cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic fields, plasmas, and coronal holes: The inner solar system

This paper reviews the recent results concerning streams and magnetic fields in the inner solar system. Specifically, it discusses in situ magnetic field and plasma observations within 1 AU which describe MHD stream flows and Alfvenic fluctuations, and it discusses the latest theories of those phenomena. Observationally, there have been significant advances in our understanding of streams and fluctuations as the result of acquiring nearly complete sets of high resolution plasma and magnetic data simultaneously at two or more points by IMPs 6, 7, and 8, Mariner-Venus-Mercury, HELIOS-1, and HELIOS-2. HELIOS and IMP observations and coronal hole observations demonstrated that streams can have very thin boundaries in latitude and longitude near the Sun. This has necessitated a revision of earlier views of stream dynamics, for it is now clear that magnetic pressure is a major factor in the dynamics of stream in the inner solar system and that nonlinear phenomena are significant much closer to the Sun than previously believed. Simultaneous IMP 6, 7, and 8 observations of Alfvenic fluctuations have shown that they are probably not simply transverse Alfven waves; they suggest that Alfvenic fluctuations are better described as nonplanar, large-amplitude, ‘general Alfven’ waves moving through an inhomogeneous and ‘discontinuous’ medium, and coupled to a compressive mode.
Forecast performance of neural networks and business cycle asymmetries

Forecast performance of artificial neural network models are investigated using Ashley et al. (1980) and the neural network nonlinearity test proposed by Lee et al. (1993) is employed to find possible existence of business cycle asymmetries in Canada, France, Japan, UK and USA real GDP growth rates. The results show that neural network models are more accurate than linear models for in-sample forecasts. However, when comparing the out-of-sample, linear models performed better than neural network models in all series. Results from neural network tests show that business cycle asymmetries do prevail in all the series.
Redox-Neutral α-Arylation of Amines

The direct α-arylation/N-alkylation of cyclic amines was achieved in a redox-neutral fashion under mild conditions. Transformations occur in the absence of any additives or are promoted by simple carboxylic acids.
Catalytic Enantioselective Alkene Aminohalogenation/Cyclization Involving Atom Transfer†

The intramolecular haloamination of alkenes is a direct method for the synthesis of halogen-functionalized nitrogen heterocycles.[1] Vicinal amino halides are highly versatile synthetic intermediates that are especially useful in drug discovery and combinatorial chemistry, and are also of interest in their own right as chemotherapeutic agents.[2] The synthesis of chiral nitrogen heterocycles using this method has been dominated by substrate-controlled reactions where the starting amine is already chiral.[3] Alternatively, some chiral 2-halomethyl nitrogen heterocycles are also available through multistep functional-group conversion from a limited number of naturally occuring chiral nitrogen heterocycles.[4] An alkene haloamination/cyclization in which the enantioselectivity was contolled by a chiral catalyst would be a powerful method for obtaining chiral products from achiral substrates and would expand the diversity of the product structure and the flexibility of the synthetic sequence. Herein is reported the first metal-catalyzed enantioselective alkene aminohalogenation/cyclization.
The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. XII. The Link between Faint X-Ray and Radio Source Populations

We investigate the relationship between faint X-ray and 1.4 GHz radio source populations detected within 3' of the Hubble Deep Field (North) using the 1 Ms Chandra and 40 μJy VLA surveys. Within this region, we find that ≈42% of the 62 X-ray sources have radio counterparts and ≈71% of the 28 radio sources have X-ray counterparts; thus, a 40 μJy VLA survey at 1.4 GHz appears to be well matched to a 1 Ms Chandra observation. Among the different source populations sampled, we find that the majority of the 18 X-ray–detected emission-line galaxies (ELGs) have radio and mid-infrared ISOCAM counterparts and appear to be luminous star-forming galaxies at z = 0.3–1.3. Importantly, the radio-detected ELGs make up ≈35% of the X-ray source population at 0.5–8.0 keV X-ray fluxes between ≈1 × 10-16 and ≈5 × 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1 and signal the emergence of the luminous, high-z starburst galaxy population in the X-ray band. We find that the locally determined correlation between X-ray luminosities and 1.4 GHz radio luminosity densities of the late-type galaxies can easily be extended to include the luminous intermediate-redshift ELGs, suggesting that the X-ray and radio emission processes are generally associated in star-forming galaxies. This result implies that the X-ray emission can be used as an indicator of star formation rate for star-forming galaxies. Finally, we show that there appear to be two statistically distinct types of ISOCAM-detected star-forming galaxies: those with detectable radio and X-ray emission and those without. The latter type may have stronger mid-infrared emission-line features that increase their detectability at mid-infrared wavelengths.
Epistemic utility estimation

An epistemological model of rational decision-making, developed by Issac Levi, is applied to the estimation problem. The estimators thus developed are optimal with respect to an epistemic utility function that accounts for the cost of error, the decision agent's assessment of informational value and the decision agent's specified willingness to risk errors in exchange for information acquisition; the estimators are inherently set-valued. Levi's stable acceptance procedure is applied to the estimation process, facilitating the use of unnormalized probability densities. The convergence of the stable acceptance process is proven and it is shown that it results in a classical maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator as a special case. A representation theorem is also proven that makes computation of the estimates possible. Two examples are provided to illustrate the theory. >
Heats of formation of boron hydride anions and dianions and their ammonium salts [BnHmy-][NH4+]y with y=1-2.

