cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short communication: Visualizing the dual space of biological molecules

An important part of protein structure characterization is the determination of excluded space such as fissures in contact interfaces, pores, inaccessible cavities, and catalytic pockets. We introduce a general tessellation method for visualizing the dual space around, within, and between biological molecules. Using Delaunay triangulation, a three-dimensional graph is constructed to provide a displayable discretization of the continuous volume. This graph structure is also used to compare the dual space of a system in two different states. Tessellator, a cross-platform implementation of the algorithm, is used to analyze the cavities within myoglobin, the protein-RNA docking interface between aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA^A^s^p, and the ammonia channel in the hisH-hisF complex of imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase.
Emissive nucleosides as molecular rotors.

Naturally occurring nucleosides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, are characterized by two distinct molecular elements: a rigid aromatic nucleobase and a more flexible (2’-deoxy)-d-ribose moiety. The structural features of nucleosides and their corresponding nucleotides are context-dependent and are largely dictated by two major and distinct “degrees” of conformational freedom: (a) the sugar pucker, and (b) the syn/anti orientation of the nucleobase with respect to the ribose ring (Figure 1A).[1]
Phase I Study of Elliptinium (2-N-Methyl-9-Hydroxyellipticinium)

Elliptinium (2-N-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium), a chemotherapeutic agent whose mechanism of action has not been completely elucidated, intercalates into DNA. In this Phase I clinical trial, the schedule of drug administration consisted of weekly intravenous infusions. Twenty-nine patients were evaluable for toxicity. The initial dose level was 40 mg/m2 and was escalated to 150 mg/m2 through six levels. The dose-limiting side effects were emesis, xerostomia, and azotemia. The lack of myelosuppression was the most striking feature. Objective responses (partial remission, minor response) were seen in one patient each with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We recommend a Phase II evaluation of elliptinium at a dose of 100 mg/m2 on a weekly schedule.
Physiological alterations in the pulmonary capillary bed at rest and during exercise. The effect of body position and trimethaphan camphorsulfonate.

The reactivity of the pulmonary capillary bed during exercise as estimated by change in the pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dlco) has been shown to be dependent upon at least two separate mechanisms. The initial (0 to 10 second) Dlco rise with exercise appears to be volume-pressure dependent and may be altered by mechanisms influencing these factors in the lungs. The later elevation of Dlco with exercise was demonstrated to be primarily independent of the initial rise and uninfluenced by factors affecting peripheral venous return, that is body position and ganglionic blockade.
Therapeutic Donor Insemination (Artificial Insemination Donor)

Artificial insemination has been known to man for centuries. Since the late 19th century it has been utilized extensively for breeding of farm animals. In humans, the experience until this century was primarily with husband insemination. When, in the early part of this century, the first reports of the use of a donor appeared, they were greeted by a storm of indignation. Only in the last 50 years has therapeutic donor insemination (TDI) been sufficiently widespread that it is now accepted as more than just a controversial medical curiosity. In the Western world, the number of children available for adoption has decreased because of changing attitudes toward abortion and toward single parenthood. This has led many couples to view TDI as the only source for the relief of their childlessness.
Heart Transplantation in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Heart transplantation has become an increasingly common and effective therapy for adults with end-stage congenital heart disease (CHD) because of advances in patient selection and surgical technique. Indications for transplantation in CHD are similar to other forms of heart failure. Pretransplant assessment of CHD patients emphasizes evaluation of cardiac anatomy, pulmonary vascular disease, allosensitization, hepatic dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric status. CHD patients experience longer waitlist times and higher waitlist mortality than other transplant candidates. Adult CHD patients undergoing transplantation carry an early hazard for mortality compared with non-CHD recipients, but by 10 years posttransplant, CHD patients have a slight actuarial survival advantage.
EFFECTS OF THREE TYPES OF NONCONTINGENT AUDITORY STIMULATION ON VOCAL STEREOTYPY IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

We evaluated the effects of 3 types of noncontingent auditory stimulation (music, white noise, recordings of vocal stereotypy) on 2 children with autism who engaged in high rates of vocal stereotypy. For both participants, the music condition was the most effective in decreasing vocal stereotypy to near-zero levels, resulted in the highest parent social validity ratings, and was selected as most preferred in treatment preference evaluations.
Neural network retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from cloud-cleared AIRS/AMSU radiances

