cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Video-Task Paradigm Extended to Saimiri

Summary.-In the "video-task paradigm" a subject manipulates a joy-stick to move a cursor into an experimenter-defined target area on a computer monitor, generally receiving a food reward upon completion of the task. Despite the spatial separation of the joy-stick, monitor, and location of reward delivery, the video-task paradigm has been successfully implemented with several macaque species and with chimpanzees. Prehinary attempts to implement the paradigm with squirrel monkeys, however, were not successful. This report describes successful performance by a squirrel monkey in the paradigm. After learning to move the cursor to contact a small target randomly appearing at four screen locations, the monkey was readily able to move the cursor to contacc a moving target in novel locations on the monitor screen. Recently, Rumbaugh and his associates (e.g., Rumbaugh, Richardson, Washburn, Savage-Rumbaugh, & Hopkins, 1989) have reported the successful implementation of what they term the "video-task paradigm" with rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In this paradigm the monkey controls the movement of the cursor on a computer monitor using a joy-stick. The task is to direct the cursor to an on-screen target defined by various experimental parameters; successful completion of the task results in a food reward. Contrary to earlier suggestions of the primate learning literature (e.g., Jenkins, 1943; Meyer, Treichler, & Meyer, 1965), rhesus readily learned the relationship between the joy-stick displacement and cursor movement despite the spatial separation of the joy-stick, the images on the monitor, and the food reward. Furthetmore, the monkeys could correctly move the cursor to achieve and maintain contact with a moving target. Despite the capacity of rhesus macaques, chimpanzees (Rumbaugh, 1990), and bonnet macaques (Andrews & Rosenblum, unpublished data) to master these tasks, attempts to extend these findings to squirrel monkeys have not been successful (Rumbaugh, personal communication). Other empirical data support the view that the video-task paradigm may be beyond the cognitive and learning capabilities of the squirrel monkey. In addition to the lower learning-set and discrimination reversal abilities of squirrel monkeys, their discrimination ability is particularly subject to disruption by irrelevant visual cues (e.g., encasement of stimuli in Plexiglas); they also exhibit infe
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES COLUMN

(2006). ELECTRONIC RESOURCES COLUMN. Music Reference Services Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 55-58.
Proximity mapping of troponin T and troponin I in cardiac troponin using molecular dynamics simulations

The intersite distances from cTnT residues 240, 276, and 288 to cTnI N-terminal residues 5, 17, 27, 40, and to the cTnI C-terminal residues 131, 145, 152, 160, and 167 in reconstituted cTn were determined in the presence of Mg2+ and Mg2+ plus Ca2+ using FRET. The distances from cTnT residues 276 and 288 to cTnI residues 5, 17, 27 were also determined in the presence of Ca2+ with cTnI bisphosphorylated at Ser23 and Ser24. The results showed that the transition of troponin from the Mg2+ state to the Ca2+ state was accompanied by small to moderate changes in distances, suggesting small global conformational changes. The distance changes were accompanied by changes in the half-width of the distributions of the distances. To clarify the structural basis for population broadening, we performed MD simulations with explicit solvent. The published NMR structure of the N-terminal region of cTnI was docked and integrated into cTn. The average ensemble structure showed interactions of the cTnI N-terminal region with cTnC. In the Mg2+ state, the cTnI N-terminal segment interacted with the defunct Ca2+-binding site I and the functional site II in cTnC. In the Ca2+state, non-phosphorylated cTnI interacted with the helix A and site I of cTnC. These interactions stabilized the open hydrophobic pocket in the N-domain of cTnC, and the cTnI regulatory region was constrained within the hydrophobic pocket. The bisphosphorylated segment of cTnI was bent, interrupting its interaction with Ca2+ site I of cTnC. This loss of interaction resulted in depressed opening of the cTnC N-domain, forcing the regulatory region of cTnI to move out from the hydrophobic pocket.
Mobilities of carbon cluster ions: Critical importance of the molecular attractive potential

Mobilities in helium gas for isomers belonging to the major structural families of carbon clusters identified in drift tube studies (chains, monocyclic and bicyclic rings, graphite sheets, and fullerenes and their dimers) have been evaluated by trajectory calculations employing a realistic ion-He interaction potential. For all the species considered, the agreement between the measured and calculated mobilities at room temperature improves by at least a factor of 3 over that obtained with the widely used hard-sphere projection approximation. Furthermore, for a large representative sample of clusters belonging to all the above families, the results of trajectory calculations as a function of temperature over the range of 78–360 K are in a good agreement with the measured mobilities. This shows that the C–He pairwise potential is only weakly dependent on the structure and chemical bonding of a carbon cluster. Thus this study demonstrates the universal suitability of trajectory calculations for the accurate p...
Mutations within the ADP (E3-11.6K) Protein Alter Processing and Localization of ADP and the Kinetics of Cell Lysis of Adenovirus-Infected Cells

