cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State of the Plastic Surgery Workforce and the Impact of Graduate Medical Education Reform on Training of Plastic Surgeons.

BACKGROUND Although recent estimates predict a large impending shortage of plastic surgeons, graduate medical education funding through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services remains capped by the 1997 Balanced Budget Act. The authors' aim was to develop a plan to stimulate legislative action. METHODS The authors reviewed responses of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, and American Medical Association from January of 2015 to a House Energy & Commerce Committee request for input on graduate medical education funding. In addition, all program directors in plastic surgery were surveyed through the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons to determine their graduate medical education funding sources. RESULTS All three organizations agree that current graduate medical education funding is inadequate to meet workforce needs, and this has a significant impact on specialty selection and distribution for residency training. All agreed that funding should be tied to the resident rather than to the institution, but disagreed on whether funds should be divided between direct (allocated to residency training) and indirect (allocated to patient care) pools, as is currently practiced. Program directors' survey responses indicated that only 38 percent of graduate medical education funds comes from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. CONCLUSIONS Organized medicine is at risk of losing critically needed graduate medical education funding. Specific legislation to support additional graduate medical education positions and funding (House Resolutions 1180 and 4282) has been proposed but has not been universally endorsed, in part because of a lack of collaboration in organized medicine. Collaboration among major organizations can reinvigorate these measures and implement real change in funding.
Competition and community in Edinburgh: contradictions in neoliberal urban development

Cities have long been recognised as key spaces for neoliberal interventions. Identified by municipal leaders as instruments in competition for internationally mobile labour and capital, cities like Edinburgh, Scotland, have increasingly been shaped by urban development practices justified by the exigencies of competition. Any project to centralise urban development processes, however, must navigate the potential obstacles to efficiency found in the discipline of urban planning, which privileges community involvement in such processes. This article explores the tension between the values of community and efficiency in urban development, showing how, in the case of a proposal for development named Caltongate, the role of a community in the planning process was disputed, precisely because of its potential, qua community, to levy moralised claims to representation. I suggest that this case is not exceptional. Rather, it illustrates a characteristic contradiction of community as a politicised identity in neoliberal urban development: it is elevated in (often moralised) rhetoric but in practice is subordinated to the objective of efficiency in the delivery of centrally determined development outcomes.
Goods Inflation, Asset Inflation, and the Greatest Peacetime Inflation in the US

In every episode of global monetary inflation originating in the Federal Reserve, we find both asset price inflation and goods inflation. The interrelationship between these two types of inflation depends both on cycle-specific factors and more general factors which transcend the cycle and stem from essential aspects of monetary disorder. The purpose of this article is to analyse the nature of this interrelationship and elaborate on the concepts of monetary disorder, goods inflation, and asset inflation. In today’s world of monetary systems where there is no stable demand for high-powered money (which itself is no longer a highly distinct asset) monetary disorder can be hard to recognize until quite late in the inflationary process. Asset price inflation now has a popular meaning quite different from the original found in Austrian business cycle theory. Two decades of widespread inflation targeting at around 2% per annum have encouraged us to ignore an old lesson. In a well-functioning capitalist economy under a sound money order, prices would fluctuate considerably upwards and downwards with a tendency to revert to the mean over the very long run. Finally the principles and hypotheses developed here are analysed in the laboratory of history, specifically for the greatest peacetime inflation in the U.S. (1963–80).
Power Up for Health: Pilot Study Outcomes of a Diabetes Prevention Program for Men from Disadvantaged Neighborhoods

There is a significant evidence base for the Diabetes Prevention Program, a lifestyle intervention to prevent onset of type 2 diabetes among high-risk individuals; however, translation of this intervention for men has been challenging. This report presents outcomes of the pilot study of an adapted 16-week diabetes prevention program entitled " Power Up for Health." The study goal was to better engage men of color with prediabetes from disadvantaged neighborhoods of New York City. It was implemented at five different recreation centers located in predominantly low-income neighborhoods across New York City. The curriculum was facilitated by male lifestyle coaches only; one group was conducted in Spanish. Primary outcome was weight loss from baseline to 16 weeks. Other measures included lifestyle activities, depressive symptoms, and self-reported health status. Men ( N = 47) were screened by telephone. Of the 29 eligible men who began the program, 25 attended at least 4 sessions (52% non-Latino Black, 32% Latino, mean age 51.7 ± SD 9.9 years, mean body mass index 35 ± SD 6.9 kg/m2). End of program outcomes ( n = 23) varied by site and included a mean weight loss of 3.8% (9.7 lbs); 3 of the 5 sites had a mean weight loss of 5.6%, meeting the national goal of 5%-7%. Men ( n = 23) attended a mean of 11.6 of 16 sessions. Improvement in depressive symptoms, healthy eating and exercise, and health status were also seen. While recruitment was challenging with many lessons learned, the adapted men's diabetes prevention program shows promise of success for participants and their coaches.
Novel mutation of DARS2 gene leads to a rare and aggressive presentation of leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) (P4.174)

