cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of cholestin in treating HIV-related dyslipidemia

Abstract OBJECTIVE: We collected preliminary safety and efficacy data on the effects of Cholestin, a statin-containing dietary supplement, in individuals with dsylipidemia related to human immunodeficiency virus. METHODS: Fourteen adults with dsylipidemia related to human immunodeficiency virus characterized by hypercholesterolemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, or both participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in an infectious disease clinic based in an academic medical center. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 1.2 g of Cholestin twice daily ( n = 7) or placebo ( n = 7) for 8 wk. The main outcome measures were safety (hepatic function tests, plasma human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA levels, CD4 + cell counts, adverse effects) and efficacy (fasting serum cholesterol: total, high- and low-density lipoproteins, and fasting serum triacylglycerols). Safety and efficacy outcomes were evaluated at 2- and 8-wk intervals. RESULTS: Twelve participants ( n = 6 per group) completed the 8-wk treatment protocol. After 8 wk of treatment with Cholestin, there were significant declines from baseline in mean (± standard error of the mean) fasting total cholesterol (−30.8 ± 8.8 versus 7.7 ± 5.6; P = 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−32.2 ± 7.2 versus 26.3 ± 14.2; P = 0.01) versus placebo. Moreover, the decline in fasting total cholesterol was significant (−40.2 ± 4.8 versus 2.8 ± 11.9; P = 0.006) after 2 wk of therapy, at which time the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol approached significance (−30.2 ± 7.4 versus 4.4 ± 15.2; P = 0.068). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels did not change at either time point. No adverse effects were seen with Cholestin. CONCLUSIONS: Cholestin may safely lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with dsylipidemia related to human immunodeficiency virus. Larger and longer-term trials of this approach are warranted.
In Brief: Pilon Fractures

Pilon fractures, or fractures of the tibial plafond, range from low- to high-energy axial-loading injuries. This relatively rare injury (< 10% of lower extremity fractures) usually occurs in adults (aged 30s to 40s) owing to a fall from height or a motor vehicle crash [6]. Because of the often high energy involved and the limited soft tissue envelope that surrounds the distal tibia, these fractures require careful attention to the soft tissue envelope for timing and method of surgical fixation. Complications are common after fixation, and posttraumatic arthritis occurs in a high percentage of patients even with adequate restoration of the joint surface [1].
Identification of vestibuloocular projection neurons in the developing chicken medial vestibular nucleus

Biocytin was injected into the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nucleus on one side using isolated chicken brainstem preparations or brain slices to identify the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons projecting to these targets. Oculomotor nucleus injections produced retrogradely labeled neurons in the contralateral ventrolateral MVN (MVNVL), with few labeled neurons in the ipsilateral MVNVL and rarely in the dorsomedial MVN on either side. Labeled MVNVL neurons were identified as stellate (95%) and elongate (5%) cells. Trochlear nucleus injections produced a similar pattern of MVN neuron labeling. Abducens nucleus injections resulted in retrogradely labeled stellate (87%) and elongate (13%) neurons in the MVNVL, which had smaller cell bodies than those projecting to the oculomotor nucleus. Anteroposteriorly, labeled MVNVL neurons were coextensive with the tangential nucleus, with neurons projecting to the oculomotor nucleus distributed lateral to and intermixed with the more medially situated neurons projecting to the abducens nucleus. The fundamental pattern of vestibuloocular projecting neurons was similar at both embryonic ages studied, E16 and E13. In contrast to the case in mammals, where most vestibuloocular projection neurons reside within the MVN, most retrogradely labeled neurons in these chicken preparations were found within the ventrolateral vestibular, descending vestibular, and tangential nuclei. The morphological identification and mapping of vestibuloocular projection neurons in the chicken MVN described here represents the first step in a systematic evaluation of the relationship between avian vestibuloocular neuron structure and function. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Power-induced power and power-to-flow transfer functions for EBR-II subassemblies

Abstract Transfer functions, delineated into solely power-dependent and power-to-flow dependent components, are derived for different subassembly types in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II. These transfer functions are calculated from a step change in power and are therefore only applicable for power change transient analyses. The transfer function, made-up of time constants and transfer function coefficients, varies significantly depending on the subassembly type.
On Estimating Scale and Location Parameters

Abstract When estimating a location or a scale parameter, an invariant estimate has the desirable property of adjusting itself for changes in the unit of measurement. The mechanism by which it does this is clear. Certain non-invariant estimates also adjust themselves for changes in the unit of measurement. The mechanism by which they do this is illustrated.
Water deprivation protects photoreceptors against light damage

