cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel method for estimating SBRT delivered dose with beam's-eye-view images

Stereotactic body radiation therapy is predicated on a high degree of targeting accuracy. However, inaccurate patient setup as well as intra-fractional motion can hinder the delivery of high doses preferentially to the target. To ensure that the coverage delivered to the patient is as planned, an image-guided verification system has been created to estimate the delivered dose retrospectively. This will not only aid the assessment of treatment techniques, but will also allow for more accurate dose response analysis. Patients with limited hepatic metastases from solid tumors were treated with SBRT. Implanted gold markers were used as target surrogates and a body frame and compression plate provided stereotactic localization and target immobilization, respectively. During treatment, an electronic portal imaging device (EPID), operating in cine mode, collected the exit dose. The sequences of images for each field were processed off-line using in-house software for registration and seed localization. The beam's-eye-view seed positions in the treatment images were compared to those in the DRR's to determine the target shifts in the imaging plane. These target shifts were then imported into the treatment planning software. Each original field was multiplied by the number of images taken during treatment. The calculated shift from each image was then applied to each of the new subfields. Summing all of these subfields together gives the dose distribution that was actually delivered to the patient. The dose-volume histograms for the planned and delivered distributions for four patients' complete treatments are shown. For two of the patients, underdosing due to a setup error or intra-fractional drift was not wholly resolved by subsequent fractions. For one of these patients two alternative corrective strategies have been applied, retrospectively, and the prescribed target coverage recovered for both. The delivered dose can be estimated using the information contained in cine EPID images acquired during irradiation. Calculating the dose actually delivered to the target will allow us to assess treatment procedures as well as more accurately report clinical results.
Highly oxygenated fullerenes by catalytic epoxidation of C60 and single walled carbon nanotubes with methyltrioxorhenium–hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Highly oxygenated fullerenes, C 60 O n with 3 ≤ n ≤ 9, have been prepared by the Lewis base enhanced catalytic oxidation of C 60 with ReMeO 3 /H 2 O 2 . Pyridine, pyrazole, and 2,2′-bipyridine decrease the activity of the catalyst, while 3-cyanopyridine or 4-bromopyrazole show significant enhancements even at low base:MTO ratios. Increasing the catalyst:C 60 ratio increases the yield as well as shifting the product distribution to higher oxygenated products, in contrast, increasing the H 2 O 2 concentration or increasing the reaction temperature shifts the product distribution in the opposite manner. Epoxidation of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is accomplished with ReMeO 3 /H 2 O 2 /4-bromopyrazole.
Static recrystallization and preferred orientation of phyllosilicates: Michigamme Formation, northern Michigan, USA

Abstract The Michigamme Formation of the Marquette District in Michigan's Upper Peninsula comprises a sequence of cleaved rocks of increasing metamorphic grade. Because metamorphism in the area occurred after cleavage formation, the rocks provide an opportunity to study preferred orientation development of phyllosilicates under conditions of static recrystallization. X-ray texture goniometry on samples from the greenschist-facies zone that were collected at varying distances from the bounding biotite-in and garnet-in isograds, shows that: (1) the preferred orientation of phyllosilicates is always parallel to the mesoscopic cleavage, and (2) the degree of preferred orientation of phyllosilicates improves as a function of increasing metamorphic grade (from 9 m.r.d.). Scanning electron microscopy on these samples shows that: (1) the length/width ratio increases with increasing grade, and (2) grain shapes are better defined with increasing grade. Previous work on slates showed mechanical processes dominate at very low-grade metamorphism, whereas chemical processes are favored at higher grades. The Michigamme samples show that improvement of preferred orientation occurrred by grain dissolution and crystallization. Noncleavage-parallel phyllosilicate grains were preferentially dissolved, probably facilitated by internal strain energy from mineral defects, aided by chemical energy, whereas cleavage-parallel phyllosilicates were hosts for new growth along their basal planes. These results show that significant fabric strengthening can be achieved by grain dissolution and crystallization in the absence of tectonic stress.
Environmental macroeconomics: from the IS?LM?EE model to a social welfare approach

In answer to Daly's original call for an environmental macroeconomics, Heyes incorporated an environmental constraint in the form of an EE or "ecological equilibrium" curve into a simple "Investment/Savings (IS)-Liquidity/Money (LM)" model (Heyes, 2000). Some criticisms and extensions to the Heyes proposal were presented by Lawn to reflect open economy issues and the implications of technological progress (Lawn, 2003, 2007). Recently, Sim (2006) conducted a discussion on the adjustment processes of the IS?LM?EE system. In this paper, a simple framework extending the IS?LM?EE model is presented to address the perceived problem of having to balance the twin macro goals of economic growth and environmental sustainability. This paper shows that unless environmental policy is optimal, the policy maker's decision will lead to unsustainable growth. If, on the contrary, environmental policy is optimal, there is: (a) initially, a finite period of sustainable growth and (b) due to thermodynamic constraints, a gradual adjustment to a stationary sustainable output level. Social preferences, however, play a crucial role in terms of characterising the long-run adjustment process. The aim of this paper is to contribute further to Heyes' original proposal ? the greening of text book macro theory ? and is motivated by Daly's suggestion that macroeconomic theory should promote the basic goals of human development and sustainability.
Apoptosis stimulating protein of p53 (ASPP2) expression differs in diffuse large B-cell and follicular center lymphoma: correlation with clinical outcome.

