cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religion, Politics, and Journalism: Modern Influences in Nineteenth-Century America

This chapter serves as an introduction to the relevant trends in the late nineteenth century in American religion, politics, and journalism. Traditional ideas and institutions were battered steadily by progressive developments, and opinions about Gladstone in the American press were often framed within the context of these changes to intellectual life. Specifically, Peterson discusses the effects of liberalism on both politics and Christian theology. Postbellum America had witnessed the rise of a new generation of liberal democratic reformers, while, in religion, liberal theology was making decisive inroads. The chapter also explores the continuing conflict between the Protestant majority and Roman Catholics along with the changing nature of print journalism. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book’s primary-source periodicals, both secular and religious.
Conclusion: The Sixty Holmes Stories

Crowe first presents an overall assessment of the extent to which the sixty Holmes stories exhibit the pattern of a Gestalt shift, forty-two in the group clearly displaying that pattern. Fifteen are in the second category, meaning the shifts are less clear and prominent. The third category, those for which the Gestalt shift pattern does not seem to fit, contains three stories. Crowe then claims that there is a correlation between the appearance of the Gestalt shift and the quality of the stories as measured in various surveys of reader reaction to the stories. Doyle’s enthusiasm for contrasts, for rapid developments in parts of a story, and the practice of having a Gestalt shift moment in a story relates to his sensitivity to creating Gestalt shifts. This chapter ends by raising the question whether other prominent authors of detective fiction make use of Gestalt shifts.
Real-time PCR HPV genotyping in fine needle aspirations of metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Exposing the limitations of conventional p16 immunostaining.

Abstract Background Given the propensity for HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-HNSCC) to metastasize to cervical lymph nodes, fine needle aspiration (FNA) plays an important diagnostic role in their initial detection. Indeed, there is now an unwavering commitment to HPV testing of FNAs even in the absence of clear methodologic guidelines and threshold criteria. A particular difficulty pertains to the interpretation of p16 staining. Design Data was collected for 210 patients with suspected regionally metastatic HNSCC that had undergone FNA as part of standard clinical care. Initial HPV screening was performed on cell blocks with real-time PCR using primers targeting L1 of high-risk HPV types. Additional genotyping was performed on HPV-positive cases. The results were compared to p16 staining and subsequent excisions when available. Results Of the 207 samples with sufficient DNA, 175 (85%) were HPV positive. HPV-16 was the most commonly detected genotype (90%). Of the HPV-positive cases, the primary site was the oropharynx (n = 154, 88.0%), supraglottic larynx (n = 2, 1.1%), nasal cavity (n = 1, 0.6%), hypopharynx (n = 1, 0.6%) or unknown (n = 17, 9.7%). On comparison with 31 paired surgical excisions, HPV status was concordant in all cases (100% correlation). Of 142 HPV-positive cases with matching p16 stains, p16 staining was reported as positive (n = 85, 60%), focal (n = 27, 19%), negative (n = 24, 17%) or non-contributory (n = 6, 4%); and only 33% reached the standard threshold limit (i.e. 70%) for HPV positivity. Conclusion For patients with metastatic HNSCC, real-time PCR of FNAs reliably reflects HPV status, and is superior to conventional p16 immunostaining.
2320: HPA axis predictors of cue-induced intravenous alcohol self-administration in non-dependent drinkers

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Alcohol craving, particularly in response to stress and alcohol cues, can lead to relapse in alcohol-dependent individuals. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis markers such as the cortisol to corticotrophin (CORT:ACTH) ratio have been shown to be a significant predictor of alcohol relapse. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of HPA-axis measures on intravenous alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) in binge and nonbinge drinkers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Healthy, non-dependent binge drinkers (n=14) and nonbinge drinkers (n=11) participated in this study. They underwent 3 personalized imagery sessions, where they heard 5-minute personalized audio scripts designed to trigger stress, alcohol craving, and neutral-relaxation states. Immediately following these cues, participants were given access to alcohol using a novel IV-ASA paradigm for 120 minutes. Serial blood samples were collected for cortisol and ACTH levels. Subjective measures were collected serially using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS), Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ), and Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ). Analyses were conducted using linear regression. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results showed that peak and average ACTH levels as well as the CORT:ACTH ratio during the early phase of the IV-ASA session following the stress and alcohol cues were significantly higher than the neutral script; this effect was seen primarily in binge drinkers. After script administration, a greater change from baseline for ACTH predicted time to peak BrAC during IV-ASA. Gender and binge group predicted AUQ MAX (peak alcohol craving over the entire study session) and WANT MAX (peak “want more alcohol” scores over the session). There was a significant correlation between IV-ASA and increased ACTH peak and average values in binge drinkers. The DEQ and AUQ measures were positively correlated with ACTH peak and ACTH change from baseline. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These findings, to our knowledge, are the first demonstration that exposure to both stress and alcohol cues lead to an increase in ACTH during cue-induced IV-ASA, particularly in binge drinkers. These results suggest that changes in HPA-axis reactivity following stress and alcohol may be important determinants of alcohol consumption in non-dependent binge drinkers.
Proteomic Analysis of Urinary Microvesicles Reveal Biomarkers for Neurologic Disease

