cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing cardiovascular and lung pathophysiology from exercise gas exchange

Chest K Wasserman Diagnosing cardiovascular and lung pathophysiology from exercise gas exchange This information is current as of January 11, 2006 http://www.chestjournal.org located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is or distributed without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. ISSN: 0012-3692. Road, Northbrook IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced monthly since 1935. Copyright 2005 by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee CHEST is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has been published
Heterozygosity for p53 (Trp53+/-) Accelerates Epithelial Tumor Formation in Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 (Fancd2) Knockout Mice

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive bone marrow failure and an increased susceptibility to cancer. FA is genetically heterogeneous, consisting of at least 11 complementation groups, FA-A through L, including FA-D1 (BRCA2) and D2. We have previously reported an increased incidence of epithelial tumors in Fancd2 knockout mice. To further investigate the role of the FA pathway in tumor prevention, Fancd2 mutant mice were crossed to mice with a null mutation in the tumor suppressor gene, Trp53. The tumor spectrum in Fancd2(-/-)/Trp53(+/-) mice included sarcomas expected in Trp53 heterozygotes, as well as mammary and lung adenocarcinomas that occur rarely in Trp53 heterozygotes. These tumors occurred earlier than in Fancd2(-/-) control mice. Therefore, the Fancd2(-/-)/Trp53(+/-) mice represent an improved model for the study of adenocarcinoma in FA. In addition, it was found that Fancd2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts but not Fancd2(-/-)/Trp53(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts arrest following DNA damage. Therefore, Trp53 is required for the S phase checkpoint activation observed in Fancd2 mutant cells. Fancd2(-/-)/Trp53(-/-) cells showed an increase in aneuploidy and had multiple gross chromosomal rearrangements.
Kalman Filtered MR Temperature Imaging for Laser Induced Thermal Therapies

The feasibility of using a stochastic form of Pennes bioheat model within a 3-D finite element based Kalman filter (KF) algorithm is critically evaluated for the ability to provide temperature field estimates in the event of magnetic resonance temperature imaging (MRTI) data loss during laser induced thermal therapy (LITT). The ability to recover missing MRTI data was analyzed by systematically removing spatiotemporal information from a clinical MR-guided LITT procedure in human brain and comparing predictions in these regions to the original measurements. Performance was quantitatively evaluated in terms of a dimensionless L2 (RMS) norm of the temperature error weighted by acquisition uncertainty. During periods of no data corruption, observed error histories demonstrate that the Kalman algorithm does not alter the high quality temperature measurement provided by MR thermal imaging. The KF-MRTI implementation considered is seen to predict the bioheat transfer with RMS error ; 10 sec.
Transactive Memory Systems: Current Issues and Future Research Directions

Transactive memory system (TMS) theory has been popularized in recent research on groups and other collectives. In this essay we outline current issues in TMS research and develop propositions that can be tested in future research. We describe issues concerning how researchers define and conceptualize TMSs, interpret the relationship between TMS measures and the TMS concept, and attend to the role of task type in TMS research. The potential to advance TMS research by incorporating multilevel and social network perspectives, reconsidering the role of information technology in supporting TMSs, and developing frameworks suited to complex, multiactivity tasks is considered.
ALLERGIC DRUG RESPONSES - MECHANISMS AND UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

(1972). Allergic Drug Responses - Mechanisms and Unsolved Problems. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 261-281.
Tritium assay by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Comparison of tritium and deuterium oxides as tracers for body water.

Data have been presented which indicate that the liquid scintillation spectrometer provides a convenient and accurate method for the assay of tritium in body fluids. By means of arterial disappearance curves and comparative measurements of concentrations in plasma, transudates, and cerebrospinal fluid from 1 to 6 hours after simultaneous injection, the distribution rates of tritiated water were compared to those of deuterium oxide. No significant difference was found in the behavior of these tracers under the conditions of this study. It is concluded, therefore, that THO and D 2 O are equally reliable for studies on the kinetics of water distribution and for the measurement of total body water.
Multi-MeV ion beams from terawatt laser thin-foil interactions

We have conducted investigations of a collimated beam of fast protons, produced by a 10TW laser with frequencies of either /spl omega//sub 0/ (corresponding to 1.053 micron light) or 2/spl omega//sub 0/ (corresponding to 532 nm light) focused to an intensity of more the 3/spl times/10/sup 19/ W/cm/sup 2/ onto the surface of a thin-film target. Energies as high as 10 MeV and total number of 10/sup 9/, confined in a cone angle of 40/spl deg//spl plusmn/10/spl deg/ have been observed. The protons, which originate form impurities on the front side of the target and exit out the backside in a direction normal to the target surface. Acceleration field gradients of /spl sim/10 GeV/cm have been inferred. The maximum proton energy for 2/spl omega//sub 0/ can be explained by the charge-separation electrostatic-field acceleration due to "vacuum heating". In another set of experiments when a deuterated polystyrene layer was deposited on a surface of a Mylar film and a /sup 10/B sample was placed behind the target, we observed the production of /spl sim/10/sup 5/ atoms of positron active isotope /sup 11/C from the nuclear fusion reaction /sup 10/B(d,n)/sup 11/C. No activation was detected when only the proton beam was used. We also discuss the use of ions from these table-top sources for medical applications such as cancer radiotherapy and fundamental studies in radio-biology.
Classical dendritic cells as a unique immune cell lineage

