cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping a new nematode resistance locus in Lycopersicon peruvianum

Accessions of the wild tomato species L. peruvianum were screened with a root-knot nematode population (557R) which infects tomato plants carrying the nematode resistance gene Mi. Several accessions were found to carry resistance to 557R. A L. peruvianum backcross population segregating for resistance to 557R was produced. The segregation ratio of resistant to susceptible plants suggested that a single, dominant gene was a major factor in the new resistance. This gene, which we have designated Mi-3, confers resistance against nematode strains that can infect plants carrying Mi. Mi-3, or a closely linked gene, also confers resistance to nematodes at 32°C, a temperature at which Mi is not effective. Bulked-segregant analysis with resistant and susceptible DNA pools was employed to identify RAPD markers linked to this gene. Five-hundred-and-twenty oligonucleotide primers were screened and two markers linked to the new resistance gene were identified. One of the linked markers (NR14) was mapped to chromosome 12 of tomato in an L. esculentum/L. pennellii mapping population. Linkage of NR14 and Mi-3 with RFLP markers known to map on the short arm of chromosome 12 was confirmed by Southern analysis in the population segregating for Mi-3. We have positioned Mi-3 near RFLP marker TG180 which maps to the telomeric region of the short arm of chromosome 12 in tomato.
Temperature-dependent exciton dynamics in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) measured by femtosecond transient spectroscopy

Abstract Exciton delocalization in the conjugated polymer poly( p -phenylene vinylene) (PPV) is investigated using temperature-dependent spectroscopy. As the temperature is lowered, the steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra indicate increased electronic conjugation and exciton delocalization. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements at 20 and 290 K over the wavelength range 520–650 nm provide evidence that such delocalization occurs within the first 10 ps after photoexcitation. Comparison of the 20 and 290 K data, along with anisotropy studies, suggests that vibrational cooling plays a significant role in the spectral dynamics observed in PPV on this timescale.
The Influence of Race, Ethnicity, Class, and Sexual Politics on Lesbians' Body Image

Based on interviews conducted with eight lesbians, this paper explores how the intersection of gender, sexual identity, race, ethnicity, and class affect lesbians' feelings about their bodies. Their responses suggest that, while being female has a strong effect on lesbians' feelings about their bodies, issues of race, acculturation, and class also affect body image. Lesbian feminism and S/M politics also appear to play a significant role in lesbians' body image. These findings highlight the limitations of existing theories about body image and call for a more complex theory incorporating a more diverse range of experiences.
A process for combining object oriented and structured analysis and design

While Object Oriented (OO) methodologies have some advantages over structured methods, OO is not as mature as structured analysis and design and does not contain all of the tools/ techniques needed to support a large system design. By using both OO models and Structured models (e.g., data flow diagrams, control flow diagrams, state transition tables) during systems analysis, a more complete understanding of the system requirements can be developed. During the design process, the software architecture components can be designed and built either as OO modules or structured modules depending upon the requirements of the module. Since both views of the system (OO and structured) have been built during the analysis phase there is no "translation/conversion" from one methodology to the other. By combining models and approaches from both OO and structured methods in one process we can take advantage of the strengths of both methodologies.
Pulsed Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) at 140 GHz

Abstract We describe a spectrometer for pulsed ENDOR at 140 GHz, which is based on microwave IMPATT diode amplifiers and a probe consisting of a TE011 cavity with a high-quality resonance circuit for variable radiofrequency irradiation. For pulsed EPR we obtain an absolute sensitivity of 3 × 109 spins/Gauss at 20 K. The performance of the spectrometer is demonstrated with pulsed ENDOR spectra of a standard bis-diphenylene-phenyl-allyl (BDPA) doped into polystyrene and of the tyrosyl radical from E. coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). The EPR spectrum of the RNR tyrosyl radical displays substantial g-anisotropy at 5 T and is used to demonstrate orientation-selective Davies-ENDOR.
Angular Mobility Assisted Coverage in Directional Sensor Networks

In this paper, we consider the issue of angular mobility assisted coverage enhancement in directional camera sensor networks. In our model, each sensor can visually capture (i.e. sense) events within a sector in its field of view, and can also rotate about a fixed axis to enhance its coverage. The problem we particularly address is how to enhance blanket coverage leveraging angular mobility of the sensors in the network starting from an arbitrary initial deployment. The core idea of our algorithm, called the Face Away algorithm, is to use the known directions of neighboring sensors to find the direction with the least density of neighbors for each sensor, in an attempt to minimize the sensing range overlap between neighboring sensors. The algorithm is localized, light-weight and purely distributed. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of our algorithm as a function of various parameters like number of sensor nodes, sensing range, and angle of view.
Hardware/software partitioning of operating systems: focus on deadlock detection and avoidance

