cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School-Based Interventions for Students With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a relatively common child- hood behavior disorder that typically is treated with psychotropic medication (e.g., methylphenidate), behavioral strategies, or their combination. This article provides an overview of the school-related difficulties associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. School-based intervention strategies including be- havioral interventions, modifications to academic instruction, and home-school communication programs are described briefly. Several important gaps in the school-based intervention literature are identified with particular attention to the need for feasible, effective strategies that can be used in general education settings with a variety of age groups. An overview of the purpose and content of the special series is provided.
BROOD PARASITISM AMONG SPIDERS: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SALTICIDS AND DIGUETIA MOJAVEA

Brood parasitism is not well documented in arthropods. We studied interactions among two species of salticid spiders (Habronattus tranquillus and Metaphidippus manni) and a diguetid spider (Diguetia mojavea). Observations and experiments show that these salticids invade a web and deposit their own eggs after D. mojavea mothers die. Although salticid eggs are laid after diguetid eggs are produced, their eggs are larger than those of diguetids, develop much more rapidly, and invariably emerge before the first diguetid spiderlings hatch. Salticid spiderlings also emerge at a significantly larger size than diguetid spiderlings. Thus, the salticid spiderlings have both timing and size advantages over the diguetid hatchlings. In addition, salticid spiderlings prey on resident diguetid juveniles and thereby significantly reduce the host's fitness. We document experimentally that one defense against this parasitism is the mother's presence after her egg sacs are deposited. Other possible diguetid defenses include high fecundity and asynchronous hatching of egg sacs. Our results suggest that these salticids are obligate brood parasites of D. mojavea and provide one of the first experimental examples of host–parasite coupling among arthropods.
Equilibrium conditions at corners and edges of an interface in a multiphase solid

In various situations such as coherent precipitation, martensitic transformation, recrystallization, and grain growth the kinetics of phase boundaries play a crucial role in determining the microstructure and the resulting macroscopic properties. By performing a variational calculation in a two dimensional setting, we find the equilibrium conditions at corners, where two interfaces meet, and at edges, where an interface meets the boundary of a finite body. We allow for possible singularities in the bulk stress at corners and edges. The general case considers elastic energy for the bulk and anisotropic energies for the surfaces. Special cases treated are: (i) constant bulk energy or purely surface case; (ii) purely elastic case or zero surface energy; and (iii) constant surface energy.
REVISITING THE PERFORMANCE AND MOOD EFFECTS OF INFORMATION ABOUT LIGHTING AND FLUORESCENT LAMP TYPE

Abstract Popular articles and manufacturers' literature assert that full-spectrum fluorescent lighting improves cognitive performance, vision, and mood. Previous experimental investigations have failed to demonstrate these effects. This paper reports an attempt to replicate earlier work concerning the effects of information sets about lighting on performance and mood. In this 2 (lamp type) × 4 (information sets) × 2 (gender) factorial experiment, 104 male and 104 female participants were led to expect good, poor or indifferent outcomes of working under full-spectrum or cool-white fluorescent lighting, or they were not given any information. There were no effects of lamp type or information set on performance or mood. The results are discussed in relation to other evidence that cognitive processes mediate lighting–behaviour relationships.
Efficient codes for single error detection and partial single error correction

Coding schemes are proposed for error control in systems where individual blocks of information are organised as two sub-blocks each requiring a different degree of error control. The codes described guarantee single error correction in one sub-block and provide single error detection and partial single error correction in the other. The main advantages are savings in redundancy and ability to use standard encoding/decoding procedures.
Adaption-innovation and cognitive complexity

ABSTRACT Scores on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI), a measure of style of creative problem solving, were hypothesized to be uncorrelated with measures of the level of cognitive complexity (cognitive articulation and cognitive differentiation). Two studies using samples of American undergraduates were conducted to test the hypothesis. Study 1 found small, insignificant correlations between the KAI and the Rep Test. Study 2 yielded similar results, with the exception of a significant negative correlation between the Role Category Questionnaire and the Efficiency subscale for men only (r = −.41, p = .007). Thus, only 1 out of 16 correlations (Two Studies × Four KAI Measures × Sex) was significant. Such a result could have been due to chance alone. These negative findings enhance the construct validity of the KAI and provide additional support for Kirton's description of styles of creative problem solving.
Laws of large numbers for periodically and almost periodically correlated processes

This paper gives results related to and including laws of large numbers for (possibly non-harmonizable) periodically and almost periodically correlated processes. These results admit periodically correlated processes that are not continuous in quadratic mean. The idea of a stationarizing random shift is used to show that strong law results for weakly stationary processes may be used to obtain strong law results for such processes.
537 PHARMACOLOGIC MANIPULATION OF BILE ACID KINETICS AND HEPATIC SECRETION IN A CHILD WITH INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS

537 PHARMACOLOGIC MANIPULATION OF BILE ACID KINETICS AND HEPATIC SECRETION IN A CHILD WITH INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS
Visco-elastic-plastic properties and constitutive modeling of underfills

The thermo-mechanical testing of HYSOL PP4526 underfill is reported, including the details of sample preparation and test procedures. It is found that the Young's modulus of the underfill depends on both temperature and applied strain rate. The constitutive framework proposed for solder alloys has been applied successfully to model the thermo-mechanical properties of the underfill in this paper. Excellent agreement between model predictions and experimental data is achieved, The test data and calibrated constitutive model can be used for the analysis and design of advanced electronic packages with underfills such as flip-chip packages.
Nitrous Oxide Method of Measuring Cerebral Blood Flow During Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract Background . Determination of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation is a means of evaluating our cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) practice. Because much of CPB is hypothermic, our measurement technique must be valid over a range of temperatures. In this study we evaluate the validity of N 2 O washin for measurement of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation at three temperatures. Methods . Cerebral blood flow and oxygenation were measured in 7 dogs undergoing CPB at 37°, 32°, and 27°C using simultaneous direct (sagittal sinus outflow) and indirect (nitrous oxide washin) techniques. Animals underwent CPB with a whole blood prime and α-stat pH management. Results . In the absence of hemodilution, cerebral blood flow and oxygenation were reduced by approximately 38% and 55% at 32°C and 27°C, respectively, by both techniques. Direct and indirect methods showed an excellent correlation (R = 0.87) during CPB between 27.5°C and 37.8°C (21 paired measurements). Conclusions . This investigation demonstrates that the correlation between a direct measure of global cerebral blood flow and that obtained by the N 2 O saturation method is excellent during CPB over the range of common CPB temperatures.
Effects of Crosslinking on the Mechanical Properties Drug Release, and Cytocompatibility of Protein Polymers

Recombinant elastin-like protein polymers are increasingly being investigated as component materials of a variety of implantable medical devices. This is chiefly a result of their favorable biological properties and the ability to tailor their physical and mechanical properties. In this report, we explore the potential of modulating the water content, mechanical properties, and drug release profiles of protein films through the selection of different crosslinking schemes and processing strategies. We find that the selection of crosslinking scheme and processing strategy has a significant influence on all aspects of protein polymer films. Significantly, utilization of a confined, fixed volume, as well as vapor-phase crosslinking strategies, decreased protein polymer equilibrium water content. Specifically, as compared to uncrosslinked protein gels, water content was reduced for genipin (15.5%), glutaraldehyde (GTA, 24.5%), GTA vapor crosslinking (31.6%), disulfide (SS, 18.2%) and SS vapor crosslinking (25.5%) (P<0.05). Distinct crosslinking strategies modulated protein polymer stiffness, strain at failure and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). In all cases, vapor-phase crosslinking produced the stiffest films with the highest UTS. Moreover, both confined, fixed volume and vapor-phase approaches influenced drug delivery rates, resulting in decreased initial drug burst and release rates as compared to solution phase crosslinking. Tailored crosslinking strategies provide an important option for modulating the physical, mechanical and drug delivery properties of protein polymers.
Activated GTPase movement on an RNA scaffold drives co-translational protein targeting

Approximately one-third of the proteome is initially destined for the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum or the bacterial plasma membrane. The proper localization of these proteins is mediated by a universally conserved protein-targeting machinery, the signal recognition particle (SRP), which recognizes ribosomes carrying signal sequences and, through interactions with the SRP receptor delivers them to the protein-translocation machinery on the target membrane. The SRP is an ancient ribonucleoprotein particle containing an essential, elongated SRP RNA for which precise functions have remained elusive. Here we used single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to show that the Escherichia coli SRP–SRP receptor GTPase complex, after initial assembly at the tetraloop end of SRP RNA, travels over 100 A to the distal end of this RNA, where rapid GTP hydrolysis occurs. This movement is negatively regulated by the translating ribosome and, at a later stage, positively regulated by the SecYEG translocon, providing an attractive mechanism for ensuring the productive exchange of the targeting and translocation machineries at the ribosome exit site with high spatial and temporal accuracy. Our results show that large RNAs can act as molecular scaffolds that enable the easy exchange of distinct factors and precise timing of molecular events in a complex cellular process; this concept may be extended to similar phenomena in other ribonucleoprotein complexes.
Electrochemical deposition and characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on neural microelectrode arrays

