cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orchid: a novel management, annotation and machine learning framework for analyzing cancer mutations.

Motivation As whole-genome tumor sequence and biological annotation datasets grow in size, number and content, there is an increasing basic science and clinical need for efficient and accurate data management and analysis software. With the emergence of increasingly sophisticated data stores, execution environments and machine learning algorithms, there is also a need for the integration of functionality across frameworks. Results We present orchid, a python based software package for the management, annotation and machine learning of cancer mutations. Building on technologies of parallel workflow execution, in-memory database storage and machine learning analytics, orchid efficiently handles millions of mutations and hundreds of features in an easy-to-use manner. We describe the implementation of orchid and demonstrate its ability to distinguish tissue of origin in 12 tumor types based on 339 features using a random forest classifier. Availability and implementation Orchid and our annotated tumor mutation database are freely available at https://github.com/wittelab/orchid. Software is implemented in python 2.7, and makes use of MySQL or MemSQL databases. Groovy 2.4.5 is optionally required for parallel workflow execution. Contact JWitte@ucsf.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Understanding Content Contribution Behavior in a Geosegmented Mobile Virtual Community: The Context of Waze

The virtualization of every aspect of our life does not mean that old ways of social interaction can now be transported to the internet. According to recent research conducted on the influence of m...
Using Electronic Health Record Alerts to Increase Safety Planning with Youth At-Risk for Suicide: A Non-randomized Trial

No study to date has examined the effectiveness of integrating clinical decision support tools, like electronic health record (EHR) alerts, into the clinical care of youth at-risk for suicide. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of using an EHR alert to increase clinicians’ use of safety planning with youth at-risk for suicide in an outpatient pediatric psychiatry clinic serving an urban low-income Latino community. An alert intervention was developed to remind clinicians to complete a safety plan whenever they documented that their patient endorsed suicidal ideation, plan, or attempt during a visit in EHR notes. The alert appeared as a separate window containing a reminder message to complete a safety plan once a clinician finished visit documentation. There were 69 at-risk patients between the ages of 13–21 in the intervention period (M = 15.71; SD = 1.86; 66.7% female) and 64 (M = 15.38; SD = 1.93; 68.6% female) in the control period. Logistic regression analyses indicated that patients in the intervention period were significantly more likely than patients in the control period to receive a safety plan (p < .01). The pattern of results remained the same after adjusting for demographic variables (p = .01). Forty clinicians also completed a questionnaire assessing their satisfaction with the EHR alert, indicating moderate satisfaction (M = 3.01; SD = 0.63; range = 1.11–4.11). EHR alerts are associated with changes in clinicians’ behavior and improved compliance with best clinical practices for at-risk youth.
Coming Up N3XT, After 2D Scaling of Si CMOS

As two-dimensional scaling of Si CMOS crosses the nanometer threshold, from 7 nm, 5 nm, 3 nm, toward 1 nm technology nodes, will it continue to provide the energy efficiency required of future computing systems? A scalable, fast, and energy-efficient computation platform that may provide another 1,000× in computing energy efficiency (energy-execution time product) will have massive on-chip memory co-located with highly energy-efficient computing logic, enabled by 3D integration (e.g., monolithic) with ultra-dense and fine-grained connectivity. There will be multiple layers of memories interleaved with computing logic, sensors, and application-specific devices. We call this technology platform N3XT, Nano-engineered Computing Systems Technology. In this paper, we give an overview of the nanoscale memory and logic technologies that enable N3XT.
Endovascular Therapy for Rheumatic Mitral and Aortic Valve Disease: Review Article

Rheumatic heart disease remains a major cause of significant mortality and morbidity in the developing world. Rheumatic mitral and aortic stenosis are the two most common valvular sequelae of acute rheumatic fever. Open surgical procedures with either valve replacement or surgical commissurotomy have largely been replaced by percutaneous commissurotomy and balloon valvuloplasty for selected patients since the early 1980s. The purpose of our review is to examine the literature for any recent advancement in procedural techniques of balloon valvuloplasty for selected patients with rheumatic mitral and or aortic stenosis. Our search indicates that, in general, the volume of recent publications on this important topic is rather scanty with no major changes in the fundamentals of procedural techniques and or primary indications for balloon valvuloplasty of a rheumatic valve stenosis. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty/commissurotomy remains the main stay of therapy for rheumatic valvular stenosis in selected patients with favorable valve anatomy.
Exploring Nonlinear Behavior

The point at which modeling gets particularly interesting is when model behavior becomes increasingly nonlinear. It is no coincidence that this is the point where simulation tools start having trouble. Nonlinear behavior is hard to avoid in real world models. The examples in this chapter will introduce some of the approaches used to describe nonlinear behavior.
Factor matrix text filtering and clustering: Research Articles

