cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiseasonal management of an agricultural pest II: the economic optimization problem☆

Abstract The problem of selecting a pesticide application strategy in the face of increasing resistance to the pesticide in the pest population is dealt with. The grower in this situation may do better by sacrificing a portion of the present crop in return for a reduced resistance to future applications. The model presented represents an attempt to forge a compromise between excessive complexity, rendering the model difficult to study, and excessive simplicity, rendering the model useless. The effects of timing of the application of the pesticide within the season are discussed. The principle conclusions are the following: (i) If immigration of pests from refugia is significant then proper timing of the application of pesticide may be used to help alleviate resistance growth. (ii) Resistance growth may best be reduced by spraying earlier than what would otherwise be the best time. (iii) The value of the discount rate (and of the time horizon) has a profound effect on the nature of the optimal policy.
Free electron laser physical process code (FELPPC)

Even at the conceptual level, the strong coupling between subsystem elements complicates the understanding and design of a free electron laser (FEL). Given the requirements for high- performance FELs, the coupling between subsystems must be included to obtain a realistic picture of the potential operational capability. The concept of an Integrated Numerical Experiment (INEX) was implemented to accurately calculate the coupling between the FEL subsystems. During the late 1980's, the INEX approach was successfully applied to a large number of accelerator and FEL experiments. Unfortunately, because of significant manpower and computational requirements, the integrated approach is difficult to apply to trade-off and initial design studies. However, the INEX codes provided a base from which realistic accelerator, wiggler interaction, optics, and control models could be developed. The Free Electron Laser Physical Process Code (FELPPC) includes models developed from the INEX codes, provides coupling between the subsystem models, and incorporates application models relevant to a specific study. In other words, FELPPC solves the complete physical process model using realistic physics and technology constraints. FELPPC can calculate complex FEL configurations including multiple accelerator and wiggler combinations. When compared with the INEX codes, the subsystem models have been found to be quite accurate over many orders-of-magnitude. As a result, FELPPC has been used for the initial design studies of a large number of FEL applications: high-average-power ground, space, plane, and ship based FELs; beacon and illuminator FELs; medical and compact FELs; and XUV FELs.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Contrastivism and Lucky Questions

There’s something deeply right in the idea that knowledge requires an ability to discriminate truth from falsity. Failing to incorporate some version of the discrimination requirement into one’s epistemology generates cases of putative knowledge that are at best problematic. On the other hand, many theories that include a discrimination requirement thereby appear to entail violations of closure. This prima facie tension is resolved nicely in Jonathan Schaffer’s contrastivism, which I describe herein. The contrastivist take on relevant alternatives is implausible, however, and this then threatens to undermine contrastivism’s anti-skeptical results.
Impact of different preplant cultural treatments on survival of Phytophthora nicotianae in soil

During the life of a citrus planting, the population of Phytophthora pathogens can build to significant levels in orchard soil. A study was initiated to examine the impact of some nonchemical cultural practices on survival of P. nicotianae, the most prevalent Phytophthora sp. in Arizona citrus groves, in soil formerly planted to citrus. In three trials over a 3-year period, P. nicotianae could not be detected at a depth of 10 cm after soil naturally infested with the pathogen was subjected to a dry summer fallow period of at least 31 days in the desert southwest region of Arizona. The mean temperature of soil at this depth during these trials ranged from 37 to 39°C. Furthermore, in two of these trials, after summer dry fallow periods of 38 and 45 days, the pathogen could not be detected at a depth of 15 to 20 cm and was detected in only one of 19 soil samples at a depth of 25 to 30 cm. In comparison, the pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of soil samples subjected to a dry winter fallow period or maintained in the greenhouse and planted with a seedling of citrus, alfalfa, or irrigated without the presence of any plant, where mean temperature of soil ranged from 15 to 30°C. In regions with a hot and dry summer climate, a dry summer fallow treatment of soil after removal of an existing citrus planting and before establishment of a new grove could provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive means of lowering the population of P. nicotianae to virtually nondetectable levels to at least a depth of 30 cm.
A Monte Carlo tutorial and the application for radiotherapy treatment planning

Monte Carlo-based treatment planning algorithms are advancing rapidly and will certainly be implemented as part of conventional treatment planning systems in the near future. This paper was designed as a basic tutorial for using the Monte Carlo method as applied to radiotherapy treatment planning. The tutorial addresses the basic transport differences between photon and electron transport as well as the sampling distributions. The implementation of a virtual linac source model and the conversion from the Monte Carlo source modeling reference plane into the treatment reference plane is discussed. The implementation of a thresholding algorithm for converting CT electron density to patient specific materials is also presented. A 6-field prostate boost treatment is used to compare a conventional treatment planning algorithm (pencil beam model) with a Monte Carlo simulation algorithm. The agreement between the 2 calculation methods is good based upon the qualitative comparison of the isodose distribution and the dose-volume histograms for the prostate and the rectum. The effects of statistical uncertainty on the Monte Carlo calculation are also presented.
The stability of laminar boundary layers at separation

