cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jet Noise Modification by the "Whistler Nozzle".

The farfield noise characteristics of a subsonic whistler nozzle jet are measured as a function of Mach number (0.25, 0.37, and, 0.51), emission angle, and excitation mode. It is shown that a whistler nozzle has greater total and broadband acoustic power than an excited contraction nozzle; and that the intensity of far-field noise is a function of emission angle, Mach number, and whistler excitation stage. The whistler nozzle excitation produces broadband noise amplification with constant spectral shape; the broadband noise amplification (without associated whistler tones and harmonics) increases omnidirectionally with emission angle at all Mach numbers; and the broadband amplification factor decreases as Mach number and emission angle increase. Finally the whistler nozzle is described as a very efficient but inexpensive siren with applications in not only jet excitation but also acoustics.
Summary of IAU Colloquium 191: the environment and evolution of binary and multiple stars

A summary is given of the IAU Colloquium No 191 \The Environment and Evolution of Binary and Multiple Stars." This conference was held in Merida, Mexico du...
How Genetic and Other Biological Factors Interact with Smoking Decisions

Despite clear links between genes and smoking, effective public policy requires far richer measurement of the feedback between biological, behavioral, and environmental factors. The Kavli HUMAN Project (KHP) plans to exploit the plummeting costs of data gathering and to make creative use of new technologies to construct a longitudinal panel data set that would compare favorably to existing longitudinal surveys, both in terms of the richness of the behavioral measures and the cost-effectiveness of the data collection. By developing a more comprehensive approach to characterizing behavior than traditional methods, KHP will allow researchers to paint a much richer picture of an individual's life-cycle trajectory of smoking, alcohol, and drug use, and interactions with other choices and environmental factors. The longitudinal nature of KHP will be particularly valuable in light of the increasing evidence for how smoking behavior affects physiology and health. The KHP could have a transformative impact on the understanding of the biology of addictive behaviors such as smoking, and of a rich range of prevention and amelioration policies.
Crack-mouth displacements for semielliptical surface cracks subjected to remote tension and bending loads

The exact analytical solution for an embedded elliptical crack in an infinite body subjected to arbitrary loading was used in conjunction with the finite element alternating method to obtain crack-mouth-opening displacements (CMOD) for surface cracks in finite plates subjected to remote tension. Identical surface-crack configurations were also analyzed with the finite element method using 20-noded element for plates subjected to both remote tension and bending. The CMODs from these two methods generally agreed within a few percent of each other. Comparisons made with experimental results obtained from surface cracks in welded aluminum alloy specimens subjected to tension also showed good agreement. Empirical equations were developed for CMOD for a wide range of surface-crack shapes and sizes subjected to tension and bending loads. These equations were obtained by modifying the Green-Sneddon exact solution for an elliptical crack in an infinite body to account for finite boundary effects. These equations should be useful in monitoring surface-crack growth in tests and in developing complete crack-face-displacement equations for use in three-dimensional weight-function methods.
Individual, but not simultaneous, glucagon and cholecystokinin infusions inhibit feeding in men

Pancreatic glucagon and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) were intravenously infused (1 ml/min for 10 min) alone or in combination beginning 15 min after normal-weight men had eaten a 500-ml tomato soup preload and 5 min before they were served a lunch of macaroni and beef with tomato sauce. Infusion of approximately 3 ng.kg-1.min-1 glucagon or approximately 2 ng.kg-1.min-1 CCK-8 each reduced test meal size. However, simultaneous infusion of these peptide doses reduced meal size less than the sum of the peptides' individual effects. Infusions of approximately 1.5 ng.kg-1.min-1 glucagon or approximately 1 ng.kg-1.min-1 CCK-8 had neither individual nor interactive effects on meal size. Psychophysical ratings failed to detect nonspecific side effects after any of the infusions. That exogenous glucagon and CCK-8 each reduced meal size without side effects suggests that these peptides may participate in the physiological control of human appetite; that their simultaneous infusion resulted in an infra-additive reduction in meal size suggests that they can interact antagonistically.
The enzymic synthesis of O-α-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)-2-amino-2 -deoxy-d-glucopyranose and its N-acetyl derivative☆

Abstract An extract of Tetrahymena pyriformis catalyzed the transfer of a glucose residue from maltose to d -glucosamine. The resulting disaccharide was chemically N -acety-lated and purified by Dowex 50H + column chromatography, and by preparative paper chromatography. Periodate oxidation studies after sodium borohydride reduction of the disaccharide, supplemented by gas chromatography, Morgan-Elson chromogen formation, and infrared analysis proved the compound to be O -α- d -glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranose.
Soluble supersymmetric quantum XY model.

