cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A facile synthesis of 2-methyl-[3,4-di-o-acetyl-6-o-(chloroacetyl)-1,2-dideoxy-α-d-glucopyrano]-[2′,1′:4,5]-2-oxazoline☆

The use of the chloroacetyl group as a protecting group has been studied for a 2-methylglyco-[2',1':4,5]-2-oxazoline. The reaction of chloroacetyl chloride or chloroacetic anhydride with 2-acetamido-1,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose provided 2-acetamido-1,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-(chloroacetyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose which, on treatment with anhydrous ferric chloride in dichloromethane, produced the desired oxazoline. The glycosylating capability of the oxazoline has been investigated with aglycon hydroxides, to give the corresponding 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosides. The chloroacetyl group can be selectively removed by treatment with thiourea, and migration of O-acetyl groups was not observed under these conditions.
Cryo-electron microscopy as an investigative tool: the ribosome as an example.

Cryo-electron microscopy allows the visualization of macromolecules in their native state. Combined with techniques of three-dimensional reconstruction, cryo-EM images of single molecules can be used to study macromolecular interactions. The ribosome, a large RNA–protein complex with multiple binding interactions, is an excellent test case illustrating the power of these new techniques. Conformational changes during the binding of tRNA and protein factors to the ribosome can now be studied without the interference of crystal packing. Now that the first X-ray structures of ribosomal subunits have become available, conformational changes observed by cryo-EM in different functional states can be traced back to internal rearrangements of the underlying structural framework. Electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and modeling should be used together in the endeavor to understand the functioning of the translational machinery. BioEssays 23:725–732, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska.

Wolves (Canis lupus) were captured in three areas of Interior Alaska (USA). Four hundred twenty-five sera were tested for evidence of exposure to canine coronavirus by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody procedure. Serum antibody prevalence averaged 70% (167/240) during the spring collection period and 25% (46/185) during the autumn collection period. Prevalence was 0% (0/42) in the autumn pup cohort (age 4–5 mo), and 60% (58/97) in the spring pup cohort (age 9–10 mo). Prevalence was lowest in the Eastern Interior study area. A statistical model indicates that prevalence increased slightly each year in all three study areas. These results indicate that transmission occurs primarily during the winter months, antibody decay is quite rapid, and reexposure during the summer is rare.
A system for natural language computation

This paper briefly describes a natural language programming system called NLC which allows users to type commands in English and watch the resulting actions carried out on a computer display screen. The data entities appear on the screen at all times, so that the user can observe the effect of each input before proceeding to the next one. Should some input ever be incorrectly processed, a backup facility allows requests to be clarified after restoring the previous context and data values. The user may identify a sequence of natural language commands as a procedure which, when given a name, acts as a new imperative verb and may be used to define further customizations.
Inhibition of Growth of Trichophyton rubrum by the Myeloperoxidase – Hydrogen Peroxide – Chloride System

The myeloperoxidase – hydrogen peroxide – chloride (MPO-H2O2-Cl) system is an antimicrobial system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We demonstrated that the MPO-H2O2-Cl system is fungicidal for Trichophyton rubrum, Fungal growth of synchronous cell culture of T. rubrum germlings was assayed by measuring the uptake of tritiated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and the viability of the fungi was assayed by counting colony-forming units. Cytotoxins produced by the interaction of myeloperoxidase with hydrogen peroxide and chloride ion were fungicidal for T. rubrum. Growth inhibition was abolished in the presence of catalase ro L-methionine. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes through the MPO-H2O2-Cl system may prevent invasion and sepsis by dermatophytes even in the absence of specific immunity.
Soft Error Considerations for Multicore Microprocessor Design

Advanced integrated circuits with reduced operating voltages and higher transistor densities exhibit increased sensitivity to radiation effects. This sensitivity is not confined to just memory but can affect all logic elements of the circuit. As such, radiation-induced soft errors are becoming a dominant reliability-failure mechanism in modern CMOS technologies. With the recent trend towards multicore microprocessors, designers must now consider how those multicore designs will perform taking into account the effects of soft errors. This paper discusses the relationships among process technology, architecture, communication, operating system, and applications when designing a multicore microprocessor. Several key design considerations are presented which exemplify the linkages among those design elements in multicore microprocessors.
Experimental Study of Multiple Light Scattering

This is an experimental study of multiple scattering by a polystyrene latex whose particles have a modal diameter of 1.277 μ. A special rectangular cell was constructed to correspond to an infinite plane-parallel slab. The experiments were carried out for two wavelengths, λ0=0.546 and 0.436 μ, for two cell thicknesses 0.089 and 0.183 cm, and for seven concentrations, ranging from 1.051×10−5 to 1.058×10−2 g/g. The angular range was from 0° to 90°. The higher angles were made accessible by placing the scattering cell in a cylindrical jacket containing Nujol. Extensive theoretical calculations were carried out with the aid of the Hartel theory for each of the above cases. The agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was excellent.
A Mystic Impulse: From Apophatics to Decreation in Pseudo-Dionysius, Meister Eckhart and Simone Weil

