cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TIMP-1 contact sites and perturbations of stromelysin 1 mapped by NMR and a paramagnetic surface probe.

Surfaces of the 173 residue catalytic domain of human matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3(DeltaC)) affected by binding of the N-terminal, 126 residue inhibitory domain of human TIMP-1 (N-TIMP-1) have been investigated using an amide-directed, NMR-based approach. The interface was mapped by a novel method that compares amide proton line broadening by paramagnetic Gd-EDTA in the presence and absence of the binding partner. The results are consistent with the X-ray model of the complex of MMP-3(DeltaC) with TIMP-1 (Gomis-Ruth et al. (1997) Nature 389, 77-81). Residues Tyr155, Asn162, Val163, Leu164, His166, Ala167, Ala169, and Phe210 of MMP-3(DeltaC) are protected from broadening by the Gd-EDTA probe by binding to N-TIMP-1. N-TIMP-1-induced exposure of backbone amides of Asp238, Asn240, Gly241, and Ser244 of helix C of MMP-3(DeltaC) to Gd-EDTA confirms that the displacement of the N-terminus of MMP-3(DeltaC) occurs not only in the crystal but also in solution. These results validate comparative paramagnetic surface probing as a means of mapping protein-protein interfaces. Novel N-TIMP-1-dependent changes in hydrogen bonding near the active site of MMP-3(DeltaC) are reported. N-TIMP-1 binding causes the amide of Tyr223 of MMP-3(DeltaC) bound by N-TIMP-1 to exchange with water rapidly, implying a lack of the hydrogen bond observed in the crystal structure. The backbone amide proton of Asn162 becomes protected from rapid exchange upon forming a complex with N-TIMP-1 and could form a hydrogen bond to N-TIMP-1. N-TIMP-1 binding dramatically increases the rate of amide hydrogen exchange of Asp177 of the fifth beta strand of MMP-3(DeltaC), disrupting its otherwise stable hydrogen bond.
Lattice saddle-point configurations in SU (2)3

Abstract We have implemented a procedure, which we call extremization, that deterministically evolves a configuration of lattice field theory towards a solution of the lattice field equations. The solution obtained need not be a local minimum of the action. A Fourier accelerated version of the algorithm is used in three-dimensional SU (2) lattice gauge theory to generate saddle-point solutions of the lattice field equations from Monte Carlo generated lattices. We find that the string tension persists under moderate extremization, during which the average action decreases by a factor of about 100 and the lattices show localized peaks in the action density, as seen in cooling. Continued extremization removes the plateau in the Creutz ratios.
Differential stimulation of signaling pathways initiated by Edg-2 in response to lysophosphatidic acid or sphingosine-1-phosphate.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are produced during cell activation and have multiple effects on cells. A family of seven transmembrane-spanning domain G-protein-coupled receptors, named Edg, mediate these effects of LPA and S1P. In this study, transient overexpression of Edg-2 sensitized MG63 human osteosarcoma cells to both LPA- and S1P-mediated stimulation of fibronectin matrix deposition and actin stress fiber formation. Both lipids were active in the 1–20 nM concentration range on cells transfected with Edg-2 as compared to the 10–200 nM range on mock-transfected cells. The signaling pathway for matrix deposition by Edg-2-transfected cells was Rho dependent. Overexpression of Edg-2 also caused a tenfold decrease in the concentration of either LPA or S1P that activated MAPKinase (Erk1/2) in MG63 cells. LPA- or S1P-stimulated activation of Erkl/2 was Gi dependent. These results indicate that, in MG63 cells, Edg-2 mediates actin stress fiber formation, fibronectin matrix assembly, and MAPKinase activation in response to either LPA or S1P.
Nonlinear Optical Stokes Ellipsometry. 1. Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for nonlinear optical Stokes ellipsometry (NOSE) is developed as a faster alternative to previous nonlinear optical ellipsometry (NOE) techniques. NOE is the determination of the complex-valued elements within the Jones χ(n) tensor, from which all experimental observables in a given configuration can be predicted. By replacing the moving optics with a photoelastic modulator (PEM) operating at 50 kHz and employing a high repetition rate laser, full ellipsometric detection of the χ(2) tensor can in theory be performed in as little as 20 μs. Two complementary models were developed to analyze the proposed instrumental setup for NOSE. The first more general approach is based on a regression analysis method, which was compared to a second explicit analytical model valid for a particular experimental configuration. Additionally, the rigor of the regression analysis method against noise was investigated.
A Substrate Recognition Role for the [4Fe-4S]2+ Cluster of the DNA Repair Glycosylase MutY†

The Escherichia coli DNA repair enzyme MutY plays an important role in the recognition and repair of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2‘-deoxyguanosine: 2‘-deoxyadenosine (OG:A) mismatches in DNA [Michaels et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 7022−7025]. MutY prevents mutations due to misincorporation of A opposite OG during DNA replication by removing the adenine base. This enzyme has significant sequence homology with the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster-containing DNA repair enzyme, endonuclease III [Michaels et al. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 3841−3845]. In the present study, we have investigated the importance of cluster assembly in folding of MutY. MutY was denatured and then refolded in the presence or absence of ferrous and sulfide ions. Denatured MutY can refold in the presence of ferrous and sulfide ions to provide active enzyme. This suggests the cluster can self-assemble and that this process is facile in vitro. Interestingly, CD spectra and Tm measurements of MutY refolded with and without ferrous and sulfi...
A slice geometry phantom for cross sectional tomographic imagers.

