cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concomitant extraction of bio-oil and value added polysaccharides from Chlorella sorokiniana using a unique sequential hydrothermal extraction technology

Abstract To make algal bio-fuel economically viable, extraction of value added co-products along with oil, appears absolutely necessary. The major barrier in algal co-product development is the lack of an efficient separation technology. To address this issue a unique two-step sequential hydrothermal liquefaction (SEQHTL) technology for the simultaneous production of value-added polysaccharides and bio-oil from algal-biomass was developed. The first step involves the subcritical water extraction of valuable algal ( Chlorella sorokiniana ) polysaccharides at 160 °C. The polysaccharide rich water extract was removed and precipitated with ethanol. In the next step, the extracted biomass was liquefied to bio-oil at 300 °C. The yield of bio-oil by SEQHTL was 24% of the dry weight. In addition, this method also extracted 26% of the polysaccharides present whereas; direct hydrothermal liquefaction (DIRHTL) only generated 28% bio oil. In the SEQHTL method bio-char formation was remarkably low, and as such, SEQHTL produce 63% less bio-char than DIRHTL. The yield of bio-char production is negatively correlated to polysaccharide content ( p > 0.98) suggesting majority of carbohydrates present in algal biomass were converted into bio-char. This conversion did not significantly influence the bio-oil production. Comparative GC-FID, GC–MS, NMR, FT-IR analysis and ESI-MS of the bio-oil extracted by SEQHTL with DIRHTL showed no significant differences. Elemental analysis of the SEQHTL bio-oil demonstrated that it contained 70% carbon, 0.8% nitrogen, and 11% oxygen. This method demonstrates an important proof-of-concept step towards the concomitant production of value added co-products, along with bio-oil, from algal biomass.
Treatment of cytomegaloviral pneumonia with high-dose acyclovir and human leukocyte interferon.

Thirteen recipients of bone marrow transplants were given high-dose acyclovir and ainterferon (Cantell interferon) for the treatment of biopsy-proven cytomegaloviral pneumonia. Three patients survived. Doses of acyclovir between 500 and 1,000 mg/m2 of body surface area (peak plasma levels, 7-86 g/ml) and doses of interferon between 2 x 104 and 40 x 104 units/kg per day (peak serum levels, 5-608 units/ml) were given. No consistent antiviral effect was seen despite the large doses employed. Possible marrow toxicity associated with this regimen occurred in five patients, neurologic symptoms in two, and nephrotoxicity in one. Thus, treatment with high-dose acyclovir plus a-interferon was moderately toxic but ineffective against cytomegaloviral pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation. Pneumonia due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a frequent and often fatal occurrence after bone
Low temperature oxidation of Fe2+ surface sites on the (2 × 1) reconstructed surface of α-Fe2O3(011­2)

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) were used to study the interaction of molecular oxygen with the (2x1) reconstructed surface of hematite α-Fe2O3(011bar2) under UHV conditions. The (2x1) surface is formed from vacuum annealing of the ‘ideal’ (1x1) surface and likely possesses Fe2+ surface sites. While O2 does not stick to the (1x1) surface at 120 K and high temperature, the amount of O2 adsorbed at 120 K on the (1x2) surface that can be recovered in TPD was estimated to be ~0.5 ML, with additional O2 irreversibly adsorbed based on subsequent H2O TPD. Molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed O2 is seen to modify the surface chemistry of H2O both in the form of stabilized OH groups and blocking of H2O adsorption sites. While O2 adsorption at low temperature does not transform the (2x1) surface into the (1x1) surface, the influence of O2 on the (2x1) surface involves both charge transfer from surface Fe2+ sites and formation of an ordered c(2x2) structure resulting from O2 dissociation.
8.3.3 Unique Identification Yields Total Asset Visibility from Lust to Dust – P236

This paper is based on application of an approach to globally unique item identification that fully integrated into the design, development, manufacture, use and disposal of a system will revolutionize the business processes of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). As this approach becomes embedded in the Department's business practices and “flowed down” to Prime Contractors and Suppliers it will revolutionize item marking and use much like the Universal Product Code (UPC) did for consumer goods. Ultimately Unique Identification (UID) and a commercial equivalent, the Electronic Product Code (EPC), will transform serialization and item management globally. In this paper I will explain what drove the development of the need and the approach that has resulted. Practical examples of implementation will be provided and a “business case” will be supported. In the end, I expect to convince the reader that this mandatory DoD policy should be embraced not only in the DoD, but supported throughout the United States Government and international communities.
Multilevel Assessment of Fish Species Traits to Evaluate Habitat Degradation in Streams of the Upper Midwest

