cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeatability of Reference Signal Received Power Measurements in LTE Networks

Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) reports are routinely used to monitor and benchmark the coverage in LTE cellular networks of fourth generation. Such measurements also trigger idle and active mode mobility decisions between two LTE cells or two inter-technology cells. Therefore, these measurements must be accurate and repeatable to facilitate both proper network functioning and network optimization. This paper presents a repeatability study on raw RSRP measurements collected in the 700 MHz frequency band in a commercial LTE network. This process is facilitated through the common RF drive-test method using a scanner-based tool as the measuring device. After gathering all the required data with the scanner, the main measurement statistical metrics are calculated in the analysis phase. The repeatability of the RSRP measurements is examined comparing statistics from data collected over identical drive route across different days. Based on the limited collected data set, good temporal repeatability and stability of the LTE RSRP measurements is confirmed allowing optimization to be based on a single LTE drive test.
Paying for the party: how college maintains inequality

For readers who attended university elsewhere, Paying for the Party provides an essential introduction to the residential college culture and the inner workings of public universities in the United...
Low-cost, simple, and scalable self-assembly of DNA origami nanostructures

Despite demonstrating exciting potential for applications such as drug delivery and biosensing, the development of nanodevices for practical applications and broader use in research and education are still hindered by the time, effort, and cost associated with DNA origami fabrication. Simple and robust methods to perform and scale the DNA origami self-assembly process are critical to facilitate broader use and translation to industrial or clinical applications. We report a simple approach to fold DNA origami nanostructures that is fast, robust, and scalable. We demonstrate fabrication at scales approximately 100–1,500-fold higher than typical scales. We further demonstrate an approach we termed low-cost efficient annealing (LEAN) self-assembly involving initial heating at 65 °C for 10 min, then annealing at 51 °C for 2 h, followed by brief quenching at 4 °C that leads to effective assembly of a range of DNA origami structures tested. In contrast to other methods for scaling DNA origami assembly, this approach can be carried out using cheap and widely available equipment (e.g., hot plates, water baths, and laboratory burners) and uses standard recipes and materials so is readily applied to any existing or new DNA origami designs. We envision these methods can facilitate device development for commercial applications and facilitate broader use of DNA origami in research and education.
North Korea's HIV epidemic emerges from the shadows

North Korean officials have long denied that the HIV virus has infected any citizen of their nation. In fact, however, they have been quietly tracking a mushrooming AIDS threat. North Korea actually had 8362 HIV-positive individuals in 2018, estimates a report that a team of researchers from North Korea and the United States has submitted to the preprint server medRxiv. The first confirmed infection of a North Korean citizen came in January 1999, the researchers note, and infections have surged in the past few years. The national prevalence now stands at 0.069%, the team estimates. That is low compared with many countries; the U.S. figure is about 0.6%. Still, North Korea is struggling to combat the problem, and the authors of the study are calling on the international community to do more to help the country fight HIV/AIDS. And they warn that a spiraling epidemic could prompt North Korea9s government to adopt "austere measures to contain the disease," including criminalizing HIV status and detaining or deporting people living with the virus.
Preoperative Nutrition Consults Associated with Decreased Postoperative Complication Rate and Decreased Length of Hospital Stay After Spine Metastasis Surgery.

Background Preoperative malnutrition is associated with increased postoperative complication rate and hospital length of stay. However, the degree to which these risks can be mitigated by nutritional consultation has not been well described. To address this, we sought to determine if a preoperative nutrition consult was associated with decreased 30-day complication rate and hospital length of stay. Methods Adult patients who underwent neurosurgical intervention for spinal metastases at a tertiary care institution between 2008 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Stepwise multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify associations with 30-day complication rate and hospital length of stay. Results Among 95 patients who met inclusion criteria, the average length of stay was 8.9 days and 40 patients (42.1%) experienced one or more postoperative complications. On multivariable analysis, 30-day complication rates were higher in patients with the absence of a preoperative nutrition consult, a Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index score of greater than 2 points, greater operative blood loss, and malnutrition (Nutritional Risk Index score Conclusions On multivariable analysis, receipt of a preoperative nutrition consult was associated with both decreased 30-day complication rate and shorter hospitalization. We therefore posit that greater implementation of nutritional counseling may help to decrease complication rates and expedite discharge in patients undergoing surgical intervention for spinal metastases.
Evaluation of Microbiological Quality of Agricultural Water and Effect of Water Source and Holding Temperature on the Stability of Indicator Organisms' Levels by Seven U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Approved Methods.

The Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule requires covered produce growers to monitor the quality of their agricultural water on a regular basis by some U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved methods recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this study, we evaluated the changes in the population of indicator organisms in surface water up to 6 months, and the effects of water source and holding temperature on the survival of indicator organisms by seven EPA-approved methods (five methods for Escherichia coli and two methods for Enterococcus). The levels of E. coli and Enterococcus in the surface water were variable with sampling month, ranging from 1.61 ± 0.04 to 2.68 ± 0.15 log most probable number (MPN)/100 mL and from undetectable level to 1.19 ± 0.29 log MPN/100 mL, respectively. At 25°C (holding temperature), there were significant reductions (P < 0.05) in E. coli and Enterococcus populations in surface water after 48 and 24 h, respectively, whereas at 4°C, no significant changes in the bacterial populations were observed up to 48 h. Methods 1603, 1604, 1103.1, 10029, and Colilert showed a comparable sensitivity in quantifying E. coli, whereas method 1600 and Enterolert showed a variable sensitivity with the type of water. The results indicated that regular monitoring of agricultural water is essential to examine whether the microbial quality of water is appropriate for its intended use. Water samples should be maintained at 4°C to minimize the changes in microbial populations between sampling and testing. The comparison of the sensitivity of EPA methods for quantifying indicator organisms could provide growers with useful information for choosing the method for their water quality analysis.
Assessing students’ approaches to modelling in undergraduate biology

In this study, we propose an ‘Approach to Modeling’ (AtM) framework for examining how undergraduates approach tasks that require modelling scientific phenomena. Our framework is adapted from Approa...
Case Report: Disposition of Symptomatic Probable COVID-19

Author(s): Jaffery, Aleq; Slakey, John; Zodda, David; Finefrock, Douglas | Abstract: Introduction: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents a challenge for healthcare providers in terms of diagnosis, management, and triage of cases requiring admission.Case Report: A 47-year-old male with symptoms suspicious for COVID-19, pulse oximetry of 93% on room air, and multifocal pneumonia was risk stratified and safely discharged from the emergency department (ED) despite having moderate risk of progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome. He had resolution of his symptoms verified by telephone follow-up.Conclusion: Various risk-stratifying tools and techniques can aid clinicians in identifying COVID-19 patients who can be safely discharged from the ED.
Is binge-watching competing with sleep? And winning?

Citation:Jindal RD. Is binge-watching competing with sleep? And winning? J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(suppl_1):31S–32S.
The Effectiveness of Interdisciplinary Simulation Experiences Utilized in Healthcare Education

Background: Implementing interdisciplinary simulation experiences (ISE) into the curriculum of healthcare students often increases one9s exposure to real-life scenarios while allowing educators the opportunity to utilize experiential learning strategies. These experiences also increase the quality and continuity of care and allow students the opportunity to develop teamwork, leadership, and communication skills. The purpose of this study was to measure the potential gain in these three skills through the use of ISE by assessing student perceptions and outcomes. Methods: Following IRB approval, 104 health science students from the respiratory care, nursing, and radiology programs at Midwestern State University were divided into two equal groups, the control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG). Within the study, the CG completed a pre and post survey but was not exposed to the ISE. The EG completed the pre-survey, took part in the ISE, and completed the post-survey. Both surveys were conducted to measure the students’ understanding of leadership, teamwork, and communication skills while determining if any significant differences were found after the exposure to the ISE. The results from the EG and the CG were evaluated to establish any significant differences between the two groups of students. Results: Based on pre-survey data obtained through independent samples t-tests, students from the EG and the CG had similar existing knowledge of all three skills: (leadership) EG (M = 4.65) and CG (M = 4.69), (t [102] = 0.31, P > .05); (teamwork) EG (M = 4.48) and CG (M = 4.48), (t [102] = 0, P > .05); (communication) EG (M = 4.88) and CG (M = 4.87), (t [102] = 0.29, P > .05). According to post-survey data, students that participated in the ISE had a better understanding of leadership, teamwork, and communication than those students that did not participate: (leadership) EG (M = 4.87) and CG (M = 4.65), (t [102] = 2.14, P
Neuron matching in C. elegans with robust approximate linear regression without correspondence

We propose methods for estimating correspondence between two point sets under the presence of outliers in both the source and target sets. The proposed algorithms expand upon the theory of the regression without correspondence problem to estimate transformation coefficients using unordered multisets of covariates and responses. Previous theoretical analysis of the problem has been done in a setting where the responses are a complete permutation of the regressed covariates. This paper expands the problem setting by analyzing the cases where only a subset of the responses is a permutation of the regressed covariates in addition to some covariates possibly being adversarial outliers. We term this problem robust regression without correspondence and provide several algorithms based on random sample consensus for exact and approximate recovery in a noiseless and noisy one-dimensional setting as well as an approximation algorithm for multiple dimensions. The theoretical guarantees of the algorithms are verified in simulated data. We demonstrate an important computational neuroscience application of the proposed framework by demonstrating its effectiveness in a Caenorhabditis elegans neuron matching problem where the presence of outliers in both the source and target nematodes is a natural tendency. Open source code implementing this method is available at https://github.com/amin-nejat/RRWOC.
Positive Aspects of Family Caregiving for Older Adults at End-of-Life: A Qualitative Examination

Family caregivers of older adults with dementia have significant challenges across many domains. While this role has been found to be burdensome on the caregiver, increasingly, though, there are al...
“Unbreak My Heart”: Clinical Implications for Working With Bereaved Couples

Death and bereavement remain a cultural taboo that continues to impact helping professionals. The death of a child is a particularly difficult loss as it challenges expectations about the life cycl...
Relative effects of forced vital capacity and ALSFRS-R on survival in ALS.

