cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capitalists, workers, and the burden of debt

Abstract This paper analyzes the burden of debt in a growth model that combines overlapping generations of workers who save for life-cycle reasons and dynastic agents who save for bequest reasons (‘capitalists’). Ricardian Equivalence prevails, but capitalists regard the debt serviced out of taxes on workers as net wealth. In the long run, the Cambridge Theorem holds: the relationship between the rate of profit and rate of growth is determined by the capitalist saving function, independently of worker or government saving. Two alternative closures are considered. Under exogenous growth constrained by a fully employed labor force, debt and deficits result in temporary effects on the distribution of income but permanent effects on the distribution of wealth. Under endogenous growth constrained by a fully utilized capital stock, debt and deficits result in temporary effects on the growth rates of the components of wealth and permanent effects on the level and distribution of capital.
Correlated noise filtering and invariant directions for the Riccati equation

The Riccati equation associated with a class of discrete-time correlated noise problems is examined, and the concept of invariant directions for this equation is introduced. For single-output systems the set of such directions is completely characterized. Deletion of these directions by an appropriate transformation of the Riccati equation results in a minimal order equation for computation. This transformation also reveals the underlying structure of the optimal filter for the correlated noise problem.
Robust State Estimation for Linear Systems

Real-time state estimation of a linear dynamic system using an observer, in the presence of modeling errors in the system model used by the observer and uncertainty in the initial system states, is considered here. A guideline for designing observers for multioutput systems is established, based on an expression for an upper bound on the norm of the state estimation error derived in this paper. An example is presented to illustrate the usefulness of this guideline.
Public housing transformation and the hard‐to‐house

Public housing transformation has largely failed to address the more complex needs of hard-to-house residents who have relied on public housing as a source of stable, if less than ideal, housing. The hard-to-house such as high-need households, grandparents caring for grandchildren, families with disabled members, very large households, and multiple-barrier families. For these vulnerable families, the same public housing transformation that may offer better housing and new opportunities for other tenants can be just one more blow. This brief lays out a strategy for serving hard-to-house residents who remain in distressed public housing or who are experiencing hardship as a result of HOPE VI-related relocation.
Applications of Global Positioning System Velocity-Based Attitude Information

Applications of aircraft attitude information obtained from single-antenna global positioning system (GPS) receiver measurements are discussed. A recently introduced framework to synthesize attitude information from GPS velocity vector measurements is reviewed. The framework combines the benee ts of high-quality GPS velocity measurementswithanovelvelocity-vector-basede ightcontrolparadigmtoprovideameansforthehumanoperator orautopilottoclosetheaircrafte ightcontrolloop.Threepossibleapplicationsofthisnovelconceptarediscussed.A single-antenna GPS-based backup attitude indicator is evaluated in e ight and compared to thetraditional attitude indicator. In addition, single-antenna GPS-based autopilot and tunnel-in-the-sky trajectory guidance systems are demonstrated in e ight. Unlike traditional attitude indicators and autopilot and trajectory guidance systems, these applications rely solely on the information obtained from a single-antenna GPS receiver. This concept thus has signie cant system integration and cost advantages and makes a number of glass-cockpit capabilities affordable to the General Aviation aircraft community.
Phase I Trial of Intravesical Docetaxel in the Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer Refractory to Standard Intravesical Therapy

Purpose Up to 50% of patients treated with intravesical agents for superficial bladder cancer will experience recurrence. Response rates to second-line intravesical therapies range from 20% to 40%. For these high-risk patients, novel agents are necessary to prevent recurrence. Docetaxel is a microtubule depolymerization inhibitor with unique physiochemical properties, making it an excellent candidate for investigation as an intravesical agent. Patients and Methods This phase I trial included patients with recurrent Ta, T1, and Tis transitional cell carcinoma who experienced treatment failure with at least one prior intravesical treatment. Docetaxel was administered as six weekly instillations at a starting dose of 5 mg, with a dose-escalation model used until a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was achieved. Primary end points were dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and MTD. Efficacy was evaluated by cystoscopy with biopsy, cytology, and computed tomography imaging. Results Eighteen patients (100%) completed the trial, and the distribution of stages included six patients with Tis, seven with Ta, and five with T1 disease. No grade 3 or 4 DLTs occurred in 108 infusions, and no patient had systemic absorption of docetaxel. Eight (44%) of 18 patients experienced grade 1 or 2 toxicities, with dysuria being the most common. Ten (56%) of 18 patients had no evidence of disease at their post-treatment cystoscopy and biopsy. None of the patients who experienced relapse had disease progression. Conclusion Intravesical docetaxel exhibited minimal toxicity and no systemic absorption in the first human intravesical clinical trial. This suggests that docetaxel is a safe agent for further evaluation of efficacy in a phase II trial.
Age-dependent allozymic variation in a natural population of lizards

An analysis of allozymic variation at 17 loci in a population of the sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus) in southern Utah yielded an estimate of genic heterozygosity of 0.028. Seven of the loci were variable, but only one, Est-1, was strongly polymorphic. The observation that the frequency of the common genotype (MM) at the Est-1 locus declined monotonically in successive age classes from O. 74 in hatchlings to 0.58 in adults 4 years old or older suggests that allele frequencies at this locus are not independent of selective influences.
MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX IMAGING FOR CANCER DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES.