Abstract We used species traits to examine the variation in fish assemblages for 21 streams in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion along a gradient of habitat disturbance. Fish species were classified based on five species trait-classes (trophic ecology, substrate preference, geomorphic preference, locomotion morphology, and reproductive strategy) and 29 categories within those classes. We used a habitat quality index to define a reference stream and then calculated Euclidean distances between the reference and each of the other sites for the five traits. Three levels of species trait analyses were conducted: (1) a composite measure (the sum of Euclidean distances across all five species traits), (2) Euclidean distances for the five individual species trait-classes, and (3) frequencies of occurrence of individual trait categories. The composite Euclidean distance was significantly correlated to the habitat index (r = −0.81; P = 0.001), as were the Euclidean distances for four of the five individual s...
Frequency tripler with integrated back-to-back barrier-n-n/sup +/ (bbBNN) varactor diodes in a novel split-waveguide block at 220 GHz

A frequency tripler has been developed using an integrated planar back-to-back barrier-n-n/sup +/ (bbBNN) varactor device in a waveguide mount at 220 GHz. The multiplier is based on a novel split-waveguide block design and a new fully integrated planar device architecture. Planar GaAs bbBNN devices have been combined with quartz microstrip filters in a wafer level circuit integration process. A flange-to-flange tripling efficiency of 5%, the highest yet reported from a bbBNN structure at this frequency, has been obtained. Details of the device fabrication process, block design and measured performance are presented. >
Two Handed Selection Techniques for Volumetric Data

We developed three distinct two-handed selection techniques for volumetric data visualizations that use splat-based rendering. Two techniques are bimanual asymmetric, where each hand has a different task. One technique is bimanual symmetric, where each hand has the same task. These techniques were then evaluated based on accuracy, completion times, TLX workload assessment, overall comfort and fatigue, ease of use, and ease of learning. Our results suggest that the bimanual asymmetric selection techniques are best used when performing gross selection for potentially long periods of time and for cognitively demanding tasks. However when optimum accuracy is needed, the bimanual symmetric technique was best for selection
Assessing diets to improve world health: nutritional research on disease causation in populations

Dietary assessment plays a crucial role in our ability to detect relationships between dietary exposure and disease causation. Nutritional problems are at the root of major mass diseases that are impediments to progress toward national and international health goals. This is true for chronic undernutrition and famine as well as many of the chronic diseases afflicting middle-aged and elderly people in industrialized and developing countries. High-quality dietary assessment provides a sound scientific foundation for the primary prevention of mass diseases, whereas inadequate assessment can produce false-negative results and result in apparent inconsistencies between cross-population and within-population findings for a particular disease. The critical role of dietary assessment in the elucidation of disease causation is discussed with regard to high blood pressure, heart disease, breast cancer, and several other major chronic diseases. Improved approaches to dietary assessment need to be made more widely known, not only among research scientists and health practitioners, but also among policymakers who require high-quality dietary data for establishing nutrition goals and making policy decisions.
The inner ear fluids in man.

The microchemical analysis of human inner ear fluid has not only advanced our knowledge of inner ear function in normal and pathological states, but also has added another dimension to our diagnostic armamentarium in inner ear disease. The purpose of this thesis is 1 To review and evaluate all pertinent literature concerning the chemistry of human inner ear fluids. 2 To determine what percentage of inner ear fluids can be collected without contamination by hemolyzed cells (hemoglobin) or erythrocytes. 3 To study the glucose concentrations in human inner ear fluid in various pathological states. 4 To present the data from uncontaminated endolymph samples in Meniere's disease. 5 To study the correlation between the clinical picture of acoustic neurinoma and the results of inner ear fluid analysis. 6 To evaluate the present status of diagnostic labyrinthotomy (labyrinthine tap).
A transmission scheduling algorithm for mixed traffic: high and low priority

The authors are concerned with the effective accommodation of mixed traffic (high and low priority) by the cellular ISDN system. They consider two mutually independent traffic streams sharing a single common channel for transmission. The two streams have different arrival and required transmission time characteristics, as well as different delay constraints. The authors present and analyze an algorithm for accommodating both traffics on the common transmission medium, so that the expected throughput of the system is high and the expected per message delays for both traffics are low. Numerical results are presented. >
Fuzzy reinforcement compliance control for robotic assembly

Compliance inherently involves modification of the robot trajectory based on the contact forces occurring during the motion and enables the robot to perform a variety of manipulation tasks which require fine motion skills. Learning of active compliance behavior can endow a robot with some form of autonomous intelligence which can be very useful for the control of manipulators working in a partially known environment and for manufacturing automation. This paper reports on the acquisition of robot fine motion skills by means of learning a compliance control strategy using fuzzy reinforcement learning. The fuzzy reinforcement compliance controller is applied to a typical robotic assembly task and its performance is compared with other learning controllers.
Effects of fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil and sufentanil on loss of consciousness and bispectral index during propofol induction of anaesthesia

