cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial chitinase in the stomachs of marine fishes from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA

The occurrence of chitinase in the stomach contents of Enophrys bison and Platichthys stellatus was investigated. The highest chitinase activity and the greatest percentage of chitinoclastic bacteria in relation to the total bacterial flora were associated with fish whose stomach content was composed primarily of chitinous animals. Stomach contents lacking visible chitin possessed low or no detectable levels of chitinase activity and few chitinoclastic bacteria. Juvenile E. bison treated with chloramphenicol to remove their indigenous bacterial flora had no detectable level of chitinase in their stomach contents while non-treated juveniles showed inducible chitinase activity, indicating the bacterial origin for the chitinase.
Resolution of hyperlipidemia after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Background Hyperlipidemia is an established risk factor for development of coronary artery disease. The aim of our study was to examine the changes in serum lipid profiles of morbidly obese patients complicated by hyperlipidemia, who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass. Study design We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 95 morbidly obese patients with documented hyperlipidemia who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass. Mean duration of hyperlipidemia was 44± 56 months. Hyperlipidemia was defined as an elevated level of triglycerides (> 150 mg/dL) or total cholesterol (> 200 mg/dL). Changes in lipid profile of a subset of patients with subnormal levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≤ 40 mg/dL), high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (> 130 mg/dL), and very-low−density lipoprotein cholesterol (> 40 mg/dL) were also examined. Fasting lipid profiles were measured preoperatively and at 3-month intervals. Results There were 68 women (72%) with a mean age of 43 ± 10 years. Mean body mass index was 47± 5 kg/m 2 . Mean percentage of excess body weight loss at 12 months postoperatively was 66%. One year after gastric bypass, mean total cholesterol levels decreased by 16%; triglyceride levels decreased by 63%; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 31%; very-low−density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by 74%; total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol risk ratio decreased by 60%, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased by 39%. Also, within 1 year, 23 of 28 (82%) patients requiring lipid-lowering medications preoperatively were able to discontinue their medications. Conclusions Weight loss after laparoscopic gastric bypass substantially improves lipid profiles in morbidly obese patients who have hyperlipidemia. Improvement in lipid profiles was observed as early as 3 months postoperatively and was sustained at 1 year. Improvement of lipid profiles after laparoscopic gastric bypass can reduce health risks associated with high levels of atherogenic lipoproteins.
Dissociation of Immune Responses from Pathogen Colonization Supports Pattern Recognition in C. elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has been used for over a decade to characterize signaling cascades controlling innate immune responses. However, what initiates these responses in the worm has remained elusive. To gain a better understanding of the initiating events we delineated genome-wide immune responses to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in worms heavily-colonized by the pathogen versus worms visibly not colonized. We found that infection responses in both groups were identical, suggesting that immune responses were not correlated with colonization and its associated damage. Quantitative RT-PCR measurements further showed that pathogen secreted factors were not able to induce an immune response, but exposure to a non-pathogenic Pseudomonas species was. These findings raise the possibility that the C.elegans immune response is initiated by recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. In the absence of orthologs of known pattern recognition receptors, C. elegans may rely on novel mechanisms, thus holding the potential to advance our understanding of evolutionarily conserved strategies for pathogen recognition.
Concurrent Cisplatin, Etoposide, and Chest Radiotherapy in Pathologic Stage IIIB Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group Phase II Study, SWOG 9019

PURPOSE: There are no published survival data after chemoradiotherapy (chemoRT) in pathologically documented stage IIIB non–small-cell lung cancer. Studies of radiotherapy (RT) alone or chemotherapy followed by RT yield 5-year survivals less than 10%. The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) employed the same concurrent chemoRT induction regimen used in its predecessor trimodality trial to determine the efficacy, safety, and long-term outcome of replacing postinduction surgery with additional chemoRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients for SWOG-9019 had pathologic documentation of T4N0/1, T4N2, or N3 stage IIIB non–small-cell lung cancer. They had pulmonary function adequate to withstand combined-modality therapy, identical to the requirements of the previous trial with postchemoRT surgery. Induction therapy was two cycles of cisplatin plus etoposide (PE) concurrent with once-daily thoracic RT (45 Gy). In the absence of progressive disease, RT was completed to 61 Gy, with two additional cycles of cisplati...
A preliminary study of a flow method for following heterogeneous polymerization

Abstract A flow apparatus for the study of Ziegler polymerization was constructed. The design and instrumentation of this apparatus has proved quite satisfactory. The work was aimed at studying the reaction of various monomer systems on the same catalyst surface. Difficulties were encountered in preliminary experiments regarding the removal of polymer formed from the catalyst bed, and maintaining the catalytic efficiency of the bed. The resistance to flow exerted by the catalyst bed was found to be a sensitive measure of deposition of polymer, which may be useful in future theoretical investigations.
DYNAMICS OF BUBBLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN TURBULENT GAS-LIQUID DISPERSIONS