Thermochemical parameters of the closo boron hydride BnHn2- dianions, with n = 5−12, the B3H8- and B11H14- anions, and the B5H9 and B10H14 neutral species were predicted by high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations. Total atomization energies obtained from coupled-cluster CCSD(T)/complete basis set (CBS) extrapolated energies, plus additional corrections were used to predict the heats of formation of the simplest BnHmy- species in the gas phase in kcal/mol at 298 K: ΔHf(B3H8-) = −23.1 ± 1.0; ΔHf(B5H52-) = 119.4 ± 1.5; ΔHf(B6H62-) = 64.1 ± 1.5; and ΔHf(B5H9) = 24.1 ± 1.5. The heats of formation of the larger species were evaluated by the G3 method from hydrogenation reactions (values at 298 K, in kcal/mol with estimated error bars of ± 3 kcal/mol): ΔHf(B7H72-) = 51.8; ΔHf(B8H82-) = 46.1; ΔHf(B9H92-) = 24.4; ΔHf(B10H102-) = −12.5; ΔHf(B11H112-) = −11.8; ΔHf(B12H122-) = −86.3; ΔHf(B11H14-) = −57.3; and ΔHf(B10H14) = 18.7. A linear correlation between atomization energies of the dianions and en...
Integrated Flight/Propulsion Control: Subsystem Specifications for Performance

In many systems such as integrated flight/propulsion control, it is desirable to implement the control law in a partitioned or decentralized architecture comprised of subsystems. For designs of this type, having a set of subsystem performance specifications early in the design cycle that is sufficient to guarantee overall performance of the final combined vehicle would be beneficial. A procedure is presented in this paper for deriving multiple subsystem specifications from a number of performance requirements on an integrated system. It is based on a structured singular-value analysis and generates specifications that are magnitude bounds on subsystem uncertainties. The specifications are derived from performance requirements that are provided in the form of bounds on transfer functions of the integrated system. This form allows the expression of model following, command tracking, robustness, and disturbance rejection requirements. The procedure is demonstrated on a short takeoff and landing aircraft design, in which engine specifications are derived from the aircraft's velocity and pitch rate tracking requirements.
Endoscopic full-thickness plication: the device, technique, pre-clinical and early clinical experience

The endoscopic full-thickness plication device is designed to inhibit reflux with a single plication near the gastroesophageal junction. Full-thickness plication of the proximal stomach may improve the competency of the gastroesophageal barrier by restoring the valvular mechanism of the gastroesophageal junction. Other potential mechanisms include alteration of the angle of His, and reduction of the compliance of the gastric cardia and fundus. The procedure is easily and safely performed and, in the human pilot study, has been shown to reduce symptoms and medication use associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Real-Time Implementation of Intelligent Reconfiguration Algorithm for Microgrid

Microgrids with renewable distributed generation and energy storage offer sustainable energy solutions. To maintain the availability of energy to the connected loads, considering priority and to interrupt the smallest portion of the microgrid under any abnormal conditions, reconfiguration is critical to restore service to a section or to meet some operational requirements of dropping minimum loads. Reconfiguration is the process of modifying the microgrid's topological structure by changing the status (open/close) of the circuit breakers or switches. In this work, constraints are the power balance equation and power generation limits, and we assumed that the system is designed with the entire planning and operational control criterion to meet the voltage violation and line overloading constraints. This paper offers novel real-time implementation of intelligent algorithm for microgrid reconfiguration. Intelligent algorithm is based on the genetic algorithms and has been tested on two test systems including shipboard power system and modified Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) microgrid. Real-time test bed utilizes real-time digital simulator and commercial real-time controllers from Schweitzer Engineering Lab. Reconfiguration algorithm has been implemented in the real time using real-time test bed, e.g., microgrid system, and satisfactory results were obtained.
On cosmic‐ray effects associated with magnetic storms