Photoreceptor cell death after light-damage and during aging in rats is associated with the hormonal status of the animal, as well as other environmental and intrinsic factors. Restricted caloric intake extends the life of rodents and is usually accompanied by a reduction in water consumption. In this study, male and female rats were placed on restricted water intake for either 3 or 7 days to induce dehydration. Following exposure to damaging visible light, the retinas were evaluated for severity of damage and photoreceptor survival, heat shock (stress) protein (HSP) and total protein synthesis, and plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels. Photoreceptor cells of 7-day, dehydrated male and female rats survived light-damage significantly better than those allowed water ad libitum; however, after 3 days of water restriction, only the male rats demonstrated protection from photodamage. Severity of photoreceptor damage could not be correlated with retinal HSP synthesis and content, although the latter was significantly reduced in dehydrated animals. Total retinal protein content and synthesis were unchanged by restricted water intake. AVP increased by 350% during the 7-day period of dehydration. Protection of photoreceptors from light-damage in this study may be correlated with osmotically stimulated changes in the retinas of dehydrated animals.
Muscle Protein Metabolism of Rats in Surgical Trauma

The effects of decreased food intake and degree of surgical trauma on total, myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis and degradation were assessed in two experiments (A and B). Trauma consisted of an abdominal incision with or without hysterectomy. The degree of trauma in experiment B was increased relative to that in experiment A by extending the length of the incision, operative manipulation and time required to perform the surgery. To account for postoperative diminutions in food intake on protein turnover, a group of nonoperated rats were pair-fed to the level of food consumed by hysterectomized rats. Traumatized rats in experiment B lost more weight, ate less, and had a lower muscle total protein concentration than corresponding rats in experiment A, confirming a more severe trauma in experiment B. In both experiments, trauma depressed total protein content of muscle. Synthesis was measured by the incorporation of L-[U-14C] tyrosine from a single meal into total, sarcoplasmic and myofi...
Yoga adherence in older women six months post-osteoarthritis intervention.

Background/Objective:Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. Yoga is potentially a safe and feasible option for managing OA; however, the extent of long-term yoga adherence i...
Comparative Analysis of the Biaxial Mechanical Behavior of Carotid Wall Tissue and Biological and Synthetic Materials Used for Carotid Patch Angioplasty

Abstract Patch angioplasty is the most common technique used for the performance of carotid endarterectomy. A large number of patching materials are available for use while new materials are being continuously developed. Surprisingly little is known about the mechanical properties of these materials and how these properties compare with those of the carotid artery wall. Mismatch of the mechanical properties can produce mechanical and hemodynamic effects that may compromise the long-term patency of the endarterectomized arterial segment. The aim of this paper was to systematically evaluate and compare the biaxial mechanical behavior of the most commonly used patching materials. We compared PTFE (n = 1), Dacron (n = 2), bovine pericardium (n = 10), autogenous greater saphenous vein (n = 10), and autogenous external jugular vein (n = 9) with the wall of the common carotid artery (n = 18). All patching materials were found to be significantly stiffer than the carotid wall in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. Synthetic patches demonstrated the most mismatch in stiffness values and vein patches the least mismatch in stiffness values compared to those of the native carotid artery. All biological materials, including the carotid artery, demonstrated substantial nonlinearity, anisotropy, and variability; however, the behavior of biological and biologically-derived patches was both qualitatively and quantitatively different from the behavior of the carotid wall. The majority of carotid arteries tested were stiffer in the circumferential direction, while the opposite anisotropy was observed for all types of vein patches and bovine pericardium. The rates of increase in the nonlinear stiffness over the physiological stress range were also different for the carotid and patching materials. Several carotid wall samples exhibited reverse anisotropy compared to the average behavior of the carotid tissue. A similar characteristic was observed for two of 19 vein patches. The obtained results quantify, for the first time, significant mechanical dissimilarity of the currently available patching materials and the carotid artery. The results can be used as guidance for designing more efficient patches with mechanical properties resembling those of the carotid wall. The presented systematic comparative mechanical analysis of the existing patching materials provides valuable information for patch selection in the daily practice of carotid surgery and can be used in future clinical studies comparing the efficacy of different patches in the performance of carotid endarterectomy.
A multi-regulator sliding mode control strategy for output-constrained systems

