cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who creates food abundance?: Agricultural policy decision structures and productivity in developing countries

Abstract In answering the question whether agricultural productivity growth is affected by the mix of actors and structures in agricultural policy making, major actors and decision structures were evaluated in each of 42 countries by panels of specialists. Actors associated positively with productivity growth Included ministries of agriculture, international bodies and elections; those negatively associated with growth were the president/prime minister and the national planning agency. Autonomous decision structures were more likely than integrative structures to have experienced rapid growth in agricultural productivity, and were much more likely to be found in developed countries. However, transitional decision structures are available to developing countries.
On the life and work of Mischa Cotlar

The life of Mischa Cotlar is very difficult to imagine for an American or West European mathematician born and educated in a democratic society. In fact, Cotlars life and mathematical career were uncommon in every sense. Both were shaped by exile and expatriation. His family was de facto expelled from his native Russia by the Bolshevik revolution. His father, an engineer that loved mathematics, music, and chess, managed a mill. That job made him part of the “bourgeoisie,” and the Cotlar children were not allowed to attend school. The Cotlars became pariahs and somehow they managed to leave Russia and to settle in Montevideo, Uruguay. The family was extremely poor, and led an impecunious and harsh existence. The father run a kiosk that sold newspapers. The young Cotlars still could not attend school, but Cotlars father detected Mischas mathematical and musical talents. Mischa became an accomplished musician who played the piano in shady cabarets in Montevideo and Punta del Este. At the same time, Mischa studied advanced mathematics by himself and, with the help of the Uruguayan mathematician Rafael Laguardia, moved to Buenos Aires. The encounter of Mischa with Argentina was magic–he became for ever Argentinian. Once in Buenos Aires, Mischa met several budding mathematicians–Yanny Frenkel, a young student of Rey Pastor; Alberto P. Calderon, a young engineer interested in mathematics; Manuel Sadosky and Cora Ratto, my parents. Mischa married Yanny and the four became close friends. Together they navigated the disagreeable consequences of Peronism–since they were not card–holding members of the Peronist Party they were barred from regular positions at the University of Buenos Aires, and could only get temporary low–paying jobs without future. Mischa and Calderon were saved for mathematics by an enlightened postwar American foreign policy to attract scientific talent. American mathematicians that started their careers at the end of the 20th century may have difficulty in conceiving that such a clever American policy could have ever existed. During the 1950s, some of the most prominent American mathematicians visited Buenos Aires to scout for bright students. Thus, Zygmund, Birkhoff, Stone and others gave seminars at the university and immediately identified two extraordinary raw talents, Alberto P. Calderon and Mischa Cotlar. At the end of the visit, Zygmund took with himself Calderon to Chicago, while, once again, the fate of Mischa was more convoluted. George Birkhoff had asked for a Guggenheim Foundation fellowship for Mischa. Unfortunately, Birkhoff died upon return to the U.S., and nobody knew about the fellowship. Two years later, Garrett Birkhoff, his son, found the letter from his father asking the Guggenheim Foundation to support Cotlar. Thus Mischa, still
Plasma Stimulation of Migration of Macrophages: Plasma Stimulation of Migration …

Plasma has been shown to be effective against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have documented the selectivity of plasma against cancer cells with minimal or reduced damage to normal cells. However, complete remission of cancer following plasma treatment has not been achieved yet. In the body, the immune system plays a vital role in the prevention and control of cancer. Presence of cells of the adaptive immune system in the tumor microenvironment is usually an indicator of good prognosis.[1] Since immune cell migration is a key initial step towards defense against diseases, it is important to evaluate the influence of plasma treatment on such cellular functions. Here we show that treatment with nanosecond-pulsed non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge enhances migration of macrophages in vitro.
Mean and turbulent velocity fields near rigid and flexible plants and the implications for deposition

[1] The transport of fine sediment and organic matter plays an important role in the nutrient dynamics of shallow aquatic systems, and the fate of these particles is closely linked to vegetation. We describe the mean and turbulent flow near circular patches of synthetic vegetation and examine how the spatial distribution of flow is connected to the spatial distribution of suspended sediment deposition. Patches of rigid, emergent, and flexible, submerged vegetation were considered, with two different stem densities. For the rigid emergent vegetation, flow adjustment was primarily two-dimensional, with flow deflected in the horizontal plane. Horizontal shear layers produced a von Karman vortex street. Flow through the patch shifted the vortex street downstream, resulting in a region directly downstream of the patch in which both the mean and turbulent velocities were diminished. Net deposition was enhanced within this region. In contrast, for the flexible, submerged vegetation, flow adjustment was three-dimensional, with shear layers formed in the vertical and horizontal planes. Because of strong vertical circulation, turbulent kinetic energy was elevated directly downstream of the patch. Consistent with this, deposition was not enhanced at any point in the wake. This comparison suggests that morphological feedbacks differ between submerged and emergent vegetation. Further, enhanced deposition occurred only in regions where both turbulent and mean velocities were reduced, relative to the open channel. Reduced deposition (indicating enhanced resuspension) occurred in regions of high turbulence kinetic energy, regardless of local mean velocity. These observations highlight the importance of turbulence in controlling deposition.
Free and Easy Wandering among Upbuilding Discourses: A Reading of Fables in Zhuangzi and Kierkegaard

