cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frames of Reference: Applying Sociology in Interdisciplinary Medical Settings

Unforeseen obstacles and inefficiencies may arise when medical organizations seek to implement protocols that rely upon cooperation and coordination by clinical practitioners from multiple disciplines, departments, and professional orientations. In this reflection, we discuss some ways in which sociological concepts may be useful in forestalling and mitigating such obstacles and inefficiencies in clinical settings. Echoing recent decisions by professional organizations like the American Medical Association, we use the concept of “framing” to suggest how interdisciplinary medical protocols and policy formulations may benefit greatly from sociological lessons and demonstrate some ways by which the incorporation of sociological insights can facilitate greater communication between varied disciplines and departments seeking shared outcomes. In conclusion, we provide some concrete ways by which interdisciplinary medical programs may benefit from sociological concepts and practices.
Analysis of Tableware Hygienic Surveillance of Units Governed by Provincial Institution

Objective To analyze the results of tableware hygienic surveillance of units governed by provincial institution and find the effective measures to ensure hygienic safety of tableware. Methods Tableware Samples of units governed by provincial institution during the period from 1999 to 2003 were tested and analyzed according to National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB14934-94 Hygienic standard for disinfection of dinner and drinking set. Results Qualified rate of tableware disinfection had risen form 95.81% to 99.16% in recent years and reached the higher level of 97.01% on average. Conclusions By having managed six units for several years, some successful experiences had acquired to ensure the hygienic safety of tableware. Hygienic and legal awareness of workers was built and hygienic knowledge was trained and disinfection facilities and methods were selected and used, and so on. The good practice should be spread from now on.
Risk of Anaphylaxis With Intravenous Iron Products.

The study by Dr Wang and colleagues1 reported the risk of anaphylaxis with different intravenous iron products. I have several concerns. One concern is the definition of anaphylaxis. In the article’s online Supplement, both anaphylaxis criteria B and C include “injection of diphenhydramine.” Given that diphenhydramine often is given both as a premedication (without evidence to support its use) and for treatment of minor reactions (flushing, myalgias of the chest and back, or headache), including it in the definition has the potential to greatly overestimate anaphylaxis rates. Diphenhydramine itself has been reported to cause somnolence, tachycardia, and hypotension.2 Published data suggest that when diphenhydramine is used as premedication prior to intravenous iron, a significant majority of the reactions ostensibly attributed to the iron were due to diphenhydramine.3 In the Methods section, the authors noted that minor self-limited reactions such as minor allergic reactions would be wrongly labeled as anaphylaxis events. It would be informative to know the rates of anaphylactic reactions when patients who received diphenhydramine were excluded.
A Two-Phase MapReduce Algorithm for Scalable Preference Queries over High-Dimensional Data

Preference (top-k) queries play a key role in modern data analytics tasks. Top-k techniques rely on ranking functions in order to determine an overall score for each of the objects across all the relevant attributes being examined. This ranking function is provided by the user at query time, or generated for a particular user by a personalized search engine which prevents the pre-computation of the global scores. Executing this type of queries is particularly challenging for high-dimensional data. Recently, bit-sliced indices (BSI) were proposed to answer these high-dimensional preference queries efficiently in a centralized environment. As MapReduce and key-value stores proliferate as the preferred methods for analyzing big data, we set up to evaluate the performance of BSI in a distributed environment, in terms of index size, network traffic, and execution time of preference (top-k) queries over high-dimensional data. We implemented three MapReduce algorithms for processing aggregations and top-k queries over the BSI index: a baseline algorithm using a tree reduction of the slices, a group-slice algorithm, and an optimized two-phase algorithm that uses bit-slice mapping. The implementations are on top of Apache Spark using vertical and horizontal data partitioning. The bit-slice mapping approach is shown to outperform the baseline map-reduce implementations by virtue of using a reduced size index and by featuring a better control over task granularity and load balancing.
Endotoxin inhibits contraction of vascular smooth muscle in vitro

Decreased responsiveness of the vasculature to vasoconstrictors has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock, yet the mechanism of diminished responsiveness has not been determined. In these studies, exposure of rat aortic rings to purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in vitro inhibited subsequent contractions caused by vasoconstrictors. Contractions caused by the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine, as well as those induced by potassium depolarization, were depressed by endotoxin. The effect of endotoxin on vascular contractions was delayed. Phenylephrine-induced contractions were not decreased during a 1-h exposure to endotoxin (10 micrograms/ml), but they were markedly decreased when tested several hours after the exposure period. A large part of the inhibition caused by a 1-h exposure to endotoxin was endothelium dependent. In contrast, endotoxin inhibited contractions equally in rings with or without endothelium exposed to endotoxin for a longer period (3 h). The inhibitory effect of endotoxin was not affected by indomethacin, but it was eliminated in aortic rings treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. These studies indicate that endotoxin potently inhibits vascular contraction in vitro. The effect of endotoxin is apparently independent of prostanoids but may involve protein synthesis and effects on both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells.
Policy and Human Rights Implications of Women’s Poverty and Vulnerability in the USA

