cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bimetallic Reductive Elimination from Dinuclear Pd(III) Complexes

In 2009, we reported C−halogen reductive elimination reactions from dinuclear Pd(III) complexes and implicated dinuclear intermediates in Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed C−H oxidation chemistry. Herein, we report results of a thorough experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanism of reductive elimination from such dinuclear Pd(III) complexes, which establish the role of each metal during reductive elimination. Our results implicate reductive elimination from a complex in which the dinuclear core is intact and suggest that redox synergy between the two metals is responsible for the facile reductive elimination reactions observed.
Effect of Rapid Growth with Fattening of Dairy Heifers on Their Lactational Ability

Summary Seven pairs of identical-twin heifers were separated at ages varying from 4 to 12 mo. One of each pair was fed a normal control ration and its mate was fed heavily on concentrates until first calving to produce rapid growth and fattening. At 2 yr. of age, the fattened heifers weighed 32% more than the controls. After their first calving they were fed alike. Only one of the seven fattened twins produced more than its mate in the first lactation. The average FCM production by the fattened heifers in the first lactation was 84.8% of the controls. The average production difference between the rapidly grown and normal twins remained in the second lactation, but individual pairs reacted differently in the two lactations. Udder structure of three of four of the fattened twins examined was abnormal, with areas lacking development of secretory tissue. Weight changes during the first lactation indicated differences in metabolism between the fattened and control twins which may have affected lactation.
The horizontal heterogeneity of nitrogen fixation in Lake Valencia, Venezuela

Spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen fixation in Lake Valencia, Venezuela, were quantified on the basis of duplicate water samples collected from a depth of 0.5 m at 16 sites on 10 dates. The concentration of heterocysts in samples was determined and the samples were incubated with acetylene in situ. Two-way ANOVA was used to separate the variance associated with site (fixed spatial patchiness), date (temporal variation), the interaction between site and date (ephemeral spatial patchiness), and sampling error. The nitrogen fixers in Lake Valencia are arranged in large (40-200 km2), ephemeral patches with distinctive fixation rates per heterocyst. Both variability in fixation per heterocyst and variability in heterocyst concentration contribute significantly to variation in fixation per unit volume of lake water, but the variability attributable to heterocyst abundance is greater. Spatial variation in fixation and heterocyst concentration exceeds temporal variation in these parameters, and the ephemeral component of patchiness is much greater than the fixed component.
Space-time pre-RAKE multiuser transmitter precoding for DS-CDMA systems

A novel linear precoding method that combines multiuser interference (MAI) cancellation, pre-RAKE filtering and transmitter (Tx) antenna diversity is proposed for the downlink of the code division multiple access (CDMA) channel. It is demonstrated that this method has better performance than single user space-time pre-RAKE precoding with relatively low increase in complexity. In addition, several novel and previously proposed MAI cancellation methods for the uplink and downlink are compared. Long range prediction is employed to enable performance of Tx precoding for rapidly time varying fading CDMA channels.
Achievable information rates and coding for MIMO systems over ISI channels and frequency-selective fading channels

We propose a simulation-based method to compute the achievable information rates for general multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) intersymbol interference (ISI) channels with inputs chosen from a finite alphabet. This method is applicable to both deterministic and stochastic channels. As an example of the stochastic MIMO ISI channels, we consider the multiantenna systems over frequency-selective fading channels, and quantify the improvement in the achievable information rates provided by the additional frequency diversity (for both ergodic and nonergodic cases). In addition, we consider the multiaccess multiantenna system and present some results on the achievable information-rate region. As for the deterministic MIMO ISI channels, we use the binary-input multitrack magnetic recording system as an example, which employs multiple write and read heads for data storage. Our results show that the multitrack recording channels have significant advantages over the single-track channels, in terms of the achievable information rates when the intertrack interference is considered. We further consider practical coding schemes over both stochastic and deterministic MIMO ISI channels, and compare their performance with the information-theoretical limits. Specifically, we demonstrate that the performance of the turbo coding/decoding scheme is only about 1.0 dB away from the information-theoretical limits at a bit-error rate of 10/sup -5/ for large interleaver lengths.
Distributed power control for rate-varying multimedia CDMA systems

Future wireless systems will support a variety of different services such as voice, data and video, with variable bit rate requirements. In this paper, we consider a multimedia code division multiple access (CDMA) system for which different rates are represented by varying the processing gain, and study the dynamic properties of distributed power control algorithms using the theory of stability for switched systems and M-matrices. Of particular interest is the stability issue under fluctuations in the desired rates for individual users. We demonstrate that the convergence of a distributed power algorithm can be jeopardized for some cases. Furthermore, we provide conditions to check for possible instabilities and study the degradation in system capacity when such instabilities need to be avoided.
Characterizing rapid-onset vasodilation to single muscle contractions in the human leg

