cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrafreeloading in Humans

Four studies are reported which examine the free vs earned reward phenomenon in humans. The 308 subjects were distributed over all grade-levels from preschool through college. Candies and coins were used as rewards. The California Psychological Inventory was administered to the college students. In all experiments, subjects had the choice of obtaining rewards one at a time, either by pushing a lever or freely from a filled dish. There was a preference for obtaining rewards by lever-pushing. The preference decreased from nearly 100% to about 50% as subjects increased in age. No significant differences were found for type of rewards or sex except for males barpressing significantly more than females in the college group. Two scales of the inventory correlated significantly with barpressing.
Inactivation of B12 and folate coenzymes by butyl nitrite as observed by NMR: implications on one-carbon transfer mechanism.

Abstract The effects of butyl nitrite, a frequently used recreational drug, on methyl cobalamin and 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate were investigated by using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopies. While no effect could be observed in organic solvents, strong interactions of butyl nitrite with the methyl cobalamin and 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate were found to occur in water. Butyl nitrite decomposes in water generating H+ and NO2−. The former protonates to give the “base-off” configuration of methyl cobalamin while the CoCH3 bond is cleaved. Similarly, the methyl group at the 5N position and the pyrazine ring of 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate were found to be affected by butyl nitrite. The overall interaction of butyl nitrite with both coenzymes shows displacement of the methyl group and derivatization or destruction of the coenzymes that may lead to deficiencies of both B-12 and/or folates.
Studies in nonlinear stochastic processes. II. The duffing oscillator revisited

We have applied the approximation method of statistical linearization and various higher order corrections thereto to the study of a nonlinear oscillator perturbed by Gaussian, delta-correlated noise. We compute the second-order statistics of the response, i.e., the variances, autocorrelation functions, and spectral densities for various forms of the nonlinearity and compare our results with the few more exact calculations which are available in the literature. We show that a very simple modification of statistical linearization, based upon the use of the variance as obtained from the appropriate Fokker-Planck equation, yields results which are in better agreement with the “exact” literature results than either statistical linearization or first-order corrections thereto. This modified method of statistical linearization has the significant advantage of great computational simplicity as compared to other attempts of accurate calculations of second-order statistics of nonlinear stochastic equations now in the literature.
Fracture mechanics of air-entrained concrete subjected to compression

Abstract Air voids are entrained in concrete for protection of constructed elements, especially highway pavements, against freeze–thaw damage. Entrained air void systems inadvertently reduce the compressive strength of the concrete. The present study describes development of an analytical model for evaluation of the effects of entrained air void system on the compressive strength of concrete. The model developed here will assist in predicting the compressive strength of concrete for specified mix designs. The constitutive relationships for air-entrained concrete were established by considering a micro cracked porous material with randomly distributed circular air voids and uniformly oriented cracks from the air voids. Linear elastic fracture mechanics was employed to explain the evolution of damage due to the individual voids and cracks that emanate from such voids. The damage model considers the interactions among the voids and cracks during various stages of loading. The analytical results from this study were evaluated through an experimental program for comparison of the computed and measured compressive strengths. A wide range of samples were examined that included concretes with air contents ranging from 2% to 13% air by volume of concrete. The experiments involved microscopic determination of air content and spacing factors as well as compressive strength tests for all the concrete samples.
Effect of Merchandising Methods on Prices Paid at Cooperative Feeder Cattle Sales

PECIAT,T7FD feeder cattle auction sales are held in all major beef production states. These sales have been developed primarily to market more effectively the feeder cattle produced by relatively small producers. Historically, the small feeder cattle producers have found themselves in a difficult market position because individually they lack sufficient volumes of uniform cattle to attract buyers to their farms. Their only market alternatives were local slaughter auctions or country buyers. As a result, small farm operators combined their cattle to obtain sufficient volumes to attract buyers. This was done under the assumption that cattle of varying grades, weights, and breeds were differentiated products in the minds of the buyers when available in sufficient quantities. The purpose of this study was to analyze empirical data to identify and, when possible, to quantify the effect that specific economic factors have on the performance of feeder cattle auction sales. It has previously been shown that larger lot sizes and uniform cattle by grades, sex, and breed were significant factors in feeder cattle buyer decisions [1, p. 98]. It was also reported that the size of sale lot was important to the buyers of feeder cattle. It should therefore be recognized that, with variability in the feeder cattle that can be offered for sale, the quality of the lot is a major element in the buyer's decision to purchase feeder cattle and the price he is willing to pay. Hence, it is essential that producers and marketing agencies recognize the importance of this variability and understand how they can merchandise feeder cattle to sell to their advantage.
Elevated Cytosolic Na+ Decreases Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake During Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Impairs Energetic Adaptation in Cardiac Myocytes

Mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) regulates oxidative phosphorylation and thus contributes to energy supply and demand matching in cardiac myocytes. Mitochondria take up Ca2+ via the Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and extrude it through the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (mNCE). It is controversial whether mitochondria take up Ca2+ rapidly, on a beat-to-beat basis, or slowly, by temporally integrating cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) transients. Furthermore, although mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux is governed by mNCE, it is unknown whether elevated intracellular Na+ ([Na+]i) affects mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and bioenergetics. To monitor [Ca2+]m, mitochondria of guinea pig cardiac myocytes were loaded with rhod-2–acetoxymethyl ester (rhod-2 AM), and [Ca2+]c was monitored with indo-1 after dialyzing rhod-2 out of the cytoplasm. [Ca2+]c transients, elicited by voltage-clamp depolarizations, were accompanied by fast [Ca2+]m transients, whose amplitude (Δ) correlated linearly with Δ[Ca2+]c. Under β-adrenergic stimulation, [Ca2+]m deca...
Somewhat finite approaches to infinite sentences

In refs. [13] and [14], Langendoen and Postal argue for the consideration of infinite sentences in the study of linguistics. The falsity of the “finiteness limitation on sentence size” is said to put the study of natural languages entirely outside the realm of theoretical computer science. It is this claim, together with the assertion that the existence of sentences of infinite length precludes any characterization of a language by some kind of classical machine, which this paper seeks to address. An overview of the theory of automata on infinite objects is given, showing that the infinitude of a sentence or computation does not prevent its description by traditional automata with modified acceptance conditions.
Reproduction, development, and longevity of Pholetesor ornigis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of spotted tentiform leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in the laboratory

Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) was reared on potted apple trees in the laboratory to study its reproductive potential as a parasitoid of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.). At 23°C, a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod, and with abundant hosts for oviposition, 20 P. ornigis females lived 32 ± 1.6 (x ± SEM) d and parasitized 368 ± 20 host larvae. They killed hosts only by parasitism and did not feed on hosts. The sex ratio of offspring was 1.7:1.0 (male/female), although female offspring outnumbered males during the first 10 d. The net reproductive rate ( R o) under these conditions was 120.1 females per female per generation. Females fed honeydew from Aphis pomi De Geer or sucrose lived 23 ± 8.3 and 21 ± 4.7 d, respectively; those fed on crab apple fruit or given only water lived 8.7 ± 5 and 1.7 ± 0.5 d. Development time from egg to adult increased as constant rearing temperature decreased; the developmental threshold was 9.2°C for males and 9.5°C for females. Development time was 5 d longer on first-instar hosts than on the other four instars. Implications of these results for biological control of the leafminer are discussed.
Molecular dynamics simulation of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical properties of amorphous metals

Abstract Mechanical response of amorphous metal Ni 40 Zr 60 under applied tensile loading is investigated using large-scale atomistic simulations. To obtain intrinsic properties, homogeneous samples with atomically smooth surface are used while samples with deliberately introduced surface notches of varying depths and root radii are used to test extrinsic effects. It is found that the notch-free samples show strength close to the theoretical fracture strength and extremely large ductility. Apparent strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity are also observed in these studies. It is argued that the free volume generation and localized shear displacement are responsible for the mechanical properties. Therefore, the presence of surface imperfections can greatly reduce the strength and ductility. The results suggest that to retain and improve the intrinsic mechanical properties of amorphous metals, surface treatment may be needed, which has been practiced in oxide glass industry for centuries but received little attention in metallic glass community.
Blow Molding of Thermoplastic Elastomers—A Major Opportunity for the Plastics Processor:

This paper explores the various technological advances in the blow molding of TPEs over the pase decade. It will compare the fabrication of rubber articles via blow molding versus the fabrication of articles via a conventional thermoset rubber fabricating techniques. Experience has shown blow molding to offer marked advantages over conventional thermoset rubber processing techniques. A number of specific examples will be discussed illustrating these advantages of TPEs
Mechanisms of genetic variation in human influenza viruses.

In this paper, we briefly summarize some of our past work, present new data on the variation of influenza A, B, and C viruses, and describe some of the genetic mechanisms resulting in variability of influenza A viruses.
Restriction mapping of the IGS region in Alternaria spp. reveals variable and conserved domains.

