cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auto-ignition of hydrazine by engineering materials

Hydrazine, being a monopropellant, can explode and/or detonate in contact with some materials. This has been generally recognized and minimized by testing the compatibility of engineering materials with hydrazine at ambient temperature. Very limited tests have been done at elevated temperatures. To assess the potential hazard of hydrazine leakage into a propulsion compartment (boattail), autoignition characteristics of hydrazine were tested on 18 engineering materials and coatings at temperatures of 120 C to over 330 C. Furthermore, since hydrazine can decompose violently in nitrogen or helium, common purging cannot assure safety. Therefore tests were also made in nitrogen. Detonations occurred on contact with five materials in air. Similar tests in nitrogen did not lead to ignition.
Sensor technologies for anti-counterfeiting

Product counterfeiting has become an emerging brand-security issue for commodity consumables. In recent years, innovative technologies have been introduced in response to this important issue. Because of their sensitivity, convenience to management, and relative rapid results, sensors have drawn attention for their application in the fight against counterfeiting. In this article, we provide an overview of the latest development in sensors that can be used for anti-counterfeiting purposes. We also focus on introducing various innovative sensors that could be employed in smart packaging, including biosensors, nanosensors, and radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors. At the same time, the article discusses current and potential applications of the sensors, challenges of implementing them, and an outlook of sensors in packaging industry for anti-counterfeiting strategies.
Emerging Anticancer Therapeutic Targets and the Cardiovascular System Is There Cause for Concern

The race for a cure to cancer continues, fueled by unprecedented discoveries of fundamental biology underlying carcinogenesis and tumorogenesis. The expansion of the target list and tools to approach them is moving the oncology community extraordinarily rapidly to clinical trials, bringing new hope for cancer victims. This effort is also propelling biological discoveries in cardiovascular research as many of the targets being explored in cancer play fundamental roles in the heart and vasculature. The combined efforts of cardiovascular and cancer biologists, along with clinical investigators in these fields, will be needed to understand how to safely exploit these efforts. Here we discuss a few of the many research foci in oncology where we believe such collaboration will be particularly important.
Neurofilament distribution and organization in the myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system

Abstract The nature of neurofilament organization within the axonal cytoskeleton has been the subject of controversy for many years. Previous reports have suggested that neurofilaments are randomly distributed in the radial dimension of the myelinated axon. Randomness of distribution implies that there is no interaction between neurofilaments, while order in distribution suggest the presence of forces between neurofilaments. To address the issue of randomness vs. order, we evaluated neurofilament distribution by two different statistical approaches—nearest-neighbor distance and the Poisson tile-counting method. Neurofilament nearest-neighbor distances in a myelinated axon differ from nearest-neighbor distances of a set of random points with similar density (40.6 ± 7.0nm vs.30.7 ± 12.9nm, P
Doctor‐patient negotiation of cultural assumptions

This paper simultaneously examines the relationship between norms as features of the social structure and norms as interactional accomplishments. Doctors as cultural members share a set of social facts about women as part of their common stock of knowledge. By posing these facts in a reflexive relationship with the interactional work participants do in specific settings we are able to display how doctors acting as ‘secret apprentices’ ferret cultural assumptions from medical interactions. A detailed comparison of two cases with the same doctor provide the data to examine the ways norms about patients qua women emerged and were negotiated against a background of cultural expectations or assumptions about women. This comparison reveals how divergent assumptions about women emerge, structure the discourse and influence the delivery of health care.
Motility of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils: Microscopic analysis of substrate adhesion and distribution of F-actin

Directed movement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) requires cell polarization and the orderly making and breaking of cell-substrate contacts. We compared the movement of human PMN suspended from the underside of glass coverslips to that of PMN seen in "profile" on fibers, using brightfield, differential interference contrast and reflection interference microscopy. Images were recorded on film and videotape and analyzed in real time and time lapse. The distribution of F-actin was observed with image-enhanced fluorescence microscopy after staining with NBD-phallacidin. PMN exhibited two patterns of motility. Fifteen to twenty-five percent of cells moved in a low profile gliding pattern and exhibited caudad displacement of dorsal surface folds. Most PMN made progress by cycles of partial release of the lamellipodium from the substrate and anterior advance followed by arching or rolling and lamellipodial reassociation with the substrate. Cells stimulated with bacteria, casein, or chemotactic formyl peptide rarely spread on the coverglass but waved into the medium attached only by the uropod. Eventually, many detached completely from the substrate. Cells confined to the substrate surface with overlying agarose were able to locomote when confronted with these substances. F-actin was irregularly distributed in nonpolarized suspended cells but concentrated in the lamellipodium in polarized cells. As cells arched along a substrate, F-actin accumulated in foci corresponding to the substrate-PMN interface, particularly at the uropod and retraction fibrils. Conversely, cells that were physically restricted to movement in the plane of the substrate surface by overlying agarose exhibited diffuse F-actin along the entire cell. Suspended PMN polarized with formyl peptide and incubated with Con A accumulated F-actin at the uropod. These observations suggest that both PMN locomotion and the movement of Con A binding sites involve the caudad redistribution of F-actin.
Cloning of the cDNA for Rabbit L-Selectin and Expression of Recombinant Protein with a Kinase Target Site to Facilitate Radiolabeling

