cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrophage p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity Regulates Invariant Natural Killer T-Cell Responses During Borrelia burgdorferi Infection

The interaction of macrophages with infectious agents leads to the activation of several signaling cascades, including mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, such as p38. We now demonstrate that p38 MAP kinase-mediated responses are critical components to the immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi. The pharmacological and genetic inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity during infection with the spirochete results in increased carditis. In transgenic mice that express a dominant negative form of p38 MAP kinase specifically in macrophages, production of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell-attracting chemokine MCP-1 and of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d are significantly reduced. The expression of the transgene therefore results in the deficient infiltration of iNKT cells, their decreased activation, and a diminished production of interferon γ (IFN-γ), leading to increased bacterial burdens and inflammation. These results show that p38 MAP kinase provides critical checkpoints for the protective immune response to the spirochete during infection of the heart.
Distributed information retrieval and dissemination in swarm-based networks of mobile, autonomous agents

In this paper, we present an optimal design for local explicit communication and collaboration in a swarm-based, mobile, robotic system. We propose a methodology for finding the design parameter, i.e., the communication range, for a fast, distributed information exchange and dissemination among the teammates, and a reliable and efficient information retrieval by the base station(s). Our approach consists of maximizing the interaction/collaboration rate, and hence the rate of information exchange between the mobile agents in the presence of destructive interference. The proposed approach takes into account the spatial distribution of the agents, which is a function of the agents' movement pattern in the environment. We illustrate the usefulness and efficiency of local interaction between the teammates and its effect on information retrieval, first by presenting a collaborative, sensing task consisting of using a team of autonomous agents with limited sensing capabilities to count some objects scattered throughout an enclosed region. Then we introduce a general mathematical methodology for maximizing the collaboration rate, and hence the rate of information spread in similar networks of multiple, cooperating mobile agents. We validate our results with a sensor-based simulator of real, mobile robots.
Dynamic observer design for nonstandard discrete-time singularly perturbed systems

A design methodology is presented for nonstandard discrete two-time-scale systems where some of the states are not available for measurement. Prefeedback of the fast control is used to put the system into its standard form. Observer-based controller design of standard discrete singularly perturbed systems is then used to design controllers for the resulting system. >
Considering science and language arts connections: A study of teacher cognition

The Elementary Science Integration Project (ESIP) brought together teachers knowledgeable about, and committed to, whole-language instruction with their science-oriented counterparts to explore connections between the disciplines and build from teachers' strengths. By recognizing commonalities, that both hands-on science and whole language center on inquiry and focus on children's learning processes, ESIP was designed to reveal the issues both groups of teachers see as important as they go about making classroom decisions. The ultimate goal of the project was to promote science as central to cross-curricular study, thus increasing the comfort level of teachers, the amount of time devoted to science in the classroom, and an interest in inquiry. This article described the project and identified the considerations teachers used to evaluate science–language-arts connections. Twenty expert and 7 novice teachers worked together over a 2-year period to construct and elaborate their own understandings of curricular integration, designing action research projects to explore their newfound understandings. Teachers kept journals and participated in extensive group discussions and interviews that provided the data sources for this article. Results revealed the influence of teachers' scholarly and pedagogical orientations on the way they think about science–language-arts connections and the influence of personal experiences in convincing teachers that science–language-arts connections are worth fostering in the classroom.
Integrating semantic constraints into the Sphinx-II recognition search

This paper describes a novel recursive transition network (RTN) speech decoder designed for robust processing of spontaneous spoken input. The system uses both stochastic and rule-based methods to constrain the recognition search. It is based on the multi-pass search used by the Sphinx-II speech decoder developed at Carnegie Mellon. We describe the basic decoder and system architectures and compare the system to our current loosely coupled system on spontaneous spoken dialogs from the DARPA air travel (ATIS) task. >
Interventions for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Women

The management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has significantly advanced from supportive care to reperfusion therapies with thrombolytics and percutaneous coronary revascularization techniques. These advances have improved the outcomes of patients with STEMI. Although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women, the minority of patients in trials studying the impact of these therapies on outcomes are women. Multiple studies have shown that men and women do not have equivalent outcomes after STEMI. This article reviews the treatment options for STEMI and the outcomes of women after treatment with reperfusion therapies.
A B Cell-Based Sensor for Rapid Identification of Pathogens

We report the use of genetically engineered cells in a pathogen identification sensor. This sensor uses B lymphocytes that have been engineered to emit light within seconds of exposure to specific bacteria and viruses. We demonstrated rapid screening of relevant samples and identification of a variety of pathogens at very low levels. Because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity, this pathogen identification technology could prove useful for medical diagnostics, biowarfare defense, food- and water-quality monitoring, and other applications.
The L-Type Calcium Ion Channel Cch1 Affects Ascospore Discharge and Mycelial Growth in the Filamentous Fungus Gibberella zeae (Anamorph Fusarium graminearum)

