cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Wavelength-Dependent Plasmonic Hot Carrier Energy Distributions at Metal/Semiconductor Interfaces

Hot carriers generated from the nonradiative decay of localized surface plasmons are capable of driving charge-transfer reactions at the surfaces of metal nanostructures. Photocatalytic devices utilizing plasmonic hot carriers are often based on metal nanoparticle/semiconductor heterostructures owing to their efficient electron-hole separation ability. The rapid thermalization of hot carriers generated at the metal nanoparticles yields a distribution of carrier energies that determines the capability of the photocatalytic device to drive redox reactions. Here, we quantify the thermalized hot carrier energy distribution generated at Au/TiO2 nanostructures using wavelength-dependent scanning electrochemical microscopy and a series of molecular probes with different redox potentials. We determine the quantum efficiencies and oxidizing power of the hot carriers from wavelength-dependent reaction rates and photocurrent across the metal/semiconductor interface. The wavelength-dependent reaction efficiency tracks the surface plasmon resonance spectrum of the Au nanoparticles, showing that the reaction is facilitated by plasmon excitation, while the responses from molecules with different redox potentials shed light on the energy distribution of the hot holes generated at metal nanoparticle/semiconductor heterostructures. The results provide important insight into the energies of the plasmon-generated hot carriers and quantum efficiencies of plasmonic photocatalytic devices.
LQG Reference Tracking with Safety and Reachability Guarantees under False Data Injection Attacks

Control systems are increasingly targeted by malicious adversaries, who may inject spurious sensor measurements in order to bias the controller behavior and cause suboptimal performance or safety violations. This paper investigates the problem of tracking a reference trajectory while satisfying safety and reachability constraints in the presence of such false data injection attacks. We consider a linear, time-invariant system with additive Gaussian noise in which a subset of sensors can be compromised by an attacker, while the remaining sensors are regarded as secure. We propose a control policy in which two estimates of the system state are maintained, one based on all sensors and one based on only the secure sensors. The optimal control action based on the secure sensors alone is then computed at each time step, and the chosen control action is constrained to lie within a given distance of this value. We show that this policy can be implemented by solving a quadratically-constrained quadratic program at each time step. We develop a barrier function approach to choosing the parameters of our scheme in order to provide provable guarantees on safety and reachability, and derive bounds on the probability that our control policies deviate from the optimal policy when no attacker is present. Our framework is validated through numerical study.
Demonstrating library impact: Liaison assessment

Abstract Instruction, reference, and collection development have been the core pillars of traditional liaison librarianship, but in recent years, roles have expanded. Liaisons are increasingly expected to be well-versed about scholarly communication, able to troubleshoot the ever-changing landscape of technology, guide faculty to the best Open Educational Resources (OER), and more. As expectations continue to increase and budgets continue to decrease, two questions become clear: What does it mean to be an effective liaison? How can liaison work aid in demonstrating library impact? Considerations for assessing liaison impact are included, both at the programmatic and individual levels. Included is a framework for individual assessment that includes best practices for both traditional and emerging focus areas of liaisonship: Engagement, Teaching and Learning, Collection Development and Management, Research Support, and Scholarly Communication and Digital Initiatives. The framework encourages proactivity, and is designed to mesh with systems of tenure and promotion. Discussion includes considerations for implementing at one's own institution including institutional context, liaison roles and priorities, and appropriate data streams and their collection.
Sub-60 mV/decade switching in a metal-insulator-metal-insulator-semiconductor transistor without ferroelectric component

Negative capacitance field-effect transistors (NC-FETs) have attracted wide interest as promising candidates for steep-slope devices, and sub-60 mV/decade switching has been demonstrated in NC-FETs with various device structures and material systems. However, the detailed mechanisms of the observed steep-slope switching in some of these experiments are under intense debate. Here we show that sub-60 mV/decade switching can be observed in a WS2 transistor with a metal-insulator-metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIMIS) structure - without any ferroelectric component. This structure resembles an NC-FET with internal gate, except that the ferroelectric layer is replaced by a leaky dielectric layer. Through simulations of the charging dynamics during the device characterization using an RC network model, we show that the observed steep-slope switching in our "ferroelectric-free" transistors can be attributed to the internal gate voltage response to the chosen varying gate voltage scan rates. We further show that a constant gate voltage scan rate can also lead to transient sub-60 mV/decade switching in an MIMIS structure with voltage dependent internal gate capacitance. Our results indicate that the observation of sub-60 mV/decade switching alone is not sufficient evidence for the successful demonstration of a true steep-slope switching device and that experimentalists need to critically assess their measurement setups to avoid measurement-related artefacts.
The politics of the erotic: pious women’s emotional experiences in Hizbollah cultural institutes and the surprises of the anti-feminist movement in post-2009 Iran