The bispectral index (BIS) and a sedation score were used to determine and compare the effect of propofol in the presence of fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil and sufentanil. Seventy-five non-premedicated patients were assigned randomly into five groups (15 in each) to receive fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil, sufentanil or placebo. Opioids were administered using a target-controlled infusion device, to obtain the following predicted effect-site concentrations: fentanyl, 1.5 ng ml−1; alfentanil, 100 ng ml−1; remifentanil, 6 ng ml−1; and sufentanil, 0.2 ng ml−1. After this, a target-controlled infusion of propofol (Diprifusor) was started to increase concentration gradually, to achieve predicted effect-site concentrations of 1, 2, and 4 µg ml−1. At baseline and at each successive target effect-site concentration of propofol, the BIS, sedation score and haemodynamic variables were recorded. At the moment of loss of consciousness (LOC), the BIS and the effect-site concentration of propofol were noted. The relationship between propofol effect-site concentration and BIS was preserved with or without opioids. In the presence of an opioid, LOC occurred at a lower effect-site concentration of propofol and at a higher BIS50 (i.e. the BIS value associated with 50% probability of LOC), compared with placebo. Although clinically the hypnotic effect of propofol is enhanced by analgesic concentrations of µ-agonist opioids, the BIS does not show this increased hypnotic effect.
Impact of a practice guideline for patients with atrial fibrillation on medical resource utilization and costs.

Health care resource utilization is high for patients presenting with acute atrial fibrillation (AF). The potential for treatment algorithms to safely reduce resource consumption in this setting has not been prospectively evaluated. We designed and implemented a practice guideline for the management of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with the primary diagnosis of AF, with emphasis on appropriate cardioversion, use of oral rate-controlling medications, and expedited referral to an outpatient AF clinic. We prospectively collected clinical and resource utilization data on all such patients for 14 months before and after institution of the guideline. Institution of the guideline was associated with a decreased rate of hospital admission (from 74% to 38%), with no differences in ED return visits or hospital readmission within 30 days. No strokes or deaths were observed. This large decrease in resource utilization during the intervention phase of the study translated to an average decrease in 30-day total direct health care costs of approximately $1,400 per patient. Our clinical and cost outcomes were minimally affected after statistical adjustment for baseline differences between study groups. We conclude that the implementation of our practice guideline was feasible, safe, and effective. Widespread adoption of such practices may have large financial implications for the health care system.
Digital filters for activation detection in unipolar cardiac electrograms

A limitation on the use of cardiac activation mapping is the inability to distinguish reliably between electrical activity occurring next to a sensing electrode and the effects of distant wavefronts. The authors modeled electrograms without local electrical activity by recordings in lesions created in canine epicardium by freezing, where, by definition, local electrical activity is not possible. Electrograms with local electrical activity were recorded in healthy myocardium. The authors present discriminators based on the frequency characteristics of unipolar electrograms. Different frequency bands were tested as discriminators and compared to the typically used first-derivative discriminator. >
Bias at the Racetrack: Effects of Individual Expertise and Task Importance on Predecision Reevaluation of Alternatives

These studies were designed to test cognitive dissonance theory's assertion that alternatives are not reevaluated before a choice. Participants viewed information about horses in a simulated race and rated each one's chance of winning three times before placing their bet and once after placing it. It was found that ratings of the chosen horse increased within the predecision period as well as after betting. Predecision bolstering occurred even when participants did not expect to bet, and predecision preference increased with task importance and participant expertise. The findings are attributed to maintenance of consistency throughout a cognitive system.
The design and characterisation of a high thermal efficiency leadframe with an integral heatspreader

The evolution, design, and characterization of a novel leadframe for plastic encapsulated devices are described, with details of its application in a 160-lead plastic quad flat pack. The challenges of putting a 400 mils square die dissipating 2.5 to 3 watts into this package were examined by finite difference analysis, and various arrangements of the leadframe were simulated until an optimum layout was derived. The leadframe was then refined in consultation with the frame manufacturers and device assemblers to achieve a solution which met all the manufacturability criteria. It was tested using a thermal test chip similar in size to the production chip, and its performance was compared with the options available. The test set-up used a miniature chamber in which the temperature was controlled by means of a bank of Peltier cells. The junction to ambient thermal resistance of the new design of leadframe was 28.6 degrees C per watt, a reduction of almost 25% over the standard leadframe. >
The β-Subunit of Human Choriogonadotropin Interacts with the Exodomain of the Luteinizing Hormone/Choriogonadotropin Receptor and Changes Its Interaction with the α-Subunit

