cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-weight-based enoxaparin dosing subtherapeutic in trauma patients.

Abstract Background We report our experience dosing and monitoring enoxaparin with anti-factor Xa activity (anti-FXaA) levels for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in trauma patients (TP). Materials and methods TP receiving standard, non–weight-based dosed enoxaparin administered every 12 h for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with peak anti-FXaA levels measured were prospectively monitored and evaluated and those whose first anti-FXaA levels ≥ or Results Of the fifty-one TP included, initial anti-FXaA levels were Conclusions Non–weight-based enoxaparin dosing did not achieve target anti-FXaA levels in most TP. Higher anti-FXaA levels correlated with larger weight-based enoxaparin doses. Weight-based enoxaparin dosing (i.e., 0.5 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 h) would better achieve target anti-FXaA levels.
Effect of trends of middle atmosphere gases on the mesosphere and thermosphere

[1] We conducted model simulations to examine how changes in concentration of radiatively active trace gases in the middle atmosphere affect long-term changes in the upper atmosphere. We focused our model study on the impact of increases in carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor (H2O), and decreases in ozone (O3) between 1983 and 2003. We used both the National Center for Atmospheric Research Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model and the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model, global mean version, in this study. The model simulations indicate that CO2 is the main forcing mechanism of long-term changes in the thermsophere, with minor influences from O3, CH4, and H2O. At 400 km altitude, global mean thermospheric neutral density decreased by ~4.5% due to CO2 forcing alone, whereas it decreased by ~4.8% due to the combined forcing from all four gases. O3 depletion caused cooling in the stratosphere and mesosphere (maximum decrease of 0.5 K) due to reduced absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation, but had nearly no cooling effect in the thermosphere. However, due to thermal contraction in the stratosphere and mesosphere, O3 depletion caused a small decrease in thermospheric neutral density of ~0.25%. Increases in both CH4 and H2O may slightly warm the upper mesosphere and thermosphere due to increased chemical heating and absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation.
A new program in information technology

This paper describes the motivation, development and current status of the Information Technology Bachelor of Science degree program at the University of Central Florida. Our goal is to provide our particular point of view on what should comprise an IT degree and thereby to elicit open dialogue with others who may have similar or even completely differing points of view.
Antropología del poder (Anuario de Estudios Indígenas) (VV.AA.)

Se puede afirmar que el estado mexicano de Chiapas es uno de los lugares mas privilegiados, ricos y diversos para estudiar desde la disciplina antropologica el poder social. La variedad de culturas y lenguas encontradas dentro de fronteras comunes; las disputas centenarias sobre la legislacion de las tierras; la mezcla de los modelos politicos occidentales que chocan o conviven con las organizaciones ejidales o los sistemas de cargos tradicionales; las revoluciones campesinas, la lucha por los derechos indigenas y el establecimiento de comunidades autonomas; el abuso, la corrupcion y la apropiacion del espacio politico; la competencia religiosa por el liderazgo espiritual serian solo algunos ejemplos de las tematicas que sirven como objeto de estudio disciplinar en esta fascinante region.
Learning Progressions and Progress: An Introduction to Our Focus on Learning Progressions

The learning progressions agenda in science education was conceived with progressive aims. In this Focus section, four pieces bear witness to the progress that learning progressions have realized, some of which is a straight return on investment, some of which is unexpected, and some of which is conceivable only in light of the work that has been done. Learningprogressionshaveconstitutedanalysesofhowsophisticatedscientificideascanbe decomposed into simpler ones. They have constituted educational expertise and empirical dataonhowstudentscanshiftintheirunderstandingfromsimpletomoresophisticated.But learning progressions also have brought attention to other basic and important issues. As Lehrer and Schauble (2015) point out, learning progressions locate a “middle ground” that sits between context-free accounts of learning that have questionable utility and alternative accounts hopelessly tailored to “fleeting fluctuations of situation and setting.” Learning progressions hold constant a conceptual context so that other issues can become visible. The four pieces in this set articulate some of these issues. One motivation behind the learning progression endeavor is to provide curricular guides to inform instructional designs and assessments. This has led to questions about what kind of prescriptive role learning progressions should play. As Hammer and Sikorski (2015) point out, the complexity of how students learn suggests that caution is in order regarding this. The authors acutely identify ways in which learning undeniably is sometimes (and
Breaking the Political Glass Ceiling: Women and Congressional Elections. By Barbara Palmer and Dennis Simon

Why has the pace of electing women to the U.S. Congress been so slow? This is the central question addressed by Barbara Palmer and Dennis Simon. Their volume is a welcome addition to the gender and politics scholarly literature and is the first book since Barbara Burrell's 1994 A Woman's Place Is in the House to provide a broad overview of the role of gender in congressional elections.
Alternative sample sizes for verification dose experiments and dose audits

