cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive therapy for trauma-related guilt: Conceptual bases and treatment outlines

There is consistent agreement that guilt has both affective and cognitive dimensions. We describe a conceptualization of event-related guilt in which cognitive elements play a crucial role. Factors posited as primary cognitive components or determinants of guilt include perceived wrongdoing, acceptance of responsibility, perceived lack of justification, and false beliefs about preoutcome knowledge caused by hindsight bias. Each cognitive component can be manifested as an irrational belief or faulty conclusion that can vary in magnitude. Numerous errors of logic that can lead trauma victims to draw faulty conclusions about their role in traumatic events are identified. Within the proposed model, correcting these thinking errors is considered the best way to alleviate guilt and is the primary task of cognitive therapy for trauma-related guilt (CT-TRG). With each guilt issue, a debriefing/imaginal exposure exercise precedes cognitive therapy. CT-TRG proper involves considerable psychoeducation and collaborative examination of each guilt component. Procedures are described for teaching clients to distinguish what they knew “then” from what they know “now” and to reassess perceptions of responsibility, justification, and wrongdoing in light of beliefs held and knowledge possessed when the trauma occurred. Several issues regarding applicability of the treatment model are discussed.
Why are rabbits uniquely sensitive to myxoma virus? Cherchez l'interferon!

Rabbits are the only animals susceptible to myxoma virus. The induction of interferon α/β by myxoma virus in nonpermissive mouse cells seems to be crucial to maintaining this species restriction.
Evaluation of the Q.E.D. Saliva Alcohol Test: a new, rapid, accurate device for measuring ethanol in saliva.

Study objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the Q.E.D.™ A-150 Saliva Alcohol Test, a new device that gives a specific quantitative blood alcohol level by measuring saliva alcohol concentration in the range of 0 to 150 mg/dL. Study design: Forty-two healthy volunteers consumed 4.5 to 6 oz of alcohol in the form of beer, wine, or liquor over a 90-minute period. Blood and saliva samples were obtained for alcohol measurement at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the last drink. Blood samples were analyzed within 24 hours by gas chromatography at a commercial clinical laboratory. Saliva samples were tested immediately using the new Q.E.D.™ A-150 Saliva Alcohol Test. Results: Excellent correlation was observed between saliva and blood alcohol levels over the range 0 to 150 mg/dL (slope = 1.0; intercept=2.4; r = .98). Conclusion: The Q.E.D.™ Test is an accurate device for specific quantitative measurement of alcohol levels using saliva.
Raman spectra and the dynamic structure of the high pressure phase of NH4Br (V) and ND4Br (V)

Abstract Similar Raman spectra are observed at high pressures for phases II and V of ND 4 Br and NH 4 Br. Deuteration lowers the II–V phase transition from 20 to 9 kbar at 296 K. ND 4 Br V and NH 4 Br V are interpreted as mixed phases, and their spectra as the superposition of the spectra of two other phases, III (antiparallel arrangement of the NH 4 + ions) and IV (parallel arrangement). The phonons which become Raman inactive at the V–IV phase transition are assigned to clusters or domains of phase V which have antiparallel arrangement.
Multiplicity Fluctuation and Multiparticle Distribution Functions in High-Energy Collisions

Speculations are made concerning the fluctuation in the multiplicity in the fragmentation of hadrons in high-energy collisions. We analyze implications for the two-particle distribution function ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2}$ and higher-order distributions ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$.
N2-Modified 2-aminopurine ribonucleosides as minor-groove-modulating adenosine replacements in duplex RNA

Nucleoside analogs that project substituents into the minor groove when incorporated into duplex RNA perturb the binding of proteins and can affect base pairing specificity. The synthesis of 2-aminopurine ribonucleoside analogs and their phosphoramidites, their incorporation into duplex RNA, their postsynthetic modification via Cu-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and their effect on duplex stability and base pairing specificity are described.
Continuous wave 16 &#181;m CF 4 laser

A 16 μm CF 4 laser oscillator has operated continuous wave in a cooled static cell. Pump powers required from the low-pressure continuous wave CO 2 laser were approximately 3 W. The laser cavity was a multiple-pass off-axis-path two-mirror ring resonator. Unidirectional CF 4 laser power at 615 cm-1exceeded 2 mW. Rate equations were used to estimate scaling of this laser source. For modest pump powers (40 W) approximately 1 W of emission power is predicted from this small and simple system.
Reclassification and rescaling of McGill Pain Questionnaire verbal descriptors of pain sensation: a replication.

