cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendritic locations and dendritic spine morphology determine effectiveness of thalamocortical pathways in the auditory cortex

Afferents from the thalamus efficiently deliver acoustic information to the auditory cortex (ACx). Although very reliable, they are substantially outnumbered by afferents from other brain regions. We hypothesized that thalamic afferents may achieve effectiveness by forming synapses at optimal locations on dendritic trees of cortical neurons. Here we identified synaptically connected dendritic spines to construct maps of active thalamic inputs on dendritic trees of cortical neurons in layers 3/4 of the ACx. These maps revealed that thalamic afferents preferentially synapse on stubby dendritic spines located within 100 µm of the soma. Selective activation of these dendritic spines generated stronger postsynaptic responses than activation of nearby dendritic spines of other morphological types. In addition, spines activated closer to the soma produced greater responses than those further away; the attenuation constant was 45 µm. These results suggest a novel mechanism of thalamocortical effectiveness in the sensory cortices—the positioning of crucial thalamic inputs at optimal synaptic locations.
A Monte Carlo Study of Some Small Sample Properties of Tests for Specification Error

Abstract Some tests for the specification errors of omitted variables, incorrect functional form, simultaneous equation problems, and heteroskedasticity previously developed by the author are further considered in this article. Monte Carlo methods are used to examine the statistical independence of the test statistics, the small sample power of the tests under various alternatives, and the effect on the tests of using ordinary least squares instead of Theil residuals.
NO induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells accompanied by ceramide increase

We have shown previously that nitric-oxide (NO) can induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and that the NO-induced apoptosis is accompanied by an increase in arachidonic acid release via cytoplasmic Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)). We have evidence that during NO-induced apoptosis there is an increase in ceramide synthesis. The use of inhibitors of ceramide synthesis, namely, fumonisin B1 and desipramine, which block ceramide synthase and sphingomyelinase, respectively revealed that the ceramide was produced via the sphingomyelinase pathway. Inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase by desipramine was shown to inhibit NO-induced apoptosis while fumonisin B1 failed to inhibit this process. C(2)-ceramide could induce apoptosis in cultured VSMCs. Apoptosis in smooth muscle cells was accompanied by the increased activity of DNA fragmentation factor-40 and the secretion of cathepsin D from the cells. In this study, ceramide appears to function as a mediator of apoptosis.
A follower load increases the load-carrying capacity of the lumbar spine in compression

Study Design. An experimental approach was used to test human cadaveric spine specimens. Objective. To assess the response of the whole lumbar spine to a compressive follower load whose path approximates the tangent to the curve of the lumbar spine. of Background Data. Compression on the lumbar spine is 1000 N for standing and walking and is higher during lifting. Ex vivo experiments show it buckles at 80-100 N. Differences between maximum ex vivo and in vivo loads have not been satisfactorily explained. Methods. A new experimental technique was developed for applying a compressive follower load of physiologic magnitudes up to 1200 N. The experimental technique applied loads that minimized the internal shear forces and bending moments, made the resultant internal force compressive, and caused the load path to approximate the tangent to the curve of the lumbar spine. Results. A compressive vertical load applied in the neutral lordotic and forward-flexed postures caused large changes in lumbar lordosis at small load magnitudes. The specimen approached its extension or flexion limits at a vertical load of 100 N. in sharp contrast, the lumbar spine supported a load of up to 1200 N without damage or instability when the load path was tangent to the spinal curve. Conclusions. Until this study, an experimental technique for applying compressive loads of in vivo magnitudes to the whole lumbar spine was unavailable. The load-carrying capacity of the lumbar spine sharply increased under a compressive follower load, as long as the load path remained within a small range around the centers of rotation of the lumbar segments. The follower load path provides an explanation of how the whole lumbar spine can be lordotic and yet resist large compressive loads. This study may have impiications for determining the role of trunk muscles in stabilizing the lumbar spine.
Brain metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. III. Evidence for secretion of two proteins into the brain extracellular fluid after training.

