cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of Water Dissociation Models in Shock Heated Air

A semiclassical molecular dynamics approach is used to model the dissociation of water to form the hydroxyl radical. The unimolecular dissociation of water is utilized to compute the probability of reaction, as well as to determinetheproductOHtranslational,vibrational,androtationalenergydistributions.Thee owregimeofinterest is that between 80 and 100 km, so that a raree ed gasdynamics technique must be used. The molecular dynamics probabilities of reactions and product distributions are, therefore, used in the direct simulation Monte Carlo method to model spatial distribution and temperatures of OH in the bow shock of a 5-km/s vehicle. The fraction of translational energy transferred to internal water energy during dissociative collisions was parameterized. The rates of OH production predicted by the molecular dynamics model are approximately a factor of e ve lower than those predicted by the total collisional energy model for 10% energy transfer and are approximately equal for 100% energy transfer.
Ribonucleoprotein binding of steroid-"receptor" complexes.

IT is currently believed that the action of a steroid hormone is dependent on its binding to a specific cytoplasmic “receptor” protein. The steroid-“receptor” complex then enters the cell nucleus and presumably regulates certain nuclear activities including RNA synthesis1–5.
Temporal and spatial distribution of heat flux in oscillating flow subjected to an axial temperature gradient

Abstract The temporal and spatial distribution of heat flux within counter-oscillating slugs of fluid, along which is maintained a constant axial temperature gradient, is examined. It is found that the resultant axial heat flux pulsates at twice the base oscillation frequency and that the time-averaged axial heat flow under tuned conditions is orders of magnitude larger than that present in the absence of oscillations. Such thermal pumping is produced by the time-dependent interaction of a transverse conduction flux, produced by large transverse temperature gradients, with the periodic axial fluid motion.
Inactivation and stability of viral diagnostic reagents treated by gamma radiation

The objective of this study was to apply the pertinent findings from gamma inactivation of virus infectivity to the production of high quality diagnostic reagents. A Gammacell 220 (Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Ottawa, Canada§) was used to subject 38 viruses grown in either susceptible tissue cultures or embryonated chicken eggs to various doses of gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 source. The radiation required to reduce viral infectivity was 0·42 to 3·7 megarads (Mrad). The effect of gamma treatment on the antigenic reactivity of reagents for the complement fixation (CF), hemagglutination (HA) and neuraminadase assays was determined. Influenza antigens inactivated with 1·7 Mrad displayed comparable potency, sensitivity, specificity and stability to those inactivated by standard procedures with beta-propiolactone (BPL). Significant inactivation of influenza N1 and B neuraminidase occurred with >2·4 Mrad radiation at temperatures above 4°C. All 38 viruses were inactivated, and CF or HA antigens were prepared successfully. Antigenic potency remained stable with all antigens for 3 years and with 83% after 5 years storage. Influenza HA antigens evaluated after 9 years of storage demonstrated 86% stability. Gamma radiation is safer than chemical inactivation procedures and is a reliable and effective replacement for BPL in preparing diagnostic reagents.
Isolation of a Somatomedin From Plasma of Rats Bearing Growth Hormone Secreting Tumors

We have purified a protein which has somatomedin-like properties from the serum of Wistar-Furth rats bearing a growth hormone producing pituitary tumor (MStT/W15). Activity was measured by a placental insulin and/or somatomedin C radioreceptor assay (SmC-RRA). The serum was initially filtered through Sephadex G-150 equilibrated with O.1M NH4HCO3 and 0.02% NaN3. On the G-150 column, radioreceptor insulin (RRI) and radioreceptor somatomedin C (RRSm-C) activities coincided and appeared predominantly in the 160,000 mol wt range with a minor proportion in the 50,000 mol wt range. The pooled active fractions were boiled for 30 min at pH 5.5. After removing denatured protein by centrifugation, the extract was passed through G-50 Sephadex equilibrated with 1% formic acid and 0.15M NaCl. Sixty to 90% of theSmC-RRA activity in the effluent appeared in the 9000 mol wt range. This material had an isoelectric focusing range of 8.4–9.6, similar to that described for human somatomedin C. On SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel e...
Improved beam characteristics of solid-target soft x-ray laser amplifiers by injection seeding with high harmonic pulses.

Injection seeding of solid-target soft x-ray laser amplifiers with high harmonic pulses is shown to dramatically improve the far-field laser beam profile and reduce the beam divergence. Measurement ...
Some effects of light on sound intensity generalization

This study determined whether a sound intensity generalization gradient would be displaced laterally if extraneous light intensity were changed from training to test. The results showed that (a) when Ss were trained in the absence of a light, introduction of the light on generalization-test trials displaced the generalization gradient toward the weaker sound intensities, and (b) when Ss were trained in the presence of a light, omission of the light on generalization-test trials displaced the gradient toward the larger sound intensities.
Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria glabrata: Ultrastructural localization of enzymes with diaminobenzidine in larvae and host digestive glands.

