cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitive IR narrow band optimized microspectrometer

Abstract Customization of a standard model confocally masked FT-IR microspectrometer to maximize the signal for a particular narrow band of the spectrum and minimize noise is described. In this case the motivation was to detect minor concentrations of deuterated species in a matrix of tissue. However, the instrumental modifications used for this particular task are applicable to narrow band sensitization in general. A confocal single mask double pass FT-IR microspectrometer with 32× infinity corrected Swartzschild objective and condenser was used. The stock configuration included a cooled 50 μm sized MCT detector that had a peak response at a wavelength of approximately 12 μm which coupled with 32× mirror lenses was suited to operation with small mask sizes. Consideration of customization included a different “special order” MCT detector with a peak response at the desired wavelength of approximately 5 μm, reduction of noise across the interferogram by use of a notch filter, and possibly the use of a source having a greater emissivity in the desired range than the stock globar. Single beam spectra show the enhanced sensitivity of the custom detector and the wavelength selectivity resulting from its narrow response profile. The improved signal to noise response for an absorption band in the 2200–2000 cm −1 range of interest is demonstrated with transmission spectra from metabolically deuterated cerebellum white matter in addition to reflection spectra of films containing deuterated compounds that were deposited on mirror surfaces. The transmission single beam spectrum of the notch filter when compared using both detectors favored the custom detector, but the benefit of noise elimination in the overall spectrum was accompanied by signal reduction in the narrow band of interest. A tungsten source equipped with a sapphire window was directed to the interferometer but emissivity as commercially configured did not offer the advantage predicted.
Elastic Moduli of Wadsleyite (β-Mg2SiO4) to 7 Gigapascals and 873 Kelvin

Simultaneous sound velocity measurements and x-ray diffraction studies were made on wadsleyite (β-Mg2SiO4) to 7 gigapascals and 873 kelvin. The calculated adiabatic bulk ( K ) and shear ( G ) moduli yield K (at room conditions) = 172(2) gigapascals, dK / dP = 4.2(1), and dK / dT = −0.012(1) gigapascals per kelvin, and G (at room conditions) = 113(1) gigapascals, dG / dP = 1.5(1), and dG / dT = −0.017(1) gigapascals per kelvin, respectively. The data imply that the P and S wave velocity contrasts between olivine and wadsleyite require an olivine amount of 38 to 39 percent in the upper mantle to satisfy the observed 410-kilometer discontinuity, but 55 to 60 percent to account for the velocity increase through the transition zone.
The high temperature behavior of superalloys exposed to sodium chloride: II. corrosion

The corrosion behavior of various superalloys in molten NaCl has been examined by weight loss measurements, analysis of corrosion products, and potentiostatic polarization curves. Corrosion rates were higher in platinum than in quartz crucibles, relatively independent of alloy composition, but highly dependent on oxygen pressure. The high corrosion rates and the shape of the polarization curves indicate that the oxides formed in molten NaCl are not protective. Analysis of the sodium content in the alloy after exposure to molten NaCl indicates diffusion of sodium into the bulk of the metal. The effect of oxygen and the highercorrosion rates in platinum crucibles are explained by thermodynamic and kinetic considerations.
Intensity Measurements in the Raman Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide

A simple photographic method of measuring intensities in the Raman effect was devised. The ratio of the intensities of the strong Raman doublet of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ was found to be 0.572 instead of 0.667 as roughly estimated by Dickinson, Dillon and Rasetti. This value (0.572) although in apparent disagreement with the calculations of Dennison and Adel is in fair agreement with Placzek's recent work. An exposure of 24 days brought out three lines in addition to the four commonly observed. They may be identified with three of the lines predicted by Dennison and Adel.
Mean-Average Wall Shear Stress Measurements in the Common Carotid Artery

In this study we determined mean-average wall shear stress values in the common carotid artery and assessed if there is a difference in mean-average WSS between: 1) patients with bilateral carotid bifurcation disease and 2) similar-aged volunteers with no evidence of disease. Sixteen patients with bilateral disease of the carotid bifurcation, and 8 volunteers were included in the study. Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping was used to determine velocity, flow, vessel cross-sectional dimensions, and mean-average WSS in the common carotid artery in both the patients and volunteers. Mean-average WSS in the common carotid artery was 7.5 ± 2.5 dynes/cm2 in patients and 8.0 ± 4.1 dynes/cm2 in volunteers. There was no significant difference in mean-average WSS, average velocity, peak velocity, flowrate, or vessel diameter in the common carotid artery between patients and volunteers.
Effects of Strings in Inflation and Reheating

We argue that many models of inflation in string theory require the usual ten-dimensional compactification geometry to be modified during inflation. Based on arguments from the four-dimensional effective theory, we propose a modified ten-dimensional geometry in which the four-dimensional effective theory is just consistent. We also discuss the implications of the light modes in reheating, following inflation. (Based on work in progress with Anupam Mazumdar and Robert Myers.)
Brightness-Contrast Effects Among Several Points of Light