This investigation presents the design and fabrication of a magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) test phantom for determining slice thickness, slice adjacency, slice offset, and slice angulation. This test phantom is a three‐dimensional conic section of MRIimage producing material; proper orientation allows analysis in each of the major imaging planes. The phantom design (geometrical configuration) incorporates both theoretical and quantitative methodologies. The necessary mathematical analyses are both simple and rapid. In addition, this phantom has been successfully used to assess the image slice parameters for computed tomography(CT) scanners and single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)imaging systems. Slice profile parameter results, full width at half maximum (FWHM), from this phantom design are compared with conventional methods.
A BEM approach to thermal aspects of machining processes and their design sensitivities

Elevated temperatures generated in machining operations influence the process efficiency, surface quality, and chip formation mechanics. This paper presents a boundary element method (BEM) formulation for the determination of design sensitivities of temperature and flux distributions for several shape and process parameters in machining operations. This approach is based on direct differentiation (DDA) of the relevant BEM formulation of the problem. The heat transfer and its sensitivities within the tool, the chip, and the workpiece are first calculated separately. A complete model for steady-state machining is then obtained by matching the boundary conditions across the tool-chip, chip-workpiece, and tool-workpiece interfaces. An exact expression for matching is developed to avoid any iterations. The temperature fields and their sensitivities within the workpiece, the chip, and the tool are obtained for various processing conditions. The situation of progressive flank wear and progressive crater wear with continued machining is considered, and its effects on the temperature and flux fields are investigated. The BEM is found to be very robust and efficient for this class of steady-state conduction-convection problems. The application of DDA in conjunction with BEM allows efficient determination of design sensitivities and avoids strongly singular kernels. This approach provides a new avenue toward efficient optimization of the thermal aspects of machining processes.
Matrix infrared study of the photolysis products of 2,3-pyridine dicarboxylic anhydride (2,3-PDA): A search for 2,3-didehydropyridine

Abstract Photolysis of 2,3-PDA (1) in N2 or Ar matrices leads to loss of CO2 preferentially at C2 and formation of (2), whose end product is (3). In contrast to mild photolysis of 3,4-PDA, which yields 3,4-DHP, this mechanism precludes the intermediacy of 2,3-DHP (6) in the photolysis of 2,3-PDA.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced embryonic vasculopathy and malformation by inhibition of Foxo3a activation.

Objective Maternal hyperglycemia increases the risk of congenital malformations. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural antioxidant purified from green tea, inhibits oxidative stress signaling. We propose that EGCG prevents hyperglycemia-induced malformation via inhibition of oxidative stress signaling. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of EGCG on hyperglycemia-induced adverse effects during embryonic development. Study Design Day-9 rat conceptuses were cultured under euglycemic (150 mg/dL glucose) and hyperglycemic (300 mg/dL glucose) conditions in the presence or absence of 1 or 10 μmol/L of EGCG. Results Both 1 and 10 μmol/L of EGCG significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced embryonic vasculopathy and malformations. Hyperglycemia inactivated protein kinase B (Akt) by reducing phosphorylated Akt levels. EGCG reversed the inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia on Akt activation. EGCG also prevented hyperglycemia-reduced phosphorylated Forkhead transcription factor 3a levels. Conclusion EGCG prevented hyperglycemia-induced embryopathy through inhibition of Forkhead transcription factor 3a activation. This may have been mediated via the activation of Akt. These findings offer the potential for a possible pharmacological prophylaxis for hyperglycemia-induced embryonic malformations.
Relevance and Non-consequentialist Aggregation

Interpersonal aggregation involves the combining and weighing of benefits and losses to multiple individuals in the course of determining what ought to be done. Most consequentialists embrace thoroughgoing interpersonal aggregation, the view that any large benefit to each of a few people can be morally outweighed by allocating any smaller benefit to each of many others, so long as this second group is sufficiently large. This would permit letting one person die in order to cure some number of mild headaches instead. Most non-consequentialists reject thoroughgoing interpersonal aggregation despite also believing it is permissible to let one person die in order to prevent many cases of paraplegia instead. Non-consequentialists defend this asymmetry largely on the basis of intuition, and some rely on the notion of relevance to formalize the grounding intuitions. This article seeks to clarify and strengthen the non-consequentialist notion of relevance by engaging with three objections to it.
Prolonged gestation: Energy efficiency and renewable energy businesses