We present a supersymmetric modification of the [ital d]-dimensional quantum rotor model whose ground state is exactly soluble. The model undergoes a vortex-binding transition from insulator to metal as the rotor coupling is varied. The Hamiltonian contains three-site terms which are relevant: they change the universality class of the transition from that of the ([ital d]+1)- to the [ital d]-dimensional classical [ital XY] model. The metallic phase has algebraic off-diagonal long-range order but the superfluid density is identically zero. Variational wave functions for single-particle and collective excitations are presented.
Scattering of ultrasound by tissues

Scattering of ultrasound by biological tissues (continuous-inhomogeneous media) is discussed. An analytical expression for the attenuation due to scattering (α SC T ) and backscatter coefficients (σ T ) of tissues are obtained. The results explain the variation of α SC T and σ T with frequency for a number of tissues. The study also provides two statistical parameters, velocity fluctuation coefficient and correlation length, in terms of which the scattering of tissues can be defined quantitatively.
Drug abuse, dependence, and addiction in chronic pain patients.

AbstractIt is claimed that a significant percentage of chronic pain patients suffer from drug/alcohol abuse/dependency/addiction. To address this question, 24 articles alluding to chronic pain patient drug/alcohol dependence/addiction were reviewed according to the following criteria: method for dru
Estrogen receptors in the rhesus monkey brain during fetal development.

Estrogen receptor (ER) levels were measured in brain tissue cytosol from fetal male and female rhesus monkeys at Days 70, 100 and 160 postconception. The brain regions which were examined included medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), amygdala (AMG), cerebral cotex (CTX) and cerebellum (CB). For comparison, brain tissues were also obtained from an adult female, and muscle (MUS) and genital tract (GEN, ovaries + uterus) ER values were measured in several Day 70 fetuses. Tissues were dissected and homogenized as previously described24. Cytosol was passed through a microcolumn of Lipidex 1000 to remove interfering lipids and incubated with [3H]Moxestrol (4 nM) in the presence or absence of 500 nM Moxestrol. Incubations were carried out for 24 h at 4 °C, and free and bound ligand separated by Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration. In one case (Day 160 male fetus), saturation analysis yielded an estimate of apparent Kd of 0.46 × 10−9M and indicated that maximal specific binding was achieved at a ligand concentration of 1–2 nM. There was no sex difference at any stage of development (ANOVA). A significant age effect (P < 0.002) was noted for the MBH and CB but not for any of the other tissues examined. In the MBH the significance of this effect was due to a progressive increase in ER levels with fetal age and into adulthood. In contrast, CB levels exhibited a progressive decline with age. These studies revealed that the ER is present during brain development. Thus any estrogens derived from the aromatization of circulating fetal androgens could potentially exert an influence upon brain differentiation, particularly upon the MBH at late gestation and adulthood. The lack of a definitive sex difference suggests that both sexes are potentially susceptible to estrogen modification. However, this susceptibility may be minimal, since receptor concentrations are considerably lower than values reported in the literature for postnatal monkeys.
A numerical study of 2D electrothermal flow using boundary element method

Abstract The electrothermal flow phenomena can be applied to many microfluidic devices such as lab-on-a-chip. As a result of the small length scale in these devices, the fluid flow is characterized by a low Reynolds number thus allowing the governing equations to become linear. In this paper, a 2D numerical modeling of the electrothermal flow using boundary element method (BEM) is presented. BEM is an advantageous option for simulating the electrothermal flow. In an electrothermal flow, the volumetric body force depends on the electric field and temperature gradient. The physics is mathematically modeled by (i) Laplace’s equation for the electrical potential, (ii) Poisson’s equation for the heat conduction with Joule heating, and (iii) continuity and Stokes equations for the low Reynolds number flow. When using BEM to solve the equations, it is well known that a singular integral arises when the source point approaches the field point. Accurate evaluation of the singular integral is important to obtain an accurate simulation. To this end, all the singular and non-singular integrals are evaluated analytically. Consequently, an accurate algorithm is obtained. The formulation and implementation of BEM to model the electrothermal flow and the resulting electrical potential, temperature field, Joule heating and velocity field are presented in this paper.
787-2 Addition of ACE Inhibitors to Beta Blockers or Calcium Channel Blockers Improves Mortality in Patients with CAD

Patients (n = 3676) with the diagnosis (Dx) of CAD discharged from our institution from 1/88 and 1/93 were followed for a mean duration of 33.3 months. Using multiple logistic regression, with all cause mortality as the end point, combinations of therapy (Rx) with either ACE inhibitors (A) or beta blockers (B) or calcium channel blockers IC) were compared to Rx with C alone (n = 378). Age and the Dx of CHF, MI, COPD, DM, PVD, hypercholesterolemia, CABG and PTCA were entered into the model. Results Rx n odds ratio p value 95% C.I. A + B 197 0.51 l0.01 0.33–0.79 A + B + C 558 0.58 l0.01 0.42–0.81 B 429 0.66 0.03 0.46–0.95 B + C 794 0.7 0.02 0.52–0.95 A + C 291 0.96 0.81 0.67–1.37 A 197 1.16 0.47 0.78–1.72 None 832 1.88 l0.001 1.42–2.50 Rx with A in combination with 8 significantlyimproves mortality when compared to Rx with C even after controlling for CHF . Significant differences in the prevalence of CH F in various Rx groups (53% in A and 5% in Band 11% in C) and inability to adequately control for the severity of CHF may explain the observed effect of Rx with A alone. Conclusions Combination Rx with A and 8 is preferable to Rx with Calone. It appears that mortality benefit of ACE Inhibition in patients with CAD is not limited to patients who have CHF .
The kinetics of hexavalent chromium reduction by metallic iron

