cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation-induced osteosarcoma following treatment of Ewing's sarcoma

Radiation-induced sarcomas are a known, rare, complication from prior therapeutic radiation therapy. Radiation-induced sarcomas have been reported to have poor associated prognoses with increased morbidity and mortality when compared to primary sarcomas. In this case report, we discuss a 27-year-old female who presented at the age of 17 during pregnancy with an inability to bear weight and was subsequently diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma of her femur. Adequate response to treatment was obtained with the initial treatment and the patient represented with acute, severe pain of her femur at the site of prior Ewing's. Extensive workup demonstrated radiation-induced osteosarcoma at the site of her prior Ewing's sarcoma in the radiation field. Multidisciplinary teams including orthopedics, pathology, medical oncology, and radiology are vital for appropriate and efficacious diagnosis of radiation-induced sarcomas. Despite the rarity of radiation-induced sarcoma, the ability to recognize and diagnose recurrent sarcoma is important for radiologists, particularly considering the associated poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and aggressive multidisciplinary treatment is crucial to improving patient morbidity and mortality. In this case, the diagnosis of radiation-induced osteosarcoma allowed expedited workup and initial aggressive, lifesaving treatment for our patient.
BioSTEAM: A Fast and Flexible Platform for the Design, Simulation, and Techno-Economic Analysis of Biorefineries under Uncertainty

BioSTEAM, the Biorefinery Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis Modules, is an open-source steady-state process simulator in Python that enables biorefinery design, simulation, and techno-economi...
Exploring factors related to access to general education contexts for students with intellectual disability: a survey of district special education administrators in one state

There is wide variability in settings where students with intellectual disability are taught and a dearth of research related to district special education administrators, their roles and responsib...
Management of acute subdural hematoma in incarcerated patients.

Abstract Introduction Incarcerated patients have been documented to have higher rates of mental illness, substance abuse disorders, trauma, and chronic illnesses compared to non-incarcerated populations. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of subdural hematoma (SDH) in incarcerated patients and compared the outcomes of these patients to those of non-incarcerated patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of incarcerated patients admitted to a hospital with acute SDH using the Nationwide Readmissions Database between 2016−2017. Nearest-neighbor propensity score matching for demographics was implemented to identify non-incarcerated control patients admitted with SDH. Analysis used chi-squared testing, Mann-Whitney U testing, and generalized binomial regression modeling. Results A total of 962 incarcerated and non-incarcerated patients were identified at primary admission. No significant difference was found between the two cohorts with regards to rates of neurosurgical complications or readmissions. Incarcerated patients were found to receive a significantly lower number of procedures, including respiratory ventilation, intubation, central venous line placement, and imaging, during their primary admission (NPR = 2.7 ± 4.0) compared to non-incarcerated patients (NPR = 3.9 ± 4.9) (p = 0.00050), reduced length of stay (p = 0.0052), and reduced hospital costs (p = 0.00026) compared to non-incarcerated patients. Furthermore, female incarcerated patients with SDH had significantly worse outcomes compared to male patients with SDH, including higher rates of mortality (p = 0.0017) and 30-day readmission rates (p = 0.041). Discussion Our study suggests that incarcerated patients may receive significantly fewer diagnostic and supportive procedures while admitted for SDH and may be discharged sooner than non-incarcerated patients with SDH. In addition, outcomes following SDH within incarcerated patients may be significantly worse for females.
Theoretical Insights of CSR Research in Communication from 1980 to 2018: A Bibliometric Network Analysis

Communication, as a discipline that generates a rich body of literature on CSR, has become a critical contributor to CSR knowledge in social science. However, limited research exists to understand how CSR knowledge is constructed and diffused in the discipline. This study thus intends to unpack the knowledge construction process of CSR research in the communication discipline from a network perspective. Invisible college was adopted as the conceptual framework. Article and theory/concept networks were constructed with 290 peer-reviewed articles from 61 communication journals between 1980 and 2018. Results showed that in the past four decades, CSR literature in communication has been growing and maturing, as evidenced by the increasing volume and diversity of theories and concepts applied. Furthermore, this body of literature tends to gravitate toward certain selected groups of theories and concepts, resulting in denser article networks over time. Our findings reflected a substantial influence of management (e.g., stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory) and psychological perspectives (e.g., attribution theory) on CSR research in communication. Additionally, the results showed that public relations concepts and theories (e.g., relationship management theory) have influenced CSR research across different communication subfields such as advertising and organization communication. The study expects the continuation of the plurality of voices as to how communication researchers will approach CSR and what specific topics may gain popularity in future research.
Passive Prophylactic Administration with a Single Dose of Anti-Fel d 1 Monoclonal Antibodies REGN1908-1909 in Cat Allergen-induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.