ADP (also known as E3-11.6K protein) is synthesized abundantly in late adenovirus infection and is required for efficient lysis of infected cells and release of viral progeny at the end of the viral replication cycle. ADP is a type III bitopic N(endo)C(exo) nuclear membrane and Golgi glycoprotein that is produced at high levels in late adenovirus infection (>24 h postinfection). We show pulse-chase and other studies indicating that ADP undergoes a complex process of N- and O-linked glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage. In order to further characterize ADP, a series of 23 deletion and point mutations has been constructed in the adenovirus serotype 2 adp gene and then built into a wild-type adenovirus background. These mutants were analyzed for processing and intracellular localization of ADP. Mutation of the single predicted N glycosylation site eliminated N glycosylation. Deletion of a region in ADP rich in serine and threonine residues reduced O glycosylation. In general, mutations within the lumenal domain of ADP resulted in lower protein stability; immunofluorescence assays indicated that these ADPs were primarily present in the Golgi apparatus. Viruses with mutations within the cytoplasmic-nucleoplasmic domain of ADP showed normal glycosylation patterns and protein abundance for ADP, but the protein was often found throughout cellular membranes rather than being localized specifically to the nuclear membrane and Golgi apparatus. The ADP virus mutants were analyzed by cell viability assays to determine the kinetics of cell lysis following infection of human A549 cells. In general, viruses with mutations within the lumenal domain of ADP display greatly reduced efficiencies of cell lysis. Viruses with large deletions in the cytoplasmic-nucleoplasmic domain of ADP retain much of their ability to lyse infected cells.
Numerical and experimental studies of high-velocity impact fragmentation

Abstract Developments are reported in both numerical and experimental capabilities for characterizing the debris spray produced in penetration events. We have performed a series of high-velocity experiments specifically designed to examine the fragmentation of the projectile during impact. High-strength, well-characterized steel spheres (6.35 mm diameter) were launched with a two-stage light-gas gun to velocities in the range of 3 to 5 km/s. Normal impact with PMMA plates, thicknesses of 0.6 to 11 mm, applied impulsive loads of various amplitudes and durations to the steel sphere. The extent of fragmentation, loss in momentum, and divergence of the debris are shown to correspond to the impact conditions. Multiple flash radiography was used to monitor material motion and fragmentation of the steel sphere during the impact event. Dynamic fragmentation theories, based on energy-balance principles, were used to evaluate local material deformation and fracture state information from CTH, a three-dimensional Eulerian solid dynamics shock wave propagation code. The local fragment characterization of the material defines a weighted fragment size distribution, and the sum of these distributions provides a composite particle size distribution for the steel sphere. The calculated axial and radial velocity changes agree well with experimental data, and the calculated fragment sizes for a specific experiment are in qualitative agreement with the radiographic data.
Some numerical experiments on fisher equation

Abstract Fisher's equation which represents a reactive-diffusive system and has an exact traveling wave solution is used to compare several finite-differennce schemes. Iterative implicit, quasi-linear implicit, predictor-corrector explicit, and two forms of operator-splitting formulations have been examined. A stiffness parameter is introduced in the reaction term to vary the stiffness of the Fisher's equation. The numerical methods are compared on the basis of effectiveness curves. The results indicate that the time-linearization method is superior to the quasi-linearization method, that the Crank-Nicolson formulation is better than the standard implicit formulation, that the predictor-corrector explicit method is more effective than the Crank-Nicolson implicit method, that the two-step operator-splitting method is superior to the one-step operator-splitting method, and that the two-step operator-splitting with a fourth-order accurate solver for the reaction term is the most effective method.
A new criterion for localization in Anderson's model for disordered lattices☆

Abstract A new criterion for localization is obtained based on the Economou—Cohen approach to the problem of localization in Anderson's model for disordered lattices. The new criterion is remarkably successful in all cases where independent checks are available.
Linear and nonlinear properties of platinum electrode polarisation III: Equivalence of frequency- and time-domain behaviour.

The polarisation properties of a platinum electrode in physiological saline (0·9 per cent NaCl) were studied in the linear and nonlinear range both in the frequency and time domains (parts 1 and 2). A model which states the limits of linear behaviour in the time domain is presented, its validity tested against experimental data and its equivalence with the analogous expression in the frequency domain demonstrated.
Episodic odor memory: Influences of handedness, sex, and side of nose

