cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Salzberg, Strain, and Baer

The response of Salzberg, Strain, and Baer criticizes our method for being insensitive to the complexities of single-subject data, and provides an example of a more traditional, narrative review as a positive alternative. We restate our original position that such narrative review procedures are of limited utility unless objective standards for evaluating study outcomes have been explicitly stated, and that without such standards, evaluation of the objectivity and replicability of the review cannot be made. We also take exception to their characterization that our method is “time-efficient” and constitutes a “one-number summary” of research literature. We conclude with the hope that debate continue regarding objective, systematic procedures for reviewing single-subject literature.
Tissue Distribution, Ontogeny, and Hormonal Regulation of Xenobiotic Transporters in Mouse Kidneys

Kidneys play important roles in the elimination of numerous endogenous and exogenous chemicals. In recent years, at least 37 xenobiotic transporters have been identified in mammalian kidneys. Although much progress has been made, information on 14 of these transporters (ATP-binding cassette [Abc] a1, apical sodium bile acid transporter [Asbt], breast cancer resistance protein, concentrative nucleoside transporter 1, equilibrative nucleoside transporter [Ent] 2, Ent3, sodium-phosphate cotransporter [Npt] 1, Npt2a, Npt2b, Npt2c, organic anion transporter [Oat] 5, organic anion-transporting polypeptide [Oatp] 4c1, peptide transporter 2, and uric acid transporter [Urat] 1) in kidneys is quite limited. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the tissue distribution, ontogeny, and hormonal regulation of these 14 transporters in kidneys of mice. Other than in kidneys, Npt2b is also highly expressed in liver and lung, Npt2c in liver and colon, Asbt in ileum, and Abca1 in liver, lung, testis, ovary, and placenta of mice. Most of these (13 of 14) transporters are lowly expressed in mouse kidneys until 15 days of age, which in part contributes to the immaturity of excretory function in fetal and newborn kidneys. One exception is Ent2, which is highly expressed before birth and gradually decreases after birth until reaching adult levels at 15 days of age. Gender-divergent expression of male-predominant (Urat1 and Oatp4c1) and female-predominant (Oat5) transporters in mouse kidneys is primarily due to stimulatory effects of androgens and estrogens, respectively. In conclusion, the mRNA expression of xenobiotic transporters in kidneys is determined by tissue, age, and sex hormones.
The Role of Critical Infrastructure in Community Resilience to Disasters

This paper issues a call to improve the conceptual underpinnings of community resilience to disasters as it relates to critical infrastructure. It is argued that, broadly, infrastructure is the combination of both capital and services. Loss and recovery, and thus resilience, of infrastructure do not make practical sense without consideration of both. Specifically, infrastructure is characterized by its relationship to other infrastructure, agents, possible disruptions, possible interventions, jurisdictions and markets. Based on this and previous development work related to the resilience simulation model ResilUS, the beginnings of a new conceptual model are proposed. The comprehensive nature of the model suggests it is appropriate for planning purposes. The conceptual model provides opportunities for advancing ResilUS, specifically, and infrastructure and community resilience research and planning broadly. It facilitates the creation of a database schema for infrastructure loss and restoration and its impact on indicators of community resilience. Population of this schema will push understanding of community resilience and facilitate the development of better tools for supporting resilience planning.
Multilevel Induction of Categories Venomous Snakes Hijack the Learning of Lower Category Levels

The induction of categories and concepts from examples—which plays an important role in how people come to organize and understand the world—can happen at multiple levels, but how do competing values at these different levels affect learning? Using perceptually rich images of snakes, we asked participants to attend to either the snakes’ specific genus or a broader categorization and then tested induction at both levels. We also varied the intrinsic value of the broader categorization (high value: whether the snake was venomous; low value: whether it was tropical). We found an interaction between study instruction and intrinsic value: Participants in the low-value condition were better able to induce the level they were instructed to attend to (i.e., genus or broader category) than to induce the level they were not instructed to attend to, whereas participants in the high-value condition, regardless of the level of categorization they were instructed to attend to, were significantly better at learning the ...
iView: A Feature Clustering Framework for Suggesting Informative Views in Volume Visualization

The unguided visual exploration of volumetric data can be both a challenging and a time-consuming undertaking. Identifying a set of favorable vantage points at which to start exploratory expeditions can greatly reduce this effort and can also ensure that no important structures are being missed. Recent research efforts have focused on entropy-based viewpoint selection criteria that depend on scalar values describing the structures of interest. In contrast, we propose a viewpoint suggestion pipeline that is based on feature-clustering in high-dimensional space. We use gradient/normal variation as a metric to identify interesting local events and then cluster these via k-means to detect important salient composite features. Next, we compute the maximum possible exposure of these composite feature for different viewpoints and calculate a 2D entropy map parameterized in longitude and latitude to point out promising view orientations. Superimposed onto an interactive track-ball interface, users can then directly use this entropy map to quickly navigate to potentially interesting viewpoints where visibility-based transfer functions can be employed to generate volume renderings that minimize occlusions. To give full exploration freedom to the user, the entropy map is updated on the fly whenever a view has been selected, pointing to new and promising but so far unseen view directions. Alternatively, our system can also use a set-cover optimization algorithm to provide a minimal set of views needed to observe all features. The views so generated could then be saved into a list for further inspection or into a gallery for a summary presentation.
Disease Transmission and Passenger Behaviors during a High Morbidity Norovirus Outbreak on a Cruise Ship, January 2009