Accurate identification of Alternaria spp. is dependent upon the production of diagnostic morphological characters under defined cultural conditions and the proper assessment of character variation. This process is often compromised by variation in laboratory facilities and technical expertise. To assist taxon identification and phylogenetic studies, restriction site information from the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of nuclear rDNA was evaluated. Restriction maps were constructed from 15 species of Alternaria and Stemphylium botryosum (telemorph Pleospora herbarum) for 11 restriction enzymes using a new method for restriction mapping based on differential priming of IGS amplicons. IGS fragment size varied among species from 2.2–3.9 kb. Based upon restriction site homology among closely-related and more distantly related species, the IGS region could be divided into conserved and variable domains. The conserved domain was approximately 0.75 kb in size and was located at the 3′ end of the IGS region. Restriction site homology within this region was very high, especially among closely related taxa. The remainder of the region comprised the variable domain, which encompassed considerable differences in size and restriction sites among taxa. The presence or absence of restriction sites among taxa was analyzed using methods of neighbor-joining. Phylogenetic relationships based on this method were concordant with those previously resolved based upon other methods and other genomic regions.
The Photochemistry of some Main Chain Liquid Crystalline 4,4 '-Stilbene dicarboxylate Polyesters

Several aspects of the photochemistry and photophysics of four main chain liquid crystalline polyesters with a rigid trans-stilbene 4,4′-dicarboxylate mesogen as chromophore and flexible spacer groups are reported. The three polymers with the longest ‘spacer’ groups are liquid crystalline at room temperature, two have smectic phases. Chromophore aggregation has a dramatic effect on the photophysics and photochemistry of these polymers. Each of the polymers in poor solvents or as films has greatly perturbed UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra due to aggregation of the stilbene chromophore. These effects are more pronounced upon annealing above the glass transition temperature, Tg, and in the mesophase. Film fluorescence is excitation wavelength dependent and is suppressed at elevated temperatures. The stilbene ‘environment’ in both films and solution is clearly heterogeneous and energy transfer processes relatively slow. The dominant photochemical reaction upon direct excitation above 300 nm is 2 + 2 photocycloaddition rendering polymer films insoluble. No significant trans-to-cis photoisomerization can be detected upon initial irradiation of the polymer films. There is evidence for the formation of aldehyde and carboxylate functionality upon irradiation in the presence of air. Loss of the aggregate UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence occurs during irradiation. Difference UV-Vis spectra of irradiated films suggest preferential initial consumption of dimeric aggregates. Loss of stilbene UV-Vis absorption upon irradiation above 300 nm can be partly photoreversed upon subsequent 254 nm irradiation. The rate of stilbene chromophore loss from films increased significantly above Tg and in the smectic phase above room temperature.
Characterization of human cardiac infiltrating cells posttransplantation: II. CD4+ cloned T-cell lines with “anti-idiotype”-like reactivity

CD4+ T cells were cultured from posttransplant cardiac biopsies placed on irradiated feeder cells of autologous cloned donor major histocompatibility complex class II-specific T-cell lines cultured and grown from previous biopsies. Fourteen of the CD4+ T-cell cultures were expanded and cloned using the same feeder cells. Two of the 14 cloned T-cell lines were examined in detail for their ability to proliferate in vitro. Clones 7E4 and 8G2 proliferated (as determined by primed lymphocyte testing) only when cocultured with a series of distinct autologous cloned T-cell lines from previous biopsies that were specific for donor-specific HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4, respectively. In addition, when HLA-DR-specific T-cell lines were established using recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a series of HLA-DR-expressing homozygous typing cells, clone 7E4 only responded to the series of distinct HLA-DR3-specific autologous cloned T-cell lines but not to autologous HLA-DR2 and -DR4, and clone 8G2 responded to 3 of 8 distinct autologous HLA-DR4-specific T-cell lines, but not HLA-DR2-specific T-cell lines. These data demonstrate that cardiac biopsies contain CD4+ T cells of recipient origin which show anti-idiotype-like reactivity against T-cell receptors specific for donor-specific major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.
Social Pharmacology: Integrating Pharmaceutical and Social Science Research on Drug Effects

Social pharmacology is the study of the influence of social and cultural variables on drug effects and use. It considers concepts and variables that in the past have been called “nonspecific” or “nonpharmacological” in nature. Social pharmacology refers to those variables that are not pharmaceutical in nature, but that still can have a profound influence on drug action and the occurrence of specific drug effects as perceived and interpreted by the user. Research on these variables, such as suggestibility, knowledge and information, user set, setting, and attribution, has been conducted for many years. Social pharmacology provides a framework for identifying and classifying variables and how they function to modify drug action to produce drug effects in humans. It is the primary approach for integrating pharmaceutical variables with social and cultural variables to assist in explaining and understanding user-generated descriptions of their drug experiences, with the goal of improving outcomes of patient drug therapy.
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals as Substrates for Imaging the Reorganization of Matrigel by Human Embryonic Stem Cells