Rapid-onset vasodilation (ROV) following single muscle contractions has been examined in the forearm of humans, but has not yet been characterized in the leg. Given known vascular differences between the arm and leg, we sought to characterize ROV following single muscle contractions in the leg. Sixteen healthy men performed random ordered single contractions at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using isometric knee extension made with the leg above and below heart level, and these were compared with single isometric contractions of the forearm (handgrip). Single thigh cuff compressions (300 mmHg) were utilized to estimate the mechanical contribution to leg ROV. Continuous blood flow was determined by duplex-Doppler ultrasound and blood pressure via finger photoplethysmography (Finometer). Single isometric knee extensor contractions produced intensity-dependent increases in peak leg vascular conductance that were significantly greater than the forearm in both the above- and below-heart level positions (e.g., above heart level: leg 20% MVC, +138 ± 28% vs. arm 20% MVC, +89 ± 17%; P < 0.05). Thigh cuff compressions also produced a significant hyperemic response, but these were brief and smaller in magnitude compared with single isometric contractions in the leg. Collectively, these data demonstrate the presence of a rapid and robust vasodilation to single muscle contractions in the leg that is largely independent of mechanical factors, thus establishing the leg as a viable model to study ROV in humans.
Exact Imaging by an Elliptic Lens

The radiation from an isotropic line source located at one of the focal lines of an elliptic cylindrical lens filled with a homogeneous and lossless DNG metamaterial is determined exactly in the frequency domain. This exact solution is compared to a previously derived optical solution.
Influence of Soil and Air Temperature on I. Nucleotide Metabolism and Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings

Eight day old greenhouse grown Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings were exposed to three different temperature regimes. The concentration of the total free nucleotides, nucleoside triphosphates, RNA and protein was much more pronounced in seedlings exposed to the interactive day/night temperature of 28 °C (soil) and 15 °C (air) of regime I. Seedlings treated to a low soil/air, day/night temperature of 15 °C (regime II) had the lowest content of total free nucleotides, nucleoside triphosphates, RNA and protein. The nucleoside triphosphate content and energy charge value of seedlings treated to a high soil/air, day/night temperature of 28 °C (regime III) declined much earlier than in the seedlings exposed to temperature regimes I and II. The fresh and dry weight of seedlings exposed to temperature regime I was significantly higher than those seedlings exposed to the other two temperature regimes. The slowest growth was observed in seedlings exposed to temperature regime II. The noticeably higher concentration of ATP, pyridine nucleotides and root nodulation in seedlings exposed to temperature
Compact tunable microwave filter using retroreflective acousto-optic filtering and delay controls.

Programmable broadband rf filters are demonstrated using a compact retroreflective optical design with an acousto-optic tunable filter and a chirped fiber Bragg grating. This design enables fast 34 μs domain analog-mode control of rf filter time delays and weights. Two proof-of-concept filters are demonstrated including a two-tap notch filter with >35 dB notch depth and a four-tap bandpass filter. Both filters have 2-8 GHz tunability and a 34 μs reset time.
Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics

The cornerstone of computational fluid dynamics is the fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics—the continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations speak physics. They are the mathematical statements of three fundamental physical principles upon which all of fluid dynamics is based: (1) mass is conserved; (2) F = ma (Newton’s second law); (3) energy is conserved.
Moral intensity and ethical decision-making: a contextual extension

This paper explores the role of an individual's perception of situation-specific issues on decision-making in ethical situations. It does so by examining the influence of moral intensity on a person's perceptions of an ethical problem, and subsequent intentions. Moral intensity (Jones, 1991) is an issue-contingent model of ethical decision-making based on the supposition that situations vary in terms of the moral imperative present in that situation. An individual's decision is guided by his or her assessment of six different components that collectively comprise the moral intensity of the situation. The relationship between the components of moral intensity and the decision-making process is tested through the use of scenarios that present IS-related ethical situations. The results indicate that moral intensity plays a significant role in shaping the perceptions and intentions of individuals faced with IS-related ethical situations. The conclusion drawn from this is that, consistent with prior research, the decision-making process is influenced by an individual's perception of situation-specific issues; that is, the moral intensity of the situation.
ESTIMATING CROP RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION COEFFICIENTS USING SUBSTRATE-INDUCED RESPIRATION

