cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noise transmission and control for a light, twin-engine aircraft

One of the dominant source-path combinations for cabin noise in light twin-engine aircraft is propeller noise being transmitted through the fuselage sidewall. This source-path was investigated and candidate sidewall add- on treatments were installed and tested using both an external sound source and the propeller in ground static engine runs. Results indicate that adding either mass or stiffness to the fuselage skin would improve sidewall attenuation and that the honeycomb stiffness treatment provided more improvement at most frequencies than an equal amount of added mass. It is proposed that double-wall construction in conjunction with skin stiffening should provide a good weight-efficient combination for the aircraft studied. NE of the principal source-path combinations of cabin noise in light, twin-engine aircraft is propeller noise transmitted through the fuselage sidewall. Improved methods of controlling this cabin noise are needed to provide a comfortable passenger environment, while at the same time controlling aircraft weight and fuel consumption. Lighter weight noise control methods are needed to replace traditional approaches which have relied largely on relatively heavy damping and mass treatments. A number of approaches have been investigated for reducing cabin noise for this type of aircraft. Flight tests indicated interior noise can be reduced about 3.5 dB(A) by a reduction of engine rpm in an aircraft with variable pitch propellers.1 Design of propeller configurations is being in- vestigated as a means of reducing the noise generated at the source.2 Theoretical prediction methods for sidewall noise transmission have been developed to aid the search for noise- resistant sidewall structures. Theoretical analysis of interior noise transmission has included mechanical analogy models, rigid-stiffener/flexible-panel models, and more complex flexible-stiffener/flexible-panel models. 3"5 The analyses have been compared with laboratory test data for verification and have been used to examine a number of candidate noise control treatments including variations of skin thickness, stiffener stiffness, and structural damping, and addition of damping, mass, and honeycomb panel stiffening. Previous work has not included evaluation of candidate noise control treatments in an experimental situation using an actual aircraft. Such studies are needed to evaluate and compare candidate treatments, and to guide further development of noise control treatments. The purpose of this paper is to describe an experimental program of evaluation of three noise control treatments. The work is focused on added stiffness in the form of honeycomb panels. Also, two mass treatments are included for comparison. The tests were carried out using a light twin-engine aircraft (Fig. 1). Can- didate treatments were developed using the aircraft with a horn noise source in the laboratory. The performance of the stiffness treatment was verified using ground static runs of the aircraft engines. The laboratory portion of this investigation is described in Ref. 6.
The Path of Motivated Blame and the Complexities of Intent

In their article, Malle, Gugliemo, and Monroe (this issue) present their ambitious Path Model of Blame, which posits that blame judgments are processed according to a nested logic along particular ...
Electronic health records and support for primary care teamwork

Objective Consensus that enhanced teamwork is necessary for efficient and effective primary care delivery is growing. We sought to identify how electronic health records (EHRs) facilitate and pose challenges to primary care teams as well as how practices are overcoming these challenges. Methods Practices in this qualitative study were selected from those recognized as patient-centered medical homes via the National Committee for Quality Assurance 2011 tool, which included a section on practice teamwork. We interviewed 63 respondents, ranging from physicians to front-desk staff, from 27 primary care practices ranging in size, type, geography, and population size. Results EHRs were found to facilitate communication and task delegation in primary care teams through instant messaging, task management software, and the ability to create evidence-based templates for symptom-specific data collection from patients by medical assistants and nurses (which can offload work from physicians). Areas where respondents felt that electronic medical record EHR functionalities were weakest and posed challenges to teamwork included the lack of integrated care manager software and care plans in EHRs, poor practice registry functionality and interoperability, and inadequate ease of tracking patient data in the EHR over time. Discussion Practices developed solutions for some of the challenges they faced when attempting to use EHRs to support teamwork but wanted more permanent vendor and policy solutions for other challenges. Conclusions EHR vendors in the United States need to work alongside practicing primary care teams to create more clinically useful EHRs that support dynamic care plans, integrated care management software, more functional and interoperable practice registries, and greater ease of data tracking over time.
Intersections of Symbolic Powers of Prime Ideals

Let (R,m) be a local ring with prime ideals p and q such that p+q is an m-primary ideal. If R is regular and contains a field, and dim(R/p)+dim(R/q)=dim(R), we prove that p^{(r)}\cap q^{(n)}\subseteq m^{m+n} for all positive integers r and s. This is proved using a generalization of Serre's Intersection Theorem which we apply to a hypersurface R/fR. The generalization gives conditions that guarantee that Serre's bound on the intersection dimension dim(R/p)+dim(R/q) \leq dim(R) holds when R is nonregular.
Review of Regional Locomotive Emission Modeling and the Constraints Posed by Activity Data

