cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Rubber by Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract This report describes an investigation of the applicability of infrared spectro-scopic methods to the quantitative determination of the elastomer composition of industrial rubber products. Generally satisfactory techniques for obtaining a valid spectrum of the elastomer content of any rubber specimen have been developed and evaluated and have been applied to the development of detailed analytical procedures for the identification and qualitative analysis of elastomer mixtures, to the quantitative analysis of natural-GR-S blends, and to the determination of the nitrile content of nitrile copolymers. An accuracy corresponding to ° 1 per cent average error has been obtained in these determinations. The methods can be extended to analogous problems with a minimum of alteration, and the same order of accuracy can be expected in general. A discussion of the correlations between spectral absorption and molecular structure is also included. Infrared spectroscopy is finding increasing application as a mea...
Maxwell fluid suction flow in a channel

Abstract Two-dimensional, steady and incompressible suction flow of the upper-convected Maxwell fluid in a porous surface channel has been studied. The combined effects of viscoelasticity and inertia are considered. A similarity solution is assumed, resulting in a nonlinear system of ODEs that describes the relations between the two velocity components, the three deviatoric stresses and the pressure gradient. This system is solved using two methods: an analytical solution, based on a power series method in terms of the transverse coordinate across the channel, and a fourth-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration scheme. We first find the existing Newtonian flow solutions for suction and injection. For the Maxwell fluid, the solutions of the power series and the numerical integration are in complete agreement in the range of Reynolds and Deborah numbers 0 ≤ Re ≤ 30 and 0 ≤ De ≤ 0.3. They show that the suction flow exhibits a flattening of the longitudinal velocity profile near the centerline and the establishment of boundary layers near the porous surfaces as Reynolds number increases. It is also observed that when Deborah number increases, with a fixed Reynolds number, viscoelasticity affects the velocity profiles in the same way as inertia in a Newtonian fluid. The application of the self-similar solution to the injection flow of the Maxwell fluid is also discussed.
Gravitational Lensing Limits on the Average Redshift of Submillimeter Sources

The submillimeter universe has now been explored with the Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and a claim has been made to the presence of a new population of optically unidentified star-forming galaxies at high redshifts (z3). Such a population dramatically alters current views on the star formation history of the universe as well as galaxy formation and evolution. Recently, new radio identifications of the Hubble Deep Field submillimeter sources have led to the suggestion that some of these sources are at low redshifts; however, the submillimeter source redshift distribution is still not well determined. Here we present an upper limit to the average redshift z by comparing the expected number of gravitationally lensed submillimeter sources that are due to foreground cluster potentials with the current observed statistics of such lensed sources. The upper limit depends on the cosmological parameters, and at the 68% confidence level, z<3.1, 4.8, 5.2, or 8.0 for (Ωm, ΩΛ) values of (0.3, 0.7), (0.5, 0.5), (0.3, 0.0), or (1.0, 0.0), respectively. These upper limits are consistent with the redshift distribution for 850 μm sources implied by star formation history models that are based on measured background radiation at far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths.
Highly fluorinated benzobisbenzothiophenes.

Expedient, facile syntheses of highly fluorinated benzobisbenzothiophenes (BBBT) are reported. Defined peripheral arrangements of sulfur and fluorine atoms lead to extensive crystalline networks of edge-to-edge S−F close contacts. The effects of various substitution patterns on self-assembly and electronic properties are described.
An Overview of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will detect gravitational waves with frequencies from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. This article provides a brief overview of LISA's science goals followed by a tutorial of the LISA measurement concept.
Direct Transition to Spatiotemporal Chaos in Low Prandtl Number Fluids

We present a large scale numerical simulation of three-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection near onset, under free-free boundary conditions for a fluid of Prandtl number s › 0.5. We find that a spatiotemporally chaotic state emerges immediately above onset, which we investigate as a function of the reduced control parameter. We conclude that the transition from conduction to spatiotemporal chaos is second order and of "mean field" character. We also present a simple theory for the time-averaged convective current. Finally, we show that the time-averaged structure factor satisfies a scaling behavior with respect to the correlation length near onset. (S0031-9007(97)02314-4) been investigated before (11,13), but the aspect ratio used by previous studies is too small for the occurrence of STC. We find from our extensive numerical simulation that the convective state just above onset is spatiotempo- rally chaotic (which is evident from the snapshot images of the vertical velocity field and from the dynamical be- havior of three important global quantities: the viscous dissipation energy, the thermal dissipation energy, and the work done by the buoyancy force). This thus provides another example of a direct transition to STC, in addi- tion to the Kuppers-Lortz transition (4,14), ac driven elec- troconvection, and a few others (7). Our method sug- gests that by studying the dynamical behavior of some global quantities of systems which exhibit STC, one may obtain valuable information about the temporal chaos of these systems. We also measure the fractal dimensions of the global quantities and find a value of about 1.4. In addition, we investigate the nature of the conduction to STC transition, as well as certain properties of the spa- tiotemporally chaotic state. Our results for the correla- tion length suggest that the transition is second order, with a mean field power law behavior. We present be- low a simple but rather accurate theory for the behavior of the time-averaged convective current as a function of the reduced control parameter. Finally, we show that the time-averaged structure factor (power spectrum) exhibits a scaling behavior with respect to the correlation length similar to that found in critical phenomena. The Boussinesq equations, which describe the evolution
Topology of Definable Hausdorff Limits

