cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symptoms of depression and their management among low-income African-American and White mothers in the rural South.

Objective. This study examines experiences of depressive symptoms among a group of 32 low-income, African-American and White mothers of young children who resided in rural Eastern North Carolina, USA.Design. Women's experiences of depressive symptoms were elicited through a series of longitudinal ethnographic interviews, including an explanatory models interview specifically designed to elicit their beliefs about the causes, symptomatology and help-seeking behavior and management of depressive symptoms.Results. A content analysis of interview data indicated that most women (11 African-Americans and 15 Whites) reported having depressive symptoms currently or in the past. Both African-American and White women perceived the main causes of these symptoms as being relationship problems with a spouse, a partner, or a family member; lack of finances; and parenting stresses. There were no differences in the depressive symptoms African-American and White women reported, but there were differences in how they manag...
Perceptions of spouse dominance predict blood pressure reactivity during marital interactions.

Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) has been identified as a potential mechanism linking a variety of psychosocial processes to the development of cardiovascular disease. Although the effects of hostile and supportive social stimuli on CVR have been studied extensively, less in known about the effects of a second major dimension of social relations—dominance versus submissiveness. In the present study, 45 married couples participated in an interaction task involving the assertion of differing opinions. Subjects also provided ratings of their typical level of dominance versus submissiveness in relation to their spouse. Consistent with predictions derived from related conceptual models of psychological determinants of CVR, blood pressure reactivity was positively associated with perceptions of the spouse as dominant. At the highest level of perceived spouse dominance, CVR was attenuated, again consistent with prediction. Results are discussed in terms of the usefulness of conceptual models of interpersonal relations and motivation as guides in studying the social determinants of CVR, as well as the value of marital interactions as a context for understanding CVR.
Expression of the Human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Complex in Yeast ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION BY INDOLE COMPOUNDS

The human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein (ARNT) were coexpressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to create a system for the study of this heterodimeric transcription factor. Specific transcriptional activation mediated by AHR/ARNT heterodimer, which is a functional indicator of receptor expression, was assessed by beta-galactosidase activity produced from a reporter plasmid. Yeast expressing AHR and ARNT displayed constitutive transcriptional activity that was not augmented by addition of AHR agonists in strains that required exogenous tryptophan for viability. In contrast, strains with an intact pathway for tryptophan biosynthesis responded to AHR agonists and had lower levels of background beta-galactosidase activity. Hexachlorobenzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and beta-naphthoflavone were effective AHR agonists in the yeast system, and had EC50 values of 200, 40, and 20 nM, respectively, for beta-galactosidase activity induction. Tryptophan, indole, indole acetic acid, and tryptamine activated transcription in yeast coexpressing AHR and ARNT (EC50 values approximately 300 microM). Indole-3-carbinol was an exceptionally potent AHR agonist (EC50 approximately 10 microM) in yeast. This yeast system is useful for the study of AHR/ARNT protein complexes, and may be generally applicable to the investigation of other multiprotein complexes.
The influence of native nephrectomy on the incidence of recurrent disease following renal transplantation for primary glomerulonephritis

Factors influencing the incidence of recurrent glomerulonephritis following renal transplantation are poorly understood. Bilateral pretransplant native nephrectomy has been advocated to reduce the likelihood of recurrence after renal transplant. However, there is significant morbidity of native nephrectomy in the uremic population. Therefore, we sought to determine the effect of pretransplant native nephrectomy on the incidence of recurrent primary glomerulonephritis and the attendant risk of graft failure due to recurrent disease. Three hundred sixty-four consecutive cadaveric (n = 214), living-related (n = 137), and living-unrelated (n = 13) renal transplants were performed in 319 patients with a diagnosis of primary glomerulonephritis. Specific diagnoses included were focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis/idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN/ICG), IgA nephropathy (IgA), mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, type I and II (MPG), anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis (anti-GBM), and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN). Rates of recurrence and graft loss were compared between patients treated with bilateral native nephrectomy (n = 61) and those who were not (n = 303). Bilateral nephrectomy did not prevent or delay the onset of recurrent glomerulonephritis in the renal allograft. In fact, there was a significantly increased five- and ten-year risk of recurrence in patients undergoing pretransplant nephrectomy vs. no nephrectomy (25.2% and 42% vs. 13.9% and 19.4%, P < 0.02, respectively). The increased rate of recurrence was evident in the CAD/LUD recipients, but not in recipients of LRD transplants. Of the specific diseases, FSGS and MGN recurred more commonly (20.2% and 20.3%, respectively). A detrimental effect of pretransplant nephrectomy on recurrence rates and incidence of graft loss due to recurrent disease independent of other variables could be demonstrated only for FSGS patients. Based on these findings, we no longer recommend native nephrectomy in the prospective renal transplant recipient at high risk for developing recurrent glomerulonephritis.
Gangliosides and acetylcholine of the central nervous system-III the binding of radioactive acetylcholine by subcellular particles of the brain

