cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wound-healing as a factor in limiting the size of lesions in Nicotiana glutinosa leaves infected by the very mild strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-VM).

Abstract In the temperature range 20–25°C, the very mild strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-VM) produces necrotic lesions of limited size on leaves of N. glutinosa . The lesions stop enlarging 2–3 days after inoculation. Factors involved in this limited lesion expansion have been investigated. In immature growing leaves a lesion consists of a white halo zone surrounding a necrotic brown center; in mature leaves the necrotic brown spot is directly surrounded by green color without a white halo zone. The white halo results from cell division, similar to wound-periderm formation. The nonhalo lesions in older leaves are like TMV lesions in pinto bean primary leaves; the necrotic area is surrounded by nonnecrotic cells with callose deposited in their cell walls. The effectiveness of these structures (wound periderm and callosed wall) as a barrier against expansion of necrosis was tested by transferring the VM inoculated plants from 21°C to 30°C. When infected plants were transferred to 30°C at 0 or 24 hr after inoculation, lesion appearance was delayed for 24–30 hr compared to that incubated continuously in 21°C, and when the lesions appeared they were large and expanding. Such expanding lesions showed no wound periderm and only a small amount of callose deposition in the walls of normal cells adjacent to the necrotic cells. However, those lesions that were allowed to form for 3–4 days at 21°C remained small and nonexpanding when subsequently transferred to 30°C. Histological changes similar to that induced by VM necrotic lesions at 21°C could also be induced by simple mechanical or chemical injury. Needle punctures induced wound-periderm formation, whereas localized application of chemicals (such as 10 μg/ml cycloheximide or 0.01 M HCl) induced callose deposition in walls of cells around the treated area in all ages of leaves tested. Thus, the limited expansion of VM lesions at 21°C may be attributed to nonspecific wound-healing processes induced by rapid necrosis of infected cells.
Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange in gastric aspiration

OBJECTIVES To test whether perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (gas ventilation of the perfluorocarbon-liquid filled lung) could support oxygenation better than conventional positive pressure breathing in a piglet model of gastric aspiration-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled study. SETTING A critical care research laboratory in a university medical school. SUBJECTS Fourteen healthy piglets. INTERVENTIONS Under alpha-chloralose anesthesia and metocurine iodide neuromuscular blockade, 14 piglets underwent tracheostomy; central venous, systemic and pulmonary arterial catheterizations; and volume-regulated continuous positive-pressure breathing. Homogenized gastric aspirate (1 mL/kg) titrated to pH of 1.0 was instilled into the tracheostomy tube of each subject at 0 min to induce ARDS. Hemodynamics, lung mechanics, and gas exchange were evaluated every 30 mins for 6 hrs. Seven piglets were treated at 60 mins by tracheal instillation of perflubron, a volume selected to approximate normal functional residual capacity, and were supported by perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange without modifying ventilatory settings. Perflubron was added to the trachea every hour to replace evaporative losses. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There was a significant difference in oxygenation over time when tested by repeated-measures analysis of variance (F test = 8.78, p < .01). On further analysis, the differences were not significant from baseline to 2.5 hrs but became increasingly significant from 2.5 to 6 hrs after injury (p < .05) in the inflammatory phase of gastric aspiration-induced ARDS. Histologic evidence for ARDS in the treated group 6 hrs after injury was lacking. CONCLUSIONS In the piglet model, perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange with perflubron facilitates oxygenation in the acute phase of gastric aspiration-induced inflammatory ARDS when compared with conventional positive-pressure breathing. Histologic and physiologic data suggest that perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange with perflubron might prevent ARDS if instituted after aspiration in the time window before the acute inflammatory process is manifest.
Isolation of the regulatory domain of scallop myosin: role of the essential light chain in calcium binding.

Abstract The regulatory domain of scallop myosin, consisting of a regulatory light chain (R-LC), an essential light chain (E-LC), and a portion of heavy chain, occupies the neck region of myosin. This domain is directly involved in the regulation of molluscan muscle contraction, which is triggered by direct Ca2+ binding to myosin. We have isolated a soluble functional complex (regulatory complex) comprised of R-LC, E-LC, and a 10-kDa heavy chain fragment in a 1:1:1 stoichiometry by clostripain digestion of the myosin head (papain subfragment 1). N termini of the heavy chain fragments were either leucine-812 or valine-817. The isolated complex retained the specific Ca2(+)-binding site and bound Ca2+ with a similar affinity and selectivity as myosin. The individual components of the regulatory complex were isolated after complete denaturation with guanidine hydrochloride. The regulatory complex was reconstituted from isolated light chains and the heavy chain fragment. The renatured complex regained Ca2+ binding quantitatively. To elucidate the function of the E-LC in Ca2+ binding, we constructed hybrid regulatory complexes. The hybrid complexes reconstituted with molluscan E-LC and R-LC regained the specific Ca2(+)-binding site, whereas the hybrid complex formed with rabbit skeletal E-LC [alkali LC 2 (A2-LC)] and scallop R-LC did not. The results demonstrate that E-LCs from myosins regulated by direct Ca2+ binding are required for the specific Ca2+ binding in the molluscan muscle.
Does perioperative nursing include caring

