cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel Butterworth and Chebyshev dip filters with applications to 3-D seismic migration

Dip filtering is a necessary part of accurate frequency‐space domain migration, so design and application of reliable and efficient filters are of practical as well as theoretical importance. Frequency‐space domain dip filters are implemented using Butterworth and Chebyshev algorithms. By transforming the product terms of the filter transfer function into summations, a cascaded (serial) Butterworth or Chebyshev dip filter can be made parallel, which improves computational efficiency. For a given order of filter, the cost of the Butterworth and Chebyshev filters is the same. However, the Chebyshev filter has a sharper transition zone than that of a Butterworth filter with the same order, which makes it more effective for phase compensation than a Butterworth filter, but at the expense of some wavenumber‐dependent amplitude ripples. Both implementations have been incorporated into 3-D one‐way frequency‐space depth migration for evanescent energy removal and for phase compensation of splitting errors; a sing...
The use of study maps and visual mnemotechnics as an aid to recall

Abstract Many students lack the skills necessary for the efficient memorization of content information as well as an awareness of appropriate rehearsal strategies or meta‐cognitive skills. Rehearsal strategies range from simple repetition to more complex strategies which involve a higher level of processing, such as a transformation of the information into some alternate form. One such technique is study mapping, which is a conversion of text information into its diagrammatic counterpart. The construction of a study map is predicated on a thorough understanding of the information, so that concepts and hierarchical organization can be appropriately represented. Because study maps derive from the material, they are effective in helping etch the information in the brain more deeply and meaningfully. Lastly, the use of color and specific designs to symbolize levels of importance and relationships between ideas helps highlight the information in a distinctive and vivid manner.
Resolving Lipids: Lipoxins Regulate Reverse Cholesterol Transport

Disruptions in cholesterol homeostasis contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In a recent issue of Cell Metabolism, Demetz et al. (2014) report that endogenous lipoxygenase-mediated metabolism of another lipid, arachidonic acid, produces lipoxins that regulate reverse cholesterol transport. These results suggest that lipoxins may represent a novel class of therapeutics for CVD.
A disparity of words: racial differences in oncologist–patient communication about clinical trials

Background African Americans are consistently underrepresented in cancer clinical trials. Minority under-enrolment may be, in part, due to differences in the way clinical trials are discussed in oncology visits with African American vs. White patients. Objective To investigate differences in oncologist–patient communication during offers to participate in clinical trials in oncology visits with African American and White patients. Methods From an archive of video-recorded oncology visits, we selected all visits with African American patients that included a trial offer (n = 11) and a matched sample of visits with demographically/medically comparable White patients (n = 11). Using mixed qualitative–quantitative methods, we assessed differences by patient race in (i) word count of entire visits and (ii) frequency of mentions and word count of discussions of clinical trials and key elements of consent. Results Visits with African American patients, compared to visits with White patients, were shorter overall and included fewer mentions of and less discussion of clinical trials. Also, visits with African Americans included less discussion of the purpose and risks of trials offered, but more discussion of voluntary participation. Discussion and conclusions African American patients may make decisions about clinical trial participation based on less discussion with oncologists than do White patients. Possible explanations include a less active communication style of African Americans in medical visits, oncologists' concerns about patient mistrust, and/or oncologist racial bias. Findings suggest oncologists should pay more conscious attention to developing the topic of clinical trials with African American patients, particularly purpose and risks.
Erosional and chemical denudation rates in the Southwestern Idaho batholith

Annual erosional denudation (ED) and chemical denudation (CD) rates are determined on four forested watersheds located in the Idaho batholith, Idaho, U.S.A. Bedrock in the study area is a coarse-grained quartz monzonite. Annual sediment yields are computed from sediment collected in settling ponds at the watershed mouths and corrected for trapping efficiency. Solution loads for denudation components (Na, K, Ca, Mg, SiO2, A12O3 and FeO) are computed using equations relating concentration to flow and by integration of mean daily flow values. Eleven years of water chemistry data and 19 to 23 years of sediment yield data are used in the denudation estimates. Strong relationships exist between CD, ED and annual water yield, so probability distributions of annual water yield are used in Monte Carlo simulations to establish frequency distributions of annual CD and ED rates. Mean annual total denudation for the four watersheds (CD + ED) equals 235 kg ha −1 yr−1 or 8-9 Bubnoffs. The 11 -year mean ED rates exceed CD rates for three of the four watersheds, although it is more probable in any given year that CD will exceed ED for three of the watersheds. ED is temporally more variable than CD for all watersheds. Simulations of denudation over 1000-year periods indicate that the frequency of occurrence of ED is skewed toward higher denudation values, and the modal ED rate is substantially lower than the mean value. CD rates are less skewed, with mean and mode in the same class. Ninety-seven per cent of CD is composed of Na, Ca and SiO2 fluxes. Episodic high ED rates are related to high peak flows from snowmelt runoff associated with winters of large snow accumulation. Perturbations such as fire or road construction would be expected to accelerate ED more than CD.
Levodopa—toxic or neuroprotective?

