cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REJOINDER TO KNAPP'S NOTE

Although the expression cited by Knapp () is the way to calculate amount learned within the confines of the specific mathematical formulas presented by Carver, the opinion was expressed that f (final test score) would remain one of the best indicants of amount learned under other hypothesized curvilinear models.
Supporting a Windows XP/Red Hat Linux dual boot environment

Customers of public computing sites and faculty who use the public computer classrooms to teach want diversity in computing. Inevitably, there's a group that does not want to teach exclusively using Windows, or the industry they are teaching about is not Windows based. To accommodate those customers, Information Technology at Arizona State University's (ASU) East Campus supports a Windows/Linux Dual Boot Environment in several classrooms.This paper will examine the Linux public computing environment, how it works, how it is secured, how it utilizes the same central authentication and shared customer specific file space as the Windows and Macintosh clients, the challenges of supporting it, and what it provides that the Windows side cannot. This paper will also examine why faculty use it as a teaching tool versus using Windows exclusively.
STYLE: a statistical design approach based on nonparametric performance macromodeling

Despite their potential benefits, statistical design/optimization techniques are often not routinely used by industry because of prohibitive costs and/or lack of generality. To overcome these obstacles, we present a general approach to statistical design which is computationally inexpensive and applicable to an extensive spectrum of analog-digital circuits, unlike previous inexpensive methods which limit the user to specific technologies, standard device models, and/or purely digital designs. This general applicability and cost efficiency is maintained through four factors. First, an efficient screening algorithm minimizes the dimensionality of the input parameter space by identifying the important input parameters. Second, a general, accurate, parsimonious nonparametric regression model is formulated so that a wide range of behavior between input parameters and output performances can be mapped, not just those with a linear regression relationship. Third, this approach tightly couples with a compiler-methodology based simulator which sustains the achieved flexibility through its model independence. Finally, a waveform analysis capability completely automates the procedure. An industry ECL bandgap regulator circuit illustrates the benefits of this method. >
Early Puzzle Play: A predictor of preschoolers’ spatial transformation skill

Individual differences in spatial skill emerge prior to kindergarten entry. However, little is known about the early experiences that may contribute to these differences. The current study examined the relation between children’s early puzzle play and their spatial skill. Children and parents (n 53) were observed at home for 90 min every 4 months (6 times) between 2 and 4 years of age (26 to 46 months). When children were 4 years 6 months old, they completed a spatial task involving mental transformations of 2-dimensional shapes. Children who were observed playing with puzzles performed better on this task than those who did not, controlling for parent education, income, and overall parent word types. Moreover, among those children who played with puzzles, frequency of puzzle play predicted performance on the spatial transformation task. Although the frequency of puzzle play did not differ for boys and girls, the quality of puzzle play (a composite of puzzle difficulty, parent engagement, and parent spatial language) was higher for boys than for girls. In addition, variation in puzzle play quality predicted performance on the spatial transformation task for girls but not for boys. Implications of these findings as well as future directions for research on the role of puzzle play in the development of spatial skill are discussed.
Finite-rate feedback of input covariance matrices in MIMO systems

We analyze feedback of the optimal input covariance matrix Q from a channel-aware multi-antenna receiver to a multi-antenna transmitter using N f bits per block. The matrix Q is allowed to have real or complex entries and its rank is allowed to be either fixed or variable. By unravelling the geometry of the quantization spaces involved, we obtain the normalized volume of geodesic balls and use these to evaluate the distortion suffered in quantizing information using different code books. The difference in ergodic capacity between the finite and infinite rate feedback cases is bounded as O(2− N f over N) where N is the dimension of the quantization manifold. The results apply to both the MIMO link and the MIMO MAC channels, and do not depend on the specific distribution of the channel matrix.
Ramsey Meets Laibson in the Neoclassical Growth Model

The neoclassical growth model is modified to include a variable rate of time preference. With no commitment ability and log utility, the equilibrium features a constant effective rate of time preference and is observationally equivalent to the standard model. The extended framework yields testable linkages between the extent of commitment ability and the rates of saving and growth. The model also has welfare implications, including the optimal design of institutions that facilitate household commitments. Steady-state results are obtained for general concave utility functions, and some properties of the transitional dynamics are characterized for isoelastic utility.
Packet Error Probability of a Transmit Beamforming System With Imperfect Feedback

Average packet error probability (PEP) is an important error statistic for wireless communication system designers. In this paper, we address the problem of analytically quantifying the effect of channel estimation errors, feedback delay and channel vector quantization on the PEP of transmit beamforming multiple-input-single-output (MISO) systems in a spatially independent slow-fading wireless channel environment. We develop an accurate characterization of estimation errors as well as errors due to feedback delay, and tools relevant for deriving analytical expressions for the PEP. The modeling highlights the distinction between errors that arise due to channel estimation from those that arise due to feedback delay and represents an important departure from past work. Analytical expressions are derived for the PEP with BPSK signaling. The derived approximated closed-form analytical expression is complemented by simulations.
The Muscle Transcription Factor MyoD Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation by Stimulation of the Osterix Promoter

