cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on calling: What have we learned and where are we going?

Abstract Work as a calling is an emerging concept for scholars across a variety of psychological disciplines. In the current paper, the extant literature on calling is reviewed, showcasing its salience among college student and adult populations and highlighting consistent links between perceiving a calling and heightened levels of career maturity, career commitment, work meaning, job satisfaction, life meaning, and life satisfaction. These links appear most robust when individuals are actually living out their calling at work. Seven suggestions are proposed for future researchers to better understand what it means to have and live a calling: developing a stronger conceptual understanding, collecting more longitudinal data, studying more diverse cultural groups, focusing on behavioral outcomes, examining the dark side of a calling, building theory, and testing interventions. It is hoped that the promising research base and vast areas of potential growth will continue to make the study of calling attractive to scholars across psychological disciplines.
Histone binding to isolated rat liver nuclei.

Abstract 1. 1. Calf thymus histone H3 bound irreversibly to the isolated rat liver nuclei. 2. 2. The rate and extent of binding was a function of the incubation period and the concentration of both H3 and nuclei, but independent of the temperature. 3. 3. The binding was saturable and was inhibited by simultaneous presence of various histones. 4. 4. Approximately 94% of the bound H3 was associated with nuclear membrane fraction.
Racial disparities in cardiovascular risk factor control in an underinsured population with Type 2 diabetes.

Aim To investigate the race-specific trend in attainment of the American Diabetes Association cardiovascular risk factor control goals (HbA1c <53 mmol/mol (7.0%), blood pressure <130/80 mmHg and LDL cholesterol <2.6mmol/l) by patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods The study sample included 14 946 African-American and 12 758 white patients who were newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes between 2001 and 2009 in the Louisiana State University Hospital system. The race-specific percentages of patients' attainment of American Diabetes Association goals were calculated using the baseline and follow-up measurements of HbA1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol levels. Logistic regression was used to test the difference between African-American and white patients. Results The percentage of patients who met all three American Diabetes Association goals increased from 8.2% in 2001 to 10.2% in 2009 (increased by 24.4%) in this cohort. Compared with African-American patients, white patients had better attainment of the following American Diabetes Association goals: HbA1c (61.4 vs. 55.1%), blood pressure (25.8 vs. 20.4%), LDL cholesterol (40.1 vs. 37.7%) and all three goals (7.3 vs. 5.1%). African-American and white patients generally had a better cardiovascular disease risk factor profile during follow-up when we assessed attainment of the American Diabetes Association goals by means of HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL cholesterol. Conclusions During 2001–2009, the present low-income cohort of people with Type 2 diabetes generally experienced improved control of cardiovascular disease risk factors. White patients had better attainment of the American Diabetes Association cardiovascular risk factor control goals than their African-American counterparts.
Paper chromatography of heparin and related sulfated mucopolysaccharides.

A paper chromatographic system was developed for the resolution of mixtures of sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The effect of varying the ammonium formate buffer/isopropanol ratio in the developing solution on the RF values of heparin and chondroitin sulfate is presented. A complete separation of heparin from chondroitin sulfate was obtained with three solvent mixtures containing different proportions of buffer and isopropanol. One of these solvent mixtures, ammonium formate buffer-isopropanol (65:35) v/v, resolved commercial beef heparin into two principal components, on “fresh” paper. This system was used to compare beef heparin with mouse mast cell tumor heparin, rat heparin, sheep lung heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and β-heparin. A common metachromatic component with an RF of approximately 0.5 was0found in all of the heparin preparations chromatographed with this solvent mixture. “Aging” of the filter paper resulted in the loss of the ability of the buffer-isopropanol mixture (65:35) v/v to resolve the beef heparin. Increase of the buffer-isopropanol ratio to (70:30) v/v restored the resolution of the beef heparin on “aged” paper. Heparitin sulfate and α-heparin monosulfate were compared to beef heparin using the latter system.
A reply to Dembic: on an end to the beginning of misunderstanding the immune response.

We all agree that dealing with the complexity and volume of the data necessitates the use of computer modelling. This in turn requires a heuristic conceptual framework to guide this modelling. The first attempt to do this by Cohn has been criticized by Dembic as being severely lacking. This commentary deals with his criticism of the framework to show why Cohn’s postulates, in fact, remain unchallenged.
Did impacts, volcanic eruptions, or climate change affect mammalian evolution?

