cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy income and farm viability: Evidence from USDA farm survey data

Abstract There are frequent and increasing conflicts between energy development and agricultural land use. In these debates, claims are commonly made that energy income can improve farm viability. We develop a conceptual model that provides a framework for when and how energy income could improve farm viability. If farms face difficulty accessing credit, they invest at below optimal levels. In such cases, energy income may be used to increase investment, thus strengthening the farm economy. We test the predictions of this model with detailed, nationally representative U.S. Department of Agriculture farm survey data. This large, cross sectional dataset is well suited to propensity score matching and allows us to test whether observationally similar farms with and without energy income have different levels of credit access and capital investment. We are able to test whether model outcomes are similar under different farm and energy income definitions. Overall, we find little evidence that energy income improves credit access or increases capital investments. This suggests that on average the benefits of energy income for farm household consumption do not necessarily extend to the farm economy or agricultural production.
Robotic Mitral Valve Repair: A Decade of Experience with Echocardiographic Follow-up

Abstract Background Surgical approaches for mitral valve (MV) disease have evolved with the aim of developing minimally invasive techniques. While the safety of robotic procedures has been documented, there are limited data on long-term echocardiographic follow-up. This review demonstrates outcomes of 11 years of robotic MV repair at a single, tertiary institution. Methods From 2008 to 2019, 843 patients underwent robotic MV repair at our institution. Repeated measures generalized least squares (GLS) modelling was used to assess the echocardiographic changes over time. Results The median age was 58 years (IQR 50.8, 65.5) (591 males, 70.1%). Mechanism of MR was posterior leaflet prolapse in 479 (56.8%), bileaflet prolapse in 325 (38.6%), and anterior leaflet prolapse in 36 (4.3%). There were 3 early deaths (0.4%) and 24 early reoperations (2.8%). Echocardiographic follow up demonstrated left ventricular end systolic and diastolic dimensions, left atrial volume index and pulmonary pressure all continuously improvement up to 2 years postoperatively. Ejection fraction immediately declined postoperatively but then gradually improved to near normal over 2 years. Survival and freedom from reoperation at 10 years were 93% and 92.6%, respectively. When surveyed after dismissal, 93.4% reported their activity level at or above their peers and 93.3% reported no activity limitation from cardiac symptoms. Conclusions Robotic MV repair is safe and effective with excellent long-term results, including echocardiographic parameters that demonstrated early improvement in cardiac chamber size and maintenance of postoperative cardiac function. Exceedingly low mortality rates and freedom from reoperation are comparable to those of the standard open repair.
From Intensive Care to Home through Rehabilitation: Discharging Criteria For Patients on Partial Ventilatory Support

Intensive care unit (ICU) management of patients on partial ventilatory support is very expensive. To make this task cost effective, we opened a subintensive respiratory care unit (RCU) that is concerned with in-hospital and home care of patients who need mechanical ventilation for 8 hours a day at least. The procedure of discharging these patients to home is quite complex and requires multidisciplinary interventions. The clinical status is not the unique aspect to be evaluated before the hospital dismission of the patient. The following problems should also be faced: management; patient care, medical equipment; funding. In this paper we try to point out these major areas of concern.
Medical Technologies and Universal Ethics in Transcultural Perspective

Controversies over the moral and cultural properties of medical technologies are rooted in differences of individual and collective values and wishes, systems of belief and reference, and in traditions towards medicine, life, the preservation of life and the acceptance of death. These controversies shape the self-understanding and the self-determination of educated individuals as well as the course of transcultural dialogue and the evolution of cultures and attitudes. Discourse, understanding, controversy, and tolerance are the life and blood of peaceable and free societies, based on the respect for persons, the recognition of individual conscience and the risks, obligations and rights associated with choice and error. The alternative to our post-enlightenment and post-modern discourses and quarrels over values and visions would be hierarchical systems of heteronymous domination, torture, and ideational exploitation and tutelage — systems developed by self-proclaimed philosopher-kings and priest-czars for the exploitation of their fellow humans, beginning in pre-historic times, successful from the times of the pharaohs through the dark ages and middle ages of humankind to the Hitlers, Stalins, Pol Pots, Bin Ladens and Saddam Husseins of our times.
The Role of Legal Precedents in the Diffusion of New Employment Doctrines, 1978-99

This paper uses social network theory and hazard analysis to evaluate the role of legal precedents in the diffusion of three important exceptions to the employment-at-will rule in American employment law over the period from 1978-99. It attempts to determine which legal precedents were most important in the diffusion process and whether economic or political variables influenced courts' adoption decisions. The results are surprising and quite striking. It appears that precedents by other courts within the same federal circuit district were the most influential in the diffusion process, even though the precedents were on matters of state law rather than federal law and the decisions were usually made by state courts rather than federal courts. Moreover, one of the exceptions - the "implied contract" exception - appeared to influence the adoption of the others, even though the others did not appear to influence the adoption of the implied contract exception. Finally, economic and political variables did not appear to be important in the diffusion process, even though the new employment laws may have had important economic consequences.
Sleep in Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders: A Review of the Literature