Abstract ISO 11137 (1995) , “Sterilization of Health Care Products—Requirements for Validation and Routine Control—Radiation Sterilization”, provides sampling plans for performing initial verification dose experiments and quarterly dose audits. Alternative sampling plans are presented which provide equivalent protection. These sampling plans can significantly reduce the cost of testing. These alternative sampling plans have been included in a draft ISO Technical Report (type 2). This paper examines the rational behind the proposed alternative sampling plans. The protection provided by the current verification and audit sampling plans is first examined. Then methods for identifying equivalent plans are highlighted. Finally, methods for comparing the cost associated with the different plans are provided. This paper includes additional guidance for selecting between the original and alternative sampling plans not included in the technical report.
Metallurgy and Microstructures of Pulse Melted Alloys

The microstructures found in pulse melted metals are reviewed. Epitaxial resolidification and the defects found in pure metals are discussed. Pulse melted alloys are then examined in order of increasing complexity. First, single phase alloys which solidify into metastable solid solutions are discussed. For higher concentrations and liquid-insoluble species, phase separation can occur, and the requirements for such separation are identified. If precipitation does not reduce the impurity concentration of the liquid, the liquid may be quenched to an amorphous solid. Comparisons of ion-implantation and pulse-melt produced amorphous alloys are given.
Navigation-guided opening of the internal auditory canal via the retrosigmoid route for acoustic neuroma surgery: cadaveric, radiological, and preliminary clinical study.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the usefulness of a microscope-based navigational system (Multi Koordinaten Manipulator; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) for removal of the posterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC) via the retrosigmoid route. METHODS A cadaveric study was performed to assess the navigational localization error for the retrosigmoid approach to the IAC. Computed tomographic findings for 47 acoustic neuroma cases were divided into three groups, on the basis of the relationship between the labyrinth and the sigmoid-fundus line (medial, on the line, or lateral). Furthermore, the shortest distances between the most medial labyrinthine extension and the resection line were measured. In 20 acoustic neuroma operations, the different features and the practicality of the microscope-based navigational system for opening of the IAC were evaluated. RESULTS The mean anatomic localization errors were 0.67 +/- 0.2 mm (95th percentile, 1.32 mm) for navigation to the IAC and 0.71 +/- 0.37 mm (95th percentile, 1.68 mm) for navigation to the posterior semicircular canal. The average distances between the most medial labyrinthine extension and the resection line were 3.65, 3.36, and 2.0 mm for the lateral, on-the-line, and medial groups, respectively. Direct contouring of structures at risk does not take into account the localization error, nor does it provide reliable navigational information. A novel indirect contouring concept that takes into account the localization error (the safety corridor method) was therefore introduced. CONCLUSION The value of navigational assistance for opening of the IAC is promising but still limited. Further development is required before the clinical effects of this navigational approach can be evaluated.
Deep UV photoresists based on poly(dl‐tert‐butyl fumarate)

Poly(di-tert-butyl fumarate) was prepared and evaluated as a potential candidate as a deep UV photoresist. Although this polymer displayed excellent sensitivity, the polymer was found to exhibit poor dry etch resistance. Copolymers of di-tert-butyl fumarate with either allyltrimethylsilane or styrene, and an onium salt as a photoacid generator were synthesized and subsequently evaluated using a 248-nm KrF excimer laser step-and-repeat system (stepper). At 248 nm, the absorbance of ∼ 1 μm thick resist films was only 0.156-0.211. The sensitivities of these resists were 1-4 mJ/cm2. The dry etch resistance of these photoresists was comparable to that of conventional positive photoresists based on novolac resins. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Socioeconomic issues in dermatology

The organization and delivery of health services in the United States is currently being re-evaluated in light of emerging trends in the supply and distribution of physicians. The recent GMENAC report identified an impending physician surplus in many specialties and a near-balance situation for dermatology by 1990. In this paper we examine the supply, distribution, and economics of medical practice for dermatologists relative to other specialties. To address the prospect of increasing physician supply, we evaluate emerging national health manpower policies. In addition, we discuss potential effects of market forces in the health care sector.
Rheological and recovery properties of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels and human adipose tissue

The viscosity and elastic and viscous moduli of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels and human abdominal adipose tissue are measured as a function of shear rate and frequency. Results indicate that both materials exhibit shear thinning and are viscoelastic in nature. Rheological tests suggest that the hydrogels become firmer as strain and frequency increase. Adipose tissue, however, begins to fail at higher strains and frequencies. This behavior is confirmed by measuring the complex modulus of both materials as a function of strain. Recovery properties are also measured for each material as a function of deformation. Although PEGDA hydrogels are able to recover up to 78% of their original height after 15% deformation, adipose tissue is not able to recover over the range of deformations tested. The frequencies and strains over which the tests are conducted are those physiologically experienced by the human body. The hydrogels are able to withstand this range of forces and, hence, are appropriate for use as a soft tissue filler material. In addition, the hydrogels swell 38.1% +/- 0.9% independent of surface area. The complex modulus of hydrogels of varying polymer concentrations is also measured as a function of strain to determine the effects of changing polymer content. These results indicate that as polymer content increases, the hydrogels become firmer due to the higher number of polymer chains and behave more elastically.
A New Liquid-Crystal-Based Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor

