cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White beam X-ray Diffraction Topography (WBXDT) Studies of Bridgman Grown CdZnTe Crystals

CZT is a semiconductor material that promises to be a good candidate for uncooled gamma radiation detectors. However, to date, we are yet to overcome the technological difficulties in production of large size, defect-free CZT crystals. The most common problem is accumulation of Tellurium precipitates as microscopic inclusions. These inclusions influence the charge collection through charge trapping and electric field distortion. We employed high energy transmission X-ray diffraction techniques to study the quality of the CdZnTe crystals grown by Bridgman Technique. Crystallinity and defects within two different growth set-ups, i.e. with and without choked seeding, were compared by imaging the crystal orientation topography with white beam X-ray diffraction topography (WBXDT). The X-ray diffraction topography results show high correlation with large-area infrared transmission images of the crystals. Grain boundaries that are highly decorated with Te inclusions are observed. Characteristic Te inclusion arrangements as a result of growth conditions are discussed. We also measured the electronic properties of the detectors fabricated from ingots grown using two Bridgman processes, and observed a reduction in electrical resistivity of choked-seeding-grown CdZnTe crystals. Our results show that although choked seeding technique holds a promise in the realization of high quality mono-crystalline CdZnTe, current growth parameters must be improved to obtain defect-free crystals. These results are helpful to attain optimal seeding process for Bridgman-growth of large single crystals of CdZnTe.
Early Intervention Services Improve School-age Functional Outcome Among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduates.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of community-based early intervention (EI) services the on functional outcomes of high-risk infants at school age. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using data from the US Department of Education's National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study. Participants were enrolled in 1997 to 1998 with follow-up through 5 years and had a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, birth weight >400 g, and gestational age >23 weeks. Kindergarten outcomes were teacher assessments of academic and physical skills compared with classmates. Because treatment assignment is determined according to level of clinical need, we used repeated measures, marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment weighting to account for confounding by indication. Results Of 405 participants, 47% had academic ratings average/above average and 71% had physical skills ratings average/above average. Odds of average/above average academic skills were lower for those with delayed EI enrollment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43–0.99) and trending, although not significantly, higher for those with greater service duration (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.98–2.22) and breadth (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.95–3.20). Odds of average/above average physical skills were lower for those with delayed EI enrollment (aOR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40–0.93) and higher for those with greater intensity (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00–1.13) and breadth (aOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.03–3.35), approaching significance for those with greater service duration (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 0.96–2.09). Conclusions Longer, more intense services were associated with higher kindergarten skills ratings in children at risk for disabilities. Our novel findings support the effectiveness of large-scale EI programs and reinforce the importance of referral after NICU discharge.
The (South) American Dream: Mobility and Economic Outcomes of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century Argentina

I study the mobility and economic outcomes of European immigrants and their children in nineteenth-century Argentina, the second largest destination country during the Age of Mass Migration. I use new data linking males across censuses and passenger lists of arrivals to Buenos Aires. First-generation immigrants experienced faster occupational upgrading than natives. Occupational mobility was substantial relative to Europe; immigrants holding unskilled occupations upon arrival experienced high rates of occupational upgrading. Second-generation immigrants outperformed the sons of natives in terms of literacy, occupational status and access to property, and experienced higher rates of intergenerational mobility out of unskilled occupations.
Impact localization in dispersive waveguides based on energy-attenuation of waves with the traveled distance

Abstract An algorithm is introduced to solve the general multilateration (source localization) problem in a dispersive waveguide. The algorithm is designed with the intention of localizing impact forces in a dispersive floor, and can potentially be used to localize and track occupants in a building using vibration sensors connected to the lower surface of the walking floor. The lower the wave frequencies generated by the impact force, the more accurate the localization is expected to be. An impact force acting on a floor, generates a seismic wave that gets distorted as it travels away from the source. This distortion is noticeable even over relatively short traveled distances, and is mainly caused by the dispersion phenomenon among other reasons, therefore using conventional localization/multilateration methods will produce localization error values that are highly variable and occasionally large. The proposed localization approach is based on the fact that the wave’s energy, calculated over some time window, decays exponentially as the wave travels away from the source. Although localization methods that assume exponential decay exist in the literature (in the field of wireless communications), these methods have only been considered for wave propagation in non-dispersive media, in addition to the limiting assumption required by these methods that the source must not coincide with a sensor location. As a result, these methods cannot be applied to the indoor localization problem in their current form. We show how our proposed method is different from the other methods, and that it overcomes the source-sensor location coincidence limitation. Theoretical analysis and experimental data will be used to motivate and justify the pursuit of the proposed approach for localization in a dispersive medium. Additionally, hammer impacts on an instrumented floor section inside an operational building, as well as finite element model simulations, are used to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. It is shown that the algorithm produces promising results providing a foundation for further future development and optimization.
Performing trauma: Commemorating 9/11 in downtown Manhattan:

