cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cimetidine inhibits nitric oxide associated nitrate production in a soft-tissue inflammation model in the horse.

Cimetidine (CIM) is an H2-receptor antagonist that has been used in racehorses in an attempt to reduce the occurrence of stress-related gastric ulceration. It has also been shown to produce several useful effects other than its gastric acid suppression properties. Further, it is a well documented antagonist of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) mediated oxygenation reactions. Nitric oxide (NO), a recently discovered mediator or modifier of numerous physiological functions, is generated by several forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), one of which is inducible (iNOS). Inducible NOS, expressed in neutrophils and macrophages as part of the inflammatory response to noxious stimuli, contains both a CYP and a CYP reductase domain. Because of the similarity of structure of iNOS and CYP, it was decided to determine whether CIM could reduce NO production, using a carrageenan inflammation model in the horse. Two experiments were conducted. In Trial 1, six female Thoroughbred horses each had three tissue chambers inserted subcutaneously on the sides of the neck. The study was divided into three treatments: 0.9% NaCl (NaCl), CIM (3 mg/kg), and aminoguanidine (AG; 25 mg/kg), an inhibitor of iNOS. Each mare received three i.v. injections 12 h apart prior to instillation of 1 mL of carrageenan into the test chamber. Blood and tissue chamber fluid (TCF) were collected serially. Concentrations of NO3− (the major metabolite of NO), albumin, total protein, CIM and AG were measured and complete cell counts and differentials were conducted. Trial 2 also used six female Thoroughbred horses implanted with at least two tissue chambers inserted subcutaneously on the sides of the neck. The study was divided into two treatments: NaCl (0.9%) and CIM (6 mg/kg). Each mare received seven i.v. injections of either NaCl or CIM 8 h apart prior to instillation of 1 mL of carrageenan into the test chamber. Blood and TCF were collected serially as before, and analysed for NO3− and CIM content. Areas under the curve (AUC) of the different parameters were calculated for the periods of –1–1, –1–3 and –1–7 days (Trial 1) and –2–1 for Trial 2. Absolute values were also compared at 4, 8 and 12 h postcarrageenan. Saline treatment did not reduce the elevated concentrations of NO3− in either plasma or TCF. Plasma, test chamber and control chamber NO3− concentrations rose from 0 to 12 h, and were very similar in all three sampled fluids. Cimetidine significantly (P 0.05) decreased NO3− production in plasma over the periods of –1–1, –1–3, and –1–7 days post inflammation when compared to NaCl treatment in Trial 1. Aminoguanidine and CIM decreased NO3− production in TCF for the periods –1–1, 1–3, and –1–7 days post inflammation in Trial 1 and –2–1 for Trial 2. Both CIM and AG also significantly reduced NO3− concentrations in plasma and TCF at 12 h postinitiation (Trials 1 and 2). Thus CIM, at the doses studied, was capable of reducing NO3− concentrations in this model as effectively as AG, a relatively specific inhibitor of iNOS activity.
The Mr 140,000 Intermediate Chain of Chlamydomonas Flagellar Inner Arm Dynein Is a WD-Repeat Protein Implicated in Dynein Arm Anchoring

Previous structural and biochemical studies have revealed that the inner arm dynein I1 is targeted and anchored to a unique site located proximal to the first radial spoke in each 96-nm axoneme rep...
Quantum transport in a disordered nanostructure in the presence of a magnetic field

Abstract We have studied phase coherent electron transport in a disordered semiconductor quantum wire subjected to a weak magnetic field. Our model treats disorder (elastic scattering) with scattering matrices and uses Weber functions to calculate the elements of the scattering matrices. The Weber functions account for the magnetic field exactly. We find that the universal conductance fluctuations and the two-terminal Landauer resistance of a disordered structure are surprisingly sensitive to whether the scatters are attractive or repulsive and the difference between the effects of attractive and repulsive scatterers is accentuated by the presence of evanescent states.
Testicular growth and locomotor activity of Siberian hamsters from short-day-responsive and short-day-nonresponsive lineages.

Young of short-day-responsive (SDR/Y) and short-day-nonresponsive (SDNR/Y) Siberian hamsters were reared in a long (16L :8D) photoperiod. At weaning, males from both lineages were maintained in 16L :8D or transferred to a short (12L :12D) photoperiod ; body weight and testis size were measured every 7-10 days until 45 or 140 days of age. Contrary to expected results, juvenile SDNR/Ys responded to the inhibitory effects of the shorter photoperiods with decreased body weight and inhibited testicular growth. Under the long photoperiods, SDR/Y and SDNR/Y animals exhibited accelerated body weight gains and testicular growth from 18 to 69 days of age. Beginning at 69 days of age, however, SDNR/Ys exhibited a transient decrease in testis size that troughed at 86 days of age ; testis growth subsequently resumed. Consistent with their ability to respond to short photoperiods, SDNR/Y young, in a second experiment, showed locomotor activity patterns similar to those of SDR/Ys in short days (9L :15D). It was only in adult SDNR/Ys that the delayed onset of activity characteristic of nonresponders was apparent. These results indicate that the circadian system of nonresponders changes with age, rendering animals nonresponsive to short photoperiods. The period of transient testicular decline observed in SDNR/Ys housed in 16L :8D may mark a critical period in the onset of these changes ; additional studies are required to test this hypothesis.
Biochemical characterization and regional quantification of μ, δ and κ opioid binding sites in rat spinal cord

