cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
C and C + in the Venusian thermosphere/ionosphere

[1] We have constructed standard low and high solar activity models of the Venus thermosphere, which take into account revised rate coefficients for production and loss processes for C and C+, high-resolution cross sections for photodissociation of CO, and recent solar fluxes from the Solar 2000 v1.24 and v2.22 models of Tobiska [2004]. Among the most important changes is the inclusion of the branching ratio for the channel of dissociative recombination of CO2+ that produces C + O2, which has been measured recently by Seiersen et al. [2003]. We find that unlike Mars, where the production of C is dominated by dissociative recombination of CO2+, photodissociation of CO is the most important source of C in the Venus thermosphere, as previous models have shown. The loss of C is dominated by reaction with O2 for molecular oxygen mixing ratios greater than 1 × 10−4. We also construct here a model that is appropriate to the first year of the Pioneer Venus mission, when the solar activity was moderately high. We vary the O2 mixing ratio at 90 km from 1 × 10−4 to 1 × 10−2, and we predict the resulting C density profiles. By comparing these profiles to that derived from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer limb profiles of the 1561 and 1657 A resonance lines, we derive a “best fit” value of the O2 abundance, which is determined to be slightly larger than 3 × 10−4. We construct model density profiles of C+ for four values of the the rate coefficient for the charge transfer reaction O+ + C → C+ + O from 1 × 10−11 to 3 × 10−10 cm3 s−1. We then compare the moderately high solar activity model C+ profiles for a solar zenith angle of 25° to that obtained by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer for orbit 200, for which the value of F10.7 ∼ 200. We find that the “best fit” rate coefficient for the charge transfer reaction is in the range (0.9–1.3) × 10−10 cm3 s−1.
Fine structure and staining of mucosubstances on "intercalated cells" from the rat distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

A second and previously unrecognized cell type which is identical to the intercalated cells of the collecting duct exists in the rat distal convoluted tubule. These cells are distinctly different from the principal cells which have long been recognized with light and electron microscopy. The intercalated cells have numerous irregular apical microvilli, a high concentration of nearly round mitochondria located in the apical cytoplasm, and a basal nucleus. A variety of coated and uncoated vesicles in the apical cytoplasm were identified by electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic surface of the apical plasmalemma also was studded with club-shaped densities. Light and electron microscopic histochemical techniques for acid mucosubstances were carried out on tissue prepared by rapid freezing techniques or intravascular perfusion fixation. The luminal surfaces of the cells from both the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct stained for acid mucosubstances. In some cases, the intercalated cells stained more intensely with this technique than the adjacent principal cells. The apical cytoplasm of the intercalated cells was also more PAS positive than that of the principal cells.
Exposure to young induces postpartum-like fighting in virgin female mice.

Abstract The study was designed to determine whether stimulation derived by adult virgin female mice from 1-day old pups is capable of inducing aggressive behavior similar to that displayed by lactating mice. The first experiment showed that virgins maintained continuously in the presence of pups attacked an adult male mouse intruder. It also was demonstrated that this fighting was not displayed when testing occurred 3 hr following removal of the foster young. Fighting was reinstated when the animals were re-tested 30 min following the reintroduction of the young. A final experiment showed that, in contrast to the virgin females maintained with young that did not fight, virgins that fought were rated as evidencing a significant amount of nipple development. It was concluded that nipple stimulation may be a significant condition for the production of fighting behavior in female mice.
Polyaniline is a random-dimer model: A new transport mechanism for conducting polymers.

We consider here a single randomly protonated strand of the conducting polymer polyaniline and show explicitly that the disorder inherent in this system is described by the random-dimer model of Dunlap, Wu, and Phillips [Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 88 (1990)] with off-diagonal disorder. We demonstrate exactly that the location in the energy band of the unscattered or conducting states of this model coincides with recent calculations of the location of the Fermi level in the protonated form of the polymer. We argue then that the random-dimer model is capable of explaining the insulator-metal transition in polyaniline.
The effect of niobium substitution on charge density wave anomalies in vanadium diselenide

Abstract Precise measurements of the static magnetic susceptibility have been made by the Faraday method over a range of temperature from 1.6 to 300 K on a series of niobium-substituted vanadium diselenides. The kink anomaly associated with onset of the charge density wave at 117 K in VSe2 is observed to move to higher temperatures as the niobium concentration is increased. In addition, plateaus appear in the susceptibility versus temperature curve below the onset temperature. It is suggested that the plateaus are due to stepwise destruction of the Fermi surface. A transition to the commensurate state is observed at about 75 K in pure VSe2; it is relatively insensitive to the doping level and is observed as an anomaly in the magnetic susceptibility even at a 10% doping level.
Lobectomy by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) versus thoracotomy for lung cancer

