cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chloroplast gene transmission in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: a random choice model.

Abstract Chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are inherited uniparentally. In a laboratory cross the majority (>95%) of the zygotes transmit to the meiotic progeny only those chloroplast genes donated by the maternal parent. This occurs even though the parents are isogamous and the chloroplasts from the two parents fuse shortly after mating. Uniparental inheritance of the chloroplast genes can be altered by several methods. If maternal gametes are irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to mating, the proportion of zygotes transmitting chloroplast genes from the paternal parent rises dramatically. In this paper I examine in detail the effects of uv irradiation on both maternal and paternal gametes and the effect of photore-activation following the uv irradiation. The effect of uv irradiation can be largely reversed by photoreactivation, and both the starting time and the intensity of the photoreactivating light used are found to be critical. Examination of the frequencies of the different zygote types obtained with respect to chloroplast gene transmission following uv treatment of the maternal gametes shows that they fit a hypergeometric distribution, in which choices are made from a population without replacement. By rearranging the basic hypergeometric equation I was able to estimate that the choice is made from a population of 27 maternal and 2 paternal units of gene transmission. These units probably contain more than one genome each, since their number is much lower than the estimated number of genomes per cell. My model explains both the observed distribution of zygote types and the bias in favor of maternal alleles found in the progeny of a biparental zygote, and may have a wider application to other organelle genetic systems. I also suggest that the extreme degree of uniparental inheritance of chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas found in the laboratory may not be seen in nature.
Effects of Cadmium on Whole Cell and Mitochondrial Respiration in Tobacco Cell Suspension Cultures (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. xanthi)

Summary The effects of cadmium on whole cell O 2 uptake and 14 C0 2 evolution from [1- 14 C]glucose and [6- 14 C]glucose by suspension-cultured tobacco cells were examined. Malate, α-ketoglutarate and succinate oxidation in mitochondria isolated from tobacco cells exposed to cadmium in vivo were also measured. Oxygen uptake was significantly reduced in whole cells exposed to cadmium for 5 days; 44.5 mmol · m - 3 Cd inhibited O 2 uptake 31 percent compared to controls, 89 mmol · m -3 Cd caused a 50 percent inhibition and 178 mmol · m -3 Cd caused a 92 percent inhibition. Evolution of 14 C0 2 and the calculated C 1 C 6 ratios indicated cadmium inhibition did not occur in the glycolytic or pentose phosphate pathways. Measurements of malate and α-ketoglutarate oxidation in isolated mitochondria indicated cadmium was not inhibitory in these reactions, but succinate oxidation was shown to be significantly inhibited ( 40 percent of controls) by in vivo applications of 89 mmol · m -3 Cd. These results suggest the succinic dehydrogenase complex is a primary site of cadmium inhibition of respiratory carbohydrate metabolism in plant cells.
Tracking of physical activity and aerobic power from childhood through adolescence.

PURPOSE To evaluate the tracking of physical activity levels (PA) and aerobic power (VO2max) in African-American (AA) and Caucasian (CA) youth as they age from 8 to 16 yr. METHODS Subjects were 529 girls and 535 boys for whom data were obtained at least three times over 7 yr and a subset of 387 girls and 404 boys who participated in all years. PA levels were obtained from a survey. VO2max was predicted from a cycle ergometer test. RESULTS Spearman correlation for VO2max for years 1-7 for AA boys and girls were similar (rho approximately 0.53). Year 1-7 correlations for VO2max for the CA boys and girls were similar (rho approximately 0.50-0.53). The year 2-7 correlations for PA were similar for the AA and CA girls but higher for the AA than the CA boys. The kappa (kappa) statistics for VO2max indicated substantial year-to-year agreement on categorization (high, moderate, and low), with AA girls having the highest agreement and AA boys the lowest. The kappa statistic for high, moderate, and low PA groupings in girls of either ethnicity was quite low, whereas the kappa statistics for the boys were somewhat better. The general estimating equation (GEE) stability coefficients for tracking of VO2max were similar between the sexes and ethnicities (P<0.0001). The GEE stability coefficient for PA was better for the boys than girls and slightly better for the AA than CA. CONCLUSION Although aerobic power and physical activity levels decline from childhood through adolescence, aerobic power tracks better than physical activity levels. Because tracking within the cohort is only moderate, change is possible if we intervene early in these youth.
Oscillator Strengths for the Liquid Phase

The following paper gives a discussion of the methods involved in evaluating the oscillator strengths from both the dispersion and absorption equations for liquids. The resulting equations are then applied to a set of infra-red bands on which the absorption and dispersion were measured.
POWER SERIES FOR INVERSE JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS

