cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Overhand Throwing Among College Students With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically demonstrate deficits in gross motor skills such as the overhand throw. It has not been determined whether such deficits persist into adulthood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the kinematics and developmental level of overhand throws among young adults with and without ASD. Three-dimensional motion-capture data were collected during overhand throwing trials performed by 20 college students (10 students with ASD). Individuals with ASD demonstrated similar throw duration, stride length, and step width but a longer acceleration phase and slower ball velocity than individuals without ASD. Young adults with ASD also performed the overhand throw with less developmental proficiency than those without ASD. Specifically, individuals with ASD exhibited developmental deficits in the backswing and composite throwing score. Motor skill interventions for individuals with ASD should address throwing skills, with a particular focus on the preparatory phase of the overhand throw.
Immigration and Oral Health in Older Adults: An Integrative Approach:

The aim of this study was to develop an integrative framework on aging, immigration, and oral health. The methodology was a critical review that used immigration as a social determinant framework through which to evaluate its impact on the oral health of older immigrants. We reviewed recent empirical evidence on factors related to oral health in older immigrants. In a systematic search across multiple databases, we identified 12 eligible studies in this review. Among the eligible studies, most were conducted among East Asian immigrants (8 articles), followed by non-Hispanic White/European origin (2 articles), Mexican origins (1 article), and Iran and other Middle East regions (1 article). The research revealed knowledge gaps in the evidence base, including the dynamic relationship between acculturation and oral health, the role of environmental factors on oral health for immigrants, psychosocial stressors and their relationship with oral health, and oral health literacy, norms, and attitude to dental care utilization and oral hygiene practices. The development of the integrative framework suggests the pathways/mechanisms through which immigration exerts influences on oral health in later life. This provides opportunities for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to gain greater insights into the complex associations between immigration and oral health among older adults.
Identifying gene regulatory networks of senescence in postharvest broccoli (Brassica oleracea)

ABSTRACT The facts of postharvest food loss and waste and the resulting consequences affect us in many ways, ranging from important economic and social issues to lasting and detrimental environmental problems. We are using genomic tools to understand senescence in postharvest broccoli florets when stored at room temperature or 4 °C. The RNA-sequencing approaches provide key insights into the gradual changes in transcriptome profiling in broccoli during postharvest storage. Identification of those key factors could lead to a better understanding of gene regulation of postharvest senescence. Those genes could serve as ‘freshness-indicators’ that have the potential to mediate senescence and to generate germplasm for breeding new varieties with longer shelf-life in Brassica vegetables. Such a tool would also allow a new level of postharvest logistics based on physiological age, supporting improved availability of high-quality, nutritious, fresh vegetables and fruits. One sentence summary A gene regulatory network modulates senescence in postharvest broccoli florets
A Both-And Approach: An Application of Narrative Interventions from a Modern Perspective

A contentious debate between the modern and postmodern epistemologies continue to wage on since the rise of constructivism and social constructionism in the 1990s. This debate has led to both modern and postmodernists falling into an either/or mindset. Others have proposed a solution, the both-and approach, that emphasizes integration of different therapeutic camps. Intentionality is a core component of this approach, as therapists must understand how employed interventions flow from the epistemology and theoretical orientation under which they operate. Another core component of this approach is tailoring the integration to the specific context of the client case. With this understanding and tailoring, therapists can utilize methods across the modern/postmodern divide, as they will coherently flow from their original epistemology and theoretical orientation. Applying methods from both modernism and postmodernism, then, enhances therapists’ therapeutic repertoire, allowing for more opportunities to adapt treatment to each client case. Altogether, the quality of services improve and the amount of clients therapists can help increases as well. This paper will provide an application of the both-and approach to a case study to provide an example of how the said method can be employed in therapy.
Spinal Arteriovenous Metameric Syndrome and Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations

Spinal arteriovenous metameric syndrome (SAMS) is defined by the presence of at least 2 vascular malformations along an embryonic metamere. The associated spinal vascular malformation most commonly develops as an extradural–intradural arteriovenous malformation (AVM); however, associated extradural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) or intradural AVMs or AVFs have also been described. Patients with SAMS may be more likely to develop associated spinal aneurysms. The natural history of vascular malformations in SAMS must incorporate the risk of hemorrhage and deficits resulting from venous hypertension or lesion mass effect. Purely extradural or intradural vascular malformations may be managed similarly to how they are managed in nonmetameric disease. The management of extradural–intradural AVMs requires individualized approaches aimed at alleviating symptomatic mass effect, venous hypertension, or decreasing the hemorrhage risk by embolizing associated aneurysms. The overall prognosis for extradural–intradural lesions is worse than for other spinal vascular malformations.
Comparison of Union and Non-Union Bids on Ohio School Facilities Commission Construction Projects