Rationale: Sensitization to Fel d 1 (Felis domesticus allergen 1) contributes to persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma. Existing treatment options for cat allergy, including allergen immunotherap...
Metronidazole Therapy in Mice Infected with Tuberculosis

The capacity of metronidazole to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was tested in in vitro and in vivo mouse models. In vitro addition of metronidazole to cultures of infected bone marrow-derived macrophages had no effect, nor did it increase the reduction in bacterial load due to isoniazid. In vivo, metronidazole did not reduce bacterial numbers in the lungs of aerosol-infected mice during the active stage of the disease, during a phase of containment, or after prolonged isoniazid therapy (Cornell model). A small but significant reduction was seen if metronidazole therapy was given during an established chronic disease state 100 days after aerosol administration. These data indicate that under most conditions M. tuberculosis organisms are not in a metabolic state in which they are susceptible to the action of metronidazole and, hence, that this drug would be of limited clinical value.
Several new bacteriophage T4 genes, mapped by sequencing deletion endpoints between genes 56 (dCTPase) and dda (a DNA-dependent ATPase-helicase) modulate transcription.

Abstract We have analyzed DNA of wild-type T4 and of 13 independent large viable deletions isolated by Homyk and Weil (Virology 61 (1974) 505–523) and by Little (Virology 53 (1973) 47–59), by sequencing, cloning, and expression studies. The deletions can be explained by illegitimate recombination between short (4- to 15-bp) ectopic repeats. In four deletions, adjacent regions are partially homologous, and in at least one of them, the base adjacent to the overlap was deleted during recombination. The sequence 5′-GGGC, which has not been associated with T4 deletions in other map regions, occurs within three repeats, and near the repeats in four more of the 13 deletions. Five previously named genes, 69, soc, mrh, modA, and dda were mapped relative to the deletion endpoints. Nine additional ORFs were found interspersed between them. One of these shares some similarities with mrh (modulates rpoH; Frazier and Mosig, Gene 88 (1990) 7–14), and another one resembles modA (coding for an ADP-ribosyl-transferase that modifies RNA polymerase α subunits, Skorko et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 79 (1977) 55–66) respectively. We found that the host's heat shock sigma factor, σ32, is phosphorylated, and that Mrh protein modulates this phosphorylation. The ORF dda.9 downstream of mrh has a patchy similarity with conserved C-terminal segments (motifs) of σ32; therefore, we call it srh. Another ORF, dda.2 located between modA and dda, shares sequence similarity with σ70, and we call it srd. We consider the possibility that Srh and Srd act as decoys for σ32, or σ70, respectively. Expression of several of the ORFs from cloned DNA appears to be toxic to the host bacteria. Mutant clones only could be constructed from gene 69 and from modA. Moreover, dda.2 (srd)-containing bacteria grow extremely slowly, and they form filaments in liquid cultures. Clones carrying mrh and srh show less severe filamentation. Our results highlight the importance of `non-essential' genes for phage development and evolution.
Adaptation and specialization for high performance mobile agents

Mobile agents as a new design paradigm for distributed computing potentially permit network applications to operate across dynamic and heterogeneous systems and networks. Agent computing, however, is subject to inefficiencies. Namely, due to the heterogeneous nature of the environments in which agents are executed, agent-based programs must rely on underlying agent systems to mask some of those complexities by using system-wide, uniform representations of agent code and data and by 'hiding' the volatility in agents' 'spatial' relationships. This paper explores runtime adaptation and agent specialization for improving the performance of agent-based programs. Our general aim is to enable programmers to employ these techniques to improve program performance without sacrificing the fundamental advantages promised by mobile agent programming. The specific results in this paper demonstrate the beneficial effects of agent adaptation both for a single mobile agent and for several cooperating agents, using the adaptation techniques of agent morphing and agent fusion. Experimental results are attained with two sample high performance distributed applications, derived from the scientific domain and from sensor-based codes, respectively.
The $\kappa$-Closed Unbounded Filter and Supercompact Cardinals

The consistency of the Axiom of Determinateness (AD) poses a somewhat problematic question for set theorists. On the one hand, many mathematicians have studied AD, and none has yet derived a contradiction. Moreover, the consequences of AD which have been proven form an extensive and beautiful theory. (See [5] and [6], for example.) On the other hand, many extremely weird propositions follow from AD; these results indicate that AD is not an axiom which we can justify as intuitively true, a priori or by reason of its consequences, and we thus cannot add it to our set theory (as an accepted axiom, evidently true in the cumulative hierarchy of sets). Moreover, these results place doubt on the very consistency of AD. The failure of set theorists to show AD inconsistent over as short a time period as fifteen years can only be regarded as inconclusive, although encouraging, evidence. On the contrary, there is a great deal of rather convincing evidence that the existence of various large cardinals is not only consistent but actually true in the universe of all sets. Thus it becomes of interest to see which consequences of AD can be proven consistent relative to the consistency of ZFC + the existence of some large cardinal. Earlier theorems with this motivation are those of Bull and Kleinberg [2] and Spector ([14]; see also [12], [13]).
A resident's rotation in consultation psychiatry ☆: A maturational experience

