cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of hibernation on the hamster spleen immune reaction in vitro.

SummarySpleen explants from hamsters kept at room temperature responded strongly when immunized with sheep red blood cells in vitro. Spleens from cold-adapted animals behaved essentially like those obtained from normal animals. In contrast, spleen explants obtained from hibernating animals tended to be less capable or incapable of giving a detectable response to the same antigen under identical conditons of cultivation. Restoration of competence was obtained by cultivation of spleen explants in combination with a number of other tissues.
An Improved Procedure for Transforming Arabidopsis thaliana (Landsberg erecta) Root Explant

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely used in molecular characterization of genes inArabidopsis thaliana. A number of procedures have been developed for transformation ofArabidopsis explants usingAgrobacterium. This paper describes an improved protocol for transformation ofArabidopsis thaliana root explants. Most significantly, using this protocol one can achieve efficient root regeneration of transformation in Landsbergerecta, an ecotype which is widely used in genetic and molecular analyses and which has been difficult to transform in the past. Additional modifications allow easy production of roots for transformation and regeneration of large numbers of transformation t shoots.
Experimental Rubella in Rhesus Monkeys.

SummaryIn an attempt to transmit rubella to rhesus monkeys, 6 yearling male animals from an isolated, and therefore presumably susceptible population, were inoculated by several routes with throat washings and acute phase sera from selected rubella patients. During 21 days of observation following inoculation, none of the animals showed any physical signs of rubella. Serial daily total and differential leukocyte counts showed leukopenia and lymphocytosis of slight degree. In none of the animals tested was neutralizing antibody to rubella virus demonstrable prior to inoculation, but neutralization tests performed on pre-inoculation and post-inoculation sera showed a significant rise in titer in 4 of the 6 animals inoculated. It is concluded, therefore, that rhesus monkeys are probably susceptible to infection with rubella virus, but that the infection is usually of the inapparent type.
Social Inequalities in Inflammation Age Variations in Older Persons

Objective: Systemic inflammation is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and inequalities by race/ethnicity, gender, and education have been documented. However, there is incomplete...
Study of H-ADCP testing and verification method

Describe the principle of acoustic Doppler effect;According to the principle of acoustic Doppler effect deduces current velocity formula of ADCP;Introduce the method for measuring ADCP in national standard and the testing condition、the testing equipment;Mainly introduce H-ADCP;And propose a simple test method of H-ADCP in laboratory.
Temporal Characterization of energy-tunable EUV pulses in the sub-optical-cycle regime using FROG-CRAB

We temporally characterize 1.5 fs FWHM intensity extreme-ultraviolet pulses by two-color crosscorrelation. Careful application of the interferometric FROG CRAB technique allows for determination of EUV pulse width without deconvolution from the driving laser.
Natural Production of Organohalide Compounds in the Environment

More than 5000 natural organohalogen compounds have been identified. In terrestrial environments, the bulk of the organochlorine is locked up in humic polymers, collectively accounting for a global organochlorine storage of several million Gg. Natural sources are primarily responsible for the global budget of chloromethane and chloroform. Basidiomycete fungi involved in the decomposition of forest litter produce large quantities of chlorinated phenolic methyl ethers. In marine environments naturally occurring chlorinated and brominated bipyrroles as well as methoxypolybrominated phenyl ethers biomagnify in sea mammals. There are at least five distinct halogenating enzyme systems: (1) methyl transferases; (2) heme haloperoxidases; (3) vandadium haloperoxidases; (4) flavin-dependent halogenases and (5) α-ketoglutarate/Fe(II) dependent halogenases. Natural halogenated phenolic metabolites are subject to biotransformation including O-demethylation and organohalide respiration. Naturally occurring phenolics are also polymerized by oxidative enzymes to dioxins and chlorohumus.
Clinical and Economic Consequences of Early Cancer After Kidney Transplantation in Contemporary Practice.

Background Current clinical and economic consequences of cancer after kidney transplantation are incompletely defined. Methods We examined United States Renal Data System records of Medicare-insured kidney transplant recipients in 2000 to 2011 to determine clinical and economic impacts of cancer diagnosed within the first 3 years posttransplantation. Cancer diagnoses were identified using Medicare billing codes and categorized as nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), viral-linked and "other" cancers. Associations of cancers with mortality and graft loss were estimated by time-varying Cox regression. Impacts of cancer diagnoses on inpatient and outpatient costs within each year were quantified by multivariate linear regression modeling. Results Among 67 157 recipients, by 3 years posttransplant, NMSC was diagnosed in 5.7%, viral-linked cancer in 1.9%, and "other" cancers in 6.3%. Viral-linked cancer was associated with more than 3-fold increased risk in subsequent mortality until the third transplant anniversary, and nearly twice the mortality risk after year 3. "Other" cancers had similar associations with death and graft loss, whereas NMSC was associated with 33% higher mortality beyond the third year posttransplant. Viral-linked cancer had the largest inpatient and outpatient cost impacts per case, followed by "other" cancer, whereas NMSC impacted only outpatient costs. Care of new cancer diagnoses was generally more costly than care of previously established diagnoses. Cancer accounted for 3% to 5.5% of total inpatient Medicare expenditures and 1.5% to 3.3% of outpatient expenditures in the first 3 years posttransplant. Conclusions Early posttransplant malignancy is an expensive and morbid condition that warrants attention in efforts to improve pretransplant screening and management protocols before and after transplant.
Hippocampal structure predicts cortical indices of reactivation of related items.

