cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On SPRT and RSPRT for the Unknown Mean in a Normal Distribution with Equal Mean and Variance

Abstract We consider a sequence of independent observations from a N(θ, θ) distribution with 0 < θ, c < ∞. Here, θ remains unknown. Given independent observations X 1,…, X n from N(θ, θ), the statistic is complete and sufficient for θ and T has a noncentral with λ =nθ when θ is the true parameter value. The problem is one of testing H 0: θ = θ0 vs. H 1: θ = θ1 where θ0, θ1 (θ0 ≠ θ1) are specified positive numbers with target type-I and type-II error probabilities 0 < α <1 and 0 < β <1, respectively, α + β <1. We first adapt Wald's sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) and describe some crucial characteristics. However, observations may instead arrive with random group sizes sequentially rather than one at a time. Thus, as a follow-up, next we implement Mukhopadhyay and de Silva's (2008) notion of a random SPRT (RSPRT). In the case of both SPRT and RSPRT, we address the issue of truncation. The proposed methodologies are illustrated with appropriate statistical data analysis. In the end, we briefly expl...
A fast recursive algorithm for binary-valued two-dimensional filters

Abstract An efficient algorithm for computing the response of a linear spatially varying digital image filter to an arbitrary digital input image is described. This response is the superposition summation of the input image with a digital point spread function (PSF). It is assumed here that the PSF is binary valued. The approach to this computation is based on the Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion. This approach leads to a new efficient algorithm. This algorithm is also efficient when the PSF is spatially invariant.
Functional properties of dephosphorylated bovine whole casein

Abstract Native whole casein and dephosphorylated (40 and 93%) whole caseins were evaluated for solubility between pH 3 and 8, Ca 2+ sensitivity, emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity, and foam stability. The isoelectric point of the modified caseins shifted upward (.5 pH units for 93% dephosphorylated casein) as the degree of dephosphorylation increased. Caseins in NaCl solutions were equally soluble above their isoelectric points. Dephosphorylated caseins were more soluble in NaCl at pH 3 and in the presence of Ca at pH 7. Emulsifying properties were dependent on the amount of casein in solution and were greatest at the pH at which caseins were most soluble. Emulsions made with modified caseins were similar to native casein emulsions in initial turbidity and emulsion activity index values but had lower oil capacities and tended to be less stable. Dephosphorylated caseins formed less foam volume during sparging, and the foam was very unstable. The removal of the phosphate groups from whole casein improved its solubility and reduced emulsion and foaming properties in ways that may be of value to the food industry.
Expression of blood group antigen A by stage I non-small cell lung carcinomas

To clarify the significance of blood group antigen A (BAA) expression by neoplastic cells, we studied patients who had curative resections of stage I non-small cell lung carcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies was used to detect BAA expression by paraffin-embedded carcinoma cells. One hundred three patients were studied; mean age was 62.6 years, and 70 (68%) were male. Histologic types were as follows: adenocarcinoma, 52 (50.5%); squamous cell, 25 (24.3%); large cell, 24 (23.3%); and adenosquamous, 2 (1.9%). Histologic grades were as follows: I, 13 (12.6%); II, 26 (25.3%); and III, 64 (62.1%). All patients had American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I tumors: 65 patients (63.1%) had T1 tumors, and 38 (36.9%) had T2 tumors. Recurrences developed in 25 (24.3%) and metachronous malignancies in 4 (3.9%). Survival was 75% ± 4.8% at 3 years and 66.6% ± 7.5% at 5 years. Eighty-nine patients (86.4%) were blood group A and 14 (13.6%) were AB. Ninety-five (92.2%) were secretors of BAA and 8 (7.8%) were not. The expression of BAA by neoplastic cells was not detectable in 34 (33%), trace (1% to 5% of neoplastic cells) in 10 (9.7%), 1+ (6% to 25%) in 8 (7.8%), 2+ (26% to 50%) in 12 (11.7%), 3+ (51% to 75%) in 12 (11.7%), and 4+ (76% to 100%) in 27 (26.2%). The pattern of neoplastic cell staining was homogeneous in 14 patients (20.3%) and heterogenous in 55 (79.7%). Carcinoma recurrence, overall survival, and event-free survival were not related to secretor status, BAA expression, or pattern of staining. Based on recurrence and survival analyses we conclude that secretor status, expression of BAA, and pattern of staining were not of prognostic significance.
Prognostic implications of an early peak in plasma MB creatine kinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction

To determine the prognostic implications of an early peak in plasma MB creatine kinase (MB CK) in patients with acute myocardial infarction who were not treated with an acute intervention, 342 patients with myocardial infarction confirmed by MB CK were retrospectively studied. The patients were classified into those with an early peak MB CK (≤15 hours after the onset of symptoms, n = 84) and those with a late peak MB CK (>15 hours after the onset of symptoms, n = 258). Patients with an early peak MB CK were slightly older, were more frequently female and had a higher incidence of prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and arrhythmias compared with patients with a late peak MB CK. Patients with an early peak MB CK more frequently presented with ST segment depression (23 versus 11%, p The 4 year life table estimate for the rate of recurrent myocardial infarction after hospital discharge was higher in patients with an early peak MB CK (33 versus 22%, p
Virtual environments for creative work in collaborative music-making