The authors emphasize the importance of a consultation psychiatry experience in the maturation of the young psychiatrist by examining some of the processes operational in both community and hospital consultation work, performed by the senior author during his fourth year of residency. Such experiences can provide opportunities for developing psychiatric skills not emphasized elsewhere, including the adoption of an active therapeutic stance, the application of the psychodynamic theory to the consultation system itself, and teaching without the use of jargon. In addition the experience as consultant facilitates the transition from residency to the outside world, not only through attitudinal changes achieved by exposure to less structured settings, a change in the supervisory model, and a solidification of identity as a physician and psychiatrist, but also by providing the resident the opportunity to begin de-cathecting from the training program.
Neural correlates of the precedence effect in the inferior colliculus: effect of localization cues.

The precedence effect (PE) is an auditory phenomenon involved in suppressing the perception of echoes in reverberant environments, and is thought to facilitate accurate localization of sound source...
How adaptive optics may have won the Cold War

While there are many theories and studies concerning the end of the Cold War, circa 1990, I postulate that one of the contributors to the result was the development of adaptive optics. The emergence of directed energy weapons, specifically space-based and ground-based high energy lasers made practicable with adaptive optics, showed that a successful defense against inter-continental ballistic missiles was not only possible, but achievable in a reasonable period of time.
Where to look for the truth: memory and interpretation in assessing the impact of turkish women's education

Abstract Concerned about the muted voices of women in traditional history, feminist scholars have sought methods that would unearth women's voices. Oral history and interviews are seen as useful tools and frequently employed in feminist research. Women's experience, as told by themselves, is expected to contradict the male version and show the complexity of events. But, what if the two voices coincide, and together they contradict the feminist interpretations? Using the educational experience of the Turkish women who were the first generation of the educated daughters of the Republic, this article discusses the function of memory and interpretation. In exploring how these women's assessments of their own educational experience might have affected the empowerment of women in Turkey, the article addresses the tension between two goals of feminist research—letting women's voices be heard and locating the social and cultural determinants of gender relations and their reproduction.
Kaposi's sarcoma. An Update.

BACKGROUND Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) had been an uncommon entity prior to the outbreak of the AIDS epidemic but is now the most common neoplasm occurring in patient's with AIDS. KS occurs in four distinct subsets, each of which the dermatologist is well suited to diagnose and manage. Significant advances have been made recently related to the etiology of KS and new options for treatment. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to update clinicians on the diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of KS. METHODS Articles from the recent dermatologic and nondermatologic literature have been reviewed and summarized. RESULTS The clinical features of the four subsets of KS are presented. Recent evidence reveals a close association between KS and a new human herpesvirus, termed Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), in nil subsets of KS. KSHV may play an etiologic role in the development of some cases of KS. Treatment options include local destructive measures and systemic regimens, the choice of which is based on extent of disease, symptomatology, degree of immunosuppression, and concurrent medical problems. New treatments aimed at factors involved in the pathogenesis of KS may provide additional options for the future. CONCLUSION KS is a disease well suited to diagnosis and management by dermatologists. As more is learned of its etiology and pathogenesis, new therapeutic approaches will continue to be developed.
Hirudin: initial results in acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina and angioplasty.

The central role of thrombosis in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina and complications after angioplasty has led to intense interest in developing more effective antithrombotic agents for these disorders. Hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, has undergone extensive testing in experimental models and has recently been evaluated in patients in several pilot trials. Across these three indications, hirudin has been found to achieve a more consistent level of anticoagulation than heparin, as gauged by the activated partial thromboplastin time. Similarly, as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction, in the treatment of unstable angina and in support of angioplasty, hirudin appeared to improve indexes of coronary reperfusion and patency. Initial results with clinical end points, including death or myocardial infarction, appeared to favor hirudin over heparin. In several large phase III trials, hirudin is being compared with heparin for all three indications. In the first phases of these trials, the rate of hemorrhagic events, including intracranial hemorrhage, was higher than expected in both the hirudin and heparin arms, which demonstrated that a safety ceiling had been reached. The reformulated Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9 and Second Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO II) trials are using lower doses of hirudin and heparin, which should allow testing of whether the initial favorable results observed in pilot trials will translate into improved clinical outcome, with an acceptable safety profile, for patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina or those undergoing angioplasty.
Non-invasive ultrasound to identify eosinophil granule proteins in eosinophilic esophagitis.