Mitochondrial redox states provide important information about energy-linked biological processes and signaling events in tissues for various disease phenotypes including cancer. The redox scanning method developed at the Chance laboratory about 30 years ago has allowed 3D high-resolution (~50 × 50 × 10 μm3) imaging of mitochondrial redox state in tissue on the basis of the fluorescence of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and Fp (oxidized flavoproteins including flavin adenine dinucleotide, i.e., FAD). In this review, we illustrate its basic principles, recent technical developments, and biomedical applications to cancer diagnostic and therapeutic studies in small animal models. Recently developed calibration procedures for the redox imaging using reference standards allow quantification of nominal NADH and Fp concentrations, and the concentration-based redox ratios, e.g., Fp/(Fp+NADH) and NADH/(Fp+NADH) in tissues. This calibration facilitates the comparison of redox imaging results acquired for different metabolic states at different times and/or with different instrumental settings. A redox imager using a CCD detector has been developed to acquire 3D images faster and with a higher in-plane resolution down to 10 μm. Ex vivo imaging and in vivo imaging of tissue mitochondrial redox status have been demonstrated with the CCD imager. Applications of tissue redox imaging in small animal cancer models include metabolic imaging of glioma and myc-induced mouse mammary tumors, predicting the metastatic potentials of human melanoma and breast cancer mouse xenografts, differentiating precancerous and normal tissues, and monitoring the tumor treatment response to photodynamic therapy. Possible future directions for the development of redox imaging are also discussed.
Web Surveys to Digital Movies: Technological Tools of the Trade

The purpose of this discussion is to highlight some of the technological tools of our trade. The irony in sharing information about Webbased tools is that many remain current for about a nanosecond. Bleeding-edge tools and applications are purposely excluded from this discussion. A select set of Internet or Webbased tools that have survived the novelty stage are presented, including Web surveys, digital photography, voice recognition, file sharing, videoconferencing on the Internet, instantaneous chat rooms, and digital movies. Benefits and a few cautions are presented.
Downregulation of microRNA-29 by antisense inhibitors and a PPAR-γ agonist protects against myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury

Aims MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate various cardiac processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis. Pioglitazone (PIO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist, protects against myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. We assessed the effects of PPAR-γ activation on myocardial miRNA levels and the role of miRNAs in IR injury. Methods and results We evaluated the expression changes of miRNAs in the rat heart after PIO administration using miRNA arrays and then confirmed the result by northern blot. miR-29a and c levels decreased remarkably after 7-day treatment with PIO. In H9c2 cells, the effects of PIO and rosiglitazone on miR-29 expression levels were blocked by a selective PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. Downregulation of miR-29 by antisense inhibitor or by PIO protected H9c2 cells from simulated IR injury, indicated as increased cell survival and decreased caspase-3 activity. In contrast, overexpressing miR-29 promoted apoptosis and completely blocked the protective effect of PIO. Antagomirs against miR-29a or -29c significantly reduced myocardial infarct size and apoptosis in hearts subjected to IR injury. Western blot analyses demonstrated that Mcl-2, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, was increased by miR-29 inhibition. Conclusion Downregulation of miR-29 protected hearts against IR injury. The modulation of miRNAs can be achieved by pharmacological intervention. These findings provide a rationale for the development of miRNA-based strategies for the attenuation of IR injury.
Vulvodynia: New Concepts and Review of the Literature

Vulvodynia is a multifactorial chronic pain disorder that is distressing to the patient and exigent to the physician. Although the condition is common, it remains little understood, so patients remain undiagnosed and untreated or undertreated for many years. Although multiple therapies exist in the treatment of vulvodynia, few randomized controlled clinical trials have been performed. Thus, treatment should be individualized and tailored to a patient's diagnosis, symptoms, and psychosexual functioning. Patient education is also important and is facilitated by patient brochures providing assurance that vulvodynia is a real disease.
Root, shoot tissues of Brassica juncea and Cereal secale promote potato health