Simultaneous brightness contrast, or contrast enhancement, was studied using foveally viewed points of light as stimuli. Threshold and binocular brightness-matching techniques were used. When two stimuli are shown together, the presence of the second has two effects upon the brightness of the first. (a) The brightness is augmented, as if by the addition of a proportion of the light from the second stimulus. The proportion declines with separation of the two simuli. (b) As stimulus intensity increases, brightness rises at a slower rate when the second stimulus is present. Effect (b) eventually overbalances (a). When seven stimuli are shown together, the (a) effects sum linearly. No clear pattern of summation is detected for the (b) effects.
Investigation to improve the resolution and range of a light imaging system for very thick tissues

A high resolution light imaging system has been developed utilizing an HeNe (628 nm, 32 mW) and a receiver with post collimation mounted on an x, y table to scan the object. The image can be either recorded on a film or stored in a computer for display on a terminal. Tests show that the system in the regular mode is capable of detecting the spine and soft tissues in anesthetized mice, and of transilluminating fully an adult skull bone with a resolution for details better than one third mm. In teeth, all regular carious lesions, including incipient lesions larger than one third of a mm, can be seen in front or in the back of the tooth, none of which could be detected by dental x-ray systems. Applying a new high resolution mode, the resolution can be increased in teeth to less than 0.1 mm. Some difficulty still exists in detecting small lesions on occlusal or approximal surfaces.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incorporation of Cloud-Scale and Mesoscale Downdrafts into a Cumulus Parameterization: Results of One- and Three-Dimensional Integrations

Abstract Cumulus and mesoscale downdrafts are incorporated into the cumulus parameterization of Kuo. Convection is driven by grid-scale moisture supply, and distributed vertically by temperature and specific humidity differences between the environment and an idealized cloud. The moisture supply is defined to minimize the problem of lag between instantaneous moisture accession and rainfall. Downdrafts are added to the idealized cloud profile by determining a weighted mean of the equivalent potential temperatures (θe) for cumulus updrafts, saturated cumulus downdrafts, and unsaturated mesoscale downdrafts, and by extracting the cloud temperature and specific humidity iteratively from the mean θe. The θe values are weighted by the mean vertical eddy flux convergence of moist static energy by each component. The addition of downdrafts sharply increases the rate of stabilization of the grid scale by the Kuo approach. Stabilization characteristics are also shown to depend upon precipitation efficiency, strengt...
Backbone dynamics of a winged helix protein and its DNA complex at different temperatures: changes of internal motions in genesis upon binding to DNA.

The dynamic properties of a winged helix protein, Genesis, and its DNA complex at different temperatures were studied. Due to the complexity of motions, the commonly used model-free formalism could not be used to reflect the dynamic properties. The reduced spectral density function mapping approach was proven to be a useful tool to describe the overall and internal motion of molecules on the picosecond to nanosecond time-scale, and conformational exchanges on the microsecond to millisecond time-scale. The local motions in DNA-free Genesis showed strong temperature dependence and the backbone dynamics of each secondary structural element responds to the temperature change differently, while the Genesis-DNA complex showed more stability with changing the temperatures. Furthermore, each DNA contact sequence of Genesis showed distinct dynamic perturbation after Genesis binds to DNA.
The Role of the Financial Sector in the Socialist Economies in Transition: The Second “Primitive Accumulation of Capital”

This article discusses the functions of financial systems in capitalist economies and the potential role of finance in both encouraging and influencing the development of market-guided economies in the socialist economies in transition. The implications of several types of financial systems such as the German-Japanese universal bank and the US-UK narrow bank-equity market models for the nature and characteristics of these economies are considered. The article argues that financial system characteristics and structure will influence distribution and equity in the transitional economies, and that these effects should be considered along with efficiency in the allocation of financial capital in designing financial systems in those economies.
Indoor and outdoor air concentrations and phase partitioning of perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Perfluoroalkyls (PFAs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are two classes of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are widely used in domestic and workplace products. These compounds also occur in remote locations such as the Arctic where they are accumulated in the food chain. This study makes connections between indoor sources of these chemicals and the potential and mode for their transport in air. In the case of the PFAs, three perfluoralkyl sulfonamides (PFASs) were investigatedN-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (MeFOSE), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE), and N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidethylacrylate (MeFOSEA). These are believed to act as precursors that eventually degrade to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which is detected in samples from remote regions. High-volume samples were collected for indoor and outdoor air to investigate the source signature and strength. Mean indoor air concentrations (pg/m3) were 2590 (MeFOSE), 770 (EtFOSE), and ...
Rupture Properties of Wheat Gluten in Simple Tension: The Role of Hydrogen Bonds