ASPP2 interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53, promotes damage-induced apoptosis, and can specifically stimulate p53 apoptotic function. Thus, ASPP2 may function as a tumor suppressor and/or play a role in the cellular response to cytotoxic injury. To explore the role of ASPP2 in human cancer, we determined ASPP2 expression in two lymphoma subtypes with differing clinical outcomes: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular center lymphoma (FCL). A real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed to detect ASPP2 mRNA. Sixty-one DLBCL and twenty-three FCL cases were analyzed and normalized ASPP2 levels were expressed relative to an mRNA standard. We found that ASPP2 mean expression strongly correlated with lymphoma subtype: DLBCL=11.74 and FCL=4.99 (p =0.029, unpaired 2-tailed t -test). Importantly, ASPP2 expression was variable in DLBCL but not FCL (DLBCL-range, 0.04-94.6; FCL-range, 1.2-15.0). In these DLBCL cases, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ...
Neurogenesis in the Adult Ischemic Brain: Generation, Migration, Survival, and Restorative Therapy

This article reviews current data on the induction of neurogenesis after stroke in the adult brain. The discussion of neurogenesis is divided into production, migration, and survival of these newly formed cells. For production, the subpopulations and the types of cell division are presented. Discussion of cell migration entails presenting data on both the pathways as well as the molecular targeting of newly formed neural progenitor cells to sites of injury. The role of the vascular and the astrocytic microenvironment in promoting the survival and integration of progenitor cells is also presented. Cell-based and pharmacological therapies designed to restore neurological function that promote neurogenesis are described. These therapies also induce angiogenesis and astrocytic changes that brain tissue, which prime the ischemic brain to foster the survival of the newly formed progenitor cells. Signaling pathways that regulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis are also addressed. This review summarizes recent data on neurogenesis and provides insight into the potential for restorative treatments of stroke.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Blunts Interleukin-1-Induced ACTH and β-Endorphin Secretion by Immature Rats

The functional relationship between the immune and the hypotha-lamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [and in particular the release of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-related peptides and corticosteroids induced by interleukins (ILs)] is essential for coordinating the appropriate immune responses to pathogens. Exposure of pregnant mammalian females to alcohol results in abnormal immune functions in the offspring, as well as in altered HPA axis activity. We therefore tested the hypothesis that prenatal alcohol exposure might modify the stimulatory action of ILs on the HPA axis of the pups, thus providing a mechanisms through which this treatment results in increased rate of infectious or inflammatory processes. Pregnant dams were fed a liquid alcohol diet throughout gestation. Dams with free access to food (ad libitum group), or dams fed an isocaloric diet in which sucrose replaced alcohol (pair-feeding), were also included. At 22-24 days of age, the pups were injected intraperitoneally with IL-1β, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), or the vehicle. Blood samples obtained 1-2 hr later indicated that the alcohol diet resulted in significantly blunted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and 0-endorphin, but not corticosterone release, in response to IL-1β. Pair-fed pups also showed some decrease in their pituitary response, although to a lesser degree. In contrast, there was no measurable difference in the ability of CRF to increase plasma ACTH levels. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to alcohol interferes with the stimulatory action of IL-1β on the secretion of POMC-related peptides, a phenomenon probably not caused by decreased pituitary responsiveness to CRF. As pups born to pair-fed dams also exhibited a measurable, although less significant, decrease in IL-induced ACTH and β-endorphin release, a possible synergism between caloric restriction and alcohol also needs to be ascertained. We propose that the ability of prenatal alcohol treatment to blunt the release of POMC-related peptides in response to IL-1/S may participate in the abnormal immune functions of the offspring.
Two-dimensional secondary jet interaction with a supersonic stream.

Two-dimensional, slot-jet aerodynamic interaction tests have been conducted in the University of Michigan 8X 13-in. supersonic tunnel at Mach number 3.97 and Reynolds number 0.12 X 10/in. The test model consisted of a wedge of rectangular planform equipped with side plates and a full-span jet slot near the base. The primary data taken were jet mass flow, normal force increment due to the jet, and schlieren photographs. The specific impulse ratios obtained varied from 3.6 at the lowest momentum flux ratio to 2.5 at the highest momentum flux ratio. For the range of variables covered in the present experiment, the momentum flux ratio was found to govern the flow geometry, including the location of transition in the separated shear layer. Data on aerodynamic interaction in the case of the approximately two-dimensional, slot-jet configurations have been collected from four sources. The available data for specific impulse ratios were correlated, mostly within a ±10% band, over a hundredfold range of the momentum flux ratio.
A Bayesian generative model for surface template estimation

3D surfaces are important geometric models for many objects of interest in image analysis and Computational Anatomy. In this paper, we describe a Bayesian inference scheme for estimating a template surface from a set of observed surface data. In order to achieve this, we use the geodesic shooting approach to construct a statistical model for the generation and the observations of random surfaces. We develop a mode approximation EM algorithm to infer the maximum a posteriori estimation of initial momentum µ, which determines the template surface. Experimental results of caudate, thalamus, and hippocampus data are presented.
Phyllosticta multicorniculata on Abies spp. in the Northeastern U.S.

