cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Invasion Analysis in Structured Populations

Evolutionary invasion analysis seeks to identify those phenotypes that cannot be invaded and replaced by alternative organismal strategies. This is achieved by first constructing a dynamical system that governs a rare mutant’s dynamics when introduced into an ecological setting at equilibrium with a resident strategy. From this, a mutant fitness function is derived whose analysis is dependent on the complexity of the ecological milieu. Invasion analyses of age-, stage-, space-, or otherwise-structured populations typically require that a fitness function, termed the invasion fitness, be extracted as an eigenvalue of the linearized dynamics of the focal organism’s ecology. This poses little technical difficulty when populations are structured into a small number (usually < 4) of compartments. However, for more complex ecologies, calculating the invasion fitness can be difficult. Here we present an algorithm to perform such analyses in class-structured populations, even when the resulting dimensionality is high enough to prohibit the direct calculation of a dominant eigenvalue. This algorithm also allows for an assessment of the evolutionary stability and convergence stability conditions, thus providing a tool for the complete evolutionary analysis of class-structured populations.
Research on high voltage capacitor partial discharge detection with portable oscillating wave circuit

At present, the partial discharge(PD) detection of high voltage power capacitor usually employs a resonant circuit which requires a very bulky reactor, and a PD detector with ultrasonic sensors. One of the problems with this approach is difficult experimental setup. Another is the limitation of PD signal analyze and get further valuable information, due to the properties of ultrasonic signal itself. This paper reports on a new user-friendly and effective way to carry out PD test of HV power capacitor. This system contains a supply module, a specially made sampling impedance and a PD pulse collector. The supply module, consists of high voltage DC power generator, protection resistance, damping resistance, semiconductor switch, which is integrated designed, characterized by small size, light weight, and low power consumption. The specially made sampling impedance which is employed to obtain PD signals could be applied to the detection of capacitor samples with different capacity, and the impedance can be directly connected to the end of the capacitor without the influence of large current signal. And the PD pulse collector is different from PD detectors under stable voltage, which needs to grasp the PD signal accurately in several cycles of the test loop oscillation, and the signal acquisition is required to be continuous. Compared with the previous approach, the oscillating wave circuit with specially made impedance reported in this paper, showed much more portability for large power capacitors PD detection, and the results provided chances for time and frequency domain spectrum analysis, which could be helpful to identify the PD type of HV power capacitors.
Continental Records of Mis 11

Terrestrial equivalents of MIS 11 are best studied in northwestern Europe where they correspond to the Holstenian interglacial and the early part of the Saalian glacial stage. In this area, the interglacial climate lasted longer and was wetter but not uniformly warmer than the Eemian or the Holocene. Two short cooling spells interrupted the development of the temperate forest in the first half of the Holsteinian.
Studies on phosphomannose isomerase. 3. A mechanism for catalysis and for the role of zinc in the enzymatic and the nonenzymatic isomerization.

Phosphomannose isomerase, which has previously been shown to be a zinc-metalloenzyme (J. Biol. Chem., 243, 4109 (1968)), was studied with respect to the following points: (a) effect of substrate on inhibition by metal-binding agents, (b) effect of zinc on the nonenzymatic isomerization, (c) effect of pH on Michaelis constant and maximal velocity, and (d) affinity of substrate analogues acting as competitive inhibitors. The substrate mannose 6-phosphate was found to protect phosphomannose isomerase from inhibition by o-phenanthroline, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or dithiothreitol, suggesting that the metal is located in the active center of the enzyme. Zinc was found also to accelerate the nonenzymatic conversion of mannose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and is believed to participate in a similar manner in both the nonenzymatic and the enzymatically catalyzed isomerization reactions. From the pH dependence of the kinetic parameters, pK values of 6.6 and 7.8 for the free enzyme and of 6.4 and 8.1 for the enzyme-substrate complex have been determined for two ionizable groups involved in substrate binding and catalysis; the pK values of 6.6 and 6.4 have been assigned to the imidazole group of a histidine residue. Analysis of the inhibition by substrate analogues indicates that the phosphate moiety of the substrate is required for binding and that substrate analogues in the open chain form bind more effectively to the enzyme than the corresponding cyclic compounds. A reaction mechanism is proposed in which the zinc coordinates with the carbonyl and hydroxyl oxygens on C-1 and C-2, thereby activating the hydrogen α to the carbonyl, which is abstracted by the nonprotonated nitrogen of an imidazole group to form the transient enediol intermediate.
Recovery of vibratory function after vocal fold microflap in a rabbit model.

Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate the return of vibratory function and restoration of vibration amplitude and symmetry after vocal fold microflap surgery. Study Design Prospective in vivo animal model. Methods Microflap surgery was performed on 30 New Zealand white breeder rabbits. The left vocal fold received a 3-mm epithelial incision and mucosal elevation, while the contralateral vocal fold was left intact to serve as an internal control. Quantitative analysis of amplitude ratio and lateral phase difference were measured using high-speed laryngeal imaging at a frame rate of 10,000 frames per second from animals undergoing evoked phonation on postoperative days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. Results Quantitative measures revealed a significantly reduced amplitude ratio and lateral phase difference on day 0 after microflap. These impairments of vibratory function on day 0 were associated with separation of the vocal fold's body-cover layer. Amplitude ratio increased significantly by day 3 after microflap, with further increases in vibration amplitude on days 5 and 7. While the amplitude ratio improved significantly on day 3, lateral phase difference decreased significantly on day 3, and returned to normal on days 5 and 7. Conclusions High-speed laryngeal imaging was used to investigate the natural time course of postmicroflap recovery of vibratory function. Results revealed the restoration of vibration amplitude and lateral phase difference by days 3 to 7 after microflap. The time period of improved vibratory function observed in this study coincides with the end of the well-documented inflammatory phase of vocal fold wound repair. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:481–486, 2014
Prefacio y Capítulo 5 “El poder blando y la política exterior americana”, en Soft Power, Public Affairs , New Hampshire, 2004, ps. IX-XIII y 127-147.

El presente fragmento de la famosa obra del profesor Nye, nos introduce en el concepto y repercusiones del poder blando. Definido como “la habilidad de obtener lo que quieres a traves de la atraccion antes que a traves de la coercion o de las recompensas”, este concepto tiene una gran relevancia para la politica exterior de Estados Unidos. Tras exponer las diferentes corrientes de la politica exterior americana y las consecuencias negativas que para la misma tuvo el hecho de malgastar este tipo de poder durante la Guerra de Irak, Nye subraya la necesidad de utilizar conjuntamente tanto del poder duro como del poder blando, con lo que quedara conformado un nuevo concepto de poder, el poder inteligente. This fragment of Professor´s Nye famous book introduces the concept and the repercussions of the soft power. Defined as “the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments”, it is of great relevance for the foreign policy of the United States. After exposing the different American foreign policy traditions and the negative consequences of the waste of this kind of power during the Iraq War, Nye underlines the need of using hard power as well as soft power, shaping a new concept of power, the Smart Power.
Exposure of school employees to extremely low frequency magnetic fields

This study was initiated to determine and compare daily occupational exposure (OE) and non-occupational exposure (NOE) of three employee groups of teachers, maintenance workers and secretarial staff in a Canadian school district. The time-weighted average (TWA) individual OE for subjects ranged from 0.4-3.8 milligauss (mG), and the TWA NOE ranged from 0.2-7.1 mG. TWA OE and NOE were 1.2 mG and 1.5 mG for teachers, 1.8 mG and 1.2 mG for maintenance workers, and 2.9 mG and 2.1 mG for secretarial staff. The differences between TWA OE and NOE of each group and also among the three groups were not statistically significant. OE and NOE of secretarial staff exceeded 10 mG 9.0% and 6.4% of the time--significantly (p < 0.001) higher rates than those of OE and NOE of teachers (1.0% and 1.4%) and maintenance workers (2.8% and 0.1%). Exposures were well below recommended criteria.
Traumatic brain injury: Implications for practice

Abstract This article presents a brief overview of the prevalence and history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), discusses the multidimensional effects of TBI, describes the current focus of TBI rehabilitation, and summarizes outcomes from (re)habilitation work with individuals with traumatic brain injury. The importance of this critical area to rehabilitation personnel is discussed, along with suggestions for future research and evaluation studies.
Diffusion noise in double-injection diodes in the ohmic relaxation regime

A derivation is given for the effects of diffusion noise for double-injection diodes in the Ohmic relaxation regime. It leads to thermal noise of the d.c. resistance Va/Ia at high frequencies and a possible additional term similar to g?r noise at low frequencies, whose existence is still in doubt.
Pork Preference for Consumers in China, Japan and South Korea

Competition in global pork markets has increased as trade barriers have opened as a result of free trade agreements. Japanese prefer both loin and Boston butt, while Chinese prefer pork offal. Frozen pork has increased in terms of imports into China. Japanese consumers consider pork meat origin along with pork price when making purchase decisions. While the Chinese prefer a strong tasting pork product, South Korean consumers show very strong preferences to pork that is higher in fat. Therefore, South Korean consumers have a higher demand for pork belly and Boston butt. Consequently, the supply and demand of pork in Korea is hardly met, which means that importation of high fat parts is inevitable. In Korea there is lower preference toward low fat parts such as loin, picnic shoulder, and ham. During the economic depression in South Korea there have been observable changes in consumer preferences. There remains steep competition among the pork exporting countries in terms of gaining share in the international pork market. If specific consumer preferences would be considered carefully, there is the possibility to increase the amount of pork exported to these countries.
Behavioral interactions of ethanol and methylxanthines