Cch1, a putative voltage-gated calcium ion channel, was investigated for its role in ascus development in Gibberella zeae. Gene replacement mutants of CCH1 were generated and found to have asci which did not forcibly discharge spores, although morphologically ascus and ascospore development in the majority of asci appeared normal. Additionally, mycelial growth was significantly slower, and sexual development was slightly delayed in the mutant; mutant mycelia showed a distinctive fluffy morphology, and no cirrhi were produced. Wheat infected with cch1 mutants developed symptoms comparable to wheat infected with the wild type; however, the mutants showed a reduced ability to protect the infected stalk from colonization by saprobic fungi. Transcriptional analysis of gene expression in mutants using the Affymetrix Fusarium microarray showed 2,449 genes with significant, twofold or greater, changes in transcript abundance across a developmental series. This work extends the role of CCH1 to forcible spore discharge in G. zeae and suggests that this channel has subtle effects on growth and development. Forcible discharge of ascospores from asci is a mechanism common to the majority of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. The mechanism is vital for initiating the disease cycle in many plant-pathogenic species, including Gibberella zeae (asexual stage Fusarium graminearum), the causal agent of fusarium head blight of wheat. Analysis of the epiplasmic fluid surrounding the spores within the ascus indicates that sugars (Ascobolus immersus) (14) or ions (G. zeae) (56) accumulate and act as osmolytes for generation of the turgor pressure necessary to fire the spores. In the case of G. zeae, the pressure drives an impressive acceleration—870,000 g—the highest yet recorded in a biological system (56). While the physiological basis of the mechanism of discharge is beginning to be elucidated, the genetic basis remains largely unexplored. Shifts in calcium levels across both internal and plasma membranes regulate many cellular processes (2). Calcium fluxes are generated by internal release or by influx through calcium channels. Although calcium signaling is not well understood in fungi, the components are conserved in fungal genomes (59), and several parts of the signaling machinery have been studied, including calcineurin (43, 10, 4, 48, 13), calmodulin (37), Ca 2 /calmodulin-dependent kinases (11, 12,
Are There Better Alternatives to Standard Rose Diagrams

ABSTRACT Standard rose diagrams are a favorite method of depicting orientations because of their ease of comprehension, but they are known to have two serious problems. First, arbitrary decisions about class width and starting position can dramatically alter the resulting diagram, although the degree of variation has been underappreciated. Second, when rose diagrams are correctly scaled to the square root of the class frequency, they can be awkward to evaluate. Possible solutions that deserve consideration include (1) representing 1° classes with rays of dots ("dot diagrams", allowing linear scaling), and (2) overcoming arbitrariness by combining all possible rose diagrams for a dataset into one diagram ("summed datasets"). Solution #1 can work by plotting either one dot per datum ("corona dot diagrams") or one dot for each value above or below the mean membership ("mean-deviation dot diagrams"). Both plot types can show either raw or summed data. Drawing one-degree class-width diagrams and summing (combining) all possible rose diagrams offers the only non-arbitrary versions of orientation diagrams, but summing diagrams smoothes the data slightly, thereby additionally weighting clusters of similar but not identical data points. My recommendation is to publish a dot plot of the raw data, and another of the summed results. Mean-deviation diagrams and factor-averaged summed datasets work together particularly well.
Determination of the site of action of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the alteration of intracellular calcium levels in adult and neonatal rodent myocytes.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of action and site of action of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its effects on calcium concentrations in two types of cardiomyocytes, neonatal and adult, by employing real-time fluorescence imaging. CGRP caused an increase in intramyocytic calcium with adult cells, but a decrease with neonates. Treatment of adult myocytes with ouabain and ryanodine yielded results suggesting that CGRP action is not at the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and does not involve Na + + K + ATPase. Furthermore, in neonatal cardiomyocytes CGRP caused a reduction in intramyocytic calcium levels, and challenges with ryanodine and ouabain gave results supporting the hypothesis that CGRP acts at the sarcolemmal L-type calcium channel. Employing real-time fluorescence measurements in cultured, dedifferentiated adult cardiomyocytes, which are known to express a fetal phenotype and exhibit neonatal-like calcium transients, our acquisitions demonstrated a major reduction in intracellular calcium levels. Finally, our collaborative studies in human myocardium using fluorescence deconvolution microscopy revealed that CGRP localization was found in a pattern similar to that of the sarcolemmal L-type calcium channel.
Influencing entrepreneurial intent for new technology intrapreneurs and entrepreneurs in a university environment

