cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging therapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus+ post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

EBV is a gammaherpes virus that has infected >95% of the world’s population (1). In healthy individuals, EBV infection is usually asymptomatic and the virus establishes a latent infection, residing in memory B cells for the lifetime of the host. However, when the immune system is debilitated as in immunosuppressed transplant recipients, opportunistic EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas can arise (2). These lymphomas are the most serious manifestation of PTLD (3). The incidence of EBV-associated PTLD is known to vary widely with the organ transplanted and the serologic status of the recipient (4). Nevertheless, EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas are the most common cancer in children that receive solid organ grafts, representing well over half of the de novo, post-transplant malignancies. Children are at particular risk for PTLD, in part, because they are often immunologically naive at the time of transplant and can acquire a primary infection when receiving a graft from a seropositive donor in the setting of immunosuppression (5). Although uncommon, PTLD may also arise from T cells; however, this review will be focused on EBV-induced PTLD, which accounts for 93% of lymphoproliferative disorders in pediatric organ transplant recipients. The current standard therapeutic approaches for the treatment of EBV-associated PTLD include reduction or elimination of immunosuppression, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, the use of anti-B-cell antibodies such as rituximab, and surgical resection when feasible. Determining the optimal treatment for individual patients, however, remains difficult and requires extensive interaction between transplant specialists and oncologists. The recent emergence of cellular-based immunotherapy holds promise for alternate approaches and underscores the need for new strategies to manage children with EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas.
Activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area of the monkey during an antisaccade task

The close relationship between saccadic eye movements and vision complicates the identification of neural responses associated with each function. Visual and saccade-related responses are especially closely intertwined in a subdivision of posterior parietal cortex, the lateral parietal area (LIP). We analyzed LIP neurons using an antisaccade task in which monkeys made saccades away from a salient visual cue. The vast majority of neurons reliably signaled the location of the visual cue. In contrast, most neurons had only weak, if any, saccade-related activity independent of visual stimulation. Thus, whereas the great majority of LIP neurons reliably encoded cue location, only a small minority encoded the direction of the upcoming saccade.
BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS SYNTHESIS

The study of mineral formation in biological systems, biomineralisation, provides inspiration for novel approaches to the synthesis of new materials. Biomineralisation relies on extensive organic-inorganic interactions to induce and control the synthesis of inorganic solids. Living systems exploit these interactions and utilise organised organic scaffolds to direct the precise patterning of inorganic materials over a wide range of length scales. Fundamental studies of biomineral and model systems have revealed some of the key interactions which take place at the organic-inorganic interface. This has led to extensive use of the principles at work in biomineralisation for the creation of novel materials. A biomimetic approach to materials synthesis affords control over the size, morphology and polymorph of the mineral under mild synthetic conditions.
Teaching about Consumption The “Not Buying It” Project

overconsumption in the United States and allow them to see how their own consumption which involved refraining from purchasing all but essentials for a set number of daysas part of a broader lesson on consumerism. Qualitative and quantitative data, gathered from students enrolled in three sections of Introductory Sociology, suggest that the exercise was effective in consumption habits are shaped by larger social forces and how they, along with most Americans, tend toward overconsumption. To a more limited extent, it may help enhance cognitive understanding of consumption. Teaching about consumption in general, and the Not Buying It project in particular, offers instructors an excellent pedagogical means by which students can acquire a sociological imagination, reinforces key sociological principles, and links to broader goals within the discipline.
A trusted open platform

Microsoft's next-generation secure computing base extends personal computers to offer mechanisms that let high-assurance software protect itself from the operating systems, device drivers, BIOS, and other software running on the same machine.
Chemical synthesis and properties of spinel Li1-xCo2O4-δ

Abstract Spinel Li 1− x Co 2 O 4− δ samples with 0.44≤(1− x )≤1 have been synthesized by chemically extracting lithium with the oxidizer NO 2 BF 4 in acetonitrile medium from the LT-LiCoO 2 synthesized at 400°C. Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction data reveals that the Li 1− x Co 2 O 4− δ samples adopt the normal cubic spinel structure with a cation distribution of (Li 1− x ) 8 a [Co 2 ] 16 d O 4− δ . Redox iodometric titration data indicate that the LT-LiCoO 2 tends to lose oxygen on extracting lithium and the spinel Li 1− x Co 2 O 4− δ samples are oxygen-deficient. Both infrared spectroscopic and magnetic susceptibility data suggest that the LiCo 2 O 4− δ spinel is metallic with itinerant electrons. The tendency to lose oxygen on extracting lithium from the LT-LiCoO 2 and the observed metallic behavior of the spinel LiCo 2 O 4− δ are explained on the basis of a qualitative band diagram.
Parameter estimation for noncausal ARMA models of non-Gaussian signals via cumulant matching