Let A ź źn+r be a set definable in an o-minimal expansion S of the real field, let A' ź źr be its projection, and assume that the non-empty fibers Aa ź źn are compact for all a ź A' and uniformly bounded, i.e. all fibers are contained in a ball of fixed radius B(0,R). If L is the Hausdorff limit of a sequence of fibers Aai, we give an upper-bound for the Betti numbers bk(L) in terms of definable sets explicitly constructed from a fiber Aa. In particular, this allows us to establish effective complexity bounds in the semialgebraic case and in the Pfaffian case. In the Pfaffian setting, Gabrielov introduced the relative closure to construct the o-minimal structure SPfaff generated by Pfaffian functions in a way that is adapted to complexity problems. Our results can be used to estimate the Betti numbers of a relative closure (X,Y)0 in the special case where Y=ź.
Pushing the limits of steric demand around a biaryl axis: synthesis of tetra-ortho-substituted biaryl naphthalenes

The synthesis of tetra-ortho-substituted biaryl naphthalenes, including examples bearing multiple ortho-isopropyl groups, has been developed via a catalytic rearrangement process.
Conformal Invariance of Loops in the Double-Dimer Model

The dimer model is the study of random dimer covers (perfect matchings) of a graph. A double-dimer configuration on a graph \({\mathcal{G}}\) is a union of two dimer covers of \({\mathcal{G}}\) . We introduce quaternion weights in the dimer model and show how they can be used to study the homotopy classes (relative to a fixed set of faces) of loops in the double dimer model on a planar graph. As an application we prove that, in the scaling limit of the “uniform” double-dimer model on \({\mathbb{Z}^2}\) (or on any other bipartite planar graph conformally approximating \({\mathbb{C}}\)), the loops are conformally invariant.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT AND THE STABILIZATION OF MODULI IN THE BRANE-WORLD PICTURE

Abstract We argue that the brane-world picture with matter-fields confined to 4-d domain walls and with gravitational interactions across the bulk disallows adding an arbitrary constant to the low-energy, 4-d effective theory – which finesses the usual cosmological constant problem. The analysis also points to difficulties in stabilizing moduli fields; as an alternative, we suggest scenarios in which the moduli motion is heavily damped by various cosmological mechanisms and varying ultra-slowly with time.
Ylide-mediated bis-cyclopropane formation: A reversal in substrate-mediated facial selectivity

Abstract The substrate-based stereocontrol observed in the sulfur ylide mediated cyclopropanation of cis - β -cyclopropyl-α,β-unsaturated esters is complementary to that observed with zine-carbenoids. The selectivity for preparation of the cis -syn- trans -bis-cyclopropane, although modest, is superior to previous substrate and reagent-mediated processes.
Marijuana and multiple sclerosis.

This Resource Is the Summary and References and a link to Full Text PDF of this peer-reviewed article about a large, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of marijuana for the treatment of spasticity in MS. In this trial, no significant clinical effect was seen on this primary outcome for treatment with either Δ9-THC or C sativa extract. The authors report several positive findings that led them to conclude that there might be some beneficial effect of cannabinoids in MS.
USING STAR SPOTS TO MEASURE THE SPIN-ORBIT ALIGNMENT OF TRANSITING PLANETS

Spectroscopic follow-up of dozens of transiting planets has revealed the degree of alignment between the equators of stars and the orbits of the planets they host. Here we determine a method, applicable to spotted stars, that can reveal the same information from the photometric discovery data, with no need for follow-up. A spot model fit to the global light curve, parameterized by the spin orientation of the star, predicts when the planet will transit the spots. Observing several spot crossings during different transits then leads to constraints on the spin-orbit alignment. In cases where stellar spots are small, the stellar inclination, is , and hence the true alignment, rather than just the sky projection, can be obtained. This method has become possible with the advent of space telescopes such as CoRoT and Kepler, which photometrically monitor transiting planets over a nearly continuous, long time baseline. We apply our method to CoRoT-2 and find the projected spin-orbit alignment angle, ? = 47 ? 123, in excellent agreement with a previous determination that employed the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The large spots of the parent star, CoRoT-2, limit our precision on is : 84? ? 36?, where is 90?) indicates that the rotation axis is tilted toward (away from) the line of sight.
Modeling evolving product data for concurrent engineering