As multiprocessor system-on-a-chip (MPSoC) designs become more common, hardware/software codesign engineers face new challenges involving operating system integration. To speed up operating system/MPSoC codesign, the paper presents recent research in hardware/software partitioning of a real-time operating system (RTOS). After a brief overview of the δ hardware/software RTOS design framework, the authors focus on new results in deadlock detection and avoidance. Among various configured RTOS/MPSoC designs in this research, they show an example where a system with the deadlock detection hardware unit (DDU) achieves a 46% speed-up of application execution time over a system with deadlock detection in software. Similarly, they show another example where a system with the deadlock avoidance hardware unit (DAU) not only automatically avoids deadlock but also achieves a 44% speed-up of application execution time over a system avoiding deadlock in software; furthermore, in our example, the DAU only consumes 0.005% of the MPSoC total chip area.
Emerging BRAF inhibitors for melanoma

Introduction: The clinical activity of BRAF inhibitor (BRAF-I) therapy is a major breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma carrying BRAF mutations. However, the therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-I therapy is limited due to the onset of intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Areas covered: The role of wild-type BRAF in melanocytes and of the mutated BRAF in the pathogenesis of melanoma is described in this article. The results obtained with BRAF-I in patients with mutated BRAF are reviewed. The mechanisms driving the intrinsic and acquired BRAF-I resistance, the development of combinatorial strategies designed to overcome them and their potential limitations are discussed. Lastly, the many questions that have to be addressed to optimize therapy with BRAF-I are listed. Expert opinion: Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by poor prognosis and high mortality. The discovery of BRAF mutations which drive melanoma tumorigenesis and the development of agents which selectively inhib...
The Compton shoulder of the Fe Kα fluorescent emission line in active galactic nuclei

We present new, high signal-to-noise ratio results from a Monte Carlo study of the properties of the Compton shoulder of the Fe Kα emission line in the toroidal X-ray reprocessor model of Murphy & Yaqoob. The model is valid for equatorial column densities in the range 10 22 -10 25 cm -2 , which comprehensively covers the Compton-thin to Compton-thick regimes. We show how the shape of the Compton shoulder and its flux relative to the core of the Fe Kα emission line depend on the torus column density and orientation, for the case of a half-opening angle of 60° and cosmic abundances. The variety of Compton shoulder profiles is greater than that for both (centrally illuminated) spherical and disc geometries. Our Monte Carlo simulations were done with a statistical accuracy that is high enough to reveal, for the case of an edge-on, Compton-thick torus, a new type of Compton shoulder that is not present in the spherical or disc geometries. Such a Compton shoulder is dominated by a narrow backscattering feature peaking at ∼6.24 keV. Our results are also sensitive enough to reveal a dependence of the shape of the Compton shoulder (and its magnitude relative to the Fe Kα line core) on the spectral shape of the incident X-ray continuum. We also present results of the effect of velocity broadening on the Fe Kα line profile and find that if either the velocity width or instrument resolution is greater than a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼2000 km s -1 , the Compton shoulder begins to become blended with the line core and the characteristic features of the Compton shoulder become harder to resolve. In particular, at an FWHM of ~7000 km s -1 the Compton shoulder is not resolved at all, its only signature being a weak asymmetry in the blended line profile. This means that CCD X-ray detectors cannot unambiguously resolve the Compton shoulder. Our results are freely available in a format that is suitable for direct spectral-fitting of the continuum and line model to real data.
A 30-40 GHz 1:16 Internally Matched SiGe Active Power Divider for Phased Array Transmitters

In this paper, we present an active 1:16 30-40 GHz power divider implemented in a 0.18 mum SiGe BiCMOS process (Jazz SBC18HXL). The 2 x 2 mm2 power divider exhibits 4.5 plusmn 1.5 dB total power gain with an rms phase imbalance of less than 6deg from 30 to 40 GHz across all 16 channels. This performance is achieved using wideband degenerated 1:4 splitters, and internal matching between the inter-stage on-chip splitters. The chip consumes 190 mA from a 3.3 V supply, and is 15x smaller than an equivalent Teflon-based PCB transmission-line 1:16 power divider. To our knowledge, this is the first 1:16 Ka-Band active power divider implemented in a commercial SiGe BiCMOS technology, and shows excellent amplitude and phase balance over the 30-40 GHz range.
Morphogenesis of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: How Singularities Affect Global Structure

The macaque lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) exhibits an intricate lamination pattern, which changes midway through the nucleus at a point coincident with small gaps due to the blind spot in the retina. We present a three-dimensional model of morphogenesis in which local cell interactions cause a wave of development of neuronal receptive fields to propagate through the nucleus and establish two distinct lamination patterns. We examine the interactions between the wave and the localized singularities due to the gaps, and find that the gaps induce the change in lamination pattern. We explore critical factors which determine general LGN organization.
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein's potential as tool in therapeutic immune modulation

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common human pathogens and is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. H. pylori establishes a persistent infection, suggesting that the host response is ineffective in clearing the infection. H. pylori employs multiple mechanisms to undermine host responses. For example, CD4+ T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa of infected individuals, but these cells are predominantly T helper 1 (TH1) cells, which do not provide protection from the extracellular pathogen. H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) promotes the TH1 polarized response. HP-NAP induces macrophages and dendritic cells to produce IL-12 and IL-23, which could explain the effect on T cells. These properties of HP-NAP make it a potential immunotherapeutic tool to redirect harmful TH2 cell responses, as seen in atopic allergy, to TH1 cell responses and also in IL-12 induction in cancer therapy.
Mitochondrial GrpE modulates the function of matrix Hsp70 in translocation and maturation of preproteins.