Does perioperative nursing include caring? Does it show evidence of a theoretical base of caring? Yes, most definitely. We touch; we listen; we hold; we act as advocates. The challenge is to articulate these actions in our body of knowledge and practice. What would an outcome statement on perioperative caring look like? As perioperative critical paths are developed, how will perioperative caring outcomes be expressed? These are the challenges perioperative nurses must meet to demonstrate the necessity of the perioperative nursing role in providing humanistic care in the OR.
Effect of Glutamate Synthase Deficiency on C02 Exchange, ATP Level, Calvin-cycle Enzymes and Ribulose 1,5- Bisphosphate Levels in Arabidopsis Leaves

Abstract Mutants (gluS) of Arabidopsis thaliana deficient for ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase are inviable in air. This inviability is linked to the inhibition of C02 exchange under the photorespiratory conditions of air. Here, C02 exchange in gluS plants was found to be related to inhibition of 3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle enzymes: ribulose 1 ,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and ribulose 5-phosphate kinase. No evidence was found to indicate that ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate was limiting to photosynthesis, as similar levels were present in leaf extracts of wild-type and mutant plant at a time (10 min after the onset of illumination in air) when photosynthetic C02 exchange was declining in the mutant. Leaf 3-PGA declined rapidly after the onset of illumination in gluS plants. Chloroplast ATP level was higher in mutant plants during the light-induction phase of photosynthesis. Possibly, the increased ATP level and unusual carbon metabolism created an imbalance in the use of photosynthetic electron product and caused the inhibition of these enzymes.
NMR calibration of optical measurement of nuclear polarization in 3He

We have performed precise NMR measurements in order to calibrate a standard optical technique for measuring the polarization of 3He nuclei. This optical technique requires knowledge of the pressure-dependent relationship between the nuclear polarization and the degree of circular polarization of the 668-nm light emitted from a 3He discharge. We determined the nuclear polarization by comparing the adiabatic fast-passage NMR signal from samples of polarized 3He at pressures between 0.1 and 5 torr to an identical sample of water. For water, the polarization is known from statistical mechanics. The 3He is polarized using the metastability exchange technique for optical pumping of 3He. The accuracy of the calibration is ±2%, which is required for applications in nuclear physics.
Using reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer techniques to investigate cluster dynamics and bonding

Abstract Lase based time-of-flight mass spectrometer systems affixed with reflectrons are valuable tools for investigating cluster dynamics and reactions, spectroscopy and structures. Utilizing the reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer techniques, both decay fractions and kinetic energy releases of metastable cluster ions can be measured with high precision. By applying related theoretical models, the desired thermochemical values of metastable species can be deduced, which are otherwise very difficult to obtain. Several examples are discussed with attention focused on ammonia as a test case for hydrogen bond systems, and xenon for weaker van der Waals clusters. A brief overview of applications to investigating solvation effects on reactions and structures, delayed electron transfer and ionization through intracluster Penning ionization is also given.
In vivo toxicity to lymphoid tissue by 2′-Deoxycoformycin

The enzyme adenosine deaminase has an essential role in lymphocyte metabolism. To examine the in vivo effects of inhibition of this enzyme healthy BDF1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2'-deoxycoformycin, a stoichiometric tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Of the treated animals, 20% died of overwhelming infection, and histopathological examination of these, and surviving animals sacrificed 10 days following treatment indicated a selective toxicity to lymphoid cells. No toxicity to tissues other than the lymphoid system was observed, which is consistent with the hypothesis that 2'-deoxycoformycin offers a new and selective approach to the treatment of lymphoid malignancies.
Fabrication and characterization of TiO2–ZnO composite nanofibers

Abstract Tetraisopropyl titanate, zinc acetate dihydrate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were mixed to obtain a composite solution for producing TiO 2 –ZnO nanofibers. Electrospinning and subsequent calcination at 973 K were employed to produce composite metal-oxide nanofibers with diameters ranging from 50 to 150 nm. Characterization of the TiO 2 –ZnO composite nanofibers was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometry. TGA reveals a total weight loss of 49% and no change in mass above 873 K. The nanofibers are predominantly made of titania and exhibit two different energy band gap values of 3.0 and 3.5 eV. Our findings indicate that in the composite TiO 2 –ZnO nanofibers three different phases (anatase and rutile TiO 2 and wurtzite ZnO) can co-exist and retain their individual characteristic properties.
Structure and morphology of segmented polyurethanes: 4. Domain structures of different scales and the composition heterogeneity of the polymers

