cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disturbances in Calcium Homeostasis Promotes Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Lessons From Ventilator-Induced Diaphragm Wasting

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is often a life-saving intervention for patients in respiratory failure. Unfortunately, a common and undesired consequence of prolonged MV is the development of diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction. This MV-induced diaphragmatic weakness is commonly labeled "ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction" (VIDD). VIDD is an important clinical problem because diaphragmatic weakness is a major risk factor for the failure to wean patients from MV; this inability to remove patients from ventilator support results in prolonged hospitalization and increased morbidity and mortality. Although several processes contribute to the development of VIDD, it is clear that oxidative stress leading to the rapid activation of proteases is a primary contributor. While all major proteolytic systems likely contribute to VIDD, emerging evidence reveals that activation of the calcium-activated protease calpain plays a required role. This review highlights the signaling pathways leading to VIDD with a focus on the cellular events that promote increased cytosolic calcium levels and the subsequent activation of calpain within diaphragm muscle fibers. In particular, we discuss the emerging evidence that increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species promotes oxidation of the ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel, resulting in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, accelerated proteolysis, and VIDD. We conclude with a discussion of important and unanswered questions associated with disturbances in calcium homeostasis in diaphragm muscle fibers during prolonged MV.
Periodization: Variation in the Definition and Discrepancies in Study Design

Over the past several decades, periodization has been widely accepted as the gold standard of training theory. Within the literature, there are numerous definitions for periodization, which makes it difficult to study. When examining the proposed definitions and related studies on periodization, problems arise in the following domains: (1) periodization has been proposed to serve as the macro-management of the training process concerning the annual plan, yet research on long-term effects is scarce; (2) periodization and programming are being used interchangeably in research; and (3) training is not periodized alongside other stressors such as sport (i.e., only resistance training is being performed without the inclusion of sport). Overall, the state of the literature suggests that the inability to define periodization makes the statement of its superiority difficult to experimentally test. This paper discusses the proposed definitions of periodization and the study designs which have been employed to examine the concept.
Unsolicited Dermatologic Opinions: Ethical, Moral, and Legal Issues

Dermatologists often encounter skin lesions or rashes on strangers or acquaintances in non-clinical settings. Some of these lesions or eruptions may cause significant morbidity, be transmissible or even be potentially fatal. Does the dermatologist have a moral, professional or legal obligation to act? This chapter examines the ethical principles that guide how to act in such situations, the benefits and risks of offering unsolicited medical opinions, the legal issues regarding unsolicited diagnoses in the non-clinical setting, the conditions necessary to justify offering such opinions, as well as how to do so. Case scenarios involving a severe sunburn, an untreatable genodermatosis with potentially serious late complications, an obvious mutilating lesion, and potentially lethal neoplasms are analyzed according to the principles discussed in this chapter.
The future lies beneath: Mineral science, resource-making, and the (de)differentiation of the Peruvian underground

Abstract Engaging with recent scholarship on the relations among science, resources, and territory, this paper examines the role of late-nineteenth-century mineral science in the rendering of the Peruvian underground as a knowable and actionable space. I focus on the mineralogical work of Italian-born naturalist Antonio Raimondi, identifying in it a dual dynamic of geo-political differentiation and ontological dedifferentiation. On the one hand, Raimondi constructs Peruvian national territory as distinct due to the abundance and diversity of minerals contained in its subsurface. On the other, his mineralogy was undergirded by the idea that Peru's minerals were ontologically equivalent to minerals anywhere else, and thus knowable through ‘universal’ scientific knowledge practices. Both aspects of Raimondi's mineral science reflected an underlying aim: stimulating the ‘rebirth’ of Peruvian mining. Yet, I suggest that the influence of Raimondi's mineralogical work on the history of resource-making in Peru lay not in its immediate utility for political-economic calculation, but rather in its contribution to an imaginary of Peru as mineral-rich and underexploited. In conclusion, I call attention to the need for research on the political economies of Earth science to approach science as an historically and geographically situated practice, to attend to the multiple (e.g., calculative and symbolic) dimensions of scientific activities, and to be attentive to ways in which the logics and aims of Earth science may not fully intersect with those of capital and the state.
Patterns of Community Violence Exposure among African American Adolescents Living in Low-Resourced Urban Neighborhoods