This paper proposes a multi-regulator control scheme for single-input systems, where the setpoint of a regulated output must be changed under the constraint that a set of minimum-phase outputs remain within prescribed bounds. The strategy is based on a max-min selector system frequently used in the aerospace field. The regulators used for the regulated and limited outputs are of the sliding mode type, where the sliding variable is defined as the difference between an output and its allowable limit. The paper establishes overall asymptotic stability, as well as invariance properties leading to limit protection. The design methodology is illustrated with a detailed simulation example on thrust control of a turbofan engine.
Neuroendocrine dysregulation and the growth hormone–IGF-1 axis in anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by extreme, self-induced starvation and is associated with a number of medical complications, including significant loss of bone mass. Disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis has been demonstrated in anorexia nervosa and contributes to both loss of established bone mass in adults and failure to accrue normal bone mass in adolescents. Anorexia nervosa is associated with the development of a state of acquired growth hormone (GH) resistance, characterized by low IGF-1 and elevated GH levels, which may be mediated in part by FGF-21. Administration of supraphysiologic recombinant human GH does not result in an increase in markers of bone formation. However, treatment with recombinant human IGF-1, in combination with an oral contraceptive, increases markers of bone formation as well as bone mineral density, and may be a novel way to treat the bone loss associated with anorexia nervosa.
Positivistische Dogmen, Rhetorik und die Frage nach einer Wissenschaft von der Erziehung

Der Positivismus ist zu fruh totgesagt worden. Obwohl man explizit artikulierte Versionen schon vor einiger Zeit in der Philosophie verworfen hat, floriert der Positivismus in unterschwelliger Form in vielen Bereichen weiter (z. B. Code 1993; Harding 2006; Lessl 2005). Einer dieser Bereiche ist die „neue wissenschaftliche Orthodoxie“ (Howe 2008) in der Bildungsforschung, die in dem Bericht des National Research Councils (NRC) „Scientific Research in Education“ (2002) kodifiziert und in darauf folgenden Dokumenten wie „Advancing Scientific Research in Education“ (2004) und in den „Standards for Reporting on Empirical Social Science Research in AERA Publications“ (2006) der American Educational Research Association (AERA) bestatigt wurde.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Leukocyte Rolling and Adhesion in the Rat Mesenteric Microcirculation: Regulation by Glucocorticoids and Role of Cytokines

A common side effect of high dose glucocorticoid therapy is increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, an effect that is in part mediated through inhibition of leukocyte recruitment to infected areas. However, the sites at which glucocorticoids act to prevent the multistep process of leukocyte recruitment have not been fully established. In this study, the effects of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on leukocyte-endothelial interactions, in response to bacterial LPS, were examined utilizing a model of rat mesenteric intravital microscopy. Pretreatment of rats with DEX (0.5 mg/kg) for 18 h or 30 min before stimulation with LPS significantly inhibited LPS-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in mesenteric postcapillary venules. Pretreatment with DEX also inhibited LPS-induced changes in expression of L-selectin and a shared epitope of CD11b/c on circulating neutrophils. These effects of DEX may be due to DEX inhibition of IL-1, TNF, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) generation, since antagonists to these mediators were able to mimic DEX effects on leukocyte-endothelial interactions and circulating leukocyte phenotype. These data indicate that inhibition of cytokine- and chemokine-induced leukocyte-endothelial interactions may be a primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids inhibit leukocyte recruitment to bacterial agents and thus increase susceptibility to infection.
Intraoral technique to adapt a bar and clip in an implant-retained, tissue-supported complete denture☆☆☆★

This article presents a procedure for the attachment of clips to a bar supported by implants. This intraoral procedure prevents the possible locking of the denture onto the bar when autopolymerizing resin is used to attach the clips to the denture. Should the denture get locked onto the bar, this procedure allows for the separation of the denture from the bar extraorally without affecting the implants or the patient.
Errant and unrecognized antiperistaltic Roux limb construction during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically significant obesity

Abstract Background Proper isoperistaltic orientation of the Roux limb is important. We report on 5 patients with errant anatomic construction of the Roux limb during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically significant obesity. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of these 5 patients. Of the 5 patients, 3 had undergone open and 2 laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Results These 5 patients developed persistent and predominantly bilious vomiting in the immediate postoperative period, with subsequent protein-calorie malnutrition. At least 18 operations were undertaken in these 5 patients at different times to correct the abnormally dilated Roux limb to no avail. The diagnosis of an antiperistaltic anatomy was unsuspected, and these operations failed to address the errant anatomy of the Roux limb or resolve the symptoms. Definitive treatment involved repositioning of the Roux limb in an isoperistaltic direction, which resulted in immediate resolution of the symptoms and reversal of the protein-calorie malnutrition. Conclusion Antiperistaltic Roux anatomy is deleterious, and repositioning of the Roux limb in an isoperistaltic direction will resolve the symptoms and associated protein-calorie malnutrition.
Precise determination of turning mirror loss using GaAs/AlGaAs lasers with up to ten 90 degrees intracavity turning mirrors