Life cycle theories suggest that businesses evolve through a number of stages: from an embryonic stage of introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. The force that propels their development is consumer acceptance. Industries pass through life cycles as well. However, not all industries pass through each stage of the life cycle, and the duration of stages varies across industries. Some industries skip the slow introductory phase; others avoid the decline stage and are continually revitalised through technological innovation. Still others continue to show substantial promise, but fail to take-off. It is this industry condition, persistent promise without corresponding growth, that we characterise as extended gestation. We believe that energy efficiency and renewable energy (EERE) businesses in Minnesota face the challenge of extended gestation. In this paper, we review the literature on the traditional stages of industry development, explore some of the factors that may lead an industry to remain in a state of extended gestation, and report the results of a study undertaken to better understand the factors that affect the growth of EERE businesses.
Gene expression analysis in mastocytosis reveals a highly consistent profile with candidate molecular markers.

Abstract Background Mastocytosis is a rare clonal disorder that might be accompanied by non-mast-cell clonal hematologic disorders, such as myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic syndromes. Objective Our aim was to further understand the pathologic basis of mastocytosis and to identify novel molecular markers of disease. Methods Microarray analysis was performed on RNA preparations obtained from bone marrow mononuclear cells of patients with mastocytosis. Results were compared with gene expression profiles performed on bone marrow mononuclear cells of healthy subjects. Results Analysis of gene expression in neoplastic bone marrow tissues revealed highly consistent profiles. One hundred four genes were significantly upregulated, and 64 genes were significantly downregulated in the bone marrow of patients with mastocytosis. The most prominent differentially expressed gene was α-tryptase (44.6-fold increase). Also upregulated were genes involved in cell proliferation, neoplastic transformation, and apoptosis. Both hierarchical and K -means clustering analyses identified an identical group of 10 genes highly coordinately overexpressed in patients with mastocytosis, including genes for the mast-cell-associated enzymes α- and β-tryptase and carboxypeptidase A. The expression level of 3 of these 10 genes (α-tryptase, the activating transcription factor type 3, and the muscle aponeurotic fibrosarcoma type F oncogene) was significantly correlated with serum tryptase levels, a surrogate marker of disease. Conclusion The data presented in this study reveal significant differences in gene expression in the bone marrow of patients with mastocytosis compared with healthy subjects, demonstrate highly coordinated genes that might contribute to pathology, and identify 3 genes as candidate molecular markers for systemic disease.
Trellis coding for degraded broadcast channels

Superposition trellis coding is considered for a two-receiver degraded broadcast channel. A coding theorem is proved that shows the existence of reliable superposition codes at all rates within the capacity region using Viterbi decoding at both receivers.
A dispersion pass algorithm for the polyphase merge

This paper presents a new manner of dispersing strings for a Polyphase merge. If the number of strings dispersed is between two levels acceptable by Polyphase merge, a more economical technique of reaching the next level for Polyphase merge is shown and proved.
360 DOUBLE KNOCKOUT OF GOAT MYOSTATIN AND PRION PROTEIN GENE USING CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEAT (CRISPR)/Cas9 SYSTEMS.

Myostatin (MSTN) acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth. Inhibition of MSTN expression may be applied to enhance animal growth performance in livestock production. Prion protein (PrPc) is associated directly with the pathogenesis of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies occurring in variety of species including human, cattle, sheep, goats and deer. Prion protein-deficient livestock may be a useful model for prion research and producing animal conferring potential disease resistance. The goal of this study was to generate MSTN/PrPc double knockout goat by using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 system. We generated 2 CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting MSTN and PrPc genes, respectively. The CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting each gene were respectively transfected into goat fibroblasts, and the efficiency of gene modification was determined at Day 3 using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. The RFLP assay showed that CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting MSTN and PrPc induced precise gene mutations with efficiency of 59 and 70%, respectively. Single cell-derived colonies were further isolated by limiting dilution after co-transfection of 2 CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting MSTN and PrPc. The RFLP assay and DNA sequence analysis indicated that 9 out of 45 colonies (20%) carried simultaneous disruption of both target genes. Moreover, 5 of 9 mutant colonies (55%) had mutations in all 4 alleles of 2 genes. These double-gene knockout fibroblast cells will be used as nuclear donors for developing double knockout goat deficient in MSTN and PrPc. The CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a highly effective and facile platform for multiplex editing of large animal genomes, which can be broadly applied to both biomedical and agricultural applications. This work was supported by the Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative and Utah Agricultural Experiment Station project #31294.
Cumulative retrospective cost adaptive control with RLS-based optimization

