cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Frames Can Stunt Support for Scientific Adaptations: Politicization and the Status Quo Bias

The politicization of science is a phenomenon that has sparked a great deal of attention in recent years. Nonetheless, few studies directly explore the implications of how frames that highlight its politicization affect public support for scientific adaptations. We present a novel theory to study how frames that highlight politicization affect support for using nuclear power, and test our hypotheses with two experiments. We find, in one study, that politicizing science reduces support for nuclear power and renders arguments about the environmental benefits of nuclear energy invalid, regardless of whether there is a reference to consensus scientific evidence. We find, in a second study, that reference to the potential health risks associated with using nuclear power also decreases support, in the presence of additional frames that highlight either science’s benefits or its politicization. In the end, our findings suggest that a status quo bias prevails that can, under some circumstances, serve as a significant impediment to generating public support for scientific innovations.
High-Tc Thin-Film Microelectronics

A complete microelectronics technology based on high-transition temperature superconducting thin films requires two key components: a reproducible Josephson weak link and a multilayer process for interconnects. Although many kinds of weak link have been studied, none is yet satisfactory for circuits involving more than a few elements. On the other hand, a viable interconnect technology has been developed in which two YBa2Cu3O7−x films may be either electrically isolated or connected via a superconducting contact. The junctions and interconnect technology have been used to produce magnetometers involving a flux transformer with a multiturn input coil coupled to a dc Superconducting QUantum Interference Device.
Getting personal: ethics and identity in global health research.

‘Researcher identity’ affects global health research in profound and complex ways. Anthropologists in particular have led the way in portraying the multiple, and sometimes tension-generating, identities that researchers ascribe to themselves, or have ascribed to them, in their places of research. However, the central importance of researcher identity in the ethical conduct of global health research has yet to be fully appreciated. The capacity of researchers to respond effectively to the ethical tensions surrounding their identities is hampered by lack of conceptual clarity, as to the nature and scope of the issues involved. This paper strives to provide some clarification of these ethical tensions by considering researcher identity from the perspective of (1) Guillemin and Heggen’s (2009) key distinction between procedural ethics and ethics in practice, and (2) our own distinction between perceptions of identity that are either symmetrical or asymmetrical, with the potential to shift research relationships toward greater or lesser ethical harmony. Discussion of these concepts is supported with ethnographic examples from relevant literature and from our own (United States (US) Government-funded) research in South Africa. A preliminary set of recommendations is provided in an effort to equip researchers with a greater sense of organization and control over the ethics of researcher identity. The paper concludes that the complex construction of researcher identity needs to be central among the ethical concerns of global health researchers, and that the conceptual tools discussed in the paper are a useful starting point for better organizing and acting on these ethical concerns.
Unity and Disunity and Other Mathematical Essays

The unity and disunity of mathematics Evidence in mathematics Out of what stuff do we make mathematics? Computational experiences in the pre-electronic days Spengler's mathematics considered and a Phoenix reborn? Can the mathematical/physical notions of entropy be usefully imported into the social sphere? The decline, fall, and current resurgence of visual geometry: Mathematics as a multisemiotic enterprise The unicorn or mathematical ontology Mathematics, politics, and law The two culture controversy: A mathematician's view a half century later Four literary men comment on mathematics: Henry James, George Santayana, Paul Valery, and Isaiah Berlin The media and mathematics look at each other New winds blowing in applied mathematics
Pathologic findings and clinical outcome of patients undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after multiple chemotherapy regimens for metastatic testicular germ cell tumors

BACKGROUND. Postchemotherapy surgery is an essential component in the management of patients with metastatic germ cell tumors (GCT). The authors assessed their institutional experience of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) after multiple chemotherapy regimens for advanced GCT. METHODS. By analyzing the institutional prospective surgical database from 1989 to 2004, 71 patients were identified who underwent RPLND after multiple chemotherapy regimens. Clinicopathologic and treatment trends were characterized, and predictors of disease-specific survival (DSS) were evaluated. RESULTS. The histologic findings at RPLND were fibrosis in 36 men (51%), GCT in 20 men (28%), and teratoma in 15 men (21%). Patients who underwent RPLND from 1989 to 1998 (n = 47), compared with patients who underwent RPLND from 1999 to 2004 (n = 24) were more likely to have GCT (36% vs 13%; P = .04). Patients who received taxane-containing chemotherapy regimens as salvage therapy had lower rates of GCT at RPLND (14% vs 42%; P = .01), higher rates of fibrosis (63% vs 39%; P = .04), and similar rates of teratoma (31% vs 33%; P = .9). The 5- and 10-year DSS rates were 74% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 62–86%) and 70% (95% CI, 56–84%), respectively. Five-year DSS based on worst histology of RPLND and extraretroperitoneal specimens was 87% (95% CI, 75–99%) for fibrosis, 87% for teratoma (95% CI, 63–100%), and 47% for GCT (95% CI, 23–71%; P = .004). On multivariable analysis, retroperitoneal mass ≥5 cm and GCT were predictors of worse DSS (P = .03 and P = .005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. Taxane-based salvage chemotherapeutic regimens appear to have decreased the rate of GCT at RPLND. The current data support RPLND in select patients after salvage chemotherapy, because a considerable proportion has teratoma or GCT, and the 10-year DSS rate after resection is 70%. Cancer 2007;109:528–535. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Visual acuity outcomes following vitreous loss in glaucoma and diabetic patients

