cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Visible Soliton Microcomb Generation

Frequency combs have applications that extend from the ultra-violet into the mid-infrared bands. Microcombs, a miniature and often semiconductor-chip-based device, can potentially access most of these applications, but are currently more limited in spectral reach. Here, we demonstrate mode-locked silica microcombs with emission near the edge of the visible spectrum. By using both geometrical and mode-hybridization dispersion control, devices are engineered for soliton generation while also maintaining optical Q factors as high as 80 million. Electronics-bandwidth-compatible (20 GHz) soliton mode locking is achieved with low pumping powers (parametric oscillation threshold powers as low as 5.4 mW). These are the shortest wavelength soliton microcombs demonstrated to date and could be used in miniature optical clocks. The results should also extend to visible and potentially ultra-violet bands.
1639 Organophosphorus pesticide-induced neurotoxicity in human applicators and animals with comparable exposures

Aim of special session Preventable chlorpyrifos exposures produce durable behavioural deficits in humans and animals; animal studies suggest oxidative stress contributes to cognitive deficits. James R. Olson1, Diane S. Rohlman2, W. Kent Anger3, Pamela J. Lein4, Fayssal M. Farahat5 1University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 2University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 3Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA 4University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA 5Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
Modeling Vehicle Interactions and the Movement of Groups of Vehicles

The previous chapter focused on the movement of an individual vehicle and provided equations of motion assuming no interaction with adjacent vehicles. This chapter examines these interactions between vehicles, which is at the heart of traffic flow theory, as it is these which produce the observed traffic operational conditions. Important traffic operational characteristics we are interested in include the capacity of a facility (i.e., the maximum amount of traffic that can pass through a point or section, in vehicles or other units of traffic per unit of time) and its operating speed (i.e., the speed at which the facility operates under a given set of prevailing conditions, including the demand, the highway design, etc.). Those concepts are discussed in more detail in Part II.
Prevalence of infant bronchiolitis-coded healthcare encounters attributable to RSV.

Aim We sought to determine the proportion of bronchiolitis episodes attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among ICD-9 coded infant bronchiolitis episodes which were tested for RSV. Methods Bronchiolitis healthcare encounters were extracted from Kaiser Permanente Northern California databases for years 2006 to 2009. We used ICD-9 codes for bronchiolitis to capture bronchiolitis-related healthcare encounters including hospital admissions (Hospitalization), emergency department visits (EDV), and outpatient visits (OPV). We reported the monthly proportion of RSV-positive bronchiolitis episodes among tested bronchiolitis episodes. We used logistic regression to assess association between bronchiolitis episodes and patient demographic and health care characteristics. We also used logistic regression to assess association between decision to test and patient demographics and health care characteristics. Results Among 10,411 ICD-9 coded infant bronchiolitis episodes, 29% were RSV tested. Fifty one percent of those tested were RSV positive. Between December and February, and in infants ≤6 months, the proportion of bronchiolitis episodes that were attributable to RSV was 77.2% among hospitalized episodes, 78.3% among EDV episodes, and 60.9% among OPV episodes, respectively. The proportion of RSV-positive bronchiolitis episodes varied based upon infant age at diagnosis, level of health care service used, and time of the year of the episode. Conclusion Estimation of the proportion of ICD-9 coded bronchiolitis episodes attributable to RSV is more specific when restricting to bronchiolitis episodes during peak months, younger infant age, and those requiring higher level of healthcare.
DESSERT: Debugging RTL Effectively with State Snapshotting for Error Replays across Trillions of Cycles

We present DESSERT, an FPGA-accelerated methodology for simulation-based RTL verification. The RTL design is automatically transformed and instrumented to allow deterministic simulation on the FPGA with initialization and state snapshot capture. Assert statements, which are present in RTL for error checking in software simulation, are automatically synthesized for quick hardware-based error checking. Print statements in the RTL design are also automatically transformed to generate logs from the FPGA, which are compared on the fly against a functional golden-model software simulator for more exhaustive error checking. To rapidly provide waveforms for debugging, two parallel deterministic FPGA-accelerated RTL simulations are run spaced apart in simulation time to support capture and replay of state snapshots immediately before an error. We demonstrate DESSERT, running on public-cloud FPGAs at extremely low cost, by catching bugs in a complex out-of-order processor hundreds of billions of cycles into SPEC2006int benchmarks running under Linux.
Mild hyperthermia as a localized radiosensitizer for deep-seated tumors: investigation in an orthotopic prostate cancer model in mice.

