cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SAND STIFFNESS UNDER VARIOUS TRIAXIAL STRESSES

In many foundation vibration problems, such as the vibration of machine foundations, the supporting soil is first subjected to static stresses caused by the weight of the installation and then small amplitude vibratory stresses are applied. The vibratrion response depends on the stiffness of the soil. Experimental data are presented to show the effect of various static states of stress on the dynamic shear modulus of dry sand measured by vibration and on the static shear modulus measured by repeated torsion tests. The stiffness of the sand was found to be independent of the deviatoric component of the initial static state of the stress and independent of rate of loading. The effect of stress history was small. Equations for the computation of the shear modulus, for use in design, from the value of the isotropic component of static stress and the void ratio are presented.
What Teachers of Academic Writing Can Learn from the Writing Center

For over fifty years, US writing centers have been helping students, with writing centers found in approximately 90% of American universities and colleges (Eodice 2009). Because those who direct and tutor see student writers struggling with every kind of assignment, writing centers are important resources for anyone teaching writing or writing-intensive courses. Ironically, though, writing centers are an overlooked resource on literacy. As Eric Hobson and Muriel Harris argue, writing centers should share with those who teach writing to larger groups what writing center professionals have learned about the writing process. Based on four years of systematic research interviewing experienced writing center tutors, this article presents teachers of academic writing with valuable insights into how students misunderstand the writing process and how teachers of academic writing can improve their teaching of writing.
Constructing Scientific Psychology: Karl Lashley's Mind-Brain Debates

Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction 1. Lashley and Jennings: the origins of a hereditarian 2. Lashley, Watson, and the meaning of behaviorism 3. The pursuit of a neutral science 4. Neuropsychology and hereditarianism 5. Psychobiology and progressivism 6. Psychobiology and its discontents: the Lashley-Herrick debate 7. Hull and psychology as a social science 8. Intelligence testing and thinking machines: the Lahley-Hull debate 9. Pure psychology 10. Public science and private life 11. Genetics, race biology, and depoliticization Epilogue: Lashley and American neuropsychology Appendix: archives holding Lashley material Bibliography Index.
Implementing Semantic-Based Decomposition of Transactions

In some database applications, performance requirements are not satisfied by the traditional approach of serializability, in which transactions appear to execute atomically and in isolation on a consistent database state. Although many researchers have investigated the process of decomposing transactions into steps to increase concurrency, the focus of the research is typically on implementing a decomposition supplied by the database application developer, with relatively little attention to what constitutes a desirable decomposition and how the developer should obtain such a decomposition. In our research, we focus on the decomposition process itself.
9 – SOLID PHASES IN IMMUNOASSAY

This chapter discusses the role of solid phase in immunoassay. The true reaction volume of any solid-phase immunoassay (SPI) is difficult to determine and may be much less than the total fluid volume of the reaction vessel in which the assay is being performed. One must conceptualize that solid-phase antigen–antibody reactions occur in “microenvironments,”—that is, at the fluid–solid phase interface. The introduction of a solid phase into reactions involving ligands and their receptors requires that nonspecific interactions between the soluble ligand and the solid phase to which the receptor is immobilized be inhibited or “blocked,” so that only the interaction between the receptor and its ligand can occur. Various substances are included in the category of blocking agents, although protein solutions and non-ionic detergents are most popular. Differences in volume to surface ratios of the various solid-phase surfaces affect both the kinetics and the dynamic range of SPI. Immobilization chemistries also differ among solid phases and specific applications.
Anaerobic Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen that often initiates infections from a reservoir in the intestinal tract, may donate or acquire antibiotic resistance in an anaerobic environment. Only by including nitrate and nitrite in media could antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive strains of P. aeruginosa be cultured in a glove box isolator. These anaerobically grown cells remained sensitive to lytic phage isolated from sewage. After incubation with a phage lysate derived from P. aeruginosa 1822, anaerobic transfer of antibiotic resistance to recipients P. aeruginosa PS8EtBr and PS8EtBrR occurred at frequencies of 6.2 x 10(-9) and 5.0 x 10(-8) cells per plaque-forming unit, respectively. In experiments performed outside the isolator, transfer frequencies to PS8EtBr and PS8EtBrR were higher, 1.3 x 10(-7) and 6.5 x 10(-8) cells per plaque-forming unit, respectively. When P. aeruginosa 1822 was incubated aerobically with Escherichia coli B in medium containing nitrate and nitrite, the maximum concentration of carbenicillin-resistant E. coli B reached 25% of the total E. coli B population. This percentage declined to 0.01% of the total E. coli B population when anaerobically grown P. aeruginosa 1822 and E. coli B were combined and incubated in the glove box isolator. The highest concentration of the recipient population converted to antibiotic resistance occurred after 24 h of aerobic incubation, when an initially high donor/recipient ratio (>15) of cells was mixed. These data indicate that transfer of antibiotic resistance either by transduction between Pseudomonas spp. or by conjugation between Pseudomonas sp. and E. coli occurs under strict anaerobic conditions, although at lower frequencies than under aerobic conditions.
PV faults: Overview, modeling, prevention and detection techniques

