cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Defense Plea for Leniency at the Mitigation Hearing – State v. Raskolnikov

This paper explores the significant issues confronting the jury, a microcosm of society, during the penalty phase of a capital case using themes first developed in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, Crime and Punishment. This paper seeks to understand, philosophically and psychologically, the societal conflict over the death penalty. What better way to achieve this goal than to explore Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov's inner nature in light of the horrendous murders he commits and to apply any insights gleaned to the current American scene and to our concepts of criminal justice? For, after all, Crime and Punishment presents an insightful journey into the mind of a murderer. Using the book as the principal source of the evidence during the penalty phase of the sentencing process, this paper presents the final argument to a jury on behalf of Raskolnikov. The mock defense summation in State v. Raskolnikov is based upon one that the author delivered at a conference at the Arizona State University College of Law on November 4, 2005. With this framework and within the wide latitude allowed in the courtroom setting, many of the intriguing questions facing juries, in life and death situations and in their attempts to give meaning to recent judicial and legislative pronouncements, on their role in the penalty phase of capital cases are considered.
Chemistry under extreme conditions: Pressure evolution of chemical bonding and structure in dense solids

Recent advances in high-pressure technologies and large-scale experimental and computational facilities have enabled scientists, at an unprecedented rate, to discover and predict novel states and materials under the extreme pressure-temperature conditions found in deep, giant-planet interiors. Based on a well-documented body of work in this field of high-pressure research, we elucidate the fundamental principles that govern the chemistry of dense solids under extreme conditions. These include: (i) the pressure-induced evolution of chemical bonding and structure of molecular solids to extended covalent solids, ionic solids and, ultimately, metallic solids, as pressure increases to the terapascal regime; (ii) novel properties and complex transition mechanisms, arising from the subtle balance between electron hybridization (bonding) and electrostatic interaction (packing) in densely packed solids; and (iii) new dense framework solids with high energy densities, and with tunable properties and stabilities under ambient conditions. Examples are taken primarily from low-Z molecular systems that have scientific implications for giant-planet models, condensed materials physics, and solid-state core-electron chemistry.
Broadening the Scope of Health Care Ethics Consultation: A Response to Open Peer Commentaries on Patient and Family Description of Ethical Concerns

Many of the ethical concerns that patients and family members remember best from times when they have been sick parallel the ethical concerns their health care providers recall in their clinical en...
Computational Materials Science and Engineering

Computational methods in materials science have made huge strides in recent years and parallel computing methodologies have played a major role in enabling such a progress. The goal of this chapter is to discuss the current state of the art in computational materials science as it stands today, illustrating advances in the development of parallel algorithms and the impact such algorithms have had in the area. The paper is intended to be accessible to a diverse scientific computing audience. The focus of the paper will be the Density Functional Theory methodology and the solution of the eigenvalue problems that are encountered in solving the resulting equations.
The impact of COVID-19 on the hospice and palliative care workforce.

Objective To understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hospice and palliative workforce and service delivery. Design and sample This was a cross-sectional survey of 36 hospice and palliative care workforce members representing all United States geographic regions. Results Most respondents (70%) reported an increase in specific palliative care services as a result of the pandemic. Two thirds (78%) of respondents reported their agency has cared for confirmed COVID-19 patients. Only half reported the agency had access to laboratory facilities for surveillance and detection of outbreaks in both patients and staff (58%) and that the agency could test patients and providers for COVID-19 (55%). Qualitative comments described the impact of the pandemic and resulting social distancing measures on the emotional well-being of patients, families, and staff. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has strained the palliative and hospice care workforce as it provides increased services at an unprecedented rate to patients and families. The implications of these findings are important for public health nurses who are skilled in disaster management and quickly responding to emergencies. The expertise of public health nurses can be leveraged to support palliative care agencies as they strive to manage the pandemic in the communities they serve.
Community partnerships in emerging immigrant communities: Lessons learned addressing Latino childhood weight disparities.

Latino children have disproportionately high childhood obesity rates, and U.S.-born Latino children of immigrant parents experience higher overweight/obesity rates than other Latino children. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) to engage Latino immigrant families and Latino-serving community organizations is one mechanism to address the lack of effective and practical interventions addressing childhood obesity disparities among Latino children. We present lessons learned from applying CBPR methods to a partnership focused on developing a child obesity treatment program for Latino immigrant families in an emerging Latino immigrant destination to inform the use of CBPR methods in other partnerships in emerging immigrant communities. We encountered challenges working within the partnership related to entrenched sociopolitical hierarchies that were not inclusive of immigrant community leaders, capacity building for partners with limited literacy and administrative experience, and how best to use complementary methods and frameworks to support a community-engaged research process. This work is one way to promote shared learning among the community of researchers using CBPR and other engagement methods to partner with emerging immigrant communities. Together with our community partners, we can identify strategies to more effectively partner to promote health equity and work toward social justice for all members of our communities.
A survey of control strategies for grid connected wind energy conversion system based permanent magnet synchronous generator and fed by multi-level converters

