cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requiring and Justifying: Two Dimensions of Normative Strength

Many contemporary accounts of normative reasons for action accord a single strength value to normative reasons. This paper first uses some examples to argue against such views by showing that they seem to commit us to intransitive or counterintuitive claims about the rough equivalence of the strengths of certain reasons. The paper then explains and defends an alternate account according to which normative reasons for action have two separable dimensions of strength: requiring strength, and justifying strength. Such an account explains our intuitions in the cases that make trouble for single-value views. The justifying/requiring account is compared with two other solutions that have been offered to justify and explain our intuitions about these sorts of cases. These other solutions appeal to the notions of incommensurability of reasons, and to second-order normative entities called `exclusionary permissions'. It is argued that the justifying/requiring distinction provides a superior solution.
Characterization of the aniline hydroxylase activity of erythrocytes.

Human whole blood and washed intact erythrocytes from human and sheep exhibit aniline hydroxylase activity indicative of oxygen activation by the erythrocytes. Formation of p-aminophenol by human and sheep erythrocytes was similar under similar conditions, 5.8 + 0.26 and 5.3 + 0.14 nmol ofp-aminophenol/ 60 min/ml, respectively, at 1 mM hemoglobin and 60 mM aniline. The amount of p-aminophenol produced was directly proportional to the concentration of oxyhemoglobin. Erythrocytes in which the hemoglobin had been oxidized completely to methemoglobin were essentially inert. Hence, oxyhemoglobin plays a key role in the catalysis. Furthermore, studies of the stimulatory effects of lactate, glucose, and methylene blue revealed that NADPH apparently is the important cofactor for the aniline hydroxylase activity of the erythrocytes. Thus, lactate which serves to produce NADH via the lactate dehydrogenase reaction had little, if any, effect on the hydroxylase activity, even under conditions where its ability to support reduction of methemoglobin was demonstrated. In contrast, the addition of glucose with methylene blue led to a 17-fold stimulation of the activity with both human and sheep erythrocytes. Glucose serves to supply the initial substrate for the pentose phosphate pathway which produces NADPH, and methylene blue predominantly affects NADPH-dependent electron transport. The combination of lactate with methylene blue produced no such stimulation.
State of the science of music interventions. Critical care and perioperative practice.

Music interventions have been used in medicine and nursing for more than 100 years. Music therapy is an easy-to-administer, relatively inexpensive, and non-invasive intervention that has been used to reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and reverse the adverse physiologic effects of increased sympathetic nervous system activity. A review of a theoretic and empiric basis for the use of music therapy to improve patient outcomes in the critical care and perioperative areas of clinical practice is presented. Implications for practice and future research are suggested.
Towards next generation seismic isolation technology

Publisher Summary Seismic isolation modeled as a single degree-of-freedom (S-DOF) system has been successfully applied to vibration reduction of equipment and structures in the fields of mechanical and aerospace engineering over pervious years. More recently, the civil engineering profession has gradually introduced the technology for seismic protection of infrastructure systems—buildings, bridges, nonstructural components, and lifeline systems—against strong earthquake ground motions. It has evolved as a specialty area in earthquake engineering, known as (structural) base isolation. The application of base isolation technology in civil engineering therefore has stemmed from S-DOF models traditionally used in the mechanical/defense/aerospace industry. However, a large number of civil engineering structures are complex multiple degree-of-freedom (M-DOF) systems. Recent developments in structural dynamics, computing, and experimental capacities have shown that there are shortcomings of using oversimplified S-DOF based seismic isolation design practice for civil engineering structures. This chapter advances the concept of developing the next generation seismic isolation technology for civil engineering structures based on M-DOF models by highlighting a number of key issues not addressed by current technology. The chapter finally discusses hybrid semi-active/passive base isolator system indicating future goal of developing intelligent seismic isolation bearings.
Place, proximity, and perceived harm: extreme weather events and views about climate change

Advances in event attribution have improved scientific confidence in linking climate change to extreme weather severity and frequency, but this confidence varies by event type. Yet, scholars and activists argue that extreme weather events may provide the best opportunity to raise awareness and prompt action on climate change. We focus on four cases of extreme weather with low attribution (tornado outbreaks in Laurel County, Kentucky, and Winston County, Mississippi; wildfires in Yavapai County, Arizona, and Lake County, California). We survey county residents to examine the role of event proximity, community- and event-specific characteristics, and reported harm in shaping climate change views post-event. Using multilevel regression analysis, we find that reported personal and community harm aligns with event proximity and larger community damages. For our respondents’ climate change views, however, political ideology dominates, suggesting the importance of motivated reasoning in individual interpretations of extreme weather events. At the same time, while event proximity is irrelevant, we find reported harm to be related to climate change views. Thus, while respondents appear to be making connections between extreme weather events and climate change among our four cases, these connections seem to be most likely to occur in communities where belief in climate change is already high, the event caused significant impacts and is more attributable to climate change, and elites frame the event in these terms—as in Lake County. Our findings are particularly relevant for policymakers and activists looking to such events as catalysts for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.
Writing Celebrity as Disability: Las Meninas, Performing Dwarfs, and Michael Jackson Fan Day