In 1997, the Ohio senate passed Senate Bill 102 which established the Ohio School Facilities Commission as a separate agency to oversee the rebuilding projects of the public schools in Ohio. To lower the construction cost, the bill exempted construction contractors from paying prevailing wages on these projects based on the hypothesis that this exemption would save the Ohio tax payer 10.7%. Many other studies concluded that these savings would range from 1.5 to 26%. The purpose of this research was to investigate this hypothesis through the statistical analysis of 8093 bids received for the schools' construction from the years 2000 through 2007. Union contractors-who paid their workers union wages-and non-union contractors-who did not pay prevailing wages bid these projects. By comparing the bids/SF from both groups (union and nonunion), the hypothesis was tested. The research indicated that there was no significant difference between the bids/SF for union contractors and the bids/SF for non-union contractors. Keywords-Prevailing Wages; Union; Non-Union; Construction Bids
An Intrinsically Disordered Low Complexity Domain is Required for U1-70K Self-association

The RNA binding protein U1-70K aggregates via an unknown mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, AD brain homogenates can induce the aggregation of soluble U1-70K from control brain o...
Surfaces of the perovskite manganites La 1-x Ca x MnO 3

Angle-resolved core-level photoemission has been utilized to study the surfaces of crystalline thin films of manganite ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ ($x=0.1$ and 0.35). It is found that both the surface termination and Ca surface concentration depend on the bulk Ca concentration. For ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.65}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.35}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3},$ the terminal layer is predominately Mn-O, while for ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.1}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3},$ the majority of the surface is La/Ca-O terminated. Both surfaces exhibit a large enhancement in the Ca concentration compared to the bulk with the ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.1}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ sample, having a larger surface Ca concentration than for the ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.65}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.35}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ material.
Control-Flow Analysis and Type Systems

We establish a series of equivalences between type systems and control-flow analyses. Specifically, we take four type systems from the literature (involving simple types, subtypes and recursion) and conservatively extend them to reason about control-flow information. Similarly, we take four standard control-flow systems and conservatively extend them to reason about type consistency. Our main result is that we can match up the resulting type and control-flow systems such that we obtain pairs of equivalent systems, where the equivalence is with respect to both type and control-flow information. In essence, type systems and control-flow analysis can be viewed as complementary approaches for addressing questions of type consistency and control-flow.
The Local Fair Trade Movement: Understanding Global Discourses and Local Activism

This article seeks to understand the local dimensions of global social movements, focusing specifically on the fair trade movement. As activists in different communities across the US and around the world continue to launch local fair trade initiatives and campaigns, how do we begin to understand this phenomenon and what it represents? How do we interpret and make sense of local fair trade movements? How are the discourses of global movements translated into collective action in local settings? And are these discourses rearticulated during this process of translation to make them more relevant to different local communities? Finally, what are the broader implications of these local processes of translation and rearticulation of global discourses? I explore these questions in a case study of the local Fair Trade City and anti-sweatshop movement in Chicago and provide a theoretically informed account of this case. I argue that local fair trade initiatives represent examples of generative practices that buil...
Long‐Term Regulation of Pancreatic Function Studied in Vitro

The sections in this article are: 1 Long-Term in Vitro Models of The Exocrine Pancreas 1.1 Organ Explant Cultures 1.2 Isolated Cell Cultures 1.3 Pancreatic Tumors and Cell Lines 2 Physiological Regulation of Functions Studied In Long-Term in Vitro Systems 2.1 Regulation of Differentiation: Effects of Factors on the Synthesis of Secretory Enzymes 2.2 Regulation of Growth 2.3 Regulation of Secretion 2.4 Regulation of Hormone Receptors 3 Conclusions
A new species of myrmecophilous soft scale insect from Colombia in the genus Akermes Cockerell(Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)

A new species of myrmecophilous soft scale in the genus Akermes Cockerell, collected in Colombia, is described and illustrated. Information on distribution, host plants and morphological variation is given. This is the first record of the genus Akermes in Colombia.
Molecular oxygen spin-lattice relaxation in solutions measured by proton magnetic relaxation dispersion.

Abstract Proton spin–lattice relaxation rate constants have been measured as a function of magnetic field strength for water, water–glycerol solution, cyclohexane, methanol, benzene, acetone, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The magnetic relaxation dispersion is well approximated by a Lorentzian shape. The origin of the relaxation dispersion is identified with the paramagnetic contribution from molecular oxygen. In the small molecule cases studied here, the effective correlation time for the electron-nuclear coupling may include contributions from both translational diffusion and the electron T 1 . The electron T 1 for molecular oxygen dissolved in several solvents was found to be approximately 7.5 ps and nearly independent of solvent or viscosity.
Properties of rubbery polymers for the recovery of hydrogen sulfide from gasification gases

Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) and two polyether-polyamide copolymers (trade name Pebax) were evaluated for their ability to transport and separate gasification gases. Specifically, the permeabilities of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide were evaluated at temperatures up to 200°C. The permeabilities of all gases were approximately ten times faster through the PDMS than the Pebax materials. The permeabilities through all materials at all temperatures evaluated were H2S > CO2 > H2 > CO. As the temperature increased, the permeabilities of all gases increased through the Pebax. Conversely, for PDMS, hydrogen and carbon monoxide permeabilites increased with temperature while those of H2S and CO2 decreased. The H2S/H2 selectivities ranges from 1.2 (PDMS at 200°C) to 10.3 (Pebax 2533 at 35°C). The activation energies for permeation of these polymer/penetrant pairs are reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2436–2444, 2002
Can we solve the mysteries of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study

The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) researchers reported that 30.9% of all men who served in that conflict developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) even though only about 15% had been assigned to combat units. Scholars, mainly historians, have questioned the accuracy of the PTSD prevalence rate. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the merits of several hypotheses adduced to explain the high apparent PTSD prevalence in the NVVRS. Empirical and conceptual analysis suggests that malingering is unlikely to account for many cases. Also, deployment to Vietnam in the absence of exposure to classic traumatic stressors is likewise unlikely to account for many cases. There are three plausible explanations for the high prevalence rate of PTSD in the NVVRS. First, DSM-III-R PTSD criteria, used in the NVVRS, did not require that symptoms produce impairment. Accordingly, some PTSD-positive cases may actually have been leading productive lives, despite occasional nightmares, or other stress responses. Second, some men assigned to non-combat duty (e.g., medics) may have been exposed to PTSD-inducing stressors. Third, some respondents may have invoked the Vietnam-PTSD narrative to make sense of postwar psychological difficulties having diverse causes unrelated to their military service. These three factors likely contribute to the high PTSD prevalence rate in the NVVRS.
Comparing Ambient Temperature Effects on Heat Pulse and Time Domain Reflectometry Soil Water Content Measurements

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) and the heat pulse method are both used to measure soil water content. Changes in ambient temperature have been shown to affect TDR measurements, but less is known about the behavior of heat pulse sensors in response to changes in temperature. This study directly measured and compared the temperature sensitivity of the TDR and heat pulse methods. Both methods were used to estimate water content in silt loam and sand at two fixed water contents across a wide temperature range. An increase in temperature led to an increase in measured water content in most cases. Across the 40°C temperature range, changes in measured water content were generally 0.04 m 3 m −3 or less for both methods. Weighted linear regression showed that in these soils the heat pulse method exhibited greater temperature sensitivity than the TDR method, although the differences were not statistically significant. A previously proposed correction for the temperature sensitivity of the TDR method produced mixed results. The temperature sensitivity of the heat pulse method was attributed to the changes in the density and specific heat of water and specific heat of soil with respect to temperature. When the changes in these parameters were accounted for, the temperature sensitivity was eliminated in three out of four cases.
Theoretical analysis of non-invasive oscillometric maximum amplitude algorithm for estimating mean blood pressure

A theoretical analysis is performed to evaluate the effect of arterial mechanical and blood pressure pulse properties on the accuracy of non-invasive oscillometric maximum amplitude algorithm (MAA) estimates of the mean blood pressure obtained using air-filled occlusive cuffs. Invasively recorded blood pressure pulses, selected for their varied shapes, are scaled to simulate a wide range of blood pulse pressures (diastolic blood pressure minus systolic blood pressure). Each scaled blood pressure pulse is transformed through an exponential model of an artery to create a series of blood volume pulses from which a simulated oscillometric waveform is created and the corresponding MAA estimate of the mean blood pressure and error (mean blood pressure minus MAA estimate) are determined. The MAA estimates are found to depend on the arterial blood pressure. The errors are found to depend on the arterial mechanical properties, blood pressure pulse shape and blood pulse pressure. These results suggest that there is no direct relationship between the mean blood pressure and MAA estimate, and that multiple variables may affect the accuracy of MAA estimates of the mean blood pressure obtained using air-filled occlusive cuffs.
Stability of solitons in randomly varying birefringent fibers

The effects of randomly varying birefringence on solitons are studied. It is shown analytically that the evolution equation can be reduced to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation if the variation length is much shorter than the soliton period. The soliton does not split at high values of the average birefringence, but it does undergo spreading and loss of polarization. A soliton with a temporally constant initial state of polarization is still largely polarized after 40z0 if the normalized birefringence is δ ≤ 1.3.
Monte Carlo studies of charge-exchange first wall heat fluxes from neutral beam injection in tandem mirror reactors

