cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Military Health Care Utilization by Teens and Young Adults

OBJECTIVES: Adolescents and young adults are frequently uninsured (9.0% and 26.4%). Under the Affordable Care Act, the impact of insuring this population on health care utilization is unclear. We examined insurance records from >3.5 million non-pregnancy-related primary care visits in the Military Health System to describe health care utilization patterns among 467 099 non–active duty patients, aged 12 to 22, with access to free health care. METHODS: We described association of age and gender with primary care utilization rates, clinic type, and primary and secondary diagnoses. RESULTS: Adolescents and young adults were seen for 2.63 primary care visits per year. Use of Pediatric Clinics declined with age (51.6% to 1.8%) and increased for Family Medicine (45.5% to 91.1%). The top 3 diagnostic groups in our study were health maintenance (18.3%), health evaluation (17.3%), and respiratory/ear, nose, and throat (15.1%). Age-by-gender interactions had a significant association with health care utilization rates and diagnoses at primary care appointments. For example, the percent of all appointments accounted for by musculoskeletal injuries increased significantly ( P CONCLUSIONS: Unlike previous studies of adolescents and young adults, we show that this population, especially female young adults, does use health care when it is available and largely free. Extrapolating from our Military Health System data, we expect implementation of the Affordable Care Act will result in an increased demand for health care, particularly in the areas of reproductive health care, respiratory/ear, nose, and throat issues, and routine health maintenance.
Age-related decreases in stimulatory G protein-coupled adenylate cyclase activity in osteoblastic cells.

In this study we examined parathyroid hormone (PTH)-, forskolin (FSK)-, and cholera toxin (CTX)-stimulated adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in rat osteoblastic cells (ROB) i...
How do you feel now? On the perceptual distortion of extremely recent changes in anger

Previous research on retrospective biases in emotion has been largely concerned with mistakes that are made when people are asked to recall temporally distant affective experiences (e.g. those that occurred weeks or months ago). However, far less is known about people's abilities to accurately track extremely recent shifts in affective experience. Across three experiments, we show that people consistently distort perception of a very recent change in anger after being reminded of a historical act of revenge (i.e. the assassination of Osama bin Laden). Consistent with the implications of the “revenge paradox” (Carlsmith, Wilson, & Gilbert, 2008) these reminders made participants more angry. However, participants believed that this act of revenge had made them less angry—the exact opposite of what happened—provided that their psychological allegiance to the ingroup had been primed. We discuss the implications of our findings in previous research on the interconnections between emotional experience and social categorization processes (Mackie, Maimer, & Smith, 2009), as well as the role of revenge in protecting the interests of the ingroup (Fehr & Gachter, 2002).
Characteristics of long-term learning in soar and its application to the utility problem

Much of the work in machine learning has focused on demonstrating the efficacy of learning techniques using training and testing phases. On-line learning over the long term places different demands on symbolic machine learning techniques and raises a different set of questions for symbolic learning than for empirical learning. We have instrumented Soar to collect data and characterize the long-term learning behavior of Soar and demonstrate an effective approach to the utility problem. In this paper we describe our approach and provide results.
Portrait of a Small Population of Boreal Toads (Anaxyrus boreas)

Abstract Much attention has been given to the conservation of small populations, those that are small because of decline, and those that are naturally small. Small populations are of particular interest because ecological theory suggests that they are vulnerable to the deleterious effects of environmental, demographic, and genetic stochasticity as well as natural and human-induced catastrophes. However, testing theory and developing applicable conservation measures for small populations is hampered by sparse data. This lack of information is frequently driven by computational issues with small data sets that can be confounded by the impacts of stressors. We present estimates of demographic parameters from a small population of Boreal Toads (Anaxyrus boreas) that has been surveyed since 2001 by using capture–recapture methods. Estimates of annual adult survival probability are high relative to other Boreal Toad populations, whereas estimates of recruitment rate are low. Despite using simple models, clear p...
PAGER: a distributed algorithm for the dead-end problem of location-based routing in sensor networks

The dead-end problem is an importance issue of location-based routing in sensor networks, which occurs when a message falls into a local minimum using greedy forwarding. Current methods for this problem are insufficient either in eliminating traffic/path memorization or finding satisfied short paths. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, named partial-partition avoiding geographic routing (PAGER), to solve the problem. The basic idea of PAGER is to divide a sensor network graph into functional sub-graphs, and provide each sensor node with message forwarding directions based on these sub-graphs. That results in loop-free short paths without memorization of traffics/paths in sensor nodes. We implement our algorithm in a protocol and evaluate it in sensor networks with different parameters. Results show that PAGER generates considerably shorter paths, higher delivery ratio and lower energy consumption than the greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol. At the same time, PAGER achieves better performance in handling large-scale networks than the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector protocol
An Estimation Problem with Poisson Processes