Abstract Although traditional microbubble contrast agents are bright, the high contrast of gas bubbles and air–water interfaces in the upper gastrointestinal tract renders these agents less useful for diagnosing diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis, a disease characterized by patchy infiltration of eosinophils into the esophagus. Here we report a first-in-class ultrasound contrast enhancement agent composed of echogenic insulin particles, which are labeled with molecular recognition elements to diagnose eosinophil-associated diseases. We prepared solid echogenic insulin particles, tethered antibodies to eosinophil granule major basic protein 1 (MBP-1) to their surfaces and experimentally evaluated binding of these agents to MBP-1 on ex vivo non-human primate esophagi. We found that insulin particles can be readily observed by ultrasound and bind to MBP-1-coated esophagi within minutes. Our results suggest the potential of this new class of solid contrast agents to image, diagnose and improve management of eosinophilic esophagitis.
Soil oxygen affects denitrification

Rates of denitrification, the metabolic process by which bacteria produce nitrogen (N2) gas, are variable and difficult to measure in ecosystems. Burgin and Groffman sought to learn more about the influence of soil oxygen, which is not often measured, on the denitrification process in wetlands. They collected samples and measured soil oxygen concentration in a riparian zone in Millbrook, N. Y. The site included a wet zone close to a stream and a drier zone slightly farther from the stream.
Filtered Modules over Discrete Valuation Domains

Abstract We consider a unified setting for studying local valuated groups and coset-valuated groups, emphasizing the associated filtrations rather than the values of elements. Stable exact sequences, projectives, and injectives are identified in the encompassing category, and in the category corresponding to coset-valuated groups.
WE‐D‐M100F‐04: Integration of Multi‐modality Imaging in Clinical Trials

Treatment responses and late normal tissue injury are conventionally assessed months or years after the completion of therapy by standard clinical endpoints, such as local progression free survival or late fibrosis. This conventional paradigm presents two major weaknesses. First, at the time of the treatment outcomes being determined, it is often too late to change the outcome of patients. Secondly, takes a large number of patients and a long time to determine the efficacy of the tested treatment. It is urgent for clinical scientists to change this conventional paradigm and to assess the therapeutic response early, i.e. prior to the end of planned therapy. For early assessment of therapeutic responses, conventional clinical endpoints are no longer adequate. Functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging could provide a means or a marker for early assessment of normal tissue injury or of treatment responses prior to anatomic measurements of disease progression, thereby permitting re‐optimization of individual patient treatment strategies. This lecture will provide examples how to integrate multi‐modality imaging in clinical trials for early assessment of treatment response and normal tissue toxicity. The implications of the results will also be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the time courses of response and toxicity. 2. Appreciate windows of opportunity for early assessment. 3. Introduce clinical trial design issues for early assessment.
Monte Carlo simulation of growth and recovery of silicon

Abstract We report on the results of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of epitaxial growth dynamics of Si(001). We propose an MC model which allows the formation of bulk vacancies and overhangs in the tetrahedral lattice structure of silicon. The surface relaxation (dimerization) as well as atom-atom interactions extending as far out as second-neighbor sites are included in the model. Our results demonstrate that the effect of the formation of vacant sites is pronounced only at low temperatures ( T = 500−700 K) where there is no active hopping of atoms. At high temperatures ( T > 800 K) this effect is washed out by intensive hopping of atoms. We found that in the temperature range 700–800 K growth mode changes from rough three-dimensional growth to smooth two-dimensional growth. Simulation of silicon recovery after interuption of growth showed that there are two different mechanisms of recovery. At low temperatures ( T = 500−600 K) the recovery of the crystal surface is provided by the hopping of surface atoms residing in the vicinity of vacant sites. At high temperatures ( T > 700 K) it is caused by the hopping of bulk atoms.
Pre-Oral Digestion: A Phospholipase A2 Associated with Oral Secretions in Adult Burying Beetles, Nicrophorus marginatus

We report on a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) found in the oral secretions, but not midgut contents, of the burying beetle, Nicrophorus marginatus. PLA2 is responsible for hydrolyzing fatty acids from the sn-2 position of dietary phospholipids (PLs), an essential step in digestion and absorption of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Like the digestive PLA2s known from mammalian systems, and the one described insect digestive PLA2 the N. marginatus oral secretion PLA2 depends upon Ca2+ for full activity. However, unlike most digestive PLA2s, the N. marginatus enzyme is only partially inactivated in the absence of Ca2+. The PLA2 in N. marginatus oral secretions was influenced by altering the enzyme reaction conditions, including reaction time, protein concentration, pH, and temperature. Standard reaction conditions for assessing enzyme activity include 1.0 μg protein/μl incubated at pH 9.0 for 30 min at 28°C.
Econometric policy evaluation and optimization under rational expectations