Mitochondrial GrpE (Mge1p) is a mitochondrial cochaperone essential for viability of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. To study the role of Mge1p in the biogenesis of mitochondrial proteins, we isolated a conditional mutant allele ofMGE1which conferred a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype and led to the accumulationofmitochondrialpreproteinsaftershiftingofthecellstotherestrictivetemperature.Themutant Mge1 protein was impaired in its interaction with the matrix heat shock protein mt-Hsp70. The mutant mitochondria showed a delayed membrane translocation of preproteins, and the maturation of imported proteinswasimpaired,asevidencedbytheretardedsecondproteolyticprocessingofapreproteininthematrix. Moreover,theaggregationofimportedproteinswasdecreasedinthemutantmitochondria.ThemutantMge1p differentially modulated the interaction of mt-Hsp70 with preproteins compared with the wild type, resulting in decreased binding to preproteins in membrane transit and enhanced binding to fully imported proteins. We conclude that the interaction of Mge1p with mt-Hsp70 promotes the progress of the Hsp70 reaction cycle, which is essential for import and maturation of mitochondrial proteins.
Bank security dye packs: synthesis, isolation, and characterization of chlorinated products of bleached 1-(methylamino)anthraquinone

Banknote evidence is often submitted after a suspect has attempted to disguise or remove red dye stain that has been released because of an anti-theft device that activates after banknotes have been unlawfully removed from bank premises. Three chlorinated compounds have been synthesized as forensic chemical standards to indicate bank security dye bleaching as a suspect's intentional method for masking a robbery involving dye pack release on banknotes. A novel, facile synthetic method to provide three chlorinated derivatives of 1-(methylamino)anthraquinone (MAAQ) is presented. The synthetic route involved Ultra Clorox bleach as the chlorine source, iron chloride as the catalyst, and MAAQ as the starting material and resulted in a three-component product mixture. Two mono-chlorinated isomers (2-chloro-1-(methylamino)anthraquinone and 4-chloro-1-(methylamino)anthraquinone) and one di-chlorinated compound (2,4-dichloro-1-(methylamino)anthraquinone) of the MAAQ parent molecule were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and subsequently isolated by liquid chromatography (LC) with postcolumn fraction collection. Although GC-MS is sensitive enough to detect all of the chlorinated products, it is not definitive enough to identify the structural isomers. Liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was utilized to elucidate structurally the ortho- and para-mono-chlorinated isomers once enough material was properly isolated. A reaction mechanism involving iron is proposed to explain the presence of chlorinated MAAQ species on stolen banknotes after attempted bleaching. Language: en
Hormonal regulation of the polarized function and distribution of Na/H exchange and Na/HCO3 cotransport in cultured mammary epithelial cells.

The time course for development of polarized function and morphological distribution of pH regulatory mechanisms has been examined in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (31EG4). Monolayers grown on permeable supports had tight junctions when grown 3-4 days in the presence of the lactogenic hormones dexamethasone (D, a synthetic glucocorticoid) and insulin (I), or in D, I, and prolactin (P), but there were no tight junctions in the absence of D. Microspectrofluorimetry of the pH-sensitive dye BCECF was used to measure pH (pHi) in cells mounted in a two-sided perfusion chamber to distinguish pH regulatory activity at the apical and basolateral membranes. Na/H exchange was assayed as the Na-dependent, amiloride-sensitive component of pHi recovery from an acid load induced by a pulse of NH3/NH4-containing solution. When monolayers were grown 3-4 d in the presence of P, D, and I, Na/H exchange was restricted to the basolateral membrane. In contrast, in the absence of P, Na/H exchange was present on both the apical and basolateral membranes. After 5-6 days, in the presence or absence of P, Na/H exchange was present only on the basolateral membrane. An antibody to the NHE-1 isoform of the Na/H exchanger was used to determine its morphological distribution. In all hormone conditions the antibody recognized a protein of approximately 110 kD (Western blot), and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of this antibody and of an anti-ZO-1 (the marker of the tight junctions) antibody showed that the morphological distribution of the Na/H exchanger was similar to the functional distribution under all hormonal treatments. In addition, a putative Na/HCO3 cotransport system was monitored as a Na-dependent, amiloride-insensitive pHi recovery mechanisms that was inhibited by 200 microM H2DIDS. After treatment with D+I (but not with I alone) cotransport appeared exclusively on the basolateral membrane, and the polarized expression of this transporter was not altered by P. We conclude that when mammary cells are grown in D+I-containing media, the Na/H exchanger is expressed initially (i.e., after 3-4 d) on both the apical and basolateral membranes and later (5-6 d) on only the basolateral membrane. P (in the presence of D+I) selectively speeds this polarization, which is determined by polarized distribution of the exchanger to the apical and/or basal membrane and not by the activation and/or inactivation of transporters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Role of matrix metalloproteinases in epithelial migration