Gluten obtained from hard red winter wheat flour was freeze-dried and reconstituted wth deuterium oxide and aqueous solutions of urea to selectively alter the extent of hydrogen bonding. The rupture properties of the modified glutens were studied in simple tension at seven rates of strain covering three orders of magnitude (2.86 × 10-2 to 28.6 min-1). Tensile strength and rupture strain decreased steadily with the extent of hydrogen bonding disruption, i.e., with increase in urea concentration. For a given type of modified gluten, the strain at rupture was independent of the rate at which the material was deformed and the tensile strength increased with increasing deformation rate.
Follow a dream

Forging partnerships between businesses and individuals can serve the library well, especially in the completion of a building project. Working in tandem with government officials and library administrators, such voluntary citizen groups can often raise needed funds to assist in the expansion or renovation of a facility. The key to success is never losing sight of the goal, and continuing to follow the dream.
Availability of Solar and Wind Generating Units

The accepted definitions of availability used for fuel-fired and nuclear generating units are not wholly appropriate for solar and wind generating units. Certain changes are suggested, and a set of availability definitions better suited to such units is proposed for discussion. These define availability of the energy resource and of weather suitable for operation separately from availability of the equipment. Overall availability is then taken as the product of these two factors.
Estradiol Regulates Angiopoietin-1 mRNA Expression Through Estrogen Receptor-α in a Rodent Experimental Stroke Model

Background and Purpose— Female, compared with male, animals are protected from cerebral ischemic injury. Physiological concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) reduce damage in experimental stroke. E2 augments angiogenesis in reproductive organs and noncerebral vascular beds. We hypothesized that E2 protects brain in stroke through modulation of angiogenesis. We quantified molecular markers of angiogenesis and capillary density before and after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods— Female animals were ovariectomized, treated with 25 μg E2 or placebo implants, and subjected to 2-hour MCAO and 22 hours of reperfusion. Brain angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Ang-2, Tie-1, Tie-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF R1, and VEGF R2 mRNA levels were determined by RNAse protection assays, and CD31-positive vessels were counted. Results— E2, but not ischemia, upregulated cerebral Ang-1 mRNA by 49%. Capillary density was higher in the brains of E2-treated animals. In estrogen receptor-α knocko...
Yield of O(1D) by dissociative recombination of O2+ from night airglow observations

Ground-based photometer observations of the OI(6300 A) night airglow compared with theoretical calculations of the integrated 6300 A vertical volume emission rate indicate a yield of 0.15 ± 0.07 O(1D) atoms per recombination of O2+ at 1000 K, including the 1S → 1D cascade effect. Implications of this result on the possible contribution of the dissociative recombination of NO+ to the OI(6300 A) night airglow are also discussed.
Divided attention in computer game play: Analysis utilizing unobtrusive health monitoring

Divided attention is a vital cognitive ability used in important daily activities (e.g., driving), which tends to deteriorate with age. As with Alzheimer’s and other neural degenerative conditions, treatment for divided attention problems is likely to be more effective the earlier it is detected. Thus, it is important that a method be found to detect changes in divided attention early on in the process, for both safety and health care reasons. We present here a new method for detecting divided attention unobtrusively, using performance on a computer game designed to force players to attend to different dimensions simultaneously in order to succeed. Should this model prove to predict scores on a standard test for divided attention, it could help to detect cognitive decline earlier in our increasingly computer-involved aging population, providing treatment efficacy benefits to those who will experience cognitive decline.
Dialysis study of diffusion in a flowing suspension

Comparison of solute concentrations at the outlet of a model dialyzer with values calculated from the appropriate convective diffusion equation yielded effective diffusion coefficients for mass transfer of sodium chloride in sherared suspensions of 37 to 74 μ spheres of a copolymer of styrene-divinylbenzene. Significant mass transfer augmentation was observed over that attributable to molecular diffusion, and the effective diffusivity increased with increasing concentration of suspension but remained relatively constant with respect to shear rate over the experimental range.
Props, not pictures, are worth a thousand words: Verbal accessibility of early memories under different conditions of contextual support

When they are tested nonverbally, even young children demonstrate long-term recall. There have been few studies of whether early memories later are verbally accessible; the results of those that exist are mixed. Inconsistencies may be due to differences in the contextual cues provided at the time of recall. In two experiments, children 13–20 months were exposed to multi-step sequences and tested for nonverbal recall after 3–6 months. At age 3 years, they were tested verbally, under varying conditions of contextual support: in the original laboratory with event-related props versus at home with photographs of the props (Experiment 1), and at home with props (Experiment 2). Children younger than 20 months at initial experience of the events did not demonstrate verbal recall. Children who were 20 months at the initial exposure recalled verbally, as long as they had physical props as cues, regardless of whether testing took place at home or in the laboratory. This research informs the conditions under which memories from very early childhood later can be recalled verbally. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘The Old Leaven’: The Welsh Roundheads after 1660*

