cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religious Authority and the Blogosphere

It is often argued that the internet poses a threat to traditional forms of authority. Within studies of religion online claims have also been made that the internet is affecting religious authority online, but little substantive work has backed up these claims. This paper argues for an approach to authority within online studies which looks separately at authority: roles, structures, beliefs/ideologies and texts. This approach is applied to a thematic analysis of 100 religious blogs and demonstrates that religious bloggers use their blogs to frame authority in ways that may more often affirm than challenge traditional sources of authority.
Transganglionic response of GAP-43 in the gracile nucleus to sciatic nerve injury in young and aged rats.

Abstract Sciatic nerve axotomy induces the transganglionic expression of the growth associated protein GAP-43 and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in lumbar DRG projections to the gracile nucleus. Four weeks after axotomy young animals had developed delicate GAP-43 and NPY-immunoreactive axonal sprouts in the gracile nuclei; however, an identical insult to aged (14–26 months) animals resulted in the labeling of swollen dystrophic elements and fewer delicate axonal sprouts. Unilateral sciatic transection in young rats with subsequent frustration of regeneration for 8 months resulted in ipsilateral gracile neuroaxonal dystrophy as assessed by ultrastructural, immunohistologic and quantitative morphometric techniques.
DESCRIPTION IS NOT EXPLANATION: A METHODOLOGY OF COMPARISON

This essay presents a methodological framework for the comparative study of religion by analyzing academic description and explanation. It demonstrates how these two methods are in fact different forms of comparison with distinct goals and objectives. It further argues that description and explanation are related according to Bertrand Russell's theory of logical types and that successful comparative study adheres to the principles of logical typing. The essay aims to encourage more confident comparative studies in the History of Religions.
Statistical distributions of stress and electromigration-induced failure

The reliability of the narrow, passivated metal lines connecting devices in microelectronic circuits may well define an ultimate limit for achievable device density and circuit performance. Rather than average lifetimes, we are usually concerned with the first failures among millions of lines. The extrapolation of a limited number of accelerated test results to service conditions and very early failure clearly requires a fundamental understanding of the possible failure mechanisms. Based on recent theoretical progress we discuss current and potential capabilities in the modelling of failure distributions. In general, electromigration induced failure distributions can be calculated, if the detailed distributions of microstructure, precipitates and thermal stress induced voids are known.
Coping with Extensive Bone Loss: The Use of Megaprosthetic Replacements for Difficult Knee Revisions

Dealing with extensive bone loss is one of the more difficult challenges in revision total knee arthroplasty. Occasionally, osteolysis, bone destruction due to infection, or fracture cause destruction that precludes the use of standard revision components. In this scenario, megaprosthetic reconstruction may be considered. Used for years in oncologic reconstructions, modular endoprostheses allow any amount of bone to be substituted. In the knee, either distal femoral or proximal tibial replacements can be performed. Rehabilitation of a distal femoral replacement parallels that of knee revision, whereas proximal tibial rehabilitation is somewhat different owing to the reconstruction of the extensor mechanism. Although somewhat different from that arthroplasty, the technique for bony resection and megaprosthetic reconstruction is applicable to arthroplasty surgeons or general orthopedic surgeons with revision arthroplasty experience. This reconstructive technique should be within the armamentarium of any surgeon who performs complex revision arthroplasty surgery.
The eureka enzyme: the discovery of DNA polymerase

The identification and partial purification by Arthur Kornberg and his colleagues in 1956 of an enzyme ? DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli ? that catalysed the stable incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into DNA in vitro came as a surprise. At the time, most scientists in the field believed that DNA synthesis was too complicated to be accurately reflected outside the living cell.
Co-worker transparency in a microtask marketplace

Workers in microtask work environments such as Mechanical Turk typically do not know if or how they fit into a workflow. The research question we posed here was whether displaying information about the number of other workers doing the same task would motivate better or poorer work quality. In experiment 1, we varied the information about co-workers presented to the worker and the number of his or her co-workers: "you" or "you alone" are doing a task, or "you" plus 5, 15, or 50 co-workers. We compared these conditions with a no-social information control. In experiment 2, we crossed the number of co-workers (5 vs. 50) with the type of incentive (individual or group). Results show that visual presentations of co-workers changed workers' perceptions of co-workers, and that the more co-workers participants perceived, the lower their work quality. We suggest future work to determine the kinds of co-worker information that will reduce or increase work quality in microtask settings.
Primary carcinoma of ureter: Report of 27 new cases

A retrospective analysis of 27 cases of primary carcinoma of the ureter is presented. The ages of the patients ranged from forty-two to eighty-three years, with the highest incidence between the fifth and seventh decades. Males were more frequently affected than females, and the tumors were usually found in the lower third of the ureter. Hematuria and flank pain were the presenting symptoms in the majority of cases. Poorly differentiated invasive tumors had poor prognosis when compared to well-differentiated noninvasive lesions. Total nephroureterectomy with excision of bladder cuff is the preferred treatment for ureteral carcinoma in view of the high rate of ipsilateral tumor recurrence.
Pyruvate kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of glycolate