Abstract The morphology of polybutadiene containing polyurethanes has been studied by using small-angle light scattering (SALS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), phase contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. Domain structures having sizes of 1000, 100 and 10 nm are observed within these samples and are explained as the results of segregation on the molecular level, subchain level and segmental level, respectively. These phenomena are related to the molecular heterogeneity in chemical composition and average hard segment length. It has been found that because of the analogy in molecular structure with SBS block copolymers, segmented polyurethanes may form microdomains of soft and hard segments with more or less uniform size and regular arrangements in space.
A revised Λ CDM mass model for the Andromeda Galaxy

We present an updated mass model for M31 that makes use of a Spitzer 3.6-μm image, a mass-to-light ratio gradient based on the galaxy's B - R colour profile, and observed rotation curve data from a variety of sources. We examine cases where the dark matter follows a pure Navarro, Frenk & White (NFW) profile and where an initial NFW halo contracts adiabatically in response to the formation of the galaxy. We find that both of these scenarios can produce a reasonable fit to the observed rotation curve data. However, a pure NFW model requires a concentration c vir = 51 which is well outside the range predicted in Acold dark matter cosmology and is therefore disfavoured. An adiabatically contracted NFW halo favours an initial concentration c vir = 20 and virial mass 8.2 x 10 11 M ⊙ , and this is in line with the cosmological expectations for a galaxy of the size of M31. The best-fitting mass is consistent with published estimates from Andromeda Stream kinematics, satellite galaxy radial velocities and planetary nebulae studies. Finally, using the known linear correlation between rotation curve shear and spiral arm pitch angle, we show that the stellar spiral arm pitch angle of M31 (which cannot be deduced from imaging data due to the galaxy's inclination) is P = 24°7 ± 4°4.
State Expenditures and Policy Outcomes in Environmental Program Management

Comparative state environmental research seeks to explain the factors contributing to intergovernmental environmental management. In pursuing the answer to this query, researchers have relied on either fiscal (expenditures) or nonfiscal (ranking) measures of state environmental effort. Respecting the debate surrounding state policy outputs and fiscal versus nonfiscal measures, we evaluate comprehensive state environmental management comparing spending and ranking measures in our analysis. Though pronounced differences do exist between the two models, we find pollution and state size to be the primary factors affecting a state's environmental effort no matter which measure is used.
Computer-based implementation of the ST-segment/heart rate slope

Abstract The ST-segment/heart rate (ST/HR) slope has markedly improved the accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram for the identification and quantification of coronary artery disease. However, clinical use of this technique has been limited by time-consuming manual ST-segment measurements and calculator-based linear regression analyses after testing. To assess the accuracy of on-line computerized measurement of ST-segment depression and recently implemented ST/HR slope algorithms, 50 patients exercised with a Marquette Electronics CASE 12 system and 50 patients exercised with a Quinton Q5000 system were evaluated. Computerized ST-segment measurements, to the nearest 10 μV, were compared with averaged manual measurements from the raw signal, to the nearest 25 μV, at peak exercise in leads II and CM 5 . The CASE 12 and Q5000 algorithms for selection of data and calculation of the maximal ST/HR slope were compared with the ST/HR slope calculated from end-stage data points according to a standard off-line procedure. Manual ST-segment measurements correlated highly with CASE 12 and Q5000 determinations (r = 0.996 to 0.998). The slopes of their regression lines approached unity (range 0.98 to 1.02), and the standard errors of the estimate ranged from 12 to 15 μV. Each on-line program selected data points and determined ST/HR slopes in complete accordance with standard calculations. It is concluded that computer-based measurement of the ST/HR slope can be performed with a high degree of accuracy.
A survey of oil and gas wells in the Texas Gulf Coast, USA, and implications for geological sequestration of CO2

Subsurface sequestration of CO2 in oil and gas provinces where permanence of hydrocarbon accumulations has proven the reliability of potential traps is rightly seen as a solid option for containment of CO2 atmospheric concentrations. However, one of the most promising provinces for carbon storage in North America, the Texas Gulf Coast, has also been heavily drilled for more than a century, puncturing many otherwise perfectly sound seals (>125,000 wells over ~50,000 km2). As a result, boreholes and, in particular, older abandoned wells could be major leakage pathways for sequestered CO2. This article presents statistics on well spatial and depth distribution that have been drawn from public domain sources and relates these data to historical plugging and abandonment regulations in the Texas Gulf Coast. Surface-well density averages of 2.4 wells/km2 can be locally much higher—but also much lower in larger areas. Average well penetration density drops to 0.27 and 0.05 well/km2 below a depth of 2,440 and 3,660 m, respectively. Natural mitigating factors such as thief zones and heaving “shales” could also play a role in limiting the impact of these direct conduits to the shallow subsurface and surface.
Low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B production differs between laboratory opossums exhibiting high and low lipemic responses to dietary cholesterol and fat.

