cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manual on-the-fly physician postprocessing of computed tomographic angiography data guides embolotherapy of atypical bleeding following paracentesis; a case report

Major bleeding, typically due to laceration of abdominal wall arteries or venous varices, is a rare but serious complication of paracentesis. We report a case of major bleeding post paracentesis to evidence that a sequence of 1) customized post processing of computed tomographic angiography data for periprocedural guidance, followed by 2) transcatheter cyanoacrylate glue embolotherapy, is the optimal treatment of this complication.
Leveraging Machine Learning for Anticipatory Data Delivery in Extreme Scale In-situ Workflows

Extreme scale scientific workflows are composed of multiple applications that exchange data at runtime. Several data-related challenges are limiting the potential impact of such workflows. While data staging and in-situ models of execution have emerged as approaches to address data-related costs at extreme scales, increasing data volumes and complex data exchange patterns impact the effectiveness of such approaches. In this paper, we design and implement DESTINY, which is an autonomic data delivery mechanism for staging-based in-situ workflows. DESTINY dynamically learns the data access patterns of scientific workflow applications and leverages these patterns to decrease data access costs. Specifically, DESTINY uses machine learning techniques to anticipate future data accesses, proactively packages and delivers the data necessary to satisfy these requests as close to the consumer as possible and, when data staging processes and consumer processes are colocated, removes the need for inter-process communication by making these data available to the consumer as shared-memory objects. When consumer processes reside on nodes other than staging nodes, the data is packaged and stored in a format the client will likely access in future. This amortizes expensive data discovery and assembly operations typically associated with data staging. We experimentally evaluate the performance and scalability of DESTINY on leadership class platforms using synthetic applications and the S3D combustion workflow. We demonstrate that DESTINY is scalable and can achieve a reduction of up to 75% in read response time as compared to in-memory staging service for production scientific workflows.
Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Rett Syndrome

Abstract Sleep problems are common in individuals with Rett syndrome (RTT), which include chronic insomnia, parasomnias, and sleep-related breathing disorders. Specific MECP2 mutations are associated with the presence and specific character of the sleep problem. Sleep problems frequently appear during the period of regression with severe disruption of sleep and daytime function as a result of fragmented sleep from multiple awakenings during the night. Total sleep time may decrease in older individuals with RTT. Abnormal distribution of sleep stages is common and oftentimes, the amount of rapid eye movement sleep is decreased. Seizures during sleep are common as well. Electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics may include slowing of EEG activity as well as other epileptiform abnormalities. Sleep characteristics such as sleep spindles and K complexes are lost by ages 3–5 years, but may reappear in adult women with RTT. The respiratory pattern during wakefulness is distinct in individuals with RTT. There are periods of hyperventilation and breath holding that tend to only occur in periods of wakefulness. Additionally, sleep-disordered breathing, including obstructive and central sleep apnea, occurs more frequently in individuals with RTT when compared to their typically developing siblings. These problems may require evaluation of the upper airway as well as consideration for positive airway pressure therapy as part of their treatment plan. A thorough evaluation for sleep problems is important for proper diagnosis and management. The uses of traditional behavioral therapies are the typical initial approach to sleep problems, such as chronic insomnia. However, this may not be sufficient enough. Therefore, therapies including melatonin supplementation, off-label use of hypnotics and antidepressants, relaxation techniques, and weighted blankets may be helpful.
CoV Genome Tracker: tracing genomic footprints of Covid-19 pandemic

Summary: Genome sequences constitute the primary evidence on the origin and spread of the 2019-2020 Covid-19 pandemic. Rapid comparative analysis of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 genomes is critical for disease control, outbreak forecasting, and developing clinical interventions. CoV Genome Tracker is a web portal dedicated to trace Covid-19 out-breaks in real time using a haplotype network, an accurate and scalable representation of genomic changes in a rapidly evolving population. We resolve the direction of mutations by using a bat-associated genome as outgroup. At a broader evolutionary time scale, a compan-ion browser provides gene-by-gene and codon-by-codon evolutionary rates to facilitate the search for molecular targets of clinical interventions. Availability and Implementation: CoV Genome Tracker is publicly available at http://cov.genometracker.org and updated weekly with the data downloaded from GISAID (http://gisaid.org). The website is implemented with a custom JavaScript script based on jQuery (https://jquery.com) and D3-force (https://github.com/d3/d3-force). Contact: weigang@genectr.hunter.cuny.edu, City University of New York, Hunter College. Supplementary Information: All supporting scripts developed in JavaScript, Python, BASH, and PERL programming languages are available as Open Source at the GitHub re-pository https://github.com/weigangq/cov-browser.
The Dark Side of Entrepreneurship Education: A Delphi Study on Dangers and Unintended Consequences

While recent research explores the dark side of entrepreneurship there remains little exploration of what, if any, role entrepreneurship education (EE) plays in producing dark side outcomes. Accord...
Histotechnology a self instructional text, 5th edition: Carson, FL, Cappellano, C, Chicago, ASCP Press, 2020, 400 pp., 475 images. Price: List $ 199.29 ASCP member $ 159.29 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-089189-6760

