cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational design and optimization of a biomimetic self-healing/cooling composite material

Inspired by natural examples of microvascular systems in a wide variety of living organisms, we perform the computational design of a new class of polymer-based composite materials with the unique ability to heal and/or cool in a completely autonomic fashion, i.e., without any external intervention. The design process combines graph theory to represent and evaluate the microvascular network and Genetic Algorithms (GA) to optimize the diameter of its microchannels. In this work, a multi-objective GA scheme has been adopted to optimize the network topology against conflicting objectives, which include (i) optimizing the flow properties of the network (i.e., reducing the flow resistance of the network to a prescribed mass flow rate) and (ii) minimizing the impact of the network on the stiffness and strength of the resulting composite in terms of the void volume fraction associated with the presence of the microvascular network. The flow analysis of the network is performed based on the assumption of fully established Poiseuille flow in all segments of the network, leading to the classical proportionality relation between the pressure drop along a segment and the mass flow rate. The optimized structures resulting from the optimization can then be manufactured using an automated process ("robotic deposition") that involves the extrusion of a fugitive wax to define the network. Once manufactured, the computer-aided design can then be validated through a comparison with the results obtained from flow tests. This presentation focuses on the results of the optimization of an epoxy-based composite material containing a two-dimensional microvascular network.
Advanced technology nodes, a foundry perspective

Leading edge foundries need to fulfill a wide range of customer needs and have to deliver state-of-the-art performance processes. Therefore, an innovative but flexible modular technology set up is essential. This paper will show after a brief introduction of foundry challenges in general Global Foundries path towards the 28nm technology. Here, two key elements like high k metal gate process and embedded stressors are discussed. The article is concluded with an outlook on future device scaling from a leading edge foundry’s perspective. This look ahead includes recent transistor architecture and process technology trends. More specifically, some challenges of the 20nm technology are discussed. This node will push planar transistor technology to its physical limits. Due to this, subsequent nodes will require substantial innovations in process architecture and device concepts. Two potential device paths are foreseen and compared, i.e. FinFet and ET-SOI-UTBB devices.
Nonparametric Bayes Shrinkage for Assessing Exposures to Mixtures Subject to Limits of Detection

Assessing potential associations between exposures to complex mixtures and health outcomes may be complicated by a lack of knowledge of causal components of the mixture, highly correlated mixture components, potential synergistic effects of mixture components, and difficulties in measurement. We extend recently proposed nonparametric Bayes shrinkage priors for model selection to investigations of complex mixtures by developing a formal hierarchical modeling framework to allow different degrees of shrinkage for main effects and interactions and to handle truncation of exposures at a limit of detection. The methods are used to shed light on data from a study of endometriosis and exposure to environmental polychlorinated biphenyl congeners.
Assessment of Degradation and Intestinal Cell Uptake of Carotenoids and Chlorophyll Derivatives from Spinach Puree Using an In Vitro Digestion and Caco-2 Human Cell Model

Although numerous studies have demonstrated the health benefits of chlorophyll derivatives, information regarding the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of these phytochemicals is quite limited. To better understand the digestion of these pigments, green vegetables including fresh spinach puree (FSP), heat- and acid-treated spinach puree (HASP), and ZnCl(2)-treated spinach puree (ZnSP) were subjected to an in vitro digestion method which simulates both the gastric and small intestinal phases of the process. Native chlorophylls were converted to Mg-free pheophytin derivatives during digestion. Conversely, Zn-pheophytins were completely stable during the digestive process. Transfer of lipophilic chlorophyll derivatives, as well as the carotenoids lutein and beta-carotene, into the aqueous micellar fraction from the food matrix was quantified. Micellarization of total chlorophyll derivatives differed significantly (p 0.05). Intestinal cell uptake of micellarized pigments was investigated using HTB-37 (parent) and clonal TC7 lines of human Caco-2 cells. Medium containing the pigment-enriched fraction generated during digestion was added to the apical surface of fully differentiated monolayers for 4 h. Pigments were then extracted from cells and analyzed by C18 HPLC with photodiode array detection. Both Caco-2 HTB-37 and TC7 clone cells accumulated 20-40% and 5-10% of micellarized carotenoid and chlorophyll derivatives, respectively. These results are the first to demonstrate uptake of chlorophyll derivatives by human intestinal cells and to support the potential importance of chlorophylls as health-promoting phytochemicals.
THE GOUZENKO AFFAIR AND THE CIVILITY SYNDROME

(1978). THE GOUZENKO AFFAIR AND THE CIVILITY SYNDROME. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 31-42.
The Cantor dust model for discontinuity in geomorphic process rates

Abstract The temporal discontinuity in geomorphic processes that is responsible for time-scale dependence in published process rates (Gardner et al., 1987) is effectively modeled by a fractal construction, the Cantor dust. Points along the length of the dust represent geomorphic process events arrayed through time. Gaps in the dust are equally significant at all temporal scales, resulting in a self-similar clustering of events. Fractal dimension values estimated for processes of uplift (0.75) and denudation (0.81) suggest that uplift events are only slightly more clustered in time than are denudation events. The results obtained from application of this model are unaffected by variability in magnitude of events.
Femtosecond laser pulse compression using volume phase transmission holograms

Combining holographic and femtosecond laser pulse compression technology, gigawatt peak power and 85-fsec bandwidth-limited laser pulses were obtained. Pulse compression was achieved using a pair of high diffraction efficiency volume phase transmission holographic gratings.
Plasma protein electrophoretic pattern and blood viscosity in arteriosclerotic heart disease.