Abstract One of the key components of relational memory is the ability to bind together the constituent elements of a memory experience, and this ability is thought to be supported by the hippocampus. Previously we had shown that these relational bindings can be used to reactivate the cortical processors of an absent item in the presence of a relationally bound associate (Walker et al., 2014). Specifically, we recorded the event-related optical signal (EROS) when presenting the scene of a face-scene pair during a preview period immediately preceding a test display, and demonstrated reactivation of a face-processing cortical area (the superior temporal sulcus, STS) for scenes that had been previously paired with faces, relative to scenes that had not. Here we combined the EROS measures during the same preview paradigm with anatomical estimates of hippocampal integrity (structural MRI measures of hippocampal volume and diffusion tensor imaging measures of mean fractional anisotropy and diffusivity) to provide evidence that the hippocampus is mediating this reactivation phenomenon. The study was run in a sample of older adults aged 55–87, taking advantage of the high amount of hippocampal variability present in aging. We replicated the functional reactivation of STS during the preview period, specific to scenes previously paired with faces. Crucially, we also found that this phenomenon is correlated with structural hippocampus integrity. Both STS reactivation and hippocampal structure predicted subsequent recognition performance. These data support the theory that relational memory is sustained by an interaction between hippocampal and cortical sensory processing regions, and that these functions may be at the basis of episodic memory changes in normal aging.
White Matter Integrity as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Dietary Nutrients and Cognition in the Elderly (P1.100)

Objectives: Previous research has suggested that dietary nutrient intakes are associated with cognitive functions, Alzheimer’s disease, and macrostructural brain imaging biomarkers such as brain volume among the elderly. The current study aims to examine the association of dietary nutrient intake with microstructural white matter integrity (WMI), and the role of WMI in the nutrient-cognition association. Methods: 239 elderly (aged ≥65 years) participants of the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (WHICAP) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. WMI were measured using fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging. Dietary information was obtained using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and nutrient patterns (NP) were derived from principal component analysis based on energy-adjusted intake levels of 24 selected nutrients. Generalized Linear Models was used to assess the association between NPs and FA. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine if NP had an indirect effect on cognition through FA. The models were adjusted for age at time of scan, gender, ethnicity, education, caloric intake, and apolipoprotein genotype. Results: The mean FA among all subjects were 0.45 (SD=0.02). We identified 6 NPs, and the 6th NP (NP6) was significantly associated with mean FA. The NP6 was characterized by high intakes of Ω-3 PUFA, Ω-6 PUFA and vitamin E. Subjects with the highest tertile of NP6 score had 0.01 (p=0.01) higher FA value compared to those with the lowest tertile of NP6 score. SEM showed there was an indirect effect of NP6 on cognition through FA, for all cognitive scores, including memory, language, visuospatial and speed/executive function, and mean cognitive score. Conclusions: Our study suggests that older adults consuming more PUFA and vitamin E rich foods had better WMI. Our findings also suggest that maintaining white matter microstructural integrity might be a mechanism for the beneficial role of dietary factors play on cognitive functions. Disclosure: Dr. Gu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Habeck has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gazes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stern has nothing to disclose. Dr. Luchsinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Manly has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schupf has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brickman has received personal compensation for activities with Keystone Heart, LLC and ProPhase LLC. as scientific consultant and member of the scientific advisory boards.
Technology Training: Transferring Control to the Learner

Abstract A joint union-corporate training/upgrading program for skilled maintenance workers ai a large industrial operation had two key features: I Extensive union and union member participation shaped both curriculum design and training implementai ion; 2. Tin: curriculum was built around a method of educational discovery, allowing for training over a wider range of skill and experience backgrounds. This method assumes that the tradesperson working in the industry has a developed framework, for knowledge, respects that framework and passes to the tradesperson substantial control of the learning process. While the method enhances the participant's integration/learning of advanced technology, it also challenges traditional workplace and educational power relations.
11. Difficult Polypectomy