It is not known whether, or to what degree, odor memory is influenced by lateralized brain processes. In this study, we administered a 12-item match-to-sample odor memory test separately to the left and right sides of the nose of 30 left- and 30 right-handed subjects of equivalent age, sex distribution, and overall general smell ability. For each test item, one of three delay intervals (10-, 30-, and 60-s) was interspersed between smelling the target stimulus and smelling the first of four response alternatives. Women, but not men, performed significantly better on the left than on the right side of the nose, conceivably reflecting greater reliance upon left-hemisphere semantic processes. Subjects who received the first test on the right side of the nose outperformed those who received the first test on the left side of the nose. As in previous work, an age-related decrement in odor memory test scores was present. These data contribute to the debate on the role of lateralized brain processes in episodic odor memory, and suggest that performance on a standardized match-to-sample odor memory task is influenced by a number of interacting factors.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH GASES CONTAINED BETWEEN TWO VERTICAL COAXIAL CYLINDRICAL SURFACES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Abstract Experimental heat-transfer studies through gases enclosed between two vertical coaxial cylindrical surfaces are reported. The inside surface is an electrically heated tungsten wire, while the outside surface is a glass tube maintained at a constant temperature by circulating thermostatted water. The wires of two different diameters and the tubes of three different bores have been used in the measurements which extend over argon and nitrogen at various pressures ranging between 11–76 cm of mercury. The wire is heated to temperatures as high as about 700°C above the cold wall temperature. The end heat-transfer effects are carefully determined following Lipkea and Springer, but in an apparatus where the measurement does not perturb the flow field. It is found that such end effects are confined only in the corner regions for all the test gas conditions employed here, and the depths to which these penetrate are approximately equal to the diameter of the outer tube in each case. These conclusions while substantiating those given by Lipkea and Springer, also establish that the same are valid for at least seven fold increase in the temperature difference of the two surfaces. It is found that the average Nusselt numbers for the entire columns as well as for the corner regions are complicated functions of the geometrical constants, temperatures, nature of the gas, etc., in addition to Grashof and Prandtl numbers.
Developmental trajectories of abuse: An hypothesis for the effects of early childhood maltreatment on dorsolateral prefrontal cortical development

The United States has a high rate of child maltreatment, with nearly 12 in 1000 children being victims of abuse or neglect. Child abuse strongly predicts negative life outcomes, especially in areas of emotional and mental health. Abused children are also more likely than their peers to engage in violence and enter the juvenile justice system, as well as to become abusive parents themselves. Research has shown that child abuse and trauma can lead to decreased hippocampal volume, which could be indicative of abnormal hippocampal development. Hippocampal development appears to directly affect the development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain area responsible for emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, and general executive function. Therefore, I hypothesize that if child abuse results in abnormal hippocampal development, which leads to abnormal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex development, many of the correlated risk factors of child abuse, such as emotionally-laden parenting and unfavorable cognitive distortions regarding children's behaviors, may be in part caused by underdevelopment or abnormal functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as a function of the individual's own experiences with abuse during childhood. If this hypothesis is supported with future research, more targeted, successful, and cost-effective prevention and treatment protocols could ensue. For instance, programs that have been empirically shown to increase the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, could be effective in decreasing the incidence of intergenerational transfer of abuse.
Modern science, faith, and poetry

Beneath the surface of the earth, geophysicists can now locate with ever‐increasing precision oil and ores, various layers of rock, seams of continents, and magma. What they cannot locate within the earth (and who can be sure they’ve ever tried) is something that Christian metaphysicians were for centuries certain was there: hell (and a few are still certain).
Expressed protein ligation: A general method for protein engineering

A protein semisynthesis method-expressed protein ligation-is described that involves the chemoselective addition of a peptide to a recombinant protein. This method was used to ligate a phosphotyrosine peptide to the C terminus of the protein tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). By intercepting a thioester generated in the recombinant protein with an N-terminal cysteine containing synthetic peptide, near quantitative chemical ligation of the peptide to the protein was achieved. The semisynthetic tail-phosphorylated Csk showed evidence of an intramolecular phosphotyrosine-Src homology 2 interaction and an unexpected increase in catalytic phosphoryl transfer efficiency toward a physiologically relevant substrate compared with the non-tail-phosphorylated control. This work illustrates that expressed protein ligation is a simple and powerful new method in protein engineering to introduce sequences of unnatural amino acids, posttranslational modifications, and biophysical probes into proteins of any size.
Ontogeny and Subcellular Distribution of Rat Brain Tele-Methylhistamine

The whole brain content and subcellular distribution of histamine and its metabolite, tele-methylhistamine, were studied during postnatal development of the rat. Brain methylhistamine levels were similar to or greater than histamine levels, indicating that histamine methylation is a major metabolic pathway in neonatal brain, as it is in adults. When calculated per brain, histamine, methylhistamine, and histamine methyltransferase were all maximal 10 days after birth. In neonates, brain histamine was found almost entirely in nuclear fractions, whereas methylhistamine was found almost exclusively in supernatant fractions. By day 20, however, a greater proportion of both amines was localized in subcellular fractions containing synaptosomes, a finding consistent with histamine's suggested transmitter role. The ontogenic pattern of brain methylhistamine questions the mast cell origin of neonatal histamine, but may be consistent with a role for histamine in brain development.
Synthesis and characterization of ammonioundecafluoro-closo-dodecaborates(1-). New superweak anions.