Background The optimal surgical technique for lobectomy in lung cancer is not well defined. Proponents of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) hypothesize that less trauma leads to quicker recovery, whereas those who advocate thoracotomy claim it as an oncologically superior procedure. However, a well-balanced comparison of the two procedures is lacking in the literature. Methods All patients who underwent lobectomy for clinical stage 1A lung cancer by computed tomographic and positron emission tomographic scan were identified from a prospective database. Patient characteristics were compared by the Student t test, Pearson χ 2 , and Fisher exact test. A propensity score–matched analysis was performed. Survival was assessed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards analysis. Complications were assessed by a multivariate logistic regression model evaluating age, sex, comorbidities, pulmonary function, tumor size, nodal status, surgeon, and histologic characteristics. Results From May 2002 to August 2007, 398 patients underwent an attempt at VATS lobectomy and 343 underwent thoracotomy. An “intent-to-treat” analysis was performed. There was 1 postoperative death in each group. Survival by Cox model was no different for VATS versus thoracotomy (hazard ratio 0.72; P = .12), whereas age (hazard ratio 1.03; P P P P = .06), whereas age (odds ratio 1.04; P P P Conclusions VATS lobectomy and thoracotomy demonstrated similar 5-year survivals. However, VATS lobectomy was associated with fewer complications and shorter length of hospital stay.
Technical Writing and Community Service

Many technical writing programs across the country have their students go out into the community and do writing projects for local businesses, campus organizations, government agencies, or nonprofit organizations. Few, however, take advantage of the increasingly popular pedagogy known as service learning. This article describes how to set up such service-learning courses and how to anticipate certain types of problems. Also discussed are some of the many benefits, both pedagogical and civic/humanitarian, that this truly real-world approach brings to the teaching of technical writing and, potentially, to the teaching of other forms of professional writing.
Reconstructing Convex Polygons in the Plane from One Directed X-Ray

Gardner [7] proved that with the exception of a simple class of nonparallel wedges, convex polygons in the plane are uniquely determined by one directed X-ray. This paper develops methods for reconstructing convex polygons in the plane from one directed X-ray. We show that nonsmooth points on the boundary of a convex body are located along rays where the derivative of the data have a jump discontinuity. Location of the nonsmooth points divides a convex polygon into a finite set of wedges. We prove uniqueness theorems and give algorithms for reconstructing nonparallel wedges from line integrals along four or more rays. Also, we characterize discrete data sets that are directed X-rays of both parallel and nonparallel wedges. Several examples of reconstructions are included.
Effect of Ethanol and Osmotic Stress on Receptor Conformation REDUCED WATER ACTIVITY AMPLIFIES THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON METARHODOPSIN II FORMATION

The combined effects of ethanol and osmolytes on both the extent of formation of metarhodopsin II (MII), which binds and activates transducin, and on acyl chain packing were examined in rod outer segment disc membranes. The ethanol-induced increase in MII formation was amplified by the addition of neutral osmolytes. This enhancement was linear with osmolality. At 360 milliosmolal, the osmolality of human plasma, 50 mM ethanol was 2.7 times more potent than at 0 osmolality, demonstrating the importance of water activity in in vitro experiments dealing with ethanol potency. Ethanol disordered acyl chain packing, and increasing osmolality enhanced this acyl chain disordering. Prior osmotic stress data showed a release of 35 +/- 2 water molecules upon MII formation. Ethanol increases this number to 49 water molecules, suggesting that ethanol replaces 15 additional water molecules upon MII formation. Amplification of ethanol effects on MII formation and acyl chain packing by osmolytes suggests that ethanol increases the equilibrium concentration of MII both by disordering acyl chain packing and by disrupting rhodopsin-water hydrogen bonds, demonstrating a direct effect of ethanol on rhodopsin. At physiologically relevant levels of osmolality and ethanol, about 90% of ethanol's effect is due to disordered acyl chain packing.
Relation between calcium intake and fat oxidation in adult humans

