cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and the utility of sanctity in thirteenth-century England

Abstract Almost immediately after his death, Simon de Montfort, the leader of the Barons' Revolt against Henry III, was revered as a saint. Despite the received historical opinion that his cult was local, furtive, and brief, it actually received support throughout England, from the noble and clerical ranks as well as from the peasantry, and lasted into the reign of Edward I. The manifestations of Earl Simon's cult reveal that his revolt was popular as well as noble, that even illegal cults could be profitable for their home shrines, in this case the abbey of Evesham, and that sanctifying a rebel leader was an effective way of justifying both the continuation of a revolt and sympathy for the defeated rebels, in this case the Disinherited. On the hagiographical level, Montfort's cult shows the incredibly rich diversity of expression of devotion in medieval cults, and the more practical concerns with advertisement and profit. On the political level, the cult proves once again that the king did not control all means of political discourse. The merger of political and religious authority, the importance of which has been often demonstrated in studies of the king's touch and the laudes ceremonials, affected rebel leaders as well as kings.
Composite Resin Esthetic Dentistry Survey in New England

This study collected information on various aspects of esthetic dentistry, including the time used and income produced while delivering treatment to noncarious teeth. A mail survey was sent to 521 randomly selected dentists in the six-state New England area (approximately 7% of the total active dentists in that region); the response rate was 74%. The results indicated that dentists are providing a substantial amount of esthetic treatment on noncarious teeth.
Cystatin E1 and E2, New Members of Male Reproductive Tract Subgroup Within Cystatin Type 2 Family

The family of type 2 cystatin proteins is a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors that function as potent inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteinases. Recent studies have suggested that cystatins in the male reproductive tract subgroup may perform functions distinct from those of typical cystatins. The objective of the present study was to identify and characterize the expression of new gene members of the cystatin family 2 in mouse male reproductive tissues. Two new members of cystatin family 2, named mouse Cystatin E1 and mouse Cystatin E2 (mCST E1 and mCST E2, respectively), were identified in mice by searching the National Center for Biotechnology Information database for proteins containing homology to known type 2 cystatins. Human CST E1 has recently been reported independently under the name CST 11. The deduced amino acid sequences of these genes have significant homology with the family 2 cystatins, including four conserved cysteine residues at the C-terminus. Similar to other male reproductive subgroup cystatins, the inhibitory motifs are not well conserved in these genes. Northern blot analyses showed that both genes were highly expressed only in the epididymis. In situ hybridization demonstrated that both genes were restricted in their expression to the epithelial cells of the caput and that the highest expression was localized to the initial segment of caput epididymis. Northern blot analyses and in situ hybridization showed that both mCST E1 and E2 mRNA decreased after castration, and treatment with testosterone propionate (T) did not maintain expression of these genes. In fact, T treatment further repressed the expression of these genes in the epididymis following castration. Efferent ductule ligation resulted in a dramatic decrease of epididymal expression of mCST E1 and E2. The expression of mCST E1 mRNA was up-regulated by 17b-estradiol (E) administration for 7 days postcastration, whereas no recovery of mCST E1 mRNA level was detected after 14 days of E treatment. Combined E and T (E1T) treatment for 1 and 2 wk reduced the mCST E1 transcripts. The expression of mCST E2 mRNA was maintained by E administration for both 7 and 14 days after castration, whereas treatment of both T and E repressed the expression of mCST E2. Although both mCST E1 and E2 share significant homology with family 2 cystatins, including similar distribution in tissues and localization in epididymis, these genes may have different functions, because their regulation involves different hormones and, probably, other testicular factors.
A Social Worker’s Duty to Care The Self–Other Dimension of Disaster Response

Subsequent to the events of September 11th, there has been an increased interest among mental health professionals to develop strategies that address psychological and social manifestations of disa...
Cystic fibrosis presenting with periorificial dermatitis

A 2-week-old baby boy had a periorificial dermatitis that progressively worsened, as did his failure to thrive. Decreased serum zinc, proteins, and amino acids, as well as an increase in fecal fat, were noted. The child's dermatitis responded promptly to nutritional therapy. Sweat chloride levels were markedly elevated. The dermatitis, occasionally seen as a presenting feature of cystic fibrosis, is most likely the result of malabsorption caused by pancreatic exocrine dysfunction.
Design and evaluation of a novel fluorescent CB2 ligand as probe for receptor visualization in immune cells

Cannabinoid CB2 receptor has emerged as a very promising target over the last decades. We have synthesized and evaluated a new fluorescent probe designated NMP6 based on 6-methoxyisatin scaffold, which exhibited selectivity and K(i) value at hCB2 of 387 nM. We have demonstrated its ability to be an effective probe for visualization of CB2 receptor binding using confocal microscopy and a flow cytometry probe for the analysis of CB2 protein expression. Furthermore, NMP6 was easily obtained in two chemical steps from commercially available building blocks.
Ongoing Challenges in the Understanding of Rural Poverty

