cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The substrate specificity of fumarase.

Abstract The substrate specificity of fumarase has been studied by measuring the ability of the enzyme to hydrate or dehydrate derivatives of fumarate and l-malate. Fumarase was observed to hydrate fumarate and its derivatives in the order, fluorofumarate g fumarate g chlorofumarate g bromofumarate g acetylenedicarboxylate g iodofumarate g mesaconate. With the exception of fluorofumarate, water was added trans to these substrates to produce the threo-β-substituted derivatives of l-malate. Fluorofumarate was hydrated to give α-fluoromalate, which spontaneously decomposed to oxalacetate. Acetylenedicarboxylate was also hydrated by fumarase to oxalacetate. The enzyme-catalyzed dehydration of the l-malate analogues was shown for l-threo-chloromalate, (-)threo-bromomalate, l-tartrate, and threo-hydroxyaspartate. In addition to defining more precisely the substrate specificity of fumarase, these studies suggest that steric hindrance by the substituent groups to proper substrate binding is primarily responsible for the observed order of reactivity among the new substrates reported here. Furthermore, the monosubstituted derivatives of fumarate may form two nonequivalent complexes with the active site, depending upon the nature of the substituent group. Finally, the region of the active site catalyzing the addition of hydrogen may be sterically less specific than the region catalyzing the addition of the hydroxyl group.
The ARC Project: Creating logical models of Gothic cathedrals using natural language processing

The ARC project (for Architecture Represented Computationally) is an attempt to reproduce in computer form the architectural historian's mental model of the Gothic cathedral. This model includes the background information necessary to understand a natural language architectural description. Our first task is to formalize the description of Gothic cathedrals in a logical language, and provide a means for translating into this language from natural language. Such a system could then be used by architectural historians and others to facilitate the task of gathering and using information from architectural descriptions. We believe the ARC Project will represent an important contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage, because it will offer a logical framework for understanding the description of landmark monuments of the past. This paper presents an outline of our plan for the ARC system, and examines some of the issues we face in implementing it.
Adoption of hepatitis B virus-infected foreign-born children.

To the Editor.— Hostetter et al1 confirmed recent reports2-5 of the relatively high incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among foreign-born children who are adopted in the United States. Approximately 5% to 15% of adopted infants from Asia, India, and Central/South America are found to have active HBV infection or to be asymptomatic carriers.1-5 Although some information is provided to prospective parents by adoption agencies discussing the possibility of a number of diseases (including HBV infection) in the foreign-born infants, few parents, in our experience, felt that they were adequately informed about the true risk and the potential social and medical consequences of HBV infection before the placement of the child in their home.
Mixed strategy for tree search

The authors propose a mixed strategy of tree searching that is efficient in space. The proposed method is a combination of the breadth-first strategy, the minimum-space-pebbling strategy, and the modified depth-first iterative deepening algorithms. The authors analyze the complexity of the algorithms using three parameters: the depth of the tree, the node branching factor, and the computational efficiency described as the total number of nodes generated during the search. It is concluded that the proposed method of tree searching reduces the space requirements compared to the three other above-mentioned methods, without increasing the order of the time complexity. >
Impact of facial cosmetics on automatic gender and age estimation algorithms

Recent research has established the negative impact of facial cosmetics on the matching accuracy of automated face recognition systems. In this paper, we analyze the impact of cosmetics on automated gender and age estimation algorithms. In this regard, we consider the use of facial cosmetics for (a) gender spoofing where male subjects attempt to look like females and vice versa, and (b) age alteration where female subjects attempt to look younger or older than they actually are. While such transformations are known to impact human perception, their impact on computer vision algorithms has not been studied. Our findings suggest that facial cosmetics can potentially be used to confound automated gender and age estimation schemes.
EXPERIENCES WITH THYROIDECTOMY IN A THYROID CLINIC

THE following is an account of the experiences and the results of handling patients by the Thyroid Clinic of the University of California Hospital. The Clinic is operated by a committee comprised of members from the Divisions of Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Radiology. The majority of clinic patients are cared for by this group. The interest in thyroid disease in this institution was inaugurated in 1903 by Dr. Wallace I. Terry, who became Professor of Surgery in 1912, and Professor Emeritus in 1929. Because of his exceptional ability as a teacher, observer and surgeon and his success in the management of these patients, a thyroid center was developed at this hospital where contributions were made regarding technic of thyroidectomy, method of recognition of the parathyroid glands by gross appearance and a method for their preservation, subtotal thyroidectomy rather than stage procedures in all cases, exophthalmos and an operative procedure for the correction of progressive exophthalmos, tumors of the th...
Efficient strategies for estimating spatial coherence on matrix probes