In this study, two control strategies for speed and power control of three-level neutralpoint (3L-NPC) clamped back-to-back converters in wind energy conversion system (WECS) with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) are proposed. The system consists of generator side converters (GSCs) and grid side converter (GSC) which share a common DC-link capacitor. The proposed control laws combine sliding mode control (SMC) and vector oriented control (VOC) to maximise the generated power from wind turbine generators (WTGs). Considering the variation of wind speed, the GSC injects the generated power into the AC network, and regulates DC-link voltage. Also, it is employed to achieve unity power factor (UPC). The GSCs are employed to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT). To validate the proposed approaches, simulations are carried out with MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results demonstrate a good performance in various scenarios.
House Committee on Education and Labor Hearing, ‘Standing With Public Servants: Protecting the Right to Organize’

This testimony was prepared for the House Committee on Education and Labor hearing, “Standing with Public Servants: Protecting the Right to Organize,” regarding the Public Service Freedom to Negotiate Act and the Public Safety Employer-Employee Cooperation Act, which took place in June 2019. These bills would provide minimum collective bargaining rights for public employees in the minority of states that do not currently provide such rights. In the testimony, I note that the other industrialized democracies provide collective bargaining rights for public employees generally, and indeed view them as a fundamental human right. Further, many employment laws in the U.S. apply to the public sector. The testimony also rebuts various objections to granting public employees such rights, and it describes the positive effects such rights can and do have.
Efficacy and safety of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors following intestinal and multivisceral transplantation.

This is a descriptive study reviewing the outcomes of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORs) in intestinal (IT) and multivisceral transplantation (MVT). This study included 22 patients, 20 adults, and two children, and an overall mean age of 46 years old at the time of transplantation. Twelve patients (54.5%) received IT, and the remainder (45.5%) MVT. The mean time between transplantation and mTORs initiation was 24 months. The indication was worsening renal function in 13 patients (59%), with 9/13 (69.2%) noted to have an increase in glomerular filtration rate of at least 10 ml/min/1.73m2 . The indication for four patients (18.2%) was a history of neuroendocrine tumor. After mTOR initiation, 50% of patients were reduced or weaned off tacrolimus and 13.7% off prednisone. mTORs were discontinued in 11/22 patients. Six patients (54.5%) stopped due to side effects, two (18.1%) for surgery, and one (9%) for acute cellular rejection. Side effects were edema (33.3%), headaches (33.3%), diarrhea (16.7%), and oral ulcers (16.7%). The average duration of mTORs prior to discontinuation due to side effects was 7 months. mTORs may function in their own niche of patients due to the potential renal safety profile, but use is most limited by tolerance to side effects.
Doubly-Tuned Transformer-Based Class-E Power Amplifiers in 130 nm BiCMOS for mmWave Radar Sensors

This paper presents high-efficiency V-band and E-band power amplifiers (PAs) for mmWave radar sensors. High-efficiency mmWave operation is enabled by a doubly-tuned transformer-based Class-E output network which allows increasing PA device size beyond the limit imposed by traditional Class-E principles, while preserving the Class-E voltage and current waveforms. Two primary prototypes (a 79-GHz centered two-stage PA and a 63-GHz centered single-stage PA) along with a 79 GHz single-stage test chip have been designed and fabricated in a production 130 nm BiCMOS process. The two-stage PA also employs a Class-E driver stage with a split-and-combine 45-degree transformer to ease driving the large switching PA devices. The measurements results yield a peak PAE of 30.5/34.7% with an output power of 17/18.1 dBm for the 79 GHz two-stage and single-stage 63 GHz PAs, respectively (along with a peak PAE of 32.6% at 17 dBm for the 79 GHz single-stage test-chip). These are the best-in-class PAE numbers reported for V-Band and E-Band PAs in any silicon process, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed doubly-tuned transformer-based Class-E network.
Words and Actions: Ensuring That an Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Anti-racism Pledge Promotes Meaningful Change.