The population balance equation coupled with the proposed breakage kernel and the previously developed breakage model is applied to the analysts of bubble size distribution for non-coalescing systems in a bench-scale airlift column. Good agreement obtained between the theoretical results and the experimental data is encouraging and indicates that the model is suitable for predicting dispersion properties such as bubble size and interfacial area in turbulent gas-liquid dispersions.
Long-term progestin treatment inhibits RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) gene expression in human endometrial stromal cells.

RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) is synthesized by endometrial and endometriotic stromal cells and circulates in peritoneal fluid. Reports indicate that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is clinically effective in alleviating pelvic pain in the majority of endometriosis patients, which leads us to hypothesize that MPA may be antiinflammatory. Prolonged treatment (8 d) with MPA resulted in 36% and 50% decreases in luciferase activity and RANTES protein production, respectively, whereas shorter treatment (2 or 4 d) with MPA had no significant effect. We also observed that 8 d of MPA increased PR expression. Both effects were blocked by RU486. Cotransfection of endometrial stromal cells with PR enhanced the effects mediated by endogenous PR. In addition, its action via progesterone response element cis-elements, PR appeared to inhibit trans-activation of a nuclear factor-κB-responsive element, further suppressing RANTES expression. These studies indicate that prolonged p...
Reaction of Phenyl Isocyanate with 2,3-Epoxy Propyl Phenyl Ether (Phenyl Glycidyl Ether)

REACTION of phenyl isocyanate and 2,3-epoxy propyl phenyl ether gives a one-to-one addition compound, and there is evidence to suggest this is 3 phenyl 5 phenoxy methyl 2 oxazolidono. The reaction is believed to be: This is similar to a reaction reported by A. Thompson1 between acidulated potassium cyanate and epichlorhydrin. Evidence for the foregoing scheme is: (1) Reaction with alcoholic potash yielded a compound in agreement with the reaction: The product of this reaction gave a yellow oil on reaction with nitrous acid, suggesting a secondary amine. (2) There was no reaction of the reaction product with nitrous acid. The nitrogen of this compound is thus not present in the form of a primary or secondary amine. (3) The product of the reaction was broken down by heating with concentrated hydrochloric acid in a sealed tube at 200° C to give an oil, which was shown to be a chlorine containing compound. This is in agreement with the concept of acid hydrolysis of the oxazolidone ring.
The capable guardian in routine activities theory: A theoretical and conceptual reappraisal

Guardianship or the absence of capable guardianship is a central element in routine activities theory, and has been the subject of research for more than 30 years. The original conceptualization of guardianship has been interpreted and expanded upon in many ways during this period of time. This article charts the evolution of research on the guardianship component of routine activities theory and provides a theoretical and conceptual reappraisal of guardianship. Aiding future empirical research is a central aim of this endeavor. A refined definition of guardianship is presented that is consistent with its original conceptualization and new theoretical advancements. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Progesterone-dependent regulation of endometrial cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1-R) expression is disrupted in women with endometriosis and in isolated stromal cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).

Objective To examine the differentiation-related expression of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1-R) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in endometrial tissue obtained from women with and without endometriosis and to determine the impact of acute 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure on CB1-R gene expression in isolated endometrial stromal cells. Design Laboratory-based study. Setting University-affiliated medical center. Patient(s) Women with and without endometriosis undergoing volunteer endometrial biopsies after informed consent. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Analysis of in vivo CB1-R mRNA and protein expression in human endometrial tissues and mRNA expression in isolated stromal cells after exposure to TCDD or a progesterone receptor antagonist (onapristone). Result(s) Expression of CB1-R mRNA and protein was highest during the progesterone-dominated secretory phase in control samples, but expression was minimal in the endometrial tissues acquired from women with endometriosis, regardless of the cycle phase. Although progesterone was found to induce CB1-R mRNA expression in endometrial stromal cells from control donors, steroid-induced expression of this gene was inhibited by cotreatment with either TCDD or onapristone. Conclusion(s) Our studies reveal a role for the anti-inflammatory actions of progesterone in regulating endometrial cannabinoid signaling, which is disrupted in women with endometriosis. We demonstrate for the first time that acute TCDD exposure disrupts cannabinoid signaling in the human endometrium.
Domestic Spaces, Readerly Acts: Reading(,) Gender, and Class in Working‐Class Autobiography

