cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Oligopoly Illegal? A Jurisprudential Approach

I. Introduction, 437. — II. A jurisprudential hypothesis, 438. — III. The emphasis on form in the antitrust laws, 438. — IV. Significance of the stress upon form; the implied norms, 444. — V. The revolt against formalism; oligopoly anticipated, 449. — VI. The revolt against formalism; oligopoly recognized, 453. — VII. Conclusions, 463.
Health Decision Making: Lynchpin of Evidence-Based Practice:

Health decision making is both the lynchpin and the least developed aspect of evidence-based practice. The evidence-based practice process requires integrating the evidence with consideration of practical resources and patient preferences and doing so via a process that is genuinely collaborative. Yet, the literature is largely silent about how to accomplish integrative, shared decision making. Implications for evidence-based practice are discussed for 2 theories of clinician decision making (expected utility and fuzzy trace) and 2 theories of patient health decision making (transtheoretical model and reasoned action). Three suggestions are offered. First, it would be advantageous to have theory-based algorithms that weight and integrate the 3 data strands (evidence, resources, preferences) in different decisional contexts. Second, patients, not providers, make the decisions of greatest impact on public health, and those decisions are behavioral. Consequently, theory explicating how provider-patient collaboration can influence patient lifestyle decisions made miles from the provider’s office is greatly needed. Third, although the preponderance of data on complex decisions supports a computational approach, such an approach to evidence-based practice is too impractical to be widely applied at present. More troublesomely, until patients come to trust decisions made computationally more than they trust their providers’ intuitions, patient adherence will remain problematic. A good theory of integrative, collaborative health decision making remains needed.
Influence of photoperiod, green food, and water availability on reproduction in male California mice (Peromyscus californicus)

California mice (Peromyscus californicus) breed primarily during the winter rainy season and generally terminate breeding during the dry summer months. This pattern of reproduction could be regulated by day length, availability of green vegetation, or water availability. The effects of photoperiod and green vegetation on reproduction were examined in Experiment 1 by housing adult male P. californicus either in long (LD 14:10) or short (LD 8:16) photoperiods for 10 weeks with ad lib food and water availability. A subset of animals in each photoperiod treatment group also received supplements of fresh spinach thrice weekly. The effects of water availability were examined in Experiment 2 by housing adult males in long day length conditions for 10 weeks with ad lib or restricted (50% of ad lib) water availability. Neither photoperiod nor availability of green plant food significantly affected reproductive function in male California mice, although animals in long days with green food supplements displayed elevation of some reproductive organ masses. Short days did not suppress plasma LH or prolactin levels. Male P. californicus provide extensive care of the young during the short days of winter. The absence of photoperiod-induced changes in prolactin levels is consistent with the observation that elevated plasma prolactin titers are associated with male parental care in this species. In contrast, water restriction (simulated summer drought) reduced reproductive organ masses, as well as plasma levels of prolactin, and may act as an environmental cue to terminate breeding. Thus, water availability may regulate breeding in this species independently of photoperiod and food availability.
Depressive Symptoms and Other Psychosocial Factors as Predictors of Stroke in the Elderly

The aim of this paper is to assess the influence of selected psychosocial factors as predictors of stroke incidence in a probability sample of noninstitutionalized elderly. The main psychosocial factor of interest was depression. Marital status, social support, social networks, and religiousness were also assessed as potential antecedent or mediating factors. The data were obtained from a prospective longitudinal study based on 2,812 individuals aged 65 years and over living in New Haven, Connecticut. The incidence of stroke was monitored from the baseline interview in 1982 until December 1988. Depression, measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), was measured at baseline as were other predictor variables. Univariate Cox regression analyses revealed that higher CES-D scores were predictive of greater stroke incidence (p < 0.05). More frequent attendance at religious services was associated with lower incidence (p < 0.001). CES-D scores were also correlated with many measures of sociodemographic, health, and physical function factors in our multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). When combined with other significant predictor variables such as age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, physical function, and smoking, neither depression nor religious attendance retained its significance.
From Responsible Debtors to Citizens: Collective Identity in the Debtors’ Movement in Monterrey, Mexico

Collective identity is a key feature of social movements that gives agency to movement actors, but it is shaped and constrained by particular sociopolitical contexts. Using ethnographic data from e...
Cross-Border Discussions and Political Behavior in Migrant-Sending Countries

Even when emigres living abroad versus returning migrants share similar norms, knowledge, practices, and ideas with non-migrants living in their origin country, emigres have a stronger influence on non-migrants’ political beliefs and behaviors. The reason is that outmigration affects the social ties in which discussions between emigres abroad and non-migrants are embedded, making them more cohesive and asymmetrical. In contrast, returning permanently to the origin country reverses these effects.
Net-widening in Delaware:The Overuse of Registration and Residential Treatment for Youth Who Commit Sex Offenses