The ammonioborane monoanion H3NB12H11- was per-B-fluorinated with elemental fluorine in liquid hydrogen fluoride to yield the first member of a new class of weakly coordinating anions, H3NB12F11- (isolated as [N(n-Bu)4]2[H2NB12F11] in 41% yield). The pKa of the H3NB12F11- anion is 9.6. Several salts of the tri-N-alkylated anions Me3NB12F11- and Dd3NB12F11- (Dd = n-C12H25) were also prepared. The structure of [CPh3][Me3NB12F11] was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 18.053(3) A, b = 33.139(5) A, c = 9.600(2) A, β = 91.459(4)°, V = 5742(2) A3, Z = 8, T = 173(2) K, R1 = 0.045. It revealed that the only direct interactions between the undecafluoroammonioborate monoanions and the trityl cations in the two independent ion pairs were long and weak BF···CPh3 interactions of 2.992(6) and 2.942(6) A. Salts of the new anions were chemically, electrochemically, and thermally stable. The conductivity of Li(Me3NB12F11) in dimethoxyethane was comparable to that of LiPF6 b...
Recoil momentum spectrum in directional dark matter detectors

Directional dark matter detectors will be able to record the recoil momentum spectrum of nuclei hit by dark matter WIMPs. We show that the recoil momentum spectrum is the Radon transform of the WIMP velocity distribution. This allows us to obtain analytic expressions for the recoil spectra of a variety of velocity distributions. We comment on the possibility of inverting the recoil momentum spectrum and obtaining the three-dimensional WIMP velocity distribution from data.
The Uptake of Tritiated Thymidine by Human Fetal Epidermis

Specimens of skin were obtained from 25 human fetuses ranging on crown rump length from 47 mm testimated gestational age 61–51 days. They were pulse labeled in vitro for 1 hr with 3 H-thymidine and labeling indices determined. The range of epidermal labeling indices extended from 1.4–11.7%. Rank correlation testing indicates that as crown rump length (age) increases, labeling index decrease. The labeling index also varies inversely with stage of keratinization. Similar observations have been made by others for fetal rat epidermis and chick embryo skin. It is proposed that control mechanisms during epidermal development lead to the formation of keratin precursor molecules and the concomitant inhibition of DNA synthesis.
The impact of behavioral signs of intoxication on bartender service

Objective: The present study was designed to assess whether the serving practices of a sample of bartenders in an American university town would vary as a function of the number of behavioral cues ...
Typology-Driven Theorizing: A Response to Delbridge and Fiss

The article presents a response to comments made by R. Delbridge and P. C. Fiss in an earlier issue concerning a decline in typological theories in the publication. The authors agree that theorizing driven by typology would benefit the organization sciences, consider subject areas where they believe new typologies would be welcome, and offer their thoughts on assessing the relevance of existing typologies. They conclude by citing the importance of deduction and induction to developing new insights into typological research.
A stronger conclusion to the classical ham sandwich theorem

The conclusion of the classical ham sandwich theorem for bounded Borel sets may be strengthened, without additional hypotheses-there always exists a common bisecting hyperplane that touches each of the sets, that is, that intersects the closure of each set. In the discrete setting, where the sets are finite (and the measures are counting measures), there always exists a bisecting hyperplane that contains at least one point in each of the sets. Both these results follow from the main theorem of this note, which says that for n compactly supported positive finite Borel measures in R^n, there is always an (n-1)-dimensional hyperplane that bisects each of the measures and intersects the support of each measure. Thus, for example, at any given instant of time, there is one planet, one moon and one asteroid in our solar system and a single plane touching all three that exactly bisects the total planetary mass, the total lunar mass, and the total asteroidal mass of the solar system. In contrast to the bisection conclusion of the classical ham sandwich theorem, this bisection-and-intersection conclusion does not carry over to unbounded sets of finite measure.
Norepinephrine attenuates serotonin inhibition of pial venous tone

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been shown to inhibit the rhythmic constrictions, accompanied by an increase in cAMP synthesis, in porcine pial veins. Since porcine pial veins contain predominant postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptors which are coupled to Gi-protein, the possibility that the inhibitory effect of 5-HT is antagonized by norepinephrine was examined pharmacologically, using tissue bath techniques. The results indicated that norepinephrine (0.1–1 μM) attenuated 5-HT-induced inhibition of rhythmic constriction. This effect of norepinephrine was mimicked by clonidine (an α2-adrenoceptor agonist), but not by methoxamine (an α1-adrenoceptor agonist). Furthermore, the effect of norepinephrine was prevented by yohimbine (an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist) and pertussis toxin, but was not prevented by prazosin (an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist). In parallel studies, the basal concentration of cAMP and that induced by 5-HT in the pial veins were inhibited by norepinephrine (0.3 μM). These results are consistent with the previous findings that 5-HT-induced inhibition of rhythmic constriction in the porcine pial veins is associated with an increase in vascular cAMP synthesis and suggest that norepinephrine attenuates 5-HT-induced inhibition of rhythmic constriction in part by negatively coupling to adenylate cyclase via α2-adrenoceptors.
Load and no-load mutual fund dynamics during the 1987 market crash: A stochastic dominance analysis

