cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Modern Historiography

This essay surveys recent work by literary critics on early modern English history writing and attempts to provide a perspective on the relatively marginal status of historiography within early modern literary studies. In associating the emergence of humanism closely with the beginning of early modernity, historians and literary critics have created a division within early modern historiography that elevates the “humanist” history at the expense of the chronicle, often dismissively characterized as a “medieval” literary form and neglected as a focus of study. This division has in turn produced a narrowly specific understanding of the forms of writing that qualify as humanist histories, omitting drama, philosophical dialogues, and much of the period's Latin-language historiography. Many contemporary critics, however, have undertaken projects that attempt both to broaden current understandings of humanist historical thought and to integrate chronicle texts more fully into the study of early modern literature. These projects include formal analytical studies that survey more and more genres of writing as well as new editions of early modern historiographical texts, produced across a wide range of media.
Effects of orally administered cytidine 5'-diphosphate choline on brain phospholipid content.

Abstract Cytidine, as cytidine 5′-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline), is important for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in cell membranes. To investigate whether exogenous CDP-choline could affect brain phospholipid composition, we supplemented the diet of mice with this drug (500 mg/kg/day) for 27 months in 3-month-old mice and for 90, 42, and 3 days in 12-month-old mice, and measured their levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and the content of phosphatidylinositol plus phosphatidic acid in the cerebral cortex. After 27 months of treatment, PC and PE increased significantly by 19% (P
Zwittermicin A resistance gene from Bacillus cereus.

Zwittermicin A is a novel aminopolyol antibiotic produced by Bacillus cereus that is active against diverse bacteria and lower eukaryotes (L.A. Silo-Suh, B.J. Lethbridge, S.J. Raffel, H. He, J. Clardy, and J. Handelsman, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2023-2030, 1994). To identify a determinant for resistance to zwittermicin A, we constructed a genomic library from B. cereus UW85, which produces zwittermicin A, and screened transformants of Escherichia coli DH5alpha, which is sensitive to zwittermicin A, for resistance to zwittermicin A. Subcloning and mutagenesis defined a genetic locus, designated zmaR, on a 1.2-kb fragment of DNA that conferred zwittermicin A resistance on E. coli. A DNA fragment containing zmaR hybridized to a corresponding fragment of genomic DNA from B. cereus UW85. Corresponding fragments were not detected in mutants of B. cereus UW85 that were sensitive to zwittermicin A, and the plasmids carrying zmaR restored resistance to the zwittermicin A-sensitive mutants, indicating that zmaR was deleted in the zwittermicin A-sensitive mutants and that zmaR is functional in B. cereus. Sequencing of the 1.2-kb fragment of DNA defined an open reading frame, designated ZmaR. Neither the nucleotide sequence nor the predicted protein sequence had significant similarity to sequences in existing databases. Cell extracts from an E. coli strain carrying zmaR contained a 43.5-kDa protein whose molecular mass and N-terminal sequence matched those of the protein predicted by the zmaR sequence. The results demonstrate that we have isolated a gene, zmaR, that encodes a zwIttermicin A resistance determinant that is functional in both B. cereus and E. coli.
Political Competition, Partisanship, and Policy Making in Latin American Public Utilities: Postreform Regulatory Redistribution in Argentina and Mexico

This chapter focuses on regulatory redistribution in Argentina and Mexico, where populist converts had adopted market-oriented reforms with a market-controlling content, in contrast to the market-conforming Chilean reforms. In addition to assessing the effect of institutional legacies, the analysis of postreform policy making in these two countries provides longitudinal variation in the main political variables of interest. In both countries, reformers remained in power in the postreform period but were replaced by presidents of another political party. Thus, it is possible to assess the hypothesized effects of having adopted the reforms and the partisan preferences of incumbents. Like Chile, both countries experienced bouts of electoral competition around the turn of the century, and Argentina experienced an electricity crisis simultaneous to the Chilean one. Unlike Chile, however, these countries suffered deep macroeconomic crises in the postreform period. These conditions permit testing the effects of electoral competition and the impact of exogenous shocks on public salience. In contrast to Chile and Mexico, Argentina had well-organized consumer associations that had the ability to endogenously raise the public salience of telecommunications and electricity regulation issues. As in the Chapter 4, the cross-sectoral comparison within country serves to control for industry-specific factors. Political Competition, Partisanship, and Institutional Legacies in Postreform Argentina This section presents the expectations derived from the main hypotheses of Chapter 1 for regulatory preferences in postreform Argentina.
Effect of Three-Dimensional Structure on the Stormwide Horizontal Accelerations and Momentum Budget of a Simulated Squall Line

