cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementing the architecture, assembly language, and operating systems components of curriculum 2001

This panel is concerned with present and future directions for the basic system components of the undergraduate Computer Science major curriculum. These components comprise the content of areas 5 and 6 of the Computing Curricula 2001 CS Body of Knowledge[1]; specifically, Area 5: Architecture and Organization (AR) and Area 6: Operating Systems (OS). The panel begins with an overview of the current coverage at the panelists' institutions, and then goes on to discuss possible changes which could make the implementation both more relevant to the needs of today's students and more in tune with the relevant sections of the curricula guidelines cited above.
Tissue biomarkers of drug efficacy: case studies using a MALDI-MSI workflow

MALDI MS imaging (MALDI-MSI) offers a capability to not only evaluate the distribution, localization and metabolism of drugs within tissues but also allow correlative tissue measurement of the effect of the drug on biomolecules in the targeted pathway. Particularly for MALDI-MSI, lipid molecules are readily detectable within tissues. Case study examples are provided for two different drugs targeting the sphingosine-1-phosphate/ceramide nexus in tumor xenograft tissues. A workflow combining high-resolution MALDI-MSI with on-tissue confirmation of targeted compounds using a structural library and on-tissue enzymatic digestion strategy is described. Representative images of drug metabolite distribution that correlate to an increase or decrease in sphingosine-1-phosphate or ceramide species are provided.
Intensity and Mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone Resistance within the H30 and H30Rx Subclones of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 Compared with Other Fluoroquinolone-Resistant E. coli

The recent expansion of the H30 subclone of Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) and its CTX-M-15-associated H30Rx subset remains unexplained. Although ST131 H30 typically exhibits fluoroquinolone resistance, so do multiple other E. coli lineages that have not expanded similarly. To determine whether H30 isolates have more intense fluoroquinolone resistance than other fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates and to identify possible mechanisms, we determined the MICs for four fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and norfloxacin) among 89 well-characterized, genetically diverse fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli isolates (48 non-H30 and 41 H30 [23 H30Rx and 18 H30 non-Rx]). We compared the MICs with the H30 and H30Rx status, the presence/number of nonsynonymous mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE, the presence of aac(6')-1b-cr (an aminoglycoside/fluoroquinolone agent-modifying enzyme), and the efflux pump activity (measured as organic solvent tolerance [OST]). Among 1,518 recent E. coli clinical isolates, ST131 H30 predominated clonally, both overall and among the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. Among the 89 study isolates, compared with non-H30 isolates, H30 isolates exhibited categorically higher MICs for all four fluoroquinolone agents, higher absolute ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin MICs, more nonsynonymous mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE (specifically gyrA D87N, parC E84V, and parE I529L), and a numerically higher prevalence of (H30Rx-associated) aac(6')-1b-cr but lower OST scores. All putative resistance mechanisms were significantly associated with the MICs [for aac(6')-1b-cr: ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin only]. parC D87N corresponded with ST131 H30 and parE I529L with ST131 generally. Thus, more intense fluoroquinolone resistance may provide ST131 H30, especially H30Rx [if aac(6')-1b-cr positive], with subtle fitness advantages over other fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains. This urges both parsimonious fluoroquinolone use and a search for other fitness-enhancing traits within ST131 H30.
Deleterious mutations and the genetic variance of male fitness components in Mimulus guttatus.

Deleterious mutations are relevant to a broad range of questions in genetics and evolutionary biology. I present an application of the "biometric method" for estimating mutational parameters for male fitness characters of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus. The biometric method rests on two critical assumptions. The first is that experimental inbreeding changes genotype frequencies without changing allele frequencies; i.e., there is no genetic purging during the experiment. I satisfy this condition by employing a breeding design in which the parents are randomly extracted, fully homozygous inbred lines. The second is that all genetic variation is attributable to deleterious mutations maintained in mutation-selection balance. I explicitly test this hypothesis using likelihood ratios. Of the three deleterious mutation models tested, the first two are rejected for all characters. The failure of these models is due to an excess of additive genetic variation relative to the expectation under mutation-selection balance. The third model is not rejected for either of two log-transformed male fitness traits. However, this model imposes only "weak conditions" and is not sufficiently detailed to provide estimates for mutational parameters. The implication is that, if biometric methods are going to yield useful parameter estimates, they will need to consider mutational models more complicated than those typically employed in experimental studies.
Mapping the Dynamism of the United States' Geopolitical Code: The Geography of the State of the Union Speeches, 1988–2008

The changing geographical foci of the geopolitical code of the United States are examined by a content analysis of the presidential State of the Union Speeches between 1988 and 2008, the last year of President Reagan's term through the presidency of George W. Bush. The State of the Union speeches are interpreted as geopolitical discourse within a structural setting, using seven foreign-policy paradigms as an organising framework. The empirical findings illustrate an increase over time in the number of regions and countries mentioned in the speeches. Also, notable differences between administrations in terms of their advocacy of globalist or regionalist policies and emphasis upon allies or adversaries are found.
Applications of the theory of automata in enumeration