What are the ramifications of human beings transmogrified, by the stigma of disability or celebrity, into objects of cultural fascination, and how can we begin to define the consequences of this pr...
Bioengineered Constructs of the Ramus/Condyle Unit

One of the most challenging reconstructions in maxillofacial surgery is that involving the condyle and ramus. Common reconstructive techniques involve either autogenous bone grafting such as costochondral rib grafting, a sliding posterior ramus border osteotomy, microvascular free fibula graft, or alloplastic reconstruction involving either stock or custom total joint replacement. None of these techniques specifically address the articular disc and some address only bone and not soft tissue. Bioengineering, which uses cells, molecules, chemistry, and scaffolds with engineering principles, is now providing novel solutions to complex biological problems.
Linking the two-field dynamics of plasma edge turbulence with the one-field balanced model through systematic unstable forcing at low resistivity

After the original contributions of Hasegawa and Wakatani (HW), basic two-field models such as the modified and balanced Hasegawa-Wakatani (BHW) models improve the understanding of plasma edge turbulence. The recent two-field flux-BHW model provides an improved treatment for the balanced electron dynamics on magnetic flux surfaces. The Hasegawa-Mima (HM) model offers another simplified one-field characterization of the zonal flow–drift wave interaction mechanism. A major restriction in the original HM model is the lack of intrinsic instability which is essential to maintain drift wave turbulence and plasma transport. We overcome this limitation by linking this model with the two-field HW equations with drift instability while keeping the simplicity in the one-field balanced formulation. A systematically derived unstable forcing is introduced to the modified HM model mimicking the role of the inherent instability near the low resistivity limit, where the unstable branch of the HW solution gradually becomes aligned with the HM potential vorticity. Detailed numerical experiments are performed to test the skill in the one-field model with unstable forcing. It is shown with qualitative and quantitative agreement that the one-field modified HM model is able to replicate the typical drift wave and zonal flow interacting procedure under a more analytically tractable framework. The insight gained from the simple model analysis can also offer guidelines for the development of model reduction methods for more complicated systems.
Finding a Voice in Predominantly White Institutions: A Longitudinal Study of Black Women Faculty Members' Journeys toward Tenure.

Background/ContextAmidst scholarship that underscores the importance of Black women faculty in higher education, Black women are often not being retained in faculty positions at research universiti...
Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic inflammatory disease that carries a substantial burden for patients and society. RA is estimated to have a prevalence of 0.5–1% of all adults, with a female predominance of 2–3 times more than men. RA primarily affects synovial joints, but it may also have extra-articular manifestations such as rheumatoid nodules, pulmonary involvement, or vasculitis, among other systemic comorbidities. The nervous system is not typically involved in RA, but if present, it may involve both the central and peripheral nervous systems as a result of many factors including mechanical processes, vasculitis, and a reflection of systemic disease. Therapies for RA have changed dramatically over the past several decades. Current therapies can result in substantial benefit for most patients, particularly those with early diagnosis, and nearly 50% of patients achieve remission with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). The morbidity and mortality for RA has been steadily decreasing with the advent of more effective therapies.
CARTOGRAPHY IN THE U.S.S.R.

After the revolution of 1917, cartographers of the Soviet Union were faced with a severe shortage of qualified personnel for the provision of the necessary cartographic information for their develo...
Recovery potential for a green ash floodplain forest using various emerald ash borer management strategies in a population viability analysis