The effect of the methylxanthines caffeine, theophylline and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) on ethanol-induced ataxia and loss of righting reflex was investigated in three strains of mice. A significant potentiation of ethanol-induced ataxia was produced in all strains of mice at 20, 45 and 75 min after ethanol in mice pretreated with 62.5 mg/kg caffeine and 12.5 mg/kg IBMX. In mice pretreated with 40 mg/kg caffeine potentiation of ethanol-induced ataxia was observed only at 20 min after ethanol. Theophylline pretreatment produced no alteration in ethanol-induced ataxia. The results of methylxanthine pretreatment on ethanol-induced ataxia were similar, regardless of a shorter (10 min) or longer (75 min) pretreatment time. The methylxanthines produced no effect on motor coordination or behavior when administered separately. Although ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex was shortened by theophylline, neither caffeine nor IBMX altered the duration of loss of righting reflex. It is possible that inhibition of adenosine uptake, a known effect of the methylxanthines, may be a more likely explanation for the modulation of the behavioral effects of ethanol.
Spontaneous Priming of a Downstream Module in 6-Deoxyerythronolide B Synthase Leads to Polyketide Biosynthesis†

Modular polyketide synthases such as 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) catalyze the biosynthesis of structurally complex natural products by repetitive condensation of simple carboxylic acid m...
Soil organic matter dynamics under soybean exposed to elevated [CO2]

It is unclear how changing atmospheric composition will influence the plant–soil interactions that determine soil organic matter (SOM) levels in fertile agricultural soils. Positive effects of CO2 fertilization on plant productivity and residue returns should increase SOM stocks unless mineralization or biomass removal rates increase in proportion to offset gains. Our objectives were to quantify changes in SOM stocks and labile fractions in prime farmland supporting a conventionally managed corn–soybean system and the seasonal dynamics of labile C and N in soybean in plots exposed to elevated [CO2] (550 ppm) under free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) conditions. Changes in SOM stocks including reduced C/N ratios and labile N stocks suggest that SOM declined slightly and became more decomposed in all plots after 3 years. Plant available N (>273 mg N kg−1) and other nutrients (Bray P, 22–50 ppm; extractable K, 157–237 ppm; Ca, 2,378–2,730 ppm; Mg, 245–317 ppm) were in the high to medium range. Exposure to elevated [CO2] failed to increase particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and increased POM-N concentrations slightly in the surface depth despite known increases (≈30%) in root biomass. This, and elevated CO2 efflux rates indicate accelerated decay rates in fumigated plots (2001: elevated [CO2]: 10.5 ± 1.2 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 vs. ambient: 8.9 ± 1.0 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1). There were no treatment-based differences in the within-season dynamics of SOM. Soil POM-C and POM-N contents were slightly greater in the surface depth of elevated than ambient plots. Most studies attribute limited ability of fumigated soils to accumulate SOM to N limitation and/or limited plant response to CO2 fertilization. In this study, SOM turnover appears to be accelerated under elevated [CO2] even though soil moisture and nutrients are non-limiting and plant productivity is consistently increased. Accelerated SOM turnover rates may have long-term implications for soil’s productive potential and calls for deeper investigation into C and N dynamics in highly-productive row crop systems.
Studies on the role of 23 s nucleolar RNA as an intermediate in the synthesis of 18 s ribosomal RNA

Abstract From whole nucleolar RNA of Novikoff hepatoma cells, a single symmetrical peak of 23 s RNA was obtained by repeated sucrose density-gradient centrifugations. Hybridization experiments showed that nucleolar 23 s RNA is composed of 18 s ribosomal RNA and other RNA segments. Further, nucleolar 45 s RNA is composed of nucleolar 23 s RNA and other RNA segments. The purified nucleolar 23 s RNA contained almost the same percentages and numbers of each of the alkali stable dinucleotides as 18 s rRNA; these differ markedly from the corresponding values for the alkali stable dinucleotides of 28 s rRNA. The 5′-terminal nucleotide of both nucleolar 23 s RNA and 18 s rRNA is pGp. However, the major 3′-terminal nucleosides of 18 s rRNA and 23 s nucleolar RNA are adenosine and uridine, respectively. From these results, it is concluded that nucleolar 23 s RNA contains ribosomal 18 s RNA in its 5′-terminal portion and is a cleavage product of nucleolar 45 s RNA.
Synthesis, structure, dopamine transporter affinity, and dopamine uptake inhibition of 6-alkyl-3-benzyl-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]tropane derivatives.

A series of 6-alkyl-3β-benzyl-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]tropane analogues were synthesized and evaluated as cocaine binding site ligands at the dopamine transporter (DAT). The in vitro affinity (Ki) for the DAT of the 6-alkyl-3β-benzyl-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]tropane analogues was determined by inhibition of [3H]WIN 35,428 in rat caudate putamen tissue. The inhibition of dopamine uptake (IC50) was also measured for selected compounds which demonstrated moderate affinity for the dopamine transporter. The unsubstituted enantiopure analogues (−)-19a (Ki = 33 nM) and surprisingly (+)-20a (Ki = 60 nM) were found to be almost equipotent with the high-affinity binding components of cocaine and WIN 35,065-2 and exhibited slightly more potent dopamine uptake inhibition than both cocaine and WIN 35,065-2. In general, substitution at the 6-position of racemic 19a and 20a with alkyl groups was found to result in decreased activity relative to increased chain length of the substituent. The 3β-benzyl-2β-[(methoxyca...
Differential responses of rat pineal thyroxine type II 5'-deiodinase and N-acetyltransferase activities to either light exposure, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, or propranolol.