Brassica species are increasingly being used as cover crops to suppress soil-borne diseases in potato cropping systems. Experiments were conducted in controlled environments and in the field to evaluate the effects of cover crop root or shoot or a combination of root and shoot tissues on potato root and tuber health. In a lab assay we examined the extent to which volatile compounds released from tissues of two cover crop species, rye (Cereale secale L.) and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.), could inhibit mycelium growth of two important potato diseases, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum. Twenty-four hours into the lab assay, volatile compounds from all residues suppressed fungal growth. After 48 h, marked suppression of hyphal growth continued in the presence of mustard residues but not in the presence of rye tissues or the control without tissues. A 75 L volume container experiment evaluated the effect of incorporating different quantities of mustard shoot and root tissues (none, comparable to field level and fourfold field level) into R. solani and P. ultimum infested soil on potato growth, root health and tuber disease. In the container study, incorporating mustard shoots at the highest dose increased potato yield by 54% and reduced disease rating to 2.3 compared to a severe rating of 4.4 in the control. In the field trial, potato growth, root health and tuber disease levels were evaluated in plots where disease management involved either incorporation of mustard or rye cover crop roots, shoots and whole plants (roots plus shoots) or standard farmer practice of a fumigated fallow as a control. White root tissue was used as a health indicator, and averaged 58 and 78% in the fumigated control and mustard cover crop treatments, respectively. The highest healthy root tissue status (91%) was recorded where whole plants of mustard were incorporated. In contrast to the visual assessment of root and tuber health, tuber yield in the field was not influenced by cover crop treatment. Across experiments, the incorporation of or exposure to whole mustard plants was consistently effective at suppressing soil-borne fungi and promoting healthy roots and tubers, especially at higher rates of biomass. Mustard should be managed so as to maximize incorporated biomass for effective biofumigation. Multipurpose management requiring removal of mustard shoots is incompatible with promoting potato rhizosphere health.
Depressive symptoms and mental adjustment in women with breast cancer.

Objective Depression is the most common psychological disorder observed in breast cancer patients. The purposes of this study were: to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms among women with breast cancer; and examine the association of depressive symptoms and demographic and clinical variables as well as the association between mental adjustment to cancer and level of depressive symptoms. Methods A total of 150 breast-cancer-diagnosed women were recruited in an Oncology Hospital. The Beck Depression Inventory and The Mini Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale were administered. Results Most of the patients had clinically significant symptoms of depression (56.5%), and there were few women without clinically significant depressive symptoms (18.4%). Both educational level (p < .001) and marital status (p = .041) are associated with depression symptoms. More depression was associated with more helplessness/hopelessness and anxious preoccupation and less fighting spirit and cognitive avoidance. Conclusions Specific interventions for women with breast cancer should be carried out in order to enhance the mental health and resilience behaviors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple-incidence and multifrequency for profile reconstruction of random rough surfaces using the 3-D electromagnetic fast multipole model

A fast algorithm for reconstructing the profile of random rough surfaces using electromagnetic scattering data is presented. The algorithm is based on merging a fast forward solver and an efficient optimization technique. The steepest descent fast multipole method is used as the three-dimensional fast forward solver. A rapidly convergent descent method employing a "marching-on" strategy for processing multifrequency and multi-incidence angle data is introduced to minimize an underlying cost function. The cost function represents the error between true (synthetic) and simulated scattered field data. Several key issues that impact the accuracy in reconstructing the rough profile are examined in this work, e.g., the location and number of receivers, the incident and scattered directions, the surface roughness, and details regarding the manner in which sensitivity information is computed in the inversion scheme. The results show that using the multiple-incidence (one angle at a time) and the multifrequency (one frequency at a time) strategies lead to improve the profile reconstruction.
Membrane Alteration and the Formation of Metachromatic Granules in Escherichia coli Treated with p-Fluorophenylalanine

The effect of p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA) on growing cultures of Escherichia coli was studied with regard to the composition and morphology of the cell envelope. A cell wall fraction was prepared by autolysis in hypertonic medium, and the resulting spheroplasts were osmotically lysed to obtain a cytoplasmic membrane fraction. Incorporation of labeled phenylalanine, FPA, and N-acetylglucosamine into both fractions of FPA-inhibited cells suggested that the composition of the membrane changed with time, whereas that of the cell wall remained relatively constant. Amino acid analysis revealed changes in the composition of the membrane fraction after FPA inhibition. Electron micrographs of shadowed cells and membranes revealed the presence of electron-dense metachromatic granules during the early stages of FPA inhibition.
Salt, blood pressure, and human health