Abstract The invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, EAB) has destroyed ash tree (Fraxinus spp.) populations across the US, but remnant populations including many small trees and, more rarely, larger trees remain after EAB had its first major impact across the landscape. The future survival of these remnant trees is critical to the viability of the ash species. Several different management options, including biocontrol, EAB-tolerant or resistant ash trees, and silvicultural strategies exist or are under development. Here we model changes that could occur in a preserve’s remnant population of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) after EAB peak mortality to assess management strategies. We used population viability analysis (PVA) and created a stage based model with baseline conditions and a model with recurrent catastrophes, where a catastrophe was defined as a year with reduced ash survival from an EAB outbreak. The catastrophes model had an increasing probability of a catastrophe occurring over ten years and included a gradual increase in ash survival (decline in EAB impacts) over the 9 years following a catastrophic event. We explored management scenarios for the catastrophes model including, 1) the reduction of future EAB induced mortality events to mimic possible effects of biological control or other environmental constraints; 2) addition of trees with increased survival to mimic restoration by planting ash trees with resistance to EAB, which are currently under development, or mimic clusters of trees with natural resistance to EAB created by natural selection. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to assess which size class impacted the population persistence the most over time and found that new seedlings were the most influential. There was no risk of extinction under the baseline model. The reduced catastrophe scenario was an improvement from the catastrophes model, reducing probability of extinction by 33%. Adding healthy ash improved population abundances over time and reduced the probability of extinction when there were repeated plantings. These scenarios relied on assumptions about how the population would react to management treatments, based on the scientific literature and cautious estimates. This approach provides a starting point for experiments testing individual management treatments to generate testable hypotheses, and the model may be readily updated with new data as it becomes available. Our PVA has revealed potential outcomes of alternative management practices and can increase our understanding of natural ash populations remaining after EAB introduction.
Long-Term Results of Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair After Left Ventricular Assist Device Explantation.

Background Diaphragmatic hernias after explantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) at the time of heart transplantation are uncommon, but they can cause morbidity. This study presents midterm to long-term results of diaphragmatic hernia repair in these patients. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on a prospectively collected database of all patients who underwent sequential LVAD explantation and heart transplantation at the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) since 1995. All patients who had a diaphragmatic hernia were included in the study. Patients’ demographics, perioperative morbidity, and long-term results were recorded. Results From January 1995 to June 2018, 712 LVADs were placed, and subsequently 293 hearts were transplanted. The incidence of diaphragmatic hernia after heart transplantation was 7.1% (n = 21), with a median time from transplantation to diagnosis of 23 months (interquartile range [IQR], 9 to 39 months). Four patients did not undergo operative repair, and 1 patient was excluded for insufficient data. Sixteen patients underwent diaphragmatic hernia repair (male, 13; female, 3). Thirteen patients underwent laparoscopic repair with mesh, and 3 patients had open repair. Two patients presented with strangulated hernias requiring laparotomy and bowel resection. Median follow-up time was 53 months (IQR, 12 to 141 months) for the entire cohort. One recurrence was noted (6.2%), in a patient with laparoscopic repair. Conclusions Diaphragmatic hernia repair after sequential LVAD explantation and orthotopic heart transplantation is feasible and appears to be safe. When this hernia is diagnosed, patients should be referred for surgical evaluation.
Rapid Growth of Left Atrial Thrombus in a Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipient

Abstract We report on a 10-year-old female who rapidly developed a left atrial (LA) mass two months after orthotopic heart transplant. Nine days prior to detection of the mass, she received high-dose corticosteroids for acute cellular rejection (grade 2). Despite negative echocardiogram five days prior to detection, a large echogenic mass was noted in the LA (18 x 12 x 24 mm); it was surgically resected after unsuccessful anticoagulation treatment. Pathogenesis of this LA thrombus remains uncertain, but immunosuppression, acute rejection, and high-dose steroid therapy may have contributed. Surgical thrombectomy is a safe and effective treatment option for LA thrombus.
Picturing the Enslaved Christ: Philippians 2:6–8, Alexamenos, and a Mockery of Masculinity

In the context of Roman masculine ideals, characterised by mastery over self and others, crucifixion proved a conundrum for early Christians who understood Christ as the exemplary human, or Man. Ch...
418 Cystic adenomatoid lung malformation – cause of recurrent pneumonia

A ten-year-old boy was referred to the Clinic for further treatment after frequent bronchopneumonia in the last 4 years. Each time on the X-ray, basal right, the shadow on the lungs was verified. After antibiotic therapy, the control X-ray always showed incomplete regression of the shadow. The boy was born with esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula and was successfully operated on the eighth day of life. Post-operative dilatation of esophagus has been successfully performed twice. The boy was in a good general health condition, except he was often tired after the activity. With the auscultation of the lungs, basal right, crepitation could be heard. CT of the chest, in the area of the posterobasal segment of the right lower lung lobe, showed a cluster of cystic air forms with condensed pulmonary parenchyma. The described change corresponded to developmental lung anomaly – cystic adenomatoid lung malformation. Right thoracotomy and lobectomy of the right lower lung lobe were performed. By surgery, the boy had no recurrent bronchopneumonia. Approximately one-third of CPAMs are diagnosed after the neonatal period. These lesions typically are CPAM types 1, 2 or 4, and tend to be smaller than CPAMs that present with respiratory symptoms at birth. A common presentation in older children is recurrent pneumonia. Other presenting complaints include cough, dyspnea and/or cyanosis. Findings on physical examination include decreased breath sounds over the lesion, hyperresonance and chest wall asymmetry with a bulge on the affected side.
Initial concepts for IAS-GOOS

