cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Squat Kinematics and Cam Morphology on Acetabular Stress.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of varying degrees of simulated cam morphology on acetabular stress magnitude and location using a finite element model with 1 subject that incorporates population-specific hip/pelvis kinematics during a squat task. Methods A reference model of the hip joint was created from magnetic resonance images obtained from 1 asymptomatic 28-year-old man without femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) morphology or hip dysplasia (alpha angle 41.9°, lateral center edge angle 34.0°, neck-shaft angle 137°, and no visible articular cartilage lesions or bone marrow edema on magnetic resonance). The femoral head/neck geometry was manipulated to mimic different cam morphology severities as reported in a previous study (minimum, moderate, and large). Peak hip and pelvis squat kinematics from healthy individuals (hip flexion 112.6°, abduction 10.5°, internal rotation 14.8°) and persons with FAI (hip flexion 106.3°, abduction 10.5°, internal rotation 8.9°) were applied to the control and cam models. Relative acetabular joint stress values and location of contact were the variables of interest. Results Average von Mises stress values for control, minimum, moderate, and large cam models were 9.64, 9.27, 11.36, and 28.43 MPa, respectively. Contact in the control and minimum cam models occurred within the acetabular cup. In the moderate and large cam models, contact shifted anterosuperiorly within the acetabular cup and to anterosuperior acetabular rim, respectively. Conclusions Despite simulating lower degrees of hip flexion and internal rotation, increased stress and a shift in contact location were observed in the simulated models of FAI. This finding suggests that decreased hip internal rotation in this population during functional tasks may be the result of bony abutment. Clinical Relevance Clinicians should be cautious about prescribing deep squats for persons with cam morphology. Performing squat exercises with neutral or external hip rotation may limit bony abutment at high hip flexion angles.
Potential Uses of Arginine in Dentistry

Carious lesions develop in tooth surfaces where there is an imbalance of the processes of acid and alkali production by supragingival biofilms. Since low pH is the main driving factor in the development of carious lesions, most efforts to identify an effective anticaries therapy have focused on targeting the acid-producing bacteria and their mechanisms of acid production. An expanding area of oral microbiology has now been devoted to explore microbial metabolic activities that help to neutralize biofilm pH and thus inhibit the caries process. Arginine metabolism via the arginine deiminase pathway (ADS) produces alkali in the form of ammonia that counteracts the effects of biofilm acidification from bacterial glycolysis. ADS also functions as an adaptive strategy used by certain bacteria to thrive in oral biofilms. Substantial evidence accumulated from laboratory and clinical observations supports the hypotheses that measurements of arginine metabolism via ADS may serve as an important caries risk assessment criterion and that providing arginine regularly to supragingival biofilms can be an effective therapy for caries intervention. This article reviews the potential of arginine-based therapies such as the use of arginine as prebiotic, ADS+ strains as probiotics, and oral care formulations containing arginine for prevention and management of dental caries.
Making Visual Composition Dynamic

We have talked about ways to adjust settings within your camera and the ways to compose a scene for best results. In most situations, our previous discussions revolved around establishing and locking in camera and scene settings before you press record. Scene elements could then interact within those stationary boundaries. This is just the tip of the filming iceberg. Advanced filming methods include actively changing your camera’s position and settings to increase interactivity and action as a scene is unfolding. To change focus, literally steers a viewer’s attention to what you believe is important. Zooming out or in can expand or contract the scope of a story, by delving into details or inflating what is within a scene. Panning follows action or embeds a viewer in a landscape . What’s more, you can manipulate the treatment of time (slowing down or speeding up reality) to evoke a feeling or tenor within a scene. Let’s delve into the details of each.
Assessment of Attention across the Lifespan

Whenever the human central nervous system is compromised, whether as the result of disease, trauma, fatigue, or intoxication, the higher cognitive functions suffer. This cognitive machinery is typically described and conceptually divided by hypothetical constructs such as memory, language, and attention. These constructs are not unitary entities but, rather, constitute integrated medleys of more elemental processes.
How would cross-border electricity trade stimulate hydropower development in South Asia ?

