cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forces on particles in oscillatory boundary layers

The lift and drag forces on an isolated particle resulting from an oscillating wall- bounded flow, are approximated using direct numerical simulation and extrapolation techniques. We also confirm the existence of anomalies in the lift force, which arise from the interaction of the vortical field with the particle. Anomalies can also occur for computational reasons and these are discussed as well.This study was motivated by a long-standing question about the importance of lift forces in the dynamics of sediments in oceanic settings. To answer this question we use the numerically generated data as well as extrapolations to compute the ratio of the lift to buoyancy forces on a particle. This analysis suggests that for particles and oceanic conditions typical of the nearshore, the lift force can play a role in the dynamics of sedimentary beds.
Psychological distress in patients and caregivers over the course of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

Summary Objectives Head and neck cancer patients and their caregivers report high rates of psychological distress. High rates of physical symptom burden and the increased need for family members to provide caregiving during treatment may contribute to this distress. Methods This study examined trajectories of patient and caregiver distress over the course of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer as well as how patients and caregivers influence each other’s distress. Forty-nine head and neck cancer patient-caregiver dyads completed 6 weekly assessments of physical symptoms (MDASI-HN) and distress (e.g., NCCN distress thermometer) over the course of radiotherapy. Results Patient and caregiver distress increased steadily over the course of treatment, peaking at week 5; patients (82% male; 69% Stage 4) and caregivers (90% female) reported significant distress in 77% of cases. Linear mixed models with the patient-caregiver dyad as the unit of analysis showed that increases in patient-rated head and neck specific physical symptoms had a significant ( p Conclusion Findings highlight the adverse impact of patient physical symptoms during radiotherapy on both patient and caregiver distress. They also support a dyadic coping model whereby patients and caregivers manage their distress together as a unit. Overall, dyadic supportive care interventions that focus on controlling patient physical symptoms and that address both patient and caregiver distress are sorely needed in head and neck cancer.
Empiric chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site

Abstract Analysis of the results of chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site is complicated by the small sizes of most treatment series and patient heterogeneity. Careful evaluation of clinical and pathologic information may identify patients with a relatively high likelihood of response to systemic therapy. This includes patients in whom immunohistochemical studies or electron microscopy, or both, suggest a likely tumor type responsive to systemic therapy, such as prostate cancer, lymphoma, or a neuroendocrine tumor. Clinical evaluation can also identify potentially responsive patients, particularly those with clinical features in common with the extragonadal germ cell tumor syndrome. For patients who do not fit into these more treatable categories, most combination chemotherapy programs have response rates of less than 30% and median survivals of less than one year. Randomized trials have not established any clearly superior chemotherapy program. Regimens containing both Adriamycin™ (doxorubicin) and mitomycin-C produce response rates of approximately 25% but are associated with the possibility of severe hematologic toxicity, and rarely a syndrome resembling the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The choice between chemotherapy and supportive care only must be individualized, and the latter option is appropriate for many patients. More detailed clinical and pathologic analyses in conjunction with clinical trials, particularly employing newer diagnostic techniques, are vital to provide better prospective data from which to identify relevant clinical subsets that allow an estimate of an individual patient's likelihood of response and the suitability of systemic chemotherapy.
Absorption of Proteins and Peptides in the Far Ultraviolet

An absorption peak for the peptide bond at 187 nanometers has been confirmed; a protein assay at this wavelength allows quantitation of proteins in aqueous solution at concentrations between 0.1 and 25 micrograms per milliliter. Assays are conducted at 6°C to take advantage of the reduction of end-absorption of water with temperature.
Fourth international workshop on dynamic analysis (WODA 2006)

Dynamic analysis techniques reason over program executions and deal with data produced at program execution time. Dynamic analysis and static analysis techniques complement each other. Hence, a key focus of the workshop is dynamic analysis of software systems with an emphasis on research that integrates static and dynamic analyses.
The Efficacy of Bond-Financed Fiscal Policy:

This article examines the impact of fiscal policy on economic activity in the framework of the important model developed by Blinder and Solow which assesses the macroeconomic impact of federal budgetary actions. In addition to raising some questions about Blinder and Solow's conclusions regarding the efficacy of bond-financed fiscal policy, we introduce some logical extensions of their original model to examine the robustness of various income and interest rate multipliers. It is shown that even minor modifications are sufficient to bring about reversals in signs of these key multipliers. In sum, this article not only answers some important questions but also raises equally significant issues regarding the efficacy of fiscal policy
Mechanism of gastric acid hypersecretion in patients with islet cell tumor without hypergastrinemia: Studies in rats