The 12 inverse Jacobian elliptic functions are expanded in power series by using properties of the symmetric elliptic integral of the first kind. Suitable notation allows three series to include all 12 cases, three of which have been given previously. All coefficients are polynomials in the modulus k that are homogeneous variants of Legendre polynomials. The four series in each of three subsets have the same coefficients in terms of k.
Damage detection in structures through nonlinear excitation and system identification

Variations in parameters representing natural frequency, damping and effective nonlinearities before and after damage initiation in a beam carrying a lumped mass are assessed. The identification of these parameters is performed by exploiting and modeling nonlinear behavior of the beam-mass system and matching an approximate solution of the representative model with quantities obtained from spectral analysis of measured vibrations. The representative model and identified coefficients are validated through comparison of measured and predicted responses. Percentage variations of the identified parameters before and after damage initiation are determined to establish their sensitivities to the state of damage of the beam. The results show that damping and effective nonlinearity parameters are more sensitive to damage initiation than the system's natural frequency. Moreover, the sensitivity of nonlinear parameters to damage is better established using a physically-derived parameter rather than spectral amplitudes of harmonic components.
Usability engineering from the supplier's point of view

Many software development projects in the telecommunications industry face time and resource limitations which compromise human factors efforts. Due to this, the usability methods proven to produce effective, consistent user interfaces, such as those recommended by Nielsen (1993), cannot always be applied completely. Joint usability engineering with customer human factors experts, centered on iterative prototyping, can achieve evident improvements in usability despite these obstacles. The presentation describes an Ericsson Hewlett-Packard Telecommunications (EHPT) project, in which the character-based user interfaces of four standard network element management applications were improved to be consistent and task-oriented. Time pressure forced usability methods to be performed at a minimal level. A direct relationship between EHPT's human factors experts and a customer's (Royal PTT Nederland NV) human factors team, which acted as a channel for user input in the project, was established. The partly joint, partly parallel work of the two teams was a flexible solution to the time and resource limitations for usability engineering in the project. Initial feedback from end-users indicates that improvements in usability have been achieved. The lessons learned during the project are presented as pragmatic suggestions for usability survival in the time-pressured environment common to telecom software development projects.
Embracing causality in fault reasoning

Abstract The purpose of this note is to draw attention to certain aspects of causal reasoning which are pervasive in ordinary discourse yet, based on the author's scan of the literature, have not received due treatment by logical formalisms of common-sense reasoning. In a nutshell, it appears that almost every default rule falls into one of two categories: expectation-evoking or explanation-evoking. The former describes association among events in the outside world (e.g., fire is typically accompanied by smoke); the latter describes how we reason about the world (e.g., smoke normally suggests fire). This distinction is consistently recognized by people and serves as a tool for controlling the invocation of new default rules. This note questions the ability of formal systems to reflect common-sense inferences without acknowledging such distinction and outlines a way in which the flow of causation can be summoned within the formal framework of default logic.
Determination of the rod-wire transition length in colloidal indium phosphide quantum rods.

Colloidal InP quantum rods (QRs) having controlled diameters and lengths are grown by the solution−liquid−solid method, from Bi nanoparticles in the presence of hexadecylamine and other conventional quantum dot surfactants. These quantum rods show band-edge photoluminescence after HF photochemical etching. Photoluminescence efficiency is further enhanced after the Bi tips are selectively removed from the QRs by oleic acid etching. The QRs are anisotropically 3D confined, the nature of which is compared to the corresponding isotropic 3D confinement in quantum dots and 2D confinement in quantum wires. The 3D−2D rod−wire transition length is experimentally determined to be 25 nm, which is about 2 times the bulk InP exciton Bohr radius (of ∼11 nm).
Experimental demonstration of all-optical flip flop memory based on wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier

We present an experimental demonstration of an all optical memory consisting of a single semiconductor optical amplifier as the active medium based on wave mixing. The circuit is a fiber ring consisting of a semiconductor amplifier, a bi-directional 2x2 fiber coupler, an isolator, a polarization controller, and a Faraday mirror. The output is observed on the spectrum analyzer, which consists of the peak wavelength of the SOA plus an additional signal generated through wave mixing, which is tunable within the band gap of the SOA. We shall demonstrate two modes of operation of the device, which will consist of a flip flop switch between three states, as well as a single data storage memory. The stable states consist of two modes, where the mode amplitude represents the state. Mode 1 corresponds to 1500 nanometers and mode 2 corresponds to 1530 nanometers. A contrast ratio between an “on” and “off” state is measured for each mode and the mode of operation is based on the polarization. We shall present the states for the circuit, the effect of drive current on the system, the effect of the SOA structure, wave mixing effects, and how to operate the device for both logic operation and data storage.
AccuRMSD: a machine learning approach to predicting structure similarity of docked protein complexes