This study examines the importance of enhancing the cross-border transmission interconnections and regional electricity trade to promote hydropower in the South Asia region and quantifies the potential of hydropower development and trade under alternative scenarios. While South Asia is endowed with large (> 350 gigawatts) hydropower potential, only around 20 percent has been exploited so far. This study shows that development of regional electricity markets through expanded cross-border transmission interconnections and regional electricity trade agreements is needed to benefit the region from the exploitation of the untapped hydropower resources. It also finds that development of hydropower in the region would increase by 2.7 times over the next two decades if the region could facilitate an unconstrained flow of electricity across the borders in South Asia. If a moderate carbon tax is added on top of that, hydropower capacity in 2040 could be more than three times as high as the current level.
Flipped Classroom in an Orthopaedic Assessment Course: Students' Perspective

Context: The flipped classroom, moving lecture outside class time and homework to the classroom, has been researched widely across many disciplines. Athletic training education has little research ...
Adaptive Statistical Multiplexing for Broadband Communication

Statistical multiplexing requires a decision function to classify which source combinations can be multiplexed through a given packet network node while meeting quality of service guarantees. This chapter shows there are no practical fixed statistical multiplexing decision functions that carry reasonable loads and rarely violate quality of service requirements under all distributions of source combinations. It reviews adaptive alternatives and presents statistical-classification-based decision functions that show promise across many distributions including difficult-to-analyze ethernet data, distributions with cross-source correlations, and traffic with mis-specified parameters.
Terahertz waveform considerations for nonlinearly driving lattice vibrations

High-field terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is applied to nonlinearly excite the E phonon-polariton vibrational coordinate in LiNbO3. We compare three THz sources to show that by optimizing the THz waveform, we can drive the atomic motion to large amplitudes and observe nonlinear effects. To maximize the atomic displacement, we show that the spectral amplitude at the resonant frequency of the mode (3.8 THz) is more important than the THz peak electric-field strength. Z-scan and simple 2-dimensional (2D) THz pulse-shaping measurements confirm this. In addition to the effects of an anharmonic potential energy surface that can describe the nonlinear behavior of the excited mode, we also consider a 2-photon absorption mechanism that may be a competing nonlinear excitation pathway. We consider the effects of each model on the observed responses in single-pulse power-dependent measurements, z-scan measurements, and simple 2D measurements, providing important guidance for future measurements to experimentally investigate nonlinear vibrational excitation in solid materials.High-field terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is applied to nonlinearly excite the E phonon-polariton vibrational coordinate in LiNbO3. We compare three THz sources to show that by optimizing the THz waveform, we can drive the atomic motion to large amplitudes and observe nonlinear effects. To maximize the atomic displacement, we show that the spectral amplitude at the resonant frequency of the mode (3.8 THz) is more important than the THz peak electric-field strength. Z-scan and simple 2-dimensional (2D) THz pulse-shaping measurements confirm this. In addition to the effects of an anharmonic potential energy surface that can describe the nonlinear behavior of the excited mode, we also consider a 2-photon absorption mechanism that may be a competing nonlinear excitation pathway. We consider the effects of each model on the observed responses in single-pulse power-dependent measurements, z-scan measurements, and simple 2D measurements, providing important guidance for future measurements to experimentally invest...
Improving Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination Rates: Quality Improvement.

Background Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection with a national prevalence of greater than 70 million. Most infections are among persons 15-24 years of age. The HPV vaccine has nearly 100% efficacy when administered before natural exposure. However, national vaccination rates remain less than 50%. Our objective was to improve the rate of initiation of the HPV vaccination series in a resident teaching practice. Methods We used the Plan Do Study Act methodology for quality improvement. Eligible patients included children 9 through 13 years of age who presented to a general pediatric clinic. We established baseline data by reviewing HPV immunization rates taken from a convenience sample of ≤20 patients per month over 7 months. A key driver diagram guided interventions including resident communication, nursing staff education, family knowledge, and an electronic medical record prompt beginning at age 9. Using standard run chart rules, we plotted monthly postintervention vaccination rates over 7 months of data collection. Results Baseline data included 136 patients age 9-13. Run chart monitoring revealed an increase in our HPV vaccination rate from 53% at baseline to 62% by October 2015. Additionally, we observed a statistically significant increase in mean vaccination rates from 50% to 69% (odds ratio 2.071; P = 0.0042). We noted an increase in vaccination rates after resident education initiatives and after implementation of an electronic medical record prompt. Conclusions Simple and practical interventions involving residents led to a marked increase in HPV vaccination in our patient population.
Sir William Osler (1849-1919) - The Uses of History and the Singular Beneficence of Medicine.

Sir William Osler (1849–1919) A century after his death, Sir William Osler is revered for his efforts to place clinical medicine on a rational foundation, his transformation of graduate medical edu...
Association of US Households’ Disaster Preparedness With Socioeconomic Characteristics, Composition, and Region

