cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 6 Neutralization of Shallow Acceptors in Silicon

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the neutralization of shallow acceptors in silicon (Si). The role of hydrogen (H) in silicon is to passivate all the Si dangling bonds. It is the realization that there is a Si dangling bond near every acceptor that led to search for the possibility that H might neutralize the acceptor. The common acceptors in Si are trivalent atoms in substitutional sites. Their three electrons can bond to only three of the four surrounding Si atoms. One of these neighbors is then left with a dangling bond that, by capturing a valence band electron, produces a hole. If an H could be attached to this dangling bond, supplying the pairing electron, the complex BH would be neutral and would not take an electron from the valence band. One consequence would be an increase in resistivity. The earliest evidence for acceptor neutralization effect was attributed to a bonding between H and B. This hypothesis inspired the search for the B–H vibrational mode.
Analysing software reuse at the project and module design levels

Reusing software may be the catalyst that helps the software community achieve large improvements in software productivity and quality. The purpose of this study is to characterize software reuse empirically by investigating one development environment that actively reuses software. Twenty-five software systems ranging from 3000 to 112,000 source lines have been selected for analysis from a NASA production environment. The amount of software either reused or modified from previous systems averages 32% per project in this environment. Analysis of variance models are applied to examine 46 dependent variables across the 7188 software modules in the systems. The analysis focuses on the characterization of software reuse at the project and module design levels.
Application of Non-Thermal Plasma Assisted Catalyst Technology for Diesel Engine Emission Reduction

This paper presents an overview of a non-thermal plasma assisted catalyst system as applied to a small displacement diesel powered vehicle. In addition to effectively reducing NOx emissions, it has been found that a non-thermal plasma can also destroy a portion of the particulate matter (PM) that is emitted from diesel engines. Delphi Automotive Systems in conjunction with Pacific Northwest National Laboratories has been developing such an exhaust aftertreatment system to reduce emissions form diesel vehicles. The results of testing and system evaluation will be discussed in general, and the effectiveness on reducing oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter emissions from diesel vehicles. Published in Future Engines-SP1559, SAW, Warrendale, PA
Reactions following electron transfer: Origins of selectivity in the reaction of radicals with carbanions

Abstract The regiochemistry observed upon arylation of ambident carbanions by phenyl radicals can be readily explained by consideration of the site of greatest basicity. Thus 1,3-diphenylindenyl anion is arylated to give predominantly 1,1,3-triphenylindene despite the presumed greater stability of the intermediate leading to 1,2,3-triphenyl indene, that is, the 1,2,3-triphenylisoindene radical anion. This explanation may also account for the preference of C-alkylation rather than O-alklation of nitrocarbanions and for the absence of O-arylation in the SRN1 arylation of enolates. The lack of reactivity of other carbanions is rationalized on thermodynamic grounds.
Renormalization group study of the intrinsic finite-size effect in two-dimensional superconductors

Vortices in a thin-film superconductor interact logarithmically out to a distance on the order of the two-dimensional (2D) magnetic penetration depth ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}},$ at which point the interaction approaches a constant. Thus, because of the finite ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}},$ the system exhibits what amounts to an intrinsic finite-size effect. It is not described by the 2D Coulomb gas but rather by the 2D Yukawa gas (2DYG). To study the critical behavior of the 2DYG, we map the 2DYG to the massive sine-Gordon model and then perform a renormalization group study to derive the recursion relations and to verify that ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ is a relevant parameter. We solve the recursion relations to study important physical quantities for this system including the renormalized stiffness constant and the correlation length. We also address the effect of current on this system to explain why finite-size effects are not more prevalent in experiments given that the 2D magnetic penetration depth is a relevant parameter.
Thermodynamics predicts how confinement modifies the dynamics of the equilibrium hard-sphere fluid.

We study how confining the equilibrium hard-sphere fluid to restrictive one- and two-dimensional channels with smooth interacting walls modifies its structure, dynamics, and entropy using molecular dynamics and transition-matrix Monte Carlo simulations. Although confinement strongly affects local structuring, the relationships between self-diffusivity, excess entropy, and average fluid density are, to an excellent approximation, independent of channel width or particle-wall interactions. Thus, thermodynamics can be used to predict how confinement impacts dynamics. PACS numbers: The molecular dynamics of fluids confined to small spaces can differ significantly from the bulk. These differences have generated wide interest because confined fluids feature prominantly in both nature and technology. Examples include dynamics of water near proteins or in concentrated cellular environments, transport processes across biological membranes, and fluid flows encountered in micro- or nanofluidic devices, to mention a few. Given that a significant fraction of the molecules in these systems populate highly inhomogeneous interfacial environments, it is easy to appreciate why confinement has nontrivial consequences for their transport coefficients (e.g., diffusivity and viscosity). Nonetheless, a theoretical framework that can reliably predict these consequences has been slow to develop.
Optimal decentralized control of a stochastically switched system with local parameter knowledge

