cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Etiology of lingual nerve injuries in the third molar region: a cadaver and histologic study.

Purpose It has been suggested that different etiologies of lingual nerve damage in the third molar area will produce a different clinical and histologic appearance in the nerve. If the clinical and histologic pictures were different, it could result in different treatments being recommended. Materials and Methods Eight preserved cadavers (16 lingual nerves) were used for this study. As far as possible, the nerves were left in situ and damaged in a way that could be envisaged during third molar surgery. In each case, the damaged sections of nerve were photographed, resected, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned in 5 μm sections, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined histologically. Results The scalpel clinically produced a clean wound with sharply defined edges; this was confirmed histologically with minimal disruption to the fascicles. The 702 fissure bur produced a ragged stretch-type injury clinically, and histologically this was confirmed with an irregular-edged border to the lesion and stretching and internal damage to the fascicles immediately adjacent to the wound. The crush injury clinically caused considerable apparent damage to the nerve, which was confirmed histologically with crushing and disruption of the fascicles and reduction to approximately 25% of their preinjury thickness. The stretch injury clinically showed no damage, but histologically showed irregular internal disruption of the fascicles over the whole area subject to stretching movements. Conclusion It does appear that different modalities in nerve injury produce a different type of injury both clinically and histologically. This information has implications for both natural clinical recovery and the indications for surgical intervention. Clinical recovery may occur best with close approximation of a sharp scalpel-type wound or excision of a crushed area of nerve with reapproximation of the nerve endings, but a ragged wound caused by a fissure bur may require excision back to healthy nerve with subsequent reapproximation, whereas with the stretching injury it may be difficult to ascertain the edges and limits of the wound, and difficult to repair, and it may be most appropriate to rely on a natural healing process for the best results.
Generalized probabilities of fuzzy events from fuzzy belief structures

Abstract We extend Shafer's theory of evidence to include the ability to have belief structures involving fuzzy sets. We then obtain under the condition of Bayesian belief structure a whole family of possible definitions for the probability of fuzzy sets. We also suggest a procedure for including belief qualification in pruf .
Medical Mistakes: A Workshop on Personal Perspectives

The Oncologist 2001;6:92-99 www.TheOncologist.com Correspondence: Richard T. Penson, MRCP, Instructor in Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Cox 809, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2617, USA. Telephone: 617-726-5867; Fax: 617-724-3166; e-mail: rpenson@partners.org Received October 26, 2000; accepted for publication December 7, 2000. ©AlphaMed Press 1083-7159/2001/$5.00/0 The Oncologist Schwartz Center Rounds
Immunohistochemical evaluation of giant cell tumors of the jaws using CD34 density analysis.

Purpose To compare CD34 expression in both aggressive and nonaggressive giant cell lesions of the jaws and identify any associations between tumor vascular density and biologic behavior. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of subjects treated for giant cell lesions of the jaws at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1992 to 2006. The primary predictor variable was tumor classification (aggressive or nonaggressive); tumors were considered aggressive if they were greater than 5 cm in size, recurred after treatment, or exhibited 3 of the following: presence of root resorption, tooth displacement, or cortical bone thinning or perforation. Secondary predictor variables, recorded for each patient, were demographic, anatomic, and clinical measures. The outcome variable was the average CD34 staining density of histologic specimens quantified in 2 different areas. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed to identify predictors associated with vascular density. Results The study sample was composed of 32 subjects with a mean age of 24.4 ± 19.77 years (range: 2-83); 23 subjects (71.8%) were female. Of the tumors included, 11 (34.4%) were located in the maxilla, 21 (65.6%) in the mandible. Twenty-six tumors (81.2%) were classified as aggressive; the remainder (18.8%) were nonaggressive. There were no statistically significant differences between subjects with aggressive versus nonaggressive tumors with regard to age, gender, or location. Subjects with aggressive tumors had a significantly higher CD34 staining density ( P = .02). None of the secondary predictors was associated with vascular density. Conclusion Vascular density of giant cell tumors of the jaws is significantly increased in aggressive tumors.
The Impact of Internet Access Account Categories on Users and Traffic in a Commercial Nationwide Wi-Fi Hotspot Network

Commercial Wi-Fi hotspot operators often categorize their customers depending on price, time and traffic limits. This paper presents the first comparison of user and traffic characteristics of three different categories of commercial Wi-Fi hotspot users. We examine a five month long trace of user activity and traffic collected by a wireless hotspot service provider operating hotspots in public and private locations all over Australia. We categorize users based on the duration of their purchased account time limit and compare traffic generated, user behavior, session activity and account usage. Key user and traffic statistics for each category are presented for reference.
Exceptionally Mild Reactive Stripping of Native Ligands from Nanocrystal Surfaces by Using Meerwein’s Salt