Abstract The rate reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) by metallic iron under a range of conditions was studied in batch systems. The chemical variables studied were the Cr(VI) concentration, hydrogen ion concentration and surface area of iron. The influence of ionic strength and mixing rate was also examined. The reaction kinetics were found to be dependent on hydrogen ion concentration, hexavalent chromium concentration and iron surface area and to adhere to the following kinetic expression. d [ Cr(VI) ] d t = −k[ Cr(VI) ] 0.5 [ H + ] 0.5 ( Area ) . The rate constant was evaluated and found to have a value of 5.45 × 10−5 1 cm−2 min−1 over a wide range of conditions. The rate constant was found to increase as mixing rate increased up to a maximum value beyond which the rate was essentially independent of mixing. Increases in ionic strength were found to result in a rapid decrease in the rate constant at ionic strengths below 0.1 M. Further increases in ionic strength had no detectable impact on the rate constant. All rate determination studies were run in the mixing and ionic strength independent regions of these systems. Reaction stoichiometry was found to be, with one exception, independent of environmental conditions. In general, 1.33 mol of iron dissolved for each mol of Cr(VI) reduced. This highly efficient utilization of iron in the reduction suggests that hydrogen generated during iron dissolution may be acting as a reductant for the Cr(VI). The single parameter which influenced the reaction stoichiometry was the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The ratio of Cr(VI) reduced to iron dissolved increased rapidly as the Cr(VI) concentration increased. This observation was taken as being consistant with a surface interaction between the hexavalent chromium and some metastable hydrogen species at the iron surface.
The effect of two behavioral techniques and social context on food consumption.

Abstract To test the effect of two behavioral techniques on food consumption, normal weight students ate an evening snack under three conditions: removing serving dishes from the eating area, putting food down between bites, and control. Students ate either alone, with a stranger, or with a friend. Both behavioral techniques reduced the total number of items eaten relative to the control. However, they did not significantly affect total calories consumed. Although the social condition of eating did not differentially affect consumption, there was a high correlation between partners of all types on both calories and items consumed.
Electromagnetic proton cyclotron instability: heating of cool magnetospheric helium ions

Abstract. The electromagnetic proton cyclotron anisotropy instability is excited if the hot proton temperature anisotropy, T ⊥ h / T \mid\mid h , is sufficiently large compared to unity, where the subscript h denotes the hot protons and the perpendicular and parallel symbols denote directions relative to the background magnetic field. This instability is important in the outer magnetosphere because it has been shown to lead to an upper bound on T ⊥ h / T \mid\mid h and to cool iron heating. Here one-dimensional initial-value hybrid simulations with spatial variations in the direction of the background magnetic field are used to study this instability in a homogeneous plasma model which represents three ionic constituents of the outer magnetosphere: hot anisotropic protons, cool, initially isotropic protons, and cool, initially isotropic singly ionized helium. These simulations show that the presence of a tenuous helium component does not significantly change the scalings of either the hot proton anisotropy upper bound or the heating of the cool protons. The simulations also show that the helium ion heating rate increases with β \mid\mid h in contrast to the cool proton energization which decreases with this parameter. The prediction of this homogeneous plasma model, therefore, for cool ions subject to heating by the proton cyclotron instability is that the observed ratio of cool helium temperature to cool proton temperature should increase as β \mid\mid h increases.
High-order Taylor-Galerkin and adaptive h-p methods for second-order hyperbolic systems: Application to elastodynamics

Abstract A new family of high-order Taylor-Galerkin schemes is presented for the analysis of second-order hyperbolic systems. The use of such schemes within an adaptive h-p finite element strategy for spatial approximation, in two-dimensional problems is described. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate performance of these methods.
The operative management of melanoma: where does Mohs surgery fit in?