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) harbor thousands of proteins that hold promise for biomarker development. Usually difficult to purify, EVs in urine are relatively easily obtained and have demonstrated efficacy for kidney disease prediction. Herein, we further characterize the proteome of urinary EVs to explore the potential for biomarkers unrelated to kidney dysfunction, focusing on Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: Using a quantitative mass spectrometry approach, we measured urinary EV proteins from a discovery cohort of 50 subjects. EVs in urine were classified into subgroups and EV proteins were ranked by abundance and variability over time. Enriched pathways and ontologies in stable EV proteins were identified and proteins that predict PD were further measured in a cohort of 108 subjects. Findings: Hundreds of commonly expressed urinary EV proteins with stable expression over time were distinguished from proteins expressed in few individual with high variability over time. Bioinformatic analyses reveal a striking enrichment of endolysosomal proteins linked to Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's disease, and other neurologic disorders. Tissue and biofluid enrichment analyses show broad representation of EVs from across the body without bias towards kidney or urine proteins. Among the proteins linked to neurological diseases, SNAP23 and calbindin were the most elevated in PD cases with 86% prediction success for disease diagnosis in the discovery cohort and 76% prediction success in the replication cohort. Interpretation: Urinary EVs are an underutilized but highly accessible resource for biomarker discovery with particular promise for neurological diseases like PD. Funding Statement: Research support was provided by NIH/NINDS U01 NS097028 and R01 NS064934. The authors acknowledge core resources provided by the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB Institutional Core Funding Mechanism, and core resources made possible through NCI P30 CA013148. Declaration of Interests: The authors have no competing conflicts of interests to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: All protocols were approved by an institutional review board.
Optimal quantum source coding with quantum information at the encoder and decoder

Consider many instances of an arbitrary quadripartite pure state of four quantum systems ABCD. Alice holds the AC part of each state, Bob holds B, while D represents all other parties correlated with ABC. Alice is required to redistribute the C systems to Bob while asymptotically preserving the overall purity. We prove that this is possible using Q qubits of communication and E ebits of shared entanglement between Alice and Bob, provided that Q geq I(C;D|B)/2 and Q+E geq H(C|B), proving the optimality of the Luo-Devetak outer bound. The optimal qubit rate provides the first known operational interpretation of quantum conditional mutual information. We also show how our protocol leads to a fully operational proof of strong subadditivity and uncover a general organizing principle, in analogy to thermodynamics, that underlies the optimal rates.
Steady and Dynamic Hydroelastic Behavior of Composite Lifting Surfaces

Abstract We compare the steady-state and dynamic response of composite lifting surfaces in air and in water. Steady results predict lower (resp. higher) load coefficients when the fibers are oriented toward the leading (resp. trailing) edge, as nose-down (resp. nose-up) twist decreases (resp. increases) the effective angle-of-attack, both in air and in water. Natural frequencies are lower, and damping coefficients are higher, in water compared to in air. The natural frequencies and damping coefficients vary with speed. The speed and frequency dependency of the fluid loads lead to an emergence of a new mode. The vibration frequency of this new mode could be near zero and much significantly than the fundamental system frequency in quiescent water. Static divergence occurs when the frequency and damping value of the new mode goes to zero, while the frequencies of the original structural modes are nonzero. Unlike conventional coupled-mode flutter that involves frequency coalescence of two adjacent modes, composite plates in water tend to experience single-mode flutter, when the damping of the new low-frequency mode vanishes. In general, static-divergence governs when material bend-twist coupling leads to nose-up twist, and flutter governs otherwise. Dynamic load amplification is more severe in water because of higher fluid added mass.
Predicting Flight Demand under Uncertainty

The motivation of this study originates from the need for the United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) to estimate the annual flying hours budget for future fiscal years. USTRANSCOM is responsible for managing the global defense transportation network and creating movement plans in response to various world events. Recently, USTRANSCOM has overestimated annual flying hours by 25% and underestimated by 402%. This article presents analyses of historical flight data and a methodology to forecast annual flying hours. A main contribution of this article is the meticulous coupling of the forecasting methodology and intricacies of a complex and challenging real-world problem. The methodology may be extended to applications where historical data are used to predict future demand and requirements under uncertainty. An application using the programming language R and open source platform R Studio is developed to ingest data and produce forecasts using the methodology developed in this article. Due to data classification concerns, a representative data set of annual flights in and out of Los Angeles International Airport from 2006–2016 is used as a case study to validate the methodology for public release.
BOREAS TE-23 Canopy Architecture and Spectral Data from Hemispherical Photographs