Abstract The Intra-Americas Sea (IAS) (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Straits of Florida, and adjacent waters) is a semi-enclosed sea dominated by the throughflow of the Gulf Stream System that serves to link the physics, chemistry, ecology, and fisheries of the region. A regional GOOS, IAS-GOOS, has been conceived that exploits the geography and dynamics of the region. Euro-GOOS could play a role in the development of IAS-GOOS as well as with IOCARIBE-GOOS and individual national Coastal GOOS activities in the IAS.
Multidimensional Indexing Structures for Content‐Based Retrieval

: This report has been submitted for publication outside of IBM and will probably be copyrighted if accepted for publication. It has been issued as a Research Reportfor early dissemination of its contents. In view of the transfer of copyright to the outside publisher, its distribution outside of IBM prior to publication should be limited to peer communications and specific requests.After outside publication, requests should be filled only by reprints or legally obtained copies of the article (e.g. , payment of royalties). Copies may be requested from IBM T. J. Watson Research Center , P. O. Box 218,Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA (email: reports@us.ibm.com). Some reports are available on the internet at http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/home .
Abstract 17031: Renal Microvascular Dysfunction is Related to Endothelial-Dependent Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: a Report From the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation

Introduction: Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) is a measure of renal microvascular endothelial dysfunction and predicts adverse cardiovascular events. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is prevalent in symptomatic women with ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and predicts adverse cardiovascular events. We evaluated renal microvascular dysfunction and CMD measured by invasive coronary reactivity testing (CRT). Methods: We measured UACR in 74 women with symptoms/signs of ischemia and no obstructive CAD who underwent (CRT). Coronary flow reserve response to intracoronary adenosine (nonendothelial-dependent function) and left anterior descending coronary artery diameter change in response to intracoronary acetylcholine and forearm cold pressor testing (endothelial-dependent function) were obtained. Univariate linear regression was used to evaluate log UACR and CMD parameters. Results: The group mean age was 53 ± 11 years, BMI 30 ± 9 kg/m2, Caucasian (64%), hypertensive (42%)...
Democide and genocide as rent-seeking activities

Murder of the population by the state has been common historically and in modem times. I estimate a demand function for state-sponsored murder and find that it obeys the law of demand. The main focus of the paper is estimation of the change in the growth path of economies that practice democide relative to those that do not. On average, the rent-seeking loss associated with democide is about a 20 percent loss of wealth.
Underactuated mechanical systems

In this chapter we discuss the control of underactuated mechanical systems. Underactuated mechanical systems have fewer control inputs than degrees of freedom and arise in applications, such as space and undersea robots, mobile robots, flexible robots, walking, branchiating, and gymnastic robots. The Lagrangian dynamics of these systems may contain feedforward nonlinearities, non-minimum phase zero dynamics, nonholonomic constraints, and other properties that place this class of systems at the forefront of research in nonlinear control [22, 15]. A complete understanding of the control of these systems is therefore lacking. We will discuss the application of geometric nonlinear control, as well as methods based on passivity and energy for stabilization and tracking control. We will survey some of the existing results and point to open research problems.
What is new on computed Lorenz strange attractors: chaos or numerical errors?

Discrete numerical methods with finite time-steps represent a practical technique to solve initial-value problems involving nonlinear differential equations. These methods seem particularly useful to the study of chaos since no analytical chaotic solution is currently available. Using the well-known Lorenz equations as an example, it is demonstrated that numerically computed results and their associated statistical properties are time-step dependent. There are two reasons for this behavior. First, chaotic differential equations are unstable so that any small error is amplified exponentially near an unstable manifold. The more serious and lesser-known reason is that stable and unstable manifolds of singular points associated with differential equations can form virtual separatrices. The existence of a virtual separatrix presents the possibility of a computed trajectory actually jumping through it due to the finite time-steps of discrete numerical methods. Such behavior violates the uniqueness theory of differential equations and amplifies the numerical errors explosively. These reasons imply that, even if computed results are bounded, their independence on time-step should be established before accepting them as useful numerical approximations to the true solution of the differential equations. However, due to these exponential and explosive amplifications of numerical errors, no computed chaotic solutions of differential equations independent of integration-time step have been found. Thus, reports of computed non-periodic solutions of chaotic differential equations are simply consequences of unstably amplified truncation errors, and are not approximate solutions of the associated differential equations.
Dark sky enters the lexicon

“Basketbrawl,” “cloud music,” “humblebrag,” and “occupy Wall Street.” These are some of the catchwords and phrases that lexicographer Grant Barrett included in a year-end newspaper column, “Which words will live on?,” in the New York Times on 31 December 2011. Among the couple dozen examples of new language was “dark sky.” Barrett wrote that it “designates a place free of nighttime light pollution. For example, the island of Sark in the English Channel is a dark-sky island.”
Basal and squamous cell carcinomas: an overview.

