarity based on the concept that two vertices are similar if their immediate neighbors in the network are themselves similar. This leads to a self-consistent matrix formulation of similarity that can be evaluated iteratively using only a knowledge of the adjacency matrix of the network. We test our similarity measure on computer-generated networks for which the expected results are known, and on a number of real-world networks.
Varenicline Dose Dependently Enhances Responding for Nonpharmacological Reinforcers and Attenuates the Reinforcement-Enhancing Effects of Nicotine

Introduction: Varenicline (VAR), a partial nicotinic agonist, is one of the most effective smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. The therapeutic efficacy of VAR could be partly the result of substituting for and/or blocking the reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine (NIC). We assessed the effects of VAR alone and in combination with NIC (0.4 mg/kg) while rats pressed the lever for a moderately reinforcing visual stimulus (VS).
Saddlepath solutions for multivariate linear rational expectations models

Abstract Linear rational expectations models which include `forward-looking' variables typically imply equations of motion with unstable roots. This paper derives a closed form expression for saddlepath restrictions which purge unstable roots from the model's reduced form. It also shows that, for the class of models considered, the reduced form may be written as a finite-order autoregression. An example is provided along with Monte Carlo experiments which demonstrate the gains in estimation accuracy which obtain when the results of this paper are used to concentrate the likelihood function of the model's parameters.
Sensitivity and localization enhancement in multinuclear in vivo NMR spectroscopy by outer volume presaturation.

Sampling of the entire brain tissue in 1H NMR metabolic studies is complicated by the presence of intense pericranial lipid and tissue water resonances, which can obscure metabolite resonances. This study extends the concept of localization by outer volume suppression (OVS) to achieve fully conformal in viuo localization, sampling at least 95% of rat brain with complete elimination of pericranial lipids. This has permitted acquisition of lipid-free short echo time (7.5 ms), high spatial resolution 2D spectroscopic images exhibiting high sensitivity and information content in relatively short measurement time (68 min). Incorporation of spatially tailored OVS into existing methods (e.g., DRESS, STEAM, PRESS) extends their localization efficiency and performance. Two single spin-echo localization sequences have been described that attain much shorter echo times or achieve better water suppression than PRESS. One of these sequences allows editing and relaxo-metric studies of J-coupled spins. The methods described are suitable for in vivo localization of most tissues and can be applied with any biologically important nucleus.
Carcinogenesis studies in rodents for evaluating risks associated with chemical carcinogens in aquatic food animals.

Abstract Fish and shellfish caught in polluted waters contain potentially dangerous amounts of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. Public concern was heightened when a large percentage of winter flounder taken from Boston Harbor was found to have visible cancer of the liver; winter flounder outside the estuary area had no liver lesions. Long-term chemical carcinogenesis studies could be easily and feasibly designed using laboratory rodents offered diets containing fish caught in polluted waters. Induced cancers in rodents would corroborate field observations in fish; positive results from these studies would provide further evidence about potential human health hazards from eating substantial amounts of chemically contaminated fish. Nonetheless, fish and aquatic organisms should be viewed as environmental biological monitors of pollution or of potential human health hazards, and authorities responsible for assuring clean and safe rivers, bodies of water, and biota should give more attention to these valid biological indicators or sentinels of environmental pollution. Consequently, fish and other sea creatures alone should serve as alarms regarding whether water areas constitute public health hazards.
Identification of a biologically active component in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein (MM-LDL) responsible for aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Although low concentrations (10 μg/ml) of oxidized LDL density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) and minimally modified LDL (MM-LDL) can stimulate the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells the biologically active component responsible for this phenomena has not been identified. Here we report that the 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-4-phosphocholine (m/e594.3) (POVPC) present in MM-LDL but not 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phophochline (m/e610.2)(PGPC) can stimulate the activity of UDP-galactose:glucosylceramide (β 1→4) galactosyltransferase (GalT-2) and produce lactosyceramide (LacCer). LacCer, in turn, generated superoxide radicals (O2 .−). This is accompanied by the phosphorylation/activation of a cytosolic transcriptional factor p44 MAPK and the subsequent proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells. D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP), an inhibitor of GalT-2, impaired the induction of GalT-2 activity, O2 .−generation, and cell proliferation. Thus POVPC may serve as a surrogate in MM-LDL mediated induction of aortic smooth muscle cells (A-SMC) proliferation via GalT-2 activation. The LacCer produced as a consequence of GalT-2 activation may serve as a lipid second messenger in the activation of an oxidant sensitive transcriptional pahtway that ultimately leads to cell proliferation and may contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Published in 2004.
Characterization of trace elements and ions in PM10 and PM2.5 emitted from animal confinement buildings