A new fiber-optic temperature sensor has been developed, based upon selective reflection from a cholesteric liquid crystal. The change of reflected-light intensity can be 40 times larger than background over a temperature range of only 0.4°C. For the demonstrated system, the temperature at which maximum reflection occurred was at 14.578°C, with a standard deviation of 0.026°C. The relative standard deviation of the peak reflected-light intensity was 7.1%. The dependence of the magnitude of reflection and that of peak temperature on the heating rate were studied. The response time of the present sensor is about 2 s, but it could be shortened with slight design modifications. Each sensor of the new type should be applicable to temperature sensing or control over a temperature range of about 1°C.
Immediate positive pressure ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves survival in ovine smoke inhalation injury.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of immediate initiation of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) versus the initiation of PPV with PEEP only after hypoxemia ensued following severe smoke inhalation injury. Methods: We prospectively evaluated chronically instrumented adult sheep treated with immediate versus delayed PPV with PEEP and compared oxygen requirements, hemodynamics, pleural fluid formation, postinjury survival, and tracheobronchial pathologic processes among groups
Site-specific phosphorylation and caspase cleavage differentially impact tau-microtubule interactions and tau aggregation

The microtubule-associated protein tau is hyperphosphorylated and forms neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease. Additionally caspase-cleaved tau is present in Alzheimer disease brains co-localized with fibrillar tau pathologies. To further understand the role of site-specific phosphorylation and caspase cleavage of tau in regulating its function, constructs of full-length tau (T4) or tau truncated at Asp421 (T4C3) to mimic caspase-3 cleavage with and without site-directed mutations that mimic phosphorylation at Thr231/Ser235, Ser396/Ser404, or at all four sites (Thr231/Ser235/Ser396/Ser404) were made and expressed in cells. Pseudophosphorylation of T4, but not T4C3, at either Thr231/Ser235 or Ser396/Ser404 increased its phosphorylation at Ser262 and Ser199. Pseudophosphorylation at Thr231/Ser235 impaired the microtubule binding of both T4 and T4C3. In contrast, pseudophosphorylation at Ser396/Ser404 only affected microtubule binding of T4C3 but did make T4 less soluble and more aggregated, which is consistent with the previous finding (Abraha, A., Ghoshal, N., Gamblin, T. C., Cryns, V., Berry, R. W., Kuret, J., and Binder, L. I. (2000) J. Cell Sci. 113, 3737-3745) that pseudophosphorylation at Ser396/Ser404 enhances tau polymerization in vitro. In situ T4C3 was more prevalent in the cytoskeletal and microtubule-associated fractions compared with T4, whereas purified recombinant T4 bound microtubules with higher affinity than did T4C3 in an in vitro assay. These data indicate the importance of cellular factors in regulating tau-microtubule interactions and that, in the cells, phosphorylation of T4 might impair its microtubule binding ability more than caspase cleavage. Treatment of cells with nocodazole revealed that pseudophosphorylation of T4 at both Thr231/Ser235 and Ser396/Ser404 diminished the ability of tau to protect against microtubule depolymerization, whereas with T4C3 only pseudophosphorylation at Ser396/Ser404 attenuated the ability of tau to stabilize the microtubules. These results show that site-specific phosphorylation and caspase cleavage of tau differentially affect the ability of tau to bind and stabilize microtubules and facilitate tau self-association.
Gene profiling the effects of calcium deficiency versus 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D induced hypercalcemia in rat kidney cortex ☆

Determinants involved in the activation and repression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) synthesis in renal cortex by changes in extracellular Ca were studied. Cortical kidney RNA isolated from hypocalcemic (LC) rats generated by a low Ca diet, and hypercalcemic (HC) rats generated by a normal Ca diet and two sequential 1 microg doses of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Among the genes up-regulated were 1alpha-OHase (4.6-fold) in the LC group and high differential gene expression of VDR (4.0-fold) and 24-OHase (10.4-fold) in the HC group. Moreover, the exposure of renal cortex to LC versus HC conditions revealed a high differential expression of a PKA-dominated pathway involving CBP interacting protein, GATA-1 and CREB transcription factors in the LC model. In the HC model, elevated renal cortex gene expression of several growth factors, peptide receptors, and intracellular signaling molecules depicts a role for CaSR activation and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated gene activation and repression of 1alpha-OHase.
The Effects of Gender, Gender Role, and Values on the Interpretation of Messages