Recent PV faults and subsequent fire-hazards on April 5, 2009, in Bakersfield, California, and April 16, 2011, in Mount Holly, North Carolina provide evidence of a lack of knowledge among PV system manufacturers and installers about different PV faults. The conducted survey within the scope of this paper describes various faults in a PV plant, and explains the limitations of existing detection and suppression techniques. Different fault detection techniques proposed in literatures have been discussed and it was concluded that there is no universal fault detection technique that can detect and classify all faults in a PV system. Moreover, this digest proposes a transmission line model for PV panels that can be useful for interpreting faults in PV using different refelectomery methods.
Artificial Thirst, Serum Na, and Behavioral Implications in the Hooded Rat

Effective manipulation of motivational variables in studies of behavior is becoming increasingly important in the adequate design of animal experiments. The usual or "natural" procedures employed to produce variations in thirst and thirst motivation by means of deprivation are rather limited and suffer from disadvantages such as associated hunger, long adaptation periods complicated by diurnal activity cycles, stress effects, debilitation, and inanition if prolonged. Another obvious and important disadvantage is the length of time required for the tissue deficit to accrue and manifest itself in a measurable way in the animal's behavior. During the past ten years a number of experimental techniques have been developed and standardized for producing thirst "artificially," independent of water deprivation, and utilized to fractionate motivational variables in learning. All of these techniques are based upon the fact that thirst is correlated under most conditions with an increase in extracellular osmotic pressure (Wdf, 1958) and that hypothalamic "osmoreceptors" are involved in its central mediation. Thirst can be produced, therefore, by increasing the extracellular osmotic pressure (Gilrnan, 1937; Holrnes & Gregersen, 1950; Adolph, Barker, Pc Hoy, 1954) or by dehydrating the hypothalamus directly (Andersson, 1953). Two common procedures used with large laboratory mammals are intravenous or intrahypothalamic injections of hypertonic saline. In the rat because of its small size, even if permanently indwelling catheters are used, these methods are costly and in certain behavioral tests difficult to employ. Two additional methods have therefore evolved with certain practical advantages in using the rat and in studies on thirst motivated behavior. Heyer (1951) was the first to use subcutaneous injections of saline to produce thirst in the rat and found chat the resulting need for wacer could be used to motivate animals in studies of learning and retention. Wayner and Reimanis (1958) refined this method and provided additional data on its use in behavioral studies. O'Kelly (1954) and O'Kelly and Beck (1960) developed the method of stomach loading for use in rats and other small mammals. Fluid loads of various tonicity, usually hypertonic saline, are administered directly to the stomach by means of a latex catheter through the esophagous. One major advantage of this method is the possibility of enhancing or depressing drinking from any 'This research was supported in part by Grant B-776 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Unired States Public Health Service.
Soaking up small RNAs.

MicroRNAs are not amenable to classical RNAi-based knockdown strategies, but genetic 'sponges' that compete microRNAs away from their natural targets create a microRNA 'knockdown'.
Effect of exfoliation on the stability of cylindrical shells mode from composites

1. Decisive factors, which have a considerable effect on the stability of cylindrical shells with exfoliations are the area of the region of the exfoliations, the location of the exfoliation region along the thickness and length of the shell, and the nature (discontinuity) of the exfoliation along the length of the shell. 2. The strongest effect on the stability proves to be the exfoliations, equidistant from the annular reinforcing ribs and situated in the neighborhood of the middle surface of the shell. With the arrangement at the end of the shell, what is most dangerous is the discontinuous exfoliation, and in the middle part, continuous exfoliation. The nature of the exfoliation in the circumferential direction does not have a noticeable effect on the critical load of the total stability of the shell. But we should expect a considerable reduction of the local stability (fracture by separation of the inner layers). The prediction and calculation of such a form of fracture is an independent problem, which has not been considered in the present study. An increase in the value of the opening of exfoliation, which has an effect on the bending stiffness and extension (compression) stiffness leads to an reduction in the critical load. 3. The formulas presented for the critical load can be applied for normalization of the exfoliations. The calculation of such norms assumes the carrying out of a series of tests, as a result of which there should be agreement between calculated and experimental data, and margins of stability are introduced, ensuring reliable operation of shells with defects. The assumption of norms for the defects is economically profitable, since it enables us to use shells having exfoliations whose effects on the critical loads are no significant.
Treatment of experimental focal ischemia in rats with lubeluzole