Abstract The interface between micromachined neural microelectrodes and neural tissue plays an important role in neural recording in vivo. Electrochemical polymerization was used to optimize the surface of the metal electrode sites. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) was electrochemically deposited on the microelectrodes of neural probes from aqueous solution. The PEDOT/PSS coating decreases the impedance modulus by almost two orders of magnitude. An equivalent circuit model was adopted to analyze the electrical characteristics of the deposited film. Impedance data support an open, fuzzy film morphology that is also demonstrated in SEM images. This open structure shortens the effective diffusion length and allows fast ion transport across the film. In comparison with a previous study on polypyrrole, PEDOT demonstrated much better electrochemical stability. The bioactive peptide DCDPGYIGSR was incorporated in the PEDOT film during the electrochemical polymerization from the solvent mixture of acetonitrile/H2O (1:1). PEDOT/DCDPGYIGSR coated probes were cultured with rat glial cells and preferential growth of cells was seen on the coated area of the probes. High quality acute neural recordings can be obtained through PEDOT/DCDPGYIGSR coated electrodes.
Identity Construction Environments: Developing Personal and Moral Values Through the Design of a Virtual City

We live in a society where concepts of self, community, and "what is right and wrong" are constantly changing. This makes it particularly challenging for young people to construct a sense of self and to identify their most cherished values. Therefore, there is an amounting pressure in schools and society to create learning environments to explore these issues. Two research questions are at the heart of the work presented in this article: What kind of learning environment will afford opportunities for young people to naturally engage in reflection and discussion about issues of identity, in particular personal and moral values? and How can technologies have an impact on character and moral education? I propose identity construction environments (ICEs) as technological tools purposefully designed with the goal of supporting young people in the exploration of these issues. I first describe the design principles that distinguish these environments from other learning technologies. I also specify the learning ...
Distinctions between grain-size distributions of accretion and encroachment deposits in an inland dune

Abstract Parameters of the log-hyperbolic distribution are applied to differentiate between accretion and encroachment deposits in a barchan dune. Encroachment deposits are universally finer and generally more poorly sorted than accretion deposits. Distribution asymmetry, which is measured as the standardized difference between slopes of a fitted hyperbola's linear asymptotes, is fine-tailed for all cases: the fine-grade asymptote is consistently flatter than the coarse-grade asymptote. Additionally, fine-tailed asymmetry decreases in encroachment distributions due to an increase in fine-grade asymptote slope. Positive phi skewness thus decreases with decreasing central size, as has previously been reported. Properties of accretion distributions are explained by downwind sorting of sand during transport across the dune's windward face. This sorting process progressively steepens the coarse-grade asymptote slope while at the same time flattening the fine-grade asymptote slope. Reversed trends occur on the leeward face, where gravity-driven sandflow flattens the coarse-grade asymptote slope as deposition due to flow separation at the dune brink steepens the fine-grade asymptote slope. In this way, the tendency towards coarse-tailed or phi-negative asymmetry in encroachment deposits is explained by deposition in a low-energy environment, rather than by high-energy winnowing.
Biphilic nanoporous surfaces enabled exceptional drag reduction and capillary evaporation enhancement

Simultaneously achieving drag reduction and capillary evaporation enhancement is highly desired but challenging because of the trade-off between two distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic wettabilities. Here, we report a strategy to synthesize nanoscale biphilic surfaces to endow exceptional drag reduction through creating a unique slip boundary condition and fast capillary wetting by inducing nanoscopic hydrophilic areas. The biphilic nanoporous surfaces are synthesized by decorating hydrophilic functional groups on hydrophobic pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes. We demonstrate that the carbon nanotube-enabled biphilic nanoporous surfaces lead to a 63.1% reduction of the friction coefficient, a 61.7% wetting speed improvement, and up to 158.6% enhancement of capillary evaporation heat transfer coefficient. A peak evaporation heat transfer coefficient of 21.2 W/(cm2·K) is achieved on the biphilic surfaces in a vertical direction.
Vertical structure of the tidal current ellipse in a rotating basin