Abstract In recent years, it has become popular to attribute faunal change and mass extinction to impacts, volcanic eruptions, or climatic change. How well do these supposed causes compare to the excellent record of Cenozoic life, especially that of fossil mammals? Two different Cenozoic mammal diversity curves were compared, and important climatic, volcanic, and impact horizons were examined in detail. In no case is there a strong correlation between impacts, eruptions, or climatic events and any episode of mammalian turnover. On the contrary, most of the known impact, eruption, and climatic events of the Cenozoic occurred during intervals of faunal stability. Conversely, episodes of high turnover and faunal change among Cenozoic mammals correlate with no known extrinsic causes. Apparently, extrinsic environmental factors such as impacts, eruptions, and climate change have a minimal effect, and intrinsic biological factors must be more important.
Regulation by chronic clonidine of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the rat locus coeruleus.

Abstract Clonidine and morphine are known to produce tolerance and dependence in rat locus coeruleus (LC) neurons after chronic administration based on electrophysiological criteria. Previous studies have shown that morphine tolerance and dependence is associated with increases in levels of adenylate cyclase, pertussis toxin-mediated ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins, and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in this brain region. The present study was aimed at investigating whether clonidine tolerance and dependence is also associated with alterations in these intracellular messengers. It was found that, similar to chronic morphine, chronic (2 weeks) clonidine administration, under conditions that produce electrophysiological evidence of tolerance and dependence in LC neurons, increased levels of adenylate cyclase activity and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in this brain region, but not in several other regions studied, which included the frontal cortex, neostriatum, and dorsal raphe. However, the changes induced by chronic clonidine in the LC, at maximal doses and duration of treatment, were only ∼50% in magnitude of those observed in response to morphine. Unlike chronic morphine, chronic clonidine produced no change in G-protein ADP-ribosylation levels in the LC. Chronic administration of a number of other drugs, namely diazepam, chloral hydrate, and dextromethorphan, which produce electrophysiological actions distinct from those of clonidine and morphine in the LC, failed to alter adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in this brain region. The results indicate that increased levels of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase represent common adaptations by LC neurons to chronic clonidine and morphine, and raise the possibility that such changes contribute to the development of clonidine and morphine tolerance and dependence in these neurons.
Social foraging and the finder's share in capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella ☆

Abstract Group living can confer advantages to individuals, but it can also impose severe costs through resource competition. Kleptoparasitism is one example in which some individuals (joiners) can exploit the food discovered by other animals (finders). This type of social foraging has been modelled either as an information-sharing model or as a producer–scrounger game. An important variable in these models is the finder's advantage: the number of items obtained by the finder before the arrival of other individuals. In this study we describe how the spatial position and rank of individuals in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys affect their ability to discover and exploit new food sources. We also analyse the factors that affect the finder's share and the total amount of food obtained by the finder from a newly discovered resource. By placing platforms filled with bananas at novel locations in their home range, we show that animals in the leading edge of a foraging group have a higher probability of discovering new food sources than animals occupying other spatial positions. The alpha male and the alpha female, which tended to occupy central-forward positions, were able to monopolize newly discovered food sources and thus obtain a major share of them. The finder's share at the feeding platforms was smaller when there was more food on a platform, but increased with longer delays before the arrival of other individuals. The total amount of food obtained by the finder from the feeding platforms was larger when there was more food on the platform, when the finder was of higher social status, and when it took longer for other individuals to arrive. Animals can increase their finder's share and total amount consumed from a newly discovered resource by keeping large interindividual distances and by avoiding giving cues about the presence of food (such as food-associated vocalizations) to other animals.
Medicalization, Direct-to-Consumer Advertising, and Mental Illness Stigma

In late 1997, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued new guidelines that allowed pharmaceutical companies to air prescription drug ads on television. These guidelines have expanded the ...
Numerical methods and refined plate theories

Abstract A number of refined plate theories are available which, although similar in their basic assumptions, offer a wide choice of variables in which problems may be formulated. The implications for solution of plate problems by numerical methods are discussed and the significance of the formulation chosen is examined. Finite difference and finite element methods are compared for a variety of support and loading conditions.
Mating behaviour of captive spotted seals (Phoca largha)

Abstract This study is the first detailed analysis of the underwater mating behaviour of seals. The courtship behaviour of this species of ice-inhabiting phocid is more complex and variable than that of seals in other habitats. We observed underwater mating during April and early May in 1973 to 1977. Most pre- and post-copulatory behaviours and vocalizations are drawn from the repertoire we observed throughout the year. For a one-year period we monitored six vocalizations and seven behaviours, four of which involved interactions between the pair. Nosing and biting interactions and growling and drumming vocalizations increased significantly two weeks prior to copulation and progressively increased up to the day of mating.
End-Stage Renal Disease and Limb Salvage

