cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are faults preferential flow paths through semiarid and arid vadose zones

[1] Numerous faults crosscut the poorly lithified, basin-fill sands found in New Mexico's Rio Grande rift and in other extensional regimes. The deformational processes that created these faults sharply reduced both fault porosity and fault saturated hydraulic conductivity by altering grains and pores, particularly in structures referred to as deformation bands. The resulting pore distribution changes, which create barriers to saturated flow, should enhance fault unsaturated flow relative to parent sand under the relatively dry conditions of the semiarid southwest. We report the first measurements of unsaturated hydraulic properties for undisturbed fault materials, using samples from a small-displacement normal fault and parent sands in the Bosque del Apache Wildlife Refuge, central New Mexico. Fault samples were taken from a narrow zone of deformation bands. The unsaturated flow apparatus (UFA) centrifuge system was used to measure both relative permeability and moisture retention curves. We compared these relations and fitted hydraulic conductivity-matric potential models to test whether the fault has significantly different unsaturated hydraulic properties than its parent sand. Saturated conductivity is 3 orders of magnitude less in the fault than the undeformed sand. As matric potential decreases from 0 to -200 cm, unsaturated conductivity decreases roughly 1 order of magnitude in the fault but 5-6 orders of magnitude in undeformed sands. Fault conductivity is greater by 2-6 orders of magnitude at matric potentials between -200 and - 1000 cm, which are typical potentials for semiarid and arid vadose zones. Fault deformation bands have much higher air-entry matric potential values than parent sands and remain close to saturation well after the parent sands have begun to approach residual moisture content. Under steady state, one-dimensional, gravity-driven flow conditions, moisture transport and solute advection is 10 2 -10 6 times larger in the fault material than parent sands. Faults are sufficiently conductive to hasten the downward movement of water and solutes through vadose-zone sands under semiarid and arid conditions like those in the Rio Grande rift, thereby potentially enhancing recharge, contaminant migration, and diagenesis.
Molecular structures and functional relationships in clostridial neurotoxins

The seven serotypes of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (A-G) are the deadliest poison known to humans. They share significant sequence homology and hence possess similar structure-function relationships. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) act via a four-step mechanism, viz., binding and internalization to neuronal cells, translocation of the catalytic domain into the cytosol and finally cleavage of one of the three soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) causing blockage of neurotransmitter release leading to flaccid paralysis. Crystal structures of three holotoxins, BoNT/A, B and E, are available to date. Although the individual domains are remarkably similar, their domain organization is different. These structures have helped in correlating the structural and functional domains. This has led to the determination of structures of individual domains and combinations of them. Crystal structures of catalytic domains of all serotypes and several binding domains are now available. The catalytic domains are zinc endopeptidases and share significant sequence and structural homology. The active site architecture and the catalytic mechanism are similar although the binding mode of individual substrates may be different, dictating substrate specificity and peptide cleavage selectivity. Crystal structures of catalytic domains with substrate peptides provide clues to specificity and selectivity unique to BoNTs. Crystal structures of the receptor domain in complex with ganglioside or the protein receptor have provided information about the binding of botulinum neurotoxin to the neuronal cell. An overview of the structure-function relationship correlating the 3D structures with biochemical and biophysical data and how they can be used for structure-based drug discovery is presented here.
Does HER2/neu expression provide prognostic information in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma?

BACKGROUND Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a highly lethal malignancy, particularly in the setting of locally advanced or metastatic disease. Prior reports of HER2/neu (c-erbB-2 or HER2) expression in bladder carcinoma have been mixed; therefore, its value in predicting metastasis or response to therapy has not been established in this tumor type. Thus, the authors evaluated a possible correlation between HER2 expression in patients with high-grade, muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and outcome in patients who received paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. METHODS Archival tumor tissues from patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma who were enrolled on two clinical trials of paclitaxel-based chemotherapy regimens were analyzed for HER2/neu expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The authors correlated HER2 expression by IHC with clinical outcomes, such as response rate, progression free survival, and overall survival, using univariate analysis. RESULTS Thirty-nine tumor specimens were assessed for HER2 expression, most of which (70%) were collected from patients with metastatic disease. All were high-grade urothelial carcinomas (transitional cell carcinomas, Grade 3). Strong HER2 expression (2+/3+) was seen in 28 patients (71%). Patients with responding disease had an HER2 expression rate of 78%, similar to the rate seen in patients with stable disease (75%). In contrast, patients with progressive disease had an HER2 expression rate of 50%, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. However, univariate analysis showed that increased HER2 expression predicted an improvement in progression free and overall survival. When HER2 status was used as a dichotomous variable, tumors with positive HER2 expression did not have any association with response or with progression free survival; however, positive HER2 status was associated significantly with a decreased risk of death (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This study of HER2 expression in bladder carcinoma focused on patients who were treated prospectively in a standardized fashion, unlike prior studies that have evaluated banked, archival specimens. The authors confirmed the findings of others that high-grade, muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder has a significant rate of HER2 expression (71%). However, contrary to other reports, the current study found that HER2 expression in the context of paclitaxel-based chemotherapy decreased the risk of death significantly. Further research is warranted on the possible association of HER2 expression with chemosensitivitiy in urothelial carcinoma as well as the efficacy of HER2-targeted therapies (such as trastuzumab) for patients with high-grade, muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer 2002;95:1009–15. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10808
Attitudes, Opportunities and Incentives: A Field Essay on Political Participation:

One of the ironies of the behavioral movement in political science is that scholars following in its wake were more likely to study attitudes than behavior. Nonetheless, over the past several decades political scientists have produced an abundant body of research on mass political participation (for recent reviews of this research, see Conway 1989; Crotty 1991). In this essay, I provide nonspecialists a substantive overview of the major theoretical models and empirical findings of this literature I also focus part of the discussion on the assumptions and applicability of several theoretical orientations evidenced in the subfield today and propose a brief research agenda for the subfield; scholars specializing in the subfield will find these points of particular interest. Three broad conclusions drawn from my review of the literature structure the proposed research agenda presented in the concluding section. First, the discipline broadly accepts as a basic model of participation the "standard socioeconomic model" which emphasizes individuals' socioeconomic status and civic orientations as predictors of participation. Yet a growing body of research emphasizes the importance of mobilization as a major factor influencing participation in U.S. politics. Hence, mobilization factors simply cannot be ignored if we are to develop a complete understanding of who participates and why they do so. Second, political participation is typically equated with voter turnout, although citizens participate in a variety of political activities, with varying levels of involvement over time. We will improve the theoretical rigor of our models of participation by studying this variety of political acts and how it changes over time; focusing on voter turnout alone-as discrete acts structured by the electoral calendar-offers no such advantage. We must therefore shift the focus of our study to alternative forms of participation.
Synthesis and binding of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[3,4-d]azepine and related ring-opened analogs at central nicotinic receptors

Abstract 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5 H -pyrido[3,4- d ]azepine ( 5a ) and its N 7 -methyl derivative 5b were synthesized and evaluated as potential nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) ligands. On the basis that 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5 H -pyrido[3,4- c ]azepine ( 4a ), which binds at nAChRs with low affinity ( K i = 1100 nM), possesses an internitrogen distance (4.6 A) that may be less than optimal, we designed compound 5a due to its similar shape but longer internitrogen distance (5.5 A). Compound 5a ( K i = 46 nM) was found to bind with enhanced affinity. However, unlike what is seen with nornicotine/nicotine, N-methylation of 5a reduced affinity ( 5b ; K i = 268 nM) rather than enhancing it. The results suggest that 5 may interact at nicotine receptors in a manner that is somewhat different from that of nicotine. Ring-opening of the pyrido[3,4- d ]azepine ring led to a series of 3-(2-aminoethyl)pyridines 21 that retained the affinity of the cyclic compound. Subsequent modification, including further chain lengthening (e.g. aminopropylpyridines 22 ) and introduction of unsaturation, ultimately led to the development of a series of 3-(2-aminethoxy)pyridines 27 . Simple N-substituted derivatives of 27 were found to bind with K i values of 20 to 35 nM. Because parallel structural changes in several series of related compounds did not result in parallel shifts in nAChR affinity, it is unlikely that all the investigated compounds bind in a similar fashion at these receptors. Nevertheless, some of these compounds represent novel classes of nAChR ligands.
Tails of Distributions

then for large X, Q(X) may be approximated by Z(X)!X. This approximation is demonstrated in Feller [1957, p. 166] and was first brought to my attention in coursework with Girshick approximately in 1940. Over the years I have been identifying this approximation with a special characteristic of the normal distribution governing average values of normal variables over intervals, as say X1 to X2. The average value over the interval (see derivation in Mantel and Greenhouse, 1967) in terms of the respective densities, Z1 and Z2, and tail areas, Q1 and Q2, is given by
Comparative binding properties of metallobleomycins with DNA 10-mers.

