cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of selected chemical agents on the amoeba-flagellate transformation in Naegleria gruberi.

SYNOPSIS. Amoeboid Naegleria gruberi grown on an agar surface were induced to transform synchronously into flagellates by changing the pH of the environment from 3.8 to 7.2. Flagellates started to appear 70 min after stimulation, reached the 90% level within the next 30–40 min, and gradually reverted to the amoeboid form in the next several hrs. The presence of previously induced cells did not influence normal induction of transformation, indicating that no interaction took place during transformation. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (DNP and cyanide), of protein synthesis (puromycin and cycloheximide), and of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D), delayed or blocked the transformation, suggesting that RNA and protein synthesis are required. Because the flagellated stage is shortened by puromycin treatment, protein synthesis appears to be linked to the duration of the flagellated stage.
Interaction of Tropical Deep Convection with the Large-Scale Circulation in the MJO

Abstract To better understand the interaction between tropical deep convection and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), tropical cloud regimes are defined by cluster analysis of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud-top pressure—optical thickness joint distributions from the D1 dataset covering 21.5 yr. An MJO index based solely on upper-level wind anomalies is used to study variations of the tropical cloud regimes. The MJO index shows that MJO events are present almost all the time; instead of the MJO event being associated with “on or off” deep convection, it is associated with weaker or stronger mesoscale organization of deep convection. Atmospheric winds and humidity from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis 1 are used to characterize the large-scale dynamics of the MJO; the results show that the large-scale motions initiate an MJO event by moistening the lower troposphere by horizontal advection. Increasingly strong convection transports moisture into the upper troposphere, suggesting a rei...
Laminin-5 activates extracellular matrix production and osteogenic gene focusing in human mesenchymal stem cells

We recently reported that laminin-5, expressed by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), stimulates osteogenic gene expression in these cells in the absence of any other osteogenic stimulus. Here we employ two dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, along with the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), to obtain a more comprehensive profile of the protein (and hence gene) expression changes occurring during laminin-5-induced osteogenesis of hMSC. Specifically, we compare the protein expression profiles of undifferentiated hMSC, hMSC cultured on laminin-5 (Ln-5 hMSC), and fully differentiated human osteoblasts (hOST) with profiles from hMSC treated with well-established osteogenic stimuli (collagen I, vitronectin, or dexamethazone). We find a marked reduction in the number of proteins (e.g., those involved with calcium signaling and cellular metabolism) expressed in Ln-5 hMSC compared to hMSC, consistent with our previous finding that hOST express far fewer proteins than do their hMSC progenitors, a pattern we call “osteogenic gene focusing.” This focused set, which resembles an intermediate stage between hMSC and mature hOST, mirrors the expression profiles of hMSC exposed to established osteogenic stimuli and includes osteogenic extracellular matrix proteins (collagen, vitronectin) and their integrin receptors, calcium signaling proteins, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. These results provide direct evidence that laminin-5 alone stimulates global changes in gene/protein expression in hMSC that lead to commitment of these cells to the osteogenic phenotype, and that this commitment correlates with extracellular matrix production.
The performance of runtime data cache prefetching in a dynamic optimization system

Traditional software controlled data cache prefetching is often ineffective due to the lack of runtime cache miss and miss address information. To overcome this limitation, we implement runtime data cache prefetching in the dynamic optimization system ADORE (ADaptive Object code Reoptimization). Its performance has been compared with static software prefetching on the SPEC2000 benchmark suite. Runtime cache prefetching shows better performance. On an Itanium 2 based Linux workstation, it can increase performance by more than 20% over static prefetching on some benchmarks. For benchmarks that do not benefit from prefetching, the runtime optimization system adds only 1%-2% overhead. We have also collected cache miss profiles to guide static data cache prefetching in the ORC compiler. With that information the compiler can effectively avoid generating prefetches for loops that hit well in the data cache.
Ultrasound-enhanced ocular delivery of dexamethasone sodium phosphate: an in vivo study

The eye's unique anatomy and its physiological and anatomical barriers can limit effective drug delivery into the eye. An in vivo study was designed to determine the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound application in enhancing drug delivery in a rabbit model. Permeability of a steroid ophthalmic drug, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, was investigated in ultrasound- and sham-treated cases. For this study, an eye cup filled with dexamethasone sodium phosphate was placed on the cornea. Ultrasound was applied at intensity of 0.8 W/cm2 and frequency of 400 or 600 kHz for 5 min. The drug concentration in aqueous humor samples, collected 90 min after the treatment, was determined using chromatography methods. Light microscopy observations were done to determine the structural changes in the cornea as a result of ultrasound application. An increase in drug concentration in aqueous humor samples of 2.8 times (p < 0.05) with ultrasound application at 400 kHz and 2.4 times (p < 0.01) with ultrasound application at 600 kHz was observed as compared to sham-treated samples. Histological analysis showed that the structural changes in the corneas exposed to ultrasound predominantly consisted of minor epithelial disorganization. Ultrasound application enhanced the delivery of an anti-inflammatory ocular drug, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, through the cornea in vivo. Ultrasound-enhanced ocular drug delivery appears to be a promising area of research with a potential future application in a clinical setting.
A greedy algorithm for tolerating defective crosspoints in nanoPLA design

