cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain network efficiency is influenced by the pathologic source of corticobasal syndrome.

Objective: To apply network-based statistics to diffusion-weighted imaging tractography data and detect Alzheimer disease vs non-Alzheimer degeneration in the context of corticobasal syndrome. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, pathology was confirmed by autopsy or a pathologically validated CSF total tau-to-β-amyloid ratio (T-tau/Aβ). Using structural MRI data, we identify association areas in fronto-temporo-parietal cortex with reduced gray matter density in corticobasal syndrome (n = 40) relative to age-matched controls (n = 40). Using these fronto-temporo-parietal regions of interest, we construct structural brain networks in clinically similar subgroups of individuals with Alzheimer disease (n = 21) or non-Alzheimer pathology (n = 19) by linking these regions by the number of white matter streamlines identified in a deterministic tractography analysis of diffusion tensor imaging data. We characterize these structural networks using 5 graph-based statistics, and assess their relative utility in classifying underlying pathology with leave-one-out cross-validation using a supervised support vector machine. Results: Gray matter density poorly discriminates between Alzheimer disease and non-Alzheimer pathology subgroups with low sensitivity (57%) and specificity (52%). In contrast, a statistic of local network efficiency demonstrates very good discriminatory power, with 85% sensitivity and 84% specificity. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the underlying pathologic sources of corticobasal syndrome can be classified more accurately using graph theoretical statistics derived from patterns of white matter network organization in association cortex than by regional gray matter density alone. These results highlight the importance of a multimodal neuroimaging approach to diagnostic analyses of corticobasal syndrome.
Quantitative Resolution of Monomer-Dimer Populations by Inversion Modulated DEER EPR Spectroscopy.

A simple method, based on inversion modulated double electron-electron resonance electron paramagnetic resonance (DEER EPR) spectroscopy, is presented for determining populations of monomer and dimer in proteins (as well as any other biological macromolecules). The method is based on analysis of modulation depth versus electron double resonance (ELDOR) pulse flip angle. High accuracy is achieved by complete deuteration, extensive sampling of a large number of ELDOR pulse flip angle values, and combined analysis of differently labeled spin samples. We demonstrate the method using two different proteins: an obligate monomer exemplified by the small immunoglobulin binding B domain of protein A, and the p66 subunit of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase which exists as an equilibrium mixture of monomer and dimer species whose relative populations are affected by glycerol content. This information is crucial for quantitative analysis of distance distributions involving proteins that may exist as mixtures of monomer, dimer and high order multimers under the conditions of the DEER EPR experiment.
Compatible-strain mixed finite element methods for 2D compressible nonlinear elasticity

Abstract In this paper, using the Hilbert complexes of nonlinear elasticity, the approximation theory for Hilbert complexes, and the finite element exterior calculus, we introduce a new class of mixed finite element methods for 2D nonlinear elasticity– compatible-strain mixed finite element methods (CSFEM). We consider a Hu–Washizu-type mixed formulation and choose the displacement, the displacement gradient, and the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor as independent unknowns. We use the underlying spaces of the Hilbert complexes as the solution and test spaces. We discretize the Hilbert complexes and introduce a new class of mixed finite element methods for nonlinear elasticity by using the underlying finite element spaces of the discrete Hilbert complexes. This automatically enforces the trial spaces of the displacement gradient to satisfy the classical Hadamard jump condition, which is a necessary condition for the compatibility of non-smooth displacement gradients. The underlying finite element spaces of CSFEMs are the tensorial analogues of the standard Nedelec and Raviart–Thomas elements of vector fields. These spaces respect the global topologies of the domains in the sense that they can reproduce certain topological properties of the bodies regardless of the refinement level of meshes. By solving several numerical examples, we demonstrate that CSFEMs have a good performance for bending problems, in the near incompressible regime, and for bodies with complex geometries. CSFEMs are capable of accurately approximating stresses and perform well in problems that standard enhanced strain methods suffer from the hourglass instability. Moreover, CSFEMs provide a convenient framework for modeling inhomogeneities.
Health and Rural Context Among Victims of Partner Abuse: Does Justice Matter?

Research typically compartmentalizes health and justice as separate areas of study. However, the current health literature on inequality suggests the two concepts are overlapping. For victims of pa...
Differential Effects of Family Structure on Religion and Spirituality of Emerging Adult Males and Females

This study examined measures of religion and spirituality in a sample of male and female emerging adult college students whose parents were either divorced or intact using the Personal Religious Inventory, the Duke University Religion Index, the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, the Spiritual Transcendence Scale, and the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale. Data were collected online, and 66% of participants received extra credit for participating. A main effect of sex was found, as females reported significantly higher scores than men on all but one measure of religion and spirituality, and the dataset was separated by sex. No differences were found between males from divorced and intact families. However, females from intact families scored significantly higher on all religion and spirituality measures than females from divorced families. This study suggests that females may respond differently than males to their parents' divorce in the context of religion and spirituality, and discusses possible reasons.
Preferential CH3NH3+ Alignment and Octahedral Tilting Affect Charge Localization in Cubic Phase CH3NH3PbI3

