cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The lens organizes the anterior segment: specification of neural crest cell differentiation in the avian eye.

During the development of the anterior segment of the eye, neural crest mesenchyme cells migrate between the lens and the corneal epithelium. These cells contribute to the structures lining the anterior chamber: the corneal endothelium and stroma, iris stroma, and trabecular meshwork. In the present study, removal of the lens or replacement of the lens with a cellulose bead led to the formation a disorganized aggregate of mesenchymal cells beneath the corneal epithelium. No recognizable corneal endothelium, corneal stroma, iris stroma, or anterior chamber was found in these eyes. When the lens was replaced immediately after removal, a disorganized mass of mesenchymal cells again formed beneath the corneal epithelium. However, 2 days after surgery, the corneal endothelium and the anterior chamber formed adjacent to the lens. When the lens was removed and replaced such that only a portion of its anterior epithelial cells faced the cornea, mesenchyme cells adjacent to the lens epithelium differentiated into corneal endothelium. Mesenchyme cells adjacent to lens fibers did not form an endothelial layer. The cell adhesion molecule, N-cadherin, is expressed by corneal endothelial cells. When the lens was removed the mesenchyme cells that accumulated beneath the corneal epithelium did not express N-cadherin. Replacement of the lens immediately after removal led to the formation of an endothelial layer that expressed N-cadherin. Implantation of lens epithelia from older embryos showed that the lens epithelium maintained the ability to support the expression of N-cadherin and the formation of the corneal endothelium until E15. This ability was lost by E18. These studies provide evidence that N-cadherin expression and the formation of the corneal endothelium are regulated by signals from the lens. N-cadherin may be important for the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation that accompanies the formation of the corneal endothelium.
Neighbors Like Me? Religious Affiliation and Neighborhood Racial Preferences among Non-Hispanic Whites

Research on racial residential segregation has paid little attention to the role that social institutions play in either isolating or integrating racial and ethnic groups in American communities. Scholars have argued that racial segregation within American religion may contribute to and consolidate racial division elsewhere in social life. However, no previous study has employed national survey data to examine the relationship between religious affiliation and the preferences people have about the racial and ethnic composition of their neighborhoods. Using data from the “Multi-Ethnic United States” module on the 2000 General Social Survey, this study finds that white evangelical Protestants have a significantly stronger preference for same-race neighbors than do Catholics, Jews, adherents of “other” faiths, and the unaffiliated. Group differences in preferences are largely accounted for by socio-demographic characteristics. Negative racial stereotyping and social isolation from minorities, both topics of interest in recent research on evangelical Protestants and race, fail to explain group differences in preferences.
Perceived versus measured height. Which is the stronger predictor of psychosocial functioning

The relationship between perceptions versus measured height and children’s psychosocial adaptation in a sample of medically referred youth with short stature was investigated. All children referred fo
A novel pycnometer for density measurements of liquids at elevated temperatures

Abstract A novel pycnometer has been designed for density measurements at elevated temperatures (up to T =473.15 K). The pycnometer consists of a stainless steel cell connected to a small-bore tube. The main feature of the design includes a bored-through expansion fitting, which allows the overflow due to thermal expansion from the cell (via the small-bore tube) to collect in a pressurized line. Densities were measured for pure 1-butanol, pure n -heptane, and for mixtures { x b CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 OH + (1− x b )CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 }, from T =316.85 K to T =458.15 K, at a pressure of 4.93 MPa. Excess volumes were calculated and reported for these mixtures.
Community Participation in Urban China: Identifying Mobilization Factors

The rise of community participation is premised on perceived benefits that participation brings to community programs in terms of added efficiency, sustainability, and the collective community power. It is critical for social service professionals to gain the knowledge and skills to mobilize community members to join together and move from personal social concerns to collective concerns via organized community actions. However, the type of people who are likely to become involved in community mobilization efforts, and the motives for such participation, vary by country and culture. The purpose of this article is to present an urban community in Beijing and to identify factors that have affected community mobilization in urban China. Why might community mobilization factors in urban China be of interest to Western community practitioners and scholars? What is the appropriate theoretical framework within which to consider them? This article discusses these questions and raises questions for future research.
Comment on “Sloppy models, parameter uncertainty, and the role of experimental design”

We explain that part of the reduction in the parameter uncertainties in the computations of Apgar et al. (Mol. Biosyst. 2010, 6, 1890–900) is due to a greatly increased number of effective data points.
On the verge of high temperature superconducting fibers

Abstract High temperature Type II superconducting materials were fabricated as fibers with a melt-draw technique. The yttrium barium copper oxide and bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide fibers maintained core diameters of 100–200 µm and overall diameters of 300–600 µm. Material characterization demonstrated both material and process compatibility. A fiber with yttrium barium copper oxide core and cladding holes is proposed as a compact and an efficient cooling design. Demonstration of fibers with Type II superconducting core materials and the potential integration with current state of the art technologies represents the first step in achieving the over-arching desire for superconducting wires with conventional geometries.
Cross peaks without a mixing period

Abstract Transverse magnetization transfer via dipolar cross relaxation is non-negligible for two spins which are close in frequency and in space. This effect can in principle manifest itself as cross peaks in a 2-d NOESY spectrum with no mixing time. We present simulations of 2-d spectra demonstrating this effect.
Sensory neurobiology: demystifying the sick sense.