A novel statistical method for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture (relative humidity) profiles has been developed and evaluated with sounding data from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). The algorithm is implemented in three stages. First, the infrared radiance perturbations due to clouds are estimated and corrected by combined processing of the infrared and microwave data. Second, a Projected Principal Components (PPC) transform is used to reduce the dimensionality of and optimally extract geophysical profile information from the cloud-cleared infrared radiance data. Third, an artificial feedforward neural network (NN) is used to estimate the desired geophysical parameters from the projected principal components. The cloud-clearing of the infrared radiances was performed by the AIRS Science Team using infrared brightness temperature contrasts in adjacent fields of view and microwave-derived estimates of the infrared clear-column radiances to estimate and correct the radiance contamination introduced by clouds. The PPC compression technique was used to reduce the infrared radiance dimensionality by a factor of ~100, while retaining over 99.99 percent of the radiance variance that is correlated to the geophysical profiles. This compression allows the use of smaller, faster, and more robust estimators. A single-layer feedforward neural network with approximately 3000 degrees of freedom was then used to estimate the geophysical profiles in 1-km layers from the surface to 20 km. The performance of this method (henceforth referred to as the PPC/NN method) was evaluated using global EOS-Aqua orbits colocated with European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) fields for two days in 2003: September 3 and October 12. Over 15,000 footprints over ocean were used in the study. Retrieval performance compares favorably with that obtained with simulated observations from the NOAA88b radiosonde set of approximately 7500 profiles. The PPC/NN method requires significantly less computation than traditional variational retrieval methods, while achieving comparable performance
Multiuser Diversity in Cellular Downlink Using the Queued-Code

We consider the problem of providing explicit quality of service (QoS) guarantees to multiple users sharing a downlink time-slotted fading channel. We present a scheduler that can achieve a significant gain in terms of QoS, compared to a scheduler that uses a fixed time-slot assignment. QoS guarantees are provided for each user by using the queued-code framework which efficiently captures both, the queuing behavior at the link layer, and encoding/decoding at the physical layer. Numerical results show that our approach results in significantly better QoS compared to the fixed-slot assignment scheme, in a variety of communication scenarios.
Clinical Features and Outcome of Patients with Direct Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction Resulting from Left Circumflex Artery Occlusion

Background Little is known about the clinical features and outcome of patients with left circumflex artery (LCX) infarct-related acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study was conducted to investigate the clinical features and outcome of patients who underwent direct percutaneous coronary intervention (d-PCI) for AMI caused by LCX occlusion, and to discover prognostic determinants in this clinical setting. Methods and results Between May 1993 and October 2000, a total of 819 patients with AMI underwent d-PCI in our hospital. Sixty-seven patients (8.2%) who had LCX infarct-related AMI constituted the population of this study. Ten of 67 patients (14.9%) were in cardiogenic shock. Angiographic findings demonstrated that the incidences of triple-vessel disease, reference lumen diameter (RLD) of the LCX ≥ 4.0 mm, and LCX as the dominant artery in these patients were 26.9%, 22.4%, and 34.3%, respectively. Sixteen patients (23.9%) had unsuccessful reperfusion (defined as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow ≤ 2). Univariate analysis showed that dominant LCX, RLD of the LCX ≥ 4.0 mm, cardiogenic shock, precordial ST-segment depression, and complete atrioventricular block were significantly related to unsuccessful reperfusion. Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that dominant LCX and cardiogenic shock were significant independent predictors of unsuccessful reperfusion. The 30-day mortality rate in the 67 patients was 14.9%. Univariate analysis demonstrated that triple-vessel disease, dominant LCX, cardiogenic shock, poor left ventricular ejection fraction, and unsuccessful reperfusion were significantly associated with 30-day mortality. By multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis, dominant LCX, cardiogenic shock, and triple-vessel disease were significant independent predictors of increased 30-day mortality. Conclusions LCX infarct-related AMI has its unique clinical features. The presence of dominant LCX and cardiogenic shock were independent determinants of unsuccessful reperfusion, and the presence of dominant LCX, cardiogenic shock, and triple-vessel disease were independent determinants of increased 30-day mortality in this clinical setting.
Distressed Aircraft Recovery Technique Algorithms with Probabilistic Dynamic Safety Metrics

This paper details the newly developed novel probabilistic safety metrics to be used in determining safe flight paths dynamically following an in-flight distress event. These new safety metrics consider all possible paths to landing sites within reach and includes probability of rescue safety. Probabilities for three phases of the mission are analyzed: enroute, touchdown/rollout and evacuation/rescue. Two statistical components of the safety metrics are defined: the measure of the safety of the in-flight path and weighting of the outcomes. The Weibull distribution function is used to collapse the entire abort decision model and random decision variables. The path safety formulation is developed and solved using numerical optimization techniques. It can also predict the effects due to any change to planned landing site dynamically. Two realistic case studies one from the West and the other from the East coast are simulated using these formulations. Results show that the nearest landing sites are not always the safest ones showing the benefits of this newly developed safety metric. The path safety levels are plotted as a function of mission safety probability values using innovative polar plots that provide useful information to pilots.
Transforming Temporal Knowledge: Conceptual Change between Event Concepts

