cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing invariance of ethnic-racial discrimination and identity measures for adolescents across ethnic-racial groups and contexts.

Ethnic-racial discrimination experiences, ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development, and attitudes toward other ethnic-racial group contact all make important contributions to individuals' health and well-being. Absent from the literature is systematic examination of whether these constructs may be measured equivalently for adolescents from different ethnic-racial groups living in different contexts. In 2 large ethno-racially diverse samples of high school students in the Southwestern (N = 2,136) and Midwestern (N = 1,055) United States, the current study tested invariance of 4 widely used measures, including Adolescent Discrimination Distress Index (Fisher, Wallace, & Fenton, 2000), Ethnic Identity Scale-Brief (Douglass & Umana-Taylor, 2015), Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity-Teen (Scottham, Sellers, & Nguyen, 2008), and Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Other Group Orientation (Phinney, 1992). Results from multigroup confirmatory factor analyses supported configural and metric but not scalar invariance across Asian, Black, Latinx, Native, and White American adolescents, and across geographic regions for Asian, Black, and White American adolescents. Results demonstrate the utility of these measures to examine whether associations with theoretically related constructs differ across groups and regions, but specific items preclude mean-level group difference tests for certain groups. Supporting convergent validity across ethno-racially diverse adolescents in 2 regions, scores on ethnic-racial discrimination from peers, adults in school, and other adults in society were each positively associated with depressive symptoms; ERI exploration, resolution, affirmation, centrality, and public regard scores were each positively associated with self-esteem; and other group orientation scores were positively associated with ERI achievement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Narrating the nadir: examining personal and vicarious stories of cancer-related low points among survivors and romantic partners.

Objective: To investigate low point autobiographical narratives among cancer survivors and romantic partners.Design: Cancer survivors (Study 1) and romantic partners (Study 2) narrated the low poin...
Vernacular, unacknowledged multilingualism, and esoteric code: failed revelations in J. L. Borges’s ‘Averroës’ Search’ and R. Kipling’s ‘The finest story in the world’

This essay focuses on the idea that the vernacular (conceived as a context-dependent relation between socially unequal languages) can sometimes enable a form of communication that excludes the soci...
Evaluation of the Quality of a Radiosurgery Plan

Rather than an exposition or a chronicling of the development of the many indices that have been developed over the years to judge the quality of a radiosurgery plan, this chapter is designed to serve as a practical reference of the most clinically worthwhile indices. The authors also discuss how some historically used indices are actually detrimental to more important aspects of plan quality, so that the reader may learn from the pitfalls of past practitioners.
Is the Actual Failure Rate of Hip Arthroscopy Higher Than Most Published Series? An Analysis of a Private Insurance Database.

Background The use of hip arthroscopy (HA) for the management of intra-articular hip pathology has increased greatly, with a 600% increase in utilization from 2006-2010. Studies have demonstrated good to excellent outcomes in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. However, some patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy will require revision hip arthroscopy (revision HA) or conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between hip arthroscopy failure and (1) osteoarthritis, (2) age > 40 years, and (3) psychiatric comorbidities. Methods The Humana Inc. insurance claims database was used to identify patients undergoing hip arthroscopy between 2007 and 2015, with query by CPT (current procedural terminology code) of more than 25 million deidentified insurance and Medicare beneficiary claims. Following primary hip arthroscopy, patients were longitudinally tracked for subsequent ipsilateral hip arthroscopy (revision HA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) with a minimum of 1-year clinical follow-up from the primary HA procedure. Hip arthroscopy failure (HA failure) was defined specifically as patients who underwent a revision HA or THA with a minimum of 1-year of clinical follow-up from the primary HA procedure. Variables assessed included presence of pre-existing osteoarthritis, age 40 years, and presence of preoperatively diagnosed psychiatric comorbidities including depression or anxiety. The relationships between revision HA, THA, or HA failure and these variables were assessed utilizing univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Independent predictors of revision ipsilateral hip arthroscopy and subsequent hip arthroplasty were identified using multiple logistic regression. Results In total, 785 patients (64.1% female) underwent primary hip arthroscopy. The overall failure rate with a minimum of 1-year clinical follow-up from the index HA procedure was 18%[140/785; 8% (63/785) revision hip arthroscopy, 10% (82/785) THA]. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified psychiatric comorbidities (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.8, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.2-6.2, p 40 years (OR 3.09, 1.47-7.25, p Conclusion The hip arthroscopy failure rate of 18% in the present study is alarmingly high, a figure much higher than reported in previously published series. Patient factors associated with conversion to THA included age > 40 years, smoking, and preexisting osteoarthritis. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities, specifically depression and anxiety, was independently associated with revision HA and overall HA failure.Level of Evidence: III.
Exceeding a resolving power of 50 for virus size determination by differential mobility analysis.

