cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin and large-scale erosional features of glacial-lake spillways in the northern Great Plains.

Deglaciation of the northern Great Plains produced two basic types of fluvial systems: (1) depositional regimes produced by the action of glacial melt water that formed outwash plains and (2) highly erosive systems produced by the sudden, rapid drainage of glacial lakes that formed spillways. Spillways are huge, deeply incised trenches that display all of the characteristics of fluvial channels. Glacial lakes drained in weeks or months, and discharges of ∼10 5 m 3 /s were attained at bankfull stage. Seven spillway systems studied were formed as a consequence of the sudden, rapid draining of glacial lakes; many other large valleys in the mid-continent area and other glaciated regions were probably formed by the same process. Spillways consist of deeply incised inner channels commonly flanked by broad, scoured outer zones. Initial stages of flow produced shallow, anastomosing channels; continued erosion produced longitudinal grooves, streamlined erosional residuals, and surficial boulder-lag deposits. Inner channels developed by the enlargement of one or more centrally located longitudinal grooves. The development of erosional residuals was initiated by the incision of shallow anastomosing channels. The interchannel areas were progressively modified from irregular, quadrilateral, or elliptical shapes to an equilibrium, minimum-drag lemniscate shape as glacial-lake drainage proceeded. Correlations between length and width, length and area, width and area, and length/width ratio and k (a shape parameter of the lemniscate loop) are very high for all erosional residuals studied, although only ∼20% of the residuals display an equilibrium lemniscate shape. Stable relationships between length, width, and area of erosional residuals are therefore established very early and are maintained throughout the erosional modification to the lemniscate shape. The only shape factor tested which can be used to quantitatively differentiate lemniscate from nonlemniscate erosional residuals is the position of maximum width, as measured by the ratio of the length from the lee to the point of maximum width to the total length, Xm/L . The mean Xm/L ratio for erosional residuals in a spillway segment is an indication of the relative duration of flood flows that produced the spillway.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE ATTACHED ALGAE OF FRESHWATER AND SALINE LAKES IN THE LOWER GRAND COULEE, WASHINGTON1

A two year investigation of two freshwater alkaline lakes and two saline lakes in the Lower Grand Coulee has provided a quantitative and qualitative record of many of the seasonal changes occurring in the non-planktonic algae. A glass plate method satisfactorily recorded quantitative changes in the attached algae. The plates (28 by 28 cm) were submerged for 2 to 4 weeks at various depths. Dry weight and ash-free dry weight of the predominantly algal attachment materials on plates were determined, and the ash-free weight was expressed as a production rate. The ash from freshwater lakes was composed normally of intact diatom frustules. The ash from saline lakes was also diatomaceous, but the weakly silicified frustules were deformed during ashing. Proportional counts of the various species in freshwater lakes were made using the ash. The evaluation of relative dominance was based on the mathematical product of the cell count and a calculated volume factor for each species. The glass-plate production technique was examined at some length and it was concluded that a e-week submergence period was most satisfactory, that glass was not unduly selective, that a horizontal position was satisfactory, and that the method was best suited to the freshwater lakes. In freshwater lakes ( 200450 ppm T.D.S. ) results clearly show a bimodal production curve with the peak generally higher in the spring than in the fall. Lowest production invariably occurred in late summer. High production values in the spring were commonly near or above 500 mg/m”/day. Comparison of the results of two years shows sizable differences in total production at comparable times of year, but the seasonal distribution of species followed the same general pattern both years. Cymbella affinis, C. cistula, C. mexicana, Diatoma elongatum, Fragiluria uaucheriae, Gomphonema eriense, Nitxchia spp., Synedra acus, and S. ulna were characteristic spring dominants in the freshwater lakes. These diatoms were replaced in summer mainly by Epithemia sorex, E. turgida, and Rhopalodia gibba. A few “spring” species were common in one lake in summer but only at greater depths. The
Hippocampal volume reduction in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is associated with cognitive impairment.

Previous investigations of individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS22q11.2) have reported alterations in both brain anatomy and cognitive function. Neuroanatomical studies have reported multiple abnormalities including changes in both gray and white matter in the temporal lobe, including the amygdala and hippocampus. Separate investigations of cognitive abilities have established the prevalence of general intellectual impairment, although the actual extent to which a single individual is affected varies greatly within the population. The present study was designed to examine structures within the temporal lobe and assess their functional significance in terms of cognition in children with DS22q11.2. A total of 72 children (ages 7–14 years) participated in the investigation: 36 children (19 female, 17 male) tested FISH positive for chromosome 22q11.2 deletion (Mean age = 10 years 9 months, ± 2 yr 4 mo) and 36 were age-matched typically developing controls (13 female, 23 male; Mean age = 10 years 6 months, ± 1 yr 11 mo). For each subject, a three-dimensional high-resolution (1 mm isotropic) T1-weighted structural MRI was acquired. Neuroanatomical guidelines were used to define borders of the amygdala and hippocampus bilaterally and volumes were calculated based on manual tracings of the regions. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) was also administered. Volumetric reductions in total gray matter, white matter, and both the amygdala and hippocampus bilaterally were observed in children with DS22q11.2. Reductions in the left hippocampus were disproportionate to decreases in gray matter after statistically controlling for group differences in total gray matter, age, and data collection site. This specific reduction in hippocampal volume was significantly correlated with performance on standardized measures of intelligence, whereas the other neuroanatomical measures were not (gray/white matter, CSF, and amygdala). Results from this study not only contribute to the understanding of the neuroanatomical variation in DS22q11.2, but also provide insight into the nature and source of the cognitive impairments associated with the syndrome. Specifically, we report that decreases in hippocampal volume may serve as an index of severity for cognitive impairments in children with DS22q11.2.
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels: Regulation by Accessory Subunits