Abstract Two partially inbred strains of laboratory opossums exhibit extremely high or low levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations, respectively, when challenged with a high-cholesterol and high-fat (HCHF) diet. The present studies were conducted to determine whether the catabolism or the production of LDL apolipoprotein B (apoB) is responsible for the variability in plasma LDL cholesterol and apoB concentrations. Iodinated LDL prepared from plasma of donor opossums consuming HCHF diet was injected into high- and low-responding recipients maintained on the HCHF diet. Blood was drawn at intervals beginning at 3 minutes and ending at 24 hours. At the end of the study, animals were necropsied, and livers were removed for isolation of RNA. Plasma LDL apoB was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–electrophoresis, and the level of radioactivity was determined. Hepatic LDL receptor and apoB mRNA levels were measured by Northern blotting. Radioactivity decay curves were plotted by using the radioactivity at each time point as percentage of the radioactivity recovered at 3 minutes. Fractional catabolic rates (FCRs) were calculated by the curve peeling technique. Steady-state production rates were calculated by multiplying the FCR values with apoB concentrations. LDL apoB FCR was slightly higher (1.63-fold) in low responders than in high responders. On the other hand, LDL apoB production was much higher (5.5-fold) in high responders than in low responders. There was no difference in hepatic mRNA levels for either the LDL receptor or apoB. The differences in LDL apoB FCR may be explained on the basis of differences in pool size between the 2 strains. Therefore, LDL apoB production is the major determinant of diet-induced hyperlipidemia in laboratory opossums. Because LDL apoB production was not associated with hepatic mRNA levels, the production of LDL apoB is regulated posttranscriptionally or posttranslationally.
Quantitative Study of the Resolving Power of Arrays of Carbon Black−Polymer Composites in Various Vapor-Sensing Tasks

A statistical metric, based on the magnitude and standard deviations along linear projections of clustered array response data, was utilized to facilitate an evaluation of the performance of detector arrays in various vapor classification tasks. This approach allowed quantification of the ability of a 14-element array of carbon black−insulating polymer composite chemiresistors to distinguish between members of a set of 19 solvent vapors, some of which vary widely in chemical properties (e.g., methanol and benzene) and others of which are very similar (e.g., n-pentane and n-heptane). The data also facilitated evaluation of questions such as the optimal number of detectors required for a specific task, whether improved performance is obtained by increasing the number of detectors in a detector array, and how to assess statistically the diversity of a collection of detectors in order to understand more fully which properties are underrepresented in a particular set of array elements. In addition, the resolvi...
IMPLICATIONS OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE OF JOB PERFORMANCE FOR THE VALIDITY OF SELECTION TESTS: MULTIVARIATE FRAMEWORKS FOR STUDYING TEST VALIDITY

Although most studies of criterion-related validity focus on univariate relationships, the complex and multidimensional nature of the performance construct and the widespread use of multiple selection devices argue in favor of multivariate frameworks for evaluating validity. Using a Monte Carlo simulation we estimated the validity of general cognitive ability tests and personality tests in predicting “job performance,” where performance is conceptualized as a composite of multiple performance measures (i.e., individual job task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors). The validity of a selection battery varies substantially as a function of the relative weight given to both predictors and criteria; the 95% confidence interval for validities ranged from .20 to .78. The effective weights given to performance dimensions accounted for 34% of the variance in selection battery validities; depending on precisely how “performance” is defined, the same test battery can have relatively high or relatively low levels of validity. Our model suggests that the way an organization defines job performance is a source of true and important variability in validities, and that the validity of selection tests for predicting complex performance criteria may show considerably less generalizability that current metaanalysis of univariate validities would suggest.
Statistical analysis of strain images estimated from overlapped and filtered echo signals.

The visibility of soft-tissue lesions in strain imaging is currently limited by strain noise from waveform decorrelation. Attempts to balance noise reduction with concerns for contrast and spatial resolution rely on accurate models of time delay covariance for guidance. The most useful analytical models describe the covariance of time-varying time delay estimates in terms of experimental parameters and tissue deformation patterns. Assuming compressed tissue deforms linearly along the axis of the sound beam, we derived a delay covariance expression for echo data with Gaussian spectra that were filtered by a Gaussian window function before correlation. The Gaussian filter reduced the number of assumptions needed to obtain closed-form expressions and minimized the effects of strain within the correlation window. However, strain images are often made using uniformly weighted (sinc filtered) window functions. This paper compares time delay covariances for these two window functions, and describes an equivalent...
Terminal components of ribonucleic acids.