This paper considers an optimal decentralized control problem for a linear system with stochastically switched input/output matrices depending on local parameters. These stochastic parameters are assumed independent in time and available instantaneously to the local controller but with a one time step delay to the other. We first solve this problem for the case of a single time step and show that the optimal policy can be reached through iterating the best responses of each player. For the optimal multiple step problem, a dynamic programming approach is employed while using the result of the one step control at each step.
Epigenetic Regulators: New Therapeutic Targets for Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma is a malignancy that develops from human soft tissues such as muscle, nerve, fat, and blood vessels. The World Health Organization classification comprises about 50 different histologic types of soft tissue sarcoma. Soft tissue sarcoma is treated most often with surgery. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have shown only minor effects on patient survival in this disease. The overall 5-year survival rate of soft tissue sarcoma is 50%; it has not changed for the past several decades. A new class of therapeutic targets for soft tissue sarcoma was identified recently. Epigenetic regulators, such as DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and histone-modifying enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2, have been found to be involved in pathogenesis of various soft tissue sarcomas. Small-molecule inhibitors of these epigenetic regulators may provide a new targeted therapy approach to soft tissue sarcomas in the future.
The unusual and dynamic character of PX-DNA

PX-DNA is a four-stranded DNA structure that has been implicated in the recognition of homology, either continuously, or in an every-other-half-turn fashion. Some of the structural features of the molecule have been noted previously, but the structure requires further characterization. Here, we report atomic force microscopic characterization of PX molecules that contain periodically placed biotin groups, enabling the molecule to be labeled by streptavidin molecules at these sites. In comparison with conventional double stranded DNA and with antiparallel DNA double crossover molecules, it is clear that PX-DNA is a more dynamic structure. Furthermore, the spacing between the nucleotide pairs along the helix axis is shorter, suggesting a mixed B/A structure. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates unusual features in the PX molecule that are absent in both the molecules to which it is compared.
Selective Polarization of Light Due to Absorption by Small Elongated Silver Particles in Glass

Polarizing glasses were made by stretching glass containing colloidal silver. The position of the absorption bands depends strongly on the elongation. This dependence seems to be consistent with the predictions of the theory of light absorption by small metal particles based on a free electron model.
Direct visualization of phosphorylase-phosphorylase kinase complexes by scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy

In skeletal muscle the activation of phosphorylase b is catalyzed by phosphorylase kinase. Both enzymes occur in vivo as part of a multienzyme complex. The two enzymes have been imaged by atomic force microscopy and the results compared to those previously found by scanning tunneling microscopy. Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy have been used to view complexes between the activating enzyme phosphorylase kinase and its substrate phosphorylase b. Changes in the size and shape of phosphorylase kinase were observed when it bound phosphorylase b.
Roles of the Adenosine Receptor and CD73 in the Regulatory Effect of γδ T Cells

The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), the main functional adenosine receptor on murine T cells, plays a unique role in the attenuation of inflammation and tissue damage in vivo. Here, we showed that, of the immune cell types tested, activated γδ T cells expressed the highest levels of A2AR mRNA and that A2AR ligation inhibited αβ T cell activation, but enhanced γδ T cell activation. We also showed that the inhibitory effect of an adenosine receptor agonist on autoreactive T cells was prevented by addition of a low percentage of activated γδ T cells. Furthermore, compared to resting cells, activated γδ T cells expressed significantly lower levels of CD73, an enzyme involved in the generation of extracellular adenosine. Exogenous AMP had a significant inhibitory effect on autoreactive T cell responses, but only in the presence of CD73+ γδ T cells, and this effect was abolished by a CD73 inhibitor. Our results show that expression of increased amounts of A2AR allows γδ T cells to bind adenosine and thereby attenuate its suppressive effect, while decreased expression of CD73 results in less generation of adenosine in the inflammatory site. Together, these events allow activated γδ T cells to acquire increased proinflammatory activity, leading to augmented autoimmune responses.
Spatial dynamics of steady flames 2. Low-dimensional manifolds and the role of transport processes.

The study of the spatial dynamics of steady one-dimensional H2/O2 flames is continued. Algorithms for generating low-dimensional manifolds for these systems are presented and used to find low-dimensional manifolds for the flames and the corresponding adiabatic, isobaric chemical-kinetic systems. It is demonstrated that these algorithms generate manifolds that are more accurate than the ILDM algorithm for two-dimensional manifolds of the flames. The manifolds are then employed to study the relationship between the manifolds of the flame and the manifolds of the chemical-kinetic system. It is shown that the one-dimensional manifolds of the flame match well with the composite manifolds of the chemical kinetics, but that for two-dimensional manifolds there are discrepancies between the flame manifolds and the chemical-kinetic manifolds.
Globalization of research and international standards of ethics in anthropology.