: During a three-year follow-up period a comparison was made of the plasma protein electrophoretic pattern and plasma and whole blood viscosity in 56 long-term geriatric patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) and 20 “control” patients admitted after a recent attack of acute myocardial infarction (M. I.). The electrophoretic protein patterns were similar in both groups, with an increase in the height of the fibrogen peak and a decrease in the beta lipoprotein fraction. Whole blood viscosity usually was normal in the ASHD cases. In the cases of recent M. I., whole blood viscosity was normal or decreased in the patients treated with anticoagulants, and normal or increased in those who received no anticoagulant therapy. The electrophoretic data support the hypothesis of a lowered reserve of cholesterol-binding protein in ASHD, resulting in cholesterol lability and an increased tendency toward deposition. Increased viscosity of the blood can contribute to mechanical failure of the heart, especially if damaged by M. I. The apparent increased incidence of ASHD in geriatric patients in this era of improved health care and updated diagnostic procedures is due to multiple factors which may not necessarily be present in each case. Some of these factors are discussed in relation to the data presented.
Electrocardiography-guided and retrospective analysis of central venous catheter placement in the dog.

Abstract Objective To compare the success rates of central venous catheter placement (CVCP) in dogs using electrocardiograph (ECG)-guided and external landmark (‘blind’) techniques. To report success rates determined retrospectively of CVCPs in dogs using external landmarks at a tertiary referral institution. Study design Prospective blinded comparison of techniques. Retrospective analysis of case records. Animals Adult Beagles weighing 11.9 ± 2.6 kg were used in the experimental group ( n = 38). Various breeds of dogs were in the retrospective clinical group ( n = 33). Methods Laboratory dogs were anesthetized and CVCPs were placed using a modified Seldinger technique. Catheter tip position was first based on external landmarks and then the catheter was repositioned using an ECG-guided placement. The ECG-guided technique used the V-lead with the positive electrode attached to the guide wire. Catheter placement was determined by moving the catheter cephalad and caudad to the point of maximum p-wave amplitude and then withdrawing the catheter 1–2 cm from this point. Catheter position with each technique was determined using a lateral thoracic radiograph. Retrospective data were collected from the medical records of dogs that had CVCPs using anatomical landmarks and corresponding thoracic radiographs. Results The number of successful CVCP attempts was the same for both prospective groups (21/38). There was no statistically significant difference in success between the ECG-guided technique and the blind technique. From the retrospective investigation 10/33 of the cases that fit the criteria had correct CVCPs. Conclusions and clinical relevance The odds of correctly placing a central venous catheter by ECG-guidance were the same as the external landmark technique. The ECG-guided technique may be useful in situations where external landmarks are not readily available.
Finding gaps: An assessment of infection control needs in China

Despite that infection control (IC) practice in China had advanced rapidly, little was known about staffing qualification and status of IC programs. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics of IC professionals (ICPs) and to identify opportunities for improving IC practice in China. A cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying ICPs attending national conferences in 2010. The survey consisted of 17 questions ranged from professional training, years of practices, to educational needs. Eight hundred eighty individuals from hospitals located in 32 of 34 provinces and autonomous regions in China responded to the survey. Of these respondents, 45% had five or more years IC experience. Their professional education included nursing (59.2%), medicine (31.6%), and public health (8.8%). Hand hygiene (81%), prevention of multi-drug resistant organisms (60%), and outbreak management (53%) were considered top priorities. Respondents primarily relied on results of the bi-annual prevalence study conducted in their hospitals and personal experience to determine priorities and risks of healthcare associated infections (HAIs). Staff collaboration (81.5%) and leadership support (61.0%) were viewed as the most important factors contributing to successes of HAI prevention. Nearly all (95.6%) respondents favoured more continuing education. This study revealed that China had highly trained and experienced ICPs, but it remained critical to empower them to practice evidence-based IC. Focused training could be one of effective means to achieve the goals.
Measuring unfolding of proteins in the presence of denaturant using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