Using a large sample of equity mutual fund returns, we compare performance of load and no-load funds during the 1987 crash. Differences in return distributions, particularly in the higher moments when the market was under stress, suggest a greater use of portfolio insurance by no-load fund managers. Using stochastic dominance, we find that load and no-load funds performed equally well before the crash. No-load returns dominated load fund returns during the crash. Load fund returns dominate after the crash. Over the entire month, no-load funds dominate. We attribute this to investor behavior motivated by the lack of a front-end load.
An Experimental Study of Time Scales and Stability in Networked Multi-Robot Systems

This paper considers the effect of network-induced time delays on the stability of distributed controllers for groups of robots. A linear state space model is proposed for analyzing the coupled interaction of the information flow over the network with the dynamics of the robots. It is shown both analytically and experimentally that control gain, network update rate, and communication and control graph topologies are all critical factors determining the stability of the group of robots. Experiments with a group of flying quadrotor robots demonstrate the effect of different control gains for two different control graph topologies.
Selective Delivery of an Anticancer Drug with Aptamer-Functionalized Liposomes to Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo.

Selective targeting of cancer cells is a critical step in cancer diagnosis and therapy. To address this need, DNA aptamers have attracted significant attention as possible targeting ligands. However, while their use in targeting cancer cells in vitro has been reported, their effectiveness has rarely been established in vivo. Here we report the development of a liposomal drug delivery system for targeted anticancer chemotherapy. Liposomes were prepared containing doxorubicin as a payload, and functionalized with AS1411, a DNA aptamer with strong binding affinity for nucleolin. AS1411 aptamer-functionalized liposomes increased cellular internalization and cytotoxicity to MCF-7 breast cancer cells as compared to non-targeting liposomes. Furthermore, targeted liposomal doxorubicin improved antitumor efficacy against xenograft MCF-7 breast tumors in athymic nude mice, attributable to their enhanced tumor tissue penetration. This study suggests that AS1411 aptamer-functionalized liposomes can recognize nucleolin overexpressed on MCF-7 cell surface, and therefore enable drug delivery with high specificity.
Confirming the Diagnosis of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis–Reply–I.

We thank Dr Budhraja for pointing out other articles related to the use of cannabinoids and hyperemesis. When we saw our first patient with hyperemesis in June 2007, we were immediately intrigued by the patient's symptoms of refractory nausea and vomiting that were relieved only with hot showers. We immediately performed PubMed and Google searches and learned about cannabinoid hyperemesis. When we saw a second patient with a similar presentation in January 2008, we decided to write about our patients because, to the best of our knowledge at that time, they would be the first cases to be reported in the United States. We wrote the manuscript during the spring of 2008 and then submitted it to Mayo Clinic Proceedings. We think it was during that time that the other articles were published without our knowledge. The article by Bryne et al1 published in 2006, which we were aware of when writing our manuscript, raises the question of whether the syndrome is valid without further investigating the etiology. The purpose of our article was to raise awareness of the syndrome as one of the differential diagnoses in patients who present with hyperemesis and abnormal bathing behaviors and to tease out possible causes given the paradoxical response to marijuana use. In fact, our article in Mayo Clinic Proceedings is already shedding light on these topics. We have received many e-mails from physicians who have treated similar patients for years without a clear etiology, and they have said that their patients feel “validated” by the possibility of this diagnosis. We have also received e-mails from patients who report feeling relieved that this syndrome is receiving more attention because they have experienced it for years. We think that the issue raised by Dr Budhraja is an unfortunate consequence of overlap that occurred during simultaneous submissions of manuscripts.
Tetraspanin18 is a FoxD3-responsive antagonist of cranial neural crest epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that maintains cadherin-6B protein.