Results. Of 1842 passengers, 1532 (83.2%) returned questionnaires, and 236 (15.4% of participants) met the case definition. Of these, 95 (40%) did not report to the infirmary. Case passengers were significantly more likely to have an ill cabin mate (relative risk [RR] 5 3.0; P , .01) and to have witnessed vomiting during boarding (RR 5 2.8; P 5 .01). Over 90% of all passengers reported increased hand hygiene practices following the outbreak; 38% of ill passengers and 11% of well passengers decreased participation in public activities. Of 14 samples tested, 12 were positive for norovirus by RT-qPCR; 5 of these were confirmed by sequence analysis and typed as GII.4 Minerva. Conclusions. Person-to-person transmission, including an incident of public vomiting during boarding, likely contributed to this high morbidity outbreak. Infirmary surveillance detected only 60% of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases involved in this outbreak. Adjustments to outbreak reporting thresholds may be needed to account for incomplete voluntary AGE reporting and to more rapidly implement control measures.
Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases

More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The cytosolic segment of each IL-1 receptor family member contains the Toll-IL-1-receptor domain. This domain is also present in each Toll-like receptor, the receptors that respond to microbial products and viruses. Since Toll-IL-1-receptor domains are functional for both receptor families, responses to the IL-1 family are fundamental to innate immunity. Of the 11 members of the IL-1 family, IL-1β has emerged as a therapeutic target for an expanding number of systemic and local inflammatory conditions called autoinflammatory diseases. For these, neutralization of IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity. Treatment for autoimmune diseases often includes immunosuppressive drugs whereas neutralization of IL-1β is mostly anti-inflammatory. Although some autoinflammatory diseases are due to gain-of-function mutations for caspase-1 activity, common diseases such as gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, recurrent pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and smoldering myeloma also are responsive to IL-1β neutralization. This review summarizes acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that are treated by reducing IL-1β activity and proposes that disease severity is affected by the anti-inflammatory members of the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors.
Thrombelastographic Studies with a Twenty-Four-Hour Schedule for Subcutaneous Heparin: A Comparison of Its Efficiency with Prothrombin-Depressing Agents

In 55 patients 430 thrombelastographic studies after 305 heparin injections revealed that a more complete and more rapid reduction of the over-all coagulability of the blood is obtained by a subcutaneous injection of 40 per cent heparin once every 24 hours than that obtained with prothrombin-depressing agents. The individual dose, by the thrombelastographic technic, is between 3.5 and 4.5 mg./Kg. Further clinical studies are indicated with use of simple laboratory control technics, such as recalcification time.
Errors in Using Modern Stream-Load Data To Estimate Natural Rates of Denudation

The practice of calculating natural rates of denudation from routinely collected data on the loads of suspended and dissolved matter in modern rivers is subject to several significant errors. The sources of these errors are demonstrated by examples from the Atlantic drainage of the United States, where their total effect has apparently doubled the natural rate of erosion. The largest error is caused by assuming that modern sediment loads in populated areas represent natural erosion, whereas in fact they mainly reflect the influence of man. Conversion of forests to croplands in the middle Atlantic states causes about a tenfold increase in sediment yield. Coal mining, urbanization, and highway construction have added extra loads of sediment to the streams. Modern sediment loads in the Atlantic-draining rivers are probably 4 to 5 times greater than they would be if the area had remained undisturbed by man. Errors in calculating the chemical denudation are caused by atmospheric contributions to the dissolved loads of streams and by pollutants that are added directly to stream waters. About one-quarter of the salts in Atlantic-draining streams were contributed from the atmosphere, either as recycled sea salts or as pollutants and soil dust that originally became airborne as a result of the activities of man. Perhaps another one-tenth of the dissolved load consists of industrial and agricultural wastes or acid mine waters that have been added directly to the streams.
Relative intensity noise characteristics of frequency stabilised grating-coupled modelocked semiconductor laser

Relative intensity noise (RIN) characteristics of a frequency stabilised grating-coupled modelocked semiconductor laser (MSL) have been experimentally investigated. Reported is the first measurement, to the authors' knowledge, of general RIN characteristics as well as RIN reduction in the frequency stabilised MSL system showing the relationship between RIN and mode coherency in the MSL.
The Effects of Age and Hindlimb Supension on the Levels of Expression of the Myogenic Regulatory Factors Myod and Myogenin in Rat Fast and Slow Skeletal Muscles