The effect of an adverse pressure gradient on the stability of a laminar boundary layer is considered in the limiting case when the skin friction at the wall vanishes, i.e. when U′(0) = 0. Such flows are not absolutely unstable as might have been expected but have a minimum critical Reynolds number of the order of 25. General results are given for the asymptotic behaviour of both the upper and lower branches of the neutral curve and a complete neutral curve is obtained for Pohlhausen's simple fourth-degree polynomial profile at separation.
Notes on the Reproduction of a Baringo Giraffe

Koga (Kagaku Oaho, 27, 1938) reported on the birth of a Nigerian giraffe, female, Giraffa camelopardalis peralta at the Ueno Zoo at 7:24 pm. Parturition time was reported to be three hours, nineteen minutes. The calf gained its feet at 7:56 pm, 32 minutes after birth, though it did not eat for 42 hours. On the morning of December 3, 1954, we were afforded the unusual opportunity of observing the birth of a Baringo giraffe, male ( G. c. rothschildi ), at the San Diego Zoo. Parturition was first seen to be in progress about 10:15 am. The forelegs of the foetus had appeared at this time followed soon after by …
A risk analysis framework on GPS User Range Accuracy

Accuracy is a major concern in Global Positioning System (GPS), and User Range Accuracy (URA) is a statistical indicator of the ranging accuracy for satellites. URA is obtainable from the satellite's signal in space (SIS); its computation depends heavily on the ground segment. The risk considered here is the failures from the GPS control segment that cause a satellite's URA to exceed the requirement, hence excluding the satellite from being used in the position solutions, and ultimately degrading system availability. The corresponding risk analysis is complex and a framework is presented here as one approach to looking at the problem. A hypothetical example is applied to demonstrate the framework from an RMA (reliability, maintainability, and availability) specialty engineer's point of view, where the requirements, algorithms, and failures analyses are integrated together.
Interaction of photonic crystals with nanoscopic particles: towards novel (bio)sensing techniques

We investigate the potential of photonic crystals (PCs) for use as novel sensing devices. For this purpose we study the interaction of nanoscopic dielectric particles with the near field of planar PCs by means of 3D FEM calculations. In particular, we have simulated PC waveguide structures incorporating a single cavity-like defect that interacts with a single dielectric nanosphere in a liquid environment. The resonance of the PC cavity shifts in the presence of the particle, as can be monitored by corresponding transmission measurements. As a second aspect, we investigate the mechanical forces acting on the particle due to the high field gradient in the cavity when in resonance. These forces give rise to a stable trapping of the particle in the cavity in analogy to the trapping in optical tweezers. In combination with microfluidic devices this gives prospect to novel techniques for ultra-sensitive detection and spectroscopy with only minimal amounts of analyte. We also present a scheme for experimental investigations of the particle-PC interaction, which makes use of an optical tweezer to actively move dielectric nanospheres in the near field of the PC, and which allows both for fluorescence as well as very sensitive force measurements.
Co-production of ethanol and cellulose fiber from Southern Pine: A technical and economic assessment

Abstract Hemicellulose can be extracted from loblolly pine by dilute acid hydrolysis, and the remaining wood mass can be delignified to produce cellulose fiber. This paper contains an assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of co-producing ethanol and bleached cellulose fiber from loblolly pine, for a mill producing 1268 ton d−1 of unbleached fiber. Ethanol is produced by extracting between 6% and 18% of the dry wood mass prior to pulping. The extracted wood mass, which contains about 70% carbohydrate (primarily sugars from hemicellulose) is conditioned and fermented to ethanol. Our analysis indicates that ethanol can be produced at a cost between $352 and $771 m−3 ($1.33 and $2.92 per US gallon), depending upon process conditions and selectivity of hemicellulose removal. For comparison, the total production cost for ethanol produced by complete hydrolysis of the carbohydrates in loblolly pine is between $388 m−3 when 75% of wood carbohydrates are recovered for ethanol production, and $314 m−3 when 95% are recovered. Neither biofuel subsidies nor credits for co-products such as acetic acid and for sale or sequestration of CO2 were considered in this study.
X-ray fluorescence portable systems for the rapid assessment of photographic techniques in notable art collections: the Alfred Stieglitz Collection