Levodopa remains the gold standard for treating Parkinson’s disease, but there has long been controversy about this drug’s potential to exert toxic effects on nigral cells, thereby accelerating disease progression. William Weiner evaluates the evidence and explores the implications of this debate for interpreting research data.
Cartesian analysis: A computer-video interface for measuring motion without physical contact

In this paper, we describe a computer-video interface capable of measuring videotaped motion without physical contact. It constructs imaginaryx-, y-, z-coordinates around a moving object by juxtaposing front and side views on one video record. A special effects generator (SEG) superimposes this two-part image onto the microcomputer’s graphic output. The user watches the SEG’s output and traces the motion of interest in real-time with a computer-generated cursor, a process that assesses the onset time, termination time, duration, linear displacement (i.e., length), and velocity of each traced movement. Reliability coefficients between two independent users were .99 for onset time, .85 for duration, .89 for displacement, and .90 for velocity. In 80 gestures, the correlation between estimated displacement and measured displacement was .73; the correlation between estimated duration (determined from frame-by-frame inspection of the videotape) and measured duration was .80. Twenty-five measurements of displacement for a motorized target traveling 75.4 in. differed from the true value by | .06 |, | .06 |, and | .30 | in. for thex, y, andz dimensions, respectively.
Biphasic response of checkpoint control proteins in hyperoxia: exposure to lower levels of oxygen induces genome maintenance genes in experimental baboon BPD

Breathing high concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) causes lung injury and is associated with lung diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborns. Hyperoxia (95–100 %O2) causes DNA damage and growth arrest of lung cells and consequently cells die by apoptosis or necrosis. Although supplemental oxygen therapy is clinically important, the level and duration of hyperoxic exposure that would allow lung cells to reenter the cell cycle remains unclear. We hypothesized that cells exposed to lower concentrations of hyperoxia will retain the capacity to enter cell cycle when recovered in room air. We employed varying concentrations of oxygen (21–95 %) to determine the response of lung cells to hyperoxia. Our results indicate that cells were growth arrested and failed to reenter the cell cycle when exposed to greater than 60 % oxygen. Cell cycle checkpoint proteins were increased in a biphasic manner, increasing until 70 % oxygen, but declined in greater than 90 % oxygen. Microarray analysis shows that there is significant decrease in the abundance of Cdks 6-8 and retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p107 and p130 in exposure to 90 % oxygen for 48 h. We further tested the effect of clinically relevant as needed oxygen [(pro-re-nata (prn)] in premature infant (125-days and 140-days) baboon model of BPD. The microarray results show that 6 or 14d PRN oxygen-exposed animals had induced expression of chromosomal maintenance genes (MCMs), genes related to anti-inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation.
δ' nucleation and growth on low‐angle dislocation boundaries in Al‐Li

A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation indicates that, at small undercooling, δ' (Al 3 Li) precipitates are restricted almost entirely within the strain fiield of dislocations in the early stages of aging and preferentially nucleate on edge dislocations and low-angle dislocation boundaries. The study is conducted on binary Al-Li alloys which are cold rolled to a 50% reduction in area. Two types of dislocation boundaries, i.e. simple tilt boundaries and a planar network of dislocations, are characterized by two-beam analysis. The role of the simple tilt boundaries on competitive growth kinetics of δ' precipitates is quantitatively examined. The experimental results support the related theoretical prediction on the effect of the simple tilt boundary stress field on solute diffusion. Concerning the dislocation network, δ' nucleates on dislocation node configurations where the reacted dislocation has a large edge component and at the site of the network plane where the dilatation stress is compressive. This is confirmed by calculation of the dilatation stress field of the dislocation nodes which also further clarifies and is consistent with the experimental observations
Increased placental apoptosis in maternal food restricted gestations: role of the Fas pathway.

The placenta has a pivotal role, shuttling nutrients to the developing fetus and producing hormones essential to pregnancy. Maternal food restriction (MFR) during pregnancy results in growth restricted newborns, a consequence attributed primarily to maternal nutrient supply. We hypothesized that MFR further compromises fetal growth by decreased placental growth or increased placental apoptosis. We determined the potential pathway (Fas–Fas-ligand; Fas-FasL) of placental apoptosis in MFR pregnancies. We assessed the two morphologically and functionally distinct zones (basal and labyrinth) at embryonic age 20 (E20) in ad libitum fed controls (AdLib) and 50% MFR placentas. We studied fetuses and placentas from both proximal and mid-horn positions to evaluate any differential impact by MFR. Placenta apoptosis was quantified using terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and the data were compared to immunodetection of cleaved caspase-3, Fas and FasL followed by Western blot quantification of Fas, FasL, caspase-8 and -3, tBID, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). MFR reduced maternal, fetal and placental basal and labyrinth weights. The results suggest that the increased apoptosis may be mediated, in part, via Fas pathway and the defective placental development in the MFR may be a major contributor to the decreased fetal growth.
Hepatic artery chemoembolization for the treatment of liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: a long-term follow-up in 123 patients