In this study we tested the hypothesis that, compared to young adult rats, senescent rats have a reduced ability to respond to muscle unloading. Unloading of the muscles was induced by hindlimb suspension (HS) of young adult and senescent rats for 21 days. Plantaris muscles from young adult rats had significantly higher levels of myogenin mRNA and protein (890 % and 314 %, respectively, P 0.05) and MyoD protein levels were 60 % lower in the muscle of senescent rats (P < 0.05). In young rats, soleus muscle mRNA levels of myogenin and MyoD were not altered by HS but myogenin protein levels decreased by 57 % (P < 0.05) whereas MyoD protein levels increased by 187 % (P < 0.05). In senescent rats, HS decreased soleus muscle myogenin mRNA and protein levels by 42 % and 26 % respectively (P < 0.05), but MyoD protein and mRNA levels were not changed. MRF4 levels were not affected by ageing in either muscle. These data suggest that ageing reduces the ability of fast muscles to increase myogenin protein levels, and prevents both fast and slow muscles from increasing MyoD protein levels during muscle unloading. Experimental Physiology (2001) 86.4, 509-517.
Evolving tip structures can explain age-dependent microtubule catastrophe

Microtubules are key structural and transport elements in cells. The dynamics at microtubule ends are characterized by periods of slow growth, followed by stochastic switching events termed "catastrophes," in which microtubules suddenly undergo rapid shortening. Growing microtubules are thought to be protected from catastrophe by a GTP-tubulin "cap": GTP-tubulin subunits add to the tips of growing microtubules but are subsequently hydrolyzed to GDP-tubulin subunits once they are incorporated into the microtubule lattice. Loss of the GTP-tubulin cap exposes GDP-tubulin subunits at the microtubule tip, resulting in a catastrophe event. However, the mechanistic basis for sudden loss of the GTP cap, leading to catastrophe, is not known. To investigate microtubule catastrophe events, we performed 3D mechanochemical simulations that account for interactions between neighboring protofilaments. We found that there are two separate factors that contribute to catastrophe events in the 3D simulation: the GTP-tubulin cap size, which settles into a steady-state value that depends on the free tubulin concentration during microtubule growth, and the structure of the microtubule tip. Importantly, 3D simulations predict, and both fluorescence and electron microscopy experiments confirm, that microtubule tips become more tapered as the microtubule grows. This effect destabilizes the tip and ultimately contributes to microtubule catastrophe. Thus, the likelihood of a catastrophe event may be intimately linked to the aging physical structure of the growing microtubule tip. These results have important consequences for catastrophe regulation in cells, as microtubule-associated proteins could promote catastrophe events in part by modifying microtubule tip structures.
Directed Hydrozirconation of Homopropargylic Alcohols.

Homopropargylic alcohols undergo directed hydrozirconation with Schwartz reagent (Cp2ZrHCl) to generate vinyl-metal species in which the metal fragment is proximal to the alkoxide. Electrophilic trapping yields tri-substituted olefins in good yields with good control of regio- and stereochemistry. Experiments with a homopropargylic ether confirmed the role of the hydroxyl group in the directed hydrometalation.
Physics and Necessity: Rationalist Pursuits from the Cartesian Past to the Quantum Present: Scope: monograph. Level: undergraduate/specialist

To what extent does the physical world _have_ to be the way it is? Or, to put it slightly differently, to what extent could we physicists, with hindsight, have arrived at our currently successful t...
Interfirm alliance configuration as a strategy to reduce shareholder risks

Abstract This article investigates how interfirm alliance configuration strategies reduce shareholder risks via the alignment of “what” types of alliances to establish and “with whom” to build such alliances. Two concepts are introduced, partner relatedness and alliance relatedness, to consider how alliance partners and alliance activities relate to the focal firm's business activities. Building upon the dynamic capabilities literature and using secondary data, this research empirically demonstrates that the effects of alliance configuration strategy on shareholder risks depend on the type of risks (idiosyncratic or systematic) and the degree of industry environment changes. With low market dynamism, the consolidation strategy of high partner relatedness/high alliance relatedness reduces idiosyncratic risk. Yet with high market dynamism, the expansion strategy of low partner relatedness/low alliance relatedness decreases idiosyncratic risk. In contrast, the mixed configuration strategies of high partner relatedness/low alliance relatedness or low partner relatedness/high alliance relatedness lessens systematic risk independent of market dynamism.
Technical note: systematic bias in stochastic learning