Racism has been a part of academic medicine, including in neurology, for generations. While some neurology departments had an infrastructure to promote diversity and inclusion prior to 2020, several high-profile events that occurred that year—including the murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery, nationwide protests over police brutality and White supremacy, as well as the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people of color—catapulted anti-racism onto the agendas of academic departments across the country. In the last year, many neurology departments have appointed diversity officers. Statements condemning racism and supporting equity, diversity, and inclusion are now featured prominently on neurology program webpages, and neurology training programs promote their efforts to foster equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) on social media to attract more applications from physicians from groups that are underrepresented in medicine. These encouraging changes suggest that neurology department leaders recognize the importance of EDI, anti-racism, and social justice, but are they committing their departments to action or simply reacting to the social climate?
Examining Linear and Nonlinear Associations Between Negative Emotional Reactivity to Daily Events and Depression Among Adolescents

Existing research supports competing hypotheses about the link between negative emotional (NE) reactivity to daily events (e.g., hassles and uplifts) and depression. Some have suggested that depres...
Dual Phase Steel Production Bumpers

The use of high strength low alloy dual phase steel is an effective method of reducing bumper weight while meeting ever increasing government performance requirements. A paper analysis, followed by a hardware evaluation, successfully substituted "dual phase" for conventional HSLA steel at a reduced thickness. Bunpers for the all-new 1979 Cadillac Eldorado were designed and released using dual phase steel with yield strengths of 70-80 ksi for the face bars. To achieve the full work-hardening potential of dual phase steel, sections and draw dies must be designed for a uniform strain greater than three percent. Future dual phase steel for bumpers in the 80-120 ksi range is desirable, but further improvements in steel-making technology and part and die design techniques are required to achieve this goal.
Insect Resistance to Insecticides

Resistance to pesticides has evolved, not only in insects, but also in acarines, weeds, fungi, bacteria, rodents, and other pests. The phenomenon of resistance is due to Darwinian evolution at a rate that is accelerated by the intensity of selection from pesticides. Insects present many difficult challenges related to resistance in that they are especially well adapted for dispersal through flight, they have a high reproductive capacity with multiple generations per year, and they are often difficult to detect in products traded around the world, such as grain, flowers, or even used tires. Keywords: pesticide; insect resistance; resistance management; transgenic insecticides; Darwinian evolution; acarines; weeds; fungi; bacreria; rodents
Corporate Restructuring and R&D: A Panel Data Analysis for the Chemical Industry

We provide a novel approach to the existing literature on the effects of restructuring on R&D investment by focusing on a single industry, chemicals. The chemical industry is very research intensive and has experienced thorough restructuring since the early 1980s. By focusing on a single industry we are able to identify the technological and R&D features of its segments. This is important, since there is evidence that restructuring affects R&D differently in businesses with different technological features. However, no study so far has provided a systematic inquiry into this link. Using a panel of 535 European, American, and Japanese firms for the years 1987–1997 we find restructuring to be an important component in the observed changes in R&D intensity. We show that restructuring affects R&D both through changes in size and through changes in the composition of business portfolios, and that these effects differ across industry segments.
Periodic binary sequences: solved and unsolved problems

The binary linear feedback shift register sequences of degree n and maximum period p = 2n - 1 (the m-sequences) are useful in numerous applications because, although deterministic, they satisfy a number of interesting "randomness properties". An important open question is whether a binary sequence of period p = 2n - 1 with both the span-n property and the two-level correlation property must be an m-sequence. There is a direct correspondence between m-sequences of degree n and primitive polynomials of degree n over GF(2). Several conjectures are presented about primitive polynomials with a bounded number of terms.
Putting the public in the public domain: The public library's role in the re‐conceptualization of the public domain

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to attempt to highlight the imminent corrosion of the public domain brought about by the pervasive lack of recognition within the public at large regarding what the public domain is, what it stands for, and what it is meant to accomplish.Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing the diverse theories of proponents of the public domain, this analysis proposes a re‐conceptualization of the public domain which acknowledges its significance to the creative process itself, and subsequently stresses the importance of public awareness and participation to its continuing survival.Findings – While remarking on the efficacy of a number of digitization ventures in the promotion of the public domain, it is concluded that mere awareness of the plight of the public domain is not enough. What the public domain desperately needs to subsist is the presence of an active citizenry that is dedicated to preserving its interests. Moreover, the public library is emphasized as the ideal vehicl...
An Implantable, Stimulated Muscle Powered Piezoelectric Generator

A totally implantable piezoelectric generator system able to harness power from electrically activated muscle could be used to augment the power systems of implanted medical devices, such as neural prostheses, by reducing the number of battery replacement surgeries or by allowing periods of untethered functionality. The features of our generator design are no moving parts and the use of a portion of the generated power for system operation and regulation. A software model of the system has been developed and simulations have been performed to predict the output power as the system parameters were varied within their constraints. Mechanical forces that mimic muscle forces have been experimentally applied to a piezoelectric generator to verify the accuracy of the simulations and to explore losses due to mechanical coupling. Depending on the selection of system parameters, software simulations predict that this generator concept can generate up to approximately 700 W of power, which is greater than the power necessary to drive the generator, conservatively estimated to be 50 W. These results suggest that this concept has the potential to be an implantable, self-replenishing power source and further investigation is underway.
DAVID AND GOLIATH: MEDIA EFFECTS IN THE 1990 OKLAHOMA STATE TREASURER'S RACE