We consider the problem of estimating the parameters of a stable (stationary), scalar ARMA(p,q) signal model driven by an i.i.d. non-Gaussian sequence. The driving noise sequence is not observed. The signal is allowed to be nonminimum phase and/or noncausal (i.e., poles may lie both inside as well as outside the unit circle). We address the problem of parameter identifiability given the higher order cumulants of the signal on a finite set of lags. The sufficient set of lags required to achieve parameter identifiability is the smallest to date. The sufficient conditions for parameter identifiability are also the least restrictive to date. We also propose a frequency-domain approach for time-domain, nonlinear optimization of a quadratic cumulant matching criterion. Illustrative computer simulation results are presented. >
Choosing Tree Genotypes for Phytoremediation of Landfill Leachate Using Phyto-Recurrent Selection

Information about the response of poplar (Populus spp.) genotypes to landfill leachate irrigation is needed, along with efficient methods for choosing genotypes based on leachate composition. Poplar clones were irrigated during three cycles of phyto-recurrent selection to test whether genotypes responded differently to leachate and water, and to test whether the methodology had merit as a tool for plant selection during remediation.
Physical and numerical large-scale wave basin modeling of fluid-structure interaction and wave impact phenomena

Physical and numerical large-scale wave basin (LSWB) modeling of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) and wave impact phenomena are examined in this study. In particular, the role of numerical modeling and simulation in designand analysis of physical LSWB FSI andwave impact experiments using a numerical wave basin (NWB) modeling approach is examined. Physical characteristics and testing capabilities of arepresentative LSWBare first described. Selectedphysical FSI and wave impactexperiments pertaining to civil, energy and naval engineering disciplines conducted at the LSWB and the accompanying NWBFSI modeling and simulations of these challenging phenomenaare presented. An effort to further improvetheNWBFSI softwarewith highly nonlinear wave impact modeling capabilities to facilitate physical FSI experiment design and testing,and details of an on-goingNWBdevelopment and validation processesare delineated.It is demonstrated that the NWBFSI software is useful in facilitating the design of complex, highly nonlinear FSI and wave impactexperiments. Conversely, the resulting measured data from the FSI and wave impact experiments can be used to validate and identify further modeling improvement needs of the NWBFSI and wave impactsoftware.
Hypocrisy: What counts?

Hypocrisy is a multi-faceted concept that has been studied empirically by psychologists and discussed logically by philosophers. In this study, we pose various behavioral scenarios to research participants and ask them to indicate whether the actor in the scenario behaved hypocritically. We assess many of the components that have been considered to be necessary for hypocrisy (e.g., the intent to deceive, self-deception), factors that may or may not be distinguished from hypocrisy (e.g., weakness of will), and factors that may moderate hypocrisy (e.g., the degree of discrepancy between the attitude and behavior, whether the attitude is stated publicly, and the nature and severity of the behavioral consequences). Our findings indicate that lay conceptions of hypocrisy are often at odds with philosophical speculation. We argue that a complete understanding of the criteria for hypocrisy requires consideration of how ordinary people construe the concept. In contrast to some concepts (e.g., physical causation),...
Time to Dissolve Air Bubbles in Drain Line

A theoretical equation is derived for the time required to dissolve a static air bubble in a large tank of water. With certain simplifying approximations a similar expression was derived for the rate of solution of an air bubble in a long tube filled with water such as may be encountered in many types of soil mechanics tests. Confirming experimental data is also presented. The studies provide methods for estimating the time required to dissolve a small bubble inadvertently trapped in drain lines using a back pressure. These times may range from several hours to days for the sizes of tubes and bubbles often encountered in typical soil mechanics testing equipment. The effect of small trapped air bubbles on the pore pressure response of a triaxial test specimen is analyzed.
The lives of an American life - The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and the idea of personal identity

recorrendo aos campos da historia dos impressos e da historia da ciencia - dois campos de importância indiscutivel para entender Benjamin Franklin, o impressor da Filadelfia, e Benjamin Franklin, o famoso experimentador eletrico - este ensaio sugerira que as memorias de Franklin sao evidencia de que ele pensou sobre si mesmo como encarnado em acoes (como ele tinha se apresentado ao mundo, atraves de experimentos cientificos) e como identificado em relacao a outras pessoas, como ele tinha sido por muito tempo, como um colaborador em diversos projetos e como um correspondente. Isso e diferente do seu sentido desencarnado e individualista que a maioria das edicoes de sua autobiografia, como uma simples narrativa, lhe deram. Edicoes mais complexas e com diversos textos podem ser ao menos igualmente validas, sobretudo para mostrar como ideias de identidade pessoal, nesse ponto da historia, eram coletivas e encarnadas.
Shock Initiation of Nano-Al + Teflon: Time-Resolved Emission Studies