The interpretation of messages is a mental process that necessarily accompanies communication. It is theoretically related to relational communication but includes both denotative and connotative meanings as well as speaker's intent. This study initiates a program of research on message interpretation by exploring the role ofgender, gender role, and values in interpreting messages. Of the subjects, 175 rated supportive and controlling interpretations of messages in four scenarios. Gender of subject, gender of the source of the message, communal gender role, and masculine values interact to influence message interpretation, but the type of interpretation depends on the scenario. Additionally, reported communication difficulty is greatest for opposite-sex communication for males, followed by opposite sex communication for females, same-sex communication for females, and same-sex communication for males. Gender processes are associated with the difficulty of same-sex communication; both gender and interpreti...
Thermosensitive neurons of the diagonal band in rats: relation to wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Abstract The thermosensitivity of the neurons in the diagonal band of Broca (DBB) was studied in 12 freely moving rats by determining responses to local cooling or warming with a water perfused thermode. Of 151 neurons studied, 37 (25%) neurons met the criterion for thermosensitivity including 17 warm-sensitive (WSNs) and 20 cold-sensitive neurons (CSNs). The spontaneous discharge rates of WSNs and CSNs were recorded through 1–3 sleep-waking cycles. The discharge of WSNs and CSNs during waking and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were different. Of 17 WSNs, 10 exhibited increased discharge rates during NREM sleep as compared with waking (NREM/Wake discharge ratio, ≥ 1.2). Of 20 CSNs, 14 discharged more slowly during NREM sleep as compared with waking (NREM/Wake discharge ratio, ≤ 0.8). In both WSNs and CSNs, changes in discharge rate preceded EEG changes at the waking-NREM transition. These results support a hypothesis that the activation of sleep-related WSNs and the deactivation of wake-related CSNs play a role in the onset and regulation of NREM sleep.
Body mass index is associated with Barrett esophagus and cardiac mucosal metaplasia.

A positive association between body mass index (BMI) and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been reported. Barrett esophagus (BE) is a precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cardiac mucosa (CM) and BE are both reflux-induced metaplastic columnar epithelia in the esophagus. We investigated the association between BMI and BE/CM in a case-control study. A total of 174 BE patients, 333 CM patients, and 274 controls were included in this study. Multivariate logistic regression methods were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for BE or CM associated with BMI. Linear regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between length of columnar lined esophagus (CLE) and BMI. A dose-dependent relationship was found between BMI and BE (P=.0004). The multivariate-adjusted OR for BE was 3.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–6.7) when obese individuals (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) were compared to lean individuals (BMI < 22 kg/m2). Similarly, a dose-dependent relationship was found between BMI and CM (P=.03). The multivariate-adjusted OR for CM comparing obese to lean persons was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.04–3.10). The length of CLE was positively related to BMI (P=.04). In conclusion, BMI is associated with BE and CM and appears to act early in the sequence of events leading from gastroesophageal reflux disease to metaplasia (CM and BE) to dysplasia and finally to adenocarcinoma.
Role of alkali metal cation size in the energy and rate of electron transfer to solvent-separated 1:1 [(M+)(acceptor)] (M+ = Li+, Na+, K+) ion pairs.

The effect of cation size on the rate and energy of electron transfer to [(M+)(acceptor)] ion pairs is addressed by assigning key physicochemical properties (reactivity, relative energy, structure, and size) to an isoelectronic series of well-defined M+−acceptor pairs, M+ = Li+, Na+, K+. A 1e- acceptor anion, α-SiVVW11O405- (1, a polyoxometalate of the Keggin structural class), was used in the 2e- oxidation of an organic electron donor, 3,3‘,5,5‘-tetra-tert-butylbiphenyl-4,4‘-diol (BPH2), to 3,3‘,5,5‘-tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone (DPQ) in acetate-buffered 2:3 (v/v) H2O/t-BuOH at 60 °C (2 equiv of 1 are reduced by 1e- each to 1red, α-SiVIVW11O406-). Before an attempt was made to address the role of cation size, the mechanism and conditions necessary for kinetically well behaved electron transfer from BPH2 to 1 were rigorously established by using GC−MS, 1H, 7Li, and 51V NMR, and UV−vis spectroscopy. At constant [Li+] and [H+], the reaction rate is first order in [BPH2] and in [1] and zeroth order in [1re...
Gated pulsed Doppler evaluation of idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension in children.

Abstract Use of noninvasive cardiac ultrasound techniques in quantitation of pulmonary artery (PA) blood flow and pressure has been reported in several studies. 1–6 This study examines temporal indexes of PA flow in 8 children with idiopathic PA hypertension and pulmonary vascular resistance of 12 units/m 2 or more.
A technique for the preparation of plugs of articular cartilage and subchondral bone

Abstract A technique for preparing plugs of articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone wherein the surface of the tissue is both flat and perpendicular to the underlying bone is described. The tools needed to orient and cut the specimens, which were made for this purpose, are also described.
Enhancement of stress resilience through histone deacetylase 6-mediated regulation of glucocorticoid receptor chaperone dynamics

