cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of amino acids on the production of cyclosporin A by Tolypocladium inflatum

Cyclosporin A was produced in semi-synthetic and synthetic media byTolypocladium inflatum in suspension culture. L-valine increased the specific production of cyclosporin A by 62% in semi-synthetic media and by 4 times in synthetic media, compared to an unsupplemented control culture. D-valine had no stimulatory effect on the production. L-leucine was also a strong enhancer of drug production in synthetic media. Experiments with different times of addition of L-valine indicated that the amino acid may need to be present in exponential growth phase for optimal production. 4g/l was the optimum concentration of exogenous L-valine. In contrast, exogenous L-methionine and sarcosine tended to diminish the production of cyclosporin A.
An amine-derivatized, DOTA-loaded polymeric support for Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis

An amine-derivatized DOTA has been used to modify the surface of a polymeric support for conventional Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) following standard Fmoc chemistry methods. This methodology was used to synthesize a peptide-DOTA conjugate that was demonstrated to be a PARACEST MRI contrast agent. Therefore, this synthesis methodology can facilitate Fmoc SPPS of molecular imaging contrast agents.
Habermas' purge of pure theory: Critical theory without ontology?

Reading J?rgen Habermas and his associates of the Frankfurt School of ide? ology critique more often than not leaves the impression that ontology is anath? ema to critical social theory. For ontology, in promoting a quietistic attitude of contemplation and mimesis in the face of a stable cosmic order, readily becomes a witting or unwitting ideological instrument for a politics of conservatism and ethics of conformity to the already given. But what if ontology took upon itself to describe the entire gamut of reality in the ways in which it is encountered and provokes us in our most concrete pursuits, so that the descriptive "is" of its givenness would eo ipso imply the prescriptive "ought" of immediate tasks? The world could then be interpreted as a direct invitation, if not to revolutionary ac? tivism, at least to rational change, thereby fulfilling the tacit ontological demand hidden in Marx's most familiar thesis on Feuerbach. The reciprocities involved here find a particularly telling formulation in the German: Die Welt ist uns nicht nur gegeben, sondern auch aufgegeben. Recent decades have witnessed a number of beginnings toward conceptualiz? ing such a task-structured reality as it presents itself to human endeavors. Hei? degger's explication of "the being for whom being is at issue" aims to elaborate the "perfect tense a priori," future as well as past, of the world in and through
Effects of several antitumour agents on spleen hemolysin plaque-forming cells

Abstract The effect of several antitumor agents—amethopterin, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, and vinblastine—on the production of spleen hemolysin plaqueforming cells (HPFC) was investigated in C57L × A/He mice receiving a primary injection of sheep red cells. The production of HPFC in spleen tissues is markedly dependent on the timing of drug injection relative to antigenic stimulation. The administration of the antitumor agents 3 days after antigen resulted in a consistent and marked decrease in HPFC, accompanied by a decrease in splenic cellularity. The numbers of HPFC resulting from drug injections prior to antigen injection showed no consistent pattern of response; 6-mercaptopurine and amethopterin enhanced, vinblastine did not significantly alter, and cyclophosphamide markedly depressed the production of HPFC.
Improving the mineral reserves and protein quality of maize (Zea mays L.) kernels using unique genes

The effects of the maize genes, o 2 and Mal, on the concentrations of mineral nutrient cations and amino acid levels in mature maize (Zea mays L) kernels of various inbred lines were studied. Previously, the o 2 gene has been used to improve the protein quality and increase the mineral nutrient content of kernels from some inbred lines. Genotypes possessing the Mal (multiple aleurone layer) gene, contain more than one row of aleurone cells in their kernels and this gene enhances the effect of the o 2 gene on improving kernel protein quality. Incorporating these genes into the maize genome increased accumulation of several mineral nutrients (including Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in some of the experimental lines studied. The physiological basis for this increase of mineral nutrients in the kernels is discussed. The effect of the Mal gene on the kernel amino acid composition and protein quality was also examined. Possibly, these genes could be used in combination in breeding programs to improve kernel quality and nutritional value of maize.
Systematic outpatient treatment of sexual trauma in women: Application of cognitive and behavioral protocols

Effective therapies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been described in the literature, particularly cognitive and behavioral interventions, and have consistently demonstrated a reduction in PTSD symptoms. However, the applied versions of cognitive and behavioral treatments offered in most programs diverge from the forms of therapy investigated in research protocols. These differences are elucidated and a model incorporating cognitive and behavioral interventions is presented, minimizing the discrepancy, yet accommodating most patient, institutional, and therapist needs. The therapies are offered in a program designed to treat women experiencing PTSD as a result of sexual trauma. The program is flexible and can be adapted to populations of either gender or nonveterans, and can be modified to meet specific program needs without compromising treatment approaches.
A framework for evidence based visual style development for serious games

In this paper, we describe a framework for connecting computer graphics techniques and visual style in video game design with targeted learning outcomes for students. The relationship is organized on a table depicting Bloom's taxonomy of the cognitive domain and categories of computer graphics imagery from simplified to realistic. This framework is presented as a useful way to economize design development efforts and incorporate visual development in addition to player immersion as an indicator of expected effectiveness for serious games.
Carbon-13 NMR of fluorocyclopropanes.