We have investigated the culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) on interfaces of the thermotropic liquid crystal, TL205, that are decorated with thin films of the extracellular matrix, Matrigel. hESCs seeded at the liquid-crystal/Matrigel interface survive for weeks, and cell colonies grow over this time. The cells show levels of differentiation comparable to that observed for cells on Matrigel-coated glass controls. Polarized and fluorescence microscopy reveal that the orientational order of the liquid crystal is coupled to the presence and organization of Matrigel. This enables straightforward imaging of the reorganization of Matrigel by the hESCs through changes in the appearance of the liquid crystal when observed using polarized light microscopy. The coupling between Matrigel and TL205 thus provides a simple tool for monitoring the reorganization of the Matrigel film over time. Our results suggest new approaches to the culture of cells and measurements of cell–extracellular-matrix interactions.
Histone Regulation in the CNS: Basic Principles of Epigenetic Plasticity

Postmitotic neurons are subject to a vast array of environmental influences that require the nuclear integration of intracellular signaling events to promote a wide variety of neuroplastic states associated with synaptic function, circuit formation, and behavioral memory. Over the last decade, much attention has been paid to the roles of transcription and chromatin regulation in guiding fundamental aspects of neuronal function. A great deal of this work has centered on neurodevelopmental and adulthood plasticity, with increased focus in the areas of neuropharmacology and molecular psychiatry. Here, we attempt to provide a broad overview of chromatin regulation, as it relates to central nervous system (CNS) function, with specific emphasis on the modes of histone posttranslational modifications, chromatin remodeling, and histone variant exchange. Understanding the functions of chromatin in the context of the CNS will aid in the future development of pharmacological therapeutics aimed at alleviating devastating neurological disorders.
The Relative Benefits of Meta-Analysis Conducted With Individual Participant Data Versus Aggregated Data

The authors describe the relative benefits of conducting meta-analyses with (a) individual participant data (IPD) gathered from the constituent studies and (b) aggregated data (AD), or the group-level statistics (in particular, effect sizes) that appear in reports of a study's results. Given that both IPD and AD are equally available, meta-analysis of IPD is superior to meta-analysis of AD. IPD meta-analysis permits synthesists to perform subgroup analyses not conducted by the original collectors of the data, to check the data and analyses in the original studies, to add new information to the data sets, and to use different statistical methods. However, the cost of IPD meta-analysis and the lack of available IPD data sets suggest that the best strategy currently available is to use both approaches in a complementary fashion such that the first step in conducting an IPD meta-analysis would be to conduct an AD meta-analysis. Regardless of whether a meta-analysis is conducted with IPD or AD, synthesists must remain vigilant in how they interpret their results. They must avoid ecological fallacies, Simpson's paradox, and interpretation of synthesis-generated evidence as supporting causal inferences.
Communication Quality Indicators: A Survey of Connecticut Group Home Managers

Thirty-one Connecticut group home managers responded to a 23-statement survey adapted from the Communications Supports Checklist for Programs Serving Individuals with Severe Disabilities (CSC; McCarthy et al., 1998, Paul H. Brookes, Baltimore, MD.). Results indicated that group home managers had very favorable opinions about the implementation of communication quality indicators in their group homes, and the degree of a resident’s intellectual disability was not a factor in communication supports implementation. Three communication quality indicators were rated especially high: program philosophy, protection of communication rights, and assessment. Environmental support for communication was rated less favorably. Follow-up interviews with seven group home managers found that they especially valued direct care staff who understood a resident’s idiosyncratic communication (e.g., response sensitivity). Managers also relied on team process for referral for ongoing speech-language consultation. Results from the surveys and interviews indicated that augmentative communication applications occurred less often than other quality communication indicators.
Digital Representation of Physical Artifacts: The Effect of Low Cost, High Accuracy 3D Scanning Technologies on Engineering Education, Student Learning and Design Evaluation

This paper aims to address two fundamental challenges in engineering education; i) the disconnect between digital and tactile learning activities in traditional Engineering Design curricula and ii) variations in standards used to assess digital activities completed by students.Digital 3D scanning technologies have the potential to mitigate the disconnect between digital and tactile learning activities by providing students with a real time understanding of the relationship between the digital and tactile design space in a real time, dynamic manner. In the process, students are introduced to the concept of reverse engineering as a means of understanding product assembly/disassembly as tactile activities, which can be then seamlessly represented/augmented in the digital space. The researchers of this work aim to understand the impact on the learning outcomes experienced by students when digital and tactile engineering activities are integrated in a real time dynamic manner.To mitigate variations in standards used to assess digital activities completed by students, the authors propose employing a 3D similarity metric that quantifies the differences between digital solutions created by students and a baseline solution from which student solutions are compared against. By establishing a quantitative similarity metric to assess student solutions, variations in grading across different instructors can be minimized and scores finalized in a more timely and efficient manner.The case study presented in this work is based on an Introduction to Engineering Design course, where freshmen students working both in individual and team based design projects are introduced to both digital and tactile activities. The research findings reveal students’ perception of 3D scanning technologies as it relates to their experiences with digital and tactile learning activities. After being introduced to digital and tactile activities, students’ performance are quantified through controlled design activities that are then assessed/graded using the proposed digital similarity metric.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of changes in the composition of the mucosal solution on the electrical properties of the toad urinary bladder epithelium.

