cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990: A Decade Later

Abstract Analysis of oil spills data confirms that accidental oil spills are natural phenomenon and that there is a relationship between accidental oil spills and variables like vessel size, vessel type, time and region of spill. The volume of oil spilled bears relationship with the volume of petroleum imports and domestic movement of petroleum and proportion of large oil spills. Finally, navigational risk increases with increase in marine traffic and is also determined by variables like hydrographic and meteorological conditions, water configuration, maneuvering space, obstructions and nuisance vessels. The Oil Pollution Act, 1990 (OPA 90) was passed by the US Congress in the aftermath of 11 million gallon spill of crude oil in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The objective of OPA 90 was to minimize marine casualties and oil spills by addressing preventive, protective, deterrent and performance aspects of accidental oil spills. The arm of various regulations like double-hull tankers and vessel response plans extended to both US flagged and foreign-flagged tank vessels. The cost–benefit analysis of major regulations shows that the estimated costs exceed estimated benefits. We observe from USCG data on oil spills by size, by vessel type, Coast guard district and type of petroleum product that there have been significant reductions in the number and the quantity of oil spills. Our regression results show that the quantity of oil spilled increases with increase in oil imports but increases at a decreasing rate. The quantity of oil spilled decreases with increases in the domestic oil movements. Furthermore, percent of oil spills larger than 10,000 gallons also increases the potential quantity of oil spilled. OPA 90 has been a deterrent to accidental oil spills but the finding is not conclusive.
Pseudo critical relaxation

Abstract Two different growth laws and a divergent thermal relaxation time are obtained from the equations of motion of the interphase boundary during a simple order-disorder transition. Pseudo critical exponents of 2 and 4 3 characterize the relaxation.
Preface to Part IX

As the title shows, this chapter is aimed at providing a future direction of problem-solving research. To do so, they first did a retrospective survey of the reviews of problem-solving research in the past two decades. Even though problem solving is still a hot topic in the field of mathematics education, the field literally made very little progress about problem solving research in the past two decades according to the authors. Moreover, while problem solving has received an increased attention as an integral part of school mathematics curriculum world wide, yet research in this area decreased dramatically in recent years.
Toxicity of lead to soil respiration: mediation by clay minerals, humic acids, and compost.

Since Pb has no known biological function, elevated levels of Pb in soils and in other natural environments may adversely affect the indigenous biota, including the microbiota. Elevated levels of Pb in soil may also adversely affect microbemediated ecologic processes. There is, however, relatively little information on the mediating influence of the physicochemical factors of the recipient environment on the toxicity of Pb to microbe-mediated ecologic processes. This present study evaluated the influence of the clay minerals, kaolinite and montmorillonite, particulate humic acids, and compost on the degradation of glucose in soil.
Finger Forces and Predictability using various Hand Couplings

Hand and finger force data are used in many settings, including industrial design and indicating progress during rehabilitation. Available data in the literature has primarily focused on whole-hand or multi-digit pinch exertions. The present study compiled and examined forces exerted by the fingers in a variety of couplings to both enhance and supplement available data. Forces were measured using strain gauge force transducers, and a modification of standard protocols was followed to obtain consistent and applicable data. Correlations within and among maximum finger forces, whole-hand grip force, and anthropometric measures were examined. Multiple regression models were developed to determine predictability of strength in various finger couplings from more accessible measures. Together with past data, this strength data should be helpful when designing effective and efficient human-machine interfaces involving finger intensive tasks. Results indicated that hand and finger strength cannot be accurately pre...
Coalitions and Party Strategies in India's Parliamentary Federation

This article analyzes the coalition strategies of national and regional parties in India's federal parliamentary, single-member district, simple-plurality system during the evolution of the national party system from a one-party dominant system to a fragmented, multiparty system. The focus is on the compatibilities between the strategies for expansion and consolidation of power of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and a range of regional parties with a base only in one or a few states. Spatial compatibility, whereby the BJP's and regional parties' bases lie in different sets of states, is the key to explaining the coalitions that have emerged between the BJP and regional parties since 1998, in addition to the regional parties' desires for a share in power in the national governing coalition. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Master's Students' Experiences in a Multicultural Counseling Role-Play.