Transcription factors regulate tissue-specific differentiation of pluripotent mesenchyme to osteoblast (OB), myoblast (MB), and other lineages. Osterix (Osx) is an essential transcription factor for bone development because knockout results in lack of a mineralized skeleton. The proximal Osx promoter contains numerous binding sequences for MyoD and 14 repeats of a binding sequence for Myf5. These basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors have a critical role in MB differentiation and muscle development. We tested the hypothesis that bHLH transcription factors also support OB differentiation through regulation of Osx. Transfection of a MyoD expression vector into two primitive mesenchymal cell lines, C3H/10T1/2 and C2C12, stimulated a 1.2-kb Osx promoter-luciferase reporter 70-fold. Myf5 stimulated the Osx promoter 6-fold. Deletion analysis of the promoter revealed that one of three proximal bHLH sites is essential for MyoD activity. The Myf5 repeat conferred 60% of Myf5 activity with additional upstream sequence required for full activity. MyoD bound the active bHLH sequence and its 3'-flanking region, as shown by EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Real-time PCR revealed that primitive C2C12 and C3H/10T1/2 cells, pre-osteoblastic MC3T3 cells, and undifferentiated primary marrow stromal cells express the muscle transcription factors. C2C12 cells, which differentiate to MB spontaneously and form myotubules, were treated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) to induce OB differentiation. BMP-2 stimulated expression of Osx and the differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase and blocked myotubule development. BMP-2 suppressed the muscle transcription factor myogenin, but expression of MyoD and Myf5 persisted. Silencing of MyoD inhibited BMP-2 stimulation of Osx and blocked the later appearance of bone alkaline phosphatase. MyoD support of Osx transcription contributes to early OB differentiation.
Determinants of The Selection of Full or Limited Tort Auto Insurance in Pennsylvania: an Empirical Analysis

In response to rapidly rising insurance prices, Pennsylvania was one of several states to adopt no-fault auto insurance in the 1970s. The Pennsylvania no-fault law, passed in 1975, included a $750 monetary tort threshold and unlimited no-fault medical benefits. However, because of the easily reached tort threshold, the new law failed to stabilize costs; and so, in 1984 the legislature acted again, this time repealing the tort threshold, while leaving in place an “add-on” system of no-fault “CAT Fund” benefits capped at $1,000,000 (see Powers, 1989).
Did BAPCPA Deter the Wealthy? The 2005 Bankruptcy Reform’s Effect on Filings Across the Income and Asset Distribution

In 2005, Congress passed the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) to deter those with means from evading their debts in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The law substantially increased the cost to debtors of filing bankruptcy. We use national data gathered at the zip code level to estimate how the law affected debtor filing rates at different income levels and by homeownership. We consider econometric models that account both for observed and unobserved differences across neighborhoods, as well as allow for arbitrary differences in bankruptcy time trends across neighborhoods. Results suggest that the law disproportionately reduced filings among poor neighborhoods by about 32% and that poorer filers also shifted 12% more towards pricier Chapter 13 filings with these effects being exacerbated by differences in homeownership.
A study of hydrogen bond strengths of neutral water clusters (H2O)n using modified MNDO

Semi-empirical molecular orbital methods proposed up to now seriously fail to describe hydrogen bonded systems associated with (H2O) n . A new scheme of parametrization using a semi-empirical method is proposed. We tested hydrogen bonding associated with the water clusters (H2O) n . The results are found to be close to ab initio Hartree-Fock quality, indicating a good promise for studying hydrogen-bonding systems other than O-H...O moiety.
Kinetics of the N2 + O yields NO + N reaction in nonequilibrium flows

A detailed quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) study of the first Zeldovich reaction, N2 + 0 -4 NO + N under re-entry flow conditions is carried out. Emphasis is given to investigating the effect of high temperature and thermodynamic nonequilibrium on the rate constant of this reaction. A modified Arrhenius expression for the rate constant for this reaction is presented based on the QCT data. The agreement with the experimental data is very good. However, at high temperatures (T > 12,000 K) the predicted rate constant is greater than the rate constant proposed by Park by almost an order of magnitude. An analytical expression describing the dependence of the rate constant on the vibrational, rotational and translational temperatures is also given. Finally, the product vibrational distribution of the NO formed by this reaction hi nonequilibrium flows is obtained. It is found that the vibrational temperature of NO formed behind a strong shock is much higher than the overall gas vibrational temperature.
The Local Atomic Structure in Hg0.80Cd0. 20Te

