cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinct regions of Gα13 participate in its regulatory interactions with RGS homology domain-containing RhoGEFs

Abstract Gα12 and Gα13 transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to RhoA through RhoGEFs containing an RGS homology (RH) domain, such as p115 RhoGEF or leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG). The RH domain of p115 RhoGEF or LARG binds with high affinity to active forms of Gα12 and Gα13 and confers specific GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, with faster GAP responses detected in Gα13 than in Gα12. At the same time, Gα13, but not Gα12, directly stimulates the RhoGEF activity of p115 RhoGEF or nonphosphorylated LARG in reconstitution assays. In order to better understand the molecular mechanism by which Gα13 regulates RhoGEF activity through interaction with RH-RhoGEFs, we sought to identify the region(s) of Gα13 involved in either the GAP response or RhoGEF activation. For this purpose, we generated chimeras between Gα12 and Gα13 subunits and characterized their biochemical activities. In both cell-based and reconstitution assays of RhoA activation, we found that replacing the carboxyl-terminal region of Gα12 (residues 267–379) with that of Gα13 (residues 264–377) conferred gain-of-function to the resulting chimeric subunit, Gα12C13. The inverse chimera, Gα13C12, exhibited basal RhoA activation which was similar to Gα12. In contrast to GEF assays, GAP assays showed that Gα12C13 or Gα13C12 chimeras responded to the GAP activity of p115 RhoGEF or LARG in a manner similar to Gα12 or Gα13, respectively. We conclude from these results that the carboxyl-terminal region of Gα13 (residues 264–377) is essential for its RhoGEF stimulating activity, whereas the amino-terminal α helical and switch regions of Gα12 and Gα13 are responsible for their differential GAP responses to the RH domain.
Survey of hand surgeons regarding their perceived needs for an expanded upper extremity fellowship.

Purpose To survey practicing hand surgeons regarding their perceived need for an expanded upper extremity fellowship. Methods Electronic surveys were sent to 248 surgeons who had completed a hand surgery fellowship between 2008 and 2010. The survey was structured to ascertain whether there was a need for expanded education encompassing the entire upper extremity. Four separate mailings were made. Of the 248 surgeons who were sent the survey, 131 (53%) responded. Of the respondents, 74% (97) were trained in orthopedics, 16% (21) in plastic surgery, and 10% (13) in general surgery. Results Of the 131 respondents, 7% (9) felt that 1 year of specialty training was insufficient, 48% (63) had sought shoulder and elbow training in their fellowship, and 52% (68) did not have dedicated plastic surgery rotations. Microsurgical experience was variable: 8% (10) of respondents had not been exposed to replantation, 23% (30) had not been exposed to free flap surgery, 32% (42) had not participated in brachial plexus surgery, and 17% (22) had not done a vascularized bone graft. Fifty-six percent (73) of respondents had not had dedicated time for research during their fellowship. Eleven percent (15) had obtained additional training after their fellowship, including shoulder and elbow, microsurgery, pediatrics, and peripheral nerve surgery. When asked if they would have applied to a 2-year hand and upper extremity fellowship, 60% (79) of respondents would have applied. Conclusions Based on the results of this survey, 1 year of hand fellowship training has been perceived as inadequate by 7% (9) of respondents, with exposure insufficient in shoulder and elbow, microsurgery, pediatrics, and clinical research. Further critical review of hand fellowship education should be considered, with the availability of extended fellowship tracks for those requesting an increased breadth of upper extremity surgical training. Type of study/level of evidence Economic/Decision Analysis II.
Modeling hedge fund leverage via power utility with subsistence

We use a power utility function with subsistence to model leverage. We prove that as the value of the subsistence level grows the allocation in the risky asset increases. The implication of this result is that if a hedge fund uses leverage, or a high water mark, it tends to have a more aggressive investment strategy. In addition, we prove that the total risk of a portfolio held by an investor with preferences described by a power utility with subsistence is a weighted sum of the covariances between the portfolio’s return and higher order powers of that return, shifted by the subsistence level.
Skeletal development of the glenoid and glenoid–coracoid interface in the pediatric population: MRI features

