cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of polydispersity on structure of ultrasonically treated rubbers

Structure of ultrasonically treated rubbers, as recently shown by us, can be analyzed using the classical theory of rubber network statistics. This theory allows one to calculate gel fraction and crosslink density of a rubber network, provided, in particular, that molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the rubber chains is given. In previous studies, the initial MWD of ultrasonically treated rubbers was assumed to be of Flory's type in order to facilitate calculations. The present paper demonstrates that shape of the initial MWD insignificantly affects calculations of gel fraction and crosslink density if rubber network degradation proceeds through random scissions of main chains and crosslinks as in the case of continuous (with flow) ultrasonic treatment. MWD has been demonstrated to affect kinetics of rubber network degradation if a partial depolymerization of broken chains (thermal degradation) takes place during the ultrasonic treatment, which might happen under the static (no flow) conditions of treatment. The results of illustrative calculations are presented on structure of ultrasonically treated unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber.
Phosphoinositides in frog skeletal muscle: a quantitative analysis.

Abstract The contents of major phospholipids per g of wet wt. in frog skeletal muscle are: 5.3 μmol PC; 1.4 μmol PE; 1 μmol SM; 0.4 μmol PtdIns; 0.3 μmol CL; and 0.13 μmol PS. The quantities of polyphosphoinositides per g of wet wt. are: 181 nmol PtInsP; 28 nmol PtdInsP 2 ; and 8 nmol lyso-PtdInsP 2 . The specific activity of labelling of the total muscle ATP attained by external incubation with [ 32 P]P i was found to be 57 dpm/nmol × g muscle wet wt. PtdInsP 2 , the highest labelled polyphosphoinositide, showed a specific activity of 64000 dpm/nmol per g muscle wet wt., suggesting that high specific activity ATP may be compartmentalized in the local environment of the triads and used as a substrate by the PtdIns and PtInsP kinase in that region. PtdInsP 2 which is the immediate precursor for the release of InsP 3 , is found at a significant concentration and strategically located for its postulated role as a substrate for the action of phosphoinositidase C. The presence of a novel endogenous polyphosphoinositide, lyso-PtdInsP 2 , in animal tissues is reported for the first time. Electrical stimulation leads towards a rapid catabolization of polyphosphoinositides revealed by reductions in the 3 H- and 32 P-labelling, suggesting that muscle excitation is associated with the activation of breaking down of polyphosphoinositides.
Nonreporting of Recaptures of Tagged Rainbow Trout from an Oregon Stream

Abstract Angler response to capture of tagged “catchable” rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was analyzed from catches in Mill Creek, Oregon. From 13.4 to 24.8% of the tagged fish released in 1975, 1976, and 1977 were reported caught. This percentage represents only 18.4 to 52.4% of the estimated catches in 1975-77. Mail responses were the least effective type of recovery system: only 1.8 to 19.5% of the tagged fish caught by anglers were eventually reported. The most effective forms of recovery involved the use of creel surveyors and tag boxes. Only 56.7% of the tags on the catchable fish were reported within a week of recapture.
The ‘failing’ Fontan circulation

Abstract While functional outcomes for Fontan patients continue to improve, increasing follow-up underscores the impact of the single ventricle circulation on all body tissues and organ systems. In long-term follow-up, a variety of potential systemic effects and complications may develop. Optimization of quality and quantity of life for these patients requires an awareness for, and understanding of, the spectrum of these complications. Medical, interventional and surgical therapies continue to evolve although further investigation is required to determine the utility of many of these in this particular population.
Thermal behavior of zein sheets plasticized with oleic acid

ABSTRACT Zein, extracted from underutilized corn gluten meal may serve as an alternative starting material for fabrication of biodegradable packaging. Zein plasticized with oleic acid may be formed into flexible and water-resistant sheets. Our objective was to investigate the effect of plasticization on thermal behavior of zein sheets employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Zein sheets were rolled from a resin prepared by dispersing zein and oleic acid in aqueous alcohol followed by the recovery of the formed moldable compound by precipitation with water. Sheets were later replasticized with additional oleic acid to increase ductility. DSC thermograms were used to investigate zein-oleic acid interactions in zein sheets. DSC endotherms were attributed to melting of free oleic acid or to the dissociation of zein-oleic acid bonds. Plasticized sheets contained bound and free oleic acid. Further heat-treatment of plasticized sheets apparently resulted in zein absorption of free oleic acid. However, ...
Interfacial Slip Violations in Polymer Solutions: Role of Microscale Surface Roughness

