cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
31 HIV Risk and Prevention Among Adjudicated Adolescents

Justice-involved youth face numerous challenges and engage in riskier behaviors compared to their nondetained counterparts. Juvenile arrests have been on the decline. In 2011, juvenile arrests decreased eleven percent from 2010. There are racial- and gender-based disparities in juvenile arrests. African Americans and women are over-represented in the juvenile justice system. In the past decade while the overall crime rate has declined, the incarceration rate for girls, relative to boys, grew at a much faster rate for all categories of crimes. Adolescents in juvenile detention facilities have a higher prevalence of substance use, preexisting mental health disorders, STI/HIV, and unplanned pregnancy. There is a lack of evidence-based, behavioral interventions for incarcerated African American girls. Future research must develop and test interventions addressing co-occurrence of risk behaviors and multiple levels of intervention, beyond individual level intervention alone, among adjudicated adolescents need to be developed and tested for efficacy.
Reverse Engineering the Brain: A Hippocampal Cognitive Prosthesis for Repair and Enhancement of Memory Function

This chapter provides an update, including some of the most recent experimental and theoretical studies describing the development of a cognitive prosthesis designed to restore the ability to form new long-term memories—a memory capability lost after damage to the hippocampal formation and surrounding temporal lobe brain structures. This chapter also will describe recent studies demonstrating that the same device and procedures used to restore lost hippocampal memory function also can be used to enhance memory capability in otherwise normal animals. The animal model used in studying the loss and recovery of hippocampal memory is delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) behavior in the rat. The “core” of the prosthesis is a biomimetic multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear model that provides the capability for predicting spatio-temporal spike train output of hippocampus (CA1) based on spatio-temporal spike train inputs recorded presynaptically to CA1 (e.g., CA3). We demonstrate the capability of the MIMO model for highly accurate predictions of CA1-coded memories that can be made on a single-trial basis and in real time. When hippocampal CA1 function is blocked and long-term memory formation is lost, successful DNMS behavior also is abolished. However, when MIMO model predictions are used to reinstate CA1 memory-related activity by driving spatio-temporal electrical stimulation of hippocampal output to mimic the patterns of activity observed in control conditions, successful DNMS behavior is restored. We also outline the design in VLSI for a hardware implementation of a 16-input, 16-output MIMO model, along with spike sorting, amplification, and other functions necessary for a comprehensive system, when coupled together with electrode arrays to record extracellularly from populations of hippocampal neurons, that can serve as a cognitive prosthesis in behaving animals.
Jackknife empirical likelihood methods for Gini correlations and their equality testing

Abstract The Gini correlation plays an important role in measuring dependence of random variables with heavy tailed distributions, whose properties are a mixture of Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations. Due to the structure of this dependence measure, there are two Gini correlations between each pair of random variables, which are not equal in general. Both the Gini correlation and the equality of the two Gini correlations play important roles in Economics. In the literature, there are limited papers focusing on the inference of the Gini correlations and their equality testing. In this paper, we develop the jackknife empirical likelihood (JEL) approach for the single Gini correlation, for testing the equality of the two Gini correlations, and for the Gini correlations’ differences of two independent samples. The standard limiting chi-square distributions of those jackknife empirical likelihood ratio statistics are established and used to construct confidence intervals, rejection regions, and to calculate p -values of the tests. Simulation studies show that our methods are competitive to existing methods in terms of coverage accuracy and shortness of confidence intervals, as well as in terms of power of the tests. The proposed methods are illustrated in an application on a real data set from UCI Machine Learning Repository.
Balance sheet strength and bank lending: Evidence from the global financial crisis

Abstract We use the 2007-2008 financial crisis as a lens to study the link between banks’ financial health and the strength of transmission of financial sector shocks to the real economy. We find that banks with ex-ante stronger balance sheets, in particular higher levels of common equity, were better able to maintain credit supply when faced with liquidity shocks during the crisis. Bank recapitalizations mitigated the lending gap between high and low capital banks, but only in countries with strong sovereigns. These findings support the view that strong financial intermediary balance sheets are key for the recovery of credit and economic performance after large financial sector shocks.
Analysis of Alternatives for Neural Network Training Techniques in Assessing Cognitive Workload

