cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A species‐based theory of insular zoogeography

1 I present an alternative to the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, one which is based on the premise that many of the more general patterns in insular community structure result from, not despite, nonrandom variation among species. 2 For the sake of simplicity, the model is limited to patterns and processes operating over scales of ecological space and time: evolution is not included in the current version of the model. 3 The model assumes, as did MacArthur and Wilson’s model, that insular community structure is dynamic in ecological time, but the model does not assume a balance, or equilibrium, of immigration and extinction. 4 The model presented here is hierarchical, phenomenological (it requires little parameterization beyond that which is directly derived from distributional data), graphical, and it includes potential feedback processes (including interspecific interactions). 5 The model offers an alternative explanation for a variety of patterns ranging from distributions of individual species, species–area and species–isolation relationships, to patterns of assembly of insular communities. The model also generates some new predictions and identifies some potentially important areas for future studies.
Properties of sol-gel prepared Ce1-xSmxO2-x/2 solid electrolytes

The structure, thermal expansion and ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes based on samarium doped cerium oxide, Ce1−xSmxO2−x2 (x = 0−0.30), prepared by the sol-gel method were systematically investigated in a wide range of temperature of 200–650 °C. The uniformly small particle size of the sol-gel prepared materials allows sintering of the samples into highly dense ceramic pellets at significantly lower temperature 1400 °C compared to that of 1600 °C required for samples prepared by solid state techniques. The ionic conductivity increases with increasing samarium substitution and reaches a maximum for the composition Ce0.80Sm0.20O1.9 (~5 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 600 °C). Thermal expansion coefficients range between 8–10 × 10−6 K−1.
Scaled canonical coordinates for compression and transmission of noisy sensor measurements

This paper is motivated by sensing and wireless communication, where data compression or dimension reduction may be used to reduce the required communication bandwidth. High-dimensional measurements are converted into low-dimensional representations through linear compression. Our aim is to compress a noisy sensor measurement, allowing for the fact that the compressed measurement will then be transmitted over a noisy channel. We give the closed-form expression for the optimal compression matrix that minimizes the trace or determinant of the error covariance matrix. We show that the solutions share a common architecture consisting of a canonical coordinate transformation, scaling by coefficients which account for canonical correlations and channel noise variance, followed by a coordinate transformation into the sub-dominant invariant subspace of the channel noise.
Co2+ binding by plasma albumin

Abstract 60Co introduced into the blood circulation of rabbits is bound mainly by an albumin-monomer and to a smaller extent by an albumin-dimer. The dimer cannot be converted into the monomer by exposure to a reducing agent. Immunoelectrophoresis and affinity chromatography confirm the existence of the albumin-dimer.
Molecular cloning, sequencing, tissue distribution, and functional expression of a Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-2).

Abstract The present studies demonstrate cloning, sequencing, tissue distribution, and functional expression of a Na+/H+ exchanger which was isolated from a rat intestinal cDNA library. The cloned cDNA recognizes two transcripts in poly(A)+ RNA from the stomach, jejunum, ileum, liver, large intestine, and uterus. Based on deduced amino acid sequences, this clone shares sequence homology with the other known Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms (NHE-1, NHE-3, and NHE-4) except for its 5' end. Overall, the protein exhibits 47.8%, 41.2%, and 56.2% amino acid sequence identity to NHE-1, NHE-3, and NHE-4, respectively. The hydropathy profile of the predicted protein shows 10 transmembrane domains, suggesting a protein with transport characteristics. The tissue distribution differs from that of the other Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms. The cDNA hybridizes to two closely related transcripts in the mRNA of these tissues, which suggests that the predominant transcript of this clone is alternatively spliced. Transfection of this cDNA into Na+/H+ exchanger-deficient mutant fibroblasts (PS120 cells) results in functional Na+/H+ exchange activity. These data suggest that we have cloned a member of the Na+/H+ exchanger family with tissue-specific expression. We suggest the designation of NHE-2 for this Na+/H+ exchanger.
Decentralized controllers for unmanned aerial vehicle formation flight

This paper investigates the control problems associated with autonomous vehicles in formation flight. An inviscid flow model of formation flight explains the increase in efficiency, and describes the effects that the craft in the formation have on each other. Decentralized controllers are investigated for a formation of five aircraft. The formation consists of a single line, with each plane flying one wingspan behind the plane to its left, with its left wingtip aligned with the right wingtip of the leading plane. The controllers are derived using a linear model of the system dynamics, and evaluated in a linear simulation and in a simulation incorporating a vortex-lattice aerodynamics routine. (Author)
Morphological, chemical and mineralogical studies of cosmic dust