Abstract The cDNA encoding rabbit L-Selectin has been cloned from a cDNA library, utilizing a PCR-derived probe. It encodes a peptide of 377 amino acids, including a signal peptide of 38 amino acids. Sequence analysis demonstrated extensive homology with L-Selectin's from other species. Recombinant rabbit L-Selectin protein was expressed in eukaryotic cells in a chimeric construct incorporating the entire extracellular portion of the protein coding region, a phosphokinase target site to allow high activity radiolabeling with32P, and the constant region of the heavy chain of human IgG1to facilitate purification and detection. Amino-terminal peptide sequencing of recombinant L-Selectin confirmed that the signal peptide had been removed at the expected site.
Isolation of a unique retrovirus, MNV-1, from Macaca nemestrina

Cell cultures established from the spleen of a Macaca nemestrina with enzootic retroperitoneal fibromatosis (ERF) spontaneously released a unique retrovirus. Throughout 14 serial passages, the spleen cell cultures remained fibroblastic and no cytopathic effect was evident. The virus incorporates [3H]uridine, contains an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP), has a buoyant density of 1.15 g/cm3 in sucrose, and was designated MNV-1. Virion-associated reverse transcriptase showed no preference for either Mg2+ or Mn2+ in standard RDDP assays. Complementary DNA (cDNA) transcribed from polyadenylated MNV-1 RNA hybridized to genomic DNA and RNA extracted from diseased tissues but not to nucleic acids from normal tissues of a healthy Macaca nemestrina or a Macaca mulatta. MNV-1 is therefore exogenous to these species. MNV-1 had no detectable homology to the endogenous macaque virus isolates MAC-1 and MMC-1. Liquid hybridization of MNV-1 cDNA to viral RNA derived from exogenous and endogenous subhuman primate retroviruses (SiSV(SSAV), GALV-SF, BaEV-M7, and BILN) did not reveal any significant sequence homologies. In addition, MNV-1 does not share homology with bovine leukemia virus or Mason-Pfizer monkey virus as determined by Southern blot hybridization. We conclude that MNV-1 is a unique retrovirus which has not previously been described. As the ultrastructure of virions in in vitro cell cultures, as well as disease involved tissue, show some particles with type C morphology and others with type D morphology, MNV-1 may be comprised of more than one component.
MATERNAL MALNUTRITION AND PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF NUTRIENTS IN THE RAT

It is now well established that maternal malnutrition will retard fetal growth. It has been assumed that the primary mechanism producing this growth retardation is through a reduction in nutrient supply. Since maternal malnutrition affects cellular growth of placenta itself, it is possible that placental function as manifested by its ability to transfer nutrients is also impaired. Placental transfer of glucose and α-amino isobutyric acid (AIB) was measured after maternal protein restriction. Glucose transfer into the fetus on days 20 and 21 of gestation was reduced by about 60 per cent. AIB transfer was reduced by 37 per cent on day 20 and 47 per cent on day 21. By contrast maternal plasma glucose levels, the rate of glucose disappearance from the plasma and of glucose incorporation into maternal tissues was not altered by maternal protein restriction. These data demonstrate that placental function as manifested by the ability to transfer both glucose and amino acids is impaired by maternal protein restriction. It is possible that the fetal growth retardation is secondary to this placental “dysfunction.”
Structure of supersonic turbulent flow past a swept compression corner

The structure of the shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction generated by a 3D swept compression corner has been investigated through a combined experimental and theoretical research program. The flowfield geometry is defined by the streamwise compression angle alpha and the sweep angle lambda of the corner. The present study examines two different configurations, namely (alpha, lambda) = (24 deg, 40 deg) and (24 deg, 60 deg) at Mach 3 and Re sigma infinity about 9 x 10 exp 5. The theoretical model is the 3D Reynolds-averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations with turbulence incorporated using a turbulent eddy viscosity. The calculated flowfields display general agreement with experimental data for surface pressure and good agreement with experimental flowfield profiles of pitot pressure and yaw angle. The principal feature of the flowfield is a large vortical structure approximately aligned with the corner. The entrainment of incoming fluid into the vortical structure is strongly affected by the sweep angle lambda. Viscous (turbulent and molecular) effects appear to be important only in the immediate vicinity of the surface and in an isolated region within the interaction and near the corner.
Role of chloride-mediated inhibition in respiratory rhythmogenesis in an in vitro brainstem of tadpole, Rana catesbeiana.