Protein-protein docking methods aim to compute the correct bound form of two or more proteins. One of the major challenges for docking methods is to accurately discriminate native-like structures. The protein docking community agrees on the existence of a relationship between various favorable intermolecular interactions (e.g. Van der Waals, electrostatic, desolvation forces, etc.) and the similarity of a conformation to its native structure. Different docking algorithms often formulate this relationship as a weighted sum of selected terms and calibrate their weights against a specific training data to evaluate and rank candidate structures. However, the exact form of this relationship is unknown and the accuracy of such methods is impaired by the pervasiveness of false positives.Unlike the conventional scoring functions, we propose a novel machine learning approach that not only ranks the candidate structures relative to each other but also indicates how similar each candidate is to the native conformation. We trained the AccuRMSD neural network with an extensive dataset using the back-propagation learning algorithm and achieved RMSD prediction accuracy with less than 1A error margin on 19,600 test samples.
Persistence of viral RNA in 2 rat strains differing in susceptibility to postbronchiolitis airway dysfunction.

Abstract After viral bronchiolitis at an early age, a chronic asthma-like syndrome develops in BN, but not F344, rats. We hypothesized that the BN strain is less effective at clearing virus from the involved tissues. Weanling BN and F344 rats were inoculated with Sendai virus, and lung and peribronchial lymph nodes were harvested from each strain at 5 to 84 days after infection; control tissues were obtained from noninfected rats. Lung viral titers were similar for the 2 strains, with no infectious virus detectable by day 10. However, viral RNA was detected consistently by means of RT-PCR analyses in lungs and lymph nodes of both strains from days 10 to 27 and was still present at day 84 in some of the tissues from each strain. In contrast, there were strain-related differences in immune responses because IL-13 levels remained increased in the lung secretions of BN rats at 4 weeks after inoculation. Thus although Sendai virus could persist for at least 3 months after an acute infection in rats, this did not differ with strain. The persistent increase in IL-13 suggests instead that the strain-related variability in virus-associated airway pathology might be determined by the host response to infection rather than by the intensity or duration of infection. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:607-9.)
Protective role of cathepsin L in mouse skin carcinogenesis

Lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L (CTSL) is believed to play a role in tumor progression and is considered a marker for clinically invasive tumors. Studies from our laboratory using the classical mouse skin carcinogenesis model, with 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) for initiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for promotion, showed that expression of CTSL is increased in papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We also carried out carcinogenesis studies using Ctsl-deficient nackt (nkt) mutant mice on three different inbred backgrounds. Unexpectedly, the multiplicity of papillomas was significantly higher in Ctsl-deficient than in wild-type mice on two unrelated backgrounds. Topical applications of TPA or DMBA alone to the skin of nkt/nkt mice did not induce papillomas, and there was no increase in spontaneous tumors in nkt/nkt mice on any of the three inbred backgrounds. Reduced epidermal cell proliferation in Ctsl-deficient nkt/nkt mice after TPA treatment suggested that they are not more sensitive than wild-type mice to TPA promotion. We also showed that deficiency of CTSL delays terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, and we propose that decreased elimination of initiated cells is at least partially responsible for the increased papilloma formation in the nackt model.
Tunable Microelectromechanical Filters that Exploit Parametric Resonance

Background: This paper describes an analytical study of a bandpass filter that is based on the dynamic response of electrostatically-driven MEMS oscillators. Method of Approach: Unlike most mechanical and electrical filters that rely on direct linear resonance for filtering, the MEM filter presented in this work employs parametric resonance. Results: While the use of parametric resonance improves some filtering characteristics, the
Infrared and Sub-Millimeter Searches for Extra-Solar Planetary Systems from Antarctica

Large single-dish telescopes and long baseline interferometers operating at mid-infrared to sub-millimeter wavelengths may provide the best opportunity to search for planets and protoplanets during the next several decades. The interior of Antarctica may be the best place to deploy such instrumentation, providing a viable compromise between the costs associated with space-based deployment and site quality.
On continuous dependence for an inverse initial boundary value problem for the wave equation

Abstract We show that the bounded coefficient q(x) of the wave equation u tt = Δu + qu x ϵ Ω, t ϵ (0, T) u(X, 0) = u t (x, 0) = 0 x ϵ Ω ( ∂u ∂v )(x) = ƒ(x) x ϵ ∂Ω, t ϵ (0, T) can be continuously determined by its Neumann to Dirichlet map in certain function spaces.
Piezoresistive cantilevers as optical sensors for scanning near-field microscopy

Abstract To combine the high lateral resolution of AFM with near-field optical measurements, we propose the use of microfabricated piezoresistive cantilevers as miniaturized photosensitive elements. The silicon-based sensors consist of a p -doped piezoresistive path, which also includes the tip. The resistance of this path can be changed either by pressure on the lever or by light . For combined optical and topographical measurements, an evanescent field is created. Because the AFM tip is the only part of the cantilever that is exposed to the evanescent field, the tip can be used as a near-field optical probe. It is possible to extract the exponential decay of the evanescent field from combined force/optical measurements. To decouple optical and topographical information, the intensity of the evanescent field is modulated and the optical signal is measured with the lock-in technique.
Extension of the DeJong-Blaisse model for hysteresis and flux trapping in superconductors to include a magnetizable normal state