Recent developments suggest both plausible fabrication techniques and viable architectures for building sublithographic programmable logic arrays using molecular-scale wires and switches. Designs at this scale will see much higher defect rates than in conventional lithography. However, these defects need not be an impediment to programmable logic design as this scale. We introduce a strategy for tolerating defective crosspoints and develop a linear-time, greedy algorithm for mapping PLA logic around crosspoint defects. We note that P-term fanin must be bounded to guarantee low overhead mapping and develop analytical guidelines for bounding fanin. We further quantify analytical and empirical mapping overhead rates. Including fanin bounding, our greedy mapping algorithm maps a large set of benchmark designs with 13% average overhead for random junction defect rates as high as 20%.
The Evolution of Genes within Genes and the Control of DNA Replication in Microviruses

Single-stranded DNA(ssDNA) viral life cycles must balance double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and ssDNA biosynthesis. Previously published in vitro results suggest that microvirus C and host cell SSB proteins play antagonistic roles to achieve this balance. To investigate this in vivo, microvirus DNA replication was characterized in cells expressing cloned C or ssb genes, which would presumably alter the C:SSB protein ratios. Representatives of each microvirus clade (φX174, G4, and α3) were used in these studies. α3 DNA replication was significantly more complex. Results suggested that the recognized α3 C gene (C(S): small) is one of two C genes. A larger 5' extended gene could be translated from an upstream GTG start codon (C(B): big). Wild-type α3 acquired resistance to elevated SSB levels by mutations that exclusively frameshifted the C(B) reading frame, whereas mutations in the origin of replication conferred resistance to elevated C protein levels. Expression of either the cloned C(B) or C(S) gene complemented am(C) mutants, demonstrating functional redundancy. When the C(S) start codon was eliminated, strains were only viable if an additional amber mutation was placed in gene C and propagated in an informational suppressing host. Thus, C(B) protein likely reaches toxic levels in the absence of C(S) translation. This phenomenon may have driven the evolution of the C(S) gene within the larger C(B) gene and could constitute a unique mechanism of regulation. Furthermore, cross-complementation data suggested that interactions between the α3 C and other viral proteins have evolved enough specificity to biochemically isolate its DNA replication from G4 and φX174.
A misfired Greenfield filter; 21 years later!

A 35-year-old male developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary emboli in 1986. He was subsequently diagnosed with protein S deficiency. As a high risk for further thromboembolic events, the patient underwent inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC) Greenfield filter placement at an outside institution (in 1986). At the age of 56 years (in 2007), the patient was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and staging CT scans were performed. CT scan of the chest showed a Greenfield filter in the region of the proximal SVC with the tip at the level of the distal left brachiocephalic vein. A note was also made of some of the prongs of the filter outside the lumen …
Temperamental individuality from childhood to adolescence.

Abstract Continuties and discontinuities in the expression of temperamental characteristics from early infancy to adolescence of the subjects in the New York Longitudinal Study are reported. The findings are interpreted in terms of a model in which organism-environment interaction is considered to produce new behavioral patterns of succeeding age periods. As these new patterns interact with recurrent and new features of environment, in some instances the same temperamental factors continue influential as in the past, in other instances different aspects of temperament become ascendant, or the influential temperamental attributes may be distorted, or temperamental issues may dwindle in significance.
Brain-like approximate reasoning

Humans can easily recognize objects as complex as faces even if they have not seen them in such conditions before. We would like to find out computational basis of this ability. As an example of our approach we use the neurophysiological data from the visual system. In the retina and thalamus simple light spots are classified, in V1 - oriented lines and in V4 - simple shapes. The feedforward (FF) pathways by extracting above attributes from the object form hypotheses. The feedback (FB) pathways play different roles - they form predictions. In each area structure related predictions are tested against hypotheses. We formulate a theory in which different visual stimuli are described through their condition attributes. Responses in LGN, V1, and V4 neurons to different stimuli are divided into several ranges and are treated as decision attributes. Applying rough set theory (Pawlak, 1991 -[1]) we have divided our stimuli into equivalent classes in different brain areas. We propose that relationships between decision rules in each area are determined in two ways: by different logic of FF and FB pathways: FF pathways gather a huge number of possible objects attributes together using logical "AND" (drivers), and FB pathways choose the right one mainly by logical "OR" (modulators).
Prevalence, transmission, and genetic diversity of blood parasites infecting tundra-nesting geese in Alaska