In response to injury, epithelial cells migrate across the denuded tissue to rapidly close the wound and restore barrier, thereby preventing the entry of pathogens and leakage of fluids. Efficient, proper migration requires a range of processes, acting both inside and out of the cell. Among the extracellular responses is the expression of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Though long thought to ease cell migration simply by breaking down matrix barriers, findings from various models demonstrate that MMPs facilitate (and sometimes repress) cell movement by other means, such as affecting the state of cell-matrix interactions or proliferation. In this Prospect, we review some key data indicting how specific MMPs function via their activity as proteinases to control closure of epithelial wounds.
De novo design: balancing novelty and confined chemical space.

Importance of the field: De novo drug design serves as a tool for the discovery of new ligands for macromolecular targets as well as optimization of known ligands. Recently developed tools aim to address the multi-objective nature of drug design in an unprecedented manner.Areas covered in this review: This article discusses recent advances in de novo drug design programs and accessory programs used to evaluate compounds post-generation.What the reader will gain: The reader is introduced to the challenges inherent in de novo drug design and will become familiar with current trends in de novo design. Furthermore, the reader will be better prepared to assess the value of a tool, and be equipped to design more elegant tools in the future.Take home message: De novo drug design can assist in the efficient discovery of new compounds with a high affinity for a given target. The inclusion of existing chemoinformatic methods with current structure-based de novo design tools provides a means of enhancing the therape...
How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement

Arthur Jensen argues that the failure of recent compensatory education efforts to produce lasting effects on children's IQ and achievement suggests that the premises on which these efforts have been based should be reexamined.
Nonlinear optics of quantum graphs

Quantum graphs are graphical networks comprised of edges supporting Hamiltonian dynamics and vertices conserving probability flux. Lateral confinement of particle motion on every edge results in a quasi one-dimensional quantum-confined system for which nonlinear optical effects may be calculated. Our ongoing research program is the first to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of quantum graphs. We seek to discover configurations with intrinsic first and second hyperpolarizabilities approaching their respective fundamental limits, to explore the NLO variation with the geometry and topology of the graphs, and to develop scaling laws for more complex graphs with self-similar properties. This paper describes a new methodology for calculating the hyperpolarizabilities of a class of graphs comprised of sequentially-connected edges. Such graphs include closed-loop topologies and their geometrically-similar but topologically-different open loop cousins, as well as other bent wire graphs and their combinations.
Topography of seizures induced by electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy

We present the first topographical characterization of seizures induced by ultrabrief pulse width right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST). Topographical electroencephalogram (EEG) was acquired during treatments in a randomized controlled trial contrasting the efficacy and safety of ECT and MST. EEG power topography within delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands were assessed using wavelet and current source density analysis. ECT showed greater increases in EEG power relative to baseline in all frequencies during the early and mid-ictal periods, and decrease in power during the post-ictal period. MST seizures showed little change in ictal EEG power and post-ictal suppression relative to baseline. Compared to MST, ECT showed greater changes in power in all frequencies. Contrasting the seizure topography induced by ECT and MST can provide insights into the impact of stimulation focality on the patterns of seizure onset and spread, factors thought to be critical to the efficacy and side effects of convulsive therapy.
Tracking from multiple view points: Self-calibration of space and time

This paper tackles the problem of self-calibration of multiple cameras which are very far apart. Given a set of feature correspondences one can determine the camera geometry. The key problem we address is finding such correspondences. Since the camera geometry (location and orientation) and photometric characteristics vary considerably between images one cannot use brightness and/or proximity constraints. Instead we propose a three step approach: first we use moving objects in the scene to determine a rough planar alignment, next we use static features to improve the alignment, finally we compute the epipolar geometry from the the homography matrix of the planar alignment. We do not assume synchronized cameras and we show that enforcing geometric constraints enables us to align the tracking data in time. We present results on challenging outdoor scenes using real time tracking data.
The impact of trust and relative advantage on internet voting diffusion

Internet voting is an emerging e-government phenomenon. In the United States, several state and local governments have experimented with Internet voting. This study presents a model of Internet voting adoption that integrates diffusion of innovation theory, institution-based trust and e-government utilization. To test the model a survey is administered to 372 citizens. The results of structural equation modeling indicate that relative advantage, Internet trust, and e-government information utilization have a significant impact on intention to use Internet voting. In addition to these direct effects, disposition to trust has a significant impact on Internet trust and accessibility has a significant impact on relative advantage. Not only are citizens interested in using the Internet to obtain government information, but also to cast their ballot. As a result, opportunities for Internet use in the political process are constantly emerging. Government agencies should take advantage of technological innovations to improve the accessibility of the electronic ballot, to communicate the advantages of this phenomenon and to engender trust among the citizenry.
Oxygen-atom two-photon resonance effects in multiphoton photochemical ignition of premixed H2/O2 flows.