Lubeluzole is a neuroprotective compound in the final stages of clinical evaluation. We evaluated the effect of intravenous followed by intraperitoneal doses of lubeluzole on histological outcome after reversible tandem middle cerebral/common carotid artery occlusion in Long-Evans rats, with particular emphasis on the time window of efficacy. Lubeluzole, started 15 min after the onset of ischemia, had no adverse physiological or behavioral effects and reduced maximal infarct volume produced by 120 min or more of arterial occlusion by approximately 50%, from 143.2 ± 11.8 to 73.3 ± 18.4 mm 3 (p < 0.05). Lubeluzole did not prolong the duration of middle cerebral artery occlusion which could be tolerated before histological damage occurred. Lubeluzole was still effective if started 30 min after the onset of ischemia (34% reduction of maximal infarct volume ; p < 0.05), but not after delays of 60 or 120 min. We conclude that lubeluzole has promise as a neuroprotective drug, particularly for more severe strokes, but must be started very rapidly after the onset of ischemia to be effective.
Enhancer Sequence Variants and Transcription-Factor Deregulation Synergize to Construct Pathogenic Regulatory Circuits in B-Cell Lymphoma

Most B-cell lymphomas arise in the germinal center (GC), where humoral immune responses evolve from potentially oncogenic cycles of mutation, proliferation, and clonal selection. Although lymphoma gene expression diverges significantly from GC B cells, underlying mechanisms that alter the activities of corresponding regulatory elements (REs) remain elusive. Here we define the complete pathogenic circuitry of human follicular lymphoma (FL), which activates or decommissions REs from normal GC B cells and commandeers enhancers from other lineages. Moreover, independent sets of transcription factors, whose expression was deregulated in FL, targeted commandeered versus decommissioned REs. Our approach revealed two distinct subtypes of low-grade FL, whose pathogenic circuitries resembled GC B or activated B cells. FL-altered enhancers also were enriched for sequence variants, including somatic mutations, which disrupt transcription-factor binding and expression of circuit-linked genes. Thus, the pathogenic regulatory circuitry of FL reveals distinct genetic and epigenetic etiologies for GC B-cell transformation.
Estimation procedures based on control variates with known covariance matrix

This paper describes a new procedure for using control variates in multiresponse simulation when the covariance matrix of the controls is known. Assuming that the responses and the controls are jointly normal, we develop a new unbiased control-variates point estimator for the mean simulation response. We also compute the covariance matrix of this point estimator in order to construct an approximate confidence-region estimator for the mean response. If the covariances between the responses and the controls are unknown so that the optimal control coefficients must be estimated, then some of the potential efficiency improvement is lost. This loss is quantified in a new variance ratio. We summarize the results of an extensive experimental study in which we apply the proposed estimation procedure to closed queueing networks and stochastic activity networks.
Binding and biomimetic cleavage of the RNA poly(U) by synthetic polyimidazoles

Four polyimidazoles were used in the binding and cleavage studies with poly(U). The two polydisperse polyvinylimidazoles were previously described by others, while the other two new polymers of polyethyleneimines were prepared by cationic polymerization of oxazolines. The latter had imidazole units attached to each nitrogen of the polymers. They were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and had very low polydispersities. When they were partially protonated they bound to the poly(U) and catalyzed its cleavage by a process analogous to that used by the enzyme ribonuclease A. The kinetics of the cleavage were followed by an assay we had previously described using phosphodiesterase I from Crotalus venom after the cleavage processes. Cleavage of poly(U) with Zn2+ was also examined, with and without the polymers. A scheme is described in which these cleavages could be made sequence selective with various RNAs, particularly with important targets, such as viral RNAs.
Non-conservation of k‖ in photoemission into electrolytes

Abstract Recent measurements of the photoemission yield from copper single crystals into electrolyte revealed unexplained polarization and crystallographic anisotropies. It is shown that these anisotropies indicate a breakdown of parallel momentum conservation at the interface due to scattering by water molecules. The similarity between the experimental results above and below the interband transition threshold suggests the involvement of evanescent states in photoemission below threshold.
Modeling glucose distribution in the cornea

