cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic crack propagation based on loss of hyperbolicity and a new discontinuous enrichment

SUMMARY A methodology is developed for switching from a continuum to a discrete discontinuity where the governing partial dierential equation loses hyperbolicity. The approach is limited to rate-independent materials, so that the transition occurs on a set of measure zero. The discrete discontinuity is treated by the extendednite element method (XFEM) whereby arbitrary discontinuities can be incorporated in the model without remeshing. Loss of hyperbolicity is tracked by a hyperbolicity indicator that enables both the crack speed and crack direction to be determined for a given material model. A new method was developed for the case when the discontinuity ends within an element; it facilitates the modelling of crack tips that occur within an element in a dynamic setting. The method is applied to several dynamic crack growth problems including the branching of cracks. Copyright ? 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A switched system model for heat exchangers using a moving boundary method

This paper presents a new switching scheme for moving boundary thermo-fluid models of heat exchangers. Pseudo state variables are introduced to accommodate the changing roles of dynamic variables as the number of different zones is changing. As a result, the number of states is conserved throughout the switches, but the forcing functions of the state derivatives change. A unique switching criteria based on void fraction is introduced and shown to be critical for mass conservation. Simulation results verify both the validity of the switched moving boundary model as well as its usefulness in a system simulation environment.
Orderly recruitment order of peripheral nerve stimulation with electrode array

Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve activates large diameter fibers before small ones. Currently available techniques for achieving a natural recruitment order (from small to large fibers) require long-duration stimulation pulses (>500 mus) and large stimulation amplitude, which shorten battery life of the implanted stimulator and could lead to electrode corrosion. The hypothesis that small axons can be recruited before large ones with an electrode array and narrow pulsewidth (50mus) was tested in animal experiments using the cat lateral gastrocnemius (LG) model (N=3). The LG nerve innervates both LG and soleus muscle groups. The LG has fast-twitch fibers and is innervated by large axons (9-16mum), whereas the soleus has slow-twitch fibers and is innervated by smaller axons (8-12 mum). Peak twitch force of LG and soleus were plotted as a function of stimulation amplitude to indicate the recruitment curve. At 40% activation of LG, a conventional tripolar electrode activated only 8.7 plusmn 6.4 of soleus whereas the electrode arrays of 5 and 7 contacts activated 43% plusmn 11.6 and 48% plusmn 10.3 of soleus respectively, suggesting that the arrays could activate some small axons before fully recruiting larger ones. The electrode arrays also decreased significantly the recruitment curve slopes to only 10%-20% of the value obtained for the tripolar electrode. In conclusion, electrode array of 5 and 7 contacts can be used to modulate the recruitment order of peripheral nerve stimulation with a narrow pulse
Central America: The Future of Economic Integration

Central America: The Future of Economic Integration. GEORGE IRVIN and STUART HOLLAND, editors. Series in Political Economy and Economic Development in Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989. 200 pp. $29.50 (paper). ISBN 0-8133-7687-4.
Doubly selective channel estimation in OFDM using discrete prolate spheroidal sequences

Time varying channel breaks the orthogonality between the subcarriers of Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexing (OFDM). This introduces Intercarrier Interference (ICI). One of the ways to mitigate ICI is to first estimate the channel and then equalize it. In this paper we propose to estimate the channel using Discrete Proplate Spheroidal Sequences (DPS) using pilot carriers interleaved with data carriers in a single OFDM symbol. We show that the Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) using DPS is lower at high SNR compared to the one obtained using Complex Exponential basis. We also show how iterative approach can be used to estimate data and calculate average Bit Error Rate (BER).
Effects of Extracellular ATP on Fe2+‐Induced Cytotoxicity in PC‐12 Cells

: Extracellular ATP is known to cause a variety of changes, including the alteration of ion fluxes, cell growth, and other physiological activities. Recently, it has been suggested that ATP acts as an excitatory synaptic transmitter, which may produce a Ca2+ influx via the activation of a P2y purinoceptor. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells are known to resemble rat sensory neurons and to possess a P2y purinoceptor. In this study, we demonstrated that extracellular ATP dose-dependently increased PC-12 cell death in the presence of ferrous ions. Voltage-sensitive calcium channel blockers and calpain and xanthine oxidase inhibitors were found to be effective at protecting PC-12 cells from Fe2+/ATP-induced lipid peroxidation and cell death. These results suggest that xanthine oxidase activation induced by calpains and subsequent free radical formation may be responsible for Fe2+/ATP-induced neuronal cell death.
The Use of an Array of Heat Flux Transducers to Study Thermal Property Variations

