cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Women's Lives: The Role of Support Groups among Breast Cancer Patients.

Abstract Two decades of research indicate that group psychotherapy is an effective adjunctive therapy to medical treatment for women with breast cancer. Group therapy has been effective at reducing mood disturbance, improving quality of life, enhancing physiological functioning, and increasing survival time. In particular, Supportive-Expressive group psychotherapy has been effective in assisting breast cancer patients in reducing anxiety related to death and dying, strengthening interpersonal relationships, and improving the quality of life. In this article, the literature on group effectiveness is reviewed, the components of an empirically validated group treatment for breast cancer patients are described, and implications for group leaders are discussed.
Canonical modules and Cohen-Macaulay linkage in a local ring

Abstract We show that for a codimension 2 unmixed ideal B whose canonical module has finite projective dimension, it is possible to link B to an ideal A by a Cohen-Macaulay ideal I so that either the depth of the canonical module of R A is one more than the depth of the canonical module of R B , or R A is Cohen-Macaulay. Moreover, both the linking ideal I and the linked ideal A can be described in terms of certain submatrices of the maps in a finite free resolution of the canonical module of R B .
Correlates of behavioral care management strategies used by primary care pediatric providers.

Objective To identify correlates of behavioral management strategies and to test whether children with more severe behavioral problems have care transferred to mental health specialists. Methods Secondary analysis of the Child Behavior Study. Children aged 4 to 15 years were identified with new behavioral problems at nonurgent visits to primary care clinicians. Treatment strategies were categorized into mutually exclusive groups: primary care (psychotropic prescription and/or office-based counseling), mental health care (referral for or ongoing specialist mental health care), joint care (primary care and mental health care), or observation. Child-, family-, clinician-, and practice-level characteristics were assessed for association with management strategies by use of multivariate methods. Results A total of 1377 children from 201 practices in 44 states and Puerto Rico were newly identified with behavioral problems. Behavioral/conduct (41%), attentional/hyperactivity (37%), adjustment (32%), and emotional (22%) problems were most commonly identified. Children with comorbid behavioral problems were more likely to be managed with joint care than other treatment strategies. In addition, clinicians who were male or who had greater mental health orientation were more likely to provide joint care than mental health care only. Conclusions Clinicians were more likely to manage new behavioral problems jointly with mental health providers than use other strategies if children had coexisting mental health problems or if providers had stronger beliefs about psychosocial aspects of care. These results do not support the hypothesis that children with more severe behavioral problems are transferred to specialists but suggest that primary care and mental health care clinicians may benefit from collaborating on treatment plans.
Aspects of Brown Madtom, Noturus phaeus, Life History in Northern Mississippi

Abstract Life-history aspects of Noturus phaeus, the Brown Madtom, were studied from August 1993 to July 1994 using samples collected from Bay Springs Branch (Little Tallahatchie River drainage), Mississippi. Noturus phaeus exhibited nocturnal feeding with a diet composed primarily of dipteran larvae, trichopteran larvae, and decapods (crayfish). Annuli from otoliths were successfully used to assist in age-class identification. It was common for individuals of both sexes to reach age-3, whereas some males were age-4 or older. Brown madtoms used woody debris and undercut banks as their primary daytime microhabitat, and stream flow (complex, run, pool) was the best predictor of the presence/absence of madtoms, being most often found in areas of complex (varying) flow. Abundance (density) was similar to those of other species, and N. phaeus was not collected in areas without either debris, aquatic vegetation, or undercut banks.
Handling the threat of organisational violence: an OD approach in a government agency

Considers the recent increase of violence in the workplace, citing specific situations. Outlines the impact on the workplace in relation to areas such as morale, productivity, communication and responsibility. Covers the legal obligations and responsibilities of employers before profiling a case study of a government department. Provides details of the assessment and the findings together with recommendations for future improvement.
IEEE 802.11 over multi-hop wireless networks: problems and new perspectives

Abstract The distributed coordination function (DCF) mode of the IEEE 802.11 MAC standard, though proposed for medium access in wireless local area networks, is seen as the de-facto medium access standard in multi-hop wireless networks. In this paper we contend that the unique characteristics that differentiate multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks from local area wireless networks render the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol inefficient in ad-hoc networks. Specifically, we focus on the band of contention and the fairness model employed by the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol in our study. We substantiate our arguments through simulations of idealized (centralized) protocols, and consider the key changes required to adapt the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless networks. We then propose a simple medium access scheme within the IEEE 802.11 MAC framework, called flow based medium access (FBMA) that achieves significantly better fairness properties while adhering to the purely distributed operations of the basic IEEE 802.11 MAC scheme. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed MAC protocol through simulations.
Cellular platforms for HTS: three case studies