The central cornea obtains its glucose by diffusion through the cornea from the aqueous humor to the epithelium. The diffusion of glucose in the cornea is analogous to the flow of current in an electrical resistance network. The cellular consumption of glucose can be compared to shunting a portion of the charge to electrical ground. An electrical analog model of the cornea was developed to predict the availability of glucose to the epithelium and the distribution of glucose in the stroma. The glucose constant concentration lines in the normal stroma are parallel to the corneal surface and have decreasing values from 880 to 580 micrograms/ml. The effects on epithelial glucose concentration by implanting an intracorneal lens (ICL) of varying diameter, depth, permeability and thickness can be modeled. Glucose permeability through the intracorneal lens has the most significant effect on glucose availability. The ICL profile i.e. power, can also be an important fact in determining glucose availability. A minus power design requires a thin central lens zone with a thick peripheral zone. The design results in relatively more glucose flux through the optical zone of the lens and thus improves central epithelial glucose availability.
Impact of Clarity of Goals and Role Perceptions on Job Satisfaction

Using path analysis, this study examined the direct and indirect influence of clarity of goals on the work and company satisfaction of 216 salespeople. Role conflict and ambiguity were intervening ...
Behavioral mechanisms underlie an ant-plant mutualism

Predators can reduce herbivory by consuming herbivores (a consumptive effect) and by altering herbivore behavior, life history, physiology or distribution (non-consumptive effects). The non-consumptive, or trait-mediated, effects of predators on prey may have important functions in the dynamics of communities. In a facultative ant-plant mutualism, we investigated whether these non-consumptive effects influenced the host plants of prey. Here, predaceous ants (Forelius pruinosus) consume and disturb a dominant lepidopteran folivore (Bucculatrix thurberiella) of wild cotton plants (Gossypium thurberi). Season-long ant exclusion experiments revealed that ants had a larger proportional effect on damage by B. thurberiella than on caterpillar abundance, a result that suggests ants have a strong non-consumptive effect. Behavioral experiments conducted in two populations over 2 years demonstrated that B. thurberiella caterpillars were substantially less likely to damage wild cotton leaves in the presence of ants due to ant-induced changes in caterpillar behavior. In the absence of ants caterpillars spent more time stationary (potential feeding time) and less time dropping from leaves by a thread of silk than when ants were present. Furthermore, ants altered the spatial distribution of both caterpillars and damage; caterpillars spent relatively more time on the upper surfaces of leaves and caused damage further from the leaf margin in ant exclusion treatments. Both direct encounters with ants and information conveyed when ants walked onto leaves were key events leading to the anti-predator behaviors of caterpillars. This study contributes to a small body of evidence from terrestrial systems demonstrating that the trait-mediated effects of predators can cascade to the host plants of prey.
Purulent Pericarditis With Tamponade in a Postpartum Patient Due to Group F Streptococcus

Bacterial pericarditis with cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening disorder that has been associated with a variety of organisms. There is usually an associated underlying condition or a seeding of the pericardium from an infection elsewhere. We report the development of cardiac tamponade and a subsequent pericardial constriction due to group F streptococcus purulent pericarditis. We believe this to be the first report of a postpartum patient with purulent pericarditis.
Exploiting ill-posedness in the design of diffractive optical structures

This paper concerns the problem of designing a periodic interface between two homogene0us 'materials in such a way that normally incident time-harmonic plane waves scattered from the structure have a specified far-field phase and intensity pattern. The motivation comes from applications in micro-optics where such structures are increasingly used in advanced devices. The design problem can be formulated in various ways as a mathematical optimization problem, with the Helmholtz equation as the underlying model for wave propagation. We consider a "relaxed" formulation of the design problem in which "mixtures" of the two materials are included as admissible designs. A key feature of the problem is the extreme ill-posedness: we are trying to determine a function (the refractive index) from a few scalar values (the far-field pattern). In principle there are infinitely many solutions. However, in contrast to the typical situation in inverse problems, for the design problem non-uniqueness and instability are in some sense an asset: they allow some flexibility to choose designs which are more desirable from an engineering point of view. Exploiting this flexibility presents two primary challenges: first, to characterize the source of the ill-posedness and second, to devise appropriate computational schemes. We briefly discuss both issues and present a particular computational scheme--based on the minimization of the total variation of the design-along with some numerical results.
The design of a real-time operating system for experimental psychology

This paper describes the structure of the operating system that was utilized in the implementation of the experimental programming language, PL/E. Although the system was originally designed to support programming of psychological experiments on a specific machine (Data General Nova), the operating system can be ported with a minimum of effort to other machines. This paper describes the internal algorithms and control structures used in the system and suggests how it can be moved to other computers.
Intracisternal granules in the exocrine cells of the pancreas.