IFABP is a small (15 kDa) protein consisting mostly of antiparallel β-strands that surround a large cavity into which ligands bind. We have previously used FCS to show that the native protein, labeled with fluorescein, exhibits dynamic fluctuation with a relaxation time of 35 μs. Here we report the use of FCS to study the unfolding of the protein induced by guanidine hydrochloride. Although the application of this technique to measure diffusion coefficients and molecular dynamics is straightforward, the FCS results need to be corrected for both viscosity and refractive index changes as the guanidine hydrochloride concentration increases. We present here a detailed study of the effects of viscosity and refractive index of guanidine hydrochloride solutions to calibrate FCS data. After correction, the increase in the diffusion time of IFABP corresponds well with the unfolding transition monitored by far ultraviolet circular dichroism. We also show that the magnitude of the 35 μs phase, reflecting the conformational fluctuation in the native state, decreases sharply as the concentration of denaturant increases and the protein unfolds. Although FCS experiments indicate that the unfolded state at pH 2 is rather compact and native-like, the radius in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride falls well within the range expected for a random coil.
A collaborative 20 questions model for target search with human-machine interaction

We consider the problem of 20 questions with noise for collaborative players under the minimum entropy criterion [1] in the setting of stochastic search, with application to target localization. First, assuming conditionally independent collaborators, we characterize the structure of the optimal policy for constructing the sequence of questions. This generalizes the single player probabilistic bisection method [1, 2] for stochastic search problems. Second, we prove a separation theorem showing that optimal joint queries achieve the same performance as a greedy sequential scheme. Third, we establish convergence rates of the mean-square error (MSE). Fourth, we derive upper bounds on the MSE of the sequential scheme. This framework provides a mathematical model for incorporating a human in the loop for active machine learning systems.
Choroidal vitiligo masquerading as large choroidal nevus: a report of four cases.

Purpose To describe 4 patients with choroidal vitiligo masquerading as large choroidal nevus. Design Retrospective chart review. Participants Observational case series of 4 patients. Methods Retrospective chart review. Main Outcome Measures Clinical features. Results Four patients referred with the diagnosis of large choroidal nevus were found to have unilateral (n = 1) or bilateral (n = 3) extensive patchy choroidal depigmentation classified as choroidal vitiligo. There was no evidence of choroidal nevus, and the pigmented "lesion" proved to be normal choroidal pigment surrounded by a region of pigment absence (vitiligo). There was no evidence of ocular inflammation or related retinal or retinal pigment epithelial changes. The choroidal vitiligo was clinically flat and measured 12 to 24 mm diameter, involving the post-equatorial fundus in all cases. There were no related anterior segment abnormalities. Cutaneous vitiligo was present in all cases. There was no documented progression of the choroidal or cutaneous vitiligo over a maximum 2-year follow-up. Conclusions Choroidal vitiligo is an idiopathic benign process that can involve large segments of the posterior choroid, leaving only patches of residual choroidal pigment, simulating, in reverse, a large choroidal nevus. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Investigations of bio marker for stem cell differentiations using an Atomic Force Microscopy based nanorobot

Stem cells are cells characterized by their ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells. This unique property has the potential to lead to many promising solutions to human disease treatment. The stem cell differentiation process can be influenced by many factors. One of the important factors is the mechanical stimulation by modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) elasticity. Stem cell stiffness increases as it differentiates to lower potency stem cells. This might be due to the reorganization of the cell cytoskeleton and could be confirmed by different imaging techniques. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been an ideal instrument in nanoscale imaging and mechanical property characterization because of the nature of its measurement. In this study, we applied the AFM with nanomanipulation capability to investigate mechanical properties of stem cells with and without differentiation in a time-lapse fashion. The experimental results showed that we were able to forecast the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) around 24 hours after removal of Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). The stiffness of mESC after differentiation shows a one-fold increase over that of non-differentiated cells. Therefore the nanomechanical marker can be used as an early indicator for mESC differentiation.
Influence of indomethacin and L-cysteine on histamine and peptidoleukotriene release from superfused tracheas taken from guinea pigs passively sensitized with IgG1 and IgE antibodies.

Abstract We have previously reported differences in mediator release during equivalent levels of antigen (Ag)-induced smooth muscle contraction of guinea pig pulmonary tissues after passive sensitization with IgG1 versus IgE antibodies (Abs). In the present study, we have examined the influence of indomethacin (5 x 10 −6 mol/L) and l-cysteine (3 or 10 mmol/L) on mediator release from superfused trachea taken from guinea pigs passively sensitized with IgG1 or IgE Ab 1 day before in vitro studies. Tissues were challenged with Ag (oxazolone-human serum albumin conjugate), and contractions and superfusate histamine and peptidoleukotrienes were monitored at discrete time intervals thereafter. Superfusate mediator contents were determined by spectrophotofluorimetry (histamine) and RAST (peptidoleukotrienes). The profiles of peptidoleukotrienes were examined with high-pressure liquid chromatography. At equivalent levels of contraction, significantly less histamine and peptidoleukotrienes were found in superfusate samples after sensitization with IgE Abs. None of the drug pretreatments significantly altered Ag-induced histamine release after IgGI or IgE sensitization. Indomethacin resulted in an increase in total measurable peptidoleukotrienes found only after IgGI receptor activation, but it did prolong tracheal contractions with both Abs. l-cysteine, 10 mmol/L, resulted in an increase in total measurable superfusate peptidoleukotriene content under all experimental conditions. The percentage increase in peptidoleukotriene content from that found without drug pretreatment was larger in the case of IgE compared to IgGI sensitization. During early time periods, after Ag challenge, measurable peptidoleukotriene levels in superfusate samples were similar for both Abs in the presence of l-cysteine, 10 mmol/L. These data suggest that there is a differential pattern of peptidoleukotriene metabolism after activation of IgG1 versus IgE receptors in guinea pig trachea.
Consumer knowledge, food label use and grain consumption in the US

