cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaussian interference channels with multiple receive antennas: Capacity and generalized degrees of freedom

Gaussian interference channels with multiple receive antennas are studied. First we investigate the two-user Gaussian interference channel with two receive antennas, and it turns out that the angles among channel vectors play a central role in how the additional antenna helps increase the capacity. We formulate the notion of generalized degrees of freedom and show that optimal g.d.o.f. is achieved by superposition Gaussian random coding. Remarkably, the operating regime for the best linear scheme (MMSE followed by treating interference as noise) achieves optimal g.d.o.f. is enlarged when angle is large. Second, a three-to-one Gaussian interference channel in which the interfered receiver has two receive antennas is studied. Unlike the single-antenna case, the idea of interference alignment on signal scales is not directly applicable, and a natural generalization of Han-Kobayashi-type scheme with Gaussian random codes can achieve the capacity region within a number of bits, which depends only on the angle between two interfering channel vectors. We use the notion of generalized degrees of freedom to analyze the problem, and it turns out the HK-type scheme is not g.d.o.f.-optimal. We propose a new scheme, partial interference alignment, which well exploits both the receiver joint processing gain and interference alignment structural gain, and it outperforms HK-type scheme and single-antenna interference alignment scheme.
Sleepy, leaky gut

Sleep fragmentation is characterized by frequent arousals from sleep. It is common in human populations and may occur without shifts in circadian rhythms or decreased overall sleep time. Sleep disturbances, such as from sleep fragmentation, are associated with metabolic and inflammatory changes in humans and animal models. The mechanisms driving the effects of sleep fragmentation on systemic processes remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiome interacts with inflammatory, metabolic, and circadian clock systems. Further, hypoxia mimicking obstructive sleep apnea, a known cause of sleep fragmentation, alters the gut microbiome. To explore the relationships between sleep fragmentation, gut microbiota, inflammation, and metabolism, Poroyko et al. subjected mice to sleep fragmentation for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week recovery period. Taxonomic profiles of the fecal microbiota were determined before and after sleep fragmentation, and multiple factors related to inflammation and metabolism, including insulin sensitivity, leptin, and interleukin-6 were measured. Food intake, fat mass, and metabolic disturbance increased in the sleep fragmented mice. There was decreased tissue-specific and systemic insulin sensitivity, increased leptin, and increased inflammatory markers. Reversible changes in the fecal microbiota, such as an increase in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and a decrease in Lactobacillaceae families, were also seen. Transplanting gut flora from sleep-fragmented mice into non–sleep fragmented mice replicated the inflammatory and metabolic changes seen in sleep fragmentation, suggesting that the inflammatory and metabolic changes were mediated by changes in the gut microbiota. To test a potential mechanism by which this process might occur, fecal water from sleep fragmented mice was applied in vitro to colonic epithelium and was found to increase permeability. This increased permeability is a potential pathway for microbial products to enter the systemic circulation and stimulate an inflammatory response that may mediate the metabolic dysfunctions associated with chronic sleep fragmentation. Poroyko et al. concluded that sleep fragmentation–induced metabolic alterations may be mediated in part by concurrent changes in gut microbiota. These findings suggest a mechanism to explain the inflammatory and metabolic changes seen in humans with sleep disturbances. Rather than improve sleep fragmentation, fecal microbiota may be targeted with therapeutics to ameliorate the adverse effects of sleep fragmentation—but such therapies require in vivo testing in animal models before translation to human subjects. V. A. Poroyko et al. , Chronic sleep disruption alters gut microbiota, induces systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Sci. Rep. 10.1038/srep35405 (2016). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep35405
720. Data-Driven Development to Deployment of Recombinagenic to Reprogramming Drives

We consider an approach to addressing health and well-being disparities on large scales by the development and deployment of recombinagenic and reprogramming drives. Among these are, for example, “gene drives” which “drive” themselves and proximally involved genetic elements through space, i.e. (sub)populations of individuals, and time, i.e. successive generations of these (sub) populations. In doing so, they can be engineered to propagate through (sub)populations despite reducing individual fitness, since most all offspring harboring drives are affected through inheritance, rather than fractional numbers of progeny. Fitness costs are thus compensated by this inheritance advantage. This, too, has spatial, e.g. ecological, as well as temporal, e.g. evolutionary, consequences for the (sub) populations being driven, as well as the network of interactions among the (sub)populations and the shared living environment.We analyze and extend the data in our research and that of others to present technically possible types of drives, and the epidemiological contexts in which they can be applied to recombine genetic components and reprogram cellular chasses. Transient behavior during these modifications can give way to new equilibria in which, for example, disease transmission is mitigated, or disease resistance is bolstered, thus ultimately benefiting human health and agricultural well-being, respectively.We combine the aforementioned and conclude with the technological and environmentally amenable consequences of drives as applied to contexts. As a powerful synthetic technology operating in the living world as intimately and broadly as natural evolutionary drives, potential unintended and off-targeting issues as well as safeguards and optimization of the development to deployment of drives are discussed. Simultaneously, as a technology dependent on its successful interplay with the environment, natural and man-made, drives are limited in their applicability due to their own inherent requirements, e.g. suitable for mating organisms, and brief generational timespans, as well as those external to them, e.g. ethics and safety for the target for the drive and others in the ecosystem, and immediate and long-term effects on other interactions in the network.
287. Improved Outcomes Following Drug-Resistant Immunotherapy in a Human Xenograft Model of Temozolomide-Resistant Glioblastoma Multiforme

