cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ePix: a class of architectures for second generation LCLS cameras

ePix is a novel class of ASIC architectures, based on a common platform, optimized to build modular scalable detectors for LCLS. The platform architecture is composed of a random access analog matrix of pixel with global shutter, fast parallel column readout, and dedicated sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters per column. It also implements a dedicated control interface and all the required support electronics to perform configuration, calibration and readout of the matrix. Based on this platform a class of front-end ASICs and several camera modules, meeting different requirements, can be developed by designing specific pixel architectures. This approach reduces development time and expands the possibility of integration of detector modules with different size, shape or functionality in the same camera. The ePix platform is currently under development together with the first two integrating pixel architectures: ePix100 dedicated to ultra low noise applications and ePix10k for high dynamic range applications.
Mice lacking the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α exhibit alterations in inhibitory synaptic transmission in the motor cortex

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator known to regulate gene programs in a cell-specific manner in energy-demanding tissues, and its dysfunction has been implicated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. Previous work from the Cowell laboratory indicates that PGC-1α is concentrated in inhibitory interneurons and is required for the expression of the calcium buffer parvalbumin (PV) in the cortex; however, the impact of PGC-1α deficiency on inhibitory neurotransmission in the motor cortex is not known. Here, we show that mice lacking PGC-1α exhibit increased amplitudes and decreased frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in layer V pyramidal neurons. Upon repetitive train stimulation at the gamma frequency, decreased GABA release is observed. Furthermore, PV-positive interneurons in PGC-1α -/- mice display reductions in intrinsic excitability and excitatory input without changes in gross interneuron morphology. Taken together, these data show that PGC-1α is required for normal inhibitory neurotransmission and cortical PV-positive interneuron function. Given the pronounced motor dysfunction in PGC-1α -/- mice and the essential role of PV-positive interneurons in maintenance of cortical excitatory:inhibitory balance, it is possible that deficiencies in PGC-1α expression could contribute to cortical hyperexcitability and motor abnormalities in multiple neurological disorders.
Effects of Quality of Energy (E) on Protein (P), Fat (F) and Carbohydrate (C) Oxidation in Enterally Fed Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants |[bull]| 1532

Objective: To determine the effects of fixed variations in the quantity and quality of dietary energy at constant P intake (Pin) on the rate of C and F oxidation (Cox, Fox) as estimated from indirect calorimetry and the rate of P oxidation (Pox) as determined from urinary nitrogen excretion.
Reduction in polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran residues in hamburger meat during cooking

Human exposure to the environmental pollutants in the polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran classes is mainly through bioaccumulation of residues in animal food products. Estimates of risk require detailed knowledge of diet, consumption patterns, and the effects of food processing and handling on residues. Cooking (pan-frying) hamburger patties was found to reduce the amount of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans actually consumed by 40-50% if the pan fats and juices were discarded. Preparation of the hamburger patties from high residue-level tissues obtained from steers used in a dioxin metabolism experiment and exposed to pentachlorophenol treated wood allowed for improved analytical precision and accuracy in this study.
CONDITIONAL MUTANTS IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII BLOCKED IN THE VEGETATIVE CELL CYCLE : I. An Analysis of Cell Cycle Block Points

Conditional "cycle-blocked" (cb) mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been detected and isolated. These mutants exhibit normal vegetative growth at permissive temperature but are unable to complete a cell cycle (or a specified number of cell cycles) at restrictive temperature. A simple technique has been devised to determine the cell cycle stage in each mutant when the defective gene product, which ultimately affects cell division, completes its function. This stage is called the "block point", and is determined by scoring the residual cell division in an exponentially growing population after shift to temperature restrictive conditions. In the cb mutants isolated so far, block points representing many stages throughout the cell cycle have been found. Two categories of cb mutants are described here: one set which prevents the subsequent cell division when the cell encounters the block point after a shift to restrictive temperature, and another set which permits an additional round of cell division after the block point is encountered. The general applicability of block point analysis to other cell systems is presented.
Hard X-Ray Source Motions in the 2002 July 23 Gamma-Ray Flare

The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) is used to study the hard X-ray (HXR) source motions of the 2002 July 23 γ-ray flare. Above 30 keV, at least three HXR sources are observed during the impulsive phase that can be identified with footpoints of coronal magnetic loops that form an arcade. On the northern ribbon of this arcade, a source is seen that moves systematically along the ribbon for more than 10 minutes. On the other ribbon, at least two sources are seen that do not seem to move systematically for more than half a minute, with different sources dominating at different times. The northern source motions are fast during times of strong HXR flux but almost absent during periods with low HXR emission. This is consistent with magnetic reconnection if a higher rate of reconnection of field lines (resulting in a higher footpoint speed) produces more energetic electrons per unit time and therefore more HXR emission. The absence of footpoint motion in one ribbon is inconsistent with simple reconnection models but can be explained if the magnetic configuration there is more complex.
Optimistic bias in classification accuracy assessment