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmospheric Study (BOREAS) TE-23 (Terrestrial Ecology) team collected hemispherical photographs in support of its efforts to characterize and interpret information on estimates of canopy architecture and radiative transfer properties for most BOREAS study sites. Various Old Aspen (OA), Old Black Spruce (OBS), Old Jack Pine (OJP), Young Jack Pine (YJP), and Young Aspen (YA) sites in the boreal forest were measured from May to August 1994. The hemispherical photographs were used to derive values of leaf area index (LAI), leaf angle, gap fraction, and clumping index. This documentation describes these derived values. The derived data are stored in tabular ASCII files. The hemispherical photographs are stored in the original set of 42 CD-ROMs that were supplied by TE-23. The data files are available on a CD-ROM (see document number 20010000884), or from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Sex differences in symptom presentation and functional outcomes: a pilot study in a matched sample of veterans with mild TBI.

Primary Objective: Research focused on mild traumatic brain injury in active military and veteran populations details the psychological, neurological and functional outcomes of mTBI, in a primarily...
Reimagining Educational Purpose Through Jeffersonian Categories

The purpose of this chapter is to establish a necessary conceptual justification for the educational reform proposals advanced in the book’s final chapter. Specifically, the pursuit of happiness and alter and abolish clauses of the Declaration of Independence, including Jefferson’s maxim that the earth belongs to the living, are framed as moral propositions that can help stimulate and justify the human desire for changing and revising the political arrangements that govern one’s life. It is argued that these moral propositions give present-day Americans license to rebel against the neoliberal purposes of education, defined here as oppressive in their effects. Danielle Allen’s concept of “participatory readiness,” seen frequently in earlier chapters, is invoked once again as a gold standard to illuminate the ultimate purposes of civic education in a democratic republic.
Nation-states and national states: Latin America in comparative perspective

What were the particularities of nation state making in Latin America? The article takes Tilly’s European-rooted definitions of the national state and the nation-state and applies them to Latin America. It argues that, in comparison to Europe, the region almost exclusively produced nation-states rather than national states or large powerful states that could rule over many nations. It also submits that in constructing an imagery of the nation Latin America, unlike Europe, placed an enormous emphasis on the future of the nation rather than on its past. In order to illustrate this last point, the paper makes brief comparison between Latin America and the United States.
“Liberation” as a political horizon amidst the coronavirus pandemic in the United States

Participants in diverging US-based protest waves during the coronavirus pandemic are invoking “liberation” as a political horizon. Especially visible are superficially libertarian protests against ...
Male zebra finches exposed to lead (Pb) during development have reduced volume of song nuclei, altered sexual traits, and received less attention from females as adults

Abstract Lead (Pb) is a pervasive global contaminant that interferes with sensitive windows for neurological development and causes oxidative damage to tissues. The effects of moderate and high exposure to Pb have been well-studied in birds, but whether low-level early-life exposure to Pb influences adult phenotype remains unclear. Female songbirds use a male's song and coloration to discriminate between high- and low-quality males. Therefore, if early-life exposure to Pb disrupts song learning ability or shifts the allocation of antioxidant pigments away from colorful secondary sexual traits, male birds exposed to Pb may be less attractive to females. We exposed developing zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to Pb-contaminated drinking water (100 or 1000 parts per billion [ppb]) after hatching (days 0–100). Once male finches reached adulthood (120–150 days post hatch), we measured song learning ability, coloration of bill and cheek patches, and volume of song nuclei in the brain. We also measured female preference for Pb-exposed males relative to control males. Finally, we measured motoric and spatial cognitive performance in male and female finches to assess whether cognitive traits differed in their sensitivity to Pb exposure. Male zebra finches exposed to 1000 ppb Pb had impaired song learning ability, reduced volume of song nuclei, bills with less redness and received less attention from females. Additionally, Pb exposure impaired motoric performance in both male and female finches but did not affect performance in a spatial cognitive task. Adult finches exposed to Pb-contaminated water had higher blood-Pb levels, though in all cases blood-Pb levels were below 7.0 µg dL−1. This study suggests that low-level exposure to Pb contributes to cognitive deficits that persist into adulthood and may indirectly influence fitness by altering secondary sexual traits and reducing male attractiveness.
Post-covid-19 complications: Hemoptysis in a middle-aged man