To assess the MRI appearance of normal skeletal development of the glenoid and glenoid–coracoid interface in the pediatric population. To the best of our knowledge, this has not yet been studied in detail in the literature. An IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective review of 105 consecutive shoulder MRI studies in children, ages 2 months to 18 years was performed. The morphology, MR signal, and development of the following were assessed: (1) scapular-coracoid bipolar growth plate, (2) glenoid and glenoid–coracoid interface secondary ossification centers, (3) glenoid advancing osseous surface. The glenoid and glenoid–coracoid interface were identified in infancy as a contiguous, cartilaginous mass. A subcoracoid secondary ossification center in the superior glenoid was identified and fused in all by age 12 and 16, respectively. In ten studies, additional secondary ossification centers were identified in the inferior two-thirds of the glenoid. The initial concavity of the glenoid osseous surface gradually transformed to convexity, matching the convex glenoid articular surface. The glenoid growth plate fused by 16 years of age. Our study, based on MRI, demonstrated a similar pattern of development of the glenoid and glenoid coracoid interface to previously reported anatomic and radiographic studies, except for an earlier development and fusion of the secondary ossification centers of the inferior glenoid. The pattern of skeletal development of the glenoid and glenoid–coracoid interface follows a chronological order, which can serve as a guideline when interpreting MRI studies in children.
Infantile testicular cyst: Diagnosis and conservative surgical management

Abstract The authors report on a 5-month-old boy who had a simple cyst of the testis and was treated by testis-sparing cyst excision. Preoperative ultrasonography was diagnostic of a simple cyst. The patient has been without recurrence for over 2 years, and examinations have shown a normal-size testis. A literature review showed only four cases of infantile simple cysts of the testis, only one of which was diagnosed preoperatively and treated by cyst excision. Four of the 5 reported cases (including ours) were diagnosed at 5 months of age. We recommend organ-preserving cyst excision in males under 1 year of age who are found to have an intratesticular lesion that is a simple cyst by ultrasound criteria.
Performance of national weather service forecasts compared to operational, consensus, and weighted model output statistics

Abstract Model output statistics (MOS) guidance has been the central model postprocessing approach used by the National Weather Service since the 1970s. A recent advancement in the use of MOS is the application of “consensus” MOS (CMOS), an average of MOS from two or more models. CMOS has shown additional skill over individual MOS forecasts and has performed well compared to humans in forecasting contests. This study compares MOS, CMOS, and WMOS (weighting component MOS predictions by their past performance) forecasts of temperature and precipitation to those of the National Weather Service (NWS) subjective forecasts. Data from 29 locations throughout the United States from 1 August 2003 through 1 August 2004 are used. MOS forecasts from the Global Forecast System (GMOS), Eta (EMOS), and Nested Grid Model (NMOS) models are included, with CMOS being a simple average of these three forecasts. WMOS is calculated using weights determined from a minimum variance method, with varying training periods for each s...
Soft Tissue Fixation With a Cortical Button and Interference Screw A Novel Technique in Foot and Ankle Surgery

Tendon transfers are commonly performed procedures in the foot and ankle. They have been described for multiple tendons and a myriad of pathologies. One issue with these procedures has always been inadequate fixation with several methods available to the surgeon. In this report, we describe a novel technique in foot and ankle surgery using a cortical button and an interference screw.
Motion of a permeable sphere at finite but small Reynolds numbers

The problem of the motion of a porous sphere in a viscous fluid has three pertinent characteristic times: two for the external flow field of the viscous fluid and a third one for the internal flow field, inside the porous material. Because of this, a singular perturbation method must be used to obtain an analytical solution to the governing differential equations and for the determination of the flow field outside the porous sphere. Such a method is used here, and a solution is obtained, by using the so-called Saffman boundary condition at the interface between the porous sphere and the outside fluid. This solution is valid at finite but small Reynolds numbers. Thus, general expressions for the hydrodynamic force acting on the porous sphere and, hence, for the drag coefficient of the sphere are obtained. This general expression yields, as special cases, other known expressions for the drag coefficients, which were derived under more restrictive conditions, such as creeping flow, no-slip boundary conditions or zero permeability (solid) spheres.
Malignant progression in IPMN: a cohort analysis of patients initially selected for resection or observation.

Background Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) may represent a field defect of pancreatic ductal instability. The relative risk of carcinoma in regions remote from the radiographically identified cyst remains poorly defined. This study describes the natural history of IPMN in patients initially selected for resection or surveillance.
Nanofluidic Channel Fabrication and Characterization by Micromachining

The well-established microfabrication techniques of complementary metallic oxide silicon (CMOS) selective oxidation and wafer-wafer fusion bonding were used to fabricate sub-micrometer silicon fluidic channels as small as 30 nm between extremely thin SiO2 top and bottom layers of 30 nm thicknesses. Trenches a few tens of nanometer deep were patterned in 10-cm diameter Si wafers by selective oxidation and their depth measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM); the AFM measured depths showed that the trench depth could be controlled to nanometer resolution. The resolution of the photolithography employed determined the trench width resolution. Nanochannels were formed with direct wafer-wafer fusion bonding. Channels of 30-nm depth or greater between the bonded wafer pair were nondestructively detected by a simple infrared (IR) image system; channels less than this depth collapsed for the overall channel geometry employed. Thus the nanofluidic structures survived the pressure and high temperature anneal of wafer bonding. Experimental results agree well with a theoretical prediction for which depths nanochannels would collapse.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Electromechanical delay estimated by using electromyography during cycling at different pedaling frequencies