Carbon-13 and hydrogen NMR data are presented for several cyclopropanes with one to four fluorine atoms attached to the ring. Substituents directly attached to a ring carbon are found to unshield that carbon to an extent increasing with their electronegativity, but remote substituents may have an opposite effect. Relative orientation of the substituent groups, especially if they are bulky, also has a strong influence on the ring-carbon shifts. Chemical shifts of carbons in methyl groups attached to the ring change to an extent which is additive in the effects of gem and cis substituents. One-bond coupling of ring carbons with fluorines is affected both by geminal and vicinal substituents, in a way generally related to their electronegativity. It is tentatively concluded that two-bond coupling between ring carbons and ring-attached fluorines depends in magnitude primarily on what groups are cis to the fluorine. Two-bond coupling between a carbon atom in a ring-attached methyl and the hydrogen gem to the methyl appears to be vanishingly small, but there is appreciable three-bond coupling of the methyl carbons to vicinal hydrogens. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of Nitrogen Retention in Amite River

This paper presents an efficient and effective modeling approach to estimation of nitrogen retention in streams and rivers. The approach involves an extension of a newly developed longitudinal solute transport model, variable residence time (VART), by incorporating a first-order nitrogen reaction term. Parameters involved in the VART model are estimated using monthly mean flow and water quality data obtained through both field measurements and watershed modeling using the Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran model. It is found that there is a strong correlation between nitrate-nitrogen removal rate and water temperature. In addition, low nitrate-nitrogen concentrations commonly occur when total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved oxygen (DO) are also low, and high nitrogen concentrations correspond to high DO and TOC, indicating that denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process controlling nitrogen removal in natural rivers. The new approach is demonstrated through the computation of nitrogen removal in the Amite River, LA, USA. Functional relationships between the nitrate-nitrogen removal rate and water temperature are established for the Amite River. Monthly mean nitrate-nitrogen concentrations along the river are computed using the extended VART model, and computed nitrogen concentrations fit observed ones very well. The estimated annual nitrate-nitrogen removal in the Amite River is 27.4 tons or 15.5% of total nitrate-nitrogen transported annually through the Amite River.
High sensitivity surface crystallography—illustrative Leed analyses of Cu(100) and Ag(110)

Results obtained from studies of the Cu(100) and Ag(110) surfaces indicate that LEED structural analyses of clean metallic surfaces can be sensitive to changes on the order of 0.02 A in atomic spacing. This sensitivity was achieved by placing particular emphasis on both obtaining a reliable experimental data base and studying the effects of nonstructural parameters which are used in dynamical LEED calculations. Error reduction in the experimental I–V profiles was accomplished by using a technique where nonspecular profiles, collected for normal incidence, were averaged over their symmetrically equivalent set. Studies were then performed on the effects which variation of the nonstructural parameters (scattering phase shifts, complex optical potential, and Debye temperature) had on the structural conclusions of the analyses. The only structural parameter varied in this work was the first interlayer spacing. The best results from sets of calculations exhibited very good agreement with the mean experimental profiles. Although the improved sensitivity obtained in these analyses was achieved only for clean metallic surfaces, it is felt that the techniques employed in our investigations are generally applicable to other surface systems.
Direct evidence of the liquid-solid transition of a sol-gel material using photoacoustic spectroscopy

The gelation process of a sol−gel material is monitored for the first time in a detailed manner by use of a photoacoustic spectroscopy derived methodology. Measurements of the acoustic response spectrum of a sol−gel material during the transition permits a clear monitoring of the sol−gel evolution as well before macroscopic gelation as afterward. Different phases are inferred corresponding to the three first proceeding steps of the material formation.
Risky business: rhesus monkeys exhibit persistent preferences for risky options

Rhesus monkeys appear to prefer risky over safe options in experiential decision-making tasks. These findings might be due, however, to specific contextual factors in the tasks used to date, such as a large number of successive trials and small ‘stakes’, i.e., small amounts of fluid reward. In the present experiment, we increased the stakes and used a small number of trials in order to explore the generality of risky decision-making in monkeys. We found a consistent preference for risky options, except when the expected value of the safe option was greater than the risky option. Thus, with equivalent mean utilities between the safe and risky options, rhesus monkeys appear to have a robust preference for the risky options in a broad range of circumstances, akin to the preferences found in human children and some adults in similar tasks. One account for this result is that monkeys make their choices based on the salience of the largest payoff, without integrating likelihood and value across trials. A related idea is that they fail to override an impulsive tendency to select the option with the potential to obtain the highest possible payoff. Our results rule out both accounts and contribute to an understanding of the diversity of risky decision-making among primates.
Examination of a ‘‘properly deformed folding potential’’ for the analysis of nuclear inelastic scattering and comparison with true folded potentials