In the aftermath of the 2009 presidential election conflict, factions within the Islamic Republic of Iran encouraged pious women to join the fight against feminism through cultural activism centere...
Why Indian Country? An Introduction to the Indian Law Landscape

This paper was originally published by the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation in the manual of the Special Institute, Advanced Natural Resources and Indian Law: The Basics and Beyond. As the opening work for that Institute, the paper provides the foundation for understanding more complex aspects of Indian law and natural resources issues.
Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid in Liquid Phase over Pd Nanoparticles Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets

Reduced graphene oxide sheets (rGO) were used in this study to support Pd nanoparticles through soil-immobilization and impregnation methods. The catalysts were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. These nanocatalysts were used as catalysts for the dehydrogenation of formic acid in liquid phase. The results showed that the Pd/rGO samples synthesised via the sol-immobilisation technique exhibited better catalytic activity (TOF = 910 h−1) than those synthesised by the impregnation technique (TOF = 506 h−1) because of the smaller size of Pd particles and higher Pd exposure of the catalysts synthesised by the first technique. The experimental outcomes showed that the graphene sheets provided remarkable support for Pd nanoparticles.
Comparative evaluation for the effect of particles size of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the properties of HMA

The construction of highway pavement usually consumes a huge amount of aggregate and binder, and at the same time, big quantities of these materials are removed from the old and damaged roads. The disposal of these materials is costing money and effort. The current study aims to investigate the effect of particle size of RAP on the volumetric and mechanical properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). The study involved replacement of coarse aggregate and fine in wearing layer of the pavement by different percentages up to 40 %. The mechanical tests (Marshall Test and indirect tensile strength test) were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of the obtained mixes. Also, the economical evaluation was conducted to explain the effect of using RAP on the total cost of HMA. The results of the study showed that the replacement of fine aggregate with RAP can be adopted up to 20% of the total aggregate, while the replacement of coarse aggregate is conducted up to 40 % which represents the most coarse aggregate quantity in the mix. Also, the use of RAP in HMA can significantly reduce the cost of obtained HMA compared with that produces with virgin materials.
Controlling CRISPR with Small Molecule Regulation for Somatic Cell Genome Editing

Biomedical research has been revolutionized by the introduction of many CRISPR-Cas systems that induce programmable edits to nearly any gene in the human genome. Nuclease-based CRISPR-Cas editors can produce on-target genomic changes but can also generate unwanted genotoxicity and adverse events, in part by cleaving non-targeted sites in the genome. Additional translational challenges for in vivo somatic cell editing include limited packaging capacity of viral vectors and host immune responses. Altogether, these challenges motivate recent efforts to control the expression and activity of different Cas systems in vivo. Current strategies utilize small molecules, light, magnetism, and temperature to conditionally control Cas systems through various activation, inhibition, or degradation mechanisms. This review focuses on small molecules that can be incorporated as regulatory switches to control Cas genome editors. Additional development of CRISPR-Cas-based therapeutic approaches with small molecule regulation have high potential to increase editing efficiency with less adverse effects for somatic cell genome editing strategies in vivo.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Toxicity after Submacular Hemorrhage Repair.

This is a Photo Essay and does not have an abstract. Please download the PDF or view the article HTML.
National directives and community empowerment: Public health in Sleman Regency, Indonesia

Although public health in Indonesia is regulated at the national level, district-level government health authorities are often responsible for shaping and executing specific public health programs. While cooperating with national efforts, Sleman Regency, Indonesia, has improved upon these recommendations to design innovative solutions to public health crises. Through community empowerment, Sleman has implemented voluntary AIDS commissions, women-led non-profit organizations and neighborhood health coalitions, volunteer-based home inspections and green initiatives. This paper draws on firsthand observations from my recent trip to Yogyakarta, Indonesia, including interviews with public health administrators, site visits and primary source material from education campaigns and local health clinics. Part I of this paper provides a broad overview of the decentralized structure of the Indonesian public health system; it examines how Sleman operates under the federalized system and focuses on the district’s method of expanding upon national health directives to create novel local initiatives. Part II of this paper evaluates how instrumental community empowerment has been in reducing disease incidence and promoting healthy behaviors. Part III assesses whether this community engagement can be replicated on the national level.
The Culture of Chick Forebrain Neurons

Dissociation of the forebrain of a single 8-day chick embryo produces > 10(7) neurons in nearly pure culture. Our methods allow 50-70% of these neurons to develop an axon and typical pyrimidal shape after 3-4 days in culture at low density (10(4) cells/cm2) by a stereotyped developmental sequence similar to that of rat hippocampal neurons. The culture method for chick forebrain neurons is unusually rapid, inexpensive, simple, and could be used in undergraduate laboratory exercises. The dissection and dissociation of the tissue are easy and rapid, requiring less than 30 min from cracking open the chicken egg to plating the cells. Axonal development by these neurons and growth for about a week do not require glial support. The neurons are grown on polylysine-treated culture surfaces in either CO2-dependent (Medium 199) or -independent (Liebovitz L15) media with 10% fetal bovine serum and a supplement based on the classic N2 supplement for neuronal culture.
Computational network federations: computing & communications as a utility