Native coordinating ligands acquired during the chemical synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals are optimized primarily for their ability to exert control over nanocrystal size, composition, morphology, and dispersibility, and not necessarily for their final application. [1] In general, they are hydrophobic and highly insulating, and constitute a significant barrier for charge or ion transport in devices configured therefrom. Bare nanocrystal surfaces, while desirable for many applications, can be difficult to obtain reliably and without undesirable consequences. For example, removal of native ligands from nanocrystal dispersions usually results in aggregation or etching, [2] while in thin films their chemical displacement (e.g., by hydrazine or formic acid) often gives inefficient removal of surface ligands. [3] Thermal treatments inevitably leave behind an undesirable residue, require lengthy annealing times, or result in particle sintering. [4] Nevertheless, these approaches have demonstrated that near-bare nanocrystal surfaces are useful in a broad spectrum of advanced energy applications, from light-emitting diodes to field-effect transistors and photovoltaics. [5, 6] Dispersions of bare nanocrystals would also be useful as nanoinks and for facilitating their transfer into polar media for biomedical applications and catalysis. [7] In pursuit of a universal reagent for producing
A semi-discrete Littlewood-Paley inequality

We apply a decomposition lemma of Uchiyama and results of the author to obtain good weighted Littlewood{Paley estimates for linear sums of functions satisfying reasonable decay, smoothness, and cancellation conditions. The heart of our application is a combinatorial trick treating m-fold dilates of dyadic cubes. We use our estimates to obtain new weighted inequalities for Bergman-type spaces dened on upper half-spaces in one and two parameters, extending earlier work of R. L. Wheeden and the author.
Comprehensive assessment of memory functioning following traumatic brain injury in children

This study examined specific memory functions in 52 children with mild‐moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 29 noninjured controls using the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML). Children's recall varied as a function of injury severity and task demands. The participants with severe brain injuries performed worse than controls on global measures of visual memory, learning, and general memory functioning, as well as on specific subtests measuring recall of contextual verbal information. Children with mild‐moderate brain injuries performed similarly to controls except for poorer performance on 2 subtests measuring sound‐symbol learning and recall of geometric designs. Results suggest that the WRAML provides clinically useful information and that specific aspects of memory processing need to be evaluated following childhood TBI.
Growth and spatial distribution of nutrient-absorbing organs: selective exploitation of soil heterogeneity

The soil is a heterogeneous medium with respect to decomposition activity and consequently with respect to nutrient availability. Roots of forest trees and hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, principal nutrient absorbing organs, have previously been observed to associate with decomposing organic matter and other localized sites of nutrient availability in the soil.
Estimation of Channel Bankfull Occurrence from Instantaneous Discharge Data

Bankfull discharge ( Qbf ) occurrence has predominantly been described with the annual maximum exceedance random variable, pa , however the wide availability of daily peak streamflow (DPS) data allows for the description of occurrence with two alternative random variables. The two alternative random variables are: (1) flow duration, pf , the probability that daily discharge is at, or exceeds, Qbf and (2) partial duration, pb , the probability that an independent daily discharge is at, or exceeds, Qbf . In this research, statistics for pf and pb use DPS data, whereas pa is estimated with four statistics using either DPS or annual peak streamflow (APS) data. Analyses of approximately 15 years of DPS and 45 years of APS at 46 bankfull surveyed gauges in Maryland, North Carolina, and New York were performed to illustrate differences between the four pa statistics and the three Qbf random variables, pa , pf , and pb . For the pa analysis, non-log Pearson type-III (non-LPT3) statistics generated median recurren...
TVDc: managing security in the trusted virtual datacenter

Virtualization technology is becoming increasingly common in datacenters, since it allows for collocation of multiple workloads, consisting of operating systems, middleware and applications, in different virtual machines (VMs) on shared physical hardware platforms. However, when coupled with the ease of VM migration, this trend increases the potential surface for security attacks. Further, the simplified management of VMs, including creation, cloning and migration, makes it imperative to monitor and guarantee the integrity of software components running within VMs.This paper presents the IBM Trusted Virtual Datacenter (TVDc) technology developed to address the need for strong isolation and integrity guarantees, thus significantly enhancing security and systems management capabilities, in virtualized environments. It signifies the first effort to incorporate trusted computing technologies directly into virtualization and systems management software. We present and discuss various components that constitute TVDc: the Trusted Platform Module (TPM), the virtual TPM, the IBM hypervisor security architecture (sHype) and the associated systems management software.
Modelling Earthquake Risk Based on Approximate Nonlinear Reliability Estimates