A total of 842 blood samples collected from five species of tundra-nesting geese in Alaska was screened for haemosporidian parasites using molecular techniques. Parasites of the genera Leucocytozoo...
Learning Games: The Transportation Planning Game

This paper reports on the application of learning games to transportation planning as a means of incorporating the human element into an environment characterized by a variety of possible inputs and outcomes. The creation and preliminary testing of a game framework for presentation of the transportation planning process and its use as a problem media for skills development are considered. The objective of the game is to aid undergraduate students in visualizing the overall transportation planning process and to become familiar with selected aspects of the process. Second, the game provides a realistic framework for the instructor to present more detailed problems which allow the student to better appreciate the open-ended nature of transportation planning decisions while assimilating course content.
The Credit Card Act of 2009: Welcome Relief or Too Little, Too Late for Vulnerable Seniors?

As a group, the elderly have found themselves increasingly strapped for cash during the current economic downturn. While credit card debt grew 53% across all demographic groups during the 1990s, for senior citizens, aged 65 to 69, the growth was truly astronomical, representing a 200% increase. The Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility and Disclosure (CARD) Act of 2009, which amended the federal Truth in Lending Act, has been described as a “sweeping law” that is “designed to permanently alter the relationship between consumers and their credit cards.” While the CARD Act did add a number of specific consumer protection provisions providing for enhanced consumer disclosures, creating specific protections for young consumers, addressing gift cards and other miscellaneous issues, none of the statute’s provisions are directly aimed at the elderly. This article examines the statute’s consumer protection and enhanced disclosure provisions that are relevant for purposes of protecting vulnerable senior citizens, and considers the extent to which the law will help older consumers to recognize and avoid credit use behaviors that are not in their best interests. In the final analysis, this article argues that while the CARD Act is a harbinger of a more consumer oriented direction for the credit card industry, its protections may come too late, and provide too little protection for the many senior citizens that have already fallen victim to excessive credit card fees and finance charges.
Manufacturers' recommendations for handling spilled hazardous drugs.

Occupational exposure to hazardous drugs is a real risk to health care personnel.[1][1] This risk encompasses all points of handling from drug manufacture to managing waste.[2][2] Spills represent the worst case scenario of exposure to a hazardous drug. Because of new hazardous drugs entering the
Varsity Football Performance

The hypothesis was that personality and anxiety were related to football performance as a direct function of stress. To assess this hypothesis, the Cattell 16PF as well as the IPAT Anxiety Battery ...
Accounting for Prosecutors

What role should prosecutors play in promoting citizenship within a liberal democracy? And how can a liberal democracy hold its prosecutors accountable for playing that role? Particularly since I’d like to speak in transnational terms, peeling off a distinctive set of potential “prosecutorial” contributions to democracy – as opposed to those made by other criminal justice institutions – is a challenge. Holding others – not just citizens but other institutions – to account is at the core of what prosecutors do. As gatekeepers to the adjudicatory process, prosecutors shape what charges are brought and against whom, and will (if allowed to) become shapers of citizenship. They also can can promote police compliance with legal and democratic norms. Because the prosecutorial role in case creation is largest when crimes are not open and notorious, prosecutors can also play an outsized role in the bringing of cases that target instances of illegitimate subordination (including domestic violence) and corruption that are antithetical to a liberal democracy. After considering ways in which prosecutors might promote democratic values, I explore (quite tentatively) how prosecutors can be held to account. Working from existing practices and structures, I consider how we might promote their potential contributions through legal and institutional design with respect to reason-giving obligations; geographic scale; insulation from direct political influence, and modulation of their message.
Reactions of OH radicals with C6-C10 cycloalkanes in the presence of NO: isomerization of C7-C10 cycloalkoxy radicals.

