cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrainment of gas in the liquid film of horizontal, annular, two-phase flow

Abstract A backlit digital imaging technique was used to obtain images of bubbles within the liquid film of adiabatic air–water horizontal annular flow. A digital image processing algorithm that isolated bubble contours from other flow features was implemented. The bubble entrainment statistics showed that the bubble size distribution within the liquid film was exponential, and the parameters of the distribution were observed to be dependent on air flow rate and essentially independent of liquid flow rate. The bubble data, together with fluorescent imaging of waves on the liquid film, indicated that gas entrainment in the film was primarily controlled by air flow rate and wave behavior. This was confirmed by the existence of a consistent Weber number based on the maximum observed bubble diameter and disturbance wave velocity.
Choice reaction time as a function of intersensory anticipation

Choice RT of 10 college students was compared under two conditions. One condition was a single-choice condition in which, 1 sec after a warning signal, one of a pair of stimulus lights was flashed and S was required to move a right-hand lever in the appropriate direction. In the double-choice condition, a second stimulus (high or low tone) followed the first stimulus by 1/2 sec, and S was, in addition, required to respond to it by moving a left-hand lever in the appropriate direction. Average RT to the light in the single-choice condition was significantly shorter (p <. 01) than the RT to the same stimulus in the double condition. These data provide additional evidence that present behavior is affected by S’s expectation of the immediate future.
Simulation of small-angle scattering curves by numerical Fourier transformation

A simple numerical approach for calculating the q-dependence of the scattering intensity in small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) is discussed. For a user-defined scattering density on a lattice, the scattering intensity I(q) (q is the modulus of the scattering vector) is calculated by three-dimensional (or two-dimensional) numerical Fourier transformation and spherical summation in q space, with a simple smoothing algorithm. An exact and simple correction for continuous rather than discrete (lattice-point) scattering density is described. Applications to relatively densely packed particles in solids (e.g. nanocomposites) are shown, where correlation effects make single-particle (pure form-factor) calculations invalid. The algorithm can be applied to particles of any shape that can be defined on the chosen cubic lattice and with any size distribution, while those features pose difficulties to a traditional treatment in terms of form and structure factors. For particles of identical but potentially complex shapes, numerical calculation of the form factor is described. Long parallel rods and platelets of various cross-section shapes are particularly convenient to treat, since the calculation is reduced to two dimensions. The method is used to demonstrate that the scattering intensity from `randomly' parallel-packed long cylinders is not described by simple 1/q and 1/q4 power laws, but at cylinder volume fractions of more than ∼25% includes a correlation peak. The simulations highlight that the traditional evaluation of the peak position overestimates the cylinder thickness by a factor of ∼1.5. It is also shown that a mix of various relatively densely packed long boards can produce I(q) ≃ 1/q, usually observed for rod-shaped particles, without a correlation peak.
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE ULVACEAE (ULVALES, ULVOPHYCEAE) USING CHLOROPLAST AND NUCLEAR DNA SEQUENCES1

Systematic hypotheses for the Ulvaceae were tested using phylogenetic analysis of sequences for the gene encoding the large subunit of RUBISCO, small subunit rDNA and a combined data matrix. Representatives of eight putative ulvaceous genera and twelve additional taxa from the Ulvophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae were included in analyses using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Molecular data supported hypotheses for the Ulvaceae that are based on the early development of vegetative thalli and motile cell ultrastructure. Ulvaceae sensu Floyd and O'Kelly, including Percursaria Bory de Saint-Vincent, Ulvaria Ruprecht and a complex of closely related species of Chloropelta Tanner, Enteromorpha Link and Ulva L. was supported; however, monophyly of Enteromorpha and Ulva was not supported. The Ulvales and Ulotrichales sensu Floyd and O'Kelly were monophyletic. Blidingia Kylin and Kornmannia Bliding were allied with the former and Capsosiphon Gobi with the latter, although relationships among these and other taxa in these orders remain uncertain. The Ulvales are characterized by an isomorphic life history pattern, gametangia and sporangia that are identical in structure and development, motile cells with bilobed terminal caps and proximal sheaths consisting of two equal subunits. Method of motile cell release and the gross morphology of vegetative thalli are not systematically reliable characters.
Cuticular hydrocarbons of the paper wasp,Polistes fuscatus: A search for recognition pheromones

The cuticular chemicals of 124 individual wasps (foundresses and workers) from 23 colonies ofPolistes fuscatus were analyzed. The compounds identified, all of which were hydrocarbons, were similar to those of other vespid wasps in that the bulk of the hydrocarbons were 23–33 carbons in chain length. However, the hydrocarbon profile ofP. fuscatus differed from those of its congeners in its proportions of straight-chain alkanes, methylalkanes, and alkenes. Three of the 20 identified hydrocarbons, 13- and 15-MeC31, 11,15- and 13,17-diMeC31, and 13-, 15-, and 17-MeC33, had properties postulated for recognition pheromones: colony specificity, efficacy in assigning wasps to the appropriate colony, heritability, lack of differences between foundresses and workers, and distinctive stereochemistry.
Serologic evaluation, efficacy, and safety of a commercial modified-live canine distemper vaccine in domestic ferrets