This article examines recent legislative and judicial changes to Delaware’s approach to youth who have sexually offended, contrasted with findings from empirical research. Since the early 1990s, laws related to sex offender registration, penalties for sex offenses, and waiver of adolescents to adult court have all hardened considerably, yet recent research into the youth targeted by these laws demonstrates that they are not comparable to youth who have sexually offended in other states. Delaware’s aggressive legislative approach, although softened by judges in practice, has apparently led to net-widening. Placing youth who are at low risk for re-offense in detention and residential treatment, and in public registries, costs the state millions of dollars and undermines public safety. The legislature should revise existing statutes so that many of these youth can be properly treated and supervised in the community.
Nickel and titanium doubly doped lanthanum strontium chromite for high temperature electrochemical devices

Abstract Lanthanum chromite based materials are promising candidate for use as electrochemical components in high temperature electrochemical devices. In this study, nickel and titanium doubly doped lanthanum strontium chromites are developed and the effects of nickel and titanium co-doping of the chromite perovskite La 0.85 Sr 0.15 Cr 1-2y Ni y Ti y O 3-δ (0.05 ≤ y ≤ 0.3) on the electrical conductivity, chemical stability, microstructure, density, thermal expansion and electrochemical performance are measured. Density and the electrical conductivity increases with nickel concentration whereas Sr-segregation on the surface of La 0.85 Sr 0.15 Cr 1-2y Ni y Ti y O 3-δ has been observed for y ≥ 0.2 and is associated with reduction in the electrical conductivity. For y = 0.1, La 0.85 Sr 0.15 Cr 1-2y Ni y Ti y O 3-δ shows the highest electrical conductivity in air and reducing atmosphere (PO 2 ∼10 −24 atm). The conductivity of La 0.85 Sr 0.15 Cr 1-2y Ni y Ti y O 3-δ (y = 0.1) in reducing atmosphere (3.58 S cm −1 at 950 °C) also remains higher than the most widely investigated compositions such as (La 0.75 Sr 0.25 ) 0.95 Cr 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3-δ (2.81 S cm −1 ) and (La 0.75 Sr 0.25 ) 0.95 Cr 0.7 Fe 0.3 O 3-δ (1.41 S cm −1 ). Smaller deviation in the oxygen stoichiometry is similarly observed for La 0.85 Sr 0.15 Cr 0.8 Ni 0.1 Ti 0.1 O 3-δ (δ = 0.011) when compared to La 0.75 Sr 0.25 CrO 3-δ (δ = 0.091), La 0.75 Sr 0.25 Cr 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3-δ (δ = 0.175) and La 0.75 Sr 0.25 Cr 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3-δ (δ = 0.148) at 1000 °C and ∼10 −24 atm. Highest electrochemical performance and structural/interfacial stability is obtained for new composition La 0.85 Sr 0.15 Cr 0.8 Ni 0.1 Ti 0.1 O 3-δ (LSCNT0.1) when mixed with 8YSZ in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere.
Fuel Economy Testing of Autonomous Vehicles

Environmental pollution and energy use in the light-duty transportation sector are currently regulated through fuel economy and emissions standards, which typically assess quantity of pollutants emitted and volume of fuel used per distance driven. In the United States, fuel economy testing consists of a vehicle on a treadmill, while a trained driver follows a fixed drive cycle. By design, the current standardized fuel economy testing system neglects differences in how individuals drive their vehicles on the road. As autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is introduced, more aspects of driving are shifted into functions of decisions made by the vehicle, rather than the human driver. Yet the current fuel economy testing procedure does not have a mechanism to evaluate the impacts of AV technology on fuel economy ratings, and subsequent regulations such as Corporate Average Fuel Economy targets. This paper develops a method to incorporate the impacts of AV technology within the bounds of current fuel economy test, and simulates a range of automated following drive cycles to estimate changes in fuel economy. The results show that AV following algorithms designed without considering efficiency can degrade fuel economy by up to 3%, while efficiency-focused control strategies may equal or slightly exceed the existing EPA fuel economy test results, by up to 10%. This suggests the need for a new near-term approach in fuel economy testing to account for connected and autonomous vehicles. As AV technology improves and adoption increases in the future, a further reimagining of drive cycles and testing is required.
Surgical measurement framework: A new framework for quality care in surgical specialties