Objective:Non-ablative or mild hyperthermia (HT) has been shown in preclinical (and clinical) studies as a localized radiosensitizer that enhances the tumoricidal effects of radiation. Most preclin...
Pathology of AIDS in children

AIDS in children is a multisystem disease. The various infections, degenerative, proliferative and vascular lesions can be classified into three categories based on the known, presumed or undetermined pathogenesis. The primary lesions are due to HIV infection. The associated lesions are related to direct or indirect sequelae of HIV infection or its treatment. The third category is of lesions of undetermined pathogenesis. The pediatric pathologist plays an important role in the study and management of AIDS by demonstrating new pathologic lesions, by making the etiologic diagnosis of infection in children with AIDS, and by providing clinicopathologic correlation which leads to better understanding of the disease process and its natural history. Diagnosis of neoplastic disorders is also made by the pathologist. There is a dearth of systematic pathologic study of AIDS in children in developing countries. Although no basic differences between pathologic lesions in pediatric AIDS in Western countries, and in developing countries is expected, such a study would lead to better understanding and better management of the disorder as it affects children from the developing countries.
Parallel-Plate THz Waveguides for Relativistic Electron Bunch Compression

We present results from testing a new dispersion-free THz parallel-plate-based tapered structure optimized for focusing single-cycle THz pulses, producing high fields and with the potential for electron bunch compression to a few femtoseconds. © 2019 The Author(s)
Framing the future: Family preparedness for care transitions of critically ill children.

Introduction Improving family centered care in the PICU requires understanding the milestones that families need assistance preparing for as well as factors that facilitate or obstruct preparedness. We present a model of family preparedness for transitions in the PICU based on semistructured interviews with clinicians and families that is designed to improve family centered care through the reduction of failed or traumatic transitions. Method We conducted semistructured interviews with 20 clinicians and 25 families in an academic PICU. Transcript analysis focused on identifying factors facilitating or obstructing family preparedness for care transitions. We analyzed interview transcripts for emergent themes and metathemes using grounded theory methodology. Results Family preparedness for care transitions is dependent upon both cognitive and emotional preparedness. Six metathemes form a novel model for understanding the factors influencing both components of preparedness and their interrelationship. Specifically, family preparedness is influenced by (a) individualized backgrounds, coping skills, and support systems as well as the (b) emotional context, (c) care environment, (d) course of care, (e) content of preparatory information, and (f) manner in which care is coordinated to effectively deliver information. We also describe 10 transitional categories that provide context for application of the model. Discussion Cognitive and emotional preparedness for care transitions in the PICU develops through attentiveness to six features. The conceptual model presented here will allow clinicians to support family centered care through interventions to facilitate a shared development of expectations for the future and reduce the risk of failed or traumatic transitions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Grain by grain: a quest to revive ancient wheat, rural jobs, and healthy food

We are conditioned to expect major scientific breakthroughs from university and private laboratories, successful business models from the commercial sector, and useful legislation from political bo...
A Functional Analysis of the 1988 Bush-Dukakis Presidential Debates

This study applies the Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse to the 1988 presidential debates between George Bush and Michael Dukakis. It challenges the notion that this campaign was mo...
Climate change and water availability in agriculture

The rational use of water resources is considered as one of the main problems facing the humanity in the 21st century. The peculiarity of this situation lies in the fact that the water resources of the country that account for the smallest share of their use are used most efficiently. Most inherent issues in this direction are applied to agriculture. The task is to develop modern economically verified technologies that would an ensure uninterrupted water supply of agriculture in various regions, which is one of the tools to ensure global food security, especially in the context of climate anomalies.
Chapter 10 – Writing to Inquire: Written Products as Performance Measures

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the role of performance measures in the social construction of the understanding of inquiry and the development of the ability to inquire. The importance of the ability to communicate scientific ideas is reflected in international, national, and state tests designed to measure students' progress toward meeting standards. The proportion of the test time students spend writing extended responses has increased, reducing the test time spent on short-answer items. Testing is a form of assessment that occurs in the classroom. Tests are data-gathering devices whose purpose is to assign grades. However, testing is but one of the data-gathering devices used in the classroom by teachers. The learning environment has social, intellectual, and physical features. The teacher facilitates the development of the social and intellectual characteristics of learning environments. The environment that nurtures the ability to inquire has a social structure and an intellectual atmosphere that reflect certain aspects of the social structure and culture of the community of natural scientists. The performance-expectation development team considers the standards, student work, and information from experts in the development of performance expectations.
Phase Behavior of Clathrate Hydrates in the Ternary H2O-NH3-Cyclopentane System

Titan, Saturn’s largest satellite, is the only icy moon with a dense atmosphere. This atmosphere is composed mainly of N2. Methane, the second most abundant constituent, would be depleted in only 3...
Path Integrals for Causal Diamonds and the Covariant Entropy Principle

We study causal diamonds in Minkowski, Schwarzschild, (anti--)de Sitter, and Schwarzschild--de Sitter spacetimes using Euclidean methods. The null boundaries of causal diamonds are shown to map to isolated punctures in the Euclidean continuation of the parent manifold. Boundary terms around these punctures decrease the Euclidean action by ${A}_{\ensuremath{\diamond}}/4$, where ${A}_{\ensuremath{\diamond}}$ is the area of the holographic screen around the diamond. We identify these boundary contributions with the maximal entropy of gravitational degrees of freedom associated with the diamond.
Small Bowel Polyps

