cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alejo Carpentier's El siglo de las luces: The Translation of Politics and the Politics of Translation

Alejo Carpentier's novel El siglo de las luces is a fictionalized account of how Enlightenment ideals traveled during the Age of Revolution, a meditation on how European, particularly French, ideas were transformed and implemented in new and unique contexts (e.g., Spain, Cuba, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Suriname). Carpentier thematizes the passage of ideas as a process of translation, both linguistically from French to Spanish, English, or Dutch, and conceptually, from one specific culture to another with different demands of relevance and applicability. The novel complicates the classic issue of the translator's fidelity to the text in that the responsibility to convey a text's original meaning collides with a need to adapt it to the new context. In El siglo, the translator's fidelity to the original confronts the revolutionary's fidelity to the Event in the practice of translating texts, such as the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the 1793 French Constitution, as well as the...
Non-invasive microsensors for studying cell/tissue physiology

Non-invasive tools that allow real-time quantification of molecules relevant to metabolism, homeostasis, and cell signaling in cells and tissue are of great importance for studying physiology. Several microsensor technologies have been developed to monitor concentration of molecules such as ions, oxygen, electroactive molecules (e.g., nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide), and biomolecules (e.g., sugars, hormones). The major challenges for microsensors are overcoming relatively low sensitivity and low signal-to-noise ratio. Modern approaches for enhancing microsensor performance focus on the incorporation of catalytic nanomaterials to increase sensitivity, reduce response time, and increase operating range. To improve signal-to-noise ratio, a non-invasive microsensor modality called self-referencing (SR) is being applied. The SR technique allows measurement of temporal and spatial transport dynamics at the cell, tissue, organ, and organismal level.
10 GPa 級小型高圧力発生装置の開発と充填スクッテルダイト化合物の圧力効果の研究

In this article, the contents of my doctoral thesis are briefly reviewed. I have developed 10 GPa class micro diamond anvil cell (DAC) in order to investigate high-pressure effect on filled skutterudite compounds. In addition, a way of setting up for high-pressure resistivity measurements using a four-probe method was established. Here, I focus on the heavy fermion superconductor PrOs4Sb12 and present pressure and magnetic field effects on the electrical resistivity by using the newly developed DAC with pressures up to 10 GPa.
Rapid accumulation of committed sea-level rise from global warming

As carbon emissions and scientific research have accumulated over recent years, climate scientists have come to see global climate change as an increasingly urgent threat (1, 2). In PNAS, Levermann et al. (3) provide a powerful new indicator of danger. When their findings on the long-term sensitivity of global sea level to global warming (∼2.3 m/°C) are put in the context of recent research on the sensitivity of global temperature to cumulative carbon dioxide emissions (4), simple analyses suggest (described below) that we have already committed to a long-term future sea level >1.3 or 1.9 m higher than today and are adding about 0.32 m/decade to the total: 10 times the rate of observed contemporary sea-level rise (5). By midcentury, the central estimate of commitment would rise to >3.1 m assuming today’s trends continue or to 2.1 m under an aggressive emissions cutting and atmospheric carbon dioxide removal scenario. Both scenarios threaten the future viability of many hundreds of coastal municipalities in the United States alone, but the low emissions path would likely spare hundreds more, including many major cities.
Investigation of Membrane Actuation for Roll Control of a Micro Air Vehicle

A class of micro air vehicles uses a flexible membrane wing for weight savings and passive shape adaptation. Such a wing is not amenable to conventional aileron mechanisms for roll control, due to a lack of internal wing structure. Therefore, morphing (in the form of asymmetric twisting) is implemented through the use of a torque-actuated wing structure with thousands of discrete design permutations. A static aeroelastic model of the micro air vehicle is developed and validated to optimize the performance of the torque-actuated wing structure. Objective functions include the steady-state roll rate and the lift-to-drag ratio incurred during such a maneuver. An optimized design is obtained through the use of a genetic algorithm presenting significant improvements in both performance metrics compared with the baseline design.
Descending price multi-item auctions

Abstract We propose a simultaneous descending price auction mechanism to sell multiple heterogeneous items, each owned by a distinct seller, to a number of buyers. Each buyer has known private valuations on items, and wants at most one item. We show that if the sellers follow a descending price offer procedure and the buyers follow a greedy strategy for accepting the offers, the auction results in a nearly efficient allocation, and terminates close to a competitive equilibrium price vector. The descending price offer strategy of the sellers is close to a Nash equilibrium. However, we show that the buyers are better off waiting in our auction. There is a maximum limit (corresponding to the minimum competitive equilibrium price vector) till which they can wait without running into the risk of not winning any item. If the buyers wait within this limit, the prices can be brought arbitrarily close to a uniquely defined competitive equilibrium price vector.
The Linac Coherent Light Source

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory was the first hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) to operate as a user facility. After five years of operation, LCLS is now a mature FEL user facility. Our personal views about opportunities and challenges inherent to these unique light sources are discussed.
Isolated rat gastric parietal cells: cholinergic response and pharmacology.