Immunochemical and double labeling experiments were used to demonstrate that at least two out of three brain cytoplasmic proteins, whose metabolism is markedly influenced by behavior, are products which are secreted into the extracellular fluid (ECF) of goldfish brain. Even after 1 h of labeling, the extracts of goldfish brains with 0.32 M sucrose were found to contain highly labeled proteins. Electrophoretic analyses of the proteins, on SDS polyacrylamide gels, indicated that an increased incorporation of [3H]valine occurs for trained animals as compared to untrained controls ([14C]valine) at specific protein bands migrating at 32,000 and 26,000 daltons. The proteins in the ECF gave identical precipitin bands to goldfish brain proteins whose metabolism was responsive to the acquisition of new patterns of behavior and to proteins in CSF. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cells which contain the proteins and whose location in the ependymal zone was determined by immunohistochemistry1 can secrete the products into ECF. It is therefore quite possible that the functional sites of the proteins are away from the locus of their synthesis.
Maximizing the Computational Efficiency of Temporary Housing Decision Support Following Disasters

AbstractPostdisaster temporary housing has long been a challenging problem because of its interlinked socioeconomic, political, and financial dimensions. A significant need for automated decision support was obvious to address this problem. Previous research achieved considerable advancements in developing optimization models that can quantify and optimize the impacts of temporary housing decisions on the socioeconomic welfare of displaced families and total public expenditures on temporary housing as well as other objectives. However, the computational complexity of these models hindered its practical use and adoption by emergency planners. This article analyzes the computational efficiency of the current implementation of the most advanced socioeconomic formulation of the temporary housing problem, which uses integer programming. Moreover, it presents the development of a customized variant of the Hungarian algorithm that has a superior computational performance while maintaining the highest quality of ...
Posttraumatic intramedullary osteochondroma: Report of a case

We present a rare osteochondroma, which instead of being the usual exophytic growth outside bone, grew inward into the medullary cavity of distal femur in a patient with prior trauma to his knee. Except for its intramedullary location, the benign tumor had all the classic radiographic and pathologic features of typical osteochondroma.
Gaseous Hydrocarbons in Sea Water: Determination

Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in the C l to C 4 range have been detected and measured in sea water. Methane shows by far the highest concentration, followed in order by the C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 fractions. In general, the concentration tends to decrease with depth, but there is a strong indication that a maximum may exist about 30 to 50 meters below the surface.
Has Democracy Slowed Growth in Asia

Summary Has democracy slowed growth in Asia? While there are a number of reasons to suggest that it has, no one has tested this hypothesis. Hypotheses linking Asia’s democracies and autocracies to growth are tested in a within panel regression framework that controls for country fixed effects, global time fixed effects, the other major variables affecting growth, and for endogeneity between the right-hand side regressors. The democracy slows growth hypothesis is tested against the toughest counterfactual—the bureaucratically capable authoritarian regimes of East Asia’s developmentally minded governments. Findings reject the democracy slows growth hypothesis and show that democracy causes growth and investment to rise.
Science, strength, and stability

The strength and stability of any plan for world peace must be drawn from the states composing it and these states, in turn, reflect the thinking of their people as expressed through public opinion. Thus, the engineer and scientist, as members of a profession with its attendant responsibilities to the public, must be prepared to contribute their share to the formation of the enlightened world opinion that is essential for the development of understanding between nations.
Structure of a paramagnetic supermicroporous silica-based material via a multinuclear solid-state NMR monitoring.

The paramagnetic Si/Al material doped with 19.8% (weight) of Mn2+ has been characterized by the 1H, 13C, 27Al, 29Si MAS NMR spectra and the 1H, 29Si T1MAS relaxation measurements as a gel dried at 130 °C and as samples calcined at 504, 540 and 650 °C. It has been demonstrated that in spite of strong paramagnetic effects, NMR monitoring in combination with 29Si T1 relaxation experiments can be successful for structural descriptions of porous materials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of the Residual Impact of the Texas Information Literacy Tutorial on the Information-Seeking Ability of First Year College Students

The study discussed in this paper investigated the residual impact of the Web-based tutorial known as the Texas Information Literacy Tutorial (TILT) on first-year college students and their ability to perform tasks related to information research. Unique to this study is the investigation of ability beyond the semester in which instruction was provided. The study examined four groups of students, each of which received a different type of information skills instruction. Results and implications are discussed at the end of the article.
LR1: a candidate RNA virus of Leishmania.

Abstract Although viruses are important biological agents and useful molecular tools, little is known about the viruses of parasites. We report here the discovery of a candidate for an RNA virus in a kinetoplastid parasite. This potential virus, which we term LR1, is present in the promastigote form of the human pathogen Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis CUMC1-1A but not in 11 other stocks of Leishmania that were examined nor in Trypanosoma brucei. The candidate viral RNA has a size of approximately 6000 nucleotides, is single-stranded, and is largely, if not exclusively, located in the cytoplasm. No homologous LR1 sequences are detected in genomic DNA. The candidate viral RNA is associated with a spherical particle 32 nm in diameter that has a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 130 S. There is as yet no evident effect of this potential virus on parasite physiology or the disease caused by the parasite.
Haplostomides hawaiiensis, new species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), associated with the ascidian Polyclinum constellatum at Honolulu, Hawaii