Abstract : This paper considers an estimation problem involving n independent Poisson processes such that the i-th process has intensity function lambda (intensity)(t) = delta (intensity) p(t; alpha). It is of interest to estimate p(t; alpha). Two estimation procedures are developed, one using the exact arrival times of observations, the second using categorical arrival times of observations. Two specific instances of p(t), an exponential and a bilinear form are investigated further. An example applying the methodology to the active life of a judicial opinion is described. (Author)
Ruin probabilities in models of resource management and insurance: A synthesis

This paper synthesizes and contributes to the literature on ruin probabilities in two different contexts. First it explores a Markov (Lindley–Spitzer) process arising in a model of sustainable consumption of a renewable resource under uncertainty. The focus is on the rate of convergence of the stock process, particularly in the heavy-tailed case. Next, it turns to the characterization of the ruin probability in the Sparre Andersen model of insurance. Both the heavy- and light-tailed cases are investigated. Finally, some remarks on the mathematical connections between the two models are made.
A prediction model for web search hit counts using word frequencies

A search engine user with a well-defined information need is not interested in getting thousands of hits, but a few hits that are all highly relevant to their search. Often search words need to be refined and augmented to narrow results to more relevant pages. However, an overly specific query may lead to no hits at all, while most typical queries lead to thousands or even millions of them, both undesirable outcomes. This paper suggests a query rewriting method for generating alternative query strings and proposes a hit count prediction model for predicting the number of search engine hits for each alternative query string, based on the English language frequencies of the words in the search terms. Using the hit count prediction model, different types of search strategies, such as a lowest hit count query preference, can be utilized to improve users' search experience. We present an evaluation experiment of the hit count prediction model for three major search engines. We also discuss and quantify how far the Google, Yahoo! and Bing search engines diverge from monotonic behaviour, considering negative and positive search terms separately.
Computing best coverage path in the presence of obstacles in a sensor field

We study the presence of obstacles in computing BCP(s, t) (Best Coverage Path between two points s and t) in a 2D field under surveillance by sensors. Consider a set of m line segment obstacles and n point sensors on the plane. For any path between s to t, p is the least protected point along the path such that the Euclidean distance between p and its closest sensor is maximum. This distance (the path's cover value) is minimum for a BCP(s, t). We present two algorithmic results. For opaque obstacles, i.e., which obstruct paths and block sensing capabilities of sensors, computation of BCP(s, t) takes O((m2n2 + n4) log(mn + n2)) time and O(m2n2 +n4) space. For transparent obstacles, i.e., which only obstruct paths, but allows sensing, computation of BCP(s, t) takes O(nm2 + n3) time and O(m2 + n2) space. We believe, this is one of the first efforts to study the presence of obstacles in coverage problems in sensor networks.
Numerical Investigation of the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelfbreak Frontal Circulation Using a High-Resolution Ocean Hindcast Model

A nested high-resolution ocean model is used to hindcast the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelfbreak circulation from December 2003 to June 2008. The model is driven by tidal harmonics, realistic atmospheric forcing, and dynamically consistent initial and open boundary conditions obtained from a large-scale circulation model. Simulated shelfbreak sea levels and tracer fields compare favorably with satellite observations and available in situ hydrographic climatology, demonstrating the utility of this nested ocean model for resolving the MAB shelfbreak circulation. The resulting time and space continuous hindcast solutions between January 2004 and December 2007 are used to describe the mean structures and temporal variations of the shelfbreak front and jet, the bottom boundary layer detachment, and the migration of the shelfbreak front. It is found that the shelfbreak jet and boundary convergence reach their maximum intensities in the spring, at which time the foot of the front also migrates to its farthest offshore position. Vorticity analyses reveal that the magnitude ratio of the mean relative vorticity between the seaward and the shoreward portions of the shelfbreakfront is about 2:1. Theshelfbreakageostrophic circulation islargelycontrolledbytheviscosityinthe boundary layers and by the nonlinear advection in the flow interior. Simulated three-dimensional velocity and tracer fields are used to estimate the transport and heat and salt fluxes across the 200-m isobath. Within the model domain, the total cross-shelf water transport, the total eddy heat flux, and the total eddy salt flux are 0.035 60.26 Sv(1 Sv [10 6 m 3 s 21 ),1.0 310 3 64 310 4 Wm 22 ,and6.7 310 25 67.0 310 24 kg m 22 s 21 .The empiricalorthogonalfunction(EOF)analysisonthe4-yrshelfbreakcirculationhindcastsolutionsidentifiestwo dominant modes. The first EOF mode accounts for 61% variance, confirming that the shelfbreak jet is a persistent year-round circulation feature. The second mode accounts for 13% variance, representing the baroclinic eddy passages across the shelf break.
Computer–aided Engineering: an Overview