Abstract Background Acetylation of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) regulates downstream hormone signaling via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), but the role of this molecular mechanism in stress homeostasis is poorly understood. We tested whether acetylation of Hsp90 in the brain predicts and modulates the behavioral sequelae of a mouse model of social stress. Methods Mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress were stratified into resilient and vulnerable subpopulations. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function was probed using a dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing factor test. Measurements of Hsp90 acetylation, Hsp90-GR interactions, and GR translocation were performed in the dorsal raphe nucleus. To manipulate Hsp90 acetylation, we pharmacologically inhibited histone deacetylase 6, a known deacetylase of Hsp90, or overexpressed a point mutant that mimics the hyperacetylated state of Hsp90 at lysine K294. Results Lower acetylated Hsp90, higher GR-Hsp90 association, and enhanced GR translocation were observed in dorsal raphe nucleus of vulnerable mice after chronic social defeat stress. Administration of ACY-738, a histone deacetylase 6–selective inhibitor, led to Hsp90 hyperacetylation in brain and in neuronal culture. In cell-based assays, ACY-738 increased the relative association of Hsp90 with FK506 binding protein 51 versus FK506 binding protein 52 and inhibited hormone-induced GR translocation. This effect was replicated by overexpressing the acetylation-mimic point mutant of Hsp90. In vivo, ACY-738 promoted resilience to chronic social defeat stress, and serotonin-selective viral overexpression of the acetylation-mimic mutant of Hsp90 in raphe neurons reproduced the behavioral effect of ACY-738. Conclusions Hyperacetylation of Hsp90 is a predictor and causal molecular determinant of stress resilience in mice. Brain-penetrant histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors increase Hsp90 acetylation and modulate GR chaperone dynamics offering a promising strategy to curtail deleterious socioaffective effects of stress and glucocorticoids.
Tractor stability indicator.

Abstract Tractor overturns are a major cause of death in farm operations. The oversturns are the result of interactions between the tractor operator, the tractor and the environment. Numerous variables involved in tractor overturn have been identified. Previous stability analyses have resulted in attempts to design devices to warn or prevent tractor rollover but to date nothing has proved successful. A newer approach to the rollover problem is to develop instrumentation that will give the operator instantaneous cues concerning the tractor's stability as it is operated. The device is perceived as a learning instrument which will increase both cognitive and motor skills.
Substitution with selenomethionine can enhance the stability of methionine-rich proteins.

Abstract The availability of a series of phage T4 lysozymes with up to 14 methionine residues incorporated within the protein has made it possible to systematically compare the effect on protein stability of selenomethionine relative to methionine. Wild-type lysozyme contains two fully buried methionine residues plus three more on the surface. The substitution of these methionine residues with selenomethionine slightly stabilizes the protein. As more and more methionine residues are substituted into the protein, there is a progressive loss of stability. This is, however, increasingly offset in the selenomethionine variants, ultimately resulting in a differential increase in melting temperature of about 7°C. This increase, corresponding to about 0.25 kcal/mol per substitution, is in reasonable agreement with the difference in the solvent transfer free energy between the two amino acids.
Rhinoplasty: A simplified, three-stitch, open tip suture technique. Part I: Primary rhinoplasty

Tip suture techniques offer a reliable and dramatic method of tip modification without needing to interrupt the alar rim strip or add tip grafts. The present simplified three-stitch technique consists of the following: (1) a strut suture to fix the columella strut between the crura, (2) bilateral do
A PDMS-Based Integrated Stretchable Microelectrode Array (isMEA) for Neural and Muscular Surface Interfacing

Numerous applications in neuroscience research and neural prosthetics, such as electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording and retinal prosthesis, involve electrical interactions with soft excitable tissues using a surface recording and/or stimulation approach. These applications require an interface that is capable of setting up high-throughput communications between the electrical circuit and the excitable tissue and that can dynamically conform to the shape of the soft tissue. Being a compliant material with mechanical impedance close to that of soft tissues, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) offers excellent potential as a substrate material for such neural interfaces. This paper describes an integrated technology for fabrication of PDMS-based stretchable microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Specifically, as an integral part of the fabrication process, a stretchable MEA is directly fabricated with a rigid substrate, such as a thin printed circuit board (PCB), through an innovative bonding technology-via-bonding-for integrated packaging. This integrated strategy overcomes the conventional challenge of high-density packaging for this type of stretchable electronics. Combined with a high-density interconnect technology developed previously, this stretchable MEA technology facilitates a high-resolution, high-density integrated system solution for neural and muscular surface interfacing. In this paper, this PDMS-based integrated stretchable MEA (isMEA) technology is demonstrated by an example design that packages a stretchable MEA with a small PCB. The resulting isMEA is assessed for its biocompatibility, surface conformability, electrode impedance spectrum, and capability to record muscle fiber activity when applied epimysially.
Food Vending and Acquisition in Texas Border Region Pulgas (Flea Markets) from Both Sides of the Counter

A conceptual model for potential and realized food access was used to examine the factors that contribute to food vending and consumption of food items in pulgas (flea markets), a popular source of traditional foods and fresh fruits and vegetables among southern Texas border colonia residents. Specially trained promotoras (indigenous community health workers) identified and conducted field research in 5 pulgas. Observational data revealed pulgas to be locations where vendor and consumer agency, shaped by structural opportunities and constraints tied to social group formations such as ethnicity, nativity, class, and gender, enable a rich array of social interactions that frame food acquisition by colonia residents.
Jordan receives 2005 Inge Lehmann Medal

