cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic impact of LiCoO2 electrodes for Li-ion battery aging evaluation

Abstract As Li-ion batteries (LIBs) see increasing usage for electric vehicles, the effect of transportation history on battery state-of-health remains unclear. In particular, the influence of dynamic impact on battery behavior is investigated in terms of its effect on battery aging. Standard LiCoO2 electrodes were dynamically impacted using a nano-impactor setup, and the relationship between impact cycle number (N = 0, 3, 12, and 1000) and electrochemical performance is studied. Li-ion half cells constructed from impacted electrodes display decreasing first cycle Coulombic and energy efficiency with number of impacts, with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis revealing an increase in the charge-transfer resistance. Accelerated capacity fading through long-term cycling is observed for N = 1000 impacts, with significant voltage hysteresis and decay occurring by cycle 50. Additional ex-situ material characterization of cycled electrodes reveals a negative Raman shift by ∼2–3 cm−1 for the A1g and Eg bands for the N = 1000 case as compared to pristine LiCoO2, correlating to retention of material stress and electrochemical degradation via capacity fading. These results connect mechanical and electrochemical analysis of LIB electrodes, elucidating the relationship between dynamic impact and cell aging.
Tactical Conflict Detection with Altitude Restrictions in Terminal Airspace

Automated conflict detection in terminal airspace is a challenging problem, in part because key information regarding flight intent is not available. Unlike en route controllers, terminal controlle...
Dynamic Pricing of Wireless Internet Based on Usage and Stochastically Changing Capacity

Problem definition: Inspired by new developments in dynamic spectrum access, we study the dynamic pricing of wireless Internet access when demand and capacity (bandwidth) are stochastic. Academic/p...
A Grateful Dead Analysis: The Relationship Between Concert and Listening Behavior

The Grateful Dead were an American band that was born out of the San Francisco, California psychedelic movement of the 1960s. The band played music together from 1965 to 1995 and is well known for concert performances containing extended improvisations and long and unique set lists. This article presents a comparative analysis between 1,590 of the Grateful Dead's concert set lists from 1972 to 1995 and 2,616,990 last.fm Grateful Dead listening events from August 2005 to October 2007. While there is a strong correlation between how songs were played in concert and how they are listened to by last.fm members, the outlying songs in this trend identify interesting aspects of the band and their fans 10 years after the band's dissolution.
Am I Getting a Good Deal? Reference‐DependentDecision Making When the Reference Price Is Uncertain

Models of consumer decision making commonly incorporate reference dependent preferences. In these models, the reference point is typically assumed to be known by the consumer. However, research on price recall and the reference formation process reveals that the reference price is often uncertain at the time of purchase. Reference price uncertainty creates ambiguity for the consumer about whether they are getting a good or bad deal. This paper develops a model of consumer choice in the presence of reference dependent preferences when the reference price is uncertain. Data from two empirical studies that vary the product category and order of the elicitation of reference prices show that the new model generally outperforms conventional discrete choice models that either ignore reference prices or treat reference prices as certain. The new model provides insights into the effect of reducing reference price uncertainty on consumer choice, and reveals that high uncertainty smoothes the kink in the demand curve that is present in traditional reference‐price demand models.
Mono-stable and bi-stable magnetic spring based vibration energy harvesting systems subject to harmonic excitation: Dynamic modeling and experimental verification

Abstract This work develops a comparative study using theoretical models and experimental evaluation of the dynamic behavior of a magnetic spring based vibration energy harvester that can be switched from a mono-stable to a bi-stable configuration. The design uses coupled magnetic interactions to achieve bi-stability. A mono-stable configuration consists of an oscillating magnet that is levitated between two stationary top and bottom magnets. A cluster of peripheral solid magnets is fixed around the harvester casing and results in a bi-stable configuration. Traditionally, magnetic forces in magnetic spring based harvesters are represented using empirical polynomial fits that are integrated into the equation of motion. In this work, first principle physics based analytical models describing the interaction between magnets are developed and integrated into the equation of motion. Results suggest that, for the bi-stable configuration, introduced analytical model provides more accurate results compared to those obtained using polynomial functions. Results show that a variety of load-deflection characteristics can be obtained by changing geometric ratios of the peripheral magnets in the bi-stable configuration. During dynamic operation, the bi-stable configuration exhibits interwell, chaotic, and intrawell motion at different acceleration levels. Thinner peripheral magnets are favorable for the bi-stable design, especially at lower acceleration levels. Thinner peripheral magnets yield lower energy barriers, improved frequency responses, and exhibit approximately zero stiffness near equilibrium position. Furthermore, the use of thinner peripheral magnets causes the harvester to move towards monostability.
Comparing 6-minute walk versus treadmill walking distance as outcomes in randomized trials of peripheral artery disease