Abstract A model for the magnetic behavior of superconductors showing an incomplete Meissner effect is extended to include a magnetizable normal state. Results indicate an enhancement of flux trapping. Storage of magnetic fields by superconducting bar magnets is briefly discussed.
The 1-by-3 Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer for Measurement of the Irreversibility of the Hygroscopic Growth Factor

A new instrument, namely the 1 × 3 tandem differential mobility analyzer (1 × 3-TDMA), has been developed. Its primary measurement is the irreversibility of the hygroscopic growth factor of aerosol particles. The instrument uses the hysteresis of phase transitions to infer the solid or aqueous state of the particles. A first DMA passes particles of a selected electric mobility at relative humidity RH0. Exiting this DMA, the particles are split into three separate flows. The first flow is exposed to RH 0 → (RH 0 + δ ) → RH 0 in a deliquescence test before passing through a second DMA that is set to the same electric mobility as the first DMA. The second flow passes directly to a third DMA without change in RH, thereby serving as a reference arm. This DMA is also set to the same electric mobility as the first DMA. The transmission ratio of the 1 × 3-TDMA is defined as the particle concentration passing the deliquescence test divided by that passing through the reference arm. The transmission ratio is unit...
Myocardial Infarction Late After Mustard Procedure

This case report discusses a young man with d-transposition of the great arteries who suffered three myocardial infarctions late after his Mustard procedure. The etiology was found to be a coronary embolism, with a mural thrombus in the systemic ventricle as the probable nidus. The risk factors of coronary embolism are discussed, and it is concluded that Mustard patients are at risk for coronary embolization and myocardial infarction, which can be a cause of sudden death.
Synthesis and characterization of cationic colloidal unimolecular polymer (CUP) particles

Cationic colloidal unimolecular polymer (CUP) particles were prepared by using a lower concentration of the quaternary ammonium functional copolymers during the process of water reduction. True nanoscale (diameter 3–9 nm), zero-volatile organic content (VOC), spheroidal CUP particles, and self-stabilized via electro-repulsion of surface cationic groups were obtained. The viscosity of the cationic CUP systems was influenced by the electroviscous effects arising from the surface charge and the associated surface water layer. The density of surface water was 1.6 % greater than the bulk water density which was attributed to the structuring of water around charged quaternary ammonium groups. The equilibrium surface tension values decreased linearly with increasing concentration and surface charge density of CUP particles due to a greater reduction in surface energy. The rate of surface tension reduction determined by maximum bubble pressure method decreased with increasing concentration and the molecular weight of the CUP due to diffusion effects.
Alcohol use across the lifespan: An analysis of adolescent and aged rodents and humans

Adolescence and old age are unique periods of the lifespan characterized by differential sensitivity to the effects of alcohol. Adolescents and the elderly appear to be more vulnerable to many of alcohol's physiological and behavioral effects compared to adults. The current review explores the differential effects of acute alcohol, predominantly in terms of motor function and cognition, in adolescent and aged humans and rodents. Adolescents are less sensitive to the sedative-hypnotic, anxiolytic, and motor-impairing effects of acute alcohol, but research results are less consistent as it relates to alcohol's effects on cognition. Specifically, previous research has shown adolescents to be more, less, and similarly sensitive to alcohol-induced cognitive deficits compared to adults. These equivocal findings suggest that learning acquisition may be differentially affected by ethanol compared to memory, or that ethanol-induced cognitive deficits are task-dependent. Older rodents appear to be particularly vulnerable to the motor- and cognitive-impairing effects of acute alcohol relative to younger adults. Given that alcohol consumption and abuse is prevalent throughout the lifespan, it is important to recognize age-related differences in response to acute and long-term alcohol. Unfortunately, diagnostic measures and treatment options for alcohol dependence are rarely dedicated to adolescent and aging populations. As discussed, although much scientific advancement has been made regarding the differential effects of alcohol between adolescents and adults, research with the aged is underrepresented. Future researchers should be aware that adolescents and the aged are uniquely affected by alcohol and should continue to investigate alcohol's effects at different stages of maturation.
Granulosa cell tumor of the adult testis: A clinicopathologic study of seven cases and a review of the literature