INTRODUCTION: Conventional treatment strategies for Temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant high-grade gliomas have been uniformly dismal. We have shown that TMZ-resistant tumors up-regulate stress-associated NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) during the first hours after exposure to TMZ, thereby creating an opportunity for NKG2DL-directed cell therapies. We report improved survival using a combination of TMZ chemotherapy and gene modified TMZ-resistant γΔ T cells which we term Drug Resistant Immunotherapy (DRI). TMZ resistance is conferred by lentivector transfer of methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) enabling cytotoxic lymphocyte function during high-dose chemotherapy.METHODS: Tumor NKG2DL expression and DRI cytotoxicity were assessed by flow cytometry. Intracranial (IC) glioma xenografts were established on Day 0 with either unmodified (P) or a TMZ resistant clone (T) of human primary GBM-X12 passaged exclusively in immunodeficient mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with intraperitoneal TMZ 60mg/kg on days 6, 8,13, and 15 followed by IC injection of 1.5 × 106 DRI 4h after each TMZ dose × 2 weeks. Control mice received non-modified cells, TMZ, or no therapy. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis.RESULTS: Both GBM-X12P and X12T express NKG2DL MIC-A, MIC-B, and ULBP-4. DRI cells killed both tumors in vitro at approximately 80% at an effector: target ratio of 20:1 with no toxicity against cultured human astrocytes. Cell therapy alone did not improve survival beyond that of untreated mice. For the parent tumor X12P (Figure 1), TMZ therapy significantly improved median survival over untreated controls (29 vs. 59 days, p < 0.0001), and addition of DRI increased median survival to 120 days with 80% long term survivors. For the TMZ-resistant X12T (Figure 2), TMZ alone did not improve survival over untreated controls (22 vs. 27 days p = 0.4827). Addition of DRI significantly increased median survival from 22 days to 38 days (p = 0.0004) with 10% of animals surviving to day +119. View Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide View Large Image | Download PowerPoint SlideCONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of combined TMZ chemotherapy and drug-resistance modified γΔ T cell therapy resulting in a significant increase in time to progression and improvement in median and overall survival in immunodeficient mice bearing otherwise impervious human primary xenograft tumors using a strategy is readily adaptable to the clinical setting
Parity of the Neutral Pion and the Decay π 0 → 2 e + + 2 e −

Two hundred and six electronic decays of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, have been observed in a hydrogen bubble chamber. The decay distributions of the electron pairs and the total rate for this process are shown to be in good agreement with theory. An examination of correlations of the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pair decay planes on the basis of electrodynamic predictions is in agreement with the hypothesis that the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ is pseudoscalar, but disagrees for scalar pions by 3.6 standard deviations.
Covariance estimation in terms of Stokes parameters with application to vector sensor imaging

Vector sensor imaging presents a challenging problem in covariance estimation when allowing arbitrarily polarized sources. We propose a Stokes parameter representation of the source covariance matrix which is both qualitatively and computationally convenient. Using this formulation, we adapt the proximal gradient and expectation maximization (EM) algorithms and apply them in multiple variants to the maximum likelihood and least squares problems. We also show how EM can be cast as gradient descent on the Riemannian manifold of positive definite matrices, enabling a new accelerated EM algorithm. Finally, we demonstrate the benefits of the proximal gradient approach through comparison of convergence results from simulated data.
Disparities in telephone CPR access and timing during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Arizona Department of Health Services Bureau of Tobacco and Chronic Disease; Medtronic Philanthropy Foundation through the HeartRescue Program; NIH/NHLBI [5R25HL126140]
Reverse Engineering the Inflammatory "Clock": From Computational Modeling to Rational Resetting.