This study examined the experiences of master’s students in regard to their participation in a multicultural role-play and review process (Jencius et al. 2004). Whereas the literature has supported the use of role-plays as a multicultural training technique (Alvarez and Miville 2003; Vazquez and Garcia-Vazquez 2003), there is a distinct lack of information on the actual role-play experience itself. The data analyzed from participants’ reported experiences about their student counselor and student client roles in this study offers valuable feedback to those who teach multicultural counseling. Participants reported qualitatively different experiences based on which particular role they held.
Trends in Risk and Protective Factors for Child Bullying Perpetration in the United States

This study examines trends in prevalence and factors associated with bullying perpetration among children 10–17 years old, using the 2003 and 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health. A parent-reported bullying measure and NSCH-designed questions were used to measure factors associated with bullying. The 2003 (n = 48,639) and 2007 (n = 44,152) samples were 51 % male, with mean age of 13.5 (standard deviation 2.3). 23 % of children bullied at least sometimes in 2003 and 15 % bullied in 2007. Parental anger with their child, a child emotional/developmental/behavioral problem, and suboptimal maternal mental health were associated with higher bullying odds in 2003 and 2007, whereas parents talking with their child very/somewhat well, and meeting their child’s friends were associated with lower odds. Between 2003 and 2007, parental anger with their child was associated with increasing bullying odds and parents’ meeting their child’s friends was associated with decreasing odds. Targeting these persistent factors may result in effective bullying-prevention interventions.
Wisconsin desmids. I. Aufwuchs and plankton communities of selected acid bogs, alkaline bogs, and closed bogs

Data are presented for 28 acid bogs, five alkaline bogs, and 12 closed bogs in Wisconsin with respect to the summer composition of the aufwuchs and plankton ccommunities, the relative importance of desmids in these communities, and the structure of aufwuchs communities associated with different macrophyte hosts. Generic diversity of desmids is highest in acid bogs and lowest in alkaline bogs and generally is greater in the aufwuchs community than in the plankton community at a given site. Whenever it was present, the greatest diversity occurred in association with the macrophyte host Utricularia. Among lakes of a given type, relationships between the occurrence of desmid genera and parameters of the chemical environment were not apparent for either the aufwuchs or plankton communities. Similarly, no clear-cut distinctions occur in the desmid communities of the three lake types in terms of population densities and percentage contribution to the total population, but acid bogs tend to have a somewhat more prominent flora quantitatively. Statistically significant differences in desmid population densities from one host to another within a given lake did occur in lakes of all three types, and this suggests that the nature of the substrate can definitely influence community size and composition. Data for other algal groups are similarly treated, and brief comparisons of the mat and open water communities of alkaline bogs are included.
Ongoing margin migration of Ice Stream B, Antarctica

The rate of margin migration of an ice stream can be determined using repeat measurements of the surface velocity profile within the marginal shear zone. The method relies on the assumption that the velocity profile is a characteristic feature of the margin, and that this profile is shifted laterally as the margin migrates. Application of the method to Ice Stream B, Antarctica, indicates that the southern margin is moving outward into the inland ice at a rate of at least 9.7 ± 1.1 m a−1.
Pricing and the consumer

This paper presents a different way for airlines to think about pricing. Specifically, this paper shows how airlines can make more money if they consider consumer psychology in their pricing decisions. British Airways is used as an applied example, while the theoretical framework used to examine consumer psychology is Prospect Theory. This theory was developed by Kahneman and Tversky, who spent their careers studying consumer decision-making. In their research they showed that consumers are not rational as believed by economists, but are irrational; often this irrationality follows a pattern. The explanation of the pattern is the foundation of Prospect Theory, which is discussed in this paper. They were not economists, but psychologists. Dr Kahneman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his ground-breaking work. Because the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously, Dr Tversky did not receive the award; however, he did receive a mention which is very rare. This paper is adapted from comments at the IATA Revenue Management Conference held in Budapest in 2005.
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence and Electrocapillary Investigations of Adsorption at the Water−Dichloroethane Electrochemical Interface. 2. Fluorescence-Detected Linear Dichroism Investigation of Adsorption-Driven Reorientation of Di-N-butylaminonaphthylethenylpyridiniumpropylsulfonate

The potential-dependent adsorption and orientation of the zwitterionic amphiphile, di-N-butylaminonaphthylethenylpyridiniumpropylsulfonate, I, in the presence of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) at the H2O−1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) interface was investigated using a combination of steady-state fluorescence, fluorescence-detected linear dichroism, and electrocapillary measurements. From electrocapillary measurements, DLPC was found to dominate the interfacial composition at all potentials, when DLPC and I were present in bulk DCE and H2O at ca. 2 and 1 μM concentrations, respectively. At potentials Ew − Eo > 0.32 V, the affinity of DLPC for the interface is diminished, and I becomes a more effective competitor for interfacial sites. Over the potential range 0.32 V ≤ Ew − Eo ≤ 0.47 V, the total interfacial excess of species is reduced, but the ratio / is enhanced. The DC fluorescence signal increased in response to the enhanced interfacial population of the unprotonated monomeric I at positive potentials....
How effective is the multidisciplinary approach? A follow-up study.