Summary During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tightly associated, polarized epithelial cells become individual mesenchymal cells capable of migrating. Here, we investigate the role of the transmembrane protein tetraspanin18 (Tspan18) in chick cranial neural crest EMT. Tspan18 mRNA is expressed in premigratory cranial neural crest cells, but is absent from actively migrating neural crest cells. Tspan18 knockdown leads to a concomitant loss of cadherin-6B (Cad6B) protein, whereas Cad6B protein persists when Tspan18 expression is extended. The temporal profile of Cad6B mRNA downregulation is unaffected in these embryos, which indicates that Tspan18 maintains Cad6B protein levels and reveals that Cad6B is regulated by post-translational mechanisms. Although downregulation of Tspan18 is necessary, it is not sufficient for neural crest migration: the timing of neural crest emigration, basal lamina breakdown and Cad7 upregulation proceed normally in Tspan18-deficient cells. This emphasizes the need for coordinated transcriptional and post-translational regulation of Cad6B during EMT and illustrates that Tspan18-antagonized remodeling of cell–cell adhesions is only one step in preparation for cranial neural crest migration. Unlike Cad6B, which is transcriptionally repressed by Snail2, Tspan18 expression is downstream of the winged-helix transcription factor FoxD3, providing a new transcriptional input into cranial neural crest EMT. Together, our data reveal post-translational regulation of Cad6B protein levels by Tspan18 that must be relieved by a FoxD3-dependent mechanism in order for cranial neural crest cells to migrate. These results offer new insight into the molecular mechanisms of cranial neural crest EMT and expand our understanding of tetraspanin function relevant to metastasis.
Matching with shape contexts

We introduce a new shape descriptor, the shape context, for measuring shape similarity and recovering point correspondences. The shape context describes the coarse arrangement of the shape with respect to a point inside or on the boundary of the shape. We use the shape context as a vector-valued attribute in a bipartite graph matching framework. Our proposed method makes use of a relatively small number of sample points selected from the set of detected edges; no special landmarks or keypoints are necessary. Tolerance and/or invariance to common image transformations are available within our framework. Using examples involving both silhouettes and edge images, we demonstrate how the solution to the graph matching problem provides us with correspondences and a dissimilarity score that can be used for object recognition and similarity-based retrieval.
Was Hitler a Riddle? Western Democracies and National Socialism

Undoubtedly, the decision of western leaders to appease Adolf Hitler's Germany in the years preceding World War II is among the most perplexing events in the diplomatic history of the twentieth cen...
Canny's compensating pressure theory fails a test

Canny's compensating pressure theory for water transport (American Journal of Botany 85: 897-909) has evolved from the premise that cavitation pressures are only a few tenths of a megapascal negative (approximately -0.3 MPa). In contradiction, "vulnerability curves" indicate that xylem pressures can drop below -3 MPa in some species without causing a loss of hydraulic conductivity. Canny claims these curves do not measure the limits to negative pressure by cavitation, but rather the limits to the compensating tissue pressure that otherwise quickly refills cavitated conduits. Compensating pressure is derived from the turgor pressure of the living cells in the tissue. To test this claim, we compared vulnerability curves of Betula nigra stems given three treatments: (1) living control, (2) killed in a microwave oven, and (3) perfused with a -1.5 MPa (10% w/w) mannitol solution. According to Canny's theory, the microwaved and mannitol curves should show cavitation and loss of conductance beginning at approximately -0.3 MPa because in both cases, the turgor pressure would be eliminated or substantially reduced compared to controls. We also tested the refilling capability of nonstressed stems where compensating pressure would be in full operation and compared this with dead stems with no compensating pressure. According to Canny's interpretation of vulnerability curves, the living stems should refill within 5 min. Results failed to support the compensating tissue theory because (a) all vulnerability curves were identical, reaching a -1.5 MPa threshold before substantial loss of conductance occurred, and (b) killed or living stems had equally slow refilling rates showing no significant increase in conductivity after 30 min. In consequence, the cohesion theory remains the most parsimonious explanation of xylem sap ascent in plants.
Educational coordinator — staff development — what is their impact on patient education?

The increasing complexities in the health care system have produced a need for well-planned patient education. Integral to the development of these programs is: the assessment of patient populations' educational needs; the design of a program to meet these defined needs; the implementation of this pre-designed program; and, the evaluation of that total learning experience. The literature suggests that a patient education coordinator facilitates this program planning process. It is also suggested that in agencies where a coordinator position is non-existent, that staff development related to patient education can enhance programming efforts. This investigation examined the impact of staff development and the coordinator on the program-planning process. It researched the effect of these factors singularly and collectively. The results suggest that individually and in tandem both factors have a positive impact on patient education. Best results were observed in institutions having a coordinator and a staff development program.
Recognition of aggressive human behavior using binary local motion descriptors

Video surveillance is an alternative approach to staff or self-reporting that has the potential to detect and monitor aggressive behaviors more accurately. In this paper, we propose an automatic algorithm capable of recognizing aggressive behaviors from video records using local binary motion descriptors. The proposed algorithm may increase the accuracy for retrieving aggressive behaviors from video records, and thereby facilitates scientific inquiry into this low frequency but high impact phenomenon that eludes other measurement approaches.
SEMM-2: a new generation of single-event-effect modeling tools

The IBM soft-error Monte Carlo model SEMM-2 is a new general-purpose simulation platform developed for single-event-effect (SEE) analysis of advanced CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technologies. The current status and major features of this system are presented in this paper, including the physics model modules for the relevant atomic and nuclear processes, the construction and application of databases, and the simulation methodologies used to solve general transport problems. SEE analysis can be carried out for a large class of radiation subatomic particles in arbitrarily complex geometries and material composition of the integrated circuit designs.
Determinants and Quadratic Forms

Interchanging two numbers in the numbering of the vertices is equivalent to the simultaneous interchange of two rows and two columns. If we give opposite vertices of the octahedron numbers that differ by 3, then the determinant $$ \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}c} 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill \\ 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill \\ 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill \\ 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill \\ 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill \\ 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 1 \hfill & 0 \hfill \\ \end{array} } \right| = 0. $$
Incidentally discovered solid renal masses: what are they?