There are two memorials at the site of the World Trade Center: the above ground Memorial Park and the below ground Memorial Museum. They embody very different conceptions of how an event such as 9/...
What would your ideal graduate mentoring program look like?: Latina/o student success in higher education

This study discusses how a diverse group of Latina/o undergraduate students perceive the ideal graduate-undergraduate mentoring program. Based on Latina/o undergraduate student voices from diverse ...
Early results of lower-dose dasatinib, 50 mg daily, in newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase.

e18551Background: Dasatinib, a potent BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is approved for the treatment of chronic phase CML (CML-CP) in the frontline and salvage settings. The approved dose i...
Groups and Homomorphisms

Generalizations of the quadratic formula for cubic and quartic polynomials were discovered in the sixteenth century, and one of the major mathematical problems thereafter was to find analogous formulas for the roots of polynomials of higher degree; all attempts failed. By the middle of the eighteenth century, it was realized that permutations of the roots of a polynomial f(x) were important; for example, it was known that the coefficients of f(x) are “symmetric functions” of its roots. In 1770, J.-L. Lagrange used permutations to analyze the formulas giving the roots of cubics and quartics,1 but he could not fully develop this insight because he viewed permutations only as rearrangements, and not as bijections that can be composed (see below). Composition of permutations docs appear in work of P. Ruffini and of P. Abbati about 1800; in 1815, A.L. Cauchy established the calculus of permutations, and this viewpoint was used by N.H. Abel in his proof (1824) that there exist quintic polynomials for which there is no generalization of the quadratic formula. In 1830, E. Galois (only 19 years old at the time) invented groups, associated to each polynomial a group of permutations of its roots, and proved that there is a formula for the roots if and only if the group of permutations has a special property. In one great theorem, Galois founded group theory and used it to solve one of the outstanding problems of his day.
Cardiac Noninvasive Imaging: Chest Radiography, Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography of the Heart

Non-invasive imaging plays an important role in the management of cardiac diseases. While chest radiography forms a standard part of the diagnostic work-up and follow-up of many cardiac patients, evolving technology related to cardiac computed tomography (CT) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging have contributed substantially to the diagnosis and prognosis of various cardiac pathologies. This chapter describes chest radiography findings of cardiopulmonary abnormalities and diseases, including recognition of valvular prostheses as well as pericardial and aortic abnormalities. This is followed by a section on cardiac CT and CMR where scan modes and sequences, indications specific to cardiology and safety issues are addressed.
Neurotransmitter Release from the Rabbit Carotid Body: Differential Effects of Hypdxia on Substance P and Acetylcholine Release

The mechanism(s) by which carotid body senses low oxygen remains to be an active area of investigation. It is currently believed that hypoxia causes membrane depolarization, activation of voltage-dependent Cat+ channel(s), elevation in the cytosolic calcium, and release of neurotransmitter(s) leading to increase in the sensory discharge of the carotid body6’7. Multiple neurotransmitters are expressed in the carotid body including acetylcholine, catecholamines, substance P-like neuropeptides and gas molecules (see Ref. [7] for review). While acetylcholine (ACh) and substance P (SP) augment the sensory response of the carotid body, dopamine, enkephalins, and atrial natriuretic peptide inhibit the carotid body activity. Based on a variety of observations reported in the literature, it has been postulated that hypoxia facilitates the concurrent release of several neurotransmitters from the carotid body and potential interactions among these neurotransmitters are of importance in shaping the sensory response of the carotid body to hypoxia7. As a first step toward testing this hypothesis, in the present study, we have determined the release of SP and ACh from the carotid body in response to hypoxia and assessed whether the magnitude of their release is comparable or differs from each other.
Abstract 16560: Impact of Assuming a Circular Orifice on Flow Error Through Elliptical Regurgitant Orifices: A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis

Introduction: Hydrodynamic theory predicts fluid approaches a point orifice with accelerating velocity in hemispheric shells, forming the basis for the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) meth...
Contraceptive, condom and dual method use at last coitus among perinatally and horizontally HIV-infected young women in Atlanta, Georgia