The field of cell-based screening is expanding rapidly as innovations in target selection and instrumentation increase the number of targets that can be efficiently screened in cellular formats. Cell-based screens can be configured to provide a broad range of data on chemical compound activity, mechanism of action and drugability. However, the decision to pursue a cell-based approach should not be made lightly, as cell-based assays can be challenging to implement in the high-throughput screening (HTS) laboratory. In this review, we describe three case studies in which targets were successfully interrogated in cell-based HTS, and highlight the necessary steps to ensure the validity of these screens.
Time-Varying High-Gain Feedback

In this paper we study the time-varying high-gain feedback for a general linear system. It is shown that, under some technical conditions, for any high-gain controller which is designed based on a time-invariant gain parameter ?, one can let the gain parameter ? be a nondecreasing function of time and still maintain the stability of the closed loop system.
Comparison of the three-dimensional molecular models of bovine submicellar caseins with small-angle X-ray scattering. Influence of protein hydration.

To test the applicability of two energy-minimized, three-dimensional structures of the bovine casein submicelle, theoretical small-angle X-ray scattering curves in the presence and absence of water were compared to experimental data. The published method simulates molecular dynamics of proteins in solution by employing adjustable Debye-Waller temperature factors (B factors) for the protein, for the solvent, and for protein-bound water. The programs were first tested upon bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor beginning with its known X-ray crystal structure. To approximate the degree of protein hydration previously determined by NMR relaxation experiments (0.01 g water/g protein), 120 water molecules were docked into the large void of theκ-casein portion of the structure for both the symmetric and asymmetric casein submicelle models. To approximate hydrodynamic hydration (0.244 g water/g protein), 2703 water molecules were added to each of the above structures using the “droplet” algorithm in the Sybyl molecular modeling package. All structures were then energy-minimized and their solvation energies calculated. Theoretical small-angle X-ray scattering curves were calculated for all unhydrated and hydrated structures and compared with experimentally determined scattering profiles for submicellar casein. Best results were achieved with the 120-bound-water structure for both the symmetric and asymmetric submicelle models. Comparison of results for the protein submicelle models with those for the theoretical and literature values of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor demonstrates the applicability of the methodology.
Developmental stages of Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce (Strepsiptera : Myrmecolacidae): Descriptions and significance to the higher taxonomy of Strepsiptera

Abstract The first instar, secondary larva, and tertiary larva of Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce (Strepsiptera; Myrmecolacidae) are described. This is the first description of these stages from the genus Caenocholax and the sixth of a first instar, free-living larva, and second of secondary and tertiary larvae in the family Myrmecolacidae. Morphological characters of C. fenyesi are discussed, as are characters that might have taxonomic significance in the phylogeny of the Strepsiptera. The results of our study suggest that the characters of the first instar that are the best candidates for structures with taxonomic importance are: number and location of ocelli, location of spines, and leg structures of the first-instar.
Australia-Bermuda Sound Transmission Experiment (1960) Revisited

Abstract Detonations at the depth of the sound channel axis off Perth, Australia were recorded on Bermuda hydrophones at a 178°.2 range (180° is antipodal). The analysis by Shockley et al. of this 1960 transmission experiment allows for the geographic variation in the sound speed profile along the great circle path. The agreement between measured and computed travel times is within 10 s. We have modified the Shockley et al. analysis by allowing for Earth flattening and lateral refraction. The appropriate path on an ellipsoidal Earth is the geodesic, and this differs significantly from the put circle for nearly antipodal ranges. The southernmost point of the geodesic is at 52°1 S as compared to 47°.3 S for the great circle, and the geodesic travel time lags the great circle travel time by an unacceptable 34 s on account of the cold, slow waters at high southern latitudes. The effect of lateral refraction is in the opposite sense: the appropriate refracted ray path is northward of the great circle; in fact ...
Adolescent developmental antecedents of risky driving among young adults.

OBJECTIVE: The risk of injury or death due to motor vehicle crash is highest from ages 16 to 35. Crash rates are associated with driver's gender, age, inexperience, emotional states, thrill seeking, personality factors and substance use. The developmental trajectories of psychosocial and nondriving problem behavior that lead to risky driving behavior, however, are not well understood. This study examined the longitudinal patterns of adolescent psychosocial behavior and substance use of five risky driving groups. METHOD: Longitudinal data were gathered from 2,085 subjects (1,110 women) surveyed in young adulthood and at least once previously in high school (i.e., 10th and/or 12th grade). Based on young adult data, participants were classified into five groups differing in type and level of risky driving. Analyses compared the adolescent psychosocial and substance use development of the participants in the risky driving groups. RESULTS: A low level of parental monitoring, greater parental permissiveness, a weaker social bond and high levels of and rapid increases in substance use characterized the developmental trajectories of young adult risky drivers. CONCLUSIONS: These developmental traits identify individuals who are likely to endanger themselves and others through risky driving and who should receive early interventions to reduce the likelihood of subsequent risky driving.
Neuro-oncology: paediatric brain tumours--when to operate?