AbstractThis study examines the reliability of a bilinear hysteretic oscillator as a means to model the seismic risk of a structure. Many seismic risk analyses have been performed using linear SDOF oscilators. The objective of the present work is to demonstrate that the use of a more complex oscillator model in seismic risk analyses not only alters the structural response, but significantly changes the perceived number of time domain simulations that are thought to be representative of earthquake dangers in the area. The present study compares the results of a spatial seismic risk analysis, based on the probability of a bilinear hysteretic oscillator exceeding a prescribed displacement level, to an analysis using a linear oscillator at the same site. The results of the analyses are presented spatially, that is, as a function of earthquake magnitude and site-to-source distance, and in terms of a Cumulative Earthquake Risk Function (CERF).
CLASSIFICATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-ASSOCIATED POSTTRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASES: Implications for Understanding their Pathogenesis and Developing Rational Treatment Strategies

▪ Abstract The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a spectrum of B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD) that develop following organ transplantation. A classification scheme for these disorders has been developed based on the clinical, histologic, immunologic cell-typing, cytogenetic, immunoglobulin gene-rearrangement, and virologic characteristics of these LPD. Four disease groups have been identified: (a) uncomplicated posttransplant infectious mononucleosis, (b) benign polyclonal polymorphic B-cell hyperplasia, (c) early malignant transformation in polyclonal polymorphic B-cell lymphoma, and (d) monoclonal polymorphic B-cell lymphoma. This classification has furthered our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diverse LPD and has allowed the development of rational treatment protocols.
Epididymosomes: transfer of fertility-modulating proteins to the sperm surface

A variety of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins are acquired on spermatozoa from epididymal luminal fluids (ELF) during sperm maturation. These proteins serve roles in immunoprotection and in key steps of fertilization such as capacitation, acrosomal exocytosis and sperm-egg interactions. Their acquisition on sperm cells is mediated both by membrane vesicles (epididymosomes, EP) which were first reported to dock on the sperm surface, and by lipid carriers which facilitate the transfer of proteins associated with the membrane-free fraction of ELF. While the nonvesicular fraction is more efficient, both pathways are dependent on hydrophobic interactions between the GPI-anchor and the external lipid layer of the sperm surface. More recently proteomic and hypothesis-driven studies have shown that EP from several mammals carry transmembrane (TM) proteins, including plasma membrane Ca 2 + -ATPase 4 (PMCA4). Synthesized in the testis, PMCA4 is an essential protein and the major Ca 2 + efflux pump in murine spermatozoa. Delivery of PMCA4 to spermatozoa from bovine and mouse EP during epididymal maturation and in vitro suggests that the docking of EP on the sperm surface precedes fusion, and experimental evidence supports a fusogenic mechanism for TM proteins. Fusion is facilitated by CD9, which generates fusion-competent sites on membranes. On the basis of knowledge of PMCA4's interacting partners a number of TM and membrane-associated proteins have been identified or are predicted to be present, in the epididymosomal cargo deliverable to spermatozoa. These Ca 2 + -dependent proteins, undetected in proteomic studies, play essential roles in sperm motility and fertility, and their detection highlights the usefulness of the hypothesis-driven approach.
Effective Teacher Evaluation: A Quantitative and Qualitative Process

This writer argues that teacher evaluation models focusing exclusively on the quantitative recording and coding of observable behaviors may not assist teachers in improving the quality of their instruction, and that teacher evaluation should place more emphasis on qualitative dimensions of what teach ers say during instruction.
Shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (sduv) on swine kidney

Shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) is used to quantify both tissue shear elasticity and shear viscosity by evaluating dispersion of shear wave propagation speed over a certain bandwidth (50 to 500 Hz). The motivation for developing elasticity imaging techniques is the desire to diagnose disease processes. However, it is important to study the mechanical properties of healthy tissues; such data can enhance clinical knowledge and improve understanding of the mechanical properties of tissue. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using SDUV for in vitro measurements of renal cortex shear elasticity and shear viscosity in healthy swine kidneys. Eight excised kidneys from female pigs were used in these in vitro experiments and a battery of tests was performed to gain insight into the material proper ties of the renal cortex. In these 8 kidneys, the overall renal cortex elasticity and viscosity were 1.81 ± 0.17 kPa and 1.48 ± 0.49 Pa-s, respectively. In an analysis of the material properties over time after excision, there was not a statistically significant difference in shear elasticity over a 24-h period, but a statistically significant difference in shear viscosity was found. Homogeneity of the renal cortex was examined and it was found that shear elasticity and shear viscosity were statistically different within a kidney, suggesting global tissue inhomogeneity. In creases of more than 30% in shear elasticity and shear viscosity were observed after immersion in 10% formaldehyde. Finally, it was found that the renal cortex is rather anisotropic. Two values for shear elasticity and shear viscosity were measured depending on shear wave propagation direction. These various tests elucidated different aspects of the material properties and the structure of the ex vivo renal cortex.
Sympathy for the Devil: Evidence That Reminding Whites of Their Mortality Promotes More Favorable Reactions to White Racists