Health disparities are extreme for HIV infection among women in the USA. The risk of African-American women is manyfold higher than Latina women whose risk, in turn, is higher than for white women. The complex matrix of the context for these disparities is what we seek to summarize very briefly in this chapter, reflecting the theme of the book as a whole. Women of color, especially those living in low-resource neighborhoods with high background HIV prevalence, have been affected by the high incarceration rates of men of color; illicit drug trade; dearth of jobs; marginal infrastructure for day care, schools, and transportation; and high crime rates. Women who have a drug addiction may sell sex to support it. Even women without notable personal risk factors may contract HIV simply due to the risk behaviors of their husbands or partners. The challenges in confronting the HIV epidemic include not merely personal risk reduction such as condom use, partner selection, reduced partner number, or use of preexposure prophylaxis, but also the neighborhood and societal context that increase women’s probability of encountering HIV.
Corneal cell friction: Survival, lubricity, tear films, and mucin production over extended duration in vitro studies

Abstract The tear film is a thin, aqueous, mucin-rich layer on the ocular surface that provides hydration and lubrication for healthy vision. The ability of the tear film to provide a highly lubricious interface during ocular movement is largely attributed to its entangled network of mucins secreted from the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. However, the extent to which these mucin networks can provide lubricity and protect the epithelia over extended durations of contact lens interactions is unknown. In vitro tribological experiments were performed against a monolayer of mucin-producing human corneal epithelial cells (hTCEpi) for 10,000 reciprocating cycles at physiologically-relevant contact pressures and deliberately low and tribologically-challenging sliding speeds. The use of a polyacrylamide hydrogel probe with a spherically-capped shell geometry enabled average normal forces of F N ~ 200 μN and contact pressures on the order of 1 kPa, resulting in an average friction coefficient of μ = 0.058 ± 0.008 over 10,000 reciprocating cycles. Cell survival after extended duration tribological experimentation was approximately 99.8%. Mucin was observed to accumulate during the experiment. From these in vitro studies, we postulate that mucin production may be a cellular process driven in part by frictional shear stress.
Acousto-optic Finite-difference Frequency-domain Algorithm for First-principles Simulations of On-chip Acousto-optic Devices

We introduce an acousto-optic finite-difference frequency-domain algorithm for first-principle simulations of acousto-optic devices. This algorithm overcomes large time-scale differences between optical and acoustic waves, and it rigorously captures photon-phonon interactions in integrated photonic systems.
Complex-time shredded propagator method for large-scale G W calculations

The $GW$ method is a many-body electronic structure technique capable of generating accurate quasiparticle properties for realistic systems spanning physics, chemistry, and materials science. Despite its power, $GW$ is not routinely applied to study large complex assemblies due to the method's high computational overhead and quartic scaling with particle number. Here, the $GW$ equations are recast, exactly, as Fourier-Laplace time integrals over complex time propagators. The propagators are then ``shredded'' via energy partitioning and the time integrals approximated in a controlled manner using generalized Gaussian quadrature(s) while discrete variable methods are employed to represent the required propagators in real space. The resulting cubic scaling $GW$ method has a sufficiently small prefactor to outperform standard quartic scaling methods on small systems ($⪆10$ atoms) and offers 2--3 order of magnitude improvement in large systems ($\ensuremath{\approx}200--300$ atoms). It also represents a substantial improvement over other cubic methods tested for all system sizes studied. The approach can be applied to any theoretical framework containing large sums of terms with energy differences in the denominator.
Identification of kronecker-structured dictionaries: An asymptotic analysis

The focus of this work is on derivation of conditions for asymptotic recovery of Kronecker-structured dictionaries underlying second-order tensor data. Given second-order tensor observations (equivalently, matrix-valued data samples) that are generated using a Kronecker-structured dictionary and sparse coefficient tensors, conditions on the dictionary and coefficient distribution are derived that enable asymptotic recovery of the individual coordinate dictionaries comprising the Kronecker dictionary within a local neighborhood of the true model. These conditions constitute the first step towards understanding the sample complexity of Kronecker-structured dictionary learning for second- and higher-order tensor data.
Doppio: Tracking UI Flows and Code Changes for App Development