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastrointestinal tract have a propensity for hepatic metastases. Surgical resection for hepatic metastases remains the gold standard for long-term survival, but many patients present with multifocal tumors, precluding surgery with increasing use of chemoembolization. However, there are few studies examining long-term survival factors. We reviewed our 15-year experience with chemoembolization in 123 patients with unresectable NET liver metastases, whose prognosis was evaluated upon baseline clinical factors. There were 64 males (53%) and 59 females (47%). Average age at presentation was 56 years (range: 14.3–85.5 years). Abdominal pain (44%) was the most common presenting symptom, followed by diarrhea (30%) and weight lost (22%). Patients underwent an average 7.3 cycles of chemoembolization (range 1–32 cycles). Responses: 62% of patients had PR; 24% had stable disease and 14% had tumor progression. Overall 3-, 5- and 10-year survivals were 59, 36 and 20% of patients with a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (range 2 weeks–18.3 years) and mean survival of 3.3 years. Univariate analysis showed that age greater than 60 years had worse outcome (P 13 s. Location of the primary tumor (P = 0.68), gender (P = 0.4) and serum NET peptide levels did not influence survival. However, multivariate analysis showed that a low baseline serum albumin level was an independent factor for prognosis (P = 0.003). Chemoembolization for unresectable NETs metastatic to liver is useful for tumor size reduction, symptom palliation and can be associated with prolonged survival.
An innovator ahead of her time.

![Figure][1] It has been well-recognized that the cardiovascular field has a dearth of female professionals and leaders, making it doubly important to honor those women who have managed to influence its direction and future generations. Suzanne Buckner Knoebel, MD, a distinguished physician
A 14-channel displacement measuring device utilizing magnetic and paper tape recording

ONE of the most pressing problems in modern life is the construction and maintenance of an adequate system of highways. It is evident that the need is great for more new highways and, equally important, they must be constructed in the most durable manner possible.
Solvent effects on acid-base behavior: Five uncharged acids in water-sulfolane solvents

An electrometric titration method utilizing glass electrodes and silver-silver bromide electrodes in a cell without liquid junction has been applied to a determination of the dissociation constants of five uncharged weak acids (HA) in four mixtures of water and sulfolane (tetramethylene sulfone) at 25°C. The acids studied were monochloroacetic, formic, benzoic, and acetic acids andp-nitrophenol, and the mole fractions (x2) of sulfolane in the mixed solvents were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. All measurements were made at a constant ionic strength of 0.02 mole-kg−1 in a solution containing NaBr at a molality of 0.01 mole-kg−1. The cell was standardized by measurements of HClO4 at molalities from 0.002 to 0.01 mole-kg−1 and, in subsequent measurements, a solution of NaA was titrated with HClO4. To obtain the thermodynamic pK, an activity correction derived from the Debye-Huckel theory was applied. The pK of all five acids was found to vary linearly withx2 in the range 0 to 0.8. By comparison of data for acetic acid in water-methanol, water-dioxane, and water-sulfolane solvents, it was shown that the results are consistent with the known properties of sulfolane (low acidity, basicity, and solvating power), but the linear variation of pK with solvent composition remains unexplained.
Severe Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Complicating an ABO-Incompatible Bone Marrow Transplantation

A 26-year-old, blood group O bone marrow transplant recipient experienced a severe, delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 6 days following transplantation of marrow from his HLA-mixed lymphocyte culture - identical, blood group AB sister. The patient's pretransplant serum contained both anti-A (IgG titer = 1:128; IgM = 1:32) and anti-B (IgG = 1:16; IgM = 1:64) which was reduced by a two-plasma volume plasma exchange followed by transfusion of four units of incompatible, donor type red cells. The patient experienced no immediate adverse reaction. On the 6th posttransplant day, he became acutely dyspneic. His hematocrit dropped to 18%; the direct antiglobulin test was positive for IgG and complement; anti-A and anti-B were eluted from his red cells. His peripheral blood smear demonstrated extensive agglutination resembling a mixed field reaction. This case demonstrates that significant morbidity may be associated with major ABO-incompatible bone marrow transplantation, that the transfusion of incompatible red cells should be undertaken with extreme caution, and that efforts should be continued to develop methods of pretransplant in vitro red cell removal from the infused bone marrow.
An examination of consumers' use of heuristic cues in making satisfaction judgments

This study was undertaken to investigate the propensity of consumers to rely on heuristic cues when making satisfaction judgments in a repeat-purchase context. The objective of this investigation was twofold: first, to investigate the impact of mood states at the information-encoding stage for both on-line and memory-based judgments, and second, to examine whether information-processing efficiency can provide new insight into the initial-judgment effect in a consumer-behavior context. The results of this experiment indicate that inefficient information processors may be subject to biased satisfaction evaluations caused by their mood states at the information-encoding stage. Efficient information processors, on the other hand, tend to partial out the impact of mood in their postpurchase evaluations. Despite this fact, high-capacity information processors are not free from bias; they seem to be heavily guided by prior judgments in subsequent evaluations of the same consumption object. In sum, motivation rather than ability to process information may be the key factor in a consumer's propensity to use heuristics during the postpurchase evaluation process. The marketing implications of these findings are briefly discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stimulation and suppression of aldosterone secretion in patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma.