The spinal cord contains mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors which mediate the antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists administered onto the spinal cord. In this study, we characterized the binding sites for highly-selective mu, delta and kappa opioid radioligands and quantified the distribution of opioid binding sites in rat lumbosacral spinal cord using autoradiography. In sections of rat brain mounted on glass slides, the mu ligand, [3H]sufentanil, bound with high affinity with an apparent Kd of 0.46 nM. The delta ligand, [3H]DPDPE [( D-Pen2.5]-enkephalin), bound with a Kd of 4.31 nM, and the kappa-ligand, [3H]U69593, bound with a Kd of 2.27 nM. Three regions of the spinal gray were targeted for quantification of binding sites by autoradiography. The data indicate that when considered as a percentage of the total opioid binding capacity within a region, the contribution of mu sites in laminae I-II was about 90%, with delta and kappa sites 7% and 3%, respectively. In lamina V, the mu sites comprised about 70% of the total opioid sites, with delta and kappa sites comprising 28% and 2%, respectively. In the area adjacent to the central canal, mu sites contributed about 65% of the total opioid sites followed by delta sites at 33% and kappa sites at 2% of total opioid sites. These results demonstrate a differential distribution of mu, delta and kappa binding sites with respect to the organization of the spinal gray matter. The preferential occurrence of all 3 opioid binding sites in the superficial dorsal horn is noteworthy since many fine caliber primary afferent fibers mediating nociception establish synaptic contact in this region.
U. S. Tourism Potential in a New Cuba

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore international tourism potential in Cuba. While Latin America has been a particularly high growth area in world tourism, Cuba has not experienced commensurate growth. United States (U. S.) foreign policy has impeded Cuban tourism growth and caused a lost profit potential for U. S. corporations. The paper notes that the Cuban government has recently made great strides in attracting foreign capital, but that U. S. foreign policy continues to discriminate against Cuba. A variety of ways and means are described to maximize tourism in Cuba should there be a rapprochement between Cuba and the U. S. The conclusion suggests that the continuing imposition of sanctions against Cuba is harmful to the interests of the U. S., its tourism businesses, and to regional stability and peace.
Searches for New Physics with the TREK Detector

The KEK Experiment E246 has provided the best upper limit of the transverse muon polarization in Kμ3 decays to date. The E246 detector is now being upgraded by the TREK collaboration and upcoming experiments with this detector at the J-PARC facility will allow new high-precision measurements in search for physics beyond the Standard Model. The first round of planned experiments include the search for lepton universality violation in a measurement of the ratio of the Ke2 and Kμ2 decay widths, as well as the search for heavy sterile neutrinos and possible massive gauge boson A' in the 10 to 100 MeV mass range. The search for T violation in kaon decays requires a higher intensity hadron beam and will be carried out later.
High code rate error correction code design for partial response systems

In recent years, code designers have been interested in finding high code rate solutions for coded partial response systems. The focus of the attention has been given to increasing the code rate of modulation codes. In this paper we turn our attention to increasing the code rate of error correction codes designed fur partial response systems. An analysis of low distance preceded input error events illustrates how an error correction code should exploit the structure of these error events in order to achieve an increase in rode rate. We describe a method of using a combination of interleaved Reed-Solomon codes interspersed with uncoded bits to achieve a higher code rate than the classical ECC solution. Simulation results suggest good performance of this scheme.
Synthesis and characterization of platinum(II)-thiolate complexes. Crystal and molecular structures of cis-Pt(Ph3P)2(SC6H2−2,4,6-iPr3)Cl and cis-Pt(Ph3P)2(SC6H2−2,4,6-iPr3)2

Abstract The reaction of cis -Pt(Ph 3 P) 2 Cl 2 with 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenethiol (HTIPT) in benzene at 65 °C yields yellow crystals of cis -[Pt(Ph 3 P) 2 (TIPT)Cl] ( 1 ), while the reaction of cis -Pt(Ph 3 P) 2 Cl 2 and HTIPT in benzene at room temperature yields cis -[Pt(Ph 3 P) 2 (TIPT) 2 ] ( 2 ). In contrast to the tendency of solutions of [Pt(R 3 P) 2 (SR′) 2 ] complexes with sterically innocent thiolates to rearrange into a complex mixture of cis and trans complexes and polynuclear materials upon exposure to air, solutions of both 1 and 2 are stable with respect to isomerization and oligomerization. Crystal data: C 51 H 50 P 2 SClPt·2H 2 O ( 1 ·2H 2 O), monoclinic P 2 1 / c , a =16.131(5), b =18.294(3), c =17.803(6) A, β=110.40(2)°, V =4924(2) A 3 , Z =4, D calc =1.380 g cm −1 ; structure solution and refinement based on 2932 reflections converged at 0.074. C 66 H 76 P 2 S 2 Pt ( 2 ), monoclinic P 2 1 / n , a =10.854(2), b =20.639(5), c =27.080(6) A, β=100.43(2)°, V =5966(4) A 3 , Z =4, D calc =1.325 g cm −3 ; structure solution and refinement based on 4550 reflections converged at 0.049.
Giving criticism: A multiple goals case study