Objective: We present a patient with an atypical and aggressive presentation of Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) due to a novel mutation. Background: LBSL is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused due to mutations in the DARS2 gene. This gene encodes for mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme necessary for the translation of mitochondrial messenger RNA into protein. The typical presentation is juvenile in onset with gradually progressive spasticity and ataxia. Design/Methods: We describe a unique patient with infantile onset LBSL presenting with profound hypotonia followed by a rapidly progressive course with development of dystonia, failure to thrive, respiratory failure and death over a span of 12 months. An extensive metabolic and genetic workup was unrevealing including whole exome sequencing (WES). Initial MRI of brain showed delayed zones of myelination. Repeat imaging six months later showed confluent T2 hyper-intensity within the periventricular white matter with involvement of the corpus callosum, the internal capsule and the dorsal aspect of the cervical spinal cord. Results: The exome-reporting laboratory re-analyzed selected genes in light of the new clinical information. This revealed that the patient harbors compound heterozygous mutations in the DARS2 gene in trans. The first mutation (c.788G>A, p.Arg263Gln) has been previously reported as pathogenic and affects a highly conserved amino acid residue in a known functional domain of DARS2 in exon 9. The second mutation (c.259G>A, p.Asp87Asn) is in exon 3 and has not been previously described in the literature. This mutation is also in a known functional domain and was reported as likely pathogenic. Conclusions: Early onset hypotonia with an aggressive course in our patient further expands the phenotypic spectrum of LBSL. The Novel mutations are likely related to a more aggressive course. This case illustrates the diagnostic value of re-evaluating WES when the clinical picture is evolving. Study Supported by: Not applicable Disclosure: Dr. Rathore has nothing to disclose. Dr. Star has nothing to disclose. Dr. Larsen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rizzo has nothing to disclose.
IRA Asset Allocation

Individual retirement accounts (IRAs) hold more than 25 percent of all retirement assets in the United States. A substantial portion of these assets originated in other tax-qualified retirement plans, such as defined benefit (pension) and 401(k) plans, and were moved to IRAs through rollovers. Thus, IRAs in many cases have become a repository for assets built up in the employment-based retirement system, as individuals hold money in them until or during retirement. EBRI collects data from IRA plan administrators, and its IRA database currently contains information on 14.1 million accounts of 11.1 million unique individuals with total assets of $732.9 billion, as of year-end 2008. In this database, 38.5 percent of the assets were in equities, 22.3 percent in money, 13.6 percent in bonds, 12.1 percent in balanced funds, and 13.6 percent in other assets. IRA owners under age 45 were more likely to be invested in equities and balanced funds combined than those over age 45. Those over age 45 were more likely to be invested in bonds and other assets. The percentage of assets in money across each age group was around 21 percent. This paper is the second in a series of publications analyzing the EBRI IRA Database.™ It examines asset allocation, on a dollar-weighted basis, within IRA accounts by IRA type and account balance and by gender and age of the account owner. In addition to presenting the average asset allocation across the accounts, this study determines the percentage of accounts that have extreme allocations -- less than 10 percent or more than 90 percent in a particular asset. This helps illustrate the distribution of the allocations across all accounts. This first step in the research of IRA asset allocation will be built upon in future studies by examining how IRA owners with more than one account allocate their assets across the accounts. The unique feature of this database is the ability to link accounts within and across data providers to see if IRA owners have different allocation strategies across the accounts or if they split their assets similarly across accounts. The PDF for the above title, published in the May 2011 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another May 2011 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "Characteristics of the CDHP Population, 2005-2010."
Genetic similarity promotes evolution of cooperation under lethal intergroup competition

Altruism (helping others at a cost to oneself) may evolve via group selection if the cost of altruism to the individual is compensated for by growth differences among groups when (1) there is high genetic variation among members of different groups; (2) more altruistic groups grow faster and (3) between-group migration is low. Nevertheless, group selection may not fully explain the actual evolution of helping behaviour if between-group migration was sufficiently common to have reduced between-group genetic variance. Lethal intergroup competition, which amplifies such growth differences between groups, appears to have been frequent in humans'; ancestral environments and could bear importantly on the evolution of altruism. Here we show that between-group migration and resulting genetic similarity can promote the evolution of costly helping behavior in the context of lethal intergroup conflict, albeit by selection at the individual level and not by group selection. The standard group selection models do not capture such basic elements of lethal intergroup competition as the possibility of an individual's altruism being critical to the group's success when that possibility is inversely proportional to genetic variation among members of the competing groups.
Tumor-suppressive signaling in the uterus