Purpose To analyze the visual acuity (VA) of patients with and without vitreous loss, while concurrently analyzing the effects of the pre-existing pathologies of glaucoma and diabetes on VA. Methods A retrospective study on 1013 cataract extractions from 1995 to 1999 was performed. Patients included in this study had intraocular lens implantation during phacoemulsification surgery, no intraoperative complications besides vitreous loss, had no other prior ophthalmic condition other than glaucoma or diabetes, and had a postoperative follow-up interval between one and 4 months. When indicated, vitrectomy was performed concurrently with phacoemulsification following vitreous loss. Patients diagnosed with both glaucoma and diabetes were excluded. The identified subjects were then placed into six groups: (1) patients with uncomplicated surgery; (2) patients with surgery complicated by vitreous loss; (3) glaucoma patients with uncomplicated surgery; (4) glaucoma patients with surgery complicated by vitreous loss; (5) diabetic patients with uncomplicated surgery; and (6) diabetic patients with surgery complicated by vitreous loss. A two-tailed, heteroscedastic t-test and power calculation were performed on the preoperative and postoperative visual acuities of the groups. Results There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the postoperative VA between patients with and without vitreous loss at the time of surgery. Patients with the pre-surgical conditions of diabetes or glaucoma did not display a statistically significant difference in postoperative VA when compared to controls. However, the pre-surgical condition of glaucoma displayed a trend, which showed it may contribute to a poorer postoperative VA (P = 0.072, power = 0.430). Conclusions Vitreous loss is a risk factor for a decreased postoperative VA. Also while the pre-surgical condition of glaucoma may play a role in decreasing postoperative VA, diabetes does not.
Interrelated Striated Elements in Vestibular Hair Cells of the Rat

Unusual fixation procedures revealed a series of interrelated striated organelles in type I and type II vestibular hair cells of the rat; these organelles seemed to be less well developed in cochlear hair cells. The findings suggest that contractile elements may play a role in sensory transduction in the inner ear, particularly in the vestibular system.
TLRs, SNPs and VLBWs: Oh My!

Elegant sensing mechanisms have evolved to facilitate detection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Since Charles Janeway predicted their existence,1 multiple classes of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) have been discovered that serve as detectors of microbial products, including cell wall and membrane components, flagellum, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Perhaps no class of PRRs is as well characterized and more widespread in publications across multiple scientific disciplines than the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The tale of TLRs is an exciting story that has generated two Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine (1995, 2011). It began with the discovery of Toll protein as an important regulator of Drosophilia embryogenesis in 1985 by Christiane Nusslein-Vollhard2, 3 (Nobel Prize 1995). Then Bruno Lemaitre in the laboratory of Jules Hoffman discovered that flies deficient in Toll were more susceptible to fungal infection, thereby establishing the critical connection of Toll and immune function.4 In 1997, a human variant of Toll (‘Toll-like’) was identified by Ruslan Medzhitov and Charles Janeway, Jr, as a type I transmembrane protein receptor with an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain and a cytoplasmic domain homologous to the human interleukin (IL)-1 receptor.5 The subsequent cloning of TLR4 by Bruce Beutler6 (Nobel Prize 2011) and multiple other landmark studies that have identified TLRs as key innate immune system receptors established TLRs as a permanent and critical part of pathogen recognition.7 Ten TLRs have been described in humans, each for the most part with a specific agonist that triggers activation of second messenger signaling and ultimately cellular activation along with the production of inflammatory mediators (Figure 1a).
African American homosexual males on predominantly white college and university campuses

Much has been written about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and to a lesser degree about transgendered students (LGBT). Some interesting insights and recommendations regarding the issue of coming-out on college campuses are discussed by Rhoads (1994). Sanlo (1998) has developed a handbook to assist student affairs' personnel, faculty, and other administrators in their work with LGBT students. In Windmeyer and Freeman's (1998), Out on Fraternity Row, same-gender-loving (SGL) male college students are allowed to tell their own stories about their experience in their fraternities. Many universities have created programs and activities for their LGBT students. However, based upon the author's experience on numerous campuses, most of these programs as well as the research and the handbooks, are geared toward the needs of white students. Jones and Love (2000) remind us that, "White gay men, much like white heterosexuals, have been socialized to believe that they are the norm for (gay) society." The participation rate of Black homosexual males is extremely low. At the institution where the author currently works, a campus with approximately 3,700 African American students, only one or two black males attended any of the events sponsored by the LGBT office. Why the dearth of participants? What is it about predominantly White colleges and university campuses (PWCU) that predispose homosexual males of African descent to remain passive rather than active participants in the life of the
Processing effects on the composition and dielectric properties of hydrothermally derived Ba x Sr (1− x ) TiO 3 thin films