Abstract The mitochondrial, pinched-off nerve endings, and synaptic vesicle fractions prepared from rat brain have been shown to take-up and bind radioactive acetylcholine in vitro . This in vitro binding of acetylcholine by brain particles appears to be a passive proces;. A linear response exists between the amount of acetylcholine bound and the concentration of acetylcholine in the suspending sucrose solution. The slope of the response indicates 6μ moles of acetylcholine bound per g of nerve endings in 30 min in 0.1 M acetylcholine solution. The radioactive acetylcholine bound to the particles may be released by acid, heat, osmotic shock, freezing and thawing, exposure to lipid solvents, and incubation with neuraminidase. Using particles labelled with radioactive acetylcholine, it has been possible to show that gangliosides and acetylcholine are contained in the same subfraction obtained by sedimentation of the nerve endings fraction in a continuous sucrose gradient. A possible role for gangliosides in the transport of acetylcholine at the synapse is outlined.
Intranasal meningoencephalocele presenting as a nasal polyp--a case report.

We present a case of an intranasal meningoencephalocele masquerading as an ‘intranasal polyp’ in a 17-month-old child. Nasal meningoencephaloceles are uncommon anomalies and require a high index of suspicion for their diagnosis. Biopsy of such lesions without prior imaging studies can be detrimental because of the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak and meningitis, and is therefore contraindicated. This case reiterates the fact that any child with an intranasal mass should undergo appropriate imaging studies prior to excisional biopsy.
The antibody response to a single antigenic determinant of the tobacco mosaic virus protein: analysis using monoclonal antibodies, mutant proteins and synthetic peptides.

Abstract Three hybridomas were selected which secreted monoclonal antibodies specific to a decapeptide determinant representing residues 103–112 of the tobacco mosaic virus protein (TMVP). A series of proteins from several strains of TMV which differ in the amino acid sequence in this region of the protein were used as probes for specificity analysis. The fine-specificity analysis was extended by assessing the binding of the antibodies with a panel of synthetic peptide analogues of the native decapeptide with amino acid substitutions at different locations. The binding of each synthetic peptide with each of the monoclonal antibodies was determined by the ability of the radiolabeled peptide to bind with the antibody. The binding of the decapeptide with antibodies was determined by equilibrium dialysis; the relative binding affinity of each peptide of the panel was determined by the capacity of the peptide to inhibit the binding between the antibody and the radiolabeled native decapeptide. The results demonstrated that a panel of synthetic peptide analogues constitutes a powerful tool for discerning the fine specificity of antibodies directed to a given determinant of a protein antigen. The data indicated that, although all of the antibodies recognized the same nominal decapeptide determinant, their binding with the different mutant proteins or with the synthetic peptides of the panel differed greatly, indicating dramatic differences in their fine specificity. The existence of such differences should be taken into consideration when assessing residues of a protein antigen that are involved in antibody binding. The differences which were found in monoclonal antibodies produced following immunization with the whole TMVP reflect differences which occur in heterogeneous serum antibody populations and point out the complexity of antigenic recognition even of as small an epitope as a decapeptide.
Post‐Transcriptional regulationa of collagenase and stromelysin gene expression by epidermal growth factor and dexamethasone in cultured human fibroblasts

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a ubiquitous fibroblast mitogen which also stimulates the synthesis of the extracellular matrix degrading metalloproteinases, collagenase, and stromelysin. Using primary cultures of human skin fiibroblassts, we show that these metalloproteinase mRNAs are coordinately up-regrated by EGF; and that dexamethasone, a potent inhibitor of collagenase and stromelysin syntehse, cordinately down-regulates these EGF-induced mRNAs. Nuclear run-on assays showed that EGF increased trasncription of collagenase and stromelysin ∼ 2-fold over the untreated control, while repression by dexamethasone was difficult to detect. However, steady state mRNA levels were induced ∼ 10-fold by EGF and co-treatment with dexamethasone decreased them to below control levels, suggesting modulation of mRNA stability. Thus, we measured the half-life of these mRNAs using “pulse-chase” methodology. Typically, the half-life of EGF-induced collagenase and stromelysin mRNAs was ∼ 30 h, and co-treatment inhibitor DRB stabilized EGF-induced metalloproteinase mRNAs by 30–50%. Additionally, we found that the transcirption inhibitor DRB stabilitzed EGF-induced metalloproteinase mRNAs, suggesting an mRNA degradation pathway which requires transcription. Thus our data demonstrate that collagenase and stromelysin are coordinately regulated by EGF and by dexamethasone, primarily at the level of metalloproteinase mRNA stability. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DECAY WIDTHS OF THE BOSON RESONANCES.