Violations of the no-slip hydrodynamic boundary condition are investigated in polymer solutions using gap-dependent shear flow measurements between parallel plates. Solutions of high molar mass, 3.8 × 106 ≤ Mw ≤ 20.06 × 106, narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene, PS, in diethyl phthalate, DEP (a good solvent of low volatility), are the main focus of the study. Violations of the no-slip condition in these systems are evident from an apparent reduction in solution viscosity as the plate separation is reduced. Viscosity measurements at multiple plate separations allow the slip velocity Vs and slip extrapolation length b to be quantified. This article reports b and Vs for polymer solutions over a wide range of shear stress and solution concentrations, 0.025 ≤ φ ≤ 0.079, that is, for polymer solutions spanning the range from marginally entangled to highly entangled liquids. For the most entangled solutions studied, extremely large extrapolation lengths, b > 200 μm, are observed. Extrapolation length...
Resection of a Pulmonary Malignancy Invading the Intrapericardial Inferior Vena Cava

Resection of extensive lung cancers invading thoracic vascular structures (T4 lesions) can yield long-term survival provided the margins and nodes are free of tumor. We report the resection of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava for direct tumor involvement by a pulmonary malignancy. The resection was performed without bypass, and the cava was subsequently reconstructed with a 22-mm-diameter Dacron graft. Patency was documented on postoperative magnetic resonance angiograms. The patient was discharged home on postoperative day 10 without complications and remains well 8 months after the operation. Potentially curative resections and reconstructions of suprahepatic inferior vena cava involved with pulmonary malignancies are possible and can be done without cardiopulmonary bypass.
Peptide E and Its Products, BAM 18 and Leu-Enkephalin, in Bovine Adrenal Medulla and Cultured Chromaffin Cells: Release in Response to Stimulation

Peptide E is a 25 amino acid opioid peptide which, if cleaved at the sole double basic (Lys-Arg) typical processing site, would generate two opioid fragments, the amino-terminal fragment BAM 18 and the carboxy-terminal fragment Leu-enkephalin. We have analysed extracts of bovine adrenal medulla in order to quantify these three opioid peptides (peptide E, BAM 18, and Leu-enkephalin). Here we present evidence that BAM 18 and Leu-enkephalin were present in similar amounts, whereas peptide E was present at a higher concentration. This is consistent with previous observations showing a preferential accumulation of larger peptides in the bovine adrenal, and also with the Lys-Arg bond being the principal site of cleavage of peptide E. However, when bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were maintained in culture for several days, Leu-enkephalin was found to be present in much greater amounts than was BAM 18-like immunoreactivity. The molar amounts of peptide E still exceeded the estimated levels of BAM 18 and Leu-enkephalin. We provide evidence that under conditions of basal release BAM 18 and peptide E were released, whereas Leu-enkephalin was released in much smaller amounts, if at all. On stimulation with nicotine results were consistent with an increased release of all three peptides with a preferential stimulation of Leu-enkephalin release. Under all conditions, the molar amounts of peptide E released apparently exceeded that of the other peptides. The results are discussed in terms of the regulation of partial proteolysis and the fate of peptide E.
Mathematical simulation of the estuarine behavior and its applications

Abstract The paper describes the cause and effect relationships as applied to important water quality parameters and presents the steps in the development of the mathematical model representing the dispersion and advection of the dissolved oxygen in a one-dimensional tidal environment, using mass balances on finite volumes. The verification of the model is made against a year of actual data on the Delaware estuary[1]. Examples are given for application to prediction of other hydraulic parameters: during the 1965 drought, the model was used to forecast the salt water intrusion in the Delaware on a 30-day basis so that corrective measures could be taken.
Cytogenetic analysis in human breast tumors

Abstract Cytogenetic analysis using C-, G-, and Ag-nucleolus organizer region (NOR) staining techniques, performed on established cell lines as well as directly processed breast tumor effusions, revealed that: 1) chromosome No. 1 is involved in translocation; 2) based on 1q translocation chromosome, breast tumors could be classified into two groups; and 3) double minutes and homogeneously staining regions may be present in breast tumor cells in vivo as well as in vitro, and that homogeneously staining regions may exhibit some heterogeneity in staining.
A COMPARISON OF THE CCM1-SIMULATED CLIMATES FOR PRE-INDUSTRIAL AND PRESENT-DAY CO2 LEVELS

Abstract A comparison is made between the climatic equilibria of the NCAR CCM for a pre-industrial atmospheric CO 2 level (265 ppm) and a current (circa 1975) level of 330 ppm, including statistical estimates of the level of confidence in the implied changes. We also compare the model results to observations compiled over the past 100 years, which corresponds to roughly half of the period of change in CO 2 from pre-industrial (1800) to current levels. A relatively large model response in surface temperature and a smaller response in the precipitation, surface pressure, and storm track fields is obtained. These results are in accord with previous findings of the climate sensitivity to systematic changes in CO 2 forcings. A t -statistic of the model results indicates a significant surface temperature response to a relatively small change in CO 2 , above the inherent model variability. Observations of global surface temperature anomalies for the period 1890–1990 show some similarities to the model results, especially a warming in regions of the wintertime northern hemisphere of 2–3° C. A point-by-point correlation of the 330 ppm minus 265 ppm model temperature differences to the observed 1980-1890 differences suggests that some of the variance in the observed trends in the surface temperature anomalies may be explained by the model experiments.
Psychological Measurement and Methodological Realism