The thermal resistances of foamboard insulations are commonly measured with heat flow meter apparatuses (HFMAs) in accordance with ASTM C 518. Most H have a single heat flux transducer (HFT) embedded in one bounding surface. In some cases, however, there are heat flux transducers in both the hot and cold boundaries. The HFMAs operating with one or two transducers are calibrated with a known material such as National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SRM 1450b and, as a result, can provide reliable spatially averaged values for the apparent thermal conductivity, k{sub a}, or thermal resistivity, R*, of a test specimen. A detailed description of the HFMA used in this research has been published by Graves et al. A recent interlaboratory comparison of HFMAs designed and operated in compliance with ASTM C 518 showed that k{sub a} or R* can be measured to within +2.2% when the same material is measured by different laboratories. On occasion it is highly desirable to know the steady-state heat fluxes across a specimen at specific locations. For example, HFMAs designed for 0.61 x 0.61 in specimens are occasionally used to measure the thermal resistance of smaller specimens. This can be done by bordering themore » small test specimen with insulation to produce a full-sized test element. The HFT in one type of apparatus designed for 0.61 x 0.61 in specimens has dimensions 0.25 x 0.25 in, and it is generally recognized that the test specimen dimensions should exceed 0.25 x 0.25 in so that the HFT is covered by the test specimen. The extent to which the bordering technique can be used to test undersized test specimens can be studied with the aid of a three-dimensional heat conduction code such as HEATING7. A second situation in which the steady-state heat flux may vary with position occurs in the testing of foamboard insulations as they age.« less
cAMP protects endothelial barrier function independent of inhibiting MLC20-dependent tension development

Exposure of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells to the cAMP agonists theophylline and forskolin decreased constitutive isometric tension of a confluent monolayer inoculated on a collage...
Communication During Employee Dismissals:: Social Exchange Principles and Group Influences on Employee Exit

Social exchange theory is used as a basis for examining the process by which employees are dismissed from organizations. Interview data from an exploratory study of retail outlet managers suggest t...
Characterization of Drug-Resistant Influenza A(H7N9) Variants Isolated From an Oseltamivir-Treated Patient in Taiwan

Background Patients contracting influenza A(H7N9) infection often developed severe disease causing respiratory failure. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the primary option for treatment, but information on drug-resistance markers for influenza A(H7N9) is limited. Methods Four NA variants of A/Taiwan/1/2013(H7N9) virus containing a single substitution (NA-E119V, NA-I222K, NA-I222R, or NA-R292K) recovered from an oseltamivir-treated patient were tested for NAI susceptibility in vitro; their replicative fitness was evaluated in cell culture, mice, and ferrets. Results NA-R292K led to highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and peramivir, while NA-E119V, NA-I222K, and NA-I222R caused reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. Mice infected with any virus showed severe clinical signs with high mortality rates. NA-I222K virus was the most virulent in mice, whereas virus lacking NA change (NA-WT) and NA-R292K virus seemed the least virulent. Sequence analysis suggests that PB2-S714N increased virulence of NA-I222K virus in mice; NS1-K126R, alone or in combination with PB2-V227M, produced contrasting effects in NA-WT and NA-R292K viruses. In ferrets, all viruses replicated to high titers in the upper respiratory tract but produced only mild illness. NA-R292K virus, showed reduced replicative fitness in this animal model. Conclusions Our data highlight challenges in assessment of the replicative fitness of H7N9 NA variants that emerged in NAI-treated patients.
Novel Regulatory Function for the CCAAT-Binding Factor in Candida albicans

Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that can sense environmental changes and respond by altering its cell morphology and physiology. A number of environmental factors have been shown to influence this dimorphic transition, including pH, starvation, serum, and amino acids. In this report, we investigate the function of the C. albicans CCAAT-binding factor. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this heterooligomeric transcriptional activator stimulates the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in respiration. To examine the function of this transcription factor in C. albicans, we cloned CaHAP5 and generated a hap5Δ/hap5Δ mutant of C. albicans. Using mobility shift studies, we identified four separate complexes from C. albicans cell extracts whose DNA-binding activities were abolished in the hap5Δ/hap5Δ mutant, suggesting that they represented sequence-specific CCAAT-binding complexes. We found that the C. albicans hap5Δ homozygote was defective in hyphal development under a variety of conditions, and the mutant displayed a carbon source-dependent “hyperfilamentation” phenotype under certain growth conditions. In addition, the mRNA levels for two enzymes involved in respiration, encoded by COX5 and CYC1, were overexpressed in the hap5Δ/hap5Δ mutant when grown in medium containing amino acids as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Thus, the C. albicans CCAAT-binding factor appeared to function as a repressor of genes encoding mitochondrial electron transport components, in contrast to its activator function in S. cerevisiae. These data provide the first evidence that the CCAAT-binding factor can act as a transcriptional repressor and raise new and interesting questions about how carbon metabolism is regulated in this opportunistic human pathogen.
Are age-related changes in cognitive function driven by age-related changes in sensory processing?