Using the method due to Carruthers to express the decay rates of baryon resonances, formulas are derived to express the decay rates of the boson resonances with arbitrary spins which decay into a pion and a boson with spin 0, 1, or 2.
How to optimize patients for geriatric fracture surgery

Low-energy fragility fractures account for >80% of fractures in elderly patients, and with aging populations, geriatric fracture surgery makes up a substantial proportion of the orthopedic workload. Elderly patients have markedly less physiologic reserve than do younger patients, and comorbidity is common. Even with optimal care, the risk of mortality and morbidity remains high. Multidisciplinary care, including early orthogeriatric input, is recommended to anticipate and treat complications. This article explores modern treatment strategies for this challenging group of patients and provides guidance for systematically preparing and optimizing elderly patients before surgery, based on best available current evidence and recommendations by relevant health organizations.
Some Like It Hot: Erythema Ab Igne due to Cannabinoid Hyperemesis

A 42-year-old man with cyclical vomiting due to chronic cannabis use was admitted for intractable nausea and vomiting. He stated that he took 5–6 hot showers daily for nausea relief. On exam, a reticular, red to brown pigmented rash was seen on his trunk and upper extremities, areas chronically exposed to hot water. His rash was consistent with erythema ab igne (EAI) or thermal keratosis. EAI occurs after chronic heat exposure and has historically been found on the shins of those working by open fires or coal stoves, areas of chronic pain exposed to heating pads, and recently on the thighs of portable computer users. EAI lesions are often asymptomatic, but may exhibit mild pruritus. Treatment consists of eliminating the heat exposure. While mild lesions may remit, many persist and have been associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma due to underlying damage from infrared radiation as heat. Cannabinoid hyperemesis, a syndrome of cyclical vomiting from chronic marijuana use, has been associated with compulsive bathing, which ameliorates the nausea. The linkage of cannabinoid hyperemesis and EAI due to compulsive bathing is a new association of this classic heatassociated skin lesion. The patient was discharged without complication.
Capillary rise of a liquid into a deformable porous material

We examine the effects of capillarity and gravity in a model of one-dimensional imbibition of an incompressible liquid into a deformable porous material. We focus primarily on a capillary rise problem but also discuss a capillary/gravitational drainage configuration in which capillary and gravity forces act in the same direction. Models in both cases can be formulated as nonlinear free-boundary problems. In the capillary rise problem, we identify time-dependent solutions numerically and compare them in the long time limit to analytically obtain equilibrium or steady state solutions. A basic feature of the capillary rise model is that, after an early time regime governed by zero gravity dynamics, the liquid rises to a finite, equilibrium height and the porous material deforms into an equilibrium configuration. We explore the details of these solutions and their dependence on system parameters such as the capillary pressure and the solid to liquid density ratio. We quantify both net, or global, deformation of the material and local deformation that may occur even in the case of zero net deformation. In the model for the draining problem, we identify numerical solutions that quantify the effects of gravity, capillarity, and solid to liquid density ratio on the time required for a finite volume of fluid to drain into the deformable porous material. In the Appendix, experiments on capillary rise of water into a deformable sponge are described and the measured capillary rise height and sponge deformation are compared with the theoretical predictions. For early times, the experimental data and theoretical predictions for these interface dynamics are in general agreement. On the other hand, the long time equilibrium predicted theoretically is not observed in our experimental data.
Testing pairwise contrasts in one-way analysis of variance designs

Research in the behavioral and health sciences frequently involves the application of one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) models. The goal may be to compare several independent groups of subjects on a quantitative dependent variable or, alternatively, to compare measurements made on different occasions or under different conditions on a single group of subjects. If there is reason to believe that there are differences among the groups (or occasions or conditions), the researcher frequently wishes to compare the means in a pairwise fashion. Although the procedures for conducting omnibus hypothesis tests for one-factor ANOVA models are familiar to most researchers, the issues that must be considered in choosing pairwise multiple comparison procedures (MCPs) are not as well understood. In this paper, the selection of pairwise MCPs for one-factor ANOVA models is considered, following a discussion of Type I error and power issues as they apply to the testing of multiple hypotheses. Although the paper focuses on the independent-sample case, repeated measures models are considered briefly as well.
The Nose Revisited: A Brief Review of the Comparative Structure, Function, and Toxicologic Pathology of the Nasal Epithelium