An ascidicolid copepod, Haplostomides hawaiiensis, is described on the basis of females obtained from the compound ascidian Polyclinum constellatum collected in Keehi Lagoon, Honolulu, Hawaii. The features that separate H. hawaiiensis from other species of the genus include an elongate body with dorsal curvature and indistinct tagmosis, and a combination of characters of cephalic appendages (antenna with 2 spines, mandible with 3 setae, maxillule with 7 setae and maxilla with 2 setae) and thoracic appendages (legs 1–4 with 1 seta on protopod and 2 spines and 1 seta on exopod). Haplostomides hawaiiensis appears to be most closely related to H. hibernicus (T. & A. Scott, 1895) which occurs in compound ascidians from European seas. This is the first copepod associate of an ascidian to be reported from Hawaii.
Role of cesarean section in prevention of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis — Is there one?

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign yet aggressive neoplasm that produces considerable morbidity in children. Previous studies have linked RRP in children to mothers with genital tract human papillomavirus infections (HPV). Risk factors for vertical transmission have not been well identified. Controversy exists among obstetricians and otolaryngologists regarding the role of cesarean section in preventing the transmission of HPV disease from mother to child. We address this issue by presenting the results of a national survey of otolaryngologists, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology position statement, the relevant literature regarding the association between RRP and maternal HPV, and the proposed mechanisms for HPV transmission at birth. We postulate a very limited role for cesarean section in preventing transmission of RRP, given our present knowledge of this disease.
The null space and non‐conventional basis functions in the mixed finite element method

The two matrix equations obtained from the mixed finite element method are uncoupled through the use of the QR decomposition. The procedure obtains the basis for the null space which is composed of solutions to the homogeneous flux-equilibrium equation. The result is that, even for statically indeterminate problems, stresses can be obtained without solving for the displacement field. Furthermore, the stress field can be decomposed directly into contributions from applied forces and from prescribed displacements. The appearance of kinetic modes can easily be monitored. The possibility of utilizing non-conventional basis functions for use in conjunction with the QR decomposition is explored briefly. Simple examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results.
An Analysis of Dynamic Economic Relationships: An Application to the U.S. Hog Market

Recent advances in multiple time-series analysis are discussed and applied to data from the U.S. hog market. Vector-autoregressive and moving-average representations are derived and interpreted with respect to implied dynamic relationships among the variables. Desprogres recents dans l'analyse des series temporelles multiples sont presentes el utilises pour l'analyse des donnees sur le marche porcin aux Etats- Unis. Deux representations, la premiere vectorielle el autoregressive et la seconde moyennes mobiles, sont derivees et interpretees selon les relations dynamiques implicites des variables.
Efficient processing of models for large-scale shotgun proteomics data

Mass-spectrometry (MS) based proteomics has become a key enabling technology for the systems approach to biology, providing insights into the protein complement of an organism. Bioinformatics analyses play a critical role in interpretation of large, and often replicated, MS datasets generated across laboratories and institutions. A significant amount of computational effort in the workflow is spent on the identification of protein and peptide components of complex biological samples, and consists of a series of steps relying on large database searches and intricate scoring algorithms. In this work, we share our efforts and experience in efficient handling of these large MS datasets through database indexing and parallelization based on multiprocessor architectures. We also identify important challenges and opportunities that are relevant specifically to the task of peptide and protein identification, and more generally to similar multi-step problems that are inherently parallelizable.
Functional contacts of a transfer RNA synthetase with 2′-hydroxyl groups in the RNA minor groove

The functional analysis of determinants on RNA has been largely limited to molecules that contain naturally occurring ribonucleotides, so little is known about the role of 2'-hydroxyl groups in protein-RNA recognition. A single base pair (G3.U70) in the acceptor stem of tRNA(Ala) is the principal element for specific recognition by Escherichia coli alanine-tRNA synthetase. This tRNA synthetase aminoacylates small RNA helices that contain the G3.U70 base pair. Furthermore, removal of the G3 exocyclic 2-amino group that projects into the minor groove eliminates aminoacylation. This 2-amino group is flanked on either side by ribose 2'-hydroxyl groups that line the minor groove. Here we use chemical synthesis to construct 32 helices that make deoxy and O-methyl substitutions of individual and multiple 2'-hydroxyl groups near and beyond the G3.U70 base pair and find that functional 2'-hydroxyl contacts are clustered within a few angstroms of the critical 2-amino group. These contacts are highly specific and make a thermodynamically significant contribution to RNA recognition.
New experiments on origin of anisotropy in Permalloy films