Objective To evaluate factors within the social-ecological framework associated with most or moderately effective contraception, condom and dual method use at last coitus among young, HIV-infected women in Atlanta. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted from November, 2013 until August, 2015 at the Grady Infectious Disease Clinic in Atlanta, Georgia. We recruited perinatally and horizontally HIV-infected women of ages 14–30 years to complete an audio computer-assisted self-interview. We evaluated factors within a social-ecological framework associated with most or moderately effective contraceptive use (hormonal contraception or an IUD), condom use, and dual method use (use of condom and most or moderately effective contraceptive) at last coitus. Results Of 103 women enrolled, 74 reported a history of sexual activity. The average age was 22.1; 89% were African American, 52% were perinatally infected, 89% received combination antiretroviral therapy, and 63% had undetectable viral loads. At last coitus, 46% reported most or moderately effective contraception, 62% reported condom use and 27% reporting dual-method use. The odds of most or moderately effective contraceptive use was significantly reduced among those with detectable viral loads (versus undetectable viral loads; aOR 0.13 [0.04, 0.38]). Older age (aOR 0.85 [0.74, 0.98] and more frequent coitus (>once/week versus once/week versus < = once/week; aOR 0.14 [0.03,0.82]), was associated with reduced dual method use, while being enrolled in school (aOR 5.63 [1.53, 20.71]) was significantly associated with increased dual method use. Conclusions Most or moderately effective contraception, condom and dual method use remained inadequate in this cohort of young HIV-infected women. Individual-level interventions are needed to increase the uptake of dual methods with user-independent contraceptives.
The utility of the Milan System as a risk stratification tool for salivary gland fine needle aspiration cytology specimens.

Objective To perform a retrospective investigation of our institutional experience with salivary gland fine needle aspirations (FNA) through the framework of The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) and assess the risks of neoplasm and malignancy for each diagnostic category. Methods All salivary gland FNAs performed from January 2009 to December 2016 were retrospectively categorised according to the MSRSGC. When available, pre-operative cytological results were correlated with subsequent histological follow-up. Results In total, 893 FNAs were reviewed. The specimens were retrospectively classified as nondiagnostic (ND: 13.5%), non-neoplastic (NN: 16.1%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS: 10.8%), benign neoplasm (BN: 34.9%), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP: 8.2%), suspicious for malignancy (SM: 2.7%) and malignant (M: 13.8%). Histological follow-up was available for 429 cases (48%); the majority (68.1%) were benign. The risks of neoplasm and malignancy for each category were as follows: ND: 64.5%, 16.1%; NN: 42.9%, 17.9%; AUS: 79.6%, 30.6%; BN: 100%, 2.2%; SUMP: 100%, 46.6%; SM: 94.7%, 78.9%; and M: 100%, 98.5%. Conclusions The MSRSGC is a useful classification scheme for stratifying salivary gland lesions according to their associated risk of malignancy and guiding clinicians toward appropriate management. Diagnostic pitfalls are seen in a small proportion of cases and a multidisciplinary approach for assessing salivary gland pathology is essential in their evaluation.
Using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) to Measure Pollen Flow in a Flowering Dogwood Orchard

Abstract Dispersal of flowering dogwood pollen in an orchard was evaluated by performing parentage analyses on open pollinated seedlings collected from a single maternal tree. Pollen sources for 45...
Image Processing in Television Ophthalmoscopy

The Television Ophthalmoscope, in association with the Image Acquisition and Display System under development in our laboratory, noninvasively provides and processes television images of the ocular fundus. This multiphasic instrument is capable of making several measurements which have potential clinical utility, e.g., blood flowrate, oxygen saturation, spectral reflectance signature, and geometric configuration.
Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.
Extravascular reconstruction of a congenitally absent inferior vena cava.

Abstract Congenital absence of the inferior vena cava is an uncommon venous anomaly with treatment algorithms consisting of predominately medical management. We present a case of a 36-year-old man with venous ulcers who had failed conservative treatment for recurrent venous ulcers. From a catheter directed approach, we were able to develop an extravascular retroperitoneal space and perform an iliocaval reconstruction with Wallstents. At 1-year postoperatively, his leg pain and edema had resolved, and had achieved resolution of his venous ulceration.
The temporal nature of social context: Insights from the daily lives of patients with HIV.