Abstract Background Randomized trials of people with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication have traditionally used maximal treadmill walking distance as the primary outcome, but the 6-minute walk test is increasingly used as a primary outcome in randomized trials of PAD. This study compared relative changes in maximal treadmill walking distance versus 6-minute walk distance in response to a therapeutic intervention or control in randomized trials of participants with PAD. Methods Data from four randomized trials of therapeutic interventions in participants with PAD that measured both 6-minute walk and treadmill walking performance at baseline and the 6-month follow-up were combined. Two trials studied supervised treadmill exercise, one studied home-based walking exercise, and one studied resveratrol. Results Of 467 participants (mean age, 69.8; standard deviation, 9.7), the mean ankle-brachial index was 0.66 (standard deviation, 0.17). At the 6-month follow-up, participants with PAD randomized to control or placebo significantly declined in 6-minute walk distance (−10.2 m; 95% confidence interval, −18.2 to −2.2; P = .013), but improved maximal treadmill walking distance (+25.7 m; 95% CI, +6.0 to +45.3 m; P = .010; difference between change in 6-minute walk versus maximal treadmill walking distance: −37.3 m; 95% CI, −56.4 to −18.2; P Conclusions Maximal treadmill walking distance and the 6-minute walk distance are not interchangeable outcomes in participants with PAD. Participants with PAD randomized to control groups improved treadmill walking distance but simultaneously meaningfully declined in 6-minute walk distance. Supervised treadmill exercise training amplified improvement in treadmill walking distance because of a training to the outcome measure phenomenon.
Embodiment for the Difference: A VR Experience of Bipolar Disorder

The objective of this project is to simulate the symptoms of bipolar disorder through a virtual reality application. We aim to provide an experience of how people live with bipolar disorder, which is characterized by drastic mood changes, during their daily lives. For our bipolar disorder simulation, we narrowed down the emotions to two stages—a manic or overjoyed state and a depressive state. Various factors—such as gameplay speed, interactions of varied difficulty, and computer graphics and sound effects—are employed during the simulation to dictate the emotion experienced by the user.
B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction: a randomised trial

ABSTRACT Comprehensive assessment of antimalarial drug resistance should include measurements of antimalarial blood or plasma concentrations in clinical trials and in individual assessments of treatment failure so that true resistance can be differentiated from inadequate drug exposure. Pharmacometric modeling is necessary to assess pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in different populations to optimize dosing. To accomplish both effectively and to allow comparison of data from different laboratories, it is essential that drug concentration measurement is accurate. Proficiency testing (PT) of laboratory procedures is necessary for verification of assay results. Within the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), the goal of the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program is to facilitate and sustain high-quality antimalarial assays. The QA/QC program consists of an international PT program for pharmacology laboratories and a reference material (RM) program for the provision of antimalarial drug standards, metabolites, and internal standards for laboratory use. The RM program currently distributes accurately weighed quantities of antimalarial drug standards, metabolites, and internal standards to 44 pharmacology, in vitro, and drug quality testing laboratories. The pharmacology PT program has sent samples to eight laboratories in four rounds of testing. WWARN technical experts have provided advice for correcting identified problems to improve performance of subsequent analysis and ultimately improved the quality of data. Many participants have demonstrated substantial improvements over subsequent rounds of PT. The WWARN QA/QC program has improved the quality and value of antimalarial drug measurement in laboratories globally. It is a model that has potential to be applied to strengthening laboratories more widely and improving the therapeutics of other infectious diseases.
Intranasal Corticosteroids: Patient Administration Angles and Impact of Education.

Introduction Intranasal corticosteroids sprays (INCS) are first line treatment for allergic rhinitis and are frequently used for chronic rhinosinusitis. Improperly aiming INCS increases the risk of epistaxis and may decrease the efficacy of the medication. The goal of this study was to determine how patients position INCS for drug delivery and if verbal or written instructions improve their positioning. Methods Patients in rhinology clinics were photographed while administering a generic spray bottle. The angle of the spray bottle relative to the patients' head and a fixed background was determined. Results A total of 46 participants were included. The average spray angle for the right naris was 10.1° towards the septum and 67.2° below the Frankfurt Horizontal plane. The average spray angle for the left naris was 4.5° towards the septum and 62.2° below the Frankfurt horizontal plane. The angle of the spray bottle ranged from 50° toward the septum to 43° away from the septum. Only 8 patients aimed away from the septum for both nares. Patients who recalled receiving verbal and written instructions aimed the INCS bottle at the lateral wall and inferior turbinate in contrast to patients who only received one form of instruction or no instructions. Conclusions Most patients (83%) incorrectly aim INCS when compared to current guidelines. There was statistically significant improvement in the positioning of patients who reported receiving both verbal and written instruction; however, this study highlights a greater need for patient education.
Production Externalities of Education: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia

Schooling has externality effects in agriculture when, in the course of conducting their own private economic activities, educated farmers raise the productivity of their uneducated neighbours. This paper seeks to determine the potential size and source of such benefits for rural areas of Ethiopia, where school enrolment is low and the private returns to education may not be apparent. Average and stochastic frontier production functions are estimated, including household and community education, as explanatory variables to measure the productivity and efficiency of farmers. In each case, internal and external returns to schooling are compared. We find substantial and significant externality benefits of education in increasing average production and shifting out the frontier. External benefits of schooling may be several times as high as internal benefits in this regard. However, we are unable to find evidence that technical efficiency is subject to externality effects. Our results suggest that adoption and diffusion of innovations that push out the frontier is the source of externalities to schooling.
Tropologische Analyse eines klassischen Texts: The Education of Henry Adams

Continuing the discussion of the American historiographical classic initiated by Hayden White, the tropological analysis explores the constitution of American identity in Henry Adams' text. The concept „Washington" serves as text-structuring paradigm. The tropological vicissitudes of „Washington" reveal central areas of problematization, such as national (dis)unity in the context of the Civil War, or the (un)governability of a modern nation driven by the forces of energy (,,Chicago") and capital (,,New York").
Depression and Diabetes in Workers Across the Life Span: Addressing the Health of America's Workforce—Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014–2018

OBJECTIVE Diabetes affects nearly 12.2% of U.S. adults. Comorbid depressive symptoms among U.S. workers with diabetes are associated with increased unemployment and reduced work performance. This study examined the age-group–specific prevalence of depression among U.S. workers with self-reported diabetes and identified factors associated with depression. METHODS Data from the 2014–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to examine the prevalence of depression among adult workers with diabetes in the United States. Relationships between depression prevalence and diabetes and demographic, physical, and behavioral risk factors were examined through bivariate and multivariable analyses. Age was categorized into four groups: 18–34, 35–54, 55–64, and ≥65 years. RESULTS The overall prevalence of self-reported depression among U.S. workers with diabetes was 17.4%—30% higher than among those without diabetes. Workers with diabetes aged 18–34 years had the highest depression prevalence (28.7%) compared with other age-groups. Female workers with diabetes were significantly more likely than male workers to report depression in all age-groups. Young adult workers with diabetes who had another chronic disease were nearly three times more likely to report depression than those without another chronic condition. There were no overlapping patterns of prevalence of diabetes and depression by state. CONCLUSION Workers with diabetes are at an increased risk of depression, which can affect their overall health and productivity. These findings indicate that, among those with diabetes, young adult workers and women are most likely to have depression. Employee wellness programs may address the specific needs of individuals with diabetes and depression.
Dilution of Buoyant Two-Dimensional Surface Discharges

The flow of heated water from an open channel into a reservoir containing colder and essentially stagnant water has been studied in a laboratory flume. The basic mechanisms which produce mixing between heated discharge and cold water at the transition from a shallow to a deep channel have been documented. Experimental data on internal wave formation and on mixing involving various kinds of internal hydraulic jumps are presented in dimensionless form. A typical example showing the distribution of eddy diffusivities in the presence of a temperature gradient illustrates the mixing process outside the immediate outlet area. The information obtained supports the speculation that dilution of thermal plumes in many prototype situations must be produced mainly by horizontal mixing.
Designing Experiments to Suit Problems

This chapter looks at logical and practical inconsistencies. Experiments suitable to answer a few circumstantial variations in cause-effect relations are described in the chapter. There are several kinds of experiments, each suited to the question to be answered. Within the framework of cause-effect relation, “one-cause, one-effect” questions are by far the easiest to formulate. Though the Design of Experiments has found applications in diverse areas, it is very often expounded in terms of plants and agriculture, perhaps owing to its origin. To bring the benefit of scientific research to agriculture, experiments entailing many causes acting simultaneously are required. R. A. Fisher and his contemporary investigators, starting in the early 20th century, initiated a systematic study with the application of statistical principles to such experiments that, in fact, laid the foundation for later analysis of experiments involving more than one factor.
Dual-loop system of distributed microregulators with high DC accuracy, load response time below 500ps, and 85mV dropout voltage

A dual-loop architecture employs 8 distributed microregulators (UREGs) to achieve response times below 500ps in 45nm SOI CMOS. The trip point of an asynchronous comparator inside each UREG is tuned for high DC accuracy with a local charge pump, which receives UP/DOWN currents from a slow outer feedback loop. Measured DC load regulation is better than 10mV down to a dropout voltage of 85mV, and jitter readings in a CMOS delay line application indicate output noise below 28mVpp.
Reading companion: a interactive web-based tutor for increasing literacy skills