OBJECTIVE: To determine if total calcium (Ca2+) intake and intake of Ca2+ from dairy sources are related to whole-body fat oxidation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A total of 35 (21 m, 14 f) non-obese, healthy adults (mean±s.d., age: 31±6 y; weight: 71.2±12.3 kg; BMI: 23.7±2.9 kg m−2; body fat: 21.4±5.4%). MEASUREMENTS: Daily (24 h) energy expenditure (EE) and macronutrient oxidation using whole-room indirect calorimetry; habitual Ca2+ intake estimated from analysis of 4-day food records; acute Ca2+ intake estimated from measured food intake during a 24-h stay in a room calorimeter. RESULTS: Acute Ca2+ intake (mg· kcal−1) was positively correlated with fat oxidation over 24 h (r=0.38, P=0.03), during sleep (r=0.36, P=0.04), and during light physical activity (r=0.32, P=0.07). Acute Ca2+ intake was inversely correlated with 24-h respiratory quotient (RQ) (r=−0.36, P=0.04) and RQ during sleep (r=−0.31, P=0.07). After adjustment for fat mass, fat-free mass, energy balance, acute fat intake, and habitual fat intake, acute Ca2+ intake explained ∼10% of the variance in 24-h fat oxidation. Habitual Ca2+ intake was not significantly correlated to fat oxidation or RQ. Total Ca2+ intake and Ca2+ intake from dairy sources were similarly correlated with fat oxidation. In backwards stepwise models, total Ca2+ intake was a stronger predictor of 24 h fat oxidation than dairy Ca2+ intake. CONCLUSION: Higher acute Ca2+ intake is associated with higher rates of whole-body fat oxidation. These effects were apparent over 24 h, during sleep and, to a lesser extent, during light physical activity. Calcium intake from dairy sources was not a more important predictor of fat oxidation than total Ca2+ intake.
Mixture modeling approach to flow cytometry data.

Flow Cytometry has become a mainstay technique for measuring fluorescent and physical attributes of single cells in a suspended mixture. These data are reduced during analysis using a manual or semiautomated process of gating. Despite the need to gate data for traditional analyses, it is well recognized that analyst-to-analyst variability can impact the dataset. Moreover, cells of interest can be inadvertently excluded from the gate, and relationships between collected variables may go unappreciated because they were not included in the original analysis plan. A multivariate non-gating technique was developed and implemented that accomplished the same goal as traditional gating while eliminating many weaknesses. The procedure was validated against traditional gating for analysis of circulating B cells in normal donors (n = 20) and persons with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (n = 42). The method recapitulated relationships in the dataset while providing for an automated and objective assessment of the data. Flow cytometry analyses are amenable to automated analytical techniques that are not predicated on discrete operator-generated gates. Such alternative approaches can remove subjectivity in data analysis, improve efficiency and may ultimately enable construction of large bioinformatics data systems for more sophisticated approaches to hypothesis testing. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Foliage chemistry and the distribution of Lepidoptera larvae on broad-leaved trees in southern Ontario

This study addresses the influence of foliage chemistry on the distribution of Lepidoptera larvae across species of trees. I used ordination and analysis of principal coordinates to describe the partitioning of the larvae of 24 species of Lepidoptera over 23 species of host trees taking into account 13 chemical properties of the foliage. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) revealed two significant axes linking the two datasets. The first constrained axis (r 2 = 0.83) was associated with increasing amounts of soluble carbohydrates and decreasing amounts of hemicellulose, polyphenols, and potassium per cm2 leaf area. The second constrained axis (r 2 = 0.68) was associated with increasing amounts of soluble carbohydrates and decreasing magnesium. Variation in nitrogen and phosphorus, which are major factors in larval nutrition, were not associated with turnover of Lepidoptera species between species of host tree. Of the total variance in the positions of tree species on the first four constrained CAP axes, 44% was correlated with positions determined by foliage chemistry, 32% on the first two constrained axes. Within the space described by the first two canonical axes, congeneric species of tree clustered together, with the exception that Acer negundo was removed from other species of Acer, which grouped in a tight cluster with species in the order Fagales, as well as with Tilia and Ulmus. Alnus and Prunus also grouped together. No species of tree with a negative score on constrained axis 2 exhibited high Lepidoptera species richness, but the average number of individuals per collection tended to be high. These tree species also contain triterpenes in their leaves and harbored disproportionately more tent- and web-making species of Lepidoptera. These analyses show that patterns of distribution across host tree species within an assemblage of Lepidoptera species can be understood, at least in part, in terms of the qualities of the resources upon which they feed.
Effect of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty on Severely Stenotic Femoral Lesions In Vivo Demonstration by Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The angiogram of a 68-year-old woman with severe claudication (Rutherford clinical class 3) of the right leg revealed a chronic high-grade preocclusive stenosis of the distal superficial femoral artery, with multiple collateral vessels (Figure 1A). Post-percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) angiography demonstrated restoration of both lumen and antegrade flow (Figure 1B). Cross-sectional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging performed 24 hours after PTA at the level of the arterial occlusion (Figure 2) revealed severe disruption …
Liver injury in the elderly due to fluoroquinolones: Should these drugs be avoided?