There is little question that measuring and following surgical outcomes is necessary to guide improvement. However, measurement alone does not drive improvement and improvement efforts in surgical specialties are often hampered by the lack of a conceptual framework to translate outcomes into improvement. We propose a surgical measurement framework that provides a systematic, longitudinal approach for identifying key steps and processes in the management of surgical conditions. Application of this framework will facilitate standardization of processes of care as well as measures of care with the goal of achieving ideal outcomes for specific surgical conditions.
An Analytics-Based Methodology for Assessing Aerospace System Uncertainty to Augment Risk-Informed Systems Engineering Processes

A sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification work flow is described that provides improved decision-support analytics to risk-informed systems engineering processes. These analytics may be used by a decision maker to augment existing systems-engineering risk characterization processes. Uncertainty management concepts are introduced in the context of complex aerospace systems design and evaluation, and details are provided on how this approach to risk mitigation and resource management may impact a technology transition workflow relative to traditional methods. Variations in key performance parameters due to perturbations in epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty sources are considered. User-defined intervals and probability density functions for these uncertainty sources are assumed. An automated uncertainty loop is implemented in which a user-defined truth model is sampled to generate relevant analytics associated with system-level key performance parameters. These statistics are assessed relative to customer-defined risk statements that are representative of fixed requirements for a complex aerospace system. Sample results from implementations of this sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification work flow are summarized for external aerodynamic case studies in subsonic, transonic, and hypersonic flow regimes. We summarize some of the challenges identified during implementation of this methodology, and provide suggestions on how to overcome these challenges to justify resource allocation in a reduced-budget environment.
Single-bilayer E -type antiferromagnetism in Mn-substituted Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 : Neutron scattering study

Neutron scattering studies reveal an unusual $E$-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) structure in Mn-substituted single crystals of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ ($x=0.16$). The material behaves as quasi-two-dimensional (2D) antiferromagnet with in-plane $(ab)$ long-range ordering and exhibits only single-bilayer (5--6 $\AA{}$) ferromagnetic correlations along the $c$ direction below ${T}_{N}=78$ K. However, the critical behavior of the staggered magnetization, the AFM order parameter, does not reflect the expected behavior of a 2D magnetic phase transition. Such an unusual magnetic structure deviates from what would be expected from the conventional spin-lattice coupling scenario in this class of materials.
Charged-particle radiosurgery of the brain.

Charged-particle beams (e.g., protons and helium, carbon and neon ions) manifest unique physical properties which offer advantages for neurosurgery and neuroscience research. The beams have Bragg ionization peaks at depth in tissues, and finite range and are readily collimated to any desired cross-sectional size and shape by metal apertures. Since 1954 nearly 6000 neurosurgical patients worldwide have been treated with stereotactic charged-particle radiosurgery of the brain for various localized and systemic malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Experimental studies with charged-particle beams have been carried out in laboratory animals to characterize anatomic and physiologic correlates of various behavioral and functional properties in the brain. Highly focused charged-particle beams have been used to induce sharply delineated laminar lesions or discrete focal ablation of deep-seated brain structures for the study of the functional anatomy of selected intracranial sites. Charged-particle beam irradiation for stereotactic radiosurgery and radiation oncology of intracranial disorders has achieved increasing importance internationally. More than 30 biomedical accelerator facilities on four continents are currently fully operational, under construction, or in an active planning stage; this last group consists primarily of dedicated biomedical hospital-based facilities. Therapeutic efficacy has been demonstrated clearly for the treatment of selected intracranial sites, e.g., pituitary adenomas and intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Heavier charged particles (e.g., carbon and neon ions) have been found to manifest a number of valuable radiobiologic properties and appear to be of potential advantage in the radiosurgical treatment of those primary or metastatic brain tumors that are radioresistant. The optimal dose and choice of charged-particle species must be determined for the treatment of the different intracranial disorders to improve the cure rate and to minimize potential adverse sequelae of the reaction of the brain to radiation injury.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Substitutability Analysis of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended-Release Formulations Using Different Release Mechanisms: Osmotic Pump Versus Openable Matrix

Abstract A Food and Drug Administration–approved generic oral product of venlafaxine hydrochloride (HCl) extended-release (ER) tablets has used a release mechanism based on an openable matrix, which is different from the push–pull osmotic pump system of its reference-listed drug. In an extreme case, a delay in the bursting of the openable matrix may be considered a product failure mode that alters the intended profile of systemic exposure. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption model was established and verified to simulate the pharmacokinetic profiles after a single-dose oral administration of ER venlafaxine HCl tablets based on an osmotic pump or openable matrix design. This model adequately predicted the observed human mean pharmacokinetic metrics with t of the venlafaxine openable matrix tablets were entirely within the bioequivalence acceptance limits (i.e., 80%-125%) when the lag time varied from 0 to 4 h and using drug-release profiles under most dissolution conditions. The results indicated that a bioinequivalence risk is minimal for a delayed onset of drug release from the approved generic venlafaxine HCl ER tablets with an openable matrix design, supporting its substitutability to the reference product.
Exopolymer production as a function of cell permeability and death in a diatom (Thalassiosira weissflogii) and a cyanobacterium (Synechococcus elongatus)

