cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of the Thermodynamic Properties of Mg(NO3)2(aq) and Their Representation with the Standard and Extended Ion-Interaction (Pitzer) Models at 298.15 K

Published thermodynamic data yielding the osmotic coefficients, relative apparent molar enthalpies, and apparent molar heat capacities of Mg(NO3)2(aq) have been collected, recalculated consistently, and critically assessed. The more reliable of these data have been used to evaluate the parameters of the standard three-parameter form of Pitzer's ion-interaction model to higher molalities than previously available, along with the parameters of Archer's four-parameter, extended ion-interaction model at 298.15 K. Published experimental thermodynamic data were essentially represented equally well by these two models, provided that the exponential coefficient α1 of the standard Pitzer model is fixed at the optimum value of α1 = 1.55 kg1/2·mol-1/2 rather than the traditional value of α1 = 2.0 kg1/2·mol-1/2. The use of the standard Pitzer model with this modified α1 value is recommended for Mg(NO3)2(aq). In addition, an empirical equation is given for the variation of the water activity of a saturated solution wi...
An ID-based signcryption scheme with compartmented secret sharing for unsigncryption

In this paper the ID-based signcryption scheme of Li, Xin, and Hu is extended to a compartmented scheme. If an organization is partitioned into different compartments, this scheme allows any member of a specific compartment to participate in the unsigncryption; moreover, each member of a compartment has information unique to that individual. This construction is the first (to the authors' knowledge) to combine identity-based encryption, Shamir's threshold scheme, and signcryption into an implementable compartmented sharing scheme. We extend an ID based signcryption scheme to a compartmented scheme.Our scheme allows any member of a compartment to participate in unsigncryption.The security of this scheme is just as strong as the original.Much of the setup work is naturally parallelizable.It is applicable to modern situations and lends itself easily to implementation.
Dynamical Systems Method (DSM) for general nonlinear equations

Abstract If F : H → H is a map in a Hilbert space H , F ∈ C loc 2 , and there exists y such that F ( y ) = 0 , F ′ ( y ) ≠ 0 , then equation F ( u ) = 0 can be solved by a DSM (dynamical systems method). This method yields also a convergent iterative method for finding y , and this method converges at the rate of a geometric series. It is not assumed that y is the only solution to F ( u ) = 0 . A stable approximation to a solution of the equation F ( u ) = f is constructed by a DSM when f is unknown but f δ is known, where ‖ f δ − f ‖ ≤ δ .
ELEVATED MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC NOISE ABOVE AN IDEAL REVERBERANT CITY

Abstract Aerial noise measurement methods may be well suited to the determination of spatially-averaged traffic noise exposure levels, and could possibly be used as a means of assessing the long-term effectiveness of motor vehicle noise regulations. In this study two theoretical models are developed for some specific aerial measurement situations. Several characteristics of the models are examined. Limited experimental measurements agree well with theoretically predicted results; elevated measured noise levels are nearly proportional to the density of the traffic (in vehicles per unit area) on the city streets.
CAYLEY-BACHARACH AND EVALUATION CODES ON COMPLETE INTERSECTIONS

Abstract Hansen (Appl. Algebra Eng. Comm. Comput. 14 (2003) 175) uses cohomological methods to find a lower bound for the minimum distance of an evaluation code determined by a reduced complete intersection in P 2 . In this paper, we generalize Hansen's results from P 2 to P m ; we also show that the hypotheses of Hansen (2003) may be weakened. The proof is succinct and follows by combining the Cayley–Bacharach Theorem and the bounds on evaluation codes obtained in Hansen (Zero-Dimensional Schemes (Ravello, 1992), de Gruyter, Berlin, 1994, pp. 205–211).
Crowded-Field Astrometry with SIM PlanetQuest. II. An Improved Instrument Model

In a previous paper we described a method of estimating the single-measurement bias to be expected in astrometric observations of targets in crowded fields with the future Space Interferometry Mission PlanetQuest. That study was based on a simplified model of the instrument and the measurement process involving a single-pixel focal plane detector, an idealized spectrometer, and continuous sampling of the fringes during the delay scanning. In this paper we elaborate on this "instrument model" to include the following additional complications: spectral dispersion of the light with a thin prism, which turns the instrument camera into an objective prism spectrograph; a multiple-pixel detector in the camera focal plane; and binning of the fringe signal during scanning of the delay. The results obtained with this improved model differ in small but systematic ways from those obtained with the earlier simplified model. We conclude that it is the pixelation of the dispersed fringes on the focal plane detector that is responsible for the differences. The improved instrument model described here suggests additional ways of reducing certain kinds of confusion, and provides a better basis for the evaluation of instrumental effects in the future.
Links between heavy ion and astrophysics