The learning curve is a fundamental model used by engineers in cost estimating. In industry, it is typical to use the deterministic model for projecting cost, which is also suggested in standard textbooks. However, the parameters for the model are obtained from actual data, which usually come from a stochastic process. In this technical note, we investigate a particular phenomenon of the stochastic learning model that indicates that a bias may exist in the parameter estimates simply due to random behaviour in learning. The findings suggest that, on average, projections of cost from a model whose parameters are estimated from early data points are, on average, optimistic about the future cost reduction.
Initial Soil Penetration by Insecticide Emulsions Used for Subterranean Termite Control

Among 7 soils from various parts of the United States, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide emulsions penetrated least in arid soils from Arizona and Oregon and most in soil from Missouri. Soil moisture at application time appeared to enhance penetration. After 24 hours in most tests, more than half of the insecticide applied was found in the upper ¾ inch of soil. The parts per million of insecticide measured in 6 layers of soils did not differ appreciably in samples taken 1,4, and 24 hours after application. Chlordane, dieldrin, and heptachlor were the insecticides tested.
Plasmonic Imaging of Human Oral Cancer Cell Communities during Programmed Cell Death by Nuclear-Targeting Silver Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) have become a useful platform in medicine for potential uses in disease diagnosis and treatment. Recently, it has been reported that plasmonic NPs conjugated to nuclear-targeting peptides cause DNA damage and apoptotic populations in cancer cells. In the present work, we utilized the plasmonic scattering property and the ability of nuclear-targeted silver nanoparticles (NLS/RGD-AgNPs) to induce programmed cell death in order to image in real-time the behavior of human oral squamous carcinoma (HSC-3) cell communities during and after the induction of apoptosis. Plasmonic live-cell imaging revealed that HSC-3 cells behave as nonprofessional phagocytes. The induction of apoptosis in some cells led to attraction of and their subsequent engulfment by neighboring cells. Attraction to apoptotic cells resulted in clustering of the cellular community. Live-cell imaging also revealed that, as the initial concentration of NLS/RGD-AgNPs increases, the rate of self-killing increases and t...
Dietary macronutrient distribution influences postexercise substrate utilization in women: a cross-sectional evaluation of metabolic flexibility

Background Metabolic flexibility is the ability to alter substrate utilization in response to substrate availability, which may influence health and performance. The current study evaluated the effects of habitual macronutrient distribution on energy expenditure (EE) and metabolic flexibility in physically active women. Methods Participants (N.=20) completed a 3-day food log and a standardized bout of high-intensity interval training to determine EE and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). EE and RER were measured via indirect calorimetry at rest (PRE) and immediately (IP), 30 minutes (30 min), and 60 minutes postexercise (60 min). To evaluate metabolic flexibility, RER changes were calculated from PRE to IP, IP to 30 min, and IP to 60 min. For each macronutrient, participants were categorized into high- and low-intake groups using a median split. Results No significant correlations were observed between macronutrient distribution and EE when covaried for lean mass (all P≥0.232), and ANCOVAs revealed no significant group × time interactions (all P≥0.241). Fat intake was not associated with ∆RER (all P≥0.477). Correlations between PRO intake and ∆RER approached significance (r=0.373-0.411; P=0.079-0.115), as did inverse associations between CHO and ∆RER (r=-0.404 - -0.409; P=0.084-0.087). Lower RER values were observed in the low-CHO group at 30 min and 60 min (P=0.030) compared to high-CHO. Higher RER values were observed in the high-PRO group at IP (P=0.042) compared to low-PRO. Estradiol was not correlated with RER at any time point, or different between diet groups (all P≥0.401). Conclusions Results suggest that high PRO and low CHO intakes are associated with greater metabolic flexibility in women.
Endogenous Fringe Benefits, Compensating Wage Differentials and Older Workers

Employers are the principal source of health insurance for Americans under age 65. Economic theory argues that workers pay for health insurance in the form of lower wages or reductions in other forms of compensation. This paper uses 1994 and 1998 Health and Retirement Survey data to examine the wage-health insurance trade-off for older U.S. workers. Job and insurance choice are treated as endogenous in a two stage least squares framework. There is strong evidence supporting the treatment of nonwage benefits as endogenous. The preferred specification indicates an annual health insurance wage adjustment of $6,300. The magnitude of the trade-off is fragile, however.
Singular steady state LQG problems: Estimation and optimization

The duality principle that links linear quadratic control with state estimation is extended to include steady state singular problems.
Equality, Liberty, and Hard Cases: A Classical View and Contemporary Responses

In Chapter 1, I argued that taking three influential tenets of modern liberalism together — Mill’s harm principle, Raz’s theory of rights as supportive of the common good, and Dworkin’s notion of rights as correctives for the limitations of majoritarianism in treating citizens with equal concern and respect — would provide a framework in which to situate an argument for the justification of state intervention in cases of cultural oppression in order to protect equality and liberty.
The Role of Advanced Glycation End-Products in Cancer Disparity