Abstract The purpose of this study was to propose a new method that can be used to calculate electromechanical delay (EMD) without the measurement of forces. A secondary purpose, as an example of the importance of measuring EMD, was to predict muscle force development events based on the EMG activity of selected muscles during cycling at different pedaling frequencies. EMD was estimated using newly derived equations based on activation dynamics hypothesis. Tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SL) muscles of 16 male participants were studied while subjects pedaled at targeted cadences of 60, 80, and 100 revolutions per minute. The estimated EMDs of TA and SL were significantly different from each other with means of 68.1 and 88.7 ms, respectively. The average crank angle for the initiation and time to peak TA contraction was estimated at 75±35° and 26±15° before the crank reached top-dead-center (TDC), while the contraction ended at 31±19° after the TDC on average. The projected starting, peak and end angles of SL contraction activity were 45±18°, 123±13°, and 218±35° after the TDC, respectively. There was no difference among different pedaling cadences observed for these mechanical events. The proposed method was proven to be effective in studying EMD and estimate muscle contraction patterns during cycling.
Olfactory Contribution to Fos Expression during Mating in Inexperienced Male Hamsters

Male hamsters are very dependent on chemosensory cues for normal mating behavior. We have previously reported that central, vomeronasal pathways are intensely and selectively activated during mating or pheromonal stimulation. The contribution of main olfactory sensory input to the patterns of c-fos activation was investigated in this study. Sexually inexperienced male hamsters were either made anosmic by intranasal infusion of zinc sulfate or remained intact. Fos protein immunoreactivity was analyzed in main olfactory and vomeronasal pathways of the zinc sulfate-treated, anosmic animals after mating with receptive females for 45 min, and compared with Fos patterns seen in intact mating animals, some of which have been described in a previous publication. The zinc sulfate-treated anosmic males described here all mated when given access to receptive females. Whether mated or unstimulated, anosmic males had little or no Fos expression in main olfactory pathways; significantly less even than in unstimulated intact animals. Mating did not increase Fos expression in main olfactory pathways of intact animals over that of unstimulated intact controls. However, Fos expression in central vomeronasal pathways was significantly higher in mating anosmic males, as in intact males, compared with appropriate non-mating controls. Fos expression was significantly different between intact and zinc sulfate-treated anosmic mating males in only one area studied. The rostral anterior medial amygdala, known to receive a small olfactory terminal field, had significantly lower Fos expression in zinc sulfate-treated anosmic males that mated when compared with intact-mating animals. Thus, functional main olfactory input to the rostral vomeronasal amygdala can be demonstrated but does not appear to be critical for mating behavior in previously inexperienced male hamsters with intact vomeronasal organs. Other main olfactory input appears to have a negligible contribution to Fos-patterns in such animals.
Chemokines in colitis: microRNA control

Huang et al 1 identified and tested the role of a specific microRNA (miRNA) in the pathogenesis of IBD. The study of microRNAs is a burgeoning field within epigenetics. These small non-coding RNAs mediate translation-level repression of protein expression by binding to the 3′ -untranslated region of specific messenger RNA transcripts. In the innate and adaptive immune response, miRNAs play an important role in negative regulation of inflammatory conditions in the intestine. Inflammatory regulators such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and toll-like receptors have been shown to induce miRNA expression in both acute and chronic inflammation. The roles for miRNAs in IBD are emerging from recent studies that compare miRNA expression in colonoscopic and peripheral blood draw biopsies from colitis patients with healthy individuals.2 Despite this, the vast majority of miRNAs identified in microarray analyses of colitis patients have yet to be investigated in experimental models of colitis or assigned specific mechanisms in the pathophysiology of human disease. In a novel approach, Huang et al 1 used array analyses to assay changes in microRNA expression from two different experimental models of colitis in order to map specific overlapping miRNA expression patterns, which were subsequently compared against analyses completed on human colitis patient specimens. These authors then continued their analyses to mechanistically determine that miR-141, a miRNA aberrantly expressed in both animal models of colitis and human patients, specifically inhibited expression of the β-isoform of CXCL12, a …
Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Disorders Part I: Technological Capabilities