Background Patients' life contexts are increasingly recognized as important, as evidenced by growing attention to the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH). This attention may be particularly valuable for patients with complex needs, like those with HIV, who are more likely to experience age-related comorbidities, mental health or substance use issues. Understanding patient perceptions of their life context can advance SDoH approaches. Objectives We sought to understand how aging patients with HIV think about their life context and explored if and how their reported context was documented in their electronic medical records (EMRs). Design We combined life story interviews and EMR data to understand the health-related daily life experiences of patients with HIV. Patients over 50 were recruited from two US Department of Veterans Affairs HIV clinics. Narrative analysis was used to organize data by life events and health-related metrics. Key results EMRs of 15 participants documented an average of 19 diagnoses and 10 medications but generally failed to include social contexts salient to patients. In interviews, HIV was discussed primarily in response to direct interviewer questions. Instead, participants raised past trauma, current social engagement, and concern about future health with varying salience. This led us to organize the narratives temporally according to past-, present-, or future-orientation. "Past-focused" narratives dwelled on unresolved experiences with social institutions like the school system, military or marriage. "Present-focused" narratives emphasized daily life challenges, like social isolation. "Future-focused" narratives were dominated by concerns that aging would limit activities. Conclusions A temporally informed understanding of patients' life circumstances that are the foundation of their individualized SDoH could better focus care plans by addressing contextual concerns salient to patients. Trust-building may be a critical first step in caring for past-focused patients. Present-focused patients may benefit from support groups. Future-focused patients may desire discussing long term care options.
Generating simulated SNP array and sequencing data to assess genomic segmentation algorithms

We developed a tool, implemented in an R package called true and accurate clone generator (TACG), to simulate 'ground truth' and realistic SNP array and single nucleotide variant (SNV) data. We present TACG and use it to assess several different approaches to segmentation of copy number data from SNP arrays, with a particular interest in detecting copy number variations (CNVs) in cancer samples. We demonstrate that DNAcopy, an algorithm using circular binary segmentation, generally performs best, which is in agreement with previous research. We determine the conditions under which it and other methods break down. In particular, we assess how characteristics like clonal heterogeneity, presence of nested CNVs, and the type of aberration affect algorithm accuracy. The simulations we generated proved to be useful in determining not just the comparative overall accuracy of different algorithms, but also in determining how their efficacy is affected by the biological characteristics of samples from which the data was generated.
Hand and Wrist Injuries

Acute injuries that involve the wrist are often secondary to falling on an outstretched hand leading to fractures, sprains, and ligament tears, while those affecting the hand are usually related to a direct impact leading to fractures, dislocations, tendon tears, and ligament tears. Common fractures involve the distal radius, scaphoid, hook of the hamate, and the shaft and neck of the metacarpal bones. Important stabilizing structures like the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and the scapholunate ligament are commonly injured and may lead to wrist dysfunction. The ulnar collateral ligament at the thumb, and the flexor and extensor digitorum tendons are also susceptible to acute traumatic injuries in the hand. Typically overuse injuries at the wrist and hand occur secondary to repetitive stress and involve nerve, tendinous, and ligamentous structures. Diagnostic modalities include plain radiographs, ultrasound, and MRI. Some acute traumatic injuries often require early surgical intervention, while most overuse injuries are rehabilitated with therapy and activity modification. The return to sport decision is made after considering multiple factors including tissue healing and a gradual progression of activity tolerance.
Disparities in breast cancer by race and ethnicity.

e18526Background: Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy. While there have been significant advances in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, there are gaps in care leading to high ...
Families in the Riveli di beni e anime of Gallodoro, Sicily during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

This article examines the riveli di beni e anime of the small town of Gallodoro, located in northeastern Sicily about halfway between the cities of Messina and Catania, to examine the history of the town’s families during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by tracing the prevalence of surnames recorded in these documents. The growing proliferation of certain surnames suggests a longer presence of these families in Gallodoro, while the increasing diversification of surnames as a whole suggests a dynamic population comprised of new residents. Despite the diversification of surnames in the riveli for Gallodoro, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the majority of the town’s population held only a relatively few different surnames.
Co-NP-completeness of some matrix classification problems

The classes of P-, P0-, R0-, semimonotone, strictly semimonotone, column sufficient, and nondegenerate matrices play important roles in studying solution properties of equations and complementarity problems and convergence/complexity analysis of methods for solving these problems. It is known that the problem of deciding whether a square matrix with integer/rational entries is a P- (or nondegenerate) matrix is co-NP-complete. We show, through a unified analysis, that analogous decision problems for the other matrix classes are also co-NP-complete.
A Review of “Qualitative GIS: A Mixed Methods Approach”

In Qualitative GIS, Meghan Cope and Sarah Elwood have edited a compilation that addresses an important void in both geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic methodology literature. GIS a...
Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Cation Diffusion in Low-K Ceramics