Terror management research has often shown that after reminders of mortality, people show greater investment in and support for groups to which they belong. The question for the present research was whether or not this would extend to Euro American investment in their identification as White. Although it seemed unlikely that White participants would directly exhibit increased identification as Whites, we hypothesized that mortality salience would increase sympathy for other Whites who expressed racial pride or favoritism toward Whites. In support of the hypothesis, a White person expressing pride in his race was viewed by White participants as particularly racist relative to a Black person who does so in Study 1, but was deemed less racist after White participants were reminded of their own mortality in Study 2. Similarly, in Study 3, White participants rated an explicitly racist White employer as less racist when they were reminded beforehand of their own mortality. The results were discussed in terms of implications for affiliation with racist ideologies and terror management defenses.
Editorial commentary: mortality associated with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria increases with age.

Of the 4 species of human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum is the most common cause of severe complications. Although the risk of death due to mild, uncomplicated malaria is low (<1%), infection occurring in individuals with insufficient immunity can progress to lifethreatening disease when untreated or inadequately treated. Severe malaria is proteiform; presenting signs and symptoms are diverse and may occur singly or, most often, combined in the same patient. The World Health Organization has identified the case-defining conditions [1] and the general principles for the management of severe malaria [2, 3]. Although life-threatening malaria complications can affect patients of all ages, disease presentation and mortality are intimately related to transmission intensity and age of the patient. Various studies have reported on the prevalence of the
Guilt by association: The culture of accusation and the American Anthropological Association's investigation of Darkness in El Dorado

The American Anthropological Association's investigation of the charges in Darkness in El Dorado (Tierney 2000) found that the late James Neel and Napoleon Chagnon harmed the Yanomami in the course of their research in Venezuela and Brazil, and that Chagnon had violated the ethics code of the association. The association's inquiry contravened its own policy prohibiting ethics adjudications and was structured not by the standards of an objective investigation but by aspects of contemporary anthropology. Moralized approaches to information and postmodern rejection of objectivity mark the language and methods of the inquiry. The investigating task force did not observe reasonable standards of evidence, the targets of the investigation were not represented, and task force members were compromised by conflicts of interest. The investigation and its collateral activities reflect a culture of accusation and an anthropology uncertain of its ethical or scientific stature.
Computerized Symbolic Manipulation in Structural Mechanics

Status and some selected applications of computerized symbolic manipulation to structural mechanics problems are summarized. The applications discussed include: a) deriving the governing nonlinear differential equations for shallow shells; b) determination of the stationary conditions for variational functionals; c) application of Rayleigh-Ritz and Bubnov-Galerkin techniques; and d) generation of characteristic arrays for finite elements. The major advantages of using computerized symbolic manipulation in each of these applications are outlined. Other reported applications are discussed and future directions for research are outlined.
Plasmonic Nanostructures for Biomedical and Sensing Applications

Noble metal nanostructures are appealing for therapeutic, diagnostics, and sensing applications because of their unique optical properties and biocompatibility. The collective oscillation of electrons in a metal nanostructure resonates with particular wavelengths of light, generating the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The LSPR results in absorption and scattering of incoming photons. Absorption leads to photothermal generation of heat, photoluminescence, and quenching of fluorophores in close proximity. Scattering results in reflected photons and its amplification of the local electromagnetic field can enhance fluorescence, phosphorescence, and Raman scattering. These optical properties make plasmonic nanostructures ideal candidates for theranostic applications including light-induced thermal therapy, drug/gene delivery, and biomedical imaging. The use of plasmonic nanostructures for ex vivo detection of chemicals and biomolecules are also discussed in this chapter.
Lot Sizing with Several Groups of Single-Cycling Retailers and One Warehouse

Abstract In this paper I describe a consecutiveness rule for grouping N retailers into m groups with independent single-cycle policies for each group which enables the creation of groups using a shortest-path approach. I also suggest a very efficient algorithm to compute the lot sizes for any single-cycle policy which can easily be incorporated into the shortest-path model for the creation of m single-cycle groups.
Molecular Probes for PNS Neurotoxicity, Degeneration, and Regeneration.