Abstract Past studies of the effects of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) on the environmental flow have been limited by data coverage and resolution. In the current study the MCS-scale (stormwide) horizontal accelerations and momentum budget associated with an oceanic MCS are analyzed using output from a high-resolution three-dimensional numerical model integrated over a large domain. The simulation is based on an observed MCS that occurred on 22 February 1993 during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment. An important aspect of both the observed and simulated MCS is its evolution from a quasi-two-dimensional to an asymmetric three-dimensional morphology, which was demonstrated in companion studies to result from the finite length of the MCS interacting with environmental vertical shear that varies in direction with height. Herein, the authors focus on the effects of the three-dimensional structure on MCS-scale horizontal accelerations. The horizontal accelera...
A review of the use of silicone implants in breast surgery

Breast implant surgery is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the field of plastic surgery. While silicone implants are now routinely used in breast surgery, they have previously been the subject of controversy. This was particularly true in the U.S., where there was a moratorium on their use from 1992 to 2006. Following subsequent scientific validation of their safety, silicone implants have re-gained widespread acceptance for clinical use. Modern implant design has aimed to optimize aesthetic outcomes while minimizing implant-related complications, such as capsular contracture and device rupture. One of the most significant advances has been the use of highly cohesive silicone which, through extensive cross-linking, maintains its shape within the body in the presence of physiologic forces. Overall, silicone breast implants are associated with a high degree of patient satisfaction and low rates of complications. Further independent research is necessary to better establish long-term outcomes.
Magnetic resonance imaging in musculoskeletal assessment: a surgeon's perspective.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a significant advance in musculoskeletal noninvasive visualization, especially for the soft tissues including the menisci. The purpose of this article is to give the radiologist a surgeon's perspective on the role of this technology in clinical practice. For MR imaging to be cost effective, it must accurately define anatomy, and reveal changes that have an impact on patient care--i.e., be clinically relevant. For MR imaging to be accurate, optimum software, hardware, and an experienced radiologist are essential. However, even if an MR examination has high accuracy, the abnormal findings of this evaluation may not be related to the clinical problem that the patient presents with. This is supported by the demonstration that asymptomatic patients may have grade 3 meniscal tears, herniated discs, and rotator cuff changes. The MR examination may not change patient management even if it demonstrates pathologies such as a meniscal tear. The patient may tolerate the dysfunction and pain. The most cost-effective method of providing musculoskeletal care is still a careful history and competent physical examination.
“Pedlar in Divinity”: George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 1737–1745

When the Anglican evangelist George Whitefield arrived at Lewis Town, Pennsylvania, on October 30, 1739, he brought with him more than his zeal to declare the necessity of a spiritual new birth. His cargo in the hold of the Elizabeth contained boxes of evangelical books and pamphlets, including Benjamin Jenks's Prayers and Offices of Devotion for Families, John Flavel's Husbandry Spiritualised, Isaac Watts's Divine Songs, William Law's A Practical Treatise Upon Christian Perfection, John Norris's A Treatise Concerning Christian Prudence, 200 copies of the Countryparson's advice to his parishioners, and 150 volumes of the Book of Common Prayer. He also transported cartons of his own printed sermons, journals, letters, and prayers. These items represented just part of the apparatus he employed to generate religious enthusiasm in the intercolonial revivals known as the Great Awakening.1 Whitefield's shipload of consumer merchandise symbolizes his immersion in a thoroughly commercialized society, one that provided him with the means of constructing a new religious discourse -modern revivalism. Recent works have illuminated how Whitefield and other evangelicals shaped the Great Awakening. One imaginative volume has focused on Whitefield's innovations in rhetoric and social communication that challenged local distinctions and authority relations. Case studies have explored the revivalist's audiences, in particular those factors influencing the colonists' attitudes toward the awakening -a complex interaction of age, gender, church membership, and social standing. And one landmark in early American historiography has indicated that commerce long viewed as destructive of traditional values, including pietyserved as a means of promoting community and religion. However, Whitefield's appropriation of new commercial techniques to
Study on cognition to methadone maintenance treatment of MMT patients

Objective To know about MMT outpatients' cognition and attitude on methadone maintenance treatment,and it's effective factors to provide scientific basis and intervening measure.Methods One to one survey was carried out by questionnaire survey which was prepared for MMT outpatients and the outpatient information of them was collect.Descriptive statistical analysis was used to find out different cognition and attitude of MMT outpatients.Results There are certain error of cognition on MMT,about 43.61% outpatients thought that low dose maintenance treatment is better,and 60.47% ones going to lower dose treatment and exit.Conclusion In order to improve the drug treatment compliance,the nichetargeting intervention for MMT outpatient service should be based on the cognitive errors,adopted psychological intervention work will be the key point for MMT outpatient.
Reproductive rate and genetic variation in composite and parental populations: experimental results in sheep.