Virtual environments are beginning to allow musicians to perform collaboratively in real time at a distance, coordinating on timing and conceptualization. The development of virtual spaces for collaboration necessitates more clearly specified theorizing about the nature of physical copresence in music-making: how the available communicative cues are likely to affect the nature of visually mediated rehearsal and performance. Pilot data for a project carried out at the New School for Social Research demonstrate some important factors relevant to designing remote spaces for musical collaboration, and suggest that virtual environments for musical collaboration could actually enhance the feeling of being together that creative musical expression requires.
1118 CHRONIC-REACTIVATION EBSTEIN-BAR VIRUS (EBV) INFECTION PRESENTING AS RECURRENT ASEPTIC MENINGITIS

A wide spectrum of chronic-reactivation infections due to EBV has been documented in patients with or without primary immunodeficiencies. Recently, we found evidence suggesting EBV as the cause of recurrent aseptic meningitis. This male child presented several years beforehand with recurrent urticaria, arthralgias, chronic papillitis, neurosensory hearing loss, and 5 episodes of aseptic meningitis (last episode at 13.2 yr.). CSF during acute episodes contained up to 1×104 leukocytes/mm3 (principally neutrophils), elevated proteins (70-250mg/dl), but no microorganisms. B and T cell functions appeared normal. Serum antibodies to EBV were: In addition, CSF contained IgG antibodies (1:5) to the capsid antigen. Thus, the chronic-recurrent central nervous system abnormalities may be due to EBV. EBV genes and antigens in the child's cells and immune response of the patient to EBV are being investigated.
Participatory Internal Learning for Grassroots NGOs in Micro-credit, Livelihoods and Environmental Regeneration

Helzi Noponen describes a unique system designed to build capacities of grassroots NGO programme staff to think critically about programme operations and make strategic changes through a participatory monitoring and evaluation system. The system, called an 'internal learning system' (ILS), is augmented by a human resource development plan for organization staff and leaders designed to build key management skills through a linked set of training activities. This 'Barefoot Managers' curriculum has been launched by SEWA, Self Employed Women's Association, in one of their participant-run rural development associations, Banaskantha DWCRA Mahila SEWA Association (BDMSA), located in a resource poor and drought stricken rural area of northern Gujarat, India. The area faces extreme challenges and SEWA has initiated a participatory approach to the intertwined problems of environmental degradation and poverty. They have launched a variety of projects which improve the environment, provide income earning opportunities, build community assets and strengthen 'social capital'. The unique feature of this approach is that they have done this through leveraging the capacities of poor women as key actors in household and community survival.
Controlling Hypoxia on the U.S. Louisiana Shelf: Beyond the Nutrient-Centric View

As the Earth's population continues to increase, the projected effects of contaminant loading and human encroachment on biodiversity remain unclear. One area of intense interest is coastal eutrophication and associated hypoxia events (with hypoxia defined as oxygen <2 milligrams per liter = 1.4 milliliters per liter = ˜63 micromoles per cubic decimeter). On average, the Mississippi River discharges to the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) 550 cubic kilometers of freshwater and approximately 60–70×109 moles of dissolved inorganic nitrogen per year [Dagg et al., 2004], which contains anthropogenic nitrogen derived primarily from agricultural fertilizer as well as effluent from animal feedlots.
Some Notes on the Strengthening Mechanism in Neutron Irradiated Copper Single Crystals

Discussions are presented in some of the controversial areas regarding the interpretation of the strengthening mechanism in neutron irradiated copper single crystals. The specific topics that are discussed include the following: the correlation of cross-head speed changes to strain rate changes, the strain rate dependence of the flow stress, the temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor, the free energy and the enthalpy of a activation, the defect and obstacle size spectrum, and the nature of the force-distance behavior for the interaction of mobile dislocations with irradiation produced obstacles. It is shown that many of the recent arguments made against our previously published explanation of the strengthening mechanism can be readily explained without changing our interpretation. Es werden einige der gegensatzlichen Standpunkte in bezug auf die Deutung des Verfestigungsmechanismus in neutronenbestrahlten Kupfereinkristallen diskutiert. Insbesondere werden folgende Punkte diskutiert: Die Beziehung zwischen den Anderungen der Quergleitgeschwindigkeiten und den Anderungen der Dehnungsraten, die Abhangigkeit der Dehnungsrate von der Fliesspannung, die Temperaturabhangigkeit des Vorfaktors im Exponentialgesetz, die freie Energie und Enthalpie der Aktivierung, das Grosenspektrum der Storungen und Hindernisse und die Natur des Kraft-Abstandsverhaltens fur die Wechselwirkung beweglicher Versetzungen mit Hindernissen, die durch Bestrahlung erzeugt worden sind. Es wird gezeigt, das viele der gegen unsere fruher publizierte Erklarung des Verfestigungsmechanismus vorgebrachten Argumente leicht erklart werden konnen, ohne unsere Deutung zu andern.
Separating the temperature and strain effects on fiber Bragg grating sensors using stimulated Brillouin scattering