Abstract The multidisciplinary approach to diagnose, evaluate, and plan the treatment of victims of child abuse and neglect has been widely advocated and adopted by hospitals and community-based protective service teams. Despite the increasing prevalence of this approach, few if any studies have looked at its effectiveness. In the current study the effectiveness of the multidisciplinary approach was assessed by looking at the number of recommended services obtained by a sample of 180 children one year after evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. The results indicate that a large percentage of services recommended by the multidisciplinary team were obtained. This compares with the very low probability of service acquisition reported in samples of abused and neglected children identified by CPS teams but not having access to a multidisciplinary evaluation. The multidisciplinary team plays a central role in acquiring the services needed to reduce the deficits and sequelae suffered by the victims of child abuse and neglect.
Metallic Glass Surface Patterning by Micro-Molding

The micro-molding of bulk amorphous metal to create sub-micrometer to sub-millimeter surface features was investigated. The goal was to demonstrate the reproduction of such features in a metallic material from a master. The bulk metallic glass material was embossed between the glass transition and crystallization temperatures. Silicon wafers patterned by deep reactive ion etching were used as masters. The patterns were designed to test the effects and interactions of aspect ratios, geometry, and spatial proximity. In addition to these patterns, a master was developed to mold two-dimensional channel geometries. Comparisons between the replicated features and the molds are provided.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Alterations of the interleukin-4 pathway in production of tolerance by mixed hematopoietic chimerism

Background. The induction of specific tolerance could prevent acute and chronic rejection, as well as immunosuppressive complications, in recipients of vascularized organ allografts. Mixed hematopoietic chimerism is one approach to allogeneic tolerance. In these studies we examined whether mixed chimerism can confer tolerance to heart allografts across major and minor histocompatibility barriers. We also examined the transcription of cytokine genes within the allografts of tolerant animals and in cell culture. Methods. Adult Lewis rats were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with a mixture of 50×10 6 T-cell depleted bone marrow cells. Chimeric animals received heterotopic donor strain and third-party heart allografts and were assessed daily for rejection. Another set of chimeras received heart allografts that were examined at varying time points for transcription of cytokine genes by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results. Median graft survival in control animals was 6 days. Graft survival in 11 mixed chimeras ranged from more than 165 to more than 274 days (p Conclusions. Alterations in cytokine gene transcription are descriptive of tolerance in this model. Mixed chimerism confers long-term unresponsiveness to heart allografts across major and minor histocompatibility barriers with desirable features for clinical application.
Growth and development of larval taenia Crassiceps (Cestoda)—II. RNA and DNA synthesis in the ORF and KBS strains determined by autoradiography

Abstract The ORF and KBS strains of larval Taenia crassiceps were exposed ( in vitro ) to 3 H-uracil and 3 H-thymidine for varying intervals of time and were then processed by routine autoradiographic procedures. Results show that the hook organ of KBS larvae exhibited the highest rates of RNA synthesis. The distribution of incorporated 3 H-uracil was irregular in pattern within the scolex, lateral wall, and abscolex poles of both strains. In general however, the rates of RNA synthetic activity in subcuticular and parenchymal tissues was highest in the scolex, followed by lower levels of activity in the abscolex pole and lateral wall; the daughter larvae of both strains had slightly less activity than the scolex but was generally higher than other regions of the parent bladder. The pattern of mitotic indices and extra-nuclear grain densities as determined by incubation in 3 H-thymidine and colchicine, indicated the highest levels of incorporation to be in the scolex followed by the abscolex pole and lateral wall. RNA and DNA synthesis was shown in general, to be significantly higher in ORF larvae as compared to those of the KBS strain.
Extracting Assembly Mating Graphs for Assembly Variant Design

Assembly variant design in agile manufacturing involves modifying components or mixing and matching existing components from valid assemblies to proliferate new variant products. Wanget al. (2001, "Assembly Modeling for Complex Assembly variant Design, " Tenth Industrial Engineering Research Conference, Dallas TX; 2005, "Complex Assembly Variant Design in Agile Manufacturing. Part I : System Architecture and Assembly Modeling Methodology, " IIE Transactions on Design and Manufacturing, 37(1), pp. 1-15; 2005, "Complex Assembly variant Design in Agile Manufacturing. Part II: Assembly Variant Design Methodology, " IIE Transactions on Design and Manufacturing, 37(1), pp. 17-33) developed an assembly variant design methodology based on a component relationship model that captures assembly mating relationships at the feature level referred as assembly mating graph. This paper is devoted to formulation of assembly mating graphs from legacy computer-aided design models. Mating relationships are classified as direct, indirect, and interference relationships. Direct mating relationships are identified using geometric methods while a ray-firing algorithm is used to identify indirect and interference type mating relationships. The effectiveness of the developed methodology is demonstrated using illustrative examples.
Electrochemical determination of adenine and adenosine: Adsorption of adenine and adenosine at the pyrolytic graphite electrode

Adenine and adenosine are polarographically reducible from aqueous solution at pH 4.7 at the DME at the same E(1 2 ) and are also voltammetrically oxidizable at the PGE, but at different potentials, adenosine at higher potentials. Competitive adsorption of both compounds at the PGE results in a decrease in the scanning voltammetric oxidation peak of adenine in the presence of adenosine, reaching a constant value when the concentration of the latter is above 6 mM. In mixtures, the sum of the two is obtained by polarography at the DME. Solid adenosine is then added to the solution and the adenine is determined by voltamrnetry at the PGE.
Visiting industrial professors and sabbaticals in industry