A series of recent papers has introduced a properly deformed folding potential'' and applied it to the analysis of inelastic alpha-particle scattering from nuclei. We examine this procedure and find that it is no more appropriate for the folding model than other potential deformation prescriptions. To first order in the deformation for rotors, or exactly for harmonic vibrators, the procedure is equivalent to the uniform radial strain model of Onley [ital et] [ital al]. In common with other deformed potential models, it provides a transition potential which is not uniquely related to an underlying transition density. Transition moments extracted from measurements using deformed optical potentials are thus subject to uncontrolled uncertainty. We recommend that, instead, explicit folding be used to generate transition potentials. Although a choice of transition density has to be made, its relation to the transition potential, and hence to measurements, is then unambiguous. The octupole excitation of [sup 208]Pb by alpha particles of 139 MeV is taken as an illustrative example.
Amino acid analysis by gas—liquid chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector☆

Abstract A nitrongen-specific gas-chromatographic detector has been used to analyse amino acids in the low picomole range as their N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters. The amino acid derivatives were studied over the range 3–60 pmol and a coefficient of variation of
National and professional factors in psychological consultation.

British and American psychiatric team members, psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers were asked to judge the acceptability of various content categories which commonly appear in psychological reports. Both agreements and disagreements were noted within and between national groups, with both professional affiliation and nationality being apparent contributors to opinion. These findings may be understood in relation to differences in the orientation of psychiatrists, in the legal code of the two countries and in concepts of the psychologist's role. These observations pose theoretical and applied problems. Tallent & Reiss (1959) published a study which reported on the acceptability to members of the psychiatric team of a number of content categories which commonly appear in psychological reports. The results showed a high degree of variability among members within the three professional groups sampled, namely, psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric social workers. There were also differences in preferences between professions. The present study compares the American data with the preferences of psychiatric team members in Great Britain. Do national, as well as professional, differences exist?
Probing Meiotic Recombination Decisions

Meiotic recombination promotes genetic variation by mixing parental alleles. Two recent studies, one in this issue of Developmental Cell, have applied microarray-based methods that allow analysis of nearly all of the recombination events occurring in a single meiosis. These data provide insights into the molecular "decisions" that control the outcome of the recombination process.
Multiplet splitting of core-electron binding energies in transition-metal ions

X-ray photoelectron spectra indicate core-electron binding-energy splittings of \ensuremath{\sim}6 eV for the $3s$ levels in Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, MnO, and Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, and less pronounced effects on the $3s$ levels in Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and Fe metal. These splittings are considerably reduced from free-ion predictions but agree well with calculations for Mn in a cluster environment. The $3p$ multiplet splittings are shown to behave in a quantitatively different fashion.
Type I Interferon Protects against Pneumococcal Invasive Disease by Inhibiting Bacterial Transmigration across the Lung

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Type I interferon (IFN-I), whose contribution to antiviral and intracellular bacterial immunity is well established, is also elicited during pneumococcal infection, yet its functional significance is not well defined. Here, we show that IFN-I plays an important role in the host defense against pneumococci by counteracting the transmigration of bacteria from the lung to the blood. Mice that lack the type I interferon receptor (Ifnar1−/−) or mice that were treated with a neutralizing antibody against the type I interferon receptor, exhibited enhanced development of bacteremia following intranasal pneumococcal infection, while maintaining comparable bacterial numbers in the lung. In turn, treatment of mice with IFNβ or IFN-I-inducing synthetic double stranded RNA (poly(I:C)), dramatically reduced the development of bacteremia following intranasal infection with S. pneumoniae. IFNβ treatment led to upregulation of tight junction proteins and downregulation of the pneumococcal uptake receptor, platelet activating factor receptor (PAF receptor). In accordance with these findings, IFN-I reduced pneumococcal cell invasion and transmigration across epithelial and endothelial layers, and Ifnar1−/− mice showed overall enhanced lung permeability. As such, our data identify IFN-I as an important component of the host immune defense that regulates two possible mechanisms involved in pneumococcal invasion, i.e. PAF receptor-mediated transcytosis and tight junction-dependent pericellular migration, ultimately limiting progression from a site-restricted lung infection to invasive, lethal disease.
Antibody-mediated clearance of viruses from the mammalian central nervous system.