Significant numbers of 5 $\mu $m-1 mm particles of interplanetary dust have been collected and subjected to laboratory analysis. The extraterrestrial origin of selected samples has been established by detection of space-exposure effects such as implanted solar wind and tracks of solar cosmic rays. The collected samples should contain both cometary and asteroidal particles. The asteroidal component is probably a representative sample of typical main-belt asteroids. The elemental composition of the majority of particles is similar to CI and CM chondrites. Most particles can be grouped into one of two general classes, those that contain hydrated minerals and those that are anhydrous. Some of the hydrated particles may be samples of CI/CM matrix whereas most of the anhydrous particles are clearly unrelated to any known chondrite class. Some of the anhydrous particles are very porous aggregates that at least superficially resemble models of cometary meteors. Future studies of cosmic dust will probably lead to criteria for distinguishing between asteroidal and cometary particles.
Near-infrared monitoring of the cerebral circulation

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a noninvasive bedside technique for monitoring hemoglobin saturation (HbO2%) in brain vasculature. The method linearly relates the optical signal detected from the surface of the head to HbO2%. To do so, the method relies on constant transcranial optical pathlength and light scattering as well as minimal interference by tissues overlying the brain. This study examined these premises. Optical signals from a dual-wavelength, near-infrared spectrometer were correlated with sagittal sinus HbO2% in 7 anesthetized piglets subjected to 7 different physiological conditions: normoxia, moderate and severe hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypocapnia, hypercapnic hyperoxia, and hypotension. These conditions were induced by varying the inspired O2 concentration (7–100%),k ventilatory rate (5–35 breaths/min), and blood pressure (phlebotomy 20 ml/kg) to force HbO2% over a wide range (5–93%). To evaluate interference by tissues overlying the brain, correlations were repeated after the scalp and skull were rendered ischemic. Transcranial optical pathlength was measured by phase-modulated spectroscopy. Linear relationships between optical signals and sagittal sinus HbO2% were found with correlation coefficients ranging from −0.89 to −0.99 (p<0.05) among animals; however, slope and intercept had coefficients of variability of approximately 15 and 333%, respectively. Almost identical linear expressions were observed whether scalp and skull were ischemic or perfused. Transcranial optical pathlength was constant in each animal, but ranged from 10 to 18 cm among animals. The data indicate that the assumptions underlying near infrared spectroscopy are reasonably accurate in a given animal, but that the constants for transcranial optical pathlength and light scattering are not the same in all animals. Since this variability may give rise to errors in quantifying HbO2% in the clinical setting, further study is recommended before the method can be used to manage patients.
The beauty of match play.

Summary This study investigated whether higher seeded players have an advantage in the only match play event on the PGA Tour. Analysis showed that the higher seeded won 54% of the time (p = .06); the correlation was .17 (p < .01) between higher seeded players winning and the difference in World Rankings between players. Given professional golfers are at the highest end of the distribution of golf ability, these players are so nearly equal in ability, it is mainly a matter of chance who will win a match play event or who will have the best round on any given day.
Civic Learning and Engagement

If a nation expects to be ignorant and free…it expects what never was and never will be. Melissa Apostolides and Taylor Stanek from the Department of Education and Bethany Sutton and Halim Rizk fro...
RITUAL AND RESIDENCE: THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF CLASSIC MIMBRES CEREMONIAL SPACES

During the Classic period at Mimbres sites, the existence of various forms of ceremonial architecture evinces a ritual system that included both communal and private aspects. The relationships between Classic period ceremonial spaces and the social units that used them remain unclear, however. In this paper, I focus on patterns in the organization of kivas and large rooms, drawing on data from Galaz, Mattocks, and NAN Ruin. I consider whether some residence groups had access to ceremonial space while others lacked it. Results suggest that conditions of ritual inequality are likely to have existed in Classic Mimbres society.
Arts Enrichment and Preschool Emotions for Low-Income Children at Risk.

Abstract No studies to date examine the impact of arts-integrated preschool programming on the emotional functioning of low-income children at risk for school problems. The present study examines observed emotion expression and teacher-rated emotion regulation for low-income children attending Settlement Music School's Kaleidoscope Preschool Arts Enrichment Program. At a level of p
Two-phase flow and dryout in a screen wick saturated with a fluid mixture

Abstract Experiments are performed to investigate the use of water-ethanol mixtures as a heat pipe coolant. An everted heat pipe structure consisting of a vertical tube, internally heated at the top, and around which is wrapped four layers of 325 mesh stainless steel screen, is used to measure the steady state and dryout heat fluxes as a function of mixture composition and capillary rise height. For small capillary rise heights it is observed that the maximum operating heat flux could be increased by 135% with waterethanol mixtures as compared to pure water. As the capillary rise height is increased the performance of water-ethanol mixtures becomes comparable to that of pure water. The measured dryout heat fluxes for pure water and pure ethanol are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of an analytical model which allows for two-phase flow, boiling, and dryout in the heated section of the wick.
Inhibition by chemotherapeutic agents of human bone marrow progenitor cells and clonogenic cells of a lymphoblastic cell line