Summary The vomeronasal organ, a sensory structure within the olfactory system, detects chemical signals that affect social and sexual behaviors and that elicit responses to predator odors. A recent study demonstrates that innate avoidance of sick conspecifics requires an intact vomeronasal organ, expanding the repertoire of biological functions known to be mediated by this olfactory subsystem.
Internal reflection of diffusive light in random media

The consequences of internal reflection of multiply scattered light at the boundaries of disordered media are studied. We show that the effect of internal reflection due to index mismatch can be quantitatively accounted for with a single parameter by incorporating a reflection coefficient into the boundary condition for the diffusive light. We measure the angular correlation functions in transmission and reflection at different thicknesses for both high- and low-index mismatch. By including the effect of internal reflection, we are able to obtain consistent quantitative agreement between experiment and theory. Extensions to other experiments including diffusing-wave spectroscopy, coherent backscattering, frequency correlations, and pulse propagation are discussed.
Impaired spatial learning in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice

Although long-term potentiation (LTP) has been studied as the mechanism for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, evidence for this hypothesis is still incomplete. The mice with a mutation in the alpha-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (alpha-CaMKII), a synaptic protein enriched in the hippocampus, are appropriate for addressing this issue because the hippocampus of these mice is deficient in LTP but maintains intact postsynaptic mechanisms. These mutant mice exhibit specific learning impairments, an indication that alpha-CaMKII has a prominent role in spatial learning, but that it is not essential for some types of non-spatial learning. The data considerably strengthen the contention that the synaptic changes exhibited in LTP are the basis for spatial memory.
Localisation and composition of skeletal muscle diacylglycerol predicts insulin resistance in humans

Aims/hypothesis We sought to evaluate if the cellular localisation and molecular species of diacylglycerol (DAG) were related to insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle.
Tensile properties of ferritic/martensitic steels irradiated in HFIR, and comparison with spallation irradiation data

Abstract Tensile properties of four ferritic/martensitic steels, 9Cr–1MoVNb, 9Cr–1MoVNb–2Ni, 9Cr–2WV, and 9Cr–2WVTa, and two bainitic steels, 3Cr–3WV and A533B, were measured after irradiation to doses up to 1.2 dpa at temperatures in the range 60–100 °C in the High Flux Isotope Reactor and compared with two ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steels irradiated with 800 MeV protons and spallation neutrons in the LANSCE facility at 60–164 °C. Irradiation hardening in the steels was strong, and all of them displayed plastic instability shortly after yield for irradiations of 0.054 dpa and higher. Despite large loses in elongation, all failures occurred in a ductile manner. The dose dependencies of the increases in the yield strength with dpa were similar for all six steels, and contained a pronounced change at about 0.05 dpa. Below 0.05 dpa, the hardening exponent was 0.5–0.6, consistent with a barrier hardening mechanism. Above 0.05 dpa, the exponent was reduced to 0.1–0.2, which is speculated to be due to intervention by dislocation channeling. A trend curve for correlating changes in yield strengths of F/M steels with dose at irradiation temperatures below 160 °C is offered.
Rapid evaporation from freshly cast concrete and the Gulf environment

Abstract In hot dry climates, such as exist in the Arabian Gulf region, plastic shrinkage cracking can develop when the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate at which bleed water rises to the concrete surface. Furthermore, with or without plastic shrinkage cracking, surface drying can still lead to a reduction in abrasion resistance and an increase in porosity and permeability at the critical near surface, or ‘cure affected zone’. This paper discusses evaporation and surface drying in hot, dry environments, as in the Arabian Gulf region, based on experimental measurements of the rates of both evaporation and bleeding. Measured rates of evaporation are compared to predicted values obtained from the Menzel equation, the most commonly used formula for this purpose. The paper concludes by pointing out the precautions to be taken in order to prevent exposing recently placed concrete to excessive drying.
Elements of Large-Scale Mathematical Programming Part I: Concepts