Summary Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase has been found to catalyze the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group of glycolate by ATP. The products were characterized as P-glycolate and ADP by NMR spectroscopy and chromatography respectively. The maximal velocity is of the same order of magnitude as that for the phosphorylation of pyruvate, the “normal” reverse reaction of this enzyme. The apparent K M for glycolate is 2.3 mM and the reaction is apparently analogous to the other known side reactions of this enzyme. The product might be produced in any system with a moderate level of pyruvate kinase and low phosphatase activity.
Real-world schemata and scene recognition in adults and children

Recognition memory for previously seen multiobject scenes was examined for different types of contextual arrangements between objects in the scenes. It was found that organized scenes with novel but possible interobject relations were recognized more accurately than either organized scenes with familiar interobject relations or unorganized scenes with impossible interobject relations. This finding was obtained for adults, 8- to 10-year-old children, and 5- to 8-year-old children who indicated concrete-operational ability in Piaget’s conservation-of-liquid quantity task. The results were interpreted in conjunction with a two-stage model of scene processing involving the formation of a schema to represent a scene (Stage 1), and the operation of the schema in governing the further processing of detailed information in the scene (Stage 2). It was concluded that preoperational children can form schemata to represent organized scenes (Stage 1), but it is not until the emergence of concrete operations that these schemata become operational with respect to guiding the further processing of information in the scene (Stage 2).
Stripe dynamics, global phase ordering, and quantum criticality in high-T c superconductors

By modeling the stripe phase in cuprates as spin gapped stripes coupled to the resonating valence bond (RVB) liquid of preformed electron pairs, I derive the low-energy effective theory of the RVB phase variable. It is found that the effect of stripe dynamics (including both longitudinal and transverse modes) leads to incipient temporal phase stiffness in the RVB liquid, which tunes a quantum phase transition toward a superconducting ground state with global phase order. Physical consequences of this quantum criticality are discussed.
Performance of hashed cache data migration schemes on multicomputers

After conducting an examination of several data-migration mechanisms which permit an explicit and controlled mapping of data to memory, a set of schemes for storage and retrieval of off-processor array elements is experimentally evaluated and modeled. All schemes considered have their basis in the use of hash tables for efficient access of nonlocal data. The techniques in question are those of hashed cache, partial enumeration, and full enumeration; in these, nonlocal data are stored in hash tables, so that the operative difference lies in the amount of memory used by each scheme and in the retrieval mechanism used for nonlocal data.
Optical rotation and viscosity of native and denatured proteins. I. Influence of pH, and the stability of various proteins toward several denaturing reagents.

Abstract The viscosity and optical rotation of seven pure proteins were determined upon denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride, sodium lauryl sulfate, and Aerosol OT. In most instances both optical rotatory power and viscosity increased upon denaturation. The negative rotation decreased with increasing acidity in weakly acidic solutions of denatured proteins. In a weak denaturation of arachin, amandin, and Bence-Jones protein the rotation increased considerably but the viscosity did not change, when compared with the rotation and viscosity of native proteins at the same pH. Lysozyme and pepsin are very resistant toward denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride. Bence-Jones protein is very sensitive toward these reagents, and is irreversibly denatured. In several instances the denaturation proceeds slowly toward a constant rotation value; a linear dependence exists between the rotation angle and the logarithm of time.
A real-time interactive multi-view video system

With the rapid development of electronic and computing technology, multi-view video is attracting extensive interest recently due to its greatly enhanced viewing experience. In this paper, we present the system architecture for real-time capturing, processing, and interactive delivery of multi-view video. Unlike previous systems that mainly focus on multi-view video capturing, our system is designed to provide multi-view video service with high degree of interactivity in real time, which is still challenging in the current state of the technology. The proposed architecture tackles many practical problems in system calibration, object tracking, video compression, interactive delivery, etc. With the proposed system, users can interactively select their desired viewing directions and enjoy many exciting visual experiences, such as view switching, frozen moment and view sweeping, in real-time and with great freedom.
The ‘problem’ of the psychological contract considered

This response to Guest's (1998) Commentary addresses some common misconceptions in popular writings referencing psychological contracts. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotope effects in solution small-angle X-ray scattering

While the difference between using heavy and light water as solvents for small-angle neutron scattering experiments is well known, the lesser difference for the case of small-angle X-ray scattering with these same isotopes of water has, as yet, not been reported. This difference for the case of X-rays is discussed and quantified for several familiar materials: polystyrene latexes, proteins and lipids.
Reply to Seeburger and Franks