Voltage-gated potassium channels regulate cell membrane potential and excitability in neurons and other cell types. A precise control of neuronal action potential patterns underlies the basic functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. This control relies on the adaptability of potassium channel activities. The functional diversity of potassium currents, however, far exceeds the considerable molecular diversity of this class of genes. Potassium current diversity contributes to the specificity of neuronal firing patterns and may be achieved by regulated transcription, RNA splicing, and posttranslational modifications. Another mechanism for regulation of potassium channel activity is through association with interacting proteins and accessory subunits. Here the authors highlight recent work that addresses this growing area of exploration and discuss areas of future investigation.
Tectonic controls on fault zone flow pathways in the Rio Grande rift, New Mexico, USA

We assessed tectonic controls on the spatial and temporal distribution of fault zone flow pathways in the Rio Grande rift (New Mexico, USA) by using fault zone calcite cements as a geochemical record of syntectonic fluid flow. Cement δ 18 O, δ 13 C, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values indicate that older, large-displacement master and basin-margin faults were cemented by more isotopically evolved basinal brines than younger intrabasin faults. These data suggest that diagenetic fluids in basin-bounding faults equilibrated predominantly with downdip Paleozoic carbonates. In contrast, intrabasin faults transmitted fluids from shallow stratigraphic sources. This pattern of flow pathways is linked to the systematic distribution of sediments and faults that record rift evolution, which dictated spatial and temporal variations in fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Our results indicate that the depths from which fluids can be transported in active rift basins ultimately depend on both tectonically mediated variations in the grain size of syntectonic sediments entrained in fault damage zones and fault displacement magnitude.
Evidence from Multiple Species that Spider Silk Glue Component ASG2 is a Spidroin

Spiders in the superfamily Araneoidea produce viscous glue from aggregate silk glands. Aggregate glue coats prey-capture threads and hampers the escape of prey from webs, thereby increasing the foraging success of spiders. cDNAs for Aggregate Spider Glue 1 (ASG1) and 2 (ASG2) have been previously described from the golden orb-weaver, Nephila clavipes, and Western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus. To further investigate aggregate glues, we assembled ASG1 and ASG2 from genomic target capture libraries constructed from three species of cob-web weavers and three species of orb-web weavers, all araneoids. We show that ASG1 is unlikely to be a glue, but rather is part of a widespread arthropod gene family, the peritrophic matrix proteins. For ASG2, we demonstrate its remarkable architectural and sequence similarities to spider silk fibroins, indicating that ASG2 is a member of the spidroin gene family. Thus, spidroins have diversified into glues in addition to task-specific, high performance fibers.
ACCION Poverty Outreach Findings & Analysis: BancoSol, Bolivia

This report presents ACCION's findings regarding the poverty levels of microfinance clients at BancoSol, Bolivia. The third in a series of poverty analyses, the authors analyze client expenditure data to evaluate client poverty levels relative to national and international poverty lines. The study also identifies indicators that can be used as proxies for poverty, and compares the data collected during credit evaluations to data collected through a more detailed household survey for the same client population. Finally, a system is presented that makes use of credit evaluation data to automatically generate reports on outreach and client performance by poverty level. Such a system enables BancoSol to gain improved understanding of how their client base is changing over time and to develop products and policies to better serve poorer clients.
The Balance of Power Heritage of “Interdependence”and “Traditionalism”

The debt that the “interdependence” analysis of and prescription for contemporary international relations owes to the “traditionalist” position is more substantial than frequently acknowledged. Correlatively, elements of the traditionalist critique of the interdependence image are overdrawn and underestimate the overlap of interdependence and traditional balance of power analysis. The linkages are especially important regarding the necessary conditions for the establishment of a stable international order, as well as the modalities and objectives of international management. Important differences persist, however, concerning the perspectives' views of the opportunities for system transformation.
Sexing Southwestern Pine Tip Moth Pupae, Rhyacionia neomexicana (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