African American adolescents living in neighborhoods with concentrated economic disadvantage are disproportionately exposed to community violence. This study builds upon previous research and examines patterns, severity, and chronicity of violence exposure, within a sample of African American adolescents living in low-resourced, urban neighborhoods (n = 327). The influence of both individual- and contextual-level factors on community violence exposure (CVE) is examined. Data were collected across four time points at 6-month intervals. Latent transition analysis identified three patterns of CVE at each time point: low witnessing and low victimization (LW-LV), high witnessing and low victimization (HW-LV), and high witnessing and high victimization (HW-HV), as well as transitions between each class. Although a stable LW-LV class membership over time was the most prevalent pattern, most adolescents experienced some change in exposure. Nearly one-third of the participants were classified in the HW-HV group at some point in time. Analyses on individual- and contextual-level factors revealed that more depressive symptoms, community problems (e.g., drugs, graffiti, noise), or community resources (e.g., schools, parks, recreational facilities) were associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing high levels of violent victimization. Implications for intervention and prevention of CVE are discussed.
A postgraduate capstone project: Impact on student learning and organizational change:

The capstone course serves to integrate accumulated knowledge with a culminating experience or project and is a common component in undergraduate and graduate programs. The research on capstones co...
Candidate Conservation Agreements as a Devolutionary Response to Extinction

In 1997, the United States Fish & Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service announced a draft policy for candidate conservation agreements to preclude the need for listing endangered and threatened species by encouraging private landowners and state and local land management agencies to voluntarily conserve habitat. In exchange, those parties could receive assurances regarding future land use should the species covered in the agreement become listed in the future. However, litigants have challenged the use of candidate conservation agreements and federal management plans as an attempt by the Services to evade their listing duties. This Article argues that a narrow implementation of the candidate conservation agreement policy, in conjunction with appropriate supporting state regulation, can reduce the need for future listings without violating the rules currently set out by the courts. Because states have regulatory power over resident species and the Services are authorized to work with states that have approved wildlife programs, it is possible for the Services to implement the candidate conservation program by devolving their own perceived regulatory authority to the states for implementation. State involvement in candidate conservation agreements will result in the Services being able to step aside and focus their own strained resources on other deserving activities. Although positive results of such a program will take time, in the long run it may lead to improvement in the number of species facing extinction without time enough left for recovery.
An integrative study of the microbiome gut-brain-axis and hippocampal inflammation in psychosis: Persistent effects from mode of birth

Abstract The mechanism producing psychosis appears to include hippocampal inflammation, which could be associated with the microbiome-gut-brain-axis (MGBS). To test this hypothesis we are conducting a multidisciplinary study, herein described. The procedures are illustrated with testing of a single subject and group level information on the impact of C-section birth are presented. Method Study subjects undergo research diagnostic interviews and symptom assessments to be categorized into one of 3 study groups: psychosis, nonpsychotic affective disorder or healthy control. Hippocampal volume and metabolite concentrations are assessed using 3-dimensional, multi-voxel H1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRSI) encompassing all gray matter in the entire hippocampal volume. Rich self-report information is obtained with the PROMIS interview, which was developed by the NIH Commons for research in chronic conditions. Early trauma is assessed and cognition is quantitated using the MATRICS. The method also includes the most comprehensive autonomic nervous system (ANS) battery used to date in psychiatric research. Stool and oral samples are obtained for microbiome assessments and cytokines and other substances are measured in blood samples. Results Group level preliminary data shows that C-section birth is associated with higher concentrations of GLX, a glutamate related hippocampal neurotransmitter in psychotic cases, worse symptoms in affective disorder cases and smaller hippocampal volume in controls. Conclusion Mode of birth appears to have persistent influences through adulthood. The methodology described for this study will define pathways through which the MGBA may influence the risk for psychiatric disorders.
A presumptive role for gamma-aminobutyric acid in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in man

Abstract The effect of di-n-propylacetic acid (valproic acid), a gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase inhibitor, on the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LHRH) was studied in five normal women during the proliferative and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Valproic acid produced no significant change in the basal serum concentrations of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone in either the proliferative or the luteal phase of the study. In the proliferative phase the ΔLH (maximum increment above baseline) following LHRH stimulation rose from 32.8 ± 21.2 (mean ± SD) to 52.2 ± 28.7 mlU/ml (not significant) after valproic acid, while the ΔFSH rose from 2.2 ± 1.1 to 5.0 ± 3.6 mlU/ml (not significant). Four of the five volunteers showed an augmentation of the ΔLH response to LHRH after valproic acid while the fifth subject showed no change. In three subjects the augmented ΔLH response after valproic acid was highly significant. By contrast, the ΔLH in the luteal phase following LHRH stimulation fell from 65.3 ± 20.1 to 43.1 ± 12.9 mlU/ml after valproic acid (p
The Optimark Experience: What Welearned

The well-publicized launch of the OptiMark trading system on January 29, 1999 marked the start of a substantial initiative to apply advanced information technology to improve the trading of large block orders in the equities markets. While OptiMark did not advertise itself widely as a periodic call market, it had a number of call auction features including order aggregation and price discovery. In other important regards, differences exist. Call auctions typically match many buyers and many sellers at a single price; OptiMark’s algorithm was designed to find sequences of “1-to-many” matches. Unlike call auctions, which match orders at a single price, OptiMark trades can take place at more than one price in the same stock in a cycle. We describe the response to OptiMark’s auction-like matching algorithm, and identify its similarities and differences with the single price call auction structure. The closure of OptiMark’s trading system on September 19, 2000 illustrates how difficult it is to meet the needs of institutional traders.
Learning, training, and development in organizations