Polycrystalline BaxSr(1−x)TiO3 (BST) thin films were processed on Pt-coated glass substrates at temperatures below 100 °C by reacting TiO2 films in alkaline solutions containing Ba2+ and/or Sr2+. The TiO2 was deposited by spin-casting a titanium metalorganic precursor onto Pt-coated glass substrates, followed by pyrolysis in air at 400 °C. Film stoichiometry deviated from the initial solution composition, with a preferred incorporation of Sr2+ into the perovskite lattice. The BST thin films had dielectric constants ranging from 100 to 185 and dielectric loss values below 0.25. Capacitance–voltage and current–voltage relationships were examined to determine the effect of phase stoichiometry and processing route on dielectric properties.
Sustained-Release Methotrexate For Intracavitary Chemotherapy

Methotrexate was encapsulated into a lipid-based drug-delivery system to create a slow-release formulation (Depo/methotrexate) for intracavitary administration. Depo/methotrexate was stable in storage at 4 degrees C for > 4 months. In human plasma at 37 degrees C, the half-life of drug release was 40 days. After intraperitoneal injection of Depo/methotrexate in mice, the intraperitoneal apparent half-life of free methotrexate was 39.6 h, in contrast to a half-life of 0.5 h for the unencapsulated standard methotrexate (std/methotrexate). In L1210 murine leukemia model, the potency of a single dose of Depo/methotrexate was 334-fold higher, the increased life-span (ILS) was 2-fold greater, and the therapeutic index was 2-fold higher than a single dose of std/methotrexate.
Does session attendance by a supportive significant other predict outcomes in individual treatment for alcohol use disorders

BACKGROUND: A significant amount of research has supported the efficacy of couple versus individual treatment for alcohol use disorders, yet little is known about whether involving a significant other during the course of individual treatment can improve outcomes. Likewise, several barriers to couple treatment exist and a more flexible approach to significant other involvement may be warranted. METHODS: This study constituted secondary analyses of the COMBINE data, a randomized clinical trial that combined pharmacotherapy and behavioral intervention for alcohol dependence. Data were drawn from the 16-week individual combined behavioral intervention (CBI), which had 776 participants, 31% of which were female, and 23% were non-white. The current study examined whether attendance by a supportive significant other (SSO) during CBI sessions would predict better outcomes. It was further hypothesized that active SSO involvement, defined by attendance during drink refusal or communication skills training sessions, would predict better outcomes. RESULTS: SSOs attended at least 1 session for 26.9% of clients. Clients with SSOs who attended at least 1 session had significantly fewer drinking days and fewer drinking-related problems at the end of treatment. The presence of an SSO during a drink refusal training session predicted significantly better outcomes, as compared to SSO attendance at other sessions and drink refusal training without an SSO present. SSO attendance at a communication training session did not predict better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that specific types of active involvement may be important for SSO-involved treatment to have greater efficacy than individual treatment. Language: en
A role for the androgen metabolite, 5alpha androstane 3beta, 17beta diol (3β-diol) in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a basic reaction of animals to environmental perturbations that threaten homeostasis. These responses are ultimately regulated by neurons residing within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Within the PVN, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) expressing neurons are critical as they can regulate both neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) are well known reproductive hormones, however, they have also been shown to modulate stress reactivity. In rodent models, evidence shows that under some conditions E2 enhances stress activated ACTH and corticosterone secretion. In contrast, T decreases the gain of the HPA axis. The modulatory role of testosterone was originally thought to be via 5 alpha reduction to the potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, whereas E2 effects were thought to be mediated by both estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ). However, DHT has been shown to be metabolized to the ERβ agonist, 5alpha- androstane 3beta,17beta diol (3b-Diol). The actions of 3β-Diol on the HPA axis are mediated by ERbeta which inhibits the PVN response to stressors. In gonadectomized rats, ERbeta agonists reduce CORT and ACTH responses to restraint stress, an effect that is also present in wild-type but not ERbeta knockout mice. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the actions of ERbeta to alter HPA reactivity are not currently known. CRH, AVP and OT have all been shown to be regulated by estradiol and recent studies indicate an important role of ERbeta in these regulatory processes. Moreover, activation of the CRH and AVP promoters have been shown by 3β-Diol binding to ERbeta and this is thought to be through alternate pathways of gene regulation. Based on available data, a novel and important role for 3beta Diol in the regulation of the HPA axis is suggested.
Evaluation of Knowledge Absorptive Capability of Enterprise Based on Entropy Weights and Interval TOPSIS