Diesel-electric locomotives used by U.S. freight railroads are relatively low emitters of criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gases when compared with competing modes. However, the continuous growth in goods movement is cause for concern because locomotive emissions may grow. Railroads account for only a small fraction of all mobile source emissions, but the concentration of emissions along rail facilities raises questions about equity, in particular, environmental justice, and the relative benefits of competing modes of goods movement. This paper provides a synthesis and review of current data and methods used to account for regional locomotive activity. Understanding data limitations and methodological issues at the regional scale provides a starting point for development of more spatially detailed locomotive emission models. Methods developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Air Resources Board are considered. It is found that each method produces different results and ...
Disequilibrium Foundations of Equilibrium Economics

Acknowledgments 1. Introduction: disequilibrium analysis and the theory of value Part I. Methods and Problems of the General Equilibrium Stability Literature: 2. The development of the stability literature 3. Hahn Process models: formal treatment Part II. A Model of Disequilibrium with Arbitraging Agents: 4. Allowing disequilibrium awareness 5. The theory of the individual agent 6. Transaction difficulties, individual price offers, and monopoly power 7. Walras' Law and the properties of equilibrium 8. Dynamics and stability 9. Concluding thoughts Appendix References Index.
Novel Kumada coupling reaction to access cyclic (2-azaallyl)stannanes. Cycloadditions of cyclic nonstabilized 2-azaallyllithium species derived from cyclic (2-azaallyl)stannanes.

A Kumada cross-coupling reaction involving organomagnesium reagents and (3-methylthio-2-azaallyl)stannanes with a Ni(0) catalyst provided cyclic nonstabilized (2-azaallyl)stannanes in moderate to good yields. Primary alkyl, aryl, and allylic organomagnesium reagents can be used as the cross-coupling partner. In general, NiCl2dppp in toluene at room temperature provided the shortest reaction times and most consistent yields. The azomethine ylides and 2-azaallyllithium species derived from these stannanes were shown to undergo efficient [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions to provide azabicyclo[n.2.1]alkanes as the endo cycloadducts. These cycloadducts were found to be useful as starting materials for further elaboration into aza-bridged bicyclic natural and unnatural products of biological interest. Although cyclic 2-azaallyllithium species have been generated previously, this work reports the first generation and cycloaddition of entirely nonstabilized 2-azaallyllithium species. In addition a novel extension o...
SOME NEW MODIFICATIONS OF OLD EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSICS

The tuning forks are first brought into unison by sliding a piece of soft rubber tubing, about half an inch long, up or down one prong of one of the forks. The open ends of the resonators are then placed a short distance apart and each resonator is placed upon two pieces of new soft rubber tubing. If the experiment is tried first without the soft rubber tubing supports and then with them the intensity of the effect is easily seen to be several times as great in the latter case. By this method the author made audible over a large room a tuning fork of the cheapest grade used in the laboratory. For those whose hearing is somewhat impaired vibrations of the second fork may be made visible by suspending an elastic ball about a quarter of an inch in diameter with a thread four or five inches long so that it just touches the prong of the second fork. The fork in this case made the pendulum in contact with it vibrate through an amplitude of at least half an inch, which could be easily seen in all parts of the room. The function of the soft rubber tubing is to conserve the energy of the forks in themselves, thus preventing the dissipation of energy to the table which results when they rest directly upon the table.
Digital wavemeter for cw lasers

The wavelength of light can be measured by counting the number of fringes as an interferometer mirror is moved through a known distance. The known distance is best obtained by simultaneously counting the number of fringes from a standard wavelength source for the same change of optical path length. The arrangement in Fig. 1 permits rapid and precise comparison of wavelengths by moving a mirror smoothly over long distances. The interferometer is a two-beam, division of amplitude type related to the Michelson and Sagnac interferometers. In it, the standard and unknown beams travel identical paths in opposite directions. They emerge at separate detectors, so that there is no need for a dichroic beam splitter to separate them, and measurements can be made close to the wavelength of the standard if desired. Moreover, the visible spots of light on the mirrors can be brought into coincidence, ensuring that the two pathlengths are nearly identical, and simplifying the alignment of the unknown beam. The effects of vibrations are also minimized by the use of identical paths.
Democracy and Equality

If democracy is defined as the form of government dedicated to the realization of the values of selfdetermination, democracy bears a complex relationship to equality. Democracy requires equality of democratic agency, which is different from the forms of equality that flow from the values of distributive justice or fairness. Indeed, insofar as the forms of equality demanded by distributive justice are defined by reference to philosophic reason, rather than by reference to democratic self-determination, there is an intrinsic tension between democracy and distributive justice. This tension is reflected in the common conflict between rights and legislative competence. But insofar as violations of the equality required by distributive justice impair democratic legitimacy, democracy requires that these violations be rectified. Changing conceptions of distributive justice may thus fundamentally alter the preconditions of democratic legitimacy.
Hydrogen-poor circumstellar shells from pulsational pair-instability supernovae with rapidly rotating progenitors