Abstract Modeling of crop residue decomposition for nutrient cycling and effectiveness of residues to control soil erosion requires information on crop-specific decomposition coefficients (k). Respiration of decomposing residues reflects the activity of the microbial community and should give an indication of the residue decomposition rate. A method for estimating k using substrate-induced respiration (SIR) of plant residues was evaluated. Basal respiration, total SIR, fungal SIR and bacterial SIR were measured for five crop residues monthly for 1 y. In general, total SIR and basal respiration declined for the more decomposable residues, but were somewhat constant for the more resistant residues. Mass loss was used to determine k for a single exponential decay function. Prediction of k from SIR using an equation proposed by Neely et al. (1991) (Soil Biology & Biochemistry 23, 947–954) was unsatisfactory for the five crops. A new equation (k = − 6.07 × 10−4 + 6.23 × 10−6 × SIR) was determined using the data of Neely et al. (1991) and data from the current study. Prediction of k using the 60-day SIR measurement was significantly improved with the new equation. Predicting k from SIR could greatly reduce the labor and time involved in evaluating decomposition differences between residues and locations.
THE CHLOROPHYLL‐SENSITIZED REACTION BETWEEN BENZOQUINONE AND ETHANOL*

The electron-transfer reaction between triplet excited chlorophyll and quinones have been extensively studied as a model of the primary reaction in Photosystem II. There has also been reported a minor reaction in which the chlorophyll cation radical ostensibly oxidizes the alcohol solvent or even water, leading to a gradual net reduction of quinone, but the exact mechanism and even the existence of this reaction have been uncertain. We have examined the consequences of prolonged irradiation of ethyl chlorophyllide and benzoquinone in acidulated ethanol, and found a chlorophyllide-sensitized reaction which is not analogous to the better-known autosensitized reduction of quinones in blue or uv light. In the chlorophyllide-sensitized reaction, benzoquinone is apparently converted to ethoxy-substituted quinones and quinols, and polymeric material. Ethyl chlorophyllide (or chlorophyll) is simultaneously oxidized to more polar products which themselves continue to photosensitize the reaction of quinones. The production of acetaldehyde could not be demonstrated in the sensitized reaction. Chlorophyllide-sensitized reactions of (1-hydroxyethyl)benzoquinone, ethoxybenzoquinone and 2,5-diethoxybenzoquinone were examined for additional information. A reaction sequence, tentatively proposed to accommodate the known facts, starts with oxidative attack by quinone on an oxidized chlorophyllide radical formed by loss of a hydroxyl proton from alcohol bound as a ligand to Mg.more » It is not likely that this reaction is closely related to events at the oxidizing side of Photosystem II.« less
Multiple slot waveguides for enhanced biochemical sensing

Multiple slots in optical waveguides greatly increase evanescent field and surface area for interaction with surrounding media, leading to more than 5 times improvement of sensitivities for biochemical detections as confirmed by simulations and experiments.
Temporal sequence of endotoxin-induced systolic and diastolic myocardial depression in rabbits

Twelve anesthetized rabbits received endotoxin (175 +/- 38 micrograms/kg i.v., mean +/- SD) to evaluate the temporal sequence of alterations in left ventricular (LV) function. LV volume was calculated from LV minor- and long-axis diameters, and wall thickness was measured with sonomicrometers. Hypotension, acidosis, and hypoxia were immediately corrected to eliminate these causes of myocardial depression. LV dilation developed early (1.2 +/- 0.5 h) with a significant (21 +/- 23%) increase in end-diastolic volume measured at a LV end-diastolic pressure of 5 +/- 6 mmHg. The LV stiffness did not change, and the LV dilation did not progressively worsen. Significant systolic depression developed later (2.8 +/- 1.0 h) with a 32 +/- 22% increase in end-systolic volume measured at a LV end-systolic pressure of 69 +/- 9 mmHg. The late preterminal phase (4.1 +/- 0.8 h) was characterized by a progressive increase in end-systolic volume (73 +/- 41% above control) and a significant (53 +/- 34%) increase in tau, the time constant of LV pressure fall. Diastolic abnormalities (LV dilation and increased tau) were not attributable to depressed contractility or altered hemodynamics. We conclude that endotoxin impairs systolic and diastolic LV function with distinct differences in time course. This suggests that contractility, relaxation, and passive LV properties are impaired by different endotoxin-mediated pathways and/or have different sensitivities to endotoxin.
Implementing The Coastal Plan: A New Test for the Concept of State Control for Areas of Critical State Concern