Cognitive workload serves as a vital component in many human factors applications. Furthermore, the ability to make assessments, classifications, and predictions of mental load is a well-established yet ongoing research challenge. A wide arsenal of machine learning mechanisms has become available that address cognitive workload assessment, such as support vector machines and artificial neural networks. Due to the longevity of and continuing interest in the latter technique, this paper focuses on neural networks, diving into the many intricate variables and parameters that can make or break an effective neural network model in this area. To evaluate and compare these approaches, we obtain two distinct physiological datasets. Overall, the results indicate that under both datasets, the quasi-Newton optimizer contains a slight edge in accuracy, while stochastic gradient descent is more computationally efficient. Under the second and larger dataset, however, an unsupervised model boasts significantly lower computational runtime while maintaining similar levels of accuracy.
The Exchange of Ideas Between the Occident and the Orient: A Case Study in Cultural Diffusion

This paper does not purport to discuss any particular idea or ideas exchanged between the Occident and the Orient during these several centuries of contact. I propose to consider all such exchange of ideas as particular incidents and details in the great drama of cultural diffusion. I propose to treat all exchange of ideas between the East and the West as a case study of cultural diffusion—that is, as historical data illustrative of certain general laws of diffusion, or at least as significant sociological, ethnographical, or historical facts out of which some such general laws of cultural diffusion may be formulated.
Urban Green Space

This chapter examines the role of urban green space in its many dimensions. Green space is connected to climate, water, and energy. We explore the many terms and definitions associated with green spaces within the plans which included open spaces, street trees and community gardens, and other variations. We examine how cities are investing in the creation, expansion, or improvement of parks, green spaces, and open spaces. We then turn to efforts to expand the urban forest and tree canopy coverage through tree planting programs. We then examine the rise of community gardens and urban agriculture and how cities are supporting these bottom-up efforts. We discovered that while green space presents multiple benefits to communities, benefits of green space were most frequently framed as environmental rather than economic or social benefits.
Creating Change in Intercollegiate Athletics: The Sexual Assault Prevention Paradigm for Athletic Departments

In 2011, the Office for Civil Rights issued a “Dear Colleague Letter” instructing universities to take action regarding sexual assault on college campuses. Specifically, universities must better educate students on the prevention of sexual assault, in the hope of reducing violence against women. Previous research is mixed on the involvement of intercollegiate student-athletes in incidences of sexual assault; however, recent high-profile cases of sexual misconduct at universities indicate that student-athletes are not immune to this issue. The purpose of this study was to explore how sexual assault is viewed within the culture of intercollegiate athletics, including education, occurrence, and prevention. Through interviews with former intercollegiate athletes, three main findings emerged: (1) Participant Knowledge, (2) Sexual Assault Within the Context of College Athletics; and (3) Creating Change in Athletic Department Culture. Using grounded theory, these themes were combined to create the Sexual Assault Prevention Paradigm for Athletic Departments.
TROPHERYMA WHIPPLEI AS A RARE AND DIAGNOSTICALLY CHALLENGING CAUSE OF CULTURE-NEGATIVE ENDOCARDITIS

Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis diagnosis is challenging due to the inadequacies of traditional blood culture to grow the organism. Alternative molecular-based methods (PCR, FISH) detecting T. whipplei require explanted tissue, but surgery is not frequently performed for patient management. Having
Barriers to accessing public cancer genomic data.

Although increasingly recognized as critical to genomic research, genomic data sharing is hindered by an absence of standards regarding timing, patient privacy, use agreement standards, and data characterization and quality. Only after months of identifying, permissioning for use, committing to terms restricting use and sharing, downloading, and assessing quality, is it possible to know whether or not a dataset can be used. In this paper, we evaluate the barriers to data sharing based on the Treehouse experience and offer recommendations for use agreement standards, data characterization and metadata standardization to enhance data sharing and outcomes for all pediatric cancer patients.
Length of Fellowship Training in Population Health Research and Long-term Bibliometric Outcomes.

Background The length of research fellowships, the number of doctorates pursuing them, and the academic job market have changed dramatically in recent years. However, there is limited investigation on attributes of fellowships most relevant to future scientific achievement. We analyzed the association of a modifiable aspect of research training, fellowship length, with future achievement and differences across research discipline in the Division of Intramural Population Health Research (DIPHR), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. Methods Demographics of 88 DIPHR trainees from 1998 to 2016 were collected from publicly available annual reports. Research performance metrics, including total publication count and H index through 2016, were collected via Scopus. We used linear regression models for associations between fellowship length, including both total exposure to research training and duration of postdoctoral training alone, and research performance adjusted for start year, publications at entry, branch (e.g., Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Epidemiology, and Health Behavior), and mentor seniority. Results Each additional year of research training in DIPHR was associated with a 15% increase in H index (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0, 28.4) and 21% more lifetime publications (95% CI = 3.0, 41.9). Results were similar, although attenuated, when evaluating postdoctoral training alone. Differences by discipline were observed, with the strongest positive associations in the Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Epidemiology Branches. Conclusions Longer training at DIPHR was associated with improved measures of research performance, though this relationship varied by discipline. Additional research is needed to tailor training programs to optimize success of trainees.
Development of the Altruism Scale for Children: An Assessment of Caring Behaviors Among Children