Exopolymer particles are found throughout the ocean and play a significant biogeochemical role in carbon cycling. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) are composed of acid polysaccharides and Coomassie staining particles (CSP) are proteins. TEP have been extensively studied in the ocean, while CSP have been largely overlooked. The objective of this research was to determine the role of stress and cell permeability in the formation of TEP and CSP. The diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii and cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus were grown in batch cultures and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (0, 10, and 100 μM) as an environmental stressor. There was no correlation between TEP and CSP concentrations, indicating that they are different populations of particles rather than different chemical components of the same particles. CSP concentrations were not affected by hydrogen peroxide concentration and did not correlate with indicators of stress and cell death. In contrast, TEP concentrations in both taxa were correlated with a decrease in the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, increased activity of caspase-like enzymes, and an increase in the proportion of the population with permeable cell membranes, indicating that TEP production was associated with the process of cell death. These data show that different environmental factors and physiological processes affected the production of TEP and CSP by phytoplankton. TEP and CSP are separate populations of exopolymer particles with potentially different biogeochemical roles in the ocean. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Common quandaries and their practical solutions in Bayesian network modeling

Abstract Use and popularity of Bayesian network (BN) modeling has greatly expanded in recent years, but many common problems remain. Here, I summarize key problems in BN model construction and interpretation, along with suggested practical solutions. Problems in BN model construction include parameterizing probability values, variable definition, complex network structures, latent and confounding variables, outlier expert judgments, variable correlation, model peer review, tests of calibration and validation, model overfitting, and modeling wicked problems. Problems in BN model interpretation include objective creep, misconstruing variable influence, conflating correlation with causation, conflating proportion and expectation with probability, and using expert opinion. Solutions are offered for each problem and researchers are urged to innovate and share further solutions.
Next-generation antibodies for post-translational modifications

Despite increasing demands for antibodies to post-translational modifications (PTMs), fundamental difficulties in molecular recognition of PTMs hinder the generation of highly functional anti-PTM antibodies using conventional methods. Recently, advanced approaches in protein engineering and design that have been established for biologics development were applied to successfully generating highly functional anti-PTM antibodies. Furthermore, structural analyses of anti-PTM antibodies revealed unprecedented binding modes that substantially increased the antigen-binding surface. These features deepen the understanding of mechanisms underlying specific recognition of PTMs, which may lead to more effective approaches for generating anti-PTM antibodies with exquisite specificity and high affinity.
Enhanced ignition of milled boron-polytetrafluoroethylene mixtures

Abstract The combustion and physical properties of boron-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) mixtures were modified by ball milling. Examination of the milled material through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveal that the milled mixtures are more intimately mixed and arranged into larger aggregate particles. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates the appearance of an endothermic reaction, brought on by milling. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provides evidence that the milling process enhances the chemical reaction of boron and PTFE. The milled boron-PTFE mixtures are demonstrated to be more reactive than those mixed by hand, despite containing larger particle sizes. Laser-ignition studies of the materials show that milling boron-PTFE mixtures results in the ignition delay times being reduced by a factor of 2. The milled mixtures were able to sustain combustion in air and emitted a strong BO2 signal while simple physical mixtures do not. Enhanced reactivity of the milled materials is attributed to a combination of decreased diffusion lengths and disruption of the boron oxide shell during the milling process.
Prediction of Mathematical Expression Constraints (ME-Con)

This paper presents two different prediction models of Mathematical Expression Constraints (ME-Con) in technical publications. Based on the assumption of independent probability distributions, two types of features: FS, based on the ME symbols; FW, based on the words adjacent to MEs, are used for analysis. The first prediction model is based on an iterative greedy scheme aiming to optimize the performance goal. The second scheme is based on naive Bayesian inference of the two different feature types considering the likelihood of the training data. The first model achieved an average F1 scores of 69.5% (based on the tests made on an Elsevier dataset). The second prediction model using FS achieved 82.4% for F1 score and 81.8% accuracy. And it achieved similar yet slightly higher F1 scores as that of the first model for the word stems of FW, but slightly lower F1 score for the Part-Of-Speech (POS) tags of FW.1
The AP1000 Plant and the China Project Commissioning Success

