cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of natural fracture's closure on long-term gas production from unconventional resources

Abstract The future U.S. and world energy supply is supported by the observed trends of long-term production forecasts from unconventional resources. Also, recent innovations in multi-pad horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing empower such trends to be economically viable. Nevertheless, the triggered fractures in an unconventional reservoir rapidly shrink, as a result of produced gas that leads to a significant loss in long-term production. Hence, it is critical to quantify the effect of fracture closure on long-term production for to reach an accurate production forecast. In this paper, the permeability changes of secondary fractures network are investigated with respect to their effect on the long-term gas production from unconventional resources. An analytical trilinear model is revised and improved in order to handle the constant bottom-hole pressure production scenario and hence analyzing the cumulative gas production by considering the effect of stress on natural fracture permeability. In addition, a comprehensive sensitivity study is performed to rank the influence of uncertain parameters on cumulative production and consequently identify a condition in which a severe effect of pressure-dependent natural fracture on production is observed. It is concluded that the pressure-dependent natural fracture permeability can cause up to ten percent less cumulative production than considering the constant natural fracture permeability. Also, the improved analytical model is very fast and robust compared to the commercial numerical simulators. The advantage of this approach is to obtain a quick and accurate assessment of the complex production behavior of unconventional reservoirs. The findings of this paper provide valuable insights into long-term investment on unconventional reservoirs and guide decision making for the secondary or tertiary enhancement treatments of unconventional wells, such as re-fracturing.
Cell-cell adhesion in the embryonic chick: partial purification of liver adhesion molecules from liver membranes.

Abstract Polyspecific xenoantisera specific for embryonic chick liver cells have been used to develop an assay for the detection of embryonic chick liver adhesion molecules (LAM). The neutralization of the antiaggregation immune sera and subsequent semiquantitative assessment of the remaining activity is the basis for this assay. Embryonic chick liver membrane proteins have been solubilized using a number of detergents and the LAM activity has been partially purified using sucrose-gradient sedimentation, isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis procedures. The isolated LAM appears to be an intrinsic, trypsin-resistant, membrane glycoprotein of approximately 65,000 daltons. The 65K preparation of LAM is an effective immunogen in generating an aggregation blocking xenoantiserum specific for embryonic chick liver cells. Purification of LAM to homogeneity has been hampered by an apparent lability by self-association or loss by adsorption of the more purified LAM antigen(s).
Asymmetric Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Carotid Artery Disease

The authors prospectively evaluated 387 consecutive patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) for asymmetry in posterior segment neovascularization and its relationship to carotid artery disease. For the purpose of this study, asymmetry is defined as the presence of PDR with high-risk characteristics (as per the Diabetic Retinopathy Study) in one eye, with neither proliferative nor preproliferative changes in the opposite eye. Over the 2-year time period of the study, 20 (5.2%) of 387 patients manifested asymmetric PDR by this definition. All 20 patients underwent carotid artery noninvasive testing and 4 (20%) were found to have hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease. Two of the four patients had their proliferative retinopathy ipsilateral to their severe carotid artery stenosis. This finding does not support the hypothesis that a hemodynamically significant carotid artery stenosis protects against the development of PDR.
Natural zeolite from Pacitan Indonesia, as catalyst support for transesterification of palm oil

The transesterification of palm oil to methyl esters (biodiesel) was studied using KOH/zeolite as solid heterogeneous catalysts. Various process variables such as KOH concentration and reaction time were studied in order to obtain maximum yield of biodiesel. A series of KOH/zeolite catalyst was prepared by impregnation of zeolite from Pacitan with potassium hydroxide in a various concentration (25 g KOH in 100 mL of distilled water; 50 g KOH in 100 mL of distilled water; 75 g in 100 mL of distilled water; and 100 g in 100 mL of distilled water). The weight ratios between zeolite and KOH solution were 1:4. Transesterification was carried out at various reaction times (1 to 4 h). The impregnation of zeolite with KOH concentration of 100 g/100 mL gave maximum yield of biodiesel. The natural zeolite, catalyst, and spent catalysts were characterised by using several techniques such as XRD, EDX, and SEM.
Are Minority Women Sociologists in Double Jeopardy

We examine whether minority women in academic sociology face disadvantages that exceed those that would be expected by simply compounding the disadvantage of being a woman with that of being nonwhite or Hispanic. In a national survey of sociology departments, evidence of such “double jeopardy” appears in minority women’s severe underrepresentation among full professors, in both very small and very large departments, in undergraduate programs, in the Northeast, and in public institutions. Minority women are somewhat better represented among graduate students, but disadvantaged relative to minority men in their share of financial support. A pool of doctoral students now exists from which minority women faculty may be recruited, but these women appear to be leaving faculties faster than they are being replaced.
The volume of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia: A controlled MRI study