Abstract The nucleosides, adenosine, cytidine, uridine, guanosine and that corresponding to the fifth nucleotide of Davis and Allen as well as the dinucleoside monophosphates, adenylyl-3′(2′)-5′-uridine and adenylyl-3′(2′)-5′-cytidine are found in ribonuclease hydrolyzates of the yeast ribonucleic acids of Crestfield, Smith, and Allen. Adenosine 2′,3′-phosphate and guanosine 2′,3′-phosphate are also present. These nine substances occur at the ends of different nucleic acid chains, where each is esterified through its 5′ position to the 3′-phosphate of a pyrimidine nucleotide residue.
Effect of heat treatment and impurity concentration on some mechanical properties of V-15Cr-5Ti alloy

The effects of heat treatment and O, N, C, Si, and S impurity level on the yield strength, ductility, and fracture mode for specimens from four different heats of the V-15Cr-5Ti alloy are presented. The heat treatments for the alloy consisted of annealing as-rolled material for one hour at either 950, 1050, 1125, or 1200°C. The total oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon impurity concentration ranged fro 0.040 to 0.120 wt%. The Si concentration ranged from 300 to 1050 wppm, and the S concentration ranged from 0.044 to 0.110 wt%. The yield strength and ductility for the alloy, regardless of impurity concentration, exhibited minimum and maximum values, respectively, for the 1125°C anneal. The primary mode of failure for the tensile specimens was transgranular ductile fracture.
The Role of Social Engagement in Life Satisfaction: Its Significance among Older Individuals with Disease and Disability:

The present study examines social engagement (social network and participationin social activities) and its relation to life satisfaction among 354 community-dwelling, cognitively intact older individuals (M age = 72.4 years) with different combinations of disease and disability. Specifically, the analysis focused on individuals with disease but no disability (N = 186) and those with both disease and disability (N = 168). Individuals with both disease and disability had significantly lower levels of participation in social activities and life satisfaction; however, their level of social engagement was more strongly associated with life satisfaction as compared with individuals with disease but no disability. Disabled individuals may compensate for their lower physical function by placing more emphasis on social networks and social activities. Implications for enhancing social engagement and improving the quality of life among disabled older individuals are discussed.
Coding Ambiguity in Cell-Free Extracts of Chlamydomonas

A cell-free system that incorporates amino acids into polypeptide has been prepared from extracts of the alga Chlamydomonas. The addition of polyuridylic acid to this system stimulates the incorporation both of phenylalanine and of leucine.
The preparation of lipid-depleted bacteriorhodopsin

Bacteriorhodopsin, the protein of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium, was freed to the extent of 90-95% from the natural membrane lipids without loss of function. The residual lipid corresponded to less than 1 mol/mol of bacteriorhodopsin. Delipidation was achieved by treatment of the purple membrane with a mixture of the detergent dimethyldodecylamine oxide and sodium chloride. The detergent was removed by dialysis or by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the lipids removed and those still bound to bacteriorhodopsin was facilitated by the use of purple membrane preparations labelled with 35S, 32P, or 14C. The composition of the residual lipids associated with bacteriorhodopsin was similar to that of the total lipid in the purple membrane.
Rent control and homelessness

Abstract The purposes of this paper are to produce more precise estimates of the effect of rent control on homelessness using microdata on housed and homeless households and to provide evidence concerning the mechanisms through which rent control might affect homelessness. Our results suggest that rent control does increase homelessness by decreasing the rental vacancy rate and increasing the rental price of housing in the uncontrolled sector but that these effects of rent control are offset by other effects that decrease homelessness. We cannot reject the hypothesis that rent control has no net effect on homelessness.
Nanocatalysts with Tunable Properties Derived from Polystyrene-b-poly(vinyl pyridine) Block Copolymer Templates for Achieving Controllable Carbon Nanotube Synthesis

Chemical vapor deposition, one of major carbon nanotube synthesis techniques, has demonstrated great promise for substrate-based carbon nanotube device applications. To understand carbon nanotube growth mechanisms for achieving controllable synthesis, thereby producing carbon nanotubes with consistent and predefined behavior for materializing their highly touted properties, it is imperative to develop a methodology to create nanocatalyst systems controllably with great tunability. In this paper, a comparative study of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) versus polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) as templates for creating nanocatalysts is presented. Creating uniform and periodically ordered nanocatalyst arrays with tunable size and spacing is demonstrated. A scaling relationship between nanocatalyst spacing and polystyrene block length for polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) is elicited. The potential of synthesizing nanocatalysts with adjustable composition is discussed. The ability to tailor nanocatal...
A comprehensive cognitive engineering process for human-information systems

The US Air Force (USAF) is in the midst of an information revolution that requires thoughtful consideration of (1) cooperative problem solving, (2) emergent complexity, and (3) changing paradigms. Not only is the information revolution evident in the technology that proceeds from it (e.g. virtual reality systems, ubiquitous computing, groupware) but it is having a deleterious affect on the human's ability to adapt to new performance levels that require sustained attention, trust in intelligent associates or a new reliance on teamwork. This paper compares traditional human factors with cognitive engineering to assuage complex human-information system problems, looks at how cognitive engineering processes have been partially applied in real-world domains, and proposes a broader model for USAF targets of opportunity. The affects of the information revolution on human-centered systems may be contemplated by asking K.B. DeGreene's (1991) three basic questions: What is the nature of the real world? How can the real world best be studied? How can design best be accomplished? In turn, cognitive engineering must be attuned to these questions if it is to have lasting effects, and if it is to be responsive to continuous process improvements in USAF systems.
Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for treatment of proximal humeral fractures in older adults: a systematic review.