Objectives:This study was designed to test the stability of recent findings by the authors showing that 40% of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) descriptors of pain sensation were not classifiable in any MPQ subcategory because of incomprehension, underuse, or ambiguity of usage. The study also wa
Effect of particle size on the compressibility of MgO

Abstract To investigate the effect of particle size on the compressibility of MgO, we performed an X-ray diffractometry study on MgO with different particle size (1000 and 2000 A). The study was performed under non-hydrostatic conditions up to 60 and 40 GPa for samples with particle size 2000 and 1000 A, respectively. The values of the isothermal bulk modulus and its pressure derivative deduced by fitting the experimental data using the Birch–Murnaghan equation are: 203(16) GPa, 2.65(0.45); 160(6) GPa, 4.00 (fixed) for MgO (2000 A) and 202(12) GPa, 2.72(0.59); 178(4) GPa, 4.00 (fixed) for MgO (1000 A), respectively. No phase transformation has been observed in both cases. We found that the bulk modulus of MgO is independent of the particle size.
C-Reactive Protein Adds to the Predictive Value of Total and HDL Cholesterol in Determining Risk of First Myocardial Infarction

Background—C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of inflammation, and elevated levels have been associated with future risk of myocardial infarction (MI). However, whether measurement of CRP adds to the predictive value of total cholesterol (TC) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in determining risk is uncertain. Methods and Results—Among 14 916 apparently healthy men participating in the Physicians’ Health Study, baseline levels of CRP, TC, and HDL-C were measured among 245 study subjects who subsequently developed a first MI (cases) and among 372 subjects who remained free of cardiovascular disease during an average follow-up period of 9 years (controls). In univariate analyses, high baseline levels of CRP, TC, and TC:HDL-C ratio were each associated with significantly increased risks of future MI (all P values <0.001). In multivariate analyses, models incorporating CRP and lipid parameters provided a significantly better method to predict risk than did models using lipids alone (all likelihood ratio ...
Energy-efficient ambulatory activity monitoring for disease management

Technology assisted health and disease management has a potential of producing high quality life in various segments of population. A wireless sensor network (WSN) based system for sensing and reporting ambulatory activity for patients is presented in this paper. It is demonstrated that by proper use of architectures for supporting WSNs and by exploiting very recent technological advances, it is now possible to build and deploy extremely energy efficient systems with very long and dependable battery life. The system evolves over most existing approaches by highly localizing the computations for detecting events and intermittently transmitting data related to activities. The paper describes design of the system and analysis for energy efficiency.
Prolonged injection time and light smoking decrease the incidence of fentanyl-induced cough

We designed this study to evaluate the effect of injection time and smoking on fentanyl-induced cough. Four-hundred-fifty ASA class I-II patients, aged 18-80 yr and weighing 40-90 kg, scheduled for elective surgery were included. All patients received fentanyl (100 microg for patients weighing 40-69 kg and 150 microg for patients weighing 70-90 kg for clinical convenience) via the proximal port of a peripheral IV line on the forearm. Patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 150 patients each. Patients in Group I received fentanyl injection over 2 s, whereas for patients in Groups II and III the fentanyl was injected at a constant rate over 15 s and 30 s, respectively. We recorded the number of coughs of each patient during and 30 s after fentanyl injection. The incidence of cough was 18% in group I, 8% in Group II, and 1.3% in Group III, significantly less (P < 0.05) with a longer injection time. Current smokers had a less frequent incidence of cough than nonsmokers; however, this effect was only significant in light smokers (<10 cigarettes per day or <10 smoking years or <10 pack-years). In conclusion, a longer injection time reduces the incidence of fentanyl-induced cough, and light smoking may be a protective factor against fentanyl-induced cough.
Rate constants for the gas-phase β-myrcene + OH and isoprene + OH reactions as a function of temperature

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical with the biogenic hydrocarbons, β-myrcene and isoprene, were measured using the relative rate technique over the temperature range 313–413 K and at ∼1 atm total pressure. OH was produced by the photolysis of H2O2, and helium was the diluent gas. The reactants were detected by online mass spectrometry, which resulted in high time resolution allowing for large amounts of data to be collected and used in the determination of the Arrhenius parameters. Many experiments were performed over the temperature range of interest, leading to more accurate parameters than previous investigations. The following Arrhenius expression has been determined for these reactions (in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1): for isoprene k = (3.14) × 10−11 exp [(338 ± 19)/T] and for β-myrcene k = (9.19) × 10−12 exp[(1071 ± 82)/T]. The Arrhenius plot for the isoprene + OH reaction indicates curvature in this relationship and is given by k = (3.47 ± 0.14) × 10−17 T2 exp [(1036 ± 14)/T]. Our measured rate constant for the β-myrcene + OH reaction at 298 K is higher, but not significantly, than current literature values. This is the first report of β-myrcene's rate constant with OH as a function of temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 407–413, 2009
Editorial: Biased agonism in chemoattractant receptor signaling.