The SW pine tip moth, Rhyacionia neomexicana (Dyar), is an economically important pest of ponderosa pine, Pimis ponderosa Laws., in the SW. Larvae feed in the new, expanding shoots of both natural and plantation pine seedlings. In heavily infested areas, young trees may be attacked the same year they are planted. Repeated killing of the terminal and lateral shoots deforms the main stem and reduces height growth.
Illegality as a Source of Solidarity and Tension in Latino Families

Despite the common assumption that immigration laws target only undocumented immigrants, “illegality” intimately and deeply impacts a larger proportion of immigrants and Latinos. Based on in-depth interviews and participant observation with documented and undocumented Latino immigrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico in Los Angeles over a 10-year period (2001–2010), this article examines how illegality encompasses all members of a family, even when only one person or a few people are categorized as undocumented or only temporarily protected. Illegality can create tension for people whose disadvantages are heightened by structural limitations related to immigration laws. From children's sense of abandonment by parents, to siblings' heightened rivalries, and resentments between spouses, illegality shapes families' interactions and well-being. On the other hand, with extensive social networks and in a social context that provides some a sense of safety, families can try to reframe illegality to exper...
Effect of Cultivar Mixture on Growth and Developoment of Soybean Inoculated with Soybean Cyst Nematode

Soybean varieties mixture was used in this paper to control soybean cyst nematode(SCN),the SCN resistant cv.Kangxian No.4 and susceptible cv.Heinong 35 were the experimental materials.The aim was to find the effect of cultivar mixture and inoculation SCN on growth of soybean and roots lixivium of Kangxian-4 on growth of Heinong 35.SCN inoculation decreased plant height,length of taproot and number of branch root for both Kangxian No.4 and Heinong 35,and the harm degree of Heinong 35 was severe.Cultivar mixed planting could alleviate the harm of SCN,compared with Heinong 35 inoculation treatment,the plant height,fresh weight and taproot length increased by 16.9%,11.4%,11.9% and 22.2%,respectively;while cultivar mixed planting increased main root length by 9.3% compared with Kangxian No.4 inoculation treatment.Root leach liquor of Kangxian No.4 increased the tested indexes of Heinong 35 by 0.1%-8.4% and 9.7%-39.4% for without and with SCN inoculation treatment,suggesting the interaction of roots lixivium could inhibit the harm of SCN and promote the growth of SCN susceptible soybeans.
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, electron transfer flavoprotein and electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase

Ititrodiictioti Enzymic oxidation of acyl-CoA substrates to tratis-2,3enoyl-CoA thiolesters is a common reaction in the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids and lysine. These oxidations are catalysed by six flavoprotein dehydrogenases localized in the mitochondria1 matrix. Electron transfer from the dehydrogenases to the ubiquinone pool is mediated by electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF ) and electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO, also referred to as ETF dehydrogenase). ETF is also the electron acceptor for the Nmethyl dehydrogenases, dimethylglycine and sarcosine dehydrogenases. Thus, this electron transfer pathway is also significant in one-carbon metabolism (Wittwer & Wagner, 198 1). The fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, ETF and ETF-QO, were initially described by Helmut Beinert and his co-workers (Beinert, 1963a, h; Ruzicka & Beinert, 1977). The foundations laid in Beinert’s laboratory have supported the recent advances in this system. Over the last several years, progress in this system has led to descriptions of the chemical mechanism of the primary flavoprotein dehydrogendses, characterizations of the electron transfer steps and chemistry of the interactions between the proteins, crystallographic description of the general acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (GAD) and, most recently, to cloning of the GAD gene and determination of its chromosomal location. These basic investigations have, in turn, permitted advances in the understanding of metabolic diseases in which these proteins are defective (Frerman & Goodman, 1985; Hale et al., 1985; lkeda et al., 1986). Structural aspects Mammalian acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are homotetramers containing one equivalent of FAD per subunit (Ikeda & Tanaka, 1983; Lenich & Goodman, 1986; Finoc
Study in Precision-control Precept of Feed-orientation with High-speed Cutting

Servo-feed is one of the key technologies in the high-speed cutting system.In order to realize high-feeding,the parameters must be set rationally to monish the orientation error,at the same time the system has high orientation precision,Which has abroad meaning in the theory and realism study.The influencing factors of high-feeding orientation precision are analyzed,and the control precept of high-speed servo-feeding system is studied.A fuzzy-PID controller which has simple configuration is designed.On the base of conventional PID control,The controller uses fuzzy logic between PID parameters and the controller's input: the error and its derivative,and realizes the on line self-adjustment of PID parameters.It proves the controlling precision and quickens the responding speed.Through modeling and simulating,low overflow,well stabilization and high controlling precision can be gained,which can reduce the influencing of friction and reverse clearance effectively.
Gastroschisis and maternal intake of phytoestrogens