Laser-launched flyer plates were used to impact-initiate reactive materials consisting of Al nanoparticles (50 nm) and Teflon microparticles (3 μm). The initiation process was probed with time- and wavelength-resolved emission spectroscopy. Teflon particle and Teflon foil samples without Al fuel were also studied. During ∼15 ns duration shocks produced by 50 μm thick flyers, Teflon was heated to a greater extent than Al. Al/Teflon underwent explosive chemical reactions lasting ∼500 ns at an impact velocity threshold of 1.0 ± 0.1 km/s. The Teflon samples emitted a continuum spectrum attributed to triboluminescence. C2 emission (Swan bands) from the powder Teflon could be detected at impact velocities of 0.7 km/s, after a few microseconds, presumably from gases trapped between the decomposing sample and the observation window, indicating that Teflon can be at least partially decomposed to carbon and fluorine. During the 15 ns shock, the Al/Teflon had almost the same emission temporal and spectral profile an...
The rôle of the dorsal spinal nerve roots in bulbar anemia

Pike1 has shown that in the spinal cat there is a certain reflex element concerned in the maintenance of blood-pressure, by the fact that section of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves in the thoracic region causes a fall of about 10 millimeters of blood-pressure. Wickwire2 has demonstrated that section of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves from C5 to L2 does not abolish the compensation of heart rate to high and low blood-pressures.A series of experiments was made to see whether division of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves would affect the cardiovascular response to bulbar anemia, produced by temporary occlusion of the arteries to the head.3 Laminectomy was done through the thoracic region, and the head arteries were isolated as usual. The blood-pressure rise in a control occlusion of the head arteries was then recorded, and as soon as recovery was initiated, the dorsal roots were divided in the thoracic region, and occlusion of the head arteries was repeated. Such difference in response as was...
Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pistachio hull extracts

Abstract Phytochemical and bioactivity analyses of pistachio hulls revealed the presence of anacardic acids (3198 mg/100 g), fatty acids (1500 mg/100 g), and phytosterols (192 mg/100 g) as major components. Carotenoids (4.93 mg/100 g), chlorophylls (10.27 mg/100 g), tocopherols (8.83 mg/100 g), and three triterpene acids (mangiferolic, isomangiferolic and mangiferonic acids) were characterized. A polar (P) extract contained quercetin-3- O -glucoside (6.27 mg/g), together with smaller concentrations of quercetin, myricetin and luteolin flavonoids, accounting for 5.53 mg/g. Gallotannins and other phenolic compounds esterified with a gallic acid moiety characterized the P extract. P extract potently inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The mRNA expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine COX-2 were significantly inhibited by fractions P2-P5, while IL-6 was only inhibited by fraction P3. Moreover, the P extract significantly decreased the non-mitochondrial oxidative burst associated with inflammatory response in macrophages.
PTPS-30COMPARISON OF MAPK PATHWAY TARGETS AS POTENTIAL THERAPIES FOR MAPK-ACTIVATED GLIOMAS

The RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling pathway plays a key role in regulating cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. As hyperactivation of MAPK signaling is a common driver in a subgroup of adult and pediatric gliomas, MAPK pathway blockade has been an attractive target for anti-glioma therapy. We have previously shown that pharmacological inhibition of BRAF and MEK significantly reduces glioma growth in intracranial xenograft models. Here, we compare the efficacy of inhibiting three MAPK pathway targets: BRAF (PLX4720 and PLX4032), MEK (PD901 and GDC0973) and ERK (SCH772984), in reducing glioma growth. In all of the three glioma cell lines examined, AM38 (BRAFV600E-mutant), DBTRG-05MG (BRAFV600E-mutant) and LN229 (NF-1 deficient), ERK and MEK inhibition efficiently suppressed the activation of downstream effectors of MAPK pathway, including p90RSK and cyclin D1, at less than 1uM. In contrast, BRAFV600E inhibitor PLX4720 and PLX4032 inhibits MEK and ERK phosphorylation at 0.1 uM, but yield insignificant effects on downstream components of MAPK (p90RSK and cyclin D1) even at high concentration (10 uM). Concordant with the extent of MAPK pathway blockade, MEK and ERK inhibition is more efficient in suppressing glioma cell growth compared to BRAF inhibition. Future work is required to understand the mechanisms underlying the variations in potency amongst inhibiting various MAPK pathway targets.
Contemporary issues in dentistry: three reports from the Macy study panels.