Mean and genetic variability for ewe performance of two composite populations were compared with those of their contemporary parent lines to assess relative potential for continued response from selection. Data were from the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, 1973 to 1983. The 4,415 ewes by 508 sires of Finnsheep (F), Rambouillet (R), Dorset (D), and Composite 1 (C1 = F/2 + R/4 + D/4) lines were mated in April, August, and December of each year. The 1,763 ewes by 320 sires of Finnsheep (F), Suffolk (S), Targhee (T), and Composite 2 (C2 = F/2 + S/4 + T/4) were mated in October only. Data were adjusted for effects of year, season, and age of ewe at breeding, plus interval between lambings, for the accelerated lambing lines and for year and age at breeding for the annual lambing lines. Superiority of composite over parent lines in lambs weaned per ewe exposed was 36% for accelerated and 44% for annual lambing lines; that superiority arose largely from dominant heterotic effects for fertility and viability. Weighted mean paternal half-sib estimates of heritability for mean lifetime ewe performance of composite vs parental lines were 32 vs 23% for litter birth weight, 25 vs 28% for lamb birth weight, 26 vs 11% for number born, 11 vs 23% for conception rate, 5 vs 10% for number weaned, -1 vs 19% for lamb weight at 42-d weaning, but 6 vs 23% for number and 8 vs 28% for litter weight weaned per ewe exposed. Heritability was higher in composites than in parental lines for numbers born, but it was lower for the more heterotic traits (fertility, lamb viability) and, hence, for total weaned lamb output, without change in phenotypic variation. Thus, even an equal response in composites from continuing selection for weaned lamb output may depend mainly on more intense selection permitted by a higher reproductive rate.
Sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase: inactivation by neutrophil-derived free radicals and oxidants.

One of the targets of free radicals and neutrophil-derived oxidants that is known to be generated during ischemic-reperfusion injury of the myocardium is the sarcolemma. We therefore examined the s...
The Nature and Variability of Automated Practice Alerts Derived from Electronic Health Records in a U.S. Nationwide Critical Care Research Network.

Rationale: The nature, variability, and extent of early warning clinical practice alerts derived from automated query of electronic health records (e-alerts) currently used in acute care settings for clinical care or research is unknown.Objectives: To describe e-alerts in current use in acute care settings at medical centers participating in a nationwide critical care research network.Methods: We surveyed investigators at 38 institutions involved in the National Institutes of Health–funded Clinical Trials Network for the Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL) for quantitative and qualitative analysis.Measurements and Main Results: Thirty sites completed the survey (79% response rate). All sites used electronic health record systems. Epic Systems was used at 56% of sites; the others used alternate commercially available vendors or homegrown systems. Respondents at 57% of sites represented in this survey used e-alerts. All but 1 of these 17 sites used an e-alert for early detection of s...
Generational Changes in the Workplace and Organizational Performance

Generations are identified in two ways. Birth date of a generation establishes how that generation grew up in ways different than other generations. Four generations exist in today's workplace: GI Joe/GI Jane (also referred to as the Silent Generation, born prior to 1946), Baby Boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964), Generation X (Gen X: those born between 1960 and 1980), and Millennials (also referred to as Generation Y or Gen Y: those born between 1980 and 2004). This methodology identifies the fact that there are significant differences, say, between Baby Boomers and Millennials. Keywords: age; business and management; leadership; social issues; sociology of aging
Schiller’s Ballad Der Taucher

(1955). Schiller’s Ballad Der Taucher. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 252-259.
Postmodern Chic and Postcolonial Cheek: A Map of Linguistic Resistance, Hybridity, and Pedagogy in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children

This essay examines how Salman Rushdie appropriates the colonial linguistic medium (English) in Midnight’s Children and embeds resistance within its commonplace and seemingly innocent lexical interstices through the insertion of Hindi/Urdu terms in his wordplay. This lexical hybridity may be examined as a creative example of Homi Bhabha's exegetical “third space” that is postmodern in its disruption of semiotic stasis and postcolonial in its disruption of the primacy of English. This paper contextualizes Rushdie’s code-mixing of English and Hindi/Urdu lexical registers to produce multiple meanings and puns, maps select examples through L.G. Heller’s mode of linguistic diagramming, and provides an overview of the resultant ideological considerations.
Strategic communication in multi-agent systems