The authors report the fabrication and testing of GaAs/AlGaAs ridge-waveguide lasers with two, six, and ten 90 degrees intracavity turning mirrors using temperature-controlled chemically assisted ion beam etching. By measuring the laser threshold current as a function of the number of mirrors over an entire 1-cm/sup 2/ wafer, the authors make a very reliable estimate of the average single-pass turning mirror loss of 1.16+or-0.14 dB/mirror. Comparison with theory shows that the etched facets have a very small RMS surface roughness of less than 150 AA. >
Resonant cavity imaging biosensor

The resonant cavity imaging biosensor (RCIB) detects binding between target biomolecules in solution and probe biomolecules fixed to a microarray surface. IR light couples resonantly through a 1 cm square cavity constructed from Si/SiO/sub 2/ Bragg mirrors that contains the microarray surface. As the wavelength of the probe beam is swept, an IR camera monitors cavity transmittance at each pixel. The current setup detects 5 nm relief structures etched in the SiO/sub 2/ surface of one of the Bragg mirrors. RCIB improves on existing label-free biosensing techniques by offering the combination of high sensitivity, high throughput, and real-time observation.
The user-centered development and testing of a dublin core metadata tool

Digital libraries are supported by good quality metadata, and thus by the use of good quality metadata tools. The design of metadata tools can be supported by following user-centered design processes. In this paper we discuss the application and evaluation of several cognitively-based rules, derived from the work of Donald Norman, to the design of a metadata tool for administering Dublin Core metadata. One overall finding was that while the use of the rules supported users in their immediate interactions with the tool interface, they provided less support for the more cognitively intensive tasks associated with developing a wider conceptual understanding of the purpose of metadata. The findings have implications for the wider development of tools to support metadata work in digital libraries and allied contexts.
The Challenge of Obesity Management in Primary Care

Obesity is increasingly recognized as both a chronic disease for the individual and an epidemic of alarm­ ing proportions for our population. Medical con­ cern about obesity does not relate to attractiveness; rather, it focuses on the health impact of excess body weight. Considerable evidence now supports the fear that excess body weight is associated with diminished likelihood of longevity and seriously increases morbidity during life. 1 Thus far, however, dangers posed by obesity have not been matched by effective medical responses. Like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sleep apnea, obesity can be legitimately viewed as a chronic disease, requiring long-term treatments and sustained effort. The current challenge posed by obesity management is partly the dearth of ef­ fective clinical treatments. As with earlier days of treatment for hypertension or cholesterol, increas­ ingly effective treatments are coming, but individ­ ual treatment successes are possible. Efforts to manage obesity are further challenged by the necessary reliance of available treatments on complementary behavior modifications. To the ex­ tent that obesity-related behaviors can be effec­ tively treated, success often occurs in the context of a specialized program. Because efforts to change behavior require considerable interaction time, the primary care physician is disadvantaged in efforts to address this condition. Limitations by payers on the time that can be spent, either by the primary care physician or by associated practitioners, to address these behavioral concerns mean that the practitio­ ner is under great pressure to do much in a short time. Furthermore, many payers will not compen­ sate for such treatments, and the practitioner, al­ though often sympathetic with the goal of im­ proved body weight, feels unable to meet the patient's needs.
CH3I low-n Rydberg states in supercritical atomic fluids near the critical point

Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectra of CH 3 I 6s and 6s′ Rydberg states doped into supercritical argon, krypton, and xenon perturbers were measured from low density to the density of the triple point liquid at noncritical temperatures and on an isotherm near the perturber critical temperature. A full line shape analysis of these spectra was performed using a single set of intermolecular potential parameters for each dopant/perturber system. The resulting perturber induced shift of the simulated adiabatic transition of the 6s and 6s′ Rydberg states is presented as a function of perturber number density, and this shift illustrates a perturber critical point effect on the excitation energies of the molecular low- n Rydberg states.
Indirect Solution of Mixed Model Equations

Abstract Large scale genetic evaluation of animals by best linear unbiased prediction can have a high computational cost. This is partly due to the need to set up mixed model equations, which are then solved in an iterative way. Solutions can also be obtained by succesive averaging without setting the mixed model equations directly. Formulas are presented for a class of models with fixed and random factors, including an additive relationship matrix. Two iterative procedures were investigated, Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi. With a balanced data set, putting restrictions on fixed effects is not effective for improving convergence rates in Gauss-Seidel but is essential in Jacobi. Computational techniques needed to implement the indirect procedures are discussed.
Guzmán Mound: A Late Preclassic Salt works on south coast of Guatemala