Ethics and anthropology have entered the era of globalization, and professional discourse about ethics can no longer be confined to a national or domestic dialogue. Anthropology must vigorously join the international dialogue and debate over globalization and the conduct of research across cultures; indeed it is the discipline most suited to command the high ground in this discourse. American anthropology historically has been more reactive than proactive in ethics, but cannot remain so as the nature and condition of research have fundamentally changed in a postcolonial world. Indigenous peoples, Third World researchers, international development workers in government and non-government agencies, and other anthropologists outside of the U.S. are raising questions about international research that are generating new standards of conduct. Anthropology as a discipline and a profession must keep apace with these developments or it will lose ground in a crucial arena of global discourse.
V-erba homodimers mediate the potent dominant negative activity of v-erba on everted repeats.

The oncoprotein v-erbA is a mutated form of TRα1 that is unable to bind thyroid hormone (T3). V-erbA homodimerizes or heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor (RXR) on core motifs arranged as direct, everted, or inverted repeats (DRs, ERs, or IRs). We created a series of v-erbA mutants in order to obtain a better understanding of the role of v-erbA homodimers versus v-erbA-RXR heterodimers in the dominant negative activity of v-erbA on ERs (the most potent v-erbA response elements). We found that one of these mutants, v-erbA mutant E325A, is able to homodimerize but unable to heterodimerize with RXR on ERs. Our data also suggest that v-erbA homodimers interact preferentially with the corepressor NCoR over SMRT and that the interaction with corepressors is stronger with v-erbA homodimers over v-erbA-RXR heterodimers. Furthermore, functional studies showed that v-erbA homodimers rather than v-erbA-RXR heterodimers mediate the dominant negative activity of v-erbA on ERs.
The acute intoxicating effects of ethanol are not dependent on the vasopressin 1a or 1b receptors

Abstract Studies of the role of vasopressin (Avp) in mediating the effects of ethanol have focused on Avp’s role in altering kidney function via its action through the vasopressin 2 receptor. However, alcohol consumption also has central effects that are poorly understood. There is evidence that Avp may mediate ethanol consumption as well as some of ethanol’s behavioral effects. Centrally only two Avp receptor subtypes are expressed: the 1a receptor (Avpr1a) and the 1b receptor (Avpr1b). To determine the extent to which these receptors mediate the behavioral effects of alcohol, we used mice with targeted disruptions of either their Avpr1a or Avpr1b gene. We examined the effects of genotype on the acute intoxicating effects of ethanol as well as on voluntary ethanol consumption. Surprisingly, our findings indicate that there is no interaction between either the Avpr1a or Avpr1b and ethanol on motor coordination, hypothermia, mood, or voluntary ethanol consumption.
34 DIFFERENTIAL: REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION BY ESTRADIOL AND TESTOSTERONE

Estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) can stimulate growth by increasing GH secretion. Sex steriods can also regulate growth affecting GH receptor (GHR) expression in target tissues. In order to stydy the effect of physiological concentrations of E2 and T on GHR expression, we measured liver GHR mRNA by solution hybridization-RNase protection assay in rabbits treated with E2 or T. Three to five immature rabbits in each group received a s.c. pellet containing placebo, E2 (0.1; 0.5; 1.5; or 5.0 mg) or T(15, 50, or 100 mg). Liver RNA samples were hybridized to a 32 P labelled GHR antisense riboprobe and digested with RNase. After gel electrophoresis a specific 370 base long protected band, corresponding to GHR mRNA, was quantitated by autoradiography and densitometry. Liver GHR mRNA levels were significantly lower than that in controls in animals treated with 1.5 (62%; p < 0.025) and 5.0 mg of E2 (13%; p<0.003), and significantly higher in those treated with 100 mg of T (230%; p<0.01). From these findings we conclude that E2 and T, at physiological concentrations, have an opposite effect on GHR expression. The decrease on GHR expression by E2 might explain the inhibitory effect of moderate dose of estrogens on growth.
Interpreting freezing point depression of stearic acid and methyl stearate

Abstract Freezing point depressions of binary systems including either stearic acid (SA) or methyl stearate (MES) were evaluated based on differential scanning calorimetry melting scans. The second binary component included a solvent from the group acetic acid, acetone, 2-butanone, and hexane. Vapor pressure as a function of liquid composition and temperature was used to measure vapor/liquid equilibrium. Activity coefficients were calculated from this data and models fit to the data to determine how well the models fit the solid–liquid equilibrium models. The Gibbs/Duhem equation and polymorphism of the melt transitions indicated that freezing point depressions were due to a combination of: (1) a reduction of activity of the triglyceride derivative in solution albeit with activity coefficients > 1.0, (2) incorporation of the solvent into the solid matrix for at least some of the mixtures, and (3) substantially different physical properties between the solid and liquid phases of the SA and MES. Different melting phenomena were observed in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans depending upon the heteroatom functionality of the solvent. The empirical Margules, NRTL, and Wilson activity coefficient models fit data for the solvent activity coefficients well, while the UNIQUAC model combined with the predictive abilities of UNIFAC could not accurately predict activity coefficients. Despite questions on the fundamental interpretation of the data, modeling the activity coefficients for the solvent is sufficient to approximate the effect the solvent will have on the melting point depression. Relatively simple experiments following the total pressure of mixtures as a function of composition and temperature can be used to obtain activity coefficient model parameters for the Margules, NRTL, UNIQUAC, and Wilson.
Metastatic carcinoma of the penis.