The processes for absorbing knowledge become an essential element for innovation and competitiveness in enterprises. Despite the huge growth in the absorptive capacity literature, a method gap still remains about a certain ambiguity in the measurement of the construct specifying its theoretical domain. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the research on absorptive capacity through the construction of four aspects, based on a thorough analysis of the literature and field research, to measure the key components of the absorptive capacity construct: acquisition capacity, assimilation capacity, transformation capacity and application capacity. The evaluation model based on entropy weights and interval TOPSIS is established which focuses on measuring absorptive capacity. The practical case study is conducted to illustrate the application of the proposed method for the knowledge absorptive capacity and verify effectiveness and feasibility.
Genetic and environmental pathways to suicidal behavior: Reflections of a genetic epidemiologist

This paper presents a tentative typology of genetic and environmental pathways to suicidal behavior. Ten pathways are proposed and briefly illustrated: (i) direct effects from psychiatric disorders; (ii) direct effects from personality; (iii) direct effects of early adversity; (iv) direct effects of current adversity; (v) indirect effects of genes on selection into adversity (gene-environment correlation); (vi) interactions between genetic risk and current adversity: gene-environment interaction; (vii) interactions between early and current adversity: environment-environment interaction; (viii) interactions between culture and genes; (ix) dynamic developmental pathways involving causal loops from genes to environment and back again; and (x) gene x environment x development interaction.
Utilizing the components of vector irradiance to estimate the scalar irradiance in natural waters.

A Monte Carlo computer simulation has been used to determine the ratio of the scalar irradiance E(0) to the downwelling irradiance E(d). These E(0)/E(d) ratios were calculated at depths corresponding to the 100, 10, and 1% downwelling irradiance levels. A range of volume reflectance 0 ~0.02, the E(0)/E(d) ratio at the 1% downwelling irradiance depth is the same for theta' = 0 degrees as for diffuse cardioidal incidence, and (b) for R>~0.08, the E(0)/E(d) ratio at the 10% downwelling irradiance depth for theta'= 0 degrees is nearly the same as the E(0)/E(d) ratio at the 1% downwelling irradiance depth for diffuse cardioidal incidence.
Rapid population growth countered high mortality in a demographic study of the invasive snail, Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774), in Florida.

Melanoides tuberculata, an exotic thiarid snail that originated in the Middle East, eastern Africa, and Southeast Asia, has invaded subtropical and tropical areas worldwide. This study provided a detailed picture of the characteristics of a population in central Florida. We collected 40 specimens of Melanoides tuberculata from a cool spring and cultured them and 54 of their offspring in the laboratory for 7 and 10 months, respectively. For both the adults and their F1 offspring, weekly or bimonthly measurements of individuals and counts of offspring produced estimates of growth, age at first reproduction, offspring production, and survival. From these measurements, we produced estimates of birth and death rates and a growth curve using a monomolecular model. We estimated predation rates on the snails with a three-day incubation of small (1–4 mm) M. tuberculata with crayfish in the laboratory. Finally, we produced a static life table from measurements of ~2,200 specimens of M. tuberculata collected from the spring. Growth and reproduction measurements from the laboratory indicated that the snails grew rapidly and were prolific. Only initial size significantly explained any variation in the growth of individuals and only first clutch size explained any variation in fecundity. Nonpredatory mortality in the laboratory was low, but crayfish-induced mortality was high. The life table analysis suggested that the spring population was stable and that mortality was extremely high on the smallest individuals, such as those used in the crayfish predation rate measurements, and on the largest individuals. Therefore, the potential of M. tuberculata to invade new habitats and quickly establish populations may be the result of its high population growth rate, but its population growth may be checked by local predators, such as crayfish and perhaps snail-eating turtles and raccoons.
Grandfather regulations, new source bias, and state air toxics regulations

Abstract This paper uses plant-level data from the Census of Manufactures and the variation in toxic air pollution regulations across states to measure the effects of laws that are more stringent for new sources of pollution than for existing sources (so-called ‘grandfather’ regulations). Of particular interest is the resulting ‘new source bias’ and its effects on capital vintage and investment. Two industries are examined: commercial printing, which has a local product market; and paint manufacturing, which has a more national market. In general, there seem to be no statistically significant differences in capital vintage or investment between plants in states that grandfather new sources of pollution, plants in states that have no air toxics regulations, and plants in states that regulate both new and existing sources.
Self‐Assembling Systems

Starting with the view that methodological constraints depend upon the nature of the system investigated, a tripartite division between theoretical, semitheoretical, and empirical discoveries is made. Many nanosystems can only be investigated semitheoretically or empirically, and this aspect leads to some nanophenomena being weakly emergent. Self‐assembling systems are used as an example, their existence suggesting that the class of systems that is not Kim‐reducible may be quite large.
Discoloured vestiges of history: Black and white in the age of colour cinema