This paper offers a preliminary analysis of conceptual change between event concepts. It begins with a brief review of the major findings of cognitive studies on event knowledge. The script model proposed by Schank and Abelson was the first attempt to represent event knowledge. Subsequent cognitive studies indicated that event knowledge is organized in the form of dimensional organizations in which temporally successive actions are related causally. This paper proposes a frame representation to capture and outline the internal structure of event concepts, in particular, their causal connections. The frame representation offers an effective method to analyze the relations between event concepts, and to expose the unique cognitive mechanisms behind conceptual change involved event concepts. Finally this paper shows that the frame representation of event concepts is instrumental to understanding an important historical episode of conceptual change in the context of nineteenth-century optics.
Well-defined, high molecular weight poly(3-alkylthiophene)s in thin-film transistors: side chain invariance in field-effect mobility

In this paper, the effect of side chain length on transistor performance was analyzed by using a series of well-defined, regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) samples (with PDI values as low as 1.1). Both untreated and octyltrichlorosilane-treated (OTS) SiO2 transistor dielectric layers were compared for all samples. On untreated SiO2, P3AT with hexyl side chains showed the best mobility, with mobilities as high as 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, and mobility values then decreased slightly with longer side-chain length. When using OTS-8 treated SiO2, on the other hand, mobility values remained high even with polymers of longer side-chain length, obtaining mobilities as high as 0.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for hexyl, octyl and dodecyl side chains, which were much higher than previously reported values. Carrier mobilities of P3ATs with longer side chains were seen to be more sensitive to surface chemistry than for P3ATs with shorter side chains. Using morphological and GIXS studies, we found that for longer side chains, self-assembly is governed by two competing processes—backbone packing (π-stacking) and side-chain packing—that resulted in polymorphic behavior and disorder. On an OTS-treated surface, interactions between dielectric surface and side chains were reduced, resulting in better order at the interface and higher mobility.
Incident Clustering: Diagnostic Approach for Assessing Usability of Intersections and Other Road Sites

During the course of an FHWA-sponsored research project, driver errors in crashes and near-crashes (i.e., critical incidents) were investigated, and an analysis approach was developed with which to identify infrastructure-related and non-infrastructure-related problems at intersections and other roadway sites. Referred to as a specific site critical incident analysis, this analysis approach consisted of four general steps: (a) selection of a site, (b) careful review of the site's critical-incident data, (c) determination of the potential critical-incident contributing factors, and (d) identification of incident clusters. An incident cluster is a group of critical incidents with similar characteristics that occur at the same location. From these incident clusters, researchers gained insight into potential infrastructure-related and non-infrastructure-related causal factors associated with critical incidents and, subsequently, could redesign solutions. An overview is presented of the incident cluster approa...
Purinoreceptor P2X7 Regulation of Ca2+ Mobilization and Cytoskeletal Rearrangement Is Required for Corneal Reepithelialization after Injury

The process of wound healing involves a complex network of signaling pathways working to promote rapid cell migration and wound closure. Activation of purinergic receptors by secreted nucleotides plays a major role in calcium mobilization and the subsequent calcium-dependent signaling that is essential for proper healing. The role of the purinergic receptor P2X7 in wound healing is still relatively unknown. We demonstrate that P2X7 expression increases at the leading edge of corneal epithelium after injury in an organ culture model, and that this change occurs despite an overall decrease in P2X7 expression throughout the epithelium. Inhibition of P2X7 prevents this change in localization after injury and impairs wound healing. In cell culture, P2X7 inhibition attenuates the amplitude and duration of injury-induced calcium mobilization in cells at the leading edge. Immunofluorescence analysis of scratch-wounded cells reveals that P2X7 inhibition results in an overall decrease in the number of focal adhesions along with a concentration of focal adhesions at the wound margin. Live cell imaging of green fluorescent protein–labeled actin and talin shows that P2X7 inhibition alters actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and focal adhesion dynamics after injury. Together, these data demonstrate that P2X7 plays a critical role in mediating calcium signaling and coordinating cytoskeletal rearrangement at the leading edge, both of which processes are early signaling events necessary for proper epithelial wound healing.
Country ideology and the California Vowel Shift

Addressing the dearth of variation research in nonurban, noncoastal regions of California, this study examines the extent to which speakers in Redding, an inland community just north of the Central Valley, participate in the California Vowel Shift (CVS). We acoustically analyze the fronting of the back vowels boot and boat, the raising of ban and backing of bat, and the merger of bot and bought, in sociolinguistic interviews with 30 white lifelong residents. Results reveal a change in apparent time for all analyzed variables, indicating the CVS's progression through the community, though not as robust as in urban, coastal areas. Additionally, we provide evidence that shifting patterns for different vowels are structured by the ideological divide between town and country. Thus, as the CVS spreads through Redding, speakers utilize particular features of the shift differently, negotiating identities relevant in California's nonurban locales.
Trauma center verification and a more inclusive system: identifying unnecessary criteria for level lll/lV centers

