cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The past, present, and future of bone morphometry: its contribution to an improved understanding of bone biology.

It was not until the 1950s that a better paradigm for bone biology evolved, which led to the birth of bone histomorphometry. Two clinicians, Harold Frost (1958-1964) and Lent Johnson (1964), were responsible for the paradigm stating that the primary function of bone is mechanical load bearing with subsidiary function to participate in plasma calcium homeostasis to support hematopoesis. Dynamic bone histomorphometry was born when Milch et al. (1958) discovered bone localization of tetracycline and Frost generated the methodology to study tetracyclinebased dynamic histological analysis of cortical bone remodeling (1961-1965). Dynamic bone histomorphometry did not blossom until Frost, while a Sun Valley Workshop participant, developed it to address trabecular bone dynamics. The combination of Arnold (1948) producing thin sections of plastic-embedded undecalcified bone and Frost’s (1977-1983) modification of dynamic cortical bone histology for cancellous bone made it possible to study tetracyclinebased dynamic histomorphometry of cancellous bone. It led to the better understanding of basic metabolic unit (BMU) remodelling and to Frost’s mechanostat hypothesis, and characterized the rat model to accelerate the development of several drugs in the treatment of bone diseases. Currently, dynamic bone histomorphometry has contributed to studies in bone’s mechanical usage windows, mechanical usage setpoint hypothesis, muscle-bone relations, marrowbone relations, the Utah paradigm of musculoskeletal physiology, apoptosis, genetics (transgenic mice) and bone structure, bone quality, the lacunocanalicular network and bone modelling, and remodeling hypothesis, osteocyte role as mechanosensory, chemosensory, and regulatory in bone maintenance, targeted and untargeted remodeling, the role of permissive agents, etc., items in bone biology expounded briefly by Lent Johnson (1965) and continuously by Harold Frost at the Sun Valley Workshop (1965-2003). Finally, “What’s next?” covers how to improve and perpetuate the employing of qualitative histomorphometry in research opportunities in hard tissue research.
Internal-Scale Structure of Turbulence- Degraded Optical Wavefronts

We consider the internal-scale geometrical structure of optical wavefronts distorted by turbulent ows. A dimensionless wavefront-anisotropy parameter is proposed to enable a box-counting examination of the geometry of the wavefronts, with dierent scaling ratios of the optical path length and of the transverse spatial coordinate(s) of the wavefronts. We demonstrate the utility of this wavefront-anisotropy parameter on Rayleigh-scattering measurements in incompressible turbulent jets and shear layers. We nd that the internal-scale wavefront structure can be scale dependent or scale independent, depending on the value of the wavefront-anisotropy parameter. For particular values of the anisotropy parameter, the wavefronts exhibit scale-independent behavior over a range of internal scales. This is signicant because it indicates that self-similarity models may be expected to permit extrapolation of the internal-scale wavefront behavior to higher Reynolds numbers. The present approach is not limited to incompressible ows: the wavefront-anisotropy parameter can be expected to also be useful for examining the geometry of optical wavefronts distorted by compressible turbulent ows, in particular for describing the dependence of the internal-scale wavefront structure on Mach number as well as Reynolds number.
Redefinition of the family Palingeniidae and its implications for the higher classification of Ephemeroptera

The family Palingeniidae is reclassified to include Eastern Hemisphere Palingeniinae and Western Hemisphere Pentageniinae. The reclassification is based on both phyletic and phenetic criteria; and recommendations for the evolutionary classification of genera, which are phylogenetically intermediate between traditional family groups, are presented. The family and respective subfamilies are morphologically redefined and their diagnosis reviewed.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ASPERGILLUS SECTION VERSICOLORES AND RELATED SPECIES

Twenty-four species placed in Aspergillus section Versicolores were examined for macromorphological and micromorphological characteristics. Based on these characters, an identification key to the species was created. A cluster analysis of the data indicated that five of the species, A. silvaticus, A. speluneus, A. floriformis, A. pseudodeflectus, and A. pulvinus were only weakly aligned with other members of the section.
Experience for Diganosis and Treatment of Posterior UrethralStricture In Children

Objective To explore the etiology of posterior urethrostenosis, urethra injured position and characteristics of surgical management. Methods The cause morbid, injured position, selective operation procedures and complications management of the urethrostenosis were retrospectively analyzed in the 32 affected children. Results Of 32 children affected of the urethrostenosis, eight cases of the symptom were caused by anorectal operation accidental injuries. All pediatric patients were treated by posterior urethral anastomosis. 15 cases were recover red to normal micturition, four cases urethral stricture occurred, tow cases had urinary leakage from fistula, two urinary incontinence. Conclusions Trauma leads to posterior urethral injuries,which is mainly cause in children, the secondary important cause is anus-rectum operation accidental injury, which can result the posterior urethral injury in infant. Our consider that urethral anastomosis with via perineal route is a best operative manner for the treatment of posterior urethrostenosis in the pediatric patient.
The Thermal Expansion and Flexural Properties of Wood Plastic Composites