Heavy-ion experiments provide important data to test astrophysical models. The high-density equation of state can be probed in HI collisions and applied to the hot protoneutron star formed in core collapse supernovae. The parity radius experiment (PREX) aims to accurately measure the neutron radius of 208Pb with parity-violating electron scattering. This determines the pressure of neutron-rich matter and the density dependence of the symmetry energy. Competition between nuclear attraction and Coulomb repulsion can form exotic shapes called nuclear pasta in neutron star crusts and supernovae. This competition can be probed with multifragmentation HI reactions. We use large-scale semiclassical simulations to study nonuniform neutron-rich matter in supernovae. We find that the Coulomb interactions in astrophysical systems suppress density fluctuations. As a result, there is no first-order liquid-vapor phase transition. Finally, the virial expansion for low-density matter shows that the nuclear vapor phase is complex with significant concentrations of alpha particles and other light nuclei in addition to free nucleons.
The evaluation subgroup of a fibre inclusion

Abstract Let ξ : X → j E → p B be a fibration of simply connected CW complexes of finite type with classifying map h : B → B aut 1 ( X ) . We study the evaluation subgroup G n ( E , X ; j ) of the fibre inclusion as an invariant of the fibre-homotopy type of ξ . For spherical fibrations, we show the evaluation subgroup may be expressed as an extension of the Gottlieb group of the fibre sphere provided the classifying map h induces the trivial map on homotopy groups. We extend this result after rationalization: We show that the decomposition G ∗ ( E , X ; j ) ⊗ Q = ( G ∗ ( X ) ⊗ Q ) ⊕ ( π ∗ ( B ) ⊗ Q ) is equivalent to the condition ( h ♯ ) Q = 0 .
Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Simulations of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Using a Spreadsheet

We describe a simple and intuitive implementation of the method of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations for propagating electromagnetic waves using Microsoft Excel. The method overcomes the usual obstacles of unfamiliarity with programming languages as it relies on little more than the cut and paste features of Excel. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 13: 213–221, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20055
HOW FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT CAPITAL STRUCTURE: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

In this empirical study I examine the factors correlated with capital structure in France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Although mean leverage and many firm factors appear to be similar across countries, some significant differences remain. Specifically, differences appear in the correlation between long-term debt/asset ratios and the firms' riskiness, profitability, size, and growth. These correlations may be explained by differences in tax policies and agency problems, including differences in bankruptcy costs, information asymmetries, and shareholder/creditor conflicts. The findings of this study suggest links between varying choices in capital structure across countries and legal and institutional differences.
Run lengths and liquidity

We develop a market-wide illiquidity risk factor based on run lengths and find that it is priced using standard asset-pricing specifications. Our theoretical framework of equity returns derives the result that average run lengths of individual stocks proxy for illiquidity, and are related to common measures of liquidity such as trading volume and trade price-impact. This relationship holds irrespective of the sampling frequency in the computation of run lengths. Thus, liquidity can be quantified by examining a stock’s run length signature, providing a statistical mechanics link across illiquidity metrics. Tests using daily equity return data for all stocks over the period 1962–2005 find that run lengths are decreasing in turnover, and increasing with bid-ask spreads, and price-impact. Illiquidity is shown to be a risk factor/characteristic in explaining equity returns.
Nonlinear theory of phase-locking gyrotron oscillators driven by an external signal

A time-dependent slow-time-scale theory is developed for gyrotron oscillators driven by an external signal. The signal is introduced either directly into the cavity output or via a beam prebunching cavity. The theory is applied to a high-voltage gyrotron configuration and the numerical, nonlinear calculations are compared with simple analytical estimates of the frequency bandwidth for phase-locked operation. For the case of direct injection, the nonlinear slow-time-scale calculations are in good agreement with Adler's relation. Two approaches are investigated for the case of phase locking with a prebunching cavity. In the first approach the induced ac current density due to the prebunching cavity is treated as a small perturbation on the ac current density in the oscillator. In this approach the equations for the time-dependent wave amplitude and phase are similar in structure to the equations for gyrotrons driven by direct injection and lead to a simple analytical estimate of the locking bandwidth. The accuracy of the perturbation approach is investigated by comparing it with the results of an alternate approach used in the analysis of multicavity gyrotrons (gyroklystrons). The maximum phase-locking bandwidth obtainable with the prebunching cavity approach is discussed.
A DYNAMICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ADDITIONAL PLANETS IN 55 CANCRI