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: A nongastrin acid-stimulating peptide (NGASP) has been found in ulcerogenic pancreatic tumor syndrome without hypergastrinemia. The mechanism of gastric acid hypersecretion by NGASP was investigated in rats. METHODS: In vivo, gastric acid secretion and in vitro histamine release from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in responses to tumor extract (TE) and synthetic human gastrin-17 I or pentagastrin (PG) were studied. Whether the 2 secretagogues potentiate each other was determined. RESULTS: TE dose-dependently stimulated histamine release, which was not blocked by a cholecystokinin (CCK)-B receptor antagonist. When TE was incubated with trypsin, the activity was abolished but was not affected by antibody. However, when rats were pretreated with antigastrin serum or CCK-B receptor antagonist, the acid secretion by TE was virtually abolished. The dose response of acid secretion to TE in the rats receiving PG in a threshold dose was significantly greater than that achieved by TE alone. Similarly, the dose response to PG combined with a threshold dose of TE was significantly greater than that produced by PG alone. CONCLUSIONS: NGASP stimulates histamine release from ECL cells, but the release is not mediated via CCK-B/gastrin receptor. NGASP and gastrin may potentiate each other to produce acid hypersecretion in ulcerogenic pancreatic tumor syndrome. (Gastroenterology 1997 Oct;113(4):1129-35)
Do familiar teammates request and accept more backup? Transactive memory in air traffic control.

Objective: The present study investigated factors that explain when and why different groups of teammates are more likely to request and accept backup from one another when needed in an environment characterized by extreme time pressure and severe consequences of error: commercial air traffic control (ATC). Background: Transactive memory theory states that teammates develop consensus regarding the distribution of their relative expertise as well as confidence in that expertise over time and that this facilitates coordination processes. The present study investigated whether this theory could help to explain between-team differences in requesting and accepting backup when needed. Method: The present study used cross-sectional data collected from 51 commercial ATC teams. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis. Results: Teammates with greater experience working together requested and accepted backup from one another more than those with lesser experience working together. Teammate knowledge consensus and perceived team efficacy appear to have mediated this relationship. Conclusion: Transactive memory theory extends to high-stress environments in which members' expertise is highly overlapping. Teammates' shared mental models about one another increase the likelihood that they will request and accept backup. Application: Teammate familiarity should be considered when choosing among potential replacement team members. Training strategies that accelerate the development of teammate knowledge consensus and team efficacy are warranted.
A morphologically intergrading population facilitates plastid introgression from diploid to tetraploid Dodecatheon (Primulaceae)

Polyploidy may promote diversification by generating reproductive isolation between ploidy levels, but this reproductive barrier may not be absolute. Several recent analyses of diploid–tetraploid contact zones have found evidence for hybridization. In these cases, inter-cytotype gene flow is often associated with morphologically intergrading populations. In this study, we combine cytological, fitness and population genetic data to examine the evolutionary role of a morphologically intergrading population at a contact zone between species with different ploidy levels in Dodecatheon. Diploid D. frenchii and tetraploid D. meadia are usually distinguished by leaf-shape characters. In southern Illinois, where these taxa occur in parapatry, a morphologically intergrading population includes the first documented tetraploid with D. frenchii morphology. Most plants in this intergrading population are fertile, and a nearby typical population of D. meadia has plastid DNA haplotypes that only occur in D. frenchii elsewhere in southern Illinois. These results suggest that fit neo-tetraploids in this intergrading population have facilitated local introgression between ploidy levels. Similar patterns in other regions where these taxa co-occur may explain weak range-wide genetic differentiation between these species. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168, 91–100.
Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: Marrying New Financial Incentives To Meeting Public Health Goals

The world faces a worsening public health crisis: A growing number of bacteria are resistant to available antibiotics. Yet there are few new antibiotics in the development pipeline to take the place of these increasingly ineffective drugs. We review a number of proposals intended to bolster drug development, including such financial incentives for pharmaceutical manufacturers as extending the effective patent life for new antibiotics. However, such strategies directly conflict with the clear need to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and could actually increase prescription use. As an alternative, we recommend a two-prong, “integrated” strategy. This would increase reimbursement for the appropriate, evidence-based use of antibiotics that also met specific public health goals—such as reducing illness levels while limiting antibiotic resistance.
One-transistor bistable-body tunnel SRAM

A one-transistor tunnel SRAM cell is proposed and analyzed. The new cell uses the bistability of a tunnel diode pair to latch the body voltage of a MOSFET which then shifts the threshold voltage and enables sensing of the state by measurement of the MOS transistor current. Band-to-band tunneling is used to write the cell.
Sino-Soviet Aid to South and Southeast Asia

I t is customary to show that total assistance by the United States to the underdeveloped world by far exceeds that of the Soviet bloc; and since the comparison is invariably much in favor of the United States, one cannot help being puzzled by the alarm displayed about Communist aid “penetration.” Moreover, I feel that such global comparisons fail to impress individual countries, which either care little about aid given to others or resent it if it is given to unfriendly neighbors or to partners in military alliances disliked for political or ideological reasons. Even aid that is gladly received is not necessarily well remembered later.
Synthesis of optimal switching logic for hybrid systems