Abstract There are many sources of both conservative and optimistic bias in classification accuracy assessment. In this Letter, we discuss three sources of optimistic bias: use of training data for accuracy assessment, restriction of reference data sampling to homogeneous areas, and sampling of reference data not independent of training data. The magnitude and direction of bias in classification accuracy estimates depends on the methods used for classification and reference data sampling. However, based on our review of 1994 papers published in three remote sensing journals, we conclude that many studies currently do not report their methods in sufficient detail to enable readers to assess the potential for bias in classification accuracy estimates
Positron-induced Auger-electron study of the Ge(100) surface: Positron thermal desorption and surface condition.

Positron-annihilation-induced Auger-electron spectroscopy (PAES) was used to study the effects of oxygen, residual gases, and temperature on a Ge(100) surface. Three low-energy Auger peaks were detected at 50, 90, and 100\char21{}150 eV, attributed to ${\mathit{M}}_{2,3}$${\mathit{M}}_{4}$${\mathit{M}}_{4}$, ${\mathit{M}}_{2,3}$${\mathit{M}}_{4}$V, and ${\mathit{M}}_{1}$${\mathit{M}}_{4}$${\mathit{M}}_{4}$ Auger transitions, respectively. An estimated (4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)% of the surface-trapped positrons annihilate with Ge 3p\char21{}level electrons. The sensitivity of PAES to the surface condition is demonstrated. The PAES yield from a Ge(100) surface is reduced at elevated temperatures, in accord with an activation process earlier found in several positronium (Ps) -fraction experiments. A desorption model adopted from these studies does not describe accurately the PAES results at higher temperatures (g500 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), where the PAES intensity levels off to 5% of the room-temperature value. Possible sources for the discrepancy are discussed and models for positron trapping to deep surface traps are introduced. On the Ge(100) surface, an upper limit for Ps emission near the melting point is 97%. The error in calibration parameters due to the earlier assumption of 100% Ps emission seems to introduce only small errors into the Ps-fraction measurements.
Identification of the amino acid region involved in the intercellular interaction between the β1 subunits of Na+/K+ -ATPase

Epithelial junctions depend on intercellular interactions between β1 subunits of the Na+/K+-ATPase molecules of neighboring cells. The interaction between dog and rat subunits is less effective than the interaction between two dog β1 subunits, indicating the importance of species-specific regions for β1–β1 binding. To identify these regions, the species-specific amino acid residues were mapped on a high-resolution structure of the Na+/K+-ATPase β1 subunit to select those exposed towards the β1 subunit of the neighboring cell. These exposed residues were mutated in both dog and rat YFP-linked β1 subunits (YFP–β1) and also in the secreted extracellular domain of the dog β1 subunit. Five rat-like mutations in the amino acid region spanning residues 198–207 of the dog YFP–β1 expressed in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells decreased co-precipitation of the endogenous dog β1 subunit with YFP–β1 to the level observed between dog β1 and rat YFP–β1. In parallel, these mutations impaired the recognition of YFP–β1 by the dog-specific antibody that inhibits cell adhesion between MDCK cells. Accordingly, dog-like mutations in rat YFP–β1 increased both the (YFP–β1)–β1 interaction in MDCK cells and recognition by the antibody. Conversely, rat-like mutations in the secreted extracellular domain of the dog β1 subunit increased its interaction with rat YFP–β1 in vitro. In addition, these mutations resulted in a reduction of intercellular adhesion between rat lung epithelial cells following addition of the secreted extracellular domain of the dog β1 subunit to a cell suspension. Therefore, the amino acid region 198–207 is crucial for both trans-dimerization of the Na+/K+-ATPase β1 subunits and cell–cell adhesion.
Effects of Dietary Nutrient Density on Water Quality and Growth of Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus in Closed Systems

A 10-wk growth trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary nutrient density (protein and energy) on the growth of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus and on water quality in closed recirculating systems. Four test diets, with increasing nutrient density, were formulated to contain 32%, 36%, 40%, and 44% protein and 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.8 kcal/kg energy, respectively. In addition to growth, total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-nitrogen, nitratenitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, net solids accumulated and total phosphorus were measured periodically throughout the study. Significant differences in weight gain and total biomass corresponded to increasing dietary nutrient density. Feed efficiency ratios and protein conversion efficiencies increased with increasing nutrient density of the diet indicating the production of fewer waste products per unit gain. Accumulated waste (net solids accumulated expressed as g/kg of fish) decreased with increasing dietary nutrient density. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in COD and suspended phosphorus with increasing dietary nutrient density. TAN, nitrate-N and BOD5 showed no significant trends presumably due to the ability of the biological filter to process these nutrients. Based on the observed results, manipulation of dietary nutrient density can reduce metabolic wastes and at the same time improve fish growth in an aquaculture system.
Homology of prostomial and pharyngeal structures in eunicida (Annelida) based on innervation and morphological similarities