Salvage excavation of a small mound on the south coast of Guatemala revealed evidence of Late Preclassic salt production. Most potsherds are of a crude, thin-walled utility ware believed to have been used in evaporating salt water over fires. Level-by-level attribute analysis suggests evolution of a more efficient vessel form for this purpose. A typological study of fine ware and radiocarbon dating firmly position the mound chronologically. Charcoal was abundant; daub and elongated hearths probably figured in the technology. Also, the absence of edible plant remains and the scarcity of obsidian blades and animal bone add to the picture of a specialized, salt-producing locality. The represented salt-making technology is partially reconstructed using comparative ethnographic, ethnohistorical, and archaeological sources from southern Mesoamerica.
Modeling Semantic Relations Expressed by Prepositions

This paper introduces the problem of predicting semantic relations expressed by prepositions and develops statistical learning models for predicting the relations, their arguments and the semantic types of the arguments. We define an inventory of 32 relations, building on the word sense disambiguation task for prepositions and collapsing related senses across prepositions. Given a preposition in a sentence, our computational task to jointly model the preposition relation and its arguments along with their semantic types, as a way to support the relation prediction. The annotated data, however, only provides labels for the relation label, and not the arguments and types. We address this by presenting two models for preposition relation labeling. Our generalization of latent structure SVM gives close to 90% accuracy on relation labeling. Further, by jointly predicting the relation, arguments, and their types along with preposition sense, we show that we can not only improve the relation accuracy, but also significantly improve sense prediction accuracy.
Variability of Selected Components in Mechanically Separated Beef

Samples of ground beef muscle tissue (B) and mechanically separated beef (MSB) were analyzed for proximate components (moisture, protein, fat and ash), cholesterol, purine bases and nucleic acids. The MSB samples consistently contained 30 percent or less fat and I4 percent or more protein but they exhibited wide variations in the content of other components. These variations were largely related to plant-to-plant differences (input materials and equipment, in most cases). Variances attributable to sampling were less than 20% of the total. The analysis indicated that it might be possible to control these variances in nonproximate components by careful selection of input materials.
Receptor-Mediated Intrarenal Angiotensin II Augmentation in Angiotensin II–Infused Rats

Chronic low-dose angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion for 13 days mimics two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension and increases intrarenal Ang II levels. We performed studies to determine the time course for the enhancement of intrarenal Ang II levels and whether the increased intrarenal Ang II is a tissue-specific event and requires a receptor-mediated step. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were uninephrectomized, and either vehicle or Ang II (40 ng/min) was infused via a subcutaneous osmotic minipump. Plasma and renal Ang II levels were measured 3, 7, 10, and 13 days after minipump implantation. Compared with controls (126±2 mm Hg), systolic pressure in Ang II–infused rats exhibited a detectable increase by day 6 (146±2 mm Hg) and continued to increase to 189±5 mm Hg by day 12. Plasma Ang II levels were elevated by day 3, whereas intrarenal Ang II levels were not significantly elevated until 10 days of Ang II infusion. Renal injury characterized by focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis was evident after 13 days of Ang II infusion. Losartan (30 mg/kg per day) prevented the development of hypertension in the Ang II–infused rats for the duration of the infusion period (125±1 mm Hg) and reduced the degree of glomerular injury. Plasma renin activity was suppressed in the Ang II–infused group but was elevated markedly in both losartan-treated groups. Plasma Ang II levels were elevated in the Ang II–infused rats and were even higher during losartan treatment. Intrarenal Ang II levels were enhanced significantly (354±60 versus 164±23 fmol/g) in the Ang II–infused rats. However, losartan treatment prevented the augmentation of intrarenal Ang II caused by Ang II infusion. Heart and adrenal Ang II levels were not significantly increased in the Ang II–infused rats but were significantly elevated during losartan treatment. These results suggest that the tissue-specific elevations of intrarenal Ang II levels caused by chronic Ang II infusion are mediated by angiotensin type 1 receptor activation, which leads to either receptor-mediated internalization of Ang II, enhancement of intrarenal Ang II formation, or both.
Complexity analysis of optical-computing paradigms.

