cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEASURING THE DIETARY BIOAVAILABILITY OF CALCIUM |[lpar]|Ca|[rpar]| IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH THE STABLE ISOTOPE 46Ca

The dietary bioavailability of Ca was determined on 12 occasions in 10 AGA premature infants (GA 29.9±0.3 wks, BW 1198±28 gm mean ± SEM) with stable isotope techniques. A tracer dose of 46Ca that provided a 5 to 7-fold enrichment of dietary 46Ca was given during one scheduled intermittent gavage feeding for each determination. Five studies were performed in 4 infants (wt 1100-1500 gm, age 15-37 days) fed a whey-predominant premature formula; 3 in 2 infants (wt 1455-1560 gm, age 26-30 days) fed their own mother's preterm milk (PTHM); and 4 in 4 infants (wt 1500-1690 gm, age 20-25 days) fed fortified-PTHM, a 1:1 (V/V) mixture of the premature formula and their own mother's milk. A 72 hr stool collection, bracketed by carmine red, was initiated with the administration of 46Ca. The stool contents of 46Ca and 48Ca were determined with neutron activation analysis on each stool from 3 studies and after pooling in 9. Pooling was found to slightly underestimate 46Ca absorption because of reentry of about 0.5% of the absorbed 46Ca into the GI tract/24 hr. The % 46Ca absorption was 80±4% (range 65-87%) from formula, 89±4% (85-97%) from PTHM, and 81±6% (range 69-96%) from fortified-PTHM. Thus, assuming that preterm infants handle 46Ca like dietary Ca, about 80% of dietary Ca is bioavailable. This value is comparable to data from standard Ca balances.
Fine grained wearout sensing using metastability resolution time

Reliability concerns due to Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) and Positive Bias Temperature Instability (PBTI) are increasing in nanometer CMOS memory and digital logic. Conventional chip lifetime enhancement techniques rely on run-time wearout sensors to detect device threshold voltage (Vth) shift. In this work, we present a novel wearout sensing technique using metastability resolution time. The circuit consists of a reference inverter and age-tracking inverter cross-coupled to form a metastable cell. The resolution time of this cell is impacted by temporal Vth shift in the tracking devices. The tracking devices are sized relatively large compared to reference inverter to minimize impact of process induced Vth offset. The resolution time measurement is performed in two stages using a ring oscillator based Time to Digital Converter (TDC). The first stage of measurement establishes a reference precision during run time. In the second stage, the actual resolution time is measured relative to the reference. This alleviates impact of process variation and measurement temperature. Implementation and simulation in 32nm Predictive Technology Model indicate a lightweight sensor with estimated area of ~105μm2 and tracking power of 239nW. The resolution time of the circuit tracks Vth shift due to both NBTI and PBTI. A worst case measurement error at +/-3σ Vth offset is 9.3% of ΔVth. A nominal measurement time of ~1ns provides accurate estimate of Vth shift without allowing recovery time for tracking devices.
Gravity influences the position of the dorsoventral axis in medaka fish embryos (Oryzias latipes)

To determine whether gravity influences the plane of bilateral symmetry in medaka embryos, zygotes were placed with their animal-vegetal axis orientated vertically and with their vegetal pole elevated. Then, at regular intervals during the first cell cycle, the zygotes were tilted 90 degrees for about 10 min and subsequently returned to their original orientation. In embryos tilted during the first half of the first cell cycle, the embryonic shield formed on the side that had been lowermost when the zygote was tilted. In embryos that were tilted twice, first in one direction and then in the opposite direction, the embryonic shield formed on the side that was lowermost the first time. When zygotes were centrifuged at 5 g, the embryonic shield formed on the outwardly radial (centrifugal) side of the embryo. The orientation of the array of parallel microtubules in the vegetal pole region was also influenced by tilting or centrifuging zygotes. No correlation was found between the positions of the polar body and the micropyle and the plane of bilateral symmetry. It was concluded that gravity influences both the plane of bilateral symmetry and the orientation of microtubules in the vegetal pole region of medaka embryos.
Visualization and quantification of transmural concentration profiles of macromolecules across the arterial wall

Transport parameters that describe a macromolecule entering the arterial wall from plasma can be obtained from concentration profiles of the labeled macromolecule entering the tissue. A new technique has been developed for measuring such concentration profiles, which offers spatial resolution superior to methods that measure profiles of radiolabeled macromolecules by serially sectioning tissue in planes parallel to the endothelium. In addition, this new method preserves cellular organization and tissue structure and permits measurement of concentration profiles underlying focal endothelial injuries or vascular lesions. The technique quantifies the concentration of a protein by measuring associated peroxidase activity. Although the present study was performed using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the same principles can be applied to other macromolecules linked to HRP or microperoxidase. The colored reaction product of HRP was detected in transverse aortic sections using an image processing system. In the present study, profiles obtained by this new method were validated by comparison with HRP concentration profiles in rat aortas obtained by a serial slicing technique using radiolabeled HRP. We used the technique to measure high-resolution HRP concentration profiles in the intima and media of normal animals. These concentration profiles suggest that the internal elastic lamina acts as a major barrier to transport of macromolecules across the wall of the normal rat aorta. The new method should allow concentration profiles for macromolecules to be quantified in tissue surrounding vessels in the microcirculation, within the thickened intima of large vessels, and across coronary artery walls.
Studies in Intracardiac Electrography in Man IV. The Potential Variations in the Coronary Venous System