Part 1. The Learner, Learning Processes, and Training Outcomes. Gully, Chen, Individual Differences, Attribute-Treatment Interactions, and Training Outcomes. Beier, Kanfer, Motivation in Training and Development: A Phase Perspective. Salas, Rosen, Experts at Work: Principles for Developing Expertise in Organizations. Ford, Kraiger, Merritt, An Updated Review of the Multidimensionality of Training Outcomes: New Directions for Training Evaluation Research. Part 2. Emerging Issues for Design and Delivery. Cooke, Fiore, Cognitive Science-Based Principles for the Design and Delivery of Training. Mayer, Research-Based Solutions to Three Problems in Web-Based Training. Cannon-Bowers, Bowers, Synthetic Learning Environments: On Developing a Science of Simulation, Games, and Virtual Worlds for Training. Bell, Kozlowski, Toward a Theory of Learner-Centered Training Design: An Integrative Framework of Active Learning. Part 3. The Organizational Context, Levels, and Time. Tannenbaum, Beard, McNall, Salas, Informal Learning and Development in Organizations. Molloy, Noe, "Learning" a Living: Continuous Learning for Survival in Today's Talent Market. Kozlowski, Chao, Jensen, Building an Infrastructure for Organizational Learning: A Multilevel Approach. Mathieu, Tesluk, A Multi-Level Perspective on Training and Development Effectiveness. Part 4. Reflection and an Agenda for the Future. Thayer, Goldstein, Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? Salas, Kozlowski, Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations: Much Progress and a Peek Over the Horizon.
Microwave Remote Sensing

The sections in this article are 1 Radiometers 2 Radar Scattering 3 Radar Scatterometers 4 Radar Altimeters 5 Ground-Penetrating Radars 6 Imaging Radars 7 Real-Aperture Radars 8 Synthetic-Aperture Radars
A comparative histologic study of the uterotubal junction in the rabbit, rhesus monkey, and human female

Abstract A histologic study of oviducts in the rabbit, rhesus monkey, and human female revealed significant differences, especially in the isthmus and intramural portions. In the rabbit, polyplike mucosal projections at the uterotubal junction may block this area irrespective of muscle contraction. In the monkey there appears, in the uterotubal junction, a dense connective tissue zone between the lumen and inner circular muscle layer. While the muscle may act as a constricting sphincter, the role of this connective tissue is yet to be determined. In the human female an inner longitudinally arranged muscle layer appears in the isthmus and intramural portion of the tube occupying the same location as the connective tissue zone in the monkey. A sphincter-like action is, therefore, possible. Thus, species differences in this area emphasize the need for caution when a variety of animals is used as experimental models for the study of oviducts in human reproduction.
Flow-Insensitive Interprocedural Alias Analysis in the Presence of Pointers

Data-flow analysis algorithms can be classified into two categories: flow-sensitive and flow-insensitive. To improve efficiency, flow insensitive interprocedural analyses do not make use of the intraprocedural control flow information associated with individual procedures. Since pointer-induced aliases can change within a procedure, applying known flow-insensitive analyses can result in either incorrect or overly conservative solutions. In this paper, we present a flow-insensitive data flow analysis algorithm that computes interprocedural pointer-induced aliases. We improve the precision of our analysis by (1) making use of certain types of kill information that can be precomputed efficiently, and (2) computing aliases generated in each procedure instead of holding at the exit of each procedure. We improve the efficiency of our algorithm by introducing a technique called deferred evaluation.
Thermoelastoplastic and residual stresses in a hollow cylinder with temperature-dependent properties

Determination of residual stresses and the positive or negative effect that they may have on the component is an important consideration in design. Unexpected failure of components, latter determined to be attributable to residual stress, is not uncommon. In this paper, a theoretical study of the stresses in a long hollow circular cylinder subjected to rapid cooling of the exterior surface is presented. A quasi-static uncoupled thermoelastoplastic analysis, based on incremental theory of plasticity, is developed and a numerical procedure for successive approximation is formulated. For this analysis, it is assumed that the material has temperature-dependent properties and is characterized by linear strain hardening. The thermoelastoplastic and residual stress distributions are discussed in detail. The results are compared with related published work where a reasonable agreement is observed.
Timing of the Initial Spray Application of Bacillus thuringiensis for Control of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Potatoes