Abstract Using methylcellulose based semi-solid medium enriched with complete alpha medium and undialysed fetal calf serum, we compared the cytotoxic effects between the clonogenic cell (CFU) of a lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (MOLT-4) and normal bone marrow granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) of methotrexate (MTX), vincristine (VCR), hydrocortisone (HC) and daunorubicin (DNR), as well as the reversibility by leukovorin (LV) of MTX cytotoxicity. The neoplastic cells were more markedly inhibited by MTX, VCR and HC following either brief or continuous exposure of the cell to the drugs. Inhibition by DNR was identical for both cell types. In order to reverse the inhibitory effects of MTX in MOLT-4 CFU, LV concentrations needed were at least one log order higher than MTX concentrations. At higher concentrations of MTX, LV reversal was less effective. Only one of four different human bone marrows studied were significantly inhibited by MTX under the experimental conditions. It is suggested that the high concentrations of nucleosides and deoxynucleosides present in the medium aborted the MTX cytotoxicity on CFU-C of normal human marrow but not on MOLT-4 CFU, while the differential inhibition observed with VCR and HC was due to greater sensitivity of the leukemic cells.
Secondary product formation by cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotiana rustica transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

‘Hairy root’ cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotiana rustica were established after roots were induced on plants following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed cultures of B. vulgaris and N. rustica synthesised their characteristic secondary products, the betalain pigments and nicotine alkaloids respectively, at levels comparable with those of in vivo roots from the same variety. Betalains were entirely retained inside the root tissue. In contrast, a proportion of the nicotine alkaloids was secreted into the medium. The potential of this type of ‘in vitro’ plant tissue culture for the production of valuable plant secondary products is identified and confirmed.
Forward looking GPR sidelobe reduction using L1-norm minimization

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been applied for several years to the problem of detecting both anti-personnel and anti-tank landmines. One area of research is using Forward Looking GPR (FLGPR) to detect mines. While FLGPR has the advantage of standoff versus downward looking GPR, the responses from buried targets generally decrease while the responses from clutter increase. One source of clutter is from sidelobes and grating lobes caused by off-road clutter. As it is not possible to get a narrow beamwidth at the low frequencies required to get ground penetration, FLGPR receives responses from both on and off the road. Off-road clutter responses are often much stronger than the responses from buried mines. These off-road clutter objects can produce sidelobes that overlap with and obscure the responses from inroad targets. This becomes especially problematic if the antenna array spacing is not fine enough and grating lobes are formed. To reduce both the sidelobes and grating lobes, a technique using L1-norm minimization was tested. One advantage of this technique is it only requires a single aperture. The resulting image retains phase information which allows the images to be then coherently summed, resulting in better quality images. In this paper a description of the algorithm is provided. The algorithm was applied to a FLGPR data set to show its ability to reduce both sidelobes and grating lobes. Resulting images are shown.
ECM Production of Primary Human and Bovine Chondrocytes in Hybrid PEG Hydrogels Containing Type I Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid

The development of advanced materials that facilitate hyaline cartilage formation and regeneration in aging populations is imperative. Critical to the success of this endeavor is the optimization of ECM production from clinically relevant cells. However, much of the current literature focuses on the investigation of primary bovine chondrocytes from young calves, which differ significantly than osteoarthritic cells from human sources. This study examines the levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) production using various levels of type I collagen and hyaluronic acid in poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) hydrogels in total knee arthroplasties, compared with the results from bovine chondrocytes. The addition of type 1 collagen in both the presence and absence of low levels of hyaluronic acid increased ECM production and/or retention in scaffolds containing either bovine or human chondrocytes. These findings are supported consistently with colorimetric quantification, whole mount extracellular matrix ...
Teaching Farm Poultry Production at the College Level

Abstract THE authors of this paper were asked by the chairman of the teaching section of Poultry Science Association, to (a) solicit from a limited number of Poultry departments doing a good job of teaching, outlines of lectures, laboratory exercises, and examinations given to students taking the introductory course in Poultry Husbandry, frequently listed as “Farm Poultry Production”; (b) prepare a constructive analysis of material used; and (c) supply mimeograph copies for distribution. Sincere thanks are expressed to those departments which responded to our request. The six institutions used as examples are designated by letters A to F, and they represent a wide geographic distribution in the United States and Canada. The following comments are directed to the younger instructors who are in the process of developing new and better ideas for teaching and inspiring students in the field of Poultry Husbandry. There is no patent formula for doing this; methods …
Interaction of internal water molecules with the schiff base in the L intermediate of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.

