cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship and state/mental health center relationships.

An effective Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) program in entrepreneurship—the provision of services in the marketplace at a profit to subsidize other programs—requires the support and encouragement of the state-level mental health authority. This paper discusses potential financial, programmatic, political, and managerial risks and rewards to CMHCs and to state authorities from such efforts. As each party faces certain risks as well as rewards from such efforts, it is important that they participate in a process of mutual risk involving: 1) Documenting and legitimizing the entrepreneurship program; 2) Separating funding for seed monies and working capital for ventures, 3) Restructuring the Centers' finances and/or corporate structure to reduce the problems of funds diversion and comingling, 4) Negotiating in advance how the proceeds of the ventures will be used to benefit programs, and 5) Providing technical assistance to enhance the probabilities of success in such ventures. For these steps to work the state authorities must be willing to give up some financial and programmatic control to motivate entrepreneurship on the part of CMHCs.
Origin of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice

Parabiosis experiments demonstrating that dendritic cells (DCs) do not equilibrate between mice even after prolonged joining by parabiosis have suggested that DCs are derived from self-renewing progenitors that divide in situ. However, here we found that unequal exchange of DCs between mice joined by parabiosis reflected uneven distribution of DC precursors in blood due to their short half-life in circulation. DCs underwent only a limited number of divisions in the spleen or lymph nodes over a 10- to 14-day period and were replenished from blood-borne precursors at a rate of nearly 4,300 cells per hour. Daughter DCs presented antigens captured by their progenitors, suggesting that DC division in peripheral lymphoid organs can prolong the duration of antigen presentation in vivo.
Trajectory of Weight Changes in the First 6 Weeks Postpartum

Objective To determine the trajectory of postpartum weight changes and to examine associations between weight change in the first 6 weeks postpartum and demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and behavioral variables. Design Prospective, longitudinal design. Setting Community hospital and university research setting. Participants 26 low‐income women (9 White, 8 Black, and 9 Hispanic) with uncomplicated term pregnancies. Main Outcome Measure Body mass index measured weekly. Results Among White women, body mass index decreased significantly for the first 3 weeks of the postpartum period. Black women experienced a significant reduction in body mass index for only the first 2 postpartum weeks. Similarly, the postpartum body mass index decreased for the first 2 weeks for Hispanic women. Prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain each had a significant positive effect on postpartum body mass index. Perception of social support at 4 weeks had a significant positive effect on postpartum body mass index in Black women. Conclusions The trajectory of weight change was nonlinear with large initial weight losses during the first 2 to 3 weeks postpartum followed by weight plateaus for the remainder of the first 6 weeks postpartum.
Influence of the sulfonate countercation on the thermal stability of nafion perfluorosulfonate membranes

Abstract : We report in this paper a strong dependence of the thermal stability of Nafion perfluorosulfonate ionomer on the nature of the counterion associated with the fixed sulfonate site. These results were obtained using thermal gravimetric analysis on a series of alkali metal and alkyl ammonium cation- exchanged Nafion films. We have found that the temperature of decomposition of Nafion is inversely dependent on the size of the exchanged cation; i. e. Nafion films show improved thermal stability as the size of the counter cation decreases. We attribute this inverse relationship of thermal stability with counterion size to an initial decomposition reaction which is strongly influenced by the strength of the sulfonate-counterion interaction....Nafion, Thermal stability.
Steric effects on the selectivity of protein labelling with chelate complexes of platinum(II)

The Cl− ligand in complexes of the type [Pt(tridentate)Cl] can be displaced by amino-acid side chains in proteins so that the Pt(tridentate) tag becomes covalently attached to the protein. The selectivity in this displacement can be controlled by adjusting the steric properties of the tridentate ligand. In the complex [Pt(dipic)Cl]−, in which dipic represents 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate, the Cl− ligand is accessible. This complex reacts with methionine and histidine and their derivatives and with the side chain of methionine 65 in cytochrome c. The reactivity of amino-acid side chains toward [Pt(trpy)Cl]− depends mainly on their nucleophilicity; the soft thio-ether ligand in methionine is more reactive than the hard imidazole ligand in histidine. In the complex [Pt(dpes)Cl]+, in which dpes represents di(2-pyridyl-β-ethyl)sulphide, the Cl− ligand is partially shielded. This complex reacts with N-acetylmethionine, N-acetylhistidine, and the side chains of both methionine 65 and histidine 33 in cytochrome c. The reactivity of amino-acid side chains toward [Pt(dpes)Cl]+ depends on their steric bulk as well as on their nucleophilicity; the thio-ether ligand in methionine is less reactive than the imidazole ligand in histidine. Principles of stereochemistry can be used in designing metal complexes for selective covalent modification of proteins.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of right ventricular outflow tachycardia in children and adolescents