Abstract Isolated, partially purified or enriched rat gastric muscosal parietal cells were shown to respond to carbamycholine (EC 50 = 2 μ M) and other muscarinic cholinergic agonists as measured by an increased accumulation of 14 C-aminopyrine, an indirect measure of acid secretion. The secretory response to carbamylcholine was shown to be inhibited stereoselectively and reversibly by nanomolar concentrations of muscarinic cholinergic antagonists. Non-muscarinic antagonists, including cimetidine, were either ineffective or very weak inhibitors. The affinity constants calculated for cholinergic antagonist inhibition of 14 C-aminopyrine accumulation induced by carbamylcholine were similar to those previously calculated from direct binding studies on purified parietal cell particulate fractions using 3 H-QNB (1). These studies support the existence of specific parietal cell muscarinic cholinergic receptors with which the natural secretagogue acetylcholine interacts to regulate gastric acid secretion.
Comparison of Channel Switching and Reduced State Trellis Detection with Coherent Diversity Combining for CPFSK

Techniques by which the receive performance of a Continuous-Phase-Frequency-Shift-Keying (CPFSK) UHF waveform can be improved in frequency-flat slow Rayleigh fading using receive spatial diversity are investigated. Through simulation, diversity techniques using limiter-discriminator-detection with post detection switching diversity is compared with techniques employing Maximum-Likelihood-Sequence-Estimation (MLSE) and Per- Survivor-Processing (PSP) for coherent maximum ratio combining.
Use of silicalite molecular sieve for the gas chromatographic determination of permanent gases and volatile hydrocarbons emitted during coal processing

Abstract Permanent gases and C 2 C 7 hydrocarbons released during low-temperature pyrolysis of coal and during the cleaning of coal by leaching with molten caustic are efficiently separated and determined using gas chromatographic columns packed with silicalite, a hydrophobic molecular sieve. The advantages of using this material for column packing include: (a) permanent gases can be separated efficiently and rapidly; (b) both permanent gases and volatile hydrocarbons can be determined simultaneously using temperature programming; (c) in contrast with conventional molecular sieves, silicalite is not deactivated by adsorption of water or carbon dioxide; (d) silicalite is not degraded by most acidic or corrosive agents; (e) under special conditions, carbon dioxide can be determined in the presence of permanent gases and volatile hydrocarbons; and (f) trace quantities Of C 3 C 7 hydrocarbons can be accumulated on the front end of silicalite columns during repetitive, low-temperature determinations of permanent gases, and the composite sample of hydrocarbons can be subsequently eluted and analyzed by raising the column temperature.
Plasma Jet Piercing of Magnetic Fields and Entropy Trapping into a Conservative System

To obtain a thermonuclear plasma inside a magnetic confinement system, one must either (a) create the plasma in situ from cold gas by ionization and heating or (b) build up the plasma piecemeal by injection from some accelerator or hydromagnetic gun. A new method is proposed of achieving the nonadiabatic process of type (b) which may prove very advantageous. (W.D.M.)
Occurrence of 2,6-dimethoxy cinnamaldehyde in Taxus floridana and structural revision of taxiflorine to taxchinin M

Abstract Taxiflorine, originally isolated from the needles of Taxus floridana and described previously, has its structure revised to that of taxchinin M. Four other known taxanes also isolated were: 1-deoxy baccatin IV, 1-hydroxy baccatin 1, 10-deacetyl paclitaxel-7-xyloside and 13-deacetyl taxiflorine (taxchinin L), together with: trans-2,6-dimethoxy cinnamaldehyde, rhododendrol, ponasterone A and α -conidendrin.
Current concepts in extraction of transvenous pacing and ICD leads.

From the beginning of the era of implantable devices, there has been a need to remove these devices. The reasons for this have been related to malfunction, erosion, pocket infection, endocarditis, and a host of other issues. Although removal of the subcutaneous or submuscular pulse generator itself is a relatively straightforward procedure, removal of the transvenous lead system presents a significant challenge. 3,10,26,35,43 Progressive growth of fibrous tissue around the lead body and electrode tip creates a major barrier to the removal of these leads. Lead construction has evolved from relatively large-diameter solidly built wires, to smaller more delicate and structurally complex devices. The lack of tensile strength in some lead models creates a situation where simply pulling on the lead can result in breakage at nearly any part of the lead system. Most leads are currently constructed using one or more helical metallic conductors, but the actual configurations widely vary (Fig. 1). These are insulated with silicone rubber or one of several types of polyurethane. More recently, Teflon coatings applied directly to the conductor coil have insulated one conductor from the other. When a doctor pulls on the lead, the tensile strength of the insulation is the limiting factor. If the insulation is broken or breaks during the application of traction, all that remains is the conductor coil (or coils). The latter is similar to the coiled spring child's toy known as a "Slinky" (Hollidaysburg, PA). Pulling on this coil results in deformation of the coils and possibly breakage. Though direct traction will result in the removal of some leads, it is not safe or effective for many other leads. Therefore, tools and techniques have been developed by physicians and manufacturers to provide a technique and system to consistently and safely remove these devices. The following will address the removal of transvenous pacing and defibrillation leads only. Epicardial leads (surgically placed on the outer surface of the heart) present a totally different scenario. Currently, removal of epicardial leads can only be performed using a surgical approach that allows access to the epicardial surface.
Minimax problems with bitonic matrices