Abstract We report a study of seven men, aged 16 to 76 years (average age, 47,4 years) with granulosa cell tumor (GCT) of the testis. Three patients presented with testicular enlargement of several years' duration and a fourth presented with a testicular enlargement of unknown duration. The tumors in three patients were detected during routine physical examination. None of the patients had endocrine-related symptoms. All tumors were well circumscribed and showed the solid, cystic, microfollicular, gyriform, insular, and trabecular patterns typical of GCT of the ovary. Call-Exner bodies were present in three tumors and two tumors had a focal spindle-cell component. In one case the surrounding testicular parenchyma showed Leydig's cell hyperplasia and a Sertoli cell nodule. The tumor cells revealed strong immunoreactivity for vimentin but showed no expression for keratin or epithelial membrane antigen. One patient developed liver and retroperitoneal lymph node metastases 121 months after initial diagnosis and died 13 months later. Another patient initially presented with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis and developed metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes 12 months later. Three patients are alive at 1,4, and 37 months with no evidence of disease, Another patient died of an urelated condition. Follow-up information was not available for the seventh patient. Twelve cases of GCT of the adult testis have been reported in the literature, with metastases occurring in two: one of these two patients had a tumor for 8 years and died of disease 5 months after diagnosis with multiple metastases and the other had metastasis at the time of diagnosis, but was free of disease for 14 years. Our findings and a review of the literature indicate that GCT of the adult testis is a rare and slow-growing neoplasm with the potential to form distant metastases. Because recurrence or distant metastasis may occur late in the clinical course, long-term follow-up of these patients is recommended.
A Wavelet Approach to Detect Enriched Regions and Explore Epigenomic Landscapes

Epigenetic landscapes represent how cells regulate gene activity. To understand their effect on gene regulation, it is important to detect their occupancy in the genome. Unlike transcription factors whose binding regions are limited to narrow regions, histone modification marks are enriched over broader areas. The stochastic characteristics unique to each mark make it hard to detect their enrichment. Classically, a predefined window has been used to detect their enrichment. However, these approaches heavily rely on the predetermined parameters. Also, the window-based approaches cannot handle the enrichment of multiple marks. We propose a novel algorithm, called SeqW, to detect enrichment of multiple histone modification marks. SeqW applies a zooming approach to detect a broadly enriched domain. The zooming approach helps domain detection by increasing signal-to-noise ratio. The borders of the domains are detected by studying the characteristics of signals in the wavelet domain. We show that SeqW outperformed previous predictors in detecting broad peaks. Also, we applied SeqW in studying spatial combinations of histone modification patterns.
DNA alkylation products formed by 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea as molecular dosimeters of therapeutic response.

This study has investigated if individual DNA adducts formed in human glioma cells treated with 3H-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (3H-CNU) could be used as molecular dosimeters of response after CENU treatment. The levels of individual DNA alkylation products were compared with the induction of cytotoxicity in six human glioma cell lines after treatment with 3H-CNU. The levels of seven DNA adducts N7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine, (N7-HOEtG); N7-(2-chloroethyl)guanine, (N7-ClEtG); 1,2-[diguan-7-yl]-ethane, (N7-bis-G); N1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-deoxyguanosine, N1-HOEtdG; 1-[N1-2-deoxyguanosinyl], 2-[N3-2-deoxycytidyl]-ethane, dG-dC; O6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-deoxyguanosine, O6-HOEtdG and phosphotriesters (PTE), were quantified in each of the cell lines following treatment with 3H-CNU. The levels of N7-HOEtG, N7-ClEtG; O6-HOEtdG and PTE were not significantly different in the glioma lines and their levels were not associated with the induction of cytotoxicity by CNU treatment. The levels of N7-bis-G, N1-HOEtdG and dG-dC crosslink were significantly lower in both SF-188 and SF-763 cell lines compared to their levels in U87MG, U251MG and SF-126. There was a significant correlation between CNU LD10 values and with the levels of levels of N7-bis-G and N1-HOEtdG (R = −0.91, P = 0.01) and dG-dC crosslink (R = −0.94, P = 0.005) in the glioma cell lines. Pretreatment of SF-188 cells with varying concentrations of MNU prior to CNU treatment resulted in no change in the levels of N7-HOEtG, N7-ClEtG; O6-HOEtdG and PTE and a dose dependent increase in the levels of N7-bis-G, N1-HOEtdG and dG-dC crosslink. Taken together, these results suggest that the levels of the N7-bis-G, N1-HOEtdG and dG-dC crosslink could be used as molecular dosimeters of therapeutic response following treatment with BCNU or related CENU.
INTERACTION OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS WITH SORBITOL SOLUTION.