In this paper we outline our vision on utility computing and communications and give an overview of our research's baby steps toward virtualizing computing into a Internet-based service. Notwithstanding significant research problems that need to be solved, including latency and bandwidth guarantees for remote access and execution models, hardware resource visualization offers an attractive proposition from the technology and cost perspectives.
The definition of child poverty: a discussion of concepts and measurements

This paper presents and discusses different concepts of child poverty, alternative definitions of children living in poverty, and measurement efforts in this regard. It addresses such questions as: who are the children living in poverty? Is the issue of children living in poverty recognized by and incorporated into anti-poverty strategies? Have governments, civil society organizations and international organizations identified and adopted policies to reduce child poverty? And is the situation of girls living in poverty taken into account? Several organizations have recently adopted human rights-based approaches to defining children living in poverty, and these definitions are included here. In general, however, the assessment finds that there is a lack of consideration of children’s issues in the debate on poverty. The lack of visibility has negative implications for anti-poverty strategies, which seldom consider that children and their rights are central to their design and implementation. In this paper, we argue that the lack of conceptualization and debate on the specificities of child poverty has enormous consequences for policy and, vice versa, that the income generation and sectoral focus of poverty reduction policies discourages a holistic response to children and families.
Analysis of responses to the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A in the pulmonary vascular bed of the intact-chest rat.

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel is a nonselective cation channel expressed on many cell types, including the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells. TRPV4 channel...
Influence of isoproterenol on the accelerated junctional rhythm observed during radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal slow pathway conduction

Abstract Background Accelerated junctional rhythm (AJR) has been considered as a sensitive but rather nonspecific marker of successful radiofrequency (RF) ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). However, AJR also occurs commonly during isoproterenol infusion. We therefore investigated the effect of isoproterenol on the significance of AJR while attempting slow pathway ablation. Methods Forty patients with AVNRT underwent slow pathway ablation. Sixty-nine RF applications accompanied by AJR were observed and were separated into 2 groups: applications performed without (group I, n=26) and with (group II, n=43) isoproterenol infusion. The specificity of AJR for successful ablation for each group was calculated. Results The specificity of AJR in groups I and II was 73% (19/26) and 49% (21/43), respectively ( P P P Conclusions Isoproterenol lowers the threshold of AJR emergence during RF application and thereby lowers the specificity of AJR for successful ablation. Complete washout of isoproterenol may therefore improve the specificity of AJR during RF ablation in patients with AVNRT. (Am Heart J 2001;142:664-8.)
Selecting Systolic Designs Using Linear Transformations of Space -Time

AbstractCellular computations (i.e., systolic or wavefront com- putations) are embedded in a vector space, one of whose dimensions models time, and the others, space. Cellular computations that are related by a lineartransformation may have different properties withrespect to input /output schedules, chip area, com- munication topology, latency, period, and thepresence /absence of broadcasting and pipelining.Linear transformations of space -time are used to explore design alternatives in a formal way. Cellularcomputations for convolution and matrix product areused to illustrate this linear transformation technique.Introduction There has been considerable research recently into cellular designs (see [12] for a sampling of this work).Leiserson, Rose, and Saxe [15],[16] provide a methodto eliminate broadcasting from a synchronous circuitwithout changing its communication structure. Johns - son and Cohen [8] and Weiser and Davis [25],[9] inves- tigate ways of formally representing computationaldesigns. Their respective goals are similar: To be able
Laparoscopic Surgical Staging in Cervical Cancer—Preliminary Experience among Chinese