The nose is a very complex organ with multiple functions that include not only olfaction, but also the conditioning (e.g., humidifying, warming, and filtering) of inhaled air. The nose is also a "scrubbing tower" that removes inhaled chemicals that may be harmful to the more sensitive tissues in the lower tracheobronchial airways and pulmonary parenchyma. Because the nasal airway may also be a prime target for many inhaled toxicants, it is important to understand the comparative aspects of nasal structure and function among laboratory animals commonly used in inhalation toxicology studies, and how nasal tissues and cells in these mammalian species may respond to inhaled toxicants. The surface epithelium lining the nasal passages is often the first tissue in the nose to be directly injured by inhaled toxicants. Five morphologically and functionally distinct epithelia line the mammalian nasal passages--olfactory, respiratory, squamous, transitional, and lymphoepithelial--and each nasal epithelium may be injured by an inhaled toxicant. Toxicant-induced epithelial lesions in the nasal passages of laboratory animals (and humans) are often site-specific and dependent on the intranasal regional dose of the inhaled chemical and the sensitivity of the nasal epithelial tissue to the specific chemical. In this brief review, we present examples of nonneoplastic epithelial lesions (e.g., cell death, hyperplasia, metaplasia) caused by single or repeated exposure to various inhaled chemical toxicants. In addition, we provide examples of how nasal maps may be used to record the character, magnitude and distribution of toxicant-induced epithelial injury in the nasal airways of laboratory animals. Intranasal mapping of nasal histopathology (or molecular and biochemical alterations to the nasal mucosa) may be used along with innovative dosimetric models to determine dose/response relationships and to understand if site-specific lesions are driven primarily by airflow, by tissue sensitivity, or by another mechanism of toxicity. The present review provides a brief overview of comparative nasal structure, function and toxicologic pathology of the mammalian nasal epithelium and a brief discussion on how data from animal toxicology studies have been used to estimate the risk of inhaled chemicals to human health.
NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHY IN DUCKLINGS

Ducklings fed on a diet of skimmed milk powder, casein, corn-starch, lard, cod liver oil, yeast, salts and paper pulp rapidly develop a disease characterized by extreme and progressive myasthenia, ending in death within a few days. Pathological changes are found in the skeletal muscles. These show widespread hyaline necrosis of fibers, with edema and cellular reaction. The brain and other parts of the central nervous system are not affected, and no significant alterations are found in other viscera or tissues. The creatine content of the muscles is reduced in proportion to the muscle injury. Controls on a natural food diet remain free from the disease.
Characterization of benzodiazepine binding sites in cultured cells of neural origin.

The binding of (3H)diazepam to benzodiazepine receptors was investigated in cultured cell lines of neural origin. Two cell lines, the rat C6 glioma and mouse NB41A3 neuroblastoma possess large numbers of benzodiazepine binding sites, while the other neural cell lines examined had signifi- cantly fewer benzodiazepine binding sites. C3H)diazepam binding to membranes prepared from C6 or NB41A3 cells was saturable and of a relatively high affinity (K, - 12 and 20n~, respectively) when compared with rat cerebral cortex (K, - 4.6n~). A single class of binding sites in both cell lines was demonstrated by Scatchard analysis. The maximum binding capacities (Bmax) in the C6 and NB41A3 cell lines were found to be 10 and 3.5 fold higher than in rat cerebral cortex, respectively. In contrast to the rat cerebral cortex, binding of C3H)diazepam in cultured cells was not displaced by the clinically active benzodiazepines clonazepam and oxazepam while the clinically inactive benzo- diazepine Ro 5-4864 potently inhibited the binding of C3H)diazepam in both neural cell lines. In toto, this data suggests a change in the benzodiazepine binding sites in cultured cells of neural origin to that found in peripheral (kidney) tissue. The observation that cell lines derived from both neuronal and glial elements contain large numbers of benzodiazepine binding sites also suggests benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system may not be confined to a single cell type. THE PRESENCE of stereospecific, high affinity benzo- diazepine binding sites in the CNS has recently been reported both in vivo and in vitro (BRAESTRUP &
Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES) are predicted by depressive and dissociative symptoms.

Summary Objectives (1) To measure depressive and dissociative symptoms in a population of patients with Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES, or pseudo-seizures); (2) To compare NES with Epileptic subjects and Normal controls; (3) To try to define a personality profile specific, or typical, of NES patients. Methods Patients: 30 consecutive patients (21 females and 9 males, mean age 32.9±11.7 years) with NES diagnosed on clinical basis and confirmed by video–EEG recording; 30 patients with epilepsy matched for age and sex who had presented at least two seizures in the 12 months prior to the study despite pharmacological treatment; 30 Control subjects, healthy volunteers, matched for age and sex. Psychometric evaluation: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Groups were compared by means of one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for independent samples, followed by posthoc Tukey HSD Test, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results Depressive and dissociative symptoms showed a significantly higher prevalence in the NES group as compared to Epileptics ( p p T -scores as compared to Epileptics and Controls, rather than a constant elevation ( T -score>70) of one or more scales. No specific personality profile could be identified for the NES group. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that depression and dissociative mechanisms are important precursors to the development and expression of NES.
Cancer incidence in adolescents and young adults in the United States, 1992-1997.