ABSTRACT This paper draws on two projects by the author to draw some general conclusions about ongoing challenges in the understanding of poverty. In the first project, the author examined the survival strategies of married couple families in a rural county and concluded that access to good work enabled enrichment of those strategies. In the second project, located in the same rural county, the author concluded that single mothers were less able than the members of married couples to engage in enrichment activities and drew more heavily on others for survival. Drawing on these comparative data, the author then argues first, that research should focus more fully on the broad variety of ways in which the members of communities make ends meet in order to understand the relative poverty of those unable to engage in a varied survival strategy, and second, that research must also examine the consequences of social support for those who give as well as for those who receive it.
Nanosecond time resolution in EPR transient nutation spectroscopy of triplet states

Abstract The dynamic behavior of transient EPR nutation signals during the first 100 ns after N2-laser excitation or molecular triplet states in single crystals has been investigated. The onset of the signal is found to depend on the inhomogeneous width and form of the cw EPR line With phenazine (in fluorene) a time resolution of 15 ns could be demonstrated.
Suppression of lymphokine-activated killer cell generation by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

Abstract A functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and malignant melanoma was performed. TILs were expanded in recombinant interleukin-2 (50 U/ml) in Iscoves medium. Phenotypic and functional (cytolytic vs regulatory) analyses were carried out with the fresh and expanded TIL populations after 4 weeks in culture. Only one TIL population from an RCC case (out of six cases studied) was CD8+ and demonstrated MHC class I-restricted tumor-specific cytotoxicity against the autologous RCC target. TIL populations from the other five cases became predominantly CD4+ and they neither killed the respective autologous tumor cells nor killed the NK-sensitive target K-562 cells. When studied for other functions, two CD4+ TIL populations were found to suppress the lymphokine-activated killer cell response by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in coculture. Of these two, a TIL population from an RCC case (MJ TIL) was used to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of suppression. The MJ TIL synthesized a supernatant factor that blocked activation of resting PBL as measured by the induction of high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) when stimulated by phytohemagglutinin but did not down-regulate the fully expressed IL-2R on activated T cells. The suppression of high-affinity IL-2R induction on T cells did not result from tumor necrosis factor-α and β or from transforming growth factor-β as these cytokines were not detected in the cell-free supernatant from the MJ TIL culture. The supernatant factor also suppressed IL-2-mediated enhancement of cytotoxicity by natural killer (NK) cells without demonstrating direct toxic effect on the NK cells. Thus, when TIL are used for adoptive immunocytotherapy, it may be useful to fully characterize them functionally, in vitro .
Managing the changing health risks of climate change

Climate change will make the control of many climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes more difficult. Because the health determinants and outcomes that are projected to increase with climate change are problems today, in most cases the primary response will be to enhance current health risk management activities. However, that is unlikely to be sufficient to address changing disease patterns and new health risks. Health policies and programs need to explicitly incorporate current and projected climate-related risks in order to maintain and enhance current levels of control.
Treatment of gram-negative infections with aztreonam

Twenty-one patients with serious gram-negative infections were treated with aztreonam. Twenty of these were clinical and microbiologic cures; there was one clinical improvement with microbiologic persistence. No bacteria became resistant. Cure rates were: bone and joint (11 of 11); skin and soft tissue (six of six); pneumonia (two of two); perinephric abscess (one of one); and intra-abdominal abscess (zero of one). The bacteria responsible for these infections included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12), Serratia marcescens (two), Enterobacter gergoviae (three), Enterobacter aerogenes (two), Escherichia coli (one), Citrobacter diversus (one), and Hemophilus influenzae (one). Aztreonam was well tolerated. Significant serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase/serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase elevations developed in three patients, but none was symptomatic and all resolved after therapy was stopped. Two patients in whom a rash developed were receiving other antibiotics (vancomycin and metronidazole), making the cause of the rash unclear. Diarrhea developed in a single patient with Pseudomonas osteomyelitis, who also was receiving cefazolin for Staphylococcus aureus superinfection of his decubitus ulcer. Aztreonam was highly effective against gram-negative bacilli, including P. aeruginosa. The only clear-cut side effect was an asymptomatic rise in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase/serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels in three patients.
Glycine Inhibition of Asparaginase