Abstract Seven cases with penile carcinomatous metastases are reported. This complication occurs late in the course of the disease, and the patients survive only a short time after its appearance. The bladder or prostate was the most common site of primary carcinoma. No consistent group of symptoms was present. Treatment was rarely a consideration since the cases were considered terminal at the time of detection of the penile metastases. A total of 146 cases have now been reported.
On-line digestion system for protein characterization and proteome analysis.

An efficient on-line digestion system that reduces the number of sample manipulation steps has been demonstrated for high-throughput proteomics. By incorporating a pressurized sample loop into a liquid chromatography-based separation system, both sample and enzyme (e.g., trypsin) can be simultaneously introduced to produce a complete, yet rapid digestion. Both standard proteins and a complex Shewanella oneidensis global protein extract were digested and analyzed using the automated online pressurized digestion system coupled to an ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometer, an ion trap mass spectrometer, or both. The system denatured, digested, and separated product peptides in a manner of minutes, making it amenable to on-line high-throughput applications. In addition to simplifying and expediting sample processing, the system was easy to implement and no cross-contamination was observed among samples. As a result, the online digestion system offers a powerful approach for high-throughput screening of...
T Cell Autoreactivity by Design: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplant Rejection

can be found at: Graft Additional services and information for http://gft.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Email Alerts: http://gft.sagepub.com/subscriptions Subscriptions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions: http://gft.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/6/1/33 SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): (this article cites 34 articles hosted on the Citations
A Scalable Method for Exact Sampling from Kronecker Family Models

The recent interest in modeling complex networks has fueled the development of generative graph models, such as Kronecker Product Graph Model (KPGM) and mixed KPGM (mKPGM). The Kronecker family of models are appealing because of their elegant fractal structure, as well as their ability to capture important network characteristics such as degree, diameter, and (in the case of mKPGM) clustering and population variance. In addition, scalable sampling algorithms for KPGMs made the analysis of large-scale, sparse networks feasible for the first time. In this work, we show that the scalable sampling methods, in contrast to prior belief, do not in fact sample from the underlying KPGM distribution and often result in sampling graphs that are very unlikely. To address this issue, we develop a new representation that exploits the structure of Kronecker models and facilitates the development of novel grouped sampling methods that are provably correct. In this paper, we outline efficient algorithms to sample from mKPGMs and KPGMs based on these ideas. Notably, our mKPGM algorithm is the first available scalable sampling method for this model and our KPGM algorithm is both faster and more accurate than previous scalable methods. We conduct both theoretical analysis and empirical evaluation to demonstrate the strengths of our algorithms and show that we can sample a network with 75 million edges in 87 seconds on a single processor.
The abundance of volatiles in Hawaiian tholeiitic submarine basalts

Abstract High-temperature mass spectrometric studies have been made to determine the distribution of volatiles within glassy rims of submarine pillow basalts dredged from the east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. The CO2/H2O mole ratio for glass-vapor inclusions within olivine phenocrysts in the glassy rims is greater than 30 : 1 compared to 0.06 for matrix glasses. Enclosing matrix glasses contain 0.53–0.74 wt.% H2O, 0.02–0.04 wt.% carbon, 0.08–0.12 wt.% sulfur, 0.012–0.028 wt.% chlorine and 0.012–0.077 wt.% fluorine.
Graft-enteric erosion in patients with retained defunctionalized aortic prostheses: a report of two cases.

Two patients who underwent "redo" aortic graft replacement in which the original thrombosed graft was oversewn but not removed subsequently devel oped graft-enteric erosions that involved the oversewn graft. Each patient un derwent successful removal of all intraabdominal graft material, oversewing of the aortic stump and extraanatomical bypass. These cases emphasize the need to remove any defunctionalized graft material and to cover all new and retained graft with soft tissue at the time of aortic graft reoperation if graft-enteric ero sion is to be avoided.
City Planning and Infrastructure: Once and Future Partners

Great cities are born of and give rise to great infrastructure. Historically, city planning has been deeply rooted in infrastructure and physical planning. One of its ontological bases has been to ...
Web Interface Interpretation Using Graph Grammars