Importance Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the US government has promoted household disaster preparedness, but preparedness remains low. Objective To identify disparities in disaster preparedness among US households. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from a nationally representative sample of US households from the 2017 American Housing Survey’s topical section on preparedness to assess associations of disaster preparedness with households’ socioeconomic characteristics, composition, and region. Logistic regressions were used to assess associations of household characteristics with overall preparedness, resource- and action-based preparedness, and specific preparedness items. Data analyses were completed on March 27, 2020. Exposures Combined household income, head of household’s education level, race/ethnicity, marital status of head of household, head of household aged 65 years or older, presence of children or a household member with a disability, and region. Main Outcomes and Measures Nine actionable preparedness items, such as having an emergency carry-on kit (resource), food and water stockpiles (resource), and alternative communication plans and meeting locations (action). Items were summed for the measures of overall, resource-based, and action-based preparedness, with preparedness defined as meeting at least half of the criteria. Results Among 16 725 included households, 9103 household heads were men (54.4%), 11 687 were married (69.9%), and 10 749 (66.1%) had some college education or higher. In all, 1969 household heads (11.8%) were black, while 2696 were Hispanic/Latino (16.1%); 3579 household heads (21.4%) were 65 years or older. A total of 7163 households (42.8%) included children, and 3533 households (21.2%) included a person with a disability. Households were more likely to fulfill at least half of the criteria for resource-based preparedness (10 950 households [65.5%]) than for action-based preparedness (6876 households [41.1%]). Wealthy households and those with household heads aged 65 years or older were more likely to fulfill at least half of resource-based items (wealthy households: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] by logged income, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.13-1.22]; household heads age ≥65 years: aOR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.29-1.55) but less likely to fulfill action-based items (wealthy households: aOR: 0.96 [95% CI, 0.93-0.99]; household heads age ≥65 years: aOR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.84-0.99]). Households with black household heads were more likely to fulfill items directly related to emergencies (carry-on emergency kit: aOR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.14-1.39]; alternative communication plan: aOR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.39-1.72]; alternative meeting location: aOR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.07-1.31]) but less likely to fulfill resource-based items (at least half of resource items: aOR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.80-0.99]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that types of preparedness vary by household characteristics. Targeted strategies are needed to promote preparedness across communities.
Reversible Z‑Type to L‑Type Ligand Exchangeon Zinc-Blende Cadmium Selenide Nanoplatelets

Three-monolayer CdSe nanoplatelets having the composition (CdSe)3[Cd(OAc)0.77(oleate)1.23]0.78, large lateral dimensions, minimal strain distortions, and the zinc-blende crystal structure undergo Z...
Large-area periodic arrays of gold nanostars derived from HEPES-, DMF-, and ascorbic-acid-driven syntheses

With arms radiating from a central core, gold nanostars represent a unique and fascinating class of nanomaterials from which extraordinary plasmonic properties are derived. Despite their relevance to sensing applications, methods for fabricating homogeneous populations of nanostars on large-area planar surfaces in truly periodic arrays is lacking. Herein, the fabrication of nanostar arrays is demonstrated through the formation of hexagonal patterns of near-hemispherical gold seeds and their subsequent exposure to a liquid-state chemical environment that is conducive to colloidal nanostar formation. Three different colloidal nanostar protocols were targeted where HEPES, DMF, and ascorbic acid represent a key reagent in their respective redox chemistries. Only the DMF-driven synthesis proved readily adaptable to the substrate-based platform but nanostar-like structures emerged from the other protocols when synthetic controls such as reaction kinetics, the addition of Ag+ ions, and pH adjustments were applied. Because the nanostars were derived from near-hemispherical seeds, they acquired a unique geometry that resembles a conventional nanostar that has been truncated near its midsection. Simulations of plasmonic properties of this geometry reveal that such structures can exhibit maximum near-field intensities that are as much as seven-times greater than the standard nanostar geometry, a finding that is corroborated by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements showing large enhancement factors. The study adds nanostars to the library of nanostructure geometries that are amenable to large-area periodic arrays and provides a potential pathway for the nanofabrication of SERS substrates with even greater enhancements.
Collection, processing, and banking of umbilical cord blood

The blood in the umbilical cord and placenta after the birth of a child is comparable to bone marrow for use in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and offered a number of advantages. In the past 20 years, more than 30,000 cord blood transplants have been performed worldwide. Stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies and genetic disorders however, is an uncommon occurrence. Research performed by several independent laboratories has demonstrated that cord blood also contains a mixture of pluripotent stem cells capable of giving rise to cells derived from the endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal lineages. Thus, CB is a readily available stem cell source for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, which are hypothesized to be more frequent events than the need for hematopoietic stem cell transplant. This chapter will review the methodologies for collection, processing, and banking these cells for these future clinical uses.
Differential Development of Myelin in Zebra Finch Song Nuclei.