Abstract Purpose To examine cancer incidence patterns among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Methods Cancer incidence data from 26 population-based central cancer registries for 1992–1997 were used. Individual cancers were grouped into specific diagnostic groups and subgroups using an integrated classification scheme. The integrated scheme was developed for this study and was based on the most commonly used schemes in population-based epidemiologic studies: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program's site groups, International Classification of Childhood Cancer, and International Agency for Research on Cancer's Histological Groups for Comparitive Studies. Percent distributions and age-specific incidence rates per million population were computed for adolescents (aged 15–19 years) and young adults (aged 20–24 years) by gender. Results The data for 26,010 cancer cases were examined. Among 15–19-year-olds, the five most common cancers were Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, cancer in the brain and other nervous system, bone cancer, and non-Hodgkin's disease. Among 20–24-year-olds, the five most common cancers were Hodgkin's disease, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, melanoma of the skin, and leukemia. The proportions and rates of the histologic subtypes for most of the common cancers changed with advancing age. For example, among 15–19-year-olds, acute lymphocytic leukemia accounted for approximately 60% of leukemias in males and 50% in females. Among 20–24-year-olds, however, the corresponding percentages of acute lymphocytic leukemia were 37% in males and 31% in females. For ovarian cancer, the germ cell tumor was the most common subtype (54.6% of all ovarian cancers) among 15–19-year-olds. In contrast, ovarian carcinoma was the predominant subtype (70.4%) among 20–24-year-olds. For both age groups, the incidence rates of nodular Hodgkin's disease, melanoma of the skin, and thyroid cancer were significantly greater in females than in males. Conclusions Cancer incidence patterns among adolescents and young adults are distinctive. In these age groups, a transition from predominantly pediatric histologic subtypes to adult subtypes was observed for Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, ovarian cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma. Gender differences were found for Hodgkin's disease, melanoma of the skin, and thyroid cancer.
Designing central processors with bipolar microcomputer components

Most first and second generation MOS microcomputer products used single-chip fixed-control central processors or used specialized mask-programmed ROM's which made user microprocessing very cumbersome. Today, a third generation of microcomputer products using bipolar technology has appeared. These new components may be used to build controllers and computer central processing units (CPU's) in which the control structure is microprogrammed. By permitting microprograms in standard programmable ROM's, the bipolar microcomputer components offer much greater convenience for user microprogramming.
Added clinical benefit of incorporating 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose with positron emission tomography into the clinical evaluation of patients with cognitive impairment.

Abstract Purpose: Growing evidence indicates that appropriate incorporation of positron emission tomography (PET) into the evaluation of patients with early symptoms of cognitive decline can improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. In the present work, an explicitly defined role for PET and its associated impact on expected clinical outcomes were systematically examined. Procedures: We compared the relative value of two strategies for assessing whether Alzheimer's disease (AD) was responsible for cognitive decline in geriatric patients, and in subsequently managing those patients according to the recommended standards of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). The first strategy was based on an approach already endorsed by the AAN, following evidence-based reviews carried out by its quality standards subcommittee. The second approach was based on many of the same AAN recommendations—with respect to initial general medical and neurologic examination, structural imaging and laboratory tests, as well as ultimate management—but additionally incorporated PET in appropriate cases, to determine the presence or absence of a pattern of regional cerebral metabolism characteristic of AD. Clinical outcomes accruing to each strategy were calculated using formalized tools of decision analysis. Results: The strategy making use of PET increased diagnostic accuracy, yielding decreased rates of both false negative (from 8.3 to 3.1%) and false positive (from 23.0 to 11.9%) diagnoses for AD, compared with the conventional strategy. When coupled with AAN treatment recommendations for patients having (or not having) non-severe AD, these differences in diagnostic accuracy corresponded to approximately a 62% decrease in avoidable months of nursing home care, and a 48% decrease in months of unnecessary drug therapy resulting from inaccurate diagnoses. The benefit in clinical outcome of the proposed strategy was maintained over a wide range of values for sensitivity, specificity, and projected impact on need for nursing home care. Conclusion: Use of PET for evaluating early cognitive decline in geriatric patients can add valuable information to the clinical assessment, resulting in a greater number of patients being accurately diagnosed and properly treated. PET can be used to diminish disease-related and treatment-related morbidity of dementia, through earlier institution of appropriate management.
Anti‐tau antibody reduces insoluble tau and decreases brain atrophy

Objective We previously found a strong reduction in tau pathology and insoluble tau in P301S tau transgenic mice following intracerebroventricular infusion of the anti-tau antibody HJ8.5. We sought to determine the effects of HJ8.5 in the same model following peripheral administration.
Stereoselective preparation of vinyl sulfones by protodesilylation of allyl silanes

Abstract Allyl sulfones can be conjugated to furnish vinyl sulfones via allyl silane intermediates. The stereoselectivity observed in the protodesilylation step provides a new method for stereoselective preparation of (E)-di-and trisubstituted vinyl sulfones.
Diseases of Infinite-Component Field Theories