Responding to mounting evidence of the association between whole-grain consumption and a reduced risk of heart problems and other diseases, as well as an increased probability of body weight maintenance, the US Government has strongly encouraged its citizens to increase consumption of whole grains. However, compared against the 2005 Federal dietary recommendations, in 1994–1996 only 6% of Americans met the current recommended whole-grain consumption. To narrow this huge gap between actual and recommended consumption of whole grains, considerable changes in consumer behaviour will be needed. A demand system with two censored consumption equations and endogenous food label use and nutrition knowledge variables is estimated to investigate the factors that affect the consumption of whole and refined grains. Food label use and nutrition knowledge are found to play important roles in the consumption of refined- and whole-grain products, as are sociodemographic variables. The results can be used to help develop ...
Clinical and experimental observation of serum enzyme changes occurring after surgical myocardial revascularization.

The activity of SGOT and LDH was studied in a selected group of patients and in experimental animals undergoing anterior and posterior myocardial revascularization. In both series, enzymatic elevation patterns similar to those seen in acute myocardial infarction were observed. The SGOT level reached its peak on the first postoperative day and returned to normal by the sixth or seventh day. The LDH level reached its peak 48 hours after surgery, followed by a gradual fall to normal between the tenth and 14th day. Having eliminated the influence of massive surgical stress or extracorporeal circulation, it was concluded that direct trauma to the wall of the left ventricle during construction of a myocardial tunnel is the primary factor responsible for a rise of serum enzyme activity as observed in the following revascularization procedures.
Feminist Adventures in Hypertext

Through a discussion of the intentions behind two hypertext works, Ruth Tringham’s Chimera Web and Rosemary Joyce’s Sister Stories, we present an argument that the new digital media offer unique opportunities for feminist archaeology to realize some of its deepest values. Through the medium of hypermedia and hypertext (multilinear) narratives the complexities of the feminist practice of archaeology (including its multivocal interpretive process) can be grasped, enjoyed, and participated in by a non-archaeological audience more fluidly than in traditional linear texts. We draw attention to the way in which recent developments in digital technology, especially through the Internet, have transformed our ability to share freely the fruits of our creative thought with an ever-expanding audience.
Enhancement of pentazocine analgesia by clonidine.

Abstract Opiate-adrenergic interactions were investigated by studying the effect of the selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine, on the analgesia produced by intravenous placebo and by the predominantly kappa-opiate agonist, pentazocine, in patients with dental postoperative pain. Clonidine did not affect the pain level when administered with intravenous placebo. When administered with pentazocine, clonidine caused a statistically significant increase in pentazocine analgesia. Comparison is made to other opiate-adrenergic interactions and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Barriers to Metabolic Care for Adults with Serious Mental Illness: Provider Perspectives:

This study assessed barriers to metabolic care for persons with serious mental illness (SMI) by surveying experienced healthcare providers. Sixty-eight medical, mental health, and other stakeholders who care for patients with SMI attended a CME conference focused on medical management of SMI patients in 2007. They completed a 27-item survey assessing barriers to and systemic responsibility for metabolic care. The top three ranked barriers were: “separate mental health and primary care systems,” “patient's lack of resources,” and “[mental health] providers are not trained to do basic primary care.” Results indicated that ratings of CMHC responsibility for SMI metabolic care (M = 5.2, SD = 1.5) were significantly lower than ratings of public health (M = 5.7, SD = 1.4), t(66) = 2.3, p = 0.027, and primary care providers (M = 6.3, SD = 1.1), t(67) = 4.7, p < 0.001. Experienced providers identified a lack of integrated care and patient characteristics as important barriers to metabolic care and concluded that ...
Running against the status quo: Institutions for direct democracy referenda and allocations over time

Stylized institutions for direct democracy referenda are examined in a dynamic full information environment with myopic voters. Competitive-agenda (median-voter) processes are contrasted with monopolistic (controlled-agenda) processes by extending existing static analyses to a class of dynamic institutions not previously characterized, the status quo reversion rule. This highlights the dependence of the progression of real equilibrium allocations over time on institutional structure. By delineating the restrictions implied by each institutional form the model explains some persistent empirical regularities. In particular, a strict ceteris paribus ordering of the magnitudes of budgets by institutional form is derived for a wide portion of the parameter space.
Oscillatory drift of deep cold eddies