Two parallel researches in progress at the Brigham Hospital, one an investigation of intracardiac electrography in general, the other a long-term study of heart muscle metabolism with the aid of the venous catheter, converge, resulting in the interesting practical and theoretical findings reported here. The authors show how the electrogram may help establish the position of the catheter in the coronary venous system and indicate the type of potential variations recorded in the coronary sinus, in its continuation, the great cardiac vein, and in its tributary, the middle cardiac vein.
PLANAR COPPER PLATING AND ELECTROPOLISHING TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACT Electrochemical mechanical deposition (ECMD) is a novel technique that has the ability to deposit planar conductive films on non planar substrate surfaces. This technique involves electrochemical deposition (ECD) while simultaneously polishing the substrate surface. Preferential deposition of the conductor into the cavities on the substrate surface may be achieved through two different mechanisms. The first mechanism is more mechanical in nature and it involves material removal from the top surface. The second mechanism is more chemical in nature, and it involves enhancing the deposition into the cavities where mechanical sweeping does not reach and reducing deposition onto surfaces that are swept. In this study we demonstrate that in an ECMD process, low-pressure mechanical sweeping of the wafer surface during copper plating can establish a differential in the activity of the organic accelerator species between the surface and the cavity regions of the substrate and thus give rise to bottom-up f...
Electronic structure of fullerenelike cages and finite nanotubes of aluminum nitride

We report a density functional study of alternate fullerenelike cage structures and finite closed, capped single-wall nanotubes of aluminum nitride. The cages and nanotubes studied are modeled as ${\mathrm{Al}}_{24}{\mathrm{N}}_{24}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{28}{\mathrm{N}}_{28}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{32}{\mathrm{N}}_{32}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{36}{\mathrm{N}}_{36}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{48}{\mathrm{N}}_{48}$, and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{96}{\mathrm{N}}_{96}$. The structure optimization and calculation of the electronic structure, vertical ionization potential, and the electron affinity are performed at the all-electron level by the analytic Slater-Roothaan method, using a polarized Gaussian basis set of double zeta quality. All structures are energetically stable with binding energy of about $10\char21{}11\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ per AlN pair. For the larger ${\mathrm{Al}}_{96}{\mathrm{N}}_{96}$, the fullerenelike cage is energetically less favorable than the two-shell cluster that has ${\mathrm{Al}}_{24}{\mathrm{N}}_{24}$ as an inner shell. The vertical ionization potential and the electronic affinity are in the range $6.7\char21{}6.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and $1.5\char21{}2.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, respectively. The binding energy shows systematic increase with increase in the length of the (4,4) nanotube. The energy band gap, determined using the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\mathit{SCF}$ method, shows that these structures are characterized by a fairly large band gap of about $4\char21{}5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, which is, however, smaller than the gap for the corresponding boron nitride structures.
Effect of chronic hyperghrelinemia on ingestive action of ghrelin

The stomach hormone ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Systemic administration of ghrelin will cause elevations in growth hormone (GH) secretion, food intake, adiposity, and body growth. Ghrelin also affects insulin secretion, gastric acid secretion, and gastric motility. Several reports indicate that repeated or continuous activation of GHS-R by exogenous GHSs or ghrelin results in a diminished GH secretory response. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which the acute stimulation of food intake by exogenous ghrelin is altered by chronic hyperghrelinemia in transgenic mice that overexpress the human ghrelin gene. The present findings show that the orexigenic action of exogenous ghrelin is not diminished by a chronic hyperghrelinemia and indicate that the food ingestive pathway of the GHS-R is not susceptible to desensitization. In contrast, the epididymal fat pad growth response, like the GH response, to exogenous ghrelin is blunted in ghrelin transgenic mice with chronic hyperghrelinemia.
The bird remains from the West Runton Freshwater Bed, Norfolk, England

The bird remains from the West Runton Freshwater Bed in Norfolk, England are described and identified taxonomically. Their significance to the palaeoenvironment of the deposits is discussed. The deposit is dominated by waterfowl such as ducks, geese, swans, a moorhen, a great cormorant, undetermined waders and a crane. Other birds include a thrush, starlings and small corvids. Among the large number of anatine remains there is a tarsometatarsus formerly identified as a distinct form of eider Somateria gravipes but which is now considered to belong to a diving duck but not in the eider genus Somateria. The taphonomic origins of the assemblage are discussed, as is the relationship of the West Runton fauna to those of other Cromerian Complex sites in Britain and Europe. The relatively early Pleistocene date for the assemblage prompts a discussion of the age of modern bird species as molecular biologists have recently questioned whether modern bird species have their origins in the Pleistocene or the Neogene.
Establishment of six tree species on deep-tilled minesoil during reclamation