Since computer science is an applied science, it seems wise that computer science departments maintain close contact with computer-based industry. This may be done through programs calling for an active interchange of academic and industrial computer scientists.
The Distribution of Cadmium-115m in Mongolian Gerbils

Abstract Mongolian gerbils were injected with trace quantities of cadmium-115m chloride over a 12-week period. After a 3-week equilibration period, the gerbils were sacrificed and the cadmium levels in various tissues were determined. Gerbils resemble other species in that the highest cadmium levels were in the liver and kidneys with lower levels in other tissues. The distribution of cadmium in rats1, dogs2, mice3, calves4, goats5, and fowl 6,7 has been reported, but there has been no report for the Mongolian gerbil. This paper reports the distribution of cadmium which has been intraperitoneally injected into Mongolian gerbils in trace quantities over a 12-week period.
Evaluating natural resource amenities in a human life expectancy production function

article i nfo This study examined the effect of natural resource amenities on human life expectancy. Extending the existing model of the life expectancy production function, and correcting for spatial dependence, we evaluated the determinants of life expectancy using county level data. Results indicate that after controlling for socio-demographic and economic factors, medical facilities and risk factors, counties with natural amenities such as high proportion of land in forests, farmland, rangeland and water bodies, as well as mild climate such as longer sunlight hours during winter and cooler year around temperature exhibited longer life expectancies at birth. In addition, counties containing state parks and outdoor recreation facilities, and those located near federal wilderness parks were associated with the longer expectancies at birth. Findings from this study have several implications for natural resource economics and management, public health, and human development. An important message of our findings is that the traditional approach of public health should be extended beyond just controlling diseases or treating patients to a more comprehensive approach that also acknowledges the preservation and utilization of natural resources, environmental amenities, and outdoor recreation opportunities in maintaining public health, quality of life, and overall human development.
Design of an optimal pin-fin heat sink with air impingement cooling

Abstract A comparative investigation between experiments and numerical simulation is presented for turbulent air impingement flow on a square pin-fin heat sink. Experiments were conducted using an aluminum heat sink subjected to a uniform heat flux by using a silicon test chip. The numerical method incorporates the κ -ϵ turbulence model. The numerical results illustrate the complex pressure gradients within the fin array. The predicted thermal resistance of the heat sink agrees well with those obtained from experiments.This study illustrates the utility of numerical experiments in the design and optimization of heat sinks.
Why Everyone Should Read George's ‘Progress and Poverty’: On the Classic's Centenary, the Specialists Find This 19th Century Best Seller Still Very Timely

. When one urges that everyone read a classic, Progress and Poverty, now on the centenary of its publication, it is not only because in a democracy the voting citizen decides basic questions of economic policy, but because it appeals to the moral sense of economics students as well as other social scientists. Is it not important that legislation affecting living standards and culture be just, as well as scientifically sound? And that economists, along with other social scientists, master communication technique as Henry George did, so that they can share the fruits of their investigations? Part of the ability to get something done about what is perceived as a problem must rest on the ability to communicate, As Joseph Schumpeter showed, George's proposal that the economic rent of land be collected in lieu of taxes that burden labor and capital was economically sound and his criticism of a tax system that penalizes industry and thrift and rewards speculation is now “obvious wisdom,”
Z Score Prediction Model for Assessment of Bone Mineral Content in Pediatric Diseases

The objective of this study was to develop an anthropometry-based prediction model for the assessment of bone mineral content (BMC) in children. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure whole-body BMC in a heterogeneous cohort of 982 healthy children, aged 5–18 years, from three ethnic groups (407 European- American [EA], 285 black, and 290 Mexican-American [MA]). The best model was based on log transformations of BMC and height, adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity. The mean ± SD for the measured/predicted ln ratio was 1.000 ± 0.017 for the calibration population. The model was verified in a second independent group of 588 healthy children (measured/predicted ln ratio = 1.000 ± 0.018). For clinical use, the ratio values were converted to a standardized Z score scale. The whole-body BMC status of 106 children with various diseases (42 cystic fibrosis [CF], 29 juvenile dermatomyositis [JDM], 15 liver disease [LD], 6 Rett syndrome [RS], and 14 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) was evaluated. Thirty-nine patients had Z scores less than −1.5, which suggest low bone mineral mass. Furthermore, 22 of these patients had severe abnormalities as indicated by Z scores less than −2.5. These preliminary findings indicate that the prediction model should prove useful in determining potential bone mineral deficits in individual pediatric patients.
Epichloë festucae and Related Mutualistic Symbionts of Grasses