Evidence indicates that the storm-time field of some magnetic storms causes world-wide changes of several per cent in cosmic-ray intensity. That other magnetic storms of equal intensity at the Earth's surface occur with no appreciable cosmic-ray effects definitely indicates that the entire current-system for the storm-time field of both types of storms can not be located at the same distance above the Earth. In particular, the possibility that the current-systems responsible for the two types of storms both lie within the Earth's atmosphere appears remote. Assuming the current-system for the storm-time field of both types of storms to consist of a ring concentric with the Earth in the geomagnetic equatorial plane, magnetic data are analyzed to determine whether the radius of the assumed ring is, as would be expected, greater for magnetic storms which affect cosmic-ray intensity. Although the analysis is not conclusive on this point, the results satisfy a necessary condition for the existence of such a ring-current. The occurrence of aurora in temperate latitudes during most of the magnetic storms which affected cosmic-ray intensity is interpreted, after Stomer, to indicate the existence of such ring-currents. The percentage-changes in cosmic-ray intensity during magnetic storms are within the observational uncertainty the same at geomagnetic latitudes 50.°1 north and 0.°6 south. The significant correlation between changes in daily means of cosmic-ray intensity, for two stations separated 50° in latitude, probably results from the same mechanism responsible for the magnetic-storm effect.
GROWTH KINETICS AND THERMAL STRESS IN ALN BULK CRYSTAL GROWTH

Group III nitrides, such as GaN, AlN and InGaN, have attracted great attention due to their applications in blue-green and ultraviolet light emitting diodes and lasers. In this paper, an integrated model has been developed based on the conservation of momentum, mass, chemical species and energy together with boundary conditions that account for heterogeneous chemical reactions both at the source and seed surfaces. The predicted temperature profiles have been compared with measurements for different power levels and flow rates in a reactor for AlN crystal growth at the North Carolina State University. We have found that the heat power level affects the entire temperature distribution greatly while the flow rate has insignificant effect on the temperature distribution; the overall thermal stress level is higher than the critical resolved shear stress, indicating that thermal elastic stress can be a major source to induce high dislocation density in the as-grown crystal. The stress level is strongly dependent on the temperature gradient in the as-grown crystal. Results are correlated well with defects showing in an X-ray topograph for the AlN plate crystal.
Aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole and clopidogrel were similarly effective for preventing recurrent stroke

Source Citation Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1238-51. 18753638
Mariner 9 observations of the Mars north polar hood

Abstract Mariner 9 photographs showing variations in the behavior of the Mars atmosphere over 21 consecutive days during northern winter are displayed. The photographs show the north polar cloud hood to be highly variable from day to day, with variations suggestive of development, motion, and decay of baroclinic waves. Lee wave clouds apparently composed primarily of water ice, convective cloud lines inferred to consist of CO2. ice. and dust clouds all occur frequently in the active region between latitudes 40 and 6ON. The wave clouds show that persistent surface westerlies and strong westerly shear occur in this region.
On Membership Comparable Sets

A set A is k(n) membership comparable if there is a polynomial-time computable function that, given k(n) instances of A of length at most n, excludes one of the 2k(n) possibilities for the memberships of the given strings in A. We show that if SAT is O(logn) membership comparable, then the NP-hard promise problem UniqueSAT can be solved in polynomial time. Our result settles an open question, suggested by Buhrman, Fortnow, and Torenvliet, and extends the work of Ogihara, Beigel, Kummer, Stephan, and Agrawal and Arvind. These authors showed that if SAT is clogn membership comparable for c<1, then NP=P, and that if SAT is O(logn) membership comparable, then UniqueSAT?DTIME2log2n. Our proof also shows that if SAT is o(n) membership comparable, then UniqueSAT can be solved in deterministic time 2o(n). Our main technical tool is an algorithm of Madhu Sudan (building on the work of Ar, Lipton, Rubinfeld, and Sudan) to reconstruct polynomials from noisy data through the use of bivariate polynomial factorization.
New kinetic interactions for massive gravity

We show that there can be no new Lorentz invariant kinetic interactions free from the Boulware–Deser ghost in four dimensions in the metric formulation of gravity, beyond the standard Einstein–Hilbert, up to total derivatives. We use dimensional deconstruction as a way to motivate a non-linear ansatz for potential new ghost-free kinetic interactions for massive gravity, bi-gravity and multi-gravity in four and higher dimensions. These interactions descend from Lovelock terms, and so naively one might expect the interactions to be ghost-free. However, we show that these new interactions inevitably lead to more than five propagating degrees of freedom. We then perform a general perturbative analysis in four dimensions, and show that the only term with two derivatives that does not introduce a ghost is the Einstein–Hilbert term. This result extends to all orders in perturbations.
Presupernova structure of massive stars

Issues concerning the structure and evolution of core collapse progenitor stars, and stellar evolution in general, are discussed with an emphasis on interior evolution. We discuss some recent results that address quantifying the uncertainties inherent in modern stellar evolution calculations, and we describe a research effort aimed at investigating the transport and mixing processes associated with stellar turbulence, which is arguably the greatest source of uncertainty in supernova progenitor structure, besides mass loss, at the time of core collapse. We highlight the important role played by precision observations of stellar parameters in constraining theoretical models, as well as the physical insight that can be garnered from three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation.
Efficient boron-copper additions to aryl-substituted alkenes promoted by NHC-based catalysts. enantioselective Cu-catalyzed hydroboration reactions.