Abstract A general method for applying techniques from the theory of automata to enumeration problems is developed, and several applications are given. These include the enumeration of reduced words in a finite group action and a new proof of the MacMahon Master Theorem.
Estrogen Receptor β Dinucleotide (CA) Repeat Polymorphism is Significantly Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

Significant associations between the lengths of a highly polymorphic dinucleotide (CA) repeat located within the human estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene on chromosome 14, bone mineral density (BMD) and androgen levels have been reported previously in premenopausal women. We measured the size of this microsatellite repeat in 226 healthy women (60–98 years). After adjustment for age, body mass index, hormone replacement status, and other variables known to influence BMD, women with <25 CA repeats had significantly higher BMD measured in the total skeleton, lumbar spine, and femoral neck when compared with women having longer alleles. Women with shorter alleles also had higher circulating estrone and estradiol levels that approached statistical significance as compared with women harboring longer alleles after appropriate adjustments were performed in linear regression models. Women having both short and long CA repeats had BMD values in all regions of the skeleton that were midway between those found in women homozygous for longer or shorter repeat sizes. Because the ESR2 CA repeat size was neither associated with change in BMD nor serum levels of biochemical markers of bone turnover, it is likely that ESR2 CA repeat genotype is significantly linked to the attainment of peak bone mass in women.
A Stable, perfectly matched layer for linearized Euler equations in unslit physical variables

Abstract The instability of an earlier perfectly matched layer (PML) formulation for the linearized Euler equations is investigated. It is found that, in the presence of a mean flow, there exist acoustic waves that have a positive group velocity but a negative phase velocity in the direction of the mean flow and these waves become actually amplified in the previous formulation, thus giving rise to the instability. A new stable PML formulation that is perfectly matched to the Euler equations and does not entail exponentially growing solution is presented. Furthermore, the new formulation is given in unsplit physical variables which should facilitate its implementation in many practical schemes. In addition, the well-posedness of the new formulation is also considered. It is shown that the proposed equations are well-posed for horizontal y -layers but weakly well-posed for vertical x -layers and corner layers. However, it is further shown that they can be easily modified to be symmetrizable, thus strongly well-posed, by an addition of arbitrarily small terms. Numerical examples that verify the stability and effectiveness of the proposed PML equations, such as an absorbing boundary condition, are given.
Cryosurgical Societies: A historical note

Abstract Interest in cryosurgery developed quickly after modern cryosurgical apparatus became available early in the 1960s and a forum for the clinical reports was provided by the Society for Cryobiology at its annual meetings. The exchange of ideas made possible by interaction with the membership of the Society enhanced the scientific basis and expedited the subsequent evolution of the new cryosurgical techniques. In later years, especially in the 1970s, the increased use of cryosurgery in the diverse specialties of medicine stimulated the formation of cryosurgical societies on a national and international basis. The initial growth of these organizations was rapid, but recently the rate of acquisition of new members has slowed, though new national societies continue to form in areas where none previously existed. The progress in the development of cryosurgical techniques and apparatus has also slowed. To infuse some vitality in the specialty, collaborative interaction with cryobiologists and cryoengineers is essential. To provide this interaction, the efforts toward joint meetings of the disciplines merit renewed emphasis.
Coverage of Coma in Headlines of US Newspapers From 2001 Through 2005

OBJECTIVE To review journalists' preferences and accuracy in reporting comatose states. METHODS Using the Lexis-Nexis database, we selected newspaper headlines from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2005, that included the words coma, comatose, unconsciousness, vegetative state, awakening , and brain dead . RESULTS We identified 340 stories by headlines. The median age of persons in coma was 26 years. Coma cases in men were twice as common as those in women. In 71% of coma cases, the cause of coma was associated with motor vehicle crashes or violence. Persistent vegetative state was reported in 25 articles (7%), frequently when a family or physician conflict emerged. In 33 stories (10%), coma was medically induced but not mentioned in the headline. Three "miracle" recoveries involved resumption of speech in patients in a minimally conscious state. CONCLUSION Few news reports had gross inaccuracies or misrepresentations; however, definitional difficulties of unconscious states with the reporters remain. The reporting of coma may be biased toward violence and trauma. Medically induced coma was present in 1 of 10 reports but rarely mentioned in the headline.
Hyper-Ia antigen expression on B cells from B6-lpr/lpr mice correlates with manifestations of the autoimmune state.