The functional unit of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the neuron, with its long axon enveloped either by Schwann cells (unmyelinated axons) or by the multilamellar myelin sheath formed and maintained by these cells (myelinated axons) (Fig. 1 A). Neuronal cell bodies may be located within the CNS (e.g., motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord) or within the PNS itself (e.g., sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia), but in either case, bundles of long axons course through various peripheral nerves to their target tissues (Fig. 1 B). Normal operation of the PNS depends on the integrity of both neurons and glial (Schwann) cells. Additionally, however, function is critically dependent on intricate interactions between these two cell types at molecular, structural, and functional levels. As an example, the intimate structural relationship between large axons and the myelin sheath that surrounds them is an absolute requirement for the rapid and efficient "saltatory conuction" of nervous impulses (1,2). Damage or insult to either the neuronal or glial component of this functional unit affects the other component, and most often has deleterious effects on normal nervous system function. In some cases, damage may be so severe that it is readily apparent as gross functional or morphological alterations, but in many cases the initial insult, although eventually leading to serious pathological consequences, may be subtle and difficult to detect. In recent years, it has become possible to utilize molecular biological approaches as rapid and sensitive probes for neurotoxic insults. Fig. 1. (A) The neuron-Schwann cell functional unit of the peripheral nervous system. The functional integrity of the PNS depends on both the neuron and its ensheathing Schwann cells (which may or may not produce a myelin sheath), as well as on vital interactions between these two components. The axon is actually several orders of magnitude longer (in relation to its cell body) than is shown in the diagram, and each axon branches into numerous nerve endings. (B) Generalized diagram of the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system contains both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Unmyelinated axons are also enveloped by Schwann cells (not shown in the figure). Neuronal cell bodies from which PNS axons arise are located in either the dorsal root ganglia (sensory neurons) or in the ventral horn of the spinal cord (motor neurons). Sympathetic ganglia with their associated neurons, also part of the peripheral nervous system, are not shown. The sciatic nerve is an easily accessible, major component of the peripheral nervous system.
Management of urinary incontinence by bladder tube urethral lengthening and submucosal reimplantation.

AbstractWe reviewed the first 25 urethral lengthening and reimplantation procedures done at our institution in 24 patients. All patients had failed to achieve dryness on medical or surgical therapy for total urinary incontinence. A total of 32 patients had neurogenic incontinence. The patients were followed for 1.5 to 7 years. Late complications included catheterization difficulties, vesicoureteral reflux, febrile urinary tract infection, calculi and peritonitis. Reoperations were required in 19 patients primarily because of our initial failure to recognize the necessity of providing a low pressure, high capacity reservoir. The reoperation rate on the continence mechanism was low. Of 24 patients 20 are continent and require no pads or diapers.
Imaging of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) preservation is critical in both parathyroid and thyroid surgery. RLN imaging can determine both the location and trajectory relative to key cervical structures. In this chapter, we present an overview of nerve imaging methods using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We highlight key techniques that enable the resolution required to image small nerves, such as the facial and cranial nerves. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges involved in RLN imaging and present preliminary MRI results using a novel phase-navigated T2-Turbo Spin-Echo and Constructive Interference in Steady-State sequences. Ultimately, preoperative MRI images can guide surgical planning or be used with a navigation system during surgery to localize and preserve the RLN in real-time.
Progress on thymic function from Maui.

Abstract Maui, Hawaii, was the home for the latest Global Thymus Network meeting 5-9 June 2016. Participants gathered together to discuss how one little organ can have such huge effects.
Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Hybrid Exciton Formation in 2D/0D Heterostructures

Photoinduced interfacial charge transfer is at the heart of many applications, including photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and photodetection. With the emergence of a new class of semiconductors, i.e., monolayer two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs), charge transfer at the 2D/2D heterojunctions has attracted several efforts due to the remarkable optical and electrical properties of 2D-TMDs. Unfortunately, in 2D/2D heterojunctions, for a given combination of two materials, the relative energy band alignment and the charge-transfer efficiency are locked. Due to their large variety and broad size tunability, semiconductor quantum dots (0D-QDs) interfaced with 2D-TMDs may become an attractive heterostructure for optoelectronic applications. Here, we incorporate femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy to reveal the sub-45 fs charge transfer at a 2D/0D heterostructure composed of tungsten disulfide monolayers (2D-WS2) and a single layer of cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide core/shell 0D-QDs. Furthermo...
On the invariance of cortical synchronization measures across a broad range of frequencies

Neural correlates of higher cognition and awareness are studied based on rabbit electrocorticogram (ECoG) experiments due to W.J. Freeman. Experimental evidence is presented on the onset of synchronization of neural activity across large cortical areas during high -evel cognitive functions and awareness experience. The observed synchronization effect has significant invariance over a broad-range of frequencies, including gamma-, beta-, alpha-, and theta-bands. These results are interpreted in terms of a dynamical system approach to brains operating near the state of criticality.
Treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a cohort of young patients in a partial hospitalization program for eating disorders.