Objective—To determine efficacy and safety of a commercial modified-live canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine used for prophylaxis in domestic ferrets. Animals—Sixteen 16-week-old neutered male ferrets. Procedures— Equal groups of ferrets were inoculated subcutaneously at 16 and 20 weeks of age with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or a vaccine derived from the Onderstepoort CDV strain and attenuated in a primate cell line. Live virulent CDV was administered to all ferrets intranasally and orally 3 weeks after the second inoculation. Clinical signs and body weights were monitored regularly during the study. Blood samples for serologic examination were drawn prior to each inoculation, before challenge exposure, and 10, 15, and 21 days after exposure. Blood samples for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were obtained 5 days after the first vaccination, and 5, 10, 15, and 21 days after challenge exposure. Results—After challenge exposure, control ferrets had significantly more clinical signs...
GroundWinds balloon fringe-imaging Doppler lidar mission concept and instrument performance

Over the past few years, the GroundWinds program has produced two operational, ground based, multi-order fringe imaging direct detection Doppler wind LIDARs. The two existing instruments are located in Bartlett, NH and Mauna Loa, HI and operate at a wavelength of 532 nm and 355 nm, respectively. Both systems employ Fabry-Perot etalons as the wavelength resolving element and are capable of detecting Doppler shifts in both Aerosol and Molecular backscatter from 0.25 km to 18 km. Patented technologies demonstrated and developed through this program, such as Photon-Recycling (U.S. patent #6,163,380) and the Circle To Line Optic (U.S. Patent #4,893,003), will be incorporated into the next generation interferometer design and flown on a high altitude (30km) balloon. The opportunity to view the entire troposphere from a downward looking high altitude platform will serve as an empirical reference point for scaling to space. This paper will discuss the BalloonWinds mission concept and top-level specifications of the instrument subsystems. Additionally, this paper will report on the testing and progress of the instrument build and present performance projections based on the as built system.
Approximate solutions of radiative transfer in one-dimensional non-planar systems

Abstract An approximate method is developed for the study of radiative transfer in one-dimensional, non-planar systems. While this method can be regarded as an extension of some existing approximation techniques formulated for the one-dimensional planar problem, it does yield closed-form expressions for the radiant heat flux and the temperature profile for various non-planar problems, which have not been established before. Comparisons with the available numerical results show that the heat-flux expressions are accurate throughout the entire range of the optical thickness. Results for the temperature profile. however, have the same limitation as the various closed-form approximate solutions for the planar problem. They are not very accurate at regions near the boundary, except in the optically thick limit. Based on the closed-form expressions obtained for the non-planar radiative transfer problem, the present work establishes readily the effect of the various parameters, such as the optical thickness, the surface emissivity, the radius ratio and the heat-generation rate on the heat-transfer and the temperature profile. Differences between radiative heat-transfer characteristics of the two basic non-planar systems (concentric cylinders and concentric spheres) are discussed.
Cannabis use and cerebrovascular disease.

Background Cannabis is the most commonly abused illicit drug and is often considered innocuous. However, cases of acute onset neurologic dysfunction occurring in relation to cannabis use have been described and corresponding cerebral imaging studies have documented focal ischemic changes and vessel abnormalities. Review summary This article reviews all reported cases of presumed cannabis related cerebral ischemic events in the medical literature, as well as pertinent human and animal experimental studies on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects of cannabis. Conclusions Cannabis use seems to have been causally related to several instances of cerebral ischemia and infarction. Proposed etiologic mechanisms have included cerebral vasospasm, cardioembolization, and systemic hypotension with impaired cerebral autoregulation, but most of the available data points to a vasospastic process. The exact relation of cannabis to cerebrovascular disease remains to be determined.
Inactivation of phosphorylated rat tyrosine hydroxylase by ascorbate in vitro.

Tyrosine hydroxylase activity is reversibly controlled by the actions of several protein kinases. Previous studies showed that, following phosphorylation by protein kinase A, physiological concentrations of ascorbate irreversibly inactivate tyrosine hydroxylase. Several studies were performed to establish the mechanism of inactivation. We found that inactivation occurred under oxygen-free conditions. The results of this and other experiments suggest that oxygenated species such as super-oxide or hydrogen peroxide were not required for inactivation by ascorbate. Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by low concentrations of ascorbate raised the question concerning the mechanism for maintaining enzyme activity under physiological conditions. We report that tyrosine, Nα-methyl tyrosine, 3-iodotyrosine, and phenylalanine protected the phosphorylated enzyme against ascorbate inactivation. Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and some of their analogues) also protected the enzyme against ascorbate inactivation. We performed studies to assess conformational changes of tyrosine hydroxylase by measuring the extrinsic fluorescence using 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid as a reporter group. Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase by protein kinase A decreased the extrinsic fluorescence. Treatment of tyrosine hydroxylase with ascorbate produced a further decrease in fluorescence. These results provide evidence for conformational changes following these treatments. In contrast to extrinsic fluorescence, the circular dichroic spectrum of tyrosine hydroxylase failed to change following phosphorylation by protein kinase A or inhibition by ascorbate. The spectrum was consistent with a secondary structure of tyrosine hydroxylase with 55%α helix, 20%β sheet, 2%β turn, and 23% random coil.
Virosome-mediated implantation of red cell band 3 into the plasma membrane of cultured hepatoma cells.