Songbirds learn vocalizations by hearing and practicing songs. As song develops, the tempo becomes faster and more precise. In the songbird brain, discrete nuclei form interconnected myelinated circuits that control song acquisition and production. The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential propagation by insulating the axons of neurons and by reducing membrane capacitance. As the brain develops, myelin increases in density, but the time course of myelin development across discrete song nuclei has not been systematically studied in a quantitative fashion. We tested the hypothesis that myelination develops differentially across time and song nuclei. We examined myelin development in the brains of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) from chick at posthatch day (d) 8 to adult (up to 147 d) in five major song nuclei: HVC (proper name), robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), Area X, lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium, and medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus (DLM). All of these nuclei showed an increase in the density of myelination during development but at different rates and to different final degrees. Exponential curve fits revealed that DLM showed earlier myelination than other nuclei, and HVC showed the slowest myelination of song nuclei. Together, these data show differential maturation of myelination in different portions of the song system. Such differential maturation would be well placed to play a role in regulating the development of learned song.
A distributed Raspberry-Pi control system for wSMA frontend

We describe the distributed control system that we are developing for the Wideband frontend receiver system for Submillimeter Array (wSMA). This distributed control system is based on an array of Raspberry-Pi (RPi) modules, which is embedded in each subsystem. The RPis run the Linux operating system and they are integrated with Input/Output (I/O) circuits which carry out the control and monitoring functions. The distributed architecture gives rise to a low-cost and yet versatile and powerful setup, which can be built up gradually by adding subsystems, one at a time. In this paper, we will present, in more details, two RPi-controlled subsystems: the Local oscillator (LO) module and the scanning spectrometer.
MEDIA LITERACY TOOLS IN COMBATING DISINFORMATION AND FAKE NEWS IN SOCIAL MEDIA

If mainstream media meant one sender and inordinate receivers, nowadays, new media brought the chance and challenge to have numberless senders and receivers at the same time, in a network of information Along with polyphonic chunks, inaccurate information penetrates the echochambers we create The danger is that unless timely spotted, it sows disinformation and polarization The solution resides in media literacy skills, in raising awareness over types of communication products meant for malicious use especially within social media where user generated content contributes to proliferating and spreading the content at incredible speed The present paper is meant to present ways that help individuals avoid being subject to mal-intended behavioural and cognitive influence
An unusual cause of shunt failure requiring multidisciplinary treatment

Rarer etiologies of shunt malfunction may be difficult to detect, can present insidiously, and often require a multidisciplinary approach to safely and effectively address.
A New Model for Solid Waste Management? An Analysis of the Nova Scotia MSW Strategy

In 1989 Canada established a national goal; divert 50 percent of the nation’s municipal solid waste from disposal by 2000. The province of Nova Scotia was the first and only province to achieve this goal. In the early 1990s, Nova Scotia relied on substandard land-based disposal, incineration, and open burning. Pollution prevention was minimal. In 1995, Nova Scotia adopted a comprehensive, province-wide strategy based on pollution prevention to fundamentally change its historical approach and to achieve the diversion goal. The strategy has been effective, has achieved substantial environmental benefits, and program costs are comparable to other North American systems. This paper examines and analyzes the strategy and its current construct to assess whether the Nova Scotia strategy is a model program worthy of consideration at national and other sub-national levels.
A latent class analysis of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse history among suicidal inpatients.

Abstract Objective Physical, emotional, and sexual abuse are subtypes of childhood abuse that may persist into adulthood. This study applied latent class analysis to describe the pattern of co-occurrence of these three abuse subtypes during childhood and adulthood and examined latent class differences in psychosocial characteristics and three types of suicide attempt history (aborted, interrupted, and actual). Methods Data were drawn from a high-risk sample of 115 military service members and adult beneficiaries who were psychiatrically hospitalized following a suicide-related crisis. Results Three latent classes were identified: Multiple and Persistent Abuse (Class One: 29.6%), Childhood Physical and Persistent Emotional Abuse (Class Two: 27.0%), and Minimal Abuse (Class Three: 43.5%). Females were more likely than males to report a history of Multiple and Persistent Abuse. After controlling for gender, the Multiple and Persistent Abuse Class had higher scores of depressive symptoms and hazardous drinking, poorer sleep quality, and increased social stress than the Minimal Abuse Class. Moreover, the Multiple and Persistent Abuse Class was associated with increased likelihood of lifetime interrupted suicide attempt (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.81, 95% CI = 1.20, 12.07) and actual suicide attempt (OR = 3.65, 95% CI = 1.23, 10.85), and had the greatest number of total actual suicide attempt (1.82 times on average). Conclusion Co-occurrence of multiple subtypes of abuse across development is associated with higher psychosocial risk and history of suicide attempt. The assessment of specific subtypes of abuse and their timing may inform case conceptualization and the management of suicide risk among psychiatric inpatients.
Fungal strategies of potassium extraction from silicates of different resistance as manifested in differential weathering and gene expression