Objective: Despite the high prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients with co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders, very little is known about sleep in this population. This paper reviews the existing literature on sleep in patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Methods: PubMed and Ovid searches were performed using combinations of the terms “sleep,” “schizophrenia,” and names of commonly abused individual substances. Since searches regarding sleep in patients with dual diagnoses returned few results, we also explored the sleep abnormalities inherent in schizophrenia and in substance use disorders separately. Results: Our search identified 1,667 papers and 111 were included for review. We summarized what little is known about primary sleep disorders in this population and identified commonalities in sleep disturbances in each disease with emphasis on underlying pathophysiology as well as the effects of antipsychotics. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of sleep abno...
Propeller tip vortex - A possible contributor to aircraft cabin noise

Wind tunnel model tests support the hypothesis that a propeller tip vortex may subject a downstream wing surface to greater excitation than would be experienced by the aircraft fuselage side wall exposed to propeller-generated noise, ultimately transmitting this structural response to incident dynamic pressure to the cabin interior. Even if structure-borne excitations are less efficient than airborne excitations in the creation of cabin noise, the higher level of the former could still govern cabin noise levels.
Simulink implementation of induction machine model - a modular approach

In this paper, a modular Simulink implementation of an induction machine model is described in a step-by-step approach. With the modular system, each block solves one of the model equations; therefore, unlike black box models, all of the machine parameters are accessible for control and verification purposes. After the implementation, examples are given with the model used in different drive applications, such as open-loop constant V/Hz control and indirect vector control are given. Finally, the use of the model as an Induction generator is demonstrated.
Survival time and critical temperatures of various strains of Entamoeba histolytica.

Reports of studies conducted on the survival time of the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica are frequently found in the literature of this parasite (Yorke and Adams, 1926, Jones and Newton, 1950, and Chang, 1950), but the survival time of the trophoxoites of E. histolytica in culture is seldom discussed (Tsuchiya, 1945). The work reported here was therefore undertaken in the hope that a detailed temperature study might reveal some other specific and hitherto unknown characteristic of the biology of this parasite. MATERIALS AND METHODS The amebae were grown in Ringer-Egg-Locke (REL) medium dispensed in screw capped culture tubes (15 mm x 150 mm). The medium was prepared as follows: Eggs were rinsed with alcohol and then broken into a Waring Blendor. Twelve and one-half ml of sterile Ringer’s solution were added for each egg used. This mixture was shaken in the Blendor until a homogenous suspension was obtained. Two ml of this egg-Ringer mixture was dispensed into each culture tube. The tubes were slanted and the egg was coagulated by heat, after which 5 ml of Stone-Locke’s solution (Stone, 1935) was added to each slant. These culture tubes were autoclaved twice at 15 lb pressure (121%) for 25 minutes and then incubated overnight to check for contamination. A small amount of rice starch was added to each tube by means of a small platinum spatula. Stock cultures
Rigidity, hyperpyrexia and coma following fluphenazine enanthate

Beginning one day after receiving fluphenazine enanthate (Prolixin Enanthate®), 25 mg, subcutaneously, an acute schizophrenic girl with mixed schizoaffective and excited catatonic symptomatology became mute and withdrawn, then developed severe muscular rigidity and hyperpyrexia, and finally became comatose. The patient developed large increases in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity by the third day of this syndrome. The previously described symptoms, which have been labeled the neuroloptic “malignant” syndrome (Delay and Deniker, 1968), diminished with supportive treatment and intravenous benztropine mesylate (Cogentin®). Because of renewed psychotic behavior, phenothiazine treatment was eventually restarted, including treatment with fluphenazine enanthate, without recurrence of the extrapyramidal or hypothalamic symptoms. The difficulty in distinguishing between the neuroleptic “malignant” syndrome and Stauder's “acute lethal catatonia” is emphasized. The relationship between these syndromes and malignant hyperpyrexia is discussed. Possible causes of the increased serum CPK activity are discussed.
Protonated diamines as anion‐binding agents and their utility in capillary electrophoresis separations

Capillary zone electrophoresis is a proven method for separating small ions because of the inherent charge and differences in mobility of these analytes. Despite its resolving power, CZE can be insufficient for separating ions with similar mobilities. One remedy is to modify mobilities via the addition of background electrolyte complexation agents. However, this approach is not straightforward for inorganic anions, which lack complexation options. To address this shortfall, the diprotonated diamine moiety was investigated for complexation of dianions. Dicationic diamines significantly complexed dianions, and this interaction was not purely electrostatic in nature because affinities varied with dianion identity. Aqueous association constants were measured with affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and found to be similar in magnitude but different in selectivity to those of dianions with magnesium ion. Binding was also investigated for zwitterionic buffers containing the protonated diamine moiety. Zwitterions exhibited binding constants as high as 18 M(-1) (30-mM ionic strength). This work discusses the observed binding constants and their potential usefulness in CZE separations of inorganic anions. Also covered are improvements to ACE methodology and an evaluation of some of the assumptions employed.
When Free Speech is in the Eye of the Beholder: Use of Demonstrative Evidence to Delineate Community Standards in Obscenity Cases