Local atomic arrangements in Hg0.80Cd0.20Te were investigated by measuring the diffuse x-ray scattering at two different energies near the Hg LIII absorption edge to yield intensity due only to Hg-Hg, Hg-Te, and Hg-Cd pair interactions. The data were separated into short range order and displacement intensities. Simulation revealed ordered regions with 3:1 Hg-Cd near neighbor configurations. The Hg-Te length is contracted.
Understanding variations in user response to social media campaigns: A study of Facebook posts in the 2010 US elections

Political candidates increasingly have incorporated social media tools like Facebook into their campaigns. Such tools enable supporters to interact directly and easily with campaigns, creating an immediate and relatively informal way for users to respond to candidate messages and publicly display their support. Previous research has explored how campaigns have used social media, or how the use of social media may be related to political engagement. In this study, we provide a systematic analysis of variations in user response to candidate messaging through Facebook. Our results shed new light on the dynamics of online campaigning through social media and engagement with supporters through digital media. Specifically, our findings show that variations in the tone, timing, and content of posts, as distinct from contextual factors, are significantly related to how users respond through “likes” and comments.
The acylation of megakaryocyte proteins: glycoprotein IX is primarily myristoylated while glycoprotein Ib is palmitoylated

The acylation of megakaryocyte proteins was studied with special emphasis on the myristoylation and palmitoylation of the glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. Guinea pig megakaryocytes were purified and separated into subpopulations at different phases of maturation. Cells were incubated with [3H]myristate, [3H]palmitate, or [3H]acetate to study endogenous protein acylation. Cycloheximide was used to distinguish between cotranslational and posttranslational acylation and hydroxylamine to distinguish between thioester and amide linkages. After incubations, delipidated proteins or GPIb complex subunits, immunoprecipitated with PG-1, AN-51 or FMC-25 monoclonal antibody, were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and assessed by fluorography. Radiolabeled fatty acids bound to GPIX and GPIb were also analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and scintillation spectrometry. With [3H]myristic acid and [3H]acetate, GPIX was found to be a major myristoylated protein in megakaryocytes and CHRF-288 cells. Myristic acid was linked to GPIX by an amide bond, and this process occurred cotranslationally. With [3H]acetate, GPIb was primarily palmitoylated, but with [3H]myristate, GPIb was acylated with about equal mounts of myristic acid and palmitic acids. Both fatty acids were linked to GPIb by thioester bonds, and acylation was posttranslational. The myristoylation of GPIX while the palmitoylation of GPIb occurred throughout megakaryocyte maturation. Myristoylation and palmitoylation may have different functions relevant to the assembly of the GPIb complex in megakaryocytes.
Development of Fully-3D CT in a Hybrid SPECT-CT Breast Imaging System

This work describes initial measurements with the CT subsystem of the assembled, fully-3D, hybrid SPECT-CT system for dedicated breast imaging. The hybrid system, designed for clinical breast imaging, consists of fully-flexible SPECT and CT subsystems, with each capable of 3D acquisition motions. The SPECT subsystem employs a 16 × 20i¾?cm2 CZT detector with 2.5i¾?mm pixellation, is capable of viewing into the chest wall in addition to imaging the complete breast volume, and has been extensively reported elsewhere. The polar tilting capability of the CT subsystem has marked improvement in volumetric sampling while eliminating cone beam artifacts due to the fully-3D acquisitions. The CT subsystem can also view into the chest wall, while delivering <5i¾?mGy total dose, compared with a simple circular orbit breast CT. The CT subsystem consists of a 0.4i¾?mm focal spot x-ray tube with a rotating 14i¾? W-anode angle, and a 40i¾?×i¾?30i¾?cm2 CsITl flat panel imager having 127 micron pixellation and 8.0i¾?mm bezel edge, placed on opposing ends of the completely suspended gantry. A linear stage mechanism is used to tilt the suspended CT gantry up to ±15i¾? in the polar directions about the 3D center of rotation; the SPECT system is nestled inside the suspended CT gantry, oriented perpendicular to the CT source-detector pair. Both subsystems rest on an azimuthal rotation stage enabling truncated spherical trajectories independently for each. Several simple and more complex 3D trajectories were implemented and characterized for the CT subsystem. Imaging results demonstrate that additional off-axis projection views of various geometric phantoms and intact cadaveric breast, facilitated by the polar tilting yield more complete breast-volume sampling and markedly improved iteratively reconstructed images, especially compared to simple circular orbit data. This is the first implementation of a hybrid SPECT-CT system with fully-3D positioning for the two subsystems, and could have various applications in diagnostic breast imaging.
The commander’s dilemma Creating and controlling armed group violence

This article proposes a framework for understanding variation in armed groups’ abilities to control wartime violence, including violence against civilians. I argue that patterns (both levels and fo...
Mortuary patterns at the Harney site slave cemetery, Montserrat, in Caribbean perspective