This study adds to the debate on media effects in political campaigns by examining the 1990 Oklahoma State Treasurer's race. Extensive interviews with participants in the race supported the hypothesis that Oklahoma City TV news had a significant effect on the outcome of the race.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with occipital horn syndrome

Occipital horn syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive connective tissue disorder caused by deficient copper transport. Our patient presented with abdominal pain, and a computed tomography scan demonstrated a 15-cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm and bilateral common iliac artery aneurysms. After discussion of surgical management, he wished to proceed with comfort measures only. We report the first known case of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with occipital horn syndrome.
Time-Frequency Blind Source Separation Using Independent Component Analysis for Output-Only Modal Identification of Highly Damped Structures

AbstractOutput-only algorithms are needed for modal identification when only structural responses are available. The recent years have witnessed the fast development of blind source separation (BSS) as a promising signal processing technique, pursuing to recover the sources using only the measured mixtures. As the most popular tool solving the BSS problem, independent component analysis (ICA) is able to directly extract the time-domain modal responses, which are viewed as virtual sources, from the observed system responses; however, it has been shown that ICA loses accuracy in the presence of higher-level damping. In this study, the modal identification issue, which is incorporated into the BSS formulation, is transformed into a time-frequency framework. The sparse time-frequency representations of the monotone modal responses are proposed as the targeted independent sources hidden in those of the system responses which have been short-time Fourier-transformed (STFT); they can then be efficiently extracte...
State of the Art Hybrid Technology: PET/CT

In the recent years, hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scanners have been increasingly utilized in cardiac applications. PET imaging quality has been improved by the use of new scintillators, small detector element size, and fully 3D iterative reconstruction techniques with time-of-flight information and resolution recovery. Further quality enhancements for cardiac imaging can be obtained by tracking and correcting for cardiac and breathing motion with respiratory gating devices and advanced software techniques. The primary tracers used for PET/CT cardiac imaging are Rubidium-82 (82Rb) and Nitrogen-13-ammonia (13N-ammonia) and 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose used for myocardial viability imaging. A new F-18 perfusion tracer (F-18 Flurpiridaz) is being evaluated. High-resolution multi-slice CT component of the hybrid scanner allows accurate attenuation correction for PET, measurement of CT calcium, and contrast CT angiography. Hybrid PET/CT protocols have demonstrated increased diagnostic accuracy for the detection of obstructive disease compared with standalone techniques. Radiation dose to the patient is a concern in hybrid imaging because multiple scans are performed in one scanning session. 3D PET acquisition combined with the new low-dose CT protocols can reduce the doses significantly. Hybrid PET/CT scanners have also been utilized for anatomically-guided molecular imaging of plaque biology in the carotid vessels, aorta, and coronary vessels. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art hybrid imaging PET/CT instrumentation and advances in the image quality related to cardiac imaging.
Correlated motions in native proteins from MS analysis of NH exchange: evidence for a manifold of unfolding reactions in ovomucoid third domain.

Native-state amide hydrogen exchange monitored by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) has the potential to provide detailed residue-level information regarding correlated motions occurring on the microseconds to seconds timescale. To expand the applicability of MS to these studies, a new algorithm has been developed to interpret MS data for exchange occurring between the EX2 and EX1 kinetic limits. Re-interpretation of MS data for ovomucoid third domain reveals multiple unfolding or partial unfolding reactions.
The influence of rootstock lateral buds on bench-chip-budded ‘Mirandy’ field roses

Abstract A positive correlation existed between the development of shoot and root systems of ‘Mirandy’ roses. Scions bench-chip-budded below rootstock lateral shoots were inhibited by apical dominance. Inhibition of scion apices was overcome by pruning the top of each rootstock above the graft. Rootstock axillary buds were necessary for adequate initial root-system establishment, but should be eliminated early in the growth cycle to maximize scion development of rose bushes and reduce field production time.
Impact of government regulations on pollution performance of pulp and paper firms

A comparative study of water pollution emissions of pulp and paper companies for the period 1978–1983 indicates a reduction in emissions for most firms. This improvement in pollution performance is attributed to the federal government's water pollution policy. Although there is an overall decline in water pollution, some firms have actually increased their emissions. Furthermore, there is still a wide disparity in each company's performance, although the differences are narrowing.
The effect of concentration on the structure and crystallinity of a cementitious waste form for caustic wastes

Abstract Cement-based waste forms have long been considered economical technologies for disposal of various types of waste. A solidified cementitious waste form, Cast Stone, has been identified to immobilize the radioactive secondary waste from vitrification processes. In this work, Cast Stone was considered for a Na-based caustic liquid waste, and its physical properties were analyzed as a function of liquid waste loading up to 2 M Na. Differences in crystallinity (phase composition), microstructure, mesostructure (pore size distribution and surface area), and macrostructure (density and compressive strength) were investigated using various analytical techniques, in order to assess the suitability of Cast Stone as a chemically durable waste. It was found that the concentration of secondary waste simulant (caustic waste) had little effect on the relevant engineering properties of Cast Stone, showing that Cast Stone could be an effective and tolerant waste form for a wide range of concentrations of high sodium waste.
Camptothecin analogues and vinblastine in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: an in vivo study using a human orthotopic renal cancer xenograft.