The positive relation of sodium intake and blood pressure, first recognized a century ago, has been well established in ecological, epidemiological, and experimental human studies. Equally well established is the association of increasing blood pressure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, the pharmacological capacity to reduce blood pressure has produced one of the great public health accomplishments of the 20th century. These two facts-the positive relation of blood pressure to strokes and heat attacks and the positive association of sodium intake to blood pressure-underlie the hypothesis that a reduction in sodium intake, by virtue of its hypotensive effect, might prevent strokes and heart attacks. Moreover, even if the effect on blood pressure were in the range of a 1- to 2-mm Hg decline in blood pressure for every 75- to 100-mmol difference in sodium intake, the impact of such a change, applied to the whole population, would be enormous. The problem with this appealing possibility is that a reduction in salt consumption of this magnitude has other-and sometimes adverse-health consequences. The question, therefore, is whether the beneficial hypotensive effects of sodium restriction will outweigh its hazards. Unfortunately, few data link sodium intake to health outcomes, and that which is available is inconsistent. Without knowledge of the sum of the multiple effects of a reduced sodium diet, no single universal prescription for sodium intake can be scientifically justified.
Vibrational analysis of stabilized lasers

Frequency-stabilized lasers are routinely used in a variety of research and application areas relating to laser-cooled atoms. Important applications in the cold-atom regime include atomic time keeping, inertial navigation, gravitational sensing, and magnetometry. The number of applications based on frequency stabilized lasers is increasing and at the same time, there is a push to miniaturize devices base on these applications. As devices become smaller and more mobile, it will become increasingly important to be able to measure and understand the effects of vibration on the individual devices as a whole, as well as the frequency-stabilized laser subsystems. Here we present preliminary vibration studies of a lab-built laser system based on a monolithic semiconductor laser diode frequency stabilized to the D2 transition in 87Rb using FM saturated absorption spectroscopy.
Comparing simulation techniques for microarchitecture-aware floorplanning

Due to the long simulation times of the reference input sets, microarchitects resort to alternative techniques to speed up cycle-accurate simulations. However, the reduction in the runtimes comes with an associated loss of accuracy in replicating the characteristics of the reference sets. In addition, the effect of these inaccuracies on the overall performance can vary across different microarchitecture optimizations or enhancements. In this work, we study and compare two such techniques, reduced input sets and statistical sampling, in the context of microarchitecture-aware floorplanning, a physical design stage, where the objective is to find an IPC-optimal global placement of the blocks of a microprocessor. The variation in the IPC results due the insertion of additional flip-flops on some across-chip wires of the processor that have multicycle delays in nanometer technology nodes. The objective of IPC-aware floorplanning is to minimize the amount of pipelining required by the system buses that are critical in determining the system performance. Our results indicate that, although the two techniques exhibit contrasting behavior in quantifying the criticality of bus latencies, the ensuing floorplanning optimization process results in almost identical performance improvements for both reduced input sets and sampling. The reason behind this is that, for discrete optimization problems such as IPC-aware floorplanning, a reasonably accurate relative ordering of performance bottlenecks is sufficient, absolute accuracy is not necessary.
Nascent and Complex: What Is the Focus of Trust Research?

The article reviews the book "Nascent and Complex: What Is the Focus of Trust Research?" by Joann Keyton.
Use of aspirin for primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention in the United States, 2011-2012.

BackgroundAspirin use has been shown to be an effective tool in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention among high‐risk patients. The patient‐reported physician recommendation for aspirin as preven...
Rfam 11.0: 10 years of RNA families

The Rfam database (available via the website at http://rfam.sanger.ac.uk and through our mirror at http://rfam.janelia.org) is a collection of non-coding RNA families, primarily RNAs with a conserved RNA secondary structure, including both RNA genes and mRNA cis-regulatory elements. Each family is represented by a multiple sequence alignment, predicted secondary structure and covariance model. Here we discuss updates to the database in the latest release, Rfam 11.0, including the introduction of genome-based alignments for large families, the introduction of the Rfam Biomart as well as other user interface improvements. Rfam is available under the Creative Commons Zero license.
Selection and Socialization of Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social‐Cognitive Processes

This study evaluated the extent to which fourth-grade students (M age = 8.62) select and are influenced by their peers' aggressive and prosocial behavior and the extent to which intra-individual social cognitions moderate these processes. Two waves of data were collected in the fall and spring of one academic year from children attending 18 New York City public elementary schools. Stochastic actor-based social network analysis was used to evaluate whether participants modify their network or behavior in response to the behavior of their peers. Findings support an average main effect of peer influence of aggression, as well as an interaction indicating that participants with high levels of hostile attributional bias have higher odds of adopting the aggressive behavior of their peers.
Optimization of integrated spiral inductors using sequential quadratic programming

The optimization of integrated spiral inductors has great practical importance. Previous optimization methods used in this field are either too slow or depend on very simplified assumptions in the device modeling which result in the algorithm only applicable to low-frequency cases. In this paper, we propose using the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) approach to optimize the on-chip spiral inductors. A physical model based on first principles is used in the back-end device-parameter extraction engine which makes the algorithm suitable to the optimization at any frequency range. In addition, compared with enumeration, which is used in many inductance optimization packages, our experiments show that the SQP algorithm can achieve at least an order of magnitude speedup while maintaining the same quality of the optimized design.
Robust multicasting using an underlying link state unicast protocol