Mortuary patterns discernible at the Harney site, despite its disturbed condition, include demographic, burial, and artifact information derived from 17 skeletons, 19 unmatched bones, 10 graves, and 134 artifacts. The cemetery dates to the late 18th century and provides data on the mortuary practices of enslaved persons in Montserrat at a time when sugar production dominated the economy of the British West Indies. A broader perspective on the mortuary patterns of enslaved populations within the Caribbean region is provided by comparable data from burial sites in two other British islands, Barbados and Jamaica, and a mainland South American colony, Dutch Guiana—now Suriname. Collaboration by avocational and professional archaeologists during the Harney site salvage project exemplifies the joint research efforts typical of many small islands in the eastern Caribbean.
A model for estimating horizontal aftershock ground motions for active crustal regions

Abstract Inconsistent observations on the characteristics of ground motions from aftershocks have been found, while there is increasing attention to effects of aftershock ground motions on structural behaviors. This study examines differences in ground motions from main shock and aftershock earthquakes using the NGA-West2 database, and propose an empirical model to estimate the average horizontal components of peak ground acceleration ( PGA ), and peak ground velocity ( PGV ), and 5% damped pseudo spectral acceleration ( PSA ) at various spectral periods of aftershock earthquakes for tectonically active crustal regions, as a function of aftershock to main shock magnitude ratio, distance ratio, and time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m of soil deposits ( V S 30 ). Spectral accelerations from aftershock earthquakes are smaller than those from main shock earthquakes given the same magnitude, especially at short periods. Performance of the proposed model is evaluated using a mixed-effects residuals analysis. Period-dependent standard deviation of residuals is also presented.
A Model of Logistics Outsourcing Strategy

This paper examines strategies by which firms choose how and if to outsource their logistical needs. Third-party logistics (3PL) suppliers did $390 billion in business in the most recent year, and they are a significant component in the global supply chain. Significant research has been done on certain facets of the outsourcing phenomenon, but little attention has been paid to how companies determine their strategy for deciding how to use 3PL services or how to better understand the logistics outsourcing strategy development process. This study presents a data-driven descriptive model of the process. It finds that cognitive and experiential evaluations are used to make outsourcing decisions. Personal and cultural factors are also employed. The study finds that firms that engage 3PL services do so using a less structured decision-making process, and that they use unsystematic methods to evaluate the effectiveness of 3PLs. The methodology in the paper is grounded theory, a qualitative approach used to study phenomena about which little theoretical knowledge exists. The researchers used purposive sampling on three firms, narrowing the scope to a single company. In-depth unstructured interviews were the prime source of data. Various factors and attitudes in the process of choosing 3PLs were identified and discussed: recognition, motivation, outsourcing policy, confidence-building, and disposition toward outsourcing. The study identified a typology of the primary inputs used for making outsourcing decisions. Future research questions are proposed. They include questions such as what conditions exist in a company or its environment that may influence its approach.
Alliances for Advancing Academic Women: Guidelines for Collaborating in STEM fields by Penny J. Gilmer, Berrin Tansel, and Michelle Hughes Miller (Eds.)

As a professional dedicated to helping increase the representation of women in STEM, I found Alliances for Advancing Academic Women: Guidelines for Collaborating in STEM Fields to be an intentional...
Minerals to Materials: Bulk Synthesis of Aqueous Aluminum Clusters and Their Use as Precursors for Metal Oxide Thin Films

We describe a process to produce aqueous precursor solutions of the flat-Al13 hydroxo cluster (Al13(μ3-OH)6(μ2-OH)18(H2O)24(NO3)15) via stoichiometric dissolution of bulk Al(OH)3(s) in HNO3(aq). We highlight its facility by demonstrating high yields and large-scale synthesis. X-ray diffraction confirms formation of a single-phase product, and Raman spectra show characteristic O-Al-O vibrational modes, both techniques confirming the identity of the flat-Al13 cluster in the bulk. 27Al NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering also confirm the presence of the cluster in aqueous solution. We show the as-prepared solution produces smooth and continuous thin films via spin-coating. In capacitors, the films exhibit low leakage currents (near 10 nA/cm2) and dielectric constants expected for amorphous Al2O3. Because the precursor preparation requires no postsynthesis purification, it is readily scalable to large volumes.
Sturgeon Ecomorphology: A Descriptive Approach

The interactions of the environment and the physical features of an organism provide insights into how that organism survives and reproduces. The study of these associations, termed ecomorphology (ecological morphology), examines the relationship between an organism’s morphology and its environment (Van der Klaauw 1948). Among sturgeons, the study of ecomorphology is critical in understanding how specific morphological characters function in meeting the life-history requirements. Historically, sturgeons have received much attention because of their large size, secretive natures, and prehistoric appearance. The morphology of sturgeons was first described by early naturalists during the 19th Century. However, only recently have ichthyologists considered form-function relationships. During the last decade, sturgeon have become a focal organism for many evolutionary biologists because of their ancient lineages and because extant forms have retained many “primitive” characters.
Question answering experiments and resources