The prevalence of gastroschisis has increased significantly in the past few decades. The strongest risks have been observed for women <25 years old or of low body mass index, and maternal diet also been proposed to be associated with risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the risk of gastroschisis is associated with maternal dietary intake of phytoestrogens. The analysis includes data on mothers of 409 gastroschisis cases and 3,007 controls who delivered their infants from 2005 to 2010 and participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multistate, population-based, case-control study. Detailed information was obtained from maternal telephone interviews that included a validated food frequency questionnaire. We conducted logistic regression analyses that included each phytoestrogen in its continuous form (to test for linearity) and quadratic form (to test for non-linearity), adjusted for maternal energy intake, age, BMI, race-ethnicity, and smoking in 1st trimester. Logistic regression analysis indicated that biochanin A, formonoetin, and coumestrol had a significant non-linear association with gastroschisis (P-value <0.05 for quadratic term). Lower intakes were associated with increased risk, with somewhat stronger but relatively modest associations at the lower end of the distribution; for example, the ORs for the 10th versus 50th percentiles ranged from 1.1 to 1.2. Associations were not significant for the other phytoestrogens. This study provides some evidence for association with certain phytoestrogens, after adjusting for covariates. The implications of our findings for clinical practice are uncertain pending other studies examining this association. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of clinical criteria of coronary artery recanalization in acute myocardial infarction

Clinical features of recanalization of infarct-related coronary artery during thrombolytic therapy or emergency PTCA and their correlation with immediate coronary angiography were analysed in 23 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to evaluate the predictive value of clinical criteria of reperfusion. The coronary angiography was performed before treatment and every 15 to 30 minutes during intravenous (rt-PA) or intracoronary (UK or SK) thrombolysis. Reperfusion was achieved in 16 cases by thrombolysis and in 4 cases by PTCA. The results revealed that in patients with reperfusion chest pain was relieved rapidly at least 70% in a period of 30 minutes, the ST segments fell by 50% or more from their elevated levels during a period of 30 minutes. Transient "paradoxical" increase of ST segment elevation followed by rapid falling was observed in 4 patients. This phenomenon was considered as a reliable marker of reperfusion. The changes in cardiac rhythm and conduction were noticed in 90% of the patients with reperfusion, among them accelerated idioventricular rhythm and disappearance of new-onset AVB and intraventricular conduction defects were useful bedside evidences of reperfusion, and transient significant sinus bradycardia or AVB with or without transient hypotension were useful markers of reperfusion in inferior myocardial infarction. When these clinical criteria were separately used as predictor of infarct-related coronary artery recanalization, the specificity was about 70% to 80%. Using the presence of all 3 criteria, the specificity and predictive value increased to 100% and the sensitivity was 70.6%. The time interval between onset of symptoms and peak CK and CK-MB were significantly shorter in patients with reperfusion than in those without persistent reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
M Protein and Other Surface Proteins on Streptococci

Molecules on the surface of S. pyogenes range from a complex coiled coil modular structure, like the M protein, to conventional globular proteins and polysaccharides. All of the molecules on the bacterial surface have specifically evolved to enable survival in its human environment like the throat, blood, or skin. In particular, the M protein molecule has been finely tuned to allow the streptococcus to persist in infected tissues while skillfully avoiding human immune cells. As the first molecule on S. pyogenes to be completely sequenced, it is considered the archetypical surface molecule for these organisms and other Gram-positive bacteria; and as a result, in this chapter, it will be used as a comparator for the other surface proteins on streptococci.
Case 1: A Hypotonic Newborn

The patient is a full-term male infant and fourth child of nonconsanguinous parents. He was conceived naturally and his mother was well throughout the pregnancy. An amniocentesis performed at 17 weeks’ gestation showed normal chromosomes: 46,XY. Late-onset growth restriction occurred from 32 weeks of gestation and was symmetrical, with all parameters at the 10th percentile. No fetal anomalies were detected in antenatal scans. The infant was delivered vaginally at 38 weeks’ gestation. He was vigorous at birth with good Apgar scores and a birthweight of 2.365 kg. At 4 hours, the infant was reported to be hypotonic, lethargic, and sucking poorly. He was quiet and had a weak cry, with minimal grimacing to painful stimulus. He had limited peripheral movements, both proximal and distal, with frog leg posturing of his lower limbs and marked head lag. His muscle bulk was preserved and no muscle fasciculations were seen. Deep tendon reflexes were normal. He had a poor suck and rooting reflex. His pupils were normal and reactive …
Entropy and Phase Space Density at RHIC

