cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Doubler Vacuum Devices and Controls

The vacuum system consists of three different systems, each with its own particular characteristics and requirements: The cryostat insulating vacuum which is completely separate from the two following systems (2) cold beam tube, vacuum sections in which the beam tube is at cryogenic temperature (3) warm beam tube, vacuum sections in which the beam tube is at room temperature.
A theory of transistor cutoff frequency (f T ) falloff at high current densities

It is shown that the observed falloff in the f T of a transistor at high currents is due to the spreading of the neutral base layer into the collector region of the device at high current densities. The base layer spreading mechanism derives from an analysis of the effect of the current-dependent buildup of the mobile-carrier space-charge density in the collector transition layer. Calculations show that at sufficiently high collector current levels, the mobile space-charge density in the collector transition layer cannot be considered negligible in comparison to the fixed charge density of that region. The over-all effect of taking the mobile space charge into account in analyzing the collector transition region is that, at high current densities, the transition region boundary adjacent to the neutral base layer is displaced toward the collector metal contact with increasing collector current. The attendant widening of the neutral base layer results in the observed, high-current falloff in f T . The application of this theory to transistor structures of both the alloy and mesa variety yields, in each case, calculated curves of f T vs I c which are in reasonably good agreement with experiment.
Reactivity and transient dynamics of predator–prey and food web models

Stability and resilience characterize the asymptotic responses of perturbations to the equilibria of ecological models. Short-term responses, however, can differ markedly from asymptotic responses. Perturbations to a stable equilibrium may, for example, produce trajectories that initially move away from, rather than towards, the equilibrium. The maximum short-term rate of departure from the equilibrium is called the “reactivity”, and stable equilibria with positive reactivity are called “reactive”. These transient responses can be large and long-lasting, and have been reported in a variety of ecological models. In this paper we explore the reactivity of predator–prey and food web models. We show that coexistence equilibria are reactive in all predator–prey and food web models in which at least one species has a per capita growth rate that is independent of its own density. These constitute the vast majority of published models. When density-dependent mortality of the top predator is included in the form of a non-linear “closure term”, reactivity always decreases, and may be eliminated altogether. Our results imply that short-term amplification of perturbations is a real possibility for predator–prey interactions and food webs. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER : XI. COMPARISON OF BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS AND BARTONELLA MURIS. CULTIVATION OF BACTERIUM MURIUM, N. SP.

Bartonella muris appeared in the blood of all white rats, wild rats, Chinese hamster, and mice, from which the spleen was removed, but did not appear in that of splenectomized monkeys, rabbits, or guinea pigs. It has not been possible to transmit B. muris to normal rats, monkeys, rabbits, or guinea pigs, by intraperitoneal, intradermal, or intravenous injection of blood containing B. muris from splenectomized rats. In two instances an acute orchitis was induced in normal rats by injection directly into the testicle of blood or saline suspensions of the liver of splenectomized rats. The intracorpuscular elements occasionally identified as B. muris or as having appeared as a result of the inoculation. The acute orchitis of rats was transferable to normal rats in series. From the testicular tissue, as well as directly from the blood of a splenectomized rat, there was isolated in pure culture a microorganism which induced in the testicles of normal rats an acute orchitis such as resulted from inoculation of the blood or liver suspensions of splenectomized rats. While a few inclusions were found in the erythrocytes of some of the animals, their number was so small and their occurence so infrequent that they could not be definitely identified as B. muris. In morphological features the cultural forms of the microorganism isolated resemble B. muris. The organism found in the testicular tissues, however, is considerably coarser than B. muris and takes a deeper stain. Immunological study failed to settle the question of the relation between B. muris and the cultivated organism, which is provisionally called Bacterium murium. Bartonella muris, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Grahamella talpae have characteristic individual morphological features.
Destruction of Salmonellae on Poultry Meat With Lysozyme, EDTA, X-Ray, Microwave and Chlorine

Abstract Lysozyme, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, chlorine, x-irradiation and microwaves were used in experimental attempts to eliminate Salmonella senftenberg 775W or Salmonella typhimurium from turkey drumsticks and whole carcasses. Turkey drumsticks or whole carcasses were artificially contaminated with S. senftenberg 775W or S. typhimurium in concentrations ranging between 5 × 105 to 8 × 105 viable cells per ml. of contaminating fluid. After each treatment, samples were cultured, plated, and tested according to standard methods to determine the susceptibility of Salmonella organisms to the particular treatment. A 0.1 percent solution of lysozyme eliminated the S. senftenberg 775W at 22°C. within three hours. A 0.5 percent solution of ethlenediaminetetracetic acid failed to destroy the test organism under the same conditions. Eighty thousand rads of X-ray eliminated the test organism on turkey drumsticks but failed to remove it from whole turkey carcasses. Microwaves eliminated the S. senftenberg 775W in 150 seconds from turkey drumsticks and ten minutes from broiler chicken carcasses. Aqueous solutions containing 3400 and 2125 p.p.m. chlorine failed to destroy the test organism on turkey drumsticks at 21°C. in 9 and 24 hours. None of the treatments changed the appearance of the skin or meat, except microwaves produced a partially-cooked appearance. Chlorine produced off-color durmsticks.
Distribution of sibling species of the Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis group in Rhodesia (Mammalia: Rodentia)

