cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency-dependent responses exhibited by multiple regions in human auditory cortex.

Abstract Recordings in experimental animals have detailed the tonotopic organization of auditory cortex, including the presence of multiple tonotopic maps. In contrast, relatively little is known about tonotopy within human auditory cortex, for which even the number and location of tonotopic maps remains unclear. The present study begins to develop a more complete picture of cortical tonotopic organization in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging, a technique that enables the non-invasive localization of neural activity in the brain. Subjects were imaged while listening to lower- (below 660 Hz) and higher- (above 2490 Hz) frequency stimuli presented alternately and at moderate intensity. Multiple regions on the superior temporal lobe exhibited responses that depended upon stimulus spectral content. Eight of these ‘frequency-dependent response regions’ (FDRRs) were identified repeatedly across subjects. Four of the FDRRs exhibited a greater response to higher frequencies, and four exhibited a greater response to lower frequencies. Based upon the location of the eight FDRRs, a correspondence is proposed between FDRRs and anatomically defined cortical areas on the human superior temporal lobe. Our findings suggest that a larger number of tonotopically organized areas exist (i.e., four or more) in the human auditory cortex than was previously recognized.
The Synthesis of Hydronaphthalenes from m-Toluic Acid via Cyclization of Thioacetal Monosulfoxides

Abstract We recently developed a convenient route to hexahydronaphthalenols such as 5 (R=CO2CH3 or CH3) starting from m-toluic acid (1)1. The key features of the route involved reduction-alkylation of the toluic acid to the dihydro derivative 2 2, subsequent deprotection and oxidation of the side chain primary alcohol, and acid-catalyzed cyclization of the resulting aldehyde 4. In the case of the dimethylnaphthalenols 5 (R=CH3), conversion of the angular carboxylic function to the methyl group was effected prior to cyclization via reduction of the p-toluenesulfonic ester of the neopentyl alcohol 3 (R=CH2OH) using lithium triethylborohydride3.
Efficient handling of high-dimensional feature spaces by randomized classifier ensembles

Handling massive datasets is a difficult problem not only due to prohibitively large numbers of entries but in some cases also due to the very high dimensionality of the data. Often, severe feature selection is performed to limit the number of attributes to a manageable size, which unfortunately can lead to a loss of useful information. Feature space reduction may well be necessary for many stand-alone classifiers, but recent advances in the area of ensemble classifier techniques indicate that overall accurate classifier aggregates can be learned even if each individual classifier operates on incomplete "feature view" training data, i.e., such where certain input attributes are excluded. In fact, by using only small random subsets of features to build individual component classifiers, surprisingly accurate and robust models can be created. In this work we demonstrate how these types of architectures effectively reduce the feature space for submodels and groups of sub-models, which lends itself to efficient sequential and/or parallel implementations. Experiments with a randomized version of Adaboost are used to support our arguments, using the text classification task as an example.
Constitutive activation of Gli2 impairs bone formation in postnatal growing mice

Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling is indispensable for osteoblast differentiation during endochondral bone development in the mouse embryo. We have previously shown that the Gli2 transcription activator critically mediates Ihh function in osteoblastogenesis. To explore the possibility that activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling may enhance bone formation, we generated mice that expressed a constitutively active form of Gli2 in the Osx-lineage cells. Unexpectedly, these mice exhibited severe osteopenia due to a marked decrease in osteoblast number and function, although bone resorption was not affected. Quantitative analyses of the molecular markers indicated that osteoblast differentiation was impaired in the mutant mouse. However, the osteoblast-lineage cells isolated from these mice exhibited more robust osteoblast differentiation than normal in vitro. Similarly, pharmacological stimulation of Hh signaling enhanced osteoblast differentiation from Osx-expressing cells isolated from the wild-type mouse. Thus, even though Hh signaling directly promotes osteoblast differentiation in vitro, constitutive activation of this pathway impairs bone formation in vivo, perhaps through an indirect mechanism.
Femoral Artery Occlusion Following Pelvic Cancer Surgery

Acute arterial occlusion in the lower extremities of patients with gynecologic cancers may not be immediately recognized in the postoperative period, despite the known risk of hypercoagulability associated with malignancy. Such delays in recognition and treatment can result in irreversible but potentially preventable tissue injury. This report describes three cases of acute arterial occlusion of the femoral and/or external iliac arteries in the immediate postoperative period following radical pelvic surgery. Two patients lost the involved limb due to irreversible changes resulting from prolonged ischemia. One patient was diagnosed while the involved limb was still viable and surgical revascularization was successfully performed. These cases illustrate the potential morbidity in unrecognized acute limb ischemia and the ease with which it may be overlooked. Systematic documentation of arterial patency is recommended in the postoperative period, noting peripheral pulses and patient complaints related to the lower extremities. Rapid diagnosis and surgical intervention significantly increase the chance of maintaining viability of the involved limb.
Cation Chloride Cotransporters Interact with the Stress-related Kinases Ste20-related Proline-Alanine-rich Kinase (SPAK) and Oxidative Stress Response 1 (OSR1)