Background. With the availability of modern laparoscopic equipment and the ability to perform advanced operative procedures, there are a growing number of circumstances under which operative laparoscopy is applicable to patients with gynecologic malignancies. Methods: From May 1992 to December 1995, a total of 67 patients with cervical carcinoma of different FIGO stages underwent pretreatment evaluation of pelvic or para-aortic lymph node status by means of laparoscopic dissection. Four patients with FIGO stage Ia2 and 35 patients with FIGO stage Ib cervical carcinoma received pelvic lymphadenectomy of the external iliac, internal iliac, and the obturator regions; the rest of the 28 patients with advanced FIGO stages had para-aortic lymphadenectomy only. Of these advanced cases, 15 patients were FIGO stage IIb, 8 were FIGO stage IIIa, and 5 were FIGO stage IIIb. All cases were followed up from 6 to 40 months. Results: All the patients tolerated the procedures smoothly except one patient with incomplete procedure due to bleeding from vena cava. In pelvic lymphadenectomy cases, an average of 14.2 nodes from the right side and 12.5 nodes from the left side were removed through laparoscope, and in para-aortic lymphadenectomy cases, an average of 8 lymph nodes was removed from both sides of para-aortic area. Five of the 39 pelvic lymphadenectomy patients showed positive involvement of the obturator nodes and they were later put on the radiation therapy. The other 34 patients with no pelvic lymph node metastasis underwent radical surgery 2 days later or followed immediately by laparoscopic-assisted vaginal radical hysterectomy. No more positive nodes were found. Among the advanced cervical cancer patients, 4 of the stage IIb patients, 3 of the stage IIIa patients, and 3 of the stage IIIb patients showed positive para-aortic lymph node involvement and these patients were put on adjuvant chemotherapy and whole pelvic irradiation or extended field irradiation only. For the remaining 18 patients without para-aortic node involvement, only whole pelvic irradiation was offered. Macroscopic invasion of the para-aortic lymph nodes was detected in only 57% of the patients by computed tomography. Conclusions. This preliminary experience showed that laparoscopic pelvic or para-aortic lymphadenectomy was an efficient and feasible surgical staging procedure in the pretreatment evaluation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix and elaborates the rationale for the management of cervical cancer.
Some effects ofy-radiation or linoleate peroxidation ona-tocopherol

When α-tocopherol was irradiated in isooctane, the main product appeared to be a 5-exo-methylene tocopher-6-one derived by the abstraction of two hydrogen atoms from tocopherol. When tocopherol was irradiated in tributyrin, transesterification was found to be a major reaction. Results with three solvents show that the irradiation products of tocopherol are complex and dependent on the solvent.
Injuries associated with the use of riding mowers in the United States, 2002-2007.

Abstract Context : To examine injuries among patients treated in an emergency department (ED) related to the use of a riding lawn mower. Design and Setting : Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for the years 2002-2007. National estimates of ED visits for injuries associated with the use of a riding lawn mower were analyzed. Narrative text entries were categorized to provide a detailed record of the circumstances precipitating the injury. Average annual rates were calculated and logistic regression analyses were employed to determine risk estimates for patient disposition and demographic characteristics related to ED visits for injuries associated with riding mowers. Results : From 2002 through 2007, there were an estimated 66,341 ED visits for injuries related to the use of riding lawnmowers in the U.S., with an average annual rate of 6.0 ED visits per 100,000 males, and 1.6 ED visits per 100,000 females. Older adults had higher rates of ED visits for injuries (7.2/100,000) than younger age groups. The most common injuries involved contusions (24%); sprains/strains (22%) and fractures (17%). The majority of patients (90%) were treated and released the same day. Results of logistic regression analyses revealed that older adults were more likely to be hospitalized when compared to younger age groups; and incidents involving rollovers [OR = 5.45 (95% CI = 3.22-9.23)] and being run over [6.01 (95% CI 3.23-11.17)] were more likely to result in hospitalization when compared to all other circumstances of injury. Conclusions : Riding mowers present injury patterns and circumstances that are different than those reported for push mowers. Circumstances related to injuries and age groups affected were varied, making prevention of riding mower injuries challenging. Application/Impact : Findings support the need to increase awareness and/or change the design of riding mowers with respect to risk of rollover injuries.
Topic spotting common sense translation assistant

Our Translation Assistant applies common sense logic to the problem of translating speech in real time from one language to another. Using speech recognition combined with a software translator to do word-by-word translation is not feasible because speech recognition is notorious for poor results. Word-by-word translation requires grammatically correct input to translate accurately. Therefore, translation of speech that is potentially already fraught with errors is not expected to be good. Our Translation Assistant works around these problems by using the context of the conversation as a basis for translation. It takes the location and the speaker as input to establish the circumstances. Then it uses a common sense knowledge network to do topic-spotting using key words from the conversation. It only translates the most likely topics of conversation into the target language. This system does not require perfect speech recognition, yet enables end-users to have a sense of the conversation.
Response expectancies, treatment credibility, and hypnotic suggestibility: Mediator and moderator effects in hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral pain interventions