Abstract Compaction of replaced soil during reclamation of surface-mined land can limit trees. Growth, survival, and water relations of bare-root seedlings of six tree species were followed on deep-tilled and untilled minesoil for 2 years after planting. Trees were planted in rows deep-tilled to 0.7 m and in untilled soil; mowing and herbicides controlled competing vegetation. Leaf area, shoot elongation, and diameter increment were measured in both years, and predawn and midday water potential, and midday stomatal conductance, were measured in the second year. Survival was 16–98% after the first season, varying more among species than between tillage treatments. Rainfall was 50% less in the second season, resulting in a progressive decline in predawn water potential in all treatments and a decrease in survival for several species on untilled soil. Similarly, trees on deep-tilled soil grew slightly more than those on untilled soil in the second season. Tillage effects on survival and growth were not consistently detectable between years, however, and 3 years after planting there were no further changes in survival. Differences in survival and growth among species were large. Survival of black locust was approximately double that of any other species, and its growth was several orders of magnitude greater than that of other species, whereas all of the tulip poplars died by the end of the second season. Over 2 years it appeared that most species had not grown enough either to exploit fully the deep-tilled soil or to be impeded on the untilled soil such that differences in establishment could be detected. The full impact of deep tillage on reclamation with trees must be assessed, however, by following growth and survival over a longer time period.
Atmosphere reentry guidance - Return from the manned Mars mission.

Reentry guidance for manned Mars mission return considering capture and acceleration control, skip range and terminal range controls
British Way, French Way: Opinion Building and Revolution in the Second French Slave Emancipation

After a generation of enormous scholarly fecundity, interest in the history of the Atlantic slave system shows no signs of subsiding. It now constitutes one of the liveliest fields of comparative and interdisciplinary history. A recent flurry of centennial activities marking the history of abolition will probably continue unabated into bicentennial commemorations in 1991 of the St Domingue slave uprising and the quincentenary in 1992 of Columbus’s voyage.1 This luxuriant centennialization is grounded in a distinctive set of historical benchmarks. Little more than two centuries ago, personal bondage was the prevailing form of labor in most of the world. Personal freedom, not slavery, was the peculiar institution. In 1772, Arthur Young estimated that only 33 million of the world’s 775 million inhabitants could be called free. Adam Smith offered a similarly somber ratio to his students and prophesied that slavery was unlikely to disappear for ages, if ever.2
Surface design using cyclide patches

Abstract Cyclide surfaces have low algebraic degree, exact nurbs representations and circular lines of curvature. Geometric modelling applications of the cyclide include blending of quadric surface intersections, piping layouts and cable harnesses. In this paper, we describe a scheme for smoothly composing a topologically rectangular network of cyclide patches. It is a two-step process. First, a cyclide quadrilateral mesh is constructed to approximate the target shape. Then, cyclide patches corresponding to the quadrilateral mesh are constructed. There is tangent plane continuity across the patch boundaries. Computations are based on the geometry of the cyclide and it is easy to detect degenerate cyclide patches, i.e. parabolic cyclide, cone, cylinder and sphere. We discuss issues related to global and local shape modification, and portability. Implemented examples are also included. Finally, we describe a simple strategy for NC machining of composite cyclide surfaces. Advantages are highlighted and implemented examples included.
An Investigation of Total Ionizing Dose Damage on a Pulse Generator Intended for Space-Based Impulse Radio UWB Transceivers

We investigate, for the first time, the effects of total ionizing dose (TID) on a CMOS pulse generator implemented in a SiGe BiCMOS platform, and which is intended for use in space-based impulse radio ultra-wideband transceivers. The pulse generator was fabricated in Jazz Semiconductor's SBC18-H3 SiGe BiCMOS process technology, which combines 250 GHz SiGe HBTs and 180 nm CMOS. Total dose effects were examined using a 10-keV X-ray source. The effects of the TID on the performance of the pulse generator were investigated and a compensation scheme for mitigating these radiation effects is proposed.
Synthesis and spectral characterization of bisnaphthylmethyl and trinaphthylmethyl cations

Abstract Cationic triarylmethane dyes containing one, two or three naphthalene moieties have been prepared. Their synthesis and preliminary spectral, nonlinear optical and theoretical characterization are reported here. The major electronic and steric hindrance effects of the 1,4-linked naphthalene have been examined by comparison of the UV–vis absorption of the 1,4-linked and 2,6-linked series.
Physiological effects and mechanisms of action of endocrine disrupting chemicals that alter estrogen signaling.