Both Zhuangzi and Soren Kierkegaard use fables to portray humorous and clever insights about life. Here two fables are drawn from the first chapter of the Zhuangzi and compared from a variety of perspectives with two fables found in Kierkegaard's Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits. Questions about the value of comparing oneself with others, the character of dependence and independence, and matters related to self-identity and utility are explored. Contrasts related to theological concerns in Kierkegaard and their absence in Zhuangzi, as well as the former's promotion of wuwei spontaneity rather than Kierkegaard's emphasis on making determined choices are highlighted.
Clozapine's functional mesolimbic selectivity is not duplicated by the addition of anticholinergic action to haloperidol: a brain stimulation study in the rat

This study examined whether the anticholinergic potency of the clinically superior antipsychotic drug clozapine contributes to clozapine's anatomically-selective functional inhibition of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, using an electrical brain-stimulation reward (BSR) paradigm in rats that has been previously shown to be highly sensitive to clozapine's mesolimbic functional selectivity. Rats were chronically administered saline, clozapine, haloperidol, or haloperidol plus the anticholinergic compound trihexyphenidyl, and threshold sensitivity of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA systems was assessed using the BSR paradigm, to infer degree of functional DA blockade produced by the chronic drug regimens. Chronic saline produced no change in either DA system. Congruent with previous findings, chronic clozapine powerfully inhibited the mesolimbic DA system but spared the nigrostriatal DA system. Also congruent with previous findings, chronic haloperidol powerfully inhibited both DA systems. Compared to chronic haloperidol alone, chronic haloperidol plus chronic trihexyphenidyl exerted diminished anti-DA action in both the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA systems. These results suggest that clozapine's anticholinergic potency is not an adequate explanation for its functional mesolimbic selectivity.
Brachial neuritis: an under-recognized cause of upper extremity paresis after cervical decompression surgery.

Study design Case series. Objective To identify an alternative etiology for the development of upper extremity weakness after cervical spine surgery. Summary of background data The development of proximal upper extremity paresis after cervical decompression surgery is commonly diagnosed as postoperative C5 palsy. Symptoms most commonly consist of weakness involving the deltoid and/or biceps brachii muscles, and in many patients there is also associated pain in the shoulder region with or without sensory deficits. Interestingly, the onset of symptoms is often delayed until days to weeks after surgery. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying postoperative C5 palsy remain unclear, although direct injury to the nerve root during surgery or a traction injury from a tethering phenomenon are frequently cited. These explanations seem unlikely, however, given the delayed onset of symptoms. Methods Two patients who underwent cervical decompression surgery with subsequent development of shoulder pain associated with proximal upper extremity weakness are presented. Results Based on clinical presentation and nerve conduction/EMG studies, both patients were diagnosed with brachial neuritis. This article describes an alternative diagnosis for the constellation of symptoms typically attributed to postoperative C5 palsy. Specifically, brachial neuritis is a type of peripheral neuropathy that involves the sudden onset of pain in the shoulder girdle followed by weakness, most commonly of the deltoid and spinati muscles. Conclusion Brachial neuritis appears to be an under-recognized cause of delayed-onset shoulder pain associated with upper extremity weakness that develops as a consequence of the stress of surgery rather than as a complication of surgical technique.
Creep and stress relaxation of an incompressible viscoelastic material of the rate type

Abstract In this work, a constitutive equation Tor an isotropic. nonlinear viscoelastic material of the rate type is introduced to study the nonlinear viscoelastic responses of rubber-like materials. This constitutive equation not only predicts creep, recovery, and stress relaxation processes which are of significant interest to engineering applications but also depicts these processes through a simple mathematical structure. The constitutive theory of the rate type generalizes the standard linear solid of classical linear viscoclasticity and contains the viscoelasticity of the differential type as its special case. It has been found that the stress relaxation process is characterized by a universal solution regardless of the response functions of the material. For the creep process, the only difference existing between the viscoelastic materials of the rate type and the differential type is the creeping speed. Closed form solutions are obtained for creep of a viscoelastic Mooney-Rivlin material in simple shear and a viscoelastic neo-Hookean material in simple extension.
A QUASILINEAR CLASSIFIER FOR COMPLETE SEPARATION OF A DICHOTOMY

We present a new classifier, which given any two distinct finite sets P, Q ⊂ Rn can construct a closed-form expression of a quasilinear surface that completely separates P and Q. The new classifier, which is based on gauged Lie groups, has low-polynomial space and time complexities and is particularly efficient on large sets P and Q wherein, modulo small subsets of P and Q, the sets P and Q are linearly separable.
Glycerine loading of liquid-storage-tank photoelastic models