Developing interactive systems often involves a large set of callback functions for handling user interaction, which makes it challenging to manage UI behaviors, create descriptive documentation, and track code revisions. We developed Doppio, a tool that automatically tracks and visualizes UI flows and their changes based on source code. For each input event listener of a widget, e.g., onClick of an Android View class, Doppio captures and associates its UI output from a program execution with its code snippet from the codebase. It automatically generates a screenflow diagram organized by the callback methods and interaction flow, where developers can review the code and UI revisions interactively. Doppio, as an IDE plugin, is seamlessly integrated into a common development workflow. Our studies show that our tool is able to generate quality visual documentation and helped participants understand unfamiliar source code and track changes.
Difficult Case: The Impacted Ureteral Stone

An impacted stone is defined as a stone where a guidewire will not pass without ancillary measures and/or a stone that does not move when forceful irrigation is applied ureteroscopically. Ureteral stone impaction is known to cause a local inflammatory response in the ureteral wall, thus caution should be exercised during the treatment of impacted ureteral stones as they are at a high risk for ureteral perforation and can predispose to ureteral stricture. We recommend an antegrade ureteroscopic approach for impacted stones >10 mm and a retrograde approach for impacted ureteral stones <10 mm. There is limited role for shock wave lithotripsy for impacted ureteral stones. In this chapter we describe our step-by-step approach for the treatment of an impacted ureteral stone.
Constraints on future observing plans

Scheduling considerations in the deployment of transportable laser ranging systems (TLRS) in 1985 are discussed. The new TLRS units will be field tested in North America and Europe first before being sent to remote Mediterranean and South American sites. Six weeks' residence will be required for 600 hr of measurements at each site, although a second crew could bring the necessary time down to four weeks. The surveys are set for periods of the year with the greatest incidence of clear skies. Twelve sites have been selected in the Mediterranean area, although no weather data have been acquired. Site selections are constrained by the need for accessible roads, telephones, and the stability of the terrain. Details of the marker monument layouts are provided.
Robust neurocognitive individual differences in grammatical agreement processing: A latent variable approach.

Abstract Many neurocognitive accounts of language processing presume that neural responses detected in grand mean analyses of cortical electrophysiological activity reflect the normative brain response in the population under investigation. However, emerging work now shows that individuals' brain responses can vary systematically in both the size and type of effect elicited. The present research therefore examined individual differences in neural activity elicited by grammatical agreement anomalies during language comprehension in a large cohort of highly literate, monolingual English speakers (N = 114), a population generally assumed to be relatively homogenous in terms of linguistic knowledge and processing. Results showed systematic variability in event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by subject-verb agreement anomalies, with brain responses varying on a continuum between N400 and P600 dominant responses. Similar variation was found both when agreement was realized via inflectional morphology or via lexical alternations. Individuals' brain response type correlated strongly across these two conditions. Similar variation was also found for ERPs elicited during rapid serial visual presentation and when self-paced ERPs were recorded. Multilevel latent variable regression showed that variation in brain response amplitude and type was not related to individual differences in language experience or verbal working memory capacity, despite high statistical power. These findings indicate that descriptions of processing dynamics predicated solely on grand mean analyses of central tendency can fail to provide an accurate, generalizable account of how processing unfolds in many or most individual members of the population studied. Furthermore, these findings show that systematic individual variation in engagement of neural system supporting grammatical processing is found even in language users at the highest end of the proficiency spectrum and in grammatically simple sentences. This study therefore has implications for studies of language processing in atypical populations.
Attenuation correction assisted automatic segmentation for assessing choroidal thickness and vasculature with swept-source OCT

Swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) is being used more widely in clinical studies to investigate the choroid due to its deeper penetration under the retinal pigment epithelium and improved image quality compared with spectral domain OCT. However, automatic methods to reliably assess choroidal thickness and vasculature are still limited. This paper reports an approach that applies attenuation correction on SS-OCT structural scans to facilitate accurate automatic segmentation of the choroid and provides visualization of the choroidal vasculature without the necessity of OCT angiography. After attenuation correction, enhanced interlayer contrast at the choroidal-scleral interface was observed (from 0.13 ± 0.05 to 0.29 ± 0.10; P < 0.001). An algorithm that segmented the choroid from attenuation compensated B-scans achieved significantly higher accuracy when compared with an automated segmentation performed on regular OCT scans (91.8 ± 3.7% vs.74.5 ± 8.0%; P < 0.01). After attenuation correction, en face images of choroidal vessels were achieved with fewer artifacts from retinal vessels. Measurements of mean choroidal thickness and vessel density showed high repeatability. The attenuation correction assisted segmentation of the choroid and visualization of the choroidal vasculature will be helpful in studying the quantitative changes that occur in a myriad of diseases involving the choroid such as age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, pathologic myopia, central serous chorioretinopathy, and inflammatory eye conditions.
Early outcomes after revision total hip arthroplasty with a modern modular femoral revision stem in 65 consecutive cases