Eunicidan bristle worm families are commonly identified by the shape of their prostomia and pharyngeal structures. However, current hypotheses of homology among these structures are conflicting, making it difficult to assess morphological evolution, reconstruct phylogeny, and produce a stable classification. To generate more consistent hypotheses of homology among eunicidan anterior structures, the author examined the anterior morphology and the nervous system stained with anti-α-tubulin and serotonin antibodies in representative species of Eunicidae, Onuphidae, Oenonidae, Dorvilleidae and Lumbrineridae. The shape of the brain varied conspicuously among families; however, it has mostly the same commissures (usually two of the dorsal and five of the ventral roots of the circumoesophageal connective). The stomatogastric system is also conservative in composition, having two main pairs of stomatogastric nerves which vary in their relative position among the different families. Innervation similarities combined with correspondence and topological morphological similarities made it possible to present explicit hypotheses of primary homology of features, such as buccal lips, pharyngeal fold, and dorsolateral fold anterior extension. Buccal lips are present in all families; however, ventral pads on the prostomium of the Dorvillea line of Dorvilleidae are anterior prolongations of the pharyngeal fold and not buccal lips. All examined taxa, except dorvilleid species, have conspicuous dorsolateral fold anterior extension. In Eunicidae, this anterior extension is a transverse band, while in other families it is a pair of folds. Observed similarities also gave insights on the homology of maxillary elements of Dorvilleidae, providing background knowledge for future studies. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Carbon Dioxide-Induced Swelling of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)

A new experimental device is used to monitor in situ the swelling behavior of poly(dimethylsiloxane) melts in contact with supercritical carbon dioxide. The effects of pressure, temperature, and sample molecular weight on the kinetics and extent of swelling are examined using this experimental technique. The swelling kinetics of all polymer samples exhibit two distinct regimes: an initial region of large swelling in which the diffusion of CO2 into the polymer follow Fickian behavior and a subsequent region of small volume increase asymptotic to an equilibrium swelling value. Diffusion coefficients of CO2, obtained from the initial swelling kinetics data, are found to be relatively insensitive to pressure, increase with temperature, and decrease with polymer molecular weight with the latter exhibiting a power-law dependence with an exponent of ∼−2. The extent of swelling increases with both pressure and molecular weight but exhibits different trends with temperature depending on system pressure. For press...
Program understanding behavior during corrective maintenance of large-scale software

This paper reports on a software understanding field study of corrective maintenance of large-scale software. Participants were professional software maintenance engineers. The paper reports on the general understanding process, the types of actions programmers preferred during the debugging task, the level of abstraction at which they were working and the role of hypotheses in the debugging strategies they used. The results of the observation are also interpreted in terms of the information needs of these software engineers. We found that programmers work at all levels of abstraction (code, algorithm, application domain) about equally. They frequently switch between levels of abstraction. The programmers' main concerns are with what software does and how this is accomplished, not why software was built a certain way. These questions guide the work process. Information is sought and cross-referenced from a variety of sources from application domain concepts to code-related information, outpacing current maintenance environments' capabilities which are mostly stratified by information source, making cross-referencing difficult.
Effects of bryostatin 1 and calcium ionophore (A23187) on apoptosis and differentiation in human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60) following 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine exposure.