Leukocyte chemoattractants are agents that induce directional migration of immune cells. The majority of leukocyte chemoattractants, including the prototypic bacterial fMLF, the activated complement fragment C5a, and a large number of chemotactic cytokines (chemokines), binds to cell surface receptors that couple to guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) [1]. These G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptors mediate signaling events leading to cell shape change, cytoskeleton reorganization, and migration of leukocytes. In phagocytes, chemoattractants can be divided into “end-target chemoattractants” and “intermediary endogenous chemoattractants” based on their intracellular signaling hierarchy [2]. Although both groups of chemoattractants stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis, the end-target chemoattractants, such as fMLF and C5a, have the additional capability of eliciting cytotoxic responses including degranulation of storage vesicles and production of oxygen radicals. An important question that remains unanswered is whether the ability of a chemoattractant to induce these neutrophil responses reflects the nature of the chemotactic ligands or the intrinsic property of the chemoattractant receptors.
Analysis of Radioactive Waste Samples by Ion Chromatography-beta-ICP-MS

A comprehensive ion chromatography (IC) with beta-counting (beta) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) detection approach has been developed to separate and detect 20 radionuclides in a Hanford waste tank sample. The IC separation was performed using a multi-functional group (anion/cation) resin and eluents of oxalic acid, diglycolic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Shorter-lived radionuclides were detected by a solid-state beta scintillation counter on-line with the IC separation. Mass spectrometry detection using an efficient and robust plasma ionization source provides isotopic discernability for both stable isotopes and long-lived radioactive species. Effective separation of over 47 elements and 160 isotopes was obtained from a single-elution scheme lasting 70 min. Automated IC separations provide the potential for rapid isotopic and radionuclide analysis of complex radioactive waste, using minimal sample and reagent volumes and reducing personnel exposures.
Metaphors used by venture capitalists: Darwinism, architecture and myth

In this paper we develop a catalog of metaphor families that Silicon Valley venture capitalists use in their public communications. In establishing this preliminary catalog we aim to provide additional insight into the venture capitalist perspective and also lay the foundation for the development of a grounded cultural model of Silicon Valley venture capitalists. To develop this catalog we surveyed on average 30 venture capitalists each quarter from Q1 2004 to Q1 2009. We analyzed these 21 qualitative datasets, coding and categorizing more than 10,000 words of direct venture capitalists' communications. We found that VC communications fall into 14 dominant metaphor families (e.g. Darwinism, physics, religion, etc.). We contribute to the literature on venture capital by establishing a catalog of predominant VC metaphor families as an initial step toward a grounded cultural model of venture capital. This catalog may also provide further context for related studies on VC decision-making and an additional too...
Dihydrotestosterone alters cyclooxygenase-2 levels in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells

Both protective and nonprotective effects of androgens on the cardiovascular system have been reported. Our previous studies show that the potent androgen receptor (AR) agonist dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increases levels of the vascular inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in rodent cerebral arteries independent of an inflammatory stimulus. Little is known about the effects of androgens on inflammation in human vascular tissues. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that DHT alters COX-2 levels in the absence and presence of induced inflammation in primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC). Furthermore, we tested the ancillary hypothesis that DHT's effects on COX-2 levels are AR-dependent. Cells were treated with DHT (10 nM) or vehicle for 6 h in the presence or absence of LPS or IL-1β. Similar to previous observations in rodent arteries, in HCASMC, DHT alone increased COX-2 levels compared with vehicle. This effect of DHT was attenuated in the presence of the AR antagonist bicalutamide. Conversely, in the presence of LPS or IL-1β, increases in COX-2 were attenuated by cotreatment with DHT. Bicalutamide did not affect this response, suggesting that DHT-induced decreases in COX-2 levels occur independent of AR stimulation. Thus we conclude that DHT differentially influences COX-2 levels under physiological and pathophysiological conditions in HCASMC. This effect of DHT on COX-2 involves AR-dependent and- independent mechanisms, depending on the physiological state of the cell.
A method to measure heat dissipation from component on PCB

Knowledge of heat dissipation from electronic components is critical input for thermal design in the product development phase. Unfortunately heat loss is not always available to design engineers even when a prototype is available. This paper presents a new method to measure and calculate the component heat dissipation on printed circuit board from a thermal standpoint. Based on the error analysis of the thermal resistance network, an error indicator is defined to account for the interference from nearby heat sources. Different cases are simulated to confirm the effectiveness of the measurement method and the error indicator. Using the error indicator in compensation, measurement error can be reduced greatly. Uncertainty analysis is conducted to assess the error sources from measurements and their impacts to result. Preliminary experiments have been conducted on a mock-up board to prove the concept of this method.
PhaC and PhaR Are Required for Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acid Synthase Activity in Bacillus megaterium

Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHAs) are a class of polyesters stored in inclusion bodies and found in many bacteria and in some archaea. The terminal step in the synthesis of PHA is catalyzed by PHA synthase. Genes encoding this enzyme have been cloned, and the primary sequence of the protein, PhaC, is deduced from the nucleotide sequences of more than 30 organisms. PHA synthases are grouped into three classes based on substrate range, molecular mass, and whether or not there is a requirement for phaE in addition to the phaC gene product. Here we report the results of an analysis of a PHA synthase that does not fit any of the described classes. This novel PHA synthase from Bacillus megaterium required PhaC (PhaC(Bm)) and PhaR (PhaR(Bm)) for activity in vivo and in vitro. PhaC(Bm) showed greatest similarity to the PhaCs of class III in both size and sequence. Unlike those in class III, the 40-kDa PhaE was not required, and furthermore, the 22-kDa PhaR(Bm) had no obvious homology to PhaE. Previously we showed that PhaC(Bm), and here we show that PhaR(Bm), is localized to inclusion bodies in living cells. We show that two forms of PHA synthase exist, an active form in PHA-accumulating cells and an inactive form in nonaccumulating cells. PhaC was constitutively produced in both cell types but was more susceptible to protease degradation in the latter type. Our data show that the role of PhaR is posttranscriptional and that it functions directly or indirectly with PhaC(Bm) to produce an active PHA synthase.
K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions

Somatic mutations in the small GTPase K-Ras are the most common activating lesions found in human cancer, and are generally associated with poor response to standard therapies. Efforts to target this oncogene directly have faced difficulties owing to its picomolar affinity for GTP/GDP and the absence of known allosteric regulatory sites. Oncogenic mutations result in functional activation of Ras family proteins by impairing GTP hydrolysis. With diminished regulation by GTPase activity, the nucleotide state of Ras becomes more dependent on relative nucleotide affinity and concentration. This gives GTP an advantage over GDP and increases the proportion of active GTP-bound Ras. Here we report the development of small molecules that irreversibly bind to a common oncogenic mutant, K-Ras(G12C). These compounds rely on the mutant cysteine for binding and therefore do not affect the wild-type protein. Crystallographic studies reveal the formation of a new pocket that is not apparent in previous structures of Ras, beneath the effector binding switch-II region. Binding of these inhibitors to K-Ras(G12C) disrupts both switch-I and switch-II, subverting the native nucleotide preference to favour GDP over GTP and impairing binding to Raf. Our data provide structure-based validation of a new allosteric regulatory site on Ras that is targetable in a mutant-specific manner.
On IPSec performance testing of IPv4/IPv6 IPSec gateway

Ensuring that IP Security (IPSec) gateway meets its performance expectations is one of the most important objectives that IPSec gateway development team must face with. Only suitable validation approach may prove that IPSec gateway throughput is correct, Security Associationspsila adding/removing time is acceptable, IPSec gateway is capable of processing huge number of flows and IPSec rekeying works with required performance level. This paper puts forward a plan for IPSec gateway performance testing. Discussion is illustrated with several examples of test cases that can be used during IPv4/IPv6 IPSec gateway validation and verification.
Robust Planarization of Unlocalized Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks need very efficient network protocols due to the sensors' limited communication and computation capabilities. Network planarization - finding a planar subgraph of the network that contains all the nodes - has been a very important technique for many network protocols. It first became the foundation of various well known routing protocols, including GPSR, GOAFR and several other protocols. Since then, it has also been used in numerous other applications, including data-centric storage, network localization, topology discovery, etc. However, an important problem remains: network planarization itself is very difficult. So far, efficient planarization algorithms exist only for very restrictive models: the network must be a unit-disk graph, and accurate measurements related to the node locations (e.g., node positions or angles between adjacent links) need to be known. For more practical network models, where the transmission ranges are usually not uniform and sensors cannot obtain their accurate location information via expensive localization devices, no efficient planarization algorithm is available. In this paper, we present a novel method that robustly planarizes sensor networks of a realistic model: networks with non-uniform transmission ranges and unlocalized sensors (that is, static sensors whose locations are unknown). Our method starts with a simple shortest path between two nodes, and progressively planarizes the whole network. It achieves both efficiency and a good planarization result. We present two planarization algorithms for different settings. Our results not only solve the planarization problem, but also outperform some known results in the graph drawing research field. We demonstrate the practical performance of our method - as well as its application in topology discovery, - through extensive simulations.
Evaluating the Impact Of Foreign Exchange Rate Risk On The Capital Budgeting For Multinational Firms

Capital budgeting analysis has evolved to the point where large firms universally use sophisticated capital budgeting techniques. 1 However, small firms are less likely to use sophisticated capital budgeting techniques. 2 Even large firms do not generally use simulation for risk analysis in multinational project capital budgeting analysis. 3 This paper provides a discussion and example of the use of simulation in evaluating the impact of foreign exchange rate volatility on multinational project capital budgeting analysis.
A Critical Review of Studies of Newborn Discharge Timing

The duration of hospitalization for newborns has declined dramatically, driven by efforts to control health-care costs as well as by efforts to demedicalize childbirth. In order to determine the clinical basis for this practice, the quality of the published literature on discharge timing was analyzed. Thirteen experimental or quasi-experimental studies were retrieved through a computer search. Seven characteristics that influenced the quality of these studies were reviewed: research design; measures of effect; sample descriptions; statistical methods; reliability measures; sample size; and the definition of early discharge, including the use of any related interventions. Although all 13 studies suggest that there are no differences between infants discharged early and their compeers, these studies have three limitations. First, with one exception, these reports are from hospitals where well-defined assessment and follow-up protocols have been established, potentially limiting their wide applicability. Sec...
Cloud variability as revealed in outgoing infrared spectra: Comparing model to observation with spectral EOF analysis