Abstract Objectives . The current study reviews the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation for the treatment of right ventricular outflow tachycardia in children and adolescents and describes a modified method for mapping the tachycardia focus. Background . Although radiofrequency catheter ablation has proved highly effective for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia during childhood and adolescence, its application in children with idiopathic right ventricular outflow tachycardia has been limited. Methods . Six children (mean [±SD] age 10.6 ± 2.4 years, range 6 to 16) with right ventricular outflow tachycardia underwent seven radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures. The mean tachycardia cycle length was 323 ± 24 ms (range 300 to 360). Two multipolar catheters were positioned in the right ventricular outflow tract to map the tachycardia focus. Results . Radiofrequency catheter ablation was successful in five (83%) of the six children (95% confidence interval 36% to 99%). At successful ablation sites, local endocardial activation times preceded the surface QRS onset by 46 ± 5 ms (range 37 to 57), and there was concordance of the 12-lead pace map and the electrocardiogram (ECG) in 11 (one patient) to 12 ECG leads (four patients). One patient developed complete right bandle branch block during radiofrequency catheter ablation. There were no additional complications and no clinical recurrences over a mean follow-up period of 12.7 ± 3.8 months (range 9 to 22). Conclusions . These results suggest that radiofrequency catheter ablation is a safe effective treatment for right ventricular outflow tachycardia during childhood and adolescence. In addition, tachycardia mapping may be enhanced by use of a multipolar right ventricular outflow catheter technique.
Intracellular recording of cerebral cortical actions of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)

Abstract Our reported data on the cortical inhibitory actions of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) and the diversity of data in the literature on cerebral PG actions are examined here in the light of intracellular recording which provides the requisite membrane data for the first time. Thus, 1) intracellular recording from the cat cerebral cortex is obtained for the actions of PGF 2α and for norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT). 2) The parallel changes in firing and polarization and the simultaneous transmembrane conductance changes are qualitatively identical for PGF 2α , NE and 5HT. 3) The reduction in firing accompanied by hyperpolarization indicates that PGF 2α , NE and 5HT all inhibit these cells. 4) The ionic species responsible for this inhibition is such that it increased the transmembrane resistance, and this was true for all three. 5) The changes in membrane parameters, identical in direction for PGF 2α and NE, but stronger for the latter, constitute conditions that can lead to competitive inhibition and therefore conote, presumably, actions at the same or related receptors. Such competition with evoked cortical field potentials is shown in the preceding paper.
Implications of enhancer of zeste homologue 2 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Single-agent gemcitabine remains the standard treatment of advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A recently discovered histone methyltransferase termed enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) was found to be overexpressed in a variety of carcinomas including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Silencing of E-cadherin was proposed as a mechanism by which enhancer of zeste homologue 2 mediates tumor aggressiveness, and enhancer of zeste homologue 2 depletion has been found to sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. In this study, we correlated enhancer of zeste homologue 2 with E-cadherin expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and evaluated response to gemcitabine in relation to enhancer of zeste homologue 2 expression in tumor cells. Fifty-four pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 13 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, and 6 chronic pancreatitis cases were stained with antibodies against enhancer of zeste homologue 2 and E-cadherin. Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 staining was scored from 1 to 4+ and classified as either low (1-2+ in 25% of tumor nuclei). E-cadherin expression was scored on membrane positivity as follows: 0 (0%-10%), 1 (10%-25%), 2 (25%-75%), and 3 (>75%). High enhancer of zeste homologue 2 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma was significantly associated with decreased E-cadherin expression and more aggressive disease. There was significantly longer survival in gemcitabine-treated patients with low versus high enhancer of zeste homologue 2 expression. High enhancer of zeste homologue 2 expression was detected in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms with moderate to severe dysplasia, but not in chronic pancreatitis. Our study suggests that E-cadherin down-regulation may lead to enhancer of zeste homologue 2-mediated invasion and metastasis.
To Be Proactive or Not: A Framework to Model Cyber Maneuvers for Critical Path Protection in MANETs

Recently, proactive strategies have received much attention as they make a system more dynamic and difficult to predict, therefore reducing the impact of adversary attacks. In this paper, we aim at modeling and evaluating the effectiveness of proactive cyber maneuvers to protect the critical path between a source-destination pair for mission operations in a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in the presence of an adversary. We propose a generic framework to analytically model cyber maneuvers and define their associated utilities. With the proposed framework, we develop the optimal solution to maximize the lifetime of the critical path with security assurance. We find that sufficient statistical information in the network is vital for the network defender to be proactive, choose the best cyber maneuvers to protect the critical path, and consequently outperform conventional reactive strategies. We also use simulations to validate the effectiveness of our solution.
Ecdysones from the pupa of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson).