(1991). Computer–aided Engineering: an Overview. Journal of Engineering Design: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 171-174.
Theory and Quantitative Research

SUPPOSE that a positive answer to the question defining the theme of this session might point to our growing addiction to method and technique, to the tendency to select problems primarily because available techniques can be readily applied, and to the propensity to so load significant problems with technique and method that useful conclusions cannot be reached. And I suppose that a negative answer would deny these allegations. But how are we to evaluate objectively such assertions or denials? The power of the technique of the selected instance is well known. And what is technique? Some of us spend a good deal of time choosing just the right words, polishing phrases, playing with nuances of expression and the "sweet falling of the clauses"; and some of us notoriously do not. Suppose a rash of good writing were to erupt on the pages of our journals. Would this be evidence of preoccupation with technique? Would we have, at one of our annual meetings, a session exploring the question "Is Good Writing Becoming an End in Itself?" I think that what lies at the root of the concern that there might be widespread technique mongering in agricultural economics is the increasing use of mathematics and statistics in our work. The evidence of growing reliance on these tools is not far to seek and I would like to set out a part of it in the form of a rough content analysis of some of our general journal literature. The objects of study are the regular papers (excluding proceedings issues and Notes) published during two five-year periods, 1953-1957 and 1958-1962, in the journals of the American Farm Economic Association, the American Economic Association, and the Royal Economic Society. These papers were classified with respect to two criteria: (1) explicit use of calculus, linear algebra, and other college-level mathematics, and (2) explicit use of modern statistical analysis. Graphs of the kind that decorate the blackboards of theory classes, charts that portray movements of time series, scatter diagrams, tables of data, and other numerical arrangements were scored zero on these scales. The main findings of this undertaking (reproduced in greater detail in Table 1) can be set out as follows: In the first quinquennium, 67 percent of the regular papers published in the Journal of Farm Economics were free of mathematics and statistics; in the second, only 51 percent. The results for the Economic Journal are similar-66 and 48 percent, re-
Mark and Disability

This essay explores the Gospel of Mark through the lens of disability, with attention to understandings of disability in the ancient world, the language of affliction, questions of faith and sin, forms of healing, and the agency of the impaired person. The essay examines the “powers” in the Gospel of Mark as a form of empire and demonstrates how Jesus’s action in casting out demons and unclean spirits is a disruption of the status quo at a cosmic level.
CAPE HATTERAS BEACH NOURISHMENT

The 1973 beach nourishment at Cape Hatteras placed approximately 465,000 m on the subaerial beach. Eighteen months later, about 51 percent of this material remained on the beach. During this period there were relatively few major storms, and this mild wave climate is largely responsible for this high retention. At the end of this monitoring period the beach was stable and fully capable of providing shoreline protection and recreation. A correlation is presented relating storm erosion with the complete storm wave climate, including a post-storm period. A new parameter is defined which includes a measure of wave steepness and longshore current velocity.
Transitions of care in patients receiving oral anticoagulants: general principles, procedures, and impact of new oral anticoagulants

Background Most patients requiring anticoagulation therapy while hospitalized will continue this therapy as outpatients. This transition can be associated with gaps in care related to anticoagulation therapy that increase the risk of adverse events, rehospitalizations, and death. Warfarin, the most commonly used oral anticoagulant, presents distinct management challenges, including drug-food and drug-drug interactions, a narrow therapeutic window, and the requirements for periodic blood monitoring and dose adjustments, particularly during the hospital discharge process. Purpose This review explores clinical challenges and potential solutions surrounding anticoagulation therapy with warfarin during transitions of care, as well as discusses newer anticoagulants that are approved or are in late stages of development for the prevention of thromboembolic events. Conclusions Diligence, careful planning, and close communication between patients and healthcare providers during and after discharge are required to ensure that patients remain adequately and safely anticoagulated with warfarin in the outpatient setting. New oral anticoagulants may offer the possibility of safer and simpler care for patients requiring anticoagulation. Clinical implications We summarize the latest guidelines and recommendations for safe hospital discharge and apply them to the specific case of discharging a warfarin-treated patient. In addition, we discuss the new oral anticoagulants and their potential to offer more efficacious and easier-to-manage anticoagulation.
Developments in Thermal Treatment Technologies