In the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin (BR), the first proton movement, from the Schiff base to Asp85, occurs after the formation of the L intermediate. In L, the CN bond of the Schiff base is strained, and the nitrogen interacts strongly with its counterion. The present study seeks to detect the interaction of internal water molecules with the Schiff base in L using difference FTIR spectroscopy at 170 K. The coupled modes of the hydrogen-out-of plane bending vibrations (HOOPs) of the N−H and C15−H of the protonated Schiff base are detected as a broad band centered at 911 cm-1 for BR. A set of bands at 1073, 1064, and 1056 cm-1 for L is shown to arise from the coupling of the HOOP with the overtones of interacting water O−H vibrations. Interaction with water was shown by the decreased intensity of the HOOPs of L in H218O and by the influence of mutants that have been shown to perturb specific internal water molecules in BR. In contrast, the HOOP band of initial BR was not affected by these mutations. In D...
Identification and approximations for systems with multi-stage workflows

Distributed systems with multi-stage workflows are characterized by multiple logical stages which can either execute sequentially or concurrently and a single stage can be executed on one or more physical nodes. Knowing the mapping of logical stages to physical nodes is important to characterize performance and study resource bottlenecks. Often due to the physical magnitude of such systems and complexity of the software, it is difficult to get detailed information about all the system parameters. We show that under light load conditions, the system can be well approximated using first order models and the hence simplifying the system identification problem. For general load, we develop a parameter estimation technique using maximum likelihood and propose a heuristic to solve it efficiently.
Orchestration of salivary secretion mediated by two different dopamine receptors in the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis

Salivary secretion is crucial for successful tick feeding, and it is the mediator of pathogen transmission. Salivation functions to inhibit various components of the host immune system and remove excess water and ions during the ingestion of large blood meals. Control of salivary glands involves autocrine/paracrine dopamine, which is the most potent inducer of tick salivation. Previously, we reported the presence of two dopamine receptors in the salivary glands of the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis): dopamine receptor (D1) and invertebrate specific D1-like dopamine receptor (InvD1L). Here, we investigated the different physiological roles of the dopamine receptors in tick salivary glands by using pharmacological tools that discriminate between the two distinct receptors. Heterologous expressions followed by reporter assays of the dopamine receptors identified receptor-specific antagonists and agonists. These pharmacological tools were further used to discriminate the physiological role of each receptor by using in vitro assays: measuring salivary secretions of isolated salivary glands and monitoring dynamic changes in the size of individual salivary gland acini. We propose that the D1 receptor acts on salivary gland acini epithelial cells for inward fluid transport. InvD1L controls (or modulates) each acinus for expelling saliva from the acini to the salivary ducts, presumably through the actions of myoepithelial cells and valves for pumping/gating. We conclude that dopamine acts on the D1 and the InvD1L receptors and leads different physiological actions to orchestrate tick salivary secretion.
Lumi I → Lumi II: The Last Detergent Independent Process in Rhodopsin Photoexcitation†

Time-resolved absorbance difference spectra were collected at delays from 1 to 128 micros after photolysis of membrane and detergent suspensions of rhodopsin at 20 degrees C. Fitting both sets of data with two exponential decays plus a constant showed a similar fast process (lifetime 11 micros in membrane, 12 micros in 5% dodecyl maltoside) with a small but similar spectral change. This demonstrates that the Lumi I - Lumi II process, previously characterized in detergent suspensions, has similar properties in membrane without significant effect of detergent. The slower exponential process detected in the data is quite different in membrane compared to detergent solubilized samples, showing that the pronounced effect of detergent on the later rhodopsin photointermediates begins fairly abruptly near 20 micros. Besides affecting the late processes, the data collected here shows that detergent induces a small blue shift in the 1 micros difference spectrum (the Lumi I minus rhodopsin difference spectrum). The blue shift is similar to one induced by chloride ion in the E181Q rhodopsin mutant and may indicate that the ionization state of Glu181 in rhodopsin is affected by detergent.
Quantitative prediction of 3D solution shape and flexibility of nucleic acid nanostructures