Dense, homogeneous granules of 250 to 350 mµ in diameter have been found inside the cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum in the acinar cells of the pancreas of the guinea pig. They apparently correspond to the fine granules described in the same material in light microscopy by Mankowski and Bensley. The location of these granules indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum is a cavitary system and suggests its participation in secretory processes.
Inelastic α cross sections in the region of the giant quadrupole resonance for nuclei near mass 60

Cross sections have been measured for the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$,${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reaction leading to the first excited (${2}^{+}$) state for targets of $^{52}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Fe}$, and $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$. Data were obtained at several angles as a function of ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ in the region of 8 to 18 MeV. These energies cover the region of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance of the composite nuclei-$^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}$. It has recently been reported that the giant quadrupole resonance of $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{62}\mathrm{Ni}$ decays primarily by $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission. Although the present data exhibit a giant resonancelike energy dependence, a coupled channels calculation indicates that several ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ values can be expected to contribute to a resonancelike envelope in this reaction at the energies of the giant quadrupole resonance in these nuclei.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{52}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{54,58}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$($\ensuremath{\alpha}$,${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$), ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\ensuremath{\cong}8 \mathrm{to} 14\ensuremath{-}19$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}};\ensuremath{\theta})$. Targets \ensuremath{\sim}500 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ foils. Results examined for evidence of GQR and compared to coupled-channels calculation.
Total and polar lipids in soybean protein meals

Soybean protein meals obtained by various oil extraction methods have different neutral oil content, and they may contain differnet amounts of polar lipids. Three soy protein meals obtained by different processing methods were extracted by two solvents consecutively, chloroform/methanol (2:1, vol/vol) and water-saturated butanol, for total lipid analysis. The organic flour (i.e., ground soybean) containted 15.52% total lipids; the high protein dispersibility index flour from extrusion-expelling processing and the white flour from conventional solvent extraction contained 11.20 and 1.84% total lipids, respectively. Organic flour contained more polar lipids than the other two protein meals on a dry-weight meal basis. Chloroform/methanol extracted most of the lipid from the meals, whereas water-saturated butanol resulted in an extract with more polar lipids than that from chloroform/methanol extraction.
Primary structure of a novel neuropeptide isolated from the corpora cardiaca of periodical cicadas having adipokinetic and hypertrehalosemic activities

A new neuropeptide hormone was isolated from the corpora cardiaca of the periodical cicadas, Magicicada species. Primary structure of the peptide as determined by a combination of automated Edman degradation after enzymatic deblocking with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase and mass spectrometry is: pGlu-Val-Asn-Phe-Ser-Pro-Ser-Trp-Gly-Asn-NH2. Synthetic peptide assayed in the green stink bug Nezara viridula caused a 112% increase in hemolymph lipids at a dose of 0.625 pmol, and a 67% increase in hemolymph carbohydrates at a dose of 2.5 pmol. Based on these results we designate this peptide, a first from order Homoptera, as Magicicada species-adipokinetic hormone (Mcsp-AKH).
Einstein gravity as the low energy effective theory of Weyl gravity

Abstract The Weyl theory of gravity is asymptotically free; for energies below the Planck scale, the coupling becomes strong. We suggest that the elementary vierbein fields then form a massless spin 2 bound state, whose low energy effective action is Einstein theory. This is analogous to the emergence of an effective theory of pions from QCD.
Standardized nursing terminologies can transform practice.

This department, sponsored by the American Organization of Nurse Executives, presents information to assist nurse leaders in shaping the future of healthcare through creative and innovative leadership. The strategic priorities of the American Organization of Nurse Executives anchor the editorial con
JDA: a step towards large-scale reuse on the web

The Web is maturing as a rich application development platform, and efforts are being made to provide richer and more dynamic interactions using JavaScript. JavaScript-based Web applications such as Google Maps have gained extra attention because they can be easily included in HTML for reuse. Unfortunately, various technical hurdles have made it difficult for JavaScript reuse to extend beyond its current state. Furthermore, JavaScript reuse is still out of reach for a large portion of the Web user base unversed in the use of programming languages.In this paper, we dive deeper into our previous work on the JavaScript Dataflow Architecture (JDA). JDA is intended for Web client applications written using HTML and JavaScript. We discuss the ways in which the architecture addresses many of the hurdles that modern Web client applications face in the realm of large-scale reuse and remixing. JDA aims to provide an ecosystem comprised of black box components operating within a JavaScript-based asynchronous message-passing environment. The environment allows you to use simple HTML to assemble Web applications from JavaScript black boxes scattered around the World Wide Web. No programming skill is required in their assembly, and no plug-ins or applets are required for their execution. Furthermore, the architecture extends the black box metaphor beyond the boundaries of JavaScript and allows multiple JavaScript components contained within an HTML file to be reused as a whole.A detailed account of an early prototype is discussed, and research is being done to improve it. JDA suggests that large-scale reuse and arbitrary remixing of Web applications can be realized using currently existing technologies.
Intraorganizational communication, perceived organizational support, and gender