Given a multi-modal dynamical system, optimal switching logic synthesis involves generating conditions for switching between the system modes such that the resulting hybrid system satisfies a quantitative specification. We formalize and solve the problem of optimal switching logic synthesis for quantitative specifications over long run behavior. Our paper generalizes earlier work on synthesis for safety. We present an approach for specifying quantitative measures using reward and penalty functions, and illustrate its effectiveness using several examples. Each trajectory of the system, and each state of the system, is associated with a cost. Our goal is to synthesize a system that minimizes this cost from each initial state. Our algorithm works in two steps. For a single initial state, we reduce the synthesis problem to an unconstrained numerical optimization problem which can be solved by any off-the-shelf numerical optimization engines. In the next step, optimal switching condition is learnt as a generalization of the optimal switching states discovered for each initial state. We prove the correctness of our technique and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach with experimental results.
Wave reflection from a periodically composed half-space

The character of wave motions in geometrical settings of a periodic nature and their interplay with primary and secondary waves in the exterior of partly space-filling configurations receive prominence in the theories of x-ray and electron diffraction. It is customary to focus attention on the free or natural wave motions in unbounded media with a periodic bias prior to estabishing the self-consistent solution for specific excitations in composite media. An integrated, rather than sequential, approach to problems in the latter category is recommended and detailed here in connection with the incidence of plane waves on a half-space with periodic composition normal to its boundary; and is shown, in particular, to furnish directly a superior means of calculating the reflection coefficient.
Experimental study of three shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

The paper presents a systematic study of the supersonic flow of a turbulent boundary layer over several compression-corner models. The wind tunnel and the compression-corner models (ramps fitted with aerodynamic fences to minimize three-dimensional effects) were identical with those used by Settles et al. (1979); constant-temperature hot-wire anemometry was used for the mass-flow measurements. The turning angles used for the compression corners were 8, 16, and 20 deg. In all three flow cases, the shock wave/turbulent flow interaction did amplify the turbulent stresses dramatically, with amplification increasing with increasing turning angle. However, different stress components were amplified by different amounts.
Impact of load forecast uncertainty on LMP

In day-ahead power markets, the calculation of locational marginal price (LMP) relies on the load forecasting results. It is well known that short-term load forecasting results always contain certain degree of errors mainly due to the random nature of the load. At the same time, LMP step change exists at critical load level (CLL). Therefore, it is interesting to investigate the impact of load forecast uncertainty on LMP. With the assumption of distribution of actual load, this paper formulates the probability mass function of the random variable LMPt, LMP at time t, and then proposes the concept of probability-based expected LMP. Two useful curves, deterministic LMP versus forecasted load and expected LMP versus forecasted load, are presented. The first curve is designed to help identify the trustworthy regions of traditional LMP-Load curve. The second curve is demonstrated to be smooth and therefore eliminates the step changes in deterministic LMP simulation. The proposed concept and method are illustrated on a modified PJM 5-bus system.
Empirical likelihood inference for censored median regression with weighted empirical hazard functions

In recent years, median regression models have been shown to be useful for analyzing a variety of censored survival data in clinical trials. For inference on the regression parameter, there have been a variety of semiparametric procedures. However, the accuracy of such procedures in terms of coverage probability can be quite low when the censoring rate is heavy. In this paper, based on weighted empirical hazard functions, we apply an empirical likelihood (EL) ratio method to the median regression model with censoring data and derive the limiting distribution of EL ratio. Confidence region for the regression parameter can then be obtained accordingly. Furthermore, we compared the proposed method with the standard method through extensive simulation studies. The proposed method almost always outperformed the existing method.
Classification and the Leptonic Decay Widths of New Particles in the Charm-Color Scheme

A classification of new resonances $\ensuremath{\psi}(3.095)$, ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(3.684)$ and a rather broad ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(4.150)$ is presented under the charm-color SU(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3)\ensuremath{'} scheme. The masses of the color-excited states are estimated, and the predicted leptonic decay widths and the sum rules are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Sorption and desorption of contaminants from different host matrices

Thermogravimetric studies were run in air and nitrogen atmospheres, on sand/oil and sand/PCB mixtures, to determine the effect of surface area on the contaminant sorption and desorption. The contaminant sorption is dependent on the surface area. As the surface area increases, the contaminant concentration increases. In the case of desorption, the onset temperature decreases as the surface area increases. However, this phenomenon was reversed when the surface area included pore structure. An Arrhenius-type kinetic model was used to describe the surface area effects of contaminants with no pore structures on desorption. The model shows that the desorption does not depend on the type of gas (air or nitrogen), but does depend on surface area and contaminant concentration. In addition, the model showed two reaction regions for the desorption of contaminants from materials with pore structure. It was believed that the first region was volatilization of free contaminant at the host matrix surface. The second region is believed to be diffusion controlled, i.e., it is controlled by how fast the contaminant diffuses through the pores to reach the surface and is consequently stripped or volatilized. 19 refs., 11 figs., 7 tabs.
Acoustic transmission losses and field alterations due to human scalp hair