This 5th edition text has 13 contributors, contains 15 revised chapters with 2 completely new chapters for a total of 17 chapters. There are many new images throughout the text. A great resourceful...
Sex-related differences in chronic myeloid neoplasms: From the clinical observation to the underlying biology

Chronic myeloid neoplasms are clonal diseases with variable clinical course and outcomes and despite the introduction of novel therapies, patients with high-risk disease continue to have overall poor outcomes. Different groups have highlighted that men have overall worse survival and higher incidence of transformation to acute leukemia compared to women across neoplasms such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), MDS/MPN overlap neoplasms, and CML. More recent studies evaluating the genomic profile of patients with these neoplasms demonstrated a male predominance for mutations in high-risk genes including ASXL1, U2AF1, SRSF2 and ZRSR2. The understanding of the underlying biology is limited but a number of hypotheses have been developed and are currently being investigated. This review summarizes the current knowledge about sex-related differences in the clinical outcomes and genomic profile of patients with chronic myeloid neoplasms and discusses the hypothesized biologic mechanisms as an attempt to explain these observations.
DART-PFLOTRAN: An ensemble-based data assimilation system for estimating subsurface flow and transport model parameters

Abstract Ensemble-based Data Assimilation (EDA) has been effectively applied to estimate model parameters through inverse modeling in subsurface flow and transport problems. To facilitate the management of EDA workflow and lower the barriers for adopting EDA-based parameter estimation in subsurface science, we develop a software framework linking the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) with a massively parallel subsurface FLOw and TRANsport code PFLOTRAN. DART-PFLOTRAN enables an iterative EDA workflow based on the Ensemble Smoother for Multiple Data Assimilation method (ES-MDA) to improve estimation accuracy for nonlinear forward problems. We verify the implementation of ES-MDA in DART-PFLOTRAN using two synthetic cases designed to estimate static permeability and dynamic exchange fluxes across the riverbed from continuous temperature measurements. Both cases yield accurate estimations of the parameters compared to their synthetic truth. With a code base in Python and Fortran, DART-PFLOTRAN paves the way for large-scale inverse modeling using the sequential ES-MDA.
Linguistic Archaeology

This chapter addresses the essential issues in evaluating works that use linguistic evidence in reconstructing the past. Linguistics has its own well-developed body of theory and practice. Its evidence is subject to rigorous validation. Any work claiming to infer history from linguistics must validate its evidence against a systematic phonological reconstruction, and it must provide that validating apparatus or else direct the reader to where that apparatus is to be found. Scholars do not get to pick and choose among the archaeological data to support their ideas. Neither does one get to pick and choose or to engage in special pleading to make the linguistic evidence fit one’s prior notions. The chapter illustrates the requirements of linguistic reconstruction by laying out the system of the Eastern Cushitic language group and showing how to apply the system, step by step, to reconstruct the presence of a particular component of the proto-Eastern Cushitic economy.
Indigenous language and culture visibility in the digital age: examples from Zapotec activism

This forum is dedicated to exploring the notion of meaningfulness in design processes, taking the perspectives of community groups, nongovernmental organizations, and those who are marginalized in society as starting points. Authors will reflect conceptually and methodologically on practical engagements. --- Rosanna Bellini and Angelika Strohmayer, Editors
The effect of apple cider characteristics and membrane pore size on membrane fouling

Microfiltration (MF) of apple cider using four membrane pore sizes was investigated. MF with 0.2 and 0.45 μm pore sizes, and with 0.8 and 1.4 μm pore sizes, respectively, resulted in similar flux behavior and MF juice characteristics. Clear juice was obtained using all four pore sizes. MF did not cause any significant changes in pH and °Brix, regardless of pore size. Viscosity of the MF juice was lower than of the unfiltered apple cider for all membranes, but the viscosity decrease was the largest for the 0.2 and 0.45 μm membranes, due to the low transmission of pectin into the MF juice. Pectin transmission was 3–9% of the initial pectin content for the 0.2 μm membrane, 6–51% for the 0.45 μm. 45–100% for the 0.8 μm, and 60–100% for the 1.4 μm membrane. Apple cider haze particles that were smaller or of size comparable with the membrane pore size were deemed responsible for fouling, while particles much larger than the pores did not have a significant contribution to fouling. The fouling of 0.2 μm and 0.45 μm membranes was dominated by cake layer formation (external fouling), while fouling of the 0.8 μm and 1.4 μm membranes was dominated by pore constriction and pore blocking (internal fouling).
Solubilization of Minerals by Bacteria: Electrophoretic Mobility of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the Presence of Iron, Pyrite, and Sulfur