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer, with 63,230 new cases and 11,350 deaths in the United States in 2018 (1). The resulting fertility loss and the life-threatening potential of uterine cancer are devastating. Unfortunately, the etiology of endometrial cancer remains poorly defined, hampering the design of effective diagnostic and therapeutic options for this disease. In PNAS, two exciting studies from the Matzuk laboratory (2, 3) elegantly demonstrate that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling maintains endometrial homeostasis by suppressing cell overgrowth and oncogenesis. This action, the researchers show, is achieved through the TGF-β type I receptor (TGFBR1, or ALK5) and SMAD2/3. The findings significantly advance our understanding of the development of uterine cancer. TGF-β signaling regulates fundamental cellular functions. The canonical pathway involves ligands, receptors (types I and II), and SMAD transducers (4). SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/8 commonly mediate cell signaling from TGF-βs/activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), respectively (4). Because various signaling components are mutated or otherwise altered in human disease (5), this pathway is an attractive therapeutic target. The TGF-β signaling pathway is critical for cancer development (6). Although mutation of the pathway components accounts for only a very small percentage of endometrial cancer, alteration in the signaling activity may be a common contributing factor (7⇓⇓⇓⇓–12). To determine whether TGF-β signaling is involved in uterine physiology and cancer development, the Matzuk team took advantage of the Cre-loxP approach by generating mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of Alk5 [Monsivais et al. (2)] or Smad2/3 [Kriseman et al. (3)] in the uterus ( Alk5 cKO or Smad2/3 cKO mice, respectively). The researchers used progesterone receptor ( Pgr ) Cre recombinase, which deletes genes in uterine epithelial, stromal, and myometrial cells (2, 3). A major strength of these studies lies in the use of a … [↵][1]1Email: qli{at}cvm.tamu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The impact of initiating posaconazole on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

BackgroundPosaconazole reduces the risk of invasive Aspergillus in transplant patients, but significantly inhibits tacrolimus metabolism. One study demonstrated that a three-fold dose reduction of ...
Stroke Incidence and Survival in American Indians, Blacks, and Whites: The Strong Heart Study and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Background American Indians (AIs) have high stroke morbidity and mortality. We compared stroke incidence and mortality in AIs, blacks, and whites. Methods and Results Pooled data from 2 cardiovascu...
A Review of “Children and Childhood in American Religions. Edited by Don S. Browning and Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore”

Childhood studies is a growing field of academic study. Yet few scholars have paid close attention to the ways in which religions understand childhood. This book seeks to fill this void by examinin...
A glimpse inside the lives of the academically talented: What merit scholars and their parents reveal

To gain a deep and integrative understanding of the conditions associated with academic talent development, a cross-case qualitative study was conducted wherein six National Merit Scholars and thei...
Improved Expression and Purification of the Carotenoid Biosynthetic Enzyme Z-ISO

Carotenoids are a large class of pigments that are essential for survival of plants and other species that consume these plant-derived compounds and their bioactive derivatives. The plant biosynthetic pathway is nuclear-encoded and localized in plastids. The pathway enzymes had been known for many years, except for a recently discovered isomerase, 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) which utilizes a novel mechanism to mediate isomerization in response to the redox state of its heme b cofactor. To further study this enzyme, a protocol is described which maximizes purification of a fusion between Maltose Binding Protein and Zea mays (maize) Z-ISO (MBP::Z-ISO) expressed in E. coli treated with heme biosynthesis precursors which were used to increase heme available for loading into the expressed protein. Further enrichment of the protein was accomplished by improved sonication to release membranes containing Z-ISO, an integral membrane protein, and collection of the membrane fraction which was subjected to Nickel affinity chromatography. The fusion protein bound to the column through a His-tag. The MBP::Z-ISO protein was released using histidine, and not imidazole which binds heme and would interfere with enzyme recovery. Purification of the 75.46 kD MBP::Z-ISO expressed in E. coli was accomplished with fivefold improvement of yield and doubled heme content compared to the previously published method Beltran et al. (Nat Chem Biol 11(8):598-605, 2015). The newer protocol will yield, per liter of culture, 5-6 mg MBP::Z-ISO protein with ~1:1 heme to Z-ISO ratio.
960-P: Personalized Diabetes Management Using Data from Continuous Glucose Monitors

