cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PLEIOTROPY CAUSES LONG-TERM GENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION IN BRASSICA RAPA

Fundamental, long-term genetic trade-offs constrain life-history evolution in wild crucifer populations. I studied patterns of genetic constraint in Brassica rapa by estimating genetic correlations among life-history com- ponents by quantitative genetic analyses among ten wild populations, and within four populations. Genetic correlations between age and size at first reproduction were always greater than +0.8 within and among all populations studied. Although quantitative genetics might provide insight about genetic constraints if genetic parameters remain approx- imately constant, little evidence has been available to determine the constancy of genetic correlations. I found strong and consistent estimates of genetic correlations between life-history components, which were very similar within four natural populations. Population differentiation also showed these same trade-offs, resulting from long-term genetic constraint. For some traits, evolutionary changes among populations were incompatible with a model of genetic drift. Historical patterns of natural selection were inferred from population differentiation, suggesting that correlated response to selection has caused some traits to evolve opposite to the direct forces of natural selection. Comparison with Arabidopsis suggests that these life-history trade-offs are caused by genes that regulate patterns of resource allocation to different components of fitness. Ecological and energetic models may correctly predict these trade-offs because there is little additive genetic variation for rates of resource acquisition, but resource allocation is genetically variable.
Subgrid combustion modelling for large-eddy simulations:

AbstractNext-generation gas turbine and internal combustion engines are required to reduce pollutant emissions significantly and also to be fuel efficient. Accurate prediction of pollutant formation requires proper resolution of the spatio-temporal evolution of the unsteady mixing and combustion processes. Since conventional steady state methods are not able to deal with these features, methodology based on large-eddy simulations (LESs) is becoming a viable choice to study unsteady reacting flows. This paper describes a new LES methodology developed recently that has demonstrated a capability to simulate reacting turbulent flows accurately. A key feature of this new approach is the manner in which small-scale turbulent mixing and combustion processes are simulated. This feature allows proper characterization of the effects of both large-scale convection and small-scale mixing on the scalar processes, thereby providing a more accurate prediction of chemical reaction effects. LESs of high Reynolds number pr...
Roentgen Manifestations of Thoracic Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

SUMMARY Intrathoracic masses of extramedullary hematopoietic tissue present a diagnostic problem for the clinician and the radiologist. The diagnosis should be considered especially in cases of spherocytic anemia. The pathologic findings in bone marrow and roentgenographic changes in bones due to marrow replacement or abnormal proliferation of marrow are important indicators of the diagnosis. The roentgenographic demonstration of well defined masses in the paravertebral gutter, enlarged spleen, bone changes, and a history of a severe anemia are a tetrad toward a preoperative diagnosis of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Three cases of extramedullary hematopoiesis presenting as masses in the thorax are described. Two of the cases demonstrate mediastinal masses in association with congenital hemolytic anemia. The third case was in association with myelosclerosis and the extramedullary hematopoietic mass compressed the thoracic spinal cord. This is the first known case with such a manifestation to be reported.
Renewal theory and natural resource regulatory policy under uncertainty

Abstract In this paper we show how renewal theory can be used to model a large class of natural resource regulatory problems involving systemic and policy uncertainty. We stress the policy implications of our approach and then we suggest possible extensions.
Calorimetric studies of hydrogen-bond formation in propylene carbonate II. Some cationic complexes at 298.15 K

Abstract The enthalpies of formation of some (BHB) + and (BHB′) + complexes in propylene carbonate at 298.15 K have been determined by calorimetry. A solution of the perchlorate or picrate of a protonated base in propylene carbonate was titrated enthalpimetrically with a solution of the same or another uncharged base. The bases studied were pyridine, pyridine-1-oxide, n -butylamine, dibenzylamine, and piperidine. In one experiment, the protonated form of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane was titrated with n -butylamine. An attempt was made to rationalize the observed enthalpies of reaction on the basis of hydrogen bonding between the reactants in mole ratio 1. The acidities of the donors and the protonated forms of the acceptors. steric hindrance, and other structural factors have been taken into account in assessing the nature and strength of the hydrogen bonds in the individual cases.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2, MKP-2, regulates early inflammation in acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is mediated by an early proinflammatory response resulting from either a direct or indirect insult to the lung mediating neutrophil infiltration and consequent disruption of...
Modulation of the Hypermetabolic Response to Trauma: Temperature, Nutrition, and Drugs