DNA nanotechnology enables the programmed synthesis of intricate nanometer-scale structures for diverse applications in materials and biological science. Precise control over the 3D solution shape and mechanical flexibility of target designs is important to achieve desired functionality. Because experimental validation of designed nanostructures is time-consuming and cost-intensive, predictive physical models of nanostructure shape and flexibility have the capacity to enhance dramatically the design process. Here, we significantly extend and experimentally validate a computational modeling framework for DNA origami previously presented as CanDo [Castro,C.E., Kilchherr,F., Kim,D.-N., Shiao,E.L., Wauer,T., Wortmann,P., Bathe,M., Dietz,H. (2011) A primer to scaffolded DNA origami. Nat. Meth., 8, 221–229.]. 3D solution shape and flexibility are predicted from basepair connectivity maps now accounting for nicks in the DNA double helix, entropic elasticity of single-stranded DNA, and distant crossovers required to model wireframe structures, in addition to previous modeling (Castro,C.E., et al.) that accounted only for the canonical twist, bend and stretch stiffness of double-helical DNA domains. Systematic experimental validation of nanostructure flexibility mediated by internal crossover density probed using a 32-helix DNA bundle demonstrates for the first time that our model not only predicts the 3D solution shape of complex DNA nanostructures but also their mechanical flexibility. Thus, our model represents an important advance in the quantitative understanding of DNA-based nanostructure shape and flexibility, and we anticipate that this model will increase significantly the number and variety of synthetic nanostructures designed using nucleic acids.
Amphotericin B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Our purpose was to develop and characterize an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which could measure the concentration of amphotericin B in serum. Amphotericin B was assayed by competition ELISA. Multiwell ELISA plates coated with amphotericin B (1.0 micrograms/ml) conjugated to bovine serum albumin were used to test replicates of serum samples spiked with amphotericin B. Purified rabbit polyclonal antibody against amphotericin B (1.4 micrograms/ml) was added subsequent to the instillation of samples spiked with unknown amounts of amphotericin B. Experiments were performed to test the sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy of the assay. The ability to measure lipid-associated amphotericin B was also evaluated in preliminary studies. Analysis of reference samples containing amphotericin B yielded a traditional sigmoidal curve. The limits of detection were 0.15 to 156 micrograms/ml. The sensitivity of the assay was affected by light and temperature exposure. Assay specificity was altered only by the presence of nystatin, a polyene antifungal agent similar to amphotericin B. Intrarun (coefficient of variation = 3.0%) and interrun (coefficient of variation = 12.8%) coefficients of variation were calculated and were comparable to those in similar assays. The assay9s correlation coefficient (r = 0.907) demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between the optical density of the sample and the concentration of drug in the sample. The amphotericin B ELISA9s ease, precision, and overall accuracy suggest that this assay could be used for assessments of serum amphotericin B concentrations. Multiple research questions concerning the role of serum amphotericin B concentrations in toxicity and efficacy have gone unanswered because of the labor-intensive nature of the assays which have been available to date. The ability to easily and rapidly measure 40 duplicate samples containing amphotericin B should also prove to be a distinct advantage for clinical research or reference laboratories in addressing these questions.
Band Offsets in the Mg 0.5 Ca 0.5 O/GaN Heterostructure System

MgCaO offers promise as a gate dielectric for GaN-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors, particularly in combination with environmentally stable capping layers such as Sc2O3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to measure the energy discontinuity in the valence band (ΔE v ) of Mg0.5Ca0.5O/GaN heterostructures in which the MgCaO was grown by rf plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on top of thick GaN templates on sapphire substrates. A value of ΔE v = 0.65 eV ± 0.10 eV was obtained by using the Ga 3d energy level as a reference. Given the bandgap of 7.45 eV for the MgCaO, we infer a conduction band offset ΔE C of 3.36 eV in the Mg0.5Ca0.5O system.
EXPLORATION OF THE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF CRAVED AND AVERSIVE FOODS

. This research examined the sensory characteristics of craved and aversive foods, as determined by 70 healthy adults. Cravings and aversions were identified by 66% and 53% of subjects. Typically, cravings were intermittent, and the items were sweet tasting and pleasant smelling. In contrast, aversions were chronic, and the items were described as either bitter or bad (e.g., soapy, mealy, dusty) tasting, and exhibiting an unpleasant smell. Chemesthetic attributes were frequently associated with cravings and aversions, particularly texture and thermal sensations with the former whereas texture and irritating sensations were associated with the latter. The findings suggest that sensory characteristics of foods may provide salient cues for the formation of cravings and aversions.
Slot apertures having depth and losses described by local transmission line theory

The problem of electromagnetic penetration of a narrow slot aperture in a thick conducting plane is considered when the conductivity of the plane (and slot walls) is large but not necessarily infinite and when somewhat lossy gaskets are placed in the slot. The problem is partitioned into a local region, where transmission line theory is used to describe the antenna modes along the slot, and a nonlocal region, where a filament-type integral representation is used. The result is a modified Hallen-type integro-differential equation for the slot voltage (or magnetic current). The local transmission line theory allows the effects of wall loss and gaskets to be included in a simple and intuitive manner. Examples involving a rectangular slot aperture are given. The finite conductivity of the conducting plane, even for good conductors, reduces the penetration when realistic slot dimensions are used. Gaskets, even with relatively small loss tangents, also reduce the penetration when realistic slot dimensions are used. >
Bayesian modelling of the dynamics of hepatotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity (liver damage) is a common problem in drug treatment trials but is observed only indirectly through biomarkers measured in the blood. This creates the need to infer an individual's unobserved liver function dynamically using blood tests and other patient baseline characteristics. Major statistical challenges include high dimensionality, irregular time observation points over patients, presence of missing observations, and noise involved in measurement and biological processes. This article introduces a class of multivariate Bayesian dynamic stochastic models for detecting and forecasting changes in an individual's liver function in two situations: without and with drug. These models separate measurement error from variation inherent in a biological process, and describe the underlying process of liver detoxification, whereby, drug affects liver function which in turn induces changes in observed analytes. We apply the Bayesian methodology to make an inference. A clinical toxicity study is examined, together with simulated data. The results suggest that changes in observed analytes can be captured by the proposed models.
Temperature dependence of ultrasonic attenuation in human calcaneus