A Cu-catalyzed method for efficient boron−copper addition processes involving acyclic and cyclic disubstituted aryl olefins are reported. Reactions are promoted with 0.5−5 mol % of a readily available N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex; the presence of MeOH promotes in situ protonation of the C−Cu bond and leads to efficient catalyst turnover, constituting a net Cu-catalyzed hydroboration process. Reactions proceed in >98:<2 site selectivity and furnish secondary organoborane isomers that complement those obtained through reactions of boron-hydride reagents or by Rh- or Ir-catalyzed hydroborations (benzylic secondary C−B bonds). Initial observations regarding processes catalyzed by chiral NHC complexes, delivering products in up to 99:1 enantiomeric ratio, are disclosed.
Surgery for reflux induced airway disease: A systematic review

Abstract Objectives 1. Evaluate the current evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of anti-reflux surgery for the treatment of severe gastroesophageal reflux-related airway disease in children. 2. Provide evidence based recommendations regarding indications and outcomes of anti-reflux surgery for airway disease in children. Methods An a priori protocol was defined to identify all articles addressing anti-reflux surgery for the treatment of reflux-related airway disease in children where details regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes were clearly presented. The search was inclusive of all references available through August 30, 2013 and included electronic databases to identify candidate articles as well as a comprehensive series of crosschecks. The two authors independently determined which references met inclusion criteria, extracted data, and assigned levels of evidence. Data were pooled using a random effects model due to significant study heterogeneity. Results Fourteen articles met inclusion criteria. The overall level of evidence was grade C. There was significant heterogeneity among the studies ( I 2 = 82.7%; p Conclusion The current literature suggests that anti-reflux surgery is an effective and safe treatment for severe reflux-related airway disease. However, the level of evidence lacks strength and further investigation is warranted.
A method for finding Hamilton paths and Knight's tours

The use of Warnsdorff's rule for finding a knight's tour is generalized and applied to the problem of finding a Hamilton path in a graph. A graph-theoretic justification for the method is given.
Affine Gelfand-Dickey brackets and holomorphic vector bundles

We define the (second) Adler-Gelfand-Dickey Poisson structure on differential operators over an elliptic curve and classify symplectic leaves of this structure. This problem leads to the problem of classification of coadjoint orbits for double loop algebras, conjugacy classes in loop groups, and holomorphic vector bundles over the elliptic curve. We show that symplectic leaves have a finite but (unlike the traditional case of operators on the circle) arbitrarily large codimension, and compute it explicitly.
A connection between the stochastic heat equation and fractional Brownian motion, and a simple proof of a result of Talagrand

We give a new representation of fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter $H\leq\frac{1}{2}$ using stochastic partial differential equations. This representation allows us to use the Markov property and time reversal, tools which are not usually available for fractional Brownian motion. We then give simple proofs that fractional Brownian motion does not hit points in the critical dimension, and that it does not have double points in the critical dimension. These facts were already known, but our proofs are quite simple and use some ideas of Levy. An Erratum is available in ECP volume 17 paper number 8 .
Augmented Reality Binoculars

In this paper we present an augmented reality binocular system to allow long range high precision augmentation of live telescopic imagery with aerial and terrain based synthetic objects, vehicles, people and effects. The inserted objects must appear stable in the display and must not jitter and drift as the user pans around and examines the scene with the binoculars. The design of the system is based on using two different cameras with wide field of view and narrow field of view lenses enclosed in a binocular shaped shell. Using the wide field of view gives us context and enables us to recover the 3D location and orientation of the binoculars much more robustly, whereas the narrow field of view is used for the actual augmentation as well as to increase precision in tracking. We present our navigation algorithm that uses the two cameras in combination with an inertial measurement unit and global positioning system in an extended Kalman filter and provides jitter free, robust and real-time pose estimation for precise augmentation. We have demonstrated successful use of our system as part of information sharing example as well as a live simulated training system for observer training, in which fixed and rotary wing aircrafts, ground vehicles, and weapon effects are combined with real world scenes.
Separately Reconstructing the Structural and Functional Parameters of a Fluorescent Inclusion Embedded in a Turbid Medium

Unlike conventional fluorescence diffuse optical tomography, we separate the imaging procedure into two steps to respectively reconstruct the structural information and the functional information of a fluorescing target embedded in a turbid medium.
Use of the thiophenesulfonyl protecting group in the catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of unprotected β-lactams