:The indications, techniques, and results of amniocentesis, sonography, fetos-copy, and maternal serum screening for alpha-fetoprotein are described, along with some of the controversies over interpretation of studies. Down syndrome, neural tube defects, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, alpha-thalassemia, beta-thalassemia, galactosemia, and Toy Sachs disease are among the genetic disorders for which such diagnosis is sought. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and studies of the efficacy and safety of first trimester diagnosis by chorionic biopsy are two directions of future promise. (BIRTH 10:4, Winter 1983)
A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Concussions are occurring at alarming rates in the United States and have become a serious public health concern. The CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 million concussions occur in sports and recreational activities annually. Concussion as defined by the 2013 Concussion Consensus Statement “may be caused either by a direct blow to the head, face, neck or elsewhere on the body with an ‘impulsive’ force transmitted to the head.” Concussions leave the individual with both short- and long-term effects. The short-term effects of sport related concussions may include changes in playing ability, confusion, memory disturbance, the loss of consciousness, slowing of reaction time, loss of coordination, headaches, dizziness, vomiting, changes in sleep patterns and mood changes. These symptoms typically resolve in a matter of days. However, while some individuals recover from a single concussion rather quickly, many experience lingering effects that can last for weeks or months. The factors related to concussion susceptibility and the subsequent recovery times are not well known or understood at this time. Several factors have been suggested and they include the individual’s concussion history, the severity of the initial injury, history of migraines, history of learning disabilities, history of psychiatric comorbidities, and possibly, genetic factors. Many studies have individually investigated certain factors both the short-term and long-term effects of concussions, recovery time course, susceptibility and recovery. What has not been clearly established is an effective multifaceted approach to concussion evaluation that would yield valuable information related to the etiology, functional changes, and recovery. The purpose of this manuscript is to show one such multifaceted approached which examines concussions using computerized neurocognitive testing, event related potentials, somatosensory perceptual responses, balance assessment, gait assessment and genetic testing.
Episodic memory reconsolidation: updating or source confusion?

Reactivation of apparently stable, long-term memory can render it fragile, and dependent on a restabilisation process referred to as ‘‘reconsolidation’’. Recently we provided the first demonstration of reconsolidation effects in human episodic memory (Hupbach, Gomez, Hardt, & Nadel, 2007; Hupbach, Hardt, Gomez, & Nadel, 2008). Memory for a set of objects was modified by the presentation of a new set, if and only if participants were reminded of the first learning episode before learning the new set. The present study asks whether this effect can be interpreted as a source discrimination problem; i.e., participants have difficulties remembering which objects were presented during which session, and do not actually incorporate new objects into the reactivated memory. The present study used a recognition test and asked participants directly about the source of their memories. Participants in the no-reminder group showed very few source errors. Participants in the reminder group misattributed the source of objects from the second set as being from the first set but not vice versa, thus demonstrating updating of the original memory. This finding is informative with respect to the misinformation paradigm, and reconsolidation is discussed as a possible mechanism underlying our results and the misinformation effect.
Randomized clinical trial of mitomycin C as an adjunct to radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.

A randomized prospective clinical trial was carried out to assess the usefulness of the addition of mitomycin C to radiation therapy used alone or in combination with surgery for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. One hundred and twenty patients with biopsy proven tumor of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, and nasopharynx were randomly assigned to receive or not receive mitomycin C; all other aspects were similar in the two treatment groups. One hundred and seventeen patients were evaluable with a median follow-up time of greater than 5 years. Acute and chronic normal tissue radiation reactions were equivalent in the two treatment groups. Hematologic and pulmonary toxicity were observed in the drug treated patients. Actuarial disease-free survival at 5 years was 49% in the radiation therapy group and 75% in the radiation therapy plus mitomycin C group, p < 0.07. Local recurrence-free survival was 66% in the radiation therapy group and 87% in the radiation therapy plus mitomycin C group, p < 0.02. The findings demonstrate that mitomycin C can be administered safely as an adjunct to radiation therapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer. The drug improves local tumor control without enhancing normal tissue radiation reactions.
Experimental and analytical investigation of ferrocement–concrete composite beams

The use of cementitious composites for infrastructure applications is becoming more popular with the introduction of new high performance materials. Ferrocement laminates are introduced to enhance the overall performance of structures, such as composite bridge decks, beams, bearing walls, etc. This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical study done on composite beams made of reinforced concrete overlaid on a thin section of ferrocement (cement paste and wire mesh). In particular, the method of shear transfer between composite layers is examined. Various types of beam specimens with various mesh types (hexagonal and square) are tested under a two-point loading system up to failure. Results from experimental data are compared to those from non-linear analysis as well as a finite element study to model the overall non-linear behavior. Results show that the proposed composite beam has good ductility, cracking strength and ultimate capacity.
Prevention and management of stroke in women

Stroke is the leading cause of acquired disability and the third leading cause of death in women worldwide. Sex differences in risk factors, treatment response and quality of life after stroke complicate stroke management in women. Women have an increased lifetime incidence of stroke compared to men, largely due to a sharp increase in stroke risk in older postmenopausal women. Women also have an increased lifetime prevalence of stroke risk factors, including hypertension and atrial fibrillation in postmenopausal women, as well as abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged women. Controversy continues over the risks of oral contraceptives, hormone therapy and surgical intervention for carotid stenosis in women. Pregnancy and the postpartum period represent a time of increased risk, presenting challenges to stroke management. Recognition of these issues is critical to improving acute care and functional recovery after stroke in women.
Lincoln and Douglas meet the abolitionist David Walker as prisoners debate slavery: Empowering education, applied communication, and social justice