Short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) imaging has recently been introduced as a clutter reducing imaging technique. Thus far, SLSC has been implemented solely on one-dimensional (1D) array transducers, and the present definition is not readily applicable to two-dimensional (2D) matrix array transducers. We propose a strategy based on the physics of pulse-echo ultrasound in diffuse scatterers. The method utilizes subaperture beamforming, wherein groups of N elements are delay-and-summed to form individual channels of output, and estimates the spatial coherence between subapertures. Our simulation results show that there is no noticeable degradation in the spatial coherence estimates associated with subaperture beamforming for small subaperture sizes; further-more, the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by a factor of √N. These results suggest that SLSC implementations on 2D matrix array transducers should employ subaperture beamforming.
The Art of Exposure: Putting Science Into Practice ☆

Abstract Behavioral exposure has been identified as an integral component of successful cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for youth with distressing anxiety. Despite the evidence supporting the efficacy of exposures, they are often underutilized in community settings. Although flexible implementation of exposures is recommended, specific guidelines on how to execute individualized exposures are largely lacking. The following paper outlines ways to adapt and tailor exposures to the individual presentation, translating the process into meaningful therapeutic gains. First, the article reviews creative methods to promote youth's motivation and engagement (e.g. through the use of games, technology, and other personalization strategies). Second, the paper outlines generalization of exposure into the child's daily life (e.g. at home, at school, and overtime). The paper concludes with a discussion of areas for future exposure-related research.
Tight Junction Proteins Form Large Complexes and Associate with the Cytoskeleton in an ATP Depletion Model for Reversible Junction Assembly

A key feature of the ischemic epithelial cell phenotype is the disruption of tight junctions (TJ). In a Manin-Darby canine kidney cell model for ischemia-reperfusion/hypoxia-reoxygenation injury which employs inhibitors of glycolysis (2-deoxy-D-glucose) and oxidative phosphorylation (antimycin A), transepithelial electrical resistance, a measure of TJ integrity, dropped rapidly, correlating well with declining ATP levels. Although immunocytochemical studies revealed only subtle changes in the distribution of the TJ proteins, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2, and cingulin, examination of the Triton X-100 solubilities of these proteins, an indicator of cytoskeletal association, revealed a striking shift of all three TJ proteins into the insoluble pool, consistent with increased cytoskeletal interaction during ATP depletion. In addition, rate-zonal centrifugation analysis of a detergent-soluble fraction showed an increase in the amount of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in high density fractions following ATP depletion, providing further evidence for association of TJ proteins into a large complex possibly involving the cytoskeleton. Analysis of immunoprecipitation data from [35S]methionine-labeled cells revealed that ATP depletion led to the association of a 240-kDa protein with the ZO-1-containing complex. Western blots of this protein immunoprecipitated with anti-ZO-1 antibodies confirmed its identity as fodrin, a protein believed to link membrane and other proteins to the actin-based cytoskeleton. Together, our data suggest that in the absence of major immunocytochemical changes, ATP depletion leads TJ proteins to form large insoluble complexes and associate with the cytoskeleton. We propose a model in which a key, potentially regulated, step in the generation of the ischemic epithelial cell phenotype is the interaction between TJ proteins and fodrin and/or other cytoskeletal proteins.
Considerations to improve functional annotations in biological databases.

Abstract Despite the great effort to design efficient systems allowing the electronic indexation of information concerning genes, proteins, structures, and interactions published daily in scientific journals, some problems are still observed in specific tasks such as functional annotation. The annotation of function is a critical issue for bioinformatic routines, such as for instance, in functional genomics and the further prediction of unknown protein function, which are highly dependent of the quality of existing annotations. Some information management systems evolve to efficiently incorporate information from large-scale projects, but often, annotation of single records from the literature is difficult and slow. In this short report, functional characterizations of a representative sample of the entire set of uncharacterized proteins from Escherichia coli K12 was compiled from Swiss-Prot, PubMed, and EcoCyc and demonstrate a functional annotation deficit in biological databases. Some issues are postul...
Gene Transfer for Ischemic Heart Failure in a Preclinical Model

Various emerging technologies are being developed for patients with heart failure. Well-established preclinical evaluations are necessary to determine their efficacy and safety. Gene therapy using viral vectors is one of the most promising approaches for treating cardiac diseases. Viral delivery of various different genes by changing the carrier gene has immeasurable therapeutic potential. In this video, the full process of an animal model of heart failure creation followed by gene transfer is presented using a swine model. First, myocardial infarction is created by occluding the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Heart remodeling results in chronic heart failure. Unique to our model is a fairly large scar which truly reflects patients with severe heart failure who require aggressive therapy for positive outcomes. After myocardial infarct creation and development of scar tissue, an intracoronary injection of virus is demonstrated with simultaneous nitroglycerine infusion. Our injection method provides simple and efficient gene transfer with enhanced gene expression. This combination of a myocardial infarct swine model with intracoronary virus delivery has proven to be a consistent and reproducible methodology, which helps not only to test the effect of individual gene, but also compare the efficacy of many genes as therapeutic candidates.
The complete sequence of the genomic RNAs of spinach latent virus