A 2007 WTERT survey (1) showed that the global waste-to-energy capacity (WTE) increased in the period 2001–2007 by about 4 million metric tons per annum. By far, the principal technology used globally for energy recovery from municipal solid wastes is combustion of “as received” MSW on moving grates (“mass burn” or stocker technology). The three dominant grate technologies, by Martin, Von Roll, and Keppel-Seghers, represent about 75% of the total growth in capacity. In the same period, Japan and China built several plants that were based either on the direct smelting or on fluid bed combustion of solid wastes. In China, there have been some mass-burn new plants and also over forty circulating fluid bed WTEs, using technologies developed by the Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University and by the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. WTE technologies in China are actively supported by the national and local governments and many more plants are projected as sprawling cities are running out of landfill space. Japan is the largest user of thermal treatment of MSW in the world (40 million tonnes) and some of the newest plants use stoker technology, such as the Hiroshima WTE designed by the famous architect Taniguchi and the Sendai WTE that uses advanced oxygen enrichment technology. However, there are also over 100 thermal treatment plants based on relatively novel processes. The Direct Smelting and the Ebara fluid bed technologies developed in Japan require pre-processing of the MSW, combust the resulting syngas to generate steam, and produce a vitrified residue. The Thermoselect Gasification and Melting technology, originally developed in Europe, has been adopted successfully in seven Japanese facilities by JFE, a company with extensive experience both in high temperature metal processing and with various MSW thermal treatment technologies, including mass burn. This paper also includes a brief report on the results of a study by WTERT on ways to increase beneficial uses of WTE ash in the U.S.© 2008 ASME
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A quantitative morphometric analysis of surgical anatomy.

Previous descriptions of the four anatomic regions of dissection in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome have been largely qualitative. In this study quantitative data describing this anatomy are presented, together with statistical analysis of selected anatomic relationships. Fourteen human hearts were dissected. The borders of the posteroseptal dissection along the mitral anulus, tricuspid anulus, and epicardium were measured. A positive correlation between the mitral and tricuspid annular dimensions was found (r = 0.55; p = 0.04); however, the length of epicardial dissection was more variable. The dimensions of the anteroseptal space and the position of the right coronary artery within this space were measured. These measurements emphasize the proximity of the aortic sinuses of Valsalva to the right atrial endocardium near the posteromedial extent of the dissection. The dimensions of the right and left free walls and the position of the coronary arteries within these spaces were measured. A positive correlation was found between the width of the atrioventricular groove and the length of the dissection necessary to separate the atrioventricular groove fat from the ventricular surface (r = 0.89; p = 0.0001, right free wall; r = 0.87; p = 0.0001, left free wall). The quantitative data presented in this article are intended to enhance the surgeon's appreciation of the anatomy relevant to the treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The knowledge gained from this quantitative analysis may improve accuracy in the electrophysiologic localization and surgical disruption of accessory atrioventricular connections. (J T horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:802-11)
Patient Perceptions of Electronic Medical Record Use by Faculty and Resident Physicians: A Mixed Methods Study

While concerns remain regarding Electronic Medical Records (EMR) use impeding doctor–patient communication, resident and faculty patient perspectives post-widespread EMR adoption remain largely unexplored. We aimed to describe patient perspectives of outpatient resident and faculty EMR use and identify positive and negative EMR use examples to promote optimal utilization. This was a prospective mixed-methods study. Internal medicine faculty and resident patients at the University of Chicago’s primary care clinic participated in the study. In 2013, one year after EMR implementation, telephone interviews were conducted with patients using open-ended and Likert style questions to elicit positive and negative perceptions of EMR use by physicians. Interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively to develop a coding classification. Satisfaction with physician EMR use was examined using bivariate statistics. In total, 108 interviews were completed and analyzed. Two major themes were noted: (1) Clinical Functions of EMR and (2) Communication Functions of EMR; as well as six subthemes: (1a) Clinical Care (i.e., clinical efficiency), (1b) Documentation (i.e., proper record keeping and access), (1c) Information Access, (1d) Educational Resource, (2a) Patient Engagement and (2b) Physical Focus (i.e., body positioning). Overall, 85 % (979/1154) of patient perceptions of EMR use were positive, with the majority within the “Clinical Care” subtheme (n = 218). Of negative perceptions, 66 % (115/175) related to the “Communication Functions” theme, and the majority of those related to the “Physical Focus” subtheme (n = 71). The majority of patients (90 %, 95/106) were satisfied with physician EMR use: 59 % (63/107) reported the computer had a positive effect on their relationship and only 7 % (8/108) reported the EMR made it harder to talk with their doctors. Despite concerns regarding EMRs impeding doctor–patient communication, patients reported largely positive perceptions of the EMR with many patients reporting high levels of satisfaction. Future work should focus on improving doctors “physical focus” when using the EMR to redirect towards the patient.
Divergent activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene promoter among genetic lines of pigs is partially conferred by nuclear factor (NF)-B, specificity protein (SP)1-like and GATA-4 binding sites.