The thermal expansion and flexural properties of the wood plastic composites(WPC) were studied.WPC were manufactured by injection molding by taking high density polyethylene(HDPE 6706) as the base,MAPE as coupling agent reinforced by pine wood powder.It was showed that the flexural strength and modulus of the WPC was higher than those of the pure HDPE,which were increased with the increment of wood powder content.As the wood powder loading was increased,the thermal expansion of the composites was slightly decreased.The results showed that the wood powder added laid greater influence on the longitudinal LTEC than that of the tangential one.
Identification of pathogenic bacteria carried by Blattella germanica in urban communities by 16S rRNA sequence analysis

Objective To investigate the pathogenic bacteria carried by Blattella germanica in the urban communities of Henan province,China by 16S rRNA sequence analysis.Methods A universal primer for 16S rRNA was designed,and the single colonies isolated from the body surfaces or inside the bodies of B.germanica samples were treated by PCR amplification with the primer.The amplification products were sequenced and then identified using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST),and the sequences that shared the highest similarity with the amplification products were selected.Results The identified pathogens included 2 pathogenic bacteria,Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enteria subsp.enterica,5 conditionally pathogenic bacteria,Enterobacter cloacae,Citrobacter koseri,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli and Serratia sp.,and 2 engineering bacteria,Bacillus halodurans and B.amyloliquefaciens.Conclusion In the urban communities of Henan province,B.germanica is a pathogen vector,which cannot be neglected;16S rRNA sequence analysis can be used as a method for rapid identification of pathogens,which is helpful to vector risk assessment.
Unusually Stable Hysteresis in the pH-Response of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Brushes Confined within Nanoporous Block Polymer Thin Films

Stimuli-responsive soft materials are a highly studied field due to their wide-ranging applications; however, only a small group of these materials display hysteretic responses to stimuli. Moreover, previous reports of this behavior have typically shown it to be short-lived. In this work, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) chains at extremely high grafting densities and confined in nanoscale pores displayed a unique long-lived hysteretic behavior caused by their ability to form a metastable hydrogen bond network. Hydraulic permeability measurements demonstrated that the conformation of the PAA chains exhibited a hysteretic dependence on pH, where different effective pore diameters arose in a pH range of 3 to 8, as determined by the pH of the previous environment. Further studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated that the fraction of ionized PAA moieties depended on the thin film history; this was corroborated by metal adsorption capacity, which demonstrated the same pH dependence. Th...
Impact of discipline-specific professional development: implementation of core instructional practices

A study of a discipline-specific teacher development project designed to prepare teachers to implement a series of core instructional practices for pre-collegiate history teaching is described as a model that can be applied to any content discipline. Teachers were surveyed concerning the success of the project in achieving the goals it set, implementation of and feelings about the new strategies learned for ‘doing history’ and the impact of the PD activities provided. A variation on the Concerns-Based Adoption Model was used to measure the levels of use and stages of concern of the teachers with regard to the strategies. Teachers reported a high level of adoption of and comfort with the strategies. Implications for structuring successful PD activities that are discipline-specific, collaborative, use active learning, have a coherent vision and sufficient duration are presented.
Clinical Features and Current Management of Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a diverse disorder characterized by several clinical presentations and a multitude of metabolic defects. The authors summarize the clinical features and current management of CGD, offer a definition of the disease based on molecular defects of the respiratory burst, and present their experience with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis.
Results of treatment of cyanotic heart defects in children

Cyanotic heart diseases are relatively rare, but they are severe and heterogeneous congenital heart diseases, which require complex surgery. Development of different advanced surgical procedures, such as arterial switch operation (ASO), Fontan and its modifications, Norwood etc. operations, as well as better perioperative care significantly improved survival rate and quality of life of these children. The study group included 308 children treated for cyanotic heart disease in Yugoslavia, in the period January 2000 to July 2004. Some of them (239, 77.6%) were treated at the University Children's Hospital in Belgrade, and others (69, 22.4%) in different institutions abroad. The age of the operated patients varied between 1 day and 19 years (median 12 months). The patients (pts) were divided into four groups, according to the disease and type of the operation. In the whole group of 308 patients treated due to cyanotic heart disease, there were 232 (75.3%) cases with open heart surgery and 76 (24.7%) with closed procedures. The mortality rate was significantly different between disease/operation groups, and age groups. Average mortality rates differed from 11.8% for palliative procedures to 12.5% for complete corrections. Mortality rate and achieved surgical results in treatment of children with cyanotic heart diseases were significantly worse than those published by leading cardiac surgery centers in the world. However, there is a clear tendency in introducing new surgical procedures, lowering the age at which the operation is done and decreasing the mortality rates.
Dual Wide-Band Checkerboard Surfaces for Radar Cross Section Reduction