Abstract All mitochondria contained reaction product when daughter sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni and digestive glands of the snail host, Biomphalaria glabrata , were cytochemically incubated for 45 or 60 min with alkaline 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) at pH 7.4 and 9.0. The pigment marked the presence of cytochrome c -cytochrome oxidase activity, and was not found in parasite or gland tissues incubated with DAB and KCN at pH 7.4, 9.0, and 9.8. After incubation for 45 min in the pH 7.4 DAB medium, tegumental mitochondria in young intrasporocyst cercariae showed DAB reaction product, but little or none of the pigment was found in tegumental mitochondria of older, glycocalyx-covered cercariae. In contrast, mitochondria of subtegumental cells were strongly DAB positive at all stages of intrasporocyst cercarial development. No differences in DAB reactivity were detected in mitochondria of sporocysts, or of infected and uninfected host gland cells. Reaction product was found in certain vacuoles of digestive cells incubated in the pH 9.8 DAB medium with KCN, but not in the pH 9.8 DAB medium with amino triazole, or in the pH 7.4 DAB medium. No peroxisomes or microperoxisomes were found in the tissues studied.
Continuous evolution: protein evolution at warp speed.

Directed evolution of nucleic acids and proteins in the laboratory can produce many novel phenotypes in a relatively short time frame. A significant enhancement to these techniques allows continuous evolution in special turbidostats and can speed the discovery of proteins with desirable activities.
The effect of hypothalamic thermal stimulation on respiration in the turtle

Cumulative Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Oxygen Consumption per Unit Time were measured for fresh water turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) as hypothalamic stimulation was applied. Stimulation was provided by means of a thermode at 9-2o C (cold), 27o C (sham), and 55-60 degrees C (HOT). A statistically significant increase in mean cumulative oxygen consumption was noted for hot stimulation as compared to control value. A less dramatic but significant decrease in mean cumulative oxygen consumption was noted for cold stimulation. Both the increase and decrease, for hot and cold application, respectively, were proportional to the temperature of the thermode. Mean cumulative oxygen consumption per unit time did not show any corresponding statistically significant increase or decrease for hot or cold stimulation, respectively. Application of thermode at room temperature (sham) produced no significant change in respiration. This study indicates that reptiles have evolved a neural input mechanism sensitive to temperature change before mammalian and avian endothermy had developed.
Interfacial stress state present in a 'thin-slice' fibre push-out test

An analysis of the stress distributions along the fibre-matrix interface in a “thin-slice” fibre push-out test is presented for selected test geometries. For the small specimen thicknesses often required to displace large-diameter fibres with high interfacial shear strengths, finite element analysis indicates that large bending stresses may be present. The magnitude of these stresses and their spatial distribution can be very sensitive to the test configuration. For certain test geometries, the specimen configuration itself may alter the interfacial failure process from one which initiates due to a maximum in shear stress near the top surface adjacent to the indentor, to one which involves mixed mode crack growth up from the bottom surface and/or yielding within the matrix near the interface.
Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Upregulation of the kynurenine pathway has been associated with several etiologies of psychosis, an indication that increased levels of pathway intermediates might be involved in eliciting some psychotic features. In schizophrenia, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) was previously identified in postmortem frontal cortex as the enzyme likely responsible for the reported increase in pathway activity in the brain. For this follow-up study of postmortem anterior cingulate gyrus, we have found evidence of increased TDO2 activity in schizophrenia at three different levels of regulation: mRNA, protein, and metabolic product. The results were unaffected by neuroleptic status or smoking history. To make the distinction between mental disorders with psychosis and those without, this study included patients with bipolar disorder and major depression. Compared to the control group, the HPLC, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry results show significant elevation of (1) kynurenine in schizophrenia (1.9-fold, P = 0.02), and in bipolar disorder (1.8-fold, P = 0.04), primarily in the bipolar subgroup with psychosis (2.1-fold, P = 0.03); (2) TDO2 mRNA in schizophrenia (1.7-fold; P = 0.049); and (3) the immunohistochemistry values for the density of TDO2-positive white matter glial cells in schizophrenia (P = 0.01) and in major depression (P = 0.03) as well as the density and intensity of glial cells (in both gray and white matter) stained for TDO2 in bipolar disorder (P = 0.02). Unlike the results for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, the increase in TDO2 protein in the major depression group was not associated with an increase in kynurenine concentration.
An Earth Systems Diagram for the Global Cycles of Carbon and Phosphorus and Their Effects on Atmospheric CO2 and O2