ABSTRACT Maneuvers designed to stimulate or suppress aldosterone secretion were carried out in 22 patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma while on a constant metabolic diet. Administration of angiotensin stimulated aldosterone excretion in only 3 of 12 patients but an increased pressor responsiveness limited the dose which could be given. Administration of desoxycorticosterone did not suppress aldosterone excretion (18/18) and sodium restriction did not stimulate aldosterone excretion (13/13) in any of the patients studied. Phlebotomy and plasma expansion did not consistently influence aldosterone excretion. Potassium repletion and administration of adrenocorticotropin stimulated aldosterone production significantly in most of the patients. Administration of dexamethasone suppressed aldosterone production in 6 of 14 patients. Following removal of the adenoma aldosterone excretion fell to subnormal levels and did not respond to stimulation with adrenocorticotropin, sodium restriction or angiotensin....
AlgR3, a protein resembling eukaryotic histone H1, regulates alginate synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract A regulatory mutation (alg52) in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate-negative mutant (strain 8882) is complemented efficiently by the gene algR2 and somewhat inefficiently by a second gene termed algR3. algR3 and algR2 are located on a 4.4-kilobase-pair HindIII-BamHI fragment, which has been completely sequenced. algR2 has previously been characterized. Introduction of kanamycin-resistance cassettes and deletion-subcloning experiments involving various open reading frames in the HindIII-BamHI fragment have localized the algR3 gene, which encodes a 340-amino acid polypeptide. This highly basic regulatory protein contains 17% lysine and 36% alanine. The predicted amino acid sequence shows no significant similarity with any bacterial proteins and yet is highly similar to the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus histone H1 subtype of protein. Promoter localization by reverse transcriptase mapping of the algR3 gene shows the presence of Escherichia coli sigma 70 recognition sequences, and coupled transcription/translation experiments in E. coli demonstrate the presence of a 39-kDa polypeptide encoded by the cloned algR3 gene.
Families of proper generalized neighbor designs

A generalized neighbor design relaxes the equality condition on the number of times two treatments occur as neighbors in the design. In this article we have constructed a new series of generalized neighbor designs with equal block sizes, a series of neighbor designs of Rees [1967. Some designs of use in serology. Biometrics 23, 779–791] and a series of neighbor designs with two distinct block sizes. Two more new series of GN2 designs are also constructed for even number of treatments. It has been shown that quasi neighbor designs introduced by Preece [1994. Balanced Ouchterlony neighbor designs. J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 15, 197–219] are special cases of generalized neighbor designs with t = 2. All the designs given here are binary. A new definition—partially balanced circuit design is introduced which is a special case of generalized neighbor designs with binary blocks. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Theoretical foundation of the equations for the generation of surface coordinates

References 1 Alien, H. J., and Perkins, E. W., "Characteristics of Flow Over Inclined Bodies of Revolution," NACA, RM A50L07, March 1951. Fiechter, M., "Wirbelsysteme schlanker Rotationskorper und die aerodynamischen Kra'fte," DGLR, Jahrbuch, 1969, pp. 77-85. Hunt, B. L., "Asymmetric Vortex Forces and Wakes on Slender Bodies," AIAA Paper 82-1336, Aug. 1982. Kompenhans, J., and Hartmann, K., "Strftmungssichtbarmachung an einem hochangestellten Ogivkreiszylinderrumpf mit Hilfe der Laser-Lichtschnittmethode," DFVLR-FB 86-45, 1986. Prandtl, L., and Tietjens, O., Applied Hydroand Aeromechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1934. Foeppl, L., "Wirbelbewegung hinter einem Kreiszylinder," Sitz.ber., Kdnigl. Bay. Akademie d. Wissenschaften, Math.-Phys. Klasse, Jg. 1913, Munchen, Jan. 1913. Sun, Y. C., Shen, S. F., and Zhu, Z., "A Numerical Simulation of the Flow Development Behind a Circular Cylinder Started from Rest and a Criterion for Investigating Unsteady Separating Flows," Ada Mechanica, Vol. 71, Jan. 1988, pp. 1-20. Dyer, D. E., Fiddes, S. P., and Smith, J. H. B., "Asymmetric Vortex Formation From Cones at Incidence—A Simple Inviscid Model," Aeronautical Quarterly, Vol. 33, Nov. 1982, pp. 293-312. Ng, T., "On Leading Edge Vortex and Its Control," AIAA Paper 89-3346, Aug. 1989. = Yi8(gao,0+gpo,a-Sai3,a)> surface Christoffel symbols of the second kind
Trans-splicing and polycistronic transcription in Caenohabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans engages in three distinct versions of nuclear pre-mRNA splicing: cis-splicing of introns and two kinds of trans-splicing that result in the addition of two different spliced leaders onto mRNAs. One leader (SL1) is used near the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs while the other (SL2) is used at internal trans-splice sites of polycistronic pre-mRNAs. Here, I consider how these three types of splicing event are faithfully carried out.
The effect of tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane on membrane bound 5′-nucleotidase from swine aortic smooth muscle