Abstract Background We evaluated the early outcomes, including all-cause revisions, aseptic revisions, and reoperations after revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a single modern modular femoral stem design. Methods A retrospective cohort study on a consecutive series of 62 patients (65 hips) who underwent revision THA with a modern modular femoral stem system, between January 2011 and October 2015, at a single academic medical center was performed. A cumulative incidence competing risk model was used to evaluate the cumulative incidence of failure with death as the competing risk. Results The cumulative incidence rate of all-cause revision THA was 14.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6%–24%) at 2 years when accounting for the competing risk of death. The rate of aseptic revisions was 6.8% (95% CI, 0.1%–13%), and the rate of all-cause reoperations was 21.6% (95% CI, 11%–31%). Ten THA cases (15%) underwent re-revision THA for any reason: five for infection and five for aseptic failures. The mean time to re-revision was 1 year (range, 0.04–5.34). Patients with a preoperative Mallory classification of 3 or more were at greater risk for reoperation (sub-hazard rate, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.54–9.53; P = .004). Conclusions Although the high incidence of reoperation illustrates the complexity of the revision THA population, particularly related to infection and joint instability, the relatively low rate of aseptic failures, minimal radiographic subsidence, and the lack of modular junctional failures suggest that the use of this modular revision THA system may provide adequate fixation and could be considered as a viable treatment option in the setting of revision THA.
Leveraging local livelihood strategies to support conservation and development in West Africa

Abstract Over the past 30 years, the promotion of alternative occupations has been central to livelihood-centered conservation projects (LCP). However, continued pressure on protected areas and high poverty levels in surrounding communities suggest that other LCP approaches may be needed. One historically understudied approach focuses on enhancing pre-existing livelihood strategies to achieve conservation and development goals. We assessed the efficacy of the alternative occupations and pre-existing livelihood strategies approaches to LCPs using two case studies of adjacent protected areas along the Senegal River in West Africa. One community in Senegal promotes tourism as an alternative occupation; another in Mauritania builds on the local fishing-farming mixed livelihood strategy. From 2014 to 2015 we used qualitative methods (e.g. semi-structured interviews and participant observations) to examine each LCP’s capacity to deliver positive conservation and development outcomes, focusing on perceived outcomes on local livelihoods and conservation goals. Overall, LCP which focused on the pre-existing fishing-farming livelihood strategy received more positive perceptions in terms of enhancing local livelihoods, fostering positive conservation behaviors, and improving park-community relations. We conclude that these observed outcomes stem from acknowledgment of and adherence to local needs and priorities within the context of local vulnerability and a park management approach that fostered a sense of resource ownership. In places where alternative occupations like tourism have not succeeded in delivering positive conservation and development goals, this paper presents an alternative strategy that is rooted in the social and environmental realities of local communities.
A cross-sectional, mixed methods examination of a modified “Flipped Classroom” pedagogy: The “Sandwich Approach”

The “Flipped Classroom” has garnered much popularity as an instructional pedagogy over the past several years. At times, popular press and less empirical descriptions have superseded data driven descriptions of the technique. Further, many of the publications, which describe the flipped classroom approach, provide limited information about implementation or a vague overview of the principle. Nonetheless, the approach has thrived and is used broadly given gains in engagement and academic performance reported in a few key investigations. Several shortcomings have been identified but not evaluated systematically, in terms of potential solutions. This paper attempts to summarise previous empirical research findings, describe a modified version of the pedagogy referred to as the “sandwich approach,” and provide detailed information regarding implementation. A multi-year, cross-sectional, and mixed qualitative-quantitative design was employed to analyse comparisons of traditional versus flipped versus sandwich pedagogies in an undergraduate neuroanatomy course. Variables included student performance, influence of each pedagogy on student confidence, and student perceptions regarding each pedagogy. In quantitative comparisons of final grades, the sandwich approach out-performed traditional instruction . Student confidence ratings were generally better in the flipped contexts, as opposed to traditional. Qualitative analyses compared barriers and facilitators across pedagogies. Perceived barriers were highest for the flipped classroom approach, whereas barriers were lowest for the sandwich pedagogy and facilitators were the highest for the sandwich approach. Previous evidence suggested that the flipped classroom approach improved grade performance but was perceived less favourably by students. The sandwich approach appears to improve grade performance at a level equivalent or exceeding flipped classroom approach, while improving student perceptions. Since student perceptions are likely related to their motivation and engagement, addressing concerns identified in previous research regarding student perceptions within the flipped classroom approach is an important finding.
Solid-State Automotive liquid level Sensing System