Surgical intervention in children with hypothalamic chiasmatic low-grade glioma, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, or high-grade glioma is controversial, and randomized controlled trials are lacking. A recent consensus statement provides recommendations for optimal management of these patients, including situations in which surgical resection represents the preferred option.
Controlled Access Headings in EAD Finding Aids: Current Practices in Number of and Types of Headings Assigned.

This article presents the findings from a study of controlled access headings assigned to encoded archival description finding aids in the Ohio Library and Information Network Finding Aid Repository, focusing on the number of headings per finding aid and the category of terms assigned. Assigning multiple controlled access headings was widely practiced, with an average of 8.16 headings per finding aid. Proper names and topical terms were the 2 categories most often assigned, followed by place names and genre terms, respectively. The study also suggests that practices in assigning access headings for archival collections have not evolved much with the implementation of encoded archival description.
The accurate measurement of fear memory in Pavlovian conditioning: Resolving the baseline issue

Fear conditioning has become an indispensable behavioral task in an increasingly vast array of research disciplines. Yet one unresolved issue is how conditional fear to an explicit cue interacts with and is potentially confounded by fear prior to tone presentation, referred to as baseline fear. After tone-shock pairings, we experimentally manipulated baseline fear by presenting unpaired shocks in the testing chamber and then analyzed the accuracy of common methods for reporting tone fear. Our findings indicate that baseline fear and tone fear tend to interact, where freezing to the tone increases as baseline fear increases. However, the form of interaction is not linear across all conditions and none of the commonly used reporting methods were consistently able to eliminate the confounding effects of baseline fear. We propose a methodological solution in which baseline fear is reduced to very low levels by first extinguishing fear to the training context and then pre-exposing to the testing context.
Gênero, democracia e filosofia da ciência

Feminist epistemologies and philosophies of science have challenged conventional standards for objectivity, rationality, “good method” and “real science.” This paper looks at the stronger standards for maximizing objectivity which feminists have demanded, and the challenges to conventional philosophies and histories of science arising from non-Western science and technology traditions. Sciences and philosophies of science which want to advance social progress and social justice cannot do so if the ignore these challenges from groups located at “the peripheries of the Enlightenment.”
TRUSTED LEADERS: PERCEPTIONS OF APPOINTED FEDERAL OFFICIALS

This is part of an extensive study of the public image of the Federal service, and focusses on the responses of four of nineteen publics surveyed by sampling methods. Of special interest is the trust shown in top-ranking political appointees. The authors explore briefly the implications of this finding for political rule in the United States. M. Kent Jennings and Milton C. Cummings, Jr., are on the faculties of the University of Michigan and Johns Hopkins University, respectively. Franklin P. Kilpatrick is a member of the staff of The Brookings Institution.
Estimating mobility rates in search models with initial condition problems

Abstract Previous empirical work on job search has proposed different approaches to estimating mobility rates assumed in models of search. However, these methods either only work for specific models of wage determination, or else require that we know the initial distribution of productivity for workers in our sample. In this paper we show it is possible to estimate mobility rates without having to restrict attention to models in which wages are constant over the course of a job or to assume that the initial distribution of productivity is known. More generally, the approach we propose allows us to freely estimate one degree of unobserved heterogeneity, be it in initial conditions or mobility rates. Applying our results to data from the NLSY suggests that the theoretical restrictions on the initial distribution of productivity implied by the standard model can overstate the extent of frictions to upward mobility.
Studies on the tardigrades. I. Fine structure of the anterior foregut of Milnesium tardigradum Doyère.

Abstract The fine structure of the anterior foregut of the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum is presented. The oral region consists of a terminal mouth opening surrounded by six plate-like lips lying within a circlet of six prominent papillae. The buccal cavity is enclosed within a thick cuticular tube which possesses appendage structures, the stylet sheaths, stylet supports and paired protrusible stylets. Two large salivary glands envelop the buccal structures and contain voluminous amounts of secretory product. The arrangement, possible functions and phyletic significance of these structures are discussed.
Membrane‐associated antigen from the SV40‐induced hamster fibrosarcoma, para‐7. I. Role in immune complex fcrmation and effector cell blockade

