cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxicity of a Quinone-containing Cockroach Sex Pheromone in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells.

The cytotoxic effects of blattellaquinone (BTQ), a sex pheromone produced by adult female German cockroaches, have been studied using human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. 1,4-Benzoquinone (BQ), a toxic chemical implicated in benzene toxicity, was used as a reference compound. Both BQ and BTQ showed comparable toxicity toward A549 cells, with LD50 values estimated to be 14 and 19 μM, respectively. These two compounds increased the formation of an oxidized fluorescent probe, 2‘,7‘-dichlorofluorescein, but had no effect on the cellular GSSG level. Interestingly, BTQ increased the level of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α and was 4-fold more efficient in depleting cellular GSH content than BQ. Of the five GSH adducts of BTQ isolated, three were identified as mono-GSH conjugates, and the other two were di-conjugates. Mass spectrometric and NMR analyses of the di-conjugates showed that the second GSH molecule displaced the isovaleric acid moiety, potentially via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The ability of BTQ ...
Erythroblastic Synartesis in a Patient With Low Grade B Cell Lymphoma

Erythroblastic synartesis is a very rare form of acquired dyserythropoiesis. It is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis due to abnormal aggregates of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. An autoimmune etiology has been implicated with several cases having an IgG kappa paraprotein. The first case was described in 1973 and a total of 9 cases have been reported to date. There appears to be an association with lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders and treatment with steroids, rituximab and other immunosuppressants have been utilized with varying degrees of benefit. We here describe a new case of erythroblastic synartesis in a 59-year African-American man who presented with an IgG kappa paraprotein and an associated low grade B-cell lymphoma. The condition in this patient has proved relatively treatment refractory over the course of almost four years, necessitating multiple sequential lines of therapy with steroids, rituximab, erythropoietin and cyclosporine. A review of the previously published reports will be provided in addition to the current case presentation. J Hematol. 2014;3(1):13-18 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jh113w
Multimodality imaging of right atrial masses.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5][![Graphic][6] ][6] A 76-year-old man presented with 2 months of dyspnea, early satiety, and lower extremity edema. Ten years previously, he underwent left extrapleural pneumonectomy for mesothelioma
A three-year clinical evaluation of two-bottle versus one-bottle dentin adhesives

ABSTRACT Background The authors conducted an in vivo investigation to compare the clinical performance of two commercial one-bottle adhesives and a two-bottle adhesive for restoration of noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs). Method The patient pool consisted of 57 patients and 171 teeth (three teeth per patient), with one NCCL per tooth. Each patient received three resin-based composite restorations, each with a different adhesive: one tooth with a two-bottle, water-based adhesive as the control; another tooth with a one-bottle, ethanol-based adhesive; and a third tooth with a one-bottle, solvent-free adhesive. The authors assessed restorations in terms of retention, marginal integrity, margin discoloration and air sensitivity at baseline, six months, one year, two years and three years after initial placement. Results The retention rates at 36 months were 88 percent for the first adhesive, 81 percent for the second adhesive and 90 percent for the third adhesive. No statistically significant differences in retention rates could be shown, with 86 percent of restorations retained overall. Measures of marginal integrity, marginal discoloration and sensitivity also had no statistically significant differences between the three adhesives ( P > .05). Conclusions All three adhesives performed with acceptable outcomes after a 36-month period, with small differences between the one- and two-bottle systems and between the various solvents. Retention rate was moderately high and air sensitivity was markedly reduced; however, superficial marginal discoloration and marginal degradation was notable. Certain lesion, tooth and patient characteristics may predispose restorations to retention failure. Clinical Implications The type of solvent may not be a major factor in retention of Class V restorations in NCCLs. Both single-bottle adhesives and conventional two-bottle adhesives performed acceptably.
Acyclovir chemistry and spectrum of activity

Most antiviral agents with activity against the herpes group of viruses belong to a class of compounds known as nucleosides. Recently, an acyclic analog of a natural nucleoside has been found to have high activity against the herpes virus. This compound, called generically acyclovir, is 9-(hydroxymethyl)guanine. Its spectrum of antiviral activity is described.
Effects of labetalol and methyldopa on renal function

Renal function studies were performed in subjects with mild hypertension treated with labetalol (n = 5) and moderate to moderately severe hypertension treated in a random double-blind fashion with either labetalol (n = 6) or methyldopa (n = 6). Drugs were given in doses sufficient to reduce standing diastolic blood pressure to <90 mm Hg. This was achieved in all subjects without significant side effects. Inulin clearance, para-aminohippurate clearance, filtration fraction, free-water clearance, and maximal concentrating ability were assessed before and after 15 days of drug. No alterations in any parameter were noted with labetalol. Inulin clearance fell by 13% (p < 0.05), and filtration fraction fell from 0.23 to 0.18 (p < 0.02), but other parameters of renal function did not change with methyldopa. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 57–63; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.127
Paid work, child care, and housework: A national survey of high school seniors' preferences for sharing responsibilities between husband and wife