Examples are presented of local, covariant field theories for which the familiar spin and statistics and $\mathrm{PCT}$ theorems do not apply. The field theories employ infinite-dimensional representations of the homogeneous Lorentz group and are formulated in terms of fields satisfying local commutation rules. Since the existing proofs of PCT and spin and statistics assume fields with a finite number of components, our conclusions do not violate these theorems. The existence of solutions with spacelike momenta is discussed.
Neurodevelopmental assessment of very low birth weight neonates: Effect of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage

Abstract During a recent 36-month interval, all neonates of ≤ 1250 gram birth weight who were admitted to our Newborn Special Care Unit and survived the first 36 postnatal hours underwent either computed tomography or echoencephalography or both for the assessment of neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage. Seventy of the 164 long-term surviving infants experienced neonatal germinal matrix and/or intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH/IVH Group), whereas 94 infants had studies that were negative (Non-hemorrhage Group). Serial neurodevelopmental assessments were performed on 142 (87%) of the 164 long-term surviving infants; these assessments included the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months (corrected age) and the Stanford-Binet and Peabody Picture Vocabulary examinations at 30 months (corrected age). At 30 months (corrected age), the incidence of major neurologic abnormalities was extremely low in both the GMH/IVH and the Non-hemorrhage groups. In addition, although there were few survivors of the more severe grades of intraventricular hemorrhage, we could detect no difference between the developmental scores of the GMH/IVH and the Non-hemorrhage Group infants.
From Presentation to Interaction: New Goals for Online Learning Technologies.

Educators have used online technology in the past as information presentation tools and information storage tools to support learning. Researchers identify online technologies with large capacities and capabilities to enhance human learning in an interactive fashion. Online learning technology should move away from the use of computer technology as presentation and storage tools and advance to the next level by using them as interactive tools. Emerging technologies should be implemented with advanced and sound instruction to promote interactive learning by engaging learners in actively analysing information and knowledge construction and applying technology to support their decision‐making. Three dimensions of advanced, sound and interactive online technologies are purposed in this paper: instructional communication technology, cognitive technology and management technology. These thee dimensions engage learners in active online communication, knowledge construction and the exchange of mental models. De l...
Flexible Automation for Servo-Controlled Testing

The paper presents an efficient method of flexibly automating test control and data acquisition functions for servo-controlled testing. A systems analysis approach coupled with structured design is used in developing the system. With hardware that includes (a) a personal computer, (b) a servo-controlled electrohydraulic testing machine equipped with a special type of digital function generator, and (c) a multipurpose data acquisition board, an automated test control and data acquisition system for servo-controlled materials/structural/mechanical testing has been developed. The servo-controlled materials/structural/mechanical testing system allows (1) automated control of the test, (2) rapid and reliable acqusition of several channels of data from static or fast-rate tests subject to periodic or nonperiodic loading, and (3) realtime (or nearly real-time) graphics of the test characteristics in order to allow the operator to monitor the test. The communication and postprocessing options allow user-supplied software to be incorporated into the automated system for advanced non-real-time functions. These options include noise filtering, signal averaging, mathemtical analyses and processing, report quality graphics, and file transfer features. The system features have been validated through a series of load-controlled direct tension tests on an aluminum specimen. The system has been used for successfully carrying out an elaborate research program on fracture toughness testing of fiber-reinforced concrete in a flexural loading configuration.
Executive Summary of the Workshop on Oxygen in Neonatal Therapies: Controversies and Opportunities for Research

One of the most complex areas in perinatal/neonatal medicine is the use of oxygen in neonatal therapies. To address the knowledge gaps that preclude optimal, evidence-based care in this critical field of perinatal medicine, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development organized a workshop, Oxygen in Neonatal Therapies: Controversies and Opportunities for Research, in August 2005. The information presented at the workshop included basic and translational oxygen research; a review of completed, ongoing, and planned clinical trials; oxygen administration for neonatal resuscitation; and a review of the collaborative home infant monitoring evaluation study. This article provides a summary of the discussions, focusing on major knowledge gaps, with prioritized suggestions for studies in this area.
The variation of zeros of certain orthogonal polynomials

We show that the largest zero of a birth and death process polynomial increases (decreases) with a parameter @n if the birth rates and death rates are increasing (decreasing) functions of @n. A similar result is proved for the smallest zero of a birth and death process polynomial. These results are applicable to several sets of orthogonal polynomials. We show that the largest zero of a random walk polynomial is a monotone function of a parameter @n if certain coefficients related to the birth rates and the death rates are monotone functions of @n. We prove that if x"@n is a positive zero of a Lommel polynomial h"n","@n(x), @n > 0, then as @n increases x"@n will decrease but @nx"@n will increase. Limiting cases of these results imply known facts concerning positive zeros of Bessel functions. We also establish similar results for a general class of discrete orthogonal polynomials.
Comparing mRNA levels using in situ hybridization of a target gene and co-stain