1. The isolated brainstem of larval Rana catesbeiana maintained in vitro generates neural bursts that correspond to the lung and gill ventilatory activity generated in the intact specimen. To investigate the role of chloride channel-dependent inhibitory mechanisms mediated by GABA(A) and/or glycine receptors on fictive lung and gill ventilation, we superfused the isolated brainstems with agonists, antagonists (bicuculline and/or strychnine) or a chloride-free solution while recording multi-unit activity from the facial motor nucleus. 2. Superfusion with the agonists (GABA or glycine) produced differential effects on frequency, amplitude and duration of the neural bursts related to lung and gill ventilation. At a GABA or glycine concentration of 1.0 mM, fictive gill bursts were abolished while fictive lung bursts persisted, albeit with reduced amplitude and frequency. 3. At the lowest concentrations used (1.0-2.5 microM), the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline produced an increase in the frequency of lung bursts. At higher concentrations (5.0-2.0 microM) bicuculline produced non-specific excitatory effects. The glycine antagonist strychnine, at concentrations lower than 5.0 microM, caused a progressive decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the gill bursts and eventually abolished the rhythmic activity. At higher concentrations (7.5 microM), non-specific excitatory effects occurred. Superfusion with bicuculline (10 microM) and strychnine (5 microM) combined abolished the neural output for gill ventilation but increased the frequency, amplitude and duration of lung bursts. 4. Superfusion with Cl(-)-free solution also abolished the rhythmic neural bursts associated with gill ventilation, while it significantly increased the amplitude (228 +/- 51%; P < 0.05) (mean +/- S.E.M.) and duration of the lung bursts (3.5 +/- 0.1 to 35.3 +/- 3.7 s; P < 0.05) and improved the regularity of their occurrence. 5. We conclude that different neural systems generate rhythmic activity for lung and gill ventilation. Chloride-mediated inhibition may be essential for generation of neural bursts associated with gill ventilation. In contrast, the burst associated with lung ventilation can be generated in the absence of Cl(-)-mediated inhibition although the latter plays a role in shaping the normal lung burst.
Electron-Spin-Resonance and Infrared Studies of Semiconducting, Rare-Earth-Doped Cd F 2

Normally insulating and transparent low-doped Cd${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ becomes semiconducting and colored when baked in a Cd vapor. The electron-spin-resonance (ESR) spectrum of the semiconducting samples are compared with the insulating ones for numerous dopants. The differences found are shown to arise either from the paramagnetic "conduction" electrons themselves or from the interactions of those electrons with paramagnetic dopants. Calculations are made which explain the observed $g$ value of 1.955 and the line-shape variations of the "conduction"-electron resonance. The properties of the observed signal in semiconducting gadolinium-doped samples are explained on the basis of a model in which the conduction electrons are coupled to the ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ by an exchange interaction. The method of moments was used to calculate a theoretical spectrum for that system. The results are in agreement with the observed frequency of the exchange-coupled system as well as its angular dependence, which arises from the crystal-field interaction with the gadolinium. Optical studies on many differently doped samples from 50 000 to 30 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ successfully obtain the properties of the absorption band which appears upon conversion to the semiconducting state. A broad band appears whose peak is at 0.16 eV, which agrees with the activation energy for conductivity obtained by Weller from Hall studies. However, broad wings extended into the far infrared (below 30 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) as well as into the ultraviolet (for 0.1% doped samples). The use of the system as a photodetector is investigated. It is found that it has potential device applications as a detector in the infrared. Initial experiments are made to specify the physical principles of its operation as well as to determine the condition for optimum performance. All the phenomena described above indicate, in different ways, the existence of localized regions in the crystal in which the "conduction" electrons have a higher mobility than the bulk mobility of the sample, and therefore such regions play a central role in the physical model developed for the system.
Impurity pinning of sliding charge-density waves.

A complete theoretical model is constructed to characterize the pinning of charge-density waves (CDW's) to individual impurity sites. The model is based upon consistently incorporating the microscopic CDW-impurity interaction calculated by T\"utt\'o and Zawadowski within the large-scale Ginzburg-Landau framework of Lee and Rice. This analysis shows that the local CDW pinning by impurities will always be strong for all realistic values of the scattering parameter. On the other hand, the large-scale average CDW phase away from the impurity sites will be weakly pinned over extended volumes containing a great many individual impurities, in nominally ``pure'' crystals. This interplay between ``weak'' and ``strong'' aspects of the impurity pinning is found to explain most features of the experimental phenomenology, including the remarkable behavior seen in the broadband 1/f-type noise spectrum above the depinning threshold.
Survival of Xiphinema Index and Reservoirs of Fanleaf Virus in Fallowed Vineyard Soil