Small bowel polyps are abnormal growths of benign or malignant tissue. There are numerous genetic familial syndromes in which small bowel polyps can present as part of the phenotypic expression. Many of these syndromes have guidelines to investigate for these polyps. Overall, the incidence of small bowel pathology is relatively low compared to the colon or foregut. Additionally, the small bowel is relatively inaccessible to traditional investigative techniques. Because of these factors, there is often a delay in diagnosis. When diagnosed, the underlying cause of the small bowel polyp(s) and their presentation will determine the optimal management approach.
Speaking is Healing: Dalit Women Gain a Voice through a Charismatic Healing Movement in Nepal

The concept of voice has been central to Dalit studies as well as in other studies such as feminist, subaltern, and social movement studies. These studies have conceptualized voice as an expression of agency and empowerment. They have paid more attention to voice’s agentive capacity, and have thus ignored the materiality of voice; for example, the act of speaking itself. Based on my ethnographic fieldwork on a charismatic healing movement called Sachchai (truth and/or reform) participated predominantly by Dalit women in Pokhara, Nepal, this article examines why even ordinary acts of speaking— irrespective of the content—matters so much for marginalized women. Dalit women mainly join Sachchai to heal their illnesses and sufferings and address other everyday problems. Nonetheless, the testimonial and Bible speeches they deliver in Sachchai devotional meetings during the processes of healing allow them to build their confidence and to learn to speak. The ability to speak—as ordinary as telling their name in public, speaking to a stranger or a government official, holding a microphone—becomes a remarkable achievement for these women. The speaking itself is considered as the evidence of healing from their illnesses and suffering. This article, thus, argues that paying attention to speaking itself is crucial for a fuller understanding of voice. While focusing on the act of speaking, this article does not undermine Dalit Sachchai women’s agency; rather it intends to expose the plight of Dalit women, for whom just uttering their name in the public is a great feat. Key words: voice, Dalit, Dalit women, caste, gender, Pentecostalism, Nepal
Parametric and Semi-Parametric Estimation of the Effect of Firm Attributes on Efficiency: Electricity Generating Industry in India

A stochastic frontier cost function is estimated using panel data for the electricity generating industry in India. The impact of distributional and functional form assumptions on technical inefficiency and the sources of inefficiency are investigated by using maximum likelihood, GLS and semi-parametric-GLS approaches and by incorporating firm-specific inefficiency effects in the cost function itself. Average inefficiency in the electricity generating industry in India is found to be high by all three methods. The estimate predicted by the maximum-likelihood approach is, however, lower than that predicted by the other two methods. This could be due to distributional assumptions made under the maximum likelihood method. Public ownership and low capacity utilization are found to be significant determinants of inefficiency in the electricity generating industry in India.
Fiscal mechanism in public administration of social risks

Through a critical document-based methodology, the research analyses the essence of social risks as the object of public administration, proposes their classification, tests the need for interconnection of social and fiscal policies, bases the structure of the financial and budgetary mechanism for public management of social risks and, consequently, proposes to improve it by increasing investment in human capital to prevent social risks. It is concluded that the orientation of the social protection system to countervailing measures in relation to certain groups of the population seeks to solve the problem of poverty by strengthening tax distributional processes, increasing the amount of social spending on total state spending, but if it fails to increase the effectiveness of social programmers, the main social problems will not be solved. It is established that the main direction of improvement of the public social risk management tax mechanism should be the minimization of the compensatory nature of the financial provision of the consequences of social risks and, the activation of the application of investment tools for the prevention of their occurrence.
Home-based primary care: A systematic review of the literature, 2010-2020.

Background Although more than seven million older adults struggle or are unable to leave their homes independently, only a small minority access home-based primary care (HBPC). Despite substantial growth of HBPC, fueled by growing evidence supporting positive patient outcomes and cost savings, the population remains dramatically underserved and many evidence gaps still exist around scope of practice and key issues in care delivery and quality. Understanding the current state of the field is critical to the delivery of high-quality home-based care. Methods We conducted a systematic search of the peer-reviewed literature on HBPC, published between January 2010 and January 2020, using Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus online libraries. All studies were evaluated by two members of the research team, and key findings were extracted. Results The initial search yielded 1730 unique studies for screening. Of these initial results, 1322 were deemed not relevant to this review. Of the 408 studies deemed potentially relevant, 79 were included in the study. Researchers identified five overarching themes: the provision of HBPC, the composition of care teams, HBPC outcomes, the role of telehealth, and emergency preparedness efforts. Conclusion The need and desire for growth of HBPC has been highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Current research on HBPC finds a diverse scope of practice, successful use of interdisciplinary teams, positive outcomes, and increasing interest in telehealth with many areas ripe for further research.
Phosphoryl prodrugs: characteristics to improve drug development