Like other areas central to the royalist cause, Wales experienced a social and political revolution between about 1648 and 1660. In every county except Pembrokeshire, only a small minority of the traditional ruling families had supported the parliamentary side before 1645, and even fewer accepted the radical solutions proposed after 1648, or during the extremist revival of 1659. As a result, governments during the ‘radical’ periods had to turn to new social groups to administer these recalcitrant areas, and to supervise their conversion to puritanism and republican loyalty. The radicals in county society can normally be identified from their participation in local government in such periods (1649–53, 1659) although this is not an infallible guide, and appointment to a committee did not necessarily mean active service. If we compare the lists of justices, sequestration commissioners and committee men for, say, Pembrokeshire, Carmarthenshire and Radnorshire, then in each case we find that about thirty or forty names consistently appear during radical periods. In Pembrokeshire these were mainly drawn from the traditional rulers who had supported parliament in 1642, while the ‘radicals’ of Carmarthenshire were broadly the socially conservative followers of the powerful earl of Carbery, the old royalist leader who won and retained the favour of Cromwell. In Radnorshire by contrast, the committees for these years contained a very strong radical element, from families often not hitherto represented in county government. Of about thirty-three men whose radicalism is suggested by their periods in office, at least seven were not only strong republicans, but also followers of the millenarian Vavasor Powell, who loyally supported the Rump and the Barebones experiment, and plotted against Cromwell. Moreover, it was Radnorshire which was representative of Welsh counties in the 1650s, while the two south-western shires were exceptional in their preservation of gentry continuity in government.
Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system in dogs

Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are important causes of seizures in dogs. Specific diseases include canine distemper, rabies, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, and pug dog encephalitis. Inflammatory disorders should be considered when a dog with seizures has persistent neurological deficits, suffers an onset of seizures at less than 1 or greater than 5 years of age, or exhibits signs of systemic illness. A thorough history, examination, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid are important in the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases. However, even with extensive diagnostic testing, a specific etiology is identified in less than two thirds of dogs with inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
Youth and Video Games Exploring Effects on Learning and Engagement

Recent research suggests that video games and social media may influence youths’ lives in ways that deserve attention from psychologists, mathematics educators, and learning scientists. For example, positive effects on engagement, which can increase probability of mathematics proficiency, have been reported in the literature. We examine this issue with emphasis on the effects of video game play on youth learning and engagement; what features, attributes, and mechanisms of video games have been identified as most salient for these factors; and how scholarship in the domain might design more rigorous studies to determine the effects of video game play on learning, achievement, and engagement. We include a description of our work developing educational games for middle school youth struggling to become algebra-ready.
Perspectives on Permanent Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion and Power Generation

Permanent magnet development has historically been driven by the need to supply larger magnetic energy in ever smaller volumes for incorporation in an enormous variety of applications that include consumer products, transportation components, military hardware, and clean energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and hybrid vehicle regenerative motors. Since the 1960s, the so-called rare-earth “supermagnets,” composed of iron, cobalt, and rare-earth elements such as Nd, Pr, and Sm, have accounted for the majority of global sales of high-energy–product permanent magnets for advanced applications. In rare-earth magnets, the transition-metal components provide high magnetization, and the rare-earth components contribute a very large magnetocrystalline anisotropy that donates high resistance to demagnetization. However, at the end of 2009, geopolitical influences created a worldwide strategic shortage of rare-earth elements that may be addressed, among other actions, through the development of rare-earth-free magnetic materials harnessing sources of magnetic anisotropy other than that provided by the rare-earth components. Materials engineering at the micron scale, nanoscale, and Angstrom scales, accompanied by improvements in the understanding and characterization of nanoscale magnetic phenomena, is anticipated to result in new types of permanent magnetic materials with superior performance.
Phase critical-energy in second harmonic generation from thermally oxidized Si(001) interfaces

The rotational-anisotropy second-harmonic generation signal from thermally oxidized Si(001) surfaces shows unusual eightfold symmetry at a critical photon energy. This phase critical-energy varies monotonically with oxide thickness and provides a sensitive probe for interface conditions.
Optimal Control of Markov Diffusion Processes.

Many control systems occurring in practice are subject to imperfectly known disturbances, which may be taken as random. Such disturbances have been ignored in the study of deterministic control models in Chaps. II-IV. Optimal stochastic control theory attempts to deal with models in which random system disturbances are allowed.
Value of Claudin-4 Immunostaining in the Diagnosis of Mesothelioma

Claudin-4 (CL-4) is a tight junction-associated protein that is expressed in most epithelial cells but absent in mesothelial cells. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of CL-4 immunostaining for assisting in the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma. Sixty mesotheliomas (40 epithelioid, 10 biphasic, and 10 sarcomatoid), 185 carcinomas of different origins that can potentially be confused with mesotheliomas, 37 soft-tissue sarcomas, and 5 melanomas were investigated for CL-4 expression. All 60 mesotheliomas were CL-4 negative. In contrast, 169 (91%) of 185 carcinomas expressed this marker. Five of 8 desmoplastic small round cell tumors and the epithelial component of all 5 biphasic synovial sarcomas were CL-4 positive, whereas none of the remaining soft-tissue sarcomas or melanomas expressed this marker. It is concluded that CL-4 is a highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemical marker for assisting in distinguishing epithelioid mesotheliomas from metastatic carcinomas to the serosal membranes.
Dendritic Cells, Infected with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Pseudotyped HIV-1, Present Viral Antigens to CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells from HIV-1-Infected Individuals

