cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lattice measurement for Fermilab main injector

The installation of seven large aperture quadrupoles during shut-down of 2006 necessitates new lattice measurements to evaluate the state of the machine lattice at energies critical to operation. For Main Injector (MI) this means at 8-GeV kinetic energy for proton and pbar injections, at 150-GeV extraction to Tevatron for collider operation,and at 120-GeV extraction to Numi for nutrino experiment and slow spill to fixed target test beam facility. The results of measurement at these three energies and their comparison to their corresponding calculations will be presented.
Quantum corrections: a multilevel solver for the density-gradient equation

Miniaturisation of integrated circuits continues to shrink device lengths to such an extent that quantum tunnelling and confinement effects change the behaviour of MOSFET devices. In this paper, we present a methodology by which to model the gate region of an n-Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) device using a simplified version of the density-gradient equations. The resulting singularly perturbed ODEs are solved using an adaptive wavelet collocation method that adapts dynamically to the boundary layer. Our results are shown to be in good agreement with those from a direct numerical solution of the Schrodinger-Poisson system.
Mycobacterium gordonae: a possible opportunistic respiratory tract pathogen in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 infection

Study Objective: To determine if Mycobacterium gordonae is an opportunistic respiratory tract pathogen in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1). Design: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients with positive cultures for M gordonae from 1987 to 1989. Patients: Fifteen patients had positive sputum cultures for M gordonae: five patients had AIDS or had HIV-1 infections with ≤180 CD4 cells/cu mm, and ten patients had no clinical evidence of HIV-1 infection. Results: Three of the five HIV-1 infected patients had clinical, roentgenographic, and microbiologic evidence of pulmonary infection due to M gordonae that responded to antimycobacterial therapy. One of the two remaining HIV-1 infected patients had disseminated M tuberculosis and possible coinfection with M gordonae, and the other was lost to follow-up. None of the ten patients without evidence of HIV-1 infection was considered to have M gordonae respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: Sputum isolates of M gordonae should be considered potential opportunistic respiratory tract pathogens in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection and with otherwise unexplained pulmonary infection. (Chest; 100:716-20)
Can Demographic Variables Predict Lottery and Pari-mutuel Losses? An Empirical Investigation

Using data from the 2004 and 2005 Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CES) comprising of 15,000 respondents, this study examines two research questions. The first of these considers the demographic differences between households whose members lose money playing the lottery and/or engaging in pari-mutuel betting and those whose members do not lose money participating in such activities. The second assesses demographic differences among households whose members lose money playing the lottery and/or engaging in pari-mutuel betting. It was found that respondents living in money-losing households are slightly older, better off financially, more likely to be married or divorced, more likely to live in a state with at least one legal casino and more likely to live in the Northeast than respondents living in non-money-losing households. Among those living in money-losing households, the least wealthy and African American respondents are more likely to lose a higher proportion of their respective incomes purchasing lottery tickets and engaging in pari-mutuel betting than wealthier respondents and whites.
Spontaneous Fission-Track Studies of Accessory Apatite from Granitic Rocks of the Sawatch Range, Colorado

A suite of igneous rocks from the Sawatch Range, Colorado, known to have a Rb-Sr whole-rock age of 1650 ± 35 m. y., has been dated by the nuclear fission-track method. Analysis yielded an age of about 50 ± 12 m. y. for some samples of apatite; other apatite samples yielded ages of 183 ± 44 m. y. to 248 ± 68 m. y. Ages of 45 to 50 m. y. agree closely with the age of Laramide igneous events in the Rocky Mountains and suggest that partial to complete annealing of spontaneous fission tracks in the apatites occurred about 50 m. y. ago. Spontaneous fission-track densities in most other minerals are too low to be useful for dating; zircons are strongly metamict (Church, 1967). For assumed durations of the Laramide annealing event, an extrapolated annealing temperature-time curve for apatite provides minimum temperatures. If, for example, the Laramide event lasted 10 m. y., the apatite samples must have been heated to at least 150°C. Rb-Sr ages of minerals from these rocks were not measurably affected by Laramide events; thus, subject to assumptions regarding the duration of the heating, a minimum temperature for Rb-Sr redistribution may be determined.
The Spectrum of a Perseid Meteor of 1949

A Perseid spectrum, obtained in 1949, is compared with 5 other Perseid spectra. Density measures for this spectrum indicate a marked increase in strength, during bursts, of the H and K lines of CaII relative to the strong neutral Fe and Mg line at 3830 A. The available data indicate tentatively that: (1) Perseid spectra resemble one another more than do type-Y spectra as a whole; (2) the meteorites producing Perseid meteors are less diverse in composition than are aerolites in general.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase interacts with Rab2 and plays an essential role in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport exclusive of its glycolytic activity.