See related research article by Paterson and colleagues on page [1565][1] and at [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.111823][2] A clinician may be faced with the question “What is the risk of drug-induced liver injury if I prescribe drug X compared with drug Y ?” In a related CMAJ article,
Influence of Patient Age and Co-Morbidity on Outcome of a Collaborative Care Pathway After Radical Prostatectomy and Cystoprostatectomy

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether standardized care patterns developed with a collaborative care methodology can be applied successfully across all patient groups with favorable effects on cost and quality.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed financial and clinical outcomes in 109 radical retropubic prostatectomy and 47 radical cystectomy cases. Patients older than 70 years and/or with an American Society of Anesthesiology status of 3 or greater were compared to younger, healthier patients undergoing these procedures.Results: Standardized care patterns resulted in favorable financial and clinical outcomes in high and low risk patient groups. The only apparent difference was an increased need for rehospitalization after discharge for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy with a high American Society of Anesthesiology status.Conclusions: Standardized care patterns developed with a collaborative care methodology provide a high quality, cost-efficient approach to medical care. This meth...
Conditional-Normal Regression Models

Abstract A relatively complete discussion is provided for the limiting distributions of certain sample correlation coefficients and sample correlation ratios. It is assumed for the random variables X and Y that the conditional distribution of Y, given X = x, is multivariate normal with a constant, but unknown, covariance matrix and that the distribution of X has finite fourth moments. The sample coefficients are then based on a random sample from the (X, Y)-distribution. For the case of a univariate random variable X the limit laws are shown to depend on the X-distribution only through its coefficient of excess. In other cases they are determined from the coefficients of excess of univariate distributions closely related to the distribution of X.
PREVALENCE OF ABUSE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN CHOOSING CERTIFIED NURSE‐MIDWIFE OR PHYSICIAN PROVIDERS

Despite the fact that violence against women is a widespread problem in the United States, many providers do not routinely screen for it, particularly if the woman is not from a lower socioeconomic group. This was a secondary analysis of survey data from 940 antenatal women in private CNM and MD practices. Median annual income was $40,000 to $49,000 and mean schooling completed was 15 years. It was found that 91 (9.7%) had a history of previous abuse and eight (0.9%) were currently in an abusive relationship. Women with a previous history of abuse were found in the CNM caseloads at higher than expected levels. Annual income was predictive of women currently being abused, but not for women with past history. Abused women had on average less education than nonabused, with the most marked difference seen in women reporting current abuse. These results provide further evidence that the problem of abuse is not restricted to women of lower socioeconomic status. The finding that women with history of abuse were more likely to appear in CNM caseloads adds further support to the need for routine screening.
Next-to-next-to-leading soft-gluon corrections for the top quark cross section and transverse momentum distribution

I present results for top quark production in hadronic collisions at LHC and Tevatron energies. The soft-gluon corrections to the differential cross section are resummed at nextto-next-to-leading-logarithm (NNLL) accuracy via the two-loop soft anomalous dimension matrices. Approximate next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) differential and total cross
Programmable optical pulse burst manipulation using a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) based Fourier transform pulse shaper

This paper presents the first application of the virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) in a Fourier transform pulse shaper for programmable manipulation of optical pulse bursts using a spatial light modulator (SLM). Due to the periodicity of the VIPA spectral dispersion function, a periodic spectral phase function is automatically generated from a single-period spatial phase function. Experimental results and theoretical simulations were compared with quadratic, cubic, and m-sequence mask patterns. The data demonstrate programmable manipulations of the pulse envelopes, in good agreement with the theory.
A general method for determining resonances in transformer windings

This paper presents a method for calculating terminal and internal impedance versus frequency for a lumped parameter model of a transformer. The transformer's total frequency response can be accurately determined from this impedance data directly, i.e., the terminal resonance and anti-resonance and internal amplification factor characteristic can be calculated for a single or three-phase transformer model. Since most equipment associated with power system operation can be accurately modeled with lumped parameter networks, this method also provides an accurate, straightforward method for determining the resonance characteristic of those systems. An additional significance of this method is that the accuracy of the calculation is limited only by the user's ability to represent the equipment or system. Heretofore, the accuracy of this calculation was limited by the simplifying assumptions required of the network model by each solution method. This paper presents the definitions and mathematical theory underlying the method. Two examples are presented in which comparisons are made between measured and calculated values for a helical air core coil and a 200 MVA single-phase autotransformer. The agreement is excellent.
Joint Doppler-Frequency Diversity for OFDM Systems Using Hybrid Interference Cancellation in Time-Varying Multipath Fading Channels

In time-varying fading channels, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems suffer severe performance degradation caused by interchannel interference (ICI). We utilize this ICI as a source of diversity by using a new ICI-cancellation algorithm and Wiener filter. The proposed algorithm can support joint Doppler-frequency diversity gain. In addition, both the computational complexity and total detection time are reduced.
Wide area placement of data replicas for fast and highly available data access