In certain mass ranges, massive stars can undergo a violent pulsation triggered by the electron/positron pair instability that ejects matter, but does not totally disrupt the star. After one or more of these pulsations, such stars are expected to undergo core-collapse to trigger a supernova (SN) explosion. The mass range susceptible to this pulsational phenomena may be as low as 50-70 M ☉ if the progenitor is of very low metallicity and rotating sufficiently rapidly to undergo nearly homogeneous evolution. The mass, dynamics, and composition of the matter ejected in the pulsation are important aspects for determining the subsequent observational characteristics of the explosion. We examine the dynamics of a sample of stellar models and rotation rates and discuss the implications for the first stars, for LBV-like phenomena, and for superluminous SNe. We find that the shells ejected by pulsational pair-instability events with rapidly rotating progenitors (>30% the critical value) are hydrogen-poor and helium- and oxygen-rich.
Ethnic, caste and genetic miscegenation.

It is both a pleasure and an honour for me to participate in one of the stimulating Symposia arranged by the Eugenics Society. But it was with some diffidence that I agreed to speak on the topic of miscegenation: a topic which is so complex, so illunderstood, so charged with emotion. Yet miscegenation is of obvious interest to all who concern themselves, as members of the Eugenics Society do, with human biology, human society and the future of humanity. It is a topic worthy of study, and a topic which needs to be discussed frankly if myths are to be dispelled, confusion to be reduced, and problems resolved. For miscegenation has been a continuous process since the earliest times: it is nothing new. As my own guru, Professor E. A. Hooton, was fond of saying, ‘When peoples meet they sometimes fight, but they always mate.’
The inverse electromagnetic scattering problem for a perfectly conducting cylinder

The problem of determining the shape of the cross section of a simply connected perfectly conducting infinite cylinder from a knowledge of the far-field pattern for all angles of observation and small values of the wavenumber is considered. The method proposed relies heavily on conformal mapping techniques. In particular it is shown that if the transfinite diameter is known each Fourier coefficient of the far-field pattern of the electric field determines a Laurent coefficient of the conformal mapping taking the exterior of the unit disk onto the exterior of the unknown cross section. The transfinite diameter is determined by changing the polarization of the incoming wave and measuring the far-field pattern of the resulting magnetic field. Of particular interest is the case when only a finite number of the Fourier coefficients of the far-field pattern are known. In this situation error estimates are obtained by using results on coefficient estimates for univalent functions.
Dissecting the Pressure Field in Tidal Flow past a Headland: When Is Form Drag “Real”?

In the few previous measurements of topographic form drag in the ocean, drag that is much larger than a typical bluff body drag estimate has been consistently found. In this work, theory combined with a numerical model of tidal flow around a headland in a channel gives insight into the mechanisms that create form drag in oscillating flow situations. The total form drag is divided into two parts: the inertial drag, which is derived from a local potential flow solution, and the separation drag, which accounts for flow features such as eddies. The inertial drag can have a large magnitude, yet it cannot do work on the flow because its phase is in quadrature with the velocity. The separation drag has a magnitude that is nearly equal to the bluff body drag and accounts for all of the energy removed from the flow by the topography. In addition, the dependence of the form drag on the tidal excursion distance and the aspect ratio of the headlands were determined with a series of numerical experiments. This theory explains why form drag can be so large in the ocean, and it provides a method for separating the pressure field into the parts that can and cannot extract energy from the flow.
Conquering uncertainty in multiple-valued logic design

In modern science, significant advances are typically made at cross-roads of disciplines. Thus, many optimization problems in Multiple-valued Logic Design have been successfully approached using ideas and techniques from Artificial Intelligence. In particular, improvements in multiple-valued logic design have been made by exploiting information/uncertainty measures. In this paper, we review well-known information measures in the multiple-valued domain and consider some methods of finding information measures for completely or incompletely specified functions with multiple-valued and continuous attributes. In this respect, the paper addresses the problem known as discretization and introduces a method of finding an optimal representation of continuous data in the multiple-valued domain. We also propose a technique for efficient calculation of different information measures using Multiple-valued Decision Diagrams. As one application of our technique, we outline an approach to synthesizing digital circuits derived from decision diagrams that can yield to reduction in power dissipation. The paper also shows the impact in several important areas of multiple-valued system design including (i) fuzzy logic, (ii) quantum computing systems, and (iii) data mining.
Classification from a Computable Viewpoint

