cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discontinuous Spectral Element Approximation of Maxwell’s Equations

Two discontinuous spectral element methods for the solution of Maxwell’s equations are compared. The first method is a staggered-grid Chebyshev approximation. The second is a spectral element (collocation) form of the discontinuous Galerkin method. In both methods, the approximations are discontinuous at element boundaries, making them suitable for propagating waves through multiple materials. Solutions are presented for propagation of a plane wave through a plane dielectric interface, and for scattering off a coated perfectly conducting cylinder.
Modeling DT Vaporization and Melting in a Direct Drive Target

During injection, inertial fusion energy (IFE) direct drive targets are subjected to heating from energy exchange with the background gas and radiation from the reactor wall. This thermal loading could cause phase change (vaporization and/or melting) of the deuterium-tritium (DT). In the past, it was assumed that any phase change would result in a violation of the stringent smoothness and symmetry requirements imposed on the target. This work summarizes the results from a one-dimensional finite difference model that was created to simulate the coupled thermal and mechanical response of a direct drive target to an imposed heat flux. The objective of this work is to investigate methods of increasing the thermal robustness of targets.
Why the Beginning Should Be the End: The Argument for Exempting Post-Complaint Materials from Rule 26(B)(5)(A)’s Privilege Log Requirement

There is state of uncertainty that is threatening to undermine the two most significant evidentiary protections in American jurisprudence: the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require parties to explicitly assert privilege claims, usually by providing information about the privileged materials in the form of a "privilege log." The Rules do not say whether this requirement applies to materials created or obtained after the filing of the complaint. But that is exactly when the attorney-client privilege and work product doctrine are most likely to protect not only the materials, themselves, but also the information about them that would normally be included in a privilege log. Despite that undeniable fact, the courts are bitterly divided on whether these "post-complaint" materials should be exempt from the privilege log requirement. In this article, I propose an amendment to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that would exempt post-complaint materials from the privilege log requirement. The attorney-client privilege and work product doctrine are intended to encourage communication between clients and attorneys and provide attorneys with a zone of privacy to prepare efficiently for trial, respectively. These activities are the most critical after the litigation has begun. Absent an exemption, an adversary could effectively require a party to create an ongoing "log" of communications and materials prepared during the course of a pending litigation. Such a burdensome requirement would effectively "chill" the crucial preparation that these protections were developed to ensure, subverting two key pillars of the adversary system. Indeed, the Supreme Court has modified procedural rules several times in the last decade in order to control the alarming effect of skyrocketing discovery costs. My proposal would fit soundly within this trend and also provide the badly needed certainty and predictability parties need in an era where the potential universe of discoverable electronic materials has few other limits.
Correlates of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink Use Among First Year College Students: Clinical and Research Implications.

Background: Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use among college students is associated with specific adverse effects (e.g., sexual assault, driving while intoxicated). This study offered the o...
Evolution of radiomic features on serial CT scans as an imaging based biomarker for evaluating response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab.

e14534Background: Nivolumab is a PD-1 inhibitor that is FDA approved for treatment of chemotherapy refractory advanced NSCLC. The current standard clinical approach to evaluating tumor response is ...
Challenging knowledge monopoly in education in the U.S. through democratizing knowledge production and dissemination

ABSTRACTWe discuss democratizing knowledge production and dissemination in education illustrated in two parts that challenge the current knowledge monopoly. Our discourse includes (a) problematic c...
Performance Portabile Multi-Species Plasma Code *

The emergence of high concurrency architectures like GPUs, Intel Phi, and multi-core CPUs necessitates reconsideration of many of the algorithms used to simulate plasmas. We have undertaken the development of a multi-species plasma application using both the multi-fluid and particle-in-cell (PIC) representations of the plasma. The simulation of these plasmas on next-generation hardware is encompassed in the EMPIRE code suite, an open source software suite built off Trilinos/Drekar/mini-PIC tools.
Basics of Structure and Mechanisms of Function of Botulinum Toxin - How Does it Work?

This chapter discusses the molecular structure of botulinum toxin and its mode of action on muscles, glands and peripheral nerves.
Applying a Social-Relational Model to Explore the Curious Case of hitchBOT

This paper applies social-relational models of moral standing of robots to cases where the encounters between the robot and humans are relatively brief. Our analysis spans the spectrum of non-social robots to fully-social robots. We consider cases where the encounters are between a stranger and the robot and do not include its owner or operator. We conclude that the developers of robots that might be encountered by other people when the owner is not present cannot wash their hands of responsibility. They must take care with how they develop the robot’s interface with people and take into account how that interface influences the social relationship between it and people, and, thus, the moral standing of the robot with each person it encounters. Furthermore, we claim that developers have responsibility for the impact social robots have on the quality of human social relationships.
5 Job Performance