A method capable of distinguishing between the presence and absence of liquid at a discrete level by monitoring the rate of heat transfer from a solid-state sensing element is discussed; a detailed description is given of the silicon sensor and the associated electronic circuitry. Three versions of the systems are described, each suited for different types of level sensing applications. Suggested among the possible uses are a number of automotive applications such as crankcase, transmission, and brake fluid measurements.
Economic Elites and Support for Housing Affordability Policy: How a Housing-Health Belief Matters

To investigate economic elites’ housing policy preferences and test the attitudinal, contextual, political, and economic conditions that drive support for affordable housing policies, focusing on the influence of a housing-health belief mechanism. Using proprietary 2015–2016 national data, we apply multivariate regression analysis and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to demonstrate the potential impact of a particular framing strategy—the housing-health belief mechanism—on economic elites’ housing policy preferences. First, the results from both methods suggest the utility of promoting belief in the interconnection between housing affordability and health, which significantly increases economic elite support and functions alongside other conditions to support housing affordability strategies. Second, support for wage-based policies is better explained than development-based policies, suggesting different policy preferences among economic elites. Third, regardless of other beliefs about equality or rights, belief that housing affordability is linked to health significantly increases affordable housing policy support. Fourth, geographic proximity to housing crisis alone does not create support for housing policies. Framing housing affordability as a fundamental contributor to health may be central to overcoming opposition and help offer economic elites new ways of thinking about the societal impacts of housing affordability and increase policy support.
Technological Diversification, Technological Complexity, and Change

I study interactions between technological diversification and technological complexity in their joint effect on firms’ invention performance. I argue that their effect depends on the amount of tec...
Control of Skin Wound Contraction Rate by Critically Insoluble Collagen Matrices

Several porous graft copolymers of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate were prepared and contacted with freshly excised subcutaneous muscle tissue in a standard guinea pig wound healing model. The degradation rate in collagenase of the copolymers was varied over a wide range by controlling the conditions of crosslinking in glutaraldehyde during polymer preparation. The average pore diameter was maintained at a constant level in the series. The kinetics of skin wound contraction were studied up to about 200 days following grafting with members of the series. We conclude that wound contraction is delayed significantly provided that the highly porous copolymers remain largely insoluble (undegraded) for a critical period following contact with tissue. The data are consistent with a requirement for an insolubility period of minimal duration. Although the absolute length of the critical period was not determined it was independently estimated at 10–15 days.
Achieving Accelerated and Shared Growth in Ghana: A MAMS-Based Analysis of Costs and Opportunities

This paper relies on the recently developed Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Simulations (MAMS) model to assess the consistency of alternative scaling-up and policy packages for growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. In the baseline scenario, Ghana's strong near and medium-term growth outlook puts it in a good position to achieve the poverty Millennium Development Goal ahead of schedule, but other goals are likely to remain elusive before 2015. In the accelerated growth scenario - which addresses the major gaps in water and sanitation and other infrastructure - even more rapid growth and poverty reduction are possible, but important targets in the areas of education, health, and environment remain unattainable. Although growth is complementary to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the authors also find important growth-human development trade-offs in the near term. The estimates show that the resource requirements for achieving the key Millennium Development Goals by 2015 are large, reaching US$82 per capita in an illustrative foreign-grant financed scenario. Increased intake and retention of students contribute to rising scarcity of unskilled labor, buttressing unskilled wages, while high demand for skills from the sectors related to the Millennium Development Goals raises the returns to human capital. These developments lead to improvements in the welfare of the poorest members of Ghanaian society and contribute to a small reduction in overall inequality.
ULPT: A User-Centric Location Privacy Trading Framework for Mobile Crowd Sensing