In order for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) to be a viable alternative to infrastructured wired and wireless networks, efficient reliable multicast protocols need to be established. In this paper, we propose a Robust Multicast Routing algorithm (RoMR), for ad-hoc networks. In order to increase reliability, RoMR builds multiple trees from a sender to each of the receivers in the multicast group. A novel technique to predict the likelihood that a link will continue to exist into the next time span is based on successive power levels of the received signal from neighboring nodes. These predictions are used during the creation of the multicast trees. Another unique aspect of RoMR is that links that are predicted to be less prone to failure than other links may be shared among several trees. Forward error correcting coding techniques reduce the total number of extra packets added to the original data packets from the source into the network increasing the efficiency of protocol.
Factors Associated With Utilization of an Inpatient Palliative Care Consultation Service in an Urban Public Hospital

Rationale: To evaluate factors associated with palliative care consultation (PCC) in an urban public hospital. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients who died on inpatient medical services. Results: Patients with a PCC were more likely to have a “do not resuscitate” (DNR) order at the time of death (p<0.001) and had a decreased likelihood of death in the ICU (p<0.001). Factors associated with PCC in a multivariate analysis included: cancer diagnosis (p=0.01), at least a high school education (p=0.04), older age (p=.003), and birth outside the US (p=0.03). Conclusion: The increased PCC utilization for immigrants is in contrast to previously reported literature. This increased use may be because access to services in a municipal hospital is not driven by demographic and socioeconomic factors.
The king and eye: the rule of the father in Greek tragedy

Athenian tragedy is a ‘representation of elite practice …’, focusing primarily on the actions of ‘people superior to us’ in their moral and social station. Although it is debatable exactly what Aristotle means by σπουδαῖος in the context of a tragic plot, and to what degree his theory of tragedy is wedded to a belief in the social, as well as ethical, ‘superiority’ of the leading characters, there is no denying the obvious fact that the surviving plays draw a sharp line between the ‘serious’ (or ‘better kind of’) characters, whose decisions, actions, and sufferings form the core (or ‘soul’) of the plot, and the minor characters (‘us’) who form the socio-political context for those decisions and actions, and whose attitudes and desires tend to be affected by, but never to cause or determine, the key crises and reversals of that plot. The ‘serious’ characters are invariably royal or noble, while the minor characters are of markedly lower status. Thus, while it may be correct to describe Athenian tragedy as ‘polyphonic’ and ‘egalitarian’ in its form, in so far as it gives generous opportunities for female, servile, foreign, and lower-class voices to be heard, along with – and even in opposition to – the voices of the aristocratic main characters, the trajectory of the plots, along with the costumes and spatial arrangements of the theatre itself, nonetheless tend to reassert very strongly the differences between high and low, ‘superior’ and ordinary.
LINK-REPORT: Outcome Analysis of Informal Learning at Scale

We present LINK-REPORT, a distributed learning outcome analysis module that is integrated with the WISEngineering platform for supporting informal learning in engineering. LINK-REPORT provides a coherent workflow of outcome analysis: starting from development of learning outcome goals, to learner behavior collection, to automated grading of open ended short answer questions, and to report generation and aggregation. It generates learning data for research opportunities in modeling of learner traits.
Gaucher disease II: a case report

Objectives To investigate the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of Gaucher disease. Methods The clinical features, enzyme activities and genetypes of an infant with Gaucher disease II were analyzed. Results The main clinical manifestations of the infant included hepatosplenomegaly, ocular dyscinesia and mental retardation. Gaucher′s cells could be seen in the bone marrow aspirates. Glucocerebrosidase activity was low(0.3 nmol/g/min). Serum chitotriosidase activity was high(87317 nmol/L/min). GBA mutations were M85T(c.371TC) and R120W(c.475CT). Conlusions Main features of Gaucher disease II are hepatosplenomegaly with nerve system injury. Glucocerebrosidase activity and gene analysis are important for the diagnosis of Gaucher disease.
Effects of Daphnetin on Biological Function of C. elegans

Using C. elegans as model, the effects of daphnetin on biological functions of C. elegans were studied. The results showed that the effects of daphnetin on lifespan of C. elegans were dose-dependent. In 300μg/mL and 500μg/mL cultured C. elegans, the lifespan was both shortened, in 500μg/mLgroup, the shortening effectwas more obvious, and the shortening rate of F2generation was higher than that of F1generation, indicating that toxicity of daphnetin to C. elegans was accumulative. The results also showed thatwormsof bothgroupshad abnormal developmentand theywere concentrationdependent.With the increase of daphnetin concentration, the number of abnormally developed C. elegans increased,and proportion of abnormal developmentofF1generationwas higherthan thatofF2generation, indicating that abnormal developmentwas not related to heredity or toxicity accumulation.
Coordinate Regulation of Zinc Metabolism and Metallothionein Gene Expression by cAMP, Interleukin-1 and Dietary Copper and Zinc