The advantages of small-scale photoelastic-model analysis of welded-steel pressure vessels are well known. The object of a current investigation is to show that similar advantages accure in the analysis of complex reinforced-concrete liquid-storage tanks. This technical note describes the planning of a tank-model experiment and the stress-freezing procedure adopted for a model loaded by glycerine.
Measuring and Monitoring Progress Toward Health Equity: Local Challenges for Public Health

To address health disparities, local health departments need high-resolution data on subpopulations and geographic regions, but the quality and availability of these data are often suboptimal. The Boston Public Health Commission and the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health faced challenges in acquiring and using community-level data essential for the design and implementation of programs that can improve the health of those who have social or economic disadvantages. To overcome these challenges, both agencies used practical and innovative strategies for data management and analysis, including augmentation of existing population surveys, the use of combined data sets, and the generation of small-area estimates. These and other strategies show how community-level health data can be analyzed, expanded, and integrated into existing public health surveillance and program infrastructure to inform jurisdictional planning and tailoring of interventions aimed at achieving optimal health for all members of a community.
Evaluation of the Medicaid Buy-In Program in Washington State: Outcomes for Workers With Disabilities Who Purchase Medicaid Coverage

This study examines the effectiveness of Washington State’s Medicaid Buy-In (MBI) program—Healthcare for Workers With Disabilities (HWD)—which gives workers with disabilities who earn too much for ...
Adaptive-critic based optimal neuro control synthesis for distributed parameter systems

A neural network based optimal control synthesis approach is presented for systems modeled by partial differential equations. The problem is formulated via discrete dynamic programming and the necessary conditions of optimality are derived. For synthesis of the controller, we propose two sets of neural networks: the set of action networks captures the mapping between the state and control, while the set of critic networks captures the mapping between the state and costate. We illustrate the solution process with a parabolic equation involving a nonlinear term. For comparison, we consider the linear quadratic regulator problem for the diffusion equation, for which the Ricatti-operator based solution is known. Results show that this adaptive-critic based systematic approach holds promise for obtaining the optimal control design of both linear and nonlinear distributed parameter systems.
A Secondary Analysis of Race/Ethnicity and other Maternal Factors Affecting Adverse Birth Outcomes in San Bernardino County

Objectives Though it is the largest county in the lower United States, minimal attention has been given to the elevated rates of poor perinatal outcomes and infant mortality in San Bernardino County. This study sought to analyze adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight, and infant mortality as an outcome of specific proxy maternal sociodemographic factors. Methods Data from the California Department of Health Services Office of Vital Statistics birth cohort of mothers delivering between 1999 and 2001 (N = 1,590,876 participants) were analyzed. Of those, 5.5% (n = 86,736) were births in San Bernardino County. Low birth weight, very low birth weight, death in infants less than one year of age, and other maternal sociodemographic factors were explored. All events of low birth weight and deaths among infants less than one year of age were used as significant variables in statistical models. Results Black mothers experienced more than twice the rate of very low birth weight (3.89) than their White counterparts (1.39). The most significant contributors to adverse birth outcomes among Black women were length of gestation and maternal education, whereas the most significant predictor of infant mortality was birth weight. Conclusions This study demonstrates that traditional risk factors such as length of gestation and maternal age only partially explain adverse birth outcomes. These findings highlight the need to advocate for the systematic collection of data on maternal education and length gestation and for the promotion of public health initiatives that address these inequities in our most vulnerable of populations.
Ecological effects of low-level phosphorus additions on two plant communities in a neotropical freshwater wetland ecosystem.

We conducted a low-level phosphorus (P) enrichment study in two oligotrophic freshwater wetland communities (wet prairies [WP] and sawgrass marsh [SAW]) of the neotropical Florida Everglades. The experiment included three P addition levels (0, 3.33, and 33.3 mg P m−2 month−1), added over 2 years, and used in situ mesocosms located in northeastern Everglades National Park, Fla., USA. The calcareous periphyton mat in both communities degraded quickly and was replaced by green algae. In the WP community, we observed significant increases in net aboveground primary production (NAPP) and belowground biomass. Aboveground live standing crop (ALSC) did not show a treatment effect, though, because stem turnover rates of Eleocharis spp., the dominant emergent macrophyte in this community, increased significantly. Eleocharis spp. leaf tissue P content decreased with P additions, causing higher C:P and N:P ratios in enriched versus unenriched plots. In the SAW community, NAPP, ALSC, and belowground biomass all increased significantly in response to P additions. Cladium jamaicense leaf turnover rates and tissue nutrient content did not show treatment effects. The two oligotrophic communities responded differentially to P enrichment. Periphyton which was more abundant in the WP community, appeared to act as a P buffer that delayed the response of other ecosystem components until after the periphyton mat had disappeared. Periphyton played a smaller role in controlling ecosystem dynamics and community structure in the SAW community. Our data suggested a reduced reliance on internal stores of P by emergent macrophytes in the WP that were exposed to P enrichment. Eleocharis spp. rapidly recycled P through more rapid aboveground turnover. In contrast, C. jamaicense stored added P by initially investing in belowground biomass, then shifting growth allocation to aboveground tissue without increasing leaf turnover rates. Our results suggest that calcareous wetland systems throughout the Caribbean, and oligotrophic ecosystems in general, respond rapidly to low-level additions of their limiting nutrient.
Fracture mechanisms of fiber-reinforced titanium alloy matrix composites V: Fatigue crack propagation