[1] Spectrally resolved outgoing radiance is a potentially powerful tool for testing climate models. To show how it can be used to evaluate the simulation of cloud variability, which is the principal uncertainty in current climate models, we apply spectral empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to satellite radiance spectra and synthetic spectra derived from a general circulation model (GCM). We show that proper averaging over a correct timescale is necessary before applying spectral EOF analysis. This study focuses on the Central Pacific and the western Pacific Warm Pool. For both observation and GCM output, cloud variability is the dominant contributor to the first principal component that accounts for more than 95% of the total variance. However, the amplitude of the first principal component derived from the observations (2 � 3.4 Wm � 2 )i s 2� 6 times greater than that of the GCM simulation. This suggests that cloud variability in the GCM is significantly smaller than that in the real atmosphere. INDEX TERMS: 3359 Meterology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Radiative processes; 3360 Meterology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Remote sensing; 3337 Meterology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation; 3399 Meterology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General or miscellaneous
Microwave noncontact measurement of pulse wave velocity for healthcare applications

In this paper, a noncontact method of measuring the pulse wave velocity (PWV) is proposed based on the Doppler phase modulation effect. System level design and simulations are presented to demonstrate the detection mechanism. Preliminary experimental results are reported.
Amplification of a polarized single-photon state and determination of resulting polarization correlations

The photon statistics of a single spatial mode of the optical field (including the two polarization states) resulting from a single-photon state undergoing unsaturated amplification by a two-level medium are derived. Results are compared with those for an idealized noiseless linear amplifier and a conventional quantum-noise-limited amplifier in the limit of no gain. When the amplified field is divided for detection of different polarization states, distinctive polarization biases and correlations are evident on average when the polarization of the input state is constant. However, the results are insufficient to determine the initial polarization state based on a single measurement. If one must average over two orthogonally polarized input states (e.g., an incoherent mixture of either linearly or circularly polarized initial states) as required in the absence of hidden variable information in an Einstein–Podolsky-Rosen experiment, the distinctions are completely erased.
From dysfunction to adaptation: an interactionist model of dependency.

Contrary to clinical lore, a dependent personality style is associated with active as well as passive behavior and may be adaptive in certain contexts (e.g., in fostering compliance with medical and psychotherapeutic treatment regimens). The cognitive/interactionist model conceptualizes dependency-related responding in terms of four components: (a) motivational (a marked need for guidance, support, and approval from others); (b) cognitive (a perception of oneself as powerless and ineffectual); (c) affective (a tendency to become anxious when required to function autonomously); and (d) behavioral (use of diverse self-presentation strategies to strengthen ties to potential caregivers). Clinicians' understanding of the etiology and dynamics of dependency has improved substantially in recent years; current challenges include delineating useful subtypes of dependency, developing valid symptom criteria for Dependent Personality Disorder in DSM-5 and beyond, and working effectively with dependent patients in the...
World History and Teacher Education: Challenges and Possibilities

This article discusses the role that teacher educators can play in helping their students develop a fuller understanding of world history. Trends such as globalization have led to calls for increased teaching about the diverse cultures and peoples of the world. However, prospective teachers’ educational backgrounds have in most cases not adequately prepared them to teach world history effectively. The article begins with a discussion of the historical evolution of the course in world history; it then defines different approaches to this field, and concludes by providing suggestions for how teacher educators can help their students bring a true version of world history to their classrooms.
First-Hand Observations of the Charleston Earthquake of August 31, 1886, and Other Earthquake Materials

Kenneth E. Peters (University of South Carolina, Columbia) and Robert B. Herrmann (St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo.) have compiled a fascinating portfolio of reports of the great Charleston earthquake of 1886. Hermann discovered a number of these heretofore unknown materials in a box at St. Louis University. They were probably brought there from Washington, D.C. by the Reverend James B. Macelwane, who founded the first university geophysics department in the United States at St. Louis University in 1925. (AGU members may be interested to note that Macelwane published reports frequently in Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, the predecessor of the Journal of Geophysical Research.) Peters worked with Hermann on compiling the materials, discovering other pertinent photographs, and writing historical sketches of the major persons involved.
T Cell Receptor (Tcr)-Mediated Repertoire Selection and Loss of Tcr Vβ Diversity during the Initiation of a Cd4+ T Cell Response in Vivo