We measure both the temperature and strain responsivities for a fiber Bragg grating and Brillouin scattering system. We then show how it is possible to use both Brillouin scattering based and FBG sensing techniques to discriminate strain and temperature effects and determine these two parameters along an optical fiber.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study of the Micellization of Photosensitive Surfactants in Solution and in the Presence of a Hydrophobically Modified Polyelectrolyte†

The self-assembly behavior of a light-sensitive azobenzene-based surfactant, both in pure surfactant solutions and in the presence of a hydrophobically modified, water-soluble polymer, has been investigated using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), light scattering, and UV-vis absorption techniques. The surfactant undergoes reversible photoisomerization upon exposure to the appropriate wavelength of light, with the trans form predominant under visible light being more hydrophobic than the cis isomer under UV-light. As a result, the trans form exhibits a lower critical micelle concentration than does the cis form of the surfactant, allowing photoreversible control of micelle formation. The SANS measurements reveal that micelle formation in pure surfactant solutions with the trans surfactant proceeds as commonly observed in traditional alkyl-based surfactants. Fully developed micelles were observed with aggregation numbers >50, whereas the micelle shapes are consistent with triaxial ellipsoids with axes R(a), R(b), and R(c) approximately equal to 20, 30, and 30-35 A, respectively. In contrast, with the surfactant in the cis conformation disk-shaped premicellar aggregates were observed at low surfactant concentrations with aggregation numbers <10, thicknesses of 6-10 A, and radii of 10-20 A whereas elevated cis-azoTAB concentrations eventually gave rise to fully developed micelles akin to the trans micelles. This stark difference between the self-assembly behavior of the two azobenzene isomers is ascribed to the different geometries of the surfactant in the trans (planar) and cis (bent) conformation. In the presence of the hydrophobically modified polymer, however, both surfactant isomers resulted in well-developed micelles at the respective critical aggregation concentrations (cac's), presumably because of the effect of the dodecyl side chains attached to the polymer on the conformation of the mixed alkyl-azobenzene micelles.
Role of impaired lower-limb venous innervation in the pathogenesis of the chronic fatigue syndrome.

ABSTRACT Background In patients with acute orthostatic hypotension, there is excessive pooling of blood in the legs, which may result from the strikingly subnormal compliance that is demonstrable in the pedal veins during norepinephrine infusion. The common occurrence of delayed orthostatic hypotension and/or tachycardia in the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) led to the present studies of foot vein compliance in CFS patients with a linear variable differential transformer. Methods Seven patients with CFS were compared with 7 age- and gender matched healthy control subjects in their blood pressure, heart-rate, and plasma norepinephrine responses to prolonged standing and in measurements of their foot vein contractile responses to intravenous norepinephrine infusions with the linear variable differential transformer. Results Excessive, delayed (usually after 10 min) orthostatic reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P Conclusions In these patients with CFS, delayed orthostatic hypotension was clearly demonstrable, and, as in previously reported patients with orthostatic hypotension of acute onset, this was associated with reduced pedal vein compliance during norepinephrine infusion, implying impaired sympathetic innervation of foot veins. The rapid symptomatic improvement demonstrated in previous studies of CFS patients during correction of orthostatic venous pooling by inflation of military antishock trousers (MAST) to 35 mm Hg may suggest that excessive lower body venous pooling, perhaps by reducing cerebral perfusion, is involved in the orthostatic component of fatigue in these patients.
the closed society and its critics: historical transformations in African ethnography

The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600–1900. LEE V. CASSANELLI. The Political Economy of West African Agriculture. KEITH HART. The Past in the Present: History, Ecology, and Cultural Variation in Highland Madagascar. CONRAD PHILLIP KOTTAK. Wives for Cattle: Bridewealth and Marriage in Southern Africa. ADAM KUPER.
Short-Run Demand and Uncertainty of Outcome in Major League Baseball

This article explores the importance of uncertainty in athletic contests. We use a probit model and Monte Carlo simulations to forecast game outcomes in Major League Baseball. Simulations are necessary to understand fully the preferences that consumers have towards uncertainty in sports. We use these simulations to estimate demand using attendance data for regular season games. Our findings show that when game, playoff, and consecutive season uncertainty measures are all included in estimating attendance for individual games, only the metrics that are related to the home team’s standing are significant. These metrics include the change in performance from the previous season and the importance of the game in qualifying for the playoffs.
Cloning and physical analysis of the pyrF gene (coding for orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) from Escherichia coli K-12