Address for correspondence: Kenneth S. Korach, Ph.D., Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD B3-02, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA, Tel.: (919) 541-3512, Fax: (919) 541-0696, e-mail: korach@niehs.nih.gov Received 10-02-10, Revised 20-05-10, Accepted 10-06-10
Transition State Variation in Human, Bovine and Plasmodium falciparum Adenosine Deaminases

Adenosine deaminases (ADAs) from human, bovine, and Plasmodium falciparum sources were analyzed by kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and shown to have distinct but related transition states. Human adenosine deaminase (HsADA) is present in most mammalian cells and is involved in B- and T-cell development. The ADA from Plasmodium falciparum (PfADA) is essential in this purine auxotroph, and its inhibition is expected to have therapeutic effects for malaria. Therefore, ADA is of continuing interest for inhibitor design. Stable structural mimics of ADA transition states are powerful inhibitors. Here we report the transition-state structures of PfADA, HsADA, and bovine ADA (BtADA) solved using competitive kinetic isotope effects (KIE) and density functional calculations. Adenines labeled at [6-13C], [6-15N], [6-13C, 6-15N], and [1-15N] were synthesized and enzymatically coupled with [1‘-14C] ribose to give isotopically labeled adenosines as ADA substrates for KIE analysis. [6-13C], [6-15N], and [1-15N]adenosines ...
An Investigation of Primary and Secondary Psychopathy in a Statewide Sample of Incarcerated Youth

There has been considerable interest in the identification of putative subtypes of psychopathy over the past several years although none of this research has focused on juveniles who are high in psychopathic traits. Using a statewide sample of juvenile offenders, the present study sought to identify subtypes consistent with theoretical notions of primary and secondary psychopathy. Among those youths high in psychopathic traits (n = 132), finite mixture modeling of various indicators of psychological distress resulted in a two-class solution. Consistent with theory, one subtype was characterized by higher levels of distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation), whereas the other subgroup was lower on these dimensions and generally similar to nonpsychopathic control juveniles (n = 135). Analyses of theoretically relevant external correlates (e.g., offense history, drug use, victimization) suggested that the two subtypes differed from each other on certain key variables as well as differed from the...
The Increasing Income Inequality Among Children

Abstract As the proportion of the population of children decreases and the United States is increasingly exposed to global economic competition, children's economic well-being will become a major public policy issue. This study investigated the changes in income inequality among children from 1969 to 1979, 1979 to 1989, and 1969 to 1989 and compared them with the changes among adults and elderly people during the same periods. The major findings were that (1) income inequality among children increased at a faster rate than among adult and elderly groups, whether it was measured at the pretransfer stage or the posttransfer stage, and (2) the increased income inequality among children was due, in part, to the declining effectiveness of public income transfers-especially social insurance benefits-in lessening income inequality among children.
Treatment of adriamycin‐lnduced skin ulcers: A prospective controlled study

Extravasation into the skin and subcutaneous tissues of vesicant antineoplastic agents such as Adriamycin can be a serious clinical problem causing indolent necrotic ulcers. Several methods of therapy have been advocated but none has convincingly demonstrated superiority. A controlled animal experiment was designed to test four methods of therapy. Sixty-three 200-g Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups of ten and one group of three. Groups I through V each received an intradermal injection of 0.2 mg Adriamycin diluted in 1 cc saline. Group I rats served as Adriamycin ulcer controls. Group II rats underwent immediate excision of the area discolored by the Adriamycin injection with primary closure of the wound. Five group III rats underwent excision and closure at 48 hours and five at seven days. Group IV rats received an immediate injection of 0.2 mg of hydrocortisone into the area of Adriamycin discoloration. Group V rats received immediate injection of 200 mg alphatocopherol (vitamin E) into the discolored area. Group VI rats received no Adriamycin injection but served as controls, five receiving hydrocortisone injections and five receiving vitamin E injections, intradermally. Group VII rats also served as controls, one receiving 2 cc saline injection, one receiving 1 cc saline and 1 cc hydrocortisone, and one receiving 1 cc saline and 1 cc vitamin E. The rats were observed for ten weeks. Biopsies were taken for histologic examination and measurements of ulcer size were made. Group II, III, VI, and VII animals did not develop ulcers and all excised injections in groups II and III healed within seven days of closure; no ulcers recurred in these rats within the ten-week observation period. All animals in groups I, IV, and V developed ulcers which showed no difference in size at 16 days. We conclude that local injection of hydrocortisone and vitamin E are ineffectual in the treatment of the Adriamycin extravasation. Excision of the involved area to the underlying fascia with primary closure as soon as possible after the extravasation is more likely to be beneficial.
Estimating Charpy transition temperature shift using Weibull analysis

Abstract A primary consideration for operation of commercial nuclear light-water reactors is the fracture toughness of the reactor pressure vessel. One of the tests conducted for toughness determinations of the pressure vessel materials is the Charpy V-notch impact test. The tests are conducted over a range of test temperatures and the total impact energy required to break each specimen is determined and plotted vs test temperature. The impact energy values for a fixed temperature and radiation exposure are usually assumed to be Weibull distributed. This assumption was validated by a statistical selection process. An important parameter in the evaluation of reactor vessel materials is termed the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature shift (ΔT4) and is the temperature shift between the unirradiated and irradiated Charpy V-notch curves at the 41-J (30-ft-lb) energy level. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology for estimating the ΔT41 value and to place limits on the error of estimation. This has been accomplished by assuming that the scale parameter in the Weibull distribution is a function of temperature (and neutron fluence for the irradiated Charpy V-notch data). An inverse regression technique is then used to solve for the temperature corresponding to an impact energy of 41 J. To obtain error bounds on this estimate, the parameters of the equation describing the scale parameter are resampled assuming a normal distribution and the inverse regression is repeated several times. This leads to several estimates of the temperature, and the variance of these values can be used to give bounds on the error of estimation.
Analysis of wave propagation in thick-section composite laminates using effective moduli