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3) have gained prominence in recent years due to their fascinating electronic properties and potential for commercial application in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. One of their intriguing features is in the structure itself and the role played by the organic cation CH3NH3+ (MA+). In this study, we implement first-principles-based methods to take a static look at this dynamic system, which may shed some light on the preferential orientation of MA+ and its impact. We find there is a lattice energy gain in cubic CH3NH3PbI3, when going from a pristine host supercell with [100] MA+ orientation to a distorted host consisting of preferentially aligned MA+ and tilted PbI6 octahedra. Reoriented MA+ and octahedral tilting are also accompanied by larger number of (N–H3)···I hydrogen bonds. This lattice reconfiguration may support charge localization as evidenced by larger 216-atom supercell calculations. The localization behavior is a consequence of lattice polariza...
Distance Measurements by CW and Pulsed EPR

Distances between unpaired electrons ranging from ca. 5 A to > 70 A can be measured by a combination of continuous wave (CW) and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. An overview of these techniques is provided as an introduction to the volume.
The degraded Gaussian multiple access wiretap channel with selfish transmitters: A coalitional game theory perspective

We study the degraded Gaussian multiple access wiretap channel with selfish transmitters, i.e., they are each solely interested in maximizing their individual secrecy rate. The question then arises as to whether selfish transmitters can increase their individual secrecy rate by participating in a collective, i.e, multiple access, protocol instead of operating on their own. If yes, the question arises if there is a protocol that satisfies all the participating transmitters, in the sense that no transmitter has an incentive to deviate from the protocol. We answer these questions in the positive utilizing coalitional game theory. In particular, we show that cooperation is in the best interest of all transmitters and that there exist protocols that incentivize all transmitters to participate. Furthermore, we determine a unique, fair, and stable achievable secrecy rate allocation.
RELAP5-3D Validation Study Using MB-2 Prototypical Steam Generator Steady-State Data

A validation study of RELAP5-3D is performed using data from the Model Boiler Number 2 (MB-2) Prototypical Steam Generator Testing Program. The MB-2 is a 6.67-MW(thermal) power-scaled representation of the Westinghouse Model F steam generator. Comparisons with previous simulations using RELAP5/MOD3.2 are also offered. Limit cycles predicted by the RELAP5/MOD3.2 simulation are reduced in the RELAP5-3D simulation using identical nodalization. Steady-state data from the MB-2 tests used in the validation do not exhibit a limit cycle. The sources of the predicted limit cycles are investigated and feedback mechanisms contributing to the limit cycles are explained.
Unraveling salt stress signaling in plants

Salt stress is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. A better understanding of the mechanisms mediating salt resistance will help researchers design ways to improve crop performance under adverse environmental conditions. Salt stress can lead to ionic stress, osmotic stress and secondary stresses, particularly oxidative stress, in plants. Therefore, to adapt to salt stress, plants rely on signals and pathways that re-establish cellular ionic, osmotic, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Over the past two decades, genetic and biochemical analyses have revealed several core stress signaling pathways that participate in salt resistance. The Salt Overly Sensitive signaling pathway plays a key role in maintaining ionic homeostasis, via extruding sodium ions into the apoplast. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades mediate ionic, osmotic, and ROS homeostasis. SnRK2 (sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase 2) proteins are involved in maintaining osmotic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent progress in identifying the components and pathways involved in the plant's response to salt stress and their regulatory mechanisms. We also review progress in identifying sensors involved in salt-induced stress signaling in plants.
MIDCARPAL ARTHROSCOPY: ANATOMY AND PORTALS

Arthroscopy of the midcarpal joint of the wrist is a relatively new procedure made possible by the advances and miniaturization of arthroscopic instrumentation. Only recently has even the basic variability in the normal anatomy of the midcarpal joint been delineated. Midcarpal arthroscopy is becoming a routine part of a complete diagnostic wrist arthroscopy and is offering good views of midcarpal anatomy and new opportunities for arthroscopic treatment of midcarpal and proximal wrist joint traumatic and degenerative pathology.
Estimation and Control of Nonlinear Discrete-time Systems