The minimax problem is a new optimization problem which substitutes maximum for addition in the constraint inequalities of a linear program. We show how a problem with n variables and m constraints can be reduced to a set cover problem with nm variables and m constraints. We define the mountain property on the coefficients in each column of the constraint matrix of a minimax problem and its generalization—the bitonic property. It is shown that these are equivalent, respectively, to set cover problems with consecutive 1's in each column or circular 1's in each column thus solving the periodic scheduling problem. We present a shortest path algorithm to solve a minimax problem with the mountain property in time O(mn + log m). For bitonic matrix problems, we present an algorithm of complexity O(m2(n + log n)). The same algorithms are used to solve a set cover problem on v sets and r elements to be covered in O(v + r log r) for a problem with consecutive 1's in each column and in O(v(v + r log r)) for a problem with circular 1's in each column. We further establish that r is at least and at most O(v). We also provide an efficient algorithm for recognizing bitonic matrices in O(mn log m) time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BAK1, an Arabidopsis LRR Receptor-like Protein Kinase, Interacts with BRI1 and Modulates Brassinosteroid Signaling

Brassinosteroids regulate plant growth and development through a protein complex that includes the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK) brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1). Activation tagging was used to identify a dominant genetic suppressor of bri1, bak1-1D (bri1-associated receptor kinase 1-1Dominant), which encodes an LRR-RLK, distinct from BRI1. Overexpression of BAK1 results in elongated organ phenotypes, while a null allele of BAK1 displays a semidwarfed phenotype and has reduced sensitivity to brassinosteroids (BRs). BAK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase, and BRI1 and BAK1 interact in vitro and in vivo. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant allele of BAK1 causes a severe dwarf phenotype, resembling the phenotype of null bri1 alleles. These results indicate BAK1 is a component of BR signaling.
Cell labeling approaches for fluorescence-based in vivo flow cytometry

We provide an overview of the methods used to label circulating cells for fluorescence detection by in vivo flow cytometry. These methods are useful for cell tracking in small animals without the need to draw blood samples and are particularly useful for the detection of circulating cancer cells and quantification of circulating immune cells. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Ultrafast pump-probe and 2DIR anisotropy and temperature-dependent dynamics of liquid water within the E3B model

Recently, Tainter et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 184501 (2011)] reparameterized a new rigid water model (E3B) that explicitly includes three-body interactions in its Hamiltonian. Compared to commonly used water models such as SPC/E and TIP4P, the new model shows better agreement with experiment for many physical properties including liquid density, melting temperature, virial coefficients, etc. However, the dynamics of the E3B model, especially as a function of temperature, has not been systematically evaluated. Experimental nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study the dynamics of matter in condensed phases. In the present study, we calculate linear and nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy observables for liquid water using the E3B model at five temperatures: 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 °C. Specifically, we calculate absorption and Raman spectra and pump-probe anisotropy for HOD in H2O at all temperatures, frequency-resolved pump-probe anisotropy for HOD in both H2O and D2O at 30 °C, and 2DIR anisotropy for HOD in D2O at 30 °C. In all cases, we find reasonable agreement with experiment, and for the ultrafast spectroscopy our results are a significant improvement over those of the SPC/E model. A likely reason for this improvement is that the three-body interaction terms in the E3B model are able to model cooperative hydrogen bonding. We also calculate rotational and frequency relaxation times at all temperatures, and fit the results to the Arrhenius equation. We find that the activation energy for hydrogen-bond switching in liquid water is 3.8 kcal/mol, which agrees well with the experimental value of 3.7 kcal/mol obtained from anisotropy decay experiments.
Variability of Quantitative Automated Perimetry in Normal Observers

Abstract The test/retest variability in different regions of the visual field were evauated in six commercially available automated threshold static perimeters using normal volunteers. Three of the devices were projection perimeters (Squid®, Octopus 500®, Humphrey Field Analyzer®) and three of them used light-emitting diode stimuli (Dicon 2000®, Fieldmaster 50®, Digilab 350®). The authors' results show that, although some devices were better than others, all have some degree of variability. In addition, they found that there is increased variability from the central 10° out to 30° eccentricity for each perimeter.
Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.
Episodic ataxia results from voltage-dependent potassium channels with altered functions.