B ASAL CELL carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are also known as nonmelanoma skin cancers. These neoplasms grow by peripheral extension in a continuum cellular structure by forming cancerous cellular strands, rather than by uniform growth of the entire border.‘.* They are curable when detected and treated early due to their visibility on the skin and their relatively slow growth. This article emphasizes recognition and treatment options of these cutaneous malignancies, as well as nursing interventions.
Prediction of the paper path in a laser printer by finite element analysis

Abstract A conventional problem of paper handling in a page-printing printer is to design a reliable paper path. Sometimes, this also affects the printing quality. The nonlinear theory of elastica has often been used to model paper deflection shape and to predict the paper path between some guiding rollers. The present paper proposes another method that can solve this problem more efficiently. Considering a piece of paper as a nonlinear beam, finite element analysis with geometric nonlinearity and manipulating the contact gap element between paper and guiding surfaces can be used to simulate the large-deflection behavior of paper. In this paper, the paper path in the vicinity of an OPC (organic photoconductive) drum is investigated with a general purpose finite element package. The effect of the electrostatic force between the OPC drum and the paper is considered, and the deformed shape of the paper for different forces lengths is obtained. According to those results an appropriate paper guide is added for an exact paper path.
Level of Acuity in Pediatric Patients with Recurrent Emergency Department Visits

Introduction: Recurrent ED utilizers account for a substantial proportion of ED visits, yet little data exists on children with multiple visits. The objective of this study was to compare the need for interventions and triage acuity of recurrent utilizers of a pediatric emergency department to that of non-recurrent utilizers. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of children presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Children were classified as recurrent utilizers if they had 4 or more visits to the ED per year and non-recurrent utilizers if they had less than 4 visits. Data was collected and inter-group comparison performed on critical interventions received (admission, consultation, intravenous fluid therapy, observation, and performance of procedures), all interventions received (including critical interventions as well as laboratories, radiographs, and medications), and triage acuity for the index visit. Results: Two-hundred thirty patients were included, of whom, 15% were classified as recurrent utilizers. This group had significantly lower rates of requiring a critical intervention (8.6% vs. 51.4%, p=.001), lower rates of any intervention (51.4% vs. 74.4%, p=.007), and less urgent triage acuity (3.3 vs. 3.1, p=.029). Conclusions: Recurrent utilizers of the pediatric emergency department had significantly lower need for intervention and less urgent mean triage acuity when compared with non-recurrent utilizers.
Supporting the collaborative meeting place

The combination of an interactive large screen display and wireless handheld devices in a meeting room setting can augment and enhance collaborative activities. This work examines the issues in developing applications to support such a collaborative meeting place.
Conceptual Challenges and Directions for Social Neuroscience

Social neuroscience has been enormously successful and is making major contributions to fields ranging from psychiatry to economics. Yet deep and interesting conceptual challenges abound. Is social information processing domain specific? Is it universal or susceptible to individual differences and effects of culture? Are there uniquely human social cognitive abilities? What is the "social brain," and how do we map social psychological processes onto it? Animal models together with fMRI and other cognitive neuroscience approaches in humans are providing an unprecedented level of detail and many surprising results. It may well be that social neuroscience in the near future will give us an entirely new view of who we are, how we evolved, and what might be in store for the future of our species.
Psychobiology and Biopsychology