Thomas H. Jordan was awarded the Inge Lehmann Medal at the 2005 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 7 December in San Francisco, Calif. The medal honors outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core
Vibration of highway steel bridges with longitudinal grades

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of longitudinal grade on the vibration of highway bridges. The bridges are modeled as grillage beam systems. The vehicle is simulated as a nonlinear vehicle model with 11 independent degrees of freedom according to the HS20-44 truck design loading specified in the American Associate of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications. A good road surface roughness generated from the power spectral density function for the approach roadways and bridge decks is used in the analysis. Two types of longitudinal grade shape with six different grades ranging from 1% to 6% are analyzed. The dynamic responses of three steel multigirder bridges with different span lengths due to multiple vehicles moving across rough bridge decks with different vehicle speeds are evaluated. The analytic results are useful for practical bridge design.
Chromatographic surfaces prepared from lyso phosphatidylcholine ligands

Abstract A chromatographic surface was prepared by immobilizing 1-O-(11-carboxyl)undecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-3-glycerophosphocholine on silica propylamine (loading 127 μmole g of silica) at a monolayer density. This chromatographic surface is denoted as etherIAM.PC; this bonded phase is one type of immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography surface. etherIAM.PC was endcapped with (1) both decanoic anhydride and propionic anhydride (etherIAM.PCC10/C3); or (2) both dodecanoic cyclic anhydride and propionic anhydride (etherIAM.PC13COOH/C3). This latter IAM surface contains carboxyl groups at the interface of the immobilized membrane. etherIAM.PC columns were evaluated as liquid chromatographic supports using amphetamine analogs under isocratic conditions. After perfusing etherIAM.PCC13COOH/C3 with 50,000 column volumes at pH conditions between pH 2 and pH 8.5, the capacity factors, k', of amphetamine analogs on etherIAM.PCC13COOH/C3 column decreased only 6% of the initial value, whereas etherIAM.PCC10/C3 showed this stability only at the low pH.
Concanavalin A: Lack of correlation between binding to rhizobium and specificity in the Rhizobium—legume symbiosis

Concanavalin A, a lectin from jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), combined strongly with various nodulating and non-nodulating strains of Rhizobium regardless of their respective hosts. Thus, interactions between legume lectins and Rhizobium cells may not always account for the specificity expressed by the nodule bacteria for their respective legume hosts.
Studies on Recombination within the Mouse H-2 Complex I.: Three Recombinants Which Position the Ss Locus within the Complex

A series of genetic crosses conducted to map the Ss serum variant with respect to the H—2 complex is described in detail. Three intra-H—2 recombinants were detected. These crossovers, designated H—2al, H—2ol and H—2tl, position the Ss gene in the middle of the H—2 complex between the regions H—2K and H—2D. The production of eight new congenic resistant inbred strains is also described.
Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in the Suburban Hand Surgery Patient Population

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent cause for patients to present to a physician’s office or emergency department. We observed increasing numbers of community-acquired MRSA infections in patients admitted to the hand surgery service at our suburban academic center. It is an important issue as unsuspected community-acquired MRSA hand infections can be admitted to the hospital, inadequately treated, and allowed for nosocomial spread. This study was performed to examine the trend in the incidence of community-acquired MRSA infections in patients admitted to the hand surgery service in order to sensitize practitioners to have a high index of suspicion for this entity and promote early recognition and treatment of this organism. A multihospital retrospective chart review was undertaken to compare the total number of community-acquired MRSA infections in our hospital as well as the number in patients admitted to the hand surgery service with community-acquired MRSA from 2000 through 2008. Statistical analysis was provided by linear regression. Two community-acquired hand MRSA infections were treated in 2000, as compared to three in 2001 and 2002, four in 2003, five in 2004, six in 2005, 14 in 2006, 13 in 2007, and ten in 2008. This increase was statistically significant (p = 0.038). This retrospective review documents a rapidly rising number of community-acquired MRSA hand infections in the suburban environment. The hand surgeon must be aware of the increased prevalence of this entity to adequately combat this organism and prevent prolonged hospital stays, expanded morbidity, and inflated treatment costs.
Surgical treatment of absent pulmonary valve syndrome associated with bronchial obstruction

Background Absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS) is a relatively rare anomaly that is usually associated with a ventricular septal defect and a restrictive pulmonary annulus with severe pulmonary regurgitation. The to-and-fro flow across the right ventricular outflow tract produces enormously dilated and pulsatile pulmonary arteries (PAs) that cause severe respiratory distress and tracheomalacia by compression of the trachea and primary bronchi. This retrospective study summarizes our 20-year experience of surgical treatment in patients with APVS. Methods Between 1984 and 2005, 20 patients underwent repair of APVS using a valved conduit (n = 9), transannular patch (TAP) insertion alone (n = 5), or TAP with monocusp valve (n = 6) with PA reduction arterioplasty. Median age was 7 months (range, 6 days to 9 years). Results There were one perioperative and two late deaths. All deaths were related to airway complications. Survival was 90% at 1 year and 85% at 10 and 15 years. In a multivariate analysis only preoperative ventilator dependency was associated with a worse outcome ( p = 0.02). Follow-up was available in 18 operative survivors (mean follow-up, 7.3 ± 5.2 years). Six patients (33%) underwent reoperation for pulmonary valve incompetence and right ventricular dysfunction. Three patients (17%) had episodic bronchospasm of mild to moderate severity that were responsive to sympathomimetic bronchodilators. Conclusions Morbidity associated with perioperative respiratory complications and ventilator dependency due to underlying tracheobronchomalacia is an important problem in patients with APVS. These infants may require multiple hospitalizations for recurrent respiratory infections secondary to their tracheobronchomalacia. Complete repair with a valved conduit and reduction pulmonary arterioplasty at the onset of symptoms and a definitive diagnosis is our procedure of choice for infants with APVS. With this approach, the airway can be optimized to give the best patient outcome.
Calculations on the 2S ground state of Be II.