Abstract This paper supplements an earlier one on the dynamics of cold isolated eddies situated on a sloping oceanic floor ( Nof , 1983a, Deep-Sea Research , 29 , 171–182). The lens-like eddies under investigation correspond to cold patches bounded by an interface that intersects the slopping floor along a closed curve. A wide range of possible time-dependent migration patterns is explored analytically. Nonlinear solutions are constructed by separating the equations governing the migration from those governing the eddy's interior. It is shown that, in addition to the known steady migration at 90° to the right of the downhill direction discussed previously, oscillatory migration is also possible. This time-dependent migration corresponds to a nonlinear eddy that drifts along a cycloid. The asymmetrical oscillations are of the inertial period. They are superimposed on a main migration path which, as in the steady migration case, is directed along a straight line whose orientation is at 90° to the right of the downhill slope. To an observer riding with the eddy, the circulation within the eddy appears to be steady whereas the migration is time dependent. As in the steady translation case, the drift is entirely independent of the eddy's size, intensity, and depth. It depends only on the density difference between the eddy and the environment, the gravitational acceleration, the bottom slope, and the Coriolis parameter. Application of this theory to various eddies situated on the ocean floor is discussed.
ALK5 promotes tumor angiogenesis by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 in tumor cells

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a potent tumor suppressor but, paradoxically, TGF-β1 enhances tumor growth and metastasis in the late stages of cancer progression. This study investigated the role of TGF-β type I receptor, ALK5, and three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in metastasis by breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We show that autocrine TGF-β signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells is required for tumor cell invasion and tumor angiogenesis. Expression of kinase-inactive ALK5 reduces tumor invasion and formation of new blood vessels within the tumor orthotopic xenografts in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. In contrast, constitutively active ALK5-T204D enhances tumor invasion and angiogenesis by stimulating expression of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9/gelatinase-B. Ablation of MMP-9 in ALK5-T204D cells by RNA interference (RNAi) reduces tumor invasion and tumor growth. Importantly, RNAi-MMP-9 reduces tumor neovasculature and increases tumor cell death. Induction of MMP-9 by TGF-β-ALK5 signaling requires MEK-ERK but not JNK, p38 MAPK or Smad4. Dominant-negative MEK blocks and constitutively active MEK1 enhances MMP-9 expression. However, all three MAPK cascades (ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK) are required for TGF-β-mediated cell migration. Collectively, our results show that TGF-β-ALK5-MAPK signaling in tumor cells promotes tumor angiogenesis and MMP-9 is an important component of this program.
Explicit convex and concave envelopes through polyhedral subdivisions

In this paper, we derive explicit characterizations of convex and concave envelopes of several nonlinear functions over various subsets of a hyper-rectangle. These envelopes are obtained by identifying polyhedral subdivisions of the hyper-rectangle over which the envelopes can be constructed easily. In particular, we use these techniques to derive, in closed-form, the concave envelopes of concave-extendable supermodular functions and the convex envelopes of disjunctive convex functions.
Differential Scales of Protein Quality Control

Proteins are notorious for their unpleasant behavior-continually at risk of misfolding, collecting damage, aggregating, and causing toxicity and disease. To counter these challenges, cells have evolved elaborate chaperone and quality control networks that can resolve damage at the level of the protein, organelle, cell, or tissue. On the smallest scale, the integrity of individual proteins is monitored during their synthesis. On a larger scale, cells use compartmentalized defenses and networks of communication, capable sometimes of signaling between cells, to respond to changes in the proteome's health. Together, these layered defenses help protect cells from damaged proteins.
Antigenic complementarity in the induction of autoimmunity: a general theory and review.

The mechanism by which tolerance is broken in the induction of autoimmunity is unknown. Simple, well-characterized antigens suggest that molecular complementarity may play a key role in breaking tolerance. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis can be induced using myelin basic protein combined with muramyl dipeptide. These molecules bind specifically to each other. Insulin antibodies can be induced when insulin is combined with glucagon, to which it binds. These cases suggest that molecular complementarity may alter the processing of “self” proteins. Antigenic complementary yields molecularly complementary immune responses (i.e., idiotypic–anti-idiotypic), undermining immune system regulation. In addition, complementarity insures that the antibodies (or T cells) directed against one antigen will molecularly mimic the other antigen, and vice versa, so that “self” and “nonself” will be confused. If at least one complementary antigen mimics a “self” protein, then an unregulated, self-sustaining immune response against tissue results. This testable theory of antigenic complementarity in autoimmunity is reviewed.
Learning to identify hundreds of flex-form documents