The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and both traditional and nontraditional vascular risk factors are more common in patients with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing hemodialysis than the general population. Patients undergoing hemodialysis may also be at risk for peripheral arterial disease via nonvascular risk factors and the hemodialysis treatment itself. Unfortunately, because peripheral arterial disease and its risk factors in hemodialysis patients have not been thoroughly ascertained, evaluation of potential treatments has been limited. Given the high potential of morbidity and impaired quality-of-life related to peripheral arterial disease in patients with end-stage renal disease, additional studies are needed to evaluate both quality of life and potential screening for peripheral arterial disease, its risk factors, and treatments to identify areas for improvement in this vulnerable population.
A 50mW-TX 65mW-RX 60GHz 4-element phased-array transceiver with integrated antennas in 65nm CMOS

The 60GHz band has gained great interest as an enabler for multi-Gb/s wireless links. Recent efforts [1-4] have focused on reducing transceiver power to drive adoption of 60GHz in mobile devices. To further accelerate this adoption, the cost of current mm-Wave solutions should also be reduced. Especially for short range designs ( 40cm in all directions while consuming only 115mW (TX+RX).
An amplifier-discriminator module for very high energy γ-ray astronomy

Abstract An eight-channel amplifier-discriminator module has been developed for processing fast photomultiplier signals from a ground-based γ-ray imaging telescope. The module provides several outputs for recording pulse height, width and arrival time. Two-level discrimination provides the basis for a flexible, externally controlled trigger system.
miR-200a Regulates Nrf2 Activation by Targeting Keap1 mRNA in Breast Cancer Cells

NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor that activates the expression of cellular detoxifying enzymes. Nrf2 expression is largely regulated through the association of Nrf2 with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which results in cytoplasmic Nrf2 degradation. Conversely, little is known concerning the regulation of Keap1 expression. Until now, a regulatory role for microRNAs (miRs) in controlling Keap1 gene expression had not been characterized. By using miR array-based screening, we observed miR-200a silencing in breast cancer cells and demonstrated that upon re-expression, miR-200a targets the Keap1 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR), leading to Keap1 mRNA degradation. Loss of this regulatory mechanism may contribute to the dysregulation of Nrf2 activity in breast cancer. Previously, we have identified epigenetic repression of miR-200a in breast cancer cells. Here, we find that treatment with epigenetic therapy, the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, restored miR-200a expression and reduced Keap1 levels. This reduction in Keap1 levels corresponded with Nrf2 nuclear translocation and activation of Nrf2-dependent NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) gene transcription. Moreover, we found that Nrf2 activation inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells. Finally, our in vitro observations were confirmed in a model of carcinogen-induced mammary hyperplasia in vivo. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that miR-200a regulates the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in mammary epithelium, and we find that epigenetic therapy can restore miR-200a regulation of Keap1 expression, therefore reactivating the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway in breast cancer.
Individual Differences in Need for Precision

This article develops and validates a measure of the construct of need for precision (NFP), defined as a preference for engaging in a relatively fine-grained mode of processing, and studies its relationship to several constructs. NFP is argued to have a motivational influence on several facets of social cognition. The nature of the NFP construct is discussed in the theoretical context of the five-factor model from personality research. A measure of NFP was developed and modified on the basis of tests of reliability and unidimensionality across several studies. The scale was also tested for different forms of validity across several studies using self-reports and behavioral tasks. AHP was related to several constructs from past research including breadth of categorization, unit of perception, need for cognition, tolerance for ambiguity, intelligence, field dependability, and attitudes toward numerical information, statistics, and mathematics.
Hydrogen Tunneling, Electrostatics, and Conformational Motions in Enzyme Catalysis

The roles of hydrogen tunneling, electrostatics, and conformational motions in enzyme catalysis will be discussed. We have developed hybrid quantum/classical molecular dynamics methods that include the quantum mechanical effects of the active electrons and transferring proton(s), as well as the motions of the entire solvated enzyme. These methods have been used to study the proton and hydride transfer reactions catalyzed by the enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and ketosteroid isomerase (KSI). The free energy profiles are generated along a collective reaction coordinate, and the changes in hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions are analyzed along the entire reaction pathway. An analysis of the simulations resulted in the identification and characterization of a network of coupled motions that extends throughout the enzyme and represents equilibrium conformational changes that facilitate the chemical reaction. Mutations distal to the active site are shown to significantly impact the catalytic rate constant by altering the conformational sampling of the entire enzyme, thereby changing the probability of sampling configurations conducive to the catalyzed reaction. We have also developed quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical methodology to calculate the vibrational frequency shifts of thiocyanate probes incorporated into the active site of an enzyme. This methodology is shown to reproduce the experimentally measured vibrational shifts upon binding of an intermediate analog to KSI for two different nitrile probe positions. Analysis of the simulations provides atomistic insight into the roles that key residues play in determining the electrostatic environment and hydrogen-bonding interactions experienced by the nitrile probe. This approach is also being used to study the vibrational shifts of nitrile probes for intermediates along the reaction pathway of DHFR to elucidate the conformational changes and the variation of the electrostatic microenvironments during catalysis.
Rare copy number variations in congenital heart disease patients identify unique genes in left-right patterning