Abstract We have found that the thiophenesulfonyl group is compatible with the catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of β-lactams from acid chlorides and sulfonyl imines in the presence of a silylated cinchona alkaloid and tris(hexamethyl disilazide) lanthanide complex co-catalysts. The thiophenesulfonyl group can be subsequently removed in moderate yields without causing decomposition of the β-lactam or lowering its stereochemical purity.
Speckle suppression and analysis for synthetic aperture radar images

Speckle appearing in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is generated by coherent interference of radar echoes from target scatters. Basically, speckle noise has the nature of a multiplicative noise. In this paper procedures for defining and verifying a statistical noise model are developed, and two multiplicative noise-smoothing algorithms are pre-sented. These two algorithms are computationally efficient and have the potential of achieving real-time or near-real-time processing. Several SEASAT SAR and SIR-B (Shuttle Imaging Radar) images are used for illustration.
Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians

A change in the audition procedures of symphony orchestras--adoption of "blind" auditions with a "screen" to conceal the candidate's identity from the jury--provides a test for sex-biased hiring. Using data from actual auditions, in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen increases the probability a woman will be advanced and hired. Although some of our estimates have large standard errors and there is one persistent effect in the opposite direction, the weight of the evidence suggests that the blind audition procedure fostered impartiality in hiring and increased the proportion women in symphony orchestras.
Foreign Aid and Market-Liberalizing Reform

Market-oriented economic policies-reflected in limited economic activity by government, protection of private property rights, sound monetary policy, outward orientation regarding trade and efficient tax and regulatory policy-have been strongly linked to faster rates of economic growth. Foreign aid is often provided in the belief that it encourages liberalizing reforms in these areas. This paper analyzes the impact of aid on market-liberalizing policy reform, correcting for the possible endogeneity of aid. Results indicate that higher aid slowed reform over the 1980-2000 period, as measured by a broad index of policies. Disaggregating policy into five areas, aid is significantly linked to slower reform in some policy areas but not in others. Disaggregating by decade, aid's adverse impact on policy reform is much more pronounced for the 1980s than for the 1990s.
The effects of deformation on isovector electromagnetic and weak transition strengths

Abstract The summed strength for transitions from the ground state of 12 C via the operators st , l t , rY 1 t , r [ Y 1 s ] λ t and r [ Y 1 l] λ t are calculated using the ΔN = 0 rotational model. If we choose the z -component of the isospin operator t z , the above operators are relevant to electromagnetic transitions; if we choose t + , they are relevant to weak transitions such as neutrino capture. In going from the spherical limit to the asymptotic (oblate) limit the strength for the operator st decreases steadily to zero; the strength for the operator l t (scissors mode) increases by a factor of three. For the last three operators, isovector dipole, spin dipole and orbital dipole (including the twist mode), it is shown that the summed strength is independent of deformation. The main difference in the behavior is that for the first two operators we have in-shell transitions whereas for the last three operators the transitions are out of shell.
Perspectives on the physician workforce to the year 2020

Physician supply and demand for the period extending to 2020 were assessed from three perspectives: physician utilization in group- and staff-model health maintenance organizations, physician distribution, and the future supply of nonphysician clinicians. The national norm for physician demand in 1993 was estimated to be 205 per 100000 population. Demand is projected to increase 18% by 2020, because of both an expansion in beneficial services and a reduction in physician work effort. Supply initially will increase more rapidly, resulting in a surplus of 31 000 physicians (5% of patient care physicians) in the year 2000 and increasing to 62 000 physicians (8%) in 2010, after which the gap will narrow. Similar results were obtained when previous studies that had projected surpluses of 73 000 to 165 000 physicians (15% to 30%) in the year 2000 were reevaluated. However, physician distribution is not homogeneous, and the number of physicians per capita currently varies by more than twofold among states. Relative to the national norm, surpluses already exist in some states and shortages in others. In addition, the supply of nonphysician clinicians with independent practice authority is increasing. Their numbers are projected to double by 2010, equaling 60% of the number of patient care physicians. Measured as physician equivalents, their growth will equal the growth in physician supply. Thus, in terms of physicians alone, there is no evidence of a major impending national surplus. Local surpluses will be influenced principally by how physicians distribute themselves geographically. The major determinant of overall physician surpluses in the future will be the extent to which patients continue to seek physicians for services that also will be offered by an expanded work-force of nonphysician clinicians. Policy is needed that encompasses the universe of clinicians who will be providing care to patients in the next century. (JAMA. 1995;274:1534-1543)
The Nearest Neighbor Alignment of Cluster X-Ray Isophotes

We examine the orientations of rich galaxy cluster X-ray isophotes with respect to their rich nearest neighbors using existing samples of Abell cluster position angles measured from Einstein and ROSAT observations. We study a merged subset of these samples using updated and improved positions and redshifts for Abell/ACO clusters. We find high confidence for alignment, which increases as nearest neighbor distance is restricted. We conclude that there is a strong alignment signal in all this data, consistent with gravitational instability acting on Gaussian perturbation.
Calculating Confidence Intervals for Regional Economic Impacts of Recreation by Bootstrapping Visitor Expenditures