Five planets are known to orbit the star 55 Cancri. The recently discovered planet f at 0.78 AU (Fischer et al.) is located at the inner edge of a previously identified stable zone that separates the three close-in planets from planet d at 5.9 AU. Here we map the stability of the orbital space between planets f and d using a suite of n-body integrations that include an additional, yet-to-be-discovered planet g with a radial velocity amplitude of 5 ms−1 (planet -->mass = 0.5–1.2 Saturn masses). We find a large stable zone extending from 0.9 to 3.8 AU at eccentricities below 0.4. For each system we quantify the probability of detecting planets b-f on their current orbits given perturbations from hypothetical planet g, in order to further constrain the mass and orbit of an additional planet. We find that large perturbations are associated with specific mean motion resonances (MMRs) with planets f and d. We show that two MMRs, 3f:1g (the 1:3 MMR between planets g and f) and 4g:1d cannot contain a planet g. The 2f:1g MMR is unlikely to contain a planet more massive than ~20 M⊕. The 3g:1d and 5g:2d MMRs could contain a resonant planet but the resonant location is strongly confined. The 3f:2g, 2g:1d, and 3g:2d MMRs exert a stabilizing influence and could contain a resonant planet. Furthermore, we show that the stable zone may in fact contain 2-3 additional planets, if they are ~50 M⊕ each. Finally, we show that any planets exterior to planet d must reside beyond 10 AU.
THE ORIGIN OF NEUTRAL HYDROGEN CLOUDS IN NEARBY GALAXY GROUPS: EXPLORING THE RANGE OF GALAXY INTERACTIONS

We combine high-resolution N-body simulations with deep observations of neutral hydrogen (H I) in nearby galaxy groups in order to explore two well-known theories of H I cloud formation: H I stripping by galaxy interactions and dark-matter minihalos with embedded H I gas. This paper presents new data from three galaxy groups?Canes Venatici?I, NGC?672, and NGC?45?and assembles data from our previous galaxy group campaign to generate a rich H I cloud archive to compare to our simulated data. We find no H I clouds in the Canes Venatici?I, NGC?672, or NGC?45 galaxy groups. We conclude that H I clouds in our detection space are most likely to be generated through recent, strong galaxy interactions. We find no evidence of H I clouds associated with dark-matter halos above M H I ~ 106 M ?, within ?700?km?s?1 of galaxies, and within 50?kpc projected distance of galaxies.
Amide bond surrogates: pseudopeptides and macrocycles

Abstract Peptide backbone modifications, involving either α-carbon changes or amide bond replacements, furnish new hybrid structures (pseudopeptides) with often profoundly altered physical and biological properties. Using both direct (ψ-condensation) and indirect (preformed pseudodipeptide) solid phase approaches, new cyclic enkephalin analogs have been prepared with a thiomethylene amide bond surrogate in the interior portion of the molecule. A drastic loss in potency observed with one of the analogs, when contrasted with the generally favorable utility of such replacements in small cyclic hosts, suggests a functional role for the 3–4 amide bond. The incorporation of three ψ[CH 2 S] replacements into an 18-Membered ring was effected in order to demonstrate the feasibility of synthesizing a new class of pseudopeptide (heterodetic) thioether macrocydes.
Gold or no gold: one-pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenz[b]azepin-4-ones from tertiary N-(but-3-ynyl)anilines

Depending on the tertiary aniline substrates, an efficient, one-pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenz[b]azepin-4-ones needs either gold catalysts or no catalyst at all. In the reaction, the aniline nitrogen plays a unique role in relaying "O" from m-CPBA to a tethered C-C triple bond, which is inert to the oxidant under the mild reaction conditions.
Measures for distributed processing network survivability

We seek to develop a new methodology for describing and comparing the survival effectiveness of connected networks of processing subsystems (termed "distributed processing networks") which are subject to deliberate or natural failures or losses of processing or communication components. Examples of distributed processing networks include:• resource-sharing computer networks• military force teams• distributed architecture computers• distributed sensor-processing systems• distributed ballistic missile defense systems
Geometry and complexity of O'Hara's algorithm

In this paper we analyze O'Hara's partition bijection. We present three type of results. First, we show that O'Hara's bijection can be viewed geometrically as a certain scissor congruence type result. Second, we obtain a number of new complexity bounds, proving that O'Hara's bijection is efficient in several special cases and mildly exponential in general. Finally, we prove that for identities with finite support, the map of the O'Hara's bijection can be computed in polynomial time, i.e. much more efficiently than by O'Hara's construction.
NEW CONSTRAINTS ON THE GALACTIC BAR

Previous work has related the Galactic Bar to structure in the local stellar velocity distribution. Here we show that the Bar also influences the spatial gradients of the velocity vector via the Oort constants. By numerical integration of test-particles we simulate measurements of the Oort C value in a gravitational potential including the Galactic Bar. We account for the observed trend that C is increasingly negative for stars with higher velocity dispersion. By comparing measurements of C with our simulations we improve on previous models of the Bar, estimating that the Bar pattern speed is b/0 = 1.87 ± 0.04, where 0 is the local circular frequency, and the Bar angle lies within 20 ◦ 6 φ0 6 45 ◦ . We find that the Galactic Bar affects measurements of the Oort constants A and B less than � 2 km/s/kpc for the hot stars. Subject headings:
An approach to the 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane moiety of naphthyridinomycin and quinocarcin via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of photochemically generated azomethine ylides.