This paper analyzes the strategic communication paradigm over a sensor network. We consider optimal communication strategies in a sensor network where each sensor is strategic and aims to maximize its own objective which involves type and source random variables. The objective of the receiver is to minimize the estimation error associated with the source. The orthogonal multiple access channel model and two notions of equilibrium, Nash and Herding equilibria, are considered. The optimal communication strategies achieving these equilibria and pay-offs at the equilibria are characterized. Numerical results obtained via simulations confirming the theoretical findings are presented.
A statistical approach to combining multisource information in one‐class classifiers

A new method is introduced for combining information from multiple sources to support one-class classification. The contributing sources may represent measurements taken by different sensors of the same physical entity, repeated measurements by a single sensor, or numerous features computed from a single measured image or signal. The approach utilizes the theory of statistical hypothesis testing, and applies Fisher's technique for combining p-values, modified to handle nonindependent sources. Classifier outputs take the form of fused p-values, which may be used to gauge the consistency of unknown entities with one or more class hypotheses. The approach enables rigorous assessment of classification uncertainties, and allows for traceability of classifier decisions back to the constituent sources, both of which are important for high-consequence decision support. Application of the technique is illustrated in two challenge problems, one for skin segmentation and the other for terrain labeling. The method is seen to be particularly effective for relatively small training samples.
P4.101 Adolescents’ And their parents’ attitudes over time about parental involvement in clinical research

Introduction Adolescent participation in reproductive health clinical trials requires balancing adolescent autonomy and parental involvement. Previous work indicated that adolescents and parents viewed parental involvement as having two aspects, learning information (e.g., test results, risk behaviours) and involvement in the process (e.g. accompanying them to the appointment). Methods Adolescents (ages 14 to 17 years) and their parents were enrolled in a longitudinal study assessing willingness to participate in a hypothetical microbicide clinical trial. They were asked at baseline and at one year follow-up to respond yes/no to 9 items regarding parental involvement. At baseline, one item “asking details about the study” was subsequently dropped from analyses. Results The adolescents (n=254) were 69% Hispanic, 65% female, and had a mean age at baseline of 15.5 years. Factor analysis for follow-up data indicated a different factor structure. In order to understand the change, adolescent and parent data were factor analysed separately. The adolescents’ factor structure indicated that all of the items loaded on one factor, with the exception of the two items regarding getting permission from parents to participate in studies. The factor structure for those that were under 18 remained different from the factor structure at baseline, implying that being a legal adult was not the cause of the change. For the parents, the factors remained fairly similar to the baseline factor structure. Conclusion The findings suggest that although the structure of parental attitudes about involvement in research may be stable over a year’s time; adolescents may over time view parental permission as a separate concept from the general role of parents in research. This view was not related to adolescents obtaining legal status to self-consent. Understanding of why/how attitudes about parental involvement change or stay stable over time may help investigators manage expectations. Support: National Institutes of Health (R01HD067287); National Centre for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (UL1 TR000040, UL1 TR000457)
Trends in multiple myeloma presentation, management, cost of care, and outcomes in the Medicare population: A comprehensive look at racial disparities.