Abstract Rab2 requires atypical protein kinase C ι/λ (aPKCι/λ) to promote vesicle formation from vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs). The Rab2-generated vesicles are enriched in recycling proteins suggesting that the carriers are retrograde-directed and retrieve transport machinery back to the endoplasmic reticulum. These vesicles also contained the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). We have previously established that GAPDH is required for membrane transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Moreover, GAPDH is phosphorylated by aPKCι/λ and binds to the aPKCι/λ regulatory domain. In this study, we employed a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays and determined that GAPDH also interacts with Rab2. The site of GAPDH interaction was mapped to Rab2 residues 20–50. In addition to its glycolytic function, GAPDH has multiple intracellular roles. However, the function of GAPDH in the early secretory pathway is unknown. One possibility is that GAPDH ultimately provides energy in the form of ATP. To determine whether GAPDH catalytic activity was critical for transport in the early secretory pathway, a conservative substitution was made at Cys-149 located at the active site, and the mutant was biochemically characterized in a battery of assays. Although GAPDH (C149G) has no catalytic activity, Rab2 recruited the mutant protein to membranes in a quantitative binding assay. GAPDH (C149G) is phosphorylated by aPKCι/λ and binds directly to Rab2 when evaluated in an overlay binding assay. Importantly, VSV-G transport between the ER and Golgi complex is restored when an in vitro trafficking assay is performed with GAPDH-depleted cytosol and GAPDH (C149G). These data suggest that GAPDH imparts a unique function necessary for membrane trafficking from VTCs that does not require GAPDH glycolytic activity.
Service-Learning in Dental Education: Meeting Needs and Challenges

Community-based service-learning is increasingly common in dental education. By definition, service-learning combines educational goals with service to the community, and the community and school are equal partners. The three main goals of service-learning are improving learning, promoting civic engagement, and strengthening communities. There have been calls from many groups to reform dental education to better serve the public, and service-learning is one of the most often recommended methods to help meet this goal. One of the key attributes of service-learning is its potential to promote civic engagement and social responsibility during the student's education. The social responsibility of dentists and aspects of professionalism can be learned by students through participation in well-structured service-learning programs. Community-based service-learning programs can also address societal needs by improving the public's access to oral health care through partnerships among dental schools, oral health providers, and communities. This article describes service-learning programs at several dental schools to illustrate application of this educational strategy in predoctoral dental education. This article also describes challenges that confront schools desiring to implement and sustain service-learning programs, including academic quality, faculty development and training, interprofessionalism, making time in the curriculum, budget, faculty shortages and time, student credit, quality control, and remote sites away from the dental school.
Convex solutions of boundary value problems

We establish two criteria for the existence of convex solutions for a boundary value problem arising from the study of the existence of convex radial solutions for the Monge–Ampere equations. We shall use fixed point theorems in a cone.
R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Replicates More Efficiently in Primary CD4+ T-Cell Cultures Than X4 HIV-1

In this report, we present evidence that R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in primary CD4+ T cells than X4 HIV-1. By comparing CD3/CD28-costimulated CD4+ T-cell cultures infected by several X4 and R5 HIV-1 strains, we determined that R5-infected CD4+ T cells produce more virus over time than X4-infected CD4+ T cells. In the first comparison, we found that more cells were infected by the X4-tropic strain LAI than by the R5-tropic strain JR-CSF and yet that higher levels of viral production were detected in the R5-infected cultures. The differential viral production was partially due to the severe cytopathic effects of the X4 virus. We also compared cultures infected with the isogenic HIV-1 strains NL4-3 (X4) and 49.5 (R5). We found that fewer cells were infected by the R5 strain, and yet similar levels of viral production were detected in both infected cultures. Cell death played less of a role in the differential viral production of these strains, as the cell viability remained comparable in both X4- and R5-infected cultures over time. The final comparison involved the primary R5-tropic isolate KP1 and the primary dual-tropic isolate KP2. Although both strains infected similar numbers of cells and induced comparable levels of cytopathicity, viral production was considerably higher in the R5-infected culture. In summary, these data demonstrate that R5 HIV-1 has an increased capacity to replicate in costimulated CD4+ T cells compared to X4 HIV-1.
A voltage gradient‐induced arrest of circular DNA during agarose gel electrophoresis

During the gel electrophoresis of double-stranded DNA, interaction with the gel fractionates the DNA by molecular weight and conformation. Here, it is shown that open circular bacteriophage λ DNA (Mr 32.1 × 106) migrates into a 0.2% agarose gel during a first electrophoresis at 0.34 V/cm, but does not migrate when the voltage gradient is subsequently raised to 6.0 V/cm for a second, orthogonal electrophoresis. Linear DNA of the same molecular weight does migrate at 6.0 V/cm. The data suggest that the arrest observed at 6.0 V/cm is caused by threading of circular DNA by gel fibers. These observations have produced a procedure of two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis capable of detecting comparatively small amounts of circular DNA. The concept of threading is potentially useful for understanding of DNA fractionations obtained with pulsed electrical fields.
Development of a Respiratory Allergy Model in Male Brown Norway Rats: Pulmonary Immune and Gene Expression Studies