Abstract An attractive strategy for construction of the 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane moiety of targets 1 and 2 involving the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of photochemically generated azomethine ylides is presented.
Polytopes in Arrangements

Consider an arrangement of n hyperplanes in \real d . Families of convex polytopes whose boundaries are contained in the union of the hyperplanes are the subject of this paper. We aim to bound their maximum combinatorial complexity. Exact asymptotic bounds were known for the case where the polytopes are cells of the arrangement. Situations where the polytopes are pairwise openly disjoint have also been considered in the past. However, no nontrivial bound was known for the general case where the polytopes may have overlapping interiors, for d>2 . We analyze families of polytopes that do not share vertices. In \real 3 we show an O(k 1/3 n 2 ) bound on the number of faces of k such polytopes. We also discuss worst-case lower bounds and higher-dimensional versions of the problem. Among other results, we show that the maximum number of facets of k pairwise vertex-disjoint polytopes in \real d is Ω(k 1/2 n d/2 ) which is a factor of $\sqrt{n}$ away from the best known upper bound in the range n d-2 ≤ k ≤ n d . The case where 1≤ k ≤ n d-2 is completely resolved as a known ?(kn) bound for cells applies here.
A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Azetidines and Aziridines through Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling

In this communication, we report a straightforward synthesis of enantiomerically pure 2-alkyl azetidines. The protocol is based on a highly regioselective nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of aliphatic organozinc reagents with an aziridine that features a tethered thiophenyl group. Activation by methylation transforms the sulfide into an excellent leaving group and triggers the formation of the 2-substituted azetidine core structure by cyclization. In addition, we have expanded this concept to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure, terminal alkyl aziridines. Coupling of a TMS-protected aziridine alcohol, followed by acidic work-up to remove the silyl group, provides 1,2-amino alcohol products that are readily cyclized to aziridines. Both of these sequences display excellent functional group tolerance and deliver the desired azetidine and aziridine products in good to excellent yields.
Synthesis of Regiospecific Chlorine-37 Labeled Trichlorodibenzofuran

Abstract 2,3,4-Trichlorodibenzofuran was synthesized by converting 3-aminodibenzofuran to 3-amino-2,4-dichlorodibenzofuran using chlorine-saturated carbon tetrachloride, followed by diazotization of the amino group and displacement of the nitrogen by treatment with cuprous chloride. This method was used for the regiospecific synthesis of 2,3(37Cl),4-trichlorodibenzofuran. NOE experiments were conducted to determine the final product.
The gravitational lens - galaxy group connection: I. discovery of a group coincident with class b0712+472

Previous observations of the environments of the lensing galaxies in gravitational lens systems suggest that many of the lensing galaxies are associated with small groups of galaxies. As a result, we have begun a coordinated program to study the local environments of all known gravitational lens systems. In this paper, we present results on the gravitational lens system CLASS B0712+472, which has previously measured source and lens redshifts of (zl, zs) = (0.4060, 1.339). Although we have not found a galaxy group associated with the primary lensing galaxy, we have found a foreground group that is spatially coincident with the lens system. Based on multiobject spectroscopy taken at the Keck 10 m telescope, we have confirmed 10 group members with a mean redshift of = 0.2909. The resulting velocity dispersion and estimated virial mass are 306 km s-1 and 3.0 × 1013 h-1 M⊙, respectively, for (Ωm, ΩΛ) = (0.2, 0.0). The dynamical properties of this moderate-redshift group are completely consistent with the range of values found in nearby groups of galaxies. Five of the group members are red elliptical-like galaxies, while the remaining five are active star-forming galaxies. Based on the spectroscopic results and the publicly available Hubble Space Telescope imaging of nine group members, we find that the early-type fraction is 40%. We estimate that the effect of this foreground group on the gravitational lensing potential of B0712+472 is small, producing an external shear that is only a few percent, although the shear could be larger if the group centroid is significantly closer to the lens system than it appears to be.
Rayleigh Damping in the Free Troposphere

AbstractThis paper explores whether cumulus drag (i.e., the damping of winds by convective momentum transport) can be described by an effective Rayleigh drag (i.e., the damping of winds on a constant time scale). Analytical expressions are derived for the damping time scale and descent speed of wind profiles as caused by unorganized convection. Unlike Rayleigh drag, which has a constant damping time scale and zero descent speed, the theory predicts a damping time scale and a descent speed that both depend on the vertical wavelength of the wind profile. These results predict that short wavelengths damp faster and descend faster than long wavelengths, and these predictions are confirmed using large-eddy simulations. Both theory and simulations predict that the convective damping of large-scale circulations occurs on a time scale of O(1–10) days for vertical wavelengths in the range of 2–10 km.
Two-phase Flow Characteristic of Inverted Bubbly, Slug and Annular Flow in Post-critical Heat Flux Region