Nonreplicating vectors are being considered in HIV-1 vaccine design. However, nonreplicating viruses are typically weak immunogens, leading to efforts to target the vaccine to mature dendritic cells (DCs). We have studied a single-cycle form of HIV-1, prepared by pseudotyping envelope-defective HIV-1 plasmids with the envelope from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein (VSV-G), to which most humans lack preexisting immunity. The nonreplicating, VSV/HIV-1 efficiently infected the immature stage of DC development, in this case represented by monocytes cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4. A majority of the cells reverse transcribed the HIV-1 RNA, and a minority expressed gag protein. The infected populations were further matured with CD40 ligand, leading to strong stimulation of autologous T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals, but not controls. Enriched CD8 + T cells from 12/12 donors released IFN-γ (50–300 enzyme-linked immunospots/200,000 T cells) and proliferated. Macrophages were much less efficient in expanding HIV-1-responsive T cells, and bulk mononuclear cells responded weakly to VSV/HIV-1. CD4 + T cells from at least half of the donors showed strong responses to VSV/HIV-1-infected DCs. Presentation to CD8 + T cells, but not to CD4 + , was primarily through an endogenous pathway, because the responses were markedly reduced if envelope-defective virus particles or reverse transcriptase inhibitors were added. Therefore, nonreplicating vaccines can be targeted to immature DCs, which upon further maturation induce combined and robust CD4 + and CD8 + immunity.
Lysophospholipase D and its role in LPA production

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important lipid mediator that binds to G-protein-coupled receptors of the Edg family, inducing proliferation and migration in many cell lines. Much has been learned about pathways involved in LPA signaling, but the pathways responsible for LPA production remain to be fully resolved. Several potential routes have been proposed for LPA production. One involves the sequential actions of phopholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Another route involves the sequential actions of PLA(2) and lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD). LysoPLD is defined as an enzyme which hydrolyzes lysophospholipids to produce LPA. Two major forms of lysoPLD, microsomal and extracellular forms, have been reported. A microsomal lysoPLD plays an important role in the metabolism of platelet-activating factor (PAF) because of its preference for alkyl-phospholipids. The extracellular form of lysoPLD coexists with its substrate, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), in the extracellular compartment. LysoPLDs purified from the extracellular space have recently been shown to be molecularly identical to autotaxin (ATX). ATX, an enzyme previously known to possess 5'-nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities, was subsequently shown to have lysoPLD activity. The unexpected linkage of the extracellular lysoPLD with ATX has raised many interesting questions. The characterization and purification of lysoPLDs are reviewed here.
Functional transcriptomic analysis of the role of MAB-5/Hox in Q neuroblast migration in Caenorhabditis elegans

Directed cell migration is a fundamental process in normal development and in tumor metastasis. In C. elegans the MAB-5/Hox transcription factor is a determinant of posterior migration of the Q neuroblast descendants. In this work, mab-5 transcriptional targets that control Q descendant migration are identified by comparing RNA-seq profiles in wild type and mab-5 mutant backgrounds. Transcriptome profiling is a widely-used and potent tool to identify genes involved in developmental and pathological processes, and is most informative when RNA can be isolated from individual cell or tissue types. Cell-specific RNA samples can be difficult to obtain from invertebrate model organisms such as Drosophila and C. elegans. Here we test the utility of combining a whole organism RNA-seq approach with mab-5 loss and gain-of-function mutants and functional validation using RNAi to identify genes regulated by MAB-5 to control Q descendant migration. We identified 22 genes whose expression was controlled by mab-5 and that controlled Q descendant migration. Genes regulated by mab-5 were enriched for secreted and transmembrane molecules involved in basement membrane interaction and modification, and some affected Q descendant migration. Our results indicate that a whole-organism RNA-seq approach, when combined with mutant analysis and functional validation, can be a powerful method to identify genes involved in a specific developmental process, in this case Q descendant posterior migration. These genes could act either autonomously in the Q cells, or non-autonomously in other cells that express MAB-5. The identities of the genes regulated by MAB-5 indicate that MAB-5 acts by modifying interactions with the basement membrane, resulting in posterior versus anterior migration.
New TB vaccines: is there a requirement for CD8+ T cells?