Abstract Dominant human genetic diseases that impair reproductive fitness and have high locus heterogeneity constitute a problem for gene discovery because the usual criterion of finding more mutations in specific genes than expected by chance may require extremely large populations. Heterotaxy (Htx), a congenital heart disease resulting from abnormalities in left-right (LR) body patterning, has features suggesting that many cases fall into this category. In this setting, appropriate model systems may provide a means to support implication of specific genes. By high-resolution genotyping of 262 Htx subjects and 991 controls, we identify a twofold excess of subjects with rare genic copy number variations in Htx (14.5% vs. 7.4%, P = 1.5 × 10−4). Although 7 of 45 Htx copy number variations were large chromosomal abnormalities, 38 smaller copy number variations altered a total of 61 genes, 22 of which had Xenopus orthologs. In situ hybridization identified 7 of these 22 genes with expression in the ciliated LR organizer (gastrocoel roof plate), a marked enrichment compared with 40 of 845 previously studied genes (sevenfold enrichment, P < 10−6). Morpholino knockdown in Xenopus of Htx candidates demonstrated that five (NEK2, ROCK2, TGFBR2, GALNT11, and NUP188) strongly disrupted both morphological LR development and expression of pitx2, a molecular marker of LR patterning. These effects were specific, because 0 of 13 control genes from rare Htx or control copy number variations produced significant LR abnormalities (P = 0.001). These findings identify genes not previously implicated in LR patterning.
Evaluation and treatment of hypertension

Abstract Hypertension is one of the most common conditions diagnosed and treated by the clinician. Proper treatment has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. The goal of treatment of hypertension is to prevent the sequelae of this disease, such as congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accidents, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. Numerous medications are available to the practitioner, leading to confusion as to the proper medical management of the hypertensive patient. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommends certain lifestyle modifications and, when indicated, pharmacological treatment with diuretics and β-blockers as first-line agents.
An accurate method for automated counting of silver grains in autoradiographics

A grain counting algorithm has been developed for use with an image analysis system interfaced with a microscope. The algorithm consists of a sequence of tests involving thresholding, prospective grain center detection, contrast, and three kinds of artifact detection. The function of each of these parameters is described. This algorithm is accurate to within 4% for those fields most frequently encountered, and to within 9% for all fields examined. Furthermore, it operates very quickly and at relatively low magnification, making it possible to scan large areas efficiently.
901-79 Borderline Isolated Systolic Hypertension and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Guidelines are unclear about treatment of borderline isolated systolic hypertension, defined as both systolic BP 140-159 mmHg and diastolic BP l 90 mmHg. We investigated the association between borderline isolated systolic hypertension and subsequent risk of myocardial infarction (Ml), stroke, cardiovascular death, and the combined endpoint of important cardiovascular events (nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke or cardiovascular death) among 22,071 men age 40-84 years followed prospectively for an average of 10.7 years in the Physician's Health Study. Baseline BP and cardiovascular risk factors were available from completed questionnaires on 16,678 men among whom 960 subsequently had an incident important cardiovascular event. In proportional hazards models adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors, the relative risks were calculated for those with borderline isolated systolic hypertension relative to those with both systolic BP l 140 mmHg and diastolic BP l 90 mmHg. These relative risks were 1.05 (95% confidence interval Cl 0.80 to 1.36) for Ml, 1.68 (95% Cl 1.24 to 2.26) for stroke, 1.61 (95% Cl 1.19 to 2.18) for cardiovascular death, and 1.32 (95% Cl 1.11 to 1.58) for the combined endpoint of important cardiovascular events. These associations were not altered by an analysis excluding participants who reported baseline treatment for hypertension. Conclusion Borderline isolated systolic hypertension is associated with a significantly increased risk of subsequent important cardiovascular events.
Is your commute driving you crazy?: a study of misbehavior in vehicular platoons

Traffic is not only a source of frustration but also a leading cause of death for people under 35 years of age. Recent research has focused on how driver assistance technologies can be used to mitigate traffic fatalities and create more enjoyable commutes. In this work, we consider cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) or platooning, a driver assistance technology that controls the speed of vehicles and inter-vehicle spacing. CACC equipped cars use radar to fine tune inter-vehicle spacing and dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) to collaboratively accelerate and decelerate. Platooning can reduce fuel consumption by over 5% and increases the density of cars on a highway. Previous work on platooning has focused on proving string stability, which guarantees that the error between cars does not grow with the length of a platoon, but little work has considered the impact an attacker can have on a platoon. To design safe distributed controllers and networks it is essential to understand the possible attacks that could be mounted against platoons.In this work, we design a set of insider attacks and abnormal behaviors that occur in a platoon of cars. For example, we introduce the collision induction attack where an attacker exploits the platoon controller to cause a high-speed accident with the car following it. To mitigate these insider attacks we design a model-based detection scheme that leverages the broadcast nature of DSRC. Each car uses DSRC messages from other cars in the platoon to model the expected behavior of the car directly preceding it. If the expected behavior and actual behavior differ the monitoring vehicle switches to non-cooperative ACC, relying solely on radar, to mitigate the impact of the attack. We show that our detection scheme is able to detect many of our proposed insider attacks and when combined with a well designed ACC controller can avoid collisions. We propose combining our detection scheme with a global reputation scheme to detect when a car is malicious or needs maintenance.
Synergistic action of two oxysterols in the lowering of HMG-CoA reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells.