The conflation of Meadian social behaviorism with Husserlian phenomenology is, in most respects, a misadventure. The paragraph in question was intended as a warning against loosely assimilating these philosophies without regard for their fundamentally different perspectives and methods (cf. Miller, 1973:7-9). Husserl's error was in not taking Kant seriously enough. Once an infant ceases to experience the world as an undifferentiated manifold of sensations and begins to perceive distinct objects, a bridge is crossed from which there can be no return. All objects of consciousness are constructed through cognitive categories and, although we may interpret the world of extramental physical phenomena through one theory rather than another, we can never perceive anything apart from all perspectives. Peirce similarly argued that even the most elementary perceptual judgment is tantamount to an inference, and the first impression of sense is never a direct object of conscious experience. Kant's own error was in relegating ultimate reality to a mystical transcendental world of noumenal phenomena. Husserl also postulated a realm of language-free pure essences but, unlike Kant, believed that he had developed a method capable of rendering them accessible. For Husserl, essences lie within the range of possible experience rather than outside it. While Husserl's epistemology shares the absolutist ambitions of classical rationalism, Mead's epistemology is relativistic in the pattern of Whitehead, Peirce, and other realist philosophers of science. For the epistemological relativist, there is no hope of stripping away all perspectively-related attributes of a phenomenon in order to somehow directly apprehend its essence. However, this is no cause for despair because, for all those who share any given perspective, it may still be possible to establish intersubjective agreement concerning the experimental consequences of certain courses of behavior. This is all that science requires or can ask, since truth claims necessarily are relative to the perspective through which they are formulated. In some cases (where the so-called "incommensurability" problem can be overcome), we can partially evaluate alternative perspectives in terms of the scope and accuracy of their experimental implications, but they can be compared only to each other, not to some mythical "essence" of the phenomena they concern. Seeburger and Franks draw special attention to introspection, intentionality, and bracketing. I will respond briefly to each below. The term "introspective" is somewhat ambiguous. Phenomenology, at least in the early phases of its procedure, is not introspective in any sense which would allow one to infer judgments from what is phenomenally given, nor can the phenomenologist call the phenomenological activity introspective (in any sense), because the supposed locus of the phenomenon under analysis is part of what is placed in brackets. (As Husserl and others have noted, Descartes made this mistake.) Yet, there is an important sense of "introspective," implied by Miller, in which it can be said fairly that Descartes' method and Husserl's
Reliability of CD4 quantitation in human immunodeficiency virus-positive children: Implications for definition of immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy

Our objective was to develop data-based algorithms for definition of immunologic response to AIDS therapies in pediatric patients, taking account of T-cell subset measurement errors. The study design involved cross-protocol analysis of 2,148 enrollees in six completed Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group trials. We used standard quantitation of T-cell subsets; linear modeling with mean-dependent measurement error variance was used to develop 95% tolerance limits for change in CD4%. For individuals with a CD4% of approximately 25%, the measurement error-based 95% tolerance interval ranges from 15% to 35%, whereas for individuals with a CD4% of approximately 5%, the tolerance interval ranges from 3% to 7%. When pairs of CD4% measures taken within a time interval of less than 30 days are averaged to estimate steady-state CD4%, tolerance interval width decreases by approximately 30%. A simple graphical tool that provides a data-based criterion for immunologic response over and above variation ascribable to T-cell measurement error is provided. Variability in CD4% due to measurement error is substantial, increases with level of CD4%, and complicates assessment of immunologic response to therapy. Replicates of CD4% measures could be used to improve precision of interpretation of CD4% measures.
Kinetics of High‐Temperature Hydrolysis of Magnesium Fluoride: II, Influence of Specimen Geometry and Type and of Product Layers

The kinetics of the reaction between MgF2 and H20 vapor were gravimetrically determined on three specimen types: single crystal, sintered polycrystalline disk, and powder, in the range 950° to 1100°C at a water-vapor partial pressure of 55.3 mm Hg. The rate-influencing effects of changing specimen geometry and the formation of thick MgO product layers on specimens reacted to large extents complicated the evaluation of the rate measurements. Apparent activation enthalpies of 41.5 ± 1.6, 53.6 ± 2.7, and 23 kcal/ mole were obtained for the single-crystal, polycrystalline, and powder specimens, respectively. The significance of these values is discussed with respect to possible rate-influencing factors.
The analysis of data from an urban dispersion experiment