Tidal current ellipses formed by the Coriolis effect are investigated theoretically, taking account of the effect of horizontal boundaries. This study reveals that even in a narrow bay, the tidal current ellipse appears in the inside of the bottom boundary layer, although the ellipticity cannot be recognized in the outside of the boundary layer. In a wide bay, the ellipticity is observed even in the outside and it is larger in the inside. The rotation direction of these ellipses is counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. And also, the Coriolis force has an effect to deflect the major axis of the ellipse in the inside of the boundary layer. These nature of the tidal current ellipse is well explained by the consideration of the formation mechanism of the ellipse.
Acylated Lactoferrin Peptides Using Solid State NMR and All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Lactoferricin B is a cationic antimicrobial peptide with broad spectrum effectiveness. A small piece extracted from this peptide, LfB6 (RRWQWR-NH2), has similar antimicrobial properties, which can be further enhanced by attaching a short fatty acid to the N-terminus (C6-LfB6). The exact mechanism by which antimicrobial peptides interact with bacterial cell membranes is not well understood, but it is proposed to depend on lipid composition. In contrast to mammalian membranes which are comprised primarily of neutral lipids, bacterial membranes contain a significant (∼20-25%) fraction of negatively charged lipids. In the case of LfB6, the presence of two tryptophans and three arginines are thought to promote selective interaction with bacterial cell membranes. Here, we investigate the interactions of C6-LfB6 with lipid bilayers by combining solid state 2H and 31P NMR with an ensemble of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations running in aggregate more than 10 microseconds. In particular, we have investigated the peptides interactions with bilayers with two distinct compositions: 3:1 POPE:POPG (bacteria-like) and POPC (mammal-like). The results show that at low concentration the peptide has very little effect on the acyl chain concentration of the anionic membrane, and a more substantial effect on the zwitterionic POPC membrane. The synergy between the experimental and simulation results generates new insights into the molecular-level physics driving antimicrobial function.
Advances in Stem Cell Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction

Stem cell (SC) therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED) has been investigated in 35 published studies, with one being a small-scale clinical trial. Out of these 35 studies, 19 are concerned with cavernous nerve (CN) injury-associated ED while 10 with diabetes mellitus- (DM-) associated ED. Adipose-derived SCs (ADSCs) were employed in 18 studies while bone marrow SCs (BMSCs) in 9. Transplantation of SCs was done mostly by intracavernous (IC) injection, as seen in 25 studies. Allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantations have increasingly been performed but their immune-incompatibility issues were rarely discussed. More recent studies also tend to use combinatory therapies by modifying or supplementing SCs with angiogenic or neurotrophic genes or proteins. All studies reported better erectile function with SC transplantation, and the majority also reported improved muscle, endothelium, and/or nerve in the erectile tissue. However, differentiation or engraftment of transplanted SCs has rarely been observed; thus, paracrine action is generally believed to be responsible for SC’s therapeutic effects. But still, few studies actually investigated and none proved paracrine action as a therapeutic mechanism. Thus, based exclusively on functional outcome data shown in preclinical studies, two clinical trials are currently recruiting patients for treatment with IC injection of ADSC and BMSC, respectively.
Characterization Of Flow Through Symmetric Stenoses Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI has recently gained popularity for non-invasively detecting and measuring blood flow. This is largely attributable to the development of several new flow sensitive MRI techniques. All of these techniques take advantage of either time-of-flight flow effects or the dependence of the spin phase on motion. While these phenomena have been understood for several decades, conventional MR imaging techniques have ignored them and assumed that the volume being imaged remains stationary for the duration of the exam. Consequently, conventional MRI images often have signal artifacts from flowing spins. These artifacts typically appear in the images as bright or dark signal regions which may be repeated along the phase encoding direction. New MRI sequences have been developed which exploit the source of these artifacts to reveal information about the nature of flow ranging from the anatomical mapping of vessels (MR angiography) to a quantitative analysis of velocity and higher order motion components. Unfortunately, the myriad of parameters of the imaging sequence (slice thickness, resolution, magnetic field gradient strength and duration, TR, TE) along with physical parameters of the image volume and its flow (relaxation times, distribution and direction of flow, velocity, acceleration, pulsatility) make the accurate measurement of flow a difficult task.
Finite-state analysis of two contract signing protocols

Optimistic contract signing protocols allow two parties to commit to a previously agreed upon contract, relying on a third party to abort or confirm the contract if needed. These protocols are relatively subtle, since there may be interactions between the subprotocols used for normal signing without the third party, aborting the protocol through the third party, or requesting confirmation from the third party. With the help of Mur, a finite-state verification tool, we analyze two related contract signing protocols: the optimistic contract signing protocol of Asokan, Shoup, and Waidner, and the abuse-free contract signing protocol of Garay, Jakobsson, and MacKenzie. For the first protocol, we discover that a malicious participant can produce inconsistent versions of the contract or mount a replay attack. For the second protocol, we discover that negligence or corruption of the trusted third party may allow abuse or unfairness. In this case, contrary to the intent of the protocol, the cheated party is not able to hold the third party accountable. We present and analyze modifications to the protocols that avoid these problems and discuss the basic challenges involved in formal analysis of fair exchange protocols.
The skinny on fat: lipolysis and fatty acid utilization in adipocytes