1. Compared to pinealN-acetyl transferase (NAT) activity, which exhibited a dramatic drop following acute light exposure at night, nocturnal rat pineal thyroxine type II 5′-deiodinase (5′-D) activity was minimally influenced by the same light exposure. The injection of cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, although it did curtail the rise in NAT activity for at least 2 hr, did not elicit decreases in the activities of either 5′-D or NAT enzymes. Propranolol, aβ-adrenergic blocker, either delayed the continued nocturnal rise in 5′-D activity when injected at 0000 hr or slightly enhanced the fall in 5′-D activity when injected at 0200 hr. These results suggest that interruption of the synthesis of proteins is responsible for the slow deterioration of 5′-D activity induced by either light or propranolol. 2. The slight fall in 5′-D activity induced by light at night was prevented by isoproterenol; phenylephrine, however, did not prevent the fall and the effect of isoproterenol + phenylephrine was similar to that obtained with isoproterenol alone. On the other hand, the light-inhibited NAT activity recovered after the injection of isoproterenol; phenylephrine did not elicit any effect, but the injection of both isoproterenol and phenylephrine simultaneously caused a greater NAT response than that induced by isoproterenol alone. 3. When injected during the day, phenylephrine had no effect on either pineal 5′-D or NAT activities; however, the injection of either isoproterenol alone or isoproterenol + phenylephrine elicited 5-fold and 10-fold increases in nocturnal, light-suppressed 5′-D and NAT activities, respectively. During the day, phenylephrine did not potentiate the effects of isoproterenol on NAT activity as it did at night. When the effects of isoproterenol on the 5′-D activity were compared to rats exposed to light during the day and at night, the activity of 5′-D reached a higher level at night than during the day.
An aspect-oriented testability framework

We can specify design constraints of a software system using a formal language such as Object Constraint Language (OCL). However, OCL is not executable and cannot be explicitly used as a testing method. So runtime constraint checking is needed to mitigate this problem. Checking design constraints at runtime can help to detect design drift. On the other hand, making a software testable is also hard since testing requires active involvement of programmers. Testable software introduces a quality characteristics of software artifact called testability. This paper mainly concentrates on improving observability, one of the major factors that determine testability of a software artifact. To avoid design drift and make software more testable, this paper proposes an aspect-oriented testability framework for object oriented software testing, which enables runtime constraint checking against implementation code and improves the testability of a software system. This framework completely takes the advantage of aspect-oriented programming (AOP) approaches and is totally modular and plug-and-playable.
The Impact of Alcohol on Society: A Brief Overview

Alcohol is the most common drug used among adults in the United States. The use of alcohol is associated with an increased risk of injuries and accidents. Even a single episode of excessive drinking can lead to a negative outcome. Alcoholism and chronic use of alcohol are associated with numerous medical, psychiatric, social, and family problems. Family members, including children, exposed to a first-degree relative's alcohol problem are at risk for problems. Children of parents with alcohol addiction, for example, show higher rates of alcoholism than children who do not have parents with an alcohol addiction. It is important for social workers to keep in mind that alcohol and alcohol problems affect the health, safety, and well-being of people.
Acetylcholine potentiation of field stimulated rat vas deferens: A pre-synaptic muscarinic mechanism?

Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh) was found to markedly enhance the nerve stimulation induced twitch response of isolated, field-stimulated rat vas deferens (RVD). The ED 200 (concentration which enhances the twitch response to 200% of control) for this potentiation was 6 × 10 −6 M with the maximum twitch response being increased by more than 3 fold (325 ± 30%). Carbachol (ED 200 = 8.5 × 10 −7 M) showed identical results. With each drug the potentiation was competitively antagonized by atropine (10 −7 −10 −5 M). Physostigmine 10 −8 −10 −6 M) both enhanced the basal twitch response (215 ± 8% of control at 10 −5 M) and the sensitivity of the RVD to ACh (ED 200 = 3.3 × 10 −7 M) but not to carbachol. Atropine, on the other hand reduced the basal twitch response by 18 ± 3% at 10 −5 M. Hemicholinium (10 −4 M) also reduced the basal twitch responses by 23 ± 5%. ACh (10 −7 M−10 −5 M) did not modify the responses of unstimulated RVD to norepinephrine or KCl suggesting a pre-synaptic site of action. Taken together these results are compatible with the presence of a pre-junctional, excitatory muscarinic mechanism in the field stimulated RVD. That this cholinergic system may be of physiological significance is supported by the observations that atropine and hemicholinium depress while physostigmine enhances the twitch response in the absence of exogenous ACh.
A note on lossless database decompositions

Abstract It is known that under a wide variety of assumptions a database decomposition is lossless if and only if the database scheme has a lossless join . Biskup, Dayal and Bernstein (1979) have shown that when the given dependencies are functional, the database scheme has a lossless join if and only if one of the relation schemes is a key for the universal scheme. In this note we supply an alternative proof of that characterization. The proof uses tools from the theory of embedded join dependencies and the theory of tuple and equality generating dependencies , but is, nevertheless, much simpler than the previously published proof.
X-ray Diffraction Studies on Tin at High Pressure and High Temperature.