(1990). Giving criticism: A multiple goals case study. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 24, No. 1-4, pp. 37-70.
Biofuel Cell Operating in Vivo in Rat

Biocatalytic electrodes made of buckypaper were modified with PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase on the anode and with laccase on the cathode. The enzyme modified electrodes were assembled in a biofuel cell which was first characterized in human serum solution and then the electrodes were placed onto exposed rat cremaster tissue. Glucose and oxygen dissolved in blood were used as the fuel and oxidizer, respectively, for the implanted biofuel cell operation. The steady-state open circuitry voltage of 140±30 mV and short circuitry current of 10±3 µA (current density ca. 5 µA cm−2 based on the geometrical electrode area of 2 cm2) were achieved in the in vivo operating biofuel cell. Future applications of implanted biofuel cells for powering of biomedical and sensor devices are discussed.
The differential associations of depression and diabetes distress with quality of life domains in type 2 diabetes

The present investigation aimed to understand quality of life domains relevant to adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the relative associations of depression and diabetes distress with these domains. Participants were 146 individuals with T2DM who were recruited for entry into a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis on the Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) to establish domains of quality of life relevant to this patient population. Hierarchical multiple regression models were evaluated for each domain that emerged to determine independent associations of depression severity and diabetes distress with quality of life independent of demographic and illness factors. Results suggested four quality of life domains: achievement, psychosocial growth, interpersonal relationships, and environment, accounting for 60.1 % of variance in total QOLI scores. Depression severity was associated with poorer quality of life on the achievement, psychosocial growth, and environment domains (p’s < 0.01), while diabetes distress was associated with poorer quality of life on the achievement (p < 0.001) domain and marginally associated with quality of life on the psychosocial growth (p < 0.10) domain. Interventions designed to address both depression and diabetes distress may lead to better quality of life outcomes than a generalized depression intervention or an intervention for diabetes alone.
Effect of chemical additives on the dynamics of grinding media in wet ball mill grinding

Abstract Recent papers on the role of grinding aids in wet ball mills indicate that certain polymeric aids favorably act by altering pulp rheology, leading to improved production rates at high pulp densities. Analysis of recent data indicates that there can be an improvement in terms of the production of fine particles per unit time, but on the other hand, the production per unit of expended energy remains the same. Our experiments indicate that there is a critical pulp viscosity above which the grinding media tend to centrifuge because the balls cannot be detached from the mill wall during the time of rotation. Under these conditions the mill power draft decreases and a smaller amount of fines is generated. The polymeric additives are able to reduce the pulp viscosity to a value less than the critical value so that the balls no longer centrifuge and the mill draws full power. From an analysis of the force field acting on a ball inside the mill, this critical viscosity can be estimated and the results are in agreement with experiment.
Four-Year Incidence and Progression of Lens Opacities: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study

Purpose To estimate the 4-year incidence and progression of lens opacities. Design Population-based longitudinal study. Methods A total of 4658 adult Latinos from Los Angeles County were examined at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Examination included assessment of lens opacities using the Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II). Incidences of cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular opacities (with LOCS II scores ≥2) were defined as opacity development in persons without that opacity at baseline. Single and mixed opacities were defined in persons without any opacity at baseline. Incidence of all lens changes included development of at least 1 opacity or cataract surgery among those without any opacity at baseline. Four-year progressions were defined as increase of ≥2 in LOCS II score. Results The 4-year incidence of all lens opacities was 14.2%. Four-year incidence of cataract surgery was 1.48%. The incidences were 4.1% for cortical-only, 5.8% for nuclear-only, 0.5% for PSC-only, and 2.5% for mixed. The incidences for any opacities were 7.5% for cortical, 10.2% for nuclear, and 2.5% for PSC. Incidence increased with age (P Conclusions Our Latino population had a higher incidence of nuclear than cortical opacities, but a greater progression of cortical than nuclear opacities. Incidence and progression of PSC was low. Additional understanding of the natural history and progression of various lens opacities will give us a better understanding of the pathogenesis and management of lens opacities.
Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses

AbstractAn assessment is made of the global energy and hydrological cycles from eight current atmospheric reanalyses and their depiction of changes over time. A brief evaluation of the water and energy cycles in the latest version of the NCAR climate model referred to as CCSM4 is also given. The focus is on the mean ocean, land, and global precipitation P; the corresponding evaporation E; their difference corresponding to the surface freshwater flux E–P; and the vertically integrated atmospheric moisture transports. Using the model-based P and E, the time- and area-average E–P for the oceans, P–E for land, and the moisture transport from ocean to land should all be identical but are not close in most reanalyses, and often differ significantly from observational estimates of the surface return flow based on net river discharge into the oceans. Their differences reveal outstanding issues with atmospheric models and their biases, which are manifested as analysis increments in the reanalyses. The NCAR CCSM4, ...
Equivalence of donor and acceptor fits of temperature‐dependent carrier‐concentration data