Properly-regulated inflammation is central to homeostasis, and becomes dysregulated after traumatic injury, hemorrhage, and sepsis. Inflammation is a dynamic, complex system whose function, like that of an analog clock, cannot be discerned simply from a laundry list of its parts (data). Dynamic approaches to data-driven computational modeling can be thought of as the “gears” and “hands” of the “clock,” and have led to insights regarding principal drivers, dynamic networks, feedbacks, and regulatory switches. In parallel, mechanistic computational models have given an abstracted sense of how the inflammatory “clock” works, leading to in silico models of critically ill individuals and populations. Integrating data-driven and mechanistic modeling may point the way to a rational “resetting” of inflammation via model-driven precision medicine.
High-throughput, semi-automated quantitative STEM mass measurement of supported metal nanoparticles using a conventional TEM/STEM

The adaptation of quantitative STEM techniques to enable atom-counting in supported metal nanoparticles with a modern, conventional (non-aberration-corrected) TEM/STEM (a JEOL JEM2100F) without the need for any modifications or special hardware is presented. No image simulation is required, either. This technique enables the practical analysis of the size, mass, and basic shape information of statistically robust populations of hundreds to thousands of nanoparticles. The methods for performing the necessary calibrations of the microscope and images are detailed. A user-friendly semi-automated analysis program was also written to facilitate high throughput. The program optimizes the analysis parameters, applying the procedure consistently across the entire dataset, enhancing the meaningfulness of the statistics as well as the reproducibility and transferability of the results. A series of atomically precise Au nanoparticles were used to validate the technique, which was determined to be accurate within a (nearly uniform) scaling factor of around two for the given instrument, and could be brought into better agreement with a calibration standard. The magnitude of the disparity was found to significantly and unexpectedly rely on the chosen magnification and spot size, the underlying reasons for which are unclear and likely instrument-dependent. The possible sources of error from the calibration and acquisition were examined and their impact on the accuracy and precision of quantification were estimated. The scattering cross-sections measured using this technique are relatively insensitive to moderate errors in the various detector calibrations but particularly sensitive to pixel size error.
Dementia Care: More Than Just Prescription Drugs.

Rather than focusing on medications to achieve a small temporary difference in cognition, patients and families might be better served if we focused more on nonpharmacologic treatments, and on more important issues, such as advance directives, driving, living arrangements, caregiver support, and home safety.
Discrete Radon transform has an exact, fast inverse and generalizes to operations other than sums along lines

Gotz, Druckmuller, and, independently, Brady have defined a discrete Radon transform (DRT) that sums an image9s pixel values along a set of aptly chosen discrete lines, complete in slope and intercept. The transform is fast, O ( N 2 log N ) for an N × N image; it uses only addition, not multiplication or interpolation, and it admits a fast, exact algorithm for the adjoint operation, namely backprojection. This paper shows that the transform additionally has a fast, exact (although iterative) inverse. The inverse reproduces to machine accuracy the pixel-by-pixel values of the original image from its DRT, without artifacts or a finite point-spread function. Fourier or fast Fourier transform methods are not used. The inverse can also be calculated from sampled sinograms and is well conditioned in the presence of noise. Also introduced are generalizations of the DRT that combine pixel values along lines by operations other than addition. For example, there is a fast transform that calculates median values along all discrete lines and is able to detect linear features at low signal-to-noise ratios in the presence of pointlike clutter features of arbitrarily large amplitude.
How Kahn and the Robinsons Knew for Certain by August 1937, that Keynes's Theory of Interest Rate Determination Combined Liquidity Preference with the Incomplete Neoclassical Theory in Keynes's IS-LP(LM) Model in the General Theory

Keynes made it crystal clear in his comments on the draft copy of Pigou’s future 1937 article in the Economic Journal that Pigou’s fundamental error was to have two different theories of the rate of interest, one determined by the demand and supply of money, and the other one determined by the amount of spending out of current income on consumption and investment goods. Keynes made it plain that neither determined the rate of interest alone. Both of Pigou’s ‘theories’ had to be combined together in order to determine the rate of interest. Of course, Keynes’s LP(LM) curve had to be combined with the IS curve to have a determinate theory of the rate of interest. Keynes sent his formal, unpublished comments to J. Robinson, A. Robinson, and R. Kahn in 1937 before publishing them in the December issue of the Economic Journal. Therefore, J. Robinson, A. Robinson, and R. Kahn knew for certain by 1937 that Keynes’s theory of the rate of interest, as presented in both the General Theory and the Quarterly Journal of Economics reply article, published earlier in February 1937, was an IS-LP(LM) approach. However, J. Robinson, A. Robinson, and R. Kahn never mentioned this and claimed constantly throughout their lifetimes that Keynes’s theory of the interest rate had nothing to do with IS-LP(LM) and that IS-LP(LM) was ‘Bastard Keynesianism’, because Keynes had supposedly denied that formal, mathematical modeling was possible in macroeconomics. This position is directly contradicted by Keynes himself in chapter 21 in sections IV, V and VI on pages 298-306, as well as on pages 199-203, 208-209 of chapter 15 of the General Theory. The only conclusion possible is that J. Robinson, A. Robinson, and R. Kahn deliberately sought to hide this information in their lifetimes because it contradicted their claims that Keynes would never use a simultaneous equation model, given his Marshallian pedigree. Kaldor’s paper, published in the same issue as Keynes’s, uses a version of Keynes’s IS-LP(LM) analysis to critique Pigou. No economist in the twentieth or twenty first century was able to spot the great contradictions that existed between Keynes himself and J. Robinson, R. Kahn, or A. Robinson. Champernowne and Reddaway, if combined, are vastly superior to the claims of the Robinson’s and Kahn concerning the General Theory.
Capacity, Vulnerability, and Informed Consent for Research