In this paper I use bootstrap procedures to develop confidence intervals for estimates of total industrial output generated per thousand tourist visits. Mean expendi- tures from replicated visitor expenditure data included weights to correct for response bias. Impacts were estimated with IMPLAN. Ninety percent interval endpoints were 6 to 16 percent above or below the original sample's point estimate depending on the calcula- tion method. Due to the linearity of input-output a shortcut method that estimates confidence interval endpoints from the distribution of mean expenditure profiles yields nearly identical results.
Observations and theories of interstellar dust

Interstellar dust has a major effect on the Universe and our view of it by strongly affecting the physical and chemical processes within the interstellar medium. Its properties are best determined by the wavelength dependence of its extinction (scattering plus absorption), reflection from nearby stars, emissions (especially in certain near-infrared bands, along with continuum), and polarization of starlight by aligned grains. There are other clues as well, such as the depletion of certain elements from the gas phase onto the grains. The extinction varies strongly with direction, typically with the outer parts of molecular clouds having less extinction in the ultraviolet (relative to the visual) than the diffuse interstellar medium. There is a rather well defined one-parameter mean extinction law extending over the whole range of wavelengths for which observations are available. There are several rival theories regarding the nature of the grains and of their evolution. Most have a common base: that amorphous silicate materials and hydrogenated carbon are almost surely important constituents of grains. Various ideas regarding the arrangements are reviewed.
Preference for photodissociation over internal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition during irradiation of an unsaturated α,β-enone

Abstract Irradiation of 2 , its trimethylsilyl ether or acetate ester using ultraviolet light of wavelength > 290 nm results not in internal olefin—α,β-enone cycloaddition, but exclusively in photodissociation either of the intercyclic bond (for 2 or the TMS ether) or the COAc bond for the acetate ester.
Theoretical insights into the structure and reactivity of the aqueous/metal interface

A review describing recent developments in the theoretical description of molecular and atomic interactions occurring at the interface between an aqueous solution and a metal surface. The effect of solvent upon reaction kinetics and thermodynamics is the result of steric, as well as electrostatic participation. We describe theoretical developments in the description of isolated, film, cluster and condensed phase models of water molecules on metal surfaces, electron and ion transfer between adsorbed and solution particles and the metal surface, chemical transformations of water on metal surfaces, and theoretical investigations of catalytic and electrocatalytic processes at the metal/water interface.
Mentoring: A key to longevity in Space

The Space Department at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) launched a formal mentoring program in 2007. While a mentoring program existed previously, it was not widely utilized and eventually lost support. The new program was designed to focus on the staff members' needs and desires for career growth and an opportunity for those skilled with years of expertise in the space domain to share their wisdom and gain a new perspective. Especially in an era where budgets are constrained, mentoring is a cost effective method to ensure continuity of knowledge and enthusiasm in staff. This discusses the motivations for starting the program, the hurdles involved, and the benefits derived during the first few years of APL's new Space Department mentoring program. This includes the design details of the program, as well as successes and lessons learned to date.
CALCULATED GAMMA RAY PHOTOFRACTIONS FOR WELL-TYPE SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

Abstract Monte Carlo calculations for the photofractions of well-type gamma ray scintillation crystals are described. Leakage of secondary gamma rays, bremsstrahlung and electrons is considered. Calculated photofractions are tabulated for two commonly used well crystals. Comparisons are made between photofractions for NaI, CsI and CaI 2 scintillation crystals. Absorption and scattering within a homogeneous cylindrical source have been considered and results are given for aqueous solutions of monoenergetic sources.
Conductivity Activation Energy Relations in High‐Sodium‐Content Borate and Aluminoborate Glasses

L'etude porte sur les deux systemes: xNa 2 O−(1−x)B 2 O 3 et xNa 2 O−(1−x) (nB 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 ) ou n=4,0 et 6,7 avec une teneur variable en Na 2 O
Conscript your friends into larger anonymity sets with JavaScript

We present the design and prototype implementation of ConScript, a framework for using JavaScript to encourage casual Web users to participate in an anonymous communication system. When a Web user visits a cooperative Web site, the site serves a JavaScript application that instructs the browser to create and submit "dummy" messages into the anonymity system. Users who want to send non-dummy messages through the anonymity system use a browser plug-in to replace these dummy messages with real messages. Creating such conscripted anonymity sets can increase the anonymity set size available to users of remailer, e-voting, and verifiable shuffle-style anonymity systems. We outline ConScript's architecture, we address a number of potential attacks against ConScript, and we discuss the ethical issues related to deploying such a system. Our implementation results demonstrate the practicality of ConScript: a workstation running our prototype ConScript JavaScript client generates a dummy message for a mix-net in 81 milliseconds and it generates a dummy message for a DoS-resistant DC-net in 156 milliseconds.
First Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol‐Tishchenko Reaction—Insight into the Catalyst Structure and Reaction Mechanism