Abstract Ecdysone titer was determined in tobacco hornworm pupae of different ages as a prerequisite to the isolation and identification of the molting hormones present in this insect. A maximum titer was found in 6- to 8-day-old pupae using house fly larvae as the test organism for assessing the biological activity. Two crystalline ecdysones were isolated from 7-day-old pupae and these were found to have equal biological activity in both the Calliphora test and the house fly assay. One of the hormones was found to be identical to the silkworm α-ecdysone (2β, 3β, 14α, 22R, 25-pentahydroxy- Δ 7 -5 β -cholesten-6-one). The more polar hormone, present in greater amounts in 7-day-old hornworm pupae, was structurally similar to α-ecdysone but was assigned an additional hydroxyl group at the C-20 position. The relationship among the hormones of the hornworm and the ecdysones isolated from other species is discussed.
Discrepancies in spine surgeon conflict of interest disclosures between a national meeting and physician payment listings on device manufacturer web sites.

Abstract Background context Previous studies have identified inconsistencies in physician conflict-of-interest disclosures at academic meetings. The Physician Payment Sunshine Act (PPSA) will require industry to disclose anything of value given to physicians by 2014. In preparation, some spine device companies have begun reporting payments online. Purpose To evaluate potential inconsistencies between physician disclosures and payments reported by industry before the PPSA implementation. Study design Comparison of publically available disclosure/payment data. Patient sample Physicians participating in the 2011 North American Spine Society (NASS) annual meeting and physicians listed on the 2010 physician payment web sites of Medtronic and Depuy Spine. Methods Disclosures of participants at NASS were compared with the published Medtronic and Depuy Spine physician payments. The periods reflected by the disclosures compared should have coincided (except the Depuy site, which was only listed for one quarter of the NASS disclosure period). Discrepancies were noted whenever participant disclosures and company listings did not match as well as whenever payment ranges did not overlap. Fisher's exact test was used to compare disclosure discrepancy rates based on Medtronic payment size. No funding was received for this work. The authors report no conflicts of interest directly related to this study; however, one of the authors does do consulting unrelated to this study. Results Medtronic and Depuy Spine were disclosed by 12.1% and 8.75% of NASS participants, respectively. Based on NASS disclosures, 52.4% of NASS participants affiliated with Medtronic had their disclosures inaccurately reflected on the Medtronic web site. Based on Medtronic payment postings, 45.7% of NASS participants listed on Medtronic's webpage had discrepancies in their NASS disclosures. Those who received payments $100,000 (p=.009). Based on Depuy Spine payment postings, 30% of NASS participants listed on Depuy Spine's site had discrepancies in their NASS disclosures. Conclusions Discrepancy rates between what spine surgeons disclosed at NASS 2011 and what companies reported for their consultants were high. This is concerning given the passage of the PPSA as well as the increased public visibility of potential discrepancies. More uniform practices will certainly be necessary.
WITHDRAWN: Genetic testing of embryos: practices and perspectives of U.S. IVF clinics

This article has been withdrawn consistent with Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal.( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy ).The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
Physiological ecology of overwintering in hatchling turtles

Temperate species of turtles hatch from eggs in late summer. The hatchlings of some species leave their natal nest to hibernate elsewhere on land or under water, whereas others usually remain inside the nest until spring; thus, post-hatching behavior strongly influences the hibernation ecology and physiology of this age class. Little is known about the habitats of and environmental conditions affecting aquatic hibernators, although laboratory studies suggest that chronically hypoxic sites are inhospitable to hatchlings. Field biologists have long been intrigued by the environmental conditions survived by hatchlings using terrestrial hibernacula, especially nests that ultimately serve as winter refugia. Hatchlings are unable to feed, although as metabolism is greatly reduced in hibernation, they are not at risk of starvation. Dehydration and injury from cold are more formidable challenges. Differential tolerances to these stressors may explain variation in hatchling overwintering habits among turtle taxa. Much study has been devoted to the cold-hardiness adaptations exhibited by terrestrial hibernators. All tolerate a degree of chilling, but survival of frost exposure depends on either freeze avoidance through supercooling or freeze tolerance. Freeze avoidance is promoted by behavioral, anatomical, and physiological features that minimize risk of inoculation by ice and ice-nucleating agents. Freeze tolerance is promoted by a complex suite of molecular, biochemical, and physiological responses enabling certain organisms to survive the freezing and thawing of extracellular fluids. Some species apparently can switch between freeze avoidance or freeze tolerance, the mode utilized in a particular instance of chilling depending on prevailing physiological and environmental conditions.
Observation of spectral asymmetry in cw-pumped type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion

We report on a spectral asymmetry in cw-pumped type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We observe that when the pump beam is focused, the spectra of ordinary and extraordinary down-converted photons broaden unequally. Theoretical analysis indicates that this asymmetry can be attributed to the difference in the angular dispersion (walk-off) of the two kinds of photons, coupled with the well-known correlation between wavelength and emission direction.
Daily selection of feeding areas by cattle in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments

Abstract Yearling steers were observed in a two-part study to evaluate movement patterns in homogeneous and heterogeneous areas. Previous grazing and fertilization were used to create three heterogeneous patches that varied in forage quality and quantity. Three homogeneous patches were also established. Two groups of steers were released daily from a holding pen and allowed to choose within either the homogeneous area or the heterogeneous area. During the first trial, steers selected patches from a central decision area, and fences divided the patches. During the second trial, division fences were removed. No patch preferences developed in the homogeneous area if data were pooled within a day. However, time spent in patches was not consistent throughout the day. Steers grazed patches nearest to water during midday, but avoided those patches during the morning and evening. Animals developed preferences for the most nutritious patches, as indexed by crude protein concentration, in the heterogeneous area. They avoided a patch with lower forage quality for 21 consecutive days. Cattle tended to return to a particular patch more often in the heterogeneous area, but in both the heterogeneous and homogeneous areas, animals returned to the same patch on consecutive mornings less than 48% of the time. Cattle moved among patches more frequently in the homogeneous area during Trial 2 after fences were dismantled. One or two individuals may have influenced the initial patch selection for the remainder of the group. Uneven grazing distribution patterns associated with cattle grazing heterogeneous environments may occur because they select feeding areas with higher forage quality more frequently than feeding areas with lower forage quality.
Group Leader and Member Characteristics and Attraction to Initial and Final Group Sessions and to the Group and Group Leader.

This study was designed to determine whether specific personality characteristics of group leaders and group members predict group members' evaluations of the group leader and of the group experience in self-exploration groups. Group leader and group member state anxiety, trait anxiety, and cognitive style were assessed prior to or at the beginning of the firstgroup session. At the end of the initial session and again at the end of the final session, the group members rated the specific session. At the end of the final session the group members also rated the overall group experience and the group leader. Forward multiple regressions yielded significant effects concerning initial group rating and leader evaluation. No effects were found for the final group session or the global group evaluation. Implications for group theory and research are presented.
Slotted FAMA: a MAC protocol for underwater acoustic networks

Long propagation delays and low bit rates of underwater acoustic networks make these systems fundamentally different from the packet radio networks. As a consequence, many of the network protocols designed for radio channels are either not applicable, or have extremely low efficiency over underwater acoustic channels. These facts necessitate a dedicated design of protocols for an underwater acoustic network. A medium access control (MAC) protocol suitable for an underwater acoustic network is proposed and analyzed. The protocol is based on a channel access discipline called floor acquisition multiple access (FAMA) which combines both carrier sensing (CS) and a dialogue between the source and receiver prior to data transmission. During the initial dialogue, control packets are exchanged between the source node and the intended destination node to avoid multiple transmissions at the same time. Special attention is paid to the networks that are not fully connected, in which nodes can be hidden from each other. The new protocol uses time slotting and is thus called slotted FAMA. Time slotting eliminates the need for excessively long control packets, thus providing savings in energy. Protocol performance in throughput and delay is assessed through simulation of a mobile ad hoc underwater network, showing the existence of optimal power level to be used for a given user density.
How programming languages will co-evolve with software engineering: a bright decade ahead

Programming languages are an indispensable foundation of software engineering, so it is essential that innovations in software engineering anticipate and influence innovations in programming languages and vice-versa. We discuss seven emerging trends in the design, adoption, and use of programming languages that have clear and valuable overlap with software engineering. These themes include language design that assumes modern development ecosystems; languages that support multiple views; data-driven language design; formal and machine-checked verification that works for real systems; gradual typing; languages that embrace a distributed, asynchronous world of large external data sources; and the increasing influence of functional-programming concepts. We discuss how the time is now for software-engineering research to influence and improve these significant changes to the field.
A mutant Escherichia coli σ70 subunit of RNA polymerase with altered promoter specificity

Abstract A mutation is described that alters the promoter specificity of σ70, the primary sigma factor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In strains carrying both the mutant and wild-type sigma gene (rpoD), the mutant sigma causes a large increase in the activity of mutant P22 ant promoters with A · T or C · G instead of the wild-type, consensus G · C base-pair at position −33, the third position of the consensus −35 hexamer 5′-TTGACA-3′. There is little or no effect on the activities of the wild-type and 23 other mutant ant promoters, including one with T · A at −33. The mutant sigma also activates E. coli lac promoters with A · T or C · G, but not T · A, at the corresponding position. The rpoD mutation (rpoD-RH588) changes a CGT codon to CAT. The corresponding change in σ70 is Arg588 → His. This residue is in a region that is conserved among most sigma factors, a region that is also homologous with the helix-turn-helix motif of DNA-binding proteins. These results suggest that this region of σ70 is directly involved in recognition of the −35 hexamer.
Use of the measurement of medication administration hassles with Mexican American family caregivers.