Radar cross section (RCS) of ground planes can be reduced along the principal planes by utilizing electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. Checkerboard surfaces, combining two different EBG structures each on a quadrant of the same ground plane, can realize a wide frequency bandwidth for the 10-dB RCS reduction, because the scattered fields from checkerboard surfaces are redirected toward four quadrants. This communication proposes dual-frequency band checkerboard surfaces with 10-dB RCS reduction bandwidths of 61% and 24% by utilizing two dual-band EBG structures, while the surfaces maintain scattering in four quadrants. Bistatic and monostatic RCS of dualband checkerboard surfaces are simulated and the results are compared to the RCS of the corresponding perfect electric conductor (PEC) surface. Comparison of the monostatic RCS between the measurements and simulations, as a function of frequency, is considered for both TE z and TM z polarizations. A very good agreement is obtained between measurements and simulations.
Racial Disparities in Heart Disease Mortality in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities

Heart disease is not only the leading cause of death in the U.S. but also the main contributor to racial disparities in life expectancy. Despite this, heart disease mortality rates and racial disparities in these rates are not readily available at the city level where they can be the most quickly and effectively addressed. We calculated age-adjusted heart disease mortality rates and corresponding racial rate ratios (RRs) and rate differences (RDs) for the non-Hispanic Black (Black) and non-Hispanic White (White) populations for the years 1990-1994 and 2005-2009 for the U.S. and the 50 largest cities therein. We then examined relationships between the disparities and city-level population indicators. Nationally, mortality rates were significantly higher among Blacks than Whites at both time periods. Larger improvements in rates for Whites compared to Blacks resulted in a significant increase in disparities over the 20-year period for 11 cities. There were 19,448 excess Black deaths in the U.S. annually. City-level income inequality, as well as the overall city and White median household income, contributed to these disparities. By identifying city-specific disparities and trends, health care providers, public health agencies, and researchers can target the areas with the most need and can look at cities without disparities for clues on how to best advance health equity in heart disease morbidity and mortality.
Evaluation of carbonyl species in fish oil: An improved LC–MS/MS method

Fish oil, a common source of omega-3 fatty acids, can be easily oxidized to generate carbonyl species, thus, the measurement of these compounds in fish oil are significant for food safety. Here, a comprehensive and sensitive method to quantify forty-four carbonyl species including toxic substances such as acrolein, glyoxal, methylglyoxal and trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal in fish oil has been developed and validated. The samples were derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, cleaned using C18 solid phase extraction, and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The calibration curves represented satisfactory linearity (r2 > 0.998) and the quality control samples showed favorable precisions within an acceptable range (RSD < 10%). The accuracies ranged from 96 to 109%. The detection and quantification limits ranged from 1.5 to 30 ng/mL and 5–90 ng/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determine carbonyl species in ten fish oil products. The proposed method is suitable for high throughput analysis of carbonyl species in fish oil.
Differential changes in tissue biomarkers after bevacizumab (BEV) alone in a neoadjuvant study of BEV and chemotherapy in ER+ breast cancer (BC) versus triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (pts).

1065 Background: The benefit of the anti-VEGF antibody BEV—despite its confirmed activity with chemotherapy—remains unclear in BC pts. This may reflect that its benefit is limited to an unknown sub...
Mid-term outcomes in unbalanced complete atrioventricular septal defect: role of biventricular conversion from single-ventricle palliation.

Objectives Management strategy for unbalanced complete atrioventricular septal defects (CASVSDs) includes single-ventricle (SV) palliation and primary or staged biventricular (BiV) repair. More recently, BiV conversion (BiVC) from SV palliation and staged BiV recruitment (BiVR) have also been advocated. This study assesses mid-term outcomes in patients with unbalanced CASVSDs according to management strategy. Methods Consecutive patients with unbalanced CASVSDs who underwent surgery at a tertiary care centre from January 2000 to February 2016 with institutional review board approval. The index surgery was defined as the first palliation procedure for the SV group, a BiV repair for the BiV repair group and conversion or the first procedure for recruitment for the BiVC/BiVR group. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression were used for time-to-event analysis of death/transplant and unplanned reinterventions that occurred after the index surgery. Results There were 212 patients: 82 (38.7%) had SV palliation, 67 (31.6%) had BiV repair and 63 (29.7%) had BiVC/BiVR, respectively; 50 patients had undergone a successful BiVC. There were 93 (43.9%) boys; 51 (24%) patients had Down syndrome; and 101 (48%) patients had heterotaxy. In the entire cohort, there were 40 (18.9%) deaths, 110 (51.9%) reinterventions, 82 (38.7%) surgical reinterventions and 70 (33%) catheter reinterventions, with some patients having more than 1 reintervention. Median length of follow-up was 35 (range 1-192) months. The BiVC/BiVR group had a transplant-free survival benefit similar to that of the primary BiV repair group compared with the SV group. The BiV repair group needed fewer catheter-based reinterventions compared with the SV and BiVC/BiVR groups. Conclusions BiVC or BiVR from an SV pathway can be achieved with low rates of mortality and morbidity in patients with unbalanced CASVSDs.
Merkel cell carcinoma with fingolimod treatment for multiple sclerosis: A case report