This chapter presents an overview of job performance as it is conceptualized in the industrial–organizational psychology literature. It includes a definition of job performance that emphasizes the behavioral, episodic, and aggregate nature of the construct. The chapter reviews and discusses several well-established multidimensional models of job performance, along with emerging theories of performance such as adaptive performance and trait activation. Causal antecedents of job performance are discussed, including personality traits, cognitive ability, motivation, knowledge, and skill, along with their interrelations. Various dilemmas in theories of performance are explored, including whether organizational citizenship behavior is likely a latent or aggregate construct, whether counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship should be considered opposite ends of a single continuum or separate constructs, and how counterproductive work behavior could be a product of knowledge and skill. Keywords: job performance; contextual performance; organizational citizenship behavior; counterproductive work behavior; implicit trait policies
Prevention and Treatment of Yeast and Endemic Fungal Infections

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remain an important complication of solid organ transplantation owing to their significant morbidity and mortality and include infections due to Candida, Cryptococcus, endemic mycosis, and other rare yeasts and molds. IFIs occur in different intervals posttransplantation and depend on a number of extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors, some of which are specific to the type of organs transplanted, surgical techniques, and type of immunosuppressive medications. Donor-derived IFIs and emergence of new multidrug-resistant yeasts have been reported in various healthcare settings. Clinical manifestations of yeast and endemic fungal infections vary in different types of organ transplants. Diagnosis of IFIs in SOT recipients is challenging due to their nonspecific signs and symptoms owing to the impaired inflammatory responses as a result of immunosuppression and the lack of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic modalities. Early diagnosis is key to successful therapy, and physicians should have a high index of suspicion based on risk factors and epidemiology of these pathogens. Antifungal treatment strategies for yeast infections have been outlined in various society guidelines. Management of complications that arise before or during antifungal therapy is critical for optimizing clinical response.
A High-Resolution 1983–2016 Tmax Climate Data Record Based on Infrared Temperatures and Stations by the Climate Hazard Center

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamics and physics of climate extremes will be a critical challenge for twenty-first-century climate science. Increasing temperatures and saturation vapor pressures may ...
Expanding the repertoire of conservative site-specific recombination in Clostridioides difficile.

Abstract Recent genomic analysis of an epidemic ribotype 027 (RT027) Clostridioides difficile strain revealed the presence of several chromosomal site-specific invertible sites hypothesized to control the expression of adjacent genes in a bimodal on-off mode. This process, named phase variation, is thought to enhance phenotypic variability under homogeneous conditions ultimately increasing population fitness in unpredictable environmental fluctuations. The full extent of phase variation mediated by DNA-inversions in C. difficile is currently unknown. Here, we sought to expand our previous analysis by screening for site-specific inversions in isolates that belong to the rapidly emerging ribotypes RT017 and RT078. We report the finding of one novel inversion site for which we demonstrate the inversion potential and quantify inversion proportions during exponential and stationary growth in both historic and modern isolates of the same ribotype. We then employ a computational approach to assess the prevalence of all sites identified so far in a large collection of sequenced C. difficile isolates. We show that phase-variable loci are widespread with some sites being present in virtually all analyzed strains. Furthermore, in our small subset of RT017 and RT078 strains, we detect no evidence of gain or loss of invertible sites in historic versus modern isolates demonstrating the relative stability of those genomic elements. Overall, our results support the idea that C. difficile has adopted phase variation mediated by DNA inversions as its major generator of diversity which could be beneficial during the pathogenesis process.
Polymer composites for potential thermo-electro dual sensors

Soft conjugated polymer composites are attractive for broad future semiconductor-based devices due to their inherent advantages such as lightweight, flexible shape, low-cost, ease of processability, ease of scalability, biocompatibility, etc. Similar to traditional inorganic semiconductors, the addition of certain minority dopants can significantly alter the electronic structures and properties of the host conjugated polymers or composites allowing tunability for a variety of potential applications including, but may not limited to, electronic devices (e.g., field effect transistors and related sensors), thermoelectric devices (e.g., temperature sensors, thermoelectric generators), etc. In this work, the design and working principle of a thermo-electric/field effect dual conversion and modulation composite and device are described and demonstrated. Specifically, a thermoelectrically doped P3HT composite was fabricated into a field effect transistor device, and it was observed that both gate voltage and temperature can effectively modulate the source-drain IV or on/off ratios, i.e., a potential dual sensing and modulation device is demonstrated. The results and findings of this study could be very useful to understand and to guide the design and development of future generation high efficiency molecular or polymer based multi-function sensory or modulation devices.
Reflecting on Others Before Reflecting on Self: Using Video Evidence to Guide Teacher Candidates’ Reflective Practices:

A convergent parallel mixed methods study investigated the potential of one teacher preparation approach for promoting candidate reflection. Thirteen candidates participated in clinical field exper...
Co-Occurring Youth Profiles of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Protective Factors: Associations with Health, Resilience, and Racial Disparities

It is important to understand racial/ethnic differences in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), given their relationship to long-term physical and mental health, and the public health cost of the significant disparities that exist. Moreover, in order to inform interventions and promote resilience, it is critical to examine protective factors that mitigate the relationship between adversity and poor health. The current study utilized latent transition analyses (LTA) to examine co-occurring profiles of ACEs and protective factors (from school, family, and community contexts) and links to health outcomes among 30,668 Black (10.4%), Latinx (12.3%), and White youth (77.3%) ages 12-17 (52.5% male) who participated in the 2011-12 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). Results suggested that greater adversity was associated with worse health, while more access to protective factors was associated with better health. White youth had consistently lower endorsement of ACEs, greater access to protective factors, and better health compared to their Black and Latinx counterparts. Efforts to improve child health and racial/ethnic disparities in research and practice must consider adversity, protective factors, and the systemic inequities faced by racial/ethnic minority youth in the United States.
Dynamic Lithium Distribution upon Dendrite Growthand Shorting Revealed by Operando Neutron Imaging

Lithium (Li) metal has the highest theoretical capacity and is essential for energy storage technologies beyond conventional Li chemistries. However, its utilization inevitably leads to dendrite gr...
Establishing Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii as a Model Organism for Synthesis and Delivery of Biomolecules

Saccharomyces boulardii is a widely used yeast probiotic which can counteract various gastrointestinal disorders. As a relative of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. boulardii exhibits rapid growth and is easy to transform and thus represents a promising chassis for the engineered secretion of biomolecules. To establish S. boulardii as a platform for delivery of biomolecules to the mammalian gut, we measured the amount and variance in protein expression enabled by promoters, terminators, selective markers, and copy number control elements in this organism. These genetic elements were characterized in plasmidic and genomic contexts, revealing strategies for tunable control of gene expression and CRISPR-mediated genome editing in this strain. We then leveraged this set of genetic parts to combinatorially assemble pathways enabling a wide range of drug and vitamin titers. Finally, we measured S. boulardii9s residence time in the gastrointestinal tracts of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice, revealing the relationships between dosing strategy and colonization level. This work establishes S. boulardii as a genetically tractable commensal fungus and provides a set of strategies for engineering S. boulardii to synthesize and deliver biomolecules during gut colonization.
Helium-3 Purification System And Acoustic Cavity For Concentration Determination

This paper discusses a filtering method of using differential adsorption to purify helium-3 (3He) from a helium-4 (4He) impurity. In addition, the paper discusses the precision of an acoustic cavity in determining the concentration of a mixture through measuring the speed of sound for a given sample. Data analysis will include measurements at room temperature in air at 1 atm, 4He at ≈ 1.2 x 105 Pa and 1.6 x 105 Pa, and Nitrogen at ≈ 1.0 x 105 Pa.
Stealing Like Artists: Using Court Records to Conduct Quantitative Research on Corporate Environmental Crimes:

A major challenge in conducting quantitative analyses in the field of corporate environmental crime is the lack of a readily accessible data set. At least in the United States, currently the best a...
Adeno-squamous and squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: The importance of histology in surgical management.

Abstract Background Although gallbladder adenocarcinoma (AC) is potentially curable with resection, outcomes of squamous histologies are poorly described. Methods We retrospectively analyzed all gallbladder cancers which underwent resection-for-cure in our health system from 2007 to 2017. We compared outcomes of AC to adeno-squamous (ASC)/squamous (SC) histologies. Results 91 patients met criteria; 76 AC, 15 ASC/SC. Compared to AC, ASC/SC tumors were larger (58 vs. 28 mm), with more frequent liver invasion (73% vs. 37%), pN+ (60% vs. 32%), higher stage (III/IV 73% vs. 52%), and displayed more LVI (60% vs. 36%), p Discussion Squamous variants of gallbladder cancer confer aggressive and advanced disease and often require more radical resections to achieve R0. Durable survival is possible in ASC provided R0 is achieved. Pure SC has dismal survival even with R0 resection.
Structural violence in the confessional state: the creation of a Crimean diocese, 1768–1860

This article examines the nature of violence in the confessional state through a diocesan lens. Establishing the Russian Empire’s religious policy in the midst of near constant warfare, Catherine I...
Endoscopic Therapies for GERD

The treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease is multifactorial and includes diet/lifestyle modification, weight loss, endolumenal therapies, magnetic sphincter augmentation, formal surgical fundoplication (Nissen, Toupet, and related procedures), and weight loss surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). Endolumenal therapies, such as transoral fundoplication and radiofrequency treatment of the lower esophageal sphincter, represent an option for carefully selected patients (with early disease and favorable anatomy) who do not desire formal anti-reflux surgery but desire to stop taking daily anti-acid medications. This chapter provides an overview of the available endolumenal therapies for the treatment of patients with reflux.
Welfare analysis of the ecological impacts of electricity production in Chile using the sparse multinomial logit model

Abstract Chile has substantially expanded its renewable energy supply over the last 10 years. During this transition, Chileans faced a difficult decision about how to produce electricity, and where production should take place. Such decisions can be informed by discrete choice models, that characterize the welfare impacts of alternative electricity production scenarios on the public as a whole, as well as on subgroups of the population. However, it is difficult to determine subgroup impacts when there are many possible subgroups that could have heterogeneous preferences. We describe an approach that uses a hybrid adaptive sparse multinomial logit model to automatically determine subgroups that have heterogeneous preferences while also producing unbiased estimates. We apply the approach to survey data from 486 heads of household in Santiago, Chile, finding that the sparse multinomial approach fits the data better than the mixed logit model, and that it uncovered 16 interpretable two-way interactions between attributes of electricity production alternatives and respondent characteristics.
Bimodal Benefit for Music Perception: Effect of Acoustic Bandwidth.

Purpose The challenges associated with cochlear implant (CI)–mediated listening are well documented; however, they can be mitigated through the provision of aided acoustic hearing in the contralate...
What are LGBTQI+ parental experiences of healthcare support and decision-making regarding infant feeding options? A grounded theory study.

OBJECTIVE To explore LGBTQI+ parental experiences regarding their interactions with healthcare professionals as a resource for feeding options during the prenatal-to-neonatal period. STUDY DESIGN This single-center, interview-based qualitative study of LGBTQI+ parents utilized grounded theory to identify and verify emergent themes and subthemes. We developed a conceptual framework to illustrate relationships among themes and subthemes, as well as opportunities for healthcare professionals and families to improve LGBTQI+ parental support. RESULTS Thematic saturation was attained after interviewing 21 parents from 12 families. Analyses revealed four main themes representing opportunities for improvement: education, continuity of care, parental engagement and open communication. Personal and interpersonal factors influenced parental experiences and decisions, which shaped ultimate feeding outcomes. CONCLUSIONS LGBTQI+ parents revealed challenges of establishing feeding practices that best aligned with their values and goals. Recognizing these factors can help healthcare professionals improve their counseling, engagement and support of LGBTQI+ parents.
Reflecting on the Surfaces of Life

The Politics of Life Itself . Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century. By Nikolas Rose . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2007. 367 pp. $65, £38.95. ISBN 9780691121901. Paper, $24.95, £14.95. ISBN 9780691121918. Rose explores some political, social, and ethical consequences of the shift of biomedicine's focus from the practice of healing to the governance of life.
The suppression of lactation by stilbestrol

Abstract Stilbestrol has been used in a series of 75 puerperal women for the purpose of inhibiting or suppressing lactation. Five miligrams of stilbestrol administered three times a day for a total of 6 doses relieved the breast engorgement, and decreased or prevented lactation in every case. In 40 per cent of 53 patients followed, there was a secondary recurrence of lactation. This was usually painless and slight in amount. Only 2 patients were nauseated in a series of 75 women receiving stilbestrol. We feel that the use of stilbestrol is an efficient and safe method of suppressing lactation early in the puerperium.
Perturbative boson expansions to all orders for even and odd nuclei: (II). Illustrative applications

Abstract The use of the perturbative boson expansion for even and odd systems developed in a previous paper is demonstrated with a general Hamiltonian involving effective particle-hole and particle-particle interactions. In particular, the leading-order corrections to the RPA are studied. The formal equations of the theory of finite Fermi systems emerge in an elementary manner. Introduction of separable multipole forces permits comparison with the Copenhagen vibration-particle coupling model. The boson approach has the advantage of greater simplicity and a priori transparency as well as that of providing closed forms which sum all orders.
Integration of Behavioral Frequency and Intention Information in Young Children's Trait Attributions.