Tin at a pressure of 39 kb and at 314 ° C has tetragonal symmetry with an atom at each point of a body-centered tetragonal lattice. The unit cell dimensions are a equal to 3.81 A, c equal to 3.48 A, and c/ a = 0.91. The melting curve of tin was observed up to 45 kb and the boundary line between the tin I and tin II phases was observed to 70 kb by x-ray diflraction techniques.
Emergency Physician Performed Ultrasound for DVT Evaluation

Deep vein thrombosis is a common condition that is often difficult to diagnose and may be lethal when allowed to progress. However, early implementation of treatment substantially improves the disease prognosis. Therefore, care must be taken to both acquire an accurate differential diagnosis for patients with symptoms as well as to screen at-risk asymptomatic individuals. Many diagnostic tools exist to evaluate deep vein thrombosis. Compression ultrasonography is currently the most effective diagnostic tool in the emergency department, shown to be highly accurate at minimal expense. However, limited availability of ultrasound technicians may result in delayed imaging or in a decision not to image low-risk cases. Many studies support emergency physiciansas capable of accurately diagnosing deep vein thrombosis using bedside ultrasound. Further integration of ultrasound into the training of emergency physicians for use in evaluating deep vein thrombosis will improve patient care and cost-effective treatment.
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE AND THE POLITICS OF FAMILY DECLINE CONCERN: TRENDS, SOURCES, AND U.S. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

One of the most widely debated issues in contemporary sociology has been how to interpret patterns of family change in the United States during the past four decades. Much of these debates focus on a thesis advanced by a number of scholars and political activists-that such features of family structure as high divorce rates and an increasing proportion of single-parent families have led to the decline of the family. Although past research has examined the causes and historical trends involved in family change, scholars have neglected important questions about family attitudes that have been raised in recent debates. Have levels of public concern with family decline increased over time? If so, what are the sources of these attitudes? And have changing levels of public concern with family decline led to the emergence of a new political cleavage? This study applies a theory of religious influence to answer these questions. Results show that public concern with family decline increased steadily after 1980, leading to a new and increasingly large cleavage in presidential elections. The analyses also find that high levels of concern with family decline are concentrated among evangelical Protestants who attend church regularly. In addition to extending sociological research on family change in new and fruitful directions, these results bear productively on theory and research in political sociology and the sociology of religion. I discuss their relevance to long-standing debates over political trends among evangelical Protestants and the influence of Christian Right movement organizations.
Vibrational spectroscopic studies of monoclinic and rhombohedral Li3V2(PO4)3

Abstract Monoclinic (A−) and rhombohedral (B-) Li3V2(PO4)3 cathodes are investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrational spectroscopy, and wavelength dispersive spectrometry using an electron microprobe. The latter technique is used to quantify the V:P ratio and detect small V2O5 impurities within the samples that are not observed with XRD or vibrational spectroscopy. Additionally, the imaging capabilities of the electron microprobe are very useful in probing the particle sizes and morphologies of these materials. Infrared spectra of A- and B-LixV2(PO4)3 are recorded at different states of charge. The PO43− stretching and bending modes are very sensitive to the presence of Li+ ions and the oxidation state of the Vn+ ions. Changes in the frequencies and intensities of the PO43− modes are due to subtle changes in the effective force constants and dipole moment derivatives of the P–O bonds accompanying the removal of Li+ ions and the subsequent oxidation of V3+ to V4+. The spectral changes observed in A-LixV2(PO4)3 (0 ≤ × ≤ 3) are consistent with the structural changes that Yin et al. described with neutron diffraction and 7Li NMR [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, (2003) 10402]. The 490 cm− 1 band of B-Li3V2(PO4)3 is assigned to Li+ ions occupying the M(3) sites. This band disappears between 3.92 and 4.30 V; simultaneously the cells exhibit significant polarization. We propose that these two effects are caused by the migration of Li+ ions from the M(3) sites to M(1) sites.
Electrophoretic profiles of aqueous-soluble proteins of human cerebral cortex: population and developmental characteristics.

—Aqueous-soluble brain proteins from 100 adult humans have been screened by discontinuous polyacrylamide and by continuous-SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis for evidence of genetically determined variation. In addition 42 adult Macaca nemestrina and 36 inbred strains of mice were screened in the SDS-continuous system. No variation in position of major bands was found within species, although differences in relative intensity of staining were noted. Fetal human cerebral cortex gave profiles of aqueous-soluble proteins distinguishable from that of adults. After affinity chromatography on Concanavalin-A-agarose, adult samples gave one band on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, while fetal samples gave the same band plus an additional band, presumably representing glycoproteins.
Wave optics approach for incoherent imaging simulation through distributed turbulence