Abstract This essay offers a case study of an attempt to merge scholarly research and political engagement via an empowering applied communication of social justice. First, a prison project is examined in which students/prisoners re‐staged the 1858 Lincoln/Douglas debates as a more fully representative three‐way debate including Lincoln, Douglas, and the black abolitionist, David Walker. Second, the essay outlines some “outreach” strategies that extended the pedagogical and political energies of the classroom into the larger site of the prison itself. Third, descriptions are offered of some outreach strategies that proved effective in launching the energies of the prison classroom into the loose community of prison‐rights activists, politically engaged scholars, and friends and families of prisoners. Interwoven throughout the essay is information regarding the political‐economy of the “correctional‐industrial‐complex” and the voices of students/prisoners.
Response of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) clonal lines to Pseudomonas sp. Z strain and polydye R-478 and implications for hyperhydricity prevention in tissue culture

Abstract Oregano (Origanum vulgare) clonal lines O-1 and O-5 generated via tissue culture were treated with Pseudomonas Z strain and polydye R-478. Pseudomonas Z strain was isolated from naphthalene-contaminated soil and is a known degrader of naphthalene. In this study, Pseudomonas Z strain was investigated for its ability to prevent a plant tissue culture condition known as hyperhydricity. Many polysaccharide producing Pseudomonas species are capable of preventing this detrimental condition. Previous studies have shown that some Pseudomonas strains enhance the total phenolic content of plants while preventing tissue culture induced hyperhydricity. Polydye R-478 was used to treat oregano clonal lines O-1 and O-5 in combination with Pseudomonas Z strain to investigate the possibility that a known naphthalene degrader would enhance the plant's tolerance to other aromatic compounds. Pseudomonas Z strain was able to prevent hyperhydricity in O-1 and O-5 while eliciting a stress response mechanism associated with total phenolic content of the plant. When plants were treated with a combination of Pseudomonas Z strain and polydye R-478, responses varied between the two clonal lines. Clonal line O-1 appears to be a hardier line with a high tolerance to bacterial stress, whereas O-5 is initially affected greatly by bacterial stress, but the shoot cultures that survive are tolerant.
Bare Bones Pattern Formation: A Core Regulatory Network in Varying Geometries Reproduces Major Features of Vertebrate Limb Development and Evolution

Background: Major unresolved questions regarding vertebrate limb development concern how the numbers of skeletal elements along the proximodistal (P-D) and anteroposterior (A-P) axes are determined and how the shape of a growing limb affects skeletal element formation. There is currently no generally accepted model for these patterning processes, but recent work on cartilage development (chondrogenesis) indicates that precartilage tissue self-organizes into nodular patterns by cell-molecular circuitry with local auto-activating and lateral inhibitory (LALI) properties. This process is played out in the developing limb in the context of a gradient of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) emanating from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Results: We have simulated the behavior of the core chondrogenic mechanism of the developing limb in the presence of an FGF gradient using a novel computational environment that permits simulation of LALI systems in domains of varying shape and size. The model predicts the normal proximodistal pattern of skeletogenesis as well as distal truncations resulting from AER removal. Modifications of the model’s parameters corresponding to plausible effects of Hox proteins and formins, and of the reshaping of the model limb, bud yielded simulated phenotypes resembling mutational and experimental variants of the limb. Hypothetical developmental scenarios reproduce skeletal morphologies with features of fossil limbs. Conclusions: The limb chondrogenic regulatory system operating in the presence of a gradient has an inherent, robust propensity to form limb-like skeletal structures. The bare bones framework can accommodate ancillary gene regulatory networks controlling limb bud shaping and establishment of Hox expression domains. This mechanism accounts for major features of the normal limb pattern and, under variant geometries and different parameter values, those of experimentally manipulated, genetically aberrant and evolutionary early forms, with no requirement for an independent system of positional information.
Nutritional Supplements Used in Weight-reduction Programs Increase Intestinal Gas in Persons Who Malabsorb Lactose