A framework of concepts is developed which helps to unify a substantial portion of the literature on large-scale mathematical programming. These concepts fall into two categories. The first category consists of problem manipulations that can be used to derive what are often referred to as “master” problems; the principal manipulations discussed are Projection, Inner Linearization, and Outer Linearization. The second category consists of solution strategies that can be used to solve the master problems, often with the result that “subproblems” arise which can then be solved by specialized algorithms. The Piecewise, Restriction, and Relaxation strategies are the principal ones discussed. Numerous algorithms found in the literature are classified according to the manipulation/strategy pattern they can be viewed as using, and the usefulness of the framework is demonstrated by using it see Part II of this paper to rederive a representative selection of algorithms. The material presented is listed in the following order: The first section is introductory in nature, and discusses types of large-scale problems, the scope of discussion and the literature, and the notation used. The second section, entitled “Problem Manipulations: Source of 'Master' Problems” covers the subjects of projection, inner linearization and outer linearization. The third section, “Solution Strategies: Source of 'Subproblems',” discusses piecewise strategy, restriction and relaxation. The fourth section is entitled “Synthesizing Known Algorithms from Manipulations and Strategies,” and is followed by a concluding section and an extensive bibliography.
New Monodentate Amidine Superbasic Ligands with a Single Configuration in fac-[Re(CO)3(5,5′- or 6,6′-Me2bipyridine)(amidine)]BF4 Complexes

Treatment of two precursors, fac-[Re(CO)3(L)(CH3CN)]BF4 [L = 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (5,5′-Me2bipy) (1) and 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (6,6′-Me2bipy) (2)], with five C2-symmetrical saturated heterocyclic amines yielded 10 new amidine complexes, fac-[Re(CO)3(L)(HNC(CH3)N(CH2CH2)2Y)]BF4 [Y = CH2, (CH2)2, (CH2)3, NH, or O]. All 10 complexes possess the novel feature of having only one isomer (amidine E configuration), as established by crystallographic and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods. We are confident that NMR signals of the other possible isomer (amidine Z configuration) would have been detected, if it were present. Isomers are readily detected in closely related amidine complexes because the double-bond character of the amidine C–N3 bond (N3 is bound to Re) leads to slow E to Z isomer interchange. The new fac-[Re(CO)3(L)(HNC(CH3)N(CH2CH2)2Y)]BF4 complexes have C–N3 bonds with essentially identical double-bond character. However, the reason that the Z isomer is so unstable as to be undetectable in...
The use of CO-Co2 atmospheres for the preparation and free energy determinations of several oxide systems

Abstract A number of transition metal oxide systems have been prepared that require controlled CO-CO 2 atmospheres for attaining certain desired valencies. In addition standard free energies for numerous mixed oxides are determined by a direct evaluation of the equilibrium atmospheres.
Comparing black carbon types in sequestering polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely found in sediments, especially congeners from the penta-BDE formula. Due to their strong affinity for black carbon (BC), bioavailability of PBDEs may be decreased in BC-amended sediments. In this study, we used a matrix-SPME method to measure the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of PBDEs as a parameter of their potential bioavailability and evaluated the differences among biochar, charcoal, and activated carbon. Activated carbon displayed a substantially greater sequestration capacity than biochar or charcoal. At 1% amendment rate in sediment with low organic carbon (OC) content (0.12%), Cfree of six PBDEs was reduced by 47.5–78.0%, 47.3–77.5%, and 94.1–98.3% with biochar, charcoal, and activated carbon, respectively, while the sequestration was more limited in sediment with high OC content (0.87%). Therefore, it is important to consider the type and properties of the BC and the sediment in BC-based remediation or mitigation.
Dynamical trajectory replanning for uncertain environments

We propose a dynamical reference generator equipped with an augmented transient “replanning” subsystem that modulates a feedback controller's efforts to force a mechanical plant to track the reference signal. The replanner alters the reference generator's output in the face of unanticipated disturbances that drive up the tracking error. We demonstrate that the new reference generator cannot destabilize the tracker, that tracking errors converge in the absence of disturbance, and that the overall coupled reference-tracker system cannot be destabilized by disturbances of bounded energy. We report the results of simulation studies exploring the performance of this new design applied to a two dimensional point mass particle interacting with fixed but unknown terrain obstacles.
Linking the stressors and stressing the linkages: Human—environment vulnerability and brownfield redevelopment in New York City

This paper suggests that the mitigation of one hazard—soil contamination—can unintentionally affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional stressors in the local human—environment system through a study of brownfield redevelopment in New York City. This study employs a Vulnerability Scoping Diagram (VSD) approach to identify components that contribute to vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities in the local community, based on the thematic analysis of 55 interviews with residents from four neighbourhoods with brownfield redevelopment activities in New York City. This analysis of resident observations and perceptions of post-redevelopment hazard conditions indicates how mitigating vulnerability to one urban hazard—soil contamination—has the potential to affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional hazards like flooding and air pollution because of the complex linkages among multiple stressors. A causal model of vulnerability to the unintended impacts of brown...
Pressure broadening of the ground vibrational state J=31→J=32 transition of CH3F by coincidence laser spectroscopy