Low thermal conductivity (low-K) ceramic materials are of interest to the aerospace community for use as the thermal barrier component of coating systems for turbine engine components. In particular, zirconia-based materials exhibit both low thermal conductivity and structural stability at high temperature, making them suitable for such applications. Because creep is one of the potential failure modes, and because diffusion is a mechanism by which creep takes place, we have performed computer simulations of cation diffusion in a variety of zirconia-based low-K materials. The kinetic Monte Carlo simulation method is an alternative to the more widely known molecular dynamics (MD) method. It is designed to study "infrequent-event" processes, such as diffusion, for which MD simulation can be highly inefficient. We describe the results of kinetic Monte Carlo computer simulations of cation diffusion in several zirconia-based materials, specifically, zirconia doped with Y, Gd, Nb and Yb. Diffusion paths are identified, and migration energy barriers are obtained from density functional calculations and from the literature. We present results on the temperature dependence of the diffusivity, and on the effects of the presence of oxygen vacancies in cation diffusion barrier complexes as well.
All-to-all communication on meshes with wormhole routing

Describes several algorithms to perform all-to-all communication on a two-dimensional mesh connected computer with wormhole routing. The authors discuss both direct algorithms, in which data is sent directly from source to destination processor, and indirect algorithms in which data is sent through one or more intermediate processors. The authors propose algorithms for both power-of-two and non power-of-two meshes as well as an algorithm which works for any arbitrary mesh. They have developed analytical models to estimate the performance of the algorithms on the basis of system parameters. Performance results obtained on the Intel Touchstone Delta are compared with the estimated values. >
Dopant site selectivity in BaCe0.85M0.15O3-δ by extended x-ray absorption fine structure

Rare earth doped BaCeO3 has been widely investigated as a proton conducting material. Trivalent dopants are generally assumed to fully occupy the Ce4+-site, and thereby introduce oxygen vacancies into the perovskite structure. Recent studies indicate the possibility of partial dopant incorporation onto the Ba2+-site concomitant with BaO evaporation, reducing the oxygen vacancy content. Because proton incorporation requires, as a first step, the generation of oxygen vacancies such dopant partitioning is detrimental to protonic conductivity. A quantitative Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) study of BaCe0.85M0.15O3-δ (M=Yb,Gd) is presented here along with complementary x-ray powder diffraction and electron probe chemical analyses. The EXAFS results demonstrate that as much as 4.6% of the ytterbium and 7.2% of the gadolinium intended for incorporation onto the Ce site, in fact, resides on the Ba site. The results are in qualitative agreement with the diffraction and chemical analyses, which additionally show an even greater extent of Nd incorporation on the Ba site.
Determination of the structure of adsorbed monolayers by the energy-averaging method: Al(100)

Abstract The energy-averaging technique proposed by Tucker and Duke for the determination of the unit-cell geometry of adsorbed monolayers is verified for a model of strong scatterers on a substrate described by the lattice parameters and muffin-tin lattice potential characteristic of Al(100). The analysis is based on the inelastic-collision model in which three phase shifts (associated with s, p, and d-waves) are used to describe elastic electron interactions with the atomic scatterers, and an inelastic collision penetration depth, λee, determines the consequences on the elastic scattering of inelastic collisions of the incident electron. The technique is tested by comparing certain averages of scattered intensities calculated using the complete (dynamical) model with the predictions of a kinematical calculation based on the same model electron-solid interaction. Within this framework, for λee ⩽ 4 A, the energy-averaging technique provides an adequate determination of the monolayer unitcell geometry to within an accuracy of ± 0.10 A independent of the values of other parameters in the model electron-solid force law. The technique remains qualitatively valid but yields geometrical parameters with reduced accuracy for values of λee up to about 8–10 A. To within this accuracy, it also may be applied to determine either the geometry of the upper layer of a clean surface for given atomic scattering factors or the atomic scattering factors themselves if the surface layer geometry is known a priori (as in the case of monatomic metals).
The interaction of stress and urgency urinary incontinence and its effect on quality of life

The objective was to estimate the impact of stress and urgency urinary incontinence (UI) on the quality of life (QOL), and to determine whether the impact varies according to UI severity. We used data from the General Longitudinal Overactive Bladder Evaluation–UI study in women. Stress and urgency UI symptom severity scores ranged from 0 to 8. We used logistic regression to test the relation among different severity levels of stress and urgency UI, and their interaction with the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7). This was categorized according to percentage ranges as 0–40 % (reference), 41–80 %, and 81–100 %. Both stress and urgency UI were significantly associated with IIQ-7. Higher scores had higher odds ratios (ORs). The OR for urgency vs stress UI was greater at the same severity level. For instance, comparing IIQ-7 quintiles (0–40 % vs 41–80 %), the OR for an association with an urgency UI score of 5–6 was 5.27 (95 % CI = 3.78–7.33) vs 2.76 (95 % CI = 2.07–3.68) for a stress UI score of 5–6. Both UI subtypes were more strongly related to the upper (81–100 %) than the to the lower (41–80 %) quintiles. There was a strong positive urgency UI and stress UI interaction with the upper (i.e., 81–100 %) but not the two next lower (41–80 %) quintiles. The impact of UI subtypes on QOL varies according to the score of IIQ-7, stress and urgency UI, and their interaction. Urgency vs stress UI has a stronger impact. The effect is greatest for high IIQ-7 scores with a significant share mediated by the interaction of the two UI subtypes.
Low-temperature specific heat of an extreme type-II superconductor at high magnetic fields