The presence of trivial words in text databases can affect record or concept (wordssphrases) clustering adversely. Additionally, the determination of whether a wordsphrase is trivial is context-dependent. Our objective in the present article is to demonstrate a context-dependent trivial word filter to improve clustering quality. Factor analysis was used as a context-dependent trivial word filter for subsequent term clustering. Medline records for Raynaud's Phenomenon were used as the database, and words were extracted from the record abstracts. A factor matrix of these words was generated, and the words that had low factor loadings across all factors were identified, and eliminated. The remaining words, which had high factor loading values for at least one factor and therefore were influential in determining the theme of that factor, were input to the clustering algorithm. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to show that factor matrix filtering leads to higher quality clusters and subsequent taxonomies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time-Resolved X-Ray Studies of Crystallization and Melting in Poly(ARYL Ether Ether Ketone)

Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were conducted to study the crystallization and melting behavior of poly(aryl ether ether ketone), PEEK, using synchrotron radiation and a dual-chamber temperature jump apparatus. The long period L, invariant Q and lamellar thickness lc were determined from the correlation function of the scattering data. During crystallization, it was found that L decreased, Q increased, and lC remained about constant with time. The decrease in L was explained by the lamellar insertion within the lamellar stacks, whereas the increase in Q was attributed to the increase in total degree of crystallinity. During melting, L increased with temperature in a two-stage fashion: a small increase below the lower melting temperature of the double-melting and a large increase above that. Both Q and lc also increased with temperature but Q showed a maximum before the higher melting temperature. These results support the model of two populations of lamellae with different thickness in PEEK (proposed by Bassett et al. [1]): the primary lamellae are developed first in bundle-like stacks and the narrower secondary lamellae are inserted later within the primary lamellae.
Than clauses as embedded questions

Quantifiers in comparative than clauses often appear to take scope at the matrix level, a phenomenon that has spawned a large recent literature. Here I reopen an old line of investigation that seeks illumination in the strikingly similar behavior of quantifiers in embedded questions. A novel observation in this connection is that English clausal comparatives support quantificational variability effects. I explore the possibility of treating than clauses as embedded questions, sketching two implementations, and weigh this type of analysis against recent approaches that invoke degree pluralities. I also discuss multiple- wh configurations in clausal comparatives.
Information Directed Policy Sampling for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes with Parametric Uncertainty

This paper formulates partially observable Markov decision processes, where state-transition probabilities and measurement outcome probabilities are characterized by unknown parameters. An information theoretic solution method that adaptively manages the resulting exploitation-exploration trade-off is proposed. Numerical experiments for response guided dosing in healthcare are presented.
Abstract PD4-12: Use of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab positron emission tomography (PET) to predict response to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (TDM1)

Background : We have demonstrated that 64 Cu-DOTA trastuzumab is an effective PET imaging agent for HER2 positive breast cancer and are now seeking to evaluate the methodology for prediction of response and benefit to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (TDM1) in women with metastatic disease. Methods: Patients with metastatic breast cancer were eligible if they had biopsy confirmed HER2 + disease, at least 1 site of metastasis 2.0 cm or larger outside the biopsy site, and were to receive TDM1 as therapy. Pretreatment staging included 18 F-FDG/PET. Prior to injection of 64 Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab, patients received 45 mg of cold trastuzumab to reduce liver uptake. PET-CT scans were obtained at 21-25 h and 47-48 h over fields of view chosen in reference to 18 F-FDG scans. TDM1 was administered at a dose of 3.6 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Restaging 18 F-FDG/PET was performed every 2 cycles, and response to therapy was determined by PERCIST criteria. The radiolabel uptake was measured in terms of maximum voxel standardized uptake value (SUV max ). Results : Ten women enrolled on study and are evaluable for response; three continue on TDM1 for 22-40 months and four patients remained on treatment for at least 1 year. The median age was 54.5 years (48-83 years); seven received prior trastuzumab-containing chemotherapy 3 wks to 55 months prior to study entry. HER2 was positive by IHC in 5 and by FISH in 5 (3 were 2+ by IHC; 1 was 1+ and 1 indeterminate). Complete or partial metabolic response was observed in 5 patients. Patients had their average SUV max on 64 Cu-DOTA trastuzumab PET (aSUV max ) assessed in addition to individual assessments on up to 8 lesions on both Day1 and Day2. The mean aSUV max was (6.3, 8.8) for responding patients and (4.4, 5.2) for non-responder (day1, day2). The difference between responders and non-responders on Day1 aSUV max was marginally significant (p=0.06), but significant on Day2 (p=0.04). The three highest aSUV max on both day1 and day2 were three of the four patients with PFS>1 year. Data on the relationship of 64 Cu-DOTA trastuzumab PET to IHC and FISH, and individual lesion SUV max including evidence suggesting a potential threshold effect will be presented. Conclusions : In women with biopsy confirmed HER2 positive metastatic disease, 64 Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging is predictive for response to TDM1. Citation Format: Mortimer JE, Bading JR, Frankel P, Tumyan L, Tran TT, Rockne RC, Shively JE, Gidwaney N, Park J, Colcher DM. Use of 64 Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab positron emission tomography (PET) to predict response to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (TDM1) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD4-12.
Overcoming barriers to the use of metformin: patient and provider perspectives.