With the advent of the Internet, it is desirable to interpret and extract useful information from the Web. One major challenge in Web interface interpretation is to discover the semantic structure underlying a Web interface. Many heuristic approaches have been developed to discover and group semantically related interface objects. However, those approaches cannot solve the problem of nonuniformity satisfactorily and are not able to tag the semantic role of each object. Distinct from existing approaches, this paper develops a robust and formal approach to recovering interface semantics using graph grammars. Because of the distinct capability of spatial specifications in the abstract syntax, the spatial graph grammar (SGG) is selected to perform the semantic grouping and interpretation of segmented screen objects. Instead of analyzing HTML source codes, we apply an efficient image-processing technology to recognize atomic interface objects from the screenshot of an interface and produce a spatial graph, which records significant spatial relations among recognized objects. A spatial graph is more concise than its corresponding document object model structure and, thus, facilitates interface analysis and interpretation. Based on the spatial graph, the SGG parser recovers the hierarchical relations among interface objects.
Relative affinity of antisera for myelin basic protein (MBP) and degree of affinity heterogeneity.

Abstract A method based essentially on that of Steward and Petty (1972) was used to evaluate the relative binding affiinities of several syngeneic Lewis-rat antisera to myelin basic protein (MBP)†. The syngeneic immune reactions to this ‘self’ antigen were found to contain only populations of relatively high affinity antibodies, ranging from a K0 of 7 × 107 to 2.6 × 108M−1 when measured at 100 nM MBP; and from 4 × 108 to 9 × 109M−1 at 1 nM. The biphasic nature of the plots of antigen binding capacity (ABC) vs log MBP concentration suggested that MBP binding was usually distributed among two or more major discontinuous antibody populations. Advantage was taken of the dual-dilution phenomenon to obtain constants interpreted as degrees of relative affinity heterogeneity of syngeneic antisera. It was found that the dual- dilution phenomenon (the decrease of ABC with increasing antigen P dilution) could be expressed mathematically in the form of a power curve ABC = bP 1−α with b (the intercept at 1 nMP) related to the total number of antibody molecules in the system and α, the degree of affinity heterogeneity of antibodies against the multideterminant antigen. The more heterogeneous the system the higher the number of antibody molecules required to maintain a constant ABC at a given P and the more rapid the decrease of ABC with decreasing P. The degree of affinity heterogeneity of the syngeneic Lewis rat antisera ranged from pronounced (α = 0.14) to moderately restricted (α = 0.8). The heterogeneity index of a rabbit anti-MBP serum was 0.821. An antiserum refractory to the dual-dilution effect was also found for which α was 0.98.
Criteria for global minimum of sum of squares in nonlinear regression

Demidenko [2000. Is this the least squares estimate? Biometrika 87, 437-452] has established the relationship between the curvature of nonlinear regression and the local convexity of a sum of squares: the Hessian matrix is positive definite if the sum of squares is less than the minimum squared radius of the full curvature. In this paper, we continue developing the criteria for the global minimum of the sum of squares in nonlinear regression. In particular, the concept of the local unimodality is introduced; a function is called locally unimodal on a level set if it has a unique local minimum in each component of that level set. We show that the level of the local unimodality of the sum of squares is equal to the minimum squared radius of the intrinsic curvature of the nonlinear regression function. A new class of unidirected nonlinear regression models is introduced with an interpretation in terms of differential geometry. The criteria are illustrated by several popular nonlinear regression models.
Modern trends in room lighting

An ideal luminous environment for persons doing close visual work, such as in offices and classrooms, requires adequate light with an absence of excess contrast in the visual field. Recent experiments conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology indicate the superiority in this respect of the new luminous ceiling, over the louverall ceiling which is being employed in many recent installations.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Should Be Guided by Fractional Flow Reserve Measurement

The importance of integrating coronary physiology into percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been recognized since its inception. When Andreus Gruentzig first described percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, he stressed the need to identify the translesional pressure gradient before and after intervention as a means of guiding a successful procedure.1 Subsequently, other investigators examined the use of the Doppler wire to measure coronary flow velocity reserve before and after PCI.2 Unfortunately, the lack of a low-profile pressure-monitoring device and the lack of appreciation of the importance of measuring hyperemic pressure gradients inhibited the full integration of coronary physiology into the PCI procedure. Additionally, with the advent of stents, the ease and safety of PCI improved dramatically. In conjunction with financial reimbursement for PCI and patient demand, these factors resulted in an inclination toward performing PCI, regardless of the functional significance of the stenosis. Response by Arbab-Zadeh p 1870 While this enthusiasm over PCI was occurring, Pijls and coworkers3 and De Bruyne and colleagues4 first described fractional flow reserve (FFR). Like any new technique, FFR has required time to mature. Over the ensuing 20 years since its introduction, improvements in the pressure wire–handling characteristics, the integration of data acquisition into the catheterization laboratory workflow, the completion of a number of multicenter, randomized studies, and the increased emphasis on appropriate use of PCI have contributed to FFR achieving its current status as an indispensable and critical component of PCI. FFR is defined as the ratio of myocardial blood flow down a coronary artery in the presence of an epicardial stenosis compared with the flow down the same vessel in the theoretical absence of any stenosis.3 The derivation of FFR has been described in detail and is shown in brief in Figure 1.3,4 FFR can be …
High-performance Haskell