Within the context of psychological measurement, realist commitments pervade methodology. Further, there are instances where particular scientific practices and decisions are explicable most plausibly against a background assumption of epistemic realism. That psychometrics is a realist enterprise provides a possible toehold for Stephen Jay Gould’s objections to psychometrics in The Mismeasure of Man and Joel Michell’s charges that psychometrics is a “pathological science.” These objections do not withstand scrutiny. There are no fewer than three activities in ongoing psychometric research which presuppose a commitment to a minimal epistemic realism. Those activities include selecting between different models for representing data, estimating ability in the context of item response theory, and the move to make the individual the fundamental unit of analysis in psychometrics thereby calling for a shift in what sorts of data are evidentially relevant. In none of these activities are the commitments and disregard for evidence that Gould and Michell find objectionable or “pathological.”
Association Between Sonographic Fatty Liver and Ischemic Electrocardiogram Among Non-obese Taiwanese Male Adults

Background Several overlapping risk factors exist between fatty liver and ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, the epidemiologic association of fatty liver with IHD still awaits assessment among non-obese adult subjects. We conducted this analysis by utilizing routine health examination data to evaluate the prevalence of fatty liver as well as IHD and the epidemiologic relationship between fatty liver and IHD among non-obese Taiwanese male adults. Patients and Methods After excluding obese subjects, periodic health examination data of 835 non-obese males were used for the final analysis. The health examination included general medical evaluations, biochemical blood tests, an abdominal sonographic examination and a resting electrocardiogram (ECG). IHD was defined based on the evidence of resting ECG ischemic changes, as expressed in computerized Minnesota code. Insulin resistance was calculated by the equation of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA IR ) and was defined as the top quartile of HOMA IR for the total population. Student's t and χ 2 tests and multivariate logistic regression were utilized to examine the relationship between IHD and the potential risk factors. Data analyses were controlled for confounders such as liver impairment, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, which are the components of metabolic syndrome. Results Mean age for this sample population was 37.6 years and body mass index (BMI) was 23.0 kg/m 2 . Overall prevalence of sonographic fatty liver (SFL) was 19.0% (mild, 13.5%; moderate to severe, 5.5%). Prevalence of ischemic changes in the resting ECG was 15.5%; insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome were, respectively, 15.2% and 4.8%. The means of BMI, levels of triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, insulin and HOMA IR in the two subgroups with SFL, mild or moderate to severe, were significantly more unfavorable than in subjects without SFL. Prevalence rates for ischemic ECG, overweight, abnormal liver function, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypo-HDL cholesterolemia were all significantly higher in the two subgroups with SFL in contrast to the SFL-free subjects. Increasing fatty liver severity was independently associated with an increasing risk of IHD. After controlling for age, liver function test results and metabolic syndrome risk factors, mild SFL had a 1.8-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.071—3.082) and moderate to severe SFL had a 2.5-fold (95% CI, 1.071—3.082) increased risk of IHD. Conclusion The results of this study showed a statistically significant association between SFL and IHD among non-obese male adults. In addition to being a conventional liver status surveying equipment, sonogram evaluation for fatty change in liver provides valuable information about IHD risk assessment among non-obese Taiwanese male adults.
Dynamic Magnetomechanical Properties of Terfenol-D/Epoxy 1-3 Particulate Composites

This paper describes the effect of particulate crystallographic orientation on the dynamic magnetomechanical properties of Terfenol-D/epoxy 1–3 magnetostrictive particulate composites. Two different types of composites with approximately 50% Terfenol-D volume fraction were fabricated for comparison with [112]-textured monolithic Terfenol-D. In the first type, needle-shaped, [112]-oriented particles cut from the monolithic Terfenol-D were used and in the second type, irregular-shaped, randomly oriented particles ball-milled from the monolithic material were employed. Elastic moduli (E33 H and E33 B ), dynamic strain coefficient (d33 ), and magnetomechanical coupling coefficient (k33 ) were investigated as a function of bias field. Both composites demonstrate similar property trends with the negative-ΔE, d33 , and k33 values maximizing near 30 kA/m. The maximum values achieved in the oriented type are up to 67% larger than the non-oriented type and approaches 65% of the monolithic Terfenol-D. The property improvement in the oriented type is shown to be attributed to [112] preferential particulate orientation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
TH‐C‐144‐07: Proton Lung Planning Based On Beam Specific PTV