Aims and objectives. This study builds on earlier work on medication administration hassles, minor daily irritants experienced by family caregivers of older relatives, by investigating the feasibility of using the Family Caregiver Medication Administration Hassles Scale (FCMAHS) for use with Mexican American caregivers. Background. Appropriate medication administration is a critical factor in the effective management of chronic illness. When medication regimens are managed on behalf of an older care recipient, especially those with numerous medications for a variety of conditions, the caregiving task is even more complex. Relying on family support is common for older Mexican Americans. Despite this, there is little known about how Mexican Americans are handling their caregiving duties at home. Design. A non-experimental methodological design was used to assess the psychometric properties of the FCMAHS with Mexican Americans, chosen because they are a rapidly growing population in the US. Methods. A purposive sample of 239 Mexican American adult caregivers, recruited in Dallas and San Diego, completed a brief biographical survey and the version of the FCMAHS created for Mexican Americans, i.e., the FCMAHS-MA. Results. Principal axis factoring with orthogonal rotation was used to extract six factors which accounted for 53% of the variance in total scores – initial information seeking, safety issues, advanced information acquisition, scheduling, daily routine and prescription filling. Reliability estimates for the factors (alpha) ranged from 0·70–0·90. Test-retest reliability across a three-week interval was r = 0·64. Conclusions. The FCMAHC-MA shows promise as a guide for future caregiving intervention studies on family medication management for older relatives; however, it would benefit from refinement in future studies. Relevance to clinical practice. Understanding family caregivers’ hassles with medication administration is important because these hassles can accumulate and lead to caregiver strain. Culturally relevant intervention depends on accurate measurement of the hassles experienced by these caregivers.
Analysis of Atypical Squamous (Glandular) Cells of Undetermined Significance Smears by Neural Network–Directed Review☆

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the value of neural network–directed review of smears determined to contain atypical squamous (glandular) cells of undetermined significance to identify those cases most likely to be associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Methods: One hundred sixty smears reported as atypical squamous (glandular) cells of undetermined significance on patients having colposcopy and directed biopsy within 1 year of the smear were identified. The smears were subjected to a neural network–directed review and classified according to findings on this review. The latter findings were related to those obtained on cervical biopsy. Results: One hundred sixty smears originally reported as atypical squamous (glandular) cells of undetermined significance were subjected to neural network–directed review. The smears were upgraded in 20.6% of cases. Ninety-one patients were found to have normal biopsies, and 69 had biopsies reported as abnormal. Of the smears in patients with abnormal biopsies, 37.7% were upgraded, whereas only 7.7% of smears from those with normal biopsies were upgraded (P < .001). Nine patients were found to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia–3 on biopsy. Six of the nine smears (66.7%) taken on these patients were upgraded. Conclusion: Neural network-directed analysis of smears conventionally diagnosed as atypical squamous (glandular) cells of undetermined significance will reveal findings suggesting a squamous intraepithelial lesion in a significant number of cases. This approach requires further study because it is a relatively cost-effective means of triaging patients with a cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous (glandular) cells of undetermined significance.
Identification of Operational Damages of Air-Turbine Engines Using Visual Diagnostics

The paper presents various types of compressor and turbine scoops damages that are being found in the operating process of air turbine engines. When dividing them, having in mind a genesis of their origin, a special attention has been paid to corrosion and high-temperature erosion, often being a reason for destruction of the entire unit.
Distribution of Photo-Thermal Heating and Effects in Chalcogenide Glass

Chalcogenide glasses can have induced photo-thermal effects, including changes in structure and optical constants [1-3]. To predict these phenomena, simulations of photo-induced temperature distribution were performed. Induced surface changes on bulk samples were also measured.
An analysis of some fuzzy subset applications to information retrieval systems

Abstract Several authors have attempted to improve the ability of an information retrieval system to process queries by allowing for a more general query and query-processing structure than standard Boolean expressions and ordinary set theory. The first step in generalization, from ordinary set theory to fuzzy subset theory, is both philosophically and mathematically straightforward. The next step, that of generalizing the use of fuzzy subset theory, has been more difficult. Of particular fundamental concern is the underlying lattice structure of the fuzzy subsets themselves and the possible loss of certain features of that structure in the second generalization step. This paper will show that the mathematical requirements placed on the generalization in order that the lattice structures be preserved are really quite minimal.
Cancer cytopathology 2010: leading the way into the future.