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century photographers experimented, adapted and combined different techniques, using a wide array of chemicals leading to a vast range of commercial and self-made photographs. Museum professionals, experts and collectors typically rely on visual and microscopic examination to identify photographic processes, however, visual identification alone can be misleading. The present study describes applications of portable and handheld X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometers to determine the metallic elements in photographic images, with special focus on one of the highest-profile photographic collections in the world, that of Alfred Stieglitz. A protocol was developed for two types of XRF spectrometers, a portable micro-focus system and a handheld macro-set-up, and validated with standard replicas of known photographic techniques. Qualitative XRF identification of the metallic salts allows unambiguous identification of the process used for each photograph. The portability of the systems makes the method applicable to the study of large collections in any location. In total, more than 60 photographs from the Alfred Stieglitz Collection were analyzed, leading to the revision of approximately 16% of the previous process identifications. These results are presented here for the first time. The correct identification of these photographs has significant impact on aspects of preventive conservation, exhibition and scholarly research, not only for the Art Institute of Chicago but also for other institutions and private collectors who own photographs from the Alfred Stieglitz Collection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teachers’ Perceptions of the Benefits of Home Visits for Early Elementary Children

The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ perceptions of the benefits of home visitation in relation to children’s success in school from kindergarten to second grade. The participants were 26 early elementary (K-2) teachers in a rural, Midwestern school district. Participants completed a survey after a home visit at the beginning of school and again prior to the end of the year. Results of this descriptive study suggest that the benefit of home visits is a means of strengthening home school partnerships. Teachers perceive that home visits result in more positive relationships with children and their families. Further, the teachers believe that the visits lead to improved communication with the parents, better understanding of the child, and better understanding of the impact of the child’s home environment as it relates to school performance.
Carotid surgery without arteriography: noninvasive selection of patients.

All carotid noninvasive studies at our institution comprised of duplex scanning, spectral frequency analysis, and ocular-pneumoplethysmography-Gee supraorbital Doppler assessments from 1985–1987 were reviewed. Forty symptomatic and 104 asymptomatic internal carotid arteries, concomitantly studied noninvasively and arteriographically, were identified. All studies were rereviewed prospectively and in blinded fashion. Utilizing peak frequency—internal carotid artery >10 mHz and carotid index (Pf-ICA)/PF-common carotid) >5 as criteria for surgery, 39/40 symptomatic internal carotid arteries were considered appropriate for carotid endarterectomy by noninvasive study. All of these internal carotid arteries had arteriographic confirmation of >50% internal carotid artery stenosis; 22 of them met noninvasive criteria for surgery of peak systolic frequency-internal carotid artery 14 mHz, carotid index >7 and abnormal ocular-pneumoplethysmography-Gee supraorbital Doppler. All of these had arteriographic confirmation of >80% internal carotid artery stenosis. Eleven asymptomatic internal carotid arteries met spectral frequency criteria for carotid endarterectomy but had normal ocular-pneumoplethysomgraphy-Gee/supraorbital Doppler. Eight in this group had <80% stenosis on arteriographic exam. Carotid endarterectomy may be performed without prior arteriography, provided objective criteria are established in a reliable noninvasive lab and met by individual patients.
A microcosm of musical expression. III. Contributions of timing and dynamics to the aesthetic impression of pianists’ performances of the initial measures of Chopin’s Etude in E Major

Four judges repeatedly assessed the overall aesthetic quality of more than 100 recorded performances of the opening of Chopin’s Etude in E major on a 10-point scale. The judgments, which exhibited reasonable reliability and modest intercorrelations, were entered into regression analyses with 16 independent variables derived from earlier objective analyses of the expressive timing and dynamics of the performances [Repp, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 1085–1100 (1998); 105, 1972–1988 (1999)]. Only between 9% and 18% of the variance in the judges’ ratings was accounted for. By contrast, timing variables accounted for 53% of the variance in one judge’s ratings of synthesized performances that varied in timing only and mimicked the timing patterns of the original performances. These results indicate, first, that the aesthetic impression of the original recordings rested primarily on aspects other than those measured (such as texture, tone, or aspects of timing and dynamics that eluded the earlier analyses) and, second, that very different patterns of timing and dynamics are aesthetically acceptable for the same music, provided that other, aesthetically more crucial performance aspects are present.
Fermi versus bose condensation in superconductors and liquid 4He

Abstract Macroscopic occupation of a single 4He-atom state cannot occur in liquid 4He, whereas a less extreme condensation, shown by Yang to be responsible for superconductivity, can and probaly does occur. Feynman's argument for the low phonon spectrum remains valid.
A multiscale statistical mechanical framework integrates biophysical and genomic data to assemble cancer networks