MHC class I–restricted CD8+ T cells are necessary to mount an immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis antigens can enter MHC class I cross-processing pathways through a number of different mechanisms, including via the uptake of antigen-containing apoptotic vesicles released by infected cells. A study in this issue of the JCI by Hinchey and colleagues shows that M. tuberculosis inhibits host cell apoptosis and thus may interfere with optimal cross-priming and action of CD8+ T cells (see the related article beginning on page 2279). M. tuberculosis genetically modified to induce apoptosis is shown to be more effective in priming CD8+ T cells in vivo and therefore may be a more effective vaccine against tuberculosis than the currently utilized M. bovis BCG vaccine.
A high level approach to integrating design and test

The STL simulation and test language described provides a high-level approach to the problem of integrating design and test. This common programming language and environment can be used by both designers and test engineers to develop functional tests for both simulators and testers. The STL programming environment can be effectively used to increase the productivity of both designers and test engineers. The use of this common language can help to break down some of the traditional barriers that exist between design and test groups. >
Peptide YY exhibits a mitogenic effect on pancreatic cells while improving acute pancreatitis in vitro.

Abstract Background Peptide YY (PYY), a gastrointestinal regulatory peptide, improves survival and histologic parameters in animal models of acute pancreatitis. Its effects on pancreatic cell growth and acute pancreatitis in pancreatic acinar and ductal cells are unknown. We hypothesized that PYY would affect cell growth and attenuate acute pancreatitis in pancreatic acinar and ductal cells in vitro. Methods Rat pancreatic acinar and ductal cells were cultured in the presence of 1) cerulein, a synthetic cholecystokinin analog that induces pancreatitis, 2) PYY, or 3) a combination group pretreated with PYY prior to addition of cerulein. Cell survival was measured at 48 h using MTT assay. Amylase secretion, as marker for pancreatitis, was measured at 48 h using an amylase activity assay. Statistical significance was calculated using analysis of variance and the Student’s t test. Results Peptide yy significantly increased cell growth and decreased amylase secretion compared with control and cerulein groups. Pretreatment with PYY significantly protected against the pancreatitis effects of cerulein. Conclusions We have shown for the first time that PYY has a mitogenic effect on pancreatic acinar and ductal cells in vitro. In addition, it directly protects against cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Its potential therapeutic benefit in acute pancreatitis would therefore be twofold: amelioration of the inflammatory process, and augmenting growth of normal pancreas to replace necrotic or apoptotic cell loss.
A single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based multilocus genotyping assay for subtyping lineage I isolates of Listeria monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for food-borne disease with high mortality rates in humans and is the leading microbiological cause of food recalls. Lineage I isolates of L. monocytogenes are a particular public health concern because they are responsible for most sporadic cases of listeriosis and the vast majority of epidemic outbreaks. Rapid, reproducible, and sensitive methods for differentiating pathogens below the species level are required for effective pathogen control programs, and the CDC PulseNet Task Force has called for the development and validation of DNA sequence-based methods for subtyping food-borne pathogens. Therefore, we developed a multilocus genotyping (MLGT) assay for L. monocytogenes lineage I isolates based on nucleotide variation identified by sequencing 23,251 bp of DNA from 22 genes distributed across seven genomic regions in 65 L. monocytogenes isolates. This single-well assay of 60 allele-specific probes captured 100% of the haplotype information contained in approximately 1.5 Mb of comparative DNA sequence and was used to reproducibly type a total of 241 lineage I isolates. The MLGT assay provided high discriminatory power (Simpson's index value, 0.91), uniquely identified isolates from the eight listeriosis outbreaks examined, and differentiated serotypes 1/2b and 4b as well as epidemic clone I (ECI), ECIa, and ECII. In addition, the assay included probes for a previously characterized truncation mutation in inlA, providing for the identification of a specific virulence-attenuated subtype. These results demonstrate that MLGT represents a significant new tool for use in pathogen surveillance, outbreak detection, risk assessment, population analyses, and epidemiological investigations.
Abstract W P71: Co-Prevalence and Rupture Rate of Brain and Aortic Aneurysms: Single Center Experience

Introduction: Rupture of intracranial aneurysm (IA) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has devastating consequences. Research shows that IA and AAA share genetic risk factors. We performed a single center clinical record review to identify and characterize a patient population that harbors both IA and AAA. Method: We searched the Clinical Record Repository of the University of Virginia Health System. IA and AAA were identified by the ICD-9 code primary or secondary diagnoses: IA (any of 437.3, 747.81 and 430) and AAA (any of 441.0, 441.00, 441, 441.02, 441.3, 441.03, 441.5, 441.6, 441.7 and 441.9). The IA-AAA population was defined by both IA and AAA diagnosis, and characterized by ruptured IA (430) or ruptured AAA (any of 441.0, 441.00, 441.01, 441.02, 441.03, 441.3, 441.5 and 441.6). Results: We identified 129 individuals with both IA and AAA, of which 75 (58%) are men. The mean age of the population is 67.6 (±12.4) and the median age is 70 [IQR=60, 77]. The mean age for men is 68.5 (±11.7) and median ...
Corneal Limbal Stem Cell Niche