This article presents an overview for clinician investigators on the concepts of decision-making capacity and vulnerability as related to human subjects research. Tools for capacity assessment and unacknowledged sources of vulnerability are discussed, and the practical gaps in current informed consent requirements related to impaired capacity and potential vulnerability are described. Options are suggested for research discussions when full regulatory consent is not possible and an exception from informed consent does not apply.
More power to pyroelectrics.

Using a thin-film geometry and electric-field-driven enhancement of pyroelectric response, a relaxor ferroelectric is shown to display superior power densities for thermal harvesting.
Calculus of Variations Revisited Plus the Gamma and Bessel Functions

A variety of topics that use the Calculus of Variations are explored. After developing general conditions for constrained optimization in a pastoral interlude they are applied to Queen Dido’s isoperimetric problem. Then the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion for conservative dynamical systems are derived in a pastoral interlude and applied to a linear spring, a double plane pendulum, and a vibrating string, respectively. Finally Bessel functions needed in the problems are introduced and examined which requires a similar preliminary examination of the gamma function as well since the former are defined in terms of the latter. In this context the Method of Stationary Phase and Laplace’s Method are developed and employed to derive asymptotic representations for the Bessel functions and Stirling’s formula for n!, respectively. There are eight problems: The first seven deal with a variety of Calculus of Variations applications and asymptotic representations for the special functions as well as a complete examination of the Bessel equation of order one-half. The eighth problem requires a Calculus of Variations approach to derive the wave equation governing the motion of a vibrating circular membrane which when solved by separation of variables gives rise to the eigenvalue example involving Bessel’s equation of order zero handled in the final section of the chapter.
Social entrepreneurship as intervention: Findings from a venture development program for marginalized youth

Leadership and career readiness are important goals for youth development. Entrepreneurship has recently been considered as a potential intervention to support these aims. This study examined a ven...
Spinal Nerve Stimulation

Spinal nerve stimulation has proven useful in determining the diagnosis and prognosis in a wide variety of injuries and diseases involving the peripheral and central nervous systems. This article presents techniques of electric and magnetic stimulation of spinal nerves, provides supporting normative data, and discusses the clinical conditions for which spinal nerve stimulation can be used. It also offers an historical review of the subject.
The effect of periovarian adhesions on follicular development in patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer

It has been suggested that the presence of periovarian adhesions might impair the ovarian response to gonadotropins. Periovarian adhesions were recorded in 49 women, and the total percentage of accessible ovarian cortex was described at the initiation of the operative procedure. Adhesiolysis was performed as needed for oocyte recovery. Ovarian access did not correlate with serum estradiol level on either the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration or the day after hCG administration. Similarly, neither the total number of follicles on the day of hCG or on the day after hCG, nor the number of follicles 1.0 to 1.4cm or ≥1.5cm correlated with ovarian access. We conclude that periovarian adhesions are not a major determinant of the ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation.
Recent developments in genetics of manic-depressive illness.

Bipolar affective disorder appears to be a heterogeneous disorder with multiple independently inherited disease genes, each giving similar clinical results (bipolar, unipolar, and other disorders). This conclusion derives from the recent findings of separate forms of illness linked to single gene markers, with the preponderance of cases in several studies not linked to any of them. At this time, reports of linkage to chromosome 11 and to the color-blindness region of X chromosome are widely accepted, but reports of linkage of the HLA region of chromosome 6 have been criticized and are considered controversial. Persons born in successive decades of the 20th century have progressively greater risks for bipolar and unipolar affective disorders, suicide, and alcoholism but not schizophrenia. This multinational trend begins with persons born in the 1930s and extends to the present time (or possibly until the present decade). For affective disorders, this trend has greater effect in families of affective disorder patients than in the population as a whole, implying a genetic-environment interaction. Language: en
CHAPTER 29 – Biological Control of Forest Insects