Abstract Episodic ataxia (EA) is an autosomal dominant human disorder that produces persistent myokymia and attacks of generalized ataxia. Recently, familial EA has been linked to the voltage-dependent delayed rectifier, Kv1.1, on chromosome 12. Six EA families have been identified that carry distinct Kv1.1 missense mutations; all individuals are heterozygous. Expression in Xenopus oocytes demonstrates that two of the EA subunits form homomeric channels with altered gating properties. V408A channels have voltage dependence similar to that of wild-type channels, but with faster kinetics and increased C-type inactivation, while the voltage dependence of F1 84C channels is shifted 20 mV positive. The other four EA subunits do not produce functional homomeric channels but reduce the potassium current when coassembled with wild-type subunits. The results suggest a cellular mechanism underlying EA in which the affected nerve cells cannot efficiently repolarize following an action potential because of altered delayed rectifier function.
Achilles Tendon Moment Arms Computed Using Ultrasound and Motion Analysis: In Vivo Estimates for Male Subjects

Accurate estimates for Achilles tendon moment arm (MA) are essential when computing gastroc-soleus force from the net plantarflexion moment. Errors in approximating the Achilles tendon MA will adversely affect the muscle force estimate. We have noted that Achilles tendon MAs reported by Maganaris [1] and others are significantly greater (> 1 cm) than values used by Delp et al. computed using SIMM [2]. It is important to note that the stature of Delp’s lower limb model was almost identical to the average weight and height of the subjects in a study by Maganaris. This led us to question which MA profiles were more anatomically meaningful. To address this, we calculated Achilles tendon MAs for 10 male subjects using a previously described method. The method combines ultrasound and video-based motion capture, and referred to as the hybrid method. Subjects in our study were chosen to ensure they were of a similar stature to those tested by Maganaris, thereby minimizing confounding effects of subject anthropometrics.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Influence of clipping and soil water status on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of two semi-arid tussock grasses

Using two tussock grasses, Agropyron desertorum, a grazing-tolerant species, and A. spicatum, a grazing-sensitive species, we measured the responses of vesicular-arbuscular mycorhizae (VAM) to clipping and soil moisture status. The clipping was carried out over a 4-year period (1982–1985). For the soil moisture × clipping studies, a rainout shelter was used to create drought stress, and irrigation was used to create high moisture conditions over a 2-year period (1984 – 1985). No consistent patterns in VAM infection frequency and VAM fungal spore counts were observed, either between species or among treatments. Increased moisture tended to increase total root and total VAM length, but there were no consistent moisture × clipping effects. Nor did the phenology of the fungus follow consistent patterns: there were similar lengths of root containing vesicles and arbuscules in 1984, and predominantly vesicles in 1985. The greatest effect was a large difference in VAM activity between years regardless of treatment, despite our attempts to use extreme environmental conditions and a rigorous sampling design. The VAM of both plant species were highly correlated. We postulate that VAM are highly plastic and that they respond to environmental pressures that we do not yet understand.
Liquid phase catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural over a Ru/C catalyst

Abstract Methyl furan production through catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural in the liquid phase has been investigated over a Ru/C catalyst in the temperature range of 120–200 °C using 2-propanol as a solvent. It has been found that furfural hydrogenation produces furfuryl alcohol, which undergoes hydrogenolysis to methyl furan. Small amounts of furan and traces of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol are also produced via furfural decarbonylation and furfuryl alcohol ring hydrogenation, respectively. Furfuryl alcohol can dimerize or produce ether with 2-propanol. The yield of methyl furan is enhanced with increasing reaction temperature and/or reaction time. Optimum results are attained after 10 h of reaction at 180 °C, where furfural conversion and methyl furan yield reach 95% and 61%, respectively, which is the highest reported yield in the liquid phase at temperatures lower than 200 °C. The reaction network has been investigated by analysing the evolution of reaction intermediates and products and by starting from furfuryl alcohol, methyl furan, and furan hydrogenation. Intermediates, as well as methyl furan, are produced faster when starting with furfuryl alcohol as the reactant, rather than furfural, indicating that initial hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol is slow. Catalyst recycling experiments over spent Ru/C catalyst show that, although furfural conversion does not decrease significantly, furfuryl alcohol yield increases at the expense of methyl furan. The initial catalytic activity and selectivity are regained completely after catalyst regeneration. We show evidence that the active phase of the catalyst involves Ru and RuO x .
Update: Metabolic and Cardiovascular Consequences of Bariatric Surgery

Obesity is a disease state with polygenic inheritance, the phenotypic penetrance of which has been greatly expanded by the attributes of modern civilization. More than two-thirds of obese persons have comorbidities, many of which are characteristic of cardiometabolic risk syndrome (CMRS) in addition to other life-quality-reducing complaints. The CMRS is associated with increased cardiovascular events and mortality. Individuals with a body mass index greater than 35 infrequently achieve or maintain weight loss adequate to resolve these metabolic and anatomic issues by lifestyle or pharmacologic strategies. Data suggest that some of these patients may be better served by bariatric surgery.
Double-membraned vesicles and their possible role in the ontogeny of microbodies of Basidiobolus haptosporus