Objective Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a recently named condition to classify patients who present with restricted nutritional intake without body image distortion or fear of weight gain. We sought to compare treatment outcomes of patients with ARFID in a family-centered partial hospital program (PHP) to those with other eating disorders (ED). Methods A retrospective chart review of 130 patients 7 to 17 years of age admitted to the program from 2008 to 2012 was performed. Intake and discharge data included: length of stay; percentage median body mass index (%MBMI); and scores on the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Between and within group effects were measured for intake and discharge data. Results Patients with ARFID spent significantly fewer weeks in program than those with anorexia nervosa (AN) and experienced a similar increase in %MBMI as patients with AN and other specified/unspecified feeding and eating disorders. All patients exhibited significant improvements in psychopathology over the course of treatment as measured by scores on the ChEAT and RCMAS. Discussion Our findings suggest that patients with ARFID can be successfully treated in the same PHP as patients with other ED, with comparable improvements in weight and psychopathology over a shorter time period. Results are limited to patients with ARFID who exhibit an acute onset of severe food restriction. Future research should incorporate measures relevant to the diagnosis of ARFID and explore how patients with different ARFID subtypes may respond to various treatments.
Improving Secondary Mathematics Teacher Preparation Via a Networked Improvement Community: Focus On Clinical Experiences

The Mathematics Teacher Education Partnership is a consortium of over 90 U.S. universities and colleges, along with partner school districts, focused on improving the initial preparation of secondary mathematics teachers. The Partnership uses a Networked Improvement Community design that incorporates improvement cycles to develop adaptable interventions across contexts, as well to scale interventions across the Partnership to support comprehensive program improvement. Rather than addressing a single dimension of a secondary mathematics program, the Partnership is undertaking parallel lines of research in multiple areas. To illustrate the power of the approach, this chapter will more deeply explore one of those lines of research related to clinical experiences: A “research action cluster” (RAC) consisting of representatives of 24 university-led teams is working to improve the clinical experiences of secondary mathematics teacher candidates. This RAC has employed improvement science methods to developed resources that support improved models for both student teaching and early field experiences, as well as professional development for mentor teachers.
International Child Relocations from Illinois

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled in Martinez v. Cahue, 826 F. 3d 983 (7th Cir. 2016) that under the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Convention), one unwed parent’s “initial removal” of a child from a habitual residence in Illinois to Mexico was not an abduction under the Convention per Illinois law. It also found that Mexico had become the child’s “habitual residence” since the child was “settled” there. Therefore, the court held there could be no possible order of return of the child to Illinois, as the non-relocating Illinois parent could not complain of, or have a hearing on, the initial move to Mexico because the relocating parent, at the time of the move, had sole custody of the child under Illinois law because there was no court order on child custody benefiting the non-relocating parent. This ruling is problematic for several reasons. The outcome likely would have differed if the relocating parent had not been the birth mother, but the father of the child born of sex, or if the relocating parent had been a woman who served as the second mother to a child born of assisted reproduction to her partner. It is also troublesome because if the relocating parent desired to move within Illinois or to another American state, and not to Mexico, the non-relocating parent in Illinois would likely have had a day in court. Finally, the ruling is troublesome because it incentifies certain parents, who otherwise amicably raise their children with other parents, to seek child custody orders simply to prevent international relocations.
Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be difficult and often requires the use of serum markers, one or more imaging methods, and histological confirmation. HCC frequently is diagnosed late in its course because of the absence of pathognomonic symptoms and the liver’s large functional reserve (1). As a result, many patients have untreatable disease when first diagnosed. The clinical presentation generally varies in different parts of the world. Many patients with HCC related to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in high-incidence locations, for example, in sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia, have severe hepatic decompensation at presentation. However, the common presentation in low-incidence areas such as the United States and other Western countries may follow routine laboratory screening for HCC before symptoms are prominent (2), because approx 40% of patients are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis (3).
Localization of the Bacterial RNA Infrastructure

The bacterial RNA network includes most of the same components found in eukaryotes, and many of the interactions that under lie transcription, RNA processing and stability, translation, and protein secretion are conserved. The major difference is that all of these functions take place in a single cellular compartment. In spite of the absence of membrane-bound organelles, or in some cases because of it, key components of the RNA network are localized to specific subcellular spaces or structures to ensure proper processing and regulation. This chapter focuses on what is known about subcellular localization of the bacterial RNA network and what insights localization provides to regulation of the RNA infrastructure of the cell.
Comparison of standardized measurement of SUVmax versus a threshold-based SUVmean in cancer response assessment using FDG-PET