Severe burn injury is associated with a profound hypermetabolic, hypercatabolic response proportional to the original size of the injury, which persists for 1 to 2 years postburn.1,2 The response is characterized by supraphysiologic metabolic rates, hyperdynamic circulation, constitutive protein fat and bone catabolism, blunted growth, insulin resistance, and increased risk for infection1–5 (Figs. 1 to ​to33). Figure 1 Physiologic and metabolic changes post severe burn injury. Demonstrates changes in resting energy expenditure, stress hormones (epinephrine), cardiac function (cardiac output), gender hormones (testosterone), cytokines (interleukin-6) and changes in body ... Figure 3 Effects of metabolic dysfunction postburn. Cuthbertson6 originally described a stress response to fractures characterized by an “ebb” phase, with a decrease in tissue perfusion and a decrease in metabolism. This is followed by a “flow” phase—starting 3 to 5 days postinjury—which is characterized by an increase in metabolic rate and hyperdynamic circulation. If left untreated, physiologic exhaustion and death can result.7–10 Severe burns exhibit the most dramatic hypermetabolic stress response of any injury. This article reports our single institution’s experience during the past decade, in >1,000 patients with burns of >40% of their total body surface area (TBSA), delineating the magnitude of the metabolic and catabolic responses to major burn injury. Serially performed randomized prospective clinical studies using common methods are described, demonstrating the efficacy of interventions to mitigate the hypermetabolic response: the effects of early excision and grafting, environmental thermoregulation, early continuous enteral feeding with a high-carbohydrate, high-protein diet, use of anabolic agents (growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 [IGFBP-3], insulin, oxandrolone), the anticatabolic agent (propranolol), and use of therapeutic exercise are compared. This article describes the destructive aspects of the hypermetabolic response and strategies implemented during the last decade to modulate this response, which have improved burn care, survival, and quality of life in burn patients. It is hoped that these strategies might also be applicable to the larger populations of patients who have undergone other forms of injury, including large elective operations.
Assessing the Proposed Medicare Reforms

The mid-November Republican budget would have reduced federal Medicare expenditures by $270 billion over the next seven years. That target was not the product of an analysis of the benefits and cos...
Economic policy elites and democratization

Is the authoritarian potential of policy elites a mortal threat to the consolidation of democracy in Latin America? This article suggests that in the context of democratic transitions, significant variations may exist in the performance of technocratic roles. In most countries in the region, elected governments faced the crisis of the 1980s by retaining markedly technocratic and exclusionary styles of policy-making. In Chile, a highly technocratic form of authoritarianism was succeeded by a novel pattern of pragmatic cooperation between technical and political elites. Democratic institutions were reestablished while a strong economic team enforced coherence and continuity in economic policy. Historical and institutional factors are used to show that Chile may now be nearer the democratic pole than other “hybrid” democratic-authoritarian regimes in the region.
Sonographically guided anesthetic injection of anterior scalene muscle for investigation of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome.

Objective To describe the technique and complications of sonographically guided anesthetic injection of the anterior scalene muscle in patients being investigated for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome.
Electrophoresis of the hemoglobin of three animals in the hibernating and non-hibernating state

Abstract 1. 1. The phenomenon of the red blood cells of the woodchuck ( Marmota monax ) being resistant to lysis by the cyanmethemoglobin procedure for hemoglobin was observed during the pre-hibernation period. 2. 2. Electrophoresis was performed on the hemoglobin obtained from these cells in order to determine if a different type of hemoglobin was present during the hibernating period as compared to the non-hibernating period. There was no difference. 3. 3. Hemoglobin samples were also obtained from the little brown bat ( Myotis lucifigus ) and the golden mantle ground squirrel ( Citellus lateralis ) during the hibernating period and the non-hibernating period for comparative purposes. All samples were compared to human hemoglobin. 4. 4. There was no difference between the hibernating and non-hibernating pattern .
Metallic foreign bodies in the orbits of patients undergoing MR imaging: prevalence and value of radiography and CT before MR.

The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of metallic foreign bodies in the orbits of 15,024 patients who were scheduled for MR imaging during a 4-year period and to determine if screening by plain radiography, CT, or both before MR imaging is efficacious.Records of 15,024 patients scheduled for MR imaging were reviewed. A total of 1593 patients who had identified themselves as being at risk for an intraorbital metallic foreign body had undergone plain radiography or CT of the orbits. Plain radiographs and/or CT scans of patients reported as having orbital metal were reviewed to confirm the presence of a metallic foreign body and to identify its location.Metallic foreign bodies were discovered in 40 patients. Six of these patients had impaired vision in the involved eye. Ten patients had a metallic foreign body in or near the orbit but well away from the globe and were thought to be at low risk for movement of the foreign body as a result of MR imaging. The other 24 patients had metallic for...
Parental Antibiotic Resistant Gram Negative Organisms (ARGNO) in Pediatric Chronic Care Facilities

Parental Antibiotic Resistant Gram Negative Organisms (ARGNO) in Pediatric Chronic Care Facilities
Image-space automatic motion correction for MRI images