The California Coastal Plan by the California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission contains numerous conservationist recommendations and proposes an elaborate structure and method for implementation. The central feature of this implementation scheme is substantial reliance on local governments for production of the necessarily localized regulation and its subsequent enforcement, subject to oversight by an independent state coastal agency. This framework parallels that of the Model Land Development Code, drafted by the American Law Institute and intended to establish a system of land use regulation that will facilitate 'socially and economically desirable' utilization of natural resources. An important feature of the Model Code is the concept of state regulatory control over specific geographical areas which are of 'critical state concern.' The Coastal Plan provides an excellent case example for considering the workability of the Model Code concept of critical areas control which the Coastal Plan embraces. However, the Coastal Plan and the Model Code diverge on the role to be given comprehensive planning. The act which guided the Coastal Commission provides that permanent regulations be imposed only after substantial planning has been completed. The Model Code does not require a comprehensive plan as a prerequisite to regulation, although some planning is implicit in the designation of critical areas. This article considers two important questions which emerge from a recognition of these differences in approach: How much planning, statewide or regional, should precede the implementation of critical area controls; and how much authority should be granted to the state planning agency?
BLASTOMYCOSIS IN WASHINGTON PARISH, LOUISIANA, 1976–1985

For the period 1976-1985, the authors attempted to identify all cases of blastomycosis in Louisiana and studied in detail one county (Washington Parish) suspected by local physicians of having an unusually high incidence of the disease. The mean annual incidence rates for Louisiana and for Washington Parish were 0.23 and 6.8 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, the rate for Washington Parish is the highest annual incidence rate documented for a population in a nonoutbreak setting. Among the 30 cases detected in Washington Parish, the age range was 3 weeks to 81 years. Five cases died; of these, one was an infant who may have been infected in utero, and another developed clinical symptoms compatible with adult respiratory distress syndrome. There was no geographic clustering among cases the authors investigated, and a case-control study failed to identify specific activities or host factors which may have predispose to infection. Washington Parish is probably a hyperendemic area for blastomycosis because environmental conditions are especially conducive to Blastomyces dermatitidis growth. The study suggests that most cases in Washington Parish were sporadically infected, and common-source exposures to B. dermatitidis with resultant clinical illness are rare even in hyperendemic settings.
ARES Program Chair Guidelines: A Primer for Conferences

Understanding how a major academic conference is organized is essential to leaders and scholars in academia. In this paper, I outline how the American Real Estate Society organizes its annual meeting. Application can be to any academic conference.
Remarks to hospital medicine town hall. Cincinnati, July 20, 2012.

I have been asked to address the issue of Subspecialty Status for Hospital Medicine and I appreciate the opportunity to do so. Before I begin, I have a few disclaimers to share. You already know that I am the President of the Academic Pediatric Association. I am also a member of the Board of Directors of the American Board of Pediatrics, and a member of the Residency Review Committee for Pediatrics. My remarks today do not represent official positions of any of these organizations; however, my thoughts have certainly been influenced by the work I do with them. I have read summaries of the Hospital Medicine Strategic Planning documents, and I listened to the presentation of the planning chairs, Drs Maloney and Mendez, last night. I am impressed by the thoughtfulness and thoroughness of the analysis that has been done by the Strategic Planning Group. The decision before you is not an easy one, and simplistic answers are unlikely to be persuasive. One thing you may not know about me is that along with my good friend, Jane Knapp, I was one of the first fellows in Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM) in the United States from 1981 until 1983. Jane trained in Kansas City, and I trained in Philadelphia. Obviously, this was nonaccredited training. One of my mentors was Stephen Ludwig, who has been helpful in supporting the development of Hospital Medicine as well. As I have watched the development of Hospital Medicine, I have been struck by the many parallels with the developmental issues that PEM faced in the 1980s, and I will say a …
Sputter Deposited, Electrically Conductive, Oxidation Resistant Coatings

Significant polymer weight loss has been observed due to environmental ashing by atomic oxygen at low earth orbital (LEO) altitudes. Static charging during deployment and charging caused by the space plasma in LEO polar orbits may cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems on insulating polymer materials that are integral to such applications as high voltage solar arrays. Simultaneous ion beam sputter deposited coatings of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), carbon, air, or methane were investigated as potential solutions to these problems. The purpose of this research was to improve the flexibility of ITO coatings with these additives and to study the effect the addition of these materials had not only on the flexibility of ITO sputter deposited thin films but also on the conductivity and optical properties.
Acculturated blended learning: localizing a blended learning course for Russian trainees

When designing any kind of online learning curriculum to be delivered internationally, many issues must be considered. One is the cultural pedagogical framework of the national group of trainees. In the case study reported in this paper, the training organization uses a blended learning model to deliver Aviation English training to groups of pilots who speak English as a second language. The online portion of the training is standardized for international delivery, but the classroom sessions are to be localized for each country where the training will be delivered. This paper presents the Acculturated Blended Learning Model, in which trainees are adapted to a new learning environment and to a culturally different pedagogical model within the onsite portion of a blended learning course. In this case study, the onsite classes are in Russia, where a sciento-technocratic (teacher-centered) paradigm is traditional. The model includes five guidelines to help the training organization prepare its trainers and their trainees to transition from the traditional pedagogical paradigm to a student-centered activity-based paradigm that is more successful for language learning. This Acculturated Blended Learning Model is pedagogically adaptable to other cultures and should help to create a more positive and successful learning situation wherever it is delivered.
Avoidance of truncated proteins from unintended ribosome binding sites within heterologous protein coding sequences.