INTRODUCTION: More inclusive trauma systems have been associated with better patient outcomes. However, the costs required by hospitals to participate as an ACS verified trauma center may serve as a barrier, particularly for potential Level III/IV centers. Eliminating unnecessary requirements may facilitate recruitment of more centers. We hypothesized that there are verification criteria that are infrequently used by Level III and IV centers.
The Ethics of Real Estate Agents: A Comparison of Realtor and Public Perceptions

This paper reports the results of nationwide opinion surveys of the public and Realtors concerning real estate agent ethics. Among other things, the data indicates no significant difference between...
Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scales Based on Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing: A Systematic Review

Identification of pharyngeal residue severity located in the valleculae and pyriform sinuses has always been a primary goal during fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Pharyngeal residue is a clinical sign of potential prandial aspiration making an accurate description of its severity an important but difficult challenge. A reliable, validated, and generalizable pharyngeal residue severity rating scale for FEES would be beneficial. A systematic review of the published English language literature since 1995 was conducted to determine the quality of existing pharyngeal residue severity rating scales based on FEES. Databases were searched using controlled vocabulary words and synonymous free text words for topics of interest (deglutition disorders, pharyngeal residue, endoscopy, videofluoroscopy, fiberoptic technology, aspiration, etc.) and outcomes of interest (scores, scales, grades, tests, FEES, etc.). Search strategies were adjusted for syntax appropriate for each database/platform. Data sources included MEDLINE (OvidSP 1946-April Week 3 2015), Embase (OvidSP 1974-2015 April 20), Scopus (Elsevier), and the unindexed material in PubMed (NLM/NIH) were searched for relevant articles. Supplementary efforts to identify studies included checking reference lists of articles retrieved. Scales were compared using qualitative properties (sample size, severity definitions, number of raters, and raters' experience and training) and psychometric analyses (randomization, intra- and inter-rater reliability, and construct validity). Seven articles describing pharyngeal residue severity rating scales met inclusion criteria. Six of seven scales had insufficient data to support their use as evidenced by methodological weaknesses with both qualitative properties and psychometric analyses. There is a need for qualitative and psychometrically reliable, validated, and generalizable pharyngeal residue severity rating scales that are anatomically specific, image-based, and easily learned by both novice and experienced clinicians. Only the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale, an anatomically defined and image-based tool, met all qualitative and psychometric criteria necessary for a valid, reliable, and generalizable vallecula and pyriform sinus severity rating scale based on FEES.
The World According to Orientalism

This is a foreword to a special issue of the Journal of Comparative Law, based on a symposium on the theme of “Legal Orientalism.” By way of introduction, this essay considers briefly the methodological status of Orientalism in the study of law.
Count-Based Research in Management Suggestions for Improvement

We review 11 years (2001-2011) of management research using count-based dependent variables in 10 leading management journals. We find that approximately one out of four papers use the most basic P...
Intestinal disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the dog.

Summary1. Lactase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestine of the dog sacrificed soon after birth was higher than that in adult animals. The activity of these 2 enzymes during the first few weeks after birth decreased and reached their lowest levels in the adult animals. Sucrase and maltase activity, on the other hand, were low in the young dogs and highest in the adult dogs. 2. The activity of all the enzymes measured, lactase, sucrase, maltase and alkaline phosphatase was highest in the proximal and middle sections of the adult dog small intestine and decreased strikingly toward the distal portions.
Changes in Menidia beryllina Gene Expression and In Vitro Hormone-Receptor Activation After Exposure to Estuarine Waters Near Treated Wastewater Outfalls

Fishes in estuarine waters are frequently exposed to treated wastewater effluent, among numerous other sources of contaminants, yet the impacts of these anthropogenic chemicals are not well understood in these dynamic and important waterways. Inland silversides (Menidia beryllina) at an early stage of development [12 days posthatch (dph)] were exposed to waters from two estuarine wastewater-treatment outfall locations in a tidal estuary, the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta (California, USA) that had varied hydrology and input volumes. The genomic response caused by endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in these waters was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction on a suite of hormonally regulated genes. Relative androgenic and estrogenic activities of the waters were measured using CALUX reporter bioassays. The presence of bifenthrin, a pyrethroid pesticide and known EDC, as well as caffeine and the anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical ibuprofen, which were used as markers of wastewater effluent input, were determined using instrumental analysis. Detectable levels of bifenthrin (2.89 ng L−1) were found on one of the sampling dates, and caffeine was found on all sampling dates, in water from the Boynton Slough. Neither compound was detected at the Carquinez Strait site, which has a much smaller effluent discharge input volume relative to the receiving water body size compared with Boynton Slough. Water samples from both sites incubated in the CALUX cell line induced estrogenic and androgenic activity in almost all instances, though the estrogenicity was relatively higher than the androgenicity. Changes in the abundance of mRNA transcripts of endocrine-responsive genes and indicators of general chemical stress were observed after a 96-h exposure to waters from both locations. The relative levels of endocrine response, changes in gene transcript abundance, and contaminant concentrations were greater in water from the Boynton Slough site despite those effluents undergoing a more advanced treatment process. The availability of a widely geographically distributed estuarine model species (M. beryllina) now allows for improved assessment of treated effluent impacts across brackish, estuarine, and marine environments.
Research on Optimization Degree Evaluation of Energy Structure Under Low-carbon Economy Paradigm