It is shown that the usual charge‐balance analysis of temperature‐dependent carrier‐concentration data cannot distinguish between the donor and acceptor behavior of a center which is emitting carriers to a particular band, even though the statistics are different in the two cases. Other data, such as mobility or analytical results are needed to make the distinction.
Common measures of asthma severity lack association for describing its clinical course

Abstract Background and Objective: To address the problems of increasing asthma morbidity and mortality rates, reliable severity measures must be identified. Accordingly, we compared three measures and their relationship to beclomethasone compliance. Methods: Three clinical measures (symptom scores, morning peak expiratory flow rates, and number of as needed albuterol inhalations with Nebulizer Chronologs [Forefront Technologies, Inc., Lakewood, Colo.]) were assessed daily in 13 adults with asthma for 8.9 ± 2.1 weeks. The relationships among these three variables were analyzed in terms of Pearson correlation coefficients. These were evaluated for each of the three possible pairs of the three clinical measures for each of the 13 patients. The relationship between inhaled beclomethasone compliance and the pairwise correlations was studied with the use of nonparametric statistical procedures. Results: In four of the 13 patients, no pairwise correlations between any of the three severity measures were observed. The peak expiratory flow rate-symptom score relationship was observed in eight patients, whereas peak expiratory flow rate-albuterol use and albuterol use-symptom score correlations were each seen in four patients. Mean beclomethasone compliance was 64% and was greatest in those patients whose albuterol use increased concurrently with symptom scores (94% vs 50%,p = 0.02). Conclusions: The commonly used measures of asthma severity, symptom scores, peak flow rate, and β-agonist use may not be interchangeable in describing the clinical course. Patients whose β-agonist use is driven by symptoms tend to be more compliant with use of inhaled corticosteroids.
Acute Lupus Pneumonitis: Response to Azathioprine Therapy

An 18-year-old girl developed an acute, fulminating lupus pneumonitis manifested by severe shortness of breath, cyanosis, fever, profound hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. When the patient failed to improve significantly with prednisone, azathioprine therapy was instituted. Marked clinical, x-ray and physiologic improvement followed and the patient has remained well for 15 months. These results suggest a role for azathioprine in treating acute lupus pneumonitis not responding to steroids.
Long-term follow-up of a transvaginal Burch urethropexy for stress urinary incontinence.

Objective The objective of the study was to describe long-term objective and subjective success rates and complications following transvaginal Burch urethropexy for stress urinary incontinence. Study design A case series of 66 women who underwent vaginal Burch urethropexy for urodynamic stress urinary incontinence with urethral hypermobility using a suture carrier device is presented. Concurrent prolapse repairs were performed as indicated. Results Sixty-six women (mean age 49.4 ± 12.1 years) underwent vaginal Burch urethropexy. Mean follow-up time was 20.9 ± 18.9 months. Objective failure was observed in 16 patients (24.2%). Subjective failure was reported by 21.2% of patients, with 50% and 28.8% reporting success and improvement, respectively. Six patients (9%) experienced febrile illness, 4 (6%) experienced intraoperative hemorrhage, 1 (1.5%) received transfusion, and 1 (1.5%) experienced pelvic abscess. Twelve patients (18.2%) experienced suture erosion; half required surgical revision or excision. Conclusion Vaginal Burch urethropexy is generally well tolerated but is associated with poor long-term success and high suture erosion rates.
Test of a Relativity Postulate.

CLERK MAXWELL'S original suggestion, revived in NATURE for April 12, p. 566, was in danger of being lost sight of, although it has been renewed independently from time to time; see, for example, Phil. Trans., 1893, p. 784. The prevailing relativity postulate that motion through the ether is undetectable, or in another form that no motion of an observer can affect his determination of the velocity of light in free space, has not yet been actually and directly verified. Common sense seems to assert that motion of source can have no influence on waves after they have left it, while motion of receiver should subjectively affect their speed of arrival; but this would be contrary to the relativity postulate.
Auditory Word Identification in Dyslexic and Normally Achieving Readers.

The integrity of phonological representation/processing in dyslexic children was explored with a gating task in which children listened to successively longer segments (gates) of a word. At each gate, the task was to decide what the entire word was. Responses were scored for overall accuracy as well as the children's sensitivity to coarticulation from the final consonant. As a group, dyslexic children were less able than normally achieving readers to detect coarticulation present in the vowel portion of the word, particularly on the most difficult items, namely those ending in a nasal sound. Hierarchical regression and path analyses indicated that phonological awareness mediated the relation of gating and general language ability to word and pseudoword reading ability.
Marine Bacterial Degradation of Brominated Methanes