During the course of the three-year Macy study on “New Models of Dental Education,” three panels were established to examine urgent issues in dental education and practice. By bringing together key educators and researchers in the respective topical areas, these panels were designed to define
Epidemic Status of HBV Among Chengdu Military Hostel Practitioners,2009-2011

Objective To understand the epidemic status of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) among practitioners in Chengdu military hostels from 2009 to 2011,and to provide a basis for hepatitis B prevention and control.Methods The physical examination data of practitioners in Chengdu military hotels from 2009 to 2011 was statistically analyzed. Results The highest HBsAg positive rate of the practitioners was 2.90% among the 3 years,far below the national average level(7.18%) in 2011.The HBsAg carrier rate in public place practitioners in Chengdu military hostels decreased year by year.Conclusion The carrier rate of HBsAg in public place practitioners in Chengdu military hostels is relatively low;meanwhile,those with protective antibodies are increasing yearly.
Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities: The concept of nirvana

To consider the concept of nirvana as a product of Buddhist systematic thought, this chapter depicts the taxonomy within which it occurs as a structured whole, rather than telling the story of how that whole came, historically, to be created. It does however, discuss the evolution of relevant ideas in pre-Buddhist Brahmanism in 1.1.a, and offers a few remarks in 1.2.b about some less than perfectly understood meditative attainments which seem to result from emphases within the tradition which are divergent and perhaps contradictory. In sections 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 I organize the material in my own way, but the aim is to say nothing about the concept of nirvana which is foreign to the texts from which this account is taken. 1.4 and 1.5 revert to an external, etic viewpoint, in the former to dispose of what is prima facie a good question to ask about nirvana (can one “desire” it?), and in the latter to reflect on the relation between what is said and what is left unsaid in ideological discourse. ACTION, TIME AND CONDITIONING Time and salvation in pre-Buddhist Brahmanism In this regard, as in many others, the thought of Buddhism is clearly continuous with that of the pre-Buddhist Brahmanical tradition.
Fundamental Network Properties

The stoichiometric matrix is so informative about physiological states that we must study its fundamental properties – John Doyle In the last chapter, we discussed the simple topological properties of the network that the stoichiometric matrix represents. In this chapter, we look deeper into the properties of the stoichiometric matrix, and how fundamental network properties can be used to obtain a more thorough understanding of the reaction network that it represents. This material is perhaps the most mathematical part of this book. It should be readily accessible to readers with formal education in the physical and engineering sciences, while readers with a life science background may find it challenging. The stoichiometric matrix is a mathematical mapping operation (recall Figure 9.7). Matrices have certain fundamental properties that describe this mapping operation. These properties are contained in the four fundamental subspaces associated with a matrix. This chapter discusses these subspaces and how we can mathematically define them and begin the process of interpreting their contents in biochemical and biological terms. Singular Value Decomposition Singular value decomposition (SVD) of a matrix is a well-established method used in a wide variety of applications, including signal processing, noise reduction, image processing, kinematics, and for the analysis of high-throughput biological data [15, 169]. Unlike matrices composed of experimentally determined numbers, the stoichiometric matrix is a ‘perfect’ matrix that is commonly composed of integers describing the structure of a reaction network. SVD of S can be used to analyze network properties and it is a particularly useful way to obtain the basic information about the four fundamental subspaces of S . 11.1.1 Decomposition into three matrices Mathematical format SVD states that for a matrix S of dimension m × n and of rank r , there are orthonormal matrices U (of dimension m × m ) and V (of dimension n × n ), and a matrix (of dimension m ×n ) with diagonal elements Σ = diag( σ 1 , σ 2 , …, σ r ) with σ 1 ≥ σ 2 ≥ … ≥ σ r > 0 such that: S = UΣV T where the superscript T denotes the transpose.
Laxmi Ridge – A continental sliver in the Arabian Sea

Identification by Bhattacharya et al. (1994) of seafloor spreading type magnetic anomalies in the basin lying between Laxmi Ridge in the Arabian Sea and the Indian continent necessitates a change in plate tectonic reconstruction. Naini and Talwani (1982) named this basin the Eastern Basin and we will continue to use this term in this paper. Others, in the literature, have called this the Laxmi Basin. Previous reconstructions had assumed that the Eastern Basin is underlain by continental crust. The new reconstruction moves Seychelles' original location closer to India and ameliorates a ‘space’ problem in the Mascarene Basin. A new rotation pole between anomaly 28 and 34 times avoids ‘skipping’ of fracture zones resulting from rotation poles described earlier. The negative gravity anomaly over the Eastern Basin is a necessary consequence of a continental sliver lying between oceanic crust on either side. Seismic velocities that are slightly greater than 7 km s−1 under the Eastern need not be necessarily interpreted as material that underplates continental crust.
Desire and Reason

Ethics is commonly conceived as the effort to justify our actions and life choices. But desirism wants nothing to do with justification of the moral sort, simply because there is nothing moral that needs justifying. Nevertheless, desirism does not leave our lives to be decided willy nilly. This chapter characterizes the manner in which desirist ethics proposes that we go about figuring out what to do, how to live, what sort of person to be, etc. Reason remains crucially involved with this ethics as with characteristically moralistic ones. But desirism’s namesake desire is equally involved, so its meaning is also clarified. It is argued that desire is something that we share with other animals, and that realizing this provides insight into the nature of ethics.
A significant bias