Abstract Cells respond to stress stimuli by mounting specific responses. During osmotic and oxidative stress, cation chloride cotransporters, e.g. Na-K-2Cl and K-Cl cotransporters, are activated to maintain fluid/ion homeostasis. Here we report the interaction of the stress-related serine-threonine kinases Ste20-relatedproline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response 1 (OSR1) with the cotransporters KCC3, NKCC1, and NKCC2 but not KCC1 and KCC4. The interaction was identified using yeast two-hybrid assays and confirmed via glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments. Evidence for in vivo interaction was established by co-immunoprecipitation of SPAK from mouse brain with anti-NKCC1 antibody. The interacting region of both kinases comprises the last 100 amino acids of the protein. The SPAK/OSR1 binding motif on the cotransporters consists of nine residues, starting with an (R/K)FX(V/I) sequence followed by five additional residues that are essential for binding but for which no consensus was found. Immunohistochemical analysis of choroid plexus epithelium revealed co-expression of NKCC1 and SPAK on the apical membrane. In contrast, in choroid plexus epithelium from NKCC1 null mice, SPAK immunostaining was found in the cytoplasm. We conclude that several cation chloride co-transporters interact with SPAK and/or OSR1, and we hypothesize that this interaction might play a role during the initiation of the cellular stress response.
Tourism shopping behavior: planned, impulsive, or experiential?

Purpose – This research attempts to expand the understanding of the nature of tourist shopping behavior. More specifically, this study aims to explore the influences of the components of planned behavior, impulsive behavior, and experiential consumption on tourists' intentions to shop/purchase in the tourism context.Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual study reviews and investigates the major current research in the areas of planned behavior, impulse purchase, experiential consumption, as well as tourism shopping behavior/experience. By reviewing and assessing important relevant concepts, this study proposes a conceptual framework of tourist shopping behavior.Findings – Based on the extensive review and discussion of the related literature, this study proposes that tourist shopping intention and actual purchase behavior are influenced by various indicators, including planned behavior, impulsive behavior, and experiential consumption factors. In other words, tourist shopping behavior is a mixture ...
Mozzarella Cheese: Impact of Coagulant Type on Chemical Composition and Proteolysis

Abstract The impact of different milk coagulants on initial chemical composition and proteolytic changes in Mozzarella cheese during refrigerated storage was determined. Three vats of cheese were made in 1 d, each using a different coagulant (i.e., Endothia parasitica protease, fermentation-derived chymosin, or Mucor miehei protease). Cheese making was replicated on 3 different d using a 3×3 Latin square design. Coagulant type did not affect pH, moisture, protein, or fat contents of cheese. Differences in salt content and fat on a dry weight basis of the cheese were slight. Nitrogen soluble in 12% TCA and in pH 4.6 acetate buffer increased significantly for cheeses made with all coagulants, but the increase was the greatest for cheese made with E. parasitica protease. The α s ,-casein in cheeses made with each of the three coagulants was broken down during storage. Proteolysis of β -casein was only in the cheese made with E. parasitica protease. The milk coagulant used for Mozzarella cheese manufacture plays an important role in proteolysis during 50 d of storage at 4°C.
The anatomic and functional outcomes of defect-specific rectocele repairs

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the anatomic, functional, and quality-of-life effects of site-specific posterior colporrhaphy in the surgical management of rectocele. Study Design: In a retrospective observational study 125 patients were studied who had undergone site-specific posterior colporrhaphy between 1995 and 1996, either alone or in conjunction with other pelvic procedures. Physical examination was performed ≥6 months after the operation to assess the anatomic success of the repair. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess quality of life, sexual function, and bowel function. Results: Surgical correction was found at follow-up examination to have been achieved in 82% of eligible patients (73/89). All daily aspects of living improved significantly ( P P P Conclusion: This study indicates that defect-specific posterior colporrhaphy is equal to or superior to traditional posterior colporrhaphy. This type of repair provides durable anatomic support and is successful in restoring bowel function. It does not detrimentally affect sexual function, may aid in the resumption of sexual activity, and significantly improves quality of life and social aspects of daily living. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1353-9.)
Color Strength and Colorfastness of Flax Fabrics Dyed with Natural Colorants