Abstract Inverted annular flow can be visualized as a liquid jet-like core surrounded by a vapor annulus. While many analytical and experimental studies of heat transfer in this regime have been performed, there is very little understanding of the basic hydrodynamics of the post-CHF flow field. However, a recent experimental study was done that was able to successfully investigate the effects of various steady-state inlet flow parameters on the post-CHF hydrodynamics of the film boiling of a single phase liquid jet. This study was carried out by means of a visual photographic analysis of an idealized single phase core inverted annular flow initial geometry (single phase liquid jet core surrounded by a coaxial annulus of gas). In order to extend this study, a subsequent flow visualization of an idealized two-phase core inverted annular flow geometry (two-phase central jet core, surrounded by a coaxial annulus of gas) was carried out. The objective of this second experimental study was to investigate the effect of steady-state inlet, pre-CHF two-phase jet core parameters on the hydrodynamics of the post-CHF flow field. In actual film boiling situations, two-phase flows with net positive qualities at the CHF point are encountered. Thus, the focus of the present experimental study was on the inverted bubbly, slug, and annular flow fields in the post-dryout film boiling region. Observed post-dryout hydrodynamic behavior is reported. A correlation for the axial extent of the transition flow pattern between inverted annular and dispersed droplet flow (the agitated regime) is developed. It is shown to depend strongly on inlet jet core parameters and jet void fraction at the dryout point.
Three-Component Coupling Sequence for the Regiospecific Synthesis of Substituted Pyridines

A de novo synthesis of substituted pyridines is described that proceeds through nucleophilic addition of a dithiane anion to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl followed by metallacycle-mediated union of the resulting allylic alcohol with preformed trimethylsilane-imines (generated in situ by the low-temperature reaction of lithium hexamethyldisilazide with an aldehyde) and Ag(I)- or Hg(II)-mediated ring closure. The process is useful for the convergent assembly of di- through penta-substituted pyridines with complete regiochemical control.
Neutrino oscillation measurements with reactors

Since the first direct observations of antineutrino events by Reines and Cowan in the 1950's, nuclear reactors have been an important tool in the study of neutrino properties. More recently, the study of neutrino oscillations has been a very active area of research. The pioneering observation of oscillations by the KamLAND experiment has provided important information on the neutrino masses and the neutrino mixing matrix. New experiments to study the remaining unknown mixing angle are currently under development. These recent studies and potential future developments will be discussed.
Mixed-Variable Optimization Strategy Employing Multifidelity Simulation and Surrogate Models

A progressive simulation-based design optimization strategy is developed that can be applied to highly nonlinear impulse-type processes such as shot peening, laser peening, and bullet impacts on aircraft structural components. The design problems entail the use of multiple fidelities in simulation, time-consuming elastic-plastic analysis, and mixed types of optimization variables. An optimization strategy based on progressively increasing the complexity and fidelity is developed, along with suitable surrogate models. Multilevel fidelity models include axisymmetric, symmetric three-dimensional, and full-scale simulations to enable design optimization. The first two models are used to perform parametric studies and to localize the potential design space. This creates a reduced design space and an effective starting point for the subsequent optimization iterations, using the proposed modified particle swarm optimization for mixed variables. In the third step, the full-scale model is employed to find an optimum solution. The design methodology is demonstrated on laser peening of a structural component. Laser peening is a surface enhancement technique that induces compressive residual stresses at the peened surface by generating elastic-plastic deformation. These stresses improve the surface fatigue life. The parameters, pressure pulse and spot dimensions, impulse locations (all continuous), number of shots (integer), and location of shots (discrete) are the optimization variables with stress constraints.
From Melting Pot to Multiculturalism: The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Diversity on Social Work and Social Justice in the USA

SummarySince the turn of the twentieth century, the relationships among race, citizenship and culture have been central to debates about the goals of social policy and social work in the USA. To date, however, even the best histories of social work have focused primarily on the influence of mainstream (i.e. white) organizations and their leaders, ignoring and often objectifying the contributions of minorities. Based on extensive primary source materials, this essay—part of a larger scholarly project—analyses the differential responses of US social work to demographic and cultural changes during the past century. The findings illuminate discussions not only of social work's past, but how the profession could address such contemporary issues as the compatibility between multiculturalism and other social justice-related goals; the congruence between social equality and professional identity; and the means by which social work practice and ethics can adapt successfully to demographic and cultural transformation.
Life-Cycle Assessment of NAND Flash Memory

Solid state drives (SSDs) show potential for environmental benefits over magnetic data storage due to their lower power consumption. To investigate this possibility, a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of NAND flash over five technology generations (150 nm, 120 nm, 90 nm, 65 nm, and 45 nm) is presented to quantify environmental impacts occurring in flash production and to view their trends over time. The inventory of resources and emissions in flash manufacturing, electricity generation, and some chemicals are based on process data, while that of fab infrastructure, water and the remaining chemicals are determined using economic input-output life-cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) or hybrid LCA. Over the past decade, impacts have fallen in all impact categories per gigabyte. Sensitivity analysis shows that the most influential factors over the life-cycle global warming potential (GWP) of flash memory are abatement of perfluorinated compounds and reduction of electricity-related emissions in manufacturing. A limited comparison between the life-cycle energy use and GWP of a 100 GB laptop SSD and hard disk drive shows higher impacts for SSD in many use phase scenarios. This comparison is not indicative for all impact categories, however, and is not conclusive due to differences in boundary and functional unit.
A general result on the stabilization of linear systems using bounded controls