Background Melanoma is a life-threatening malignancy. Surgery is the primary management for melanoma, and management guidelines have evolved gradually over a century from radical surgery with lymph node dissection to conservative margin surgery. There are specific rationales and problems with Mohs micrographic (MMS) surgery for managing melanoma. Objective To review the literature for the surgical management of melanoma and to understand where MMS fits in this spectrum of management options. Conclusions MMS should be considered as an option for melanoma surgery, especially when the tumor is found in photodamaged skin. Further randomized prospective clinical trials are needed to select the best therapeutic approach for the treatment of melanoma. Until then, careful margin control is the key for successful tumor removal whether it is standard excision, staged excision, or MMS.
Lateral strain effects during the large extension of thermoplastics

A noncontacting experimental procedure is used for characterizing lateral strain effects during the large-strain uniaxial stretching of flat sheet-like specimens of polycarbonate, polyetherimide, and poly(butylene terephthalate), both at room and elevated temperatures. It is shown that the in-plane lateral stretch, λ2, is related to the longitudinal stretch, λ1, through the relation λ2 = λ. Depending on the temperature, the “Poisson's ratio” for incremental strains, n, is shown to lie between n = 0.4 and n = 0.5. While the lateral stretch in the thickness direction, λ3, is smaller than λ2 at room temperature, it is shown that λ3 = λ2 at higher temperatures. Stretch data have been used to infer the volumetric strains in these materials.
Electrochemistry of hydrogen halides in dimethylsulfoxide

Summary The electrochemical behavior of anhydrous hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen iodide in DMSO has been studied by chronopotentiometry, controlled-potential coulometry, and cyclic voltammetry at platinum electrodes. The cathodic as well as the anodic reactions have been investigated, and the heterogeneous kinetic parameters for the rate-controlling electrode reactions have been evaluated. The data establish that oxidation products of the hydrogen halides react with the solvent. In the case of HCl and HBr, a catalytic process occurs which enhances the values of iτ 1/2 by a factor of 5–10.
Delta opiate receptors mediate tail-shock induced antinociception at supraspinal levels.

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that 3 pharmacologically and neuroanatomically distinct analgesia systems can be sequentially activated by increasing numbers of transcutaneous tail-shock. To date, the categorization of the early (after 2 tail-shocks) and late (after 80–100 tail-shocks) analgesias as opiate-mediated has been based on the ability of systemic naltrexone and morphine tolerance to block these effects. In contrast, the analgesia observed after 5–40 tail-shocks is unaffected by these manipulations, leading to its categorization as non-opiate. The preceding companion paper and the present work were aimed at identifying the neuroanatomical loci at which opiates exert their analgesic effects in this tail-shock paradigm and, further, to identify which opiate receptor subtypes are involved. The 8 experiments included in the present paper examined the effect of microinjecting either naltrexone (a relatively non-selective opiate receptor antagonist), binaltorphimine (kappa receptor antagonist), Cys2-Tyr3-Orn5-Pen7-amide (CTOP) (mu receptor antagonist), or naltrindole (delta receptor antagonist) either into the third ventricle or over the frontal cortex. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that the late (80–100 shock) opiate analgesia is mediated by delta opiate receptors located within subcortical structures rostral to the 4th ventricle. No evidence for supraspinal opiate involvement in the early (2 shock) opiate analgesia was found.
The fundraising efficiency in U.S. non-profit art organizations: an application of a Bayesian estimation approach using the stochastic frontier production model

This article examines how efficient art organizations are in raising funds from private giving. We measure fundraising efficiency using a Bayesian estimation approach using the stochastic frontier production model. We show that fundraising efficiencies are generally quite low for art organizations in the U.S. when private giving is only considered as a fundraising output; however, when the effect of fundraising on ticket sales is considered, fundraising efficiencies improve substantially. We also show that government grants have a negative impact on fundraising efficiency and therefore partially crowd out private giving.
Effects of Financial Exigency on Job Satisfaction of American Hospitality Faculty—A Research Note

This study reports on the job satisfaction of faculty at American hospitality programs during challenging economic times. Data were collected from educators with a validated survey instrument. Two proposed models were examined using path analysis—one that linked financial exigency to job satisfaction and a second model with four variables mediating financial exigency and job satisfaction. The results showed that tenured faculty satisfaction was significantly affected by financial exigency but that nontenured faculty satisfaction was not affected. Further, only compensation and teaching load were significant mediators between financial exigency and job satisfaction. Implications for hospitality faculty and administrators are discussed.
No attitude, no standing around: the organization of social and sexual interaction at a gay male private sex party in New York city

Following the onset of the AIDS epidemic, many jurisdictions have outlawed commercial sex-on-premise venues (bathhouses, adult theaters, sex clubs), greatly changing the culture of public or group sex. Today, in New York City (NYC), private sex parties are the main venues for group sex. Dozens of such events are held on a regular basis in the city, attracting sometimes a few hundred participants. Past research in group sex venues shows that different spaces allow for different kinds of sexual and social interaction. What are the norms of interaction of today's private sex parties? This article answers this question by using data collected ethnographically in one recurring gay male private sex party in NYC. The event was a small organization that brought all its participants together in one space at the same time, thus creating great physical intimacy and leading to convivial socialization and interpersonal bonding. This differs from the model of anonymous and impersonal sex that previous researchers have seen in public and commercial spaces. Private sex parties present risk for the transmission of HIV and other sexually-transmitted infections, but their organization and norms of interaction also present new avenues for prevention. Policy-makers should work to make these places safer rather than outlawing them.
Clinical radiation pneumonitis and radiographic changes after thoracic radiation therapy for lung carcinoma