Several needle blight fungi affect natural regeneration and Christmas tree plantations of Abies spp. in northeastern North America. Of these, Phyllosticta multicorniculata Bissett & Palm has been reported from A. balsamea (L.) Mill. in Ontario and Prince Edward Island, and from A. concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. in Wisconsin (1). In Quebec, P. multicorniculata was reported as an endophyte on symptomless needles of A. balsamea (2). In 1994, we collected this fungus in Grafton County, NH, defoliating lower branches of A. balsamea Christmas trees. In July and August 1996, we examined infected A. concolor Christmas trees in Lamoille County, VT. In July, approximately 50% of the 1996 needle complement on the lower 1 m of the crowns was infected and by August the incidence of infection on these branches increased to 75 to 100%. Less severe blighting occurred up to 1.5 m. Dead needles of the 1995 complement bore abundant, mostly empty, pycnidia of P. multicorniculata. The dead and dying distal ends of the 1996 needle complement bore abundant pycnidia of P. multicorniculata in various stages of maturation. This is the first report of this pathogen on Abies spp. in the northeastern U.S. The conidia from actively-sporulating pycnidia bore more numerous and longer appendages (1 to 16, average 7, up to 38 µm long) than the dried herbarium specimens of various ages used in the species description (1 to 5, up to 7 µm long) (1), or similarly reported from culture (2). References: (1) J. Bissett and M. E. Palm. Can. J. Bot. 67:3378, 1989. (2) L. Petrini et al. Sydowia 43:148, 1991.
Million trees Los Angeles canopy cover and benefit assessment

The Million Trees LA initiative intends to improve Los Angeles's environment through planting and stewardship of 1 million trees. The purpose of this study was to measure Los Angeles's existing tree canopy cover (TCC), determine if space exists for 1 million additional trees, and estimate future benefits from the planting. High-resolution QuickBird remote sensing data, aerial photographs, and geographic information systems were used to classify land cover types, measure TCC, and identify potential tree planting sites. Benefits were forecast for planting of 1 million trees between 2006 and 2010, and their growth and mortality were projected until 2040. Two scenarios reflected low (17%) and high (56%) mortality rates. Numerical models were used with geographic data and tree size information for coastal and inland climate zones to calculate annual benefits and their monetary value. Los Angeles's existing TCC was 21%, and ranged from 7 to 37% by council district. There was potential to add 2.5 million additional trees to the existing population of approximately 10.8 million, but only 1.3 million of the potential tree sites are deemed realistic to plant. Benefits for the 1-million-tree planting for the 35-year period were $1.33 billion and $1.95 billion for the high- and low-mortality scenarios, respectively. Average annual benefits were $38 and $56 per tree planted. Eighty-one percent of total benefits were aesthetic/other, 8% were stormwater runoff reduction, 6% energy savings, 4% air quality improvement, and less than 1% atmospheric carbon reduction.
A sclerosing procedure for hypermobile edentulous ridges.

Abstract A nonsurgical technique for sclerosing of the hypermobile edentulous ridge has been described. The procedure has the advantage of maintaining alveolar height and avoiding the secondary vestibuloplasty needed when such tissue is surgically excised. Patients have been followed up to seven years with no need for further treatment.
Design, construction, and validation of a multimodal intravascular diagnostic catheter combining IVUS and fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy detection channels

We report the development and validation of an intravascular rotary catheter that enables bi-modal interrogation of arterial pathologies based on fast-frame time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The catheter is based on a parallel design that allows for independent rotation of the ultrasonic and optical channels within an 8 Fr outer diameter catheter sheath and integrates a low volume flushing channel for blood removal in the optical pathways. In current configuration, the two channels consist of a) a standard 8 Fr IVUS catheter with single element transducer (15 MHz) and b) a side-viewing UV-grade silica/silica fiber optic (400 μm core). The catheter is terminated by a small (0.82 mm internal diameter) polyimide tube to keep the fiber stable within the sheath. To clear the field of view from blood, a saline solution can be flushed in a sheath channel, concentric with the fiber optic, through the tube and in a radial opening aligned with the fiber's optical beam. The flushing function was optimized with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model pursued in a parallel study. The ability of the catheter to operate in intraluminal setting in blood flow, the effect of probe-to-tissue distance on optical signal and ability to generate co-registered TRFS and IVUS data were demonstrated in blood vessel phantoms. Current results demonstrate the feasibility of the described catheter for parallel interrogation of vessel walls based on TRFS and IVUS and to generate robust TRFS data. These results facilitate further development of a bi-modal TRFS-IVUS technique for intravascular diagnosis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases including vulnerable plaques.
Rate of Elimination of Nicotine by the Rabbit