We present a discrete-time adaptive control algorithm that is effective for multi-input, multi-output systems that are either minimum phase or nonminimum phase. The adaptive control algorithm requires limited model information, specifically, the first nonzero Markov parameter and the nonminimum-phase zeros of the transfer function from the control signal to the performance measurement. Furthermore, the adaptive control algorithm is effective for stabilization as well as command following and disturbance rejection, where the command and disturbance spectrum is unknown. The novel aspect of this adaptive controller is the use of a retrospective performance function which is optimized using a recursive leastsquares algorithm.
Gender and Relationship Differences in Caregiving Patterns and Consequences Among Employed Caregivers

Gender and relationship differences in caregiving (i.e., for a spouse, parent, parent-in-law, other relative, or friend) are investigated among a sample of employed caregivers (N = 2,174). No gender differences were found in the provision of 7 of 13 caregiving tasks, but women devoted more time and were more likely to be primary caregivers. After controlling for other key variables, relationship added modestly to the ability to predict all five measures of caregiving consequences, and gender further added nominally to the ability to predict three of the measures. The findings lend support to the gender-role socialization hypothesis (Miller & Cafasso, 1992) and suggest the targeting of services to caregivers of spouses and parents, especially female caregivers.
α-reliable p-minimax regret: a new model for strategic facility location modeling

Abstract Facility location problems are inherently strategic in nature. One approach to dealing with the uncertainty associated with future events is to define alternative future scenarios. Planners then attempt to optimize: (1) the expected performance over all future scenarios, (2) the expected regret, or (3) the worst-case regret. Both the expected performance and the expected regret approaches assume that the planner can associate probabilities with the scenarios, while optimizing the worst-case regret obviates the need for these probabilities. Worst-case regret planning can, however, be driven by a scenario with a very small likelihood of occurrence. We present a new model that optimizes the worst-case performance over a set of scenarios that is endogenously selected from a broader exogenously specified set. The selection is based on the scenario probabilities. The new model is formulated and computational results on a moderately sized problem are presented. Model extensions are discussed.
Powering wireless sensor nodes with ambient temperature changes

Power remains a challenge in the widespread deployment of long-lived wireless sensing systems, which has led researchers to consider power harvesting as a potential solution. In this paper, we present a thermal power harvester that utilizes naturally changing ambient temperature in the environment as the power source. In contrast to traditional thermoelectric power harvesters, our approach does not require a spatial temperature gradient; instead it relies on temperature fluctuations over time, enabling it to be used freestanding in any environment in which temperature changes throughout the day. By mechanically coupling linear motion harvesters with a temperature sensitive bellows, we show the capability of harvesting up to 21 mJ of energy per cycle of temperature variation within the range 5 °C to 25 °C. We also demonstrate the ability to power a sensor node, transmit sensor data wirelessly, and update a bistable E-ink display after as little as a 0.25 °C ambient temperature change.
A solvolysis model for 2-chloro-2-methyladamantane based on the linear solvation energy approach.

Solvolysis/dehydrohalogenation rates of 2-chloro-2-methyladamantane (CMA) in 15 hydrogen-bond acidic and/or basic solvents are studied. The rates of reaction in these solvents have been correlated with the solvation equation developed by Kamlet, Abraham, and Taft. The linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) derived from this study is given by the following equation: log k = −5.409 + 2.219 + 2.505α1 − 1.823β1 where , α1, and β1 are the solvation parameters that measure the solvent dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen-bond acidity (electrophilicity), and hydrogen-bond basicity (nucleophilicity). A high correlation coefficient (r = 0.996, SD = 0.191) was achieved. The cavity term, which includes the Hildebrand parameter for solvent cohesive energy density, δH, was not found to be statistically significant for this reaction substrate. The resulting equation allows calculated rates of reaction in other solvents and provides insight into the reaction pathway. In a previously reported correlation for another...
Impact of problem alcohol use on patient behavior and caregiver burden in a geriatric assessment clinic

There has been a growing interest in understanding issues surrounding alcohol use in late life. Information about the relationship of alcohol use to behavioral problems in older persons living in the community is particularly limited. This study used information obtained from an outpatient geriatric assessment clinic to study this relationship and the effects of these behaviors on caregivers. Data on alcohol use, problem behaviors, and caregiver burden were collected prospectively in consecutive patients undergoing geriatric assessment primarily for cognitive problems over a 3-year period. All patients were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team, which included a geriatric psychiatrist. The evaluation screened for current and/or past alcohol use through interviews with the patient and a collateral source. The collateral source also completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Family Burden Scale. Subjects were classified into 2 groups: those with a current or past alcohol problem and those with no alcohol problem. A total of 349 patients were evaluated, with 17.8% being designated as having a current or past alcohol problem. This subgroup represented 35% of the men and 9% of the women from the study population. Approximately half of the subgroup was actively drinking alcohol. Patients with a history of problem alcohol use, regardless of current use and cognitive status, exhibited more behavioral disturbances including agitation, irritability, and disinhibition. Their caregivers reported significantly higher caregiver distress. Current or past alcohol problem use was frequent in this population of frail, older adults undergoing geriatric assessment. Regardless of current alcohol use, these patients displayed more behavioral disturbances than those without a history of problem drinking, and their caregivers experienced significantly more burden. A history of problem drinking appears to be a significant marker for behavioral disturbances in late life and merits further study.
Formation of Self-Assembled, Air-Stable Lipid Bilayer Membranes on Solid Supports