Properties of the interaction of bleomycin (Blm) and metallobleomycins [M = Zn, Cu(II), Fe(III), and HO2−Co(III)] with site-specific and nonspecific DNA oligomers, d(GGAAGCTTCC)2 (I) and d(GGAAATTTCC)2 (II), respectively, were investigated. With both 10-mers association constants increased in the series Blm A2, ZnBlm A2, Cu(II)Blm A2, Fe(III)Blm A2, and HO2−Co(III)Blm A2. Generally, the metallobleomycins were bound with a modestly higher affinity to I. One-dimensional 1H NMR spectra of the imino proton region of I in the presence of this series of compounds revealed that Blm and Zn- and CuBlm bind in fast exchange on the NMR time scale, while the Fe and Co complexes bind in slow exchange. Blm, ZnBlm, and Cu(II)Blm caused little perturbation of the UV circular dichroism spectrum of I or II. In contrast, Fe(III)Blm and HO2−Co(III)Blm induced hypochromic effects in the CD spectrum of I and altered the spectrum of II to a smaller extent. On the basis of these results, the DNA binding structures and properties...
Reduction of false-negative results in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with simultaneous prolactin and corticotropin measurement

Objective: To investigate the value of prolactin as an independent marker of catheter placement to improve the diagnostic accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) in patients with corticotropin-dependent Cushing syndrome.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed hospital records of patients who underwent IPSS procedures at the Cleveland Clinic between 1997 and 2009. Serum prolactin and plasma corticotropin levels were measured prospectively in peripheral and inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) samples.Results: Forty-one patients underwent 42 IPSS procedures at our institution during the study period. Among 35 patients with Cushing disease, 1 patient had erroneous IPSS results: all pre-corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and post-CRH IPS to peripheral (IPS:P) ACTH ratios were less than 2 and less than 3, respectively. Despite radiologic evidence of appropriate IPS catheter placement, concurrent IPS:P prolactin ratios indicated that successful IPS venous sampling was not achieved. A se...
CHROMOSPHERIC ACTIVITY IN DWARF AND EVOLVED LATE A- AND EARLY F-TYPE STARS

Chromospheric activity in late A- and early F-type field stars of luminosity classes III through V has been investigated using the helium D3 absorption feature. This feature shows a detection boundary near b - y = 0.19 (B - V = 0.29). This color index corresponds to a dividing line in activity levels as determined from the C II λ1335 chromospheric emission line. On the red side of this boundary, stars exhibit strong or moderately strong C II emission and strong or moderately strong D3 absorption. However, on the blue side, D3 absorption does not conclusively appear, while several stars show moderately strong C II emission. The data suggest that D3 is sensitive to the boundary at B - V = 0.29, but they also suggest limitations in the use of D3 as an activity indicator in the late A-type stars. To within observational errors, the D3 boundary appears at the same color index for the full range of luminosity classes explored, in contradiction with some acoustic energy calculations. In addition, the strength of D3 absorption shows no significant trend with luminosity class or the Stromgren δc1 index, with a wide range of activity levels at a given luminosity or surface gravity.
Dynamic response of slacked single-walled carbon nanotube resonators

This paper presents an investigation of the dynamics of electrically actuated single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) resonators including the effect of their initial curvature due to fabrication (slack). A nonlinear shallow arch model is utilized. A perturbation method, the method of multiple scales, is used to obtain analytically the forced vibration response due to DC and small AC loads for various slacked CNTs of higher and lower aspect ratio. Results of the perturbation method are verified with those obtained by numerically integrating the equations of a multi-mode reduced-order model based on the Galerkin procedure. The effective nonlinearity of the CNT is calculated as a function of the slack level and the DC load. To handle computational problems associated with CNTs of small radiuses, results based on a nonlinear cable model are also demonstrated. The results have indicated that the quadratic nonlinearity due to slack has dominant effect on the dynamic behavior of the CNT.
NL-based communication with firefighting robots

Firefighters put themselves in harm's way while saving others and may even lose their lives in certain situations, such as toxic fumes, extreme heat, or inhaling smoke. In order to protect firefighters from the risks and, at the same time, to save others' lives, firefighting and firefighter assistant robots have been developed. This paper will compare different firefighting and firefighter assistant robots and their functionalities. The main thrust of the paper, however, is to discuss the transition from tele-operated robots first to voice-operated and, eventually, to fully autonomous ones, which is where robotic intelligence resides. We will introduce HARMS, the human-agent-robot-machine-sensor collaborative effort, and explain why using natural language as the basis of their communication is not only optimal but also feasible and affordable with the Ontological Semantic Technology.
Contexting Koreans: Does the High/low Model Work?

South Korea is assumed to be a high-context culture with extensive shared information and an emphasis on relationships in doing business. The follow ing study reported here tests this assumption and illustrates similarities and differences between Korean and American writers in an attempt to document language differences between high- and low- context societies. Data in the texts studied did not confirm the high/low contextfeatures expected. South Korean texts showed more similarities to than differences from the American texts, and the language features found suggest a more complex context situa tion than the high/low context model may be able to accommodate.
Characterization of a voltage-gated K+ channel that accelerates the rod response to dim light.