Despite the critical role of classical dendritic cells (cDCs) in the initiation of adaptive immune responses, the genetic and phenotypic definition of cDCs remains moot. Two new studies designate Zbtb46 as a novel transcription factor that is specifically expressed in all cDCs in both humans and mice. Although Zbtb46 appears dispensable for cDC development, its specific pattern of expression supports the notion that cDCs constitute a unique immune cell lineage. Furthermore, these two studies provide novel tools that will aid in the study of cDC progenitors, visualization of cDCs in vivo, and depletion of cDCs for functional analysis.
Execution Trace-Driven Automated Attack Signature Generation

In its most general form, an attack signature is a program that can correctly determine if an input network packet sequence can successfully attack a protected network application. Filter rules used in firewall and network intrusion prevention systems (NIPS) are an abstract form of attack signature. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of an automated attack signature generation system called Trag, that automatically generates an executable attack signature program from a victim programpsilas source and a given attack input. Trag leverages dynamic data and control dependencies to extract relevant code in the victim program, accurately identifies variable initialization statements that are not executed in the given attack, is able to generate attack signatures for multi-process network applications, and reduces the size of attack signatures by exploiting responses from victim programs. Experiments with a fully working Trag prototype show that Tragpsilas signatures can indeed prevent attacks against multiple production-grade vulnerable server/Web applications, such as apache, wu-ftpd and MyBullentinBoard, with up to 65% reduction in size when compared with the victim program. In terms of performance overhead, the additional latency as observed from the client-side is no more than 25 usec for multi-process Web applications, while the overall throughput remains unaffected.
THE DIFFERENCES IN OBESITY RATING BETWEEN BMI AND SKIN FOLD TESTING

Obesity in the United States has grown and is becoming a deadly epidemic. Critics point out that BMI is not useful in the evaluation of health; while convenient; it is not an accurate indicator of true ―obesity.‖ BMI is not a direct measure of body composition, but it is rather an index related to height and weight. To evaluate the validity of body mass index (BMI) 13 college baseball players were used as a sample. We measured their BMI and compared this to their Skin Fold norms. The results showed that all the subjects were classified as overweight when using the BMI equation. On the other hand, the skin fold test results indicated only two baseball players were classified with a risk of obesity. Thus, BMI must be considered with other factors and should not be used as a sole measurement of obesity.
Fast CSG voxelization by frame buffer pixel mapping

This paper describes a fast algorithm for the volume conversion and rendering of CSG models constructed from both geometric and volumetric primitives. Using 3D texture mapping and frame buffer pixel operations, the algorithm can interactively generate a binary volume of the CSG model. The result can be used for volume rendering and other applications. Boolean operations are implicitly computed by a Point-Classification Map, and implemented by a hardware assisted frame buffer pixel map. The algorithm can be applied to any regions of interest of the model, thus provides a multi-resolution rendering solution through dynamic voxelization of the viewing regions. Since no pre-processing is required for any change of the CSG tree, it can be used as an effective rendering tool in a volumetric CSG modeling environment.
Has the Financial Integration affected the European Union (EU) trade with the New Member Countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEEC) during 1994–2013?

Abstract This study would examine whether the European financial integration has affected the CEEC exports to the EU countries during 1994–2013. The results indicate that the higher stock market and bank development have negative rather than positive effect on exports. The lack of the positive stock market capitalization effect can be attributed to the timing of the euro adoption during the financial crisis. The lack of the positive bank credit effect can be explained by the lack of bank credit increase for exports despite the EU bank presence. Second, the results suggest that the higher CEEC skill endowment has boosted exports before their EU membership. This can be due to the implementation of the free trade agreements since the 1990s. On the contrary, the higher EU skill endowment has decreased exports as the EU countries have lower demand for the labor-intensive products. Third, the positive CEEC technology spillover effect on exports has decreased with distance due to the higher transaction costs involved. In contrast, the EU technology spillover has boosted exports regardless of their distance.
Methadone for Chronic Pain