Two experiments examined three- to six-year-olds' use of frequency and intention information to make trait attributions and behavioral predictions. In experiment 1, participants were told a story about an actor who behaved positively once or four times on purpose or incidentally. Children were most likely to make trait-consistent behavioral predictions after hearing about several positive, intentional behaviors. Trait attributions were largely positive. Experiment 2 examined children's use of the same cues concerning negative behavioral outcomes. Participants tended to predict that actors who engaged in negative behavior would do so again, irrespective of intention, although younger children required more exemplars than older children. Participants were most likely to make negative trait attributions after hearing about multiple intentional behaviors; however, there was reluctance with age to describe actors as mean. Implications for children's ‘theory of personality’ are discussed.
Gender-specific mental and behavioral outcomes among physically abused high-risk seventh-grade youths

OBJECTIVE: Research has shown that physical abuse during childhood (early PA) is associated with various mental and behavioral problems in adolescence. However, there is little research on the differences in these associations by gender among youths residing in high-risk communities. This study investigated gender differences in the relationship between early PA and various internalizing (e.g., thoughts of suicide or victimization) and externalizing (e.g., perpetration of violence) behaviors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using survey data (collected in 2004) provided by 1,484 seventh-grade youths residing in a high-risk community (83% participated). Students were considered victims of early PA if they reported experiencing abuse prior to age 10 years. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated to estimate the association between early PA and various outcomes (e.g., suicidality, victimization, violence, and illegal drug use), adjusting for race/ethnicity and other forms of abuse. Poisson regression with robust variance estimates was used to estimate the PRs and test for early PA-gender interaction. RESULTS: Early PA was positively associated with suicidality, illegal drug use, and victimization with no significant differences by gender. The association between early PA and criminal behavior was significantly higher for females; the association between early PA and peer violence perpetration was significantly higher for males (interaction term PA*gender was significant at the p Language: en
Factors controlling the groundwater transport of U, Th, Ra, and Rn

A model for the groundwater transport of naturally occurring U, Th, Ra, and Rn nuclides in the238U and232Th decay series is discussed. The model developed here takes into account transport by advection and the physico-chemical processes of weathering, decay, α-recoil, and sorption at the water-rock interface. It describes the evolution along a flowline of the activities of the238U and232Th decay series nuclides in groundwater. Simple sets of relationships governing the activities of the various species in solution are derived, and these can be used both to calculate effective retardation factors and to interpret groundwater data. For the activities of each nuclide, a general solution to the transport equation has been obtained, which shows that the activities reach a constant value after a distance ϰi, characteristic of each nuclide. Where ϰi is much longer than the aquifer length, (for238U,234U, and232Th), the activities grow linearly with distance. Where gKi is short compared to the aquifer length, (for234Th,230Th,228Th,228Ra, and224Ra), the activities rapidly reach a constant or quasi-constant activity value. For226Ra and222Rn, the limiting activity is reached after 1 km.
Effectiveness of an organized bowel management program in the management of severe chronic constipation in children

Abstract Background Chronic constipation is a common problem in children. The cause of constipation is often idiopathic, when no anatomic or physiologic etiology can be identified. In severe cases, low dose laxatives, stool softeners and small volume enemas are ineffective. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a structured bowel management program in these children. Methods We retrospectively reviewed children with chronic constipation without a history of anorectal malformation, Hirschsprung's disease or other anatomical lesions seen in our pediatric colorectal center. Our bowel management program consists of an intensive week where treatment is assessed and tailored based on clinical response and daily radiographs. Once a successful treatment plan is established, children are followed longitudinally. The number of patients requiring hospital admission during the year prior to and year after initiation of bowel management was compared using Fisher's exact test. Results Forty-four children with refractory constipation have been followed in our colorectal center for greater than a year. Fifty percent had at least one hospitalization the year prior to treatment for obstructive symptoms. Children were treated with either high-dose laxatives starting at 2mg/kg of senna or enemas starting at 20ml/kg of normal saline. Treatment regimens were adjusted based on response to therapy. The admission rate one-year after enrollment was 9% including both adherent and nonadherent patients. This represents an 82% reduction in hospital admissions (p Conclusions Implementation of a structured bowel management program similar to that used for children with anorectal malformations, is effective and reduces hospital admissions in children with severe chronic constipation.
How the ER Stays in Shape

Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control the architecture of organelles is an area of intense study. In this issue of Cell, Voeltz et al. (2006) report that two membrane proteins, Rtn4a/NogoA and DP1/Yop1p, are responsible for the generation of tubular morphology in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The unusual membrane topology of these proteins may directly contribute to ER curvature.
A neural bridge from syntactic to statistical pattern recognition

A simple means of differentiating between syntactic and statistical pattern recognition is that, while both deal with feature sets, syntactic methods also include relationships among the features. In this paper we describe a pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN), which operates syntactically to produce icons that are ideal for statistical pattern recognition.
Genetically-associated variations in the distribution of dentate granule cell synapses upon the pyramidal cell dendrites in mouse hippocampus.