A large national sample of high school seniors rated their preferences for the allocation of work and family duties within their own prospective marriages. The results indicate that many seniors favor half-time or full-time work for wives without children. On the other hand, the majority prefer that the mother of preschool children stay home, although half-time work is acceptable to many. Respondents who are male or White or did not have a working mother themselves are somewhat more conservative on these issues. Virtually all seniors view less than full-time employment by the husband as unacceptable. With regard to child care and housework, most seniors prefer equal sharing between the spouses. A comparison of four senior classes reveals a slight trend from 1976 to 1979 toward increased sharing of duties.
Characterization of arachidonic acid metabolism, superoxide production, and bacterial killing by bovine alveolar neutrophils elicited with leukotriene B4 and zymo-san-activated plasma

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP) were each instilled into the lungs of steers to elicit alveolar neutrophils for subsequent functional analysis. Prior to instillation of either agent, bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations consisted of 95.8 ± 0.4% macrophages (mean ±SEM). Four hours after instillation of LTB4 or ZAP, the lavage cell populations consisted of 75.0 ± 8.8% and 90.7 ± 0.7% neutrophils, respectively. Alveolar neutrophils elicited with LTB4 and stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 released diminished amounts of LTB4 and increased amounts of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) as compared to circulating neutrophils. Release of superoxide anion was decreased for LTB4-elicited alveolar neutrophils as compared to circulating cells, while bacterial killing was unchanged. ZAP-elicited alveolar neutrophils released diminished amounts of LTB4 when stimulated with A23187 as compared to circulating neutrophils. There were no differences observed in 5-HETE levels between the two cell populations. In addition, release of superoxide anion was diminished among ZAP-elicited alveolar cells, while bacterial killing was unchanged. Incubation of circulating neutrophils with LTB4 did not influence the release of arachidonate metabolites, superoxide anion, or bacterial killing. However, incubation of circulating neutrophils with ZAP, followed by A23187 resulted in a reduction in the release of LTB4, as compared to control cells. Prior exposure to ZAP did not influence the release of superoxide anion or bacterial killing by the circulating neutrophils.
sEncrypt: An Encryption Algorithm Inspired from Biological Processes

We present a new conceptual methodology for realizing encryption involving trap-door functions built from biological processes. Many standard encryption methods such as RSA security, for example, utilize functions that are easy to compute in one direction but the reverse is a computationally hard problem without a key. In biology, a trap-door like functions can be created from natural phenomena such as the process of creating protein sequences. A fragment of DNA can be transformed to protein easily however given a protein sequence, it is very hard to convert the protein information back to DNA. In essence, protein creation is a lossy function and if we keep certain side-information secret, then a trap-door like function can be constructed from this mechanism that is ideal for encryption. We propose sEncrypt (sequence Encrypt), a model inspired by the central dogma of biology to encode, encrypt, decrypt and decode plain text using publicly-available sequence data from bioinformatics research. We evaluate the entropy of the cipher text to show randomness of characters and show by autocorrelation tests that the encrypted text of our method contains no repetition which could form potential weaknesses. These tests and results show that the sEncrypt framework constitutes a good encryption framework for use in information exchange.
Calculated Thermal Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Suspensions

The present work is a systematic numerical study of the thermal properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in suspensions. A computational model, based on the simulation of the random movement of Brownian thermal walkers in aqueous and in oil suspensions of SWNTs, was used to investigate the effect of the SWNT aspect ratio, weight fraction, and interfacial thermal resistance on effective thermal properties of the suspension. The dependence of the effective thermal conductivity on the temperature for aqueous suspensions was also investigated.
Normal and Promoted GI Absorption of Water-Soluble Substances III: Absorption of Antibiotics from Stomach and Intestine of the Rat