This paper presents an inductive document classifier (IDC) and its application to document identification. The most important features of the presented system are learning capability, handling large volumes of highly variant documents, and high performance. IDC learns new document types (variants) from examples. To this end, it automatically extracts discriminatory features from images of various document types, generates generalized descriptions, and stores them in the knowledge base. The classification of an unknown document is based on matching its description to all general rules in the knowledge base, and selecting the best matching document types as final classifications. Both learning and identification processes are fast and accurate. The speed is gained due to optimal image processing and feature construction procedures. Identification accuracy is very high despite the fact that the discriminatory features are generated solely based on page layout information. IDC operates in two separate components of an EDMS: Knowledge Base Maintainer (KBM) and Production Identifier (PI). KBM builds a knowledge base and maintains its integrity. PI utilizes learned knowledge during the identification processes.
Educational Programs for Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities: Can They Be Both Effective and Inclusive?

One of the most controversial issues in special education over the last 40 years has been the extent to which students with learning disabilities (LD) should be educated in general education classrooms. Recent mandates in federal law requiring that all students with disabilities have access to the general education curriculum and make adequate yearly progress relative to this content have intensified this debate. In this article, a brief summary of research regarding the nature of instruction that produces significantly improved educational outcomes for students with LD is provided. This is followed by a review of research related to the delivery of this high-quality instruction in inclusive, general education classrooms and in resource settings. We conclude that this research provides the foundation for reconsidering full inclusion and how services are delivered for elementary students with LD.
On the electron affinity of perfluorocycloalkanes and perfluoroalkanes

Abstract There is an increasing body of evidence showing that perfluorocycloalkanes have a higher electron affinity than their open chain analogs, the perfluoroalkanes. A new molecular orbital model is presented to explain these results and compared with the electrostatic model of Mittal and Libby. Explicit experiments are suggested which would allow comparison of the two models.
Coxibs: Evolving role in pain management.

Traditional pain management strategies have relied on the use of opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and acetaminophen, as well as other adjuvant analgesics. However, the limited activity of these drugs and the substantial adverse effects associated with their use has left many patients without dependable options for effective treatment. Recent advances in the understanding of pain and its pathophysiologic mechanisms have led to the development of novel therapeutic options. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-specific inhibitors (coxibs) have an established efficacy in the treatment of chronic arthritic pain comparable to that of traditional NSAIDs, without the degree of gastrointestinal (GI) complications commonly attributed to NSAID use. Recent trials also have shown the effectiveness of 1 of the coxibs for relief of chronic lower back pain. Numerous studies have shown that coxibs are efficacious for the management of acute pain in various clinical settings, including orthopedic surgery, dental surgery, and dysmenorrhea. The superior safety profile of coxibs in conjunction with a comparable efficacy to nonselective NSAIDs supports the use of coxibs in balanced analgesic regimens. Decreased GI and antiplatelet effects of coxibs compared to traditional NSAIDs provide the potential to incorporate coxibs into the pain management algorithm used to treat cancer pain.
Architectural issues for robust optical access

Optical access networks are beginning to be deployed at the edge of the optical backbone network to support access by the high-end users that drive increased bandwidth demands. This development in the applications of optical networking poses new challenges in the areas of medium access, topology design, and network management. In particular, since optical access networks carry high volumes of critical traffic, the level of reliability and robustness traditionally reserved for core applications must be implemented in access networks. We survey access network architectures and outline the issues associated with providing reliability for these architectures. In the area of architecture design, two main approaches emerge. The first considers dedicated optical access networks, such as stars or folded buses, to implement optical access LANs and MANs. The second is overlay architectures, which use existing network infrastructure. Overlay architectures seek to replicate, on a smaller scale, logical topologies akin to those of backbone networks, or may instead create architectures specifically designed for access purposes.
Chemoselective deprotection of alpha-indole and imidazole ribonucleosides.

A series of 2 ′,3 ′-isopropylidene and 5 ′-trityl-protected α-indole and α/β-benzimidazole and imidazole ribonucleosides were deprotected with different acids. Selectivity was achieved for 5 ′-versus 2 ′,3 ′- deprotection by using formic acid in the α-indole ribonucleoside series. Treatment of α-indole ribonucleosides with a mixture of formic acid and ether at room temperature afforded 2 ′,3 ′-deprotected α-ribonucleosides, whereas treatment of the α-benzimidazole ribonucleosides with the same acid afforded the 5 ′-deprotected ribonucleoside without any 2 ′, 3 ′-deprotected products. The structures of these ribonucleosides were elucidated with 2D (NOESY, COSY, and HMQC) NMR spectroscopy.
Der optimale Molekülsatz für Screening‐Anwendungen: eine Synthesestrategie