Lipolysis for the provision of fatty acids (FA) for other organs during times of energy demand occurs uniquely in white adipose tissue (WAT). Recent findings have identified a bona fide TAG hydrolase and the major adipose phospholipase A 2 , AdPLA. By controlling PGE 2 levels, AdPLA dominantly regulates lipolysis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Moreover, recent findings demonstrate that, surprisingly, increasing lipolysis in adipose tissue does not necessarily increase serum FA levels, which are usually correlated with insulin resistance. Rather, increasing lipolysis in adipose tissue causes a shift within adipocytes towards increased FA utilization and energy expenditure and thus protects against obesity. Here, we discuss the regulation of lipolysis and its effects on FA utilization within WAT and on insulin resistance.
On a generalization of Rouché's theorem for trace ideals with applications for resonances of Schrödinger operators☆

On considere l'hamiltonien dilate complexe H(θ)=−Δexp(−2θ)+V(r expθ) (θ est un parametre complexe) utilise pour decrire des resonances quantiques. On obtient des bornes sur la largeur d'une resonance qui est proportionnelle a l'inverse de la partie imaginaire de la valeur propre complexe correspondante de H(θ)
Placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB) gene expression in normal, pre‐malignant and malignant human prostate: Relation to tumor development and progression

The second most common target of prostate-cancer metastasis is bone, and the phenomenon of skeletal metastasis represents the incurable stage of disease. Histologically, skeletal metastasis from prostate cancer is distinctive due to its osteoblastic nature. The osteoblastic bone metastasis shows extensive new bone formation, with possible involvement of the soluble growth factors secreted by tumor cells, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In the present study, we analyzed the gene expression of one of the new members of the BMP family, placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB). In situ hybridization studies showed high levels of this gene in normal prostate. However, the gene is down-regulated during the progression of cancer at the primary site. The most significant finding was re-expression of the PLAB gene in osseous metastatic lesions. Our results demonstrate that tumor cells, when released from the primary site and after re-growth elsewhere, are capable of re-expressing specific genes that may play a different role at metastatic sites than at the primary site.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A MNEMONIC STUDY STRATEGY FOR RETENTION OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES AND LOCATIONS BY COLLEGE STUDENTS

A comparison of the effectiveness of a mnemonic (n = 26) and a non-mnemonic (n = 17) strategy for delayed retention of 27 place locations by 43 college students showed the researcher-supplied mnemonic hints gave better recall.
Static compression of hydrous silicate melt and the effect of water on planetary differentiation

Abstract High pressure experiments using the sink/float method have bracketed the density of hydrous iron-rich ultrabasic silicate melt from 1.35 to 10.0 GPa at temperatures from 1400 to 1860 °C. The silicate melt composition was a 50–50 mixture of natural komatiite and synthetic fayalite. Water was added in the form of brucite Mg(OH) 2 and was present in the experimental run products at 2 wt.% and 5 wt.% levels as confirmed by microprobe analyses of total oxygen. Buoyancy marker spheres were olivines and garnets of known composition and density. The density of the silicate melt with 5 wt.% water at 2 GPa and 1500 °C is 0.192 g cm − 3 less than the anhydrous form of this melt at the same P and T . This density difference gives a partial molar volume of water in silicate melt of ∼ 7 cm 3 mol − 1 , which is similar to previous studies at high pressure. The komatiite–fayalite liquids with 0 and 2 wt.% H 2 O, have extrapolated density crossovers with equilibrium liquidus olivine at 8 and 9 GPa respectively, but there is no crossover for the liquid with 5 wt.% H 2 O. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dense hydrous melts could be gravitationally stable atop the 410 km discontinuity in the Earth. The results also support the notion that equilibrium liquidus olivine could float in an FeO-rich hydrous martian magma ocean. Extrapolation of the data suggests that FeO-rich hydrous melt could be negatively buoyant in the Earth's D″-region or atop the core–mantle-boundary (CMB), although experiments at higher pressure are needed to confirm this prediction.
Mineralogy and petrology of the Haiti Cretaceous/Tertiary section

Abstract The Cretaceous/Tertiary sections in Haiti consist of a sequence of graded beds of turbidity current or gravity flow origin. Each section may consist variously of five major constituents: (1) black glass, (2) brown globules, veinlets and blobs, (3) argillaceous limestone clasts, (4) white clasts and shards, and (5) a fine-grained matrix rich in smectite, zeolites and calcite. In addition, there are trace amounts of a high-calcium yellow glass. The black glass particles are vesicular, apparently unaltered with an andesitic to dacitic composition, and in sharp contact with the secondary matrix and veinlet alteration products. The brown globules, veinlets and blobs consist of a palagonite-smectite mix of a distinctly different composition than the black glasses. White clasts and shards of a still different (more hydrated) composition are also present. All of these materials are sometimes associated with accretionary lapilli(?). The hydration or alteration products—brown globules, white clasts and shards, and matrix—amount to something in excess of 95% of the total deposits. The sedimentology, mineralogy and petrology of the Haiti sections has provided a record of a sequence of probable volcanic events.
Exercise-induced enhancement of immune function in the rat.