Flax fabrics were dyed with natural colorants extracted from animal and plant sources. The colorants used were cochineal, red sandalwood, madder root, and osage orange. The influence of the order of mordanting on color strength of dyed fabrics was analyzed. Colorfastness tests for washing, crocking, and perspiration were performed. Results obtained were correlated with color strength analysis. Scientific analysis and interpretation of natural dyeing processes is essential to demonstrate the economic feasibility of dyeing flax and other natural fibers with environmentally benign natural colorants.
Assessment of Anatomical Representations of the Trunk Muscles in EMG-Assisted Spinal Load Models

This study evaluated the differences in biomechanical model performance and predicted spinal loading on L5/S1 for controlled sagittally symmetric lifting exertions, utilizing three different EMG-assisted biomechanical models comprising different torso anatomical inputs. The first model was based on muscle lines-of-action and prediction of cross-sectional areas from an historical biomechanical model. The second model was based upon observations from an MRI study on torso geometry. The third model consisted of a hybrid approach, where geometric inputs from MRI observations were supplemented with lines-of-action observed from cadaver studies, where necessary. To evaluate the models, spinal loading and model performance was evaluated for thirty-five males performing sagittally symmetric lifting tasks starting from 55 deg trunk flexion to upright neutral. All three models resulted in comparable and acceptable model performance. However, differences were observed in predicted spinal loading. The hybrid model re...
Enhanced one dimensional mobility of oxygen on strained LaCoO3(001) surface

Mechanisms by which lattice strain alters the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics are important to understand in order to increase the ORR activity of solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. Here we assess the mechanistic and quantitative effects of strain on oxygen diffusion on the LaCoO3(LCO)(001) surface using density functional theory calculations. Planar tensile strain is found to reduce the migration barrier of oxygen vacancy anisotropically on the LCO(001) surface, inducing an enhanced mobility along the [10] direction and a suppressed mobility along the [110] direction. The increase of space around Co that the oxygen (vacancy) traverses with a curved path is the cause of the enhanced mobility along the [10]. The increasing octahedral distortions with planar tensile strain inhibit the migration of oxygen vacancy along the [110] direction. Furthermore, the mobility of the adsorbed oxygen atom is suppressed with increasing strain due to its stronger adsorption on the surface. On the basis of rate theory estimates, the significantly lower energy barrier for oxygen vacancy diffusion is expected to dominate the other degrading factors and actually accelerate the ORR kinetics on LCO(001) up to 3% strain. The insights obtained here are useful for designing strategies to control the desired anisotropic and uni-directional oxygen transport along strained hetero-interfaces.
Trace metals in sediments from the inner continental shelf of the western Beaufort Sea

Increased development and changing climate have enhanced global interest in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Using a large, 3-yr data base, we have determined the distribution of trace metals in sediments from the inner shelf of the western Beaufort Sea. Metal concentrations in these sediments reflect pristine conditions, consistent with those for most coastal areas in the Arctic and with predictions based on average continental crust. Geographic variations in metal values are primarily related to sediment grainsize distribution. However, grain-size patterns are a complex function of several variables including source areas, ice and water movement, as well as physical and chemical weathering. Future identification of any metal contamination in Beaufort Sea sediments will be simplified by understanding the predictable natural patterns.
Obligatory Glenn shunt in fenestrated Fontan.

Abstract Five high-risk patients undergoing the Fontan operation required large fenestration (1 cm) because of high central venous pressure and low cardiac output. Because of major arterial desaturation, obligatory Glenn shunts were performed. Three patients had pulmonary atresia, 1 had tricuspid atresia 1-B, and the fifth had single ventricle with subaortic stenosis. The age ranged from 16 to 40 months (mean age, 25 ± 9 months) and weight from 7.9 to 14.6 kg (mean weight, 11 ± 2 kg). One patient had single and 3 had bilateral subclavian pulmonary artery shunts. The fifth patient had pulmonary artery banding and coarctation repair followed by an aortopulmonary window and central shunt. The first 2 patients repeatedly had to go back on cardiopulmonary bypass for a larger fenestration and subsequently had an obligatory Glenn shunt because of arterial desaturation. The last 3 patients had planned obligatory Glenn shunt and large fenestration. The first patient died on the second postoperative day of a combination of prolonged operation, repeated cardiopulmonary bypass, and periods of hemodynamic instability. Three patients had closure of the adjustable fenestration under local anesthesia at 4, 5, and 8 weeks postoperatively. The last patient is awaiting closure. We believe that in certain high-risk patients, a large fenestration combined with an obligatory Glenn shunt should be considered to minimize repeated cardiopulmonary bypass and urgent tightening or closure of fenestration in the immediate postoperative period.
Actively Cooled Current Leads for Superconducting Electronics Using Mixed-Gas Joule-Thomson Refrigeration