A user-centric location privacy trading framework, called ULPT, is constructed to facilitate location privacy trading between workers and the platform. Each worker can decide how much location privacy to disclose to the platform in an MCS task based on its own location privacy leakage budget $\xi$ . The higher $\xi$ is, the more privacy its reported location discloses. Accordingly, it receives higher payment from the platform as compensation. Besides, ULPT enables the platform to select a suitable set of winning workers to achieve desirable MCS service accuracy while taking into account its budget limit and worker privacy requirements. For this purpose, a heuristic algorithm is devised with a bounded optimality gap. As formally proved in this manuscript, ULPT guarantees a series of nice properties, including $\xi$ -privacy, $(\alpha, \beta)$ -accuracy, budget feasibility. Moreover, both rigorous theoretical analysis and extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate tradeoffs among these three.
Surface-applied or incorporated biochar and compost combination improves soil fertility, Chinese cabbage and papaya biomass

Many Hawaiian agricultural soils are acidic with low-nutrient retention; therefore, organic soil amendments are often used to improve soil properties and increase yields. Amendments can be incorporated for annual crops, but perennial orchards need surface application to avoid damaging surface roots. Pot trials compared responses to incorporated (IBC) or surface-applied (SBC) combination of hardwood biochar and chicken manure compost (4% v/v of each amendment) added to an Andisol and Oxisol. Soil pH was increased by 0.4–1.1 units in IBC and by 0.2–0.5 for SBC in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Both SBC and IBC increased soil total N, extractable P, Ca and Mg in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil pH, total C and extractable Ca were also higher in the 10–20 cm soil layer for IBC soil, indicating movement and/or leaching of amendments. Chinese cabbage biomass was 18–70% higher in the IBC and 14–47% higher in the SBC than that in the unamended soil, while papaya biomass was 23% and 19% higher in SBC and IBC, respectively. There was a greater response in the more acidic Andisol soil, with larger improvements in soil pH, plant nutrient uptake and root biomass than the Oxisol. Surface application was as effective in increasing plant growth as the incorporated amendment, providing evidence for farm scale assessment. Biochar and compost are recommended for use in tropical soils, and surface application may be beneficial to annual and perennial crops.
Long-Term Outcomes in the USA

Moyamoya disease (MMD) was first described in the Japanese population, and remains significantly more common in Asia. The etiology of the disease remains unknown, but it is a chronic cerebrovascular disorder that manifests as progressive stenosis and occlusion of the large intracranial arteries, and formation of abnormal collateral vascular supply as a compensatory mechanism. The disease has since been recognized as a clinical entity in non-Asian populations, but its true incidence in these populations remains unclear. MMD in the USA is of growing interest in recent years, and multiple authors have contributed series of long-term outcomes after treatment for MMD, which are now available.
Hyperplasia of Type II Pneumocytes in Pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Immunohistochemical and Electron Microscopic Study

c Background.—Little is known of the morphology of the pneumocytes lining the parenchymal cysts in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Objective.—To evaluate the structural characteristics of the alveolar epithelial cells in LAM. Methods.—Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies were performed on lung tissue from 22 women with pulmonary LAM. Results.—Epithelial cells that reacted with PE-10 (a mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes the surfactant apoprotein A in type II pneumocytes) and TTF-1 (an antibody that identifies nuclear transcription factor found in type II pneumocytes) were the predominant cell type lining the surfaces of lesions of LAM and normal areas of lung. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies confirmed that these cells were type II pneumocytes as demonstrated by (1) apical microvilli, (2) electron-dense lamellar bodies, and (3) cytoplasmic projections that extended from the basal surfaces into the underlying connective tissue, where they made extensive contact with interstitial connective tissue cells. A few cells had morphologic characteristics of type I pneumocytes, including large flat surfaces lacking microvilli. Cells that appeared intermediate between type I and type II pneumocytes were observed occasionally. Conclusions.—These observations and the reactivity of these cells with antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen demonstrate that extensive hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes is a major characteristic of LAM. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:1642‐1648)
Legal and Psychological Bases of Expert Testimony: Surveys of the Law and of Jurors

This article reviews the basic rules of evidence and procedure that provide the basis for the introduction of expert testimony into court. Second, it reviews some of the findings of social psychology regarding expert testimony, primarily the ways in which the structure of society affects what information will reach the court and what is the readiness of the factfinder to deal with that information. Finally, it reports original data on jurors’ assessments of a variety of witnesses (physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, chemists, document examiners, polygraph examiners, police, eyewitnesses, firearms experts, and accountants and appraisers). Jurors’ differential assessments of the different experts and differences among juror subgroups are reported and some explanations for a few of those differences are tested.
Arterial stiffening acts synergistically with APOE genotype and AD biomarker status to influence memory in older adults without dementia.