A series of new experiments has been performed to determine the origin of the uniaxial anisotropy in Permalloy films. By means of a double magnetic shield enclosing the vacuum system, it was possible to deposit films in extremely small ambient fields (10−6 to 10−3 oersted). It was found that for deposition field strengths higher than about 10−1 oersted, the anisotropy constant and the squareness of the hysteresis loop are essentially invariant with respect to the value of the deposition field. However, forH d <10−1 oersted, both the anisotropy and squareness of the loop decreases dramatically. From these experimental results, it appears that both the anisotropic Fe-pair orientation and anisotropic imperfection-alignment are deposition-field induced.
IC-P2-154: Patterns of regional change over time in the syndromic variants of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease

All patients underwent a neuropsychological examination and behavioral assessment by means of a battery of scales. Staging of dementia severity was assessed by means of the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Based on GDS scores, patients were recategorized in three subgroups according to dementia severity: mild (GDS stages 2 and 3, n 62), moderate (GDS stages 4 and 5, n 252) and severe (GDS stages 6 and 7, n 245) dementia. Frontal lobe symptoms were assessed by means of the Middelheim Frontality Score (MFS). Results: In FTD patients, no significant difference in MFS total score between FTD patients belonging to the mild and severe dementia stages was found (p 0.828, n 28). In both AD and DLB groups, the MFS total score increased significantly when disease progressed as demonstrated by significantly higher MFS total scores in severe dementia stages compared to mild stages (AD: p 0.001, n 254; DLB: p 0.001, n 25). Comparing the evolution of the MFS total scores in function of disease progression between FTD and AD patients, significantly higher MFS total scores were achieved in FTD patients, irrespective of dementia severity (p 0.001 for mild, moderate and severe dementia subgroups). At no stage of disease severity, significant differences in MFS total scores comparing DLB and AD groups were achieved. The MFS items ‘disinhibition’ and ‘aspontaneity’ were present in a significantly higher proportion of severely affected DLB patients compared to severely affected AD patients (p 0.005 and p 0.009 respectively). Conclusions: In FTD, mean MFS scores were high at dementia onset and remain as such during the disease evolution. Compared to AD, FTD patients displayed significantly more frontal lobe symptoms, allowing discrimination between both diseases, especially in the earliest disease stages. With disease progression, AD and DLB patients gradually displayed more frontal lobe symptoms.
Secondary tics or tourettism associated with a brain tumor.

Tourette syndrome is generally considered to be a genetic disorder, but symptoms mimicking Tourette syndrome can be secondary to an underlying lesion disrupting the basal ganglia circuitry. Described here is a case of secondary tics, or tourettism, in a child with a large oligodendroglioma of the right temporal lobe extending to the basal ganglia. He presented with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and stimulant-induced tic disorder at the age of 11 years, and later also had also seizures. The family history was unremarkable. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a right temporal lobe tumor extending to the basal ganglia. An α-[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan positron emission tomography scan showed asymmetric uptake in the basal ganglia and intense uptake in the tumor. He had a lesionectomy, and the histopathologic diagnosis was oligodendroglioma. Neuropsychologic testing after surgery revealed no attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology, and only minimal features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The present case provides additional evidence supporting the role of basal ganglia circuitry in the pathophysiology of tic disorder and its comorbid states. Children who present with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and tic disorder of late onset in the absence of family history should be further investigated with neuroimaging to exclude the presence of a secondary cause.
Forecasting the nursing home population

Lakdawalla et al1 suggests the recent declines in chronic disability prevalence in the US elderly population will reverse as a result of the increased prevalence of obesity, asthma, and disability at ages 50 to 60 and, as a consequence, there will be significant increases in the size of the future US nursing home population older than age 65. We believe these projections do not reflect the correct direction of changes in US nursing home use in the future. We suggest that nursing home use will continue to decline, certainly as a rate past 2011, and possibly in absolute terms during the period that the small depression era and WWII birth cohorts pass age 65 (ie, up to 2011). We feel that these projections are like recent projections that the prevalence of Alzheimers disease (-70% of all dementia past age 65) will reach 16 million cases by 2050-both ignore significant new survey and clinical data and evidence.2'3
A case study in model checking software systems

Abstract Model checking is a proven successful technology for verifying hardware. It works, however, on only finite state machines, and most software systems have infinitely many states. Our approach to applying model checking to software hinges on identifying appropriate abstractions that exploit the nature of both the system, S, and the property, θ, to be verified. We check θ on an abstracted, but finite, model of S. Following this approach we verified three cache coherence protocols used in distributed file systems. These protocols have to satisfy this property: “If a client believes that a cached file is valid then the authorized server believes that the client's copy is valid.” In our finite model of the system, we need only represent the “beliefs” that a client and a server have about a cached file; we can abstract from the caches, the files' contents, and even the files themselves. Moreover, by successive application of the generalization rule from predicate logic, we need only consider a model with at most two clients, one server, and one file. We used McMillan's SMV model checker; on our most complicated protocol, SMV took less than 1 s to check over 43600 reachable states.
The Effectiveness of a Shock Incarceration Program and a Minimum Security Prison in Changing Attitudes toward Drugs