Although there has been keen interest in the association among measures of sensory function and cognitive function for many years, in general, measures of sensory function have been confined to one or two senses and measures of threshold sensitivity (acuity). In this study, rigorous psychophysical measures of threshold sensitivity, temporal gap detection, temporal order identification, and temporal masking have been obtained, in hearing, vision, and touch. In addition, all subjects completed 15 subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition (WAIS–III). Data were obtained from 245 adults (18–87 years old) for the WAIS–III and for 40 measures of threshold sensitivity and temporal processing. The focus in this report is on individual differences in performance for the entire data set. Principal-components (PC) factor analysis reduced the 40 psychophysical measures to eight correlated factors, which were reduced further to a single global sensory processing factor. Similarly, PC factor analysis of the 15 WAIS–III scores resulted in three correlated factors that were further reduced to a single global cognitive function factor. Age, global sensory processing, and global cognitive function were all moderately and significantly correlated with one another. However, paired partial correlations, controlling for the third of these three measures, revealed that the moderate correlation between age and global cognitive function went to zero when global sensory processing was controlled for; the other two partial correlations remained intact. Structural models confirmed this result. These analyses suggest that the long-standing observation of age-related changes in cognitive function may be mediated by age-related changes in global sensory processing.
Bitmap Index Design Choices and Their Performance Implications

Historically, bitmap indexing has provided an important database capability to accelerate queries. However, only a few database systems have implemented these indexes because of the difficulties of modifying fundamental assumptions in the low- level design of a database system and in the expectations of customers, both of which have developed in an environment that does not support bitmap indexes. Another problem that arises, and one that may more easily be addressed by a research article, is that there is no definitive design for bitmap indexes; bitmap index designs in Oracle, Sybase IQ, Vertica and MODEL 204 are idiosyncratic, and some of them were designed for older machine architectures. To investigate an efficient design on modern processors, this paper provides details of the Set Query benchmark and a comparison of two research implementations of bitmap indexes. One, called RIDBit, uses the N-ary storage model to organize table rows, and implements a strategy that gracefully switches between the well-known B-tree RID-list structure and a bitmap structure. The other, called FastBit is based on vertical organization of the table data, where all columns are individually stored. It implements a compressed bitmap index, with a linear organization of the bitmaps to optimize disk accesses. Through this comparison, we evaluate the pros and cons of various design choices. Our analysis adds a number of subtleties to the conventional indexing wisdom commonly quoted in the database community.
Microstructure and Elastic Properties of Dental Resin and Resin-Based Glass-Reinforced Composites: XRD, SEM and Ultrasonic Methods

The load-bearing ability of dental restorative materials under cyclic high-stress applications depends upon mechanical properties established by the composition and microstructure. The microstructure and the elastic properties of neat resin and two resin-based glass-reinforced composites have been studied. The microstructure of these materials has been examined using x-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) including energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The elastic properties, i.e., Young’s, shear and bulk moduli and Poisson’s ratio were determined from ultrasonic velocities and densities. The ultrasonic velocities were measured using a pulse-through transmission method; density was measured using a buoyant force method. These studies showed that: (1) these materials have amorphous structures; (2) these materials have Young’s moduli of the order of 20 GPa, and (3) the silane couplant apparently did not significantly affect the elastic properties of these resin-based composites.
Recent Advances in Germanium Quantum Well Structures - A New Modulation Mechanism for Silicon-Compatible Optics

Silicon technology increasingly can implement both electronics and optics for communications. The recent discovery of strong electroabsorption in Ge quantum wells on silicon may fill a key gap, allowing a merged technology for many applications.
How Oil Influences U.S. National Security

How do states' oil requirements influence U.S. national security? Although a great deal of attention has focused on “energy security,” scholars and policymakers lack satisfactory answers because little analysis links states' energy requirements with the probability of military conflict. Developing an analytic catalogue of the ways in which states' oil requirements could influence U.S. national security is the first step in closing this gap. Possible mechanisms include vulnerable access to oil that threatens a state's military capability; military policies designed to protect access to oil that threaten another state's military capability, which in turn create an access-driven security dilemma; and oil reserves that increase the value of territory, generating a conflict that draws in the United States via an alliance commitment. A distinctive feature of this framework is that some of these mechanisms identify threats to U.S. security that flow from another country's consumption of oil, not from U.S. consum...
A proposed foundation for a theory of combat