This article focuses on the development of the Altruism Scale for Children (ASC). Analyses revealed a one-factor model with internal consistency of 0.89 and test-retest reliability of 0.94. The aut...
Primed to Grow: A New Role for Green Leaf Volatiles in Plant Stress Responses

Green leaf volatiles (GLV) have been well described to prime plants against biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in an accelerated and/or enhanced protective response. Since investments in priming are considered to be minor, it has been assumed that costs for plants using this mechanism are negligible. By analyzing the costs of defense priming by GLV, we found that while initially growth rates of plants were reduced within the first hours after treatment, significantly increased growth rates were found at later time points. This primed growth response in maize seedlings differs from primed defense responses in that it also affects systemic parts of the plant and suggests a metabolic component to be involved in the regulation of this process.
Blood & Marrow Transplant Unit Child Visitation Guidelines Promote Patient-Centered Care

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale The Blood & Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit cares for severely immunocompromised patients and has restricted child visitation to minimize infection. Age-based visitor restriction is neither evidence-based nor recommended by any professional organization and it interferes with the provision of patient-centered care. The purpose of this initiative was to promote patient-centered care by implementing guidelines allowing for safe child visitation for BMT patients. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis Extensive literature review showed no evidence supporting age-based visitation restrictions. Ten national BMT units were surveyed; 70% allowed child visitation. A staff survey was completed in June 2018. Seventy percent of staff believed that restricting child visitation did not support patient-centered care, 40% believed that healthy children present a higher risk of infection to immunocompromised patients, and 50% agreed that children on the unit would be disruptive to care. In August 2018, 100% of staff members received in-service training to align perception with evidence-based practice. This initiative was implemented in September 2018. Findings & Interpretation As of September 2019, there were a total of 48 child visits. There has been no increase in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) nor in patients' average length of stay (ALOS) since implementation. The ALOS from April to September 2018 was 18 days and was 15.52 days post-implementation. From January to September 2018, Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) patient satisfaction top box scores on "taking patients' preference into account" was 61% and increased to 77% from October to December 2018 while this initiative was in effect. From January to June 2019, when child visitation was suspended following hospital-wide visitor restrictions during influenza season, top box scores decreased to 58%. A post implementation staff survey conducted in September 2019 demonstrated that 95% of staff believes child visitation supports patient-centered care. Staff perception that healthy children present a higher risk of infection to patients decreased to 26%, and 81% disagreed that having children visit is disruptive to care. Discussion & Implications This process improvement project provided a new evidence-based guideline for child visitation. HAIs and ALOS were not negatively affected by allowing children to visit. In addition, child visitation may have a positive effect on HCAHPS patient satisfaction scores.
The Impact of High School Life Science Teachers' Subject Matter Knowledge and Knowledge of Student Misconceptions on Students' Learning.

Students were more likely to answer an item on the posttest correctly if their teachers could answer the question correctly themselves. Teachers’ ability to predict students’ most common wrong answ...
Weight Matching in Infant Heart Transplantation: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Database

Purpose Infants (0-12 months) account for a significant proportion of pediatric heart transplants, but also suffer from a high waitlist mortality. Donor oversizing by weight based criteria is common practice in transplantation and is prevalent in this group. We sought to analyze the impact of oversizing on outcomes in infants. Methods Infant heart transplantations reported to UNOS from 01/1994 to 09/2019 were retrospectively analyzed. 2159 heart transplantation recipients were divided into quintiles (Q1-Q5) based on donor-to-recipient weight ratios (DRWR). Primary endpoint was graft survival at one year. Results The median DRWR for each quintile was 0.90 (0.36 to 1.04), 1.17 (1.04 to 1.29), 1.43 (1.29 to 1.57), 1.74 (1.58 to 1.97), and 2.28 (1.97 to 5.00). Pairwise comparisons showed improved survival for the middle quintile over the bottom two quintiles (Q1: p=0.006; Q2: p=0.006) and the top quintile (Q5: p=0.04). Q4 demonstrated improved survival over Q2 (p=0.04) (Figure 1). In multivariate Cox regression, the top three quintiles (Q3, Q4, Q5) were protective against graft failure when compared to Q2 (HR: 0.48, p Conclusion Modest oversizing by DRWR is associated with increased survival and lower risk in infant heart transplantation. Additional investigation is needed to establish best practices for size-matching in this population.
Laying the Groundwork

This book introduces a process to address the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It does so in two ways that are different from past efforts. The first is by formally structuring the conflict, and the second is the way discussions are conducted and conclusions drawn. The effort is to create an objective, rather than subjective, model for resolving the conflict. As aspirational as that sounds, if not improbable as it may be, we believe that we have developed a workable model that is applicable to the conflict. We are confident because we have seen it in action; the model enables decision makers to engage in negotiations dramatically different from the traditional “zero-sum game” approach that has largely defined Israeli–Palestinian negotiations.
Implementation of feeding guidelines in infants at risk of intestinal failure.