Administration of either Escherichia coli asparaginase or guinea pig serum to C3H/HE mice with the 6C3HED lymphosarcoma is followed by depression of glycine in the tumor. This decrease in cellular glycine concentration does not occur in a tumor resistant to asparaginase. The inhibition of the lymphosarcoma by asparaginase can be reversed by intraperitoneal injection of asparagine or glycine. This reversal appears to be specific because lysine, threonine, serine, and aspartic acid were ineffective. Loss of cellular glycine may be more important than loss of asparagine because of the requirement for glycine in purine synthesis.
Moving forward: Two paradigms and takeaways

Oppression of people with disabilities is subtle and often has a paternalistic subtext: Able-bodied people know what is best for the person with a disability.
A risk-based model of public perceptions of crime and disorder

Incivilities research and related ‘broken windows’ crime control policies are based on the notion that citizens causally distinguish between crime and disorder. Subjective measures of crime and disorder, however, have (1) failed to supportive evidence of the two as distinctly separate constructs and (2) have shown divergent findings in different research frames. This paper argues that the public does not differentiate among these concepts – or in community conditions associated with criminogenic outcomes – in the same way that researchers have. Instead, the subjective interpretation of specific risks and their concrete circumstances by community members is a pragmatic assessment of associated conditions, and varies according to local community dynamics. However, these concepts share a central organizing principle and logic, that of perceived risk. We first assess the underlying structure of citizens’ perceptions of perceived risks, assessing the latent structure of 24 measures of perceived risk. We then a...
Affinity labeling of the active site of the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract The inactivation of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was shown to have a hyperbolic dependence on the concentration of FITC. The results were quantitatively accounted for by a model in which the reagent first binds reversibly ( K t = 70 μM) to the ATPase and then reacts irreversibly ( k max =0.8 and 2 min −1 in the absence and presence of 1 mM Mg 2+ , respectively) to form inactive enzyme. Comparison with the rate constant for the reaction of the model compound α-acetyllysine with FITC showed that the FITC-reactive lysyl side-chain of the ATPase is not unusually reactive, indicating that the specificity of the reaction is due to affinity labeling behavior of the reagent. This was supported by protection experiments using ATP, ADP, Ado PP [NH] P , ITP, and TNP-ATP, all of which displayed protection constants similar to their known binding constants to the active site of the ATPase. Both inorganic phosphate and orthovanadate were effective in preventing inactivation by FITC, and calcium only partially reversed the effect of these anions, implying the existence of a ternary complex such as Ca 2 · E · P i . Since all ligands (ATP, ADP and P i ) which bind or react at the catalytic site protect it, only the unliganded form appears to bind and react with FITC. Addition of calcium to the MgATP complex of the ATPase caused an increase in the FITC inactivation rate, implying that during turnover there is a larger fraction of unliganded enzyme present, i.e., substrate binding is weaker ( K s is larger). Protection was also observed with fluorescein and two related dyes, eosin and erythrosin. Like FITC, the isothiocyanates of these dyes were effective inactivators. In separate experiments, these two dyes were shown to promote photoinactivation of the ATPase. ATP exerted a protective effect with a concentration dependence consistent with high-affinity active-site binding.
Are standing order programs associated with influenza vaccination? - NNHS, 2004.

Background Influenza vaccination coverage among nursing home residents has consistently been reported well below the Healthy People goals. We sought to determine if standing order programs (SOPs) in long-term care facilities are associated with greater influenza vaccination coverage among residents. Methods The National Nursing Home Survey (2004) is cross-sectional. A total of 1152 US long-term care facilities were systematically sampled with probability proportional to number of beds. A total of 11,939 people aged 65 years or older residing in sampled long-term care facilities between August and December 2004 were randomly sampled. Influenza vaccination coverage of residents was obtained from facility records. Facility's immunization program included standing orders versus other (preprinted admission order, advance physician order, personal physician order, and no program). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between type of influenza immunization program and receipt of vaccination, adjusted for resident and facility confounders. Results The proportion of residents aged 65 years or older who received influenza vaccination was 64%; 41% of residents lived in a facility with an SOP. Influenza vaccination coverage among residents residing in facilities with standing orders was 68% compared with 59% to 63% of residents in facilities with other program types. Logistic regression showed that standing order programs were independently associated with greater influenza vaccination coverage (66.7% versus 62.0%, P Conclusion This study indicates that residents in long-term care facilities having standing order programs for influenza were more likely to be immunized. More research needs to be done to understand how to facilitate adoption of these programs.
Assuring the Health of Immigrants: What the Leading Health Indicators Tell Us