We present two constructions of controllers that globally stabilize linear systems subject to control saturation. We allow essentially arbitrary saturation functions. The only conditions imposed on the system are the obvious necessary ones, namely that no eigenvalues of the uncontrolled system have positive real part and that the standard stabilizability rank condition hold. One of the constructions is in terms of a "neural-network type" one-hidden layer architecture, while the other one is in terms of cascades of linear maps and saturations. >
Destruction of noncentrosymmetry through chalcogenide salt inclusion.

A salt-inclusion samarium selenogermanate compound, NaSmGeSe4·0.25Na2Se was isolated from a reaction of Na2Se, Sm, GeSe2, and Se. The new structure consists of isolated GeSe4 units and bicapped trigonal-prismatic SmSe8, which are linked together to form corrugated anionic layers. The topology of the layer is similar to the well-known layered compounds ALnQE4 (A = K, Rb, Cs; Ln = lanthanide ions; Q = Si, Ge; E = S, Se) with some subtle differences. A selenide anion and Na cations in the interlayer space form interesting structures where Se-centered trigonal-prismatic polyhedra of SeNa6 are edge-shared and pass through a twofold rotation axis. Hence, this compound crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group in contrast to the noncentrosymmetric structures adopted by the ALnQE4 series of compounds. Raman and diffuse-reflectance spectra were also analyzed for the title compound.
Just-in-time gain estimation of an RF digitally-controlled oscillator for digital direct frequency modulation

A novel method of estimating gain of a digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO) for wireless RF applications is proposed and demonstrated. By executing the calculation algorithm just-in-time at the beginning of every packet, the DCO gain can be conveniently tracked and compensated. Precise and timely knowledge of the DCO gain makes possible various predictive operations of a frequency synthesizer such as the presented digital direct frequency modulation using a hybrid of predictive/closed modulation method. This enables the employment of sophisticated and fully-digital frequency synthesizers capable of compensating for analog nonidealities. The demonstrator test chip has been fabricated in a digital 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The presented ideas have been incorporated in a fully-compliant Bluetooth transceiver.
A New Algorithm for Computing Statistics of Weak Lensing by Large-Scale Structure

We describe an efficient algorithm for calculating the statistics of weak lensing by large-scale structure based on a tiled set of independent particle-mesh N-body simulations that telescope in resolution along the line of sight. This efficiency allows us to predict not only the mean properties of lensing observables such as the power spectrum, skewness and kurtosis of the convergence, but also their sampling errors for —nite —elds of view, which are themselves crucial for assessing the cosmological signi—cance of obser- vations. We —nd that the non-Gaussianity of the distribution substantially increases the sampling errors for the skewness and kurtosis in the several to tens of arcminutes regime, whereas those for the power spectrum are only fractionally increased even out to wavenumbers where shot noise from the intrinsic ellipticities of the galaxies will likely dominate the errors. Subject headings: cosmology: theorygravitational lensinglarge-scale structure of universe
School Resources and Student Outcomes: An Overview of the Literature and New Evidence from North and South Carolina

This paper reviews and interprets the literature on the effects of school resources on students' eventual earnings and educational attainment. In addition, new evidence is presented on the impact of the great disparity in school resources between black and white students in North and South Carolina that existed in the first half of the twentieth century, and the subsequent narrowing of these resource disparities. Following birth cohorts over time, gaps in earnings and educational attainment for blacks and whites in the Carolinas tend to mirror the gaps in school resources.
Restricted Trees: Simplifying Networks with Bottlenecks

Suppose N is a phylogenetic network indicating a complicated relationship among individuals and taxa. Often of interest is a much simpler network, for example, a species tree T , that summarizes the most fundamental relationships. The meaning of a species tree is made more complicated by the recent discovery of the importance of hybridizations and lateral gene transfers. Hence, it is desirable to describe uniform well-defined procedures that yield a tree given a network N. A useful tool toward this end is a connected surjective digraph (CSD) map φ : N → Nwhere Nis generally a much simpler network than N.As etW of vertices in N is "restricted" if there is at most one vertex u/ ∈ W from which there is an arc into W , thus yielding a bottleneck in N.AC SD mapφ : N → Nis "restricted" if the inverse image of each vertex in Nis restricted in N. This paper describes a uniform procedure that, given a network N, yields a well-defined tree called the "restricted tree" of N. There is a restricted CSD map from N to the restricted tree. Many relationships in the tree can be proved to appear also in N.
Evolving Expression of Emotions in Virtual Humans Using Lights and Pixels

