cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eduction of swirling structure using the velocity gradient tensor

We propose a technique for locating swirling regions of a flowfield. The technique is based on the eigenvalues of the velocity gradient tensor. We show that regions of swirling flow are characterized by complex eigenvalues for a constant velocity gradient tensor. Using results obtained in this analysis, we define an approximate parameter to indicate the tendency for the fluid to swirl about the point in question. The technique is illustrated by application to several two- and three-dimensional flowfields. In addition, the basic ideas contained here suggest the existence of a fluid property that we have termed intrinsic swirl
An Alternative HSS Preconditioner for the Unsteady Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations in Rotation Form

We study the preconditioned iterative method for the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. The rotation form of the Oseen system is considered. We apply an efficient preconditioner which is derived from the Hermitian/Skew-Hermitian preconditioner to the Krylov subspace-iterative method. Numerical experiments show the robustness of the preconditioned iterative methods with respect to the mesh size, Reynolds numbers, time step, and algorithm parameters. The preconditioner is efficient and easy to apply for the unsteady Oseen problems in rotation form.
Postmastectomy radiotherapy of the chest wall: dosimetric comparison of common techniques.

Abstract Purpose: To compare seven techniques for irradiation of the postmastectomy chest wall (CW) using normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) predictions for pneumonitis and ischemic heart disease and dose-volume histogram analyses for normal and target tissues. Methods and Materials: Plan comparisons were performed for 20 left-sided postmastectomy CW RT cases using target volumes based on clinical delineation of standard field borders. Seven common treatment techniques were planned for each case, using a prescription of 50 Gy in 25 fractions to the CW and internal mammary node (IMN) targets. NTCP model metrics were used to quantify the risks of pneumonitis and ischemic heart disease, supplemented by dose-volume metrics to assess the target coverage to the CW and IMNs, as well as normal tissue dose (lung and heart). Results: Overlap in the distributions of the CW mean dose for all plans was found, except cobalt, which was significantly less than the remaining techniques (global F test, F=21.90, p p 30 Gy (V30) than the other methods (F = 49.76, p p 20 Gy (V20) significantly less than with PWTFs, 30/70 and 20/80 photon/electron mix, and reverse hockey stick techniques. NTCP estimates for pneumonitis revealed significantly better results with standard tangents (F = 6.57, p Conclusion: No one technique studied combines the best CW and IMN coverage with minimal lung and heart complication probabilities. The choice of technique should be based on clinical discretion and the technical expertise available to implement these complex plans. Of the seven techniques studied, this analysis supports PWTFs as the most appropriate balance of target coverage and normal tissue sparing when irradiating the CW and IMN.
Kinetics of structural relaxation in several metallic glasses observed by changes in electrical resistivity

Measurements of the kinetics of structural relaxation in transition-metal\char22{}metalloid and transition-metal\char22{}transition-metal metallic glasses as observed by changes in their electrical resistivity are presented. Both positive and negative changes in the resistivity ($\ensuremath{\rho}$) and the temperature coefficient of resistivity ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$) are reported; the sign of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}$ is opposite to the sign of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\alpha}$. These observations provide a sensitive new test for theories of the resistivity in disordered metallic alloys. For two transition-metal\char22{}metalloid glasses, ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{82}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{18}$ and ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{77.5}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{6}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{16.5}$, the kinetics of resistivity relaxation are compared with the kinetics of viscosity relaxation using the free-volume model for flow and the Ziman theory of resistivity.
Genetic analysis of homomeric interactions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase using the yeast two-hybrid system

Abstract The retroviral integrase protein (IN) is responsible for catalyzing a concerted integration reaction in which the two termini of linear viral DNA are joined to host DNA. To probe the potential for IN to form protein multimers, we used the yeast two-hybrid system. The coexpression of a GAL4 DNA binding domain-IN fusion and a GAL4 activation domain-IN fusion together resulted in the successful activation of a GAL4-responsive LacZ reporter gene. The system was used to examine a variety of IN deletion mutants. The results suggest that the central region of the protein is necessary for multimerization and that the N-terminal zinc finger region is not important.
Highly active oligomeric Co(salen) catalysts for the asymmetric synthesis of α-aryloxy or α-alkoxy alcohols via kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides