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate the timing of the initial spray application of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrianis , relative to egg development in the field, for control of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in potatoes. Effective potato beetle control was achieved with B. thuringiensis if the initial spray was applied during the period beginning when an average of 1-30% of marked egg masses had hatched, extending to 4 days after 30% egg hatch, of the initial flush of eggs. Significantly greater defoliation, numbers of third and fourth instar CPB and lower yields occurred in plots when the initial B. thuringiensis application was delayed until 6 days after 30% egg hatch, compared with plots treated at 30% egg hatch. In 1990, no improvement in CPB control was gained by application of the initial B. thuringiensis spray at first observation of CPB egg deposition or at first egg hatch, compared with application at 30% egg hatch. Recommendations for proper timing of B. thuringiensis sprays for effective CPB management are presented.
Job scope, job satisfaction, and the Protestant Ethic: A study of enlisted men in the U.S. Navy

Abstract Questionnaire data were obtained from 149 enlisted men in the U.S. Navy. The job scope (JS)-satisfaction with the work itself (SWI) relationship was examined for the study's total sample and for subsamples created by grouping individuals on the basis of their degree of belief in the Protestant Ethic (PE). It was hypothesized and found that the JS-SWI relationship was positive and significantly different from zero for the study's total sample and each of the three PE subsamples. Contrary to one of the study's hypotheses, PE did not moderate the JS-SWI relationship. The study's results were discussed in terms of their implications for theory and practice in the area job design.
Effect of a Dissolved Electronegative Gas (Sulphur Hexafluoride) on the Breakdown Strength of Liquid Dielectrics

IN a previous communication1 we reported the effect of dissolved sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) on conduction currents in transformer oil. The effect of this electronegative gas on pre-breakdown and breakdown phenomena is reported in the present communication.
High cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL-expressing CD34+-proliferating haematopoietic progenitors

We have previously described the isolation of primitive, slow-proliferating progenitors from normal, circulating CD34+ cells by using the fluorescent dye 5-6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE). CFDA-SE(bright) (primitive) and CFDA-SE(dim) (differentiating) cells were isolated following cytokine stimulation on the basis of their different proliferation rates. In the present work we analysed the expression levels of a number of proteins involved with differentiation, proliferation and survival/apoptosis in CFDA-SE(bright)/CD34+/slow-proliferating cells that were previously defined as progenitors capable of differentiating into different lineages. The aim of this work was to gain a better understanding of our model system in order to define some of the important parameters that regulate differentiation in haematopoietic progenitors. GATA-1 and PU.1 RNA levels were similar in freshly isolated (d 0) CD34+ and in CFDA-SE(bright) (bright) cells, whereas they increased in CFDA-SE(dim) (dim) cells. Accordingly, Nm23 was expressed at higher levels in bright cells. Moreover, bright cells had higher p21WAF1/CIP1, p27KIP1 and p16Ink4 protein levels than dim cells. Consistently, Cdc2 and Cdk2 kinase activity was much higher in the dim than in the slower proliferating bright cells. C-myc and p53 levels were higher in bright cells than in d 0 CD34+ and dim cells, and so was Bcl-xL, which followed the trend we have previously described for Bcl-2. Thus, bright cells, despite having a higher proliferation rate than the starting d 0 CD34+ population, have strikingly elevated levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, which are likely to also act as inhibitors of differentiation.
Microtensile tests with the aid of probe microscopy for the study of MEMS materials

Mechanical tests of thin films require novel and sophisticated methods that can address the geometry and microstructure of the films. A new method of micro-tensile testing of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) films has been demonstrated. An improved apparatus has been designed and implemented to measure the elastic tensile properties. (Young's modulus, Poisson's ration and tensile strength) of surface micromachined polysilicon specimans. The tensile specimans are dog-bone shaped ending in a large paddle for convenient electrostatic or, in the improved apparatus, UV adhesive gripping. The test section of the specimens is 400µm long with 2µmx50µm cross section. The method employs Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) acquired surface topologies of deforming specimans to determine (fields of) strain by way of the Digital Image Correlation method (DIC). With this method, high strength of non- linearly behaving materials under different environmental conditions can be tested by measuring the strains directly on the surface of the film with nanometer resolution in in-place and out-of-plane measurements.
Spatially patterned catalytic reactors. Feasibility issues

Abstract The basic idea of spatially patterned catalytic reactors in this paper is to integrate auxiliary catalysts into a system in order to steer a desired reaction around a performance obstacle and toward enhanced selective conversion. While a traditional multi-functional catalytic reactor is limited to coupling reactions that can effectively operate in a common environment, a spatially layered pattern provides the unique opportunity to tune operating conditions in order to mitigate potential incompatibilities while optimizing performance. The power of the layered pattern approach is demonstrated through modelling studies on a by-product-inhibited reaction system that suffers from temperature and/or chemical species incompatibilities. Because multiple steady states — with dramatically varying levels of performance — often exist for these complex reaction networks, operation on an appropriate steady state has been shown to be critical to the realization of performance enhancements. The potential for multiplicity to undo the anticipated benefits of patterned operation is explored.
Measurements of He I λ5876 Recombination-Line Radiation from the Diffuse, Warm Ionized Medium in Irregular Galaxies*