This chapter describes various techniques that can be employed to assist in the removal of colon polyps that are considered to be large or ‘difficult.’ Size alone is only one of the features that may cause some hesitation in making the decision to attempt polyp removal. Other factors that are related to the perceived level of difficulty are polyps that are flat and only slightly elevated above the mucosal surface, location on a wall of the colon that is not accessible to the snare, a polyp in a segment of severe diverticular disease or wrapped around a fold in clam-shell fashion. A polyp situated behind a fold can be difficult to approach, and those in the cecum hidden behind the ileocecal valve present a special challenge for resection. These and other problems will be addressed in this chapter as will the localization of lesions or polypectomy sites for future surgery (in the case of malignant polyps) or for reevaluation following total or incomplete polyp removal. The impossible polyp is one which the endoscopist feels cannot be removed. The feeling of futility when faced with such a polyp is directly dependent on the training, experience, and courage of the endoscopist. What may be ‘impossible’ for one endoscopist may be a relatively ‘routine’ polypectomy for another. In general, there are three criteria that make a polyp ‘impossible’, and when the three occur in the same lesion, then the polyp may be ‘really impossible’. The three factors which by themselves or in combination with others may place the polyp in an ‘impossible’ category are size, location of the polyp, and configuration.
A spatial compositional model for linear unmixing

Hyperspectral image unmixing into endmembers and abundances is important in many applications. Despite the plethora of linear mixing models, there is very little previous work on directly incorporating spatial information in the pixel likelihood while simultaneously modeling the uncertainty in the extracted endmembers. In this paper, we propose a spatial compositional model (SCM) for this purpose. In SCM, the model uncertainty of the endmembers can be estimated, while the spatial information in the abundances is directly incorporated in the likelihood via a random variable transformation. This results in a simple and efficient algorithm for both endmember extraction, abundance and uncertainty estimation. The results compared with current state-of-the-art algorithms on real datasets are promising.
Reply to Mitteldorf and Fahy: Aging is still inevitable.

We stand by our claim that aging is inevitable in multicellular organisms. However, our model of somatic evolution uses sign arguments and so does not inform the rate of aging nor the extent to which aging can be delayed. While we use the term “somatic mutation,” we explicitly define this to include any change in cell phenotype that can be inherited by daughter cells or … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: pgnelson{at}email.arizona.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Abstract P096: Trends in Heart Disease Mortality Among Mississippi Adults Over a Three Decade Period, 1980 Through 2013

Background: Heart disease (HD) mortality has declined in Mississippi over recent decades however it remains as the leading cause of death among Mississippians. Trends in Mississippi HD mortality have not been thoroughly explored. This study examined trends in HD mortality from 1980 through 2013 among Mississippi adults (≥ 25 years) and further assessed trends by race and sex. Methods and Results: Data from Mississippi Vital Statistics (1980 through 2013) were used to calculate age-specific HD mortality rates for Mississippi adults. Cases were identified using underlying cause of death codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), including I00-I09, I11, I13, and I20-I51. Joinpoint software was used to calculate the average annual percent change in HD mortality rates for the overall population and by race, sex, and race and sex. Overall, the age-adjusted HD mortality rates among Mississippi adults decreased by 36.5% between 1980 and 2013 with an average annual percent change of -1.60% (95% CI -2.0 to -1.3). During this period, HD mortality rates decreased annually on average by -1.30% (95% CI -1.98 to -0.69) for black adults; by -1.60% (95% CI -1.74 to -1.46) for white adults; by -1.30% (95% CI -1.5 to -1.1) for all females, and by -1.90% (95% -2.2 to -1.5) for all males. Conclusions: Between 1980 and 2013 a continual decrease in HD mortality among Mississippi adults was observed. Disparities in the magnitude of the decrease in HD mortality existed by race and sex.
Resisting and Redirecting: Agentive Practices within an African American Parent-Child Dyad during Digital Storytelling.

This article examines the digital storytelling practices between an African American mother and son. We used agency as a theoretical framework to explore how the two exercised their own power to collaborate on their digital story. As digital technologies became part of their practice, challenges and tensions arose when both participants attempted to override each other’s agency, as demonstrated in their interviews. Data were collected during digital storytelling workshops conducted at a university computer lab, church, and the participants’ home. Using thematic coding, we analyzed audio-recorded interviews to determine the participants’ agency in the context of their digital storytelling activity. We found how a mother and son worked together through resisting and redirecting when creating a digital story, and how their digital storytelling practices displayed evidence of agency. Implications include how familial interactions in digital storytelling practices contribute to the ways agency is conceptualize...
Noncovalent tagging of siRNA with steroids for transmembrane delivery