Arterial stiffening has emerged as an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity has been proposed as a non-invasive and reproducible method to assess arterial stiffness. However, the association of pulse wave velocity with performance across multiple cognitive domains as well as interactions with in vivo AD biomarkers and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has received limited study. We studied 193 older adult volunteers (167 with normal cognition and 26 with mild cognitive impairment) who underwent comprehensive medical and neuropsychological evaluation at the University of California, San Diego Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers were available on 123 participants (63%). Linear models examined whether pulse wave velocity significantly interacted with APOE e4 status and CSF AD biomarker positivity (based on the ratio of total tau over beta-amyloid [tau/Aβ42]) on memory, language, executive functioning, attention, and visuospatial abilities. After adjusting for demographic characteristics and vascular risk burden, across the entire sample, pulse wave velocity was associated with poorer executive functioning but not the performance in the other cognitive domains. When the modifying effects of AD genetic risk and CSF AD biomarkers were considered, pulse wave velocity interacted with APOE genotype and CSF tau/Aβ ratio such that a stronger association between elevated pulse wave velocity and poorer memory performance was found among those positive for CSF and genetic AD markers. There were no significant interaction effects for non-memory cognitive domains. The findings suggest that pulse wave velocity, a non-invasive method to assess arterial wall properties, may be a useful marker of risk for cognitive decline, particularly among individuals who are APOE e4 carriers or CSF AD biomarke0r-positive.
YouTube as a Source of Patient Information Regarding Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

Objective As the awareness of the accompanying morbidity of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) has increased over recent decades. We sought to analyze the precision and reliability of the currently available content regarding PAS on YouTube. Study Design A YouTube search was performed on June 17, 2019 by using the search terms “placenta accreta,” “PAS,” and “invasive placentation.” Search results were sorted by relevance, and up to 200 videos per search term were systematically evaluated by four independent reviewers. A quality assessment checklist relating to aspects of PAS was developed with a Likert's scale from 0 to 12 points to quantify video content. Videos were classified as poor educational quality (grade 0 to ≤4), moderate quality (grade >4–8), and high quality (grade >8–12). Results Of the 318 videos identified, 99 videos met inclusion criteria. The majority of videos (61.6%) were produced by a professional source, that is, appearing to be from a hospital, university, or educational service. Of the remaining videos, 16.2% were classified as personal, that is, posted from personal YouTube accounts and depicting a personal or family member experience, and 22.2% were classified as other. The majority of the “other” category consisted of news segments and short clips from talk shows. Overall, 60.6% of videos were of poor educational quality, 32.3% were of moderate quality, and 7.1% were deemed high quality. All seven of the high-quality videos were produced by a professional source and intended for an audience of medical professionals. There were neither high-quality videos intended for the general public nor the likely affected and relevant patient population. Conclusion This study suggests that the currently available videos on YouTube regarding PAS are poor educational sources for patients seeking information, and demonstrates a need for high-quality content videos produced by medical professionals specifically focused on meeting the needs of patient population. Key Points
Toward Understanding of Hydrogen Storage in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Investigations of Chemisorption Mechanism

We provide an overview of experimental and theoretical studies on hydrogen storage in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) via chemisorption mechanism. The atomic hydrogens that are generated by dissociation of H2 molecules bind with carbon atoms of nanotubes, leading to strong C–H bonds in the chemisorption process. Recent experimental study indicates that 5.1 ± 1.2 wt% hydrogen storage could be achieved by hydrogenation (chemisorption process) of SWNTs. Our computational study shows that chemisorptions of one and two hydrogen atoms on the external surface of (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), and (6, 6) armchair SWNTs are highly exothermic processes. Furthermore, two hydrogen atoms favor to bind at adjacent positions rather than at alternate carbon sites. This is different from the results reported on zigzag nanotubes. The chemisorptions of one and two hydrogen atoms significantly alter the C–C bond lengths of SWNTs in the vicinity of hydrogen addition due to the change of hybridization of carbon atom(s) from sp2 to sp3 at the chemisorption site(s). The effect of increasing the length of SWNTs on the geometries and the reaction energies of hydrogen chemisorption has also been explored. The high exothermicity of the chemisorption of hydrogen atoms on the surface of SWNTs explains the reason for the requirement of high temperature to remove hydrogen from hydrogenated SWNTs.
How cyanobacteria count to 10.