The structural gene (pyrF) for orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (OMPase, EC 4.1.1.23) of Escherichia coli K-12 has been cloned as part of two PvuII fragments (1.2 and 0.9 kb) to form the recombinant plasmid pDK26. Extracts of E. coli [pDK26] had 80-fold higher levels of OMPase activity than wild-type strains without the plasmid. Maxicell analysis showed that pDK26 encoded two proteins of Mr 27 000 [pyrF(OMPase)] and 15 000 (Z) in addition to the ampicillin-resistance determinant. The approximate initiation site and direction of transcription of the pyrF gene have been determined. Extracts of strains that were deficient in polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) had higher levels of OMPase activity than isogenic PNPase+ strains when one or two copies of the pyrF gene were present per cell either in the chromosome or on a low copy number plasmid. However, no significant difference in OMPase activity was seen in PNPase- strains that contained the pyrF gene cloned in a multicopy plasmid. Southern hybridization experiments showed that the yeast gene for OMPase (URA3) and the E. coli pyrF gene had less than 70% DNA sequence homology.
Low-sensitivity integrated multivibrator design

A differential input-output limiting class of multi- vibrators is described that requires only one storage element, either a capacitor or chip thermal mass. The frequency of such multivibrators has a first-order independence to input pair offset voltage or current and to supply voltage. The measured performance of both RC and thermal multivibrators is compared with that predicted by a simple model.
Disruption of the cytoskeleton-extracellular matrix linkage promotes the accumulation of plasminogen activators in F9 derived parietal endoderm.

Abstract When F9 teratocarcinoma cells are treated with retinoic acid plus cyclic AMP (RACF9) they differentiate into parietal endoderm. Differentiation is accompanied by the acquisition of substrate adhesion sites and a change in the pattern of gene expression, including the synthesis of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We demonstate here that dihydrocytochalasin B (DHCB) treatment of differentiating F9 cells prevents the assembly of a structured actin cytoskeleton and generates a more rounded and stellate cell morphology. This morphological change is accompanied by the accumulation of the usually visceral endoderm-specific marker urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and an increase in tPA levels in comparison to untreated RACF9 controls. The increase in tPA accumulation is preceded by an increase in tPA mRNA levels. These effects are reversible, with a lag, when DHCB is removed, and PA accumulation can be stimulated within 24h when differentiated cells are exposed to DHCB. Exposure to the microtubule disrupting agent colchicine has no effect on uPA or tPA accumulation. In addition, antibody directed against the βI integrin subunit can also specifically elicit increased PA production. Thus disturbing the cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton associated substrate adhesions promotes PA accumulation.
SU-HH-AUD C-09: Bioanatomic MR Imaging for Characterization of Brain Tumor and Radiation Response in the Rat Brain

Purpose: To examine the efficacy of bioanatomic magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) in braintumor characterization, and the implications for radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning and assessment of treatment response. Method and Materials:Braintumor models were created by implanting human high‐grade glioma cells into immunodeficient rats. Once the tumors reached a specified target size, animals underwent Gamma Knife™ Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GK SRS, 15–18 Gy to the 50 % isodose line). During tumor growth and after irradiation, animals underwent serial MR evaluation (dynamic susceptibility contrast, DSC‐MRI) to quantify changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) throughout the brain regions containing the tumor. Upon completion of the experiment, CBV data were compared with conventional MRimaging data and histology to evaluate the usefulness of the additional biological information with respect to target volume delineation and response to irradiation. Results: A DSC‐MRI erfusion protocol was successfully developed to accurately quantify blood volume changes within the brain. During tumor progression, active areas of tumor growth showed increased CBV, while areas of developing necrosis demonstrated decreased CBV. Large intra‐tumor CBV heterogeneities were visible in the late stages of unirradiated tumors and within a week of those irradiated with GK SRS. In both cases CBV data provided biological information regarding tumor behavior, which was not elucidated by the corresponding anatomical images.Conclusion: This work illustrates the potential of bioanatomic MRI for improving braintumorradiation therapy. Most current high‐grade glioma RT techniques focus solely on anatomical images, which often neglect biological information when determining target volumes. By incorporating DSC‐MRI into the therapy planning and response assessment procedures, changes in CBV could be used to better understand tumor behavior. This could eventually lead to a more accurate way to determine conformal target volumes, and a more sensitive method for monitoring the therapeutic response.
Microsomal metabolism of juvenile hormone analogs in the house fly, Musca domestica L.☆

Abstract Of six juvenile hormone analogs of the alkyl 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienate type, only the isopropyl ester was strongly morphogenic in the house fly, Musca domestica L. In vitro assays revealed that house fly microsomes contain B-esterases as well as oxidases which metabolize such analogs. However, these esterases did not hydrolyze the isopropyl ester, ZR-515. Enzymes prepared from larvae, pupae, and adults were all active and there was evidence that in the late larval stage the esterase activity was cyclic, showing a minimum in the early third instar and a maximum a few hours later. When microsomes from two susceptible and two resistant house fly strains were compared for metabolic activity against the juvenile hormone analogs, those from the resistant strains were 1.3 to 20 × higher in oxidase activity but there was no difference in esterase activity. The oxidative metabolism of two analogs ZR-515 and 512 was greatly enhanced when the flies were induced with phenobarbital but there was no enhancement in metabolism of three of the remaining analogs and only a slight enhancement of a fourth. It is concluded that the insecticidal action of ZR-515 is largely due to its stability in the presence of the house fly esterases.
An Attributional Approach to the Validity of Student Ratings of Instruction.