Electrical leads used for the supply of current to superconducting magnets and electronics must span the temperature range from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures. Because the conventional materials used for such purposes (e.g., copper and aluminum) have both a finite electrical resistance and a significant thermal conductivity, operation of the leads results in both thermal generation and conductance. The resulting thermal loads must be removed from the cryogenic environment. This paper describes a method for integrating cryogenic refrigeration technology with current leads in an efficient and practical manner. The key to this concept is the use of a mixed-gas cooling cycle that absorbs the distributed refrigeration load continuously over the temperature range that it is generated, as opposed to allowing it to pass down to the cold end of the lead where the same energy flow constitutes a much higher entropy load on the cryocooler. Additional benefits of this technology include a more isothermal electronic package, as well as improvements in reliability, and reduction in size and mass. Mixed-gas working fluids can be used within Joule-Thomson devices to achieve a greater refrigeration effect for the same pressure span than is possible with a pure substance. This paper describes a computational tool that allows the composition of gas mixtures to be optimized for the case where the refrigeration load is not completely concentrated at the cold end, as is typically the case, but rather the refrigeration load is distributed over the entire temperature range. A genetic optimization algorithm was found to be the most robust and reliable technique for identifying optimum gas mixture composition. The thermodynamic advantage associated with accepting the refrigeration load at the temperature of its origin, rather than at the cold end, is quantified.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Solid Rocket Motor Exhaust Model for Alumina Particles in the Stratosphere

Based on available and new data, a unie ed model is presented for the particle size distribution, particle density, andgeometricaldispersionforthealuminaparticlesintheexhaustofsolidrocketmotorplumesinthestratosphere. The particle size distribution is trimodal with Sauter mean diameters of 0.056, 1.0, and 3.6 πm. Nearly all of the particles lie within the small-size mode but nearly all of the mass lies in the large-size mode. Approximately twothirds of the particle surface area available for heterogeneous chemical reactions is due to the large particle mode while most of the remaining surface area is due to the small particle mode. The early horizontal dispersion rate of the plume is found to be about an order of magnitude greater than the dispersion rates used in several recent models of stratospheric ozone-plume chemistry.
Distinct localization of histone H3 acetylation and H3-K4 methylation to the transcription start sites in the human genome.

Almost 1-2% of the human genome is located within 500 bp of either side of a transcription initiation site, whereas a far larger proportion (≈25%) is potentially transcribable by elongating RNA polymerases. This observation raises the question of how the genome is packaged into chromatin to allow start sites to be recognized by the regulatory machinery at the same time as transcription initiation, but not elongation, is blocked in the 25% of intragenic DNA. We developed a chromatin scanning technique called ChAP, coupling the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with arbitrarily primed PCR, which allows for the rapid and unbiased comparison of histone modification patterns within the eukaryotic nucleus. Methylated lysine 4 (K4) and acetylated K9/14 of histone H3 were both highly localized to the 5′ regions of transcriptionally active human genes but were greatly decreased downstream of the start sites. Our results suggest that the large transcribed regions of human genes are maintained in a deacetylated conformation in regions read by elongating polymerase. Common models depicting widespread histone acetylation and K4 methylation throughout the transcribed unit do not therefore apply to the majority of human genes.
Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus protein interactions with wheat streak mosaic virus cylindrical inclusions☆

Abstract Cylindrical inclusions (CI) of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) became labeled with antibody to soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) in thin sections of wheat leaf cells infected with both viruses. Either the capsid protein or one of the other two proteins coded by RNA II of SBWMV must bind to the WSMV inclusion body. However, the WSMV inclusions did not become labeled with antibody to SBWMV in leaf cells with a mixed infection of WSMV and an RNA II deletion mutant of SBWMV. The deleted RNA II codes for capsid (19.7K) and 28K proteins, but not for the 90K protein found with wild-type SBWMV infections. All three proteins react with antibodies to virions. It is tentatively concluded that the 90K protein of SBWMV binds to WSMV inclusion bodies in cells infected with both viruses. Fewer WSMV cylindrical inclusions were aligned penpendicular to cell walls in cells with mixed infections and in which the inclusions were labeled with SBWMV antibody than in either singly or doubly infected cells where the inclusions did not become so labeled.
Effects of Directed Thinking on Intentions to Engage in Beneficial Activities: Actions Versus Reasons1

An important application of psychological principles involves increasing intentions to engage in activities that, although admittedly beneficial, are often not initially appealing (e.g., studying, quitting smoking, dieting). The present study tests the utility of directed thinking as a tool for eliciting intentions to engage in such activities. Undergraduate students were directed to think either about the reasons why people should find studying enjoyable or about the actions that people might take to make studying enjoyable. Regardless of whether they thought as individuals or in cooperating dyads, students who thought about actions later reported greater intentions to spend time studying than did students who thought about reasons. The results have both theoretical and practical significance.
Imaging central neurochemical alterations in chronic pain with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used extensively in the study of various neurobiological disorders: depression, schizophrenia, autism, etc. But its application to chronic pain is relatively new. Not many studies in chronic pain have used 1 H-MRS. The unique ability of 1 H-MRS to assess both static and dynamic levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) gives this method a unique position in neuroscience. Emerging evidence in chronic pain suggests an elevated excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitter ratio is present within brain regions involved in pain processing. The combination of 1 H-MRS imaging with pharmacologic interventions holds significant promise as a direct one-to-one matching of disease pathology with drug mechanism of action can be made. As such 1 H-MRS may be useful in discovery of novel compounds for chronic pain. Research in these areas may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of these complex patients.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 196*