Spectra and correlations from RHIC are analyzed to determine the phase space density and total entropy. The phase space density for pions is higher and the entropy is thus lower than some expectations, but there seems to be enough entropy carried by other species, especially baryons, to roughly match the total entropy expected from lattice gauge calculations.
Risk of hospitalisation after primary treatment for prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE To compare the risk of hospitalisation and associated costs in patients after treatment for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 29 571 patients aged 66-75 years without significant comorbidity from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database who were diagnosed with localised prostate cancer between 2004 and 2009. We compared the rates of all-cause and treatment-related hospitalisation that occurred within 365 days of the initiation of definitive therapy. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify determinants associated with hospitalisation. RESULTS Men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) rather than radiotherapy (RT) had lower odds of being hospitalised for any cause after therapy [odds ratio (OR) 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-0.87]. Patients who underwent RP rather than RT had higher odds of being hospitalised for treatment-related complications (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03-1.29). However, men who underwent external beam RT (EBRT)/intensity modulated RT (IMRT) (OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.99) had a 16% lower odds of hospitalisation from treatment-related complications than patients undergoing RP. Using propensity score-weighted analyses there was no significant difference in the odds of hospitalisation from treatment-related complications for men who underwent RP vs RT (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.92-1.21). Patients hospitalised for treatment-related complications after RT were costlier than patients who underwent RP (Mean $18 381 vs $13 203, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS With the exception of men who underwent EBRT/IMRT, there was no statistically significant difference in the odds of hospitalisation from treatment-related complications. Costs from hospitalisation after treatment were significantly higher for men undergoing RT than RP. Our findings are relevant in the context of penalties linked to hospital readmissions and bundled payment models.
Is Obesity Associated with Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma?

Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition portending increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Given the significant morbidity and mortality of esophageal adenocarcinoma, identification of risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma is crucial. There are a plethora of studies investigating the relationship of obesity with these pathologies. Recent studies reveal that this relationship may specifically be with central adiposity. Increased cell turnover and eventual carcinogenesis is likely precipitated by increased intragastric pressure but also is affected by the complex interplay of increased insulin resistance in patients with increased fat tissue. Further studies are warranted to evaluate if weight loss can decrease progression of Barrett's esophagus.
Trace metal diagenesis in sulfidic sediments: Insights from Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Sediments were recovered from the mid-bay portion of the Chesapeake Bay when bottom water conditions were sulfidic. Metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Ba, V, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Mo, U, and Re) were determined in both pore waters and solid phase samples, which were determined using total and nitric acid digestion (EPA 3051a) methods. V, Cr, and Ni were preferentially retained in pore waters even under sulfidic conditions that would normally result in authigenic accumulation, likely due to complexation with dissolved organic matter (DOM). Mo was efficiently removed from pore waters in the zone in which FeS phases and polysufides are available. Re was not delivered to the sediments through the Mn/Fe shuttle, so that its diffusive flux into sediments solely depends on the extent of reducing conditions. A non-steady state oxygenation event was recorded in the solid phase, with coincident solid phase enrichments in Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu and Co. Deeper enrichments in U and Mo likely reflect remobilization from the relict Fe and Mn peaks, downward diffusion into more reducing conditions, and subsequent immobilization. The absence of peaks in solid phase Re, Cr and Cd was indicative of their lack of association with Mn and Fe oxides and/or resistance of their respective authigenic phases to oxidation on these seasonal to yearly timescales. Relative changes within the solid phase profiles were captured using the acid digestion method for Fe, Ni and Co, and acid digestion concentrations were within 90% of the total concentration for Mn and Cu. The presence of excess pore water sulfide may have promoted the removal of trace metals from the detrital fraction resulting in the formation of authigenic sulfides that might become mobile during oxygenation events.
The OptIPuter

This architecture/infrastructure of parallel optical networks couples data exploration, visualization, and collaboration technologies through IP at multi-gigabit speeds.
The Effectiveness of Remediation Type in Promoting Student Success on Standardized Test Scores in a Traditional BSN Program

Many nursing schools have adopted the practice of utilizing standardized predictor exams as a method to prepare students for the licensure exam upon completion of the program. These predictor exams serve as a tool for the nursing program to predict student success or failure, which guides nurse educators as they work with the students on identified areas of remediation to increase the students’ chance at success on their licensure exam. As students work through the different components of the specific testing company, suggested remediation is developed based on the students’ testing results. This creates an individualized plan that focuses on identified weakness with the intention to better prepare the student as they work toward program completion. While remediation is commonly understood to be necessary to improve student success, a gap in the evidence to support the effectiveness of specific types of remediation for educators has been identified. The purpose of this non-experimental comparative project using retrospective data was to look at the impact of remediation type on student success in the area of standardized testing. Using the Mann-Whitney U test for data analysis, the faculty-facilitated remediation strategy was shown to be an appropriate method to help increase final predictor exam scores for students in a traditional baccalaureate nursing program.
Dairy, Yogurt, and Cardiovascular Health

Abstract Dairy products have been implicated in overall metabolic health, and epidemiological data suggests an inverse relationship between chronic disease and dairy intake. Yogurt consumption specifically has been shown to exert protective effects against heart disease and diabetes. Dairy and yogurt have also been shown to contribute to healthy bones, gastrointestinal and oral health, and weight maintenance. This book chapter will focus on the evidence derived from population studies and randomized clinical trials, on the beneficial effects of dairy with an emphasis on yogurt on dyslipidemias, hypertension, oxidative stress, and inflammation as they relate to obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular health, and insulin resistance. Information from animal and cell studies on the mechanistic effects of the components of dairy/yogurt on specific metabolic pathways, which lead to blood pressure control, maintenance of healthy weight, insulin sensitivity, and a healthy lipoprotein profile will also be discussed.
Recent Advances in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PARDS)