Abstract Ultrasonic attenuation in calcaneus has been shown to be a useful measurement for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Several studies indicate that this measurement is affected by temperature fluctuations, although the fundamental causes for this are currently not well understood. To investigate this phenomenon, six defatted human calcanei were interrogated in vitro at six temperatures ranging from 10°C to 40°C. The temperature-related variation was −0.18 dB/cmMHz°C (95% confidence interval: −0.27 dB/cmMHz°C, −0.10 dB/cmMHz°C). This study reinforces the notion, advanced by other investigators, that temperature-related effects need to be taken into account when performing diagnostic measurements that require high precision (such as monitoring responses to drug intervention), will aid in the interpretation of in vivo experiments designed to investigate temperature-dependent precision limitations, will facilitate comparisons between in vitro studies normally carried out at room temperature with in vivo studies carried out at body temperature, and fills a gap in the compendium of measurements of temperature-dependences of acoustic properties of biologic tissues.
Evaluation of the Vitek Card GPS105 and VTK-RO7.01 Software for Detection of Oxacillin Resistance in Clinically Relevant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

The performance of Vitek cards GPS105 with software version VTK-R07.01 for detection of oxacillin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was compared to disk diffusion and PCR detection for mecA. The sensitivity and specificity of the Vitek GPS105 method were 97.6 and 85.5%, respectively.
People in control [including New IEEE Fellow and Meet the New CSM Associate Editors]

In this issue of IEEE Control Systems Magazine (CSM), we speak with Robert Stengel, a professor in the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University, and Martha (Gallivan) Grover, an assistant professor in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Tech. We also announce the CSS members elected to the grade of IEEE Fellow for 2009 and introduce the new CSM associate editors.
Adaptive multilevel finite element solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation I. Algorithms and examples

This article is the first of two articles on the adaptive multilevel finite element treatment of the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE), a nonlinear eliptic equation arising in biomolecular modeling. Fast and accurate numerical solution of the PBE is usually difficult to accomplish, due to the presence of discontinuous coefficients, delta functions, three spatial dimensions, unbounded domain, and rapid (exponential) nonlinearity. In this first article, we explain how adaptive multilevel finite element methods can be used to obtain extremely accurate solutions to the PBE with very modest computational resources, and we present some illustrative examples using two well-known test problems. The PBE is first discretized with piece-wise linear finite elements over a very coarse simplex triangulation of the domain. The resulting nonlinear algebraic equations are solved with global inexact Newton methods, which we have described in an article appearing previously in this journal. A posteriori error estimates are then computed from this discrete solution, which then drives a simplex subdivision algorithm for performing adaptive mesh refinement. The discretize–solve–estimate–refine procedure is then repeated, until a nearly uniform solution quality is obtained. The sequence of unstructured meshes is used to apply multilevel methods in conjunction with global inexact Newton methods, so that the cost of solving the nonlinear algebraic equations at each step approaches optimal O(N) linear complexity. All of the numerical procedures are implemented in MANIFOLD CODE (MC), a computer program designed and built by the first author over several years at Caltech and UC San Diego. MC is designed to solve a very general class of nonlinear elliptic equations on complicated domains in two and three dimensions. We describe some of the key features of MC, and give a detailed analysis of its performance for two model PBE problems, with comparisons to the alternative methods. It is shown that the best available uniform mesh-based finite difference or box-method algorithms, including multilevel methods, require substantially more time to reach a target PBE solution accuracy than the adaptive multilevel methods in MC. In the second article, we develop an error estimator based on geometric solvent accessibility, and present a series of detailed numerical experiments for several complex biomolecules. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 1319–1342, 2000
Attenuation of superfluid two-phase sound

The attenuation of superfluid two-phase sound in4He is calculated and compared with experimental results. The dispersion relation of this mode (which consists of coupled vapor sound and second sound) is determined by boundary conditions at the free liquid surface. The primary source of attenuation is found to be the evaporation-condensation process at the free surface. A calculation using kinetic models for the nonequilibrium Onsager coefficients yields an attenuation in general agreement with experimental measurements.
Exercise assessment of sinoatrial node function following the Mustard operation

To screen for sinoatrial node dysfunction following the Mustard procedure for transposition of the great arteries, we studied the chronotropic response to graded maximal treadmill exercise in 29 patients at mean 6.7 years after operation. Although 93% of patients had normal resting heart rate (HR), 83% demonstrated significant depression of maximum HR and/or recovery HR after termination of exercise. These findings were similarly present among a subset of 13 patients with normal exercise tolerance. Resting and exercise-induced HR in 10 patients receiving chronic digoxin therapy were no different than in the 19 patients without medication. Sixteen patients with abnormal chronotropic responses to exercise had intracardiac electrophysiologic evaluation which confirmed sinoatrial node dysfunction in nine. Abnormal HR responses did not correlate with clinical symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, or postoperative hemodynamics. Maximal exercise testing may be a sensitive noninvasive method to identify sinoatrial node dysfunction in postoperative children.
The association between community physical activity settings and youth physical activity, obesity, and body mass index.