Introduction: Sars-Cov-2 infection has been found to present differently in many patients. Patients have been found to have different degrees of response, likely having to do with variable levels of inflammation within the body. Patients who have recovered from the initial infection can develop long-term symptomatology and chronic conditions. Today, we will describe a unique case of a middle aged-healthy man who developed complications of ANCA-associated vasculitis after recovering from a mild COVID-19 infection. Case: A 51-year-old Hispanic male with no previous past medical history presented to the ED with productive sputum and hemoptysis. The patient had previously tested positive for COVID-19 one month prior, but did not require hospitalization. Physical exam findings were significant for diffuse, bilateral lower extremity palpable purpura. Initial workup was significant for CT Chest findings of diffuse patchy consolidations throughout both lungs with cavitary lesions. Additionally, the patient was found to have an acute kidney injury, with Cr 5.80 and GFR less than 10. UA revealed many red blood cells, +1 protein. Nephrology was consulted, started the patient on hemodialysis, and began workup for suspected acute glomerulonephritis (GN). Pulmonology was consulted and began workup for pulmonary renal syndrome in the setting of acute kidney injury with pulmonary disease.Infectious workup results included;a now negative COVID-19, negative Tuberculosis PCR, Respiratory culture revealing yeast. Additional workup revealed;CRP of greater than 200, D-Dimer of 6.41, Fibrinogen of 561. Notably, the patient had decreased complement C3 and C4 levels, negative Anti-GBM antibody, negative Anti-streptolysin O, positive ANCA assay, positive Proteinase antibody, and mildly positive Myeloperoxidase antibody.The patient was subsequently scheduled for renal biopsy to obtain a definitive diagnosis, but this was delayed due to increased INR. The patient's respiratory status worsened during hemodialysis. CTA at that time revealed markedly increased pulmonary infiltrates. The decision was made to intubate the patient, upon which active frank red bleeding arising from the trachea was noted. Shortly after intubation, the patient continued to hemorrhage and sustained 2 cardiac arrests;unfortunately, the patient expired. Discussion: This case is significant because it highlights a unique complication of COVID-19 leading to a possible ANCA-associated vasculitis. Much is to be learned from the Novel Sars-COV-2 virus and suspected complications and this case highlights the importance of keeping a broad differential when treating patients who have recovered from initial infection.
Dying for a Solution: The Regulation of Medical Devices Falls Short in the 21st Century Cures Act

The FDA has failed to regulate dangerous medical devices that have caused injury and even death. At the same time, it is wasting precious resources regulating devices which pose little to no threat. The FDA exists in a repetitive cycle of inaction, tragedy, and reaction. For the last century, despite attempts to adequately protect the public, legislation governing the FDA has perpetuated this cycle. In December of 2016, Congress passed the 21st Century Cures Act which in part allows certain medical products to enter the market with FDA approval based on significantly less evidence of safety and efficacy. Senators Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren were two legislators who warned against passing this Act, which has been called a “Christmas present” for pharmaceutical companies and medical device manufacturers. This article discusses the FDA’s duty to balance the public right of access to medical products and the protection of the public. This article explores the deficiencies of the 21st Century Cures Act and proposes an alternative regulatory scheme that offers solutions to reduce the impact on the FDA’s resources and allow for tort law to balance the scales between manufacturer and public.
‘The Digital Book Project’: empowering preservice teachers in early childhood education with a repertoire of children’s books

The authors introduce a Digital Book Project that was implemented in an early childhood literacy course for preservice teachers. The project required preservice teachers to explore digital librarie...
Postinfectious encephalomyelitis

Postinfectious forms of encephalomyelitis, also termed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), form one of several categories of inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent large, retrospective case series have refined our understanding of the clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging characteristics of ADEM. The differences between childhood and adult ADEM, risks of development of multiple sclerosis, and the contributions of recent studies to refining the nosology of CNS demyelinating syndromes are discussed.
Pandemic-Associated Trends in Measurement of HbA1c in Children with Diabetes Mellitus and Validation of Dried Blood Spot as an Alternative Sample Matrix

OBJECTIVE: Routine monitoring of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the standard of care in diabetes mellitus (DM), but adhering to regular laboratory appointments may be challenging when access to care is limited, such as during the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020. MATERIALS: We evaluated trends in patient encounters and laboratory testing for DM in a pediatric healthcare system from March to September 2019 and during the same period in 2020. RESULTS: Evaluation of 17,367 patient encounters illustrated that the pandemic was associated with significantly fewer in-person office visits and point-of-care HbA1c tests for patients with DM in 2020 relative to 2019. A separate analysis of 7,193 HbA1c results measured by point-of-care testing in the general population found a significant increase in the number of measured HbA1c >14 % in May 2020 relative to 2019, but other measured HbA1c values did not differ. As a means to address lapses in the monitoring of HbA1c due to the pandemic, we evaluated the use of the dried blood spot (DBS) matrix for measurement of HbA1c by the Vitros 5600 chemistry analyzer. DBS HbA1c was well correlated to whole blood (r=0.9889) and exhibited intra- and inter-assay precision from 0.5-3.5%. CONCLUSION: DBS measurement of HbA1c presents a viable alternative to routine in-person laboratory monitoring of DM. © 2021 by the Association of Clinical Scientists, Inc.
State of the Science in Tracheal Stents: A Scoping Review