Abstract The environmental availability of mineral nutrients plays a role in the adaptation and evolution of soil fungi and fungus-plant symbiotic systems. As nutrient availability is different from soil to soil, it is expected that the most adapted fungi can express multiple genes to promote different mechanisms of mineral attack and of metabolic routes to maximize the use of nutrient resources at the lowest energy cost. Microcosm experiments of Paxillus involutus growing on muscovite, phlogopite and K-exchanged vermiculite as K sources were carried out for 21 days. Gene expression analysis indicated that the level of K-deprivation stress was muscovite > phlogopite >> K-vermiculite. Genes and functions overexpressed in the experiments indicated meaningful metabolic activities including K extraction and transport. SEM-EDS and micro-XRD (∼1.15 mm resolution) analysis of mineral surfaces and chemical analysis of agar and mycelium indicated weathering processes and K uptake in good agreement with gene expression analysis. In many areas, P. involutus caused physical damage to the minerals without any apparent chemical attack, consisting of tracks of different depth, from
Low Wear Rates Seen in THAs With Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene at 9 to 14 Years in Patients Younger Than Age 50 Years

Patients 50 years or younger are at high risk for wear-related complications of their total hip arthroplasty (THA) because of their generally higher levels of activity. Highly crosslinked polyethylene (HXLPE) is believed to be more durable for this population than conventional polyethylene because of its improved wear; however, limited information is available on the wear of HXLPE in this population, particularly the wear of HXLPE when it articulates with alternative bearings like Oxinium (Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate two questions relative to this population of patients undergoing THA. First, what was the linear and volumetric wear rate of HXLPE in patients 50 years or younger at a minimum followup of 9 years and was osteolysis observed in any of these hips? Given the potential for damage to the Oxinium femoral head surface, was the wear of HXLPE in the patients with this material similar to the other bearings or was there accelerated or runaway wear that was visible in any of the patients? From November 1999 to April 2005, 105 THAs were performed in 95 patients 50 years of age or younger (mean, 42 years; range, 20–50 years). The mean body mass index was 30 kg/m2 (range, 17–51 kg/m2).The mean followup was 12 years (range, 9–14 years). Two patients died, five patients (one bilateral) were lost to followup, and one hip was revised elsewhere for pain. The patients’ information was not included in the study, which left 87 patients with 96 hips for analysis. Highly crosslinked polyethylene was the acetabular bearing for all of the hips. We analyzed the linear and volumetric wear of all of the hips using the Martell method. Eighty hips had the same diameter head (28 mm) allowing us to more accurately compare the different bearing materials. The type of femoral head used was related to our sequential use of materials beginning with cobalt chrome (14), ceramic (23) followed by Oxinium (43) in the hips with 28-mm heads. Although cobalt-chrome was used early in this study, our previous experience with ceramic on polyethylene encouraged us to use it as an alternative bearing. The Oxinium was used consecutively for the remaining hips. The mean wear of the HXLPE after 1 year of bedding-in (true linear wear)was 0.022 mm/year (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.015–0.030 mm/year). The mean volumetric wear of HXLPE after 1 year of bedding-in (true volumetric wear) was 9 mm3/year (95% CI, 4–14 mm3/year). None of the hip radiographs had evidence of loosening or osteolysis. Wear was not associated with femoral head material (p = 0.58 for linear wear/year versus head material and p = 0.52 for volumetric wear/year versus head material). In our study of patients 50 years of age or younger undergoing THA, the linear and volumetric wear rates of HXLPE were very low regardless of the bearing surface material. The laboratory concerns of Oxinium surface damage are serious but at this time we have not seen high wear of the HXLPE or osteolysis in this population. Level III, therapeutic study.
Maternal mortality in the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn

A T THE Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn from its opening on December 9,1906, to December 31,1929, a period of a little over twentythree years, 24,217 deliveries occurred. During this period 163 mothers died. Of these 27 were delivered at home and brought to the hospital with sepsis, and 20 patients were admitted in extremis and died shortly after admission, many of them undelivered. Excluding these 47 cases we have 516 women who died while under our care, or 4.5 per thousand. The accompanying table gives the number of deliveries and gross deaths for each year.
A Review of “An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences”

“Terrorism” is a famously expansive term, describing a broad variety of acts which share some common general characteristics. Indeed, terrorist operations of various types were undertaken by actors...
Multistage electrocardiographic exercise tests. Principles and clinical applications.