This paper discusses learnings from the development of Reading Companion, a web-based system that uses speech recognition technology to help children and adults increase their literacy skills. An animated tutor character both 'speaks' and 'listens' to the reader, guiding them as they read e-books selected by their teacher from a virtual library. The system creates detailed performance reports for each student and because it is available on the internet, the learners can continue reading where they left off once they get home to share their progress with their family. We discuss implementation challenges that were overcome, as well as feedback from users and teachers. To our knowledge this is the first successful implementation of real-time interactive speech recognition using Flash on the internet. We believe this presents a valuable model of how speech can be used on the web as part of interactive applications.
Drug–Nutrient Interactions Involving Folate

The importance of maintaining optimal folate status throughout all phases of the life cycle has grown increasingly apparent in recent years. Studies have produced convincing evidence linking folate deficiency to health risks that extend well beyond the classic association with macrocytic anemia. The strongest evidence exists for the relationship between folate deficiency and neural tube birth defects (1). Research also indicates that inadequate folate levels may increase risks for other types of birth defects, early miscarriage, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer, and neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders (2,3). Among the many factors that influence folate status, drug-nutrient interactions (DNIs) stand out as a significant, and largely avoidable, cause of folate deficiency (4).
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXXI — Subpoenas Continued

This article, the 31st in a series, continues the discussion of drafting subpoenas in the context of New York civil litigation.
POLLEN RECORDS, LATE PLEISTOCENE | Northern North America

Pollen records from northern North America that span the past 125 ka document widespread and significant vegetation shifts. During the last interglacial interval, northern vegetation was dominantly similar to today's vegetation, although some taxa grew farther north than they do today. In contrast, the vegetation during the last Ice Age was dominated by herbaceous plants and only a few woody taxa. The transition from the Ice Age to the present climate was complex, with shifts in temperature and moisture. The pollen records reflect these changes, although each region is affected by local factors generally related to the presence or absence of ice as well as the timing of deglaciation.
Maffucci's Syndrome: Functional and Neoplastic Significance

Maffucci's syndrome is a congenital, non-hereditary mesodermal dysplasia manifested by multiple enchondromas and hemangiomas. It is associated with diverse secondary musculoskeletal deformities. Sarcomatous transformation has been recorded in sixteen of 105 cases in the literature. A case report, illustrating the variety of deformities occurring in the syndrome, is presented. It is the first documentation of the occurrence of multiple primary sarcomas, and the second incidence of a mesenchymal ovarian tumor developing in a patient with Maffucci's syndrome. Surgery appears to be the treatment of choice for functional and neoplastic complications of the disease.
What is the Best Frontline Therapy for Patients with CLL and 17p Deletion

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disease with significant variation in disease progression, response to therapy, and survival outcome. Deletions of 17p or mutations of TP53 have been identified as one of the poorest prognostic factors, being predictive of short time for disease progression, lack of response to therapy, short response duration, and short overall survival. The treatment of patients with CLL has improved significantly with the development of chemoimmunotherapy, but this benefit was not pronounced in patients with 17p deletion. We compare various treatment strategies used in these patients, including FCR-like chemoimmunotherapy, alemtuzumab, other antibody combinations, or novel targeted therapies with promising results. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation offers the possibility for long-term disease control in these patients and should be considered early in younger, transplant-eligible patients. The current state of therapy is far from optimal and resources should be applied to studying therapeutic options for patients who have CLL with loss of p53 function.
Frontline Welfare Work: Understanding Social Work's Role:

From a synthesis of empirical studies examining worker-client interactions under welfare reform, this article identifies frontline workers' responsibilities and the social work profession's role in ensuring qualified workers provide services. Frontline workers impact service delivery through three mechanisms: assessment, information provision, and interpretation of program regulations. However, few workers receive social work training and clients often receive limited, nonindividualized services. Specific recommendations for agency administrators reflect that administrators are critical to improving frontline delivery. They should recognize social work's role, give workers reasonable and achievable job expectations, and collaborate with educators, researchers, and policy makers to support a stipend-based training program for social work students. To buttress the need for such a program, research needs to examine how workers’ education levels influence service quality and client outcomes.
Why the fast relaxation in the picosecond to nanosecond time range can sense the glass transition

