cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Undercounting Urban Residents in Bolivia: A Small-Area Study of Census-Driven Migration

Employing a small-area study approach in a single urban area in Bolivia, a country with high rates of internal circular migration, we describe how, in the months before the November 2012 census, local leaders and neighbors, concerned with maximizing the per capita resources their residential districts and rural communities could claim from central government, threatened to employ sanctions against absent individuals whom they judged to be regular residents. We use three types of data—a two-wave household survey, data from vehicle toll booths, and photographic logs of a minibus station—to show how these threats generated substantial movement out of the urban area, leading to an urban undercount of roughly 20 % of prime-age adults and 50 % of those aged at least 50. More generally, we argue that these data highlight how local leaders’ increasingly sophisticated attempts to shape data extend beyond the well-known examples from autocratic states. This is driven by a combination of intensive urban–rural connections, leaders’ greater democratic accountability to local voters, increasing fiscal transparency at the national level, increasing fiscal accountability of governments to transnational neoliberal institutions pushing “transparency” and “evidence-based” policy, and more overt talk about “resource sharing” that is rooted in an evidence-based planning paradigm. Since these structural conditions exist in many other developing countries, the possibility of equivalent urban undercounts in forthcoming censuses needs to be anticipated and avoided.
Characterization and Practical Benefits of Keratinocytes Cultured in Strontium-Containing Serum-Free Medium

Strontium (Sr2+) can substitute for Ca2+ and stimulate a variety of functions of numerous types of cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the details of the biologic effects of Sr2+ on human keratinocyte growth, cell cycle, viability, and differentiation and to compare these effects with Sr2+ effects on cultured skin melanocytes. Cultured keratinocytes stimulated with 1.0-3.0 mM Sr2+ showed higher viability and almost a twofold increase in cell number compared with those grown in a standard calcium concentration. Time course studies revealed that 2.0 mM Sr2+ had no effects on growth of cultured melanocytes or fibroblasts. Sr2+ increased the percentage of cultured keratinocytes in G2/M phase, with a decrease in cells in G0/G1 phase. This effect of Sr2+ on the cell cycle was not seen in cultured melanocytes or fibroblasts. A 2 mM concentration of Sr2+ produced an increase in low-density keratinocytes separated by a Percoll gradient. In addition, increased expression of human fibronectin was observed in the cytoplasm and on cell membranes of keratinocytes cultured in Sr2+. Sr2+ can be of practical benefit in the culture of human keratinocytes in serum-free medium, increasing the viability and proliferative rate and producing a more uniform population of basaloid cells with increased expression of cell surface fibronectin.
The Remarkable Persistence of a Flawed Theory:: A Rejoinder to Matsueda

Cultural deviance theorists' standard response to theoretical critiques is that the critics have not carefully read the original sources, resulting in a misunderstanding of the perspective. In response to my recent critique of the cultural deviance perspective, Matsueda (1997) follows this standard practice. He claims that my critique is based on false premises, thereby obviating the need to respond to my argument that cultural deviance theory is logically untenable.Anticipating such reactions, I adopted the strategy of relying heavily on direct quotes from cultural deviance theorists' original works to support my arguments (Sutherland, 1947; Akers, 1973, 1996; Matsueda, 1982, 1988; Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill, 1992). But because Matsueda did not sufficiently use the same strategy, many of his points are unconvincing. Here I provide additional evidence supporting my original positions, and demonstrate that many of Matsueda's responses to my critique create additional logical and empirical problems...
The Association of Intervention Receipt With Speech-Language Profiles and Social-Demographic Variables

This study explored the effects of oral communication and demographic characteristics on intervention receipt. Oral communication characteristics included speech-sound production and receptive and ...
Development and validation of a dynamic model of growth and quality for cool season grasses

Abstract A daily time step model simulating growth and quality of cool season grasses was developed and validated for smooth brome ( Bromus inermis Leyss.) under varying environmental and management conditions. Growth predictions are based upon genetic potential, environmental temperature, leaf area, soil moisture and nitrogen fertilization rate. Daily potential growth rate is a composite of two functions; one relating grass species maximum growth rate to minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures for plant growth, and another relating daily minimum and maximum air temperatures to time. Multipliers are developed for available leaf area, moisture and nitrogen, and the minimum of these values modifies the daily potential growth rate to determine daily plant production. Change in sward dry matter digestibility (DMD) is a function of forage material present, daily forage growth and environmental temperature. For dry matter (DM) production, the relationship between model (Y) and observed (X) estimates (kilograms of dry matter per hectare) yielded the regression equation: Y = 218 + 0·94 X ; SE = 431; R 2 = 0·98. The relationship between model (Y) and observed (X) estimates of DMD (%) gave the regression equation: Y = 2·24 + 0·97 X ; SE = 1·78; R 2 = 0·90. The above validation shows that the mathematical logic contained within the plant model accurately predicted smooth brome production and changes in forage quality. Intercept and slope values were similar to 0·0 and 1·0, respectively, and standard error values were similar to observed experiments.
Computation of infiltration for unsteady uninterrupted high rainfall