The AP1000® (Advanced Plant) is a 1100-MWel-class Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) with innovative passive-safety features and extensive plant simplifications that enhance construction, operation, maintenance, and safety with reduced plant costs. The passive-safety features of the plant use natural driving forces such as pressurized gas, gravity flow, natural circulation flow, and natural convection. These features do not rely on active components (such as pumps, fans, or diesel generators) or safety-grade support systems (such as AC power, component cooling water, service water, and HVAC).
A monoclinic form of anhydrous Cs2PdCl4

Abstract A previously unreported monoclinic form of Cs2PdCl4 is described. It is found to transform into the reported orthorhombic form on exposure to atmospheric moisture. Infrared spectroscopy and TGA analysis of the previously reported orthorhombic form of Cs2PdCl4 reveals that it is a hydrate with a formula of approximately Cs2PdCl4:4H2O. Water is not present in the monoclinic material. The compound is non-magnetic, which is attributed to a low spin configuration for 4 d8 Pd2+ in square planar coordination with Cl. The band gaps of the two forms are found to be 2.13 and 2.21 eV, consistent with their colors. A DFT-calculated electronic structure for the monoclinic form is presented.
Optical Measurement of Thermal Vibration Spectra to Determine Young's Modulus of Glass Microfibers

A direct detection optical method for measuring the thermal vibration spectra of micro/nano-structures is described. The method is validated for measurements of cantilevered 30 $\mu\mathbf{m}$ diameter glass fibers. Amplitudes as low as 0.1 angstrom are measured in air with signal to noise ratios (SNR) of 23–55 $\mathbf{dB}$ at resonance frequencies from 80–250 Hz, with quality factors of 12–35. The values of Young's modulus derived from the spectra agree to within 3% of the manufacturer's value. The values also agree to within 50% of force-elongation measurements of 50–100 mm long fibers. These results demonstrate that optical vibrational spectroscopy is suited to measuring Young's modulus for micro/nano structures that are too small to evaluate by traditional macroscopic techniques.
A Data Collection of Infants’ Visual, Physical, and Behavioral Reactions to a Small Humanoid Robot

Exploratory movements during infancy help typically developing infants learn the connections between their own actions and desired outcomes. In contrast, infants who are at risk for developmental delays often have neuromotor impairments that negatively influence their motivation for movement. The goal of this work is to expand our understanding of infant responses to non-contact interactions with a small humanoid robot. In the initial work presented here, we focus on understanding how this type of robotic system might help to encourage typically developing infant motor exploration. A data collection with N=9 infants compared infant reactions to four robot conditions: saying “yay” with arm movement, saying “kick” with leg movement, saying “yay” with no movement, and saying “kick” with no movement. The results indicate that infants visually gazed at the robot while it moved, looking specifically to the part of the robot that was moving. Infants tended to move more during periods of robot inactivity. When the robot was moving, the infants also seemed more alert. Overall, these results can inform future studies of how to develop interventions to encourage movement practice by typically developing and at-risk infants.
Utilization of non-Ebola health care services during Ebola outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Beyond their direct effects on mortality, outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) might disrupt the provision of health care services in affected countries, possibly resulting in an increase in the number of deaths from non-EVD causes. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies documenting the impact of EVD outbreaks on health care utilization. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Global Health, Pascal and grey literature to identify observational studies that compared indicators of health care utilization before and during the outbreak. We identified 14 752 unique citations, 22 of which met inclusion criteria. All were related to the 2013-2016 West African EVD outbreak. From the 22 studies, we extracted 235 estimates of the relative change in health care utilization during the EVD outbreak. We used multivariate regression to estimate the average effect of the outbreak on health care utilization, and to assess heterogeneity across study characteristics. Findings On average, health care utilization declined by 18.0% during the outbreak (95% Confidence Interval: -26.5%, -9.5%). The observed declines in health care utilization were largest in settings affected by higher levels of EVD incidence (>2.5 cases per 100 000 per week) whereas utilization did not change in settings with EVD incidence less than 0.5 cases per 100 000 per week. Declines in utilization were greater for inpatient care and for deliveries than for outpatient care. They were also larger in studies based on small samples of health facilities, suggestive of publication bias. However, several studies based on larger samples of facilities also observed declines in health care utilization. Conclusions During the West African EVD outbreak, the utilization of health services declined significantly. During outbreaks of EVD, attention needs to be paid to the disruption of the health services, which can have large indirect health impacts.
The Effect of Regulation on Broadband Markets: Evaluating the Empirical Evidence in the FCC's 2015 'Open Internet' Order