Automatic retrospective motion correction algorithms based on iterative optimization of an image quality measure have been demonstrated in a variety of MRI acquisitions. These algorithms are computationally intensive and may require several minutes per image or more. One computational bottleneck is the need for an inverse FFT at each iteration to reconstruct and evaluate the image. We describe a method for performing the iterative search primarily in image space, greatly reducing the number of FFTs required. This can significantly increase the computational speed, particularly when the evaluation is performed only on a sub-region of the image.
Blind deconvolution of images using neural networks

successive inter-linked energy minimizations are found to converge in practice although a convergence proofhas not yet been established.1. INTRODUCTIONTypical image reconstruction problems require the removal of a known point spread function from theavailable blurred image data. This highly ill-conditioned procedure is usually formulated in terms of an energyminimization process, in order to obtain a stable solution, while recognizing that a unique solution in any othersense, cannot be defined. In many cases of interest, the blurring function may not be known exactly or at all.If one can make assumptions about the statistical properties of the blurring function, then some alternativetechniques such as bispectral or triple correlation function based processing offer some help. However, here
Partition of PGE between renal venous plasma and urine during renal ischemia.

Abstract Radioimmunoassay was used to study the effects of renal ischemia on the distribution of PGE-like material between renal venous plasma and urine in anesthetized dogs. Renal venous and urinary concentrations of these substances were equal during control, ischemia and recovery periods. This relationship obtained despite significant increases in the concentration of PGE of both compartments during the ischemic insult. The renal secretion rates of PGE, calculated as the product of renal plasma flow and renal venous concentrations, was reduced during ischemia while urinary excretion, calculated as the product of urine flow and concentration, was unchanged. The evidence suggests that the increased PGE concentrations observed in both compartments during renal ischemia are primarily due to a dilutional factor rather than an increased synthesis. Furthermore, the data suggest that the net secretion of renal PG's per unit time may, in fact, be reduced during renal ischemia.
Challenges of implementing 193-nm lithography in printing sub-70nm line patterns for thin film heads

The rapid increase in the areal density of hard drives has demanded a parallel improvement in component technology. In particular, the development of new thin film heads (TFH) requires the constant reduction of read head track widths. State-of-the-art lithography techniques have been invoked to keep pace with the need for smaller read-head patterning. The critical feature in the read head is the sensor width, MRW. The aggressive roadmap for the thin film head industry makes it essential to print 70nm isolated lines or below for the next generation. KrF lithography, extensively used in the current node, is inadequate to produce read heads with 70nm and narrower isolated lines. Optical lithography will need to transition to 193nm for products of the future generation. This paper reviews the challenges posed by the transition from KrF to ArF lithography in thin-film head processes. Using ArF scanners and binary masks, 100nm isolated lines can be printed with 8nm across-field CD variation. Alternating phase shifting masks (AltPSM) are utilized to further enhance the resolution. Metal deposition into lithographically defined stencils increases the difficulty of stripping photo resist. To facilitate the resist stripping, a release layer like PMGI is often applied beneath the photo resist. However, the resolution improvement from ArF lithography makes it difficult to control the even narrower release layers. In this paper we demonstrate an alternative approach, a bridge structure, to lift off photo resist. The results show the success of constructing 4um-long bridges with sub-100nm track width. Therefore this can be a promising alternative means of producing MRW.
Microchannel-plate concave-grating spectrometers

Two spectrometers of the concave-grating (Rowland circle) type, uti-lizing an entrance slit and a micro-channel plate at the focal surface, have been developed. Our primary application at present is to terrestrial and planetary airglow and auroral studies in the far ultraviolet (300-1800 A). The first spectrometer utilizes electronographic recording of the spectral image, with magnetic focusing of the electron output of the micro-channel plate onto electron-sensitive film. A microchannel plate gain of 10 to 100 is used. Resolution is limited only by the channel size of available microchannel plates. The second spectrometer utilizes a two-stage microchannel plate, operating at gains of up to 107, with the output bursts incident on a resistive (106 ohm) strip placed immediately behind the plate. The ratio of the pulse sizes sensed at opposite ends of the strip is used to determine the position along the strip at which it occurred (and hence the corresponding wavelength along the Rowland circle).
Failure of large doses of ethanol to eliminate markovian serial dependencies in neuronal spike train intervals

The effect of drug-induced state changes on serial ordering of interaction potential intervals was evaluated by determining if the intervals were generated by a Markov process, and if they were, determining the Markov level (the degree of serial ordering) of the process before and after the injection of an intoxicating dose of ethanol. When categorizing intervals as short, medium, or long, a Markov process of level 4 (i.e., the process has a "memory" for 4 preceding adjacent intervals) was noted for most neurons; this level of serial ordering remained constant after ethanol injections. Many of the specific clusters that made the major contributions to the statistical significance before ethanol did not contribute after ethanol and a new set of clusters made the major contribution. This suggests that neurons may process intervals as "clusters" and the "cluster-length" may be a basic function of the neuron and not dependent on the general state of the organism. This methodology allows us to determine the "cluster-length" of the processor and detect and isolate the specific "clusters" that may be important state-sensitive "information carriers" (signal) in the nervous system.
A circular inclusion in a finite domain II. The Neumann-Eshelby problem