Phosphoryl prodrugs are key compounds in drug development. Biologically active phosphoryl compounds often have negative charges on the phosphoryl group, and as a result, frequently have poor pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. The use of lipophilic moieties bonded to the phosphorus (or attached oxygen atoms) masks the negative charge of the phosphoryl group, and cleavage of the lipophilic moieties releases the active molecule. The use of prodrugs to improve the PK of active parent molecules is an essential step in drug development. This review highlights promising trends in terminal elimination half-life, Cmax, clearance, oral bioavailability, and cLog P in phosphoryl prodrugs. We focus on specific prodrug families: esters, amidates, and ProTides. We conclude that moderating lipophilicity is a key part of prodrug success. This type of evaluation is important for drug development, regardless of clinical application. It is our hope that this analysis, and future ones like it, will play a significant role in prodrug evolution.
Agent-Supervisor Coordination for Decentralized Event-Triggered Optimization.

This paper proposes decentralized resource-aware coordination schemes for solving network optimization problems defined by objective functions which combine locally evaluable costs with network-wide coupling components. These methods are well suited for a group of supervised agents trying to solve an optimization problem under mild coordination requirements. Each agent has information on its local cost and coordinates with the network supervisor for information about the coupling term of the cost. The proposed approach is feedback-based and asynchronous by design, guarantees anytime feasibility, and ensures the asymptotic convergence of the network state to the desired optimizer. Numerical simulations on a power system example illustrate our results.
Radiated Electromagnetic Interference Source Modeling for a Three Phase Motor Drive System with a SiC Power Module

SiC power modules have become the most promising candidates to replace the Si power modules in three-phase motor drive systems. However, the fast switching speed and switching frequency of SiC power modules raise the concern of radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this paper, an analytical time-domain model is firstly proposed for the EMI noise sources of SiC power modules. The influence of the non-linear junction capacitance, power loop parasitic inductance, and the operation conditions on the radiated EMI are then investigated in depth. Simulation and experimental results show a good agreement between the proposed analytical model and the measured radiated EMI.
Let's talk: Autonomous conflict resolution for robots carrying out individual high-level tasks in a shared workspace

We consider two robots operating in a common workspace where each can sense the location of the other. Each robot has its own high-level task, given as a temporal logic formula, which may include requirements regarding the other robot (e.g. the robot cannot enter a room that the other robot is currently in). This task is not initially shared with the other robot; therefore, the robots when operating, may find themselves in a conflict situation. In this paper, we develop algorithms that allow the robots to automatically, and in a provably correct manner, resolve the conflict, if possible. If the automated process fails, meaning that the robots cannot both perform their tasks in the same workspace, feedback is provided to a human, that would resolve the conflict (e.g. by changing the robot's tasks). The algorithm is demonstrated with simulated and physical robots in the lab.
Defining and Computing Topological Persistence for 1-cocycles

The concept of topological persistence, introduced recently in computational topology, finds applications in studying a map in relation to the topology of its domain. Since its introduction, it has been extended and generalized in various directions. However, no attempt has been made so far to extend the concept of topological persistence to a generalization of `maps' such as cocycles which are discrete analogs of closed differential forms, a well known concept in differential geometry. We define a notion of topological persistence for 1-cocycles in this paper and show how to compute its relevant numbers. It turns out that, instead of the standard persistence, one of its variants which we call level persistence can be leveraged for this purpose. It is worth mentioning that 1-cocyles appear in practice such as in data ranking or in discrete vector fields.
Educating Girls in the Third World

Building on the widespread recent suggestion that the education of girls may well be one of the best investments that a less-developed country can make, this study presents the results of a series of quantitative, cross-national, panel regression analyses designed to assess the effects of a) level of girls' education (primary and secondary enrollment rates), and b) gender inequality in education (male-female enrollment ratios), on a wide range of demographic, social and economic development outcomes. Both the education of girls in and of itself, and the provision of equal access to education for boys and girls (i.e., gender equality in education) were found to have the following subsequent benefits for societies: lower crude birth rates, longer life expectancies, lower death rates of all sorts, improved basic needs provision, and more rapid rates of economic growth.
Crafting Tradition: The Making and Marketing of Oaxacan Wood Carvings

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Michael Chibnik Year: 2003 Pages: xix + 266 Publisher: University of Texas Press Prices: $22.95 US
E–H Bond Activations and Hydrosilylation Catalysis with Iron and Cobalt Metalloboranes