Objective Recent material science advancements are driving tracheal stent innovation. We sought to assess the state of the science regarding materials and preclinical/clinical outcomes for tracheal stents in adults with benign tracheal disease. Methods A comprehensive literature search in April 2021 identified 556 articles related to tracheal stents. One-hundred and twenty-eight full-text articles were reviewed and 58 were included in the final analysis. Datapoints examined were stent materials, clinical applications and outcomes, and preclinical findings, including emerging technologies. Results In the 58 included studies, stent materials were metals (n = 28), polymers (n = 19), coated stents (n = 19), and drug-eluting (n = 5). Metals included nitinol, steel, magnesium alloys, and elgiloy. Studies utilized 10 different polymers, the most popular included polydioxanone, poly-l-lactic acid, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide), and polycaprolactone. Coated stents employed a metal or polymer framework and were coated with polyurethane, silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene, or polyester, with some polymer coatings designed specifically for drug elution. Drug-eluting stents utilized mitomycin C, arsenic trioxide, paclitaxel, rapamycin, and doxycycline. Of the 58 studies, 18 were human and 40 were animal studies (leporine = 21, canine = 9, swine = 4, rat = 3, ovine/feline/murine = 1). Noted complications included granulation tissue and/or stenosis, stent migration, death, infection, and fragmentation. Conclusion An increasing diversity of materials and coatings are employed for tracheal stents, growing more pronounced over the past decade. Though most studies are still preclinical, awareness of tracheal stent developments is important in contextualizing novel stent concepts and clinical trials. Laryngoscope, 2021.
Unpaid debt to society: exploring how ex-felons view restrictions on voting rights after the completion of their sentence

AbstractThe Supreme Court has asserted that ex-felon disenfranchisement is not a punishment. Regardless of the Court’s interpretation, however, many ex-felons perceive restrictions on voting rights as punitive. Therefore, felony disenfranchisement should be examined in terms of criminological theories of sanctions. In Florida, ex-felons are prevented from voting after the completion of their sentence until they go through a lengthy and in some cases impossible process of rights restoration. The consequences of this policy have resulted in hundreds of thousands of Floridians who have completed their sentences, but are unable to vote. This research employs 54 semi-structured interviews with men convicted of felonies in Florida who have lost the right to vote, but have completed their sentencing obligations to the state. Our purpose is to better understand the meaning former offenders attribute to the loss of their civil rights. Findings from this study suggest that many former offenders view this type of pu...
Intestinal peptide transport systems and oral drug availability.

The intestinal peptide transport system has broad substrate specificities. In addition to its physiological function of absorbing di- and tripeptides resulting from the digestion of dietary proteins, this transport system also absorbs some orally administered peptidomimetic drugs, including β-lactam antibiotics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, renin inhibitors, bestatin, thrombin inhibitors, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its analogues. There have been several studies on the mechanism and substrate structure-affinity relationship for this transport system. Rapid progress has been made recently in studies on the molecular basis of the intestinal peptide transport system. A protein apparently involved in peptide transport has been isolated from rabbit small intestines, and genes for human intestinal peptide transporters have been cloned, sequenced and functionally expressed. This review summarizes these studies and addresses the pharmaceutical potential of the intestinal peptide transport system.
Improving Employment Outcomes for American Indians and Alaska Natives with Alcohol Dependency

Abstract This Summary Report consists of (a) a brief overview of the research project, (b) a summary of results, and (c) recommendations for vocational rehabilitation programs. A training manual based on the results of this research is forthcoming.
Cepheid period-radius relations

Using the visual surface brightness technique, we have determined radii for 63 Cepheids. The resulting P-R relation is in better agreement with the P-R relations determined from theory and the cluster Cepheids than the older Boade-Wesselink solutions. We find no evidence that the long and short period Cepheids have different temperature scales.
Assessing who gains and who loses from natural resource policy: Distributional information and the public participation process

Abstract Recent legislation mandates an increased role for public participation in natural resource policy making. This paper presents an operational way to provide those impacted with relevant information and to enable public officials to assess public reaction to proposed policies. The methodology transforms results obtained from a multisector model of income formation and distribution into positive economic measures of distributional impacts. The usefulness of the methodology is illustrated in the context of a policy to increase coal surface mining on public lands.
Simple tests for CP or P violation by sequential decays: V 1 V 2 modes with decays into l ¯ A l B and/or q ¯ A q B