Ridiculing the habits of “Our Audience” in the June 1863 Macmillan's Magazine, Charles Alliston Collins reserves his most intense criticism for women. From a mother reprimanding her children from b...
Carcinogenicity of beryllium hydroxide and alloys

Animal experiments are presented which show that Be metal, BeAl alloy, passivated Be metal, and beryllium hydroxide are pulmonary carcinogens in rats. These findings are supported by successful transplantation experiments. In addition, other alloys of Be, VBe12, TiBe12, TaBe12, NbBe12, Be2B, and Be4B were found to produce pulmonary metaplasia, frequently a preneoplastic lesion in rats. Old rats are shown to be more susceptible to the induction of pulmonary metaplasia than young adult rats. These results indicate that a lower dose of Be would be required to produce cancer in old animals compared to young adult animals. A discussion on the lung cancer incidence in beryllium production workers is presented.
Current state of infectious diseases—Potential areas of directed therapy with aztreonam

Gram-negative bacillary organisms have continued to be a major source of hospital infections. Beta-lactamase-producing species have rendered many older beta-lactam antibiotics impotent. Aztreonam is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits aerobic gram-negative bacilli, including beta-lactamase-producing species. The agent has been used in the treatment of infections due to Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Potential areas of use of aztreonam are as sole therapy for urinary tract infections, gram-negative pneumonias, and bone and joint infections. It can be used in combination with other antibiotics as empiric therapy of respiratory, intra-abdominal, skin structure, and gynecologic infections. Aztreonam offers a new approach to the use of beta-lactam antibiotics.
Drug encapsulated polymeric microspheres for intracranial tumor therapy: A review of the literature☆ , ☆☆

Despite intensive surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, the current life expectancy for patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme is only 12 to 15months. One of the approaches being explored to increase chemotherapeutic efficacy is to locally deliver chemotherapeutics encapsulated within degradable, polymeric microspheres. This review describes the techniques used to formulate drug encapsulated microspheres targeted for intracranial tumor therapy and how microsphere characteristics such as drug loading and encapsulation efficiency can be tuned based on formulation parameters. Further, the results of in vitro studies are discussed, detailing the varied drug release profiles obtained and validation of drug efficacy. Finally, in vivo results are summarized, highlighting the study design and the effectiveness of the drug encapsulated microspheres applied intracranially.
A model of Jovian magnetospheric diffusion incorporating precipitation-induced conductivity

A steady-state model is constructed to describe the inward diffusion of energetic Jovian radiation belt ions that is driven by the outward interchange diffusion of cool ions derived from the satellite Io. A new explicit form for the height-integrated Pedersen ionospheric conductivity is derived incorporating ion precipitation from the Jovian radiation belt. The normalized loss rate for the energetic ions is assumed to take on a spatially-peaked form consistent with recent observations and theoretical expectations. We isolate the effects of the spatial variation in conductivity by omitting the pressure gradient of the radiation belt population. In order to construct solutions we apply the conditions necessary for the auroral-zone conductivity to maximize at a specified location within the lo plasma torus. The model solutions for the energetic (E∗ > 100 keV) radiation belt ion density agree adequately with reported observations though since the latter densities are unavailable in absolute units only a relative comparison can be made. Solutions are also obtained corresponding to the unobserved lower energy (10keV < E∗ < 100 keV) ions that are expected to dominate the auroral energy input, but the neglect of the impoundment pressure gradient may not be justified in all cases. For all realistic solutions the Iogenic ion density gradient over the Io plasma “ramp” is relatively insensitive to the model parameters and is typically less than about one half of the value originally calculated from the Voyager 1 observations; this is consistent with a recent revision of the plasma data.
Activity-Dependent Transport of the Transcriptional Coactivator CRTC1 from Synapse to Nucleus

Long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy, such as those underlying long-term memory, require transcription. Activity-dependent transport of synaptically localized transcriptional regulators provides a direct means of coupling synaptic stimulation with changes in transcription. The CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator (CRTC1), which is required for long-term hippocampal plasticity, binds CREB to potently promote transcription. We show that CRTC1 localizes to synapses in silenced hippocampal neurons but translocates to the nucleus in response to localized synaptic stimulation. Regulated nuclear translocation occurs only in excitatory neurons and requires calcium influx and calcineurin activation. CRTC1 is controlled in a dual fashion with activity regulating CRTC1 nuclear translocation and cAMP modulating its persistence in the nucleus. Neuronal activity triggers a complex change in CRTC1 phosphorylation, suggesting that CRTC1 may link specific types of stimuli to specific changes in gene expression. Together, our results indicate that synapse-to-nuclear transport of CRTC1 dynamically informs the nucleus about synaptic activity.
Delivery of Chloride and Nitrate by Ground Water to the Great Lakes: Case Study for the Door Peninsula, Wisconsin