A sharp wavelength dependence on the amount of incident laser energy necessary to ignite a premixed flow of H2/O2 at atmospheric pressure is reported. This wavelength dependence exhibits a spectral profile similar to the two-photon fluorescence excitation curve for flame oxygen atoms, and the respective peaks correspond to exactly the same wavelength near 225.6 nm. This similarity clearly indicates that oxygen-atom production and subsequent excitation is an important step in the efficient (~0.5-mJ) laser ignition of H2/O2 flows in this wavelength region. In addition, the dependence of the incident laser energy on the equivalence ratio reveals that the most efficient ignition occurs far into the fuel-lean region. This behavior further underscores the importance of the interaction between the UV laser and the oxidizer (O2) component in the ignition of this reactive mixture.
The estrogen-induced advance in the cyclic LH surge in the rat: dependency on ovarian progesterone secretion.

In the 4-day cycling rat, injection of 20 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) at 1230 on diestrus day 1 stimulates a 24-hr advance in the cyclic ovulatory LH surge, which then occurs between 1400 and 1900 on diestrus day 2. As a result, ovulation is also advanced 24 hr. Experiments were conducted to determine if this response depends on ovarian hormone secretion. Ovariectomy within one hour of EB injection on day 1 markedly diminished the magnitude of the LH surge on day 2 as compared to sham-ovariectomized controls. However, in similarly estrogenizedovariectomized rats, a supranormal LH surge was elicited by a 2.0 mg progesterone injection at 1200 on day 2. In additional experiments, ovarian progesterone secretion was measured at 1000 and 1300 on day 2 in untreated control rats and in rats receiving the EB injections. Progesterone secretion rates were significantly increased above normal values in the EB-treated rats. Together, these results suggest that the stimulatory feedback effects of estrogen injections ...
Methylomic Aging as a Window onto the Influence of Lifestyle: Tobacco and Alcohol Use Alter the Rate of Biological Aging

Objectives To examine the effect of the relationship between alcohol and cigarette consumption on biological aging using deoxyribonucleic acid methylation-based indices. Design Hierarchical linear regression modeling followed by fitting of higher-order effects. Setting Longitudinal studies of aging and the effect of psychosocial stress. Participants Participants in two ethnically informative cohorts (n = 656 white, n = 180 black). Measurements Deviation of biological age from chronological age as a result of smoking and alcohol consumption. Results Greater cigarette consumption was associated with accelerated biological aging, with strong effects evident at even low levels of exposure. In contrast, alcohol consumption was associated with a mixed effect on biological aging and pronounced nonlinear effects. At low and heavy levels of alcohol consumption, there was accelerated biological aging, whereas at intermediate levels of consumption there was a relative decelerating effect. The decelerating effects of alcohol were particularly notable at loci for which methylation increased with age. Conclusion These data support prior epidemiological studies indicating that moderate alcohol use is associated with healthy aging, but we urge caution in interpreting these results. Conversely, smoking has strong negative effects at all levels of consumption. These results also support the use of methylomic indices as a tool for assessing the impact of lifestyle on aging.
Completion CT of Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis after Acute Head and Cervical Spine Trauma: Incidence of Acute Traumatic Findings in the Setting of Low-Velocity Trauma

Completion CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis is not justified in the setting of low-velocity trauma.
Birth Injuries Resulting in Neurologic Insult

Abstract Neurological insult caused by nerve injury due to birth trauma is, unfortunately, a relatively common event. The two most common injuries are facial nerve injury and brachial plexus injury (BPI). This article will discuss the following aspects of birth trauma-related neurological/nerve injury: incidence, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, treatment, and outcomes. Implications for practice are also described.
Broken Unitary Tableaus, Itinerant Nuclear Spins, and Spontaneous Molecular Symmetry Collapse