In 2015, the Federal Communications Commission imposed common carriage regulation on broadband Internet service providers (ISPs) under Title II of the 1934 Communications Act. The action reversed what the FCC had, by 1999, called a “thirty-year tradition of ‘unregulating’ the data services market.” The premise for the regime shift included the FCC’s arguments that previous common carrier rules imposed by regulators had yielded economic gains. The Commission specifically noted market responses to (a) 2010 “net neutrality” rules (overturned by a federal court in 2014), (b) mobile licenses (AWS-3) auctioned by the FCC in January 2015, when Title II regulations were about to be imposed; (c) Title II regulation of mobile phones from 1994 to 2009; and (d) Title II rules applied to telephone carriers offering DSL services until 2005. Though the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit recently upheld the Commission’s rules, it did so over Judge Williams’ well-reasoned dissent. Judge Williams was particularly critical of the FCC’s disregard for economic evidence. He strongly disagreed with the FCC’s conclusion that, “[a]s a factual matter, the regulatory status of broadband internet access service appears to have, at most, an indirect effect (along with many other factors) on investment." Specifically, he characterized support for the Commission's conclusion as “weak” and “superficial”. This debate is far from settled, as industry participants will likely petition the Supreme Court for certiorari and lobby for legislative reform. This paper subjects the FCC’s data and interpretation to critical scrutiny and finds Judge Williams’ criticism warranted: Making adjustments for inflation or general economic trends eliminates the positive output effects asserted by the FCC. Moreover, contrary to the Commission’s assessment of the empirical evidence, mobile services and broadband markets have shown notable growth in response to deregulatory events reducing Title II requirements.
Meningeal lymphatics: From anatomy to central nervous system immune surveillance

At steady state, the CNS parenchyma has few to no lymphocytes and less potent Ag-presentation capability compared with other organs. However, the meninges surrounding the CNS host diverse populations of immune cells that influence how CNS-related immune responses develop. Interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid produced in the CNS is continuously drained, and recent advances have emphasized that this process is largely taking place through the lymphatic system. To what extent this fluid process mobilizes CNS-derived Ags toward meningeal immune cells and subsequently the peripheral immune system through the lymphatic vessel network is a question of significant clinical importance for autoimmunity, tumor immunology, and infectious disease. Recent advances in understanding the role of meningeal lymphatics as a communicator between the brain and peripheral immunity are discussed in this review.
EXAMPLES OF ECOTOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH

ABSTRACT The purpose of research in ecotoxicology is to provide quantitative information permitting the calculation of doses and effects to receptors from releases of contaminants to the environment. It is concerned with persistence, transformation and transport of pollutants in the environment, metabolism in the receptor and dose-effect relations. It also involves applying these concepts to assessing the overall environmental impact. The methods of research in ecotoxicology involve studies in the field and in the laboratory, each illuminating and complementing the other. The results of research in ecotoxicology will be illustrated by two examples. a) the release of air-borne radioactive iodine contaminating a terrestrial ecosystem b) the release of mercury into an aquatic ecosystem. In both cases the critical receptor is the human being.
Taming the beasts inside

Changes in diet associated with domestication may have shaped the composition of microbes found in the guts of animals.
Fraudulent Transfer as a Tort

Fraudulent transfer law has historically been an in rem right of a creditor to the property fraudulently received by a third party. In a minority of states, courts have treated fraudulent transfers as creating in personam liability of the transferring debtor, the recipient and any other third party who "conspired" with the transferor to achieve the transfer. This article examines the wisdom of this modern trend and finds it wanting. The United States Supreme Court in 1861 was correct: fraudulent transfers are not wrongs. They merely created in rem rights.
EFFECT OF SKELETAL MATURITY ON INCIDENCE OF ASSOCIATED MENISCAL AND CHONDRAL INJURIES IN ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURED KNEES

Background:Acute anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) rupture is associated with a significant incidence of concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries. However, to our knowledge, the incidence of these ...
Morphology of Lesions Produced by the Dioxins and Related Compounds

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), other chlorinated dibenzodioxins and related compounds, such as the chlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated naphthalenes, brominated biphenyls, and chlorinated dibenzofurans, affect a variety of organ systems in different species. The organ primarily affected in rodents and rabbits is the liver. In guinea pigs, the liver shows only mild changes, but instead there is pronounced atrophy of the thymus and lymphatic tissue. Chloracne-like lesions can be produced in rabbits, subhuman primates, and the hairless mouse. Hyperkeratosis of the skin is also prominent in cattle and horses. Changes of the nails have been reported in humans and subhuman primates, and similar changes have been observed in the hoofs of cattle. The gastrointestinal tract and the gall bladder are primarily affected in subhuman primates, while hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract can be observed in cattle, subhuman primates, and guinea pigs.
The Computational Creativity Complex