Expansion of continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients has not fully translated into personalized, timely glucose management. We propose a standardized approach based on individual CGM data to set patient-specific disease-management targets and monitor progress. We developed tools to measure daily mean glucose (MG), time-in-range between 70-180 mg/dL (TIR), and glucose variability (GV); set patient-specific targets for these metrics; and detect deviation from these targets. We simulate the proposed approach on 2,668,063 hours of CGM data from 299 T1D patients. To simulate a patient’s clinic visit after CGM use, their first 90 days of CGM data were used to generate personalized targets. To simulate patient disease management post-visit, the subsequent 14 days of data were used to generate alerts on each day which deviated from their target. The number of daily alerts for static targets (>65% TIR) vs. personalized targets (at least 5% improvement over the preceding 90-day average TIR) were compared. The evaluation included all 248 patients with at least 104 days of data. Patient-specific personalized glucose targets varied significantly. Of these 248 patients, 150 had a historical mean TIR higher than the static target of 65%. For the 98 patients with TIR Personalized glucose targets based on each patient’s CGM history offer several advantages over static targets set without knowledge of the patient history. Personalized targets may be more achievable; for patients with high TIR targets to maintain performance may be more appropriate than lower static targets; and personalized targets may be set to produce fewer unnecessary alarms. Automated analyses of CGM data may empower care teams to support personalized, timely disease management. Disclosure D.R. Miller: None. A.T. Ward: None. D.M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Consultant; Self; Abbott, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care. D. Scheinker: Advisory Panel; Self; Carta Healthcare.
Abdominal Pain and Anxious or Depressed State Are Independently Associated With Weight Loss in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background Many factors impact nutritional status in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We undertook this study to evaluate the potential role that abdominal pain has on weight loss and dietary behavior in IBD. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study utilizing data from an IBD registry at our institution between January 1, 2015 and August 31, 2018. Pain scores and nutritional outcomes were derived from validated questionnaires while key associated clinical data were derived from the medical record. Results Three hundred and three patients (154 females; 206 Crohn's disease) were included in this study. Ninety-six patients (31.7%) had experienced a 6-lb or greater weight loss in the prior month. On multivariate analysis, abdominal pain and anxious/depressed state were independently associated with weight loss, while female gender and NSAID use were inversely associated with weight loss (P < 0.05). IBD patients with abdominal pain also reported significantly poorer dietary behavior than those without this symptom. Conclusions Abdominal pain is more likely to result in negative dietary outcomes and independently associated with weight loss in IBD. IBD providers should screen for malnutrition when patients report abdominal pain.
Moving Toward Implementation of Universal Mental Health Screening by Examining Attitudes Toward School-Based Practices:

Universal mental health screening is a proactive approach to identify students who may benefit from prevention or early intervention services. Despite known benefits, few schools are engaging in sc...
Identifying Health Insurance Claim Frauds Using Mixture of Clinical Concepts

Patients depend on health insurance provided by the government systems, private systems, or both to utilize the high-priced healthcare expenses. This dependency on health insurance draws some healthcare service providers to commit insurance frauds. Although the number of such service providers is small, it is reported that the insurance providers lose billions of dollars every year due to frauds. In this paper, we formulate the fraud detection problem over a minimal, definitive claim data consisting of medical diagnosis and procedure codes. We present a solution to the fraudulent claim detection problem using a novel representation learning approach, which translates diagnosis and procedure codes into Mixtures of Clinical Codes (MCC). We also investigate extensions of MCC using Long Short Term Memory networks and Robust Principal Component Analysis. Our experimental results demonstrate promising outcomes in identifying fraudulent records.
Distribution of P metabolites and compartmentation in soybean nodules as studied by electron microscopy and 31P NMR spectroscopy

In a previous study (Rolin et al., 1989) we established the optimum parameters for obtaining 31P spectra of functioning soybean nodules. The purpose of the present study was to investigate nodule compartmentation using in vivo 31P NMR in conjunction with electron microscopy to establish the distribution of the metabolites in nodules.
Beyond Group Therapy: Crafting Peer Evaluation to Reduce Anxiety in the Legal Writing Classroom

Can a student whose editing eye is driven by anxious self-checking, overwhelmed by the concern for whether another student treated an identical issue the same or differently than he has, really provide valid feedback on whether the student author has met the intended audience’s needs? This working paper suggests that, despite its pitfalls, peer evaluation in the legal writing classroom can be designed to achieve the best goals of the peer-editing exercise while at the same time reduce the anxiety and free students to more fully discover audience. One design that has the potential to create a safer, more authentic environment for peer evaluation is one in which students work on different problems. This would remove some of the competitive social comparison inherent in a peer editing exercise where students are all working to reach the same “answer.”
Predictive Technology Model for Robust Nanoelectronic Design

Predictive Technology Model for Robust Nanoelectronic Design explains many of the technical mysteries behind the Predictive Technology Model (PTM) that has been adopted worldwide in explorative design research. Through physical derivation and technology extrapolation, PTM is the de-factor device model used in electronic design. This work explains the systematic model development and provides a guide to robust design practice in the presence of variability and reliability issues. Having interacted with multiple leading semiconductor companies and university research teams, the author brings a state-of-the-art perspective on technology scaling to this work and shares insights gained in the practices of device modeling.
Lens epithelium and fiber Na,K-ATPases: distribution and localization by immunocytochemistry.