In order to make the traditional product structure tree representation amenable to concurrent engineering relationships like perspective-of and dependent-on have to be added to the essential part-of relationship. Complex data can be held in proprietary formats, while simple data will be in a common representation for direct access by diverse disciplines. Coordination among team members in a project can be carried out using such a model. Besides, a virtually unified view of all the data is possible, though they may lie in distributed and heterogeneous data bases. A very necessary characteristic of such a model is that its time evolution should be easy to represent in order to reflect the dynamic nature of product development, where the model itself, and not merely the data values change. Managing versions is also facilitated by the comprehensive structure of the Unified Product Data Model (UPDM).
Advection of Magnetic Fields in Accretion Disks: Not So Difficult After All

We show that a large-scale, weak magnetic field threading a turbulent accretion disk tends to be advected inward, contrary to previous suggestions that it will be stopped by outward diffusion. The efficient inward transport is a consequence of the diffuse, magnetically dominated surface layers of the disk, where the turbulence is suppressed and the conductivity is very high. This structure arises naturally in three-dimensional simulations of magnetorotationally unstable disks, and we demonstrate here that it can easily support inward advection and compression of a weak field. The advected field is anchored in the surface layer but penetrates the main body of the disk, where it can generate strong turbulence and produce values of α (i.e., the turbulent stress) that are large enough to match observational constraints; typical values of the vertical magnetic field merely need to reach a few percent of equipartition for this to occur. Overall, these results have important implications for models of jet formation that require strong, large-scale magnetic fields to exist over a region of the inner accretion disk.
Properties of a constricted-tube air-flow levitator

The properties of a constricted-tube gas flow levitator first developed by Berge et al. (1981) have been investigated experimentally in order to predict its behavior in a gravity-free environment and at elevated temperatures. The levitator consists of a constricted (quartz) tube fed at one end by a source of heated air or gas. A spherical sample is positioned by the air stream on the downstream side of the constriction, where it can be melted and resolidified without touching the tube. It is shown experimentally that the kinematic viscosity is the important fluid parameter for operation in thermal equilibrium at high temperatures. If air is heated from room temperature to 1200 C, the kinematic viscosity increases by a factor of 14. To maintain a given value of the Reynolds number, the flow rate would have to be increased by the same factor for a specific geometry of tube and sample. Thus, to maintain stable equilibrium, the flow rate should be increased as the air or other gas is heated. The other stability problem discussed is associated with changes in the shape of a cylindrical sample as it melts.
Computing eigenfunctions on the Koch Snowflake: a new grid and symmetry

In this paper, we numerically solve the eigenvalue problem Au Δu+λu=0 on the fractal region defined by the Koch Snowflake, with zero-Dirichlet or zero-Neumann boundary conditions. The Laplacian with boundary conditions is approximated by a large symmetric matrix. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this matrix are computed by ARPACK. We impose the boundary conditions in a way that gives improved accuracy over the previous computations of Lapidus, Neuberger, Renka and Griffith. We extrapolate the results for grid spacing h to the limit h → 0 in order to estimate eigenvalues of the Laplacian and compare our results to those of Lapidus et al. We analyze the symmetry of the region to explain the multiplicity-two eigenvalues, and present a canonical choice of the two eigenfunctions that span each two-dimensional eigenspace.
Mono-acylation of symmetric diamines in the presence of water

Abstract Simply reacting equal equivalents of symmetric diamines with esters or carbonates in the presence of a suitable amount of water gave mono-acylated products in good to quantitative yields.
Selective base-pair destabilization enhances binding of a DNA methyltransferase

Abstract Disulfide crosslinks were introduced into the minor groove of DNA using the convertible nucleoside approach. Depending upon the length of the tether, the modified base pairs were either stabilized or destabilized. When the base-pairs were destabilized, the oligonucleotide was bound by a DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DCMtase) about 50-fold more tightly than the corresponding unmodified oligonucleotide. Insights into the mechanism of DCMtases are discussed.
Food and water intakes and Walker tumor growth in rats with hypothalamic lesions

Abstract By the 15th day post transplant of the Walker tumor into Sprague-Dawley rats, food intake showed a depression which continued with subsequent tumor growth. A less severe depression of water intake occurred later, indicating dissociation of food and water intake in the tumor bearer. Electrolytic lesions in the lateral area of the hypothalamus of animals at 13 days post transplant produced true aphagia and adipsia; thus the controlling mechanism of the latera area is functional in the tumor bearer at 15 days. Tumor bearers with sham operations in the lateral area at 15 days showed an initial depression in food and water intakes. Focd intake eventually equaled that of nonoperated tumor bearers, but water intake remained depressed, again indicating dissociation of food and water intakes. The Walker tumor was transplanted into rats previously made hyperphagic by lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Food intake began to decline by 15 days, eventually reaching very low levels; thus depression of food intake in the intact tumor-bearing host is not mediated via the ventromedial hypothalamus.
Generation of nonclassical motional states of a trapped atom.