Abstract We have studied self-broadening and foreign gas broadening of the ground state J = 31→J = 32 transition of CH3F using a coincidence with the 184.3 μm emission from an optically pumped CH2F2 laser. Experiments have been carried out with polar and non-polar species as well as the noble gases. This transition is in the region where the classical rotation period is of the same order as the duration of a collision. The measurements indicate an anomalously low value of 7.0 MHz/Torr for the self-broadening coefficient of CH3F and an unusually large value for the CH3OH broadening coefficient. The latter is believed to be due to the presence of a low energy OH torsional model in CH3OH.
Sizing Nanoparticle-Covered Droplets by Extrusion through Track-Etch Membranes

Interfacial segregation of nanoparticles on droplets, such as water droplets in oil, is achieved by mixing or shaking organic solutions of the nanoparticles with water. This typically results in the formation of droplets with a large distribution of sizes, ranging from 10 μm to greater than 200 μm in diameter. Here we describe the application of track-etch membranes to control the size of these nanoparticle-coated droplets. Passing nanoparticle-coated droplets through the membranes substantially reduces their size by breaking up the droplets during the extrusion process and reforming droplets of comparable size to the membrane pore diameter. When the nanoparticles used in these sizing procedures are covered with functional ligands, stabilization of the post-extrusion diameter is achieved by polymerization/cross-linking of the ligand periphery.
The herbivory uncertainty principle : Visiting plants can alter herbivory

In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed that there are fundamental limitations to the study of subatomic particles, as the act of measuring them affects their behavior. Here we show that experimenter-induced uncertainty also applies in plant ecology, with potentially dramatic consequences for field biologists. We tested whether the simple act of visiting marked plants once per week for eight weeks influenced the intensity of herbivory experienced by six plant species in an old field community. Half of the plants were touched once per week to simulate taking morphological measures, while the other half were left undisturbed (neither visited nor touched). After eight weeks, visitation resulted in (1) decreased leaf damage by insects on one species, (2) increased leaf damage on a second species, (3) a marginally significant increase in survival for a third species, and (4) no effect on the remaining three species. These results serve as an important reminder that seemingly benign experimental methods may themselves dramatically affect the performance of experimental subjects. Our results raise concern about studies that use repeated visitation of focal plants either to compare rates of herbivory among species or to investigate some factor that can either directly or indirectly be influenced by the rate of herbivory (e.g., seed production, competition, etc.). Since the six species in our study responded differently to visitation, visitation effects must be accounted for in the design of future field experiments.
The nonlinear limited-information maximum- likelihood estimator and the modified nonlinear two-stage least-squares estimator

Abstract Several limited-information type estimators of the nonlinear simultaneous equation model are considered and their asymptotic covariance matrices are compared. Amemiya (1974) proposed the general class of nonlinear two-stage least-squares estimators. In this paper, its two specific members are considered and, in addition, the nonlinear limited-information maximum- likelihood estimator and the modified nonlinear two-stage least-squares estimator are proposed. Both are shown to be asymptotically more efficient than the nonlinear two-stage least-squares estimator, and the second has the advantage of being computationally simple.
Isozyme band variation within the algal species Pandorina morum

Abstract Ten clones from five collections of the freshwater green alga Pandorina morum , taken from four sites and representing three syngens, were analyzed for electrophoretic variants of five enzyme. Isozyme bands of different mobility were found in isolates from different syngens, different sites, and even the same site and syngen; the pattern of variation differed with the enzyme studied. The results suggest care is needed in choosing isozyme mobilities as syngen or species characters.
The lack of photoreactivity for an ortho-tert.-butylvalerophenone

Abstract It is proposed that a rapid and reversible 1,6-hydrogen abstraction accounts for the lack of type II photoreaction in the title compound.
John Ireland and the American Catholic Church

John Ireland (1838-1918), first archbishop of St. Paul, believed that the United States offered a new and tremendously favorable opportunity for Roman Catholics and their church. By vigorously and single-mindedly urging his fellow Catholic immigrants to take their place in the mainstream of American life, he played a major role in the growth of the American Catholic church. Marvin R. O'Connell's masterful biography brings to life the experiences that shaped Ireland's views and describes the battles that marked his career. In smooth and flowing prose, with rich detail and enlightening analysis, O'Connell traces Ireland's life, from his boyhood to his years as a powerful player in Vatican politics and an advisor to American presidents. Ireland was one of the important and characteristic figures of the American Gilded Age, a man whose own rags-to-riches story followed classic lines. Born in Ireland in 1838, he saw as a boy the horrors of the Great Famine. In 1852 he and his family emigrated to St. Paul, Minnesota. Sent by pioneer Bishop Joseph Cretin to France for his education, Ireland became a priest in 1861. His work for temperance and Catholic colonization on Minnesota's western frontier gave him national prominence and launched him on a long and impressive career. Ireland was an Americanist, one of a group of Catholic leaders who promoted the ideal of a truly American church. O'Connell's accounts of Ireland's hard-fought and often acrimonious battles present a lively portrait of a complicated man, with impressive strengths and surprising weaknesses. Ireland struggled to convince the Vatican that the American church was more than a collection of immigrant churches; he argued to his fellow clerics that immigrants could abandon Old World customs and languages without losing their faith; he encouraged Catholics to take advantage of the opportunities offered in America; and he strove to demonstrate to Protestant Americans that Catholics were not hopelessly foreign. O'Connell also tells little-known stories of the archbishop's personal politics and finances. Ireland became wealthy through land speculation, but nearly lost all in the Panic of 1893. As a prominent and out-spoken Republican, he associated with William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Howard Taft. Though John Ireland was denied the ultimate accolade of a cardinal's hat, and though his colleagues on the episcopal bench were by no means unanimous in supporting him, his influence upon the development of American Catholicism was enormous. This forthright biography is a fascinating account of an important man.
A practitioner's perspective: Comments on “Analysis of U.S. savings bonds”