Applications of unitary group (Um) and permutation group (Sn) representations have been the subject of two conferences organized by Professor Jurgen Hinze. The proceedings of the present conference mostly emphasize applications of unitary groups, while the those of the preceeding conference (1) mostly emphasize the permutation groups. A number of papers notably those of Wormer and Sarma in this volume, have reminded us of the inescapable relations between Um and Sn groups. Many of the papers in these volumes have dealt with some number n of indistinguishable spin − 1/2 particles, for example, orbiting electrons, which may occupy some other number m of distinguishable states. The permutation group Sn of distinguishable particles serves as a symmetry group for the system Hamiltonian. The unitary group Um corresponds to the set of all superpositions of the m states which preserve quantum amplitudes. The group Um will be a symmetry group only if the m states remain degenerate in energy. Nevertheless, the Um operations always commute with the Sn permutations so in some sense the two groups are symmetries for each other.
Complex Dynamics in Experiments on a Chemical Reaction

McCormick described chemical experiments in which a number of chemicals are introduced into a stirred-flow reactor, and the concentration of one of the products emerging is measured as a function of time. Very beautiful period-doubling as well as chaotic phenomena are observed (including a specific attractor now known as the “Texas attractor”), and the phenomenon of intermittency. He also described some measurements of a chemical wave in a dish reactor, and showed pictures of the wave propagating in a gel. He went into considerable detail discussing experimental difficulties (e.g. impurities in his reactants), and also presented theoretical analyses of the experimental results.
Indirect Demand Strategies—Parking Supply and Price

Parking supply, location, and price play an important role in managing travel demand and in relieving traffic congestion.
Are individuals living with mental illness and their preferred alternative decision-makers attuned and aligned in their attitudes regarding treatment decisions?

Abstract Background Mental disorders account for considerable suffering and societal burden. Prospective alternative decision-makers may be engaged in helping make treatment decisions for those who live with serious mental disorders. Little is known about the ways in which alternative decision makers arrive at treatment recommendations and whether the perspectives of alternative decision makers and ill individuals are aligned. Methods The authors queried community-dwelling individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, anxiety, or mood disorders and their preferred alternative decision-makers on issues regarding treatment decisions and underlying ethically-salient perspectives using a written survey instrument. Complete data were obtained on 26 pairs (n = 52, total). Outcomes included perspectives on clinical decision-making and underlying values that may shape their life choices. Two-sided paired t-tests and graphical representations were used. Results We found that preferred alternative decision-makers overall accurately predicted the views of ill individuals with respect to the role of the individual and of family in treatment decision making. Preferred alternative decision-makers slightly overestimated autonomy-related perspectives. The personal views of ill individuals and preferred alternative decision-makers were aligned with respect to different physical and mental disorders, except in relation to alcohol and substance use where alternative decision-makers placed greater emphasis on autonomy. Alignment was also discovered on underlying life values, except the role of spirituality which was greater among alternative decision-makers. Conclusion Preferred alternative decision-makers are an ethical safeguard to ensure the wellbeing and rights of seriously ill individuals. In this pilot study, preferred alternative decision makers were aligned with their ill family members concerning treatment-related decisions and underlying life values. Future research should continue to explore and clarify the views of ill individuals and alternative decision makers to determine the quality of this safeguard used in clinical settings.
Preservation of Blood in Acid-Citrate-Dextrose Anticoagulant Solution for More Than Twenty-one Days: Comparison of Four Solutions

The results of transfusion of single units of whole blood or packed cells, collected in plastic bags with four different preservative solutions, into autorecipients or patients are presented. Adenine-fortified solutions significantly improved 24-hr. post-transfusion survivals of red cells for storage periods as long as 4 wk., although some red blood cell survival values were less than 70%. Pre- and post-transfusion physiologic and chemical measurements failed to reveal any reason for not transfusing 28-day-old blood preserved by any of the solutions used.
The Analysis and Compare of the Three Detection Methods of Syphilis Serology

OBJECTIVE To Compare three test methods of syphilis serology about the clinical applied cost. METHODS To utilize RPR、TPPA and ELISA detect the antibody of the treponemapallidum in the serum. CONCLUSIONS TPPA fits the corroboration test,ELISA fits the examination test, RPR fits the determination of the state of an illness and the observation of the curative effect.
Membrane Efficiency and Diffusive Tortuosity of a Dense Prehydrated Geosynthetic Clay Liner