Letters from: [ Marvin Snyder ][1] [ John W. Moore ][1] In reference to Eliot Marshall's News & Comment article of 9 August ([p. 731][2]), it is difficult to understand why drug-abuse neuroscientists are concerned about being fully integrated into the National Institutes of Health (NIH) peer review system. Those scientists have conducted cutting-edge research on and have made major contributions to our understanding of brain and behavior: They predicted (from behavioral studies) the existence of and then identified several classes of opiate receptors, thereby revolutionizing the concept of neurotransmitters and brain function; they specified and cloned the receptors for every major drug of abuse (and discovered several completely novel ligands); they advanced the conceptualization of drug dependence as a biologically mediated disease; and they made fundamental discoveries involving the mechanisms of analgesia, tolerance and dependence, pleasure and pain, and reward and punishment, and then used all of this information to develop new treatments for drug abuse, alcoholism, nicotine addiction, and pain. In light of these and other impressive accomplishments, they should be able to compete successfully against and take their place among the best in the world in the life sciences. # {#article-title-2} Marshall's article suggests that the distinction between psychobiology and biopsychology is fuzzy and hard to explain, even by NIH staffers. This portrayal of arbitrariness in naming these two neuroscience specialties is not justified. Psychobiology emphasizes biologically dependent variables (for example, brain states) as functions of psychological or behavioral independent variables. Biopsychology emphasizes psychologically or behaviorally dependent variables as functions of biological independent variables (for example, drug states). The two approaches to brain and behavior are complementary in that it is impossible to establish a causal link or isomorphism between a behavioral state and a brain state without both approaches. It is high time that the two were combined in NIH study sections. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5286.324b [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5276.731
The role of infection in the pathogenesis of acquired tracheal stenosis.

A rabbit model was developed to study the role of infection in the development of postintubation acquired subglot-tic and tracheal stenosis. Following a surgically induced tracheal mucosal injury, rabbits were divided into three groups. Five animals underwent intratracheal bacterial inoculation using Staphylococcus aureus, six rabbits were given prophylactic antibiotics, and five control animals received neither bacteria nor antibiotics. After 10 days the rabbits were assessed for both tracheal stenosis and bacterial infection within the respiratory tree. Animals receiving antibiotic prophylaxis had a mean stenosis of 50.8%, similar to the 63.4% observed in controls. Rabbits inoculated with SA had a mean stenosis of 85.0%, greater than both the other groups (P = .001:ANOVA). Considering all animals, those with respiratory infection (including two control rabbits) had narrower stenoses than those that remained nonin-fected (82.1% versus 52.5%; P = .001). These data suggest that bacterial infection in the upper respiratory tract might increase the severity of airway stenosis following prolonged endotracheal intubation.
Behavioral Ecology and Archaeology

Behavioral ecology is the study of adaptive behavior in relation to social and environmental circumstances. Analysts working from this perspective hold that the reproductive strategies and decision-making capacities of all living organisms—including humans—are shaped by natural selection. Archaeologists have been using this proposition in the study of past human behavior for more than 30 years. Significant insights on variation in prehistoric human subsistence, life history, social organization, and their respective fossil and archaeological consequences have been among the more important results.
Serum response factor activation by muscarinic receptors via RhoA. Novel pathway specific to M1 subtype involving calmodulin, calcineurin, and Pyk2.

The muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mAChR) subtypes share high sequence similarity except in their third intracellular loop and COOH terminus, domains thought to be involved in signal transduction. Subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple mainly through Gαq/11, and M2 and M4 couple mainly through Gαi/o. Whether subtypes within each of these two groups differ in their signaling pathways remains to be resolved. This study focused on nuclear signaling pathways leading to activation of the transcription factor, serum response factor (SRF). Genes encoding M1, M2, and M3 were co-expressed in Jurkat T lymphocytes with a reporter gene driven by a mutant serum response element, SRE.L, which responds to SRF activation. We show that only M1 mAChR activated SRF through a pathway involving the small GTPase RhoA, with no response observed for M2 and M3. Transfection of GTPase-deficient Gα subunits (GαQL; constitutively active form) demonstrated that SRF was activated by Gα13QL but only marginally by GαqQL and Gα12QL in Jurkat cells. Yet transfection of regulator of G protein-signaling protein, RGS2 and RGS4, which inhibit Gαq/11 activity, indicated that Gαq/11 and Ca2+ mobilization were required for SRF activation by M1. Calmodulin inhibitors suppressed the M1 and the Gα13QL pathways, acting both upstream and downstream of RhoA. However, calcineurin inhibitors and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein selectively suppressed SRF activation by M1, but not by Gα13QL, indicating the presence of separate pathways. The calmodulin-dependent tyrosine kinase Pyk2 was also activated by M1 but not M3, and Pyk2 appears also to play a role in M1-SRF activation, as judged by experiments with two dominant-negative Pyk2 mutants. These results reveal a novel calmodulin-dependent RhoA-SRF signaling pathway unique to the M1 mAChR subtype.
Clustering for Sparsely Sampled Functional Data

We develop a flexible model-based procedure for clustering functional data. The technique can be applied to all types of curve data but is particularly useful when individuals are observed at a sparse set of time points. In addition to producing final cluster assignments, the procedure generates predictions and confidence intervals for missing portions of curves. Our approach also provides many useful tools for evaluating the resulting models. Clustering can be assessed visually via low-dimensional representations of the curves, and the regions of greatest separation between clusters can be determined using a discriminant function. Finally, we extend the model to handle multiple functional and finite-dimensional covariates and show how it can be applied to standard finite-dimensional clustering problems involving missing data.
Critical reynolds number for sinusoidal flow of water in rigid tubes