Abstract A recently described DMA designed for high resolution viral particle analysis (Perez-DMA; Perez-Lorenzo et al, 2020) is modified to decrease the relative peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) below previously achieved ≈3.3%. The electrode radii at the outlet slit (R1 = 1.01 cm; R2 = 2 cm) and the working length are almost unchanged (L = 114.9 vs. 116 mm). The laminarization trumpet and the radius of the curve merging the trumpet to the working section are both considerably widened to improve gas flow laminarization. DMA evaluation with salt clusters is improved by reducing the flow resistance at the gas outlet, to reach substantially larger sheath gas flow rates Q near 1700 L/min. Tests with tetraheptylammonium bromide clusters with a center rod diverging at 3° demonstrate FWHM
Improvisation-Based Workshop to Build Empathy in Mentor-Mentee Relationships and Support Academic Equity

Strong mentoring relationships improve the success of students in academia and must be the foundation for increasing diversity in STEM. We developed an innovative skills-based training workshop to ...
Compact brain MRI.

A prototype device for performing magnetic-resonance-imaging scans of the brain that integrates a lightweight permanent magnet and low-power gradient coils is suitable for eventual use at the bedside.
Seven Highly Effective Police Leaders: 1895-Modern Times

This book provides a valuable addition to the policing literature by detailing the backgrounds and histories of seven important police leaders: Teddy Roosevelt, August Vollmer, O.W. Wilson, Penny Harrington, Bill Bratton, Chuck Ramsey, and Chris Magnus. Seven Highly Effective Police Leaders teaches important history, highlighting the impact on the evolution of American policing by academia and social science. Each historical biography demonstrates the importance of each leader’s decision-making and how it continues to shape the future of U.S. law enforcement. Readers are informed about each police leader’s background and how their leadership was shaped by the political and historical environments in which they led. The book is useful for educational courses in policing, American history, leadership, and strategic planning. Additionally, the general public will find this book insightful regarding contemporary mass social justice protests linked to the unique history of the United States.
This Article Corrects: "The Effects of Implementing a "Waterfall" Emergency Physician Attending Schedule".

Author(s): Spiegelman, Lindsey; Jen, Maxwell; Matonis, Danielle; Gibney, Ryan; Saadat, Soheil; Sakaria, Sangeeta; Wray, Alisa; Toohey, Shannon
Not So Fast - Scrutinizing the Gun Jumping Provisions of the Securities Act under the Commercial Speech Doctrine

Although less menacing than its older cousin strict scrutiny, the commercial speech doctrine has become a formidable check on state and federal regulators. Foraying into markets as diverse as tobacco products and legal services, the commercial speech doctrine has proven fatal to an increasing number of laws restricting commercial advertising.1 Indeed, this plucky young doctrine seems poised to challenge even the august federal securities regime. Fearing the fallout from such an encounter, courts and commentators have argued that the First Amendment does not shield, or only negligibly protects, speech captured by securities regulations. These proponents of a “securities exception” to the First Amendment assemble a host of theoretical justifications supporting limited judicial review for speechrestrictive securities regulations. Some argue that less rigorous First Amendment scrutiny is appropriate for laws that only incidentally capture speech when regulating a larger course of unlawful conduct.2 Others rely on the distinct “institutional” features of the securities regime as a principled reason for a securities exception.3 This Note addresses some of these arguments, concluding that both Supreme Court precedent and the constitutional values animating the commercial speech doctrine undermine the case for a securities exception. The Note reasons that the Court’s antipaternalistic, free market approach to commercial advertisements forces lower courts to treat regulations that prohibit securities advertisements the same as any other restriction on commercial speech. Accordingly, this
Multimodality Therapy in Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Surgical resection has been the mainstay of curative therapy for localized and locoregional disease, but high local and distant recurrence rates have led to evaluation of additional therapies. A number of trials have evaluated chemotherapy and/or radiation both in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings as additional modalities to improve outcome after surgical resection. Though there is consensus that additional modalities play a role in improving overall survival after curative intent surgery, preference for certain regimens and modalities varies markedly across different regions of the world.
Vibrational stability and electronic structure of a B 80 fullerene