The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature on pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). This review will focus on, but not be limited to, literature using the recent definition of PARDS established by the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) group in 2015. Mortality rates for PARDS have recently decreased to 10–15%. Clinical trials in PARDS have (1) emphasized the relative importance of early oxygenation in predicting mortality; (2) suggested a role for protocolized sedation in patients managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); (3) found no mortality benefit to high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), exogenous surfactant, or corticosteroids; and (4) suggested biomarkers and whole exome sequencing as methods for personalizing management. Recent laboratory studies have suggested differences in responsiveness to high tidal volume injury in juvenile rodents. The near future of PARDS management could include earlier risk stratification of patients by (1) oxygenation within 24 h of PARDS diagnosis and (2) use of biomarkers and subphenotypes. Despite challenges in performing clinical trials in children, the PALICC definition presents an opportunity to explore these and more research questions in PARDS separately from adult cohorts.
Immunotoxin and paclitaxel synergy results from a decrease in shed target antigen levels in the extracellular space of tumors

2552 Background: Immunotoxins are chimeric proteins designed to kill cancer cells and are composed of an antibody fragment linked to a portion of a toxin. Immuotoxins have been shown to be very active in hematological malignancies but much less active in solid tumor (Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Jul;6(7):559-65). To improve their therapeutic efficacy, we treated A431/K5 tumor xenografts with immunotoxin SS1P that targets mesothelin in combination with paclitaxel, cisplatin or cyclophosphamide and observed synergy with all these combinations. Purpose: To investigate the mechanism of synergy. Experimental Design: To determine if chemotherapy sensitivity is required for synergy we compared a pair of paclitaxel-sensitive and paclitaxel-resistant KB tumors equally sensitive to immunotoxins SS1P and HB21(Fv)PE40 (targets transferrin receptor). Combinations of paclitaxel with SS1P or paclitaxel with HB21(Fv)PE40 were tested. Because both mesothelin and transferrin receptor are known to be shed into the blood, we measured their concentrations within tumors and in the blood as a function of tumor size using nylon mesh basket method (Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Jan; 284(1):H416-24). We also measured the effect of paclitaxel treatment on levels of soluble mesothelin and transferrin receptor in tumor ECF and serum by ELISA. Results: The combination of paclitaxel and immunotoxin was synergistic producing long-lasting remissions on KB tumors with either of the immunotoxins (P
Working with Family and Significant Others

This chapter discusses the impact of addiction on family members and concerned significant others (CSO). It addresses the myths about families and addiction. Outcomes are significantly improved by involving a CSO. Practical applications of family based-interventions are reviewed.
Neuropsychological and Neuroanatomic Aspects of Complex Motor Control

The different roles of the right and left hemispheres have been of great interest to investigators examining the organization and control of voluntary movements. Although the role of the left hemisphere traditionally has been emphasized (Liepmann, 1913), more recent studies provide some evidence for special right hemisphere competencies (Watson, Fleet, Gonzalez-Rothi, and Heilman, 1986). Just as the appreciation of the right hemisphere’s independent role in language (Perecman, 1983) has improved our understanding of language processing and its neural correlates, differentiation of the individual and coordinated roles of the two hemispheres in the control of voluntary movement should improve our understanding of movement control. In addition, very little is known about how different parts of each hemisphere control movement. Early theories placed equal emphasis on the roles of frontal and parietal areas (Liepmann, 1913; Geschwind, 1965), but more recent data have suggested that the parietal lobe is particularly important (Heilman & Gonzalez-Rothi, 1985; DeRenzi, Faglioni, Lodesoni, & Vecchi, 1983), at least with regard to limb praxis and hand posturing.
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor: structure and function in health and disease.