Cell-cell communication is crucial for normal development, and diffusible molecules that regulate differentiation have been identified in several eukaryotic organisms. In this issue [Yoon and Golden][1] show that a diffusible inhibitory peptide, PatS, controls pattern formation in a prokaryotic organism, the cyanobacterium Anabaena . Their results, discussed in a Perspective by Haselkorn, provide insight into the mechanisms underlying heterocyst pattern formation and may apply to differentiation in more complex organisms. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/282/5390/935
Water treatment in context: resources and African religion

Drinking water availability is a crucial problem that must be addressed in order to improve the quality of life of individuals living developing nations. Improving water supply availability is important for public health, as it is the third highest risk factor for poor health in developing nations with high mortality rates. This project researched drinking water filtration for areas of Sub-Saharan Africa near existing bodies of water, where the populations are completely reliant on collecting from surface water sources: the most contaminated water source type. Water filtration methods that can be completely created by the consumer would alleviate aid organization dependence in developing nations, put the consumers in control, and improve public health. Filtration processes pass water through a medium that will catch contaminants through physical entrapment or absorption and thus yield a cleaner effluent. When exploring different materials for filtration, removal of contaminants and hydraulic conductivity are the two most important components. Not only does the method have to treat the water, but also it has to do so in a timeframe that is quick enough to produce potable water at a rate that keeps up with everyday needs. Cement is easily accessible in Sub- Saharan regions. Most concrete mixtures are not meant to be pervious, as it is a construction material used for its compressive strength, however, reduced water content in a cement mixture gives it higher permeability. Several different concrete samples of varying thicknesses and water concentrations were created. Bacterial count tests were performed on both pre-filtered and filtered water samples. Concrete filtration does remove bacteria from drinking water, however, the method can still be improved upon.
Portable medical laboratory applications software

Portability implies that a program can be run on a variety of computers with minimal sofware revision. The advantages of portability are outlined and design considerations for portable laboratory software are discussed. Specific approaches for achieving this goal are presented.
Application of the CONCEPTS Channel Evolution Model in Stream Restoration Strategies

Stream Restorat Approaches, Anal Geophysical Mon This paper is not s Published in 2011 10.1029/2010GM The series of biennial U.S. National Water Quality Inventory surveys show no reduction in the percentage of degraded miles of streams since the early 1990s despite an exponential increase in river restoration projects to improve water quality, enhance in-stream habitat, and manage the riparian zone. This may suggest that many river restoration projects fail to achieve their objectives and could therefore benefit from using proven models of stream and riparian processes to guide restoration design and to evaluate indicators of ecological integrity. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has developed two such models: the channel evolution computer model CONCEPTS and the riparian ecosystem model REMM. CONCEPTS is a robust computational model for simulating the long-term evolution of incised and restored or rehabilitated stream corridors. REMM is a computational model for evaluating management decisions to control nonpoint source pollution in the riparian zone. These models have been integrated to evaluate the impact of in-stream, edge-of-field, and riparian conservation measures on stream morphology and water quality. This chapter presents how in-stream restoration measures are represented in CONCEPTS. Further, the capabilities of CONCEPTS and REMM are demonstrated through model applications that evaluate the long-term stability of newly constructed channels, the impact of bank protection on downstream sediment loads and streambed composition, and the effectiveness of woody and herbaceous riparian buffers in controlling stream bank erosion of an incised stream.
Cell-autonomous roles of the ecdysoneless gene in Drosophila development and oogenesis.

Steroid signaling underlies developmental processes in animals. Mutations that impair steroidogenesis in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provide tools to dissect steroid hormone action genetically. The widely used temperature-sensitive mutation ecdysoneless 1 ( ecd 1 ) disrupts production of the steroid hormone ecdysone, and causes developmental and reproductive defects. These defects cannot be satisfactorily interpreted without analysis of the ecd gene. Here, we show that ecd encodes an as yet functionally undescribed protein that is conserved throughout eukaryotes. The ecd 1 conditional allele contains an amino acid substitution, whereas three non-conditional larval lethal mutations result in truncated Ecd proteins. Consistent with its role in steroid synthesis, Ecd is expressed in the ecdysone-producing larval ring gland. However, development of ecd -null early larval lethal mutants cannot be advanced by Ecd expression targeted to the ring gland or by hormone feeding. Cell-autonomous ecd function, suggested by these experiments, is evidenced by the inability of ecd – clones to survive within developing imaginal discs. Ecd is also expressed in the ovary, and is required in both the follicle cells and the germline for oocyte development. These defects, induced by the loss of ecd , provide the first direct evidence for a cell-autonomous function of this evolutionarily conserved protein.