Epichloe and Neotyphodium species (Ascomycota) are mutualistic symbionts (endophytes) of temperate grasses, to which they impart numerous and profound fitness benefits. Epichloe festucae, a common symbiont of Festuca, Lolium,and Koeleria spp., is a model for endophyte research that is amenable to Mendelian and molecular genetic analysis. Characteristics of E. festucae include: (i) production of the anti-insect alkaloids peramine and lolines, (ii) production of the anti-vertebrate alkaloids lolitrem B and ergovaline, (iii) efficient vertical transmission via host seeds, (iv) a mildly pathogenic state associated with the E. festucae sexual cycle, and (v) a clear role in enhancing survival of host plants. Genetic analysis of alkaloid production has recently begun. Also, physiological and ultrastructural studies suggest that signals communicated between E. festucae and host plants ensure an exquisitely balanced interaction to the mutual benefit of both partners. Several mutualistic Neotyphodium species are hybrids between E. festucae and other endophyte species.
Policy-induced competition: the telecommunications experiments

Abstract Over the past 30 years, the US has initiated a number of regulatory initiatives to open segments of the telecommunications market to competition. I develop a hypothesis regarding why such initiatives succeed or fail, based on a review of these initiatives, and informally test the hypothesis. On the basis of this evidence, I predict the failure of the current local loop unbundling model designed to induce local exchange competition. I also consider other sources of competition and focus on deregulatory actions (in the spirit of the Telecommunications Act) that could unblock alternative technologies that would bring competition to this market.
An interpretation of two-body hadron reactions

This is a review and study of the absorption model approach to two-body hadron reactions. The basic view is that reactions proceed by Reggeized particle exchange, modified by (mainly) absorptive initial and final state interactions. Our approach is pedagogical in two respects. First, the conceptual basis of the approach is discussed in detail, and considerable emphasis is put on spin properties and relating amplitudes and observables. We attempt to explain the procedures in sufficient detail that the interested reader can apply them. Limitations and theoretical weaknesses of the approach are discussed. Second, by approaching the whole field of two-body hadron reactions from one viewpoint, we can give unified treatments of some areas, such as polarizations, and of many observables and regularities, and unified explanations of why the data behave as they do from the viewpoint of the model. Because our purpose is primarily pedagogical, we consider representative reactions and amplitudes rather than exhaustively discuss data. At least one example of every major kind of amplitude is discussed, so the extension to additional reactions is often qualitatively possible without further calculation.
Protein adsorption and transport in dextran-modified ion-exchange media. III. Effects of resin charge density and dextran content on adsorption and intraparticle uptake.

Custom-synthesized variants of the commercial Capto S resin were used to examine the effects of resin charge density and dextran content on protein adsorption and intraparticle uptake. For the small protein lysozyme, resin charge density had the greatest effect on equilibrium capacity, consistent with calculations suggesting that lysozyme capacity should be limited by the available charge on the resin. Isocratic retention data and confocal microscopy imaging for this protein revealed a consistent ordering of the resins linking stronger protein–resin interactions with higher static capacities but slower intraparticle uptake rates over the range of properties studied. For the larger protein lactoferrin, it was found that increasing dextran content led to increased protein exclusion from the dextran layer, but that increasing resin charge density helped overcome the exclusion, presumably due to the increased electrostatic attraction between the resin and protein. Collectively examining the lysozyme and lactoferrin data along with information from previous studies suggests that a trade-off in maximizing dynamic capacities should exist between static capacities that increase to a finite extent with increased resin charge density and uptake rates that decrease with increased charge density. Column breakthrough data for lysozyme and lactoferrin appear to support the hypothesis, though it appears that whether a resin charge density is low or high must be considered in relation to the protein charge density. Using these trends, this work could be useful in guiding resin selection or design.
Female Same-Sex Sexuality from a Dynamical Systems Perspective: Sexual Desire, Motivation, and Behavior

Fluidity in attractions and behaviors among same-sex attracted women has been well-documented, suggesting the appropriateness of dynamical systems modeling of these phenomena over time. As dynamical systems modeling offer an approach to explaining the patterns of complex phenomena, it may be apt for explaining variability in female same-sex sexuality. The present research is the first application of this analytical approach to such data. Dynamical systems modeling, and specifically generalized local linear approximation modeling, was used to fit daily diary data on same-sex attractions and behaviors over a 21 day period among a group of 33 sexual minority women characterized as lesbian, bisexual or “fluid” based on their identity histories. Daily measures of women’s reported same-sex attractions were fit using a linear oscillator model and its parameters estimated the cyclicity in these attractions. Results supported the existence of a “core sexual orientation” for women in this sample, regardless of how they identified and despite a high degree of variability in daily same-sex attractions. Thus, modeling individual differences in the variability of attractions and behaviors of sexual minority women may be critical to furthering our understanding of female same-sex sexuality and human sexual orientation more broadly.
Magnetic Ordering and the Electronic Structure of Rare-Earth Metals

The effects of magnetic ordering of the localized 4f electrons in rare earth metals on the structure of the Brillouin zones in these metals, and hence on the conduction-electron characteristics, are studied by means of a magneticsuperlattice model. The model takes into account the exchange interaction between the 4f and conduction electrons, and effects of spin-orbit interactions of the 4f electrons. The model is used to study the electric resistivity of Er and Tb as functions of crystal orientation amd applied magnetic field. (T.F.H.)
Reducing vortex motion in YBa2Cu3O7 crystals with splay in columnar defects.