Rate constants have been measured for the reactions of OH radicals with a series of C6–C10 cycloalkanes and cycloketones at 298 ± 2 K, by a relative rate technique. The measured rate constants (in units of 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1) were cycloheptane, 11.0 ± 0.4; cyclooctane, 13.5 ± 0.4; cyclodecane, 15.9 ± 0.5; cyclohexanone, 5.35 ± 0.10; cycloheptanone, 9.57 ± 0.41; cyclooctanone, 15.4 ± 0.7; and cyclodecanone, 20.4 ± 0.8, where the indicated errors are two least-squares standard deviations and do not include uncertainties in the rate constant for the reference compound n-octane. Formation yields of cycloheptanone from cycloheptane (4.2 ± 0.4%), cyclooctanone from cyclooctane (0.85 ± 0.2%), and cyclodecanone from cyclodecane (4.9 ± 0.5%) were also determined by gas chromatography, where the molar yields are in parentheses. Analyses of products by direct air sampling atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry and by combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed, in addition to the cycloketon...
A clinicopathologic analysis of AIDS-related cryptosporidiosis

Objective To characterize the histology of AIDS-associated cryptosporidiosis and identify features that explain the clinical variability. Design A retrospective analysis of HIV-positive individuals with cryptosporidiosis who underwent endoscopy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1985 and 1996. Methods The histologic features (intensity of Cryptosporidium infection, inflammation, mucosal damage, copathogens) of gastrointestinal biopsies from 37 HIV-positive individuals with cryptosporidiosis were systematically graded. These histologic features were correlated with the severity of the diarrheal illness obtained from a patient chart review. Results Histologic features associated with Cryptosporidium infection include a neutrophilic infiltrate in the stomach, villus blunting in the duodenum, cryptitis and epithelial apoptosis in the colon, and reactive epithelial changes in the stomach and duodenum. The nature and intensity of the inflammatory response varied widely; however, duodenal biopsies from a subset of patients (37%) revealed marked acute inflammation that was associated with concomitant cytomegalovirus infection. Although duodenal infection was common (93% of individuals), infection of other sites was variable (gastric cryptosporidiosis in 40% and colonic cryptosporidiosis in 74%). Widespread infection of the intestinal tract, which included both the large and small intestine, was associated with the most severe diarrheal illness. Conclusions Cryptosporidium infection produces histologic evidence of gastrointestinal mucosal injury. The inflammatory response to the infection is variable, and may be modified by copathogens such as cytomegalovirus. The clinical manifestations are influenced, in part, by the anatomic distribution of the infection, with extensive infections involving both small and large intestines producing the most severe illness.
Nutrition Improvement of Infants in Quake-stricken Areas of Sichuan Province

Objective By intervening infants of 6-24 months with supplementary food(nutritional packet) to improve the nutritional status of infants in stricken regions and to explore the pertinent effective mechanism for ameliorating healthiness.Methods A total of 8 700 infants of 6-24 months in 5 quake-stricken regions were conducted intervention with nutrition supplement within 18months,among which subjects from Pengzhou city and Qingchuan county(300 for each) were sampled with PPS method and investigated with aspects as height,weight and hemoglobin;and further questionnaires were performed towards 120 cases.The investigations were conducted every 6 months and also at the end of 18 months' intervention.Results The bestowing rate was 93.5% and the compliableness rate was 96.72%.Data from the first monitoring(May in 2010) showed that: rate of growth retardation,low weight emaciation were 11.99%,4.4% and 1.52%,respectively;the second monitoring showed that(November in 2010) iron deficiency anemia rate decreased from 44.31% to 29.45% with statistical difference(χ2 =26.85,P0.01).Conclusion The nutriture of infants is improved by the nutrition supplement project,especially on aspect of iron deficiency anemia.
Histochemical demonstration of diaphorases and dehydrogenases in normal human leukocytes and platelets.

A method for the cytochemical demonstration of oxidative enzyme activity in the white cells and platelets of peripheral blood is described. The technic depends upon the reduction of a colorless ditetrazolium salt to a blue granular insoluble diformazan at the site of enzyme activity. Identification of the cells is accomplished by phase microscopy thus avoiding the deleterious effects of fixation and counterstaining. The distribution of oxidative enzyme activity in normal peripheral blood as observed by this method is discussed.
Safety and efficacy of perampanel in children and adults with various epilepsy syndromes: A single-center postmarketing study.

Abstract Introduction Perampanel is an AMPA receptor antagonist recently approved for the treatment of partial and generalized epilepsies with tonic–clonic seizures as an add-on therapy. Methods This single-center postmarketing study retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of perampanel in patients with partial onset and other seizure types, with a special emphasis on its efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Results Review of medical records revealed that adequate data were available on 101 patients taking perampanel. Fifty-seven patients were female. Sixteen patients were of pediatric age range. The average dose of perampanel was 6.5 mg, and average treatment duration was 8.2 months. After treatment, median seizure frequency reduction was 50% overall, 50% in children, and 33% in adults; 44% in primary generalized, 38% in secondarily generalized, and 33% in partial seizures. Responder rate (50% seizure frequency reduction) was 51% overall, 63% in children, and 49% in adults; 60% in partial seizures, 43% in secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures, 53% in primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and 56% in other seizure types. Seizure freedom was attained in 6% of cases. Most common adverse events were sleepiness/fatigue (35%), behavioral problems (30%), and dizziness (22%). Adverse events were correlated with dosage. Average dose was 7.3 mg in patients with adverse events vs. 5.5 mg in those without adverse events. Patients who developed fatigue, cognitive decline, headaches, and weight gain were more likely to discontinue perampanel than those patients who experienced coordination issues and behavioral problems. Conclusions These findings suggest that perampanel is safe, well-tolerated, and effective in treatment of various types of adult and pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Fatigue, cognitive decline, headache and weight gain were the main causes of perampanel discontinuation.
Improving Anomaly Detection Through Identification of Physiological Signatures of Unconscious Awareness