Background Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Observational studies show lower rates of use than would be expected from clinical guidelines. Objective We undertook a qualitative study of barriers to metformin use from the patient and provider perspective. Design Patient focus group, patient individual interviews, provider interviews, and chart review. Purposive sampling of patients and providers in New York State. Participants Seven one-on-one patient interviews, one focus group with 13 patients, 10 provider interviews, and manual review of 1259 charts. Approach Grounded theory. Results Both providers and patients cited potential health benefits as strong reasons to take metformin and describe it as the first-line drug for diabetes. Patients and providers both cited gastrointestinal side effects as the primary barrier to metformin use. Patients described adapting to these side effects and taking metformin at a time that minimizes them. In contrast, providers emphasized dose titration and the use of extended-release formulation as tools for minimizing side effects but were uncertain about the effectiveness of these strategies. Conclusion Metformin is positively viewed by patients and providers, but gastrointestinal side effects are a barrier to its use. There is some consensus on basic measures to improve its tolerability, but these measures are not consistently applied and lack evidence establishing their effectiveness. Pragmatic clinical trial research on optimal dose, formulation, and counseling for new metformin users should be considered.
Eco-Mobility-on-Demand Fleet Control With Ride-Sharing

Shared Mobility-on-Demand using automated vehicles can reduce energy consumption and cost for future mobility. However, its full potential in energy saving has not been fully explored. An algorithm to minimize fleet fuel consumption while satisfying customers' travel time constraints is developed in this article. Numerical simulations with realistic travel demand and route choice are performed, showing that if fuel consumption is not considered, the Mobility-on-demand (MOD) service can increase fleet fuel consumption due to increased empty vehicle mileage. With fuel consumption as part of the cost function, we can reduce total fuel consumption by 7% while maintaining a high level of mobility service.
Comparative Study of Control Techniques for Two-Dimensional Low-Speed Turbulent Flow Separation

Relative performance of several passive and active methods for controlling two-dimensional turbulent separated flow associated with a curved backward-facing ramp were investigated at low speeds. Surface static pressure measurement and oil flow visualization results indicate that transverse grooves, longitudinal grooves, submerged vortex generators (with h/δ ~ O(0.1–0.2)), vortex generator jets (with β ≃ 90°, α ≃ 15°), elongated arches at +α, and huge-eddy breakup devices (LEBU’s) at +a placed near the baseline separation location reduce flow separation and increase pressure recovery. Spanwise cylinders reduce flow separation but decrease pressure recovery downstream. Arches and LEBU’s with α ≤ 0° examined so far have no significant effect in reducing separation. Wall cooling computation indicates that separation delay on a partially cooled ramp is nearly the same as on a fully-cooled ramp while minimizing the frictional drag increase associated with the wall cooling process.
Neighborhood Composition and Community Garden Locations: The Effect of Ethnicity, Income, and Education:

Community gardens provide food, health, and sustainability benefits to surrounding communities. Research demonstrates that low-income or ethnic minority communities develop gardens to resist divest...
From Tear to Fear: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients With Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

Background Acute type A aortic dissection presents with abrupt onset of pain that requires emergency surgery. However, minimal research exists on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors. ...
A Bayesian longitudinal trend analysis of count data with Gaussian processes.

The context of comparing two different groups of subjects that are measured repeatedly over time is considered. Our specific focus is on highly variable count data which have a nonnegligible frequency of zeros and have time trends that are difficult to characterize. These challenges are often present when analyzing bacteria or gene expression data sets. Traditional longitudinal data analysis methods, including generalized estimating equations, can be challenged by the features present in these types of data sets. We propose a Bayesian methodology that effectively confronts these challenges. A key feature of the methodology is the use of Gaussian processes to flexibly model the time trends. Inference procedures based on both sharp and interval null hypotheses are discussed, including for the important hypotheses that test for group differences at individual time points. The proposed methodology is illustrated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) data sets corresponding to two different experimental conditions. In particular, the method is applied to a case study containing bacteria counts of mice with chronic and nonchronic wounds to identify potential wound-healing probiotics. The methodology can be applied to similar NGS data sets comparing two groups of subjects.
Multivariate Difference Gon\v{c}arov Polynomials