Physical phenomena and the structure of corresponding theories are used as a guide to examine the nature of combat and combat theory. The status of combat theory with special emphasis on modeling is scrutinized and found to be seriously deficient. We assert that present knowledge and experience show two statements are worthy of consideration as basic axioms in a theory of combat. The direction of future research is discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Search for Causal Inferences: Using Propensity Scores Post Hoc to Reduce Estimation Error With Nonexperimental Research

While experimental designs are regarded as the gold standard for establishing causal relationships, such designs are usually impractical owing to common methodological limitations. The objective of this article is to illustrate how propensity score matching (PSM) and using propensity scores (PS) as a covariate are viable alternatives to reduce estimation error when experimental designs cannot be implemented. To mimic common pediatric research practices, data from 140 simulated participants were used to resemble an experimental and nonexperimental design that assessed the effect of treatment status on participant weight loss for diabetes. Pretreatment participant characteristics (age, gender, physical activity, etc.) were then used to generate PS for use in the various statistical approaches. Results demonstrate how PSM and using the PS as a covariate can be used to reduce estimation error and improve statistical inferences. References for issues related to the implementation of these procedures are provided to assist researchers.
American College of Medical Informatics Fellows and International Associates, 2007

In 2007, 14 new fellows were elected to the American College of Medical Informatics, and were inducted into the College at a ceremony held in conjunction with the American Medical Informatics Association conference in Chicago, IL, on November 11, 2007. A brief synopsis of the background and accomplishments of each of the new fellows is provided here, in alphabetical order. Dr. Aliferis received his undergraduate and MD degrees from Athens University in Greece, and a Masters and PhD in Intelligent Systems from the University of Pittsburgh. He was a research associate in epidemiology at the University of Athens, and since 2000 has been on the faculty of the Department of Biomedical Informatics at Vanderbilt, where he serves as director of the Discovery Systems Laboratory. Dr. Aliferis has published extensively on the application of machine learning methods to various classes of data, ranging from development of class prediction methods that use gene expression and proteomic data for cancer diagnosis, to automated methods for assessing the quality of the published literature and whether medical websites contain quackery. His nomination to the College notes that he is a superb teacher, and his students have won many awards at AMIA and IMIA conferences. His election to the College recognizes these sustained achievements. Dr. Aronsky received his undergraduate and MD degrees from the University of Berne in Switzerland. He then went to graduate school at the Institute for Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, and received a postdiploma in software engineering from Software School Berne. His clinical training included a residency year in anesthesia at Insel Hospital in Berne and an additional residency year in surgery at Hospital Aarberg. He then emigrated to the US for graduate study in medical informatics, and received his PhD in Medical Informatics from the University of Utah. Dr. Aronsky joined …
Cuts and Cut Growth in Tires

Abstract Forty tires were subjected to severe road use on a course (approximately 3500 miles) that included Belgian block, over highways at turnpike speeds while overloaded. The course was repeated until the tires were worn smooth. At the end of each course, the number of new cuts and the length of all cuts in grooves was determined. Ten miles of Caliche (sharp stones) road was included between the first and second measuring period. The tires experienced a total of 169 cuts. Forty seven of these grew, 34 of which grew less than 0.11 inch. No cut grew continuously throughout the test. The cuts grew but not enough to cause tire failure except in one case where the cut exposed the fabric.
Endovascular therapies for malignant gliomas: Challenges and the future

Malignant gliomas are very difficult tumors to treat, with few effective therapies, early progression and high rates of recurrence. Here we review the literature on malignant gliomas treated with endovascular therapy. Endovascular therapy for malignant gliomas falls into one of three categories: (1) neoadjuvant embolization and devascularization; (2) direct intra-arterial drug delivery; and (3) disruption of the blood-brain barrier for improved intra-arterial drug delivery. There is a range of therapeutic benefits based on the endovascular intervention used. Challenges remain for those who aim to treat malignant gliomas with an endovascular approach. Specifically, embolization is difficult to accomplish in the small vessels that feed into malignant gliomas, and intra-arterial chemotherapy has yet to prove itself better than traditional intravenous chemotherapy. However, there exists promise in the therapeutic potential of intra-arterial chemotherapy paired with disruption of the blood-brain barrier at tumor-specific sites, and as such, continued research to optimize this approach is expected to yield benefit for patients with malignant gliomas.
Abstract P120: Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Middle-Aged Adults Reduces Cardiometabolic Risk in Men but not Women