Abstract The fatigue crack propagation behavior of several SCS-6 fiber-reinforced titanium alloy matrix composites at room temperature was studied. The testing was conducted in a tension-tension mode on specimens with a chevron notch perpendicular to the fiber direction. The maximum applied stress intensity ranged from 25 to 50 MPa m 1 2 . The fatigue crack growth rates at different applied stress intensity levels were measured. The fatigue damage mechanisms at each testing condition were also identified. Several damage mechanisms were observed at the crack tip including matrix cracking, fiber bridging, crack splitting and crack deflection. The loading conditions. fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength and matrix cracking stress under cyclic loading were the major microstructural parameters controlling the fatigue crack growth behavior. A modified frictional slip model was also to predict the fatigue crack propagation behavior and correlated with experimental results.
Micro-viscosity of liquid oil confined in colloidal fat crystal networks

Molecular rotors may be utilized as non-invasive, non-disruptive and highly sensitive alternatives to conventional measures of bulk viscosity when the oil is entrained in a colloidal fat crystal network. Oil viscosity changes based on the molecular confinement of the oil, which is dependent on its molecular volume. Changes in micro-viscosity were not dependent on the solids content, but instead were strongly dependent on the box-counting fractal dimension in high-space filling colloidal fat crystal networks (i.e., D > 1.89). A bulk oil viscosity is often an overestimation of the actual viscosity of the entrained oil and may not be appropriate when predicting diffusion in multi-phase materials.
Linear-space best-first search

Abstract Best-first search is a general heuristic search algorithm that always expands next a frontier node of lowest cost. It includes as special cases breadth-first search, Dijkstra's single-source shortest-path algorithm, and the A∗ algorithm. Its applicability, however, is limited by its exponential memory requirement. Previous approaches to this problem, such as iterative deepening, do not expand nodes in best-first order if the cost function can decrease along a path. We present a linear-space best-first search algorithm (RBFS) that always explores new nodes in best-first order, regardless of the cost function, and expands fewer nodes than iterative deepening with a nondecreasing cost function. On the sliding-tile puzzles, RBFS with a nonmonotonic weighted evaluation function dramatically reduces computation time with only a small penalty in solution cost. In general, RBFS reduces the space complexity of best-first search from exponential to linear, at the cost of only a constant factor in time complexity in our experiments.
Past orientation of the lunar spin axis.

The orientation of the lunar spin axis is traced from the early history of the earth-moon system to the present day. Tides raised on the earth by the moon have caused an expansion of the lunar orbit. Tides raised on the moon by the earth have de-spun the moon to synchronous rotation and driven its spin axis to a Cassini state - that is, in a coprecessing configuration, coplanar with the lunar orbit normal and the normal to the Laplacian plane (which is at present coincident with the normal to the ecliptic). This combination of events has resulted in a complex history for the lunar spin axis. For much of the period during which its orbital semimajor axis expanded between 30 and 40 earth radii, the obliquity of the moon was of order 25 to 50 deg. In fact, for a brief period the obliquity periodically attained a value as high as 77 deg; that is, the spin axis of the moon was only 13 deg from lying in its orbit plane.
Public employment programs, workfare, and welfare reform

This paper develops a spectrum of government work programs, from mandatory workfare to more progressive fair work. This model is then used to look at the work programs developed under the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, the most significant welfare reform in six decades, that ended the entitlement to welfare and mandated wage-work and work activities.
Smoking cessation: the psychological costs.

Abstract To assess the psychological effects of smoking cessation, 21 subjects in a smoking treatment program were evaluated at the beginning of therapy and 4 months later. No differences were observed in reported affect, use of mental health facilities, psychotropic medications, or alcohol. A statistically but not clinically significant weight increase was observed. It is concluded that within some contexts smoking cessation need not be as stressful as popularly depicted.
Evaluation of transient time characteristics in the presence of capacitor switching

This paper focuses on the extraction of capacitor switching transient times and the evaluation of these time sequences. A unique automated voltage support experiment, responsible for the acquisition of capacitor switching transients and associated transient times, is presented. The network devices responsible for the creation of capacitor switching transients are analyzed. In the experiments presented, the device analyzed is the commonly used General Electric Type FKC-2 motorized oil switch. A 1/f/sup /spl beta// trend is identified in the transient time data sequences, a unique result to the authors' knowledge. This observation introduces the possibility of predicting the future occurrence of a capacitor switching event and, therefore, taking preventive actions to avoid harmful effects due to resulting transients.
Metabolic Characteristics of Preparations of Isolated Sheep Thyroid Gland Cells. III. Oxidation of Substrates Involved in Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Krebs Cycle