AbstractWhy make films in black and white in an age of colour cinema? Does it create documentary authenticity or artificial glamour, and what kinds of aesthetic and rhetorical tensions are created through the alternation between monochrome and colour? This article examines the usage of black and white cinematography and its interaction with colour in a number of contemporary Chinese films that portray bygone historical eras: Lu Chuan's Nanjing Nanjing/City of Life and Death (2007), Jiang Wen's Guizi laile/Devils on the Doorstep (2000) and Yangguang canlan de rizi/In the Heat of the Sun (1995), as well as Zhang Yimou's Wode fuqin muqin/The Road Home (1999). Whereas the two films set in World War II show the past in black and white to resemble historical documentary footage and to mimic or parody Chinese, western, and Japanese cinematic traditions, the two films set in the Mao era reverse conventions by filming the past in colour and the present in black and white. The latter contrast may imply nostalgia fo...
Direct 3-D imaging of the evolution of block copolymer microstructures using laser scanning confocal microscopy

andEdwin L. Thomas*Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02139ReceiVed May 20, 2007ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed July 6, 2007Block copolymers (BCPs) exhibit various periodic structurescreated through microphase separation with tunable size andshape of microdomains via choice of molecular weight,composition, and chain architecture and with the addition ofplasticizers or homopolymers.
Treatment of Childhood Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma with Alpha‐Interferon Plus PUVA

: All forms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma are rare in childhood. We describe an 8-year-old boy with plaque-stage mycosis fun-goides stage HA whose cutaneous eruption had been present for 5 years. Histologic examination revealed the presence of a granulomatous infiltrate together with atypical lymphocytes within the dermis. The child had an excellent response to combination psoralen-UVA (PUVA) with interferon-α2a treatment and is currently in remission.
Response Time Design in Integrated Order Processing/Production Systems

We consider a single-product firm in which arriving orders are processed by an information processing system before being downloaded to the production system. The design problem is to choose the appropriate processing and control technologies for the information production systems, the decision variables being the speed with which these systems can process orders products. Rapid systems are assumed to be more costly to operate than slower systems, and it is assumed that products can be inventoried, but information processing cannot. Longer information processing times incur greater delay costs, but provide benefits in the form of more advanced warning of upcoming demand to the production function. This paper is a first attempt to model this tradeoff. We describe a plausible set of conditions under which the information processing time will never exceed the production lead time in an optimal design. Conditions are also described that guarantee that the greatest marginal benefit, starting from a suboptimal system design, will be to invest in time reductions in the information processing, rather than the production, system. Performance measures are suggested that provide the appropriate incentives to integrate the information processing and production functions.
Finite electron range and its implications for superconducting photon detectors

Abstract We consider global transitions from superconducting to normal state of small grains induced by the absorption of energetic (1- 100 keV) photons. Initially the energy is transferred to a single photoelectrons, which loses the energy as it scatters inelastically. To measure the energy of the photon, this collision cascade must be contained within the grain. Reconciling this requirement with the requirement that the dispersed energy must suffice to warm the grain above the transition temperature, leads to estimate of grain sizes and effective operating range of photon energies for various materials and T and H biasing conditions.
Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater

Abstract The solubilities of dilute mixtures of the trichlorotrifluorethane CFC-113 in pure water and seawater over the temperature range −0.89 to 39.59°C were measured by gas chromatography. The data were fitted by an equation in temperature and salinity of the form used previously to describe the solubilities of other gases. The deviation from the fitted curve is ±1.5% and the average precision of replicate measurements at each temperature and salinity is ∼1.2%.
Asymptotic stability in distributed event-triggered networked control systems with delays

This paper examines event-triggered broadcasting of state information in distributed networked control systems (NCS) with transmission delays. We provide positive bounds on transmission delays for asymptotic stability of NCS. Each agent can compute the bound on the delays in its state transmissions based on its local information. These results are important because they show the existence of strictly positive bounds on transmission delays in NCS, which guarantee asymptotic stability of the systems. Those bounds can be used to schedule data transmissions.
Effect of water on the solubility and diffusivity of hydrocarbons in polyethylene

There are indications in the literature that the devolatilization of some polymers, particularly polyethylene, can be enhanced by the addition of water, generally in the form of steam. In this study three different experimental methods were used with three different solvent–polyethylene systems to evaluate this effect. The results indicated that no measureable differences were found in either the solubility or the diffusivity of the systems between the dry or wet polymer samples. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1459–1462, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Program evaluation in sex education: outcome assessment of sexual awareness weekend workshops