Human CG (hCG) consists of a commonα -subunit and a hormone-specific β-subunit. Similarly, its receptor is also composed of two domains, an extracellular N-terminal half (exodomain) and a membrane-associated C-terminal half (endodomain). hCG initially binds the exodomain of the receptor after which the resulting hCG/exodomain complex is thought to interact with the endodomain. This secondary interaction is considered responsible for signal generation. Despite the importance, it is unclear which hormone subunit interacts with the exodomain or the endodomain. As a step to determine the mechanisms of the initial and secondary interactions and signal generation, we investigated the interaction of the hormone-specific β-subunit in hCG with the receptor’s exodomain. A photoactivable hCG derivative consisting of the wild-type α-subunit and a photoactivableβ -subunit derivative was prepared and used to label the exodomain. The analysis and immunoprecipitation of photoaffinity labeled exodomain demonstrate that th...
Individuals Are Continents; or, Why It's Time to Retire the Island Approach to Addiction

Individuals are not island isolates. This is an old insight that finds expression in indigenous worldviews, ancient philosophies, religious doctrine, and modern social theories. Even so, science remains encumbered by the false dichotomies and reductionism inherited from the capitalist revolution and reinforced by the fragmentation of modern life. This same heritage encumbers addiction research and efforts to devise effective interventions. It does so because the island concept at its core filters out the most decisive factors contributing to addiction. We therefore recommend its replacement with what we call the continental concept of the individual, which conceives of society and the natural environment as extensions of individual corporeal bodies. Such a theoretical reorientation has significant implications for intervention research and practice. More specifically, it radically expands the scope of what constitutes a valid intervention in the first place. We call this reorientation the continental appr...
Mutual admittance of slots on a cone: Solution by Ray technique

An approximate asymptotic Green's function for the surface magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole on a general convex conducting surface is developed. Based largely on the classical work of V. A. Fock and the current GTD recipes, this solution is presented in a form that admits ray interpretations, and can be simply evaluated. We apply the Green's function to calculate the mutual admittance between two slots on a cone. The numerical results are in very good agreement with experiments.
Specific attachment of aqueous-based microcapsules to macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells in vitro

Microcapsules were previously prepared composed of aqueous anionic polymers (e.g. alginate) and aqueous amines (e.g. spermine) and it was found that the aqueous-based microcapsules enhanced rotavirus-specific immune responses after oral or parenteral immunization of mice. In these studies, one has modified the amine moiety of aqueous-based microcapsules to bind covalently to avidin and the avidin-bearing microcapsules were linked to biotinylated antibodies specific for surface markers on murine macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells. Using fluorescence flow cytometry, it was found that antibody-coated microcapsules bound specifically to antigen-presenting cells (APC) in vitro. The availability of APC-specific microcapsules should allow for the uptake of antigens by specific APC, and further one's understanding of the relative capacities of different APC to induce antigen-specific immune responses.
Applying resource capability for planning and managing contingency reserves for software and information engineering projects

In project management, an important means to reduce risks is to provide adequate quantities of contingency reserve in terms of capital (fund), person, time (person hours), in the estimate of required project resources. Experienced project managers usually provide more accurate estimate of these quantities. The traditional project management methodologies, such as System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), were developed to handle software and information engineering projects of longer duration and larger number of project members. Many projects in modern days have short duration and smaller number of project members. They tend to follow newer methodologies, such as Agile Development, to adapt to the faster changes of modern technologies and user requirements. For a project manager, gathering information to properly create an effective project plan is like identifying a collection of problems and solving them. Solving problems needs supporting resources, which is analogous to the fact that projects need adequate supporting resources. Chang [1] proposed three elements of methods of problem solving with supporting resource capabilities. This paper proposes an approach that uses these resource capabilities to estimate and manage contingency reserves of a modern-day project in software or information engineering.
Retranslocation, Plant, and Soil Recovery of Nitrogen‐15 Applied to Bareroot Black Walnut Seedlings

Although retranslocation or nitrogen (N) derived from plants (NDFP) may account for more than 50% of the annual N demand in new growth of conifer seedlings, the proportional contribution of NDFP vs. current uptake or N derived from fertilizer (NDFF) in new growth of hardwood seedlings is relatively unknown. The current uptake was labeled with ammonium sulfate [(15NH4)2SO4] at the rate of 1.56 g N plant−1 and reared for 90 days in sand culture under greenhouse conditions, and NDFP vs. NDFF was quantified in new growth of half‐sib bareroot black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) seedlings. Nitrogen derived from plants accounted for 68 to 83% of the total N demand in new shoot growth of black walnut seedlings vs. NDFF (17 to 32%). Recovered applied fertilizer was 43% in soil and 9% in plants. The greater proportion of NDFP in new growth demonstrates the importance of retranslocation in meeting early N demand of transplanted black walnut seedlings.
Carbohydrate pathways of the endometrium. Effects on ovular growth.