Neoplasms and reactivation of latent viruses have been observed in individuals taking fingolimod. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare neuroendocrine skin cancer, is associated with immunosuppression and can be triggered by the oncogenic Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV). We report a case of a 61-year-old man with multiple sclerosis who developed MCPyV-positive MCC 4 years after starting fingolimod. This is the second report of MCC associated with MCPyV in an individual on fingolimod.
Social and economic impact of the commercialization of the Argus II artificial retina in the United States

Each year, the United States invests about $45 billion in research conducted by federal researchers within federal laboratories. These efforts generate extensive social benefits when results are transferred to the private sector. It is important that we effectively quantify the economic and societal impact of federal technology transfer activities to inform taxpayers and policymakers about the value of public investments in this form of research. The Argus II device, an artificial retina commercialized in the United States by Second Sight in 2013, provides a rich example of how private sector innovation can be enhanced by research collaborations with federal labs and academia. Over the 25-year journey from idea to product, Second Sight carried out research and development collaborations with six Department of Energy national laboratories and seven universities. The case of Argus II also offers valuable insight into (1) how private industry, academia, and government can work together to bring socially beneficial innovations to fruition and (2) the tradeoffs inherent in these public–private collaborations. In this paper, we use a Markov model to estimate the realized and potential future social benefits associated with Argus II. We provide an interactive tool that can be used to replicate our findings and modify assumptions using updated patient information as it becomes available. We also provide insight into the aspects of federal involvement surrounding the development of Argus II that contributed to its successful commercialization and discuss other spillover benefits from these public–private collaborations.
CFG Construction Soundness in Control-Flow Integrity

Control-Flow Integrity (CFI) is an intensively studied technique for hardening software security. It enforces a Control-Flow Graph (CFG) by inlining runtime checks into target programs. Many methods have been proposed to construct the enforced CFG, with different degrees of precision and sets of assumptions. However, past CFI work has not made attempt at justifying their CFG construction soundness using formal semantics and proofs. In this paper, we formalize the CFG construction in two major CFI systems, identify their assumptions, and prove their soundness; the soundness proof shows that their computed sets of targets for indirect calls are safe over-approximations.
Effects of Physical and Chemical States of Iron-Based Catalysts on Formation of Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin

Effects of physical and chemical states of iron-based catalysts on the formation of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) synthesized thermally from kraft lignin were investigated. Experimental results indicated that if solution-based iron nitrate (FeN) was used as an iron source for the catalyst, CEINs observed were α-Fe and γ-Fe-based cores encapsulated by few layers graphitic-carbon (mostly 1–5 layers) and the majority of these CEINs were embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. The formation of graphitic-carbon shells is believed based on the dissolution and precipitation mechanism of amorphous carbon acting as the carbon source. If solid-based iron nanoparticles (FePs) were used as the catalyst, CEINs observed were α-Fe, γ-Fe, and Fe3C-based cores encapsulated with tangled graphitic-carbon nanoribbons and carbon tubules and the majority of these CEINs were found along the edge of amorphous carbon matrix. The growth of tangled graphitic-carbon nanoribbons and carbon tubules is based on a chemical vapor decomposition process, i.e., the carbonaceous gases from kraft lignin decomposition served as the carbon source.
Compatible-strain mixed finite element methods for incompressible nonlinear elasticity

Abstract We introduce a new family of mixed finite elements for incompressible nonlinear elasticity – compatible-strain mixed finite element methods (CSFEMs). Based on a Hu–Washizu-type functional, we write a four-field mixed formulation with the displacement, the displacement gradient, the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress, and a pressure-like field as the four independent unknowns. Using the Hilbert complexes of nonlinear elasticity, which describe the kinematics and the kinetics of motion, we identify the solution spaces of the independent unknown fields. In particular, we define the displacement in H 1 , the displacement gradient in H ( curl ) , the stress in H ( div ) , and the pressure field in L 2 . The test spaces of the mixed formulations are chosen to be the same as the corresponding solution spaces. Next, in a conforming setting, we approximate the solution and the test spaces with some piecewise polynomial subspaces of them. Among these approximation spaces are the tensorial analogues of the Nedelec and Raviart–Thomas finite element spaces of vector fields. This approach results in compatible-strain mixed finite element methods that satisfy both the Hadamard compatibility condition and the continuity of traction at the discrete level independently of the refinement level of the mesh. By considering several numerical examples, we demonstrate that CSFEMs have a good performance for bending problems and for bodies with complex geometries. CSFEMs are capable of capturing very large strains and accurately approximating stress and pressure fields. Using CSFEMs, we do not observe any numerical artifacts, e.g., checkerboarding of pressure, hourglass instability, or locking in our numerical examples. Moreover, CSFEMs provide an efficient framework for modeling heterogeneous solids.
Winning Behavior: What the Smartest, Most Successful Companies do Differently