(2011). When Free Speech is in the Eye of the Beholder: Use of Demonstrative Evidence to Delineate Community Standards in Obscenity Cases. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 57-66.
Unregulated Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine with Various Fuels and Emission Control Systems

This study evaluated the effects of various combinations of fuels and emission control technologies on exhaust emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine tested on an engine dynamometer. Ten fuels were studied in twenty four combinations of fuel and emission control technology configurations. Emission control systems evaluated were diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF), and the CRDPF coupled with an exhaust gas recirculation system (EGRT). The effects of fuel type and emission control technology on emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene, elemental carbon and organic carbon (EC/OC), carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nitro-PAHs (n-PAHs) are presented in this paper. Regulated gaseous criteria pollutants of total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions have been reported elsewhere. In general, individual unregulated emission with a ...
Implied narratives of medical practice in learning-for-doing texts: a simulation semantics approach to rhetorical analysis

The functional interdependence of word, image, narration, and reason is recognized as a fundamental condition of modern-day persuasion, yet a substantial gap still exists in our understanding of how static textual elements interact to generate dynamic, persuasive narratives. This article attempts to narrow that gap in understanding through the development of a simulation semantics approach to rhetorical analysis as applied to print advertisements in medical journals. Located within the broader field of cognitive linguistics, simulation semantics is a theory of linguistic meaning based on the hypothesis that language users run mental simulations of perceptual and motor content of experiences which distribute inferences from these simulations during language comprehension and production. Using the perspectives and methods of conceptual blending, a programmatic model of meaning construction developed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) and elaborated by many associates (e.g. Brandt and Brandt, 2002; Coulson and ...
Impurity scattering of warm holes in germanium and silicon

Abstract Warm hole mobility, namely that of the coefficient β=(μ−μ 0 )/μ 0 E 2 is strongly affected by the number of impurities. We measured this value for relatively pure p -type germanium and silicon for different orientations and found no anisotropy contrary to that observed in previous experiment for relatively impure samples. In addition a comparison is given between experimental and theoretical β-values. In the case of p -type silicon it is sufficient to take into account acoustic phonon and ionized impurity scattering to achieve agreement between measured and calculated β-vales. In the case of p -type germanium we had to take into account additional optical phonon scattering for the energy relaxation. Due to the non-Maxwellian distribution only a smaller amount of this optical phonon scattering gives agreement with the experimental data.
Mechanism of Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I-mediated Selective Uptake of Cholesteryl Esters from High Density Lipoprotein to Adrenal Cells

Abstract Despite extensive studies and characterizations of the high density lipoprotein-cholesteryl ester (HDL-CE)-selective uptake pathway, the mechanisms by which the hydrophobic CE molecules are transferred from the HDL particle to the plasma membrane have remained elusive, until the discovery that scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) plays an important role. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, we examined the quantitative relationships between the binding of HDL and the selective uptake of its CE in the murine adrenal Y1-BS1 cell line. A comparison of concentration dependences shows that half-maximal high affinity cell association of HDL occurs at 8.7 ± 4.7 μg/ml and the K m of HDL-CE-selective uptake is 4.5 ± 1.5 μg/ml. These values are similar, and there is a very high correlation between these two processes (r 2 = 0.98), suggesting that they are linked. An examination of lipid uptake from reconstituted HDL particles of defined composition and size shows that there is a non-stoichiometric uptake of HDL lipid components, with CE being preferred over the major HDL phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Comparison of the rates of selective uptake of different classes of phospholipid in this system gives the ranking: phosphatidylserine > phosphatidylcholine ≈ phosphatidylinositol > sphingomyelin. The rate of CE-selective uptake from donor particles is proportional to the amount of CE initially present in the particles, suggesting a mechanism in which CE moves down its concentration gradient from HDL particles docked on SR-BI into the cell plasma membrane. The activation energy for CE uptake from either HDL3 or reconstituted HDL is about 9 kcal/mol, indicating that HDL-CE uptake occurs via a non-aqueous pathway. HDL binding to SR-BI allows access of CE molecules to a “channel” formed by the receptor from which water is excluded and along which HDL-CE molecules move down their concentration gradient into the cell plasma membrane.
Picosecond geminate recombination of nitrosylmyoglobins

The kinetics of NO geminate recombination to sperm whale and elephant myoglobins has been studied on the picosecond time scale using an amplified colliding-pulse mode-locked ring dye laser. The dynamics of ligand rebinding are shown to be affected by the distal structure of the protein surrounding the heme pocket.
Potentiometric titration of monomeric and micellar acylcarnitines.

Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylammonium butyrate) enzymatically combines with fatty acids to facilitate their transport through mitochondrial membranes and thus their metabolism. In view of this fact, a study of the physical-chemical properties of some acylcarnitines was conducted. Potentipmetric titrations were carried out at concentrations at which the acylcarnitines are monomeric and micellar. Unlike the monomeric species, the micellar acylcarnitines do not have a constant pK value but rather one that is dependent on the degree of protonation and hence the net positive charge of the micelle. The pK value for the zwitterionic micelle is about 4.85 and decreases linearly with β at low degrees of protonation. The pK of the zwitterionic micelle was taken as the intrinsic pK of a carboxyl group, and pK differences at any value of β were attributed to electrostatic interactions. This permitted calculation of the surface potential of the micelle. The dependence of the observed pK and the calculated surface potential on β and on ionic strength was shown to be qualitatively consistent with the Debye-Huckel theory for a spherical impenetrable particle.
Hypothalamic structures critical for the performance of a locomotor escape response in the rat.

Abstract Rats previously trained to avoid foot-shock by crossing a grid floor showed a relatively permanent loss of both the avoidance and escape response following bilateral damage to the far-lateral hypothalamic area and the medial tip of the cerebral peduncle. The evidence suggests that this deficit results from the abolishment of the ‘affective’ component normally elicited by noxious stimuli.
Generation of a 150 fs pulse train at 12.5 GHz repetition rate via cavity filtering of a self-referenced frequency comb

We report on the generation of ≫50 nm of a 12.5 GHz-spaced frequency comb in the 1550 nm band, achieved by optically filtering a 250 MHz self-referenced frequency comb. Pulse compression yields 150 fs pulses.
L-CARNITINE SUPPLEMENTATION IN SYSTEMIC CARNITINE DEFICIENCY

A 7 3/12 year old white male with systemic carnitine deficiency secondary to renal carnitine loss from Fanconi syndrome was studied on L-carnitine supplementation. A solution of L-carnitine, 10 g. per 100 ml., was supplied by Sigma-Tau, Inc., (723 North Beers Street, Holmdel, N.J. 07733). Following 5 months of supplementation with 250 mg. L-carnitine p.o., q.i.d., the patient had improvement in his muscle strength and ability to ambulate and climb steps. Mental retardation and convulsions, thought to be related to severe hypoglycemia during his initial Reye's syndrome-like presentation with carnitine deficiency, did not improve on carnitine therapy. The renal loss of electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, glucose and amnio acids, and serum electrolytes, calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate and blood PH were unchanged by the treatment with L-carnitine. In addition, scalp hair growth was noted for the first time in his life, and his hearing improved. Serum free carnitine increased from 3.46 to 10.7 μM and total carnitine from 9.58 to 24.7 μM during the extended carnitine supplementation; urine free carnitine loss also increased from 140 to 235 μM, as did total carnitine loss from 237 to 340 μM. Despite increased renal loss of carnitine during oral supplementation, the improved serum carnitine levels and increased muscle strength indicate that sufficient L-carnitine is retained to provide effective oral treatment.
Induction of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in PVG.RT1u rats☆

Abstract THE BIOBREEDING (BB) rat strain is used to model human autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). 1 The diabetes-resistant (DR) subline of the BB rat does not develop diabetes spontaneously, but is genetically predisposed to the disorder. 1 More than 90% of BB-DR rats become diabetic after combined treatment with a depleting monoclonal antibody (MAb) to remove RT6.1 + regulatory T cells and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), an inducer of interferons. 2 Lymph node T cells from diabetic BB-DR rats adoptively transfer IDDM to untreated histocompatible (RTI u ) WAG- nu/nu rats. 3,4 Thymocytes from either normal or diabetic BB-DR rats also transfer IDDM provided that recipients are treated with anti-RT6.1 MAb to preclude maturation of RT6 + regulatory T cells from the transfused thymocytes. 5 We have previously observed that other rat strains that express the RT6.1 alloantigen, among them the YO (RTI u ) and LEW (RT1 1 ) strains do not develop autoimmune diabetes when treated in the same way as BB-DR rats. 6 To investigate further if combination treatment with anti-RT6.1 MAb and poly I:C can induce autoimmunity in strains other than the BB, we studied major histocompatibility complex (MHC) congenic PVG.RTI u rats. These animals are phenotypically normal and free of spontaneous disease but reportedly develop IDDM after irradiation and thymectomy. 7
Using state space predictive modeling with chaotic interrogation in detecting joint preload loss in a frame structure experiment