We recently described a novel way to isolate populations of antigen-reactive CD4+ T cells with a wide range of reactivity to a specific antigen, using immunization with a fixed dose of nominal antigen and FACS® sorting by CD4high expression. Phenotypic, FACS®, functional, antibody inhibition, and major histocompatibility complex–peptide tetramer analyses, as well as T cell receptor Vβ sequence analyses, of the antigen-specific CD4high T cell populations demonstrated that a diverse sperm whale myoglobin 110–121–reactive CD4+ T cell repertoire was activated at the beginning (day 3 after immunization) of the immune response. Within 6 d of immunization, lower affinity clones were lost from the responding population, leaving an expanded population of oligoclonal, intermediate affinity (and residual high affinity) T cells. This T cell subset persisted for at least 4 wk after immunization and dominated the secondary immune response. These data provide evidence that CD4+ T cell repertoire selection occurs early in the immune response in vivo and suggest that persistence and expansion of a population of oligoclonal, intermediate affinity T cells is involved in CD4+ T cell memory.
An adaptive grid algorithm for air-quality modeling

A new dynamic adaptive grid algorithm has been developed for use in air-quality modeling. This algorithm uses a higher order numerical scheme—the piecewise parabolic method (PPM)—for computing advective solution fields, a weight function capable of promoting grid node clustering by moving grid nodes, and a conservative interpolation equation using PPM for redistributing the solution field after movement of grid nodes. Applications of the algorithm to model problems show that the algorithm provides solutions more accurate than those obtained with static grids. Performance achieved in model problem simulations indicates that the algorithm has the potential to provide accurate air-quality modeling solutions at costs that may be significantly less than those incurred in obtaining equivalent static grid solutions. c ∞ 2000 Academic Press
Developing Measures of Roughness: Problem Solving as a Method to Document Student Thinking in Engineering*

The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality and content of responses to a nanotechnology modeling task in a first-yearengineering course. Student teams had to determine a method for measuring the roughness of the surface of gold using digital imagesgenerated by atomic force microscopy. This study illustrates how modeling tasks of this type document student thinking, the variety ofmeasures and methods students used in response to the task, and the range of performance demonstrating the ability of first-yearstudents to apply their current ways of thinking to solve complex engineering problems.
Harmonizing word alignments and syntactic structures for extracting phrasal translation equivalents

Accurate identification of phrasal translation equivalents is critical to both phrase-based and syntax-basedmachine translation systems. We show that the extraction of many phrasal translation equivalents is made impossible by word alignments done without taking syntactic structures into consideration. To address the problem, we propose a new annotation scheme where word alignment and the alignment of non-terminal nodes (i.e., phrases) are done simultaneously to avoid conflicts between word alignments and syntactic structures. Relying on this new alignment approach, we construct a Hierarchically Aligned Chinese-English Parallel Treebank (HACEPT), and show that all phrasal translation equivalents can be automatically extracted based on the phrase alignments in HACEPT.
Embryonic Appendages of the Notched Sternite Mutant of Blattella germanica

Embryos of the notched sternite mutant are characterized by a series of metamerically arranged appendages which occur on the first 9 abdominal segments. The morphology and development of the appendages are described. They appear to represent an unusually advanced expression of rudimentary abdominal legs. Their occurrence in a mutant characterized by other apparently primitive traits in postembryonic stages is probably significant.
Effect of feeding different amino acid diets on growth rate and nitrogen retention of weanling rats.

SummaryTrue body growth of over 6 g day approaching that obtained with an Intact protein diet was obtained by feeding weanling rats a pure amino acid diet equivalent to 10% protein. This rapid rate of growth was obtained by increasing the arginine content of the diet over that previously used. 0.5% arginine HCl appeared to be the requirement level for optimum growth.
Synthesis and characterization of luminescent 2,7-disubstituted silafluorenes

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a series of six new highly fluorescent 2,7-alkynyl(aryl)-3,6-dimethoxy-9,9-diphenylsilafluorenes was investigated utilizing a modified multi-step synthetic pathway in which the final step utilizes palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions to incorporate a variety of conjugated – alkynyl(aryl) groups at the 2,7-positions. These new compounds were characterized utilizing X-ray crystallography as well as multinuclear NMR, EA, TGA, DSC, UV–Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The new silafluorene compounds show a strong absorption band in the visible region with a maximum in the region of 374–388 nm and an emission maximum in the range of 403–420 nm. The solution-state quantum efficiencies for the luminescence are high and range from 0.80 to 0.89. All of the compounds show high thermal stability as determined by DSC and TGA analysis.
Scene sketch generation using mixture of gradient kernels and adaptive thresholding

This paper presents a simple but eﬀective algorithm for scene sketch generation from input images. The proposed algorithm combines the edge magnitudes of directional Prewitt diﬀerential gradient kernels with Kirsch kernels at each pixel position, and then encodes them into an eight bit binary code which encompasses local edge and texture information. In this binary encoding step, relative variance is employed to determine the object shape in each local region. Using relative variance enables object sketch extraction totally adaptive to any shape structure. On the other hand, the proposed technique does not require any parameter to adjust output and it is robust to edge density and noise. Two standard databases are used to show the eﬀectiveness of the proposed framework.
Information for Autocrats: Representation in Chinese Local Congresses