In situ hybridization is an important technique for measuring the spatial expression patterns of mRNA in cells, tissues, and whole animals. However, mRNA levels cannot be compared across experiments using typical protocols. Here we present a semi-quantitative method to compare mRNA levels of a gene across multiple samples. This method yields an estimate of the error in the measurement to allow statistical comparison. Our method uses a typical in situ hybridization protocol to stain for a target gene and an internal standard, which we refer to as a co-stain. As a proof of concept, we apply this method to multiple lines of transgenic Drosophila embryos, harboring constructs that express reporter genes to different levels. We generated this test set by mutating enhancer sequences to contain different numbers of binding sites for Zelda, a transcriptional activator. We demonstrate that using a co-stain with in situ hybridization is an effective method to compare mRNA levels across samples. This method requires only minor modifications to existing in situ hybridization protocols and uses straightforward analysis techniques. This strategy can be broadly applied to detect quantitative, spatially resolved changes in mRNA levels.
Retailers' use of niche marketing in product development

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate the growing trend of the use of private labeling as a competitive strategy among fashion retailers. Specifically, how retailers differentiate and create niche markets within their own private label merchandise is examined. The study focuses on how retailers develop and expand their private label portfolios, while minimizing the risk of cannibalization.Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology is an in‐depth case study design that is used to gather information from a selected sample of those retailers that participate in apparel private label product development.Findings – Results indicate a strong use of a niche marketing strategy by retailers in the development and implementation phase of private labels. The strategy resulted in increased profits and market share.Practical implications – The study is significant because it provides a framework for a globally competitive strategy that retailers can utilize in order to develop specialize...
Semi-empirical operator for the self-interaction masses of finite-size leptons and quarks

A semi-empirical operator is obtained for the self-interaction masses of finite-size leptons and quarks. Strong, electromagnetic and weak self-interaction energies are incorporated into the mass operator via the projection operators P1 = |B + Q| and P2 = |2B − Q| which act on the structural (i.e., finite-size particle) quantum states for the fundamental fermions. The neutrino mass eigenvalues support the low-probability (LOW) solution for solar-neutrino oscillations, the charged lepton masses are given accurately to within (δm/m) ~ 10−4, the top quark pole mass is predicted to be 174.241 GeV, and the other quark pole masses are uniformly consistent with experiment. Thus, the form of the mass operator may provide guidance to a field-theoretic extension of the standard model that embraces finite-size leptons and quarks.
Study of the interdependency of the data sampling ratio with retention time alignment and principal component analysis for gas chromatography.

Abstract An in-depth study is presented to better understand how data reduction via averaging impacts retention alignment and the subsequent chemometric analysis of data obtained using gas chromatography (GC). We specifically study the use of signal averaging to reduce GC data, retention time alignment to correct run-to-run retention shifting, and principal component analysis (PCA) to classify chromatographic separations of diesel samples by sample class. Diesel samples were selected because they provide sufficient complexity to study the impact of data reduction on the data analysis strategies. The data reduction process reduces the data sampling ratio, S R , which is defined as the number of data points across a given chromatographic peak width (i.e., the four standard deviation peak width). Ultimately, sufficient data reduction causes the chromatographic resolution to decrease, however with minimal loss of chemical information via the PCA. Using PCA, the degree of class separation (DCS) is used as a quantitative metric. Three “Paths” of analysis (denoted A–C) are compared to each other in the context of a “benchmark” method to study the impact of the data sampling ratio on preserving chemical information, which is defined by the DCS quantitative metric. The benchmark method is simply aligning data and applying PCA, without data reduction. Path A applies data alignment to collected data, then data reduction, and finally PCA. Path B applies data reduction to collected data, and then data alignment, and finally PCA. The optimized path, namely Path C, is created from Paths A and B, whereby collected data are initially reduced to fewer data points (smaller S R ), then aligned, and then further reduced to even fewer points and finally analyzed with PCA to provide the DCS metric. Overall, following Path C, one can successfully and efficiently classify chromatographic data by reducing to a S R of ∼15 before alignment, and then reducing down to S R of ∼2 before performing PCA. Indeed, following Path C, results from an average of 15 different column length-with-temperature ramp rate combinations spanning a broad range of separation conditions resulted in only a ∼15% loss in classification capability (via PCA) when the loss in chromatographic resolution was ∼36%.
Function-based payment model for inpatient medical rehabilitation: An evaluation