The taxon Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, the multimammate mouse, comprises at least two biological species in Rhodesia. Species-specific haemoglobin phenotypes which were previously documented for sympatric populations near Salisbury are shown to apply throughout Rhodesia. Several areas of sympatry were revealed which encompassed various habitats. No hybrids for diploid number or haemoglobin phenotype were found.
Consistent cooperative localization

In cooperative navigation, teams of mobile robots obtain range and/or angle measurements to each other and dead-reckoning information to help each other navigate more accurately. One typical approach is moving baseline navigation, in which multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) exchange range measurements using acoustic modems to perform mobile trilateration. While the sharing of information between vehicles can be highly beneficial, exchanging measurements and state estimates can also be dangerous because of the risk of measurements being used by a vehicle more than once; such data re-use leads to inconsistent (overconfident) estimates, making data association and outlier rejection more difficult and divergence more likely. In this paper, we present a technique for the consistent cooperative localization of multiple AUVs performing mobile trilateration. Each AUV establishes a bank of filters, performing careful bookkeeping to track the origins of measurements and prevent the use any of the measurements more than once. The multiple estimates are combined in a consistent manner, yielding conservative covariance estimates. The technique is illustrated using simulation results. The new method is compared side-by-side with a naive approach that does not keep track of the origins of measurements, illustrating that the new method keeps conservative covariance bounds whereas state estimates obtained with the naive approach become overconfident and diverge.
Diarrhea and Constipation: Supportive Oncology Management

Gastrointestinal toxicity is often a complication of cancer and its treatment. It is a common complaint of patients being treated with tumor-directed therapy and requires appropriate supportive care. Approximately 148,600 cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed annually. The sequelae of disease progression and the toxicity of treatment can result in significant gastrointestinal complications. Inadequate assessment and treatment can lead to debilitating symptoms and significantly impact quality of life. This chapter will review two common complaints encountered in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies: diarrhea and constipation. Strategies will be discussed for effective palliation and treatment of these common conditions.
Ka-band MMIC power amplifier in GaN HFET technology

We report the development of Ka-band GaN MMIC power amplifiers in CPW and microstrip topologies. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of millimeter wave MMIC's in GaN technology. The single stage CPW MMIC utilizes four 2/spl times/100 /spl mu/m wide GaN HFET's whilst four 4/spl times/60 /spl mu/m wide HFET's with individual through substrate source vias were used for the microstrip MMIC's. The CPW amplifier has a gain peak of 8 dB at 33 GHz with 4 GHz bandwidth while the microstrip amplifier has a peak gain of 9 dB at 27 GHz and gain higher than 8 dB over the 2.45 GHz to 33 GHz frequency range. The saturated CW output power of the amplifiers measured into a 50 /spl Omega/ system at 33 GHz was, respectively, 1.6 W for the microstrip MMIC. The corresponding power density of 2.3 W per mm of gate periphery for the microstrip MMIC is by a factor of 4 higher than that of a typical GaAs pHEMT MMIC at this frequency. Microstrip MMIC performance was further improved through external output impedance matching, resulting in power levels of up to 2.8 W (27% associated PAE) and peak PAE's of up to 36.2% (1.2 W associated power).
Clopidogrel use as a risk factor for poor outcomes after kidney transplantation

Abstract Background Limited data are available on outcome implications of clopidogrel use before kidney transplantation. Methods A novel dataset linking national transplant registry data with records from a large pharmacy claims clearinghouse (2005 to 2010) was examined to estimate risks of post-transplant death and graft failure associated with clopidogrel fills within 90 or more than 90 days before transplant. Results Clopidogrel fills within 90 days of transplant were associated with 61% of increased relative mortality risk and 23% of increased graft failure risk. Risks were higher in those whose last clopidogrel fill was more than 90 days before transplantation (111% for death, 59% for graft loss). Adverse prognostic associations persisted among recipients of live and deceased donor allografts, older recipients, and those with diabetes or reported cardiovascular disease. Conclusions Clopidogrel use before kidney transplantation portends increased risks of post-transplant death and graft loss. Pharmacy claims may identify novel prognostic markers not currently captured in the transplant registry.
Efficient Photochemical Synthesis of Peptide-α-Phenylthioesters