Methadone use for pain relief has surged over the past two decades. In this time, its special pharmacology has been elucidated which has led to speculation about special properties as well as far greater risks than with other opioid medications. Recently, increasing reports of methadone-related unintended deaths have spurred greater concern about this unique drug. Methadone has many advantages that are now well opposed by many posing serious risks for patients in pain. Advantages include cost, ease of use, and multiple opioid and non-opioid receptor actions. However, risks include metabolic instability related to unique P450 system hepatic clearance that poses drug-drug interactions that differ from other opioids, high protein binding, variable urine clearance, and the potential for cardiac arrhythmia. Thus, this drug that saw a renaissance over the past two decades has now been revealed as more dangerous than previously thought and widely noted to require heightened knowledge and risk management for safe use.
Revenue in resource allocation games and applications

This dissertation studies a general class of resource allocation games in computer systems. The applications of these games include sharing network bandwidth, scheduling jobs in data centers and distributing click-through resources in sponsored search. The main focus of the dissertation is the revenue that can be obtained by providers. We investigate the revenue of proportional sharing under a symmetry condition among users, and show how to modify this mechanism to get a competitive revenue without the symmetry condition. We study the weighted proportional sharing mechanism as a natural extension of fair sharing to capture the incentives of revenue maximizing providers.
Cation synergies affect ammonia adsorption over VOX and (V,W)OX dispersed on α-Al2O3 (0001) and α-Fe2O3 (0001)

Abstract The catalytic behavior of oxide-supported metal oxide species depends on the nature of the support and the presence of co-catalysts. We use density functional theory (DFT) to explore the relationship between the structure and chemical behavior of vanadium oxide in light of its industrial use for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia (NO-SCR). The relative stabilities of dispersed VO X monomers, dimers, and long-chain oligomers on two model oxide support surfaces with similar structure but drastically different chemical behavior, α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) and α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001), are determined. The effect of added tungsten, known to promote NO-SCR, is also investigated on the relatively inert α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) support. We find that the adsorption behavior of NH 3 , representing the first step of the NO-SCR reaction, depends strongly on the VO X local structure. Protonation of NH 3 to NH 4 + over surface hydroxyls is energetically favorable over VO X -WO X dimers and VO X oligomers, which are stabilized by the reducible α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) support.
Effect of Biotin on Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl

SummaryEvidence is presented to show that biotin is essential for normal embryonic development in the hen's egg. A satisfactory synthetic ration for use in studies of the vitamin requirements of laying and breeding hens is also presented.
SEPARATION OF PHENOLS BY PACKED COLUMN SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Phenols are rapidly and efficiently separated by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The effect of temperature, pressure, additive identity, and concentration on retention are studied. Polar modifiers do not completely suppress tailing. The addition of a very polar additive, like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), to a modified mobile phase improves peak shapes, apparently by covering active sites on the silica packing material. Additives sometimes continue to be retained and improve peak shapes even after removal from the mobile phase
Honey Bee Colony Defense at Low Temperatures

At subfreezing temperatures, honey bees, Apis mellifera 1... on the periphery of the cluster release alarm odor (s) by protruding their sting and exposing the sting chamber. Any attack on an intruder is by aroused bees from within the cluster; presumably the bees on the outside are too cold to fly.
Lysyl oxidase expression in cardiac fibroblasts is regulated by α2β1 integrin interactions with the cellular microenvironment.

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) catalyzes crosslink formation between fibrillar collagens and elastins and an increase in LOX activity has been associated with cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI). It has been previously reported that LOX expression is regulated by growth factors and cytokines including transforming growth factor (TGF-β1); however, it is unclear how the biophysical and biochemical properties of the cellular microenvironment affect LOX expression. In this study, we isolated rat cardiac fibroblasts (CF) and infarct cardiac fibroblasts (ICF), from healthy and 1-week post-MI left ventricular tissue respectively, and cultured them under varied substrate conditions in vitro to assess their influence on LOX expression. Culture of ICF on collagen I-coated plates increased LOX expression versus uncoated plates with an additional increase observed with the presence of TGF-β1. To further investigate the effect of integrin interactions with collagen I on LOX expression, we inhibited the α2β1 integrin from binding to collagen I and found gene and protein expression of LOX to be downregulated. Together, this demonstrates that the interaction of α2β1 integrin to collagen I in the cellular microenvironment can regulate expression of LOX. Further studies investigating additional integrin interactions may identify therapeutic targets for treating cardiac fibrosis.
Expression and characterization of a new species of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in Xenopus oocytes