To implement feeding guidelines to reduce advancement time and the incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) among intestinal surgical infants requiring parenteral nutrition (PN). Feeding guidelines with higher initial enteral nutrition (EN) volume and specific advancement criteria were implemented for surgical infants aged <6 months. Preimplementation and postimplementation outcomes were compared. There were 57 preimplementation and 33 postimplementation infants. The initial EN volume improved from 10 to 20 ml kg−1 day−1 (P<0.001). Time to reach 50% of goal calories from EN decreased by a median of 6 days (P=0.012) without a change in necrotizing enterocolitis incidence after resuming feeding. PNALD incidence decreased from 70% to 48% (P=0.046), and median peak direct bilirubin (DB) decreased from 5.6 to 2.3 mg dl−1 (P=0.011). Feeding guideline implementation with higher initial feeding volume was well tolerated and resulted in faster achievement of 50% goal EN calories. PNALD incidence and peak DB were reduced.
Severe hypertension and flushing in a patient with a non-metastatic carcinoid tumour

Summary A case of multiple endocrine adenopathy type I associated with a solitary carcinoid tumour is described. During anaesthesia the characteristic syndrome consisting of hypertension, tachycardia and flushing occurred. The possible mechanisms for this are discussed. It is generally agreed that the presence of hepatic metastases is necessary for the development of the typical carcinoid syndrome.’S2 Most carcinoids of the mid-gut secrete a variety of vasoactive substances but detoxication of these products usually occurs in the liver. When hepatic metastases are present, however, vasoactive substances are able to gain access to the suprahepatic circulation. This case report describes the occurrence of a typical ‘malignant’ carcinoid attack occurring during anaesthesia, in a patient not previously suspected of having a carcinoid tumour, but who was known to have multiple endocrine adenopathy (MEA).
Effect of Heparinization of Fluids Infused Through an Umbilical Artery Catheter on Catheter Patency and Frequency of Complications

Heparinization of fluids (1 unit/ml) infused through an umbilical artery catheter (UAC) was efficacious in prolonging catheter patency in a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study. On the basis of life-table analysis, the half-life of catheter function was seven days in the heparinized group as compared with just over two days in the nonheparinized group (P less than .01). UAC occlusion occurred in 4 of 32 patients in the heparinized and 19 of 30 in the nonheparinized group (chi 2 = 17.6, P less than .01). Blood transfusions, number of arterial blood gases drawn through the UACs, and fluid infusion rates were not related to catheter occlusion. Heparinization of the UAC infusion did not alter the partial thromboplastin time or the incidence of catheter-related thromboembolic phenomena in the extremities. Heparinization of fluids infused through a UAC appears to be useful in the care of critically ill neonates.
Copyright, law and ethics on the web - issues for the computing educator

Most educators are familiar with copyright and fair use practices. However, there are new considerations for copyright and fair use on the web. Copyright includes seven different categories, many of which are applicable to presentations and papers on the web. The seven categories are: 1) literary works; 2) musical works, including words; 3) dramatic works, including music; 4) pantomimes and choreographic works; 5) pictorial, graphic and sculptural works; 6) motion pictures and audiovisual works; and 7) sound recordings. Educators need to become aware of the implications of using any of these seven categories on the web. Other issues pertaining to law are patents, trademarks and trade secrets.Computing educators need to become aware of the new laws pertaining to copyright. The 1996 Telecommunications Act and the 1998 Digital Millenium Act are important for their implications for copyright. The newest TEACH act has implications for on-line and web courses. Some of the newest information concerning both of these acts shows that there may be some contradiction between the two. In addition, computing educators need to be aware of laws pertaining to access, privacy and accessibility when providing course material on the web. These issues are extremely important for not only copyright issues, but also for personal privacy issues. How the emerging technologies affect how we teach and what we are doing with our materials is important for all educators to know.This workshop will examine the various copyright, law and ethical considerations, particularly as they pertain to the internet. Particular examples will be given using classroom scenarios. On-line documents, labs and other materials will be examined for use on the web pertaining to law, ethics and copyright issues. Participants will create various scenarios to use with their own classes. The participants will leave the workshop with a set of usable examples to use in various computer science, information technology or software engineering courses. These examples would be of possible ethical or law violations.
Simulation for Maintenance of Certification

Maintenance of certification (MOC) is a process through which practitioners are able to show continuing competence in their areas of expertise. Simulation plays an increasingly important role in the assessment of students and residents, as well as in the initial practice certification for health care professionals. The use of simulation as an assessment tool in MOC has been sluggish to be universally accepted. This article discusses the role of simulation in health care education, how simulation might be effectively applied in the MOC process, and the future role of simulation in the MOC process.
Information loss and anomalous scattering.