Introduction 1. Institutional design 2. Selectoral connection 3. Authoritarian parochialism 4. Putative principals 5. Independent candidates Conclusion Appendix A. Interviews and surveys Appendix B. Reliability check on delegate self-reports Appendix C. Searching 'independent candidates' on Sina Weibo.
THE EFFECT OF SALT ON HIGH TEMPERATURE ANTI-CORROSION PROPERTY OF STAINLESS STEEL SUS321 AND SUS309

An experimental was conducted to study the effect of high temperature and salt on anti-corrosion property of stainless steel SUS321 and SUS309.The result showed that salt made the high temperature anti-corrosion property of SUS321 and SUS309 largely fall down.As the result,the anti-corrosion temperature of SUS321 and SUS309 dropped from 830 ℃ and 880 ℃ down to lower than 750 ℃.
Incorporation of CO2 into coral skeleton.

Two possible sources for the carbonate in the calcium carbonate coral skeleton are (a) soluble carbonates from seawater and (b) carbon dioxide produced in metabolism by the living coral tissue. Although radioisotopic tracer experiments have established that carbonate from sea-water is incorporated into the skeleton by many corals1–3, evidence for incorporation of metabolic CO2 into the skeleton is much less direct. Goreau1 found that calcification rates measured by incorporation of radioactive carbonate from seawater were usually lower than those measured by using radioactive calcium; he proposed that the labelled carbonate might be diluted by unlabelled carbonate in coral tissue. In addition, findings that the ratios of 13C to 12C and of 18O to 16O in seawater differ from those in coral skeleton suggest that not all of the skeletal carbonate originates directly from carbonate in seawater4–7. To examine further the possibility that some skeletal carbonate originates from metabolic CO2, I fed 14C-labelled mouse tissue to small individuals of the coral Fungia scutaria, a solitary polyp containing symbiotic algae.
Application of a partial least-squares regression model to retrieve chlorophyll- a concentrations in coastal waters using hyper-spectral data

Coastal and inland waters represent a diverse set of resources that support natural habitats and provide valuable ecosystem services to the human population. Monitoring the quality of these waters is essential to maintaining the resources they provide, and long-term monitoring may offer a better understanding of the relationship between human development and the health of these resource producers. The implementation of conventional monitoring is typically time-intensive and limited in geographic scale. Alternatively, the use of airborne and spaceborne remote sensors provides a synoptic view of water quality with better spatial coverage to more accurately identify dynamic and unique parameters. Concentrations of optically active constituents (OACs) such as suspended sediments and the phytoplankton pigment chlorophylla (CHLa), act as proxies for water quality and can be detected by optical sensors. Traditional remote sensing techniques were developed using multispectral sensors, and employ band ratio algorithms that seek to predict the concentrations of OACs in relation to water quality. In complex coastal waters, overlapping spectral signatures of OACs often confound these algorithms and reduce their predictive capacity. The objective of this study was to develop a dataset to test the predictive capabilities of partial least-squares regression, a multivariate statistical method, for hyperspectral remote sensing and in situ CHLa concentrations. This paper presents the model performance for a dataset developed in Long Bay, a ~160 km arcuate bay that spans the border between North and South Carolina. The model uses multivariate-based statistical modeling to capitalize on the spectral advantage gained by hyperspectral sensors when observing such waters. Following this approach, a multivariate-based monitoring tool for the prediction of CHLa concentrations is presented with a partial least-squares regression (PLSR) method using hyperspectral and laboratory-analyzed field data. The PLSR model was used based on its ability to identify wavelengths that are more sensitive to CHLa relative to other OACs. The model was able to explain 80% of the observed CHLa variability in Long Bay with root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.03 µg/L. This enhanced mode of water quality monitoring has potential to deliver insights to point-sources and problem areas that may contribute to a decline in the water quality of valuable inland and coastal systems.
A radiative transfer module for calculating photolysis rates and solar heating in climate models: Solar-J v7.5