This work explores the role of steady-state dynamic analysis in the vibration-based structural health monitoring field. While more traditional approaches focus on transient or stochastic vibration analysis, the method described here utilizes a geometric portrait of system dynamics to extract information about the steady-state response of the structure to sustained excitation. The approach utilizes the fundamental properties of chaotic signals to produce low-dimensional response data which are then analyzed for features which indicate the degree to which the dynamics have been altered by damage. A discussion of the fundamental issues involved in the approach is presented along with experimental evidence of the approach's ability to discriminate among several damage scenarios.
Immunological Orchestration of Liver Fibrosis

Fibrosis represents the main pathophysiological consequence of all chronic inflammatory liver diseases and ultimately leads to the life-threatening clinical consequences of cirrhosis. Regardless of the underlying etiology, fibrosis involves interplay between cells of the immune systems and the direct mediators of fibrosis, including hepatic stellate cells. However, the precise physiological mechanism of liver fibrosis remains largely on enigma. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a unique chronic, fibrosing liver disease affecting predominantly women and characterized by an immune-mediated specific destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts. The presence of highly specific anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA) as well as T cell responses directed agonist the pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 complex (PDC-E2) provides a unique opportunity to assess the interaction between specific immune responses and fibrogenesis. In addition, mouse models of PBC have been developed allowing the dissection of mechanisms involved in breakdown of immune tolerance, bile duct injury, and fibrosis. Recently, we reported that liver fibrosis could be induced in a xenobiotic-induced murine model of PBC by polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) treatment as well as with the administration of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). The aim of this article is to provide a current perspective of the immunological mechanisms that are significant in the fibrogenic processes, and potentially, for its regression by comparing PBC with other chronic inflammatory liver diseases.
Distribution of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in redox features of mine-waste impacted wetland soils

Purpose Wetland soils of the Coeur d’Alene (CdA) River Basin of northern Idaho, USA are contaminated with toxic elements released during mining activities. In this paper, we report results from a multi-scale investigation of total As, Cd, Pb, and Zn distributions along a transect of these contaminated soils.
Approach for Particle Sizing in Dense Polydisperse Colloidal Suspension Using Multiple Scattered Light

Direct particle sizing of colloidal suspensions at high solid concentrations is difficult due to confounding effects of multiple scattering and particle interactions. In this work, the frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) technique, based upon multiple light scattering, is extended for particle sizing of colloidal suspensions at high volume fractions by combining an appropriate model to account for particle interactions. FDPM measurements of isotropic scattering coefficients were conducted to assess the effect of particle interactions of polydisperse polystyrene samples at high volume fractions ranging from 1% to 40%. The isotropic scattering coefficients were then compared with the theoretical predictions which include the full polydisperse hard sphere Percus−Yevick (HSPY) model as well as the decoupling approximation and the local monodisperse approximation models to account for excluded volume effects. Results show that the polydisperse HSPY model is suitable for accounting for particle interaction...
The influence of diagnostic access bias on the epidemiology of sarcoidosis: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935–1984

A population-based study was conducted among residents of Rochester, Minnesota from 1935-1984 to examine the influence of diagnostic access bias on the incidence and mode of presentation of clinically recognized sarcoidosis. Immigrants had an elevated risk of sarcoidosis and were more likely to present with asymptomatic sarcoidosis diagnosed on routine screening chest radiographs. Similar patterns were observed for health professionals, a group with markedly greater access to the diagnostic procedures which label them as having sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis exhibits a spectrum of manifestations, ranging from a totally asymptomatic process discernible only by specific diagnostic scrutiny to a clinically obvious presentation with significant morbidity. For disease entities such as this, apparent patterns of occurrence may depend on differential access in the study population to the maneuvers necessary for diagnosis. Diagnostic access bias, in addition to other diagnostic biases, deserves more careful scrutiny in epidemiologic research.
The effects of different concentrations of administered fat on the structure of columnar cells in the small intestine.

The effects on the structure of the columnar cells in the epithelium of the mice jejunum were analyzed in connection with the absorption of triglycerides introduced into the intestine at different concentrations. After a meal containing 1.4% fat, the Golgi apparatus could be the only site at which fat accumulated. One hour after such a meal the cells looked practically identical to those in starving animals. In animals which had received meals containing 7 or 14% fat, the columnar cells were extensively modified structurally. Forty to sixty minutes after such meals fat had accumulated in the Golgi apparatus, in apical vesicles, in smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, in small smooth membrane vesicles, and as large masses free in the cytoplasm. Vacuoles of enormous dimensions located in the Golgi region and in other parts of the apical cell region contained fat. At the latest stages of fat absorption examined, 40 to 60 min after the meal, the number of fat-containing vesicles had declined while the amount of fat in large vacuoles and free in the cytoplasm had increased and occupied a large part of the volume of the apical cell region. These observations were interpreted to show that the responses of the columnar cells to the two high doses of fat were abnormal and caused by a nonphysiological flooding of the cells with fatty acids and monoglycerides. The development of such abnormal responses 20 to 40 min after a meal containing 14 or 7% fat, respectively, makes it highly questionable also with respect to whether the cellular responses to high doses of fat at times earlier than 20 to 40 min are normal or are early stages in an abnormal response of the cells.
Managing favors in a global economy