We investigate the vibrational stability and the electronic structure of the proposed icosahedral fullerenelike cage structure of ${\text{B}}_{80}$ [N. G. Szwacki, A. Sadrzadeh, and B. I. Yakobson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 166804 (2007)], by an all electron density-functional theory using polarized Gaussian basis functions containing 41 basis functions per atom. The vibrational analysis of ${\text{B}}_{80}$ indicates that the icosahedral structure is vibrationally unstable with seven imaginary frequencies. The equilibrium structure has ${T}_{h}$ symmetry and a smaller gap of 0.96 eV between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels compared to the icosahedral structure. The static dipole polarizability of a ${\text{B}}_{80}$ cage is $149\text{ }{\text{\AA{}}}^{3}$, and the first ionization energy is 6.4 eV. The ${\text{B}}_{80}$ cage has rather large electron affinity of 3 eV making it a useful candidate as electron acceptor if it is synthesized. The infrared and Raman spectra of the highly symmetric structure are characterized by a few absorption peaks.
Analyzing Platforms Goods Using Multiple-Discrete Continuous Demand Models

Fixed costs can take many forms, including the monetary expenditures for purchasing equip- ment, the time required to travel for consumption, and investments to establish social relationships. The presence of fixed costs reduces consumer trial and partially explains the prevalence of non-purchase in many product categories. When utility maximizing consumers are faced with significant fixed costs they will often decide to not make a purchase. The estimation of models with fixed costs is challenged both by the presence of discontinuities in the likelihood function associated with the purchase of the first unit and by the possibility that different choice alternatives may share the same fixed cost. In this paper we develop a demand model with fixed costs that are shared among multiple goods. Using conjoint analysis, we demonstrate its application to the purchase of equipment and supplies for veterinary testing.
Alterations in cAMP‐Mediated Signaling and Their Role in the Pathophysiology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease characterized by enlargement of the chambers of the heart and a decrease in contractility of the heart muscle. The process involves several alterations in proteins involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation that result in a decrease in intracellular cAMP content per unit of adrenergic stimulation in cardiac myocytes. A fundamental question is whether these changes constitute a pathologic mechanism that contributes to chamber enlargement and hypocontractility or a compensatory adaptation that protects the heart from the adverse effects of increased catecholamine stimulation. Clinical studies in humans suggest that the latter effect may be more important. Studies in animal models, however, make the picture more complex: changes in cAMP‐mediated signaling can have different effects depending on the specific protein whose expression or function is altered and the setting in which the alteration occurs. It may be that dilated cardiomyopathy represents a collection of different diseases in which alterations in cAMP‐mediated signaling have different roles in the pathophysiology of the disease, and, furthermore, that changes in the phosphorylation of individual substrates of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase may be either beneficial or harmful. Identifying differences among patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with respect to the role of altered cAMP‐mediated signaling in their pathology, and identifying the “good” and “bad” substrates of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, are important areas for further research.
Growth Factor Regulation of the Promoter for Calcyclin, a Growth-regulated Gene*

The steady-state levels of calcyclin mRNA are regulated by growth factors. Using deletion mutants of the 5'-flanking region and a linked reporter (the bacterial chloroamphenicol transferase gene), we have investigated the elements of the calcyclin gene's promoter that respond to growth factors. By a transient expression assay after transfection in BALB/c/3T3 cells, we have been able to show that the serum-inducible sequences are contained in a 164-base pair fragment just upstream of the cap site. This fragment also contains an enhancer, and responds to platelet-derived growth factor as well as to serum. The sequences from -1371 to -1194 upstream of the cap site contain an element which is negatively regulated by epidermal growth factor. These findings have been confirmed in hamster cell lines in which the deletion mutants of the calcyclin promoter controlled the expression of the cDNA for human thymidine kinase. These results indicate that, like in other growth-regulated genes the activity of the calcyclin promoter is modulated by both positive and negative elements. Even more intriguing, though, is the finding that some of these negative elements may be influenced by growth factors in the environment.
Using Video and CD-ROM Technology in a Job Preference Inventory for Youth with Severe Disabilities.

In this article, a motion video CD-ROM program designed to assist youth with severe disabilities in the selection of job preferences is described. With help from a facilitator such as a special edu...
Racismo/sexismo epistémico, universidades occidentalizadas y los cuatro genocidios: epistemicidios del largo siglo XVI

Resumen es: Este articulo analiza el racismo/sexismo epistemico fundacional a las estructuras de conocimiento de la universidad occidentalizada. El articulo plantea ...
Does EPA underestimate cancer risks by ignoring susceptibility differences

A 2009 report of the National Research Council (NRC) recommended that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) increase its estimates of increased cancer risk from exposure to environmental agents by ∼7-fold, due to an approximate ∼25-fold typical ratio between the median and upper 95th percentile persons' cancer sensitivity assuming approximately lognormally distributed sensitivities. EPA inaction on this issue has raised concerns that cancer risks to environmentally exposed populations remain systematically underestimated. This concern is unwarranted, however, because EPA point estimates of cancer risk have always pertained to the average, not the median, person in each modeled exposure group. Nevertheless, EPA has yet to explain clearly how its risk characterization and risk management policies concerning individual risks from environmental chemical carcinogens do appropriately address broad variability in human cancer susceptibility that has been a focus of two major NRC reports to EPA concerning its risk assessment methods.
A test‐retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy, and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classes