Functional interpretation of genomic variation is critical to understanding human disease, but it remains difficult to predict the effects of specific mutations on protein interaction networks and the phenotypes they regulate. We describe an analytical framework based on multiscale statistical mechanics that integrates genomic and biophysical data to model the human SH2-phosphoprotein network in normal and cancer cells. We apply our approach to data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and test model predictions experimentally. We find that mutations mapping to phosphoproteins often create new interactions but that mutations altering SH2 domains result almost exclusively in loss of interactions. Some of these mutations eliminate all interactions, but many cause more selective loss, thereby rewiring specific edges in highly connected subnetworks. Moreover, idiosyncratic mutations appear to be as functionally consequential as recurrent mutations. By synthesizing genomic, structural and biochemical data, our framework represents a new approach to the interpretation of genetic variation.
PL-PatchSurfer: A Novel Molecular Local Surface-Based Method for Exploring Protein-Ligand Interactions

Structure-based computational methods have been widely used in exploring protein-ligand interactions, including predicting the binding ligands of a given protein based on their structural complementarity. Compared to other protein and ligand representations, the advantages of a surface representation include reduced sensitivity to subtle changes in the pocket and ligand conformation and fast search speed. Here we developed a novel method named PL-PatchSurfer (Protein-Ligand PatchSurfer). PL-PatchSurfer represents the protein binding pocket and the ligand molecular surface as a combination of segmented surface patches. Each patch is characterized by its geometrical shape and the electrostatic potential, which are represented using the 3D Zernike descriptor (3DZD). We first tested PL-PatchSurfer on binding ligand prediction and found it outperformed the pocket-similarity based ligand prediction program. We then optimized the search algorithm of PL-PatchSurfer using the PDBbind dataset. Finally, we explored the utility of applying PL-PatchSurfer to a larger and more diverse dataset and showed that PL-PatchSurfer was able to provide a high early enrichment for most of the targets. To the best of our knowledge, PL-PatchSurfer is the first surface patch-based method that treats ligand complementarity at protein binding sites. We believe that using a surface patch approach to better understand protein-ligand interactions has the potential to significantly enhance the design of new ligands for a wide array of drug-targets.
The role of nitric oxide in female reproduction

The cardiovascular system undergoes profound changes during pregnancy. Maternal intravascular volume begins to increase in the first trimester rising an average of 45% by term.1 Cardiac output increases similarly2 and is redistributed to organs whose functions are crucial for a successful pregnancy. In the guinea pig, uterine artery (UA) blood flow increases 3500%, while mesenteric and renal artery blood flows increase only 90% and 10% respectively.3 Blood flow to the trunk actually diminishes. The mechanism underlying this redistribution is unknown. Coupled with the rise in cardiac output is a decrease in the systemic pressor response to angiotensin II (AII), norepinephrine(NE), and epinephrine.4–8 There is also a decrease in the contraction response among some but not all vascular beds. For example, contraction of UA to NE and thromboxane is characteristically reduced by pregnancy, whereas the response of the carotid artery is unaltered8–10 Since pregnancy does not alter neuroeffector mechanisms of NE such as release, receptor sensitivity, and accumulation11, changes in sympathetic control during pregnancy must be dependent on alterations at sites other than the neuroeffector junction. We have hypothesized that the mechanisms which alter vascular reactivity during pregnancy also mediate the redistribution of maternal cardiac output.9 We have further hypothesized that many of these mechanisms involve endothelium-dependent factors which are modulated by sex hormones.
On a New MILP Model for the Planning of Heat-Exchanger Network Cleaning†

This paper presents a new mixed-integer linear model for the planning of heat-exchanger cleaning in chemical plants. The model maximizes the net present value based on the cost of cleaning and the cost of energy and takes into account changes in production rates and even changes in the properties and flows of the different streams throughout time. This is important for the case of petroleum distillation in refineries that process different types of crudes. The model is multiperiod and uses two different fouling models.
Physics-based, reduced-order gas cloud with radiative transport model for rapid simulation of hyperspectral infrared sensors