An experiment to control fanleaf virus of grapevines by fallow-rotation was established in California in November 1959. The infected grapevines were excised 45 cm below the surface of the soil. Roots of these old vines were recovered at intervals up to 4.5 years after the plants were removed. New growth from recovered root pieces yielded fanleaf virus. The nematode vector, Xiphinema index, also persisted in the fallow soil diminishing in numbers in correlation with the depletion of surviving roots. The decay of host plant roots may eliminate the virus reservoir and for control of the virus in future plantings a minimum of at least 5 years rotation is indicated.
Remittances and Development in Latin America

Flows of workers’ remittances have become a major source of external finance for developing countries and are particularly important in Latin America and the Caribbean, where they are estimated to have reached $40 billion in 2004. Not surprisingly, academics, policymakers and development practitioners in general have been devoting increasing attention to the potential development impact that these flows may have on receiving countries. This paper contributes to this debate along four dimensions. First, it reviews the evolution of remittances flows to Latin America, using Balance of Payments data, and compares these statistics with estimates of remittances income based on Household Surveys. Second, the paper describes the varying profile of remittances recipients in ten Latin American countries. Third, the paper reviews the few macro- and microeconomic studies that have estimated the impact of remittances on poverty and inequality. Finally, the paper expands some of the existing works to investigate the extent to which that impact is different in Latin America and varies across countries in the region.
Hardmask technology for sub-100-nm lithographic imaging

The importance of hardmask technology is becoming increasingly evident as the demand for high-resolution imaging dictates the use of ever-thinner resist films. An appropriately designed etch resistant hardmask used in conjunction with a thin resist can provide the combined lithographic and etch performance needed for sub-100 nm device fabrication. We have developed a silicon-based, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) prepared material that performs both as an antireflective coating (ARC) and a hardmask and thus enables the use of thin resists for device fabrication. This ARC/hardmask material offers several advantages over organic bottom antireflective coatings (BARC). These benefits include excellent tunability of the material's optical properties, which allows superior substrate reflectivity control, and high etch selectivity to resist, exceeding 2:1. In addition, this material can serve as an effective hardmask etch barrier during the plasma etching of dielectric stacks, as the underlying silicon oxide etches eight times faster than this material in typical fluorocarbon plasma. These properties enable the pattering of features in 1-2 μm dielectric stacks using thin resists, imaging that would otherwise be impossible with conventional processing. Potential extendibility of this approach to feature sizes below 100nm has been also evaluated. High resolution images as small as 50nm, have been transferred into a 300nm thick SiO 2 layer by using Si ARC/hardmask material as an etch mask. Lithographic performance and etch characteristics of a thin resist process over both single layer and index-graded ARC/hardmask materials will be shown.
Implementation of active floating inductor based on second generation current conveyor for on chip voltage regulator

This paper presents a floating inductor implementation technique using active components. Floating inductor is an integral part of switching voltage regulator. Implementation of floating inductor is a primary bottleneck of on-chip implementation of switching regulator. In current CMOS circuit design, the implementation of the passive inductor is either external to the chip or fabricated as a part of the package. If it is incorporated within the chip, the passive inductor occupies very large chip area. In addition, passive inductors are not electrically tunable, which makes them unattractive for reconfigurable system-on-a-chip (SOC) designs. In contrast, an active device based floating inductor can be inserted within the chip. This new approach adapts the use of both positive and negative current conveyors. The proposed circuit allows the inductance value to be adjusted electronically by changing the bias current Io of the current conveyor. Design of the circuit is demonstrated using 0.5μm technology on Cadence Virtuoso with a +3.3V supply voltage. Simulation results are provided to verify the proposed design. Also, the design can be tuned further for nanoscale environment.
Photoelastic solution of stresses in the elastic foundation supporting a plate

Abstract The stress distribution in a continuous, linear elastic foundation supporting a centrally loaded circular plate has been analyzed using the photoelastic freezing method. At the interface between plate and foundation the axial displacements and the radius of the contact surface were also determined. Comparisons are made with theoretical solutions. The particular combination of epoxies used in this analysis makes the photoelastic method easily applicable to the solution of many foundation problems.
Discrete time integration of observers with continuous feedback based on Tustin's method with variable prewarping