Optical computing has been suggested as a means of achieving a high degree of parallelism for both scientific and symbolic applications. While a number of implementations of logic operations have been forwarded, all have some characteristic that prevents their direct extension to functions of a large number of input bits. We analyze several of these implementations and demonstrate that all these implementations require that some measure of the system (area, space–bandwidth product, or time) grow exponentially with the number of inputs. We then suggest an implementation whose complexity is no greater than the best theoretical realization of a Boolean function. We demonstrate the optimality of that realization, to within a constant multiple, for digital optical-computing systems realized by bulk spatially variant elements.
Diamond film deposition by chemical vapor transport

Abstract Chemical vapor deposition techniques for depositing diamond films at low pressure are reviewed, along with current and potential applications for these films. A new chemical vapor transport technique is described that is simpler and suitable for microgravity and centrifuge experiments. It was used to deposit diamond on silicon, molybdenum, graphite, glass, and carbon felt. Selective patterned deposition was achieved on a copper pattern on oxidized silicon. Centrifugation at only ∼2g greatly increased the nucleation density, area of deposition, and growth rate. The self-regulating behavior of this new technique is explained in terms of chemical and transport mechanisms.
Judgments of personal autonomy and interpersonal responsibility in the context of Indian spousal relationships: An examination of young people's reasoning in Mysore, India

This study examined social judgments of autonomy and responsibility in the context of Indian spousal relationships. The sample included 72 Hindu Indian children, adolescents and young adults (M ages = 10.2, 15.1 and 19.8 years) from Mysore, India. Participants were presented with a series of vignettes in which the needs and desires of spouses conflicted, designed so that the protagonist in each situation was either a husband or wife. Participants were asked to decide what the actor should do and why, indicating whether personal autonomy or interpersonal responsibility concerns were dominant. A repeated measures MANOVA found a main effect of spousal condition, indicating that judgments were influenced by norms of patriarchy: autonomy was emphasized more often for husbands, responsibility more often for wives (particularly among male children). However, participants also went against cultural norms, with 58% of participants supporting autonomy for wives when their personal concerns were relatively important. Although Hindu India is often described as a collectivistic culture in which personal concerns are subordinated to interpersonal concerns, the Hindu Indian participants in this study displayed concern with both autonomy and responsibility, and gender hierarchy played a role in the manifestation of these concerns.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B potentiates LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction in chronically catheterized rats.

Most models of liver dysfunction in sepsis use endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) to induce a pathophysiological response. In our study published in this issue (Beno DWA, Uhing MR, Goto M, Chen Y,...
Jane's Healthy Gourmet: A Case On Sustaining Entrepreneurial Growth

Jane Smith had a family history of cancer and heart disease which made her very aware of the benefits of a healthy lifestyle. She discovered that there was no service offering pre-prepared healthy meals at home throughout Southern California. Smith has since decided to fill this market niche. She chose Orange County as the strategic location to serve the Southern California area. She opened headquarters in Irvine in January 1996. Jane's plan is to expand throughout California, promoting good health and great-tasting food. She also offers convenience by eliminating the need for shopping and cooking, while fueling the trend of home meal replacement.
Well-Formed Sets: Proofs by Transfinite Induction with Already Well-Ordered Sets

This chapter focuses on “well-formed” sets, which are defined by means restricted to the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory from chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4. The main result states that no two well-formed sets are members of each other, and consequently that every well-formed set is not an element of itself.
Thymoxyethyldiethylamine Antagonism to Circulatory Effects of Histamine in Anesthetized and Nonanesthetized Dogs

SummaryThymoxyethyldiethylamine administered subcutaneously to (a) anesthetized and (b) nonanesthetized dogs reduces or abolishes the depressor effects of small histamine (Hi) doses and prevents the bronchial constrictor action of large Hi doses in (a) and reduces the hemoconcentration following large Hi doses in (b), but in neither (a) nor (b) are the depressor effects of large Hi doses appreciably altered.
Evaluating the Carbon Embedded in the US Public Water Supply

The United States uses approximately 5% of its primary energy and 6% of its electricity to pump, convey, treat, distribute, heat, and recondition water in the US public water supply. Allocating this energy towards water has contributed to a national public water distribution system that is considered among the best in the world, providing its users with a clean and reliable water supply. This water supply, treated to stringent water standards defined by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Safe Drinking Water Act, has been critical to the health and livelihood of United States’ citizens. However, this energy-expenditure comes at an environmental cost, since the majority of water-related energy is derived from burning fossil fuels. Fossil-fuel combustion emits carbon-dioxide, a greenhouse gas that has become of concern in recent years because of its connection to anthropogenic climate change. The amount of carbon-dioxide that is emitted from fossil-fuel combustion is principally a function of the quantity and type of fuel that is burned for energy. This first-order analysis quantifying national water-related carbon dioxide emissions is the second in a series of several analyses by the authors, quantifying the energy and greenhouse emissions embedded in the US public water supply. Results indicate that water withdrawal, conveyance, treatment, distribution, end-use preparation, and wastewater treatment produces approximately 301 million metric tonnes of CO2 emissions annually. This quantity is 5.1% of total US CO2 emissions in 2009, which is approximately equal to emissions from the gasoline consumed by one-quarter of the US passenger fleet in the same year. Considering that the emissions associated with water for industrial, municipal and self-supplied sectors (such as agriculture) were not included in this analysis, the actual quantity of carbon emissions released as a result of water-related activities is likely to be higher. Consequently, identifying efficiency measures and conservation schemes to reduce the amount of water-related energy consumed in the US might be significant in achieving future greenhouse gas emission reduction goals.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Dual functions of a small regulatory subunit in the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex

Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake, a process crucial for bioenergetics and Ca(2+) signaling, is catalyzed by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. The uniporter is a multi-subunit Ca(2+)-activated Ca(2+) channel, with the Ca(2+) pore formed by the MCU protein and Ca(2+)-dependent activation mediated by MICU subunits. Recently, a mitochondrial inner membrane protein EMRE was identified as a uniporter subunit absolutely required for Ca(2+) permeation. However, the molecular mechanism and regulatory purpose of EMRE remain largely unexplored. Here, we determine the transmembrane orientation of EMRE, and show that its known MCU-activating function is mediated by the interaction of transmembrane helices from both proteins. We also reveal a second function of EMRE: to maintain tight MICU regulation of the MCU pore, a role that requires EMRE to bind MICU1 using its conserved C-terminal polyaspartate tail. This dual functionality of EMRE ensures that all transport-competent uniporters are tightly regulated, responding appropriately to a dynamic intracellular Ca(2+) landscape.
Introduction to the Cultural Heritage Issue

China’s cultural landscape has changed profoundly and rapidly since political and economic reforms were first adopted at the end of the 1970s. Redevelopment of historic city centers and new develop...
Analysis on epidemic situation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Wu'an City from 2006-2010

[Objective] To analyze the epidemic situation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Wu'an City from 2006-2010,provide scientific basis for development of pulmonary tuberculosis control and making the prevention countermeasures.[Methods] The data of clinic records,tuberculosis patient records,quarterly reports and annual reports from the Tuberculosis Control Department of Wu'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2006-2010 were collected and analyzed by epidemiological method.[Results] The incidence of tuberculosis decreased from 87.45/lakh in 2006 to 66.01/lakh in 2010,and the registration rate increased from 63.19/lakh in 2006 to 67.56/lakh in 2009.42.4% of patients were people aged 15-24 years old.There was regional difference in report rate.The incidence in males was significantly higher than that in females.[Conclusion] The incidence of tuberculosis is stable with a slight decline in Wu'an City.The awareness rate of knowledge about tuberculosis control in key population should be improved,especially students,farmers and migrant workers.The management of finding patients and referral need to be strengthened,and the level of diagnosis and treatment should be further improved,so as to effectively control the epidemic situation of tuberculosis.
Control of Cell Division Patterns in Developing Shoots and Flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana

Development of flowering plants is different from that of the animal model systems. In flowering plants such as Arabidopsis, embryogenesis serves primarily to establish the shoot and root apical meristems, which later develop into the mature plant. Most morphogenesis and pattern formation thus occur postembryonically. The shoot apical meristem (SAM), which is a small collection of undifferentiated cells, first forms and then arrests during embryogenesis; after seed germination, it activates and becomes the source of the cells that will later make up the entire above-ground part of the plant (Steeves and Sussex 1989; Meyerowitz 1997). The morphogenetic activities of the SAM after seed germination consist of a small number of stereotyped programs, with the environment playing an important part in which programs are selected.
Interferon β in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

Interferon beta has been used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) longer than any other disease-modifying therapy. It modulates the immune system through decreasing antigen presentation, enhancing suppressor T cells, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting lymphocyte trafficking into the central nervous system. Many clinical trials and over two decades of clinical experience have established it as a modestly efficacious and very safe therapeutic option for patients with relapsing MS. The side-effect profile includes flu-like symptoms, injection site reactions, liver function abnormalities, decreased peripheral blood counts, and worsening of depression. Its immunogenic properties and patients' genetic variability are associated with response heterogeneity.
Chemotherapy of Low-Grade Astrocytomas

Abstract It has now been established that chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of almost all newly diagnosed diffuse gliomas (WHO grade II to IV). In high-risk low-grade gliomas (LGG), adding procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy (PCV) to radiotherapy (RT) confers a significant advantage in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Tumor molecular marker testing, especially IDH mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion, is instrumental in guiding the management of LGG. Health-related quality-of-life assessment, for example, epileptic seizure control, has become an important outcome measure for LGG patients.
Japanese Aid Policy toward the Third World