Over the past 20 years, the United States has experienced one of the largest waves of immigration in its history. Understanding the health status and needs of immigrants is important because of their growing numbers and their contribution to the health of the nation, but it is challenging because of gaps in national databases, the heterogeneity of immigrant populations, and uncertainty about how migration affects health. Healthy People 2010 outlines the nation's public health objectives for the current decade. It includes ten leading health indicators (LHIs) chosen because of their importance as public health issues, their ability to motivate action, and the availability of data to measure their progress. In this paper, we discuss the health of immigrants from the perspective of these LHIs, as they provide a framework for anticipating some of the future health needs of immigrants and help define priority areas for research and action.
Distribution-based Bayesian Minimum Expected Risk for Discriminant Analysis

This paper considers a distribution-based Bayesian estimation for classification by quadratic discriminant analysis, instead of the standard parameter-based Bayesian estimation. This approach also yields closed form solutions, but removes the parameter-based restriction of requiring more training samples than feature dimensions. We investigate how to define a prior so that it has an adaptively regularizing effect: yielding robust estimation when the number of training samples are small compared to the number of feature dimensions, but converging as the number of data points grows large. Comparative performance on a suite of simulations shows that the distribution-based Bayesian discriminant analysis is advantageous in terms of average error.
Heterogeneous student perceptions of accounting course importance and their implications for SET reporting and use

Abstract This research tests for an association between student perceptions of accounting course importance ( PCI ) and student evaluation of teaching ( SET ) ratings of satisfaction with instructor performance, course quality, and grading procedures. The study also investigates whether instructor rankings constructed from SET ratings vary across student groupings based on PCI . Using responses from students enrolled in introductory accounting classes at three AACSB-accredited accounting programs we find that SET ratings vary significantly with PCI . We also find that instructor rankings constructed from SET ratings vary with PCI . These findings suggest that, when heterogeneous perceptions are present, satisfying all students enrolled in a course may not be possible and that reliance on aggregated SET data may obscure important differences in student opinion. In this circumstance, disaggregating SET data by PCI and emphasizing the feedback of students holding higher (stronger) perceptions of course importance may enhance SET diagnostic value.
Dating Violence and Substance Use Among Ethnically Diverse Adolescents

Teen dating violence is a serious public health concern with numerous and long-lasting consequences. Although alcohol and drug use have been associated with dating violence, little is known about the role of specific substances, especially the use of club drugs and the nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Thus, the authors examined the association between dating violence victimization and the use of a variety of licit and illicit substances among 1,565 ethnically diverse and economically disadvantaged high school students in southeast Texas. Past year dating violence victimization was reported by 14.1% of boys and 11.3% of girls. Compared to their nonabused counterparts, youth who experienced dating violence were more likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, binge drink alcohol, sniff glue to get high, use marijuana, use ecstasy, use Vicodin, and use Xanax. However, with the exception of alcohol and cigarettes, all substances were reduced to nonsignificance in multivariate analyses. No differences were found in the rate of dating violence between African American, White, and Hispanic adolescents.
Library design concepts and implementation strategies.

Bringing new drugs to market is an increasingly difficult task. The costs associated with research are rising, and the list of criteria necessary for acceptance continues to grow. According to stat...
Elevated cholecystokininergic tone constitutes an important molecular/neuronal mechanism for the expression of anxiety in the mouse

Cholecystokinin (CCK), one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain, plays an important role in anxiogenesis through the activation of CCK receptor-2 (CCKR-2). Accumulating evidence, however, has suggested this role depends on endogenous CCKergic “tone,” which is largely determined by the expression level of the CCKR-2. Using the tTA/tetO-inducible transgenic (tg) approach, we show here that overexpression of the CCKR-2 in neurons of the forebrain significantly increases CCKR-2 binding capacity in tg mice compared with their littermate controls. Interestingly, these tg mice consistently exhibit increased fear responses, which are generally interpreted as anxiety-like behaviors in the rodent, in a battery of behavioral tests, which represented conflict situations or delivered stress to the subjects. The inhibition of transgene expression with doxycycline treatment completely diminished both increased receptor-binding activity and all behavioral phenotypes. Furthermore, treatment of tg mice with diazepam significantly attenuated these anxiety-like behaviors. Our results directly demonstrate that the elevated CCKergic tone via overexpression of the CCKR-2 in the brain may constitute an underlying molecular/neuronal mechanism for the expression of anxiety. In addition, our study has validated a robust genetic anxiety model in the mouse in terms of their face, constructive, and predictive validity.
Changes in School Environments With Implementation of Arkansas Act 1220 of 2003