Univariate delta Goncarov polynomials arise when the classical Goncarov interpolation problem in numerical analysis is modified by replacing derivatives with delta operators. When the delta operator under consideration is the backward difference operator, we acquire the univariate difference Goncarov polynomials, which have a combinatorial relation to lattice paths in the plane with a given right boundary. In this paper, we extend several algebraic and analytic properties of univariate difference Goncarov polynomials to the multivariate case. We then establish a combinatorial interpretation of multivariate difference Goncarov polynomials in terms of certain constraints on $d$-tuples of non-decreasing integer sequences. This motivates a connection between multivariate difference Goncarov polynomials and a higher-dimensional generalized parking function, the $\boldsymbol{U}$-parking function, from which we derive several enumerative results based on the theory of multivariate delta Goncarov polynomials.
The Mechanical Performance of In Situ Processed Nickel-Titanium-Graphite Metal Matrix Composites: Influence of Processing

Nickel-Titanium-Graphite-based metal matrix composites (MMC) with in situ formed titanium carbide (TiC), as well as graphite (C) reinforcement in the nickel (Ni) metal matrix, were processed using mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The objective of this study is to synthesize the Ni-Ti-C composites by altering the carbon to titanium ratio and characterize to study its effects on mechanical and tribological behavior as compared with SPS processed pure nickel. Results indicated that these composites exhibit refined microstructure and the homogeneously distributed titanium carbide reinforcement in the nickel matrix. Moreover, by tailoring the carbon to titanium ratio in these composites, an additional graphitic phase is engineered into the microstructure. The steady-state coefficient of friction is obtained for pure nickel and Ni-Ti-C composites. The Ni-Ti-C composites exhibited increment in microhardness, as well as a significant improvement in the tribological behavior as compared to pure nickel.
Pulmonary Manifestations in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: A Review of Current Literature

Background: Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum is a hereditary disease characterized by calcification of elastic fibers that result in cutaneous, ophthalmologic, and cardiovascular complications. As the pulmonary system contains multiple cell types with abundant elastic fibers, pulmonary manifestations are expected yet not often observed. Objective: To review current literature reporting cases of pulmonary manifestations in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Methods: A search of the PubMed computerized database limited to English language case reports and cross-sectional cohort studies as of December 2020 was performed using the key words “pseudoxanthoma elasticum”, “PXE”, “pulm*”, and “lung”. Results: A total of 15 patients with clinical, radiologic, or histologic pulmonary manifestations of PXE were identified across four case reports and one cohort study. Patients who did present with pulmonary symptoms were exceedingly rare and reported only progressive exertional dyspnea. Discussion: Histologic and/or radiologic investigation of PXE patients who presented with progressive exertional dyspnea revealed calcification and irregularity of the elastic laminae in the pulmonary vasculature, the alveolar septa or both. Additionally, spirometry and diffusion studies in PXE patients revealed a restrictive pattern of lung disease with significantly decreased absolute total lung capacity compared to controls. Conclusions: PXE patients with pulmonary symptoms severe enough to have clinical impact are exceedingly rare, and thus investigative workup is not often pursued. Further research is needed to elucidate the clinical impact of lung calcification in PXE patients.
Characterization of biopolymers: starch and soy protein

Four varieties of barley starches, W.B. Merlin, glacier, high amylose glacier, and high amylose hull-less glacier, were isolated from barley seeds. Apparent and absolute amylose contents, molecular size distributions of amylose and amylopectin, amylopectin branch-chainlength distributions, and Naegeli dextrin structures of the starches were analyzed. W.B. Merlin amylopectin had the longest detectable chain length of DP 67, whereas glacier, high amylose glacier and high amylose hull-less glacier amylopectins had the longest detectable chain length of DP 82, 79, and 78, respectively. All the four starches displayed substantially reduced proportions of chains at DP 18-21. Amylopectins of high amylose varieties did not ' Journal Paper No. J-18096 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project No. 3258. ^ Graduate student and Professor, respectively. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University. ^ Corresponding author
Ozone exposure of cultured cells and tissues.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of oxidant air pollutants, such as ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the respiratory tract using in vivo inhalation exposures, organ culture or explant systems, and cell culture systems. With in vitro systems, a major problem is the design of the exposure system to deliver constant and reproducible concentrations of ozone to replicate culture dishes because ozone is chemically highly reactive. The other challenge is to mimic in vivo exposure conditions where the luminal surfaces of respiratory epithelial cells are exposed almost directly to the inspired air, except for a mucous or surfactant layer of variable thickness. The exposure of organ or cell cultures through a stationary liquid layer is undesirable because relatively insoluble gases have little effect except at high concentrations. Additionally, the mechanism of action may be different if an oxidant first reacts with the components of a relatively thick liquid layer rather than reacting directly with the cell or its surface layer.
Y-chromosome polymorphisms in southern Arabia