The aim of these studies is to develop a respiratory allergy model in Brown Norway (BN) rats using ovalbumin (Ova) as the antigenic stimulus. Specifically, we are interested in studying the mechanisms underlying the development of pulmonary T helper type 2 (Th2) responses following Ova sensitization and inhalation challenge. We have previously reported on the development of an active pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by the presence of eosinophils and measurement of serum immunoglobulin E levels in Ova-sensitized but not in alum-treated, Ova-challenged or sham control rats. In the current study, we have used cDNA microarray technology to assess the gene expression in tracheobronchial, mesenteric and submaxillary lymph nodes, as well as in pulmonary cells and tissues of Ova-sensitized, alum-sensitized or sham control BN rats. Preliminary cDNA microarray results of lung tissue from BN rats exposed to ova–ova (Ova-sensitized, Ova-challenged) 4 or 24 h after ova challenge did not show up-regulation (relative to sham controls) of mRNA for interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-5 but did show up-regulation of eotaxin (4 h), intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs), which are likely to be prerequisites for eosinophilic pulmonary inflammatory responses measured at 24 and 48 h post Ova inhalation exposure. In addition, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis of lung tissue from BN rats exposed to ova–ova 4 and 24 h after challenge demonstrated up-regulation of mRNA for IL-10 (Th2 response). Studies are ongoing to identify the time course and anatomic location of Th2 responses related to the development of Ova-induced respiratory allergy responses in BN rats.
Incidence, risk factors, and treatment patterns for deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized children: an increasing population at risk.

Objective The optimal prophylactic strategy and treatment regimen for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in hospitalized pediatric patients is not clearly established. This study assessed the incidence, risk factors, and treatment patterns for DVT among pediatric patients admitted to a hospital ward. Methods Children (aged Results Between 1992 and 2005, 358 children were evaluated for DVT, and 99 (52 boys, 47 girls) were admitted to the hospital and were determined to have DVT by confirmatory imaging. A prior DVT (12 total) was present in eight of the 21 patients admitted for DVT treatment; of the remaining, only seven received DVT prophylaxis on admission. In those developing a DVT, the inpatient clinical probability score was 21% (low), 40% (moderate), and 39% (high). The most common risk factor in those with prehospital DVT was a prior DVT (38%) or thrombophilic condition (33%), whereas inpatients had a central catheter (45%), with nearly 50% in the femoral vein. Children acquiring an inpatient DVT had concomitant severe respiratory (17%), oncologic (14%), and/or infectious (15%) diseases and required a prolonged intensive care unit (12.7 days) stay. Prehospital DVT was lower extremity predominant (90%) and statistically different from inpatient-acquired DVT (62%, P = .01). Treatment patterns between periods I and II revealed a trend to more low-molecular-weight heparin and less unfractionated heparin use (P = .09). Three patients died (one fatal pulmonary embolism). The number of recognized cases per 10,000 admissions increased from 0.3 to 28.8 from 1992 to 2005. Conclusion The incidence of DVT in hospitalized children is increasing. Those presenting with DVT typically have prior DVT, thrombophilia, or lower extremity disease. Our study suggests that children admitted with severe medical conditions who require a prolonged intensive care unit stay in addition to central venous access (especially via the femoral vein) should be considered candidates for DVT prophylaxis. A clinical probability scoring system alone cannot stratify patients sufficiently to forgo prophylaxis in hopes of a rapid clinical diagnosis. Childhood-specific level 1 trials aimed at determining guidelines for DVT prophylaxis are urgently required.
Interaction between Complement Proteins C5b-7 and Erythrocyte Membrane Sialic Acid

The initial phase of membrane attack by complement is the interaction between C5b6, C7, and the cell membrane that leads to the insertion of C5b-7. Here we investigate the role of sialic acid residues in the assembly of C5b-7 intermediates on erythrocyte cell membranes. We find that C5b6 binds to glycophorin, whereas C5 or C6 does not bind, and desialylation of the glycophorin abolishes C5b6 binding. Complement lysis is inhibited by either masking glycophorin sialic acid with F(ab) fragments of an mAb, or by removal of the sialylated region of glycophorin by mild trypsinization. Gangliosides inhibit C5b-7 deposition when added to the aqueous phase. Asialogangliosides and synthetic gangliosides lacking the carboxylic acid residue have no inhibitory activity. We conclude that C5b6 binds to sialylated molecules on the erythrocyte surface. We propose a new model of membrane attack in which C5b6 initially binds to membranes via ionic forces. C7 then binds to C5b6, disrupting the ionic interaction and leading to the exposure of hydrophobic domains. Sialic acid is known to inhibit complement activation. Thus, these findings reveal a paradoxical role for sialic acid in complement attack; the presence of sialic acid inhibits the generation of C5b6, but once the membrane attack pathway is initiated, sialic acid enhances complement lysis.
Immune system activation affects song and territorial defense