In this issue, Potts and Reichenstein describe features of U.S. savings bonds and discuss their evaluation. The article can serve as a reference for busy practitioners who may not follow changes in the savings bond market closely, especially those who tend to rely on product-related education for updates on financial instruments. Savings bonds remain an important investment for individuals; on March 31, 1994, individuals held $174.9 million in U.S. savings bonds, a 7% increase from one year prior (Williams, 1994). Further, as Table 1, “Demographic Characteristics of Individual Savings Bond Holders,” indicates, the holding of savings bonds is not exclusive to any particular age group or income level (Federal Reserve Bulletin, 1994).
The Role of Religious Values in Coping with Cancer

The relationship between transcendent meaning attribution, religious orientation, and psychological well-being was studied in cancer and noncancer patients to test the hypotheses that intrinsic religious values and life meaning enhance coping and well-being during the course of the life-threatening illness. Subjects were 44 patients receiving medical treatment for cancer and noncancer medical conditions. In the cancer group, higher levels of attributed life meaning were positively linked with intrinsic religious orientation, and associated with lower levels of despiar, anger-hostility, and social isolation. Cancer patients scored higher than noncancer patients on depersonalization, suggesting the presence of psychic numbing in response to their illness. Noncancer group results were characterized by positive correlations between the two groups in coping styles and salience of life meaning attribution. A rationale for the observed differences in coping styles between the two groups is presented, highlighting perceived life threat as a key differentiating variable.
Progesterone withdrawal increases the α4 subunit of the GABAA receptor in male rats in association with anxiety and altered pharmacology: a comparison with female rats

Withdrawal from the neurosteroid 3α,5α-allopregnanolone after chronic administration of progesterone increases anxiety in female rats and up-regulates the α4 subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAA-R) in the hippocampus. We investigated if these phenomena would also occur in male rats. Progesterone withdrawal (PWD) induced higher α4 subunit expression in the hippocampus of both male and female rats, in association with increased anxiety (assessed in the elevated plus maze) comparable to effects previously reported. Because α4-containing GABAA-R are insensitive to the benzodiazepine (BDZ) lorazepam (LZM), and are positively modulated by flumazenil (FLU, a BDZ antagonist), we therefore tested the effects of these compounds following PWD. Using whole-cell patch clamp techniques, LZM-potentiation of GABA (EC20)-gated current was markedly reduced in CA1 pyramidal cells of male rats undergoing PWD compared to controls, whereas FLU had no effect on GABA-gated current in control animals but increased it in PWD animals. Behaviorally, both male and female rats were significantly less sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of LZM. In contrast, FLU demonstrated significant anxiolytic effects following PWD. These data suggest that neurosteroid regulation of the α4 GABAA-R subunit may be a relevant mechanism underlying anxiety disorders, and that this phenomenon is not sex-specific.
A lithium-7 NMR investigation of the lithium ion interaction with phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylglycerol membranes. Observation of calcium and magnesium ion competition

The observation of Hauser and Shipley (I) that lithium ion-dimyristoylphosphatidyl serine interactions lead to separation of a Li:DMPS phase consisting of approximately 1: 1 PS:Li mole ratio possessing an elevated transition temperature, suggests that membrane interactions may significantly immobilize the lithium ion. Calcium and magnesium ions also cause phase separations in PS-containing membranes. Competition between the divalent cations and lithium ions for interaction sites on the membrane surface occur and are an important feature of the mechanism of lithium action. Phase separations induced by metal ions may have consequences for the interaction of extrinsic membrane proteins with the membrane surface as well as for the modulation of the activities of intrinsic membrane proteins. In the case of lithium action, alterations in membrane-associated processes may have direct consequences for cellular intracellular interactions, and therefore may effect neural function. We have employed lithium-7 NMR spectroscopy to examine the Li-membrane interactions and competition of calcium and magnesium ions with lithium in this interaction. Multilayer membranes of defined composition were employed. 7Li is a quadrupolar ion with spin 3. While the resonance of lithium ion in solution is a sharp singlet with linewidth at half height of 9 Hz (50 mm LiCl at 8.45 T), significant immobilization of this ion at the membrane surface may lead to observation of the quadrupolar triplet. Such an observation might lead to details of ion binding. In such a case, the immobilized lithium triplet central line is coincident with the position of the singlet resonance of uncomplexed lithium. Such quadrupolar splittings have not previously been reported for lithium ions in systems of biological importance. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and Trizma were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company. The buffer was 20 mA4 Trizma, pH 7.5, and lithium chloride was Baker analytical grade. 7Li NMR spectra were obtained
Church‐based Community Activism: A Comparison of Black and White Catholic Congregations