Experiential learning is considered paramount to entrepreneurial education. For the U.S. the creation of technology entrepreneurs is an essential element of economic growth, job creation and global competitiveness. This study describes an intercollegiate entrepreneurial experience aimed at unlocking the inner technology entrepreneur in students. A model for Accelerating Collegiate Entrepreneurship (ACE) is proposed, linking theories of technology entrepreneurship creation with linkages to curricular and pedagogical inputs. A survey instrument is used to ascertain the level of entrepreneurial intent as well as a cluster personality assessment and an educational preparedness assessment. A biased sample of entrepreneurship in the College of Business students is introduced as a comparative measure for students in the College of Engineering. The preliminary data suggests that engineering students tend towards long-term entrepreneurial intent, yet traditionally the education system does little to encourage these tendencies, nor prepare them for the management of these technologies. A longitudinal study will follow this work to affect changes to the curriculum and pedagogy in a manner that helps accelerate the creation of successful technology entrepreneurs.
Genome mosaicism and organismal lineages.

Some recently published genome-wide analyses of orthologous genes have found plurality consensus support for fully or partially resolved tree topologies. These findings were interpreted to discount the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer and the observed consensus was suggested to reflect organismal history. In this article, we explore the claim that methodological differences might have given rise to the conflicting findings and we show that horizontal gene transfer makes different contributions to the evolution in different classes of prokaryotes.
Planktonic Bacterial Responses to Nutrient Amendments in Wetland Mesocosms

Although bacteria are important in the processing of anthropogenic nutrient inputs to wetlands, the effects of nutrient type and stoichiometry on bacterial communities have rarely been studied in natural systems. In this study, mesocosm enclosures were constructed in wetland pools at the Herrick Aquatic Ecology Research Facility at Kent State University (Kent, OH, USA) and amended with nutrients. Several experiments were conducted using various inorganic and organic nutrient sources (nitrate, ammonium, amino acids, phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate) as well as low, medium, and high N:P molar ratios. Structure of planktonic bacterial communities was determined using fluorescent in situ hybridization and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) targeting Domain Bacteria and beta-proteobacteria. Abundances of Domain Bacteria, as well as other taxa examined (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria cluster), did not change in response to N:P ratios or nutrient amendments. However, Domain Bacteria, alpha-proteobacteria, and Cytophaga-Flavobacteria abundances varied among dates. DGGE clusters also contained communities collected on the same date, suggesting that temporal changes rather than nutrient amendments were the most important factor determining community composition. Overall, although some community changes appeared to be related to the nutrient amendments, temporal factors were a more important mediator of community structure.
Psychological Reactions to Giving a Kidney

Kidney transplantation involves the unique resource of donated kidneys. Both living relatives and “newly dead cadavers” can provide this resource, with a living relative donating one of his kidneys to save the life of a family member and with cadavers able to donate both kidneys to persons on a waiting list. Because of immunological processes, the living related kidneys have tended to do better and survive longer;1 in addition, patients with willing related donors are spared the long and uncertain time on a waiting list. However, there is a widespread skepticism about the ability of a relative to make the major sacrifice of a kidney willingly and without significant regret later on.2 The perception is that family blackmail and pressure will be pervasive and will be the major factor motivating the potential donor. Posttransplant, the loss of a body part will engender long-term regret and depression. Thus, at many centers the policy of using related donors is regarded as a major ethical problem.3,4*
Integrated Systems of Mollusk Culture

Mollusks have two environmental requirements for their growth and commercial culture that may often be mutually exclusive. First, the water temperature must be in the proper range for the animals to pump and filter water; second, the water must contain enough microscopic food organisms of the proper size and composition to provide food for the shellfish. These two prerequisites are often not present simultaneously in the same environment. Tropical and semitropical waters are naturally poor in nutrients and normally lack the level of primary productivity (i.e., phytoplankton growth) for substantial mollusk growth. The more eutrophic temperate and boreal waters have temperatures too low for feeding and growth of bivalves for at least part and often as much as half the year.
Global and Local: Standardized Testing and Corruption in Admissions to Ukrainian Universities

This chapter addresses public discourse at the intersection of standardized testing , the role of international organizations in it, and the problem of corruption in higher education . It is aimed to resolve by conducting a systematic research of the major Ukrainian media sources for the 5-year period from 2007 to 2011. The standardized test becomes a subject of national public discourse conveyed through the media outlets. The media does not mention virtually any international organizations in its reporting on standardized testing, despite a significant role that foreign agencies have played in the testing initiative in Ukraine since its very inception, nor do the media refer to Western experiences with testing.
Postcoital hemoperitoneum caused by ruptured corpus luteal cyst: a hidden etiology