Extensive variational calculations on the $^{2}\mathrm{S}$ ground state of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ are reported. Using a 401-term expansion of Hylleraas-type functions, the nonrelativistic ground-state energy is determined to be -14.324 760 a.u., which is the lowest upper bound to the ground-state energy reported to date for this system. The Fermi contact interaction is determined to be 12.4980 a.u., which is in very close agreement with the experimental value of 12.503 88 a.u. The nuclear-magnetic shielding factor and the molar diamagnetic susceptibility are evaluated to be \ensuremath{\sigma}=1.415401 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ a.u. and \ensuremath{\chi}=-5.154 43\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{mol}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, respectively. The electron density at the nucleus, the moments 〈${r}_{i}^{n}$〉, n=-1, 1, 2, and 3, and 〈${r}_{\mathrm{ij}}^{n}$〉, n=-1, 1, and 2, are also reported. The specific mass shift (mass polarization contribution) is determined to be 2.758\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ a.u. The rate of convergence of the calculation is discussed. The role of one versus two spin eigenfunctions in the basis set is discussed with respect to its bearing on the calculation of the Fermi contact interaction.
Ascosporic iterative germination in Epichloe typhina

Ascospores of Epichloe typhina germinated and produced phialides and conidia within a 24 h period, but produced no mycelium. This type of microcycle conidiation was referred to as iterative germination. All attempts at producing mycelium from ascospores failed; ascospores developed conidia under all cultural conditions tried in the study. Conidia produced during the process were viable, and morphologically similar to those produced in culture by mycelium, and to those produced by the fungus on its host meadow grass, Sphenopholis obtusata. This is the first report of microcycle conidiation by ascospores. Since the ascospores required no thermal or precultural induction period, it was concluded that in contrast to this phenomenon by conidia of other fungi, iterative germination to form conidia by ascospores of E. typhina is obligatory.
Optimal Pricing for a Public Enterprise

Introduction, 519. — 1. The problem, 521. — 2. The real income effect and the optimum, 525. — 3. Some implications, 531. — 4. The sign of the real income effect, 539. — Conclusions, 541.
PROTON THERAPY COVERAGE FOR PROSTATE CANCER TREATMENT

Purpose To determine the impact of prostate motion on dose coverage in proton therapy. Methods and Materials A total of 120 prostate positions were analyzed on 10 treatment plans for 10 prostate patients treated using our low-risk proton therapy prostate protocol (University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute 001). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging T 2 -weighted turbo spin-echo scans were registered for all cases. The planning target volume included the prostate with a 5-mm axial and 8-mm superoinferior expansion. The prostate was repositioned using 5- and 10-mm one-dimensional vectors and 10-mm multidimensional vectors (Points A–D). The beam was realigned for the 5- and 10-mm displacements. The prescription dose was 78 Gy equivalent (GE). Results The mean percentage of rectum receiving 70 Gy (V 70 ) was 7.9%, the bladder V 70 was 14.0%, and the femoral head/neck V 50 was 0.1%, and the mean pelvic dose was 4.6 GE. The percentage of prostate receiving 78 Gy (V 78 ) with the 5-mm movements changed by −0.2% (range, 0.006–0.5%, p > 0.7). However, the prostate V 78 after a 10-mm displacement changed significantly ( p p ≤ 0.003). For displacement points A–D, the clinical target volume V 78 coverage had a large and significant reduction of 17.4% (range, 13.5–17.4%, p 78 coverage of the clinical target volume. The minimal prostate dose was reduced 33% (25.8 GE), on average, for Points A–D. The prostate minimal dose improved from 69.3 GE to 78.2 GE ( p Conclusion The good dose coverage and low normal doses achieved for the initial plan was maintained with movements of ≤5 mm. Beam realignment improved coverage for 10-mm displacements.
The graying of America: challenges and controversies.