We report the creation of thermal, Fock, coherent, and squeezed states of motion of a harmonically bound {sup 9}Be{sup +} ion. The last three states are coherently prepared from an ion which has been initially laser cooled to the zero point of motion. The ion is trapped in the regime where the coupling between its motional and internal states, due to applied (classical) radiation, can be described by a Jaynes-Cummings-type interaction. With this coupling, the evolution of the internal atomic state provides a signature of the number state distribution of the motion. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
MAXIMAL NILPOTENT QUOTIENTS OF 3-MANIFOLD GROUPS

We show that if the lower central series of the fundamental group of a closed oriented 3-manifold stabilizes then the maximal nilpotent quotient is a cyclic group, a quaternion 2-group cross an odd order cyclic group, or a Heisenberg group. These groups are well known to be precisely the nilpotent fundamental groups of closed oriented 3-manifolds. There are many different approaches to the study of 3-manifolds. There is a flourishing combinatorial school from Dehn, Papakryiakopoulos, Haken and Waldhausen to Gordon and Luecke, which has shown that many 3-manifold questions can be reduced to questions about the fundamental group. A co-equal off-shoot of the combinatorial school folds in dynamics and complex analysis. This is Thurston's program on geometrizing certain characteristic and simple pieces of 3-manifolds by showing that each is modelled locally on one of the eight 3-dimensional geometries (of which only the hyperbolic case is not fully understood). A third perspective on 3-manifolds is through quantuum field theory. The ideas of Witten, Jones, Vassiliev and many others have inspired tremendous activity and, in time, may contribute substantially to the topological understanding of 3-manifolds. This paper takes a fourth perspective by looking at a 3-manifold through nilpotent eyes, observing only the tower of nilpotent quotients of the fundamental group, but never the group itself. This point of view has a long history in the study of link complements and it arises naturally if one studies 3- and 4- dimensional manifolds together. For example, Stallings proved that for a link in S 3 certain nilpotent quotients of the fundamental group of the link complement are invariants of the topological concordance class of the link. These quotients contain the same information as Milnor's ¯ µ-invariants which are generalized linking numbers. For precise references about this area of research and the most recent applications to 4-manifolds see (5). Turaev (11) seems to have been the first to consider nilpotent quotients of closed 3-manifold rather than link complements. Much earlier, the nilpotent fundamental groups of closed 3-manifolds were classified. Thomas (10) showed in particular that statements (1) and (2) in the following Theorem 1 are equivalent.
Improved synthesis of tert-butanesulfinamide suitable for large-scale production.

An improved synthesis of tert-butanesulfinamide that overcomes the scalability problems of the previous syntheses is described. The key step is the catalytic asymmetric oxidation of the inexpensive di-tert-butyl disulfide starting material. The new homogeneous reaction conditions utilize an inexpensive chiral ligand prepared in a single step from commercially available cis-1-amino-indan-2-ol. The reaction is performed at a 2.3 M concentration in the practical solvent acetone and can readily be run on a kilogram scale.
An origin of the moon compatible with its present condition

Abstract Old igneous rocks plus evidence for a cool interior suggest cold accumulation and fusion of a thin surface layer by the early “superluminous” phase of the Sun. This melted layer, estimated from crater slumping to be 5–6 km thick, filled collision craters to form “mascons”. Fusion of the surface and accumulating material explains the scarcity of volatile elements.
Presenting the cohomology of a Schubert variety

We extend the short presentation due to [Borel '53] of the cohomology ring of a generalized flag manifold to a relatively short presentation of the cohomology of any of its Schubert varieties. Our result is stated in a root-system uniform manner by introducing the essential set of a Coxeter group element, generalizing and giving a new characterization of [Fulton '92]'s definition for permutations. Further refinements are obtained in type A.
US NAT yield: where are we after 2 years?

Depuis le debut de l'annee 1999, aux Etats-Unis, le virus de l'immunodeficience humaine (VIH) et le virus de l'hepatite C (VHC) sont recherches dans les dons de sang par depistage genomique viral (DGV) a l'aide de pools d'un petit nombre d'echantillons. La systematisation du DGV dans ce domaine a fonctionne de maniere tout a fait fiable sur une periode de plus de deux ans, malgre le recours a des strategies diverses basees sur deux technologies differentes : la procedure de TMA de Gen-Probe/Chiron et celle d'amplification genique de Roche. Toutes les strategies de qualification du don aux Etats-Unis et au Canada recourent au DGV pour la securisation des produits sanguins labiles et des produits stables. Cet article presente les resultats observes dans ces deux pays, les elements arguant pour l'abandon de l'antigene p24 et la systematisation du DGV, et discute l'estimation du risque residuel transfusionnel vis-a-vis du VIH, du VHC et du virus de l'hepatite B (VHB) a l'ere du DGV, avec le debat sur le cout/benefice.
Vacuum ultra violet monochromators