Abstract 5′-Nucleotidase (5′-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) activity was stimulated by increasing the concentration of Tris over the range of 1–100 mM. Significant differences were found when the kinetic parameters of the enzyme determined in Tris were compared to those determined in glycine. These data suggest that Tris interacts with 5′-nucleotidase and is therefore unsuitable for use in the assay of the enzyme.
Update on ocular syphilis.

Purpose of reviewThe present review updates the reader on publications from the past 5 years relevant to ocular syphilis.Recent findingsArticles from this period are easily grouped into three categories: descriptions of syphilitic ocular manifestations, ocular syphilis in the setting of HIV infectio
On the stationarity of savings in the United States

Abstract The question of stationarity of saving as a percent of disposable personal income is examined in detail. NIPA data is taken annually from 1929–1988, and quarterly from 1970–1988. The initial approach uses Dickey-Fuller tests. Their results indicate that, depending on the time period chosen, one is led to believe that both stationarity and non-stationarity exists in the data. ARIMA models are then fitted to both annual and quarterly data. Relatively large non-differenced models are necessary to fit the long range annual data (1929–1988), while relatively small differenced models fit quarterly and short range annual (1946–1988) models. It is concluded that at least for saving as a percent of disposable personal income in the United States, it is reasonable to believe that saving is not a stationary process.
Lack of thermal inhibition of radiation damage repair in the late-appearing foot reaction

Abstract Our previous study on early- and late-appearing murine foot reactions following combined hyperthermia and irradiation suggested that hyperthermia may not inhibit repair of sublethal and/or potentially lethal radiation damage for the late-appearing reaction. A series of split dose experiments was performed by using C3Hf/Sed mouse foot reaction, which showed both early and late responses in the same tissue. Hyperthermia given in a 43.5C water bath for 45 min inhibited radiation damage repair in the early-appearing reaction, but was not able to modify repair in the late-appearing reaction. The failure of thermal inhibition of radiation damage repair in the late-appearing reaction was observed regardless of the sequence of heat and irradiation. Complete repair appeared to require approximately 9 hr. Although it is unknown whether radiation damage repair can be completely inhibited in all late-responding normal tissues, the reduction in thermal repair inhibition in some late-responding tissues may be an advantage of “heat prior to irradiation” treatment over radiation alone.
Regional glucose metabolism in mouse brain following ACTH peptides and naloxone.

Abstract Following intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ACTH 1–24 significant decreases in 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake were observed in frontal cortex and pyriform cortex, and an increase in thalamus. No such changes were observed following ICV MSH/ACTH 4–10 . Regional changes in 2DG uptake in olfactory bulb, pyriform cortex, thalamus and cerebellum were significantly correlated with the excessive grooming induced by ACTH 1–24 . Grooming behavior not induced by ACTH 1–24 was not correlated with 2DG changes in any of these regions. Naloxone treatment did not significantly alter the regional pattern of 2DG uptake. In naloxone-pretreated mice ACTH 1–24 did not induce significant changes in regional 2DG uptake. Following a series of footshocks, 2DG uptake increased in the hypothalamus, tectum and hippocampus. This pattern of changes is different from that observed following ICV ACTH 1–24 and cannot therefore be attributed to ACTH secretion during the stress.
Seasons of birth and subtypes of schizophrenia.

ABSTRACT— Many studies show a higher rate of birth of schizophrenic patients during the winter and early spring months. This is particularly prominent in studies involving northern European countries and the northern part of the United States. The interpretations for this apparent seasonality remain highly speculative. We examined the seasons of birth of 472 patients carrying the diagnosis of schizophrenia. We also studied the gender and paranoid vs nonparanoid subtypes of this subject group. The total group does not show an excess of winter births. The same is true for total male (n= 193) and total female (n= 279) schizophrenic patients. The different subtypes of female patients show a homogenous distribution by seasons of birth; but the male paranoid schizophrenia group (n= 102) shows a significant increase of births during the first quarter of the year. The findings are interpreted according to the prevailing hypotheses of schizophrenia. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Economic and Policy Implications of Hosting Sports Franchises: Lessons from Baltimore