Purpose: To investigate the optimal use of beam specific PTV (bsPTV) in passively scattered proton lung treatments. Methods: An algorithm is developed and implemented to calculate bsPTV for lung cancer targets. The uncertainties in proton treatments, including setup errors, machine delivery variability, breathing motion, proton range uncertainties and their combinations are taken into account. The effect of breathing motion on the proton range is calculated from 4DCT. Margins can be added for translational and rotational setup errors and breathing motion changes during the course of treatment as well as for their effect on beam range of each treatment field. It is notable that the range uncertainties are calculated not as a function of the total range but taking into account the individual voxel HU uncertainty along a proton beamlet. bsPTVs are calculated for beams delivered on actual lung proton treatments. Plans based on bsPTVs (bsPlan)are generated and compared to conventional proton plans (origPlan). A range of TPS parameters and normalization methods are investigated. Results: All bsPlans increase the treated volume compared to origPlans. When the origPlans and bsPlans are created to compensate for similar uncertainties and are normalized the same way, dose distributions produced are similar (Gamma index>1 to 7–12% of voxels for a 3 field plan). When the bsPlans are normalized per field the maximum dose as well as the irradiated volume increase. Conclusion: A tool to calculate beam specific PTVs for proton treatments is developed to include the uncertainties involved. The volumes created can be used for beam angle optimization (smaller bsPTV corresponds to smaller uncertainty). bsPTVs can be the plan targets without the need of extra margins or they can be used for conventional proton plan evaluation (compared to produced dose distribution).
Dental Flossing and Its Relationship to Transient Bacteremia

This study was designed to determine the role of dental flossing in producing transient bacteremias. An improved protocol that provides for repeated samplings of blood was developed. Four patients had 32 blood cultures taken (16 before flossing and 16 after). Two of the patients had no periodontal disease and two had only marginal gingivitis. The results showed that the patients who flossed daily developed no bacteremias but that patients who delayed flossing from 1 to 4 days developed bacteremias 86% of the time. It is important that patients who have a history of rheumatic fever and those who have internal prosthetic devices be cautioned regarding sporadic flossing. While gingival bleeding was not significantly related to bacteremias in this study, further investigation is needed to ascertain how flossing in various types of periodontal disease relates to bacteremias.
Feedback linearization internal control for the unified power flow controller

This paper presents a feedback linearization based controller design methodology for a unified power flow controller (UPFC) to achieve rapid reference signal tracking in the internal level. Feedback linearization control (FBLC) is a nonlinear technique based on differential geometry theory and overcomes the drawback of traditional PI control linearzing at one specific operating condition. FBLC is applied on UPFC dynamic model via an appropriate coordinate transformation and LQR control is then applied on the transferred linear system. The proposed control is validated on the IEEE 118-bus system with full-order generator and network models.
Characterization of B cell growth in systemic lupus erythematosus. Effects of recombinant 12‐kDa B cell growth factor, interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor‐β

B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have been shown to be hyperactive as measured by proliferation and immunoglobulin production. We find that B cells from 6 of 13 SLE patients, in the absence of prior activation, respond two to three times better to recombinant 12-kDa B cell growth factor (BCGF) than do normal or rheumatoid arthritis B cells (p less than 0.005). B cells from normally responsive SLE patients require an anti-mu antibody activation step to generate similar proliferative signal in response to r12-kDa-BCGF. There are no clinical or serological parameters that distinguish these hyperresponsive SLE patients from the normally responsive SLE patients. The combination of r12-kDa-BCGF and interleukin 4 (IL4) gives an enhanced response with both normal and SLE B cells. Transforming growth factor type beta (TGF-beta) suppresses the response to r12-kDa-BCGF in a dose-dependent fashion using B cells from both healthy donors and SLE patients. We conclude that peripheral blood B cells are in an activated state (as detected by response to 12-kDa-BCGF) in approximately 50% of SLE patients. These B cells respond normally to regulation by IL4 and TGF-beta. A therapeutic approach aimed at reducing the B cell hyperactivity in SLE would involve suppressing the effects of 12-kDa-BCGF and IL4 while at the same time enhancing the effects of TGF-beta.
HARNESSING MANAGERIAL KNOWLEDGE TO IMPLEMENT PRODUCT-LINE EXTENSIONS: HOW DO MUTUAL FUND FAMILIES ALLOCATE PORTFOLIO MANAGERS TO OLD AND NEW FUNDS?

Building on the knowledge-based view of the firm, we examine the effects of experience and complexity on decisions to staff product-line extensions with shared or dedicated managers. Results suggest that new and old product lines are more likely to share a manager when the organization possesses a base of knowledge related to the extension and when the new product is low in complexity. These results extend understanding of knowledge and product platforms by focusing on implementation and resource deployment.
On carbuncles and other excrescences

We report observations of numerical experiments involving the carbuncle phenomenon. highlighting three distinct phases in its development. We stress that the second and third stages are logically consistent consequences of the rst stage, which can largely but not wholly be explained by a one-dimensional nonlinear stability analysis. However, we do not present a cure, and are careful not to promise one, although we do feel free to criticize others.
An immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory HLA class I-derived peptide binds vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.