The approach of 't Hooft to the puzzles of black hole evaporation can be applied to a simpler system with analogous features. The system is (1+1)-dimensional electrodynamics in a linear dilaton background. Analogues of black holes, Hawking radiation, and evaporation exist in this system. In perturbation theory there appears to be an information paradox but this gets resolved in the full quantum theory and there exists an exact S matrix, which is fully unitary and information conserving. 't Hooft's method gives the leading terms in a systematic approximation to the exact result
Concept set extraction with user session context

The rapid increase of the information on the World Wide Web (WWW) makes it challenging to extract the relevant information utilizing the reasonable amount of resources. Most of the time, it become necessary for users to modify their search queries several times before they obtain the necessary information. Certainly there are various ways to circumvent this problem up to a certain extent. However, most of those approaches do not consider the searching behavior of the end users. A wide spectrum of research is on its way to personalize the web search results to meet the user needs. Therefore, we are proposing an algorithm to generate a hierarchical structure to extract the general user search patterns identified based on the randomly selected seed word and queries. In other words, we propose grouping user queries semantically to form what we refer to as "super concepts" composed of related queries. Our results indicate significant improvement in retrieval effectiveness by utilizing the generic behavioral patterns.
Transmission properties of a counter-rotating pair of disk choppers

Abstract Counter-rotating pairs of disk choppers are used to provide pulsed neutron beams for thermal neutron scattering experiments. An important advantage of this type of device, compared with the single disk chopper, is that each disk can be equipped with several slots. A choice of slot widths is then made possible, simply by changing the relative phasing of the two disks. The resolution of an instrument with counter-rotating chopper pairs can therefore be altered without having to modify the incident wavelength or the speed of the choppers. A potential problem, when there are several slots in each disk, is that there will be “cross talk”, i.e. neutrons will be transmitted by a pair of slots other than the intended combination. We examine the transmission properties of a counter-rotating pair of choppers, and describe methods to determine whether or not cross talk can occur. An important conclusion is that the axial separation between the two choppers must be included in the analysis; this separation, which is generally small (of order several cm), significantly increases the potential for unwanted cross talk. We briefly discuss the implications of cross talk in the design of a high resolution time-of-flight spectrometer.
Relationship between induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and de novo synthesis of cytochrome P-448 (P1-450) in mice

Abstract Phenobarbital, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), benzpyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) were administered i.p. for 1 or 3 days to genetically “responsive” (C57BL/6J) and genetically “non-responsive” (DBA/2J) mice. 3-MC or benzpyrene stimulated aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in C57BL/6J (B6) mice but not in DBA/2J (D2) mice. TCDD induced AHH activity in both B6 and D2 mice. Time-course studies showed that in the first 12 h after a single injection of 3-MC to B6 mice there was no shift in the reduced cytochrome P-450-CO complex absorption spectra from 450 to 448 nm, although AHH activity increased 4–5 times over (above) that of the control group. The relationship between induction of AHH activity by polycyclic hydrocarbons in B6 mice and the concomitant synthesis of cytochrome P-448 is discussed.
Comparison of biplane and single plane left ventriculograms in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Fifty patients with coronary artery disease were studied with biplane left cineventriculography (right and left anterior oblique views). Volumetric analyses were compared with those of 10 normal patients also studied with simultaneous biplane ventriculography. In normal subjects there was good agreement between minor diameters in the right and left anterior oblique views, and between ventricular volumes and ejection fractions determined by single plane and biplane techniques. In patients with coronary artery disease there was more scatter in these values, especially when asynergy was present. Loss of ventricular symmetry probably explains this disparity. By providing visualization of all five zones of the left ventricular wall, the biplane technique allowed a comprehensive evaluation of ventricular asynergy and overall function. The clinical profile of the 50 patients with coronary artery disease demonstrated that optimal candidates for biplane ventriculography are patients with prior myocardial infarction, left ventricular enlargement and clinical evidence of abnormal hemodynamic status.
Early Correlates of Preschool Aggressive Behavior According to Type of Aggression and Measurement.