This is the second paper in a series concerned with the precise characterization of the elastic fields due to inclusions embedded in a finite elastic medium. In this part, an exact and closed form solution is obtained for the elastic fields of a circular inclusion embedded in a finite circular representative volume element (RVE), which is subjected to the traction (Neumann) boundary condition. The disturbance strain field due to the presence of an inclusion is related to the uniform eigenstrain field inside the inclusion by the so-called Neumann-Eshelby tensor. Remarkably, an elementary, closed form expression for the Neumann-Eshelby tensor of a circular RVE is obtained in terms of the volume fraction of the inclusion. The newly derived Neumann-Eshelby tensor is complementary to the Dirichlet-Eshelby tensor obtained in the first part of this work. Applications of the Neumann-Eshelby tensor are discussed briefly.
What math is relevant for a CS or SE student?: an employer's perspective

In the Fall of 2005, Kenneth A. Williams began a discussion on the SIGCSE email list on the topic of what math is relevant for a student in the computing sciences. He began by questioning the value of differential equations, stating that he was "... unable to find a homework assignment or exam question in any Computer Science course that requires differential equations for its solution." [1] I was one of several respondents to that email. This article is a somewhat expanded version of my remarks on that topic.
SEVERE HYPERGLYCEMIA DURING GATIFLOXACIN THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITHOUT DIABETES

Objective: To present two cases of severe hyperglycemia in patients without diabetes who received gati-floxacin therapy. Methods: We describe the histories, clinical findings, and hospital courses ...
On the MacWilliams identities for linear codes

Abstract We give new, primarily combinatorial proofs of the MacWilliams identifies which relate the weight distribution of a code to that of a dual.
Linear stability of a non-symmetric, inviscid, Kármán street of small uniform vortices

The classical point-vortex model for a Karman vortex street is linearly stable only for a single, isolated, marginally stable, case. This property has been shown numerically to hold for streets formed by symmetric rows of uniform vortices of equal area. That result is extended here to the case in which the areas of the vortices in the two rows are not necessarily equal. The method used is an analytic perturbation valid when the vortex areas are small, and applied using an automatic symbolic manipulator.
The cytological and chemical organization of the prostatic epithelium of Didelphis virginiana Kerr

The prostatic complex of Didelphis virginiana Kerr has been studied by a variety of cytological and cytochemical means. Segment I was characterized by an apocrine type secretory mechanism. The apical parts of the epithelial cells, which were shed into the glandular lumen, contained vesicles which give positive cytochemical reactions for acid phosphatase, aliesterase, 5′-nucleotidase, and nucleoside diphosphatase. These vesicles also contained material which was reactive with the periodic acid-Schiff test for mucopolysaccharide and Baker's test for phospholipid. Segment II was characterized by the presence of two types of cells in the glandular epithelium. Type A cells contained large rounded secretory granules which gave positive reactions for acid mucopolysaccharides but not for proteins. Type B cells contained large elongate secretory granules which gave positive reactions for proteins but not for polysaccharides. Electronmicrographs indicated these secretory granules to have distinctive morphologies and to contain complex crystalloid material. No cells with characteristics intermediate between those of the A and B types were observed. Segment III of the prostatic complex was characterized by the presence of large amounts of glycogen both in the epithelial cells and within the glandular lumen. These observations indicate a remarkable degree of morphological and biochemical heterogeneity on the part of the prostatic complex of this animal.
On compressing data in wireless sensor networks for energy efficiency and real time delivery

Wireless sensor networks possess significant limitations in storage, bandwidth, processing, and energy. Additionally, real-time sensor network applications such as monitoring poisonous gas leaks cannot tolerate high latency. While some good data compression algorithms exist specific to sensor networks, in this paper we present TinyPack, a suite of energy-efficient methods with high-compression ratios that reduce latency, storage, and bandwidth usage further in comparison with some other recently proposed algorithms. Our Huffman style compression schemes exploit temporal locality and delta compression to provide better bandwidth utilization important in the wireless sensor network, thus reducing latency for real time sensor-based monitoring applications. Our performance evaluations over many different real data sets using a simulation platform as well as a hardware implementation show comparable compression ratios and energy savings with a significant decrease in latency compared to some other existing approaches. We have also discussed robust error correction and recovery methods to address packet loss and corruption common in sensor network environments.
Labeling of human immune gamma globulin with 99mc T