The most common approach to biological control in forestry has been the importation of natural enemies against introduced pest species or the classical biological control. This usually involved colonizing and establishing a relatively small number of natural enemies for control of an exotic pest through direct inoculative releases of freshly imported parasitoids. The effects of natural enemies can be enhanced by various manipulations of the organisms themselves or by alteration of their environment. Although augmentation and conservation can be distinguished theoretically, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the concepts in practice. Inoculative attempts have been made with several parasitoids, primarily egg parasitoids, against several forest pests in Germany, Poland, Austria, and Argentina. Red wood ants, considered to be effective predators on forest pests, have been relocated in several countries in Europe. Microbial insecticides are likely to receive as wide an application in forestry as in agriculture or horticulture for several reasons. Forest protection is of much greater concern to the general public due to the more extensive areas covered by forest pests. Forest pest problems also tend to involve only single target species instead of a complex of pests, as is often the case in agriculture, which requires the development of only a single microbial product.
Mechanisms for the Transport of Soluble Proteins to the Vacuole in Plants

In eukaryotic cells, most proteins destined for the cell surface or for organelles of the secretory pathway are synthesized by endoplasmic-reticulum-bound ribosomes and co-translationally transported into the ER lumen. This translocation process is dependent on the presence of a signal sequence found at the N-terminus of most soluble secretory proteins. If no other signal is present, soluble proteins are transported to the cell surface by a default mechanism, with a positive sorting signal being required for retention within the endomembrane system (reviewed in Bednarek and Raikhel, 1992) [Fig. 1]. Soluble vacuolar proteins (in plant and yeast cells) or lysosomal proteins (in mammalian cells) are transported through the secretory pathway to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where they are segregated from secreted proteins and carried to the vacuole or lysosome in clathrin-coated vesicles. The mechanisms for sorting proteins to these organelles differ between organisms. Sorting to mammalian lysosomes is usually mediated by oligosaccharide modifications, whereas sorting to yeast and plant vacuoles is mediated by short peptide domains that may be removed before or upon deposition in the organelle, or it may form a part of the mature protein (for review see, Bar-Peled et al., 1996). Soluble proteins are transported through the secretory system via transport vesicles that bud from one compartment and fuse specifically with the next. The specificity of these fusion events is thought to be determined by integral membrane proteins on the vesicles and the acceptor membrane and several candidates for these targeting molecules have recently been identified (Rothman, 1994).
Reward associations do not explain transitive inference performance in monkeys

Most accounts of behavior in nonhuman animals assume that they make choices to maximize expected reward value. However, model-free reinforcement learning based on reward associations cannot account for choice behavior in transitive inference paradigms. We manipulated the amount of reward associated with each item of an ordered list, so that maximizing expected reward value was always in conflict with decision rules based on the implicit list order. Under such a schedule, model-free reinforcement algorithms cannot achieve high levels of accuracy, even after extensive training. Monkeys nevertheless learned to make correct rule-based choices. These results show that monkeys' performance in transitive inference paradigms is not driven solely by expected reward and that appropriate inferences are made despite discordant reward incentives. We show that their choices can be explained by an abstract, model-based representation of list order, and we provide a method for inferring the contents of such representations from observed data.
Rootedness and Exile: Holocaust and Aftermath

What might have befallen the “Jews of Arab lands” in the shadow of the Holocaust certainly did not apply in the case of Lebanon. Lebanese Jewish life was markedly different from Jewish life elsewhere in the Arab-defined Middle East. This chapter speaks to a relatively “stable” Lebanese Jewish experience, in an era when the world at large was committing collective suicide, when the Jews of Europe were on the cusp of destruction, and when Middle Eastern Jewry was being slated for a similar fate.
Survival, Recovery, and Reproductive Success of Mottled Ducks on the Upper Texas Coast

Anas fulvigula (Mottled Duck) has experienced long-term population declines due to habitat loss and other anthropogenic factors. Our objectives were to (1) generate annual survival and recovery estimates, while examining the influence of age and sex, and (2) examine the influence of rainfall and drought on reproductive success. We followed the Brownie approach using the RMark package in R to analyze 4967 bandings and 705 recoveries from 2004–2015. We examined linear and curvilinear relationships between precipitation variables and a reproductive index. Hatch-year (HY) males had the highest annual recovery probability, while after-hatch-year (AHY) females had the lowest. Annual survival varied predominately by sex but also with age. Hatch-year females had the lowest estimate of survival, while after-hatch-year males had the highest. Total rainfall during peak nesting season showed a weak negative relationship with our reproductive success index (β = -0.0085, 95% CI: -0.0240, 0.0070), and was our only competitive model besides the null. Annual survival and recovery estimates were similar to other studies on Mottled Ducks. Our reproductive success analysis was inconclusive in that either there is no effect of precipitation or the measures we used for the reproduction index or the predictor variables were inadequate.
Technology and Manufacturing in China before the Industrial Revolution and Glimpses of the Future