Abstract A method for implanting exogenous membrane proteins into recipient hepatoma cells is described. Red cell band 3 and Sendai virus envelope proteins HN and F were extracted from their respective sources and purified by centrifugation to equilibrium through sucrose step gradients in the presence of octyl-β- d -glucopyranoside. 0.05–0.15 μm vesicles were formed by adding lipid to combined detergent solubilized, isolated membrane proteins and removing detergent by dialysis. The vesicles were hybrid band 3-Sendai envelope vesicles and not a mixture of two distinct vesicle types as judged by (1) the ability of Sendai specific antibody to immunoprecipitate >99% of band 3 from vesicle suspensions and (2) comigration of band 3 and Sendai envelope proteins on isopyknic sucrose density gradients. The hybrid vesicles (virosomes) were not fusogenic but did bind to cultured hepatoma cells in the cold. Subsequent treatment of virosomes absorbed onto cultured cells with polyethylene glycol resulted in a stable association of 2–10% of added band 3 and Sendai envelope proteins with the cells. Efficient transfer of virosome-associated band 3 to the cells was dependent on both lipid and Sendai envelope proteins. Fluid phase marker transfer, immunofluorescence, and protease digestion experiments demonstrate that the majority of the virosomes were implanted into recipient hepatoma membranes and not simply adsorbed onto their surface or immediately endocytosed. The hybrid membrane protein-viral envelope vesicles thus offer an efficient means for insertion of foreign proteins into the membranes of recipient cultured cells.
Patient-Ventilator Trigger Asynchrony in Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation

Study objective To investigate patient-ventilator trigger asynchrony (TA), its prevalence, physiologic basis, and clinical implications in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV). Study design Descriptive and prospective cohort study. Setting Barlow Respiratory Hospital (BRH), a regional weaning center. Patients Two hundred consecutive ventilator-dependent patients, transferred to BRH over an 18-month period for attempted weaning from PMV. Methods and interventions Patients were assessed clinically for TA within the first week of hospital admission, or once they were in hemodynamically stable condition, by observation of uncoupling of accessory respiratory muscle efforts and onset of machine breaths. Patients were excluded if they had weaned by the time of assessment or if they never achieved hemodynamic stability. Ventilator mode was patient triggered, flow control, volume cycled, with a tidal volume of 7 to 10 mL/kg. Esophageal pressure (Peso), airway-opening pressure, and airflow were measured in patients with TA who consented to esophageal catheter insertion. Attempts to decrease TA in each patient included application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) stepwise to 10 cm H2O, flow triggering, and reduction of ventilator support in pressure support (PS) mode. Patients were followed up until hospital discharge, when outcomes were scored as weaned (defined as >7 days of ventilator independence), failed to wean, or died. Results Of the 200 patients screened, 26 were excluded and 19 were found to have TA. Patients with TA were older, carried the diagnosis of COPD more frequently, and had more severe hypercapnia than their counterparts without TA. Only 3 of 19 patients (16%), all with intermittent TA, weaned from mechanical ventilation, after 70, 72, and 108 days, respectively. This is in contrast to a weaning success rate of 57%, with a median (range) time to wean of 33 (3 to 182) days in patients without TA. Observation of uncoupling of accessory respiratory muscle movement and onset of machine breaths was accurate in identifying patients with TA, which was confirmed in all seven patients consenting to Peso monitoring. TA appeared to result from high auto-PEEP and severe pump failure. Adjusting trigger sensitivity and application of flow triggering were unsuccessful in eliminating TA; external PEEP improved but rarely led to elimination of TA that was transient in duration. Reduction of ventilator support in PS mode, with resultant increased respiratory pump output and lower tidal volumes, uniformly succeeded in eliminating TA. However, this approach imposed a fatiguing load on the respiratory muscles and was poorly tolerated. Conclusion TA can be easily identified clinically, and when it occurs in the patient in stable condition with PMV, is associated with poor outcome.
Integrative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Osteocytic Cells Exposed to Fluid Flow Reveals Novel Mechano-Sensitive Signaling Pathways