Peter A. KottkeGeorgia Institute of TechnologyGeorge W. Woodruff School of MechanicalEngineering701 Ferst DriveAtlanta, Georgia 30332-0405E-mail: pk57@mail.gatech.eduAndrei G. FedorovGeorgia Institute of TechnologyGeorge W. Woodruff School of MechanicalEngineering and Parker H. Petit Institute ofBioengineering and Bioscience701 Ferst DriveAtlanta, Georgia 30332-0405Abstract. We have developed a reduced-order, physics-based model ofgas cloud transport and combined it with an approximate formulation ofthe equation of radiative transport to enable efficient prediction of spectralirradiation for simulation of hyperspectral infrared sensors. The resultingcombined model is easily implemented, providing a rapid and flexiblein silico experimentation capability. The gas cloud model is based onthe entrainment hypothesis and predicts cloud trajectories in three-dimensions, with elevation changes occurring primarily due to buoyancyeffects and with spreading and accompanying dilution and cooling occur-ring due to a turbulence dominated growth mechanism. The radiationtransport model is simplified through an approximate treatment of scatter-ing that transforms the governing equation from an integro-differentialequation to an ordinary differential equation. The conjugate model hasbeen combined with a simple sensor model and has been validatedthrough comparison to results from large-scale field tests. The utility ofthe simulations has also been demonstrated through inclusion in a largeralgorithm development and analysis program, the chem/bio algorithmdevelopment kit.
Talking Tools, Suffering Servants, and Defecating Men: The Power of Storytelling in Maithil Women's Tales

What can we learn about the way that folk storytelling operates for tellers and audience members by examining the telling of stories by characters within such narratives? I examine Maithil women's folktales in which stories of women's suf- fering at the hands of other women are first suppressed and later overheard by men who have the power to alleviate such suffering. Maithil women are pitted against one another in their pursuit of security and resources in the context of patrilineal formations. The solidarities such women nonetheless form—in part through sharing stories and keeping each other's secrets—serve to mitigate their suffering and maintain a counter-system of ideational patterns and practices.
Considerations regarding the long-term storage of electronic images

The proliferation of electronic photographic images and electronic imaging systems has raised questions and concerns regarding the long-term or archival electronic storage of image files. Various options and methodologies are discussed together with the limitations of all the presently available approaches.
Negative Evidence in Language Classroom Activities: A Study of its Availability and Accessibility to Language Learners

This study sought to identify and describe how negative evidence was made available and accessible in responses to learners during two classroom activities: a teacher-led discussion, which emphasized communication of subject matter content, and a teacher-led sentence construction exercise, which focused on application of grammatical rules. Data came from adult, pre-academic English language learners during six discussions of American film and literature, and six sets of sentence construction exercises. Findings revealed little availability of negative evidence in the discussions, as students' fluent, multi-error contributions drew responses that were primarily back-channels and continuation moves. Greater availability and accessibility of negative evidence were found in the sentence construction exercises, as students were given feedback following their completion of individual sentences. Results from the study suggested several pedagogical implications and applications.
Aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal pain: taking ‘AIM’ at a symptom in breast cancer survivors

"Additional research is warranted to better understand the etiology of the pain, to identify which patients are predisposed to developing pain, and to develop more effective and well-tolerated cancer treatment and pain management regimens. Through this approach, we hope to improve the lives of breast cancer survivors."
A Design System for Eight-Bar Linkages as Constrained 4R Serial Chains

This paper presents a design system for planar eight-bar linkages that adds three RR constraints to a user-specified 4R serial chain. R denotes a revolute, or hinged, joint. There are 100 ways in which these constraints can be added to yield as many as 3951 different linkages. An analysis routine based on the Dixon determinant evaluates the performance of each linkage candidate and determines the feasible designs that reach the task positions in a single assembly. A random search within the user-specified tolerance zones around the task specifications is iterated in order to increase the number of linkage candidates and feasible designs. The methodology is demonstrated with the design of rectilinear eight-bar linkages that guide an end-effector through five parallel positions along a straight line.
Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff in Cooperative Wireless Systems

We first examine a system with a single source-destination pair and two relays, each node with a single antenna, and explore whether this virtual multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system can mimic a physical MIMO in terms of diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). We show that even under the idealistic assumption of full-duplex relays and a clustered network, the relay system can never fully mimic a real MIMO DMT, it is multiplexing gain limited. The limitation comes from the fact that source and destination are connected to relays with finite capacity links. We provide communication strategies that achieve the best DMT of this relay system. We extend our work to cover cooperative systems with multiple sources and multiple destinations and show that the same limitation is still in effect. Our results suggest that while cooperative relaying is able to provide high spatial diversity for low multiplexing gains, it can never mimic a physical MIMO for large multiplexing gains.
Information-geometric measure of 3-neuron firing patterns characterizes scale-dependence in cortical networks