We briefly examine the subject of computational creativity through the lenses of three different systems for producing creative artifacts in three different domains: music, visual art and cookery. From these we attempt to abstract something of a “general-purpose” computationally creative agent and examine how this agent might behave in the context of an archetypical “algorithm” for creativity. Finally, we consider this agent’s behavior from the point of view of the theory of (Turing) computability and suggest that computational creativity as a field provides an interesting opportunity for looking at computational complexity in new ways.
Application of exfoliation techniques to the preparation of MoS2 liquefaction catalysts

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the application of exfoliation techniques to the preparation of MoS 2 liquefaction catalysts. The preliminary results indicate that exfoliation/restacking is a promising methodology for exploratory studies into the relationship between the morphology and composition of layered catalysts and their performance. Dispersed catalysts based on MoS 2 are used to promote the liquefaction of coal or to upgrade nondistillable liquids derived from coal or petroleum. Comparisons may be drawn on the basis of alterations induced in the physical structure of or by the addition of a specific promoter to a sample of MoS 2 rather than on the broader range of variation that may be generated by uncontrolled in situ syntheses starting with various precursors. Such information provides indications for the direction toward improvements in the preparation and use of specific practical catalysts.
Radiostratigraphy and age structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

©2015. The Authors.. Several decades of ice-penetrating radar surveys of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have observed numerous widespread internal reflections. Analysis of this radiostratigraphy has produced valuable insights into ice sheet dynamics and motivates additional mapping of these reflections. Here we present a comprehensive deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne deep ice-penetrating radar data collected over Greenland by The University of Kansas between 1993 and 2013. To map this radiostratigraphy efficiently, we developed new techniques for predicting reflection slope from the phase recorded by coherent radars. When integrated along track, these slope fields predict the radiostratigraphy and simplify semiautomatic reflection tracing. Core-intersecting reflections were dated using synchronized depth-age relationships for six deep ice cores. Additional reflections were dated by matching reflections between transects and by extending reflection-inferred depth-age relationships using the local effective vertical strain rate. The oldest reflections, dating to the Eemian period, are found mostly in the northern part of the ice sheet. Within the onset regions of several fast-flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams, reflections typically do not conform to the bed topography. Disrupted radiostratigraphy is also observed in a region north of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream that is not presently flowing rapidly. Dated reflections are used to generate a gridded age volume for most of the ice sheet and also to determine the depths of key climate transitions that were not observed directly. This radiostratigraphy provides a new constraint on the dynamics and history of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Improved pruning algorithms in multiscale real-time object detection

Object detection is an important area of research in computer vision. One of the most popular approaches for object detection is based on combining many weak classifiers together to achieve one strong classifier through a technique called Boosting. A modified version of this technique for real-time face detection was developed by Viola and Jones, where a weak classifier is created by iteratively selecting a best single feature from a set of a very large number of potential features. During the detection process, there is a need to apply pruning techniques on the candidate results from different scales to eliminate the weak candidates and keep the most promising one. This paper presents improved pruning algorithms that result in reducing the number of false positives. For object detection, a complete framework is implemented based on Viola and Jones, then the proposed pruning algorithms are applied to obtain better detection results.
Measurement of depressive symptoms in cancer patients: evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

Abstract The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is commonly used to measure depressive symptomatology in cancer patients, yet there is little known about the psychometric properties of the measure when applied to a cancer population. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the CES-D with cancer patients. For purposes of comparison, the psychometric properties of the CES-D were assessed both in women undergoing treatment for breast cancer and women with no history of cancer. The CES-D and other study measures were administered to women undergoing treatment for breast cancer on two occasions: prior to treatment and midway through treatment. The measures were also administered to a group of women similar in age to the cancer patients who had no history of any type of cancer. These healthy comparison subjects were also assessed on two separate occasions. The CES-D was found to have good internal consistency, with alpha coefficients >0.85 for both groups, as well as adequate test–retest reliability in both groups. Construct validity was demonstrated in two ways, via comparisons between the groups and by comparing the CES-D with measures of fatigue, anxiety, and global mental health functioning. The CES-D was established as a valid and reliable measure of depressive symptomatology in this sample of breast cancer patients. This measure may be appropriate for use in clinical psychosocial research with cancer patients, yet further research is needed to evaluate its usefulness in other cancer populations. The importance of measuring psychological symptoms with standard measures that have been validated with cancer patients is highlighted.
Reducing message logging overhead for log-based recovery

Checkpointing and rollback recovery is essential for long-running parallel applications. In the case of a transient fault or system crash, the affected application programs can recover from a consistent set of checkpoints saved earlier instead of restarting from the very beginning. For applications requiring transparent fault tolerance, log-based recovery can usually achieve a better recoverable state at the cost of message logging in addition to checkpointing. A simple scheme for reducing message logging overhead based on local dependency information is presented. Communication trace-driven simulation for several parallel applications is used to evaluate the benefits of the proposed scheme for real applications. >
Peroxynitrite-induced luminol chemiluminescence

Vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, neutrophils, Kupffer cells and other diverse cell types generate superoxide (O2.-) and nitric oxide (.NO), which can react to form the potent oxidant peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-). Peroxynitrite reacted with luminol to yield chemiluminescence which was greatly enhanced by bicarbonate. The quantum chemiluminescence yield of the ONOO- reaction with luminol in bicarbonate was approx. 10(-3). Chemiluminescence was superoxide dismutase-inhibitable, indicating that O2.- was a key intermediate for chemiexcitation. O2.- appears to be formed secondarily to the reaction of a bicarbonate-peroxynitrite complex with luminol, yielding luminol radical and O2.-. Luminol radical reacts with O2.- to form the unstable luminol endoperoxide, which follows the light-emitting pathway. Neither .NO nor O2.- alone were capable of directly inducing significant luminol chemiluminescence in our assay systems. These results suggest that ONOO- can be a critical unrecognized mediator of cell-derived luminol chemiluminescence reported in previous studies. In addition, it is shown that bicarbonate can participate in secondary oxidation reactions after reacting with ONOO-.
Preparing social workers as reporters of suspected child maltreatment

Social workers are an important source of reports to child protective services in the United States (US). However, it is unclear what role social work education plays in preparing social workers for this responsibility. The current study explores how undergraduate and graduate social work programs in the US prepare students as reporters. This study found that while almost all programs that participated in this study provide students with some content related to their role as reporters of child maltreatment, there are varying ways such content is provided, and many avenues for improvement. International implications are highlighted.
LDL receptor-related protein: a multiligand receptor for lipoprotein and proteinase catabolism.

The accumulation of excessive cholesterol-rich lipoproteins within vascular cells, the proliferation of vascular cells, and fibrin deposition are hallmark features of atherosclerosis. Evidence accumulated over the past few years supports the hypothesis that one member of the LDL receptor family, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), affects the dynamics of each of these processes. LRP is expressed in several vascular cell types, including smooth muscle cells, and in macrophages, and is also expressed in these cells in atherosclerotic lesions. This receptor is a large endocytotic receptor that mediates the catabolism of a number of molecules known to be important in vascular biology, including apolipoprotein E- and lipoprotein lipase-enriched lipoproteins, thrombospondin, and plasminogen activators. The capacity of LRP to mediate lipoprotein catabolism may be a factor in the development of the lesion by contributing to the formation of foam cells. LRP has recently been shown to mediat...
Primate Behavioral Ecology: From Ethnography to Ethology and Back

Nonhuman primates occupy a special niche in anthropology because of the comparative insights into humans they pro- vide. Initial anthropological interest in primates targeted the apes for their close phylogenetic relationships with humans, and the semiterrestrial Old World monkeys for their ecological similarities with hominids adapting to life on the ground. From the earliest an- ecdotal reports of tool use and hunting to more contemporary quantitative analyses of local "cultural" traditions, nonhuman primates have challenged deep-rooted concepts of human uniqueness and redefined the boundaries between us and other animals. Yet, despite the long-standing influence of primate studies in anthropology, approaches to studying primates began diverging from those of earlier ethnographers. Advances in primatology, particularly during the 1990s, have included a much deeper understanding of how ecology, phylogeny, and demography affect behavior. Insights into intraspecific, population-level variation represent an important area of con- vergence between primatology, other areas of anthropology, and conservation biology. (Keywords: primate behavioral ecology, an- thropocentrism, evolutionary theory, systematic methods, biology)
Developmental and tissue expression patterns of histone macroH2A1 subtypes

MacroH2A is a novel nucleosomal core histone that contains a large nonhistone region and a region that closely resembles a full length histone H2A. We have cloned a cDNA that contains the entire coding region of macroH2A1.2, one of the two identified subtypes of macroH2A1. MacroH2A1.2 was found to differ from the other known subtype, macroH2A1.1, in a single segment of the nonhistone region. MacroH2A1 specific antibodies revealed relatively high levels of both subtypes in adult liver and kidney. MacroH2A1.1 was much lower in fetal liver and kidney in comparison to their adult counterparts, and was not detected in adult thymus and testis, tissues with active cell division and differentiation. Both subtypes were present at very low levels or absent from mouse embryonic stem cells maintained in an undifferentiated state by growth in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor. MacroH2A1.2 increased when the embryonic stem cells were induced to differentiate in vitro, while macroH2A1.1 remained undetectable. These results support the idea that macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2 are functionally distinct, and suggest that changes in their expression may play a role in developmentally regulated changes in chromatin structure and function. J. Cell. Biochem. 65:107–113. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.