The paper discusses the problem of integrating the equations of state observers associated with direct field orientation (DFO) of motor drives and presents a method to improve the integration accuracy when the drive operates at high frequency. In a typical implementation, observer equations are integrated based on the Euler method (forward rectangular rule). Euler method is simple; however, integration is accurate only at low/medium speed. As the speed (frequency) increases, the integration process becomes more and more inaccurate because the rectangular approximation starts losing more and more area from under the curve. Theoretically, the problem could be alleviated by increasing the sampling frequency; however, this cannot always be done because it has implications related to the switching frequency of the power converter. Another idea is to use a more accurate integration method, for example, trapezoidal integration (Tustin method). At high frequency, trapezoidal integration performs better than the Euler method and the resulting estimates are closer to the expected values (in both magnitude and phase). In DFO drives, this leads to a more accurate field orientation angle. The paper presents an improvement to trapezoidal integration - the state equations of observers are integrated using a discrete-time filter that is prewarped as a function of the drive's operating frequency. The algorithm estimates the applied frequency, prewarps the continuous-time transfer function used in practical integration and obtains a discrete time filter with frequency dependent coefficients. It is shown that the method produces an improvement over trapezoidal integration in the high-speed region. The implications related to DFO are studied by considering a full-order observer for the PMSM - integration with prewarping is compared with the classic Tustin method. The theoretical development is supported with simulation results. (6 pages)
METABOLIC CHANGES IN ESTROGEN INDUCED BY RAT ORGANS1

IN A PRELIMINARY PAPER (Schiller and Pincus 1943b) we presented data demonstrating that estradiol perfused through rat livers is converted to a ketonic estrogen (probably estrone) and to a “strong” phenolic estrogen (probably estriol).In this paper we present in detail the results of the perfusion of rat livers, kidneys, and heart tissue by various estrogens. The experimental animals employed were 225 to 250 gram female rats of the Sherman strain which were sacrificed under light ether anesthesia during proestrus. Standard aseptic conditions were maintained in preparing the organs for perfusion. Thorough and rapid bleeding of each donor was accomplished by exsanguination from the aorta. The liver in situ was, after bleeding, rapidly washed with Ringer-Locke solution, dissected and cannulated through the portal vein. The kidneys were obtained from animals which were eviscerated. All the abdominal branches of the. aorta, and the branch of the renal artery leading to the adrenals were ligatured.
Thermal analysis of CPC collectors

Abstract Mathematical formulations were developed to study thermal processes in a compound-parabolic-concentrator (CPC) collector. The system under investigation consists of a CPC cusp fitted with a concentric, evacuated double pipe to serve as a heat absorber. Heat is transmitted to the circulating fluid flowing inside a U-tube via the heat getter slipped inside the inner pipe. The collector has a cover for dust protection. Four nonlinear, simultaneous equations were derived to predict heat exchange among various components in the system. Collector efficiency equations were also developed following the Hottel-Whillier-Woertz-Bliss formalism. These equations were subsequently used in a computer program to test the collector performance under varied operating conditions. Test results indicate that, because of the high thermal resistance between the receiver jacket and the envelope, the collector performance is quite stable and is nearly independent of many parameters tested. The efficiency of the collector is high and shows only a very slight drop at high operating temperatures. The predicted results were also compared with experiments.
One-electron electrochemistry of parent piano-stool complexes

Abstract Whereas the oxidation of ferrocene and other sandwich complexes has been widely utilized in both chemistry and biochemistry, the one-electron chemistry of half-sandwich complexes is still underdeveloped. Here we review the known electrochemistry of the “parent” half-sandwich complexes containing only carbonyl groups and one planar carbocyclic ring. The greatest number of electrochemical studies of this so-called piano-stool series has been conducted on the middle transition metals: in group 6, oxidation of [MCp(CO)3]− (Cp = η5-C5H5) and oxidation and reduction of M(η6-arene)(CO)3; in group 7, oxidation of MCp(CO)3 and reduction of [M(η6-arene)(CO)3]+; in group 8, oxidation of [MCp(CO)2]− and reduction of [M(η6-arene)(CO)3]+; in group 9, oxidation and reduction of MCp(CO)2. An electron-transfer sequence involving 17e−/18e−/19e− metal centers has often been found. The fact that the LUMOs of the 18-electron complexes are formally metal-ring anti-bonding explains the general weakening of the metal-ring bond upon reduction, and provides a rationalization for the lowering of the metal-ring hapticity that has been reported for several hypervalent members of this family. Reduction past the 18-electron configuration generally occurs at quite negative potentials. Oxidation of the 18-electron complexes occurs principally at the M(CO)3 moiety, but the SOMO of the 17e− complex generally has a higher degree of metal-ring covalency than in the 19e− case. The 17-electron radicals often undergo metal–metal coupling reactions to form stable dimers, some of which have sufficiently weak metal–metal bonds that they partly dissociate to the corresponding monomers in solution. Oxidation of the 18-electron complexes occurs over a wide range of potentials, e.g. −1.35 V vs FcH for [FeCp(CO)2]−/0 compared to 1.16 V for [ReCp(CO)3]0/+. The radical cations of some first-row complexes, e.g. [MnCp(CO)3]+ and [Cr(η6-arene)(CO)3]+, are stable in the absence of nucleophilic anions and can be used for electrosynthetic purposes or as organometallic redox tags.
Predicting Stability of Distiller’s Wet Grains (DWG) with Color Analysis