The structural contradictions are mainly shown as the energy bottleneck in China. Based on theory of energy economics,this paper puts forward three dimensions which are social and economic benefits,energy planning benefits as well as environment benefits,from the perspective of requirements of low-carbon economy to energy structure. Analyzing elements of the various dimensions,it identifies twelve measurement indexes and the weight of each index by the theory of rough set,combined with AHP,establishing the low-carbon factor. Based on this,it sets the grading standards,and it carries on comprehensive measurement and evaluation of multiindexes for optimization degree of energy structure by unascertained measure evaluation model for ten provinces. The results show the indexes,including planning of renewable energy,energy efficiency,carbon dioxide and COD,are important to the optimization degree evaluation of energy structure,not the population or the situation of energy supply to demand,and illustrate thet validity of the approach and rationality of the assessment result.
Exploring Binding In Color and Object Memory

Working memory was used to determine if binding exists in certain color and object combinations. Two types of objects were compared: naturally colored objects and unnaturally colored objects. Ten s...
8 – Anatomic and Physiologic Aspects of the Pulmonary Parenchyma

Chapter 8 describes important anatomic and physiologic aspects of the pulmonary parenchyma, paving the way for an overview in Chapter 9 of how anatomy and physiology are altered by diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. The anatomy focuses on the two major types of epithelial cells comprising alveolar walls—type I and type II epithelial cells. Their appearance and functions are considered, particularly noting the importance of alveolar type I cells as providing the major surface area of the alveolus, whereas type II cells produce surfactant and are important in maintaining and repairing the injured alveolar epithelium. The section on physiology relating to the pulmonary parenchyma expands upon the discussion of gas exchange at the alveolar level that is covered in Chapter 1 . Additionally, the concept of compliance as the relationship between distending pressure and lung volume is reviewed, and the shifting of compliance curves in diffuse parenchymal lung disease downward and to the right is described.
Tweeting traffic image reports on the road

As mobile phones have the ability to act as participatory sensors, we are beginning to witness the popularity of crowdsourcing and the sharing of traffic reports to improve the quality of the driving experience. This paper presents the architecture and implementation of a system called Social Vehicular Navigation (SVN), which allows users to generate and share geo-tagged image traffic reports called NaviTweets. Based on these traffic reports, Traffic Digests (concise snapshot summaries on the route of interest) are delivered to drivers to provide rich and reliable information supporting the route choice. These digests will complement factors such as the estimated travel time and assist the driver on their route choice decision making. The paper presents the initial design, along with a prototype implementation running on the Android platform, and details a user study conducted to evaluate the influence of providing traffic images on route-choice behavior.
Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndromes and coronary stenting

### Learning objectives Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) consisting of aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist (either a thienopyridine (clopidogrel or prasugrel) or a cyclopentyl-triazolopyrimidine (ticagrelor)) is the cornerstone of antithrombotic treatment after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and after coronary stenting. Treatment with DAPT after stent implantation reduces both stent thrombosis (ST) and cardiac ischaemic events that are caused by coronary lesions outside the stented segment, albeit at the cost of an increased risk of bleeding. The optimal duration of DAPT that incorporates this complex interaction between efficacy and safety remains debateable. Although treatment for 12 months with DAPT had been considered a standard of care for years, the plethora of evidence-based data from recent years suggest that shorter or longer durations may yield preferred outcomes in different patient populations. This article aims to provide readers a thorough and contemporary overview of the evidence, current guidelines’ recommendations and future perspectives on DAPT duration after an ACS and after coronary stenting. In addition, it proposes a simple algorithm of optimal duration of DAPT in these settings. ### Dual antiplatelet therapy Activated platelets play a major role in the pathophysiology of coronary atherothrombosis and thus their inhibition has been the cornerstone of treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD)1 (figure 1). Aspirin, a cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, has long been the ‘gold standard’ antiplatelet agent used in the prevention of atherothrombosis, yet despite treatment with aspirin, the risk for recurrent cardiovascular (CV) events remained substantial.2 In the early …
Inhibition of pulmonary carcinogenesis in mouse models of lung cancer by antitumor B.