A single-phase solid material is produced when liquid polyethylene glycols and sorbitol solution U. S. P. are mixed. Various factors which influence this interaction have been explored. Temperature, components, component ratio, and soluble salts affect the rate of the interaction but do not affect the product itself. A nonspecific mechanism of dehydration of the sorbitol solution is apparently involved.
EMERALD: Characterization of emerging applications and algorithms for low-power devices

Compute-intensive applications are emerging in intelligent home, retail store and automotive industries. These applications are becoming more sophisticated with new features rich in audio, video, image, and machine learning capabilities that demand heavy computations. We present the EMERALD (EMERging Applications and algorithms for Low power Device) workload suite. We profile the workloads to show the hotspot functions that are candidates for hardware accelerators.
EFFECTS OF CORTISONE ON THYROID FUNCTION IN WHITE LEGHORN COCKERELS1,2

ALTHOUGH cortisone has been shown to depress thyroid collection of radioactive iodine in rats by Money et al. (1950), Money et al. (1951), Perry (1951), Paschkis et al. (1952), Albert et al. (1952), Rawson (1952), Vezar and Vidovic (1952), Ingbar (1953), Ingbar and Chandler (1953) and Epstein et al. (1953), in rabbits by Myant (1953) and in man by Hill et al. (1950), Wolfson et al. (1950), Frederickson (1951), Frederickson et al. (1952), Kuhl and Ziff (1952), Berson and Yalow (1952) and Zingg and Perry (1953), the data on the mechanism whereby this reduced uptake is accomplished are not conclusive. The present report describes experiments designed to determine whether a similar effect occurs in the chick thyroid and to provide data which might suggest the possible mechanism involved. White Leghorn males were given 3 hormone injections spaced 12 hours apart beginning the evening they were hatched.
Growth Factors as Treatment Options for Intestinal Inflammation

On the basis of several studies that have been completed to date, some growth factors appear promising for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: keratinocyte-like growth factor-2 (KGF-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) enemas used in combination with oral mesalamine, somatropin (human growth hormone), and sargramostim (recombinant human GM-CSF). The results of these studies are highlighted and suggest that new insights into the regulation of intestinal immunity may provide effective synergistic or single-agent treatment alternatives to immunosuppression for inflammatory bowel disease. These data focus on the reparative components of mucosal homeostasis.
THEORIZING ABOUT WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS GLOBALLY: Comment on Diane Margolis

Diane Margolis (September 1993) has raised important issues in her recent article comparing women's movements in different countries and proposing several hypotheses for testing in further research. This is a laudable effort, as comparisons of social issues in different cultural and political settings are indispensable for an understanding of single-culture phenomena as well as variations in interational perspectives. To respond to Margolis's call for further reflection, I offer several comments and criticisms-both substantive and methodological -based on my own work with women's movements in a number of countries, especially in South and Southeast Asia, and an acquaintance with the global situation through secondary sources and international conferences. Obviously, generalizations drawn from a particular nation or region reflect the larger social, political, and economic contours of their places of origin. But researchers from different cultural and intellectual traditions also vary in the extent to which they willingly accept limits on their ability to generalize across national or cultural boundaries. In an earlier essay entitled "The World Is Not Like Us" (Papanek 1980), I criticized U.S. sociologists for being overly eager to extend conclusions drawn from U.S. studies to the rest of the world. I now think that this eagerness to generalize is a more widespread phenomenon. I have noted, for example, that many Indian scholars emphasize specificity over "generalizability," whereas the work of some Latin American scholars (or others writing about countries in Central or South America) shows an eagerness to generalize, "at least to the Third World," that equals or exceeds that of U.S. writers. Theories and ideologies that are widely accepted in particular intellectual milieux may also exacerbate such tendencies, particularly if they also make claims of global applicability.
Use of cellular hydrophobisity, slime production, and species identification markers for the clinical significance of congulase-negative staphylococcal isolates☆

Determining the clinical relevance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cultures of clinical specimens remains a common dilemma. One hundred eighteen strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from patients with and without indwelling foreign bodies were characterized with regard to cell-surface hydrophobicity, slime production, and species to determine the predictive value of these phenotypic markers in distinguishing clinically significant from insignificant isolates. The single test with the highest positive predictive value was hydrophobicity (79%). Hydrophobicity and speciation had the greatest combined predictive value of any two tests (89%), and this increased to only 90% when determination of slime production was added. These tests provide additional clinical information when coagulase-negative staphylococci are isolated in culture.
A notch in time

Native to the Indo-Pacific coral reefs, the alluring Korean angelfish ( Pomacanthus semicirculatus ) captivates us with its colourful designs and surprises us with its natural history. As the juvenile angelfish (seen on the cover) matures, its coloration will change to that of an adult so different in coloration that it was considered a different species before its natural history was understood. Angelfish prey on benthic invertebrates and perhaps some sponges, but both hunting its prey and avoidance of its own predators requires good vision. As a result, these rather intelligent reef fish have very interesting visual systems. These generally predatorial fish require binocularity especially in their sometimes monotonous, three dimensional blue world. Most fish, including the angelfish, have their eyes positioned on the sides of their heads, making stereopsis difficult. Through subtle adaptations and countless generations, these successful fish have solved this problem in a most peculiar manner. The fish eye probably originated approximately 450 million years ago just before the Devonian period, but truly came into its own during the Devonian. The vertebrate eye probably had its humble beginnings in the Cambrian …
A review of positive youth development programs that promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health.