Purpose To use immunofluorescence and immunogold techniques to identify the catalytic subunits of the Na,K-ATPases of the lens and to determine their location in the cells of the epithelium and cortex of bovine and human lenses. Methods Frozen sections of capsulated and decapsulated bovine and human lenses were prepared, blocked, and treated with affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit antibodies to the Na,K-ATPase catalytic subunit isoforms with subsequent treatment with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG and visualization of the fluorescence by light microscopy. An immunogold-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG was used to detect, by electron microscopy, the binding of the same affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to thin sections of decapsulated lenses that had been fixed and embedded in Lowicryl K4M. The results were confirmed by staining of western blot analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel separations of enriched membrane preparations from bovine and human lenses. Results The three common catalytic subunits of the Na,K-ATPases are present in the plasma membranes of lens epithelium, lens fibers, or both. The data indicate a polarized distribution of the alpha1 and alpha3 catalytic subunit isoforms in central epithelium. In the cortical fibers, the alpha2 isoform is present around the interdigitations. The alpha3 isoform is found in the interdigitation-free regions of human cortical fibers. Conclusions This unique distribution of Na,K-ATPases precludes the popular pump-leak model for lens monovalent cation homeostasis. The functional significance of the distribution of Na,K-ATPases in the lens epithelium and superficial fibers is currently under investigation.
Studies on enzyme radiosensitivity. I. The effect of bicarbonate on liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

Abstract When dilute aqueous solutions of liver alcohol dehydrogenase were exposed to X-irradiation, there was much more inactivation in the presence of bicarbonate buffer than in phosphate buffer or in distilled water. The effect was not due to the action of any stable intermediates produced by irradiation of bicarbonate buffer, nor does it seem likely that enzyme is converted by irradiation to some long-lived metastable state whose destruction is precipitated by the presence of bicarbonate. Enzyme and bicarbonate must be present simultaneously for the effect to be observed. Several other enzymes have been investigated in this regard, and possible mechanisms discussed.
Spontaneous cervical and cerebral arterial dissections. Diagnosis and management.

Arterial dissections of head and neck arteries were first identified pathologically in the 1950s, but not until the 1970s and the 1980s did they begin to be widely recognized as a clinical entity. Carotid and vertebral artery dissections account for only 2% of all ischemic strokes, but they account for approximately 20% of thromboembolic strokes in patients younger than 45 years. The cause of supra-aortic dissections can be either spontaneous or traumatic. This article addresses spontaneous cervical and cerebral artery dissections.
Direct synthesis of Z-unsaturated esters. A useful modification of the horner-emmons olefination.

Abstract New phosphonoester reagents and reaction conditions are described which yield Z-alpha, beta-unsaturated esters stereoselectively and in high yield from aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes.
Use of Li6I(Eu) as a Fast-Neutron Detector and Spectrometer

A review is given of experiments carried out in an investigation of the scintillation response of Li6I(Eu) to fast neutrons. A considerable improvement in fast-neutron resolution is realized by operation of the crystal at low temperatures. Pulse-height spectra have been recorded for neutrons from various sources providing both line spectra and continuous spectra. These experiments indicate possible applications of Li6I(EU) as a fast-neutron detector and spectrometer.
Effect of parallel segmented flow chromatography on the height equivalent to a theoretical plate. I—Performance of 4.6 mm × 30 mm columns packed with 3.0 μm Hypurity-C18 fully porous particles

Abstract The mass transfer kinetics in short and wide 4.6 mm × 30 mm columns packed with 3.0 μm Hypurity-C18 fully porous particles were measured for three different configurations of the inlet sample distribution and outlet sample collection: (1) both the inlet and outlet column endfittings are standard, (2) the inlet endfitting is standard while the outlet endfitting allows parallel segmentation of the exiting flow between a central and a peripheral region across the column diameter, and (3) both the inlet and outlet endfittings allow a parallel segmentation of the flow entering and exiting the column, respectively. The total reduced heights equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) were carefully measured, using the first and second central moments of the elution band profiles, obtained by its accurate numerical integration. The longitudinal diffusion term was measured at the lowest experimental reduced velocity applied. The solid–liquid mass transfer resistance was estimated from measurements of the intra-particle diffusivity using the Torquato's model of effective diffusion in packed beds. The trans-channel and short-range interchannel eddy diffusion HETP terms were taken from data obtained by solving numerically the Navier–Stokes equations and simulating advective-diffusive transport in computer-generated random sphere packings. The results clearly show that the trans-column eddy diffusion HETP term can account for up to 85% of the total intrinsic HETP (corrected for extra-column contributions) of the standard columns. Parallel segmented flow chromatography can reduce this contribution by half at high velocities, by eliminating most of the baseline peak tailing. This holds true irrespective of the retention factor of the analyte. It was found also that segmenting the inlet/outlet flow increases detection sensitivity by 25–50% for peaks with large to small retention factors, respectively. In practice, the advantage of parallel segmented flow chromatography in gradient elution (thin peak widths) is essentially limited by post-column bandspreading and diffusion in the dwell volume of the instrument used. Analyst should minimize post-column bandspreading (caused by connectors and detection cell volume) and synchronize the eluent composition in the peripheral and central inlet ports of the column, by using two separate pumps with appropriate dwell volumes.
A HYPOTHESIS CONCERNING SILICA AND THE FRESHWATER PLANKTONIC DIATOMS1