Hair is a potential transmission barrier for diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound. We tested hair phantoms for insertion losses and field effects at 0.27-2.8 MHz. The negligible losses observed below 0.5 MHz suggest that, at such frequencies, hair removal is unnecessary for low-power imaging or therapeutic applications.
VOCAL SIGNALS OF THE VILLAGE WEAVER: A SPECTROGRAPHIC KEY AND THE COMMUNICATION CODE

Abstract Vocal signals of a species are social signals and guides to its social life. Sound spectrograms were made of 21 of the 26 vocal signals in the extensive vocal repertoire of the African Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus). A spectrographic key to vocal signals helps make these signals comparable for different investigators. Short-distance contact calls are given in favorable situations and are generally characterized by low amplitude and great brevity of notes. Alarm cries are longer, louder, and often strident calls with much energy at high frequencies, whereas threat notes, also relatively long and harsh, emphasize lower frequencies. Each male displays his newest nest in a colony with an individually distinctive call to unmated females. The most harmonic calls of the species include a loud call by a male when an unmated female first enters his nest, and also very soft, brief notes given by parent birds to attract a fledgling. Males use somewhat different songs to defend territory, for courtship,...
BASS Application Sharing System

Application and desktop sharing allows sharing of any application with one or more people over the Internet. The participants receive the screen-view of the shared application from the server. Their mouse and keyboard events are delivered and regenerated at the server. Application and desktop sharing enables collaborative work, software tutoring, and e-learning over the Internet. We have developed an application and desktop sharing platform called BASS which is efficient, reliable, independent of the operating system, scales well via heterogeneous multicast, supports all applications, and features true application sharing.
Full recovery of fiber/matrix interfacial bond strength using a microencapsulated solvent-based healing system

Abstract Full recovery of interfacial bond strength after complete fiber/matrix debonding is achieved with a microencapsulated solvent-based healing chemistry. The surface of a glass fiber is functionalized with microcapsules containing varying concentrations of reactive epoxy resin and ethyl phenylacetate (EPA) solvent. Microbond specimens consisting of a single fiber and a microdroplet of epoxy are tested, and the interfacial shear strengths (IFSSs) during the initial (virgin) debonding and subsequent healing events are measured. Debonding of the fiber/matrix interface ruptures the capsules, releasing resin and solvent into the crack plane. The solvent swells the matrix, initiating transport of residual amine functionality for further curing with the epoxy resin delivered to the crack plane. Using a resin-solvent ratio of 3:97, we achieve a maximum of 100% IFSS recovery–a significant enhancement over prior work that reported 44% average recovery of IFSS with microencapsulated dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) monomer and Grubbs’ 1st Generation catalyst healing agents. The effects of capsule coverage, resin-solvent ratio, and capsule size on recovery of IFSS are also determined, providing guidelines for integration of this healing system into high fiber volume fraction structural composites. High healing efficiencies were achieved with capsules as small as 0.6 μm average diameter.
The writers and the detectives: Cultural difference, identity, and pedagogical disciplines in an integrated classroom

Two instructors, one from the English department and one from the Criminal Justice department, describe how, using intersectional analysis as a model, they moved from a “linked” to an “integrated” design for a co-taught Criminal Justice course for first-year students. They describe the evolution of the struggle with and strategies for addressing issues of culture, power, and identity within the courses.
Codepourri: Creating visual coding tutorials using a volunteer crowd of learners

A common way to learn is by studying written step-by-step tutorials such as worked examples. However, tutorials for computer programming can be tedious to create since a static text-based format cannot convey what happens as code executes. We created a system called Codepourri that enables people to easily create visual coding tutorials by annotating steps in an automatically-generated program visualization. Using Codepourri, we developed a novel crowdsourcing workflow where learners who are visiting an educational website (www. pythontutor.com) collectively create a tutorial by annotating execution steps in a piece of code and then voting on the best annotations. Since there are far more learners than experts, using learners as a crowd is a potentially more scalable way of creating tutorials. Our experiments with 4 expert judges and 101 learners adding 145 raw annotations to two pieces of textbook Python code show the learner crowd's annotations to be accurate, informative, and containing some insights that even experts missed.
Correction for Fang, Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella and the Utility of Perfloxacin Disk Diffusion

Volume 53, no. 11, p. [3401–3404][1], 2015. “Perfloxacin” should read “pefloxacin” throughout. The terms are synonymous. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/JCM.02270-15
Challenges and Trends for the Application of Quantum-Based Devices

As semiconductor technology continues to drive the scaling of electronic device dimensions into the ultrasubmicron, nanodimensional regime, many ultrasmall and ultrafast concepts and phenomena will continue to be put forth for notional consideration. The stunning achievements of nanofabrication in the last decade now allow for band-engineering and atomic-level structural tailoring not heretofore available or explorable except through naturally occurring atomic and molecular processes. Indeed, the techniques of atomic layer epitaxy facilitate the growth of structures atomic layer by atomic layer; as well, advanced lithographic techniques are capable of defining “lateral” structures with an accuracy of about 50 Angstroms.
Network Governance and Regional Equity: Shared Agendas or Problematic Partners?