Experimental friction factor for pulsatile water flow, obtaining empirically pressure drop and flow rate data
Optimal periodic processes in the limits of very fast and very slow cycling

Abstract Convex set theory combined with approximation theorems for differential equations provides the a priori structure of optimal periodic controls with very small and very large frequencies. In both of these limiting cases a periodic step function policy with a bounded number of switches per period is optimal. The bound on the number of different control values required in the periodic step function control may be reduced for certain types of objective functions and integral constraints. The general problem formulation considered here encompasses several earlier studies.
Bayesian implementation in exchange economies with state dependent feasible sets and private information

This paper considers the problem of implementation for exchange economies with state dependent feasible sets. Agents are assumed to have private information about their endowments. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for social choice rules that are Bayesian implementable by feasible mechanisms for such an environment. We compare our main result to the Nash implementation result derived in an environment of complete information.
Studies on the mechanism of action of the bipyridine milrinone on the heart

Milrinone is a positive inotropic and vasodilator agent when tested in experimental animals and in human heart-failure patients. It is generally believed that milrinone acts by inhibiting phosphodiesterase IV, thus increasing cyclic AMP, [Ca + +]i and cardiac contractile force and relaxation.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies: A Threat Throughout Pregnancy

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. The exact pathophysiologic mechanism is unclear but may be associated with an imbalance in the prostacyclin/thromboxane ratio, which results in vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Antiphospholipid syndrome is diagnosed through laboratory tests and clinical assessment. Various regimens are used to treat women who have APS. The purpose of this article is to review this disorder and discuss indications for testing, diagnosis and treatment, and nursing implications.
The Operative Treatment of Diaphyseal Humeral Shaft Fractures

Fractures of the humeral shaft comprise 1% to 3% of all fractures. Incidence rates reveal a bimodal distribution in which there is one small peak during adolescence, followed by a larger spike during the fifth and sixth decades of life. Most humeral diaphysis fractures are simple patterns of the mid-diaphysis. This article emphasizes surgical approaches to humeral fractures, providing a review of the surgical spectrum of treatment inclusive of intramedullary nailing and plating, but also includes a brief discussion of the conservative approach.
Stable torsion and the spectrum of an FBN ring

Abstract Using results of Muller and Goldston and Mewborn we define a topology on Spec R which makes the standard presheaf construction a sheaf, and for which the stalks are semilocal classical localizations of R when R is FBN with enough clans. The main underlying concept is that of stable torsion, the lattice-theoretic properties of which are investigated.
Three-dimensional spiral technique for high-resolution functional MRI.

For high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI) studies, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) plays an important role. Any method that results in an improvement in SNR will be able to improve the quality of activation maps. Three-dimensional (3D) acquisition methods in general can provide higher SNR than that of 2D methods due to volume excitation. To demonstrate the superiority of 3D methods for high-resolution fMRI scans, a comparison study between 3D and 2D spiral methods was performed using a contrast-reversing checkerboard visual stimulus. A 3-inch surface coil was used to limit the in-plane FOV to 14 cm × 14 cm so that 32 1-mm slices with an in-plane voxel size of 1.1 mm × 1.1 mm could be acquired within 5.76 seconds. Results showed that average numbers of activated voxels were 407 and 841 for 2D and 3D methods, respectively (P < 0.01). Therefore, the 3D technique may be a useful alternative to the conventional 2D method for high resolution fMRI studies. Magn Reson Med 58:947–951, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamic range improvement in NMR imaging using phase scrambling

Abstract Data collection efficiency in NMR imaging is impaired if the dynamic range of the receiver system is limited in comparison with that of the observed signal. This situation may occur in high-resolution proton imaging of large objects at high magnetic field strengths. The efficiency with which information is received can be increased by reducing the peak amplitude of the spin response by varying the phase distribution of the excited spins. This phase scrambling technique may be implemented using tailored RF excitation or by dephasing using nonlinear magnetic field gradients and can be applied in all dimensions of an acquired data set, providing a significant reduction in the dynamic range requirements of the detection electronics. Experimental results using 2D Fourier imaging have obtained up to 25 dB reduction in peak signal intensities. Image signal-to-noise ratios improved up to a factor of 6, with actual values dependent on experimental conditions. Simulation studies show that computational noise introduced during Fourier transformation is significantly reduced when phase scrambling is employed.
Reduction of supply voltage and power consumption of an injection-locked oscillator for biomedical telemetry