Genetic sequences ported into non-native hosts for synthetic biology applications can gain unexpected properties. In this study, we explored sequences functioning as ribosome binding sites (RBSs) within protein coding DNA sequences (CDSs) that cause internal translation, resulting in truncated proteins. Genome-wide prediction of bacterial RBSs, based on biophysical calculations employed by the RBS calculator,1 suggests a selection against internal RBSs within CDSs in Escherichia coli, but not those in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on these calculations, silent mutations aimed at removing internal RBSs can effectively reduce truncation products from internal translation. However, a solution for complete elimination of internal translation initiation is not always feasible due to constraints of available coding sequences. Fluorescence assays and Western blot analysis showed that in genes with internal RBSs, increasing the strength of the intended upstream RBS had little influence on the internal translati...
Cross Sections Through Evolutionary Trees: Theory and Applications

The problem of identifying all of the possible tree cross sections in a given slice of time for an observed change of the diversity is solved using the theory of branching processes and the multinomial theorem. The methods can be used in exploratory fashion to examine the ways in which the numbers of possible cross sections and their properties can differ with the starting and ending diversities, for instance. But, because tree cross sections can be stacked together, the methods can also be applied to answering certain statistical questions regarding complete phylogenetic trees. A phylogenetic tree for the Elephantidae (Mammalia) is tested for statistical significance using the methods developed. Because the focus is on examining the possible tree cross sections and complete trees for observed changes of diversity, the solution may be of particular value for testing hypotheses about phylogenetic trees that are constructed using data from paleontology. (Phylogenetic trees; cladograms; phylogenetic reconstruction; paleontology.) The tree of life on Earth, if it could be examined, would be found to include all species that ever existed, both living and extinct. A sufficiently thin slice of the tree, representing a short interval of time and here termed a cross section of the tree, would reveal that three sorts of species entered the interval: species that will merely pass through the interval, species that will branch during the interval, and species that will become extinct during the interval. As
A case of cerebral abscess with haemophilus aphrophilus cultured from spinal fluid.

The report deals with the isolation of Haemophilus aphrophilus from the cerebrospinal fluid of a 20-year-old male. The patient had a pulsating pain in the posterior portion of his head and the laboratory findings were normal on admission, with the exception of the cerebrospinal fluid which showed increased pressure, a slightly lowered sugar level, and some cells. On the 4th day of hospitalization the patient’s temperature rose to 103.4 F. and the cerebrospinal fluid contained 685 mg. per 100 ml. of protein and 0 mg. per 100 ml. of sugar, although all of the other laboratory tests were normal. The organism was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid, after the individual died on the 4th day of hospitalization. It grew well on blood and chocolate agars and the biochemical tests were found to be characteristic of H. aphrophilus .
Review on Key Issues on Knowledge Management Systsem and Competitive Intelligence of the Large Central Enterprises

With the advance of information society,organizations introduced knowledge management systems and competitive intelligence systems to improve its operating efficiency and competitiveness.By read a lot in the literature,reviewed the status of relationship and concept of competitive intelligence and knowledge management as well as the role which they play in the enterprise.On that basis,summed up the the fusion of knowledge management systems and competition intelligence systems,analyzed two between reciprocity,obtained the conclusion that enterprise is to be supposed the conformity competitive intelligence and the knowledge management superiority,finally proposed the competitive intelligence and the knowledge management conformity model from the strategic management views.
Florivory shapes both leaf and floral interactions

Florivory, or the consumption of flowers, is a ubiquitous interaction that can reduce plant reproduction directly by damaging reproductive tissues and indirectly by deterring pollinators. However, we know surprisingly little about how florivory alters plant traits or the larger community of species interactions. Although leaf damage is known to affect floral traits and interactions in many systems, the consequences of floral damage for leaf traits and interactions are unknown. We manipulated floral damage in Impatiens capensis and measured effects on floral attractive traits and secondary chemicals, leaf secondary chemicals, floral interactions, leaf herbivory, and plant reproduction. We also examined relationships between early season floral traits and floral interactions, to explore which traits structure floral interactions. Moderate but not high florivory significantly increased relative selfed reproduction, leading to a shift in mating system away from outcrossing. Florivory increased leaf secondary compounds and decreased leaf herbivory, although mechanisms other than leaf chemistry may be responsible for some of the reduced leaf damage. Florivory altered four of seven measured interactions, including increased subsequent florivory and reduced flower spiders, although only leaf damage effects were significant after correcting for multiple tests. Pretreatment concentrations of floral anthocyanins and condensed tannins were associated with reduced levels of many floral antagonisms, including florivory, nectar larceny, and flower spider abundance, suggesting these traits play a role in floral resistance. Overall, our results indicate a broad range of community and potential evolutionary consequences of florivory through structuring subsequent floral interactions, altering leaf secondary chemicals, and shaping leaf herbivory.
Behavior of Selected Food-Borne Pathogens in Raw Ground Beef