Osteocytes, positioned within bone's porous structure, are subject to interstitial fluid flow upon whole bone loading. Such fluid flow is widely theorized to be a mechanical signal transduced by osteocytes, initiating a poorly understood cascade of signaling events mediating bone adaptation to mechanical load. The objective of this study was to examine the time course of flow-induced changes in osteocyte gene transcript and protein levels using high-throughput approaches. Osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells were subjected to 2 h of oscillating fluid flow (1 Pa peak shear stress) and analyzed following 0, 2, 8, and 24 h post-flow incubation. Transcriptomic microarray analysis, followed by gene ontology pathway analysis, demonstrated fluid flow regulation of genes consistent with both known and unknown metabolic and inflammatory responses in bone. Additionally, two of the more highly up-regulated gene products - chemokines Cxcl1 and Cxcl2, supported by qPCR - have not previously been reported as responsive to fluid flow. Proteomic analysis demonstrated greatest up-regulation of the ATP-producing enzyme NDK, calcium-binding Calcyclin, and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6. Finally, an integrative pathway analysis merging fold changes in transcript and protein levels predicted signaling nodes not directly detected at the sampled time points, including transcription factors c-Myc, c-Jun, and RelA/NF-κB. These results extend our knowledge of the osteocytic response to fluid flow, most notably up-regulation of Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 as possible paracrine agents for osteoblastic and osteoclastic recruitment. Moreover, these results demonstrate the utility of integrative, high-throughput approaches in place of a traditional candidate approach for identifying novel mechano-sensitive signaling molecules.
The National Center for PTSD

The National Center for PTSD, part of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, provides a myriad of resources on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for military and civilian personnel. The site offers information for the public (those suffering from PTSD, family, friends) and professionals (clinicians and health professionals). The resources encompass research from the National Center and outside research entities. Additional information sources include About Face, a program where military personnel discuss their PTSD via video and clinicians discuss treatment options and how treatment can help those suffering from PTSD. Access to PILOTS, a database providing citation and abstract information for publications, is available.
High-efficiency degenerate four-wave mixing of 1.06-μm radiation in silicon

We report detailed experimental results on degenerate four-wave mixing of 1.06-μm laser radiation in silicon. Using ~100-mJ pump pulses of 15-nsec duration from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at intensities of ~6.8 MW/cm2, we obtained an energy conversion of over 150% for the probe-to-signal reflection.
How do harpacticoid grazing rates differ over a tidal cycle? Field verification using chlorophyll-pigment analyses

Four specles of meiobenthic copepods were examined for dlatom feeding Microscopic analysis of gut-pellet contents from field-collected in&viduals ~n&cated frequent Ingestion of diatoms by 3 harpacticoids (Scottolana canadensis, Microarthndon Ottorale Cletocamptus deitersi) whlle occasional &atom ingestion occurred m Paronychocamptus huntsmani Frustules were usually empty and broken indicahng that contents were d~gested Laboratory expenments using 14C-labehng showed assimilation of diatoms by the 3 species examined Fleld grazing rate s t u b e s were conducted over different portions of a hdal cycle using fluorescent chlorophyll-plgment analysls of gut-contents H~ghes t dlatom consumphon (p < 0 05) occurred just after the mudflat became exposed (i e Early Low Water level, ELW) for S canadensis, while consumptlon at Late Low Water (LLW i e after mudflat is exposed for several hours) was reduced M llttorale showed a somewhat similar pattern in that highest consumptlon rates (p < 0 05) also occurred dunng ELW However, during High Water (HW) and LLW a similar (but reduced) feeding rate was measured P huntsmani appeared to only ingest &atoms (1 e chlpigments) dunng HW Relationships of feeding processes over a tidal cycle are discussed with regard to distributional patterns in intertidal and subtidal habitats
Immune abnormalities associated with HLA-B8: Lymphocyte subsets and functional correlates

Abstract Mononuclear cell populations were enumerated in healthy young adults with or without the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B8. Mononuclear cell counts were lower in subjects with HLA-B8, as was reflected in lower absolute numbers of the cell subsets. When cell populations were compared as percentages of total mononuclear cells, subjects with HLA-B8 had significantly more B lymphocytes bearing IgM than did subjects without HLA-B8. The T4 T8 ratio was significantly increased in subjects with HLA-B8, due both to increases in OKT4 + cells and to decreases in OKT8 + cells. B-Lymphocyte function was compared in subjects with and without HLA-B8 by measuring pokeweed mitogen driven differentiation of B cells to IgM bearing blasts, and was significantly greater in subjects with HLA-B8. Subjects with HLA-B8 were also found to have decreased Con A-induced suppression. Alterations in lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte functions may underlie the predisposition to autoimmunity associated with HLA-B8.
Evolution of Neutron Stars and Observational Constraints

The structure and evolution of neutron stars is discussed with a view towards constraining the properties of high density matter through observations. The structure of neutron stars is illuminated through the use of several analytical solutions of Einstein’s equations which, together with the maximally compact equation of state, establish extreme limits for neutron stars and approximations for binding energies, moments of inertia and crustal properties as a function of compactness. The role of the nuclear symmetry energy is highlighted and constraints from laboratory experiments such as nuclear masses and heavy ion collisions are presented. Observed neutron star masses and radius limits from several techniques, such as thermal emissions, X-ray bursts, gammaray ﬂares, pulsar spins and glitches, spin-orbit coupling in binary pulsars, and neutron star cooling, are discussed. The lectures conclude with a discusson of proto-neutron stars and their neutrino signatures.
Expressions of gaseous concentration and dilution ratios