1178 Objectives Various signal averaging approaches such as the mean or peak SUV have been used to address noise concerns with using the SUVmax. This study compared the results using SUVmax versus a SUVmean in several multi-center clinical trials. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the PET SUV measurements previously performed using a standardized central analysis in 5 prospective multi-center clinical oncology trials using FDG-PET. For each PET image the SUVmax of up to 5 tumors per patient were measured as well as the mean SUV based on a semi-automated 70% threshold of the maximum. The relative change between the baseline and followup SUVmax and SUVmean were calculated to assess the response to the therapy. The results using the SUVmax were compared to the SUVmean. Results The SUVmax and SUVmean were calculated for 491 tumor ROIs. Both the baseline and follow-up SUVmax showed an excellent correlation with the SUVmean (R2=0.998) with a slope of 0.816. The change in SUVmax at follow-up relative to baseline also showed an excellent correlation with SUVmean (R2=0.978) with a slope of 1.04 indicating the SUVmean has a slight 4% positive bias relative to the SUVmax. With the exception of a few outliers the difference in relative changes using SUVmax and SUVmean are within a few percent with a mean difference of -0.1%. Conclusions The SUVmax is a robust parameter for assessing response to therapy and the relative changes in assessing tumor response to therapy is usually within a few percent of using the voxel-averaged SUVmean based on a 70% threshold
Characterization of a mouse Cx50 mutation associated with the No2 mouse cataract.

PURPOSE. Recently, a missense mutation in the mouse connexin 50 (Cx50) gene has been associated with the nuclear opacity 2 (No2) mouse cataract. This missense mutation (D47A) resulted in an aspartate-to-alanine substitution at amino acid position 47 in the first extracellular domain of Cx50. To better understand the role of Cx50 in the pathogenesis of congenital cataract, the functional consequences of the D47A mutation in the Xenopus oocyte expression system were studied. METHODS. D47A was constructed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mutagenesis. Xenopus oocytes were injected with in vitro transcribed cRNA encoding wild-type mouse Cx50 (Cx50wt), wild-type rat Cx46 (Cx46wt), D47A, or combinations of wild-type and mutant connexins. The oocytes were then devitellinized and paired. Gap junctional conductance (G j ) was measured using a dual two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. RESULTS. Homotypic oocyte pairs expressing wild-type Cx50 or Cx46 were well coupled. In contrast, oocytes injected with D47A cRNA did not form gap junctional channels when paired homotypically. To test whether the D47A mutation could interact with wild-type connexins in a dominant negative manner, oocytes were injected with equal amounts of mutant and wild-type connexin cRNA, mimicking the heterozygous condition. Expression of D47A did not inhibit the development of junctional conductance in paired oocytes induced by wild-type Cx50 or Cx46. CONCLUSIONS. These results indicate that the D47A mutation acts as a loss-of-function mutation without strong dominant inhibition. In No2 mice, the mutation would be predicted to result in a reduction in intercellular communication, leading to cataractogenesis. It may also cause other qualitative changes such as a change in permeability for small molecules.
The Discovery and Synthesis of Brevisamide

Abstract The red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is known to produce a wide range of ladder-frame polyethers including the brevotoxins, brevenal, and brevisin. Considerable interest has been focused on the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites, and Nakanishi proposed a cascade process based on endo-tet cyclization of a polyepoxide precursor. Subsequently, Jamison showed that the cyclization cascade does indeed occur, but that a 3-hydroxy-tetrahydropyranyl ring must be present in the polyepoxide substrate. In 2008, Wright and coworkers isolated brevisamide, a monocyclic ether alkaloid, containing the requisite 3-hydroxy-tetrahydropyranyl ring, and heralded as the biosynthetic precursors to all the ladder-frame polyethers. This discovery led to a flurry of synthetic activity, and to date, six total syntheses and two formal syntheses of brevisamide have been reported. Here, we will recount the discovery of brevisamide and describe all of the synthetic efforts to date.
Accuracy of a model to predict cancer trial accrual compared to prediction accuracy by investigators at sixteen cancer centers.

6525Background: Multiple studies underscore poor clinical trial accrual, leading to increased costs, longer enrollment periods, and incomplete trials. We previously reported single center developme...
College Students Teaching Chemistry through Outreach: Conceptual Understanding of the Elephant Toothpaste Reaction and Making Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream

Informal chemistry education/chemistry outreach is ubiquitous with the chemical enterprise. However, little research has focused on the planning, implementation, or evaluation of these events. Results from a previous study suggest that college students involved with collegiate chapters of the American Chemical Society and Alpha Chi Sigma are heavily involved with chemistry outreach, and their most frequently discussed purpose is to teach chemistry content to their audiences. Given this goal, it is timely to investigate how well these college students, who are acting as teachers in outreach environments, understand the chemistry content embedded in the activities they implement during their events. Presented in this paper are the results of a content analysis of semi-structured interviews (N = 37) focused specifically on student understanding of the elephant toothpaste reaction and making liquid nitrogen ice cream at a general chemistry level. Results show prevalent misunderstandings and misconceptions of ...
A Rare Case of Levetiracetam and Drug-Induced Idiopathic Aseptic Meningitis in a Pediatric Patient