To perform a series of in vivo cytotoxicity studies using a variety of doses of the comptothecin analogues 9-Aminocamptothecin (9-AC) and Irinotecan (CPT-11) with a human RCC xenograft tumor line (DU11983m). Using the subrenal capsule assay (80 nude mice) (NM-SRCA), 9-AC was evaluated at both low and high dosage levels (0.75 mg/kg and 1.25 mg/kg oral ×10 doses over 12 days). Following an initial assessment of acute tumor inhibition, the study was extended to a survival assay with some cohorts receiving retreatment boluses on a once or twice weekly basis. CPT-11 was assessed at a dose of 100 mg/kg ×3 over 9 days with weekly retreatment and two cohorts received 9-AC combined with Vinblastine (2.7 mg/kg) and Vinblastine alone, respectively. Tumor inhibition: tumor growth inhibition was significant (over 80%) with all cohorts receiving any camptothecin analogue and was virtually complete (>99% tumor inhibition) at the high dose 9-AC (1.25 mg/kg). Vinblastine alone achieved only moderate cytotoxic effect (46%) and induced the largest recorded cohort weight loss (toxicity). Survival analysis: the low and high dose 9-AC single agent cohorts were not significantly different; however, the CPT-11 cohort experienced maximal survival benefit. (P = 0.003) and the addition of Vinblastine did not enhance this survival advantage among the 9-AC cohorts. Control and single agent Vinblastine cohorts had the poorest survival with the treated group still surviving longer (P = 0.02). At 35 days after final assessment of acute tumor inhibition, all animals in both the control and Vinblastine alone cohorts were dead. None of the animals in any of the other cohorts (all of which had experienced a greater than 80% tumor inhibition) had died. No deaths occurred due to surgery or treatment toxicity and all deaths were deemed tumor related. CPT-11 and 9-AC produced a marked survival advantage in an orthotopic model of human advanced renal carcinoma and are identified as agents for further clinical assessment.
A Bayesian mixture model for differential gene expression

conditions. The probability model is a mixture of normal distributions. The resulting inference is similar to a popular empirical Bayes approach that is used for the same inference problem. The use of fully model-based inference mitigates some of the necessary limitations of the empirical Bayes method. We argue that inference is no more difficult than posterior simulation in traditional nonparametric mixture-of-normal models. The approach proposed is motivated by a microarray experiment that was carried out to identify genes that are differentially expressed between normal tissue and colon cancer tissue samples. Additionally, we carried out a small simulation study to verify the methods proposed. In the motivating case-studies we show how the nonparametric Bayes approach facilitates the evaluation of posterior expected false discovery rates. We also show how inference can proceed even in the absence of a null sample of known non-differentially expressed scores. This highlights the difference from alternative empirical Bayes approaches that are based on plug-in estimates.
Properties of glycosidases from the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais

Abstract A survey of glycosidase activity in adults of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, indicated a complex of enzymes qualitatively sufficient to hydrolyze the free di- and oligosaccharides in their cereal diets as well as the maltose and oligomaltodextrins produced by the action of α-amylase on ingested starch. Glycosidase activity was found primarily in the soluble fraction (105,000 g supernatant) of gut (foregut, midgut and contents) homogenates and was most active in buffers with slightly acidic pH. α-Glucosidase activity was detected by using p- nitrophenyl -α- d -glucopyranoside (NPαGlu), maltose, sucrose and melezitose as substrates. Based on differences in pH optima, there may be a specific α-trehalase. β-Glucosidase activity was detected with p- nitrophenyl -β- d -glucopyranoside and cellobiose. p- Nitrophenyl -α- d -galactopyranoside was not hydrolyzed but the slow hydrolysis of melibiose indicated the presence of an α-galactosidase. β-Galactosidase was detected with p- nitrophenyl -β- d -galactopyranoside . Raffinose was slowly hydrolyzed. The molecular mass of α-glucosidase, partially purified from adult weevils by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography, was estimated to be 130 kDa under non-dissociating conditions. α-Glucosidase activity was detected at Rm 0.43 on 7.5% acrylamide gels with 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-α- d -glucoside as substrate. pI was estimated to be 4.9 by isoelectric focusing. Two fractions with activity against p- nitrophenyl -α- d -glucopyranoside were resolved by high performance liquid chromatography. One fraction (peak No. 2) was highly specific for maltose, had Km values of 12.9 mM for NPαGlu and 14 mM for maltose, and hydrolyzed oligomaltodextrins up to at least maltoheptaose
The Characteristics and Distribution of Cloud Water over the Mountains of Northern Colorado during Wintertime Storms. Part II: Spatial Distribution and Microphysical Characteristics.