Since its inception, Cancer Cytopathology has built a strong presence in both the journal and cytopathology communities; however, we are not content with this achievement. The editorial team and publisher are driving changes in the journal to ensure that Cancer Cytopathology leads the way into the future. As we enter into the second decade of the 21st century, exciting new features andWeb site developments are now available to you, our readers. These advancements continue our evolution from merely a paper journal to one that can fully exploit the capabilities of the E-space as it evolves.
In vivo hamster skeletal muscle preparation: Morphine sensitive — Naloxone insensitive

Abstract The hamster cheek pouch retractor muscle preparation has been evaluated as an assay model for morphine and the opiate antagonist, naloxone. The preparation if in vivo and stimulation of the muscle is reflex. The higher the concentration of morphine injected into the pouch the greater was the average percent reduction in contractile force. Unilateral injections of morphine did not affect the contralateral muscle and so action of the drug was judged to the peripheral and local. The results with naloxone suggested that the opiate receptors in this preparation were relatively insensitive to the drug. The model has potential as an in vivo assay system for testing opiates, opiate agonists and antagonists. It may also prove to be valuable in studying tolerance to opiates and the withdrawal syndrome, as well as serving as a model for pain modulation studies.
International Drug Trafficking: A Global Problem with a Domestic Solution

Forty years ago, the world declared war on drugs. Today, after decades of failing to adequately control drug consumption, an even graver problem has emerged: violent drug traffickers have taken the industry hostage and will stop at nothing to preserve their power. Governments have instituted dozens of programs to dismantle the illicit drug industry, but they have seen only marginal success. One strategy, however, has yet to be fully tested: universal legalization. Universal legalization of all drugs would attack the illicit drug market head-on, destroying the profit incentive for drug traffickers and placing control of the industry in the hands of national governments. This Note first surveys the history of the illegal drug industry, focusing on the particular problem of violent drug traffickers. Second, this Note examines past attempts to control the drug industry and assesses their strengths and weaknesses. Third, this Note proposes a new scheme to end the violence associated with global drug traffickinguniversal legalizationand assesses its potential efficacy and feasibility. Last, this Note posits a regulatory framework through which national governments can control their own domestic drug problems if drugs became legal, focusing particularly on the United States.
Rate of gas absorption into a slurry accompanied by instantaneous reaction

Abstract The problem of gas absorption into a slurry is theoretically treated by classifying it into six cases according to the concentration profiles of the absorbed gas and the dissolved solid in the liquid phase. For each case, a mathematical model for the rate of gas absorption with the necessary condition is given based on the film concept. A numerical example is given to illustrate the treatment of a practical problem.
A general correction for spontaneous potential well logs in fresh water

A generalized empirical relationship was found which corrects spontaneous potential (SP) readings from well logs run in fresh water wells. The function was found by correlating measured and calculated spontaneous potentials. The calculated values are based on actual measured ionic content of groundwaters and are fully corrected for environmental effects and ion species. Without the empirical relationship the electrically equivalent to an NaCl solution resistivity, Rwe, is generally too low for fresh waters when computed with existing commercially available functions. The low Rwe makes the water appear saltier than it really is. One hundred sixty-two (162) individual formations from one hundred four (104) different shallow well logs from widely separated regions of the United States and different types of aquifers were examined. Each formation used in the study had to have a spontaneous potential, mud resistivity data, a chemical analysis of water from the zone, and not be in communication with other zones. Every SP had the existing commercially available geometric corrections applied. A computer program was developed which computes a simulated SP from the chemical analysis and mud data. This simulated SP was plotted against the measured SP. The resulting relationship is given by: MEASURED SP=0.3782 × SIMULATED SP + 6.9172 for 0 mv < SIMULATED SP < + 50 mv. This type of relationship is consistent with earlier work by the author in a localized area. The function can only be applied in fresh waters with simulated SPs in the indicated domain since simulated and measured SPs converge in brine formations.
Skin Dimpling after a Closed Proximal Humerus Fracture

Abstract Background Skin dimpling, also known as skin puckering, is a rare occurrence after closed proximal humerus fractures. This finding is suggestive of incarceration of the skin at the fracture site and may lead to necrosis and conversion to an open fracture. Objectives Our goal is to describe our experience with skin dimpling after a proximal humerus fracture to increase awareness and recognition of this clinical presentation in the Emergency Department (ED). Case Report We report a case of a 46-year-old woman who presented to the ED with left shoulder pain and swelling after a fall. She was found to have skin dimpling over the anterior aspect of the shoulder on further examination and was diagnosed with a proximal humerus fracture after imaging. Conclusion Skin dimpling is an uncommon sign associated with proximal humerus fractures that can help in diagnosis and determining course of treatment. Devastating soft tissue injury can occur if the fracture is not immediately reduced. Therefore, it is imperative that physicians be able to promptly identify the clinical presentation to prevent unwanted sequelae.
Interaction of benztropine and haloperidol actions on rat substantia nigra dopamine cell electrophysiological activity in vivo.