An approach is presented for numerically simulating incoherent imaging using coherent wave optics propagation methods. The approach employs averaging of irradiance from uncorrelated coherent waves to produce incoherent results. Novel aspects of the method include 1) the exploitation of a spatial windowing feature in the wave optics numerical propagator to limit the angular spread of the light and 2) a simple propagation scaling concept to avoid aliased field components after the focusing element. Classical linear systems theory is commonly used to simulate incoherent imaging when it is possible to incorporate aberrations and/or propagation medium characteristics into an optical transfer function (OTF). However, the technique presented here is useful for investigating situations such as “instantaneous” short-exposure imaging through distributed turbulence and phenomena like anisoplanatism that are not easily modeled with the typical linear systems theory. The relationships between simulation variables such as spatial sampling, source and aperture support, and intermediate focal plane are discussed and the requirement or benefits of choosing these in certain ways are demonstrated.
The Fallacy of Absolute Majority Rule

Perhaps no development of modern times has created so serious a dilemma for the theory and practice of democratic government as the rise of the totalitarian mass party. This type of party is distinguished by the fact that, while it is eager to exploit the opportunities afforded by the democratic process for persuasion and vote-seeking, it is nevertheless dedicated to a set of goals which, if attained, would destroy that process. The dilemma now presents itself on at least two levels: First, is a democratic system obligated to make available the channels of participation even to parties whose undeniable objective is the destruction of the democratic process? And second, are democrats obligated to recognize as legitimate a government controlled by a totalitarian mass party that has succeeded in attaining office by clear majority vote? This paper will deal with the second of these questions, although it is recognized that the questions are closely related and that an analysis of one of them will necessarily have bearing upon the other. The problem of the obligations required by the principle of majority rule will arise in coming European elections as it has already arisen in the recent Italian elections where, for a time, it appeared that the Communists might gain a majority of the votes cast. In the face of that possibility, western democratic opinion exhibited a confusion that disclosed, as the textbooks have never succeeded in doing, the profound uncertainty that attends the understanding of the majority principle. For, underlying the fear that the Communists might win the election was a tentative yet disturbing belief that the commitment to majority rule might compel democrats, both inside and outside of Italy, to recognize as a government-by-right even the dictatorship that the Communists would most certainly have established. Implicitly, those who held this belief were subscribing to a theory of political obligation best designated perhaps as the theory of absolute majority rule-that is not without support in the litera[637 J
Energy storage control for peak shaving in a single building

An adaptive control method is proposed for applying “peak shaving” to the grid electrical demand of a single building, using a battery energy storage system to reduce the maximum demand. The objective is to save cost by reducing the monthly “demand charges” commonly levied on commercial power customers. Multiple demand forecasts are evaluated at every time step during each day, and combined to calculate a maximum limit to which the grid demand is controlled. Whereas prior methods apply peak shaving to every day alike, our method does not attempt to reduce peak demand below the maximum reached in the same month. The results show greater monthly demand cost reduction than a previously published method.
i2 innovation in intervention summit.

On behalf of the co-chairs of the first Innovation in Intervention or i2 Summit—William O’Neill, MD, FACC, Ted Feldman, MD, FACC, FSCAI, and myself—I will be discussing the highlights of our inaugural meeting, attended by more than 4,000 individuals, which was far more than envisioned. This
Grand Challenges in Advanced Fossil Fuel Technologies

INTRODUCTION Turn your ignition key and fuel ignites, pushing pistons, powering your automobile, and allowing you freedom and mobility. Simple! We drive to work; we drive for vacations; we drive just to drive. Transportation is just one of the many examples of society’s dependence on fossil fuels. Today, the burning of fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and gas meets more than 85% of the world’s energy needs. Figure 1A shows the distribution of the energy resources that meet the global consumption. Although renewable energy sources accounted for a record high of 2.7% of consumption in 2013, fossil-based energy resources continue to dominate the portfolio with oil, coal, and natural gas representing 33, 30, and 24% of global energy consumption, respectively (British Petroleum, 2013). Given our history and current reliance, it appears that fossil fuels are here to stay as long as they remain available. Technological advances in the recovery and transformation of fossil fuels to energy will be required in order to ensure that our usage of these resources will be environmentally sustainable with minimal impact to our environment and our quality of life. Fossil fuels are limited in the Earth and yet we have been igniting them 24 h/day for over a century. As a result, we live in a world that is warming faster than at any other time in human history due to the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Science tells us that there will be winners and losers in a rapidly warming world; however, there will be many more losers than winners. Animal species will face extinction. Ecosystems will collapse. Coastal cities will flood. Droughts and floods, stronger storms, wild fires, and other disasters will become more abundant. And while the Western world is wealthy and resilient enough to buffer against more frequent climate extremes, the world’s poorest, well over a billion men, women, and children, are not. As the population is expected to increase from seven billion to nine billion, the conservation of water, land, and materials will be essential to maintain quality of life. Water is a crucial component to energy production. The process of extracting energy from fossil fuels must be optimized in order to limit water usage while minimizing CO2 and other harmful emissions. Building clean-burning power plants with increased efficiency and low water requirements are objectives that will need to be met if the globe is able to withstand this forecasted population increase. In particular, grand challenges that will require our attention in the coming decades include: an increase in efficiency of the way in which energy is extracted from fossil fuels, the conservation of water in energy production, the sustainable recovery of fossil fuels, the flexibility of fuel generation, and an increased reliance on bioenergy.
Optimal foldover designs