The cornea is not only essential for passing the light into the eye but also is responsible for more than two-thirds of the eye’s total refractive power. Corneal integrity and transparency is highly dependent on a healthy layer of continuously renewing stratified squamous epithelium located on its outer surface. The corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells that replenish the corneal epithelium are located in a 1.5–2 mm wide area in between the cornea and sclera, known as the corneal scleral junction, or limbus. This stem cell niche has unique features that are critical to the function of the “limbal” stem cells. Understanding the biology of limbal stem cells has led to significant advancements in the treatment of patients with limbal stem cell deficiency, a group conditions in which the limbal stem cells and their niche are lost or damaged.
Studies on hypoxia. VII. Effect of prenatal anoxia on leucine-3H incorporation of neonatal rat pancreas and submandibular gland.

SummaryA radioautographic study has been made of the effect of prenatal exposure of rats to anoxia on leucine-3H incorporation by the pancreas and submandibular gland. Pregnant rats were subjected to anoxia on day 12, 15, or 18 of gestation period. On delivery the offsprings were given an injection of leucine-3H and sacrificed at 15, 60, or 120 min later. Pieces of the pancreas and submandibular gland were double-embedded, sectioned, and prepared for radioautography in a routine manner. Silver grains were counted over exocrine cells and compared with grain numbers obtained from appropriate control. Results indicate the following: (i) The incorporation of leucine-,3H in control rats goes on at a greater rate in the pancreas than in the submandibular gland. (ii) The submandibular gland is the more profoundly affected of the two, despite the higher rate of leucine-3H incorporation in the pancreas, (iii) In both organs there is a protracted suppression of leucine-3H incorporation which supports previous histo...
Can increased hepatic estrogen metabolism interfere with ovulation in the rat? Effects of chronic phenobarbital or chlordane treatment.

SummaryFemale Holtzman rats were treated for 3–14 days with daily doses of phenobarbital (37 mg/kg, ip) or chlordane (25 mg/kg, ip) which caused a 10-fold increase in the hydroxylation of acetanilide by hepatic microsomes. Mature females treated with phenobarbital continued to cycle, exhibited preovulatory increases in serum luteinizing hormone (LH), and ovulated normally during a 2-week treatment period. In similar rats, ovariectomized 1 month earlier, the rate of disappearance of LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the serum following hypophysectomy was unaltered by 2 weeks of phenobarbital or chlordane treatment. In immature females in which ovulation was induced with pregnant mare's serum, the preovulatory increase in serum LH concentration and subsequent ovulation were not altered by activation of hepatic microsomal enzymes. These results suggest that treatment of rats with phenobarbital does not block ovulation by mechanisms involving hepatic enzymes and/or estrogen metabolism.
New Leafhoppers of the Genus Agalliopsis

While preparing a food-plant list of the species of Leaf-hoppers of the genus Agalliopsis , the writer found, as usual, that some of the species have not been named and that a descriptive paper must precede the biological one. The two species described below will complete the list for the United States.
Reduction of four-wave-mixing cross talk in WDM systems using unequally spaced channels

Very-high-capacity long-haul optical communication systems without intermediate optoelectronic conversions can be conceived by using erbium-doped-fiber amplifiers and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). The effects of chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities, however, accumulate during propagation, thus severely limiting the achievable performance. The use of dispersion-shifted fiber permits higher bit rates but enhances the efficiency of four-wave-mixing (FWM) wave generation by reducing the phase mismatch that is naturally provided by the fiber dispersion,1 thus causing FWM to become the dominant nonlinear effect.2
Anorectal Anatomy and Applied Anatomy

A detailed knowledge of anorectal anatomy is essential for both accurate clinical diagnosis and safe, effective therapeutic intervention. This chapter aims to provide residents at all levels with the essential anatomical knowledge required for the clinical assessment and operative management of patients with anorectal symptoms and disease. Detailed anatomy of the rectum and anal canal is covered, along with clinical assessment, examination in clinic, operating room techniques, and an anatomical approach to the management of common benign anorectal conditions. After having read this chapter, the resident will be well informed for practice in both the clinic and operating room settings.
Traumatic Rupture of the Diaphragm

(1961). Traumatic Rupture of the Diaphragm. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 383-392.
Study on the physical and chemical change of raw wheat koji of yellow rice wine in storage period

The raw wheat koji should be made good use during the yellow rice wine producing process.Through the regular determinations of saccharogenic power,liquefied strength,total acid,and moisture during the storage period,the changing rules of physical and chemical indexes of raw wheat koji are disclosed.The result indicated that the storage period of raw wheat koji has certain deadline,beyond which,its physical and chemical indexes will decrease and the total quality of raw wheat koji will be strongly affected.
Stability of theophylline in human serum and whole blood