A complex cause–effect type earth systems diagram is presented that represents the interrelation of the global carbon and phosphorus cycles over geological time. It demonstrates how a lot of information can be represented in an extremely compact manner and how relatively unrecognized positive and negative feedbacks are revealed by tracing paths on the diagram. Emphasis is on how the C and P cycles affect the levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2, often via rather indirect paths.
University Basic Research

The nation's program of basic research in science is at a critical juncture. Its future progress is by no means assured, and much will depend on the outcome of the debates now in progress. These debates are going on not only in scientific circles but also in the public press, in the halls of Congress, and in the offices and conference rooms of many government agencies. Pressures for reducing or leveling off research budgets are evident.
Measurement of the Bespalov-Talanov gain spectrum in a dispersive medium with large n(sub 2)

Conditions which seed the self focussing of high-power broadband laser beams are determined by examining growth rates for plane-wave perturbations on a strong pump field as a function of frequency and angle. Measurements verifying predictions of growth based on the linearized stability analysis of Bespalov and Talanov extended to broadband fields are reported.
Dynamic skew compensation for 40-Gb/s/ch multi-wavelength parallel transmission with OTN frame

This paper proposes a dynamic skew compensation mechanism for multi-wavelength parallel transmission by using 40-Gb/s/ch OTN physical-layer multiframe architecture. The feasibility is verified by FPGA simulation.
Limiting current in gyrotrons

Analytical expression for the space charge limited current is derived on the basis of a simplified model. Numerical data for wide ranging beam and geometrical parameters are presented.
Language Error in Aviation Maintenance: Data from Asia

English is the language of aviation, including aviation maintenance. As more maintenance work is outsourced to non-English-speaking countries, language error may be a problem. A study of 254 maintenance personnel at nine sites in Chinese-speaking countries measured the reported incidences of seven scenarios and tested intervention effectiveness. Four of the scenarios had reported incidence of 4-5 per year, and the expected causal factors were reported. A test of interventions to work documentation revealed that participants tended to maintain a constant level of accuracy and speed to produce this level. A Chinese translation of the document was the only significant intervention, giving about a 10% speed advantage. Language: en
Price and brand name as indicators of quality dimensions for consumer durables

Delivering quality products requires an understanding of the critical dimensions and cues that consumers use to judge quality. To that end, this article addresses two fundamental research issues. Using a qualitative study, the authors first develop a generalizable typology of quality dimensions for durable goods that includes ease of use, versatility, durability, serviceability, performance, and prestige. Second, the authors conduct a process-tracing laboratory experiment to examine how key marketing variables—price, brand name, and product attributes—affect consumers’ judgment processes and inferences about how products perform on the six quality dimensions. Results of the experiment indicate that consumers use price and brand name differently to judge the quality dimensions, searching for price and brand name much more frequently when evaluating prestige than when evaluating any other quality dimension. Results suggest that managers must determine the relevant quality dimensions for a product category and the cues that are salient for judging those dimensions.
Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy: A Review of Programs and Practices

This article reviews literature on the programs and practices available for the primary prevention of adolescent pregnancy. Using the outcomes from research studies, the review defines some of the "best practices" available for the purpose of guiding practitioners in their selection of programs and interventions. Prevention programs, their major components, and curricula are discussed. Best practices discussed include community-based and school-based clinics, programs offering contraceptive knowledge-building along with comprehensive sex education and skills training, and sex education curricula based on social learning theory and skills training.
The possible molecular structure of binding sites for tumor-promoting phorbol esters, 2′-deacyl phospholipids and PGE1 on the molecule of phospholipase A2

Abstract A model is presented of the modes of action of the tumor-promoter, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (TPA) and prostaglandin E1 (acting as a tumor inhibitor) on the molecule of phospholipase A 2 , the X-ray structure of which has recently been solved. A CPK molecular model of the enzyme reveals, in relation to the active site, three clear-cut stereochemically defined “receptors”-one for the substrate —, a second (excitatory) for lysolecithin (or lysophosphatidylethanolamine); and a third (inhibitory) for PGE 1 . The hypothesis, based on stereochemical complementarity, is that TPA binds as an agonist at the second site. PGs have been shown experimentally to have tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting actions depending on circumstances. The hypotheses presented here are that the former action is effected by stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase (and so polyamine production essential for growth), and the latter by inhibition of phospholipase A 2 .
Promatrilysin expression is induced by fibroblast growth factors in the prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP but not in normal primary prostate epithelial cells