Effective moduli for thick-section composite laminates were used to represent the laminates as homogeneous but anisotropic media. Harmonic waves propagating parallel and normal to the layering were considered. Dispersion curves for various stacking sequences were obtained from the effective modulus method and from exact layer-by-layer analysis. The results indicate that for long wavelengths, the effective modulus solutions converge to the exact solutions. As the wavelength decreases, the effective modulus solution starts to deviate from the exact solution. The amount of deviation depends on the mode of wave motion, stacking sequence, and number of plies in the laminate. The effective modulus model together with a global-local method were also used to study the transient response in a layered cylinder subjected to blast loading. The stress fields obtained from the effective modulus model agreed very well with those obtained using layer-by-layer analysis.
Permeance of Novikoff Hepatoma Gap Junctions: Quantitative Video Analysis of Dye Transfer

Fluorescent dyes are commonly used to study permeable (gap) junctions, but only rarely have quantitative values for junctional dye permeability been determined. In the present study, junctional permeance (PA, i.e., the product of the junctional permeability coefficient,P, times the junctional area,A) to Lucifer Yellow CH (LY) has been obtained for pairs of Novikoff hepatoma cells. Dye was microinjected into one cell and the subsequent transfer monitored by a SIT camera and recorded on video tape. The intensities of fluorescence in the injected and “recipient” cell were measured using a Digisector (Microworks) digitizing board and an Apple II Plus computer to analyze the video records. These changes in intensity, along with an estimate of volume of the spherical cells, were used to calculate the junctional permeance (PA) of cell pairs according to Fick's diffusion equation. Junctional permeances show considerable variation ranging from 0.08×10−11 to 27.0×10−11 cm3/sec. Using the meanPA and a previous estimate of the mean number of junctional channels per interface in the Novikoff cultures, a value for diffusion coefficient of LY through gap junctions is calculated to be about 1.4×10−6 cm2/sec. There is a general proportionality between meanPA and cell volume for hepatoma cell pairs of a certain size range. Such a relationship between cell volume and junctional capacity suggests one source of variation ofPA. Other possible sources, e.g., related to position in the cell cycle, are discussed.
The high molecular weight of the fowlpox virus genome

High molecular weight DNA has been extracted from fowlpox virus and purified by chromatography on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns. The DNA begins to elute at a NaCl concentration of 0.73 m and the elution pattern is consistent with whole molecules. Sedimentation coefficients were corrected to standard conditions and infinite dilution. In an analysis of molecular weights calculated with a number of representative equations using 020,w, three agreed closely, giving values which were comparable with the chemical determination of the mass of DNA per particle and data derived from measurement of contour lengths by electron microscopy. A comparison of these methods indicates that fowlpox DNA has a molecular weight of 200 to 240 × 106 daltons; thus it is the largest viral DNA molecule yet reported.
Spectrum inpainting: a new framework for spectrum status determination in large cognitive radio networks

In this paper, the problem of spectrum status determination is considered for large cognitive radio (CR) ad hoc networks. Spectrum sensing and spectrum decision are critical for cognitive radio network throughput and hence obtaining accurate knowledge of the spectrum status is vitally important to better spectrum usage decisions. The major challenge of this type of problem lies in the fact that for a network covering a large geographical area, only very limited measurements of spectrum occupancy during spectrum sensing may be obtained by the CR users for a certain location in any given time slot. This is due to both the hardware limitations as well as the tradeoff between spectrum sensing time and data throughput of the CR users. By representing the spectrum sensing results across the network as an image, spectrum status determination is formulated as an image recovery problem. The method of total variation inpainting is applied to solve the problem with low determination error. The proposed method takes advantage of the correlations in multiple dimensions and the numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Sub-0.18-μm line/space lithography using 248-nm scanners and assisting feature OPC masks

The downscaling of critical dimensions (CD) in semiconductor circuits has been pushing photolithography to print features below the wavelength of the light source. However, severe proximity effect and small DOF for isolated lines have brought challenges to sub-0.18 micrometer lithography in manufacturing using 248 nm scanners. To improve proximity effect and DOF for isolated lines, assisting features (AF) on masks are considered. However, the practical application of this technique has been limited because of difficulties in mask fabrication. In this paper, we discuss items that concern both photolithographers and mask-makers as AF is applied in manufacturing. These items include mask error factor (MEF), depth of focus (DOF) improvement, AF line width control, lithographic impact caused by the drift of the mean value of mask CD, defect printability in resist, and defect sensitivity during mask inspection.
Interaction of 1,4 dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists with biological membranes: lipid bilayer partitioning could occur before drug binding to receptors