Raw ground beef was inoculated with five strains each of Escherichia coli, enterococci, salmonellae, staphylococci, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium perfringens. Changes in population levels of these organisms, psychrotrophs, and total aerobic flora as these were influenced by temperature and packaging film were recorded. Among the organisms inoculated, only E. coli, salmonellae, and the enterococci were able to grow and then only at the highest test temperature (12.5 C), As expected, the packaging film did not influence the behavior of any of the test organisms. These results and the fact that a cooking step is involved demonstrate why ground beef is very rarely involved as a vehicle in bacterial food poisoning. This study indicates that there is no reason to expect protection of public health to evolve from bacteriological standards which limit numbers of non-pathogenic organisms.
Tooth-Matrix Biomarkers to Reconstruct Critical Periods of Brain Plasticity.

Developmental brain plasticity involves complex, time-dependent dynamic molecular interactions that cannot be observed directly in humans. We propose that the shared evolutionary homology of teeth and the neurosensory system, and the archival nature of dentine microstructure, allows the development of ‘biologic hard drives' that can characterize perinatal temporal dynamics in neuroplasticity.
Advanced Geothermal Energy Conversion Systems

Energy conversion systems must be chosen and often adapted to suit the particular resource. This chapter discusses some of the advanced systems for geothermal power generation. Many of these have already achieved commercial status by improving the efficiency of resource utilization. Others are in various stages of development but hold promise to meet future geothermal power needs. Combined flash-binary plants are in operation at several plant sites around the world. A different approach is to design a plant, from scratch, as an integrated flash-binary plant, thereby taking advantage of the best features of both units. This chapter examines these two strategic alternatives. It presents a numerical example to illustrate the analysis of this relatively complex system. The world is striving to develop as much renewable energy as is feasible to cope with growing demand and to meet environmental standards. One way to gain support for renewables is to combine them with conventional energy sources so as both to extend the life of the depletable resources and to create new applications for renewables in the existing marketplace. Hybrid power plants combine two different sources of energy in a single plant so as to achieve higher overall utilization efficiencies than separate plants. This chapter examines several hybrid designs of this general type. It introduces the concept of hot dry rock (HDR) as a potential system for exploiting certain types of geothermal resources. Geothermal regions having high temperature but lacking sufficient permeability or fluid in the formation are discussed for this approach. Two such programs aimed at developing this concept to the commercial stage are described: the Fenton Hill project and the Hijiori project.
Hepatic Fibrosis in Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis, a disease affecting over 200,000,000 human beings, is caused by infection with one of sev­ eral s c ies of the Schistosoma trematodes. The in­ fectious form for mammals is the cercaria developed by passage through snails. The major cause of death in those infected results from distortion of the hepatic circulation caused by a unique kind of fibrosis In the liver. The fibrosis occurs In relation to the formation of num erous highly cellular and collagenous granulomata as part of a cell-mediated immune response to eggs deposited by worms In the portal tract. After a period of tlme, the granulomata disappear as new for­mation of broad bands of collagen appear in the liver. Because of the nature of those bands the condition is called pipestem fibrosis. The fibrosis distorts liver ar­chitecture and with that the circulation of blood in the liver. Prevention of the disease by ecological controls directed largely against the snail vector, would seem to be most important. Falling that, the disease itself is treated largely by use of a number of chemothera­ utic agents directed against the Schistosoma. The present a icle reviews the modes of treatment now In use, and describes possible means of preventing or versing the deposition of collagen that constitutes the fibrosis. Research on analogs of proline and lysine Inhibit collagen biosynthesis or stimulate collagen d radation Is described. Possible new approaches for prevention of maturation and mating of worms lodged In portal tracts is considered as a means of preventing egg formation and the consequent host immune response that causes fibrosis.
Optimal control of nonsmooth systems with classically differentiable flow maps