Gender differences in the relationship between perceived organizational support and employee perceptions of their communication with top management, immediate supervisors, and coworkers are investigated in a university and in two engineering firms. Respondents were predominantly Caucasian Americans. Gender moderated the relationship between perceived organizational support and two communication variables (coworker communication relationship and coworker information quality). Males reporting a positive coworker communication relationship also indicated higher perceived organizational support. This pattern did not emerge for females. Males who perceived receiving higher quality information from coworkers reported higher perceived organizational support. While a similar pattern emerged for females, the relationship was weaker.
Aspects of early twentieth‐century Russian terrorism: The socialist‐revolutionary combat organization

The only consolidated leftist party in Russia that formally incorporated terrorist tactics into its program between the turn of the century and 1917 was the Party of Socialist‐Revolutionaries (PSR), which came into existence when several autonomous neo‐Populist groups in Russia and abroad united into a single organization in late 1901. By 1905 it had become the most formidable political foe of the tsarist regime. Its members were not unique in proclaiming political assassination an expedient revolutionary method, but it was the PSR that came to be perceived as the ‘party of terror’, for the party was particularly notorious for its highly planned and frequently successful assassination attempts aimed at representatives of the central government in the capital cities of Moscow and St Petersburg.
Measurement of gastric mucosal carbon dioxide tension by saline and air tonometry

Abstract Purpose: This study compares the balloon air tonometry method of measuring gastric mucosal CO 2 to standard saline tonometry. Also, this study investigates the effect of histamine-2 receptor blockade on the precision of tonometric measures of gastric mucosal Pco 2 (P t co 2 ). Materials and Methods: We obtained hourly measurements of P t co 2 from two gastric tonometers inserted orally in 19 healthy volunteers. One tonometer measured P t co 2 by the intermittent saline method, whereas the other measured P t co 2 using a newer continuous air method. Subjects received intravenous 5% dextrose during the first 6 hours of the experiment followed by a continuous infusion of a solution of ranitidine in 5% dextrose for another 6 hours. The ranitidine infusion was titrated to maintain gastric fluid pH ≥ 4. Results: Comparison of air to saline tonometry yielded a bias of −1.3 mm Hg with a limit of agreement of 6.6 mm Hg under optimal conditions of optimal gastric fluid pH (gastric fluid pH ≥ 5.0). Measures of P t co 2 were lower with ranitidine for either group, 45.3 ± 1.3 mm Hg versus 39.7 ± 0.5 mm Hg for saline ( P P 2 gap (P t co 2 - P arterial co 2 ) at gastric fluid pH ≥ 5.0 was 1.4 mm Hg, with a standard deviation of 2.7 mm Hg. A span of three standard deviations yields a normal limit for Pco 2 gap of 9.5 mm Hg. Conclusion: Measures of P t co 2 with the air tonometer method are similar to those obtained with saline tonometry. The reliability of P t co 2 measurements with either method improved with the use of ranitidine to maintain gastric fluid pH ≥5.
Tribute to Dr. A. Earl Walker.

✓ Doctor Walker died on January 1, 1995, at the age of 87 years. His contributions to neuroscience and neurosurgery are presented and discussed, together with his impact on national and international organizations of neurosurgery. A short account of his background and professional career is given, with emphasis on his 25 years at The Johns Hopkins Hospital as Chief of Neurosurgery.
Evaluation of C1q genomic region in minority racial groups of lupus

Complement cascade plasma proteins play a complex role in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Hereditary C1q deficiency has been strongly related to SLE; however, there are very few published SLE studies that evaluate the polymorphisms of genes encoding for C1q (A, B and C). In this study, we evaluated 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 37 kb of C1QA, C1QB and C1QC in a lupus cohort of individuals of the African-American and Hispanic origin. In a case-only analysis, a significant association at multiple SNPs in the C1QA gene was detected in African Americans with kidney nephritis (best P=4.91 × 10−6). In addition, C1QA was associated with SLE in African Americans with a lack of nephritis and accompanying photosensitivity when compared with that in normal controls (P=6.80 × 10−6). A similar trend was observed in the Hispanic subjects (P=0.003). Quantitative analysis showed that some SNPs in C1q genes might be correlated with C3 complement levels in an additive model among African Americans (best P=0.0001). The C1QA gene is associated with subphenotypes of lupus in the African-American and Hispanic subjects. Further studies with higher SNP densities in this region and other complement components are necessary to elucidate the complex genetics and phenotypic interactions between complement components and SLE.
The road to professionalism: Reflective practice and reflective learning☆