Corpus luteal rupture is a common gynecologic cause for hemoperitoneum. Recent sexual intercourse is usually a preceding factor. However, postcoital hemoperitoneum without evident vaginal injury or trauma is rarely reported. We present a 34-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with severe bilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain after sexual intercourse. CT of the abdomen and pelvis revealed an intra-abdominal hematoma with extravasation of contrast questionable to be from one of the branches of the left internal iliac artery, and no adnexal abnormalities. Left internal iliac artery angiogram was performed and revealed no active extravasation. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and revealed an actively bleeding left ovarian ruptured area that was repaired and biopsied. No evidence of cysts was observed. Histopathological examination revealed a hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst. Suspicion for corpus luteal rupture as a cause of postcoital hemoperitoneum should be maintained despite nonevidence of cysts on CT or intraoperatively.
Laparoscopic microwave thermosphere ablation of malignant liver tumors: An analysis of 53 cases

Background and Objectives Microwave thermosphere ablation (MTA) is a new technology that is designed to create spherical zones of ablation using a single antenna. The aim of this study is to assess the results of MTA in a large series of patients. Methods This was a prospective study assessing the use of MTA in patients with malignant liver tumors. The procedures were done mostly laparoscopically and ablation zones created were assessed for completeness of tumor response, spherical geometry and recurrence on tri-phasic CT scans done on follow-up. Results There were a total of 53 patients with an average of 3 tumors measuring 1.5 cm. Ablations were performed laparoscopically in all but eight patients. Morbidity was 11.3% (n = 6), and mortality zero. On postoperative scans, there was 99.3% tumor destruction. Roundness indices A, B, and transverse were 1.1, 1.0, and 0.9, respectively. At a median follow-up of 4.5 months, incomplete ablation was seen in 1 of 149 lesions treated (0.7%) and local tumor recurrence in 1 lesion (0.7%). Conclusions The results of this series confirm the safety and feasibility of MTA technology. The 99.3% rate of complete tumor ablation and low rate of local recurrence at short-term follow up are promising. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:130–134. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Could the U.S. Energy Sector Become New Engine For Growth

The intent of this paper is to discuss the U.S. energy sector in the context of economic growth, employment conditions, manufacturing competitiveness, and trade deficits. The paper carefully examines how utilization of domestic energy resources can strengthen the United States economic position in both domestic and foreign markets. Consideration is given to expanding the use of domestic energy resources to improve competitiveness in the global goods market and reduce dependency on foreign oil. In particular, the sections of the paper discuss: the current U.S. macroeconomic situation with an emphasis on economic growth and labor market; domestic oil and gas production; energy security; institutional arrangements necessary to deliver reliable U.S. energy resources to domestic and foreign markets; and policy considerations deemed necessary to boost energy growth. Keywords: Economic growth, Energy consumption, Energy production, development policy JEL Classifications: O; Q
An implantable sustained-release chemotherapy delivery system for the treatment of breast cancer

ix CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 References 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Chemotherapeutics 9 2.2 Drug Delivery Systems 10 2.3 Biomaterials 12 2.4 Manufacturing Processes for Drug Delivery Systems 17 2.5 Summary of Literature 20 2.6 Thesis Organization 21 References 22 CHAPTER 3 AN IMPLANTABLE SUSTAINED-RELEASE CHEMOTHERAPY DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER 30 Abstract 30 3.
Criminal Justice Policy and Violent Crime in Socially Disorganized Neighborhoods: The Implications for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Emphasizing the spatial distribution of crime, the theoretical model of social disorganization posits that crime and delinquency are related to the socioeconomic composition of communities. More specifically, it asserts that rates of crime are related to the social norms and activities of communities, in that it increases residential mobility, population decline, as well as ethnic heterogeneity. This article examines urban violent crime rates and depopulation in a major metropolitan city, namely Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, through the context of social disorganization theory. Economic decline and issues associated with its occurrence are discussed, and criminal justice policy solutions are offered. Finally, evidence-based policy recommendations that are grounded in a best practices approach are discussed to conclude.
Criminology, Gender, and Race A Case Study of Privilege in the Academy

Criminology has historically exhibited a significant gender bias. Yet, spurred by feminist efforts, criminology has become more gender-inclusive recently. Research has documented this bias, and gai...
Determination of 2-ethylhexyl-4-(N-Methyl-N-nitrosamino) benzoate in commercial sunscreens and cosmetic products