Abstract The Physical and microphysical structure of the supercooled water fields in wintertime storms over the Park Range of the northern Colorado Rocky Mountains is examined using aircraft and ground-based measurements. Cloud top, cloud base, and zones of strong orographic lift are identified as regions in stratiform systems where supercooled water production can occur. Cloud systems over Colorado's Park Range were found to have low droplet concentrations (≪300 cm−3). In clouds with the lowest droplet concentrations (<100 cm−3), broad droplet spectra were consistently observed. Significant numbers of large (<20 μm) droplets were present in these cases. The data presented here and in Part I are used to construct conceptual models of the structure and evolution of the liquid water fields in 1) shallow cloud systems with warm cloud tops, 2) deep stratiform clouds with cold tops, and 3) deep convective regions.
Transitioning youth: Policies and outcomes

Abstract The primary policies and outcome studies regarding youth transitioning from foster care and young adults who have aged out of foster care over the past quarter of a century are reviewed. Although several policies have increased services and funding for this population, overall, their outcomes have not significantly improved. In terms of educational achievement, employment, and well-being, many continue to fare poorly in young adulthood. Further policies and practice improvements may need to be implemented. The population of youth transitioning has far outpaced the funding available, state and program eligibility requirements may be eliminating the most vulnerable from services, in many states there is an inadequate provision of basic needs such as housing and healthcare, the expectations of self-sufficiency for this population now exceed societal norms, and the restrictions and placement instability associated with many older adolescents in care may be in contrast to their developmental needs. In order to more fully address the needs of youth transitioning from foster care, child welfare policies and practices may need to focus more attention on the relational and social development of youth while in foster care. Furthermore, during young adulthood, policies and practices may need to provide greater safety nets and resources to this population.
Maximum likelihood solutions for layer parameters based on dynamic surface wave spectra

Abstract The paper outlines a probabilistic basis for the automatic estimation from observed surface wave dispersion of structural model parameters with uncertainties. Given an earth model, a wave type and pertinent parameter values, the group velocity of seismic waves can be computed from theory as a function of frequency. Such a function may also be based on the dynamic spectrum representation of an earthquake with known distance and origin time. A likelihood function for the unknown parameters may then be constructed, the parameters estimated and uncertainties assessed. When appropriate, a joint solution may be determined by combining the likelihoods for several stations. The technique is illustrated for Rayleigh waves of the April 20, 1989 Siberian earthquake recorded by a long-period seismograph at the Uppsala, Sweden seismographic station. The purely continental path permits, for the sake of an inversion example, a simple crustal model inversion for three wave modes.
TWO PROXIMAL ACTIVATING PROTEIN-1-BINDING SITES ARE SUFFICIENT TO STIMULATE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE OVINE FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE-BETA GENE

FSH is an important regulator of mammalian gametogenesis and the female reproductive cycle. Although little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the beta-subunit (the rate-limiting subunit of FSH synthesis), sequence analysis of the ovine FSHbeta promoter has revealed a number of potential activating protein-1 (AP-1; Jun/Fos)-binding sites. To determine whether the gene encoding the beta-subunit of ovine FSH (oFSHbeta) is responsive to AP-1 transcriptional complexes, chimeric constructs containing deleted portions of the oFSHbeta promoter fused to a luciferase reporter were transiently transfected along with c-Jun and c-Fos expression constructs into JAR cells. Analysis of these deletion constructs revealed that the proximal promoter of oFSHbeta is highly stimulated by c-Jun and c-Fos proteins (typically 20-fold with a reporter construct containing oFSHbeta sequences from -215 to +759 bp). This stimulation was lost when a similar construct containing sequences from -84 to +759 bp was tested. Transcriptional start site analysis using reverse transcription-PCR verified that the transcriptional initiation of the -215-bp deletion construct, with or without cotransfected c-Jun/c-Fos, was the same as that observed in vivo. Computer analysis of oFSHbeta sequences from -215 to +1 bp identified four putative AP-1-like elements, located at -155, -120, -83, and -10 bp. Gel retardation experiments using oligonucleotides corresponding to the four putative AP-1-like sites revealed that only -120 and -83 sites in oFSHbeta bound AP-1 proteins in vitro. Site-directed mutagenesis of the -120 and -83 sites showed that each element was required for stimulation by c-Jun and c-Fos proteins as well as 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate in transient transfection assays. Finally, immunocytochemical dual labeling was used to show that more than 75% of all FSHbeta-containing cells in ovine pituitary sections from cycling ewes contained nuclear c-Jun, JunB, JunD, and Fos proteins. These data, taken together, show that oFSHbeta transcription can be stimulated by c-Jun and c-Fos proteins via two functionally linked AP-1-like sites in the oFSHbeta proximal promoter and that these sites are likely to be important regulators of FSH production in vivo.
ON THE UNIQUENESS OF MODAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION

We examine the question of uniqueness of solution to the modal parameter problem by applying a least-squares output error estimator to a six-degree-of-freedom shear building using both a two- and a six-parameter model. Multiple solutions are located by initiating the iterative parameter estimation algorithm from random starting points. The case study provides tangible illustrations of the phenomena latent in modal parameter estimators and demonstrates several counter-intuitive results. The study of the two-parameter model allows us to show the connection between multiple solutions for noise-free data and solution clustering for noisy data. The results suggest a new definition of the best measurement set as being the one most likely to lead to the correct solution with the least sensitivity to noise. We conclude that modal parameter estimation from sparse measurements, albeit fraught with difficulties, can yield valuable results.
Containment domains: a scalable, efficient, and flexible resilience scheme for exascale systems

This paper describes and evaluates a scalable and efficient resilience scheme based on the concept of containment domains. Containment domains are a programming construct that enable applications to express resilience needs and to interact with the system to tune and specialize error detection, state preservation and restoration, and recovery schemes. Containment domains have weak transactional semantics and are nested to take advantage of the machine and application hierarchies and to enable hierarchical state preservation, restoration, and recovery. We evaluate the scalability and efficiency of containment domains using generalized trace-driven simulation and analytical analysis and show that containment domains are superior to both checkpoint restart and redundant execution approaches.
Generalized van der Waals theory for dense fluids

Abstract The van der Waals model of a dense fluid is represented by a simple partition function. It is shown that this function, coupled with a choice of plausible ad hoc assumptions, leads to any one of several well-known equations of state including the empirically successful equation of Redlich and Kwong. A modern version of the van der Waals equation is obtained by a perturbation on the hard-sphere equation of state of Carnahan and Starling; the effect of attractive forces is found from a corresponding-states representation of the observed properties of argon. Finally, it is shown that when Prigogine's simplifying assumptions are made about the effect of rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom, the simple partition function can be used to derive a useful treatment of liquid polymers and other complex liquids.
Honokiol activates AMP-activated protein kinase in breast cancer cells via an LKB1-dependent pathway and inhibits breast carcinogenesis

Honokiol, a small-molecule polyphenol isolated from magnolia species, is widely known for its therapeutic potential as an antiinflammatory, antithrombosis, and antioxidant agent, and more recently, for its protective function in the pathogenesis of carcinogenesis. In the present study, we sought to examine the effectiveness of honokiol in inhibiting migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Clonogenicity and three-dimensional colony-formation assays were used to examine breast cancer cell growth with honokiol treatment. The effect of honokiol on invasion and migration of breast cancer cells was evaluated by using Matrigel invasion, scratch-migration, spheroid-migration, and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS)-based migration assays. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis were used to examine activation of the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) axis. Isogenic LKB1-knockdown breast cancer cell line pairs were developed. Functional importance of AMPK activation and LKB1 overexpression in the biologic effects of honokiol was examined by using AMPK-null and AMPK-wild type (WT) immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and isogenic LKB1-knockdown cell line pairs. Finally, mouse xenografts, immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of tumors were used. Analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that honokiol treatment increases AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and activity, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of the downstream target of AMPK, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and inhibition of phosphorylation of p70S6kinase (pS6K) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1). By using AMPK-null and AMPK-WT (MEFs), we found that AMPK is required for honokiol-mediated modulation of pACC-pS6K. Intriguingly, we discovered that honokiol treatment increased the expression and cytoplasmic translocation of tumor-suppressor LKB1 in breast cancer cells. LKB1 knockdown inhibited honokiol-mediated activation of AMPK and, more important, inhibition of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, honokiol treatment resulted in inhibition of breast tumorigenesis in vivo. Analysis of tumors showed significant increases in the levels of cytoplasmic LKB1 and phospho-AMPK in honokiol-treated tumors. Taken together, these data provide the first in vitro and in vivo evidence of the integral role of the LKB1-AMPK axis in honokiol-mediated inhibition of the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. In conclusion, honokiol treatment could potentially be a rational therapeutic strategy for breast carcinoma.
Levels of progesterone in peripheral blood plasma during the estrous cycle of the bovine.