A successful strategy for the self-assembly and stabilization of a substrate-supported, phospholipid bilayer is described. The bilayer is self-organized by fusion of fluid vesicles, composed of bis-sorbylphosphatidylcholine, on an oxide surface. The supported bilayer is then polymerized in situ to produce a cross-linked structure that is stable to surfactant solutions, organic solvents, and to transfer across the air/water interface, yet retains the resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption characteristic of a fluid phosphatidylcholine bilayer.
Fast module mapping and placement for datapaths in FPGAs

By tailoring a compiler tree-parsing tool for datapath module mapping, we produce good quality results for datapath synthesis in very fast run time. Rather than flattening the design to gates, we preserve the datapath structure; this allows exploitation of specialized datapath features in FPGAs, retains regularity, and also results in a smaller problem size. To further achive high mapping speed, we formulate the problem as tree covering and solve it efficiently with a linear-time dynamic programming algorithm. In a novel extension to the tree-covering algorithm, we perform module placement simultaneously with the mapping, still in linear time. Integrating placement has the potential to increase the quality of the result since we can optimize total delay including routing delays.To our knowledge this is the first effort to leverage a grammar-based tree covering tool for datapath module mapping. Further, it is the first work to integrate simultaneous placement with module mapping in a way that preserves linear time complexity.
Correlations between dissolved organic matter optical properties and quantum yields of singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

Various aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples produce singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with quantum yields of 0.59 to 4.5% (1O2 at 365 nm) and 0.017 to 0.053% (H2O2, 300−400 nm integrated). The two species’ yields have opposite pH dependencies and strong, but opposite, correlations with the E2/E3 ratio (A254 divided by A365). Linear regressions allow prediction of both quantum yields from E2/E3 in natural water samples with errors ranging from −3% to 60%. Experimental evidence and kinetic calculations indicate that less than six percent of the H2O2 is produced by reaction between 1O2 and DOM. The inverse relationship between the 1O2 and H2O2 yields is thus best explained by a model in which precursors to these species are populated competitively. A model is presented, which proposes that important precursors to H2O2 may be either charge-transfer or triplet states of DOM.
Stay in the Game: Gender, Family Formation and Alternative Trajectories in the Academic Life Course

Academic careers have traditionally been conceptualized as pipelines, through which young scholars move seamlessly from graduate school to tenure-track positions. This model often fails to capture the experiences of female Ph.D. recipients, who become tenure-track assistant professors at lower rates than do their male counterparts. What do these women do instead? We use panel data from the 1983-1995 Surveys of Doctorate Recipients to explore the early careers of Ph.D. recipients. Our results show that female doctorate recipients are disproportionately likely to be employed as adjunct faculty or exit the paid labor force, especially if they have young children. Contrary to conventional wisdom, adjunct professorships provide a better opportunity for getting a tenure-track job down the road than do non-teaching positions inside or outside of academia. Collectively these findings show that the academic life course is both complex and permeable.
Surfing aircraft vortices for energy

Extraction of energy from the trailing wakes of aircraft is discussed. The objective is to reduce the fuel burn for trailing aircraft in a formation. Past formation flight experiments showing the f...
Measuring information volatility in a health care information supply chain

We propose a measure of reliability called information volatility (IV) to complement Business Intelligence tools when considering aggregated data or when observing trends. Two types of information volatility are defined: intra-cell and inter-cell. For each, two types of distributions are considered: normal and lognormal, which is often the case for time series data. The IV measures are based on similar measures found in the finance literature, since there are similarities in the types of data. In order to understand the information volatility metrics, the notion of benchmarking is introduced with three propositions: numerical benchmarking, graphical benchmarking and categorical benchmarking. The IV metric is designed and evaluated using the design science research paradigm: first, the metric is developed and then it is evaluated through the use of focus groups (including several cycles for refinement of the design). The paper concludes with our research contributions and future research directions.
Suppressing anomalous localized waffle behavior in least-squares wavefront reconstructors