We present a detailed study of the quasiparticle contribution to the low-temperature specific heat of an extreme type-II superconductor at high magnetic fields. Within a T-matrix approximation for the self-energies in themixed state of a homogeneous superconductor, the electronic specific heat is a linear function of temperature with a linear-T coefficient γ s (H) being a nonlinear function of magnetic field H. In the range of magnetic fields H≥(0.15 - 0.2)H c 2 where our theory is applicable, the calculated γ s (H) closely resembles the experimental data for the borocarbide superconductor YNi 2 B 2 C.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Is Accompanied by a Loss of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and GLUT4 Expression without a Loss of Insulin Receptor-mediated Signal Transduction

A number of studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is associated with profound insulin resistance in adipocytes and may also play a critical role in the insulin resistance of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Reports on the mechanism of TNF-α action have been somewhat contradictory. GLUT4 down-regulation has been implicated as a possible cause of insulin resistance as has been the reduced kinase function of the insulin receptor. Here we examine the effects of tumor necrosis factor on the protein components thought to be involved in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes, namely the insulin receptor, its major substrate IRS-1, and the insulin responsive glucose transporter GLUT4. Prolonged exposure (72-96 h) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to TNF-α causes a substantial reduction (>80%) in IRS-1 and GLUT4 mRNA and protein as well as a lesser reduction (>50%) in the amount of the insulin receptor. Nevertheless, the remaining proteins appear to be biochemically indistinguishable from those in untreated adipocytes. Both the insulin receptor and IRS-1 are tyrosine-phosphorylated to the same extent in response to acute insulin stimulation following cellular TNF-α exposure. Furthermore, the ability of the insulin receptor to phosphorylate exogenous substrate in the test tube is also normal following its isolation from TNF-α-treated cells. These results are confirmed by the reduced but obvious level of insulin-dependent glucose transport and GLUT4 translocation observed in TNF-α-treated adipocytes. We conclude that the insulin resistance of glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to TNF-α for 72-96 h results from a reduced amount in requisite proteins involved in insulin action. These results are consistent with earlier studies indicating that TNF-α reduces the transcriptional activity of the GLUT4 gene in murine adipocytes, and reduced mRNA transcription of a number of relevant genes may be the general mechanism by which TNF-α causes insulin resistance in adipocytes.
Autonomic activity and somatic symptoms in response to success vs. failure on a cognitive task: A comparison of chronic abdominal pain patients and well children

Objectives To compare autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and somatic symptoms in chronic abdominal pain (CAP) patients and well children during (a) resting baseline, (b) training in a cognitive task, and (c) random assignment to success vs. failure on the task.
Infant Male Circumcision: Healthcare Provider Knowledge and Associated Factors

Background and Objectives The emerging science demonstrates various health benefits associated with infant male circumcision and adult male circumcision; yet rates are declining in the United States. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that healthcare providers present evidence-based risk and benefit information for infant male circumcision to parent(s) and guardian(s). The purpose of this study was to assess providers’ level of infant male circumcision knowledge and to identify the associated characteristics.
Social factors affect quotative choice

Abstract Quotations in spontaneous conversation are introduced by quotatives such as say , be like , go and be all . In recent years, the use of say in the colloquial English of some speakers has plummeted, but not vanished. We tested what listeners thought different quotation devices meant, whether they reliably interpreted devices to mean those things, and how they used devices in spontaneous speaking. We demonstrate that say is used when reporting the words of a speaker of high status or when retelling quotations to a listener of high status. We discuss how the devices used to introduce quotations reflect not only the relationship between the speaker and what is being reported, but also the relationship between the speaker and the addressee.
Role of I-J in neonatal suppression☆