The fast relaxation measured by quasielastic neutron and light scattering on the picosecond to nanosecond time scales when expressed as mean square displacement as a function of temperature shows a change in slope at or near the conventional glass transition temperature in a manner like those of the enthalpy and volume. This behaviour of the fast relaxation is puzzling because the glass transition originates from the structure of the liquid falling out of equilibrium at temperatures where the α-relaxation time becomes long, for example 103 s. In this work, we consider a model proposed for the fast relaxation that is based on an extension of the coupling model to incorporate the dynamics of cage decay. Several properties of the fast relaxation are deduced from the model and shown to be consistent with the experimental data, including the appearance of a break at the glass transition temperature.
ANTIBODIES TO CANINE AND FELINE VIRUSES IN SPOTTED HYENAS (CROCUTA CROCUTA) IN THE MASAI MARA NATIONAL RESERVE

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are abundant predators in the Serengeti ecosystem and interact with other species of wild carnivores and domestic animals in ways that could encourage disease transmission. Hyenas also have a unique hierarchical social system that might affect the flow of pathogens. Antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline panleukopenia virus/canine parvovirus (FPLV/CPV), feline coronavirus/feline infectious peritonitis virus (FECV/FIPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1) have been detected in other Serengeti predators, indicating that these viruses are present in the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine whether spotted hyenas also had been infected with these viruses and to assess risk factors for infection. Serum samples were collected between 1993 and 2001 from 119 animals in a single clan for which behavioral data on social structure were available and from 121 hyenas in several other clans. All ani...
Physiological, structural, and immunological characterization of leaf and chloroplast development in cotton

Many of the studies of chloroplast ontogeny in higher plants have utilized suboptimal conditions of light and growth to assess development. In this study, we utilized structural, immunological, and physiological techniques to examine the development of the chloroplast in fieldgrown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. “MD 51 ne”). Our youngest leaf sample developmentally was completely folded upon itself and about 0.5 cm in length; leaves of this same plastochron were followed for three weeks to the fully expanded leaf. The chloroplasts at the earliest stage monitored had almost all of the lamellae in small, relatively electron-opaque grana, with relatively few thylakoids which were not appressed on at least one surface. During the development of the thylakoids, the membranes increase in complexity, with considerable stroma lamellae development and an increase in the number of thylakoids per granum. Besides the increase in complexity, both the size and numbers of the chloroplast increase during the development of the leaf. Developmental changes in six thylakoid proteins, five stromal proteins, and one peroxisomal protein were monitored by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Even at the earliest stages of development, the plastids are equipped with the proteins required to carry out both light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. Several of the proteins follow three phases of accumulation: a relatively high density at early stages, a linear increase to keep step with chloroplast growth, and a final accumulation in the mature chloroplast. Photosystem-II(PS II)-related proteins are present at their highest densities early in development, with an accumulation of other parts of the photosynthetic apparatus at a latter stage. The early accumulation of PS-II-related proteins correlates with the much lower ratio of chlorophylla tob in the younger leaves and with the changes in fluorescence transients. These data indicate that some of the conclusions on chloroplast development based upon studies of intercalary meristems of monocots or the greening of etiolated plants may not be adequate to explain development of chloroplasts in leaves from apical meristems grown under natural conditions.
Sediment Control of Faunal Distribution Patterns in Late Cretaceous Marginal Marine Deposits of South Dakota: ABSTRACT

The recessional history of the Late Cretaceous sea in End_Page 737------------------------------ northwest-central South Dakota is recorded in the offlap sequence beginning with the Elk Butte Member (offshore shelf) of the Pierre Shale followed by the Trail City (bar-influenced shelf), Timber Lake (offshore bar), and Iron Lightning (deltaic) Members of the Fox Hills Formation. Well-preserved molluscan assemblages from these facies permit comparison with assemblages from analogous recent environments. Factors controlling the distribution of Late Cretaceous mollusk assemblages are related to (1) sediment organic content, (2) sedimentation rate, and (3) sediment-water interface stability. These limiting factors closely control feeding adaptations and are reflected, therefore, in the distribution of feeding groups. Bottoms dominated by deposit feeders: Deposit feeders are limited to bottoms containing an organic food source. Shelf areas receiving deltaic sediments (Iron Lightning) or deeper offshore areas receiving settling fines (Elk Butte) were dominated by this feeding group. Mud bottoms extensively reworked by deposit feeders have a high water content and suspended easily by weak bottom currents. High interface turbidity and instability may explain the low diversity of filter feeders from this bottom type as high concentrations of suspended silt-clay cause clogging of filtering mechanisms. Bottoms dominated by filter feeders: The clean-washed upper part of the Timber Lake sand bar and the distributary sands of the Iron Lightning were dominated by mobile filter-feeding bivalves burrowing into the shifting unstable sand bottoms. Interface instability excluded attached epifaunal forms. Bottoms with mixed feeding groups: Peak filter-feeding diversity was attained on bottoms during periods of low Trail City sedimentation. Physical stability of these bottoms provided a firm surface of attachment for epifaunal mollusks and interface turbidity was relatively low providing optimal conditions for filter feeders. Root structures and high gastropod diversity indicate that some parts of the bottom were covered with plants during Trail City deposition. The presence of small amounts of organic matter in the sediment also permitted the population of a few infaunal deposit feeders. The distribution of the Fox Hills bivalves by feeding groups reflects the conditions of food source, sedimentation rate, and bottom stability. These relations are supported by independent evidence of lithologic and stratigraphic analysis. The recognition of feeding groups can provide a strong tool in environmental reconstruction and analysis of ancient community structure. End_of_Article - Last_Page 738------------
Galanin immunoreactivity reveals a vibrissae-related primary afferent pattern in perinatal rats after neonatal infraorbital nerve transection