ED06-03 Antitumor B (ATB) is a Chinese herbal mixture of six plants. Previous studies have shown significant chemopreventive efficacy of ATB against human esophageal and lung cancers. Here, we determined the effect of ATB on the development of lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas using two different protocols (complete and progression) and on the development of lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Treatment with ATB caused a significant reduction in both tumor multiplicity and tumor volume in the complete protocol and reduced the progression of adenomasto adenocarcinomas. Moreover, ATB treatment inhibited the development of lung SCCs by more than 3-fold. Small-animal imaging techniques (MRI and CT) were employed for characterization of mouse lung adenocarcinomas and SCCs. Next, ATB was enriched via extraction with decreasing concentrations of ethanol in water, resulting in four fractions. The three useable fractions were designated FA, FB, and FC. These enriched fractions, together with ATB, were used to determine their effects on cell growth, cell cycle regulation, and transactivation of activated protein 1 (AP-1). Treatment of a mouse lung tumor cell line (MC7) with ATB and its fractions caused cell growth inhibition, and arrested the cells at G1 phase of cell cylce. Promoter assay of AP-1 showed that ATB and its fractions caused a decrease of AP-1 activity. The effect of ATB on AP-1 appears to be mediated by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). ATB and the fraction FA showed a similar effect on the MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that ATB is a potent inhibitor of pulmonary carcinogenesis of both adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, at least in part, mediated, at least in part, by impairing signaling pathways leading to activation of AP-1.
Open-Fit Domes and Children with Bilateral High-Frequency Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Benefits and Outcomes.

Open-fit domes (OFDs) coupled with behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids were designed for adult listeners with moderate-to-severe bilateral high-frequency hearing loss (BHFL) with little to no concurrent loss in the lower frequencies. Adult research shows that BHFL degrades sound localization accuracy (SLA) and that BTE hearing aids with conventional earmolds (CEs) make matters worse. In contrast, research has shown that OFDs enhance spatial hearing percepts in adults with BHFL. Although the benefits of OFDs have been studied in adults with BHFL, no published studies to date have investigated the use of OFDs in children with the same hearing loss configuration. This study seeks to use SLA measurements to assess efficacy of bilateral OFDs in children with BHFL. To measure SLA in children with BHFL to determine the extent to which hearing loss, age, duration of CE use, and OFDs affect localization accuracy. A within-participant experimental design using repeated measures was used to determine the effect of OFDs on localization accuracy in children with BHFL. A between-participant experimental design was used to compare localization accuracy between children with BHFL and age-matched controls with normal hearing (NH). Eighteen children with BHFL who used CE and 18 age-matched NH controls. Children in both groups were divided into two age groups: older children (10–16 yr) and younger children (6–9 yr). All testing was done in a sound-treated booth with a horizontal array of 15 loudspeakers (radius of 1 m). The stimulus was a spondee word, “baseball”: the level averaged 60 dB SPL and randomly roved (±8 dB). Each child was asked to identify the location of a sound source. Localization error was calculated across the loudspeaker array for each listening condition. A significant interaction was found between immediate benefit from OFD and duration of CE usage. Longer CE usage was associated with degraded localization accuracy using OFDs. Regardless of chronological age, children who had used CEs for 6 yr showed immediate localization interference using OFDs. Development, however, may play a role in SLA in children with BHFL. When unaided, older children had significantly better localization acuity than younger children with BHFL. When compared to age-matched controls, children with BHFL of all ages showed greater localization error. Nearly all (94% [17/18]) children with BHFL spontaneously reported immediate own-voice improvement when using OFDs. OFDs can provide sound localization benefit to younger children with BHFL. However, immediate benefit from OFDs is reduced by prolonged use of CEs. Although developmental factors may play a role in improving localization abilities over time, children with BHFL will rarely equal that of peers without early use of minimally disruptive hearing aid technology. Also, the occlusion effect likely impacts children far more than currently thought.
THE POWER OF METAPHORS FOR EXPLAINING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESIGROUPS

Cultural differences and similarities provide rich opportunities for interpersonal learning, understanding, and growth. Metaphors may help group leaders and members explore pertinent cultural issues. Illustrations from an interpersonally oriented process group demonstrate the use of metaphors to facilitate multicultural understanding.
Identifying and characterizing preventable adverse drug events for prioritizing pharmacist intervention in hospitals.