To investigate the state of activation of B cells from mice with the lpr gene defect, membrane Ia antigen (mIa) expression was analyzed on B cells from B6-lprlpr (lpr) and control B6-±/± mice. B cells from lpr mice exhibited marked increases in levels of mIa as determined by flow cytometry using a monoclonal anti-I-Ab,d reagent. This increase, which was progressive with age, suggests that phenotypic alteration of B-cell mIa expression is a consequence of lpr gene action. Since B-cell activation manifest by elevated mIa expression may promote productive interactions with helper T cells, these observations suggest an important role for B-cell abnormalities in the etiology of lpr-induced autoimmune disease.
The Problems and Values of Attitude Research

(1971). The Problems and Values of Attitude Research. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 247-252.
Essential role of Hrs in a recycling mechanism mediating functional resensitization of cell signaling.

Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) is well known to terminate cell signaling by sorting activated receptors to the MVB/lysosomal pathway. Here we identify a distinct role of Hrs in promoting rapid recycling of endocytosed signaling receptors to the plasma membrane. This function of Hrs is specific for receptors that recycle in a sequence-directed manner, in contrast to default recycling by bulk membrane flow, and is distinguishable in several ways from previously identified membrane-trafficking functions of Hrs/Vps27p. In particular, Hrs function in sequence-directed recycling does not require other mammalian Class E gene products involved in MVB/lysosomal sorting, nor is receptor ubiquitination required. Mutational studies suggest that the VHS domain of Hrs plays an important role in sequence-directed recycling. Disrupting Hrs-dependent recycling prevented functional resensitization of the β2-adrenergic receptor, converting the temporal profile of cell signaling by this prototypic G protein-coupled receptor from sustained to transient. These studies identify a novel function of Hrs in a cargo-specific recycling mechanism, which is critical to controlling functional activity of the largest known family of signaling receptors.
Breaks and task switches in prospective memory

SUMMARY Based on research showing that easing task demands improves prospective memory, we examined the effects of breaks and task switches on prospective memory. The first experiment suggested that people tend not to take advantage of breaks to improve prospective memory unless specifically instructed to do so. The next two experiments showed that both breaks and task switches interfered with prospective memory. The results indicate that work settings with frequent breaks and task switches may be especially susceptible to prospective memory failure. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer services: new directions in funding

Expenses for computer user services and software support have traditionally been recovered from revenue generated by processing charges on central site computing hardware. More subtle and appropriate charging mechanisms are beginning to appear.At the University of Wisconsin, Madison, software has been partially unbundled from hardware, and software support charges are assessed in each job to reflect staff resources used to maintain the software items used by the job.At the University of Washington, Seattle, efforts are underway to analyze all service components, including user services and software, and clearly recover costs for each component by (1) direct charging, (2) reallocation to an appropriate income-producing component, or (3) subsidy. Income produced from software charges is expected to cover programming and documentation costs, plus some percentage of marketing, consultation, and training.At the University of California, Berkeley, Computing Services is being financially (and psychologically) separated from the Computer Center and given a mandate to support customer requirements with the hardware and software most appropriate for each application. Funding is expected to come from direct subsidy plus surcharges on the use of non-central campus facilities, other state computers, and national networks, as well as central site hardware.These approaches to new directions in funding, and their implications, will be discussed informally. Comments from other sites which are also trying to revamp funding arrangements for computing services are also solicited.
A longitudinal study of the influence of iron status on mental and motor development of infants and toddlers

Abstract Thirty-two children were assessed for dietary, clinical, biochemical and anthropometric status at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years of age. Development was assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) Index. Using a dietary history and record, dietary iron was estimated and compared to the National Food Consumption Survey (1985) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) 10th edition. Daily iron intake decreased from 13.2 mg at 6 months to 10.3 mg iron at 1 year of age and 7.4 mg iron at 2 years of age. Iron intake and mental development were not related at statistically significant levels at any age. A stepwise multiple regression technique was employed to investigate the extent to which mental and motor development was explained with dietary variables, blood iron parameters and anthropometric measurements. Hematocrit concentration was the only variable which was consistently useful in predicting development at 1 and 2 years of age.
The promise of space processing

The early phases of space processing are related to science demonstrations on Apollo 14 and Apollo 16 in 1971, low gravity processing on Skylab in 1974, and processing experiments in connection with the Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975. A description of a space processing applications rocket program is also presented and questions concerning the potential impact of space processing are investigated. Starting in 1979, the Space Shuttle and Spacelab will provide a manned laboratory for more extensive scientific experiments concerning the feasibility of materials processing in a space environment and the advantages of such processing procedures compared to conventional ground-based methods.
Intangibles in medicine: an attempt at a balancing perspective.