A calibrated, two-dimensional, finite-element transport model of the dolomite aquifer of the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin is used to ascertain the mass loadings of chloride and nitrate delivered to Lake Michigan and Green Bay by ground water. Inclusion of unsteady transport effects and verification of the model have not been possible due to data limitations. With that caveat, the model shows that only 43, 33, and 38% of the water, chloride, and nitrate, respectively, entering the aquifer's upper surface as recharge actually discharges directly to the lake as ground water. The remainder is discharged to wells and other sinks beforehand. A concentration of agricultural and urban land use sources along the Green Bay coast results in 58 and 50% of the total chloride and nitrate, respectively, delivered by ground water going to the west shore, despite that side's receiving only 38% of the water volume. On the Lake Michigan side, agricultural land use is the largest source of both chemicals, with the second largest source from background contributions. Point sources are relatively minor contributors of both chemicals. In an earlier paper, Cherkauer and McKereghan (1991) showed that ground-water discharge was focussed into embayments along the shore. That phenomenon repeats itself in solute loads as the greatest mass discharges occur in the bays. The simulated results show that discharge to both bays and nonbays on a given coast have similar solute concentrations, so the load differences are strictly the result of discharge focussing. Ground water's delivery of the solutes to these bays generally greatly exceeds that from precipitation. Comparison of loading to other sources or to mass budgets for the entire lake is not possible at this time.
Accelerated Processing of Secure Email by Exploiting Built-in Security Features on the Intel EP80579 Integrated Processor with Intel QuickAssist Technology

Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM) is one of the widely used mechanisms by which email messages can be cryptographically signed, permitting a signing domain to claim responsibility for the release of an email into the mail stream. As the volume of emails exchanged becomes large, the software implementations of DKIM using OpenSSL library will become a limiting factor of performance due to the heavy computations involved. In this largely empirical work, we identify the computation intensive modules of DKIM and solve the performance issues by implementing their functions on COTS hardware. Our approach makes use of the Intel Embedded processor Tolapai (Intel EP80579) that has several built-in cryptographic functionalities, viz. security accelerators for bulk encryption, authentication, hashing and public/private key generation and digital signing. Experimental results show that an overall 50% acceleration can be achieved by transparently migrating the DKIM functionalities to hardware.
Finding a sirtuin truth in Huntington's disease

The search for compounds to treat neurodegenerative disorders is especially pressing given the rapidly growing elderly human population and has led to the consideration of sirtuin proteins as potential therapeutic candidates. Two studies now report that modulating the expression of the sirtuin Sirt1 has therapeutic benefit in Huntington's disease mouse models and identify putative downstream targets of Sirt1 involved in improved disease outcomes (pages 159–165 and 153–158).
Compliance and Learning in an Intervention Program for Partner-Violent Men

Although research has yielded mixed findings regarding the effectiveness of intervention programs for partner-violent men, it appears that greater participant compliance with such programs is associated with better outcomes. However, no research to date has jointly examined compliance with intervention programs and the extent to which partner-violent men learn specific information presented during the programs. The current study makes use of existing data to evaluate general and specific elements of partner-violent men's compliance with (i.e., active, appropriate participation in) an intervention program and recall of key points from the program. Results from a subsample of 22 men indicate that at program termination, those rated as having been "process conscious" during intervention group sessions, having self-disclosed during sessions, having evidenced awareness and use of techniques to avoid violence, and having used respectful language show greater recall of material taught in the program. This finding points to the potential benefit of taking steps to increase men's active participation in programs and of studying active engagement as a mediator of program effects on men's violence toward partners.
Thickness dependent conductivity of n-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract We report a thickness dependent conductivity for nominally homogenous films grown from glow discharges of 0.05% phosphine in silane. Measurements are presented for conductance parallel and perpendicular to the film plane for thicknesses from 0.1 to 3.8 μm. Our results are successfully modeled by two parallel layers: 1) a low conductivity surface or interface layer about 0.2 μm thick with an activation energy of 0.4 eV near room temperature, and 2) a bulk layer with a higher conductivity and a 0.2 eV activation energy. If we interpret the 0.2 μm thickness as a Debye screening length, we deduce a density of states of about 1016 cm−3eV−1 near the fermi level.
The Role of Stochastic Forcing in Modulating ENSO Predictability