Summary 3β-Hydroxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one ( I ) and (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol ( II ), both potent regulators of sterol biosynthesis, have been found to show synergism in the reduction of the levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells. When equimolar concentrations of I and II were added in combination, synergistic reduction (p in vivo importance of I and II may be greater than that anticipated on the basis of the concentrations of the individual sterols.
Considerations regarding the genetics of obesity.

The genetics of human body fat content (obesity) are clearly complex. Genetic and physiological analysis of rodents have helped enormously in pointing to critical molecules and cells in central nervous system and “peripheral” pathways mediating the requisite fine control over the defense of body fat. Human and animal studies are consistent with inferences from evolutionary considerations that the strengths of defenses against fat loss are greater than those against gain. Many of the genes participating in these pathways have reciprocal effects on both energy intake and expenditure, though different genes may have primary roles in respective responses to weight gain or loss. Such distinctions have important consequences for both research and treatment strategies. The body mass index (BMI) is a useful gross indicator of adiposity, but more refined measurements of body composition and energy homeostasis will be required to understand the functional consequences of allelic variation in genes of interest. Phenotypes related to energy intake and expenditure—which clearly are the major determinants of net adipose tissue storage—are not salient when individuals are in energy balance (weight stable); measurements obtained during weight perturbation studies are likely to provide more revealing phenotypes for genetic analysis. The advent of high-density genome-wide scans in large numbers of human subjects for association analysis will revolutionize the study of the genetics of complex traits such as obesity by generating substantial numbers of powerful linkage signals from smaller genetic intervals. Many of the genes implicated will not have been previously related to energy homeostasis (e.g., recent experience with FTO/FTM as described below), and will have relatively small effects on the associated phenotype(s). The mouse will again prove useful in determining the relevant physiology of these new genes. New analytic tools will have to be developed to permit the necessary analysis of the gene × gene interactions that must ultimately convey aggregate genetic effects on adiposity.
Analytical model of flow maldistribution in polymer electrolyte fuel cell channels

Gas–liquid, two-phase flow through channels of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is of great interest as reactant oxygen is supplied and liquid product water is removed via these PEFC channels. Gas diffusion layer (GDL) intrusion in the channels, which is inherent to the process of PEFC cell and stack assembling, increases the local flow resistance in the intruded channels and consequently lowers their flowrates. This flow maldistribution renders the intruded channels more susceptible to liquid water accumulation or flooding. A one-dimensional analytical model is developed in this work to elucidate the two-phase flow maldistribution in PEFC channels resulting from GDL intrusion. Relative humidity (RH) and the stoichiometric flow ratio of inlet gases are found to be the two key parameters controlling the flow maldistribution in PEFC channels. Interestingly, our analysis shows that decreasing the inlet RH worsens flow maldistribution. As GDL intrusion in channels is inevitable, a good flow-field design must be inherently tolerable to flow maldistribution. Using the analytical model presented herein, the number of flow channels and their U-turns are optimized to minimize the detrimental effect of GDL intrusion.
Vibronic Model for the Relaxed Excited State of the F Center. I. General Solution