An exciting challenge in transition metal catalyst design is to explore whether earth-abundant base metals such as Fe, Co, and Ni can mediate two-electron reductive transformations that their precious metal counterparts (e.g., Ru, Rh, Ir, and Pd) are better known to catalyze. Organometallic metalloboranes are an interesting design concept in this regard because they can serve as organometallic frustrated Lewis pairs. To build on prior studies with nickel metalloboranes featuring the DPB and ^(Ph)DPB^(Mes) ligands in the context of H_2 and silane activation and catalysis (DPB = bis(o-diisopropylphosphinophenyl)phenylborane, ^(Ph)DPB^(Mes) = bis(o-diphenylphosphinophenyl)mesitylborane), we now explore the reactivity of iron, [(DPB)Fe]_2(N_2), 1, and cobalt, (DPB)Co(N_2), 2, metalloboranes toward a series of substrates with E–H bonds (E = O, S, C, N) including phenol, thiophenol, benzo[h]quinoline, and 8-aminoquinoline. In addition to displaying high stoichiometric E–H bond activation reactivity, complexes 1 and 2 prove to be more active catalysts for the hydrosilylation of ketones and aldehydes with diphenylsilane relative to (^(Ph)DPB^(Mes))Ni. Indeed, 2 appears to be the most active homogeneous cobalt catalyst reported to date for the hydrosilylation of acetophenone under the conditions studied.
IRAS Dust Bands and the Origin of the Zodiacal Cloud

Previous discussions of the origin of the zodiacal cloud have attempted to distinguish between an asteroidal and a cometary source on the basis of collisional dynamics, that is, by calculating the rates of production and destruction of particles from the two possible sources. The uncertainties in these calculations are too large to permit a useful conclusion. The recognition that the solar system dust bands discovered by IRAS are probably produced by the gradual comminution of the asteroids in the major Hirayama asteroid families may allow us to estimate, with comparative confidence, the contribution to the zodiacal cloud of the asteroid belt as whole.
Concentrations of selected organochlorines and chlorobenzenes in the serum of former Love Canal residents, Niagara Falls, New York.

Abstract Background Love Canal, in Niagara Falls, NY is among the earliest and most significant hazardous waste sites in the USA, but no study has ever measured chemical body burdens in nearby residents to document that human exposure occurred. This study measured concentrations of selected organochlorines and chlorinated benzenes in archived serum samples collected from former Love Canal residents. Methods We analyzed serum samples collected from 373 former residents in 1978–1979 for compounds disposed of at Love Canal, and we compared their concentrations according to surrogate indicators of exposure such as residential proximity, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Three compounds were detectable in the serum of most participants: 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB). Concentrations of 1,2,4-TCB and 1,2-DCB were 2–14 times greater among persons who at the time their blood was collected lived closest to the Canal compared to those living further away. We found no consistent trends for β-HCH with respect to any exposure definition. Conclusions These results provide evidence that residential proximity to Love Canal contributed to the body burden of certain contaminants, and helps validate the use of surrogate exposure measures in health effect studies. Further surveillance of the Love Canal cohort is warranted.
Does Derivatives Speculation Affect Liquidity Holdings

I examine the effect of derivatives speculation on liquidity holdings (e.g., cash, lines of credit). To identify a causal effect, I employ SFAS No.133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, as a natural experiment that exogenously increases the cost of derivatives speculation. By analyzing changes in the liquidity holdings of treated firms following SFAS No.133, I show that decreased derivatives speculation caused a reduction in liquidity holdings. The channel for this reduction is risk management: a reduction in speculation decreases a firm's risk therefore, it need not hold as much liquidity to maintain the same level of risk.
Cloacal outlet obstruction with an ectopic ureter

Cloacal malformation occurs in approximately 1 in 50,000 live female births. Prenatal ultrasound may lead to the diagnosis in selected cases. We report an unusual case of prenatally detected single-system hydronephrosis with a nonvisible bladder and worsening oligohydramnios. Labor was induced at 35 weeks' estimated gestational age. On physical examination, a single perineal opening was noted consistent with cloaca. Endoscopy revealed an obstructed ectopic ureter at the level of the sphincter, an undeveloped bladder and vagina, and a fistula to the rectum. A low loop cutaneous ureterostomy and right upper quadrant loop colostomy were performed. The absence of a typical fluid-filled pelvic structure may confound the prenatal diagnosis of cloaca.
Victim participation in sentencing: Rhetoric and reality

Abstract The revival of interest in victims of crime during the 1970s and 1980s has resulted in various reforms to alleviate the problems for victims resulting from crime and from encounter with the criminal justice system. The most recent reforms have centered on the integration of victims in the criminal justice process, in an attempt to reduce their feelings of alienation and perceptions of injustice. The central achievement has been the victim impact statement. This article examines the development of the concept of victim impact statement, its rationale, its various forms, and the experience with implementing this right. It also examines recent research that has addressed the concerns and objections to implementing victims' rights to participation in sentencing. The implications of the use of the victim impact statement for the criminal justice system and the victim movement's goals are drawn and discussed.
Nanocrystalline high coercivity PrCo//Cr thin films: Potential high density magnetic recording media