UNDERSTANDABLY, reaction has set in against efforts to emphasize the importance of psychological factors in the treatment of patients. Medical periodicals have carried articles and letters from physicians who feel they are being pushed by imponderables in the wrong direction. The following letter is a composite of reactions: I am not interested in charming or entertaining my patients or winning popularity contests. I want to give them the benefit of my special knowledge and ability. If I myself were seriously ill, I would have no difficulty in expressing my preference for a physician who is capable of making an absolutely correct diagnosis and who would know exactly what has to be done—rather than choose a physician who is adept at sweet talk, or in making friends and influencing people, or in gaining recognition as one hell of a fine fellow. This letter and dozens like it are the understandable response
A Galerkin formulation of the MIB method for three dimensional elliptic interface problems

We develop a three dimensional (3D) Galerkin formulation of the matched interface and boundary (MIB) method for solving elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) with discontinuous coefficients, i.e., the elliptic interface problem. The present approach builds up two sets of elements respectively on two extended subdomains which both include the interface. As a result, two sets of elements overlap each other near the interface. Fictitious solutions are defined on the overlapping part of the elements, so that the differentiation operations of the original PDEs can be discretized as if there was no interface. The extra coefficients of polynomial basis functions, which furnish the overlapping elements and solve the fictitious solutions, are determined by interface jump conditions. Consequently, the interface jump conditions are rigorously enforced on the interface. The present method utilizes Cartesian meshes to avoid the mesh generation in conventional finite element methods (FEMs). We implement the proposed MIB Galerkin method with three different elements, namely, rectangular prism element, five-tetrahedron element and six-tetrahedron element, which tile the Cartesian mesh without introducing any new node. The accuracy, stability and robustness of the proposed 3D MIB Galerkin are extensively validated over three types of elliptic interface problems. In the first type, interfaces are analytically defined by level set functions. These interfaces are relatively simple but admit geometric singularities. In the second type, interfaces are defined by protein surfaces, which are truly arbitrarily complex. The last type of interfaces originates from multiprotein complexes, such as molecular motors. Near second order accuracy has been confirmed for all of these problems. To our knowledge, it is the first time for an FEM to show a near second order convergence in solving the Poisson equation with realistic protein surfaces. Additionally, the present work offers the first known near second order accurate method for C 1 continuous or H 2 continuous solutions associated with a Lipschitz continuous interface in a 3D setting.
Effect of fish oil on levels of R- and S-enantiomers of 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in mouse colonic mucosa.

The balance of putative pro- and antiinflammatory lipoxygenase (LOX)-derived S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (S-HETEs) in colon mucosa is a potential target for modulating colon cancer risk and progression. The biological effects of S-HETEs and R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (produced by distinct pathways) may differ, but levels of these compounds in the colon are unknown. The objective of this study was to develop chiral methods to characterize hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) enantiomers in colonic mucosa and evaluate the effects of fish oil on HETE formation. C57BL/6 mice (COX-1 null, COX-2 null, wild-type) were fed a diet supplemented with either olive oil or menhaden oil for 11 wk, and R-/S-HETEs in colonic mucosa were quantified by chiral LC-MS/MS. The R-enantiomer comprised 60–72% of 5-HETE, 18–58% of 15-HETE, and 1–16% of 12-HETE in colonic mucosa, suggesting that non-LOX sources contribute to HETE profiles. Fish oil reduced levels of both R- and S-HETEs, and increased the preponderance of the R-en...
Concurrent pentobarbital- and saccharin-maintained responding: effects of saccharin concentration and schedule conditions.

Responses of rhesus monkeys were reinforced by delivery of either a pentobarbital (4.0 mg/ml) solution or a vehicle (water) or saccharin solution under a concurrent signaled differential reinforcement of low rates 30-s schedule. After 30 s of no responding, the first response on the pentobarbital or saccharin spout resulted in the delivery of the appropriate solution and reset the timing on both spouts (i.e. a mutually exclusive choice). In the first experiment, the concentration of saccharin was gradually increased across sessions. As saccharin concentration increased, pentobarbital deliveries decreased and saccharin as well as total session deliveries increased. In a second experiment, pentobarbital and 0.24 (mg/ml) saccharin were made available under concurrent signaled differential reinforcement of low rates 30-s schedules which operated independently. Under these conditions responding on one spout had no consequences with respect to the other spout. The reduction of pentobarbital deliveries was substantially attenuated when the choice was not mutually exclusive.
Policy implications of climate change impacts on water resources management

Abstract Policy makers and water resources managers should be aware of the evolving information on climate change impacts as an activity that is preparatory, but not central, to sound decision making on current water resources management actions. Policies that ensure effective contemporary water management will form the core of a “no regrets” strategy that will contemporaneously serve adaptation to climate change and uncertainty. Hence, an “adaptive management” approach rather than an “anticipatory strategy” is warranted for most water management actions. An effective water management system depends, to a large extent, on a well-functioning institutional framework and the treatment of water as an economic and social good, both of which are a prerequisite for adaptation to contemporary climate variability. It will also serve as the foundation for responding to uncertain climate change scenarios.
BSMR: Byzantine-Resilient Secure Multicast Routing in Multihop Wireless Networks