This article articulates a mystically motivated apophatic subjectivity that emerges from Simone Weil's life and thought. It does so genealogically, via excursions into Pseudo-Dionysius's and Meister Eckhart's negative theologies. These genealogical excursions expose Weil's resonances with and differences from these earlier thinkers of Christian apophasis. To highlight these differences, this article pays particular attention to two spiritual exercises, attention and decreation, which when taken together point out a tragic sense pulsing through and informing Weil's remarkable religious thought and praxis.
The ultraviolet fluorescence spectra of DPN-linked isociatrate dehydrogenase from bovine heart

Abstract The emission maximum of DPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from bovine heart shifted from 316 nm to 324 nm as the excitation wavelength was varied from 265 nm to 300 nm. This shift was accompanied by a nonproportional change in fluorescence intensity. Comparisons of the emission spectra of model compounds in aqueous buffer at pH 7.07 and n-butanol showed that lowered solvent polarity led to a blue shift of the peak of free tryptophan without significant change of fluorescence intensity, whereas the fluorescence intensity of tyrosine amide increased markedly without change in emission maximum. The emission peak of mixtures of tryptophan and tyrosine amide shifted to shorter wavelengths as the proportion of tyrosine amide increased. The results suggest a major contribution of tyrosine to the overall fluorescence of the dehydrogenase. DPNH caused quenching and a blue shift of the protein fluorescence maximum when excited between 270 nm and 290 nm, indicating that the two tryptophan residues per subunit of enzyme are located in different microenvironments of the protein and that DPNH may interact preferentially with the residue emitting at the longer wavelength.
Design of Hammerhead Bent Cap to AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications

The design of a single hammerhead bent cap is presented. The design is performed through the use of both the strut-and-tie models and the sectional design procedures in the AASHTO LRFD [Load and Resistance Factor Design] Bridge Design Specifications. Two truss models are used to design the bent cap. The two trusses result in identical shear reinforcement. However, the use of sectional design procedures for this bent cap requires approximately one-half the amount of shear reinforcement. The results of a strain energy analysis indicate that simple trusses with a direct strut between the load point and the support point best model the actual load-carrying mechanism in the bent caps.
Use of standard contraceptivediaphragm in management of stress urinary incontinence

Abstract The management of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) consists of either surgical interventionand/or pharmacologic manipulation. Twelve patients with SUI were evaluated for management by the use of a fitted standard contraceptive diaphragm. Complete resolution of SUI was achieved in 11 of 12 patients (91 &). Two of the 12 patients achieved continence but withdrew from the study because of associated discomfort from the diaphragm, therefore, complete resolution of SUI was achieved in 9 of 12 patients (75 &).
Plane stress crack trajectories in low modulus materials

Crack trajectory studies in propellant and liner materials under combined loading conditions have been conducted using plane stress sheets. Linear strain finite element modeling was used to determine the direction of maximum principal stress, which was hypothesized as the direction of crack propagation. However, it was found experimentally that contrary to many other engineering materials, this was not the nature of the behavior of cracks in these low modulus materials. Instead it was found that in order to predict the trajectory it was necessary to model the crack with a finite tip radius which in reality was produced by the deformation of the soft materials before the crack propagated. Experimental results were accurately predicted in this manner, and it was not necessary to use nonlinear strain measures nor nonlinear constitutive laws.
“The Quayle quagmire”: Political campaigns in the poetic form of burlesque

This essay examines Dan Quayle's 1988 vice presidential campaign according to Kenneth Burke's poetic form of burlesque and argues that public reaction to Quayle reflected a burlesque strategy designed to confront his nomination. Unlike Burke's interpretation of the comic frame of reference, which emphasizes correction and acceptance, burlesque stresses negative aspects of human experience, and emphasizes rejection. This “partial”; frame of reference will be identified in terms of the legitimation and degradation rituals Quayle faced during the campaign. In light of the analysis, Quayle's ascension to office despite the intense ridicule he received during the campaign reveals much ambivalence toward vice presidential nominees and also raises questions about the role of burlesque in political campaigns. The essay intends to contribute to our understanding of Burke's poetic category of burlesque and provide insights on the functions and limitations of burlesque in American political campaigns.
Extrinsic job satisfaction and person-environment congruence

Abstract Holland's construct of congruence was investigated with job dissatisfaction among 792 men and 1077 women who were working in 1980. A congruence scale was developed based on job aspirations as freshmen in 1971, graduating major, and actual job in 1980. Patterns of relationships identified by median polishing indicated women working in Social environments were more dissatisfied with extrinsic aspects of their jobs than those working in other environments. More men than women were dissatisfied with income, fringe benefits, and opportunity for promotion. Furthermore, those at the highest level of congruence tended to be less dissatisfied than those at the lowest level of congruence.
GSM whitespaces: An opportunity for rural cellular service