Background. A synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 75‐ 84 of HLA-B2702 modulates immune responses in rodents and humans both in vitro and in vivo. Methods. We used a yeast two-hybrid screening, an in vitro biochemical method, and an in vivo animal model. Results. Two cellular receptors for this novel immunomodulatory peptide were identified using a yeast two-hybrid screen: immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP), a member of the heat shock protein 70 family, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Identification of BiP as a ligand for this peptide confirms earlier biochemical findings, while the interaction with VCAM-1 suggests an alternative mechanism of action. Binding to the B2702 peptide but not to closely related variants was confirmed by ligand Western blot analysis and correlated with immunomodulatory activity of each peptide. In mice, an ovalbumin-induced allergic pulmonary response was blocked by in vivo administration of either the B2702 peptide or antiVLA-4 antibody. Conclusions. We propose that the immunomodulatory effect of the B2702 peptide is caused, in part, by binding to VCAM-1, which then prevents the normal interaction of VCAM-1 with VLA-4. HLA molecules are important in antigen presentation and as targets for transplant rejection (1). However, the recent discoveries of killer inhibitory receptors (KIR) (2) and immunomodulatory effects of HLA-derived peptides (3) indicate that HLA molecules also act to suppress the immune response. We previously described a series of peptides corresponding to linear sequences of HLA molecules with profound immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo in both animal models and humans (4 ‐11). One of these peptides, corresponding to the a1 alpha helix of HLA-B2702, blocks cell mediated cytotoxicity in an allele unrestricted manner. The immunomodulatory effects of the B2702 peptide are entirely attributable to the carboxyl terminal 10 amino acids (residues 75‐ 84), and an inverted dimer peptide (B2702.84 ‐75/ 75‐ 84) is the most potent variant peptide tested (12). A monomeric B2702 peptide blocks cell-mediated immunity in transplantation patients treated with otherwise standard therapy in a placebo controlled phase II trial (13). To elucidate the mechanism of action of this peptide, molecules binding to the B2702 peptide were purified by standard immunoaffinity techniques. The major proteins isolated by this method were the constitutive and inducible forms of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 (13), but it remains unclear exactly how the interaction of the B2702 peptide with HSP 70 affects cell mediated lysis. In this report, the yeast-two hybrid system, developed by Field and co-workers (14), was used to identify additional cellular ligands for the peptide. Immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP), a member of the HSP70 family, and VCAM-1 were identified in this manner, and the importance of this vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) interaction was evaluated in a mouse allergy model.
Isolation of Type A Influenza Viruses from Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena)

Six type-A low pathogenic influenza viruses from 14 Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) from Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge were sequenced. The grebe viruses were closely related to North American duck viruses. The genetic and temporal subtype consistency between the duck and grebe isolates suggest spillover events, potentially enhanced by feather eating.
Accounting Compensation Modeling Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process Supporting The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) of 2002 included a wide range of reforms for issuers of publicly traded securities, auditors, corporate board members, and lawyers. It was aimed at deterring and punishing corporate and accounting fraud with severe penalties for wrongdoers, and protecting the interests of workers and shareholders. The SOA along with the economic downturn of 2008 and the subsequent passing of the Dodd-Frank Act has focused additional attention to executive compensation especially for CEOs. This paper proposes that the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) may be useful in developing input to compensation contracts in ways that support regulations and the interests of investors and stockholders. AHP is suggested as a framework to explore when considering the factors that can be used to measure the performance of a CEO. Seven reasons for using AHP for this purpose are presented in this report: (1) emphasizes objectivity and consistency, (2) creates an audit trail for compensation agreements, (3) improves understanding between CEOs and compensation committees, (4) supports review and updating CEO compensation contracts, (5) augments CEO selection, (6) supports SOA and Dodd-Frank Act, and (7) may attract investors.
Irregular progressive edge-growth (PEG) Tanner graphs

A general method for constructing Tanner graphs having a large girth by progressively establishing edges between symbol and check nodes in an edge-by-edge manner, called progressive edge-growth (PEG) construction, is proposed. Such an approach is powerful for generating good regular and irregular LDPC codes of short and moderate block lengths.
Promoting Healthy People 2010 Through Small Grants

The Department of Health and Human Services initiated a pilot "microgrant" or small grants program in 2001 to promote Healthy People 2010 (HP 2010) implemented by the Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center. This article describes the 103 agencies funded under this initiative and 67 control group agencies. It evaluates the HP 2010 focus areas targeted and the effectiveness of promoting HP 2010 objectives through microgrants. Forty-four percent of the grant recipients and 79% of the control group agencies indicated low levels of familiarity with HP 2010 goals. Changes in knowledge of HP 2010 goals for the microgrant group increased significantly from 5.24 +/- 3.67 to 7.83 +/- 1.86 (p < .05). The results suggest that microgrants can be a useful mechanism to plant the seeds for developing community and organizational capacity to define local health priorities, practice and test new initiatives or expand existing programs and promote knowledge about HP 2010.
Political Consequences of the New Inequality