A mixture of Co(salen) macrocycles, prepared via the ring expansion metathesis oligomerization of salen-functionalized cyclooctene monomers, among the most active soluble catalysts for the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of terminal epoxides, is exploited as the catalyst in the ring-opening of epoxides using aliphatic alcohols or phenols as nucleophiles, leading to the direct synthesis of optically active α-aryloxy alcohols or α-alkoxy alcohols. The catalyst is compared to other dimeric, oligomeric and monomeric Co(salen) complexes including a pimelate-linked macrocyclic Co(salen) catalyst and a dimeric Co(salen) catalyst referred to as a bisalen. The catalysts that contain multiple Co(salen) units within a single molecular framework allow for substantial decreases in catalyst loading compared with the monomeric catalyst. The cyclooctene-based Co(salen) macrocycle catalyst allows for good activity and enantioselectivity in the ring-opening of terminal epoxides with phenols as nucleophiles, giving enhanced turnover frequencies relative to many literature catalysts. The cyclooctene-based Co(salen) macrocycle catalyst and the bisalen catalysts are shown to be the most active in the asymmetric ring-opening of (±)1,2-epoxyhexane with methanol, out-performing the other catalysts tested. The Co(salen) macrocycle catalyst is recycled 3 times in this reaction with some loss in activity but no noteworthy change in selectivity.
In vivo gene transfer to kidney by lentiviral vector.

pression of the reporter protein were monitored over time. Results. Both viral DNA and EGFP expression were mea- analysis of gene transfer methods and vector systems is surable in the kidney infused with the lentiviral vector but not essential for the improvement of renal gene therapy. in the contralateral kidney. Protein expression was detected Gene delivery systems based on lentiviral vectors have by immunostaining, as EGFP fluorescence was masked by the been shown to transduce a wide variety of organs and high background fluorescence of the kidney. Expression of tissues, including the brain [12–14], liver [15], hematopoiEGFP persisted for the entire two-month duration of the experiments.
Characteristic Time Model Correlation of NOx Emissions From Lean Premixed Combustors

The semi–empirical characteristic time model (CTM) has been used previously to correlate and predict emissions data from conventional diffusion flame, gas turbine combustors. The form of the model equation was derived for NOx emissions from laboratory flameholders and then extended to conventional gas turbine combustors. The model relates emissions to the characteristic times of distinct combustion subprocesses, with empirically determined model constants. In this paper, a new model is developed for lean premixed (LP) NOx emissions from a perforated plate flameholder combustor burning propane fuel. Several modifications to the diffusion flame CTM were required, including a new activation energy and a more complicated dependence on combustor pressure. Appropriate model constants were determined from the data, and the correlation results are reasonable. An attempt was made to validate the new model with LP NOx data for a different but geometrically similar flameholder operating at lower pressures. The predictions are good for the low equivalence ratio data. However, a systematic error in the reported equivalence ratios may be adversely affecting the predictions of the higher equivalence ratio data through the calculated adiabatic flame temperature.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Advances in developing a high-frequency sonar calibration facility

Advances in developing an acoustic calibration facility at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution are documented in the course of giving a brief overview of the calibration venue: a sea well on Iselin Dock, and previously described systems for transducer-mounting and rotation, and target suspension. New instrumentation consisting of a precision target-positioning system and external triggering system to synchronize transducer rotation and sonar pinging is described.
The structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer).

Interest in the structure of the antennae of the Florida Queen butterfly arises from the finding that a pheromone is active in their courtship. Light and electron microscopic techniques were used to study the sensilla on the antennae and three types of sensilla with perforated walls were identified. The most common of these are short, thin-walled pegs which are distributed over most of the antennal surface. Long, curved, thin-walled pegs occur in patches on the inner medial antennal surface. Multiple coeloconic sensilla are present having up to 50 pegs in one sensillum. On the outer 28 flagellar subsegments there are two such sensilla per subsegment. In addition there are on the antennae long, thick-walled hairs which are mechanoreceptors and probably also contact chemoreceptors. Sunken pegs, the function of which is not known, occur on the antennae. Grooved sensilla were found with the electron microscope but could not be identified with the light microscope. There was no indication of sexual dimorphism in sensilla types or numbers on the antennae.
Distribution and diversity of holothuroids (Echinodermata) on Cascadia Basin and Tufts Abyssal Plain

Abstract The pattern of diversity, species composition, and inter-sample similarity of the holothuroid fauna was examined for 95 beam trawl samples from below 2000 m on the Cascadia Basin and Tufts Abyssal Plain off Oregon, U.S.A. Abundance as inferred from catch size, diversity, species composition, and zonation all showed major change over the sampled area where there was a depth change. Where depth remained relatively constant across the floor of Cascadia Basin, faunal changes were minor in spite of progressive isolation from land. Overall bathymetric patterns of zonation and diversity were basically like those found for other faunal groups in the deep-sea depth. The distribution of minor species indicated that the holothuroid fauna at the base of the continental slope, the apron of Astoria Fan, and near Cascadia Channel might be slightly different from that at similar depths elsewhere in the sampled area. The marked uniformity of the holothuroid fauna across the basin floor appeared to be restricted to epifaunal sediment-feeding species. Infaunal forms were more abundant at the slope base, similar to previous findings for the macro-infauna.
Correlations between structure and chemical composition on oxidized (Pt,Ni)3Al(111) surfaces