journal of law, medicine & ethics Growth of the world’s population is accelerating. It reached one billion people in 1800, and added the next billion by 1930 — 130 years later. The population reached three billion by 1960 — in only 30 years — and ever since then, a billion more people have been added every 12-13 years. The world’s population now stands at nearly seven billion, and epidemiologists project that it will rise to 9.3 billion by 2050. The majority of that population, 61%, lives in Asia, mostly China and India, and only 4.5% live in the United States — those proportions will change little by 2050 (see Figure 1). In developing countries, the population’s frequency distribution by age is heavily weighted toward youth, while in developed countries such as the U.S., the bulk of the population is in the 30-60 year age group.1 In the U.S., the expanding population is reaching old age more rapidly than in most of the rest of the world, largely because the baby boom of 1946-1964 produced a large bump in population, and the first of the baby boomers reached age 65 in 2010. Between 1900 and 2010, the proportion of the population age 65 and older increased at an average rate of 0.74% per decade, but over the next two decades, the rate of increase in the elderly population will be over 3% per year (see Figure 2). By 2030, the rate of population growth related to the baby boom will level off, and by then, about 20% of the U.S. population, 72 million people, will be over the age of 65 years (see Figure 3). This aging of the U.S. population has brought to the fore a number of ethical issues that will grow in importance as the elderly population expands. The 16th Annual Thomas A. Pitts Memorial Lectureship in Medical Ethics addressed several of these issues, including the idea of rationing health care based on age; disparities in health care of the elderly; caring for the growing number of persons with advanced dementia; and physician-assisted death for terminally ill individuals with unremitting suffering. Some of the nation’s leading authorities in these areas were brought together for this conference. Daniel Callahan has been one of the foremost proponents of rationing health care for the elderly since the publication of his 1987 book, Setting Limits: Medical introduction
A Microscopist’s View of Poultry Reproductive Tracts and Gametes

The investigator using light or electron microscopy to elucidate the histology and ultrastructure of the reproductive organs and gametes of chickens and turkeys is confronted with unique problems. This paper addresses these as well as other more general concerns regarding specimen preparation and laboratory safety. The use of differential interference contrast microscopy coupled with fluorescence microscopy as a means to study the fate of sperm in the oviduct is introduced.
Role of sensory afferent neurons in hypertonic damage and restitution of the rat gastric mucosa.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gastric mucosal hyperemia is a protective response mediated at least in part by the response of sensory afferent neurons to hydrogen ions. The aim of this study was to determine if other pathways to the hyperemic response are present and if these neurons have an effect exclusive of hyperemia on mucosal protection and repair. METHODS: Rat sensory afferent neurons were ablated by capsaicin treatment. Chambered stomachs were damaged by hypertonic saline followed by either acidic or neutral isotonic saline. Blood flow was measured by laser Doppler velocimetry, and mucosal morphology was quantitatively evaluated by microscopy. RESULTS: Mucosal damage alone evoked a strong hyperemic response in both control and ablated rats. Ablated rats lost gastric protection despite this hyperemic response. Acid exposure after damage sustained the hyperemic response. Rapid epithelial restitution occurred faster (even over hemorrhagic lesions) in control rats. CONCLUSIONS: The hyperemic response to mucosal damage alone is not mediated by sensory neurons. Protection of the stomach by sensory afferent neurons occurs by mechanisms also unrelated to their elicitation of hyperemia. Restitution during acid challenge is enhanced by the sustained hyperemic response mediated through sensory afferent neurons. (Gastroenterology 1996 Dec;111(6):1474-83)
Semiautomated high-sensitivity profiling of human blood serum glycoproteins through lectin preconcentration and multidimensional chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

We describe an effective analytical approach to identify trace glycoproteins in a small volume of human serum. The system is based on automatable affinity enrichment through silica-based lectin microcolumns and a further separation of the retained glycoproteins on a reversed-phase liquid chromatography with superficially porous packing, operating at high temperature. The fractionated sample is further directed into a 96-well plate for trypsinization and LC−MS/MS analysis. Using a major-component depleted blood serum (16 μg total protein), we were able to identify 271 glycoproteins through this analytical system. Keywords: Microcolumn Lectin Affinity Chromatography • Glycoprotein Enrichment • Protein Separation • Human Blood Serum Glycoproteins • On-line Coupling of Microcolumn Lectin Affinity Chromatography and Poroshell LC-Columns • LC−MS/MS
Lymph nodal Kaposi's sarcoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with a hepatic nodule simulating Hodgkin's disease

This is a report of a patient who died of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in whom there was primary involvement of the cervical, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes by Kaposi's sarcoma and nodular involvement of the liver by a lesion which was histologically indistinguishable from Hodgkin's disease. The latter findings were demonstrated at necropsy. The association of Kaposi's sarcoma with neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system has been well documented, and the combination of Kaposi's sarcoma and reticuloendothelial neoplasms has led to speculation that Kaposi's sarcoma may arise from a cell of the reticuloendothelial system.
Immunochemical behavior of a plant agglutinin (lectin).

Abstract Methods of purification of the A-specific hemagglutinin (lectin) from lima beans are presented, and the results of ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic determinations on the partially purified protein. Preparations were obtained in which over 30% of the protein was specifically precipitable by A substance. Results are presented of a quantitative study of the precipitin curve, and the results compared with Rabat's results for a human anti-A precipitin.