This study investigated relationships among, and changes in, student state motivation, teacher immediacy, and student‐perceived sources of motivation and demotivation across the course of a semester in college classes. Findings supported a causal relationship between teacher immediacy and state motivation and also replicated a pattern in which students perceive motivation as a personally‐owned state and demotivation as a teacher‐owned problem. Test‐retest changes in state motivation and teacher use of nonverbal immediacy behaviors were observed, with absence of negatives more influential than presence of positives in immediacy‐motivation relationships.
All-optical switching and routing based on an electromagnetically induced absorption grating

An electromagnetically induced absorption grating is formed in a three-level atomic vapor under the condition of electromagnetically induced transparency in which the strong coupling beam is replaced by a standing wave. The transmission and reflection behaviors of the weak probe beam are greatly modified at certain frequencies near the two-photon resonance. An all-optical two-port signal router–all-optical switch is demonstrated.
A Left Loop on the 15-Sphere

Abstract The sedenions, elements of a 16-dimensional real division semialgebra with multiplicative Euclidean norm, are presented. The induced multiplication on the 15-sphere forms a left loop that is a loop almost everywhere. Suitable left multiplications in the left loop provide an 8-dimensional non-vanishing vector field on the 15-sphere.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATION OF PROFOUND HYPERCALCEMIA

Hypercalcemic crisis is a rare manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid adenoma. The musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, neurologic and cardiovascular systems can be severely affected. This case dramatically illustrates the classic electrocardiographic findings caused by
Culture's influence on creativity: the case of Indian spirituality

Abstract In this paper, I posit that people strive to excel in areas that are compatible with their cultural values. Since spirituality is valued in the Indian culture, it is argued that creative geniuses are readily channeled in this field of human endeavor. A historical analysis followed by a case-analytic approach using three cases is applied to examine the thesis. By building on existing theoretical frameworks, a general model of culture and creativity is presented in which culture, Zeitgeist , and genius are postulated to have reciprocal relationships in shaping creative behaviors. The paper also points out how some of the current culture theories are unable to explain this process. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Some Viscoelastic Crack Growth Relations for Orthotropic and Prestrained MEdia.

Abstract Equations are developed for predicting and sliding modes of crack growth along planes of geometric symmetry in viscoelastic orthotropic media with and without large prestrains. Except for the small failure zone at the crack-tip, the material is assumed to be linearly viscoelastic with respect to the changes in stress and strain which occur during crack propagation. For an orthotropic body in plane strain, an observation of Biot relating the Fourier transformed tractions and displacements on the surface of any homogeneous, elastic half-space is used in conjunction with Graham's extended correspondence principle to generate the viscoelastic crack face displacements. Application of a suitable energy criterion for failure leads to a nonlinear integro-differential equation for the crack tip speed in terms of material and loading parameters. The resulting equation is of the same generic form as in the previously published isotropic case except that the isotropic creep compliance is replaced by effective compliances formed from orthotropic moduli. Thus, just as in the isotropic case, a much simpler, approximate crack growth rate equation is deduced from the assumption that these effective compliances have small curvature when plotted logarithmically against logarithmic time. Included is a numerical example using constitutive properties of a fiber-reinforced plastic. Extension to fracture of prestrained media and crack growth between certain types of dissimilar media is then made. Again the growth equations have the same basic form, but for a prestrained medium the effective compliances involve the incremental moduli. The results indicate that crack growth is accelerated for initial stress states that create certain surface instabilities ahead of the crack tip. Finally, it is argued that these crack velocity relations can be employed in plane stress problems and in many three-dimensional cases, and, with a small change, can be used to predict the time of fracture initiation.
Effector Triggered Manipulation of Host Immune Response Elicited by Different Pathotypes of Escherichia Coli

Effectors are virulence factors that are secreted by bacteria during an infection in order to subvert cellular processes or induce the surveillance system of the host. Pathogenic microorganisms encode effectors, toxins and components of secretion systems that inject the effectors to the host. Escherichia coli is part of the innocuous commensal microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract. However, pathogenic E. coli can cause diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic E. coli uses secretion systems to inject an array of effector proteins directly into the host cells. Herein, we discuss the effectors secreted by different pathotypes of E. coli and provide an overview of strategies employed by effectors to target the host cellular and subcellular processes as well as their role in triggering host immune response.
A Low Cost Multi-Tiered Approach to Improving the Reliability of Multi-Level Cell Pram