Abstract We present a version of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle for control dynamics with a possibly non smooth, nonlipschitz and even discontinuous right-hand side. The usual adjoint equation, where state derivatives occur, is replaced by an integrated form, containing only differentials of the reference flow maps. The resulting “integrated adjoint equation” leads to “adjoint vectors” that need not be absolutely continuous, and could be discontinuous and unbounded. We illustrate this with the “reflected brachistochrone problem,” for which the adjoint vectors have a singularity at an interior point of the interval of definition of the reference trajectory.
Altered metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 markers in PTSD: In vivo and postmortem evidence

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and highly disabling disorder, but there is currently no targeted pharmacological treatment for it. Dysfunction of the glutamate system has been implicated in trauma and stress psychopathology, resulting in a growing interest in modulation of the glutamate system for the treatment of PTSD. Specifically, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) represents a promising treatment target. We used [18F]FPEB, a radioligand that binds to the mGluR5, and positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify in vivo mGluR5 availability in human PTSD vs. healthy control (HCs) subjects. In an independent sample of human postmortem tissue, we investigated expression of proteins that have a functional relationship with mGluR5 and glucocorticoids in PTSD. We observed significantly higher cortical mGluR5 availability in PTSD in vivo and positive correlations between mGluR5 availability and avoidance symptoms. In the postmortem sample, we observed up-regulation of SHANK1, a protein that anchors mGluR5 to the cell surface, as well as decreased expression of FKBP5, implicating aberrant glucocorticoid functioning in PTSD. Results of this study provide insight into molecular mechanisms underlying PTSD and suggest that mGluR5 may be a promising target for mechanism-based treatments aimed at mitigating this disorder.
Bi-layer multi-objective optimal allocation and sizing of electric vehicle parking garage

The anticipated increase in Electric vehicles (EVs) adoption necessitates the need for electrified transportation infrastructure to charge these vehicles. Although the EV parking garage can represent a good investment opportunity, it brings more challenges to the distribution system operator. Therefore, the allocation and sizing of the parking garage should be carefully planned. The planning process should take into consideration the economic aspects of the investor as well as the technical aspects of the distribution system. In this paper, a bi-layer Pareto multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to optimally allocate and size an EV parking garage. The optimization formulation tries to maximize the profits of the EV parking garage investor as well as minimizing the losses and voltage deviations for the distribution system operator. Dealing with these contradicting objectives simultaneously will results in a set of Pareto solutions. The results showed the different trade-offs that might be induced while dealing with these contradictory objectives. A decision-making criterion based on statistics was used to decide on the optimal location and size of the parking garage. Sensitivity analysis to show the effect of the different objectives on the selection of the optimal size and location was also performed.
Undergraduate Mathematics Clubs

(1926). Undergraduate Mathematics Clubs. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 224-228.
Buchanan, B. G. (2017). Securitization and the Global Economy: History and Prospects for the Future. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, 251 pp.

Securitization has been the recipient of quite the smear campaign in recent years. If one was to google the term sometime in the earlier part of this decade, the adjectives associated with this ass...
Deposition of Amyloid a Fibrils in Spleen is Accompanied by Decreased Hepatic and Splenic and Increased Macrophage Serum Amyloid a Expression

Amyloidosis is an occasional sequela to long standing inflammation. The origin of the disorder is multifactorial; the etiology and the duration of inflammation, structure of the serum amyloid A (SAA) precursor, and genetic background of the host are all thought to contribute to amyloid deposition (1-4).
Changing Perspectives on North and Middle American Exchange Systems

The articles in this volume simultaneously illustrate the significant progress that has been achieved in understanding the nature of prehistoric exchange and the many questions that remain to be answered. We now know much more about the magnitude and diversity of exchange relationships in different areas and at different time periods than was the case only a few years ago. We devote more attention to understanding resource procurement and artifact production. We debate methods for determining the structure of exchange relationships. And we continue to explore the role of exchange in cultural evolution. The difference between the middle 1970s and the present in the frequency of these various types of exchange studies is so large that it is difficult to accurately characterize the magnitude of the change. As Hoopes (this volume) argues, we will undoubtedly see this trend continue in the 1990s.
Stem cell heterogeneity drives the parasitic life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni

Parasitic flatworms called schistosomes infect around 250 million people, causing the disease schistosomiasis. Schistosomes live complex lives, spending part of their life cycle inside snails and part of it inside mammals; short-lived, water-borne stages infect each of these hosts. To thrive in such different environments, schistosomes go through several life-cycle stages. At each stage the flatworms transition to a new body plan adapted to its new environment. Understanding how these transitions occur could help researchers devise new strategies for eliminating these parasites. Previous research suggested that stem cells help schistosomes transition to new body plans. Stem cells have the ability to transform into many different cell types, and have been found in schistosome larvae and adults. However, the relationship between the larval and adult stem cells was not clear. Wang et al. used transcriptional profiling, a technique that measures the genes currently in use in different cells, to study the stem cells in the schistosome species Schistosoma mansoni. This uncovered four types of stem cell, each of which uses a slightly different combination of genes. Examining the behaviour of these cells at different schistosome life-cycle stages revealed that certain larval stem cells produce adult stem cells. Other larval stem cells seem to be the source of the ‘germline’ cells that make gametes (egg and sperm) and allow the parasites to reproduce sexually. Schistosomes only produce germline cells when they are inside mammals. Wang et al. found that as juvenile flatworms develop inside mouse blood vessels, a gene called eledh becomes active in some of their stem cells. Further investigation showed that this activity is the earliest indicator that germline cells are developing and is also required for proper development of the germline. This knowledge, along with future work to characterize the roles of the stem cell populations identified by Wang et al., could ultimately help researchers develop new ways to stop the spread of schistosomiasis.
Comparing the Roles of the p110α and p110β Isoforms of PI3K in Signaling and Cancer

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) are a family of enzymes that act downstream of cell surface receptors leading to activation of multiple signaling pathways regulating cellular growth, proliferation, motility, and survival. To date, most research efforts have focused on a group of PI3K-family enzymes termed class I, of which the most studied member is PI3Kα. PI3Kα is an oncogene frequently mutated in human cancer, as is the chief negative regulator of the pathway, the tumor suppressor PTEN. Recently, it has been suggested that tumors deficient for PTEN might depend on the function of another class I member, PI3Kβ, to sustain their transformed phenotype. Taken together, these findings provide a significant medical rationale to study the signaling cascades regulated by PI3Kα and PI3Kβ particularly in the context of their role in the development and maintenance of human cancer. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the upstream receptor regulation of the two PI3K isoforms and their roles in cancer as well as their functional requirements in downstream signaling cascades.
Analysis of Serum Protein Glycosylation with Antibody–Lectin Microarray for High-Throughput Biomarker Screening

The complexity of carbohydrate structures and their derivatives makes the study of the glycome a challenging subset of proteomic research. The microarray platform has become an essential tool to characterize glycan structure and to study glycosylation-related biological interactions, by using probes as a means to interrogate the spotted or captured glycosylated molecules on the arrays. The high-throughput and reproducible nature of microarray platforms have been highlighted by their extensive applications in the field of biomarker validation, where a large number of samples must be analyzed multiple times. This chapter presents an antibody-lectin microarray approach, which allows the efficient, multiplexed study of the glycosylation of multiple individual proteins from complex mixtures with both fluorescence labeling detection and label-free detection based on mass spectrometry.
Comparison of Flood-Frequency Estimates Based on Observed and Model-Generated Peak Flows

Comparisons were made of flood-frequency estimates from a rainfall/runoff model and from observed annual peak data to determine if these estimates exhibited the same statistical variability. The analysis was based on data at 173 stations in 10 States where there were 20 or more rainfall/runoff model. Paired t-tests and analysis-of-variance techniques indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the two sets of flood-frequency estimates. These differences existed for different recurrence interval floods (2-, 10-, 50-, and 100-years), different watershed sizes, and different States. These differences appeared to be primarily related to three infiltration parameters in the rainfall/runoff model and to a lesser extent the observed record length at the station. Furthermore, the ratio of the model-generated 100-year flood discharge to the 2-year flood discharge was 3.98 whereas the same ratio based on observed peak flows was 5.72. Additional research is needed to identify what factors causes flood estimates from the rainfall/runoff model appear to exhibit less variability than flood estimates based on observed peak flow records.
Buprenorphine and Opioid Rotation

Buprenorphine, as a therapeutic agent was brought to market as a parenteral analgesic in 1972 [1]. Initially recognized as a partial μ agonist with kappa antagonist activity, this novel opioid has enjoyed a renewed interest both in terms of its analgesic properties as well as its ability to stabilize and maintain opioid-dependent patients suffering from the disease of addiction [2].
A Marvelous Machine: Creative Approaches to Securing Funding and Building Public Support for Streetcar Projects in Four U.S. Cities:

The resurgence of streetcars in American cities has presented planners and civic leaders with a novel means of transportation and redevelopment for cities, many of which have a history of failed re...
The Impact of Informed Adversarial Behavior in Graphical Coordination Games

How does system-level information impact the ability of an adversary to degrade performance in a networked control system? In this work, we focus on this question in the context of graphical coordination games where an adversary can influence a given fraction of the agents in the system. Focusing on the class of ring graphs, we explicitly highlight how knowledge of the graph structure and agent identities can be exploited by an adversary to significantly degrade system performance. Further, we demonstrate how the lack of such knowledge drastically reduces the potential harm an adversary can do to the system.