Abstract Objective To determine if ingestion of 2 doses of milk-based dietary supplements produce gaseous symptoms in subjects who malabsorb lactose. Design Randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Subjects/setting Ten community-based subjects who malabsorb lactose. Intervention Ingestion of 2 standard servings of milk-based supplements (a powder reconstituted in fat-free milk or a ready-to-drink preparation) or low-lactose control preparations. Main outcome measures Frequency of flatus passage and subjective impression of bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort. Statistical analysis Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The high lactose content (27g) of 2 servings of the powder-based supplement ingested without other food resulted in a marked increase in daily flatus passages from the basal level of 9.7±8.2 to 30±14 (mean ±SD), and a significant increase in the subjects' perception of gas. In contrast, the lower lactose content (18.4g) of 2 servings of a ready-to-drink supplement resulted in a flatus frequency of 17±10 (P=.14 vs baseline) and no significant increase in the perception of increased gas. Neither supplement resulted in a significant increase in bloating, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. The lactose content of the liquid supplement was reduced by 80% following overnight incubation with an over-the-counter lactase preparation. Applications/conclusions Persons who malabsorb lactose should be aware that sizable increases in rectal gas commonly occur when milk-based powders reconstituted in milk are used as meal replacements. In contrast, gas problems probably will be minor following ingestion of 2 doses of a ready-to-drink, milk-based supplement. The lactose content of these supplements can be markedly reduced by overnight incubation with over-the-counter lactase preparations, and this manipulation should be beneficial for subjects troubled by the increased gas caused by the consumption of lactose-containing supplements. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:1447–1452 .
The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy

THE powerful families of Montague and Capulet, who figure in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, never resided in Verona, and in fact never existed at all. Contrary to the general impression, the term Montecchi the Italian equivalent of 'Montagues' like the term Cappelletti (Cappellini), meaning 'Capulets,' was the nickname of a political band or faction, not the name of a private family.1 For the early history of the Montecchi, the most comprehensive and probably the most reliable source is Rolandino, the Paduan notary (died 1276), who chronicles the career of the da Romano family, with especial attention to Ezzelino III. The notary's work was regarded by contemporaries as so authoritative that it served as the model for several later chronicles, notably the Annales S. Iustinae Patavini.2
CCD ENSEMBLE PHOTOMETRY ON AN INHOMOGENEOUS SET OF EXPOSURES

A method is described to perform ensemble stellar photometry on a series of CCD images for which the number and identity of the comparison stars vary throughout the set of exposures. The technique is particularly useful for the production of light curves of variable stars from long-term photometric programs where the inhomogeneity of the data set can be large. The linear least squares solution is derived, paying particular attention to the evaluation of errors. Examples are presented of the use of two interactive computer programs which implement this technique.
On the determinacy of schemata

A number of schemata models for parallel computation have been proposed and studied over the last few years. One's first order of business when studying these models is specifying conditions under which the schemata evoke determinate computations. This paper is an attempt to abstract the properties of determinacy and prove one theorem, good for all schema models satisfying certain axioms.
The Origin of Nanopipes and Micropipes in Non-Cubic GaN and SiC

Micro/nanopipes are linear defects along the c-axis of hexagonal polytypes of SiC and GaN that are currently the focus of much attention. It has been shown that these defects can be very detrimental to the electronic properties of devices manufactured from, at least, 6H-SiC. In this paper, the origin of these defects is discussed in terms of Frank’s theory [1] that dislocations will have a hollow core when their Burgers vector is large. Two fundamental issues about such dislocations are addressed: their formation along the c-axis of the crystal, and their stability despite their large Burgers vectors [2]. The proposed model is based on the mosaic structure of sublimation-grown 6H- or 4H-SiC, and VPE-grown 2H-GaN on sapphire substrates. The presence of unit c-axis screw dislocations is attributed to the accommodation of low-angle twist boundaries in the mosaic structure. The formation of superscrew dislocations with large Burgers vector, which empty their cores to reduce the excessive strain energy there, is shown to be the result of 3c screw dislocations in the axis of triple junctions which “getter” the neighboring unit dislocations and simultaneously increase their diameter. The predictions of the model are compared with available data in the literature, and suggestions are made for the decrease of nano/micropipe density.
Critical literacies in the making: Social class and identities in the early reading classroom

Drawing from a four-year critical ethnographic study of young girls and their literacy practices inside and outside school, this article foregrounds a lived pedagogical moment when conflicting disc...
Forest inventory and analysis: a national inventory and monitoring program

Abstract Forests provide significant commodity and noncommodity values to the citizens of the United States. An important and substantial role in ensuring the continued health, productivity, and sustainability of these resources is a reliable and credible inventory and monitoring program. The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the US Forest Service has been monitoring and reporting on status, condition, and trends in the nation’s forests for over 70 years and the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program for the last 11 years. Recent legislation included in the 1998 Farm Bill, along with efforts to integrate inventory and monitoring networks to deliver Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forests, are redefining the role and operation of the recently integrated FIA and FHM programs. This paper provides a brief history and a look at new directions for the enhanced FIA Program.
Vitamin D and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Bones, Muscles, and Joints

Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, is the naturally occurring form of vitamin D that is converted in the skin and hydroxylated in the liver and kidney to the active form found in humans. The main role for vitamin D is calcium homeostasis, and low levels of vitamin D result in lower gastrointestinal absorption of calcium. Vitamin D is also critical for mineralization of bone tissue, muscle function, and coordination. Recent studies have found prevention of bone mass loss and reduction in falls and fractures in patients supplemented with vitamin D. A high percentage of systemic lupus erythematosus patients are reported to have insufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D. This paper reviews the biology of vitamin D, its role in calcium homeostasis, and how it contributes to the maintenance of bone, muscle, and joint function in older adults and individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus.
An aeroelastic model for vortex-induced vibrating cylinders subject to frequency lock-in

Abstract This work presents a novel way to calculate the response amplitude of an elastically supported cylinder experiencing vortex-induced vibrations. The method couples a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of the shedding vortex flow to a structural model representation of the elastically supported cylinder. The aerodynamic forces on the cylinder are calculated using a harmonic balance, frequency domain solver. Three cases are considered: the cylinder vibrating transverse to the flow, in-line with the flow, and with both degrees of freedom. Two shedding patterns are observed, symmetric and antisymmetric, depending on the lock-in region considered. The in-line degree of freedom does not have a significant effect on the cylinder cross-flow response, except for very low mass or very low damping.
APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDER MODEL: PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES

With the advance of Internet technology and network bandwidth. Application Service Provider (ASP) mode of computing is becoming a very attractive target of the next wave of Internet revolution. However, the ASP model and its implementation technologies have not been thoroughly investigated. In this chapter we highlight the essence, benefits, and importance of the ASP model as the first form of commercial service-based computing, and the interplay of the ASP model and component technologies. We survey the main supporting technologies for ASP, identify major challenges to the development of ASP applications, and propose solution approaches. We predict that the ASP model coupled with service standardization will lead to networked economy in which cooperative and specialized computing will be realized at the service level.
A Comparative Effectiveness Study of Rescue Strategies in 1,000 Subjects With Severe Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

BACKGROUND: Subjects with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure have shown a high mortality in previous studies. METHODS: All adult ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation from 2005 to 2010 at Mayo Clinic were screened for severe hypoxemia (Murray lung injury score of ≥ 3). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, prone positioning, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), and inhaled vasodilators were considered as rescue strategies. A propensity-based scoring was created for the indication or predilection to use each strategy. A model was created to evaluate the association of each rescue strategy with hospital mortality. RESULTS: Among 1,032 subjects with severe hypoxemia, 239 subjects received some form of rescue strategy (59 received a combination of therapies, and 180 received individual therapies). Inhaled vasodilators were the most common, followed by HFOV. Rescue strategies were used in younger subjects with severe oxygenation deficits. Subjects receiving rescue strategies had higher mortality and longer ICU stays. None of the strategies individually or in combination showed a significant association with hospital mortality after adjusting covariates by propensity scoring. Adjusted Odds ratios and respective 95% CI were as follows: HFOV 0.67 (0.35–1.27), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 0.63 (0.18–1.92), prone position 1.07 (0.49–2.28), and inhaled vasodilators 1.17 (0.78–1.77). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective comparative effectiveness study, there was no association of rescue strategies with hospital mortality in subjects with severe hypoxemia.
A data-driven cyber-physical detection and defense strategy against data integrity attacks in smart grid systems

I consider a cyber-physical perspective to the problem of detecting and defending against data integrity attacks in smart grid systems. In this paper, the problem of transient stability with distributed control using real-time data from geographically distributed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is studied via a flocking-based modeling paradigm. I demonstrate how cyber corruption can be identified through the effective use of telltale physical couplings within the power system. I also develop a data-driven real-time cyber-physical detection and defense strategy with distributed control using real-time data from PMUs. The proposed strategy leverages the physical coherence to probe and detect PMU data corruption and estimate the true information values for attack mitigation.
Integrating Systems- and Human- Centered Design Approaches for Constellation via Control Authority Analysis

Under its Constellation program, NASA is preparing to send humans back to the Moon with a flight system architecture very similar to Apollo. However, changes since the Apollo era have taken place in the areas of risk and safety, crew comfort and composition, longterm program goals, programmatic constraints, and state of technology. Considering these changes together, a new design approach is warranted to put early emphasis on operational concept development and the design implications of human factors. Given the complexity of the Constellation system of systems being anticipated, the allocation and transfer of control authority among multiple Constellation systems is of particular importance. This paper proposes a modeling approach to integrate various fields of humanand system-centered expertise and analyze control authority from the viewpoint of operations and human factors to demonstrate the needs and benefits this modeling approach.
Identity of Spittlebug on Pecan and Life History of Clastoptera achatina (Homoptera: Cercopidae)