Abstract We have investigated the fully-oxidized surface that forms on (Pt, Ni)3Al(1 1 1) at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1000 K and at oxygen pressures of ca. 10−6 to 10−7 Torr, using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data that were published previously, oxidation temperatures below 700 K at these pressures produces a mixture of surface Al2O3 and NiO, with NiO being the predominant oxide. At 800–1000 K, pure Al2O3 exists. In this work, STM data from a sample containing 10 at% Pt show that oxidation causes an increase in roughness, relative to the clean surface. The apparent roughness correlates directly with NiO content, both of which reach a maximum at an oxidation temperature of 500 K. The oxide surface is smoothest when it consists of pure Al2O3, i.e. after oxidation at 800–1000 K. In terms of crystallinity, LEED data show that the Al2O3 which forms at 1000 K is ordered, but its structure on the Pt-containing samples is different than reported previously for the Pt-free surface. This is true despite the structure of the clean surface being unperturbed by Pt, based on STM and LEED. The different structure of the oxide probably relates to the fact that the oxide is also thinner in the presence of Pt. The change in oxide structure undoubtedly correlates with a change in stability and adhesion of the oxide, both of which are of paramount importance in industrial applications.
Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve Performance of Daily Activities at Home for Older Adults With Low Vision: A Systematic Review

The impact of age-related vision loss on older adults' independence at home is profound. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to maintain, restore, and improve performance in daily activities at home for older adults with low vision. We searched and screened abstracts from multiple electronic databases and identified 17 studies that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three themes in intervention approaches emerged: multicomponent intervention, single-component intervention, and multidisciplinary intervention. Strong evidence of effectiveness was found in studies that applied a multicomponent approach; these interventions involved teaching knowledge and skills that older adults with low vision need to help overcome the disablement process. Evidence also suggests that multiple sessions of training with low vision devices and special viewing skills to compensate for vision loss are necessary to have a positive effect on daily activities. Finally, multidisciplinary intervention that focused on personal goals yielded greater positive outcomes than interventions that were not personalized.
Wideband mobile propagation measurements at 3.7 GHz in an urban environment

An experimental mobile broadband communication system has been developed for the purpose of implementing and evaluating candidate physical-layer technologies in a mobile cellular environment (Batariere, M.D. et al., Proc. Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group Wireless Symposium, 200 1; Proc. IEEE VTC-2002/Spring, 2002; Kepler, J.F. et al., Proc. IEEE VTC-2002/Fall, 2002). The data collected by this experimental system can also be used to characterize the path loss, delay spread, and other channel characteristics in a 20 MHz bandwidth at 3.676 GHz. The paper describes these statistics for a dense, urban environment for two base antenna heights transmitting to handheld and vehicle rooftop receive antennas.
Normal coordinate analysis of isotactic polystyrene: 2. The normal modes and dispersion curves of the polymer

Abstract The normal modes and dispersion curves of isotactic polystyrene are recalculated using a revised force field for monosubstituted alkyl benzenes and the low frequency Raman and infra-red data. A good agreement between calculated and observed frequencies is obtained. A comparison of the data from the 31 helical crystal and the recently observed ordered gel component adds further support to the concept that there is a difference in chain conformation between the two forms.
Classical solutions in the Born-Infeld theory

Locally concentrated solutions in the Born–Infeld theory are presented. In particular, existence and uniqueness theorems are established for multicentred magnetic string solutions induced from a Higgs field over a closed Riemann surface or a Euclidean plane. On any given compact surface, the Born–Infeld parameter may be adjusted under a necessary and sufficient condition to allow the existence of an arbitrarily large number of strings.
Local planners — global constraints

A number of reports have been published over the past few years documenting the evidence of decline in the northeastern U.S.A. and the simultaneous migration of industry to the U.S. “Sunbelt.” (Academy for Contemporary Problems, 1977; Sale, 1975; Sternlieb and Hughes, 1975). In developing appropriate recommendations to planners, such studies invariably urge that localities or regions facing industrial out-migration arrest this activity by making themselves more suitable and attractive (Council for Northeast Economic Action [CNEA], 1977a) within the framework of a number of characteristic strategies. We propose to examine critically some of the traditional strategies recommended by these reports.
Nomograms for prostate cancer

Accurate estimates of risk are essential for physicians if they are to recommend a specific management to patients with prostate cancer. In addition their incorporation into clinical trial design ensures homogeneous high-risk patient groups for whom new cancer therapeutics are to be investigated. Using MEDLINE we performed a literature search on articles on prostate cancer predictive tools published during the period from January 1966 to July 2007. We recorded input variables, prediction form, number of patients used to develop the prediction tool, the outcome being predicted, prediction tool-specific features, predictive accuracy, and whether validation was performed. The literature search generated 109 published prediction tools from which only 68 had undergone validation. In this chapter we describe the criteria for evaluation (predictive accuracy, calibration, generalizability, head-to-head comparison, and level of complexity) and limitations of current predictive tools. Our review indicates that an increasing number of predictive tools addresses important endpoints such as disease recurrence, metastasis, and survival. For choosing among prediction tools, our recommendation is nomograms, which provide superior individualized risk estimation. Nevertheless, many more predictive tools, comparisons between them, and improvements to existing tools are needed.
SU-C-116-06: Evaluation of Image Quality in Digital Mammography and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Phantom Observer Study From American College of Radiology Imaging Network PA 4006