Previous studies have demonstrated that bird song is influenced by infection. We investigated how mounting an immune response by mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) affects specific aspects of territorial song and behavior. We used song playback to simulate a territorial intrusion and elicit baseline song and behavioral responses. Individuals were then either injected with a saline control or with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution to induce an acute immune response, and posttreatment territorial song and behaviors in response to playback were recorded 1 day and 7 days later. The immune challenge significantly reduced the number of birds that sang compared with control individuals on Day 1. All birds that sang on Day 1 produced abnormal songs with fewer terminal notes, exhibited elevated alarm behavior, and tended to sing at slower rates. By Day 7, LPS treatment had no effect on the likelihood of singing, and song rates had returned to baseline levels, though songs were still sung with fewer terminal notes. Thus, our study shows that simply mounting an immune response to infection, as opposed to the actual infection per se is sufficient to impact avian song production. This study also suggests that for the most sensitive assessment of immune status, familiarity with an individual’s song and behavior is necessary. Key words: acute phase response, bird song, immune system response, life-history trade-offs, lipopolysaccharide, territorial behavior, white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys. [Behav Ecol]
Analysis of Low-Frequency Precipitation Variability in CMIP5 Historical Simulations for Southwestern North America

AbstractDrier future conditions are projected for the arid southwest of North America, increasing the chances of the region experiencing severe and prolonged drought. To examine the mechanisms of decadal variability, 47 global climate model historical simulations performed for phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were assessed. On average, the CMIP5 models have higher climatological precipitation over the past century in southwestern North America than current instrumental or reanalysis products. The timing of the winter peak in climatological precipitation over California and Nevada is accurately represented. Models with resolutions coarser than 2° show a larger spread in the location and strength of the North American monsoon ridge and subsequent summer precipitation, in comparison with the higher-resolution models. Less than 20% of decadal variability in wintertime precipitation over California is associated with North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, a larger proporti...
Determination of the Genomic Structures of Two Nonallelic Preproinsulin Genes in Xenopus laevis Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstract We have previously cloned cDNAs that correspond to two different nonallelic preproinsulin genes in the amphibian, Xenopus laevis (Shuldiner et al. , 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 9428-9432). The coding regions of the two genes are very similar (i.e., 93% amino acid identity). While both preproinsulin genes are expressed coordinately in the adult pancreas, they are differentially expressed in prepancreatic embryos during neurulation (Shuldiner et al. , 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7679-7683). We now report the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the genomic structures of both Xenopus preproinsulin genes. First, the nucleotide sequence of a portion of the 5′ untranslated legion that was lacking in our cDNA clones was obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′ RACE). Then, oligonucleotide primers were designed that flanked putative exon-intron splice boundaries, and intronic sequences in each of the two nonallelic genes were amplified. We determined that both Xenopus preproinsulin genes contain two introns, one interrupting the 5′ untranslated region, and the second interrupting the region encoding the C-peptide. The introns are similar in position, but of greater length than those reported in most other species. Interestingly, dideoxy sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified introns revealed that the exon-intron splice junctions are well conserved between the two nonallelic genes, but internal to these junctions, the respective introns diverge significantly from each other. Thus, ample time has elapsed since the duplication of these two genes for marked divergence to occur within the introns suggesting that these regions are not important for expression in the adult pancreas. From these studies, we predict that elucidation of the sequences of the 5′ flanking regions of the two nonallelic preproinsulin genes will reveal conserved regions that will be important for coordinate expression, as well as less conserved regions that will either be unimportant for coordinate expression (i.e., pancreatic expression) or important for differential expression (i.e., prepancreatic expression).
Evidence for intrasexual selection in wild female baboons