The acquisition and/or retention of professional sports franchises is a significant element in the economic development plans for many cities. With few exceptions, sports franchise owners demand pu...
A model for numerical simulation of nonstationary sonar reverberation using linear spectral prediction

An innovative approach to the numerical generation of nonstationery reverberation time series is presented and demonstrated. The computer simulated reverberation time series are of high quality, in that they are accurate representations of those which would result from an actual sonar system (transmit/receive and horizontal/ vertical beampatterns; pulse type, shape, length, and power; frequency and sampling rate), platform (speed and depth), and environment (wind speed and direction, backscattering strengths, and propagation loss). Volume, surface, and/or bottom reverberation as seen by a multiple beam sonar on a moving platform is generated. The approach utilizes recent developments in linear spectral prediction research in which the spectra of stochastic processes are modeled as rational functions and algorithms are used to efficiently compute optimal estimates of coefficients which specify the spectra. A two-fold sequence is formulated; first, the expected reverberation spectra for all beams are predicted and, second, the stochastic time series are generated from the expected spectra. The expected spectra are predicted using a numerical implementation, referred to as the REVSPEC (reverberation spectrum) model, of a general formulation of Faure, Ol'shevskii, and Middleton. Given the spectra, the Levinson-Durbin method is used to solve the Yule-Walker equations of the autoregressive formulation of linear spectral prediction. The numerical implementation of the approach, referred to as the REVSIM (reverberation simulation) model, produces nonstationary coherent multiple-beam reverberation time series. The formulation of the REVSIM model is presented and typical results given. A comparison is made between the simulation outputs of the REVSIM model and those of the REVGEN (reverberation generator) model, a standard well-accepted time series simulation model, to demonstrate the validity of the new approach.
Histological evidence supporting a role for the striatal neurokinin-1 receptor in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the mouse brain

Several studies have documented the effect of methamphetamine (METH) on the toxicity of the dopamine (DA) terminals of the striatum but only a few studies have assessed the damaging effects of METH on striatal neurons postsynaptic to the nigrostriatal DA terminals. In the present study, we employed histological methods to study the effect of METH on DA terminals and striatal neurons. We also assessed the role of the striatal neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor on pre- and post-synaptic METH-induced damage. Male mice were treated with METH (10 mg/kg) four times at 2-h intervals and were sacrificed 3 days after the treatment. A number of animals received the non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonist WIN-51,708 (10 mg/kg) 30 min before the first and fourth injections of METH. Immunocytochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed significant deficits throughout all aspects of the caudate-putamen in animals exposed to METH. Pretreatment with WIN-51,708 prevented the METH-induced loss of TH immunostaining. Sections from a separate set of mice were stained with Fluoro-Jade B (FJB), a fluorochrome that binds specifically to degenerating fibers and cell bodies of neurons. Treatment with METH shows Fluoro-Jade B positive cell bodies in the striatum and pretreatment with WIN-51,708 abolished Fluoro-Jade B staining. Moreover, double labeling with Fluoro-Jade B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) shows reactive astrocytosis in the area adjacent to the Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells but no Fluoro-Jade B staining of the astrocytes. This observation suggests that the degenerating cells must be striatal neurons and not astrocytes. The data demonstrate that METH induces pre- and post-synaptic damage in the striatum and the damage can be prevented with pharmacological blockade of the NK-1 receptor. These findings represent a new direction in the study of the mechanism of toxicity to METH and could be useful in the treatment of some neurological disorders.
THz local oscillator sources: Performance and capabilities

Frequency multiplier circuits based on planar GaAs Schottky diodes have made significant advances in the last decade. Useful power in the >1 THz range has now been demonstrated from a complete solid-state chain. This paper will review some of the technology responsible for this achievement along with presenting a brief look at future challenges.
Modeling and Analysis of Human Task-Performing Process in Manufacturing Systems With Human Task and Error Classifications

Development of a formal model for control and analysis of manufacturing systems in which a human operator is incorporated is difficult, nevertheless the human is a key component. It requires building a model of human functional specifications for executing various tasks. In this paper, a human parts handler is considered and the human task performing process is described in terms of human tasks and errors. For this purpose, human tasks and errors are classified into two sets, respectively. Based on the number of locations where an operator is required to move to complete a task, tasks are divided into an on-the-spot task set and an around-the-system task set. For human errors associated with each of task set, a location error set and an orientation error set are defined, respectively. As the initial step toward building a controller for Human-involved Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems (HiCIM), assessment of the impact of human involvement on the control of a system, much of which is controlled by a computerized execution system, is presented. The complexity of systems from the control perspective is modeled and analyzed with human tasks and errors. The human task performing process is described using a flow chart format and a colored Petri net model is presented, and the complexity of process is analyzed in terms of human errors. A shop floor control example where the human operator performs material handling tasks is provided to illustrate the proposed methodology.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Function-Level Processor (FLP): Raising efficiency by operating at function granularity for market-oriented MPSoC