Des etudes biochimiques, pharmacologiques et moleculaires ont montre in vitro que le recepteur peripherique des benzodiazepines (PBR) est une proteine mitochondriale impliquee dans la regulation du transport du cholesterol de la membrane externe a la membrane interne mitochondriale, etape limitante de la biosynthese des steroides. In vivo, le role du PBR dans la steroidogenese a ete valide sur des modeles animaux et par des etudes d'ontogenie. La destruction ciblee du gene du PBR dans les cellules de Leydig provoque l'arret du transport du cholesterol dans les mitochondries et de la formation des steroides. La modelisation moleculaire du PBR suggere qu'il peut fonctionner comme un canal pour le cholesterol. En effet, la capture du cholesterol et son transport par les cellules bacteriennes sont induits par l'expression du PBR. Deletion d'acides amines et mutagenese dirigee ont permis d'identifier une sequence d'acides amines consensus de reconnaissance et d'interaction du cholesterol, dans la partie carboxy terminale cytoplasmique du recepteur. La reconstitution in vitro du PBR, proteine de 18 kDa, montre qu'il lie avec une haute affinite des medicaments et le cholesterol, ce qui suggere que cette proteine pourrait avoir de nombreuses fonctions compte tenu du role critique du cholesterol dans la biogenese des membranes et en pathologie humaine. Dans ce contexte, l'expression du PBR est correlee a la bonne qualite de la conservation du rein. Elle pourrait donc servir d'index de viabilite mitochondriale et du rein pendant l'agression de l'ischemie-reperfusion. La surexpression du PBR semble aussi etre un indicateur pronostique du phenotype agressif de divers cancers (sein, colorectum et prostate). De plus, dans les prelevements de cerveau de sujets atteints de la maladie d'Alzheimer, les concentrations de PBR et la synthese des neurosteroides sont parallelement augmentees dans des zones cerebrales specifiques. Le role que peut jouer le PBR dans ces conditions pathologiques reste a determiner.
Precursors to C60 fullerene formation.

It is shown that the free energy of ${\mathrm{C}}_{20}$ clusters favors a transformation from a closed cage (fullerene) structure at low temperatures to a more open corrannulene structure and then to a ring structure as the temperature is increased. The corrannulene structure can be thought of as a fragment of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and is an efficient precursor to its formation. These results are applicable to other carbon clusters of similar sizes and are consistent with the experimental findings that high temperatures are necessary for the formation of substantial quantities of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$.
Foreground biases on primordial non-Gaussianity measurements from the CMB temperature bispectrum: Implications for Planck and beyond

The cosmic microwave background temperature bispectrum is currently the most precise tool for constraining non-Gaussianity (NG) in the primordial curvature perturbations. The Planck temperature data tightly constrain the amplitude of local-type NG: ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{loc}}=2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.7$. In this paper, we compute previously neglected foreground biases in temperature-based ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{loc}}$ measurements. We consider signals from the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect, gravitational lensing, the thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects, and the cosmic infrared background. In standard analyses, a significant foreground bias arising from the ISW-lensing bispectrum is subtracted from the ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{loc}}$ measurement. However, a number of other terms sourced by the ISW, lensing, thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects, and cosmic infrared background fields are also present in the temperature bispectrum. We compute the dominant biases on ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{loc}}$ arising from these signals, focusing on ``squeezed'' bispectrum shapes. Most of the biases are nonblackbody in nature, and are thus reduced by multifrequency component separation methods; however, recent analyses have found that extragalactic foregrounds are present at non-negligible levels in the Planck component-separated maps. Moreover, the Planck FFP8 simulations do not include the correlations amongst components that are responsible for these biases. We compute the biases for individual Planck frequencies, finding that some are comparable to the statistical error bar on ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{loc}}$, even for the main cosmic microwave background channels (100, 143, and 217 GHz). For future experiments, they can greatly exceed the statistical error bar (considering temperature data only). Alternatively, the foreground contributions can be marginalized over, but without strong priors this leads to a non-negligible increase in the error bar on ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathrm{loc}}$. A full assessment for Planck and other experiments will require calculations in tandem with component separation, ideally using simulations. We also compute these biases for equilateral and orthogonal NG, finding large effects for the latter. Similar calculations must be performed for trispectrum NG. We conclude that the search for primordial NG using Planck data may not yet be over.
Elicitation as a Multilayered Process: An Experiment in Reciprocal Peer Interviewing

This article describes a novel approach to reciprocal peer interviewing in which participants interview one another sequentially, allowing each the space of a full interview to articulate her exper...
Radium in hydraulic fracturing wastewater: distribution in suspended solids and implications to its treatment by sulfate co-precipitation.

High concentrations of barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) and radium (Ra) are present in both the liquid and suspended solid portions of wastewater produced from hydraulic fracturing. These high concentrations often require special treatment in which the solid and liquid portions are separated and then independently treated prior to disposal. The solids are typically disposed in landfills while the liquids are further treated, recycled for future hydraulic fracturing, or disposed via injection wells. Finding optimal treatment methods of both the solid and the liquid fractions requires a thorough understanding of potential Ra mobility from both the raw suspended solids and mineral precipitates formed during treatment. Using a sequential extraction procedure, we found that, without treatment, more than 50% of Ra-226 in the suspended solids was associated with soluble salts and readily exchangeable fractions. When the liquid portion of the wastewater was treated by mixing with acid mine drainage (AMD), which contained high sulfate concentrations, approximately 80–97% of the total Ra-226 in the mixture solution is found in the insoluble sulfate fraction of the precipitate. The activity of Ra-226 sequestered in the precipitated solid sulfate fractions is positively correlated with the Sr/Ba ratio of the wastewater-AMD solution. We discuss implications of these findings for effective long-term management of elevated radium in both solid and liquid wastes.
The Impact of Milton Friedman on Modern Monetary Economics: Setting the Record Straight on Paul Krugman's