Classification is an important goal in many branches of mathematics. The idea is to describe the members of some class of mathematical objects, up to isomorphism or other important equivalence, in terms of relatively simple invariants. Where this is impossible, it is useful to have concrete results saying so. In model theory and descriptive set theory, there is a large body of work showing that certain classes of mathematical structures admit classification while others do not. In the present paper, we describe some recent work on classification in computable structure theory. Section 1 gives some background from model theory and descriptive set theory. From model theory, we give sample structure and non-structure theorems for classes that include structures of arbitrary cardinality. We also describe the notion of Scott rank, which is useful in the more restricted setting of countable structures. From descriptive set theory, we describe the basic Polish space of structures for a fixed countable language with fixed countable universe. We give sample structure and non-structure theorems based on the complexity of the isomorphism relation, and on Borel embeddings. Section 2 gives some background on computable structures. We describe three approaches to classification for these structures. The approaches are all equivalent. However, one approach, which involves calculating the complexity of the isomorphism relation, has turned out to be more productive than the others. Section 3 describes results on the isomorphism relation for a number of mathematically interesting classes—various kinds of groups and fields. In Section 4, we consider a setting similar to that in descriptive set theory. We describe an effective analogue of Borel embedding which allows us to make distinctions even among classes of finite structures. Section 5 gives results on computable structures of high Scott rank. Some of these results make use of computable embeddings. Finally, in Section 6, we mention some open problems and possible directions for future work.
Anthropology and International Law

AbstractInternational law, including human rights law, has expanded enormously in the past century. A growing body of anthropological research is investigating its principles and practices. Contemporary international law covers war and the treatment of combatants and noncombatants in wartime; international peace and security; the peaceful settlement of disputes; economic arrangements and trade agreements; the regulation of the global commons such as space, polar regions, and the oceans; environmental issues; the law of the sea; and human rights. This review demonstrates how anthropological theory helps social scientists, activists, and lawyers understand how international law is produced and how it works. It also shows the value of ethnographic studies of specific sites within the complex array of norms, principles, and institutions that constitute international law and legal regulation. These range from high-level commercial dispute settlement systems to grassroots human rights organizations around the w...
Improving and extending performance at synchrotron radiation facilities

Synchrotron radiation facilities around the world have now matured through three generations. The latest facilities have all met or exceeded their design specifications and are learning how to cope with the ever more demanding requests of the user community, especially concerning beam stability. The older facilities remain competitive by extending the unique features of their design, and by developing novel insertion devices. In this paper we survey the beam characteristics achieved at third-generation sources and explore the improvements made at earlier generation facilities.
Molecular transformations as a way of finding and exploiting consistent local QSAR.

The idea of a “transformation”, making a small change to a chemical structure, for instance removing or replacing a substituent, is familiar to chemists. We suggest two ways of representing a transformation in silico, as a substructure descriptor difference vector, and as the set of atoms remaining once a maximum common substructure is eliminated. Such transformations can be filtered sensibly, and it is easy to compare one transformation to another. These representations have two applications. First, we can use these methods to automatically organize and display sets of closely related compounds such that any consistent local QSAR in a data set can be easily seen, the T-ANALYZE application. Second, we can suggest to a chemist how to change a molecule “on hand” to a more active one based on local QSAR for that activity, the T-MORPH application.
Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, with Application to HD 209458b

Chemical equilibrium considerations suggest that, assuming solar elemental abundances, carbon on HD 209458b is sequestered primarily as carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4). The relative mole fractions of CO(g) and CH4(g) in chemical equilibrium are expected to vary greatly according to variations in local temperature and pressure. We show, however, that in the p = 1-1000 mbar range, chemical equilibrium does not hold. To explore disequilibrium effects, we couple the chemical kinetics of CO and CH4 to a three-dimensional numerical model of HD 209458b's atmospheric circulation. These simulations show that vigorous dynamics caused by uneven heating of this tidally locked planet homogenize the CO and CH4 concentrations at p < 1 bar, even in the presence of lateral temperature variations of ~500-1000 K. In the 1-1000 mbar pressure range we find that over 98% of the carbon is in CO. This is true even in cool regions where CH4 is much more stable thermodynamically. Our work shows, furthermore, that planets 300-500 K cooler than HD 209458b can also have abundant CO in their upper layers due to disequilibrium effects. We demonstrate several interesting observational consequences of these results.
Sequential Multiplex PCR Approach for Determining Capsular Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates

Accurate serotyping is essential to monitor the changes in the seroepidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We devised a simple and schematic sequence-based system of seven multiplex PCRs, in a sequence order based upon Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) serotype distribution during 2002 to 2003, to reliably deduce specific pneumococcal serotypes. A total of 421 isolates from ABCs were randomly chosen to evaluate this system. Two hundred twenty-nine of the isolates (54.3%) were specifically assigned 1 of 17 serotypes by the multiplex PCR system, with the results in complete concordance with conventional serotyping. One hundred seventy-two additional isolates (40.9%) were assigned to 11 specific sets of 2 to 4 serotypes that with one exception (serotypes 6A and 6B) consisted of the single frequently occurring targeted serotype and 1 to 3 additional rare serotypes primarily within the same serogroup as the targeted serotype. Only 20 isolates (4.8%) could not be assigned specific serotypes or serotype sets, since they were either of rare serotypes not included in the assay design or were nonserotypeable. Overall, we found this system to be highly reliable, with the potential to greatly reduce our reliance upon conventional serotyping. Especially important is the capability of this system to give serotype-determining potential to any facility that lacks the expensive typing sera and expertise needed for conventional serotyping yet has the modest equipment necessary for DNA amplification and electrophoresis.
A generalization of Hagopian's theorem and exponents

Abstract We generalize Hagopian's theorem characterizing solenoids to higher dimensions by showing that any homogeneous continuum admitting a fiber bundle projection onto a torus with totally disconnected fibers admits a compatible topological group structure. And then the higher dimensional exponent group is introduced.
Quasi-Nature Catalysis: Developing C−C Bond Formations Catalyzed by Late Transition Metals in Air and Water

This Account outlines the recent efforts of developing catalysis under the ambient conditions of air and water for synthetic purposes from the author's laboratory. The discussions are focused on catalytic reactions (mostly C-C bond formations) other than oxidations via late transition metals. It includes the following aspects: (1) copper-catalyzed C-C bond formations; (2) palladium-catalyzed C-C bond formations; (3) rhodium-catalyzed C-C bond formations; (4) ruthenium-catalyzed olefin isomerizations and C-H activations. The mechanism, limitations, and synthetic applications of these reactions are also discussed.
R&D Expenditures and CEO Compensation

This study investigates whether compensation committees seek to prevent opportunistic reductions in R&D expenditures. I hypothesize that changes in R&D spending are more strongly positively associated with changes in CEO compensation in two situations: (1) when the CEO approaches retirement, and (2) when the firm faces a small earnings decline or a small loss. Consistent with these hypotheses, the results indicate that the association between changes in R&D spending and changes in the value of CEO annual option grants is significantly positive in the above two situations, and insignificant otherwise. Similar results hold for changes in CEO annual total compensation. The results also show that neither situation is associated with reduced R&D spending. Overall, these findings suggest that compensation committees respond to, and effectively mitigate, potential opportunistic reductions in R&D spending.
Enantioselective epoxidation of conjugated dienes and enynes. Trans-epoxides from cis-olefins

Abstract Asymmetric epoxidation of conjugated dienes and enynes catalyzed by (salen)Mn(III) complex 1 takes place with high chemoselectivity to afford monoepoxides exclusively. Reactions of cis-enynes proceed with very high levels of asymmetric induction, with trans-alkynyl epoxides as the major products.
Aperiodic transmitter waveforms for spectrum estimation of moderately overspread targets: new codes and a design rule

Presents several new classes of aperiodic waveforms suitable for FFT-based spectral analysis of moderately overspread radar targets. In previous work, the authors explained the principle of operation with a particular code. They now provide codes with higher performance as well as a design rule for the user to apply these codes to real targets.
Estimating the Impact of the Death Penalty on Murder

This paper reviews the econometric issues in efforts to estimate the impact of the death penalty on murder, focusing on six recent studies published since 2003. We highlight the large number of choices that must be made when specifying the various panel data models that have been used to address this question. There is little clarity about the knowledge potential murderers have concerning the risk of execution: are they influenced by the passage of a death penalty statute, the number of executions in a state, the proportion of murders in a state that leads to an execution, and details about the limited types of murders that are potentially susceptible to a sentence of death? If an execution rate is a viable proxy, should it be calculated using the ratio of last year's executions to last year's murders, last year's executions to the murders a number of years earlier, or some other values? We illustrate how sensitive various estimates are to these choices. Importantly, the most up-to-date OLS panel data studies generate no evidence of a deterrent effect, while three 2SLS studies purport to find such evidence. The 2SLS studies, none of which shows results that are robust to clustering their standard errors, are unconvincing because they all use a problematic structure based on poorly measured and theoretically inappropriate pseudo-probabilities that are designed to capture the key deterrence elements of a state's death penalty regime, and because their instruments are of dubious validity. We also discuss the appropriateness of the implicit assumption of the 2SLS studies that OLS estimates of the impact of the death penalty would be biased against a finding of deterrence.
The Pursuit of Political Control by Multiple Principals