By the use of microelectrode techniques, the potential profile and the electrical resistances of the cellular and shunt pathways across the toad urinary bladder epithelium were measured under control conditions and after exposing the mucosal side to solutions of low and high NaCl concentrations and osmolatities. The resistance of the shunt pathway increases at low NaCl concentration (even if the osmolality is kept constant), and decreases at high NaCl concentration (by a nonspecific osmotic mechanism). The inverse relationship between mucosal NaCl concentration and shunt resistance suggests a regulatory mechanism of net sodium transport by reduction of the passive blood-to-urine sodium flux at low urinary sodium concentrations. In addition, the transepithelial potential and the potentials at both cell borders fall in both low and high mucosal NaCl, and the magnitude of these changes is such that they cannot be explained by changes in the shunt pathway alone.
Ellen Craft and the Case of Salomé Muller in Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom

In William and Ellen Craft's slave narrative, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom, an astute sense of the inequities in white legal discourse prompts the couple's escape. Ellen Craft realizes that...
Tactical planning of the production and distribution of fresh agricultural products under uncertainty

Abstract We present a stochastic tactical planning model for the production and distribution of fresh agricultural products. The model incorporates the uncertainties encountered in the fresh produce industry when developing growing and distribution plans due to the variability of weather and demand. The main motivation for building this model is to make tools available for producers to develop robust growing plans, while allowing the flexibility to choose different levels of exposure to risk. The modeling approach selected is a two-stage stochastic program in which the decisions in a first stage are designed to meet the uncertain outcomes in a second stage. The model developed is applied to a case study of growers of fresh produce in Mexico and in a simulation of various scenarios to test the robustness of the planning decisions. The results show that significant improvements are obtained in the planning recommendations when using the proposed stochastic approach as compared to those rendered by deterministic models. For instance, for the same level of risk experimented by the producer, planning based on the proposed stochastic models rendered increases of expected profit of over 50%. At the same time when risk aversion policies were implemented, the expected losses decreased significantly over those recommended by deterministic planning models.
Determination of relative motion of a space object from simultaneous measurements of range and range rate

This tutorial paper considers determination of instantaneous relative motion of a space object, from line-of-sight range and range rate measurements made by sensors fixed to a spacecraft in its proximity. Practical applications of this relative motion determination problem include uncooperative rendezvous prior to docking between space vehicles, capture of out-of-control spacecraft, capture of space debris and asteroids, locating and determining the attitude of space objects, and proximity operations near asteroids and comets. It is shown that the relative attitude of the space object with respect to the observing spacecraft can be determined from line-of-sight range measurements to at least three points on the object being observed, which requires three lidar or radar Doppler sensors. Determining the instantaneous relative translational and angular velocities of the space object also requires range and range rate measurements for at least three distinct points on the object, provided that certain conditions on the locations of the corresponding sensors and directions of their lines of sight are met.
Work hours, sleep sufficiency, and prevalence of depression among full-time employees: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Objective: Depression due to long work hours and sleep deprivation is a major occupational health concern. The extent to which work hours and sleep are associated with depression was investigated in employees of small- and medium-scale businesses in the Japanese city of Yashio, Saitama, and in the Ohta ward of Tokyo, a suburb of Tokyo, controlling for various potential confounders. Method: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 2,643 full-time employees (1,928 men and 715 women), aged 18-79 years (mean=45 years), in 296 small- and medium-scale businesses were surveyed from August 2002 to December 2002 using a self-administered questionnaire evaluating work hours, sleep status, and covariates including sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, biological factors, medication usage, and occupational factors. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Prevalence of depression by work hours, sleep status, and covariates was analyzed by χ 2 test. Risk of depression by work hours, sleep status, and both combined was estimated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Participants working >10 hours per day, sleeping 10 hours per day or > 8 to 10 hours per day with 8 to 10, and >10 hours per day) showed a 62%-179% increase in the prevalence of depression versus those working 6 to 8 hours per day and reporting sufficient sleep (P < .05). No significant effects on depression were found for subjects in any work-hour category with 6+ hours of sleep or with subjective sufficient sleep. Conclusions: Depression associated with long work hours is primarily a result of sleep deprivation. Greater attention should be paid to management of sleep deprivation to prevent workplace depression.
The role of output composition in the stabilization of US output growth