Brominated methanes are ozone-depleting compounds whose natural sources include marine algae such as kelp. Brominated methane degradation by bacteria was investigated to address whether bacterial processes might effect net emission of these compounds to the atmosphere. Bacteria in seawater collected from California kelp beds degraded CH2Br2 but not CHBr3. Specific inhibitors showed that methanotrophs and nitrifiers did not significantly contribute to CH2Br2 removal. A seawater enrichment culture oxidized 14CH2Br2 to 14CO2 as well as 14CH3Br to 14CO2. The rates of CH2Br2 degradation in laboratory experiments suggest that bacterial degradation of CH2Br2 in a kelp bed accounts for <1% of the CH2Br2 produced by the kelp. However, the half-life of CH2Br2 due to bacterial removal appears faster than hydrolysis and within an order of magnitude of volatilization to the atmosphere.
Preparation and characterization of methyl 11-amino-(N-p-toluenesulfonyl)-9-E-octadecenoate and methyl 8-amino-(N-p-toluenesulfonyl)-9-E-octadecenoate

Allylic amination of methyl oleate with bis(N-p-toluenesulfonyl) sulfodiimide results in a mixture of methyl 11-amino-(N-p-toluenesulfonyl)-9-E-octadecenoate and methyl 8-amino-(N-p-toluenesulfonyl)-9-E-octadecenoate in 58% yield. These novel products were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and melting point. The reaction was analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography.
Rural, suburban, and urban variations in alcohol consumption in the United States: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

Context: Alcohol consumption is a major public health problem nationally, but little research has investigated drinking patterns by rurality of residence.Purpose:To describe the prevalence of abstinence, alcohol use disorders, and risky drinking in rural, suburban, and urban areas of the United States.Methods:Analyses of the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were conducted to estimate prevalence rates for abstinence, a current alcohol use disorder, and exceeding recommended daily and weekly drinking limits. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to test for rural and urban versus suburban differences after adjusting for potential confounders. Additional analyses were stratified by Census Region.Findings:Nationally, the odds of abstinence and, among drinkers, the odds of a current alcohol disorder and exceeding daily limits were higher in rural than suburban areas. Stratified analyses revealed differences in the associations between rurality of residence and drinking across Census Regions. Rural residents of the Northeast, Midwest, and South and urban residents of the Northeast had higher odds of abstinence than their suburban peers. Among drinkers, rural and urban residents of the Midwest had higher odds of a current alcohol disorder and exceeding daily limits; urban residents of the Midwest had higher odds of exceeding weekly limits.Conclusions:Abstinence is particularly common in the rural South, whereas alcohol disorders and excessive drinking are more problematic in the urban and rural Midwest. Health policies and interventions should be further targeted toward those places with higher risks of problem drinking. Language: en
Simulation of mid-infrared clutter rejection. 2: threshold-sensor-size effects with LMS-filtered noise

The relation between an adaptive threshold sensor's size and its performance is analyzed numerically using LMS-filtered noise. The analysis links signal detection to size through the threshold parameter, sampling variance, and a clutter-edge effect. A principle is established for determining by statistical analysis of natural background data whether a 2-D threshold sensor may be advantageous. It is not under the conditions of this simulation. Critical, optimum, and best sizes are given for a 1-D threshold sensor following a 1-D LMS filter with input from an optical sensor having noise equivalent irradiance = 1.5 × 10−13 W/cm2 and spatial resolution of 0.15 × 0.36 mrad.
Biology or Culture Alone Cannot Account for Human Sex Differences and Similarities

In the target article, Stewart-Williams and Thomas (this issue) contrast evolutionary psychology models of human sex differences and similarities with our social role theory, along with its more re...
Transplantation of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium into rabbit subretina.

Transplantation of normal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) into a diseased eye holds promise for treatment of several blinding disorders. Previuos studies have involved immunosuppression and implantation of freshly isolated cells. We report here the successful transplantation of cultured human RPE cells into rabbits that were not immunosuppressed. A modified pars plana transvitreal technique was used for RPE transplantation. The cultured RPE cells, loaded with carbon as a marker, were transplanted into the denuded Bruch's membrane of albino rabbits. The animals were followed for from 1 week to 3 months. On histologic examination at 2 months, no infiltrating lymphocytes were found in the vitreous cavity or choroid, even though Bruch's membrane was damaged. At about 3 months there were some macrophages in the subretina of transplanted eyes, indicating that an immunoreaction does occur eventually. Electron microscopy of the transplanted RPE showed apical-basal polarity and gap junctions. Restored function was attested to by the presence of phagosomes and phagocytosed outer segments in the transplanted cells. Our findings suggest that there is a weak, delayed immunoreaction to human RPE cells transplanted beneath the retina of the rabbit; however, functional recovery of the transplanted cells occurs before this immune response develops.
Studies of wafer surface charging using the THOR monitor device