Abstract The novel role of antibody in clearing virus from the central nervous system without the help of other immune effectors is an important phenomenon that has only recently been documented. Possible routes for antibodies across the blood-brain barrier and how they work in the CNS are discussed here.
Effects of victim's and defendant's physical attractiveness on subjects' judgments in a rape case

Physical attractiveness of the victim and defendant in a rape case were varied along with sex of subject in a 2×2×2 factorial design. It was found that both the attractive defendant and the rapist of an unattractive victim were less likely to be seen as guilty and that the attractive defendant received a shorter recommended prison term than the unattractive defendant. Victim attractiveness had no effect on attributions of her degree of responsibility. Females were more likely to see the defendant as guilty and recommended longer prison terms than males. Results are discussed in terms of specificity of victim and defendant and the “beauty is good” stereotype.
Expression of alcohol-soluble endosperm proteins in maize single and double mutants*

Many maize (Zea mays L.) mutant genes exist. Some affect protein content or composition, while others modify carbohydrates or kernel phenotype. In doublemutant lines, two mutant genes are present. We know little about interactions of such genes, however. We therefore examined a normal maize inbred, B37, 10 near-isogenic single mutants and 46 double mutants to analyze quantitative effects on alcohol-soluble endosperm proteins. Proteins were extracted with 70% ethanol0.5% sodium acetate-5% mercaptoethanol, and fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Early peaks were alcohol-soluble glutelin (ASG) subunits, while late peaks contained zein. Results were quantified and statistically analyzed. In many double mutants, protein compositions differed significantly from averages of compositions of corresponding single mutants. For example, a high-methionine, water-insoluble ASG is absent when the opaque-2 (o2) gene combines with shrunken-1 (sh1) or surgary-1 (su1). Another water-insoluble ASG nearly doubled when floury-2 (fl2) andsu1 combined. A high-proline, high-histidine, water-soluble ASG nearly doubled in combinations offl2 witho2,su1 and sugary-2 (su2). Zein was about half its expected value wheno2 combined with amylose-extender (ae), floury-1 (fl1), soft-starch (h),sh1 andsu1. Thus, rapid protein extraction and quantitative RP-HPLC showed major new epistatic and synergistic effects of several mutant genes on protein composition. Unexpectedly, these effects often involve genes that primarily affect starch composition or kernel phenotype. Alcohol-soluble proteins often vary in amount, as ino2 lines. They also differ in nutritional value. Thus, RP-HPLC analysis of these proteins can identify nutritionally superior genotypes, and may help explain the basis of such quality.
Updating a vintage ICP atomic-emission spectrometer.

Abstract The analytical research laboratory at Exxon Research and Engineering Company in Baytown, Texas acquired one of the first inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometer (ICP—AES) systems in the petroleum industry in early 1976. During the next ten years, extensive hardware and software improvements were made to increase flexibility and maintain state-of-the-art performance. In 1987 the purchase of a new ICP—AES was considered but postponed in favor of renovation/modernization of the vintage instrument. A factor in the decision was a reorganization of the laboratory that year, which significantly altered its analytical needs. This paper details the construction of a combination simultaneous/sequential ICP—AES system, using as a foundation the 13-year old polychromator. The new system is meeting the needs of the new analytical laboratory, chartered to provide analytical problem-solving services for the Exxon Baytown Refinery/Chemical Plant complex and affiiliates throughout the Exxon circuit.
A Method for the Measurement of Site-Specific Tautomeric and Zwitterionic Microspecies Equilibrium Constants

We describe a method for the individual measurement of simultaneously occurring, unimolecular, site-specific “microequilibrium” constants as in, for example, prototropic tautomerism and zwitterionic equilibria. Our method represents an elaboration of that of Nygren et al. (Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 1706−10), which thereby becomes generalized and improves the accuracy. Specifically, by making spectral measurements as a function of temperature, we demonstrate the ability to determine site-specific microenthalpies unambiguously. Analysis proceeds via multivariate nonlinear regression modeling of, for example, the Gibbs−Helmholtz relation. Additional determinations of macroscopic equilibrium constants as a function of temperature, in combination with the previously determined microenthalpies, in turn enables the determination of all remaining site-specific thermodynamic parameters, i.e., microentropies, micro free energies, and/or microequilibrium constants, and moreover allows us to resolve and measure the spect...
Robotically Assisted Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is becoming an increasingly more main stream option for arthritis management, but attaining durable outcomes is dependent on precise implantation of the components, accurate component and limb alignment, sound prosthesis design, and acceptable indications. Compared to conventional cutting guides, semi-autonomous robotic technologies have improved the precision of bone preparation and component alignment in UKA, enabling successful early functional results and with the expectation that they will enhance implant durability.
Phase Relations in the System Uranium—Nitrogen