I examine how the legislature and the president sequentially enable and constrain agencies in a tug-of-war over the exercise of bureaucratic discretion, partly in response to past political interventions. I provide evidence from a duration analysis of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's enforcement of hazard waste law for the acceleration and deceleration of policy implementation in response to sequential interventions by multiple, competing principals. I document the use of agenda-setting and solution-forcing statutes by Congress and case clearance mechanisms by the president. Sequenced political control means that agencies face shifting political expectations, caused in part by how the agency responds to past control attempts. While previous empirical research has portrayed a largely static world in which Congress and the president have influence, this study reveals a dynamic portrayal in which there is move and countermove from these principals.
Copper(II) Carboxylate Promoted Intramolecular Diamination of Terminal Alkenes: Improved Reaction Conditions and Expanded Substrate Scope

The copper(II) carboxylate promoted diamination reaction has been improved by the use of the organic soluble copper(II) neodecanoate [Cu(ND)2]. Cu(ND)2 allowed the less-polar solvent dichloroethane (DCE) to be used, and as a consequence, decomposition of less-reactive substrates could be avoided. High diastereoselectivity was observed in the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines. Ureas, bis(anilines), and α-amido pyrroles derived from 2-allylaniline could also participate in the diamination reaction.
Design in solid state chemistry based on phase homologies. Sb4Te3 and Sb8Te9 as new members of the series (Sb2Te3)m·(Sb2)n

Sb4Te3 and Sb8Te9 are members of the homology (Sb2Te3)m.(Sb2)n, with structures consisting of Sb2- and Sb2Te3-type slabs stacked along [001]; electrical conductivity and thermopower are reported for several members of this family.
Conversion of 1-alkenes into 1,4-diols through an auxiliary-mediated formal homoallylic C–H oxidation

Selective C–H functionalization reactions often rely on the directing effects of chelating groups embedded within the substrate. Here, an alkene hydrosilylation is used to install a pyridine-containing auxiliary that subsequently directs C–H functionalization at the homoallylic position. Oxidation of the silacycle product results in a formal 1,4-dioxygenation of an alkene.
A method of diagnostic test generation

A variety of diagnostic techniques have been proposed and applied to error detection and location in computers. The efficiency of the tests generated by them varies from machine to machine depending on the scale of the system, its logic organiztion, and the employed hardware technology. The impact of highly integrated circuitry is changing the trend in logical design of computers.
Managing ontology change and evolution via a hybrid matching algorithm

In this paper, we present the problem of ontology evolution and change management. We provide a systematic approach to solve the problem by adopting a multi-agent system (MAS). The core of our solution is the Semantic Relatedness Score (SRS) which is an aggregate score of five well-tested semantic as well as syntactic algorithms. The focus of this paper is to resolve current problems related to ontology upgrade and managing evolution amongst shared ontologies. This paper highlights issues pertaining to ontological changes in a shared ontology environment which includes creating, renaming, deletion and modification of existing classes. These changes will definitely impact shared concepts and users would have to update their local ontologies to be consistent with changes in the commonly shared ontology. We propose a less laborious method to achieve this by using a semi-automated approach where a bulk of the processing is carried out by matching agents that would eliminate extraneous data and hence would only recommend to the ontologist data that can actually be upgraded. We have also designed and built a prototype in the Java Agent DEvelopment Framework (JADE) for proof-of-concept.
A Riemann Mapping Theorem for Two-Connected Domains in the Plane

We show how to express a conformal map Φ of a general two-connected domain in the plane, such that neither boundary component is a point, onto a representative domain of the form \(\mathcal{A}_r = \left\{ {z:\left| {z + 1/z} \right| 1 is a constant. The domain \(\mathcal{A}_r\) has the virtue of having an explicit algebraic Bergman kernel function, and we shall explain why it is the best analogue of the unit disc in the two-connected setting. The map Φ will be given as a simple and explicit algebraic function of an Ahlfors map of the domain associated to a specially chosen point. It will follow that the conformal map Φ can be found by solving the same extremal problem that determines a Riemann map in the simply connected case. In the last section, we show how these results can be used to give formulae for the Bergman kernel in two-connected domains.
Elevations of water-worn features on Mars: Implications for circulation of groundwater

[1] Central to the model of the evolution of the martian hydrosphere by Clifford and Parker [2001] is a permanent freezing of the planet at the end of the Noachian and recharge of the global groundwater system by basal melting of ice-rich polar deposits. Acquisition of MOLA data by Mars Global Surveyor provides a means of testing the model, since discharge of water onto the surface, after development of the cryosphere, is driven by the hydrostatic head created by the difference in elevation between the base of the polar-layered terrain and the discharge site. The new data show that, while most post-Noachian water-worn features are at a lower elevation than the base of the polar-layered terrains, as required by the model, there are exceptions. Prominent among these are possible lacustrine deposits within the canyons, tributaries to the canyons, and valleys on several volcanoes. These high-standing features can be reconciled with the model if volcanic melting of ice within the cryosphere is invoked as a source for water at high elevations. An alternative is that high pressures may have developed below the cryosphere as a result of water being trapped beneath the growing cryosphere and the impermeable basement. Yet another alternative is that, since the end of the Noachian, the groundwater system has been recharged by precipitation during occasional warm periods.
Microwave-assisted rapid electrophilic fluorination of 1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives with Selectfluor®