Abstract The use of previously proposed formulae for rainfall infiltration demonstrates the sensitivity of the response hydrographs to the rainfall pattern. For steady rainfall the proposed formulae of ponding time and of infiltration rate after ponding have been verified by comparison with experimental data. For unsteady rainfall, inspection of the formulae indicates that they may be in serious error for low-intensity rains of long duration.
Use of enzyme-deficient mutants of Verticillium dahliae to assess the importance of pectolytic enzymes in symptom expression of Verticillium wilt of cotton

Abstract Mutants of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. deficient for one to four pectolytic enzymes were induced by u.v. irradiation and isolated from indicator plates designed to detect them. Loss of enzyme activity was confirmed by standard assays. The importance of these enzymes to disease expression was investigated by following disease development in cotton plants inoculated with enzyme-deficient mutants. These techniques showed that mutants deficient for endopolygalacturonase or pectin methylesterase or pectin transeliminase and pectic acid trans-eliminase or all of these enzymes except pectin methylesterase, induced apparently normal symptoms of Verticillium wilt in stem-inoculated cotton plants.
The Chediak-Higashi syndrome: Electrophysiological and electron microscopic observations on the peripheral neuropathy

The Chediak-Higashi syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by huge subcellular granules in leukocytes and cells of other tissues. Neurological defects frequently occur in patients with this unusual disease. Electrophysiological and electron microscopic studies have been performed on a child with Chediak-Higashi disease and severe peripheral neuropathy. Transmission of action potentials along nerve fibers was markedly impaired, while muscle electrophysiology appeared normal. A nerve-muscle biopsy examined in the electron microscope revealed characteristic giant Chediak-Higashi granules in Schwann cells supporting peripheral nerve fibers. The possible relationship of the massive granules to the peripheral neuropathy in patients with Chediak-Higashi disease is discussed.
Cognitive Impairment Associated With Low Ferritin Responsive to Iron Supplementation

Abstract Background Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in children. It affects 9% of children ages 1-3 years. Iron is essential for effective mitochondrial electron transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. Iron deficiency has been correlated with impaired psychomotor development, pica, attention deficit disorder, periodic limb movements of sleep, and breath-holding spells. Ferritin is the storage form of iron. Patient Series We assessed three children referred for developmental concerns. Extensive testing and neuroimaging were all unremarkable except for low iron stores. Dietary histories revealed excessive milk consumption in two of the children. After dietary adjustments and iron supplementation, iron stores normalized. Conclusions This cohort demonstrated a dramatic improvement in cognition once iron stores were repleted, suggesting iron studies should be considered as part of initial investigations of patients with cognitive concerns.
Harnessing the power of forward genetics – analysis of neuronal diversity and patterning in the zebrafish retina

The seven major cell classes of the vertebrate retina are organized with remarkable precision into distinct layers. The appearance of this architecture during embryogenesis raises two questions of general importance. How do individual cell classes acquire their specialized structures and functions if they all originate from a morphologically uniform cell population? What mechanisms are responsible for the formation of such a complex and exact pattern? Recent advances present an opportunity to apply the tools of forward genetic analysis to identify mutations that affect these mechanisms in zebrafish. Molecular characterization will follow, providing insight into the basis of neuronal patterning in the vertebrate CNS.
David's Understanding of Functions and Periodicity

This is a study of David, a senior enrolled in a high school precalculus course. David's understandings of functions and periodicity was explored, through clinical interviews and contextualized through classroom observations. Although David's precalculus class was traditional, his understanding of periodic functions was unconventional. David engaged in sense making behaviors even though these behaviors were not encouraged or explicitly taught. A careful analysis of his work revealed that David's understandings of functions, function notation, and periodicity were compartmentalized. However, David was able to skirt compartmentalization through flexibility in problem solving, translation between representations, and transfer of mathematical information from one representation to another.
Demonstration of Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and the course of cyclization in bisfuran ring formation during aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis

The mechanism of tetrahydrobisfuran formation in aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis is defined in experiments that monitor the incorporation of molecular oxygen into an anthraquinone intermediate of the pathway in conjunction with cell-free reactions that complete the synthesis of the tetrahydrobisfuran present in versicolorin B wherein the second ring bears the labeled oxygen.
Estrogen metabolism in rat liver microsomal and isolated hepatocyte preparations—II. Inhibition studies