Background Displaced proximal humeral fractures have traditionally been treated with hemiarthroplasty in older adults, but sometimes hemiarthroplasty results in poor functional outcomes due to rotator cuff deficiency. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) can offer potentially improved outcomes in these situations. We assessed the functional outcomes of older adults treated with RSA for proximal humeral fractures compared with hemiarthroplasty. Methods We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and 3 clinical trials registries. We included all studies treating proximal humeral fractures with RSA in adults with a mean age older than 60 years and 1 year of follow-up. We calculated weighted mean differences (WMD) for range of motion and standardized mean differences (SMD) for shoulder scores. Postoperative complications were evaluated qualitatively. Results Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria, including 377 patients treated with RSA and 504 patients treated with hemiarthroplasty. In controlled studies, the RSA group had improved forward flexion (WMD, 21°;, P = .02) and functional outcome scores (SMD, 0.44; P = .005) compared with the hemiarthroplasty group but decreased external rotation (WMD, −5°; P Conclusion RSA results in improved forward flexion and functional outcome scores compared with hemiarthroplasty for older adults with proximal humeral fractures. Complications do not appear to be appreciably higher in the RSA group in the existing follow-up. The results of this review suggest that RSA is a reasonable alternative for treating older adults with proximal humeral fractures, but more research and longer follow-up are needed.
Hyperkalemia and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

PPROXIMATELY 10 years ago, Dr Fred Wright returned from a visit to the University of Pennsylvania having been told that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole might cause hyperkalemia in patients. I was working as a fellow in Dr Wright’s laboratory at Yale University and the VA Medical Center at that time, and Heino Velazquez and I were using microperfusion techniques to study potassium transport by renal distal tubules. Heino perfused distal tubules of rats with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole to determine whether one or the other might have a direct effect on K secretion along the renal distal tubule. Trimethoprim, but not sulfamethoxazole, was found to inhibit potassium secretion when perfused into distal tubules. Although these results were interesting, I suggested, as a clinician, that such effects were of little importance because hyperkalemia was not a clinically recognized side effect of treatment with this commonly used antibiotic. The results therefore went into a drawer and the experiments were abandoned. At renal grand rounds at Yale in August 1991, Mark Perazella, then a clinical nephrology fellow, and Dr John Goffinet, then chief of the VA Renal Section, presented a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related
Sensitization, conditioning, and learning: can they help us understand somatization and disability?

This paper reviews those features of non-associative and associative forms of learning, as elaborated in the experimental literature, that might contribute to experienced and reported discomfort in the workplace. Emphasis is given to sensitization, while noting that some models of habituation (e.g. the opponent process model) also produce sensitization-like effects as a by-product that could contribute to persistent complaints. Also noted are ways in which these non-associative processes may enhance associative learning of workplace-avoidance behaviors that are exceptionally persistent - even in the absence of further somatic discomfort.
Data collection with self-enforcing privacy

Consider a pollster who wishes to collect private, sensitive data from a number of distrustful individuals. How might the pollster convince the respondents that it is trustworthy? Alternately, what mechanism could the respondents insist upon to ensure that mismanagement of their data is detectable and publicly demonstrable?We detail this problem, and provide simple data submission protocols with the properties that a) leakage of private data by the pollster results in evidence of the transgression and b) the evidence cannot be fabricated without breaking cryptographic assumptions. With such guarantees, a responsible pollster could post a "privacy-bond", forfeited to anyone who can provide evidence of leakage. The respondents are assured that appropriate penalties are applied to a leaky pollster, while the protection from spurious indictment ensures that any honest pollster has no disincentive to participate in such a scheme.
Combining Spatial Statistical and Ensemble Information in Probabilistic Weather Forecasts

Abstract Forecast ensembles typically show a spread–skill relationship, but they are also often underdispersive, and therefore uncalibrated. Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is a statistical postprocessing method for forecast ensembles that generates calibrated probabilistic forecast products for weather quantities at individual sites. This paper introduces the spatial BMA technique, which combines BMA and the geostatistical output perturbation (GOP) method, and extends BMA to generate calibrated probabilistic forecasts of whole weather fields simultaneously, rather than just weather events at individual locations. At any site individually, spatial BMA reduces to the original BMA technique. The spatial BMA method provides statistical ensembles of weather field forecasts that take the spatial structure of observed fields into account and honor the flow-dependent information contained in the dynamical ensemble. The members of the spatial BMA ensemble are obtained by dressing the weather field forecasts from t...
Emergency Department Identification and Critical Care Management of a Utah Prison Botulism Outbreak