This study investigated both relational and physical aggression in preschool children, explored potential differences in informant reporting and child sex on these subtypes, and examined relationships between types of aggressive behaviors and other types of negative and positive social behaviors. Naturalistic observations of social behavior, teacher ratings, and peer reports were used to assess 67 children's (35 female) behaviors. Evidence was found for the existence of both relational and physical aggressive behavior in preschool children, although observers infrequently identified relational aggression. Categorization of children into a preferred style of aggression differed between informants, with more behavioral observers than teachers characterizing children as displaying only one type of aggression. Results also showed that reports were correlated between informants for physical aggression but not for relational aggression. Sex differences emerged for children's levels of physical aggression but not for relational aggression. Both physical and relational aggression were associated with ratings of problem behaviors in general; however, only physical aggression was negatively related to positive aspects of social functioning.
Understanding medical complications of eating disorders.

The medical complications of eating disorders can be so varied and subtle that one must always be alert.
The search for the ideal positive inotropic agent

The belief that a depression of cardiac contractility is the fundamental defect in patients with chronic heart failure has led to the development during the past 20 years of nearly 100 new drugs wi...
Visualizing CaMKII and CaM activity: a paradigm of compartmentalized signaling.

Calcium (Ca2+) has long been recognized as a crucial intracellular messenger attaining stimuli-specific cellular outcomes via localized signaling. Ca2+-binding proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM), and its target proteins are key to the segregation and refinement of these Ca2+-dependent signaling events. This review not only summarizes the recent technological advances enabling the study of subcellular Ca2+-CaM and Ca2+-CaM-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) signaling events but also highlights the outstanding challenges in the field.
Impact of globalization on stock market synchronization: some empirical evidence

Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of globalization on the synchronization of international financial markets. Monthly data from January 1990 to July 2005 for ten major stock markets, namely, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, the UK, and the USA are used.Design/methodology/approach – A battery of test procedures to determine the stationarity conditions of the data set is employed. The Johansen and Jsuelius method is used to test for the existence of long run equilibrium relationship among various markets. If a given market is found to be integrated of order one, it would imply that the market is weak‐form efficient. Similarly, if markets are collectively found to be cointegrated, this would suggest that globalization had a significant impact on international financial integration.Findings – Results indicate that each market is weak‐form efficient. As such, price movement in every market is random and cannot be predicted. The tests produced a la...
Differential expression of FREP genes in two strains of Biomphalaria glabrata following exposure to the digenetic trematodes Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei

Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) are hypothesized to function in non-self-recognition in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. To investigate this assumption, the expression of four members of the FREP gene family was studied using quantitative PCR at 0.5-16 days following exposure of M line and BS-90 strain B. glabrata to Echinostoma paraensei and Schistosoma mansoni. Both strains react to, but fail to eliminate E. paraensei. Only the BS-90 strain is immunologically resistant to S. mansoni. Both snail strains responded to E. paraensei with significantly elevated expression of FREP 2 and 4. Following exposure to S. mansoni, resistant BS-90 snails showed an increase in expression of FREP 2 and 4 (57-fold and 4.5-fold increase, respectively), susceptible M line snails did not display a FREP response. Expression of FREP 3 and 7 was not significantly elevated in any snail/trematode combination. These expression profiles support the hypothesis that some FREPs play a role in the anti-trematode responses in B. glabrata.
Hyperalpha- and hypobeta-lipoproteinemia in octogenarian kindreds.

Abstract To assess factors related to distinctive longevity, lipoprotein and kindred studies were carried out in 22 octogenarian kindreds self-referred by virtue of either two siblings or a parent and child living to age 80 or over. There was evidence for familial hyperalpha-lipoproteinemia in 7 kindreds, for familial hypobeta-lipoproteinemia in 3 kindreds, and for primary hyperalpha-lipoproteinemia and hypobeta-lipoproteinemia in an additional 2 and 2 kindreds respectively. First degreee relatives of probands with primary or familial hyperalpha- or hypobeta-lipoproteinemia had sharply reduced morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction when compared to population controls, P P P
Magnetic Properties of Gold-Iron Alloys

The alloys of gold and iron of different compositions ranging from 0.07 to 10 percent iron by weight have been studied. It was found that the alloys containing 0.1 to 5 percent iron are paramagnetic. Their susceptibilities decrease with rising temperature in a characteristic way, but do not follow either Curie's law or Weiss' law exactly. The square root of susceptibility increases linearly with the percentage of iron atoms added. Thus the gold-iron series does not show the same property as the nickel-copper alloys whose susceptibility increases with temperature in certain ranges. The behavior of the iron atoms in the alloy and some correlations between magnetic susceptibility, density and melting point are discussed.
Design and reliability of pipeline rehabilitation liners