Abstract The THOR monitor is a Texas Instruments in-house gate oxide integrity test device used to qualify the charging performance of production implant processes. It has five chareg collection antenna on capacitor structures with antenna to gate ratios ranging from 100:1 to 7500:1. The gate oxide thickness of 200 A could be considered to be large, but the addition of photoresist makes this device extremely sensitive to charging damage. A sensitive THOR photoresist configuration has been studied in conjunction with advanced beam diagnostics in a situation in which intermittent yield was achieved. A P/150 keV/20 mA implant was found to give full yield on the test structure for only approximately half of the implants before enhancements to the flood system overcame this. Traditional beam diagnostics, such as wheel current, capacitive charge sensor voltage and beam profile width could not predict when yield would be good or bad. However, measurement of slow ion spectra before an implant using a cylindrical mirror analyser ion spectrometer gave good correlation between the slow ion spectrum and THOR yield. The variation in slow ion spectrum could be related to ion source tuning and demonstrates that although present charge neutralization devices are sufficient for todays requirements, future charging performance improvements may well come about from understanding the generation of high quality beams and the use of advanced beam diagnostic to aid in automatic implanter tuning.
WILL THIS COMMUNITY COLLEGE TRANSFER STUDENT SUCCEED? FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSFER STUDENT PERFORMANCE

This study focuses on the academic performance of students who transferred from a suburban community college to a private, moderately selective urban university. The purpose was to determine if certain easily ascertainable student characteristics and academic behaviors at the community college would be associated with degree persistence and completion at the university. Results indicated that the best predictor of academic success at the university was community college grade point average (GPA): As a group transfer students who entered with a GPA of 2.5 or more were able to maintain a 2.3 at the university, whereas those who entered with less than a 2.5 had an average university GPA of 1.9.
Assessment of potential life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission effects from using corn-based butanol as a transportation fuel.

Since advances in the ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation process in recent years have led to significant increases in its productivity and yields, the production of butanol and its use in motor vehicles have become an option worth evaluating. This study estimates the potential life-cycle energy and emission effects associated with using bio-butanol as a transportation fuel. It employs a well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis tool: the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model. The estimates of life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are based on an Aspen Plus® simulation for a corn-to-butanol production process, which describes grain processing, fermentation, and product separation. Bio-butanol-related WTW activities include corn farming, corn transportation, butanol production, butanol transportation, and vehicle operation. In this study, we also analyzed the bio-acetone that is coproduced with bio-butanol as an alternative to petroleum-based acetone. We then compared the results for bio-butanol with those of conventional gasoline. Our study shows that driving vehicles fueled with corn-based butanol produced by the current ABE fermentation process could result in substantial fossil energy savings (39%–56%) and avoid large percentage of the GHG emission burden, yielding a 32%–48% reduction relative to using conventional gasoline. On energy basis, a bushel of corn produces less liquid fuel from the ABE process than that from the corn ethanol dry mill process. The coproduction of a significant portion of acetone from the current ABE fermentation presents a challenge. A market analysis of acetone, as well as research and development on robust alternative technologies and processes that minimize acetone while increase the butanol yield, should be conducted.
HOW TO LOOK AT DATA: A REVIEW OF JOHN W. TUKEY'S EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS1

Here is a book about data analysis that should be fascinating to many readers of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. It is quite different from any standard textbook of statistics: It does not deal with testing hypotheses and establishing confidence intervals. Instead, it provides techniques and advice about how to explore data. The approach is quite compatible with the practices of many readers of JEAB. The book describes many specific methods and a general approach. The approach of exploratory data analysis is described as being detective in character. It is a search for clues. Some of the clues may be misleading, but some will lead to discoveries. After the appearances are described, other techniques can be employed for purposes of confirmation, but this book deals only with the exploratory phase. It is necessary to discover facts before they can be confirmed. The author, a distinguished statistician, clearly expresses his values. He favors simplicity because simple statements are clear. He particularly features clear visual displays of quantitative facts. He likes precision because a more precise statement contains more information than a less exact statement. For example, it is far better to be able to say some response measure is a linear function of a particular stimulus variable than to say it increases with the stimulus variable. He likes flexibility of approach because it is seldom clear exactly which methods will best achieve the goals of the data analyst, and sometimes different analyses of the same data reveal different aspects of it. He favors depth of analysis. It is always good to look at the residuals;
Sex differences in the development of a separate sense of self during infancy: directions for future research

Women have been characterized as having more difficulty than men in developing a separate sense of self. This sex difference is held to have its origins in infancy in the differential response of m...
Thermodynamic Limitation on the Conversion of Heat into Light

The problem of converting ambient heat into luminescence radiation is analyzed in terms of the thermodynamics of the electromagnetic field. The process is described in terms of the technical efficiency of a light source η, defined as the ratio of the power leaving the source in the form of luminescence radiation to the power supplied to the source in the form of work. For a source at the ambient temperature T, it is shown that the limitation imposed by thermodynamics is, in the steady state, η≤1+T/(Tf−T), where Tf is the ratio of the net rate at which the field carries energy away from the source to the net rate at which the field carries entropy away from the source as a result of the luminescence emission. Thus, T/(Tf−T) is the maximum possible contribution of ambient heat to the technical efficiency of a light source.An explicit expression for Tf in terms of the ambient temperature and the spectral distribution of the luminescence emission is obtained. It is shown that Tf≥T, and that Tf is a monotonic increasing function of the ratio of the integrated intensity of the luminescence emission to the bandwidth of the emission spectrum. For moderate integrated intensities and finite (but narrow) bandwidths, it is shown that Tf is approximately equal to the brightness temperature of the light source, and it is concluded that thermodynamics forbids technical efficiencies greater than about 160% for room-temperature light sources of practical brightness. As an example, Tf is calculated for the (green) emission band of a typical ZnS phosphor.
Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in initial presentation of hodgkin's disease