Summary— In 36 of 99 consecutive patients operated on for the presumptive diagnosis of renal carcinoma the tumour was discovered accidentally during investigations for a variety of complaints. CT and ultrasound scans were responsible for discovery of the tumour in 24 of the 36 patients. Renal carcinoma accounted for 92% of incidentally discovered solid renal masses. Of 33 incidentally diagnosed renal carcinomas 27 were stage 1. An incidentally discovered solid renal mass should be regarded as a low stage renal carcinoma until proven otherwise.
Finite element analysis of second order effects on the frequency response of a SAW device

Electrode perturbation of the surface may cause significant second order effects on the frequency response of SAW devices. These effects in a Y-Z lithium niobate filter are analyzed using a recently developed finite element model. The analyses have shown that for aluminum electrodes of fixed thickness, the second order effects on the frequency response become increasingly significant as the device is scaled smaller to have higher central frequencies. Typically, for aluminum electrodes of thickness 2000 /spl Aring/, the frequency response is significantly distorted for the device of the central frequency at above 2 GHz. Quantitative analyses of the second order effects in the device of various center frequencies provide insights for designing high performance SAW devices for high frequency applications.
MRI volumetric analysis in rasmussen encephalitis: a longitudinal study.

Summary: Purpose: Rasmussen encephalitis is a progressive inflammatory process with difficult-to-control focal or lateralized seizure activity, leading to hemispheric dysfunction and atrophy in advanced stages. Anatomic changes of atrophy may be subtle in earlier phases of the disease, and progressive changes on serial scans may be difficult to detect. We report a case of early-stage Rasmussen encephalitis with a relatively stable clinical course in whom we performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based volumetric analysis over an interval of 1 year, to assess for volumetric changes. Methods: Volumetric analysis was performed on two successive MRI scans obtained at age 5 and 6 years, by using the CARDVIEWS program (J Cogn Neurosci, 1996). The images were segmented into gray- and white-matter structures according to signal intensity of their borders semiautomatically, with manual corrections. The cerebral cortex was further subdivided into smaller parcellation units according to anatomic landmarks identifiable on MRI. Results: Stable left cerebral hemispheric atrophy and progressive atrophy in the left precentral gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left cerebellar atrophy were detected over the 1-year interval. Conclusions: Volumetric analysis enables early detection and quantification of anatomic changes, identification of focal involvement, and assists in determining the severity of disease and timing for surgical interventions such as hemispherectomy.
Household electrical injuries in children. Epidemiology and identification of avoidable hazards.

• The medical records of all children with household electrical injuries were reviewed. The children were seen from 1980 to 1986 at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. Injuries occurred predominantly in children younger than age 6 years, most commonly while meals were being prepared. The most frequent cause of injury was oral contact with electrical cords or cord sockets, or contact with wall sockets either directly or via conductive foreign objects such as keys or pins. Data reported to the Consumer Product Safety Commission were also analyzed and corroborated our findings. We suggest a series of prevention strategies based on these data. A new wall outlet cover design is described. ( AJDC 1989;143:59-62)
Timing is everything: cell cycle control of Rad52

Regulation of the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination is extremely important for both cell viability and the maintenance of genomic integrity. Modulation of double-strand break repair in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves controlling the recruitment of one of the central recombination proteins, Rad52, to sites of DNA lesions. The Rad52 protein, which plays a role in strand exchange and the annealing of single strand DNA, is positively regulated upon entry into S phase, repressed during the intra-S phase checkpoint, and undergoes posttranslational modification events such as phosphorylation and sumoylation. These processes all contribute to the timing of Rad52 recruitment, its stability and function. Here, we summarize the regulatory events affecting the Rad52 protein and discuss how this regulation impacts DNA repair and cell survival.
Physical Activity, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem: Longitudinal Relationships in Older Adults