Abstract Purpose Positive youth development (PYD) may be a promising strategy for promoting adolescent health. A systematic review of the published data was conducted to identify and describe PYD programs that improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Methods Eight databases were searched for articles about PYD programs published between 1985 and 2007. Programs included met the following criteria: fostered at least one of 12 PYD goals in multiple socialization domains (i.e., family, school, community) or addressed two or more goals in at least one socialization domain; allocated at least half of the program activities to promoting general PYD outcomes (as compared with a focus on direct sexual health content); included youth younger than 20 years old; and used an experimental or quasi-experimental evaluation design. Results Thirty programs met the inclusion criteria, 15 of which had evidence of improving at least one adolescent sexual and reproductive health outcome. Program effects were moderate and well-sustained. Program goals addressed by approximately 50% or more of the effective programs included promoting prosocial bonding, cognitive competence, social competence, emotional competence, belief in the future, and self-determination. Effective programs were significantly more likely than those that did not have an impact to strengthen the school context and to deliver activities in a supportive atmosphere. Effective programs were also more likely to build skills, enhance bonding, strengthen the family, engage youth in real roles and activities, empower youth, communicate expectations, and be stable and relatively long-lasting, although these differences between effective and ineffective programs were not statistically significant. Conclusion PYD programs can promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and tested, effective PYD programs should be part of a comprehensive approach to promoting adolescent health. However, more research is needed before a specific list of program characteristics can be viewed as a "recipe" for success.
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylation Augments Dihydrotestosterone Induction of Androgen Receptor Levels: An Explanation for Trichostatin A Effects on Androgen-Induced Chromatin Remodeling and Transcription of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Promoter

The integrated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter has provided an excellent model system with which to study the impact of steroid hormones on transcriptional activation in the context of a defined chromatin structure. The hormone response element (HRE) of this promoter is positioned on a phased nucleosome which becomes remodeled in response to steroids. One possible mechanism of chromatin remodeling by steroid receptors could involve recruitment of coactivators which alter the histone acetylation status of the HRE nucleosome. To examine how the androgen receptor (AR) influences transcription and chromatin remodeling and to assess whether changes in histone acetylation are involved in these effects, we determined whether the specific histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) influenced basal- and androgen-mediated transcriptional activation of the integrated MMTV promoter in the mouse L-cell fibroblast cell line 29+. These cells harbor the MMTV promoter integrated in the genome and express only one steroid hormone receptor subtype, i.e., the AR. Surprisingly, we found that treatment of the cells with TSA alone had virtually no effect on transcription and chromatin remodeling of the MMTV promoter nor on AR levels. However, pretreatment with TSA augmented the DHT effects on all three parameters. These results suggest that histone acetylation changes at the MMTV B nucleosome per se are not alone sufficient to induce chromatin remodeling and subsequent induction of MMTV transcription. Rather, the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA exerts a portion of its effect on MMTV chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation indirectly through increases in AR levels.
The use of high energy X-rays from the Advanced Photon Source to study stresses in materials

Abstract High-energy X-rays from third-generation synchrotron sources are opening new opportunities for the studies of stresses in materials. At the Advanced Photon Source (APS) 1-ID beamline, the combination of an undulator and specialized high-energy X-ray optics produces a very brilliant photon beam in the 50–100 keV energy range. In this paper, three experiments using this capability are described. In the first the combined effects of residual and applied strain on the austenite and ferrite phases are measured in a duplex steel during deformation. The austenite is seen to yield prior to the ferrite. In the second experiment, high-energy, small-angle scattering (HE-SAXS) and wide-angle scattering (WAXS) were used to study a thermal barrier coating. This allowed information to be obtained on the directionality of the pores in this material, as well as on gradients in the crystallographic texture and phase composition. In the final experiment, the behavior of an individual grain of an aluminum alloy was tracked during deformation using a 3-D X-ray microscope. This is the first phase of a project in which we intend to measure many more individual grains to deduce statistically significant effects of grain size, grain orientation, and effect of neighboring grains during deformation processes. The paper also briefly comments on possible future developments for high-energy X-ray sources.
Type III effector VopC mediates invasion for Vibrio species.