Abstract Predictability analysis of a 1000-yr simulated zonal wind stress anomaly in an intermediate coupled model reveals that low-frequency variations in ENSO prediction are closely linked to changes in spatial structures of the uncoupled atmospheric noise. Enhanced predictability well beyond 1 yr is attained during those decades in which the structures of the stochastic component resemble a certain optimal noise structure, while during other periods the system quickly loses its predictability when the noise has less resemblance to the optimals. The optimal noise forcing can maximize the system's predictability up to 1 yr in advance. Its spatial characteristics are such that maximum variability is located in the western Pacific at about 8°N. Within the limitations of the authors' simple model, the results suggest that changes in ENSO predictability can be explained in terms of changes in the characteristics of the noise forcing, without invoking changes in mean state and coupled dynamics. Therefore, the...
Rolling contact stress analysis with the application of a new plasticity model

Abstract Previous elastic-plastic stress analyses of rolling contact have not produced accurate results of shear strain accumulation because the plasticity models applied in contact analysis were not designed to handle long term ratchetting behavior of a material. In this work, we studied the residual stresses and progressive shear strain ratchetting for the line rolling contact problems utilizing a recently developed semi-analytical approach in conjunction with a new plasticity model. The p0/k ratio ranges from 5.0 to 9.0 and the Q P ratio ranges from -0.3 to 0.3, where p0 is the maximum Hertzian pressure, k is the yield stress in shear of the material, Q represents the total tangential force, and P is the total normal load. The material properties used in the simulations are those of 1070 steel with a pearlitic microstructure. It was found that the ratchetting rate of rolling surface movement rapidly decreases with increasing number of rolling passages (cycles) and ratchetting continues for many cycles. The simulations confirm that a driven wheel undergoes enhanced fatigue damage compared with a driving wheel. It is concluded that the pure rolling contact ( Q P = 0 ) produces “forward” surface movement. The tangential force plays a considerable role in the surface ratchetting but its influence on the residual stresses is insignificant. The overall residual stresses are mainly determined by the p0/k ratio. Calculations were also conducted to simulate multiple passes of trains over a rail and the ratchetting in a locomotive driving wheel. A locomotive driving wheel produces “forward” surface ratchetting on the rail and car wheels following the driving wheels produce “backward” surface ratchetting on the rail. Most existing plasticity theorems are not capable of predicting this change in ratchetting direction. In the presence of multiple block loading histories a steady state ratchetting may not be reached.
Silver staining of synaptonemal complexes in surface spreads for light and electron microscopy.

Abstract Synaptonemal complexes (SCs), axes of the X and Y chromosomes, and nucleoli in surface-spread preparations of spermatocytes are selectively stained for both light and electron microscopy by ammoniacal silver. Combined with a simple technique for transferring material from glass slides to grids, sequential light and electron microscopic analysis of full SC complements is possible with no further preparation. This new method has potential for both basic and clinical cytogenetic research.
A Novel Scheme for Reduction of Physical Layer Interference in a DWDM Radio-over-fiber Network

By using multiple time modulation in the optical domain, we experimentally demonstrate a novel scheme employing different radio frequencies (RF) at the adjacent areas for reducing signal interference in a DWDM radio-over-fiber system.
High ionic strength: Its significance in immunosurveillance against tumor cells in sharks and rays (elasmobranchs)

It is postulated that the rarity of tumors in elasmobranchs is due to the high ionic strength in their tissues, which is equivalent to a high body temperature. Such conditions should lead to the elimination of variable antigenicity and 100% immune surveillance. The basis for this theory is that the repressor molecular for mitosis, not binding to its operator site cannot bind anywhere.
Perceptions and Attitude of Students in Relation to Vandalism in University Libraries in South-South Zone of Nigeria

This study was conducted in December 2010 to find out students perception and attitude toward vandalism in the library. To gather the required information, a questionnaire was distributed to 1400 randomly selected students of university libraries in the South-South zone of Nigeria out of which 718 responded. Results of their responses revealed that vandalism of library materials in the form of theft, mutilation and hiding of books and journals, is largely regarded as a form of academic survival, this makes student to put up "I Don't care" attitude to library materials. The major causes of vandalism of library materials include limited library collections; restrictions in the use of some materials; number and duration of loans; insufficient number of copies of recommended textbooks; unaffordable cost of personal textbooks; high cost of photocopying as well as peer-influence. Amongst others, researchers recommend the following: training and retraining programme for users, extension of loan period; adequate funding; robust security measures and punishment of offenders.
Postage stamps, microstates and tourism.