Abstract Ratios of dilution or concentration of a gas sample are expressed as a pollutant quotient, or, if appropriate, an odorant quotient, Z, denoting the ratio of a pollutant (or odorant) concentration to some target concentration. The expression pZ is defined as + log10Z, so that a positive value of pZ implies dilution and a negative value concentration. The effect of particulate matter on the Z function is considered. Various examples are given, including conversions from other common dilution expressions.
Spider minor ampullate silk proteins contain new repetitive sequences and highly conserved non‐silk‐like “spacer regions”

Spider minor ampullate silk is a strong non-elastic deformably stretchable silk used in web formation. This silk from Nephila clavipes is composed of two proteins, MiSp 1 and 2, whose transcripts are 9.5 and 7.5 kb, respectively, as determined by Northern blots. Both MiSp proteins are organized into a predominantly repetitive region and a small nonrepetitive carboxy terminal region. These highly repetitive regions are composed mainly of glycine and alanine, but also contain tyrosine, glutamine, and arginine. The sequences are mainly GGX and GA repeats. The repetitive regions are interrupted by nonrepetitive serine-rich spacer regions. Although the sequences of the spacer regions differ from the repetitive regions, sequences of the spacers from different regions of the proteins are nearly identical. The sequence differences between major and minor ampullate silks may explain the differing mechanical properties of the fibers.
The influence of stacking fault energy on the mechanical behavior of Cu and Cu-Al alloys : Deformation twinning, work hardening, and dynamic recovery

The role of stacking fault energy (SFE) in deformation twinning and work hardening was systematically studied in Cu (SFE ∼78 ergs/cm2) and a series of Cu-Al solid-solution alloys (0.2, 2, 4, and 6 wt pct Al with SFE ∼75, 25, 13, and 6 ergs/cm2, respectively). The materials were deformed under quasi-static compression and at strain rates of ∼1000/s in a Split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The quasi-static flow curves of annealed 0.2 and 2 wt pct Al alloys were found to be representative of solid-solution strengthening and well described by the Hall-Petch relation. The quasi-static flow curves of annealed 4 and 6 wt pct Al alloys showed additional strengthening at strains greater than 0.10. This additional strengthening was attributed to deformation twins and the presence of twins was confirmed by optical microscopy. The strengthening contribution of deformation twins was incorporated in a modified Hall-Petch equation (using intertwin spacing as the “effective” grain size), and the calculated strength was in agreement with the observed quasi-static flow stresses. While the work-hardening rate of the low SFE Cu-Al alloys was found to be independent of the strain rate, the work-hardening rate of Cu and the high SFE Cu-Al alloys (low Al content) increased with increasing strain rate. The different trends in the dependence of work-hardening rate on strain rate was attributed to the difference in the ease of cross-slip (and, hence, the ease of dynamic recovery) in Cu and Cu-Al alloys.
Magnetic resonance imaging of brain anatomy in severe developmental dyslexia.

• The brain anatomy of ten men (aged 18 to 28 years) with persistent, severe developmental dyslexia was examined with magnetic resonance imaging to explore the possibility of visualizing pathology not seen in previous computed tomographic scan studies. Nine of the ten examinations were clinically normal. One showed a focal finding thought to be incidental to dyslexia. The volume of the temporal lobes was judged to be symmetrical in nine of ten examinations, a finding supportive of previous computed tomographic scan and neuropathologic reports of unusual symmetries of posterior brain regions. Thus, despite its sensitivity, magnetic resonance imaging failed to identify a common focal pathology. The choice of imaging planes (particularly coronal) and lack of bone artifact may, however, prove useful for studying macroscopic asymmetries in dyslexia.
Two types of neurones sensitive to motion in the optic lobe of the fly.

THE multitude of evoked neurone responses that have been observed in vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems are interesting in themselves but are difficult to interpret out of a behavioural context. We wish to report the results of our investigation of two types of neurones sensitive to motion in the optic lobes of the blowfly and the housefly and the responses of these units to stimuli which have been shown by several authors1–3 to evoke optomotor responses.
The alarm-defence system of the ant Lasius alienus

Abstract The principal volatile products of the formicine ant Lasius alienus were identified, their glandular sources located in part, and their functions analysed. The more abundant substances in the C 9 –C 10 range were shown to be alarm substances, with behavioral threshold concentrations estimated to vary in order of magnitude from 10 7 to 10 11 molecules/cm 3 . Undecane, the principal component, was shown to be more effective as an alarm substance for L. alienus , whose estimated response threshold is 10 7 to 10 10 molecules/cm 3 , than for the relazed species Acanthomyops claviger , whose estimated threshold is 10 10 to 10 12 molecules/cm 3 . L. alienus appears to depend less in its defence strategy on orientation toward points of disturbances and defensive chemical sprays, and more on ‘early warning’ and evacuation, than does A. claviger .
Enterprise Information Systems and B2B E-Commerce: The Significance of XML