Purpose: Determine contributing factors for image quality in 2D and 3D from comparison of phantom scores and image acquisition parameters. Methods: Tomosynthesis 2D and 3D quality assurance images of the ACR Mammography Accreditation Phantom were obtained as part of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network PA-4006 trial. Imaging was performed on Selenia Dimensions (Hologic, Bedford MA) systems at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (n=176) and Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA (n=70). Four trained observers scored all available images according to manufacturer's instructions; image order was randomized by case number and modality for each observer. For tomosynthesis, observers selected the slice level maximizing conspicuity. Paired t-test compared FFDM and DBT cumulative scores by site, multivariate regression related device parameters to image quality, and multi-observer Kappa assessed interobserver agreement. Results: Fiber scores were higher for 3D than 2D at site B (p<0.001) with no difference at site A. Speck and mass scores were greater for 2D than 3D at both sites (p<0.001). At site A, regression analysis demonstrated positive correlation of exposure (mAs) with 2D mass, 3D fiber and 3D mass scores; no significant correlations were found for site B. Absolute level of interobserver agreement was highest for specks, followed by fibers and masses. There was substantially lower inter-observer agreement for specks in 3D than 2D; the agreement between 2D and 3D for fibers and masses did not change significantly. Conclusion: Phantom scores differed significantly between 2D and 3D imaging; fibers were better visualized in 3D, while specks and masses were better visualized in 2D. Observers stated that scoring specks in 3D was more challenging; this is supported by the observation that inter-observer agreement was significantly poorer in 3D than 2D only for specks. There are many factors that influence scoring. While phantom score was partially predicted by exposure, other factors were involved.
Mild Cognitive Deficits and Everyday Functioning Among Older Adults in the Community: The Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team Study

Objective A key component of successful aging is the ability to independently perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). We examined the ability to perform multiple IADL tasks in relation to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) defined on purely neuropsychological grounds. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Population-based cohort in southwestern Pennsylvania. Participants One thousand seven hundred thirty-seven community-dwelling adults age 65 years and older. Measurements Classification of MCI based on performance with reference to norms in the cognitive domains of memory, language, attention, executive, and visuospatial functions. The ability to perform seven IADL tasks (traveling, shopping, preparing meals, doing housework, taking medications, handling personal finances, and using the telephone) as assessed by the Older Americans Resources and Services scale. Results Those with cognitively defined MCI were more likely to be dependent in at least one IADL task, as well as in each individual IADL task, than cognitively normal participants. Better memory and executive functioning were associated with lower odds of IADL dependence in MCI. Across the subtypes of MCI, those with the multiple-domain amnestic subtype were most likely to be dependent in all IADL tasks, with better executive functioning associated with lower risk of dependence in select IADL tasks in this group. Conclusions Mild impairment in cognition is associated with difficulty performing IADL tasks at the population level. Understanding these associations may help improve prediction of the outcomes of MCI. It may also allow appropriate targeting of cognitive interventions in MCI to potentially help preserve functional independence.
Meson-baryon resonances in the octet model

Elastic scattering of the pseudoscalar meson octet by the baryon octet is analysed in the four lowest partial waves and in the six unitary-symmetry representations involved. TheN/D method forms the basis of the dynamical treatment in an equal-mass approximation. The forces due to the exchange of the baryon octet, thep3/2 decuplet, and the vector-meson octet give rise to additional resonances, along with the original baryon octet andp3/2 decuplet. Effective coupling constants and masses for these resonances are determined from experiment and the resonances are reinserted as exchange diagrams into the dynamical calculation. Two cut-off parameters and the Yukawa-coupling mixing parameter (denoted byf) are the only adjustable constants. A consistent and closed system is obtained for 0.25⩽f⩽0.45. It comprises ap1/2 baryon octet, ap3/2 decuplet, ans1/2 singlet (tentatively identified as the 1405 MeV Y*0), and ad3/2 singlet (tentatively identified as the 1520 MeV Y*0). Nod3/2 octet is predicted in this model.
Modeling and control of an improved dissipative passive haptic display