1. The entorhinal cortex (EC), part of the limbic temporal lobe, is a critical link between the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, and is considered one of the most important cortical "association" areas. Several postmortem abnormalities in the EC have been reported. 2. Here, the authors report the first in vivo study of the volume of the EC in schizophrenia using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. 3. The authors compared 57 schizophrenic patients and 35 healthy controls. No overall difference in the mean EC volume was found between controls and schizophrenic patients, but there was a strong trend (p = .078) for the schizophrenic females to have a large mean EC than control females and for the early onset schizophrenia group to have a smaller (EC (p = .07) than late onset schizophrenia subjects. 4. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Amplitude universality for driven interfaces and directed polymers in random media.

We present accurate estimates for the prefactors of the second and third moments of the height and free-energy fluctuations, as well as the leading correction to the growth rate and free energy per unit length, obtained from extensive simulations of a wide range of one-dimensional models of growing interfaces and directed polymers in a random environment. When scaled by the appropriate model-dependent parameters the amplitudes reduce to universal numbers which characterize the strong-coupling fixed point of the equation of Kardar, Parisi, and Zhang [Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 889 (1986)]. To check the expected scaling we use models for which the model parameters can be computed analytically. For other systems, such as ballistic deposition, the restricted solid-on-solid model, and the finite-temperature directed polymer, the parameters are determined numerically from steady-state properties. Apart from the standard transient simulation which starts from a flat interface, we also report results for time-dependent correlations in the steady state, which give rise to different universal amplitudes. We compare our results with recent predictions arising from replica calculations and dynamic renormalization-group treatments, finding agreement in the latter but severe discrepancies in the former case. We speculate that the failure of replica theory may be indicative of replica symmetry breaking.
Anterior Approach to Superior Sulcus Tumors

The anatomy of the thoracic inlet is an important determinant of the radiographic appearance and clinical syndrome of superior sulcus tumors. The classic superior sulcus tumor is located sufficiently cephalad in the thorax that Henry Pancoast originally suspected a tumor of cervical origin. 1 As a radiologist, he noted the difficulty in detecting the tumor on a plain chest radiograph. Subsequently, both Pancoast 2 and Tobias 3 recognized that the tumor was of pulmonary origin. In 1932, Pancoast elucidated his syndrome of arm pain, Horner’s syndrome, and a superior sulcus tumor. 2 Before the development of contemporary scanning technology, the clinical syndrome was an important consideration in establishing a diagnosis of superior sulcus tumor. Patients with superior sulcus tumors commonly complain of pain and eventually weakness and numbness in the ipsilateralarm.Thepainbeginsintheshoulderandscapularregion before migrating down the ulnar aspect of the arm (T1 dermatome) and into the fourth and fifth digits of the hand (C8 dermatome). In a typical patient, prolonged involvement of the nerves results in atrophy of the muscles supplied by these dermatomes. In approximately 20% of patients, the tumor involves the sympathetic chain and the stellate ganglion resulting in Horner’s syndrome (pstosis, miosis, and hemian
Methamphetamine‐induced alterations in monoamine transport: implications for neurotoxicity, neuroprotection and treatment

Aim To review studies delineating the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on monoamine transport in dopaminergic neurons of the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Method The scope of this review includes the English language dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 primary literature to April 2006 identified by Pubmed, Science Citation Index and SciFinder Scholar literature searches. Results Changes in the function of the plasmalemmal dopamine transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 are key components of methamphetamine-induced persistent dopaminergic deficits. These deficits include persistent reductions in dopamine content, dopamine transporter density and tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The striatum is susceptible to these effects of methamphetamine while the nucleus accumbens is resistant. Differences in dopamine transporter density and activity, extracellular dopamine levels and antioxidant levels in these two brain regions may, in part, account for the resistance of the nucleus accumbens. Conclusion These findings concerning the nature of methamphetamine-induced changes in plasmalemmal and vesicular dopamine transport have very important implications for drug targets and for understanding the etiology of dopaminergic neurodegenerative processes, such as those associated with methamphetamine addiction and Parkinson's disease.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE LYAPUNOV EQUATION BY APPROXIMATE POWER ITERATION

Abstract We present the approximate power iteration (API) algorithm for the computation of the dominant invariant subspace of the solution X of large-order Lyapunov equations AX + XA T + Q = 0 without first computing the matrix X itself. The API algorithm is an iterative procedure that uses Krylov subspace bases in computing estimates of matrix-vector products X v in a power iteration sequence. Application of the API algorithm requires that A + A T X admits a good low-rank solution, then API provides an orthogonal basis of a subspace that closely approximates the dominant X -invariant subspace of corresponding dimension. Analytical convergence results are also presented.
Bayesian Markov mixture of normals approach to modeling financial returns