A strategy to boost the current-carrying capacity of cuprate superconductors beyond the levels attainable with parallel columnar defects was recently proposed. It consists of the enforcement of vortex entanglement by controlled splay of columns. We demonstrate the validity of this suggestion in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ single crystals using the difference in splay naturally occurring in irradiations with two ions differing in mass and energy. The terminal dispersion of the columns produced by 0.58-GeV $^{116}\mathrm{Sn}^{30+}$ is about 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, as compared with 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for 1.08-GeV $^{197}\mathrm{Au}^{23+}$. At high temperatures, this large splay results in a persistent current density one order of magnitude larger and a creep rate one order of magnitude smaller.
Using AOP for detailed runtime monitoring instrumentation

Although AOP has long been used for monitoring purposes, the level of detail that virtually all AOP frameworks support is not enough to support broad classes of monitoring applications. Often the method or function call is the basic unit of code weaving, and if some data access weaving is supported it is usually very limited, e.g., to object field access. In this paper we demonstrate the need for AOP to be extended if it is to support broad runtime monitoring needs, and then present two new joinpoint types for AspectJ, the basic block and loop back edge types. These allow much more fine-grained weaving of advice, which in turn supports a much larger category of runtime monitoring applications. We demonstrate the feasibility of these extensions with example prototype implementations using the AspectBench Compiler (abc).
Orchestrating Party Talk: A Party‐Based View of One‐Minute Speeches in the House of Representatives

Previous studies of House members' speech-giving behavior treat the behavior as a product of members' individual goals. By uncovering leadership memoranda soliciting member participation in one-minute speech giving, I find, first, that parties significantly structure one-minute speech giving, with party-orchestrated message campaigns accounting for about one-third of the speeches given. Second, I find that a party-based explanation illuminates individual members' speech-giving behavior. Ideological proximity to the party leadership and party organizational factors strongly influence a member's willingness to be �on message.� These findings have important implications for studies of both party message politics and members' speech-giving behavior.
Déjà Vu, All Over Again

Abstract In response to Swanson's intergalactic HRD, McLean offers counter arguments to support intergalactic HRD. He explores the concept using dialectics: geocentrism vs. ethnocentrism, continuous improvement vs. status quo, situational context vs. absolutism, micro vs. meso vs. macro views, weight of scholarly support, ambiguity vs. specificity, and identify (field, discipline, subject or amorphous body of knowledge). McLean concludes that there is an ongoing need to continue to explore subfacets of HRD and to continue to explore how culture influences our understanding of HRD.
Environmental Performance of Industrial Gas Turbines

At this point in time, everyone is “for the environment” and this is true the world world over because the atmosphere is shared by peoples of all nations. Air pollution from hydrocarbon fuel combustion, both worldwide and local, is discussed by reviewing known measurements of contaminants. Application of gas turbines by industry is one way to provide power needs for attaining and maintaining an industrial society. Environmental performance of industrial gas turbines with respect to exhaust emissions and environmental impact is presented for oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and visible smoke. Results of recent abatement efforts are also presented together with estimates of potential improvements to show the place of the industrial combustion turbine in a world with growing concern for environmental improvement.Copyright © 1974 by ASME
Supplier coalitions in on-line reverse auctions: Validity requirements and profit distribution scheme

Abstract This paper studies the formation of supplier coalitions in on-line reverse auctions. An auction mechanism with supplier coalitions is proposed, which allows suppliers to form coalitions with one another for the purpose of enhancing their profitability and providing them inventives to participate in on-line reverse auctions. Basic requirements are identified for a valid coalition mechanism, and the requirements include individual rationality, market efficiency compatibility, maintaining competition, observability and controllability, and financial balancedness. The proposed coalition mechanism is well defined and satisfies all validity requirements. The stable coalition structure under this mechanism is also studied, and it is proved that under symmetric information there exists one unique strongly stable coalition structure. The grand coalition usually does not form a strongly stable coalition structure.
Non-metabolic binding of aluminum to roots of loblolly pine and honeylocust