Monte Carlo methods are employed to compute surface heat fluxes at the first walls of three representative tandem mirror reactors: TDF, TASKA-M, and MARS, resulting from charge-exchange (CX) of high power neutral beams with the fusion plasmas. The full three-dimensional nature of the anisotropic interaction processes of neutral beams with mirror-confined plasmas is retained in the calculations, and resulting CX heat fluxes are mapped both azimuthally and axially on the first wall surfaces. The angular distribution of heat fluxes at the first wall shows strong backward-peaking for TDF with maximum power densities of ∼ 2.4 kW cm−2 occurring at 180° relative to the incident beam direction. By contrast, the angular distributions for TASKA-M and MARS exhibit strong forward-peaking, resulting in hot spots of 1140 and 700 W cm−2, respectively, at the first wall. Physical arguments are presented for the behavior of these CX heat flux distributions in terms of the plasma and beam parameters of each system. Particular emphasis is given to the engineering implications of the results and methods for ameliorating these high first wall heat fluxes are discussed.
Innovation strategies in the electronic mail marketplace

Abstract The author examines several crucial aspects of three types of office communications technologies: facsimile, communicating word processors, and computer based message systems. By identifying the technical, service and cost characteristics of each, he analyzes and compares their potential patterns of adoption and innovation.
Pluralism or unity in biology: could microbes hold the secret to life?

Pluralism is popular among philosophers of biology. This essay argues that negative judgments about universal biology, while understandable, are very premature. Familiar life on Earth represents a single example of life and, most importantly, there are empirical as well as theoretical reasons for suspecting that it may be unrepresentative. Scientifically compelling generalizations about the unity of life (or lack thereof) must await the discovery of forms of life descended from an alternative origin, the most promising candidate being the discovery of extraterrestrial life. Nonetheless, in the absence of additional examples of life, we are best off exploring the microbial world for promising explanatory concepts, principles, and mechanisms rather than prematurely giving up on universal biology. Unicellular microbes (especially prokaryotes) are by far the oldest, metabolically most diverse, and environmentally tolerant form of life on our planet. Yet somewhat ironically, much of our theorizing about life still implicitly privileges complex multicellular eukaryotes, which are now understood to be highly specialized, fragile latecomers to Earth. The problem with pursuing a pluralist approach to understanding life is that it is likely to blind us to the significance of just those entities and causal processes most likely to shed light on the underlying nature of life.
Mutagenicity studies of dioxin and related compounds with the Salmonella arabinose resistant assay system

Components of the herbicide Agent Orange—2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), and their esters in addition to the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)—and related chemicals were tested for mutagenicity using the Salmonella arabinose resistant assay system. The preincubation test using strain SV50 was performed both with and without metabolic activation. No mutagenic activity was observed for any of the chemicals tested.
The effects of kappa-opioid receptor ligands on prepulse inhibition and CRF-induced prepulse inhibition deficits in the rat

Rationale Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists produce dysphoria and psychotomimesis in humans. KORs are enriched in the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions that regulate mood and cognitive function. Dysregulation of the dynorphin/KOR system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (PPI), a sensorimotor gating process, is disrupted in many psychiatric disorders.
Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with advanced pathologic tumor stage and increased cancer-specific mortality among patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder undergoing radical cystectomy.

Abstract Background Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a marker of systemic inflammation that has been associated with adverse survival in a variety of malignancies. However, the relationship between NLR and oncologic outcomes following radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) has not been well studied. Objective To evaluate the association of preoperative NLR with clinicopathologic outcomes following RC. Design, setting, and participants We identified 899 patients who underwent RC without neoadjuvant therapy at our institution between 1994 and 2005 and who had a pretreatment NLR. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Preoperative NLR (within 90 d prior to RC) was recorded. Recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard and logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of NLR with clinicopathologic outcomes. Results and limitations Median postoperative follow-up was 10.9 yr (interquartile range: 8.3–13.9 yr). Higher preoperative NLR was associated with significantly increased risks of pathologic, extravesical tumor extension (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07; p =0.03) and lymph node involvement (OR: 1.09; p =0.02). Univariately, 10-yr cancer-specific survival was significantly worse among patients with a preoperative NLR (≥2.7 [51%] vs p p =0.02), death from bladder cancer (HR: 1.04; p =0.01), and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.03; p =0.01). Conclusions Elevated preoperative NLR among patients undergoing RC is associated with significantly increased risk for locally advanced disease as well as subsequent disease recurrence, and cancer-specific and all-cause mortality. These data suggest that serum NLR may be a useful prognostic marker for preoperative patient risk stratification, including consideration for neoadjuvant therapy and clinical trial enrollment.
Communicating About Grammar: A Task‐Based Approach

Providing learners with grammar problems they must solve interactively integrates grammar instruction with opportunities for meaningful communication. This article reports the results of an exploratory study of the use of a communicative, grammar-based task in the college EFL classroom. The two research questions addressed are whether the task successfully promoted L2 linguistic knowledge of a specific grammar point and whether it produced the kind of negotiated interaction which has been assumed to facilitate L2 acquisition. The limited results of this investigation suggest that the grammar task encouraged communication about grammar and enabled EFL learners to increase their knowledge of a difficult L2 rule.
Evaluation of eight extraction methods and their effects upon total fat and gas liquid chromatographic fatty acid composition analyses of food products