BACKGROUND It has been determined that prostate cancer cells overexpress the matrix metalloprotease matrilysin (MMP-7), but the factors regulating this expression have not been identified. Fibroblast growth factors (FGF), which are expressed in the prostate, might participate in paracrine regulation of matrilysin expression by prostate cancer cells. METHODS We tested the ability of recombinant FGF proteins and prostate fibroblast-conditioned media (PFCM) to induce promatrilysin expression in the prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP, and in normal prostate epithelial (PrEC) cells. We also characterized prostate fibroblast FGF expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An inhibitor of FGF receptor activation (SU5402) was used to determine the role of FGF proteins in the induction of promatrilysin expression by PFCM. RESULTS Recombinant FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-9, FGF-10, and PFCM significantly induced promatrilysin expression in LNCaP cells but not in PrEC cells. Prostate fibroblasts express mRNAs for these FGF proteins, and inhibition of LNCaP cell FGF receptors with SU5402 substantially reduced the induction of promatrilysin expression by PFCM. CONCLUSIONS Stromally expressed FGF proteins induce promatrilysin expression in a prostate carcinoma cell, and may provide a mechanism for the overexpression of promatrilysin observed in prostate cancer. Prostate 41:215–223, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Role of the Thalamus in Parkinsonian Tremor: Evidence from Studies in Patients and Primate Models

The electrophysiologic basis of parkinsonian tremor is discussed in terms of the central oscillator and peripheral feedback hypotheses of tremor. Recent studies in monkeys and humans suggest that park
The PEREGRINE TM program: using physics and computer simulation to improve radiation therapy for cancer

When using radiation to treat cancer, doctors rely on physics and computer technology to predict where the radiation dose will be deposited in the patient. The accuracy of computerized treatment planning plays a critical role in the ultimate success or failure of the radiation treatment. Inaccurate dose calculations can result in either insufficient radiation for cure, or excessive radiation to nearby healthy tissue, which can reduce the patient's quality of life. This paper describes how advanced physics, computer, and engineering techniques originally developed for nuclear weapons and high-energy physics research are being used to predict radiation dose in cancer patients. Results for radiation therapy planning, achieved in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) program show that these tools can give doctors new insights into their patients' treatments by providing substantially more accurate dose distributions than have been available in the past. It is believed that greater accuracy in radiation therapy treatment planning will save lives by improving doctors' ability to target radiation to the tumour and reduce suffering by reducing the incidence of radiation-induced complications.
Generation of hematopoietic humanized mice in the newborn BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnull mouse model: a multivariable optimization approach

Hematopoietic humanized mice generated via transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) into immunodeficient mice are a valuable tool for studying development and function of the human immune system. This study was performed to generate a protocol that improves development and quality of humanized mice in the BALB/c-Rag2(null)Il2rγ(null) strain, testing route of injection, in vitro culture and freezing of hHSCs, types of cytokines in the culture, and co-injection of lineage-depleted CD34(-) cells. Specific hHSC culturing conditions and the addition of support cells were found to increase the frequency, and human hematopoietic chimerism, of humanized mice. The optimized protocol resulted in BALB/c-Rag2(null)Il2rγ(null) humanized mice displaying more consistent human hematopoietic and lymphoid engraftment. Thus, hematopoietic humanized mice generated on a BALB/c immunodeficient background represent a useful model to study the human immune system.
African tick-bite fever.

A 62-year-old man presented to our institution with a 1week history of a nonpruritic rash on his left leg, lowgrade fever, and tender inguinal adenopathy. He had traveled to the African countries of Malawi and Zambia for sight-seeing and a safari during the month before onset of symptoms. He denied any insect exposure but used no specific topical prophylaxis. On examination, the patient appeared well; his temperature was 36.8°C. He had tender left inguinal lymphadenopathy. An approximately 1-cm black eschar was evident just below his left knee (Figure) along with a large area of erythematous skin and a petechial nonblanching rash. There was associated lymphangitic streaking extending up toward the inguinal area and pronounced unilateral pitting edema. The adenopathy resolved within 2 days of initiation of doxycycline therapy. After approximately 1 week, the rash began to fade, and the lymphedema resolved. A serologic test for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) was positive at 1:512. Because RMSF is not endemic to Africa, other specific rickettsial serologic tests were requested from a research laboratory. These revealed an initial Rickettsia africae IgG of 1:32 with an IgM of 1:8; analysis 1 month later revealed an IgG of 1:256. Other rickettsial serologic tests were negative. African tick-bite fever (R africae) is an increasingly common and appreciated cause of illness in travelers returning from Africa. In a recent study, 27% of patients returning from sub-Saharan Africa with fever were found to have R africae infection. The infection is spread by the Amblyomma tick, a notoriously aggressive tick that is associated with wild game but may be found on vegetation. Common clinical characteristics are fever, headache, myalgias, lymphadenitis, and an inoculation eschar with cutaneous rash—the classic tache noire. No readily available serologic diagnosis exists except in research laboratories, although a serologic test for RMSF will occasionally be positive. The infection is usually self-limited but can be treated with oral doxycycline.
Integral representations of groups of square-free order☆