The abilities of various inhibitors and metabolism modifiers to alter the metabolism of estradiol and the irreversible binding of estradiol to proteins were examined in subcellular microsomal incubations and in intact hepatocyte preparations. In studies with rat liver microsomal preparations containing estradiol and an NADPH-generating system, the irreversible binding of radiolabeled steroid metabolite(s) to the microsomal proteins was 77.59 pmol/mg/min (SD 6.1; 7.6% of total steroid). 2-Bromoestradiol and 4-bromoestradiol, inhibitors of estrogen 2-hydroxylase, effectively decreased this irreversible binding of radiolabeled estradiol metabolite(s) to microsomal proteins to 17 pmol mg-1 min-1 (2.1% of total estradiol). These haloestrogens were also effective inhibitors in the intact hepatocyte cells, decreasing the amounts of organic metabolites, aqueous-soluble conjugates, and protein-bound materials. The HPLC radiochromatograms of the organic-extracted fractions from the 2 h hepatocyte incubations demonstrate that the catechol estrogen products, i.e. 2-hydroxyestrogens and 2-methoxyestrogens, were present in lower amounts in the incubations containing the bromoestrogens than in control incubations containing no inhibitor. Ascorbic acid and cysteine, general modifiers of oxidative pathways of metabolism, also affected estradiol metabolism in microsomal and hepatocyte preparations. Both these agents were able to decrease the irreversible binding of estradiol to proteins in the microsomal assays. Ascorbic acid decreased the general metabolism of estradiol in the hepatocyte incubations but did not decrease irreversible binding to proteins. The addition of cysteine to the hepatocyte incubation resulted in an increased metabolism of estradiol and the production of more aqueous-soluble radiolabeled metabolites than the control incubations; however, cysteine did not decrease the amounts of estradiol metabolite(s) irreversibly bound to proteins. Investigations of steroid metabolism in the isolated hepatocytes thus provide an effective in vitro technique for examining the overall oxidative, reductive, and conjugative pathways that are functional in the liver and enables one to investigate the abilities of inhibitors, regulators, and modifiers to affect the metabolic processes. Also, these hepatocyte studies demonstrate that the inhibitors of estrogen 2-hydroxylase, 2-bromoestradiol and 4-bromoestradiol, can enter and act in the intact cells. Consequently, these agents may be useful pharmacological probes for examining the functions of catechol estrogens in other tissues.
The relative lymphocyte count predicts death in patients receiving implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

OMMEN, S.R., et al.: The Relative Lymphocyte Count Predicts Death in Patients Receiving Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. Although the survival benefit conveyed by the automatic defibrillator has been well established for several subsets of patients, some patients who receive the device still die early. The relative lymphocyte count (%L), a portion of the white blood cell count differential, which is decreased in states of excess systemic stress, has prognostic value in patients with coronary artery disease and advanced heart failure. This study assessed the association of %L with survival in patients receiving automatic defibrillators. A total of 136 consecutive patients (81% men; mean age 64 ± 12 years) who were using automatic defibrillators were followed for 29.6 months. The mean ejection fraction was 0.36 ± 0.17, the mean %L was 22.7 ± 8%, and 55 (40%) patients had decreased %L (< 20.3%). There were 20 deaths, for a 4-year survival of 71.5%. The association of %L with time to death was assessed by Cox proportional hazards analysis. Ejection fraction (P = 0.005), %L (P = 0.01), and diagnosis (P = 0.03) were independently associated with time to death on multivariate analysis. One-year and 4-year survival rates were 93% and 54%, respectively, for the 55 patients with abnormal %L, compared with 99% and 84%, respectively, for the 81 with normal %L (P = 0.03). This suggests that the %L is a readily accessible prognostic marker in patients using automatic defibrillators. This association is independent of age, sex, diagnosis, and ejection fraction.
Tu1425 the Suture-Pulley Method of Counter-Traction Significantly Reduces Submucosal Dissection Time and Procedure Related Demand in Colonic ESD

CRC during follow-up is similar to that of surgical resection. Aim: To evaluate whether endoscopic resection (ER) and surgical resection (SR) of CIS are equally effective in prevention of CRC at 5and 10-year follow-up; and to identify risk factors for detection of CRC during follow-up. Methods: Patients diagnosed with a CIS in the period 1995 to 2005 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry, which contains data on patient-, tumorand treatment characteristics of all newly diagnosed malignancies in the Netherlands. Patients with no resection or with an event (i.e. diagnosis of CIS, CRC, death or loss to follow-up) within 6 months after primary diagnosis of CIS were excluded. Patients with a new CRC during follow-up were compared with patients without an event using standard descriptive statistics, and CRC incidence and mortality were evaluated over time between ER vs. SR. Results: A total of 3,069 patients with a CIS were included. ER was performed in 1,884 (61%) and SR in 1,185 (39%) patients. From 1995 to 2005, the proportion of ER as treatment modality ranged from 54% to 67% per year, but no trend was observed. Younger age (OR 1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.01) and proximal location of the CIS (OR 7.09, 95%CI 5.52-9.09) were associated with SR. The number of newly detected CRCs at 5year follow-up (47/1,884 (2.5%) in the ER group vs. 30/1,185 (2.5%) in the SR group, pZ0.95) and 10-year follow-up (75/1,884 (4.0%) in the ER group vs. 43/1,185 (3.6%) in the SR group, pZ0.62) was not different between both groups. Patients with a newly detected CRC were older compared to patients without an event at 5-year follow-up (68.2 9.9 years vs. 65.8 11.6 years; pZ0.04) as well as 10-year followup (67.2 10.8 years vs. 63.6 11.1 years; p!0.01) but no differences were found for primary resection type, gender and primary CIS location at 5and 10-year followup. Kaplan Meier analysis of time to CRC was not different between ER and SR at 5year follow-up (log rank pZ0.99) as well as 10-year follow-up (log rank pZ0.54) (Figure 1). Overall survival at 5-year follow-up was higher in the SR group compared to the ER group (log rank pZ0.01); however, at 10-year follow-up this difference was no longer found (log rank pZ0.93) (Figure 2). Conclusions: In this large case cohort study, endoscopic resection of CRC in situ was equally effective in the prevention of CRC as surgical resection at 5and 10-year follow-up. Overall survival benefit in only the first years after surgical resection was probably due to selection of relatively younger and therefore healthier patients for surgery.
Modeling atmospheric effects - an assessment of the problems