Samples of corn beef hash, frozen turkey pie, frozen beef pie, and beef stew were extracted by eight methods. Methyl esters of the fatty acids contained in the extracted fat residue were prepared with BF3-methanol reagent and measured quantitatively by gas liquid chromatography. A 4N HCl digest followed by ethyl ether extraction was the most effective extraction method. Total lipid extracted, fatty acid distribution, and triglyceride recovery were the primary evaluation criteria. Recovery studies were carried out on eight different foods ranging from high meat content to pure vegetable shortening.
Characterization of integrin expression in the mouse ovary

Integrin alpha:beta heterodimers mediate cell contacts to the extracellular matrix and initiate intracellular signaling cascades in response to a variety of factors. Integrins interact with many determinants of cellular phenotypes and play roles in controlling the development, structural integrity, and function of every type of tissue. Despite their importance, little is known about the regulation of integrin subunits in the mammalian ovary and how they function in folliculogenesis. To determine their relevance to ovarian physiology, we have studied the expression of integrin subunit mRNAs by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization in ovaries of wild-type, growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf 9) knockout, FSHbeta (Fshb) knockout, and inhibin alpha (Inha) knockout mice. Integrin alpha6 mRNA is expressed in oocytes and granulosa cells of single-layer follicles and in oocytes and theca cells of multilayer follicles. Integrin alpha6 is highly expressed in Gdf 9 knockout ovaries, which are enriched in oocytes and primary (single layer) follicles because of a block at this stage of follicular development. Integrin alpha(v) mRNA is most highly expressed in the granulosa cells of multilayer growing follicles, and therefore only low levels of expression are detectable in the Gdf 9 knockout ovaries. Integrin beta1 mRNA exhibits a broad expression pattern in ovaries, including oocytes, granulosa cells, theca cells, and corpora lutea. Integrin beta3 mRNA is expressed in theca and interstitial cells and is upregulated in corpora lutea. It is nearly undetectable in ovaries of Fshb knockout mice, which develop preantral follicles but have no luteal cells. Integrin beta5 mRNA is predominantly expressed in granulosa cells of multilayer follicles. It is expressed at high levels in the Fshb knockout mice and in a compartmentalized manner in the granulosa cell/Sertoli cell tumors that develop in the Inha knockout mice. Specific integrins are associated with ovarian cellular phenotypes in mice, which raises intriguing possibilities as to integrin functions in oocyte competence, follicular development, luteinization, and granulosa cell proliferation.
Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO) satellite

The Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) have initiated the Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology (HRST) program to demonstrate the utility of a hyperspectral earth-imaging system to support Naval needs for characterization of the littoral regions of the world. One key component of the HRST program is the development of the Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO) satellite system to provide a large hyperspectral data base. NEMO will carry the Coastal Ocean Imaging Spectrometer (COIS) which will provide images of littoral regions with 210 spectral channels over a bandpass of 0.4 to 2.5 micrometer. Since ocean environments have reflectances typically less than 5%, this system requires a very high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). COIS will sample over a 30 km swath width with a 60 m Ground Sample Distance (GSD) with the ability to go to a 30 m GSD by utilizing the systems attitude control system to 'nod' (i.e., use ground motion compensation to slow down the ground track of the field of view). Also included in the payload is a co-registered 5 m Panchromatic Imager (PIC) to provide simultaneous high spatial resolution imagery. A sun-synchronous, 97.81 degree inclination, circular orbit of 605 km allows continuous repeat coverage of the whole earth. One unique aspect of NEMO is an on-board processing system, a feature extraction and data compression software package developed by NRL called the Optical Real-Time Spectral Identification System (ORASIS). ORASIS employs a parallel, adaptive hyperspectral method for real time scene characterization, data reduction, background suppression, and target recognition. The use of ORASIS is essential for management of the massive amounts of data expected from the NEMO HSI system, and for developing Naval products under HRST. The combined HSI and panchromatic images will provide critical phenomenology to aid in the operation of Naval systems in the littoral environment. The imagery can also satisfy a number of commercial and science community requirements for moderate spatial and high spectral resolution remote sensing data over land and water. Specific areas of interest for the Navy include bathymetry, water clarity, bottom type, atmospheric visibility, bioluminescence potential, beach characterization, underwater hazards, total column atmospheric water vapor, and detection and mapping of subvisible cirrus. These data support requirements for Joint Strike and Joint Littoral warfare, particularly for environmental characterization of the littoral ocean. Demonstrations of direct downlinking of near real-time data to the warfighter are also being formulated. The NEMO satellite is planned to launch in 2000 followed by an operational period of 3 to 5 years.
Geographic differences in invasive and in situ breast cancer incidence according to precise geographic coordinates, Connecticut, 1991-95.