Phase change RAM (PRAM) is a promising memory technology because of its fast read access time, very low standby power and high storage density. Multi-level Cell (MLC) PRAM, which has been introduced to further improve the storage density, comes at a price of lower reliability. This paper focuses on a cost-effective solution for improving the reliability of MLC-PRAM. As a first step, we study in detail the causes of hard and soft errors and develop error models to capture these effects. Next we propose a multi-tiered approach that spans architecture, circuit and system levels to increase the reliability. At the architecture level, we use a combination of Gray code encoding and 2-bit interleaving to partition the errors so that a lower strength error control coding (ECC) scheme can be used for half of the bits. We use subblock flipping and threshold resistance tuning to reduce the number of errors in the remaining bits. For even higher reliability, we use a simple BCH based ECC on top of these techniques. We show that the proposed multi-tiered approach enables us to use ECC with 2-error correction capability (t?=?2) instead of one with t?=?8 to achieve a block failure rate (BFR) of 10?8. We propose to use a non-iterative algorithm to implement the BCH t?=?2 decoder because of its small latency. We evaluate the latency and energy overhead of the proposed scheme using CACTI and the IPC performance using GEM5. We show that for SPEC CINT 2006 and DaCapo benchmarks, the proposed system can achieve BFR = 10?8 with 2.2 % IPC reduction and 7 % additional energy compared to a memory without any error correction capability.
CASES Vodafone and the wireless industry: a case in market expansion and global strategy

This illustrative case discusses and evaluates Vodafone Group and its overseas expansion and diversification in global business. Vodafone is a UK‐based company that was established after a spin‐off from Racal Electronics Group in 1982. The primary objective of this case is to examine Vodafone’s changing focus and international expansion in the world wireless industry. The case intends to look at Vodafone’s future expansion, growth and global strategies within the concept of internationalization and competitive advantage issues.
Track-Before-Detect of Multiple Slowly Moving Targets

We describe a new approach for combining range and Doppler data from multiple radar platforms to perform multi-target detection and tracking. Increasing the number of sensors can cause data association by conventional means to become impractical due combinatorial complexity, i.e., an exponential increase in the number of target to signature mappings. If the azimuthal resolution is coarse, this problem will be exacerbated by the resulting overlap between signatures from multiple targets and clutter. Our approach avoids combinatorial complexity during data association by performing an efficient optimization in the space of all target tracks and mappings between tracks and data. The reduced computational complexity of our approach scales only linearly with increasing numbers of targets and sensors. As a proof-of-concept, a simplified (single-sensor, range-only) version of the algorithm is tested on experimental radar data acquired with a stretch receiver. These results are promising, and demonstrate a surprising degree of robustness in the presence of nonhomogeneous clutter. Also the full, multi-sensor, version of the algorithm is tested on synthetic data. These results demonstrate that very accurate tracks can be estimated by exploiting spatial diversity in the sensor locations. The algorithm appears to be robust in the presence of clutter and uncertain knowledge regarding the number of targets present.
An Efficient Synthesis of 2-Quinoxalinecarboxylic Acid

Development of a cost efficient and scaleable process for 2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid is described. The primarily goals of the development work were to improve the overall yield of the process, to...
Compensatory Growth in Japanese Quail Following Protein Restriction

Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate growth patterns of two selected quail lines and a control line after long-term selection for high 4-week body weight. Treatment 1 (control diet) consisted of a 28% protein diet from 0 to 6 weeks of age; treatment 2 consisted of a 28% protein diet from 0 to 2 weeks followed by a 20% protein diet from 2 to 6 weeks of age; treatment 3 consisted of a 20% protein diet from 0 to 2 weeks followed by a 28% protein diet from 2 to 6 weeks of age; and treatment 4 consisted of a 20% protein diet from 0 to 6 weeks of age. Six-week body weights of selected lines fed treatment 3 were equal to or superior (100 to 104%) to body weights of birds fed treatment 1. These data suggest that compensatory growth occurs in quail following undernutrition from 0 to 2 weeks of age on a low (20%) protein diet and that fast growing lines selected for high 4-week body weight are capable of demonstrating greater compensatory growth than nonseleeted control quail.
Personality Development From Late Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Differential Stability, Normative Maturity, and Evidence for the Maturity-Stability Hypothesis

This investigation examined personality development during the transition from adolescence to adulthood using the brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Patrick, Curtin, & Tellegen, 2002). Parent and self-reports of personality were obtained in 1994 (average age=17.60 years), and self-reports were obtained in 2003 (average age=27.24 years). There was evidence of both differential stability and normative changes in the direction of increased functional maturity during this transition. Moreover, adolescents with more mature personalities in 1994 tended to show fewer personality changes from 1994 to 2003. These maturity-stability effects held when parent reports were used to assess personality. All told, there was evidence of both stability and change in personality during the transition to adulthood.
How Do We Know What Students Are Actually Doing? Monitoring Students' Behavior in CALL.