The Ammonic system of inbred mouse strains was examined with light and electron microscopic methods in order to determine whether genetically-associated variations occur in the distribution of dentate granule cell synapses (mossy fiber boutons) upon the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in Regio Inferior. The results of this investigation showed that both qualitative and quantitative variations of the mossy fiber system occur among the strains examined. The most striking variation was seen in strain BALB/cJ. These mice are unique in that their mossy fibers do not form an appreciable infrapyramidal synaptic field, but form an extensive intrapyramidal synaptic field instead. In marked contrast, SM/J mice exhibit an extensive development of infrapyramidal mossy fiber boutons while their intrapyramidal mossy fiber synaptic field, when present at all, is limited to a very small portion of Regio Inferior adjacent to the hilus of Area Dentata. Since the mouse strains used in this study do not exhibit neurological defects (i.e., they are not neurological mutants identified through the presence of gross behavioral or external anatomical abnormalities), the described variations may be thought of as representing genotype-dependent differences in the connectivity of the Ammonic system which might occur within a “normal,” heterogeneous population of mice, Genetic, developmental and functional implications of the observed variations in the distribution of mossy fiber boutons upon Regio inferior pyramids are discussed.
A Critique of the Similarity Space Theory of Concepts

: A similarity space is a hyperspace in which the dimensions represent various dimensions on which objects may differ. The similarity space theory of concepts is the thesis that concepts are regions of similarity spaces that are somehow realized in the brain. Proponents of such a theory of concepts include Paul Churchland and Peter Gardenfors. This paper argues that the similarity space theory of concepts is mistaken because regions of similarity spaces cannot serve as the components of judgments. It emerges that although similarity spaces cannot model concepts, they may model a kind of nonconceptual representation.
Changes in health, mortality, and disability and their impact on long-term care needs.

The need for long-term care is driven both by the growth of the elderly population and changes in the age relations of morbidity, disability, and mortality. Data show these relations changed in the U.S. elderly population from 1982 to 1989. Chronic disability prevalence declined between the 1982 and 1989 U.S. National Long Term Care Surveys. Among those impaired, many persons using personal assistance to meet their needs shifted to the use of assisted housing and special equipment. The relation of these trends to other changes--such as the increasing educational level of the elderly population--is examined to estimate how future changes in disability and morbidity may affect the demand for long-term care. Disabilities at specific times as well as their transition rates were examined to determine how long individuals need long-term care. The analyses suggest that, while the amount of long-term care services needed will increase rapidly, the types and amounts of services used by the U.S. elderly population will undergo significant change.
Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine

As herbal medicines are used by increasing numbers of people, pharmacists must be knowledgeable about their safety. This requires appreciation of the magnitude of use, as well as regulations under which the products are marketed that may affect their safety. Unexpected effects of many popular herbal products are described in the literature. Thus the pharmacist's role in ensuring protection of the consumer continues to grow.
Ethnic discrimination in a 19th-century mining district: Michigan copper mines, 1888

The fate of nearly 34 million immigrants who entered this country between 1840 and 1920 continues to intrigue American historians. Recent attention, focused on the labor market experience of America’s immigrants, has generated considerable controversy over the role of ethnic discrimination. A vast historical literature holds that wage and/or occupational discrimination so limited the immigrants’ (especially Southern and Eastern Europeans) opportunities for advancement that the task of economic assimilation was passed on to the second-generation children of immigrants.’ This traditional view has been challenged by a revisionist literature which suggests that earnings differentials between native and foreign-born workers and variations in earnings by ethnic groups can be fully explained by differences in the skills possessed by these groups. Over time each immigrant group had ample opportunity to learn new skills and catch up with their native born counterparts. Using aggregate data from the Immigration Commission’s Report of 1911, Higgs (1971) finds that two measures of skills-literacy and the ability to speak English-can explain almost four-fifths of the variance in average earnings among ethnic groups. Hill (1975), drawing on earnings data from the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighteenth Annual Reports of the U.S. Commissioner of Labor and on aggregate occupational data from the Censuses of 1870-1920, has argued that there is little or no difference observed in the economic status of native and foreign-born workers. Recent work by McGouldrick and Tannen (1977) and by Blau (1980), however, supports the more traditional view. Interestingly, these authors draw on the same data sources as did Hill and Higgs, but they take a
Optical Depth of Field Effects in Particle Size Analysis by Laser Diffractometry