11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-OHSD) plays a critical role in conferring aldosterone specificity to mineralocorticoid target cells. We have recently described a novel isoform of 11-OHSD in the collecting duct (11-OHSD/CD), which differs from the previously characterized isoform (11-OHSD-1) in kinetic parameters, cofactor dependency, and reversibility of the reaction. Unlike 11-OHSD-1, the collecting duct enzyme catalyzes irreversible dehydrogenation of endogenous glucocorticoids, has a very high affinity for its substrate, and is located in mineralocorticoid target cells; it thus appears well suited to "protect" the mineralocorticoid receptors from occupancy by glucocorticoids. As a first step in attempting to isolate the cDNA for the 11-OHSD/CD isoform, we isolated mRNA from immunodissected cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells and characterized the 11-OHSD in oocytes injected with this mRNA. Water-injected oocytes had no measurable 11-OHSD activity. In contrast, oocytes injected with as little as 1 ng CCD mRNA expressed detectable 11-OHSD activity. Expression of 11-OHSD activity was dependent on the amount of mRNA injected and was maximal with 30 ng mRNA. Similar to the findings in CCD cells, the expressed enzyme preferred NAD over NADP (activity was 0.46 +/- 0.04 and 0.011 +/- 0.01 fmol.min-1.oocyte-1 with 0.1 mM NAD and NADP, respectively). The Michaelis constant (Km) for corticosterone was 11.5 +/- 3.7 nM. Similar to the findings in CCD cells, the expressed enzyme worked predominantly in the oxidative direction, as back-conversion of [3H]dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone was negligible. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Legal argumentation: Research and teaching

(1976). Legal argumentation: Research and teaching. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 83-90.
Family Functioning Predicts Body Mass Index and Biochemical Levels of Youths with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

: Family functioning is associated with obesity-related chronic illnesses and impedes effective treatment of weight-related conditions, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVES Evaluate the utility of a brief screening measure of family functioning among youth aged 8 to 18 years being treated in a specialty care clinic for NAFLD. METHODS Thirty-nine youths and their caregivers participated. Relations between family functioning and anthropometric and biochemical variables assessed 3 to 6 months later were evaluated using regression analyses, controlling for child age, gender, and ethnicity. RESULTS Family functioning was related to significantly higher body mass index (BMI) and levels of cholesterol, HbA1c, and glucose, but not serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)-a marker of NAFLD-controlling for baseline levels. The magnitudes of effects were medium for models of BMI (Cohen's f = 0.29), cholesterol (0.32), and blood glucose (0.30) and small to medium for HbA1c (0.23) and ALT (0.10). CONCLUSION This is the first study to examine the role of family functioning in youth with NALFD. Treatment programs might consider screening for family functioning to identify families that could benefit from a family-centered behavioral intervention.
Interplay Between π-Stacking and Hydrogen Bonding in the Self-Association of Different Isomers of Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid

Using proton and carbon chemical shifts, we investigated the self-association of three isomers of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, a model for the aggregation of asphaltenes. Experimental proton chemical shifts of each isomer were measured as a function of concentration in an aprotic solvent. Several potential structures of the monomer and dimer of each naphthalenedicarboxylic acid were considered, and calculated proton chemical shifts for the potential monomer and dimer structures were compared to the experimental chemical shifts to find the weighted average structure that best fit the experimental shifts. Calculated carbon chemical shifts were also compared to experimental values. The chemical shift comparison and calculated energies indicate that π-stacked dimers are not likely to contribute significantly to the dimer structure of any of the three naphthalenedicarboxylic acid isomers studied.
Biogeographic mirages? Molecular evidence for dispersal-driven evolution in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles

Water beetles of the tribe Hydrobiusini are globally distributed in the northern hemisphere and all austral continents except Antarctica. A remarkable clade also occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. The phylogenetic relationships among genera were recently investigated using a combination of molecules and morphology. Here, we use this phylogenetic framework to address the biogeographic evolution of this group using Bayesian fossil-based divergence times, and model-based maximum likelihood ancestral range estimations. We recover an origin of the tribe in the Cretaceous ca. 100 Ma. Our biogeographic analyses support an origin of the tribe in Laurasia followed by the colonization of Australia. However, a Gondwanan origin of the group cannot be ruled out when considering the fossil record. The timeframe of the tribe's evolution as well as the model-based approach of ancestral range estimation favour a scenario invoking multiple transoceanic dispersal events over a Gondwana vicariance hypothesis. The Hawaiian radiation originated from long-distance dispersal to now-submerged islands, paired with dispersal to new islands as they formed.
NASA-JPL overview, space technology and relevance to medicine (Conference Presentation)

There is special synergy between NASA space instruments and medical devices, especially those that may be implanted in the human body. For example, in both cases instruments have to be small, typically have to consume little power and often have to operate in harsh environments. JPL has a long history in using this synergy to leverage from the technology developed for space missions for application in medical fields. In this talk, we discuss the general overlap of technological requirements in the medical field and space science. We will highlight some examples where JPL instrumentation and engineering has been transferred successfully.
Distribution-free learning of Bayesian network structure in continuous domains

In this paper we present a method for learning the structure of Bayesian networks (BNs) without making any assumptions on the probability distribution of the domain. This is mainly useful for continuous domains, where there is little guidance and many choices for the parametric distribution families to be used for the local conditional probabilities of the Bayesian network, and only a few have been examined analytically. We therefore focus on BN structure learning in continuous domains. We address the problem by developing a conditional independence test for continuous variables, which can be readily used by any existing independence-based BN structure learning algorithm. Our test is non-parametric, making no assumptions on the distribution of the domain. We also provide an effective and computationally efficient method for calculating it from data. We demonstrate the learning of the structure of graphical models in continuous domains from real-world data, to our knowledge for the first time using independence-based methods and without distributional assumptions. We also experimentally show that our test compares favorably with existing statistical approaches which use prediscretization, and verify desirable properties such as statistical consistency.
Premature Infants have Lower Gastric Digestion Capacity for Human Milk Proteins than Term Infants.