Recent years have seen rapid growth of online data storage and computing services at various locations around the world. In wide area applications, data can be replicated at multiple locations to serve users with lower latency and higher availability. This paper presents an approach that achieves both fast and highly available data access through periodic migration of data replicas. Such migration strives to maximize a user-defined objective function that incorporates data access delay and availability into a single utility value. To efficiently estimate data access delay and availability for any feasible replica placement, this approach maintains a small data structure that summarizes recent accesses to data replicas. This paper demonstrates, based on an evaluation study, the effectiveness of the developed technique and concludes with plans for future research.
Inpatient palliative care consultation: enhancing quality of care for surgical patients by collaboration

Hospital-based surgeons will likely encounter palliative care service colleagues more frequently, given the growth of approved fellowships and hospital palliative care programs. Surgeons may consult with palliative care colleagues to help patients and families manage pain and other symptoms, cope with the distress of acute and chronic illness, manage complex decisions at end-of-life, and negotiate through a critical illness (or combinations thereof). Inpatient palliative care consultation has been shown to improve quality of care, including quality of life and satisfaction of patients, families, and referring clinicians.
Bottom Topography as a Control Variable in an Ocean Model

The possibility of using topography in a state estimation context as a control parameter is explored in a linear barotropic shallow water model. Along with its adjoint, the model is used to systematically assess the influence of the depth field on the modeled circulation in a steady state. Sensitivity of the flow field to the topography is greater in a partially blocked zonal channel than in a subtropical gyre. Hypothetical surface elevations are used to represent the types of data actually available. In neither case can all the details of the topography be recovered, showing that the relationship between topography and elevation does not have a unique inverse, and that many details of the topography are irrelevant to the particular physics under consideration.
Exposure to soil contaminated with an environmental PCB/PCDD/PCDF mixture modulates ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis in the Crl:SKH1-hrBR hairless mouse.

Chlorinated aromatic contaminants are active in carcinogenic processes within the skin and may have the potential to modulate ultraviolet radiation (UV)-induced skin carcinogenesis. Exposure to a complex environmental PCB/PCDD/PCDF mixture (polychlorinated biphenyls/polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans) during the irradiation phase of photocarcinogenesis was associated with significant (P < or = 0.001) reductions in papilloma incidence and squamous cell carcinoma multiplicity at irradiated skin sites. This protective effect was associated with significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced chronic epidermal thickening in UV and contaminant-exposed mice compared with mice exposed to UV only. Contaminant exposure was also associated with increased UV absorbance of skin methanol extracts implying a sunscreen-like effect.
Scene image classification using a wigner-based Local Binary Patterns descriptor

This paper introduces a new local feature description method to categorize scene images. We encode local image information by exploring the pseudo-Wigner distribution of images and the Local Binary Patterns (LBP) technique and make four major contributions. In particular, we first define a multi-neighborhood LBP for small image blocks. Second, we combine the multi-neighborhood LBP with the pseudo-Wigner distribution of images for feature extraction. Third, we derive the innovative WLBP feature vector by utilizing the frequency domain smoothing, the bag-of-words model and spatial pyramid representations of an image. Finally, we perform extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed WLBP descriptor. Specifically, we test our descriptor for classification performance using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier on three fairly challenging publicly available image datasets, namely the UIUC Sports Event dataset, the Fifteen Scene Categories dataset and the MIT Scene dataset. Experimental results reveal that the proposed WLBP descriptor outperforms the traditional LBP technique and yields results better than some other popular image descriptors.
The Dissemination of International Liberal Norms: The Case of the ECHR and the UK

Abstract. The dominant theory of international liberal norm-dissemination argues that states will tend to move from rejection of international norms to internationalization through gradual, predictable stages. The presumption is that the mass public consistently presses the state (in partnership with international norm carriers) for greater liberalization. This theory is shown to have serious weaknesses when applied to mature democracies. A study of the UK's response to adverse rulings from the European Court of Human Rights indicates that policy elites respond differently depending on the norm, the security context and public opinion. Further, the public does not consistently advocate liberalization, but sometimes the reverse. Resume. Une theorie principale sur la propagation des normes liberales internationales avance que les Etats ne passent que graduellement du rejet des normes internationales a leur adoption, en passant par plusieurs etapes previsibles. Elles presument que le grand public (en conjonction avec les createurs des normes internationales) exerce des pressions continuelles sur les Etats pour plus de libertes civiques. En fait, cette theorie n'explique pas l'evolution des attitudes vis-a-vis les libertes civiques dans les democraties avancees. Une etude du Royaume-Uni, par exemple, demontre que, lorsque la Cour europeenne des droits de l'homme denonce une violation de la Convention, les elites politiques reagissent differemment en fonction de la norme en cause, des questions de securite et de l'opinion publique. En outre, le public n'est pas toujours en faveur de la liberalisation, au contraire.
Memories in Scaled technologies: A Review of Process Induced Failures, Test methodologies, and Fault Tolerance