A microwave-assisted fluorination method for 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using Selectfluor® has been developed. 2-Monofluorinated products can be obtained in high yield in neutral reaction conditions with addition of 1 eq. of Selectfluor®. Treatment of 1,3-dicarbonyls with 3 eq. of Selectfluor® in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) as the base results in the formation of 2,2-difluorinated derivatives only.
Network Software Security and User Incentives

We study the effect of user incentives on software security in a network of individual users under costly patching and negative network security externalities. For proprietary software or freeware, we compare four alternative policies to manage network security: (i) consumer self-patching (where no external incentives are provided for patching or purchasing); (ii) mandatory patching; (iii) patching rebate; and (iv) usage tax. We show that for proprietary software, when the software security risk and the patching costs are high, for both a welfare-maximizing social planner and a profit-maximizing vendor, a patching rebate dominates the other policies. However, when the patching cost or the security risk is low, self-patching is best. We also show that when a rebate is effective, the profit-maximizing rebate is decreasing in the security risk and increasing in patching costs. The welfare-maximizing rebates are also increasing in patching costs, but can be increasing in the effective security risk when patching costs are high. For freeware, a usage tax is the most effective policy except when both patching costs, and security risk are low, in which case a patching rebate prevails. Optimal patching rebates and taxes tend to increase with increased security risk and patching costs, but can decrease in the security risk for high-risk levels. Our results suggest that both the value generated from software and vendor profits can be significantly improved by mechanisms that target user incentives to maintain software security.
Identification of DRAM sense-amplifier imbalance using hot-carrier evaluation

A study of the cause of an inherent imbalance in a DRAM sense amplifier is presented. Refresh time measurements were used to assess this imbalance before and after hot-carrier stress has occurred. The stress effect on the sense amplifier was simulated using a circuit hot-electron effect simulator. This analysis has identified that the latch transistor threshold voltage variation, rather than layout capacitance difference, is the cause of the original imbalance. >
GOULD'S BELT TO STARBURST GALAXIES: THE IMF OF EXTREME STAR FORMATION

Recent results indicate the stellar initial mass function is not a strong function of star-forming environment or "initial conditions" (e.g. Meyer et al. 2000). Some studies suggest that a universal IMF may extend to sub-stellar masses (see how- ever Briceno et al. 2002). Yet most of this work is confined to star-forming environments within 1 kpc of the Sun. In order to probe the universality of the IMF over a wider range of parameter space (metalicity, ambient pressure, mag- netic field strength) new techniques are required. We begin by summarizing our approach to deriving the sub-stellar IMF down to the opacity-limit for fragmen- tation using NGC 1333 as an example. Next, we describe results from simula- tions using the observed point-spread function of the new 6.5m MMT adaptive optics system and examine the confusion-limited sensitivity to low-mass stars in rich star-forming clusters out to 0.5 Mpc. We also present preliminary results from observations with this system of the W51 star-forming complex. Finally, we outline a new technique to estimate the ratio of high to low-mass stars in unresolved stellar populations, such as the massive star clusters observed in in- teracting galaxies (e.g. Mengel et al. 2002). While evidence for variations in the IMF remains inconclusive, new studies are required to rule them out and de- termine whether or not the IMF is universal over the range of parameter space relevant to star-forming galaxies over cosmic time.
GOP-Level Dynamic Thermal Management in MPEG-2 Decoding

In this paper, we present a dynamic thermal management (DTM) algorithm based on: 1) accurate estimation of the workload of frames in a group of pictures (GOP) in an MPEG-2 video stream and 2) slack borrowing across the GOP frames in order to achieve a thermally safe state of operation in microprocessors during the video decoding process. The proposed DTM algorithm employs dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) while considering the frame-rate-dependent GOP deadline, variance of the frame decoding times within the GOP, and a maximum chip temperature constraint. If it becomes necessary to sacrifice video quality or violate the GOP deadline due to a low temperature bound, then the (intra-frame) spatial quality degradation and the (inter-frame) temporal quality degradation will be applied to the GOP. Experimental results demonstrate the competence and efficiency of the proposed online DTM algorithm.
The Secant Conjecture in the Real Schubert Calculus