Summary A concomitant but transient occurrence of large numbers of double-membraned vesicles with immature, culturally induced microbodies was demonstrated in thin sections of Basidiobolus haptosporus soon after transfer of the fungus to a defined medium containing xanthine or its catabolites as the sole source of nitrogen. Double-membraned vesicles were rapidly formed as derivatives of endoplasmic cisternae later to occur free in the cytoplasm, often as the most predominant cytoplasmic inclusion. Densitometric measurements revealed that heavy metal-binding cytoplasmic constituents were concentrated within the vesicular lumen. Most of the double-membraned vesicles appeared to undergo degeneration; they were rare to absent in thin sections of older cells. At times, double-membraned vesicles were seen connected to newly formed microbodies in a manner suggesting ontogenic relationships. The outer vesicular membrane was continuous with the single limiting membrane of the microbody via a short tubule. We interpret these observations as empirical ultrastructural evidence to suggest that some double-membraned vesicles become specialized and function as precursor inclusions in the biogenesis of new microbody populations committed to purine salvage.
A role for Na/K adenosine triphosphatase in the pathogenesis of cyst formation in experimental polycystic kidney disease.

Multiple cyst formation with fluid retention is a characteristic structural abnormality in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Na/K adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is a major transporting membrane protein that is ubiquitous in the epithelial cell, which has been thought to be involved in cystogenesis. We have investigated the molecular and histologic basis of Na/K ATPase activity in experimental PKD in vivo. Rats were treated with diphenylthiazole (100 mg/100 gm body weight), and cyst formation was examined histologically. Na/K ATPase activity was measured enzymatically by using a fluorometric method, and reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was used to quantitate mRNA levels in the isolated single nephron segment. Kidneys were immunostained with subunit-specific antibodies to determine the localization of Na/K ATPase in the epithelial cell. The enzyme activity increased in the cortical collecting duct from 25.9 ± 3.5 mmol/Lpmol/mm/min to 72.9 ± 6.8 pmol/mm/min and in the outer medullary collecting duct from 13.0 ± 3.9 mmol/Lpmol/mm/min to 58.5 ± 9.8 pmol/mm/min (n = 6, p < 0.01); however, all other segments showed no significant changes. No significant alternation in α1- and β1-subunits of Na/K ATPase mRNA levels was observed by competitive PCR assay in either segment. The enzyme was stained at the basolateral membrane even in the cystic tubules. Na/K ATPase activity was up-regulated in the cyst-formed kidney, but this was not accompanied with transcriptional up-regulation. Increased Na/K ATPase activity at normal locations may play a role in abnormal net fluid transport in the development and progression of experimental PKD.
Herbert Spencer's philosophy of style: Conserving mental energy

My article traces the development, chronicles the impact, and explains the essence of Herbert Spencer's The Philosophy of Style (1852). Spencer's essay has had a significant influence on stylistics, especially in scientific and technical communication. Although in our generation Spencer's contribution to stylistics is not widely remembered, it ought to be. His single essay on this subject was seminal to modern theories about effective communication, not because it introduced new knowledge but because it was such a rhetorically astute synthesis of stylistic lore, designed to connect traditional rhetorical theory with 19th-century ideas about science, technology, and evolution. It was also influential because it was part of Spencer's grand synthetic philosophy, a prodigious body of books and essays that made him one of the most prominent thinkers of his time. Spencer's Philosophy of Style carried the day, and many following decades, with its description of the human mind as a symbol-processing machine, with its description of cognitive and affective dimensions of communication, and with its scientifically considered distillation of the fundamental components of effective style. We should read Spencer's essay and understand its impact not so much because we expect it to teach us new things about good style, but precisely because: 1) it's at the root of some very important concepts now familiar to us; 2) it synthesizes these concepts so impressively; 3) we can use it heuristically as we continue thinking about style; and 4) it provides a compact, accessible touchstone for exploring - with students, clients, and colleagues - the techniques of effective style for scientific and technical communication.
Analysis of Dual Heat Sources in a Partially Open Enclosure

In this study a partially open enclosure with two heat sources is examined to determine the Nusselt number along the hot wall. The first part of the study examines the effect of the Rayleigh number ratio on the Nusselt number. The largest Rayleigh number ratio results in the highest magnitude of the Nusselt number. The second part of the study examines what happens to the Nusselt number along the hot wall as the Rayleigh number ratio for the two blocks is different. This situation can arise when the two blocks have unequal heat source values. The largest Nusselt numbers correspond to the situation when the block along the top wall has a Rayleigh number ratio that is ten times higher than the Rayleigh number ratio for the block along the hot wall. The largest Nusselt number magnitudes can be attributed to the strong vortex in the corner near the hot wall.
A TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF A STAGE SPECIFIC PENTASACCHARIDE EMBRYOGENESIS MARKER