An exact solution is given, using methods familiar from the theory of the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect of orbitally degenerate states, for the vibronic problem posed by a model for the excited state of the $F$ center suggested by recent experiments on Stark effects in $F$-band luminescence of alkali halides. In this model, nondegenerate $2s$ and $2p$ electronic states interact in cubic symmetry via a triply degenerate odd-parity (${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) vibrational mode. From the exact wave functions for the resulting vibronic levels of the coupled electron-lattice system, expressions are derived for the following quantities: radiative lifetimes of the various levels; change in radiative lifetime of the vibronic ground state in an electric field, when this level is a nondegenerate $s$-like state; polarization induced in luminescence from the $s$-like ground state by electric fields, magnetic fields, and applied stress; change in the $g$ factor of the ground state because of the vibronic mixing; and reduction factors for the splitting of degenerate levels by applied magnetic fields and stress. These results take a particularly simple form when the coupling to the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ modes is strong. From a comparison of these theoretical results with the experimental data for the alkali halides, it is concluded that, contrary to earlier interpretations, the experimental situation cannot be in or close to the strong-coupling regime. An estimate of this coupling strength to the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ modes from a moment analysis of the vibrational broadening of the $F$ band in absorption and of stress-induced linear dichroism indicates that this coupling is probably weak for KCl, and that the Jahn-Teller coupling of $2p$ states to the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3}^{+}$ and/or ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5}^{+}$ modes is stronger. This estimate is supported by an analysis of the form of the stable distorted configurations given by the adiabatic energy surfaces of the static problem, when simultaneous coupling to all three types of modes ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5}^{+}$ is considered. An interpretation of the experimental data on the basis of this analysis indicates that for KCl the $2s$ state must be below $2p$ by about 0.1 eV om the cubic configuration corresponding to the relaxed position of the symmetric ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{+}$ mode. Also discussed is the relationship of the exact solution of the vibronic problem to an approximate treatment given by Bogan: The adiabatic states introduced by Bogan can be identified with different groups of the exact vibronic states in the strong-coupling limit, but the approximate treatment is shown to have given rise to misleading interpretations of some of the experimental results.
Two-dimensional southwestern blotting and characterization of transcription factors on-blot.

Two-dimensional Southwestern blotting (2D-SW) described here combines several steps. Proteins are separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose (NC) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The blotted proteins are then partially renatured and probed with a specific radiolabeled oligonucleotide for Southwestern blotting (SW) analysis. The detected proteins are then processed by on-blot digestion and identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. A transcription factor, bound by a specific radiolabeled element, is thus characterized without aligning with protein spots on a gel. In this study, we systematically optimize conditions for 2D-SW and on-blot digestion. By quantifying the SW signal using a scintillation counter, the optimal conditions for SW were determined to be: PVDF membrane, 0.5% PVP40 for membrane blocking, serial dilution of guanidine HCl for denaturing and renaturing proteins on the blot, and an SDS stripping buffer to remove radiation from the blot. By quantifying the peptide yields using nano-ESI-MS analysis, the optimized conditions for on-blot digestions were found to be: 0.5% Zwittergent 3–16 and 30% acetonitrile in trypsin digestion buffer. Using the optimized 2D-SW technique and on-blot digestion combined with HPLC-nano-ESI-MS/MS, a GFP-C/EBP model protein was successfully characterized from a bacterial extract, and native C/EBP beta was identified from 100 Eg HEK293 nuclear extract without any previous purification.
Statistical Models Of A Priori Information For Image Processing; II. Finite Distribution Range Constraints

A probabilistic formulation of statistical models of a priori source distribution information is presented with considerations of source strength correlations and finite distribution range constraints. A Bayesian analysis incorporating the a priori source distribution probabilistic information is given in treating measured data obeying Poisson statistics. A system of equations for determining the source distribution given the measured data is obtained by maximizing the a posteriori probability. An iterative approach for the solution is carried out by a Bayesian image processing algorithm derived using an expectation maximization technique. The iterative Bayesian algorithm is tested using computer generated ideal and experimental radioisotope phantom imaging noisy data. Improved results are obtained with the Bayesian algorithm over those of a maximum likelihood algorithm. A quantitative measurement of the improvement is obtained by employing filtered objective criteria functions.
Criminal justice history as a field of research: A review of the literature, 1960-1975

A review of recent criminal justice textbooks and standard reference sources indicated a lack of historical studies. Scholars in the United States have not investigated the historical roots of criminal justice and as a result the literature and curricula of criminal justice educational programs portray a narrow contemporary perspective. The author critically analyzes selected historical publications of the past decade and provides suggestions for further research.
On uniqueness and continuation properties after blow‐up time of self‐similar solutions of nonlinear schrödinger equation with critical exponent and critical mass

We consider the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with critical power where u: (0, T) × ℝN C and o ϕ H1 ∪ {o;|x|o ϵ L2}. With this nonlinear term, the equation (1)-(1′) has a conformal invariance. Thus one yields explicit “self-similar” solutions which have the following property: they have minimum L2 norm among blow-up solutions. In this paper, we first focus on uniqueness properties of these self-similar solutions in a certain class. We then look at the possible continuations of these solutions after the blow-up time.
Tailored 3D CuO nanogrid formation

This paper reports on the controlled synthesis of 3D CuO nanogrids by the combined use of electrospinning and thermal oxidation of a composite metal mesh/polymer mat architecture. The obtained nanogrids result from three steps encompassing: (i) Cu atom clusters diffusing into the nanofibers producing polymer-metal "core-shell"-type fibers (ii) decomposition of the polymeric shell; (iii) oxidation of the metallic core of the nanofibers to form self-supported, open nanogrids consisting of continuous nanofibers of CuO nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20 nm. The calculated band gap energy of the cupric oxide nanogrids was determined from the UV-Vis spectrum to be 1.32 eV. The unique 3D CuO nanogrids may be used as key components of 3D nanobatteries, photocatalysts, and p-type chemosensors.
Feeding response to central orexins.