Background: Greater consumption of omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk. Randomized controlled trials indicate direct, albeit small, beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on plasma triglycerides and blood pressure, yet few studies have tested their impact on insulin resistance and the clustered risk factors comprising the metabolic syndrome. Hypothesis: Short-term supplementation with marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) will improve aggregated cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in healthy middle-aged adults Methods: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial. Subjects were 30-54 year-old adults free of atherosclerotic disease and diabetes whose intake of EPA and DHA totaled Results: Participants were 272 healthy adult (57% (154 out of 272) women; 17% (47 out of 272) minority; mean age 42) Pittsburgh-area residents. At baseline, demographics, health parameters, physical activity and EPA and DHA consumption did not differ significantly between treatment groups. No overall treatment effect was found, whereas gender moderated the effects of treatment on CMR risk (gender, p=.001 and gender*treatment interaction term p=.011). In gender-specific analyses, supplementation lowered CMR risk relative to placebo in men(p=.036, effect size=.629, standard error (SE) =.282) but not women (p=.168, effect size .261, SE=.222). Of the individual CMR variables, only HDL-cholesterol in men revealed a significant improvement (p=.012). In men receiving placebo, HDL-cholesterol fell by 1.1 mg/dl, whereas in those receiving fish oil, HDL rose by 1.7 mg/dl. As has been noted in other samples, compared to women men had greater CMR and lower HDL-cholesterol. Conclusions: Increased intake of n-3 fatty acids over 4 months reduced CMR in healthy, mid-life men but not women. This finding may be due to poorer baseline CMR and HDL characteristic of men, or to gender differences in fatty acid metabolism. Further study of gender differences in cardiometabolic risk and fatty acid metabolism may lead to gender-tailored preventive interventions.
Abstract 3347: A proneural signature profile predicts response to Notch inhibition in glioma stem cells

The Cancer Genome Atlas Network described genomic abnormalities and gene expression-based molecular subtypes of GBM that showed a strong relationship between subtypes, genomic alterations and different neural lineages. Future studies are required to elucidate the intricate relationship between tumor subtypes and treatment response. We have thus embarked on a comprehensive effort to detecting expression signatures that are associated with response to the therapy and these signatures may allow prospective selection of patients with high likelihood of responding to therapy. Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays an important role in multiple cellular and developmental processes including cell fate decision, differentiation, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration. Recent studies indicate that the Notch signaling pathway regulates normal stem cells in the brain, and glioma stem Cells (GSCs) with high Notch activity. We investigated the effects of Notch pathway inhibition on GSCs growth using commercially available inhibitors. Drug cytotoxicity test on 16 GSCs show differential growth response to Notch inhibitors stratifying GSCs into two groups: responders (6 cell lines) vs non-responders (10 cell lines). Gene expression clustering identified a responder gene signature enriched in 1: proneural genes such as Olig2, Sox-9, NKX2-2, and 2: Notch signaling component such as Notch-1, Notch-3, Hes-3 and Hes-5. These signature were validated by western blot analysis. Treatment with Notch inhibitors reduced neurosphere formation in vitro accompanied with attenuated Notch intracellular domain (NICD), Hes-1, Hes-3, and Hes-5. In addition, the expression of nestin-the stem cell marker was reduced and an increased expression of lineage differentiation markers TuJ1 and GFAP was observed following Notch inhibition. In conclusion, we have identified a responder signature for a group of glioma stem cells that can be targeted by Notch inhibitors and this may allow the selection of patients with high likelihood of responding to this therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3347. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3347
Abstract A163: A diverse array of mutations in MTOR are hyperactivating and correlate with rapamycin sensitivity.

Components of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling axis are frequently mutated in cancer but relatively few mutations have been observed in the MTOR gene itself, which encodes the mTOR kinase. We used cancer genome sequencing data to generate a catalogue of over 450 MTOR point mutations found in cancer and from these identified a set of over 25 that cause mTOR pathway hyperactivation in cells. Mutations occur in multiple cancer types and cluster in several distinct regions in the C-terminal half of mTOR. The distribution and diversity of hyperactivating mutations is distinct from those found in kinases such as AKT1 or BRAF but similar to the pattern seen in PIK3CA. The mutations do not affect the sub-cellular localization of mTOR or its capacity to nucleate the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, but the mutants do bind less DEPTOR, an mTOR inhibitor. In kinetic analyses, several of the most frequently recurrent mutations demonstrate increased K-cat over wild-type mTOR, suggesting that these mutations alter the mTOR kinase itself. Lastly, cancer cell lines with naturally arising mTOR mutations that fall within the clusters exhibited hypersensitivity to mTOR inhibitors. Thus, a diverse set of mutations in mTOR can activate the mTOR pathway and may predict which patients are most likely to respond to rapamycin-based therapies. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A163. Citation Format: Brian Grabiner, David Sabatini. A diverse array of mutations in MTOR are hyperactivating and correlate with rapamycin sensitivity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A163.
Fluid and electrolytes: parenteral fluid therapy.