Although the overall investment in information technology (IT) decreased during the first few years of the 21st century, B2B e-commerce continued to expand at a rapid rate (Lim & Wen, 2002). The expansion of B2B e-commerce has been based to a large extent on accounting and enterprise-wide information systems (EISs) that permit electronic data transmission and execution of transactions in an effective and efficient manner. Since B2B e-commerce is Internet based, the EISs required to support B2B e-commerce must be Internet capable. The primary language of the Internet, Hyper-text Mark-up Language (HTML), is not well-suited for transmitting data and executing transactions. Consequently, Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) was developed to facilitate a wide range of electronic information exchange applications, including many applications related to B2B e-commerce. XML also allows legacy data to be accessed through the Internet. As initially conceived, XML had a number of constraints, particularly in the area of data integrity and security; however, these constraints are being overcome. This article discusses the objectives of using XML in B2B e-commerce, reviews the technical structure of XML, and discusses ways that data integrity can be maintained and security enhanced while engaging in B2B e-commerce.
Why Don't Coastal Residents Choose to Evacuate for Hurricanes?

A multinomial choice framework was used to analyze data from hypothetical storm forecast scenarios administered via mail survey to a random sample of U.S. Gulf Coast residents. Results indicate that the issuance of a mandatory evacuation notice and the presence of higher wind speeds had the largest influence on increasing the likelihood of evacuation. Age, race, disability, distance, and education were significant in explaining one's decision to wait relative to choosing to evacuate. Blacks and disabled individuals were strictly less likely to wait and more likely to make an immediate evacuation decision. Hurricane Katrina evacuees and those with an evacuation destination identified were also more likely to decide to evacuate, but were also more likely to wait before deciding. Results indicate that residents of mobile homes were more likely to either evacuate or wait before making a decision, but strictly less likely not to evacuate. Respondents very confident in being rescued were strictly more likely no...
Effects of unsaturation and different ring-opening methods on the properties of vegetable oil-based polyurethane coatings

Under embargo until February 25, 2016, per publisher requirements: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/issn/0032-3861/
Negotiating Classroom Process: Lessons from Adult Learning

Learning by doing is standard fare in negotiation courses across disciplines, and techniques such as learning contracts, self-reflective essays, and small-group work are commonly used. In addition, teachers must resist the temptation to “teach the canon” without regard to the needs, interests, and concerns of the students in the room. Learner-centered education requires that teachers build from the beliefs and preconceptions that students bring to the classroom, including their cultural beliefs and norms about conflict resolution, some of which may be at odds with the North American canon. A discussion-based approach to teaching not only engages students more actively in the learning process but also models many of the skills negotiation teachers seek to develop in their student-negotiators.
Of Theory and Meaning in Green Criminology

In this article, I focus on green criminology’s relationship with theory with the aim of describing some of its animating features and offering some suggestions for green criminology’s further emergence. In so doing, I examine green criminology’s intra-disciplinary theoretical engagement and the notion of applying different meanings and interpretations to established theory. Following this, I explore green criminology’s interface with theories and ideas outside criminology – what I refer to as green criminology’s extra-disciplinary theoretical engagement. I conclude by suggesting that green criminology has shed light on the etiology of environmental crime and harm (including climate change), and that it will continue to illuminate not only how and why environmental crime and harm occurs, but also the meaning of such crime and harm.
Transposable elements are enriched within or in close proximity to xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 genes.

Transposons, i.e. transposable elements (TEs), are the major internal spontaneous mutation agents for the variability of eukaryotic genomes. To address the general issue of whether transposons mediate genomic changes in environment-adaptation genes, we scanned two alleles per each of the six xenobiotic-metabolizing Helicoverpa zea cytochrome P450 loci, including CYP6B8, CYP6B27, CYP321A1, CYP321A2, CYP9A12v3 and CYP9A14, for the presence of transposon insertions by genome walking and sequence analysis. We also scanned thirteen Drosophila melanogaster P450s genes for TE insertions by in silico mapping and literature search. Twelve novel transposons, including LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements), SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements), MITEs (miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements), one full-length transib-like transposon, and one full-length Tcl-like DNA transpson, are identified from the alleles of the six H. zea P450 genes. The twelve transposons are inserted into the 5'flanking region, 3'flanking region, exon, or intron of the six environment-adaptation P450 genes. In D. melanogaster, seven out of the eight Drosophila P450s (CYP4E2, CYP6A2, CYP6A8, CYP6A9, CYP6G1, CYP6W1, CYP12A4, CYP12D1) implicated in insecticide resistance are associated with a variety of transposons. By contrast, all the five Drosophila P450s (CYP302A1, CYP306A1, CYP307A1, CYP314A1 and CYP315A1) involved in ecdysone biosynthesis and developmental regulation are free of TE insertions. These results indicate that TEs are selectively retained within or in close proximity to xenobiotic-metabolizing P450 genes.
Adenosine receptor antagonists potentiate dopamine receptor agonist-induced rotational behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats

Adenosine receptor antagonists, DMPX, PACPX and theophylline, produce contralateral rotations in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. DMPX and theophylline markedly increase rotations produced by bromocriptine (a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) and/or SKF38393A (a dopamine D1 receptor agonist). All of these effects are inhibited by CGS21680C (an adenosine A2 receptor agonist). These findings suggest synergistic interactions among D1, D2 and A2 receptors that may be relevant to the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Efficient MRF image-restoration technique using deterministic scale-based optimization

A method for performing piecewise smooth restorations on images corrupted with high levels of noise has been developed. Based on a Markov Random Field (MRF) model, the method uses a neural network sigmoid nonlinearity between pixels in the image to produce a restoration with sharp boundaries while providing noise reduction. The model equations are solved using the Gradient Descent Gain Annealing (GDGA) method (an efficient deterministic search algorithm) that typically requires less than 200 iterations for image restoration when implemented as a digital computer simulation. A novel feature of the GDGA method is that it automatically develops an annealing schedule by adaptively selecting the scale step size during iteration. The algorithm is able to restore images that have up to 71% of their pixels corrupted with non-Gaussian sensor noise. Results from simulations indicate that the MRF-based restoration remains useful at signal-to-noise ratios 5 to 6 dB lower than with the more commonly used median-filtering technique. These results are among the first such quantitative results in the literature.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In vitro germination and transient GFP expression of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) pollen

The development of the male reproductive structures of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is described to advance our understanding of its reproductive behavior. This information has been vital in the development of a strategy to collect pollen grains from male catkins suitable for in vitro germination and transformation experiments. Cutting male catkins into small segments and rolling them over a culture plate resulted in evenly dispersed and large amounts of pollen with minimal unwanted accessory floral parts. To optimize pollen viability, the effect of various storage conditions on in vitro germination was examined. Our results showed that initial storage at 4 degrees C for 2 weeks significantly increased percent germination as compared to freshly collected pollen and those stored directly at -20 degrees C or -80 degrees C. This also means that for long-term storage of American chestnut pollen, the catkins should first be kept at 4 degrees C for a couple of weeks and then at -80 degrees C. The use of pollen grains with high viability is necessary for the transformation of American chestnut pollen. To optimize pollen transformation via particle bombardment, the effects of target distance, target pressure, and pollen developmental stage were examined. Statistical analysis showed that bombardment of ungerminated pollen at 1,100 psi resulted in the highest percent transient GFP expression (4.1%).
Non-B DNA conformations, mutagenesis and disease

Recent discoveries have revealed that simple repeating DNA sequences, which are known to adopt non-B DNA conformations (such as triplexes, cruciforms, slipped structures, left-handed Z-DNA and tetraplexes), are mutagenic. The mutagenesis is due to the non-B DNA conformation rather than to the DNA sequence per se in the orthodox right-handed Watson-Crick B-form. The human genetic consequences of these non-B structures are ∼20 neurological diseases, ∼50 genomic disorders (caused by gross deletions, inversions, duplications and translocations), and several psychiatric diseases involving polymorphisms in simple repeating sequences. Thus, the convergence of biochemical, genetic and genomic studies has demonstrated a new paradigm implicating the non-B DNA conformations as the mutagenesis specificity determinants, not the sequences as such.
HIPPI-6400 technology dissemination

This report covers the technological aspects of High Performance Parallel Interface-6400 (HIPPI-6400), a forthcoming upgrade to the existing HIPPI protocol suite. The report concentrates on the technological advancements and situations that occur in a 6400 Megabit/s network and the solutions produced by the ANSI X3T11 committee. The first section of the report introduces HIPPI-6400 to familiarize the reader with basic concepts and lay groundwork for future sections. Section 2 analyzes the transmission control link- layer embedded in HIPPI-6400 hardware. Section 3 describes the Scheduled Transfer protocol and connection setup that allows the user to partake of the entire 6400 Mbit bandwidth; followed by Section 4 that describes the signaling interface. Section 5 provides an overview of switching requirements and constructs. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper, describes works in progress, including simulation, and points to further reading.
H-Y antibody development associates with acute rejection in female patients with male kidney transplants.