A nonlinear overestimate of the median droplet diameter measured by laser diffractometry in aerosols of interest in atomic spectrochemical analysis is found to result if the aerosol path traversed by the laser exceeds the optical depth of field characteristic of the diffractometer. The depth of field of a Leeds and Northrup diffractometer is found to be 4.4 cm. The magnitude of the error in apparent median droplet diameter is +21% for aerosols emergent from 10 cm slot burners used in flame spectrochemical analysis. Additional data are included for a variety of aerosol path lengths over the range 0.5 to 20 cm. Although a nonlinear overestimate in median diameter results from use of aerosol path lengths exceeding the optical depth of field (4.4 cm), no appreciable change in the width of the apparent droplet size distribution was found to occur for path lengths up to 18 cm.
Frequency and significance of induced sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation two weeks after acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Electrophysiologic study, 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, treadmill exercise test and angiographic evaluations were performed in 45 patients 14 ± 3 days (mean ± standard deviation) after acute myocardial infarction. Electrophysiologic study protocol included burst ventricular pacing and 1 to 3 ventricular extrastimuli at 2 cycle lengths from right ventricular apex, right ventricular outflow and left ventricle. Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) (13 patients) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) (7 patients) was induced in 20 patients (44%) (group I). In these 20 patients, VT/VF was inducible with 2 extrastimuli in 10 patients, 3 extrastimuli in 9 patients and burst pacing in 1 patient. In the remaining 25 patients (56%), induction of no fewer than 7 ventricular beats were noted (group II). Severe left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities occurred in 70% of group I patients and 22% of group II patients (p 0.01) between group I and group II patients. During a mean follow-up of 10 ± 3 months, 1 patient in each group died suddenly, and in 1 group 1 patient spontaneous sustained VT developed which was identical in morphologic configuration to that induced during electrophysiologic study. In conclusion, electrical induction of sustained VT or VF during electrophysiologic study is common in patients 2 weeks after acute myocardial infarction. These patients have an increased incidence of LV wall motion abnormalities. The prognostic significance of this finding requires further follow-up study but appears to be of limited value.
Use of High Oleic Corn in Catfish Feeds

High oleic corn is a genetic variant that contains more protein, lipid, and oleic acid and less linoleic acid than regular corn. A study was conducted to compare weight gain and feed conversion of year-1 and year-3 channel catfish Ietalurus punctatus, and processing yield, body composition and frozen storage stability of year-3 channel catfish fed high oleic corn and number 2 yellow (regular) corn in extruded production diets. A commercial-type diet formulated to contain 30% protein and made with regular corn served as a control. A second diet contained high oleic corn in place of regular corn on an equal (air-dry) weight basis. A third diet contained high oleic corn in substitution for regular corn and part of the soybean meal to limit protein content to 28%, which was equal to that of the control diet. The experimental diets were fed to year-1 channel catfish (average initial weight 5.1 g) in aquaria for 10 wk and to year-3 channel catfish (average initial weight 1.07 kg) in 0.04–ha ponds for 14 wk. Substitution of high oleic corn for regular corn on an equal (air-dry) weight basis provided significant gain (P 0.20) increase in oleic acid in the flesh of fish. Proximate body composition, dressing yield, fillet yield, visceral fat, and liver weight were not significantly different among treatments. Sensory scores of fillets frozen for 3 and 6 mo were not significantly different among treatments. Peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid number and free fatty acids increased with frozen storage time but were not different among treatments.
Kinetics and mechanism relevant to TiSiN chemical vapor deposition from TDMAT, silane and ammonia

Abstract Tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium (TDMAT) is an important precursor for the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of TiN and TiSiN thin films, both of which are used as hard coatings. Understanding the kinetics and mechanism of the gas phase reactions in these processes will lead to a better understanding of the CVD process, and an improvement in material properties. As a basis for understanding the CVD of TiN and TiSiN, the focus of this research is on the kinetics and mechanism of TDMAT and silane decomposition. The experiments were performed in a hot-wall LPCVD reactor coupled to a molecular beam sampling system for the quadrupole mass spectrometer (MBMS). The gases are injected into the flow reactor through a temperature-controlled, moveable injector. At the end of the reactor a fraction of the gases are sampled and formed into a molecular beam, which passes along the axis of the system to the ion source of the mass spectrometer. The decomposition of TDMAT follows first-order kinetics in the temperature range investigated (333–593 K). The activation energy changes from 16 kJ mol −1 at low temperatures to 166 kJ mol −1 at high temperatures, which is indicative of a change in reaction mechanism from a heterogeneous mechanism at lower temperatures to a homogeneous one at higher temperatures. An increase in surface-to-volume ratio ( S / V ) increases the rate constants for each regime, but does not change the activation energies. The increase in rate constants in the high temperature regime with increased S / V indicates the presence of a surface component at high temperature in addition to the gas phase reaction. The silane decomposition reaction resulted in a calculated activation energy of 128 kJ mol −1 in the temperature range from 823 to 1023 K. The results of the reaction between TDMAT and silane at 723 K is also discussed.
Parameter estimation in ensemble based snow data assimilation: A synthetic study