We have four goals in this study. First, we chronicle China's history of technology and manufacturing before the Industrial Revolution. This history of monumental developments is scattered in dozen of books and hundreds of articles, but it is not available in a concise form. Although, this history is relevant to all disciplines in social sciences, science, and technology, it is most relevant to the discipline this journal represents. Second, we analyze the role of exports in improving quality of goods and improving manufacturing. Before the Industrial Revolution, China was the world leader in inventions and the world's largest manufacturer. Despite its strengths, it failed to become a major exporter. Exports could have helped it to unleash a quality evolution and to expand its economy further. Third, we describe the role of international relations and wars in economic development and economic decay. During the Industrial Revolution, China's manufacturing output decreased, and its economy took a big hit because of military conquests by Britain and the resulting dynamics of international relations. We also point out that China missed the opportunity to become a naval power before the Industrial Revolution, which contributed to its fate during the Industrial Revolution. Fourth, we briefly describe the dramatic changes in international relations after World War II, and China's emergence once gain as the world's largest manufacturer. We point out that exports have been a major driver of China's phenomenal economic growth. We also speculate on China's current options which may lead to a promising future for China and the world.
Cu(II) adsorption onto ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea

Abstract Nitrogen cycling is dependent on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea transforming ammonia to nitrite. Copper is an essential cofactor for ammonia monooxygenase in ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria. Copper is also essential for several electron carriers in ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Hence, copper acquisition is a critical step for complete enzyme maturation and metabolic function. In this work, we describe copper adsorption onto the bacterial species Nitrosococcus oceani C-107 (N. oceani) and Nitrosomonas europaea C-31 (N. europaea) and archaeal species Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1 (N. maritimus). Surface complexation models described copper adsorption onto bacterial species with one reaction, while N. maritimus required two reactions to adequately describe adsorption. Enthalpies of copper adsorption derived from isothermal titration calorimetry combined with surface complexation modeling revealed slightly exothermic enthalpies for N. maritimus and thermoneutral to endothermic enthalpies for the bacterial species. Entropies of copper adsorption were positive and indicative of entropy-driven inner-sphere complexation reactions. Thermodynamic parameters describing copper adsorption onto N. maritimus are consistent with adsorption onto a mixture of phosphorous-bearing anionic oxygen and thiol ligands. Thermodynamic parameters describing Cu(II) adsorption onto N. oceani and N. europaea were consistent with Cu(II) adsorption onto phosphorous-bearing anionic oxygen ligands. Modeling competitive copper complexation between N. maritimus and two organic acids, to mimic dissolved organic carbon, showed that N. maritimus could compete with nitrilotriacetic acid and triethylenetetramine under conditions similar to experimental measurements of copper adsorption. These results suggest that selectivity of the N. maritimus surface may confer some advantage in low-copper environments.
Identifying high risk subgroups of MSM: a latent class analysis using two samples

Latent class analyses (LCA) are increasingly being used to target specialized HIV interventions, but generalizability of emergent population structures across settings has yet to be considered. We compare LCA performed on two online samples of HIV negative Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) to detect more generalizable latent class structures and to assess the extent to which sampling considerations impact the validity of LCA results. LCAs were performed on an 1) nationwide online survey which involved no in-person contact with study staff and a 2) sentinel surveillance survey in which participants underwent HIV and syphilis testing in the city of Guangzhou, both conducted in 2014. Models for each sample were informed by risk factors for HIV acquisition in MSM that were common to both datasets. An LCA of the Guangzhou sentinel surveillance data indicated the presence of two relatively similar classes, differing only by the greater tendency of one to report group sex. In contrast an LCA of the nationwide survey identified three classes, two of which shared many of the same features as those identified in the Guangzhou survey, including the fact that they were mainly distinguished by group sex behaviors. The final latent class in the nationwide survey was composed of members with notably few risk behaviors. Comparisons of the latent class structures of each sample lead us to conclude that the nationwide online sample captured a larger, possibly more representative group of Chinese MSM comprised of a larger, higher risk group and a small yet distinct lower group with few reported behaviors. The absence of a lower risk group in the Guangzhou sentinel surveillance dataset suggests that MSM recruited into studies involving free HIV/STI testing may oversample MSM with higher risk behaviors and therefore greater risk perception. Lastly, two types of higher risk MSM were emergent across both samples distinguished largely by their recent group sex behaviors. Higher odds not only of self-reported HIV infection but also of closeted tendencies and gender fluid identities in this highest risk group suggest that interacting factors drive individual and structural facets of HIV risk.
Local Atomic Ordering in BaTaO2N Studied by Neutron Pair Distribution Function Analysis and Density Functional Theory

The local structure and oxygen/nitrogen ordering of the high permittivity perovskite BaTaO2N has been studied using a combination of neutron total scattering and density functional electronic structure calculations. Although the average structure as revealed by neutron diffraction Rietveld analysis is cubic Pm3m with no evidence of O/N ordering, the local structure as revealed by pair distribution function analysis of the total neutron scattering appears to favor a cis configuration of the TaO4N2 polyhedra with small Ta displacements toward the N atoms. Density functional calculations similarly suggest that the cis TaO4N2 polyhedron is more stable than the corresponding trans variant.
Nonperturbative determination of $\beta$ functions for SU(3) gauge theories with 10 and 12 fundamental flavors using domain wall fermions