An analytical method has been developed for determination of 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino) benzoate (NMPABAO), a nitrosamine contaminant in sunscreen products containing 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) benzoate (Padimate O). The method involves extraction of NMPABAO by column chromatography followed by liquid chromatographic separation and analysis wit a nitric oxide detector. To confirm the presence of NMPABAO in sunscreen products, the N-nitrosamine was synthesized and its structure was determined by infrared spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and mass spectrometry (MS). For method validation, recovery studies were performed on a commercial suntan lotion, cream, and gel. Recoveries of NMPABAO added to representative test samples averaged 83%. The method has an estimated detection limit of 30 ppb. The method was used to analyze 25 commercial cosmetic and sunscreen products containing Padimate O. Eleven products contained NMPABAO at levels ranging from 160 to 21000 ppb. NMPABAO presence in 4 products was confirmed by MS at levels > or = 4000 ppb. The highest levels of NMPABAO were associated with products that contained the nitrite-releasing preservative 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol.
Effects of pulsatile reperfusion on postischemic recovery of myocardial function after global hypothermic cardiac arrest.

It has been postulated that pulsatile blood flow helps to preserve the myocardium after ischemia. However, its effect on postischemic myocardium during cardiopulmonary bypass has not been clearly defined. To determine if pulsatile reperfusion improves postischemic recovery of cardiac metabolism and performance, we subjected 20 dogs to 60 minutes of aortic cross-clamping followed by 45 mminutes of pulsatile (P group; 10 dogs) or nonpulsatile (NP group; 10 dogs) reperfusion. Left ventricular function was measured at a controlled preload in both groups before induction of global ischemia and after termination of bypass. Segmental length (assessed by sonomicrometry) was used to determine dimensional changes. Ventricular pressures were measured with solid-state micromanometers. Percent recovery of left ventricular peak systolic pressure, its first derivative, and stroke work were 66%, 59%, and 38%, respectively in the NP group and 82%, 76%, and 65% in the P group. The postarrest decrease in segmental shortening was minimized in the P group; left ventricular function curves and the slope of the end-systolic pressure-length relationship also indicated better performance after pulsatile reperfusion than after nonpulsatile reperfusion. Myocardial lactate extraction was transiently improved during the early pulsatile reperfusion period. We conclude that pulsatile reperfusion provides better myocardial preservation than nonpulsatile perfusion after 60 minutes of induced global ischemia.
Targeted α-Particle Therapy of Microscopic Disease: Providing a Further Rationale for Clinical Investigation

As is the case with diagnostic nuclear medicine, a major consideration in the development of targeted radiotherapeutics is to seek a balance between conceptual elegance and practicality. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the selection of the nature of the radiation to be exploited and the
Patient Fatigue during Aphasia Treatment: A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists

The purpose of this study was to measure speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs) perceptions of fatigue in clients with aphasia and identify strategies used to manage client fatigue during speech and ...
Specific amino acids in HIV-1 Vpr are significantly associated with differences in patient neurocognitive status

Even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapies used to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, up to 50 % of well-suppressed HIV-1-infected patients are still diagnosed with mild neurological deficits referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The multifactorial nature of HAND likely involves the HIV-1 accessory protein viral protein R (Vpr) as an agent of neuropathogenesis. To investigate the effect of naturally occurring variations in Vpr on HAND in well-suppressed HIV-1-infected patients, bioinformatic analyses were used to correlate peripheral blood-derived Vpr sequences with patient neurocognitive performance, as measured by comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and the resulting Global Deficit Score (GDS). Our studies revealed unique associations between GDS and the presence of specific amino acid changes in peripheral blood-derived Vpr sequences [neuropsychological impairment Vpr (niVpr) variants]. Amino acids N41 and A55 in the Vpr sequence were associated with more pronounced neurocognitive deficits (higher GDS). In contrast, amino acids I37 and S41 were connected to measurably lower GDS. All niVpr variants were also detected in DNA isolated from HIV-1-infected brain tissues. The implication of these results is that niVpr variants alter the genesis and/or progression of HAND through differences in Vpr-mediated effects in the peripheral blood and/or the brain.
Comparison of Different Imputing Methods for Scrambled Responses

Abstract In comparison to follow up a survey, the method of imputing nonresponses has been found to be much cheaper from the cost point of views. The problem of nonresponse in survey sampling has been widely discussed in direct question survey techniques. A very limited effort has been made if the responses are collected by using a randomized response device. In this paper, the problem of imputing scrambled responses will be considered by following Singh et al. (2008) and Zaizai et al. (2008) .
Weaponizing Affect: A Film Phenomenology of 3D Military Training Simulations during the Iraq War