Abstract Tight fitting liners are routinely used to rehabilitate deteriorated pipelines. In the United States, these liners are designed using the equation given by ASTM F1216. For the partially deteriorated case, where the host pipe is assumed to be structurally sound, the thickness of the liner must be chosen to resist the accumulating creep deformation caused by continuously applied groundwater pressure. Long-term buckling experiments of liners have shown a large amount of scatter when the buckling time is plotted against the applied pressure. The presence of this scatter and other uncertainties are typically accounted for in liner design by applying a factor of safety. Moreover, an additional “factor of safety” is sometimes implied since the design equation in ASTM F1216 is generally considered to be conservative. This paper examines the scatter observed in recent cured-in-place pipe liner buckling experiments conducted at the Trenchless Technology Center to associate reliability factors with selected confidence levels. Confidence levels of 50%, 70%, 90%, 95%, 99% and 99.5% are studied. This work results in a set of reliability factors that can be directly applied to the ASTM design equation for the partially deteriorated case. The reliability factors allow a designer to quantitatively estimate the influence of observed scatter on liner design. For now, however, the traditional approach to using ASTM F1216 without the reliability factors is recommended pending the availability of buckling data obtained under test conditions more closely matching those expected in the field.
Camera and dye-pulser system to measure bottom boundary-layer flow in the deep sea

Abstract A camera and dye-ejection system is described that can measure the vertical variation in velocity near the seabed. A different colored dye is ejected at each of three levels within 1 m of the bed and its motion is photographed sequentially with color film. The velocity at each level is calculated from the horizontal displacement of dye and the time increment between photographs. The instrument can be programmed for a wide variety of photographic sequences and can operate to depths of 5300 m for periods up to three weeks. Some results from an oceanographic station 250 km off the coast of southern California in 3785 m depth are included to illustrate the system's capability.
Heart failure due to giant congenital aorto-right atrial fistula: report of a case.

Summary Coronary arterio-venous fistula (CAVF) is a rare coronary artery anomaly. We demonstrated the rare findings of a large congenital aorto-right atrial fistula with initial presentation of heart failure symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography made the accurate diagnosis. Further haemodynamic and angiographic study proved this large CAVF with extraordinary oxygen saturation step-up (26%) and large pulmonary to systemic shunt (Qp/Qs = 4.25). It was corrected by surgery because of evidence of heart failure and the possible risk of endocarditis and coronary steal effect.
Geometric structure of the Si(111)−(√3 × √3)R30°-Au surface

Abstract We have used medium-energy ion scattering to investigate the geometric structure of the Si(111)−(√3 × √3)R30°-Au surface. The ion scattering data show unambiguously that the Au atoms are not located in Si bulk lattice sites and the Si lattice in the surface region is severely distorted. By comparing computer simulations of the experiment for various models of the Si(111)−(√3 × √3)R30°-Au surface, it is found that none of the previously proposed models are compatible with our ion scattering data. A new model involving twisted Au trimers on top of a missing top layer Si lattice is proposed to explain our experimental results.
Cysteamine selectively enhances neuropeptide Y2 receptor binding activity

Affinity labeling of [125I]NPY to the bovine hippocampal NPY receptor has revealed a 50 kDa specific binding protein, the Y2 receptor. Cysteamine (10 microM - 10 mM) specifically enhanced NPY specific labeling of the Y2 receptor without affecting cross-linking efficiency. Several structurally related agents, including reduced glutathione, cysteine, beta-mercaptoethanol and ethanolamine, were without effect on receptor binding. The enhancement of binding by cysteamine could be reversed by washing the membranes. These studies suggest that cysteamine may change the conformation of the NPY Y2 receptor and increase its binding activity.
Endogenous cholinergic modulation of growth-hormone secretion in normal and acromegalic humans.