Abstract We describe the structure of the integral group ring Z G , when G has square-free order, as a subdirect sum of hereditary orders in skew group algebras. From this we deduce the structure of all genera of Z G -lattices. Our principal applications are the following (for groups G of square-free order). (i) We determine those G whose Z G -lattices satisfy uniqueness of the number of indecomposable summands. (ii) We determine those G whose Z G -lattices are direct sums of left ideals, (iii) For those G whose Z G -lattices are not direct sums of left ideals, we show that indecomposable Z G -lattices can be much larger than the ring Z G itself, despite the fact that Z G is of finite representation type and, over the p -adic completions of Z G , lattices always become direct sums of left ideals. (iv) We show that the ring structure of Q G determines the group G up to isomorphism.
The “Amazing” Fertility Decline: Islam, Economics, and Reproductive Decision Making among Working-Class Moroccan Women

Often it is understood that Islam prohibits family planning because the Qur'an does not explicitly address contraception. Public health and development officials have recently congratulated the Muslim world for decreases in fertility given the supposed constraints placed on reproductive healthcare by Islam, while popular culture writers have warned the West of threats by young Muslims if the population goes uncontrolled. This article draws on data collected through interviews with working-class women seeking reproductive healthcare at clinics in Rabat, Morocco, and with medical providers to challenge the link between Islamic ideology and reproductive practices and the correlation among Islam, poverty, and fertility. Morocco, a predominantly Muslim country, has experienced a dramatic decrease in fertility between the 1970s and today. I argue that patients and providers give new meanings to modern reproductive practices and produce new discourses of reproduction and motherhood that converge popular understandings of Islam with economic conditions of the Moroccan working class.
Changes in Polyhydroxy-Alkanoates (PHAs) during Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal with Dairy Industrial Wastewater

Using the industrial wastewater from a dairy plant, the performance of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) with complex organic substances was evaluated. A laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated and the organic loading rate in total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) increased gradually from 200– 600 g-tCOD m−3 cycle−1 in three steps. As the organic loading increased, the food to microorganism ratio ( F/M ) increased from 0.16–0.27 (g-tCOD/g-MLVSS d). When it increased over 600 g-tCOD m−3 cycle−1 , the effluent phosphorus concentration fluctuated, showing an unstable EBPR activity. During the anaerobic condition, higher fraction of poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) was observed and the ratio of PHV to poly-3-hydroxybuyrate (PHB) production ( ΔPHV/ΔPHB ) ranged 1.2∼3.4 mM-C/mM-C . PHV was produced faster and used later than PHB. By applying fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, the percentage of Rhodocyclus-related bacteria to the total cell counts was monitored as...
Point sets and frame algorithms in management

Consider a finite point set $\mathcal{A}$ in m-dimensional space and the polyhedral hulls it generates from constrained linear combinations of its elements. There are several interesting management problems that are modelled using these point sets and the resulting polyhedral objects. Examples include efficiency/performance evaluation, ranking and ordering schemes, stochastic scenario generation, mining for the detection of fraud, etc. These applications require the identification of frames; that is, the extreme elements of the polyhedral sets, a computationally intensive task. Traditional approaches require the solution of an LP for each point in the point set. We discuss this approach as well as a new generation of faster, output-sensitive, algorithms.
What is the evidence that vitamin C supplements lower blood pressure