Abstract From these data, it can be said that the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins is deranged in patients with the history of sterility and repeated abortions or congenital malformations. In these cases, all other conditions which could account for sterility or abortion were found to be in order. The abnormal histochemical changes, the alterations in the Krebs citric acid cycle, the decreased secretion of glucose-6-phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase together with the inability of the tissue to synthesize amino acids to RNA and DNA and hence on to the various enzymes needed in the carbohydrate metabolism probably indicate that the endometrial tissue in these patients was not carrying on the process of glycolysis or glycogenesis in a satisfactory manner. This may be due to (1) lack of estrogen and progesterone due to pituitary or ovarian failure, (2) anatomic, structural, and physiologic abnormality of the uterus and/or endometrium, (3) poor blood supply due to capillary disease, (4) a combination of all three factors. Any one of these factors may affect the amount of glucose and oxygen delivered to this tissue. In some instances these abnormal changes can be corrected by the proper use of the ovarian steroids.
Frequent transpositions of Drosophila melanogaster HeT-A transposable elements to receding chromosome ends.

Abstract HeT-A elements are a new family of transposable elements in Drosophila that are found exclusively in telomeric regions and in the pericentric heterochromatin. Transposition of these elements onto broken chromosome ends has been implicated in chromosome healing. To monitor the fate of HeT-A elements that had attached to broken ends of the X chromosome, we examined individual X chromosomes from a defined population over a period of 17 generations. The ends of the X chromosomes with new HeT-A additions receded at the same rate as the broken ends before the HeT-A elements attached. In addition, some chromosomes, approximately 1% per generation, had acquired new HeT-A sequences of an average of 6 kb at their ends with oligo(A) tails at the junctions. Thus, the rate of addition of new material per generation matches the observed rate of terminal loss (70-75 bp) caused by incomplete replication at the end of the DNA molecule. One such recently transposed HeT-A element which is at least 12 kb in length has been examined in detail. It contains a single open reading frame of 2.8 kb which codes for a gag-like protein.
Consciousness, Neurobiology and Quantum Mechanics: The Case for a Connection

Consciousness is generally considered to emerge from synaptic computation among brain neurons, but this approach cannot account for its critical features. The Penrose-Hameroff “Orch OR” model suggests that consciousness is a sequence of quantum computations in microtubules within brain neurons, shielded from decoherence to reach threshold for objective reduction (OR), the Penrose quantum gravity solution to the measurement problem. The quantum computations are “orchestrated” by neuronal/synaptic inputs (hence “Orch OR”), and extend throughout cortex by tunneling through gap junctions. Each Orch OR is proposed as a conscious event, akin to Whitehead’s philosophical “occasion of experience”, occurring in concert with brain electrophysiology. This chapter discusses the need for such an approach and its neurobiological requirements.
Microfluidic devices with templated regular macroporous structures for HIV viral capture.

There is a need to develop inexpensive, portable and easy-to-use devices for viral sample processing for resource-limited settings. Here we offer a solution to efficient virus capture by incorporating macroporous materials with regular structures into microfluidic devices for affinity chromatography. Two-dimensional simulations were first conducted to investigate the effects of two structures, a nanopost array and a spherical pore network, on nanoparticle capture. Then, the two structures were created in polymers by templating anodic aluminum oxide films and 3D close-packed silica particles, respectively. When the microdevices containing functionalized porous materials were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolation, capture efficiencies of 80–99% were achieved under a continuous flow. Comparatively, functionalized flatbed microchannels captured around 10% of HIV particles. As the characteristic dimensions of the nanostructures are tunable, such devices can be adapted for the capture of different submicron bioparticles. The high capture efficiency and easy-to-operate nature suit the needs of resource-limited settings and may find applications in point-of-care diagnostics.
Being or Sex, and Differences

This essay focuses on three differences, on the basis of which it eventually revises current conceptions of biopolitics. First, there is the difference between sex and sexual difference. Sex pertains to virtual time and is another term for the death drive or Being (or substance, in the Spinozian sense), as the power of its self-actualization, because of which Sex or Being is self-referential; by contrast, sexual difference introduces (actual) time and mortality. The second difference concerns sexual difference itself, as the two modes of having a rapport with the failed Oneness of Being, due to the latter’s self-referentiality. The third is the theoretical difference between Lacan and Deleuze, which – as I argue by focusing on central concepts such as automatism, machine, affect, signifier, virtual and actual time, death drive, narcissism, and lack – is structured like sexual difference, that is, as the abyss of incommensurability between the sexes that persists and is required, in spite of all similariti...
Xanthine oxidase formation during experimental ischemia of the equine small intestine.