The GSM network is the largest network on Earth, providing vital communications service to billions of people. Yet hundreds of millions of people live outside the coverage of existing cellular providers. Recently, researchers have demonstrated a new model of cellular connectivity, community cellular, that has the potential to bring coverage to extremely rural populations. Although the total capital costs for these networks (<US$10,000) are affordable for rural communities, the high financial and political cost of access to spectrum in GSM bands makes running a legal community cellular network nearly impossible. This is despite the fact that very rural areas typically have substantial amounts of licensed GSM spectrum that is not actively used. We define this unused spectrum as GSM whitespace. Like TV whitespaces, we argue that GSM whitespaces should be regulated for dynamic spectrum sharing, and that doing so will support the growth of community cellular networks and thereby improve rural access to communications services. We propose a hybrid sensing and database-driven spectrum sharing scheme called Nomadic GSM that provides safe coexistence between primary and secondary users without requiring coordination or cooperation from existing license holders. Nomadic GSM also mitigates concerns about “spectrum squatting” by secondaries and provides regulators visibility into and control of the spectrum usage of secondary operators. Lastly, we implement and evaluate a prototype Nomadic GSM system that is fully compatible with existing, unmodified GSM handsets and has been deployed in a real-world community cellular network in Papua, Indonesia.
The Imd Pathway Is Involved in Antiviral Immune Responses in Drosophila

Cricket Paralysis virus (CrPV) is a member of the Dicistroviridae family of RNA viruses, which infect a broad range of insect hosts, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila has emerged as an effective system for studying innate immunity because of its powerful genetic techniques and the high degree of gene and pathway conservation. Intra-abdominal injection of CrPV into adult flies causes a lethal infection that provides a robust assay for the identification of mutants with altered sensitivity to viral infection. To gain insight into the interactions between viruses and the innate immune system, we injected wild type flies with CrPV and observed that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were not induced and hemocytes were depleted in the course of infection. To investigate the contribution of conserved immune signaling pathways to antiviral innate immune responses, CrPV was injected into isogenic mutants of the Immune Deficiency (Imd) pathway, which resembles the mammalian Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) pathway. Loss-of-function mutations in several Imd pathway genes displayed increased sensitivity to CrPV infection and higher CrPV loads. Our data show that antiviral innate immune responses in flies infected with CrPV depend upon hemocytes and signaling through the Imd pathway.
Percutaneous coronary intervention was not as effective as CABG for severe coronary artery disease

Source Citation Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:961-...
Sensitivity of a Passive Correlation Interferometer to an Angularly Moving Source

A derivation of the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of a passive correlation interferometer viewing a radiating point source moving angularly in the plane of the antennas is presented. A new method of measuring the angular velocity of moving objects using a correlation interferometer has recently been developed, and in order to evaluate the detection capabilities of such a sensor, the sensitivity to a fast angularly moving source must be known; such an analysis has not previously been published. It is shown that the spectral sensitivity of the interferometer is dependent on the angular velocity of the source: objects with faster angular velocities result in lower spectral sensitivities. Furthermore, the spectral response does not, in general, extend to dc. The total signal power is constant, however, and when integrated over the response bandwidth, the total sensitivity is independent of the angular velocity and reduces to the theoretical sensitivity of a correlation interferometer viewing a stationary source. The derivation thus proves that the interferometer sensitivity in angular velocity measurements can thus be calculated using the conventional definition of the sensitivity of a correlation interferometer.
OptCircuit: An optimization based method for computational design of genetic circuits

Recent years has witnessed an increasing number of studies on constructing simple synthetic genetic circuits that exhibit desired properties such as oscillatory behavior, inducer specific activation/repression, etc. It has been widely acknowledged that that task of building circuits to meet multiple inducer-specific requirements is a challenging one. This is because of the incomplete description of component interactions compounded by the fact that the number of ways in which one can chose and interconnect components, increases exponentially with the number of components. In this paper we introduce OptCircuit, an optimization based framework that automatically identifies the circuit components from a list and connectivity that brings about the desired functionality. Multiple literature sources are used to compile a comprehensive compilation of kinetic descriptions of promoter-protein pairs. The dynamics that govern the interactions between the elements of the genetic circuit are currently modeled using deterministic ordinary differential equations but the framework is general enough to accommodate stochastic simulations. The desired circuit response is abstracted as the maximization/minimization of an appropriately constructed objective function. Computational results for a toggle switch example demonstrate the ability of the framework to generate the complete list of circuit designs of varying complexity that exhibit the desired response. Designs identified for a genetic decoder highlight the ability of OptCircuit to suggest circuit configurations that go beyond the ones compatible with digital logic-based design principles. Finally, the results obtained from the concentration band detector example demonstrate the ability of OptCircuit to design circuits whose responses are contingent on the level of external inducer as well as pinpoint parameters for modification to rectify an existing (non-functional) biological circuit and restore functionality. Our results demonstrate that OptCircuit framework can serve as a design platform to aid in the construction and finetuning of integrated biological circuits.
Learning Systems Requirements.