ConclusionsWhen repeatedly administered in small doses the rate of elimination of nicotine seems to be proportional, within certain limits, to the rate of administration. When the optimum rate of administration is exceeded the rate of elimination is less than maximum, and ultimately reaches zero when the rate of administration is so rapid as to cause the end-point to be reached practically immediately.
I Hear You Knocking But You Can't Come In: The Effects of Reluctant Respondents and Refusers on Sample Survey Estimates

This article examines the effects of refusers and reluctant respondents to a general population survey on estimates of population distributions and multivariate relationships. Our data indicate tha...
Some comments on the significance and development of midline behavior during infancy.

With the waning of the tonic neck reflex beginning with the 8th to 12th week, and disappearing, in most instances, by the 16th week, the infant begins to become bilateral and makes symmetrical movements and engages his hands in the midline usually over the chest while in a supine position. The developmental significance of such behavior is considered—for example, its participation in the emerging sense of self and its role in the consolidation of emerging ego skills. Consideration is given to the possible implications of faulty midline behavior for development, and to whether failure to engage in an optimal amount of midline behavior, in interaction with other factors, can be used to alert observers to possible future developmental disturbances.
Principles of protein X-ray crystallography (2nd edition). By Jan Drenth. Heidelberg: Springer–Verlag, 1999, pp. xv + 341. Price DM129.00. ISBN 0 387 98587 5.

Those who liked the ®rst edition of this book will be pleased with the changes in the second. It contains the same 15 chapters of the ®rst edition, with very similar section and chapter headings. Signi®cant advances in the ®eld have been added: `Cryocooling' has been added to chapter 1 (`Crystallizing a protein'), `Weighted averaging of multiplere®ned dummy atomic models' to chapter 8 (`Phase Improvement') and `Shake-andBake' as well as the `Principle of Maximum Entropy' have been added to chapter 11 (`Direct Methods'). Correspondingly, discussion of equipment or procedures less frequently used today has been reduced or omitted: `The Precession Camera' is gone from chapter 2 (`X-ray Sources and Detectors'), `The Projection of Electron Density along an Axis' is replaced by `Scattering by a Plane of Atoms' in chapter 4 (`The Theory of X-ray Diffraction by a Crystal') and `The Matthews Patterson Summation', `The Rossman Method' and `Other Common Origin Methods' have been dropped from chapter 7 (`The Solution of the Phase Problem by the Isomorphous Replacement Method'). This second edition is an appropriate text for a graduate course in macromolecular crystallography as well as being a valuable reference for the laboratory. The style continues informal and clear. Drenth often uses the second person when `addressing' his students. Terms or concepts that must be used before full de®nition or clari®cation are noted and referenced. The text is well prioritized, if not intended to treat each topic in great depth; it usually provides enough mathematical or physical background to show the plausibiliy of a procedure. Adequate references are given to original literature, though some would have bene®ted by being updated from those used in the ®rst edition. The book is well written, illustrated and indexed. Inevitably, individual instructors might choose to shift emphasis or to add a few topics. Growing crystals is now often the rate-limiting step in structure determination. The relevance of the second virial coef®cient in exploring crystallization conditions, the rationale for crystal screens, the rate of approach to saturation and the rationale for crystallization of integral membrane proteins might have been treated in greater detail. Others may want an elaboration of the interface of X-ray crystallography with neutron and electron crystallography and with electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals. Some might argue that a course in protein crystallography should include helical diffraction theory. The rationale of and tricks for solving difference Patterson functions would be helpful. The use of charge-coupled device X-ray detectors and of bent mirrors for monochromatization and focusing might be elaborated. However, at 341 pages, Principles is a small book. It re ects a consensus of the core of basic protein crystallography courses as taught in many universities around the world.
Growth and Rumen Characteristics of Holstein Steers Fed Pelleted or Conventional Diets

Abstract Holstein steers were group-fed a pelleted complete feed or a ration of long hay and concentrate between ages 18 and 32 wk. Eight of each group were slaughtered at 32 wk; four of each were continued to 36 wk on the control diet. The pelleted diet was higher than control in acid detergent fiber and lignin and lower in protein and in vitro dry matter disappearance. Steers fed pellets consumed 6.0kg dry matter/kg gain and controls, 5.0. Gains in weight, height, and chest circumference were identical. Rumen walls of the experimental group were thinner than those of controls; papillae were longer, poorly attached, often large and paddle shaped with crusted or eroded tips. Rumen contents were greater in volume, higher in density, and appeared foamy in the pellet-fed group. There was moderate hyperkeratosis in six of eight pellet-fed rumens at age 32 wk, none in controls. Four steers converted from pellets to control diet from age 32 to 36 wk tended toward reversal of effects on the rumen and approached controls. Control steers had higher blood and rumen acetate, lower rumen propionate, and similar blood ( β -hydroxybutyrate, glucose, hematocrit, and packed cell volume compared with those pellet-fed. Carcass measurements were similar.
Temperamental Characteristics of Young Children Who Stutter.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the temperamental characteristics of children who do (CWS) and do not (CWNS) stutter using a norm-referenced parent-report questionnaire. Participant...
Determinants of hospice utilization among terminally ill geriatric patients