Abstract This paper describes the design and implementation of a field study to understand dispersion in an urban area, characterized by buildings whose heights are less than 5 m. The study site, Barrio Logan, is located on the San Diego shore line, where most of the industry is located. The predominant wind from the SW brings emissions from the industrial area into the residential area located downwind in the NW. The field study was conducted during the period 21–31 August 2001 on 5 days. The tracer, SF6, was released at a height of 5 m from a shipyard on the shoreline, and the concentrations of the tracer were sampled on four arcs at 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 m from the source during 10 h of each day starting at 10 am. This experiment was designed to provide data during both daytime and nighttime conditions. The meteorological conditions that governed dispersion were measured using sonic anemometers and a SODAR with a range of 200 m in the vertical. The maximum concentrations (normalized by the emission rate) measured during the experiments ranged from 100 μs m−3 at 200 m to 1 μs m−3 at 2000 m. An analysis of the concentration observations indicated that the maximum concentrations followed: (*) C max Q = 1 πU dil x 2 , where the dilution velocity is given by (**) U dil = σ w σ v U . Udil, a measure of the dilution capability of the boundary layer, varied between 0.1 and 0.2 m s−1 during most of the field study hours.
Balance/excretion of 3H- and 14C-tyloxapol in the male rabbit after intratracheal administration

1. Tyloxapol, trace-labelled (50–100 μCi/animal) with 3H or 14C, was administered intratracheally in a surfactant formulation (EXOSURF Neonatal) to the male rabbit in a total tyloxapol dose of 5 mg/kg. Urine, faeces, expired air, and blood were collected for up to 10 days following tyloxapol administration.2. Over 5 days, 3H-tyloxapol-related radioactivity in the urine (13 ± 4%) and faeces (27 ± 4%) accounted for a major fraction of the labelled dose. However, urine also contained an additional 13% of the dose as tritiated water. Expired air accounted for only 4 ± 2% of the dose. At the end of the study, an additional 35 ± 6% of the radioactive dose was found in tissues and the carcass, mainly in the lung (27 ± 4%) and to a lesser extent in the liver (2 ± 8%) and kidney (0 ± 4%). Levels of radioactivity in other tissues, including whole blood, were low.3. Over a separate 10-day study, faecal (30 ± 4%) and renal (9 ± 7%) elimination of 14C-tyloxapol accounted for 40% of the radioactive dose, with expired a...
Opening doors with OpenOffice.org

Linux is becoming more prevalent in university, corporate, and government laboratories where researchers find it offers power and flexibility for operating instruments, crunching numbers, and analyzing and publishing results, while maintaining a comfortable desktop form and feel. With no Linux/Unix version of MS Office available, institutional divisions with multiple dedicated Linux desktops and workstations alongside Windows and Mac machines might find that OpenOffice.org provides an opportunity to synchronize word processing, spreadsheet, and presentation-making within a research group, while maintaining the ability to convert to MS Office formats for sharing with the outside world.
Multiscale Structure and Evolution of an Oklahoma Winter Precipitation Event

Abstract A significant winter precipitation event occurred on 8–9 March 1994 in Oklahoma. Snow accumulations greater than 30 cm (12 in.) were measured within a narrow corridor in northern Oklahoma. On the synoptic scale and mesoscale, a correspondence between large snow accumulations and 600-hPa frontogenesis was revealed; the precipitation was formed above the cold frontal surface, owing to midtropospheric ascent associated with the cross-frontal circulation in a region of elevated conditional instability. The location of such a narrow corridor of large accumulations was not, however, disclosed by any patterns in the radar reflectivity data. Indeed, during this event, an elongated maximum of snow accumulation was not associated with a persistent “band” of enhanced reflectivity and vice versa. Dual-polarization and dual-Doppler radar data allowed for a novel analysis of winter precipitation processes and structures, within the context of the larger-scale diagnosis. It was possible to identify, in order of...
Soybean Oil Meal Prepared at Different Temperatures as a Feed for Poultry

Abstract OSBORNE and Mendel (1917), Vestal and Shrewsbury (1932) report that cooking the soybean causes a very significant increase in its growth promoting properties for white rats. Robison (1930), and Vestal and Shrewsbury (1932, 1935) report similar results for swine. Hayward, Steenbock, and Bohstedt (1936) found in experiments with rats that heating the soybean to medium and high temperatures in the commercial methods of oil extraction practically doubles the nutritive value of the protein (grams of growth per gram of protein eaten). Raw beany tasting soybean oil meal prepared at a low temperature, gave about the same nutritive value for the protein as raw soybeans. In nitrogen balance studies these workers found that heating the soybean to high temperatures in the expeller method of oil extraction increased the digestibility of the protein about 3 percent and the biological value about 12 percent. Hayward, Bohstedt, and Fargo (1935) found pigs fed medium . . .
Worst-case analysis of discrete systems

We propose a methodology for worst-case analysis of systems with discrete observable signals. The methodology can be used to verify different properties of systems such as power consumption, timing performance or resource utilization. We also propose an application of the methodology to timing analysis of embedded systems implemented on a single processor. The analysis provides a bound on the response time of such systems. It is typically very efficient, because it does not require a state space search.
Bandit-Based Algorithms for Budgeted Learning

We explore the problem of budgeted machine learning, in which the learning algorithm has free access to the training examples' labels but has to pay for each attribute that is specified. This learning model is appropriate in many areas, including medical applications. We present new algorithms for choosing which attributes to purchase of which examples in the budgeted learning model based on algorithms for the multi-armed bandit problem. All of our approaches outperformed the current state of the art. Furthermore, we present a new means for selecting an example to purchase after the attribute is selected, instead of selecting an example uniformly at random, which is typically done. Our new example selection method improved performance of all the algorithms we tested, both ours and those in the literature.
Randomized study of washing 40- to 42-day-stored red blood cells.