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether Markov mixture of normals (MMN) model is a viable approach to modeling financial returns.Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopts the full Bayesian estimation approach based on the method of Gibbs sampling, and the latent state variables simulation algorithm developed by Chib.Findings – Using data from the S&P 500 index, the paper first demonstrates that the MMN model is able to capture the unconditional features of the S&P 500 daily returns. It further conducts formal model comparisons to examine the performance of the Markov mixture structures relative to two well‐known alternatives, the GARCH and the t‐GARCH models. The results clearly indicate that MMN models are viable alternatives to modeling financial returns.Research limitations/implications – The univariate MMN structure in this paper can be generalized to a multivariate setting, which can provide a flexible yet practical approach to modeling multiple time series of assets retur...
Backtracking from Globalization

This paper offers a global perspective of the political economy of the liberal trading system since the Great Depression and examines four major intellectual and socio-political challenges facing i...
Intrusion detection for wireless power networks, near-field communication, and side-channel attacks

Near-field approximations to Maxwell's equations reveal an interesting property of inductively-coupled links that are so frequently used in wireless power transfer: observation disturbs the system. We propose theoretical strategies and include preliminary practical implementations that demonstrate how this property can be used to detect presence of an adversary/intruder/eavesdropper, and thereby secure (a) wireless power transfer from power-stealing; (b) near-field information transfer; and (c) circuits from hardware probing attacks. These strategies rely on detecting the distortions in the electro-magnetic field induced by the presence of an extraneous element. We implement two of such circuits and compare them on their stability to detect such eavesdroppers.
Embedding CIPRES science gateway capabilities in phylogenetics software environments

The explosive growth in DNA sequence data over the past decade makes it possible to clarify evolutionary relationships among all living things at an unprecedented level of resolution. Phylogenetic inference codes are computationally intensive, so turning this wealth of DNA sequence data into new insights about evolution requires access to high performance computing (HPC) resources. The CIPRES Science Gateway (CSG) was designed to meet this need by providing browser-based access to phylogenetic codes run on XSEDE compute resources. The CSG has lowered the barrier for access to HPC resources for biologists worldwide, supporting more than 6,100 users and enabling more than 600 publications over the past three years. Here we describe plans to create a new set of public CSG web services that can be accessed by any developer through a programmatic interface. These services will allow us to embed access to XSEDE resources within well-established phylogenetics software packages, thus leveraging the investments by developers in creating these rich work environments and by users in learning to use them. The services will also allow any developer with modest scripting skills to access and use CSG capabilities outside of the current browser interface. Our goal in creating these services is to allow scientists to conduct analyses without leaving their preferred work environment, whether that is a complex desktop application, a set of ad hoc scripted workflows, or the existing CSG browser interface. This paper describes the architectural design of the CSG web services, identifies potential issues that will be addressed in exposing programmatic access to HPC resources, and describes plans to embed the CSG web services in eight popular community applications.
Orbital decompression in Graves’ ophthalmopathy associated with pretibial myxedema

Pretibial myxedema (thyroid dermopathy), an uncommon autoimmune manifestation of Graves’ disease, is almost always associated with significant ophthalmopathy and may be a marker for an unusually prolonged or different course for the ophthalmopathy. However, it is not known if the response to therapy for eye disease is different in patients with pretibial myxedema. We compared the results of orbital decompression in 385 patients without and 52 patients with pretibial myxedema operated on between 1969 and 1989. Preoperative and postoperative characteristics of severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy did not differ in patients with or without pretibial myxedema except for slightly, but not significantly, more proptosis and diplopia in the pretibial myxedema group. In response to a 1989–1990 questionnaire (83% response rate, n=364), 89.1% without (n=319) and 88.9% with (n=45) pretibial myxedema reported satisfactory or acceptable appearance of the eyes. Self-assessment of visual acuity, eye comfort, diplopia, and overall rate of satisfaction with the status of the eyes did not differ between the groups. The presence of pretibial myxedema does not herald an unsatisfactory response to transantral orbital decompression.
Fluctuations of a renewal-reward process

Abstract : Fluctuation theory is concerned with the study of extreme values of sums of independent, arbitrary-valued random variables. Simple but powerful combinatorial methods due chiefly to E. S. Andersen, F. Spitzer, and W. Feller have recently provided an easy method of attack on these problems. However, operations research models are concerned with fluctuations of various economic returns which are earned at random points in time, and whose increments are correlated with the interval since the last payoff. Our generalization considers the fluctuations of a cumulative reward process, defined on an underlying renewal process. Most of the classical results carry through, including Weiner-Hopf type factorization, an Andersen-Pollaczek-Spitzer type identity, and certain Waldian-Pollaczek results. As applications, we find the distribution of the maximum return over a mixed index-epoch horizon, and show how certain general results for the GI/G1 queue follow directly from the various three-dimensional ladder distributions.
Investigating Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Alcohol Use and Peer Norms Using Semi-Continuous Latent Growth Models