While the socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with cancer disparity have been well documented, the contribution of biological factors is an emerging field of research. Established disparity factors such as low income, poor diet, drinking alcohol, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle may have molecular effects on the inherent biological makeup of the tumor itself, possibly altering cell signaling events and gene expression profiles to profoundly alter tumor development and progression. Our understanding of the molecular and biological consequences of poor lifestyle is lacking, but such information may significantly change how we approach goals to reduce cancer incidence and mortality rates within minority populations. In this review, we will summarize the biological, socioeconomic, and environmental associations between a group of reactive metabolites known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and cancer health disparity. Due to their links with lifestyle and the activation of disease-associated pathways, AGEs may represent both a biological consequence and a bio-behavioral indicator of poor lifestyle which may be targeted within specific populations to reduce disparities in cancer incidence and mortality.
Agentic traits are associated with success in science more than communal traits

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that men are stereotyped as agentic and women are stereotyped as communal. Therefore, perceived importance of agentic versus communal traits for success in science may contribute to subtle gender biases in science. Perceptions of science faculty may be especially important to investigate due to their positions as role models, exemplars, and gatekeepers. The present study tested the hypothesis that agentic traits are considered more important for success in science than communal traits. Faculty (n = 115) and undergraduate students (n = 122) from science departments at large, research-intensive universities were surveyed using either an open- or closed-ended format, so as to gauge what traits come to mind as well as those possibly related to success in science. Both faculty and students, regardless of gender, perceived agentic traits as more important for success in science than communal traits. Additionally, there were no gender differences in self-perceptions of agentic traits, though women perceived themselves as more communal than men. Finally, participants' perceptions of their own traits correlated with those they perceived as necessary for success in science.
Meta: Enabling Programming Languages to Learn from the Crowd

Collectively authored programming resources such as Q&A sites and open-source libraries provide a limited window into how programs are constructed, debugged, and run. To address these limitations, we introduce Meta: a language extension for Python that allows programmers to share functions and track how they are used by a crowd of other programmers. Meta functions are shareable via URL and instrumented to record runtime data. Combining thousands of Meta functions with their collective runtime data, we demonstrate tools including an optimizer that replaces your function with a more efficient version written by someone else, an auto-patcher that saves your program from crashing by finding equivalent functions in the community, and a proactive linter that warns you when a function fails elsewhere in the community. We find that professional programmers are able to use Meta for complex tasks (creating new Meta functions that, for example, cross-validate a logistic regression), and that Meta is able to find 44 optimizations (for a 1.45 times average speedup) and 5 bug fixes across the crowd.
Resilience: A commentary from the vantage point of anthropology

In recent years, the concept of resilience has gained popularity as a means to describe the qualities and capacities that enable a community to recovery from a catastrophic event. Definitions of resilience make a number of assumptions about the nature of communities and the practices that enable their ability to cope or weather a disaster's impact. In this article, I provide a brief history of the ways disaster researchers have defined resilience and provide an analysis of the fundamental assumptions upon which such definitions are based. Furthermore, I provide a critical analysis of such assumptions in light of anthropological knowledge about the relationships and processes that put communities on the map, shape the ways they are exposed to hazards, and their possibilities for recovery. In conclude by providing four recommendations for practice which stress 1) the recognition of disaster has a historically shaped process involving development practice and human-environment relations, 2) the recognition of the broader political ecological relationships that shape resilience, 3) an emphasis on systemic transformation rather than locality specific interventions as a means of resilience-building, and 4) a prioritization of subaltern voices in operationalizations of “rebuilding better” as a mechanism for addressing the practices of environmental injustice that routinely give form to disaster vulnerability and those conditions that are branded “low resilience.”
Collaboration and Intention: Making the Collaborative Family Law Process Safe(r)

Since the beginning of the collaborative family law movement, commentators from various professions have discouraged collaborative lawyers from accepting cases involving intimate partner abuse. The collaborative process, with its face to face meetings and emphasis on transparency and good faith, carries with it many risks for the partner who has been abused and who is attempting to end the relationship with the abusive partner. There may be occasions, however, when the at-risk partner believes that the collaborative process will enhance her safety or at least provide her with less exposure to future harm than other resolution processes. This article will explore whether there is any circumstance under which the collaborative lawyer should consider accepting a domestic abuse case into the collaborative system of resolution.Historically, domestic violence lawyers have favored the dual track of litigation and negotiation. While no system assures safety, serious questions remain whether the collaborative process can be safe under any circumstances for those who experienced abuse. Before making that determination, the collaborative lawyer must do what most family law lawyers have failed to do. The lawyer must make a commitment to study and understand the dynamics of intimate partner abuse. Without proficiency in understanding intimate partner abuse (domestic violence), and intentionally prioritizing safety of the client who has experienced abuse, the collaborative lawyer cannot validly assess a client’s future risk, particularly with an alternative dispute process. This article addresses ethical and practical issues that confront the collaborative lawyer when a case involves abuse and suggests remedies that can make the process safer.
Introductions and Histories: How, When, and Where of Race in Philosophy