We present long-slit optical spectroscopy of three high surface brightness Magellanic irregular galaxies. This paper draws attention to our detection of He I λ5876 line emission from the ionized gas outside the H II regions or the warm ionized phase of the interstellar medium. We measure a mean reddening-corrected intensity ratio of He I λ5876/Hα ≈ 0.041 independent of spatial location. This ratio is much higher than that measured in the diffuse, warm ionized interstellar medium of the Milky Way (Reynolds & Tufte). The high value of He I λ5876/Hα implies the helium ionization fraction is approximately equal to the hydrogen ionization fraction in the diffuse ionized gas (DIG). If the DIG is powered by young stars, then stars hotter than 40,000 K must contribute to the Lyman-continuum radiation reaching the DIG. Since optical and ultraviolet spectra confirm the presence of such massive stars in these galaxies, stellar photoionization remains the most likely power source. The contrast with the low helium ionization in the Galactic DIG, however, is intriguing and provides strong evidence that the physical state of the DIG, not just its presence, varies among galaxies.
Optimal control of a flexible parallel link robotic manipulator

Abstract The parallel link robotic manipulator consists of a base platform fixed in space or attached to the end-effector of another robot, a mobile platform, and six linear actuators (pistons) that link the two platforms together. The load carrying parts of the actuators are considered to be flexible (deformable) and modeled as mass-spring-damper elements. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the manipulator have been rigorously derived. No attempt has been made to linearize the plant or the measurements. The observer and the control law are derived based on the optimal control theory. The control gain matrix and the estimate gain matrix are obtained by solving the algebraic Riccati equations. The state excitation white noises and the observation white noises are included in the plant and the measurements, respectively. The dynamic equations of the observer are solved analytically and exactly. The feasibility of real-time control is demonstrated by the computer simulation results which are presented here.
Observations of diffuse galactic positron annihilation radiation

Abstract The Galactic plane was scanned nearly three times by the UCSD/MIT Hard X-Ray and Low Energy Gamma-Ray Experiment on HEAO-1 from August 1977 through September 1978. Its Medium Energy Detectors were of the NaI/CsI phoswich type and operated over the 100 keV to 2 MeV range, with a 17° FWHM field of view and a 9% energy resolution at 511 keV. Sky maps for each epoch of observation were constructed in several energy bands. After subtraction of known point sources, a component associated with the galactic plane remains, whose spectrum is consistent with a power law and a positron annihilation spectrum. In the 333 to 583 keV energy band the flux is concentrated within±35° of the galactic center, and the ratio of flux/radian (anticenter) is high, with a 2σ lower limit of 13. The parameters of the galactic center region's annihilation spectrum are positronium fraction of 0.9±0.1 and 511 keV flux of (2.0±0.7)×10 −3 photons/cm 2 -sec-rad.
Online Learning Algorithms

In this paper, we study an online learning algorithm in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHSs) and general Hilbert spaces. We present a general form of the stochastic gradient method to minimize a quadratic potential function by an independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) sample sequence, and show a probabilistic upper bound for its convergence.
Absorption and fluorescence corrections of characteristic x‐rays from thin spheres

Models of absorption and fluorescence corrections for characteristic x-rays emitted from electron-transparent spheres are presented for a stationary point probe and for a rastered or flooding beam. In both models, the primary inonzation event and subsequent x-ray emission are assumed to occur anywhere along the electron-beam axis within the sphere. Multiple scattering effects are not taken into account but absorption of the fluorescence radiation is taken into account. The integrals involved in both correction models are solved numerically and the results are compared with previous models of thin-foil, plane-parallel specimens. An analytical solution for the fluorescence correction is obtained when the primary x-ray generation is assumed to originate at the center of the sphere. Both corrections are found to be less severe for submicron spheres than the corresponding corrections for plane-parallel specimens.
Coadsorption of water and sodium on the Ru(001) surface

The coadsorption of water and sodium on a Ru(001) surface has been studied as a model system of the interaction of adsorbed water with electropositive ions. A variety of surface sensitive methods were employed: electron stimulated desorption ion angular distributions (ESDIAD), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The coadsorption results for temperatures above 80 K have been compared and contrasted to results obtained when water and Na are adsorbed separately on Ru(001). For Na coverages less than a critical value (0.25 monolayer), water adsorbs and desorbs in molecular form. However, even for low Na coverages, the presence of adsorbed Na strongly influences the desorption kinetics and causes an increase in the binding energy of water to Ru; in addition, the local bonding geometry of water is altered. The H+ ESD yield from adsorbed water monomers increases substantially in the presence of Na. For Na coverages greater than 0.25 monolayer, the adsorbed two-dimensional Na structures observed by LEED at 80 K become disordered when water is adsorbed, and water dissociates even at 80 K to form a hydroxide-like species with the OH molecular axis perpendicular to the surface. The hydroxide decomposes upon heating, and leads to hydrogen desorption between 350 and 600 K. The striking dependence of the water surface chemistry on the coverage of preadsorbed Na has been associated with the electropositive properties of the Na-Ru layer. The influence of Na on the adsorption of water on Ru(001) is important for understanding processes occurring at the metal-electrolyte interface in an electrochemical cell as well as the catalytic promotion of transition metal catalysts by adsorbed alkalis.
WEIGHTED CONVOLUTIONS OF CERTAIN POLYNOMIALS