Binding of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to its receptor (GnRHR) on gonadotropes within the anterior pituitary gland is essential to reproduction. In pigs, the GnRHR gene is also located near a genetic marker for ovulation rate, a primary determinant of prolificacy. We hypothesized that pituitary expression of the GnRHR gene is alternatively regulated in genetic strains with elevated ovulation rates (Chinese Meishan and Nebraska Index) vs. standard white crossbred swine (Control). Luciferase reporter vectors containing 5118 bp of GnRHR gene promoter from either the Control, Index or Meishan swine lines were generated. Transient transfection of line-specific, full length, deletion and mutation constructs into gonadotrope-derived αT3-1 cells were performed to compare promoter activity and identify regions necessary for divergent regulation of the porcine GnRHR gene. Additionally, transcription factors that bind the GnRHR promoter from each line were identified with electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Dramatic differences in luciferase activity among Control, Index and Meishan promoters (19-, 27- and 49-fold over promoterless control, respectively; P < 0.05) were established. A single bp substitution (−1690) within a previously identified upstream enhancer (−1779/−1667) bound GATA-4 in the Meishan promoter and the p52/p65 subunits of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in the homologous Control/Index promoters. Transient transfection of vectors containing block replacement mutations of either the GATA-4 or NF-κB binding sites within the context of their native promoters resulted in a 50 and 60 % reduction of luciferase activity, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, two single-bp substitutions in the Meishan compared to Control/Index promoters resulted in binding of the p52 and p65 subunits of NF-κB and a specificity protein 1 (SP1)-like factor (−1235) as well as GATA-4 (−845). Vectors containing the full-length Meishan promoter harboring individual mutations spanning these regions reduced luciferase activity by 25 and 20 %, respectively, compared to native sequence (P < 0.05). Elevated activity of the Meishan GnRHR gene promoter over Control/Index promoters in αT3-1 cells is partially due to three single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in the unique binding of GATA-4 (−1690), the p52/p65 subunits of NF-kB in combination with a SP1-like factor (−1235), and GATA-4 (−845).
Afatinib plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone after progression on afatinib: new insights on old question?

Epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) mutations occur in about 5–10% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in non-Asian population and 40–45% Asian population (1,2). Activating EGFR mutations (exon 19 deletion or L858R substitution in exon 21) predict high response rate to first line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Approved EGFR-TKI’s for the treatment of EGFR mutant lung cancer include first generation TKIs (erlotinib and gefitinib) and second generation TKI (afatinib). Third generation EGFR-TKIs have also been developed to target resistance mutation T790M and spare wild type EGFR . Afatinib is an irreversible ERB family blocker that potently inhibits signaling of all homodimers and heterodimers formed by the EGFR, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2, HER-3, and HER-4 receptors. Afatinib has been evaluated in various settings in LUX-Lung trials summarized in Table 1 (3-9). A subgroup pooled analysis of LUX-Lung 3 and LUX-Lung 6 showed a survival advantage of afatinib over chemotherapy in patients with exon 19 deletion (10).
MEASUREMENTS OF MOMENTUM ACCOMMODATION OF GAS MOLECULES AT SURFACES

Momentum accommodation coefficients have been determined for argon, helium, nitrogen and oxygen on surfaces of tungsten, tantalum and germanium by means of force measurements with a torsion balance. Source gas was always at room temper ature. Surface temperatures ranged from 420°K to 900°K. The surfaces were mechanically polished but no attempt was made to get them chemically clean. The accommodation coefficients did not vary appreciably with temperature or from surface to surface. The average values were 0.60, 0.75, 0.80 and 0.92 respectively for helium, nitrogen, oxygen and argon.
Abstract IA10: Cancer: A Hispanic historical perspective

US Hispanics/Latinos are an extremely diverse population. This diversity stems from Spanish settlements in the US in the 1400s to late 1700s, and also major immigration patterns into the US from the early 1800s to present. This means US Hispanics/Latinos differ greatly in regards to their genetic ancestry, creating variability in genetic make-up, cultural values, degree of assimilation to U.S. lifestyle, and socio-demographics. Due to the cancer health disparities that affect US Hispanics/Latinos in diverse ways, there is a tremendous need to conduct cancer research that considers US Hispanics/Latinos as a highly heterogenous population with as much diversity within, as across other ethnic groups. Certain cancer health disparities affect certain US Hispanics/Latinos ethno-regional groups differently, such as Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexicans, South Americans, and Central Americans. This presentation will briefly introduce data and statistics on the diversity among the US Hispanics/Latinos population and how they vary in cancer rates and cancer knowledge and attitudes, as well as emerging research. Citation Format: Amelie G. Ramirez. Cancer: A Hispanic historical perspective. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
Metabolic profiles of ketolysis and glycolysis in malignant gliomas: Possible predictors of response to ketogenic diet therapy.