OBJECTIVES Whether premature infants have lower gastric protein digestive capacity than term infants and the extent to which human milk proteases contribute to overall gastric digestion are unknown and were investigated in this study. METHODS Human milk and infant gastric samples were collected from 16 preterm (24-32 wk gestational age) and 6 term (38-40 wk gestational age) mother-infant pairs within a range of 5 to 42 days postnatal age. For each pair, an aliquot of human milk was adjusted to pH 4.5 and incubated for 2 hours at 37 °C to simulate the gastric conditions without pepsin (milkinc). Their gastric protein digestion capacity was measured as proteolysis (free N-terminals) and protease activities. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post hoc test was applied to compare measurements between preterm and term infants as well as among human milk, milkinc, and gastric samples. RESULTS Measurements of gastric protein digestion were significantly lower in preterm infants than term infants. Overall milk protease activity did not differ between human milk samples from term- and preterm-delivering mothers. As protease activity did not increase with simulated gastric incubation, milk proteases likely contributed minimally to gastric digestion. CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants have lower gastric protein digestion capacity than term infants, which could impair nutrient acquisition. Human milk proteases contribute minimally to overall gastric digestion. The limited activity of milk proteases suggests that these enzymes cannot compensate for the premature infant's overall lower gastric protein digestion.
Predicting Mortality or Intestinal Failure in Infants with Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Objective To compare existing outcome prediction models and create a novel model to predict death or intestinal failure (IF) in infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Study design A retrospective, observational cohort study conducted in a 2-campus health system in Atlanta, Georgia, from September 2009 to May 2015. Participants included all infants ≤37 weeks of gestation with surgical NEC. Logistic regression was used to model the probability of death or IF, as a composite outcome, using preoperative variables defined by specifications from 3 existing prediction models: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension, and Vermont Oxford Risk Adjustment Tool. A novel preoperative hybrid prediction model was also derived and validated against a patient cohort from a separate campus. Results Among 147 patients with surgical NEC, discrimination in predicting death or IF was greatest with American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77-0.91) when compared with the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension II (AUC, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.48-0.72) and Vermont Oxford Risk Adjustment Tool (AUC, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65-0.83). A hybrid model was developed using 4 preoperative variables: the 1-minute Apgar score, inotrope use, mean blood pressure, and sepsis. The hybrid model AUC was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.92) in the derivation cohort and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.66-0.86) in the validation cohort. Conclusions Preoperative prediction of death or IF among infants with surgical NEC is possible using existing prediction tools and, to a greater extent, using a newly proposed 4-variable hybrid model.
Surgical and Prosthetic Biomechanical Considerations When Using the Zygoma Implant

Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to review the biomechanical studies, finite element analysis and clinical reports on the prosthetic and surgical principles for the survival of implants when reconstructing the edentulous maxillae using the zygoma implant.
Family Systems and Learning Problems: A Treatment Model:

Combining educational intervention with family therapy can contribute to the easing of family tensions and the improvement of a family member's performance in school
DLoBD: A Comprehensive Study of D eep L earning o ver B ig D ata Stacks on HPC Clusters

D eep L earning o ver B ig D ata (DLoBD) is an emerging paradigm to mine value from the massive amount of gathered data. Many Deep Learning frameworks, like Caffe, TensorFlow, etc., start running over Big Data stacks, such as Apache Hadoop and Spark. Even though a lot of activities are happening in the field, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on analyzing the impact of RDMA-capable networks and CPUs/GPUs on DLoBD stacks. To fill this gap, we propose a systematical characterization methodology and conduct extensive performance evaluations on four representative DLoBD stacks (i.e., CaffeOnSpark, TensorFlowOnSpark, MMLSpark/CNTKOnSpark, and BigDL) to expose the interesting trends regarding performance, scalability, accuracy, and resource utilization. Our observations show that RDMA-based design for DLoBD stacks can achieve up to 2.7x speedup compared to the IPoIB-based scheme. The RDMA scheme also scales better and utilizes resources more efficiently than IPoIB. For most cases, GPU-based schemes can outperform CPU-based designs, but we see that for LeNet on MNIST, CPU + MKL can achieve better performance than GPU and GPU + cuDNN on 16 nodes. Through our evaluation and an in-depth analysis on TensorFlowOnSpark, we find that there are large rooms to improve the designs of current-generation DLoBD stacks.
Human Immunoglobulin Heavy-Chain Variable Region Genes: Organization, Polymorphism, and Expression