Abstract We hypothesized that xanthine oxidase plays a role in the postischemic reperfusion injury in the equine small intestine. Under anesthesia, four horses and two ponies underwent ischemic strangulating obstructions of segments of the proximal jejunum, mid-jejunum and ileum. Prior to vascular occlusion, and at 1 h and 2 h of ischemia, full-thickness intestinal biopsies were collected for histopathological evaluation and for determination of combined xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) plus xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, and XO activity alone. The level of XO activity was expressed in percentage according to the ratio of XO/(XDH + XO). We found a nearly threefold increase in the combined level of XDH plus XO activity from ileum to duodenum (p less than 0.04). However, the preischemic level of % XO activity did not vary significantly (p = 0.61) between segments of jejuno-ileum. Likewise, no significant difference was noted between intestinal segments after ischemia. Therefore, the data from all intestinal segments were pooled for each time and analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test (one-tailed). Compared to the pre-ischemic level of % XO activity (median 27%), the % XO activity increased after 1 h of ischemia (median 37.0%), reaching statistical significance (p = 0.016). There were no statistical differences between the preischemic % XO activity and the % XO activity in non-ischemic bowel at the end of the anesthetic period. During ischemia, % XO activity increased, which lends credence to the importance of xanthine oxidase in previously-documented reperfusion injury in the equine small intestine.
Tumor-intrinsic oncogene pathways mediating immune avoidance

Immunotherapy is emerging as a major treatment for patients with cancer, predominantly via blocking immune inhibitory pathways and through adoptive T cell therapy. However, only a subset of patients shows clinical responses to these interventions. Emerging data indicates a correlation between clinical response and a pre-existing T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment. Tumor-intrinsic β-catenin activation has been identified as mediating exclusion of T cells from the tumor microenvironment and other oncogene pathways are being explored similarly. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune avoidance should identify new therapeutic targets for expanding efficacy of immunotherapies.
Transfer of a differentiated operant

Twelve rats were trained to differentiate responses on a DRL schedule where the limited hold (LH) of the schedule was either 2 or 4 sec. Two transfer groups (four Ss/group) were initially trained on LH4, while the remaining Ss were placed on LH2 condition. Following this training, transfer Ss were transferred either gradually or abruptly to the LH2 condition. The results (1) indicate that the transfer of a differentiated operant parallels transfer of discrimination and (2) suggest that the major distinction between stimulus discrimination and response differentiation resides in the locus (external or internal) of the cue controlling behavior.
Electronic and Chemical Analysis of a Metal-Insulator Interface Utilizing Transmission Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy at 5Å Spatial Resolution

Using a 0.5 nm diameter probe of 100 keV electrons, we have been able to detect significant changes in the transmission electron energy loss spectra in the region of valence shell and L23 shell excitation within a spatial extent of 0.4 nm of an Al-AlF3 interface. The spectra have been recorded with a dose significantly less than the critical dose for destruction of the AlF3.
Aggregation and Separation in Ternary Particle/Oil/Water Systems with Fully Wettable Particles

We report that a variety of ternary particle/liquid/liquid mixtures heavily aggregate or separate completely if (1) the particles are fully or almost fully wetted by one fluid, and (2) if the wetting fluid volume fraction is comparable to the particle volume fraction. Aggregation and separation do not happen if the particles are partially wetted by both fluids, in which case Pickering emulsions appear at all compositions. Rheological and geometric criteria for aggregation are proposed and compared with a state diagram of a ternary system composed of oil, water, and hydrophilic glass particles. Analogies are drawn to wet granulation and spherical agglomeration, two particle processing operations in which wetting phenomena are important.
Synthesis of YAG Mixed Powders by Co-precipitation Method from Sulfate and Fabrication of Transparent YAG Ceramics

By using the mixture of yttrium sulfate and ammonium aluminum sulfate as the reagent and precipitant,respectively,mixed powders with a major phase of YAG are synthesized by the co-precipitation method.The thermal decomposition,phase transformation of the precursor and sintering behavior of YAG transparent ceramics are researched carefully.The results show that the chemical composition of the precursor is [NH4AlO(OH)HCO3]·0.3[Y2(CO3)3·2H2O].The major phase of mixed powders are YAG and Y2O3 for pH=7.2 and pH=8.5 respectively when the precursors are calcined at 1200℃ for 2h.Below 1500℃,the resulting YAG mixed powders from the sulfate as starting material have a poor sinterability compared with the YAG powders from carbonate as starting material under the same conditions.Fully transparent YAG ceramics are fabricated after vacuum sintering at 1700℃ for 5h using the mixed YAG powders from the precursor(pH=7.2)calcined at 1100℃ for 2h and 0.5% tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS)as a sintering aid addition.The maximum transmission in the range of visible lights is about 60%.
North Korea and Kim Jong-un: Analysis of a New Era in the Kim Dynasty

This chapter will offer an introduction to a study designed to analyze how the initial years of the Kim Jong-un regime continued the threats that North Korea posed (and poses) to the region and the nation-states who have an interest in it — maintaining the rogue state identity of his country that his father and grandfather began. This chapter will give the reader a baseline of analysis for a work that focuses on several issues and concepts vital for the security of the region (and of those nation-states with an interest in it) as long as the DPRK (North Korea) continues to exist as a viable nation.
Microbial Genome Analysis and Comparisons: Web-Based Protocols and Resources