Low yields and substantial epimerization of peptide-α-thioesters often compromise the overall efficiency of native chemical ligation (NCL). Peptide arylthioesters are more reactive than peptide alkylthioesters in NCL, but are also more difficult to handle due to their propensity to hydrolyze, and are therefore often generated in situ. However, pre-prepared peptide arylthioesters are required for some NCL applications. Here we present a 7-nitroindoline-based photochemical method that generates protected peptide phenylthioesters under neutral reaction conditions via their activated esters from photoreactive peptide precursors in high isolated yields, and with low levels of epimerization. This method is fully compatible with Fmoc-strategy solid-phase peptide synthesis. Global deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid furnishes peptide phenylthioesters for NCL. Photoreactive peptide precursors can also be converted into their hydrazides in two steps by this method.
Changes in Lateral Comitance After Asymmetric Horizontal Strabismus Surgery.

Importance Asymmetric horizontal strabismus surgery is often performed to correct primary gaze alignment without considering the symptoms that may result from misalignment in the patient’s side gaze. Surgical choices influence alignment in side gaze and may contribute to functional and social deficits. Objective To identify the surgical procedures associated with changes of alignment in side gaze to help inform surgical planning for patients with horizontal strabismus. Design, Setting, and Participants The medical records of 1081 horizontal strabismus surgical procedures that were performed at Boston Children’s Hospital during a 2-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Only records with strabismus measurements recorded in the right and left gaze before and after surgery were included. Data analysis was conducted from September 1, 2012, through June 7, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Change in comitance (CIC), determined by measuring the horizontal comitance (the difference between right- and left-gaze strabismus measurements) before and after surgery. Results The review identified 569 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of the 491 patients with comitant preoperative alignment, 59 developed postoperative incomitance, of whom 53 (89.9%) had asymmetric surgery. Of the 78 patients with incomitant preoperative alignment, 36 patients’ (46.2%) deviation had improved to comitance after surgery; 32 (88.9%) of these patients had asymmetric surgery. Asymmetric 2-muscle surgery had a median CIC of 4.0 while symmetric 2-muscle surgery had a median CIC of 1.5 (difference in CIC, 2.5; 95% CI, 2.0-3.0; P Conclusions and Relevance Asymmetric strabismus surgery can treat incomitant deviations, but it can also create symptomatic incomitant deviations in patients who were previously comitant. Surgical planning should include consideration of the potential for CIC, including the potential for unsatisfactory appearance in side gaze. Patients with binocular vision will be sensitive to diplopia in any gaze direction; in such cases, the consequences of asymmetric surgery should be considered with particular care.
WHEN WIVES GET SICK: Gender Role Attitudes, Marital Happiness, and Husbands' Contribution to Household Labor

This article examines factors related to husbands' contribution to housework when their wives become newly impaired. Data are from a sample of 319 married couples who participated in the National Survey of Families and Households, and in which wives developed physical limitations between baseline and five-year follow-up interviews. Using ordinary least squares regression, we found that husbands who have egalitarian attitudes toward marital roles and are happy in their marriage at baseline do more housework at follow-up than husbands who are traditional and/or are less happy. Given the slow rate of change in household division of labor, the lack of public policies to support people with impairment and family caregiving disproportionately burdens women.
Degraded Text Recognition Using Word Collocation and Visual Inter-Word Constraints

Given a noisy text page, a word recognizer can generate a set of candidates for each word image. A relaxation algorithm was proposed previously by the authors that uses word collocation statistics to select the candidate for each word that has the highest probability of being the correct decision. Because word collocation is a local constraint and collocation data trained from corpora are usually incomplete, the algorithm cannot select the correct candidates for some images. To overcome this limitation, contextual information at the image level is now exploited inside the relaxation algorithm. If two word images can match with each other, they should have same symbolic identity. Visual inter-word relations provide a way to link word images in the text and to interpret them systematically. By integrating visual inter-word constraints with word collocation data, the performance of the relaxation algorithm is improved.
Synthesis of nonasil molecular sieves in the presence of cobalticinium hydroxide

Abstract The application of bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) ion as a structure-directing agent in the synthesis of nonasil (NON) molecular sieves was studied. The NON molecular sieves were synthesized in both hydroxide and fluoride media resulting in dramatically different crystal habits. Elemental analysis and spectroscopic characterization of the molecular sieves provided evidence for the inclusion of the metal complexes during synthesis.
The public opinion climate for gene technologies in Canada and the United States: Competing voices, contrasting frames

This exploratory study of Canadian and US public opinion about gene technologies is based primarily on survey data collected by the Government of Canada, with media data from a widely available commercial database (LexisNexis) used in an illustrative case study of the apparent resonance between the climate of opinion and media frames in different regions of the two countries. The study uses regression modeling, factor analysis and cluster analysis to characterize the structure of the opinion data, concluding that observed opinion differences might be understood in terms of the greater number of individuals in the United States who belong to an identifiable opinion group that believes these technologies are benign and must be developed (termed, for convenience, “true believers”), as well as a somewhat greater number in Canada who belong to a group believing that ordinary people should be able to decide based on ethical considerations (“ethical populists”). However, the most common group in each country is ...
Effect of Animal Passage on Arthritogenic and Biological Properties of Mycoplasma arthritidis.