The literature was examined to relate ambient silica concentrations to numerical dominance of specific freshwater planktonic diatoms. Mean silica concentrations (mg/liter) during dominance are: Stephanodiscus astraea, 0.6; Tabellaria flocculosa asterionelloides, 0.9; Asterionella formosa, 1.7; Melosira granulata, 13.4. The concentration at time of dominance and patterns of diatom periodicity observed in many eutrophic lakes led to the hypothesis that declining ambient silica concentrations may influence the sequence of seasonal succession. When silica becomes depleted diatoms become scarce. It is suggested that some measure of “silica demand” could be used as an index of increasing eutrophication.
Loss of ATP-dependent lysine uptake in the vacuolar membrane vesicles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ypq1∆ mutant

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ypq1p is a vacuolar membrane protein of the PQ-loop protein family. We found that ATP-dependent uptake activities of amino acids by vacuolar membrane vesicles were impaired by ypq1∆ mutation. Loss of lysine uptake was most remarkable, and the uptake was recovered by overproduction of Ypq1p. Ypq1p is thus involved in transport of amino acids into vacuoles.
The determination of aluminium, titanium and nickel in their alloys

Abstract An ion-exchange method for the separation of aluminium, titanium, and nickel is described. Aluminium, titanium and nickel are absorbed on a cation-exchange column which is coupled with an anion-exchange column. A 0.8M hydrofluoric-0.06M hydrochloric acid mixture elutes aluminium from both columns, transfers titanium to the second column and leaves nickel in the first column. The method, which is applied to a permanent magnet alloy, also gives an improved ion-exchange method for the separation of mixtures of nickel, aluminium, cobalt, copper and iron which eliminates a preliminary separation of copper. A metalfluorechromic indicator is used to facilitate the titration of an excess of EDTA for the determination of those elements which form highly coloured complexes.
Insoluble surfactant spreading on a thin viscous film: Shock evolution and film rupture

Lubrication theory and similarity methods are used to determine the spreading rate of a localized monolayer of insoluble surfactant on the surface of a thin viscous film, in the limit of weak capillarity and weak surface diffusion. If the total mass of surfactant increases as t(alpha), then at early times, when spreading is driven predominantly by Marangoni forces, a planar (axisymmetric) region of surfactant is shown to spread as t(1 + alpha)/3 (t(1 + alpha)/4) . A shock exists at the leading edge of the monolayer; asymptotic methods are used to show that a wavetrain due to capillary forces exists ahead of the shock at small times, but that after a finite time it is swamped by diffusive effects. For alpha < 1/2 (alpha < 1), the diffusive lengthscale at the shock grows faster than the length of the monolayer, ultimately destroying the shock; subsequently, spreading is driven by diffusion, and proceeds as t1/2. The asymptotic results are shown to be good approximations of numerical solutions of the governing partial differential equations in the appropriate limits. Additional forces are also considered: weak vertical gravity can also destroy the shock in finite time, while effects usually neglected from lubrication theory are important only early in spreading. Experiments have shown that the severe thinning of the film behind the shock can cause it to rupture: the dryout process is modelled by introducing van der Waals forces.
Assignment of an erbB-like DNA sequence to linkage group VI in fishes of the genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae).