This work investigates the modeling and control of a new dissipative passive haptic display that uses magnetorheological (MR) brakes as actuators. The device is energetically passive, meaning that it can only remove energy from the system. All motive force must be generated by the user, which guarantees stability of the system and safety of the human operator. A first order system approach is presented as a tool for modeling MR fluid behavior in a low-speed braking device. A simulation was developed that uses the brake model and the equations of motion to predict robot motion based on force input and actuator commands. The accuracy of these models was demonstrated with comparisons to experimental data. Two forms of path following velocity control were successfully implemented and shown to significantly reduce path error in preliminary experiments with human operators.
Lobe erection behavior and its possible social role in larvae ofMischocyttarus paper wasps

The social wasp genus Mischocyttarus (Vespidae, Polistinae) is exclusively New World and largely tropical in distribution (Richards, 1978). Mischocyttarus species resemble Polistes in both nesting habits and social biology (Jeanne, 1972; Litte, lg7l, 1979, l98l; It6, 1984). Late-instar Mischocyttarus larvae, however, may be distinguished from those of all other wasps by the possession of a one-, two-, or three-pointed lobe on the ventral surface of the first abdominal segment (Fig. 1). The lobes were extensively described from preserved material by Reid (1942). A role in feeding was previously hypothesized for the abdominal lobes of Mischocyttarus larvae (Reid, 1942). S. B. Vinson (personal communication) examined living M. immarginatus larvae and found aspects of the lobe morphology strongly similar to the trophothyllax of pseudomyrmecine ant larvae, which serves to hold a food pellet during ingestion. The lobes are also suggestive of the eversible projections on larvae of some Allodapine bees that apparently serve a feeding function (Michener, 1975). Jeanne (1912), however, determined that the lobes in larval M. drewseni do not serve in feeding. Jeanne (1972, p. 85) was instead the first to observe the behavior of the larvae in response to saliva solicitations of a worker: "Each larva responded either by producing a droplet of secretion, or, apparently if it has none to yield, by retracting into the cell and pulling its abdominal lobes over its head." Observations reported here expand and clarify this brief description, and they suggest a specific, testable adaptative value to larvae for saliva donorism.
The foundations of literacy: Learning the sounds of letters.

Learning the sounds of letters is an important part of learning to read and spell. To explore the factors that make some letter-sound correspondences easier for children to learn than others, we first analyzed knowledge of letters' sounds (and names) by 660 children between 31/2 and 71/2 years old. A second study examined preschoolers' (M age 4 years, 11 months) ability to learn various sound-letter mappings. Together, the results show that an important determinant of letter-sound knowledge is whether the sound occurs in the name of the letter and, if so, whether it is at the beginning or the end. The properties of the sound itself (consonant versus vowel, sonorant versus obstruent, stop versus continuant) appear to have little or no influence on children's learning of basic letter-sound correspondences. The findings show that children use their knowledge of letters' names when learning the letters' sounds rather than memorizing letter-sound correspondences as arbitrary pairings.
Evaluation of a pulmonary graphical display in the medical intensive care unit: an observational study

We developed a pulmonary graphic display that depicts pulmonary physiological variables for intubated, mechanically ventilated patients in a graphical format. The pulmonary graphical display presents multiple respiratory variables and changes are depicted by alterations in shape and color. Learning how this new technology will be integrated and accepted by users is an important step before it is introduced into the clinical arena. This study observed use and acceptance of the pulmonary graphical display by health care providers in an intensive care unit. Investigators noted that physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurses observed the pulmonary graphical display on average six, three, and one times, respectively, per patient room entry. Based on questionnaires, the pulmonary graphical display was perceived as useful, a desirable addition to current ICU monitors, and an accurate representation of respiratory variables.
Managing information in a creative environment

Prior knowledge and domain expertise are key to successful design and creativity. New digital workspaces should support the management of ever-increasing amounts of digital information and design artifacts as well as support collaboration during the creative process. In this paper, we present the findings of an observational study describing how expert designers organize and utilize information in their design workspaces throughout the initial creative phases of problem-structuring and high level design. We describe how these findings could inform further study in mixed reality creative environments.
Anaphylactoid reactions with gastrointestinal contrast media

Significant anaphylactoid reactions to gastrointestinal contrast media are rare. Whether a patient who is atopic or has asthma is predisposed to these reactions is speculative. The rare patient who previously had a severe allergic reaction to such a product probably should not undergo a subsequent examination with a similar agent. The American College of Radiology classification of contrast media side effects can also be applied to the gastrointestinal contrast media.
Comparison of coronary endothelial dynamics with electrocardiographic and left ventricular contractile responses to stress in the absence of coronary artery disease