Real world systems with unknown dynamics, uncertainties and disturbances pose a great challenge in developing control schemes. As a consequence, conventional controllers cannot be used for such nonlinear systems acted upon uncertainties. Hence, more advanced techniques such as robust control to mitigate disturbances and uncertainties, adaptive control using neural networks to learn unknown dynamics, and robust adaptive control to mitigate unknown dynamics and uncertainties have been introduced in the past decade. As a first step, the unknown system dynamics have to be constructed using online approximates such as neural networks and then controllers have to be designed. In this chapter, estimation or system identification and control using neural networks is thoroughly investigated. To begin with, some basic concepts on the neural networks are introduced, and then some stability properties are proposed for a general class of nonlinear discretetime systems. Later, the development of nonlinear estimation techniques for a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems is introduced. Finally, neural networks control strategies are presented for controlling a class of nonlinear discrete-time system. Rigorous mathematical results for asymptotic stability on the estimation and control scheme are demonstrated. Additionally, some simulation examples are used to illustrate the performance of the estimation and control schemes, respectively.
Privacy, Big Data, and the Public Good: Monitoring, Datafication, and Consent: Legal Approaches to Privacy in the Big Data Context

Knowledge is power. “Big data” has great potential to benefit society. At the same time, its availability creates significant potential for mistaken, misguided or malevolent uses of personal information. The conundrum for law is to provide space for big data to fulfill its potential for societal benefit, while protecting citizens adequately from related individual and social harms. Current privacy law evolved to address different concerns and must be adapted to confront big data’s challenges. This Chapter addresses only one aspect of privacy law: the regulation of private sector acquisition, aggregation and transfer of personal information. It provides an overview and taxonomy of current law, highlighting the mismatch between current law and the big data context, with the goal of informing the debate about how to bring big data practice and privacy regulation into optimal harmony.
General Relativity as a Collection of Collections of Models

One usually identifies a particular collection of geometric objects with the models of general relativity. But within this standard collection lurk ‘physically unreasonable’ models of spacetime. If such models are ruled out, attention can be restricted to some sub-collection of ‘physically reasonable’ models which can be considered a (non-standard) variant theory of general relativity. Since we have yet to identify a privileged sub-collection of ‘physically reasonable’ models, it is helpful to think of ‘general relativity’ in a pluralistic way; we can study a collection of such ‘physically reasonable’ collections of models.
Berry curvature force and Lorentz force comparison in the magnetotransport of Weyl semimetals

Three-dimensional Weyl semimetals have been observed to have negative magnetoresistance (MR) with the magnetic field parallel to the electric field and positive MR with the magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field. It is understood that the negative MR is due to a Berry phase that causes the chiral anomaly, while the positive MR can be understood from a semiclassical transport theory. We solve a semiclassical Boltzmann equation with both the Berry phase and Lorentz force terms present for an arbitrary angle of the applied magnetic field relative to the electric field within the relaxation-time approximation. The plots of the magnetoconductivity show both the Berry phase and Lorentz force effects. For some angles between the electric and magnetic fields, the conductivity has a minimum, where the forces balance each other. The standard semiclassical theory does not show the linear increase in the transverse MR with the magnetic field seen experimentally. By assuming a magnetic-field-dependent transport time, we find the transverse MR increases linearly with the magnetic field. The low-field MR does change from negative to positive as one rotates the magnetic field away from the direction of the electric field. As the magnetic field is increased, we find in some cases the MR starts out negative and then becomes positive. This is consistent with recent experimental data in ${\text{Cd}}_{3}{\text{As}}_{2}$.
3-Gbps Free Space Optical Link Based on Integrated Indium Phosphide Transmitter

A free space optical link was demonstrated with an integrated indium phosphide transmitter, tunable from 1521 nm to 1565 nm. Error-free operation was achieved at 3 Gbps for an equivalent link length of 180 m (up to 300 m with forward error correction).
Individual Differences Correspond with Attention to the Eyes of White Versus Black Faces

Black, relative to White, individuals have experienced discrimination for centuries in the United States. Recent work suggests that subtle differences in how novel Black faces are initially perceived relate to prejudicial behavior. One such difference is that non-Black people attend more to the eyes of White versus Black novel faces. The present study sought to better characterize this difference by assessing how distinct individual differences widely shown to relate to prejudicial behavior—internal motivation to respond without prejudice (IMS), external motivation to respond without prejudice (EMS), and implicit race bias—relate to disparities in attending to the eyes of novel Black and White faces. Participants viewed novel Black and White faces one at a time on the right or left side of the display. Replicating a race-based disparity in visual attention to the eyes, non-Black perceivers fixated more on the eyes of White in comparison to Black faces. Individual differences among perceivers corresponded with the extent of this race-based disparity. IMS had a negative relationship with a race-based disparity in attention to the eyes, such that higher levels of IMS among perceivers corresponded with lower disparities in attention. Implicit race bias had a positive relationship with this disparity, such that higher levels of implicit race bias among perceivers corresponded with higher disparities in attention. Together, these findings illustrate that two individual differences known to affect prejudicial behavior are associated with preferential gaze patterns in visual attention toward faces on the basis of race.
Susceptibility of commercial corn hybrids to aflatoxin contamination in Louisiana.