Haskell makes it possible to write elegant, high-level code that rivals the performance of low-level, imperative languages. In this tutorial, I will introduce the tools Haskell provides for reasoning about the performance of your code and techniques that you can use to make your code faster. I will cover important topics in Haskell performance optimization, including:•accurate benchmarking,•CPU and memory profiling,•laziness and strictness,•making sense of compiler output,•performance idioms, and•data types and their impact on performance.By the end of the tutorial you should have an understanding of how to accurately measure the performance of your Haskell program, determine which parts of the program needs improvement, and finally, improve the performance of the program.
Optical frequency comb generator using phase modulation in amplified circulating loop

A method to generate a comb of precisely spaced optical frequencies over a terahertz span is presented. This scheme uses a sinusoidally driven phase modulator and an optical amplifier placed within an optical fiber loop, so that the modulation is enhanced by multiple passes through the loop. By maintaining the loop round-trip gain slightly below unity, a comb of tens to hundreds of frequencies can be generated. If the loop input is derived from a laser locked to an absolute frequency reference, then each of the output frequencies has an absolute accuracy approaching that of the input. >
Stress at notch root of shafts under axially symmetric loading

Earlier papers utilizing integrated birefringent patterns in transmitted light are briefly reviewed. The method is extended in this paper to show that the maximum axial stress at the notch root of shafts under axially symmetric loading can be easily obtained from one observation in transmitted light at room temperature. Illustrative experiments were performed and the results compared with Neuber's solution. The advantages of this method include, first, that no freezing or slicing is required, and, second, that the experimentally obtained stress-concentration factor is readily applicable in three-dimensional designs, since the effect of Poisson's ratio for all practical purposes is eliminated.
Automated process control optimization to control low volume products based on high volume products data

The quality of an Automated Process Control (APC) depends highly on the amount of relevant measurement data points. The quality of APC for low volume products is lower than high volume products, since there is not enough data to respond to tool parameters drift or incoming variations. In order to improve low volume runners control it is proposed to use high volume runners data to generate feedback for low volume runners. Product to product differences can be minimized by applying bias. This bias does not remain stable due to tool parameters drift or incoming variations. The current paper addresses these issues and reviews different methods for bias control/change if needed. Intel Litho APC is using EWMA time based weighting for parameters like Overlay parameters, Focus and Dose control. The data for each set of feedback list is segmented by several partition variables (tool, operation, etc.) within a defined expiration period. For low volume runners it is possible to widen the partition by adding main runners data with applied bias. Historical data shows possible bias variability following process or tool drifts over time. Different cases of partition biases are reviewed based on Litho parameters examples. Various algorithms for bias control and bias calculation are reviewed. Simulation studies are performed to predict the impact of deploying this strategy in production.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neutral amino acids in the brain: changes in response to food ingestion.

Abstract— The brain levels of each of the aromatic and branched-chain amino acids change 2 h after fasting rats begin to consume either a carbohydrate-fat diet or a similar diet containing 18% or 40% protein. Carbohydrate-fat ingestion elevates the concentrations of each of the aromatic amino acids in brain, while substantially depressing those of the branched-chain amino acids. The inclusion of protein in this diet suppresses the increases in brain aromatic amino acids and attenuates the decreases in the branched-chain amino acids. The changes in the brain level of each neutral amino acid following the ingestion of any of these diets correlate extremely well with the effects of the diet on the serum neutral amino acid pattern, specifically on the serum concentration ratio of each neutral amino acid to the sum of the other neutral amino acids. The diet-induced changes in the brain level of each of the amino acids also correlate surprisingly well with the calculated rate of brain influx for each amino acid.
Estrogen prevents sustained COLO-205 human colon cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, decreasing c-myb protein, and decreasing transcription of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2

The proto-oncogene c-myb is overexpressed in human colon cancer cells. c-myb is known to be affected by estrogen in some breast cancers and leukemias. However, the mechanism of c-myb regulation via estrogen in colon cancer requires further investigation. Human COLO-205 colon cancer cells were cultured and treated with beta-estradiol for 24 h. Apoptosis was quantified using acridine orange/propidium iodide labeling and confirmed with DNA fragmentation gel electrophoresis. Expression of c-myb protein was assessed via SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting and RT-PCR was used to quantify bcl-2 RNA. Protein and RNA expression levels were also assayed after c-myb siRNA treatment for 24 h. We demonstrate an increase in apoptosis after 24 h of β-estradiol treatment of human COLO-205 colon cancer cells. Estrogen treatment also decreases c-myb protein levels as well as expression of its transcriptional target bcl-2. Suppression of c-myb protein also results in increased apoptosis and decreases bcl-2 expression. These results indicate that estrogen has a protective effect from sustained colon cancer cell growth at least partly through suppression of c-myb and bcl-2.
Serum markers of lamellar basement membrane degradation and lamellar histopathological changes in horses affected with laminitis