Our ability to simulate atmospheric processes that affect the life cycle of pollution is reviewed. The transport process is considered on three scales: (a) the near-source or single-plume dispersion problem, (b) the multiple-source dispersion problem, and (c) the long-range transport. Modeling the first of these is shown to be well within the capability of generally available techniques, although determining the input parameters is often difficult. The second scale has been well studied within the context of urban diffusion and is a very productive area of current research. Finally, long range transport is treated mainly as a meteorological problem. The state of the art in modeling the various meteorological processes is reviewed. Removal of pollutants is discussed in the form of both dry deposition and precipitation scavenging. It is suggested that dry removal is especially effective in forested areas, and that the forests may enhance accumulation of pollutants. An approximate transport model is developed which is used to calculate the ambient concentration of SO2 throughout the United States. Associated calculations include dry deposition and the ratio of dry to wet removal for each State of the contiguous United States.
Motor/Psychomotor Dysfunction in Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Decline, and Early Alzheimer's Disease: Diagnostic and Differential Diagnostic Features

To determine the association between cognitive dysfunction and motor behavior in older adults, 41 cognitively normal elderly (NL), 25 nondemented patients exhibiting mild cognitive impairment (MI) and at risk for future decline to dementia, and 25 patients with mild (early) Alzheimer's disease (AD) were examined using a wide array of motor/psychomotor and cognitive assessments. The three groups were recruited from an aging and dementia research center and were composed of well-characterized physically healthy volunteers, with similar ages and gender distributions. The outcome measures included 16 motor/psychomotor tests categorized a priori into gross, fine, and complex, as well as eight cognitive tests of memory and language. Relative to the NL group, MI individuals performed poorly on cognitive, fine, and complex motor measures but not on gross motor tests; AD patients performed worse on cognitive and all motor domains. Differences in complex motor function persisted after adjustment for performance on cognitive and on less complex motor tests. Classification analyses showed similar accuracies in discriminating NL from MI and NL from AD cases for both complex motor (79% and 92% accuracy, respectively) and cognitive tests (80% and 93% accuracy, respectively). Less complex motor tests produced poorer accuracies. Among nondemented subjects, education correlated with several cognitive scores but no motor scores. These results indicate that motor impairment is an important aspect of cognitive decline in older adults. Motor/psychomotor assessments were found to be comparably sensitive to traditional tests of cognitive function in identifying persons affected by the earliest stages of AD pathology and may improve identification of at-risk nondemented elderly, especially among diversely educated individuals.
Strategic Vulnerability: A Conceptual Reassessment

Strategic vulnerability has evolved from a very simple and straightforward notion to a more complex one. Included in any meaningful discussion of vulnerability today must be strategic and decision-making issues that are incompletely conceptualized. Policymakers cannot have confidence that force exchange models or postattack firepower ratios reveal much or even most of the important components of vulnerability.
Nano-structured, semicrystalline polymer foams

Semicrystalline polymers gelled from thermally quenched semidilute solutions can, in some cases, be supercritically dried to produce nano-structured foams of exceedingly high specific surface area. This article investigates the nano-morphology of these semicrystalline foams. The common morphological feature that these systems display in small-angle scattering can be described by uncorrelated lamellar platelets. The morphological details, which can be obtained using microscopy and small-angle scattering, indicate that these low-density systems occupy a morphological niche between polymeric crystallites from dilute solutions, and spherulitic crystals derived from concentrated solutions and melts. Because these crystalline morphologies occur in concentration ranges between dilute and concentrated, they may offer simple insight into the mechanisms available for distortion of ideal, dilute-solution-derived crystallites as polymer concentration is increased. Several mechanisms for the observed distortions are proposed.
Iridoid glycosides as oviposition stimulants for the buckeye butterfly,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae)