To understand the functional connectivity of neural networks, it is important to develop simple and incisive descriptors of multineuronal firing patterns. Analysis at the pairwise level has proven to be a powerful approach in the retina, but it may not suffice to understand complex cortical networks. Here we address the problem of describing interactions among triplets of neurons. We consider two approaches: an information-geometric measure (Amari 2001), which we call the "strain," and the Kullback-Leibler divergence. While both approaches can be used to assess whether firing patterns differ from those predicted by a pairwise maximum-entropy model, the strain provides additional information. Specifically, when the observed firing patterns differ from those predicted by a pairwise model, the strain indicates the nature of this difference--whether there is an excess or a deficit of synchrony--while the Kullback-Leibler divergence only indicates the magnitude of the difference. We show that the strain has technical advantages, including ease of calculation of confidence bounds and bias, and robustness to the kinds of spike-sorting errors associated with tetrode recordings. We demonstrate the biological importance of these points via an analysis of multineuronal firing patterns in primary visual cortex. There is a striking scale-dependent behavior of triplet firing patterns: deviations from the pairwise model are substantial when the neurons are within 300 microns of each other, and negligible when they are at a distance of >600 microns. The strain identifies a consistent pattern to these interactions: when triplet interactions are present, the strain is nearly always negative, indicating that there is less synchrony than would be expected from the pairwise interactions alone.
Circadian clock period inversely correlates with illness severity in cells from patients with alcohol use disorders.

Author(s): McCarthy, Michael J; Fernandes, Malcolm; Kranzler, Henry R; Covault, Jonathan M; Welsh, David K | Abstract: BackgroundClinical and genetic studies suggest circadian clock genes may contribute to biological mechanisms underlying alcohol use disorders (AUD). In particular, the Per2 gene regulates alcohol consumption in mutant animals, and in humans with AUD, the 10870 variant in PER2 has been associated with alcohol consumption. However, with respect to function, the molecular clock remains largely uncharacterized in AUD patients.MethodsIn skin fibroblast cultures from well-characterized human AUD patients (n = 19) and controls (n = 13), we used a bioluminescent reporter gene (Per2::luc) to measure circadian rhythms in gene expression at high sampling density for 5 days. Cells were genotyped for the PER2 10870 variant. The rhythm parameters period and amplitude were then analyzed using a case-control design and by genetic and clinical characteristics of the AUD subjects.ResultsThere were no differences between AUD cases and controls in rhythm parameters. However, period was inversely correlated with illness severity (defined as the number of alcohol dependence criteria met). The PER2 variant 10870 was not associated with differences in rhythm parameters.ConclusionsOur data suggest that differences in the cellular circadian clock are not pronounced in fibroblasts from AUD cases and controls. However, we found evidence that the circadian clock may be associated with an altered trajectory of AUD, possibly related to illness severity. Future work will be required to determine the mechanistic basis of this association.
Nuclear Cardiac Imaging: Terminology and Technical Aspects

E.S. Crawford and S.S. Husain Reston, VA: Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2010, 181 pages, $99.00 Nuclear Cardiac Imaging: Terminology and Technical Aspects, now in its second edition, gives an overview of the basic principles and technical aspects of nuclear cardiac imaging
Modification of Social Memory, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, and Brain Asymmetry by Neonatal Novelty Exposure

Although corticosterone (a stress hormone) is known to influence social behavior and memory processes, little has been explored concerning its modulatory role in social recognition. In rats, social recognition memory for conspecifics typically lasts <2 hr when evaluated using a habituation paradigm. Using neonatal novelty exposure, a brief and transient early life stimulation method known to produce long-lasting changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, we found that social recognition memory was prolonged to at least 24 hr during adulthood. This prolonged social memory was paralleled by a reduction in the basal blood concentration of corticosterone. The same neonatal stimulation also resulted in a functional asymmetry expressed as a greater right-turn preference in a novel environment. Rats that preferred to turn right showed better social recognition memory. These inter-related changes in basal blood corticosterone concentration, turning asymmetry, and social recognition memory suggest that stress hormones and brain asymmetry are likely candidates for modulating social memory. Furthermore, given that neonatal stimulation has been shown to improve learning and memory performance primarily under aversive learning situations, the neonatal novelty exposure-induced enhancement in social recognition broadens the impact of early life stimulation to include the social domain.
Infectious Bronchitis Virus Field Vaccination Coverage and Persistence of Arkansas-type Viruses in Commercial Broilers

Abstract To determine the coverage of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine field boost in commercial broilers, estimate the relative amount of vaccine virus in the trachea, and follow the clearance of the vaccine, we collected approximately 100 tracheal swabs at various times postvaccination from 10 different flocks and used real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR (RT-PCR) to detect the virus. This allowed us to detect vaccine virus in as few as 3% of the birds in a flock of 20,000 birds with a 95% confidence level. We found that the number of birds positive for IBV vaccine following vaccination in the field resembled a parabolic-shaped curve that peaked around 14 days postvaccination, or it resembled a sinusoidal-type wave with a frequency of about 2 wk. The patterns did not appear to correlate with water or spray vaccination methods, nor did they correlate with the type of backpack sprayer used. The highest number of positive birds in a flock ranged from 66% to 100%. The viral genome copies in the trac...
The effect of compressibility on the critical swirl of vortex flows in a pipe