Nonperturbative lattice field theory simulations provide a systematic framework to investigate properties of conformal systems at strong couplings. These simulations can be performed using different lattice discretizations. Here we present numerical results for the step scaling beta function in SU(3) gauge theories with ten and twelve fundamental flavors. We calculate the renormalized $\beta$ function in the finite volume gradient flow renormalization scheme. Using M\"obius domain wall fermions with Symanzik gauge action, Zeuthen gradient flow, and perturbative tree-level improvement, we implement a fully $O(a^2)$ Symanzik improved set-up and demonstrate its advantages. We compare our findings to existing results in the literature. For the ten flavor system we observe excellent agreement with the domain wall step-scaling function calculated by Chiu for the range in $g_c^2$ where our data overlap. In the case of the twelve flavor system, our $O(a^2)$ Symanzik improved set-up predicts a conformal infrared fixed point around $g_c^2 \sim 5.5$ in the $c=0.25$ scheme, which is presently in tension with staggered fermion results in the literature. We consider possible reasons for the discrepancy.
Dietary Quercetin and Kaempferol: Bioavailability and Potential Cardiovascular-Related Bioactivity in Humans

Fruit and vegetable intake has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Quercetin and kaempferol are among the most ubiquitous polyphenols in fruit and vegetables. Most of the quercetin and kaempferol in plants is attached to sugar moieties rather than in the free form. The types and attachments of sugars impact bioavailability, and thus bioactivity. This article aims to review the current literature on the bioavailability of quercetin and kaempferol from food sources and evaluate the potential cardiovascular effects in humans. Foods with the highest concentrations of quercetin and kaempferol in plants are not necessarily the most bioavailable sources. Glucoside conjugates which are found in onions appear to have the highest bioavailability in humans. The absorbed quercetin and kaempferol are rapidly metabolized in the liver and circulate as methyl, glucuronide, and sulfate metabolites. These metabolites can be measured in the blood and urine to assess bioactivity in human trials. The optimal effective dose of quercetin reported to have beneficial effect of lowering blood pressure and inflammation is 500 mg of the aglycone form. Few clinical studies have examined the potential cardiovascular effects of high intakes of quercetin- and kaempferol-rich plants. However, it is possible that a lower dosage from plant sources could be effective due to of its higher bioavailability compared to the aglycone form. Studies are needed to evaluate the potential cardiovascular benefits of plants rich in quercetin and kaempferol glycoside conjugates.
Abstract 161: Prevalence and Course of Depression During the First Year After Stroke

Introduction: Depression is prevalent and burdensome in stroke survivors, however, information about its longitudinal course following stroke is limited, especially for the early stage of stroke re...
Variables associated with missed nursing care in Alabama: A cross‐sectional analysis

Aim To discover the extent of and factors associated with missed nursing care in Alabama. Background Missed nursing care is a well-documented phenomenon. However, it has not been studied in U.S. southern states that consistently rank poorly in health outcomes, such as Alabama. Methods The Perceived Implicit Rationing of Nursing Care Instrument was administered as part of the Alabama Hospital Staff Nurse Study. Analyses were run on 950 surveys completed by inpatient registered nurses. Results Overall missed nursing care scores vary significantly by gender, unit type, job satisfaction and quality of nursing care. Overall missed nursing care scores are correlated with the work environment and number of patients assigned to each nurse. Unit type, quality of nursing care and the work environment are important factors associated with missed nursing care. Conclusion The results of this study advance nursing science by adding to the growing body of knowledge surrounding missed nursing care. The results reveal opportunities where nurses may need support in their bedside practice. Implications for nursing management Nursing management must monitor the nursing work environment, periodically measure missed nursing care to assess for improvement opportunities, and watch for interventions that could decrease missed nursing care.
Una propuesta del ocio inclusivo: El Proceso Diverze

This work presents in a general way the Research Plan of a doctoral thesis whose object of study is the so-called Diverze process, a proposal of inclusive leisure that is born in the context of the EQUA Association, which mediates in experiential contexts where young people with diverse capacities. The main purpose of the thesis is to understand in depth the DIVERZE process, to assess the contribution made from it to the opening of spaces for the development of an inclusive leisure and free time, which therefore involves young people with diverse abilities . The research is qualitative and longitudinal and is articulated through complementary designs. On the one hand, an evaluative case study of the DIVERZE process, of other life stories, that will allow us to reach the most phenomenological essence of what it means for young people themselves. This work responds to a need expressed by the participants themselves, the design was negotiated with the association and the participants themselves become researchers of their lives. All this gives a sense that incardine towards transformation.
Attacks and Mitigation Techniques for Iris-Based Authentication Systems