We describe the sequence for the complete genome of spinach latent virus (SpLV). Comparisons of this genome with that of the only other complete genome described for a species within the genus Ilarvirus (citrus leaf rugose virus – CiLRV) indicate that while there are marked differences between the RNA 3 of the two viruses, their respective RNAs 1 and 2 share many similarities. However, the putative 2a protein of SpLV contains a C2H2 type “zinc finger”-like motif located towards the carboxy terminal of the protein which is absent in CiLRV and has not been reported for other members of the family Bromoviridae. A second open reading frame (2b), located at a similar position to that described for the cucumoviruses, occurs in the RNA 2 of both SpLV and CiLRV. The putative coat protein of SpLV is similar to that of citrus variegation virus (CVV) and asparagus virus 2 (AV-2), both members of subgroup 2 of the ilarviruses. We have subsequently demonstrated a serological relationship between SpLV and other viruses in subgroup 2 and suggest that SpLV should be included in this subgroup rather than remain in a separate group (subgroup 6). However, while the putative movement protein of SpLV is remarkably similar to that of AV-2, it shows little relationship with the corresponding protein of CVV and the lack of similarity suggests that a recombination event may have occurred in the past. The relationship between the genera Alfamovirus and Ilarvirus is discussed in the light of the data for the genome of SpLV and recently published information for other members of the genus Ilarvirus.
Biological Response of Chondrocytes to Hydrogels

: Primary bovine chondrocytes were encapsulated in alginate and alginate combined with cartilage matrix extract, Cartrigel, for the purpose of cartilage tissue engineering. The cell constructs were incubated in vitro and gene expression of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix molecules was quantitated and localized with in situ hybridization with a decrease in expression observed in the alginate-Cartrigel constructs. Further understanding of cell response to scaffolds will allow rational design and development of hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering.
Soviet submersibles visit U.S. for IGC

The flagship of the Soviet oceanographic fleet docked near Washington, D.C., July 6 carrying two cargos, a boatload of Soviet scientists and two of five deep-diving submersibles in the world. The submersibles have just completed missions that took them into a 5-km-deep trough in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Portugal with U.S. and Canadian scientists June 21–22 and to the ocean bottom off Norway to survey damage to a Soviet navy nuclear submarine that burned and sank there earlier this year. The Soviet marine geologists are in Washington for the quadrennial meeting of the International Geological Congress, which runs through July 19.
The dance of advocacy.

A childbirth educator asks how she can continue to use best evidence and prepare women adequately for birth within the constraints of a hospital practice that pressures educators not to “rock the boat.” This column discusses the challenge of advocating for normal birth and the dangers inherent in the advocacy role. Advocacy requires the childbirth educator to “dance” with many partners, including physicians and hospitals. Strategies for inviting colleagues and class participants onto the dance floor and teaching them the steps of the dance are explored. Guidelines for reducing risk and engaging women are discussed.
Database systems for HEP experiments

Abstract I review the role of commercial and home-made database systems in HEP experiments. I draw heavily on the qualitative and quantitative evaluations performed by the L3 offline computing group, but I also review some of the activities of other experiments. I consider to what extent features, such as query language, Fortran interface, efficiency, portability, robustness, security and cheapness, are needed for various applications and are offered by existing systems. The commercial systems ORACLE and SQL/DS, and the HEP-made ‘access methods’ KAPACK and ZEBRA-RZ will be discussed in some detail. Finally, I present a brief overview of the L3 database system.
Migration Regions and Interstate Labor Flows by Occupation in the United States

This paper investigates the migration patterns of occupational groups [in the United States]. The results confirm previous analyses of the differences in movement behavior between occupations but in addition show that this variation is a function of the industrial sector of employment. The chief aim of the paper however is to uncover the geography of labor flows for different occupational groups using a principal components analysis of interstate flow matrices....Results indicate that migration regions vary by occupation and industry and we argue that these differences reflect job information flows and regional employment structure for various classes of labor. Data are from the Public Use Microdata Sample A taken from the 1980 census. (EXCERPT)
Elastic and inelastic scattering of fast neutrons from Ag, In and Cd

Abstract The differential elastic and the differential inelastic neutron scattering cross sections of Ag, In and Cd have been measured at ten scattering angles for incident neutron energies between 0.3 and 1.5 MeV. The incident neutron energy spread was ≈ 20 keV and pulsed beam time-of-flight techniques were utilized to resolve the elasticity and the inelasticity scattered neutron groups. The inelastic excitation of states in Ag at 0.09, 0.33, 0.42, 0.71, 0.78, 0.95 and 1.15 MeV; in In at 0.33, 0.58, 0.83, 0.96 and 1.10 MeV; and in Cd at 0.31 and 0.62 MeV was observed. The measured differential elastic scattering cross sections were compared with the results of optical model calculations employing the surface absorption potential of Moldauer. Hauser-Feshbach calculations, including corrections for width fluctuations, were carried out and the results are discussed in the context of the experimental measurements.
Inducing the Private Purchase of Earthquake Insurance through the Involvement of the Insurance and Mortgage Finance Industries: An Overview of Potential Problems