Aims: To investigate whether ethnic differences in vulnerability to peer norms supportive of alcohol use is a viable, partial explanation for the ethnic differences in reported prevalence and amount of alcohol use during high school. Methods: Survey data from a sample of 680 adolescents from Project STAR (Students Taught Awareness and Resistance) of the Midwestern Prevention Project were used. Hypotheses were tested using sequential, semi-continuous growth curve models. Results: Relative to Black adolescents, White adolescents reported greater peer alcohol use during middle school and were much more likely to consume alcohol during high school. General peer norms in seventh grade and middle school growth in alcohol use norms among close friends was predictive of a greater propensity to consume alcohol in ninth grade among White adolescents. Conclusion: Lower peer norms for alcohol use among Black adolescents might better account for differences between Black and White adolescents than the possibility that White adolescents are more vulnerable to peer norms.
Contemporary Jewish fertility: does religion make a difference?

Data from the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey are used to examine levels of and trends in Jewish fertility in the United States. Differences are examined between contemporary Jewish and non- Jewish fertility as well as within Judaism. Jewish fertility levels continue to be below those for all white American women, largely due to the substantially higher educational level of American Jews in comparison with others combined with a strong negative association between education and fertility. There are significant differences in fertility within the Jewish population. The Orthodox have substantially more children than other groups. However, this has little overall impact on Jewish fertility because of the very small proportion of Orthodox in the Jewish population. In multivariate analyses, synagogue attendance and involvement with the holiday rituals show a strong positive association with childbearing. The nature of the causation between these factors remains ambiguous and may be life- cycle related. In general, results suggest that current fertility levels are perhaps too low to assure long- term population replacement. Based on current patterns, it is not likely the that current generation of childbearing age will bear, on average, over two children by the end of their childbearing years.
Freeze extrusion fabrication of 13–93 bioactive glass scaffolds for bone repair

A solid freeform fabrication technique, freeze extrusion fabrication (FEF), was investigated for the creation of three-dimensional bioactive glass (13–93) scaffolds with pre-designed porosity and pore architecture. An aqueous mixture of bioactive glass particles and polymeric additives with a paste-like consistency was extruded through a narrow nozzle, and deposited layer-by-layer in a cold environment according to a computer-aided design (CAD) file. Following sublimation of the ice in a freeze dryer, the construct was heated according to a controlled schedule to burn out the polymeric additives (below ~500°C), and to densify the glass phase at higher temperature (1 h at 700°C). The sintered scaffolds had a grid-like microstructure of interconnected pores, with a porosity of ~50%, pore width of ~300 μm, and dense glass filaments (struts) with a diameter or width of ~300 μm. The scaffolds showed an elastic response during mechanical testing in compression, with an average compressive strength of 140 MPa and an elastic modulus of 5–6 GPa, comparable to the values for human cortical bone. These bioactive glass scaffolds created by the FEF method could have potential application in the repair of load-bearing bones.
Transient phenomena in the sublimation of cadmium sulfide

New results on transient effects in basal-surface sublimation of cadmium sulfide and on sublimation morphologies of its basal surfaces are presented and discussed in terms of the terrace-ledge-kink theory of sublimation. In this context, various mechanisms for the stepwise sublimation of II-VI compounds are reviewed. The results are shown to be consistent with activation control of sublimation at the kink sites as influenced by surface charge.
Safety signals mitigate the consequences of uncontrollable stress via a circuit involving the sensory insular cortex and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Background Safety signals exert a powerful buffering effect when provided during exposure to uncontrollable stressors. We evaluated the role of the sensory insular cortex (Si) and the extend amygdala in this "safety signal effect." Methods Rats were implanted with microinjection cannula, exposed to inescapable tailshocks either with or without a safety signal, and later tested for anxiety-like behavior or neuronal Fos expression. Results Exposure to the uncontrollable stressor reduced later social exploration but not when safety signals were present. Temporary inhibition of Si during stressor exposure but not during later behavioral testing blocked the safety signal effect on social exploration. The stressor induced Fos in all regions of the amygdala, but safety signals significantly reduced the number of Fos immunoreactive cells in the basolateral amygdala and ventrolateral region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTlv). Inhibition of BNSTlv neuronal activity during uncontrollable stressor exposure prevented the later reduction in social exploration. Finally, safety signals reduced the time spent freezing during uncontrollable stress. Conclusions These data suggest that safety signals inhibit the neural fear or anxiety response that normally occurs during uncontrollable stressors and that inhibition of the BNSTlv is sufficient to prevent later anxiety. These data lend support to a growing body of evidence that chronic fear is mediated in the basolateral amygdala and BNSTlv and that environmental factors that modulate fear during stress will alter the long-term consequences of the stressor.
Stable isotope enrichment capabilities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the US Department of Energy—Nuclear Physics Program have built a high-resolution electromagnetic isotope separator (EMIS) as a prototype for reestablishing a US-based enrichment capability for stable isotopes. ORNL has over 60 years of experience providing enriched stable isotopes and related technical services to the international accelerator target community, as well as medical, research, industrial, national security, and other communities. ORNL is investigating the combined use of electromagnetic and gas centrifuge isotope separation technologies to provide research quantities (milligram to several kilogram) of enriched stable isotopes. In preparation for implementing a larger scale production facility, a 10 mA high-resolution EMIS prototype has been built and tested. Initial testing of the device has simultaneously collected greater than 98 % enriched samples of all the molybdenum isotopes from natural abundance feedstock.
Interactive effects of diet and thermal regime on growth of the midge Pseudochironomus richardsoni Malloch