Authentication is a key step for accessing resources and services. Currently, there are several ways of performing authentication such as text-based passwords and graphical images. These methods can be circumvented to bypass authentication system. Biometric signatures have been gaining popularity for user authentication. In this paper, we examine various attacks on iris-based authentication system followed by some common examples of mitigation techniques.
Targeted detection and quantitation of histone modifications from 1,000 cells

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) create a powerful regulatory mechanism for maintaining chromosomal integrity in cells. Histone acetylation and methylation, the most widely studied histone PTMs, act in concert with chromatin-associated proteins to control access to genetic information during transcription. Alterations in cellular histone PTMs have been linked to disease states and have crucial biomarker and therapeutic potential. Traditional bottom-up mass spectrometry of histones requires large numbers of cells, typically one million or more. However, for some cell subtype-specific studies, it is difficult or impossible to obtain such large numbers of cells and quantification of rare histone PTMs is often unachievable. An established targeted LC-MS/MS method was used to quantify the abundance of histone PTMs from cell lines and primary human specimens. Sample preparation was modified by omitting nuclear isolation and reducing the rounds of histone derivatization to improve detection of histone peptides down to 1,000 cells. In the current study, we developed and validated a quantitative LC-MS/MS approach tailored for a targeted histone assay of 75 histone peptides with as few as 10,000 cells. Furthermore, we were able to detect and quantify 61 histone peptides from just 1,000 primary human stem cells. Detection of 37 histone peptides was possible from 1,000 acute myeloid leukemia patient cells. We anticipate that this revised method can be used in many applications where achieving large cell numbers is challenging, including rare human cell populations.
Modeling Spectrally-Selective Reflection for Thermal Management in Monofacial and Bifacial Modules

Parasitic absorption in photovoltaic modules is a major source of waste heat, which drives operating temperatures 20-30K above ambient. Spectrally-selective sub-bandgap reflection can reduce parasitic absorption, thereby improving module efficiency and power output. Here, we investigate the performance of 1-D spectrally-selective mirrors in monofacial Al BSF and PERC modules, and bifacial PERC modules. In monofacial modules, these mirrors offer >1.2% increase in energy yield compared to single-layer anti-reflection coatings, while cooling by over 1K on average. Mirrors reduced bifacial module parasitic absorption by up to 34 W/m2 out of 1240 W/m2 incident.
Nominal GDP Targeting and the Taylor Rule on an Even Playing Field

Some economists advocate nominal GDP targeting as an alternative to the Taylor Rule. These arguments are largely based on the idea that nominal GDP targeting would require less knowledge on the part of policymakers than a traditional Taylor Rule. In particular, a nominal GDP targeting rule would not require real‐time knowledge of the output gap. We examine the importance of this claim by amending a standard New Keynesian model to assume that the central bank has imperfect information about the output gap and therefore must forecast the output gap based on previous information. Forecast errors by the central bank can then potentially induce unanticipated changes in the short‐term nominal interest rate, distinct from a standard monetary policy shock. We show that forecast errors of the output gap by the Federal Reserve can account for up to 13% of the fluctuations in the output gap. In addition, our simulations imply that a nominal GDP targeting rule would produce lower volatility in both inflation and the output gap in comparison with the Taylor Rule under imperfect information.
Elevated BMI increases concurrent pathology and operative time in adolescent ACL reconstruction.

The purpose of this study was to (1) report on the incidence of concurrent surgical pathology at the time of adolescent ACL reconstruction, (2) evaluate patient risk factors for concurrent pathology, and (3) measure the effect of BMI on operating room (OR) time. A retrospective analysis of the NSQIP database for the years 2005–2017 was conducted. Nine-hundred and seventeen patients 18 years of age and younger who underwent ACL reconstruction (ACLR) were identified using CPT code 29888 and patients undergoing surgery for multi-ligamentous knee injuries were excluded. The mean patient age was 17.6 years (range 14–18, standard deviation 0.52) and consisted of 546 males (59.5%) and 371 females (40.5%). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between BMI and additional CPT codes for internal derangement at the time of surgery. Internal derangement was defined as any procedure for the treatment of a meniscal tear, chondral lesion, or loose body removal. Linear regression analysis was then performed to evaluate the effect of BMI on operative time. 43.7% of patients undergoing ACLR required an associated procedure for internal derangement. Additionally, the risk of requiring additional procedures for internal derangement increased by 3.1% per BMI point. BMI was also predictive of operative time, independent of the number of additional procedures. Specifically, the operative time increased by nearly one minute for every point increase in BMI (58.0 s). Adolescent patients with an elevated BMI were much more likely to require additional surgical procedures for internal derangement at the time of ACL reconstruction. Additionally, BMI was a significant predictor for longer operative times. Level III.