Abstract Multistage electrocardiographic exercise testing and the physiologic basis for this form of cardiovascular stress are discussed. When performed in the proper manner, the technique is safe and is a sensitive measure of cardiovascular performance. In addition, it is useful in the serial evaluation of patients and in the assessment of the effects of drugs, therapeutic regimens and the results of surgical intervention. Its use in diagnosing latent coronary arterial disease in “healthy” individuals is still unknown based on the results of 140 normal subjects studied, in 14 percent of whom abnormal S-T segment changes developed. The test is “noninvasive” and therefore easily repeatable and is an invaluable aid in the management of patients with heart disease.
Subject Matter and Method of Interpretative Institutional Economics

On the basis of contemporary results of the philosophy of science the author renews the debate on methods (Methodenstreit). The current dominant conception of «scientific» stems from classical natural science. New Institutional Economics has been trapped in the classical paradigm by imitating not even contemporary natural science but that existing one hundred years before which studied simple systems. Practically-oriented first institutionalists in Germany and in the USA who dealt with complex socio-economic systems properly found out the interpretative approach appropriate for this kind of systems. This approach has recently received an increased development. The author uses these results for renovating the vision of the subject matter and the method of institutional economics.
A formal approach to modeling office information systems

This paper formally specifies a document model for office information systems, including formal definitions of document types (frame templates), a document type hierarchy, folders, and folder organizations. Folder Organizations are defined using predicates and directed graphs. AReconstruction Problem for folder organizations is then formulated; viz., under what circumstances it is possible to reconstruct a folder organization from its folder level predicates. The Reconstruction Problem is solved in terms of such graph-theoretic concepts as Associated Digraphs, transitive closure, and redundant/nonredundant filing paths. A Transitive Closure Inversion algorithm is then presented which efficiently recovers a Folder Organization digraph from its Associated Digraph.
Pressure-induced structural transitions and metallization in Ag 2 Te

High-pressure in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments were performed on Ag${}_{2}$Te up to 42.6 GPa at room temperature, and four phases were identified. Phase I (\ensuremath{\beta}--Ag${}_{2}$Te) transformed into isostructural phase II at 2.4 GPa, and phase III and phase IV emerged at 2.8 and 12.8 GPa, respectively. Combined with first-principles calculations, we solved the phase II and phase III crystal structures and determined the compressional behavior of phase III. Electronic band structure calculations show that the insulating phase I with a narrow band gap first transforms into the semimetallic phase II with the perseverance of topologically nontrivial nature and then to the bulk metallic phase III. Density of states calculations indicate the contrasting transport behavior for Ag${}_{2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$Te and Ag${}_{2+\ensuremath{\delta}}$Te under compression. Our results highlight pressure's dramatic role in tuning Ag${}_{2}$Te's electronic band structure and its novel electrical and magnetotransport behaviors.
Miniature voltage sensitive dye imaging system for in vivo experiments

Currently, there are no widely used methods of optically recording rapid electrical events over a wide cortical area in freely moving animals. This paper presents an image sensor for recording electrical activity of large regions (4–9 mm2) of the nervous tissue at high speeds (≫ 500 Hz) using voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) in freely moving animals. Each 75 μm x 75 μm pixel consists of a photodiode of 74 μm x 34 μm and a storage capacitor of 788 fF. The image sensor has a signal-to-noise ratio of 76 dB.
A Comparison of Human Umbilical Vein and Adult Saphenous Vein Endothelial Cells under Static and Flow Conditions

A Comparison of Human Umbilical Vein and Adult Saphenous Vein Endothelial Cells under Static and Flow Conditions
Wiener-Poisson control problems†

A one-dimensional Wiener plus independent Poisson control process has an integrated, discounted non-quadratic cost function with asymmetric bounds on the non-anticipative control, assumed to be a function of the current state. A Bellman equation and maximum principle for partial differential-difference equations may be used to obtain the optimal closed-loop control if some assumptions on the asymptotic behaviour of certain partial differential-difference equations are met. The finite and infinite integral cases are treated separately.
Mortality experience among children with congenitalmalformations

Summary This paper reports the findings of a study of deaths attributed to congenital malformations in children and youth in New York City in 1954. The significant findings are: 1. Five per cent of the deaths wereconsidered preventable and an additional 8 per cent were probably preventable. 2. Forty per cent of the deaths were attributed to heart disease, 25 per cent to central nervous system conditions, 15 per cent to gastrointestinal conditions, 5 per cent to genitourinary conditions, 2 per cent to cleft palate, and 6 per cent to multiple malformations. 3. Fifty-two per cent of the deathsoccurred in the neonatal period, 32 per cent in the postneonatal period, 11 per cent in the preschool period, and 4 per cent in the school-aged group. 4. There was good correlation of the data on cause of death from the death certificates and from the hospital records. 5. There was some evidence to indicate delay in diagnosis. 6. Sixty-five per cent of the patients who died were autopsied. 7. Six per cent of the children whodied were known to the handicapped children's program of the New York City Department of Health.
Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Snowpack of Minnesota and Lake Superior