OF THE THESIS Y-CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISMS IN SOUTHERN ARABIA by Alicia M. Cadenas Florida International University, 2006 Miami, Florida Professor Rene J. Herrera, Major Professor In order to explore south Arabia's role in the migratory episodes leaving Africa to Eurasia and back, high-resolution Y-chromosome analyses of males from the United Arab Emirates (164), Qatar (72) and Yemen (62) were performed. The distribution of specific haplogroups (E3bl-M35 and J1-M267) and their microsatellite-based age estimates in southern Arabia offer additional insight on their dissemination. With the exception of Yemen, southern Arabia displays high diversity in its Y-haplogroup substructure and share similarities with populations along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Oman, possibly serving as a coastal corridor for migrations. Elevated rates of consanguinity may have had an impact in Yemen and Qatar, which experience deficiencies in their ratios of observed to expected heterozygosity at 15 hypervariable autosomal STR loci. Higher diversity along the Gulf of Oman may be due to trade emanating from the kingdom of Oman involving East Africa, southern Pakistan and western India.
Meta-Modelling, Visual Languages, Graph Transformation, Operational Semantics.

In this paper we present the linguistic design aspects subTextile, a hardware platform and visual programming language created with the goal of distilling the domain of programming to a set of primitives that would allow novice users to create dynamic and interesting behaviors for interactive art, architecture, and industrial design artifacts. Design exists in every aspect of human society, but the knowledge structure we have moved towards makes it difficult to acquire expertise in a wide set of skills. This discrepancy suggests the need for tools which encapsulate expert knowledge while allowing endusers to design using these "packaged skills," and this is what the subTextile language attempts to explore. We show an approach for distilling out a minimal set of linguistic primitives that can succinctly encapsulate the full expressive capability of a lower-level language by focusing not on the end effects, but the activity we expect the user to perform with the tool.
Intra-arterial infusions and intestinal necrosis in the rabbit: potential hazards of umbilical artery injections of ampicillin, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate.

Umbilical artery catheters are frequently employed for administration of medications. When the catheter tip is positioned adjacent to major aortic tributaries or inadvertently in the mesenteric arteries, high concentrations of infused substances may perfuse the intestine. Injections of saline, 50% dextrose, 10% dextrose, 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, and 100 mg/ml ampicillin were made into a branch of the mesenteric artery supplying 10 to 15 cm of rabbit ileum. The intestine was then examined two to five days later. All segments of intestine perfused with saline and 10% dextrose were grossly and microscopically normal. In each of the eight sites perfused with 50% dextrose, intestinal necrosis was noted (P less than .001). Four of eight sites perfused with ampicillin had hemorrhage and villus atrophy (p less than .001). Of the eight sites perfused with sodium bicarbonate, three had necrosis with hemorrhage and five had villus edema. The data indicate that intraarterial infusions of high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate, glucose, and ampicillin produce serious lesions in an animal model. This suggests that appropriate precautions should be exercised when administering medications through the umbilical artery catheter.
Evolution of Multidisciplinary Translational Teams (MTTs): Insights for Accelerating Translational Innovations

There is growing consensus about the factors critical for development and productivity of multidisciplinary teams, but few studies have evaluated their longitudinal changes. We present a longitudinal study of 10 multidisciplinary translational teams (MTTs), based on team process and outcome measures, evaluated before and after 3 years of CTSA collaboration. Using a mixed methods approach, an expert panel of five judges (familiar with the progress of the teams) independently rated team performance based on four process and four outcome measures, and achieved a rating consensus. Although all teams made progress in translational domains, other process and outcome measures were highly variable. The trajectory profiles identified four categories of team performance. Objective bibliometric analysis of CTSA-supported MTTs with positive growth in process scores showed that these teams tended to have enhanced scientific outcomes and published in new scientific domains, indicating the conduct of innovative science. Case exemplars revealed that MTTs that experienced growth in both process and outcome evaluative criteria also experienced greater innovation, defined as publications in different areas of science. Of the eight evaluative criteria, leadership-related behaviors were the most resistant to the interventions introduced. Well-managed MTTs demonstrate objective productivity and facilitate innovation.
Analysis of control concepts applied to induction motors: a motion control problem