US output growth became much more stable over the past half-century. This paper assesses the role of changes in the composition of output—the increasing importance of stable sectors and diminishing importance of volatile sectors—in this stabilization. Our decomposition of output growth volatility by one-digit industry indicates that a bit less than half of the drop in volatility between the pre- and post-1982 periods is accounted for by compositional shifts, most notably the decline of manufacturing.
Aqueous humor in lens repair and cell proliferation

Abstract The intracameral infusion of 1% methylene blue solution produces a well-defined retropupillary lesion marked by the destruction of lenticular epithelium, fiber-cell damage and cataract-like opacification. When lenses are explanted to a maintenance medium 18 hr or more after chemical insult, a substantial proliferative response (DNA synthesis and mitosis) ensues. This hyperplastic response is comparable to that noted after dye-injury under entirely in situ conditions. However, if the lenses are explanted during the initial 12 hr subsequent to injury both DNA synthesis and mitosis fail to occur in more than 93% of cases. The mitotic response is restored if such injured lenses are cultured in the presence of aqueous humor isolated from dye-injured eyes. Moreover, such “injury aqueous humor”, which contains elevated levels of protein, induces a pronounced mitotic response in the epithelium of non-injured lenses maintained in organ culture. The traumatized eye, therefore, contains a mitogenic factor that is transferable through the aqueous humor. Ocular trauma or inflammation generally brings about an altered blood-aqueous barrier and it may be that this change in the lens environment is associated with the promotion of unscheduled rounds of cellular proliferation in otherwise normal lens epithelium.
A possible way out of the combined economic-sustainability crisis

Abstract A viewpoint is offered on the complexities of the combined economic-sustainability crisis, and a possible way forward starting with addressing inequalities.
A spell in the epilepsy clinic and a history of “chronic pain” or “fibromyalgia” independently predict a diagnosis of psychogenic seizures

The clinical suspicion for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is based on multiple features obtained in the history. We reviewed the records of all patients evaluated over 5 years in a single epilepsy clinic for refractory seizures who eventually underwent EEG/video monitoring. We designated two groups: (1) patients with a diagnosis of "fibromyalgia" or "chronic pain" and (2) patients who had a seizure during the visit, either in the waiting area or in the examining room. Of 36 patients with "fibromyalgia" or "chronic pain," 27 (75%) were found to have PNES. Of 13 patients who had a "seizure" during their clinic visit, 10 (75%) were found to have PNES. We conclude that each of these findings has a predictive value of 75%.
Regulation of nonlinear systems using conditional integrators

This paper studies the regulation of nonlinear systems using conditional integrators. Previous work introduced the tool of conditional integrators that provide integral action inside a boundary layer while acting as stable systems outside, leading to improvement in transient response while achieving asymptotic regulation in the presence of unknown constant disturbances or parameter uncertainties. The approach, however, is restricted to a sliding mode control framework. This paper extends this tool to a fairly general class of state feedback control laws, with the stipulation that we know a Lyapunov function for the closed-loop system. Asymptotic regulation with improvement in transient response is done by using the Lyapunov redesign technique to implement the state feedback control as a saturated high-gain feedback and introducing a conditional integrator to provide integral action inside a boundary layer. Improvement in the transient response using conditional integrators is demonstrated with an experimental application to the pendubot. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solubilization by Cosolvents I: Organic Solutes in Propylene Glycol-Water Mixtures

An equation describing solubilization in aqueous systems by cosolvents was developed by treating a mixed solvent as a linear combination of its components. This equation can successfully explain both the exponential increases and the exponential decreases in aqueous solubility that are frequently observed with the addition of cosolvent. It also provides a means of estimating to what extent a particular drug can be solubilized and how much cosolvent would be required to accomplish a particular degree of solubilization.
Eosinophils Sustain Adipose Alternatively Activated Macrophages Associated with Glucose Homeostasis

Eosinophils are associated with helminth immunity and allergy, often in conjunction with alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). Adipose tissue AAMs are necessary to maintain glucose homeostasis and are induced by the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Here, we show that eosinophils are the major IL-4-expressing cells in white adipose tissues of mice, and, in their absence, AAMs are greatly attenuated. Eosinophils migrate into adipose tissue by an integrin-dependent process and reconstitute AAMs through an IL-4- or IL-13-dependent process. Mice fed a high-fat diet develop increased body fat, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance in the absence of eosinophils, and helminth-induced adipose tissue eosinophilia enhances glucose tolerance. Our results suggest that eosinophils play an unexpected role in metabolic homeostasis through maintenance of adipose AAMs.
3D numerical investigation of the performance of microgroove textured cutting tool in dry machining of Ti-6Al-4V