Abstract Human immune serum gamma globulin and rabbit anti-Stap. aureus antibody have been successfully labeled with 99m Tcat pH 7.4 with an average binding efficiency of 86 and 82%, respectively. The labeled proteins behave similarly to unlabeled gamma-globulin fraction in normal human serum as demonstrated by protein electrophoresis. The biological half-time of 99m Tc-gamma-globulin in dog has been determined to be 54 min for the fast component and 14.7 hr for a slower component. Immunological assays demonstrate no significant change in antibody activity after labeling process.
An improved scheme for direct adaptive control of dynamical systems using backpropagation neural networks

This paper presents an improved direct control architecture for the on-line learning control of dynamical systems using backpropagation neural networks. The proposed architecture is compared with the other direct control schemes. In this scheme the neural network interconnection strengths are updated based on the output error of the dynamical system directly, rather than using a transformed version of the error employed in other schemes. The ill effects of the controlled dynamics on the on-line updating of the network weights are moderated by including a compensating gain layer. An error feedback is introduced to improve the dynamic response of the control system. Simulation studies are performed using the nonlinear dynamics of an underwater vehicle and the promising results support the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Spike Phase Locking in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Depends on Background Conductance and Firing Rate

Oscillatory activity in neuronal networks correlates with different behavioral states throughout the nervous system, and the frequency-response characteristics of individual neurons are believed to be critical for network oscillations. Recent in vivo studies suggest that neurons experience periods of high membrane conductance, and that action potentials are often driven by membrane potential fluctuations in the living animal. To investigate the frequency-response characteristics of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the presence of high conductance and voltage fluctuations, we performed dynamic-clamp experiments in rat hippocampal brain slices. We drove neurons with noisy stimuli that included a sinusoidal component ranging, in different trials, from 0.1 to 500 Hz. In subsequent data analysis, we determined action potential phase-locking profiles with respect to background conductance, average firing rate, and frequency of the sinusoidal component. We found that background conductance and firing rate qualitatively change the phase-locking profiles of CA1 pyramidal neurons versus frequency. In particular, higher average spiking rates promoted bandpass profiles, and the high-conductance state promoted phase-locking at frequencies well above what would be predicted from changes in the membrane time constant. Mechanistically, spike rate adaptation and frequency resonance in the spike-generating mechanism are implicated in shaping the different phase-locking profiles. Our results demonstrate that CA1 pyramidal cells can actively change their synchronization properties in response to global changes in activity associated with different behavioral states.
Heat-induced changes in the mechanics of a collagenous tissue: isothermal, isotonic shrinkage.

We present data from isothermal free-shrinkage tests (i.e., performed in the absence of mechanical loads) wherein bovine chordae tendineae were subjected to temperatures from 65 to 85 degrees C for 120 to 1200 s. These data reveal four new insights into heat-induced denaturation of a collagenous tissue. First, a characteristic time for the free shrinkage appears to exhibit an Arrhenius-type relationship with temperature. Second, scaling the actual heating time via the characteristic time results in a single correlation between free shrinkage and the duration of heating; this correlation suggests a time-temperature equivalence. Third, it is the cumulative, not current, heating time that governs the free shrinkage. And fourth, heat-induced free shrinkage is partially recovered when the tissue is returned to 37 degrees C, this recovery also being time-dependent. Although these findings will help guide future experimentation and constitutive modeling, as well as the design of new heat-based clinical therapies, there is a pressing need to collect additional isothermal data, particularly in the presence of well-defined mechanical loads.
Nonstructural protein NS2 of parvovirus H-1 is required for efficient viral protein synthesis and virus production in rat cellsin vivo andin Vitro

We generated a mutation in the gene for the nonstructural protein NS2 of parvovirus H-1 in which the highly conserved dinucleotide AG at the 3' splice acceptor site of NS2 intron 1 was mutated to CG. The mutation does not change the amino acid sequence for NS1. The splice acceptor (SA) mutant gene was introduced into the H-1 virus (H-1SA) and an infectious clone of LuIII (pLuH1SA). The R2 transcripts encoding NS2 were absent by both Northern blot and primer extension analysis in the LuH1SA or H-1SA virus-infected cells and the NS2 protein was undetectable in the infected cell lysate by immunoprecipitation. These NS2 null mutant viruses were capable of lytic growth in cell lines that were derived from human, hamster, and dog, but they produced lower virus titers than wild-type H-1. The H-1SA virus nonproductively infected Rat2 rat fibroblasts and transformed Rat2 cell lines. Analysis of synchronized infections of rat fibroblasts demonstrated that H-1SA viral duplex replicative form DNA replication was reduced and that single-stranded progeny DNA was deficient compared to wild-type H-1. In addition, H-1SA viral protein synthesis was about 10% of wild-type virus and virions were not detectable in rat fibroblasts. However, H-1SA mRNAs R1 and R3 accumulated to wild-type levels. NS2 was also required for productive infection in newborn rats but not in newborn hamsters. These results indicate that NS2 plays an important role in the regulation of viral protein synthesis in rat cells in vivo and in vitro.
Characterization and Rapid Sampling of Protein Folding Markov State Model Topologies