The designer is faced with the problem of synthesizing electric machines using a number of different machine configurations, and optimal electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal design must be performed to attain superior performance. In electric machinery, the issues of geometrical variability and magnetic system design have consistently been the most basic problems. A general conceptual framework, innovative research and developments in design of electric machines, including induction motors, are presented. An electric machine classifier and structural synthesis concept, studied in the paper, plays a central role. These benchmarking results are straightforwardly applied to design various electric machines, and different machine configurations are mapped by using classifiers. Explicit distinctions are made between various electric machine configurations and possible operating principles. Different types of electric machines can be defined and designed, and a number of long-standing issues related to geometrical variability and electromagnetics are studied. These benchmarking results allow one to reformulate extremely important problems in electric machinery, solve a number of very complex issues in design, as well as to synthesize innovative electric machines. Using comprehensive nonlinear mathematical models of induction motors, the designer can perform simulation and design, as well as rapidly develop and implement closed-loop high-performance electric drives.
Appropriability Hazards and Governance in Strategic Alliances: A Transaction Cost Approach

Despite the recent proliferation of interfirm alliances designed to govern cooperative efforts in creating or exploiting technology, we have limited understanding of how firms choose among the various alliance types available to them. In this article, I examine the governance properties of different alliance types and develop a simplified market-hierarchy continuum of alliances. This then forms the basis for an empirical examination of appropriability hazards and governance. Strong support for hypotheses derived from transaction cost theory is provided by analysis of a large sample of interfirm alliances. More hierarchical alliances are chosen when appropriability hazards are severe because technology is difficult to specify or because the scope of activities is wider, so that monitoring is hampered.
Distorted MnIVMnIII3 Cubane Complexes as Single-Molecule Magnets

Alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility data are presented for six distorted cubane complexes of the composition [MnIVMnIII3O3X]. Each of these complexes has a well isolated S = 9/2 ground state. There is zero-field splitting (ZFS) in the ground states where D, the axial ZFS parameter, is found to be in the range of −0.27 to −0.38 cm-1. As a result of the big spin ground state and appreciable magnetic anisotropy, an out-of-phase ac magnetic susceptibility signal is seen for each of the six Mn4 complexes. The out-of-phase ac susceptibility signal reflects slow magnetization relaxation which is taken to indicate that individual molecules are acting as magnets. Alternating current susceptibility data are presented for a frozen glass of one of the Mn4 complexes to confirm that the out-of-phase ac signal is associated with isolated molecules. The factors that influence whether a given complex can function as a single-molecule magnet are described. The above Mn4 complexes represent only the second type...
Observations with self-embedded sentences using written aids

Self-embedded sentences of any degree beyond one are permitted by the syntactic rules of English, yet previous studies report that Ss typically reject these sentences as being ungrammatical and, in addition, often cannot recover the meaning of these sentences. The present paper investigated the possibility of introducing specially structured self-embedded sentences as “aids” to the discovery of the structure of more complex self-embedded sentences. The group of Ss who received these aids performed significantly better in discovering the subject-verb and subject-object assignments in the complex sentences (many achieved perfect scores) in contrast to Ss who did not initially receive these aids (these latter Ss obtained close to the minimum possible scores).
Dawn Song of Eastern Kingbirds: Intrapopulation Variability and Sociobiological Correlates

We quantify the singing behaviour of eastern kingbirds ( Tyrannus tyrannus ) in the 'dawn song' period to describe variation in performance, identify sources of variation, and identify the main recipient(s) of the information conveyed in the display. All males ( N = 87) participated in dawn song, but the probability that a male did not sing increased if he was relatively isolated, and it was late in the season. The earliest and longest song bouts were made by males with many neighbours and when population level female fertility was high. High song rates were typical of males in dense nesting assemblages, early in the season and nest cycle, and when social mates were infertile. However, among males with active nests, song rates varied only with neighbour density and either date or population level female fertility. Given the strong inverse correlation between population fertility and date, we suspect that population fertility drove the relationships. The association of start time and song rate with population fertility, continuation of dawn song after territory establishment, and depressed song rate when mates were fertile, are all consistent with the hypothesis that the availability of extra-pair females is the primary factor selecting for male participation in dawn song.
Dimensions of Marijuana Use in a Midwest Catholic University: Subcultural Considerations

Theorists and researchers for over two decades have indicated repeatedly that marijuana use by college students has a subculture base. Crucial here is the impact that the subculture has on its members' identities, values, attitudes, and belief patterns. While it may be true that not all members of a subculture evidence the same commitment to a subculture's attitudinal and normative patterns, nonetheless they share common patterns and the more an individual becomes involved, the more he manifests these subcultural patterns. Explorations of this subculture rationale are conducted utilizing a trichotomy of marijuana type users. The findings lend support more to the theoretical notion of subculture intervention as a threshold variable than a continuum variable.
A Study of the Body Type and Market Finish of the Broad-Breasted Small-Type White Turkey