In a \ensuremath{\varphi}J, JJ, or J\ensuremath{\Upsilon} decay channel sin 2\ensuremath{\varphi} and/or sin \ensuremath{\varphi} terms in the azimuthal distribution would imply that P and CP separately are violated. Similarly in a \ensuremath{\varphi}${Z}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{JZ}}^{0}$, ${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$, or ${W}^{+}$${W}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ decay channel sin 2\ensuremath{\varphi} terms would imply that CP is violated. For these latter modes there are several distinct \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\gamma} signatures for CP violation. Analogous signatures for expected P violation occur in a charged \ensuremath{\varphi}${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${\mathrm{JW}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, or ${Z}^{0}$${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ decay channel. Stronger tests for violations occur when the two vector bosons are identical and the X has odd spin because for J=1 (g1) there are only two (three) independent amplitudes. For X of spin 0 many signatures and consistency checks are tabulated for (i) the violation of both P invariance and CP invariance in a \ensuremath{\varphi}${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$, \ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\varphi}, ${K}^{\mathrm{*}+}$${K}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, \ensuremath{\varphi}J, JJ, or J\ensuremath{\Upsilon} decay channel, for (ii) the violation of CP invariance in a \ensuremath{\varphi}${Z}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{JZ}}^{0}$, ${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$, or ${W}^{+}$${W}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ decay channel, and for (iii) the expected violation of P invariance in a charged \ensuremath{\varphi}${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${\mathrm{JW}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, or ${Z}^{0}$${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ decay channel.
Prevention of off-task gaming behavior in intelligent tutoring systems

A major issue in Intelligent Tutoring Systems is off-task student behavior, especially performance-based gaming, where students systematically exploit tutor behavior in order to advance through a curriculum quickly and easily, with as little active thought directed at the educational content as possible. This research developed both active interventions to combat gaming and passive interventions to prevent gaming. Our passive graphical intervention has been well received by teachers, and our experimental results suggest that using a combination of intervention types is effective at reducing off-task gaming behavior.
Common principal component subspaces in two groups

SUMMARY One important practical application of principal component analysis is to reduce a large number of variables, say p, to a smaller number, m, by making use of the first m principal components. This technique can easily be extended to two or more groups if the subspaces spanned by the first m principal components are the same for all groups. In this paper we develop an approximate procedure for testing such a hypothesis of common subspaces when two groups are involved. The adequacy of the approximation is investigated by a simulation and the method is illustrated by a numerical example.
LSND, Mini-BooNE and neutrino factories

Abstract The LSND experiment at Los Alamos has observed an excess of events in a search for ν μ → ν e oscillations using ν μ from μ+ decay at rest. If attributed to neutrino oscillations, this would imply a value of Δ m 2 >0.2 eV 2 . The Mini-BooNE experiment of Fermilab will provide a definitive test of the oscillation interpretation of the LSND signal. Neutrino oscillations with a Δ m 2 >0.2 eV 2 would have significant implications for the physics program at neutrino factories.
Making sense of the quark-gluon quagmire at RHIC

Abstract Initial results from RHIC indicate the formation of a dense system at an energy density ≥ 4.5 GeV/fm 3 . The particle composition measured in the final state of RHIC collisions is reproduced by statistical models with a temperature and baryo-chemical potential at the deconfinement phase transition boundary predicted by lattice QCD. Strong azimuthally asymmetric, collective flow is observed providing evidence of large pressure gradients in a highly interacting dense medium. Observations of suppression of hadrons at large transverse momentum, and quenching of back-to-back jets suggest that partons or their fragmentation products experience large energy loss in the dense medium created in collisions at RHIC.
Demographic, Psychological, and Social Characteristics of Self-Identified Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in a US Probability Sample

Using data from a US national probability sample of self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults (N = 662), this article reports population parameter estimates for a variety of demographic, psychological, and social variables. Special emphasis is given to information with relevance to public policy and law. Compared with the US adult population, respondents were younger, more highly educated, and less likely to be non-Hispanic White, but differences were observed between gender and sexual orientation groups on all of these variables. Overall, respondents tended to be politically liberal, not highly religious, and supportive of marriage equality for same-sex couples. Women were more likely than men to be in a committed relationship. Virtually all coupled gay men and lesbians had a same-sex partner, whereas the vast majority of coupled bisexuals were in a heterosexual relationship. Compared with bisexuals, gay men and lesbians reported stronger commitment to a sexual-minority identity, greater community identification and involvement, and more extensive disclosure of their sexual orientation to others. Most respondents reported experiencing little or no choice about their sexual orientation. The importance of distinguishing among lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in behavioral and social research is discussed.
Some a priori estimates for weak solutions of the 3-D Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract In this paper we present new estimates for the temporal averages of functions containing high order time derivatives of the weak solutions of the 3-D Navier-Stokes equations. These estimates are obtained by applying the change of variables to the local in time analyticity result for the strong solutions.
A spodosol-entisol transition in Northern Michigan