Levetiracetam (LEV) is a pyrrolidine derivative antiepileptic medication used for the treatment of seizures in pediatric and adult patients. We report a case of probable LEV-induced aseptic meningitis in a 13-year-old girl. The patient received LEV for a generalized seizure disorder and presented with symptoms 5 days after medication initiation. Ten days after LEV initiation, the patient presented to the hospital for further management. During her hospital course, infectious etiologies were ruled out with clinical and diagnostic testing. Upon discontinuation of LEV, the patient's symptoms resolved. Although select antiepileptic medications have been associated with drug-induced aseptic meningitis (DIAM), to date, no reports have been published about DIAM following the administration of LEV. We describe and categorize the probability of DIAM in association with LEV, as observed in a patient case.
Modeling and System Analysis of PEM Fuel Cells

Fuel cells are electromechanical-electrochemical systems that produce electricity and water from hydrogen and oxygen via the process reverse to water electrolysis. Hydrogen is obtained from hydrogen-rich fuels (natural gas, methanol, ethanol, etc.) using simple chemical-physical processes. Fuel cells produce electricity without burning natural gas (or any other source of hydrogen), so that fuel cells are considered as clean (green) electric energy generators since they do not pollute the environment. A fuel cell is a triode composed of an anode, membrane, and cathode. Hydrogen is pumped from the anode side, and oxygen is pumped from the cathode side. Depending on the type of the membrane, we have several types of fuel cells: proton exchange membrane (polymer electrolyte membrane) (PEM) fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, etc. Since the PEM fuel cells are the most developed, best understood, and with numerous applications in the today’s world, we will concentrate our attention to this kind of fuel cells.
Educating Nonprofit Students as Agents of Social Transformation: Critical Public Administration as a Way Forward

This article brings a critical lens to curricular approaches to nonprofit and philanthropy studies in higher education exploring the extent to which programs educate future leaders for their roles ...
Hollow Promises in the Face of Slaughter: The Yazidi Genocide and the Path Toward Justice

This paper gives a background on genocide as a concept, breaks down the Genocide Convention and how the treaty came into existence, provides insight into the duality of the definition of genocide, as both a legal and political concept, gives understanding as to how this duality has played out in the case of Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, and compares those cases to the case of the Yazidis in Iraq. Finally, it focuses on both the murder and actual killing of the Yazidis and also the use of sexual violence against the Yazidi women and girls as a tactic of war and delves into why the enslavement of women and girls is a form of genocide. It does this in part by using the story and the case of Nadia Murad, a survivor who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2018 for her efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict. Further, it gives potential counterarguments, while establishing that they are based on political and policy reasoning and not on the application of the law to this set of facts, which in this case is the application of the Genocide Convention to the events that took place in August 2014 in the Sinjar region of Iraq and all that has happened since. Lastly, it breaks down how members of ISIS who perpetrated these horrific crimes can be brought to justice by the creation of an international tribunal and the need to create a space for this in order to prevent such crimes in the future. One critical component of labeling an atrocity genocide is deterrence, a part of the crime that is failing in its application today, and, yet, deterrence is a major component of what labeling an atrocity a genocide is meant to accomplish. This paper aims to show what lack of deterrence has meant for the Yazidi community in Iraq, and what it means for other groups around the globe right now and moving forward.
Cutting actin with light.

Actin cytoskeletal structures are essential for many cellular processes, and cofilin is a key protein for the assembly of these highly dynamic structures. A new cofilin construct enables precise optogenetic control of actin assembly in live cells.
Extracellular vesicles in allograft rejection and tolerance

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, ectosomes and apoptotic vesicles, play an essential role in communication between cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent studies showed that EVs released after transplantation of allogeneic tissues and organs are involved in the immune recognition and response leading to rejection or tolerance in mice. After skin, pancreatic islet, and solid organ transplantation, donor-derived EVs were shown to initiate direct inflammatory alloresponses by T cells leading to acute rejection. This occurred through presentation of intact allogeneic MHC molecules on recipient antigen presenting cells (MHC cross-dressing) and subsequent activation of T cells via semi-direct allorecognition. On the other hand, some studies have documented the role of EVs in maternal tolerance of fetal alloantigens during pregnancy and immune privilege associated with spontaneous tolerance of liver allografts in laboratory rodents. The precise nature of the EVs, which are involved in rejection or tolerance, and the cells which produce them, is still unclear. Nevertheless, several reports showed that EVs released in the blood and urine by allografts can be used as biomarkers of rejection. This article reviews current knowledge on the contribution of EVs in allorecognition by T cells and discusses some mechanisms underlying their influence on T cell alloimmunity in allograft rejection or tolerance.