Shock incarceration programs, or boot camp prisons, have been advocated as one means to deal with the recent massive influx of drug offenders into the criminal justice system. The study compares the attitudes of prisoners (N = 103) in a minimum security facility and inmates (N = 267) in a prison boot camp toward alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs (measured by acceptability scales) over a 6-month period. The findings reveal that shock incarceration appears to be an effective program in changing attitudes toward the use of alcohol but has little impact on attitudes toward illicit drug use. It also appears that an inmate's history of alcohol and drug use has a greater influence on attitudinal change than does prison setting.
Fate of Nitroglycerin and Dinitrotoluene in Soil at Small Arms Training Ranges

Nitroglycerine (NG), 2-4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotolune (DNTs), commonly deposited on soil during military training, have been identified as potential threats to groundwater at Camp Edwards on the Massachusetts Military Reservation. Accordingly, a series of experiments were performed to obtain site-specific sorption coefficients (Kd) for use in computer simulations. Experiments employing aqueous, reagent-grade contaminants, with a biocide added, showed NG underwent limited sorption onto the sandy soil from the study area. DNTs were retained to a greater extent. Desorption experiments demonstrated a portion of the contaminants were irreversibly bound. Soil characteristics had a significant effect on Kd, apparently because of changes in organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and/or clay content with depth in the soil profile. Experiments with NG containing soil, fresh, unfired propellant, or with freshly fired propellant produced partitioning values considerably higher than those observed with rea...
Current efforts toward implementation of an urban health strategy: The Henry Ford Health System

The Henry Ford Health System is one of the nation's major comprehensive nonprofit health systems. Though it serves seven counties in southeastern Michigan, it is based in the heart of the city of Detroit. Detroit, like many of the nation's largest cities, has high rates of poverty, single-parent households, unemployment, and violence. The health status of the population is well below national norms and Healthy People 2000 goals. Through the combined efforts of public and private organizations and the people of southeastern Michigan, Detroit is experiencing a renaissance. Henry Ford Health System is contributing to this renaissance and is working to define its role in improving the health status and quality of life of Detroit's residents. The system's current strategy centers on moving beyond civic projects and philanthropic efforts to the incorporation of care for the uninsured and underinsured in its core operations and plans for growth. To make this change, we have developed a systemwide process that focuses on designing and implementing new delivery models, on partnership development with a variety of organizations, and on managing the care of populations. Our efforts are a work in progress, but they are having an impact on our patients, our organization, and our community.
Outcomes for Older Men and Women with Congestive Heart Failure

OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare outcomes for men and women discharged alive following a hospitalization for congestive heart failure (CHF). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study PARTICIPANTS: A total of 519 patients, aged ≥ 65, who were discharged alive after a hospitalization for CHF (DRG = 127). MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes (Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), shortness of breath when walking, perceived health, living situation, rehospitalization, and mortality) were measured at 3 times (6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year) post-discharge. RESULTS: The 205 men were, on average, younger (77 ± 7 vs 80 ± 8, P < .001), wealthier (46% vs 21% earned ≥ $10,000, P < .001), and more often married (50% vs 19%, P < .001). Men were more likely than women to have a previous history of CHF (71% vs 63%, P = .052). Men also had higher 1-year mortality than women (48% vs 35%, P = .009), even after adjusting for age, comorbidity, physiological severity (APACHE II APS and RAND discharge instability), radiological evidence of CHF, prior ADLs, walking ability, living situation, and perceived health. Men and women survivors at 1-year had similar and substantial impairment for all non-fatal outcomes considered (all P values ≥ .489). Their adjusted mean ADL scores were consistent with complete dependence on one essential activity (range 0–6 dependencies); 35% were short of breath walking less than 1 block; 62% had fair or poor perceived health; 32% received some formal care; and 46% were rehospitalized within 1 year of discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Men with CHF have a higher mortality than women with CHF. Men and women who survive have similar and substantial impairment for all non-fatal outcomes (ADLs, shortness of breath upon walking, perceived health, living situation, and rehospitalization).
MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF A DENSE STRONGLY COUPLED PLASMA

We present measurements of the electrical resistivity of a dense strongly coupled plasma. This plasma is created in a comprehensively diagnosed capillary discharge that produces uniform well-characterized dense plasmas. Data for polyurethane at densities \ensuremath{\rho}=0.01${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$=1.265 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, and temperatures in the 25--30 eV range are compared with several dense plasma theories, and show a significant disagreement. These results are of importance for the modeling of pulsed power experiments and the understanding of transport processes in many astrophysical plasmas.
THE AGED: SATISFIED OR DISSATISFIED?