Background Pre-transfusion washing of red blood cells (RBCs) stored for longer duration may have theoretical advantages but few data exist to support this practice. In many hospital settings, use of a point-of-care cell washer could conceivably be used to quickly wash allogeneic RBCs prior to transfusion. The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare a point-of-care device with a common blood-bank device for washing longer stored RBCs.
Myriad Molecules in Motion: Simulated Diffusion as a New Tool To Study Molecular Movement and Interaction in a Living Cell

The molecular study of life is in the midst of a challenging transformation. Information and insights gained from characterization of individual cellular components have established a platform from which to take the next step, i.e., to address molecular activity in a living cell. In a cell, spatial
Young Children's Resistance to Stories

Children often become deeply immersed in stories. Just as often, however, they may resist reading, or reading certain types of texts. The authors present a typology of six ways in which young children resist stories. Though educators may be inclined to view such opposition as a roadblock to understanding, children's resistance may be the occasion of powerful teachable moments, generating deeper comprehension and more thoughtful interpretation. Through these types of resistance, children demonstrate their active engagement in sense-making about their world and the world of the story. In intertextual resistance, children critique one story on the basis of their familiarity with another. In preferential or categorical resistance, children resist whole categories or genres of books, such as fantasy. In reality testing, children identify a conflict between the world of the story and their understanding of reality. In engaged or kinetic resistance, children resist texts that evoke painful realities. In exclusionary resistance, children note the absence of characters or situations with which they can identify. Finally, in literary critical resistance, children critique the author's craft on the basis of their literary understanding. Included is a discussion of the reasons why classroom teachers should be aware of the ways in which children resist texts as well as implications for classroom practice.
The Aad‐Ab‐PI relationship in children: The impact of brand familiarity and measurement timing

Given the explosion of research in the past decade that has examined the Aad-Ab-PI relationship using adult subjects, one would expect to see an almost parallel stream of research involving children. However, as is evident in Brown and Stayman's (1992) meta-analysis of the literature, no studies investigating this area have used children as the sample. This study provides an initial exploration into the Aad-Ab-PI relationship in children with specific focus given to the impact of brand familiarity and measurement timing while controlling for prior brand attitudes. Forty-three third graders and sixty-eight sixth graders participated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment that manipulated brand familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar) and measurement timing (immediate vs. delayed). Similar to the results using adult subjects, the children's Aad measures significantly affected Ab for both familiar and unfamiliar brands, even after controlling for prior brand attitude. However, contrary to adult responses, the children's Aad had a significant, albeit modest, impact on their PI responses. Based on these results, the paper offers implications for marketers and public policy makers and questions for future research. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distinguishing subtypes of temporal lobe epilepsy with background hippocampal activity.

PURPOSE: Two subtypes of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) can be defined through clinical observations and analysis of hippocampal tissue resected during surgical procedures for intractable TLE: (a) mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), which is characterized by extensive changes to the hippocampus and good surgical outcome; and (b) paradoxical temporal lobe epilepsy (PTLE), which is characterized by minimal cell loss and comparatively poorer surgical outcome. Patients in both subtypes have seizures that appear to begin in the medial temporal lobe, but documented differences in substrate and outcome between these subtypes has defined a need to distinguish MTS and PTLE patients before surgery. This report describes a retrospective study to investigate the feasibility of doing so during intracranial monitoring. METHODS: Background EEG epochs, 5 min in duration, were recorded from the anterior hippocampus in 14 (10 MTS and four PTLE) patients with consistent localization of seizure onset to medial temporal structures. The power spectral density (PSD) of the EEG epochs was calculated by a Fourier spectral estimator, and the total signal power and power of the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands were submitted to group-to-group comparison. RESULTS: Spectral peaks were observed in the delta band in all PSD estimates and in the theta band in nine of 14 (seven MTS, two PTLE) estimates. The MTS and PTLE subtypes could be distinguished by the total signal power and delta band power. These power measurements were greater in the PTLE subtype. CONCLUSIONS: Both delta and theta spectral components are present in hippocampal background EEGs recorded from patients with TLE. The results indicate that group differences exist in spectral measures of background hippocampal signals recorded from MTS and PTLE subtypes. This suggests both that substrate differences in cellular composition and connectivity are reflected in hippocampal background EEGs and that spectral measurements of these signals may hold promise for tests to identify the group membership of individual patients.
Low cost Radio Frequency Identification asset management

Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for asset management is reducing staff hours, increasing asset utilization and decreasing capital costs in many industries. Large companies can justify high implementation costs, particularly integration components, by amortizing it over high volumes. Small to medium businesses could gain some of these benefits, but the implementation cost may be a barrier. A prototype RFID asset management system was designed and implemented to evaluate the effort required and capability of free or open source middleware using typical in-house Information Technology skills. The results indicate integrating the various components currently requires specialized product specific knowledge.
Bandwidth estimation in broadband access networks

There has been much work on developing techniques for estimating the capacity and the available bandwidth of network paths based on end-point measurements. The focus has primarily been on settings where the constrained link can be modeled as a point-to-point link with a well-defined bandwidth, serving packets in FIFO order. In this paper, we point out that broadband access networks, such as cable modem and 802.11-based wireless networks, break this model in various ways. The constrained link could (a) employ mechanisms such as token bucket rate regulation, (b) schedule packets in a non-FIFO manner, and (c) support multiple distinct rates. We study how these characteristics impede the operation of the various existing methods and tools for capacity and available bandwidth estimation, and present a new available bandwidth estimation technique, Probe- Gap, that overcomes some of these difficulties. Our evaluation is based on experiments with actual 802.11a and cable modem links.
Metal and biodegradable interference screws: Comparison of failure strength

The purpose of this laboratory investigation was to determine if there was any difference in the force required to pull out a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft from a femoral bone tunnel when secured by an interference screw of different materials, metal or biodegradable. The tibial end of the bone-tendon-bone graft was placed in the femoral tunnel. A 9-mm metal interference screw was used on the left side, and a 9-mm biodegradable screw was used on the right to secure the graft. Ultimate load to failure was determined by Instron testing. The average load before failure for the graft secured by the metal screw was 436 Newtons and for the biodegradable screw was 565 Newtons. A statistical significance was not demonstrated because there was wide range of loads between donor specimens, probably because of variations in bone density.
Effects of National Identity in Transnational Crises: Implications of Social Identity Theory for Attribution and Crisis Communications

This study addresses the current gap in international crisis communications literature by introducing principles of social identity theory into the existing body of crisis communications theory. Hypotheses were tested via an experimental examination of attribution, feelings of empathy, and organization evaluation in several scenarios. Analysis revealed that organizational nationality can offer some level of reputational protection but crisis location does not.
Fraud in Universal Coverage: The Usual Suspects (and then Some)

This Article addresses the often overlooked potential for health care fraud in health care reform efforts, focusing on the recent Massachusetts example. My premise is that any reform effort that increases the opportunities to commit fraud, such as by increasing the number of players in the health care system and the obligations imposed on them, may well end up losing more money to fraudulent activities. To the extent that a market-based approach, combined with moderate expansions in publicly funded health care programs, proves to be the only politically feasible strategy for health care reform at this time, it is likely that both the motivations and the opportunities for people to engage in fraudulent and abusive activities will increase. Experience has shown us that it is far better to plan for these contingencies in advance than to assume, rather naively, that health care reform will mitigate the temptation to take advantage of the system.
A phase III randomized double blind chemoprevention trial of selenium supplementation in persons with resected stage I non small cell lung cancer: A year-six update.

Fifth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research, Nov 12-15, 2006 B150 Selenium in the form of selenized yeast was reported by Clark et al . to have possible lung cancer chemopreventive benefits based on a secondary observation emanating from a large skin cancer prevention trial. (JAMA 1996; 276: 1957-1963). Since that time, epidemiologic, in vitro , and therapeutic research studies have continued to support the hope that non-toxic selenium supplementation may decrease the risk of aerodigestive cancer in persons at high risk, e.g., those with resected bronchogenic cancer. Beginning in October 2000, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) with support from the National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Prevention (NCI DCP) began a double-blind placebo controlled trial using 200 micrograms of Selenium in a 2:1 randomization versus placebo. Eligibility requirements include completely resected Stage I (T1 or T2, N0) non-small cell cancer of the lung with a minimum of 1 negative mediastinal lymph node. Patients must have normal level of selenium/vitamin intake, satisfactory liver function, a negative chest x-ray, and no other evidence of recurrence. Enrollment is allowed from 6 to 36 months post thoracotomy. A four-week run-in period is required during which patients must take at least 75% of the study drug to document compliance. As of September 18, 2006, 1,186 pts have enrolled out of projected total study size of 1,960 participants. Treatment is for 48 months. Study endpoints include incidence of second primary lung tumors and toxicity. The treatment appears to be well tolerated in this study. As of June 2006, a total of 570 patients on randomized step has reported treatment-related toxicities. Only six of them reported toxicities of grade 3 or higher as a worst toxicity. A total of six cooperative groups are participating in this ambitious project. Selenium appears to be very well tolerated in this setting.
Automated Crack Detection on Concrete Bridges