MIT CSAIL’s entries for the TREC Question Answering track (Voorhees, 2006) explored the effects of new document retrieval and duplicate removal strategies for ‘list’ and ‘other’ questions, established a baseline for other systems in the interactive task, and focused on question analysis and paraphrasing, rather than incorporation of external knowledge, in the factoid task. Many of the individual subsystems are largely unchanged from last year. We found that document retrieval strategy has an influence on performance in the different kinds of tasks later in the pipeline. Our other changes from last year did not immediately yield clear lessons. We present a question analysis data set and interannotator agreement indicators for the ciQA task that we hope will spur further evaluation.
Rethinking assumptions about how trial and nuisance variability impact neural task performance in a fast-processing regime.

Many everyday tasks require us to extract specific information from our environment while ignoring other things. When the neurons in our brains that carry task-relevant signals are also modulated b...
Shelley’s “Letter to Maria Gisborne” as Workshop Poetry

Shelley’s “Letter to Maria Gisborne” is a playful improvisational verse epistle, widely praised for its urbanity and its display of the poet’s invention. The verses turn on a catalogue of the colle...
Criminal Court-Ordered Psychiatric Evaluations:Does Gender Play a Role?

This study examines potential gender differences among defendants referred by criminal courts for psychiatric evaluations by analyzing demographic, clinical, and criminal history variables and eval...
Measurement of the Threshold Behavior of τ + τ - Production in e + e - Annihilation

We have observed 692 events of the type ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{X}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ ($X\ensuremath{\ne}e$) in the center-of-mass energy range $3.1 \mathrm{GeV}l{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l7.4 \mathrm{GeV}$. The observation of events below ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{0}$ threshold clearly precludes their association with charm. The data are well fitted by a pointlike spin-\textonehalf{} $\ensuremath{\tau}$ lepton with mass ${1782}_{\ensuremath{-}7}^{+2}$ MeV, electronic branching ratio 0.160 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.013, and branching ratio to \ensuremath{\ge} 3 charged particles 0.32 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05.
Complete Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens Siphophage Slocum.

Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that typically infects the respiratory and urinary tract, with the majority of cases being hospital acquired. The study of S. marcescens phages may help control drug-resistant S. marcescens strains. In this study, we announce the complete genome sequence and the features of S. marcescens siphophage Scapp.
Embedded Vision in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Throughout history, advances in transportation systems have had large economic and cultural impact. Mobility has changed the way people live and automobiles continue to evolve by becoming smarter and by leveraging cutting-edge technologies. Over the last three decades, we witnessed a tremendous growth of computer vision knowledge through research in academia and industry. More recently, in the last decade, we are finally seeing exciting applications of computer vision. Computer vision plays a fundamental role in the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), a field which is of particular interest to the evolution of transportation systems. For example, forward-facing driver assistance functions (such as road sign detection, lane departure warning, and autonomous emergency braking) are heavily relying on information received from a camera. The systems capture video data at high frame rate and process this information in order to warn the driver that the car is moving faster than the posted speed limit or to tell the driver of an unintentional lane drift. The goal of this chapter is to outline key components of ADAS, show how computer vision fits in the system, and describe its contribution to success of ADAS.
Surface Binding of Lysine to Nanoporous PLGA Microparticles

PLGA has been widely used for drug delivery and shown significant improvement in therapeutic areas.
Integrating Text Embedding with Traditional NLP Features for Clinical Relation Extraction

Recently, text embedding techniques such as Word2Vec and BERT have produced state-of-the-art results in a wide variety of NLP tasks. As a result, traditional NLP features frequently used in Information Extraction (IE) such as POS tags, dependency relations and semantic types have received less attention. In this paper, we investigate whether traditional NLP features can be combined with word and sentence embeddings to improve relation extraction. We have explored diverse feature sets and different neural network architectures and evaluated our models on a benchmark clinical text dataset. Our new models significantly outperformed all the baselines on the same dataset.
Use of Children as Soldiers.

A child soldier is a person less than 18 years of age who/has been recruited/used by an armed force/armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to children, boys and girls, used as fighters, cooks, porters, messengers, spies, or for sexual purposes. Complex consequences on both physical and mental health are reported among child soldiers. One-third to one-half of these children may have clinically significant symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The United Nations identified more than 25,000 grave violations against children during armed conflicts in 2019. The recruitment and use of children under 18 in armed conflicts must stop.
Temperature-Dependent Configurational Entropy Calculations for Refractory High-Entropy Alloys

The cluster expansion formalism for alloys is used to construct surrogate models for three refractory high-entropy alloys (NbTiVZr, HfNbTaTiZr, and AlHfNbTaTiZr). These cluster expansion models are then used along with Monte Carlo methods and thermodynamic integration to calculate the configurational entropy of these refractory high-entropy alloys as a function of temperature. Many solid solution alloy design guidelines are based on the ideal entropy of mixing, which increases monotonically with $$N$$ , the number of elements in the alloy. However, our results show that at low temperatures, the configurational entropy of these materials is largely independent of $$N$$ , and the assumption described above only holds in the high-temperature limit. This suggests that alloy design guidelines based on the ideal entropy of mixing require further examination.
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and immunogenic rationale for optimal dosing of pegvaliase, a PEGylated bacterial enzyme, in adult patients with phenylketonuria.