Because female reproductive success in social mammals is determined largely by parental rather than mating effort, intrasexual competition among females has typically been assumed to occur primarily over food. Recently, however, renewed attention has been paid to the importance of other sources of variation in female fitness, with a concomitant focus on a broader definition of intrasexual selection that encompasses both competition for resources and competition for mates and social partners. We present behavioural and demographic data gathered over 15 years on a group of wild chacma baboons, Papio hamadryas ursinus, which show that females incur several costs when living in groups with many females and comparatively few males: increased intrasexual aggression, less stable bonds with female partners and increased mortality. Femaleefemale aggression was higher in years when the adult sex ratio was more highly skewed towards females, with low-ranking females exhibiting particularly high rates of aggression towards other females. Females’ social bonds with other females also became less stable in years when the group contained many females. Finally, female mortality rates were highest in years when the group contained comparatively more females and fewer males. The negative correlation between the number of males and female mortality suggests that the increase in mortality was due to increased predation rather than food competition. Results indicate that intrasexual competition for social partners, mates, paternal investment, and perhaps also male protection occurs even in species where females exhibit low reproductive skew. 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Discussions about the costs and benefits of female sociality in mammals have tended to emphasize selective pressures related to food competition. Because female reproductive success is determined largely by parental effort and nutritional condition (Trivers 1972), female sociality is thought to reflect a trade-off between benefits associated with enhanced between-group competition and
Genetic variation of vertebral fusion patterns in coho salmon

The distribution of vertebral fusions along the spinal column differed significantly among crosses from two hatchery stocks of coho salmon, indicating a genetic basis for this character.
Neonatal Seizures: Impact on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Neonatal period is the most vulnerable time for the occurrence of seizures, and neonatal seizures often pose a clinical challenge both for their acute management and frequency of associated long-term co-morbidities. Etiologies of neonatal seizures are known to play a primary role in the anti-epileptic drug responsiveness and the long-term sequelae. Recent studies have suggested that burden of acute recurrent seizures in neonates may also impact chronic outcomes independent of the etiology. However, not many studies, either clinical or pre-clinical, have addressed the long-term outcomes of neonatal seizures in an etiology-specific manner. In this review, we briefly review the available clinical and pre-clinical research for long-term outcomes following neonatal seizures. As the most frequent cause of acquired neonatal seizures, we focus on the studies evaluating long-term effects of HIE-seizures with the goal to evaluate (1) what parameters evaluated during acute stages of neonatal seizures can reliably be used to predict long-term outcomes? and (2) what available clinical and pre-clinical data are available help determine importance of etiology vs. seizure burdens in long-term sequelae.
Lipid-Induced Signaling Causes Release of Inflammatory Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes.

Background & Aims Hepatocyte cellular dysfunction and death induced by lipids and macrophage-associated inflammation are characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The fatty acid palmitate can activate death receptor 5 (DR5) on hepatocytes, leading to their death, but little is known about how this process contributes to macrophage-associated inflammation. We investigated whether lipid-induced DR5 signaling results in the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from hepatocytes, and whether these can induce an inflammatory macrophage phenotype. Methods Primary mouse and human hepatocytes and Huh7 cells were incubated with palmitate, its metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine, or diluent (control). The released EV were isolated, characterized, quantified, and applied to macrophages. C57BL/6 mice were placed on chow or a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol to induce NASH. Some mice also were given the ROCK1 inhibitor fasudil; 2 weeks later, serum EVs were isolated and characterized by immunoblot and nanoparticle-tracking analyses. Livers were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Incubation of primary hepatocytes and Huh7 cells with palmitate or lysophosphatidylcholine increased their release of EVs, compared with control cells. This release was reduced by inactivating mediators of the DR5 signaling pathway or rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) inhibition. Hepatocyte-derived EVs contained tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and induced expression of interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 messenger RNAs in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages. Activation of macrophages required DR5 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1. Administration of the ROCK1 inhibitor fasudil to mice with NASH reduced serum levels of EVs; this reduction was associated with decreased liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Conclusions Lipids, which stimulate DR5, induce release of hepatocyte EVs, which activate an inflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Strategies to inhibit ROCK1-dependent release of EVs by hepatocytes might be developed for the treatment of patients with NASH.
Zn2+ blocks the NMDA- and Ca2+ -triggered postexposure current ipe in hippocampal pyramidal cells.

Chen, Qiang X., Katherine L. Perkins, and Robert K. S. Wong. Zn2+ blocks the NMDA- and Ca2+-triggered postexposure current I pe in hippocampal pyramidal cells. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1124–1126, 1998....
Analysis of flow patterns using MRI

This paper describes new software programs for analysis and visualization of blood flow patterns derived from time-resolved 3D velocity data sets. Using the programs, data can be displayed in cross-sectional or 3D perspective view. Particle paths revealing the flow patterns are computed by forward and backward time integration of the velocity field. Vector arrowmaps are computed as short-duration paths starting from uniformly spaced points over the lumen volume. Background, divergence, and local boundary correction is done to improve the realism of the paths. The programs have been used to visualize flow patterns from non-gated and cardiac-gated 3D velocity enclosed data in over 35 subjects. Arrowmaps are preferred for revealing local regions of different blood flow characteristics within the vessel, while particle paths are preferred for revealing global organization of the flow. They are complementary display strategies. Advanced data handling and display features are essential for analyzing and visualizing large velocity encoded data sets.
Noble Gas Adsorption in Metal–Organic Frameworks Containing Open Metal Sites