Changes in school nutrition and physical activity policies and environments are important to combat childhood obesity. Arkansas Act 1220 of 2003 was among the first and most comprehensive statewide legislative initiatives to combat childhood obesity through school-based change. Annual surveys of principals and superintendents have been analyzed to document substantial and important changes in school environments, policies, and practices. For example, results indicate that schools are more likely to require that healthy options be provided for student parties (4.5% in 2004, 36.9% in 2008; P ≤ 0.0001) and concession stands (1.6% in 2004, 19.6% in 2008; P ≤ 0.0001), ban commercial advertising by food or beverage companies (31.7% in 2005, 42.6% in 2008; P ≤ 0.0001), and offer skim milk options for students in cafeterias (white milk: 26.1% in 2004, 41.0% in 2008, P ≤ 0.0001; chocolate milk: 9.0% in 2004, 24.0% in 2008, P ≤ 0.0001). They are less likely to have vending machines available during the lunch period (72.3% in 2004, 37.2% in 2008; P ≤ 0.0001) and to include sodas in vending machines (83.8% in 2004, 73.5% in 2008; P ≤ 0.0001). Other changes were noted in foods and beverages offered in the cafeteria, in classrooms, and at school events, as well as in fund-raising and physical activity practices. A significant number of school districts have modified physical education requirements for elementary schools and developed policies prohibiting the use of physical activity as a punishment. We conclude that Arkansas Act 1220 of 2003 is associated with a number of changes in school environments and policies, resulting from both statewide and local initiatives spawned by the Act.
Structured labeling for facilitating concept evolution in machine learning

Labeling data is a seemingly simple task required for training many machine learning systems, but is actually fraught with problems. This paper introduces the notion of concept evolution, the changing nature of a person's underlying concept (the abstract notion of the target class a person is labeling for, e.g., spam email, travel related web pages) which can result in inconsistent labels and thus be detrimental to machine learning. We introduce two structured labeling solutions, a novel technique we propose for helping people define and refine their concept in a consistent manner as they label. Through a series of five experiments, including a controlled lab study, we illustrate the impact and dynamics of concept evolution in practice and show that structured labeling helps people label more consistently in the presence of concept evolution than traditional labeling.
Other Genes Implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease

Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) most likely results from many genetic and environmental risk factors and their interplay. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and the nine novel genetic risk loci identified from the recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for a portion of the estimated genetic susceptibility to AD [1]. While it is possible that discovery of the actual functional genetic risk polymorphisms at these novel loci will help explain a larger fraction of the AD risk, the more likely scenario is the existence of many more AD risk genes. Indeed, hundreds of genes have been implicated in risk of AD, since the early 1990s [2]. Although some of these are likely false positive findings due to underpowered studies, others have arisen from well-powered studies, were replicated by some follow-up efforts and/or evaluated by supportive functional studies. In this chapter, we discuss examples of these “Other AD Genes.” The characterization of the complete list of such genes is beyond the scope of this chapter. As such, the main focus is on alternative strategies for genetic risk factor discovery with highlights of several genes per each approach discussed. Examples of genes identified via the earlier AD GWAS, quantitative endophenotype approaches, functional studies as well as next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies are evaluated in this chapter. Identification of the functional variants, additional replication, and further biological investigations are required for widespread acceptance of these as AD risk genes. Nonetheless, this chapter emphasizes the potential utility of alternative approaches besides large disease GWAS in genetic risk discovery for complex diseases like AD. Ultimately multiple complementary research paradigms will be required to uncover the complete genetic risk structure of AD.
A textile- based optical fiber sensor design for automotive seat occupancy sensing

In our previous publications, the response of perfluorinated (PF) graded index (GI) POFs (62.5/750, 62.5/490 μm) to bending, tensile loading, and cyclic loading was investigated. The results showed that Cytop-1 (62.5/750 μm) was more appropriate to be used as an optical fiber sensor for automotive seat occupancy sensing relative to Cytop-2 (62.5/490 μm). In this study, a textile-based optical fiber sensor was designed and the effect of automotive seat covering including face material and foam backing on a sensor’s performance was analyzed. The pressure interval under which the proposed POF sensor design could perform well was found to be between 0.18 and 0.21 N/cm2, where PF GI POF (62.5/750 μm) was used as the POF material. The responses of the sensor in this interval were observed to be accurate and reproducible. The face fabric structure and the thickness of foam backing were not found to be significant factors to change the sensor response. Artificial neural network (ANN) was used for data analysis, a...
Neither Donkey nor Horse: Medicine in the Struggle over China's Modernity

Neither Donkey nor Horse is a tremendous accomplishment that marks Sean Hsiang-lin Lei as a leading historian of Chinese medicine and a major thinker in STS. The book draws together years of Lei's ...
It's a family act: the geminin triplets take center stage in motile ciliogenesis