Markov state models (MSMs) have proven themselves to be effective statistical and quantitative models for understanding protein folding dynamics. As stochastic networks, MSMs allow for descriptions of parallel folding pathways and facilitate quantitative comparison to experiments conducted at the ensemble level. While this complex network structure is advantageous in many respects, a simple topological description of these graphs is elusive. In this paper, we compare a series of protein folding MSMs to the topology of the Cayley tree, a graph structure on which dynamics are intuitive. We go on to introduce and test new sampling schemes that have potential to improve automated model construction, a critical step toward making Markov state modeling more accessible to general users.
Expression levels of obesity-related genes are associated with weight change in kidney transplant recipients.

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the association of gene expression profiles in subcutaneous adipose tissue with weight change in kidney transplant recipients and to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of weight gain. Methodology/Principal Findings A secondary data analysis was done on a subgroup (n = 26) of existing clinical and gene expression data from a larger prospective longitudinal study examining factors contributing to weight gain in transplant recipients. Measurements taken included adipose tissue gene expression profiles at time of transplant, baseline and six-month weight, and demographic data. Using multivariate linear regression analysis controlled for race and gender, expression levels of 1553 genes were significantly (p<0.05) associated with weight change. Functional analysis using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes classifications identified metabolic pathways that were enriched in this dataset. Furthermore, GeneIndexer literature mining analysis identified a subset of genes that are highly associated with obesity in the literature and Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed several significant gene networks associated with metabolism and endocrine function. Polymorphisms in several of these genes have previously been linked to obesity. Conclusions/Significance We have successfully identified a set of molecular pathways that taken together may provide insights into the mechanisms of weight gain in kidney transplant recipients. Future work will be done to determine how these pathways may contribute to weight gain.
Ultrastructural-Immunocytochemical Localization of Growth Hormone and Prolactin in Human Pituitaries*

Immunocytochemical staining using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was undertaken to localize and characterize in ultrathin sections of human pituitaries the cells responsible for the secretion of GH and PRL. Somatotrophs in seven pituitaries stained with human (h) PRLabsorbed antiserum to hGH, were abundant, round to ovoid, densely granulated cells, whose mean (±SD) granule diameter was 368 ± 60 nm. Lactotrophs immunostained with antiserum to hPRL were less numerous, angular or branching cells, with fewer round to ovoid granules, the mean diameter (±SD) of which was 185 ± 35 nm in six pituitaries. The somewhat larger PRL granules (up to a mean diameter of 360 nm) seen in two of three additional pituitaries may have been related to the previous therapeutic administration of estrogen. Whereas the immunostained GH-secreting cells resemble the presumed somatotrophs identified in other studies on the basis of nonimmunological staining, the immunostained PRL-secreting cells differ consid...
The fragmentary subject: Feminist history, official records, and self-representation

Abstract Official reports by First World War women welfare supervisors, women police and patrols, have the potential to reveal tensions women were working within and against in these unprecedented careers. Not usually considered within the genre of autobiography, reports which women wrote of their work for the consumption of their superiors define the construction of their official selves through their dealings with their subjects—working-class women. Drawing upon feminist literary theory concerning subjectivity and self-representation enabled me to examine these documents as textual constructions of necessarily fragmentary subjectivities. Reading these texts in terms of self-representation and the indirect construction of subjectivity allowed me to recognise women’s strategies to assert their competency, and the need for their professional work, within the contemporary conventions of report writing. Their fragmentary constructions of novel professional subjectivities allow us to see specific instances of women’s creative resistances, complicity and willful self-formulation. In this essay I call for dialogue and reciprocity between feminist historians and feminist literary critics. While feminist historians can fruitfully use literary theory, such as that relating to subjectivity and self-representation, other feminist scholars can benefit from examinations of fragmentary constructions of the self by historical subjects in specific historical circumstances, especially the ways women subjects have negotiated within masculinist systems.
Maximum‐likelihood estimation for multivariate spatial linear coregionalization models

A multivariate spatial linear coregionalization model is considered that incorporates the Matern class of covariograms. An EM algorithm is developed for maximum-likelihood estimation that has a few desirable properties and is capable of handling high-dimensional data. Most estimates in the EM algorithm are updated through closed form expressions and these estimates automatically satisfy necessary constraints. The model and algorithm are illustrated through a real example. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current dependence of the emitter resistance of bipolar transistors