BACKGROUND There have been many anecdotal reports that regular, moderate exercise confers some protective immunity against infection. There has been little scientific evidence to support this. It is also unclear whether training alters lymphocyte trafficking from the spleen to the periphery after a bout of exhaustive exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the effect of moderate training on in vivo antibody production, using rats as an animal model, we gradually trained 18 rats using a swimming protocol for a 4-week period after injection and booster with Keyhole limpet hemocyanin antigen. There were 9 age-matched controls. At the conclusion of training, both groups underwent a short-term exhaustive swim. The trained group showed marked enhancement of IgM and IgG production. After short-term exercise, both groups had acute lymphocytosis, mainly T(suppressor)/cytolytic and natural killer cells with decreases in T(helper) (trained), B cells, and the Th-to-Ts ratio. The changes in the splenocyte subsets were the opposite of the changes in the peripheral blood. With respect to function, after exhaustive exercise, there was a slight increase in mitogenesis and interleukin-2 receptor expression to concanavalin A (untrained more than trained) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Regular, moderate training enhances antibody production to specific de novo antigen both early and late. In addition, short-term exercise leads to selective release of immune cells from the spleen and results in slightly enhanced function of splenocytes. Direct stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system and catecholamines is the proposed mechanism for the changes seen after short-term exercise and possibly antibody production during training.
IFN-gamma signaling in the central nervous system controls the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independently of the localization and composition of inflammatory foci

Murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis, presents typically as ascending paralysis. However, in mice in which interferon-gamma (IFNγ) signaling is disrupted by genetic deletion, limb paralysis is accompanied by atypical deficits, including head tilt, postural imbalance, and circling, consistent with cerebellar/vestibular dysfunction. This was previously attributed to intense cerebellar and brainstem infiltration by peripheral immune cells and formation of neutrophil-rich foci within the CNS. However, the exact mechanism by which IFNγ signaling prohibits the development of vestibular deficits, and whether the distribution and composition of inflammatory foci within the CNS affects the course of atypical EAE remains elusive. We induced EAE in IFNγ-/- mice and bone marrow chimeric mice in which IFNγR is not expressed in the CNS but is intact in the periphery (IFNγRCNSKO) and vice versa (IFNγRperiKO). Blood-brain barrier permeability was determined by Evans blue intravenous administration at disease onset. Populations of immune cell subsets in the periphery and the CNS were quantified by flow cytometry. CNS tissues isolated at various time points after EAE induction, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for composition of inflammatory foci and patterns of axonal degeneration. Incidence and severity of atypical EAE were more pronounced in IFNγRCNSKO as compared to IFNγRperiKO mice. Contrary to what we anticipated, cerebella/brainstems of IFNγRCNSKO mice were only minimally infiltrated, while the same areas of IFNγRperiKO mice were extensively populated by peripheral immune cells. Furthermore, the CNS of IFNγRperiKO mice was characterized by persistent neutrophil-rich foci as compared to IFNγRCNSKO. Immunohistochemical analysis of the CNS of IFNγ-/- and IFNγR chimeric mice revealed that IFNγ protective actions are exerted through microglial STAT1. Alterations in distribution and composition of CNS inflammatory foci are not sufficient for the onset of atypical EAE. IFNγ dictates the course of neuroinflammatory disorders mainly through actions exerted within the CNS. This study provides strong evidence that link microglial STAT1 inactivation to vestibular dysfunction.
Regulation of thymidine kinase enzyme level in serum-stimulated mouse 3T6 fibroblasts.

Abstract This report describes the regulation of thymidine kinase (TK) enzyme level in mouse 3T6 fibroblasts experiencing a serum-induced transition between the resting (G0) and growing states. The specific activity of TK is about 200–500 pmoles TMP formed × min −1 × mg protein −1 in exponentially growing cells but is scarcely detectable (usually less than 5 pmoles TMP formed × min −1 × mg protein −1 ) in cells resting at confluence in medium containing 0.5 % serum. When the resting cells are serum-stimulated to re-enter the cell cycle, TK activity remains at the resting level until about 12 h following stimulation, but then increases dramatically as the cells enter S phase. Experiments with inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis indicate that the increase in enzyme level is the result of de novo synthesis of the enzyme, and that the increase depends on transcription. The increase in TK level is not blocked when cells are stimulated in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis, indicating that there is no tight coupling between these two processes. The increase is not blocked by the presence of thymidine ranging in concentration from 10 −7 to 10 −3 M, suggesting that fluctuations in the intracellular concentrations of thymidine or thymidylic acid do not affect the increase in TK level. When cells are treated with cycloheximide, the level of TK decreases with a 4–5 h half-life, indicating that the enzyme is relatively unstable. When the serum stimulus is withdrawn from cells in S phase (20 h following stimulation), the TK level decreases with the same 4 h half-life beginning about 6 h following serum withdrawal. The ability of the cell to control the rate of production of TK over a very wide range, along with the relative instability of the enzyme appear to be responsible for the rapid and wide variations in TK level during the cell cycle. The increase in the level of TK appears to be regulated in a manner similar to that of dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase in serum-stimulated 3T6 cells, suggesting that the expression of these genes (and perhaps those for other S phase enzymes) may be coordinated by a common control signal.
Mapping failure by microstructure-property modeling