Abstract The field of UV monochromators for synchrotron radiation work is surveyed with special emphasis on the 10–300 A region. The three main classes of instrument considered are the constant deviation Rowland circle types, the plane grating types and the simple rotation toroidal grating monochromator (TGM). It is argued that the Rowland designs are unsatisfactory in various ways and that their good resolution properties can be matched by plane grating devices operating with modern dedicated storage ring sources. For low resolution applications the use of toroidal grating instruments is preferred. Since the design of TGMs is a relatively young art, a good deal of explanation and discussion is included on the theoretical basis of the procedure. Some detailed consideration of the most important resolution determining aberrations is given and some particular examples and ray traces are shown.
Systematic analysis of HEP collider data

Abstract These proceedings outline steps toward a systematic analysis of frontier energy collider data: specifically, those data collected at Tevatron Runs I and II, LEP Run II, HERA Runs I and II, and the future LHC. Algorithms designed to understand the gross features of the data (V ista ), to systematically and model-independently search for new physics at the electroweak scale (S leuth ), to automate tests of specific hypotheses against those data (Q uaero ), to turn an existing full detector simulation into a fast simulation (T urbo S im ), and to infer the physics underlying any hint observed in the data (B ard ) are reviewed. A somewhat non-conventional viewpoint is adopted throughout.
The Julia sets of basic uniCremer polynomials of arbitrary degree

Let P be a polynomial of degree d with a Cremer point p and no repelling or parabolic periodic bi-accessible points. We show that there are two types of such Julia sets JP . The red dwarf JP are nowhere connected im kleinen and such that the intersection of all impressions of external angles is a continuum containing p and the orbits of all critical images. The solar JP are such that every angle with dense orbit has a degenerate impression disjoint from other impressions and JP is connected im kleinen at its landing point. We study bi-accessible points and locally connected models of JP and show that such sets JP appear through polynomial-like maps for generic polynomials with Cremer points. Since known tools break down for d > 2 (if d > 2 it is not known if there are small cycles near p while if d = 2 this result is due to Yoccoz), we introduce wandering ray continua in JP and provide a new application of Thurston laminations.
Scaling behavior of improvement and renormalization constants

This talk summarizes results for all the scale independent renormalization constants for bilinear currents ( Z A, ZV, and Zs/Zp), the improvement constants (CA, CV, and CT), the quark mass dependence of 20, and the coefficients of the equation of motion operators for O(a) improved lattice QCD. Using data at p = 6.0, 6.2 and 6.4 we study the scaling behavior of these quantities and quantify residual discretization errors.
Tests of microeconomic foundations of a North American common currency area

. The movement of some members of the European Union towards a common currency area is likely to spark interest in other possible common currency areas. One such area of interest is a North American common currency area. In this paper some results from tests of microeconomic foundations of a North American common currency area are presented. These results can be viewed as favourable for the formation of a North American common currency area. JEL classification: F33, F36 Tests des fondements micro-economiques d’une union monetaire en Amerique du Nord. Le deplacement de certains membres de l’Union Europeenne vers une monnaie commune va vraisemblablement susciter de l’interet pour ce genre d’arrangement dans d’autres parties du monde. Un de ces autres lieux ou il y a un interet pour une union monetaire est l’Amerique du Nord. Dans ce texte, on presente certains resultats de tests des fondements micro-economiques d’une zone monetaire commune en Amerique du Nord. Ces resultats peuvent etre consideres comme favorables a la formation d’une union monetaire nord-americaine.
Blink and it's done: interactive queries on very large data

In this demonstration, we present BlinkDB, a massively parallel, sampling-based approximate query processing framework for running interactive queries on large volumes of data. The key observation in BlinkDB is that one can make reasonable decisions in the absence of perfect answers. BlinkDB extends the Hive/HDFS stack and can handle the same set of SPJA (selection, projection, join and aggregate) queries as supported by these systems. BlinkDB provides real-time answers along with statistical error guarantees, and can scale to petabytes of data and thousands of machines in a fault-tolerant manner. Our experiments using the TPC-H benchmark and on an anonymized real-world video content distribution workload from Conviva Inc. show that BlinkDB can execute a wide range of queries up to 150x faster than Hive on MapReduce and 10--150x faster than Shark (Hive on Spark) over tens of terabytes of data stored across 100 machines, all with an error of 2--10%.
Dolomite stoichiometry and Ostwald's Step Rule