This article presents a survey of computer-based tracking in CALL and the uses to which the analysis of tracking data can be put to address questions in CALL in particular and second language acquisition (SLA) in general. Adopting both quantitative and qualitative methods, researchers have found that students often use software in unexpected ways, a finding which has consequences for the notion of learner autonomy and underscores the need for learner training. In addition, researchers, especially those in computer-mediated communication (CMC), have demonstrated the operation of fundamental SLA principles and also extended our understanding of those principles. Finally, comparison of students' actual use of software and their self-reported use of software reveals the danger of over reliance on self-report data. Although logistically challenging and potentially time-consuming, analysis of tracking data goes a long way in putting CALL on solid empirical footing.
Detection of potato leafroll virus by visual inspection, direct tissue blotting and ELISA techniques

Greenhouse-grown Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah plants were tested for potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by visual examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and direct tissue-blotting assay (DTBA). Visibly infected and healthy plants were obtained from excised eyes of tubers submitted for winter certification tests. Each plant was sectioned into leaf, petiole, stem, root, seed piece, and tuber portions. Tissues were blotted on a nitrocellulose membrane for DTBA and then homogenized for use in a double-antibody sandwich ELISA system. Agreement between the two serological detection methods and with visual readings was high for petioles and stems, but lower for leaf, tuber and root tissues. Comparison of DTBA with ELISA and with visual plant symptoms suggest that DTBA can be used with the same accuracy as ELISA for detecting PLRV in stems and petioles
The developmental cycle of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in vertebrate cells

Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligatory intracellular bacterium, has two forms in mammalian cells: small dense-cored cells (DC) with dense nucleoid and larger reticulate cells (RC) with uniformly dispersed nucleoid. We have determined by electron microscopy that DC but not RC attaches to and enters into the host cells and RC but not DC multiples inside the host cells. Analysis of outer membrane protein expression by confocal microscopy showed that RC expressed the 28 kDa outer membrane protein (p28), the intermediate form, which were transforming from RC to DC, expressed both gp120 and p28, and the mature DC expressed gp120 only. The TCID50 of DC is 6 log10 higher than RC. We conclude that E. chaffeensis has a developmental cycle, in which the DC attaches to and enters into the host cells, and transforms into RC and the RC multiplies by binary fission for 48 h and then matures into DC at 72 h.
The Physical Characteristics of the Small-Scale Interstellar Structure toward μ Crucis

We present Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph echelle observations of multiple interstellar lines of C I, Mg I, Cr II, and Zn II toward both stars in the μ Crucis binary system. Despite large differences in the profiles of the neutral species, no significant variations between the stars are seen in the Cr II and Zn II line profiles. In particular, the Zn II absorption observed at -8.6 km s-1 toward μ Cru is constant despite greatly enhanced columns of the neutral species at this velocity toward μ1 Cru. An analysis of the fine-structure excitation of C I in this cloud implies that the density is n<250 cm−3. From the lack of variation in the (optical) Na I D2 line profiles toward μ1 and μ2 Cru in spectra taken 21 months apart, we can place a lower limit to the size of the structures of ~10 AU. These results are discussed in the context of recent radio and optical studies of apparently pervasive high-density small-scale interstellar structure.
Domestic automobile industry supply chain and operational effectiveness in recessionary environments

The fundamental dynamics of supply chain and inventory management techniques in the US domestic automobile industry, in particular General Motors, throughout the current economic downturn has placed considerable stress on supplier integration relationships. Types of processes and procedures were documented, especially with emphasis on GM’s history, sales numbers and new product development. Supply chain and inventory management systems used at GM before and during the recession and some of such changes on supplier relationships were discussed. Sufficient documentation exists that suggests that relatively poor supplier integration and antiquated inventory management have put GM at a competitive disadvantage relative with global economic downturn simply hasten the unveiling of decades of mismanagement.
Numerical T1 computation from NMR intensity ratios