To evaluate geographical variation of invasive and in situ breast cancer incidence rates using precise geographical coordinates for place of residence at diagnosis, latitude-longitude coordinates pertaining to 10,601 invasive and 1,814 in situ breast cancers for Connecticut women, 1991–95, were linked to US Census information on the 2,905State census block groups. A spatial scan statistic was used to detect geographic excess or deficits in incidence and test the statistical significance of results, without prior assumptions about the size or location of such areas. The age adjusted invasive cancer incidence rate was 165.3/100,000 women/year. The spatial scan statistic identified 3 places with significantly low incidence rates and 4 places where rates were significantly high. The most probable location of low incidence was rural northeastern Connecticut where risk of disease, relative to elsewhere around the state, was 0.70 (p = 0.0001); the most probable place of elevated incidence was north central Connecticut where a relative risk of 1.34 (p = 0.002) was observed. Incidence of in situ disease was estimated to be significantly high for north central Connecticut (RR = 1.84; p = 0.0001). Geographic differences of invasive and in situ breast cancer incidence were observed. Examining cancer events at the lowest available level of data aggregation is beneficial in highlighting localized rate variations. Such information may enable public health officials to target additional resources for promoting breast cancer screening to specific locations. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Imaging analysis of photorefractive phased array beamforming

We present the analytical description of a photorefractive phased array beamforming system using the BEAMTAP (Broadband and Efficient Adaptive Method for True-Time-Delay Array Processing) algorithm for a large N-element array that requires only 2 tapped delay lines (TDLs) instead of the conventional N TDLs. Simulation results indicate that the processor is able to adapt to a broadband signal of interest at a specific angle of arrival. We show that the system produces a coherent sum of the desired signals from the phased array, with the corresponding time delays appropriately compensated for in an adaptive fashion without prior knowledge of the angle-of-arrival.
Prince Alfred in King William's Town, South Africa: 13 August 1860

This piece, set in 1860, uses the first visit of a British royal to the southern hemisphere to explore the clashing of worlds and lives within colonial South Africa. At this time, the eastern Cape region had reached a period of quiescence after a series of severe upheavals. British colonial rule was resoundingly in place.
The Effects of Teaching Euclidean Geometry via Transformations on Student Achievement and Attitudes in Tenth-Grade Geometry.

Prominent mathematics educators (e.g., Adler, 1968; and Allendoerfer, 1969) have suggested that the study of geometric transformations be one of the major goals of tenth-grade Euclidean geometry and have offered rationales for the insertion of this content. Geometry texts in which transformations are given strong attention have recently appeared (e.g., Kelly & Ladd, 1965; Fitzgerald, Lindblom, Zetterberg, & Dalton, 1970). Yet there has been little, if any, research that sheds light on the possible effects of studying transformations on student achievement or attitudes. There exist three rather different aspects to the problem of using transformations as a fundamental idea in tenth-grade geometry. First, can one create a geometry course using transformations in the framework of standard courses, including a systematic development of basic theorems of Euclidean geometry from postulates? Second, can students learn anything more from such a course than they might otherwise learn? Third, can teachers teach such a course without a large amount of retraining? The first aspect of the problem-the question of materials creationwas necessarily attacked first. This aspect is briefly summarized in this
Problems in the Management and Resolution of International Conflicts

T HIS essay will focus on aspects of four closely related but independent problem areas which have long hampered statesmen and scholars in the search for peace. The first of these arises from differences among specific instances of conflict. To know one conflict or one type of conflict is not equivalent to knowing all conflicts. In terms of the capabilities and interests of the conflicting parties, conflict structures vary greatly. And conflicts with different structures follow distinctive dynamics as they develop. In some cases, a great power coerces a weaker, diplomatically isolated nation and achieves a steady realization of its interests. Other instances may exhibit a rough parity in terms of the capabilities of the contestants, but be asymmetrical in terms of the interests at stake. If in such cases one party can convincingly demonstrate that its interests-and therefore the actions it is willing to undertake in protecting its interests-are more compelling than those of its adversary, that party is apt to achieve a favorable compromise. Another possibility may involve rough parity of capabilities and crucial interests. In such cases, the parties may become deadlocked in an escalatory spiral of coercive tactics which leads to costs far in excess of the interests initially endangered. These three situations might be exemplified respectively by the crises of Fashoda in i898, Algeciras in i905-06, and Sarajevo in I9I4, although some of the parties engaged in the conflicts did not perceive them in this manner at the time.1 Differences in perceptions across
The Neural Substrates of Infant Sleep in Rats