BACKGROUND The authors attempted to determine the incidence of and risk factors for clinical radiation pneumonitis in patients treated for lung carcinoma. They also sought to describe the corresponding posttreatment radiographic changes. METHODS Between 1989-1993, 83 patients received curative radiation therapy for lung carcinoma. Of these, 39 patients were treated with definitive radiation therapy, and 44 patients were treated with adjuvant radiation therapy after surgical resection. The median radiation therapy dose was 54 gray (Gy), and the median treatment area was 182 cm2. Chest radiographs obtained after radiation therapy were reviewed and scored for margin definition, volume loss, and texture quality. RESULTS A total of 17 patients (20%) developed clinical radiation pneumonitis (CRP). The median radiation therapy dose for the CRP cohort was 54 Gy, and the median treatment volume was 193 cm2. The median time to onset of symptoms was 3 weeks after radiation therapy, and the median duration of symptoms was 10 weeks. Of the 15 evaluable patients, symptoms resolved for 9 patients, improved but persisted for 4 patients, and CRP was fatal for 2 patients. The incidence of CRP was increased for patients with low performance status, comorbid lung disease, smoking history, low pulmonary function tests, and for those patients who did not undergo a surgical resection. Posttreatment radiographic changes were common and progressed with time. Radiographic changes were more pronounced in the CRP cohort, and extended outside the radiation therapy treatment field in the majority of patients (67%). CONCLUSIONS Clinical radiation pneumonitis developed in 20% of lung carcinoma patients. Risk factors included low performance status, comorbid lung disease, smoking history, low pulmonary function tests, and the absence of a surgical resection. Posttreatment radiograph changes were common and progressed with time, and typically were not confined to the radiation therapy treatment field. Cancer 1998;82:842-50. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of 12-methyl-cis-4-tetradecenoic acid fromCorynebacterium sepedonicum

A previously uncharacterized fatty acid found inCorynebacterium sepedonicum was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared spectrometry and determined to be 12-methyl-cis-4-tetradecenoic acid. This fatty acid represents nearly 6% of the total fatty acids ofC. sepedonicum, but it is present at significantly lower levels in otherCorynebacterium species. Therefore, 12-methyl-cis-4-tetradecenoic acid provides a useful marker in distinguishingC. sepedonicum from other microorganisms.
Organizational consultation to facilitate communication within a school staff

This article describes in detail an organizational consultation intervention designed to create a more effective learning atmosphere by improving intrastaff communication. Using an informal survey accompanied by feedback sessions, the authors were able to reduce the tense school atmosphere and develop a process for ongoing, cooperative problem solving within the staff of an urban public school. This concrete description with emphasis on practical considerations is offered to stimulate programs of intervention at the organizational level, which, although efficient, are rarely used consultation techniques.
Modification by biological products of the generation of suppressor cells in culture.

Abstract This report describes the effects of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), indomethacin, and human prealbumin on the generation of culture-induced and allo-antigen-induced suppressor cells. The ability of the suppressor cells to affect cell-mediated immunity (CMI) generation cultures was assessed by 3 H-thymidine uptake and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). The generation of culture-induced suppressor cells is dependent on the fetal calf-serum (FCS) used in the medium and at least 4 days are necessary for their generation. Suppression is totally abolished by 2,000r X-irradiation of suppressor cells prior to their testing in CMI generation cultures. Spleen cells cultured in the presence of 0.03 to 3 μM PGE 2 are not suppressive, while 3 nM PGE 2 only partially abolishes their suppressive activity. Indomethacin has little effect on teh development of this suppressor cell activity. Spleen cells cultured in the presence of human prealbumin have augmented cellular proliferation but do not develop suppressor cell activity. Alloantigen-activated cells added to CMI generation cultures suppress cellular proliferation ( 3 H-thymidine uptake), but suppress CML development only after X-irradiation. PGE 2 inhibits the proliferation of alloantigen-activated cells in a dose dependent manner. The ability of PGE 2 to abolish their suppressive activity (after X-irradiation) in CMI generation cultures is directly proportional to its effects on cell proliferation. Indomethacin augments the proliferation of alloantigen-activated cells but does not further augment suppression. Human prealbumin augments the cellular proliferation of alloantigen-activated suppressor cell culture systems, but does not affect the generation of alloantigen-activated suppressor activity.
Local Government Pensions and Their Funding: Policy Issues and Options

This article examines the personnel and fiscal implications of public employee pensions for local government. First, the interpretation of pensions as a form of public employee compensation is presented and the implications for pensions as an instrument for public personnel policy are discussed. Second, the consequences of pensions for local government finances, given the labor intensity of the public sector and the structure of defined benefit pension plans, are underscored and the fun ding options are evaluated.
Morphological and physiological characteristics of Spirillum gracile sp. n.