Discussion of opportunities and requirements for graduates of advanced degree and certificate programs in applied learning systems within the United States Army's learning research and technology development programs.
The amino acids of bone and dentine collagens in Pleistocene mammals.

Abstract 1. 1. The studies of fourteen samples of fossil collagens from mammals and seven samples of modern mammalian collagens show that the fossil collagen usually has more glycine, less leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and amide nitrogen, and small amounts of ornithine. 2. 2. In comparison with the modern relatives of the fossils studied, the extinct short-faced bear has more lysine and less hydroxylysine; the extinct western horse has a slightly higher amount of hydroxyproline; the fossil camel has lower amounts of lysine and serine. 3. 3. The amino acid compositions of the fossil collagens of the extinct browsing ground sloth, dire wolf, fossil coyote, lion-like cat and extinct ancient bison are similar to those of their living relatives. 4. 4. Dentinal collagens from the extinct western horse and the browsing ground sloth have more hydroxylysine and less lysine than those in the bone collagens from the same species.
Genetic and immunohematologic factors in autism.

The present study is being conducted to explore the hypothesis that genetic and/or congenital factors are etiologically significant in certain persons with the syndrome of autism. To initiale theproject, the UCLA Registry for Genetic Studies in Autism was established in 1980. To date 254 families have enrolled. Extensive clinical material and past medical dato are being gathered from euch family. Information presented in this preliminary report is based solely upon parental reports and prior medical and school evaluations, as the diagnoses have not yet been verified by the authors. Clinical dato and family pedigrees will be analyzed by computer-based methods. Blood studies including chromosomes, gene markers, T-cell and B-cell functions, and antibody levels are being conducted on families meeting specific research criteria.
Supersymmetrical string theories

A supersymmetrical light-cone-gauge string action is presented. It provides a basis for understanding the previously-studied supersymmetrical dual string theory as well as two new closed-string theories that have extended supersymmetry in ten dimensions, corresponding to N = 8 supersymmetry in four dimensions.
Space-domain inversion of the incomplete Abel transform

An axisymmetric object is reconstructed from its transaxial line-integral projection by the inverse Abel transform. An interesting variation of the Abel inversion problem is the finite-length line-spread function introduced by Dallas et at. [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 2039 ( 1987)], in which the path of integration does not extend completely across the object support, resulting in incomplete projections. We refer to this operation as the incomplete Abel transform and derive a space-domain inversion formula for it. It is shown that the kernel of the inverse transform consists of the usual Abel inversion kernel plus a number of correction terms that act to complete the projections. The space-domain inverse is shown to be equivalent to Dallas’s frequency-domain inversion procedure. Finally, the space-domain inverse is demonstrated by numerical simulation.
Evaluation of In-Ground Plastic-Hinge Length and Depth for Piles in Marine Oil Terminals

This investigation evaluated the current recommendations for plastic-hinge length and depth for piles in marine oil terminals considering nonlinear pile and soil behavior, as well as two seismic de...
STRONGLY INTERACTING MATTER AT RHIC

Experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) have yielded an abundance of data which suggest that a new state of matter has been produced in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. This new state of matter is a strongly interacting Quark Gluon Plasma that behaves like a nearly perfect fluid with very low viscosity. I will review the experimental observations that point to the existence of the sQGP, and in particular I will emphasize the particle spectra and the flow data.
A generalization of Kaplansky's game

In this paper, games of the following general kind are studied: Two players move alternately by marking unmarked integer coordinate points in the plane. The first player wins if he can obtain k"1 marked points on a line having none of his opponent's marked points before his opponent obtains k"2 of his marked points on a line having none of his own. If this latter eventually occurs first, the second player wins. It is shown that if k"1 = ~ and k"2 is finite, the second player can always win.
Myoinositol excretion in the newborn infant

Ein aktives Agens im Sauglingsurin, das die Hemmung vonSaccharomyces cerevisiae durch 5-Fluorouracil verhindert, wurde als Myoinositol identifiziert und generell bei allen Neugeborenen, ebenfalls bei einer Anzahl von Kindern mit allgemeiner Aminoacidurie, gefunden. Gesunde Erwachsene zeigten keine nennenswerten Mengen.
UNUSUAL FORM OF DIGITALIS-INDUCED DOUBLE ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA.