Abstract A thioglyeoside coupling mediated by methyl triflate was used to generate Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen-3.
Separations of Diastereomeric Organic Acids on Sephadex G-10

Abstract The applicability of adsorption chromatography on Sephadex G-10 to the preparative purification of the salts of several mixtures of diastereomeric carboxylic acids as well as the reaction mixture from the photolysis of sorbic acid was investigated. All mixtures were separated, apparently on the basis of relative hydrophobicities of the components, demonstrating the versatility of the method for purifying water-soluble organic compounds.
Three Mutually Informative Ways to Understand the Genetic Relationships Among Behavioral Disinhibition, Alcohol Use, Drug Use, Nicotine Use/Dependence, and Their Co-occurrence: Twin Biometry, GCTA, and Genome-Wide Scoring

Behavioral disinhibition is a trait hypothesized to represent a general vulnerability to the development of substance use disorders. We used a large community-representative sample (N = 7,188) to investigate the genetic and environmental relationships among measures of behavioral disinhibition, Nicotine Use/Dependence, Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Dependence, and Drug Use. First, using a subsample of twins (N = 2,877), we used standard twin models to estimate the additive genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental contributions to these five traits. Heritabilities ranged from .42 to .58 and shared environmental effects ranged from .12 to .24. Phenotypic correlations among the five traits were largely attributable to shared genetic effects. Second, we used Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) to estimate as a random effect the aggregate genetic effect attributable to 515,384 common SNPs. The aggregated SNPs explained 10-30 % of the variance in the traits. Third, a genome-wide scoring approach summed the actual SNPs, creating a SNP-based genetic risk score for each individual. After tenfold internal cross-validation, the SNP sumscore correlated with the traits at .03 to .07 (p < .05), indicating small but detectable effects. SNP sumscores generated on one trait correlated at approximately the same magnitude with other traits, indicating detectable pleiotropic effects among these traits. Behavioral disinhibition thus shares genetic etiology with measures of substance use, and this relationship is detectable at the level of measured genomic variation.
Dissolution, sorption, and phytoremediation of IMX-101 explosive formulation constituents: 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine

Abstract The insensitive munition, IMX-101 approved for use in the USA, contains 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ) and is designed to be less sensitive to shock and sympathetic detonation. Given the estimated future use of IMX-101, an understanding of IMX-101 constituent attenuation mechanisms on testing and training ranges is needed. Studies were conducted to determine (1) the rates of IMX-101 fragment dissolution during simulated rainfall, (2) DNAN and NTO soil sorption coefficients, (3) ability of grasses to germinate in and phytoremediate IMX-101 contaminated soil, and (4) effect of the addition of IMX-101 degrading enrichment cultures on phytoremediation. The IMX-101 particles were found to dissolve slowly under simulated rainfall conditions with NQ and NTO dissolving first, leaving DNAN crystals. DNAN and NTO sorption to soils fit Freundlich isotherms and limited desorption was observed. DNAN and NQ were shown to be taken up into the roots and shoots of a mixture of big bluestem grass (Andropogon gerardii), Nash Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) during phytoremediation of soils contaminated with up to 50 mg kg−1 IMX-101. Complete degradation of IMX-101 to below detection limits occurred over 225 days. The addition of an IMX-101 degrading enrichment culture to the treatments significantly increased the root and shoot mass.
The role of backbone conformation in deltorphin II binding: A QSAR study of new analogues modified in the 5-, 6-positions of the address domain

Abstract The δ selectivity of the opioid heptapeptides deltorphin I and II has been attributed to the C-terminal ‘address’ domain, the hydrophobic Val5–Val6 residues apparently playing a topographical role. We now report the synthesis, opioid binding affinities, and a QSAR study of a series of peptides in which one of the valine side chains was altered. QSAR analyses included previously published models for a binding pocket interaction and an optimum size (Schullery, S.; Mohammedshah, T.; Makhlouf, H.; Marks, E.; Wilenkin, B.; Escobar, S.; Mousigian, C.; Heyl, D. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1997, 5, 2221), and a new approach for backbone conformational effects using Langevin dynamics simulation (PM3 semi-empirical force field) of an isolated peptide fragment containing the side chain and flanking peptide bonds. No evidence is found of binding pocket interactions or optimum size for either the position-5 or -6 side chain. Rather, δ binding is generally disfavored while μ binding is either unaffected (position-5) or favored (position-6) by larger side chains. The dynamics results provide evidence of similar ‘local’ conformation roles for the positions 5 and 6 side chains. Specifically, δ binding is favored by side chains that maximize the extension of the backbone, measured as the through-space distance between peptide fragment ends, the angle between lines connecting the α-carbon with fragment ends, or the difference between the psi and phi peptide angles.
Optical Constants of Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride in the Far Ultraviolet

Sodium and potassium chloride single crystals refraction and absorption in far UV derived from reflectance spectra analysis
Personality Factors and Inhibited Career Development: Testing the Unique Contribution of Shyness.