Spirilla measuring 0.25 to 0.30 µ in diameter and generally 5 to 10 µ in length were selectively isolated from pond and stream water. The isolation procedure involved the use of cellulose ester filter discs (0.45 µ pore size) which allowed the thin spirilla to migrate onto the surface of culture plates, but retained larger organisms. The spirilla isolated formed distinctive subsurface, spreading, semi-transparent colonies. The organisms exhibited a microaerophilic behavior; however, they did not grow anaerobically. Nutritional studies indicated that amino acids served both as carbon and nitrogen sources for the organisms and that organic acids and carbohydrates were suitable as carbon sources. NH4Cl was utilized poorly as a nitrogen source and KNO3 not at all. An exogenous supply of vitamins was not needed for growth. On the basis of their cell diameter, their microaerophilic growth and other physiological characteristics, the spirilla could not be identified with any of the previously described species of the genusSpirillum. It is proposed that these thin spirilla be recognized as a new species to be designatedSpirillum gracile.
Distributed structural dynamics control of flexible manipulators —I. Structural dynamics and distributed viscoelastic actuator

Abstract Reducing structural dead weight has become of increasing importance in the design of new generation lightweight and high-speed robot manipulators. However, due to the nature of structural flexibility, the dynamic oscillation associated with robot structures can affect the operation accuracy and precision. This work, in two parts, presents a study on the vibration control of elastic or flexible robot structures. Effects of distributed passive (Part I) and active (in Part II) actuators on elastic robot structures are studied. The proposed distributed passive viscoelastic actuator (in Part I) is a layer (or layers) of viscoelastic polymer directly attached to the flexible robot element, the oscillation of which is to be controlled. The passive actuator is activated by the oscillation of the robot structure and it automatically dissipates vibration energy and constrains the undesirable motion to eliminate the disturbance and to maintain a precise robot trajectory. A finite element program capable of analyzing flexible links is developed. Results obtained from the finite element simulation are presented.
Surgical Management of Symptomatic Olecranon Traction Spurs.

Background:There is a paucity of information pertaining to the pathoanatomy and treatment of symptomatic olecranon traction spurs.Purpose:To describe the pathoanatomy of olecranon traction spur formation, a technique for spur resection, and a series of patients who failed conservative care and underwent operative treatment.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Eleven patients (12 elbows) with a mean age of 42 years (range, 27-62 years) underwent excision of a painful olecranon traction spur after failing conservative care. Charts and imaging studies were reviewed. All patients returned for evaluation and new elbow radiographs at an average of 34 months (range, 10-78 months). Outcome measures included the Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire; the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS); visual analog scales (VAS) for pain and patient satisfaction; elbow motion; elbow strength; and elbow stability.Results:The traction spur was found in the superficial fibe...
Two devices that facilitate the use of the Minnesota tube

Two devices that facilitate the use of the Minnesota tube (C. R. Bard, Covington, GA) are described in this article. One device is the Lopez enteral valve (ICU Medical, San Clemente, CA), a three-way stopcock-like device that facilitates inflation of the gastric balloon with air, as measured by a 60-mL Foley-tip syringe. The second device is a handheld aneroid manometer with integral bulb and valve (Tycos, Welch Allyn) that can be easily attached directly to the Y-set of the esophageal and gastric balloons for continuous monitoring of pressure. The enhanced ease of continuous monitoring of balloon pressures helps prevent complications, ensure hemostasis, and facilitate better patient outcomes.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation in the United States: an evolving strategy in the management of rapidly advancing pulmonary disease

Objective Improvements in technology have led to a resurgence in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. By using a national registry, we sought to evaluate how short-term survival has evolved using this strategy. Methods With the use of the United Network for Organ Sharing database, we analyzed data from 12,458 adults who underwent lung transplantation between 2000 and 2011. Patients were categorized into 2 cohorts: 119 patients who were bridged to transplantation using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 12,339 patients who were not. The study period was divided into four 3-year intervals: 2000 to 2002, 2003 to 2005, 2006 to 2008, and 2009 to 2011. With Kaplan–Meier analysis, 1-year survival was compared for the 2 cohorts of patients in each of the time periods. A propensity score–adjusted Cox regression model was used to estimate the risk of 1-year mortality. Results Of the total number of recipients, 4 (3.4%) were bridged between 2000 and 2002, 17 (14.3%) were bridged between 2003 and 2005, 31 (26.1%) were bridged between 2006 and 2008, and 67 were bridged (56.3%) between 2009 and 2011. Recipients bridged using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were more likely to be younger and diabetic and to have higher serum creatinine and bilirubin levels. The 1-year survival for those bridged with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was significantly lower in subsequent periods: 25.0% versus 81.0% (2000-2002), 47.1% versus 84.2% (2006-2008), and 74.4% versus 85.7% (2009-2011). However, this survival progressively increased with each period, as did the number of patients bridged using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Conclusions Short-term survival with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation has significantly improved over the past few years.
The mRNA for zona pellucida proteins B1, C and D in two genetic lines of turkey hens that differ in fertility