An analysis of the current dependence is performed using a partitioned transistor equivalent circuit that includes the distributed effects of the emitter contact. It is shown that the emitter resistance increases with current if emitter current crowding is important. The current dependence of the emitter resistance is extracted as a function of the specific contact resistance and the base and emitter sheet resistances. >
Microwave Depolarization above Sunspots

Microwave emissions from sunspots are circularly polarized in the sense of rotation (right or left) determined by the polarity (north or south) of coronal magnetic fields. However, they may convert into unpolarized emissions under certain conditions of magnetic field and electron density in the corona, and this phenomenon of depolarization could be used to derive those parameters. We propose another diagnostic use of microwave depolarization based on the fact that an observed depolarization strip actually represents the coronal magnetic polarity inversion line (PIL) at the heights of effective mode coupling, and its location itself carries information on the distribution of magnetic polarity in the corona. To demonstrate this diagnostic utility we generate a set of magnetic field models for a complex active region with the observed line-of-sight magnetic fields but varying current density distribution and compare them with the 4.9 GHz polarization map obtained with the Very Large Array (VLA). The field extrapolation predicts very different locations of the depolarization strip in the corona depending on the amount of electric currents assumed to exist in the photosphere. Such high sensitivity of microwave depolarization to the coronal magnetic field can therefore be useful for validating electric current density maps inferred from vector magnetic fields observed in the photosphere.
Breeding biology and nesting success of Palila

We studied the breeding biology of Palila (Loxioides bailleui) at 85 nests from 20 April to 14 September 1988. Eggs were laid over a 139-day period and incubation averaged 16.6 days. The female incubated 85.2% of daylight hours and males fed incubating females. Modal clutch size was 2 (X = 2.0) and an average of 1.4 nestlings fledged per successful nest. Nestlings were in the nest an average of 25.3 days. Both females and males fed nestlings with the rate of feeding decreasing as the nestlings grew older. Palila nesting success was 25%, reduced primarily by hatching failure and depredation of nestlings. Hatching failure, due to inviable eggs or desertion, occurred in 41% of nests with eggs (55% of nest mortality). Egg depredation was rare (5% of nest mortality). Inbreeding and low food availability are postulated as the major causes for poor hatching success. Twenty-one percent of nests with nestlings were depredated (35% of nest mortality). Brood reduction was observed in 47% of nests with two nestlings. Nest success decreased significantly late in the breeding season, from 46.4% to 12.8%. During this same period, the abundance ofmamane (Sophora chrysophylla) pods, the Palila's primary food, also decreased significantly. Stepwise discriminant analysis correctly classified the fate of 79% of nests using egg-laying date, nest-tree area, and distance between the nest tree and adjacent trees as variables.
Inclined nanoimprinting lithography-based 3D nanofabrication

We report a 'top–down' 3D nanofabrication approach combining non-conventional inclined nanoimprint lithography (INIL) with reactive ion etching (RIE), contact molding and 3D metal nanotransfer printing (nTP). This integration of processes enables the production and conformal transfer of 3D polymer nanostructures of varying heights to a variety of other materials including a silicon-based substrate, a silicone stamp and a metal gold (Au) thin film. The process demonstrates the potential of reduced fabrication cost and complexity compared to existing methods. Various 3D nanostructures in technologically useful materials have been fabricated, including symmetric and asymmetric nanolines, nanocircles and nanosquares. Such 3D nanostructures have potential applications such as angle-resolved photonic crystals, plasmonic crystals and biomimicking anisotropic surfaces. This integrated INIL-based strategy shows great promise for 3D nanofabrication in the fields of photonics, plasmonics and surface tribology.
Heterogenous responses of neostriatal neurons to amphetamine in freely moving rats

Abstract Single-unit activity was recorded from the neostriatum of unrestrained, behaving rats. Neuronal discharges were found to vary with specific motor responses, general changes in motor activity, or the presentation of orienting stimuli. In each case, however, 1.0 mg/kg D -amphetamine produced approximately equal numbers of excitations. A subsequent injectioni of higher dose (5.0 mg/kg) either produced a greater change in firing rate in the same direction or reversed the direction of the low-dose response. Amphetamine, therefore, does not produce uniformly excitatory effects in the neostriatum of ambulant animals. In fact, the neuronal response to amphetamine appears to reflect a complex interaction of several factors, including ongoing behavior and drug dose.
Farm productivity and energy efficiency in amish and modern dairying