Abstract An instance of digitalis-induced double atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular block has been described. To our knowledge, it is the first such arrhythmia reported. One ectopic focus was assumed to be located in the right atrium (type A) and the other in the left atrium (type B). The influence of digitalis and hypokalemia in relation to such cardiac arrhythmia has been discussed. The necessity of early recognition of digitalis intoxication in elderly patients who develop supraventricular tachycardia, particularly paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, during digitalization has been emphasized.
Inferring the interactions in complex manufacturing processes using graphical models

The new trends in manufacturing toward modularity and flexibility result in a larger number of interdependent operations in a process, leading to complex multistage manufacturing processes. Identifying the variation flow and implementing quality control in such processes is very challenging because of the complex interactions among different stages. This article presents a systematic model building methodology to identify the underlying interactions among stages through the integration of advanced statistical techniques in graphical models and engineering insights to manufacturing processes. A statistical testing procedure is developed to efficiently construct the chain graph of the key product characteristics in a process, making use of identified relationships at previous stages. A case study validating the effectiveness of the proposed procedure is also presented.
What kinds of advising are important to community college pre- and posttransfer students?

Educators assert that academic advising before and after transferring enhances the success of baccalaureate degree-seeking students who begin at community colleges. Yet, there is little research th...
Magnetic hysteresis and rotational energy barriers in C-coated Co and RE/TM fine particle ferromagnets

We use a Kratschmer-Huffman C-arc method to synthesize C-coated transition metal (TM) and rare earth (RE)-TM nanocrystals. The theme of this research is C-arc synthesis of magnetic materials and assessment of potential use in xerography, ferrofluids, data storage, MRI image enhancement, etc. Here we focus on materials with potential for data storage, TM particles include Co[C]. Sm/sub 1-x-y/Co/sub x/C/sub y/ nanocrystals have been produced using a Sm/sub 2/Co/sub 7/ precursor, as have nanocrystalline Fe/sub 1-x-y-z/Nd/sub x/B/sub y/C/sub z/ using Fe/sub 14/Nd/sub 2/B. Characterization by XRD and HRTEM identify phases and particle sizes. SQUID magnetometry is used to determine magnetic hysteresis, temperature, and time dependent response.
Circular-grating surface-emitting DBR laser array for free-space applications

The operation of a 2/spl times/2 circular-grating surface-emitting distributed Bragg reflector laser array is demonstrated. An InGaAs/GaAs multiquantum well structure with an etch-stop layer is used. A threshold current of /spl sim/20 mA is measured for each laser in the array. High power output with accurate wavelength control was obtained.
Autonomic and sensory reinnervation of smooth muscle transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye: effect of target postnatal age.

Abstract The ability of the nervous system to provide target innervation is greatest in early development, but decreases as a function of age. The objective of the present study was to determine if age-related changes occurring within the target tissue contribute to this decline. Periorbital tarsal smooth muscle from donor rats 6, 14, 30, and 48 days postnatal were transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of 84- to 90-day-old host rats. The tissue was removed at 3, 6, or 10 days post-transplant and immunostained for presumptive sympathetic nerves (dopamine β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive, DBH-ir), sensory (calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive, CGRP-ir) or parasympathetic (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive, VIP-ir). DBH-ir sympathetic fibers sprouted into target from donors of all ages. However, the rate of ingrowth was most rapid in tissue from 6-day-old donors. In contrast, CGRP-ir sensory fibers showed no age-related differences, but grew more rapidly than sympathetic fibers. However, the innervation density at 10 days was comparable for both types of nerves. No significant VIP-ir parasympathetic ingrowth could be demonstrated at any age. We conclude that smooth muscle target in developing animals can have selective effects on different populations of ingrowing fibers; the rate of sympathetic ingrowth declines with maturity, whereas ingrowth of sensory fibers is not altered.
Implications of a 5′-nucleotidase inhibitor in human leukemic cells for cellular aging and cancer

Abstract 5′-Nucleotidase activity of normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) was found to be inhibited by the homogenates of seven different cell lines originated from patients with different kinds of leukemia and of fresh lymphocytes from a patient with Sezary syndrome (circulating T-cell lymphoma). About 97% of the inhibiting activity was found in the soluble fraction of RPMI 8402 cells, a cell line originated from the lymphocytes of a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. This inhibiting activity was not destroyed by dialysis, heating at 56°C for 30 min, nor digestion with RNAase or DNAase. About 85% of the inhibiting activity was destroyed by digestion with papain at 37°C for 1 h and it was destroyed completely by heating at 100°C for 30 min. When the heated (56°C for 30 min) soluble fraction of RPMI 8402 cells was mixed with the homogenate of IMR-90 cells, it had no effect on the activities of alkaline, neutral or acid phosphatases, nor of N- acetyl -β- d -glucosaminidase or cytochrome c oxidase of IMR-90 cells. Preincubating the mixed samples for 1, 20 and 45 min, respectively, before adding the substrate, the heated soluble fraction of RPMI 8402 cells did not increase the percentage of inhibition for 5′-nucleotidase of the homogenate of IMR-90 cells. No inhibition of other enzyme activities was observed under similar conditions. These data suggest that the inhibiting activity is due to a protein(s) that is not a protease. The inhibiting activity was found in a single peak after the soluble fraction was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and sedimentation centrifugation. The molecular weight of the inhibitor was found to be approx. 35 000 by comparing its retention volume and sedimentation rate with those of proteins of known molecular weight. The present study suggests that the previously reported undetectability of 5′-nucleotidase in permanent cell lines could be due to the presence of a protein inhibitor for 5′-nucleotidase in these human leukemic cell lines. It also supports the hypothesis that the increased 5′-nucleotidase activity in normal senescent cells in vitro may be a control in cellular aging that is missing from leukemic cells in vitro.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF MARINE ZOOPLANKTON1