Introductions and Histories: How, When, and Where of Race in Philosophy Africana Philosophy has successfully argued itself to be an important area of philosophical discourse. Fundamental to this effort is Africana Philosophy's work to bring race, race thinking, and racism to the fore of philosophical examination. In the wake of Africana Philosophy's influence, discussions of race, race thinking, and racism are becoming central to regular philosophical discourse. The production of introductory works on race and philosophy and works examining the place of race and race thinking in the history of European canonical philosophy points to philosophy's growing self awareness of race as foundational to what philosophy as a body of knowledge is and its self awareness of how race and race thinking informed the development of the field. These types of texts contribute to the normalization of race as a subfield of philosophy. Specifically, this essay will analyze four contemporary texts that exemplify this trend and what they contribute to mainstream philosophy's evolution as a site that understands race and race's role as a part of human experience and a necessary part of the larger philosophical project.
Two-photon imaging in intact lymphoid tissue.

For imaging living tissue, the two-photon technique presents several advantages over conventional confocal fluorescence imaging, including reduced photobleaching, minimal phototoxicity, and the ability to resolve detail at greater depths. We have established a two-photon imaging method that permits five-dimensional(xy,ztemission wavelength)ex vivo imaging in intact murine lymphoid organs of viable T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (APC) up to a depth of about 300 µm. Three-dimensional reconstruction of lymph nodes revealed B cells in shallow, discrete subcapsular follicles, T cells in interfollicular regions, reticular fiber networks, and migratory dendritic cells. Additionally, we have imaged lymphocyte activity within the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath in the intact spleen. In both lymph node and spleen, distinct modes of B and T cell movement may reflect specific antigen search programs. In this paper we review the capabilities of our experimental system, and hope to demonstrate the importance of live tissue imaging studies at the cellular level.
Development of a web-based executive functioning intervention for adolescents with epilepsy: The Epilepsy Journey.

Abstract Introduction Youth with epilepsy exhibit significant deficits in executive functioning (EF), yet there are few interventions to improve EF for adolescents. The aims of the current study were to develop an individually-tailored intervention, called Epilepsy Journey, to improve aspects of EF through an iterative, patient-centered process including focus groups and usability testing. Methods Five adolescents and caregivers participated in focus groups. This input was used to develop ten learning modules based on subscales of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions and key issues that may impact EF in adolescents. Six adolescents participated in usability testing and a usability expert conducted a heuristic evaluation. Demographic information, chart reviews and measures of EF were also completed. Results Focus group participants and their parents reported difficulties with memory, attention, organization, monitoring, initiation, impulsivity, emotional control, sleep, awareness in schools and managing stress. They also identified successful strategies to address memory and organizational difficulties. Usability testing of the resultant Epilepsy Journey modules revealed problems with navigation and identified features that promoted usability, including progress bars and interactive modules. Program modifications were made after each usability trial resulting in a relatively brief, interactive and readily navigable program. Perceived utility was high with all but one participant. Participants rated the content as helpful and indicated they would recommend Epilepsy Journey to others. Conclusions Feedback from the focus group and usability testing yielded a feasible, acceptable, relevant and user-friendly web-based intervention for adolescents with epilepsy. The Epilepsy Journey program will be further tested in an open pilot with adolescents with epilepsy and associated EF deficits.
To republish or not to republish: The “Je Suis Charlie” Mohammed cartoon and journalistic paradigms in a global context:

This article dealt with how media outlets in a selected number of countries handled the problem of the republication of Charlie Hebdo's controversial “Je Suis Charlie” Mohammed cartoon cover after ...
A new vaccine for tuberculosis in rhesus macaques.

In a recent study using cytomegalovirus (CMV)-vectored vaccines in rhesus macaques, prevention of tuberculosis in over 40% of vaccinated animals is shown and is attributed to reprogrammed innate immunity and CMV's maintenance of vaccine-elicited effector memory T cells.
Analyzing adverbs impact for sentiment analysis using hadoop

The research focuses on the impact of different types of adverbs and their all possible combinations that are used for sentiment classification using Hadoop to improve efficiency and scalability. We have analyzed the impact of Adverb forms, i.e., Adverb, General Adverbs, General Comparative Adverbs, Adverbs of time, Degree Adverbs, Degree Comparative Adverbs, Preposition Adverb, and Locative Adverbs for sentiment analysis. The experiments are performed using an annotated dataset of 58,258 office product reviews collected from Amazon. The findings of this work shows that General Comparative Adverbs and General Adverbs are important polarity bearing words for neutral opinions, similarly Locative Adverbs and Preposition Adverbs bear significant information for positive and negative opinions respectively.
Comparison of Calculated Ultrasonic Scattering with Experimental Observations in Welded Samples with Various Defects