PARA-7 membrane-associated antigen was prepared by treatment of the tumor cells with PH 9.4 glycine buffer, or by concentration of spent cell culture medium. When admixed with sensitized effector cells, both preparations could specifically block cellular cytotoxicity for PARA-7 target cells. Pretreatment of target cells with antigen did not result in blocking. Incubation of antigen extract with simian virus 40 (SV40) anti-serum caused neutralization of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with concomitant formation of a factor which blocked at the target cell level but not at the effector cell level. Serum from tumor-bearing hamsters exhibited blocking characteristics comparable to those of the antigen-SV40 antiserum preparation. Washing experiments indicated that PARA-7 antigen was more efficient than PARA-7 antigen-antibody complexes in blocking cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Material extracted from untransformed hamster embryo fibroblasts either by itself or when admixed with SV40 antiserum exhibited no significant blocking activity. These observations support the concept that loss of serum ADCC during progressive tumor growth is due to immune complex formation. Antigene Para-7 Associe A La Membrane Du Fibrosarcome Induit Par Le Sv40 Chez Le Hamster. I. Son Rǒle Dans La Formation De Complexes Immuns Et Le Blocage Des Cellules Effectrices L'antigene PARA-7 associe a la membrane a ete prepare par traitement des cellules tumorales avec un tampon de glycine a pH 9.4 ou par concentration du milieu de culture epuise. Lorsqu'on les a ajoutees aux cellules effectrices sensibilisees, les deux preparations ont pu bloquer specifiquement la cytotoxicite cellulaire envers les cellules-cibles PARA-7. Quand les cellules-cibles ont ete pretraitees avec l'antigene, il n'y a pas eu de blocage. L'extrait antigenique incube avec l'antiserum anti-SV40 a neutralise la cytotoxicite cellulaire dependant de l'anticorps (ADCC) et l'on a observe la formation concomitante d'un facteur qui a declenche un blocage au niveau des cellules-cibles, mais pas a celui des cellules effectrices. Le serum des hamsters cancereux a des caracteristiques de blocage comparables a celles de la preparation d'antiserum et d'antigane SV40. Des experiences de lavage ont revele que l'antigene PARA-7 est plus efficace que les complexes antigene-anticorps du point de vue du blocage de l'immunite a mediation cellulaire in vitro. Le materiel extrait de fibroblastes d'embryon de hamster non transformes n'a pas d'activite de blocage significative, ni de lui-měme ni lorsqu'on le melange a l'antiserum. Ces observations tendent a confirmer que la perte de l'ADCC du serum pendant le developpement progressif de la tumeur est due a la formation de complexes immuns.
Engineering bacterial microcompartment shells: chimeric shell proteins and chimeric carboxysome shells.

Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are self-assembling organelles composed entirely of protein. Depending on the enzymes they encapsulate, BMCs function in either inorganic carbon fixation (carboxysomes) or organic carbon utilization (metabolosomes). The hallmark feature of all BMCs is a selectively permeable shell formed by multiple paralogous proteins, each proposed to confer specific flux characteristics. Gene clusters encoding diverse BMCs are distributed broadly across bacterial phyla, providing a rich variety of building blocks with a predicted range of permeability properties. In theory, shell permeability can be engineered by modifying residues flanking the pores (symmetry axes) of hexameric shell proteins or by combining shell proteins from different types of BMCs into chimeric shells. We undertook both approaches to altering shell properties using the carboxysome as a model system. There are two types of carboxysomes, α and β. In both, the predominant shell protein(s) contain a single copy of th...
Evolution of Euphilotes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) by seasonal and host shifts

The lycaenid butterfly genus Euphilotes, consisting of five species and several dozen subspecies, is confined to western North America. Each subspecies utilizes one or a few species of Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) as larval hosts; larvae feed entirely on pollen and developing seeds. Euphilotes populations are (with few exceptions) univoltine and fly in synchrony with the initial (c. 2 weeks) annual flowering periods of their hosts. Euphilotes evolution coincides with shifts to new hosts, frequently with different bloom periods. Often both inter- and intraspecific populations occur in sympatry. Although interspecific populations may fly in synchrony and utilize the same hosts, sympatric intraspecific populations use different hosts and generally fly allochronically. Analyses of Euphilotes populations using biochemical, morphological, and life history characters, do not support either coevolution or sequential evolution with Eriogonum but are more consistent with opportunistic adaptation to new hosts having different bloom periods.
Growth and cell cycle regulation of mRNA levels in GH3 cells