Studies on the carbohydrate content of 11 species of planktonic animals have been carried out. In the case OI Culanus finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus and Neomysis umericunu, certain animals wcrc fed laboratory phytoplankton cultures and comparisons were made between fed and starved groups. For Cnlanzcs finmurchicus, fed animals contained from 0.90-2.85 pg and starved animals from 0.68-1.50 pug carbohydrate/animal. As percent wet weight the carbohydrates ranged from 0.11-0.40 for fed and from 0.10-0.24 for starved C. finmarchicus. The carbohydrates in C. hyperborens ranged from 0.14-0.29s wet weight and in Neomysis from 0.19-0.23%, but there was no significant differcncc between fed and starved animals. Feeding expcrimcnts wcrc also attempted with the euphausids Megunyctiphunes norvegicu and Thysunoessu sp. but feeding was poor and again no significant difference over the concentrations in starved animals could bc detected. The concentration for all the euphausids was rather low: O.OS-0.08% wet weight for Megunyctiphunes, 0.09-0.11% for Thysunoessu, and 0.08-0.17 for Nemutoscelis megulops. Carbohydrates were also low for the copepods Puracuchuetu norvegica (0.06-0.11%) and Pleuromamma sp. (0.10%) and for IIyperiu gulbu (0.15%). Another amphipod Euthemist0 contained from 0.2%0.62% wet weight carbohydrate and an ostracod Conchoeciu 0.310/o. Respiratory mcasurcments during periods of starvation were made for Calanus hyperboreus, Nemutoscelis mczcgubops and Neomysis umericunu which indicated that considerably more carbon was being oxidized than could bc nccountcd for by changes in the carbohydrate content of the animals. Conversely, in certain feeding expcrimcnts with Neomysis americana and C. finmurchicus it seemed very doubtful that sufficient carbohydrate was obtained in the food consumed to meet the carbon rcquircments if carbohydrate was the principal energy source. It is concluded that the animals in question do not contain sufficient carbohydrate reserves to meet energy rcquircments, particularly during periods of food scarcity, and therefore, other metabolic substrates must bc utilized as well.
Crystal-field excitations and spin-phonon interactions in DyNi2B2C: Raman scattering study

We report polarized Raman results of magnetic superconductor ${\text{DyNi}}_{2}{\text{B}}_{2}\text{C}$ $({T}_{c}=6.2\text{ }\text{K},\text{ }{T}_{N}=10.3\text{ }\text{K})$ to explore crystal-field (CF) excitations and spin-phonon interactions. In addition to the $\text{Ni-}{B}_{1g}$ phonon mode at $199\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, we observed additional Raman modes at 124, 151, and $221\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. By careful analysis of the temperature evolution of these modes, we attribute the $124\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ excitation to a CF transition. The 151 and $221\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ modes correspond to zone-folded phonons because they are completely quenched for $Tg{T}_{N}$. With increasing temperature across ${T}_{N}$, the $124\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ excitation diminishes rapidly in intensity and, interestingly, an additional mode appears at $119\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This excitation grows in intensity with increasing temperature toward 50 K and gradually decreases with increasing temperature further. We attribute the $119\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ excitation to an excited CF transition from a low-lying CF level at $5\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to the higher CF level at $124\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Anomalous temperature-dependent behavior of the $\text{Ni-}{B}_{1g}$ phonon mode was observed in peak energy and in spectral width, i.e., both the phonon energy and the linewidth are enhanced in the vicinity of ${T}_{N}$, suggesting the presence of strong spin-phonon interactions near the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature in ${\text{DyNi}}_{2}{\text{B}}_{2}\text{C}$.
Branching formula for q -Littlewood-Richardson coefficients

A generalized inversion statistic is introduced on k-tuples of semistandard tableaux. It is shown that the cospin of a semistandard k-ribbon tableau is equal to the generalized inversion number of its k-quotient. This leads to a branching formula for the q-analogue of Littlewood-Richardson coefficients defined by Lascoux, Leclerc, and Thibon. This branching formula generalizes a recurrence of Garsia and Procesi involving Kostka-Foulkes polynomials.
Perceptions of computer-based testing: a focus on the CFM examination