Publisher Summary The division of human immunoglobulin genes into various families was initially obvious from the protein data, although it appears that significant portions of the repertoire were missed by sequencing myeloma proteins. The reasons for this still remain clouded. However, using molecular techniques, most of the gene families have now been uncovered and their numbers, location, etc. are slowly being sorted out. A major surprise has been the significant interdigitation of the human VH genes, considering the clustering of similar VH genes in the mouse. Polymorphism has always been a hallmark of the immune system, and some of the earliest insights into the genetics of immunoglobulins were deduced from examinations of the polymorphisms of the constant region of human IgG. Polymorphism in the variable regions was expected and was initially thought to be an explanation for distinctions in immune responses among different individuals. To some extent, VH polymorphism was thought to be relevant to the notion of shared idiotypic specificities among antibodies with similar specificities in the human population. At the organizational level, it remains striking that over half of the gene segments in the VHI and VHIII families appear to be pseudogenes, whereas the VHIV, VHV, and VHVI families contain so few. Too little is known about the VHII family to draw inference in this regard. The forces that lead to diversification and selection in the somatic cells are likely to be similar to those that lead to preservation of specific VH genes in the germ cells.
The Hysterical Attorney: The Legal Advocate Within Lacanian Discourse Theory

In this essay, I apply Jacques Lacan'sfour discourses to the legal profession. A lawyer –i.e. a legal expert – engages in the Master'sdiscourse when he writes the law; he engages in theUniversity discourse when he interprets or attempts tojustify the law. In contrast, an attorney – i.e. a legal advisor – engages in the Analyst'sdiscourse when she counsel's her client; she engagesin the Hysteric's discourse when she represents herclient. From a Lacanian perspective, the two lawyer'sdiscourses are masculine, while the two attorney'sdiscourses are feminine. I divergefrom Lacan's view that the Analyst's is the mostradical discourse. The insight gained throughanalysis can only challenge and change the law iftranslated through the Hysteric's discourse. Consequently, despite dominant sexual stereotypes tothe contrary, to be an effective advocate should takeon a radically hysteric femininity.
How modality-specific is morphology?

Writing has long been considered to be dependent on speaking. However, modality-specific dissociations between written and spoken word production imply that word production is supported by distinct...
Analogical mapping in numerical development

Abstract This chapter outlines the contribution of analogical thinking in numerical cognition and specifically to number-word learning and numerical estimation. We begin with an overview of number-word learning, followed by a description of analogical mapping as defined by Gentner, 1983 , Gentner, 2010 , and discuss how children might acquire the meaning of counting based on analogical mapping. Next, we review the claim that very similar processes of analogical mapping may support numerical estimation, based on findings from studies of dot-array and number-line estimation. These studies suggest that children's knowledge of how the count list is structured and in particular the ordering and distance between numbers affects their ability to make accurate estimates. Finally, we discuss extensions of this idea to other cases where analogy has been proposed as a source of representational change. We conclude that analogical mappings enrich how humans transcend core numerical abilities to represent abstract content.
Controllability and Accessibility Results for an $N$ -Link Horizontal Planar Pendubot

Small-time local controllability (STLC) is important in controls, both for design considerations and because large and swinging maneuvers may be avoided for close reconfiguration if a system is STLC. Despite the fact that controllability of underactuated horizontal planar manipulators has been extensively studied, most work focused only on three-link and global controllability. This paper extends those results by studying accessibility and STLC of an $N$ -link horizontal planar pendubot, i.e., a horizontal planar manipulator with only one degree of unactuation but with the first (base) joint actuated. It considers two-link and $N$ -link ( $N\geq 3$ ) pendubots with different actuator configurations, and shows that an $N$ -link ( $N\geq 3$ ) pendubot is STLC for a subset of equilibrium points based on Sussmann's general theorem for STLC.
Wireless Optical Communications with GaAs Solar Cells

Modulation of the luminescent radiation of a GaAs solar cell to transmit information wirelessly is explored. The impulse response is measured to determine the transmission speed of binary symbols using square pulses.
Reply to comments

This short paper contains brief replies to the comments that Richard Hudson, Timothy Osborne, Paul Rastall, and William Benzon made to my focus article, “Linguistic structure: A plausible theory”, in this issue of Language Under Discussion .
Dynamic fracture of soda-lime glass plates studied using two modified Digital Gradient Sensing techniques

Abstract Two modified full-field Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) methods of higher measurement sensitivity, transmission-reflection DGS (tr-DGS) and double-transmission DGS (t2-DGS), are extended in this work to examine their feasibility to study fast fracture events in soda-lime glass by measuring stress gradients. Full-field optical measurement of deformations and stresses in such high-stiffness and low-toughness brittle material is very challenging. Extremely high crack speeds (~1400 m/s), low failure strain (ef σ xx + σ yy stress fields around the crack tip vicinity. The optical measurements are also used to obtain fracture parameter histories of crack speed, stress intensity factors and energy release rates under mode-I conditions. The energy release rates increase rapidly when the crack speed approaches ~1400 m/s. The measured fracture parameters are also assessed using a complementary elasto-dynamic finite element model up to crack initiation. The agreement between measurements and simulations supports the feasibility of these two optical methods for studying dynamic fracture mechanics of this challenging material.
Pre-Pregnancy Hypertension Among Women in Rural and Urban Areas of the United States.