A 46-year-old man presented with a four-week history of fevers, occasional chills, and a two-week history of sweats and poor appetite. He also complained of progressive weakness and lethargy. After initial evaluation, while awaiting further consultation, the patient developed rapidly progressing abdominal pain and light-headedness. He was moved immediately into the emergency treatment area. He was noted to have an acute abdomen and was taken to surgery. An enlarged Hodgkin's-infilrated spleen with an actively bleeding hematoma was removed. The patient denied any history of trauma.
SU-GG-J-57: Image-Guided Extended-Field Radiation Therapy for Functional Bone Marrow Sparing in Cervical Cancer Patients with Positive Para-Aortic Lymphnodes

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of image guided radiation therapy to reduce functional bone marrow (FBM) dose for cervical cancer patients with positive para‐aortic lymph nodes undergoing extended field intensity modulated radiotherapy (EF‐IMRT). Method and Materials: Three patients were enrolled on a prospective study to test image‐guided FBM‐sparing EF‐IMRT (IG‐EF‐IMRT). Patients underwent CT simulation plus (1) whole body 18F‐FDG‐PET and (2) quantitative MRI using iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (MRI‐IDEAL). Regions of high standardized uptake value (SUV) (increased glucose metabolism) on PET and low fat fraction (high cellularity) on MRI‐IDEAL indicated higher FBM concentrations. The PET and MRI‐IDEAL were registered with the simulation CT. FBM was segmented based on the patient's individual mean SUV and fat fraction within lumbosacral spine and pelvis. For each patient, 2 plans were compared: non‐IG‐EF‐IMRT(CT defined BM as the sparing objective) vs. IG‐EF‐IMRT(FBM as the sparing objective). Results: The mean FBM volume, as a proportion of lumbosacral spine and pelvis, was 23% (s.d. 0.6%). IG‐EF‐IMRT significantly reduced the volume of FBM receiving ≥ 10 Gy and ≥ 20 Gy (V10 and V20) compared to non‐IG‐EF‐IMRT. With PET and MRI‐IDEAL guidance, the mean FBM V10 was reduced from 94% to 89%, mean FBM V20 was reduced from 86% to 73%. IG‐IMRT plans did not compromise target coverage or increase dose to normal organs. One patient was treated with IG‐EF‐IMRT, with FBM V10 and V20 of 82% and 70%, respectively. She received all 5 cycles of weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m2) and had grade 2 HT during CRT. The other two patients were treated with non‐IG‐EF‐IMRT and planned with IG‐EF‐IMRT. Conclusion:IGRT for FBM sparing is clinically feasible and significantly reduces FBM dose compared to standard IMRT. This novel technique may reduce HT and is being tested in a clinical trial.
Predictors of Secondary Surgery After Hypospadias Repair: A Population Based Analysis of 5,000 Patients

Purpose: The literature on secondary surgery after hypospadias repair is limited. We determined risk factors for secondary surgery via a population based approach.Materials and Methods: We used a hospital consortium database to identify a population that underwent hypospadias repair in 2009 and 2010. Specifically meatal advancement and glanuloplasty, distal, proximal and perineal hypospadias repairs were evaluated. Secondary surgeries performed between 2009 and 2011 were captured and the variables of age at primary surgery, insurance, region and surgeon volume were measured. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis was used to analyze independent variables associated with secondary surgery.Results: We identified 5,326 subjects who underwent primary hypospadias repair by 114 surgeons at 47 hospitals in 2009 and 2010. Distal hypospadias repair is associated with a 9% secondary surgery rate. After adjusting for other factors every additional 10 distal repairs that a surgeon performed yearly was associated ...
Shh! It's vive la résistance …

Purpose – The purpose of this case study is to highlight the importance of recognizing and mitigating covert employee resistance to a change management initiative.Design/methodology/approach – This hypothetical case study takes place at a mid‐sized consulting firm specializing in innovative web development solutions. An underground resistance movement surfaces in the final stages of an organizational restructuring effort, threatening the final implementation phase. The change manager, a young senior partner at the firm, is now faced with the reality that his plan may fail. The psychological underpinnings of the movement, rooted in the natural human tendency to resist change, provide a framework for examining the inherent difficulty of successful change management.Findings – On realization of the underground resistance movement, the change manager must act quickly to quell employee animosity before his plan is ultimately doomed. Although a solution is not explicitly stated within the context of the case st...
A longitudinal investigation of the predictability of the three-factor model of the Important People Inventory.