Abstract. Solar-J is a comprehensive radiative transfer model for the solar spectrum that addresses the needs of both solar heating and photochemistry in Earth system models. Solar-J is a spectral extension of Cloud-J, a standard in many chemical models that calculates photolysis rates in the 0.18–0.8 µm region. The Cloud-J core consists of an eight-stream scattering, plane-parallel radiative transfer solver with corrections for sphericity. Cloud-J uses cloud quadrature to accurately average over correlated cloud layers. It uses the scattering phase function of aerosols and clouds expanded to eighth order and thus avoids isotropic-equivalent approximations prevalent in most solar heating codes. The spectral extension from 0.8 to 12 µm enables calculation of both scattered and absorbed sunlight and thus aerosol direct radiative effects and heating rates throughout the Earth's atmosphere. The Solar-J extension adopts the correlated-k gas absorption bins, primarily water vapor, from the shortwave Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for general circulation model (GCM) applications (RRTMG-SW). Solar-J successfully matches RRTMG-SW's tropospheric heating profile in a clear-sky, aerosol-free, tropical atmosphere. We compare both codes in cloudy atmospheres with a liquid-water stratus cloud and an ice-crystal cirrus cloud. For the stratus cloud, both models use the same physical properties, and we find a systematic low bias of about 3 % in planetary albedo across all solar zenith angles caused by RRTMG-SW's two-stream scattering. Discrepancies with the cirrus cloud using any of RRTMG-SW's three different parameterizations are as large as about 20–40 % depending on the solar zenith angles and occur throughout the atmosphere. Effectively, Solar-J has combined the best components of RRTMG-SW and Cloud-J to build a high-fidelity module for the scattering and absorption of sunlight in the Earth's atmosphere, for which the three major components – wavelength integration, scattering, and averaging over cloud fields – all have comparably small errors. More accurate solutions with Solar-J come with increased computational costs, about 5 times that of RRTMG-SW for a single atmosphere. There are options for reduced costs or computational acceleration that would bring costs down while maintaining improved fidelity and balanced errors.
Mindfulness Meditation Adherence in a College Sample: Comparison of a 10-Min Versus 20-Min 2-Week Daily Practice

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are efficacious and effective for a variety of mental and physical health problems. Mindfulness meditation is a primary therapeutic strategy employed within MBIs and is hypothesized to increase mindfulness and, in turn, lead to positive outcomes. However, evidence in support of mindfulness meditation practice as a key treatment component in MBIs is mixed, in part because little is known about how prescribed meditation practice times and adherence to home-based meditation practice relate to one another and outcomes. The present study evaluated relations among adherence, meditation practice time, and psychiatric symptoms following two 2-week mindfulness meditation interventions: one that prescribed 10-min daily meditation and another that prescribed 20-min daily meditation. Participants (N = 77; female = 56, M age = 20.16; White = 51.9%; African American = 14.3%; Hispanic = 14.3%; Asian = 10.4%; other = 6.5%; multiethnic = 2.6%) also completed daily diaries to assess adherence. Results indicated no significant group difference in total days meditated or overall time spent meditating. Stress declined and mindfulness increased over the 2 weeks for both groups. Despite no difference in adherence, participants in the 20-min group reported larger increases in self-compassion relative to those in the 10-min group. Implications for enhancing adherence within MBIs are discussed.
A Walk Through Time

I have a complete collection of vintage Harold Bradley stories I am saving for the cocktail hour later. Harold and I have had so much fun and good times together at any number of conferences both here in the USA and in Europe. Our thoughts about market structure are, as I would “call” it, quite compatible. Yes, pun intended! Many of you are no doubt familiar with my support for call auctions! [laughter]. So, that aside, it is my great pleasure to introduce Harold Bradley, one of our foremost thinkers on market structure. Let me warn you: Harold has a penchant for speaking his mind – and I am sure he won’t disappoint us today.
Understanding the Role of Cultural Intelligence in Individual Creativity

Employing creative cognition theory, this study investigates the relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and creativity. Using data from 394 full-time employees, metacognitive, cognitive, and motivational forms of CQ were found to have positive relationships with individual creativity. In addition, the positive effect of cognitive CQ on creativity was more pronounced when curiosity was high. However, the influence of metacognitive CQ on creativity was enhanced when curiosity was low. Several contributions to the multicultural creativity literature are offered.
Systematic reconstruction of autism biology from massive genetic mutation profiles.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1% of world population and has become a pressing medical and social problem worldwide. As a paradigmatic complex genetic disease, ASD has been intensively studied and thousands of gene mutations have been reported. Because these mutations rarely recur, it is difficult to (i) pinpoint the fewer disease-causing versus majority random events and (ii) replicate or verify independent studies. A coherent and systematic understanding of autism biology has not been achieved. We analyzed 3392 and 4792 autism-related mutations from two large-scale whole-exome studies across multiple resolution levels, that is, variants (single-nucleotide), genes (protein-coding unit), and pathways (molecular module). These mutations do not recur or replicate at the variant level, but significantly and increasingly do so at gene and pathway levels. Genetic association reveals a novel gene + pathway dual-hit model, where the mutation burden becomes less relevant. In multiple independent analyses, hundreds of variants or genes repeatedly converge to several canonical pathways, either novel or literature-supported. These pathways define recurrent and systematic ASD biology, distinct from previously reported gene groups or networks. They also present a catalog of novel ASD risk factors including 118 variants and 72 genes. At a subpathway level, most variants disrupt the pathway-related gene functions, and in the same gene, they tend to hit residues extremely close to each other and in the same domain. Multiple interacting variants spotlight key modules, including the cAMP (adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate) second-messenger system and mGluR (metabotropic glutamate receptor) signaling regulation by GRKs (G protein–coupled receptor kinases). At a superpathway level, distinct pathways further interconnect and converge to three biology themes: synaptic function, morphology, and plasticity.