An intelligent virtual human should not be limited to gesture, face and voice for the expression of emotion. The arts have shown us that complex affective states can be expressed resorting to lights, shadows, sounds, music, shapes, colors, motion, among many others [1]. Thus, we previously proposed that lighting and the pixels in the screen could be used to express emotions in virtual humans [2]. Lighting expression inspires in the principles of lighting, which are regularly explored in theatre or film production [3]. Screen expression acknowledges that, at the meta level, virtual humans are no more than pixels in the screen which can be manipulated to convey emotions, in a way akin to the visual arts [4]. In particular, we explore the filteringtechnique where the scene is rendered to a temporary texture, modified using shaders and, then, presented to the user. Now, having defined the expression channels, how should we express emotions through them? We are presently exploring an evolutionary approach which relies on genetic algorithms (GAs) to learn mappings between emotions and lighting and screen expression. The GAs' clear separation between generation and evaluation of alternatives is convenient for this problem. Alternatives can be generated using biologically inspired operators --- selection, mutation, crossover, etc. Evaluation, in turn, can rely on artificial critics, which define fitness functions from art theory, or on human critics. Humans can be used to fill in the gaps in the literature as well as accommodate the individual, social and cultural values with respect to the expression of emotion in art [1].
Accounting Recognition, Moral Hazard, and Communication

Two complementary sources of information are studied in a multiperiod agency model. One is an accounting source that partially but credibly conveys the agent's private information through accounting recognition. The other is an unverified communication by the agent (i.e., a self-report). In a simple setting with no communication, alternative labor market frictions lead to alternative optimal recognition policies. When the agent is allowed to communicate his or her private information, accounting signals serve as a veracity check on the agent's self-report. Finally, such communication sometimes makes delaying the recognition optimal. We see contracting and confirmatory roles of accounting as its comparative advantage. As a source of information, accounting is valuable because accounting reports are credible, comprehensive, and subject to careful and professional judgement. While other information sources may be more timely in providing valuation information about an entity, audited accounting information, when used in explicit or implicit contracts, ensures the accuracy of the reports from nonaccounting sources.
Geometry of forking in simple theories

We investigate the geometry of forking for SU-rank 2 elements in supersimple ω-categorical theories and prove stable forking and some structural properties for such elements. We extend this analysis to the case of SU-rank 3 elements.
A high‐performance switch fabric for integrated circuit and packet switching

This paper describes an architecture for a high-performance switching fabric that can accommodate circuit-switched and packet-switched traffic in a unified manner. The switch fabric is self-routeing and uses fixed-length minipackets within the switching fabric for all types of connections. Its kernel architecture is based on a routeing topology with individual connection paths from all inputs to all outputs and with FIFO queuing at each output. Owing to the disjoint connection paths, there is no internal blocking, and because of output queueing, output port blocking is prevented to a great extent. The uniformity in architecture allows construction of any size fabric from a single basic module which could be realized on a single chip. Larger-size configurations can be realized either as single-stage or multistage configuration. The second part of this paper discusses performance aspects and gives results and dimensioning guidelines for both circuit-switched and packet-switched traffic.
SRAM design on 65-nm CMOS technology with dynamic sleep transistor for leakage reduction

A 70-Mb SRAM is designed and fabricated on a 65-nm CMOS technology. It features a 0.57-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ 6T SRAM cell with large noise margin down to 0.7 V for low-voltage operation. The fully synchronized subarray contains an integrated leakage reduction scheme with dynamically controlled sleep transistor. SRAM virtual ground in standby is controlled by programmable bias transistors to achieve good voltage control with fine granularity under process skew. It also has a built-in programmable defect "screen" circuit for high volume manufacturing. The measurements showed that the SRAM leakage can be reduced by 3-5/spl times/ while maintaining the integrity of stored data.
Modeling, analysis and simulation of failures in a materials handling system with extended Petri nets

This paper models, analyzes, accommodates and simulates potential failures which may occur in a materials handling system with extended Petri nets (EPNs). EPNs are shown to be able to cope with various important failure situations that occur in a manufacturing system through the definition of six different types of places. Detailed EPN based subnets are provided to study and accommodate occurred failures. The approach described proposes an efficient methodology to generate an overall EPN design to model and analyze potential system failures at different levels of detail. It has been observed that the study of boundedness properties rather than the safeness properties of a manufacturing system with resource constraints leads to a better defined EPN system model. The subnet structural properties and the overall system properties are preserved. The Stochastic Petri Net Package (SPNP) is used for simulation studies. >
Cable-suspended robotic contour crafting system