Abstract MARSDEN (1941) described the Broad-Breasted Small-type Turkey developed at the United States Department of Agriculture Research Center at Beltsville, Maryland. He characterized the bird as white in color, finishing at 24 weeks of age with the males weighing from 12 to 17 pounds and the females from 7½ to 10 pounds, and having a compact body with moderately short legs, moderately long keel bone, broad, well-meated breast, plump, and well-fleshed legs. Since the release of hatching eggs to colleges and experiment stations, the Small-type White Turkey has become widely distributed. It seemed that more specific information should be obtained on its size, body type, and market quality. Jaap (1938) used the factors rib spread, anterior body depth, shank length and degree of fleshing in studying the body conformation of live market turkeys. Jaap and Penquite (1938) concluded that differences in conformation of live birds may be expressed by comparing body . . .
Predicting quality of life with a pretransplantation assessment battery: A prospective study of cardiac recipients.

This study provides descriptive data on the prevalence of symptoms and quality of life of cardiac transplantation recipients and tests the predictive validity of a pre-cardiac transplantation psychological assessment battery on posttransplantation quality of life. Following the formation of four cluster groups of pretransplantation MMPI profiles based on previous research, frequency analysis found that the cluster groups were not equally represented among cardiac recipients, such that the “Distressed/Confused” cluster had only one recipient member. Tests of significance among the three remaining cluster groups on the posttransplantation quality of life variables found no significant differences. Regression analyses to test the predictive validity of other pretransplantation medical and psychological variables indicated that trait anxiety was a significant predictor of increased symptom frequency and symptom problems and decreased mental health among recipients. Collectively, modest support was found for the use of pretransplantation psychological variables as predictors of posttransplantation quality of life. Interpretation of psychological test data in the context of other psychosocial variables is discussed.
Insulin and Glucagon Release from Cultured Neonatal Pancreatic Islets of Lean and Preobese Zucker Rats

Pancreatic islets were isolated from individual neonatal (2-5 days of age) lean and preobese Zucker rats to assess insulin and glucagon release after 7 and 14 days of culture. Insulin and glucagon release were elicited with high glucose (22.2 mM) plus aminophylline (10 mM) and alanine (10 mM), respectively. The similar secretory hormone patterns, both at basal and stimulated conditions, of the islets from rats later identified as lean or obese, suggest that a primary islet defect does not cause the hyperinsulinemia.
Biochemical characterization of ethanol-dependent reduction of furfural by alcohol dehydrogenases.

Lignocellulosic biomass is usually converted to hydrolysates, which consist of sugars and sugar derivatives, such as furfural. Before yeast ferments sugars to ethanol, it reduces toxic furfural to non-inhibitory furfuryl alcohol in a prolonged lag phase. Bioreduction of furfural may shorten the lag phase. Cupriavidus necator JMP134 rapidly reduces furfural with a Zn-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (FurX) at the expense of ethanol (Li et al. 2011). The mechanism of the ethanol-dependent reduction of furfural by FurX and three homologous alcohol dehydrogenases was investigated. The reduction consisted of two individual reactions: ethanol-dependent reduction of NAD+ to NADH and then NADH-dependent reduction of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. The kinetic parameters of the coupled reaction and the individual reactions were determined for the four enzymes. The data indicated that limited NADH was released in the coupled reaction. The enzymes had high affinities for NADH (e.g., K d of 0.043 μM for the FurX-NADH complex) and relatively low affinities for NAD+ (e.g., K d of 87 μM for FurX-NAD+). The kinetic data suggest that the four enzymes are efficient “furfural reductases” with either ethanol or NADH as the reducing power. The standard free energy change (ΔG°′) for ethanol-dependent reduction of furfural was determined to be −1.1 kJ mol−1. The physiological benefit for ethanol-dependent reduction of furfural is likely to replace toxic and recalcitrant furfural with less toxic and more biodegradable acetaldehyde.
Change in the perception of the poverty line during times of depression : Russia 1993-96

Economic transition in Russia was accompanied by a precipitous decline in real income for most of the population. How was people's perception of a minimum income level needed to survive affected by such a rapid decline in their incomes? Based on individual-level data collected from repeated surveys over the period March 1993-September 1996, we find that the subjective estimate of a minimum income for an adult Russian decreased by about 1.7 percent each month. This sharp reduction of people's subjective poverty line in face of a decrease in real income meant that the percentage of the population feeling poor went down, even if it remained at a very high level (over 60 percent) throughout the entire period. This is in marked contrast with a simultaneous increase in the percentage of the "objectively" poor--that is those whose income was less than a given real poverty line.
Orientation to Reality