Fully annotated genome sequences of many microorganisms are publicly available as a resource. However, in-depth analysis of these genomes using specialized tools is required to derive meaningful information. We describe here the utility of three powerful publicly available genome databases and analysis tools. Protocols outlined here are particularly useful for performing pairwise genome comparisons between closely related microorganisms to identify similarities and unique features, for example to identify genes specific to a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli compared to a nonpathogenic strain.
eLearn COIL Podcast

In a first for eLearn Magazine, EIC Alison Carr-Chelmann leads off a podcast exploring the Center for Online Innovation in Learning housed at Penn State University. Drs. Kyle Peck and Larry Ragan, co founders and co-directors of the center talk about the advantages of having a true R&D center on campus.
Carbon dioxide fixation in the brain.

SUMMARY Carbon dioxide fixation in brain was studied in cats to which NaHVO+ with and without ammonia, was administered by intracarotid infusion. Glutamic and aspartic acids, glutamine, glutathione, and y-aminobutyric acid were isolated from blood, brain, and liver, and their specific activities were determined. The data indicate a significant incorporation of CO2 into the amino acids of the cerebral cortex, presumably by way of the citric acid cycle. Without simultaneous ammonia infusion, the specific activity of aspartic acid is 3 times that of glutamine, whereas in the presence of ammonia the ratios of specific activity of both compounds are closer to unity or reversed. The data suggest that in the presence of ammonia the oxaloacetic acid is channeled into glutamine formation. y-Aminobutyric acid iso- lated from the tissue, as well as that obtained after decarboxyla- tion of glutamic acid or glutamine, has less than 5% of the counts of the precursor. These findings give additional support to the assumption that the operation of a CO2 fixation mech- anism in brain is similar to that in liver. Additional data on the compartmentation of glutamic acid and glutamine synthesis are presented.
Phytovolatilization of Organic Contaminants

Plants can interact with a variety of organic compounds, and thereby affect the fate and transport of many environmental contaminants. Volatile organic compounds may be volatilized from stems or leaves (direct phytovolatilization) or from soil due to plant root activities (indirect phytovolatilization). Fluxes of contaminants volatilizing from plants are important across scales ranging from local contaminant spills to global fluxes of methane emanating from ecosystems biochemically reducing organic carbon. In this article past studies are reviewed to clearly differentiate between direct- and indirect-phytovolatilization and we discuss the plant physiology driving phytovolatilization in different ecosystems. Current measurement techniques are also described, including common difficulties in experimental design. We also discuss reports of phytovolatilization in the literature, finding that compounds with low octanol-air partitioning coefficients are more likely to be phytovolatilized (log KOA < 5). Reports ...
Cocaine-cue extinction learning in rats: Impact of cocaine training dose and modulation by environmental enrichment

and that these effects would not be explained by gender, tobaccorelated illnesses, presence of anAxis I psychiatric disorder, negative affectivity, alcohol use or cannabis use. Methods: The sample consisted of 349 treatment-seeking adult daily smokers (45.3% female) who reported smoking at least 8 cigarettes per day during the past year and at least one serious lifetime quit attempt. Participants responded to community advertisements to participate in a larger study examining the efficacy of two smoking cessation interventions. Data for this study came from the baseline assessment of this larger trial and before randomization. After providingwritten informed consent, participants were interviewed and completed an on-line survey. Analyses were conducted using bootstrapping techniques through a conditional modeling program that utilizes an ordinary least squares-based path analytical framework to test for bothdirect and indirect effects of perceived stress, smoking-specific experiential avoidance, and criterion variables (i.e., severity of problematic symptoms during past quit attempts, latency to first cigarette of the day, nicotine dependence, and heaviness of smoking index). Results: Smoking-specific experiential avoidance indirectly explained the relation between perceived stress and (a) severity of problems experienced while trying to quit, (b) latency to first cigarette of the day, (c) nicotine dependence, and (d) heaviness of smoking index after accounting for covariates. Conclusions: The present findings underscore the importance of addressing smoking-specific experiential avoidance among smokers seeking smoking cessation treatmentwho report elevated perceived stress. Financial support: R01-MH076629-01A1.
Mind the gap – the case for medium level emission scenarios

In this essay I argue that the research on emission scenarios over the past few years has focused on low emission scenarios while producing few medium level emission scenarios. As a consequence, there is a gap in the literature on emission scenarios which prohibits answering several basic questions. This relative lack of medium emission scenarios is problematic for three reasons. First, scientific integrity, as the research community should produce scenarios along the full range of future options. Second, there is currently a very limited number of scenarios that describe real-world conditions of imperfect climate policy combined with technology restrictions. Finally, I observe a growing mismatch between the mitigation research focus on low emission scenarios and research to impacts and adaptation on medium and high emission scenarios. If this trend continues, it will be difficult to draw overarching conclusions from mitigation and impacts research in IPCCs 6th Assessment Report. Therefore, this essay ends with several recommendations for the mitigation research community to stimulate production and publication of medium level emission scenarios.
II. Pure Culture Fermentation Studies.