While I do not wish to belittle the unfortunate conclusions that may be drawn from your news article "Gender bias judges research by women more critically" (May p12), I do want to comment on the way the article is presented.
10.7 A 25MHz 4-phase SAW hysteretic DC-DC converter with 1-cycle APC achieving 190ns t settle to 4A load transient and above 80% efficiency in 96.7% of the power range

Switching power converters with fast load transients are crucial for application processors (APs) to facilitate system-level power adaptability with high current slew rate. While current-mode hysteretic control has been popularly employed in switching converters for simple structure, robust operation and fast transient response [1], it still does not suffice for the unprecedented 1A/ns current slew rate required by modern APs [2]. Meanwhile, current slew rate can be improved by extending single-phase to multiphase operation. However, when a converter powers light load, power loss caused by added phases adversely affects the efficiency. Active phase count (APC) was thus proposed to manage the number of active phases judiciously to load by sensing average inductor current [3,4]. However, the inherent sensing delay drastically slows down the phase adding/dropping actions and degrades load transient response. On the other hand, phase current imbalance among phase sub-converters could cause hot spots, jeopardizing system reliability. Upgrading from conventional current-mode hysteretic control, we propose a simple synchronized adaptive window (SAW) hysteretic control which automatically adjusts the hysteretic window to speed up the transient response. Inherent clock synchronization makes it a natural fit to multiphase operation, where APC can be accomplished within one switching cycle through an internal current sensing mechanism in the control.
Introduction: from neurobiology to silicon

Our goal is to build electronic systems that employ the computational and organizational principles used in the nervous systems of living organisms. Nervous systems solve, in real time, ill-posed problems in image and speech processing, motor control, and learning; they do so in ways that we, as scientists and engineers, do not understand. There are fundamental principles that we can learn from neurobiology about a different and — on poorly conditioned data — vastly more efficient form of computation.
Relationship between heart rate and quiescent interval of the cardiac cycle in children using MRI.

Imaging the heart in children comes with the challenge of constant cardiac motion. A prospective electrocardiography-triggered CT scan allows for scanning during a predetermined phase of the cardiac cycle with least motion. This technique requires knowing the optimal quiescent intervals of cardiac cycles in a pediatric population. To evaluate high-temporal-resolution cine MRI of the heart in children to determine the relationship of heart rate to the optimal quiescent interval within the cardiac cycle. We included a total of 225 consecutive patients ages 0–18 years who had high-temporal-resolution cine steady-state free-precession sequence performed as part of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance angiography study of the heart. We determined the location and duration of the quiescent interval in systole and diastole for heart rates ranging 40–178 beats per minute (bpm). We performed the Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare the duration of quiescent interval in systole and diastole for each heart rate group. The duration of the quiescent interval at heart rates 90 bpm was significantly longer in diastole and systole, respectively (P<.0001 for all ranges, except for 90–99 bpm [P=.02]). For heart rates 80–89 bpm, diastolic interval was longer than systolic interval, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=.06). We created a chart depicting optimal quiescent intervals across a range of heart rates that could be applied for prospective electrocardiography-triggered CT imaging of the heart. The optimal quiescent interval at heart rates <80 bpm is in diastole and at heart rates ≥90 bpm is in systole. The period of quiescence at heart rates 80–89 bpm is uniformly short in systole and diastole.
Association of High Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Seropositivity and Lean Mass Index With Low Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective Osteoporotic fractures are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have twice the risk of osteoporosis-related fracture than age-matched controls, the causes for which remain unknown. We investigated contributions of RA characteristics, medication use, and body composition to low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with RA. Methods Data were from the Arthritis, Body Composition, and Disability Study (n=138; 82 women, 56 men). Demographic, clinical, laboratory and functional variables were collected at study visits. Body composition (fat, lean muscle and BMD) was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression analyses evaluated the association between predictors and femoral neck BMD. Results Average disease duration was 19 years, 70% of patients were rheumatoid factor positive and 55% were high-positive anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP). Age and high anti-CCP positivity were negatively associated with BMD after controlling for other variables (β=-0.003 and -0.055, respectively, p<0.05). Appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) was positively associated with BMD (β=0.053, p <0.0001). In high-positive anti-CCP participants, increasing anti-CCP levels were associated with a negative linear trend in BMD (β=-0.011, p=0.026). Conclusion High anti-CCP positivity and ALMI were strongly associated with BMD in patients with RA. The linear relationship of anti-CCP levels with lower BMD supports the hypothesis that processes specific to RA negatively impact BMD. In contrast, ALMI was positively associated with BMD, emphasizing the importance of this potentially modifiable risk factor. Our findings highlight the complicated interplay of RA disease-specific and functional factors and their impact on bone mass. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
CONCEPTUALIZING ‘FRONT’ AND ‘BACK’: FRAMES OF REFERENCE AND TAUMAKO REPRESENTATIONS OF SPACE