Abstract Background This study examined the association between the level of physical activity (PA) friendliness of the built environment and adolescent PA and body mass index using a national sample of youth and data collected from the communities where they reside. Methods Data on height, weight, and PA were taken from annual nationally representative cross-sectional Monitoring the Future surveys of 8th and 10th graders in schools, from 2001 through 2003. Measures of safety, outdoor and commercial PA settings, and urban sprawl were constructed using data collected from the communities in which the students reside. Multilevel models were run and controlled for youth and community demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results Increased levels of physical disorder were associated with decreased PA and higher weight. A greater number of commercial PA facilities was associated with increased PA. More compact communities were associated with lower weight and less sports participation. Conclusions It is important to explore these associations to help guide future development patterns and land use policies to create more active neighborhoods.
Concomitant conjunctival mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma associated with immunoglobulin M macroglobulinemia successfully treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy

Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma are lymphoid malignancies that usually behave in an indolent manner. Walden...
Effects of Bt Cotton and Cry1Ac Toxin on Survival and Development of Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1Ac on survival and development of a susceptible strain and laboratory-selected resistant strains of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). For susceptible and resistant strains tested on artificial diet, increases in Cry1Ac concentration reduced developmental rate and pupal weight. In greenhouse tests, survival of resistant larvae on transgenic cotton that produces Cry1Ac (Bt cotton) was 46% relative to their survival on non-Bt cotton. In contrast, Bt cotton killed all susceptible larvae tested. F1 hybrid progeny of resistant and susceptible adults did not survive on Bt cotton, which indicates recessive inheritance of resistance. Compared with resistant or susceptible larvae reared on non-Bt cotton, resistant larvae reared on Bt cotton had lower survival and slower development, and achieved lower pupal weight and fecundity. Recessive resistance to Bt cotton is consistent with one of the basic assumptions of the refuge strategy for delaying resistance to Bt cotton. Whereas slower development of resistant insects on Bt cotton could increase the probability of mating between resistant adults and accelerate resistance, negative effects of Bt cotton on the survival and development of resistant larvae could delay evolution of resistance.
Modellierung Datenintensiver Anwendungsbereiche

Unter ‘Datenmodellierung’ versteht man die datenorientierte Beschreibung eines Ausschnittes der wahrgenommenen Realitat. Zur Problembeschreibung wird dabei oft eine formale Sprache verwendet, die entweder direkt durch einen Rechner interpretierbar ist oder auf die Benutzerschnittstelle eines existierenden Sprachprozessors abgebildet werden kann. Die Konzepte der Beschreibungssprache sollen es gestatten, auf der einen Seite die Semantik des zu modellierenden Realitatsausschnittes auf moglichst direkte Weise wiederzugeben, auf der anderen Seite aber auch die resultierenden Semantikmodelle mit vertretbarem Aufwand auf realen Rechnern zu verwirklichen. Beide Ziele sind in der Regel nicht gleichzeitig zu erreichen. Die Datenmodellierung mus also konzeptionelle Unterstutzung liefern, um sowohl in der Regel komplizierte Realitatsausschnitte angemessen darzustellen als auch um derartige Beschreibungen auf die Benutzerschnittstelle existierender oder realisierbarer, rechnergestutzter Datenverwaltungssysteme abzubilden.
Finding meaningful gaps to guide data acquisition for a radiation adjudication system

We consider the problem of identifying discrepancies between training and test data which are responsible for the reduced performance of a classification system. Intended for use when data acquisition is an iterative process controlled by domain experts, our method exposes insufficiencies of training data and presents them in a user-friendly manner. The system is capable of working with any classification system which admits diagnostics on test data. We illustrate the usefulness of our approach in recovering compact representations of the revealed gaps in training data and show that predictive accuracy of the resulting models is improved once the gaps are filled through collection of additional training samples.
Exact Maximum Inference for the Fertility Hidden Markov Model

The notion of fertility in word alignment (the number of words emitted by a single state) is useful but difficult to model. Initial attempts at modeling fertility used heuristic search methods. Recent approaches instead use more principled approximate inference techniques such as Gibbs sampling for parameter estimation. Yet in practice we also need the single best alignment, which is difficult to find using Gibbs. Building on recent advances in dual decomposition, this paper introduces an exact algorithm for finding the single best alignment with a fertility HMM. Finding the best alignment appears important, as this model leads to a substantial improvement in alignment quality.
Road-following formation control of autonomous ground vehicles