Abstract Objective This paper describes educational programs designed to create humanistic physicians who are skilled in communicating with patients and committed to professional values. The educational programs addressed these goals in medical students, residents and young faculty members over a 22-year period. Evaluations enhanced understanding and documented outcomes of the programs. Methods Detailed descriptions of the design and educational methods employed by the programs are given, along with results of their evaluations. Results Key features of the educational programs that effectively influenced learners’ skills, values, attitudes, and behaviors include: (a) longitudinal learning in small groups, (b) creating a supportive group process, (c) prominent inclusion of reflective learning, and (d) experiential learning of skills. Qualitative analyses provided an understanding of the learning processes and the transformative nature of the programs. Surveys and questionnaires documented statistically significant outcomes achieving the programs’ goals. Conclusions Longitudinal educational programs employing critical reflection alongside mastery of skills enhance humanistic values and may have transformative effects on their learners. Practical implication The descriptions and outcomes described herein for medical students, residents and young faculty members may suggest blueprints for future educational efforts aimed at producing humanistic professionals.
College Students' Comprehension and Impressions of Computer-Presented Text: The Effects of Text Segmentation Size and Reading Speed

(1992). College Students' Comprehension and Impressions of Computer-Presented Text: The Effects of Text Segmentation Size and Reading Speed. Journal of College Reading and Learning: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 18-28.
Optimal flow-line conditions with worker variability

Abstract When classical scheduling theory is applied to task sequencing problems, human characteristics are often not the primary consideration and their impact is often assumed away. In this paper, we examine the workforce scheduling problem in sequential flow line systems. We investigate the impact of within-worker and between-worker variability and discuss the selection of scheduling policies between fixed and work-sharing systems. The methodology includes human performance modeling with the objective to maximize throughput with general results with respect to productivity model. We are interested in determining and characterizing the optimal switching time between workers in work-sharing systems. A closed form solution is established in the case of two and three tasks with two workers. For a general number of workers and tasks we establish the maximum number of changes between assignments. We also establish a bound on throughput. Results allow one to solve workforce scheduling problems reduced complexity given the current set of bounds and conditions.
One-Parameter Solution of the Spanwise Rotating Blade Boundary-Layer Equation

The values of the nondimensional coefficients for central deflection for different Poisson's ratios for clamped plates for both central concentrated load (wcD/PL2) and uniformly distributed loads (vvc D/ql?) are tabulated in Ref. 4. The results for the P mesh (see Fig. Ib) of a clamped square plate are plotted in Figs. 2 and 3. From Figs. 2 and 3, it is seen that the effect of an increase in the Poisson's ratio is to make the finite element approximation of the structure (using these elements) more flexible; and that, as the mesh is made finer and finer, the nondimensional coefficient tends to converge to the exact value for all values of v. Also, it can be noted that the percentage error in the coefficients is the least for v = 0.0. The nondimensional eigenvalues for free vibration ( = ptco2L?/D) were evaluated for v = 0.0 and 0.3 for mesh size of N = 2 and N = 4 for the simply supported square plate. The
Papermaking characteristics of three Populus clones grown in the north-central United States

Abstract The papermaking properties of 22 pure and hybrid poplars are being evaluated in an on-going investigation. Twenty of the poplars were harvested after 7.5 years from three different sites in the Midwestern and North Central US. The other 2 poplars survived at only two of three sites (64 total samples). The Crandon hybrid had the highest growth rate (t ha −1 y −1 ) and wood density (both averaged across the 3 sites). This poplar had a high cellulose content (compared to the average), a low lignin content and produced bleached kraft fibers at a high yield (wt.% on wood chips). Further, this poplar responded very well to kraft pulping and oxygen delignification and bleached to the highest final brightness ever observed in our laboratory (94.5% Elrepho). It also produced an 18 kappa number unbleached pulp with Acer saccharum ). We also report on clone 220-5 that had the highest area-weighted average microfibril angle. Pulps from this poplar had excellent tensile properties and further improvements are expected with 1–2 years of additional growth that should result in a small, but significant increase in average fiber length. Some results are also presented for clone 313.55 and aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) to demonstrate the many substantial benefits that can be accrued from proper wood selection.
Influence of web-monitoring tactics on the density of mitochondria in leg muscles of the spider family uloboridae.