Abstract Private procurement of earthquake insurance is often advocated as a preferred means to mitigate the economic consequences of severe earthquake damage. For recognized reasons, a large majority of residential property owners have demonstrated a marked reluctance to purchase earthquake insurance. Suggestions that the property damage/casualty insurance industry and/or the mortgage finance industry act as catalysts to stimulate widespread private acquisition of earthquake insurance protection have not been embraced by either industry for a number of understandable reasons. Nonetheless, interest in, and the potential for, such intervention remains strong, and many current obstacles might prove surmountable. One such obstacle is the risk of antitrust violations arising in the course of the interactions which might be necessary if either or both referenced industries actively engaged in creating a widespread demand for earthquake insurance. Legal counselling by antitrust specialists could permit such a r...
A Multi-Generation Toxicity Evaluation of P.P′-DDT And Dieldrin with Japanese Quail I. Effects on Growth and Reproduction

ABSTRACTA toxicity Evaluation of DDT and dieldrin was conducted using Japanese Quail. The effects of feeding DDT (5 and 50 ppm of diet) and dieldrin (0.1 and 1.0 ppm of diet) in this four generation study (parental, F1, F2 and F3) were examined in terms of growth, viability, and/or reproduction of offspring. Ten groups (including controls and replicates of groups) contained 21 birds/group for the parental generation, and 21–35 chicks for each respective generation study. At 50 ppm DDT, a marginal decrease in egg hatch-ability of F2 generation was evidenced; the decrease appeared related to a slight decrease in fertility rather than egg production or hatchability of fertile eggs. Data accumulated from all other experimental groups were within the expected range and were comparable to control data.
Effects of membrane attack complex of complement on apoptosis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

: Complement activation is involved in the initiation of inflammation and antibody-mediated demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We investigated the role of MAC in apoptosis in myelin-induced EAE in complement C5-deficient (C5-d) and C5-sufficient (C5-s) mice. The number of apoptotic cells assessed by TUNEL assay was significantly increased in C5-d mice during clinical recovery as compared with C5-s mice. Most of the apoptotic cells were lymphocytes, monocytes, and oligodendrocytes. DNA microarray was performed using total RNA extracted from spinal cords. Genes expressed higher in C5-s included members of the caspase (caspase 6, 7), TNF and TNFR families (CD27, FasL, lymphotoxin-beta R) and survivin. These results indicate that C5 and possibly MAC may be required for the limitation of inflammatory response within the central nervous system.
Response of glia in cat sensorimotor cortex to increased extracellular potassium.

With the sensorimotor cortex under continuous irrigation with artificial CSF, 40 electrically silent glial cells ranging in membrain potential from −50 to −95 mV were studied in the outer 400 μm. After penetration of a cell the normal CSF was replaced by a CSF containing 40 mMK+ which flowed until the membrane potential appeared to reach a plateau. The 40mMK+CSF was then replaced by normal CSF, and cell repolarization observed. The response of 10 cells in the outer 30 μm provided an accurate index of glial sensitivity to 40mMK+. Those cells with the highest membrane potential (92mV) showed the greatest depolarization (34mV). Cells with the lowest membrane potential (50 mV) showed the smallest depolarization (12 mV). The depth of 10 of the glial cells was verified by fluorescein electrophoresis and ranged from 10 to 380 μm. The presence of the arachnoid membrane prolonged the time required to obtain equilibration at various cortical depths. Correlation of the electrophysiologic response of these 10 cells with depth revealed the time course of potassium movement through the brain. A cell 10 μm deep reached a plateau in 13 sec while a cell at 380 μm took upwards of 114 sec to approximate a plateau. It is concluded that the magnitude of the response of glial cells to 40 mMK+ is less than what would be predicted by the Nernst equation. The time course of the glial response can be approximated by a diffusion model, corrected for cell and capillary absorption. In addition, the effects of a surface barrier to K+ diffusion have been calculated and discussed.
Psychological risk may influence drop-out prior to bariatric surgery

Abstract Background Factors necessitating a delay before psychological clearance for bariatric surgery have been previously identified; however, research has not examined why patients who begin the preoperative evaluation fail to complete surgery or drop-out of bariatric programs. This study sought to explore the potential psychosocial reasons for a failure to reach bariatric surgery. The setting was an academic medical center. Methods Data were analyzed from 129 patients psychologically evaluated for bariatric surgery who had failed to reach surgery after 15 months. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, body mass index, and psychiatric variables. Results The most common reasons for not reaching surgery included withdrawal from the program, outstanding program requirements, self-canceled surgery, moving out of the area, insurance denial, switching to non-surgical weight management, or death. Patients with outstanding program requirements were psychosocially different from patients who had not achieved surgery for other reasons. They were significantly more likely to be involved in outpatient behavioral health treatment (chi-square = 12.90, P P P P Conclusion Patients who failed to complete outstanding program requirements often had significant psychiatric and/or substance abuse/dependence issues that required additional treatment. It is possible that these patients drop-out of the program due to unwillingness to complete psychiatric treatment recommendations. Continued screening of high-risk patients and the education of patients on the importance of managing these risks is indicated. However, patients may choose to leave programs once education has been provided or treatment mandated.
Functional Significance of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Production of Hypertension