Females ofJunonia coenia (Nymphalidae), a specialist on plants that contain iridoid glycosides, were found to use aucubin and catalpol, iridoid glycosides typical of a host plant,Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), as oviposition cues. Incorporating dried ground leaf material or pure iridoid glycosides into agar disks proved to be a very effective method of testing. In no-choice tests and choice tests, females laid more eggs on disks withP. lanceolata leaf material or iridoid glycosides, compared to agar controls. There was variation among individual females in preference for disks withP. lanceolata leaf material versus disks with iridoid glycosides. Females given a choice of three different concentrations of iridoid glycoside (0.2, 0.5, 1.0%) in the agar disks and a control laid more eggs on the disk with the highest concentration of iridoid glycoside.
Nephronophthisis and related syndromes

Purpose of review Nephronophthisis (NPHP) represents an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease and is one of the most common genetic disorders causing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children and adolescents. NPHP is a genetically heterogenous disorder with twenty identified genes. NPHP occurs as an isolated kidney disease but approxmiately 15% of NPHP patients have additional extrarenal symptoms affecting other organs (e.g. eyes, liver, bones, and CNS). The pleiotropy in NPHP is explained by the finding that almost all NPHP gene products share expression in primary cilia, a sensory organelle present in most mammalian cells. If extrarenal symptoms are present in addition to NPHP, these disorders are classified as NPHP-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC). This review provides an update about the recent advances in the field of NPHP-RC.
Unexpected Formation of Thioacridone and its Spectral Properties

The isolation of thioacridone as the major product in the literature synthesis of 9-(p-aminophenyl)acridine and from reaction of 9-aminoacridine with n-butylisothiocyanate is described. Chromatographic and spectral properties of thioacridone, useful in its identification, are reported.
Is sentinel lymph node dissection an appropriate standard of care for low-stage endometrial cancers? A review of the literature.

Background/Aims: To review the literature and compare detection rates, false negative (FN) rates, and negative predictive values (NPVs) of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in endometrial cancer to those in breast and vulvar cancer. Secondary objectives were to evaluate techniques of SLN biopsy in endometrial cancer. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for applicable scientific articles. Detection rates, FN rates, and NPVs were calculated for all studies. Studies were stratified by techniques and compared. Results: Nineteen articles met criteria for this review. The overall detection rates ranged from 62 to 100%, the FN rate ranged from 0 to 50%, and the NPVs ranged from 95 to 100%. There is no technique that is definitively superior to any other with regard to surgical modality, injectant used, injection site, or pathologic techniques. Conclusions: Studies on SLN biopsy in endometrial cancer have a large range of detection rates and FN rates, and larger studies including more patients with metastatic disease are needed for comparison with breast and vulvar cancers. While no techniques are definitively superior to others, minimally invasive surgery, cervical injection, and pathologic analysis utilizing HE staining, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastaging may be clinically advantageous.
A case study from the post-new deal state agricultural experiment station system: a life of mixed signals in southern Illinois

A wide literature in the sociology of agriculture has depicted the development of agricultural experiment stations at land grant colleges as part of a development project to improve agricultural productivity in particular commodities. Some experiment stations developed regional agricultural centers or stations to improve productivity and address local concerns, recognizing the importance of context in rural development. Through analysis of one such station, the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center in Southern Illinois, this paper describes how regional agricultural stations played a key role in the often conflicting agricultural programs of and following the New Deal. Changes in university structure from the 1970s to present and the current national recession have led to financial crises that have put these stations in a precarious position. Still, we argue that these institutions ought to be recognized as regional resources for a new era of agricultural development, and we suggest approaching that new era by building on the existing literature of community–university partnerships.
Receptor-mediated prednisolone pharmacodynamics in rats: model verification using a dose-sparing regimen.

Our receptor/gene-mediated model of corticosteroid action was tested and extended by examining the pharmacokinetics/dynamics of multiple low doses vs. a single higher dose of intravenously administered prednisolone in adrenalectomized male Wistar rats. Low-dose rats received 3 bolus doses (5 mg/kg) of prednisolone at 0, 0.5 and 1.0hr. High-dose animals were given a single 25 mg/kg dose of prednisolone. Both regimens were expected to produce equivalent net responses based on model predictions. Control rats were not dosed. The profiles of free hepatic cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors and the hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme were examined. Plasma prednisolone concentrations showed bi-exponential decline for both doses using pooled animal data. Clearance of total plasma prednisolone was 4.16 and 3.21 L/hr per kg in low- and high-dose groups. Volume of distribution at steady state (∼1.50 L/kg) and central volume (∼0.6 L/kg) were similar for both groups. Receptor levels from 5–16 hr stabilized at 64% of the 0-hr control value. Receptor and TAT profiles were essentially superimposable for both dosing groups. Our previous model was used to simultaneously describe prednisolone plasma concentrations, hepatic receptors, and TAT activity. The ability of total plasma prednisolone (Cp), corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)-free plasma prednisolone (CCBG), and free plasma prednisolone (CF) to describe the kinetics/dynamics were examined. The CF values produced optimum fitting of all receptor data. The similarity of the two dosing groups supports the view that appropriately timed doses of a steroid can be used in an optimally efficacious manner by first filling all receptor sites and then replacing steroid as receptors are expected to recycle from nuclear/DNA binding sites as the steroid is eliminated.
Impact of varenicline on cue-specific craving assessed in the natural environment among treatment-seeking smokers