Absorption of soluble antibiotics was studied in the doubly ligated stomach of the rat, in the ligated small intestine, and in the intact GI tract. When surface-active absorption promoters are administered with the antibiotic in the ligated stomach, promoted absorption occurs but the onset is slow. When the drug–promoter combination is put in the ligated intestine, blood levels of the drug are elevated to severalfold the normal levels and the rise is extremely rapid. Absorption promoters exert a smaller influence in the intact GI tract. Their effectiveness is confined to the first 30 min., after which approximately normal levels of drug are seen. Emptying of the liquid dose from the stomach at 6–8 min. was followed by an immediate rapid rise of blood levels characteristic of the rapid response of the intestine to promoters. Accordingly, the blood level versus time curves obtained when promoters are employed in the intact rat are interpreted to be a result of a rapid but transient promoted absorption in the duodenum–small intestine, with little contribution from promoted gastric absorption.
Clinical and biological significance of HLA-G expression in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic neoplastic disease in which the molecular etiology remains largely unclear. Like other cancer types, evolution of ovarian tumor cell species is accompanied by acquisition of novel gene products and these new tumor-associated antigens elicit a host immune response that creates selection pressure upon the emerging tumor clones. One of the mechanisms that ovarian cancer cells evade immune surveillance is by upregulating human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) expression. HLA-G is a non-classical MHC class I molecule and accumulated evidence has suggested its biological role in inactivating immune response. It has been well known that HLA-G expression is frequently detected in the most aggressive type of ovarian cancer, i.e., high-grade serous carcinoma, and measurement of HLA-G protein levels has shown promise for detection and prognosis prediction in ovarian cancer. This review summarizes those recent studies on HLA-G expression in ovarian cancer with special focus on its clinical and biological significance which is fundamental to elucidate the molecular mechanisms in ovarian cancer development and paves the foundation for future HLA-G-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
The Ability of Phosphates or κ-Carrageenan to Coagulate Whey Proteins and the Possible Uses of Such Coagula in Cheese Manufacture

Abstract A method is postulated for manufacturing cheese in which whey proteins are coagulated by food-grade phosphates or anionic polyelectrolytes and the aggregates are incorporated into casein coagula produced from concentrated UF retentates. The ability of monosodium phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, monobasic calcium phosphate, or κ-carrageenan to coagulate whey proteins to facilitate this manufacturing procedure was evaluated in solutions of whey protein concentrate at various pH and heat treatments. Treatments that were selected to produce whey protein coagulates included 0.20% tetrasodium pyrophosphate, followed by 0.15% calcium chloride after 5 min in whey protein solutions at pH 6.4, 0.05% sodium hexametaphosphate in whey protein solutions at pH 2.5, or 0.05% κ-carrageenan in whey protein solutions at pH 4.6. The treated whey protein solutions (13.3 ml) were combined with UF retentates prepared from whole milk with a concentration factor (by weight) of 4.8× (66.7 ml), the mixtures were set with rennet, and the coagula were analyzed after 20 and 30 min. Addition of solutions of treated whey protein to the UF retentate generally increased syneresis while reducing curd tension, coagulum hardness, and protein recovery (calculated) in the coagula.
Mechanistic Modeling of the Ball End Milling Process for Multi-Axis Machining of Free-Form Surfaces

A mechanistic modeling approach to predicting cutting forces is developed for multi-axis ball end milling of free-form surfaces. The workpiece surface is represented by discretized point vectors. The modeling approach employs the cutting edge profile in either analytical or measured form. The engaged cut geometry is determined by classification of the elemental cutting point positions with respect to the workpiece surface. The chip load model determines the undeformed chip thickness distribution along the cutting edges with consideration of various process faults. Given a 5-axis tool path in a cutter location file, shape driving profiles are generated and piecewise ruled surfaces are used to construct the tool swept envelope. The tool swept envelope is then used to update the workpiece surface geometry employing the Z-map method. A series of 3-axis and 5-axis surface machining tests on Ti6A14V were conducted to validate the model. The model shows good computational efficiency, and the force predictions are found in good agreement with the measured data.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human skin collagenase.

Abstract A specific and sensitive indirect inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was develop for human skin collagenase. Using an antiserum dilution of 1 : 8000, the ELISA could detect 0.2 ng of enzyme, which was approximately 10 times more sensitive than the previously described radioimmunoassay for human skin collagenase. The assay was also highly reproducible. In comparative studies, bacterial, tadpole and crab collagenases did not react in the ELISA. Rat uterine collagenase and collagenases from bovine gingival explants and fibroblasts displayed approximately 0.1% of the reactivity found with human skin collagenase. Human synovial and gingival collagenases and collagenase from skin fibroblasts from patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa showed almost complete identity with the normal human skin fibroblast enzyme.
Interview Behavior, Projective Techniques, and Questionnaires in the Clinical Assessment of Marital Choice

Summary Nineteen upper-middle class, pre-marital, college couples volunteered to participate in a study on interpersonal relationships. Couples received a modified Rorschach, thematic test, Marriage Value Inventory, a sex questionnaire, and an intensive depth interview. A Q sort of 100 personality items was used to assess the Ss. It was hypothesized that couples would show smaller discrepancies than randomized pairs, except for items relating to dominance, dependency, nurturance, exhibitionism, masculinity and femininity, where the reverse was predicted. Results confirmed the homogamy prediction, but only the dependency need was significant of the complementary predictions. Perception scores and expressive behavior are seen as potential adjuncts to questionnaires and inventories in predicting marital choice.
Stroke following oral trauma in children