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) has broad applications in biology and medicine, and holds tremendous potential to become a new class of therapeutics for many diseases. As a highly anionic macrobiomolecule, its cytosolic delivery, however, has been a major roadblock in translation. Here, we report the development of small, bifunctional chemical tags capable of transporting siRNA directly into the cytosol. The bifunctional tags consist of a siRNA-binding moiety that interacts with siRNA non-covalently, and a steroid domain that readily fuses with the mammalian cell membrane. In contrast to the conventional covalently conjugated siRNA-steroid that enters cells largely via endocytosis which substantially limits siRNA bioavailability, the non-covalently tagged siRNA is cell membrane-permeant, avoiding the endocytic pathway. This new methodology enables effective RNA interference (RNAi) without the need of cationic transfection or endosomolytic agents, opening a new avenue for intracellular delivery of native biologics.
Utilization of Quercetin as an Oviposition Stimulant by Lab-Cultured Coleomegilla maculata in the Presence of Conspecifics and a Tissue Substrate

Background: The discovery of natural products to improve the reproductive performance of mass-reared predators is an important aim for successful augmentative biological control. We tested the hypothesis that quercetin (a bioflavonoid) stimulates oviposition by the ladybird beetle Coleomegillamaculata in the presence of conspecifics and a tissue substrate. Methods: We conducted bioassays in solitary cages (housing one female) and communal cages (housing 10 females) to estimate daily oviposition site preferences, egg production in response to quercetin in the presence or absence of a tissue paper substrate, and female “resting” positions. Results: Females preferentially oviposited within 1–2 cm of quercetin powder, held in a tiny dish, at the base of cages. When given a choice, females oviposited in the dish with quercetin over a tissue paper substrate. In one of two experiments, they produced more egg clutches, regardless of oviposition site, when the quercetin and tissue were in close juxtaposition. Females “rested” on the tissue in the presence or absence of quercetin. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that quercetin can be utilized as an oviposition stimulant by C. maculata in a rearing system. Future research should determine if quercetin stimulates oviposition in other ladybird beetle species.
Johannes Scottus Eriugena, Sun-Centred Planets, and Carolingian Astronomy:

Jean Scot Erigene est considere comme etant le seul penseur de grande envergure de l'epoque carolingienne. Theologien et philosophe mysterieux, il semble avoir influence et devance de nombreux astronomes de la Renaissance notamment en produisant des theories sur la structure geo-heliocentrique du systeme planetaire. L'auteur se livre a une analyse des textes d'Erigene dans la perspective de son contexte historique au 9e siecle.
Motor Function in Rodent Models of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Motor dysfunction and behavior abnormalities are often present in neurological diseases and disorders. Rodent models of neurological diseases may display motor dysfunctions or behavior and cognitive deficits similar to human disease, but these are often difficult to measure and interpret. Nevertheless, tests of motor function and behavior are important tools for characterizing mouse models of diseases and for measuring motor function and cognitive deficits after treatment. In this chapter we will describe some of the most commonly-used tests of motor dysfunction, behavior, and cognition.
Therapy of acne.

Today acne vulgaris is a disease which can be well controlled using a combination of topical, systemic, and physical therapeutic modalities. However, successful acne management depends to a large extent on physician interest and the ability of the physician to apply therapy to the evolutionary stage of the disease and to the disturbed pathogenetic mechanisms. It is this author's opinion that grades I and II comedonal and papulopustular acne can be effectively treated solely with topical preparations, particularly the concurrent use of tretinoin with benzoyl peroxide or topical antibiotics. The majority of patients with grades III and IV inflammatory disease require oral antibiotics in addition to aggressive topical treatments. Intralesional steroids can be effective in all grades of acne when lesions develop an inflammatory nodulocystic quality. The physician should consider the use of estrogen (in females) or oral vitamin A in the small group of patients with grades III and IV inflammatory-cystic acne that has been unresponsive to conventional therapy. Combined systemic therapies of high-dose antibiotics, systemic corticosteroids, and sulfones clearly take precedence over topical preparations in conglobate acne and acne fulminans. Finally, oral isotretinoin, alone and perhaps in combination with more conventional modalities, should play an important role in the future management of severe inflammatory-cystic acne.
Factors associated with exercise participation in adults with arthritis.