Thiobacillus ferroxidans is an obligate acidophile that respires aerobically on pyrite, elemental sulfur, or soluble ferrous ions. The electrophoretic mobility of the bacterium was determined by laser Doppler velocimetry under physiological conditions. When grown on pyrite or ferrous ions, washed cells were negatively charged at pH 2.0. The density of the negative charge depended on whether the conjugate base was sulfate, perchlorate, chloride, or nitrate. The addition of ferric ions shifted the net charge on the surface asymptotically to a positive value. When grown on elemental sulfur, washed cells were close to their isoelectric point at pH 2.0. Both pyrite and colloidal sulfur were negatively charged under the same conditions. The electrical double layer around the bacterial cells under physiological conditions exerted minimal electrostatic repulsion in possible interactions between the cell and either of its charged insoluble substrates. When Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was mixed with either pyrite or colloidal sulfur at pH 2.0, the mobility spectra of the free components disappeared with time to be replaced with a new colloidal particle whose electrophoretic properties were intermediate between those of the starting components. This new particle had the charge and size properties anticipated for a complex between the bacterium and its insoluble substrates. The utility of such measurements for the study of the interactions of chemolithotrophic bacteria with their insoluble substrates is discussed. Images
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) from Cruciferous Vegetables Targets Human Cancer Stem-Like Cells

Scope: Cancer stem cells (CSC) are perceived as a key player in cancer chemo-and-radio-therapy resistance, cancer recurrence, and metastasis. PEITC, a dietary bioactive compound, is pro-apoptotic i...
Systemic lupus erythematosus: an autoimmune disease of B cell hyperactivity.

B cells can regulate many aspects of immune reactivity, as well as differentiate into antibody-producing cells. In SLE, a systemic autoimmune disease, recent research suggests enhanced B cell function is the defining pathogenic event.
The Frontier of Remedies: A Call for Exploration

For someone on a boat at sea it is nearly impossible to sense whether he is cresting a rising or falling tide, a monthly or seasonal high tide, or an historic advance of waters from the melting icecaps. I have the feeling that in the law of remedies for institutional violations of important constitutional rights we may be swept up in an historic sea change of which we are only dimly and imperfectly aware.
Scientific Avoidance: Toward More Principled Judicial Review of Legislative Science

Courts increasingly confront legislative enactments made in light of scientific uncertainty. Even so, the degree of deference appropriate to this type of judicial review is a moving target, seemingly determined on an ad hoc, unprincipled basis. On one hand, the decision of how to legislate in light of scientific uncertainty is quintessentially one of policy, suggesting that the highest degree of deference is appropriate. But certain classes of cases, and certain types of scientific questions, seem singularly inappropriate for extreme judicial deference. While significant scholarly attention has focused on the comparative institutional competence of courts and legislatures with respect to substantive areas of law, analogous concerns related to science have been overlooked. This Article attempts to fill part of that gap by evaluating the courts’ and legislatures’ capabilities with respect to science from a comparative perspective. This analysis leads to a critical examination of courts’ traditional deference to statutes enacted in light of scientific uncertainty, and to the conclusion that a more principled framework is needed. Finally, the Article proposes such a framework to account for both positive law and comparative scientific institutional competence.
Realistic Compiler Generation

In this book Peter Lee provides a complete description and survey of the field of semantics based compiler generation and presents a new method for expressing the formal semantics of programming languages that allows realistic compilers to be generated automatically.The method Lee describes has two main advantages over previous methods. First, it allows compilers to be generated automatically. The compilers are realistic in the sense that they compile programs as efficiently as hand crafted compilers do, and the object programs they produce run as efficiently as the object programs produced by hand crafted compilers. The second advantage is that it makes it easier to comprehend and write the semantics than other methods.The book demonstrates a working compiler generator called MESS which is used to generate a realistic compiler for a Pascal-like language. The generated compiler is then compared with several hand crafted compilers and shown to have at least comparable, and in some cases superior, performance.Peter Lee is Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. "Realistic Compiler Generation" is included in the series Foundations of Computing, edited by Michael Garey and Albert Meyer.
Identification of critical regions on phospholipase C-beta 1 required for activation by G-proteins.

In order to determine which portion of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC)-β1 is required for activation by Gαq, a series of specific deletions and truncations of PLC-β1 cDNA were prepared. After transfection of COS-7 cells with these cDNA clones, the activity and localization of the expressed proteins were determined. Specific deletions in the C-terminal end of the protein did not lead to loss of intrinsic enzymatic activity but did result in loss of the ability to be activated by Gαq. The region required for activation was localized to the amino acid sequence corresponding to residues 903-1142 of PLC-β1. This region was further subdivided into two sequences; one extending from residues Thr-903 to Gln-1030 that was required for particulate fraction association as well as for activation by Gαq and the other extending from residues Gln-1030 to Leu-1142 that was required for interaction with G α subunits. These results were confirmed by the observation that the C-terminal portion of PLC-β1, when co-expressed with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 1 or the α1C-adrenergic receptor in COS-7 cells, markedly inhibited ligand-induced release of inositol phosphates. In an in vitro system, two peptides derived from the G-protein interaction region at the C terminus were found to inhibit the guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate-dependent activation of PLC-β1 by Gαq. This further localized the sites on PLC-β1 which are involved in interaction with G-protein α subunits.
Task Decompostiion Through Competition in a Modular Connectionist Architecture: The What and Where Vision Tasks