Study objective We report botulism poisoning at a state prison after ingestion of homemade wine (pruno). Methods This is an observational case series with data collected retrospectively by chart review. All suspected exposures were referred to a single hospital in October 2011. Results Twelve prisoners consumed pruno, a homemade alcoholic beverage made from a mixture of ingredients in prison environments. Four drank pruno made without potato and did not develop botulism. Eight drank pruno made with potato, became symptomatic, and were hospitalized. Presenting symptoms included dysphagia, diplopia, dysarthria, and weakness. The median time to symptom onset was 54.5 hours (interquartile range [IQR] 49-88 hours) postingestion. All 8 patients received botulinum antitoxin a median of 12 hours post–emergency department admission (IQR 8.9-18.8 hours). Seven of 8 patients had positive stool samples for type A botulinum toxin. The 3 most severely affected patients had respiratory failure and were intubated 43, 64, and 68 hours postingestion. Their maximal inspiratory force values were −5, −15, and −30 cm H 2 O. Their forced vital capacity values were 0.91, 2.1, and 2.2 L, whereas the 5 nonintubated patients had median maximal inspiratory force of −60 cm H 2 O (IQR −60 to −55) and forced vital capacity of 4.5 L (IQR 3.7-4.9). Electromyography abnormalities were observed in 1 of the nonintubated and 2 of the intubated patients. Conclusion A pruno-associated botulism outbreak resulted in respiratory failure and abnormal pulmonary parameters in the most affected patients. Electromyography abnormalities were observed in the majority of intubated patients. Potato in the pruno recipe was associated with botulism.
Global mapping of protein-DNA interactions in vivo by digital genomic footprinting

The orchestrated binding of transcriptional activators and repressors to specific DNA sequences in the context of chromatin defines the regulatory program of eukaryotic genomes. We developed a digital approach to assay regulatory protein occupancy on genomic DNA in vivo by dense mapping of individual DNase I cleavages from intact nuclei using massively parallel DNA sequencing. Analysis of >23 million cleavages across the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome revealed thousands of protected regulatory protein footprints, enabling de novo derivation of factor binding motifs and the identification of hundreds of new binding sites for major regulators. We observed striking correspondence between single-nucleotide resolution DNase I cleavage patterns and protein-DNA interactions determined by crystallography. The data also yielded a detailed view of larger chromatin features including positioned nucleosomes flanking factor binding regions. Digital genomic footprinting should be a powerful approach to delineate the cis-regulatory framework of any organism with an available genome sequence.
Management of Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Local Therapy: Evolving Standards of Care and New Directions

Among men treated with prostatectomy or radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer, the state of an increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is known as biochemical recurrence (BCR). BCR can be predictive of the development of subsequent distant metastases and ultimately death, but BCR often predates other signs of clinical progression by several years. Although patients may be concerned about their rising PSA levels, physicians attempting to address patient anxiety must inform them that BCR is not typically associated with imminent death from disease, and that the natural history of biochemical progression may be prolonged. Misinterpretation of the significance of early changes in PSA may cause patients to receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) prematurely, especially in settings where the disease is unlikely to impact survival. In addition, knowledge of the morbidities associated with ADT (hot flashes, impotence, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, bone loss, and increased risk of vascular disease) has accelerated the search for alternative treatment options for these patients. Clinical trials investigating when and how to best use and supplement hormonal therapies in this patient population are under way, as are trials of novel nonhormonal targeted agents, immunotherapies, natural products, and other pharmaceuticals that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for other indications. This review will summarize the acceptable standards of care for the management of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer, and will also outline some novel experimental approaches for the treatment of this disease state.
Performance of CT Colonography for Detecting Small, Diminutive, and Flat Polyps

The primary goal of colorectal cancer screening and prevention is the detection and removal of advanced neoplasia. Computerized tomography (CT) colonography is now well established as an effective screening test. Areas of greater uncertainty include the performance characteristics of CT colonography for detecting small (6-9 mm), diminutive (< or =5 mm), and flat (nonpolypoid) lesions. However, the actual clinical relevance of small, diminutive, and flat polyps has also been the source of debate. This article addresses these controversial and often misunderstood issues.
Conformational Sampling of FG-Nucleoporins using Extended Molecular Dynamics Simulations