) < /3n. It is conjectured that for 1 < a < /? and aan integer, the weighted convolution of polynomials having their zeros on |z| = 1 andbelonging to K(a, /3), also belong to K(a, /3). This conjecture is known to be true forthe case a = I, which leads to an alternative proof for the generalised Polya-Schoenbergconjecture. The case a = 2 is also known to be true for cubic polynomials. We prove theconjecture for certain quartic polynomials when 2 ^ a ^ 4.1. INTRODUCTION
“The Anti-Poverty Hoax”: Development, pacification, and the making of community in the global 1960s

Abstract This essay provides an alternative history of U.S. community development by establishing a global context for such policies. It demonstrates that the emergence of poverty as a domestic and international public policy issue in the 1960s was closely linked to anxieties about racialized violence in American cities and wars of insurgency in the global South. In doing so, it traces how programs of pacification, both at home and abroad, sought to deal with delinquent youth, to marry policing to economic development, and to grapple with poverty and insecurity. Such a global view provides new insights into American-style community development, specifically how a double system of pacification was an integral part of this approach to urban policy. By focusing on an important precursor to the War on Poverty, the Ford Foundation’s Gray Areas program, the essay also highlights how the problem of poverty came to be territorialized not only in the city but specifically in a unit understood as community. However, “community” was a space of contestation. Community action was rapidly transformed into programs of community development, especially those animated by the ethos of self-help. But, in cities like Oakland, the first of the Gray Areas cities, and described as a “racial tinderbox,” the bureaucracy of poverty became the platform for radical visions and practices of self-determination, notably by the Black Panther Party. Understood in this way, community is a key site for the analysis of liberal government. In particular, urban policy mandates such as community development and community participation reveal the enduring contradictions between ideologies of self-help and struggles for self-determination.
Attentional processes in overtraining.

The effects of overtraining were examined using two dependent variables, choice response and eye fixations. Although an overtraining reversal effect was nor found using choice-response, examinations of a number of eye fixations both before and after reversal suggest that the introduction of reversal training produces greater shifts in attention in the overtrained (n = 6) as opposed to the criterion trained group (n = 6). Results are interpreted as supporting a theory of discrimination learning which proposes that S is developing a plan in which inputs are tested or compared against some centrally organized process.
Carbonate recrystallization in basal sediments: evidence for convective fluid flow on a ridge flank

In many Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) drill holes, chalks and/or limestones and even dolomites overlie oceanic basement rocks. These occurrences have often been interpreted as the result of increased calcium carbonate dissolution and reprecipitation as cement and overgrowths (recrystallization) at higher prevailing temperatures, either near an oceanic ridge system or at greater burial depths (burial diagnesis). We report here detailed chemical and isotopic analyses of carbonate sediments recovered from a drill hole on the western flank of the East Pacific Rise during Leg 92 of DSDP. This hole was drilled on 4.6-Myr old oceanic crust and recovered chalks directly overlying oceanic basement at a depth as shallow as 8 m below the sediment/water interface. Oceanic basement was not reached in this hole because of the hardness of deeper chalks, or, more likely, limestones. The chemical and isotopical evidence, detailed below, shows that considerable calcite recrystallization did occur in an aqueous medium similar to normal seawater and at relatively low temperature. This suggests that the observed recrystallization of calcareous ooze to chalk and limestone took place not as a result of burial diagenesis at higher temperatures, but as a result of extensive advective pore water flow through the sediments, which would allow recrystallization of calcium carbonate to take place. This process was, and apparently still is, widespread in the south-east Pacific Ocean.
Dynamics of Cremona Maps from Physical Models