Stroke after oral trauma in children is a rare but catastrophic event. We describe two cases of stroke in children after each child fell with a writing instrument in the mouth. Both children had a latent period prior to the onset of neurologic symptoms. Ischemic infarction in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery was present in both cases. Both children were left with permanent hemiparesis. The case reports are reviewed and diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Emergency physicians should be aware of the risk of neurologic complications following apparently asymptomatic oral trauma.
Minding the Noise: Conducting Health Research Among Bisexual Populations and Beyond

In this article, we draw upon our experiences conducting health-related studies with sexual minorities to suggest guidelines and best-practices for carrying out research among bisexual populations specifically. Too often bisexuality has been treated as “noise in the data,” because it does not conform to monosexual notions of sexual orientation. We discuss methodological, theoretical and conceptual concerns as they pertain to conducting research among bisexual persons. We hope that the insights we offer will prompt greater attention to bisexual groups and their specific concerns, not only among health researchers, but among those from other fields and disciplines as well.
Simulation of proton-induced transients on visible and infrared focal plane arrays in a space environment

A simulation is describe which determines in detail the response of visible through infrared focal plane devices, used in space-based electro-optical imaging sensors, to proton irradiation from the natural space environment, as a function of the choice of orbit around the earth. The quantitative description of the natural environment (protons) is based on the NASA code AP-8 and/or the CRRES database. Simplified shielding models and other models are then used to obtain the impinging proton environment, including the proton: flux, energy distributions, and trajectories, just above the surface of the focal plane in question. The interaction of a single proton with the focal plane is modeled based on the focal plane semiconductor material, the 3D pixel geometry, and the focal plane layout. This model is then exercised in a Monte-Carlo simulation to build up the aggregate focal plane response effects due to the variety of protons encountered under appropriate orbital and shielding conditions. The output of this simulation is statistically analyzed and used to construct a database to enable system planners and architects, algorithm developers, and sensor data users to mitigate the unwanted effects of this radiation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the pancreas are rare pancreatic NET tumors that arise from the islet cells of Langerhan. There are approximately 2500 cases of pancreatic islet cell tumors in the United States per year. Most pancreatic NETs are "nonfunctional" and are discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons. Occasionally, pancreatic NETs are identified when imaging studies are performed for nonspecific abdominal pain or in the course of a workup for biliary or bowel obstruction. As many as half of these tumors secrete one or more biologically active peptides, which may result in the development of one of five phenotypically distinct clinical syndromes: (1) the insulinoma syndrome, 92 (2) the gastrinoma syndrome, 95 (3) the WDHA syndrome, 88 (4) the glucogonoma syndrome, 46 and (5) the somatostatinoma syndrome. 21 Although initial features of these clinical syndromes may be discrete and nonspecific, in most patients, severe and often life-threatening complications eventually develop as a result of excessive hormone production. Moreover, many of these tumors are malignant and often metastasize to the liver, resulting in death. Uniquely, despite the presence of metastatic liver disease, pancreatic NETs generally follow an indolent course and prolonged survival is common. In addition to the tumors producing the earlier-mentioned clinical syndromes, a significant proportion of the NETs of the pancreas are not associated with hormone overproduction. 37 With increasing reliance on diagnostic imaging in medicine, pancreatic NETs are being recognized with increasing frequency. In this issue, Brentjens and Saltz extensively discuss the clinical presentation, natural history, and medical management of the various types of pancreatic NETs (see pages 527–542). This article focuses solely on concepts important in the surgical management of "functional" and "nonfunctional" islet cell tumors.
Individual and population sex allocation patterns.

Abstract A variety of sex allocation models is considered in which (i) the reproductive returns on investment in males differ from the returns on investment in females, (ii) the amounts of resources available for reproduction vary in the population, (iii) the costs of making male and female reproductive structures differ, and (iv) the conception sex ratio may be fixed and there may be an initial minimum investment per offspring. Results of these models include quantatitive predictions for both individual- and population-level sex allocation, an opportunity to study the magnitude of changes in predicted patterns as key variables change, and therefore an analysis of the robustness of Fisher's equal investment theory. One example is that Fisher's argument is extremely robust for high fecundity organisms, but, in low fecundity organisms, is sensitive to differences between the sexes in reproductive returns on investment per offspring, a situation that occurs in many vertebrates to which Fisher's theory is often applied. A second example is that individual- and population-level patterns often depend strongly on the distribution of resources available for reproduction among individuals in the population.
Acute Penetrating Tracheal Trauma