Background: Several studies have shown that response expectancies are an important mechanism of popular psychological interventions for pain. However, there has been no research on whether response expectancies and treatment credibility independently mediate hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral pain interventions and whether the pattern of mediation is affected by experience with the interventions. Also, past research has indicated that hypnotic pain interventions may be moderated by hypnotic suggestibility. However, these studies have typically failed to measure the full range of suggestibility and have assessed pain reduction and suggestibility in the same experimental context, possibly inflating the association between these variables.Purpose: To clarify the mediator role of response expectancies and treatment credibility, and the moderator role of hypnotic suggestibility in the hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral reduction of pain.Methods: Approximately 300 participants were assessed for suggestibility. Then, as part of an apparently unrelated experiment, 124 of these individuals received analogue cognitive-behavioral, hypnotic, or placebo control pain interventions.Results: Response expectancies and credibility independently mediated treatment. The extent of mediation increased as participants gained more experience with the interventions. Suggestibility moderated treatment and was associated with relief only from the hypnotic intervention.Conclusions: Response expectancies and treatment credibility are unique mechanisms of hypnotic and cognitive-behavioral pain interventions. Hypnotic suggestibility predicts relief from hypnotic pain interventions and this association is not simply an artifact of measuring suggestibility and pain reduction in the same experimental context. The relationship between suggestibility and hypnotic pain reduction appears to be linear in nature.
Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 differentially modulate leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed brain

Peripheral leukocyte recruitment in neuroinflammatory conditions can exacerbate brain tissue damage by releasing cytotoxic mediators and by increasing vascular permeability. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandins promote the migration of several immune cells in vitro, however, the specific roles of COX-1 and -2 on leukocyte recruitment in vivo have not been investigated. To examine the specific effects of COX-1 or COX-2 deficiency on neuroinflammation-induced leukocyte infiltration, we used a model of intracerebroventricular lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in COX-1(-/-), COX-2(-/-), and their respective wild-type (WT) ((+/+)) mice. After LPS, leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory response were attenuated in COX-1(-/-) and increased in COX-2(-/-) mice, compared with their respective WT controls. This influx of leukocytes was accompanied by a marked disruption of blood-brain barrier and differential expression of chemokines. These results indicate that COX-1 and COX-2 deletion differentially modulate leukocyte recruitment during neuroinflammation, and suggest that inhibition of COX-1 activity is beneficial, whereas COX-2 inhibition is detrimental, during a primary neuroinflammatory response.
IL-4 inhibition of IL-1 induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) expression in human fibroblasts involves decreased AP-1 activation via negative crosstalk involving of Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)

Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) over-expression is associated with tissue destruction in the context of chronic inflammation. Previous studies showed that IL-4 inhibits induction of MMP-3 by IL-1β, and suggested that AP-1 might be involved. Here we show that IL-1 induced binding of transcription factor AP-1 to the MMP-3 promoter consists primarily of c-Jun, JunB, and c-Fos and that binding of c-Jun and c-Fos is inhibited by the combination of cytokines while binding of Jun B is not. Mutation of the AP-1 site in the MMP-3 promoter decreased the ability of IL-4 to inhibit its transcription in transfected MG-63 cells. Western blotting showed that both cytokines activate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but with somewhat different kinetics, and that activation of JNK by both cytokines individually is inhibited by the combination. These results indicate that IL-4 inhibition of MMP-3 expression is associated with reduction of IL-1 induced binding of active forms of the AP-1 dimer, while less active JunB-containing dimers remain, and suggest that these changes are associated with decreased activation of JNK.
Do sororities promote members' health? A study of memorable messages regarding weight and appearance.

This study examines the relationship between sorority communication practices and members’ body images through the lens of organizational socialization and identification. Specifically, we analyzed...
In situ fabrication of macroporous polymer networks within microfluidic devices by living radical photopolymerization and leaching

Novel fabrication techniques and polymer systems are being explored to enable mass production of low cost microfluidic devices. In this contribution we discuss a new fabrication scheme for making microfluidic devices containing porous polymer components in situ. Contact lithography, a living radical photopolymer (LRPP) system and salt leaching were used to fabricate multilayer microfluidic devices rapidly with various channel geometries and covalently attached porous polymer plugs made of various photopolymerizable substrates. LRPP systems offer the advantages of covalent attachment of microfluidic device layers and facile surface modification via grafting. Several applications of the porous plugs are also explored, including a static mixer, a high surface area-to-volume reactor and a rapidly responding hydrogel valve. Quantitative and qualitative data show an increase in mixing of a fluorescein and a water stream for channels containing porous plugs relative to channels with no porous plugs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images demonstrate the ability to graft a functional material onto porous plug surfaces. A reaction was carried out on the grafted pore surfaces, which resulted in fluorescent labelling of the grafted material throughout the pores of the plug. Homogenous fluorescence throughout the depth of the porous plug and along pore surfaces indicated that the porous plugs were surface modified by grafting and that reactions can be carried out on the pore surfaces. Finally, porous hydrogel valves were fabricated which swelled in response to contact with various pH solutions. Results indicate that a porous hydrogel valve will swell and close more rapidly than other valve geometries made with the same polymer formulation. The LRPP-salt leaching method provides a means for rapidly incorporating porous polymer components into microfluidic devices, which can be utilized for a variety of pertinent applications upon appropriate selection of porous plug materials and surface treatments.
Novel Inhibitor-Probes of DNA Polymerase III Based on DGTP Analogues of the H2·HPURA Type: Redesign of the Inhibitor Structure Using an N2-Benzylguanine Format