Abstract Roots of honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were exposed to Al in nutrient solution culture at a temperature of 1 C and pH 4. Non‐metabolic accumulation was significantly time and concentration dependent. A rapid phase of Al uptake lasted approximately 4 hours followed by a persistent slow phase. Strong concentration dependence of Al binding was observed between 50 and 1000 uM Al in solution. The pattern of Al binding was similar for the two species. However, the roots of the more Al sensitive honeylocust contained less Al than the roots of the Al resistant loblolly pine. In 4 hours at 1 C, seedling roots bound 21 to 30% of the Al found in seedlings grown in identical solutions for 35 days at 22 C.
The Effect of Changing CO2 Concentration on Radiative Heating Rates

Carbon dioxide is the largest global pollutant by mass and atmospheric concentrations are increasing at about 0.7 ppM ..nu.. per year. The influence of this change on the atmospheric temperature structure is unknown. One method for investigating this is to compute the radiative heating rate as the local imbalance of radiative fluxes, for each altitude and for different CO/sub 2/ mixing ratios, keeping other factors constant. This manuscript is a discussion of the application of this approach. Data of the local rate of temperature change produced by infrared radiative divergence due to CO/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O, and O/sub 3/ are presented. At lower levels the net cooling rate was slightly diminished while at upper levels it was significantly increased by a change in CO/sub 2/ from 320 to 400 ppM..nu... The physical reasons for the two changes differ and are discussed. To place the CO/sub 2/ contribution to temperature in perspective it was compared with other radiative components (H/sub 2/O and O/sub 3/) at two levels (5 to 10 mb and 850 to 1000 mb). Clear skies were assumed. Carbon dioxide was secondary to water vapor in the troposphere and dominant in the lower stratosphere. When searching for a potentialmore » influence of global pollution on the tropospheric temperature the author suggested it would be wise to pay careful attention to the water cycle and its possible modification, particularly as it enters also through the effect of latent heat.« less
Requirements for Viral-mediated Autoimmune Diabetes: β-Cell Damage and Immune Infiltration

The induction of autoimmunity by viruses has been attributed to numerous mechanisms. Coxsackievirus B4 (CB4) induces insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in mice resembling the final step of disease progression in humans. Following viral infection, autoreactive lymphocytes are activated through exposure to damaged islets consequently precipitating IDDM. However, the viral and host requirements leading up to this final step have yet to be elucidated. We provide evidence that disease induction requires a pre-existing accumulation of beta-cell specific autoreactive T cells within the pancreas, as well as the infection of islet beta-cells. Therefore, the primary role of CB4 in the development of IDDM is to infect tissue, resulting in the presentation of sequestered islet antigen, the stimulation of preexisting autoreactive T cells, and the initiation of disease.
GFR increases before renal mass or ODC activity increase in rats fed high protein diets.

GFR increases before renal mass or ODC activity increase in rats fed high protein diets. Consumption of a high protein diet causes renal hypertrophy and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). To determine the relationship between increases in GFR, renal ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), arginase activity, and renal growth, dietary protein intake was increased from 8.5% to 40% in 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats (HP). Forty-one rats remained on 8.5% protein as time controls (LP). Eight to 17 animals were killed daily for measurement of kidney weight (kidney wt), ODC and arginase activities, total kidney protein and DNA content. GFR increased within the first 24 hours after the increase in dietary protein and reached a maximum within 48hrs. ODC increased from 9.7 ± 0.8 U/g to a peak of 170 ± 35 U/g at 48 hours, decreasing to a stable value of 28.6 ± 8.0 U/g at 72 hours and 25.4 ± 5.1 U/g at 168 hours, a value significantly greater than that at time zero. Arginase activity did not change. Kidney wt as percent body weight (body wt) increased after the initial increase in both GFR and in ODC activity. The peak in ODC activity corresponded with the maximum increase in GFR and preceded the increase in renal mass. After GFR stabilized, ODC activity decreased to a plateau and renal growth relative to body wt ceased. The increase in kidney weight was accompanied by a parallel increase in total kidney protein. Kidney protein/ kidney DNA ratio increased significantly by 96 hours, indicating that renal hypertrophy had occurred. The sequence of these events suggests that increasing GFR may trigger the rise in ODC activity.
High pH Treatments and the Alleviation of Soil Hydrophobicity on Golf Greens

Hydrophobic soil associated with localized dry spots (LDS) on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting greens has been shown to be caused by a humic and/or fulvic acid coating of the sand particles. Under laboratory conditions, humic acid begins to solubilize at pH 7.0 and is completely soluble at pH 9.5 or greater. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of high pH treatments for alleviating soil hydrophobicity of a creeping bentgrass golf green. Three separate studies were conducted on the University of Georgia Experimental Golf Green, Athens, GA, during the spring and summer of 1990 and spring of 1991. The creeping bentgrass green, constructed with an 85% sand and 15% peat root zone mixture, had a well documented history of LDS caused by hydrophobic soil [...]
Refractive index modifications in Chalcogenide films induced by sub-bandgap near-IR femtosecond pulses