We formulate the secant conjecture, which is a generalization of the Shapiro conjecture for Grassmannians. It asserts that an intersection of Schubert varieties in a Grassmannian is transverse with all points real if the flags defining the Schubert varieties are secant along disjoint intervals of a rational normal curve. We present theoretical evidence for this conjecture as well as computational evidence obtained in over one terahertz-year of computing, and we discuss some of the phenomena we observed in our data.
How to construct a gravitating quantum electron star

Motivated by the holographic study of Fermi surfaces, we develop methods to solve Einstein gravity coupled to fermions and gauge fields, with anti--de Sitter boundary conditions and a chemical potential.
Accurate, Efficient Quantification of Uncertainty for Flow in Heterogeneous Reservoirs Using the KLME Approach

Accurate modeling of flow in oil/gas reservoirs requires a detailed description of reservoir properties such as permeability and porosity. However, such reservoirs are inherently heterogeneous and exhibit a high degree of spatial variability in medium properties. Significant spatial heterogeneity and a limited number of measurements lead to uncertainty in characterization of reservoir properties and thus, to uncertainty in predicting flow in the reservoirs. As a result, the equations that govern flow in such reservoirs are treated as stochastic partial differential equations. The current industrial practice is to tackle the problem of uncertainty quantification by Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). This entails generating a large number of equally likely random realizations of the reservoir fields with parameter statistics derived from sampling, solving deterministic flow equations for each realization, and post-processing the results over all realizations to obtain sample moments of the solution. This approach has the advantages of applying to a broad range of both linear and nonlinear flow problems, but has a number of potential drawbacks. To properly resolve high frequency space-time fluctuations in random parameters, it is necessary to employ fine numerical grids in space-time. Therefore, the computation effort for each realization is usually large, especially for largescale reservoirs. As a result, a detailed assessment of the uncertainty associated with flow performance predictions is rarely performed. In this work, we develop an accurate yet efficient approach for solving flow problems in heterogeneous reservoirs. We do so by obtaining higher-order solutions of the prediction and the associated uncertainty of reservoir flow quantities using the moment-equation approach based on Karhunen-Loeve decomposition (KLME). The KLME approach is developed on the basis of the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) decomposition, polynomial expansion, and perturbation methods. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations and compare MCS results against different orders of approximations from the KLME method. The three-dimensional computational examples demonstrate that this KLME method is computationally more efficient than both Monte Carlo simulations and the conventional momentequation method. The KLME approach allows us to evaluate higher-order terms that are needed for the highly heterogeneous reservoirs. In addition, just like the Monte Carlo method the KLME approach can be implemented with existing simulators in a straightforward manner and are inherently parallel. The efficiency of the KLME method makes it possible to simulate fluid flow in large-scale heterogeneous reservoirs.
Sensitivities and Approximations for Aeroservoelastic Shape Optimization with Gust Response Constraints

Analytic sensitivities with respect to configuration shape design variables are derived for state-space models of aeroservoelastic systems excited by gust inputs. Minimum-State rational function approximations are used to transform aerodynamic load expressions from the frequency domain to the time domain, and sensitivities of such approximations are extended from terms associated with structural motions to terms associated with the downwash due to gusts. Sensitivity-based approximations of the resulting gust response behavior, including Taylor-Series based direct approximations of the RMS of the response, or Lyapunov equation solutions using Taylor-Series based approximate system matrices are compared. The paper contributes to the development of design-oriented analysis techniques for multidisciplinary design optimization of flight vehicles.
The political economy of plunder economic opportunity and modern piracy

Maritime piracy is a growing scourge on the international community—imposing large costs on maritime states and the shipping industry, as well as potentially undermining state capacity and funding terrorism. Using original data on over 3,000 pirate attacks, the authors argue that these attacks are, in part, a response to poor labor market opportunities. To establish this, the authors take advantage of the strong effect of commodity prices on labor market opportunities in piracy-prone states. Consistent with this theory, the authors show that changes in the price of labor- and capital-intensive commodities have consistent and strong effects on the number of pirate attacks in a country’s territorial waters each month. The authors confirm these results by instrumenting for commodity prices using monthly precipitation levels.
Commitment Problems or Bidding Wars? Rebel Fragmentation as Peace Building

After highly fragmented civil wars, order is often secured through the selective co-optation of rebel field commanders and atomized insurgents. This paper presents a formal model of civil war settlement as a coalition formation game between various regime and rebel factions. This approach emphasizes the ability of installed civilian rulers to lure warlords into the state based on promises of future wealth, then use divide-and-rule tactics to pit different warlord factions against one another. Quantitative and qualitative data from Tajikistan, including an original data set of warlord incorporation and regime purges during wartime reconstruction, are used to evaluate the model.