The development of analytical computer models to predict ultrasonic scattering from individual, small flaws in components with complex geometries [1,2] has undergone considerable work. These models, known as the ultrasonic measurement model, are based on the Gauss-Hermite beam model [2] and account for the effects of diffraction and refraction of the ultrasonic beam, mode conversion at the water-solid interface and material attenuation. Potential uses include increasing confidence in obtaining a reasonable probability of detection of a critical flaw, assisting in developing a scan plan for a particular geometry and combination with a computer aided design package as an additional design aid.
Beyond Black Nationalism to Black Internationalism: The Compelling Case for Examining Black Educational Challenges Globally

With all the worldwide debates concerning the impact of globalization on every aspect of culture – from the environment to technology to the economy and education – it is astonishing that, around the world, black populations (broadly defined in this article as African descendents) remain underrepresented at every level of schooling. Thus a different perspective – utilizing a broader, cross disciplinary, and cross-boundaries approach – is necessary to make the case for moving from a Black Nationalist model to a black internationalist model to examine black educational challenges globally. For globalization to be successful for individual countries and countries collectively, different paradigms and players have to be a part of the research agenda and the agenda has to be expanded, particularly to address the educational challenges confronting black populations.
Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1) regulates arthritis severity and synovial fibroblast invasiveness by altering PDGFR and Rac1 signalling

Objectives While new treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have markedly improved disease control by targeting immune/inflammatory pathways, current treatments rarely induce remission, underscoring the need for therapies that target other aspects of the disease. Little is known about the regulation of disease severity and joint damage, which are major predictors of disease outcome, and might be better or complementary targets for therapy. In this study, we aimed to discover and characterise a new arthritis severity gene. Methods An unbiased and phenotype-driven strategy including studies of unique congenic rat strains was used to identify new arthritis severity and joint damage genes. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from rats and patients with RA expressing or not Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1) were studied for invasiveness, morphology and cell signalling. HIP1 knockout mice were used in in vivo confirmatory studies. Paired t-test was used. Results DNA sequencing and subcongenic strains studied in pristane-induced arthritis identified a new amino acid changing functional variant in HIP1. HIP1 was required for the increased invasiveness of FLS from arthritic rats and from patients with RA. Knocking down HIP1 expression reduced receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated responses in RA FLS, including RAC1 activation, affecting actin cytoskeleton and cell morphology and interfering with the formation of lamellipodia, consistent with reduced invasiveness. HIP1 knockout mice were protected in KRN serum-induced arthritis and developed milder disease. Conclusion HIP1 is a new arthritis severity gene and a potential novel prognostic biomarker and target for therapy in RA.
Correlates of the Built Environment and Active Travel: Evidence from 20 US Metropolitan Areas.

Background: Walking and bicycling are health-promoting and environmentally friendly alternatives to the automobile. Previous studies that explore correlates of active travel and the built environme...
Intrinsic lithium indium diselenide: Scintillation properties and defect states

Abstract A scintillating lithium indium diselenide (LISe) single crystal has recently been found to exhibit an eight-fold increase in its apparent light yield within 80 µm across the surface when excited by cold neutrons. The cause of this observation is currently unknown. In this paper, we report on our investigations to explain the previous observations of nonuniformity in scintillating LISe. Using a two-photon interband excitation instrument, we found that the lower and higher light yield regions “scintillate” at peak emission energies of 1.98 eV and 2.4 eV, respectively, and no region investigated exhibited both. Volumetric evaluation found a relatively uniform scintillation response in each region, verifying that the relatively flat spatial resolution of LISe substrates of varying thickness applied to neutron imaging is not from only near-surface scintillation mechanisms. Raman investigations indicate that the vibrational modes of the scintillating LISe substrate is somewhat different than that reported in literature, but no apparent difference between the two regions was observed. Using ToF-SIMS in each region, we found that the 1.98 eV emission region contains additional lithium, which is consistent with neutron absorption results. We suspect that the sharp transition in peak scintillation emission is due to a change in the charge state of Li-In antisites, but that the observed scintillation light yield and emission energy change is not directly correlated to crystal color. Qualitative comparison between the observed noise in the two-photon “scintillation” spectra indicates that the light yield between each region is not due to the quantum efficiency of the CCD used during cold neutron interrogation experiments, but an actual change in the light yield.
Cochlear Implantation for Single-Sided Deafness: A New Treatment Paradigm.

Unilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), also known as single sided deafness (SSD), is a problem that affects both children and adults, and can have severe and detrimental effects on multiple aspects of life including music appreciation, speech understanding in noise, speech and language acquisition, performance in the classroom and/or the workplace, and quality of life. Additionally, the loss of binaural hearing in SSD patients affects those processes that rely on two functional ears including sound localization, binaural squelch and summation, and the head shadow effect. Over the last decade, there has been increasing interest in cochlear implantation for SSD to restore binaural hearing. Early data are promising that cochlear implantation for SSD can help to restore binaural functionality, improve quality of life, and may faciliate reversal of neuroplasticity related to auditory deprivation in the pediatric population. Additionally, this new patient population has allowed researchers the opportunity to investigate the age-old question “what does a cochlear implant (CI) sound like?.”
Recurrence quantification analysis of complex-fractionated electrograms differentiates active and passive sites during atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVES To differentiate electrograms representing sites of active atrial fibrillation (AF) drivers from passive ones. BACKGROUND Ablation of complex-fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) is controversial due to difficulty in distinguishing CFAEs representing sites of active AF drivers from passive mechanisms. We hypothesized that active CFAE sites exhibit repetitive wavefront directionality, thereby inscribing an electrogram conformation (Egm-C) that is more recurrent compared with passive CFAE sites; and that can be differentiated from passive CFAEs using nonlinear recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). METHODS We developed multiple computer models of active CFAE mechanisms (ie, rotors) and passive CFAE mechanisms (ie, wavebreak, slow conduction, and double potentials). CFAE signals were converted into discrete time-series representing Egm-C. The RQA algorithm was used to compare signals derived from active CFAE sites to those from passive CFAEs sites. The RQA algorithm was then applied to human CFAE signals collected during AF ablation (n = 17 patients). RESULTS RQA was performed in silico on simulated bipolar CFAEs within active (n = 45) and passive (n = 60) areas. Recurrence of Egm-C was significantly higher in active compared with passive CFAE sites (31.8% ± 19.6% vs 0.3% ± 0.5%, respectively, P < .0001) despite no difference in mean cycle length (CL). Similarly, for human AF (n = 39 signals), Egm-C recurrence was higher in active vs passive CFAE areas despite similar CLs (%recurrence 13.6% ± 15.5% vs 0.1% ± 0.3%, P < .002; mean CL 102.5 ± 14.3 vs 106.6 ± 14.4, P = NS). CONCLUSION Active CFAEs critical to AF maintenance exhibit higher Egm-C recurrence and can be differentiated from passive bystander CFAE sites using RQA.
Book Review: The Codex Mexicanus: A Guide to Life in Late Sixteenth-Century New Spain, by Lori Boornazian Diel

The Codex Mexicanus: A Guide to Life in Late Sixteenth-Century New Spain , by Lori Boornazian Diel. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2018. 228 pp., 82 color, 35 black and white, 3 black and white charts/graphs. Paperback $55.00. Reviewed by Helen Burgos-Ellis. In the late Postclassic period (ca
“Weighting” to find the right person: compensatory trait integrating versus alternative models to assess mate value

Abstract An overall evaluation of potential relationship partners (mate value) is fundamental to numerous key lifetime decisions, but how people integrate the diverse component traits of mate value remains poorly understood. Three within-subjects studies (N = 190) contrast multiple models of mate value trait integration, including both compensatory and non-compensatory decision-making strategies. A weighted additive model outperformed equal weight and take-the-best strategies (Study 1), as well as an aspiration model, threshold model, Euclidean distance from ideal / realistic ideal models, and correlation to ideal / realistic ideal models (Studies 2 and 3). These results contrast with suggestions that mate value decisions should be non-compensatory or follow a Euclidean distance model. Correlational models are particularly poor fits to how people make mate choice decisions. The methodology developed here allows more sensitive assessments to reveal in finer detail the mental algorithms that guide this process. Further extensions can incorporate additional aspects of real-world assessments and mating decisions.
Soil moisture strongly limits Douglas-fir seedling establishment near its upper elevational limit in the southern Rocky Mountains

Climate change is causing significant shifts in tree species distributions to higher elevations and latitudes. Seed germination and seedling establishment are particularly important steps in tree r...
Integrating iPads into Team-Based Learning in the Pediatrics Clerkship: Do They Provide Any Value?

Background:Team-Based Learning (TBL) is an instructional strategy that embraces the concept of a flipped classroom. At our institution, the Clerkship in Pediatrics utilizes TBL sessions to deliver ...
The Things We Value

Our valuations help to drive our economic decisions and actions. This chapter examines these valuations, both in market settings and within society at large. We consider such topics as hotel pricing differences across country, whether a large oil discovery that will take years to reach market affects the current price of oil, and societal values regarding the treatment of disabled people. The chapter also examines why most modern restaurants require waiters and waitresses to enter orders into a computerized system rather than simply provide a written order to the kitchen. Lastly, we examine potential valuation-based explanations as to why nobody can read the handwriting of doctors (with the possible exception of pharmacists). Each example in the chapter is discussed in terms of what it reveals about the economic values held by individuals and groups.
Timing of Bisphosphonate Initiation After Fracture: What Does the Data Really Say?:

Introduction:Osteoporosis is often not clinically recognized until after a fracture occurs. Individuals who have 1 fracture are at increased risk of future fractures. Prompt initiation of osteoporo...