Scholars have recently examined the role of black churches in initiating civil rights and social justice activities, community development and rehabilitation projects, and family support and community health outreach programs. Practically all of this research has been on black Protestant churches. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature by investigating the extent to which African-American Catholic congregations engage in social action and social service programs in their communities. Data drawn from a nationwide survey of U.S. Catholic parishes are used to show that black churches are significantly more likely than white churches to engage in social service and social action activities independent of a variety of demographic, organizational, and structural factors known - or suspected - to influence activism. This finding lends support to the argument that the extra-religious functions of black churches - Protestant and Catholic - are more deeply ingrained in these religious institutions than is suggested by some analysts. Equally significant is the finding of positive and significant relationships between churches that have parish councils and leadership training programs and congregational activism. This finding lends support to previous findings that suggest that the organizational structure of religious institutions may influence churchgoers - opportunities for learning and practicing civic skills relevant to community activism.
Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. Results of Enoxaparin Restenosis (ERA) Trial.

BACKGROUNDHeparin, an anticoagulant, possesses antiproliferative effects and has been shown to reduce neointimal proliferation and restenosis following vascular injury in experimental studies.METHODS AND RESULTSThe primary aim of this double-blind multicenter study was to determine if 40 mg Enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, administered subcutaneously once daily for 1 month after successful angioplasty would reduce the incidence of restenosis. Four hundred fifty-eight patients were randomized at nine clinical centers (231 to placebo and 227 to Enoxaparin). The primary end point was angiographic or clinical restenosis. Angiographic restenosis was defined as a loss of 50% of the initial gain as measured by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) at a core laboratory. In the absence of QCA, clinical evidence of restenosis was defined as death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, or worsening angina. Using the intention-to-treat analysis for all patients, restenosis occurred in 51% of t...
Gender Roles, Suicide Attempts, and Substance Abuse

In this article, the focus is on a comparison of suicide attempts and substance abuse in the United States. It is argued that suicide attempts and substance abuse may function as psychologically equivalent but gender-specialized forms of self-injurious behaviors. Possible explanations for the gender segregation of suicide attempts and substance abuse are reviewed, and the benefits of crossover theories and treatments are presented.
Principles and practice of a bellows-loaded compact irradiation vehicle

This article is to describe the key design principles and application practices of the newly developed in-reactor irradiation creep testing technology using pressurized mini-bellows. Miniature creep test frames were designed to fit into the high flux isotope reactor (HFIR) rabbit capsule whose internal diameter is slightly less than 10 mm. The most important consideration for this in-reactor creep testing technology was the ability of the small pressurized metallic bellows to survive irradiation at elevated temperatures while maintaining applied load to the specimen. Conceptual designs have been developed for inducing tension and compression stresses in specimens. Both the theoretical model and the in-furnace test confirmed that a gas-pressurized bellows can produce high enough stress to induce irradiation creep in subsize specimens. Discussion focuses on the possible stress range in specimens induced by the miniature gas-pressurized bellows and the limitations imposed by the size and structure of thin-walled bellows. A brief introduction to the in-reactor creep experiment for graphite is provided to connect to the companion paper describing the application practices and irradiation creep data. An experimental and calculation procedure to obtain in-situ applied stress values from post irradiation in-furnace force measurements is also presented.
Sabbatical programs and the status of academic emergency medicine: a survey.