To supplement efforts to develop UN as a nuclear fuel material, a study of the phase relations in the system uranium-nitrogen was conducted. The decomposition behavior and melting point of UN was studied in a controlled nitrogen-pressure apparatus in which cast specimens of UN were heated and observed. UN decomposed at pressures of nitrogen below 2.5 atm at temperatures below 2850° C and melted congruently at 2850° C and pressures of 2.5 atm or greater. The nitrogen content of the liquid uranium phase in equilibrium with UN was determined by heating uranium in a UN crucible and then quenching and analyzing the equilibrated phase. The solubility of nitrogen in atomic percent can be expressed as S = 2.45 × 104 exp (-38,800/RT) for temperatures in OK. Studies in the region U2N3-UN2 of the system which were performed using a Sievert-type apparatus showed that although these compounds are structurally dissimilar, they form a series of continuous solid solutions. Only UN2 formed at high pressures and low temperatures. A pressure-temperature schematic diagram and a temperature-composition schematic diagram for a nitrogen pressure of 1 atm for the system uranium-nitrogen are presented. At this pressure, UN decomposed at 2800° C and U2N3 decomposed at 1345° C.
Measurements and modeling of flamefront no formation and superequilibrium radical concentrations in laminar high-pressure premixed flames

The first direct measurements and modeling of flamefront NO formation and superequilibrium OH radical concentrations in high-pressure laminar premixed flames are presented to better understand NO production at high pressures. Results are compared from five lean C 2 H 6 /O 2 /N 2 flames at pressures from 1 to 9 atm with burnt gas temperatures less than 1800 K. The experimental and calculated NO profiles are fairly flat downstream of the reaction zone, confirming that NO is formed mainly in the flamefront of these flames. Measured and calculated peak OH concentrations in the flamefront show substantial OH superequilibrium at all pressures, with calculated peak O-atom concentrations 25–60 times larger than equilibrium. Measurements of temperature and NO concentrations are in good agreement with model results (within 50 K and a few ppm NO, respectively), confirming that the chemical mechanism is appropriate for these lean high-pressure flames. Model calculations show that the Zeldovich mechanism with equilibrium O-atom concentration contributes less than 1% of the NO formed in these low temperature flames. In the flamefront, NO is formed by the Zeldovich mechanism enhanced by superequilibrium O-atom concentrations, the N 2 O intermediate mechanism enhanced by O-atom superequilibrium, and the Fenimore mechanism. The relative contribution of each mechanism changes with pressure, equivalence ratio, and temperature. In particular, the N 2 O intermediate mechanism is found to be much more important than previously thought, contributing up to half of the total NO formed.
Pressure and temperature raman study of the rotational motion of propyne

Abstract The Raman line shapes in liquid propyne have been measured to obtain the rotational correlation times and rotational second moments. The correlation times are compared to the predictions of hydrodynamic model. The second moments aie shown to be density dependent. This effect is attributed to collision-induced scattering.
The Sounds of Capitalism: advertising, music, and the conquest of culture

Readers interested in the histories of American popular music, radio, television, and advertising, and in how all of these cultural industries collaborated and overlapped throughout the twentieth c...
Modeling of high-Tc superconductor parametric amplifiers and mixers

Abstract We have investigated mixing and parametric amplification with high- T c superconductor microbridges both experimentally and theoretically. The microbridges were operated as down converters, converting a 20 GHz radio frequency (RF) signal to a 1.5 GHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal under the action of an 18.5 GHz local oscillator (LO). In this paper, we show that the resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model agrees with the experimentally observed behavior. The RSJ model accurately describes the performance of the microbridges, predicting weak conversion in the parametric regime and high conversion gain in the mixing regime.
Mechanical Regulation of Stem Cell Differentiation on Geometrically Modulated Elastomeric Substrates

We report the use of micromolded elastomeric micropost arrays to modulate substrate rigidity independently of effects on adhesive and other material surface properties. We demonstrate that micropost rigidity impacts cell morphology, focal adhesions, cytoskeletal contractility, and stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, these micropost arrays reveal that changes in cytoskeletal contractility can precede stem cell differentiation and be utilized as a non-destructive predictor for fate decisions at the single cell level.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
relA overcomes the slow growth of cca mutants

The slow growth of stringent cca mutants can be overcome by mutation at the rel A locus. The elevated basal ppGpp to GTP ratio associated with the slow growth is also reversed by a rel A mutation. Mutation at a second locus (or loci), distinct from rel A or cca , which decreases the amount of defective tRNA, also increases the growth rate of stringent cca cells. The possibility of deleterious effects of tRNA-C-C in stringent cells is discussed.
Detection of an epsilon chain in baboons after treatment with 5-azacytidine.