The goal of the present study was to determine whether partial restoration of the differentiation-inducing capacity of the PKC activator bryostatin 1 by the calcium ionophore A23187 is accompanied by enhancement of apoptosis in ara-C-pretreated human leukemia cells. When HL-60 cells were exposed to ara-C (10 or 100 microM;6 h) followed by bryostatin 1 alone (10 nM; 24 h), no increase in apoptosis was noted. In contrast, subsequent exposure of ara-C-pretreated cells to A23187 (250 nM; 24 h) increased apoptosis by approximately 100%. When ara-C-pretreated cells were incubated with A23187 and bryostatin 1, no further potentiation of cell death (compared to cells exposed to A23187 alone) was observed. Nevertheless, the combination of bryostatin 1 and A23187 substantially increased inhibition of clonogenicity in cells preincubated with ara-C (e.g., by > or = 2 logs). This effect was associated with morphological and functional evidence (i.e., plastic adherence) of enhanced leukemic cell maturation. The differentiating capacity of the combination of bryostatin 1 and A23187 was significantly weaker than that of the phorbol diester, PMA (10 nM), and unaccompanied (at 24 h) by induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. However, the extent of apoptosis was comparable in cells exposed to ara-C followed by PMA or bryostatin 1 + A23187, suggesting that differentiation per se is not solely responsible for enhancement of cell death in ara-C-pretreated cells. Coadministration of bryostatin 1 and the organotellurium compound AS101, which mimics the actions of A23187 in some systems, after ara-C also led to enhanced antiproliferative effects which were unaccompanied by an increase in apoptosis. Finally, exposure of cells to ara-C followed by other differentiation-inducing agents, including dimethylsulfoxide and sodium butyrate also resulted in increases in cell death in this cell line. These findings indicate that the inability of bryostatin 1 to potentiate apoptosis in ara-C-pretreated HL-60 cells may involve factors other than an inadequate differentiation stimulus. They also suggest that loss of leukemic self-renewal capacity following exposure to cytotoxic and differentiation-inducing agents may involve mechanisms other than, or in addition to, potentiation of apoptosis, particularly cellular maturation.
Comparison of Adenoviruses as Oncolytics and Cancer Vaccines in an Immunocompetent B Cell Lymphoma Model

We have screened human adenoviruses (Ads) for oncolytic activity against a variety of mouse and hamster cell lines and have found a number that are susceptible to a variety of Ad serotypes. A20 lymphoma is derived from BALB/c mice and is susceptible to infection and killing by a variety of human Ads. A20 is also a suitable cancer vaccine model, because these cells express a unique immunoglobulin variable region that can be targeted by vaccination. To compare Ads as cancer vaccines versus Ads as oncolytics, A20 tumors were initiated in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Mice immunized with first-generation Ad5 expressing the A20 immunoglobulin ScFv immunogen (Ad-A20) were protected against A20 lymphomas only when the vaccine was delivered before tumor. In contrast, vaccination after tumor initiation failed to increase survival or delay tumor growth. When Ad serotypes from species B, C, D, and E were tested as oncolytics in vitro, A20 cells were most efficiently killed by species D Ads, with intermediate activity by species B Ads. When tested in vivo in immunocompetent BALB/c mice bearing A20 tumors, single intratumoral injection of species D Ad26 and Ad48 were effective at controlling tumor growth. These data demonstrate that in this immunocompetent mouse cancer model, the oncolytic activity of adenoviruses is more potent than their use as a cancer vaccine. These data in immunocompetent mice lend further support to species D Ads as promising oncolytic viruses against B cell cancers.
Proinflammatory effects of M-CSF and Aβ in hippocampal organotypic cultures

Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a microglial activator expressed at increased levels in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. In monotypic microglial cultures, M-CSF strongly augments amyloid beta (Abeta) induced microglial production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. However, this augmentation could be due to strong autocrine and paracrine effects in monotypic cultures. We used hippocampal organotypic cultures to test M-CSF/Abeta augmentation in a system modeling intact brain. Combined M-CSF/Abeta treatment increased interleukin-1 (IL-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha expression by microglia, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was localized primarily to astroglia. Induction of cytokines and iNOS was also observed after lipopolysaccharide treatment of organotypic hippocampal cultures, but iNOS expression was localized mainly to microglia rather than astrocytes. Treatment with M-CSF/Abeta did not result in neuronal death. These results demonstrate that combined M-CSF/Abeta treatment results in a strong inflammatory response in the organotypic environment without inducing neurotoxicity.
Aberrant auditory evoked responses in schizophrenia: Evidence from single-trial analysis

The average N100 (a negative response occurring around 100 ms poststimulus) component of the auditory evoked potential (EP) has been recently used in the study of schizophrenia. Averaging, however, eliminates all temporal variability of the recorded signals and, therefore, hampers the exploration of the temporal dynamics underlying the generation of the N100 component. In this study, we analyzed EPs on a single-trial basis using an iterative independent component analysis procedure that is capable of extracting individual components out of an entire EP waveform. This approach allowed estimation of an N100 in each single trial and measurement of its morphological features such as polarity, which could be either negative (most frequently) or positive (less frequently). In the latter case, the N100 component was termed aberrant. We analyzed responses from 23 normal controls (NC) and 15 schizophrenia (SZ) patients in a paired stimulus paradigm, where a first stimulus S 1 was followed by a second one S 2 0.5 s later. To compare N100 responses within and across the two subject groups, we defined a negative polarity index NPI as the percentage of single trials that had a negative polarity N100. Our results show significantly higher NPI values in NC compared to SZ, for both the S 1 and S 2 responses. Additionally, the difference in NPI values between the S 1 and S 2 responses was significant in NC but not in SZ. We conclude that both normal and schizophrenia subjects exhibit aberrant N100 responses, but these events are more frequent in the SZ patient group. The higher number of aberrant responses can explain the lower amplitude EPs typically observed in schizophrenia, and may be one of the factors contributing to sensory gating deficits consistently reported in these patients.
Median mixed and sensory nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome

Abstract Objective : To assess the sensitivities and specificities of velocity differences between median mixed nerve conduction across the wrist (Medmxpw) and (I) median mixed nerve conduction in the forearm (Medmxf) and (II) palm to D2 sensory conduction (MedpD2). Design and Methods : We prospectively studied 67 limbs of patients with clinically definite carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Medmxf and Medmxpw were performed by stimulating the median nerve at the elbow and palm respectively and recording at the proximal wrist crease. We also compared conventional median sensory (D2–wrist) and mixed (palm–wrist) tests in all patients. Thirty limbs of asymptomatic subjects served as normal controls and 21 limbs of subjects with other neuropathies served as diseased controls; control data was collected prospectively. Results : The sensitivity of the MedpD2–Medmxpw difference (0.87) was significantly greater than that of the Medmxf–Medmxpw difference (0.61, P Conclusions : The MedpD2–Medmxpw study is among the most sensitive and specific electrophysiologic tests for CTS.
Message from HASP 2012 Organizers

Welcome to the 2012 Workshop on Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy, HASP 2012, in conjunction with MICRO 45. This is the first workshop of HASP. It is intended to bring together researchers, developers, and practitioners from academia and industry, to share practical implementations/experiences related to hardware/architectural support for security and privacy, and to discuss future trends in research and applications. The 1st HASP workshop, held 2 December 2012, is organized by University of Houston, University of Princeton, and many volunteers across the world. The workshop covers micro architectural and/or system support for security and privacy protection in the context of embedded systems, sensor networks, mobile devices, and cloud computing. We have received submissions from 14 countries. Due to schedule limitation, we cannot accommodate all the papers that could be accepted. Some of them are certainly of the quality to be accepted by other workshops or conferences with similar scope of interest. Each manuscript was reviewed by at least three reviewers. We are very thankful to the program committee members and reviewers who dedicated their precious time to review the papers. The final workshop program consists of 8 carefully selected papers, with the highest average rankings. These papers address state of the art research problems in physical attacks, site-channel exploits, crypto processor design, security verification and support for identity management in mobile and ubiquitous computing.
The school behaviors of children in three psychiatric treatment settings: An outpatient clinic, a day hospital, and an inpatient hospital

Compares teachers' ratings of the school behaviors of children entering an outpatient clinic, a day psychiatric program, and an inpatient psychiatric hospital. Many of the ratings did not discriminate among the three groups. Children starting outpatient versus day treatment were rated as higher in aggression, anxiety, and hostile withdrawal, and children beginning outpatient and day treatment versus inpatient treatment, were reported as more skilled socially.
Mate choice in the monogamous and polychromatic Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum

Choice of mate in the Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum (Gunther, 1864), has been examined from a number of perspectives, proceeding from general species attributes to individual differences. The Midas cichlid discriminates against closely-related, highly-similar Cichlasoma, and recognizes sex, probably chemically in both cases. It is polychromatic and changes from the normal (N) pattern to gold (G) or even white at almost any age. Gold colouration inhibited attack and made it difficult to mate an N female with a G male; the inhibiting effect was cancelled by using a larger N female. Because the Midas cichlid is also biparentally monogamous, early experience could easily influence later choice of mate. G females of G × G parents preferentially spawned adjacent to G males; N females of N × N spawned mainly before N males. N females of G × G pairs, however, showed no preference. Groups of females were reared by all four combinations of two colours and two sexes, or by no parents. Females reared by identically pure-coloured parents responded most to males of those colours, whereas females raised by mixed-colour parents did not discriminate. Females reared without parents preferred N males. Regardless of their own or their parents' colour, juveniles spent more time with N juveniles and behaved less aggressively towards them, compared to G juveniles. Fish were offered a choice among potential mates that differed in aggressiveness, size or breeding experience. Males did not choose on the basis of those traits. Females preferred large, aggressive, experienced males. Pairs with large aggressive males more readily kept a breeding territory, and aggressive experienced males guarded young more effectively. All females were equally aggressive in protecting their young.
Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality and Malnutrition in Preindustrial Europe: A Contemporary Explanation:

In Europe's preindustrial and overwhelmingly agricultural society, people did not in general live long lives. While there were exceptions, by our standards, life expectancy was appallingly low for most and almost inconceivable to a modern audience living in an advanced industrial society where longevity is constantly being revised upwards. Europe's impoverished past came to an end in the nineteenth century with the advent of the agricultural and industrial revolutions. But before then, a great deal of suffering had taken place as Europe, as a whole, was plagued by a very high rate of infant mortality that significantly reduced, statistically, overall life expectancy. Clearly many of the sad deaths from the European past were tied to poor nutrition and the apparent lack of key vitamins, substances that modern researchers would consider as absolutely critical for proper cell development and amino-acid synthesis. In fact, it could probably be argued that Europe's preindustrial era was beset by a constant avitaminosis of some kind or another.
Comparison of surgical outcomes of intra-articular calcaneal fractures by age.