BACKGROUND Outcomes have improved significantly in multiple myeloma (MM), but racial disparities in health care access and survival exist. A comprehensive analysis exploring MM care and racial disparities is warranted. METHODS Patients with MM from 1991 to 2010 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database were evaluated for racial trends in clinical myeloma-defining events (MDEs), the receipt of treatment (drugs and stem cell transplantation; [SCT]), the cost of care, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Among 35,842 patients, the frequency of all MDEs at diagnosis increased over time; whereas, in recent years (2006-2010), all MDEs with the exception of renal dialysis decreased. Blacks had highest rates for all MDEs except bone fractures, which were highest in whites. Over time, the proportion of patients who received any treatment, multiple agents, and SCT increased significantly, and the largest increase was observed in the receipt of immunomodulatory drugs and steroids. There was greater receipt of bortezomib and SCT among whites and blacks and higher receipt of immunomodulatory drugs among Hispanics and Asians (P < .001). Medicare claims were highest during first 6 months after MM diagnosis for blacks and at any time after MM diagnosis for Hispanics. Over time, Medicare claims increased most steadily for Hispanics (P < .001). Hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, and bone fractures were associated with inferior OS. Blacks and Asians had superior OS compared with whites, but racial differences in OS became less pronounced during 2006 through 2010 (P = .182) compared with prior years (P < .01). Better OS was noted among patients who had higher median incomes. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicate that there have been significant changes in the management of patients with MM over time and provide an in-depth understanding of the factors that may help explain racial disparities. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Infections and Cardiovascular Complications are Common Causes for Hospitalization in Older Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Background and Aims Prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in older patients is increasing. Risk-benefit trade-offs of therapy are poorly understood in older patients, who may be at higher risk of nonIBD and/or treatment-related complications, rather than disease-related complications. We conducted a nationally representative cohort study to estimate and compare annual burden, costs, and causes for hospitalization in older versus younger patients with IBD. Methods Using the Nationwide Readmissions Database 2013, we created a cohort of 47,402 patients with IBD who had been hospitalized at least once between January-June 2013 and followed for rehospitalization until December 2013. We estimated annual burden (total days spent in hospital), costs, and causes (based on primary discharge diagnosis) of hospitalization in older (>64y, n = 15,428), middle-age (40-64y, n = 18,476), and younger (<40y, n = 13,498) patients. Results Older patients with IBD spent more days in hospital annually [median interquartile range : 7 (3-13) days] than middle-age [6 (3-12) days], and younger patients [5 ([3-11) days], with significantly higher hospitalization-related costs $15,078 (7423-30,955) vs $12,921 (6367-28,182) vs.. $10,070 (5192-22,100), P < 0.01. Older patients were significantly more likely to be hospitalized due to serious infections (14.6% vs 10.6% vs 8.4%; P < 0.01) and cardiovascular complications (9.9% vs 4.3% vs 0.8%; P < 0.01), and they were less likely due to IBD-related complications (11.8% vs 23.5% vs 41.4%; P < 0.01). Conclusions Older IBD patients have higher burden and costs of hospitalization than younger patients, mainly attributed to serious infections and cardiovascular complications, rather than disease-related complications. Careful assessment of comparative risks-benefits of different IBD therapies in older patients is warranted to identify the optimal treatment approach.
Viruses in water.

Attention is drawn in this paper to the increasing problem of viral contamination of water and shellfish, particularly since growing demands for available water resources by a rising world population and expanding industry will make the recycling of wastewater almost inevitable in the future. The problem of eliminating viruses pathogenic for man from water is considered in the light of present water treatment procedures, which are often inadequate for that purpose. Man may be exposed to waterborne viruses through the consumption of contaminated water, shellfish, or crops, as a result of recreational activities involving water, or from aerosols following the spraying of crops with liquid wastes. Physical and chemical methods of eliminating viruses from water are discussed.
Nutritional care of patients with renal failure and diabetes.

Diet is a key component in the medical management of both diabetes mellitus and renal failure. The foremost consideration is prevention of malnutrition.
trp Repressor, A Crystallographic Study of Allostery in Genetic Regulation

The crystal structure of the E. coli trp repressor has been solved (1) and refined to 2.2 A. The two subunits (107 residues each) are related by an exact crystallographic dyad. Each subunit is composed of six helices, five of which intertwine about each other in a way that may make it seemingly impossible to disengage the subunits without altering their tertiary structure. The two symmetrically related L-tryptophan binding sites are formed by this interface.
Guiding and binding of cavity photons with patterned two-dimensional semiconductors

Strong optical responses of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors like transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) draw substantial attention for prospective applications in optoelectronics and photonics. Here, we propose a potentially attractive application avenue via embedding patterns of 2D semiconductors (shaped, e.g., as strips or disks) in planar optical microcavities to engineer photonic modes in the dissipation-free spectral range below the optical gap. While the cavity confines electromagnetic fields to its interior, the high in-plane polarizability of 2D materials causes the appearance of the cavity modes that are bound to the patterned pieces in the lateral directions along the cavity. A TMD strip would then act to guide such bound cavity photons, while a pair of neighboring strips could operate similar to coupled photonic waveguides. Our calculations relying on experimentally measured TMD optical suspectibilities, explicitly demonstrate this type of behavior accompanied by photonic binding energies on the order of 10 meV and micron-scale spatial extents. They indicate that patterned 2D semiconductor structures employed within microcavities could represent a new material platform to enable various functionalities of integrated photonics.
Gradient Optics DLL (GODLL) Generator

We have developed a software toolbox for creating an arbitrary, user-defined gradient index profile for use with Optic Studio Zemax. Three examples are also provided to demonstrate the user experience and the procedure.
Development and Application of FACTS Technology