In the rat anterior pituitary gland, estrogen increases both prolactin (PRL) mRNA levels and stimulates the proliferation of PRL-producing cells. The temporal sequence of these events suggests that PRL gene expression may be coordinated with cell proliferation. We investigated the relationship between cell cycle progression and the accumulation of the PRL mRNA, as well as several other mRNAs, in the rat pituitary tumor GH3 cell line. Serum-deprived cells progressed from G0 to S phase in 20-24 h following serum stimulation. During this time, beta-actin mRNA levels increased 7-fold in 5 h, then returned to basal levels prior to the beginning of S phase. Histone H1 mRNA levels increased approximately 3-fold as cells entered S phase. These data are consistent with the cell cycle-dependent regulation of beta-actin and histone H1 gene expression reported for other cell types. Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels were barely detectable in serum-deprived cells but rapidly increased 3- to 5-fold following serum stimulation. This increase resulted in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels that were equivalent to those seen in cells maintained in serum-containing medium, suggesting that serum factors regulate glucocorticoid receptor gene expression. In contrast to these changes in gene expression, the levels of PRL and growth hormone (GH) mRNAs gradually increased 2-fold while the cells progressed through G1 phase. Similarly, in cells synchronized to progress through S and G2 phases following aphidicolin treatment, histone H1 gene expression showed a specific increase in S phase cells, whereas PRL and GH mRNA levels changed little with cell cycle progression. These results indicate that the levels of PRL and GH mRNAs are not regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. When changes in estrogen responsiveness were determined during the cell cycle, we found that estradiol treatment was capable of increasing PRL mRNA accumulation independent of cell cycle progression and cell cycle distribution in synchronized GH3 cells. These results support the hypothesis that the hormonal regulation of PRL gene expression is not significantly affected by cell growth.
The Land-Use Impacts of Urban Rail Transit Systems

This article reviews research regarding the impacts of urban rail transit systems on real estate development in the United States and Canada. Transit played an instrumental role in urban expansion during the nineteenth century. More recently, rail transit has also often influenced urban development, but in conjunction with favorable zoning, attractive sites, and a strong market for development. Numerous examples of station-area projects can be found in San Francisco, Toronto, and Washington, D.C. In several cities, land near transit stations has realized rent premiums. The effects of rail transit on development, independent of zoning and other factors, are not readily identified. Most research has not examined specific real estate projects from the developer's perspective. It is not clear whether rail transit is the most cost-effective means of directing development, but if rail transit is built, then station-area development should be encouraged to enhance the returns on the investment.
Understanding and prediction of turbulent flow—1996

Abstract The title of this paper is also that of a lecture and a journal paper written by the present author 25 years ago (Bradshaw 1972). Note that “understanding” must come before “prediction”—although the order is reversed in the discussion below—because we must know what level of understanding is needed by currently affordable prediction methods. The present paper considers the question, “What progress has the human race made in the subject in the last quarter-century?” As always on these occasions, progress in some directions seems to have been slow, while other branches concerning the subject have advanced—or even come into being—with amazing rapidity. This paper deals mainly with momentum transfer, because (1) we must calculate the velocity field before being able to predict heat or contaminant transfer; and (2) momentum and thermal internal energy are transported by turbulence in roughly the same way.
How Do Primary Care Physicians Manage Children With Possible Developmental Delays? A National Survey With an Experimental Design

Objective. Although early detection and treatment of developmental delays can improve outcome, little is known about factors that influence how primary care physicians manage young children with probable developmental delays. The objective of this study was to describe physician referral practices for children with developmental delays and to test whether the probability of referral is increased by 1) the expression of parental concern; 2) female gender in a child with language delay; 3) disruptive, as opposed to avoidant behaviors; and 4) physician characteristics, including female gender or being a pediatrician. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was mailed to a national random sample of 800 pediatricians and 800 family practice physicians in primary care practice, using an experimental randomized block design. Recipients randomly received alternative variants of clinical vignettes, which differed only in regard to the variable specific to each of the first 3 hypotheses. Physicians answered questions about the likelihood of referral on a 5-point scale for listed referral options. Hypotheses were tested using multivariable logistic regression modeling. A total of 55% of pediatricians and 43% of family practice physicians returned the survey, for an overall response rate of 49%. Results. A girl with language delay was 60% more likely to be referred to audiology than a boy (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.3), and respondents who were female or pediatricians were more likely to refer patients. The expression of parental concern did not increase the probability of referral to diagnostic and treatment services, and avoidant rather than disruptive patient behaviors were associated with an increased probability of referral. Conclusions. Patient gender and type of behavioral presentation seem to influence referrals to diagnostic and treatment services for young children with probable developmental delays described in clinical vignettes. These findings can guide targeted educational interventions to increase rates of detection and referral for young children with developmental delays.
MULTIPLE ALIGNMENT COMPARISON OF THE NON-STRUCTURAL GENES OF INFLUENZA A VIRUSES