Terminally ill geriatric patients have been found to prefer the type of care provided by home health hospices to the lifesustaining technologies received In hospitals. Nevertheless, disproportionatel few dying elderly patients enroll in available hospice programs despite their preferences for, and Medicare's coverage of, hospice services. This study examines several critical factors expected to facilitate or inhibit the utilization of home-based hospice services. Seventy-six critically ill aged patients, their physicians and primary caregivers (e.g., family members) were interwewed about their attitudes and actions regarding the treatment of dying patients. The results indicate that patients who acknowledge their terminal health status, whose physicians disclose the terminal prognosis to them and do not fear malpractice, whose primary caregivers know about hospice and believe the patient would be receptive to enrollment in such a program, have a relatively high probability of home health hospice utilization.
NEON AND OXYGEN ABUNDANCES AND ABUNDANCE RATIO IN THE SOLAR CORONA

In this work we determine the Ne/O abundance ratio from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) off-disk observations of quiescent streamers over the 1996-2008 period. We find that the Ne/O ratio is approximately constant over solar cycle 23 from 1996 to 2005, at a value of 0.099 ± 0.017; this value is lower than the transition region determinations from the quiet Sun used to infer the neon photospheric abundance from the oxygen photospheric abundance. Also, the Ne/O ratio we determined from SUMER is in excellent agreement with in situ determinations from ACE/SWICS. In 2005-2008, the Ne/O abundance ratio increased with time and reached 0.25 ± 0.05, following the same trend found in the slowest wind analyzed by ACE/SWICS. Further, we measure the absolute abundance in the corona for both oxygen and neon from the data set of 1996 November 22, obtaining A o = 8.99 ± 0.04 and A Ne = 7.92 ± 0.03, and we find that both elements are affected by the first ionization potential (FIP) effect, with oxygen being enhanced by a factor of 1.4-2.1 over its photospheric abundance, and neon being changed by a factor of 0.75-1.20. We conclude that the Ne/O ratio is not constant in the solar atmosphere, both in time and at different heights, and that it cannot be reliably used to infer the neon abundance in the photosphere. Also, we argue that the FIP effect was less effective during the minimum of solar cycle 24, and that the Ne/O = 0.25 ± 0.05 value measured at that time is closer to the true photospheric value, leading to a neon photospheric abundance larger than assumed by ≈40%. We discuss the implications of these results for the solar abundance problem, for the FIP effect, and for the identification of the source regions of the solar wind.
Dechloroethylation of Chloroethyl Ethers and Amines Using n-Butyllithium

Abstract Organolithium reagents coordinate with Lewis bases such as amines and ethers.1 This coordination generally increases the polarity of the carbon-lithium bond and restricts the movement of the organolithium reagent. Among the many useful synthetic transformations2 made possible by this type of coordination are ortho-lithiation of alkyl aryl ethers and of N, N-dialkylanilines1,3 and dechloroethylation of β-chloroethyl ethers.4 Since Schollkopf and Paust first reported in 1965 that β-chloroethyl cyclopropyl ethers react with excess n-butyllithium to give cyclopropanols after hydrolytic work-up, this reaction has been used to prepare a wide variety of cyclopropanols5a,b and in one case to produce an allylic alcohol;5c the pathway by which the chloroethyl group is removed, however, has not previously been established. Two reasonable schemes for this dechloroethylation are illustrated by equations 1 and 2.
Relation between Metal Corrosion and Electrical Polarization

The increasing use of metals as implant materials in orthopaedic surgery has stimulated a considerable amount of interest among researchers and orthopaedic surgeons enabling the study of corrosion, wear, hypersensitivity, toxcity and carcinogenicity (Furst and Haro, 1960; Mears, 1979; Woodman, 1980). Partly, the corrosion Phenomena is due to the metal implant ionization in living tissue (Ferguson et al, 1960; Lautenschlager et al, 1974). Corrosion is a complex electrochemical deterioration of metals (Clark and Hickman, 1953). Futhermore, corrosion is referred to as a combination of oxidation and reduction of reactions at the implant-tissue interface. The basic reactions in corrosion are the removal of positive metal ions from their positions in the metal crystal lattice. This is called an anodic reaction. Similarly, the freed electrons, as a result of removed cations, also react to oxygen and hydrogren molecules in tissues to form hydroxyle. This is defined as cathodic reactions at the metal-tissue interface (Mears, 1979).
Equation of state for the NH3−H2O system

An equation of state (EOS) for the NH3−H2O system has been developed. This EOS incorporates a highly accurate end-member EOS and on an empirical mixing rule. The mixing rule is based on an analogy with high order contributions to the virial expansion for mixtures. Comparison with experimental data indicates that the mixed system EOS can predict both phase equilibria and volumetric properties for this binary system with accuracy close to that of the experimental data from 50°C and 1 bar to critical temperatures and pressures.
Robotic Leg Control with EMG Decoding in an Amputee with Nerve Transfers