: On the basis of interviews with 129 elderly people in the Long Beach Jewish Community Center, the most impressive finding was that, with the exception of some widows and persons with serious health problems, these men and women were content with life and did not have many unmet needs or difficulties with adjustment to old age. They did not consider their life idyllic, however. Transportation was a real problem for some, and medical expenses for others. Incomes were usually too low to allow for much of the travel so many of them wished to experience. Some had difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Failing health was the greatest single problem; more than half of the group had had a major health impairment and one-fourth had been in a hospital during the previous year. Nevertheless, in general this population of aged people was emotionally healthy, optimistic and interested in life and the opportunities it afforded them. It should be emphasized that this group was not typical of all the aged in the country. The study demonstrated, however, that in this society, old age can be a highly rewarding period of life. It would be most desirable to find some explanation for the diversity of attitudes observed in various reports in the literature and in the present report. Over-all conclusions can be rendered meaningless if the aged in some of the groups and areas studied are unhappy and dissatisfied whereas those in other groups and areas are radically different in their reactions. Another factor in the diverse findings may be the ecological or social concentrations of different personality types.
First interferometric observations of solar microwave millisecond spike bursts

Observations, with one-dimensional spatial resolution, of solar microwave millisecond spikes at 2.8 GHz are reported. The observations were made with the Owens Valley frequency-agile interferometer with 20 ms time resolution. It is found that the spikes occur at a position different from that of the underlying gyrosynchrotron radio burst source. All of the spikes during the rising part of the burst come from the same one-dimensional location to within + or - 1 arcsec, despite the fact that rapid evolution in the sense and degree of circular polarization was observed. The one-dimensional position of the spikes is consistent with a location over a large sunspot, suggesting that the emission occurs in a region of strong, converging magnetic field. The observations support the suggestion that the spikes are due to the electron-cyclotron maser mechanism.
The electrical and sodium transport characteristics of sutured premalignant mouse colon.

Depolarization of the plasma membrane and increased sodium influx have both been suggested as mitogenic signals. Following bowel resection the intestinal suture line has been reported a fertile site for tumor recurrence. Whether alterations in cell surface signaling occur at suture lines has not been previously examined. Therefore in this series of experiments we have examined the electrical changes and sodium transport occurring at a suture line in an animal model of large bowel cancer. Forty-eight female CF1 mice underwent colotomies with repair utilizing silk or chromic sutures. Twenty-four mice underwent sham operations to serve as controls. The mice were injected subcutaneously with the carcinogen DMH (1,2-dimethylhydrazine) 20 mg/kg or an identical volume of 0.9% saline for 6 weeks and were sacrificed 1 week after the last injection. The sites of the sutured colotomies or a piece of distal colon from the sham-operated mice were mounted in a modified Ussing chamber and the electrical properties and unidirectional sodium fluxes were measured. The potential difference (pd) across the distal colon was not significantly different in any suture group compared to that in sham-operated controls when treated with saline (pd sham, −2.3 ± 0.2 mV (mean ± SEM); silk, −1.7 ± 0.3 mV, chromic, −1.9 ± 0.3 mV, P > 0.05, unpaired Student t test). The potential difference was significantly lowered in both suture groups compared to sham operated animals after treatment with DMH (pd sham, −2.6 ± 0.3 mV; silk, −1.5 ± 0.2 mV, P < 0.05; chromic, −1.6 ± 0.4 mV, P < 0.05). Although the pd in sham-operated controls and sham-operated DMH animals were lower than previously reported, this experiment demonstrated that depolarization occurred across the colon adjacent to an intestinal suture line after treatment with DMH. The lower pd in both sham groups may be due to stress, particularly in the sham-operated DMH group where unidirectional fluxes demonstrated a fourfold increase in net sodium absorption when compared to controls. Unidirectional fluxes of 22Na were significantly altered by DMH-treatment or the placement of bowel sutures. Epithelial depolarization and altered sodium transport have been observed at different stages during experimental carcinogenesis and following malignant transformation; therefore these effects on the electrophysiologic properties of large bowel mucosa induced by suture material may partly explain the mechanism of suture line recurrence.
An investigation of the relation between religion and exercise motivation.