Summary In order better to evaluate the extent to which degradation of the lamellar basement membrane (LBM) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) occurs in equine laminitis, we determined the concentration of type IV collagen and laminin in normal and laminitic horses, using specific immunoassays. Blood samples were obtained from both the jugular and the cephalic veins of horses (n = 10) before and after the induction of acute alimentary laminitis by carbohydrate overload. Jugular and cephalic venous blood samples were also obtained from horses affected with naturally occurring laminitis (n = 16) and nonlaminitic controls (n = 8). The serum collagen IV concentration was not changed following the induction of laminitis in the experimental group. Serum collagen IV concentration was increased in jugular venous blood obtained from cases of naturally occurring laminitis (mean ± s.e. 218.04 ± 18.59 ng/ml) compared with nonlaminitic controls (157.50 ± 10.93 ng/ml) (P<0.05). Serum collagen IV concentration was also increased in jugular venous blood obtained from severely laminitic horses (219.50 ± 18.18 ng/ml) compared with nonlaminitic controls (157.50 ± 10.93 ng/ml) (P<0.05). A difference in serum concentration of collagen IV was not identified based on chronicity of naturally occurring laminitis. Serum laminin concentration did not differ between laminitic and nonlaminitic horses. Differences in serum laminin concentration were not identified based on sampling location (jugular orcephalic vein), severity of laminitic pain, or chronicity of spontaneous laminitis. In conclusion, the circulating concentration of collagen IV was increased in horses affected with naturally occurring laminitis. The potential role for serum collagen IV assay for characterisation of equine laminitis warrants further investigation.
QUANTUM EFFECTS IN THE SURFACE PENETRATION OF ENERGETIC HYDROGEN ATOMS

The mixed quantum/classical molecular dynamics approach is employed to simulate the process in which an energetic H atom penetrates a Pd(100) surface. The H atom is described by a quantum wave packet, while all the Pd atoms are treated classically. Results from both 2D and 3D wave packet simulations are presented. It is found that the relaxation of the Pd lattice has minimal effect on the observed behavior, due to the lack of efficient energy flow between the light H atom and the heavy Pd atoms. Surprisingly, distinctly different behavior occurred in two and three dimensions, with the increased dimensionality exhibiting less surface penetration. The drastic difference may be traced back to the quantum mechanical nature of the motion of the H atom. Finally, the transport behavior of H in solids is discussed in connection with the simulation results.
Rapid salive test for varicella zoster virus

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus typically causing childhood varicella (chickenpox) at which time a life-long latent infection is established in ganglionic neurons throughout the neuraxis. Reactivation of latent virus, typically in the elderly and immunocompetent usually causes zoster (shingles) but can also result in serious neurologic disease. In cases of vasculopathy, meningoencephalitis and myelitis where VZV is suspected, diagnosis requires detection of virus DNA or antibody in CSF. In collaboration with NASA, VZV DNA was found in saliva of health astronauts suggesting asymptomatic virus reaction due to the stress of spaceflight. This lead to a series of studies indicating virus DNA can be found in saliva of patients with VZV associated neurologic disease. With the goal of eliminating the need for lumbar puncture to diagnose VZV associated neurologic disease; we developed a rapid saliva test for the detection of VZV DNA in saliva that can be used in space as well as on Earth. Herein the test and its potential application will be present.
Automated Pattern Recognition: Video Weld Authentication System

Our newly developed video weld authentication system recognizes common structural characteristics between welds. A weld fingerprint is archived for comparison at a later time to the reference weld for verification purposes. This verification procedure is performed using an IBM-PC/AT and state-of-the-art PC image-processing hardware and software.
Prototype fcc-based binary-alloy phase diagrams from tight-binding electronic-structure calculations

The generalized perturbation method (GPM), previously introduced to investigate the relative stability of simple and complex structures at T = 0 K for transition-metal alloys, is applied to the calculation of fcc-based order-disorder phase diagrams with the use of the cluster-variation method (CVM). Results obtained with the GPM have shown that it was possible to expand the electronic configurational contribution of the total energy, namely the ordering energy, as a sum of concentration-dependent effective cluster interactions, taking the completely disordered state as a reference medium. These interactions are computed from a simple but realistic description of the electronic structure based on the tight-binding approximation appropriate for transition-metal alloys. Calculated energies of mixing and effective interactions are then introduced into the CVM free energy, thereby leading to the calculation of prototype phase diagrams describing phase equilibrium between fcc superstructures of type L1/sub 0/ and L1/sub 2/ and the corresponding disordered phase. Electronic parameters are varied systematically and their influence on the topology of the resulting phase diagrams is studied for the first time.
DERIVATIVES OF 4-CHLORO-3,5-DINITROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE V. SYNTHESIS OF 4,6-DINITRO-2,8-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL) PHENOTHIAZINE (1), ISOPROPYL 2,6-DINITRO-4-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL SULFIDE (2) AND BIS(2,6-DINITRO-4-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL) DISULFIDE (3)