One hundred and six influenza A virus isolates were compared phylogenetically using gene segment 8 which encodes the two non-structural (NS) proteins, NS1 and NS2. The isolates separated into two previously described subtypes, A and B. For non-structural gene subtype A viruses, five subdivisions were distinguished in the nucleotide phylogenetic tree including a human-swine group, American avian-equine group, Eurasian avian-swine group, a unique gull isolate group, and a group with a single member, A/Equine/Prague/56. At the nucleotide sequence level the B subtype was subdivided into two groups, including the American avian group and Eurasian avian-equine group. In the analysis of the NS1 and NS2 predicted amino acid sequence, American and Eurasian influenza isolates became less distinguishable. Size variability of the NS1 protein was observed, especially in the human and swine isolates. The previously reported deletion in A/Turkey/Oregon/71 NS1 gene, which caused a truncated NS1 protein, was contrasted with a full length NS1 gene cloned from an earlier A/Turkey/Oregon/71 stock. All avian origin influenza viruses had a putative NS1 sequence length of 230 aa, with two exceptions, A/CK/Pennsylvania/1370/83 and A/CK/Pennsylvania/21525/83, with an NS1 protein of 217 aa.
A test of the similarity rule model of temporal bisection

Abstract Currently, the model that best accounts for the data of temporal bisection is Scalar Timing with a similarity rule. Three experiments were done to test the following predictions of the model: (1) Rats trained to discriminate a short duration ( S ) from a long duration ( L ) should have a point of indifference ( PI ) at the geometric mean ( GM ) of S and L , (2) pairs of S and L with the same GM should yield identical psychophysical functions, and (3) signals greater than L should be called “long” no less often than L is called “long”: signals shorter than S should be called “long” no more often than S is called “long”. The results indicated that the model's predictions were violated: (1) PI s lower than the GM were obtained when signals outside the S – L range were presented, (2) rats trained with S = 1 and L = 16 had lower PI s than those trained with S = 2 and L = 8, and (3) outside signals were not classified as predicted. The similarity rule was rejected, and it was suggested that a proximity rule might better account for the data.
Photon-number-resolving capabilities of a semiconductor quantum dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor

We demonstrate the photon-number-resolving capabilities of a novel quantum dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor cooled to 4 K. Peaks are observed in the detector?s response to highly attenuated laser pulses in accordance with Poisson statistics.
The Advanced Practice Nurse: An Essential Part of the Perioperative Leadership Team

li ni cs .c om The advanced practice nurse (APN) has a vital role in the perioperative leadership team. This person through advanced education coupled with clinical expertise has the background to positively influence the quality of patient care, improve staff safety, and implement evidence-based interdisciplinary changes. APNs include nurse practitioners, nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and clinical nurse specialists. Of these, nurse anesthetists and clinical nurse specialists are found more often in perioperative settings. Nurse anesthetists provide direct patient care to one patient at a time. Clinical nurse specialists are more likely to provide indirect care and be part of the perioperative leadership team. The discussion herein focuses on the leadership role of the clinical nurse specialist. The American Nurses’ Association defines the APN as ‘‘The specialist in nursing practice is a nurse who through study and supervised practice at the graduate level (master’s or doctorate) has become expert in a defined area of knowledge and practice in a selected clinical area of nursing.’’ In 2004, The American Association of Colleges of Nursing published a position statement advocating for the Doctor of Nursing Practice degree, based on a standardized core curriculum, to be the minimum educational preparation for APNs. The Association of periOperative Registered Nurses has described perioperative advanced practice nursing and identified different facets of the role as follows:
Pseudo‐time‐coupled nonlinear models for biomolecular surface representation and solvation analysis

SUMMARY This paper presents an improved mathematical model for biomolecular surface representation and solvation analysis. Based on the Eulerian formulation, the polar and nonpolar contributions to the solvation process can be equally accounted for via a unified free energy functional. Using the variational analysis, two nonlinear partial differential equations, that is, one Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) type equation for electrostatic potential and one geometric flow type equation defining the solute–solvent interface, can be derived. To achieve a more efficient and stable coupling, we propose a time-dependent PB equation by introducing a pseudo-time. The system of nonlinear partial differential equations can then be coupled via the standard time integration. Furthermore, the numerical treatment of nonlinear terms becomes easier in the present model. Based on a hypersurface function, the biomolecular surface is represented as a smooth interface. However, for the nonlinear PB equation, such a smooth interface may cause unphysical blowup because of the existence of nonvanishing values within the solute domain. A filtering process is proposed to circumvent this problem. Example solvation analysis of various compounds and proteins was carried out to validate the proposed model. The contributions of electrostatic interactions to the protein–protein binding affinity are studied for selected protein complexes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous fermentation of saccharomycopsis fibuligera and candida utilis.