Multihop wireless networks rely on node cooperation to provide multicast services. The multihop communication offers increased coverage for such services but also makes them more vulnerable to insider (or Byzantine) attacks coming from compromised nodes that behave arbitrarily to disrupt the network. In this work, we identify vulnerabilities of on-demand multicast routing protocols for multihop wireless networks and discuss the challenges encountered in designing mechanisms to defend against them. We propose BSMR, a novel secure multicast routing protocol designed to withstand insider attacks from colluding adversaries. Our protocol is a software-based solution and does not require additional or specialized hardware. We present simulation results that demonstrate that BSMR effectively mitigates the identified attacks.
Researching Housing, Water, and Sanitation in the British and Tanzania National Archives

The passage of Britain's 1940 Colonial Development and Welfare Act increased the levels of funding for social welfare projects such as housing in its colonies and mandates. This state of the archives article provides an overview of holdings on African housing construction in Dar es Salaam found in the British and Tanzania National Archives. It highlights archival records that outline housing research, official development plans, proposed housing schemes, and the actual results of these schemes. It also discusses some unexpectedly relevant files that were found by broadening search terms. Resume : En 1940, le vote, en la Grande-Bretagne, du Colonial Development and Welfare Act augmenta les fonds pour les projets d'allocations sociales de logement dans ses colonies et mandats. Cet article sur l'etat des archives offre une vue d'ensemble sur les avoirs lies a la construction de logements en Afrique a Dar es Salaam, enregistes dans les archives nationales de l'Angleterre et de la Tanzanie. Ceci met en lumiere les archives qui exposent la recherche sur le logement, les plans officiels de developpement, les projets proposes, et les resultats actuels de ces propositions. Cet article examine egalement certains dossiers etonnamment pertinents decouverts en elargissant les termes de la recherche.
Hexavalent chromium reduction by Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6: the influence of carbon source, iron minerals, and electron shuttling compounds

The reduction of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), to trivalent chromium, Cr(III), can be an important aspect of remediation processes at contaminated sites. Cellulomonas species are found at several Cr(VI) contaminated and uncontaminated locations at the Department of Energy site in Hanford, Washington. Members of this genus have demonstrated the ability to effectively reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) fermentatively and therefore play a potential role in Cr(VI) remediation at this site. Batch studies were conducted with Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6 to assess the influence of various carbon sources, iron minerals, and electron shuttling compounds on Cr(VI) reduction rates as these chemical species are likely to be present in, or added to, the environment during in situ bioremediation. Results indicated that the type of carbon source as well as the type of electron shuttle present influenced Cr(VI) reduction rates. Molasses stimulated Cr(VI) reduction more effectively than pure sucrose, presumably due to presence of more easily utilizable sugars, electron shuttling compounds or compounds with direct Cr(VI) reduction capabilities. Cr(VI) reduction rates increased with increasing concentration of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) regardless of the carbon source. The presence of iron minerals and their concentrations did not significantly influence Cr(VI) reduction rates. However, strain ES6 or AQDS could directly reduce surface-associated Fe(III) to Fe(II), which was capable of reducing Cr(VI) at a near instantaneous rate. These results suggest the rate limiting step in these systems was the transfer of electrons from strain ES6 to the intermediate or terminal electron acceptor whether that was Cr(VI), Fe(III), or AQDS.
Practices and beliefs in mistake-handling activities: A video study of Italian and US mathematics lessons

Abstract Although psychological theories assign to mistakes a fundamental role in the learning process and suggest ways to deal with them, only few studies have analyzed ways teacher–student interactions surrounding mistakes occur in actual classroom settings. This study focuses on such analysis. Also examined here are cultural factors that inform teacher mistake-handling. The data include a sample of 30 Italian and 30 US videotaped eighth-grade mathematics lessons. The methodology combines a discourse analytic approach with quantification of some aspects of the interactions observed. The differences observed in Italian and US lessons are interpreted as a complex interplay of two elements: beliefs about learning and culturally specific instructional practices.
CORRECTION OF ERRONEOUS RECORDS OF CORMORANTS FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN ALASKA

Abstract In previous studies, bones from archeological midden deposits on Kodiak and Amchitka Islands, Aleutians, were erroneously identified as belonging to Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), Pallas's Cormorant (P. perspicillatus), and Japanese Cormorant (P. capillatus), none of which is otherwise known from Alaska. These specimens are all re-identified as having come from the Double-crested Cormorant (P. auritus), which is much larger in Alaska than in middle and southern latitudes in North America.
A Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Laser Neuron for Ultrafast Cognitive Computing

We propose an original design for a neuron-inspired photonic computational primitive for a large-scale, ultrafast cognitive computing platform. The laser exhibits excitability and behaves analogously to a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron. This model is both fast and scalable, operating up to a billion times faster than a biological equivalent and is realizable in a compact, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). We show that-under a certain set of conditions-the rate equations governing a laser with an embedded saturable absorber reduces to the behavior of LIF neurons. We simulate the laser using realistic rate equations governing a VCSEL cavity, and show behavior representative of cortical spiking algorithms simulated in small circuits of excitable lasers. Pairing this technology with ultrafast, neural learning algorithms would open up a new domain of processing.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEREDITARY MATRICES