From electron micrographs we determined the ratio of mitochondrial to myofibril cross sectional area in cells of the first leg anterior depressor muscles of adult females of four spider species, each from a different genus. Species with more active web-monitoring tactics and greater tracheal supplies to their first legs have muscle cells that are better supplied with mitochondria than those with less active tactics and less well-developed tracheal systems. These results demonstrate that, even in homologous tissues of closely related species, mitochondrial supply can change to accommodate changes in metabolic activity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet

Foreword: why was the Greek alphabet invented? 1. Review of criticism: what we know about the origin of the Greek alphabet 2. Argument from the history of writing: how writing worked before the Greek alphabet 3. Argument from the material remains: Greek inscriptions from the beginning to c. 650 BC 4. Argument from coincidence: dating Greece's earliest poet 5. Conclusions from probability: how the Iliad and the Odyssey were written down Appendix I: Gelb's theory of the syllabic nature of West Semitic writing Appendix II: Homeric references in poets of the seventh century.
Nonlinear Poisson Structures and r-Matrices

We introduce quadratic Poisson structures on Lie groups associated with a class of solutions of the modified Yang-Baxter equation and apply them to the Hamiltonian description of Lax systems. The formal analog of these brackets on associative algebras provides second structures for certain integrable equations. In particular, the integrals of the Toda flow on generic orbits are shown to satisfy recursion relations. Finally, we exhibit a third order Poisson bracket for which ther-matrix approach is feasible.
The use of fluorescent labeled antigen to follow the fate of instilled immune complexes in the rabbit lung.

Abstract To follow the fate of exogenously introduced immune complexes in the rabbit lung, a direct labeling method was devised. Bovine serum albumin was incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, washed and then bound at equivalence with antibovine serum albumin. Immune complexes thus prepared are injected into a rabbit airway and the animal was sacrificed. Using chilled alcohol fixative and paraffin embedding 4 ωm sections were prepared for light and fluorescent microscopy. This technique readily verifies that labeled antigen is taken up by alveolar macrophages. Electron microscopy using ferritin-antiferritin complexes corroborate these light findings.
Emergency neurosurgical care solutions: acute care surgery, regionalization, and the neurosurgeon: results of the 2008 CNS consensus session.

Objective Organized general surgery has recently proposed creation of a new acute care surgery subspecialty to include emergency care of basic neurosurgical and orthopedic surgical problems. Little is known about neurosurgical attitudes toward this proposal and alternative methods of improving access to emergency neurosurgical care. Methods During a consensus session at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), electronic data were collected regarding neurosurgeons' attitudes toward acute care surgery, emergency neurosurgical care regionalization, and other regulatory options. Results Ninety-nine attendees participated in polling, broadly representing private (45%) and academic (34%) practices from all regions of the United States. Eighty-nine percent reported taking emergency calls (75% at least twice per week), with the majority (57%) not receiving a stipend. Only 9% responded that routine emergency cases are frequently transferred from their hospital. The majority (60%) either agreed or strongly agreed that there are problems with neurosurgery emergency coverage in their region. Before the session, 89% were opposed to the acute care surgery initiative as a solution for neurosurgery emergency coverage and 85% favored regionalization of emergency care. Opinions did not change significantly following expert presentations and discussion. Conclusion Neurosurgeons polled during a 2008 CNS consensus session opposed creation of an acute care surgery specialty within general surgery that covers neurosurgical emergencies, but they favored neurosurgical emergency care regionalization. The CNS consensus sessions provide a forum for discussing socioeconomic and professional issues important to neurological surgery and for formulating preliminary information and strategies of use to regulatory stakeholders in addressing these issues.
Immunotoxicity of nanoparticles: a computational study suggests that CNTs and C60 fullerenes might be recognized as pathogens by Toll-like receptors

Over the last decade, a great deal of attention has been devoted to study the inflammatory response upon exposure to multi/single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and different fullerene derivatives. In particular, carbon nanoparticles are reported to provoke substantial inflammation in alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells, epidermal keratinocytes, cultured monocyte–macrophage cells, etc. We suggest a hypothetical model providing the potential mechanistic explanation for immune and inflammatory responses observed upon exposure to carbon nanoparticles. Specifically, we performed a theoretical study to analyze CNT and C60 fullerene interactions with the available X-ray structures of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) homo- and hetero-dimer extracellular domains. This assumption was based on the fact that similar to the known TLR ligands both CNTs and fullerenes induce, in cells, the secretion of certain inflammatory protein mediators, such as interleukins and chemokines. These proteins are observed within inflammation downstream processes resulted from the ligand molecule dependent inhibition or activation of TLR-induced signal transduction. Our computational studies have shown that the internal hydrophobic pockets of some TLRs might be capable of binding small-sized carbon nanostructures (5,5 armchair SWCNTs containing 11 carbon atom layers and C60 fullerene). High binding scores and minor structural alterations induced in TLR ectodomains upon binding C60 and CNTs further supported our hypothesis. Additionally, the proposed hypothesis is strengthened by the indirect experimental findings indicating that CNTs and fullerenes induce an excessive expression of specific cytokines and chemokines (i.e. IL-8 and MCP1).