1. The ability of sheep thyroid cells, isolated from follicles by a continuous-flow trypsinization procedure, to oxidize various carbons (14C-labeled) of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and alanine to CO2 was studied. The extent of conversion of each carbon to CO2, expressed per mg protein, by the isolated cells exceeded that by slices. Such findings reflect the higher specific activities of glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzymes previously reported for cells than for slices. 2. The addition of methylene blue to the medium increased the conversion of carbon 1 of glucose to CO2 much more than it did that of the 6th carbon. The effect of this oxidation reduction mediator was enhanced by the presence of thyrotropic hormone in the medium. 3. The oxidative patterns observed with 14C- labeled glucose, lactate, pyruvate and alanine in the experiments with isolated cells did not differ significantly from those observed with slices. This and other evidence cited further attest to the usefulness of the isolated cell prepara...
Studies of single crystal TiO2 (001) and (100) surfaces by reflection high energy electron diffraction and reflection electron microscopy

Abstract Reflection electron microscopy combined with reflection high energy electron diffraction has been used to investigate rutile (001) and (100) surfaces which are annealed in an oxygen atmosphere at 1425°C for 36 h. The stereoscopic observations on rutile surface structures have been accomplished by imaging at different azimuthal directions satisfying surface resonance conditions. The (001) surface is shown to be faceted on {214} planes. Large areas of flat terraces 0.5–1.0 microm wide and big steps 20–30 nm high are the main features observed on the rutile (100) surface. Strain fields near big step edges are responsible for the streaks observed in REM images. The slip traces observed on the (100) surface are along the [010] direction, which are consistent with the slip system {011} 〈011〉 of non-reduced bulk crystal. Contamination particles, acting as pinning sites along big steps, have significant influences on the surface morphology.
The use of cryostat microtomy in a simplified Golgi method for staining vertebrate neurons.

Abstract The use of cryostat and cryoprotective measures for processing Golgi impregnated brain tissue has shortened and simplified the method without loss of quality. The procedure contains the following steps: (1) the animal is perfused with phosphate-buffered paraformaldehyde and the brain removed for storage in the fixative; (2) the brain is rinsed in buffer, cut into 3- to 6-mm-thick blocks and placed in Ramon-Moliner's impregnation solution for 2–4 weeks; (3) the brain tissue is cryoprotected by soaking in 30% sugar for 24 h and then frozen and cut on a cryostat, the sections, being collected directly on slides; and (4) the mounted sections are then alkalized, fixed, rinsed, counterstained and rinsed again before dehydration, clearing and coverslipping.
Reductions in overshoot following intense sound exposures.

Overshoot refers to the poorer detectability of brief signals presented soon after the onset of a masking noise compared to those presented after longer delays. In the present experiment, brief tonal signals were presented 2 or 190 ms following the onset of a broadband masker that was 200 ms in duration. These two conditions of signal delay were tested before and after a series of exposures to a tone intense enough to induce temporary threshold shift (TTS). The magnitude of the overshoot was reduced after the exposure when a TTS of at least 10 dB was induced, but not when smaller amounts of TTS were induced. The reduction in overshoot was due to a decrease in the masked thresholds with the 2‐ms delay; masked thresholds with the 190‐ms delay were not different pre‐ and post‐exposure. The implication is that the mechanisms responsible for the normal overshoot effect are temporarily inactivated by the same stimulus manipulations that produce a mild exposure‐induced hearing loss. Thus the result is the parado...
SU‐FF‐T‐188: Dosimetric Evaluation of Parallel Opposed GRID Radiation Therapy for Deep‐Seated Bulky Tumors

Purpose: Grid radiation therapy, using single field of megavoltage x‐ray beam has been proven to be an effective method for management of bulky (>8 cm in diameter) malignant tumors. However, the effectiveness of this treatment modality for deep seated tumor is limited by the dose to the overlying normal tissue. In this investigation the use of parallel opposed beam is being evaluated for treatment of deep seated bulky tumors, using two different grid patterns. Method and Materials:Dosimetriccharacteristics of single field and parallel opposed radiation field were experimentally determined with film in Solid Water phantom material and using ion chamber in water. These measurements were performed with 6 and 18 MV x‐ray beams from a Varian Clinac 2100EX linear accelerator. Two different Grid block patterns, fabricated by Radiation Products Design, Inc. were utilized in these investigations. The GRID blocks molded into a cerrobend block of 7.5 cm thickness were manufactured with hole diameters of 5.9 mm and 8.5 mm. Results:Dose profiles and percentage depth doses of two GRID blocks for the parallel opposed beam were compared with a single radiation field. The results of these investigations indicated that with a 5.9 mm GRID block, dose to the overlaying normal tissue at dmax reduced from 200% for a single field to 100%, for the same tumordose, with equally weighted parallel opposed fields. Similarly, for the 8.5 mm GRID block, dose to normal tissue at dmax were reduced from 185% to 100%. Conclusion: Parallel opposed GRID therapy resulted in a substantial decrease in dosedelivered to the normal tissues for the same prescribed tumordose. Thus, parallel opposed GRID radiotherapy is a viable option for treatment of deep‐seated bulky tumor. With this technique, the tumordose can be increased for a higher therapeutic result.
WEALTH AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: PERMANENT AND TRANSITORY EFFECTS