A novel modular connectionist architecture is presented in which the networks composing the architecture compete to learn the training potterns. An outcome of the competition is that different networks learn different training patterns and, thus, learn to compute different functions. The architecture performs task decomposition in the sense that it learns to partition a task into two or more functionally independent tasks and allocates distinct networks to learn each task. In addition, the architecture tends to allocate to each task the network whose topology is most appropriate to that task. The architecture’s performance on “what” and “where” vision tasks is presented and compared with the performcmce of two multilayer networks. Finally, it is noted that function decomposition is an underconstrained problem, and, thus, different modular architectures may decompose a function in different ways. A desirable decomposition con be achieved if the architecture is suitably restricted in the types of functions that it can compute. Finding appropriate restrictions is possible through the application of domain knowledge. A strength of the modular architecture is that its structure is well suited for incorporating domain knowledge.
Adenovirus-Interleukin-12-mediated Tumor Regression in a Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model Is Not Dependent on CD1-restricted Natural Killer T Cells

The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) has shown potent antitumor activity in several tumor models. Recently, natural killer (NK) T cells have been proposed to mediate the antitumor effects of IL-12. In this study, the antitumor response of IL-12 was investigated in a gene therapeutic model against s.c. growing mouse hepatocellular carcinomas using an adenoviral vector expressing murine IL-12 (AdVmIL-12). An adenoviral-based system was chosen because of the ability of adenoviruses to transduce dividing and nondividing cells and because of their high transduction efficiencies. Our goals were to examine the efficacy of AdVmIL-12 in a hepatocellular carcinoma model and to investigate the mechanism of the AdVmIL-12-mediated antitumor response with specific interest in the role of NK T cells. Our studies demonstrate that intratumoral AdVmIL-12-mediated regression of s.c. hepatocellular tumors is associated with rapid antitumor responses. AdVmIL-12 treatment was associated with an immune cellular infiltrate consisting of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells, and NK T cells. Antibody ablation of CD4 and CD8 T cells and use of NK cell-defective beige mice failed to abrogate the response to AdVmIL-12. Studies in T-cell- and B-cell-deficient severe combined immunodeficient and recombinase activating gene-2-deficient mice and T-cell-, B-cell-, and NK cell-defective severe combined immunodeficient/ beige mice also failed to abrogate this response. AdVmIL-12 retained potent antitumor activity in mice with specific genetic defects in immune cellular cytotoxicity (perforin knockout mice) and costimulation (CD28 knockout mice). Use of mice with specific NK T cell deficiencies, Vα14 T-cell receptor and CD1 knockout mice, also failed to abrogate the response to AdVmIL-12. Histological and immunohistochemical studies of AdVmIL-12-treated tumors showed extensive inhibition of neovascularization and a marked decrease in factor VIII-stained endothelial cells. Our studies indicate that the antitumor response of AdVmIL-12 is independent of direct cytotoxic cellular immunity (specifically, the function of NK T cells) and suggest that the initial mechanisms of AdVmIL-12-mediated tumor regression involve inhibition of angiogenesis.
Fractal planning for integral economic development

Purpose – To conceptualize a new approach to economic development that fully embraces its fractal complexity, providing a basis for sustained socioeconomic welfare within cultures that encourage collaborative democracy and social learning.Design/methodology/approach – Following the premise that healthy development must follow the natural laws of growth that apply to all ecosystems, the paper examines fractal intricacy as the basis of economic systems that are able to sustain sufficient flows of energy and information to all sub‐systems. Two methodological approaches that emerge for planning are called hierarchical (fractal) coherence and fractal connectivity. The first refers to sufficient density and variety of nodes (firms, economic processes, customers, etc.) at all scales in the hierarchy of an economic system; and the second denotes multiple paths of connection between the nodes, to handle the necessary flows.Findings – This approach highlights the fundamental importance of locally‐based entrepreneur...
Stormwater control measure (SCM) design standards to limit stream erosion for Piedmont North Carolina