Rationale Varenicline is believed to work, in part, by reducing craving responses to smoking cues and by reducing general levels of craving; however, these hypotheses have never been evaluated with craving assessed in the natural environments of treatment-seeking smokers.
Acromial morphotype in the young asymptomatic athletic shoulder

Several studies have documented an association between the type III acromion and rotator cuff tears. However, controversy exists as to whether the shape of the acromion is an innate anatomic characteristic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the type III acromion in young asymptomatic athletes. Bilateral supraspinatus outlet radiographs were obtained in 100 Division 1 collegiate athletes (average age, 19.9 years). Only 4 (2%) of 200 shoulders were found to have a type III acromion by use of the standard subjective Bigliani classification. Eight (4%) acromion were found to be type III by the use of previously published objective criteria for acromial measurement. Our results show the type III acromion to be relatively rare in asymptomatic, young athletes, but the incidence of type III acromion in a general population of both young and older individuals is still not completely understood. However, our results accentuate the possibility that the higher incidence of type III acromion seen in older populations may in fact be related to secondary acromial changes.
Congruence Between Spouses’ Perceptions and Observers’ Ratings of Responsiveness: The Role of Attachment Avoidance

Although close relationships require partners to depend on one another for mutual responsiveness, avoidantly attached individuals are especially averse to risking such dependency. The authors propose that both avoidant and non-avoidant individuals perceive signs of their own and their partners’ responsiveness in ways that reflect motivated perceptions of dependency. The present research examined how the interplay between spouses’ attachment avoidance and observed responsive behaviors during marital conflict shaped perceptions of their own and their partners’ responsiveness. Newlywed couples attempted to resolve a relationship conflict and then reported perceptions of their own and their partners’ responsiveness during the conflict. Observers also coded both partners’ responsive behaviors during the conflict. Avoidant spouses perceived themselves as less responsive, especially when observers rated them as more responsive; avoidant spouses also perceived their partners as less responsive. The discussion hig...
Non-dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway

Abstract The nigrostriatal projection was studied with a retrograde tracing method (Evans blue, EB) combined with a technique for dopamine histofluorescence. The study, realized in control rats and in animals with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dopaminergic pathway, yielded the following results. (1) In 3 control rats injected with 0.2 μl of a 10% solution of EB in thecenter of the caudate-putamen 1 mm anterior to the globus pallidus, 96% of all substantia nigra neurons retrogradely labelled with the dye contained dopamine fluorescence. The remaining ones (average 350 per brain) were devoid of dopamine fluorescence and predominantly found in the posterior 75% of the substantia nuigra. These last cells were confined to the upper-half of the pars reticulata. (2) In a series of 6 animals, the cytotoxic agent 6-hydroxydopamine was injected in various locations in the vicinity of either the substantia nigra ir the nigrostriatal tract 12–15 days prior to the injections of 0.2 μl of EB in the same striatal locations as in the controls. Despite a reduction of up to 85% in the number of dopaminergic cell bodies, the substantia nigra of these rats contained the same average number of EB-labelled neurons devoid of dopamine fluorescence. (3) Eight rats received smaller injections (0.1 μl) of EB in various striatal sites and in tqo further cases such injections were placed in the globus pallidus to determine more accurately the anatomical location of the dopamine-negative nigral neurons retrogradely labelled with the dye. Following the striatal injections, these cells were found mostly in the upper-half of the pars reticulata and were arranged in longitudinally oriented clusters whose mediolateral location depended on the striatal injection site. Following the pallidal injections, retrogradely labelled neruons devoid of dopamine fluorescence were found in greater numbers and were located in all areas of the pars reticulata. The possibility of retrograde labelling of some nigrothalamic neurons was not entirely ruled out in these two cases. (4) Finally 6 rats received 0.1 μl injections of EB in various parts of the parietal cortex. In these cases the substantia nigra did not contain any EB-positivedopamine-negative neurons. These results are interpreted as evidence in support of the existence of a topographically organized non-dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection.
Ultrafast infrared response of adsorbates on metal surfaces: Vibrational lifetime of CO/Pt(111).

Mesure de la reponse transitoire de CO excite de facon vibrationnelle adsorbe sur la surface Pt(111). Le declin du signal de blanchiment transitoire est interprete comme donnant un temps T 1 pour l'amortissement de CO. L'absorption transitoire est discutee en termes de transitions de l'adsorbat excite aux niveaux d'harmoniques
Electronic spectra of carotenoids: A theoretical analysis of the electronic spectrum of rhodopinal

Abstract Unique features of the visible and near uv absorption bands of rhodopinal (I) at 77 K and at room temperature can be assigned to the 1 B ← A and 1 C , 1 D ← A transitions, respectively. The most satisfactory account of these bands with regard to frequency and relative intensity is obtained from the SCF MO CI analysis of rhodopinal ( Ib , 12- cis , 12- s--trans ) whose 13-double bond is twisted by a dihedral angle of about 20°, supporting the 13- cis , 12- s-trans assignment. It is also suggested that the “ cis -peak” of rhodopinal is composed of at least three separate electronic transitions.
A Framework for Culture Assessment