The clinical application of robotic technology to powered prosthetic knees and ankles is limited by the lack of a robust control strategy. We found that the use of electromyographic (EMG) signals from natively innervated and surgically reinnervated residual thigh muscles in a patient who had undergone knee amputation improved control of a robotic leg prosthesis. EMG signals were decoded with a patternrecognition algorithm and combined with data from sensors on the prosthesis to interpret the patient’s intended movements. This provided robust and intuitive control of ambulation — with seamless transitions between walking on level ground, stairs, and ramps — and of the ability to reposition the leg while the patient was seated.
Montréal Statement on the Human Right to Essential Medicines

On September 30–October 2, 2005, a group of individuals drawn from civil society organizations, governments, international agencies, and academic institutions came together in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, for an international workshop entitled “Human Rights and Access to Essential Medicines: The Way Forward.” At the conclusion of the workshop, we drafted the “Montreal Statement on the Human Right to Essential Medicines.” This “Statement” is reprinted at the end of this comment, which offers some background on the problem addressed at the workshop. Many thanks to Patricia Illingworth, Mira Johri, Doris Schroeder, and Michael Selgelid for their helpful critical comments.
Array transmitter/receiver controlled by a true time-delay fiber-optic beamformer

We demonstrate a phased-array antenna controlled by a fiber-optic beamformer in true time-delayed transmit mode and in phase-delayed receive mode. The wavelength-tunable optical carrier propagating in a high-dispersion fiber realizes a true time-delay, with the steering direction set by a single voltage controlling the wavelength. The linear antenna is a sparsely-populated array with eight broadband spiral elements. The transmitter operates in 2-18 GHz frequency range over /spl plusmn/50/spl deg/ azimuth steering, and the receiver operates in 6-16 GHz frequency range over /spl plusmn/35/spl deg/ azimuth steering. >
Adaptation and testing of psychosocial assessment instruments for cross-cultural use: an example from the Thailand Burma border

The purpose of this study was to develop valid and reliable instruments to assess priority psychosocial problems and functioning among adult survivors of systematic violence from Burma living in Thailand. The process involved four steps: 1) instrument drafting and piloting; 2) reliability and validity testing; 3) instrument revision; and 4) retesting revised instrument. A total of N = 158 interviews were completed. Overall subscales showed good internal consistency (0.73-0.92) and satisfactory combined test-retest/inter rater reliability (0.63-0.84). Criterion validity, was not demonstrated for any scale. The alcohol and functioning scales underperformed and were revised (step 3) and retested (step 4). Upon retesting, the function scale showed good internal consistency reliability (0.91-0.92), and the alcohol scale showed acceptable internal consistency (0.79) and strong test-retest/inter-rater reliability (0.86-0.89). This paper describes the importance and process of adaptation and testing, illustrated by the experiences and results for selected instruments in this population.
Inhomogeneous phases in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio and quark-meson model

We discuss inhomogeneous ground states of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio and quark-meson model within mean-field approximation and their possible existence in the respective phase diagrams. For this purpose we focus on lower-dimensional modulations and point out that known solutions in the $2+1$ and $1+1$ dimensional (chiral) Gross-Neveu model can be lifted to the to the $3+1$ dimensional Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. This is worked out in detail for one-dimensional modulations and numerical results for the phase diagrams are presented. Focus is put on the critical point and on vanishing temperatures. As an interesting result the first order transition line in the phase diagram of homogeneous phases gets replaced by an inhomogeneous phase which is bordered by two second order transition lines.
A numerical scheme for moving boundary problems that are gradient flows for the area functional

Many moving boundary problems that are driven in some way by the curvature of the free boundary are gradient flows for the area of the moving interface. Examples are the Mullins–Sekerka flow, the Hele-Shaw flow, flow by mean curvature, and flow by averaged mean curvature. The gradient flow structure suggests an implicit finite differences approach to compute numerical solutions. The proposed numerical scheme will allow us to treat such free boundary problems in both IR2 and IR3. The advantage of such an approach is the re-usability of much of the setup for all of the different problems. As an example of the method, we compute solutions to the averaged mean curvature flow that exhibit the formation of a singularity.
Exascale computing challenges and their application to a production datacenter

In this talk I will outline the main challenges to achieving useable Exascale computer systems and discuss some of the approaches being taken to address them. These include the requirement to cut the power needed by the system, ensure the reliability of the system and specify programming models that will effectively utilize the system's potential. I will then draw on an example based on the computational core of an investment house fixed incomes desk. This example highlights a system that can reliably use a hybrid set of computational resources to price complicated bonds and to measure their risk profile. This is one type of code that can take advantage of any reasonable system with only minor modification.
Real-time seizure prediction from local field potentials using an adaptive Wiener algorithm