It is well-known and accepted in the field of cognitive psychology that people have no conscious experience of most of what happens in the human mind. Nevertheless, appropriate actions or conclusions are often still made without this conscious effort. This phenomenon has many potential applications, ranging from driving a vehicle to detecting threats in military video feeds. Investigation of these unconscious processes could provide an insight into potential errors that occur. The present study explores missed anomalies in a visual search task and the possibility of unconscious awareness. A total of 24 subjects participated in the task, in which the goal was to locate targets hidden in an image. Eye physiology was recorded with a Tobii T120 eye tracking monitor in order to characterize the eye physiology of detection, non-detection, and possible unconscious detection. Preliminary results indicate outliers in eye-physiology of non-detections, indicating a possible unconscious detection.
Wireless Actuation of Micromechanical Resonators

The wireless transfer of power is of fundamental and technical interest, with applications ranging from the remote operation of consumer electronics and implanted biomedical devices and sensors to the actuation of devices for which hard-wired power sources are neither desirable nor practical. In particular, biomedical devices that are implanted in the body or brain require small-footprint power receiving elements for wireless charging, which can be accomplished by micromechanical resonators. Moreover, for fundamental experiments, the ultralow-power wireless operation of micromechanical resonators in the microwave range can enable the performance of low-temperature studies of mechanical systems in the quantum regime, where the heat carried by the electrical wires in standard actuation techniques is detrimental to maintaining the resonator in a quantum state. Here we demonstrate the successful actuation of micron-sized silicon-based piezoelectric resonators with resonance frequencies ranging from 36 to 120 MHz at power levels of nanowatts and distances of ~3 feet, including comprehensive polarization, distance and power dependence measurements. Our unprecedented demonstration of the wireless actuation of micromechanical resonators via electric-field coupling down to nanowatt levels may enable a multitude of applications that require the wireless control of sensors and actuators based on micromechanical resonators, which was inaccessible until now. An antenna design that taps into electric fields across air gaps makes low-power, wireless biomedical implants more feasible. Micromechanical resonators are tiny, silicon-based cantilevers that, due to their sensitivity to high-frequency AC fields, are being targeted as the receiving elements in wireless power designs. Pritiraj Mohanty and his co-workers from Boston University, United States, now demonstrate that sandwiching a piezoelectric material between a silicon resonator and a low-profile antenna noticeably improves power generation and the transmission of wireless electricity. When the flat antenna picks up wireless electric fields, it produces a potential that strains the piezoelectric element and polarizes its electric charges. The resulting polarized field stimulates the micromechanical resonator with surprising efficiency and successfully charges from up to 90 cm away with only nanowatt-level excitations.
A survey of techniques for improving the calibration of high-power network analyzers

High-power RF components are typically characterized by using a linear or nonlinear vector network analyzer which has been modified to operate at high power levels. These test systems can be difficult to calibrate since they may include high-power pre-amps or large attenuators, resulting in compression and noise concerns. Before calibrating such a system it is prudent to review over-power limits and address test set stability issues. Next, three types of calibration are discussed: S-parameter, power, and relative phase. Techniques described for optimizing these calibrations include setting ideal power levels, avoiding compression, noise reduction, adapter removal, de-embedding of test set modifications and a simplified power calibration sequence.
Anesthetic Management of Patients Undergoing Pancreas Transplantation

Pancreas transplant recipients usually have severe diabetes along with most of the systemic complications associated with this disease. However, with careful preoperative evaluation, intraoperative and postoperative care, and anesthetic management, most patients can successfully undergo pancreas transplantation alone or with or after kidney transplantation. Anesthesiologists can ensure maximal graft function by optimizing the metabolic and hemodynamic status of patients undergoing this operation.
Laser interstitial thermal therapy technology, physics of magnetic resonance imaging thermometry, and technical considerations for proper catheter placement during magnetic resonance imaging–Guided laser interstitial thermal therapy