An obvious strategy for obtaining a Doptimal foldover design for p factors at two levels each in 2N runs is to fold a Doptimal main effects plan. We show that this strategy works except when N = 4t + 2 and s is even In that case there are two different classes of D-optimal main effects plans with N runs that have the same determinant. However folding them gives two different values foi the D-optimality criteiion One set of designs is D-optimal The other is not.
Unitary pole approximation and t-matrix perturbation theory in triton calculations

We find that the quality of the fits of the UPAt-matrix to the exactt-matrix for a given potential do not depend strongly on specific features, such as locality or inclusion of spin orbit forces in the potential. The accuracy of the UPA fits suggests the employment oft-matrix perturbation theory in triton ground state calculations. The accuracy of first ordert-matrix perturbation theory is satisfactory for the rank two separable tensor Tabakin potential.
Estradiol regulation of hypothalamic astrocyte adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity: Role of hindbrain catecholamine signaling

Abstract Recent work challenges the conventional notion that metabolic monitoring in the brain is the exclusive function of neurons. This study investigated the hypothesis that hypothalamic astrocytes express the ultra-sensitive energy gauge adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and that the ovarian hormone estradiol (E) controls activation of this sensor by insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). E- or oil (O)-implanted ovariectomized (OVX) rats were pretreated by caudal fourth ventricular administration of the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) prior to sc insulin or vehicle injection. Individual astrocytes identified in situ by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunolabeling were laser-microdissected from the ventromedial (VMH), arcuate (ARH), and paraventricular (PVH) nuclei and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and pooled within each site for Western blot analysis of AMPK and phosphoAMPK (pAMPK) protein expression. In the VMH, baseline astrocyte AMPK and pAMPK levels were respectively increased or decreased in OVX + E versus OVX + O; these profiles did not differ between E and O rats in other hypothalamic loci. In E animals, astrocyte AMPK protein was reduced [VMH] or augmented [PVH; LHA] in response to either 6-OHDA or IIH. IIH increased astrocyte pAMPK expression in each structure in vehicle-, but not 6-OHDA-pretreated E rats. Results provide novel evidence for hypothalamic astrocyte AMPK expression and hindbrain catecholamine-dependent activation of this cell-specific sensor by hypoglycemia in the presence of estrogen. Further research is needed to determine the role of astrocyte AMPK in reactivity of these glia to metabolic imbalance and contribution to restoration of neuro-metabolic stability.
The need of fat in intravenous feeding

Fat emulsions satisfactory for intravenous administration have an important role to play in parenteral nutrition. They offer an opportunity to provide adequate calories in a limited fluid volume. Fat emulsions given intravenously are utilized for energy requirements for growth and maintenance and are helpful in maintaining a positive nitrogen balance. They have been given successfully to man. They should play an important role in supportive and preventive therapy in pre-and post-operative care and in any disease characterized by serious weight loss or emaciation.
Patient Perceptions of Patient-Physician Communication with Allopathic and Naturopathic Physicians

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess patient perceptions of physician competence, listening behavior and patient-centered communication using allopathic and naturopathic physicians. Results demonstrated the naturopathic physician was perceived as a more empathic listener than the allopathic physician. Naturopathic and allopathic physicians did not differ on technical communication competence. Patients believed that both types of physicians could be more patient-centered and more empathic with them. The ideal communication behavior was statistically different from the actual behavior on all measures.
Evidence of early topographic organization in the embryonic olivocerebellar projection: a model system for the study of pattern formation processes in the central nervous system.

Many projection systems within the peripheral and central nervous system are topographically organized, and it has become increasinging clear that interactions which occur during development determine the projection patterns these systems exhibit in the adult. The olivocerebellar system was chosen as a model system for this study of afferent pattern formation because it has several characteristics which lend themselves to a study of this type. Applications of horseradish peroxidase were made to both the cerebellar primordium and to the inferior olive of embryonic and neonatal mice using an in vitro perfusion system to support the tissue during the transport period. Fibers labeled after restricted olivary applications are limited to particular mediolateral regions of the cerebellum. Similarly, olivary cells retrogradely labeled after discrete cerebellar applications are restricted to particular olivary subdivisions. The results indicate that the olivocerebellar projection displays elements of topographic organization as early as E15 and that the pattern displayed is roughly comparable to that of the adult mammal. The observed trajectories of olivocerebellar fibers and their concomitant association with both Purkinje and cerebellar nuclear cells during embryonic development suggests a role for either or both cell types in the pattern formation process. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Syntheses of 1,1′-Bicobaltocene Salts of Tetracyano-P-Quinodimethane, Tetrabromoquinone, and Tetrabromodiphenoquinone; and the Structure of 1,1′-Bicobaltocene[Co(III)Co(III)][TCNQ]3