FG nucleoporins (FG-nups) are intrinsically-disordered proteins that fill the central channel of the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) and are believed to mediate the selective gating of cargo molecules through the NPC. Previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of FG-nup fragments approximately 100 amino acids (AAs) in length have shown that different FG-nups adopt different average shapes, ranging from compact premolten globules to extended coils, which are the basis for a new model for NPC gating. For MD studies of disordered proteins there are still open questions about the appropriate simulation times and protocols needed to sufficiently search conformation space, and how different force fields and ionic conditions affect the resulting structural ensembles. For this reason we have performed MD simulations on smaller, 25 and 50 AA fragments of key FG-nups for microsecond timescales, using both implicit and explicit solvent, as well as different ionic conditions. Our goal is to see if their dynamical properties exhibit previously-documented behavior for the larger fragments and to evaluate the thoroughness of conformational sampling for the FG-nups. We will represent the results of multiple replicate simulations on different FG- nups, analyzed using a variety of methods that range from conventional measures of protein size and structure, to new tools based on contact maps, clustering, and dimensionality- reduction techniques.
Radiation-induced oscillatory magnetoresistance in a tilted magnetic field in Ga As ∕ Al x Ga 1 − x As devices

We examine the microwave-photoexcited magnetoresistance oscillations in a tilted magnetic field in the high-mobility two-dimensional electron system (2DES). In analogy to the 2D Shubnikov--de Haas effect, the characteristic field ${B}_{f}$ and the period of the radiation-induced magnetoresistance oscillations appear dependent upon the component of the applied magnetic field that is perpendicular to the plane of the 2DES. In addition, we find that a parallel component ${B}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}$ in the range of $0.6l{B}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}l1.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ at a tilt angle of $\ensuremath{\theta}=80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ leaves the oscillatory pattern essentially unchanged.
Attitudes toward Colon Cancer Gene Testing: Survey of Relatives of Colon Cancer Patients

Objectives. Various studies have identified psychosocial factors that may influence attitudes toward colon cancer gene testing. Whereas family history of colon cancer has been associated with interest in gene testing, this has not been examined extensively. We hypothesized that the strength of family history of colon cancer is associated with risk perception and willingness to undergo gene testing. Materials and Methods. We evaluated attitudes toward colon cancer gene testing among persons who had at least one first-degree relative with colon cancer. A total of 2680 at-risk relatives in 863 kindreds were identified and mailed an extensive survey regarding sociodemographic variables, family history, health behaviors and knowledge, and willingness to take a colon cancer gene test. A total of 56.6% of persons completed and returned surveys. We conducted a brief telephone survey of a random sample of 200 persons who did not respond to the mail survey. Results. The combined study sample of 1373 people was 42% male, had a mean age of 55 ± 15 years, was 96% white, and had moderate-to-high SES. A total of 77.4% were very likely to take the gene test, and 92.4% were somewhat or very likely to take the gene test. A total of 78% of the sample perceived a higher colon cancer risk, although patterns of risk perception and worry differed significantly between mail survey and telephone survey respondents. More of the telephone survey respondents were also somewhat unlikely or very unlikely to take the gene test compared to the mail survey respondents (13.7% versus 6.9%). In the combined sample, concern about developing colon cancer and risk perception increased with number of relatives with colon cancer ( P < 0.0001). Eight percent expressed no concern about developing colon cancer; 4.8% felt their chance of developing colon cancer was lower than others of the same age, sex, and race; and 3.3% felt that they were very unlikely to develop colon cancer in their lifetime. However, there was strong interest in gene testing regardless of the number of affected relatives, and persons with more affected relatives were generally willing to pay more for the gene test (up to $1000). Conclusions. The strength of family history of colon cancer is associated with risk perception but not with willingness to undergo gene testing.
Hypothalamic dopaminergic receptor expressions in anorexia of tumor-bearing rats

Our past microdialysis studies in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of changes in dopamine concentrations in response to changes in food intake [characteri...
MR-directed brain biopsy: Feasibility study

MR imaging can provide cross-sectional images in multiple imaging planes with equal resolution and improve localization of abnormal tissue over that afforded by CT [1, 2]. MR­ directed biopsy of the body has already been safely performed [3]; however, MR-directed biopsy of the brain is potentially more difficult and risky because of the problems involved in identifying possible intracranial hemorrhage [4] that may ac­ company the biopsy. Blood within vessels enhances after the administration of gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA), an IV MR contrast agent [5, 6]. We wondered whether fresh intracranial hemorrhage would enhance as well. In this paper we present our results in seven dogs after brain biopsy and injection of contrast material. Needle artifact was evaluated by using a brain phantom, which was also used to develop a surface localiza­ tion technique suitable for MR imaging.
Academic Reference and Instruction Librarians and Dweck's Theories of Intelligence.

This article introduces psychologist Carol S. Dweck’s entity and incremental theories of intelligence and explores the prevalence of these theories in academic librarians who participate in reference and instruction activities. Based on existing research, it is possible that implicit theories of intelligence could affect the ways in which librarians conduct information literacy and library instruction, as well as reference interactions. This article intends to provide a foundation for understanding if further research concerning theories of intelligence, instructional design and pedagogy, and reference practice in academic libraries is warranted.