Abstract The Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) first offered professional certification in financial management (CFM) in 1996. The CFM credential was the first accounting-related certification to be administered solely via computer. In 1997, the IMA's Certified Management Accountant examination program became computerized after being offered for 25 years as a traditional paper-and-pencil exam. The Certified Public Accountant and Certified Internal Auditor examination programs are also planning to switch to a computerized format. We surveyed successful and unsuccessful CFM candidates, CFM exam administrators, and accounting educators to get their perceptions of computer-based testing. Our results find that candidates report an overall positive experience with the computerized exam. However, successful candidates indicate that they believe computerized testing weakens the perception of the certification, perhaps because respondents indicate that writing skills and free-form problem solving should be included on certification exams.
Physical Findings and Symptoms of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Use in Adolescent Females

Abstract Study Objective To document physical and symptomatic changes in adolescent females using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) for contraception. Design A 3D-month prospective experimental study using a convenience sample of subjects. Setting A pediatric primary care clinic in Milwaukee, Wisconsin that serves an urban population of low socioeconomic status. Participants A mostly African-American group of 53 patients (mean age 16.5 ± 1.3 years). Interventions Subjects received 150 mg DMPA intramuscularly in either the deltoid or gluteus muscle. The first two DMPA injections were given 6–8 weeks apart in an effort to decrease menstrual irregularity. Subsequent injections were given every 3 months. A questionnaire was administered at each visit to document physical and symptomatic changes. Main Outcome Measures Included weight change, frequency and amount of menstrual bleeding, and perceived side effects and satisfaction both documented with a 5-point Likert scale. Results At 5, 11, and 17 months of DMPA use, 75%, 40%, and 19% of subjects continued DMPA. The most commonly perceived side effects were weight gain (27%), headache (25%), irregular periods (24%), fatigue (23%), abdominal pain (18%), and decreased sexual desire (15%). Significant weight gain was noted with an average increase of 6.0 ± 6.0 kg at 11 months of DMPA use and 9.0 ± 5.4 kg at 17 months. No menstrual bleeding was experienced by 30%–40% of adolescents in any 3-month injection period, and those who bled averaged 8–13 days of bleeding between injections. No pregnancies occurred and 87% of patients were either satisfied or very satisfied with DMPA as a method of contraception. Conclusion Despite the documented side effects, DMPA is an effective, acceptable contraceptive for some adolescent females who are at high risk for pregnancy.
The effects of temperature acclimation on membrane sterols and phospholipids of Neurospora crassa

Abstract Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of temperature acclimation on sterol and phospholipid biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa. Cultures grown at high (37°C) and low (15°C) temperatures show significant differences in free and total sterol content, sterol/phospholipid ratios and distribution of major phospholipid species in total lipids and two functionally distinct membrane fractions. The ratio of free sterols to phospholipids in total cellular lipids from 15°C cultures was found to be about one-half that found at 37°C, whereas sterol/phospholipid ratios of mitochondrial and microsomal membranes were found to be higher at the low growth temperature. Total sterol and phospholipid biosynthetic rates showed parallel reductions in cultures acclimating to a shift from 37 to 15°C growth conditions. Distribution of [14C]acetate label into free sterols was significantly lower under these conditions, however; indicating an increase in the conversion rate of sterols to sterol esters at the lower temperature. Mitochondrial and microsomal membrane fractions showed distinct phospholipid distributions which also differed from total lipid distributions at the two growth temperatures. In each case there was a consistent decrease in phosphatidylcholine and a corresponding increase in phosphatidylethanolamine as growth temperatures were lowered.
Regulation of thyrotropin (TSH) release and production in monolayer cultures of transplantable TSH-producing mouse tumors.

Studies of TSH release and production were performed in short term monolayer cultures of transplantable, thyroid hormone responsive, thyrot-ropin (TSH) producing mouse pituitary tumors. These tumors contained large amounts of TSH, small amounts of growth hormone (GH) and no detectable luteinizing hormone (LH), indicating that the predominant hormone product of tumor cells was TSH. The TSH content per tumor cell was similar to that of the normal pituitary where thyrotrophs represent a small fraction of the total cells, suggesting that the TSH content per tumor cell was less than that of the normal thyrotroph. There was a time dependent release and production of TSH by tumor cells in monolayer culture. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) increased the release into the media and the production of TSH in a dose dependent manner. Maximum effects were noted at 0.2 ng/ml. Thyroid hormones and somatostatin inhibited both basal and TRH induced effects on both TSH release and production. TSH release as induced by T...
Selected medicolegal issues for the dermatologist