The adsorption of noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn) and N2 by a diverse range of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) containing open metal sites (OMS) was systematically investigated using volumetric gas porosimetry and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation. The ten MOFs considered are grouped into two series. The first, MOF-74-x, is based upon MOF-74/CPO-27, which has divalent metal ions Mg, Co, Ni, and Zn, and was chosen to explore the effect of metal identity within a constant topology. The second series, nbo-MOFs, consists of NOTT-100, NOTT-101, NOTT-102, NOTT-103, and PCN-14 and probes the effect of pore size while maintaining constant OMS identity and similar coordination environment. Comparisons of the nbo-MOFs with HKUST-1 are also made, since this MOF has a similar chemical structure, although the topology is different from the nbo structures. Gas uptake and Henry’s constant (kH) for nbo-MOFs increase with decreasing pore size, and as pore size decreases, the effect of gas polarizability on kH become...
Physiological responses of cockroaches to immobilization, DDT, and dieldrin.

Comparative effects of DDT and immobilization have been studied with the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). Evaluation has included oxygen consumption, heart beat frequency, and loss of weight. Increased oxygen consumption occurs following both types of treatment, but the magnitude of increase is greater in DDT-treated insects. In addition, periodic effects of approximately 24 hours show a disruption or deviation in DDT-treated forms but not in those immobilized. Heart-beat frequency declines following treatments of DDT, dieldrin, and immobilization. The greatest retarding effect occurs when DDT-treated individuals are subjected to cool temperatures (20°C), or alternating cool (15°C) and warm (30°C) temperatures. Weight losses were significantly greater when comparing DDT-treated and immobilized cockroaches at low (20%) relative humidity. No significant differences were evident at 60 or 70% relative humidity. The primary effects on DDT-treated cockroaches appear to be measurably different from immobilized insects for the phenomena evaluated in this study.
Hygienic Investigation on Rural Drinking Water in Daxing District of Beijing

[Objective]To analyze the sanitary quality of rural drinking water in Daxing district of Beijing,provide the basic data for health management of rural water supply.[Methods]With stratified sampling,10 monitoring points were collected in Daxing district,and water quality of self-equipped wells was monitored in six consecutive years.[Results]From 2005 to 2010,120 water samples were tested,and 80 samples were qualified with the qualified rate of 66.7%.There was no significant difference in the qualified rate between dry season and wet season(P0.05),and the difference in annual qualified rate among six years was not significant(P0.05).The unqualified indexes included total hardness,nitrate nitrogen,total bacteria,total coliform group,turbidity,total dissolved solids,fecal coliform and manganese.By the influence of precipitation,there was significant difference in level of nitrate nitrogen in Xihongmen area between dry season and wet season.[Conclusion]The groundwater quality of Daxing district is stable in six years.The unqualified status of total hardness and nitrate nitrogen are serious in some area,and the water quality need to be improved.
Human granulosa contain messenger ribonucleic acids encoding insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and secrete IGFBPs in culture

Objective To determine if luteinizing human granulosa cells contain messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNAs) encoding insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBPs) and if cultured granulosa secrete IGFBPs into conditioned medium (CM). Design Northern analysis, using IGFBP-specific complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probes, was used to detect granulosa-derived IGFBP mRNAs. Western ligand blot analysis of CM was used to detect IGFBPs secreted by granulosa cultures with and without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Setting Granulosa cells were obtained from the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Program at Stanford University, a private teaching institution. Patients, Participants Patients undergoing IVF for tubal disease. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Transcripts of IGFBP mRNA and IGFBPs secreted into CM were detected by autoradiography of Northern and Western ligand blots, respectively. Results Transcripts of IGFBP-3, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-1 mRNA were detected in human luteinizing granulosa. Cultured granulosa secreted IGFBPs with molecular weights corresponding to IGFBP-3, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-1, and the latter two IGFBPs increased with 10ng/mL hCG. A 24 kd IGFBP was noted, which may be newly characterized IGFBP-4. Conclusions These data show that luteinizing human granulosa cells express mRNAs encoding three IGFBPs, secrete IGFBPs into culture medium, and that production of at least two of the IGFBPs is hCG-dependent, further supporting a role for the IGF system in human folliculogenesis.
John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, and the Concept of Constitutional Sovereignty

ABSTRACTScholars have long debated John Marshall's intent in his famous opinion in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Despite long-standing disagreement concerning the character of Marshall's nationalism and federalism, interpretations of the opinion typically rely on an incomplete picture of the case. This analysis revisits McCulloch to illustrate his support for national and state sovereignty as defined in the Constitution. It then moves beyond the opinion itself to examine Marshall's defense of McCulloch in a series of newspaper essays he authored in the aftermath of the case. Situated alongside the McCulloch opinion, these essays show that Marshall was as much concerned with defending the sovereignty of the Constitution as he was with adjudicating political authority between national and state governments.
The Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption by Rare Earth Intermetallics