The binding of dihydropyridine calcium channel agonists and antagonists to receptors in cardiac sarcolemmal membranes is a complex reaction that may involve an interaction with the lipid bilayer matrix of the sarcolemma. Membrane/buffer partition coefficients (lambda) for three dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists were measured directly in the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes and found to be in the range of 5,000 to 150,000. These drugs interact primarily with the membrane bilayer component of these membranes but may also bind to non-receptor proteins. The intrinsic forward rate constants for dihydropyridine binding to sarcolemmal calcium channel receptors were apparently not strongly dependent on their membrane partition coefficients. For example, nimodipine (lambda = 6300) had a forward rate constant of 6.8 +/- 0.6 x 10(6)/M/S, whereas the forward rate constant for Bay P 8857 (lambda = 149,000) was 1.4 +/- 0.8 x 10(7)/M/S. Model calculations for this binding reaction demonstrated that since these drugs are highly lipid soluble, the dependence of these rates on lipid solubility would probably not be reflected in the experimental forward rate constants. In addition, the intrinsic forward rate constant for nimodipine binding to sarcolemmal calcium channel receptors was found not to be linearly dependent on the viscosity of the buffer medium over a five-fold range. The rate of nonspecific (non-receptor protein) drug binding to highly purified sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes essentially devoid of specific receptors for these drugs appears to be extremely fast, at least 10(3) times faster than specific drug binding to the receptor in the sarcolemma. Thus, it appears that partitioning into the lipid bilayer matrix of the sarcolemma could be a general property of dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists and may be a prerequisite for their binding to sarcolemmal membrane receptors.
Crime Cultivation: Comparisons Across Media Genres and Channels

This study tests the idea that TV genres (crime drama, reality cop shows, news) and channels (TV and newspapers) vary in their potential to cultivate perceptions, fears, and behavior related to exposure and attention to crime content. Randomly selected adults (505) over the age of 18 in Indiana were interviewed. Regression analyses indicate significant variance across media genres and channels in their influence on viewer orientations to crime. Yet overall, media use is a relatively weak predictor of crime orientations. This study was conducted with grant support from the School of Journalism at Indiana University.
Determination of kinetics and controlling regimes for H2 oxidation on Pt/Al2O3 monolithic catalyst using high space velocity experiments

Abstract Recently developed criteria [S.Y. Joshi, M.P. Harold, V. Balakotaiah, Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 1729–1747] are used to characterize the various controlling regimes (kinetic, pore diffusion and mass transfer controlled) during H2 oxidation on Pt/Al2O3 monolithic catalyst. The hydrogen conversion was measured over a wide range of temperatures and space velocities. Experiments at typical space velocities (104–105 h−1) revealed that complete conversion can be achieved at ambient temperature, a result of fast catalytic kinetics. The high activity complicates the analysis of the relative importance of reaction, washcoat diffusion and mass transfer. High space velocity operation with accompanying theoretical analysis enabled an efficient determination of the intrinsic catalytic kinetics, quantification of the heat and mass transport coefficients and determination of the resistances due to reaction, washcoat diffusion and external mass transport processes. Specifically, we investigated the effects of catalyst aging, space velocity and catalyst temperature on the regime transition. The analysis reveals that washcoat diffusion regime is dominant over a wide range of temperatures for the aged catalyst whereas the monolith transitions to a mass transfer controlled regime above 90 °C for the high dispersion fresh catalyst. The analysis also reveals that the aging of the catalyst due to sintering of Pt crystallites not only reduces the pre-exponential factor but also the observed activation energy.
Interarch tooth size relationships of 3 populations: "does Bolton's analysis apply?".

This study evaluates whether Bolton’s interarch ratios extend across populations and genders. The data were derived from systematically collected preorthodontic casts of 180 patients, including 30 males and 30 females from each of 3 populations (black, Hispanic, and white). Forty-eight mesiodistal contact points were digitized on each model, and the lengths of the anterior, posterior, and overall arch segments were calculated. The results showed significant (P < .05) ethnic group differences in all 6 arch segment lengths and in all 3 interarch ratios. Whites displayed the lowest overall ratio (92.3%), followed by Hispanics (93.1%), and blacks (93.4%). The group differences were due primarily to the relationships between the posterior segments. The arch segments of males were significantly larger than females; the overall and posterior ratios were also significantly larger in males than in females. Multiple regression analyses showed that individual differences in the overall ratio were most closely associated with the size of the lower second premolar, followed by the upper lateral incisors, upper second premolars, and the lower central incisors. In combination, these 4 teeth explained approximately 50% of the variation in the overall ratio between subjects. We conclude that interarch tooth size relationships are population and gender specific. Bolton ratios apply to white females only; the ratios should not be indiscriminately applied to white males, blacks, or Hispanics. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;117:169-74)
Pairwise concurrence dynamics of a 4 qubit model beyond rotating wave approximation