This article describes a math-based microstructure-property model that was developed based on a multiscale analysis1 for ABAQUS finite element analysis. The model was used to determine failure locations, failure loads, and to optimize an automotive component. The model is a function of silicon particle size, casting porosity fraction, casting pore size and nearest neighbor distance, dendrite cell size, temperature, strain rate, and applied stress state.
Homosexuality: Behaviors and attitudes

To assess the incidence of homosexual experiences, heterosexual experiences, associated attitudes, and related demographic characteristics, a sexual behavior and attitudes questionnaire was administered to 4251 university students. The rate of homosexual experiences was found to be appreciably lower than that commonly reported in the literature and was not significantly related to race, religion, or region of residence. Individuals with homosexual experiences, compared to those without, tended to be more liberal in their views toward socially deviant sexual behavior in general, did not demonstrate fewer heterosexual contacts, and did not report significantly more guilt or anxiety about their sexual behavior.
Intellectual Patterns of Conduct Problem Children on the WISC-R.

The aim of this study was to analyze the WISC-R profiles of 42 conduct problem children attending public school classes for the emotionally handicapped. This analysis was done to generate hypotheses concerning the children's intellectual strengths and weaknesses, using a variety of subtest groupings to interpret ability patterns. No attempt was made to differentiate between various categories of emotional disturbance, between disturbed and normal children, nor between different kinds of handicapping conditions. The statistical procedures consisted of Analysis of Variance Repeated Measures for comparisons across three or more subtest groupings, and t-tests for dependent samples when only two subtest groupings were being compared. In general, the findings revealed relative strengths in perceptual organization skills, and weaknesses in skills that involve sequencing, memory, and attention. Specific verbal and nonverbal patterns emerged and are discussed, along with implications for practice and directions of future research.
Between lived and the law: power, empire, and expansion in studies of North American religions

Taking debates about the Park51 (or ‘Ground Zero’) mosque and Islamic Community Center as a case study, this article demonstrates the need for scholars of religious traditions in North America to move beyond liberal modes of historicizing that pluralize narratives about religion but ignore how religion is defined and regulated. Liberal modes of historicizing create space for different traditions by first naturalizing differences as ostensibly fixed, inherent, and eternal – a dynamic that has proven to produce antagonistic narratives and relations as well as ‘tolerant’ ones. This is in part due to the fact that such narratives somewhat broaden the inclusivity of the U.S. public sphere but in so doing obscure the various means and power dynamics by which the boundaries of acceptable religiosity are policed. Finally, this article examines and offers analyses that provide more robust mechanisms by which to understand issues of religious diversity and liberty in the United States.
Effect of formulation factors on the matrix pH of nylon microcapsules

The application of nylon microencapsulation as a drug delivery system inherently demands that the microencapsulated matrix should not cause degradation of the encapsulated drug. The presence of alkaline hexamethylenediamine (HMD) in the microcapsule core will affect the final pH of the microcapsules and may influence the stability of some drugs. To follow the pH within the microcapsule core during manufacture, pH indicators were encapsulated. The final pH was found to depend on the formulation used and could be controlled by the addition of acid. Several other variables affecting the nylon wall formation were examined to determine optimum processing conditions. Increased agitation produced a decrease in microcapsule size. This cause an increase in nylon weight recovered. The increased recovery of nylon was due in part to nylon formation over a larger surface area. Varying the amounts of HMD and sebacyl chloride (SC) used also affected the total weight of nylon formed. In general, more nylon is recovered as the level of each reactant increases. However, the molar ratio of HMD:SC determined the total amount of nylon formed when SC was present in excess.
Categorization behaviour in adults, adolescents, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder adolescents: A comparative investigation.