Summary This study evaluated the potential impacts of sub-bankfull flows produced by stormwater control measures (SCMs) on stream geomorphic stability. In part, design standards for SCMs include peak flow attenuation to maintain pre-development flow conditions to those of undeveloped watersheds or return urbanized, developed watersheds back to the pre-developed state. Most SCMs target lower frequency storms, usually the 2-and/or 10-year discharge events, but leave peak flows resulting from higher frequency storms uncontrolled. SCMs are possibly subjecting streams to longer and more frequent periods of erosion, increasing stream channel instability. The d 65 substrate size, pattern, profile, and dimension of 33 reference stream cross-sections in Piedmont North Carolina were modeled using the continuous simulations program, SWMM, to develop (1) a unit critical discharge metric in L/s/ha, Q c = 0.0035( d 65 ) 1.5048 , (2) allowable annual erosional hour standard, Log(AAEH) = −1.26Log( d 65 ) + 1.21, and (3) allowable volume of eroded bedload standard, Log(AV) = −0.64( Q c ) − 1.52, for watersheds containing SCMs discharging into surface waters. The unit critical discharge represents a threshold that, once exceeded, incipient motion of the d 65 particle can occur. These standards represented benchmarks of stable, naturally eroding reference streams. Ninety-four percent of the unit critical discharges were less than the 2-year 24-h event, indicating the necessity of controlling higher frequency sub-bankfull flows. The standards were applied to an urbanized watershed (one sub-catchment containing a structural SCM and two sub-catchments without) in Raleigh, North Carolina. The unit critical discharge metric appeared to adequately represent urbanized stream geomorphic processes for the sub-catchment undergoing urbanization (4.5% difference) but not for the mature urbanized sub-catchments (47.5% and 68.8% difference). Depending on the long-term management goal of the unstable stream, this metric is not applicable for all urbanized watersheds due to the discrepancy between the field and calculated unit critical discharges. Standards developed from urbanized reference streams could possibly better represent SCMs in urbanized watersheds. All three sub-catchments failed to meet the erosional standards demonstrating the ability of the standards to predict unstable geomorphic processes in streams. The addition of a detention SCM (wet pond), in the urbanized sub-catchment extended the duration of erosive flows from 37 to 87 h/ha/yr, but reduced the estimated volume of eroded bedload from 1.81 to 0.99 m 3 /m/ha/yr when compared to uncontrolled urbanization (no wet pond). Alterations to the design of the wet pond, increased volume size and change in orifice diameter, were explored to see if erosional standards could be better met. This study demonstrated the effect of current SCM design standards on stream stability and why geomorphic processes of stream channels should be incorporated in SCM design standards.
Hydric constraints upon foraging in a terrestrial salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae).

The time until salamanders voluntarily abandoned foraging (the “water time limit”) and the amount of water lost when salamanders abandoned foraging (“dehydration deficit”) were determined for terrestrial plethodontid salamanders, Desmognathus ochrophaeus, foraging at various vapor pressure gradients in the laboratory. Salamander activity was correlated with the rate of water loss and was inversely related to the water time limit. Animals at 0.35–0.86 kPa vapor pressure gradients abandoned foraging and returned to moist retreats significantly sooner than animals in water-saturated air. The early retreat of animals in dry air was related in part to high rates of water loss and in part to the modest dehydration deficit (3.8%) at which animals abandoned foraging. Locomotor performance and foraging ability were unaffected by dehydration until dehydration deficits exceeded 12%. This suggests that salamanders in unsaturated air abandoned foraging at a low dehydration deficit to conserve and replenish water reserves rather than to avoid outright incapacitation or death.
Remote sensing and geospatial modeling for monitoring invasive plant species

Remote sensing is used to show the actual distribution of distinctive invasive weeds such as leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L.), whereas landscape modeling can show the potential distribution over an area. Geographic information system data and hyperspectral imagery [NASA JPL's Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)] were collected for Devils Tower National Monument in northeastern Wyoming, USA. Leafy spurge was detected in the AVIRIS imagery using the Spectral Angle Mapper with a 74% overall accuracy. The areas of leafy spurge presence and absence were compared to the predictions of the Weed Invasion Susceptibility Prediction (WISP) model. Over the area of the AVIRIS imagery, about 8% of the landscape was covered by leafy spurge, whereas 23% of the landscape has the potential to be invaded. Using kappa analysis, the agreement between remote sensing and landscape modeling was 30%, which was significantly less than expected by chance, indicating model errors. Detailed analysis of individual data layers showed that only a few of the predictor variables were required. Elimination of non-significant predictor variables reduced the area predicted to be susceptible to 13%, and increased the accuracy of the predictions to 81%. Remote sensing was a powerful addition to landscape modeling because the entire landscape was used for the analysis increasing its statistical power, whereas field data collection would be limited in scope and would be more costly.
Congenital Oculomotor Nerve Synkinesis Associated Wwith Fetal Retinoid Syndrome

Introduction: Isotretinoin (RA), used for the treatment of cystic acne, is a powerful teratogen, causing craniofacial dysmorphisms and neural tube defects. We present two patients with RA embryopathy and oculomotor nerve synkinesis. Methods: Retrospective review of patient records. Results: Two patients presented with third nerve synkinesis and fetal RA exposure. Both had marked elevation of the upper eyelids on adduction such that the lid fissures alternately opened and closed on gaze from side to side. Both patients showed typical dysmorphisms of RA embryopathy. The first patient had complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermix and died at 2 years. The second patient had restricted extraocular muscles in one eye and was exotropic and hypotropic. Discussion: Both patients demonstrated simultaneous innervation of the medial rectus and levator palpebrae muscles causing coincident lid elevation in adduction. This evidence of oculomotor nerve synkinesis is consistent with animal studies showing abnormalities in the formation of cranial nerve ganglia following fetal RA exposure. Conclusion: RA is a powerful teratogen. These patients provide additional clinical evidence of its influence on neural migration during early development.
Y89(γ, n)Y88 threshold and the Zr90Sr88 mass difference