Abstract Nucleation kinetics responsible for Ostwald's Step Rule in the transition of calcite to dolomite at 193°C in 1 M 0.66 Mg to Ca ratio solutions were investigated. Nucleation and crystal growth kinetics were determined from differences in the induction period between isothermal experiments and experiments cycled between 193°C and room temperature. The cycled reactions used 12 h and 48 h heating periods interchanged with 12 h at room temperature. All three experimental designs produced high magnesium calcite (HMC), nonstoichiometric dolomite, and near ideal dolomite. No differences were seen in product size or morphology among designs. The length of the induction period of HMC was the same in all three experimental designs. This indicates that stable nucleation of HMC requires less than 12 h of heating and that the remaining induction period reflects HMC crystal growth. Isothermal and 48 h experiments produced a more stoichiometric dolomite (approx. 46% Mg) after 107 to 109 h of heating. The 12 h series did not detect this phase until 181 h of heating. This indicates that nucleation of the more stoichiometric phase was suppressed. Nucleation theory, these experiments, and the structural and thermodynamic properties of HMC and more stoichiometric dolomite lead us to conclude that the surface free energy of HMC is less than that of more stoichiometric dolomite. Ostwald's Step Rule in these calcite to dolomite transformations is consistent with surface free energy controlled nucleation kinetics.
Star Formation via the Little Guy: A Bayesian Study of Ultracool Dwarf Imaging Surveys for Companions

I have undertaken a comprehensive statistical investigation of the ultracool dwarf companion distribution (spectral type M6 and later). Utilizing a Bayesian algorithm, I tested models of the companion distribution against data from an extensive set of space and ground-based imaging observations of nearby ultracool dwarfs. My main conclusions are fivefold: (1) confirm that the concentration of high mass ratio ultracool binary systems is a fundamental feature of the companion distribution, not an observational or selection bias; (2) determine that the wide (>~20 AU) binary frequency can be no more than 1%-2%; (3) show that the decreasing binary frequency with later spectral types is a real trend; (4) demonstrate that a large population of currently undetected low mass ratio systems are not consistent with the current data; and (5) find that the population of spectroscopic binaries must be at least 30% that of currently known ultracool binaries. The best-fit value for the overall M6 and later binary frequency is ~20%-22%, of which only ~6% consists of currently undetected companions with separations less than 1 AU. If this is correct, then the upper limit of the ultracool binary population discovered to date is ~75%. I find that the numerical simulation results of the ejection formation method are inconsistent with the outcome of this analysis. However, dynamics do seem to play an important role, as simulations of small-N clusters and triple system decays produce results similar to those of this work. The observational efforts required to improve these constraints are shown to be primarily large spectroscopic binary surveys and improved high-resolution imaging techniques.
Normal phase liquid chromatographic separation and structure determination of palladium-2,2,7-trimethyloctane-3,5-dionate

Abstract The two geometrical isomers of Pd(tod)2 have been separated by normal phase liquid chromatography. The major (cis) isomer has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. C22H38PdO4, monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 11.585(4), b = 10.567(5), c = 20.262(5) A, β = 90.41(3)°, Z = 4, Dc = 1.27 g cm−1, R = 0.056, Rw = 0.079 for 2152 ‘observed’ reflections.
Subversive Subjects: Rule‐Breaking and Deception in Clinical Trials

Research subjects do not always conform to research requirements. When their personal interests conflict with the demands of participation, some subjects surreptitiously break the rules. These subjects are subversive--they undermine the research endeavor. In rejecting the restrictions research imposes, subversive subjects diminish the value of research results. From one vantage point, subversive subjects engage in unethical behavior. They create risks to themselves and others; they also disregard ethical responsibilities to adhere to research agreements and tell the truth. At the same time, subversive subjects expose ethical problems in the design and conduct of clinical trials. Features of the research environment create fertile ground for subject subversion. Intensified policing and guidance are two common strategies for reducing subject subversion, but collaborative reforms are more consistent with the partnership model of clinical research.
Tilting the Noncommutative Bion

In this note, we extend the noncommutative bion core solution of Constable, Myers and Tafjord [4] to include the effects of a nonzero NS-NS two-form B. The result is a `tilted bion', in which the core expands out to a single D3-brane at an angle to the D1-brane core. Its properties agree perfectly with an analysis of the dual situation, that of a magnetic charge on an abelian D3-brane in a background worldvolume magnetic field. We also demonstrate that this agreement extends beyond geometry to include the field strength on the D3-brane. We make a proposal for including possible worldvolume gauge fields when mapping a noncommutative geometrical brane solution onto a corresponding commutative brane description.
Dissymmetries in fluorescence excitation and emission from single chiral molecules

Chirality in molecular systems plays profoundly important roles in chemistry and physics. Most chemistry students are introduced to the concept of chirality through demonstrations of the interaction of chiral molecules with polarized light manifested as an "optical rotation" leading to the "(+)" and "(-)" [or dextrorotatory (d-) and levorotatory (l-)] designations of chiral compounds, with the subsequent determination of absolute stereochemical configuration by chemical or physical means enabling application of the familiar "R" and "S" labels. Although the intrinsic molecular parameters that control the dissymmetric light-matter interaction in chiral systems are well understood, we have only recently begun to ask questions regarding the role of local molecular environment and hidden heterogeneities associated with the ensemble-averaged molecular chiroptical response. In this mini-review, we discuss some of our recent research on application of single-molecule spectroscopy as a tool for probing heterogeneities and fluctuations of chiroptical dissymmetries in condensed phase.
Humble Decision-Making Theory