Purpose The approach and results for identifying and characterizing preventable adverse drug events (pADEs) that are key targets for pharmacist medication therapy management (MTM) are summarized. Methods This study was part of a larger effort aimed at developing an electronic health record–based prediction model (the complexity score, or C-score) that ranks hospitalized patients according to their risk for pADEs. An environmental scan of published epidemiologic pADE studies and national patient safety priority areas was conducted. The final list of candidate pADEs was then disseminated to ASHP members and a national technical expert panel (TEP) to evaluate the importance, prevalence, severity, preventability, and measurability of these pADEs. Polychoric correlation tests were performed to evaluate and quantify associations between importance and any of the constructs’ mean rankings for each individual pADE. Results The environmental scan yielded a total of 21 candidate pADEs, including drug-induced acute kidney injury, falls, respiratory depression, altered mental status, hemorrhage, hepatic failure, hypoglycemia, seizures, hypotension and bradycardia, ileus, blood dyscrasias, severe electrolyte imbalances, prolonged hyperglycemia, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled arrhythmia, stress ulcers, hospital-acquired infections, uncontrolled hospital-acquired or community-acquired infection, uncontrolled pain, and venous thromboembolism. The survey confirmed all pADEs were important. Ranking of overall importance was mainly driven by perceived pADE severity and, to a lesser extent, by preventability and prevalence ratings. Conclusion A literature review and survey of ASHP and TEP members were used to compile a list of important hospital-acquired pADEs for incorporation into a model for prioritizing patients for MTM services.
The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system correlates with cost of care for diabetic foot ulcers treated in a multidisciplinary setting.

Abstract Objective We have previously demonstrated that the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification correlates with wound healing time in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) treated in a multidisciplinary setting. Our aim was to assess whether the charges and costs associated with DFU care increase with higher WIfI stages. Methods All patients presenting to our multidisciplinary diabetic limb preservation service from June 2012 to June 2016 were enrolled in a prospective database. Inpatient and outpatient charges, costs, and total revenue from initial visit until complete wound healing were compared for wounds stratified by WIfI classification. Results A total of 319 wound episodes in 248 patients were captured, including 31% WIfI stage 1, 16% stage 2, 30% stage 3, and 24% stage 4 wounds. Limb salvage at 1 year was 95% ± 2%, and wound healing was achieved in 85% ± 2%. The mean number of overall inpatient admissions (stage 1, 2.07 ± 0.48 vs stage 4, 3.40 ± 0.27; P P P P ≥ .10). The total cost of care per wound episode increased progressively from stage 1 ($3995 ± $1047) to stage 4 ($50,546 ± $4887) wounds ( P P P = .72). Overall, hospital total revenue increased with increasing WIfI stage (stage 1, $4182 ± $1185 vs stage 4, $55,790 ± $5540; P Conclusions Increasing WIfI stage is associated with a prolonged wound healing time, a higher number of surgical procedures, and an increased cost of care. While limb salvage outcomes are excellent, the overall cost of DFU care from presentation to healing is substantial, especially for patients with advanced (WIfI stage 3/4) disease treated in a multidisciplinary setting.
De la comunión política a la fragmentación estatal: crimen, ley y soberanía en Carlos Fuentes y Juan Rulfo.

The author analyzes the late work of Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes to think about the Mexican political system and its transformations. Also, the author uses the figure of Pedro Paramo as an example of total sovereignty in comparison with the state fragmentation and the multi-sovereign forms that Carlos Fuentes uses in his novels as tools to demonstrate how the transformations have operated in Mexico: from a strong state to a fragmented government surrounded by other forms of control such as globalization, crime, and necroempowerment.
Aggressive Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma: Population-Based Analysis of Incidence, Demographics, Treatment, and Outcomes.

BACKGROUNDAs a rare cutaneous malignancy, epidemiologic and outcomes data for aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (ADPA) are limited and no treatment guidelines exist.OBJECTIVETo provide a population-based study of ADPA incidence and outcomes with a subgroup comparison of patients with local
Tree-clustering schemes for constraint-processing

The paper offers a systematic way of regrouping constraints into hierarchical structures capable of supporting information retrieval without backtracking. The method involves the formation and preprocessing of an acyclic database that permits a large variety of queries and local perturbations to be processed swiftly, either by sequential backtrack-free procedures, or by distributed constraint-propagation processes.
Graft Compatibilities in Vitro

Micrografting is a means of propagation that involves fusing small pieces of tissue, either in vivo or in vitro. Although relatively new and cumbersome, micrografting has already produced startling results. For example, micrografting has been used to produce healthy citrus orchards and rejuvenate trees, and will be a valuable tool for investigating the transition from juvenile to adult growth (see review by Jonard 1986).
Pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae with transient proteinuria.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia can be associated with several systemic features. This report illustrates a case of M pneumoniae pneumonia with transient proteinuria in an adult who recovered completely. Direct infection of the kidneys or an immunologic mechanism may have been the underlying cause. This patient also had simultaneous pharyngitis caused by group A β-hemolytic streptococci. Various clinical possibilities with respect to pneumonia, pharyngitis, and proteinuria are briefly reviewed.
An industry test for ethnic discrimination in major league soccer

This paper tests for salary discrimination based on player ethnicity in Major League Soccer (MLS) by making innovative use of player movements in a unique setting. The discriminating team investiga...
Use of primary breast carcinoma characteristics to predict lymph node metastases.