Abstract PrCo thin films with a Cr underlayer (PrCo//Cr) have been prepared by dc magnetron sputtering. The as-deposited PrCo films with a Cr underlayer of 80 nm have coercivity values of about 300 to 400 Oe but after annealing at 400°C for 20 min a large enhancement in the coercivity is observed. The coercivity of the PrCo films after annealing at 400°C varies from 2 kOe to as high as 8 kOe depending on the film thickness and deposition conditions. The as-deposited PrCo//Cr films have a mostly amorphous PrCo layer but after annealing at 400°C the PrCo layer is nearly 100% crystalline with a grain size of about 10 nm as revealed by the high resolution TEM micrographs. The coercivity of the films depends strongly on the Ar pressure during sputtering of the PrCo layer, while the Ar pressure for the Cr underlayer does not significantly change the coercivity of the films. The Cr underlayer thickness was varied from 10 to 160 nm and only a slight change in coercivity was observed. The magnetic switching volume was estimated by the dependence of apparent coercivity on the sweep rate of the magnetic field and also through magnetic viscosity and remanence measurements. The measured switching volume is of the order of 1 to 1.5 × 10−18 cm3.
Turbulence suppression in a jet by means of a fine ring

Studied are the effects on the velocity field of a fine circular wire ring placed axisymmerically downstream of an air jet of Reynolds number 1.4×104. When placed close to the jet exit (x/Dj<3 where Dj is the jet diameter) the ring caused a pronounced reduction in the rms longitudinal velocity fluctuations, the maximum reduction (of approximately 30% based on the peak value) occurring when the ring is very close to the jet (x/Dj=0.07) and in the shear layer although rings of smaller diameter located in the core also produced the same qualitative effect. The ring also caused a shift in the virtual origin of the mean flow and an increase of the momentum thickness of the shear layer. There resulted a reduction of the magnitude of the fundamental roll‐up frequency, and it saturated later than for the undisturbed flow. The spatial growth rate of the disturbances in the shear layer were also drastically reduced. Spectra showed that vortex pairing was inhibited by the ring and there was an earlier transition to ...
Behavioral control of breathing in the cat.

Respiration depends upon brainstem neuronal circuits that produce the respiratory rhythm and relay it, via the ventrolateral columns, to motor neurons in the spinal cord. This brainstem system produces respiration automatically, i.e. without conscious effort, and is responsive to chemical and mechanical stimuli that signal imbalances in respiratory homeostasis. In addition to this automatic/metabolic respiratory system, there is a voluntary/behavioral system that controls the respiratory muscles during speaking, breath holding, and other voluntary respiratory acts. It has been proposed that this behavioral system involves corticofugal fibers that bypass the automatic system, course in the dorsolateral columns, and end at the level of the respiratory motor neurons. According to this scheme, the integration of behavioral control with automatic/metabolic control occurs at the level of the motor neurons and not within the automatic system. This proposed scheme has not been investigated experimentally. In the present study, we trained cats to control their respiration and recorded the activity of cells within the automatic system in the medulla during this behavioral control. We trained the animals to terminate inspiration and prolong expiration when a tone sounded. Microelectrode recordings from 40 medullary respiratory neurons showed that most cells, inspiratory and expiratory, became inactive during the behavioral apneic response. The exceptions were some expiratory cells that were activated during the task. These results suggest that the integration of behavioral influences occurs within the automatic system.
Conicity: A new index of body fat distribution-what does it tell us?

"Conicity" (C) is an index of body fat distribution which expresses an individuals waist circumference relative to the circumference of a cylinder generated with that persons weight and height assuming a constant for body density (Valdez [1991] J. Clin. Epidemiol. 44:955-956). The more central a person is in fat distribution, the higher the value of C. In a pilot study of cardiovascular reactivity and dimensions of anger and hostility in 60 African-, Anglo-, and Hispanic-American adolescents, anthropometry and sexual maturation were determined to assess their mediating influence on the relation between anger and cardiovascular risk. The concurrent validity of three indices of body fat distribution was explored: conicity(C), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and central/peripheral skinfold ratio (C/P) by assessing their association with cardiovascular variables (CV) and other anthropometrics. Anthropometry included height, weight, fat mass estimated from bioelectrical impedance, four circumferences, and skinfolds. Maturation variables included menarche in girls, testes size in boys, and pubic hair in both sexes. Cardiovascular variables included resting diastolic and systolic blood pressures and heart rate, and the same three variables after recovery from a step test. The boys and girls were 15-16 years of age, and there were equal numbers in each sex/ethnic group. Partial correlations accounting for height (which was affected by ethnicity) and maturation stratified by gender are reported. C was more strongly related to CV risk in boys and girls than the other indices or the body mass index. Least related to CV risk was C/P, correlated only weakly to central skinfold fat. C and WHR are highly related (0.85) yet differ in important respects in both sexes: C is more closely related to body fat (0.62-0.66) and fat mass (0.53-0.77) than the WHR (respective correlations: 0.54-0.55 and 0.43-0.66). Thus, C relates not only to body shape but also to body fat. Indices of central fat such as circumference and skinfold ratios, may "over-correct" for total fatness and thus miss important aspects of risk prediction. Conicity may be a useful indicator of body fat distribution in studies of adolescents. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improving the Reliability of Unmanned Aircraft System Wireless Communications through Cognitive Radio Technology