During the past ten years, 20 patients with acute penetrating tracheal injury (15 cervical and 5 thoracic) have been treated at Grady Memorial Hospital. Ten of the 20 patients had other major associated injuries: 6 had esophageal wounds, 5 had arterial injuries, and 2 had additional wounds. In the first 5 patients treatment of the tracheal injuries consisted of tracheostomy alone. Later on, the tracheal wounds were managed according to type, site, size, and the type of other organ injury. Repair of the tracheal wound and tracheostomy were done in 3 patients, repair of the tracheal wound and temporary tracheal intubation in 4 patients, tracheocutaneous stoma in 1 patient, temporary tracheal intubation alone in 4 patients, and observation alone in 3 patients. Seventeen patients recovered from their injuries and 3 died from sepsis, respiratory insufficiency, or cerebrovascular accident. All 3 deceased patients had other major injuries. This experience suggests that the treatment of penetrating tracheal injury should depend upon the type, size, and site of the wound and the type of coexistent injury to other organs, and that primary repair of the tracheal wound can be carried out in the majority of the patients.
Translocation of Glycolytic ATP into Mitochondria of Cancer Cells does not Utilize the Adenine Nucleotide Transporter

BACKGROUND: Cancer cells utilize aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation to generate most cellular ATP (Warburg phenomenon). In non-transformed differentiated cells, the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) catalyzes exchange of ATP for ADP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Bongkrekic acid (BA) and carboxyatractyloside (CATR) specifically inhibit ANT. Here, our AIM was to assess whether mitochondrial ATP translocation in cancer cells depends on ANT.METHODS: Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) was assessed by confocal microscopy of tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM) fluorescence. Respiration by HepG2 and A549 cells was determined with a Seahorse XF24 Analyzer. RESULTS: In rat hepatocytes, respiratory inhibition by myxothiazol (MYX) slightly decreased ΔΨ, but subsequent oligomycin (OL), BA or CATR collapsed ΔΨ, indicating that mitochondrial hydrolysis of glycolytic (cytosolic) ATP sustains ΔΨ. In HepG2 and A549 cells, MYX also slightly decreased ΔΨ, and subsequent OL collapsed ΔΨ. By contrast to hepatocytes, BA and CATR added after MYX did not collapse ΔΨ, whereas 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), a glycolytic inhibitor, added after MYX, MYX+BA and MYX+CATR did collapse ΔΨ. OL but not BA or CATR alone decreased respiration in both cell lines, whereas BA and CATR inhibited hepatocyte respiration. ANT2 is the predominant ANT isoform expressed in cancer cells, and 2-DG after MYX in ANT2 knockdown cells depolarized mitochondria.CONCLUSION: In cancer cells ANT is not the principal ATP transporter responsible for mitochondrial uptake of glycolytic ATP from the cytosol. Moreover, ANT2 deficiency does not alter uptake of glycolytic ATP into mitochondria. Warburg metabolism, therefore, appears to utilize an alternative pathway for entry of ATP into mitochondria.
The effect of concave surface curvature on the turbulent Prandtl number and the thermal law of the wall

Abstract The streamwise evolution of the turbulent Prandtl number was determined from measured data for a water boundary layer subjected to moderately strong concave surface curvature. Profiles of velocity and temperature were measured with a laser-Doppler velocimeter and a fine-wire thermocouple probe, respectively. Profiles of Pr t were calculated from these data using a uniform-heat-flux approximation. Compared to flat-plate values, Pr t in the sublayer decreases near the beginning of curvature whereas Pr t outside the sublayer increases with increasing distance from the wall. In the logarithmic region, Pr t increases slightly with downstream distance. The thermal law of the wall as formulated for a flat plate underestimated Pr t in the log region by as much as a factor of 2 compared to the measurements. A new thermal law of the wall for concave curvature was developed based on measured mixing lengths.
Emission Reductions Needed to Meet the Standard for Ozone in Southern California: Effect of Boundary Conditions

Abstract Combinations of total reactive organic gas (ROG) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions that do not exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone for the meteorological conditions of the August 26-28, 1987 SCAQS episode, have been determined using the California Institute of Technology (CIT) photochemical air quality model. The sensitivity of these combinations to pollutant boundary conditions is examined.
Functional postsynaptic α2- but not α1-adrenoceptors in dog saphenous vein exposed to phenoxybenzamine

Abstract Phenoxybenzamine greatly attenuated phenylephrine-induced contractions of dog saphenous vein in vitro, but had less effect on contractions induced by clonidine. The phenozybenzamine-resistant responses to clonidine were not affected by prazosin or by corynanthine but were competively antagonized by yohimbine (pA 2 8.2). It is concluded that exposure of saphenous vein to phenoxybenzamine resulted in blockade of α 1 -adrenoceptors to the extent that there remained a virtually homogeneous population of postsynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors. The effects of agents at postsynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors can be studied on this preparation without the complications caused by the presence of functional α 1 -adrenoceptors.
Impact of Breaking Wave Form Drag on Near-Surface Turbulence and Drag Coefficient over Young Seas at High Winds