The results of an outcome assessment of a growth-oriented sex education program are reported. The evaluation project attempted to overcome flaws of existing sex education research by explicitly delineating goals and by incorporating both a rigorous experimental control group design and quasiexperimental cohort comparisons. A Sex Questionnaire (covering sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior) was administered to the participants of three weekend workshops at the tiem of registration and 1 month later. Overflow resistration for one workshop permitted the random selection of a no-program control group. Results supported inferences of workshop effectiveness in meeting program goals in the areas of attitude and behavior change, but not with regard to increasing sexual knowledge. Implications for development and evaluation of sex education programs are discussed.
Substratum requirements for bacterial gliding motility

Flexibacter FS-1 filaments are unable to glide on agarose gels or on charge-neutralized glass unless those substrata are supplemented with the charged, cold water-soluble fraction of agar, or a variety of polyanionic polysaccharides derived from plants, yeasts and bacteria. Two graft polymers of xanthan gum also promote gliding motility under these conditions, as do an extracellular product of the bacteria themselves. A number of other polymers and small molecular species are ineffective as supplements. These results are considered in the context of the soil habitat of this Flexibacter. Among a variety of other gliding bacteria tested, several strains of the order Cytophagales also were unable to glide on agarose.
Photoelectron angular distributions from zinc, cadmium and mercury

Abstract It is well known that atomic autoionizing energy levels cause resonant behavior in the energy dependence of the asymmetry parameter β that describes photoelectron angular distributions. We have calculated the spectral variation of β across the autoionizing (n − 1)d9 ns2 np configurations of Zn, Cd and Hg (n = 4, 5, 6). We use empirical single-configuration Slater-Condon parameters, obtained from spectroscopic data, in a theory of overlapping and interacting resonances. The calculations show good agreement with available experimental measurements.
Detection and transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout.

Detection and transmission of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied at a commercial trout hatchery. Transmission of virus was demonstrated via water, feed and contaminated eggs. If eggs from carrier females were incubated several weeks in virus-free water, the resulting fry did not become infected. However, if fry subsequently became infected they were lifetime carriers. Infectious virus was readily detectable in most tissues of moribund fish; in carriers it was detected in sex products of spawning fish, and in samples from the intestine of post-spawning fish, but not in samples from blood, feces, kidney, or liver. The carrier rate was not significantly different between sexes. It was concluded that adult carriers are the reservoir of infection and that transmission occurs primarily when carriers shed virus and expose susceptible fish or eggs.
Wakimoto modules, opers and the center at the critical level

Abstract Wakimoto modules are representations of affine Kac–Moody algebras in Fock modules over infinite-dimensional Heisenberg algebras. In this paper, we present the construction of the Wakimoto modules from the point of view of the vertex algebra theory. We then use Wakimoto modules to identify the center of the completed universal enveloping algebra of an affine Kac–Moody algebra at the critical level with the algebra of functions on the space of opers for the Langlands dual group on the punctured disc, giving another proof of the theorem of B. Feigin and the author.
What is the best test for a patient with classic angina

Symptoms that suggest myocardial ischemia raise two questions: does the patient have severe, hemodynamically obstructive coronary artery disease, and is he or she at risk for premature death or an early, major nonfatal cardiac event? Noninvasive cardiac testing may help with the first question in patients with an intermediate risk of coronary artery disease, and with the second question in patients with either an intermediate or a high risk of disease. Although the diagnostic value of noninvasive tests may be overestimated owing to referral bias, these tests are powerful when used for prognostic purposes. In patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram and no prior revascularization, a regular exercise stress test without imaging should suffice. However, no randomized trials have been done to determine if this strategy leads to better outcomes than with empiric therapy.
Exploring the Utility of Preference Assessments in Organizational Behavior Management

ABSTRACT The present study compared two variations of stimulus preference assessments: a survey in which direct service employees ranked their preferences for a variety of items, and a multiple stimulus preference assessment without replacement (MSWO), in which textual stimuli were used to represent the actual items. Results obtained for four participants revealed identical preference hierarchies across each type of stimulus preference assessment for one participant, with three participants demonstrating variations in their preference hierarchies during the MSWO when compared with the ranking survey.
Substantial identity and the right to life: a rejoinder to Dean Stretton.

In this article, I reply to criticisms of Dean Stretton of the pro-life argument from substantial identity. When the criterion for the right to life proposed by most proponents of the pro-life position is rightly understood – being a person, a distinct substance of a rational nature – this position does not lead to the difficulties Stretton claims it does.
Fast and efficient parallel evaluation of the zeros of a polynomial having only real zeros

Abstract Given a polynomial p ( x ) of degree n with integer coefficients between −2 m and 2 m it suffices to use O (log 2 n +log b )) parallel arithmetic steps and n 2 processors in order to compute all the zeros of p ( x ) with absolute errors at most 2 − h provided that all the zeros are real and b = m + h . The algorithm combines the recent techniques and results of [1–3] in order to improve the previous record processor bound of [1] at least on the factor of n (preserving its upper bound on parallel time).
Involvement of L(-)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation: a live embryo assay.