The effect of compressibility on the critical swirl level for breakdown of subsonic vortex flows in a straight circular pipe of finite length is studied. This work extends the critical-state concept of Benjamin (1962) to include the influence of Mach number on the flow behaviour. The analysis is based on a linearized version of the equations for the motion of a steady, axisymmetric, inviscid and compressible swirling flow of a perfect gas. The relationship between the velocity, density, temperature and pressure perturbations to a base columnar flow state are derived. An eigenvalue problem is formulated to determine the first critical level of swirl at which a special mode of a non-columnar small disturbance may appear on the base flow. It is found that when the characteristic Mach number of the base flow tends to zero the eigenvalue problem and the critical swirl are the same as defined by Wang & Rusak (1996a, 1997a) in their study of incompressible swirling flows in pipes. As the characteristic Mach number is increased, the critical swirl level increases and the flow perturbation expands in the radial direction. As the Mach number is increased toward a certain limit value related to the core size of the vortex, the critical swirl reaches very large values and becomes singular. The present results indicate that the axisymmetric breakdown of high-Reynolds-number compressible vortex flows may be delayed with the increase of the flow Mach number.
A very bright SAR arc: implications for extreme magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

Abstract. In contrast to the polar aurora visible during geomagnetic storms, stable auroral red (SAR) arcs offer a sub-visual manifestation of direct magnetosphere-ionosphere (M-I) coupling at midlatitudes. The SAR arc emission at 6300 A is driven by field-aligned magnetospheric energy transport from ring current/plasmapause locations into the ionosphere-thermosphere system. The first SAR arc was observed at the dawn of the space age (1956), and the typical brightness levels and occurrence patterns obtained from subsequent decades of observations appear to be consistent with the downward heat conduction theory, i.e., heated ambient F-layer electrons excite oxygen atoms to produce a spectrally pure emission. On very rare occasions, a SAR arc has been reported to be at brightness levels visible to the naked eye. Here we report on the first case of a very bright SAR arc (~13 kilo-Rayleighs) observed by four diagnostic systems that sampled various aspects of the sub-auroral domain near Millstone Hill, MA, on the night of 29 October 1991: an imaging spectrograph, an all-sky camera, an incoherent scatter radar (ISR), and a DMSP satellite. Simulations of emission using the ISR and DMSP data with the MSIS neutral atmosphere succeed in reproducing the brightness levels observed. This provides a robust confirmation of M-I coupling theory in its most extreme aeronomic form within the innermost magnetosphere (L~2) during a rare superstorm event. The unusually high brightness value appears to be due to the rare occurrence of the heating of dense ionospheric plasma just equatorward of the trough/plasmapause location, in contrast to the more typical heating of the less dense F-layer within the trough.
Congestion controlled imaging linking plane (CCILP) protocol; the CCC protocol internal database compression, expansion and and management protocol layer

Computer networking congestion controlled protocol geometric planes for object oriented software implementation contain message transit information, i.e. an image of message population in real time. The congestion controlled imaging linking plane (CCILP) protocol is represented by six mathematical plane theory concepts. The two geometric software structures containing the CCILP protocol within the congestion controlled combination (CCC) protocol are the six sided star embedded within a square base and the pyramid embedded on a square base, overlaid on top of the theater of war (TOW) and theater missile defense (TMD) protocol sections. The mathematical linking of the TMD and TOW protocols is derived for the CCILP protocol realizing the mapping of machines, game theory, and wavelet tree performance evaluation.
Mesenchymal stem cells expressing osteogenic and angiogenic factors synergistically enhance bone formation in a mouse model of segmental bone defect.

The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in tissue regeneration is increasingly gaining attention. There is now accumulating evidence that MSC make an important contribution to postnatal vasculogenesis. During bone development and fracture healing, vascularization is observed before bone formation. The present study determined the potential of MSC, transduced ex vivo with a recombinant adeno-associated virus 6 (rAAV6) encoding bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a mouse model of segmental bone defect created in the tibiae of athymic nude mice. Mouse MSC that were mock-transduced or transduced with rAAV6-BMP2:VEGF were systemically transplanted following radiographic confirmation of the osteotomy. Effects of the therapy were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements for BMP2 and VEGF, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone density, three-dimensional microcomputed tomography (µCT) for bone and capillary architecture, and histomorphometry for bone remodeling. Results of these analyses indicated enhanced bone formation in the group that received BMP2+VEGF-expressing MSC compared to other groups. The therapeutic effects were accompanied by increased vascularity and osteoblastogenesis, indicating its potential for effective use while treating difficult nonunion bone defects in humans.
The Role of Dairy Foods and Dietary Calcium in Weight Management