Stress with 5-azacytidine activates not only the γ genes in baboons but also to a minor degree the ϵ gene.
Nonconvergence in logistic and poisson models for neural spiking

Generalized linear models are an increasingly common approach for spike train data analysis. For the logistic and Poisson models, one possible difficulty is that iterative algorithms for computing parameter estimates may not converge because of certain data configurations. For the logistic model, these configurations are called complete and quasi-complete separation. We show that these features are likely to occur because of refractory periods of neurons. We use an example to study how standard software deals with this difficulty. For the Poisson model, we show that the same difficulties arise, this time possibly due to bursting or specifics of the binning. We characterize the nonconvergent configurations for both models, show that they can be detected by linear programming methods, and discuss possible remedies.
Illusions of Control How We Overestimate Our Personal Influence

Illusions of control are common even in purely chance situations. They are particularly likely to occur in settings that are characterized by personal involvement, familiarity, foreknowledge of the desired outcome, and a focus on success. Person-based factors that affect illusions of control include depressive mood and need for control. One explanation of illusory control is that it is due to a control heuristic that is used to estimate control by assessing the factors of intentionality and connection to the outcome. Motivational influences on illusory control and consequences of overestimating one s control are also covered.
NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq): a curated non-redundant sequence database of genomes, transcripts and proteins

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/RefSeq/) provides a non-redundant collection of sequences representing genomic data, transcripts and proteins. Although the goal is to provide a comprehensive dataset representing the complete sequence information for any given species, the database pragmatically includes sequence data that are currently publicly available in the archival databases. The database incorporates data from over 2400 organisms and includes over one million proteins representing significant taxonomic diversity spanning prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Nucleotide and protein sequences are explicitly linked, and the sequences are linked to other resources including the NCBI Map Viewer and Gene. Sequences are annotated to include coding regions, conserved domains, variation, references, names, database cross-references, and other features using a combined approach of collaboration and other input from the scientific community, automated annotation, propagation from GenBank and curation by NCBI staff.
An investigation of learning transfer in English-for-general-academic-purposes writing instruction

Abstract This case study involved a detailed examination of learning transfer from an English-for-general-academic-purposes writing course to tasks that involve writing in other academic courses. Data were gathered over one academic year from 11 students enrolled in the writing course. These students participated in a series of interviews and provided copies of writing they produced in the writing course and other courses. The interview transcripts were examined for reports of learning transfer, and the writing samples were examined for transfer of 10 learning outcomes targeted in the writing course. Findings indicated that a wide variety of learning outcomes did transfer from the writing course across task types and disciplines; however, this learning transfer was more frequent (a) for some learning outcomes (e.g., avoiding fused sentences; framing; using temporal transitions) than for others (e.g., using past perfect verb tense accurately; using similes/metaphors), (b) in some disciplines (e.g., humanities; social sciences) than in others (e.g., natural sciences), and (c) with some task types (e.g., synthesis of multiple sources) than with others (e.g., explanation of calculations). Implications of these findings for research and practice in second language writing education are discussed.
Malignant Glioma Cells: Role of Trail-Induced Apoptosis

Glioblastoma WHO grade IV (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour with a median survival of approximately 12 months. Current treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy with only a mild increase in survival times. Therefore new therapeutic agents are highly needed. One promising strategy that may improve prognosis in GBM is induction of apoptosis by activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway through Tumor Necrosis Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) which in turn activates membrane bound death receptors. Since 1999 it has been demonstrated and confirmed by many research groups that recombinant human TRAIL induces apoptosis specifically both in glioblastoma cells and in orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts, while producing no effect on most non-transformed cells, including human astrocytes. Unfortunately, GBMs are known to be highly heterogeneous and the majority of GBMs are primary resistance to the pro-apoptotic effects of human recombinant TRAIL. However, TRAIL-resistance can be overcome in glioblastoma cells by combining TRAIL with other therapeutic modalities and reagents, including radiation, chemotherapeutics and small-molecules. Many of these combination therapies are of remarkable efficacy and exhibit only mild effects on non-transformed cells, e.g. human astrocytes and Schwann cells. Despite these recent experimental advances neither TRAIL alone nor a TRAIL-based combination therapy has been used for the treatment of patients suffering from GBM. This chapter will review some of the progresses and the advances of TRAIL-based therapies for the treatment of experimental models of GBM.
Compensatory neurofuzzy systems with fast learning algorithms

In this paper, a new adaptive fuzzy reasoning method using compensatory fuzzy operators is proposed to make a fuzzy logic system more adaptive and more effective. Such a compensatory fuzzy logic system is proved to be a universal approximator. The compensatory neural fuzzy networks built by both control-oriented fuzzy neurons and decision-oriented fuzzy neurons cannot only adaptively adjust fuzzy membership functions but also dynamically optimize the adaptive fuzzy reasoning by using a compensatory learning algorithm. The simulation results of a cart-pole balancing system and nonlinear system modeling have shown that: 1) the compensatory neurofuzzy system can effectively learn commonly used fuzzy IF-THEN rules from either well-defined initial data or ill-defined data; 2) the convergence speed of the compensatory learning algorithm is faster than that of the conventional backpropagation algorithm; and 3) the efficiency of the compensatory learning algorithm can be improved by choosing an appropriate compensatory degree.
The Effects of Policy Expectations on Crop Supply, with an Application to Base Updating