The sea urchin embryo is a National Institutes of Health model system that has provided major developments, and is important in human health and disease. To obtain initial insights to identify glycans that mediate cellular interactions, Lytechinus pictus sea urchin embryos were incubated at 24 or 30 h post-fertilization with 0.0009–0.03 M alpha-cyclodextrin, melibiose, l(–)-rhamnose, trehalose, d(+)-xylose or l(–)-xylose in lower-calcium artificial sea water (pH 8.0, 15°C), which speeds the entry of molecules into the interior of the embryos. While α-cyclodextrin killed the embryos, and l(–)-xylose had small effects at one concentration tested, l(–)-rhamnose caused substantially increased numbers of unattached archenterons and exogastrulated embryos at low glycan concentrations after 18–24 h incubation with the sugar. The results were statistically significant compared with the control embryos in the absence of sugar (P < 0.05). The other sugars (melibiose, trehalose, d(+)-xylose) had no statistically significant effects whatsoever at any of the concentrations tested. In total, in the current study, 39,369 embryos were examined. This study is the first demonstration that uses a live embryo assay for a likely role for l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrula cellular interactions, which have interested investigators for over a century.
Estrogen and progesterone receptors in ovarian neoplasms

The cytoplasmic receptors for 17 beta-estradiol (ER) and progesterone (PR) were measured in 39 malignant and 15 benign ovarian neoplasms. All eight endometroid carcinomas had positive ER sites, one-half contained PR. The number of ER binding sites decreased as tumor grade increased. Conversely, none of the 11 mucinous tumors contained either ER or PR receptors. One-half of the well-differentiated serous tumors had ER (57 +/- 23 fmole/mg protein) while none of the poorly differentiated tumors had measurable binding. In serous carcinomas, PR was only detected in well-differentiated lesions (447 +/- 240 fmole/mg protein). Only one of 15 benign neoplasms contained ER and PR receptors. Correlation of tumor grade and type may help to plan hormonal therapies in advanced ovarian malignancies.
Low-power switched-capacitor integrator for delta-sigma ADCs

A new low-power switched-capacitor integrator is proposed for high-resolution ΔΣ ADCs. Compared to the conventional switched-capacitor integrator, it achieves much lower power dissipation for the same noise specifications. To verify the effectiveness of the new integrator, and to compare it with the conventional one, a third-order delta-sigma modulator was simulated. A detailed comparison between the conventional SC integrator and the proposed SC integrator is also presented.
Pharmacological analysis of the heterogeneous discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in rats using a three choice ethanol-dizocilpine-water discrimination

The present study used a three-choice operant drug discrimination procedure to determine if NMDA-mediated discriminative stimulus effects could be separated from other stimulus effects of 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 7) were trained to discriminate dizocilpine (0.17 mg/kg; IG) from ethanol (2.0 g/kg; IG) from water (4.7 ml; IG) using food reinforcement. Substitution tests were conducted following administration of the GABAA positive modulators allopregnanolone (5.6–30.0 mg/kg; IP), diazepam (0.3–10.0 mg/kg; IP) and pentobarbital (1.0–21.0 mg/kg; IP), the non-competitive NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (0.3–10.0 mg/kg; IP), the 5-HT1 agonists TFMPP (0.3–5.6 mg/kg; IP) and RU 24969 (0.3–3.0 mg/kg; IP), and isopropanol (0.10–1.25 g/kg; IP). Allopregnanolone, diazepam and pentobarbital substituted completely (>80%) for ethanol. Isopropanol partially (77%) substituted for ethanol. Phencyclidine substituted completely for dizocilpine. RU 24969 and TFMPP did not completely substitute for either training drug, although RU 24969 partially (62%) substituted for ethanol. Successful training of this three-choice discrimination indicates that the discriminative stimulus effects of 0.17 mg/kg dizocilpine were separable from those of 2.0 g/kg ethanol. The finding that attenuation of NMDA-mediated effects of ethanol occurred without altering significantly GABAA- and 5-HT1-mediated effects suggests that the NMDA component may be independent of other discriminative stimulus effects of 2.0 g/kg ethanol.
Expression and initial characterization of recombinant mouse thrombospondin 1 and thrombospondin 3

To analyze the function of TSP family members, we have expressed and purified mouse TSP1 and TSP3 encoded by recombinant baculoviruses in Spodoptera frugiperda cells and compared these TSPs to mouse TSP2 prepared in a similar way. Yields of purified TSP1 and TSP3 were 5-15 and 2-4 micrograms, respectively, per ml of conditioned medium. Mature, secreted mouse T41 and TSP3 had the previously predicted NH2-terminal sequences of DHVKDTSFDLFSI, and SQDLQVIDLLT, respectively. Analysis by SDS-PAGE and rotary shadowing electron microscopy indicated that TSP1 and TSP2 are disulfide bonded trimers whereas TSP3 is a disulfide-bonded pentamer. Binding assays with 45Ca2+ as ligand and immobilized TSP1, TSP2 and TSP3 demonstrated that all three TSPs are calcium-binding proteins. These results are consistent with previous studies of TSP structure and demonstrate that Spodoptera cells process and secrete TSPs having the same subunit organizations and structure as the native vertebrate molecules.
Modulation of liver X receptor signaling as novel therapy for prostate cancer