Abstract Background Rates of maternal mortality are increasing in the United States with significant rural-urban disparities. Pre-pregnancy hypertension is a well-established risk factor for advers...
Deep Learning-Based Phenotyping of Breast Cancer Cells Using Lens-free Digital In-line Holography

Lens-free digital in-line holography (LDIH) produces cellular diffraction patterns (holograms) with a large field of view that lens-based microscopes cannot offer. It is a promising diagnostic tool allowing comprehensive cellular analysis with high-throughput capability. Holograms are, however, far more complicated to discern by the human eye, and conventional computational algorithms to reconstruct images from hologram limit the throughput of hologram analysis. To efficiently and directly analyze holographic images from LDIH, we developed a novel deep learning architecture called a holographical deep learning network (HoloNet) for cellular phenotyping. The HoloNet uses holo-branches that extract large features from diffraction patterns and integrates them with small features from convolutional layers. Compared with other state-of-the-art deep learning methods, HoloNet achieved better performance for the classification and regression of the raw holograms of the breast cancer cells stained with well-known breast cancer markers, ER/PR and HER2. Moreover, we developed the HoloNet dual embedding model to extract high-level diffraction features related to breast cancer cell types and their marker intensities of ER/PR and HER2 to identify previously unknown subclusters of breast cancer cells. This hologram embedding allowed us to identify rare and subtle subclusters of the phenotypes overlapped by multiple breast cancer cell types. We demonstrate that our HoloNet efficiently enables LDIH to perform a more detailed analysis of heterogeneity of cell phenotypes for precise breast cancer diagnosis.
Residential proximity to agricultural glyphosate use and neurobehavior in the CHAMACOS study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Glyphosate herbicides are the most widely used pesticides in the world. In California, agricultural use and total sales of glyphosate have more than doubled in the past 20 years...
Simulated Wildfire Smoke Significantly Alters Sperm DNA Methylation Patterns in a Murine Model.

Wildfires are now a common feature of the western US, increasing in both intensity and number of acres burned over the last three decades. The effects of this changing wildfire and smoke landscape are a critical public and occupational health issue. While respiratory morbidity due to smoke exposure is a priority, evaluating the molecular underpinnings that explain recent extrapulmonary observations is necessary. Here, we use an Apoe−/− mouse model to investigate the epigenetic impact of paternal exposure to simulated wildfire smoke. We demonstrate that 40 days of exposure to smoke from Douglas fir needles induces sperm DNA methylation changes in adult mice. DNA methylation was measured by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and varied significantly in 3353 differentially methylated regions, which were subsequently annotated to 2117 genes. The differentially methylated regions were broadly distributed across the mouse genome, but the vast majority (nearly 80%) were hypermethylated. Pathway analyses, using gene-derived and differentially methylated region-derived gene ontology terms, point to a number of developmental processes that may warrant future investigation. Overall, this study of simulated wildfire smoke exposure suggests paternal reproductive risks are possible with prolonged exposure.
Peptides and peptidomimetics as therapeutic agents for Covid-19

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Covid-19 pandemic has caused high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Virus entry into cells can be blocked using several strategies, including inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the viral spike glycoprotein and cellular receptors, as well as blocking of spike protein conformational changes that are required for cleavage/activation and fusogenicity. The spike-mediated viral attachment and entry into cells via fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes involve PPIs mediated by short peptide fragments exhibiting particular secondary structures. Thus, peptides that can inhibit these PPIs may be used as potential antiviral agents preventing virus entry and spread. This review is focused on peptides and peptidomimetics as PPI modulators and protease inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2.
A Strategy to Prevent Tracheo-Innominate Artery Fistula in the Course of Laryngotracheal Separation: 9-Year Experience in a Children's Hospital