Immunocytochemistry was used to demonstrate the distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the trigeminal (V) brainstem complex of normal rats and rats that sustained neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION, the V branch that supplies the mystacial vibrissae). In normal adult and perinatal (postnatal day [P-] 7) rats, there is very little galanin immunoreactivity in the rostral part of the V brainstem complex. However, there is dense immunoreactivity for this peptide in layers I and II of V subnucleus caudalis (SpC). There was a marked upregulation of galanin immunoreactivity at all levels of the V brainstem complex of P-7 rats that sustained ION transection on P-0. In V subnucleus interpolaris and the magnocellular part of SpC, this immunoreactivity occurred in clusters which had a pattern resembling that of the mystacial vibrissae. In animals examined at 30 days or more after ION transection, there were a few more galanin-immunoreactive fibers on the deafferented side of the brainstem than on the intact side, but there was no evidence of a vibrissae-related pattern. Our interpretation of these results is that galanin immunocytochemistry reveals a vibrissae-related pattern in the central arbors of axotomized primary afferents for at least 1 week after they have been disconnected from the periphery.
On the Dielectric Breakdown of Water: An Electrochemical Approach

The dielectric breakdown of water under static fields has been studied by current‐potential relation for six metals. The relations are quasi‐linear up to a current density of a few A‐cm−2. The limiting current continues for a few volts to a few hundred volts, depending on the metal. A glow develops at the electrode and becomes continuous at the end of the plateau, where the current density increases irregularly (breakdown). The breakdown potential does not depend on the field in the water. It occurs at about the same current density for most of the metals. When electrolytes are added, the cell potential at the breakdown is decreased. Adsorbed layers and organic coatings increase the breakdown potential. Electrical energy storage in water is increased by ~10 times by coatings. The breakdown potential decreases with increase of log of rate constant for hydrogen evolution on the various electrodes and with the corresponding work function. The cell potentials for breakdown correspond to fields in the dielectric below that needed to dissociate it. The limiting current is caused by the formation of a layer at the interface, which causes increase in the electrode potential at constant current. The layer plasmolyzes. When the Fermi level in the cathode reaches the conduction band of water, electrons enter the water and remain stable therein. They interact nonadiabatically with water and are the head of streamers. An analogous model holds for holes in the valence band. "Dielectric breakdown" depends on the Fermi level of the electrons in the condenser plate and the semiconductor characteristics of water. It can be eliminated by modifying the electrode surface.
Rectangles inscribed in symmetric continua

LetQ be any rectangle and letK ⊂ ℝ d (d ≥ 2) be a continuum which is either symmetric across a hyperplane or symmetric through a pointz ∉K. We show thatK contains the vertices of a rectangle similar toQ which exhibits the same symmetry as doesK.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Degradation of Dichlorvos in Aqueous Solutions Containing Reduced Sulfur Species

Reactions of dichlorvos with five reduced sulfur species (hydrogen sulfide, bisulfide, thiosulfate, thiophenol, and thiophenolate) were examined in well-defined anoxic aqueous solutions to investigate their role in its degradation. Reactions were monitored at varying concentrations of reduced sulfur species over pH range to obtain the second-order reaction rate constants. Experiments at 25 °C demonstrated that degradation of dichlorvos promoted by bisufide, thiosulfate, and thiophenolate were of much greater importance than hydrolysis under the experimental conditions in our study. In contrast, hydrogen sulfide and thiophenol were not effective in the degradation of dichlorvos. The activation parameters of the reaction of dichlorvos with bisulfide, thiosulfate, and thiophenolate were also determined from the measured second-order rate constants over a temperature range of 12−50 °C. The relative reactivity of the reduced sulfur species decreases in the following order: PhS- > HS- ≈ S2O32-. When the second...
Production Frontier Estimates of Scale in Public Schools in California.