Managers engaged in the global economy continually encounter circumstances inwhichtheywishtoaskforortheythemselvesareapproachedforafavortoaccomplish business objectives. Favors are also important in personal relationships,but the focus of this Special Issue is on their use in business activities, includingfavors that spill over from a manager’s personal relationships into the business arena.Despite their importance in business, the use of favors has been an understudiedphenomenon in the field of management and international business. Favors span anumber of issues such as corporate growth strategies, foreign direct investment, jointventures and other alliances, multinational headquarters-subsidiary relations, knowl-edge transfer, human resources management, and business ethics. Thus, this SpecialIssue contributes to the development of this nascent field in those arenas, although werealize that the topic has been a prominent one for decades in other fields, particularlyanthropology (Malinowsky, 1922; Mauss, 1990/1950), sociology (Blau, 1964; Burt,1992; Homans, 1958; Scott, 2008), and economics (North, 1990; Polanyi, 1957).Additionally some management authors have addressed the topic of favors eitherdirectly (Flynn, 2003), or by discussing practices that would be considered favors.Examples would be work on guanxi in China (Luo, 2007), blat/sviazi in Russia(Ledeneva, 1998, 2006), jeito in Brazil (Amado & Brasil, 1991), and favors in India(Schuster, 2006), as well as the use of favors in all the BRIC countries (Puffer,McCarthy, Jaeger, & Dunlap, 2013).
The influence of ZnO, CeO2 and ZrO2 on nanoparticle-oxide-supported palladium oxide catalysts for the oxidative coupling of 4-methylpyridine

Abstract 4,4′-Dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine is a useful but expensive chelating agent. Having more efficient routes to the synthesis of this compound would be advantageous to the wide-spread use of this fine chemical. In this work, the effects of adding strongly interacting oxides (ZnO, CeO 2 , and ZrO 2 ) to PdO catalysts supported on high surface area n-Al 2 O 3 (+), n-MgO, and n-TiO 2 prepared via co- and sequential precipitation were investigated. The product yields obtained from these catalysts in the oxidative coupling of 4-methylpyridine are dependent on the additive, the support, and preparation method. Evidently, these are complex catalytic systems in that the PdO–additive and PdO–support interactions must be right to promote product formation while preventing palladium leaching and support or additive migration over the active Pd/PdO sites. Although PdO/n-ZnO catalysts are reasonably active in the coupling reaction, ZnO addition to PdO catalysts supported on n-Al 2 O 3 (+), n-MgO, or n-TiO 2 does not increase the yield in any case. CeO 2 and ZrO 2 can increase the product yields in the reaction depending on the support used. Due to strong PdO–CeO 2 interactions, the addition of CeO 2 in some cases results in CeO x -migration and coverage of active PdO species or disrupts favorable PdO–support interactions leading to Pd leaching. Therefore, ZrO 2 is the better additive with co-precipitated PdO/ZrO 2 /n-Al 2 O 3 (+) consistently producing yields in excess of 3.4 ± 0.1 g/g catalyst which is 36% higher than the 2.5 ± 0.16 g/g catalyst obtained from the PdO/n-Al 2 O 3 (+) (5 wt% Pd), the best catalyst previously reported for this reaction.
Maze procedure in single ventricle patients.

As of September 2007, 120 patients have undergone a Fontan conversion procedure at Children's Memorial Hospital (Chicago, IL). One of the primary indications for surgery in these patients has been arrhythmias, either atrial reentry tachycardia or atrial fibrillation. The surgical treatment of those two lesions has been with the modified right atrial maze and the Cox-maze III. The purpose of this review is to describe our strategy for performing the maze procedure in these single-ventricle patients. The primary tool for performing the maze in this series has been with the cryocatheter with cryoablation at −160°C for 1 minute. These cryoablation lesions have been combined with standard surgical incisions in the right and left atria. The early mortality in this series is 1%, late mortality is 5%. Freedom from atrial reentry tachycardia recurrence at 5 years is 86%. Freedom from atrial fibrillation recurrence is 98% at 5 years.
Cannabinoid modulation of chronic mild stress-induced selective enhancement of trace fear conditioning in adolescent rats:

History of stress is considered a major risk factor for the development of major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms of Pavlovian fear conditioning may provide insight into the etiology of PTSD. In the current study, adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 3 weeks of a chronic-mild-unpredictable stress (CMS) protocol. Immediately following the CMS, the animals were subjected to hippocampal-dependent (trace and contextual) and hippocampal-independent (delay) fear conditioning. CMS exposure enhanced trace freezing behavior compared to non-stress controls. This effect was not observed in contextual or delay conditioned animals. Given that the endocannabinoid system is negatively affected by CMS procedures, separate groups of stressed rats were administered the CB1 receptor agonist, ACEA (0.1 mg/kg), prior to trace fear conditioning or a memory-recall test. Regardless of administration time, ACEA significantly reduced freezing behavior in stressed animals. Furthermore, when administered during the first memory recall test, ACEA enhanced long-term extinction in both stress and non-stress groups. The results demonstrate that chronic unpredictable stress selectively enhances hippocampal-dependent episodic fear memories. Pathologies of the episodic memory and fear response may increase the susceptibility of developing PTSD. Reduction in fear responses via exogenous activation of the CB1 receptor suggests that a deficiency in the endocannabinoid system contributes to this pathology.
Rarefied flow effects on stabilization and extinction of rotating-disk flame at low pressures

An activation energy asymptotic analysis with one-step overall reaction was performed for the stabilization and extinction of a premixed flame over a rotating disk at sufficiently low pressures, for its relevance in low-pressure CVD (chemical vapor deposition) operations in which the flow is weakly rarefied. Extinction criteria based on the critical Damkohler number were obtained through the S-curve concept, parametrically demonstrating the influence of the CVD operating conditions, such as the spin rate and temperature of the disk, on flame extinction. It is further shown that, while decreasing pressure and hence the reactivity of the mixture tends to extinguish the flame, the trend can be substantially weakened by taking into account of the influence of the Knudsen layer, which reduces the heat loss to the disk as well as the flow stretch rate at the flame.
Directed Assembly of a Cylinder-Forming Diblock Copolymer: Topographic and Chemical Patterns

Using simulations of a coarse-grained model, we examine the ability of topographic and chemical patterns to direct the self-assembly of thin films of copolymers into a defect-free array of vertical cylinders. The topographic pattern is a trench where the diblock is confined, whereas the chemical pattern consists of spots that interact preferentially with the minority block. The self-assembly process is described with Monte Carlo simulations of the standard model of block copolymers. While fully three-dimensional, the simulated systems can include over a hundred domains. By analyzing top views and cross sections of thin films, it is possible to determine the degree of ordering and the properties of individual domains. First, the influence of confinement on ordering perfection is examined. By focusing on the influence of trench width and sidewall selectivity, one can identify conditions that yield defect-free arrays with a high reliability and for which domains exhibit a high degree of uniformity across the...
Intraperitoneal P-32 after negative second-look laparotomy in ovarian carcinoma

Thirty-one patients underwent a negative second-look laparotomy between 1976 and 1986. Fourteen patients received intraperitoneal chromic phosphate (P-32) after a negative second-look laparotomy. There has been no local recurrence (zero of 14) and no deaths attributable to recurrent disease. Local control and disease-free survival are 100%, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years and a mean follow-up of 4 years. Seventeen patients received no further therapy because of patient refusal, poor diffusion, or other contraindications to P-32 installation. Four of 17 patients undergoing negative second-look procedures without the addition of P-32 have subsequently recurred. This difference is highly suggestive (P = .076). There have been no major complications with the addition of P-32. The use of intraperitoneal P-32 after negative second-look laparotomies on ovarian carcinoma is well tolerated and effective in preventing recurrence.
Cat culture, human culture: an ethnographic study of a cat shelter

This study explores the value of traditional ethnographic methods in sociology for the study of human-animal and animal-animal interactions and culture. Itargues that some measure of human-animal intersubjectivity is possible and that the method of participant observation is best suited to achieve this. Applying ethnographic methods to human-cat and cat-cat relationships in a no-kill cat shelter, the study presents initial findings; it concludes that the social structure of the shelter is the product of interaction both between humans and cats and cats and cats and that the observed structure represents, to a large degree, choices made by the cats. The study also concludes that, within the cat community of the shelter, a distinctive cat culture has emerged, which represents the cats' adaptation to the particular conditions of shelter life. Specifically, the shelter allows for the emergence of higher order needs and goals that stress affection, friendship, and social cohesion among the cats rather than territoriality and conflict. The study further argues that traditional animal researchers have mistaken the relative equality of cat colonies for a lack of social structure, as opposed to a different structure from that found in sharply ranked nonhuman animal communities.
Mexican Adolescents’ Education and Hopes in an Anti-Immigrant Environment The Perspectives of First- and Second-Generation Youth and Parents

This study examines consequences of recent policy changes on the lives of Latino adolescents from the perspective of Latino youth and adults. The sample included 1.5- and second-generation youth and adult immigrant parents (N = 43). Findings indicate three common themes including sense of belonging, barriers to education, and lack of opportunities and consequences. Participants view the United States as a home, while enduring discriminatory practices they find supports in their communities where their sense of belonging is nurtured. Youths’ educational access and opportunities are limited. They experience many challenges including documentation status, economic insecurity, and threat of family disintegration through deportation. Responding to barriers created by legislation many youth report shifting from an educational path to a work path, as they are ineligible for financial aid, to support their families. Participants linked limited opportunities, as result of policy changes, to maladaptive behavior am...
Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using NM-PSO Technique