Systematic reviews represent a rigorous method for objectively synthesizing a body of scientific evidence. Their findings are used as the basis for clinical practice and public health guidelines and consensus statements and to identify research gaps or methodologic concerns to guide future research recommendations. Systematic reviews of the evidence regarding nutrition questions are both more recent and more challenging than their counterparts in clinical medicine, raising greater substantive concerns (1). Likewise, interpretation and application of the findings have been subject to far greater controversy than their clinical counterparts due, at least in part, to the challenges of designing good original research studies. These challenges are the same ones that have stymied the application of evidence review findings both to clinical practice and to public health guidelines. In this issue of the Journal, Juraschek et al (2) systematically review the evidence that supplemental vitamin C lowers blood pressure (BP), a question of potentially immense importance given the prevalence of hypertension (3), the health care funds spent on antihypertensive medications, and the countless efforts aimed at promoting lifestyle changes to reduce BP. Yet, compliance with antihypertensive medication is often poor; a proportion of individuals fail to respond even when compliant, and lifestyle changes often fall short, resulting in yet greater outlays for cardiovascular disease treatment. The idea that a relatively benign and inexpensive vitamin supplement might play a role in controlling hypertension therefore has particular appeal. The physiologic rationale for an effect of vitamin C on BP dates back to the 1940s and is supported by epidemiologic evidence. Unfortunately, the current meta-analysis identifies only a minor BP-lowering effect, which is undoubtedly too small clinically to support a recommendation that individuals with hypertension replace or even supplement their antihypertensive medications with vitamin C. Nevertheless, this meta-analysis teaches valuable lessons about the design of original studies and systematic reviews. The remainder of this editorial outlines the more salient of these lessons according to the schema systematic reviewers use to consider the important characteristics of clinical trials for pooling: participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and time course.
“Cultural Constructs” and other Fantasies: Imagined Narratives in Imagined Communities ; Surrejoinder to Gershoni and Jankowski's “Print Culture, Social Change, and the Process of Redefining Imagined Communities in Egypt”

Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski provide a spirited defense of their book, Redefining the Egyptian Nation , which I critiqued in the November 1997 issue of IJMES . They explain their ideas on nationalism and how they purportedly applied them in the book, and conclude that I have misread “both modern nationalism and Egyptian history.” That remains to be seen. What is certain is that one cannot find in Redefining the Egyptian Nation the analysis of the thought of Benedict Anderson and Anthony D. Smith presented in their response (“Print Culture, Social Change, and the Process of Redefining Imagined Communities in Egypt,” present issue). Neither can one find in Imagined Communities the ideas and the stress on “nationalism as a cultural construct” that they attribute to Anderson. Gershoni and Jankowski now allege intentions and arguments for books whose texts do not contain what they ascribe to them. Their claims here for Redefining the Egyptian Nation appear to reflect the more extensive reading on nationalism which they did for their recent co-edited book Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East rather than a familiarity with the literature evidenced in the book under discussion, which was published four years ago.
Ingara: the Australian Airborne Imaging Radar System

The Ingara Australian Airborne Imaging Radar System, formerly called AuSAR, is a low cost airborne imaging radar technology demonstrator currently under development at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation in Adelaide, Australia. The aims of Ingara are to evaluate airborne multimode radar technology, such as synthetic aperture radar and moving target indicator, for the Australian Defence Forces and to provide the scientific and remote sensing community access to an in-country imaging radar sensor for assessment. The Ingara system first flew in March 1993 and in June 1993 was commissioned in its base form. It currently undergoing further development and evaluation until the end of 1995. >
Electric Fields Obviate Constrained Sintering

The phenomenon of constrained sintering, where large rigid inclusions of alumina have been shown to significantly reduce the rate of sintering of titania [Bordia and Raj (1988) J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 71, 302–310], is shown to subside nearly completely during flash sintering carried out under modest electrical fields. The result is explained by a different mechanism for volumetric and shear deformation under electric fields. It is proposed that vacancy and interstitials generated within the grains migrate to grain boundaries and pores to produce both volumetric and shear strain at equal rates, since, in this way, the diffusion distance for both modes of deformation becomes the same. In conventional sintering, where transport occurs from one interface to another, the diffusion distance for shear is twice as far as for densification, which retards sintering should it become controlled by shear deformation, as seen in constrained sintering.
Performance characterization of a hardware mechanism for dynamic optimization

We evaluate the rePLay microarchitecture as a means for reducing application execution time by facilitating dynamic optimization. The framework contains a programmable optimization engine coupled with a hardware-based recovery mechanism. The optimization engine enables the dynamic optimizer to run concurrently with program execution. The recovery mechanism enables the optimizer to make speculative optimizations without requiring recovery code. We demonstrate that a rePLay configuration performing a small suite of simple optimizations on Alpha code attains an average of 13% reduction in execution cycles on the SPEC2000 integer benchmarks over a rePLay configuration not performing optimizations, and a 21% reduction over an aggressive standard superscalar microarchitecture.
Evolutionary history of elongation and maximum body length in moray eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae)

Body shape and size are important axes of organismal diversification. The elongate body form has evolved repeatedly in disparate vertebrate clades, and is associated with a variety of maximum body lengths. We used a time-calibrated phylogeny for 40 species of moray eels to analyse the evolution of elongation and the morphological mechanisms underlying variation in body shape and maximum body length. We find that body elongation in morays evolves independently of elongation of the vertebral column. In contrast, maximum body length evolves by a different mechanism: through region-specific increases in vertebral number, elongation of individual vertebral centra, and postembryonic somatic growth. We reconstruct an ancestral moray eel and provide evidence for accelerated morphological evolution in three highly elongate species that are associated with a burrowing lifestyle. We compare these patterns with those described for other vertebrates, and show that body shape and body length may evolve independently of each other and (in the case of shape) of the vertebral column. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, ••, ••‐••. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: axial skeleton ‐ morphological evolution ‐ pleomerism ‐ size ‐ vertebrae ‐ vertebral aspect ratio.
Forearm vascular control during acute hyperglycemia in healthy humans