Unmanned Aircraft System networks are a special type of networks where high speeds of the nodes, long distances and radio spectrum scarcity pose a number of challenges. In these networks, the strength of the transmitted/received signals varies due to jamming, multipath propagation, and the changing distance among nodes. High speeds cause another problem, Doppler Effect, which produces a shifting of the central frequency of the signal at the receiver. In this paper we discuss a modular system based on cognitive to enhance the reliability of UAS networks.
Inhibition of growth and increased expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and -6 in prostate cancer cells stably transfected with antisense IGFBP-4 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid.

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) both stimulate and inhibit IGF activity, and in the M12 prostate cancer cell line, overexpression of IGFBP-4 was shown to delay tumorigenesis while decreasing the production of IGFBP-2. We have performed the reverse experiment, inhibition of IGFBP-4 expression with antisense complementary DNA, in two prostate tumor cell lines, ALVA-31 and M12. Expression of antisense messenger RNA transcripts was verified by RNase protection assays, and inhibition of mature IGFBP-4 in cell medium was demonstrated by Western blotting. Both transfected lines (ALVA-31asBP4 and M12asBP4) proliferated more slowly in monolayer culture than parental controls. Colony formation in soft agar was strongly inhibited in both cases, and the rate of tumor formation and growth in male athymic nude mice injected with M12asBP4 was markedly reduced relative to that in mice receiving M12 control cells. Apoptosis induced by the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide was also enhanced in transfec...
Shear instability direction at a crack-tip in a thermoviscoplastic body

Deformation fields near a crack tip are analyzed for a thermoviscoplastic body deformed either in an antiplane shear or in plane strain. The effects of inertia forces and heat conduction are considered, but those of material elasticity are neglected. By assuming that a shear band initiating from the crack-tip propagates in the direction of the maximum effective stress. It is found that a shear band propagates along the crack ligament in the body deformed in an antiplane shear. For a body undergoing plane strain deformations, the direction of the propagation of the shear band depends upon the mode-mixity parameter and agrees with that observed by Kalthoff.
Effects of six fasciolicides against Fascioloides magna In white-tailed deer.

Thirty-three white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of various ages, both sexes, and in good physical condition were captured for anthelmintic evaluation of six compounds against the large American liver fluke, Fascioloides magna. Based on fluke mortality, hexachlorophene administered at the rate of 12 to 26 mg/kg of body weight was lethal to 5 of 10 mature flukes in seven deer. Nitroxynil at 11 to 24 mg/kg inhibited egg production, but did not kill mature flukes in eight deer. Rafoxanide at 12 to 25 mg/kg killed 6 of 8 (75%) immature flukes in eight deer, but was not effective against 17 mature flukes. Clioxanide at 16 to 38 mg/kg, diamphenethide at 255 to 280 mg/kg, and hexachloroethane at 463 to 629 mg/kg were not effective against F. magna in four, two and four deer, respectively. There was no indication that treatment with fasciolicides at the higher dose rates was more efficacious than at the lower dose rates. Detection of fluke eggs in the feces was a reliable method for diagnosing the presence...
Refinement and evaluation of an automated mass spectrometer for nitrogen isotope analysis by the Rittenberg technique.

An apparatus designed to automatically perform hypobromite oxidations of ammonium salt samples for nitrogen isotope analyses with a mass spectrometer was modified to improve performance and reduce analysis time. As modified, reference N2 is admitted to the mass spectrometer between samples from a dedicated inlet manifold, for calibration at the same pressure as that of the preceding sample. Analyses can be performed on samples containing 10 μg to 1 mg of N (or more), at a rate of up to 350 samples/day. When operated with a double-collector mass spectrometer, the standard deviation at the natural abundance level (10 analyses, 50-150 μg N) was <0.0001 atom % 15N. Very little memory was observed when natural abundance samples (0.366 atom % 15N) were analysed. following samples containing 40 atom % 15N. Analyses in the range, 0.2 to 1 atom % 15N (50-150 μg N), were in good agreement with manual Rittenberg analyses (1 mg N) using a dual-inlet system, and precision was comparable. For enrichments of 2 to 20 atom % 15N, automated analyses were slightly lower than manual analyses, which was attributed to outgassing of N2 from the plastic microplate used to contain samples.
Water on MgO(1 0 0)—An infrared study at ambient temperatures