Distiller’s wet grain (DWG) is one of the coproducts from the fuel ethanol industry. Although many studies have investigated the nutritional properties of DWG, little work has investigated the storability and shelf life for these feed products or how to measure these quantities. The objectives of this research were to measure the development of microorganisms and their respiration over time in freshly produced DWG and to determine if there was a quantitative relationship between these microbiological parameters and a more easily measured physical property, DWG color. The numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, molds and yeasts, and carbon dioxide generated by microbial respiration were measured at t = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 days as were Hunter color (L, a, b) values. All of the microbial parameters increased significantly over time (p < 0.05). Hunter L and a values appeared to change over time as well, but these differences became significant only at t = 7 days; at this time period, Hunter b changed significantly also. Hunter a and b values were negatively correlated with aerobic heterotroph numbers (r = −0.74 for Hunter a; r = −0.77 for Hunter b), yeast and mold counts (r = −0.78 for Hunter a; r = −0.81 for Hunter b), and CO2 production (r = −0.89 for Hunter a; r = −0.87 for Hunter b). Hunter L values had moderate positive correlations with the microbial parameters (r values ranged from 0.42 to 0.57). Using Hunter a and b color parameters as predictor variables, multiple linear and nonlinear regressions produced R 2 values of 0.751, 0.665, and 0.816 for aerobic heterotrophs, molds and yeasts, and CO2 generation, respectively. Additional research should quantify spoilage criteria, the relationship to palatability, and determine how best to use color changes as indicators of each.
Possible role of glucocorticoid receptors in globin gene expression in differentiating Friend cells.

Abstract Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the expression of globin genes during the dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of T3C12 Friend erythroleukemia cells is inhibited by dexamethasone and related glucocorticoids. The present report shows that dexamethasone exerts a similar effect on the accumulation of globin mRNA and hemoglobin in differentiating GM86 Friend cells, but that these cells are less sensitive to this hormone. The higher sensitivity of T3C12 cells has been correlated with the presence of 6 times as many cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors as in the GM86 cells. The receptors of T3C12 cells have been shown to have properties in common with glucocorticoid receptors found in other tissues. It is proposed that these receptors may be responsible for the steroid control of the globin genes in Friend cells.
Electric/magnetic cross-field investigations of aqueous electrolytes in the dielectric region 0.3 MHz-3GHz

Abstract We are not aware of any techniques that have been developed to utilize the rotational magnetic properties of either ions or molecular dipoles in solution for analytical applications. Nor have any recent fundamental studies attempted to detect specific permeability dispersion of solutions in the upper-UHF region. The electromagnetic spectral regions which extend from high frequencies (MHz) to microwaves (THz) are presently used for liquid/solid nmr studies, esr studies, microwave spectroscopy of gases, and dielectric spectroscopy of electrolytes and solids. However, the effects of a magnetic field on the rotational behaviour of certain molecules, functional groups, and ions in solution also could be investigated using methodologies based on inductive coupled measurements from cross-field excitation. Some preliminary data are presented which indicate that a 1T magnetic field can cause what appears to be inductive peaks in concentrated aqueous lithium nitrate at approximately 0.84 and 2.14 GHz. Furt...
Proton magnetic resonance studies of tautomerism in substituted pyrimidines

Studies of line width and chemical shift vs. temperature for amide and hydroxyl proton magnetic resonance signals from: barbituric acid, dialuric acid, parabanic acid, alloxan and alloxan monohydrate dissolved in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 are reported. The behavior of the amide signals shows that, between 20 and 65°C, none of the compounds listed exhibits lactim-lactam tautomerism. The amide proton resonance in uracil has also been investigated. The signal is a closely spaced, equal intensity, doublet due to the non-equivalence of H(1) and H(3). Again, no evidence of tautomerism is observed. Activation energies for the hydroxyl resonances in dialuric acid and alloxan monohydrate indicate hydrogen bonding between solute and solvent. The results of simple LCAO-MO calculations are in accord with the experimental conclusions concerning tautomeric equilibria.
Academic E-books: Supply Before Demand in the Life Sciences?