A major design challenge for short-range wireless communication is a low-power transmitter with high efficiency. Unlike conventional transmitters used for cellular communication, injection-locked oscillator based transmitter shows greater promises with reduced power consumption and high transmitter efficiency. This paper presents a low-voltage low-power injection-locked oscillator (ILO) employing self-cascode structure and body-terminal coupling. The proposed oscillator has been fabricated using 0.18-µm RF CMOS process. Measurement results indicate that the proposed oscillator can operate with a supply voltage as low as 1 V and consumes only 2 mW of power, which makes the design highly suitable for low-power transmitter applications.
Nonlinear Free Energy Relations for Adiabatic Proton Transfer Reactions in a Polar Environment. I. Fixed Proton Donor−Acceptor Separation

A quadratic free energy relationship (FER) between the kinetic activation free energy ΔG⧧ and the thermodynamic reaction asymmetry ΔGRXN is derived for acid-base ionization proton-transfer reactions AH···B→ A-···HB+ in a polar environment in the proton adiabatic regime, in which the proton is treated quantum mechanically, but does not tunnel. The description differs from traditional treatments in both the proton quantization and the identification of a solvent coordinate as the reaction coordinate. The key coefficients in the FER are analyzed analytically for the simplified case, where the proton donor−acceptor distance is held fixed (a restriction removed in the following paper). In particular, the intrinsic barrier is shown to be the sum of an intrinsic solvent barrier, largely determined by solvent reorganization, and the zero point energy difference of the proton between the reactant and the transition state in a solvent coordinate. The Bronsted coefficient is related to the quantum proton-averaged so...
Turbans and Traders: Hong Kong's Indian Communities

In Turbans and Traders, Barbara-Sue White takes readers inside the intriguing lives of Hong Kong's Indians. She describes the unique mix of South Asian tradition and adaptation to Hong Kong culture that shapes their present and recounts their important role in the colony's business, military, political, and cultural life from its earliest days. Profiles of individuals and institutions prominent in the local Indian communities are interspersed throughout the book, while a selection of photographs from the 150 years of Indian presence in Hong Kong illustrates the discussion.
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with adjacent small atypical glands on prostate biopsy.

With high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with adjacent small atypical glands (PINATYP), the issue is whether the small glands represent budding or tangentially sectioned glands off of adjacent high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) or invasive cancer next to high-grade PIN. The histology and significance of PINATYP on biopsy have not been described. Among 574 cases of high-grade PIN lesions on needle biopsy, we identified 71 cases of PINATYP. Most cases were consultations, and 51 cases were available for histologic review. At least 1 follow-up prostate biopsy was performed in each of 55 cases. Immunohistochemistry for high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (HMWCK) was performed on cases in which material was available. The average patient age at diagnosis was 65.5 years (range, 48 to 103 years). The initial digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, PSA velocity, and family history of prostate cancer did not predict cancer on repeat biopsy. In 39% of cases, high-grade PIN had a predominantly flat pattern, and remaining cases showed a predominance of other patterns (tufting, micropapillary, cribriform). The average number of high-grade PIN glands and adjacent small atypical glands were 11.5 (1 to 60) and 5.3 (1 to 21), respectively. The farthest adjacent small atypical gland averaged 0.12 mm from the high-grade PIN (0.01 mm to 0.4 mm), as measured with an ocular micrometer. The following histologic features did not predict cancer on repeat biopsy: more than 1 core involved by the high-grade PIN; number of high-grade PIN glands; number of small atypical glands; distance of small atypical glands from the high-grade PIN; size and percentage of nucleoli; marked nuclear pleomorphism; and mitoses. Overall, the risk of cancer on repeat biopsy was 46%. Two findings predicted a lower risk of cancer on repeat biopsy: younger age (62.2 years benign v 68.3 years cancer; P =.004) and predominantly flat high-grade PIN (P =.007). In our material, PINATYP appears to be a greater risk factor than high-grade PIN alone in predicting cancer on rebiopsy. Although age and predominant pattern of associated high-grade PIN may be helpful in predicting which men with this lesion will have cancer on rebiopsy, they cannot be used reliably; therefore, all men with PINATYP should undergo repeat biopsy. HUM PATHOL 32:389-395.
A psychologist in Idaho and New Mexico in the 1930s: some recollections.

The author relates his experiences as a newly hired psychology instructor in the Rocky Mountam area during the Depression. He began his career as the first Ph.D. in psychology at what is now Idaho State University at Pocatello, and after that he was one of three psychologists at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. Although the main thrust was classroom teaching, there was also opportunity for research and applied psychology, including student counseling and clinical services.