The vascular endothelium is a site of pathological changes in patients with diabetes mellitus that may be related to severe chronic hyperglycemia. However, it is unclear whether transient hyperglyc...
Clopidogrel plus aspirin was effective but increased bleeding in acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.

Source Citation The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without S...
Analysis of dietary interventions. A simple payoff matrix for display of comparative dietary trials

Objective To provide a simple method for presentation of data in comparative dietary trials.
Web portal quality

The purpose of this study is to review the characteristics of Web portal quality from the end-users' perspective and to propose a web portal quality model. In this study, the quality of web portals consists of three basic components: the information content (e.g., accuracy and applicability), the physical medium (e.g., timeliness and speed), and the service (e.g., reliability and responsiveness of the product provider).
Traumatic bile leaks from blunt liver injury in children: A multidisciplinary and minimally invasive approach to management

Abstract Background Selective non-operative management (NOM) of hemodynamically stable pediatric patients with blunt hepatic trauma is the standard of care. Traumatic bile leaks (TBL) are a potential complication following liver injury. The use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis and treatment of TBL is described in adults, but limited in the pediatric literature. We report our experience with a multidisciplinary and minimally invasive approach to the management of TBL. Methods This was an IRB-approved 13-year retrospective review (January 1999-December 2012) of an institutional pediatric trauma registry; 294 patients (≤ 17 years old) sustained blunt hepatic injury. Those with TBL were identified. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, management strategy and outcomes were reviewed. Results Eleven patients were identified with TBL. Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic scan (HIDA) was diagnostic. Combinations of peri-hepatic drain placement, ERCP with biliary stenting and/or sphincterotomy were performed with successful resolution of TBL in all cases. No child required surgical repair or reconstruction of the leak. Cholangitis developed in one child. There were no long-term complications. Conclusions A multidisciplinary and minimally invasive approach employing peri-hepatic external drainage catheters and ERCP with sphincterotomy and stenting of the ampulla is a safe and effective management strategy for TBL in children.
Drawing to Learn: How Producing Graphical Representations Enhances Scientific Thinking

When we understand something, we say that we “see” it. We arrive at the solution to a problem through “insight.” Such metaphors likening cognitive processes to visual experience suggest a close correspondence between how we think about and how we see the world. Accordingly, major theoretical advances in the sciences have been frequently accompanied by the development of novel visualization tools and graphical conventions (e.g., the periodic table). Today, knowing how to make a graph is a critical component of any practicing scientist’s repertoire, allowing her to gain insight when exploring a complex data set, and to communicate empirical findings to other scientists and the public. This paper reviews evidence from the cognitive science and educational research literatures that bears on the question of how drawing, the most basic visualization technique, interacts with cognitive functions that are core to scientific thinking, including: observation, problemsolving, explanation, and communication. Expanding the role of graphical literacy in science education may carry the potential to better reveal to students the dynamic and inquiry-based nature of scientific thinking, especially in contexts where visual representations have traditionally been subordinate to linguistic and numerical representations.
Refining Immigration Law's Role in Counterterrorism

The federal government relied heavily on the immigration laws in its immediate response to the September 11 attacks – for example, to detain terrorism suspects during deportation proceedings and beyond, to call in thousands of foreign nationals for closer questioning, and to tighten the screening requirements and procedures before foreigners could enter the country. This reliance was understandable, though abuses occurred, but there were deeper costs that later became apparent. These measures often hampered useful trade and travel, impaired scientific and scholarly exchange, imposed competitive disadvantages on many U.S. businesses, and clouded the traditional American attitude of openness and welcome, which has been valuable to diplomacy, business, and the successful integration of immigrant populations. As understanding of these costs increased, the government has terminated or refined many of those early measures, moving to processes that are less inhospitable but still enhance safeguards against terrorism.This essay, which is part of a Brookings Institution volume considering legal reform for the extended struggle against terrorism, reviews that history, critically evaluates both the early steps and the later revised measures, and suggests future legislative and administrative changes. It pays particular attention to improved screening through better data and reporting on travelers (though it argues against investing in the biometric exit monitoring system that Congress has legislated but not funded), the expanded terrorism-related grounds of inadmissibility and the associated discretionary waiver process, the rules for detention of aliens in connection with removal proceedings, and the use of classified information in immigration decisions.
3-(2-Acetamido-phen-yl)sydnone.