SEVERAL studies have implicated the sympathetic nervous system in the induction and maintenance of hypertension1–6. Other reports7,8 have shown that hypertension can be produced even after destruction of the sympathetic nervous system by immunosympathectomy. Treatment with anti-nerve growth factor9 results in a sub-total sympathectomy which is irreversible. Dahl has developed a method of accelerating production of salt hypertension by using L-triiodothyronine (T3) (ref. 10). Using this technique for producing hypertension, we have evaluated the functional significance of the sympathetic nervous system during induction of T3 and NaCl hypertension.
CPMG relaxation by diffusion with constant magnetic field gradient in a restricted geometry: numerical simulation and application

Abstract Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) measurements are the primary nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique used for evaluating formation properties and reservoir fluid properties in the well logging industry and laboratory sample analysis. The estimation of bulk volume irreducible (BVI), permeability, and fluid type relies on the accurate interpretation of the spin–spin relaxation time ( T 2 ) distribution. The interpretation is complicated when spin’s self-diffusion in an inhomogeneous field and restricted geometry becomes dominant. The combined effects of field gradient, diffusion, and a restricted geometry are not easily evaluated analytically. We used a numerical method to evaluate the dependence of the free and restricted diffusion on the system parameters in the absence of surface relaxation, which usually can be neglected for the non-wetting fluids (e.g., oil or gas). The parameter space that defines the relaxation process is reduced to two dimensionless groups: D * and τ * . Three relaxation regimes: free diffusion, localization, and motionally averaging regimes are identified in the ( log 10 D * , log 10 τ * ) domain. The hypothesis that the normalized magnetization, M * , relaxes as a single exponential with a constant dimensionless relaxation time T 2 * is justified for most regions of the parameter space. The numerical simulation results are compared with the analytical solutions from the contour plots of T 2 * . The locations of the boundaries between different relaxation regimes, derived from equalizing length scales, are challenged by observed discrepancies between numerical and analytical solutions. After adjustment of boundaries by equalizing T 2 * , numerical simulation result and analytical solution match each other for every relaxation regime. The parameters, fluid diffusivity and pore length, can be estimated from analytical solutions in the free diffusion and motionally averaging regimes, respectively. Estimation of the parameters near the boundaries of the regimes may require numerical simulation.
Diode laser frequency stabilization to transient spectral holes and spectral diffusion in Er3+:Y2SiO5 at 1536nm

Diode laser frequency stabilization to 500 Hz Allan deviation is demonstrated over 2 ms integration times with drift reduced to 7 kHz/min. This was achieved at 1536 nm in the technologically important communications band by stabilizing external cavity diode lasers to regenerative transient spectral holes in the inhomogeneously broadened 4I15/2(1)→4I13/2(1) optical absorption of Er3+ : Y2SiO5. Spectral diffusion, which currently limits the achievable stabilization performance, has been studied using stimulated photon echoes. Due to spectral diffusion, significant broadening of the homogeneous linewidth at low magnetic fields from a few kHz to tens of kHz develops as the waiting time T between pulses two and three was increased from microseconds up to the T1∼10 ms lifetime of the excited state. This evolution of the homogeneous linewidth has been mapped out as a function of magnetic field. The classic spectral diffusion can be reduced to negligible levels upon application of a magnetic field in a 0.02 atomic percent Er3+ : Y2SiO5 crystal.
ESPRESSO-SIGNATURE: a new exact minimizer for logic functions

An algorithm for exact two-level logic optimization that radically improves the Quine-McCluskey (QM) procedure is presented. The new algorithm derives the covering problem directly and implicitly without generating the set of all prime implicants. It then generates only those prime implicants involved in the covering problem. A set of primes is represented by the cube of their intersection. Therefore, the unique set of sets of primes that forms the covering problem can be implicitly represented by a set of cubes that forms a minimum canonical cover. The minimum canonical cover starting from any initial cover is obtained and then the covering problem is derived. The method is effective; it improves on the runtime and memory usage of ESPRESSO-EXACT by average factors of 1.78 and 1.19, respectively, on the 114 of 134 benchmark examples that could be completed by ESPRESSO-EXACT. Of the remaining 20 hard problems, 14 are solved exactly. For three of the remaining six, the covering problem is derived but it can not be solved exactly. >
Three-dimensional flow vectors from RF ultrasound signals