The effect of various storage conditions on serum theophylline results using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPI) method was studied. Two human subjects received sufficient oral theophylline to produce low and high therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations. Aliquots of venous whole blood (without anti-coagulant) and serum from each subject were sealed in polypropylene plastic and glass containers and stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Additional aliquots of serum from each subject were stored in glass and polypropylene containers at -20 degrees C. FPI assays were performed on days 0 and 3 for room temperature serum samples, days 3 and 7 for refrigerated serum samples, and days 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 168, and 336 for frozen serum samples. All whole blood samples were assayed on day 3 after removal of the clot. Some samples were tested using FPI for 1,3-dimethyluric acid, a metabolite of theophylline, and results from spiked samples and samples tested with high-pressure liquid chromatography were compared with FPI results to determine cross-reactivity of the metabolite. No appreciable change in the assayed theophylline values occurred under any storage temperature, nor was there any difference in results from samples stored in glass versus polypropylene containers. At a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml, 1,3-dimethyluric acid produced a cross-reactivity of 3.5% with the FPI system. The FPI method is not affected by storage of samples under the specified conditions over the time period studied.
Inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid: A newly described complication in vocal fold augmentation

Objectives/Hypothesis To establish the rate of inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid (HA) in vocal fold injection augmentation, determine the most common presenting signs and symptoms, and propose an etiology. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Patients injected with HA over a 5-year period were reviewed to identify those who had a postoperative inflammatory reaction. Medical records were reviewed for patient demographic information, subjective complaints, Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) scores, medical intervention, and resolution time. Videolaryngostroboscopy examinations were also evaluated. Results A total of 186 patients (245 vocal folds) were injected with HA over a 5-year period, with a postoperative inflammatory reaction rate of 3.8%. The most common complaints in these patients were odynophagia, dysphonia, and dyspnea with vocal fold erythema, edema, and loss of pliability on videolaryngostroboscopy. All patients were treated with corticosteroids. Return of vocal fold vibration ranged from 3 weeks to 26 months, with VHI-10 scores normalizing in 50% of patients. Conclusions This reaction may be a form of hypersensitivity related to small amounts of protein linked to HA. Alternatively, extravascular compression from the HA could lead to venous congestion of the vocal fold. The possibility of equipment contamination is also being investigated. Further studies are needed to determine the etiology and best treatment. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2016
Mapping RNA–RNA interactome and RNA structure in vivo by MARIO

The pervasive transcription of our genome presents a possibility of revealing new genomic functions by investigating RNA interactions. Current methods for mapping RNA-RNA interactions have to rely on an 'anchor' protein or RNA and often require molecular perturbations. Here we present the MARIO (Mapping RNA interactome in vivo) technology to massively reveal RNA-RNA interactions from unperturbed cells. We mapped tens of thousands of endogenous RNA-RNA interactions from mouse embryonic stem cells and brain. We validated seven interactions by RNA antisense purification and one interaction using single-molecule RNA-FISH. The experimentally derived RNA interactome is a scale-free network, which is not expected from currently perceived promiscuity in RNA-RNA interactions. Base pairing is observed at the interacting regions between long RNAs, including transposon transcripts, suggesting a class of regulatory sequences acting in trans. In addition, MARIO data reveal thousands of intra-molecule interactions, providing in vivo data on high-order RNA structures.
The anabolic pyruvate oxidoreductase from Methanococcus maripaludis

In autotrophic methanogens, pyruvate oxidoreductase (POR) plays a key role in the assimilation of CO2 and the biosynthesis of organic carbon. This enzyme has been purified to homogeneity, and the genes from Methanococcus maripaludis were sequenced. The purified POR contained five polypeptides with molecular masses of 47, 33, 25, 21.5 and 13 kDa. The N-terminal sequences of four of the polypeptides had high similarity to the subunits commonly associated with this enzyme from other archaea. However, the 21.5-kDa polypeptide had not been previously observed in PORs. Nucleotide sequencing of the gene cluster encoding the POR revealed six open reading frames (porABCDEF). The genes porABCD corresponded to the subunits previously identified in PORs. On the basis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence, porE encoded the 21.5-kDa polypeptide and contained a high cysteinyl residue content and a motif indicative of a [Fe–S] cluster. porF also had a high sequence similarity to porE, a high cysteinyl residue content, and two [Fe–S] cluster motifs. Homologs to porE were also present in the genomic sequences of the autotrophic methanogens Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. Based upon these results, it is proposed that PorE and PorF are components of a specialized system required to transfer low-potential electrons for pyruvate biosynthesis. Some biochemical properties of the purified methanococcal POR were also determined. This unstable enzyme was very sensitive to O2 and demonstrated high activity with pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and α-ketobutyrate. Methyl viologen, rubredoxin, FMN, and FAD were readily reduced. Activity was also observed with spinach and clostridial ferredoxins and cytochrome c. Coenzyme F420 was not an electron acceptor for the purified enzyme.