Abstract Progesterone was measured in 108 samples of peripheral blood plasma from 12 animals by a double-isotope derivative method, to define changes during the estrous cycle. Progesterone averaged 16.2±0.8ng/ml (10 −9 ) of blood plasma. Significant (P
Ascending myogenic autoregulation: interactions between tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic mechanisms.

A mathematical model of the renal vascular and tubular systems was used to examine the possibility that synergistic interactions might occur between the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and myogenic autoregulatory mechanisms in the kidney. To simulate the myogenic mechanism, the renal vasculature was modelled with a resistance network where the total preglomerular resistance varies with intravascular pressure. In addition, a steady-state model of glomerular filtration, proximal and Henle's loop reabsorption, and TGF-modulation of afferent arteriolar resistance was derived. The results show that, if TGF acts on the distal portion of the preglomerular vasculature, then any TGF-induced vasoconstriction should raise upstream intravascular pressure and, thereby, trigger a myogenic response in the more proximal vascular segments, a phenomenon referred to as an ascending myogenic (AMYO) response. The model further predicts that the magnitude of the AMYO response can be similar in magnitude to the TGF-induced increment in afferent resistance. Hence, the effects of TGF excitation on whole kidney hemodynamics may be much greater than pedicted from measurements in single nephrons. Moreover, a significant fraction of the intrinsic myogenic autoregulatory response to increased renal perfusion pressure may result from a synergistic interaction between the TGF and myogenic mechanisms.
A surface complexation model of YREE sorption on Ulva lactuca in 0.05-5.0 M NaCl solutions

Abstract We present distribution coefficients, log i K S , for the sorption of yttrium and the rare earth elements (YREEs) on BCR-279, a dehydrated tissue homogenate of a marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca , resembling materials featured in chemical engineering studies aimed at designing renewable biosorbents. Sorption experiments were conducted in NaCl solutions of different ionic strength (0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 M) at T = 25 °C over the pH range 2.7–8.5. Distribution coefficients based on separation of the dissolved and particulate phase by conventional filtration ( 3 kDa) using an existing pH-dependent model. Colloid-corrected values were renormalized to free-cation concentrations by accounting for YREE hydrolysis and chloride complexation. At each ionic strength, the pH dependence of the renormalized values is accurately described with a non-electrostatic surface complexation model (SCM) that incorporates YREE binding to three monoprotic functional groups, previously characterized by alkalimetric titration, as well as binding of YREE–hydroxide complexes (MOH 2+ ) to the least acidic one (p K a ∼ 9.5). In non-linear regressions of the distribution coefficients as a function of pH, each p K a was fixed at its reported value, while stability constants of the four YREE surface complexes were used as adjustable parameters. Data for a single fresh U. lactuca specimen in 0.5 M NaCl show generally the same pH-dependent behavior but a lower degree of sorption and were excluded from the regressions. Good linear free-energy relations (LFERs) between stability constants of the YREE–acetate and YREE–hydroxide solution complex and surface complexes with the first and third functional group, respectively, support their prior tentative identifications as carboxyl and phenol. A similar confirmation for the second group is precluded by insufficient knowledge of the stability of YREE–phosphate complexes and a perceived lack of YREE binding in 0.05 M NaCl; this issue awaits further study. The results indicate that SCMs can be successfully applied to sorbents as daunting as marine organic matter. Despite remnant challenges, for instance resolving the contributions of individual groups to the aggregate sorption signal, our approach helps formalize seaweed’s avowed promise as an ideal biomonitor or biofilter of metal pollution in environments ranging from freshwaters to brines by uncovering what chemical mechanisms underlie its pronounced affinity for YREEs and other surface-reactive elements.
Single-feature inking and stamping: a versatile approach to molecular patterning.

A technique for micrometer-scale patterning of multiple functional biological molecules on surfaces is demonstrated. The technique is referred to as single-feature inking and stamping (SFINKS). It combines elements of dip-pen nanolithography and microcontact printing. “Inked” atomic force microscopy probes are used to ink individual features of an elastomer stamp. From a single stamp, we printed three different probe ssDNA with 100 μm and composed of 2 μm lines. We discuss why patterns such as these are impractical with available techniques. Furthermore, we comment on the prospects for multiple stamping after a single inking.
Enduring Attributes of Medicine Relevant for the Education of the Physician

Abstract The thesis is advanced that the behavioral sciences basic for the education of the physician may be derived by identifying attributes of medicine that have endured despite changing dogmas,...
Creating Transverse Homoclinic Connections in Planar Billiards

Given a planar billiard system containing stable and unstable manifolds that intersect nontransversely, we show how to make a local perturbation to the boundary that causes the intersection to become transverse. We apply these ideas to billiards inside an ellipse. Bibliography: 19 titles.