The exponential growth in computation demand drives chip vendors to heterogeneous architectures combining Instruction-Level Processors (ILPs) and custom HW Accelerators (HWACCs) in an attempt to provide the needed processing capabilities while meeting power/energy requirements. ILPs, on one hand, are highly flexible, but power inefficient. Custom HWACCs, on the other hand, are inflexible (focusing on dedicated kernels), but highly power efficient. Since, designing HWACCs for every application is cost prohibitive, large portions of applications still run inefficiently on ILPs. New processing architectures are needed that combine the power efficiency of HWACCs while still retaining sufficient flexibility to realize applications across targeted market segments. This paper introduces Function-Level Processors (FLPs) to fill the gap between ILPs and dedicated HWACCs. FLPs are comprised of configurable Function Blocks (FBs) implementing selected functions which are then interconnected via programmable point-to-point connections constructing an extensible/configurable macro data-path. An FLP raises programming abstraction to a Function-Set Architecture (FSA) controlling FBs allocation, configuration and scheduling. We demonstrate FLP benefits with an industry example of the Pipeline-Vision Processor (PVP). We highlight the gained flexibility by mapping 10 embedded vision applications entirely to the FLP-PVP offering up to 22.4 GOPs/s with average power of 120 mW. The results also demonstrate that our FLP-PVP solution consumes 14×-18× less power than an ILP and 5x less power than a hybrid ILP+HWACCs solution.
Fatigue susceptibility of marble

Abstract The present paper investigates the slow crack growth behavior, commonly referred to as fatigue susceptibility, of various marble types with different microstructural characteristics. The fatigue susceptibility was obtained from failure against loading rate diagrams. A low fatigue susceptibility was observed for the Italian and Chinese marble types composed of regular shaped, loosely packed crystals. The Georgia and Vermont marble types, with their irregular tightly packed grain structure, on the other hand, exhibit a high fatigue susceptibility.
Compensated transillumination of a human hand

We demonstrate imaging through human tissue in vivo using compensated transillumination. Immersion in a matched scattering medium is used to dramatically improve image contrast.
Susceptibility of Si:P across the metal-insulator transition. I. Diamagnetism

We have made static susceptibility measurements at temperatures between 1.25 and 300 K on samples of phosphorus-doped silicon with dopant concentrations in the range 0.2/${n}_{c}$1.3, where ${n}_{c}$ is the critical concentration for the metal-insulator transition. In this paper we discuss our results for the diamagnetism associated with the donor electrons. We find that the donor susceptibility above 60 K is diamagnetic and varies linearly with concentration. We associate the susceptibility observed at these temperatures with a diamagnetic term, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{D}$(T,n), which is of the Landau-Peierls-Pauli type, but which is linear in n. Using static susceptibility data at higher concentrations obtained by other investigators, we show that the linear behavior of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{D}$ persists up to \ensuremath{\sim}3${n}_{c}$, i.e., within the entire impurity-``band'' region, beyond which it reverts to the ${n}^{1/3}$ behavior expected for a standard band. We find that published ESR susceptibility data for similar concentrations exhibit the same concentration dependence as ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{D}$. Use of the ESR data has enabled us to separate out the orbital and spin contributions to the susceptibility. The average diamagnetic susceptibility per donor is found to agree with calculated values of the Larmor diamagnetism of localized electrons, and is independent of concentration over a range spanning the transition from insulating to metallic behavior; so far as the average orbital contribution of the donor electrons in the impurity ``band'' is concerned, it makes little difference whether the electrons are in localized or extended states. In addition to their possible implications for the nature of the impurity ``band,'' these results are important in that they provide a baseline against which donor susceptibility can be measured in order to determine a contribution at low temperatures which may be attributed to the presence of local moments across the metal-insulator transition.
Carbene-stabilized diphosphorus: bidentate complexation of BH2(+).

Reaction of carbene-stabilized diphosphorus, L:P–P:L (L: = :C{N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)CH}2, 1), with excess BH3·THF affords the boronium salt [L:P(μ-BH2)P:L]+[B2H7]−, 2, which contains a three-membered P2B ring. When 2 is dissolved in THF, compounds 1 and 2 exist in a dynamic solution equilibrium.
A MODEL FOR THE VIBRO-ACOUSTIC RESPONSE OF PLATES EXCITED BY COMPLEX FLOWS