Abstract The study related students' perceptions of the causes of their performance in three different components of a course (i.e., quizzes, individual papers, and group projects) to their ratings of the course and instructor in order to explore the convergent and discriminant validity of the course ratings. Multiple regression techniques were used to relate three internal and two external attribution cue items to seven course evaluation factors. Regression analyses indicated: (a) Multiple correlations between the five attribution cue items and seven course evaluation factors were highly significant; (b) after variance due to instructor had been removed the attributional cue items accounted for from 10–25% of the criterion variance; and (c) internal attributions for performance were significantly related to positive course evaluations, and external attributions for performance were related to negative course evaluations.
Periventricular heterotopias display cortical degenerative neuropathology

This report describes β-amyloid plaques in periventricular heterotopias in two elderly women. The neuropathologic features of the heterotopias recapitulated those of nearby neocortex but were distinct from those of adjacent caudate nucleus. In response to the factors important in plaque and tangle formation, the heterotopias biologically behave like neocortex and unlike adjacent striatum, further supporting the morphologic evidence that these tissues represent heterotopic cortex.
Spirituality, religion, and depression in the terminally ill.

Objective This study examined the impact of spirituality and religiosity on depressive symptom severity in a sample of terminally ill patients with cancer and AIDS. Methods One hundred sixty-two patients were recruited from palliative-care facilities (hospitals and specialized nursing facilities), all of whom had a life expectancy Results A strong negative association was observed between the FACIT Spiritual Well-Being scale and the HDRS, but no such relationship was found for religiosity, because more religious individuals had somewhat higher scores on the HDRS. Similar patterns were observed for the FACIT subscales, finding a strong negative association between the meaning and peace subscale (which corresponds to the more existential aspects of spirituality) and HDRS scores, whereas a positive, albeit nonsignificant, association was observed for the faith subscale (which corresponds more closely to religiosity). Conclusions These results suggest that the beneficial aspects of religion may be primarily those that relate to spiritual well-being rather than to religious practices per se. Implications for clinical interventions and palliative-care practice are discussed.
Electronic structures of the icosahedral C60H60 and C60F60 molecules

Abstract Electronic structures of the icosahedral C 60 H 60 hydrocarbon and its perfluoro analog, C 60 F 60 , are examined at the HF/4-31G and HF/6-31G** levels. The calculated CC bond lengths are as large as 1.57 A in C 60 H 60 and 1.63 A in C 60 F 60 . The bond lengthening is attributed to the HH and FF steric interactions rather than to rehybridization effects. Topological analysis of the electron densities reveals the presence of curve CC bond paths. In addition, FF bond paths are found in C 60 F 60 indicating strong non-bonded interaction between the fluorine atoms. The same conclusion is reached from the calculated energy of the isodesmic transfluorination reaction involving the C 2 H 6 , C 2 F 6 , C 60 H 60 , and C 60 F 60 molecules.
The Role of Active Oxygen (102 and 0·2-) Induced by Crude Coal Tar and Its Ingredients Used in Photochemotheraphy of Skin Diseases