Our laboratory has placed considerable effort toward understanding regulation of mammalian zinc and copper metabolism at the cellular and molecular level. It is clear from more recent experiments that these metabolic controls are complex, involve a variety of hormones and exhibit tissue specificity. The literature has been reviewed recently and only most relevant past references will be cited here (1,2).
Oxytocin receptor dynamics in the brain across development and species

Oxytocin (OXT) signaling through the OXT receptor plays a significant role in a variety of physiological processes throughout the lifespan. OXT's effects depend on the tissue distribution of the receptor. This tissue specificity is dynamic and changes across development, and also varies with sex, experience, and species. The purpose of this review is to highlight these themes with examples from several life stages and several species. Important knowledge gaps will also be emphasized. Understanding the effective sites of action for OXT via its receptor will help refine hypotheses about the roles of this important neuropeptide in the experience-dependent development and expression of species-typical social behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 143-157, 2017.
International Implications of National Pesticide Regulations

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the international implications of pesticide regulations in the U.S. The U.S. does not permit the local community to regulate the use of pesticides (though, of course, they are encouraged to cooperate in integrated pest management systems). Broad restrictions on pesticides can only be done by the state or federal governments. A major problem of international significance involves restrictions on the availability of certain pesticides in some countries but not others. The principles involved in this problem are similar to those with international tolerances. Basically, no pesticide can be used with absolute safety. Another international problem of major concern is the mobility of persistent pesticidal residues that may move across international boundaries which may provide no barrier to the movement of pesticides, just as is true for the pests themselves.
The Role of Plastic Debris as Another Source of Hazardous Chemicals in Lower-Trophic Level Organisms

Over the last decade, it has become indisputable that small plastic debris contaminates habitats and wildlife globally. Of concern is that this material, which is ingested by hundreds of species across multiple trophic levels, is associated with a complex mixture of hazardous chemicals. Models, laboratory exposures, and field studies have all demonstrated that plastic debris can act as a source for hazardous chemicals to bioaccumulate in animals. This has been demonstrated with several plastic types, including polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane foam, and polyethylene, and for several different organic chemicals, including PCBs, PAHs, PBDEs, triclosan, and nonylphenol. What remains less certain is the ecological importance of this transfer, i.e., the relative contribution of plastic as a source of chemicals to wildlife relative to other sources. Experimental data suggests that for some chemicals and under certain exposure scenarios, plastic debris may be a relatively important source of chemicals, including at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations. Toxicological studies in the laboratory demonstrate adverse effects from the combination of plastic and hazardous chemicals in fish and lugworms. Further research is warranted to better understand the mechanisms by which plastic-associated contaminants transfer to organisms and if the chemicals are biomagnified in higher trophic level animals leading to ecological consequences or even human health effects via consumption of contaminated seafood.
Sepsis Mimicker in an Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patient.

ABSTRACT A 22-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-infected male presented with fever, rash, hypotension, and renal insufficiency 18 days following initiation of therapy with an efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimen. Although rash is a common side effect of efavirenz, severe hypersensitivity reactions are rare. Systemic symptoms can include hepatic toxicity and pneumonitis, and in one instance death. Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment.
Testing Rank Similarity

Abstract We introduce a test of the rank invariance or rank similarity assumption common in treatment effects and instrumental variables models. The test probes the implication that the conditional distribution of ranks should be identical across treatment states using a regression-based test statistic. We apply the test to data from the Tennessee STAR class-size reduction experiment and show that systematic slippages in rank can be important statistically and economically. JEL codes: C12, C21, C26
Isolated Single Umbilical Artery and Fetal Echocardiography: A 25-Year Experience at a Tertiary Care City Hospital

Objectives To review our 25-year experience with a single umbilical artery and fetal echocardiography to estimate the need for this test in cases of an isolated single umbilical artery. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 436 patients with a diagnosis of a single umbilical artery at our institution between 1990 and 2015. Two hundred eighty-eight women had both an anatomic survey and a fetal echocardiogram. Pregnancies with concurrent extracardiac anomalies or aneuploidy were excluded. The study population was divided into 3 groups based on cardiac views on the anatomic survey: normal, incomplete, and suspicious. Echocardiographic results were compared among the 3 groups. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of cardiac anomalies in the normal group at fetal echocardiography. The data were analyzed by the χ2 test or Fisher exact test. Results The mean maternal age ± SD of the group was 29.2 ± 6.2 years; 44.1% were primiparas. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 22.6 ± 5.2 weeks, and the mean gestational age at fetal echocardiography was 25.1 ± 3.6 weeks. In the normal group, 99.1% (230 of 232) of women had a normal fetal echocardiogram; the 2 abnormal cases were ventricular septal defects. Normal echocardiograms were obtained in 81.8% (36 of 44) and 25.0% (3 of 12) of the “incomplete” and “suspicious” groups, respectively. Conclusions Fetuses with a single umbilical artery, in the absence of structural abnormalities, and with normal cardiac views at the time of the anatomic survey do not warrant an echocardiogram.
Embodied Interaction as Designed Mediation of Conceptual Performance