The balance between proliferation and differentiation is a fundamental aspect of multicellular life. Perhaps nowhere is this delicate balance more palpable than in the multiciliated cells (MCCs) that line the respiratory tract, the ependyma, and the oviduct. These cells contain dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that beat in a concerted fashion to generate directed fluid flow over the tissue surface. Although MCCs have exited the cell cycle, remarkably, they retain the ability to duplicate their centrioles and to mature those centrioles into ciliary basal bodies—two features, which are known to be normally under strict cell cycle control (Firat‐Karalar & Stearns, 2014). How post‐mitotic MCCs retain this ability, remains unclear. In the past several months, four research articles, including one from Terre et al in this issue of The EMBO Journal , have described a vital role for the geminin coiled‐coil domain‐containing protein (Gemc1) in the MCC gene expression program in multiple tissues and organisms, that bring us closer to understanding this question (Kyrousi et al , 2015; Zhou et al , 2015; Arbi et al , 2016; Terre et al , 2016).
Modeling and Control Design for a New Spacecraft Concept for Measuring Particles and Fields with Unprecedented Resolution and Accuracy

The microphysics of reconnection, sharp boundaries, shocks and turbulence are at the forefront of space plasma physics research. In all of these cases, the component of the electric field parallel to the local magnetic field (the parallel electric field) plays a key role. To obtain this component, one must measure the three-component electric and magnetic field accurately because the parallel electric field is typically an order-of-magnitude smaller than the perpendicular electric field. Spacecrafts that have measured such electric fields have been spin stabilized, so the spin-axis measurement, made with a much shorter antenna than the spin plane wire boom measurements, does not have the required sensitivity. However, for both field and plasma measurements, it is highly desirable to make measurements in the spin planes of two rotating platforms because major advancements of science are expected from such data. For the purpose of obtaining such measurements, a new spacecraft architecture has been studied. It consists of a fixed center body with one surface, holding solar panels, pointing sunward, magnetometer for the second measurement, with counter-rotating platforms on two other surfaces aligned at 90 degrees to each other. This paper will review in more detail the science motivations for the spacecraft configuration; a straw-man design of the spacecraft and it will describe the modeling and control of such a system. This paper also analyzed the dynamics of this structure and proposed a control structure to maintain its attitude to prevent tangle of the booms.
The Potential of Turbo-charged Gasoline Engines with Spray Guided Direct Injection

In this article a 2.0 l turbocharged FSI engine forms the basis for analysis of spray guided combustion with central location of injector and spark plug. The long duration experience in the field of the Volkswagen brands since introducing the first generation of gasoline direct injection into market in 1999 stands for extraordinary competence in the domain of gasoline direct injection.
Immunologic Methods in Cytology: Definitive Diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas Using Immunologic Markers for T- and B-Cells

The cytologic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma can be extremely difficult because the cytologic features of the malignant cells in small cell and mixed small and large cell lymphomas may be indistinguishable from those of reactive lymphoid cells. In addition, large cell lymphoma can be difficult to distinguish from undifferentiated carcinoma in cytologic specimens. Using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technic and antibodies to the B-cell markers alpha, gamma, and mu heavy chains and kappa and lambda light chains, to the T-cell markers Leu-1, Leu-2a, and Leu-3a, to the lymphoid marker T200, to TdT, and to Leu-M3, the authors studied 35 cytologic specimens including pleural, cerebrospinal, and ascites fluids and fine-needle aspirations. Immunologic staining allowed them to make a definitive diagnosis of lymphoma or reactive effusion in every case studied and resulted in a significant modification of the morphologic diagnosis in over 50% of cases. In 16 cases the lymphoid cells were monoclonal B-cells: ten expressing IgM kappa; four expressing IgM lambda; one expressing IgA kappa; and one expressing kappa without demonstrable heavy chain expression. Although there are no good markers of monoclonality for T-cells, the authors were able to make a positive diagnosis in two cases of T-cell lymphoid malignancies by the expression of an aberrant phenotype on the malignant cells. The expression of TdT confirmed the diagnosis in one case of common ALL and one lymphoblastic lymphoma. In a patient with a "null cell" large cell lymphoma, the expression of T200 on the malignant cells ruled out the possibility of carcinoma. In 15 cases the marker studies indicated a reactive lymphoid proliferation. The authors conclude that immunologic markers are very useful in the cytologic diagnosis of lymphoma.
Basic Aspects of the Hepatic Microvascular System