As in other aspects of Japan’s political economy, there is a large gap between the stated principles (tatemae) upon which Japan’s foreign aid is based and the reality (honne). Since the 1950s Tokyo has repeatedly declared that Japanese aid was aimed at developing poor countries and fulfilling Japan’s obligations as a member (otsukiai) of the international community (kokusai shakai). Tokyo has continually pledged its support for international organisations like the United Nations General Assembly (1960), the Development Assistance Committee (DAC, 1965), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 1964) and the Pearson Commission (1969), all of which have advocated that industrialised countries give 0.7 per cent of GNP in Official Development Aid (ODA) and a 1 per cent transfer of resources to developing countries.
Physical, Emotional, and Social Impacts of Restricting Back Pain in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study.

Objective . Back pain is the most common type of pain reported by older adults, yet current management strategies often do not address the multi-dimensional impacts on older adults who face unique challenges as compared with younger populations. The objective of this qualitative study was to assess the physical, psychological, and social impacts of back pain (severe enough to restrict activity, hereafter referred to as restricting back pain) on older adults. Design . This was a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Setting and Patients . This study was comprised of a diverse sample of 93 community-living older adults (median age 83) with restricting back pain. Methods . We used a semi-structured guide in 23 interviews and 16 focus groups to discuss the various ways that restricting back pain impacted participants. Transcripts were analyzed in an iterative process to develop thematic categories. Results . Restricting back pain affected participants physically (inability to execute routine tasks, disruption of sleep and exercise), psychologically (feelings of sadness and irritability, fears about worsening health, loss of hope towards recovery or pain relief), and socially (experiences of isolation, inability to pursue hobbies). Conclusions . These data inform which outcomes should be measured in studies evaluating treatments for older adults with restricting back pain.
Literal versus exaggerated "always" and "never": a cross-genre corpus study

In this cross-genre study of the literal versus exaggerated meanings of the frequency adverbs always and never, I analyze three data sets: written and spoken language (academic speech, unscripted TV/radio dialog, and casual speech); local, national, and international news articles; and humanities, science-technology, and medical articles. For each genre, I calculate what I call the ‘Exaggeration Quotient’ (instances of always and never divided by instances of often or frequently and rarely or infrequently, respectively) and the rate of negation of always. Large Exaggeration Quotients and low negation rates were associated with informality, a pattern explicable in terms of specific aspects of informal language that motivate exaggeration, including perceived accountability for accuracy. In other words, formality is a proxy for certain features, goals, and expectations which are associated with certain genres and which affect how we use and understand always and never. This analysis supports a cognitive-functional, encyclopedic view of meaning.
Student Attitudes toward Educational Approaches and Assessment Techniques: A Retail Merchandising Course Outcomes Assessment

Outcome assessments provide a platform for students to confirm their achievement of learning and ability to use knowledge gained from academic courses (Mort & Messerschmidt, 2001). This study presents a systematic approach for conducting learning outcome assessments in an introductory retail merchandising course.
Analogues of the Potent Antitumor Compound Leiodermatolide from a Deep-Water Sponge of the Genus Leiodermatium

Two new analogues of the potent antitumor compound leiodermatolide, which we call leiodermatolides B and C, have been isolated from specimens of a deep-water sponge of the genus Leiodermatium collected off Florida. The compounds were purified using standard chromatographic methods, and the structures defined through interpretation of the HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR data. Leiodermatolide B (2) lacks the C-21 hydroxy group found in leiodermatolide and has equal potency as the parent compound, providing a simpler analogue for possible clinical development. It inhibits the proliferation of the AsPC-1 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line with an IC50 of 43 nM. Leiodermatolide C (3) has a modified macrolide ring and is over 85-fold less potent with an IC50 of 3.7 μM against the same cell line. These compounds add to the knowledge of the pharmacophore of this class of potent antitumor agents.
The role of tobacco use in periodontal diseases: a literature review

This article surveys early and current research on the relationship between smoking and various aspects of dental health. Results of early studies on the prevalence of periodontal diseases in smokers, which were often contradictory, are discussed briefly, and more recent research on the effects of tobacco on the periodontium is presented. This includes research examining the relationship--between smoking and the various indicators of periodontitis, such as bone and tooth loss. Studies examining the effect of smoking on the outcome of periodontal therapy, and ways in which tobacco may be harmful are also reviewed, as are the effects of smokeless tobacco on the periodontium. It is suggested that a separate category for smoking-associated periodontitis be created.