Author(s): Feinberg, Richard | Abstract: The study of navigation involves questions about the conceptualization of space and ways in which people share their spatial understandings with others. This article focuses on one aspect of spatial cognition, a phenomenon commonly known as “frames of reference” (FoRs). It explores the myriad ways in which Taumako islanders in the southeastern Solomons talk about spatial relations that English speakers term ‘front’ and ‘back.’ I examine how Taumako notions of ‘front’ and ‘back’ articulate with FoRs that are well established in the anthropological literature, and I explore the challenge of applying commonly-accepted FoR typologies to actual Taumako usage. In some contexts, there was little disagreement among my interlocutors as to proper use of the salient terms. In others, there was considerable divergence; and in certain instances even the same person appeared to be inconsistent from one occasion to the next. I will attempt to identify those areas in which I found widespread consensus as well as those in which disagreements were pervasive, and I will consider possible reasons for that difference.
Structured SUMCOR Multiview Canonical Correlation Analysis for Large-Scale Data

The sum-of-correlation (SUMCOR) formulation of generalized canonical correlation analysis (GCCA) seeks highly correlated low-dimensional representations of different views via maximizing pairwise latent similarity of the views. SUMCOR is considered arguably the most natural extension of classical two-view canonical correlation analysis to the multiview case and, thus, has numerous applications in signal processing and data analytics. Recent work has proposed effective algorithms for handling the SUMCOR problem at very large scale. However, the existing scalable algorithms cannot incorporate structural regularization and prior information—which are critical for good performance in real-world applications. In this work, we propose a new computational framework for large-scale SUMCOR GCCA that can easily incorporate a suite of structural regularizers, which are frequently used in data analytics. The updates of the proposed algorithm are lightweight, and the memory complexity is also low. In addition, the proposed algorithm can be readily implemented in a parallel fashion. We show that the proposed algorithm converges to a Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) point of the regularized SUMCOR problem. Judiciously designed simulations and real-data experiments are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Unmasking of intracranial metastatic melanoma during ipilimumab/nivolumab therapy: case report and literature review.

While data from several studies over the last decade has demonstrated that introduction of immunologic checkpoint blockage therapy with anti-CTLA-4/PD-1 drugs leads to improved survival in metastatic melanoma patients, relatively little is known about brain-specific therapeutic response and adverse events in the context of immunotherapeutic treatment of intracranial disease. Here we report two independent cases of new intracranial metastases presenting after initiation of combined checkpoint blockade Ipilimumab and Nivolumab for recurrent metastatic melanoma in the context of positive systemic disease response. Case #1: A 43-year-old Caucasian male with Stage III melanoma of the left knee had subsequent nodal, hepatic and osseous metastases and was started on ipilimumab/nivolumab. He developed an intractable headache one week later. MRI revealed new enhancing and hemorrhagic brain metastases. After 6 weeks of immunotherapy, there was interval hemorrhage of a dominant intracranial lesion but substantial improvement in systemic metastatic disease. Durable, near complete intracranial and systemic response was achieved after completion of both induction and maintenance immunotherapy. Case #2: A 58-year old Caucasian woman with stage II melanoma of the right index finger developed cutaneous, pulmonary and hepatic metastases within 4 months of adjuvant radiation. Although combined checkpoint blockade resulted in improvement in both cutaneous and systemic disease, brain MR performed for eye discomfort demonstrated new enhancing and hemorrhagic brain metastases. Serial MR imaging five months later revealed only a solitary focus of brain enhancement with continued improved systemic disease. These cases raise the question of whether the initial immune activation and modulation of the blood brain barrier by Ipilimumab/Nivolumab somehow “unmasks” previously clinically silent metastatic disease, rather than representing new or progressive metastatic disease. An overview of currently available literature discussing the role of immune checkpoint blockade in the treatment of intracranial metastatic melanoma will be provided, as well as discussion highlighting the need for future work elucidating the response of brain metastases to anti-CTLA/PD-1 drugs and documentation of brain-specific adverse events.
Response Prompting and the Transfer of Stimulus Control: Methods, Research, and a Conceptual Framework

Teachers of severely handicapped pupils frequently employ various types of assistance antecedent to pupil responses in order to increase the likelihood that behaviors will be performed. This assist...
An Introduction to Macromolecular Crystallography Through Parable and Analogy

Let us assume that we want to determine the structure of some object which is invisible. It has the supernatural property that it is non responsive to any electromagnetic radiation such as light. But, to make the example more concrete, let’s assume it is an invisible, cream colored, 1984 Alpha Romeo Spider (curiously, exactly like the author’s). If we have never seen such a glorious object before, how can we learn of its structure? How can we visualize it?
Alcohol Dehydrogenases: Identification and Names for Gene Families