Abstract In this study, a series of membrane/diffusion tests were conducted on specimens of a dense prehydrated geosynthetic clay liner (DPH GCL) subjected to KCl solutions (source concentration, Co = 8.7–160 mM) in rigid-wall cells. The source KCl solutions and de-ionized water (DIW) were circulated across the top and bottom specimen boundaries, respectively, and membrane efficiency coefficients, ω, were measured based on the differential pressures induced across the specimens due to prevention of liquid flux. Also, effective salt-diffusion coefficients, D s ∗ , and apparent tortuosity factors, τa, were determined for each specimen based on the steady-state diffusive Cl− flux measured at the exit (bottom) boundary. The DPH GCL specimens exhibited higher ω and lower D s ∗ (and, likewise, lower τa) relative to conventional (granular, non-prehydrated) GCL specimens tested under similar conditions. The results were consistent with the lower hydraulic conductivities, k, measured for the DPH GCL specimens and are attributed primarily to the higher bentonite dry densities in the DPH GCL specimens (1.1 Mg/m3) relative to the conventional GCL specimens (∼0.4 Mg/m3), although differences in bentonite texture (powdered versus granular), bentonite type (treated versus untreated), and testing apparatus (rigid wall versus flexible wall) may have been contributing factors. Both the DPH GCL and the conventional GCL exhibited similar trends of decreasing τa with increasing ω. The τa values are considered to be a function of both a matrix tortuosity factor, τm, that accounts for the geometry of the interconnected pores, and a restrictive tortuosity factor, τr, that accounts for solute exclusion due to membrane behavior. Whereas the DPH GCL exhibited a lower τm relative to the conventional GCL, both GCLs exhibited similar trends of decreasing τr with increasing ω. The relationship between τr and ω for both GCLs is reasonably well represented by τr = 1 – ω, an expression that has been proposed for clay membranes in previous theoretical and experimental studies.
Characterization of vaginal & rectal colonization with multiple serotypes of group B streptococci using multiple colony picks.

Results: The CPS serotype distribution, examining only the 177 “a” or first colony picks from the 102 patients, was 30.5 per cent for Ia; 28.2 per cent for type III; 15.3 per cent for type II; and 13.6 per cent for type V. Only 2.8 per cent were nontypeable. Eighty of the 102 patients (78.4%) were colonized with only one serotype; 20 (19.6%) had two serotypes and two patients (2%) had three serotypes in their vaginal and/or rectal paired cultures. Overall, 91.9 per cent of the culture sites colonized with one to three CPS types (from the total number of colonies picked) were identified with a minimum of three colony picks. In 75 patients with vaginal/rectal pairs the GBS serotype concordance of only the “a” colony was 89.3 per cent and concordance decreased to 80 per cent when the serotype concordance of the total colony picks was analyzed. Interpretation & conclusion: In conclusion, there was a relatively high prevalence of serotype nonconcordance in this population, and 21.6 per cent of patients had multiple GBS serotypes.
The Effects of Oxide Evolution on Mechanical Properties in Proton- and Neutron-Irradiated Fe-9%Cr ODS Steel

Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of irradiation on the strengthening mechanisms of a model Fe-9%Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel. The alloy was irradiated with protons or neutrons to a dose of 3 displacements per atoms at 500 °C. Nanoindentation was used to measure strengthening due to irradiation, with neutron irradiation causing a greater increase in yield strength than proton irradiation. The irradiated microstructures were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography (APT). Cluster analysis reveals solute migration from the Y-Ti-O-rich nanoclusters to the surrounding matrix after both irradiations, though the effect is more pronounced in the neutron-irradiated specimen. Because the dissolved oxygen atoms occupy interstitial sites in the iron matrix, they contribute significantly to solid solution strengthening. The dispersed barrier hardening model relates microstructure evolution to the change in yield strength, but is only accurate if solid solution contributions to strengthening are considered simultaneously.
“Epsilon - Delta” Approximations

This chapter discusses how the traditional epsilon-delta theory, rigorous infinitesimal analysis, and the intuitive approximations of the core text are related. The main idea of differential calculus is that small changes in smooth functions are approximately linear. One starting point to get to this approximation is that the slopes of approximating secant lines approach the slope of the tangent. The intuitive notion of limit is that the limiting quantity is approximately equal to the integral when the step size is small enough. The technical difficulty in this limit is that when making Δ x smaller, the number of steps of size Δ x that it requires to move from a to b gets larger. Subsequently, total error needs to be small when defining limits. Furthermore, the fundamental approximation needed to complete the rigorous details of the fundamental theorem of integral calculus can be formulated with or without infinitesimals.
The Role of Neurotransmitter Systems in Eating and Substance Use Disorders

Eating disorders (ED) as well as substance use disorders (SUD) commonly start during adolescence and young adulthood, an important time of brain maturation that includes neurotransmitter receptor expression. Increasing attention should be paid to neurobiological mechanisms and brain circuit alterations that may be shared across those potentially related disorders. Studies in ED suggested lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA) metabolite levels, neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of eating, mood, and anxiety, among other functions. Higher 5-HT metabolite levels after recovery suggested that this could be a trait alteration. The body of CSF neurotransmitter research in SUD is small. However, alcoholism may be associated with reduced CSF 5-HT metabolites, and acute substance use may increase 5-HT release but also inhibit 5-HT neuronal activity through auto-inhibition, while withdrawal from most substances is associated with reduced extracellular 5-HT. More recent research in ED using brain imaging implicated neurotransmitter receptors such as the 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT2A receptor, and 5-HT transporter or DA D2/3 receptors, which predicted high anxiety and harm avoidance. Studies in SUD suggested 5-HT and DA receptors may undergo adaptive changes during stages of the illness. Other addictive disorders include tobacco use and gambling behavior, and their neurobiology has been linked to reward and DA pathways. Overall, research suggests that 5-HT and DA are involved in the neurobiology ED and SUD as well as behavioral addictions, and comparative research across disorders should be undertaken to identify underlying mechanisms.
Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Some Behavioral Approaches to Treatment of Insomnia