Spleen cells from neonatal mice belonging to strains with the I-J-b or I-J-k genotype, were treated with anti-I-Jb or anti-I-Jk antibody and complement. This reduces their suppressor cell activity as demonstrated by a decrease in the ability to suppress the mixed-lymphocyte reactivity of adult spleen cells. Injection of anti-I-J antibody into neonatal mice also reduces splenic suppressor cell activity prematurely. The removal of suppressor cells from neonatal spleen does not result in an immediate increase in mixed-lymphocyte reactivity (cell-mediated immunity) but does hasten the development of mixed-lymphocyte reactivity in the young mice. The results are discussed in light of the hypothesis that suppressor cells inhibit the function of immunocompetent cells in the neonatal mouse and control the development of immunocompetence.
Production of carcinogenic polynuclear hydrocarbons in the cooking of food

Abstract The effect of variation in methods of cooking meat on the content of benzo[ a ]pyrene and other polynuclear hydrocarbons in the cooked food has been studied. A benzo[ a ]pyrene content as high as 50 μ g/kg was found in one instance. The hydrocarbons seemed to arise from pyrolysis of fat, the amount produced increasing with increased fat content, longer exposure of the food to the flames and closeness to the heat source. None of the higher hydrocarbons, including benzo[ a ]pyrene, was produced when the heat source was above the food or when the dripping of the melted fat onto the heat source was prevented. The results suggested measures which could be taken to reduce or eliminate contamination of food by these hydrocarbons.
Predicting new materials and their properties

Abstract For a large fraction of solids, it is now possible to construct a useful first-principles model which is sufficiently robust to explain and predict physical properties and to predict the existence of new materials. This “standard model” is described and its use in the development of empirical theories and in determining properties of novel materials are discussed along with some historical perspectives about this area of physics. Examples are given of applications to semiconductors, high pressure properties of solids, superconductivity, nanotubes and nanodevices, fullerenes and superhard materials. Speculations about future developments are also given.
FAMILY PRESENCE AND SURVEILLANCE DURING WEANING FROM PROLONGED MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Objectives The research was designed to describe the care and communication processes during weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation (LTMV). A portion of those findings, specifically, how family members interact with the patient and respond to the ventilator and associated intensive care unit bedside equipment during LTMV weaning, are reported here. Methods Ethnography was conducted in a medical intensive care unit (MICU) and step-down MICU following 30 adults who were being weaned from LTMV (>4 days). Data collection involved field observations conducted from November 2001 to July 2003; interviews with patients, family members, and MICU clinicians; and clinical record review. Results Family members were present at the patients’ bedside during 46% of weaning trials and interacted with patients through touch, talking, and surveillance. Families’ bedside surveillance activities were interpretive of numeric monitor displays and laboratory values, protective of patient safety and comfort, and often focused exclusively on weaning. Interpretive language and surveillance were learned from and imitative of clinician behaviors. Clinicians characterized the family’s presence as helpful, a hindrance, or having no effect on the weaning process. Quantitative analysis using random coefficient modeling examining the effect of family presence on length of weaning trials showed significantly longer daily weaning trials when families were present (P Conclusion Critical care clinicians influence families’ acquisition of interpretive surveillance skills at the bedside of patients who are being weaned from LTMV. This study provides a potentially useful conceptual framework of family behaviors with long-term critically ill patients that could enhance the dialogue about family-centered care and guide future research on family presence in the intensive care unit.
Automated detection of Gm factors of human gamma G globulin.

Abstract : The Gm factors of human gamma G globulin are usually detected by a tube or slide method. Standard Gm typing is limited by its time-consuming nature and difficulties in standardization. An automated method employing autoanalyzer equipment was designed on the same principle as in tube typing; namely, the inhibition of agglutination between pre-standardized combination of gamma-globulin coated red cells and an anti-Gm reagent. Two hundred normal sera were typed by both hand and automated methods for Gm (a), (f), (b), and (z) with identical results. The standard methods appeared to require somewhat less reagents, but were not as sensitive to inhibition as was automated typing. In many other respects, both approaches were comparable. Detector red cells were sensitized with anti-Rh serum or human Fr II gamma-globulin after chromic chloride treatment. (Author)
Effective Mental Health Consumer Education: A Preliminary Exploration

People with serious mental illnesses are increasingly becoming more active participants in their treatment and recovery. At times, their participation may be limited by incomplete, unclear, or insufficient information. The authors used a grounded theory approach to look at the unmet informational needs described by consumers. Participants in this study called for materials appropriate to their level of understanding, assistance with interpreting and comprehending information when necessary, and information on policies that affect the treatment they receive. Ultimately, an informed consumer is one empowered to make decisions about the course of his or her recovery and participate meaningfully in the patient–provider relationship.
Emission cross sections in collisions of Ar + and SiH 4