This article critically considers the relation between simulation design and human experience through the analysis of three-dimensional military training simulation scenarios developed between 2003 and 2012 at the Fort Irwin National Training Center in the Mojave Desert of California. Following news reports of torture at Abu Ghraib, the US military began to implement “cultural awareness” training for all troops set to deploy to the Middle East. The military contracted with Hollywood special-effects studios to develop a series of counterinsurgency warfare immersive-training simulations, including hiring Iraqi-American and Afghan-American citizens to play villagers, mayors, and insurgents in scenarios. My primary question centers on the military technoscience of treating human bodies as variables in a reiterative simulation scenario. I analyze interviews with soldiers and actors, my own experiences videotaping training simulations at the fort, and the accounts of many other visiting journalists and filmmakers across time. From this, I contend that the stories participants tell about simulation experiences constitute one key outcome of the simulation itself, blunting dissent and aiding the fort’s long-term efforts to retain clout and funding in the face of wars whose intensity fluctuates. I treat the ongoing cinematic performances on the fort as a kind of “simulation body” unbounded by skin, a theoretical framework drawn from Vivian Sobchack’s (1992) film phenomenological concept of the “film body” and affect theory grounded in the work of Kara Keeling (2007), as well as Eve Sedgwick (2003), Sedgwick and Adam Frank (1995), and Lisa Cartwright (2008), by way of American behavioral psychoanalyst Silvan Tomkins (2008).
Adaptive Stress Responses During Tumor Metastasis and Dormancy.

To survive inhospitable environments, tumor cells are forced to remodel their signaling pathways by altering transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications. This adaptation is regulated in a spatial and temporal manner and gives rise to individual tumor cells with distinct gene expression and metabolic signatures. Such phenotypic heterogeneity is the result of tumor cell plasticity, which–together with the genetic background of the tumor–determines whether cells resist environmental stress, enter dormancy, or metastasize. This review summarizes our understanding of how tumor cells exploit the cellular stress response to balance proliferation, differentiation, and survival signals, as well as to remodel local and distant environments. We focus in particular on tumor metastasis, which is the greatest impediment to clinical management of cancers today.
Reversible Borylene Formation from Ring Opening of Pinacolborane and Other Intermediates Generated from Five-Coordinate Tris-Boryl Complexes: Implications for Catalytic C–H Borylation

Catalytic C–H borylation using the five-coordinate tris-boryl complex (dippe)Ir(Bpin)3 (5a, dippe = 1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane) has been examined using 31P{1H} and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Compound 5a was shown to react rapidly and reversibly with HBpin to generate a six-coordinate borylene complex, (dippe)Ir(H)(Bpin)2(BOCMe2CMe2OBpin) (6), whose structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Under catalytic conditions, the H2 generated from C–H borylation converted compound 6 to a series of intermediates. The first is tentatively assigned from 31P{1H} and 1H NMR spectra as (dippe)Ir(H2B3pin3) (7), which is the product of formal H2 addition to compound 5a. As catalysis progressed, compound 7 was converted to a new species with the formula (dippe)Ir(H3B2pin2) (8), which arose from H2 addition to compound 7 with loss of HBpin. Compound 8 was characterized by 31P{1H} and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and its structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, where two molecules with different ligand orientatio...
Ethics, Credibility, and Trust

In Chap. 9, I told of the high regard we physicians as a group enjoy, esteem inherited from generations of honorable and trustworthy predecessors, and largely unearned by us today. Our legacy to future physicians must be to pass on the gifts we have received, by practicing medicine in an ethical manner that inspires credibility and trust.
Integrating feeding behavior, ecological data, and DNA barcoding to identify developmental differences in invertebrate foraging strategies in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus).

Objectives Invertebrate foraging strategies in nonhuman primates often require complex extractive foraging or prey detection techniques. As these skills take time to master, juveniles may have reduced foraging efficiency or concentrate their foraging efforts on easier to acquire prey than adults. Materials and methods We use DNA barcoding, behavioral observations, and ecological data to assess age-based differences in invertebrate prey foraging strategies in a group of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in northeastern Costa Rica. Invertebrate availability was monitored using canopy traps and sweep netting. Fecal samples were collected from adult female, adult male, and juvenile white-faced capuchins (n = 225). COI mtDNA sequences were compared with known sequences in GenBank and the Barcode of Life Database. Results Frequencies of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera consumption were higher in juveniles than in adults. A significantly smaller proportion of juvenile fecal samples contained Gryllidae and Cercopidae sequences, compared with adults (0% and 4.2% vs. 4.6% and 12.5%), and a significantly larger proportion contained Tenthredinidae, Culicidae, and Crambidae (5.6%, 9.7%, and 5.6% vs. 1.3%, 0.7%, and 1.3%). Juveniles spent significantly more time feeding and foraging than adults, and focused their foraging efforts on prey that require different skills to capture or extract. Arthropod availability was not correlated with foraging efficiency, and the rate of consumption of specific orders of invertebrates was not correlated with the availability of those same taxa. Discussion Our data support the hypothesis that juveniles are concentrating their foraging efforts on different prey than adults, potentially focusing their foraging efforts on more easily acquired types of prey.
Vegetarian, Gluten-Free, and Energy Restricted Diets in Female Athletes