Despite the known efficacy of antimuscarinic agents in treating dopamine-related movement disorders, their effects on dopamine cell activity have not been well studied. We investigated the effects of systemically administered benztropine, an antimuscarinic agent that also inhibits the dopamine transporter, on substantia nigra dopamine neuron electrophysiological activity. Benztropine caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the firing rate of dopamine neurons in control rats but exerted baseline-dependent changes in burst firing. In rats pretreated with haloperidol, which prevents the effects of dopamine transporter inhibitors on dopamine cell activity, benztropine either increased or decreased firing rate; however, it consistently increased burst firing. Thus, the antimuscarinic and psychostimulant properties of benztropine have differential effects on dopamine neuron firing rate and burst firing. The increase in burst firing seen in the presence of haloperidol may mediate some of the therapeutic effects of benztropine in the treatment of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders.
The Impact of Service Guarantees on Consumer Responses in the Hotel Industry

ABSTRACT Using equity and perceived justice theories, an experiment was designed to investigate consumer responses (customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth behavior) that may result after a service guarantee is invoked in a hotel setting. The impact of three factors concerning the effectiveness of a service guarantee response made by a hotel employee included: (1) the level of compensation collected by the consumer; (2) the promptness of the response on the part of the service employee; (3) the lack of a complaint as a prerequisite to invoking the guarantee. Lessons for designing an effective guarantee for the hotel industry are discussed.
Optical second-harmonic generation induced by electric current in epitaxial graphene on vicinal SiC(0001)

We find that surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) from epitaxial graphene on a vicinal SiC(0001) substrate is enhanced ~25% by direct electric current in graphene and that the enhanced SHG varies strongly with the measurement location.
Effects of Molecular Length on Nematic Mixtures. III. Anisotropic Properties of 4-Alkylphenyl 4-Alkoxybenzoate Mixtures

Abstract Properties of multicomponent nematic mixtures of 4-alkylphenyl 4-alkoxybenzoates are studied as a function of temperature and their average molecular length (L). The L's vary between 21.47 and 27.67 A for mixtures with clearpoints in the 43 to 60°C range. The refractive indices, density, and the e1 component of dielectric permitivity all decrease approximately linearly as L increases. There are much larger changes in flow viscosity (η), conductivity anisotropy ([sgrave]|/[sgrave]|), and dielectric anisotropy (Δe). At 25°C as L increases: The is relatively high and increases sharply (from 47 to 78 cP), the [sgrave]|/[sgrave]| decreases and drops below unity (from 1.35 to 0.58), and the Δe changes from positive to negative (from +0.27 to -0.26). The temperature dependence of [sgrave]|/[sgrave]|, with tetrabutyl-ammonium tetraphenylboride as a dopant, indicates cybotactic nematic characteristics are present for the longer L mixtures in which there are an average of about nine or more alkyl carbons f...
Selfish Little Circles: Transmission Bias and Evolution of Large Deletion-Bearing Mitochondrial DNA in Caenorhabditis briggsae Nematodes

Selfish DNA poses a significant challenge to genome stability and organismal fitness in diverse eukaryotic lineages. Although selfish mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has known associations with cytoplasmic male sterility in numerous gynodioecious plant species and is manifested as petite mutants in experimental yeast lab populations, examples of selfish mtDNA in animals are less common. We analyzed the inheritance and evolution of mitochondrial DNA bearing large heteroplasmic deletions including nad5 gene sequences (nad5Δ mtDNA), in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. The deletion is widespread in C. briggsae natural populations and is associated with deleterious organismal effects. We studied the inheritance patterns of nad5Δ mtDNA using eight sets of C. briggsae mutation-accumulation (MA) lines, each initiated from a different natural strain progenitor and bottlenecked as single hermaphrodites across generations. We observed a consistent and strong drive toward higher levels of deletion-bearing molecules in the heteroplasmic pool of mtDNA after ten generations of bottlenecking. Our results demonstrate a uniform transmission bias whereby nad5Δ mtDNA accumulates to higher levels relative to intact mtDNA in multiple genetically diverse natural strains of C. briggsae. We calculated an average 1% per-generation transmission bias for deletion-bearing mtDNA relative to intact genomes. Our study, coupled with known deleterious phenotypes associated with high deletion levels, shows that nad5Δ mtDNA are selfish genetic elements that have evolved in natural populations of C. briggsae, offering a powerful new system to study selfish mtDNA dynamics in metazoans.
The Nature of Scientific Truth

The purpose of this article is to share with the readers the authors' views on the need for a philosophical foundation in nursing scholarship. The philosophical premises of realism, idealism, and empiricism are discussed. In addition, the research methods most appropriately used with each philosophical stance are identified and discussed. The authors strongly suggest that nursing epistemology will not advance along the lines of good science until all nursing theorists, thinkers, and philosophers identify their underpinning philosophical positions prior to the discovery of theory, through research and other scientific endeavors. A nursing science fiction account of discovery and theory is used to illustrate the points made within the article.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Hexachlorophene in Blood and Urine