Abstract Methods will be presented to evaluate given economic policies and to find optimal policies using an econometric model under the assumption of rational expectations. This paper is intended to dispel the mistaken notion that economic policy evaluation and optimization are impossible if economic agents form rational expectations.
A new method for estimating the diffusivities of vacancies in passive films

Using Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis in conjunction with the Point Defect Model (PDM) for passive films, we have determined the oxygen vacancy diffusion coefficient in the WO3−x passive film formed on tungsten in phosphoric acid (pH = 0.96) solution at ambient temperature. The value obtained for Do is in the range (3.7–5.3)× 10−15cm2s.This value was extracted from the exponential relationship between the donor density and the film formation voltage assuming that the depletion region in the film close to the metal/film interface dominates the semiconductor properties.
Further Studies with an Inactivated Oil Emulsion Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Broiler Breeders

Chickens vaccinated with a live Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine and subsequently revaccinated with an inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine had higher and more persistent hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers than birds vaccinated with live ND vaccine. The geometric mean HI antibody titers of flocks vaccinated with the inactivated ND vaccine ranged from 121 to 172, whereas the titers of flocks vaccinated every 90 days with a live ND vaccine ranged from 18 to 54. Breeder flocks revaccinated with live LaSota ND vaccine had lower egg production than the flocks vaccinated with inactivated vaccine. The average egg production per hen for the 40-week laying cycle was 174 and 170 eggs per hen for hens in the two houses vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine. Hens vaccinated with the live virus vaccine averaged 167 and 164 eggs per hen. The increase in egg production would more than offset the additional cost of the oil emulsion ND vaccine as well as the cost of injecting each individual bird at 18 weeks of age. Between 8 and 32 weeks after onset of egg production, geometric mean maternal antibody titers in 1-day-old chickens derived from breeders vaccinated with live ND vaccine ranged from 7 to 24, whereas, chicks from breeders vaccinated with the inactivated oil emulsion vaccine had maternal antibody titers that ranged from 64 to 89.
Analytical modeling of non-Fickian wave-diffusion of gas in heterogeneous media

Abstract An isothermal transient-state non-Fickian diffusion model is developed and analytically solved for description of gas dissolution in locally heterogeneous media suddenly exposed to a high pressure gas. The full-, short-, and long-time analytical solutions are used to establish the significance of the non-Fickian gas dissolution in heterogeneous media compared to the Fickian diffusion assumption. Parametric studies are carried out by means of the special analytical-solutions obtained for gas transport in the semi-infinite and finite-thickness heterogeneous media involving a delay time. The profiles of concentration and diffusion flux obtained for the non-Fickian wave-diffusion case are compared with the Fickian pure-diffusion case. The initial propagation of a right-running wave and its reflection from the wall are illustrated for the concentrations and diffusion fluxes. The small-time behavior is shown to be inherently wave-like and the discontinuity wave front propagates into the medium with the speed decreasing with time. For small times, the differences between the wave- and pure-diffusion cases are found to be significant depending on the magnitude of the delay time. For sufficiently large times, the wave behavior dies out and the wave solutions approach the equilibrium pure-diffusion solutions, except very near the decaying wave front. The formulations presented in this paper are of practical importance because they can be instrumental in determination of the diffusivity, interface surface mass-transfer coefficient, and rate of dissolution of gases in heterogeneous medium. A parameter estimation method is also proposed and elaborated for estimation of the diffusion and interface surface mass-transfer coefficients from measured pressure decay data.
Improving the fermentation medium for Echinocandin B production part II: Particle swarm optimization

Abstract Particle swarm optimization was used to improve the medium for the production of Echinocandin B (ECB) by Aspergillus nidulans . Fifteen medium ingredients were optimized using a total of 135 shake-flask fermentations (nine iterations). The best medium improved titre by 41%. A traditional statistical design approach using similar numbers of shake-flask fermentations improved the titre by 46%, by optimizing five ingredients screened from the original 15. The PSO approach yielded a different optimum medium than the statistical design methods used.
The Growing Role of Clinical and Genomic Databases in the Development of Antifungal Strategies

Decisions about the prophylactic and empiric use of antifungal agents in immunosuppressed recipients of solid-organ transplants and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) call for up-to-date knowledge regarding which infections are most likely to develop in the populations at risk, but rapidly changing immunosuppressive regimens and the costs of large-scale clinical trials require new ways of gathering these data. Leveraging new clinical data from electronic databases to better understand the changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infection and the patterns of risk factors for adverse effects of antifungal treatment offers a major challenge and opportunity. Evidence-based integration of results generated from traditional prospective clinical trials, clinical and genomic databases, and laboratory-based investigations will enable us to maximize the potential benefits of antifungal agents and reduce their risks.
Local Anesthesia Part 2: Technical Considerations

An earlier paper by Becker and Reed provided an in-depth review of the pharmacology of local anesthetics. This continuing education article will discuss the importance to the safe and effective delivery of these drugs, including needle gauge, traditional and alternative injection techniques, and methods to make injections more comfortable to patients.
Cultural Considerations in the Underrepresentation of Culturally Diverse Elementary Students in Gifted Education.