Die Entwicklung von niedermolekularen Sonden und Wirkstoffen umfasst mindestens drei Phasen: 1) eine Auffindungsphase, die oft die Synthese und das Screening von Wirkstoffkandidaten erfordert, 2) eine Optimierungsphase, die die Synthese und Analyse von Strukturvarianten erfordert, und 3) eine Produktionsphase, die eine effiziente Synthese der optimierten molekularen Sonde oder des optimierten Wirkstoffs erfordert. Der Einsatz spezialisierter Projektgruppen hat oft zur Folge, dass die einzelnen Stufen ohne vorherige Koordination der Aktivitaten ausgefuhrt werden; so konnen z. B. vertraglich gebundene (“outgesourcte”) Chemiker in der ersten Stufe und unternehmensinterne Medizinal- und Prozesschemiker in den zweiten bzw. dritten Stufen eingesetzt werden. Eine koordinierte Planung im Vorfeld der ersten Screens findet oft nicht statt, und jede der Projektgruppen kann auf einen Flaschenhals stosen, den man bei vorheriger Planung im Prinzip hatte vermeiden konnen. Die Herausforderung besteht deshalb darin, eine neue Art von Chemie zu entwickeln, die eine fur ein Screening geeignete Sammlung biologisch aktiver Molekule hervorbringt, die in allen drei Phasen der Sonden- oder Wirkstoffentwicklung eine erhohte Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit haben. Bis dahin ist es ein weiter Weg, erste Fortschritte sind aber zu verzeichnen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz fassen wir eine neuartige Strategie zur diversitatsorientierten Synthese niedermolekularer Verbindungen zusammen, die das Potenzial hat, diese Herausforderungen zu meistern.
Characterization of novel inhibitors of HIV-1 replication that function via alteration of viral RNA processing and rev function

Expression of the complete HIV-1 genome depends on the appropriate processing of viral RNA. Altering the balance of viral RNA processing impairs replication of the virus. In this report, we characterize two small molecule modulators of HIV-1 RNA processing, 8-azaguanine and 2-(2-(5-nitro-2-thienyl)vinyl)quinoline (5350150), which function by distinct mechanisms to suppress viral gene expression. Although only 8-Azaguanine dramatically decreased accumulation of HIV-1 unspliced and singly spliced RNAs and altered splice site usage, both compounds blocked Gag and Env expression without affecting production of Tat (p16) and Rev regulatory proteins. Subsequent analyses suggest that these compounds affect Rev-mediated RNA transport by different mechanisms. Both compounds induced cytoplasmic accumulation of Rev, suggesting that they function, in part, by impairing Rev function. This conclusion is supported by the determination that both drugs block the nuclear export of genomic HIV-1 RNA to the cytoplasm. Testing confirmed that these compounds suppress HIV-1 expression in T cells at doses below those previously used in humans for tumour chemotherapy. Together, our observations demonstrate that small molecules can be used to inhibit HIV-1 replication by altering another avenue of viral RNA processing, offering the potential for the development of novel therapeutics for controlling this disease.
Tantalum oxide coatings as candidate environmental barriers

Tantalum (Ta) oxide, due to its high-temperature capabilities and thermal expansion coefficient similar to silicon nitride, is a promising candidate for environmental barriers for silicon (Si) nitride-based ceramics. This paper focuses on the development of plasma-sprayed Ta oxide as an environmental barrier coating for silicon nitride. Using a D-optimal design of experiments, plasma-spray processing variables were optimized to maximize coating density. The effect of processing variables on coating thickness was also determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was use to ascertain that the as-sprayed coatings were comprised of α- and β-Ta2O5, but were fully converted to β-Ta2O5 after a 1200 °C heat treatment. Grain growth of the Ta2O5 followed a time dependence of t0.2 at 1200 °C.
Minimizing blocking probability in a hierarchical storage based VOD server

We investigate the relationship between the blocking probability and the configuration of storage hierarchy in a VOD server. Due to limited system resources available in a VOD server, some user requests can not be serviced immediately and are thus blocked. In general, one would expect the increasing the I/O rate will reduce the request blockage. However, we report the interesting observation that increasing the data rate from the secondary storage may increase the blocking probability, and hence degrade the server performance. We provide an analytical model of the blocking probability, which is to be used to find the optimal data rate to minimize the blocking probability for a given system configuration. By enforcing the files to reside at the staging disk for a certain amount of time, it is possible to further improve the blocking probability. We examine the problem of space management for video files on the staging disks, and devise a policy called enforced duration to arbitrate the duration of the file on the staging disk. Results of a simulation based performance evaluation are presented.
Tissue engineering, stem cells, and cloning for the regeneration of urologic organs.