It is increasingly difficult to practice medicine without a clear understanding of legal issues. Although in the past, physicians found a paucity of medicolegal materials, the opposite is now the rule. Multiple excellent medicolegal textbooks are available, and most new textbooks and or major journals now include medicolegal chapters or columns. The problem may now be that physicians have been so exposed to medicolegal issues that they are either overwhelmed by the amount of information that must be understood or risk becoming complacent or overconfident about their understanding of the basic issues they need to understand. This article revisits the most basic medicolegal concepts of establishing and terminating the physician-patient relationship, obtaining informed consent/refusal, medical malpractice, and medical record keeping, providing pearls and checklists to assist the practitioner. In addition, special attention is given to the use of Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for unapproved purposes and to the patient with human immunodeficiency virus, because these areas are receiving increasing legal attention.
Effects of biogenic emission uncertainties on regional photochemical modeling of control strategies

Abstract The sensitivity of regional ozone (03) modeling to uncertainties in biogenic emission estimates has been studied with the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Oxidant Model (ROM). Photochemical oxidants in the northeastern United States were simulated for the period 2–17 July 1988, one of the most severe air stagnation episodes in the last decade. In the simulations, biogenic hydrocarbon emissions were adjusted by a factor of 3 to account for the existing range of uncertainty in these emissions. The impact of biogenic emission uncertainties on O 3 predictions depended upon the availability of NO x . In most cases, O 3 concentrations increased in response to increases in biogenic hydrocarbon emissions. However, in some extremely NO x -limited areas, increasing the amount of biogenic emissions decreased O 3 concentrations. Two control strategies were also examined in the simulations: (1) reduced anthropogenic hydrocarbon emissions, and (2) reduced anthropogenic hydrocarbon and NO x emissions. The simulations showed that controls of hydrocarbon emissions were more beneficial to the New York City area, but that combined NO, and hydrocarbon controls were more beneficial to other areas of the Northeast. For the most part, the preference for a combined strategy persisted across the range of uncertainty in biogenic emissions. There were some localized areas where the preference for control technique depended upon the assumed level of biogenic emissions.
Spectral emissivity calculations for the parallel bands of carbon dioxide at 4·3 microns

Abstract The quasi-statistical band model is used to compute spectral emissivities for homogeneous paths of CO 2 . Emissivities are presented for temperatures from 150 to 600°K, covering the temperature range encountered in planetary atmospheres where carbon dioxide adsorption is expected to be significant. These emissivities can be used to calculate atmospheric transmission. The present results are compared with both experimental measurements and other theoretical calculations. Spectrally, the agreement with observed values of absorption is seen to be somewhat better than in previous calculations.
An improved two-node timoshenko beam finite element

Abstract The stiffness, mass, and consistent force matrices for a simple two-node Timoshenko beam element are developed based upon Hamilton's principle. Cubic and quadratic Lagrangian polynomials are used for the transverse and rotational displacements, respectively, where the polynomials are made interdependent by requiring them to satisfy the two homogeneous differential equations associated with Timoshenko's beam theory. The resulting stiffness matrix, which can be exactly integrated and is free of ‘shear-locking’, is in agreement with the exact Timoshenko beam stiffness matrix. Numerical results are presented to show that the current element exactly predicts the displacement of a short beam subjected to complex distributed loadings using only one element, and the current element predicts shear and moment resultants and natural frequencies better than existing Timoshenko beam elements.
Activity Limitation Stages Empirically Derived for Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental ADL in the U.S. Adult Community-Dwelling Medicare Population

Background Stages quantify severity like conventional measures but further specify the activities that people are still able to perform without difficulty. Objective To develop Activity Limitation Stages for defining and monitoring groups of adult community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Community. Participants There were 14,670 respondents to the 2006 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Methods Stages were empirically derived for the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) by profiling the distribution of performance difficulties as reported by beneficiaries or their proxies. Stage prevalence estimates were determined, and associations with demographic and health variables were examined for all community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries. Main Outcome Measurements ADL and IADL stage prevalence. Results Stages (0-IV) define 5 groups across the separate ADL and IADL domains according to hierarchically organized profiles of retained abilities and difficulties. For example, at ADL-I, people are guaranteed to be able to eat, toilet, dress, and bathe/shower without difficulty, whereas they experience limitations getting in and out of bed or chairs and/or difficulties walking. In 2006, an estimated 6.0, 2.9, 2.2, and 0.5 million beneficiaries had mild (ADL-I), moderate (ADL-II), severe (ADL-III), and complete (ADL-IV) difficulties, respectively, with estimates for IADL stages even higher. ADL and IADL stages showed expected associations with age and health-related concepts, supporting construct validity. Stages showed the strongest associations with conditions that impair cognition. Conclusions Stages as aggregate measures reveal the ADLs and IADLs that people are still able to do without difficulty, along with those activities in which they report having difficulty, consequently emphasizing how groups of people with difficulties can still participate in their own lives. Over the coming decades, stages applied to populations served by vertically integrated clinical practices could facilitate large-scale planning, with the goal of maximizing personal autonomy among groups of community-dwelling people with disabilities.