Over the past few decades, FACTS technology has been developed rapidly. And various FACTS controllers have been widely used in the world. This paper presents the development and status of FACTS technology, and introduces the applications of FACTS controllers, especially the typical domestic applications. The key technologies such as system design, control strategy design, equipment development, etc. are summarized. Then, in view of the demands and challenges of FACTS controllers, combined the trends of innovative technologies, the development trend and application prospect of FACTS technology are forecasted.
Potential Flow Generator with $L_2$ Optimal Transport Regularity for Generative Models

We propose a potential flow generator with $L_2$ optimal transport regularity, which can be easily integrated into a wide range of generative models including different versions of GANs and flow-based models. We show the correctness and robustness of the potential flow generator in several 2D problems, and illustrate the concept of "proximity" due to the $L_2$ optimal transport regularity. Subsequently, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the potential flow generator in image translation tasks with unpaired training data from the MNIST dataset and the CelebA dataset.
Optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller for Responsive Charging of Electric Vehicles

Abstract This paper contributes to the theme of intelligent integration of energy storage and the control of prosumer resources. The paper illustrates the use of a zero-order Sugeno fuzzy model to perform bidirectional real power control from an electric vehicle (EV), i.e., vehicle to grid (V2G) and grid to vehicle (G2V). The paper proposes an initial design of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) following which the FLC is optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) for better performance under varying charging speed requirements of the user and better efficiency. A perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm based reactive power control is also proposed for voltage support through these EV chargers. The designed FLC can not only respond to grid conditions based on the time of use (TOU) but also to users charging speed requirements. Also, the initial design of an FLC may not suit a particular user’s requirement but can be optimized to meet the requirements.
Changes in soluble carbohydrates during phytochrome-regulated petiole elongation in watermelon seedlings

Changes in soluble carbohydrate composition and concentration in leavesand petioles of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb)Matsum and Nakai cv. Sugar Baby) seedlings during early stages ofphytochrome-regulated petiole elongation were investigated. Watermelon seedlingswere grown in a controlled environment with 350 μmolm−2 s−1 photosynthetically activeradiation (PAR) during a 12-h photoperiod. Low intensity end-of-day(EOD) light treatments (for 15 min) of red (R), far-red (FR) and FRfollowed by R (FR/R) were initiated when the seedlings were 14 days old.Seedling growth, and soluble carbohydrate concentration and composition inleaves and petioles were determined after 3 and 6 days of EOD light treatments.The EOD FR increased the petiole length and dry mass partitioned to petioles asearly as 3 days into the treatment. This increased petiole dry mass inFR-treated plants was accompanied with an increase in reducing sugar (glucoseand fructose) concentration in the petioles. Although both leaves and petiolesshowed this effect, the relative increase was greater in petioles than leaves.While the most abundant sugars in petioles were fructose and glucose, thepredominant sugars in leaves were sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. Thephotoreversion of FR induced changes in growth and sugar concentrations by Rindicates the involvement of phytochrome in these processes.
Emergency Medical Services resource capacity and competency amid COVID-19 in the United States: Preliminary findings from a national survey

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate available resources, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) availability, sanitation practices, institutional policies, and opinions among EMS professionals in the United States amid the COVID-19 pandemic using a self-report survey questionnaire. METHODS An online 42-question multiple choice survey was randomly distributed between April 1, 2020, and April 12, 2020 to various active Emergency Medical Services (EMS) paid personnel in all 50 U.S. states including the District of Columbia (n=165). We approximate a 95% confidence interval (± 0.0755). RESULTS An overwhelming number of EMS providers report having limited access to N95 respirators, receiving little or no benefits from COVID-19 related work, and report no institutional policy on social distancing practices despite CDC recommendations. For providers who do have access to N95 respirators, 31% report having to use the same mask for 1 week or longer. Approximately ⅓ of the surveyed participants were unsure of when a COVID-19 patient is infectious. The data suggests regular decontamination of EMS equipment after each patient contact is not a regular practice. DISCUSSION Current practices to educate EMS providers on appropriate response to the novel coronavirus may not be sufficient, and future patients may benefit from a nationally established COVID-19 EMS response protocol. Further investigation on whether current EMS practices are contributing to the spread of infection is warranted. The data reveals concerning deficits in COVID-19 related education and administrative protocols which pose as a serious public health concern that should be urgently addressed. Key Messages What is already known on this subject COVID-19 presents as a national emergency in the United States, and all efforts to mitigate the spread of disease should be considered Emergency Medical Services personnel play a pivotal role in patient outcomes and are often the first healthcare providers to make contact with COVID-19 patients The CDC has provided an Interim guidance for EMS professionals amid the COVID-19 pandemic What this study adds Due to varied decontamination practices and administrative protocols that are non-compliant with CDC recommendations, EMS providers may inadvertently contribute to the spread of infection Due to varied knowledge and opinions of EMS providers on COVID-19, current pandemic education approaches may need to be revisited
Theoretical Analysis of Tunnel-Injected Sub-300 nm AlGaN Laser Diodes