Abstract In this study a K + current, I Kx , in isolated salamander rod photoreceptors was characterized and its role in shaping small photovoltages was examined. I Kx is a standing outward current of about 40 pA at −30 mV that deactivates slowly when the cell is hyperpolarized ( τ max = 0.25 s). The voltage and time dependence of I Kx are similar to that of M-current, but I Kx can be distinguished from M-current because it is not suppressed by acetylcholine and is "blocked" by external Ba 2+ in a surprising manner: the activation range of I Kx is shifted strongly in the positive direction. Using current-clamp recordings and a computer simulation of the photo-response, we show that I Kx figures prominently in setting the dark resting potential and accelerates the voltage response to small photocurrents.
Discharge Currents in Distribution Arresters-II

TWO YEARS ago, the authors of this paper described to the AIEE a co-operative investigation by the Boston Edison Company, the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago, the Detroit Edison Company, the Georgia Power Company, and the General Electric Company, having as its object the determination of data relative to lightning discharge currents through distribution lightning arresters. At that time the results were based upon records obtained over a 13-month period from August 1934 to August 1935, inclusive. The object of this paper is to present the results from August 1934 to September 1937.
Gerät zur kontinuierlichen Messung des Nitriervermögens von Nitriersäuren

Es wird ein neues Mesgerat beschrieben, das die bei der Reaktion zwischen Nitriersaure und Benzol auftretende Warmetonung mist und somit das Nitriervermogen von Nitriersauren fortlaufend bestimmt.
Use of kidney internal splint/stent (KISS) catheter in urinary diversion after pyeloplasty

We report on the use of a new catheter, the kidney internal splint/stent (KISS), to facilitate renal urine drainage following pyeloplasty. The catheter combines the desirable qualities of nephrostomy tube diversion, anastomotic stent, and trocar placement in a single tube. The special construction of its lumen diminishes the likelihood of obstructed drainage. Our experience using the KISS catheter with 31 patients undergoing pyeloplasty shows it provides effective internal and external urinary diversion.
Dynamical symmetry breaking from toroidal compactification

We derive the one-loop effective potential for the vacuum expectation values of the toroidal gauge field components where the spacetime is ($d\ensuremath{-}n$)-dimensional Minkowski space times an $n$-dimensional torus. The minima of this potential determine the gauge group holonomy over the torus and subsequently the symmetry-breaking pattern. We analyze in detail this behavior for the group SU(2) on ${R}^{1,1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{T}^{2}$ as the boundary conditions of the fermions and the lengths of the toroidal circumferences vary.
Invited commentary: Positive youth development and human complexity.

The process of positive development for adolescents includes struggling to address a wide variety of complex, often unstated bio-psycho-social-cultural challenges. These include formulating workable values, learning self-regulation, preparation for adult work roles—and innumerable other un-tidy puzzles. Variable-based research can only scratch the surface of how youth go about these processes; nonetheless, systematic longitudinal research like this can provide valuable information about developmental pathways and directions of change. Highlights from these papers include the finding that older youth report more goals aimed at meaningful connection with others and contributing to society; yet also that moral character did not differ by age. The papers suggest that relationships adults, hope, school engagement, participation in out-of-school programs, and intentional self-regulation can serve as mediators of positive development. Yet, a striking finding was that comparatively few youth in the study manifest a pattern of change marked by the coupling of increases in positive youth development and decreases in risk/problem behavior. We believe there is much beneath the surface to be uncovered.
Teaching Group Work: Modeling Group Leader and Member Behaviors in the Classroom to Demonstrate Group Theory.

Training in group counseling typically includes an academic component, although little has been written about how to teach a group course except for what specific content should be included. This article suggests that while teaching group counseling courses, instructors can intentionally model effective group leader behaviors and use these behaviors and the students’ responses to them as powerful ways to augment the didactic material being taught about group dynamics and theory. Specific techniques and examples are included along with a discussion of the ethical implications of developing a task or training group component within a group counseling course.
The influence of husbands' approval on women's use of prenatal care: Results from Yirgalem and Jimma towns, south west Ethiopia