Phenylketonuria (PKU), a deficiency in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, leads to toxic levels of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood and brain. Pegvaliase (recombinant Anabaena variabilis phenylalanine ammonia lyase conjugated with polyethylene glycol) is approved to manage PKU in patients aged greater than or equal to 18 years in the United States and in patients aged greater than or equal to 16 years in the European Union. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and immunogenicity results from five open-label pegvaliase trials were assessed. Studies with induction/titration/maintenance (I/T/M) dosing regimens demonstrated pharmacokinetic stabilization and sustained efficacy associated with maintenance doses (20, 40, or 60 mg/day). Immune-mediated pegvaliase clearance was high during induction/titration phases when the early immune response was peaking. The combination of low drug dosage and high drug clearance led to low drug exposure and minimal decreases in blood Phe levels during induction/titration. Higher drug exposure and substantial reductions in blood Phe levels were observed later in treatment as drug clearance was reduced due to the maturation of the immune response, which allowed for increased dosing to target levels. The incidence of hypersensitivity reactions was temporally associated with the peaking of the early antidrug immune response and decreased with time as immune response matured after the first 6 months of treatment. These results support an I/T/M dosing regimen and suggest a strategy for administration of other nonhuman biologics to achieve efficacy and improve tolerability.
Improved Network for Face Recognition Based on Feature Super Resolution Method

Low-resolution face images can be found in many practical applications. For example, faces captured from surveillance videos are typically in small sizes. Existing face recognition deep networks, trained on high-resolution images, perform poorly in recognizing low-resolution faces. In this work, an improved multi-branch network is proposed by combining ResNet and feature super-resolution modules. ResNet is for recognizing high-resolution facial images and extracting features from both high- and low-resolution images. Feature super-resolution modules are inserted before the classifier of ResNet for low-resolution facial images. They are used to increase feature resolution. The proposed method is effective and simple. Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy for high-resolution face images is high, and the recognition accuracy for low-resolution face images is improved.
DAXX represents a new type of protein-folding enabler

Protein quality control systems are crucial for cellular function and organismal health. At present, most known protein quality control systems are multicomponent machineries that operate via ATP-regulated interactions with non-native proteins to prevent aggregation and promote folding1, and few systems that can broadly enable protein folding by a different mechanism have been identified. Moreover, proteins that contain the extensively charged poly-Asp/Glu (polyD/E) region are common in eukaryotic proteomes2, but their biochemical activities remain undefined. Here we show that DAXX, a polyD/E protein that has been implicated in diverse cellular processes3–10, possesses several protein-folding activities. DAXX prevents aggregation, solubilizes pre-existing aggregates and unfolds misfolded species of model substrates and neurodegeneration-associated proteins. Notably, DAXX effectively prevents and reverses aggregation of its in vivo-validated client proteins, the tumour suppressor p53 and its principal antagonist MDM2. DAXX can also restore native conformation and function to tumour-associated, aggregation-prone p53 mutants, reducing their oncogenic properties. These DAXX activities are ATP-independent and instead rely on the polyD/E region. Other polyD/E proteins, including ANP32A and SET, can also function as stand-alone, ATP-independent molecular chaperones, disaggregases and unfoldases. Thus, polyD/E proteins probably constitute a multifunctional protein quality control system that operates via a distinctive mechanism. A protein chaperone system is identified that consists of proteins with poly-Asp/Glu sequence, and may have an important role in diseases characterized by protein aggregation.
Varieties of Knowledge

With Chapter 4 as background, we are now in a position to take a closer look at a series of issues in AI with the resources required to clarify and illuminate what is going on from the perspective of the theory of knowledge. It will turn out that the problem of capturing common-sense knowledge has several different facets, not least of which are arriving at decisions as to the kind of knowledge that common sense is supposed to represent, on the one hand, and the extent to which capturing that knowledge by means of a computer program would be a desirable result, on the other. During the course of this discussion, we shall have occasion to draw distinctions between several different varieties of knowledge, including common-sense knowledge, defeasible knowledge, scientific knowledge, and conversational knowledge. Perhaps the most surprising result of this analysis turns out to be the discovery that a relatively obscure requirement that affects the truth of laws in science promises to yield a uniform framework for dealing with them all.
Imaging the Dynamics of Bone Elongation: Integrating Macro- and Micro-scale Processes at the Organ Level in situ