We examined the structure of the expanded version of the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model in a sample of older adults (N = 174; age, M = 66.7 years) across a 4-year period. A panel analysis revealed support for the indirect effects of physical activity (PA) and self-efficacy (SE) on physical self-worth and global esteem through subdomain levels of esteem. These relationships were consistent across the 4-year period. Over time, older adults reporting greater reductions in SE and PA also reported greater reductions in subdomain esteem. This is one of the first studies to examine these relationships longitudinally in the PA domain and offers further support for the hierarchical and multidimensional nature of self-esteem at the physical level. We recommend further testing of the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model, with special attention being paid to assessing multiple aspects of PA and SE.
Gearbox fault diagnosis using empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectrum

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert spectrum are a new method for adaptive analysis of non-linear and non-stationary signals. This paper applies this method to vibration signal analysis for localised gearbox fault diagnosis. We first study the properties of the recently developed B-spline EMD as a filter bank, which is helpful in understanding the mechanisms behind EMD. Then we investigate the effectiveness of the original and the B-spline EMD as well as their corresponding Hilbert spectrum in the fault diagnosis. Vibration signals collected from an automobile gearbox with an incipient tooth crack are used in the investigation. The results show that the EMD algorithms and the Hilbert spectrum perform excellently. They are found to be more effective than the often used continuous wavelet transform in detection of the vibration signatures.
Changes in Socioeconomic Considerations

Planners or groups who make decisions concerning zoning and land use must pay closer attention to the background of the people they are representing. Migration trends in the Washington area are reviewed. Recent trends in housing patterns, educational patterns, and family incomes should be reviewed closely by planners. Combinations of land use are recommended as is coordinating land use with transportation. Citizen involvement is an important aspect.
All maximally entangling unitary operators

We characterize all maximally entangling bipartite unitary operators, acting on systems $A$ and $B$ of arbitrary finite dimensions ${d}_{A}\ensuremath{\le}{d}_{\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}B}$, when ancillary systems are available to both parties. Several useful and interesting consequences of this characterization are discussed, including an understanding of why the entangling and disentangling capacities of a given (maximally entangling) unitary can differ and a proof that these capacities must be equal when ${d}_{A}={d}_{B}$.
Diagnostic coronary angiography: initial results of a simulation program

Abstract Background The use of simulator-based teaching in cardiology has unfortunately lagged behind other procedural specialties. This study investigates the utility of a simulator-based training program for fellows in cardiovascular disease with no prior experience in diagnostic coronary angiography. Methods First-year cardiology fellows at University of Illinois-Chicago (UIC) using AngioMentor ™ simulators completed benchmark cases requiring basic coronary engagement. Subsequently, benchmark cases were completed one day later and at 9months following 2–3months of training in the cardiac catheterization lab. In addition, 1st year cardiology fellows were compared to 3rd year fellows. Objective measures assessed from benchmark cases were total procedural time, total contrast used, and total fluoroscopy time. Results All 1st year fellows improved their total time to complete the benchmark case from initial to second attempt one day later (14:56 on Day 1, 8:30 on Day 2, P=0.03). Total contrast used (60mL on Day 1, 39mL on Day 2, P=0.11) and total fluoroscopic time (6:30 on Day 1 and 4:26 on Day 2, P=0.16) also both decreased. Overall procedure time and contrast use were similar among 1st and 3rd year fellows after simulation training. Decreases in procedure and fluoroscopy time were maintained in 1st year fellows after 2–3months of training. Conclusion Fellows displayed technical and procedural improvement at diagnostic coronary angiography in a short period of time and in a safe, patient free environment. In this study, a computer-based simulator was successfully incorporated into a first year cardiovascular fellowship curriculum and represents a contemporary means to provide the fellow increased procedural training without added risk to the patient. Sentence summary The use of simulator-based teaching in cardiology has unfortunately lagged behind other procedural specialties. In this study, a computer-based simulator was successfully incorporated into a first year cardiovascular fellowship curriculum. A firm teaching curriculum is the next step towards implementing this modality in an organized fashion.
Optofluidic nanotweezer methods for characterizing nanoparticles and viruses(Conference Presentation)

Direct measurements of the strength of particle interactions are critical for characterizing the stability and behavior of colloidal and nanoparticle suspensions. Current techniques are limited in their ability to measure pico-newton scale interaction forces on sub-micrometer particles due to signal detection limits, thermal noise, and throughput. We have recently developed a technique for making direct mechanical measurements of the force and work associated with the steric and electrostatic effects that stabilize colloidal nanoparticles. “Nanophotonic Force Microscopy”, as we call it, is unique in that it uses statistical methods to provide direct measurements of these forces at the individual particle scale, while still being sufficiently high-throughput to produce meaningful population level data. In this talk I will introduce the technology, it’s advantages, and some of the major uses. Specific case studies will include label-free monitoring of binding of individual antibodies onto single viruses and the measurement of the strength of nanoparticle coatings used for steric stabilization.
Feed-forward and reciprocal inhibition for gain and phase timing control in a computational model of repetitive cough.

This article proposes a complex inhibitory network of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) interneurons for the control of cough. This hypothesis has important implications in disease states, such as c...