ABSTRACT The reinvention of the book in digital format raises questions concerning the content, purpose, and structure of e-books and their effectiveness in academic environments. As information professionals, have we asked the faculty what are their requirements for e-book content, how they use e-books, and how e-books should be configured? This article will review the current knowledge of e-books and users, share results from a life science faculty survey pertaining to e-books at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and discuss e-books in the larger context of science research.
A ten-year water balance of a mountainous semi-arid watershed

Quantifying water balance components, which is particularly challenging in snow-fed, semi-arid regions, is crucial to understanding the basic hydrology of a watershed. In this study, a water balance was computed using 10 years of data collected at the Upper Sheep Creek Watershed, a 26-ha semi-arid mountainous sub-basin within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho, USA. The approach computed a partial water balance for each of three landscape units and then computed an aggregated water balance for the watershed. Runoff and change in ground water storage were not distinguishable between landscape units. Precipitation, which occurs predominantly as snow, was measured within each landscape unit directly and adjusted for drifting. Spatial variability of effective precipitation was shown to be greater during years with higher precipitation. Evapotranspiration, which accounted for nearly 90% of the effective precipitation, was estimated using the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) Model and validated with measurements from Bowen ratio instruments. Runoff from the watershed was correlated to precipitation above a critical threshold of approximately 450 mm of precipitation necessary to generate runoffOr 2 a 0:52U: The average water balance error was 46 mm, or approximately 10% of the estimated effective precipitation for the ten-year period. The error was largely attributed to deep percolation losses through fractures in the basalt underlying the watershed. Simulated percolation of the water beyond the root zone correlated extremely well with measured runoffOr 2 a 0:90U; which is derived almost entirely from subsurface flow. Above a threshold of 50 mm, approximately 67% of the water percolating beyond the root zone produces runoff. The remainder was assumed to be lost to deep percolation through the basalt. This can have important ramifications in addressing subsurface flow and losses when applying a snowmelt runoff model to simulate runoff and hydrologic processes in the watershed. q 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
A two-step optimization method for increasing post-contingency loadability limits

In this paper, we propose a combined control strategy which is designed to improve the post-contingency loadability limits in the system. In the first step, the operating point is determined using a contingency constrained optimal reactive power flow, in which the cost function reflects the proximity of the reactive power generation to its limits at critical PV buses, both in the base case and for selected contingencies. This operating point is then used to design robust decentralized turbine/governor control, in the framework of linear matrix inequalities. Results obtained for the IEEE 39 bus system are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Propranolol vs. saphenous vein graft bypass for impending infarction (preinfarction syndrome)

Abstract The prognosis in impending infarction is good on a medical regime of bed rest and sedation. In a series of 18 cases treated also with propranolol the results were even better; there were no deaths or transmural infarction. Surgical intervention is not indicated in impending infarction and should be considered an experimental procedure at this time.
Effects of Embryo Transfer on Genetic Change in Dairy Cattle

Impact of embryo transfer on rate of genetic gain was examined for a) development of bulls for progeny test, b) development of replacement females, and c) progeny testing of dams of bulls and replacement females. Increased selection intensity by embryo transfer potentially could improve genetic merit of bull dams by 17% when applied to production of sires for progeny test. Additional benefits would arise from increased availability of sisters to such bulls. Genetic merit of dams of replacement females increases more than genetic merit of dams of bulls with embryo transfer. However, current costs of embryo transfer limit its application to production of replacement females when increased yield is the sole source of added income. Increases in generation interval offset improvement in rate of genetic gain per generation from progeny testing females. Therefore, mass selection on own performance and pedigree produce a higher rate of genetic gain per year than progeny testing females. Application of embryo transfer to selection schemes for multiple traits may prove beneficial.
Z-drawing: a flying agent system for computer-assisted drawing

We present a drone-based drawing system where a user's sketch on a desk is transformed across scale and time, and transferred onto a larger canvas at a distance in real-time. Various spatio-temporal transformations like scaling, mirroring, time stretching, recording and playing back over time, and simultaneously drawing at multiple locations allow for creating various artistic effects. The unrestricted motion of the drone promises scalability and a huge potential as an artistic medium.
Elasticity analysis of orthotropic beams under concentrated loads

Abstract A stress analysis is performed, within the framework of the classical theory of elasticity, on orthotropic beams subjected to concentrated loads. Both three-point and four-point bending are considered. Concentrated loads are represented by a uniform stress distributed over a very small length of the beam. Stresses developed in interlaminar beam tests are examined in detail. Considerable departure from classical beam theory over large portions of such beam specimens is observed.
The role of imaging in pediatric bladder augmentation

Bladder augmentation (also called augmentation cystoplasty) refers to a number of surgical methods that increase the capacity and compliance of the urinary bladder. Imaging has an important role in the postoperative evaluation of bladder augmentation. The most common augmentation procedures utilize enteric segments to augment the bladder. The various types of bladder augmentation have characteristic appearances on different imaging modalities. Spontaneous bladder perforation is a complication that is seen in both early and late post-operative periods and it is one of the most important complications for radiologists to be aware of as it is life-threatening. We review the indications for bladder augmentation in children, the surgical techniques employed, the normal postoperative appearances on imaging studies and the role of imaging complications of bladder augmentation including delayed spontaneous bladder rupture, which is life-threatening.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF VISCOELASTIC DAMPING FOR BEAM TYPE AGCELEROMETERS