The available experimental data pertaining to the nuclear structure of nuclei with A = 196 are compiled; the results from various decay and reaction measurements are compared and evaluated. Inconsistencies and discrepancies in the level schemes are discussed. Level properties, gamma-ray properties, and comments are presented following the data on the relevant nucleus.
212 MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION DURING EXERCISE IN DOGS WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR OBSTRUCTION ABOVE AND BELOW CORONARY ARTERIES

Strenuous exercise is thought to induce global myocardial ischemia in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and normal coronary arteries. Myocardial perfusion (MBF) and cardiac index (CI) were measured in dogs with chronic LVH due to outflow tract obstruction. LVH was induced by banding the ascending aorta (Sp) in 7 puppies (LV/body weight = 6.6 ± .4 gm/Kg) and plicating the posterior sinus below the coronary ostia (Sb) in 10 puppies (6.4 ± 1.1). Nine to 13 months after surgery, MBF and CI were measured at rest and during treadmill exercise (Ex) using 15u radioactive microspheres. Mean ± SEM heart rates (HR) in beats/min, CI in cc/min/Kg, and anterior left ventricular (ALV) endocardial/epicardial flow ratios (R) in Sp and Sb dogs are as follows: Inferior LVR were not significantly different in Sp and Sb dogs. These data show a shift in flow away from endocardium in Sp and toward endocardium in Sb suggesting different perfusion patterns. We conclude that regional, rather than global, subendocardial ischemia occurred in Sp dogs.
Mineralization and leaching of phosphorus from soil incubated with surface-applied and incorporated crop residue

With the increasing use of conservation tillage, consideration of crop residue as a potential source of plant-available P and mobility of this P in soil will be important from both agronomic and environmental standpoints. The effect of placement (surface or incorporation) of residue of six crop types (alfalfa, L.; corn, L.; oat, L.; peanut, L.; soybean, (L) Merr.; wheat, L.) on the mineralization and leaching of P from eight soils was investigated. Significantly greater (1.0% level) amounts of inorganic P were leached from surface-applied compared to incorporated residues during the 84-d incubation at 35°C, with the maximum amount leached after 28 d. The opposite was true for organic P, with greater amounts leached from incorporated residue than from surface-applied residue. These amounts steadily decreased during the 84-d incubation. Apparently, mineralization of residue P and movement within the soil was greater for surface-applied compared to incorporated residue and was a positive linear function of available soil P content (= 0.69–0.81). Any increase in soil P solubility caused by residue leachate would be expected to occur to a greater extent with an increase in available soil P. Leaching of mineralized P may be an important source of available P during initial crop growth.
Infant color vision and color preferences: a tribute to Davida Teller.

Almost 40 years ago, Davida Teller developed the forced-choice preferential looking method for studying infant visual capabilities and used it to study infant color vision. About 10 years ago, she used infant looking preferences to study infant color perception. Here, we examine four data sets in which the infant looking preference was measured using a wide range of saturated colors. Three of those data sets, from papers by Marc Bornstein and by Davida Teller and Anna Franklin and their respective collaborators, were fit successfully using MacLeod and Boynton’s model of the equiluminant plane in color space, in spite of the varied luminances used in those studies. A fourth data set, from a paper by Zemach, Chang, and Teller, was less well fit by that model. Apparently, infants are able to ignore luminance, and pay attention just to the color of stimuli. These results are discussed in the context of Davida Teller’s work on the philosophy of vision science.
Decoding binary BCH codes

BCH codes are powerful error-correcting codes. Algorithms used for decoding must be able to find the error locations, and for nonbinary codes, the error magnitudes. One of the most efficient algorithms for decoding BCH codes is Berlekamp's algorithm. To find the error locations the algorithm must solve a set of t equations in t unknowns. This paper explores, for binary BCH codes, a new method that uses half of the unknowns to determine the other unknowns, thus solving t/2 equations in t/2 unknowns. However, because of the reduced number of equations, the algorithm only iterates half the number of times. The performance of the new algorithm is shown to be superior to both Berlekamp's algorithm and a simplified algorithm in terms of execution times, which includes the field multiplications and additions and required memory.
A new "Comparative Effectiveness" assessment strategy using the THIN database: comparison of the cardiac complications of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone

Purpose Examine feasibility of a new strategy to perform Electronic Medical Record database valid Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER), using determination of whether rosiglitazone (ROS) treatment increases Acute myocardial infarction (MI) in comparison to pioglitazone (PIO) as a model question. Methods Using the UK The Health Improvement Network Database, a retrospective cohort design replicated the proactive RCT of diabetics with ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Replication studies using PIO or ROS, as well as expanded studies of subjects not requiring CVD, were performed. MI assessment used multiple analytics comparing ROS and PIO exposed patients including: unexposed subjects, the proactive RCT, and directly between ROS to PIO exposed cohorts. Results PIO replication studies did not affect MI [HR 0.88 (0.49 to 1.42)], but ROS increased MI, with prior event rate ratio (PERR) adjusted HR (which overcomes unmeasured confounding) results of: [HR 1.31 (0.94 to 1.74)] versus proactive RCT [HR 0.83 (0.65 to 1.06)] (p = 0.02). Direct ROS to PIO exposed cohort comparisons yielded PERR adj HR of 1.55 (0.98 to 2.65). By contrast, expanded studies showed no differences between ROS and PIO exposure. Conclusions These results provide new insight regarding the effects of ROS and PIO on MI. In a population with established ischemic CVD, ROS increased MI in contrast to PIO; whereas in an unselected population, ROS and PIO have reasonably comparable effects. Most importantly, this study demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of a new strategy to perform reliable “CER” using an EMR database. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender, Death, and Memory in Greece

New Voices in the Nation: Women and the Greek Resistance, 1941-1964. Janet Hart Fragments of Death, Fables of Identity: An Athenian Anthropography. Neni Panourgia. Madison
Support matching and satisfaction in an online breast cancer support community

Research suggests that online health support benefits chronically ill users. Their satisfaction might be an indicator that they perceive group interactions as beneficial and a precursor to group commitment. We examined whether receiving emotional and informational support is satisfying in its own right, or whether satisfaction depends on matches between what users sought and what they received. Two studies collected judgments in a breast cancer support community of support users sought, support they received, and their expressed satisfaction. While receiving emotional or informational support in general positively predicted satisfaction, users expressed less satisfaction when they sought informational support but received emotional support. There was also a tendency for users to express more satisfaction when they sought and received informational support. On the other hand, users were equally satisfied with emotional and informational support after seeking emotional support. Implications for membership commitment and interventions in online support groups are discussed.
An Energy-Efficient Path Availability Routing Algorithm For Mobile Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

In the design of mobile ad hoc sensor networks, a particularly challenging problem is how to effectively route the information among field sensors to a collection station to meet network performance requirements by using minimum energy consumption. In this paper, we propose to adopt a twotier network architecture based on energy-efficient clustering technique. For the tier-2 network formed by the cluster heads, we develop a multihop routing algorithm, called energy-efficient path availability routing (EEPAR). In the new routing algorithm, the parameters for node mobility and energy consumption are incorporated into routing metrics, including link availability, energy-efficiency, and power-awareness. The extensive simulation results have demonstrated that EEPAR improves network performance in link connectivity, delivery ratio, and node lifetime without sacrificing throughput. as compared to existing routing algorithms.
The design of multi-agent based distributed energy system

Considering the environmental, limited traditional natural resources and power demand pressure, there is a great need to involve the distributed energy resources (DER) to the existing central power plant. So this paper proposes the multiagent based distributed energy system, which incorporates traditional central power plant and different DER by using Multi-agent system (MAS) technology. A new three layered MAS architecture with good generality is designed, which can be used in small, medium and large scale multi-agent based distributed energy system (MAS-DES). The cluster and super cluster are defined to work as virtual power plants in the medium and large scale case. It also presents the novel architecture for single agent system with learning ability. Moreover, the reliability of Multiagent system is assessed by Bayesian Statistics. The proposed MAS-DES uses the traditional and renewable resources in a more reasonable way and provides a better solution for the power supply considering the cost, pollution index and reliability.
Dopamine and glucose, obesity, and reward deficiency syndrome