This work presents a novel cooperative path planning for formation keeping robots traversing along a road with obstacles and possible narrow passages. A unique challenge in this problem is a requirement for spatial and temporal coordination between vehicles while ensuring collision and obstacle avoidance. A two-step approach is used for fast real-time planning. The first step uses the A* search on a spatiotemporally extended graph to generate an obstacle-free path for the agent while the second step refines this path through local optimization to comply with dynamic and other vehicle constraints. This approach keeps robots close to their intended formation while giving them flexibility to negotiate narrow passages and obstacles, adhering to any given constraints.
A randomised trial of a computer-delivered screening and brief intervention for postpartum alcohol use.

Introduction and aims Most women cut down or quit alcohol use during pregnancy, but return to pre-pregnancy levels of use after giving birth. Universal screening and brief intervention for alcohol use has shown promise, but has proven challenging to implement and has rarely been evaluated with postpartum women. This trial evaluated a single 20-min, electronic screening and brief intervention (e-SBI) for alcohol use among postpartum women. Design and methods In this parallel group randomised trial, 123 postpartum, low-income, primarily African-American women meeting criteria for unhealthy alcohol use were randomly assigned to either a tailored e-SBI (n = 61) or a time-matched control condition (n = 62), with follow-up at 3 and 6 months. Hypotheses predicted that 7-day point-prevalence abstinence and drinking days would favour the e-SBI condition. Results No group differences were significant. Blinded follow-up evaluation revealed 7-day point prevalence of 75% for the e-SBI condition versus 82% for control at 3 months (odds ratio = 1.6) and 72% versus 73%, respectively, at 6 months. Drinking days in the past 90 and mean number of drinks per week also showed no significant differences. Discussion and conclusions This pilot trial failed to support a single-session e-SBI for alcohol use among postpartum women, although findings at the 3-month time point suggested that greater power might confirm transient effects of the e-SBI. As efficacy is likely to vary with e-SBI content and approach, future research should leverage technology's reproducibility and modularity to isolate key components. [Ondersma SJ, Svikis DS, Thacker LR, Beatty JR, Lockhart N. A randomised trial of a computer-delivered screening and brief intervention for postpartum alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:710-718].
The Effect of Various Neuromimetic, Anesthetic and Tranquilizing Drugs on Feather Release,

Abstract THE effect of drugs on the muscles of the feather follicle has received comparatively little attention. Langley (1904) used atropine, curari, apocodine and adrenalin and observed no effects upon the movements of the feathers. In contrast, nicotine, injected intravenously, resulted in a strong depression of the feathers of the body. A subsequent dose, however, failed to add any further effect upon the feathers. He further reported that strychine, following curari, caused irregular erection and depression of the feathers for one to two minutes. King (1920) showed that feather loosening occurred when chloroform, atropine, scopolamine, apomorphine, strychnine and amylnitrite were used. Adrenalin, ether and morphine, among several others, had no effect upon feather loosening, however. It has recently been reported that oral administration of sodium pentobarbital was effective in loosening the feathers (Huston and May, 1961). These workers reported that feather removal was 90 to 95 percent complete when the birds…
A New Environmentally Stable Posyitve Tone Chemically Amplified Resist System - KRS

It is known that one of the main shortcomings of chemically amplified resist systems is their sensitivity to airborne base contaminants. The contaminants cause unpredictable linewidth variations deeming the resist incompatible with manufacturing. Besides other issues, this drawback has greatly contributed to the slow introduction of DUV into manufacturing and discouragcd most semiconductor manufactures from including DUV in their strategic plans. In this paper, we present a new positive tone chemically amplified photoresist system which is resilient to airborne base contaminants and it shows stable linewidth for more than 24 hours delay between exposure and development. This resist has high sensitivity (17-18 mj/cm 2), high contrast (7), high resolution (0.35 um with λ = 248 rm and NA = 0.37) and large process latitude in deep-UV lithography. This resist also exhibits high resolution (0.1 um in 0.35 um thick resist) in E-beam lithography at a sensitivity of about 10 uC/cm 2. Both lithographic systems (deep-UV and E-beam) yield nearly vertical profiles in the resist images.
Intracranial action of oxytocin on sodium excretion by conscious dogs.

SummaryDoses of oxytocin that are ineffective intravenously produce natriuresis when injected into the carotid arteries or the third cerebral ventricles of conscious dogs. These observations appear consistent with the hypothesis that oxytocin exerts its natriuretic effect by acting upon some intracranial structure rather than directly upon the kidneys.
Spectral Asymmetry in Waveguide Facet Coatings

In this work, we explore the apparent asymmetrical nature of the properties of multilayer coatings applied to the facet of waveguides, and look at ways to use this knowledge for enhancing their performance.