External morphologies of Clastoptera achatina Germar and C. obtuse (Say) from various collections were compared. The findings were described and illustrated. The only species found inhabiting pecan trees in the southeastern United States was C. achatina. C. obtusa rarely, if ever, develops on pecan. Also, the biology and life history of C. achatina was studied and described. During years of small or moderate populations, an overwintering and 2 generations of adults occurred, along with a very small, questionable, 3rd generation. Adults laid ≈2 eggs per site, and oviposition sites were adjacent to buds and usually on the smallest-diameter, youngest, and most succulent shoot tissue. Time required for egg-to-egg generations was ≈49 d. Five nymphal instars occurred. Females averaged 0.7 mm longer than males. Large numbers of spittlebug nymphs on pecan caused dieback of shoots, reduced nut size, poor nut quality, and sometimes abortion of immature nuts. Each of several large populations of spittlebugs on pecans failed to produce a subsequent generation, leading to their disappearance from the orchard. Parasites of C. achatina were not observed, but a number of heteropteran predators were found, the most numerous species being Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler). Several sympatric dipterans were found inhabiting spittlemasses. A trap for monitoring the presence of adult C. achatina is described.
Deployment Testing of an Expandable Lunar Habitat

ILC Dover, under contract by NASA Langley Research Center, and in cooperation with NASA Johnson Space Center has designed and manufactured an expandable lunar habitat. This cylindrical habitat, or Expandable Lunar Habitat (X-Hab) is a hybrid system with two hard end caps and a deployable softgoods section in the center. The softgood section packs into the endcaps and the unit roughly doubles in length upon deployment. X-hab is designed to demonstrate packing and deployment of an expandable habitat under expected loading conditions. Using a unique fabric lobe system, the structure is intended to be lighter in weight with a higher volume than a similar metal configuration. The restraint layer uses a webbing net construction with a coated fabric to carry the pressure loads up to 9 psi. Subassembly testing on the softgood interface, webbing, and restraint bladder validated the components before integration. The full packing and deployment trials then certified the overarching design of the system. The initial deployment testing evaluated the unique construction and prepared the expandable softgoods for field testing. The next step is the integration of the softgoods to hard endcaps for full pressure testing, interior outfitting, and field operations.
Acoustic-optic mode coupling in single-mode fiber and its applications in dynamic optical Networks

I will review recent progress in the acousto-optic tunable filters on cladding engineered and specialty single-mode fibers that leads to a number of all-fiber tunable devices for possible applications in dynamic optical networks such as fast-tuning variable optical attenuator, all-fiber channel monitor, and potentially wavelength tunable all-fiber polarimeter and polarization converter.
Fringe Stress of Container with Internal Compression and Its Impact on Welding Seam of Sealed Crack in Container

Limitations and self limitations characterize fringe stress of container with internal compres sion, which is caused by compressive deformation and can be analysed and calculated byapplying differen tial equation. While designing a container with internal compression, we ought to take the shape of sealed crack and its impact on fringe stress into full consideration so as to design a safe and durable container with internal compression.
Using Envision to Assess the Sustainability of Groundwater Infrastructure: A Case Study of the Twin Oaks Aquifer Storage and Recovery Project

The ISI (Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure) Envision rating system is designed to be a comprehensive sustainability assessment that can be applied to a wide range of infrastructure projects, including water supply. With water supply resiliency, a prominent concern in many arid and semi-arid regions, the implementation of a water sustainability metric would be beneficial to both regulators and planners. This review seeks to assess the merit of applying Envision to water infrastructure projects specifically designed to enhance supply resiliency by retroactively rating the San Antonio Water System (SAWS) Twin Oaks Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) project. In this review, we find that the novelty and innovation inherent in ASR is largely overlooked by Envision, which often does not evaluate sector-specific concepts. Furthermore, the project-oriented focus of Envision does not analyze water supply systems, or any infrastructure system, as a whole. This paper proposes that a water specific sustainability index be used in conjunction with Envision, to more specifically address concerns for water supply.
Determinants of the production of active oxygen species by granulocytes and macrophages.

Under certain conditions, phagocytic leukocytes generate considerable quantities of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, as well as small quantities of hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. These activated forms of oxygen are involved in the antibacterial, antiparasitic and antitumour functions of the cells. Important factors in the production of the different oxygen species are the nature of the stimulant and the animal species from which the cells are derived; in addition, macrophages exist in various metabolically modulated states within the organism. The oxidases involved in this process are localized in the leukocyte plasmalemma, where they catalyse the oxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotides; a cytochrome may also be involved in the electron transport. Other oxidases are also present in certain species; for example, guinea pig cells contain aldehyde oxidase. Active forms of oxygen can attack bacteria and other foreign bodies inside the phagocytic vacuole or outside the cell. Peroxidase may play a critical role, chiefly in granulocytes. In this kind of multienzyme system, it is self evident that different genetic defects can lead to the same phenotypic end results, e.g. Chronic Granulomatous Disease in children, and other biochemical disorders.