Results are presented for the continuous, two-stage fermentation of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Candida utilis. The amylolytic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera was grown in the first stage, and a mixed culture of the two yeasts was maintained in the second stage. The first stage was operated under constant conditions near the optimum dilution rate for amylase productivity. Maximum biomass production occurred at a second-stage dilution rate, D2, of 0.27 h/sup -1/ at a volumetric ratio (V1/V2) of 0.57. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the volumetric ratio on this two-stage fermentation. 3 references.
Maximum Daily Ration of Great Lakes Bloater

Abstract Maximum daily consumption rates of bloater Coregonus hoyi from Lake Michigan were measured in the laboratory for 1-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 200-g fish at 4, 8, 12, and 16°C. These represent most of the ranges in bloater size and temperature likely to be encountered in Lake Michigan. Bloaters were raised from eggs in the laboratory and acclimated to test temperatures for 22–23 d prior to the experiments. Maximum daily consumption rates were determined by feeding the fish surplus amounts of brine shrimp Artemia sp. at4-h intervals for 24 h. Specific daily ration increased with temperature up to 16°C for all size-groups. At 12 and 16°C, the maximum daily ration of small bloaters (about 1 g) exceeded 120% of body weight per day (based on wet weight; equivalent to 79%/d based on dry weight); the maximum daily ration of large bloaters (over 100 g) ranged between 5 and 12%/d (2–7%/d based on dry weight). As percentage of maximum consumption at 16°C, consumption rates averaged 82% at 12°C, 45% at 8...
Elevated FGF21 secretion, PGC-1α and ketogenic enzyme expression are hallmarks of iron-sulfur cluster depletion in human skeletal muscle

Iron –s ulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ancient enzyme cofactors found in virtually all life forms. We evaluated the physiological effects of chronic Fe-S cluster deficiency in human skeletal muscle, a tissue that relies heavily on Fe-S cluster-mediated aerobic energy metabolism. Despite greatly decreased oxidative capacity, muscle tissue from patients deficient in the Fe-S cluster scaffold protein ISCU showed a predominance of type I oxidative muscle fibers and higher capillary density, enhanced expression of transcriptional co-activator PGC-1a and increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation genes. These Fe-S cluster-deficient muscles showed a dramatic up-regulation of the ketogenic enzyme HMGCS2 and the secreted protein FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21). Enhanced muscle FGF21 expression was reflected by elevated circulating FGF21 levels in the patients, and robust FGF21 secretion could be recapitulated by respiratory chain inhibition in cultured myotubes. Our findings reveal that mitochondrial energy starvation elicits a coordinated response in Fe-S-deficient skeletal muscle that is reflected systemically by increased plasma FGF21 levels.
Talking leaves and rocks that teach: the archaeological discovery of Sequoyah's oldest written record

The authors investigate the origins of the earliest script of the Cherokees, using inscriptions in the Red Bird River Shelter. Their analysis suggests that the engravings in the cave show the experimental creation of a syllabary (alphabet of signs). This in turn offers support for the historical notion that this writing system was not an ancestral practice preserved through missionaries, but an invention of the early nineteenth century; one that should be credited to the Native American pioneer scholar, Sequoyah
Assessing historical rate changes in global tsunami occurrence

SUMMARY The global catalogue of tsunami events is examined to determine if transient variations in tsunami rates are consistent with a Poisson process commonly assumed for tsunami hazard assessments. The primary data analyzed are tsunamis with maximum sizes >1m. The record of these tsunamis appears to be complete since approximately 1890. A secondary data set of tsunamis >0.1m is also analyzed that appears to be complete since approximately 1960. Various kernel density estimates used to determine the rate distribution with time indicate a prominent rate change in global tsunamis during the mid-1990s. Less prominent rate changes occur in the early- and mid-20th century. To determine whether these rate fluctuations are anomalous, the distribution of annual event numbers for the tsunami catalogue is compared to Poisson and negative binomial distributions, the latter of which includes the effects of temporal clustering. Compared to a Poisson distribution, the negative binomial distribution model provides a consistent fit to tsunami event numbers for the >1m data set, but the Poisson null hypothesis cannot be falsified for the shorter duration >0.1m data set. Temporal clustering of tsunami sources is also indicated by the distribution of interevent times for both data sets. Tsunami event clusters consist only of two to four events, in contrast to protracted sequences of earthquakes that make up foreshock–main shock–aftershock sequences. From past studies of seismicity, it is likely that there is a physical triggering mechanism responsible for events within the tsunami source ‘mini-clusters’. In conclusion, prominent transient rate increases in the occurrence of global tsunamis appear to be caused by temporal grouping of geographically distinct mini-clusters, in addition to the random preferential location of global M >7 earthquakes along offshore fault zones.
PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITIES THAT MEDIATE APOPTOSIS