A major difficulty with wavefront slope sensors is their insensitivity to certain phase aberration patterns, the classic example being the waffle pattern in the Fried sampling geometry. As the number of degrees of freedom in AO systems grows larger, the possibility of troublesome waffle-like behavior over localized portions of the aperture is becoming evident. Reconstructor matrices have associated with them, either explicitly or implicitly, an orthogonal mode space over which they operate, called the singular mode space. If not properly preconditioned, the reconstructor's mode set can consist almost entirely of modes that each have some localized waffle-like behavior. In this paper we analyze the behavior of least-squares reconstructors with regard to their mode spaces. We introduce a new technique that is successful in producing a mode space that segregates the waffle-like behavior into a few "high order" modes, which can then be projected out of the reconstructor matrix. This technique can be adapted so as to remove any specific modes that are undesirable in the final recontructor (such as piston, tip, and tilt for example) as well as suppress (the more nebulously defined) localized waffle behavior.
Neutrophils Sustain Pathogenic CD8+ T Cell Responses in the Heart

This study explores the influence of innate immunity on CD8+ T-cell responses against heart tissue. Adoptive transfer of ovalbumin-specific CD8+ effector T cells into CMy-mOva mice, which express ovalbumin in cardiac myocytes, results in a lethal acute myocarditis. The inflammatory infiltrate in the heart includes neutrophils as well as T cells. We used anti-Ly6G antibody to transiently deplete neutrophils at the time of onset of disease. By day 7 after receiving 5 × 105 CD8+ effector T cells, 100% of control Ig-treated CMy-mOva mice had died, while 85% of anti-Ly6G-treated mice survived indefinitely. CD8+ T-cell infiltration and tissue damage were present in both groups, but the disease was limited in the anti-Ly6G-treated mice, with a rapid disappearance of the adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells within 11 days. Recovery occurred even though blood neutrophil counts began to rise 48 hours after the last anti-Ly6G treatment. Recovery was associated with a chronic CD4+ cell infiltrate, and a rapid decline in expression of IFN-γ and IP-10 mRNA in the myocardium. Neutrophil depletion did not effect survival of CMy-mOva mice that received 3 × 106 CD8+ T cells. These data show that granulocytic inflammation sustains CD8+ T-cell-mediated heart disease, which has important implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of acute myocarditis and allograft rejection.
Some measurement techniques to determine compact range RCS accuracy

The author presents an overview of four measurements which are periodically being done in the OSU Compact Range. The first technique is field probing. The second method of range accuracy measurement involves signature measurements of several sizes of calibration targets. The third measurement involves the use of a large tilted flat metal plate whose bistatic scattering beam can be pointed at a region of the room to sense error sources. The fourth measurement technique involves pattern and signature measurements of generic low RCS (radar cross section) test targets. The contrasting areas of accuracy sensitivity for the four techniques are discussed. >
Techniques and tools for efficiently modeling multiprocessor systems

System-level tools and methodologies associated with an integrated approach to the development of multiprocessor systems are examined. Tools for capturing initial program structure, automated program partitioning, automated resource allocation, and high-level modeling of the combined application and resource are discussed. The primary language focus of the current implementation is Ada, although the techniques should be appropriate for other programming paradigms. >
Changing practices in mycobacteriology : a follow-up survey of state and territorial public health laboratories

The resurgence of tuberculosis, which includes an increase in the isolation of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, emphasizes the need for more rapid laboratory testing for identification of the etiological agent of the disease. In December 1991, state and territorial public health laboratories were surveyed to determine the methods that they were using for testing and reporting of M. tuberculosis. A follow-up survey was conducted in June 1994 to measure changes in the testing and reporting practices that had occurred as a result of efforts focused on the disease and on laboratory improvement. Completed questionnaires were received from 51 of 55 laboratories. Comparative data indicate that the proportion of laboratories reporting testing results within the number of days recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has increased. Starting from the time at which the laboratory receives the specimen, the proportion of laboratories reporting the results of microscopic smear examination within the recommended 24 h has increased from 52.1 to 77.6%; the proportion reporting isolation and identification within 21 days has increased from 22.1 to 72.9%; and the proportion reporting results of isolation, identification, and drug susceptibility testing within 28 days has increased from 16.7 to 48.9%. Use of the recommended rapid testing methods has also increased: the proportion of laboratories using fluorescence staining for acid-fast microscopy has increased from 71.4 to 85.7%, the proportion using BACTEC for primary culture has increased from 27.1 to 79.6%, the proportion using rapid methods for M. tuberculosis identification has increased from 74.5 to 100.0%, and the proportion using BACTEC for primary drug susceptibility testing has increased from 26.2 to 73.3%. By implementing the recommended methods for M. tuberculosis testing and reporting, state and territorial public health laboratories are now able to transmit results to physicians more rapidly.
Identification and enumeration of bacteria assimilating dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