Most people with arthritis are not regularly active. Understanding what factors influence exercise is essential for designing programs to increase participation. The objective of this study was to examine the correlates of exercise in people with arthritis. Using a cross-sectional design, sociodemographic, health-related, and psychosocial variables were collected from community-dwelling individuals with arthritis (N = 141). Associations with exercise level were examined with bivariate statistics (ANOVAs, chi-squares) and logistic-regression analyses. Exercisers were less likely than nonexercisers and insufficiently active people to report that arthritis negatively affected their physical and social functioning, and they reported more positive affect and greater self-efficacy (p < .05). Exercisers also reported less pain than nonexercisers (p < .05). In multiple logistic-regression analyses, self-efficacy and physical limitations remained independent predictors of exercise. The results suggest the need to ...
Management of Gastrointestinal Leaks and Fistula

Bariatric operations involving gastrointestinal resection and/or reconstruction can be associated with gastrointestinal leaks and fistula. Common bariatric operations that can lead to development of gastrointestinal leaks include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and the duodenal switch operation. Expeditious recognition and early institution of management for gastrointestinal leaks are keys to minimize the progression from systemic inflammatory response to eventual sepsis. Prompt management of gastrointestinal leak can also minimize the risk for development of a chronic fistula, which is often difficult to treat. This chapter reviews the etiologies of gastrointestinal leaks, common presenting signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of acute gastrointestinal leaks and chronic fistula.
Ecosystem‐based forecasts of recruitment in two menhaden species

Gulf (Brevoortia patronus, Clupeidae) and Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus, Clupeidae) support large fisheries that have shown substantial variability over several decades, in part, due to dependence on annual recruitment. Nevertheless, traditional stock–recruitment relationships lack predictive power for these stocks. Current management of Atlantic menhaden explicitly treats recruitment as a random process. However, traditional methods for understanding recruitment variability carry the very specific hypothesis that the effect of adult biomass on subsequent recruitment occurs independently of other ecosystem factors such as food availability and predation. Here, we evaluate the predictability of menhaden recruitment using a model‐free approach that is not restricted by these strong assumptions. We find that menhaden recruitment is predictable, but only when allowing for interdependence of stock with other ecological factors. Moreover, while the analysis confirms the presence of environmental effects, the environment alone does not readily account for the complexity of menhaden recruitment dynamics. The findings set the stage for revisiting recruitment prediction in management and serve as an instructive example in the ongoing debate about how to best treat and understand recruitment variability across species and fisheries.
Relational Ethics for Public Health: Interpreting Solidarity and Care

This article defends ‘relational theorizing’ in bioethics and public health ethics and describes its importance. It then offers an interpretation of solidarity and care understood as normatively patterned and psychologically and socially structured modes of relationality; in a word, solidarity and care understood as ‘practices.’ Solidarity is characterized as affirming the moral standing of others and their membership in a community of equal dignity and respect. Care is characterized as paying attention to the moral (and mortal) being of others and their needs, suffering, and vulnerability. The wager of relational theorizing in health care and public health is that substantive ethical visions of solidarity and care will provide support for more just and egalitarian health care and public health policies.
EFFICIENT RFI DETECTION IN RADIO ASTRONOMY BASED ON COMPRESSIVE STATISTICAL SENSING

In this paper, we present an efficient method for radio frequency interference (RFI) detection based on cyclic spectrum analysis that relies on compressive statistical sensing to estimate the cyclic spectrum from sub-Nyquist data. We refer to this method as compressive statistical sensing (CSS), since we utilize the statistical autocovariance matrix from the compressed data. We demonstrate the performance of this algorithm by analyzing radio astronomy data acquired from the Arecibo Observatory (AO)’s L-Wide band receiver (~1.3 GHz), which is typically corrupted by active radars for commercial applications located near AO facilities. Our CSS-based solution enables robust and efficient detection of the RFI frequency bands present in the data, which is measured by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. As a result, it allows fast and computationally efficient identification of RFI-free frequency regions in wideband radio astronomy observations.
Sex modifies placental gene expression in response to metabolic and inflammatory stress.

Abstract Introduction Metabolic stress (e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity) and infections are common during pregnancy, impacting fetal development and the health of offspring. Such antenatal stresses can differentially impact male and female offspring. We sought to determine how metabolic stress and maternal immune activation (MIA), either alone or in combination, alters inflammatory gene expression within the placenta and whether the effects exhibited sexual dimorphism. Methods Female C57BL/6 J mice were fed a normal diet or a high fat diet for 6 weeks prior to mating, with the latter diet inducing a GDM phenotype during pregnancy. Dams within each diet group at gestational day (GD) 12.5 received either an intraperitoneal injection of the viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or saline. Three hours post injection; placentae were collected and analyzed for changes in the expression of 248 unique immune genes. Results Placental immune gene expression was significantly altered by GDM, MIA and the combination of the two (GDM+MIA). mRNA expression was generally lower in placentae of mice exposed to GDM alone compared with the other experimental groups, while mice exposed to MIA exhibited the highest transcript levels. Notably, fetal/placental sex influenced the responses of many immune genes to both metabolic and inflammatory stress. Discussion GDM and MIA provoke inflammatory responses within the placenta and such effects exhibit sexual dimorphism. The combination of these stressors impacts the placenta differently than either condition alone. These findings may help explain sexual dimorphism observed in adverse pregnancy outcomes in human offspring exposed to similar stressors.
Towards a More Ethical and Sustainable Edible Future: One Burger at a Time