(2004). Winning Behavior: What the Smartest, Most Successful Companies do Differently. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 75-75.
Managing a Child With OCD Who Is Treatment Refractory

Abstract Effective first-line treatments including cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors help a majority of children and adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, a substantial proportion of adults and children with OCD do not respond to first-line treatments or have a substantial amount of residual OCD symptoms despite treatment. Many individuals with treatment-refractory OCD can suffer a lifetime of distress, impairment, and decreased functioning related to this condition. This chapter defines treatment-refractory OCD and then discusses the evaluation and available treatments for children with refractory OCD symptoms. Pharmacological treatments discussed include dosing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) pharmacotherapy, clomipramine, antipsychotic augmentation, and glutamate-modulating agents. The use of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treatment-refractory OCD, as well as intensive treatment programs for pediatric OCD, is discussed.
ISAAC: Intelligent synchrophasor data real-time compression framework for WAMS

Wide-Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) have been widely accepted to provide real-time monitoring, protection, and control of power systems. The huge and rapidly increasing data volume in WAMS imposes a heavy burden on the communication and storage systems and could become the bottleneck for many real-time smart grid applications. This paper presents a framework for intelligent lossy compression in a real-time manner for synchrophasor data in WAMS. The proposed method is capable of achieving good compression ratios without introducing impractical delays and sacrificing much accuracy. Because disturbance data has much stricter delay and fidelity requirements, an early disturbance detection technique is introduced to identify disturbance data and handle it differently. The performance of the method is demonstrated by experiment results on real synchrophasor data collected from multiple substations.
Spectral-elevation data registration using visible-SWIR spatial correspondence

We focus on the problem of spatial feature correspondence between images generated by sensors operating in different regions of the spectrum, in particular the Visible (Vis: 0.4-0.7 μm) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR: 1.0-2.5 μm). Under the assumption that only one of the available datasets is geospatial ortho-rectified (e.g., Vis), this spatial correspondence can play a major role in enabling a machine to automatically register SWIR and Vis images, representing the same swath, as the first step toward achieving a full geospatial ortho-rectification of, in this case, the SWIR dataset. Assuming further that the Vis images are associated with a Lidar derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM), corresponding local spatial features between SWIR and Vis images can also lead to the association of all of the additional data available in these sets, to include SWIR hyperspectral and elevation data. Such a data association may also be interpreted as data fusion from these two sensing modalities: hyperspectral and Lidar. We show that, using the Scale Invariant Feature Transformation (SIFT) and Optimal Randomized RANdom Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm, a software method can successfully find spatial correspondence between SWIR and Vis images for a complete pixel by pixel alignment. Our method is validated through an experiment using a large SWIR hyperspectral data cube, representing a portion of Los Angeles, California, and a DEM with associated Vis images covering a significantly wider area of Los Angeles.
Electronics with Molecules

The ability to understand, control, and exploit the flow of electronic charge through single or small organized arrays of molecules represents an ultimate dream of physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and device engineers. This chapter addresses some of the formal, computational, and device-level issues facing molecular electronics – specifically, how to model current flow through various molecular components in their diverse transport regimes, how the computed results measure up with available experiments, how they advance our fundamental understanding of nonequilibrium quantum physics, and how we could utilize this understanding to do potentially useful electronics with molecules.
Modularity and Self-Organized Functional Architectures in the Brain

It is generally believed that cognition involves the self-organization of coherent dy- namic functional networks across several brain regions in response to incoming stimulus and internal modulation. These context-dependent networks arise continually from the spatiotemporally multi-scale structural substrate of the brain configured by evolution, development and previous experience, persisting for 100–200 ms and generating re- sponses such as imagery, recall and motor action. In the current paper, we show that a system of interacting modular attractor networks can use a selective mechanism for assembling functional networks from the modular substrate. We use the approach to develop a model of idea-generation in the brain. Ideas are modeled as combinations of concepts organized in a recurrent network that reflects previous associations between them. The dynamics of this network, resulting in the transient co-activation of concept groups, is seen as a search through the space of ideas, and attractor dynamics is used to “shape” this search. The process is required to encompass both rapid retrieval of old ideas in familiar contexts and efficient search for novel ones in unfamiliar situations (or during brainstorming). The inclusion of an adaptive modulatory mechanism allows the network to balance the competing requirements of exploiting previous learning and exploring new possibilities as needed in different contexts.
Reduced Gases and Bacteria in Hydrothermal Fluids: The Galapagos Spreading Center and 21°N East Pacific Rise