Abstract 6-(Arylhydrazino) uracls, exemplified by 6-(p-hydroxphenylhydrazio) uracil (H2· HPUra; cf., structure in Fig. 1) are potent and highly selective inhibitors of the replictive DNA synthesis of Gram+ bacteria such as Bacillus, Strupotocuccus, and Staphylococcus 1 The specific inhibitor target in this class of organisms is the replication-specific DNA polymerase, pol III. 2,3 Although formally pyrimidines, the HPUra class of inhibitors are in fact enzyme-specific dGTP analogues which contain a guanine-like H-bonding domain (denoted by “HB” in FIG.1) and an enzyme-specific, aryl moiety. The HB domain endows the polymerase-bound molecule with the capacity to form a guanine-like base-pair with template cytosine and, thus, spequester the enzyme in a protein: inhibitor: DNA complex (cf., review of inhibitor mechanism in ref 4).
Finite Element Implementation of Mechanochemical Phenomena in Neutral Deformable Porous Media Under Finite Deformation

Biological soft tissues and cells may be subjected to mechanical as well as chemical (osmotic) loading under their natural physiological environment or various experimental conditions. The interaction of mechanical and chemical effects may be very significant under some of these conditions, yet the highly nonlinear nature of the set of governing equations describing these mechanisms poses a challenge for the modeling of such phenomena. This study formulated and implemented a finite element algorithm for analyzing mechanochemical events in neutral deformable porous media under finite deformation. The algorithm employed the framework of mixture theory to model the porous permeable solid matrix and interstitial fluid, where the fluid consists of a mixture of solvent and solute. A special emphasis was placed on solute-solid matrix interactions, such as solute exclusion from a fraction of the matrix pore space (solubility) and frictional momentum exchange that produces solute hindrance and pumping under certain dynamic loading conditions. The finite element formulation implemented full coupling of mechanical and chemical effects, providing a framework where material properties and response functions may depend on solid matrix strain as well as solute concentration. The implementation was validated using selected canonical problems for which analytical or alternative numerical solutions exist. This finite element code includes a number of unique features that enhance the modeling of mechanochemical phenomena in biological tissues. The code is available in the public domain, open source finite element program FEBio (http:∕∕mrl.sci.utah.edu∕software).
On the Accuracy of the Gerschgorin Circle Theorem for Bounding the Spread Ofa Symmetric Matrix

Abstract The spread of a matrix with real eigenvalues is the difference between its largest and smallest eigenvalues. The Gerschgorin circle theorem can be used to bound the extreme eigenvalues of the matrix and hence its spread. For nonsymmetric matrices the Gerschgorin bound on the spread may be larger by an arbitrary factor than the actual spread even if the matrix is symmetrizable. This is not true for real symmetric matrices. It is shown that for real symmetric matrices (or complex Hermitian matrices) the ratio between the bound and the spread is bounded by p+1 , where p is the maximum number of off diagonal nonzeros in any row of the matrix. For full matrices this is just n . This bound is not quite sharp for n greater than 2, but examples with ratios of n−1 for all n are given. For banded matrices with m nonzero bands the maximum ratio is bounded by m independent of the size of n. This bound is sharp provided only that n is at least 2m. For sparse matrices, p may be quite small and the Gerschgorin bound may be surprisingly accurate.
THE SURVIVAL OF A COOPERATIVE TRADITION IN THE INTERGROUP DISCONTINUITY CONTEXT

Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity is the tendency, in mixed-motive situations, for groups to interact more competitively, or less cooperatively, than individuals, even though mutual competition yields worse results that mutual cooperation. The present laboratory experiment attempted to assess whether the discontinuity effect could be reduced by the establishment of an intergroup cooperative tradition. Cooperation between intact pairs of groups was induced by placing in each group confederates who successfully convinced their fellow group members of the long-term advantage of trust and cooperation. On subsequent blocks of trails, the confederate was replaced by an actual subject, and then each of the original subjects was replaced so as to simulate generational turnover. By the time all initial members were replaced, their level of cooperation had eroded to the level of groups never experiencing mutual cooperation. The results are discussed in the context of other means of reducing discontinuity.
Carcinoma of the Lung: A Review of the Five-year Survivals Over a 15-Year Period