Laser-induced thermal therapy has become a powerful tool in the neurosurgical armamentarium. The physics of laser therapy are complex, but a sound understanding of this topic is clinically relevant, as many centers have incorporated it into their treatment algorithm, and educated patients are demanding consideration of its use for their disease. Laser ablation has been used for a wide array of intracranial lesions. Laser catheter placement is guided by stereotactic planning; however, as the procedure has popularized, the number of ways in which the catheter can be inserted has also increased. There are many technical nuances for laser placement, and, to date, there is not a clear understanding of whether any one technique is better than the other. In this review, we describe the basic physics of magnetic resonance-guided laser-induced thermal therapy and describe the several common techniques for accurate Visualase laser catheter placement in a stepwise fashion. ABBREVIATIONS MRg-LITT, magnetic resonance-guided laser-induced thermal therapyPAD, precision aiming device.
Genetic Susceptibility Loci and Risk of Infant Leukemia by Subtype and MLL status: A Children's Oncology Group Report

Abstract 749 Introduction. Leukemia in infancy is extremely rare and etiologically distinct from leukemia arising in older children. Infant leukemia cases likely arise in utero , typically involve rearrangements of the mixed lineage leukemia ( MLL ) gene, and have a much poorer survival than older children with leukemia. Since genetic determinants of susceptibility to infant leukemia are likely different from those in older children, we aimed to evaluate genetic variants previously identified by genome wide association studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods. We genotyped candidate susceptibility loci in 171 Caucasian infants less than 12 months of age with acute leukemia (including 102 ALL, 67 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 2 biphenotypic cases) diagnosed during the period 1996–2006. Controls consisted of 384 healthy Caucasian blood donors. Associations between genetic polymorphisms in IKZF1 , ARID5B , and CEBPE and infant leukemia were evaluated using logistic regression and were further stratified by leukemia subtype and presence or absence of MLL gene rearrangements. Results. We observed a statistically significant association with two copies of the IKZF1 rs11978267 variant allele in infant leukemia overall (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.3, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.3-4.2), but not with the other susceptibility loci. The association with IKZF1 was concentrated in the AML group, with an increased risk associated with two copies of the variant allele (OR=3.9, 95%CI=1.8-8.4), but not one copy. The association was similarly strong in those with and without a MLL gene rearrangement. In contrast, a strong association with the IKZF1 variant was seen in infants with ALL lacking a MLL rearrangement (OR=5.1, 95%CI=1.8-14.5), but not in those with MLL rearrangements (OR=0.7, 95%CI=0.2-2.2). Moreover, infants with ALL and no MLL rearrangement had a strong association with a genetic variant in the gene, ARID5B (rs10821936, OR=7.2, 95%CI=2.5-20.6), which was also not seen in those with ALL and a MLL rearrangement. Discussion. IKZF1 (IKAROS) is expressed in early hematopoiesis, and its role in lymphopoiesis and lymphoid leukemia is well-described. IKAROS is also expressed in precursor myeloid cells, and our report is the first evidence that IKZF1 is important in the etiology of infant myeloid leukemia, irrespective of MLL gene rearrangements. Moreover, our data indicate striking differences in genetic susceptibility to infant ALL with and without rearrangements of the MLL gene. This knowledge could provide important new etiologic insights into this extremely rare but heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy. Supported by NIH CA079940, T32 CA099936, K05 CA157439 and the Children9s Cancer Research Fund, Minneapolis, MN. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Imaging multiple endogenous and exogenous fluorescent species in cells and tissues

Hyperspectral imaging provides complex image data with spectral information from many fluorescent species contained within the sample such as the fluorescent labels and cellular or pigment autofluorescence. To maximize the utility of this spectral imaging technique it is necessary to couple hyperspectral imaging with sophisticated multivariate analysis methods to extract meaningful relationships from the overlapped spectra. Many commonly employed multivariate analysis techniques require the identity of the emission spectra of each component to be known or pure component pixels within the image, a condition rarely met in biological samples. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) has proven extremely useful for analyzing hyperspectral and multispectral images of biological specimens because it can operate with little or no a priori information about the emitting species, making it appropriate for interrogating samples containing autofluorescence and unanticipated contaminating fluorescence. To demonstrate the unique ability of our hyperspectral imaging system coupled with MCR analysis techniques we will analyze hyperspectral images of four-color in-situ hybridized rat brain tissue containing 455 spectral pixels from 550 - 850 nm. Even though there were only four colors imparted onto the tissue in this case, analysis revealed seven fluorescent species, including contributions from cellular autofluorescence and the tissue mounting media. Spectral image analysis will be presented along with a detailed discussion of the origin of the fluorescence and specific illustrations of the adverse effects of ignoring these additional fluorescent species in a traditional microscopy experiment and a hyperspectral imaging system.
Current Progress in the Adjuvant Treatment of Gastric Cancer.