ABSTRACT Aim of the Study : Laryngotracheal separation (LTS) is known to be the definitive solution for intractable aspiration pneumonia in neurologically impaired children. Postoperatively, a tracheostomy cannula is usually required. However, there are fatal cannula related complications such as a tracheo-innominate artery fistula (TIAF). We present our methods of preventing TIAF. Methods : A retrospective review in a single center from 2011 to 2019 identified 57 cases treated with LTS. We divided them into three groups: no pre-existing tracheostomy (n = 26), pre-existing tracheostomy with preservation of the pre-existing fistula (n = 20), and pre-existing tracheostomy without preservation of the pre-existing fistula (n = 11). The first group underwent traditional modified Lindeman's procedure. The second received transection of the trachea above the tracheostomy site, while the third had transection of the trachea at the tracheostomy site and creation of a distal end tracheostomy. Proper length and the angle of the cannula were selected to prevent damaging the innominate artery by the tip of the cannula. If the innominate artery compressed the trachea anteriorly, prophylactic arterial transection was considered. Results : Three patients (5.3%) died from causes unrelated to the surgical treatment. Only one patient had a postoperative TIAF followed by LTS (1.8%). Other postoperative complications were: wound infection (8.8%), intratracheal granuloma (12.3%), intratracheal minor bleeding (10.5%), wound granuloma (43.9%), leakage (1.8%). No one required revision of LTS. Conclusion : Success rates of LTS were high without major complications in all three groups and implies a safe operation and a definitive solution to intractable aspiration.
HIV/AIDS and Bone Health: The Role of Nutrition

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects immune cells such as CD4+ (helper) T lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, leading to progressive failure of the immune system. Transmission of HIV can occur through sexual exposure, mother-to-child transmission, injection drug use, transfusion of contaminated blood products, and occupational exposure. The life expectancy of the HIV-positive population has increased; estimates indicate that most HIV-infected persons in the USA will be 50 years or older by 2015. HIV-infected individuals will remain at high risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis, and fractures as their life expectancy increases. This is likely to be an important source of morbidity. Those surviving early-life infection with HIV who initiate treatment at young ages may be especially at risk for adverse effects on bone health. Young men who acquired HIV early in life were reported to have lower peak bone mass by DXA. The etiology of osteoporosis in HIV-infected persons is complex and may involve both HIV disease itself and antiretroviral treatment. Traditional risk factors, such as smoking, hypogonadism, and low body weight, also play a role. Optimal screening and treatment recommendations are not well developed. Due to the higher risk of low BMD compared to HIV-uninfected populations and evidence suggesting higher fracture risk, DXA screening has been recommended by some but not all expert panels for HIV-infected postmenopausal women and men aged 50 years or older, particularly those with additional risk factors. There is a considerable knowledge gap on how best to optimize bone health. Nutritional considerations should be advised; provision of a diet that is rich in vitamin D, especially in areas with limited exposure to sunlight, may also help to ensure the best possible bone growth. HIV-infected individuals, especially children, should also participate in weight-bearing exercises and avoid detrimental behaviors such as smoking to improve their bone health. More research on specific nutritional interventions is needed.
1-(1-Propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride acidic ionic liquid catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose in water: Effect of metal ion co-catalysts

Abstract The effect of eight metal ions, Cr 3 + , Mn 2 + , Fe 3 + , Co 2 + Ni 2 + , Cu 2 + , Zn 2 + and La 3 + on 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride acidic ionic liquid catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose in water was studied at 140–170 °C. Mn 2 + , Fe 3 + , and Co 2 + as co-catalysts produced significant enhancements in total reducing sugar (TRS) yields, with Mn 2 + showing the highest activity. Mn 2 + as co-catalyst produced 91.8, and 91.9% TRS yields, whereas samples without Mn 2 + gave 28.0 and 28.7% yields at 160 and 170 °C respectively. The observed activation energies for cellulose hydrolysis without a co-catalyst and with Mn 2 + co-catalyst are 78.1 ± 1.4 and 32.8 ± 4.9 kJ·mol − 1 respectively.
Non-aspherical ends and nonpositive curvature

We obtain restrictions on the topology of a closed connected manifold B that bounds a (possibly noncompact) manifold whose interior V admits a complete Riemannian metric of nonpositive sectional curvature. If G denotes the fundamental group of B, then a sample result is that B must be aspherical and incompressible if one of the following is true: (1) V has finite volume and G is virtually nilpotent, (2) G is virtually nilpotent and has no proper torsion-free quotients, (3) G is isomorphic to a uniform, irreducible lattice of real rank > 1.
"What about Bilingualism?" A Critical Reflection on the edTPA with Teachers of Emergent Bilinguals.

Amidst the debates surrounding teacher quality and preparation programs, the edTPA (education Teaching Performance Assessment) has emerged to assess future teachers through a portfolio-based certification process. This study offers the perspective of three faculty members who participated in an experimental configuration of edTPA implementation for student teachers in Childhood Bilingual Education, Bilingual Special Education, and TESOL in a large teacher education program. This article highlights implications of the edTPA for bilingual education and TESOL students and faculty. The findings reveal how the edTPA does not directly address teaching bilingually and the resulting ramifications of teacher candidates’ clinical experience and preparation to work with emergent bilinguals.