Sydnones are unusual mesoionic compounds containing a five-membered heterocyclic ring. Generally for stability, substitution at the N-3 position by an aromatic fragment is necessary. In the title compound, C10H9N3O3, the aromatic substitutent is 2-acetamido­phenyl. The two planar ring fragments are twisted relative to one another, with a inter­planar angle of 63.13 (5)°. The mol­ecules are packed into the unit cell via π–π inter­actions between the phenyl rings [inter­planar separation = 3.4182 (4) A] and between the sydnone rings [inter­planar separation = 3.2095 (4) A]. N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is also found inter­nally and externally to the mol­ecule.
Using Attribute Ratings for Product Positioning: Some Distinctions among Compositional Approaches:

Compositional methods for generating product spaces from attribute data differ in their capacity to recover objective dimensions that discriminate between brands. These differences, which have impo...
Methylphenidate in treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder:

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can persist into adulthood with a continuation of the pattern of childhood psychopathology, cognition and functioning. Adult comorbidities include su...
Comparative hematologic response to iron fortification of a milk formula for infants.

Seventy-four full-term and 42 premature infants were studied from birth to 9 months of age in relation to intake of iron. All were maintained on a vitamin-supplemented milk diet, and approximately a third had iron supplementation of 12 mg in 32 fluid ounces of milk intake. Significant differences between groups as regards growth, development or number of illnesses were not apparent. The infants fed supplemental iron had higher values for hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum iron, after 3 to 3½ months of age, and these values continued to be significantly higher throughout the 9-month period of observation. Among the infants who received no iron supplement, 2 full-term and 16 premature infants developed evidence of anemia, which responded quickly when the infants were changed to the iron-fortified formula. No signs of toxicity or difficulty were noted in the iron-supplemented group, nor of lack of acceptability by the infants of any formula used in the study.
Twentieth-Century Antitypes

Having seemed almost parodied in Collodi’s Pinocchio, Lombroso’s association of the child with criminality was none the less taken up seriously in G. Stanley Hall’s encyclopaedic study, Adolescence (1904), which established the modern concept of its titular subject. Viewing adolescence as ‘preeminently the criminal age’,1 Hall saw the child as a creature that ‘revels in savagery’ (1:x) and that displays ‘nativistic and more or less feral instincts’ (1:xi). His discussion of adolescent criminality as a kind of ontogenic recapitulation of an earlier, more brutish phylogenic stage of human development (see 1:325–410) anticipated later studies on such familiar ‘boy’ problems as gangs and delinquency,2 and presaged the realistic portrayals of juvenile delinquents in American novels of the 1930s.3 Yet the death-blows to the sentimentality surrounding the Victorian child were delivered not by Lombroso or Hall, but by the impact of Samuel Butler’s (1835–1902) posthumously published novel The Way of All Flesh (1903) and, above all, by Freud’s hypothesis of infantile sexuality, which freed the assessment of the child’s nature from the impediments of both the myth of original sin and the myth of original innocence.4
A collaborative framework for U.S. state-level energy efficiency and renewable energy governance

Abstract Energy efficiency and renewables development has transformed state energy governance in the past decade. A new type of energy efficiency and renewable energy administration has been established for coordinating resources and networks across state and local jurisdictions, as well as with entities from the public sector, private sector, and local community. This article examines the role of these administrations and their networks for developing a state-level collaborative governance model.
Trapped Protons ≽100 ke V and Possible Sources

In this brief review we are able only to consider the general characteristics of the trapped ≽ 100 keV proton population, the principal time variations observed, and the status of major source and transport mechanisms with primary emphasis on diffusion by violation of the third adiabatic invariant.
Mentors' perspectives on supporting nurse faculty scholars.

Abstract Purpose Describe mentors’ perceptions of the purpose, processes, outcomes, and challenges of mentoring; self-ratings of effectiveness in performing aspects of the mentoring role; and overall ratings of the quality of their mentoring relationship and the likely contributions of their junior faculty fellow to academia and the profession, the body of knowledge related to health and healthcare, and mitigation of the nursing faculty shortage. Participants Fifty-one (of 86 possible) mentors of junior faculty who participated in a competitive methods: qualitative and quantitative data were gathered via an online investigator-developed survey. Narrative texts were content analyzed. Quantitative data were analyzed using measures of central tendency and association. Outcomes For the most part mentors rated themselves as effective in their roles and indicated program and mentor-mentee goals were met. The overall purpose, processes, outcomes, and challenges of mentoring are described.