Determinations of the ED 50 of cultures of Mycoplasma arthritidis disclosed the existence of great diversity in the arthritogenic properties of the various strains. In most cases, the ED 50 values were lowered after passaging in rats, and a more severe arthritis with a shorter period of onset was observed. Heavy suspensions of arthritogenic M. arthritidis did not appear to induce any toxic symptoms. Prior injections of endotoxin did not enhance the toxicity of M. arthritidis suspensions. The more arthritogenic strains grew more slowly in the basal medium and remained viable for longer periods of time than those with lower arthritogenic properties. All strains were identical on the basis of complement-fixation tests. Minor differences observed between strains during gel-diffusion studies could not be correlated with arthritogenic properties. Arthritogenic strains appeared to be less susceptible to the inhibiting action of rabbit antisera than were the nonarthritogenic strains.
Democracy and the Skill-Bias in Trade Policy in Developing Countries

A growing body of research suggests that democracy promotes trade liberalization in developing countries. We argue that democracy in developing countries generates a "skill bias" in trade policy where democratic incumbents have incentives to increase tariffs on high skilled goods but reduce trade barriers on low skilled goods. Our model analyzes how electoral competition and interest group politics in the Heckscher-Ohlin economy of a democratic developing country affects trade protection on low and high skilled goods. It predicts that electoral competition induces the government to reduce trade barriers for low skilled goods to maximize the utility of the abundant factor, namely the low skilled median voter, who optimally prefers a reduction in tariffs for low skilled goods. At the same time, electoral politics also engenders lobbying pressure and campaign contributions from the scarce factor in the polity – the owners of skill-intensive industries (the interest group) – who prefers more trade protection for high skilled goods. The government rationally responds to contributions and electoral dividends generated by protecting skill-intensive industries from import competition by increasing tariffs on high skilled goods. Empirical tests conducted on a novel disaggregated industry-level dataset of trade protection for 92 developing countries from 1978-2004 provides robust statistical support for our theoretical predictions.
Toward a Usable Academic Library Web Site: A Case Study of Tried and Tested Usability Practices

Usability testing is an important element when designing useful, usable academic library Web sites. Since 2001, members of the Florida International University Libraries Web team have worked toward establishing a process that identifies user needs through usability testing. Starting with the libraries’ first Web site redesign project in 2001, the team has taken an active part in improving Web site user experience. After engaging in multiple redesign efforts, the Web team has developed a process that supports awareness of user experience through continual usability testing and feedback gathering. This article presents strategies and practices to measure Web site user experience, including classic usability testing methods (e.g., card sorting activities, focus groups, and task-based user testing), as well as the team's latest effort to assess Web site analytics and content to identify Web site usage patterns and areas of concern. A history of the Florida International University Libraries’ Web site redesign...
Personality and Consumer Behavior: A Review

Marketing researchers have repeatedly attempted to relate purchasing behavior, media choice, innovation, and other marketing phenomena to personality, with varying degrees of success. This article ...
Disulfide-Immunogenicity Relationship of Botulinal Toxins

SummaryHighly purified Clostridium botulinum types A and E (progenitor and trypsin-activated) toxins of mol wt 150,000 were treated with dithiothreitol, a disulfide-reducing agent. These reduced toxins and respective control (untreated) toxins were converted into toxoids with formalin and homogenized with complete Freund adjuvant. Guinea pigs immunized with control toxoids developed high resistance to challenge of homologous type of toxin; those immunized with toxoids of reduced toxins developed markedly lower immunity. Type A and E botulinal toxins have at least one disulfide bond whose integrity is important for these proteins to be effective immunizing agents.
Strategies of Interactive File Search

An experiment was designed to evaluate strategies of interactive file search. Five computerized search procedures were studied to evaluate selection frequency and search efficiency. These search procedures were: scrolling, paging, string search, absolute line movement, and relative line movement. Search strategies were assessed with respect to five independent variables that were manipulated with a mixed-factor, factorial design. These independent variables were: file type, file length, window size, target type, and subject experience. The results indicated that file length, subject experience, and window size were the salient factors of file search. Differences between expert and novice users, as well as, one-line and multi-line windows were discussed with regard to file search performance.
Photorefractive spatial solitons—theory and experiments

The existence of photorefractive (PR) spatial solitons has been predicted by us some two years ago.1,2 The self-trapping effects occur when diffraction is exactly balanced by self-scattering (two-wave mixing) of the spatial (plane wave) components of the soliton beam. These photorefractive spatial solitons were observed by us recently.3
The Problem of Moral Evil