Two-point measurement of tissue T1 from NMR intensity ratios consists of forming an a priori ratio function describing a T1 dependence of the ratio R(T1) and computing T1 from an observed ratio Q by numerically solving R(T1)-Q = 0 or an equivalent equation. Impact of R(T1) designs on the numerical computation and dependence of relative speeds of three numerical methods on desired computational precisions q and on other factors are examined. All three methods begin with computing a table of R(T1) entries in uniform T1 steps (delta T1). In two iterative methods, a step containing the T1 root is looked up, and the precise T1 location within the step is pinpointed to within a q value by either linear-interpolative (LI) or Newton-Raphson (NR) iteration. The third method simply consists of computing a large table of delta T1 = q for a mere "look-up" with no iterative search. All three methods require a monotonous R(T1) for uniformly effective computation over wide T1 ranges. Speeds of either iterative method for computing T1 images are expected to vary with delta T1 and q with unsharp speed maxima at delta T1 near 20, 6, and 2 ms for q = 10(-1), 10(-2), and 10(-3) ms, respectively. Either iterative method is suitable for both low- and high-precision computations, the LI method being generally faster. The simple look-up is the fastest of the three for T1 image computation to low precisions of q greater than or equal to 1 ms, is likely the slowest for that to q = 0.1 ms, and is impractical for that to q less than or equal to 0.01 ms.
Theory of interface properties for carbide precipitates in TiAl

Among the additives to TiAl alloys that have been investigated in recent years with the objective of improving high-temperature mechanical properties, particular attention has been given to carbon, which forms the carbide precipitates Ti3AlC (cubic perovskite) and Ti2AlC (hexagonal). Using the first-principles density-functional-theory code VASP, calculations of host-precipitate interface energies were performed for these two carbides. Calculations were first applied to coherent interfaces to determine the favored termination layers and parallel translation states. For the favored interface configurations, a correction is applied for the effect of misfit, to obtain an estimated interface energy for semicoherent interfaces. The correction is based on an approximate formulation recently presented by the authors. The perovskite is found to have a lower interface energy than the hexagonal phase, consistent with the experimental finding that the former nucleates homogeneously and the latter inhomogeneously.
Composition dependence of bilayer elasticity.

A previously developed molecular level model for homogeneous lipid bilayers [Brannigan and Brown, J. Chem. Phys 120, 1059 (2004)] is extended to allow for multiple lipid species. Monte Carlo simulations (including species exchange moves for efficient sampling) reveal a variety of mixing behaviors in binary systems. Two species are identified that maintain stable, randomly mixed fluid membranes at vanishing tension over all possible binary compositions. The thermal and elastic properties of membranes formed by these lipids are characterized over the full composition range. Equilibrium area at constant tension is nonmonotonic with respect to composition, but consistent with that of a quadratic mixture. In the constant tension ensemble, the bending rigidity of the bilayer is minimized at an intermediate composition. The observed functional form of bending rigidity vs composition is fit to a simple expression motivated by linear elasticity theory; this expression accounts for membrane heterogeneity through a ...
Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East – By David R. Woodward

The author of this study has written an important and readable addition to the growing collection of books on World War-I in the Middle East. It will be useful to scholars of the war, and its lucid...
HOW TO TACKLE THE SHIFT OF EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT FROM LEARNING OUTCOMES TO COMPETENCIES: ONE PROGRAM'S TRANSITION

Although the new Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) represent a shift from measuring learning outcomes to core competencies, results from assessments conducted prior to this shift continue to provide useful information for program-level assessment and can serve as a baseline as programs redesign assessments for reaffirmation. This paper describes a MSW program's systematic assessment of educational outcomes as well as the process to redesign this plan to meet current EPAS. Administrative structure, conceptual modeling, design, instrumentation, data gathering, and use of results for affirmation and improvement are highlighted. Logistic feasibility and sound methodology in implementing the redesigning of protocol among various constituents (students, field instructors, alumni) are considered. Discussion about continued use of this structure using current EPAS is included.
Juxtaglomerular cell changes in dogs with antirenin titers.

Renin concentration and juxtaglomerular cell changes, as demonstrated by the Bowie and periodic acid stains, were studied in 11 dogs with partial renal artery constrictions of 1 to 70 months' duration. Three received injections of saline, had renal renin contents averaging 2 Goldblatt Dog Units per Gm. kidney tissue, and had juxtaglomerular cell ratings averaging 1.5, as evaluated on a plus 1 to plus 5 basis. Eight dogs injected with hog renin developed antirenin titers ranging from 1 to 83 units per cc. plasma, had an increase in renal renin content ranging from 3 to 22 Dog Units, and had a juxtaglomerular cell rating ranging from 1.7 to 4.0. The juxtaglomerular cells in the highrenin specimens were markedly hypertrophied and densely packed with cytoplasmic granules. Also, juxtaglomerular cells with granules were found associated with both the afferent and efferent vessels at the vascular pole of the glomerulus. This study supports the concept that the juxtaglomerular cell is the site of renin formation.
The relationship between base composition and codon usage in bacterial genes and its use for the simple and reliable identification of protein-coding sequences