Intermetallic compounds containing the rare earths in chemical union with d-transition metals absorb large amounts of hydrogen rapidly and reversibly (1). Hydrogenated LaNi5, for example, at room temperature releases ~90% of its hydrogen in a five-minute period (2). ErFe2 absorbs hydrogen at 25 C to 95% of saturation in approximately a minute (3). The factors responsible for the rapid absorption or release of hydrogen have heretofore not been adequate ly revealed. Since hydrogen is absorbed dissociatively, it is clear that a sequence of events of considerable complexity is involved in the sorption process. Obviously dissociation of H2 at the surface is involved, but until now it has not been clear whether this is rate determining for absorption.
Interventions for impetigo.

The topical antibiotic mupirocin is as effective or possibly more effective than oral treatment in patients with limited disease. For practical reasons, oral antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and macrolides often are used in patients with extensive disease, but there is insufficient evidence to determine whether topical or systemic antibiotics are more effective. Limited evidence does not support the use of disinfectants.
The consonant length contrast in Persian: Production and perception

Across languages, there is a tendency to avoid length contrasts in the most vowel-like consonant classes, such as glides or laryngeals. Such gaps could arise from the difficulty of determining where the boundary between vowel and consonant lies when the transition between them is gradual. This claim is tested in Persian (Farsi), which has length contrasts in all classes of consonants, including glides and laryngeals. Persian geminates were compared to singletons in three different speaking rates and seven different consonant classes. Geminates were found to have longer constriction intervals than singletons, and this length effect interacted with both speaking rate and manner of articulation. In one of two perception experiments, Persian speakers identified consonants as geminate or singleton in stimuli in which the constriction duration was systematically varied. The perceptual boundary between geminates and singletons was most sharply defined for obstruents and least so for laryngeals, as reflected by the breadth of the changeover region in the identification curve. In the other perception experiment, subjects identified the length class of glides differing in constriction duration and formant transition duration. Longer formant transitions led to more geminate responses and to a broader changeover interval.
Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments

Adhesive shoulder capsulitis, or arthrofibrosis, describes a pathological process in which the body forms excessive scar tissue or adhesions across the glenohumeral joint, leading to pain, stiffness and dysfunction. It is a debilitating condition that can occur spontaneously (primary or idiopathic adhesive capsulitis) or following shoulder surgery or trauma (secondary adhesive capsulitis). Here, we review the pathophysiology of adhesive shoulder capsulitis, highlighting its clinical presentation, natural history, risk factors, pathoanatomy and pathogenesis. Both current non-operative and operative treatments for adhesive capsulitis are described, and evidence-based studies are presented in support for or against each corresponding treatment. Finally, the review also provides an update on the gene expression profile of adhesive capsulitis and how this new understanding can help facilitate development of novel pharmacological therapies.
Quantum Statistical Mechanics

Abstract Classical statistical mechanics and quantum statistical mechanics are both based on the statistical probability description of Nature. Classical statistical mechanics applies to a statistically significant number of particles, the bridge between the properties of individual particles and the bulk properties of a system. Temperature and pressure have no meaning if there is only one gas particle in a balloon. Quantum statistical mechanics is the study of probability potentials of individual particles as well as bulk properties. In both areas of statistical mechanics the correct counting of the degeneracy of states cannot be understated. The states of a pair of electrons and a pair of dice are compared to illustrate problems associated with the degeneracy of states. The distinguishing feature of quantum theory that has no classical counterpart is superposition of wave functions. The manner in which wave functions of particles with integer spin (Bose–Einstein particles) and half-integer spin (Fermi–Dirac particles) can be superimposed, and quantum states filled greatly affect the degeneracy of quantum states. Under conditions that the de Broglie wavelength (or thermal wavelength) exhibits substantial overlap, the differences in the statistical nature of Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac particles are amplified. The grand partition function and weighting factors for Maxwell–Boltzmann, Bose–Einstein, and Fermi–Dirac particles are compared. Bose–Einstein condensation and the lambda transition for helium-4 are examined, and overcounting of states is quantitatively examined with the Scatchard model for binding on a linear lattice.
Peer Observation of Rounds Leads to Collegial Discussion of Teaching.