Behavioural economics provides unusually robust data that show that people have hardwired, systematic cognitive biases that greatly limit their intellectual capabilities. From these observations follows a set of general guidelines for decision-making – humble decision-making theory – that if widely adopted may prevent decision-makers of all types from erring, encourage wiser decisions, and enhance overall contentment by helping those making and affected by decisions to moderate their expectations.
The Syntheses and Structure of the Vanadium(IV) and Vanadium(V) Binary Azides V(N3)4, [V(N3)6]2−, and [V(N3)6]−

Compounds (III) (yields given in gram) are characterized by single crystal XRD and vibrational spectroscopy.
Calibrating Redshift Distributions beyond Spectroscopic Limits with Cross-Correlations

We describe a new method that can measure the true redshift distribution of any set of objects that are studied only photometrically. Measuring the angular cross-correlation between objects in the photometric sample with objects in some spectroscopic sample as a function of the spectroscopic -->z, along with other, standard correlation measurements, provides sufficient information to reconstruct the redshift distribution of the photometric sample. The spectroscopic sample need not resemble the photometric sample in galaxy properties, but must fall within its sky coverage. We test this hybrid, photometric-spectroscopic cross-correlation technique with Monte Carlo simulations based on realistic error estimates (including sample variance). The rms errors in recovering both the mean redshift and -->σ of the redshift distribution for a single photometric redshift bin with true distribution given by a Gaussian are -->1.4 × 10−3(σz/0.1)(Σp/10)−0.3(dNs/dz/25,000)−1/2, where -->σz is the true Gaussian -->σ , -->Σp is the surface density of the photometric sample in galaxies arcmin −2, and -->dNs/dz is the number of galaxies with a spectroscopic redshift per unit -->z. We test the impact of non-Gaussian redshift outliers and of systematic errors due to unaccounted-for bias evolution, errors in measuring autocorrelations, photometric zero-point variations, or mistaken cosmological assumptions, and find that none will dominate measurement uncertainties in reasonable scenarios. The true redshift distributions of even arbitrarily faint photometric samples may be determined to the precision required by proposed dark energy experiments ( -->Δz 3 × 10−3 at -->z ~ 1) with this method.
Choosing the correct elliptic curve in the CM method

We give an elementary way to distinguish between the twists of an ordinary elliptic curve E over F p in order to identify the one with p+1—2U points, when p = U 2 + dV 2 with 2U, 2V ∈ ℤ and E is constructed using the CM method for finding elliptic curves with a prescribed number of points. Our algorithms consist in most cases of reading off simple congruence conditions on U and V modulo 4.
Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin-A Affects Processing of Emotional Language

How does language reliably evoke emotion, as it does when people read a favorite novel or listen to a skilled orator? Recent evidence suggests that comprehension involves a mental simulation of sentence content that calls on the same neural systems used in literal action, perception, and emotion. In this study, we demonstrated that involuntary facial expression plays a causal role in the processing of emotional language. Subcutaneous injections of botulinum toxin-A (BTX) were used to temporarily paralyze the facial muscle used in frowning. We found that BTX selectively slowed the reading of sentences that described situations that normally require the paralyzed muscle for expressing the emotions evoked by the sentences. This finding demonstrates that peripheral feedback plays a role in language processing, supports facial-feedback theories of emotional cognition, and raises questions about the effects of BTX on cognition and emotional reactivity. We account for the role of facial feedback in language processing by considering neurophysiological mechanisms and reinforcement-learning theory.
Quasinormal Modes for Schwarzschild–AdS Black Holes: Exponential Convergence to the Real Axis

We study quasinormal modes for massive scalar fields in Schwarzschild–anti-de Sitter black holes. When the mass-squared is above the Breitenlohner–Freedman bound, we show that for large angular momenta, l, there exist quasinormal modes with imaginary parts of size exp(−l/C). We provide an asymptotic expansion for the real parts of the modes closest to the real axis and identify the vanishing of certain coefficients depending on the dimension.
Automated In-Clinic Hematology Instruments for Small Animal Practitioners: What is Available, What Can They Really Do, and How Do I Make a Choice?

The decision to purchase an in-office hematology instrument is typically based on the desire to have immediate access to complete blood count (CBC) data for disease diagnosis and follow-up and perhaps add to the financial bottom line of your practice. The decision regarding which in-office hematology instrument to purchase requires comparison of available instruments, how they function and knowledge of their strengths and limitations, what analytes they report, their ease of use, and their initial and continued costs. Other considerations include instrument space requirements, ability to interact with your existing data management system, the methods used by analyzers, and data accuracy.
Maximum electrostatic charge of powder in pipe flow