Detection of cracks on bridge decks is a vital task for maintaining the structural health and reliability of concrete bridges. Robotic imaging can be used to obtain bridge surface image sets for automated on-site analysis. We present a novel automated crack detection algorithm, the STRUM (spatially tuned robust multifeature) classifier, and demonstrate results on real bridge data using a state-of-the-art robotic bridge scanning system. By using machine learning classification, we eliminate the need for manually tuning threshold parameters. The algorithm uses robust curve fitting to spatially localize potential crack regions even in the presence of noise. Multiple visual features that are spatially tuned to these regions are computed. Feature computation includes examining the scale-space of the local feature in order to represent the information and the unknown salient scale of the crack. The classification results are obtained with real bridge data from hundreds of crack regions over two bridges. This comprehensive analysis shows a peak STRUM classifier performance of 95% compared with 69% accuracy from a more typical image-based approach. In order to create a composite global view of a large bridge span, an image sequence from the robot is aligned computationally to create a continuous mosaic. A crack density map for the bridge mosaic provides a computational description as well as a global view of the spatial patterns of bridge deck cracking. The bridges surveyed for data collection and testing include Long-Term Bridge Performance program's (LTBP) pilot project bridges at Haymarket, VA, USA, and Sacramento, CA, USA.
Abstract 4059: Identifying the key domain of CHK1 interaction with MEPE/OF45 and the key ubiquitination site of CHK1

Background: Previously, we reported that MEPE/OF45 interacting with CHK1 protects CHK1 from degradation and cells from DNA damage-induced killing (Nucleic Acids Res, 37: 7447-7454 2009; Brit J Cancer 102: 862-866, 2010). To further investigate the nature of the CHK1 stabilization and its effects on cell sensitivity to DNA damage inducers, we designed this study to identify the key domain of CHK1 interaction with MEPE/OF45 and the key ubiquitination site of CHK1. Methods: GST-MEPE/OF45 was expressed in E. coli BL 21. HA-wild type CHK1 and various CHK1 truncated mutations were expressed in 293FT. GST pull-down assay was used to identify the key domain of CHK1 interacting with MEPE/OF45. To identify the ubiquitination site of CHK1, GFP-CHK1 with different Lys mutations were co-transfected with Ub-expression vector to 293FT, and 48 hours later, whole cell lysate were prepared, Western blot was carried out using a GFP monoclonal antibody to detect ubiquitinaed CHK1. The CHK1 half-life was used to detect the stabilization of CHK1 and a clonogenic assay was used to detect the sensitivity of cells to DNA damage inducers. Results: The key domain of CHK1 interacting with MEPE/OF45 and the key site of CHK1 ubiquitination were identified. Most importantly, the mutation of CHK1 with the main domain or key site affected CHK1 stabilization and cell sensitivity to DNA damage inducers. Conclusion: The interaction of CHK1 with MEPE/OF45 plays an important role in preventing CHK1 ubiquitination and; therefore, stabilizes CHK1, which further affects cell sensitivity to DNA damage inducers. Because CHK1 is an essential DNA damage response protein, these results provide valuable information for understanding the role of CHK1 in genomic integrity, which could be used for improving cancer treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4059. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4059
Effects of coronary revascularization on regional wall motion: An intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiographic study

Although coronary artery bypass grafting effectively reduces the symptoms of myocardial ischemia, its immediate effect on regional wall motion dysfunction is not well defined. This intraoperative study was undertaken to determine whether bypass grafting improves regional wall motion in areas of preoperative ischemic dysfunction. In 17 patients undergoing coronary bypass, short-axis echocardiograms were obtained with the chest open 30 minutes before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Regional wall motion was calculated quantitatively as the percent increase in segmental wall thickness during systole, with 40% thickening or less defined as indicating ischemic dysfunction. Qualitatively, it was evaluated by visual changes in endocardial wall motion according to a graded score (0 = normal to 4 = dyskinesia). Of the 136 segments studied, 44 (32%) had evidence of ischemic dysfunction before coronary bypass. When regional wall motion was analyzed in all 136 segments after coronary bypass, there was no significant change in either quantitative indices (62% +/- 7% before grafting versus 58% +/- 6% after grafting) or qualitative indices (0.19 +/- 0.06 versus 0.17 +/- 0.06). However, in those segments with ischemic dysfunction before grafting, there was a significant increase in quantitative indices of regional wall motion after grafting (24% +/- 2% versus 50% +/- 5%; p less than 0.02). By contrast, qualitative indices continued to show no significant improvement (1.3 +/- 0.1 versus 1.05 +/- 0.2). We conclude that coronary artery bypass grafting significantly improves areas of ischemic regional wall dysfunction. These changes can be difficult to detect with visual qualitative methods and are best analyzed by techniques assessing changes in segmental wall thickness.
Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation by C H Insertion

Traditionally, carbon–carbon bond forming processes have required that both organic fragments be specifically activated. This approach is exemplified by the alkylation of an enolate anion (1) with an alkyl halide (2; equation 1).
Clinical-pathological features and treatment modalities associated with recurrence in DCIS and micro-invasive carcinoma: Who to treat more and who to treat less