Obesity and many well described eating disorders are accurately considered a global epidemic. The consequences of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, a genetic and epigenetic phenomena that involves the interactions of powerful neurotransmitters, are impairments of brain reward circuitry, hypodopaminergic function and abnormal craving behavior. Numerous sound neurochemical and genetic studies provide strong evidence that food addiction is similar to psychoactive drug addiction. Important facts which could translate to potential therapeutic targets espoused in this review include: 1) brain dopamine (DA) production and use is stimulated by consumption of alcohol in large quantities or carbohydrates bingeing; 2) in the mesolimbic system the enkephalinergic neurons are in close proximity, to glucose receptors; 3) highly concentrated glucose activates the calcium channel to stimulate dopamine release from P12 cells; 4) blood glucose and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid, the dopamine metabolite, are significantly correlated and 5) 2-deoxyglucose the glucose analogue, in pharmacological doses associates with enhanced dopamine turnover and causes acute glucoprivation. Evidence from animal studies and human fMRI support the hypothesis that multiple, but similar brain circuits are disrupted in obesity and drug dependence and DA-modulated reward circuits are involved in pathologic eating behaviors. Treatment for addiction to glucose and drugs alike, based on a consensus of neuroscience research, should incorporate dopamine agonist therapy, in contrast to current theories and practices that use dopamine antagonists. Until now, powerful dopamine-D2 agonists have failed clinically, due to chronic down regulation of D2 receptors instead, consideration of novel less powerful D2 agonists that up-regulate D2 receptors seems prudent. We encourage new strategies targeted at improving DA function in the treatment and prevention of obesity a subtype of reward deficiency.
Exploiting human state information to improve GPS sampling

A large collection of mobile sensing applications depend on the knowledge of the user's whereabouts and are heavily based on GPS location measurements. Although knowledge of location is very desirable, in many mobile applications excessive GPS sampling is very energy taxing thus posing a barrier to application sustainability. To mitigate this problem, in this paper we examine how to reduce GPS sensing redundancies by extracting the state of a person and using it to drive GPS sampling on mobile phones. Using a GPS dataset we first describe how to extract the spatio-temporal states of the user. We then use the knowledge of the user's state to reduce GPS sampling rate, helping to make mobile applications more sustainable.
Diesel Engines Combustion and Emissions

This chapter analyzes diesel combustion and emissions with emphasis on high-speed transportation engines. The contribution of these engines to air pollution in the USA is presented in Table I as the relative percentage of the emissions from other sources.(1) It may be seen that the two highest percentage emissions from the diesel engine are particulates and nitrogen oxides. Its other emissions that are not shown in Table I are the oxygenated hydrocarbons (including aldehydes), the odor constituents, and noise. The diesel emissions most offensive to the public are the exhaust odor and the visible smoke particulates.
Adaptive Neural Network for Nuclear Medicine Image Restoration

A novel adaptive neural network is proposed for image restoration using a nuclear medicine gamma camera based on the point spread function of measured system. The objective is to restore image degradation due to photon scattering and collimator photon penetration with the gamma camera and allow improved quantitative external measurements of radionuclidesin-vivo . The specific clinical model proposed is the imaging of bremsstrahlung radiation using ^32P and^90 Y because of the enhanced image degradation effects of photon scattering, photon penetration and poor signal/noise ratio in measurements of this type with the gamma camera. This algorithm model avoids the common inverse problem associated with other image restoration filters such as the Wiener filter. The relative performance of the adaptive NN for image restoration is compared to a previously reported order statistic neural network hybrid (OSNNH) filter by these investigators, a traditional Weiner filter and a modified Hopfield neural network using simulated degraded images with different noise levels. Quantitative metrics such as the change of signal to noise ratio (ΔSNR) are used to compare filter performance. The adaptive NN yields comparable results for image restoration with a slightly better performance for the images with higher noise level as often encountered in bremsstrahlung detection with the gamma camera. Experimental attenuation measurements were also performed in a water tank using two radionuclides, ^32P and ^90 Y, typically used for antibody therapy. Similar values for an effective attenuation coefficient was observed for the restored images using the OSNNH filters and adaptive NN which demonstrate that the restoration filters preserves the total counts in the image as required for quantitative in-vivo measurements. The adaptive NN was computationally more efficient by a factor 4–6 compared to the OSNNH filter. The filter architecture, in turn, is also optimum for parallel processing or VLSI implementation as required for planar and particularly for tomographic mode of detection using the gamma camera. The proposed adaptive NN method should also prove to be useful for quantitative imaging of single photon emitters for other nuclear medicine tomographic imaging applications using positron emitters and direct X-ray photon detection.
Strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs buried-heterostructure quantum-well lasers by three-step selective-area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Strained-layer In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As-GaAs-Al/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/As buried-heterostructure (BH) quantum-well lasers have been fabricated using three-step selective area atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Selective-area epitaxy is used to produce BH lasers involving only GaAs on GaAs regrowth, eliminating the detrimental effects associated with exposed Al/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/As found in other fabrication methods. Additionally, selective-area epitaxy provides inplane bandgap energy control to fabricate BH devices with different wavelengths on the same wafer. Threshold currents as low as 11 mA are obtained for a 540-/spl mu/m-long, 4-/spl mu/m-wide device with uncoated cleaved facets. The devices operate at room temperature to more than 200 mW/uncoated facet with 40% external differential quantum efficiency. In-plane bandgap energy control results in a wide range of possible laser emission wavelengths for BH lasers grown on the same substrate. >
On merits of spatial coding in multilevel optical wireless links