Background : The utilization of formal prenatal care services in Ethiopia could generally be described as low by international standards. While this is attributed to the lack of access to formal maternal health-care service, which is an important barrier to prenatal care, other important socio-cultural barriers to service utilization also exist. Objective : The aim of this study is to identify the relative influence of the attitudes and background characteristics of husbands and wives on prenatal care utilization, and in particular to identify the role of a husband's approval on prenatal care. Methods : Data were collected from 1,750 women in a community-based survey of maternal health conducted in Yirgalem town and its surrounding rural areas, as well as in Jimma Town in 1997. Multivariate regression models were used to identify: (1) the relationship between the determinants of whether a woman wanted a pregnancy and whether a husband approves of prenatal care, and (2) the influence of a husband's approval on care utilization net of pregnancy wantedness and other factors. Results : It was found out that a husband's approval has a greater effect on prenatal care utilization than whether a wife wanted the pregnancy or a wife's level of education. It was also found that the impact of a husband's approval on prenatal care is greatest among women under the age of 20. Conclusion : The findings of this study underscore the importance of targeting men when designing interventions that are intended to raise the awareness and use of prenatal health-care services. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 20 (2) 2006: 84-92
Ribosomal protein L4 of Escherichia coli: in vitro analysis of L4-mediated attenuation control.

Abstract Ribosomal protein L4 of Escherichia coli functions not only as a component of the ribosome but also as a regulatory factor inhibiting both transcription and translation of its own operon, the 11 gene S10 operon. L4-mediated transcription control results in premature termination of transcription within the 172 base S10 operon leader. This attenuation control can be reproduced in a purified transcription system containing RNA polymerase, but depends on the addition of transcription factor NusA. The NusA stimulation saturates at about 2–4 copies per RNA polymerase. The L4 effect plateaus at about 4 copies per RNA polymerase. The specific recognition sites on 23S rRNA and in the S10 leader for L4 binding are not yet known. However, we can demonstrate that a fragment of 23S rRNA containing the proximal 840 bases can eliminate in vitro L4-stimulated attenuation, and hence, contains the information sufficient for L4 binding to 23S rRNA.
New haze removal scheme and novel measure of enhancement

Present article addresses novel method to get rid of haze effect in color and gray image enhancement. Proposed scheme works for different hazing cases such as smoky and foggy images. The basic steps of the presented algorithm are: at first an optimized histogram mapping function is applied on original images. In the second step, every channel is added with a combination of original and the related filtered channel. A coordinate transformation from RGB color model to HSV and applying CLAHE enhancement on the v-channel would be assigned at the end of procedure. The key advantages of the proposed algorithm are: it is very simple and based on contrast and color enhancement. Besides, in removal of haze from color and gray images, there is no need to consider any mathematical model for the airlight. In this article, a novel measurement for image enhancement is also introduced. The proposed measure attempts to use all data instead of using just max and min in local blocks obtained by image splitting. Comparisons with well-known NASA Retinex algorithm and recently published methods have shown that our achievements are more effective in removal haze image enhancement.
Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase: effects of substrate composition upon enzyme activity.

Abstract 1. 1. The action of purified lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase against synthetic dispersions of lecithin and cholesterol in the presence of proteins isolated from high density lipoprotein was investigated. Maximal enzymatic activity was obtained at a lecithin/cholesterol molar ratio of 4, in the presence of a specific protein cofactor. 2. 2. The optimal substrate ratio was not changed by addition of a protein component of high density lipoproteins which inhibited enzyme activity. 3. 3. Cholesterol esters, at proportions similar to those present in high density lipoproteins, reduced enzyme activity to about 20% of that obtained in the presence of only cholesterol and lecithin as lipid components. This lower rate was similar to that found using the native lipoprotein. 4. 4. Triglyceride inhibited the enzyme under the same conditions, but to a lesser extent than did cholesterol ester. 5. 5. Lysolecithin reduced enzyme activity only in the absence of albumin.
The role of cortisol reactivity in children's and adults' memory of a prior stressful experience

The purpose of this study was to identify whether cortisol reactivity to a stressful laboratory event was related to children's memory of that event and to determine whether this relation was comparable to that observed in adults. Nine- to 12-year-olds and young adults completed an impromptu speech and math task during which repeated cortisol samples and self-reported stress ratings were collected. Two weeks later, participants' memory for the tasks was examined. Greater cortisol reactivity was associated with enhanced memory, most prominently in children. Self-reported stress was unrelated to memory. Findings reveal that an important mechanism underlying the association between emotion and memory in adults, namely activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, appears to operate similarly in late childhood. Findings also demonstrate that positive associations between cortisol reactivity and memory are evident when the event that actually elicited that reactivity serves as the to-be-remembered event.
Bathonian and Valanginian fossils from Honduras

Abstract The Agua Fria Formation of Honduras, Chortis Block, consists approximately of 200 or more meters of beds of gray, quartzose sandstone alternating with beds of gray and/or black shale. From this formation Mark Gordon has collected Choffatia s.l. sp. juv. (or a leptosphinctine) and Iniskinites (?) cf. andinus ( Burckhardt 1903). Their age is most likely Late Bathonian. The Cantarranas Formation consists of tens of meters of thin-bedded (1 cm to 6 cm thick), platy beds of limestone separated by even thinner partings of shale. The known fossils from the Cantarranas Formation are flattened specimens of filose species of Olcostephanus , which are most likely Valanginian.
Casearia maynacarpa (Salicaceae), a New Name for Carpotroche parvifolia