Susceptibility of commercial corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to aflatoxin contamination was determined at Winnsboro, Louisiana in 1997 and 1998. Thirty-three hybrids were inoculated with 106 conidia/ml of Aspergillus flavus 20 days after midsilk using the pinbar technique. All corn hybrids grown in Louisiana were susceptible to A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination in the field, but differences were detected among hybrids. When averaged across 1997 and 1998, levels of aflatoxin were highest in DeKalb 683 (26,854 ng/g) and Mycogen 2725 (25,254 ng/g) and lowest in Terra TR1185 (3,967 ng/g), Terra TR1167 (5,104 ng/g), Asgrow RX 938 (5,112 ng/g), Terra TR 1226 (5,540 ng/g), Pioneer 3394 (6,354 ng/g), and Pioneer 3167 (7,174 ng/g). This study documents the extreme susceptibility of commercial corn hybrids grown in the southern United States and demonstrates the need for continued research to identify host plant resistance.
Albumin-indirect antiglobulin test.

CONCLUSIONS Albumin was the first widely used additive solution for hemagglutination tests. Its major effect is to decrease the repulsive forces that keep red blood cells (RBCs) apart. This effect may enable some RBC antibodies, particularly those in the Rh blood group system, to directly agglutinate antigen-positive RBCs after 37°C incubation. The impact of albumin on antibody binding before detection by an indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) is minimal. Use of albumin in antibody identification may help with separation of RBC antibody specificities in a mixture when one or more antibodies demonstrate reactivity after 37°C incubation. Warm autoantibodies can show decreased reactivity in albumin IATs, allowing recognition of underlying alloantibodies.
Tracking and Predicting Depressive Symptoms of Adolescents Using Smartphone-Based Self-Reports, Parental Evaluations, and Passive Phone Sensor Data: Development and Usability Study

Background: Depression carries significant financial, medical, and emotional burden on modern society. Various proof-of-concept studies have highlighted how apps can link dynamic mental health status changes to fluctuations in smartphone usage in adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the use of such apps to monitor adolescents remains a challenge. Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether smartphone apps are useful in evaluating and monitoring depression symptoms in a clinically depressed adolescent population compared with the following gold-standard clinical psychometric instruments: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Methods: We recruited 13 families with adolescent patients diagnosed with MDD with or without comorbid anxiety disorder. Over an 8-week period, daily self-reported moods and smartphone sensor data were collected by using the Smartphone- and OnLine usage–based eValuation for Depression (SOLVD) app. The evaluations from teens’ parents were also collected. Baseline depression and anxiety symptoms were measured biweekly using PHQ-9, HAM-D, and HAM-A. Results: We observed a significant correlation between the self-evaluated mood averaged over a 2-week period and the biweekly psychometric scores from PHQ-9, HAM-D, and HAM-A (0.45≤|r|≤0.63; P=.009, P=.01, and P=.003, respectively). The daily steps taken, SMS frequency, and average call duration were also highly correlated with clinical scores (0.44≤|r|≤0.72; all P<.05). By combining self-evaluations and smartphone sensor data of the teens, we could predict the PHQ-9 score with an accuracy of 88% (23.77/27). When adding the evaluations from the teens’ parents, the prediction accuracy was further increased to 90% (24.35/27). Conclusions: Smartphone apps such as SOLVD represent a useful way to monitor depressive symptoms in clinically depressed adolescents, and these apps correlate well with current gold-standard psychometric instruments. This is a first study of its kind that was conducted on the adolescent population, and it included inputs from both teens and their parents as observers. The results are preliminary because of the small sample size, and we plan to expand the study to a larger population.
Direct measurement of the density and energy level of compensating acceptors and their impact on the conductivity of n-type Ga2O3 films

Intrinsic and extrinsic point defects often act as electron traps in oxide-based semiconductors and significantly impact their electrical and optical properties. Here, we show how to measure the density, energy level, and trapping cross section of the compensating acceptors that act as electron traps in Ga2O3 films, and we introduce the sheet trap number or the sheet compensating acceptor number as an essential parameter to fully describe the electrical transport properties of semiconductors. Si-doped β-Ga2O3 thin films were fabricated homoepitaxially by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and studied by thermally stimulated luminescence spectroscopy, temperature dependent Hall-effect measurements, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy to investigate the compensating acceptor defects responsible for suppressing conductivity in the films. A deep level defect of energy in the range of 0.50–0.65 eV was identified as a compensating acceptor. The correlation between the electrical properties and its concentration and characteristics was established. This work shows how to quantify the density of compensating acceptors in semiconductors and directly relate it to the electrical transport properties, which should significantly advance the development of semiconductors and devices.
Long-term nivation rates, Cathedral Massif, northwestern British Columbia

Cryoplanation terraces (CTs) are large (3000–800 000 m2) erosional landforms found in upland periglacial environments. Two hypotheses for the formation of CTs are supported in contemporary literatu...
Molecular Profiling of Benign Metastasizing Leiomyoma of the Uterus Revealing Unique Novel Therapeutic Targets