1. Kenneth B. Roberts, MD* 1. 2. *Department of Pediatrics, Moses Cone Health System, Greensboro, NC. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Relate maintenance fluid and electrolyte needs to metabolic rate rather than to body weight. 2. Recognize the differences in mild, moderate, and severe deficits among infants compared with children or adults when expressed as percentage of body weight. 3. Describe the indication for a “bolus” and specify the amount and composition. 4. Specify a rehydration plan without the use of a calculator for an infant who has moderate dehydration. 5. List the measures most valuable for monitoring the state of hydration. Parenteral fluid therapy is a basic component of the care of hospitalized infants and children. Clinicians who care for inpatients must be able to assess the need for parenteral fluid therapy and to specify the composition of fluid and rate of administration. Fluid and electrolyte problems can be challenging but generally can be“ tamed” by an organized approach, application of a few principles of physiology, and careful monitoring of the patient. It can be useful to consider separately the amount of fluid needed and the electrolyte composition for maintenance needs, deficit, and ongoing losses (Table 1⇓ ). Because maintenance is not as directly related to weight as deficit or as directly measureable as ongoing losses, it tends to cause the most confusion. It will, therefore, be discussed first and in more detail than deficit or ongoing losses. View this table: Table 1. Approach to a Fluid and Electrolyte Problem The key to understanding maintenance fluid and electrolyte needs is recognizing that they stem from basal metabolism (Fig 1⇓). Metabolism creates two by-products, heat and solute, that need to be eliminated to maintain homeostasis. Heat is dissipated largely by the insensible evaporation of water from the skin surface. (Active “sensible” skin loss—sweating—is added only when there is an additional heat burden and is not considered part …
The role of preoperative biliary decompression in obstructive jaundice.

Background/Aims : This article will examine the current role of preoperative biliary drainage by reviewing risk factors in the jaundiced patient, the results of retrospective and prospective studies of preoperative biliary decompression, and present indications for preoperative biliary drainage. Materials and Methods : We reviewed 26 articles published between 1934 and 1994. Results : Information on the following topics is presented : Morbidity and Mortality, Risk Factors, Retrospective Studies, Prospective Randomized Studies, Internal Biliary Drainage, Preoperative Biliary Drainage in the Malnourished Patient, Preoperative Biliary Drainage for Cholangitis, Preoperative Biliary Drainage as a Technical Aid, and Preoperative Biliary Drainage Before Liver Resection. Conclusions : While the routine use of preoperative biliary drainage can not be recommended, it may be indicated in certain clinical situations. In a selected subset of patients who are severely malnourished or are suffering from acute suppurative cholangitis preoperative drainage may be beneficial. Finally, preoperative placement of biliary catheters may be a useful technical aid in patients requiring a difficult hilar dissection for proximal biliary diseases.
Certification of Nutrition Professionals: Findings of the ARPAS Working Group1

ABSTRACT The American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) has proposed that a certification program for nutrition professionals be investigated. The American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS) was asked to provide input to AAFCO on this important industry issue. An ARPAS working group developed a position statement that strongly supported a competency-based system. A specific college or professional degree would not be a base requirement. It is also suggested that no exemptions be provided based on either experience or possession of a college or professional degree. This position statement has been presented to AAFCO. At this time, it is not clear if the AAFCO group will move ahead with this proposal. It is important to remember that certification does not provide or imply a guarantee of performance. A certification program only indicates that an individual has a specified level of technical or subject matter expertise. The mechanisms for developing and implementing a certification program still need to be defined.
Classical Capacities of Bosonic Channels