The hepatic microvascular system comprises all blood and lymphatic vessels immediately involved in the delivery and removal of fluids to and from the hepatic parenchyma. The majority of blood enters the sinusoids (exchange vessels) from portal venules, the remainder from hepatic arterioles. Blood leaves the sinusoids by flowing into central venules. Arterial blood enters some of the sinusoids through branches of the hepatic arterioles. Occasional direct connections also have been observed with the portal venules and post-sinusoidal vessels. Because all of these vessels are independently contractile, the sinusoids receive a varying mixture of portal venous and arterial blood. The sinusoid network exhibits structural and dimensional heterogeneity. Near portal venules, sinusoids are arranged in interconnecting polygonal networks; further away from the portal venules, the sinusoids become organized as parallel vessels that terminate in the central venules. In addition, the diameter of periportal sinusoids is less than those in the centrilobular region. The ultrastructural fenestration of the sinusoids also exhibits regional heterogeneity. The functional unit is thought to be a conical “hepatic microvascular subunit” of the classic lobule consisting of a group of sinusoids supplied by a single inlet venule and its associated termination of a branch of the hepatic arteriole and cholangiole. There are several potential morphological sites for regulating blood flow through the sinusoids. These include the various segments of the afferent portal venules and hepatic arterioles, the sinusoids themselves, and the central and hepatic venules. The principal site of regulation of blood flow
Evaluation of the effectiveness of adding androgen deprivation to modern dose-escalated radiotherapy for men with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Randomized trials have shown that androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) improves survival for men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy (RT). The benefit of ADT to patients with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with modern dose-escalated RT is unknown. This study evaluated the effectiveness of ADT on survival of men with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with dose-escalated RT. METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort analysis of men with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer from 2004 to 2007 in the National Cancer Data Base. Favorable intermediate-risk disease was defined as 1 adverse risk factor (prostate-specific antigen level of 10-20 ng/mL or Gleason score of 7) and clinical T1/T2 prostate cancer. All patients were treated with primary dose-escalated RT (≥75.6 Gy or RT with a brachytherapy boost). Overall survival was analyzed with propensity score adjustment and Cox multivariate modeling. RESULTS The study included 18,598 patients. The use of ADT decreased from 43.5% in 2004 to 39.5% in 2007. The propensity score–adjusted survival analysis demonstrated similar 8-year overall survival for men treated with dose-escalated RT and ADT and men treated with RT alone (77.7% vs 78.4%). ADT was not associated with improved survival in any age or comorbidity subgroup. In a sensitivity analysis using Cox multivariate modeling, the receipt of ADT was not associated with overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.07; P = .768). CONCLUSIONS Adding ADT to modern dose-escalated RT was not associated with improved survival for patients with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. The applicability of the survival benefit seen in older trials to modern patients is unclear. Because of the morbidity associated with ADT, dose-escalated RT alone for patients with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer may be a reasonable option. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Axilloaxillary Arteriovenous Fistula Caused by Previous Penetrating Trauma

Abstract Background Traumatic axilloaxillary arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are rare occurrences, with the predominance of AV fistulas in this region occurring as an alternative surgical intervention in patients who are undergoing hemodialysis. Case Report We describe the case of a young man with this condition caused by a previous penetrating trauma who had a delayed diagnosis primarily because of the infrequency of the clinical presentation. This is one of a few documented cases of axilloaxillary AV fistulas in the setting of trauma. Why Should an Emergency Physician be Aware of This? Axilloaxillary AV fistulas present with loud machinery like cardiac murmurs that can be similar to patients with coarctation of the aorta and patent ductus arteriosus; however, important clinical examination features can help distinguish the two conditions. Diagnosis is important in avoiding late-stage complications and more technically difficult surgical repairs.
A Comparison of Free Online Tools for Individuals Deciding When to Claim Social Security Benefits

When to claim Social Security retirement benefits is one of the most important financial decisions many people make. The Social Security Administration (SSA) provides a variety of online tools and publications to help individuals decide on their own when to claim benefits, but maintains a neutral stance on when a person should claim. Because SSA remains neutral, other government, nonprofit, academic, and for-profit entities have developed tools to assist the public with their claiming decision. This note analyzes the advantages and limitations of six online benefit calculators. Users of these online tools should consider the source of their information and understand that the benefit estimates they produce are based on different underlying assumptions, which can result in different estimated benefit amounts.
Non-linear hydroxyl radical formation rate in dispersions containing mixtures of pyrite and chalcopyrite particles