e13048 Background: The enzymatic differences in energy metabolism between normal brain tissues and malignant gliomas formed the basis for animal model studies that showed increased survival in mice...
Sorption of Ag and its vaporization from graphite at high temperatures

Abstract Nuclear Source estimations for High and Very High Gas Temperature Reactors require data for fission product adsorption on graphite at high temperatures. The adsorption and vapor pressures of silver on nuclear moderator grade IG-110 graphite were measured in the range of 1000–1400 K. Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry was used for vapor pressure measurements, and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was used for measurements of silver adsorbed on graphite. From the data, adsorption isotherms and the heat of vaporization were deduced, and are reported.
What's in a name?: naming games that solve real-world problems

Games are increasingly being used to solve real-world problems; however, multiple distinct terms have been used to describe this phenomenon. For instance, games such as EteRNA, Phylo, and Foldit, as well as SchoolLife, Fraxinus, and reCaptcha, have been variably been named as human computation games, games with a purpose, crowdsourcing games, and citizen science games. In this paper I review relevant literature to elicit possible terms to describe games that aim to solve a real-world problem (such as how proteins fold or bullying) through mechanisms like crowdsourcing activities, large-scale human participation, and/or collaborative problem solving. Next, I conduct searches of three major online databases to find scholarly articles using terms, as well as identify currently open questions as to the usage of these terms going forward.
Effect of Topical Fluorouracil Cream on Photodamage: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Photoaging, which is premature skin aging caused by long-term UV exposure, is of aesthetic concern to many patients. Objective To investigate the effect of topical fluorouracil, 5%, cream on photoaging using validated photonumeric scales. Design, Setting, and Participants The Veterans Affairs Keratinocyte Carcinoma Chemoprevention Trial was a randomized clinical trial of 932 US veterans with a recent history of 2 or more keratinocyte carcinomas performed from September 30, 2011, through June 30, 2014, to assess the chemopreventive effects of a standard course of topical fluorouracil. Photographs were taken at baseline and at numerous time points for up to 4 years. In our secondary analysis, 2 independent dermatologists graded these photographs using 4 validated photonumeric scales. A total of 3042 photographs from 281 participants randomized to apply topical fluorouracil or placebo were evaluated at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months using 4 photonumeric scales (Griffiths scale, Allergan forehead lines scale, melomental folds scale, and crow’s feet scale). Data analysis was performed from November 1, 2016, to January 1, 2017. Interventions Participants were randomized to apply topical fluorouracil, 5%, cream or a vehicle control cream to the face and ears twice daily for 2 to 4 weeks for a total of 28 to 56 doses. Main Outcomes and Measures Effect of a standard course of fluorouracil on the extent of photodamage as measured using 4 photonumeric scales. Results The study population was predominantly male (274 [97.5%]) and white (281 [100%]), with a mean (SD) age of 71.5 (0.57) years. No statistically significant changes were found in photodamage between baseline and 6 months (Griffiths scale: χ 2 = 0.01, P = .93; Allergan forehead lines scale: χ 2 = 0.18, P = .67; melomental fold scale: χ 2 = 0.03, P = .87; crow’s feet scale: χ 2 = 2.41, P = .12), 12 months (Griffiths scale: χ 2 = 1.39, P = .24; Allergan forehead lines scale: χ 2 = 0.64, P = .43; melomental fold scale: χ 2 = 0.12, P = .73; crow’s feet scale: χ 2 = 1.07, P = .30), and 18 months (Griffiths scale: χ 2 = 3.11, P = .08; Allergan forehead lines scale: χ 2 = 0.89, P = .34; melomental fold scale: χ 2 = 1.64, P = .20; crow’s feet scale: χ 2 = 0.46, P = .50). Conclusions and Relevance This study did not demonstrate improvement in photoaging with a standard course of topical fluorouracil, 5%, cream, a finding that may be attributable to a true lack of effect in photodamage or limitations of the photonumeric scales in capturing the effect. The development of photonumeric scales that include manifestations of photoaging other than rhytids, such as lentigines, hyperpigmentation, and telangiectasias, should be considered. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00847912
Effective Practices for Developing Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension research has a long and rich history. There is much that we can say about both the nature of reading comprehension as a process and about effective reading comprehension instruction. Most of what we know has been learned since 1975. Why have we been able to make so much progress so fast? We believe that part of the reason behind this steep learning curve has been the lack of controversy about teaching comprehension. Unlike decoding, oral reading, and reading readiness, those who study reading comprehension instruction have avoided much of the acrimony characteristic of work in other aspects of reading. As it should be, much work on the process of reading comprehension has been grounded in studies of good readers. We know a great deal about what good readers do when they read:
Metal–Ligand Multiple Bonding in Thorium Phosphorus and Thorium Arsenic Complexes