Objective: Because of psychometric limitations and varied adaptations of the Important People Inventory (IP; a measure of alcohol social support), Groh et al. (7) performed factor analyses and created a three-factor model (i.e., Support for Drinking from Network Members, Drinking Behaviors of Network Members, and General Social Support). This present study examined the ability of the three-factor model to predict alcohol use. Methods: This study consisted of 293 women and 604 men who were US residents of a network of self-run recovery homes known as Oxford House (OH). Logistic regression models were run. The first model examined which of the three IP factors was the best predictor of alcohol use over a 4-month period; next, models compared Drinking Behaviors of Network Members (the three-factor model) and Network Support for Drinking from Network Members (the original two-factor model) as predictors of 4-month alcohol use. Results: Of the three factors measuring general support, network drinking behaviors...
Sublimation pressures of tetraphenylmethane and associated bond energies

Abstract The sublimation pressures of tetraphenylmethane in the temperature range 396 to 466 K have been determined from the simultaneous measurements of the torsional recoil and the rate of mass effusion. The enthalpy and entropy of sublimation derived from the least-squares analyses of the results are (33.65 ± 0.60)kcal th mol −1 and (56 ± 2)cal th K −1 mol −1 respectively. The average bond dissociation energy 〈 D 〉(CPh) is calculated to be (99.2 ± 1.5)kcal th mol −1 . Estimates of the bond dissociation energies for the stepwise dissociation processes of CPh 4 are presented.
Invariant error metrics for image reconstruction.

Expressions are derived for the normalized root-mean-square error of an image relative to a reference image. Different versions of the error metric are invariant to different combinations of effects, including the image's (a) being multiplied by a real or complex-valued constant, (b) having a constant added to its phase, (c) being translated, or (d) being complex conjugated and rotated 180 degrees . Invariance to these effects is particularly important for the phase-retrieval problem. One can also estimate the parameters of those effects. Similarly, two wave fronts can be compared, allowing for arbitrary constant (piston) and linear (tilt) phase terms. One can also include a weighting function. The relation between the error metric and other quality measures is derived.
Systematic detection of subtle spatio–temporal patterns in time‐lapse imaging: I. Mitosis

A recent article on syncytial nuclear divisions in early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster presented evidence that the complex spatio–temporal data obtained from time-lapse images were patterned, contrary to previous suggestions based on preliminary observations. However, the reasoning that led to the hypothesis of patterning was informal and unsystematic. Here, we propose a systematic and computerized method for detecting subtle spatio–temporal mitotic patterns, under a general formulation of mitosis as three-dimensional asynchronous processes, of which the earlier data are a special case. The approach involves a rather elaborate application of the concept of permutation test from nonparametric statistics. Far from being limited to mitotic processes, the approach holds general promise for other classes of mass, time-lapse imaging phenomena in cell and developmental biology, such as migration and cell death.
Release of inhibited virus infection following irradiation with ultraviolet light.

Abstract When a mixture of two related strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), U1 and VM, is inoculated on Nicotiana glutinosa, the number of U1 lesions appearing is reduced. If the mixedly inoculated leaves are irradiated with ultraviolet light, however, a rise in the absolute number of U1 lesions is observed. It was assumed that the fraction of U1 lesions surviving the UV treatment was directly proportional to the probability of killing the one or more interfering VM particles in the mixed site, while leaving the U1 particle uninjured. A mathematical expression describing this relationship was derived from the known UV sensitivities of the two strains. Although the equation N N 0 = e λt σ i=0 ∞ P i (1 − e −θ ) i , describes the UV data satisfactorily, certain assumptions used in deriving it appear inadequate when extended to non-UV experiments.
The nature of 5-bromodeoxyuridine inhibition of muscle enzyme development in vitro

Abstract Although it is generally believed that 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) can suppress the phenotypic expression of a wide variety of cell types by virtue of its incorporation into DNA, clear quantitative evidence has been lacking. We have employed the enzymes (creatine phosphokinase and glycogen phosphorylase) which are important in energy provision for contraction and linked with the morphological differentiation of muscle, as markers for examining the mechanism of BrdUrd inhibition. Several findings lead us to conclude that BrdUrd most likely prevents the synthesis of these enzymes as a result of its presence in DNA: (1) BrdUrd is most effective as an inhibitor while mononucleated muscle cells are synthesizing DNA; (2) the reversal of inhibition requires times of the order of a division(s) and is 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) sensitive; (3) loss of enzyme activity can be correlated with increasing [3H]BrdUrd incorporation into DNA; and (4) altering the extent of [3U]BrdUrd incorporation into DNA by addition of thymidine also decreases the inhibitory effectiveness of BrdUrd. As noted by others, BrdUrd appears to preferentially inhibit those enzymes which are usually associated with muscle. In addition, we find from our studies with BrdUrd that the development of these enzymes and myotube formation may be separate events. There are no apparent altered forms of other enzymes produced in BrdUrd treated cells. In muscle, BrdUrd does not appear to act by exclusively inhibiting inducible enzymes. The manner by which BrdUrd appears to preferentially inhibit “tissue specific” products can still only be treated speculatively. However, the muscle isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase and glycogen phosphorylase serve as experimentally amenable markers for probing the molecular details involved in BrdUrd action.