The inter-die and intra-die variations in process parameters (in particular, threshold voltage (Vt)) can lead to large number of failures in an SRAM array, thereby, degrading the design yield in nanometer technologies. To improve parametric yield of nano-scaled memories, different circuit and architectural level techniques can be used. In this paper, we first analyze and model different SRAM failures due to parameter variations, and discuss test methodologies to test for process variation induced failures. Next, we describe two different self-repairing techniques-at the circuit level, using adaptive body biasing and at the architecture level, using built-in-self-test (BIST), redundancy and address remapping. The discussed self-repair mechanisms can improve design yield much beyond what can be achieved using row/column redundancy and error correcting codes (ECC) alone.
C software for some new autonomous methods

This work is an extension of our previous paper [3], in which we have started introducing new C software for autonomous ordinary differential equation initial-value problems y′ = f(y), y ∈ Rn, y(x0) = y0, x0 ∈ R, y0 ∈ Rn, which implements new Runge-Kutta methods [1], [2]. The novel feature of this approach is the replacement of evaluations of f by approximations or evaluations of fy. The advantage of this new method lies in the fact that fewer evaluations of f are required than in the standard Runge-Kutta methods and, usually, fy can be approximated to the desired accuracy with very little arithmetic. In effect, the new methods can be thought as multi-step Runge-Kutta methods. In this paper, we introduce some new Goeken-Johnson interpolation methods. We have also extended the capabilities of the software and we compare the classical Runge-Kutta methods of orders 3, 4 and 5, and the corresponding new Goeken-Johnson methods using both fy and approximations of fy. We present numerical results of these comparisons. These results (for performance and accuracy) indicate that the new methods can be at least comparable if not better than the classical methods.
Early experiences with large-scale Cray XMT systems

Several 64-processor XMT systems have now been shipped to customers and there have been 128-processor, 256-processor and 512-processor systems tested in Cray's development lab. We describe some techniques we have used for tuning performance in hopes that applications continued to scale on these larger systems. We discuss how the programmer must work with the XMT compiler to extract maximum parallelism and performance, especially from multiply nested loops, and how the performance tools provide vital information about whether or how the compiler has parallelized loops and where performance bottlenecks may be occurring. We also show data that indicate that the maximum performance of a given application on a given size XMT system is limited by memory or network bandwidth, in a way that is somewhat independent of the number of processors used.
K-relevance: a spectrum of relevance for data sources impacting a query

Applications ranging from grid management to sensor nets to web-based information integration and extraction can be viewed as receiving data from some number of autonomous remote data sources and then answering queries over this collected data. In such environments it is helpful to inform users which data sources are "relevant" to their query results. It is not immediately obvious what "relevant" should mean in this context, as different users will have different requirements. In this paper, rather than proposing a single definition of relevance, we propose a spectrum of definitions, which we term "k-relevance", for k ≥ 0. We give algorithms for identifying k-relevant data sources for relational queries and explore their efficiency both analytically and experimentally. Finally, we explore the impact of integrity constraints (including dependencies) and materialized views on the problem of computing and maintaining relevant data sources.
Von Willebrand disease laboratory diagnosis: the saga continues.

von Willebrand disease (vWD) is an autosomal disorder characterized by episodic mucocutaneous bleeding.1 vWD may be the most common inherited bleeding disorder; however, estimates of its prevalence range from 0.01% to 1.0%, depending on the definition and population basis.2 The clinical diagnosis of vWD is complex because symptoms vary within kindred and over time. Furthermore, the most common symptoms, epistaxis, menorrhagia, ecchymoses, and bleeding after dental extraction, occur nearly as frequently in healthy people as in people diagnosed with vWD identified by laboratory detection of known mutations.3 Owing to the difficulties associated with the diagnosis of vWD, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) sponsored an expert panel that started to plan clinical practice guidelines in the spring of 2004. The panel sought expert consultation and review by several professional organizations such as the American Society of Hematology, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, and the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association (NASCOLA). Their final recommendations became available in 2007.1 von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a compound plasma protein that circulates as small (∼2 million Da) to large (∼20 million Da) multimers. vWF, particularly its large multimers, coats the exposed fibrillar collagen of damaged adventitia. The bound vWF expands (“unrolls”) and binds platelet membrane receptor glycoprotein (GP) Ib/V/IX, enabling platelets to adhere to vascular injury sites in arterioles and capillaries. vWD researchers consider the level of vWF activity to be directly proportional to the availability of large vWF multimers, a consideration supported by their presence in plasma samples from healthy subjects and their partial absence from some patients with vWD, as demonstrated using vWF multimeric electrophoresis.4 vWF also binds and stabilizes coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Binding to collagen, platelets, and FVIII relies on ligand-specific receptors confined to specific …
Effects of Sex and Mild Intrainsult Hypothermia on Neuropathology and Neural Reorganization following Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats

Hypoxia ischemia (HI) is a recognized risk factor among late-preterm infants, with HI events leading to varied neuropathology and cognitive/behavioral deficits. Studies suggest a sex difference in the incidence of HI and in the severity of subsequent behavioral deficits (with better outcomes in females). Mechanisms of a female advantage remain unknown but could involve sex-specific patterns of compensation to injury. Neuroprotective hypothermia is also used to ameliorate HI damage and attenuate behavioral deficits. Though currently prescribed only for HI in term infants, cooling has potential intrainsult applications to high-risk late-preterm infants as well. To address this important clinical issue, we conducted a study using male and female rats with a postnatal (P) day 7 HI injury induced under normothermic and hypothermic conditions. The current study reports patterns of neuropathology evident in postmortem tissue. Results showed a potent benefit of intrainsult hypothermia that was comparable for both sexes. Findings also show surprisingly different patterns of compensation in the contralateral hemisphere, with increases in hippocampal thickness in HI females contrasting reduced thickness in HI males. Findings provide a framework for future research to compare and contrast mechanisms of neuroprotection and postinjury plasticity in both sexes following a late-preterm HI insult.
Hyperfine Structure of the B 2 Σ + State of CN

Hyperfine-structure energy formulas are developed for $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ states of diatomic molecules and are used to analyze some of the results of the microwave-optical experiment on the CN molecule described in the preceding paper. For the excited $B^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ state the following hyperfine structure constants are derived: $|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{2}(0)|=(10.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, ${〈\frac{(3{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{-}1)}{{r}^{3}}〉}_{\mathrm{av}}=(7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and $eQq=(\ensuremath{-}5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)$ MHz. These results are found to be consistent with the valence bond structure: C \ensuremath{\doteq} N:, in which the unpaired electron occupies the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-bond orbital of the molecule.
Abstract CN01-02: Glycoproteomic discovery of liver cancer biomarkers: Be careful how you use it!

This presentation will describe the discovery and use of the new serum biomarkers of HCC, called GP73 and its fucosylated glycoforms, identified, in part, by comparative glycoproteomics. We will also provide an explanation as to why fucosylated glycoforms are elevated in people with HCC. There are now more than 25 publications reporting that these markers are elevated in the serum of people with HCC, but there are also several papers suggesting they are no better in distinguishing between people with HCC and liver cirrhosis than are other markers such as AFP. We will also provide a theory, supported with data, as to why these differences in observations have occurred. Briefly, the etiology of the HCC, the specific linkage of the glycoform on the putative cancer biomarker as well as the ability of the cancer cells to re-fucosylate the circulating biomarkers, all play roles in how the markers are sorted and the extent to which they can be used as risk and diagnostic markers of cancer. Failure to take these variables into consideration can result in their underperformance as biomarkers of disease. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):CN01-02.
Looking Out From the Top Differential Effects of Status and Power on Perspective Taking

The impact of hierarchical rank on perspective taking is both practically and theoretically important, prompting considerable research attention to this issue. However, prior research has primarily examined how power affects perspective taking, and has neglected to investigate the impact of status (i.e., the respect and esteem that an individual holds in the eyes of others). Yet status represents a distinct and ubiquitous basis of hierarchical differentiation, one that may profoundly affect perspective taking. The current research addresses this gap, theorizing and testing the prediction that high status enhances perspective taking, in contrast to prior research that has generally found that high power diminishes perspective taking. Five studies, examining various forms of perspective taking across diverse paradigms, provide converging evidence that status and power exert differential effects on perspective taking. Moreover, these studies provide insight regarding the distinction between status and power, as well as the distinct psychology associated with status.
The Application of Moving Target Defense to Field Programmable Gate Arrays

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are powerful and flexible pieces of hardware used in a variety of applications. These chips are used in monitoring network traffic, guidance systems, cryptographic calculations, medical devices, embedded systems, as well as many other varied uses. They can be used in a large number of ways as well as in a large number of areas, which allows for nearly limitless applications. Outside of being used as a cryptographic processor and network monitoring, these chips are not being used to directly provide software/hardware security. FPGAs are extremely widespread in addition to becoming more integrated into the systems that they are a part of. This leads to vulnerabilities in almost every system that uses these chips. One way to combat these FPGA based vulnerabilities in every system using them, is to implement a Moving Target Defense (MTD) on the chip itself. FPGA based MTD would allow each FPGA to enhance, rather than weaken, the security of a system. This paper incorporates previous applications of Field Programmable Gate Arrays, and explores potential software/hardware security implementations for these chips through the application of Moving Target Defenses.
Financial Compensation for Living Organ Donation in the United States: A View from the Would-Be Donors' Perspective