1. Larvae of Pseudochironomus richardsoni were reared to pupation in individual enclosures, in one of three thermal habitats in a northern California stream. The average temperature range in cold seeps was 15–21 °C, while the main channel ranged from 20 to 27 °C, and side pools ranged from 18 to 33 °C. Diet consisted of either diatoms or algal detritus. 2. Specific growth rate ranged from 0.057 to 0.267 day–1. Specific growth and developmental rates were highest on a diatom diet, and increased with temperature. Regressions of growth rate on mean microsite temperature were also significantly altered by diet. Differences in specific growth rate due to diet are magnified at higher temperatures. 3. Pupae reared on diatoms were larger than those reared on detritus. The mass of pupae reared on detritus decreased with increasing temperature. However, there was no significant relationship between pupal mass and temperature for larvae reared on diatoms. 4. The combined effects of food quality and thermal environment on growth of the midge P. richardsoni are significantly different from the independent effects of diet and temperature. Interactive effects of food quality and temperature may influence the contribution of certain aquatic habitats (algal mats) to invertebrate secondary production.
Influence of Two-Dimensional Distribution Schemes upon Reactor Performance in a Ceramic Microchannel Network for Autothermal Methanol Reforming

In this work, the authors design, fabricate, and evaluate three prototype ceramic microchannel reactor architectures with two-dimensional complex flow configurations for coupling methanol steam reforming with methanol combustion/partial oxidation. These prototypes were evaluated for the autothermal hydrogen production from methanol in order to investigate the influence of individual process flow rates and radial distribution schemes upon thermal gradients and overall system performance in the absence of any external insulation. Results demonstrate that, in the case of low thermal conductivity ceramic substrates, appropriate selection of two-dimensional radial distribution patterns enables the tailoring of one- and three-dimensional thermal gradients for enhancing self-insulating qualities of the microchannel reactor as well as enhancing overall hydrogen yields.
Species differences in cardiac thyroid hormone receptor isoforms protein abundance

Little is known about the cardiac expression of different thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms. The aim of the study was to investigate such patterns of TR expression at the protein level in different species and in some human tissues. Western blot analysis with specific polyclonal rabbit antibodies to each TR isoform was performed with samples from myocardium of the left ventricle from man, dog, guinea pig, rat and mouse, as well as with samples from several human tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, brain, liver and thyroid. The TRα1 isoform was present in all of the species examined. The TRα2 was recognized in human, dog and guinea pig heart, while no such band was recognized in rat and mouse hearts. TRβ1 was not detected in the human heart but in the other species. Simularly to TRα1, TRβ2 was detected in all of the species examined. In the human tissues studied, TRα1 was detected in heart and skeletal muscle, whereas TRα2 was found only in the heart. TRβ1 was not detected in any of the examined human tissues, while TRβ2 was found in all of them. These results revealed unique distributions of TR variants and they demonstrate common epitopes in TR in the different species. For the first time, the presence of a TRβ2 isoform has been shown in human tissues. TR isoforms may have a tissue and species specific role in the regulation of gene expression and may in part explain variable tissue effects of thyroid hormones.
Need for power and affective response to negative audience reaction to an extemporaneous speech