Abstract The formation of hydroxyl radicals was studied in mixed pyrite-chalcopyrite dispersions in water using the conversion rate of adenine as a proxy for hydroxyl radical formation rate. Experiments were conducted as a function of pH, presence of phosphate buffer, surface loading, and pyrite-to-chalcopyrite ratio. The results indicate that hydroxyl radical formation rate in mixed systems is non-linear with respect to the rates in the pure endmember dispersions. The only exception is a set of experiments in which phosphate buffer is used. In the presence of phosphate buffer, the hydroxyl radical formation is suppressed in mixtures and the rate is close to that predicted based on the reaction kinetics of the pure endmembers. The non-linear hydroxyl radical formation in dispersions containing mixtures of pyrite and chalcopyrite is likely the result of two complementary processes. One is the fact that pyrite and chalcopyrite form a galvanic couple. In this arrangement, chalcopyrite oxidation is accelerated, while pyrite passes electrons withdrawn from chalcopyrite to molecular oxygen, the oxidant. The incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. The galvanic coupling appears to be augmented by the fact that chalcopyrite generates a significant amount of hydrogen peroxide upon dispersal in water. This hydrogen peroxide is then available for conversion to hydroxyl radical, which appears to be facilitated by pyrite as chalcopyrite itself produces only minor amounts of hydroxyl radical. In essence, pyrite is a “co-factor” that facilitates the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radical. This conversion reaction is a surface-mediated reaction. Given that hydroxyl radical is one of the most reactive species in nature, the formation of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous systems containing chalcopyrite and pyrite has implications for the stability of organic molecules, biomolecules, the viability of microbes, and exposure to dust containing the two metal sulfides may present a health burden.
Introduction: Analyzing Wealth in Videogames

Crowley offers a much-needed consideration of how videogames represent capital. Focusing on the economic anxieties of the millennial period, Crowley draws attention to the functions of represented currencies in digital environments. As well as addressing the ways in which currency exchange facilitates the player’s act of play, Crowley advances an analytical scheme for valuing wealth representations in videogames. “Analyzing Wealth in Videogames” concludes with an application of the proposed program to videogames and videogame theories significant to the period of the Global Great Recession.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Elusive Peace

Stearns provides an overview of the Congolese conflict since 1996 and examines the current situation. He argues that the peace process has actually been remarkably successful at reuniting the country and forging a political settlement among belligerents, but that it has been much less successful at reforming state institutions and holding political elites accountable. This pertains in particular to the eastern Congo, where the government has been more interested in using the army as a means of distributing patronage, even when this means fuelling violence, than as a tool to impose order. The political crisis sparked by President Laurent Kabila’s reluctance to step down could be a watershed moment for accountability, as it could allow for a sanctioning of political elites by the population.
The politics of marriage policy

Marriage and the family mark the fault lines of a growing political and class divide throughout the developed world. With rising inequality, family structure increasingly correlates with class. Two...
Cellular and vascular responses in acute experimental ocular inflammation.

PURPOSE To measure simultaneously blood volume, altered vascular permeability, and leukocyte extravasation in ocular inflammation in rabbits at various times and in different anatomic locations after intravitreal endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). METHODS Nuclides of different emission and decay were used for labeling and then injected intravenously. Ocular blood volumes were measured with technetium 99m, altered vascular permeability with I-125 albumin, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte or mononuclear cell extravasation after labeling with Indium 111. Eyes were divided into anterior eye section, iris-ciliary body, aqueous, and vitreous and posterior eye sections, and measurements were made at 3, 6, 9, 18, and 24 hours after intravitreal LPS injection. Blood volume measurements made it possible to estimate the amount of extravascular protein and the number of extravascular leukocytes. RESULTS Blood volumes were consistently elevated at all times, usually by approximately 50% and predominantly in the anterior segment. Altered vascular permeability was present at 3 hours, increased at 6 hours, decreased at 9 hours, and was elevated at 18 to 24 hours, predominantly in the anterior eye. Leukocytes in iris-ciliary body appeared in small numbers at 6 hours, increased at 9 hours, and continued to extravasate at 18 and 24 hours. Mononuclear cells were as numerous as polymorphonuclear leukocytes at each time measured. CONCLUSIONS The quantitation of multiple parameters of ocular inflammation in this experimental model has been helpful in defining when and in what tissue changes occur. Leukocytes are primarily within tissues, particularly in the iris-ciliary body region. Mononuclear leukocytes are a prominent feature at all times and add further support to the concept that the mononuclear phagocyte plays a pivotal role in reactions to LPS.
Resonance Absorption in Materials with Grain Structure (Addendum)

An analysis of resonance absorption of neutrons in materials having grain structures is extended to the case in which the grains occupy a sizeable fraction of the absorber volume. (T.F.H.)
Chapter 2 Software Engineering

Software engineers have long needed a way to understand complex software systems during all phases of the lifecycle. This need is driven by the fact that, in Software Engineering, there is ample evidence that a clear and visual representation of a software product can significantly enhance its understandability and reduce the lifecycle cost. For instance, when large volumes of data or text are to be understood or analyzed, it is often the case that a simple visual representation of the information allows the user to quickly and accurately detect discrepancies caused by confusing software documents. This early understanding reduces the person-months needed to take the project through successful system implementation.