The global population continues to grow and people are becoming more affluent, which is putting increasing pressure on our environment and natural resources. The livestock industry is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, water use, land use, and deforestation. Moreover, there are ethical and health concerns linked to certain types of meat product. If we could reduce our dependence on the meat, milk, and eggs produced by animals, we could greatly improve the sustainability of our food supply. This chapter highlights some of the issues involved in trying to create a more sustainable future using the humble burger as an example. Many people want foods that look, feel, and taste like animal products, but are made from something else. The creation of desirable meat-alternatives depends on first understanding what makes meat products taste so delicious. For this reason, this chapter begins by highlighting the complex science underlying hamburger deliciousness. The development of meat-alternatives using cultured meat grown in test-tubes, insects grown in bug farms, and plant-based ingredients coaxed into meat-like structures is then highlighted. The ethical issues related to cultured meat are discussed – should we eat meat from animals, superstars, or even ourselves if no one is hurt? The challenges associated with many people’s natural aversion to eating bugs are highlighted, as well as the novel ways scientists are trying to understand and overcome these challenges. The ethical dilemma facing vegans who want us all to stop eating animal products are highlighted – what will we do with all the livestock?
El papel de la gramática en los exámenes de Selectividad de Lengua castellana (1992-2017)

El present treball es una analisi de l'evolucio dels examens de llengua castellana de l'anomenada selectivitat (les actuals Proves d'Acces a la Universitat - PAU) durant vint anys (1992-2017), a partir de la propia experiencia com a corrector durant tot aquest temps i com subcoordinador de la materia durant els ultims dotze anys (2006-2017). Per aixo s'analitza, principalment, d'una banda, tant la presencia com el pes en la qualificacio global dels continguts gramaticals, sobretot els relacionats amb la sintaxi, en les diferents parts d'aquests examens; i, de l'altra, la seva dificultat o, mes ben dit, els coneixements que hauria de tenir un estudiant de Batxillerat per poder-los gestionar amb total exit. De l'estudi realitzat es despren com els continguts gramaticals en general, i en particular els de sintaxi, han anat perdent importancia progressivament dins de la tipologia de la prova durant tots aquests anys, mentre que els aspectes relacionats amb el comentari de textos i amb la lectura obligatoria d'obres literaries l'han anat guanyant, com a consequencia directa dels diferents canvis que han sofert les lleis d'educacio que afectaven la programacio de l'Batxillerat
An Integrated Secondary School STEM Research Program: Results, Challenges, and Opportunities

Numerous models exist for secondary school research programs, from summer extra-curricular programs lasting one or two weeks to more extended programs based in a student’s school. The degree to which a research program is integrated into the culture and curriculum of a school may have a significant effect on the learning outcomes of the program. In this paper, we present survey results from a cohort of 44 students in a school-based, integrated STEM research program in which students complete a two-year, on-campus research project in a discipline of their choosing. Paired sample t-tests were used to test for differences between student responses following the 2017 and 2018 academic years. The results indicate statistically significant gains in dimensions such as understanding the nature of science, research skills, feeling part of a scientific community, and their likelihood of pursuing advanced degrees in STEM fields. In addition, we test for differences between juniors (one year in the research program) and seniors (two years) to determine there are significant gains associated with the second year of the program. The results of this comparison were non-significant and may suggest diminishing returns in the second year of the research experience. However, small sample sizes may have limited the power of this comparison; seniors do report higher gains than juniors in all variables measured across both years. The unique advantages, challenges, and opportunities associated with this integrated model of a secondary school research program are discussed, with particular attention to the role of internal mentors, the length of the research experience, and the relationship of the research program to school culture.
Internet of Things for Sustainable Forestry

Forests and grasslands play an important role in water and air purification, prevention of the soil erosion, and in provision of habitat to wildlife. Internet of Things has a tremendous potential to play a vital role in the forest ecosystem management and stability. The conservation of species and habitats, timber production, prevention of forest soil degradation, forest fire prediction, mitigation, and control can be attained through forest management using Internet of Things. The use and adoption of IoT in forest ecosystem management is challenging due to many factors. Vast geographical areas and limited resources in terms of budget and equipment are some of the limiting factors. In digital forestry, IoT deployment offers effective operations, control, and forecasts for soil erosion, fires, and undesirable depositions. In this chapter, IoT sensing and communication applications are presented for digital forestry systems. Different IoT systems for digital forest monitoring applications are also discussed.
Learning from below: A micro-ethnographic account of children's self-determination as sociopolitical and intellectual action