A rapid and convenient gas chromatographic technique has been developed for the determination of traces of hexachlorophene in human blood and urine. After a simple extraction, the hexachlorophene is acetylated. The acetyl derivative chromatographs well on conventional columns at a temperature within the operating range of a tritium foil electron capture detector.
Quantitative Materiality Perspectives and Auditors' Disposition of Detected Misstatements

Two alternative approaches are used in audit practice to make quantitative materiality assessments about proposed audit adjustments: the cumulative approach compares to net income the total amount of misstatement existing at the end of the current period, while the current-period approach compares to net income the amount of misstatement added in the current period. The Panel on Audit Effectiveness and the SEC have expressed concern that these alternative materiality approaches could affect auditor judgments, but no research has investigated this question. We report the results of an experiment in which 234 audit managers and partners from one Big 4 firm completed eight cases that required them to determine whether the final outcome of an audit would be to book or waive a proposed adjusting journal entry. We manipulated materiality approach between auditors by providing auditors with either the current-period or cumulative formats used at their firm, and also manipulated whether auditors were provided with a prompt to consider their clients' quality of earnings. Results indicate waived adjustments for all cases, and a robust and often unintentional effect of materiality approach on auditors' adjustment decisions, but no effect of the quality of earnings prompt. Results also indicate that auditors' adjustment decisions are affected by misstatement size, subjectivity, current-period income effect, and precision.
Hydrogen passivation of Si( 100) wafers as templates for low temperature ( T < 600°C) epitaxy '

Epitaxial growth requires an initial surface that is ordered and as free as possible of contaminants such as C, 0, or metallic impurities. Wet chemical etching of Si( 111) wafers by a solution of HF in alcohol after a modified RCA clean, has been shown to produce (1 X 1) H-terminated hydrophobic Si surfaces that are ordered at room temperature and can be desorbed at 200°C in UHV. Less is known about a similar treatment on Si(lO0) wafers, more commonly used in semiconductor technology. However, high temperature (T> 800°C) thermal desorption of the native oxide on Si(lO0) is known to induce detrimental effects such as surface roughness, precipitation and dopant segregation. Therefore, this study is motivated by the development of a low-temperature (T < 600°C) surface cleaning method for Sit 100). RBS combined with ion channeling and nuclear reaction analysis is conducted to measure the coverage of C, 0, and H as well as the residual disorder at the surface at different steps of wet chemical cleaning prior to low temperature desorption. Hydrogen is detected by the forward elastic recoil of H by 4He2+ at 2.8 MeV. 0 and C are detected by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) at 3.05 and 4.265 MeV, respectively, in combination with ion channeling along the Si( 111) direction to increase the detection sensitivity for C and 0 as well as to measure the Si surface peak to correlate it to surface disorder. Atomic force microscopy of these surfaces has shown different degrees of roughness in addition to defect formation and is correlated to the ion beam analysis results. Our results indicate a strong dependence of final H-passivation on the pretreatment of the Si surfaces before the final dip in the HE/alcohol solution.
Clinical Judgment Accuracy: From Meta-Analysis to Metatheory

Clinical judgment is foundational to psychological practice. Accurate judgment forms the basis for establishing reasonable goals and selecting appropriate treatments, which in turn are essential in achieving positive therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, Spengler and colleagues' meta-analytic finding—clinical judgment accuracy improves marginally with traditional education, training, and clinical experience—is disconcerting and should serve as a wake-up call. Now is the time to move with urgency. The authors urge the development of a comprehensive, standardized, and scientifically based metatheory to inform clinical judgment. A metatheory should describe the content of clinical judgment, the process of clinical judgment, and the self-reflection of clinicians. Without employment of such a metatheory and concomitant improvement in clinicians' judgment, professional psychologists are on soft footing in extolling their claim as scientist—practitioners and ethical professionals.
Seasonal Abundance of Draeculacephala minerva and Other Xylella fastidiosa Vectors in California Almond Orchards and Vineyards

ABSTRACT Almond leaf scorch (ALS) disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and transmitted by xylem-feeding insects. Reports of increased incidence of ALS-diseased trees in California prompted surveys in three almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb]-growing regions, from June 2003 to September 2005, to determine insect vector species composition and abundance. For comparison, sampling in and near vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley, California, also was completed. Sampling in or near almond orchards collected >42,000 Cicadomorpha of which 4.8% were xylem feeders, including 1,912 grass sharpshooter, Draeculacephala minerva Ball; five Xyphon fulgida Nottingham; and a single spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius L. The most abundant vector was D. minerva. Season-long sampling indicated that D. minerva was a year-round resident in and/or near almonds in the Sacramento Valley, but not in the San Joaquin Valley. Similarly, D. minerva was rare in vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley, but was abundant in i...