Crude coal tar (CCT) and certain photoreactive ingredients of CCT are photosensitizing agents used in the treatment of skin diseases (psoriasis, atopic eczema, etc.). Limited information is available in elucidating the mode of action of CCT in clearing psoriasis or causing skin photosensitization reactions. The production of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) and superoxide radicals (O· 2 - or HO 2 ), the formation of interstrand cross-links (ICL) in DNA, and the skin photosensitization reaction caused by CCT or the ingredients present in tar preparations have been examined. Both type I (oxygen-independent) and type II (sensitized reactions requiring molecular oxygen) reactions are induced by CCT. Our data show that CCT and some of the photoreactive ingredients present in CCT produce 1 O 2 , 0· 2 - , and ICL in DNA upon exposure to UVA radiation. Based on the equivalent concentration, the efficiency of various agents to produce 1 O 2 was of the following order: hematoporphyrin > phenanthridine > acridine > methylene blue > CCT > fluoranthrene > anthracene > pyrene > 8-methoxypsoralen > anthralin > chloroquine > anthralin dimer. The 0· 2 - formation with CCT and its ingredients was also of the same order except for anthracene which was found to be a strong producer of 0· 2 - . The therapeutic effectiveness of CCT appears to be due to: (a) its cytotoxic effects, and (b) the production of 1 O 2 , 0· 2 - , and ICL by CCT and its photo-reactive ingredients. The-skin photosensitizing (smarting, edema, and erythema responses) and carcinogenic properties of CCT may also be related to the production of 1 O 2 and 0· 2 - and the formation of ICL which appear to be responsible for inducing the damage to the DNA and cell membrane.
Energy-efficient spectrum access in Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio (CR) and energy-efficient design have emerged as two promising technologies to achieve high spectrum efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE), respectively. In this paper, we study energy-efficient opportunistic spectrum access strategies for multiple secondary users (SUs) in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based CR network. The worst EE is considered and optimized to achieve the max-min fairness. Since the original optimization issue belongs to nonconvex integer combinatorial fractional program and are essentially NP-hard for optimal solution, we use continuous and convex relaxation to modify the problem for somewhat better mathematical tractability. For the modified problem, we first develop a framework to find the optimal solution based on efficient root finding and convex optimization. We also develop a low-complexity alternative for suboptimal solution to further reduce complexity. Simulation results show that the energy-efficient spectrum access strategies significantly boost EE compared with the conventional spectral-efficient spectrum access ones. And the low-complexity suboptimal approaches can well balance the performance and complexity.
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein IFT25 is a phosphoprotein component of IFT complex B and physically interacts with IFT27 in Chlamydomonas.

Background: Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the bidirectional movement of IFT particles between the cell body and the distal tip of a flagellum. Organized into complexes A and B, IFT particles are composed of at least 18 proteins. The function of IFT proteins in flagellar assembly has been extensively investigated. However, much less is known about the molecular mechanism of how IFT is regulated. Methodology/Principal Findings: We herein report the identification of a novel IFT particle protein, IFT25, in Chlamydomonas. Dephosphorylation assay revealed that IFT25 is a phosphoprotein. Biochemical analysis of temperature sensitive IFT mutants indicated that IFT25 is an IFT complex B subunit. In vitro binding assay confirmed that IFT25 binds to IFT27, a Rab-like small GTPase component of the IFT complex B. Immunofluorescence staining showed that IFT25 has a punctuate flagellar distribution as expected for an IFT protein, but displays a unique distribution pattern at the flagellar base. IFT25 co-localizes with IFT27 at the distal-most portion of basal bodies, probably the transition zones, and concentrates in the basal body region by partially overlapping with other IFT complex B subunits, such as IFT46. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis demonstrated that, in flagella, the majority of IFT27 and IFT25 including both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms are cosedimented with other complex B subunits in the 16S fractions. In contrast, in cell body, only a fraction of IFT25 and IFT27 is integrated into the preassembled complex B, and IFT25 detected in complex B is preferentially phosphorylated. Conclusion/Significance: IFT25 is a phosphoprotein component of IFT particle complex B. IFT25 directly interacts with IFT27, and these two proteins likely form a subcomplex in vivo. We postulate that the association and disassociation between the subcomplex of IFT25 and IFT27 and complex B might be involved in the regulation of IFT.
Radiological therapy of carcinoma of the lung.

CONCLUSIONS (1) So small a per cent of the increasing incidence of lung cancer is resectable that efforts must be made to improve the treatment of inoperable lesions. (2) Improved equipment and technics of radio-therapy may increase palliation and survival times. (3) Internal irradiation with radio-active isotopes is a modality whose usefulness is to be explored.
Slowly Progressive Encephalopathy with Hearing Loss Due to a Mutation in the mtDNA tRNALeu(CUN) Gene

Pathogenic mutations in the tRNA(Leu(UCN)) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been invariably accompanied by skeletal myopathy with or without chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). We report a young woman with a heteroplasmic m.12276G>A mutation in tRNA(Leu(UCN)), who had childhood-onset and slowly progressive encephalopathy with ataxia, cognitive impairment, and hearing loss. Sequencing of the 22 tRNA mitochondrial genes is indicated in all unusual neurological syndromes, even in the absence of maternal inheritance.
Adiponectin: an intriguing hormone for paediatricians.