Extra-uterine manifestations of benign uterine leiomyoma (fibroids) are rare. Benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) comprises an uncommon variant characterized by metastatic lung nodules. The pathologic characteristics for BML are well known in the literature; however, the underlying biology and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We present a case of a 43-year-old woman who presented to the hospital complaining of dyspnea and lower extremity edema. Medical history includes a previous hysterectomy for leiomyomata two years prior. A reduced ejection fraction and right atrium globular filling defect are seen on transthoracic echo (TTE). CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis reported pelvic mass with an extensive inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus extending into the right atrium, which was subsequently completely resected. Subsequent histopathology for the thrombus reported intravascular leiomyomatosis (IVL) and pelvic mass reported benign leiomyoma. Two years later, the symptoms recurred, and a chest CT revealed new pulmonary nodules. Subsequent pathology from a biopsy of these nodules was consistent with BML with ER+/PR+ on immunohistochemical staining. Genetic testing showed amplification of JUN, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and MCL1, and loss of SUFU, AT-rich interaction domain 1A (AR1D1A), RB transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha (HNF1A). The patient deemed to be a poor surgical candidate, and, therefore, she was started on hormonal treatment with leuprolide and letrozole. The disease remained stable upon follow-up at 48 months. Here, we report novel genomic profiling findings for the first time in a patient with a newly diagnosed BML. These findings may suggest molecular evidence that IVL may not be as benign as previously thought. Our study further highlights the value of genetic profiling in the understanding of this tumor's behavior and identification of new patient-specific therapeutic targets.
Enhancement of ovulation rate in gilts by increasing dietary energy and administering insulin during follicular growth.

Two experiments were conducted to examine influences of dietary energy and insulin on ovulation rate and patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), glucose, insulin and estradiol in gilts during 6 d before estrus. In Exp. 1, 36 gilts were given altrenogest for 14 d to synchronize estrus. In a factorial arrangement, gilts were fed one of two levels of dietary energy (5,771 or 9,960 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/d), and given one of two levels of porcine insulin (0 or .1 IU/kg body weight iv every 6 h). Dietary treatments began 4 d before and insulin treatments began 1 d after the last day of altrenogest, respectively, and lasted until 24 h after estrus. Main effect means for number of corpora lutea were 14.0 +/- 1.3 and 17.6 +/- .9 for 5,771 and 9,960 kcal ME (P less than .05), and 14.6 +/- 1.0 and 17.0 +/- .9 for 0 and .1 IU insulin (P less than .05). Number of LH peaks on d 3 was greater for gilts that received 9,960 kcal than 5,771 kcal (3.3 +/- .2 vs 2.7 +/- .2; P less than .05), and for .1 than 0 IU insulin (3.2 +/- .2 vs 2.7 +/- .2; P less than .05). During the first 24 h of sampling, concentrations of LH and FSH were greater (P less than .05) in gilts receiving 9,960 kcal ME plus insulin than for other treatment combinations. Concentrations of estradiol were not affected by treatments. In Exp. 2, two formulations of insulin were evaluated for influence on ovulation rate. All gilts received altrenogest and 9,960 kcal ME/d as in Exp. 1. Then on the first day after altrenogest, seven gilts each received short-acting insulin (as in Exp. 1), long-acting insulin (zinc suspension, 1.0 IU/kg body weight every 18 to 24 h), or served as controls. Ovulation rates were increased (P less than .05) by both insulin preparations (15.6, control; 19.1, short-acting; 18.5, long-acting; SE = 1.2). Concentrations of LH tended to be greater after short-acting insulin, but differences were not significant (P = .13). We conclude that increases in ovulation rate produced by dietary energy and insulin are not necessarily accompanied by changes in gonadotropins or estradiol.
Local SGD With a Communication Overhead Depending Only on the Number of Workers.

We consider speeding up stochastic gradient descent (SGD) by parallelizing it across multiple workers. We assume the same data set is shared among $n$ workers, who can take SGD steps and coordinate with a central server. Unfortunately, this could require a lot of communication between the workers and the server, which can dramatically reduce the gains from parallelism. The Local SGD method, proposed and analyzed in the earlier literature, suggests machines should make many local steps between such communications. While the initial analysis of Local SGD showed it needs $\Omega ( \sqrt{T} )$ communications for $T$ local gradient steps in order for the error to scale proportionately to $1/(nT)$, this has been successively improved in a string of papers, with the state-of-the-art requiring $\Omega \left( n \left( \mbox{ polynomial in log } (T) \right) \right)$ communications. In this paper, we give a new analysis of Local SGD. A consequence of our analysis is that Local SGD can achieve an error that scales as $1/(nT)$ with only a fixed number of communications independent of $T$: specifically, only $\Omega(n)$ communications are required.
Hot Times in Tectonophysics: Mantle Plume Dynamics and Magmatic Perturbances