Abstract Chemical characterization of PM emanating from animal confinement buildings can provide essential information for receptor modeling-based PM source apportionment as well as health effects assessment. In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected from twelve swine (farrowing, gestation, weaning, and finishing) and six poultry (layer hen and tom turkey) confinement buildings in the U.S. Midwest and their inorganic composition, in terms of trace elements and ions, was investigated. A total of 23 species were identified and quantified, including Al, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn, Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and NH4+. The total mass fraction of identified species was typically less than 16%. NH4+ was detected in low contents (
A Unified Framework for Association Analysis with Multiple Related Phenotypes

We consider the problem of assessing associations between multiple related outcome variables, and a single explanatory variable of interest. This problem arises in many settings, including genetic association studies, where the explanatory variable is genotype at a genetic variant. We outline a framework for conducting this type of analysis, based on Bayesian model comparison and model averaging for multivariate regressions. This framework unifies several common approaches to this problem, and includes both standard univariate and standard multivariate association tests as special cases. The framework also unifies the problems of testing for associations and explaining associations – that is, identifying which outcome variables are associated with genotype. This provides an alternative to the usual, but conceptually unsatisfying, approach of resorting to univariate tests when explaining and interpreting significant multivariate findings. The method is computationally tractable genome-wide for modest numbers of phenotypes (e.g. 5–10), and can be applied to summary data, without access to raw genotype and phenotype data. We illustrate the methods on both simulated examples, and to a genome-wide association study of blood lipid traits where we identify 18 potential novel genetic associations that were not identified by univariate analyses of the same data.
A compact and quick-response dynamic focusing lens

Abstract A dynamic focusing lens with a completely new mechanism that can be miniaturized and allows for a quick-response has been developed. This lens is structured to directly transform the lens shape as a crystalline lens of the human eye. The lens is comprised of two thin glass diaphragms as a refracting surface, with a transparent working fluid sealed between them, and a new type of piezoelectric bimorph actuator. The displacement of the actuator is enlarged by the bimorph structure. The generated force is determined by the layer number of the bimorph cells. When the actuator is driven to push or pull the glass diaphragm at the actuator side, the other glass diaphragm is transformed into a lens shape (convex lens or concave lens) having various curvatures. The focal length of the lens is controlled by the applied voltage to the actuator. The dynamic focusing lens shows quick response up to 150 Hz. When the lens is operated over 60 Hz, human visual perception cannot recognize the change of the focal length, and we can observe many images having different focal lengths simultaneously.
COOLEY'S ANEMIA: TRANSFUSIONS REGIMEN AND IPON BALANCE

In Cooley's anemia, maintenance of a hemoglobin level≥9.5 g/dl prevents anoxia and suppresses endogenous erythropolesis. Eight patients have been maintained on this transfusion regimer, since initial diagnosis, for 3 to 13 years. The patients have maintained excellent health and have been able to live normal lives, including school sports. Hepato-splenomegaly has been contained to a modest level; hyperspienism has not developed. Cardiac size and function have been normal; however, echo-cardiography revealed increased left ventricular wall thickness in children older than 8 years, suggesting increased Fe depostion. All children have received test doses of I.M. Desferrioxamine-B 20 mg/Kg 15-16 times each year. The results indicate that in the youngest children, 20% of the transfused Fe, and in the oldest children, 50%, could be eliminated by dally I.M. Injections. Recently, the same dose of Desferrioxamine-B has been administered by intravenous or subcutaneous infusion overnight. By these routes, the excretion of Fe has increased fourfold in the youngest, and twice in 1he oldest children. Thus, children with Cooley's anemia may be kept in excellent health by this transfusion regimen, and the iror overload prevented by daily subcutaneous chelation therapy at home. This should result in increased longevity.
A Method for Constructing Streamlines for the Sun's Large Scale Flow from Doppler Velocities

We show that, if the large scale departures from the mean differential rotation, measured by Howard and Harvey, represent nearly horizontal flow, we may under certain assumptions deduce a pattern of streamlines for these motions from the doppler line of sight velocities. This can be done with data from a single day, without having to construct the total flow from different projections of the (assumed) same velocity vectors seen on different days. Mathematically the method involves integrating a single first order inhomogeneous partial differential equation along a set of characteristic curves which are circles concentric with the center of the solar disk.
The purification and assay of the prostatic antibacterial factor (PAF).

Abstract Human seminal plasma and canine prostatic fluid have a potent bactericidal effect. The compound responsible for the activity, the prostatic antibacterial factor (PAF), purified approximately 5000-fold by ion-exchange chromatography on a Dowex 50WX2 H + resin, is a heat stable, water soluble, low molecular weight cationic substance. About 90% of the organisms commonly responsible for human urinary tract infections are sensitive to this antibacterial agent. Preliminary results indicate that PAF may play an important role as a defense mechanism in humans. PAF activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of 34 human controls tested. In 6 patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis PAF activity was either absent or markedly reduced.