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important regulators of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose homeostasis. LXR agonists are effective for treatment of murine models of atherosclerosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. Recently we observed that LXR agonists suppressed proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cells in vitro and treatment of mice with the LXR agonist T0901317 suppressed the growth of prostate tumor xenografts. LXR agonists appear to cause G1 cell cycle arrest in cells by reducing expression of Skp2 and inducing the accumulation of p27Kip. T0901317 induced expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and delayed the progression of androgen-dependent human prostate tumor xenografts towards androgen-independency in mice. Phytosterols, the plant equivalent of mammalian cholesterol, have recently been shown to be agonists for LXRs. β-Sitosterol and campesterol, the two most common phytosterols, suppressed proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cells. The anticancer activity of phytosterols may be due to LXR signaling. This review examines the potential use of LXR signaling as a therapeutic target in prostate and other cancers.
Multidimensional assessment of the gifted minority student

Research has documented the underrepresentation of minority children in gifted programs. This article highlights some of the problems inherent in traditional screening measures for giftedness and suggests the student portfolio as a promising alternative for the identification of gifted children, especially those from special populations.
Moving beyond ‘Am I pretty or ugly?’: Disciplining girls through YouTube feedback

In this paper, I select three ‘Am I pretty or ugly?’ YouTube videos and examine the feedback associated with each video, organizing it into five themes to reveal how feedback functions as a postfeminist disciplinary strategy. Aside from reifying hegemonic understandings of raced and classed femininities, (hetero)sexual desire and the meanings of agency within US frameworks of girl power, the feedback also reveals some of the pressures facing girls today.
A Glass Durability Model Based on Understanding Glass Chemistry and Structural Configurations of the Glass Constituents

An improved structural bond strength (SBS) model has been developed to quantify the correlation between glass compositions and their chemical durabilities. The SBS model assumes that the strengths of the bonds between cations and oxygens and the structural roles of the individual elements in the glass are the predominant factors controlling the composition dependence of the chemical durability of glasses. The structural roles of oxides in glass are classified as network formers, network breakers, and intermediates. The structural roles of the oxides depend on glass composition and the redox state of oxides. A12O3, ZrO2, Fe2O3, and B2O2 are assigned as network formers only when there are sufficient alkalis to bind with these oxides. CaO can also improve durability by sharing non-bridging oxygen with alkalis, relieving Si0 2 from alkalis. The binding order to alkalis is AI2O3>ZrO2>Fe2O 2>B2O2>CaO>SiO2. The percolation phenomenon in glass is also taken into account. The concentration of network formers has to reach a critical value for a glass to become durable; durable glasses are sufficient in network formers and have a complete network structure; poor durability glasses are deficient in network formers and the network is incomplete and discontinuous. The SBS model is capable of correlating the 7-day product consistency test durability of 42 low-level waste glasses with their composition with an R2 of 0.87, which is better than 0.81 obtained with an eight-coefficient empirical first-order mixture model on the same data set.
Maladaptive eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: results of an Internet survey.

Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity. However, evidence suggests that maladaptive eating behaviors such as binge eating, grazing, and a loss of control when eating may impact postsurgical weight outcomes. The current study sought to characterize the weight outcomes, eating patterns, and perceived health-related quality of life of individuals 3–10 years following gastric bypass (GBP) surgery and to assess the relationships between eating behaviors, weight outcomes, and quality of life. Eligible participants (N = 497) completed an Internet survey of their eating behaviors, health-related quality of life, and weight history. Participants self-reported a mean maximum postsurgical loss of 81% of their excess weight and maintained a mean weight loss of 70% 3–10 years following surgery (mean 4.2 years). Eighty-seven percent reported weight regain ranging from 1 to 124 lb (mean 22.6 lb). Frequency of binge eating, a loss of control when eating, and grazing were all significantly correlated with greater weight regain (binge eating r = 0.24, P = 0.006; loss of control r = 0.36, P < 0.01; grazing r = 0.39, P < 0.001) and lesser excess weight loss (EWL) (binge eating r = −0.21, P = 0.013; loss of control r = −0.41, P < 0.001; grazing r = −0.27, P < 0.001). Poorer health-related quality of life was associated with binge eating disorder (BED) (t[463] = 9.7, P < 0.001) and grazing two or more times per week (t[361] = 9.0, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that eating disturbances and a loss of control when eating are significant following GBP and are risk factors for diminished weight outcomes.