Abstract The reaction of potassium isopropyl dithiocarbonate with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride in dimethylformamide at 25–30°C afforded the titled phenothiazine (1) and sulfide (2). The reaction of bis(2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-sulfide or the above halogen compound with sodium hydrosulfide in the same solvent at 80–90°C furnished 1. At 25–30°C the latter reaction afforded the titled disulfide (3). Possible mechanisms and supporting nmr, ir and mass spectral data are discussed.
RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, DOSE-ESCALATION TRIAL OF A HUMANIZED RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (MEDI-493) IN HIGH RISK INFANTS. • 768

AIM: MEDI-493 is directed against the F protein of RSVand is broadly reactive against RSV in vitro. Serum levels of 25-30 ug/ml result in a 2-log reduction of RSV in cotton rats. This study describes the safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics of MEDI-493 in high risk children.
Using Interactive Theater to Create Socioculturally Relevant Community-Based Intimate Partner Violence Prevention

This article describes the use of interactive theater, audience response assessment, and peer educators to create community-generated approaches for bystander interventions (i.e., actions taken by people who become aware of controlling, abusive and violent behavior of others) to prevent intimate partner violence (IPV) and to foster change in community norms. We include a case example of an ongoing university–community partnership, which mobilizes community members to develop and implement socioculturally relevant IPV prevention programs in multiple Asian communities. We used interactive theater at a community event—a walk to raise awareness about IPV in South Asian communities—and examined how the enacted bystander interventions reflect specific community contexts. We detail the challenges and limitations we have encountered in our attempts to implement this approach in collaboration with our community partners.
Regulation FD and analysts’ vs. investors’ weightings of the cash components of earnings

Abstract This paper investigates whether investors’ bias in processing the information contained in the cash components of annual earnings has been reduced, and whether the difference in bias between financial analysts and investors has decreased subsequent to Regulation Fair Disclosure (hereafter, Reg FD). We compare analysts’ and investors’ weightings of the three cash flow components of earnings, defined by Dechow, Richardson, and Sloan (2008), from 1985 to 2008, using historical weightings as benchmarks. Our results show that, in the post Reg FD period, the magnitude of investors’ (analysts’) mis-weightings has decreased (increased), and the differences between analysts’ and investors’ mis-weightings have become smaller. Overall, these results suggest that financial analysts’ information advantages over investors declined after Reg FD took effect, and that investors consequently are less biased in assessing the persistence of the cash flow components of earnings following the implementation of Reg FD.
Equilibrium refinement in psychological games

Abstract Psychological games are structures in which a player's “belief-dependent emotions” may affect realized utility. We show that these mechanisms can be modeled as conventional games, thus traditional game-theoretic intuition is applicable. Equilibrium refinements are investigated. When formulated so that beliefs reflect sensitivity to the “trembles” of competitors, perfect and even proper equilibria of psychological games are shown to exist.
Reaction to epilepsy in the workplace.

Summary: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of epilepsy that produce avoidant behavior in the workplace and therefore contribute to the actual stigma that persons with epilepsy are subjected to on the job. Methods: We developed a survey consisting three vignettes briefly describing a coworker with either depression, multiple sclerosis, or epilepsy. Each vignette was followed by eight identical questions addressing the level of comfort during interactions with the vignette subject. The epilepsy vignette did not describe a seizure. The surveys were hand-distributed in two companies in New York City and returned anonymously by mail. The results of the responses to each illness were compared by χ2, and the responses were correlated with demographic information by using Pearson's correlation. Results: Seventy-four of 200 distributed questionnaires were returned. Respondents reported more anxiety at the thought of interacting with a coworker with epilepsy than with depression or multiple sclerosis, but this difference did not reach significance. Worry about sudden, unpredictable behavior for the coworker with epilepsy was significantly greater than that with multiple sclerosis (p = 0.014). The level of comfort regarding providing first aid for the coworker with epilepsy was significantly less (p = 0.018) than that for depression and multiple sclerosis. Lower job level and lower income level correlated with more social discomfort for all three illnesses. Conclusions: The idea of a having a coworker with epilepsy may produce some social avoidance. However, the worry about a sudden, unpredictable event and the discomfort regarding providing first aid for a coworker with epilepsy is significant when compared with that with depression or multiple sclerosis. These findings suggest that education about first aid for epilepsy will reduce the worry and discomfort surrounding persons with epilepsy in the workplace.