Abstract An experiment explored the relationship between power motivation and what David McClelland [McClelland, D. C. (1976a). Sources of stress in the drive for power. In Serban, G. (Ed.), Psychopathology and human adaptation (pp. 247–270). New York: Plenum Press] termed as power stress , namely, an event that both arouses and thwarts the power need in power-motivated persons. Need for power was assessed via the Picture Story Exercise [PSE; McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96 , 690–702] and analyzed by means of the coding system developed by David Winter [Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive . New York: Free Press; Smith, C. P. (Ed.). (1992). Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press]. The power-stress induction assumed the form of negative reaction by an audience of two persons to an extemporaneous speech. Conceived in this way, the power-stress manipulation represents a different operational definition of power stress than has characterized previous studies. As such, the investigation is an attempt to enlarge McClelland’s concept to explain a broader set of circumstances. In the control condition, audience reaction was supportive and favorable, but not to an extreme. Half the research participants scored high on the PSE measure of power motivation, and half scored low. Half were women, and half were men. Persons high in power motivation displayed more negative affect to the negative audience reaction to their speech than did persons low in power motivation, and higher than both high- and low-power persons in the control condition as indexed by electromyographic readings from the brow supercilii ( p p Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70 , 1327–1343]. We viewed these findings as corroborative of McClelland’s power-stress theory.
The Effects of PTSD on Treatment Adherence, Drug Relapse, and Criminal Recidivism in a Sample of Incarcerated Men and Women:

Objective/Method: Given the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD), and the prevalence of SUD among offenders, the inattention to trauma before...
Self-Esteem in Children with Specific Language Impairment.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to probe the self-perceptions of a group of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and their typically developing peers. A measure of self-esteem was administered to 46 children between the ages of 6 and 9 years old and 34 children between the ages 10 and 13. In the younger group, there were no statistically significant differences between children with SLI and typically developing children in the way they perceived themselves across domains of competence and acceptance. In the older group, children with SLI perceived themselves more negatively in scholastic competence, social acceptance, and behavioral conduct than did children with typical language development. Differences were evident in areas that were most affected by language impairment.
Acetylator Phenotype and Genotype in HIV‐Infected Patients with and without Sulfonamide Hypersensitivity

Adverse reactions to sulfonamides occur at a higher frequency in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than noninfected patients. Some studies have suggested that patients with the slow acetylator phenotype are predisposed to these reactions, whereas other studies suggest that the slow acetylator genotype is not a predisposing factor. To rationalize these seemingly contradictory observations, the authors determined the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotype and phenotype in patients with and without a history of hypersensitivity reactions to sulfonamides. HIV-infected patients with a history of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were enrolled, along with a group of AIDS patients with no history of hypersensitivity (delayed or immediate). NAT2 phenotype was determined in both groups using dapsone, while the genotype was determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Ten of 14 patients (71%) with a history of hypersensitivity exhibited the slow acetylator phenotype, while 8 of 14 patients (57%) without such a history exhibited this same phenotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4-9.0; p = 0.69, Fisher's Exact Test). While 9 of 14 patients (64%) with a history of hypersensitivity exhibited a slow acetylator genotype, only 4 of 14 patients (29%) without such a history exhibited this genotype (ns). There were more instances of discordance between deduced and actual phenotype in the nonhypersensitive patients (n = 4) than in the hypersensitive patients (n = 1). The reported higher frequency of the slow acetylator phenotype among patients with a history of hypersensitivity to sulfonamides does not appear to be explained by metabolic changes that would cause discordance between acetylator genotype and phenotype.
Dermatomyositis associated with fallopian tube carcinoma

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy associated with characteristic cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations, including malignancy. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (FTC) is the least common site of origin for a malignant neoplasm of the female genital tract. This report describes the first documented case of DM and concurrent FTC in the United States. A 62-year-old woman presented with DM and was subsequently found to have FTC. During her clinical course, she had improvement in strength and function with treatment of the underlying FTC, which also correlated with lower creatinine phosphokinase levels. An association between DM and FTC may exist because of significant functional strength improvements after tumor removal and chemotherapy.
Optimizing neural networks on SIMD parallel computers

Hopfield neural networks are often used to solve difficult combinatorial optimization problems. Multiple restarts versions find better solutions but are slow on serial computers. Here, we study two parallel implementations on SIMD computers of multiple restarts Hopfield networks for solving the maximum clique problem. The first one is a fine-grained implementation on the Kestrel Parallel Processor, a linear SIMD array designed and built the University of California, Santa Cruz. The second one is an implementation on the MasPar MP-2 according to the ''SIMD Phase Programming Model'', a new method to solve asynchronous, irregular problems on SIMD machines. We find that the neural networks map well to the parallel architectures and afford substantial speedups with respect to the serial program, without sacrificing solution quality.
Improved method for estimating molecular weights of volatile organic compounds from low resolution mass spectra