Over the past decade, scholars from various fields have argued that the salience of the metropolitan region as a scale of real economic interaction and public intervention has increased significant...
Aplodontophila, A New Genus of Chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from the Northwestern United States

A new genus, Aplodontophila , is proposed for 2 species: the type species, Trombicula aplodontiae off Aplodontia rufa from Washington, and Aplodontophila pacifica , n. sp. off A. rufa from Oregon.
Randomness: a property of the mathematical and physical systems

ABSTRACTThis article is a concept paper, which discusses the definition of randomness, and the sources of randomness in the mathematical system as well as in the physical system (the Universe). We document that randomness is an inherited property of mathematics and of the physical world, shaping all observed forms and structures, and we discuss its role.Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor E. Volpi
Microhabitat Use by Small Mammals in Farmstead Shelterbelts

Use of microhabitat by five species of small mammals in farmstead shelterbelts was studied in summer and autumn during a 3-year period. Peromyscus leucopus typically was captured at trap stations characterized by dense woody understory, low densities of forbs, and large overstory trees. Clethrionomys gapperi generally was trapped at stations with dense woody understory, low densities of forbs, but small overstory trees. Microtus pennsylvanicus occupied open areas of shelterbelts away from woody vegetation. Intermediate values of woody understory, overstory trees, and percentage of canopy cover were common to sites used by Sorex cinereus and Blarina brevicauda . Percentage of canopy cover at trap stations best segregated between microhabitat use of P. leucopus and M. pennsylvanicus . Use of microhabitats by the five common species in these man-made habitats is both a function of foraging and predator-avoidance behaviors and is similar to that reported in studies conducted in natural habitats.
ATEE ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF HUMAN SERUM. CONCENTRATION FROM SERUM, ASSAY, PROPERTIES AND INHIBITOR.

SummaryATEe esterase activity can be precipitated from fresh human serum by dilution of the serum with distilled water and adjustment of pH between 6.8 and 7.4. The activity of this fraction of serum is not enhanced by addition of streptokinase. Its properties are closely similar to those of C’1 esterase activity of serum. Human serum also contains an inhibitor, which is precipitated from diluted serum by adjusting the pH to 5.2. The inhibitor combines reversibly with ATEe esterase. Preliminary studies show striking depletion of the activity of ATEe esterase in parenchymal liver disease and in long standing diabetes mellitus.
Occupational Health Status And Treatment Countermeasures In Some Enterprises Of Bengbu City

Objective To understand the occupational health status in some enterprises which had productive chemical poisons in Bengbu city and explore the effective measures for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.Method s: By using a unified questionnaire,61 enterprises in which toxic chemicals were produced,used and saved and another 56 ones without productive chemical poisons were investigated.Combined with the data of the field monitoring of harmful factors and occupational health examination of Bengbu city from 2003 to 2010,occupational hazard factors,the occurrence of occupational adverse effect and the current status of occupational health management were analyzed by descriptive analysis method.Results To some degree,occupational hazards existed in most of the enterprises of Bengbu city,the exposure rate of staff was 67.4%,and the detection rate of harmful factors in the enterprises of Bengbu city was 24.8%.Occupational health surveillance was carried out in 42.7% of the enterprises,the equipping rate of safeguards and protective products were low,the status of occupational health management was not so perfect as it were.The status of occupational health management was better in enterprises which had productive chemical poisons than in enterprises without productive chemical poisons,statistical significant difference was found.Conclusion Supervision of occupational health should be intensified.Occupational health surveillance should be normalized.Moreover,the enterprises should increase the investment of occupational disease prevention,protect the staff' health.
Seasonal Responses of Indian Summer Monsoon to Dust Aerosols in the Middle East, India, and China

AbstractThe seasonal responses of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) to dust aerosols in local (the Thar Desert) and remote (the Middle East and western China) regions are studied using the WRF Model coupled with online chemistry (WRF-Chem). Ensemble experiments are designed by perturbing model physical and chemical schemes to examine the uncertainties of model parameterizations. Model results show that the dust-induced increase in ISM total rainfall can be attributed to the remote dust in the Middle East, while the contributions from local and remote dust are very limited. Convective rainfall shows a spatially more homogeneous increase than stratiform rainfall, whose responses follow the topography. The magnitude of dust-induced increase in rainfall is comparable to that caused by anthropogenic aerosols. The Middle East dust aerosols tend to enhance the southwesterly monsoon flow, which can transport more water vapor to southern and northern India, while the anthropogenic aerosols tend to enhance the southe...
Restitution in bankruptcy