This paper examines the permanent and transitory effects of changes in wealth, the top federal marginal income tax rate, and capital gains tax rate on the distribution of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI). This paper establishes the importance of wealth in determining the distribution of AGI, and results here suggest that its effects can negate the permanent effect of a change in both tax rates. Of the two tax rates, the capital gains tax rate is the most important for AGI distribution. The marginal income tax rate is notably less important for long run behavior, but does have short run impacts.
Geomorphic evidence for neotectonism in central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Abstract Neotectonism is evident on the normal fault system along the south side of the Sweetwater graben in central Wyoming. An 8 m-high scarp, eroded to a slope angle of 17°, offsets a gravel-capped topographic bench that stands 129 m above the adjacent drainage. Based upon a local incision rate of 0.22 m/1000 yrs, the scarp is younger than 600,000 yrs B.P. The rate is extrapolated from the elevation of a radiocarbon-dated archaeological site located between the lower and upper terraces of the Sweetwater River. Numerical ages are estimated for a sequence of Pleistocene benches, Sweetwater River terraces and recurrent displacements along the fault system.
Studies on the structure of blue-green algae virus LPP-1

Abstract Blue-green algae virus LPP-1 has a head capsid hexagonal in projection, with edge-to-edge distance of 600 ± 20 A, and a short tail 200 A long and 150 A in diameter attached to one of the head capsid vertices. These observations made on intact virus particles have been extended by electron microscopic and preliminary chemical characterization of separated heads and tails. Purified heads dissociated in 6 M urea show a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9; this component of the head protein elutes from a calibrated G-100 Sephadex column in a volume corresponding to a molecular weight of 17,500. Since the molecular weight of the total head protein is 24–28 × 10 6 , the head is comprised of 1400–1600 structure units. Purified tail preparations contain at least three distinguishable particles: cylinders 200 A long × 105 A in diameter, capped cylinders 300 A long, and joined cylinders 400–450 A long. These probably correspond to tails without capitals, tails with capitals, and tail dimers, respectively. End views of the tail include pinwheels on which six elements are clearly resolved.
Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human deoxycytidine kinase gene.

Abstract Deoxycytidine kinase (NTP:deoxycytidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.74) is an enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of deoxyribonucleosides and a number of nucleoside analogs that are important in antiviral and cancer chemotherapy. Deficiency of this enzyme activity is associated with resistance to these agents, whereas increased enzyme activity is associated with increased activation of such compounds to cytotoxic nucleoside triphosphate derivatives. To characterize the regulation of expression of this gene, we have isolated genomic clones encompassing its entire coding and 5' flanking regions and delineated all the exon/intron boundaries. The gene extends over more than 34 kilobases on chromosome 4 and the coding region is composed of 7 exons ranging in size from 90 to 1544 base pairs (bp). The 5' flanking region is highly G+C-rich and contains four regions that are potential Sp1 binding sites. A 697-bp fragment encompassing 386 bp of 5' upstream region, the 250-bp first exon, and 61 bp of the first intron was demonstrated to promote chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in a T-lymphoblast cell line and to have > 6-fold greater activity in a Jurkat T-lymphoblast than in a Raji B-lymphoblast cell line. Our data suggest that these 5' sequences may contain elements that are important for the tissue-specific differences in deoxycytidine kinase expression.
Automated approaches to characterizing educational digital library usage: linking computational methods with qualitative analyses

The need for automatic methods capable of characterizing adoption and use has grown in operational digital libraries. This paper describes a computational method for producing two, inter-related, user typologies based on use diffusion. Furthermore, a case study is described that demonstrates the utility and applicability of the method: it is used to understand how middle and high school science teachers participating in an academic year-long field trial adopted and integrated digital library resources into their instructional planning and teaching. Use diffusion theory views technology adoption as a process that can lead to widely different patterns of use across a given population of potential users; these models use measures of frequency and variety to characterize and describe such usage patterns. By using computational techniques such as clickstream entropy and clustering, the method produces both coarse- and fine-grained user typologies. As a part of improving the initial coarse-grain typology, clickstream entropy improvements are described that aim at better separation of users. In addition, a fine-grained user typology is described that identifies five different types of teacher-users, including "interactive resource specialists" and "community seeker specialists." This typology was validated through comparison with qualitative and quantitative data collected using traditional educational field research methods. Results indicate that qualitative analyses correlate with the computational results, suggesting automatic methods may prove an important tool in discovering valid usage characteristics and user types.
A Numerical Study to Investigate the Relationship between Moisture Convergence Patterns and Orography in Central Mexico