Soils in northern lower Michigan, all formed in sandy glacial out-wash, were examined to determine the effects of vegetation and fire frequency vs. climate on their development. To accomplish this, soil development was quantified for 13 pedons that span a region known as the Grayling Fingers. Next, a GIS was used to examine spatial interrelationships among the following data sets for the Fingers area: soils, climate, and presettlement vegetation. The 13 sampled pedons span a major pedologic ecotone between an area of strongly expressed spodic morphology (with hardwood forests, low fire frequencies, and deep snowpacks) and one where soils are Psamments. The Psamment area is dominated by jack pine and oak barrens, which frequently burned in presettlement time, and have much less snow cover in winter. The texture and mineralogy of all pedons are generally similar, thereby ruling out parent material as a controlling factor in their development. The relationships among vegetation patterns and soil development remain unclear in this area. Spatial relationships among snowfall amounts and snowpack thicknesses, however, correlate extremely well to soil development patterns. Thus, I conclude that in this region, patterns of soil development are related primarily to the influence of snowmelt infiltration and its previously documented impact on podzolization. Overstory vegetation may provide a strong, reinforcing influence or may be reacting in turn as a dependent variable to soil development and soil moisture during spring, as impacted directly by snowmelt infiltration.
Merci d'avance

Derrida’s work might evoke easily a constellation of motives interlaced as friendship, pardon, gift, to-come, etc. This text tries, in continuity and community with what came before, to question and to emphasize the ethical-political relation, perhaps secret and veiled, between the appearance of an expression in his last writings («X deign of this name») and the gratitude or the grace. But, what is behind this expression? The result is a logic in tuning in with others used by Derrida.
Puromycin aminonucleoside induces glomerular epithelial cell apoptosis

Abstract Glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) injury has been considered to play an important role in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephrosis. We studied the effect of PAN on rat as well as human GEC apoptosis. Morphogic evaluation of GEC apoptosis and necrosis was carried out by staining with H-33342 and propidium iodide. GEC apoptosis was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay (by both agarose gel electrophoresis and end-labeling). To determine the dose- and time-response effect of PAN, GECs were treated with variable concentrations of PAN (10 to 500 μg/ml) for variable time periods (6 to 48 h). To determine the role of gene synthesis, we studied the effect of actinomycin D (a transcriptional inhibitor) on PAN-induced GEC apoptosis.To determine the role of free radicals, we evaluated the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD), dimethylthiourea (DMTU), and catalase on PAN-induced GEC apoptosis. PAN induced GEC apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PAN at a high concentration (PAN, 100 μg/ml) also induced a moderate degree of GEC necrosis. In DNA fragmentation assays PAN-treated GECs showed the classic ladder pattern. PAN-induced GEC apoptosis was partly attenuated with free radical scavengers, such as SOD, DMTU, and catalase. In addition, actinomycin D attenuated PAN-induced GEC apoptosis. PAN induces GEC apoptosis, which may be mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species.
Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

The endothelium is a delicate monolayer of cells that lines all blood vessels, and which comprises the systemic and lymphatic capillaries. By virtue of the panoply of paracrine factors that it secretes, the endothelium regulates the contractile and proliferative state of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, as well as the interaction of the vessel wall with circulating blood elements. Because of its central role in mediating vessel tone and growth, its position as gateway to circulating immune cells, and its local regulation of hemostasis and coagulation, the the properly functioning endothelium is the key to cardiovascular health. Conversely, the earliest disorder in most vascular diseases is endothelial dysfunction. In the arterial circulation, the healthy endothelium generally exerts a vasodilator influence on the vascular smooth muscle. There are a number of methods to assess endothelial vasodilator function. The Endo-PAT 2000 is a new device that is used to assess endothelial vasodilator function in a rapid and non-invasive fashion. Unlike the commonly used technique of duplex ultra-sonography to assess flow-mediated vasodilation, it is totally non-operator-dependent, and the equipment is an order of magnitude less expensive. The device records endothelium-mediated changes in the digital pulse waveform known as the PAT ( peripheral Arterial Tone) signal, measured with a pair of novel modified plethysmographic probes situated on the finger index of each hand. Endothelium-mediated changes in the PAT signal are elicited by creating a downstream hyperemic response. Hyperemia is induced by occluding blood flow through the brachial artery for 5 minutes using an inflatable cuff on one hand. The response to reactive hyperemia is calculated automatically by the system. A PAT ratio is created using the post and pre occlusion values. These values are normalized to measurements from the contra-lateral arm, which serves as control for non-endothelial dependent systemic effects. Most notably, this normalization controls for fluctuations in sympathetic nerve outflow that may induce changes in peripheral arterial tone that are superimposed on the hyperemic response. In this video we demonstrate how to use the Endo-PAT 2000 to perform a clinically relevant assessment of endothelial vasodilator function.
A guide to women’s health on the Web