. Objectives: The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) commissioned a survey in 1998 to describe sabbatical programs, academic rank, and tenure, and to shed light on factors affecting the continuum of faculty development, as a context for evaluating the potential importance of emergency medicine (EM) sabbatical programs. Methods: The chairs of 120 EM residency programs were surveyed. Results: The response rate was 90%. Of 108 responses, 44 were academic EM departments (AEMDs); ten were their affiliates. The setting was urban for 82%; 37% were publicly funded and 58% privately. AEMDs were more likely to have a tenure track and eligibility for a sabbatical program, but not more likely to use a sabbatical program. Among 2,042 ranked EM faculty, there were 121 professors and 346 associate professors. Mean sabbatical length was six months, provided at full pay requiring a mean of 5.7 years of employment. Among 39 programs reporting eligibility for an EM sabbatical, requirements included: tenure (43%), academic rank of associate professor (78%), an application with multiple approval levels (92%), and a formal report (75%). Thirteen EM programs used sabbaticals; only 40 faculty members altogether (9% of senior faculty) have taken sabbaticals. The mean value of sabbaticals (rated by users on a scale of 1 to 10) was 6.8. Reduced funding, lack of departmental status, difficulty retaining faculty, Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) regulations, graduate medical education (GME) cutbacks, and no release time were identified as challenges for emergency physicians (EPs) wishing to participate in sabbaticals. Strategies proposed to overcome these obstacles include quality customer service, streamlined operations, outside contracts, computerization, hiring individuals with PhDs, collaboration, political activity, and faculty development. Conclusions: A sabbatical can be beneficial for individuals and their institutions, but presently EPs have not been able to maximize use of available opportunities. Some obstacles to successful participation of EM in sabbatical programs might be overcome with creative strategies and the active support of professional academic organizations.
Effect of radiation and hyperthermia on prostate tumor cells with induced thermal tolerance and the correlation with HSP70 accumulation.

Abstract We have investigated the effects of ionizing radiation and hyperthermia on Dunning prostate carcinoma cells after the administration of a conditioning stress (either radiation or hyperthermia) and correlated the presence or absence of a survival advantage to the accumulation of the family of 70,000 kD heat shock proteins (HSP70). Fifty percent lethal dose (LD 50 ) determinations of hyperthermia and radiation were determined by clonogenic cell survival. The LD 50 for hyperthermia was 44°C for 1 hour, LD 50 for high energy ionizing radiation was 500 rads. We confirmed that Dunning tumor cells preconditioned with hyperthermia (43°C for 1 hour) are resistant at 10 and 24 hours to a subsequent lethal heat stress (44°C for 1 hour). No radiation tolerance was noted at 10 or 24 hours after a conditioning heat stress of 43°C for 1 hour. We also found no thermal resistance at 10 or 24 hours after radiation conditioning (500 rads). The inducible HSP70 (HSP72) was present 8 and 12 hours after hyperthermia but had decayed by 24 hours. No increase in HSP72 accumulation occurred after radiation. These data suggest that radiation and hyperthermia injure cells in two distinct manners and may explain the observed synergy in the treatment regimens that include combination hyperthermia and radiation. Our results should be useful in creating models in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate with combined radiation and hyperthermia therapy.
The Elasticity of Substitution and the Savings Ratio in the Neoclassical Theory of Growth

I. Introduction, 465. — II. A neoclassical model of growth, 465. — III. The variable natural rate of growth, 466. — IV. Analysis of the variable path, 468. — V. Conclusion, 471.
Serious and Playful Inquiry: Epistemological Aspects of Collaborative Creativity

This paper presents the results of a micro-genetic analysis of the development of a creative solution arrived at by students working collaboratively to solve a robotics problem in a sixth-grade science classroom. Results indicate that four aspects of the enacted curriculum proved important to developing the creative solution, including the following: an open-ended, goal-oriented task; teacher modeling of inquiry techniques; provision of tools and an environment that allowed students to move between dual modes of interaction (seriousness and play); and provision of tools and an environment that allowed students to jointly develop a shared understanding achieved through tool-mediated, communicative, and cognitive interaction. The findings suggest that play is an important mode of inquiry if creativity is the learning goal. Implications of this research for the design of learning spaces as well as directions for future collaborative creativity research are discussed.
Crystal structures of pinoresinol-lariciresinol and phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases and their relationship to isoflavone reductases

Despite the importance of plant lignans and isoflavonoids in human health protection (e.g. for both treatment and prevention of onset of various cancers) as well as in plant biology (e.g. in defense functions and in heartwood development), systematic studies on the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis have only recently begun. In this investigation, three NADPH-dependent aromatic alcohol reductases were comprehensively studied, namely pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (PLR), phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase (PCBER), and isoflavone reductase (IFR), which are involved in central steps to the various important bioactive lignans and isoflavonoids. Of particular interest was in determining how differing regio- and enantiospecificities are achieved with the different enzymes, despite each apparently going through similar enone intermediates. Initially, the three-dimensional x-ray crystal structures of both PLR_Tp1 and PCBER_Pt1 were solved and refined to 2.5 and 2.2 A resolutions, respectively. Not only do they share high gene sequence similarity, but their structures are similar, having a continuous alpha/beta NADPH-binding domain and a smaller substrate-binding domain. IFR (whose crystal structure is not yet obtained) was also compared (modeled) with PLR and PCBER and was deduced to have the same overall basic structure. The basis for the distinct enantio-specific and regio-specific reactions of PCBER, PLR, and IFR, as well as the reaction mechanism and participating residues involved (as identified by site-directed mutagenesis), are discussed.
QSAR Analysis of Polyamine Transport Inhibitors in L1210 Cells