ABSTRACTProblem: Faculty in the Division of Hospital Medicine provide most of the clinical teaching for learners at our institution. The majority of these faculty are Assistant Professors with limited formal instruction in clinical teaching. Previous Divisional strategies to improve clinical teaching ability included discussion of effective teaching behaviors, developing written expectations for teaching faculty, and instituting seminars on effective clinical teaching. Heretofore, the Division had not utilized a direct observation exercise. Intervention: We developed a direct observation exercise to encourage discussion of teaching techniques and contemplation of change. Using a social learning model, we developed a peer-to-peer observation followed by a nonevaluative discussion. We created a tool for describing teaching behaviors in 5 domains that were similar to or different from the usual behavior of the observing peer: learner presentations, team leadership, bedside teaching, professionalism, and othe...
Promoting evaluation capacity building in a complex adaptive system

Abstract This study provides results from an NSF funded, four year, case study about evaluation capacity building in a complex adaptive system, the Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network (NISE Net). The results of the Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Network Evaluations (CASNET) project indicate that complex adaptive system concepts help to explain evaluation capacity building in a network. The NISE Network was found to be a complex learning system that was supportive of evaluation capacity building through feedback loops that provided for information sharing and interaction. Participants in the system had different levels of and sources of evaluation knowledge. To be successful at building capacity, the system needed to have a balance between both centralized and decentralized control, coherence, redundancy, and diversity. Embeddedness of individuals within the system also provided support and moved the capacity of the system forward. Finally, success depended on attention being paid to the control of resources. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Manure and Residue Inputs Maintained Soil Organic Carbon in Upper Midwest Conservation Production Systems

Conservation production systems are needed in the upper Midwest to slow soil and nutrient loss through tillage-induced erosion. However, producers are reluctant to adapt no-till strategies because of the cool-wet climate. With focus on strip-tillage (ST) and a diverse 4-yr (4y) crop rotation as alternatives to no-till, we assessed eight integrated strategies under both conventional (CNV) and organic (ORG) management. These included conventional moldboard plow + disk tillage (CT), with (YF) fertilizer or manure, with no (NF) amendments, and 2-yr (2y) rotations: ST-YF-4y, ST-NF-4y, ST-YF-2y, ST-NF-2y, CT-YF-4y, CT-NF-4y, CT-YF-2y, and CT-NF-2y. Temporal change and loss rates of total soil organic C (SOC) and N (SON) were measured using the equivalent soil mass method for the 0- to 30- and 0- to 60-cm profiles. Soil was sampled in autumn, after harvest and before tillage, in the first, second, sixth, and eighth years of rotation between 2002 and 2009. In 2002, management had no effect on baseline measurements. Average SOC and SON from 2002–2009 were significantly greater in YF strategy systems, with no other differences among strategies occurring. Net loss in SOC, but not SON, occurred over time, and estimated rates of loss were significant for all individual management strategies, but not all integrated strategies. Under CNV, estimated rates of loss were significant in all but the CNV-CT-NF-2y system. In contrast, under ORG, estimated rates of loss were significant only for ORG-CT-NF-4y and ORG-ST-NF-4y systems. Animal manure, particularly in combination with high residue inputs, had a positive impact for maintaining SOC.
The Isomorphism of Space and Time in Debates over Momentariness

In the course of his critique of the Buddhist doctrine of universal momentariness, Udayana argues for an isomorphism between our understandings of space and time, which is meant to undercut the Buddhists’ well-known “inference from existence.” The present paper examines these arguments from Udayana’s Ātmatattvaviveka, together with Ratnakīrti’s treatment of them in his Kṣaṇabhaṅgasiddhi Anvayātmikā. As an historical study, the paper aims to elucidate the connections between Udayana and Ratnakīrti, and the implications of those connections for the dependence of the inference from existence upon various arguments which appear elsewhere in Ratnakīrti’s corpus. As a work of philosophical interpretation, the paper will clarify what is at stake in the local debate over the space–time isomorphism. Ratnakīrti’s position will best be understood as an account on which different simple causal properties are ascribed, or indexed, to an allegedly persisting entity at different times, while Udayana will prefer an account on which complex properties indexed to the place and/or time of the effect—for instance, “generating a sprout in this particular place” or “producing a visual awareness at a certain time”—will belong to a persisting thing throughout its entire existence. Furthermore, the acceptance (by Udayana) or rejection (by Ratnakīrti) of space and time as substantial entities in their own right, as distinct from the entities which are conventionally said to exist in space and time, will have important implications for the accounts of causality that each thinker can accept.
Multi-Sensor Monitoring of Low-Degree Gravitational Changes

Earth gravity change is caused by mass redistribution within the Earth system, including air and water redistribution in the atmosphere, ocean, land, and cryosphere, and mass variation of the solid Earth (in the core, mantle, and crust). Gravity change can be quantified by geodetic measurements and numerical climate models. We estimate time series of low-degree gravitational variations, ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 using four different techniques, from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Earth Orientation Parameters (length of day and polar motion), advanced climate models (including atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrologic models), and satellite laser ranging. We compare these independent estimates at different time scales, and discuss major uncertainties for the various techniques. Independent estimates of ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 are important for validating the geodetic techniques and for improving understanding of large scale and low frequency mass redistribution within the Earth system.