AbstractThe effects of breaking waves on near-surface wind turbulence and drag coefficient are investigated using large-eddy simulation. The impact of intermittent and transient wave breaking events (over a range of scales) is modeled as localized form drag, which generates airflow separation bubbles downstream. The simulations are performed for very young sea conditions under high winds, comparable to previous laboratory experiments in hurricane-strength winds. The results for the drag coefficient in high winds range between about 0.002 and 0.003. In such conditions more than 90% of the total air–sea momentum flux is due to the form drag of breakers; that is, the contributions of the nonbreaking wave form drag and the surface viscous stress are small. Detailed analysis shows that the breaker form drag impedes the shear production of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) near the surface and, instead, produces a large amount of small-scale wake turbulence by transferring energy from large-scale motions (such...
Does contrast disparity alone generate stereopsis

Abstract In two experiments, one using a nulling technique and the other forced-choice testing. observers judged the rotation in depth of dichoptically-viewed, vertical gratings of unequal contrast. In neither experiment was evidence found for a stereoscopic sensation of depth based on contrast disparity alone; spatial frequency disparity, on the other hand, produced a clear rotation of the fused percept about the vertical axis.
Tropiporphyrins, cycloheptatrienyl analogues of the porphyrins: synthesis, spectroscopy, chemistry, and structural characterization of a silver(III) derivative.

Tripyrranes were condensed with 1,3,5-cycloheptriene-1,6-dicarbaldehyde in TFA−CH2Cl2 to give, following oxidation with 0.1% aqueous ferric chloride solutions, a series of tropiporphyrins 9. These cycloheptatrienyl analogues of the porphyrins show strong diatropic ring currents by proton NMR spectroscopy where the internal CH gives a resonance at −7.3 ppm, although the meso-protons are not shifted as far downfield as most aromatic porphyrinoid systems. These data indicate that the seven-membered ring distorts the porphyrinoid macrocycle and decreases the overall diatropicity in tropiporphyrins. Addition of trace amounts of TFA to solutions of 9 affords the corresponding aromatic monocations, and at higher acid concentrations a nonaromatic dication is generated. The dication has undergone C-protonation at one of the meso-bridges and has lost the plane of symmetry present in the parent system. This species shows significant downfield shifts to the cycloheptatrienyl protons, indicating that this unit has tak...
In Vivo Estimation of Total Hemoglobin Concentration and Hemoglobin Saturation in the Detection of Cervical Epithelial Pre-cancers

Total hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin saturation and scattering coefficient were extracted from cervical diffuse reflectance spectra (400-600 nm) using a Monte Carlo-based model. Total hemoglobin was shown to distinguish pre-cancerous from normal tissues (p < 0.05).
Quality of well-being before and after antibiotic treatment of pulmonary exacerbation in patients with cystic fibrosis

General quality of life has only recently been measured with an objective tool in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and there have been no reported attempts to document changes in patients' overall well-being over time, as patients deteriorate or respond to intervention. We applied the Quality of Well-Being scale (QWB) in 28 patients with CF before and after a two-week course of oral ciprofloxacin used to treat pulmonary exacerbations. There were significant correlations between changes in QWB and various pulmonary function test results; QWB vs FEV 1 ,: r=0.4, p 2 : r=0.4, p
Microsomal Thyroxine Measurements with Iodide Selective Membrane Electrodes

Abstract An iodide membrane electrode, in conjunction with rat liver microsomes, is used to measure thyroxine at sub-micromolar levels. The microsomes serve as biocatalytic reagents which selectively remove iodide from the hormone. The amount of iodide liberated, as measured by the electrode, is proportional to the initial thyroxine concentration. The electrode can further be employed to directly monitor the rate of deiodination of the hormone with advantages of speed and convenience over existing techniques.
Using Planned Comparisons in Management Research: A Case for the Bonferroni Procedure

This article describes the Bonferroni multiple-comparison procedure, and makes a case for researchers’ more frequent and appropriate use of it. The procedure is discussed as a test that facilitates investigation of precise and powerful a priori multiple comparisons. Characteristics of the Bonferroni procedure are described in relation to the more familiar Scheffe post hoc multiple-comparison method, and a step-by-step guide for comparing and choosing between the two is provided. The Bonferroni procedure is discussed in detail in the context of one-factor analysis-of-variance designs. Application of the technique is then considered in the context of factorial designs, analyses of covariance, univariate repeated-measures analyses, multivariate analyses of variance, and recent sequential hypothesis-testing extensions. To aid the presentation, an example from the field of management is included.
NADH fluorescence of isolated ventricular myocytes: effects of pacing, myoglobin, and oxygen supply