Hydrothermal fluids at the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) and at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise were enriched in methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide by orders of magnitude over ambient bottom water. Nitrous oxide showed both enrichment and depletion in warm vent waters. Each GSC vent field exhibited unique dissolved gas to silica ratios indicating that complex source — sink mechanisms operated within a small geographic region. The CH4/3 He ratio at 21°N was 6.1 × 106 whereas at the GSC, a range of 12.4 to 42 × 106 was seen. At 21°N the H2/3 He ratio was on the order of 100 times that at the GSC. Microbial data showed as many as 109 organisms ml−1 in GSC samples and 105 ml−1 in the hot 21°N waters. These microbial communities are complex and include organisms known to produce and consume the gases discussed here. We conclude that microbial activity in the warm GSC vents is a significant contributing factor in determining the final gas concentrations in the vent waters.
A REAPPRAISAL OF TULLIMONSTRUM GREGARIUM

ABSTRACT Tullimonstrum gregarium from the Essex fauna of Illinois is believed to be somewhat less bizarre in morphology than has been suggested by previous studies. The segmentation in fossil specimens appears to be primarily a post-mortem feature related to the break-down of body musculature. The apparent claw at the end of the proboscis is interpreted as either a buccal mass with the buccal cavity exposed or a highly modified bifurcate buccal mass. The stylets or teeth in the buccal mass are somewhat curved and bear a groove on one side. They resemble lateral and marginal radular teeth in molluscs. They may represent parts of a typical radula that was largely lost in fossilization or all of a highly specialized radula without many teeth. Tullimonstrum gregarium is similar to the living bathypelagic nemerteans, pelagic polychaete annelids, and heteropod gastropods. It differs from the similar tail-bearing bathypelagic nemerteans in possessing well-developed eyes and in having a rather different proboscis. It differs from pelagic polychaete annelids in lacking a worm-like shape, segmentation, paired appendages, a well-developed head, and a relatively short proboscis with ungrooved teeth. Tullimonstrum gregarium shows the greatest resemblance to some Recent heteropod gastropods. They both have a moderate size, a fish-like form, well-developed eyes and a relatively long anterior proboscis. T. gregarium differs from heteropods in its lack of a swimming fin, its apparent lack of a visceral mass (nucleus) and statocysts, its possible distinct transverse muscle bands, its possible intestine within the tail, and its extra-ordinarily long and rigid eye stalks. The enigmatic Cambrian species Opabinia regalis also has large eyes and a grasping proboscis-like structure, but differs in its possession of five eyes with short stalks, paired appendages containing gills, and other dissimilar features. Tullimonstrum gregarium is believed to represent an earlier prosobranch gastropod invasion of an adaptive zone later exploited by heteropods.Tullimonstrum gregarium, like living heteropods, was probably transparent, and was an active planktic carnivore feeding on pelagic animals like fish and medusae. A medusan diet may explain the seeming absence of gut contents in Tullimonstrum. Unlike living heteropods, most of the propulsive power of Tullimonstrum in locomotion was probably generated by the tail. The presence of T. gregarium in the Pennsylvanian suggests that non-cephalopod molluscs had already undergone considerable radiation and specialization within the plankton by Late Paleozoic.
Endoscopic sinusotomy versus redo surgery for the treatment of chronic pouch anastomotic sinus in ulcerative colitis patients.

Background and Aims Pouch sinus may be a serious adverse event in patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The aim of this study was to compare endoscopic sinusotomy (ESi) and redo pouch surgery in the management of pouch sinus. Methods All consecutive ulcerative colitis patients with chronic pouch sinuses treated with ESi versus redo surgery from 2006 to 2016 were identified. The primary outcomes were recurrence-free and surgery-free survivals. The secondary outcome was postprocedural adverse events. Results This historical cohort study included 226 patients (ESi, n = 141; redo surgery, n = 85). Complete healing of the sinus was achieved in 75 patients (53.2%) and partial healing in 23 patients (16.3%) with ESi, and an initial complete healing (ie, no anastomotic leak before ileostomy closure) was obtained in 80 patients (94.1%) receiving redo surgery. Sinus recurrence after complete healing was seen in 17 patients (22.7%) treated with ESi and 28 patients (32.9%) treated with surgery (P = .15). Subsequent surgery was needed in 34 patients (24.1%) with ESi therapy and 18 patients (21.2%) with initial redo surgery (P = .70). Kaplan-Meier recurrence-free and surgery-free survivals after initial procedures showed no statistical difference between the 2 groups (P = .42 and P = .65, respectively). The rate of adverse events in the ESi group was significantly lower than that in the surgery group (2.5% vs 43.5%, P Conclusions Recurrence-free and surgery-free survivals were comparable between patients treated with ESi and redo surgery, whereas pouch redo surgery was found to be associated with a higher immediate complete healing rate yet a higher morbidity.
Pathology of the Thyroid: A Review