Most of this book is dedicated to showing that the normative underpinnings of various restitutionary doctrines can, and should, inform the future evolution of the law. It is my hope that by now the reader shares (or at least appreciates) the potential of this optimistic posture, which was presented in chapter 1 and applied thereafter. This chapter, which focuses on the last paradigm case of restitution, shows the limits of such an enterprise. Traditional doctrine grants restitution claimants in bankruptcy – creditors who can identify their property (or trace its proceeds) in the debtor's estate, and show that it was obtained as a consequence of a voidable transfer (in the typical case: of the debtor's fraud) – a valuable trump. If this restitution claimant succeeds in asserting that such an identifiable asset is subject to a constructive trust in her favor, she can simply reclaim what is deemed to be equitably hers. Thus, this fortunate claimant gets, in effect, a priority, escaping the destiny of other unsecured creditors whose claims are only partly satisfied. This important role of restitution in bankruptcy has recently become a subject of fierce debate among courts and commentators alike. Critics insist that because constructive trust is a remedy, imputing restitution claimants with equitable ownership is but a fiction, and a rather awkward one, given the wonderful intricacies of transactional tracing.
Comparing strategies to synchronize estrus before fixed-time artificial insemination in primiparous 2-year-old beef cows.

Two experiments evaluated controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-based protocols to synchronize estrus in primiparous 2-year-old beef cows. In each experiment, treatments were balanced according to body condition score and days postpartum. Experiment 1 compared the 14-day CIDR-PG (14-d) and 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR (7-d) protocols on the basis of estrous response, pregnancy rates after fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI), and final pregnancy rate. Cows assigned to 14-d (n = 355) received a CIDR insert on Day 0 with removal on Day 14. Cows assigned to 7-d (n = 349) received gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and a CIDR insert on Day 23. On Day 30, CIDRs were removed from 7-d cows, and PGF2α was administered to all cows in each treatment. On Day 33, GnRH was administered concurrent with FTAI at 66 and 72 hours after PGF2α for 7-d and 14-d treated cows, respectively. Estrous response before FTAI was higher for 7-d compared with 14-d cows (74% vs. 43%, respectively; P < 0.0001); however, pregnancy rates resulting from FTAI were similar (14-d 63%; 7-d 64%; P = 0.52). Ovarian follicular dynamics and serum estradiol-17β concentrations were evaluated among a subset of cows assigned to each protocol. Dominant follicle diameter was smaller at PGF2α (P = 0.04) and FTAI (P = 0.002) among 14-d cows compared with 7-d cows; however, estradiol-17β at PGF2α (P = 0.06) and FTAI (P = 0.001) was greater for 14-d versus 7-d treated cows. Experiment 2 compared estrous response and pregnancy rates in 2-year-old beef cows after FTAI- or split-time artificial insemination (STAI) following synchronization of estrus with the 14-day protocol. Cows assigned to FTAI (n = 266) were inseminated at a fixed time concurrent with GnRH at 72 hours after PGF2α regardless of estrus expression, whereas cows assigned to STAI (n = 257) were inseminated based on estrus expression as determined by activation of an estrus detection aid. Cows assigned to STAI that exhibited estrus by 72 hours were inseminated; however, AI was delayed until 24 hours after GnRH (96 hours after PGF2α) for nonestrous cows. Total estrous response was increased for STAI- versus FTAI-treated cows (STAI 64%; FTAI 42%; P < 0.0001); pregnancy rates resulting from AI were similar (STAI 55%; FTAI 56%; P = 0.60). In summary, the 14-day CIDR-PG and 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocols can be used effectively to synchronize estrus before FTAI in primiparous 2-year-old beef cows. Although expression of estrus was increased using STAI in conjunction with the 14-day protocol, this approach did not increase pregnancy rates compared with FTAI.
The Bell Telephone Laboratories Discovery: Ushering in Our Modern Age of Solar Photovoltaics

The year 2016 marks the 62nd anniversary of this historically significant technical event, the discovery of the modern photovoltaic (PV) device. Bell Labs scientists Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson were not planning to “invent” a device that would revolutionize our energy future. They did not envision that their 2-cm2, 6 %-efficient solar cell would lead to our world of electricity projecting terawatts generated from this simple device. They did not really foresee the surge of manufacturing and deployment in Asia, the embracing of the green energy benefits in Europe, and the paradoxical investment in these technologies by the petroleum-abundant Arab countries—nor the evolvement from those milliwatts of the 1950s to the multi-GW production of today. This paper goes back in time, providing some insights into the Bell Labs activities and the personalities involved—their motivations, their expertise, and especially the environment that spurred their ability to pursue R&D.
Quantitative Proteomics Using SILAC.