AbstractPurpose: In this paper, the authors attempt to construct a mathematical model to correlate the biological activities of 63 polyamine transport inhibitors in LI 210 cells with their physicochemical parameters.Method: The inhibitory constants (Ki were obtained from the published work of Bergeron et al. Non-weighted least square method was used in deriving the regression equations with a BMDP program. An AM1 subroutine of the HyperChem program was used to optimize the geometry and calculate the molecular dipole moments and the distance between two terminal amino groups. A CQSAR program was used to calculate Clog P (oct./w.).Results: A good correlation (r2 = 0.81) was obtained by using a five-parameter equation including the distance between two terminal amino groups (d), the number of cationic charge (Charge), molecular weight (μ), dipole moment (μ), and hydrogen bond forming ability (Hb).Conclusion: This model accounts for 81 % of the variance in the data and can be used to estimate transport-inhibi...
Customer chain management based e-business for aerospace and defence enterprises

This paper attempts to develop e-business solutions for the aerospace and defence enterprises. Specifically, firstly, an e-customer model for the aerospace and defence industry is developed to incorporate with e-business in terms of business-to-business, business-to-customer, business-to-internal and business-to-government solutions. Secondly, 39 implementable e-business solutions are derived based on the developed model. Finally, the implementation patterns of these solutions in the top 20 aerospace and defence companies are investigated based on data collected. The results showed that 14 out of the derived 39 e-business solution items are not fully implemented by these top 20 companies. This paper's findings will help decision-makers including managers and executives in the aerospace and defence industry to adopt and implement e-business solutions; and thereby, improve business value.
Effects of Microstructure on the Electrical Conductivity of SrCo0.8Fe0. 2O3_δ

The effect of microstructure on the electrical conductivity of SrCO0.8Fe0.2O3_δ (SCFO) was investigated in air using a four-point dc method. In the test temperature range of 200 to 900 °C, the electrical conductivity of this material was observed to increase with the increase of the average grain size in the lower temperature region where the conductivity increases with the increase of the temperature. The activation energy is decreased with the increase of the grain size in this region, 0.04 ± 0.004 ev for 4.1μm sample and 0.01 ± 0.001 ev for 14.8 μm sample. When temperature is further increased, the conductivity of this material decreases with the increase of the temperature, and the grain size effect becomes less noticeable.
Directional control of reaching is preserved following mild/moderate stroke and stochastically constrained following severe stroke

Recent evidence suggests that brain injury can impair the ability to independently activate shoulder and elbow muscles. We hypothesized that if muscle activation patterns are constrained, then brain-injured subjects should not be able to accurately grade initial hand movement direction during reaching toward a broad range of target directions. To test this hypothesis, we measured hand trajectories during reaching in three-space by 16 hemiparetic stroke subjects to an array of 75 targets distributed throughout the workspace. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that the ability to grade movement direction was largely preserved following mild and moderate stroke. However, the most severely impaired subjects exhibited a degradation of directional control consistent with a loss of independent muscle control. Initial and final hand movement directions for these subjects were grouped roughly in two opposing directions, in a plane parallel with the coronal plane of the body, rather than distributed across the normal range. Selection between the two movement directions appeared partially random, in that subjects initiated over 50% of movements in the direction generally opposite the intended target, for targets to one side of the body. These results suggest that individuals with severe stroke are constrained to use only two gross, stereotypical muscle coactivation patterns for reaching control, and that selection between these patterns is stochastically influenced as the actual direction of motion is not strictly predictable given the desired direction.
Projections from the trigeminal nuclear complex to the cochlear nuclei: A retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the guinea pig

In addition to input from auditory centers, the cochlear nucleus (CN) receives inputs from nonauditory centers, including the trigeminal sensory complex. The detailed anatomy, however, and the functional implications of the nonauditory innervation of the auditory system are not fully understood. We demonstrated previously that the trigeminal ganglion projects to CN, with terminal labeling most dense in the marginal cell area and secondarily in the magnocellular area of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). We continue this line of study by investigating the projection from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to CN in guinea pig. After injections of the retrograde tracers FluoroGold or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in VCN, labeled cells were found in the spinal trigeminal nuclei, most densely in the pars interpolaris and pars caudalis with ipsilateral dominance. The anterograde tracers Fluoro-Ruby or BDA were stereotaxically injected into the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Most labeled puncta were found in the marginal area of VCN and the fusiform cell layer of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). A smaller number of labeled puncta was located in the molecular and deep layers of DCN and the magnocellular area of VCN. The trigeminal projection to CN may provide somatosensory information necessary for pursuing a sound source or for vocal production. These projections may have a role in the generation and modulation of tinnitus.