Although significant progress has been made with respect to our understanding of categorization and concept learning behaviour in adults, much less is known about how this key capacity plays out wi...
Intraseasonal zonal wind fluctuations seen through Indian radiosonde observations

Twice-daily radiosonde records for Calcutta, Madras, Nagpur, New Delhi, Trivandrum, and Visakhapatnam have been quality checked and analyzed for intraseasonal activity in the summer monsoon. The records for all six cities end on 30 June 1978 and are 17–27 years long. Spectra were estimated by smoothing periodograms and by using the maximum entropy method (MEM), which entails fitting an autoregressive (AR) model. We show how confidence limits can be placed on an average of MEM spectral estimates using the Central Limit Theorem and how this helps pick the orders of the AR models to be tried. We donot favor use of Akaike's Final Prediction Error in choosing the model order, because it can grossly underestimate the AR model order needed to resolve low frequency peaks. MEM spectra of zonal wind based on thirtieth order AR models have large peaks around 30 day time scales. 10–20 day activity is identifiable but is much less prominent. On average, 3–5 day time scales are part of the spectral continuum and do not have a significant spectral peak. Time-height diagrams of filtered zonal wind show that a deep layer of the troposphere acts in phase on 30–50 day time scales over India. The shortest vertical length scale is over southern India and the longest is over northern India. Vertical phase propagation is irregular except over Nagpur, where it is generally upward. Empirical orthogonal functions indicate that vertically “in phase” activity has more variance (kinetic energy) than the first baroclinic mode.
Dissecting the Broad Substrate Specificity of Human 3-Methyladenine-DNA Glycosylase

Human alkyladenine-DNA glycosylase (AAG) catalyzes the excision of a broad range of modified bases, protecting the genome from many types of alkylative and oxidative DNA damage. We have investigated how AAG discriminates against normal DNA bases, while accommodating a structurally diverse set of lesioned bases, by measuring the rates of AAG-catalyzed (kst) and spontaneous N-glycosidic bond hydrolysis (knon) for damaged and undamaged DNA oligonucleotides. The rate enhancements for excision of different bases reveal that AAG is most adept at excising the deaminated lesion hypoxanthine (kst/knon = 108), suggesting that enzymatic activity may have evolved in response to this lesion. Comparisons of the rate enhancements for excision of normal and modified purine nucleobases provide evidence that AAG excludes the normal purines via steric clashes with the exocyclic amino groups of adenine and guanine. However, methylated purines are more chemically labile, and only modest rate enhancements are required for their efficient excision. Base flipping also contributes to specificity as destabilized mismatched base pairs are better substrates than stable Watson-Crick pairs, and many of the lesions recognized by AAG are compromised in their ability to base pair. These findings suggest that AAG reconciles a broad substrate tolerance with the biological imperative to avoid normal DNA by excluding normal bases from the active site rather than by specifically recognizing each lesion.
External factors accelerate expression divergence between duplicate genes

We examined the evolution of expression of duplicate genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, by analyzing 512 data sets of gene expression microarrays and 2022 recent duplicate gene pairs. Expression divergence between gene duplicates is significantly greater in response to environmental stress than to developmental processes. A slow rate of expression divergence during development might offer dosage-dependent selective advantage, whereas rapid expression divergence in response to external changes might accelerate adaptation.
A decomposition approach for global optimum search in QP, NLP, and MINLP problems

Nonconvex programming problems are frequently encountered in engineering and operations research. A large variety of global optimization algorithms have been proposed for the various classes of programming problems. A new approach for global optimum search is presented in this paper which involves a decomposition of the variable set into two sets —complicating and noncomplicating variables. This results in a decomposition of the constraint set leading to two subproblems. The decomposition of the original problem induces special structure in the resulting subproblems and a series of these subproblems are then solved, using the Generalized Benders' Decomposition technique, to determine the optimal solution. The key idea is to combine a judicious selection of the complicating variables with suitable transformations leading to subproblems which can attain their respective global solutions at each iteration. Mathematical properties of the proposed approach are presented. Even though the proposed approach cannot guarantee the determination of the global optimum, computational experience on a number of nonconvex QP, NLP and MINLP example problems indicates that a global optimum solution can be obtained from various starting points.
The relationship of health care delivery system characteristics and legal factors to mode of delivery in women with prior cesarean section: a systematic review.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship of health care delivery system characteristics and legal factors to mode of delivery in women with prior cesarean section. Methods We identified relevant studies by searching MEDLINE and HealthSTAR (1980 to May 2002), reference lists of pertinent articles, and recommendations of local and national experts. We also searched the online Cochrane systematic reviews and controlled trials registries, Database of Abstracts and Reviews on Effectiveness, and EMBASE databases. Results Studies of guidelines suggested that opinion leaders influence provider behavior regarding repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor decisions. Studies of hospital and insurance characteristics provided inconsistent results. There was insufficient evidence to evaluate the relationship between provider characteristics and delivery outcomes. Legislation and liability-related factors effected limited change. Conclusion Studies of health care system characteristics and other factors focused primarily on rates of delivery modes (vaginal birth after cesarean or repeat cesarean delivery) rather than patient safety or health outcomes. Future studies must account for case mix, time trends, and other potential confounders, especially concerning associations of provider characteristics.