Sleep is a poorly understood behavior that predominates during infancy but is studied almost exclusively in adults. One perceived impediment to investigations of sleep early in ontogeny is the absence of state-dependent neocortical activity. Nonetheless, in infant rats, sleep is reliably characterized by the presence of tonic (i.e., muscle atonia) and phasic (i.e., myoclonic twitching) components; the neural circuitry underlying these components, however, is unknown. Recently, we described a medullary inhibitory area (MIA) in week-old rats that is necessary but not sufficient for the normal expression of atonia. Here we report that the infant MIA receives projections from areas containing neurons that exhibit state-dependent activity. Specifically, neurons within these areas, including the subcoeruleus (SubLC), pontis oralis (PO), and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT), exhibit discharge profiles that suggest causal roles in the modulation of muscle tone and the production of myoclonic twitches. Indeed, lesions in the SubLC and PO decreased the expression of muscle atonia without affecting twitching (resulting in “REM sleep without atonia”), whereas lesions of the DLPT increased the expression of atonia while decreasing the amount of twitching. Thus, the neural substrates of infant sleep are strikingly similar to those of adults, a surprising finding in light of theories that discount the contribution of supraspinal neural elements to sleep before the onset of state-dependent neocortical activity.
Externalizing behavior and emotion dysregulation are indicators of transmissible risk for substance use disorder

Abstract Background Psychological items discriminating children of fathers diagnosed with an illicit drug-related substance use disorder and normal controls are indicators of a unidimensional construct termed transmissible liability index (TLI) (Vanyukov et al., 2009). TLI is a highly heritable (Vanyukov et al., 2009; Hicks, Iacono, McGue, 2012) and valid (Vanyukov et al., 2009; Hicks et al., 2009; Kirisci et al., 2013a) measure of childhood liability to substance use disorders (SUDs). Aims This longitudinal study determined whether TLI has incremental validity for predicting SUD beyond commonly measured psychological indicators of risk. Methods TLI and measures of executive cognitive capacity, emotion dysregulation and externalizing disturbance were administered to boys at ages 10–12 and 16. SUD outcome determined at age 22 was assessed as (1) any SUD, (2) the number of drug-specific SUDs, and (3) SUD severity. Results TLI predicted SUD beyond the contribution of measures of emotion dysregulation, executive cognitive capacity and externalizing disturbance. The association of emotion dysregulation and externalizing behavior at ages 10–12 and 16 with SUD at age 22 was also reduced to non-significance after controlling for transmissible risk measured by TLI. Conclusions TLI's incremental validity beyond these latter indicators of risk points to its utility for identifying vulnerable youths requiring intervention.
Antitrypanosomal effect of allopurinol: conversion in vivo to aminopyrazolopyrimidine nucleotides by Trypanosoma curzi

The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi metabolizes allopurinol by a sequential conversion to allopurinol mononucleotide and aminopurinol mononucleotide. The latter is incorporated into RNA. This transformation of a widely used innocuous agent, allopurinol, into a toxic adenine analog appears to account for the antiprotozoan effect of allopurinol. These unique enzymatic activities appear to occur only in T. cruzi and the pathogenic lesihaminae. Allopurinol may serve as a model for the synthesis of similar antiprotozoan agents.
Molecular analysis of carbohydrate antigen-induced monoclonal IgM anti-IgG antibodies (rheumatoid factors).

Abstract Light and heavy chain variable regions of 11 monoclonal rheumatoid factors (MRF) produced after carbohydrate antigen immunization, and one MRF produced after protein immunization have been sequenced. Most carbohydrate antigen induced MRF utilized light chains that were homologous to light chains of MRF obtained from protein immune or LPS stimulated mice, and MRF derived from the autoimmune MRL/lpr mouse strain. V H gene usage was diverse for carbohydrate antigen induced MRF that bound all four isotypes of IgG, or that bound only the IgG3 isotype. In contrast vh gene use among our panel of MRF that bound the IgGl isotype appeared restricted. Four of the five IgGl binders used V H genes that were highly homologous to the V H nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding an NP binding monoclonal antibody. Our study confirms the use of a particular group of light chain genes among murine MRF, confirms that there is diversity in the heavy chain genes utilized among MRF, and suggests that a gene(s) homologous to the V H NP 23 J558 gene may be preferentially associated with murine MRF specificity for the IgGl isotype.
Pyridine adsorption and acid/base complex formation on ultrathin films of γ-Al2O3 on NiAl(100)