Abstract In dry powder process, particles collide against each other and onto wall, and normally, electrostatic charge is generated. Such a process is called trioelectrification or tribo-/contact-/impact-charging of particles. In this paper, the amount of maximum (or saturated or equilibrium) charge on a particle in a powder flow of a pneumatic conveyer with a metal pipe was discussed. A theoretical discussion involving the space charge effect with the basis of ‘charge relaxation model,’ in which the maximum charge is limited to cause gas break down, is shown. The result showed two regions in which the space charge does not affect on, and dominates the amount of the charge. The charge was proportional to the particle size raised to the power 1.5 in the region of no space charge effect, whilst power 3 in the other region of the space charge dominant. Empirically a well approximated analytical formula was found, for all over the range including these two regions. The maximum charge as a function of particle size, pipe size, and volume fraction of the powder, was given as: q / C = 1.10 × 10 - 4 ( d p / m ) 3 { ϕ ( D / m ) } 2 + { 17.1 ( d p / m ) 1.5 } . A comparison showed that the theory gives a certain overestimation to the data cited from literatures. Additional discussions were given in details.
Preventing excessive weight gain in adolescents : Interpersonal psychotherapy for binge eating

The most prevalent disordered eating pattern described in overweight youth is loss of control (LOC) eating, during which individuals experience an inability to control the type or amount of food they consume. LOC eating is associated cross-sectionally with greater adiposity in children and adolescents and seems to predispose youth to gain weight or body fat above that expected during normal growth, thus likely contributing to obesity in susceptible individuals. No prior studies have examined whether LOC eating can be decreased by interventions in children or adolescents without full-syndrome eating disorders or whether programs reducing LOC eating prevent inappropriate weight gain attributable to LOC eating. Interpersonal psychotherapy, a form of therapy that was designed to treat depression and has been adapted for the treatment of eating disorders, has shown efficacy in reducing binge eating episodes and inducing weight stabilization among adults diagnosed with binge eating disorder. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model of excessive weight gain in adolescents at high risk for adult obesity who engage in LOC eating and associated overeating patterns. A rationale is provided for interpersonal psychotherapy as an intervention to slow the trajectory of weight gain in at-risk youth, with the aim of preventing or ameliorating obesity in adulthood.
Observation of small-scale structure using sextupole lensing

Gravitational lensing by foreground halos with masses as small as 1010 M☉ can induce observable second-order shape distortions in background galaxy images in addition to the well-known elliptical shape distortion produced by first-order shear. Furthermore, the orientation of the second-order distortions is correlated with the orientation of the shear-induced elliptical (quadrupolar) shape. Because of its angular dependence, we refer to the most prominent second-order distortion as a sextupole distortion. The correlation between first-order and second-order shapes provides a sensitive signal by which to identify galaxies that may have been lensed. Galaxy images appear to be slightly curved by these lensing events. In this paper we develop a general theoretical lensing framework based on a lensing distortion map. Tools to infer map coefficients from the galaxy images are described and applied to the Hubble Deep Field-North. Instrumental PSFs, camera charge diffusion, and image composition methods are modeled in the coefficient determination process. Estimates of Poisson counting noise for each galaxy are used to cut galaxies with signals too small to reliably establish curvature. These noise estimates are confirmed using a Fisher matrix analysis. Background shape distortions may also be represented by maps. Curved galaxies are found to be spatially clumped, as might arise from sextupole lensing by overdensities in a foreground dark matter halo distribution. We calculate the cross section for sextupole lensing by Moore and NFW halos and estimate the total cross section of the field based on these halo cross sections.
ALEXANDER GROUPS OF LONG VIRTUAL KNOTS

Alexander group systems for virtual long knots are defined and used to show that any virtual knot is the closure of infinitely many long virtual knots. Manturov's result that there exists a pair of long virtual knots that do not commute is reproved.
The Effect of Cocaine Prices on Crime

The relationship between cocaine prices and crime has critical implications for U.S. drug policy, but is theoretically indeterminate because cocaine price changes affect crime through changes in both cocaine consumption and expenditures. This paper investigates this relationship in annual data from 1981–95 on 29 large U.S. cities, accounting for simultaneity by using two-stage least squares with measures of wholesale supply factors and retail enforcement intensity as instruments for cocaine prices. Controlling for prices of other drugs, deterrence, socioeconomic factors, and city and year-specific effects, a strong negative relationship exists between cocaine prices and six of seven FBI index crimes.
From Ahogado to Zorrillo: external causes of mortality in the California missions

In recent decades, the literature on virgin soil epidemics has dominated scholarly discussions of Indian population decline in colonial America. Illness and disease – and the high mortality and low fertility that accompanied them – go a long way towards explaining the dramatic decline of the Indian population in Alta California after Spanish colonization began in 1769. But, there are myriad other factors that contributed to Indian depopulation in Spanish and Mexican California, and these have largely escaped the study of historians. Death cause information listed in the burial registers of the California missions and now available through the Early California Population Project suggests that Indian population decline in California before 1850 was accelerated by external factors, such as acts of violence, natural disasters, dangers associated with animals and insects, as well as work- and transportation-related mishaps. These external factors do not in themselves explain Indian population decline, but they...