Background: Internal fixation is an accepted treatment for displaced fractures of the calcaneus. Operative intervention in older patients, however, is traditionally discouraged in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of internal fixation of intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus on the basis of patient age. Methods: One hundred and seventy-five patients (191 fractures) who underwent internal fixation between 1992 and 2007 for a displaced, intra-articular calcaneal fracture were identified. The American Society of Anesthesiologists score, the fracture pattern, and the mechanism of injury were recorded. Each patient was contacted to complete a follow-up survey from which clinical outcome scores were calculated. One hundred and forty-six patients with 158 fractures were available for follow-up and were divided into two groups for comparison. Group I consisted of 108 fractures in patients who were less than fifty years old. Group II was composed of fractures in fifty patients who were fifty years of age or older. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 8.98 years. The average patient age was thirty-six years for Group I and fifty-eight years for Group II. The average adjusted American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society score was 64 for Group I and 75 for Group II. The mean calcaneal fracture scoring system score was 66 for Group I, and 76 for Group II. Similarly, the average Foot Function Index was 24 and 15 for Groups I and II, respectively. Each clinical outcome measure suggests significantly better outcomes for Group II as compared with Group I (all p < 0.05). Overall, the complication rates were similar between groups. Conversion to subtalar fusion was 15% for Group I and 8% for Group II. Conclusions: In this series, outcomes of older patients are at least equivalent to those of younger patients undergoing internal fixation for an intra-articular calcaneal fracture. Operative intervention appears to be a reasonable option for displaced calcaneal fractures in older patients. Physiologic age should be considered when evaluating older patients, and individualized treatment plans remain critical because patients with low physical demands or who have medical complications may be better candidates for nonoperative treatment. Prospective studies are needed in this area. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Food habits of the skipjack tuna,Katsuwonus pelamis, in North Carolina waters

Food habits of the skipjack tuna,katsuwonus pelamis, were determined for specimens collected from the Hatteras and Oregon Inlet charter boat fishery. Stomach content analysis showed 55% empty stomachs. Fishes, mollusks, and crustaceans were consumed by the skipjack tuna. Fishes were the most frequent food item at both Hatteras and Oregon Inlet, followed by mollusks and crustaceans at Hatteras and by crustaceans and mollusks at Oregon Inlet. At Hatteras, fishes constituted 90% of the food by volume, with mollusks and crustaceans contributing 7 and 3%, respectively. At Oregon Inlet, mollusks and fishes were about equal in volume, with crustaceans contributing about 1%. As skipjack tuna increased in length the volume of crustaceans decreased and the volume of mollusks increased. There was a tendency for fishes to be less important and mollusks to be more important as length increased.
The Dynamic Development of Gender Variability

We diagram and discuss theories of gender identity development espoused by the clinical groups represented in this special issue. We contend that theories of origin relate importantly to clinical practice, and argue that the existing clinical theories are under-developed. Therefore, we develop a dynamic systems framework for gender identity development. Specifically, we suggest that critical aspects of presymbolic gender embodiment occur during infancy as part of the synchronous interplay of caregiver-infant dyads. By 18 months, a transition to symbolic representation and the beginning of an internalization of a sense of gender can be detected and consolidation is quite evident by 3 years of age. We conclude by suggesting empirical studies that could expand and test this framework. With the belief that better, more explicit developmental theory can improve clinical practice, we urge that clinicians take a dynamic developmental view of gender identity formation into account.
Constitutional democracy and the legitimacy of judicial review