A new ultrasound technique for determining three-dimensional velocity vectors has been devised using radio frequency (RF) data from commercially available scanners. Applied to blood flow, this technique could prove useful for evaluating hemodynamics and detecting stenoses. Three orthogonal velocity vectors are computed from the RF signals of two steered beams from a single array. The in-plane velocities are determined using standard Doppler analysis, while the out-of-plane component is derived from the total velocity as computed from temporal decorrelation and the in-plane components. The technique was tested using contrast agent pumped through a flow tube. A GE Vingmed SystemV scanner with a 10 MHz linear array provided scans at beam steering angles of +/- 20 degree(s). Both Doppler velocities and temporal complex decorrelation were computed for each digitized voxel. Additional studies were done on a blood mimicking fluid and in vivo with a canine femoral artery. Vector plots were constructed to show flow for various transducer angles. Angle estimates were within 20 degree(s), and the mean error for the velocity amplitude was less than 15%. The in vivo results provided velocity estimates consistent with the literature. The proposed method, unlike current Doppler velocity measurement techniques, provides quantitative velocity information independent of transducer orientation.
Visual attention to television programs with a second-screen application

This study examined participants' visual attention via eye-movement patterns as they watched two television shows---one a drama, the other a documentary---while interacting with synchronized second-screen applications introduced in spring 2011. The second screen garnered considerable visual attention, about 30% of the total viewing session. Visual attention went to the tablet screen even without a recent "push" of interactive content and without advertising content on the TV screen. However, interactive content and TV advertising did trigger more attention to the tablet app. The presence of the second screen also dramatically decreased the average gaze length on TV as described in previous research.
Timber, Minerals, and Social Change: An Exploratory Test of Two Resource‐Dependent Communities1

There are few empirical tests of the relationship between local resource production and community social systems. This paper reports the results of research on two communities in northern Idaho: one timber-dependent, the other mining-dependent. Data were collected for 13 indicators of resource production and 15 indicators of social change for periods up to 65 years. Regression analysis was used to test if community social change is associated with the production level of local resource systems. The final models support the hypothesis in both communities. The form, lag condition, and strength of the relationship is complex and may vary with the dependent indicator. The original causal image—the rural community with a social order that directly responds to changes in local resource production—is blurred. Suggestions are made for future research.
Effect of superconducting phase fluctuations upon surface reactance

Abstract The effect of superconducting phase fluctuations upon the radio frequency surface reactance is discussed. A Jangevin approach is used to find the mean square phase fluctuation in a Josephson-coupled layer model of 3D superconductors in the Meissner state. The fluctuation effect on the penetration depth λ is estimated in both classical and quantum limits and its relevance to microwave measurements is discussed.
Nasal and sinus disease in cystic fibrosis

Paranasal and sinus disease is present in almost every patient with cystic fibrosis. However, symptoms are rarely reported. Some aspects including polyposis and microbial flora change with patient age. Endoscopy and computerised tomography have broadened our understanding of how this disease affects the sinuses, including an increased recognition of polyposis than previously thought and identification of several disease specific entities such as abnormalities of the lateral nasal wall and uncinate process. Few randomised, controlled trials evaluating medical or surgical treatments of CF sinus disease exist. Sinus surgery may provide some benefit, though there are no established selection criteria for appropriate candidates. A link between sinus disease and lower respiratory tract function may contribute to general health and survival following lung transplantation. Complications of sinonasal disease in CF are rare and include mucoceles and periorbital abscesses.
Omnidirectional reflection from anisotropic periodic dielectric stack

It is shown that Solc filter structure under certain conditions of the alternating anisotropic layers acts as a perfect reflector at all angles, any polarization and over a wide spectral range thus can act as a photonic band gap structure. Near this behavior a total 90° polarization rotation is obtained upon reflection over a large range of angles or wavelengths.
Familial pseudocoarctation of the aorta

Pseudocoarctation of the aorta (PCOA) is an unusual congenital malformation of the aortic arch characterized by an acute anterior angulation of the aortic arch at the level of the ligamentum arteriosum with little or no obstruction. This report describes the occurrence of PCOA and other aortic arch abnormalities including true coarctation, right aortic arch, and aneurysms of the proximal and distal aortic arch in three generations of a single family. To our knowledge, a familial form of PCOA has not been described.
Direct sampling electron impact fluorimetry: A technique for measuring combustion species☆

Abstract We have developed a diagnostic technique for the measurement of chemical species important in combustion systems based on electron impact fluorescence from atoms and molecules in the rarefied flow of an expanding free jet. We have obtained spectra characterizing both reactant and product molecules, including CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , and O 2 . We have demonstrated the application of the method for monitoring transient events by continuously measuring a single frequency unique to a particular species during combustion of spark-ignited methane/oxygen/argon mixtures. Advantages of the technique are discussed and include fast temporal response, high sensitivity and selectivity, simultaneous multispecies detection, and low equipment costs.
Collision of SU(2) gauge fields in 3 + 1 dimensions