Coronary artery endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as a cause of myocardial ischemia and symptoms in patients with angina-like chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms, especially those with ischemic-appearing ST-segment depression during exercise (syndrome X). We measured coronary vasomotor responses to acetylcholine (3 to 300 μg/min) in 42 patients (27 women and 15 men) with effort chest pain and normal coronary angiograms who also had normal electrocardiograms and echocardiograms at rest. All patients underwent treadmill exercise testing and measurement of systolic wall thickening responses to dobutamine (40 μg/kg/min) during transesophageal echocardiography. There were no differences in the acetylcholine-stimulated epicardial coronary diameter (+5 ± 13% vs +1 ± 13%, p = 0.386) and flow (+179 ± 90% vs +169 ± 96%, p = 0.756), or in the systolic wall thickening responses (+134 ± 65% vs +118 ± 57%, p = 0.445) from baseline values in the 12 syndrome X patients compared with the 30 patients with negative exercise test results. In patients in the lowest quartile of coronary flow responses to acetylcholine, dobutamine increased systolic wall thickening by 121 ± 73%; 3 had ischemic-appearing ST-segment depression during this stress. This contractile response to dobutamine was no different than the increase in systolic wall thickening (129 ± 48%, p = 0.777) in patients in the highest quartile of coronary flow responses, 3 of whom also had ischemic-appearing ST-segment depression during this stress. Thus, coronary endothelial dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease does not account for ischemic-appearing ST-segment depression in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. Further, coronary endothelial dysfunction is not associated with myocardial contractile responses to stress consistent with myocardial ischemia.
Distribution of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Select Tissues of Experimentally Infected and Field-Collected Gulf Coast Ticks

Salivary glands, midgut, Malpighian tubules, and ovaries were dissected from infected, colony-derived Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast ticks) injected as nymphs with either Rickettsia parkeri (a spotted fever group rickettsia [SFGR]; treatment) or phosphate-buffered saline (negative control). For comparison, similar tissues were dissected from hemolymph-positive, field-collected ticks. Tissues were analyzed by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. All phosphate-buffered saline-injected ticks were IFA negative, whereas SFGR were detected by IFA in 100% of the salivary glands and ovaries and 78 and 75% of midgut and Malpighian tubule samples, respectively, of R. parkeri-injected ticks. Nearly 22% (10/46) of the field-collected ticks were hemolymph positive. Of those, SFGR were detected by IFA in 80% of the salivary glands, 67% of the ovaries, and 60% in the midgut and Malpighian tubules. This is the first study to assess the distribution of SFGR in select tissues of A. maculatum ticks.
PC70. Acute Limb Ischemia After Cardiothoracic Surgery Is Associated With High Rates of Amputation and Mortality

Objectives: Failure of a femoropopliteal bypass often necessitates redo lower extremity surgery and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. An alternative strategy is to perform endovascular revascularization of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) and avoid catheter-directed lysis or open surgery. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the outcomes of native SFA chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization compared with bypass after failed femoropopliteal bypass. Methods: Patients presenting with a symptomatic failed femoropopliteal bypass who underwent attempted CTO recannulization of the native SFA or a redo femoropopliteal bypass from2000 to 2014were included. Patients undergoing catheter-directed thrombolysis were excluded. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. Factor analyses were performedusing aCoxproportional hazardmodel for time-dependentvariables. Results: A total of 104 patients (69% male, average age 65 years) underwent nativeCTO recannulization (n1⁄4 40) or redobypass (n1⁄4 64) after presentation with symptomatic occlusion of a previous femoropopliteal bypass graft (rest pain in 84% and life style-limiting claudication in 16%, 79% to the aboveknee popliteal), 81% of the lesions being TASC-II category D and 19% TASC-II category C. Tibial runoff was one tibial vessel in most patients (79%) and two-vessel runoff in the remainder. Lesions treated endovascularly underwent primary stenting with a median of three stents used. Sixty-nine percent of the bypasses were to the below-knee popliteal and remainder to the proximal tibials (68% of the patients has venous conduit). Overall, 30-day major adverse cardiac eventswere 5.6%andall-causemorbiditywas6.3%. 30-daymajor adverse limbevents was 17% and30-day amputation ratewas 8% (Table).Overall amputation-free survival was 43%6 9% and freedom frommajor adverse limb events was28%6 7%at3years (Table).Critical ischemia,TASC-II lesion (D), andonevessel tibial runoff were significant predictors of failure.
Re‐Placing Whiteness in Spatial Assimilation Research

This paper works through some of the epistemological and methodological consequences of an unreflexive use of white suburbs as the expected residential destination in U.S. spatial assimilation rese...
Urinary aHGF, IGFBP3 and OPN as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer

Aim: Serum PSA screening for prostate cancer (PCa) is controversial. Here, we identify three urinary biomarkers – aHGF, IGFBP3 and OPN – for PCa screening and prognostication. Methods: Urinary aHGF, OPN and IGFBP3 from healthy men (n = 19) and men with localized (n = 65) and metastatic (n = 36) PCa were quantified via ELISA. Mann–Whitney nonparametric t-test and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) analyses were used to analyze associations. Results: Mean aHGF and IGFBP3 levels were significantly elevated in PCa patients versus controls (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.0012, respectively), and the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve (indicator of diagnostic accuracy) for aHGF and IGFBP3 was 0.75 and 0.74, respectively. OPN levels were significantly higher in metastatic groups (p = 0.0060) versus localized and controls (area under the curve = 0.68). Conclusion: Urinary aHGF and IGFBP3 exhibit the capacity for diagnostic discrimination for PCa, wherea...
VLSI Architecture for Encryption and Watermarking Units Towards the Making of a Secure Camera

Considerable amount of research is directed at putting biometric data in conventional forms of identification such as passports. However, putting biometric data in passports makes the data vulnerable to theft, causing privacy related issues. To address such issues, we present a new approach and architecture in the framework of a digital camera, conceptualized as a "Secure Digital Camera (SDC)". The SDC uses watermarking and encryption processes for image security and authentication. The Rijndael AES algorithm and a DCT-based visible watermarking algorithm were chosen for implementation in our camera. The proposed architectures were modeled, simulated and synthesized in Xilinx ISE.
Metabolic rates of ATP transfer through creatine kinase (CK Flux) predict clinical heart failure events and death.

Morbidity and mortality from heart failure (HF) are high, and current risk stratification approaches for predicting HF progression are imperfect. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for normal cardiac contraction, and abnormalities in creatine kinase (CK) energy metabolism, the primary myocardial energy reserve reaction, have been observed in experimental and clinical HF. However, the prognostic value of abnormalities in ATP production rates through CK in human HF has not been investigated. Fifty-eight HF patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy underwent 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify cardiac high-energy phosphates and the rate of ATP synthesis through CK (CK flux) and were prospectively followed for a median of 4.7 years. Multiple-event analysis (MEA) was performed for HF-related events including all-cause and cardiac death, HF hospitalization, cardiac transplantation, and ventricular-assist device placement. Among baseline demographic, clinical, and metabolic parameters, MEA identified four independent predictors of HF events: New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), African-American race, and CK flux. Reduced myocardial CK flux was a significant predictor of HF outcomes, even after correction for NYHA class, LVEF, and race. For each increase in CK flux of 1 μmol g−1 s−1, risk of HF-related composite outcomes decreased by 32 to 39%. These findings suggest that reduced CK flux may be a potential HF treatment target. Newer imaging strategies, including noninvasive 31P MRS that detect altered ATP kinetics, could thus complement risk stratification in HF and add value in conditions involving other tissues with high energy demands, including skeletal muscle and brain.
Mutational loss of Arabidopsis SLOW WALKER2 results in reduced endogenous spermine concomitant with increased aluminum sensitivity

A previously-identified Arabidopsis mutant with hypersensitivity to aluminum, als7-1 was studied further to determine the nature of the mutation and subsequently establish the biochemical basis of the increase in Al sensitivity. Physiological analysis revealed that the Al hypersensitivity phenotype is correlated with increased Al uptake and Al-dependent gene expression, indicating that als7-1 has a defect in an Al-exclusion mechanism. Cloning of the als7-1 mutation showed that it negatively affects the gene encoding the putative nucleolar localised ribosomal biogenesis factor SLOW WALKER2, which is required for normal gametogenesis and mitotic progression. Molecular analysis indicated that Al hypersensitivity in als7-1 is correlated with loss of expression of a factor required for S-adenosylmethionine recycling and reduced levels of endogenous polyamines in the mutant. Further analysis shows that Al-dependent root growth inhibition is reversed by addition of exogenous spermine, which is correlated with a significant reduction in Al uptake by spermine treated roots. Endogenous spermine likely functions to compete with Al3+ for binding to extra- and intracellular anionic sites, which suggests that increased spermine levels may be an effective means to improve root growth in Al toxic acid soil environments.
Lesson Study as a Means for Facilitating Preservice Teacher Reflectivity

This study sought to determine if, how, and the extent to which, the implementation of lesson study with preservice teachers facilitates reflection in its participants. The lesson study reports of 20 preservice teachers were analyzed qualitatively along three dimensions to determine what lesson study reports revealed about their reflections. More specifically, the analysis sought to determine what preservice teachers wrote about in their lesson study reports, and if it showed signs of reflectivity. The analysis revealed that the reflections of the participants, as evidenced within lesson study reports, resided at the lowest levels, thus supporting existing literature on the reflective abilities of preservice teachers. It also highlighted the difficulty of determining the degree to which individuals engage in reflective thinking. The results point to several considerations for those who wish to implement lesson study with preservice teachers, and identify numerous questions that warrant further investigation.
An assessment of incremental coronary risk prediction using C-reactive protein and other novel risk markers: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.