Abstract This paper argues for an amplification of the everyday intellectual and political gestures of children as valuable indices and movers of learning. We identify and focus on microacts of self-determination, defined here as, “as contestations and moves to elsewhere that shift activity and dictate future status”. In particular, we consider if and how such microacts that could be cast as idiosyncratic build and shape new possibilities for learning and social interaction, what we refer to here as learning from below. Learning from below reflects an effort to move beyond the binary of individual versus collective activity and to situate scholarship on social and historical movements and forms of decolonial insurgency as germane to sociocultural and interactional studies of learning. Drawing from an extensive data set which included ethnographic fieldnotes, semi-structured interviews, and over 70 hours of video data collected from an after-school community tinkering program, we found that children's everyday forms of self-determination were much more than individual acts; they emerge from social histories and carried future potentialities that shaped learning and intellectual life within the setting. This central finding is anchored in an analysis of over 600 examples, as well as two cases that look more closely at individual children's participation.
Self-assembly of an organometallic Fe9O6 cluster from aerobic oxidation of (tmeda)Fe(CH2tBu)2.

Aerobic oxidation of (tmeda)Fe(CH2tBu)2 in toluene or THF solution leads to the self-assembly of a magic-sized all-ferrous oxide cluster containing the Fe9O6 subunit and bearing organometallic and diamine ligands. Mossbauer studies of the cluster are consistent with an all-ferrous assignment and magnetometry reveals complex intracluster and intercluster magnetic interactions.
Small but powerful: the promising role of small specimens for biomarker testing

Emphasis on the use of small specimens for biomarker testing to provide prognostic and predictive information for guiding clinical management for patients with advanced-stage cancer has been increasing. These biomarker tests include molecular analysis, cytogenetic tests, and immunohistochemical assays. Owing to the limited nature of the cellular material procured in these small specimens, which are collected using minimally invasive techniques (ie, fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsy), pathologists have been required to triage these samples judiciously and provide the clinically relevant genomic information required for patient care. Awareness of the advantages and limitations of these specimen preparations and the specific preanalytic requirements for the testing methods will help pathologists to develop optimal strategies to maximize the chances of effectively using these samples for comprehensive diagnostic and relevant biomarker testing.
Simulated changes of the Southern Ocean air-sea heat flux feedback in a warmer climate

In this paper, we have evaluated the Southern Ocean (SO) heat flux feedback in a fully coupled model and for the first time examined how this feedback evolves in response to global warming. The model broadly captures the observed characteristics of heat flux feedback over the SO. The heat flux tends to damp SST anomalies over the SO and thus the feedback is negative. In a warmer climate, the negative heat flux feedback in the SO, contributed mainly from turbulent component, becomes stronger. The turbulent feedback in the present day is primarily balanced by the upper boundary that strongly depends on background SST and wind and the thermal adjustment of boundary layer to SST anomalies. It is found that this balance shifts a little bit under global warming scenario. The upper limit increases in a warmer climate due to warm SST responses. The thermal adjustment of boundary layer becomes weaker in a warmer climate because of decreased atmospheric background heat convergence. The mean Deacon Cell transports anomalous heat caused by the greenhouse gas effect northward, leading to a heat convergence along the northern flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Constrained by the energy, the atmospheric northward heat transport has a corresponding divergence north of 55°S. This anomalous heat transport divergence favors air heat leaving away from 55°S–35°S regions to the polar region, leads to smaller air temperature tendencies in the local compared to the present day and therefore leads to a weakened thermal adjustment of boundary layer. Therefore, both changes in the upper limit and thermal adjustment of boundary layer contribute positively to the enhanced turbulent feedback in a warmer climate. The dynamic component due to changes in wind tends to compensate these two positive contributors, but its magnitude is too small to become a dominant factor.
The Grey Area of Greywater Use in Washington State

Water is one of our most valuable resources. The demand for water is increasing with the growing population. Water efficient systems and filtration can be costly. A new bill in Washington State has been introduced that will allow urban buildings to reuse greywater in their toilets, heating systems, and cooling systems. Greywater is the used water from bathroom sinks, showers, bathtubs, and washing machines. The bill claims that greywater reuse is an economical solution to the strain on local water supplies. Reusing greywater in a heating or cooling system is safe because there is no potential for human contact. However, the bill should be amended to not allow for greywater reuse in toilets. Greywater can contain harmful chemicals and bacteria that could come into contact with humans if used in a toilet.
Long-term stability of hypoglossal nerve stimulation for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome.