Overweight and obesity are the foremost public health problems in the U.S., other industrialized countries, and is rapidly increasing in developing countries. Obesity is a multifaceted disease which requires multiple approaches to successfully combat its increase. Nutritional factors play a key role and include modification of energy balance, intake and expenditure, as well as other factors. Emerging scientific evidence over the past decade suggests that dairy foods may be beneficial when included in a moderate energy restricted diet and possibly for weight maintenance as well. This paper provides a review of some of the scientific evidence that has examined the effect of dairy foods and dietary calcium on weight management. Topic areas presented are observational or retrospective studies with adults as well as children and adolescents; randomized clinical trials on body weight and composition, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and fecal fat loss; research from animal and in vitro studies provide possible mechanisms of action.
A logistic branching process for population genetics

A logistic (regulated population size) branching process population genetic model is presented. It is a modification of both the Wright-Fisher and (unconstrained) branching process models, and shares several properties including the coalescent time and shape, and structure of the coalescent process with those models. An important feature of the model is that population size fluctuation and regulation are intrinsic to the model rather than externally imposed. A consequence of this model is that the fluctuation in population size enhances the prospects for fixation of a beneficial mutation with constant relative viability, which is contrary to a result for the Wright-Fisher model with fluctuating population size. Explanation of this result follows from distinguishing between expected and realized viabilities, in addition to the contrast between absolute and relative viabilities.
Viscosity of blueberry and raspberry juices for processing applications

Rheological behavior of blueberry and red raspberry juice concentrates were studied with the objective of defining suitable mathematical models for use in evaporation and other processing procedures. The flow properties were determined for juice with solids content of up to 65� Brix and temperatures between 20 and 60 � C. The two juice products are predominantly Newtonian over the range of temperature and solids content studied. For a given solids content, raspberry juice showed a slightly higher activation energy than blueberry juice (for example, at 65� Brix the values are 41.2 and 39.1 kJ/mol, respectively). With juices containing 10% and 55% dissolved solids, flow instability (Taylor vortices) occurred in the concentric cylinder gap when shear rates reached 180 s � 1 and 1000 s � 1 , respectively. Determination of laminar flow boundaries is important for accurate characterization of flow
Robot navigation from a Gibsonian viewpoint

Gibson's insights into how optic flow can be used by animals to guide their actions have been formalized to some extent in Warren's laws of control. We noted that these laws are applicable to any moving agent, thus this approach could be very successful in the domain of behavior-based robotics. To demonstrate this we devised control laws for the obstacle avoidance problem in mobile robotics. Two laws of control relevant to the problem were proposed and tested on an actual robot in an unmodified office environment. The success and occasional, yet understandable, failures of these two laws show that the Gibsonian approach to visually guided navigation is very promising. >
Globally Segmented Labor Markets: The Coming of the Greatest Boom and Bust, Without the Boom

A world social structure of accumulation (SSA) is forming based on global segmentation of labor, financialization, and a neoliberal trade regime. Unlike its Fordist era counterpart, this SSA lacks ...
Integrating Research Into Clinical Internship Training Bridging the Science/Practice Gap in Pediatric Psychology

Existing literature highlights a critical gap between science and practice in clinical psychology. The internship year is a ‘‘capstone experience’’; training in methods of scientific evaluation should be integrated with the development of advanced clinical competencies. We provide a rationale for continued exposure to research during the clinical internship year, including, (a) critical examination and integration of the literature regarding evidence-based treatment and assessment, (b) participation in faculty-based and independent research, and (c) orientation to the science and strategy of grantsmanship. Participation in research provides exposure to new empirical models and can foster the development of applied research questions. Orientation to grantsmanship can yield an initial sense of the ‘‘business of science.’’ Internship provides an important opportunity to examine the challenges to integrating the clinical evidence base into professional practice; for that reason, providing research exposure on internship is an important strategy in training the next generation of pediatric psychologists.
Family Leadership Styles and Family Well‐Being

Transformational leadership has been associated with optimal outcomes in various organizational settings, in comparison to transactional and laissez-faire leadership. In accordance with research findings from organizational contexts, an exploratory study was conducted with 231 two-parent families to assess the relationship between family leadership styles and family well-being. Family leadership styles were assessed using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, and family well-being was assessed using the Family Profile. Using cluster analysis, four combinations of father-mother leadership styles emerged. From analysis of variance, significant differences in family well-being were found when comparing couples characterized by active transformational leadership to those who were passive or had a laissez-faire style of leadership. Few other statistically significant differences were found when comparing other combinations of leadership styles.