Paul Krugman's essay "Who Was Milton Friedman?" seriously mischaracterizes Friedman's economics and his legacy. In this paper we provide a rejoinder to Krugman on these issues. In the course of setting the record straight, we provide a self-contained guide to Milton Friedman's impact on modern monetary economics and on today's central banks. We also refute the conclusions that Krugman draws about monetary policy from the experiences of the United States in the 1930s and of Japan in the 1990s.
The Study of Human Aggression

Since the time of Pavlov, scientists have attempted to replicate emotional illness in man with animal models. In the area of aggression, most researchers are familiar with experimental paradigms of isolation, footshock, and septal-lesion induced aggression in rats and muricidal rats. Animal models utilizing fighting fish or certain brain preparations of other animals have been described as means of studying aggression. All these analogs of aggression have provided valuable data in the field of pharmacology and neurophysiology. Parallels have been drawn between septal-induced aggression in animals and humans with certain forms of brain dysfunction. Here, the neurophysiology may be similar, but it is now well known that there are distinct and remarkable behavioral differences between such species as cats, dogs, rats, and men with regard to the psychological effects obtained from lesions and stimulations of the same cortical areas. Analogies have been drawn between footshock or isolation-induced aggression in rats and hyperirritable states in humans ranging from hyperkinetic syndromes to the hypervigilant states accompanying paranoid or paranoid psychotic states.
Enticing the Target: Tactics That Fabricate Trust and Reduce Suspicion

Once the targets have passed the selection stage, the aggressors may take steps to prepare for potential attacks. They expect that their targets may attempt to keep a safe distance when strangers or little-known acquaintances suddenly approach them. For the attack to be successful, the aggressors need to draw their targets close to them or keep them at a striking distance. Initially, they may employ subtle tactics that entice their targets by building a rapport with them or attempting to minimize their concerns. Many aggressors believe that people just need a good reason to discount uneasy feelings. They count on their targets feeling guilty about forming negative judgments of others. Some common tactics that are used to build trust and minimize suspicion are using charm, creating goodwill, fabricating relationships, doing small favors, offering unsolicited promises, minimizing risks, or appealing to the targets’ egos.
The Effect of Reduced Drug Copayments on Adherence to Oral Diabetes Medications Among Childless Adults in Wisconsin Medicaid.

BACKGROUND: Medication adherence is an indicator of the quality of drug use, which is associated with better health outcomes and reduced health care expenditures. Drug cost sharing can be a barrier...
Othermothering: Exploring African American Graduate Students’ Decision to Pursue the Doctorate

The faculty-student relationship is one of the most influential relationships in a college student’s life. This is especially true for African American students. However, African American students ...
A two-step method for identifying photopigment opsin and rhodopsin gene sequences underlying human color vision phenotypes

Author(s): Atilano, Shari R; Kenney, M Cristina; Briscoe, Adriana D; Jameson, Kimberly A | Abstract: PurposeTo present a detailed, reliable long range-PCR and sequencing (LR-PCR-Seq) procedure to identify human opsin gene sequences for variations in the long wavelength-sensitive (OPN1LW), medium wavelength-sensitive (OPN1MW), short wavelength-sensitive (OPN1SW), and rhodopsin (RHO) genes.MethodsColor vision was assessed for nine subjects using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test, Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates, and the Rabin cone-contrast threshold procedure (ColorDX, Konan Medical). The color vision phenotypes were normal trichromacy (n = 3), potential tetrachromacy (n = 3), dichromacy (n = 2), and unexplained low color vision (n = 1). DNA was isolated from blood or saliva and LR-PCR amplified into individual products: OPN1LW (4,045 bp), OPN1MW (4,045 bp), OPN1SW (3,326 bp), and RHO (6,715 bp). Each product was sequenced using specific internal primer sets. Analysis was performed with Mutation Surveyor software.ResultsThe LR-PCR-Seq technique identified known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in OPN1LW and OPN1MW gene codons (180, 230, 233, 277, and 285), as well as those for lesser studied codons (174, 178, 236, 274, 279, 298 and 309) in the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes. Additionally, six SNP variants in the OPN1MW and OPN1LW genes not previously reported in the NCBI dbSNP database were identified. An unreported poly-T region within intron 5(c.36+126) of the rhodopsin gene was also found, and analysis showed it to be highly conserved in mammalian species.ConclusionsThis LR-PCR-Seq procedure (single PCR reaction per gene followed by sequencing) can identify exonic and intronic SNP variants in OPN1LW, OPN1MW, OPN1SW, and rhodopsin genes. There is no need for restriction enzyme digestion or multiple PCR steps that can introduce errors. Future studies will combine the LR-PCR-Seq with perceptual behavior measures, allowing for accurate correlations between opsin genotypes, retinal photopigment phenotypes, and color perception behaviors.