Abstract This study examines small-scale orographic effects on atmospheric moisture convergence at the ridge–valley scale in the Grande de Santiago River basin in central Mexico during a major monsoon storm on 13–14 August 1999. The simulation was performed using a coupled land–cloud resolving model on three nested grids (at 12-, 3-, and 1-km resolutions). The specific objective is to investigate the physical mechanisms that explain the regional space–time organization of orographic precipitation and cloudiness identified in the region from satellite data. The overarching goals of the research were 1) to characterize the effects of landform and topography-flow geometry relationships on the spatial distribution of precipitation and clouds, especially with regard to the role of mountain winds and lateral drainage flows, and 2) to assess the influence of land–atmosphere interactions (specifically latent and sensible heat fluxes) on moisture convergence patterns during monsoon storms. The model results indica...
Painlevé analysis of the three-dimensional Burgers equation

Abstract A Painleve analysis of the 1+3D Burgers equation is carried out and used to obtain a Backlund transformation that maps a sub-class of solutions of the equation onto a linear heat-like equation. The analysis generalizes the Backlund transformation for the 1+2D Burgers equation obtained previously. Both real and complex solutions of the 1+3D Burgers equation are obtained.
Successful epidural anaesthesia for a patient with Takayasu's arteritis presenting for caesarean section.

The management of a 24-yr-old parturient with Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) presenting at term for Caesarean section is discussed. The best anaesthetic management for the patient with TA is controversial, but avoiding regional anaesthesia has been suggested by some authors because of the risk of hypotension and the subsequent need for vasopressors. We report the use of regional anaesthesia in a term parturient with severe TA undergoing Caesarean section. Anaesthesia was provided with chloroprocaine 3%, via a lumbar epidural catheter. The initial doses of 60 mg and 150 mg were followed by a decrease in BP (from 110/70 to 70/40) which was corrected with iv fluids and ephedrine 25 mg. Additional doses of chloroprocaine, 150 and 90 mg, were uneventful. It is concluded that an epidural can be made in safety to provide anaesthesia for Caesarean section in patients with TA.
THYROID-OVARIAN RELATIONS III. MORPHOLOGIC OVARIAN CHANGES IN ESTROGEN TREATED THYROHYPERPLASTIC RATS1

IN A PREVIOUS PAPER (I) we reported that the responses of hyperplastic thyroids of rats to the withdrawal, substitution and superimposition of estrogen and progestrogen differ from those of normal thyroids. We are reporting here observations indicating that the effect of an estrogen on the ovaries of rats afflicted with thyroid hyperplasia differs from that on the ovaries of rats with normal thyroids. It is well known that the cessation of anterior pituitary function is followed by abrupt ovarian changes. Morphologically this is characterised by three distinct phases: failure of primordial follicles to mature, persistence of corpora lutea (2), and typical and constant changes in the appearance of the cells of the interstitial apparatus (3). Only replacement therapy by means of gonadotropic substances can arrest or reverse these changes (2, 3). It may be taken for granted, therefore, that the presence of morphologic changes in the ovaries similar to those found after hypophysectomy are indicative of pituit...
The influence of amines on the rates of the Zn(II) catalyzed decarboxylation of oxaloacetate

Abstract It is shown that Zn(II) is able to form mixed ligand complexes in the presence of various amines, L, and oxac 2− . The rate of decarboxylation of the oxac 2− in these mixed ligand complexes is consistent with a rate constant that is little influenced by the nature of L, and a formation constant that is normal, but reflects the charge and denticity of L.
Enveloped Viruses Disable Innate Immune Responses in Dendritic Cells by Direct Activation of TAM Receptors

Upon activation by the ligands Gas6 and Protein S, Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinases promote phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells and downregulate immune responses initiated by Toll-like receptors and type I interferons (IFNs). Many enveloped viruses display the phospholipid phosphatidylserine on their membranes, through which they bind Gas6 and Protein S and engage TAM receptors. We find that ligand-coated viruses activate TAM receptors on dendritic cells (DCs), dampen type I IFN signaling, and thereby evade host immunity and promote infection. Upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses that are elevated in comparison to wild-type cells. As a consequence, TAM-deficient DCs are relatively resistant to infection by flaviviruses and pseudotyped retroviruses, but infection can be restored with neutralizing type I IFN antibodies. Correspondingly, a TAM kinase inhibitor antagonizes the infection of wild-type DCs. Thus, TAM receptors are engaged by viruses in order to attenuate type I IFN signaling and represent potential therapeutic targets.
Evaluating the effects of spatial resolution on hyperspectral fire detection and temperature retrieval