Abstract Objective: To describe the components of a function-based prospective payment model for inpatient medical rehabilitation that parallels diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) to evaluate this model in relation to stakeholder objectives, and to detail the components of a quality of care incentive program that, when combined with this payment model, creates an incentive for providers to maximize functional outcomes. Data Sources: This article describes a conceptual model, involving no data collection or data synthesis. Data Synthesis: The basic payment model described parallels DRGs. Information on the potential impact of this model on medical rehabilitation is gleaned from the literature evaluating the impact of DRGs. The conceptual model described is evaluated against the results of a Delphi Survey of rehabilitation providers, consumers, policymakers, and researchers previously conducted by members of the research team. Conclusions: The major shortcoming of a function-based prospective payment model for inpatient medical rehabilitation is that it contains no inherent incentive to maximize functional outcomes. Linkage of reimbursement to outcomes, however, by withholding a fixed proportion of the standard FRG payment amount, placing that amount in a "quality of care" pool, and distributing that pool annually among providers whose predesignated, facility-level, case-mix—adjusted outcomes are attained, may be one strategy for maximizing outcome goals.
A comparison of the effects of cortisone administered intraperitoneally and subcutaneously in the rat.

IT IS well known that the route of administration greatly modifies the effects of many steroids. Estradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate, and desoxycorticosterone acetate, for example, are very effective when administered parenterally but quite ineffective when administered orally, presumably due to the inactivation of these substances by the liver. On the other hand, it has been known that oral administration of whole adrenal extract is metabolically effective since 1937 when Ingle and Kendall demonstrated that atrophy of the adrenal cortex was produced by the feeding of whole adrenal cortical extract (ACE) to rats in the drinking water. Since then it has been amply confirmed that oral administration of whole adrenal extract in drinking water (D’Amour and Funk, 1937; Ingle, 1938; Ingle and Higgins, 1938; Ingle, Higgins and Kendall, 1938), oral or subcutaneous corticosterone (Wells and Kendall, 1940), and oral, subcutaneous or intramuscular cortisone (Ingle and Mason, 1938; Wells and Kendall, 1940; An...
Social behaviour in confined populations of the Allegheny woodrat, Neotoma floridana magister

Abstract Low-density groups of Allegheny woodrats (Neotoma floridana magister) confined in a 65-m2 cage exhibited despotic social organization in which one alpha rat killed or wounded all other group members within 14 days in each of five experiments. Five of seven high-density groups, consisting of six to fourteen rats in 9·5-m2 cages, were characterized by dominance hierarchies and high levels of social interaction. Two unisexual groups remained disorganized and all but one rat died in both cases. Allegheny woodrats utilized a different alarm signal and exhibited higher levels of agonistic and sexual interaction compared to similar groups of a california subspecies (N. fuscipes macrotus) which occupies a distinctly different habitat.
Human Resources Management in the 21St Century: Predicting Partnerships for Profit

The authors propose that human resources management will become a mainstay in the strategic business of hospitality organizations in the 21 st century. To remain viable, hospitality organizations w...
Galois theory and theaters of action in a topos

Constructing a Galois theory for geometric fields in a topos presents certain difficulties. If K E F is a Galoisian field extension in a topos 5Z, then one can construct the internal group of K-automorphisms of F but it might be trivial even when K f F (see Example 6.6). In the topos of presheaves over a category C, a Galois group appears to be a presheaf over Cop. There are similar difficulties with splitting a polynomial over a field K in a topos. If we are splitting x2 + 1 over K in the topos of Sets, then we usually use a dichotomous procedure: if x2+ 1 is irreducible we construct K[i], if .r* + 1 is reducible we use K. This procedure is problematic for topoi since irreducibility is not a coherent condition (i.e., not geometric in the sense of [3]). A procedure for splitting polynomials is given in Section 3. See Example 6.3 also. Of course the field containing the added roots lives in a new topos, and this is an instance of the Cole Spectrum (see [l, 3,7]).
Interior order expands minerals management

In a surprise move on May 10, Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt ordered the consolidation of all leasing and resource management functions for the outer continental shelf (OCS) into the Minerals Management Service (MMS). Among those programs shifted to MMS are ‘all functions in direct support of the OCS program’ in the Geologic Division and in the Office of the Assistant Director for Resource Programs of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), including oil and gas resources, energy-related hazards, and marine geology investigations. It is unclear whether research associated with the OCS leasing functions will be considered ‘direct support’ and what will happen to the research if it is so considered. Also to be shuttled to MMS are the oil-spill trajectory functions of the Office of Earth Sciences Applications and all the functions of the Office of Policy Analysis relating to the OCS that had been transferred from the Department of Energy as a result of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.
Baryon masses at O(a2) in chiral perturbation theory

Abstract The chiral Lagrangian for the Symanzik action through O ( a 2 ) for baryons is obtained. We consider two flavor unquenched and partially quenched lattice theories, allowing for mixed actions in the latter. As an application, we calculate masses to O ( a 2 ) for the nucleons and deltas, and investigate the corrections due to the violation of O ( 4 ) rotational invariance. These results are contrasted with those in the meson sector for lattice simulations using mixed and unmixed actions of Wilson and Ginsparg–Wilson quarks.