Abstract A classical approach used to obtain basic facts in the theory of square matrices involves an analysis of the relationship between polynomials p in one variable and square matrices T such that p(T) = 0. We consider matrices and operators which satisfy a different type of polynomial constraint. Let H be a complex Hilbert space, T be a bounded linear transformation of H , T∗ be the adjoint of T, and C[x, y] be the algebra of polynomials in x and y with complex coefficients. For a polynomial p ∈ C[x, y] in two variables with complex coefficients, define p(T) := Σ m, n ⩾ 0 p ^(m, n)T∗ n T m , where p ^(m, n) is the coefficient of ynxm in the expansion of p in a power series about the point (0, 0). T is called a root of p if and only if p(T) = 0. Note that if p ∈ C[x, y] is a polynomial in the single variable x, then the definition of p(T) given here agrees with the classical definition. In this paper, we study the relationships which p(T) = 0 forces between p and T when T is an algebraic operator (i.e., there exists n ⩾ 1 and complex numbers a0, …, an − 1 such that 0 = a0 + a1T + … + an − 1Tn − 1 + Tn). The classification starts with the following observation: Suppose p ∈ C[x, y] and an algebraic operator T ∈ L(H) satisfy p(T) = 0. Then certain subspaces of H which are invariant for T must be orthogonal or certain coefficients of p must vanish. This leads to the notions of a graph attached to each p ∈ C[x, y] and a graph attached to each square matrix T. For diagonalizable T, a necessary and sufficient graph theoretic condition for solving p(T) = 0 is given. For nondiagonalizable T, this condition is necessary, but not sufficient. The use of these graphs does, however, reduce the problem to the problem of solving the equation p(T) = 0 for T with exactly one or two eigenvalues. For T with one eigenvalue, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for solving p(T) = 0. This leaves the case of solving p(T) = 0 when T has exactly two eigenvalues. This problem mixes algebra involving polynomials with matrix theory. We show that it is equivalent to the purely algebraic problem of determining if equations of the form Σ(i, j) ∈ ECi, jXi + r, j + s = 0 have solutions of finite support with certain nonvanishing properties. We call these equations bi-Hankel equations subordinate to a given subset E of the lattice of integer pairs {(i, j) : 0 ⩽ i ⩽ m − 1, 0 ⩽ j ⩽ n − 1}. It turns out that there is an algorithm (which uses Grobner bases) for determining if the type of solution we seek exists and for computing it.
The receptor tyrosine phosphatase-like protein ICA512 binds the PDZ domains of β2-syntrophin and nNOS in pancreatic β-cells

Summary Islet cell autoantigen (ICA) 512 of type I diabetes is a receptor tyrosine phosphatase-like protein associated with the secretory granules of neurons and endocrine cells including insulin-secreting β-cells of the pancreas. Here we show that in a yeast two-hybrid assay its cytoplasmic domain binds β2-syntrophin, a modular adapter which in muscle cells interacts with members of the dystrophin family including utrophin, as well as the signaling molecule neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The cDNA isolated by two-hybrid screening corresponded to a novel β2-syntrophin isoform with a predicted molecular mass of 28 kDa. This isoform included the PDZ domain, but not the C-terminal region, which in full-length β2-syntrophin is responsible for binding dystrophin-related proteins. In vitro binding of the β2-syntrophin PDZ domain to ICA512 required both ICA512′s C-terminal region and an internal polypeptide preceding its tyrosine phosphatase-like domain. Immunomicroscopy and co-immunoprecipitations from insulinoma INS-1 cells confirmed the occurrence of ICA512-β2-syntrophin complexes in vivo. ICA512 also interacted in vitro with the PDZ domain of nNOS and ICA512-nNOS complexes were co-immunoprecipitated from INS-1 cells. Finally, we show that INS-1 cells, like muscle cells, contain β2-syntrophin-utrophin oligomers. Thus, we propose that ICA512, through β2-syntrophin and nNOS, links secretory granules with the actin cytoskeleton and signaling pathways involving nitric oxide.
Study Skills of Teacher Education Students.

(1992). Study skills of teacher education students. The Teacher Educator: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 7-15.
Disc testing of drugs against plated Trichomonas vaginalis.