Abstract A model was developed and applied for predicting the vibration response of structures excited by complex vortical turbulent flows. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods were utilized to model the flow over the structure. The computations allowed the general flow patterns to be identified and the mean properties of the flow field to be calculated. The spectral characteristics of the dynamic wall pressure fluctuations were obtained from an empirical database developed from genetically similar flows. The Corcos model was used to characterize the dynamic surface pressure cross-spectra. The power input into the structure was estimated accounting for the non-uniform dynamic pressure loading on the structure. The energy flow analysis (EFA) method was then used to predict the high-frequency structural vibration response and the radiated sound power. The frequency limit of the accuracy of the model was established. The model was applied to the case of a clamped rectangular homogeneous panel excited by vortical flows. The model predictions were verified experimentally for the case of an aluminium panel installed in a low-speed wind tunnel downstream of three-dimensional vortex generators. The wall pressure fluctuations, the plate transverse vibration velocity, and the acoustic pressure radiated from the plate were measured over a range of mean flow velocities. The measured surface pressure spectra beneath the coherent flow structures formed behind the vortex generators were found to be similar to those behind uniform fences at high frequencies. This confirmed that high-frequency wall pressure fluctuations depend on fine grain turbulence rather than on the large-scale flow structures. The measured panel vibration responses, and the radiated acoustic pressure levels were found to agree well with model predictions at frequencies above the model predictability threshold. The proposed modelling approach offers the opportunity to develop tools that could assist the vibro-acoustic design of complex flow-excited systems such as vehicles, or fluid machinery.
Soil and Crop Response to Variable-Rate Liming for Two Michigan Fields

Soil pH is known to vary spatially, making variable-rate lime application attractive where soil acidity occurs. This study examined the efficacy of variable-rate lime applications based on grid sampling at various scales on soil pH and the yield of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] during 3 yr. Lime was applied in two fields according to five lime management strategies: lime requirement (LR) estimated from maps interpolated from soil samples obtained from 30.5-, 61-, and 91.5-m grids; LR determined for the plot; and no lime. The LR interpolations consistently underestimated and were not correlated with LR measured on each plot. Granulated lime, used to insure uniform lime application, was slow to react in the field and a lab incubation verified that it reacted much slower than agricultural lime. Changes in pH occurred in the surface 10 cm, reflecting the depth of lime incorporation by chisel plowing. Corn yield did not respond to liming in 1995 and 1996. Soybean yield in 1997 increased due to liming at the Durand field, which had a lower range of soil pH values, Normalized soybean yields at both fields followed the same linear-plateau response to pH, with soybean yields declining below a threshold pH of about 5.9. While there is need for improvements in grid sampling design, variable lime applications under all of the grid sampling scales increased soil pH above the threshold pH for soybean in these fields, resulting in an improvement compared with whole field management.
Political action committees at the state level: Contributions to education

This paper examines campaign contributions from educational political action committees (PACs). Using a new and unique data set of political activity of the educational PACs across the fifty states and throughout the decade of the nineties, the authors describe the contributions' patterns of these groups. The authors argue that teachers occupy a low cost position for organizing. Approximately 90 percent of educational PAC spending is on behalf of teachers' organizations. Generalized least squares analysis of the state-year variance in contributions indicate that competition between teachers' groups and other education interest groups is a significant factor that influences the educational PACs expenditures.
Commentary: Developmental connectomics to advance our understanding of typical and atypical brain development--a commentary on Vértes and Bullmore (2015).

Vertes and Bullmore's article lays a framework for applying connectomics, the study of brain function from the perspective of underlying network organization, to advance understanding of healthy and maladaptive brain development. They elucidate the power of connectomics for bridging both different levels of analysis (e.g. from synapses to brain regions) and multiple academic fields. In this commentary, we highlight important themes and remaining questions stemming from Vertes and Bullmore's work, including: (1) the application of connectomics in the context of integrating analyses across multiple spatial and temporal dimensions, (2) the extent to which connectomics might be applied in translational and clinical studies of development, (3) growth connectomics and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, and (4) the importance and complexity of sound methodological practices in applying connectomics to developmental and clinical science. Ongoing work in these areas will be important for fulfilling the promise of connectomics as a bridge between neuroscience, developmental science, and translational and clinical research.
Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis

During the time, 3.2 × 10 9 years, that life has been present on Earth, the physical and chemical conditions of most of the planetary surface have never varied from those most favourable for life. The geological record reads that liquid water was always present and that the pH was never far from neutral. During this same period, however, the Earth's radiation environment underwent large changes. As the sun moved along the course set by the main sequence of stars its output will have increased at least 30% and possibly 100%. It may also have fluctuated in brightness over periods of a few million years. At the same time hydrogen was escaping to space from the Earth and so causing progressive changes in the chemical environment. This in turn through atmospheric compositional changes could have affected the Earth's radiation balance. It may have been that these physical and chemical changes always by blind chance followed the path whose bounds are the conditions favouring the continued existence of life. This paper offers an alternative explanation that, early after life began it acquired control of the planetary environment and that this homeostasis by and for the biosphere has persisted ever since. Historic and contemporary evidence and arguments for this hypothesis will be presented. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01946.x
Arginine deiminase PEG20 inhibits growth of small cell lung cancers lacking expression of argininosuccinate synthetase

Arginine deiminase PEG20 inhibits growth of small cell lung cancers lacking expression of argininosuccinate synthetase