Abstract The avian inner perivitelline layer (IPVL) contains zona pellucida protein-B1 (ZPB1), zona pellucida protein-C (ZPC) and zona pellucida protein-D (ZPD). These three proteins may be involved in sperm binding to the IPVL. ZPB1 is produced by the liver and transported to the developing preovulatory follicle, while ZPC and ZPD are synthesized and secreted by the granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicle. The mRNA of ZPB1, ZPC, and ZPD was investigated in two lines of turkey hens selected for over 40 generations for either increased egg production (E line) or increased body weight (F line). Total RNA was extracted from the liver and from 1 cm 2 sections of the granulosa layer around the germinal disc and a nongerminal disc area of the F 1 and F 2 follicles of hens from each genetic line. Northern analysis was performed using chicken cDNA probes for all three ZP proteins. Hepatic mRNA for ZPB1 was greater ( P 1 and F 2 follicles for either genetic line. The results suggest that the greater rates of fertility previously observed in eggs from the E line hens compared with the F line of hens may be related to differential amounts of the potential sperm binding proteins ZPB1 and ZPC.
Work in progress - the evolution of a new program in engineering technology

The Control Systems Engineering Technology program started admitting students in 1998, and the first graduates of the program were in May 2002. The program offers the Bachelor of Science degree in Control Systems Engineering Technology. This new program is unique in that it is the only one that uses this degree name in the U.S. The objective of the Control Systems Engineering Technology program is to educate the students to be practical and qualified engineering technologists. The program is committed to preparing graduates for productive and rewarding careers in design, marketing, operation and maintenance in the field of instrumentation, measurement, control, robotics, and automation. Graduates will be socially and professionally responsible and possess skills for life-long learning. This work-in-progress paper described the unique features of this new program along with its successes and challenges
Effects of Salinity Changes and the Formation of Dissolved Organic Matter Coatings on the Sorption of Phenanthrene: Implications for Pollutant Trapping in Estuaries

Estuaries have been reported to be sinks for hydrophobic pollutants, and sorption has been commonly attributed to be an important mechanism responsible for the observed pollutant trapping. The sorption enhancement caused by “salt effects” and dissolved organic matter (DOM) coatings were both measured and modeled, and the results were used to probe the extent to which equilibrium sorption could explain estuarine pollutant trapping. The polycyclic aromatic compound phenanthrene, an extracellular polymer from a soil bacterial isolate, and a low organic carbon kaolinite were used as models for the hydrophobic pollutant, DOM, and suspended sediment, respectively. Sorptive interactions between phenanthrene, extracellular polymer, and kaolinite were measured at pH 8 as a function of salinity. The experimentally determined binary distribution coefficients were combined using a three-component sorption model to calculate the overall sorption coefficient for phenanthrene, KO. Increasing the ionic strength to seawat...
Effects of Temperature, Pressure, and Metal Promoter on the Recrystallized Structure and Optical Transmission of Chemical Vapor Deposited Zinc Sulfide

Structural changes from processing in polytype-rich zinc sulfide (ZnS) are complex and poorly understood. In this study, recrystallization was induced in chemical vapor deposited ZnS by annealing and hot isostatic pressing (HIPping). Samples were characterized using optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, electron diffraction, polycrystalline and powder X-ray diffraction, and transmission spectroscopy. Recrystallization was found to reduce the hexagonality and increase the {111} texture of as-deposited ZnS. Changes in hexagonality and texture can occur independently of each other. HIPped ZnS with superior transmission exhibits both a change in texture and a reduction in hexagonal content. Reduction in hexagonality, alone, was not sufficient to improve optical transmission from the visible to the infrared. For the first time, the effects of pressure, temperature, and the presence of platinum on recrystallization during commercial ZnS HIPping are separated and identified. Platinum was found to actively promote recrystallization and silver demonstrated a similar effect. Several theories focusing on the unique polytypic nature of ZnS are offered to explain the changes in structure and properties occurring during recrystallization. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of the nature of order–disorder and martensitic phase transformations in ceramic materials.
Angular-momentum-biasing for non-reciprocal electromagnetic devices

A novel method for generating non-reciprocity based on angular-momentum biasing is presented. The new approach does not require ferromagnetic materials or external magnetic fields, eliminating the need for rare-earth materials while at the same time simplifying circuit integration schemes. Waveguide and lumped element resonators are simulated and fabricated to validate the proposed phenomenon. A circulator based on the angular momentum biasing technique is shown to provide over 38 dB of isolation in both microstrip ring and lumped element resonator designs.
Excellence and Education.