SYNOPSIS. Inhibitory activity of a series of drugs has been tested against Trichomonas vaginalis pour-plated in agar. Drugs were applied in impregnated paper discs on the surface of the agar and activities determined by the presence of surrounding zones without growth. Control discs without drug showed no inhibition of the flagellate's growth. Some relationships of structure to activity were found in a group of substituted nitroimidazoles and nitrothiazoles. Diamidines, except for one with a triazene nucleus, produced little or no effect. Antibiotics varied from very high activity to none; a group of miscellaneous compounds, not quite so widely. Among the antibiotics, thiolutin merits further study as a possible biotin antagonist. Three closely related drugs, one of them known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis in mammals and Protozoa, restricted growth of T. vaginalis. Suggestions are made as to further uses of disc or strip tests with plated trichomonads for studies of nutrition, metabolism, and genetics.
Syntheses, Spectroscopic Data, and X-ray Diffraction Structures of the Heterometallic RuRe Face-shared Bioctahedral (η6-cymene)Ru(μ-Cl)3Re(CO)3 and MnRu2 Edge-shared Trioctahedral [fac-ClRu(CO)3]2(μ-Cl)4Mn(H2O)2 Complexes

Thermolysis of the diruthenium compound [(η6-cymene)RuCl2]2 (1) with ClRe(CO)5 (2) leads to the formation of the new confacial bioctahedral compound (η6-cymene)Ru(μ-Cl)3Re(CO)3 (3) in good yields; the same product has also been isolated when a mixture of 1 and 2 is irradiated with near UV–vis light for an extended period of time. Heating 1 and ClMn(CO)5 (4) does not furnish the corresponding manganese analogue of 3 but rather the trioctahedral halide-bridged product [fac-ClRu(CO)3]2(μ-Cl)4Mn(H2O)2 (5). 3 and 5 have been fully characterized in solution and their molecular structures established by X-ray crystallography. Thermolysis of [(η6-cymene)RuCl2]2 (1) with the respective pentacarbonyl ClM(CO)5 [where M = Re (2); Mn(4)] affords the halide-bridged compounds (η6-cymene)Ru(μ-Cl)3Re(CO)3 (3) and [fac-ClRu(CO)3]2(μ-Cl)4Mn(H2O)2 (5). 3 and 5 have been isolated and characterized spectroscopically in solution and their molecular structures established by X-ray crystallography.
Attitudes and Social Support: Determinants of Job‐Seeking Behavior and Well‐Being among the Unemployed1

What determines job-seeking behavior following a job loss? What are the mental health consequences of an unsuccessful job search? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal panel survey of 297 recently unemployed people, over a four-month period of their lives. In support of the Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) attitude-behavior model, intention to try hard to seek reemployment was the main significant predictor of job-seeking behavior during the subsequent four months. Intention, along with affirmation support from a significant other regarding the value of job search, accounted for 24% of the variance in job-seeking behavior. The attitude toward job seeking and the subjective norms (perceived social pressure to seek reemployment) were the main determinants of the intention, accounting for 69% of its variance. The unemployed person's attitude toward job seeking and subjective norms were, in turn, determined by (a) perceived instrumentality (expectations that job-seeking will lead to reemployment), (b) perceived economic hardship, (c) social support from the significant other (usually the spouse) in the form of affirmation of the value of job-seeking activities, and (d) the significant other's perception of the instrumentality of various job-seeking behaviors and of subjective norms regarding job-seeking. Other analyses showed that social support can counteract the negative effects of unsuccessful job search on mental health and that such effects are particularly pronounced among the more highly motivated job seekers. The implications of these findings for intervention programs are discussed.
A combinatorial approach to microfluidic mixing

A new computational approach to the modeling and design of efficient microfluidic mixers is demonstrated. The mixers created provide far more rapid mixing than previous designs. A set of mixer components is created and mapped using a traditional Navier–Stokes fluid solver. The maps are used to quickly model the effect each component has on the lateral distribution of species in the channel. For a mixer of a given length, all the possible combinations of components can be evaluated, and the best mixer for a given metric can be found. Although the mixers presented in this study are short (length-to-width ratios below 8), they show degrees of mixing comparable to much longer mixers found in the literature.
Oxidative stress reproduces placental abnormalities of preeclampsia

Objective: The activities of placental superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but not catalase, are lower than normal in preeclampsia, which could contribute to the uncontrolled placental production of lipid peroxides and thromboxane (TX). Oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and increased iron levels in the maternal compartment in preeclampsia could be responsible for these placental changes by causing oxidative stress in the placenta. Methods: We tested this possibility in vitro by exposing a trophoblast-like cell line, ED27, to a combination of linoleic acid (LA, 90 μM) and an oxidizing solution composed of hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase and ferrous sulfate (OxLA) for 6 days. For these studies, the cells were treated with dexamethasone (10−8 M) for the first 72 hr. This was done to differentiate the cells into a phenotype more like syncytiotrophoblast cells as evidenced by production of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG). Results: After 6 days of exposure to OxLA, the activitie...
Measurements of the diffusion of iron and carbon in single crystal NiAl using ion implantation and secondary ion mass spectrometry