We examine the entanglement dynamics of two two-level systems (A & B) each interacting with separate harmonic oscillators (a & b) in a regime where rotating wave approximation is not valid.
The protein inclusions in sieve elements of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

The sieve element of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) contains three kinds of inclusions known to consist of protein. One of these inclusions, an aggregate of filaments that resemble some forms of P protein, is found in the nucleus. The other two are cytoplasmic in origin: a common form of P protein, with filaments indistinctly tubular at first and striated fibrillar later; and a spheroidal inclusion body with a dense core and a paracrystalline mantle. The P protein has a precursory stage represented by a dense mass of apparently anastomosing fibrils. The spheroidal body is seen in the sieve element before any other features identifying the cell as a differentiating sieve element become evident, except the lack of grana in the plastids. This kind of body was previously interpreted as a nucleolus released from the disintegrating nucleus during sieve-element ontogeny. In the present study the body was identified in the cytoplasm when the nucleus was still intact and contained a nucleolus.
Kinetics of Product Formation and Plasmid Segregation in Recombinant Microbial Populations

Experimental and mathematical analysis of productivity of cultures containing recombinant plasmids is based in this work on the following paradigm: molecular controls leads to single cell kinetics leads to cell population dynamics leads to reactor productivity. Mathematical models have been developed for replication control of the lambda dv plasmid and for efficiency of the lac promoter-operator based on the molecular control mechanisms of these systems in Escherichia coli. A special and important attribute of these models is their ability to describe quantitatively a wide range of genetic effects as well as environmental influences on molecular control function. Equations describing plasmid maintenance and distribution in growing cell cultures have been determined based on the population-balance equations applicable to a segregated culture model. The washout dilution rate for continuous cultivation of plasmid-containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae in selective medium is given in terms of single-cell division-cycle parameters and plasmid copy number for one single-cell model of plasmid replication and segregation. A new experimental method based on flow cytometry for rapid characterization of heterogeneity of single-cell accumulation of a plasmid gene product is also described. Generalization of these methods and of the overall strategy should provide a useful framework for synthesis of biological and engineering principles and methods to optimize organisms and processes based on recombinant DNA technology.
Stratigraphic Record of Pollution in Shagawa Lake, Northeastern Minnesota

Shagawa Lake in northeastern Minnesota is an anomalously productive lake in a region dominated by many very fresh and unproductive lakes. It receives treated sewage from the town of Ely. Mine wastes once entered the lake. A 1-m core of lake sediments was studied to ascertain the prehistoric trophic status of this lake and its response to mining, lumbering, and intensive human settlement in its watershed. Fossil diatoms, Cladocera, and some detrital minerals were identified and counted at 10-cm intervals throughout the core. A pollen stratigraphy of the upper 30 cm enabled the lacustrine changes to be related to vegetational changes during the last 100 yrs. The core contains three distinct zones. The lower zone (100 to 75 cm) is dominated by benthic and littoral diatoms and by a diverse assemblage of Cladocera. These features suggest that the littoral zone was more extensive or more productive or both than when the upper zones were deposited. The middle zone (75 to 25 cm) contains a planktonic diatom flora characterized by Cyclotella comta, a common form in the unpolluted lakes of this latitude. The upper zone (25 to 0 cm) contains abundant remains of Stephanodiscus minutus, Fragilaria crotonensis, and F. capucina, which are planktonic diatoms living today in the lake and in many highly enriched lakes to the south. This zone coincides with the appearance of hematite and limonite mineral grains that entered the lake when mining began in the area about 1890 and with an increase in ragweed (Ambrosia) pollen that marks land clearance and the beginning of European settlement. The cladoceran stratigraphy of the upper zone indicates that Chydorus sphaericus became much more abundant than Bosmina longirostris. This change was probably induced by the increasing severity and duration of blue-green algal blooms. The Stratigraphic changes that occurred at the time of European settlement indicate that Shagawa Lake responded rapidly to increased nutrient levels caused by a variety of human activities in and around the lake.
Superficial Bladder Tumors In Childhood

PURPOSE To present the clinical, histological features and the prognosis of superficial bladder tumors (SBT) in childhood. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 6 male children, 4-14 yrs old (mean age 11yrs.), treated at our Department between 1984 and 2006, were found to have SBT. Presenting symptoms included gross heamaturia in 5, irritative voiding and microscopic heamaturia in 1. Initial diagnosis was made by ultrasound. Cystoscopy confirmed the diagnosis and 5 patients underwent transurethral resection of the tumor which was solitary. The remaining patient underwent transvesical excision due to the presence of two exophytic lesions measuring 3,2 and 2,5 cm in diameter respectively. Follow up consisted of ultrasound which was performed every 3 months in the first year and every 6 months later. RESULTS Pathologic evaluation revealed low grade pTa transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in 5 cases and nephrogenic adenoma (NA) in 1. The case with NA had been operated on obstructive megaureter in early infancy.During follow up (2-24 years), there was no evidence of relapse. CONCLUSIONS Despite the fact that S.B.T. are rare in childhood, all children presented with gross heamaturia must be investigated. Bladder ultrasound is the most sensitive scan in exophytic lesions > 3mm. The appropriate treatment option is transurethral resection of the tumor which mostly is solitary. During follow up there was no evidence of relapse.
Monoprotic tetradentate N3O-donor ligands and their Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes

A convenient four-step procedure was developed to prepare the novel monoprotic tetradentate ligands N-(2-hydroxy)benzyl-N-methyl-N‘-(2-pyridyl)methyl-1,3-propanediamine (Hpamap) and N-(2-hydroxy)benzyl-N‘-methyl-N‘-(2-pyridyl)methyl-1,3-propanediamine (Hpmaap), which provide an N3O metal coordination sphere. A mononuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu(pamap)Cl] (A), was obtained by reaction of Hpamap with CuCl2·2H2O. The binuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu(pamap)]2(BF4)2 (B) and [Cu(pmaap)]2(BF4)2 (C) were obtained when these ligands were reacted with Cu(II) in the presence of the noncoordinating BF4- anion. Reaction of nickel(II) with the Hpamap ligand generated the binuclear Ni(II) complex [Ni2(pamap)2(NO3)]NO3 (D). The crystal of A (C17H22ClCuN3O) is orthorhombic Pbca (No. 61), a = 11.837(4) A, b = 15.648(5) A, c = 11.002(11) A, Z = 8; that of B (C34H44B2Cu2F8N6O2) is triclinic P1 (No. 2), a = 9.147(0) A, b = 10.375(0) A, c = 10.535(1) A, α = 107.20(0)°, β = 91.19(0)°, γ = 105.05(0)°, Z = 1; that of C (C34H4...
In vivo flexor tendon forces increase with finger and wrist flexion during active finger flexion and extension.

The effects of different hand motions and positions used during early protected motion rehabilitation on tendon forces are not well understood. The goal of this study was to determine in vivo forces in human flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendons of the index finger during active unresisted finger flexion and extension. During open carpal tunnel surgery (n = 12), flexor tendon forces were acquired with buckle force transducers, and finger positions were recorded on video while subjects actively flexed and extended the fingers at two different wrist angles. Mean in vivo FDP tendon forces varied between 1.3N ± 0.9N and 4.0N ± 2.9N while mean FDS tendon forces ranged from 1.3N ± 0.5N to 8.5N ± 10.7N. FDP force increased with active finger flexion at both wrist angles of 0° or 30° flexion. FDS force increased with finger flexion when the wrist was in 30° flexion, but was unchanged when the wrist was in 0° of flexion. Tendon forces were similar regardless of whether the fingers were moving in the flexion or extension direction. Active finger flexion and extension with the wrist at 0° and 30° flexion may be used during early rehabilitation protocols with limited risk of repair rupture. This risk can be further decreased for a FDS tendon repair by reducing wrist flexion angle. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Image sharpening toolkit (ISTK)

There has been significant research on specific image sharpening algorithms, but there has been less work incorporating them into a robust and validated tool. We present the Image Sharpening Toolkit (ISTK), a collection of four validated algorithms that provide error propagation and greater spectral or spatial fidelity, dependent on the user's needs. The algorithms exploit the physics of a sensor, including knowledge of its Tasseled Cap coefficients and Spectral Response Function. In addition, the HSV color model is used to fuse two single-band images and produce a color image. We demonstrate the tool's performance on QuickBird and IKONOS imagery.
Magnesium tetraarylporphyrin tweezer: a CD-sensitive host for absolute configurational assignments of α-chiral carboxylic acids

A protocol to determine the absolute configuration of α-chiral carboxylic acids based on a modified circular dichroic (CD) exciton chirality method has been developed. The protocol relies on a host−guest complexation mechanism: the chiral substrates are derivatized to give bifunctional amide conjugates (“guests”) that form complexes with a dimeric magnesium porphyrin host, Mg-T (T stands for “tweezer”) that acts as a “receptor”. The two porphyrins in the complex adopt a preferred helicity dictated by the substituents at the chiral center in accordance with their steric sizes (assigned on the basis of conformational energy A-values) and, consequently, with the absolute configuration of the substrates under investigation. This chiroptical method, verified with a variety of chiral substrates, has been demonstrated to be reliable and generally applicable, including natural products with complex structures. Molecular modeling, NMR, and FTIR experiments of selected host−guest complexes revealed the mode of lig...
Control of jet shock associated noise by a reflector

Due to the discrete noise radiation from an imperfectly expanded supersonic jet, a reflecting surface can be used to impart changes to the jet. Powell's model of screech generation is used to analytically design the reflector size necessary to cause destruction of the feedback cycle inherent to screech production. This enabled experiments to be performed over a wide range of supersonic flow conditions for a sonic nozzle in the presence of a remotely controlled reflector. Results show that not only the screech amplitude can be controlled, but that marked changes in the jet structure and broadband noise production can also be effected by changing the position of the reflector.