Abstract This study evaluated the hypothesis that shyness is uniquely associated with delayed development of personal resources for dealing with career tasks during the college years. In addition to shyness, the set of relevant personality factors included academic self-esteem and dysphoria. Canonical correlation and semipartial analysis were used to assess the mutual and unique variance associated with these three personality factors and a set of career development variables pertinent to college students in late adolescence. Results revealed that shyness was uniquely related with vocational self-concept crystallization and aspects of vocational maturity (e.g., attitudes toward planning), but unrelated with indexes of self and environmental exploration. Academic self-esteem was only related to vocational self-concept, while dysphoria evidenced no unique association with any career variables. Implications of the expected and unexpected findings are discussed.
Women and Musical Instruments

IN looking over a very large collection of musical instruments from the aborigines of America, I am surprised to find that there is not one peculiar to women, and that those of the men are never played by the women. It is true that the females beat time on various objects and may now and then use the rattle. This disappointing fact arrested my attention, and I am curious to know whether savage women, or any other women for that matter, have ever invented a musical instrument, and whether in savagery they even play upon those invented by the men. The composition and singing of songs might also be inquired into, though our American savage women do join in certain choruses.
Self-Rated Emotional Health in Adults with and without HIV:

Affect is an important indicator of quality of life; unfortunately, many people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease are vulnerable to depression and negative affect. In a secondary data analysis, 50 HIV-positive and 50 HIV-negative adults between 30 and 65 years old completed several affective measures and rated their emotional health. The HIV-positive adults reported more negative affect than the HIV-negative adults. Older age, loneliness, and HIV stigma were associated with such negative affect.
Commentary on “Lung Cancer: Value of Various Imaging Modalities”

Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of death, and non–small-cell lung cancer accounts for nearly 75% of all lung cancers. Potential for cure is maximized if lung cancer is detected when it is resectable. Garcia et al provide an organized review of various useful imaging modalities; however, in the past decade significant advances in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging appear to be changing the traditional practice of radiology in the work up of suspected or proven lung cancer patients. Of the nearly 130,000 new solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) found each year in the US, about 50%-60% are benign and can be spared the surgical resection. Plain film and computed tomography (CT) may not be able to differentiate malignant from benign lesions in two thirds of nodules based on pattern of calcification or even CT densitometry.
Modern Real-time Aerosol Samplers

Abstract A number of direct reading aerosol instruments useful for industrial hygiene measurements and research have been developed in the last 15 years, many with government support. These instruments have attempted to address various industrial hygiene problem areas, including making real-time respirable dust measurements, making personal dust exposure measurements, and calibrating personal sampling devices. This discussion covers a review of a selected number of instruments, ranging from simple photometers to a more sophisticated size distribution measurement system. Several laboratory and field applications of these and similar instruments are presented.
Transmission and Reflection Properties of a Random Medium

ABSTRACT The parabolic approximation for wave propagation in a random medium is extended to include the backscattering. Approximate analytic solutions for the mutual coherence functions of the transmitted and reflected waves due to a plane wave normally incident to a layer of random medium are obtained. The results are expressed in the form of a scattering matrix, which may be conveniently used in multi-layer problems. Some typical numerical results illustrating the effects of layer thickness and strength of permittivity fluctuation on the mutual coherence functions are presented.
Mechanisms or metaphors? The emptiness of evolutionary psychological explanations

In recent decades, numerous psychological and sociological theories have been offered in the attempt to explain human cognition, motivation, and behavior in fundamentally evolutionary terms. Drawin...
Insertion of nanoparticles into polymer brush under variable solvent conditions