Understanding the nature and influences of culture is central to international business. Such inquiry presupposes knowing that the cultural grouping(s) of a study is a valid unit of analysis, which is critical in that the estimation of culture effects can vary based on the unit definition. Unfortunately, perhaps out of convenience, international studies often simply use a country-based definition of culture. In a desire to facilitate further development in understanding culture effects, in this paper, we propose a framework by which valid cultural groupings may be assessed.
2.45 GHz microwave sintered Si3N4-ZrO2 composites

An investigation has been made of the use of 2.45 GHz microwave energy to sinter Si 3 N 4 -ZrO 2 (4 mol% Y 2 O 3 stabilized) composites with 5 mass% MgO as a densifying aid at 1600°C to avoid the formation of ZrN. XRD phase analysis showed the presence of ZrN in all the sintered samples. Higher temperature developed within the specimen favored the reaction between Si 3 N 4 and ZrO 2 to form ZrN. SEM microstructures revealed elongated β-Si 3 N 4 grains with high aspect ratio. Indentation fracture toughness of the composites increased with increasing weight fraction of ZrO 2 . Cracks were propagated intergranularly through Si 3 N4/ZrO 2 interfaces and transgranularly through ZrO 2 grains with many microcracks in the process zone of the main crack. The results indicated that the dominant toughening mechanisms operating were crack deflection and bridging in the case of 0 mass% ZrO 2 and 10 mass% ZrO 2 whereas crack deflection, bridging and microcrack toughening were observed when the amount of ZrO 2 in the composites increased to 25 and 40 mass%.
Temperature Gradients and Rewarming Time During Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass With and Without Pulsatile Flow

Pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been reported to have a number of beneficial effects, including attenuation of hormonal stress responses and improved organ blood flow and function. To determine the effect of pulsatile perfusion on temperature gradients and the time required for cooling and rewarming during CPB, we studied 21 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery operations. The patients were divided into two comparable groups: Group 1 (N = 11) had standard nonpulsatile perfusion, while in Group 2 (N = 10), a pulsatile pump was used. Rectal and esophageal temperatures were monitored, as were deltoid muscle temperatures and upper arm and finger skin temperatures in the same extremity. Ambient temperature, bypass flow and pressure, and bypass time were similar in both groups. Time required to cool to the lowest esophageal temperature was virtually identical for both groups (Group 1, 17 +/- 3 min; Group 2, 17.6 +/- 5 min), as was rewarming time (Group 1, 26.8 +/- 11 min; Group 2, 27.2 +/- 6 min). There were no significant differences in temperature measurements between groups except briefly during rewarming when finger skin temperature rose more rapidly in Group 1 (p less than 0.05). Temperature changes following CPB were the same for both groups, with rectal and esophageal temperatures showing an inverse relationships. These data demonstrate that pulsatile flow does not substantially alter rewarming time or temperature gradients during hypothermic CPB.
Hemophilia B Case Study and Intervention Plan

Persistent bleeding from the circumcision site or umbilicus of a newborn male should alert the neonatal nurse to the possibility of hemophilia. Treatment of hemophilia B requires immediate medical and nursing intervention as well as long-term follow-up so that psychosocial, developmental, and physiological needs of the infant and family are met. Most important, treatment requires an organized team approach. Information to assist the nurse in the treatment of the infant and family is presented.
Constraints on the NH3 and PH3 distributions in the Great Red Spot

Medium resolution (10 A) UV spectra were obtained for the Great Red Spot (GRS) and South Tropical Zone (STZ) of Jupiter using the low dispersion mode of the IUE spectrometers at wavelengths from 1900-2200 A. The scans were carried out to determine the coloring agent for the GRS to improve the database for developing photochemical models of the feature. The wavelengths were selected to cover the absorption features of NH3 and PH3. The resulting data were interpreted using a vertically inhomogeneous Rayleigh scattering radiative transfer model. Various NH3 concentrations were explored in an effort to fit the data, taking into account changes which would occur at different atmospheric pressure levels and due to the projected temperature fields. A forbidden NH3/forbidden H2 mixing ratio that was calculated at the 80-125 mbar pressure level in the GRS was enhanced by 3-10 percent relative to the STZ. An upper limit was obtained for the mixing ratio of PH3 in the GRS that is significantly lower than previously predicted concentrations, implying that vertical transport in the GRS is not much greater than in adjacent regions.
Shell growth in Tivela stultorum (Mawe, 1823) and Callista chione (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia): annual periodicity, latitudinal differences, and diminution with age