5.1 I have said that God, a supremely perfect being, would have appropriate pro and con attitudes toward human beings and their actions. But here someone may ask, ‘Why would God have any con attitudes? No doubt he does, if he exists, have con attitudes toward wrongdoers, since they exist. But why does he permit them to exist?’ The reader will recognize in this question the basis of the atheistic argument from moral evil. In much of what follows, I shall be discussing the question of whether that argument can be refuted in terms of the question of whether the best candidate for refuting it — the so-called ‘free-will defence’ — is sound.
Do Women with Low Breast Density Have Regionally High Breast Density

Average volumetric breast density has been found to be associated with interval cancers. The association is believed to be partly due to mammographic masking. We asked if regional density may be a more sensitive descriptor of masking than average density. In this work, we propose a new method to identify high density regions based on calibrating pixel-level volumetric breast density to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System BI-RADS Version 4 categories. Local breast density was measured using the single-energy X-ray absorptiometry SXA technique. In 583 women undergoing screening mammography, we found percent fibroglandular volume ranges that corresponded to each BI-RADS category: 0---4.9i¾?% BI-RADS 1, 5.0---18.2i¾?% BI-RADS 2, 18.3---48.9i¾?% BI-RADS 3 and 49.0---100i¾?% BI-RADS 4. Women with an average BI-RADS 1 category had 21840 pixels 0.014i¾?mm breast area considered high density category 4 compared to 186469 pixels 0.014i¾?mm in women with average BI-RADS 4 category. We conclude that some women with low breast density still have regions of high density that may mask breast cancers. These scores and localized density colorized maps may better help radiologists in the decision to utilize secondary adjuvant screening than whole breast BI-RADs scores.
When Caregiving Ends: The Experiences of Former Family Caregivers of People With Dementia.

Purpose of the study Numerous adverse physiological and psychological effects of family caregiving are documented in the literature. However, there is little knowledge about family caregivers after caregiving ends. The purpose of this study is to examine the health of former family caregivers and describe their experiences following the death of a care recipient with dementia. Methods Eight former family caregivers were recruited using convenience sampling. Each caregiver participated in one semi-structured interview ranging from 45 minutes to 3 hours in length. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed for qualitative content analysis. Results Three overarching themes emerged from the data: (a) sleep disturbances, (b) changes in health status, and (c) learning to live again. Despite relief from caregiving duties, sleep disturbances in former family caregivers persisted for as long as 10 years post-caregiving. Caregivers reported changes in health such as acute health crises, ongoing illness, or a cascade of nonacute illnesses. Caregivers illustrated post-caregiving as a process of learning to live again, characterized by initial uncertainty about how to proceed in life and a reluctance to relinquish caregiving after years of identifying with the caregiver role. Implications The results of this study suggest that there may be long-term effects of caregiving on health that persist well beyond the first year post-caregiving. Former caregivers would benefit from further research on the physical and psychological health of former caregivers after the first year of post-caregiving, the role of triggering events during post-caregiving, and interventions to meet the needs of former caregivers.
Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have investigated the association between prostate cancer and lycopene, however, results have been inconsistent. This study aims to determine the impact of dietary and circulating concentrations of lycopene on PCa risk and to investigate potential dose-response associations. We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the for the association between dietary and circulating lycopene and PCa risk. Eligible studies were published before 1 December 2016 and were identified from PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. We estimated pooled relative risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random and fixed effects models. Linear and nonlinear dose-response relationships were also evaluated for PCa risk. Forty-two studies were included in the analysis, which included 43 851 cases of PCa reported from 692 012 participants. Both dietary intake (RR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.78−0.98, P=0.017) and circulating concentrations (RR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.79−0.98, P=0.019) of lycopene were significantly associated with reduced PCa risk. Sensitivity analyses within the dose-response analysis further revealed a significant linear dose-response for dietary lycopene and PCa risk such that PCa decreased by 1% for every additional 2 mg of lycopene consumed (P=0.026). Additionally, PCa risk decreased by 3.5 to 3.6% for each additional 10 μgdl−1 of circulating lycopene in the linear and nonlinear models respectively (plinear=0.004, pnonlinear=0.006). While there were no associations between lycopene and advanced PCa, there was a trend for protection against PCa aggressiveness (RR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.55−1.00, P=0.052). Our data demonstrate that higher dietary and circulating lycopene concentrations are inversely associated with PCa risk. This was accompanied by dose-response relationships for dietary and circulating lycopene. However, lycopene was not associated with a reduced risk of advanced PCa. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms underlying these associations.
The Dream Is Dead