The concise, pertinent article by Drs. Barth, Craig, and Silverstein highlights the need for and ability of primary tumor characteristics to predict the incidence of regional lymph node metastases. To develop reliable criteria for patients who do not require axillary lymph node dissection and to gauge the usefulness of axillary lymph node dissection, primary tumor characteristics are critical. The article by Barth et al. is particularly valuable because it represents results from a small number of surgeons and pathologists working closely together in a well organized breast cancer clinic with extensive prospective data collection and analysis of consecutive axillary lymph node dissections in 918 patients with lesions of T1 size (°2 cm). It provides particularly fertile ground for the exploration of primary tumor features to make judgments regarding the likelihood of axillary lymph node metastases and the need for axillary lymph node dissection, because these smaller carcinomas are being observed with much greater frequency as a result of widespread mammographic screening. Because the impact of mammographic screening has increased greatly in the 1990s, it would be even more useful if the authors analyzed their data by consecutive time periods, e.g., comparing 1979 through 1987 with 1988 through 1995. This would display truly contemporary data in the latter group and might accentuate their conclusions. The greatest morbidity of current breast carcinoma management is that resulting from axillary lymph node dissection. This surgery requires general anesthesia, a brief hospitalization, short lived but significant postoperative morbidity, and a long term risk of ¢15% of arm edema and breast edema that, on occasion, can be disabling, as well as considerable expense (estimated at approximately $10,000). There is no more important goal in the near future for the manageSee reply to counterpoint on pages 1862–4 and ment of breast carcinoma patients than to find ways to eliminate referenced original article on pages 1918–22, this issue. axillary lymph node dissection so that primary breast carcinoma management can consist of largely outpatient procedures with negligible Address for reprints: Blake Cady, M.D., Departshort and long term surgical morbidity. The only reason currently for ment of Surgical Oncology, New England Deaaxillary lymph node dissection is to provide prognostic information coness Hospital, 110 Francis Street, Suite 2H, based on the presence and number of lymph node metastases and Boston, MA 02215. their size (micrometastases vs. macrometastases), which in turn leads to judgments regarding the need to utilize adjuvant systemic therapy Received November 16, 1996; accepted December 13, 1996. to proportionally reduce recurrence rates and improve survival. Axil-
Empowering structured light to enhance chirality detection and characterization at nanoscale

We demonstrate that the detection of material chirality is possible by employing a large category of electromagnetic fields rather than using the standard method based on two plane waves with circular polarization. We illustrate that any set of two fields with equal electric and magnetic energy densities and non-zero difference between their helicity densities lie within the proposed category. This suggests a one-to-one relation between maximizing the helicity density of fields and maximizing the probability of chirality detection of inclusions. Therefore, with the goal of maximizing detection sensitivity, we find an upper bound for helicity density of generic electromagnetic fields which is attributed to a specific polarization of the fields. Then, we elaborate that chirality characterization, i.e., determining the strength of chirality, of nanoparticles samples is achieved only within a subcategory of convenient fields introduced for detection. Briefly, this subcategory consists of electromagnetic fields with helicity densities that reach the proposed upper bound. We further offer two examples of structured lights, i.e., an optical beam composed of properly phase shifted azimuthally and radially polarized beams, and also specific nearfields, which belong to the proposed category and demonstrate how a specially engineered beams and/or nanoantennas substantially improve the chirality detection of nanoparticles by locally maximizing the helicity density of the excitation fields. We finally show that both the introduced optical beam and the proposed nanoantenna enable chirality characterization by offering fields reaching the upper bound of the helicity density.
The prognostic effect of anatomic subsite in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background Since most HPV-associated disease occurs in the tonsillar-related areas (TRA) – palatine and lingual tonsils, the effect of HPV on survival in non-tonsillar oropharyngeal subsites (nTRA) is not well established. The objective of this study was to use a large population-based cohort to investigate the survival impact of HPV in nTRA subsites versus TRA subsites. Methods This SEER database study was conducted by stratifying the HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer cohort into two primary groups, TRA and nTRA. Results HPV-positive squamous cell cancer was significantly more common in TRAs (73%) compared to nTRAs (31.2%, p Conclusion Patients with HPV-positive OPSCC in nTRAs had poorer survival outcomes compared to patients with HPV-positive OPSCC in TRAs.