Earth’s dynamic lithospheric (plate) motions often are not obvious when considered in relation to the temporal stability of the crust. Seismic radiology experiments confirm that the extreme pressures and temperatures in the mantle, and to a lesser extent the asthenosphere, result in a heterogeneously viscous rheology. Occasionally, magmatic fluid makes its way through the lithospheric plate to the surface, appearing typically as a volcano, fissure eruption, or lava flow. When occurring away from the edges of plate boundaries, these long-lasting suppliers of lava, present over millions of years, are called mantle plumes, or ‘hotspots.’ Conventional definitions of mantle plumes note that they are stationary with respect to each other and the motion of the plates, passively tracing historical plate motion in volcanic formations such as the Hawaiian-Emperor island arc – the Plate Model. In this model, mantle plumes primarily occur as a consequence of lithospheric extension. Recent empirical studies, however, have demonstrated that hotspots are not as geographically consistent as previously thought. They may move in relation to each other, as well as contribute actively toward lithospheric plate motions – the Plume Model. There is a lively, ongoing debate between the Plate and Plume hypotheses, essentially seeking to determine if mantle flow is merely a passive reaction to lithospheric plate motion (Plate Model), or whether plume activity in part drives this motion (Plume Model). More likely, it is a combination of passive and active mantle plume components that better describe the comprehensive behavior of these important and distinctive landscape forming features.
Parameter Estimation Accuracy of the Effort-Moderated Item Response Theory Model Under Multiple Assumption Violations:

As low-stakes testing contexts increase, low test-taking effort may serve as a serious validity threat. One common solution to this problem is to identify noneffortful responses and treat them as m...
Open questions on the reactivity of Criegee intermediates

Criegee intermediates are reactive intermediates formed in Earth’s atmosphere through ozonolysis of alkenes. Here the authors outline the fundamental chemistry that influences their highly conformer- and substituent-dependent unimolecular and bimolecular reactivity, and discuss open questions of fundamental and atmospheric interest.
Model-Based and Data-Driven HVAC Control Strategies for Residential Demand Response

The implementations of residential demand response (DR) based on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) are inseparable from effective control algorithms for coordinating the operating schedules of multiple HVAC devices. In this work, both model-based and data-driven HVAC control strategies are developed to determine the optimal control actions for HVAC systems. The control objectives are to minimize customers’ electricity costs, customers’ discomfort, and the utility-level load violation. In the model-based approach, a thermal resistance-capacitance (RC) HVAC model is formulated to capture buildings’ thermodynamic behaviors, and a distributed solution algorithm (i.e., alternating direction method of multipliers) is applied to determine the day-ahead HVAC operation schedules. In the data-driven approach, the neural networks continuously interact with the environment during the training process to learn what control actions to take under certain circumstances and then are used for online decision-making. The case study is performed on a utility system with one hundred houses. Simulation results demonstrate that the model-based approach can save 22% of the total cost compared to the data-driven approach, while the data-driven approach does not require outdoor temperature forecast information and its computational speed is 46 times faster than that of the model-based approach.
Sex Differences in Influenza: The Challenge Study Experience

Background Preclinical animal studies and retrospective human studies suggest that adult females have worse outcomes from influenza than males. Prospective studies in humans are missing. Methods Data from 164 healthy volunteers who underwent Influenza A/California/04/2009/H1N1 challenge were compiled to compare differences between sexes. Baseline characteristics, including hormone levels, hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers, neuraminidase-inhibition titers (NAI), and outcomes after challenge were compared. Linear and logistic regression models were built to determine significant predictor variables with respect to outcomes of interest. Results Hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers were similar between the sexes, but neuraminidase-inhibition titers (NAI) were higher in males than females at 4-weeks and 8-weeks post-challenge. Females were more likely to have symptoms (mean 0.96 vs 0.80, p=.003) and to have a higher number of symptoms (median 3 vs 4, p=.011) than males. Linear and logistic regression models showed that pre-challenge NAI titers, but not HAI titers or sex hormone levels, were predictive of all shedding and symptom outcomes of interest. Conclusions Females in our cohorts were more likely to be symptomatic and to have a higher number of symptoms than males. NAI titers predicted all outcomes of interest and may explain differential outcomes between the sexes.
Plundering Property is a Very Bad Idea