The complexes (C5 Me5 )2 Th(EHTipp)2 , (E=P or As; Tipp=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), provide a ligand framework that results in facile access to rare Th-E multiple bonds. The reaction of (C5 Me5 )2 Th(EHTipp)2 with KN(SiMe3 )2 , proceeds cleanly to the desired bridging phosphinidiide or arsinidiide complex, [{(C5 Me5 )2 Th(μ2 -ETipp)(μ2 -EHTipp)}K]2 under ambient conditions. In the absence of a chelating agent, the potassium cation of one monomeric unit interacts with the aryl ring of a second monomer to form a bridged dimer. In the presence of 2,2,2-cryptand, the terminal phosphinidene complex, [(C5 Me5 )2 Th=PTipp(PHTipp)][K(2,2,2-cryptand)] is isolated. Using X-ray crystallographic analysis, we have determined these complexes display the shortest Th-P and Th-As bond lengths reported.
Racial disparities and considerations for active surveillance of prostate cancer

Active surveillance (AS) for the management of low-risk prostate cancer has been increasing and in the general population appears safe, allowing for a reduction in the harms of prostate cancer screening such as overtreatment. African-American (AA) men have overall worse outcomes from prostate cancer compared to Caucasian-American (CA) men for a variety of socioeconomic, cultural and possibly biologic reasons, thus complicating the use of AS in this population. Strategies for optimizing care and mitigating risk in this population include pursuing close surveillance with steadfast patient compliance, the use of multiparametric MRI with targeted biopsies including the anterior prostate to reduce the risk of undersampling, as well as a judicious and thoughtful incorporation of novel molecular biomarkers for risk stratification. Currently, there exists no direct data to suggest that AS cannot be safely carried out in AA men following an informed discussion and after engaging in shared decision making. Physicians should have a low threshold for consideration of definitive therapy. Additional efforts should be made in increasing the engagement of minority participants in clinical trials, to gain an improved representation of underserved populations in future research.
Risk factors associated with microembolization after carotid intervention

Abstract Background Microembolization after carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been documented and may confer risk for neurocognitive impairment. Patients undergoing stenting are known to be at higher risk for microembolization. In this prospective cohort study, we compare the microembolization rates for patients undergoing CAS and CEA and perioperative characteristics that may be associated with microembolization. Methods Patients undergoing CAS and CEA were prospectively recruited under local institutional review board approval from an academic medical center. All patients also received 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging with a diffusion-weighted imaging sequence preoperatively and within 24 hours postoperatively to identify procedure-related new embolic lesions. Preoperative, postoperative, procedural factors, and plaque characteristics were collected. Factors were tested for statistical significance with logistic regression. Results A total of 202 patients were enrolled in the study. There were 107 patients who underwent CAS and 95 underwent CEA. Patients undergoing CAS were more likely to have microemboli than patients undergoing CEA (78% vs 27%; P Conclusions Patients undergoing CAS are at higher risk for perioperative embolization. The risk for perioperative embolization is related to the length of the lesion and calcification. Identifying the preoperative risk factors may help to guide patient selection and, thereby, reduce embolization-related neurocognitive impairment.
Electronic structure theory of DNA: from semi-empirical theory of the π-stack to ab initio calculations of the optical conductivity

Abstract In addition to DNA's fundamental role in genetics, its self-assembly property based on Watson-Crick base pairing has turned the DNA molecule into a potential component for nanoscale circuits. While the one-dimensional DNA π -stack has long been speculated to support electrical current, a final answer, despite recent multi-disciplinary efforts, has proved difficult. Biological DNA is nothing without its environment; the DNA environment system is a soft poly-electrolyte solution whose structural details and electronic properties depend on humidity, sequence and type of counter-ions. In this chapter we summarize our theoretical approaches [ 1, 2 ]. We employ a hybrid of semi-empirical Huckel and Slater-Koster theories for describing the electronic π -orbitals with parameters obtained from fitting to ab initio density functional theory (DFT) eigenvalues based on the SIESTA package. We use this model to study the dependence of the base-pair couplings on structural parameters and temperature. We then turn to DFT-based calculations of the optical conductivity of realistic solvated DNA segments obtained from molecular dynamics simulations and show that they give a reasonable description of contactless optical measurements of DNA molecules at low and high frequencies.
Tea intake and risk of colon cancer in African-Americans and whites: North Carolina colon cancer study.