Students of color are often underrepresented in gifted education programs. While many educators have sought to reverse or redress this issue, little has changed over the years. In this article, it is proposed that teachers, particularly those working with elementary students, must pursue cultural competence in order to recognize the strengths and potential of culturally diverse students in a variety of learning contexts. Ultimately, teachers’ new (and expanded) insights about their students can result in more culturally diverse students participating in gifted education programs.
The development of a standardized student evaluation form

The original purpose of student evaluations was to provide feedback to the instructor to improve his/her teaching. However, the use of student evaluations in assessing promotion and tenure decisions is becoming increasingly apparent. Given that students represent one valuable source of evaluation data, the task involves gathering the information so as not to bias or influence the results. Thus, the objectives of this report are to discuss the methodology and pitfalls in the construction of a data collection instrument, and produce a “model” student evaluation form that may serve as the basis for establishing validity by having the academic community put it to the test.
Persistent pain after spinal cord injury is maintained by primary afferent activity.

Chronic pain caused by insults to the CNS (central neuropathic pain) is widely assumed to be maintained exclusively by central mechanisms. However, chronic hyperexcitablility occurs in primary nociceptors after spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting that SCI pain also depends upon continuing activity of peripheral sensory neurons. The present study in rats (Rattus norvegicus) found persistent upregulation after SCI of protein, but not mRNA, for a voltage-gated Na+ channel, Nav1.8, that is expressed almost exclusively in primary afferent neurons. Selectively knocking down Nav1.8 after SCI suppressed spontaneous activity in dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons, reversed hypersensitivity of hindlimb withdrawal reflexes, and reduced ongoing pain assessed by a conditioned place preference test. These results show that activity in primary afferent neurons contributes to ongoing SCI pain.
Periodic and chaotic output pulsations in a single-mode inhomogeneously broadened laser

We compare the results of theoretical and experimental studies of a unidirectional, single-mode, inhomogeneously broadened ring laser. We find reasonable qualitative agreement between the calculated and observed output pulsations under resonant and detuned operating conditions, and over a fairly wide range of the pump parameter. With the help of homodyne and heterodyne power spectra, we find that the periodic output field oscillations are usually asymmetric in the phase plane. Over restricted regions of the control parameter space, on the other hand, both symmetric and asymmetric pulsations are found, sometimes coexisting for the same parameter values. The power spectra and temporal oscillations often resemble results from the Lorenz model for a single-mode homogeneously broadened laser.
Recovery of cone receptor activity in the frog's isolated retina.

Abstract Using sodium aspartate Ringer's we recorded gross potentials from the receptors of the frog's isolated retina. With appropriate selection of stimulating conditions, dark adaptation of the 580 cones was studied. After intense lights that bleach substantial cone pigment and raise cone threshold over 2 log units, the cones recover nearly all their sensitivity, within 0.16 log unit. This is in marked contrast to the 502 rods (see following paper) and is consistent with Goldstein's ERP evidence that indicates 580 cone pigment regeneration in the isolated retina.
Surface and Subsurface Structural Analysis of a Part of Washita Valley Fault Zone, Southern Oklahoma: ABSTRACT

The Washita Valley fault zone is one of the major northwest-trending structures in southern Oklahoma. This fault system is believed to have originated as a series of normal faults during the formation of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen by late Precambrian or early Cambrian time and to have been reactivated during the Arbuckle orogeny in the Pennsylvanian. Descriptions of movement along the Washita Valley fault zone during Pennsylvanian deformation include numerous interpretations, the most common being left-lateral strike slip with 30-40 mi (50-65 km) of displacement. Structures in the area, however, suggest an alternate model. A detailed field study of small folds, faults, fracture arrays, slickensides, and drainage patterns was conducted along the southeastern half of the Washita Valley fault zone. An attempt has been made to relate these small-scale features to the major structures in the area to determine the orientation of the major compressive stress during deformation and the relative amounts of strike-slip vs. reverse dip-slip movement along the fault zone. Exploration for oil and gas along the Washita Valley fault zone has identified several overturned folds and repeated sections. Field observations in the study area include small drag folds and thrust faults parallel to the trend of the Washita Valley fault zone. The two major anticlines in the area, the Arbuckle and the Tishomingo, are both nearly parallel to the trend of the fault zone. These data suggest a model of deformation involving a large component of reverse dip-slip faulting with major duplication of strata. End_of_Article - Last_Page 514------------
On the relationship between the plasma density profile measured in the equatorial E- and F-regions and simultaneous energetic particle and spread-F observations