Abstract Estimating erroneous parameters in ensemble based snow data assimilation system has been given little attention in the literature. Little is known about the related methods’ effectiveness, performance, and sensitivity to other error sources such as model structural error. This research tackles these questions by running synthetic one-dimensional snow data assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), in which both state and parameter are simultaneously updated. The first part of the paper investigates the effectiveness of this parameter estimation approach in a perfect-model-structure scenario, and the second part focuses on its dependence on model structure error. The results from first part research demonstrate the advantages of this parameter estimation approach in reducing the systematic error of snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates, and retrieving the correct parameter value. The second part results indicate that, at least in our experiment, there is an evident dependence of parameter search convergence on model structural error. In the imperfect-model-structure run, the parameter search diverges, although it can simulate the state variable well. This result suggest that, good data assimilation performance in estimating state variables is not a sufficient indicator of reliable parameter retrieval in the presence of model structural error. The generality of this conclusion needs to be tested by data assimilation experiments with more complex structural error configurations.
Formation of o-nitrosobenzaldehyde from hydrolysis of o-nitrobenzyl tosylate. Evidence of intramolecular nucleophilic interaction

Abstract Hydrolysis of o -nitrobenzyl tosylate in CH 3 CN:H 2 O (1:1, v/v) gave o -nitrobenzyl alcohol and o -nitrosobenzaldehyde in 1.8:1 ratio. Formation of o -nitrosobenzaldehyde indicates that the nitro group participates in the leaving of the tosylate group. o -Nitrosobenzaldehyde was reduced by biological thiols to give o -aminobenzaldehyde. Reaction of o -nitrosobenzaldehyde with 1 mol of benzylamine afforded 3-(N-benzylamino)anthranil (or its tautomer) as a major product.
Conservation and loss of ribosomal RNA gene sites in diploid and polyploid Fragaria (Rosaceae)

The genus Fragaria comprises species at ploidy levels ranging from diploid (2n = 2x = 14) to decaploid (2n = 10x = 70). Fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S and 25S rDNA probes was performed to gather cytogenetic information that illuminates genomic divergence among different taxa at multiple ploidy levels, as well as to explore the evolution of ribosomal RNA genes during polyploidization in Fragaria. Root tip cells of diploid taxa were typified by two 5S and six 25S rDNA hybridization signals of varying intensities, providing a baseline for comparisons within the genus. In three exceptional diploid genotypes, F. nilgerrensis (CFRA 1358 and CFRA 1825) and F. vesca 'Yellow Wonder', two 5S but only four 25S rDNA sites were found but with differing site losses. The numbers of 5S and 25S rDNA signals, respectively were three and nine in a triploid F. ×bifera accession, and were four and twelve in three tetraploids, thus occurring in proportional 1.5× and 2× multiples of the typical diploid pattern. In hexaploid F. moschata, a proportional multiple of six 5S rDNA sites was observed, but the number of 25S rDNA sites was one or two less than the proportionate prediction of eighteen. This apparent tendency toward rDNA site loss at higher ploidy was markedly expanded in octoploids, which displayed only two 5S and ten 25S rDNA sites. In the two decaploids examined, the numbers of 5S and 25S rDNA signals, respectively, were four and fifteen in F. virginiana subsp. platypetala, and six and twelve in F. iturupensis. Among diploid Fragaria species, a general consistency of rDNA site numbers implies conserved genomic organization, but highly variable 25S signal sizes and intensities and two instances of site loss suggest concurrent high dynamics of rDNA copy numbers among both homologs and non-homologs. General conservation of rDNA site numbers in lower ploidy, but marked site number reductions at higher ploidy levels, suggest complex evolution of rDNA sites during polyploidization and/or independent evolutionary pathways for 6x versus higher ploidy strawberries. Site number comparisons suggest common genomic composition among natural octoploids, and independent origins of the two divergent decaploid accessions.
The seriousness of inmate induced prison violence: An analysis of correctional personnel perceptions

Few studies exist indicating how correctional personnel perceive the seriousness of prison violence. This study surveyed sixty-six correctional employees regarding their perceptions of the seriousness of prison violence, the need for outside police intervention, and the role of news reporting of prison violence incidents. The results supported the hypothesis that correctional employees perceived inmate-induced violence in which inmates were victims as less serious than violence directed against correctional staff.
A fast numerical scheme for pivoted gas bearing studies

Abstract A fast numerical scheme for a class of solid-fluid interaction problems—the pivoted gas bearing design analysis—is proposed. The underlying mathematics rests on the lubrication equation and bearing equilibrium equations. Finite element results obtained from modeling of the 3380-type Winchester sliders in modern computer disk storage are reported. The present scheme not only agrees well with other numerical techniques but also appears very competitive in terms of the computational effort. Factors that make the current scheme successful are outlined. Directions for further reducing the computing effort are briefly discussed.