A Cremona transformation X=f(x, y), Y=g(x, y) is a rational mapping (meaning that f and g are ratios of polynomials) with rational inverse x=F(X, Y), y=G(X, Y). Discrete dynamical systems defined by such transformations are well studied. They include symmetries of the Yang-Baxter equations and their generalizations. In this paper we comment on two types of dynamical systems based on Cremona transformations. The first is the P1 case of Bellon et al. which pertains to the inversion relation for the matrix of Boltzmann weights of the 4-state chiral Potts model. The resulting dynamical system decouples completely to one in a single variable. The sub case z=x corresponds to the symmetric Ashkin-Teller model. We solve this case explicitly giving orbits as closed formulas in the number n of iterations. The second type of system treated is an extension from the famous example due to McMillan of invariant curves of area preserving maps in two dimensions to the case of invariant curves and surfaces of three dimensional Cremona maps that preserve volume. The trace map of the renormalization of transmission through a Fibonacci chain, first introduced by Kohmoto, Kadanoff and Tang, is considered as an example of such a system.
Diversity by the Numbers

Projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are cited to highlight the shortfall in the number of engineers who will be available to fill positions that will be open up in the future. This shortage argues powerfully for drawing on the talents and abilities of those traditionally underrepresented in the field. Data are presented to show that underrepresented minorities are much less likely to have the science background necessary to enter and succeed in engineering school. The role of women in engineering is also discussed, with figures presented to show the level of participation. It is noted that although girls in high school are as well prepared as boys to enter engineering school, too few choose to do so.
Workshop Report: Split Rock Workshop on Computer Packaging

On May 22-24, 1974, the Computer Society's Technical Committee on Packaging held its biannual workshop. Attendance was 55 from an invited list of about 70 consisting of the active members of the Computer Packaging Committee and the invited speaker attendees. Held this year at Split Rock Lodge in Lake Harmony, Pennsylvania, the workshop customarily has five sessions: one at the chip-to-package interface, one aimed at the hybrid circuit interconnection level, one at the computer backplane and cabinet wiring level, one of general interest to the manufacturing technology that cuts across all types of computer manufacturing apparatus,and a fifth that is especially chosen for each conference as an item of importance or special interest that is not covered by any other session.
An Internet‐Based Education/Support Program for Menopause Symptoms of Korean American Midlife Women

Women’s Health Poster Presentation Objective To describe development of an Internet-based education/support program for menopausal symptom management of Korean American midlife women based on findings from a larger study on midlife women's experience of menopause symptoms. Design An intervention development study. Setting Not applicable. Sample Not applicable. Methods The program was developed using the information-mapping approach and the cognitive walkthrough method. The records of the experts' evaluation were analyzed using content analysis. Then, as a group, the research team made decisions on the development of specific areas and incorporated them into further development of the program. Results Based on the findings of previous studies, seven predictors were identified to influence the experience of menopause symptoms of Korean American midlife women. Then, the focus of the program development was given to the women's attitudes because other predictors were nonmodifiable. Among the nonmodifiable predictors, only the country of origin, the length of time in the United States, and the immigration generation were incorporated into the program development. The program was designed to have three components as follows: interactive online message board; interactive online educational sessions; and online resources. Graphic user interface controls were used, and the presentation styles were tailored to Korean American culture. As technological tools, the Ruby on Rails framework and the Xen hypervisor were used. All experts positively evaluated the program but had several suggestions to make the structure more user-friendly. Two experts made some suggestions for the educational contents of the program (hormone replacement therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitors). Based on the findings, the program has been further refined. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice Asian American midlife women, including Korean American midlife women, rarely seek help for their menopausal symptoms until the symptoms become intolerable, which frequently results in unnecessary burden to these women and subsequent disparities in symptom management. Thus, it is imperative to provide information and support for Korean American midlife women so that they can transition through menopause smoothly and successfully. Researchers need to make continuous efforts to develop and evaluate Internet-based education and support programs.
Are "breast-focused" surgeons more competent?

Breast cancer affects 1 in 8 women today.1 The treatment of breast diseases comprises 14–25% of general surgeons’ practice volume.2,3 Yet, approximately half of all general surgeons perform only two or fewer breast cases per month. Unquestionably, long-term survival after surgery for breast cancer depends upon stage.4 More recently, survival has been linked to performance measures. For instance, survival is greater at hospitals performing greater than 125–150 breast cancer surgeries per year.5–8 Additionally, survival is greater if surgeons perform greater than 15 breast cancer operations per year.8 Finally, completion of a surgical oncology fellowship resulted in a 36% reduction in the risk of death at 5 years when controlled for hospital volume, surgeon volume, age, stage, and race.8–10 Can one infer from these studies that “breast-focused” surgeons are more competent? The criticisms of these studies have been that they often emanate from authors who may be prejudiced toward the results. In fact, there is an observation that, if a surgeon works in a hospital with a cancer center designation, the results from the treatment of breast cancer are not based on any specific surgical or breast disease training other than the general surgical residence.8 The implication would be that the multimodality approach to the treatment of the disease is the reason for any increased survival rather than the judgmental or technical expertise of the surgeon.
The germ-free animal fed chemically defined diet: a unique tool.