Endogenous cholinergic stimulation, produced by the intravenous injection of edrophonium (10 mg), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, into 8 normal human subjects, resulted in an increase in the mean (±SE) serum growth hormone (GH) concentration from 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/ml to 5.6 ± 1.4 ng/ml (p < 0.01) at 40 min with no changes in serum prolactin. In 2 subjects sampled for 140 min, maximum serum GH levels of 19.4 and 10.2 ng/ml (from baseline values of 0.4 and 0.6 ng/ml) occurred at 65 min after edrophonium injection. Thus, enhancement of endogenous cholinergic activity stimulates GH secretion, providing further evidence for a role of cholinergic mechanisms in the physiologic regulation of GH secretion in man. The theoretical possibility that excessive endogenous cholinergic activity might be involved in the pathophysiologic regulation of GH secretion in acromegaly was not, however, supported, since methscopolamine (0.5 mg s.c.), a cholinergic antagonist, did not reduce mean serum GH levels in 3 acromegalic patients.
Lemons and liabilities: Privatization, foreign investment, and environmental liability in Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract Policy makers in Central and Eastern European countries generally expect that increased economic efficiency brought about by economic reforms will also translate into improvements in environmental quality. They also often argue that environmental investments must be delayed until economic growth provides financial resources to address environmental concerns. The expected economic growth, however, may be delayed due to unresolved environmental liabilities that discourage foreign investment, one of the few vehicles for transfer of technology, capital, and management skills. In this article we show first that environmental liability for past contamination creates uncertainty in privatization and leads to information asymmetry between governments and investors. From this premise, we argue that the privatization market will display the dynamics of adverse selection. We show that audits and indemnification are proper instruments to correct these inefficiencies. We present empirical evidence to support our analytical findings. We examine policy responses of Eastern European governments on the basis of our analytical findings. In the last section, we discuss policy implication and direction for further research.
Isomorphism in Fluid Phase Diagrams: Kulinskii Transformations Related to the Acentric Factor

For a wide class of molecular fluids, the temperature–density phase diagrams exhibit two prominent generic properties: a nearly linear locus, termed the Zeno line, along which the compressibility factor, Z = P/ρRT = 1 (same as an ideal gas), and the widely arching border of the vapor–liquid coexistence region, termed the binodal curve, with gas and liquid branches meeting at the critical point. The Zeno and binodal loci have been known for more than a century, yet only during the past two decades were striking empirical correlations between them recognized. Recently, Kulinskii introduced a remarkably simple projective transformation, wherein the linearity of the Zeno line and its relation to the binodal curve are geometrical consequences of an approximate isomorphism of the fluid with a venerable theoretical model, the lattice gas (equivalent to the Ising spin model). Here we show the Kulinskii transformation is significantly improved in accuracy and scope by using as input, in place of the lattice gas, t...
INFRARED STUDY OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF AMMONIUM RECTORITE

ABSTRACT CHANGES in the infrared absorption spectrum of ammonium-saturated rectorite on heating suggest that the ammonium cations are hydrogen bonded to water molecules when the mineral is hydrated. Further spectral changes above 300° indicate that lattice OH groups are perturbed by protons liberated from the decomposition of ammonium ions giving rise to an absorption doublet at 3500 and 3476 cm-1. The doublet attains maximal intensity when decomposition of ammonium cations and dehydroxylation of the mineral is complete at about 550°. The perturbation effect occurs only for swelling dioctahedral minerals which derive their layer charge from Al-for-Si substitution.
Expectations of consistency about the self: Consequences for self-concept formation

Abstract This study proposes that the on-line versus memory-based judgment distinction has important implications for understanding self-concept formation and content. Past research has shown that perceivers form on-line judgments of targets who are expected to display a great deal of behavioral consistency (e.g., individuals) but form memory-based judgments of targets who are expected to display less behavioral consistency (e.g., groups). Experiment 1 found that perceptions of behavioral consistency for the self were strong and closer to perceptions of consistency for individuals than for groups. Thus, we predicted that self-concepts should, by default, be formed on-line. Experiment 2 supported this prediction. Experiment 3 manipulated participants’ expectations of behavior consistency and found that those expecting greater consistency in their behaviors formed on-line self-concepts. Experiment 4 used a different methodology and behavioral domain, and it collected more direct process data that further supported the importance of the on-line versus memory-based distinction for the self. Implications for understanding self-concepts and for comparing self-knowledge to how people understand other types of social entities are discussed.
A multilevel design architecture for decision support systems

Decision support systems are characterized as special purpose information systems. The deficiencies of existing systems are identified and an ideal system is described. A design architecture based on six levels of abstraction is proposed. Each level is identified with a different user group with different needs and requirements. Level independence, user view and meta-information concepts are introduced in an attempt to cross-fertilize decision science with database theory.
Reexperiencing symptoms and the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among deployed service members evaluated for traumatic brain injury.

Recent evidence suggests that military suicide rates now exceed those of the general public. Numerous recent efforts to address this growing concern have focused on the interpersonal psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS). In the current study, we explored the relationships among reexperiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and the three components of the IPTS in a sample of deployed military personnel examined for traumatic brain injury. Results indicated that reexperiencing symptoms were directly related to the acquired capability for suicide, but their relationships to perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were statistically explained by general mental health distress. Results indicate that mental rehearsal of painful and provocative experiences may have an impact on suicide risk. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1-10, 2011. Language: en