Abstract Scott, D.R., 1991. Improved method for estimating molecular weights of volatile organic compounds from low resolution mass spectra. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 12: 189–200. An improved method of estimating the molecular weights of volatile organic compounds from their mass spectra has been developed and implemented with an expert system. The method is based on the strong correlation of MAXMASS, the highest mass with an intensity of 5% of the base peak in a mass spectrum, with the true molecular weight. Linear corrections to MAXMASS, which yield molecular weight estimates, were derived empirically using the expert system. The system is based on a sequential modular design with a primary classifier linked to molecular weight estimators for the resulting six classes. These are non-halobenzenes; chlorobenzenes; bromo- and bromochloroalkanes/alkenes; mono- and dichloroalkanes/alkenes; tri-, tetra- and pentachloroalkanes/alkenes; and ‘others’. In previous work only one iteration of correction terms was applied to MAXMASS. In the present system two iterations are used. The rules were derived from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference spectra of 75 target toxic compounds from the first five classes and 32 from the ‘others’ class. Performance tests were made with the old and the improved expert systems and the Self Training Interpretive and Retrieval System (STIRS) on NIST reference spectra of the 107 training compounds; on a set of 32 test NIST reference spectra of other compounds found in air samples; on a set of 100 randomly selected NIST reference spectra; and on 27 spectra taken from actual field gas chromatography/mass spectrometry samples. These tests show that the domain of this system greatly exceeds the original one. The average absolute value deviations from the true values for the old and new expert system and STIRS were, respectively, 3.1, 1.0 and 11.6 mass units for training spectra and 13.5, 13.4 and 7.1 for test spectra. For field gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric spectra these were 6.0, 4.3 and 10.8 and for random spectra 15.5, 16.0 and 7.5. The expert system is very fast and will run on personal computers.
Reactions of N-aminophthalimide with electrophiles. II. Preparation and properties of araldehyde hydrazones

N-Aminophthalimide (I) reacted with a variety of aromatic aldehydes to give the related arylideneaminophthalimides (III-X), although typical ketones such as acetone and benzophenone did not under the specific conditions employed. Catalytic reduction of benzylideneaminophthalimide (III) led to N-benzylaminophthalimide (XI), a stable acid-free precursor of benzylhydrazine.
Effect of Nitrogen Limitation on Performance of Toluene Degrading Biofilters

The literature reports conflicting observations regarding the need for nutrient addition to biofilters treating contaminated gases. Such conflicts are often based on quasi-steady-state performance data collected on biofilters operated under continuous loading conditions. In the studies described herein, the impact of nitrogen limitations on two toluene-fed biofilters was assessed over a 97-day period. The biofilters were packed with polyurethane foam medium and contained different initial levels of nitrate-nitrogen. Toluene and CO2 concentration profiles were monitored during both normal steady loading conditions and short-term, unsteady-state transient loading conditions (e.g., shock loads). Packing medium samples were periodically removed and analyzed to quantify changes in nitrate-nitrogen content over time. Data are presented which show that over long-time periods (several months), nutrient-induced kinetic limitations diminished biofilter performance during transient, unsteady-state conditions even when performance during normal steady loading was not adversely affected. Elemental analysis of biomass removed from the biofilters support nitrate-nitrogen and CO2 concentration profile data and clearly illustrate how kinetically limited biofilters fail during shock loads even when there is an overall stoichiometric excess of nutrients.
Noncanonical NF‐κB Signaling Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self‐Renewal and Microenvironment Interactions

RelB and NF-κB2 are the main effectors of NF-κB non-canonical signaling and play critical roles in many physiological processes. However, their role in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance has not been characterized. To investigate this, we generated RelB/NF-κB2 double-knockout (dKO) mice and found that dKO HSPCs have profoundly impaired engraftment and self-renewal activity after transplantation into wild-type recipients. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow cells into dKO mice to assess the role of the dKO microenvironment showed that wild-type HSPCs cycled more rapidly, were more abundant, and had developmental aberrancies: increased myeloid and decreased lymphoid lineages, similar to dKO HSPCs. Notably, when these wild-type cells were returned to normal hosts, these phenotypic changes were reversed, indicating a potent but transient phenotype conferred by the dKO microenvironment. However, dKO bone marrow stromal cell numbers were reduced, and bone-lining niche cells supported less HSPC expansion than controls. Further, increased dKO HSPC proliferation was associated with impaired expression of niche adhesion molecules by bone-lining cells and increased inflammatory cytokine expression by bone marrow cells. Thus, RelB/NF-κB2 signaling positively and intrinsically regulates HSPC self-renewal and maintains stromal/osteoblastic niches and negatively and extrinsically regulates HSPC expansion and lineage commitment through the marrow microenvironment.
Hydride Affinities of Arylcarbenium Ions and Iminium Ions in Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Acetonitrile