ConclusionWith the development of CD diet L-489E 14SE, it is possible to maintain prodction colonies of BALB/c mice under GF conditions with totally defined nutritional intake after weaning. These mice are exposed to a minimum of antigenic stimulation and thus provide a unique model in which all exogenous factors may be controlled.
Sexual Maturity and Subsequent Reproductive Performance of White Leghorn Chickens Subjected to Different Parts of the Light Spectrum

Abstract THE purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different parts of the light spectrum during the rearing and laying period on reproductive activity. Of special interest was the spectral effect on sexual maturity of both male and female White Leghorns and the subsequent reproductive rate of the females. Dakan (1934) found that pullets exposed to red and yellow filtered light maintained egg production, but production decreased after two months of exposure to blue light. Carson et al. (1958) found that 24-hour illumination with red, gold, green, and blue fluorescent light did not significantly affect age at sexual maturity. However, the red and gold illumination significantly suppressed sperm production. In turkeys, ducks, sparrows, and starlings, reproductive activity is stimulated by red light, while blue and green have little or no effect (Scott and Payne, 1937; Benoit, 1964; Ringoen, 1942; Bissonette, 1932). In the starling (Sturnus vulgarus), green light…
Mutations altering genetic recombination and repair of DNA in bacteriophage T4

Abstract A search was made for sublethal mutants of bacteriophage T4 defective in genetic recombination. T4D+ was mutagenized with proflavin, and phage from minute plaques were tested for their sensitivity to ultraviolet (uv) irradiation. Nine uv-sensitive mutants were found, of which two exhibit decreased recombination. The mutations are located in a previously unknown T4 gene-gene w. Seven other minute-plaque-forming, uv sensitive mutants exhibit increased recombination; in each of these seven cases, the mutations were found to be in gene 58 (DNA-delay). The newly located gene w maps between genes 24 and 25. Mutants defective in gene w are sensitive to uv, to methyl methanesulfonate, and to hydroxyurea, although they degrade host DNA normally. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA is normal. A delayed and reduced phage yield appears to be caused by inefficient packaging of DNA in w mutants. This inefficient packaging appears to be caused by failure to form or to maintain a normal complement of concatemeric DNA. Intracellular DNA in 58− infection was examined for unusual properties which could explain increased recombination. The normal rapidly sedimenting complex containing concatemeric DNA is present, but is formed more slowly than in wild-type infection. Joining of short DNA chains produced by discontinuous synthesis is normal, as is attachment of parental and newly synthesized DNA to a rapidly-sedimenting cell component (presumably membrane). Parental DNA is degraded, apparently by an exonuclease. Both the production of acid-soluble material from parental DNA and the increase in genetic recombination are eliminated by additional mutations in genes 46 and 47. Genetic evidence indicates that both 58 and w mutants are defective in the same uv repair pathway as the uv sensitive T4 mutants x and y; none of the double mutants is more sensitive than each of the respective single mutants. Some of these double mutants, however, have cumulative effects on recombination, indicating a more complicated interaction than a discrete unilinear pathway. The x and y strains currently available were found to contain additional mutations. The original x strain contains several mutations which affect plaque morphology. The original y strain, y10, contains a mutation which affects plaque morphology, and the y100 strain contains a mutation which causes the y defect to be lethal. The purified x and y strains make minute plaques and retain the reduced burst size, lowered recombination, uv sensitivity of the originally described mutants.
The influence of planetary-wave transience on horizontal air motions in the stratosphere

The influence of transience of the planetary-wave field on the horizontal air motions and tracer distributions in the stratosphere was investigated in equivalent barotropic calculations. Two classes of transience are considered: a monochromatic traveling wave, representative of discrete components such as the 5- and 16-day waves, and a second-order stochastic process representative of broadband variability. The response to each of these forms of unsteady forcing is investigated in terms of the characteristic time scale of the transience. Results are presented, and the implications these results have on stratospheric behavior are discussed.
Recombinant Interferon-γ Preserves Human Granulocyte Bactericidal and Chemoluminescence Activities

The effects of recombinant human interferon (IFN)-gamma on functions of human granulocytes (PMNL) were investigated. Incubation with IFN-gamma for up to 24 h enhanced the chemoluminescent (CL) response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) to Staphylococcus aureus, FMLP, opsonized zymosan, and PMA in a dose-dependent fashion for concentrations of 1-1000 units/mL. Short exposures to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha also enhanced the CL responses of PMNL, but the effects IFN-gamma and TNF alpha together, at the concentrations used, were less than additive. Incubation of PMNL for 8 h with IFN-gamma preserved their bactericidal capabilities relative to control PMNL incubated for the same length of time without IFN-gamma. Preservation of neutrophil function may be a subtle but important role for IFN-gamma.
American Pediatric Society's 2011 John Howland Award Acceptance Lecture: lessons from models of disease.

American Pediatric Society's 2011 John Howland Award Acceptance Lecture: Lessons From Models of Disease