Abstract The winter snowpack is a significant reservoir of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and may be utilized as a surrogate receptor for assessing net atmospheric deposition. Seasonal snow cores were collected in late winter before snowmelt in northern and central Minnesota and at Eagle Harbor, Michigan on Lake Superior between 1982 and 1992. Snowpack concentrations of ∑-PCBs ranged from 1 to 14 ng/L with no significant decrease in concentrations from 1986 through 1992. ∑ 21 -PAH concentrations in 1989 and 1992 ranged from 35 to 3280 ng/L with significantly higher concentrations nearer urban areas. Similarities between chemical accumulations in the snowpack and collection of integrated snowfall at Eagle Harbor support the hypothesis that dry deposition to accumulated snow is negligible at these remote locations. Tributary discharges from spring snowmelt to Lake Superior in 1992 contributed 7 to 11 kg of ∑-PCBs and 220 to 350 kg of ∑ 21 -PAHs.
Commuting solutions of the Yang–Baxter matrix equation

Abstract Let A be a square matrix with some special Jordan forms. When A is nonsingular, we find all the solutions of the quadratic matrix equation A X A = X A X , which commute with A . We also find infinitely many solutions commuting with A , depending on several parameters, when A is singular.
Gravity, Volcanism, and Crustal Structure in the Southern Cascade Range, California

Gravity measurements at 821 stations in an area of about 4000 square miles of the southern Cascade Range in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, revealed a large gravity low of amplitude 70 mgals, with steepest gradients of 8 mgals per mile, and an area of about 2000 square miles. Interpretation of this gravity low leads to the conclusion that it is caused by a large mass of material of low density. This mass has a volume of about 15,000 km 3 if the density contrast between it and the enclosing crustal rocks is 0.2 g per cm 3 . The mass excess of the Cascade Range in the Lassen Park area is in approximate isostatic equilibrium with the buried low-density mass, and the upper surface of this low-density mass must be in the upper part of the earth9s crust. The low-density mass could be made up of: (1) a batholith of silicic rock; (2) a thick accumulation of low-density sedimentary deposits; (3) a low-density mass caused by thermal expansion of crustal rocks by heat from igneous activity; (4) a volcano-tectonic depression filled with volcanic material of low average density, or some combination of these.
Isolation of an interleukin 2-binding receptor from activated lymphocytes by high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography.

Abstract Isolation of a lymphokine-binding receptor, from activated lymphocyte membranes, can be achieved by high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography (HPIAC), using immobilized antibodies against human interleukin 2 (IL-2), as the ligand and natural IL-2 as the receptor probe. Activated lymphocytes were reacted with IL-2, sonically distrupted and their membranes solubilized, prior to passage through the HPIAC column. The IL-2 acted as an efficient receptor, which helped to maintain the integrity of the receptor during the isolation procedure and also acted as an attachment antigen for the immunoaffinity ligand. Recovery of the bound receptor was achieved by dissociation of the receptro—antigen—immobilized ligand complex by the action of chaotropic ions and collection of the released receptro from the column effluent during the elution phase of the separation.
Cell permeability, migration, and reactive oxygen species induced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes in human microvascular endothelial cells.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have elicited great interest in biomedical applications due to their extraordinary physical, chemical, and optical properties. Intravenous administration of MWCNT-based medical imaging agents and drugs in animal models was utilized. However, the potential harmful health effects of MWCNT administration in humans have not yet been elucidated. Furthermore, to date, there are no apparent reports regarding the precise mechanisms of translocation of MWCNT into target tissues and organs from blood circulation. This study demonstrates that exposure to MWCNT leads to an increase in cell permeability in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC). The results obtained from this study also showed that the MWCNT-induced rise in endothelial permeability is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and actin filament remodeling. In addition, it was found that MWCNT promoted cell migration in HMVEC. Mechanistically, MWCNT exposure elevated the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in HMVEC. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the bioreactivity of MWCNT, which may have implications in the biomedical application of MWCNT in vascular targeting, imaging, and drug delivery. The results generated from this study also elucidate the potential adverse effects of MWCNT exposure on humans at the cellular level.
Unusual membrane alterations in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver cells after carbon tetrachloride injury.

An unusual and heretofore undescribed alteration of rough ER membranes of rat hepatic cells after CCl4 injury has been observed. The lesion is detectable as early as 30 min after oral administration of CCl4 and is fully developed within 2 to 5 h. It is characterized by the detachment of ribosomes, narrowing of cisternal spaces, fusion of membranes and eventual collapse. By 10 and 20 h, large masses of smooth vesicular membranes with deposition of electron-opaque flakes were observed. These masses appear to have a direct connection to the altered rough ER. The significance of these lesions in respect to the mechanism of CCl4 induced injury is briefly discussed.
Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. Solubility of Carbazole in Binary Solvent Mixtures Containing Cyclohexane