Abstract Adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipocytes, is also found in breast milk, which in turn isimplicated in childhood obesity prevention. Although a biological role for adiponectin has not beenﬁrmly established, clinical and experimental research indicates that it regulates lipid and glucosemetabolism, affects foetal development, and exerts anti-inﬂammatory and antiatherogenic effects.Conclusion: This review demonstrates an emerging interest of paediatric research on adiponectin. A betterunderstanding of adiponectin’s bioactivity might clarify whether breast milk indeed prevents childhood obesity. INTRODUCTIONAdiponectin is a protein hormone secreted exclusivelyby adipocytes (fat cells) that regulates the metabolismof lipids and glucose. Adiponectin, also called ‘adipocytecomplement-related protein’ (ACRP), was discovered in1995, and, like leptin, is a member of the adiposecretedproteins termed ‘adipocytokines’ or ‘adipokines’. It is a244-amino-acid protein, with a molecular weight of 28 kDa.It is produced by the most abundant gene transcript-1(apM1), which is expressed exclusively in human adiposetissue that is situated on chromosome 3q27 (1). It has highstructural homology to tumour necrosis factor (TNF- ),collagen VIII, X and complement C1q. Adiponectin is com-posed of four distinct domains: a signal peptide at the Nterminus, a short variable region, a collagenous domainand a C-terminal globular domain homologous to C1q(2). Adiponectin is present as three main isomers, high,medium and low molecular weight, and high molecularweight adiponectin is the major component of intracellularadiponectin, whereas circulating adiponectin is predomi-nantly of the low molecular weight variety. This is importantbecause the ratio of high molecular weight adiponectin tototal adiponectin appears to provide a better reflection ofperipheral insulin sensitivity than total adiponectin alone,although the actual significance of the different isoforms re-mains unclear (3).Adiponectin binds to two different seven-transmembranedomain receptors called ‘AdipoR1’ and ‘AdipoR2’. Tostudy the physiological importance of these receptors,
Recent and past intimate partner abuse and HIV risk among young women.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the associations between past intimate partner abuse experienced during adolescence (verbal and physical), recent intimate partner abuse (verbal, physical, and sexual), and HIV risk (as indicated by lack of condom use) for sexually active young adult women in relationships with male partners. Design Secondary data analysis of waves II and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Setting The Add Health Study is a longitudinal, in-home survey of a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Sample Analyses involved 2,058 sexually active young adult women. Main Outcome Measures HIV risk was measured by consistent condom use over the past 12 months. Results Physical and verbal abuse experienced in adolescence were associated with physical/verbal abuse experienced in young adulthood. Young, sexually active women experiencing no abuse in their relationships were more likely to consistently use condoms in the past 12 months than were their abused counterparts. Conclusion A causal pathway may exist between prior abuse, current abuse, and HIV risk.
Rapid colormetric assay for cell viability: Application to the quantitation of cytotoxic and growth inhibitory lymphokines

A rapid colorimetric microtiter assay has been developed to detect cytotoxic lymphokines produced by human lymphocytes activated with lectins or tumor cells. The viability of lymphotoxin-treated target cells was detected using a tetrazolium dye that is reduced to a blue formazan by living but not dead cells. The amount of dye formed was quantitated using a microplate spectrophotometer (ELISA plate reader) and visual observations confirmed the amount of formazan dye produced was directly proportional to the number of viable target cells. The advantages of using this colorimetric method are that it requires no washing steps or radioisotopes and its precision and rapidity. Optimal conditions were established using the murine L929 and human ESH -5L cell lines as target cells for detecting lymphotoxins produced by human lymphocytes. The data indicate that the L929 cell line was 10-50-fold more sensitive than the ESH -5L line to the lytic activity of cytotoxins produced by human phytohemagglutinin-P-activated T lymphocytes, or the cytotoxins produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with various tumor cell lines. This assay system was also useful in detecting antibodies capable of neutralizing lymphotoxin activity and thus should be a suitable method to aid in the molecular characterization of these lymphokines.
Analysis of hurricane evacuee mode choice behavior

The purpose of this study is to explain the evacuee mode choice behavior of Miami Beach residents using survey data from a hypothetical category four hurricane to reveal different evacuees’ plans. Evacuation logistics should incorporate the needs of transit users and car-less populations with special attention and proper treatment. A nested logit model has been developed to explain the mode choice decisions for evacuees’ from Miami Beach who use non-household transportation modes, such as special evacuation bus, taxi, regular bus, riding with someone from another household and another type of mode denoted and aggregated as other. Specifically, the model explains that the mode choice decisions of evacuees’, who are likely to use different non-household transportation modes, are influenced by several determining factors related to evacuees’ socio-demographics, household characteristics, evacuation destination and previous experience. The findings of this study will help emergency planners and policy-makers to develop better evacuation plans and strategies for evacuees depending on others for their evacuation transportation.
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction is an independent predictor for cardiac death in heart transplant recipients

We retrospectively reviewed the incidence and risk factors for progression to irreversible left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in stable heart transplant (HT) recipients and its relationship with posttransplant outcomes. Methods: The results of surveillance studies in 26,706 HT recipients between 1990 and 2004 in the United States were obtained from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 17,968 patients were included in the analysis, who survived one year posttransplant and had available results of annual angiograms and assessment of LV function. Irreversible LVD was defined as LV ejection fraction 35% which did not improve in follow-up studies. Results: Irreversible LVD developed in 33% of HT recipients and was associated with increased risk of cardiac and sudden death (RR 2.5), irrespective of the results of annual angiograms. Patients with LVD were at increased risk of stroke (RR 1.6), renal failure (RR 1.9) and late graft rejection (RR 3.2). If the deterioration of LV function occurred within the first posttransplant year, it correlated with one-year survival of only 56% as opposed to 78% in patients who developed LVD later. The strongest single predictor of progression to irreversible LVD was an episode of LVD within the first posttransplant year, even if followed by temporary normalization of ejection fraction. Posttransplant events, such as acute rejection or cardiac allograft vasculopathy detected during the first posttransplant year doubled the risk of LVD. Recipients at highest risk for LVD included: African Americans, recipients 40 and 60 yrs of age, and recipients of hearts from donors of African American ethnicity and age 30 yrs. Conclusions: Early and aggressive management of the cardiac and non-cardiac complications of LVD may improve outcomes in high-risk HT recipients. Because of the high incidence of unexpected death in these patients, the adoption of SCD-HeFT and MADIT II indications should be considered in HT recipients with ejection fraction 35%.
Evaluating developmental screening in clinical practice