Plant gene products that have been described as `alcohol dehydrogenases' are surveyed and related to their CPGN nomenclature. Most are Zn-dependent medium chain dehydrogenases, including `classical' alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1), glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (Fdh1), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (Cad2), and benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase (Bad1). Plant gene products belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase class should not be called alcohol dehydrogenases unless such activity is shown.
A silent response to silent thrombosis

In this issue of Blood, Jones and colleagues challenge the belief that children with asymptomatic catheter-related thrombosis require anticoagulant treatment by demonstrating the low incidence of thrombus extension, embolization, or clinically significant postthrombotic syndrome in a natural history study of critically ill children requiring a central venous catheter (CVC).1
Translations, Palimpsests, and Politics. Environmental Anthropology Now

This commentary article brings together core theoretical and methodological threads running through the special issue – the figure of the palimpsest that underpins understandings and translations o...
Molecular dynamics simulation of diffusion coefficients between different types of rejuvenator and aged asphalt binder

This study developed molecular dynamics (MD) models to investigate the diffusion behaviour of rejuvenator with aged binder. Four types of rejuvenators, straight saturate, cyclic saturate, naphthene...
Status beyond what meets the eye

Conveying an impression of competence is important for jobseekers and politicians alike. New work from Oh, Shafir and Todorov suggests that subtle differences in clothing shape our impressions of how competent people are. In particular, subtly richer-looking clothes elicit greater perceived competence.
Analysis of Decentralized AIMD-based EV Charging Control

Additive Increase and Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) control strategy has been studied for quite a long time. It was first introduced in 1989 and has been standardized as the Internet's congestion control algorithm. Its simple structure allows easy implementation and adaptation to the problems where fair and stable allocation of a limited resource among a group of agents/users is needed. From the power engineering perspective, this established method can be utilized for the control of electric vehicle (EV) charging, distributed energy sources (e.g. diesel machines, Photovoltaic panels (PV), and wind turbines), and energy storage units, as well as microgrid management and control. In this paper, we present the AIMD method and lay out a mathematical analysis on its stability and rate of convergence with a specific focus on electric vehicle charging. Later, we discuss necessary modifications needed to make the algorithm operate in a fully decentralized manner while still maintaining fairness. Finally, we demonstrate a case study where the algorithm is tested on EV charging control in the IEEE 37-bus distribution test feeder.
The reference-probe model for a robust and optimal radical-pair-based magnetic compass sensor

Radical-pair reactions have been suggested to be sensitive to the direction of weak magnetic fields, thereby providing a mechanism for the magnetic compass in animals. Discovering the general principles that make radical pairs particularly sensitive to the direction of weak magnetic fields will be essential for designing bioinspired compass sensors and for advancing our understanding of the spin physics behind directional effects. The reference-probe model is a conceptual model introduced as a guide to identify radical-pair parameters for optimal directional effects. Radical pairs with probe character have been extensively shown to enhance directional sensitivity to weak magnetic fields, but investigations on the role of the reference radical are lacking. Here, we evaluate whether a radical has reference character and then study its relevance for optimal directional effects. We investigate a simple radical-pair model with one axially anisotropic hyperfine interaction using both analytical and numerical calculations. Analytical calculations result in a general expression of the radical-pair reaction yield, which in turn provides useful insights into directional effects. We further investigate the relevance of the reference character to robustness against variations of earth-strength magnetic fields and find that the reference character captures robust features as well. Extending this study to radical pairs with more hyperfine interactions, we discuss the interplay between reference character and optimal and robust directional effects in such more complex radical pairs.
Carbonyl Iron and Iron Dextran Therapies Cause Adverse Effects on Bone Health in Juveniles With Chronic Kidney Disease

Anemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), related in part to the disruption of iron metabolism. Iron therapy is very common in children with CKD and excess iron has been shown to induce bone loss in non-CKD settings, but the impact of iron on bone health in CKD remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the effect of oral and parenteral iron therapy on bone transcriptome, bone histology and morphometry in two mouse models of juvenile CKD (adenine-induced and 5/6-nephrectomy). Both modalities of iron therapy effectively improved anemia in the mice with CKD, and lowered bone Fgf23 expression. At the same time, iron therapy suppressed genes implicated in bone formation and resulted in the loss of cortical and trabecular bone in the mice with CKD. Bone resorption was activated in untreated CKD, but iron therapy had no additional effect on this. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between biomarkers of bone turnover and iron status in a cohort of children with CKD. Children treated with iron had lower levels of circulating biomarkers of bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and the amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen), as well as fewer circulating osteoblast precursors, compared to children not treated with iron. These differences were independent of age, sex, and glomerular filtration rate. Thus, iron therapy adversely affected bone health in juvenile mice with CKD and was associated with low levels of bone formation biomarkers in children with CKD.
Downside risk of aquifer depletion

Groundwater aquifers support agricultural production in many parts of the world. Rapidly declining aquifer levels can have significant negative implications for the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. In this paper, we study the effects of declining well capacities on the downside risk of irrigated agricultural production, defined as the standard deviation of profits that are below the average profit. We simulate seasonal crop yield and profits for three different crops, namely, maize, wheat, and grain sorghum and five different soil types for Finney County in Kansas which overlies the high plains aquifer under current climatic conditions and under the projected climate change scenario with RCP4.5. We find that lower well capacities not only result in lower average profits for all three crops, but they also result in an increase in downside risk. However, we also find that there is significant heterogeneity in downside risk across different crops and soil types. Our results highlight the importance of downside risk for the sustainability of irrigated production under declining aquifer levels and climate change.
Toxicity assessment of a novel oil dispersant based on silica nanoparticles using Fathead minnow.