This section is devoted to research notes, conference resumes and other significant research events. Two copies of write-ups, not exceeding 1,000 words, may be mailed to the Section Editor, Associate Professor Ross K. Dowling, School of Marketing and Tourism, Faculty of Business, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, WA 6027, Australia. In all cases, one copy of the report should be mailed to the Chief Editor, TRR.
Diagnosing Failures in Wireless Networks Using Fault Signatures

Detection and diagnosis of failures in wireless networks is of crucial importance. It is also a very challenging task, given the myriad of problems that plague present day wireless networks. A host of issues such as software bugs, hardware failures, and environmental factors, can cause performance degradations in wireless networks. As part of this study, we propose a new approach for diagnosing performance degradations in wireless networks, based on the concept of ``fault signatures''. Our goal is to construct signatures for known faults in wireless networks and utilize these to identify particular faults. Via preliminary experiments, we show how these signatures can be generated and how they can help us in diagnosing network faults and distinguishing them from legitimate network events. Unlike most previous approaches, our scheme allows us to identify the root cause of the fault by capturing the state of the network parameters during the occurrence of the fault.
Resonant Langmuir-circulation-internal-wave interaction. Part 2. Langmuir circulation instability

A long-wavelength weakly nonlinear analysis is used to investigate the possibility for resonant energy exchange between low-mode internal waves and counter-rotating roll vortices known as Langmuir circulation. The analysis is based on a two-layer ocean model in which the Langmuir circulation is confined to the upper layer and counter-propagating internal waves travel along the sharp thermocline normal to the axes of the vortices. An asymptotically consistent description of the slow-time behaviour is obtained by making a WKBJ approximation to treat the comparatively high-frequency internal-wave reflections identified in Part 1. When the vortices and waves are modelled as linearly neutral modes, the resulting dynamics take the form of nonlinear oscillations. The theory suggests that Langmuir cells may transiently lose stability to standing internal-wave disturbances whose nodes are aligned with the cell downwelling zones. An exact solution of the Langmuir-circulation-standing-wave interaction is used to gain insight into the nonlinear instability mechanism. As in Part 1, the modification of the linear internal-wave dynamics by the Craik-Leibovich 'vortex force' is found to be crucial to the interaction.
Modification of epileptiform discharges in neocortical neurons following glutamate uptake inhibition.

Summary: Sodium-dependent high-affinity glutamate transporters regulate synaptic glutamate levels to maintain low ambient levels of glutamate and prevent excitotoxicity. Most studies using pharmacological inhibition of glutamate transport to examine the involvement of glutamate transporters in regulating synaptic activity have examined small synaptic currents. Using in vitro brain slices, we investigated the effects of uptake inhibition on two types of epileptiform activity, bicuculline-induced paroxysmal activity, and epileptiform responses in the freeze-lesion epilepsy model. In layer II/III pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortex, inhibiting uptake with low concentrations of DL-threos-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) (20 or 30 µM) prolonged bicuculline-induced epileptiform activity. At higher concentrations, TBOA (150 or 300 µM) caused a transient enhancement of epileptiform discharges that was followed by a decrease. In the freeze-lesion model, inhibiting uptake also increased the amplitude and response area of evoked activity. The prolongation of epileptiform activity exhibited by the inhibition of glutamate uptake (TBOA 20 or 30 µM )i sattributed to an increase in the level of glutamate extracellularly during uptake blockade, resulting in sustained activation of glutamate receptors. The decrease in epileptiform activity at higher TBOA concentration could be due to glutamate receptor desensitization or loss of excitability due to a depolarization block. The present results suggest that decreases in glutamate uptake can be proconvulsant in the two models of epilepsy examined. Key Words: Glutamate uptake— Neocortex—TBOA—Cortical dysplasia—Epilepsy.
Can the public be held accountable

Can groups such as audiences be held collectively accountable in matters of ethics, or does it really distill down to the ethics of the individual? The author discusses individual and collective accountability, and then details a systematic approach to collective responsibility.
Testing the exogeneity specification in the complete dynamic simultaneous equation model

Abstract It is shown that in the complete dynamic simultaneous equation model exogenous variables cause endogenous variables in the sense of Granger (1969) and satisfy the criterion of econometric exogeneity discussed by Sims (1977a), but that the stationarity assumptions invoked by Granger and Sims are not necessary for this implication. Inference procedures for testing each implication are presented and a new joint test of both implications isderived. Detailed attention is given to estimation and testing when the error vector of the final form of the complete dynamic simultaneous equation model is both singular and serially correlated. The theoretical points of the paper are illustrated by testing the exogeneity specification in a small macroeconometric model.
Dynamic simulation of sedimentation of solid particles in an Oldroyd-B fluid