It has long been argued that the institution of judicial review is incompatible with democratic institutions. This criticism usually relies on a procedural conception of democracy, according to which democracy is essentially a form of government defined by equal political rights and majority rule. I argue that if we see democracy not just as a form of government, but more basically as a form of sovereignty, then there is a way to conceive of judicial review as a legitimate democratic institution. The conception of democracy that stems from the social contract tradition of Locke, Rousseau, Kant and Rawls, is based in an ideal of the equality, independence, and original political jurisdiction of all citizens. Certain equal basic rights, in addition to equal political rights, are a part of democratic sovereignty. In exercising their constituent power at the level of constitutional choice, free and equal persons could choose judicial review as one of the constitutional mechanisms for protecting their equal basic rights. As such, judicial review can be seen as a kind of shared precommitment by sovereign citizens to maintaining their equal status in the exercise of their political rights in ordinary legislative procedures. I discuss the conditions under which judicial review is appropriate in a constitutional democracy. This argument is contrasted with Hamilton's traditional argument for judicial review, based in separation of powers and the nature of judicial authority. I conclude with some remarks on the consequences for constitutional interpretation.
Metal-ammonia reduction: the ring reduction of aromatic carboxylic esters

Abstract Aryl benzoates are reduced to 1,4-dihydroaromatics with Na/NH 3 in the presence of water.
Phylogenetic relationships within Lepiota sensu lato based on morphological and molecular data

AbstractCurrent classifications of the light-spored agaric genus Lepiota s. 1. (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) were evaluated using parsimony analyses of morphological and molecular characters. Thirty-ei...
Maternal behavior and infant attention

The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between maternal behavior and 12-month-old infants' attention to objects during a period of joint play. Both full terms ( n = 90) and preterms ( n = 59) were presented with a set of toys for independent play; their mothers then joined them for play with the same toys. No differences between full-term and preterm infants were found. Focused exploration of the objects was higher and active inattention was lower during the interaction than during independent play. The children were divided into high-, average-, and low-attending groups on the basis of their independent focused attention and active inattention; interaction with the mother resulted in the greatest increases in focused attention and greatest decreases in active inattention for the low attenders. Multiple-regression analyses showed that focused attention and active inattention during the interaction were related to both the child's spontaneous tendency to be attentive and specific maternal behaviors and characteristics. Further analyses suggest that certain maternal measures were associated with decreases in active inattention and increases in pas- sive looking, whereas other maternal measures were associated with increases in the more focused exploration of the objects by the child.
Effect of cultivar and roasting method on composition of roasted soybeans

BACKGROUND: The composition of raw soybeans and the roasting method have an important impact on the quality of roasted soybeans. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of food-grade soybean cultivars (IA 2064, IA 1008, IA 1008LF, Prairie Brand 299, Asgrow 2247) and roasting method (oil- and dry-roasting) on the composition of roasted soybeans. RESULTS: Moisture content decreased after roasting, with oil-roasted soybeans having a significantly lower moisture content than the dry-roasted soybeans. With the exception of the low linolenic acid cultivar (IA 2064), there were no significant differences in total lipid and fatty acid contents of the five cultivars. Oil-roasted soybeans had significantly higher lipid content than raw and dry-roasted soybeans owing to the absorption of oil. The soluble sugars and free amino acids contents of the five soybean cultivars were not significantly different. Decreases in the contents of free amino acids, but not soluble sugars, occurred during roasting. Greater reductions were seen in oil-roasted soybeans because of the higher roasting temperature. CONCLUSION: Roasting method, rather than cultivar, had the greatest effect on the composition of roasted soybeans. The food-grade soybean cultivars evaluated in this study were similar in composition. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Collision induced decomposition of peptides. Choice of collision parameters

Collision-induced dissociation product ion spectra of a series of doubly charged tryptic peptide ions produced by electrospray ionization were obtained by triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The sequence information content of the product ion spectra was explored as a function of collision energy and collision-cell gas pressure for parent ions with molecular masses ranging from 300 to 2000 u. The energy range (at a given pressure) in which the degree of fragmentation is acceptable was found to be narrow for parent ions of a given mass, and the optimal collision energy was observed to exhibit a strong linear correlation with parent ion mass. This observed correlation opens the way for on-line software-controled selection of optimal mass spectrometric conditions in the enzymatic digestion-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric strategy of amino acid sequencing of proteins.
Subunits of choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6).

— The molecular weight of choline acetyltransferase is determined to be approx 87,000-89,000 daltons. There are 808 amino acid residues per molecule of the enzyme with a calculated mol. wt of 89,300. Peptides of ChAc were studied after tryptic digestion, cyanogen bromide and BNPS-skatole cleavages. The results of these studies suggest that the enzyme contains 6 identical subunits with 133 amino acid residues each and with a calculated molecular weight of 14,700 daltons for the monomer. This conclusion is supported by the fact that serine is the only amino terminal residue and alanine is the only carboxyl-terminal group.
Studies of the ferricyanide reductase activities of the mitochondrial reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone reductase (complex I) utilizing arylazido-β-alanyl NAD + and arylazido-β-alanyl NADP +