In this paper, the performance of microgroove textured cutting tools in dry three-dimensional (3D) turning of Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) is investigated using AdvantEdge finite element simulation. Microgrooves are designed on the rake face of cemented carbide (WC/Co) cutting inserts. The purposes are to examine the effect of microgroove textured cutting tools on machining performance and to compare it with non-textured regular cutting tools. Specifically, the following microgroove parameters are examined: microgroove width, microgroove depth, and edge distance (the distance from cutting edge to the first microgroove). Their effects are assessed in terms of the cutting forces and chip-tool contact length. It is found that microgroove textured cutting tools generate lower cutting forces and consequently lower the energy consumption for machining. The microgroove width, microgroove depth, and edge distance all have influence on cutting forces in their own ways. This research provides insightful guidance for optimizing cutting tools in terms of cutting forces and energy consumption.
Vulvar Vaccinia Infection After Sexual Contact With a Smallpox Vaccinee

Vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine is an effective immunizing agent that brought about global eradication of naturally occurring smallpox, as declared by the World Health Organization in 1980. The United States ceased generalized smallpox vaccination in 1972 but reinstated it in 2002 for military personnel and selected healthcare workers (first responders who may be investigating possible cases of smallpox or caring for patients in selected hospitals) after the 2001 bioterrorism attacks. Since reinstitution of the vaccine, reports of transmission of vaccinia virus through contact with military smallpox vaccinees have been published, including four cases of female genital infection. We report a subsequent case of vulvar vaccinia infection acquired during sexual contact with a military vaccinee.
Pathology Considerations in Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) originally reserved for the treatment of inflammatory and locally advanced breast cancers is currently offered to women with earlier-stage and operable breast carcinoma. NAT allows more women to be eligible for breast conservation surgery and provides an opportunity to assess the response of carcinomas to therapy. This review focuses on the predictors of therapeutic response in pretreatment tumor, evaluation of post-treatment breast and lymph node specimens and classification systems to evaluate degree of response to NAT.
Noses in Books: Orientation, Immersion, and Paratext

AbstractParatextual aids to reading in medieval codex books, printed codex books, and Kindle ebooks are compared. Medieval scribes designed paratextual elements that enhanced diverse reading practices, from lectio divina to scholarly textual study. Printers adopted and standardized many elements of paratext, and contemporary readers depend on these elements to navigate printed books. Because familiar paratextual aids to reading are less visible in Kindle ebooks, readers find those ebooks harder to navigate. Development of effective ebook paratext must take into account the needs and practices of readers.
Advancement of isotope separation for the production of reference standards

Idaho National Laboratory (INL) operates a mass separator that is currently producing high purity isotopes for use as internal standards for high precision isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). In 2008, INL began the revival of the vintage 1970s era instrument. Advancements thus far include the successful upgrading and development of system components such as the vacuum system, power supplies, ion-producing components, and beam detection equipment. Progress has been made in the separation and collection of isotopic species including those of Ar, Kr, Xe, Sr, and Ba. Particular focuses on ion source improvements and developments have proven successful with demonstrated output beam currents of over 10 μA 138Ba and 350 nA 134Ba from a natural abundance Ba source charge (~2.4 % 134Ba). In order to increase production and collection of relatively high quantities (mg levels) of pure isotopes, several improvements have been made in ion source designs, source material introduction, and ion detection and collection. These improvements have produced isotopes of high purity (>98 %) and in quantities in the tens of micrograms per run. The instrument and results for pure isotope production for IDMS standards will be presented.
The Influence of Grandparents on the Lives of Children and Adolescents

Recent trends such as increased life expectancy, decreases in family size, and the rise of both single-parent families and maternal employment increase the potential for grandparents to play important roles in the lives of their grandchildren. In this article, I review recent research and discuss directions for research on grandparents' influence on the lives of children and adolescents. I consider the role of nonresidential grandparents in children's lives, grandparents' influence in three-generational families, and the well-being of families in which grandparents are raising their grandchildren. Research regarding the influence of nonresident grandparents on children is inconclusive, with several studies indicating no or negligible roles for grandparents in such families. Studies of three-generational families suggest that children in such arrangements often fare just as well as children in married families, although these patterns vary by race. Finally, new research highlights areas of need and strength in custodial grandparent families and future research seeks to examine how these factors relate to children's well-being.
Bony injuries of the shoulder.