Can conceptual understanding emerge from embodied interaction? We believe the answer is affirmative, provided that individuals engaged in embodied-interaction activity enjoy structured opportunities to describe their physical actions using instruments, language, and forms pertaining to the targeted concept. In this chapter, we draw on existing literature on embodiment and artifacts to coin and elaborate on the construct of an embodied artifact—a cognitive product of rehearsed performance such as, for example, an arabesque penchee in dance or a flying sidekick in martial arts. We argue that embodied artifacts may encapsulate or “package” cultural knowledge for entry into disciplinary competence not only in explicitly embodied domains, such as dance or martial arts, but also implicitly embodied domains, such as mathematics. Furthermore, we offer that current motion-sensitive cyber-technologies may enable the engineering of precisely the type of learning environments capable of leveraging embodied artifacts as both means of learning and means for studying how learning occurs. We demonstrate one such environment, the Mathematical Imagery Trainer for Proportion (MIT–P), engineered in the context of a design-based research study investigating the mediated emergence of mathematical notions from embodied-interaction instructional activities. In particular, we discuss innovative features of the MIT–P in terms of the technological artifact as well as its user experience. We predict that embodied interaction will become a focus of design for and research on mathematical learning.
The ever-changing engram: towards an integrated understanding of long-term memory dynamics.

We are witnessing exciting times in memory research – the traditional view of long-term memory as a stable entity is being replaced by the opposing idea that long-term memory is in fact fundamental...
Global in time stability and accuracy of IMEX-FEM data assimilation schemes for Navier–Stokes equations

Abstract We study numerical schemes for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using IMEX temporal discretizations, finite element spatial discretizations, and equipped with continuous data assimilation (a technique recently developed by Azouani et al. (2014)). We analyze stability and accuracy of the proposed methods, and are able to prove well-posedness, long time stability, and long time accuracy estimates, under restrictions of the time step size and data assimilation parameter. We give results for several numerical tests that illustrate the theory, and show that, for good results, the choice of discretization parameter and element choices can be critical.
Towards investigation of iterative strategy for data mining of short-term traffic flow with Recurrent Neural Networks

The smart cities of modern nations rely on the smooth flow of transportation that depends on the predictions of the traffic flow patterns. Since last few years, deep learning based methods have emerged to show better results for short-term traffic ow prediction. For multi-step-ahead prediction, researchers applying statistical methods have used the iterative strategies for preparing input data and building forecast models. In studies applying recurrent neural networks (RNN), the iterative strategies are not used. Hence, we investigate the usage of an iterative strategy for building the RNN models for short-term traffic flow forecasting.
Effect of Load Rate On Notch Toughness of Glass FRP Subjected to Moisture And Low Temperature

An investigation was conducted into the effects of moisture, low temperatures and load rate on the parallel-to-the-fiber notched impact toughness of a pultruded glass-fiber reinforced polymer composite. Tests were performed at 2 load rate levels using Izod (low load rate) and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (high load rate) impact devices. For each load rate, specimens were tested at 2 moisture levels and 4 temperature levels (25 −5 −25 and −50 C). The results reveal that load rate has the greatest influence on fracture sensitivity for a notched specimen; increasing the rate of loading results in increased mean notch toughness values regardless of moisture content or temperature. It was also determined that, as temperatures are reduced below −25 C, the mean notch toughness increases for all test groups. At room temperature the effect of moisture is dependent upon the rate of loading. At low load rates, absorbed moisture is beneficial to fracture sensitivity, but at high load rates the absorbed moisture tends to reduce the notch toughness of the composite. A discussion is also provided on the effects of high load rate on the composite strength and stiffness.
Antral atrophy, Helicobacter pylori colonization, and gastric pH