Ubiquitous, reliable, high data rate communication – carried by electromagnetic waves at microwave to optical frequencies – is an essential ingredient of our technological age. Information theory seeks to delineate the ultimate limits on reliable communication that arise from the presence of noise and other disturbances, and to establish means by which these limits can be approached in practical systems. The mathematical foundation for this assessment of limits is Shannon’s Noisy Channel Coding Theorem [1], which introduced the notion of channel capacity – the maximum mutual information between a channel’s input and output – as the highest rate at which error-free communication could be maintained. Textbook treatments of channel capacity [2, 3] study channel models – ranging from the binary symmetric channel’s digital abstraction to the additive white-Gaussian-noise channel’s idealization of thermal-noise-limited waveform transmission – for which classical physics is the underlying paradigm. Fundamentally, however, electromagnetic waves are quantum mechanical; they are boson fields [4, 5]. Moreover, high-sensitivity photodetection systems have long been limited by noises of quantum mechanical origin [6]. Thus, it would seem that determining the ultimate limits on optical communication would necessarily involve an explicitly quantum analysis, but such has not been the case.
Incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Background The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has doubled over the past 2 decades, becoming the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Orthotopic liver transplant is the gold standard treatment for those with hepatocellular carcinoma meeting eligibility criteria, although recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma after orthotopic liver transplant still remain an understudied obstacle. Methods We performed a single-center, retrospective, longitudinal study with the aim of determining the predominant baseline and follow-up variables associated with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. We gathered pre- and post-transplant data and conducted univariate and multivariate analysis to assess variables predicting hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after orthotopic liver transplant. Results Between 2003 and 2015, 141 patients underwent orthotopic liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma. We identified 9 (6.4%) cases of documented hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. Univariate analysis indicated that the difference in serum alpha-fetoprotein levels (most recent prior to transplant subtracted from maximum level) was lower in the hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence group (median 3 ng/mL vs 0 ng/mL, P = .052) as well as the pretransplant serum cholesterol level (median 158 mg/dL vs 113 mg/dL, P = .019) and days between hepatocellular carcinoma neoadjuvant treatment initiation and transplantation (median 122 vs 0, P = .045). Multivariate analysis revealed that a low pretransplant serum cholesterol level ( P = .004). Conclusion The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after orthotopic liver transplant was low, at 6.4%, in this cohort. Low pretransplant serum cholesterol was the strongest predictor of recurrence and may help clinicians risk stratify patients for appropriate post-transplant monitoring and follow-up.
In Search for the Specificity of Clonal CTL in T-LGL Leukemia - Generation of Soluble LGL-Derived T Cell Receptor.

Abstract Large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGL) is a clonal lymphoproliferation of CTL associated with immune cytopenias. Hematopoietic progenitor cells may be targets for the immune attack by clonal CTL. The rearranged unique portion of the T cell receptor (TCR), the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of the variable beta chain can serve as molecular marker of the clonal process. Previously, we applied molecular analysis of TCR repertoire to the analysis of CDR3 regions of the variable beta-chain in LGL leukemia and obtained 70 individually specific CDR3 clonotypes. Moreover, using clonotype-specific PCR clonal size was determined. Shared or highly homologous clonotypic CDR3 sequences in some patients provide evidence for the non-random nature of the clonal transformation in LGL and the presence of a common antigenic target. Such an antigen may constitute a drive for the expansion of LGL and its distribution may explain lineage-specificity of the LGL CTL. Identification of the target antigen is essential for understanding of immune-mediated hematologic disorders, including autoimmune cytopenias such as those observed in LGL. T-LGL has inherent advantage of the availability of clonal CTL for experimentation. We hypothesized here that generation of a soluble TCR (sTCR) derived from T-LGL clone could facilitate identification of target cells and analysis of the cellular distribution of peptide presentation. For cloning of sTCR we selected 4 patients with extreme clonal CTL expansion and profound neutropenia. Flow cytometry with VB specific antibodies was applied to determine VB family utilization by the clonal TCR. B-chains were amplified with specific primers so that C region is truncated and the transmembrane and intracellular portions are deleted. Due to the lack of VA specific antibodies, a 5′RACE RT-PCR with a constant A primer was applied. Expanded LGL-specific A chain was determined and cloned in its truncated form as described for B-chain. For example, clonal TCR for patient #1 had a structure VB1/JB1.6/CB1 and VA9-2/JA41*01/CA. To construct a sTCR truncated VA and VB products were subcloned into a dual promoter baculovirus expression vector containing the k and H-chain cassettes (pAC-k-CH3 or alternatively pAC-Fc). This vector allows for expression of a bivalent TCR:Ig protein that can be produced in a baculovirus system. A flow cytometry on fluorochrome conjugated sTCR after co-culture with HLA matched normal bone marrow cells allows for the detection of cells expressing target peptides. Therapeutically, malignant T cell clone-specific sTCR may be used as a potential idiotypic vaccine for T cell lymphomas/leukemias expressing TCR. Download : Download high-res image (259KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Pioneering medical advances through nanofluidic implantable technologies.