This Article reviews the common law and constitutional history of police power in the American states, because the police power is at the heart of all inverse condemnation, or regulatory taking, issues. The article points out that this history has not played a prominent role in the series of leading U.S. Supreme Court cases on regulatory takings. Indeed, in the Lucas case from 1992, the one case where the history of these doctrines was most conspicuously referred to, both the majority and the dissenting opinions agreed on the main scholarly sources for this history, and those sources are shown to be incomplete and misleading. The article concludes with suggestions of reasons why awareness may be critical for attorneys involved in takings cases.The beginning of the article shows how only three major takings cases in the past 30 years contain an explicit element of early American history.Then, the origins and character of police power in Anglo-American law are charted, starting with common law origins, then colonial American history, U.S. constitutional history, and in American court cases before Thomas M. Cooley's watershed treatise describing constitutional limitations on state legislative powers in 1868.The article presents summaries of 38 cases from 8 of the original states revealing something of the judicial attitudes toward compensating for either taking or regulating property. These cases reveal that (1) philosophical acceptance of the notion of compensation for taking property was already widespread in the era surrounding the time the Fifth Amendment was adopted and implemented; and (2) at the same time the idea that compensation would be owed for deprivation of property rights short of complete appropriation was also widely accepted, even if not often tested.Finally, six modern writings on takings compensation history are critiqued. Their scholars' assumptions and conclusions are examined in light of state cases from colonial America.
‘I must be finished: I’ve reached the word count’: engaging students with assessment criteria.

This paper will outline research carried out with year two ITE undergraduates. They undertake a module with twelve assessment criteria which can appear impenetrable to the students. The research explored students’ response to these criteria and then audited their understanding of the specific assessment criteria. Activities were then designed to address those criteria, which the students did not understand, and to enable them to access them. These activities included ‘marking’ examples of written work, practising referencing, reflecting upon research, evaluating exemplar answers, constructing answers to key questions and working with a partner. Students evaluated the activities stating usefulness and preferences. There was an additional focus on setting and returning tasks in electronic form. Consideration is given in detail to these and the response of the students to these. The results of this research are discussed and evaluated. This research is relevant to any countries in which assessment of students’ work is carried out.
Initial testing of the tritium systems at the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at Princeton will start its D-T experiments in late 1993, introducing and operating the tokamak with tritium in order to begin the study of burning plasma physics in D-T. Trace tritium injection experiments, using small amounts of tritium will begin in the fall of 1993. In preparation for these experiments, a series of tests with low concentrations of tritium in deuterium have been performed as an initial qualification of the tritium systems. These tests began in April 1993. This paper describes the initial testing of the equipment in the TFTR tritium facility.
Evaluating the performance of a multispecies statistical catch-at-age model

Predation is a substantial source of mortality that is a function of the abundance of predator and prey species. This source of mortality creates a challenge of incorporating species interactions in statistical catch-at-age models in a way that accounts for the uncertainty in input data, parameters, and results. We developed a statistical, age-structured, multispecies model for three important species in the Georges Bank fish community: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). The model was fit to commercial catch, survey, and diet data from 1978 to 2007. The estimated predation rates were high, compared with fishing mortality, and variable with time. The dynamics of the three species can be explained by the interplay between fishing and predation mortality. Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the ability of the model to estimate parameters with known error introduced into each of the data types. The model parameters could be estim...
An algorithm for ordering subgoals in NAIL

Rule-goal graphs are the central data structures used in the NAIL′ system, a knowledge-base system being developed at Stanford University They are constructed while testing the applicability of capture rules, and traversed while generating ICODE to evaluate queries. Generating rule-goal graphs may be reduced to the problem of ordering subgoals. This paper gives an algorithm for generating rule-goal graphs efficiently, in time polynomial in the size of the rules if the arity of recursive predicates is bounded. The graphs generated may be suboptimal for some purposes, but the algorithm will always find a rule-goal graph if one exists. The algorithm has been implemented in Cprolog, and is currently being used to generate rule-goal graphs for the NAIL′ system
HALF‐SATURATION CONSTANTS FOR UPTAKE OF NITRATE AND AMMONIUM BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

Uptake rate of nitrate and ammonium was studied as a function of nitrate or ammonium concentration with cultures of 16 species of marine phytoplankton. Half-saturation constants (the concentration supporting an uptake rate one-half the maximum rate) were computed as a measure of the ability of a species to use low levels of nitrate and ammonium. The half-saturation constant (Ks) varied approximately in proportion to cell size and inversely with specific growth rate. Small-celled oceanic species, such as Coccolithus huxleyi, showed the lowest K8 values (⩽0.5μm) and Gonyaulax polyedra the highest (Ks > 5 µm). The Ks values are considered to be important characteristics of organisms living in nitrogen-limited environments. Some apparent success was achieved in predicting the competitive advantage of one species over another by calculating specific growth rates as functions of nitrate and ammonium concentration for species with known growth response to irradiance, temperature, and daylength. For example, at about 20C and 16 hr daylength C. huxleyi should be able to compete successfully with Skeletonema costatum when nitrate, ammonium, and irradiance are low. Skeletonema costatum should grow faster than C. huxleyi only when irradiance and nitrate or ammonium are fairly high. Rock pool forms appear to be relatively unsuccessful in the ocean because of a sluggish response to irradiance and not because of an inability to use low levels of nitrate and ammonium. The success of G. polyedra, often the dominant dinoflagellate in local red water blooms, appears to be due to its vertical migration from the sea surface in daylight to nitrate-rich water at 10-15-m depth at night, rather than to any special ability to grow rapidly or use low levels of nitrate and ammonium.
One-headed kinesin derivatives move by a nonprocessive, low-duty ratio mechanism unlike that of two-headed kinesin.