Summary Review of carcinoma of the lung in a large Charity General Hospital over a 15-year period reveals an extremely low operability and resectability rate. This is largely due to the fact that many patients are admitted in the late stages of the disease and obviously surgical extirpation is contraindicated for many reasons. Two hundred and sixty-three cases were submitted to thoracotomy; resection was performed in 184 cases. Of these, there were 74 five-year or more survivors. An additional case survived more than five years after having refused surgery, making a total of 75 cases. Age groups, sex and race were similar to previously reported studies. Of interest was the fact that 45 cases are alive at the time of this study. Twenty cases survived ten or more years, four are dead at the time of this study, having died of other causes. Location of the lesion and cell types definitely influence survival; however, lymph node involvement did not seem to alter the survival data one way or another. Vascular invasion was not studied suficiently to warrant including it as a factor in survival.
Dynamic characterization of building electrical loads by equivalent energy circuit analysis

Enhanced metering and actuating capabilities brought about by the information embedded power system upgrade is shedding new light on load modeling. Building loads that were previously considered to be static have to be reevaluated to reflect their dynamic characteristics. This work proposes a method to evaluate the dynamic behavior of buildings by creating an equivalent energy circuit model to represent the building electrical load. The circuit model is easily integrated into power flow studies thereby transporting building dynamic load models from planning and load prediction into the field of operations.
Addressing substance abuse in obstetrics and gynecology

Abstract Substance abuse has far-reaching and long-lasting implications not only for women, but for their children and families as well. Substance abuse disorders are related to a host of biopsychosocial problems including severe medical and obstetric complications, poverty and unemployment, relational and parenting problems, domestic violence, and child abuse. Despite the seriousness of the problem, because substance abuse has typically been considered a male disorder, it is one of the most commonly missed diagnoses among women. Further complicating matters is that women are significantly more likely to present veiled symptoms to their primary care physicians than to seek appropriate substance abuse treatment. Given this, it is incumbent on today’s obstetrician/gynecologists to help uncover this often secret, but significant problem among women. Recommendations are made regarding the assessment and treatment of women with substance-related disorders. Obstetrician/gynecologists are encouraged to make substance abuse assessment, using standardized screening measures (such as the TWEAK questionnaire) as well as open-ended dialogues, a part of their routine exams. Obstetrician/gynecologists can play a vital role not only in the initial diagnosis of substance-related disorders but also in encouraging patients to take steps towards sobriety and to seek appropriate treatment when indicated.
Expeditious synthesis of porphyrin–cobaltacarborane conjugates

Two porphyrin–cobaltacarborane conjugates 5 and 6 were prepared in high yields via a nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of 2. These novel boron-rich and fluorescent compounds have potential application as boron delivery agents for the boron neutron capture therapy of tumors.
A new potential model for the description of lattice stability in β-phase “alloys”

Presentation entre 183 K et 293 K des constantes d'elasticite de second et de troisieme ordre dans l'alliage Cu-20,8% at Zn-12,7% at. Al. Calcul, a partir de ces donnees, d'une fonction potentiel reproduisant les proprietes mecaniques elastiques du reseau cubique centre. Analyse des caracteristiques de ce modele, et des variations des constantes elastiques en fonction du mode de deformation
Third order nonlinear optical properties of stacked bacteriochlorophylls in bacterial photosynthetic light-harvesting proteins

Enhancement of the nonresonant second order molecular hyperpolarizabilities y were observed in stacked macrocyclic molecular systems, previously in a t-oxo silicon phthalocyanme (SiPcO) monomer, dimer and trimer series, and now in bacteriochiorophyll a (BChla) arrays oflight harvesting (LH) proteins. Compared to monomeric BChla in a tetrahydrofuran (TifF) solution, the for each macrocycle was enhanced in naturally occurring stacked macrocyclic molecular systems in the bacterial photosynthetic LH proteins where BChla 's are arranged in tilted face-to-face arrays. In addition, the γ enhancement is more significant in B875 of LH1 than in B850 in LH2. Theoretical modeling of the nonresonant γ enhancement using simplified molecular orbitals for model SiPcO indicated that the energy level of the two photon state is crucial to the γ enhancement when a two photon process is involved. Additionally, charge transfer between the monomers may be important if this produces states which are close to one-photon resonance. The calculated results can be extended to γ enhancement in B875 and B850 arrays, suggesting that BChla in B875 are more strongly coupled than in B850. In addition, a 50-160 fold increase in for the S1 excited state ofrelative to S0 ofbacteriochlorophyll in vivo was observed which provides an alternative method for probing excited state dynamics and a potential application for molecular switching.
Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Hypertensive Subjects With Hyperaldosteronism