Abstract The energy efficiency, land productivity, labor intensity, capital requirements, and economic returns for dairy farms from two Old Order Amish groups were compared with these relationships for eight sizes of modern dairy farms. The more conservative Amish group used only about 46% as much fossil fuel energy subsidy per kg of milk sold as the modern farms, but it required more than twice as much land and more than four times as much labor per unit of milk output as the least efficient of the modern farms. The more progressive Amish group used only about 62% as much energy to produce milk as the modern farms, required less land than most of the non-Amish farms (in spite of having to devote cropland to feeding draft animals), and achieved a higher economic return per ha. However, these Amish used about 50% more labor than similar-sized modern farms. The importance of the energy savings of draft animals and other Amish practices was examined by modeling several hypothetical Amish systems, including one in which the only change was the addition of tractors to replace draft animals. This system was still more energy efficient than any of the modern farms, and used the same amount of labor per unit of milk output as the smallest modern farms. The models indicate that the use of draft animals on Amish farms is not the sole reason for greater Amish energy efficiency, and suggest that crop rotation, fuller use of manures, avoidance of diminishing marginal returns on fertilizer use, and judicious substitution of labor for the more energy intensive machinery on dairy farms contribute to the large energy savings.
Linking program implementation and effectiveness: Lessons from a pooled sample of welfare‐to‐work experiments

This paper addresses the question: How does implementation influence the effectiveness of mandatory welfare-to-work programs? Data from three large-scale, multi-site random assignment experiments were pooled; quantitative measures of program implementation were constructed; and multilevel statistical modeling was used to examine the relationship between program implementation and effects on short-term client earnings. Individual-level data were analyzed for 69,399 sample members and group-level implementation data were analyzed for 59 local programs. Findings indicate that, other things being equal, earnings effects are increased by: an emphasis on quick client employment, an emphasis on personalized client attention, staff caseloads that do not get too large, and limited use of basic education. Findings also show that mandatory welfare-to-work programs can be effective for many types of people, and that focusing on clients who are especially job-ready (or not) does not have a consistent influence on a program’s effectiveness. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Analytical Model Improvement Using Modal Test Results

A matrix perturbation method is proposed to calculate the Jacobian matrix and to compute the new eigendata for the parameter estimation procedure. The advantages of the method are the applicability to large complex structures without knowing the analytical expressions for the mass and stiffness matrices, and a cost effective approach for the recomputation of the eigendata. This method also allows the use of other measurements such as modal forces, kinetic energy distribution, and strain energy distributions in the estimation procedure. A realistic sample problem is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Interventions for tobacco cessation in the dental setting

Tobacco use has significant adverse effects on oral health. Oral health professionals in the dental office or community setting have a unique opportunity to increase tobacco abstinence rates among tobacco users. This review assesses the effectiveness of interventions for tobacco cessation offered to cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users in the dental office or community setting.
Direct Measurement of the Confining Forces Imposed on a Single Molecule in a Concentrated Solution of Circular Polymers

We measure the forces confining the displacement of a single DNA molecule embedded within a concentrated solution of long relaxed circular DNA molecules (115 kbp at 1 mg/mL) using optical tweezers. We compare these measurements with our previous measurements of forces imposed by entangled linear DNA molecules of the same length and concentration. A tube-like confining field and three relaxation modes were observed, but the tube radius was 25% smaller (=0.6 Im) and the longest relaxation time 3 times shorter (=11 s) than with linear molecules, consistent with recent theoretical predictions by Iyer, Lele, and Juvekar. For displacements greater than the tube radius, the confining force imposed by circular polymers was substantially lower and shorter range than that measured with linear polymers.
Stimulation of Rho signaling by pathologic mechanical stretch is a “second hit” to Rho-independent lung injury induced by IL-6

Most patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome of septic and nonseptic nature require assisted ventilation with positive pressure, which at suboptimal range may further exacerbate lung dysfunction. Previous studies described enhancement of agonist-induced Rho GTPase signaling and endothelial cell (EC) permeability in EC cultures exposed to pathologically relevant cyclic stretch (CS) magnitudes. This study examined a role of pathologic CS in modulation of pulmonary EC permeability caused by IL-6, a cytokine increased in sepsis and acting in a Rho-independent manner. IL-6 increased EC permeability, which was associated with activation of Jak/signal transducers and activators of transcription, p38 MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling and was augmented by EC exposure to 18% CS. Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 suppressed the synergistic effect of 18% CS on IL-6-induced EC monolayer disruption but did not alter the IL-6 effects on static EC culture. 18% CS also increased IL-6-induced ICAM-1 expression by pulmonary EC and neutrophil adhesion, which was attenuated by Y-27632. Intratracheal IL-6 administration in C57BL/6J mice increased protein content and cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These changes were augmented by high tidal volume mechanical ventilation (HTV; 30 ml/kg, 4 h). Intravenous injection of Y-27632 suppressed IL6/HTV-induced lung injury. In conclusion, this study proposes a novel mechanism contributing to two-hit model of ALI: in addition to synergistic effects on Rho-dependent endothelial hyper-permeability triggered by thrombin, TNFα, LPS, or other agonists, ventilator-induced lung injury-relevant CS may also exacerbate Rho-independent mechanisms of EC permeability induced by other inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 via mechanisms involving Rho activity.