This case analysis examines a number of discriminatory practices in a public agency that are so sophisticated and subtle that many public administrators may not be able to recognize when personnel policies designed to enhance equal opportunity are in fact subverting it. What some may think is fair treatment can easily be twisted into practices that penalize those very groups that need to be treated fairly.
Supporting mode changes while providing hardware isolation in mixed-criticality multicore systems

When hosting real-time applications on multicore platforms, interference from shared hardware resources can significantly increase task execution times. Most proposed approaches for lessening interference rely on mechanisms for providing hardware isolation to tasks. However, one limitation of most prior work on such mechanisms is that only static task systems have been considered that never change at runtime. In reality, safety-critical applications often transition among different functional modes, each defined by a distinct set of running tasks. In a given mode, only tasks from that mode execute, yet tasks from all modes consume memory space, and this creates additional constraints affecting hardware-isolation techniques. This paper shows how to address such constraints in the context of an existing real-time resource-allocation framework called MC2 (mixed-criticality on multicore). In MC2, hardware-isolation techniques are employed in conjunction with criticality-aware task-provisioning assumptions that enable hardware resources to be utilized more efficiently.
CK1α and IRF4 are essential and independent effectors of immunomodulatory drugs in primary effusion lymphoma

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive cancer with few treatment options. The immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) lenalidomide and pomalidomide have recently been shown to kill PEL cell lines, and lenalidomide is in clinical trials against PEL. IMiDs bind to the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, leading to the acquisition of the Ikaros family zinc finger proteins 1 and 3 (IKZF1 and IKZF3), casein kinase 1 α (CK1α), and zinc finger protein 91 (ZFP91) as neosubstrates. IMiDs are effective against multiple myeloma because of degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 and the consequent loss of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and MYC expression. Lenalidomide is also effective in chromosome 5q deletion-associated myelodysplastic syndrome as a result of degradation of CK1α. An essential IKZF1-IRF4-MYC axis has recently been proposed to underlie the toxicity of IMiDs in PEL. Here, we further investigate IMiD effectors in PEL cell lines, based on genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens for essential human genes. These screens and extensive validation experiments show that, of the 4 neosubstrates, only CK1α is essential for the survival of PEL cell lines. In contrast, IKZF1 and IKZF3 are dispensable, individually or in combination. IRF4 was critical in all 8 PEL cell lines tested, and surprisingly, IMiDs triggered downregulation of IRF4 expression independently of both IKZF1 and IKZF3. Reexpression of CK1α and/or IRF4 partially rescued PEL cell lines from IMiD-mediated toxicity. In conclusion, IMiD toxicity in PEL cell lines is independent of IKZF1 and IKZF3 but proceeds through degradation of the neosubstrate CK1α and downregulation of IRF4.
Cardiac Hormones and Neuroendocrine Function

There is abundant evidence that the heart, in addition to its function as a muscular pump, is an endocrine tissue which secretes a potent family of peptides with diverse biologic actions (1,2). First described by Flynn and colleagues (3), the atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are produced by conventional protein synthesis, yet unconventional post-translational processing (4–7), in atrial and ventricular myocytes. The primary stimulus for secretion of these peptides is atrial stretch (8,9), induced by increased venous return, although interactive effects of hormones (10–12) and neural agents (13,14) have been described. The major secreted form of ANP is the 28 amino acid peptide possessing a 17 membered ring structure formed by an internal disulfide bond which appears necessary for the expression of this hormone’s bioactivity (15). In the rat ANP is initially synthesized as a larger molecular weight precursor, the 152 amino acid prepro-ANP, and is stored in secretory granules as the 126 amino acid prohormone, proANP (4–7). The final step in postranslational processing, cleavage of the Arg-Ser bond between positions 98 and 99, which occurs at the time of secretion (6,7), generates the mature 28 amino acid hormone and a small percentage of N- and C- terminally shortened fragments. The peptides circulate apparently unbound to plasma proteins and display an extremely short half-life, approximately 30 seconds (16). ANP is removed from plasma primarily in the kidney (17,18), although sequestration from plasma by clearance receptors (19) plays an important role as well. At least two classes of ANP been identified, one recently cloned and structurally sequenced (20) is called the B receptor. This receptor is thought to be the biologic receptor through which ANP exerts its major actions, via activation of particulate guanylate cyclase (21).
How Do Medicalization and Rescue Fantasy Prevent Healthy Dying

Before antibiotics, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and life-sustaining technologies, humans had little choice about the timing and manner of their deaths. Today, the medicalization of death has enabled patients to delay death, prolonging their living and dying. New technology, the influence of the media, and medical professionals themselves have together transformed dying from a natural part of the human experience into a medical crisis from which a patient must be rescued, often through the aggressive extension of life or through its premature termination. In this paper, we examine problematic forms of rescue medicine and suggest the need to rethink medicalized dying within the context of medicine's orientation to health and wholeness.
Very low-carbohydrate, high-fat, weight reduction diet decreases hepatic gene response to glucose in obese rats