Objectives: Tea polyphenols have been shown to exhibit anti-cancer activity, but the epidemiological findings are inconsistent. We examined the association between tea consumption and colon cancer in a population-based study in North Carolina. Methods: The analysis included 630 cases and 1040 controls frequency matched to cases by age, gender, and race. The odds ratios (OR) for tea consumption, adjusted for age and gender, were calculated for African-Americans and Whites and effect modification by race was explored. Results: No association was found between tea consumption and colon cancer overall. Compared to non-consumers, those who consumed <2 servings/r ≥2 servings/day had OR = 0.9 (95% CI: 0.7–1.2) and OR = 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9–1.8) respectively. Other risk factors for colorectal cancer (family history of colorectal cancer, exposure to non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, meat cooking practices, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, intake of red meat, fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages) did not influence these associations. We did not find any evidence of effect modification by race on either on the multiplicative or additive scale. Conclusion: We conclude that, contrary to expectation, tea drinking did not decrease the risk of colon cancer in this study population.
Early Work on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers Having a Rigid-Flexible Regularly Alternating Structure in the Main Chain

Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers having a regularly alternating rigid-flexible structure along the main chain were first reported in 1975 by Roviello and Sirigu. Early work in the field was dominated by Roviello and Sirigu although other scientists made significant contributions to this emerging field of polymer science.
PA 01-8-0567 Serving the united states fire service with safety culture data: dissemination of results

Background The Fire Service Organizational Culture of Safety (FOCUS) survey is a previously validated tool that is a negative predictor of injuries and burnout, and a positive predictor of work engagement and job satisfaction. 10 000 respondents from over 130 fire departments participated in its development and received a customized report illuminating their results. Objective We will describe the research-to-practice initiative that returned data to participating departments. We will specifically describe the dissemination and evaluation of FOCUS consultations. An examination of how FOCUS data are helping the fire service lead, supervise, and organize their work environment around safety will be presented. We will summarize the barriers and facilitators faced when sharing safety culture data (e.g. labor-management relationships, organizational readiness-to-change, and the occurrence of a traumatic event). Methods Using a business analytics platform, we produced standardized data reports for each participating department. Participants received one-hour phone or video conferencing consultations to review their data, give input on its utility, and provide ideas for report improvement. We gathered data on effective strategies to return results to partners, challenges discovered during dissemination, acceptability of data visualization, and evaluated the consultations. Findings The business analytics platform provided an efficient method to return results, creating scalability and impact while reducing data preparation person-hours. It allowed us to rapidly expand content and create ad-hoc reports on demand. The consultations revealed an enthusiasm among the fire service because it had never seen data like these. Participants felt that the consultation facilitated their data comprehension and reported feeling confident about using these data to maintain or improve safety culture. FOCUS will advance fire service injury prevention through data visualization to understand, maintain, or change the culture that creates safety.
Several levels of theory for description of isotope effects in ozone: Effect of resonance lifetimes and channel couplings

In this paper, two levels of theory are developed to determine the role of scattering resonances in the process of ozone formation. At the lower theory level, we compute resonance lifetimes in the simplest possible way, by neglecting all couplings between the diabatic vibrational channels in the problem. This permits to determine the effect of "shape" resonances, trapped behind the centrifugal barrier and populated by quantum tunneling. At the next level of theory, we include couplings between the vibrational channels, which permits to determine the role of Feshbach resonances and interaction of different reaction pathways on the global PES of ozone. Pure shape resonances are found to contribute little to the overall recombination process since they occur rather infrequently in the spectrum, in the vicinity of the top of the centrifugal barrier only. Moreover, the associated isotope effects are found to disagree with experimental data. By contrast, Feshbach-type resonances are found to make dominant contribution to the process. They occur in a broader range of spectrum, and their density of states is much higher. The properties of Feshbach resonances are studied in detail. They explain the isotopic ζ -effect, giving theoretical prediction in good agreement with experiments for both singly and doubly substituted ozone molecules. Importantly, Feshbach resonances also contribute to the isotopic η -effect, moving theoretical predictions in the right direction. Some differences with experimental data remain, which indicates that there may be another additional source of the η -effect.
Altered brain tissue viscoelasticity in pediatric cerebral palsy measured by magnetic resonance elastography

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that results in functional motor impairment and disability in children. CP is characterized by neural injury though many children do not exhibit brain lesions or damage. Advanced structural MRI measures may be more sensitively related to clinical outcomes in this population. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) measures the viscoelastic mechanical properties of brain tissue, which vary extensively between normal and disease states, and we hypothesized that the viscoelasticity of brain tissue is reduced in children with CP. Using a global region-of-interest-based analysis, we found that the stiffness of the cerebral gray matter in children with CP is significantly lower than in typically developing (TD) children, while the damping ratio of gray matter is significantly higher in CP. A voxel-wise analysis confirmed this finding, and additionally found stiffness and damping ratio differences between groups in regions of white matter. These results indicate that there is a difference in brain tissue health in children with CP that is quantifiable through stiffness and damping ratio measured with MRE. Understanding brain tissue mechanics in the pediatric CP population may aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of CP.