This chapter describes the major subtypes and important subtypes of thyroid carcinoma. Both those tumors of follicular and parafollicular origin are included. The cytological and histological features are discussed for each entity. Important pathological prognostic variables are included as these may indicate risk for good or poor prognosis. A short discussion of the major molecular features of the common tumors is also included.
Therapeutic Strategies in Fragile X Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside and Back

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), an inherited intellectual disability often associated with autism, is caused by the loss of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein. Tremendous progress in basic, preclinical, and translational clinical research has elucidated a variety of molecular-, cellular-, and system-level defects in FXS. This has led to the development of several promising therapeutic strategies, some of which have been tested in larger-scale controlled clinical trials. Here, we will summarize recent advances in understanding molecular functions of fragile X mental retardation protein beyond the well-known role as an mRNA-binding protein, and will describe current developments and emerging limitations in the use of the FXS mouse model as a preclinical tool to identify therapeutic targets. We will review the results of recent clinical trials conducted in FXS that were based on some of the preclinical findings, and discuss how the observed outcomes and obstacles will inform future therapy development in FXS and other autism spectrum disorders.
Simultaneous assessment of compound activity on cardiac Nav1.5 peak and late currents in an automated patch clamp platform.

Abstract Introduction High throughput in vitro profiling of the cardiac Nav1.5 peak sodium current (INa) is widely used in cardiac safety screening. However, there is no standardized high throughput method to measure late INa. This study assessed the pharmacological and biophysical properties of veratridine and ATX-II, as well as the channel mutation (Nav1.5-∆KPQ) on the late INa. We describe a method for simultaneous measurement of both peak and late INa. Methods The planar patch clamp technique (QPatch) was applied to record the peak and late INa. Results The Nav1.5-∆KPQ mutant produced a small late INa (41.9 ± 5.4 pA) not large enough to enable compound profiling. In contrast in wild type Nav1.5 expressing cells veratridine (100 μM) and ATX-II (100 nM) enhanced concentration-dependent increases in the late INa (maximum responses of 1162.2 ± 258.5 pA and 392.4 ± 71.3 pA, respectively). Veratridine inhibited, whereas, ATX-II had a minimal effect, on the peak INa and preserved the current-voltage curve. Peak and late INa inhibition was characterized for 25 clinical INa blockers in the presence of ATX-II. Compound IC50 values for peak INa generated in the absence or presence of ATX-II correlated. The potency of the late INa block was found to be dependent on whether it was measured at the end of the depolarizing pulse or during the ramp. Discussion In the presence of ATX-II, both peak and late INa could be assessed simultaneously. Late INa may be best assessed using the maximum response obtained during the ramp of the voltage protocol.
Tying Metabolic Branches With Histone Tails Using Systems Biology

Histone modifications represent an innate cellular mechanism to link nutritional status to gene expression. Metabolites such as acetyl-CoA and S-adenosyl methionine influence gene expression by serving as substrates for modification of histones. Yet, we lack a predictive model for determining histone modification levels based on cellular metabolic state. The numerous metabolic pathways that intersect with histone marks makes it highly challenging to understand their interdependencies. Here, we highlight new systems biology tools to unravel the impact of nutritional cues and metabolic fluxes on histone modifications.
Label-Free Intravital Imaging of Cortical Myelin in Mouse Brain by Third-Harmonic Generation Microscopy

We demonstrate label-free intravital imaging of the myelinated fibers in the cerebral cortex of mouse by third-harmonic generation microscopy. Using an optical parametric oscillator as the excitation source, the depth of 250 pm is achieved.
DESCRIBING A CONCEPT OF NURSE INTUITION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMENTIA CARE IN NURSING HOMES

The purpose of this concept analysis was to explore nurse intuition historically and in current literature, appraise the value of nurse intuition to research and practice, and discuss implications for practice in caring for residents with behavioral and psychological symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in nursing homes. To date, no research has examined the presence or utility of nurse intuition in the nursing home setting. A conceptual analysis using pragmatic utility was chosen and based on the work of Walker and Avant (2005). In the literature, nurse intuition is characterized by attributes of knowledge not preceded by inference, knowledge that is holistic in nature, independent of linear thinking, and drawn from synthesis instead of analysis. Nurse intuition is based on preconditions of experience, empathy, limited information, and limited time to make vital decisions about patient care. Studies on nurse intuition have been criticized for their lack of rigor and empirical evidence of the effect of nurse intuition on positive patient outcomes. The attributes of intuitive nursing practice have important implications in nursing applied to residents with BPSD. The nursing home nurse with extensive educational and experiential knowledge is well-situated to understand the complex, changing needs of residents exhibiting various forms of BPSD in an effort to communicate their needs. Future studies on nurse intuition should focus on early education in dementia care, nurse residency-mentor programs to enhance intuitive thinking in the management of BPSD, and more empirical studies on the use of intuition in the context of dementia care.
Magneto-controlled enzyme reactions