The present study sought to investigate whether traditional secular or faith-based program factors were more responsible for motivating women (N = 220, M age = 44.6 yr.) to participate in Christian...
Elites and Noncorporate Groups in the European Mediterranean: a Reconsideration of the Catalan Case

In a recent article in this journal, Peter Schneider, Jane Schneider and Edward Hansen (1972) examine the role of regional elites and noncorporate groups in the European Mediterranean and proceed to elaborate a model that should allow us to understand more clearly the dynamics of social and economic change in underdeveloped peripheral regions. The two areas which they have selected for detailed consideration, and which consequently form the empirical basis for a model of broader applicability, are Western Sicily and Catalonia. Sicily I know only from the literature, but my impression is that it can more realistically be regarded as an underdeveloped peripheral region with the structural attributes described and analyzed by the authors. Catalonia, though, is a different matter, and it is to the Catalan case that I will be addressing myself.
Theory of hot particle stability

The investigation of stabilization of hot particle drift reversed systems to low frequency modes has been extended to arbitrary hot beta βH, for systems that have unfavorable field‐line curvature. Steep profile equilibria are considered where the thickness of the pressure drop Δ, is less than plasma radius rp. The analysis describes layer modes which have mΔ/rp <1, where m is the mode number, and radial structure larger than Δ. Stabilization is classified as either being ‘‘robust,’’ where all excitations are positive energy, or ‘‘fragile,’’ where stability criteria exist to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)‐like and drift‐compressional instabilities, but positive and negative energy waves are present (with the possibility that negative energy waves are destabilized by dissipative mechanisms). It is shown that in making a continuous transition from the fragile stability regime to the robust stability regime one must go through an unstable region. To bridge the unstable band in a physical manner one must either pro...
The development of an 850 GHz waveguide receiver using tuned sis junctions on 1µm Si 3 N 4 membranes

We report preliminary development work on a 850 GHz SIS heterodyne receiver employing a tuned niobium tunnel junction on a 1 µm Si3N4 supporting membrane. Since the mixer is meant to be operated well above the superconducting gap frequency of niobium (2δ/h њ 690 GHz) special care has been taken to minimize transmission line loss. We have therefore used junctions with an integrated radial stub RF matching network to tune out the large shunt susceptance of the junction and minimize the niobium film absorption loss. Scale model measurements of the waveguide embedding impedance have been made to aid in the design of the choke structure and RF matching network. Detailed Fourier Transform Spectrometer measurements of tuned junctions on both SiO2 and silicon nitride membranes show response up to 1100 GHz and indicate that the absorption loss in the niobium film is in the order of 4–7 dB at 850 GHz, in fairly good agreement with the theoretical loss calculated from the Mattis-Bardeen theory. The junctions have a center frequency of 800 GHz which presents a 6% downshift from the designed value.
Possible H2staggered+ ultraviolet spectrum of Jupiter

Abstract An ultraviolet spectral probe for a hydrogen-rich planetary atmosphere, such as that of Jupiter, is suggested, utilizing discrete lines in the H 2 staggered + 2 pπ u −1 sσ g electronic transition. For the Jovian atmosphere, the dominant mechanism for exciting H 2 + to its 2 pπ u state appears to be photoexcitation, principally through absorption of the solar Lyman-α line. We estimate that the Jovian column emission rate of the H 2 + 2 pπ u ( ν ′ = 2, J ′ = 1) →1 sσ g ( ν ″ = 18, J ″ = 0) fluorescent line at 1236.6 A is if1 photon cmsu-2 secsu-1; i.e., that if1 photon secsu-1 of this radiation would strike a 15-cm diameter mirror in a Jupiter fly-by at an impact parameter of 3 × 10 5 km. The critical role of corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in the use of an H 2 + probe is discussed.
Interpretation of the arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures. A simplified approach for bedside use.

Arterial Po2 and Pco2 values give valuable information regarding gas exchange function of the lungs and oxygen transport by the blood. Alveolar ventilation varies inversely as arterial Pco2 the latter measurement, therefore, is an indication of the adequacy of CO2 elimination by the lungs. The alveolar Po2 can be readily calculated using the arterial Pco2 as a measure of alveolar Pco2 and either a simplified version of the alveolar air equation or an O2-CO2 diagram. An abnormally widened alveolar-arterial Po2 difference indicates impaired oxygen exchange function of the lungs, although whether the abnormality is due to anatomic right-to-left shunting, ventilation/perfusion imbalance or diffusion abnormality is not revealed. A normal alveolar-arterial Po2 difference in the presence of hypoxemia indicates alveolar hypoventilation or a decreased inspired Po2. Saturation of hemoglobin with O2 can be calculated from the arterial Po2 and the O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve. Oxygen content can be calculated from the product of O2 saturation and hemoglobin O2 capacity; the latter is directly related to hemoglobin concentration. Cardiac output and regional circulatory factors are also of great importance in O2 delivery to tissues.
In God We Trust: Religiosity as a Predictor of Perceptions of Media Trust, Factuality, and Privacy Invasion