Endogenous fluorescence was used to measure the extent of reduction of mitochondrial NAD in individual, isolated rat cardiac myocytes. NAD reduction was determined from emitted fluorescence at 415 and 470 nm during brief epi-illumination at 365 nm. NAD reduction of resting myocytes, superfused with medium equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2, was 27 +/- 3% (SE) (n = 78), comparable to that in beating whole heart. Increasing intracellular Ca2+ did not significantly change NAD reduction. NAD reduction decreased reversibly to 11 +/- 1% (n = 78) in contracting myocytes electrically paced at 5 Hz for 10min. Oxygen uptake was stimulated fivefold. There was minimal change in sarcoplasmic pH measured by fluorescence of carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor-1. However, NAD reduction increased reversibly in response to electrically paced contractions when: (a) myoglobin was inactivated with sodium nitrite (37 +/- 7%; n=48); or (b) cells were more densely layered and gassed with 20% O2/5% CO2 (48 +/- 3%; n=30). We conclude that (a) the ratio NADH/NAD is decreased in well-oxygenated cells with increased work; (b) steady-state NAD reduction is increased with increased work when oxygen delivery is limited; and (c) functional myoglobin ensures an oxygen supply to the mitochondria of working cells.
Periodic specific-heat discontinuity at the normal-superconducting phase boundary of a hollow cylinder and its relation to fluxoid quantization

Quantization of the fluxoid in a hollow superconducting cylinder imposes a periodicity on the specific-heat discontinuity at the second-order phase transition boundary as a function of magnetic field. This implies that the thermal properties of a hollow cylinder are coupled to the fluxoid-quantization condition.
Determination of penicillamine, penicillamine disulfide and penicillamine-glutathione mixed disulfide by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Abstract Methodology is described for the simultaneous determination of d -penicillamine, penicillamine disulfide and the penicillamine-glutathione mixed disulfide, as well as glutathione and glutathione disulfide, in human plasma, erythrocytes and urine. The various thiols and disulfides are separated by reversed-phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography with detection by an electrochemical detector with dual gold/mercury amalgam electrodes in series. The thiols are detected at th downstream electrode; the disulfides are reduced at the upstream electrode and then detected as the thiols at the downstream electrode. Detection limits (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.0) are in the picomole range for 20 μl of injected solution for all compounds except penicillamine disulfide, which has a detection limit of 600 pmol in 20 μl. A convenient method is described for preparation of the penicillamine-glutathione mixed disulfide by thiol/disulfide exchange with standardization of the solution by 1 H NMR spectroscopy.
Thermodynamic and kinetic models for the extraction of essential oil from savory and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil with hot (subcritical) water and supercritical CO2.

Mechanisms that control the extraction rates of essential oil from savory (Satureja hortensis) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from historically-contaminated soil with hot water and supercritical carbon dioxide were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow-rates were used to determine whether the extractions were limited primarily by the near equilibrium partitioning of the analyte between the matrix and solvent (i.e. partitioning thermodynamics, or the "elution" step) or by the rate of analyte desorption from the matrix (i.e. kinetics, or the "initial desorption" step). Two simple models were applied to describe the extraction profiles obtained with hot water and with supercritical CO2: (1) a model based solely on the thermodynamic distribution coefficient KD, which assumes that analyte desorption from the matrix is rapid compared to elution. and (2) a two-site kinetic model which assumes that the extraction rate is limited by the analyte desorption rate from the matrix, and is not limited by the thermodynamic (KD) partitioning that occurs during elution. For hot water extraction, the thermodynamic elution of analytes from the matrix was the prevailing mechanism as evidenced by the fact that extraction rates increased proportionally with the hot water flow-rate. This was also confirmed by the fact that simple removal calculations based on a single KD (for each essential oil compound) gave good fits to experimental data for flow-rates from 0.25 to 4 ml/min. In contrast, supercritical CO2 extraction showed only minimal dependence on flow-rate, and the simple KD model could only describe the initial 20-50% of the extraction. However, a simple two-site kinetic model gave a good fit for all CO2 flow-rates tested. The results of these investigations demonstrated that very simple models can be used to determine and describe extractions which are limited primarily by partitioning thermodynamics, or primarily by desorption kinetics. Furthermore, these results show that the time required for the recovery of essential oil from savory with hot water can be minimized by increasing flow-rate, with little change in the total volume of water required. In contrast, raising the flow-rate of supercritical CO2 has little effect on the mass of essential oils recovered per unit of time, indicating that optimal recovery of these compounds with supercritical CO2 (amount recovered for the lowest amount of CO2) requires longer extraction times rather than faster flow-rates.
RISA: accurate and efficient placement routability modeling