Abstract The Yang–Mills equations provide a classical mean field description of the non-Abelian soft glue field dynamics in heavy ion collisions at high energies. A C++ code for the numerical solution on a three-dimensional gauge lattice is presented. Non-perturbative time-dependent solutions in position space are calculated in the weak coupling regime of a gauge lattice within the Hamiltonian approach of Kogut and Susskind. Applications are demonstrated by simulations of the Yang–Mills field dynamics in collisions of initially uniformly color polarized Gaussian wave packets. The collisions are evolved in time. The time dependent energy densities, energy flows and energy currents in longitudinal and transverse directions with respect to the collision axis are presented. Simulations of this type have recently revealed an interesting solution which exhibits a time-delayed sudden increase of the transverse energy currents in the “non-Abelian case” at short times after the collision.
To Treat or Not to Treat: Responding to Psychotic Experiences

Abstract Psychotic experiences (PE) have been found to be much more common in the generalpopulation than psychotic disorders, yet research is currently ambivalent about whetheror not PE warrant clinical treatment, and what treatment should entail. In light of thisdilemma,wereviewthedefinitionsofPEandhowtheydifferfromtworelatedsub-thresh-oldphenomena,whichare‘clinicalhighrisk’and‘voicehearing’.Thenwediscusstheclin-ical significance of PE with respect to three areas: (i) the risk of transitioning from PE tothresholdpsychoticdisorder,(ii)thedistressandimpairmentassociatedwithPEirrespect-ive of transition and (iii) the treatment-seeking behaviours and need for care of peoplewith PE. Finally, we consider the implications for social work practice and underscorethe importance of a person-centred treatment system to detect and respond to PE whileworking with social supportsystems.Keywords:Help-seeking,psychosis,psychoticexperience,socialworkpractice,treatment Accepted: October 2013 Introduction
On Sequence Design for Full Connectivity Relay Network

This paper considers a relay network where sources communicate with the receiver via relays under frequency-selective fading channels. A spreading sequence design scheme, which is subjected to maximizing the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is proposed. It is shown through simulations that a better bit error rate (BER) can be achieved using this proposed scheme. The sensitivity of the proposed scheme to channel uncertainty and broadband noise jamming is also examined.
Structural Determination of the Substrate Specificities and Regioselectivities of the Rat and Human Fatty Acid ω-Hydroxylases

The substrate and regiospecificities of the known CYP4A enzymes from rat (CYP4A1, -4A2, -4A3, and -4A8) and human (CYP4A11) have been determined using lauric (C12), myristic (C14), palmitic (C16), oleic (C18:1), and arachidonic (C20:4) acids. The CYP4A2 and CYP4A8 cDNAs required to complete the enzyme set were cloned from a rat kidney library. All five proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and were purified with the help of a six-histidine tag at the carboxyl terminus. Two complementary CYP4A2-CYP4A3 chimeras fused at residue 119 (CYP4A2) and 122 (CYP4A3) were constructed to explore the roles of the 18 amino acid differences between the parent proteins in determining their catalytic profiles. The chimera in which the first 119 amino acids are from CYP4A2 indicates that the first 120 amino acids control the substrate specificity. The chimera in which the first 122 amino acids are from CYP4A3 is inactive due to a defect in electron transfer to the heme group. The highest activity for lauric acid was obtained with CYP4A1 and CYP4A8, but for all the proteins the activity decreased with increasing fatty acid chain length. The fact that none of the rat and human CYP4A enzymes exhibits a high activity with arachidonic acid appears to limit their role as catalysts for the physiologically important conversion of arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE).
Quantum-related reference frames and the local physical significance of potentials

In a sequel to our previous paper we discuss two thought experiments which show that potentials in force-free regions have not only a nonlocal physically measurable significance (via, e.g., ∮A ·dl), but, in singly connected portions of that region, also have a necessary local significance (via their quantum spread ΔA, which cannot be neglected). We then show, in continuation to the foregoing paper, how suchA arise “geometrically” as kinematic quantities associated with the transformation between “quantum-related” reference frames, e.g., when the relative frame velocities areq-numbers possessing a quantum spread.
Combined Topical Pulmonary and Systemic Gentamicin: The Question of Safety

Serum levels were measured in 13 subjects who received gentamicin either by inspiratory intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB-I) or by tracheal instillation. Only in the latter group were significant serum levels achieved. It is recommended that systemic doses of gentamicin should be reduced and serum levels closely monitored in order to avoid toxicity when the usual 3 to 5 mg/kg of IM or IV gentamicin is conbined with tracheal instillation.
Middle ear sensitivity in anurans and reptiles measured by light scattering spectroscopy