The current study brought together two important areas of scholarship in mass communications: media credibility, and religion and the media. Although both areas have been widely investigated by scholars, there have not been many empirical investigations that examine the potential impact of religion on individual perceptions of media credibility. The authors’ data analysis revealed mixed evidence for an association between religiosity and perceived media credibility. Although the study did not find consistent and overwhelming evidence of a significant single association between religiosity and media credibility, the authors did find strong evidence of a significant association between some form of media credibility and the Internet. Although these associations were multidirectional, they were nevertheless numerous and significant.
Adaptive CSFQ: determining the packet dropping probability adaptively for achieving fair bandwidth allocations in SCORE networks

In stateless core (SCORE) networks, edge routers maintain per-flow state while core routers do not. Core stateless fair queuing (CSFQ) has been proposed for approximating the operation of per-flow queuing techniques in SCORE networks. However, the packet dropping probability offered by CSFQ suits only UDP flows. Thus, CSFQ cannot achieve fair bandwidth allocation for TCP flows. This paper proposes adaptive CSFQ (ACSFQ). The packet dropping probability in ACSFQ is determined adaptively based on the flow arrival rate, the fair share rate, and the current queue length. It well supports TCP flows as well as UDP flows. We compare ACSFQ to CSFQ in terms of fair bandwidth allocation. This paper also proposes how to identify and penalize unresponsive flows without managing their flow state. The method is simple to realize because only the packet dropping probability is changed.
Simple benchtop patterning of hydrogel grids for living cell microarrays

A living cell microarray consists of an orderly arrangement of cells attached to a solid support such as a glass microscope slide. The chief difficulty of obtaining such arrays is the fabrication of substrates patterned with micro-wells, adhesive spots, or other features to guide orderly cell attachment. Here we report a novel method using woven Nylon mesh to micropattern three-dimensional alginate hydrogel grids on glass slides. The Nylon mesh is both inexpensive and off-the-shelf. By using Nylon mesh we have eliminated any need for lithography, clean room equipment, and microarray printers to generate microarray patterns; thus, this technique can be easily adopted by biological research labs that may lack microfabrication expertise and facilities. We have demonstrated that glass slides micropatterned with hydrogel grids guide the orderly attachment of single fibroblast cells and Schwann cell clusters in microarrays. The fibroblast arrays consisted of 70 µm square compartments at a density of 21 000 compartments per cm2. The Schwann cell arrays consisted of 100 µm square compartments at a density of 6000 per cm2. This patterning technique addresses the need for a simple, inexpensive, benchtop method for micro-patterning glass slides and obtaining living cell microarrays.
Stabilization and Electron Spin Resonance Characterization of Ru(bpy)33+ in Silica Gel by Chemical Oxidation and Photoinduced Electron Transfer

The stabilization of Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 3+} from Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} at both 77 K room temperature in silica gel by chemical oxidation with chlorine gas and by photoinduced electron transfer to suitable electron acceptors is reported. Stabilization at room temperature is of particular interest for potential light energy storage systems. Paramagnetic Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 3+} is characterized by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The RU(bpy){sub 3}{sup 3+} yield formed by chlorine gas oxidation can be controlled by the silica gel pore size and decreases with increasing pore size. The Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 3+} yield is 1 order of magnitude smaller in 14.0 nm pore silica gel compared ro 2.5 nm pore silica gel. The Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 3+} yield gradually decreases by preheating the silica gel to higher temperatures before impregnation with Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+}. These results suggest that the oxidation of Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} with chlorine gas takes place via a silica gel surface mediated reaction and that the direct reaction of adsorbed Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} with chlorine molecule in the gas phase is less effective. Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 3+} can also be stabilized in silica gel by photolysis in the presence of the electron acceptor S{sub 2}O{sub 8}{sup 2-} (persulfonate ion) with amore » 50% yield or tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (p-chloranil) with a lower yield. 31 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.« less
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections of man: integration of attachment mechanism, cellular responses and clinical manifestations.

Summary Research advances of recent years are permitting new understanding of M. pneumoniae disease pathogenesis, although our knowledge remains incomplete. Colonization of the respiratory tract mucosa, mediated by an attachment protein, leads to specialized cell injury and altered muco-ciliary clearance. Pulmonary cellular infiltrates and airway exudates are a mixture of both non-specific and specific host immune responsiveness to the mycoplasma. It is now possible to begin integration of the organism's molecular biology and the clinical manifestations of infection.