Abstract The inheritance of 23 protein polymorphisms was compared with the inheritance of a DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of a strongly cross-hybridizing erb B-related sequence, epidermal growth factor receptor-like-1 (EGFRL1), in Xiphophorus clemenciae X X. milleri-derived backcross hybrids. Two polymorphic bands were noted in this cross with a v- erb B probe after Pst I digestion: a 10-kilobase (kb) band in X. clemenciae and a 9-kb band in X. milleri. Joint segregation analysis of the RFLPs and protein polymorphisms indicate that this erb B-related sequence can be assigned to Xiphophorus linkage group VI, which also comprises genes coding for glutamine synthetase ( GLNS ), nucleoside phosphorylase-2 ( NP2 ), and transferrin ( TF ). We have designated this RFLP as alleles at a locus called EGFRL1 because of very strong cross-hybridization with the v- erb B probe, known to be homologous to the mammalian EGFR gene. This mapping assignment is the first autosomal linkage of an oncogene sequence reported in fish, which provide a large number of genetically controlled experimental tumor models.
Captured: The Japanese Internment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1941-1945

Supported by diaries, memoirs, war crimes transcripts, Japanese soldiers' accounts, medical data and other sources, this text presents an account on the 5000 American civilian men, women and children living in the Philippines during World War II who were confined to internment camps.
Enacting silence: Residual categories as a challenge for ethics, information systems, and communication

Residual categories are those which cannot be formally represented within a given classification system. We examine the forms that residuality takes within our information systems today, and explore some silences which form around those inhabiting particular residual categories. We argue that there is significant ethical and political work to be done in exploring residuality.
Target recognition for FLIR imagery using learning vector quantization and multilayer perceptrons

In this paper a neural-network-based automatic target recognition (ATR) classifier is developed. The ATR classifier consists of a learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithm followed by a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The LVQ is used as the feature extractor and the MLP as the classifier. The LVQ algorithm adaptively extracts a set of target templates (centroids) that are assumed to represent the target signatures. The Euclidean distances between the centroids and the input target are passed to an MLP. The MLP uses these distances as input and performs a classification. Experimental results are presented for two different test sets. The first test set has similar characteristics to those of the training set, and the ATR classifier does very well. However, the second test set has a different characteristics and the ATR classifier performance is poor.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Numerical modeling of spacecraft electric propulsion thrusters

Abstract There is a clear current trend towards the replacement of small chemical thrusters used for spacecraft control by electric propulsion thrusters. These thrusters use a variety of mechanisms to convert electrical power into thrust and, in general, provide superior specific impulse in comparison to chemical systems. Electric propulsion has been under development for the last 40 yr, and almost all thrusters are designed based on experience and experimentation. The present article considers the progress made in numerical simulation of electric propulsion thrusters. Due to the wide range of such devices, attention is restricted to electric propulsion thruster types that are presently in use by orbiting spacecraft. The physical regimes created in these thrusters indicate that a variety of numerical methods is required for accurate numerical simulation ranging from continuum formulations to kinetic approaches. Successes of numerical simulation models are demonstrated through specific examples. It is concluded that numerical simulations can be expected to play a more prominent role in the design and evolution of future electric propulsion thrusters.
Application of wall functions to generalized nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems

A method has been developed for the application of wall functions to generalized curvilinear coordinate systems with nonorthogonal grids. Two test cases have been computed using this method with the k-e turbulence model: flow over a flat plate at 0-deg angle of attack using a nonorthogonal grid at the wall and flow over a prolate hemispheroid with a hemispherical nose cap at 0-deg angle of attack. All results are compared with experimental data. In addition, the hemispheroid results are compared with computations using the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model and the Chien low-Reynolds-number k-e turbulence model.
Aerosol chemical composition and light scattering in Portland, Oregon: The role of carbon

Abstract Measurements of light scattering and the chemical composition of the fine aerosol from the Portland (Oregon) Aerosol Characterization Study (PACS) of 1977–1978 are reported. Scattering coefficients for sulfate, nitrate, carbonaceous aerosol and residual mass were determined by stepwise multiple linear regression. Unlike other cities the scattering efficiencies for sulfate, nitrate and carbonaceous aerosol were approximately the same. Carbonaceous aerosol was found to account for about 50% of both the fine aerosol mass and the light scattering.
Spirituality influences health related quality of life in men with prostate cancer

Spirituality is interdependent with the biological, psychological, and interpersonal aspects of life. Although spirituality has been studied in breast cancer survivors, little work has been done in men with prostate cancer. We sought to determine whether lower spirituality in men with early stage prostate cancer is associated with worse general health-related quality of life (HRQOL), disease-specific HRQOL, or psychosocial health. Two hundred and twenty-two subjects were drawn from a state-funded program providing free prostate cancer treatment to indigent men. Validated instruments captured spirituality, general and disease-specific HRQOL, anxiety, symptom distress, and emotional well-being. We found a consistent relationship between spirituality and the outcomes assessed. Low spirituality was associated with significantly worse physical and mental health, sexual function and more urinary bother after controlling for covariates. All of the psychosocial variables studied reflected worse adjustment in the men with low spirituality. Because the likelihood of prostate cancer survivorship is high, interventions targeting spirituality could impact the physical and psychosocial health of many men.
Cassava Root Meal in Grower and Layer Diets