Objective:To demonstrate a method of evaluating accuracy of developmental screening modeled on the evidence-based medical literature.Method:A retrospective review was performed on 418 children screened with the Denver II by a trained technician. Two models for analyzing screening data were examined, using predictive values and likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR−).Results:The technician, working at 20% time, screened 44% of eligible children. There were 129/418 (31%) children with Suspect Denver II results, 115/418 who were referred, 81/115 (70%) who were evaluated by Early Intervention, and 64/81 (79%) who qualified for services. The uncorrected positive predictive value for the Denver II alone (44%) was insufficient to meet the preset standard of 60%, but the LR+ of 4.16 indicated a significant contribution of test information to improving predictive value. Combining test results with information from the parent–technician conference to achieve a referral decision resulted in an uncorrected predictive value o...
The Creation of Restorative Places for Teachers in an Urban School

This article chronicles a two-year ethnography focused on teachers’ restorative places. Restorative places, in school contexts, are where teachers congregate with colleagues for solace during the w...
Steady vortex flows obtained from a nonlinear eigenvalue problem

A general iterative method for obtaining steady-state two dimensional flows with vorticity is described, and convergence results are given in the case of a bounded domain. We also give computational results for symmetric flow past a circle in the unbounded plane.
The variable penetrance and spectrum of manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Abstract Background: Some experts maintain that (1) >90% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) are first seen with hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) so that routine screening for other features is unnecessary and (2) MEN1 has ≥94% penetrance by age 50 years. Methods: We constructed a regional registry of patients with or at risk for MEN1 and examined phenotypic profiles in 34 patients. MEN1 was defined as (1) endocrinopathy of 2 of the 3 principal related tissues (parathyroid, gastrointestinal endocrine, pituitary) or (2) 1 such feature plus a first-degree relative with MEN1. Results: The initial feature of MEN1 was HPTH in 50%, pituitary tumor in 18%, and gastrointestinal endocrine tumor in 32% of patients, with overall incidences of 82%, 65%, and 74%, respectively. HPTH developed by age 50 years in 73% of patients and by age 70 years in 83%. Penetrance of MEN1 at age 50 years was 82%. Associated features included renal (1) and rectal (1) cancer, malignant thymic carcinoid (1), and malignant pheochromocytoma (1). Conclusions: Expression of MEN1 can vary considerably from established patterns. In our geographic region HPTH does not routinely precede other features of MEN1 and cannot be used to distinguish affected patients among those at risk. MEN1 can be inapparent until late in life and may be significantly underdiagnosed. (Surgery 1998;124:1106-14.)
Evaporation-driven microfluidic sample concentration

A new method for sample concentration within microfluidic devices is presented. Evaporation at an air/liquid interface is used to induce flow. within a microfluidic device and concentrate sample. The practicality of this method was demonstrated with 0.2 /spl mu/m fluorescent microspheres and FITC-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA). Eighty one percent of a 0.6 /spl mu/L fluorescent sphere suspension was concentrated into a well within a microfluidic device. In the same amount of time, 93% of a 0.6 /spl mu/L FITC-labeled BSA solution was concentrated.
A Commentary on Jamil Hanifi's Review

Jamil Hanifi's review of David Edwards's Before Taliban (AA 106[1]:185-187) fails to explain the important contribution of this work to our knowledge of Afghanistan during a critical period of its history. Because I have already reviewed the book in a forthcoming issue of Iranian Studies, this is not the place to elaborate on my own estimation of Edwards's work. Here, I merely want to object to Hanifi's tone and insinuation.
Stabilization of the full model compression system

Stability of compression systems is a major concern in the study of aerodynamics. This paper considers feedback stabilization for compressor systems based on Moore-Greitzer PDE model (1986) with general compressor characteristics. The formulation and discussion of the model is completely in the framework of distributed parameter systems. The asymptotic behavior of the full model is characterized by using semigroup theory and /spl omega/-limit set theory. Based on that, we derive a nonlinear feedback stabilization controller and show that if the initial condition smooth enough, the closed-loop system is strongly stable, and otherwise it is weakly stable. We also discuss the control of multimode dynamics by using Galerkin-type projection of the full model.