A single molecule of the “two-headed” motor enzyme kinesin can move along a microtubule continuously for many enzymatic turnovers (processive movement), and the velocity produced by one kinesin mol...
A Meta‐Analysis of Common Factor and Specific Treatment Effects Across the Outcome Domains of the Phase Model of Psychotherapy

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether the relative magnitude of common factor and specific treatment effects was related to the classes of outcome domain (subjective well-being, symptoms, and life functioning) described in Howard, Lueger, Maling, and Martinovitch's 1993 phase model of psychotherapy. Effect sizes were calculated for 80 outcome studies that each contained no-treatment, common factor, and treatment groups. Contrary to hypotheses, the magnitude of both (a) common factor versus no-treatment comparisons (r = .11) and (b) common factor versus specific treatment comparisons (r = .19) did not differ across domains. The magnitude of both components of psychotherapy was consistent across a variety of variables. A notable exception was the lack of significant common factor effects in the treatment of more severe disorders.
Symbiote‐Free Hemoflagellates, Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti: their Liver Factor Requirement and Serologic Identity*

SYNOPSIS. Several aposymbiotic strains of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti were cultivated in Trager's chemically defined medium as well as in a blood broth, both supplemented with 0.25% (v/v) liver extract concentrate. For all such strains, the liver extract was found to serve as an essential growth factor in the defined medium and as growth promoting additive in the blood broth. The active molecules were found to be water-soluble, heat stable, dialyzable, and probably nonlipid fractions. Antisera were developed in rabbit against all the available aposymbiotic strains. An almost total cross-reactivity at very high titers was observed in reciprocal agglutination test using strains with and without the bacterial symbiotes. These results indicate that the loss of the symbiotes does not affect the antigenic identity of B. culicis and C. oncopelti.
Lessons learned from the DØ Silicon Microstrip Tracker

Abstract A Silicon Microstrip Tracker has been built and installed into the upgraded DO detector for Run II at the Tevatron. It provides excellent b -hadron identification capability by precise tracking despite some operational problems. Our irradiation study indicates the lifetime of the first layer to be 3.6– 4.9 fb - 1 or (11–15) × 10 12 / cm 2 1 MeV neutron equivalent. An addition of an innermost layer to the existing detector is planned which will insure the functionality through the Run II.
Family dynamics as predictors of infant disposition

In this longitudinal study of mothers, their families, and their infants, both discriminant and regression analyses showed that prenatal reports of family dynamics predicted infant disposition at 8 months with considerable accuracy. The most important predictive component was organization and consistency within the family unit as well as the dependability of other family members. Possible mechanisms by which family dynamics might affect the infant's developing disposition are discussed.
Living Anionic Polymerization of 1-(Alkoxy)ethyl Methacrylates and the Preparation of Well-Defined Poly(methacrylic acid)

Three novel methacrylate monomers, 1-(ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (EEMA), 1-(butoxy)ethyl methacrylate (BEMA), and 1-(tert-butoxy)ethyl methacrylate (tBEMA), were prepared through the addition reaction of methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethyl, butyl, or tert-butyl vinyl ether, respectively. These monomers have been subjected to anionic polymerization in tetrahydrofuran (THF), using (1,1-diphenyl)hexyllithium (DPHL) as initiator. In contrast to the common alkyl methacrylates, their anionic polymerizations were very sensitive to temperature and to the amount of LiCl added. A [LiCl]/[DPHL]0 molar ratio of unity was most beneficial, but a high excess of LiCl had a negative effect. Suitable polymerization temperatures were found to be in the range −60 to −20 °C, with an optimum at about −40 °C, but even at +20 °C tBEMA could be polymerized quantitatively to a poly(tBEMA) with a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.18). However, the very low temperature of −80 °C, which is optimum for the common ...
Seasonal Division of Herd-Mates in Sire Evaluation

Abstract Holstein-Friesian Herd Improvement Registry (HIR) data consisting of 121,935 lactations from 442 herds in 35 states were studied to determine more effective methods of using herd-mates in sire evaluation. The variability among and within months was used to determine which months of freshening should be grouped to designate a season for herd-mates. The average squared difference between paternally unrelated animals freshening within the same herd and month, together with those freshening in different months but in the same herd and year, provided estimates of variability within and among the different months. There were significant differences between the variances within the different months of the year, fall values being larger. The optimal distribution of months for use in determining herd-mates for daughters freshening in the different months fluctuated for the different months in which daughters freshened. However, the five-month running season is operationally practical and appropriate throughout the United States.