Knowledge of variables associated with endochondral ossification has been based on synthesizing observations from multiple sources: clinical abnormalities of long bone growth; physiologically-based whole animal experiments; chondrocytic biochemistry/physiology; and molecular analyses including murine models with genetic manipulations. Molecular approaches have been particularly robust at enumerating the panoply of players potentially involved, but the challenge remains of understanding the role of these players in an organ level system of an animal growing through time. Live animal imaging offers the potential to maintain the organ-level environment of the growth plate for functional analysis of the real-time complexity of movement of potential regulatory molecules within the extracellular matrix, communication links among chondrocytes, and interactions of chondrocytes with cells in adjacent bone, vasculature, and perichondrium. This approach can be extended by manipulating other complex variables known t...
Recovery of Anaerobic Microorganisms from Clinical Specimens in Prereduced Media Versus Recovery by Routine Clinical Laboratory Methods

Prereduced anaerobically sterilized culture media, used with rigid adherence to the cultivation techniques described by Moore and his associates, were capable of recovering more than twice the number of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens than could be recovered by the conventional use of fluid thioglycolate medium and of blood-agar plates incubated anaerobically with hydrogen generation packets. No loss of clinical isolates was encountered with the more sensitive methods; however many of the isolates recovered only in prereduced media would not grow when placed into thioglycolate medium. A representative anaerobic isolate placed into aerobic transport broth was unable to survive beyond 30 min. Methods employing prereduced media were not difficult to master and were feasible for clinical laboratory use. Evidence implicating the gingival crevice flora as an important possible source of anaerobic bacteria that become involved in systemic infections was considered.
The interpretation of biological motion

The term biological motion has been coined by Johansson (1973) to refer to the ambulatory patterns of terrestrial bipeds and quadripeds. In this paper a computational theory of the visual perception of biological motion is proposed. The specific problem addressed is how the three dimensional structure and motions of animal limbs may be computed from the two dimensional motions of their projected images. It is noted that the limbs of animals typically do not move arbitrarily during ambulation. Rather, for anatomical reasons, they typically move in single planes for extended periods of time. This simple anatomical constraint is exploited as the basis for utilizing a "planarity assumption" in the interpretation of biological motion. The analysis proposed is: (1) divide the image into groups of two or three elements each; (2) test each group for pairwise-rigid planar motion; (3) combine the results from (2). Fundamental to the analysis are two "structure from planar motion" propositions. The first states that the structure and motion of two points rigidly linked and rotating in a plane is recoverable from three orthographic projections. The second states that the structure and motion of three points forming two highed rods constrained to move in a plane is recoverable from two orthographic projections. The psychological relevance of the analysis and possible interactions with top down recognition processes are discussed.
Reaching the limits of CMOS technology

Summary form only given. The remarkable characteristic of transistors that fuels the rapid growth of the information technology industry is that their speed increases and their production cost decreases as their size is reduced. No other product in manufacturing has this characteristic over the vast range of size reduction demonstrated by the transistor. Current transistors are 20 times faster and occupy less than 1% of the area of those built 20 years ago. It seems intuitively obvious that continued transistor area reduction by a factor of 2 every 3 years, as in Moore's Law, cannot be sustained forever. However, predictions of the size reduction limit or even of the pace of size reduction have proven to elude the most insightful scientists. The predicted limit has been dropping at nearly the same rate as transistor size. The current dominant transistor technology in large ICs, including microprocessors, is CMOS. By studying CMOS scaling, we conclude that IC performance increase will indeed lessen as transistor size is further reduced from what is currently achievable. The major technology elements considered in CMOS scaling projection are: (1) lithography to enable manufacture of devices with smaller dimensions, (2) transistor design for higher performance at smaller dimensions, (3) smaller wiring for on-chip interconnection, (4) stable circuits, (5) more productive design automation tools, (6) greater memory cell density, and (7) manageable capital costs. We review each of these elements and present our conclusions in this presentation.
A Thermodynamic Ligand Binding Study of the Third PDZ Domain (PDZ3) from the Mammalian Neuronal Protein PSD-95†

The thermodynamic parameters associated with the binding of several series of linear peptides to the third PDZ domain (PDZ3) of the postsynaptic density 95 protein (PSD-95) have been measured using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Two strategies were pursued in developing these binding ligands: (1) systematic N-terminal truncation of sequences derived from the C-terminal regions of identified PDZ3-binding proteins (CRIPT, neuroligin-1, and citron) and (2) selective mutation of specific positions within a consensus hexapeptide (KKETEV) known to bind PDZ3. Each synthetically prepared peptide was used to titrate PDZ3, which yielded the changes in Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (TΔS) for the binding event. Selected peptides were subjected to additional analysis, which entailed (1) measuring the change in heat capacity (ΔCp) upon association, to assess the character of the binding interface, and (2) constructing thermodynamic double mutant cycles, to determine the presence of cooper...
The inducible Iac operator-repressor system is functional in mammalian cells