Very low carbohydrate (VLC) diets are used to promote weight loss and improve insulin resistance (IR) in obesity. Since the high fat content of VLC diets may predispose to hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance, we investigated the effect of a VLC weight-reduction diet on measures of hepatic and whole body insulin resistance in obese rats. In Phase 1, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were made obese by ad libitum consumption of a high-fat (HF1, 60% of energy) diet; control rats ate a lower-fat (LF, 15%) diet for 10 weeks. In Phase 2, obese rats were fed energy-restricted amounts of a VLC (5%C, 65%F), LC (19%C, 55%F) or HC (55%C, 15%F) diet for 8 weeks while HF2 rats continued the HF diet ad libitum. In Phase 3, VLC rats were switched to the HC diet for 1 week. At the end of each phase, measurements of body composition and metabolic parameters were obtained. Hepatic insulin resistance was assessed by comparing expression of insulin-regulated genes following an oral glucose load,that increased plasma insulin levels, with the expression observed in the feed-deprived state. At the end of Phase 1, body weight, percent body fat, and hepatic lipid levels were greater in HF1 than LF rats (p < 0.05). At the end of Phase 2, percent body fat and intramuscular triglyceride decreased in LC and HC (p < 0.05), but not VLC rats, despite similar weight loss. VLC and HF2 rats had higher HOMA-IR and higher insulin at similar glucose levels following an ip glucose load than HC rats (p < 0.05). HC, but not VLC or HF2 rats, showed changes in Srebf1, Scd1, and Cpt1a expression (p < 0.05) in response to an oral glucose load. At the end of Phase 3, switching from the VLC to the HC diet mitigated differences in hepatic gene expression. When compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet that produced similar weight loss, a commonly used VLC diet failed to improve whole body insulin resistance; it also reduced insulin’s effect on hepatic gene expression, which may reflect the development of hepatic insulin resistance.
Neural Circuitry Regulating REM Sleep and Its Implication in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Since the discovery of rapid eye movement sleep (REMs) in 1953, considerable progress has been made in deciphering the neural circuits and mechanisms involved in the generation of this stage and its cardinal signs, including cortical activation and muscle atonia. Research work on animal models has provided important insights on the prognosis, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of REM behavior disorder (RBD), a clinical condition in which muscle atonia is compromised during REMs. In this chapter, we review current knowledge in REMs circuitry and its involvement in the pathophysiology of RBD. Available evidence strongly suggests that glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) located in the dorsolateral pons are the principal elements for the generation of REMs. These neurons may cause cortical activation and muscle atonia during REMs respectively through their ascending projections to the parabrachial nucleus and basal forebrain and their descending projections to the ventromedial medulla (VMM) and spinal cord. Activity of SLD neurons, and thereby REMs, is strongly under the influence of inhibitory neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and the adjoining lateral pontine tegmentum (vlPAG/LPT). Mutual interaction between the SLD and vlPAG/LPT forms the primary REMs circuit and may determine the occurrence and duration of REMs. Many other brain regions, including medial prefrontal cortex, preoptic area, and lateral hypothalamus, may orchestrate circadian, homeostatic, and allostatic regulation of REMs by acting on this principal circuit. These data indicate that degenerative lesions of the SLD and its descending projections may underlie RBD and that assessing REMs amount and architecture, in addition to motor behavior, may be necessary to track the progression of RBD into alpha-synucleinopathy diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.
A 3.4-pW 0.4-V 469.3 ppm/°C Five-Transistor Current Reference Generator

This letter presents a near-zero power constant with temperature (CWT) current reference generator that utilizes only five transistors in standard CMOS technology. By operating an off-state nMOS transistor as a self-biased current source driving an nMOS transistor in the subthreshold region, a temperature stabilized voltage is generated, which is then buffered by a third nMOS and applied to a gate-leakage transistor. To improve line regulation, a fifth nMOS operating in off-state is employed, constructing a five-transistor (5T) $ I_{\text {REF}}$ generator. Measurement results of 13 5T $ I_{\text {REF}}$ generator samples fabricated in 65-nm CMOS revealed an average temperature coefficient of 469.3 ppm/°C from −20 °C to 60 °C when operating at a supply voltage of 0.4 V. Measured with a supply voltage from 0.4 to 1.2 V, the proposed 5T $ I_{\text {REF}}$ generator achieved an average line regulation of 2.5%/V. The 5T $ I_{\text {REF}}$ generator consumed 3.4 pW at 20 °C and occupied an area of 0.008 mm2, thereby enabling a near-zero-power, low-cost CWT $ {I}_{\text {REF}}$ generation for next-generation Internet of Things applications.
Robust Estimation of Scatter and Primary Signals using Multi-View Information for Moving BlockerBased Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