Abstract Oil spill accidents are a major concern for aquatic organisms. In recent history, the Deepwater Horizon blowout spilled 500 million liters of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Corexit 9500A was used to disperse the oil since it was the method approved at that time, despite safety concerns about its use. A better solution is necessary for dispersing oil from spills that reduces the toxicity to exposed aquatic organisms. To address this challenge, novel engineered nanoparticles were designed using silica cores grafted with hyperbranched poly(glycidol) branches. Because the silica core and polymers are known to be biocompatible, we hypothesized that these particles are nontoxic to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and would decrease their exposure to oil polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Fathead minnow embryos, juveniles and adult stages were exposed to the particles alone or in combination with a water-accommodated fraction of oil. Acute toxicity of nanoparticles to fish was tested by measuring mortality. Sub-lethal effects were also measured including gene expression of cytochrome P450 1a (cyp1a) mRNA and heart rate in embryos. In addition, a mixture of particles plus the water-accommodated fraction was directly introduced to adult female fathead minnows by gavage. Three different nanoparticle concentrations were used (2, 10, and 50 mg/L) in either artificial fresh water or the water-accommodated fraction of the oil. In addition, nanoparticle-free controls were carried out in the two solutions. No significant mortality was observed for any age group or nanoparticle concentration, suggesting the safety of the nanoparticles. In the presence of the water-accommodated fraction alone, juvenile and adult fathead minnows responded by increasing expression of cyp1a. The addition of nanoparticles to the water-accommodated fraction reduced cyp1a gene expression in treatments. Heart rate was also restored to normal parameters in embryos co-exposed to nanoparticles and to the water-accommodated fraction. Measurement of polyaromatic hydrocarbons confirmed their presence in the tested solutions and the reduction of available PAH in WAF treated with the nanoparticles. Our findings suggest the engineered nanoparticles may be protecting the fish by sequestering polyaromatic hydrocarbons from oil, measured indirectly by the induction of cypa1 mRNAs. Furthermore, chemical analysis showed a reduction in PAH content in the water accommodated fraction with the presence of nanoparticles.
A Simple Physical Therapy Algorithm Is Successful in Decreasing Skilled Nursing Facility Length of Stay and Increasing Cost Savings After Hip Fracture With No Increase in Adverse Events.

Introduction:Shorter length of stays (LOS) at a Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) after hip fracture surgery would be expected to lead to costs savings for the healthcare system. Evidence also suggest...
Knowledge and Needs of Resident Physicians Regarding Osteoporosis: A Nationwide Survey of Residents

Large-scale studies have not addressed the knowledge level of US resident physicians regarding osteoporosis management. We gauged the knowledge level of family medicine, internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology resident physicians regarding osteoporosis management. In 2019, we sent an anonymous survey via e-mail to all program directors of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited residency programs in family medicine, internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology for distribution to resident physicians. Knowledge items assessed osteoporosis screening, diagnosis, and treatment. We received responses from 182 family medicine, 275 internal medicine, and 122 obstetrics and gynecology programs. Of 582 resident physician respondents, 31% were family medicine residents, 47% were internal medicine residents, and 21% were obstetrics and gynecology residents. Although 77% of respondents correctly selected the T-score threshold for the diagnosis of osteoporosis among persons aged 50 years and older (-2.5), only 20% of respondents correctly identified minimal-trauma hip fracture as being diagnostic of osteoporosis. One-third of respondents correctly identified which medications were demonstrated in clinical trials to decrease hip fracture risk. Fifteen percent of respondents correctly identified that denosumab and alendronate are associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw; and 40% of respondents correctly identified that decline in bone density is more rapid after discontinuation of denosumab than after discontinuation of bisphosphonates. Less than half of resident physicians knew that bisphosphonate-associated atypical femoral fractures are duration-dependent. One-quarter of respondents felt not at all prepared to manage osteoporosis. In this nationwide survey of resident physicians, knowledge regarding osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment was poor, with a striking lack of knowledge regarding the two most serious adverse effects of osteoporosis pharmacotherapy (osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fractures). The undertreatment of osteoporosis is unlikely to improve without increased education of resident physicians. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.