Gas-phase silane (SiH4) has been used extensively for thin-film deposition using electrical, radio-frequency (rf) discharge, and laser sources. A large number of ground and/or electronically excited-state neutrals such as Si, SiH, SiH2, H, H2, etc., and ionized species such as Si+, SiH+, SiH2+, H+, H2+, etc., are expected to be present in such media. Some of these species have been observed by Sansonnens et al. and Matsuda and Tanaka in an rf discharge through SiH4 and Si2H6 vapors and by Ho and Breiland with the use of a laser. In an electric discharge (dc or rf) medium containing SiH4, a large number of electrons, ions, and neutral species are expected to be present, and the kinetic processes leading to the formation of various ions and neutral species (ground or excited states) become very complex. The individual contributions of the electron-molecule or secondary ion-molecule reaction leading to the global light and ion formation in the discharge medium may be understood by examining them separately. Lampe and co-workers have studied the charge transfer processes involving low-energy ions such as Si+, SiH+, SiH2+, etc., and neutral species such as SiH4 and CH4 and have measured the rate of formation of the secondary ions produced during the reaction. However, there is no information available on the formation of the electronically or ground-state vibrationally excited-state species. There are a few studies including chemical vapor deposition, plasma sputtering, and rf glow discharge in which the presence of some of these species has been discovered either in the ground or the electronically excited states. In some cases, the ion or laser beam enhanced thin-film deposition rate has been observed. Again, there is no information on the production of the excited-state species' electronically or ground-state vibrationally excited states.
Single-crystal growth and physical properties of the layered arsenide BaRh 2 As 2

Single crystals of ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ have been synthesized from a Pb flux. We present the room-temperature crystal structure, single-crystal x-ray diffraction measurements as a function of temperature $T$, anisotropic magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ versus $T$, electrical resistivity in the $ab$ plane $\ensuremath{\rho}$ versus $T$, Hall coefficient versus $T$ and magnetic field $H$, and heat capacity $C$ versus $T$ measurements on the crystals. The single-crystal structure determination confirms that ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ forms in the tetragonal ${\text{ThCr}}_{2}{\text{Si}}_{2}$-type structure (space group $I4/mmm$) with lattice parameters $a=b=4.0564(6)\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ and $c=12.797(4)\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$. Band-structure calculations show that ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ should be metallic with a small density of states at the Fermi energy $N({E}_{F})=3.49\text{ }\text{states}/\text{eV}\text{ }\text{f}\text{.u}\text{.}$ (where $\text{f}.\text{u}.\ensuremath{\equiv}\text{formula}$ unit) for both spin directions. $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ data in the $ab$ plane confirm that the material is indeed metallic with a residual resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(2\text{ }\text{K})=29\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }\text{cm}$ and with a residual resistivity ratio $\ensuremath{\rho}(310\text{ }\text{K})/\ensuremath{\rho}(2\text{ }\text{K})=5.3$. The observed $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ is small $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{3}/\text{mol})$ and weakly anisotropic with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{ab}/{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}2$. The $C(T)$ data indicate a small density of states at the Fermi energy with the low-temperature Sommerfeld coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}=4.7(9)\text{ }\text{mJ}/\text{mol}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{2}$. There are no indications of superconductivity, spin-density wave, or structural transitions between 2 and 300 K. We compare the calculated density of states versus energy of ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ with that of ${\text{BaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$.
Evaluation of four capillary columns for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum for epidemiologic studies.

Abstract The separation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners was evaluated on four capillary columns: 60 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness RTX-5MS and DB-XLB capillary columns, and 60 m × 0.18 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness DB-XLB and DB-5MS capillary columns. Based on performance, capacity, and cost, the RTX-5MS (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm thickness) and the DB-XLB (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness) were selected for the analysis of human serum extracts by using gas chromatography/electron-capture detection. In contrast to previous studies, the oven temperature program affords the separation of congeners that are not separated by using other combinations of capillary columns, most notably PBDE-47 and PCB 180. In addition, the method enables determination of OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs prevalent in a single extract of serum, which can lead to considerable time savings in the analysis of large number of samples collected for epidemiologic studies.
Hartree calculation of local magnetic fields in an anyon superconductor: Dependence on the background dielectric constant.

We update our previous Hartree calculation of magnetic fields induced by a point charge above a plane of anyons, extending the calculation to larger values of the background dielectric constant, which are more appropriate in the context of the muon-spin-relaxation experiments in high-temperature superconductors. We find that the resulting change in magnetic-field estimates is modest, and does not substantially alter the conclusions we have previously reached.