Electrically-pumped AlGaN-based edge-emitting laser diodes with a buried tunnel junction (TJ) for sub-300 nm emission are designed in this paper. Hole injection is one of the major concerns for the design of ultraviolet (UV) lasers based on this material system. The use of a low-resistive TJ as an intracavity contact within the devices will offer an opportunity to replace highly resistive p- type AlGaN-based cladding and contact layers by their n- doped counterparts. This advanced polarization-engineered interband TJs will lead to improved hole injection and a significantly reduced threshold voltage. The thermal properties of the tunnel-injected devices are thoroughly studied theoretically. For the demonstration of continuous-wave operating lasers, possible improvements in terms of better thermal management of the device are also discussed. Our improved design allows CW-operating AlGaN lasers with a threshold current density of 220 mW, yielding a wall-plug efficiency of > 2.8%.
Pre-clerkship physical examination assessment rubric.

Introduction The physical examination is a core competency in the training of pre-clerkship medical students. It is important to certify proficiency in the physical examination before students start their clinical rotations. Many institutions use home grown assessment tools for this purpose; however, there currently are no validated rubrics designed to assess the performance a head to toe physical examination by a pre-clerkship medical student. The goal of this study is to assess the reliability (inter-rater and intra-rater) of our institutionally developed rubric. Methods Clinical faculty with various levels of teaching experience watched videos of students doing a head to toe physical examination and scored the students using our assessment rubric. These scores were evaluated for intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. Results A total of 15 student videos were reviewed by five faculty members with varying levels of teaching experience. The degree of inter-rater agreement (between raters) for single and average measure was excellent and the degree of intra-rater agreement (same rater twice) for single and average measure was excellent. Discussion We conclude that our institutionally developed physical examination assessment rubric is a reliable means to certify proficiency in the physical examination before students start their clinical clerkships.
Measurement of Repressed Inflation in China: The Lack of Coordination between Monetary Policy and Price Controls

We estimate a measure of the repression of the Chinese price level by developing a simple analytical model which derives a 'true' rate of inflation on the basis of the different rates of change of the stock of money in circulation and the nominal value of retail sales. This true rate of inflation is then used to explain changes in quasi-money balances. We estimate this model for the period 1979-1988 using quarterly data. The results strongly support the hypothesis of repressed inflation. The annual rate of inflation of the 'true' price index is approximately 12.4 percent higher than that of the official price index over the 10-year period.
Short-term outcomes in pediatric and adolescent patients with psychogenic nonepileptic events seen by telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Introduction Psychogenic nonepileptic events (PNEE) are a type of Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder that present with events that appear epileptic but are not associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, our PNEE clinic switched to a telemedicine format, and we present here our experience with providing care to children and adolescents with PNEE in this format. Methods The multidisciplinary clinic shifted to a telemedicine platform in March 2020 with the same joint provider format. Follow-up phone calls are completed at one and three months following the visit. Data are presented with descriptive statistics. Referral volume and outcomes data are compared to historical patients, including rates of diagnosis acceptance, linkage to counseling, and change in event frequency. Results Twenty-three patients were scheduled to be seen via telemedicine or hybrid visits from March through June, twenty completed their visits. Sixteen (70%) were reached for follow-up at one month. Of those reached, twelve (75%) accepted the diagnosis, eight (50%) were linked with counseling, and fourteen (88%) with improvement in event frequency. Of the sixteen reached at three months, eleven (69%) had accepted the diagnosis, ten (63%) were linked with counseling, and all but two reported improvement in event frequency. In comparison, the previously published results showed 3-month rates of 75% of patients accepting the diagnosis, 76% linked with counseling, and 75% with improvement in event frequency. Conclusions Video telemedicine visits are a feasible and effective way to provide care for children and adolescents with PNEE. At 3 months, patients seen by telemedicine had similar acceptance rates, decreased connection to counseling, and increased rate of improvement in event frequency. This study suggests telemedicine may have some benefits over traditional clinic visits, such as improved show rates and access to clinic; so should be considered a reasonable alternative to in-person visits.
History of Empowerment: How Far Have We Come?