Abstract An electron density profile in the lower F- and E-regions was obtained on a sounding rocket launched during equatorial spread-F. Three outstanding features of the region were observed. The E-layer was extremely structured with at least five relative maxima in density and with very steep gradients, both positive and negative, on either side of the peaks. The observations are in agreement with previous night-time equatorial density profiles and show that conditions for the gradient drift instability are easily obtained at night for either direction of electrojet current. Between 170km and 205 km altitudes, the E-layer valley was highly structured at wavelengths ⪅600m. It is suggested here that these irregularities were due to drift mode waves propagating from the dip equator where they were generated during equatorial spread-F. A third interesting observation was that of an intermediate layer with peak density 104 electrons/cm3 at 165km. It has been suggested that such layers are enhanced at times by small fluxes of energetic particles. Measurements of electron and proton fluxes in the range 0.5–10 kev were made on board the rocket and have been used to calculate the expected production rate of ionization. Although small compared to earlier reported fluxes at the equator, the resulting production rate was in the range 1–10 ion pairs/cm3 sec, which is sufficient to maintain such layers.
Effect of dansylation of ribosomal protein from Pinus lambertiana

Abstract Ribosomes from seeds of sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana, were dansylated (180 molecules of dansyl chloride per ribosome particle), derivatizing the protein and leaving the RNA unreacted. The dansylated ribosomes were more sensitive to pancreatic ribonuclease than normal ribosomes at 5 mM MgCl2 and at 0.1 mM MgCl2. No difference was observed between the sedimentation patterns of normal ribosomes and dansylated ribosomes or between their dissociation and reassociation patterns. These observations are consistent with a model that envisions ribosomal proteins associated with non-helical portions of ribosomal RNA and protecting these sites from ribonuclease attack.
Feedback and Instructions in Verbal Discrimination Learning

120 volunteers learned a 12-pair, low-frequency verbal-discrimination list. The independent variables were feedback (positive only, negative only or continuous), task instructions (informed or uninformed regarding the nature of the task), and feedback instructions (informed or uninformed regarding the type of feedback). Using the total errors to criterion as the dependent variable, the results were analyzed using a 3 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance. The main effect of task feedback was significant. Subjects who received detailed instructions learned the list quicker than those who were given discovery instructions. The main effects of feedback and task instructions were not significant. None of the interactions were significant. The failure to find an interaction between feedback and instructions suggests that feedback contingencies produce differences in performance only for select populations.
OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF TEXTURE IN GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Beef patties were prepared from carcasses ranging in quality grade from U.S. Prime to Cutter and formulated into 16 grade/cut combinations. Texture was evaluated for each sample with three devices (two shear and one compression) adapted to the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The single blade shear (SBS) and circle blade shear (CBS) were used to determine the maximum force required to shear the sample and to measure the area under the curve, i.e. work. The maximum force required to compress a core to one-half its original thickness also was determined. In simple correlations, machine readings for single blade area under the curve and for maximum single blade shear force were the most highly correlated with the subjective panel evaluation of connective tissue amount (−0.93 and −0.92) and tenderness (−0.89 and −0.88). Correlations for CBS were highly significant but had lower coefficients (−0.86,−0.78;−0.82,−0.76; respectively) than the SBS. Regression equations containing single blade area, circle blade area and compression force accounted for 95.7% of the variability in subjective panel evaluations for amount of connective tissue and when circle blade shear replaced circle blade area, accounted for 92.6% of the variability in panel ratings for tenderness.
Pressure modulation of infrared absorption. II. Individual lines in vibration-rotation bands

The grating spectra of several gases subject to periodic pressure variations have been studied in the near infrared. In the modulated spectra the absorption lines associated with transitions between the higher rotational levels are enhanced as compared with the corresponding lines in conventional spectra. This effect is interpreted in terms of periodic population and depopulation of the upper rotational levels as a result of temperature variations occurring during the modulation cycle. Quantitative comparison of the observed total absorption of the lines of the R-branch of the CO fundamental with the total absorption calculated on the basis of an adiabatic cycle was satisfactory. Possible application of pressure modulation techniques to other problems of infrared spectroscopy is discussed.
Positioning Strategies Against Nations with Perceived Quality Advantages

The literature, while shifting in outcome as the understanding of where a product has been produced becomes blurred, has shown that consumers may assign value/price quality relationships as a function of the country offering the good or service. As a result, a marketing strategy that takes into account the rather complex issues relating to country of origin preferences is essential in today's sophisticated competitive environment. It was the objective of the research to determine the extent that quality is perceived as the main competitive feature and explore the possibility of constructing a practical strategy that would take into account competing against nations with perceived advantages. A model with three scenarios is presented providing an overview of the problems involved and a positive means of marketing against such situations.
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification in aqueous medium under thermodynamic and kinetic control using carboxymethyl cellulose acetylation as the model reaction