Classical diffusion measurements in intermetallic compounds are often complicated by low diffusivities or low solubilities of the elements of interest. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry for measurements over a relatively shallow spatial range may be used to solve the problem of low diffusivity. In order to simultaneously obtain measurements on important impurity elements with low solubilities, the authors have used ion implantation to supersaturate a narrow layer near the surface. Single crystal NiAl was implanted with either {sup 12}C or both {sup 56}Fe and {sup 12}C in order to investigate the measurement of substitutional (Fe) versus interstitial (C) tracer diffusion and the cross effect of both substitutional and interstitial diffusion. When C alone was implanted negligible diffusion was observed over the range of times and temperatures investigated. When both Fe and C were implanted together significantly enhanced diffusion of the C was observed, which is apparently associated with the movement of Fe. This supports one theory of dynamic strain aging in Fe alloys NiAl.
Response to Long‐term Nutrient Deprivation and Recovery in the Crayfishes Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus: Oxygen Consumption and Metabolic Enzymes

Procambarus clarkii (Girard) and Procambarus zonangulus (Hobbs) have adapted to dynamic environments that undergo regular thermal and hydrologic cycles, resulting in extended periods with limited food. To understand the strategy of adaptation to long-term food deprivation, oxygen consumption and activities of several metabolic enzymes were measured over a 5-mo period of starvation and subsequent 1 mo recovery period. There was no significant effect of starvation on oxygen consumption rate for P. clarkii. The oxygen consumption rate for P. zonangulus was significantly lower than fed controls at 4 and 5 mo of starvation. Enzyme activities in both species responded rapidly to starvation. There was a significant decrease in the activity of metabolic enzymes in the hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle of both species at 2 mo, suggesting metabolic rate depression at some level occurs within the first 2 mo of starvation. The decrease in enzyme activities in P. clarkii with starvation lagged slightly behind that of P. zonangulus. The strategy of P. clarkii is better suited to conditions where rapid emergence is required to compete successfully for limited resources; however, survivorship is reduced long-term. P. zonangulus’ ability to reduce metabolic rate may enhance long-term survivorship when emergence is delayed.
Delineation of Mesoscale Climate Zones in the Northeastern United States Using a Novel Approach to Cluster Analysis

Abstract Climate regions within the northeastern United States are defined using a combination of multivariate statistical techniques. A set of over 100 climatic variables from 641 United States and Canadian Cooperative Observer Network stations form the basis for the classification. Using various numbers of retained principal components, a suite of hierarchical clustering solutions is produced using Ward's method. A single 54-cluster solution is selected based upon the similarity of cluster outcomes using sequentially larger principal component datasets. These clusters form a set of seeds that are used to derive a final nonhierarchical cluster solution. A novel approach is used in the nonhierarchical cluster analysis to reduce bias introduced by both redundant and irrelevant data. A sequence of cluster solutions is developed in which an additional principal component is considered in each successive solution. Final cluster membership is assigned based on the maximum frequency of cluster membership within...
Incidence of diaphragmatic hernias following minimally invasive versus open transthoracic Ivor Lewis McKeown esophagectomy

Objectives To compare the incidence of post-operative hiatal herniation after open and minimally invasive Ivor Lewis McKeown esophagectomy for malignant disease.
Light Distribution in Human Retinal Images

The image-forming properties of the human optical system have been examined with the aid of a photoelectric ophthalmoscope. The light distributions in images of bright vertical lines formed by a double passage through the eye optics were measured. On the assumption that the eye optics are reversible, the light distributions on the retina were computed by means of Fourier transforms. The results are also expressed in terms of the spatial frequency response functions for the eye. The effects of pupil size were examined. The best imagery was obtained with a 5-mm pupil. The results confirmed the earlier measurements on human eyes reported by Flamant. The more recent experiments on animal material by DeMott do not seem to be relevant to living human eyes.
Calculation of binding isotherms for heterogeneous polymers.

The matrix method of statistical mechanics is used to calculate equilibria for the binding of small molecules to polymers. When there is only one kind of binding site the problem is simple; some examples are given for illustrative purposes. If, however, the binding sites are not all equivalent and the bound molecules interact or interfere with each other, the problem is no longer trivial, being formally analogous with calculation of the helix-coil transition equilibrium in a heterogeneous polypeptide. Particular difficulties arise when the sequence of binding sites is aperiodic; most naturally occurring materials fall in this class. The purpose of this paper is to point out that problems of this type are readily solved with good accuracy by use of random-number methods on a high-speed digital computer. One such calculation is presented for illustration. The methods developed are applicable to such systems as the binding of actinomycin, Hg- , and acridine dyes to DNA.
A controversial-issues approach to enhance management accounting education

Abstract A transformation of management accounting education is being driven by the changing role of the accounting educator and the increasingly controversial status of traditional management accounting practices. This paper discusses a variety of controversial issues and describes how controversy can be used to enhance management accounting education.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of borate-substituted polyaniline

Abstract The techniques of scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the surfaces of chemically prepared and electrochemically prepared borate-substituted polyaniline films. The chemically prepared film surface consisted of small, amorphous conducting domains together with domains of nonconducting polymer. The electrochemically prepared film showed spatially uniform conductivity. The surface of the electrochemical film consisted of amorphous islands together with polymer coils of average diameter 20 ± 4 A .