Accelerometers have been recognized as the primary transducer used to measure dynamic characteristics of vibrating structures for many years. They maintain excellent linearity over a wide frequency range, self generating capabilities, high sensitivity, and compact design. However, as each new accelerometer is designed, different characteristics emerge which may be either desirable or undesirable depending on the particular application of the device.
Mediational Inferences in Organizational Research Then, Now, and Beyond

This introductory article for the feature topic on mediation is designed to provide a context for the articles that follow. Specifically, the authors revisit the history of mediational inferences in social and organizational sciences and illustrate how mediational inferences have been evident for more than a century. Some of the important milestones and the evolution of thought leading to today are chronicled. Then a modern-day framework for understanding mediational inferences is outlined that serves to highlight how the articles included in this feature topic contribute to the continued evolution of the bases of mediational inferences. The article concludes with the authors' vision of what may be fruitful directions for future research.
Long-term impact of preventive proactivity on quality of life of the old-old.

Objective This research explored the long-term benefits of engaging in proactive health promotion efforts among old-old residents of Sunbelt retirement communities to empirically test components of the Preventive and Corrective Proactivity (PCP) Model of Successful Aging. Specifically, we examined the contributions of exercise, tobacco use, moderate alcohol use, and annual medical checkups to multidimensional quality of life indicators of physical health, psychological well-being, and mortality. Method Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of adaptation to aging. Annual in-home interviews were conducted with 1000 older adults over a 9-year period. Whether health promotion behaviors at baseline predicted quality of life outcomes 8 years later was examined, controlling for the baseline outcome, sociodemographic variables, and, as an additional test, baseline health conditions. Results Exercise was predictive of fewer IADL limitations and greater longevity, positive affect, and meaning in life 8 years later. Avoiding tobacco was predictive of longevity. Before controlling for health conditions, exercise predicted decreased risk of basic activities of daily living limitations and having more goals; moderate alcohol use predicted longevity; annual health checkup predicted more IADL limitations; and having once smoked predicted having more IADL limitations and negative affect. Conclusions Among the old-old, exercise had long-term and multifaceted benefits over an 8-year period. Tobacco avoidance also contributed to long-term positive outcomes. These results lend support to the long-term preventive value of health-promoting proactivity spontaneously engaged in by old-old persons proposed in the framework of the PCP model.
The Colonialism of the English Only Movement

As we enter the new millennium, one of the most pressing challenges facing educators in the United States is the specter of an "ethnic and cultural war," which constitutes, in my view, a code phrase that engenders our society's licentiousness toward racism. Central to the idea of an "ethnic and cultural war" is the creation of an ideologically coded language that serves at least two fundamental functions: On the one hand, this language veils the racism that characterizes U.S. society, and on the other hand, it insidiously perpetuates both ethnic and racial stereotypes that devalue identities of resistance and struggle. I posit that, although the present idea of "an ethnic and cultural war" is characterized by a form of racism at the level of language, it is important to differentiate between language as racism and the experience of racism. For example, the presidential candidate Patrick Buchanan's call for the end of illegal immigration constitutes a form of racism at the level of language. This language-based racism has had the effect of licensing institutional discrimination, whereby both documented and undocumented immigrants materially experience the loss of their dignity, the denial of their humanity, and, in many cases, outright violence, as witnessed by the brutal beatings of a Mexican man and woman by the border patrol. This incident was captured on videotape, and outraged the Mexican communities in the United States, as well as in Mexico, leading to a number of demonstrations in Los Angeles. Language such as "border rats," "wetbacks," "aliens," "illegals," welfare queens," and "nonWhite hordes," used by the popular press not only dehumanizes other cultural beings, but also serves to justify the violence perpetrated against subordinated groups.
Detection of bolt load loss in hybrid composite/metal bolted connections

Hybrid composite/metal connections are susceptible to bolt load loss due to viscoelastic creep and/or environmental effects. Accordingly, the focus of this research is on experimentally quantifying changes in bolt load of composite/metal hybrid connections. A proof-of-concept model was created consisting of a fiber reinforced composite panel bolted to a steel frame. A piezoelectric actuator bonded to the center of the composite panel was used to provide controlled vibration input. The response of the plate was measured using either shear accelerometers or dynamic strain sensors located at the four corners of the composite panel. The load on an instrumented bolt was decreased and three different monitoring techniques were used to detect bolt load loss, including (a) low frequency modal analysis, (b) high frequency transfer functions between the actuator and sensors and (c) high frequency transmittance functions between pairs of sensors. Experiments demonstrate that the transmittance function approach shows the most promise and was able to reliably detect a single bolt loosening. A damage index based on change in transmittance function is very sensitive to changes in bolt load.
Democratic Justice: The Responsiveness of Prison Population Size to Public Policy Preferences

How much influence do citizens have over government decisions? One way in which scholars have attempted to answer this question is by assessing the correspondence between public opinion and public ...