Coordination optimization of directional over current relays (DOCRs) is an important part of an efficient distribution system. This optimization problem involves obtaining the time dial setting (TDS) and pickup current (Ip) values of each DOCR. The optimal results should have the shortest primary relay operating time for all fault lines. Recently, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has been considered an effective tool for linear/nonlinear optimization problems with application in the protection and coordination of power systems. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid Nelder-Mead simplex search method and particle swarm optimization (NM-PSO) algorithm to solve the DOCR coordination optimization problem. PSO is the main optimizer and the Nelder-Mead simplex search method is used to improve the efficiency of PSO due to its potential for rapid convergence. To validate the proposal, this study compared the performance of the proposed algorithm with that of the original PSO. The findings demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed NM-PSO in terms of computation speed, rate of convergence, and feasibility.
Effect of humidity during the coating of Stöber silica sols

Various silica sols (varying in surface chemistry and solvent) were synthesized by the Stober process and then subsequently coated on substrates at various humidities. For ethanol-based sols, films prepared by spin or dip coating at low humidities had a higher refractive index, lower thickness, and greater microcracking than those prepared at high humidities. The change in film properties followed an abrupt, instead of a gradual, change with humidity. This change in film microstructure can be explained by the ability/inability of capillary condensed liquid in the micropores of the colloid to evaporate prior to achieving full film strength and hence allowing the micropores to collapse. The magnitude of the shrinkage and the relative humidity at which the pores collapsed were found to depend on the colloid surface chemistry and the coating method. In contrast to the ethanol-based sols, humidity during spin coating had a negligible effect on film properties for sec-butanol and decane-based sols. This is likely due to the lower vapor pressure and/or lower water solubility of these solvents such that the pores in the latter stages of drying the films did not contain much water. Understanding this behavior has been important for improving the performance and process repeatability of using these films as anti-reflective coatings in high-peak-power laser systems.
Screening for Nitric Oxide-Dependent Protein-Protein Interactions

Because nitric oxide (NO) may be a ubiquitous regulator of cellular signaling, we have modified the yeast two-hybrid system to explore the possibility of NO-dependent protein-protein interactions.We screened for binding partners of procaspase-3, a protein implicated in apoptotic signaling pathways, and identified multiple NO-dependent interactions.Two such interactions, with acid sphingomyelinase and NO synthase, were shown to occur in mammalian cells dependent on endogenous NO.Nitrosylation may thus provide a broad-based mechanism for regulating interactions between proteins.If so, systematic proteomic analyses in which redox state and NO bioavailability are carefully controlled will reveal a large array of novel interactions.
Collective modes in semiconductor superlattices

Abstract Electronic collective modes in a semiconductor superlattice structure are studied within the self-consistent field approach. Plasmon and magneto-plasmon dispersion relations are obtained for the cases of strong and weak coupling between layers. The interaction of these collective modes with optical phonons is also investigated.
Anthrax delivers a lethal blow to host immunity.

Anthrax toxin is known to impair key signaling pathways, but exactly how does this damage the body or benefit the bacterium? Impairment of host immunity is now linked to an enzymatic activity of the toxin.
Completion duplex ultrasound predicts early graft thrombosis after crural bypass in patients with critical limb ischemia.

Objective To determine if intraoperative distal graft end-diastolic velocity (EDV) using completion duplex ultrasound (CDU) predicts patency of crural bypass in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Methods Records of 116 non-consecutive patients who underwent crural revascularization with vein conduit and CDU between 1998 and 2008 were reviewed. Bypass grafts were performed for rest pain (34%) or tissue loss (66%), while 56% of the reported cases were categorized as "disadvantaged" because of compromised vein quality or diseased arterial outflow. A 10-MHz low-profile transducer was used to image the entire bypass at case completion. Technical adequacy of the grafts was verified by absence of retained valves, arteriovenous fistulas, or localized velocity increases and presence of bypass-dependent distal pulses. Modified Rutherford scores were calculated as surrogate markers of runoff resistance and compared to distal graft EDV. The primary study end point was graft patency during a 1-year posttreatment period. Patency rates were determined using Kaplan-Meier life table methodology and compared using the log-rank test. Predictors of graft patency were determined by Cox proportional hazards. Results Primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency for all crural bypasses were 62%, 66%, and 70% at 1 year, respectively. When stratified by tertiles of distal graft EDV (0 - 15 cm/s), 1-year primary patency rates were 32%, 64%, and 84% (P = .001). Low (0 - Conclusions Distal graft EDV predicts crural vein graft patency in patients with CLI. Grafts with EDV