The algal-derived compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is the precursor of the climatically active gas dimethylsulfide, is potentially an important source of carbon and sulfur to marine bacterioplankton. Currently, bacteria of the Roseobacter clade, a subgroup of a-proteobacteria, are hypothesized to be the key participants in the metabolism of DMSP. To test this hypothesis, we used a combination of microautoradiography and fluorescence in situ hybridization (Micro-FISH) to identify the bacteria assimilating 35 S DMSP in the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of Maine, and the Sargasso Sea. On average, half of the bacterial community assimilated DMSP in these environments. Members of the a-proteobacteria dominated DMSP assimilation, accounting for 35‐40% of bacteria assimilating DMSP. Cytophaga-like bacteria and g-proteobacteria each accounted for 15‐30% of DMSP-assimilating cells. The a-proteobacteria accounted for a greater fraction of the DMSP-assimilating community than expected based on their overall abundance, whereas Cytophaga-like bacteria were typically underrepresented in the DMSP-assimilating community. Members of the Roseobacter clade assimilated more DMSP on a per-cell basis than any other group, but they did not account for most of the DMSP assimilation, nor were they always present even when DMSP turnover was high. These results indicate that the biogeochemical flux of dissolved DMSP is mediated by a large and diverse group of heterotrophic bacteria.
Quantifying surface roughness effects on phonon transport in silicon nanowires.

Although it has been qualitatively demonstrated that surface roughness can reduce the thermal conductivity of crystalline Si nanowires (SiNWs), the underlying reasons remain unknown and warrant quantitative studies and analysis. In this work, vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) grown SiNWs were controllably roughened and then thoroughly characterized with transmission electron microscopy to obtain detailed surface profiles. Once the roughness information (root-mean-square, σ, correlation length, L, and power spectra) was extracted from the surface profile of a specific SiNW, the thermal conductivity of the same SiNW was measured. The thermal conductivity correlated well with the power spectra of surface roughness, which varies as a power law in the 1–100 nm length scale range. These results suggest a new realm of phonon scattering from rough interfaces, which restricts phonon transport below the Casimir limit. Insights gained from this study can help develop a more concrete theoretical understanding of phonon–surfac...
Higher education's role in job training

The article addresses a situation that has been developing for at least two decades. The Ivory Tower views the mission of information systems (IS) undergraduate and graduate programs as educational. In the last few years, however, that mission has steadily transformed into one of training. Traditionally, higher education has prepared students for either graduate work or for employment. The author wants to promote an exchange of ideas about academic issues that affect industry, or industry issues related to academia. Over the next few months the column intends to discuss topics such as certification, accreditation, distance learning, IT employment, electronic portfolios, trends in IT higher education and curriculum development, and the readiness of new IT graduates.
CONISS: a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares

Abstract Stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis is a multivariate method for quantitative definition of stratigraphic zones. As opposed to ordinary, unconstrained cluster analysis, only stratigraphically adjacent clusters are considered for merging. The method of incremental sum of squares has been used widely for unconstrained analyses and has proved particularly satisfactory for pollen frequency data. CONISS is a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by this method. Several data transformations lead to different implicit dissimilarity coefficients. As an option, the program also will perform an unconstrained analysis, which can be useful for comparison with the constrained analysis.
Using node accountability in credential based routing for mobile ad-hoc networks

This paper propose a secure and efficient routing scheme using a game theoretical approach and trust relationships between the nodes. We assume a ldquoBayesian Gamerdquo model among the nodes to find the optimal behavior of legitimate and malicious nodes. Moreover, using a ldquowatchdogrdquo mechanism and an ldquoacknowledgementrdquo mechanism (ACK), we construct trust relationships between the nodes.
High-power generation in IMPATT devices in the 100-200-GHz range

A silicon double-drift IMPATT diode with high uniform doping levels was simulated. Simulation results show that it is possible for silicon IMPATT diodes to generate extremely high pulsed output power for frequencies above 100 GHz under high current-density operation. The highest output power matched to a 1- Omega load resistance obtained at 150 GHz is 37.7 W with a DC current density of 200 kA/cm/sup 2/, although the calculated power conversion efficiency is low. It is also shown that the low-power conversion efficiency limits the diode's continuous wave power operation. >
A mutation in the nuclear-encoded plastid ribosomal protein S9 leads to early embryo lethality in maize.

Summary Seeds of the lethal embryo 1 (lem1) mutant in maize (Zea mays) display a non-concordant lethal phenotype: whereas the embryo aborts very early, before the transition stage, the endosperm develops almost normally. The mutant was identified in a collection of maize lines that carried the transposon Activation (Ac) at different locations in the genome. Co-segregation and reversion analysis showed that lem1 was tagged by Ac. The lem1 gene encodes a protein that is highly similar to the rice plastid 30S ribosomal protein S9 (PRPS9). lem1 maps to chromosome 1L and appears to be the only copy of prps9 in the maize genome. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion constructs containing only the putative transit peptide (TP) of LEM1 localize exclusively to the plastids, confirming that the LEM1 protein is a PRP. In contrast, GFP fusion constructs containing the entire LEM1 protein co-localize to the plastids and to the nucleus, suggesting a possible dual function for this protein. Two alternative, although not mutually exclusive, explanations are considered for the lem phenotype of the lem1 mutant: (i) functional plastids are required for normal embryo development; and (ii) the PRPS9 has an extra-ribosomal function required for embryogenesis.
Vertebrate tinman homologues XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5 are required for heart formation in a functionally redundant manner