Abstract Empirical estimates of production frontiers and average production functions, performed here for selected public elementary school districts in California for 1976–1977 and 1977–1978 show the existence of increasing returns to scale, although the frontier estimates specify lower values of the overall scale economy. This lends support to the hypothesis of an optimal school size model, where schools operate in the region of increasing returns to scale subject to the limit of availability of the student population. Some policy implications of the results are also briefly analyzed.
Volumetric signal processing hardware acceleration for mine detection

Digital signal processing algorithms for the detection of landmines using ground penetrating radar are computationally intensive if not due to algorithmic complexity, then due to the vast quantity of data which must be processed in real-time. As a result of this, surface area coverage rates using general purpose computers are limited without an additional investment in multiple central processing units and the parallelization of the executable. This results in an excess of unused resources with the associated cost both in terms of monetary cost and power consumption. The increase in power consumption alone also causes an increase cost in cooling and the requirement for larger prime power and/or reduced battery life. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware devices are reconfigurable in seconds and they can be reprogrammed in the field using relatively standard equipment such as a laptop computer. A secondary advantage of re-configurable dedicated hardware is the flexibility it affords in terms of the specific signal processing algorithm being executed on the re-configurable computing device. As an example of this type of hardware optimization of an algorithm, this paper describes an implementation of volumetric (3D) template matching using re-configurable digital hardware, namely an FPGA. This is a viable alternative for the acceleration of digital signal processing and directly results in an increase in mine detection area coverage rates for a relatively small investment. This also results in a more compact, fieldable real-time implementations of landmine detection algorithms and a common mine detector whose hardware is standard but whose optimized algorithms are downloaded into the FPGA for the particular minefield to be cleared. In this paper we give a quantitative analysis of the increase in execution speed achieved by performing cross correlation of large template sizes on large data.
Extrahepatic, differential expression of four classes of human alcohol dehydrogenase.

Abstract The amounts of mRNA expressed for different alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) classes were determined in human tissues by Northern hybridization. ADH classes I, II, and Ill were expressed in all tissues. The mRNAs were highest for class I ADHs, with particularly strong signals in liver, lung, ileum, colon, and uterus. For class II ADH, such a wide tissue distribution had not been recognized previously. Expression of class III ADH was highest in testis, followed by uterus, colon, and ileum. The amounts of class I and III ADH mRNAs varied significantly, indicating that tissue-specific factors modulate the expression of these enzymes above a basal level. Class V ADH (ADH6) was not detected in any of the tissues, including stomach. This suggests that class V ADH is not identical with human stomach σ-ADH (class IV). The results support the general proposition that ADHs are not restricted to liver and have functions other than those in ethanol oxidation.
Relationships Between Mass Transfer and Morphology in Deformable Complex Interfacial Systems

We propose a model for isothermal mass transport into immiscible complex fluids. The interface is described by two, space and time dependent, structural variables: a scalar Q(r ,t) denoting the interfacial area density and a traceless symmetric second order tensor q (r ,t) accounting for the shape anisotropy. The mass flux expression includes new contributions attributed to the dynamical changes of the interface. The diffusion-morphology coupling is found to influence both the mass transfer and the dynamics of the interface. The former exhibits non-Fickian behavior while the latter undergoes interfacial deformations that affect both its size and shape, creating internal stresses at the same time.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Development and utilization of a population growth history of Red Lake walleye, Stizostedion vitreum

An environmental growth history of commercially harvested walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, in Red Lakes, Minnesota, was constructed for the years 1944–1992. This was accomplished using a linear model which was fitted to annular scale increment measurements. Increment size was separated into one component due to a combination of environmental factors, an environmental growth coefficient, and one due to the age of the fish. Our hypothesis was that variables such as air temperature, walleye year-class strength, catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of walleye, and CPUE of yellow perch, Perca flavescens, affect walleye growth, and therefore a historical series of these variables would show coherence to the series of walleye growth coefficients. Multiple regression techniques were used to test these hypotheses. Significant predictors of the growth of walleye after age one were average February temperature, cumulative degree days in July, walleye year-class strength, and growth of young-of-the-year (YOY) walleye. We hypothesized that YOY walleye respond to a different set of factors than walleye after age one, thus, a series of YOY growth measurements would show coherence to a different set of environmental factors. Significant predictors of YOY walleye growth were May, June, and August cumulative degree days, as well as the growth of older walleye. We expected the set of factors which affect freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, to include factors that affect walleye, such as temperature, shared prey availability, and abundance of both walleye and drum. As a test, environmental growth coefficients computed by Pereira (1992) for freshwater drum were compared to walleye growth coefficients. The growth coefficients of drum were significantly positively correlated with the walleye coefficients, and the significance increased if the poorest walleye growth years were excluded.
Influence of the septum and inferior colliculus on medial geniculate body units