Spatial confinement of the paths traveled by infrared signals enables reuse of bandwidth and resources in adjacent indoor environments. This property can also result in undesirable shadowing that occurs whenever an obstacle blocks signal paths between transceivers. Shadowing compromises link reliability by increasing the error rate, and can result in service interruption. We propose spatial coding to improve link performance and alleviate the shadowing effect in multi spot diffusing, a multi-input, multi-output architecture. Spatial coding performance is compared to receiver multi-level combining. Our results show that when a channel is shadowed, 4-level combining at the receiver fails to maintain a reliable link irrespective of transmitted power. Using spatial coding over 6 channels, a reliable link is possible in the presence of a shadowed channel with an optical power penalty of 4.5 dB.
Serial reconstruction and montaging from large-field electron microscope tomograms

Electron microscope tomography [1] has been proven as an essential technique for imaging the structure of cells beyond the range of the light microscope down to the molecular level. However, because of the extreme difference in spatial scales, there is a large gap to be bridged between light and electron microscopy. Various techniques have been developed, including increasing size of the sensor arrays, serial sectioning and montaging. Data sets and reconstructions obtained by the latter techniques generate many 3D reconstructions that need to be glued together to provide information at a larger spatial scale. However, during the course of data acquisition, thin slices may become warped in optical and electron microscope preparations. We review some procedures for de-warping sections and reassembling them into larger reconstructions, and present some data from electron microscopy.
Root Distribution of Temperate Forage Species Subjected to Water and Nitrogen Stress

Root allocation and distribution patterns can infl uence forage yield during periods of moisture or nitrogen stress, as deep-rooted species access water and nutrients found deeper in the soil profi le. In a greenhouse study, we examined rooting characteristics to a depth of 50 cm for 21 cool-season forage species (9 grasses, 6 legumes, and 6 forbs) exposed to drought and low N conditions. The goal of this research was to compare root distribution under uniform growing conditions for common grass, legume and non-leguminous forb species found in humidtemperate pastures of the northeast United States. Nitrogen or water stressed grasses generally had greater root biomass and a greater proportion of roots in the 30 to 40 cm soil layer than did stressed legumes or forbs. Low N significantly reduced root weight, but to a lesser extent than the decrease in shoot weight, resulting in an increase in root/shoot ratio. Drought stress reduced shoot weight but had no effect on root weight, also resulting in a greater root/shoot ratio. Drought stress also increased the proportion of deep roots compared with controls, whereas, N stress did not. Comparisons with previously published fi eld studies suggested that information from container-grown plants could provide insights into fi eld results, and also suggested that inherent species differences in root distribution could explain some, but not all, rooting patterns observed in multi-species forage mixtures.
How the transition frequencies of microtubule dynamic instability (nucleation, catastrophe, and rescue) regulate microtubule dynamics in interphase and mitosis: analysis using a Monte Carlo computer simulation.

Abstract Microtubules (MTs) in newt mitotic spindles grow faster than MTs in the interphase cytoplasmic microtubule complex (CMTC), yet spindle MTs do not have the long lengths or lifetimes of the CMTC microtubules. Because MTs undergo dynamic instability, it is likely that changes in the durations of growth or shortening are responsible for this anomaly. We have used a Monte Carlo computer simulation to examine how changes in the number of MTs and changes in the catastrophe and rescue frequencies of dynamic instability may be responsible for the cell cycle dependent changes in MT characteristics. We used the computer simulations to model interphase-like or mitotic-like MT populations on the basis of the dynamic instability parameters available from newt lung epithelial cells in vivo. We started with parameters that produced MT populations similar to the interphase newt lung cell CMTC. In the simulation, increasing the number of MTs and either increasing the frequency of catastrophe or decreasing the frequency of rescue reproduced the changes in MT dynamics measured in vivo between interphase and mitosis.
Field Tests of Two Prestressed-Concrete Girder Bridges for Live-Load Distribution and Moment Continuity

AbstractTwo similar bridges constructed with a live-load continuous connection were tested for live-load distribution and joint continuity. Girder distribution factors (GDFs) were compared with AASHTO equivalent values. For positive moments on all girders as for negative moments on interior girders, results using AASHTO equivalent GDFs were found to be generally conservative. However, for negative moments on exterior girders, test results exceeded AASHTO values, significantly so with two-lane results. GDF results were verified with a finite-element analysis (FEA) model, which produced behavior similar to the field tests. With respect to joint continuity, it is estimated that a simple span would produce a maximum positive moment about 7% higher than the actual structure, whereas a completely continuous structure would produce a maximum positive moment about 16% lower than that of the actual structure. For negative moments, the actual structure experienced about 28% of that of a continuous structure. Shear ...