Stable, pure-culture, frozen concentrates of Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus leichmannii were developed for use in the fermentation of soda cracker sponge and dough. Sponge fermentation time was reduced from the conventional 18 h to 4 h. Dough fermentation time was also reduced from 4 h to 2 h. The conventional 24-h soda cracker process could be reduced to 8 h by the use of pure-culture technology.
Yeast longevity promoted by reversing aging-associated decline in heavy isotope content.

The lifespan of yeast cells can be extended by supplying them with heavy isotopes of common elements, according to US researchers. Heavy isotopes such as deuterium–a type of hydrogen containing a neutron–exist in small quantities in natural environments, but their effects on living organisms are unclear. Michael Snyder and Xiyan Li at Stanford University showed for the first time that amino acids in yeast cells tend to contain lower levels of heavy isotopes as the cells age. They then incubated yeast cells with increased doses of ‘heavy water’ (which contains deuterium instead of hydrogen) and found that, remarkably, the yeast’s lifespan was extended by up to 85%. The researchers suggest that heavy isotopes affect biochemical reactions by strengthening molecular bonds, and suppress reactive oxygen species, thereby slowing the metabolism and prolonging life.
Assessing Creative Products by Experts

The product-orientated definition of creativity is widely acceptable because it is empirically objective and adequately reliable. The objective of this study was oriented toward understanding expertsâ€™ perceptions of creativity evaluated by experts. The perceptional map indicates that two dimensions clearly existed in the assessment of creativity among six experts. It is speculated that these two dimensions might be related to technical and aesthetic factors. Overall, the homogeneity of six expertsâ€™ perceptions of creativity on 46 collages implies that the product approach to some extent is a valid assessment of creativity. However, it is clear that more research is needed in the application of expert judges on creative products.
Charles Harpur: The Editorial Nightmare

Coming to grips with the literary-historical phenomenon that colonial poet Charles Harpur represents requires a shift in focus and a querying of traditional assumptions about the shape and manifestation of literary careers. The failure to make that shift editorially for Harpur has hindered the efforts of ordinary readers and literary critics for nearly 150 years. Harpur’s poetic works have been accessible only partially or misleadingly, despite some very considerable editorial efforts stretching back to the late 1940s. An explanation of this situation is the principal subject of the essay. It then describes a potential digital-editorial solution that is in preparation: the Charles Harpur Critical Archive.
Olfactory Computation in Insects

The olfactory system maps complex and high dimensional stimuli (odors) into unique and reproducible dynamic ensembles of neuronal activity. In the insect, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) synapse onto a smaller group of excitatory projection neurons (PNs) and inhibitory local neurons (LNs) in the antennal lobe (AL). The odor information is then transferred to the mushroom body (MB), a structure analogous to the olfactory cortex and where olfactory memories are formed. Inhibitory circuits of the AL and the MB shape the odor representation as it progresses through the olfactory system. The insect system is advantageous for studying and modeling olfactory coding because it is relatively simple and amenable to genetic manipulation.
Experiences of Somali and Oromo youth in the child protection system

Abstract Background Little is known about the experiences or proportion of refugees involved with child protective services (CPS) in the United States, because they are not an identifiable group in CPS data systems. This study utilized an innovative data matching project to identify refugees in CPS data systems and explored the experiences of Somali and Oromo youth in Minnesota's child protection system. Methods A sample of 629 Somali and 62 Oromo youth who were involved with CPS between 2000 and 2013 were identified by linking datasets from the Minnesota Departments of Education and Human Services. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and t-tests were used to explore the proportion and characteristics of children involved with CPS, placement experiences, and child protection professionals' documentation of families' strengths and needs. Results Somali and Oromo youth were involved with CPS at low rates (3.7%). Residential treatment facilities were the most common out-of-home (OHP) placement settings for Somali youth (41%), and almost a third of placements for Oromo youth were in a correctional facility (31.6%). Strengths identified for both groups included low alcohol and other drug use and few health issues. Needs included social support, mental health/coping support, and parenting skills. Conclusions OHP settings for Somali and Oromo youth were highly restrictive. More research is needed to determine what is driving the high utilization of restrictive placements for Somali and Oromo youth, how accurately the Structured Decision Making tool assesses strengths and needs for families with refugee backgrounds, and how CPS professionals' assessments of strengths and needs compare to the refugee families' perceptions of their own strengths and needs.