This article proposes agendas for teaching and research about shifting global patterns of equality and inequality, a very different agenda than was appropriate when the last undergraduate professor was president of ISA, almost forty years ago. Today, unlike in that Cold War world, formal democracy is flourishing, state power is diminishing, gender inequality has diminished, and income inequality has risen. Consequences of these new patterns that demand our attention as teachers and scholars include: (1) more frequent protracted social conflicts, (2) a newly politicized sphere of international public health, (3) the new global gender politics, (4) the new global politics of the super-rich, and (5) the new politics and ethics of the world's privileged, a group that includes most ISA members and most of our students. Our responsibilities as teachers have grown, in part, because popular media present a decreasingly coherent picture of each of these patterns; and that incoherence, itself, may help sustain global inequalities.
Size-Structured Yield-per-Recruit Simulation for the Florida Gill-Net Fishery for Spanish Mackerel

Abstract We estimated the effects of gill-net mesh size regulations on the yield per recruit of Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus in Florida. Yield per recruit was calculated with a simulation model that incorporated seasonal fishing rates by sectors (recreational and commercial) and size-varying availabilities of fish to the gear and retention probabilities once fish encountered the gear. Gains in yield (g) per recruit were always obtained by increasing mesh size, gill-net fishing mortality, or both. Adoption of a minimum length above the present enforced minimum 30.5 cm fork length may result in considerable gains in yield per recruit. This, however, depends on the assumption that there is no cryptic mortality of undersized fish in the recreational fishery. If such mortality is significant, the gains in yield per recruit will be much smaller.
Filter technology for spectrum management

Some recent developments in filter technology at the Naval Research Laboratory will be described and the application of these technologies to spectrum management will be discussed.
Some computing methods for unbalanced analysis of variance and covariance

Many computing algorithms are used for analysis of variance and covariance. Choice of an ideal algorithm is dependent on many factors including balance, type of model (fixed, random or mixed), number of dependent variables, covariates, sample size, required auxiliary output, numerical conditioning, and the statistical hypotheses to be tested. In BMD and BMDP, several algorithms are customized to particular classes of problems. In this paper, attention is focused on the general linear hypothesis (general linear model), repeated measures, and efficient computation for multiple observations per cell. Discussion is primarily directed towards testing fixed effects.
A new term for transcribing.

The medication-use process involves prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administration, monitoring, and patient education. In the age of informatics, it is time to consider different terms for “transcribe” and “transcribing” in particular. To transcribe implies a rote process with no
The Costs of Caring: Medical Costs of Alzheimer's Disease and The Managed Care Environment

This review summarizes the medical costs associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias, as well as the payers responsible for these medical costs in the US health care system. It is clear from this review that AD and related dementias are associated with substantial medical costs. The payers responsible for a majority of these costs are families of patients with AD and the US government through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. In an attempt to control expenditures, Medicare and Medicaid have turned to managed care principles and managed care organizations. The increase in "managed" dementia care gives rise to several potential problems for patients with AD, along with many opportunities for systematic improvement in the quality of dementia care. Evidence-based disease management programs provide the greatest opportunities for improving managed dementia care but will require the development of dementia-specific quality of care measures to evaluate and continually improve them. (J Geriat...
New Humanbecoming Conceptualizations and the Humanbecoming Community Model Expansions with Sciencing and Living the Art

The purposes of this article are to: introduce a new humanbecoming ontological conceptualization, the becoming visible-invisible becoming of the emerging now; describe the epistemological shift from universal lived experience to universal living experience; and further explicate the humanbecoming community model. The community change concepts (moving-initiating, anchoring-shifting, and pondering-shaping) are clarified with explanations in light of the findings of a nine-country translinguistic Parse research method study on hope and insights from living the art of humanbecoming.
Characteristics of Participants and Nonparticipants in Experimental Research

Characteristics of students who volunteered to participate in a laboratory experiment on group performance were compared with those of students who did not elect to participate. Subjects were 113 undergraduate students (65 men, 48 women; median age 23 yr.). There were no significant differences for the total sample between the participants and nonparticipants on locus of control, need for achievement, need for affiliation, age, or sex. Participation was, however, related to academic major, and male participants had higher need for achievement than male nonparticipants. Also, comparison of male and female subsamples with published national means indicated significant differences on need for achievement and need for affiliation. Male and female nonparticipants were higher than national means on need for achievement and lower than national means on need for affiliation. Need for achievement of male nonparticipants was lower than national means. Issues associated with volunteer bias are discussed and cautions...
Proximal Cavity, Distal Histidine, and Substrate Hydrogen-Bonding Mutations Modulate the Activity of Amphitrite ornata Dehaloperoxidase†

Dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from Amphitrite ornata is the first globin that has peroxidase activity that approaches that of heme peroxidases. The substrates 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol are oxidatively dehalogenated by DHP to form 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, respectively. There is a well-defined internal substrate-binding site above the heme, a feature not observed in other globins or peroxidases. Given that other known heme peroxidases act on the substrate at the heme edge there is great interest in understanding the possible modes of substrate binding in DHP. Stopped-flow studies (Belyea, J., Gilvey, L. B., Davis, M. F., Godek, M., Sit, T. L., Lommel, S. A., and Franzen, S. (2005) Biochemistry 44, 15637-15644) show that substrate binding must precede the addition of H2O2. This observation suggests that the mechanism of DHP relies on H2O2 activation steps unlike those of other known peroxidases. In this study, the roles of the distal histidine (H55) and proximal histidine (H89) were probed by the creation of site-specific mutations H55R, H55V, H55V/V59H, and H89G. Of these mutants, only H55R shows significant enzymatic activity. H55R is 1 order of magnitude less active than wild-type DHP and has comparable activity to sperm whale myoglobin. The role of tyrosine 38 (Y38), which hydrogen bonds to the hydroxyl group of the substrate, was probed by the mutation Y38F. Surprisingly, abolishing this hydrogen bond increases the activity of the enzyme for the substrate TBP. However, it may open a pathway for the escape of the one-electron product, the phenoxy radical leading to polymeric products.
Transcriptional control of a rRNA promoter of the nodulating symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti

We constructed a stable, low-copy-number plasmid containing a fusion between a Sinorhizobium meliloti rRNA promoter and gfp(mut3). When transformed into S. meliloti the resulting strain, Rm1021/pKW1, fluoresced in proportion to its growth rate during balanced growth. This strain also showed an unexpected behavior when grown to stationary phase in TY medium: the average cellular fluorescence increased through mid-exponential phase then decreased dramatically. The explanation for this appears to be that transcription from the rRNA promoter was shut off in mid-exponential phase and intracellular Gfp was diluted by continued cell growth.
Estimation of Hydro-fracture Source Location with Time Reversal Mirrors

We present a time reverse mirror approach for estimating hydro-fracture source locations. With this scheme, the passive seismic data generated by the hydro-fracture sources are crosscorrelated with the wavefield extrapolated from the VSP or seismic while drilling data, and the image shows the location of hydro-fracture sources. Only an estimate of the local velocity v(x, z) model around the VSP well is needed and this method is robust with respect to noise and limited source and recording apertures. Synthetic tests with the SEG/EAGE salt model demonstrate the potential for its use with enhanced oil recovery operations.
Engineering invention: Frank J. Sprague and the U.S. electrical industry

Engineering invention: Frank J. Sprague and the U.S. electrical industry, by Frederick Dalzell, Cambridge, MA and London, The MIT Press, 2010, xii + 288 pp., photographs, $30.00, £22.95 (hardback),...
Nearly Universal $\hbox{1}/f^{2}$ Spectrum of Mobility Fluctuation Noise in a Quantum Wire at Radio and Microwave Frequencies

We have studied the noise power spectrum associated with mobility fluctuations of hot carriers in a GaAs quantum wire in the frequency range of 20 MHz-50 GHz using ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. This frequency range is outside the regime where a noise peak occurs in quantum wires due to well-known streaming oscillations in the carrier drift velocity. In this frequency range, the noise power spectrum is found to exhibit a nearly universal 1/fα dependence, where f is the frequency. The exponent α remains remarkably constant over a wide range of electric field and temperature, and varies between 1.96 and 1.98 as the driving electric field is varied from 500 V/cm to 10 kV/cm at two different temperatures of 30 and 77 K. The constancy of α and its value of ~ 2 may be related to the nature of electron-phonon interactions in quantum wires.
Spatial and temporal variation in the hydrodynamic landscape in intertidal salt marsh systems

Despite the well-accepted role of water flow in mediating ecological processes, the spatial and temporal variation of hydrodynamic conditions experienced by organisms is largely unknown in intertidal estuarine habitats. Current ecological and hydrodynamic sampling approaches may prevent adequate assessment of these impacts by confounding spatial and temporal variation, failing to encompass adequate spatial and temporal variation in measurement and interpretation, and/or not clearly identifying appropriate turbulent flow parameters. We examined spatial and temporal variation in turbulent flow parameters using six acoustic Doppler velocimeters within and among four sites in Wassaw Sound, Georgia, USA. We also collected data across and within sites at time periods corresponding to different tidal types (i.e., neap, mean, and spring). Variation in water flow within sites was similar and highly correlated at locations up to 20 m. In contrast, spatial and temporal variation in water flow among distant sites was highly variable, had lower correlation than within-site comparisons, and exhibited high site specificity for some flow parameters. Flow parameters did not correlate with each other, suggesting that specific parameters need to be identified to correctly interpret the effect of water flow on ecological interactions. Our results suggest that ecological and hydrodynamic measurements need to occur at similar spatial and temporal scales to minimize the confounding impact of spatial and temporal variability in water flow. Further, consideration of these issues should provide a better framework in which to assess the interaction between water flow and ecological processes and help generate testable hypotheses that incorporate how these interactions vary spatially and temporally.
Ethnic differences in the link between physical discipline and later adolescent externalizing behaviors.