Selective cell growth and biomaterials have led to the engineering of urologic tissues and organs that may be used to restore and maintain normal function. Cells for tissue reconstitution can be derived from the native organ to be replaced, thus avoiding rejection. In situations where normal native tissues are not available, different stem cell sources may be explored. In addition, recent advances in the field of cloning have made it possible to retrieve cells using nuclear transfer techniques. Fetal applications have also been explored. Tissue engineering has been applied experimentally and clinically for the reconstitution of several urologic tissues and organs. Recent progress suggests that other engineered tissues and organs created experimentally will also have clinical applicability.
Gravitropism in Higher Plants

Since 1806, we have known that plant organs use gravity as a guide for growth ([Knight, 1806][1]). The gravity-directed growth process, called gravitropism, dictates upward shoot growth to ensure a proper positioning of the leaves for efficient photosynthesis and gas exchange. It also directs roots
Music as a cultural identity: a case study of Latino musicians negotiating tradition and innovation in northwest Ohio

This study, based on recent field research, explores Latino music culture in Toledo, Ohio, and presents strategies for incorporating the music into the classroom. In the ethnographic project, three...
Computer graphics and theatre

In this paper, I discuss the multifaceted ways of integrating computer graphics and theatre. This includes my experience working with the Advanced Computing Center for the Arts and Design and the Ohio State University department of theatre, experimenting with CG to create graphics for physical and virtual environments.The ultimate example of this application is achieved by Sleep Deprivation Chamber, the joint production between the ACCAD (Advanced Computing Center for the Arts and Design) and the theatre department at the Ohio State University. This production is presented in the Bowen Theatre at the Ohio State University form May 7th to May 27th, 2003. This production encompasses a broad range of computer graphics and interactive triggering technologies as a theatrical performance form.I hope examples I describe in this paper show possibilities of creating new curriculum for theatre courses or interdisciplinary courses between theatre and computer graphics in which students can share their ideas and technical skills.
Concomitant Assessment of Depth of Sedation by Changes in Bispectral Index and Changes in Autonomic Variables (Heart Rate and/or BP) in Pediatric Critically Ill Patients Receiving Neuromuscular Blockade

Objective We evaluated whether or not changes in bispectral index (BIS) are associated with concomitant changes in autonomic variables that are in agreement with the different level of sedation that the changes in BIS indicate. Design A retrospective chart review. Setting A pediatric ICU of a children's hospital. Methods and main results Charts of patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation and IV sedation, neuromuscular blockade, and continuous BIS monitoring were enrolled in the study. Changes in BIS values ≥ 30% from previous readings were evaluated to determine whether or not concomitant changes of ≥ 10% in autonomic variables, in the same direction, coexisted. Forty-seven patients (35 male and 12 female) were enrolled in our study; ages ranged from 10 days to 18 years (mean, 4.2 ± 6.2 years [± SD]). Twenty-five patients were Summary While significant changes in BIS are thought to reflect significant changes in depth of sedation, they have a very low rate of agreement with changes in vital signs. In the absence of BIS, the level of sedation of chemically paralyzed pediatric patients can be better guided by changes in MAP than in HR, particularly in patients receiving vasoactive drug treatment.
Profile-based dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for a multiple clock domain microprocessor

A Multiple Clock Domain (MCD) processor addresses the challenges of clock distribution and power dissipation by dividing a chip into several (coarse-grained) clock domains, allowing frequency and voltage to be reduced in domains that are not currently on the application's critical path. Given a reconfiguration mechanism capable of choosing appropriate times and values for voltage/frequency scaling, an MCD processor has the potential to achieve significant energy savings with low performance degradation.Early work on MCD processors evaluated the potential for energy savings by manually inserting reconfiguration instructions into applications, or by employing an oracle driven by off-line analysis of (identical) prior program runs. Subsequent work developed a hardware-based on-line mechanism that averages 75--85% of the energy-delay improvement achieved via off-line analysis.In this paper we consider the automatic insertion of reconfiguration instructions into applications, using profile-driven binary rewriting. Profile-based reconfiguration introduces the need for "training runs" prior to production use of a given application, but avoids the hardware complexity of on-line reconfiguration. It also has the potential to yield significantly greater energy savings. Experimental results (training on small data sets and then running on larger, alternative data sets) indicate that the profile-driven approach is more stable than hardware-based reconfiguration, and yields virtually all of the energy-delay improvement achieved via off-line analysis.
Disentangling the Effects of Disability Status and Gender on the Labor Supply of Anglo, Black, and Latino Older Workers

Utilizing data from the 1991 Health and Retirement Study Early Release File, this article examines the effects of disability status on labor force participation and earnings of preretirement workers aged 50 to 64. Results from our hierarchical regression models suggest that poor health and the presence of a work disability significantly reduced the labor force participation and earnings of older men and women. These analyses also suggest that economic well-being was constrained by the costs associated with additional "minority statuses." For example, the odds of being employed were reduced by approximately 46% for black men with disabilities. Further, the earnings of black men were 17% lower than the earnings of their nondisabled counterparts.
On the instabilities of an externally loaded shallow spherical shell

Abstract The simple von Karman model of a clamped shallow elastic cap subjected to external pressure is reformulated as an elementary catastrophe. Conceptual understanding of load deflection behavior is substantially improved as a result. Three distinct modes of deflection behavior are identified. One snap-through type behavior is substabtiated by comparison to experimental data.