Abstract Orexin A and orexin B were microinjected into the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Orexin B (15 nmol) was also injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.). Orexin A (≥500 pmol) stimulated feeding in the PFH and LH, but not in the VTA or PVN. Orexin B stimulated feeding only when injected i.c.v.
Communication in everyday interpersonal and intergroup encounters

Abstract Communication that occurs in everyday encounters influences the development and maintenance of relationships. Many theorists have called for paying greater attention to everyday communication behavior. To date, this call has not been addressed in research comparing interpersonal and intergroup communication. The purpose of this study was to compare communication in everyday interpersonal and intergroup encounters. Two sets of data were collected, one involving a comparison of intracultural and intercultural encounters, and one involving a comparison of intraethnic and interethnic encounters. In each set of data, respondents completed diaries containing measures of the nature of the encounter, the quality of communication, their satisfaction with the communication, the amount of uncertainty and anxiety, the importance of their social and personal identities, and their expectations after their encounters. The results indicate that both the type of encounter (interpersonal, intergroup) and the type of relationship (stranger, acquaintance, friend) influence communication in everyday encounters. The specific patterns that emerge are consistent with previous research and current theories of interpersonal and intergroup communication.
High-power Q-switched TEM 00 mode diode-pumped solid state lasers with > 30W output power at 355nm

Since their first commercial introduction in 1997, diode-pumped Q-switched vanadate and YAG lasers with 355nm output have advanced in power level and reliability and are now qualified in many industrial processes, such as via hole drilling, stereo lithography, wafer scribing and dicing. At present, average output power of up to 20W at 355nm are commercially available with pulse energies of several hundred micro-Joules and pulse repetition rates of up to 150 kHz. In this paper, we report high power UV generation with TEM00 mode output powers in excess of 30W in Q-switched, end-pumped Nd:YVO4 and side-pumped Nd:YAG lasers using extra-cavity sum frequency generation in LBO. With a side-pumped dual-rod Nd:YAG rod oscillator and extra-cavity tripling, 32W output power at 355nm have been achieved at a repetition rate of 50 kHz. With an end-pumped vanadate MOPA configuration, UV average power of 36W with TEM00 mode was realized at repetition rates around 100 kHz. Lifetest results are presented and the scaling to higher UV power of more than 60W is discussed.
Semiquantitative MRI Assessment of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of musculoskeletal disability with limited treatment options. Although advanced imaging techniques are presently not applied in a clinical routine setting for diagnostic purposes, rapid technical developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and application to large longitudinal studies have contributed greatly to disease understanding in recent years. The focus of this presentation is semiquantitative (SQ) MRI assessment of osteoarthritis by expert radiologists, which has become a powerful research tool in understanding the natural history of OA. Several published reliable and validated scoring systems are available that have been applied to observational large cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies as well as interventional clinical trials. Whole organ assessment of scoring different joint structures on MRI has shown adequate reliability, specificity, and sensitivity, as well as an ability to detect lesion progression. In comparison to quantitative and biochemical assessment of cartilage, SQ whole organ scoring analyzes all joint structures that are potentially relevant as surrogate outcome measures for interventional approaches. These include cartilage, the subchondral bone, osteophytes, intra- and periarticular ligaments, the menisci, the synovial lining, joint effusion and other periarticular structures such as cysts and bursae. MRI technology and sequence protocols have to be carefully considered when conducting OA studies applying SQ MRI assessment. Radiologists have to be aware of artifacts and differential diagnoses when using any of the SQ scoring systems. In an exemplary fashion the role of subchondral bone marrow lesions, synovitis and joint effusion in regard to the natural history and clinical outcome will be highlighted. Due to MRI a change in paradigm has occurred in that it seems accepted consensus now to perceive OA not as a disease of cartilage only but as a whole-organ disorder involving multiple joint tissues leading eventually to joint failure. Whole organ semiquantitative MRI assessment has contributed a lot to this change in perception and will be discussed in detail in this presentation.
Characteristics of industrial di(alkylphenyl)dithiophosphoric acids.

Abstract Instrumental and classical methods have been used to characterize some industrial di(alkylphenyl)dithiophosphoric acids. The 31 P-NMR chemical shifts of di(nonylphenyl)dithiophosphoric acid and its derivatives are summarized.
Polymerized planar suspended lipid bilayers for single ion channel recordings: comparison of several dienoyl lipids.