Gibbs free energies for scission of C−H bonds leading to carbanion and proton (mode a), radical pair (mode b), and carbenium ion and hydride (mode c) have been determined for a series of acidic C−H bonds in ca. 45 weak acids. This involved the use of the equilibrium acidities (or homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies), redox potentials in DMSO or MeCN solution, and the appropriate thermodynamic cycles in the two solvents. The introduction of electron-donating groups generally results in small-to-negligible effects on ΔGR- values (mode a scission) but in a relatively large stabilizing influence on the ΔGR+ values for heterolytic cleavage to hydride and carbenium ion (mode c). Electron-withdrawing groups exert large stabilizing effects on ΔGR−, but their effects on ΔGR+ are dependent on the nature of the substituents. The heterolytic processes a are usually favored in solution due to the strong solvation of the proton. Homolytic scission (mode b) is usually more favorable than the corresponding heterolytic...
Weekday/weekend differences in gasoline related hydrocarbons at coastal PAMS sites due to recreational boating

Analysis of PAMS (Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations) data at several coastal sites reveals large weekday/weekend differences in gasoline related hydrocarbons. Elevated concentrations of gasoline related constituents, including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, are observed on weekends at the PAMS monitors at Sherwood Island State Park in Westport, CT and at Newbury, MA. An analysis of the ratio of the concentrations of 2,3-dimethylbutane to 2,2-dimethylbutane indicates these compounds are freshly emitted, and an investigation in conjunction with wind data shows that the elevated concentrations are associated primarily with onshore winds. These elevated concentrations are most likely due to weekend recreational boating.
Sectors in the distant heliosphere: Voyager 1 and 2 observations from 1999 through 2002 between 57 and 83 AU

[1] Sectors and sector boundaries were observed by Voyager 1 (V1) and Voyager 2 (V2) from 1999 through 2002 in the distant heliosphere. V1 moved from a heliocentric distance R = 72.5 to 83.4 AU and from a latitude of δ = 33.4° to 33.8° from 1999.0 to 2002.0, and V2 moved from R = 56.7 to 69.0 AU and from δ = −20.2° to −24.1° from 1999.0 to 2003.0. During some time intervals, sectors were not present, and during much of the time the data were not sufficiently accurate to determine whether or not sectors were present. Nevertheless, some sectors do persist out to 83 AU, even in the interval surrounding the solar maximum. A regular sector pattern was not observed by either V1 or V2 in any of the years from 1999 through 2002. The sector sizes are highly variable, and they are not consistent with either a two-sector pattern or a four-sector pattern. The sector pattern observed at 1 AU by ACE was presumably destroyed by stream interactions and by transient ejecta that moved through the heliosphere. Observations of the solar wind speed made by V2 from 1999 to 2002 show a jump-ramp structure, as expected from previous observational and theoretical studies. The jump-ramp structures are much larger than the sectors. The speed jumps occur within some of the sectors, not at the sector boundaries.
Stoichiometrically Explicit Competition between Grazers: Species Replacement, Coexistence, and Priority Effects along Resource Supply Gradients

Assuming key trade-offs among interactors, several models (resource ratio, keystone predation, intraguild predation) predict changes in species composition over resource supply gradients. Ecological stoichiometry could also predict compositional shifts of grazers over gradients of nutrient and light supply through a mechanism involving (mis)matches between elemental body composition of grazers and plants. This hypothesis is explored here using a suite of two-grazer, one-plant models that incorporate three key components: plant production depends on light and nutrients, nutrient content of plants can vary, and homeostatic grazers can be carbon or nutrient limited. The results from this suite closely resemble the classical resource ratio model describing plant competition for two resources. Here, the models predict shifts of grazer composition along resource supply gradients if species trade off competitive abilities for plant carbon and nutrients. Given this trade-off, superior nutrient competitors should dominate low nutrient environments, and superior carbon competitors should dominate high nutrient environments. At intermediate nutrient supply, species can coexist at a stable equilibrium, or alternative stable states emerge, depending on how grazers impact their resources. These results depend on food web architecture, however. For instance, predators can alter or reduce possibilities for stoichiometry-mediated coexistence of grazers.
Does 'CNN' (condoms, needles and negotiation) work better than 'ABC' (abstinence, being faithful and condom use) in attacking the AIDS epidemic?

After more than two decades of HIV/AIDS we have learned a great deal about how it is transmitted care and treatment options its global impact its developmental roots and what preventive measures are most feasible and effective. Yet it sometimes seems as if these science-based lessons are lost in the cacophony of ideological religious and political rhetoric that surrounds discussion of HIV/AIDS today. The uproar about ABC (abstinence being faithful condom use) is an excellent case in point for the narrow manner in which this model of prevention is being interpreted may be undermining the global response. On the face of it few would argue with the basic premise of ABC. It is epidemiologically and programmatically sound--a tiered approach to prevention that is appropriately calibrated to levels of risk. Indeed as implemented in Uganda and other places the ABC approach has been successful and effective in reducing the rate of new infection and deserves the support and the praise it has received. But its not that simple. (excerpt)