This article introduces a new concept for a contour crafting construction system. Contour crafting is a relatively new layered fabrication technology that enables automated construction of whole structures. The system proposed here consists of a mobile contour crafting platform driven by a translational cable-suspended robot. The platform includes an extrusion system for laying beads of concrete as well as computer-controlled trowels for forming the beads as they are laid. This system is fully automated and its goal is to construct concrete structures rapidly and economically. The novel attributes of this system potentially enable significant improvements over other proposed contour crafting systems, including better portability, lower cost, and the possibility to build much larger structures. This article presents the kinematics and statics of the proposed system, provides a proof of translation-only motion, and uses the reachable workspace of the robot as well as the corresponding cable tensions to approximate the maximum size structure that can be built using this manipulator.
Why Saying “I’m Sorry” Isn’t Good Enough: The Ethics of Corporate Apologies

The number of corporate apologies has increased dramatically during the past decade. This article delves into the ethics of apologies offered by chief executive officers (CEOs). It examines ways in which public apologies on the part of a representative (CEO) of a corporate body (the firm) differ from both private, interpersonal apologies, on the one hand, and nation-state/collective apologies, on the other. The article then seeks to ground ethically desirable elements of a corporate apology in the nature or essence of the corporate apology itself. It explores the largely ignored roles played by the speaker’s ethos and audience pathos in genuine or ethical apologies and suggests that attention needs to be paid to the problems posed by “role contamination,” context, and other overlooked factors. The reception by the actual audience of a given apology is a highly contingent matter. Ethicists should concentrate, therefore, on what makes a proffered apology, in principle, trustworthy and not merely efficacious for a given audience.
Quantum group actions, twisting elements, and deformations of algebras

We construct twisting elements for module algebras of restricted two-parameter quantum groups from factors of their R-matrices. We generalize the theory of Giaquinto and Zhang to universal deformation formulas for catagories of module algebras and give examples arising from R-matrices of two-parameter quantum groups.
Photon stimulated desorption of neutral species from aluminum

Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) of neutral species is the major dynamic gas load in electron synchrotron light source. In the National Synchrotron Light Source, PSD presented initial machine commissioning difficulty. Sensitivity to surface contamination on PSD had been experienced during an incident of Fomblin Oil contamination. The U10B-Photon Stimulated Desorption Experimental Station was constructed to investigate the degree of the contribution to the PSD from primary photon flux and scattered secondary photon flux, the underlying mechanism for photon stimulated desorption and criteria for choosing the proper beam tube material for future accelerators. Only photon stimulated desorption of neutral species from aluminum with different surface treatments is reported to show the great potential of this station to investigate beam tube material selection. >
Social Learning and Innovation at Retail Farmers' Markets*

Abstract Retail farmers' markets are seen as key institutions in a more “civic agriculture,” but little is known about how they promote small business entrepreneurship. Drawing on research in economic sociology and economic geography, this paper examines the role of social learning in vendor innovation. Data from a 1999 mail survey of farmers' market vendors in California, New York and Iowa show that business innovation, as represented by intensity of vendors' innovative marketing practices and vendors' successful enterprise expansion, was modest. Social learning through engagement with customers contributed to more innovative marketing by vendors, while social learning through engagement with customers and fellow vendors increased the likelihood of vendors diversifying to additional markets beyond the farmers' market. Certain individual and enterprise characteristics also influenced vendor innovation. This suggests that, although important, the beneficial effects of social learning for vendors at farmers' markets remain moderated by human capital and structural factors.
A Borg-Type Theorem Associated with Orthogonal Polynomials on the Unit Circle

We prove a general Borg-type result for reflectionless unitary CMV operators U associated with orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. The spectrum of U is assumed to be a connected arc on the unit circle. This extends a recent result of Simon in connection with a periodic CMV operator with spectrum the whole unit circle. In the course of deriving the Borg-type result we also use exponential Her- glotz representations of Caratheodory functions to prove an infinite sequence of trace formulas connected with the CMV operator U.
A fuzzy Choquet integral with an interval type-2 fuzzy number-valued integrand

Fuzzy integrals have been used to fuse the evidence or opinions from a variety of sources. These integrals are nonlinear combinations of the support functions and the (possibly subjective) worth of subsets of the sources of information, realized by a fuzzy measure. There have been many applications and extensions of fuzzy integrals and this paper proposes a fuzzy Choquet integral, where the integrand takes an interval type-2 fuzzy number and the fuzzy measure is real number-valued. Interval type-2 fuzzy numbers encode the second-order uncertainty in a fuzzy number. Type-2 fuzzy numbers have been been shown to be useful in many applications, including computing with words and control systems. We illustrate our method on several numerical examples as well as on a bioinformatics application.
Exotic Self-trapped States of an Electron in Superfluid Helium

We explore the possibility that the fast and exotic negative ions in superfluid helium are electrons bound to quantized vortex structures, the simplest being a ring. In the states we consider, the electron energy is only slightly below the conduction band minimum of bulk helium. To support our proposal, we present two calculations. In the first, we show that the electron pressure on the vortex core is insufficient to cavitate the helium and form an electron bubble. In the second, we estimate the equilibrium radius of the vortex ring that would bind an electron and find it is much smaller than the electron bubble, about 7 A. The many exotic ions reported in experiments might be bound states of an electron with more complex vortex structures.