Abstract The Y 89 (γ, n) thresholds to both the ground and first excited state of Y 88 have been observed. The excited state threshold when combined with the known excitation energy of Y 88∗ leads to a ground state threshold energy of 11.54 ± 0.04 MeV. This result when coupled with other reaction energies leads to a value of 1.999682 (29) amu for the Zr 90 Sr 88 mass difference. This value disagrees with the mass spectroscopic determination of the Zr 90 Sr 88 mass difference by 200 μ. We also give a new value for the Zr 90 (γ, n)Zr 89 threshold (11.94 ± 0.05 MeV) which is based upon a re-evaluation of the Illinois betatron energy scale.
Regulatory element copy number differences shape primate expression profiles

Gene expression differences are shaped by selective pressures and contribute to phenotypic differences between species. We identified 964 copy number differences (CNDs) of conserved sequences across three primate species and examined their potential effects on gene expression profiles. Samples with copy number different genes had significantly different expression than samples with neutral copy number. Genes encoding regulatory molecules differed in copy number and were associated with significant expression differences. Additionally, we identified 127 CNDs that were processed pseudogenes and some of which were expressed. Furthermore, there were copy number-different regulatory regions such as ultraconserved elements and long intergenic noncoding RNAs with the potential to affect expression. We postulate that CNDs of these conserved sequences fine-tune developmental pathways by altering the levels of RNA.
Terminal care and survivorship in pediatric chronic illness

Abstract Childhood illnesses which were once acutely fatal have slowly yielded to progress in medical science. Some of these illnesses are today chronic life-threatening conditions which pose a new set of psychological challenges. Adaptation to loss and bereavement will still be required of some, but most of the children with these illnesses and their families will be forced to adjust to a new set of psychological realities including a high level of uncertainty. Delineation of the stresses confronting such patients and discussion of appropriate psychological intervention strategies are the heart of this paper. Additional discussion of psychological care during the terminal phase of such illnesses is also included.
High magnesia liquids as the parental magma for ocean floor basalts

The primary melt segregating from the upper mantle beneath an oceanic ridge is shown to contain ∼18% MgO. Whereas these primary liquids are capable of generating the petrological features of the oceanic crust, this is not possible for tholeiitic basalts with 9–11% MgO which are highly fractionated. Compositions of liquids ranging from primary melts to high calcium picrites from the Tortuga ophiolite complex, Chile, are reported.
Therapeutic Homicide: A Philosophic and Halakhic Critique of Harris' ‘Survival Lottery’

In a well-known paper entitled, 'Survival Lottery', published in a philosophical journal, John Harris proposed for discussion an interesting idea for saving the lives of certain kinds of patients who are at the point of death. Let us assume that there are two such patients, one that could be saved by a heart transplant, and the other by the transplantation of a pair of lungs. However, no suitable organs are available for this purpose. Might it perhaps not be immoral to select, by national lottery, a healthy person, who would be sacrificed, his organs used as transplants, and thus two lives be saved through the sacrifice of only one? This proposal is subjected first to a critical philosophical and ethical analysis, and then to a critical analysis from the point of view of Jewish Ethics as embodied in Halakhah.
Deuteron magnetic resonance in Ca(ND3)6: Evidence for a planar ammonia geometry

Abstract Both proton resonance in Ca(NH3)6 and deuteron resonance in Ca(ND3)6 have been observed in the range 40–200 K. The extremely long spin-lattice relaxation times and exceedingly narrow deuteron resonances in Ca(ND3)6 provide strong support for the nearly planar ammonia geometry found in structural studies of these metals.
Anisotropy of the extragalactic radio background from dark matter annihilation

Observations of the extragalactic radio background have uncovered a significant isotropic emission across multiple frequencies spanning from 22 MHz to 10 GHz. The intensity of this nonthermal emission component significantly exceeds the expected contribution from known astrophysical sources. Interestingly, models have indicated that the annihilation of dark matter particles may reproduce both the flux and spectrum of the excess. However, the lack of a measurable anisotropy in the residual emission remains challenging for both dark matter and standard astrophysical interpretations of the ARCADE-2 data. We calculate the expected synchrotron anisotropy from dark matter annihilation and show that these models can produce very small anisotropies, though this requires galaxy clusters to have large substructure contributions and strong magnetic fields. We show that this constraint can be significantly relaxed, however, in scenarios where electrons produced via dark matter annihilation can be efficiently reaccelerated by Alfv\'en waves in the intra-Cluster medium. Our analysis indicates that any source capable of explaining the intensity and isotropy of the extragalactic radio excess must have a spatial extension far larger than typical for baryons in galaxies, hinting at a novel physics interpretation.
The value of everything

Economists and ecologists have Joined forces to estimate the annual value of the services that Earth's ecosystems provide. Most services lie outside the market and are hard to calculate, yet minimum estimates equal or exceed global gross national product.
HEAT EXCHANGE AND ENDOTHERMY IN PROTODONATA