Summary Vibrio spp. are associated with infections caused by contaminated food and water. A type III secretion system (T3SS2) is a shared feature of all clinical isolates of V. parahaemolyticus and some V. cholerae strains. Despite its being responsible for enterotoxicity, no molecular mechanism has been determined for the T3SS2-dependent pathogenicity. Here, we show that although Vibrio spp. are typically thought of as extracellular pathogens, the T3SS2 of Vibrio mediates host cell invasion, vacuole formation, and replication of intracellular bacteria. The catalytically active effector VopC is critical for Vibrio T3SS2-mediated invasion. There are other marine bacteria encoding VopC homologs associated with a T3SS; therefore, we predict that these bacteria are also likely to use T3SS-mediated invasion as part of their pathogenesis mechanisms. These findings suggest a new molecular paradigm for Vibrio pathogenicity and modify our view of the roles of T3SS effectors that are translocated during infection.
Towards a fully stand-alone analog/RF BIST: A cost-effective implementation of a neural classifier

A recently proposed Built-In Self-Test (BIST) method for analog/RF circuits requires stimuli generator, measurement acquisition, and decision making circuits to be integrated on-chip along with the Device Under Test (DUT). Practical implementation of this approach hinges on the ability to meet strict area and power constraints of the circuits dedicated to test. In this work, we investigate a cost-efficient implementation of a neural classifier, which is the central component of this BIST method. We present the design of a reconfigurable analog neural network (ANN) experimentation platform and address the key questions concerning its cost-efficiency: a fully analog implementation with strict area and power budgets, a learning ability of the proposed architecture, fast dynamic programming of the weight memory during training, and high precision non-volatile storage of weight coefficients during operation or standby. Using this platform, we implement an ontogenic neural network (ONN) along with the corresponding training algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate the learning ability of the proposed architecture with a real-world case study wherein we train the ANN to predict the results of production specification testing for a large number of RF transceiver chips fabricated by Texas Instruments.
Effects of air pollution abatement on financial performance of Texas cotton gins

The Federal Clean Air Act (FCAA) amendments of 1990 strengthened air pollution regulation as it affects stationary sources such as cotton gins. The primary objective of this study is to determine likely success/failure rates for Texas gin plants that would result from introducing air pollution controls. Simulation analysis is carried out with firm financial models. The analysis projects many of the small and mid-size gin plant firms that operate at relatively low volume levels to be financially unsuccessful ex ante investment in air pollution controls. As expected, the introduction of air pollution control lowers the likelihood of firm success, but, the unfavorable effect of these required investments is less pronounced among larger gin plant firms and plants that operate at high capacity levels. Results suggest the introduction of air pollution controls will accelerate the trend toward fewer and larger gin plant firms, and in order to survive, many Texas firms will find it necessary to merge/consolidate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Job Function, Sex, and Environment As Correlates of Work Perceptions and Attitudes1

The present study examined job function and sex differences in perceptions of the physical and social work environment and the relationship of the work environment to work perceptions and attitudes when function and sex are controlled. Research indicated that job function, but not sex, was related to environment perceptions for 426 employees in a state government agency. The social environment also emerged as a significant predictor of work involvement, trust, and satisfaction. Significant interactions between job function and environment indicated that the social environment was negatively related and the physical environment positively related to work perceptions for managerial employees. The reverse was found for employees in other job functions.
High-Velocity Cloud Edges and Mini-High-Velocity Clouds

Arecibo mapping is reported of the neutral hydrogen distribution along selected directions out from the centers of two examples of small high-velocity clouds (HVCs). One HVC (W486) is selected from the class of compact HVCs (CHVCs) thought by some researchers to be good candidates for having distances characteristic of the Local Group; the other (W491) is a bit more extended and possibly nearer. Both HVCs have a small inner region where the neutral hydrogen column density NH I decreases slowly and a larger outer region where NH I declines more rapidly, smoothly, and exponentially, from ~2 × 1019 down to less than 1018 atoms cm -2. Line widths, and presumably temperature and turbulence, do not increase in the outermost regions. Therefore, pressure decreases smoothly, making confinement by dark matter gravity more likely than confinement by external pressure. The more extended HVC, W491, has a superimposed small cloud (which we dub a "mini-HVC"), offset by 66 km s-1 in velocity along the line of sight. The peak column density of the mini-HVC is about 5 × 1018 atoms cm-2. Preliminary data toward future mapping of two more HVCs reveal two more mini-HVCs of similarly small size and central column density a bit less than 1 × 1019 atoms cm-2, offset by an even larger velocity of ~98 km s-1. We suggest that these three mini-HVCs are not physically associated with the HVCs on which they are superimposed but are either very small outliers of the extended Magellanic Stream HVC complex or more distant and/or smaller isolated CHVCs. The importance of the edge column density N1/2, the value of NH I at the point at which the neutral and ionized column densities are equal, is discussed. With N1/2 ~ 2 × 1019 atoms cm-2 for the two mapped HVCs, the angular scale length of the total hydrogen is appreciably larger than the observed H I scale length. Previous distance estimates, related to absolute size and mass of the total hydrogen cloud, may have to be scaled down because of the undetected, more extended ionized hydrogen.