In this paper we present a two-dimensional numerical study of the viscoelastic effects on the sedimentation of particles in the presence of solid walls or another particle. The Navier-Stokes equations coupled with an Oldroyd-B model are solved using a finite-element method with the EVSS formalism, and the particles are moved according to their equations of motion. In a vertical channel filled with a viscoelastic fluid, a particle settling very close to one side wall experiences a repulsion from the wall; a particle farther away from the wall is attracted toward it. Thus a settling particle will approach an eccentric equilibrium position, which depends on the Reynolds and Deborah numbers. Two particles settling one on top of the other attract and form a doublet if their initial separation is not too large. Two particles settling side by side approach each other and the doublet also rotates till the line of centers is aligned with the direction of sedimentation. The particle-particle interactions are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations, while the wall repulsion has not been documented in experiments. The driving force for lateral migrations is shown to correlate with the pressure distribution on the particle's surface. As a rule, viscoelasticity affects the motion of particles by modifying the pressure distribution on their surface. The direct contribution of viscoelastic normal stresses to the force and torque is not important.
A STRUCTURAL EXAMINATION OF MISDEMEANOR COURT DISPOSITION PATTERNS

The utility of structural criminology in explaining societal reaction to criminal events is examined in an analysis of misdemeanor court cases processed in an urban southern jurisdiction. The analysis employs a relational measure of class to discern distinctions in disposition patterns for misdemeanors classified by type of complaining party. Logistic regression is used to consider the influence of a variety of procedural/legal and extralegal variables in predicting case dispositions for individual, corporate, and victimless cases. Results indicate partial support for the premises of structural theory, and the discussion focuses on how the context of criminal court processing may be conditioned by varying degrees of control between victim and offender.
A bioengineered peripheral nerve construct using aligned peptide amphiphile nanofibers

Peripheral nerve injuries can result in lifelong disability. Primary coaptation is the treatment of choice when the gap between transected nerve ends is short. Long nerve gaps seen in more complex injuries often require autologous nerve grafts or nerve conduits implemented into the repair. Nerve grafts, however, cause morbidity and functional loss at donor sites, which are limited in number. Nerve conduits, in turn, lack an internal scaffold to support and guide axonal regeneration, resulting in decreased efficacy over longer nerve gap lengths. By comparison, peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are molecules that can self-assemble into nanofibers, which can be aligned to mimic the native architecture of peripheral nerve. As such, they represent a potential substrate for use in a bioengineered nerve graft substitute. To examine this, we cultured Schwann cells with bioactive PAs (RGDS-PA, IKVAV-PA) to determine their ability to attach to and proliferate within the biomaterial. Next, we devised a PA construct for use in a peripheral nerve critical sized defect model. Rat sciatic nerve defects were created and reconstructed with autologous nerve, PLGA conduits filled with various forms of aligned PAs, or left unrepaired. Motor and sensory recovery were determined and compared among groups. Our results demonstrate that Schwann cells are able to adhere to and proliferate in aligned PA gels, with greater efficacy in bioactive PAs compared to the backbone-PA alone. In vivo testing revealed recovery of motor and sensory function in animals treated with conduit/PA constructs comparable to animals treated with autologous nerve grafts. Functional recovery in conduit/PA and autologous graft groups was significantly faster than in animals treated with empty PLGA conduits. Histological examinations also demonstrated increased axonal and Schwann cell regeneration within the reconstructed nerve gap in animals treated with conduit/PA constructs. These results indicate that PA nanofibers may represent a promising biomaterial for use in bioengineered peripheral nerve repair.
What Man has told Children about Death

This article begins with the assumption that one can gather some picture of the history of man's attitude toward death by examining the literature he has written for children.And so, it proceeds to survey death in children's literature from the early, anonymous works such as Mother Goose, to contemporary picture books like The Dead Bird. This literature is basically divided into four periods: Anonymous, Puritan, Intermediate and Contemporary. At least one representative example and further references follow the explanation of the values and principles of each period.The conclusion points out that, aside from the merits of this survey as a literature study and an indication of man's attitudes towards death through history, it can serve the important role of challenging the reader to examine his own death attitudes.
Electroretinal Photopic Sensitivity Curves

SINCE Adrian1 first suggested the existence of separate rod- and cone-components in the human electroretinogram, there have been attempts to isolate them so as to demonstrate the degree to which their spectral sensitivity curves adhered to scotopic or photopic patterns.
Hysteretic Dependence of Critical Current on Applied Magnetic Field and Magnetic Irreversmujty Line Crossings in Polycrystalline YBa2Cu3C7

The transport critical current density Jc has been measured in high quality poly-crystalline YBa2Cu3C7 as a function of temperature and for various sweeps of sub-Tesla applied magnetic fields. Large increases over the virgin response were observed in Jc at fields of a few hundred gauss and are attributed to trapped flux in the samples. The amount of trapped flux was measured and correlated to the change at Jc at various temperatures. The position of the magnetic irreversibility line was measured by field induced absorption shift in AC susceptibility. The various data are discussed in the context of the weak link conduction model.
Positive and negative symptoms and adjustment in severely mentally ill outpatients