Since the thought-provoking papers by Ostrom (1969) and Bakker (1971) the question has been raised repeatedly of whether dinosaurs were conventional poikilothermic or heliothermic reptiles, were "inertial" homeotherms (Spotila et al., 1973; McNab, 1978) by virtue of their enormous size, or were, rather, endotherms with metabolic rates comparable to those of birds or mammals (Ostrom, 1969; Bakker, 1971, 1972, 1975). Little attention has been devoted to possible thermoregulation in other ancient organisms, although some may have long preceded dinosaurs in the evolution of endothermy. These include the Protodonata, especially the Meganeuridae, or "giant dragonflies" of the Carboniferous and Permian epochs (Heinrich and Casey, 1978; Heinrich, 1981). In this paper I will show, on the basis of dimensional information and the general relationships of heat production and loss to size, that these insects were probably endothermic regulators of thoracic temperature during flight. Such a conclusion must be based on assumptions and extrapolation from extant organisms, but considering the evident close taxonomic and morphological relationship of protodonates to living dragonflies, I submit that my speculations are as reasonable as those concerning dinosaurs.
Ferromagnetism in a Narrow, Almost Half-Filled s Band

We consider conduction electrons in a narrow $s$ band with a strong repulsive potential which acts when two electrons are at the same atomic site. It is assumed that the electron-transfer matrix elements are nonvanishing only between nearest-neighbor sites, and that the band is almost half-filled, or $|N\ensuremath{-}{N}_{e}|\ensuremath{\ll}N$, $N$ and ${N}_{e}$ being, respectively, the number of atoms and electrons in the crystal. Then it is proved quite rigorously that, if the repulsive potential is sufficiently strong, the ferromagnetic state with the maximum total spin is the ground state for simple cubic and body centered cubic structures as well as for face centered cubic and hexagonal closed packed structures with ${N}_{e}gN$, and is not the ground state for face centered cubic and hexagonal closed packed structures with ${N}_{c}lN$. For the former case, it is also shown that it is not the ground state if the repulsive potential is weaker than some critical value which is of the order $(\mathrm{bandwidth})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{N}{|N\ensuremath{-}{N}_{e}|}$.
Federal Infrastructure Grants-In-Aid: An Ad Hoc Infrastructure Strategy

This article analyzes the trends and implications of recent federal aid to state and local government for infrastructure purposes. The first section describes general trends for federal infrastructure and the second section examines identified characteristics in the context of fiscal federalism theory. The authors identify an ad hoc trend in the federal infrastructure grant policy and a trend focusing on maximizing the efficiency of infrastructure grants
Biogeographic effects of red fire ant invasion

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, was accidentally introduced to North America over 60 years ago and has spread throughout the southeastern United States. We document the biogeographic consequences of this invasion. We censused ground-foraging ant communities on a 2000 km transect from Florida through New York that passed through invaded and intact biotas. Native ant species density peaks at mid-latitudes in the eastern United States, and the location of this peak corresponds to the range limit of S. invicta. In uninvaded sites, ant species co-occur less often than expected by chance. In the presence of S. invicta, community structure converges to a random pattern. Our results suggest that the effects of S. invicta on native ant communities are pervasive: not only does the presence of S. invicta reduce species density at local scales, it alters the co-occurrence patterns of surviving species at a biogeographic scale.
Effects of Gamma Radiation on Freeze-dehydrated Apples (Pyrus malus)

BIOCHEMICAL and physiological effects of gamma-irradiated fresh fruits and vegetables have been reported from our laboratories1–9 in an attempt to extend the storage life and maintain wholesomeness. Because they are almost weightless, and because of their high nutritive value, freeze-dehydrated food are convenient for consumption by astronauts during space flights. High-frequency short-wave rays may be encountered in space flights and/or subsequent landing on the Moon or other planets. The experiment reported here was to elucidate some chemical and histological effects of gamma-radiation doses on freeze-dehydrated apple slices.
Observations on the postacrosomal region and the neck membranes of rabbit spermatozoa stained en bloc with uranyl acetate.

The postacrosomal region (PAC) of the head and the neck membranes of rabbit spermatozoa have been reinvestigated with the use of en bloc uranyl acetate staining. The fine structure of the PAC and neck membranes is visualized with great clarity and departs from that seen in rabbit sperm prepared by other methods. In cells so treated, the PAC contains a heavily enfolded nuclear envelope, a dense lamina attached to the plasmalemma by periodic connecting links and scattered dense material between the lamina and nuclear envelope. Evidence is presented that the dense lamina is a discrete structure, separated from the plasmalemma by the connecting links. The latter may be of a different composition from both the lamina and the plasmalemma. The lamina is a homogenous structure which resists degeneration under conditions which affect other components of the PAC. The membranes of the neck are a complex labyrinth of nuclear envelope, individual membranes, and membranes coursing through a matrical gound substance.
Media as a Mechanism of Institutional Change and Reinforcement