Abstract Staging of locally advanced gastric cancer includes imaging with computed tomography scan and laparoscopic assessment to rule out peritoneal disease or positive peritoneal washings. Preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy improves survival compared with surgery alone. After primary D2 resection, adjuvant chemotherapy with a fluorinated pyrimidine with or without a platinum agent improves survival. Inclusion of postoperative radiation therapy appears required in combination with chemotherapy in patients with less than a D1-D2 resection. Potential lower rates of R0 resection with preoperative chemotherapy alone in tumors of the gastroesophageal junction argue that combined preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy is required.
Maternal Deaths From Suicide and Overdose in Colorado, 2004-2012.

I congratulate Metz et al1 on their recent publication regarding causes of maternal mortality in Colorado from 2004 to 2012, and I embrace their findings as representative of a major cause of maternal deaths in this country. In Maryland, our Maternal Mortality Review has noticed very similar pattern
Geochronology and Zoogeographic Relationships of Miocene Hominoidea

The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.5–5 m.y.a., documents important changes in Earth history. The Eurasian and African chapters of the Miocene record have been particularly well developed during the last 10 years because of heightened interests in several subdisciplines of geology and paleontology. From these studies it has become increasingly apparent that there are complex interrelationships among Miocene global tectonics, paleogeographic factors, climatic change, shifting environments, and community evolution. Whereas patterns of evolutionary change during the Miocene were once generalized as marking a “modernization” of mammalian families (Osborn, 1910), the recent efforts of paleontologists, geophysicists, and geologists offer a more detailed unraveling of the natural history of this period.
The Impact of In-Scanner Head Motion on Structural Connectivity Derived From Diffusion MRI

Multiple studies have shown that data quality is a critical confound in the construction of brain networks derived from functional MRI. This problem is particularly relevant for studies of human brain development where important variables (such as participant age) are correlated with data quality. Nevertheless, the impact of head motion on estimates of structural connectivity derived from diffusion tractography methods remains poorly characterized. Here, we evaluated the impact of in-scanner head motion on structural connectivity using a sample of 949 participants (ages 8-23 years old) who passed a rigorous quality assessment protocol for diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) acquired as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Structural brain networks were constructed for each participant using both deterministic and probabilistic tractography. We hypothesized that subtle variation in head motion would systematically bias estimates of structural connectivity and confound developmental inference, as observed in previous studies of functional connectivity. Even following quality assurance and retrospective correction for head motion, eddy currents, and field distortions, in-scanner head motion significantly impacted the strength of structural connectivity in a consistency- and length-dependent manner. Specifically, increased head motion was associated with reduced estimates of structural connectivity for network edges with high inter-subject consistency, which included both short- and long-range connections. In contrast, motion inflated estimates of structural connectivity for low-consistency network edges that were primarily shorter-range. Finally, we demonstrate that age-related differences in head motion can both inflate and obscure developmental inferences on structural connectivity. Taken together, these data delineate the systematic impact of head motion on structural connectivity, and provide a critical context for identifying motion-related confounds in studies of structural brain network development.
Evolving Technologies in the Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms

Abstract Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms has evolved rapidly in the past decades, and is now the primary modality for their treatment. Improvements in imaging modalities have led to earlier detection of small aneurysms enabling thorough follow-up. Advances in treatment modalities have led to safe and effective treatment options for complex lesions. New devices can also be associated with new and unique complications. Finally, the rapid development in the field has led to more stringent protocols for the management of intracranial aneurysms. Critical to the development of new technologies and techniques is an understanding of the implications and effects that they may have on patient outcomes, as well as cataloguing and investigating the unique complications that may arise with their use. Consequently, this has resulted in more rigorous documentation and higher quality data, allowing for a better understanding of these lesions.
PowerScope: early event detection and identification in electric power systems

This paper is motivated by major needs for fast and accurate on-line data analysis tools in the emerging electric energy systems, due to the recent penetration of distributed green energy, distributed intelligence, and plug-in electric vehicles. Instead of taking the traditional complex physical model based approach, this paper proposes a data-driven method, leading to an effective early event detection approach for the smart grid. Our contributions are: (1) introducing the early event detection problem, (2) providing a novel method for power systems data analysis (PowerScope), i.e. finding hidden power flow features which are mutually independent, (3) proposing a learning approach for early event detection and identification based on PowerScope. Although a machine learning approach is adopted, our approach does account for physical constraints to enhance performance. By using the proposed early event detection method, we are able to obtain an event detector with high accuracy but much smaller detection time when comparing to physical model based approach. Such result shows the potential for sustainable grid services through real-time data analysis and control.
Automatic Generation of Background Text to Aid Classification.