Tinman is a Drosophila homeodomain protein that is required for formation of both visceral and cardiac mesoderm, including formation of the dorsal vessel, a heart-like organ. Although several vertebrate tinman homologues have been characterized, their requirement in earliest stages of heart formation has been an open question, perhaps complicated by potential functional redundancy of tinman homologues. We have utilized a novel approach to investigate functional redundancy within a gene family, by coinjecting DNA encoding dominantly acting repressor derivatives specific for each family member into developing Xenopus embryos. Our results provide the first evidence that vertebrate tinman homologues are required for earliest stages of heart formation, and that they are required in a functionally redundant manner. Coinjection of dominant repressor constructs for both XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5 is synergistic, resulting in a much higher frequency of mutant phenotypes than that obtained with injection of either dominant repressor construct alone. Rescue of mutant phenotypes can be effected by coinjection of either wild-type tinman homologue. The most extreme mutant phenotype is a complete absence of expression of XNkx2-5 in cardiogenic mesoderm, an absence of markers of differentiated myocardium, and absence of morphologically distinguishable heart on the EnNkxHD-injected side of the embryo. This phenotype represents the most severe cardiac phenotype of any vertebrate mutant yet described, and underscores the importance of the tinman family for heart development. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that XNkx2-3 and XNkx2-5 are required as transcriptional activators for the earliest stages of heart formation. Furthermore, our results suggest an intriguing mechanism by which functional redundancy operates within a gene family during development. Our experiments have been performed utilizing a recently developed transgenic strategy, and attest to the efficacy of this strategy for enabling transgene expression in limited cell populations within the developing Xenopus embryo.
Masquerade detection using enriched command lines

A masquerade attack, in which one user impersonates another, is among the most serious forms of computer abuse, largely because such attacks are often mounted by insiders, and can be very difficult to detect. Automatic discovery of masqueraders is sometimes undertaken by detecting significant departures from normal user behavior, as represented by user profiles based on users’ command histories. A series of experiments performed by Schonlau et al. [12] achieved moderate success in masquerade detection based on a data set comprised of truncated command lines, i.e., single commands, stripped of any accompanying flags, arguments or elements of shell grammar such as pipes or semi-colons. Using the same data, Maxion and Townsend [8] improved on the Schonlau et al. results by 56%, raising the detection rate from 39.4% to 61.5% at false-alarm rates near 1%. The present paper extends this work by testing the hypothesis that a limitation of these approaches is the use of truncated command-line data, as opposed to command lines enriched with flags, shell grammar, arguments and information about aliases. Enriched command lines were found to facilitate correct detection at the 82% level, far exceeding previous results, with a corresponding 30% reduction in the overall cost of errors, and only a small increase in false alarms. Descriptions of pathological cases illustrate strengths and limitations of both the data and the detection algorithm.
Plasma Steroids in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

ABSTRACT Plasma concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, Δ5-androstenediol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, cortisol and 21-deoxycortisol were measured in 8 patients with the 21-hydroxylase deficiency type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In contrast to 17-hydroxyprogesterone, which was elevated as much as 100-fold, the Δ5-steroids were elevated only about 2-fold when compared to normal adult values. Plasma progesterone in 3 salt-losing siblings was about 5 times that of the nonsalt-losing subjects. Plasma 21-deoxycortisol averaged about 25 ng/ml, compared to an average of 0.3 ng/ml in normal subjects.
The Anisotropic Lagrangian Averaged Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we give a derivation of the Lagrangian averaged Euler (LAE-α) and Navier-Stokes (LANS-α) equations. This theory involves a spatial scale α and the equations are designed to accurately capture the dynamics of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations at length scales larger than α, while averaging the motion at scales smaller than α. The derivation involves an averaging procedure that combines ideas from both the material (Lagrangian) and spatial (Eulerian) viewpoints. This framework allows the use of a variant of G. I. Taylor's "frozen turbulence" hypothesis as the foundation for the model equations; more precisely, the derivation is based on the strong physical assumption that fluctutations are frozen into the mean flow. In this article, we use this hypothesis to derive the averaged Lagrangian for the theory, and all the terms up to and including order α^2 are accounted for. The equations come in both an isotropic and anisotropic version. The anisotropic equations are a coupled system of PDEs (partial differential equations) for the mean velocity field and the Lagrangian covariance tensor. In earlier works by Foias, Holm & Titi [10], and ourselves [16], an analysis of the isotropic equations has been given. In the second part of this paper, we establish local in time well-posedness of the anisotropic LANS-α equations using quasilinear PDE type methods.