The issue of whether or not people should be compensated financially for organ donation continues to be one of the most divisive issues facing the transplant community. Various and distinguished scholars - including economists, theologians, philosophers, psychologists, physicians, and anthropologists - have weighed in on this debate in recent years. So too have lawyers, politicians, and other governmental officials. In Iran and India, living donors themselves have been given voice by Zargooshi and Goyal et al., whose compelling work has shown that "paid donation" in conditions of abject poverty can have disastrous consequences for the "donors." However, given the conditions in which these donations took place, there may be significant limitations to the generalizability of the findings, particularly with regard to their applicability to the case of paying for organs in the US. In this paper, we hope to shed light on the issue of paying for organs in the context of the US by giving voice to would-be donors in the US who were ruled out because of incompatibility. Toward that end, we provide an overview of the current state of the ethical debate on the issue of paying for organs and then present these ruled-out donors' opinions on various aspects of this issue. While recognizing that these findings do not definitively answer all the questions at hand, we think they represent important contributions that bring us closer to answering some of the critical questions that demand further empirical study, including whether paying for organs will achieve the presumed goal of increasing the number of suitable organs available for transplantation.
Economic Basis of Risk Neural Pricing

Risk neutral pricing is an important method of financial assets pricing,which means when pricing financial assets,we can construct a risk neutral probability measurement which is different from the actual probability.Its aim is to estimate the expected value of the financial assets under the measurement above and determine the price of the assets with the risk free interest rate discount.In essence,risk neutral probability is a relative value of future position unit payment which calculates the mean value of the future incomes of risk assets.Actually,it roughly calculates the incomes of future assets into an equivalent risk free income.Therefore,risky assets can be calculated to determine its current price with the risk free interest rate discount just like risk free assets.
The precise midline forehead flap in reconstruction of the nose.

Aesthetic and functional reconstruction of the nose may be effectively and efficiently carried out utilizing the precise midline vertical forehead flap. A strong and vigorous flap nourished by the paired dorsal nasal branches of the supratrochlear arteries, the midline flap furnishes abundant tissue of ideal color match for the repair and camouflage of substantial defects of all nasal anatomic components. Properly repaired, the forehead donor site remains inconspicuous.
Response to Protocol Review Scenario: Stitching together multiple protocols creates confusion.

Response to Protocol Review Scenario: Stitching together multiple protocols creates confusion
The chromosomal constitution of human sperm selected for motility

The chromosome constitutions of sperm selected for motility according to the swim-up technique were compared cytogenetically with those of sperm remaining in the semen with the use of the human sperm/hamster egg system, in which human sperm are fused with hamster eggs to give analyzable haploid chromosome complements. Three semen samples from one donor resulted in 153 chromosome complements from selected, highly motile sperm and 110 unselected, control complements. Four samples were donated by another man, from which 181 selected and 186 control complements were obtained. The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations recovered from the population selected for high motility and the unselected population were not statistically different from one another.
Kinetic equilibration from a radiative transport

Kinetic equilibration during the early stage of a relativistic heavy ion collision is studied using a radiative transport model. Thermalization is found to dominate over expansion with medium regulated cross sections. Pressure anisotropy shows an approximate alpha_s scaling when radiative processes are included. It approaches an asymptotic time evolution on a time scale of 1 to 2 fm/c. Energy density is also found to approach an asymptotic time evolution that decreases slower than the ideal hydro evolution. These observations indicate that viscosity is important during the early longitudinal expansion phase of a relativistic heavy ion collision.
Does knowing hands only CPR improve willingness to use it

Background: Approximately 1,000 U.S. citizens suffer from sudden cardiac arrest daily outside of the hospital setting. Providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves survival if appropriately administered; however, many are resistant to initiate mouth to mouth. Hands only CPR (HOCPR) was developed by the American Heart Association to improve technique retention and increase the willingness to administer CPR. Methods: Participants watched a teaching video from the American Heart Association, followed by a mannequin demonstration. Participants then filled out a survey immediately after practicing HOCPR on the mannequin and at one month. Results: 75 Subjects received HOCPR training and completed a survey and 44 (59%) of the subjects completed a one month follow-up survey. The initial survey revealed that 100% (n = 75) were able to correctly recall the HOCPR process and 79% (n = 59) were very likely to provide HOCPR to a person suffering from a cardiac episode. 76% (n = 57) were more willing to assist...