Abstract Enzymatic acetylation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with vinyl acetate by lipase A12 from Aspergillus niger (A. niger) in buffer was used as a model reaction for investigating lipase-catalyzed ester synthesis in aqueous solution. An increase in CMC concentration (1–15 wt.%) enhanced the reaction yield via thermodynamically favoring the CMC ester synthetic reaction in aqueous medium. The use of vinyl acetate as activated acetyl donor kinetically drove the forward transesterification over product hydrolysis, but partially inhibited enzyme activity when used at large amounts (>5 mL/g CMC). The increase in enzyme amount initially improved the reaction markedly, but less efficiently at larger enzyme amounts (>1000 lipase activity units/g CMC) due to the substrate diffusion limitation. The difference in reaction course demonstrated that the lipase-catalyzed transesterification was under kinetic control, while the non-enzymatic reaction under thermodynamic control. The acetylation yield of the lipase-catalyzed reaction was 5.6 times higher than that of the non-enzymatic reaction. This increase in reaction yield was attributed partly (by 19%) to the side cellulase activity of the lipase due to its substrate degradation role, but largely (81%) to the lipase activity by virtue of its transesterification catalysis function. The A. niger lipase was identified as a hydrolase capable of catalyzing ester synthesis in aqueous solution.
Chondrocyte-specific enhancer elements in the Col11a2 gene resemble the Col2a1 tissue-specific enhancer

Type XI collagen and type II collagen are coexpressed in all cartilage, and both are essential for normal cartilage differentiation and skeletal morphogenesis. This laboratory has recently identified a 48-base pair (bp) enhancer element in the type II collagen gene Col2a1 that contains several HMG-type protein-binding sites and that can direct chondrocyte-specific expression in transient transfection and in transgenic mice. The present study has identified two short chondrocyte-specific enhancer elements within a region in the 5' portion of the type XI collagen gene Col11a2 that has previously been shown to influence chondrocyte-specific expression in transgenic mice. These Col11a2 enhancer elements, like the Col2a1 enhancer, contain several sites with homology to the high mobility group (HMG) protein-binding consensus sequence. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the Col11a2 elements formed a DNA-protein complex that was dependent on the presence of the HMG-like sites. It had the same mobility as the complex formed with the Col2a1 48-bp enhancer and appeared to contain the same or similar proteins, including SOX9. The Col11a2 elements directed gene expression in transient transfections of chondrocytes but not fibroblasts, and their activity was abolished by mutation of the HMG-like sites. Ectopically expressed SOX9 activated these enhancers in non-chondrocytic cells, as it also activates the Col2a1 enhancer. Finally, the Col11a2 enhancer elements both directed transgene expression to cartilage in developing mouse embryos. Overall, our results indicate that the two Col11a2 chondrocyte-specific enhancer elements share many similarities with the Col2a1 48-bp enhancer. These similarities suggest the existence of a genetic program designed to coordinately regulate the expression of these and perhaps other genes involved in the chondrocyte differentiation pathway.
Low-cost wind tunnel for aerosol inhalation studies

A low-cost wind tunnel for aerosol studies has been designed, constructed, and evaluated for aerosol uniformity with 2- and 0.46-micron particles. A commercial nebulizer was used to produce the suspended test particles, and a custom-made, four-hole injector was used to introduce the aerosol into the wind tunnel. A commercially available optical particle counter measured the particle concentration. Performance tests of the velocity profile and particle concentration distribution at two flow rates showed that the system performs well for small particles.
Post-natal morphine differentially affects opiate and stress analgesia in adult rats

Alterations in nociceptive reactivity, opiate receptor binding, and other behavioral responses occur in rats exposed to morphine either in utero or post-natally. The present study examined whether post-natal morphine (0, 1 or 20 μg, days 1–7) altered analgesia on the tail-flick and jump tests induced by nonopioid-mediated continuous cold-water swims (CCWS), opioid-mediated intermittent cold-water swims (ICWS) or morphine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, SC) in adult male and female rats. Changes in body weight, developmental sings (e.g., eye opening), basal pain thresholds, and both CCWS and ICWS hypothermia were also assessed. Previously-reported gender differences occurred for all forms of analgesia in control rats. Post-natal morphine treatment transiently increased ICWS analgesia and hypothermia, and transiently decreased CCWS analgesia and hypothermia, suggesting that these effects were not specific to pain inhibition. Post-natal morphine treatment significantly increased the magnitude of morphine analgesia on both tests in females, and significantly decreased the magnitude of morphine analgesia on both tests in males, thereby acting to vitiate the observed gender differences in morphine analgesia. Such effects could not be explained by concomitant changes in other measures. These data indicate that post-natal morphine treatment exerts highly selective effects upon specific analgesic responses which are gender sensitive.