Background: Parents use of physical discipline has generated controversy related to concerns that its use is associated with adjustment problems such as aggression and delinquency in children. However, recent evidence suggests that there are ethnic differences in associations between physical discipline and children’s adjustment. This study examined race as a moderator of the link between physical discipline and adolescent externalizing behavior problems, extending previous research beyond childhood into adolescence and considering physical discipline at multiple points in time. Methods: A representative community sample of 585 children was followed from pre-kindergarten (age 5) through grade 11 (age 16). Mothers reported on their use of physical discipline in the child’s first five years of life and again during grades 6 (age 11) and 8 (age 13). Mothers and adolescents reported on a variety of externalizing behaviors in grade 11 including aggression, violence, and trouble at school and with the police. Results: A series of hierarchical linear regressions controlling for parents marital status, socioeconomic status, and child temperament revealed significant interactions between physical discipline during the child’s first five years of life and race in the prediction of 3 of the 7 adolescent externalizing outcomes assessed and significant interactions between physical discipline during grades 6 and 8 and race in the prediction of all 7 adolescent externalizing outcomes. Regression slopes showed that the experience of physical discipline at each time point was related to higher levels of subsequent externalizing behaviors for European American adolescents but lower levels of externalizing behaviors for African American adolescents. Conclusions: There are race differences in long-term effects of physical discipline on externalizing behaviors problems. Different ecological niches may affect the manner in which parents use physical discipline, the meaning that children attach to the experience of physical discipline, and its effects on the adjustment of children and adolescents. Keywords: Physical discipline, externalizing behaviors, ethnic differences.
Adipogenesis: It Is Not Just Lipid That Comprises Adipose Tissue

Adipogenesis is the initial component of forming cells (adipocytes) capable of assimilating lipid. Lipid metabolism is a metabolic process whereby lipid is stored for use when energy is required. Both processes involve cellular and molecular components. The gene regulations of each are different and (yet) confusingly, markers for both are used interchangeably. The focus of this paper is to provide elementary information regarding both processes and to introduce this issue of Journal of Genomics, whereby important aspects of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism involving gene expression are provided.
Explorations in Nonconformity

(1967). Explorations in Nonconformity. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 133-150.
Melanin Accelerates the Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Oxygenation of p-Hydroxyanisole (MMEH)

Although pigment melanin has long been though of as "inert," recent work has attested to its chemical reactivity. In this communication, we report that either commercial synthetic melanin prepared by persulfate oxidation of tyrosine ("Sigma melanin") or sepia melanin extracted from cuttlefish markedly accelerates the in vitro oxygenation of p-hydroxyanisole (MMEH), catalyzed by mushroom or B-16 melanoma tyrosinase. Kinetics of 4-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone formation (lambda max = 413 nm) or of molecular O2 uptake were biphasic, with an initial slow rate ("lag time") followed by a fast linear increase. The biphasic response reflects an initial slow hydroxylation followed by a fast dehydrogenation. Added melanin markedly decreased the lag time but had little effect on subsequent dehydrogenation. Similar effects were observed for tyrosine itself. A complex between MMEH and melanin appears to be the "active" species in these reactions. The results indicate that melanin acts as an electron conduit, which accepts electrons from the substrate and transfers them to tyrosinase. The magnitude of the effect depends on the type of melanin as well as on its oxidation state. Kinetic analysis indicates that both melanins are very efficient at transferring electron to tyrosinase, and that Sigma melanin is roughly threefold more efficient than sepia melanin. The qualitative similarity of reaction between the synthetic and "natural" melanins suggests that the former may serve as a first approximation to the in vivo situation. On the other hand, the observed quantitative differences and the sensitivity of these results to the chemical state of melanin suggests that this methodology might eventually be adapted as a non-destructive probe of melanin in situ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Symptoms of Female Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse

Women who suffered sexual abuse as children often experience a variety of physical and psychosocial symptoms as adults. Identifying this pattern of symptoms might assist health professionals in recognizing and treating non reporting survivors of child sexual abuse. In this study, the Adult Survivors of Incest (ASI) Questionnaire (Brown & Garrison, 1990) was used to determine the symptoms and contributing factors for 22 adult survivors of child sexual abuse. Six physical symptoms were experienced by 50% of the subjects, and over 75% of the subjects experienced II psychosocial symptoms. The number of physical symptoms correlated significantly with other victimizations (r = 59) and number of psychosocial symptoms (r = 56). The findings suggest that the ASI Questionnaire was effective in identifying patterns of symptoms and contributing factors of adult survivors of child abuse. Additional study is needed to determine the usefulness of this questionnaire in identifying non reporting survivors in clinical situ...