Studying the relationships among clinical symptoms and adjustment can clarify prognostic factors in severe mental disorders, highlight syndromes that may be the focus of different treatments, and illuminate causal relationships connecting premorbid, 'acute', and long-term psychopathological features. This article examines the relationship between positive and negative symptoms and community adjustment in 398 community mental health center outpatients maintained on neuroleptic medication. Outcome measures include psychiatric hospitalization, employment, and social involvement. Affective symptomatology, premorbid social competence, and three neuropsychological measures are additional independent variables. Positive and negative symptoms are significantly correlated with separate aspects of contemporaneous adjustment, as well as with subsequent hospitalization. Negative symptoms are predominantly related to prior hospitalization, employment, and social interactions; positive symptoms are primarily related to subsequent hospitalization. Disordered attention is most related to global neuropsychological impairment; avolition is mainly associated with degree of employment. Findings are separable from the effects of schizophrenic vs. non-schizophrenic diagnosis. Special attention is paid to a central group of negative symptoms, to separating negative symptoms from neuropsychological deficits, and to distinguishing premorbid from current social functioning.
The atomic oxygen 3P → 1D electron‐excitation cross section near threshold

Preliminary results of a new measurement of the differential electron excitation cross section of the O I (3P→ 1D) transition near threshold confirm the presence of a large peak in the inelastic cross section at 5 to 6 eV. The new results are compared with previous measurements and theoretical calculations. The near-threshold shape of the O I (3P→ 1D) cross section has interesting implications for the aeronomy of the thermosphere.
Intradendrimer Exchange of Metal Nanoparticles

We previously demonstrated that metal nanoclusters ranging in size from 1 to 2 nm can be prepared within dendrimer templates. In this two-step synthesis, metal ions (for example, Cu2+, Pd2+, and Pt2+) first partition into the interior of, for example, a hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer, and then the resulting nanocomposite is reduced with BH4- to yield a dendrimer-encapsulated, zerovalent metal nanocluster. The critical step in this procedure is partitioning of a particular number of metal ions into the dendrimer interior. This process is normally driven by strong association of metal ions with intradendrimer tertiary amine groups. However, for metal ions that do not form either covalent bonds or strong complexes with the interior amine groups (for example, Au3+ and Ag+), an alternative procedure is required. Here we report that dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoclusters can undergo multiple, in-situ displacement reactions. For example, a 55-Cu-atom-containing sixth-generation PAMAM d...
Atmospheric pressure synthesis of photoluminescent hybrid materials by sequential organometallic vapor infiltration into polyethylene terephthalate fibers

Exposing a polymer to sequential organometallic vapor infiltration (SVI) under low pressure conditions can significantly modify the polymer's chemical, mechanical, and optical properties. We demonstrate that SVI of trimethylaluminum into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can also proceed readily at atmospheric pressure, and at 60 °C the extent of reaction determined by mass uptake is independent of pressure between 2.5 Torr and 760 Torr. At 120 °C, however, the mass gain is 50% larger at 2.5 Torr relative to that at 760 Torr, indicating that the precursor diffusion in the chamber and fiber matrix decreases at higher source pressure. Mass gain decreases, in general, as the SVI process temperature increases both at 2.5 Torr and 760 Torr attributed to the faster reaction kinetics forming a barrier layer, which prevents further diffusion of the reactive species. The resulting PET/Al-Ox product shows high photoluminescence compared to untreated fibers. A physical mask on the polymer during infiltration at 760 Torr is replicated in the underlying polymer, producing an image in the polymer that is visible under UV illumination. Because of the reduced precursor diffusivity during exposure at 760 Torr, the image shows improved resolution compared to SVI performed under typical 2.5 Torr conditions.
Surgical treatment of trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis: a historical perspective.

Background The trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint’s unique anatomy and biomechanics render it susceptible to degeneration. For 60 years, treatment of the painful joint has been surgical when nonoperative modalities have failed. Dozens of different operations have been proposed, including total or subtotal resection of the trapezium or resection and implant arthroplasty. Proponents initially report high levels of patient satisfaction, but longer-term reports sometimes fail to support initial good results. To date, no one procedure has been shown to be superior to another.
Introduction to Musculoskeletal Ultrasound

This article reviews basic concepts of musculoskeletal ultrasound as an introduction. Basic information with regard to ultrasound equipment, transducer selection, scanning technique, and image optimization are reviewed. Examples of normal structures as seen at ultrasound are shown. Ultrasound artifacts and advanced ultrasound techniques, such as color and power Doppler imaging, also are discussed briefly.