The ability to enumerate all of the proteins in a cell is quickly becoming a reality. Quantitative proteomics adds an extra dimension to proteome-wide discovery experiments by enabling differential measurements of protein concentrations, characterization of protein turnover, increased stringency of co-immunoprecipitation reactions, as well as many other intriguing applications. One of the most widely used techniques that enable relative protein quantitation is stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) (Ong et al., Mol Cell Proteomics 1(5):376-386, 2002). Over the past decade, SILAC has become the preferred approach for proteome-wide quantitation by mass spectrometry. This approach relies on the metabolic incorporation of isotopically enriched amino acids into the proteome of cells-the proteome of "light" (1H, 12C, 14N) cells can then be compared to "heavy" (2H, 13C, 15N) cells as the isotopically labeled proteins and peptides are easily distinguished in a mass spectrometer. Since cellular uptake and response to isotopically different amino acid(s) is naive, it is without impact on cell physiology. We provide a detailed step-by-step procedure for performing SILAC-based experiment for proteome-wide quantitation in this chapter.
Using NSG recipient mice improves engraftment of gastric cancer patient derived xenografts.

70Background: Previous gastric cancer (GC) patient derived xenograft (PDX) studies reported engraftment rates inversely proportional to the immunocompromised states of recipient mice (nudes 17%, scid 27%, and NOD/scid 34%). We tested highly immunocompromised NOD scidgamma (NSG) mice, which lack mature T cells, B cells, or functional natural killer cells, as recipients for low volume biopsies and post-treatment GC samples. Methods: Consent was obtained from GC patients who were scheduled to undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and diagnostic laparoscopy as part of their disease management strategies. The following amounts of tumor were coated with Matrigel and inoculated into the flanks of NSG mice: EGD biopsies ~10 mg, post-treatment samples ~100 mm3, and peritoneal metastasis biopsies ~100 mm3. Tumors were serially measured and passaged when the greatest dimension reached 1.5 cm, or if there was overlying skin necrosis. Results: The engraftment rates were: EGD biopsies 48% (13 of 27 samples), post-re...
Preservice Special Educators' Perceptions of Collaboration and Co-Teaching during University Fieldwork: Implications for Personnel Preparation.

AbstractSpecial education teachers today must demonstrate effective skills in collaboration and often engage in co-teaching with general education colleagues to meet the needs of students with disabilities. In this study, we describe a university-based early fieldwork in which university students seeking teaching licensure in special education taught children from the local urban community, thus developing their collaboration and co-teaching skills under the supervision of university faculty. Although citing challenges such as time constraints and overcoming personality differences, the majority of these preservice special educators reported growth in their teaching skills as the main outcome of this fieldwork in co-planning and co-instructing lessons to meet the diverse learning needs of children from the local community. These preservice special educators’ perceptions of this co-teaching fieldwork experience highlight the importance of special education teacher preparation programs that explicitly train...
Signal denoising using stochastic resonance and bistable circuit for acoustic emission-based structural health monitoring

Noise is unavoidable and ever-present in measurements. As a result, signal denoising is a necessity for many scientific and engineering disciplines. In particular, structural health monitoring applications aim to detect often weak anomaly responses generated by incipient damage (such as acoustic emission signals) from background noise that contaminates the signals. Among various approaches, stochastic resonance has been widely studied and adopted for denoising and weak signal detection to enhance the reliability of structural heath monitoring. On the other hand, many of the advancements have been focused on detecting useful information from the frequency domain generally in a postprocessing environment, such as identifying damage-induced frequency changes that become more prominent by utilizing stochastic resonance in bistable systems, rather than recovering the original time domain responses. In this study, a new adaptive signal conditioning strategy is presented for on-line signal denoising and recovery, via utilizing the stochastic resonance in a bistable circuit sensor. The input amplitude to the bistable system is adaptively adjusted to favorably activate the stochastic resonance based on the noise level of the given signal, which is one of the few quantities that can be readily assessed from noise contaminated signals in practical situations. Numerical investigations conducted by employing a theoretical model of a double-well Duffing analog circuit demonstrate the operational principle and confirm the denoising performance of the new method. This study exemplifies the promising potential of implementing the new denoising strategy for enhancing on-line acoustic emission-based structural health monitoring.
Collocations on the plane: Clark Coolidge and Philip Guston’s Poem-Pictures

This essay reframes a much remarked shift in Clark Coolidge’s poetry, from the atomistic early poems to the longer forms that emerged in the mid-seventies, by focusing this development through the ...
The General Data Protection Regulation and Civil Liability