Bacterial genes that code for proteins appear to possess a codon usage characteristic of their overall base composition. This results in different but predictable non-random distributions of nucleotides within codons, permitting the recognition of protein-coding sequences in a wide range of bacterial species. The nature of this distribution depends on the base composition of the coding sequence. The position-specific differences are especially conspicuous in genes of extreme G + C content, allowing the particularly reliable prediction of the reading frame and coding strand of experimentally determined DNA sequences. This finding has been exploited to identify the coding sequence of the viomycin phosphotransferase (vph) gene of Streptomyces vinaceus. An easily applied computer program ("Frame") has been written to carry out and display such analyses.
Flowing liquid lithium for the purpose of reducing tritium inventory levels in fusion energy reactors

A concern for fusion energy production reactors is tritium inventory resident in vacuum vessel enclosures during and after D-T operations. An immediate issue is the radiological safety associated with large quantities of tritium at risk. Additionally, there is an economic concern associated with the cost of tritium, having a current value in excess of $30 K/gram. Lithium has safely been deployed in fusion research reactors with good success. Our concept builds upon existing work, exploiting the ability of lithium to flow in toroidal and poloidal directions. In our deployment configuration, Li is used to bind with tritium deposited on main surfaces within the reactor vacuum vessel and ancillary internal components. Lithium can be used to wet appropriate surfaces within the vacuum vessel for the purpose of removing surface tritium from internal reactor structures, thus making it available for reuse as fuel.
Refereed paper: Secure flow typing

Some of the most promising work in the area of enforcing secure information flow in programs is based on static analyses of source code. However, as yet these efforts have not had much impact in practice. We present a new approach to analyzing programs statically for secrecy and integrity flow violations. The analysis is characterized as a form of type inference in a ''secure flow type system''. The type system provides a uniform framework for traditional type checking of programs and information flow control. Type-correct programs have principal types that characterize how they can be called securely. Applications of the type system include flow analysis of legacy code as well as code written in newly-emerging Web languages like Java^T^M.
Gum Arabic as a Phytochemical Construct for the Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles: In Vivo Pharmacokinetics and X‐ray‐Contrast‐Imaging Studies

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have exceptional stability against oxidation and therefore will play a significant role in the advancement of clinically useful diagnostic and therapeutic nanomedicines. Despite the huge potential for a new generation of AuNP-based nanomedicinal products, nontoxic AuNP constructs and formulations that can be readily administered site-specifically through the intravenous mode, for diagnostic imaging by computed tomography (CT) or for therapy via various modalities, are still rare. Herein, we report results encompassing: 1) the synthesis and stabilization of AuNPs within the nontoxic phytochemical gum-arabic matrix (GA-AuNPs); 2) detailed in vitro analysis and in vivo pharmacokinetics studies of GA-AuNPs in pigs to gain insight into the organ-specific localization of this new generation of AuNP vector, and 3) X-ray CT contrast measurements of GA-AuNP vectors for potential utility in molecular imaging. Our results demonstrate that naturally occurring GA can be used as a nontoxic phytochemical construct in the production of readily administrable biocompatible AuNPs for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in nanomedicine.
ARE PERSONS WITH NERVOUS HABITS NERVOUS? A PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF HABIT FUNCTION IN A NONREFERRED POPULATION

In this study, 44 individuals were exposed to three conditions (anxiety, bored, and neutral) while being covertly videotaped. The videotapes were then scored for the occurrence of five classes of habits including hair, face, and object manipulation; object mouthing; and repetitive movement of the limbs. Results showed that hair and face manipulation increased during the anxiety condition, whereas object manipulation increased in the bored condition. The implications of this research are discussed.
Anisotropy of the heat capacity in Pauli limited unconventional superconductors

Abstract Diamagnetically coupled magnetic field can be used as a probe of nodal positions in unconventional superconductors. The heat capacity depends on the angle ϕ 0 between the magnetic field and the nodal directions. We show that the anisotropy C ( ϕ 0 ) persists even in systems with strong paramagnetic coupling to the electrons’ spins.
Trials of hypertension prevention phase I design

Phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) was a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored, 3-year, national, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial designed to test the feasibility and efficacy of three life-style (weight loss, sodium restriction, and stress management) and four nutrition supplement (calcium, magnesium, fish oil, and potassium) interventions aimed at lowering diastolic blood pressure in those whose blood pressure was initially in the high normal range (80 to 89 mm Hg). A total of 2182 volunteers were recruited and allocated to the various treatment arms, such that each hypothesis was tested with a power of 85% or higher to detect a diastolic blood pressure treatment effect of 2 mm Hg. The four nutrition supplement interventions were delivered in a double-blinded fashion and the three life-style interventions, single (observed) -blinded. Phase I was designed to provide a rigorous test of short-term lowering of blood pressure for each of the seven treatments chosen and provides the basis for planning of a subsequent long-term trial of hypertension prevention.