Abstract. A new name is proposed for Mayna parvifolia (J. F. Macbr.) Sleumer [≡ Carpotroche parvifolia J. F. Macbr.]; the species belongs in Casearia Jacq. (Salicaceae). However, the basionym name Casearia parvifolia Tul. has already been used twice by both Willdenow and Tulasne, and we therefore establish Casearia maynacarpa Liesner & P. Jorgensen as a replacement name.
HIV/AIDS in a Puerto Rican/Dominican Community: A Collaborative Project with a Botanical Shop

This article describes a collaborative project undertaken by a university a community-based organization and a botanical shop to reach Latinos with HIV/AIDS in a large New England city. It is noted that community-based coordinated efforts are needed to address the tremendous needs of the Puerto Rican Dominican and other Latino communities in relation to the HIV pandemic. In this regard the Projecto Cooperacion was undertaken in Puerto Rico using a five-stage developmental framework for planning and implementing activities. This consists of: 1) initial contact and relationship building; 2) assessment of institutional capacity and willingness to participate in a joint project; 3) training on HIV/AIDS; 4) distribution of educational materials; and 5) establishment of a referral system. Overall the project was successful in involving a culture-based institution increasing referrals for HIV testing and distributing information about HIV/AIDS to a sector of the community that might not otherwise have received it. Several future plans are also cited.
Ground-based photography of the Mariner IV REGION of Mars.

Data from ground photography of Mars covering portions of Mariner IV path, noting position of oases and canals
Examining the Dimensionality of Effortful Control in Preschool Children and Its Relation to Academic and Socioemotional Indicators.

Effortful control (EC) is an important developmental construct, associated with socioemotional growth, academic performance, and psychopathology. EC is defined as the ability to execute goal-directed behavior to inhibit or delay a prepotent response in favor of a subdominant response. Extant research indicates that EC may be multidimensional. Confirmatory factor analysis with a sample of 234 preschoolers was used to determine if tasks designed to measure EC were best described by hot (affectively salient) and cool (affectively neutral) dimensions or by a single factor. Analyses revealed that EC is best described by a single factor, even when variance associated with children's language skills was removed. This EC factor was strongly related to measures of academic performance and significantly less related to measures of socioemotional development.
Localized negative interference, some of its manifestations and biological function.

The theory for high (or localized) negative interference developed byBarricelli andDoermann (1960) and tested on phage T4 data is here used to interpret data on phage λ (Amati andMeselson, 1965) andAspergillus (Pritchard, 1960). The analysis calls attention to the differences and the startling similarities between the three quite unrelated organisms with respect to this phenomenon.
The hard X-ray flux from gamma Cassiopeiae during 1970-73

X-ray observations are presented of the Be star Gamma Cas obtained with the Uhuru satellite between December 27, 1970, and February 15, 1973. Though variable, the X-ray source (MX 0053+60) persisted throughout the life-time of the Uhuru satellite, with an average daily flux (2-6 keV) of 4.1 counts/s or 4.0 x 10 to the 32nd ergs/s if the star is at a distance of 220 pc. Variations on time scales of months, days, and hours were observed, but a pulsation period was not found. An analysis is made of the continuous X-ray spectrum, and the X-ray flux and its behavior during the early 1970s are compared with more recent observations from the SAS-3, Copernicus, HEAO-1, and Einstein satellites.
Culture of droplets containing asparagus cells and protoplasts on polypropylene membrane

A method of using a buoyant polypropylene membrane floated on liquid medium to culture asparagus cells and protoplasts was examined. Compared with direct culture in lquid medium the method using a polypropylene membrane was found to be superior for small-volume culture of cells at low density as well as for the culture of protoplasts.
Angle-resolved DIET of negative ions from halogenated molecules on Ru(0001)

Abstract We present data on the electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of negative ions from PF3 and CCl4 adsorbed on Ru(0001) at 100 K. We use a two-dimensional digital ESDIAD detector with time-of-flight capability which allows mass and angle resolved ion detection. We find F− and F2− to desorb from PF3, yielding hexagonal ESDIAD patterns, and Cl− and Cl2− from CCl4, desorbing in a broad normal emission. The ratio of F2− to F− and of Cl2− to Cl− is more than a factor 10 higher than in electron induced gas phase dissociation. We compare the negative ion yields to those of positive ions.
Enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of phenols within polyelectrolyte microcapsules

Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of a phenolic polymer within layer-by-layer (LbL) constructed polyelectrolyte microcapsules has been introduced. This approach is based on selective permeability of capsule walls for monomer molecules, while biocatalyst and forming polymeric chains cannot leave capsules interior because of high molecular weight. Horseradish peroxidase was encapsulated into four bilayer poly(styrenesulfonate)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) capsules with an average diameter of 5 μm using pH-driven pore opening. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol hydrochloride (tyramine) was used as a monomer giving easily detectable fluorescent polymeric products after addition of hydrogen peroxide into the system. Filling of the capsules with polymer was confirmed by different methods (AFM, quartz crystal microbalance, and confocal microscopy).
The character of the equilibrium of an incompressible heavy viscous fluid of variable density: an approximate theory

The equilibrium of a layer of a viscous incompressible fluid of density ρ variable in the vertical (z) direction, the fluid extending indefinitely in the horizontal directions and being confined between rigid horizontal boundaries, is examined by the usual method of studying the initial behaviour of a small disturbance. Diffusion effects are ignored. Chandra-sekhar has shown quite generally that a variational procedure for solving the resulting characteristic value problem is admissible, suggesting a method whereby an approximate solution can be obtained analytically. In this paper, by making use of appropriate approximate methods of solution, three types of density configuration, ρ(z), are studied. The first corresponds to two superposed fluids of great depth, the upper and lower fluids haying densities and coefficients of viscosity ρ2 and μ2, and ρ1 and μ1, respectively. Chandrasekhar has given an exact numerical solution to this problem for the case where μ2/ρ2 = μ1/ρ1 The results of the approximate theory, by which not all the boundary conditions can be satisfied, and the exact theory are in good agreement. Expressions for the wave-length and growth rate of the mode of maximum instability in the unstable case (ρ2 > ρ1) are found. The stable case (ρ2 > ρ1) is also discussed in detail; the formulae obtained for the phase and group velocities of gravity waves in deep viscous fluids are especially interesting. There is an upper limit to the natural frequency of oscillation of the system which would be well within the range of experimental investigation.The second problem considered is that of two superposed fluids of small depth. Formulae for the phase and group velocities of ‘long gravity waves’ (which are not equal when viscous effects are included) are obtained.Finally, a continuously stratified fluid of finite depth d in which ρ(z) = ρ0eβz is investigated. The character of the equilibrium depends on a Grashof number G = (gβd4)/(π4ν2) where g is the acceleration of gravity and ν is the coefficient of kinematical viscosity, assumed for simplicity to be constant. Expressions for the wave-length and growth rate of the mode of maximum instability in the unstable case (G > 0) are obtained. In the stable case (G < 0) all modes are aperiodically damped if – G < . Otherwise, the possibility of a disturbance being propagated as a horizontal wave does arise, but only within a limited wave-length range.
Avoidance learning in a black and white shuttlebox

The study explores possible reasons for the poor avoidance performance of rats in a heterogenious black-white shuttlebox reported by Weisman, Denny, and Zerbolio (1967). Little evidence of this decrement was found when rats were free to make intertrial responses. There was a general deficit in learning when a door was used to prevent intertrial responding, however, and this deficit was greater when the rats were confined in the black-white apparatus.
Bias matroids with unique graphical representations

Given a 3-connected biased graph @W with three node-disjoint unbalanced circles, at most one of which is a loop, we describe how the bias matroid of @W is uniquely represented by @W.
A rapid method for determining nucleotide sequences of ribo-oligonucleotides using p-hydrazinobenzene [35S] sulphonic acid.

Present methods for sequence analysis of ribooligonucleotides [ 1,2] fall into two major groups: those based on the sequential o-elimination of 3’-terminal nucleotides [3-161 and those which use a combination of specific endonuclease cleavage and controlled exonuclease digestion [ 171 . Although o-elimination provides a method for sequencing RNA that cannot readily be labelled biologically to high specific activity, the eliminated nucleoside methylene dialdehydes are unstable. The other method has found wide application in sequence studies on uniformly 32P-labelled RNA, but it requires the isolation and characterization of many oligonucleotides of shorter chain length than the initial polynucleotide. were isolated from a fingerprint [ 18,201 of a ribonuclease T1 digest of unlabelled Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus RNA. (The pentanucleotide is No. 14; the tetranucleotide is No. 12 and the trinucleotide is No. 11 on the fingerprint.) All the oligonucleotides were in unbuffered aqueous solution. In order to correlate the results, it was found best to perform the following experiments at the same time using equal amounts of the oligonucleotide.
Spectrophotometric studies of reduced molybdoantimonylphosphoric acid