The stabilization of suspended planar lipid membranes, or black lipid membranes (BLMs), through polymerization of mono- and bis-functionalized dienoyl lipids was investigated. Electrical properties, including capacitance, conductance, and dielectric breakdown voltage, were determined for BLMs composed of mono-DenPC, bis-DenPC, mono-SorbPC, and bis-SorbPC both prior to and following photopolymerization, with diphytanoyl phosphocholine (DPhPC) serving as a control. Poly(lipid) BLMs exhibited significantly longer lifetimes and increased the stability to air-water transfers. BLM stability followed the order: bis-DenPC > mono-DenPC ≈ mono-SorbPC > bis-SorbPC. The conductance of bis-SorbPC BLMs was significantly higher than that of the other lipids, which is attributed to a high density of hydrophilic pores, resulting in relatively unstable membranes. The use of poly(lipid) BLMs as matrices for supporting the activity of an ion channel protein (IC) was explored using α – hemolysin (α-HL), a model IC. Characteristic i-V plots of α-HL were maintained following photopolymerization of bis-DenPC, mono-DenPC, and mono-SorbPC, demonstrating the utility of these materials for preparing more durable BLMs for single channel recordings of reconstituted ICs.
Inhibition of neutrophil adhesion does not prevent ischemic spinal cord injury

Abstract Paraplegia may occur after transient aortic occlusion as a consequence of primary ischemia to the spinal cord or injury during the reperfusion period. In animal models of ischemia/reperfusion there is evidence that reperfusion injury may be modulated partially by neutrophils. The efficacy of the neutrophil adherence blocking murine monoclonal antibody (MAb 60.3) was assessed in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion in rabbits. Spinal cord ischemia was accomplished by balloon catheter occlusion of the infrarenal aorta. Neurologic assessment was graded as normal, partial neurologic deficit, or complete paralysis. Electrophysiologic monitoring with somatosensory evoked potentials was used to determine the optimal length of time of occlusion. Animals were treated randomly with 2 mg/kg of intravenous MAb 60.3 (n = 8) or saline solution (n = 9) with the investigator unaware of treatment. Mean occlusion times were no different between groups (control, 32.7 ± 3.6 minutes versus MAb, 32.4 ± 6.0 minutes). Five (55%) saline-treated and four (50%) MAb 60.3-treated animals became paraplegic. Animals with initial paraparesis all progressed to flaccid paraplegia within 24 hours. We conclude that spinal cord injury after transient aortic occlusion is independent of the CD11 / CD18 glycoprotein complex of the neutrophil. Injury in this setting may occur during ischemia and thus may not be dependent on neutrophils or reperfusion.
Electron-magnon interactions in Ni

We demonstrate that the minority-spin-electron (or majority-spin-hole) self-energy due to magnon exchange for the case of strong ferromagnetism can be calculated from the one-electron energy bands of the local-spin-density-functional Hamiltonian. This is a good model for Ni where we estimate both the real and imaginary parts of the majority-spin-hole self-energy to be less than 0.01 eV, thus demonstrating that many-body effects play no role in the photoelectron-spin-polarization reversal observed in Ni.
Metaheuristic Optimization of a Discrete Array of Radiant Heaters

The design of radiant enclosures is an active area of research in radiation heat transfer. When design variables are discrete such as for radiant heater arrays with on-off control of individual heaters, current methods of design optimization fail. This paper reports the development of a metaheuristic thermal radiation optimization approach. Two metaheuristic optimization methods are explored: simulated annealing and tabu search. Both approaches are applied to a combinatorial radiant enclosure design problem. Configuration factors are used to develop a dynamic neighborhood for the tabu search algorithm. Results are presented from the combinatorial optimization problem. Tabu search with a problem specific dynamic neighborhood definition is shown to find better solutions than the benchmark simulated annealing approach in less computation time.
Cultural Differences in Organizational Communication: a Semantic Network Analysis 1:

Differences culturelles dans la communication organisationnelle - une analyse de reseau semantique. Ce papier examine l'influence de la culture nationale sur la culture organisationnelle en analysant des messages produits pour le public. L'equivalence structurelle des entreprises japonaises et americaines cotees en bourse aux Etats-Unis a ete etudiee par l'analyse de reseau semantique. 35 de 500 entreprises citees par Fortune sont jumellees par secteur. Les textes du rapport annuel de leur PDG ont ete analyses pour reperer les mots les plus frequents. Ensuite, la frequences de ces mots pour chaque entreprise est determinee. Une matrice entreprise X mots est creee et multipliee par sa transposition, donnant ainsi une matrice 35 X 35 basee sur la cooccurrence des mots. L'analyse a discerne deux groupes: un comprenant les entreprises japonaises et l'autres les americaines. Les Japonaises etalent fortement regroupees par rapport au groupe americain faiblement centre. Les entreprises americaines communiquaient...