Abstract The nutritive value of cassava root meal in grower and layer diets was evaluated. In one experiment, 0, 10, 25 and 50% of cassava root meal were substituted in isonitrogenous grower diets and fed to S.C.W.L. pullet chicks from 6 to 20 weeks of age. All groups received the same standard layer diet from 20 to 48 weeks of age. There was no significant difference in egg production, feed conversion, egg weight, Haugh units, shell thickness, body weight gain or mortality that could be ascribed to level of cassava root meal fed during the growing period. In the second experiment the same levels of cassava root meal were fed to S.C.W.L. pullets from 20 to 48 weeks of age. There were no significant differences in any of the parameters measured that could ascribe to treatment. The addition of up to 50% of cassava root meal to the layer diet did not have any adverse effects on the pullets during the 28-week experimental period.
Changing the Game of Venture Capital: Expert Insights

Many industry analysts have cited the significant downsizing of venture capital, yet the future of venture capital does not need to remain grim. An analysis of the framework and operating principles of venture capital reveals areas of improvement that will minimize the effects of negative external economic forces. An examination of the historical impact of venture capital and the factors precipitating its downsizing reveals opportunities for a resilient venture firm less affected by market forces and able to deliver optimal returns on investments. The author presents the research within the context of the four phases: investment screening, selection, monitoring, and exit. The author offers best practice research (through interviews of experienced venture investors and supplemented by secondary research) and suggests alternate strategies for venture firms to consider.
A multi-dimensional constitutive model for shape memory alloys

This paper presents a multi-dimensional thermomechanical constitutive model for shape memory alloys (SMAs). This constitutive relation is based upon a combination of both micromechanics and macromechanics. The martensite fraction is introduced as a variable in this model to reflect the martensitic transformation that determines the unique characteristics of shape memory alloys. This constitutive relation can be used to study the complex behavior associated with 2-D and 3-D SMA structures. A simple example using this constitutive model is also presented, which reveals a new and interesting phenomenon of 3-D SMA structures.
Anesthesiology and competitive strategy.

Whether we like it or not, medicine is big business. The argument is sometimes made that standard management strategies from the business world do not apply to medicine because the economics and practice of medicine are unique—driven by science and rapid rates of change. But an exploding knowledge base, light-speed technological development, and ever-changing reimbursement schemes are not exclusive to medicine and health care. Some fundamental principles of finance, business management, and strategic development have evolved to deal with problems of rapid change. These principles do apply to modern medicine. The business side of anesthesia practice is off-putting to many clinicians. However, knowledge of the market forces at play can help enhance patient care, improve service, expand opportunities, and extend the perimeter of the discipline. The mission and current market position of anesthesiology practice are considered here.
The role of bisphosphonate therapy in the global management of multiple myeloma.

In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma, D'Arena and colleagues provide final results of a long-term phase III study that compared pamidronate to observation in 177 patients with multiple myeloma, a...
A noniterative equivalent waveform model for timing analysis in presence of crosstalk

Due to the nonuniform interconnect scaling in the Deep Sub Micron (DSM) region, the coupling capacitance between wires becomes an increasingly dominant fraction of the total wire capacitance. This couple capacitance introduces server crosstalk which causes delay variations on signal lines and raises signal integrity problems. Therefore, including crosstalk in the timing analysis methods has become imperative for current technologies. And to correctly model the crosstalk, output loading effects, waveform shape and gate driving capability have to be considered. However, most existing crosstalk models have not yet included these factors and consequently suffer from the low accuracy problem. In this article, we propose a noniterative equivalent waveform model that addresses the above mentioned issues. Our experimental results have shown that the new model achieves 3 times speed up and 95p accuracy compared to the existing models.
Ultraviolet (UV) Photochemical Doping Of Silicon

This paper describes a method of producing p-n junctions in silicon using an ArF laser to dissociate triethyl boron. Junction depths of 0→0.8 μm and peak electrically active dopant concentrations of 8 x 1018 → 2 x 1020 have been measured.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Predictive dynamic thermal management for multimedia applications

Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM) techniques have been proposed to save on thermal packaging and cooling costs for general-purpose processors. However, when invoked, these techniques result in a significant performance degradation. This paper concerns performance-effective DTM for multimedia applications. We make two contributions: (1) Current DTM algorithms are reactive in nature. We propose a predictive DTM algorithm targeted at multimedia applications, which allows the efficient use of response mechanisms that have high invocation overhead. We find that for our applications, our predictive algorithm performs significantly better than existing reactive DTM algorithms. (2) We evaluate the effectiveness of different DTM response mechanisms. Specifically, we demonstrate the importance of tailoring DTM response mechanisms to the thermal "hot-spots" on the chip and the current thermal limit, and show that a predictive combination of architecture adaptation and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) performs the best across a broad range of applications and thermal limits.