The moving blocker method has been demonstrated to be effective for scatter correction (SC) of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). However, a fixed thresholding was usually used to detect the blocker edge in the projection images, which only works in high-contrast uniform regions. The edge detection errors, caused by low-contrast and non-uniform intensity, can lead to significant artifacts in the reconstructed images. In this work, we propose to use the projection images at multiple adjacent views to estimate the scatter signal directly without identifying the blocked regions. Subsequently, the scatter signal can serve as an adaptive threshold to locate the unblocked regions for the estimation of the primary signal. The experimental results using an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom CBCT data show that the proposed method can robustly estimate the scatter and primary signals by avoiding blocker edge detection errors and lead to much improved reconstruction images.
Peak objects

I was aware of a need for object-oriented programming long before I learned that it existed. I felt the need because I was using C and Lisp to build medium-sized systems, including a widely-used text editor, CASE and VLSI tools. Stated simply, I wanted flexible connections between providers and consumers of behavior in my systems. For example, in the text editor anything could produce text (files, in-memory buffers, selections, output of formatters, etc) and be connected to any consumer of text. Object-oriented programming solved this problem, and many others; it also provided a clearer way to think about the problems. For me, this thinking was very pragmatic: object solved practical programming problems cleanly.
A study on employment of HOPE VI projects: Examining the impact of neighborhood disadvantage, housing type diversity, and supportive services

ABSTRACTThe present study tested the associations of housing type diversity, neighborhood disadvantage, and employment-related community supportive services with new job placements in 257 HOPE VI projects. This study used a merged data from quarterly reports by HOPE VI revitalization grantees, 2010–2014 American Community Survey, and the entropy index on housing type diversity of each HOPE VI site. This study first described the patterns of housing type diversity and the surrounding neighborhoods of the HOPE VI sites. Then, a negative binomial regression analysis showed that higher housing type diversity and a higher number of education programs were significantly associated with a higher number of new job placements. The results suggest that mixing residents with diverse housing types could yield positive employment outcomes. None of the neighborhood-level predictors was statistically significant. This paper is one of the first to apply the entropy index to diverse housing types of mixed-income developments.
Electrocardiographic changes following rabbit coronavirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.

Rabbit Coronavirus (RbCV) infection was divided into two phases based upon day of death and pathologic findings. During the acute phase (days 2–5) heart weights (HW) and heart weight-to-body weight (HW/BW) ratios were increased with striking dilation of the right ventricle. These changes as well as increased dilation of the left ventricle were especially pronounced during the subacute phase (days 6-12). Myocytolysis, pulmonary edema, and degeneration and necrosis of myocytes, were seen during both phases. Myocarditis, pleural effusion, calcification of myocytes, and congestion in the liver and lungs were seen in the subacute phase. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) exhibited low voltage, nonspecific ST-T wave changes, sinus tachycardia, occasional ventricular and supraventricular premature complexes and 2o AV block consistent with myocarditis and heart failure. Forty-one percent of the survivors exhibited increased HW and HW/BW ratios, biventricular dilation, interstitial and replacement fibrosis, myocyte hypertrophy and myocarditis. ECGs exhibited nonspecfic ST-T wave changes, sinus arrhythmia, occasional ventricular and supraventricular premature complexes and 2o AV block. These data suggest that RbCV infection may result in viral myocarditis and heart failure with a proportion of survivors progressing into DCM.
A Tale of Serendipity, Ingenuity, and Chance: 50th Anniversary of Creation of the Swan-Ganz Catheter.

On the 50th anniversary of the invention of the Swan-Ganz catheter, the untold, intimate details of its development deserve recounting, in part because it illustrates how often advances in science require equal measures of brilliant intuition, persistence in adversity, stunning serendipity, plain
Survey of ERG expression in normal bone marrow and myeloid neoplasms

The immunohistochemical stain ERG is a useful diagnostic marker for leukemia cutis. Translocations involving the ERG gene have been identified in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and it plays critical roles in differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. However, little is known about ERG expression in the bone marrow or in myeloid neoplasms. The aim of this study is to characterize ERG expression in normal bone marrow specimens, and those with various myeloid neoplasms. We performed immunohistochemical studies assessing ERG expression in bone marrow biopsies obtained over a 1-year period, in which myeloperoxidase (MPO) was used to assess granulocyte populations. Twenty-eight bone marrow biopsies (6 normal, 12 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 6 with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and 4 with myelodysplastic/MPN) were identified. Strong nuclear ERG staining was present within the granulocytes and precursors in near complete concordance with MPO in 26/28 (93%) cases. Fifty-eight percent of AML cases showed more staining for ERG than MPO in the leukemic cells. ERG can be useful for assessing granulocyte populations in bone marrow biopsies, and in many instances of AML, stained a proportion of myeloblasts.