The association between the topographic distribution of Helicobacter pylori colonization, inflammation and atrophy of the gastric mucosa, and fasting gastric pH was studied in a population with high prevalence of multifocal atrophic gastritis. Increasing atrophy of the antrum was associated with decreasing H pylori colonization of the antrum itself, but increasing colonization of the corpus. Advanced atrophy was associated with high fasting gastric pH. However, after therapeutic eradication of H pylori, inflammation subsided and gastric pH decreased indicating improved acid secretion despite persistent atrophy. The authors propose that antral atrophy fosters the colonization of oxyntic mucosa by H pylori, thus impairing acid secretion and causing hypochlorhydria that may further promote colonization of the oxyntic mucosa. Eradication of H pylori significantly improves hypochlorhydria. It may restore acid secretion in most patients, regardless of the presence of atrophy, which is an effect that may be of great benefit in halting the process of gastric carcinogenesis.
Contemporary Lifestyle Modification Interventions to Improve Metabolic Comorbidities in HIV

Metabolic comorbidities including diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all of which are traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors that are highly prevalent in people with HIV (PWH). Bone disease including osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures is also prevalent in PWH. These comorbidities may be prevented and treated in part with lifestyle modification, including changes to dietary and physical habits. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature that characterizes current lifestyle habits in PWH as well as the effectiveness of lifestyle strategies to improve metabolic comorbidities prevalent in PWH. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge regarding the current lifestyle habits of PWH as well as the potential for lifestyle modification to prevent or improve comorbidities prevalent in PWH. Clinical trials focusing on lifestyle modification have shown some benefit of such interventions on traditional risk factors for comorbidities; however, significant heterogeneity exists between studies and results are not consistent. Further clinical trials are needed including developing lifestyle strategies that are feasible, effective, and sustainable to prevent and decrease prevalence of comorbidities in this population.
Spatially aware deep learning improves identification of retinal pigment epithelial cells with heterogeneous fluorescence levels visualized using adaptive optics

Defects in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which nourish retinal neurosensory photoreceptor cells, contribute to many blinding diseases. Recently, the combination of adaptive optics (AO) imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) has enabled the visualization of RPE cells directly in patients’ eyes, which makes it possible to monitor cellular status in real time. However, RPE cells visualized using AO-ICG have ambiguous boundaries and minimal intracellular contrast, making it difficult for computer algorithms to identify cells solely based on image appearance information. Here, we demonstrate the importance of providing spatial information for deep learning networks. We used a training dataset containing 1,633 AO images and a separate dataset containing 250 images for validation. Whereas the original LinkNet was unable to reliably identify low-contrast RPE cells, we found that our proposed spatially-aware LinkNet which has direct access to additional spatial information about the hexagonal arrangement of RPE cells (auxiliary spatial constraints) achieved better results. The overall precision, recall, and F1 score from the spatially aware deep learning method were 92.1±4.3%, 88.2±5.7%, and 90.0±3.8% (mean±SD) respectively, which was significantly better than the original LinkNet with 92.0±4.6%, 57.9±13.3%, and 70.0±10.6 (p<0.05). These experimental results demonstrate that the auxiliary spatial constraints are the key factor for improving RPE identification accuracy. Explicit incorporation of spatial constraints into existing deep learning networks may be useful for handling images with known spatial constraints and low image intensity information at cell boundaries.
Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces

Abstract This book chapter gives an overview of noninvasive brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) that replace, restore, enhance, supplement, or improve human functions. Each of the sections in the chapter is dedicated to one of the four different purposes that a BCI may serve and that have been realized as of this writing.
Inherited and Congenital Thrombocytopenia

Inherited forms of thrombocytopenia are rare entities comprising decreased or defective platelet production. Oftentimes, this finding is associated with bone marrow failure syndromes or other genetic disorders. Prompt recognition and diagnosis through algorithmic testing is key in order to provide anticipatory guidance, prevention of bleeding complications, and screening for associated syndromic medical comorbidities. Treatment is generally supportive, and prognosis depends on the underlying cause.
The Role of Science and Advocacy Regarding a Chronic Health Condition

This paper explores an illness, chronic fatigue syndrome, that is ambiguous in nature and has engendered problematic, stigmatizing societal responses to it. In addition, it offers research strategies to prevent the stigmatization caused by biases and unexamined assumptions about the nature and likely etiology of this disorder. In addition, it offers research strategies to prevent stigmatization caused by biases and unexamined assumptions. In the area of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), key decisions regarding the name, case definition, epidemiology and treatment were made many years ago within a sociopolitical context in which CFS was assumed to be a psychologically-based problem (Friedberg & Jason, 1998). In part, some of the decisions may have been due to the predominance of female patients with this illness, whose medical complaints have historically been discredited by the predominantly male establishment ([Richman & Jason, in press; Richman, Jason, Taylor, & Jahn, 2000). Many physicians and other professionals have continued to believe that most individuals with this syndrome have a predominant psychiatric illness. Many CFS activists have argued that the current name contributes to the invalidation and stigmatization process. Due to the controversy surrounding the name, etiology, and diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome, people with the illness frequently face disbelieving attitudes from their doctors, family and/or friends, and many experience profound losses in their support systems ([Jason et al., 1997).