Abstract The complex anatomy and functioning of the shoulder may challenge the radiologist. In this review the patterns of injury and radiographic findings for bony injuries of the shoulder are illustrated. The radiographic and cross-sectional imaging findings in fractures of the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus and in dislocations of the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral articulations are discussed. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2002;31:29-47.
Neutrino scattering physics opportunities with the NuMI beam at Fermilab

Abstract The NuMI Facility at Fermilab will provide an extremely intense beam of neutrinos for the MINOS neutrino oscillation experiment. The spacious and fully-outfitted MINOS near detector hall will be an ideal place for high statistics (anti)neutrino-nucleon/nucleus experiments. The experiment described here will not only provide the cross sections, measured nuclear effects and detailed neutrino beam composition required by on-and-off axis neutrino oscillation experiments, but will also address a wide variety of open neutrino physics questions inaccessible without the NuMI beam intensity.
Ethanol‐Induced Changes in Chloride Flux are Mediated by Both GABAA and GABAB Receptors

Low concentrations of ethanol (10–30 mM) in the presence of a GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, promoted 36Cl- uptake into membrane vesicles (microsacs) prepared from mouse cortex. Neither ethanol nor baclofen alone altered chloride influx. The GABAB antagonists, phaclofen and 2-hydroxy-saclofen, completely blocked the increase in chloride flux produced by ethanol in the presence of either baclofen or GABA. Ethanol increased the chloride conductance produced by the GABAA agonists muscimol, isoguvacine, imidazolacetic acid and amino-propane sulfonic acid and this action of ethanol was blocked by phaclofen. The specific GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, blocked ethanol-induced increase in chloride flux in the presence of either baclofen or GABA, GABA-activated chloride channels were also studied in Xenopus oocytes expressing mouse brain mRNA. In this preparation, GABA action was enhanced by ethanol, pentobarbital, and diazepam, and 2-hydroxy-saclofen partially antagonized the action of ethanol without altering the effects of pentobarbital or diazepam. These results suggest that ethanol enhancement of GABAA receptor-chloride channel function also requires activation of GABAB receptors.
Medical practice and anthropological bias.

Abstract The purpose of this article is twofold: to describe some of the biases common to anthropological investigations of healing, particularly Biomedical healing; and to suggest that the physician-anthropologist is uniquely positioned to avoid some of these biases and to make valid contributions to the understanding of the practice of healing. Biases described are methodological (the tendency to formal-symbolic analyses rather than practical-instrumental understandings of behavior, transference and the observer effect), ontological (due to the estrangement of the anthropologist from his culture, other disciplines and his subjects, romanticization of the Other and celebration of the exotic over the mundane), and conventional or stylistic (the minimal importance given to emotional or psychological aspects of behavior, the emphasis on visual and linguistic understanding over other forms of investigation, unsophisticated use of medical texts as an indicator of clinical practice, a characteristic mode of reductionism, and the failure to elicit the responses of the subjects to interpretations made by anthropologists). As native-ethnographer, the M.D./Ph.D. physician-anthropologist may avoid some of these biases and offer complementary interpretations of healing.
Early Onset of Childhood Pulmonary Lymphangiomyomatosis

The authors present the first case of lymphangiomyomatosis in a pediatric patient. Radiographic findings, biopsy, computerized tomography, and electron microscopy were useful in detailing the presentation of early onset of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. The unusual presentation of this child includes a description of her disease prior to any pulmonary symptomatology and 4 years of follow-up.
Turbulent Operation of the Visco Seal

A theoretical analysis of the turbulent operation of the visco seal is presented. The resulting turbulent sealing equation correlated well with test data. It is shown, that good sealing capability can be obtained over a wide range of geometrical variables. It was also found that for shaft diameters over 1 inch, curvature effects are small; and that within the accuracy of the test data, the sealing capability is independent of thread location, shaft or sleeve. Power loss for seals of length to diameter ratio greater than one can be conservatively estimated by treating the seal as a smooth shaft rotating in a close clearance sleeve and neglecting the grooves. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 18–20, 1966.
Lymphotoxin β receptor‐Ig fusion protein treatment blocks actively induced, but not adoptively transferred, uveitis in Lewis rats

Previous studies have shown that treatment of rodents with a lymphotoxin (LT) β receptor-Ig fusion protein (LTβR-Ig), which binds to both LT and LIGHT, prevents the development of autoimmune diseases, but the mechanism involved is unclear. To explore the potential role of LT or LIGHT in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis, uveitis was induced in Lewis rats either by immunization with an uveitogenic peptide, R16, derived from the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein, or by adoptive transfer of R16-specific T cells. Interestingly, LTβR-Ig treatment completely prevented actively induced uveitis, but not the adoptively transferred disease. We also show that LTβR-Ig-treated R16-injected rats had a significantly decreased T cell response to R16 and that herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM)-Ig, a fusion protein that blocks LIGHT, also inhibited disease development. Our results suggest that LT or LIGHT plays a critical role in the induction, rather than the effector, phase of the disease.