Female athletes who follow a diet that fails to meet energy and nutrient needs are at risk for musculoskeletal injuries, menstrual disturbances, and poor sports performance. Common nutritional concerns for the female athlete include low energy availability (EA) (i.e., energy intake from food remaining for metabolic processes after accounting for energy expended during exercise) and inadequate dietary intakes (i.e., not meeting sports nutrition guidelines) of carbohydrates, protein, essential fatty acids (EFAs), B-vitamins, calcium, iron, and vitamin D. Low EA and the associated nutrient deficiencies are more common in athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports (i.e., aesthetic, gravitational, and weight category sports) because low body fat and mass confer a competitive advantage. Other athletes at risk for energy and nutrient deficits include athletes following a vegetarian or gluten-free diet (GFD). Careful dietary planning can help an athlete meet energy and nutrient needs. This review covers the nutrition issues associated with low EA and special diets (i.e., vegetarian and GFD) and describes strategies to help female athletes meet their energy and nutrient needs.
Non-linear processing for multicarrier MIMO Radar for Improved Target Resolution

The matched filter receiver is derived with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or detection performance as the optimality criterion, and does not consider target resolution. In this paper, we investigate non-linear processing schemes which can provide resolution better than the matched filter receiver. A Multicarrier MIMO Radar is considered, where each transmit antenna uses a different subcarrier. First, we derive ambiguity function for such a system. Then we study the improvement in delay-Doppler images of proposed non-linear processing schemes when compared with optimal linear matched filter processing. Closed form expressions for probability of detection and false alarm for proposed schemes are then derived. We observe that our non-linear schemes provide significant improvement in target resolution with very small degradation in detection performance.
The rationale for accelerating regionally focused climate intervention research

Ten years ago, Paul Crutzen asked whether the time had come to consider undertaking research into intentionally intervening in the climate system so that it might be considered a policy option comparable to reducing emissions for limiting human-induced climate change. Crutzen's article pointed out how little progress had been made in reducing emissions and suggested that resurrecting decades-old ideas for imitating volcanic eruptions as a possible intervention might be needed. Today, model-based simulations, optimistically assuming that nations fulfill their commitments for future emissions reductions, project global average temperature to increase to 3–4°C above its preindustrial level by 2100, a level that Crutzen envisioned as likely to meriting active intervention. While research has begun to explore the means for intervening globally, such interventions raise challenging issues of governance, unintended consequences, intergenerational equity, and more. Initially, focusing research on potential tropospheric and surface-based approaches to altering energy flows as a means for moderating adverse regional impacts might well pose less difficult governance challenges and more regionally constrained evaluations of intended outcomes and unintended consequences. Because natural processes would tend to dissipate most types of tropospheric interventions, adjustments, and even termination, would be possible over periods of weeks to months. In addition to serving their particular purpose, regional interventions would also provide an opportunity for learning more about Earth system behavior and the potential effectiveness and risks of global-scale interventions, if such interventions might eventually be needed to counter-balance especially severe global warming.
Growth and Survival of Clostridium perfringens in Rare Beef Prepared in a Water Bath.

The low-temperature, long-time cooking of beef, using either a water bath or a conventional oven, resulted in partial inactivation of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells. Beef roasts were cooked in a water bath for process times calculated to inactivate low and high levels of C. perfringens vegetative cells. Cooking beef in a water bath to an internal temperature of 60 C and holding for at least 12 min, as required by the USDA, reduced a population of C. perfringens by approximately 3 log cycles. To decrease the risk of subsequent outgrowth of C. perfringens , roasts (⩽ 1.5 kg) may be subjected to a process calculated for a 12-log reduction in population, which would include holding times of 2.3 h or longer at an internal temperature of 60 C. Recommendations are given for cooking and cooling roasts to minimize microbiological problems.
Diagnosis and Classification of Amyloidosis in Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Aspiration Specimens Using Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomics

Abstract Abdominal subcutaneous fat aspiration is one of the most practical, sensitive and specific methods for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. One limitation of this method, compared to more invasive tissue biopsy based approaches, remains the technical difficulties in further classification of the amyloidosis as commonly used methods, such as immunohistochemistry, are not readily applicable to fat aspiration specimens. To overcome these difficulties we developed a method using nano-flow liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that could identify amyloid subtypes in freshly obtained Congo Red positive fat aspirate specimens with great accuracy. Abdominal subcutaneous fat aspirate specimens were obtained from 73 patients with clinical suspicion for systemic amyloidosis. One half of the specimen was stained with Congo red and used for diagnosis of amyloidosis and the other half was processed and enzyme digested for LC-MS/MS analysis. The resulting LC-MS/MS data was correlated to theoretical fragmentation patterns of tryptic peptide sequences from the Swissprot database using Scaffold (Mascot, Sequest, and X!Tandem search algorithms). Peptide identifications were accepted if they could be established at greater than 90.0% probability and protein identifications were accepted if they could be established at greater than 90.0% probability and contain at least 2 identified spectra. The identified proteins were subsequently examined for the presence or absence of amyloid related peptides. Of the 73 cases studied, 41 were positive for Congo red consistent with systemic amyloidosis. In Congo red positive cases, LC-MS/MS peptide profiles consistent with AL-lambda (28/31), AL-kappa (6/7), and ATTR (2/3) were observed. Only one case in the Congo red negative control group (31/32) gave a kappa light chain profile which was attributed to a high level of kappa in the serum (285 mg/dL). Of the 35 out of 41 cases of systemic amyloidosis successfully classified by LC-MS/MS, additional clinical and pathology data validating the amyloid type was available. In each of these cases the MS/MS results accurately predicted the amyloid type. In conclusion, LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of abdominal subcutaneous fat aspiration specimens involved by amyloidosis provides a highly specific (97% specificity) and sensitive (>85% sensitivity) method for diagnosis and classification of amyloidosis. The method is rapid and readily applicable in a clinical setting and will greatly improve the clinical management of amyloidosis patients.
Evaluation of multivalent H2 influenza pandemic vaccines in mice.

Subtype H2 Influenza A viruses were the cause of a severe pandemic in the winter of 1957. However, this subtype no longer circulates in humans and is no longer included in seasonal vaccines. As a result, individuals under 50years of age are immunologically naive. H2 viruses persist in aquatic birds, which were a contributing source for the 1957 pandemic, and have also been isolated from swine. Reintroduction of the H2 via zoonotic transmission has been identified as a pandemic risk, so pre-pandemic planning should include preparation and testing of vaccine candidates against this subtype. We evaluated the immunogenicity of two inactivated, whole virus influenza vaccines (IVV) in mice: a monovalent IVV containing human pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/1957 (H2N2), and a multivalent IVV containing human A/Singapore/1/1957, avian A/Duck/HongKong/319/1978 (H2N2), and swine A/Swine/Missouri/2124514/2006 (H2N3) viruses. While both vaccines induced protective immunity compared to naive animals, the multivalent formulation was advantageous over the monovalent in terms of level and breadth of serological responses, neutralization of infectious virus, and reduction of clinical disease and respiratory tissue replication in mice. Therefore, multivalent pandemic H2 vaccines containing diverse viruses from animal reservoirs, are a potential option to improve the immune responses in a pre-pandemic scenario where antigenic identity cannot be predicted.
Parcel-based urban land use classification in megacity using airborne LiDAR, high resolution orthoimagery, and Google Street View

Abstract Urban land use information is increasingly important for a variety of purposes. With their increasing coverage and availability, airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, high resolution orthoimagery (HRO), and Google Street View (GSV) images are showing great potential for accurate land use classification. However, no study mapped land use in megacity using GSV-derived features or the three kinds of data together for land use classification. The main objectives of this study are (1) to test the performance of a parcel-based land use classification method using a Random Forest classifier with LiDAR data, HRO, and GSV images in a megacity, and (2) to explore the use of GSV in separating parcels of mixed residential & commercial buildings from other land use parcels. Two neighboring community districts in Brooklyn, New York, were selected as the study area. Thirteen automatically-derived parcel features, including nine common parcel features and four GSV-derived parcel features, were used in land use classification. The average overall classification accuracy was 77.5%, with producer's accuracies exceeding 92% for single-family housing. Comparing the results of classifications with and without GSV-derived parcel features shows that GSV-derived parcel features on average contribute to the classification accuracy of mixed residential & commercial buildings by 10 percentage points, improving it from 41.3% to 51.4%. In general, the results show that even in a complex megacity, the parcel-based land use classification technique, with parcel features extracted from airborne LiDAR, HRO, and GSV, is able to discriminate among different land use classes, such as single-family house, commercial & industrial building, and open space & park, with acceptable accuracies, and that integrating GSV into classification improves the classification accuracy of some urban land use classes, especially mixed residential & commercial building.