Spectrophotometric studies have been used to determine the optimal formation conditions and stoichiometry of the reduced molybdoantimonylphosphoric acid. It was found that a [H+]/[MoO2-4] ratio of70± 10 was optimal for formation between 0.0008 and 0.01 M molybdenum. This corresponds to solution conditions that favor the existence of the dimeric form of molybdenum. The [H+]/[MoO2-4] criteria allows simple variation of experimental conditions. The stoichiometry of the reduced heteropoly acid was surmised to be PSb2Mo10O40 from spectral studies and elemental analysis.
Loss of hippocampal theta rhythm results in spatial memory deficit in the rat

Rats learned, using distal room cues, to run to a goal on an elevated, circular track starting from any position on the track. The goal was one of eight equidistant, recessed cups set around the track, the goal cup being distinguished from the others solely by its position in the room. After learning, electrolytic lesions were made in the medial septal nucleus eliminating hippocampal theta rhythm in some animals but not in others. Rats without theta rhythm were no longer able to perform the spatial task, whereas rats with undisturbed theta rhythm retrained normal performance. Although rats without theta rhythm could not find their way directly to the goal, they recognized its location when they came upon it by chance. This type of spatial deficit appears similar to that shown by hippocampally lesioned patient H.M. Subsequent tests demonstrated that rats deprived of theta rhythm before training could nevertheless learn the task.
Diabetes and insulin in regulation of brain cholesterol metabolism

The brain is the most cholesterol-rich organ in the body, most of which comes from in situ synthesis. Here we demonstrate that in insulin-deficient diabetic mice, there is a reduction in expression of the major transcriptional regulator of cholesterol metabolism, SREBP-2, and its downstream genes in the hypothalamus and other areas of the brain, leading to a reduction in brain cholesterol synthesis and synaptosomal cholesterol content. These changes are due, at least in part, to direct effects of insulin to regulate these genes in neurons and glial cells and can be corrected by intracerebroventricular injections of insulin. Knockdown of SREBP-2 in cultured neurons causes a decrease in markers of synapse formation and reduction of SREBP-2 in the hypothalamus of mice using shRNA results in increased feeding and weight gain. Thus, insulin and diabetes can alter brain cholesterol metabolism, and this may play an important role in the neurologic and metabolic dysfunction observed in diabetes and other disease states.
Binding of cyclic nucleotides with soluble proteins increases in "differentiated" neuroblastoma cells in culture.

Summary The binding of cAMP with soluble proteins from mouse neuroblastoma (NB) cells (100,00 × g supernatant) increased by about 2-fold after treatment with Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (RO201724). This increase was due to an increase in the level of binding proteins, and was not observed in 5′-adenosine monophosphate-,x-irradiated- or 6-thioguanine-treated NB cells. The electrophoretic characteristics of cAMP binding proteins of “differentiated” and malignant NB cells were identical. There were two binding peaks, but the extent of binding at each peak was relatively high in “differentiated” NB cells. The binding of cAMP with soluble proteins from rat glial and mouse L-cells did not significantly change after treatment with PGE1 or RO20-1724. cAMP and cGMP bind with same proteins, but cAMP has about 10-fold higher binding affinity than cGMP.
Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States

This paper summarizes a strategy for supplying ecosystem services in urban areas through a participatory planning process targeting multifunctional green infrastructure. We draw from the literature on landscape multifunctionality, which has primarily been applied to agricultural settings, and propose opportunities to develop urban green infrastructure that could contribute to the sustainable social and ecological health of the city. Thinking in terms of system resilience, strategies might focus on the potential for green infrastructure to allow for adaptation and even transformation in the face of future challenges such as climate change, food insecurity, and limited resources. Because planning for multiple functions can be difficult when many diverse stakeholders are involved, we explored decision support tools that could be applied to green infrastructure planning in the early stages, to engage the public and encourage action toward implementing a preferred solution. Several specific ecosystem services that could be relevant for evaluating current and future urban green spaces include: plant biodiversity, food production, microclimate control, soil infiltration, carbon sequestration, visual quality, recreation, and social capital. Integrating such ecosystem services into small-scale greening projects could allow for creativity and local empowerment that would inspire broader transformation of green infrastructure at the city level. Those cities committing to such an approach by supporting greening projects are likely to benefit in the long run through the value of ecosystem services for urban residents and the broader public.
Projects and priorities in cardiovascular modeling

Studies that either 1) model the likelihood of clinical outcomes as a function of patient characteristics, or 2) examine the factors underlying a specific medical decision are discussed. Although the currently available models represent important contributions, the working group that met during the 1987 Regenstrief Conference identified several important areas for further attention. Described are discussions on ways to improve standardization, accessibility, validation and dissemination of decision models.