One would think that sleep is a behavior in the sleep-wake cycle that occurs naturally and effortlessly. Yet a growing number of people find themselves out of synchronization with their natural rhythm of sleeping and waking. According to some estimates, from 20 to 50 million persons in the United States alone (10–25% of the population) subjectively suffer from too much wakefulness (Goldberg & Kaufman, 1978). Excessive daytime sleepiness is also a serious problem for well over 100,000 Americans (Guilleminault, Carskadon, & Dement, 1974). With such a large proportion of the population suffering from sleep-arousal disorders, the recent emphasis in the development of effective nonpharmacological treatments for insomnia becomes more easily understood given the limitations of the present drug therapies.
Black Presence in France

In January 2013, I came to Paris for the first time in forty years to present work at the first Black Portraiture[s] conference. I had planned to photograph there but had no agenda. My interest was piqued on the train from Charles de Gaulle airport, when five young black men in hoodies and backward baseball caps got on. I was immediately drawn to the critical mass of people of color in Paris, as well as the constant visual reference to African American music and culture that was present on the street. I began photographing and building up a network of contacts in France that began at the conference. I’ve had the opportunity to return multiple times, and I have since exhibited and published in France. In the wake of the Charlie Hebdo incidents, the refugee crisis, and the changing demographics in France and other parts of Europe, this investigation has taken on a wide range of complexities. French hip-hop is the second-largest-selling in its genre in the world, and it is not surprising that it has resonated with young immigrant populations. There is a vital jazz scene in France but also a growing specter of racism. I am interested in recording the ways in which black bodies exist in the world, and this project continues to be a stimulating and challenging one for me.
Genetic diversity of North American and Old World Saccharum assessed by RAPD analysis

Saccharum (= Erianthus) native to North America is an untapped germplasm for genetic improvement of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). There are five species and two varieties native to North America: S. alopecuroideum, S. baldwinii, S. brevibarbe vars. brevibarbe and contortum, S. coarctatum, and S. giganteum. There are three cytotypes of S. giganteum (2n = 30, 60, 90), and they overlap in gross morphology. Our objectives were to compare genetic diversity of North American and Old World members of Saccharum. Bulked DNA for five North American species, three Old World Erianthus spp. sect. Ripidium clones, and five sugarcane cultivars was tested by PCR with 13 RAPD primers. A total of 283 repeatable RAPD bands was scored for the nine taxa. Genetic distance coefficients ranged from 0.365 to 0.767 indicating substantial diversity among taxa. Taxa were assigned to one of three cluster groups: 1) S. baldwinii, S. brevibarbe var. contortum, S. coarctatum, and S. giganteum 2n = 90; 2) S. gig anteum 2n = 30 and 2n = 60, S. alopecuroideum, and sugarcane cultivars; and 3) Old World Erianthus spp. The RAPD analysis indicated that sugarcane was genetically more similar to North American Saccharum than it was to Old World Erianthus. This was unexpected given that North American Saccharum is geographically, cytologically, morphologically, and possibly reproductively isolated from Old World Erianthus and sugarcane. The data support the taxonomic separation of cytotypes of S. giganteum.
The microbiome regulates the eosinophil requirement for development of allergic lung inflammation (HYP2P.337)

The diversity of gastrointestinal and respiratory microflora is essential in the shaping the host immune responses. In particularly, the propensity for Th2 allergic responses and asthma has recently been linked to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Thus, the early establishment of particular microflora may potentially explain why some individuals are more predisposed to develop asthma and some do not. Eosinophils may also make differential contributions to allergic asthma in different individuals, and we have previously shown that development of allergic asthma is dependent on eosinophils. Here we report that C57Bl/6 ΔdblGATA eosinophil deficient mice housed under “less-restricted specific-pathogen-free” (LR-SPF) conditions are protected against allergic asthma compared to mice house under “restricted specific-pathogen-free” (R-SPF) conditions. 16s rRNA analysis of gut and lung microbiome reveal differences in lung microbiota diversity, suggesting a potential explanation for this phenomenon. Furthermore, consistent with the “microbiota hypothesis”, reducing the microbiota in ΔdblGATA mice by antibiotic treatment resulted in enhanced susceptibility to developing allergic airway inflammation comparable to WT mice. Thus, we conclude that shifts in microbiota can affect the requirement for eosinophil-mediated Th2 responses.
A general system for heuristic minimization of convex functions over non-convex sets

We describe general heuristics to approximately solve a wide variety of problems with convex objective and decision variables from a non-convex set. The heuristics, which employ convex relaxations,...