Background— Recent studies suggest that aldosterone may impair endothelium-dependent vascular function through suppression of nitric oxide formation. Assessments of forearm blood flow or arterial compliance suggest a similar effect in humans. The present study was designed to determine whether chronic aldosterone excess in subjects with resistant hypertension impairs endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity as indexed by direct assessment of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Methods and Results— Consecutive subjects (n=80) with resistant hypertension were prospectively evaluated with an early-morning ratio of plasma aldosterone to plasma renin activity and 24-hour urinary aldosterone and sodium. Changes in brachial artery diameter during reactive hyperemia were measured by high-resolution ultrasound. Hyperaldosteronism was diagnosed on the basis of a renin activity 12 μg/24 h, and urinary sodium >200 mEq/24 h. FMD was significantly lower in 36 subjec...
Direct Simulation of Spray Cooling: Effect of Multiple Droplet Impact and Latent Heat of Vaporization of Coolant Liquid on Heat Transfer

Spray cooling is a way of efficiently removing the heat from a hot surface and considered for high power system such as advanced lasers. The heat transfer phenomenon in spray cooling is complex in nature because it occurs due to conduction, convection and phase change. The numerical model of spray cooling is done by solving the set of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using finite difference method. Level set method is used to capture the liquid vapor interface in our multiphase flow model. Our previous 2D model which included single droplet impact on single growing vapor bubble is modified to introduce multiple droplets impact on thin liquid film with multiple growing vapor bubbles. Though the previous model was effective so far to predict the spray cooling phenomena and also the parameters for high heat removal, but the actual spray cooling phenomena consists of multiple droplets impact on multiple growing vapor bubbles at different time instances. To understand the spray cooling further and to represent it more realistically the inclusion of multiple droplets and multiple vapor bubbles is essential. In the present work, an investigation on the effect of latent heat of vaporization of coolant is conducted for the case of a thin liquid film of 44 μm in removing the heat and bubble growth when a liquid spray droplet is impacting. The flow and heat transfer details are presented for multiple droplet impacts on thin liquid film with multiple growing vapor bubbles.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The World is Not Flat: Expertise and InPhO

The Indiana Philosophy Ontology (InPhO) is a “dynamic ontology” for the domain of philosophy derived from human input and software analysis. The structured nature of the ontology supports machine reasoning about philosophers and their ideas. It is dynamic because it tracks changes in the content of the online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. This paper discusses ways of managing the varying expertise of people who supply input to the InPhO and provide feedback on the automated methods.
Effects of Environmental Factors on the Growth of Algae for Biofuel Production in a Household-Based Alternative Energy System

The efficiency and cost effectiveness of using algae to create biofuel has been much debated in recent years. A household-based biofuel system that uses sewage as a medium in which to grow mixed algae cultures is a possible solution to decreasing the production and transportation costs of biofuel. Aside from the manufacturing issues involved, it is important to determine what variables most affect the growth of algae and the production of biofuel. This study presents the results of an ANOVA-based set of experiments that evaluate the effect of several variables on algae growth in wastewater. While much work remains to be done, these results will help determine the optimal environmental conditions for a household-based biofuel system that utilizes mixed algae cultures.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A test of stress, cues, and re-exposure to large wins as potential reinstaters of suboptimal decision making in rats

The present experiment investigated potential reinstaters of suboptimal economic decision making in rats. Rats were first trained on a version of the rat Gambling Task under conditions designed to promote choice of a suboptimal option that occasionally resulted in large “wins” (4 sucrose pellets). In a second phase, preference for this economically suboptimal option was reduced by substantially increasing the probability of punishment when this option was chosen. Then, three events were tested for their ability to reinstate choice of the suboptimal option. A brief period of re-exposure to a high frequency of large wins significantly increased choice of the suboptimal option. The pharmacological stressor yohimbine did not reinstate suboptimal choice, but did increase impulsive action as indexed by premature responding. Presentation of cues previously associated with large wins did not alter behavior. Results suggest reinstaters of suboptimal choice may differ from reinstaters of extinguished drug- and food-seeking behavior.
Differential effects of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase mutations on RNase H activity in Mg2+ and Mn2+.

Abstract We have previously described the in vitro and in vivo characterization of a panel of mutations affecting the RNase H domain of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Blain, S. W., and Goff, S. P.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23585-23592; Blain, S. W., and Goff, S. P. (1995) J. Virol. 69, 4440-4452). We were intrigued by a discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo RNase H results for two of the mutants. While ΔC and Δ5E appeared to have nearly wild-type RNase H activity in vitro, they were unable to degrade their genomic RNA in vivo and thus were effectively RNase H null mutants in this context. In this present report, we describe the differential effects of these mutations on RNase H activity in vitro in the presence of Mgversus Mn: mutants ΔC and Δ5E were active in the presence of the less biologically relevant Mn and not in the presence of Mg. We also describe three mutants with only partial activity in Mg. The presence of the different cations can also affect DNA polymerization and processivity of an RNase H-deficient mutant.