Nanofluidic implantables represent a recent advance in a broad effort for developing personalized, point-of-care medical technologies. Such systems have unprecedented potential when matched with the newest developments in robotics, microprocessing, and tissue engineering. In this review, we present their emergence in medicine within the fields of diagnostics, biosensing, therapeutics, and theranostics. Discussion includes current limitations and future directions for these systems, as commensurate advances in power density and electronic processing are continually redefining the possible. As the research and funding attention coincide with complementary technological breakthroughs, the field is expected to grow into an advanced toolset for preserving human health. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1455. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1455
Third Dimensional Creation and Copyright

Within the 3D-fabrication process, there are multiple works that might qualify for copyright protection. This paper explores the relationships between the works and asks whether current copyright law provides an appropriate framework for future analysis.
Solidarity across Classes: The Swedish Employers' Mass Lockouts and the Spirit of Saltsjöbaden

Conventional thinking about the 1938 Basic Agreement at Saltsjobaden between organized labor and capital in Sweden holds that it was one of the consequences of a shift in the balance of power between workers and employers to the latter’s disadvantage. But detailed archival evidence and analysis shows that it was in fact part and parcel of an evolving cross-class alliance of unions and employer associations primarily in export and other traded goods sectors against militant and high-paid workers in sheltered sectors, especially the building and construction trades. Those relatively high wages were earned at the expense of workers producing traded goods, especially in engineering. Evidence about employers’ use of the multi-sectoral sympathy lockouts to bring both labor peace and cross-sectoral wage uniformity indicates that the unions dominating the labor confederation actually welcomed the militant interventions, whose main purpose was to give them a legitimate pretext to intervene against and discipline militancy and wage setting in the sheltered sectors. Details in and about the 1938 Basic Agreement confirm the argument about a growing cross-class alliance between capital and labor, not a shift in the balance of power.
Teachers Can Learn to Attend to Students' Reasoning Using Videos as a Tool.

We report on research in teacher education that addresses the need for teachers to attend more carefully to students’ mathematical reasoning in accordance with recently adopted Standards. Interventions were implemented in which groups of pre-service and in-service teachers worked on mathematical tasks and then studied videos of children working on those same tasks. Results from quasi-experimental studies show highly significant growth in attending to mathematical arguments for all three sub-groups of experimental participants (K-8 in-service, K-5 pre-service, and secondary pre-service), in contrast to comparison groups. This research holds promise for others to adopt and adapt similar interventions that use the videos, tasks and related resources that are publicly available through the Video Mosaic Collaborative (www.videomosaic.org).
Resolving the Model-Observation Discrepancy in the Mesospheric and Stratospheric HOx Chemistry

We examine the middle atmospheric odd-hydrogen (HO_x) chemistry by comparing the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) OH and HO_2 measurements with a photochemical model simulation. The model underestimates mesospheric OH and HO_2 concentrations if the standard chemical kinetic rates are used, whether the model H_2O and O_3 are constrained with observations or not. To resolve the discrepancies, we adjust the kinetic rate coefficients of three key reactions (O + OH → O_2 + H, OH + HO_2 → H_2O + O_2, and H + O_2 + M → HO_2 + M) and the O2photo absorption cross section at Lyman-α (121.57 nm) using the Bayesian optimal estimation. A much better model-observation agreement can be achieved if the kinetic rate coefficients for H + O_2 + M → HO_2 + M is increased by 134–310%, and the O_2 photo absorption cross section at Lyman-α is reduced by 33–54%, while the kinetic rate coefficients for O + OH → O_2 + H and OH + HO_2 → H_2O + O_2 remain consistent with the current laboratory values. The kinetic rate coefficient for H + O_2 + M → HO_2 + M requires a very large adjustment beyond the uncertainty limits recommended in the NASA Data Evaluation, suggesting the need for future laboratory measurements. An alternative explanation is that the radiative association reaction, H + O_2 → HO_2 + hν, plays a significant role, which has never been measured. Our results demonstrate that high quality satellite observations can be used to constrain photochemical parameters and help improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry.
The Phenomenological Foundation of the Social Sciences

After discussing the need of all empirical sciences for a foundation in a non-empirical science outside of themselves, I argue that the social sciences need such a foundation for “practical” and theoretical reasons. I argue that phenomenological philosophy is well suited to provide it by setting the assumptions made by the social sciences within a broader framework of systematically examined beliefs, but philosophical reflection cannot replace the empirical research specific to the social sciences.
Between the sheets

This column examines an unusual early printed book in the National Library of Medicine collection and considers its implications as both text and as a physical object.
Praxis in the City: Care and (Re)Injury in Belfast and Orumiyeh

This article builds on the geographic literature of nonviolence with the feminist literature of care ethics and positive security to explore the potential for a praxis that promotes relational urba...
Efficacy, safety, and changes in blood markers following sunitinib monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Experience from a multidisciplinary Phase II study

LB-139 Abstract LB-139 was submitted as a Late-Breaking Abstract and is embargoed until the time of presentation. The complete abstract will be posted to this site at or after the following date and time: 4/14/2008 9:15 AM.