We develop a dynamic model to assess the effects of policy expectations on crop supply and illustrate the approach with estimates of the effects of base updating in U.S. crop programs. For corn and soybeans in the Corn Belt, the effect of base updating is relatively small because relevant crop alternatives are subject to similar policies and the alternatives are substitutes in production. Increasing acreage of one program crop to capture future payments from base updating reduces future payments from the alternative crop. We also use our model to assess the effect of base updating on acreage response to prices.
Stress-strain fluctuations in non-linear hydrodynamics

Two different formulations of hydrodynamic fluctuations in the non-linear regime have been proposed. One of these involves a stress-strain fluctuation term of multiplicative type, and consequently this formulation was criticized by Fox three years ago. Recently, Saarloos, Bedeaux and Mazur have proposed such a formulation again, and have criticized Fox's original criticism. In the present paper, it is again shown that multiplicative stress-strain fluctuations lead to unphysical divergences, and that Saarloos, Bedeaux and Mazur have failed to observe that a stochastic quantity, x, may have zero mean, =0, but a divergent second moment 〈(x)2〉=∞. In addition, they have failed to note the limitations of time reversal invariance arguments in macroscopic physics, and they have overlooked important distinctions regarding transverse and longitudinal modes in hydrodynamics. These issues are elucidated in this paper.
Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis Secondary to Fetomaternal Hemorrhage: A Report of Two Cases

Although intrauterine transfusion may be warranted for fetomaternal hemorrhage with secondary nonimmune hydrops, delivery is the preferred treatment if the prognosis for neonatal survival is good. A 31-week fetus with a biophysical profile score of 2 improved after a transfusion, but persistent hemorrhage required a second transfusion and delivery. A 32-week fetus with a score of 10 was delivered without transfusion. Both neonates did well.
STIMULATION OF MAMMARY GLANDS IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS BY ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE1

IN SPITE of the generally accepted belief that estrogens and androgens fail to stimulate the mammary glands of hypophysectomised mammals, a few reports have been to the contrary. Mammary growth has been reported to occur with estrogen treatment in hypophysectomised rats (Ruinen, 1932,; Freud and de Jongh, 1935), rabbits (Asdell et al., 1936) and mice (Gardner, 1940). On the other hand, Selye, Collip and Thompson (1935), Reece et al. (1936), Astwood et al. (1937), and Reece and Leonard (1941) reported no mammary growth in hypophysectomized rats treated with estrogen; Me, Euen et al. (1937), Noble (1939) and Leonard and Reece (1942) reported none with testosterone. Testosterone was observed to slow the rate of mammary gland involution which followed hypophysectomy in male rats, if treatment was begun immediately (Leonard and Reece, 1941). Continued studies on this controversial question indicated that under certain specific conditions, estrogen stimulated the mammary glands of hypoph-ysectomized rats and al...
Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues

Emotion feeling is a phase of neurobiological activity, the key component of emotions and emotion-cognition interactions. Emotion schemas, the most frequently occurring emotion experiences, are dynamic emotion-cognition interactions that may consist of momentary/situational responding or enduring traits of personality that emerge over developmental time. Emotions play a critical role in the evolution of consciousness and the operations of all mental processes. Types of emotion relate differentially to types or levels of consciousness. Unbridled imagination and the ability for sympathetic regulation of empathy may represent both potential gains and losses from the evolution and ontogeny of emotion processes and consciousness. Unresolved issues include psychology's neglect of levels of consciousness that are distinct from access or reflective consciousness and use of the term “unconscious mind” as a dumpster for all mental processes that are considered unreportable. The relation of memes and the mirror neur...
Comparison of the Antiviral Activities of Alkoxyalkyl and Alkyl Esters of Cidofovir against Human and Murine Cytomegalovirus Replication In Vitro

Alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir (CDV) have substantially greater antiviral activity and selectivity than unmodified CDV against herpesviruses and orthopoxviruses in vitro. Enhancement of antiviral activity was also noted when cyclic CDV was esterified with alkoxyalkanols. In vitro antiviral activity of the most active analogs against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and orthopoxviruses was increased relative to CDV up to 1,000- or 200-fold, respectively. Alkyl chain length and linker structure are important potential modifiers of antiviral activity and selectivity. In this study, we synthesized a series of alkoxyalkyl esters of CDV or cyclic CDV with alkyl chains from 8 to 24 atoms and having linker moieties of glycerol, propanediol, and ethanediol. We also synthesized alkyl esters of CDV which lack the linker to determine if the alkoxyalkyl linker moiety is required for activity. The new compounds were evaluated in vitro against HCMV and murine CMV (MCMV). CDV or cyclic CDV analogs both with and without linker moieties were highly active against HCMV and MCMV, and their activities were strongly dependent on chain length. The most active compounds had 20 atoms esterified to the phosphonate of CDV. Both alkoxypropyl and alkyl esters of CDV provided enhanced antiviral activities against CMV in vitro. Thus, the oxypropyl linker moiety is not required for enhanced activity. CDV analogs having alkyl ethers linked to glycerol or ethanediol linker groups also demonstrated increased activity against CMV.
Observations of surface waves interacting with ice using stereo imaging