Abstract During the growth of the shell of the California surf clam Tivela stultorum (Mawe, 1823) and the subtidal bivalve Callista chione (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Adriatic Sea, a period of slower growth occurs annually. This period of growth is reflected by a macroscopic growth band consisting of relatively thin and closely spaced shell-growth increments. Within shells of C. chione collected from the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, the dark colored seasonal band is slow growth is deposited between July and October. The season when the slow-growth band is deposited in T. stultorum apparently varies with latitude. Near the northern limit of the range, the median date of deposition of the seasonal slow-growth band is November; near the southern limit of the geographic range of the species, it is January or February. There is a significant difference in the number of daily growth increments deposited during the seasonal period of slower growth in individuals of T. stultorum collected at different latitudes along the west coast of North America. For example, near 35° N lat. there is an average of 82 daily growth increments in the fourth annual biocheck, while near 26° 30′ N lat. there is an average of 111 daily growth increments; all individuals are of the same age- and year-class. With the possible exception of the first to third or fourth year, when a growth increment is deposited on nearly a daily basis, growth of the shell is apparently not continuous throughout the year in the two species of molluscs studied. For example, there is an average of 353 daily growth increments in 3-year-old individuals of C. chione and only an average of 155 present in 12-year-old individuals. Further, there is an average of 13 mm of growth during one year in 2-year-old C. chione and 2.2 mm in 13-year-old C. chione . Also in C. chione , relatively more shell is deposited during the months of December through February than during spring and summer months. Once shell-growth diversity gradients are determined in modern organisms, it may be possible to follow the development of these gradients through time, to note significant differences in shellgrowth patterns that reflect broad-scale environmental factors, and to delimit present-day and past molluscan provinces.
An experimental study of probe distortions to the structure of one-dimensional flames☆

Abstract In this study we have examined the effect of a molecular-beam mass-spectrometer sampling probe on the structure of a flat H 2 O 2 Ar flame doped with a small amount of HCN. Relative CN concentration and CN rotational temperature fields were obtained by laser-induced fluorescence using the R(0) through R(24) lines of the B-X transition around 385 nm. Measurements were made for several probe positions, both upstream and downstream of the location of peak unperturbed concentration. Reduced CN concentrations were observed within five orifice hydraulic diameters of the probe tip; however, a corresponding perturbation of rotational temperature was not. Suction at the probe orifice did not measurably effect either result, indicating that residence time perturbations do not play a major role. Perturbations of the CN concentration field are discussed in terms of catalyzed recombination of the major flame radicals on the probe surface, coupled with diffusive transport and gas phase chemistry applicable to the CN radical.
Behavioral Summer Treatment Program Improves Social and Behavioral Functioning of Four Children With Asperger's Disorder:

Difficulty in social functioning, especially in the context of a peer group, is one of the defining features of Asperger's disorder. A number of specific deficits in social behavior and cognitions have been identified as underlying the pervasive social problems experienced by these children. Although treatment guidelines recommend the use of behavioral modification to increase social interactions and integration, few studies evaluate treatment effectiveness of specific interventions. In this report, the authors describe the responses of 4 boys with Asperger's disorder to an intensive and comprehensive intervention developed for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the Summer Treatment Program. This naturalistic, 6-week-long behavioral program produced substantial positive changes in the boys' behavior, social skills, and social relationships. The potential effective components of the program are discussed.
Propagation of Electric Dipole Radiation through a Medium

When electromagnetic energy propagates through a material medium, the paths of energy flow may be altered, as compared to propagation in free space. We consider radiation emitted by an electric dipole, embedded in a medium with permittivity and permeability . For a linear dipole in free space, the field lines of energy flow are straight, but when the imaginary part of is finite, the field lines in the material become curves in the near field of the dipole. Therefore, the energy flow is redistributed due to the damping in the material. For a circular dipole in free space, the field lines of energy flow wind around the axis perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the dipole moment. When has an imaginary part, this flow pattern is altered drastically. Furthermore, when the real part of is negative, the direction of rotation of the flow lines reverses. In that case, the energy in the field rotates opposite to the direction of rotation of the dipole moment. It is indicated that in metamaterials with a negative index of refraction this may lead to an observable effect in the far field.
The Gastrin-releasing Peptide Receptor Is Rapidly Phosphorylated by a Kinase Other Than Protein Kinase C After Exposure to Agonist (∗)

Several guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptors are known to be rapidly phosphorylated after agonist exposure. In this study we show that the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) is rapidly phosphorylated in response to agonist exposure. When [32P]orthophosphate-labeled cells were exposed to bombesin, the receptor was maximally phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues within 1 min. Although addition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate also resulted in phosphorylation of the GRP-R, elimination of protein kinase C activity using the inhibitor 7-hydroxystaurosporine did not prevent bombesin-induced GRP-R phosphorylation. We conclude that a kinase other than protein kinase C is principally responsible for the rapid, agonist-induced phosphorylation of the GRP-R.
During Furloughs, Who Is More Attached to a Public University? Staff? Faculty? . . . Managers

Perceived organizational membership (POM) is a relatively new framework to analyze the attachment of employees to their organizations. To date, there are no studies that have examined POM in public...