Unmodified carbonyl compounds are converted in an enantioselective aldol-Tishchenko reaction directly into the chiral adduct by using catalytic amounts of a chiral base prepared in situ [Eq. (1)]. The catalyst was developed through the combination of arrayed catalyst evaluation and informed ligand design. Ad=adamantyl.
Analysis of a fluid-loaded thick plate

Abstract : The physics of a thick plate with fluid loading on both sides provides the theoretical basis for insertion loss and echo reduction tests, both of which are typically used to determine how efficiently a material transmits or reflects energy. Such testing is conducted by insonifying a submerged, slab-shaped sample and then measuring the transmitted and reflected sound pressure. Based on the sound pressure level of the incident field, the insertion loss and echo reduction quantities can be calculated. when these experiments are performed in a small tank, the wall motion of the sample is sometimes measured, with the fluid pressure then calculated based on this displacement. The above measurements and corresponding theory are important to the U.S. Navy because they help designers develop the most effective acoustic sonar windows, sonar and ship baffles, and anechoic marine coatings.
The Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of Normal Star-forming Galaxies

We have developed a new phenomenological model for the spectral energy distribution of normal star-forming galaxies between 3 and 1100 μm. These model spectra allow us to determine the infrared energy budget for normal galaxies, and in particular to translate far-infrared fluxes into total (bolometric) infrared fluxes. The 20 to 42 μm range appears to show the most significant growth in relative terms as the activity level increases, suggesting that the 20–42 μm continuum may be the best dust emission tracer of current star formation in galaxies.
Solid-state syntheses and single-crystal characterizations of three tetravalent thorium and uranium silicates

Abstract Colorless crystals of ThSiO4 (huttonite) (1) and (Ca0.5Na0.5)2NaThSi8O20 (2) have been synthesized by the solid-state reactions of ThO2, CaSiO3, and Na2WO4 at 1073 K. Green crystals of (Ca0.5Na0.5)2NaUSi8O20 (3) have been synthesized by the solid-state reactions of UO2, CaSiO3, and Na2WO4 at 1003 K. All three compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 adopts a monazite-type three-dimensional condensed structure, which is built from edge- and corner-shared ThO9 polyhedra and SiO4 tetrahedra. Compounds 2 and 3 are isostructural and they crystallize in a steacyite-type structure. The structure consists of discrete pseudocubic [Si8O20]8− polyanions, which are connected by An4+ cations into a three-dimensional framework. Each An atom coordinates to eight monodentate [Si8O20]8− moieties in a square antiprismatic geometry. Na+ and Ca2+ ions reside in the void within the framework. Raman spectra of 1, 2, and 3 were collected on single crystal samples. 1 displays more complex vibrational bands than thorite. Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are analogous with most of vibrational bands located at almost the same regions.
Ruthenium Carbene-Based Olefin Metathesis Initiators: Catalyst Decomposition and Longevity

Thermolytic decomposition pathways were studied for several ruthenium carbene-based olefin metathesis catalysts. Substituted carbenes were found to decompose through bimolecular pathways while the unsubstituted carbene was found to decomposed unimolecularly. Implications for ring-closing metathesis are discussed, and the longevity of several ruthenium-based catalysts are compared.
Addressing the competition between intramolecular acyl and beta ring cleavage in β-lactones

Abstract A series of β-lactone derivatives containing both acyl- and β-cleavage nucleophiles has been prepared and ring-cleaved. Reaction outcome is both Lewis acid- and structure-dependent.
Design and Development of a Passive Propellant Management System

This paper describes the passive propellant management system program being conducted for the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center. The objectives of this program are to design and develop a hydrazine propellant acquisition system which will acquire propellant in low- or zero-g environments and also retain this propellant under high axially directed accelerations that may be experienced during launch and orbit-to-orbit transfer. The system design requirements were established to satisfy requirements for a large number of potential NASA and military applications, such as orbit-to-orbit shuttles and satellite vehicles. The resulting concept is a multicompartmented tank with independent surface-tension acquisition channels in each compartment. The tank is designed to provide greater than 98% expulsion efficiency when subjected to the simultaneous requirements of acceleration, vibration, and outflow usage. The system design has the unique capability to demonstrate low-g performance in a one-g test environment, and the test program has been structured around this capability.
The Western Africa ebola virus disease epidemic exhibits both global exponential and local polynomial growth rates.