1. We have used a light scattering spectroscopy technique to measure the vibration amplitude, in response to sound stimuli, of the eardrums of two species of anurans (Bufo americanus andHyla cinerea) and one reptile species (Chrysemys scripta elegans). 2. The amplitude of displacement as a function of frequency of the eardrums for constant sound intensity varies in a species-specific manner (Figs. 2, 5, and 7). 3. The middle ear responds like a low-pass filter with the cut-off frequency differing in each species. This frequency is quite well correlated with the highest best excitatory frequencies of eighth nerve fibers in the same species, suggesting that the middle ear may limit the frequency range detected by the auditory system. 4. In anurans the tympanum overlying the site of attachment of the extracolumella vibrates with a smaller amplitude than does the surrounding ‘free’ membrane (Figs. 3 and 6). This indicates that the tympanum can act as a curved membrane lever thereby increasing the force transmitted by the plectrum to the inner ear and, by so doing, aid in impedance matching. 5. Calculations based on data obtained in this study and information available from the literature suggest that, at least over their range of maximum sensitivity, the middle ears of nonmammalian vertebrates can be as efficient as those of mammals.
Metallographic preparation technique for hot-dip galvanized and galvannealed coatings on steel

Abstract A new metallographic technique for hot-dip galvanized and galvannealed coatings has been developed. The new polishing procedure and etchant have shown excellent results on commercial hot-dip galvanized and galvanneal coatings, as well as on laboratory-simulated hot-dip galvanneal produced under a variety of thermal processing parameters.
Eosinophil Infiltration and Degranulation in Normal Human Tissue

Localization of eosinophil granule major basic protein by immunofluorescence permits recognition of both eosinophil infiltration and degranulation. Over the past decade and a half, our laboratory has shown that eosinophil infiltration and degranulation occur in many diseased tissues in humans; among normal tissues studied as controls, only the gut showed striking eosinophil infiltration and degranulation. Using an indirect immunofluorescence procedure for the detection of major basic protein, we extended our analyses of normal human tissues to include tissues from essentially all body organs; a total of 117 biopsy/ autopsy specimens were analyzed. To determine whether the method of tissue procurement affected the level of eosinophil degranulation in the normal gastrointestinal tract, normal proximal jejunum from six patients was biopsied using either an endoscopic forceps or a scalpel at the time of elective surgery and examined by immunofluorescence. Spleen, lymph node, and thymus tissues showed eosinophil infiltration with scant evidence of degranulation, but the only organ showing both eosinophil infiltration and remarkable degranulation was the gastrointestinal tract. Eosinophil degranulation was significantly increased in specimens obtained by endoscopic forceps compared to those obtained by scalpel (P = 0.021). These results indicate that tissue procurement methods affect the degree of eosinophil degranulation in the gut. Thus, among normal human body organs, both eosinophil infiltration and appreciable degranulation consistently occur only in the gut. Anat. Rec. 252:418–425, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigations of the regulation of specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in Siberian hamsters by endogenous and exogenous melatonin

Abstract These studies used quantitative in vitro autoradiography to investigate whether endogenous or exogenous melatonin modulate specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the pars tuberalis or suprachiasmatic nuclei of Siberian hamsters. Saturation analyses were conducted on tissue sections from hamsters that were pinealectomized, exposed to constant illumination (72 h), or injected with melatonin, and from hamsters that were treated as controls. High affinity ( K d approximately 20–75 pM) specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites were detected in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and pars tuberalis of all animals. Neither pinealectomy nor constant illumination significantly affected either the affinity or the density of the specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites in either region. Melatonin injections led to a decrease in specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding to the pars tuberalis at 3–4 h after the last injection. However, washing the sections before incubation with 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin eliminated this effect, suggesting that melatonin was occupying the binding sites rather than decreasing their actual number. Furthermore, when hamsters were sacrificed 18 h after the last melatonin injection, no effect of melatonin on either the affinity or density of specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin sites was observed. These data suggest that 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites in Siberian hamsters are not regulated by changes in circulating melatonin levels.
In Vitro Evolution of an RNA-Cleaving DNA Enzyme into an RNA Ligase Switches the Selectivity from 3‘−5‘ to 2‘−5‘

Deoxyribozymes that ligate RNA expand the scope of nucleic acid catalysis and allow preparation of site-specifically modified RNAs. Previously, deoxyribozymes that join a 5'-hydroxyl and a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate were identified by in vitro selection from random DNA pools. Here, the alternative strategy of in vitro evolution was used to transform the 8-17 deoxyribozyme that cleaves RNA into a family of DNA enzymes that ligate RNA. The parent 8-17 DNA enzyme cleaves native 3'-5' phosphodiester linkages but not 2'-5' bonds. Surprisingly, the new deoxyribozymes evolved from 8-17 create only 2'-5' linkages. Thus, reversing the direction of the DNA-mediated process from ligation to cleavage also switches the selectivity in forming the new phosphodiester bond. The same change in selectivity was observed upon evolution of the 10-23 RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme into an RNA ligase. The DNA enzymes previously isolated from random pools also create 2'-5' linkages. Therefore, deoxyribozyme-mediated formation of a non-native 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage from a 5'-hydroxyl and a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate is strongly favored in many different contexts.