Various approaches to magneto-controlled biocatalytic enzyme reactions are discussed with specific example systems. Magnetic nano- and micro-size particles functionalized with enzymes or cofactors/electron transfer mediators have been used to translocate the components of the biocatalytic processes and to activate/inhibit their reactions. Magneto-induced deposition of the functionalized particles on an electrode surface resulted in activation of bioelectrocatalytic reactions. On the other hand, magneto-induced removal of the particles from the electrode surface resulted in the inhibition of the electrochemical reactions. Aggregation/disaggregation of enzyme-modified magnetic nanoparticles resulted in different mechanisms of biocatalytic cascades, changing them reversibly between substrate diffusion and substrate channeling processes. Magnetohydrodynamic activation of bioelectrocatalytic processes allowed enhancement of a biofuel cell operation. Overall, a large variety of possible magneto-controlled enzyme reactions is briefly discussed, particularly emphasizing their applications in different bioelectronic systems.
The End is Nigh: Limits to Growth of the Nonprofit Sector

The nonprofit sector has experienced exponential growth over the past three decades with nearly 50,000 new nonprofits created last year. Past examples of industry growth suggest that this rate of growth is not sustainable. Empirical population ecology studies of nascent industries show a period of rapid growth followed by market saturation, then consolidation of organizations and market share resulting in increased competition for small and new organizations. We use historical nonprofit data from the NCCS and apply ecological models to show that the nonprofit sector may be fast approaching growth limits. Market saturation varies by metropolitan area and nonprofit subsector.
Isolating Insecurely: A Call to Arms for the Security and Privacy Community During the Time of COVID-19

Author(s): Peisert, S | Abstract: In many cases, Zoom is now a lifeline that the world has suddenly come to depend on to be able to function in an environment of physical isolation. Zoom’s security-related processes and major safety flaws will be rectified, and its privacy practices will be addressed, now that the company has been put in the spotlight. Zoom’s shortcomings are only one part of the story. The other part concerns the huge and rapid adoption of a software service and the nature of that application’s new user base. Zoom’s traditional market has consisted of business customers, which often have IT departments and security teams. In contrast, given the COVID-19 situation, tens of millions of very inexperienced people have begun to use Zoom for online classes and corporate meetings, and even some very large public assemblies, and they administer and utilize the service without sufficient expertise or the training typically required for such an application. The consequences of inexperienced users adopting key software are something that all developers should keep in mind.
ESR study of (C5H12N)2CuBr4

Abstract ESR studies at 9.27, 95.4, and 289.7 GHz have been performed on (C5H12N)2CuBr4 down to 3.7 K . The 9.27 GHz data were acquired with a single crystal and do not indicate the presence of any structural transitions. The high frequency data were collected with a polycrystalline sample and resolved two absorbances, consistent with two crystallographic orientations of the magnetic sites and with earlier ESR studies performed at 300 K . Below B C1 =6.6 T , our data confirm the presence of a spin singlet ground state.
Remix and Reproduction in the Post-Internet Age: A Contemporary Art + Design Pedagogy

Having taught many university-level studio art courses, I have noticed in my students a surprising investment in the notion of originality and authorship in their own creative practices, even as they freely participated in the exchange, reuse, and remixing of visual languages on social media and the internet. This paper focuses on techniques to incorporate remix practices into studio art and design classrooms, arguing that students benefit significantly from a focus on what I term “remix pedagogy,” meaning a method and practice of teaching that brings together both the concepts and the creative use of remix tactics. I argue that remix pedagogy offers four key benefits to visual arts pedagogy. First, it productively reconfigures outmoded notions of originality and authenticity, freeing students from the high-pressure myth of the artist as a lone genius. In doing so, remix pedagogy offers a second benefit: it introduces students to new modes of making that promote ideation, design thinking, and creative production, including the support of collaborative frameworks in artistic processes. Thirdly—and crucially—these new modes of making teach visual art students how to use artistic practice as social commentary with a cultural fluidity previously unavailable to them. Finally, remix pedagogy familiarizes art and design students with the principles of fair use, promoting complex critical reasoning by forcing them to reason through what makes a work “transformative” and to distinguish fair use from plagiarism. This paper provides examples from my own teaching in Copy Culture, a course I developed at the University of San Francisco.