Background There has been interest in recent years in whether additional, and in particular novel, risk factors or blood markers, such as C-reactive protein, can enhance existing coronary heart disease (CHD) prediction models. Methods Using a series of case-cohort studies, the prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study assessed the association of 19 novel risk markers with incident CHD in 15 792 adults followed up since 1987-1989. Novel markers included measures of inflammation, endothelial function, fibrin formation, fibrinolysis, B vitamins, and antibodies to infectious agents. Change in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess the additional contribution of novel risk markers to CHD prediction beyond that of traditional risk factors. Results The basic risk factor model, which included traditional risk factors (age, race, sex, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, smoking status, and diabetes), predicted CHD well, as evidenced by an AUC of approximately 0.8. The C-reactive protein level did not add significantly to the AUC (increase in AUC of 0.003), and neither did most other novel risk factors. Of the 19 markers studied, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 , vitamin B 6 , interleukin 6, and soluble thrombomodulin added the most to the AUC (range, 0.006-0.011). Conclusions Our findings suggest that routine measurement of these novel markers is not warranted for risk assessment. On the other hand, our findings reinforce the utility of major, modifiable risk factor assessment to identify individuals at risk for CHD for preventive action.
Purification and partial characterization of mosquito egg development neurosecretory hormone: Evidence for gonadotropic and steroidogenic effects

Egg development neurosecretory hormone (EDNH), a hormone that stimulates vitellogenesis in mosquitoes, was purified 10,000-fold from the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The purification procedure included chromatography on hydrophobic, ion exchange, and gel filtration columns, and preparative electrophoresis to give an almost homogeneous preparation. The hormone is a polypeptide monomer of molecular weight of 18,700 ± 500 as determined from SDS electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. Using lowpressure chromatography throughout the purification procedure, the hormone was recovered at a high yield (39%). The amount of EDNH in a mosquito is about 0.6-1.6 ng, corresponding to 32–85 fmol. Injection of purified EDNH into female mosquitoes resulted in the conversion of [14C]cholesterol into labeled ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone which were separated and identified using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography separation procedures. Egg development and vitellogenin synthesis were also induced when EDNH was injected into several mosquito species, indicating that the hormone is not species-specific. This report is the first to show that a purified preparation of EDNH has both steroidogenic and a gonadotropic effects on female mosquitoes.
From Modinos' cure to lecithin treatment: detoxification and withdrawal management in the state-sponsored mass treatment scheme for opium addicts in Assam, 1938-39.

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam; Correspondence to c/o Hanspal Diesel Injection, Chatribari Road, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India; kawal@iitg.ernet.in, khanspal@gmail.com INTRODUCTION The state-sponsored medical treatment scheme for opium addicts was approved for implementation in Assam by the Congress-led coalition government as part of the Opium Prohibition Campaign in 1939. Launched on 15 April 1939, the Total Prohibition Scheme was confined to the districts of Lakhimpur (south of the Brahmaputra river) and Sibsagar, in the subdivisions of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar (pre-Independence Assam), which were regarded as the areas with the heaviest consumption of opium in Assam. The introduction of the scheme was followed by the cancellation of 10 050 opium passes and the closure of 61 opium shops. Besides, it marked the commencement of a unique experiment in the mass treatment of addicts. The move towards total eradication of opium reflected a culmination of the multiple efforts that had been made and the various approaches that had been adopted towards the regulation of opium. The policy of ‘progressive prohibition’, which was aimed at creating a government monopoly, beginning with rationing of opium, followed by the restriction of private cultivation and the registration of addicts, and the move towards total eradication were part of a three-pronged strategy for a phased elimination of opium from Assam. The strategy focused on propaganda, vigilance and relief. The total number of registered addicts in the subdivisions of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar was estimated at 6426 and 3724, respectively. Although the total number of registered addicts in the two subdivisions was actually around 11 000, it was presumed that around 1000 addicts would apply for treatment voluntarily over a period of 3 months. On the basis of this estimate, a preliminary phase of treatment was started from 1 to 15 April 1939. The addicts were treated mainly in the hospitals of Dibrugarh and Sibsagar.
Towards Autonomous Wheelchair Systems in Urban Environments

In this paper, we explore the use of synthesized landmark maps for absolute localization of a smart wheelchair system outdoors. In this paradigm, three-dimensional map data are acquired by an automobile equipped with high precision inertial/GPS systems, in conjunction with light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems, whose range measurements are subsequently registered to a global coordinate frame. The resulting map data are then synthesized a priori to identify robust, salient features for use as landmarks in localization. By leveraging such maps with landmark meta-data, robots possessing far lower cost sensor suites gain many of the benefits obtained from the higher fidelity sensors, but without the cost.We show that by using such a map-based localization approach, a smart wheelchair system outfitted only with a 2-D LIDAR and encoders was able to maintain accurate, global pose estimates outdoors over almost 1 km paths.