Since the discovery that cells can activate their own suicide program, investigators have attempted to determine whether the events that are associated with this form of cell death are genetically determined. The discovery that the ced-3 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a cysteine protease essential for developmentally regulated apoptosis ignited interest in this area of research. As a result, we now know that cell death is specified by a number of genes and that this biologic process contributes significantly to development, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune disease. In this review I summarize what is currently known about signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, with particular emphasis on the function of the cysteine proteases known as caspases. However, there is also evidence that protease-independent cell death pathways exist. Is there a relationship between these two distinct mechanisms? If so, how do they communicate? Finally, even though the involvement of tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor family of receptors and cysteine proteases has been elegantly established as a component of many apoptotic signaling pathways, what happens downstream of these initial events? Why are only a selected group of cellular proteins--many nuclear--the targets of these proteases? Are nuclear events essential for apoptosis in vivo? Are the cellular genes that encode products involved in apoptotic signaling frequent targets of mutation/alteration during tumorigenesis? These are only a few questions that may be answered in the next ten years.
The effects of flame structure on extinction of CH4-O2-N2 diffusion flames

The effects of flame structure on the extinction limits of CH4-O2-N2 counterflow diffusion flames were investigated experimentally and numerically by varying the stoichiometric mixture fraction Z(sub st), Z(sub st) was varied by varying free-stream concentrations, while the adiabatic flame temperature T(sub ad) was held fixed by maintaining a fixed amount of nitrogen at the flame. Z(sub st) was varied between 0.055 (methane-air flame) and 0.78 (diluted- methane-oxygen flame). The experimental results yielded an extinction strain rate K(sub ext) of 375/s for the methane-air flame, increasing monotonically to 1042/s for the diluted-methane-oxygen flame. Numerical results with a 58-step Cl mechanism yielded 494/s and 1488/s, respectively. The increase in K(sub ext) with Z(sub st) for a fixed T(sub ad) is explained by the shift in the O2 profile toward the region of maximum temperature and the subsequent increase in rates for chain-branching reactions. The flame temperature at extinction reached a minimum at Z(sub st) = 0.65, where it was 200 C lower than that of the methane-air flame. This significant increase in resistance to extinction is seen to correspond to the condition in which the OH and O production zones are centered on the location of maximum temperature.
The autonomy–community balance and the equity–law distinction: Anarchy's task for psychological jurisprudence

Anarchist political theory holds that efforts to achieve an optimal balance between individual autonomy and psychological sense of community are often hindered rather than helped by institutionalized legal principles and practices. Despite law's dominance, echoes of earlier forms of social organization more in keeping with optimal well-being may be identified in legal doctrine related to such topics as the distinction between law and equity, jury nullification, and the Ninth Amendment, all of which have been subject to much criticism. Adherents of psychological jurisprudence concerned with the subjective experience of law and with social justice should take seriously the anarchist position that radical social change is needed to help society progress in a direction more suited to basic human needs and values.
Hedgehog signaling is required for pituitary gland development.

Pituitary gland development serves as an excellent model system in which to study the emergence of distinct cell types from a common primordium in mammalian organogenesis. We have investigated the role of the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (SHH) in outgrowth and differentiation of the pituitary gland using loss- and gain-of-function studies in transgenic mice. Shh is expressed throughout the ventral diencephalon and the oral ectoderm, but its expression is subsequently absent from the nascent Rathke9s pouch as soon as it becomes morphologically visible, creating a Shh boundary within the oral epithelium. We used oral ectoderm/Rathke9s pouch-specific 5′ regulatory sequences (Pitx1(HS)) from the bicoid related pituitary homeobox gene (Pitx1) to target overexpression of the Hedgehog inhibitor Hip (Huntingtin interacting protein) to block Hedgehog signaling, finding that SHH is required for proliferation of the pituitary gland. In addition, we provide evidence that Hedgehog signaling, acting at the Shh boundary within the oral ectoderm, may exert a role in differentiation of ventral cell types (gonadotropes and thyrotropes) by inducing Bmp2 expression in Rathke9s pouch, which subsequently regulates expression of ventral transcription factors, particularly Gata2. Furthermore, our data suggest that Hedgehog signaling, together with FGF8/10 signaling, synergizes to regulate expression of the LIM homeobox gene Lhx3, which has been proved to be essential for initial pituitary gland formation. Thus, SHH appears to exert effects on both proliferation and cell-type determination in pituitary gland development.
Supporting New Teachers of Students With Significant Disabilities Through Virtual Coaching: A Proposed Model

New teachers of students with significant disabilities are expected to use evidence-based practices that build academic and functional skills from their first day on the job. Yet, these teachers may struggle with applying information learned in their preservice coursework to their daily instructional practices. One widely accepted means of supporting new special educators is mentoring and coaching. However, geographic and time constraints often limit the amount and quality of mentoring and coaching. This article provides a framework of virtual coaching for supporting new teachers working with students with significant disabilities in a way that addresses these access to coaching issues and describes means of incorporating multiple, integrated online technologies.