Abstract Hyperspectral data covering a wavelength range of 1.2–2.5 μm can be used to detect fires and model fire temperature and background land cover. Previous work has used hyperspectral data acquired from airborne platforms, limiting spatial resolution to finer than 20 m. The Hyperspectral InfraRed Imager (HyspIRI), a proposed hyperspectral/thermal infrared mission, will provide hyperspectral data over a spectral range of 0.35–2.5 μm at a spatial resolution of 60 m. This study uses airborne hyperspectral data to investigate changes in modeled fire temperature and area as spatial resolution is varied from 5 m to coarser than 60 m. Four images containing active fires were acquired by the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), with spatial resolutions ranging from ~ 5 to ~ 20 m. Gaussian and aggregation resampling methods were compared for one scene containing fire, and both resampling methods were found to produce similar radiance values. As spatial resolution coarsened, the area flagged as having fire by the hyperspectral fire detection index (HFDI) increased. Fire temperature modeled using a multiple endmember spectral mixing model decreased at coarser spatial resolutions, while the modeled fire fractional area increased. Coarser spatial resolution hyperspectral data, including data collected by HyspIRI, are likely to provide increased fire area and lower temperatures when compared against simultaneously acquired higher spatial resolution data. Saturation in shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands was found in all four images, and increasing SWIR saturation thresholds could lead to improvements in fire characterization.
Characterization of human cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing domperidone N-dealkylation and hydroxylation in vitro

Aims To confirm the identity of the major metabolites of domperidone and to characterize the cytochrome P450s (CYPs) involved in their formation.
The restructuring of institutional long-term care in St. John's: Impact of supply-induced demand on planning

Restructuring of institutional long-term care was undertaken using predictions of future bed need with assumptions made on incidence rates of clients defined by type of disability, survival, and demographic changes. Recent substantial increase in the population rate of clients seeking placement across all degrees of disability, coincident with new facilities for those with modest disability, occurred. Consequently, more appropriate housing and supervised care beds, and more limited downsizing of nursing homes will be required.
The Application of Mcclelland's National Development Model to Recent Data

Summary The model of economic development associated with McClelland (1961) hypothesizes that a rise in need achievement (nAch) precedes a rise in rate of development. One result by McClelland showed a significant positive correlation between nAch (1925) and growth in electrical energy production (1929–1950). Newer data presented here showed a zero correlation between nAch (1950) and growth in electrical production (1950–1971). In addition a negative correlation was found between nAch (1950) and national income growth (1950–1971). It was suggested that the McClelland model is an inappropriate model of economic development at least for the present historical period.
Specificity of PGE2 analogs interaction between food intake and antisecretory effect

We evaluated the degree of acid suppression that occurred when enprostil, a dehydro-pros taglandin E2 (PGE2) methyl ester analog, was administered before (anti-cibum AC) or after a meal (post-cibum PC). A double-blind, randomized, single-dose, parallel-group design compared enprostil, 35 mcg, 25 min AC or 5 min PC, with placebo AC or PC in 30 healthy adults. Enprostil or placebo was administered at time 0 and a standard beef test meal was ingested at 25 min, followed 5 min later by enprostil or placebo. A second test meal was consumed at 210 min. Intragastric titration was performed from 30 to 390 min. Subjects receiving enprostil-AC or enprostil-PC secreted less (P < 0.05) acid compared to placebo; however, the antisecretory effects of enprostil-AC or enprostil-PC were similar throughout the duration of study. Minor adverse reactions were present in 1330 subjects and confined to those receiving enprostil. In contrast to the previously reported potentiation of trimoprostil, a trimethyl-desoxy-PGE2 analog, antisecretory activity by food (1), enprostil-PC did not result in more prominent or prolonged suppression of gastric acid secretion than enprostil-AC. There is an apparent specificity of different oral PGE2 analogs with regard to their antisecretory activity in the presence or absence of food.
Modeling the effects of Hurricane Hugo on spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity and soil carbon and nitrogen in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico

Hurricanes account for much of the spatial and temporal variation in forest productivity and soil organic matter pools in many forest ecosystems. In this study, we used an ecosystem level model, TOPOECO, to simulate the effects of Hurricane Hugo (18 September 1989) on spatial and temporal patterns of gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen over the entire Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico, a tropical rainforest. Our simulation results indicated that simulated annual GPP increased by an average of 30% five years after Hugo in the Tabonuco forest at low elevations where there was a fast recovery of the canopy, whereas simulated GPP decreased by an average of 20% in the Palm and Dwarf forests at high elevations as a result of the slow recovery of the canopy. Simulated annual NPP in the Palm and Dwarf forests also did not recover to pre-Hugo levels within 5 years. Simulated storages of SOC, CO2 emission from decomposition of SOC and total soil nitrogen increased slightly but N mineralization rate increased significantly in all four vegetation types due to the massive input of plant materials from Hugo at low elevations and the slow decomposition at high elevations.
Research in Practice: Teacher Empowerment through Action Research

(1997). Research in Practice: Teacher Empowerment through Action Research. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 34-38.