Abstract Approximately 30% of individuals with epilepsy have refractory seizures that cannot be controlled by current pharmacological treatment measures. For such patients, responsive neurostimulation prior to a seizure may lead to greater efficacy when compared with current treatments. In this paper, we present a real-time adaptive Wiener prediction algorithm implemented on a digital signal processor to be used with local field potential (LFP) recordings. The hardware implementation of the algorithm enables it to be a miniaturized portable system that could be used in a hand-held device. The adaptive nature of the algorithm allows the seizure data to be compared with baseline data occurring in the recent past rather than a preset value. This enhances the sensitivity of the algorithm by accounting for the time-varying dynamics of baseline, inter-ictal and ictal activity. The Wiener algorithm was compared to two statistical-based naive prediction algorithms. ROC curves, area over ROC curves, predictive power, and time under false positives are computed to characterize the algorithm. Testing of the algorithm via offline Matlab analysis on kainate-treated rats results in prediction of seizures about 27 s before clinical onset, with 94% sensitivity and a false positive rate of 0.009 min−1. When implemented on a real-time TI C6713 signal processor, the algorithm predicts seizures about 6.7 s before their clinical onset, with 92% sensitivity and a false positive rate of 0.08 min−1. These results compare favorably with those obtained in similar studies in terms of sensitivity and false positive rate.
Oral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy in women with cerebral aneurysms.

Background It is well known that cerebral aneurysms occur more frequently in women, with numerous studies suggesting a role for hormones in aneurysm pathogenesis. Estrogen promotes normal physiologic vascular endothelial function but also fluctuates during the menstrual cycle and drops significantly at menopause. Methods A retrospective, case control study was conducted to determine if exogenous estrogen use, which stabilizes estradiol levels, had any association with the presence of cerebral aneurysms. 60 women with intradural cerebral aneurysms were interviewed about their basic medical and female reproductive health histories, including oral contraceptive pill and hormone replacement therapy use and duration of use. This information was compared with the same data collected from women in the general public, as represented by 4682 women contacted through random digit phone dialing in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development sponsored Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study, published in 2002. Results Multivariate logistic regression showed a significant association between a lower rate of oral contraceptive (OR 2.1, CI 1.17 to 3.81; p¼0.01) and hormone replacement therapy (OR 3.09, CI 1.54 to 6.22; p¼0.002) use and the presence of a cerebral aneurysm. Conclusion These data suggest that exposure to exogenous estrogen agents in women is associated with a lower frequency of cerebral aneurysms.
A Comparison of Implicit Solvers for the Immersed Boundary Equations

Explicit time discretizations of the Immersed Boundary method are known to require small timesteps to maintain stability. A number of implicit methods have been introduced to alleviate this restriction to allow for a more ecient method, but many of these methods still have a stability restriction on the timestep. Furthermore, almost no comparisons have appeared in the literature of the relative computational costs of the implicit methods and the explicit method. A recent paper [E.P. Newren, A.L. Fogelson, R.D. Guy, and R.M. Kirby, Unconditionally Stable Discretizations of the Immersed Boundary Equations, Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 222,702-719 (2007)] addressed the confusion over stability of Immersed Boundary discretizations. This paper identified the cause of instability in previous Immersed Boundary discretizations as lack of conservation of energy and introduced a new semi-implicit discretization proven to be unconditionally stable, i.e., it has bounded discrete energy. The current paper addresses the issue of the eciency of the implicit solvers. Existing and new methods to solve implicit Immersed Boundary equations are described. Systematic comparisons of computational cost are presented for a number of these solution methods for our stable semi-implicit Immersed Boundary discretization and an explicit discretization for two distinct test problems. These comparisons show that two of the implicit methods are at least competitive with the explicit method on one test problem and outperform it on the other test problem in which the elastic stiness of the boundary does not dictate the timescale of the fluid motion.
Comparative Study of Adult Education Practitioners and Professors On Future Knowledge and Skills Needed By Adult Educators

The purpose of the study was to compare practitioners' opinions concerning knowledge and skills needed by future adult educators with those of professors. The sample population of practitioners was 78 NUCEA members who were deans or directors of continuing education.Practitioners, through two rounds of questionnaires, priority ranked thirty knowledge and thirty seven skill statements identified and priority ranked by professors of adult education in an earlier Delphi Study. Kendall Tau Coefficients computed for both knowledge and skill statement rankings between the two samples indicated that professors and practitioners tended to agree more on skill statement relative ranking than on knowledge statement relative ranking. It was concluded, from examination of means and rank order, that differences, as well as convergence, of opinion exist between the two study populations regarding the sampled knowledge and skill areas needed by future adult educators.
Post‐Pinatubo optical depth spectra vs. latitude and vortex structure: Airborne tracking sunphotometer measurements in AASE II