Immunity to donor antigens belonging to the human major histocompatibility (human leukocyte antigen—HLA) complex (MHC) has long been recognized as important in the outcome of solid organ transplant. Clinical assays for detecting anti-HLA antibodies pretransplant have nearly eliminated the risk of hyperacute rejection and, recently, the clinical significance of posttransplant humoral immunity to HLA antigens has also been appreciated (1, 2). For example, posttransplant development of donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA) can be detected in patients with acute rejection (AR) or chronic allograft nephropathy, and is predictive of subsequent graft failure (2–6). Additional evidence associating humoral immunity with graft damage in kidney allograft rejections include C4d deposition, B-cell (CD20+) infiltration, and transcription profiling consistent with B-cell activity (7–11). Immunity to HLA antigens, however, does not explain all graft rejection because even HLA identical organ grafts can suffer AR and chronic allograft nephropathy, and ultimately fail. Evidence for the role of immunity to non-HLA (i.e., minor histocompatibility) antigens, is the higher rates of graft rejection associated with increased parity, prior blood transfusions, second transplants (12), MHC class I related chain A sensitization (13), and high panel reactive antibody (PRA) levels before HLA-identical related donor transplants (14). Several minor histocompatibility antigens (mHA) have been shown to be polymorphic proteins capable of eliciting a coordinated T and B-cell response including generation of alloantibodies (allo-ab) (15). Unfortunately, the alloimmune responses to mHA often lack clear identification of the molecular targets or have weak clinical correlations. One model system for studying human allogeneic mHA immune responses is that of gender-mismatched transplantation (16–18). To characterize allo-ab responses to mHAs in kidney transplantation, we used the gender mismatch model system and focused on two genes, RPS4Y1 and DDX3Y, located on the Y chromosome. Each of these H-Y genes has an X chromosome homolog that is, respectively, 91% and 93% identical at the amino acid level, ubiquitously expressed, and escapes X inactivation (19–21). Males develop tolerance to their H-Y self-antigens, but female T and B cells are capable of recognizing peptides derived from H-Y proteins, a phenomenon observed in male recipients with female hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HCT) (22). We therefore hypothesized that female recipients of male kidneys (M→F) will develop allo-ab against H-Y antigens of the donor. This study shows that high titer antibodies do develop against H-Y antigens and their development strongly associates with renal allograft AR, thus providing the first evidence for clinically relevant allo-ab to well-defined human mHA in solid organ transplantation.
Optical Tracking Microscopy and Super-Resolution Imaging of Living Cells Beyond the Diffraction Limit

Single-molecule active-control microscopy (SMACM=(F)PALM, STORM, SMACM) utilizes single fluorophores as point sources for localization and on/off control to sparsely sample the underlying structure. Applications to biology and new 3D wide-field imaging approaches will be described.
Eyeing your exposure: quantifying and controlling information sharing for improved privacy

A large body of research has focused on disclosure policies for controlling information release in social sharing (e.g., location-based) applications. However, less work has considered how exposed these policies actually leave users; i.e., to what extent are disclosures in compliance with these policies actually being made? For instance, consider a disclosure policy granting Alice's coworkers access to her location during work hours. Alice might feel that this policy appropriately controls her exposure, but may feel differently if she learned that her boss was accessing her location every 5 minutes. In addition to specifying who has access to personal information, users need a way to quantify, interpret, and control the extent to which this data is shared.We propose and evaluate an intuitive mechanism for summarizing and controlling a user's exposure on smartphone-based platforms. Our approach uses the visual metaphor of eyes appearing and growing in size on the home screen; the rate at which these eyes grow depends on the number of accesses granted for a user's location, and the type of person (e.g., family vs. friend) making these accesses. This approach gives users an accurate and ambient sense of their exposure and helps them take actions to limit their exposure, all without explicitly identifying the social contacts making requests. Through two systematic user studies (N = 43,41) we show that our interface is indeed effective at summarizing complex exposure information and provides comparable information to a more cumbersome interface presenting more detailed information.
Image restoration based on perception-related cost functions

A basic problem in digital image restoration is the smoothing or blurring of edges due to the averaging effects of most techniques. Filtering results in images that are less noisy but less sharp as well. In order to be able to effectively reduce noise while maintaining a degree of sharpness we define a cost function constrained to reflect a perception-related criterion. In this paper we examine the effects of a modification of the mean squared error (MSE) based on the subjective importance of edges. We have studied both the space-invariant and space-varying filters with standard edge detection operators. The static approach offers a simple and parallel implementation while the adaptive one gives better performance regarding sharpness and subjective quality. We present computer simulations on images of a standard data set with various noise densities and investigate the application of Ll-filters with the perception-constrained cost function. Also an analysis of the robustness of filters is included for cases when a test image is not available.
Access to the General Curriculum: The Mandate and Role of Context in Research-Based Practice for Students with Extensive Support Needs.

The reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act and the No Child Left Behind Act requires that students with extensive support needs have access to, participate i...
Effect of Pre-Emergence Rainfall on Population Size in the Tobacco Hornworm

Information based on 6 years’ light-trap catch data from Florence, S. C., indicates a correlation of r = 0.98 between the percent of total annual catch of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson), captured in the first month and the total rainfall between March 1 and May 15. The equation of the fitted regression line is Y = 24.07 – 1.56X. When this equation was applied to the data of 2 subsequent years, their total catch was predicted with errors of 3.6% and 12.6%, respectively.