Abstract The septum has been found to have direct projections to the medial geniculate body (MGB) and the inferior colliculus; this study was undertaken to determine whether or not the septum might influence the function of the MGB. Excitatory and inhibitory effects on MGB unit firing were observed after stimulation of the septum and inferior colliculus. In addition, interacting effects between the septum and inferior colliculus on MGB units were observed using a focus in each in turn as a test or conditioning stimulus origin. Ablation of the inferior colliculus or removal of the posterior reticular formation did not eliminate MGB unit activation. 1. 1. A tungsten micro-electrode was used to record from units of the MGB, and small concentric bipolar electrodes were used to stimulate the septum and inferior colliculus. 2. 2. Single shocks of 40 V, 0.1 msec pulse duration were delivered at a frequency of 0.5 /sec. 3. 3. Units in the MGB were excited from 15 foci and inhibited from 2 other foci after stimulation of the septum. 4. 4. Units in the MGB were excited from 45 foci and inhibited from 11 other foci after stimulation of the inferior colliculus. 5. 5. Both the septum and inferior colliculus, when used respectively as a conditioning and a test stimulus, were found either to excite or to inhibit unit firing produced by the test stimulus. From this and similar evidence it is likely that the septum modulates auditory inputs or their subsequent impact on cerebral function via the MGB and temporal lobe cortex.
Oxidation-sulfidation behavior of Ni aluminide in oxygen-sulfur mixed-gas atmospheres

Oxidation-sulfidation studies were conducted on sheet samples of nickel aluminide, containing 23.5 at. % Al, 0.5 at. % Hf, and 0.2 at. % B in an annealed condition and after preoxidation treatments. Continuous weight-change measurements were made by a thermogravimetric technique in exposure atmospheres of air, a low-\(p_{O_2 } \) gas mixture, and low-\(p_{O_2 } \) gas mixtures with several levels of sulfur. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray, and electron microprobe analyses of the corrosion product scale layers were performed. The air-exposed specimens developed predominantly nickel oxide; the specimen exposed to a low-\(p_{O_2 } \).
Impact of individual differences upon emotion-induced memory trade-offs

After seeing a scene containing an emotional component (e.g., a snake in a forest) people often demonstrate a "trade-off" in memory, where memory for the emotional component (e.g., the snake) is good, but memory for the nonemotional elements (e.g., the forest) is poor. The result is an incomplete memory retaining central emotional information at the expense of neutral background information. Though almost everyone demonstrates the trade-off, there may be individual differences in the magnitude of the effect. We investigated whether differences in the strength of the trade-off would correlate with anxiety levels, working memory capacity, and executive functioning abilities. Sixty-four participants studied scenes comprised of a negative or neutral item placed on a neutral background, and memory was later tested for items and backgrounds separately. The magnitude of the trade-off correlated positively with anxiety and negatively with visuospatial working memory and executive function. These results suggest that greater anxiety, poor visuospatial working memory, and poor executive function may inhibit formation of complete mental representations of these complex emotional scenes.
Visualization of drug-nucleic acid interactions at atomic resolution. VII. Structure of an ethidium/dinucleoside monophosphate crystalline complex, ethidium: uridylyl(3'-5') adenosine.

Ethidium forms a crystalline complex with the dinucleoside monophosphate, uridylyl (3′-5′) adenosine (UpA). The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2, with unit cell dimensions, a =...
Rotation induced increases of glucose uptake in rat vestibular nuclei and vestibulocerebellum.

Summary A new technique for the autoradiographic measurement of regional cerebral glucose consumption using tracer amounts of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) was employed to study the effects of vestibular inputs on local cerebral glucose metabolism. Rats rotated in the vertical plane showed localized increases of glucose utilization in the vestibular nuclei and several areas of the cerebellum: flocculus, nodulus, ventral uvula, and accessory paraflocculus. The changes in the cerebellum occurred both in the neuronal perikarya-rich granular layer and the neuropil-rich molecular layer. Differential changes resulting from rotation occurred within the granular layer of the nodulus, where at least 7 separate longitudinal zones of differing glucose consumption were seen. This type of longitudinal organization has been described previously in other areas of the vermis with other techniques.
Stress enhancement in the delayed yielding of colloidal gels

Networks of aggregated colloidal particles are solidlike and can sustain an applied shear stress while exhibiting little or no creep; however, ultimately they will catastrophically fail. We show that the time delay for this yielding decreases in two distinct exponential regimes with applied stress. This behavior is universal and found for a variety of colloidal gel systems. We present a bond-rupture model that quantitatively describes this behavior and highlights the role of mesoscopic structures. Our result gives new insight into the nature of yielding in these soft solid materials.