This article presents a selection of women’s health resources on the Internet. These Web sites are useful to researchers, physicians, patients and the general public. Sites are grouped into the following major categories: gateway sites, associations, fertility and family planning, women’s special health concerns, emotional and mental health, violence against women, nutrition and fitness, older women, women of color, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons, and women with disabilities.
Inherent Non-Linear Effects in Hydraulic Control Systems with Inertia Loading

The paper considers the inherent non-linear effects of inertia load on the performance of a pilot valve and ram system. Such a system may be considered as a model for many valve and ram or valve and motor combinations which are found in hydraulic control systems, and the results are therefore expressed in generalized form. It is shown that cavitation can occur dynamically when linear analysis would predict that only l/√2 of the static stalled effort is being utilized. Prior to cavitation there is surprisingly little distortion and attenuation of the velocity wave form of the ram when the valve is moved sinusoidally. The beneficial effects of exhaust lap are discussed and the paper goes on to develop and qualify the analysis when compressibility, friction, leakage, symmetrical lap and dither are introduced. Experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions and the paper includes a note on the validity of small perturbation theory for this type of problem.
Alternatives to hierarchical techniques in stereo correlation

When digital stereo correlation methods are used to generate elevation data from stereo images of the terrain, the likelihood that the correlation process will be successful throughout the whole of the stereo model can be enhanced significantly by using hierarchical, multi-scale, pyramidal, coarse-to-fine, etc., techniques. One main advantage of these techniques is that the correlation data obtained at a lower resolution in the hierarchical procedure is used to guide and control the correlation process at the next higher resolution and, consequently, the user can be reasonably assured that the correlation process will not get 'lost'. Unfortunately, constraints imposed by results obtained at the lower resolution can also lead to generation of erroneous elevation data in some circumstances. For example, if the terrain is spotted with individual trees, buildings or other structures, the correlation process, when performed on the low resolution images, will include approximations to the heights of these features in the resulting elevation data. These are erroneous elevations compared to the 'bald earth' and their influence will be carried from one step to the next in the hierarchical procedure. The result will be a 'noisy' digital elevation model (DEM) containing approximations to the elevations of trees and structures on the terrain and not just the terrain itself.
Flexor origin release and functional prehension in adult spastic hand deformity.

Eighteen adult patients with spastic hand deformities underwent release of the flexor-pronator origin and step-cut lengthening of the flexor pollicis longus to improve prehensile hand function. The goal of surgery was to provide active grasp release in order to improve hand function. Using a previously published grading scale, patients were graded before and after operation. At follow-up after an average of 35 months (range 24–64 months), all had improved by at least two functional levels.
Establishment of the Scientific Underpinnings in Powder Injection Molding and Liquid Phase Sintering

Powder injection molding and liquid phase sintering share common features with respect to the rheological response of the solid-liquid-pore system. Injection molding of powders dates from the 1930s, and liquid phase sintering of metallic powders dates from about that same time. Both processes share a strong sensitivity of viscosity to solid content and temperature, but there are differences. Accordingly, a model is introduced that includes factors as strain rate, grain size, solid content, and degree of grain bonding. In liquid phase sintering there is solid solubility in the liquid, which influences the time-dependent viscosity through grain bonding. Similarly, in powder injection molding the entanglement of long polymers leads to a time-dependent viscosity. Thus, both powder injection molding and liquid phase sintering show similarities that support a model for the rheological response useful in computer simulations.
The recruitment of normal healthy volunteers: a review of the literature on the use of financial incentives.

Unresolved issues of ethical, methodological, and legal concerns in the use of normal healthy volunteers persist. Financial incentives in their recruitment offer a unique ethical dilemma because of questions surrounding payment. A review of literature was conducted to obtain research systematically examining volunteer motivation and the role offinancial incentives. The primary selection criterion was motivation and payment to volunteers; seven studies met the criterion for review. Studies that have systematically investigated volunteer motivation have found financial rewards to be an important motivator among normal healthy volunteers in their decision to participate in clinical trials. Also evident is that differences based on demographic characteristics exist in the motivation and rates of volunteerism. Ethical issues surrounding the use of normal healthy volunteers are discussed, with attention to the issue offinancial incentives (e.g., economically vulnerable volunteers, undue inducements). Regulations, guidelines, and recommendations are discussed with regard to volunteers and financial incentives.
Thermodynamics of hypoelasticity

A thermodynamic framework for hypoelasticity is constructed based on a modified Gibbs Function which depends on the stress deviator and specific volume. In the hypoelastic equations considered here, the stress deviator is obtained from a rate equation involving the corotational derivative and coefficients which depend on the invariants of the stress deviator as well as specific volume. Non-negative entropy production is enforced, leading to a non-dissipative condition in the sense that entropy is produced only by heat transfer. The resulting conditions lead to relations among the coefficients in the rate equation. These relations underdetermine the coefficients, so that there is leeway in specifying these coefficients. An example of a set of rate equations which satisfy the thermodynamics is presented.