Refractive index modifications of film Ge0.23Sb0.07S0.7 induced by 800 nm femtosecond laser irradiation are studied for laser repetition rates of 1 kHz and 80 MHz. Measurements are taken using an interferometric method and analysis of the transmission spectra.
Pulsed microwave induced light, sound, and electrical discharge enhanced by a biopolymer†

Intense flashes of light were observed in sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide solutions when they were exposed to pulsed microwave radiation, and the response was greatly enhanced by a microwave-absorbing, biosynthesized polymer, diazoluminomelanin. A FPS-7B radar transmitter, operating at 1.25 GHz provided pulses of 5.73 +/- 0.09 micros in duration at 10.00 +/- 0.03 pulses/s with 2.07 +/- 0.08 MW forward power (mean +/- standard deviation), induced the effect but only when the appropriate chemical interaction was present. This phenomenon involves acoustic wave generation, bubble formation, pulsed luminescence, ionized gas ejection, and electrical discharge. The use of pulsed microwave radiation to generate highly focused energy deposition opens up the possibility of a variety of biomedical applications, including targeting killing of microbes or eukaryotic cells. The full range of microwave intensities and frequencies that induce these effects has yet to be explored and, therefore, the health and safety implications of generating the phenomena in living tissues remain an open question.
Mesoscopic persistent current in small rings.

Small normal-metal rings threaded by a constant magnetic flux have been shown to carry a mesoscopic persistent current at low temperatures. The current is a few-electron effect and its sign and amplitude depend on the microscopic configuration of disorder. Assuming a Gaussian current distribution, we characterize the effect by three quantities, the rms or typical total current ${\mathit{I}}^{\mathrm{typ}}$=〈${\mathit{I}}^{2}$${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{D}}^{1/2}$, the average current ${\mathit{I}}^{\mathrm{av}}$=〈I${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{D}}$, and the typical single-level current ${\mathit{i}}^{\mathrm{typ}}$=〈${\mathit{i}}^{2}$${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{D}}^{1/2}$. Specifically, we review and extend the analytical calculations for the typical total and single-level currents focusing on the case of noninteracting electrons in disordered rings in the regime of diffusive transport. We calculate and discuss those current-current correlation functions that describe the dependences of the persistent current on filling, flux, and disorder configuration. Only the single-electron contribution discussed in this paper is known to contribute to the first, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{0}$-periodic harmonic of the total current in a single ring. The second harmonic also contains an interaction-induced contribution proposed by Ambegaokar and Eckern that survives the disorder average. The Thouless correlation energy ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the characteristic energy scale for the amplitude of the total current and its dependences on filling, temperature, and inelastic scattering. The persistent current is sensitive to changing the position of a single impurity. We compare our results with the recent single-ring experiment by Chandrasekhar et al.
Ambient ultrafine particles reduce endothelial nitric oxide production via S-glutathionylation of eNOS

Exposure to airborne particulate pollutants is intimately linked to vascular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses with clinical relevance to atherosclerosis. Particulate matter (PM) has been reported to induce endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Here, we tested whether ambient ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter <200 nm) modulate eNOS activity in terms of nitric oxide (NO) production via protein S-glutathionylation. Treatment of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) with UFP significantly reduced NO production. UFP-mediated reduction in NO production was restored in the presence of JNK inhibitor (SP600125), NADPH oxidase inhibitor (Apocynin), anti-oxidant (N-acetyl cysteine), and superoxide dismutase mimetics (Tempol and MnTMPyP). UFP exposure increased the GSSG/GSH ratio and eNOS S-glutathionylation, whereas over-expression of Glutaredoxin-1 (to inhibit S-glutathionylation) restored UFP-mediated reduction in NO production by nearly 80%. Thus, our findings suggest that eNOS S-glutathionylation is a potential mechanism underlying ambient UFP-induced reduction of NO production.
Steroid Signaling within Drosophila Ovarian Epithelial Cells Sex-Specifically Modulates Early Germ Cell Development and Meiotic Entry

Drosophila adult females but not males contain high levels of the steroid hormone ecdysone, however, the roles played by steroid signaling during Drosophila gametogenesis remain poorly understood. Drosophila germ cells in both sexes initially follow a similar pathway. After germline stem cells are established, their daughters form interconnected cysts surrounded by somatic escort (female) or cyst (male) cells and enter meiosis. Subsequently, female cysts acquire a new covering of somatic cells to form follicles. Knocking down expression of the heterodimeric ecdysteroid receptor (EcR/Usp) or the E75 early response gene in escort cells disrupts 16-cell cyst production, meiotic entry and follicle formation. Escort cells lose their squamous morphology and unsheath germ cells. By contrast, disrupting ecdysone signaling in males does not perturb cyst development or ensheathment. Thus, sex-specific steroid signaling is essential for female germ cell development at the time male and female pathways diverge. Our results suggest that steroid signaling plays an important sex-specific role in early germ cell development in Drosophila, a strategy that may be conserved in mammals.