In this work, two-dimensional lattice-based self-consistent field theory is used to study the free energy cost associated with the insertion of a nanoparticle into a polymer brush. The nanoparticle is modeled as a cylinder and the self-consistent field equations are formulated on a cylindrical lattice. The use of two-dimensional formalism makes it possible to take into account the distortion of the brush density profile due to the embedded nanoinclusion. The insertion free energy penalty is analyzed as a function of the particle size, the brush grafting density, and the solvent quality. In agreement with the earlier simulation work, we find that the insertion free energy cost increases both with the particle size and the brush grafting density and decreases with deteriorating solvent quality. For nanoparticles located deep inside the brush, the insertion free energy is shown to scale with either squared (good solvent) or cubed (poor solvent) monomer volume fraction profile, in agreement with the earlier theoretical results. For shallow nanoinclusions located close to the brush surface, the insertion free energy is shown to scale linearly with the monomer volume fraction profile under both good and theta solvent conditions, again in agreement with the earlier work.
High-Order Finite-Difference Schemes for Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has become a powerful tool in studying fundamental phenomena of laminar-turbulent transition of high-speed boundary layers. Previous DNS studies of supersonic and hypersonic boundary layer transition have been limited to perfect-gas flow over flat-plate boundary layers without shock waves. For hypersonic boundary layers over realistic blunt bodies, DNS studies of transition need to consider the effects of bow shocks, entropy layers, surface curvature, and finite-rate chemistry. It is necessary that numerical methods for such studies are robust and high-order accurate both in resolving wide ranges of flow time and length scales and in resolving the interaction between the bow shocks and flow disturbance waves. This paper presents a new high-order shock-fitting finite-difference method for the DNS of the stability and transition of hypersonic boundary layers over blunt bodies with strong bow shocks and with (or without) thermo-chemical nonequilibrium. The proposed method includes a set of new upwind high-order finite-difference schemes which are stable and are less dissipative than a straightforward upwind scheme using an upwind-bias grid stencil, a high-order shock-fitting formulation, and third-order semi-implicit Runge?Kutta schemes for temporal discretization of stiff reacting flow equations. The accuracy and stability of the new schemes are validated by numerical experiments of the linear wave equation and nonlinear Navier?Stokes equations. The algorithm is then applied to the DNS of the receptivity of hypersonic boundary layers over a parabolic leading edge to freestream acoustic disturbances.
A High TCP Performance Rate Adaptation Algorithm for IEEE 802.11 Networks

Rate adaptation is a link layer mechanism critical to the system performance by exploiting the multiple transmission rates provided by current IEEE 802.11 WLANs. The key challenge for designing such an algorithm is how to select the most appropriate transmission rate under different environments. The first generation rate adaptation schemes perform poorly in a collision dominant environment because they do not differentiate frame losses caused by collision from channel degradation. The second generation schemes use RTS/CTS control frames to differentiate frame losses. However, introducing the overhead may lower network performance especially when the data frame size is small. This paper gives several guidelines on how to design an efficient rate adaptation scheme and proposes an algorithm called Advanced Rate Adaptation Algorithm (ARA). ARA is implemented along with four other representative rate adaptation schemes on a Linux-based testbed. Experiment results show that ARA outperforms other rate adaptation schemes in most scenarios.
Anatomy of a fertility decline: Peninsular Malaysia, 1950-1976.

Abstract Data from a retrospective survey are used to analyse trends in the fertility of Peninsular Malaysia's three main ethnic groups, Malays, Chinese and Indians. Though imperfect, these data allow a comparison of the fertility experience of birth cohorts of women who were in their childbearing years during two decades of rapid social change. Two components of the birth interval, post-partum amenorrhoea and the menstruating interval, and proximate determinants of these two components, breast-feeding and contraceptive use, are considered. Ethnic differences in the way these components have changed over time are more pronounced than differences in completed fertility, primarily because Malay women breast-fed longer then women of Chinese origin, while the latter were more likely to use modern contraceptives.
1407 THEOPHYLLINE (THEO) THERAPY FOR MIXED AND OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA

We performed diagnostic monitoring (heart rate, abdominal excursion, nasal and oral airflow) on infants referred because of apnea and bradycardia (HR≤100) spells. By classifying apnea (absent airflow ≥20sec or 2sec central plus obstructive), we identified 5 preterm infants (GA:26-32wks; postnatal age: 6-34days) with predominantly OA and MA. We used bedside monitoring for bradycardia to determine frequency of apnea pre and post THEO since 99% of all apneic spells were associated with bradycardia and 99% of bradycardias were preceded by apnea by our diagnostic monitoring. All infants received THEO (6mg/kg then 2mg/kgTID; serum levels: 6-13 μg%). All infants had a decrease in the frequency of bradycardia spells in the 48hr period post vs. pre THEO (p<.05). Repeat diagnostic monitoring in 4 infants (9 recorded spells) showed a similar distribution of the apnea types (78% MA, 22% OA) while on THEO. We conclude that THEO, in decreasing the frequency of bradycardia, decreased OA and MA in these infants.
Tertiary Mutations Stabilize CD8+ T Lymphocyte Escape-Associated Compensatory Mutations following Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Compensatory mutations offset fitness defects resulting from CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CD8(TL))-mediated escape, but their impact on viral evolution following transmission to naive hosts remains unclear. Here, we investigated the reversion kinetics of Gag(181-189)CM9 CD8(TL) escape-associated compensatory mutations in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. Preexisting compensatory mutations did not result in acute-phase escape of the SIVmac239 CD8(TL) epitope Gag(181-189)CM9 and instead required a tertiary mutation for stabilization in the absence of Gag(181-189)CM9 escape mutations. Therefore, transmitted compensatory mutations do not necessarily predict rapid CD8(TL) escape.