The prevalence of net list synthesis tools raises great concern on routability of cell placement created with state-of-the-art placement techniques. In this paper, an accurate and efficient placement routability modeling technique is proposed and incorporated into the prevailing simulated annealing approach. This accurate and efficient modeling is based on the supply versus demand analysis of routing resource over an array of regions on a chip. Vertical and horizontal routability is analyzed separately due to the bias of routing resource in multiple-metal-layer ASIC designs. A special technique on net bounding box partitioning is also proposed and critical to the accuracy of this modeling at the presence of mega cells, which tend to cause local routing congestion. By incorporating this efficient modeling into the cost function of simulated annealing, experiments conducted on small to large industrial designs indicate that placement routability evaluated with a global router is greatly improved as a result of the proposed accurate modeling.
Challenges of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in silicon nanowire technology

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) induced failures continue to be a major reliability concern in the semiconductor industry. Such a concern will in fact be intensified as the CMOS technology is scaling toward the 22-nm and beyond. This paper covers the issues and challenges pertinent to the design of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection solutions of modern and future integrated circuits, including the high-voltage, low-voltage, and emerging nanowire technologies.
"What we can reclaim of the old values of the past": sexual morality and politics in twentieth-century Chile.

In 1990, after seventeen years of dictatorial rule in Chile, General Augusto Pinochet ceded power to a democratically elected government. The ensuing transition from authoritarian rule has presented the governing Concertacion coalition and Chileans more generally with formidable challenges: checking the power of the military, dealing with the legacy of human rights abuses, democratizing the authoritarian state structures created by Pinochet and confronting the heightened class inequality generated by the military's neoliberal economic policies. In the years following 1990, however, public debate has frequently centered on a distinct, although not unrelated, set of issues: crime, teenage pregnancy, drug use, divorce and abortion. Works that provide an overview of military rule and the transition from authoritarian rule in Chile include The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982–1990, ed. Paul Drake and Ivan Jaksic (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); El modelo chileno: Democracia y desarrollo en los noventa, ed. Paul Drake and Ivan Jaksic (Santiago: LOM, 1999); Lois Hecht Oppenheim, Politics in Chile: Democracy, Authoritarianism, and the Search for Development (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993); Philip D. Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995). My assertions regarding the prevalence of public debate on moral issues since 1990 are based on observations I made while in Chile during 1988, 1991–1993, and December 1996.
Distinct fluvial patterns of a headwater stream network underlain by discontinuous permafrost

Abstract Hydrology, permafrost, and vegetation will likely respond to warming of northern latitudes with concurrent shifts in channel form and network pattern. At present, data on channel structure and networks in most northern regions are sparse, thus restricting any comprehensive understanding of channel processes or predictions of change in response to warming. We conducted a survey in 2011 of stream hydraulic geometry and network pattern in an upland headwater catchment of the Yukon River basin that is underlain by discontinuous permafrost. We found atypical hydraulic geometry exponents for depth and velocity but not for width and slope. We also found the study catchment to have unusually low drainage density and bifurcation ratios. Our data support the hypothesis that snow and channel ice decrease geomorphic effectiveness during snowmelt, which ultimately constrains channel and network development. Additionally, qualitative data support the hypothesis that dense riparian vegetation promotes bank stab...
Where's the Religion? Distinguishing Faith‐Based from Secular Social Service Agencies

The charitable choice provision and President Bush's proposed Faith-Based and Community Initiative have spurred debates regarding government support of faith-based social service programs and their effectiveness. To address the issue of relative effectiveness, the logically prior question of what constitutes a faith-based agency and how they differ from secular providers must be answered. Utilizing data from a mailed survey, this study compares the organizational characteristics of faith-based and secular agencies that provide services to the homeless in Houston, Texas. Results indicate that the two agency types vary significantly across several dimensions including funding sources and preferences, decision-making tools, organizational culture, practices, leadership, and staffing characteristics. In addition, survey data and content analysis of mission statements reveal that 80 percent of faith-based agencies use religious imagery in some form of their “public face” to communicate their religiousness.
Pocket Protests: Rhetorical Coercion and the Micropolitics of Collective Action in Semiauthoritarian Regimes

This article examines how repression in semiauthoritarian regimes affects collective action by comparing antiwar protesting during Russia's first (1994â96) and second (1999â) Chechen wars. Vladimir Putin's creeping authoritarianism acts as a "natural experiment" where we can study collective action before, during, and after the introduction of restrictive measures. Two key findings emerge. First, despite the Kremlin's increasingly heavy hand, antiwar actions have grown in size and frequency over the course of Putin's tenure. Second, the movement's failure to replicate its Yeltsin-era success in forcing a peace, albeit temporary, in Chechnya is due to organizational culture, not state repression. Indeed, the antiwar movement's prevailing cultural norms have undercut mobilization by locking activists into using symbolic appeals that ring hollow among Russians. Activists are thus unable to wield latent antiwar sentiment as a cudgel to entrap the Kremlin into reversing course. This argument is supported by a protest data set, primary documents, interviews, and participant observation.