Abstract Transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to investigate water adsorbed on the (1 0 0) face of MgO under ambient conditions. From these measurements, we find that water reversibly adsorbs to MgO(1 0 0) creating liquid-like layers at temperatures ranging from −10 °C to 40 °C with slight hysteresis seen during a complete adsorption/desorption cycle. The adsorption isotherms of water on MgO(1 0 0), throughout the entire temperature range sampled, resemble a typical BET plot, which coupled with the fact that IR absorption due to the OH stretch of the adsorbed water does not change as a function of coverage, suggests that the layer grows in via three-dimensional island formation. Thermodynamic analysis indicates three distinct regions of water adlayer growth.
A denotational semantics for continuous queries over streams and relations

Continuous queries over data streams are an important new class of queries motivated by a number of applications [BBD+02, Geh03, GO03], and several languages for continuous queries have been proposed recently [ABW03, CC+02, CC+03, WZL03]. To date the semantics of these languages have been specified fairly informally, sometimes solely through illustrative examples.
An Examination of the Influences of a Teacher Preparation Program on Beginning Teachers' Reading Instruction

In this study, we tracked elementary preservice teachers' (N = 41) perceived ability to teach reading as they moved through their teacher preparation program. After graduation, we conducted follow-up teaching observations and interviews with five of these novice teachers to explore their perceptions about their ability to teach reading. An analysis of these data revealed four distinct themes: (1) alignment of reading instruction practices with preparation program, (2) the influence of teacher education, (3) the need for more training on meeting the needs of individual students, and (4) the possibility of connecting with teacher educators once graduates obtain full-time employment. Suggestions are made to help teachers feel more competent and capable in teaching children to read and as they make the transition from preservice to full-time teaching.
A geographic regression model for medical statistics

Abstract A method for modeling geographic processes using cencus-type data is introduced in an analysis of male and female lung cancer mortality rates. The study area comprises the counties in those states which abut the Gulf of Mexico and the southeast Atlantic Coast of the United States. A spatially autoregressive model is used to estimate the strength of the univariate relationship between both the male and female lung cancer mortality rate in a county and in the respective lung cancer rates in the first to fifth order adjacent counties. The results show that the male lung cancer exhibits spatial autocorrelation while female lung cancer does not, and that the female data exhibit a spatial trend while the male data do not. These findings suggest that factors which vary at the regional scale play a greater role in the etiology of female lung cancer and that factors that vary at the neighborhood scale play a greater role in the etiology of male lung cancer.
Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters. 1. Partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to teflon membrane filters

Abstract Gas/particle distributions of semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) in the atmosphere are often measured using filter/sorbent samplers. Unfortunately, the adsorption of gaseous SOCs onto a filter can cause positive biases in the measured particle-phase concentrations, and negative biases in the measured gas-phase concentrations. In order to permit estimation of the magnitudes of these errors when Teflon membrane filters (TMFs) are used, surface-area-normalized gas/Teflon partition coefficient (Kp,s) values were measured for a range of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sorption isotherms were linear over three orders of magnitude. A 10° change in temperature (T) caused the Kp,s values to decrease by factors of 2.4–3.4. Changes in relative humidity (RH) between 21 and 52% did not affect the measured Kp,s values. The dependence of the partitioning on the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures of the subject compounds was investigated. Within each of the three individual compound classes, plots of log K p,s vs. log p L o were linear with slopes of approximately −1. The pooled data for the three compound classes yielded a single log K p,s vs. log p L o plot for 25°C that was correlated nearly as well (r2=0.96) as the plots for the individual compound classes (r2≈0.95). Since backup TMFs used in filter/sorbent sampling in urban areas yielded the same Kp,s values as did clean TMFs, assessment of the magnitude of the gas adsorption artifact for TMFs can be carried out using Kp,s values obtained with clean and/or ambient backup TMFs.
Sublytic complement attack reduces infarct size in rabbit isolated hearts: evidence for C5a-mediated cardioprotection.

Abstract Sublytic complement attack can elicit protective cellular responses without precipitating cell death. Our investigation examined the effects of non-lethal complement activation in isolated hearts. New Zealand white rabbit hearts were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion. Prior to ischemia, hearts were perfused for 20 min with 0.5% normal human plasma (NHP). Hearts treated with NHP developed significantly (p
Character formulæ and GKRS multiplets in equivariant K-theory

Let \(G\) be a compact Lie group, \(H\) a closed subgroup of maximal rank and \(X\) a topological \(G\)-space. We obtain a variety of results concerning the structure of the \(H\)-equivariant K-ring \(K_H^*(X)\) viewed as a module over the \(G\)-equivariant K-ring \(K_G^*(X)\). One result is that the module has a nonsingular bilinear pairing; another is that the module contains multiplets which are analogous to the Gross–Kostant–Ramond–Sternberg multiplets of representation theory.