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported for carbazole in binary solvent mixtures containing cyclohexane with n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, methylcyclohexane, cyclooctane and isooctane at 25°C. Results of these measurements are used to test three predictive expressions derived from the Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS) model. All three predictive expressions provided very reasonable estimates of the carbazole solubilities. Deviations between calculated and observed values were less than 3% for most of the mixtures studied.
Paper chromatography of mercaptides

Abstract The chromatographic separation and identification of several sulfhydryl compounds with iodoacetamide, p-mercuriphenylsulfonate, and p-mercuribenzoate is described. The possibility of applying this technique to structural studies of cysteine-containing proteins is indicated.
The IκB Kinase Regulates Chromatin Structure during Reconsolidation of Conditioned Fear Memories

Summary Previously formed memories are susceptible to disruption immediately after recall due to a necessity to be reconsolidated after retrieval. Protein translation mechanisms have been widely implicated as being necessary for memory reconsolidation, but gene transcription mechanisms have been much less extensively studied in this context. We found that retrieval of contextual conditioned fear memories activates the NF-κB pathway to regulate histone H3 phosphorylation and acetylation at specific gene promoters in hippocampus, specifically via IKKα and not the NF-κB DNA-binding complex. Behaviorally, we found that inhibition of IKKα regulation of either chromatin structure or NF-κB DNA-binding complex activity leads to impairments in fear memory reconsolidation, and that elevating histone acetylation rescues this memory deficit in the face of IKK blockade. These data provide insights into IKK-regulated transcriptional mechanisms in hippocampus that are necessary for memory reconsolidation.
Models for Gasless Combustion in Layered Materials and Random Media

Abstract It is generally assumed in this work, as elsewhere, that the mass diffusion coefficient has an Arrhenius temperature dependence. This allows a combustion wave propagated by thermal conduction to develop similar to more conventional combustion systems. It is found that for realistic systems the problem must involve a three length scale analysis. Similar to the classic theory on premixed, gas-phase flames, the largest scale is identified with thermal conduction and a “reaction zone” scale proportional to the inverse of the mass diffusion activation energy is associated with a small length over which significant mass diffusion is possible. Unlike classic flame theory a still smaller scale is identified with the length over which mass diffusion takes place (i.e., the size of a typical domain of alloyable constituent). Flame speeds are derived for three different geometric configurations of a binary system using a singular perturbation analysis. First a system where the constituents are arrayed in alt...
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) vary by strain and sex in their behavioral and transcriptional responses to selenium supplementation

We used the Nadia, Gaighatta, Scientific Hatcheries, and TM1 zebrafish (Danio rerio) strains to test the hypothesis that variation among populations influences the behavioral and transcriptional responses to selenium supplementation. When fed a diet with control levels of selenium, zebrafish strains differed significantly in behavior, characterized as their mean horizontal and vertical swimming positions within the tank. The four strains also differed in brain expression of selenoprotein P1a (sepp1a), glutathione peroxidase 3 (gpx3), thioredoxin reductase 1 (txnrd1), and tRNA selenocysteine associated protein 1 (secp43). Iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (dio2) did not differ among strains but showed a sex-specific expression pattern. When supplemented with selenium, all strains spent a greater proportion of time near the front of the tank, but the response of vertical swimming depth varied by strain. Selenium supplementation also caused changes in selenoprotein expression in the brain that varied by strain for sepp1a, secp43, and dio2, and varied by strain and sex for txnrd1. Expression of gpx3 was unaffected by selenium. Our data indicate that selenium homeostasis in the brain may be a regulator of behavior in zebrafish, and the strain-specific effects of selenium supplementation suggest that genetic heterogeneity among populations can influence the results of selenium supplementation studies.
A comparative study of SOAP and DCOM

Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a recent technology, which aims at replacing traditional methods of remote communications, such as RPC-based Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM). Being designed with a goal of increasing interoperability among wide range of programs and environment, SOAP allows applications written in different languages and deployed on different platforms to communicate with each other over the network. While SOAP offers obvious benefits in the world of interoperability, it comes at a price of performance degradation and additional development efforts required for implementation of features missing from SOAP, such as security and state management. This paper reports the outcome of a comparative study of SOAP and DCOM in terms of features, development effort, and application performance. The results indicate that SOAP performance on a homogeneous platform is consistently worse than that of DCOM. Depending on the operation and the amount of data transferred, SOAP performance degradation can range from minor (e.g. two or three times slower than DCOM) to major (e.g. twenty or more times slower).
Federal Aid and Rural County Highway Spending: A Review of the 1980

The effect of federal aid on spending for infrastructure has been subject to debate for many years. Some studies have indicated that federal aid is stimulative, while others report that federal aid substitutes for local resources. This article examines the effect of state and federal aid on county highway spending. The analysis demonstrates that, in 1987, federal aid was stimulative but state aid was not. In light of changes brought about by the Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), we can expect federal aid to have a stronger relationship with local highway spending.