Reference librarians who are new to an organization need to participate in a systematic orientation program as soon as possible regardless of whether they are experienced or not. A well-planned orientation program helps new librarians provide better and more efficient service for their patrons; and facilitates identification with the organization that they have joined. The need for such orientation programs has no significant relevance to the degree of the librarian's previous experience. Experienced librarians need orientation more than training, though they may also need some training specific to changes in their duties and work location.
Co-localization of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in median eminence neurosecretory vesicles

Co-localization of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in median eminence neurosecretory vesicles
Black Civil Violence and White Social Science: Sense and Nonsense

Some thirty years ago, the Kerner Commission report explained the outbursts of urban violence in America’s Black ghettos as caused by Black deprivation wrought by white racism. In its rendition of the Black experience through four hundred years of American racism and its description of the conditions in the urban ghettos of the 1960s, the report is worthy of the acclaim it has received. In its analysis of the causal factors that led to the riots, the report attempts to appeal to intuition but falls far short of making a case on the basis of any remote standard of causal analysis. Indeed, the report strikingly resembles the academic studies that have invoked relative and absolute deprivation theories to explain the American urban riots of the 1960s and which have repeatedly collapsed under the scrutiny of basic considerations of social science methodology. The causes of riots might as aptly fall into situational explanations, including the pattern of police response, as they fall into theoretical ones. While social scientists debate such issues, policy makers have had to respond to the realities of riots, both in terms of causes and effects. Surprisingly, many policy makers, irrespective of their own ideologies and notions of causes, when dealing with America’s urban riots, appear to have come to the same general conclusions about the policies that need to be implemented to prevent future racial crises. Looking at these responses, as well as both the idiosyncratic and common attributes of riots, this paper suggests reconceptualizing and rethinking the nature of riots so as to move toward a better understanding of this type of racial crisis.
Reducing Library Overheads through Source-to-Source Translation

Abstract Object oriented application libraries targeted to a specific application domain are an attractive means of reducing the software development time for sophisticated high performance applications. However, libraries can have the drawback of high abstraction penalties. We describe a domain specific, source-to-source translator that eliminates abstraction penalties in an array class library used to analyze turbulent flow simulation data. Our translator effectively flattens the abstractions, yielding performance within 75% of C code that uses primitive C arrays and no user-defined abstractions.
Reactions to AIDS patients as a function of attributions about controllability and promiscuity

Controllability and promiscuity were varied in ten case stories about a fictitious AIDS patient. Tim got AIDS through an uncontrollable source (dentist, blood transfusion) or a controllable source (heterosexual contact, homosexual contact, drug needle) and had a single sex partner or multiple sex partners. College students read Tim’s case and answered questions regarding background, nonjudgmental sympathy, willingness to help, liking, and empathy. Controllability over the source of AIDS strongly influenced all reactions. Promiscuity affected only non-judgmental sympathy and empathy, not liking and helping. The victim’s sexual orientation affected little except for non- judgmental sympathy. Knowing real AIDS patients, even indirectly, greatly improved all reactions except for nonjudgmental sympathy.
Factors in user group conflict between hikers and mountain bikers

Abstract The rapid growth of mountain biking has created potential for conflict between bikers and other user groups. This study examined four factors (outgroup evaluation, leisure activity identification, years of experience, and frequency of participation) that may make individuals more sensitive to the behavior of other user groups. The effect of sensitivity on actual attributions of conflict was also analyzed. A path model was tested with two sets of data from 231 mountain bikers and 121 hikers. Outgroup bias and years of participation were found to have statistically significant effects on sensitivity to interference. Sensitivity was found to have a significant effect on actual conflict attribution. The findings suggest that efforts to reduce bias and promote tolerance for other user groups are an effective approach to user group conflicts.
Effect of smoking cues and cigarette availability on craving and smoking behavior

This study examined whether smokers respond differently to smoking cues than to affectively neutral or unpleasant cues without smoking content, and whether reactivity is affected by expectations regarding the opportunity to smoke. Expectancy was manipulated by telling subjects in group SMOKE that they could smoke, and subjects in group NO SMOKE that they could not smoke following each cue-reactivity session. The dependent variables were subjective ratings of "desire to smoke", "high", "withdrawal", and mood, as well as latency to initiate smoking measured in group SMOKE. Statistical analyses demonstrated that only group SMOKE (a) reported greater "desire to smoke" and "withdrawal" to the smoking cues compared to the baseline, (b) reported greater "desire to smoke" to the smoking cues than to the unpleasant or to the neutral cues, and (c) smoked faster after the smoking cues than after the neutral cues. Both groups rated the unpleasant cues as affectively more negative than the neutral cues. The data suggest that the impact of drug-cues on craving and subsequent drug-use is due to their drug-related content, and not to negative affect. Furthermore, the impact of drug-related cues appears to be influenced by perceived drug-availability.