This chapter examines several critical movements in American culture that attempted to elevate society toward gender equality. Each change is observed from a practical and theoretical lens. Three specific areas are discussed. First, there are many milestones in the movement toward gender equality in America. Many of these have political, economic, social/cultural, and technological (PEST) roots. These milestones are compiled into categories and their ramifications discussed. Second, in addition to the external environmental culture, the demographic landscape of the workplace has had dramatic shifts. These shifts are explored as well as gender positions of power, from the boardroom to managerial levels. Finally, gender equality roles are discussed as they are displayed in books, music, television, and other forms of media. How these roles have shifted in the mind of the American consumer over the decades is reviewed, and the elevated impact on gender equality that media channels have on culture is evaluated. Intertwined with these topics is the timeline and progress of Critical Theory. With its 1930s birth at the Frankfurt School in Germany, this school of thought, depending on one’s preference of conservatism versus liberalism, is viewed somewhere between an unrelenting epidemic or an emerged sense of possibilities for the future. This chapter evaluates the connection “if any” between social movements in America and efforts to transform a new nation into a modern society using education, intellect, reasoning, and understanding to encourage progressive thinking and the questioning of the way things have always been.
Energy deficit-independent stress response in the Frataxin-depleted heart: evidence that Integrated Stress Response can predominate over mTORC1 activation

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited disorder caused by depletion of frataxin (FXN), a mitochondrial protein required for iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis. Cardiac dysfunction is the main cause of death. Yet pathogenesis, and, more generally, how the heart adapts to FXN loss, remain poorly understood, though are expected to be linked to an energy deficit. We modified a transgenic (TG) mouse model of inducible FXN depletion that permits phenotypic evaluation of the heart at FXN levels 8 weeks with FXN levels
Navigating the demands of increasing customer participation through firm and individual job resources

Abstract Many firms are increasing the amount of customer participation required in B2B sales in efforts to improve firm performance. Unfortunately, little is known regarding how increasing customer participation expectations effects the firm's salespeople. To address this issue, using the job demands-resources model, this study examines how increases in customer participation influence salesperson burnout and salesperson investment in resources, while accounting for the job resources of job autonomy and belief in innate selling ability. The potential moderating effects of competitive intensity are also captured. The findings, based upon a survey of 210 B2B salespeople, indicate that increasing customer participation does not increase salesperson burnout, but increases investments in resources aimed to increase salesperson professional development. Further, greater job autonomy was found to decrease salesperson burnout and increase investment in resources, with the latter being moderated by competitive intensity. Belief in innate selling ability, in contrast, was found to increase burnout and decrease investment in resources by salespeople, with the latter being moderated by competitive intensity. This study highlights the multiple positive and negative effects of increasing customer participation in B2B selling, providing new insights for how firms can set policies to enhance salesperson well-being and effectiveness in a B2B setting.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Emotion Regulation Focused Psychosocial Interventions for Adolescents

Emotion regulation (ER) is the ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify one’s emotional responses to be appropriate for environmental demands. Poor ER has been considered a transdiagnostic risk factor for a range of internalizing and externalizing disorders and overall decreased well-being in adolescents. A range of evidence-based interventions exist which may improve ER. However, much of the intervention research to date does not include a measure of ER to assess change pre and post treatment, with limited information about the efficacy of these interventions in youth across a range of sample types. There is a clear need for a comprehensive review of the literature examining ER-focused interventions in adolescents with a wide range of presenting disorders. A literature search was originally conducted in January 2020 and an updated search was conducted in February 2021 which elicited 1245 articles, of which 605 were duplicates and were removed. Abstracts of the remaining 640 articles were screened with 121 articles being reviewed in full. Of note, 16 additional articles were identified through references and other sources during this process and were also included in the full review. Of the 137 articles reviewed in full, 41 studies were ultimately included in the present review. The present paper provides a descriptive review of intervention approaches and findings from community prevention programs, programs for war-affected youth, programs for clinical populations, and programs for incarcerated and delinquent adolescents. The overall pooled effect was significantly different from zero based on the pre/post effects [Hedge’s g = 0.29, 95% CI (0.22, 0.36)] and the intervention/control effects [Hedge’s g = 0.19, 95% CI (0.06–0.32)]. Although neither sex nor age significantly accounted for heterogeneity in effect sizes, there were significant findings for population type (clinical vs. community), with community samples having significantly lower effect sizes on average. Impacts of the different ER measures used and significant methodological variability (e.g., use of control groups, length of intervention) across included studies are discussed. Implications and suggestions for future research are reviewed, specifically, that additional understanding of moderators of effects are needed and that measures used to assess change in ER, both dysregulation and adaptive skill use, may need to more directly align with the intervention’s focus and the strategies taught as part of the intervention.