Background While many infectious disease epidemics are initially characterized by an exponential growth in time, we show that district-level Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in West Africa follow slower polynomial-based growth kinetics over several generations of the disease. Methods We analyzed epidemic growth patterns at three different spatial scales (regional, national, and subnational) of the Ebola virus disease epidemic in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia by compiling publicly available weekly time series of reported EVD case numbers from the patient database available from the World Health Organization website for the period 05-Jan to 17-Dec 2014. Results We found significant differences in the growth patterns of EVD cases at the scale of the country, district, and other subnational administrative divisions. The national cumulative curves of EVD cases in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia show periods of approximate exponential growth. In contrast, local epidemics are asynchronous and exhibit slow growth patterns during 3 or more EVD generations, which can be better approximated by a polynomial than an exponential function. Conclusions The slower than expected growth pattern of local EVD outbreaks could result from a variety of factors, including behavior changes, success of control interventions, or intrinsic features of the disease such as a high level of clustering. Quantifying the contribution of each of these factors could help refine estimates of final epidemic size and the relative impact of different mitigation efforts in current and future EVD outbreaks.
Manganese (III) based oxidative free-radical annulations

Abstract Reaction of diethyl allylmalonate (6b), sterically nucleophilic alkenes, Mn(OAc)3·2H2O and Cu(OAc)2·H2O gives methylenecyclopentanes 13 to 17 in 17–100% yield by an oxidative free-radical annulation. Similarly, oxidative annulation of diethyl crotylmalonate and ethyl benzylacetoacetate with an alkene gives vinylcyclopentane (30) and tetralin (35).
Interfacial Structures and Regime Transition in Co-Current Downward Bubbly Flow

The vertical co-current downward air-water two-phase flow was studied under adiabatic condition in round tube test sections of 25.4-mm and 50.8-mm ID. In flow regime identification, a new approach was employed to minimize the subjective judgment. It was found that the flow regimes in the co-current downward flow strongly depend on the channel size. In addition, various local two-phase flow parameters were acquired by the multi-sensor miniaturized conductivity probe in bubbly flow. Furthermore, the area-averaged data acquired by the impedance void meter were analyzed using the drift flux model. Three different distributions parameters were developed for different ranges of nondimensional superficial velocity, defined by the ration of total superficial velocity to the drift velocity
On the Association of Sum- and Max- Stable Processes

We address the notion of association of sum- and max-stable processes from the perspective of linear and max-linear isometries. We establish the appealing result that these two classes of isometries can be identified on a proper space (the extended positive ratio space). This yields a natural way to associate to any max-stable process a sum-stable process. By using this association, we establish connections between structural and classification results for sum- and max-stable processes.
Unusual aromatic hydroxylation in the photooxygenation of 1-isopropylidene-2-indanone and related compounds

Abstract 1-Isopropylidene-2-indanone(1) reacts with singlet oxygen in non-nucleophilic solvents to give the epoxyphenol 3 . Compound 3 can be deoxygenated by treatment with P(OR) 3 , to afford the regiospecifically hydroxylated phenol 5 .
Aeroelastic topology optimization of membrane structures for micro air vehicles

This work considers the aeroelastic optimization of a membrane micro air vehicle wing through topology optimization. The low aspect ratio wing is discretized into panels: a two material formulation on the wetted surface is used, where each panel can be membrane (wing skin) or carbon fiber (laminate reinforcement). An analytical sensitivity analysis of the aeroelastic system is used for the gradient-based optimization of aerodynamic objective functions. An explicit penalty is added, as needed, to force the structure to a 0–1 distribution. The dependence of the solution upon initial design, angle of attack, mesh density, and objective function are presented. Deformation and pressure distributions along the wing are studied for various load-augmenting and load-alleviating designs (both baseline and optimized), in order to establish a link between stiffness distribution and aerodynamic performance of membrane micro air vehicle wings. The work concludes with an experimental validation of the superiority of select optimal designs.
Error Correction in Polynomial Remainder Codes With Non-Pairwise Coprime Moduli and Robust Chinese Remainder Theorem for Polynomials

This paper investigates polynomial remainder codes with non-pairwise coprime moduli. We first consider a robust reconstruction problem for polynomials from erroneous residues when the degrees of all residue errors are assumed small, namely, the robust Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) for polynomials. It basically says that a polynomial can be reconstructed from its erroneous residues such that the degree of the reconstruction error is upper bounded by $\tau$ whenever the degrees of all residue errors are upper bounded by $\tau$ , where a sufficient condition for $\tau$ and a reconstruction algorithm are obtained. By relaxing the constraint that all residue errors have small degrees, another robust reconstruction is then presented when there are multiple unrestricted errors and an arbitrary number of errors with small degrees in the residues. We finally obtain a stronger residue error correction capability in the sense that apart from the number of errors that can be corrected in the previous existing result, some errors with small degrees can be also corrected in the residues. With this newly obtained result, improvements in uncorrected error probability and burst error correction capability in data transmission are illustrated.