We have investigated the use of the Escherichia coli lac operator-repressor system to regulate expression of transfected genes in mammalian cells. We show that lac repressor produced in mouse L cells by transfection of a lacl expression vector blocks transcription of an MSV-CAT fusion gene when the lac operator is inserted at any one of the following sites within the promoter region: between the initiation codon (ATG) and the transcription start site; between the transcription start and TATA box regions; or upstream of the TATA box region. This last result suggests that the repressor may prevent protein-protein interactions involved in transcription activation. The inducer IPTG causes a marked derepression of CAT expression. The lac repressor-operator complex may be useful as an on/off "switch" in the regulation of gene expression for gene transfer experiments.
Dorsal—ventral embryonic pattern genes of Drosophila

Abstract Maternal and zygotic gene products are specifically required for the generation of the dorsal-ventral pattern of the Drosophila embryo. The maternally expressed genes appear to define the level and polarity of a gradient of positional information. Zygotic gene products may subdivide the dorsal-ventral pattern into smaller regions.
Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation regulates cotranscriptional H2A variant exchange by Tip60 complexes to maximize gene expression

Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and the acetylated H2A variant, H2A.Z/v (H2Avac), are enriched at promoters of highly transcribed loci including the stress response genes. Using the inducible Drosophila hsp70 loci as a model, we study here the roles of the dSet1 and dTip60 complexes in the generation of these two chromatin modifications. We find that Heat Shock Factor recruits the dTip60 complex to the hsp70 loci in cells treated with salicylate, which triggers chromatin remodeling at these loci without transcription activation. Under these conditions, H2Avac or H3K4me3 are not enriched at the hsp70 promoter. By contrast, heat shock-induced hsp70 transcription induces dSet1-dependent H3K4me3 and H2Avac deposition by the dTip60 complex. The loss of dSet1 or dTip60 abolishes H2Avac incorporation, impairs Pol II release from the hsp70 promoter, and causes a stalling of mRNA production during phases of transcription maximization. Biochemical assays confirm that nucleosomal H3K4me3 stimulates the histone acetyltransferase and H2Av exchange activities of dTip60 complexes. H2Avac contributes to nucleosome destabilization at promoters, and H3K4me3 restricts its incorporation to phases of acute transcription. The process uncouples cotranscriptional chromatin remodeling by dTip60 complexes from their role in the activation of PARP, which is responsible for the removal of transcription-incompatible or damaged chromatin during the initial stress response. The control of the multifunctional dTip60 complex by H3K4me3 ensures optimal stress response and cell survival by mediating the rapid maximization of hsp70 expression. Furthermore, this mechanism prevents the accumulation of epigenetic noise caused by random complex-nucleosome collisions.
Dividend policy and permanence of earnings

We examine managers’ adjustment of dividends to information about earnings. We base our analysis on a ‘permanent earnings’ model of dividend behavior, which implies that dividends are changed primarily in response to permanent changes in earnings; transitory earnings changes have little or no effect on dividends. Within the permanent earnings framework, the permanent component of earnings may be the predominant factor affecting dividend payouts, or it may be one of the important factors affecting dividends. In the former case earnings and dividends are co-integrated; in the latter they are not.
Propagation of weak shock waves through turbulence

The effect of turbulence on the structure of weak shock waves is investigated. The equilibrium structure is shown to be governed by a balance between nonlinear steepening and the turbulent scattering of acoustic energy out of the main wave direction. The scattered energy appears as perturbations behind the shock front. For conditions typical of sonic booms in atmospheric turbulence the wave structure is governed by a Burgers equation similar to that describing viscous shocks, except that parameters related to the turbulence appear instead of the viscosity coefficient. The magnitude of the perturbations following a shock is estimated from first-order scattering applied to a thickened shock. Predictions of shock thicknesses and perturbations compare favourably with available experimental data.
Localization of cytochrome C oxidase and cytochrome C peroxidase in mitochondria of Hymenolepis diminuta (cestoda)

Abstract 1. 1. The intramitochondrial localization of cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase in adult Hymenolepis diminuta was investigated. 2. 2. Mitochondria were fractionated into inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space and matrix and the efficacy of fractionation was monitored employing marker enzymes. 3. 3. Cytochrome c oxidase was associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. 4. 4. Whereas 55% of the cytochrome c peroxidase activity was in the matrix, 32% of the activity was in the intermembrane space fraction. 5. 5. Based upon the distribution of marker enzymes, a dual compartmentalization of cytochrome c peroxidase is apparent in H. diminuta mitochondria.