The primary aim in the management of DCIS is the prevention of recurrence and contralateral tumor. Risk factors for DCIS recurrence and appropriate treatments are still widely debated. Adjuvant therapies after surgical resection reduce recurrences and contralateral disease, but these treatments have significant financial costs, side effects and there is a group of low-risk patients who would not gain additional benefit. The aim of our analysis was to identify clinical-pathological features and treatment modalities associated with recurrence in DCIS and microinvasive carcinoma. In the Thomas Jefferson University Cancer Registry of Philadelphia, we identified 865 patients with DCIS or micro-invasive carcinoma treated between 2003 and 2013. Associations between recurrence and demographic factors (age at diagnosis, ethnicity), biological features (ER, PR and HER2) and treatment modalities (surgery, radiotherapy and endocrine treatment) were assessed. Our single institution register-based study showed that distribution of age at diagnosis and biological features did not significantly differ among ethnic groups. Younger women and micro-invasive carcinoma patients were more likely to undergo mastectomy, while African Americans were more likely to take endocrine therapy and undergo radiotherapy. In our sample only ER/PR negative DCIS were associated with significantly higher recurrence rate. Moreover, we reported a high rate of HER2 positive recurrences, suggesting that expression of this oncogene may represent a potential biomarker for DCIS at high risk of recurrence. To better define the molecular profile of the subgroup at worse prognosis might help to identify biomarkers predictive of recurrence or second tumors, identifying patients candidates for more appropriate treatments.
The Development of Bright Antiproton Sources and High Energy Density Targeting

The collection of large number of antiprotons is required as a source for antiproton-proton colliders. The storage rings used for collection of antiprotons are limited in transverse aperture and the collection of antiprotons can be significantly increased by increasing the brightness of the source. In addition the collection of large momentum spread requires special focussing conditions and the resulting small spot sizes cause extreme heating and shock waves in targets. We report the results of a workshop held at Fermilab to discuss these issues. Additional gains of antiprotons can be made using magnetic focussing in the target.
Kuroshio And Oyashio Currents

Salps compete with krill for phytoplankton } in poor sea ice years salp numbers are increased and krill recruitment is reduced. Further north in their range, E. superba abundance is dependent on the transport of krill in the ocean currents as well as Suctuations in the strength of particular cohorts. Given the importance of euphausiids in marine food webs throughout the world’s oceans, they are potentially important indicator species for detecting and understanding climate change effects. Changes in ocean circulation or environmental regimes will be reSected in changes in growth, development, recruitment success, and distribution. These effects may be most notable at the extremes of their distribution where any change in the pattern of variation will result in major changes in food web structure. Given their signiRcance as prey to many commercially exploited species, this may also have a major impact on harvesting activities. A greater understanding of the large-scale biology of the euphausiids and the factors generating the observed variability is crucial. Obtaining good long-term and large-scale biological and physical data will be fundamental to this process.
CO and NO bind to Fe(II) DiGeorge critical region 8 heme but do not restore primary microRNA processing activity

The RNA-binding heme protein DiGeorge critical region 8 (DGCR8) and its ribonuclease partner Drosha cleave primary transcripts of microRNA (pri-miRNA) as part of the canonical microRNA (miRNA) processing pathway. Previous studies show that bis-cysteine thiolate-coordinated Fe(III) DGCR8 supports pri-miRNA processing activity, while Fe(II) DGCR8 does not. In this study, we further characterized Fe(II) DGCR8 and tested whether CO or NO might bind and restore pri-miRNA processing activity to the reduced protein. Fe(II) DGCR8 RNA-binding heme domain (Rhed) undergoes a pH-dependent transition from 6-coordinate to 5-coordinate, due to protonation and loss of a lysine ligand; the ligand bound throughout the pH change is a histidine. Fe(II) Rhed binds CO and NO from 6- and 5-coordinate states, forming common CO and NO adducts at all pHs. Fe(II)-CO Rhed is 6-coordinate, low-spin, and pH insensitive with the histidine ligand retained, suggesting that the protonatable lysine ligand has been replaced by CO. Fe(II)-NO Rhed is 5-coordinate and pH insensitive. Fe(II)-NO also forms slowly upon reaction of Fe(III) Rhed with excess NO via a stepwise process. Heme reduction by NO is rate-limiting, and the rate would be negligible at physiological NO concentrations. Importantly, in vitro pri-miRNA processing assays show that both CO- and NO-bound DGCR8 species are inactive. Fe(II), Fe(II)-CO, and Fe(II)-NO Rhed do not bear either of the cysteine ligands found in the Fe(III) state. These data support a model in which the bis-cysteine thiolate ligand environment of Fe(III) DGCR8 is necessary for establishing proper pri-miRNA binding and enabling processing activity.