We illustrate that Web searches can often be utilized to generate background text for use with text classification. This is the case because there are frequently many pages on the World Wide Web that are relevant to particular text classification tasks. We show that an automatic method of creation of a secondary corpus of unlabeled but related documents can help decrease error rates in text categorization problems. Furthermore, if the test corpus is known, this related set of information can be tailored to match the particular categorization problem in a transductive approach. Our system uses WHIRL, a tool that combines database functionalities with techniques from the information retrieval literature. When there is a limited number of training examples, or the process of obtaining training examples is expensive or difficult, this method can be especially useful.
Analysis of flexural and shear resistance of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete beams without stirrups

Abstract This paper analyzes failure characteristics of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) beams under flexural and shear loading. Four large scale beams, fabricated with a specially designed mix comprising of coarse aggregate, were tested to trace structural behavior of UHPFRC members. The beams had relatively low tensile reinforcement ratio and no shear reinforcement to take advantage of high tensile and shear strength exhibited by UHPFRC. The test variables included longitudinal reinforcement ratio and type of loading (flexure and predominant shear). Two beams were tested under flexural loading while the other two beams were tested under dominant shear loading. Results from these tests indicate that UHPFRC beams exhibit a distinct cracking pattern characterized by formation of multiple microcracks at initial stages, followed by propagation of a singular macrocack at the critical section with increased loading. Further, comparative results indicate that absence of shear reinforcement in UHPFRC beams did not lead to any reduction in either ductility or moment capacity of the beams even under dominant shear loading.
Trastuzumab in Female Breast Cancer Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Background Trastuzumab is life‐extending therapy for breast cancer patients overexpressing the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+), but has known cardiotoxic risk. We sought to determi...
Managing (in)visibility and hypervisibility in the workplace

Abstract Visibility at work, being seen fully and accurately by others, is important for individual self-determination and authenticity, and for organizational outcomes such as commitment and sense of belonging. Although there has been increasing attention in the organizational literature on marginalized groups' workplace experiences of harassment, discrimination, and identity-based microaggressions, little attention has been given to issues of invisibility and hypervisibility. We conceptualize invisibility and hypervisibility as additional forms of identity-based mistreatment that are in opposition to visibility for marginalized groups. This special issue expands the limited existing research in this area to advance theoretical and empirical knowledge around issues of visibility in the workplace. In this introduction to the special issue, we provide a framework for understanding visibility, invisibility, and hypervisibility through definitions and key features of the constructs. We also highlight the contributions that the special issue papers make to organizational research generally, and to research on visibility in the workplace specifically. We end with suggestions for future research related to visibility and organizational psychology.
Talking About the Flow

This essay explores the relationships between illicit drug flows (my current area of historical research) and state borders. The larger theme, for objects-in-motion, is how statist languages of “control” underlie their construction and maintenance as illicit and criminalized flows. Students of drug trafficking can make public discourses about drugs a usefully explicit object of study. But in doing so they should also beware of the possible intellectual and political pitfalls of “talking like a state”―that is, of adopting the categories or characterizations of the illicit deployed by policing and regulatory agencies―for thinking well about such flows. Among other problems, it is hard for territorial states to supersede their stationary view of shifting, furtive, border-less activities, a dilemma of note in the recent “war on terrorism” as well. The essay winds its way to these ideas by addressing three topics: first, the relation of drugs to commodity studies writ large (how drugs were differentiated from other goods during the historic rise of commercial and industrial capitalism); second, the relation of drugs to the building of borders and states; and third, the role of bureaucratic-control language in marking and naturalizing the thin line between “controlled substances” and freer commodities.
On routing-optimal networks for multiple unicasts

Author(s): Meng, C; Markopoulou, A | Abstract: In this paper, we consider the problem of multiple unicast sessions over a directed acyclic graph. It is well known that linear network coding is insufficient for achieving the capacity region, in the general case. However, there exist networks for which routing is sufficient to achieve the whole rate region, and we refer to them as routing-optimal networks. We identify a class of routing-optimal networks, which we refer to as information-distributive networks, defined by three topological features. Due to these features, for each rate vector achieved by network coding, there is always a routing scheme such that it achieves the same rate vector, and the traffic transmitted through the network is exactly the information transmitted over the cut-sets between the sources and the sinks in the corresponding network coding scheme. We present examples of information-distributive networks, including some examples from (1) index coding and (2) from a single unicast session with hard deadline constraint. © 2014 IEEE.