Demands for excellence have achieved national prominence. Educators need to include the state, civism, and equity within the framework of defining excellence. Rightist and leftist philosophic/social views differ in approach and solution. Norms, quality, and selectivity are slogans of the Right. Equality, justice, and inclusion are the watchwords of the Left. With a traditional view of society currently ascendant, liberals must meet the challenge. For the sake of equity all must be educated in core subjects, using varied approaches, for a productive, competent citizenry. For those who can produce at a higher level in the arts, humanities, or science, teachers, resources, and standards must nurture, guide, and challenge. Excellence, as a standard open to continual revision and assessment, thus emerges as a goal for all.
Early treatment with fumagillin, an inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase-2, prevents pulmonary hypertension in monocrotaline-injured rats

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiologic condition characterized by hypoxemia and right ventricular strain. Proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells is central to the pathology of PH in animal models and in humans. Methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) regulates proliferation in a variety of cell types including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. MetAP2 is inhibited irreversibly by the angiogenesis inhibitor fumagillin. We have previously found that inhibition of MetAP2 with fumagillin in bleomycin-injured mice decreased pulmonary fibrosis by selectively decreasing the proliferation of lung myofibroblasts. In this study, we investigated the role of fumagillin as a potential therapy in experimental PH. In vivo, treatment of rats with fumagillin early after monocrotaline injury prevented PH and right ventricular remodeling by decreasing the thickness of the medial layer of the pulmonary arteries. Treatment with fumagillin beginning two weeks after monocrotaline injury did not prevent PH but was associated with decreased right ventricular mass and decreased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, suggesting a direct effect of fumagillin on right ventricular remodeling. Incubation of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (RPASMC) with fumagillin and MetAP2-targeting siRNA inhibited proliferation of RPASMC in vitro. Platelet-derived growth factor, a growth factor that is important in the pathogenesis of PH and stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, strongly increased expression of MetP2. By immunohistochemistry, we found that MetAP2 was expressed in the lesions of human pulmonary arterial hypertension. We propose that fumagillin may be an effective adjunctive therapy for treating PH in patients.
Comment on Error Juris

Error juris raises many puzzling problems, and Professor Arzt's excellent essay must increase the puzzlement especially among those who support the new rule that "abolished" the doctrine that ignorantia legis neminem excusat. For after a discussion of the great difficulties which led to the abandonment of that doctrine, Professor Arzt comes to some illuminating conclusions-that the new defense is very rarely used in cases of traditional crimes and that even in economic or public welfare offenses it is infrequently applied. He even reports that judges continue to distinguish law from fact. Accordingly, if one keeps an eye on what the courts are actually doing, one is impelled to ask, is the new law a merely verbal change? In any case one need not agree with everything Savigny taught to believe that not every change enacted into a code or statute is an improvement on the former law.
The clinical pharmacology of loop diuretics in the pediatric patient

The loop diuretics furosemide and bumetanide are frequently employed in the pediatric population for the management of fluid overload in both acute and chronic disease states. They act mainly by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the nephron at the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Important pharmacokinetic differences between adults and infants include a reduced clearance and prolonged half-life, that may cause accumulation of these agents to potentially toxic levels if dosing intervals are not adjusted. Unfortunately, little is known about the time required for maturation of loop diuretic elimination in older infants, children, and adolescents. Similar to adults, limited pharmacodynamic evidence in neonates suggests that a maximally efficient diuretic dose exists. Increasing the diuretic dose beyond this maximum does not offer further benefit, but may increase the risk of toxicity. Common problems encountered in the pediatric patient as well as in adults are loop diuretic tolerance and resistance. Loop diuretic dosing strategies aimed at overcoming these phenomena include administration by continuous infusion, coadministration with albumin, and coadministration with metolazone or thiazides. This article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of furosemide and bumetanide in pediatric patients. A better understanding of the clinical pharmacology of the loop diuretics should aid clinicians in the development of dosing regimens aimed at producing adequate diuresis without promoting excessive diuretic tolerance.
Human α-1-proteinase inhibitor is inactivated by exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke

Abstract Direct exposure of human α-1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI) to sidestream cigarette smoke causes an initial, rapid loss of elastase inhibitory capacity followed by a slow, gradual loss of activity as the protein is incubated in the smoke-exposed aqueous buffer solution. The exposure used here gives a total of 40% inactivation using one cigarette. This biphasic pattern of inactivation is similar to the inactivation seen following the direct exposure of α1PI to mainstream smoke. We suggest that although exposures to sidestream smoke by nonsmokers are generally lower than the exposures to mainstream smoke experienced by smokers, sidestream smoke has the potential to produce similar types of damage as mainstream smoke, including emphysema-like damage, and should not be regarded as innocuous.
Immunity to dengue virus: a tale of original antigenic sin and tropical cytokine storms

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease of expanding geographical range and incidence. The existence of four viral serotypes and the association of prior dengue virus infection with an increased risk for more severe disease have presented significant obstacles to vaccine development. An increased understanding of the adaptive immune response to natural dengue virus infection and candidate dengue vaccines has helped to define the specific antibody and T cell responses that are associated with either protective or pathological immunity during dengue infection. Further characterization of immunological correlates of disease outcome and the validation of these findings in vaccine trials will be invaluable for developing effective dengue vaccines.