Abstract The reaction of 1,1′-bicobaltocene[Co(III)Co(III)]-(PF6)2, [BFDCO(III, III)] (PF6)2, or the analogous mixed valence compound [Co(III)Co(II)] with excess [(C2H5)3NH][TCNQ]2 and TCNQ yields the complex salt 1,1′-bicobaltocene[Co(III)Co(III)][TCNQ]3. Reaction of [BFDCo(III, III)](PF6)2 with excess tetrabromoquinone (bromanil, BA) and its sodium salt produces [BFD-Co(III, III)][BA]3, while reaction with tetrabromodi-phenoquinone (TBDQ) yields [BFDCo(III, III)] [TBDQ]3. The TCNQ units in the complex salt [BFDCo(III, III)][TCNQ]3 stack to form an alternating chain with two short, adjacent interplanar spacings of 3.15 A, followed by a longer interplanar spacing of 3.45 A. The interplanar spacing of the fulvalene moieties in the cation is 3.270 A, and the cobalt-carbon bond distances range from 2.012(5) to 2.041(5)A. The complex salts are diamagnetic and the electrical conductivities of pressed pellet samples range from 3.0 × 10−2 to 3.0 × 10−4 ohm−1 cm−1.
Proton and carbon chemical-shift assignments for 1-kestose, from two-dimensional n.m.r.-spectral measurements☆

Abstract The proton chemical-shift assignment of a simple relative of inulin, namely, 1-kestose [O-β- d -fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-β- d -fructofuranosyl a- d -glucopyranoside], was determined by using two-dimensional (2D) homonuclear and heteronuclear n.m.r.-spectral methods, and corrections of, and additions to the 13C-chemical-shift assignments were made. The 1H peak of H-1 of the d -glucosyl group was determined by its chemical shift. Using H-H coupling information for this proton, the chemical shift of most of the proton signals of the β- d -glucosyl group was determined. Although the signals from the two d -fructosyl units were very similar, long-range C-H coupling allowed their complete C and H assignment. In particular, the coupling of the H-1 atom of d -glucose to C-2′ of d -fructose 1 allowed distinction between the two d -fructose units.
The influence of poorly interconnected fault zone flow paths on spring geochemistry

Thermal springs commonly occur along faults because of the enhanced vertical permeability afforded by fracture zones. Field and laboratory studies of fault zone materials document substantial heterogeneities in fracture permeabilities. Modeling and field studies of springs suggest that spatial variations in permeability strongly influence spring locations, discharge rates and temperatures. The impact of heterogeneous permeability on spring geochemistry, however, is poorly documented. We present stable isotope and water chemistry data from a series of closely spaced thermal springs associated with the Hayward Fault, California. We suggest that substantial spatial variations observed in δ18O and chloride values reflect subsurface fluid transport through a poorly connected fracture network in which mixing of subsurface waters remains limited. Our measurements provide insight into the effect of fracture zone heterogeneities on spring geochemistry, offer an additional tool to intuit the nature of tectonically induced changes in fault zone plumbing, and highlight the need to consider local variations when characterizing fracture zone fluid geochemistry from spring systems with multiple discharge sites.
Syk Activation and Dissociation from the B-cell Antigen Receptor Is Mediated by Phosphorylation of Tyrosine 130

Syk (p72syk) is a 72-kDa cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase that serves as an essential component of the signal transduction machinery coupled to the B-cell antigen receptor. Syk is recruited to the receptor when it is cross-linked and, in response, becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated and activated before it dissociates from the receptor and appears in the cytoplasm. To begin to explore how tyrosine phosphorylation affects Syk activation and receptor binding, Tyr-130, which is localized within the Syk inter-Src homology 2 domain region, was substituted with Phe or Glu. Substitution of Tyr-130 with Phe enhanced the binding of Syk to the receptor and increased receptor-mediated protein tyrosine phosphorylation, while substitution with Glu greatly reduced this interaction. Replacement of Tyr-130 with Glu also increased the basal activity of the kinase, while replacement with Phe decreased its activity and uncoupled kinase activation from receptor engagement. These data suggest that the phosphorylation of Tyr-130 normally plays an important role in mediating both the activation of Syk and its release from the antigen receptor.
Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Binaphtholate or Biphenolate Complexes of Molybdenum

Several racemic or enantiomerically pure complexes of the general type Mo(CHR)(NR‘)(O2R‘‘) that contain binaphtholate or biphenolate (O2R‘‘) ligands have been prepared and employed to ring open several achiral, racemic, or enantiomerically pure norbornenes and norbornadienes. A bimodal molecular weight distribution sometimes results from polymerization of an enantiomerically pure monomer with a racemic initiator as a consequence of a different rate of chain growth from enantiomeric metal centers. The analogous polymerization of an enantiomerically pure monomer with an enantiomerically pure initiator yields only a single polymer chain, as expected. Evaluation of the cis content of the resulting polymers suggests that cis polymer results from polymerization via syn alkylidene propagating species and that accessibility of the anti rotamer on the polymerization time scale is determined by a subtle combination of steric bulk in the biphenoxide and imido ligands. All cis polymers were found to be highly isotact...