The NADH and NADPH ferricyanide reductase activities present in mitochondrial NADH-CoQ reductase preparations have been studied utilizing two photoaffinity pyridine nucleotide analogues: arylazido-β-alanyl NAD+ (A3′-O-{3-[N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino]propionyl}NAD+) and arylazido-β-alanyl NADP+ (N3′-O-{3-[N-(4-azido-3-nitrophenyl)amino]-propionyl}NADP+). For the NADH-K3Fe(CN)6 reductase activity, arylazido-β-alanyl NAD+ was found to be, in the dark, a competitive inhibitor with respect to both NADH and K3Fe(CN)6 withK i,app values of 9.7 and 15.5 µM, respectively. In comparison the NADP+ analogue exhibited weak noncompetitive inhibitor activity for this reaction against both substrates. Upon photoirradiation arylazido-β-alanyl NAD+ inhibited NADH-K3Fe(CN)6 reductase up to 70% in the presence of a 25-fold molar excess of analogue over the enzyme concentration. This photodependent inhibition could be prevented by the presence, during irradiation, of the natural substrate NADH. In contrast complex kinetic results were obtained with studies of the effects of the pyridine nucleotide analogues of NADPH-K3Fe(CN)6 reductase activity in the dark. Photoirradiation of either analogue in the presence of the enzyme complex resulted in an activation of NADPH-dependent activity. The possibility that the NADPH-K3Fe(CN)6 reductase activity of complex I represents a summation of the combined ferricyanide reductase activity of the NADPH-NAD+ transhydrogenase and NADH oxidoreductase is suggested.
Effect of lipids on the thermal stability and conformational changes of proteins: ribonuclease A and cytochrome c

Abstract Lipids have been increasingly used as carriers for delivery of proteins and peptides. In this study, thermal stability and conformational properties of two basic proteins, ribonuclease A (RNase A) and cytochrome c (cyt. c), incorporated in lipid membranes made with dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), a negatively charged lipid, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. DSC studies showed that when incorporated in DPPG at concentration 4 mol%, a destabilizing effect was observed. Such a decrease in thermal stability of cyt. c or RNase A suggested a strong intermolecular protein–protein interaction, because of the relatively low lipid to protein ratio. When cyt. c bound to membranes made of a mixture of DPPG and DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), the extent of structural perturbation depended on the surface density of the negatively charged lipid head groups; perturbation became smaller with increasing acidic phospholipid in the membrane. FT-IR studies showed a shift of the major amide I component band from 1653 to 1649 cm −1 for cyt. c and from 1639 to 1633 cm −1 for RNase A after incorporation into DPPG membranes. However, from the quantitative determination of Fourier self-deconvoluted spectra, only slight perturbation of the secondary structure was observed after DPPG binding. These reductions, along with the shifts to lower frequencies of the main component bands, suggested that some rearrangement within the α helices/ β sheets and/or the loosening of the protein tertiary structure existed, resulting in a stronger hydrogen bonding accessibility after their binding to DPPG membranes.
The effect of bedrock jointing on the formation of straths in the Cache la Poudre River drainage, Colorado Front Range

The North Fork Poudre and Poudre Rivers have incised deep, narrow canyons into Precambrian-age granite and gneiss along the Colorado Front Range. Longitudinally discontinuous active strath surfaces and strath terraces are present along each river. Although the crystalline bedrock of the study area is resistant to weathering and erosion, differences in joint spacing and orientation create significant differences in rock mass strength along each river. The vertical spacing of active straths along the North Fork Poudre correlates strongly with the spacing of prominent subhorizontal joint surfaces. Strath terraces along the Poudre River occur in areas of wider valley bottom upstream from a profile convexity. Especially wide segments with the greatest downstream extent reflect the locations of shear zones that create more densely spaced joints and lower rock resistance. I interpret the absence of strath terraces in wider canyon segments downstream from the convexity to indicate that the Poudre River is capable of laterally eroding the entire valley bottom as the river incises, leaving behind only fill terraces. Upstream from the convexity, in contrast, lateral erosion has created canyon segments with wider valley bottoms, but the entire valley bottom has not been lowered at the same rate, leaving discontinuous strath terraces. The Poudre River is regionally unique in having relatively well-developed strath terraces, but strath terraces in other major drainages of the Front Range are also only present upstream from convexities in the longitudinal profile.
Free and Occluded Virus, similar to Baculovirus, in Hepatopancreas of Pink Shrimp

VIRUSES or virus-like particles have been reported infrequently from cells of estuarine and marine organisms1–4. Herpes-type viruses were described from an estuarine fungus3 and oysters4. Helical or rod-shaped viruses have not been reported from most aquatic invertebrates, although rod-shaped virus-like particles were reported from a microannelid5 and aquatic beetle6.