Abstract Importance Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in 55–97% of people with Down syndrome (DS). Even after adenotonsillectomy, residual OSA often persists into adulthood due, in part, to tongue base collapse. Implantable hypoglossal nerve stimulators are being investigated in children and young adults with DS and persistent, moderate to severe OSA. However, the long-term necessity for such an intervention—especially as patients mature and voltage adjustment becomes warranted—has not been previously reported in the pediatric DS population. Objective To assess the long-term need for implantable hypoglossal nerve stimulators and the necessity for voltage adjustment in children and young adults with Down syndrome. Design This is a case series from an ongoing clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of hypoglossal nerve stimulation among 42 children and young adults with DS and persistent OSA, despite adenotonsillectomy and trialed positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. We focus here on the first 4 participants who have undergone implantation by age 13 and have completed at least 44 months of follow-up. Participants 4 participants (2 male, 2 female; ages 10–13 years) with DS and persistent, severe OSA (AHI > 10 events/h) underwent hypoglossal nerve stimulator implantation and were followed for 44–58 months. Setting Participants completed in-lab sleep studies at baseline (before implantation), 1 year postoperatively, and 44–58 months postoperatively. During their most recent follow-up, 2 participants completed split-night sleep studies in which assessment was done with the device both on and off. Interventions Hypoglossal nerve stimulator implantation. Main outcomes and measures Stability in titrated and untitrated OSA as measured by the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI); growth measures including BMI; and quality of life as measured by the OSA-18 questionnaire. Results Compared to baseline, all 4 participants maintained reductions of at least 50% in AHI over the course of follow-up. At recent follow-up, two participants had persistent, moderate OSA despite stimulation therapy. The other two participants achieved 100% reductions in AHI with stimulation therapy; when they underwent split-night sleep studies, the severe OSA persisted with the device turned off. Improvement in OSA-18 quality of life scores was observed in three of the four participants. Conclusion and Relevance: Hypoglossal nerve stimulation continues to effectively control OSA in children with DS as they mature, while their underlying untitrated OSA appears to persist into adulthood. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT2344108.
Myocarditis

Myocarditis and its sequela, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), cause substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and young adults. Physicians should include myocarditis in the differential diagnosis of all patients who have new symptoms of heart failure, arrhythmia, or chest pain syndromes of unclear cause, and should strongly consider performing endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) to establish the diagnosis. It may be necessary to perform multiple or serial biopsies to increase sensitivity. Patients with myocarditis and symptomatic heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias need hospitalization for evaluation and treatment. Patients with symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction should be treated with conventional heart failure therapy, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, digitalis, diuretics, and beta-blockers. Patients with arrhythmias or syncope may require electrophysiologic evaluation. In addition to conventional therapy, physicians should consider a course of immunosuppressive therapy in selected patients. The clinical course, response to therapy, and left ventricular function need close monitoring. Patients with myocarditis and rapidly progressive heart failure or cardiogenic shock should be referred early to an advanced heart failure center for implantation of a ventricular assist device and consideration for cardiac transplantation.
Partial Global Planning: Experiments and Evaluation

The majority of the experiments are conducted on four-node networks, although experiments involving both larger and smaller networks are also discussed. The two principal environments are shown in Figure 68. Environment A was used for examples in the previous two chapters. Its important features are the track shared by several nodes (d1-d15), the much less globally-important moderately-sensed data of node 1 (d’1-d’5), and the ambiguity introduced into node 2′s data by its sensor. Environment A thus focuses on issues of giving preference to more globally-important plans, providing predictive information, and avoiding redundant processing.
Developing rainfall-based index insurance in Morocco

Cereal production accounts for about seventy percent of all agricultural land in Morocco. Cereal producer prices, influenced by the government, are higher than world prices. Production is divided into six broad agro-climatic zones. About half of cereal production is concentrated in the favorable, and intermediate zones; the rest occurs mostly in less favorable (arid and semi-arid) zones, with average annual rainfall below 450 millimeters. The authors assess the feasibility of rainfall-based index insurance, to provide effective, low-cost drought insurance for Moroccan farmers, and rural dwellers. Their analysis focuses on Morocco's three main cereal crops - hard wheat, soft wheat, and barley - using data on annual production, and planting from 1978-99. Maize is included in some of the analysis. The benefits of this program over the traditional insurance scheme are that it minimizes the risk of moral hazard, and adverse selection, and promotes a streamlined pay-out-process. These features make the program more attractive to international re-insurers, and investors in capital markets. A rainfall-indexed insurance product is feasible in Morocco, where the statistical correlation between rainfall, and cereal revenues is rather strong in seventeen provinces in the more favorable agro-climatic zones. Proportional rainfall insurance contracts, would pay the insured an amount based on the shortfall in actual rainfall, during a set period, compared with the trigger rainfall. The contracts could be purchased in any amount, allowing farmers to insure the full amount of their expected revenue, if they wish.