In January and March 1992, DC-8-measured stratospheric particle optical depth spectra, tau(sub P)(lambda), peaked broadly at midvisible or longer wavelenghts. At mid-to-high northern latitudes outside the vortex, tau(sub p)(526 nm) above about 11 km was as large as 0.22 in both January and March, reflecting continued Pinatubo volcanic influence. In both months, in-vortex tau(sub p)(lambda) above 11 km was smaller than outside-vortex values by a factor of two or more, and in January a strong anticorrelation was observed between tau(sub p)(lambda) and HF column content (an indicator of vortex penetration). In late January at 18-20S, near the edge of the southern subtropical jet, tau(sub p)(526 nm) above 12 km was only about 0.07-0.09, with a flatter spectral shape than northern mid- to high-latitude measurements in both January and March. Occasional high-latitude vertical profiles indicate 6-11-km slab optical depths, Delta tau(sub p)(526 nm), of 0.05 to 0.1, which should be added to the above-11-km values to yield values above 6 km.
Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling of a Bisenolate: 4‐Methyltricyclo[2.2.2.03,5]Octane‐2,6‐dione

Intramolecular oxidative coupling of a bisenolate: 4-methyltricyclo[2.2.2.03,5]octane-2,6-dione intermediate: 3-Methylcyclohexanone-3-acetic acid. intermediate: 4-Methylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,6-dione. product: 4-Methyltricyclo[2.2.2.03,5]octane-3,5-dione. Keywords: acylation; addition, to CC; alkylation, C-alkylation; decarboxylation; oxidation, miscellaneous; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; ferric chloride, in dimethylformamide, preparation; lithium diisopropylamide (lda), preparation of; polyphosphoric acid, preparation; benzene
Analysis of Oxygen Diffusion in Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ Ceramic Oxides

The kinetics of oxygen diffusion in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ ceramic oxides has been monitored by in-situ resistivity measurements. The kinetic behavior has been analyzed by applying the non-steady state continuity equation. The diffusivity of oxygen in the oxide of δ = 0 has been determined to be D = 0.035 exp (−1.3 eV)/kT cm2/sec. Combining the kinetic data and published structural information, we have examined a vacancy mechanism for the diffusion of oxygen in the CuO plane between the two BaO planes in the oxide.
Blackmail, Legality, and Liberalism

The question why blackmail is prohibitable has puzzled a wide variety of commentators. Because nothing close to a consensus opinion has emerged, the issue of blackmail and its criminalization is ripe for review. This Comment briefly evaluates the existing blackmail scholarship and then makes a critical examination of one of the newest theories in the blackmail debate. It concludes with a determination that the crime of blackmail is irreconcilable with common notions of liberal society.
Testing the Substitution Hypothesis: Would Credit Card Regulation Force Low-Income Borrowers Into Less Desirable Lending Alternatives?

One of the strongest arguments against regulating credit cards is the substitution hypothesis, which states that if a restriction on one form of credit decreases access, borrowers will respond by using other, less desirable forms of credit. For low-income consumers, the argument is more powerful still, because their other options are high-cost lenders such as pawn shops and rent-to-own stores. But the substitution hypothesis has been more frequently assumed than investigated, and the empirical research that has taken place does not support the theory as strongly as has been supposed. The theory is based on a naive presumption about the constancy of demand for consumer credit and a failure to account for a more nuanced view of the role of credit supply. This Article presents original data from a study of low-income women. The findings suggest that lenders such as pawn shops and rent-to-own stores may function as complements more than substitutes. In addition, the research uncovered another form of credit that low-income families routinely use and participants evaluated favorably, but that has never been discussed in the academic literature. These findings suggest a more nuanced formulation of the hypothesis that better predicts the consequences of credit card regulation.
Ontological Security, Existential Anxiety and Workplace Privacy

The relationship of workers to management has traditionally been one of control. However, the introduction of increasingly sophisticated technology as a means of supervision in the modern workplace has dramatically altered the contours of this relationship, giving workers much less privacy and making workers much more visible than previously possible. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of technological control of workers and how it has altered the relationship of worker to organization, through the impact upon self as perceived by the worker.
Them That's Got Shall Have: School Social Capital and Access to Resources in Organizational Fields

Partnerships between schools and other organizations are important because these relationships are sources of school social capital. A persistent finding of social capital research is that actors h...
Acceleration of High Angular Momentum Electron Repulsion Integrals and Integral Derivatives on Graphics Processing Units

We present an efficient implementation of ab initio self-consistent field (SCF) energy and gradient calculations that run on Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) enabled graphical processing units (GPUs) using recurrence relations. We first discuss the machine-generated code that calculates the electron-repulsion integrals (ERIs) for different ERI types. Next we describe the porting of the SCF gradient calculation to GPUs, which results in an acceleration of the computation of the first-order derivative of the ERIs. However, only s, p, and d ERIs and s and p derivatives could be executed simultaneously on GPUs using the current version of CUDA and generation of NVidia GPUs using a previously described algorithm [Miao and Merz J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2013, 9, 965-976.]. Hence, we developed an algorithm to compute f type ERIs and d type ERI derivatives on GPUs. Our benchmarks shows the performance GPU enable ERI and ERI derivative computation yielded speedups of 10-18 times relative to traditional CPU execution. An accuracy analysis using double-precision calculations demonstrates that the overall accuracy is satisfactory for most applications.