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) took effect on 25 May 2018, on which date Directive 95/46/EC was repealed. The new GDPR has in some ways enhanced the protection of personal data: data subjects have expanded rights and plaintiffs suffering harm for a data breach may file for restitution for their damage on the basis of the more comprehensive and coherent liability provision of Article 82. Many of the amendments and clarifications of this new provision are intended to (a) address the significant divergence in the liability rules transposing Article 23 of the repealed Data Protection Directive into national legislation and (b) complement such rules. These amendments are, mostly, very welcome, including: an explicit provision for compensation of moral damage, liability under certain conditions of the processor and joint liability of persons who have jointly caused the damage, and a right of representation of the data subject by a competent association.
The effect of wound dressings on infection following total joint arthroplasty

Abstract Background The use of perioperative surgical wound dressings is an important factor in the mitigation of infection following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Few studies have been published comparing wound dressings and infection rates after TJA. Methods MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE were searched for studies published between 2006 and 2016 reporting infection rates in patients using various wound dressings after undergoing TJA. All studies comparing Hydrofibre dressings to Standard dressings or Absorbent dressings were included in this meta-analysis. Studies looking at TJA secondary to trauma were excluded. Two individuals independently extracted data, and study results were divided based on type of treatment. The primary outcome was to compare the infection rate of Hydrofibre dressings to that of both Standard Dressings and Absorbent dressings. Results Of a total of 3721 participants, 1483 were treated with Standard dressings (non-impregnated gauze), 1911 with Hydrofibre dressings, and 327 with Absorbent dressings. The risk ratio for infection comparing Standard with Hydrofibre was 4.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.71-10.16) as compared to 2.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-10.27) when comparing Absorbent with Hydrofibre dressings. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that Hydrofibre dressings may be significantly better than Standard and Absorbent dressings with respect to reducing infection. However, given the observed heterogeneity and small number of studies included, more comparative studies are needed to definitively recommend superiority among dressings following TJA. Level of Evidence Level 1.
New symptomatic therapies for Huntington disease

Huntington disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disease, results from a CAG repeat expansion creating mutant huntingtin protein and widespread neuronal damage. Motor symptoms such as chorea are often preceded by cognitive and behavioral changes. Tetrabenazine and deutetrabebenazine are the two drugs approved by the Federal Food and Drug Administrationfor HD symptoms, is an effective therapy for chorea. However, there is still a large need for other symptomatic therapies impacting functional issues, including impaired gait, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms. A number of pharmacologic agents are under investigation. Additionally, other mechanisms are being targeted in motor symptom drug development, including phosphodiesterase 10 enzyme inhibition, dopamine modulation, and inhibition of deacetylation. There is perhaps the greatest unmet need in treating nonmotor effects, such as cognition and change in disease course. PBT2, a metal chaperone, and latrepirdine, a mitochondrial stabilizer, are under investigation specifically for the possibility of cognitive benefit. Unfortunately, there is a lack of HD-specific evidence on effective treatments for behavioral and psychiatric symptoms. Further investigation of nonmedication interventions such as physical therapy is necessary. As our understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HD broadens, a new set of mechanistic targets will become the focus of HD symptomatic therapies.
Gas exchange and hemodynamics in pulmonary hypertension (PH)

In PH the measure of pulmonary function tests (PFT) and arterial blood gases (ABG) are used to identify underlying lung disease. We wondered if there could be a relationship among indices of PFT, ABG (paO2, paCO2), gas exchange (A-a DO2, a-ADCO2, VDphy/VT) and haemodynamic variables in a population of PH patients. Methods: Sixteen patients with suspicion of PH underwent PFT, diffusing lung capacity (DLCO), ABG, gas exchange, right heart cath; physiological dead space to tidal volume was measured. Mean values and their SD were calculated. The relationships between the observed variables were evaluated by their mutual information. The global network was reconstructed using the ARACNE algorithm (Margolin A, et al.: ARACNE. BMC Bioinformatics, 2006; 20:1-7). Modules in the network were identified applying a multidimensional scaling procedure to the adjaceny matrix and, succesively, clustering the variables with a model-based bayesian approach (Fraley C, et al. JASA, 2002; 97:611-631). We conducted the analyses with R statistical software. Results: Pulmonary gas exchange was on average impaired with increased A-a DO2; a-A DCO2 as well as physiological dead space were abnormal thus indicating impairment of ventilation perfusion distribution ratio. The three most influential variables in the networks were: PCW (betweeness=20), RAP (betweeness=18) and VDphy/VT (betweeness=14). Three modules were identified: a (RAP, FEV1, VDphy/VT, CI, TLC); b (PCW, PVR, mPAP); g (aADO2, aADCO2, DsbHb, PaCO2). The three modules were well separated. VDphy and PVR were significantly correlated (p: 0,042; R: 0.53). Conclusions: It turns out from our results a narrow relationships between VDphy and RAP, CI and PVR.