Pyridine adsorption on NiAl(100) and ultrathin films of γ-Al 2 O 3 was studied using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Pyridine adsorbs on NiAl(100) with its molecular axis parallel to the surface plane at low coverages and with its molecular plane inclined more toward the surface normal at higher coverages. On the hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated thin films of γ-Al 2 O 3 , pyridine interacts with the coordinatively unsaturated Al 3 + cations via its nitrogen lone-pair electrons. Pyridine was also found to interact with the surface hydroxyl groups on the hydroxylated γ-Al 2 O 3 thin films, forming C 5 H 5 N-HO complexes. Complex formation causes the OH bond strength to decrease and the OH stretch vibration to shift from 3711 cm - 1 , which is characteristic of uncomplexed, isolated OH, to lower frequency. At low coverages, pyridine only interacts with the more acidic surface OH groups, those located on 3-fold Al 3 + cation sites. This interaction forms a C 5 H 5 N-HO complex, which has an O-H stretch at 2920 cm - 1 . As the coverage is increased, an additional C 5 H 5 N-HO complex is formed from an interaction between pyridine and the less acidic OH groups, which are bonded to 2 Al 3 + cations. The vibrational frequency for O-H stretch of this C 5 H 5 N-HO complex is 3150 cm - 1 . As the intensities for the O-H stretches of the C 5 H 5 N-HO complexes increase, the intensity for the free O-H stretch at 3711 cm - 1 decreases. The interaction with the surface hydroxyl groups is reversible, confirming that the observed shifts in the O-H stretching frequency result from the formation of weakly bonded acid-base complexes. While most of the pyridine desorbs from the γ-Al 2 O 3 thin films by 290 K, annealing the pyridine-dosed γ-Al 2 O 3 thin films to temperatures above 290 K, results in a small amount of pyridine dehydrogenation and the formation of surface OH groups with an O-H stretch at 3742 cm - 1 .
Solution of a Stochastic Integral Equation Using Integral Contractors

A general stochastic integral equation of the form x(t; ω) = h(t; ω) + ∫0tƒ(t, s, x(s; ω); ω) ds + ∫0tg(t, s, x(s; ω); ω) dβ(s; ω) is studied, where t ⩾ 0, ω e Ω, ( Ω , A , P ) is a complete probability space, and β(t; ω) is a Brownian motion process. The concept of a bounded integral vector contractor is utilized to obtain very general conditions for the existence of solutions to the stochastic integral equation. The existence theorems are then applied to give stability results.
Disruption of the mouse Jhy gene causes abnormal ciliary microtubule patterning and juvenile hydrocephalus.

Abstract Congenital hydrocephalus, the accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain, affects one of every 1000 children born today, making it one of the most common human developmental disorders. Genetic causes of hydrocephalus are poorly understood in humans, but animal models suggest a broad genetic program underlying the regulation of CSF balance. In this study, the random integration of a transgene into the mouse genome led to the development of an early onset and rapidly progressive hydrocephalus. Juvenile hydrocephalus transgenic mice (JhylacZ) inherit communicating hydrocephalus in an autosomal recessive fashion with dilation of the lateral ventricles observed as early as postnatal day 1.5. Ventricular dilation increases in severity over time, becoming fatal at 4–8 weeks of age. The ependymal cilia lining the lateral ventricles are morphologically abnormal and reduced in number in JhylacZ/lacZ brains, and ultrastructural analysis revealed disorganization of the expected 9+2 microtubule pattern. Rather, the majority of JhylacZ/lacZ cilia develop axonemes with 9+0 or 8+2 microtubule structures. Disruption of an unstudied gene, 4931429I11Rik (now named Jhy) appears to underlie the hydrocephalus of JhylacZ/lacZ mice, and the Jhy transcript and protein are decreased in JhylacZ/lacZ mice. Partial phenotypic rescue was achieved in JhylacZ/lacZ mice by the introduction of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) carrying 60–70% of the JHY protein coding sequence. Jhy is evolutionarily conserved from humans to basal vertebrates, but the predicted JHY protein lacks identifiable functional domains. Ongoing studies are directed at uncovering the physiological function of JHY and its role in CSF homeostasis.
Trauma contagion in partners of survivors of childhood sexual abuse

Partners of survivors of childhood sexual abuse may develop a "trauma contagion" marked by high levels of stress, doubts about to key personal values and assumptions about the world, and a tendency to be drawn into unconscious reenactments with the survivor of the abusive relationship. Various treatment interventions are discussed, especially conjoint work with the survivor.
Introduction - Segregation and neighborhood change: Where are we after more than a half-century of formal analysis

Beginning with the work of University of Chicago sociologists in the 1920s, social scientists have been interested in explaining the uneven group distributions of individuals and households as well as the dynamics driving these distributions by using a human ecological approach (McKenzie, 1924; Park et al., 1925; Park, 1936). By the 1950s, this approach began to take a sharp turn toward formal quantitative analysis, a turn that marked the beginning of segregation analysis. What was diminished by this change was the attention paid to both the spatial dimensions of local unevenness and the dynamic processes of neighborhood change. The first formal measure of segregation probably was introduced by Bell (1954), yet Duncan and Duncan’s (1955) dissimilarity index D was used far more widely to summarize residential segregation patterns for entire metropolitan areas. There are some disciplinary variations; for example, economists favor using the Gini index (Silber, 1989), which also has a long history, when measuring income segregation. But the study of segregation has become truly interdisciplinary, expanding from its sociological roots to attract the attention of economists (Galster, 1988; Bayer et al., 2004), geographers (Clark, 1986; Wong, 1993), and urban policy analysts and planners (Jargowsky, 1996; Dawkins, 2004).