A powerful Automated Trinocular Stereo Imaging System (ATSIS) is used to remotely measure waves interacting with three distinct ice types: brash, frazil, and pancake. ATSIS is improved with a phase-only correlation matching algorithm and parallel computation to provide high spatial and temporal resolution 3-D profiles of the water/ice surface, from which the wavelength, frequency, and energy flux are calculated. Alongshore spatial frequency distributions show that pancake and frazil ices differentially attenuate at a greater rate for higher-frequency waves, causing a decrease in mean frequency. In contrast, wave propagation through brash ice causes a rapid increase in the dominant wave frequency, which may be caused by nonlinear energy transfer to higher frequencies due to collisions between the brash ice particles. Consistent to the results in frequency, the wavelengths in pancake and frazil ices increase but decrease in brash ice. The total wave energy fluxes decrease exponentially in both pancake and frazil ice, whereas the overall energy flux remain constant in the brash ice due to thin layer thickness. The spatial energy flux distributions also reveal that wave reflection occurs at the boundary of each ice layer, with reflection coefficient decaying exponentially away from the ice interface. Reflection is the strongest at the pancake/ice-free and frazil/brash interfaces and the weakest at the brash/ice-free interface. These high resolution observations measured by ATSIS demonstrate the spatially variable nature of waves propagating through ice.
Measuring Homework Completion in Behavioral Activation

The aim of this study was to develop and validate an observer-based coding system for the characterization and completion of homework assignments during Behavioral Activation (BA). Existing measures of homework completion are generally unsophisticated, and there is no current measure of homework completion designed to capture the particularities of BA. The tested scale sought to capture the type of assignment, realm of functioning targeted, extent of completion, and assignment difficulty. Homework assignments were drawn from 12 (mean age = 48, 83% female) clients in two trials of a 10-session BA manual targeting treatment-resistant depression in primary care. The two coders demonstrated acceptable or better reliability on most codes, and unreliable codes were dropped from the proposed scale. In addition, correlations between homework completion and outcome were strong, providing some support for construct validity. Ultimately, this line of research aims to develop a user-friendly, reliable measure of BA homework completion that can be completed by a therapist during session.
The Nicotine Dependence Phenotype, Time to First Cigarette, and Larynx Cancer Risk

Purpose Cigarette smoking is the major cause of laryngeal cancer. The time to first cigarette after waking in the morning is a behavior associated with several dimensions of nicotine dependence including the dose of smoke uptake. We hypothesized that a short TTFC increases the risk of laryngeal cancer.
Stock structure of shovelnose sturgeon analyzed with microsatellite DNA and morphological characters

Summary Shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus) caviar fisheries exist in several states throughout the Mississippi River drainage. Management of these fisheries may benefit from information about genetic stock structure. Sixteen microsatellite loci and morphological analysis were used to examine geographic stock structure of shovelnose sturgeon among seven geographic locations: five within continuous shovelnose sturgeon habitat, and two isolated by artificial barriers. Tissue samples were collected from 1999 to 2006 from the upper Missouri, Platte, lower Missouri, middle Mississippi, Ohio, Wabash, and Atchafalaya rivers. Geographic samples of shovelnose sturgeon samples could be separated into three groups with discriminate function analysis of four morphological characters. The microsatellite loci were highly variable (allelic richness range 5.65–13, observed heterozygosity range 0.64–0.89). Bayesian clustering did not identify multiple groups in the genetic data. However, significant genetic differentiation (θST = 0.017, P < 0.0001) was observed among a priori defined geographic samples and all pairwise estimates of θST were significant. Assignment testing among a priori defined groups indicated that the sturgeon from the upper Missouri, Platte, and Atchafalaya rivers had the highest assignment scores and thus were most distinct, while the lower Missouri and the middle Mississippi were less distinct and a larger fraction of the sturgeon from these rivers was genetically assigned to other rivers. The Ohio and Wabash rivers were genetically most similar. A Mantel test revealed a positive relationship between genetic and geographic distance (r = 0.464, P = 0.055) that was not statistically significant. The level of genetic differentiation observed at both molecular and morphological characters suggests that multiple shovelnose sturgeon populations may exist within the studied area, yet demographic factors and possible gene flow may have minimized the amount of genetic differentiation among locations.