SUMMARY We argue that mass media is a mechanism of institutional evolution and identify three important effects media has on institutions. The ‘gradual effect’ involves media contributing to marginal changes in existing institutions. The ‘punctuation effect’ involves media catalyzing rapid institutional overhaul. The ‘reinforcement effect’ involves media contributing to the durability and sustainability of punctuated institutional equilibria. Our analysis identifies a paradoxical relationship between mass media and institutions wherein media both changes and reinforces existing institutions. This finding resolves a tension in the institutional literature that defines institutions by their durability but recognizes we observe (sometimes rapid and radical) institutional change. Case studies from the collapse of communism in Poland and Russia illustrate our argument.
Inhibitors of the sodium potassium ATPase that impair herpes simplex virus replication identified via a chemical screening approach

Small molecules can provide valuable tools to investigate virus biology. We developed a chemical screening approach to identify small molecule inhibitors of poorly understood, pre-early gene expression steps in herpes simplex virus infection, using green fluorescent protein fused to an early protein. Our assay identified ouabain, a cardiac glycoside. Ouabain reversibly decreased viral yield by 100-fold without affecting cellular metabolic activity in an overnight assay. The antiviral potencies of other cardiac glycosides correlated with their potencies against the known target of these compounds, the cellular sodium potassium ATPase. Ouabain had a reduced effect if added 8 h post-infection. It did not inhibit viral attachment or entry, but did reduce the expression of viral immediate-early and early genes by at least 5-fold. Collectively, these results implicate a cellular target that was hitherto not considered important for a stage of HSV replication prior to viral gene expression.
Status of Diagnostic Ultrasound Techniques

Diagnostic ultrasound may be of interest to a relatively large fraction of this group because of the strong similarities between equipment used in ultrasonic NDT, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic ultrasound, as well as the complimentary and competitive positions of radionuclide and ultrasonic techniques in medical applications. Basic principles and applications of various pulse echo diagnostic ultrasound techniques will be described briefly. Included will be: modern compound B scanners and their use in abdominal, obstetrical and other applications; the use of various real time or auto scanning systems including transducer arrays for general purpose scanning, obstetrics and gynecology and echocardiography.
Retracts of polynomial rings

Let R be a commutatrve rmg and A a commutative R-algebra. A is an extension of R if rt contains R as a subrmg. A 1s a projective R-algebra If rt is a projectrve object in the category of commutative R-algebras. As in the category of Rmodules, projective R-algebras are retracts of free R-algebras, that is, retracts of polynomial rings over R The purpose of this paper IS to discuss the question: Is every projective extension A of R the symmetric algebra of an R-module ? This questron is raised implicitly in [3] by an incomplete diagram of logical implications. In Section 1 we study retracts of arbitrary rings. In Section 2 we digress briefly to present some examples which distmguish between retracts and inert subrmgs. In Section 3 we attack the mam questron, obtaining some positive results on retracts of R[X,I, retracts of R[X, , X,J, where R 1s artiman, and retracts of kI3 7 . , X,], where k is a field. We shall see in Section 4, however, that the answer to the general question is negative. In fact an example due to Hamann [4] yields a retract of RIXl , X;] whrch 1s an extension of R but not a symmetrrc algebra, where R may be taken to be a one dimensional local domain. We wash to thank M. Hochster for kindly allowing us to include Theorem 1.10 in our paper.
Heritability of craniofacial structures in normal subjects and patients with sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence has shown that there is a genetic contribution to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).The objectives were to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cephalometry to (1) confirm heritability of craniofacial risk factors for OSA previously shown by cephalometrics; and (2) examine the heritability of new craniofacial structures that are measurable with MRI. DESIGN A sib pair "quad" design examining apneics, apneic siblings, controls, and control siblings. The study design used exact matching on ethnicity and sex, frequency matching on age, and statistical control for differences in age, sex, ethnicity, height, and weight. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS We examined 55 apneic probands (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]: 46.8 ± 33.5 events/h), 55 proband siblings (AHI: 11.1 ± 15.9 events/h), 55 controls (AHI: 2.2 ± 1.7 events/h), and 55 control siblings (AHI: 4.1 ± 4.0 events/h). INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Five independent domains reflecting different aspects of the craniofacial structure were examined. We confirmed heritability of sella-nasion-subspinale (38%, P = 0.002), saddle angle (55%, P < 0.0001), mandibular length (24%, P = 0.02) and lower facial height (33%, P = 0.006) previously measured by cephalometry. In addition, the current study added new insights by demonstrating significant heritability of mandibular width (30%, P = 0.005), maxillary width (47%, P < 0.0001), distance from the hyoid bone to the retropogonion (36%, P = 0.0018) and size of the oropharyngeal space (31%, P = 0.004). Finally, our data indicate that heritability of the craniofacial structures is similar in normal patients and those with apnea. CONCLUSIONS The data support our a priori hypothesis that the craniofacial structures that have been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are heritable. We have demonstrated heritability for several intermediate craniofacial phenotypes for OSA. Thus, we believe that future studies should be able to identify genes associated with these intermediate craniofacial phenotypes.