INTRODUCTION/AIM Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease with marked clinical heterogeneity. This heterogeneity can be partly captured by clinical measures, such as the forced vital capacity (FVC) and ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R). We aimed to further characterize the performance of these clinical measures, including their independence and additivity, in predicting mortality. METHODS We leveraged the Pooled Resource Open-Access ALS Clinical Trials (PRO-ACT ALS) database, which includes data from 23 clinical trials (n = 2050). The primary exposures were baseline FVC and ALSFRS-R. The primary outcome was 1-y mortality. We performed correlation analyses, survival analyses and assessed classification performance using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS FVC and ALSFRS-R were weakly correlated (r = 0.31, p < .001). A 1-SD increase in FVC (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-0.74) and ALSFRS-R (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.68-0.82) were associated with reduced risk of 1-y mortality. ROC analyses showed optimal predictive cutoffs at 80% for FVC (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.69) and 38 for ALSFRS-R (AUC: 0.67). After stratifying patients based on these cutoffs, we found a marked reduction (HR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.19-0.33) in incident mortality for patients in the high FVC and high ALSFRS-R group relative to the low FVC and low ALSFRS-R group. DISCUSSION ALSFRS-R and FVC are comparable predictors of survival that are only weakly correlated. When considered together, they synergistically predict survival. As such, consideration of both measures should be a routine part of prognostication in care of patients with ALS.
A Key Rate Approach to Replicating Annuities with U.S. Treasury Funds

Prendergast (2021) develops a methodology that enables retail investors to structure annuities using commonly available U.S. Treasury Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). This paper extends that methodology through the use of key rate durations. Back tests and stress tests show that the use of key rate durations substantially enhances the ability of the portfolio of ETFs to replicate an annuity in an environment where yield curves undergo a variety of slope and curvature changes over time.
Time-resolved X-ray scattering studies of proteins.

Abstract Time-resolved small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies of proteins in solution based on the pump-probe approach unveil structural information from intermediates over a broad range of length and time scales. In spite of the promise of this methodology, only a fraction of the wealth of information encoded in scattering data has been extracted in studies performed thus far. Here, we discuss the methodology, summarize results from recent time-resolved X-ray scattering studies, and examine the potential to extract additional information from these scattering curves.
Parentification Among Young Carers: A Concept Analysis

There are approximately 1.4 million young carers in the United States alone. Being a young carer can result in parentification, a type of role reversal that occurs when children take on the roles and responsibilities of the adult. The purpose of this concept analysis is to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of parentification among young carers through a description of its antecedents, attributes, and consequences using the steps of Rodgers’ evolutionary method. The databases CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched to identify 25 articles. The antecedents of the concept include the dependency of the care receiver and the child’s adoption of a caregiving role. The attributes include fairness, obligation, resiliency, individuation, confidence in performing care tasks, cultural normalcy, family system functioning, support system, family resources, caregiver-care receiver relationship, and awareness of the child’s needs. Parentification has both positive and negative consequences that impact the young carer. The antecedents, consequences, and identifiable attributes of the concept are presented through this work to provide a comprehensive picture of parentification among young carers. These findings showcase the multidimensional nature of parentification and the broad impact that it can have on young carers. While these findings do provide greater insight into young carers, the fact remains that little is known about this underserved and underacknowledged population. This concept analysis provides a foundation of understanding that specifies potential targets for intervention development, as well as modifiable outcomes, that can be explored through future research and intervention work.
U.S. Health Care Reform and Enduring Barriers to Mental Health Care Among Low-Income Adults With Psychological Distress.

Objective:The author aimed to assess changes in mental health service use, unmet need for mental health care, and barriers to obtaining care among low-income adults after the implementation of the ...
Dynamic Strip Load on Elastic-Plastic Soil

A numerical procedure is applied to study the transient response of a footing on an elastic-perfectly plastic medium. The failure criterion and constitutive relationship used are thought to be realistic for a saturated clay. The analysis gives streses, displacements and the development and propagation of the plastically yielded zone beneath the footing. The effects of several parameters are outlined. A nondimensional diagram is presented to show the influence of pulse intensity and duration on peak response. The computed dynamic peak stress-peak displacement curve is compared to the corresponding static curve and to experimental results. From the computations it is possible to separate the effects of inertia and soil strain-rate effect on the dynamic response. In practical situations, the inertia of the soil reduces the footing displacements only for very large peak applied pressures, and if the duration of the load pulse is extremely short.
Electropolitical Correctness and High-Speed Networking or why ATM is Like a Nose

With tongue planted firmly in cheek, the author of this paper summarizes the litany of popular technical complaints and objections about the suitability of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) as the means for providing high-performance communications services. The significance of these objections is discussed, and an analogy is drawn between ATM and the human nose. The point is made that many popular objections do not have much practical significance at this stage in the standardization and development of the technology. Additional problem areas are identified that the author feels are more significant, relating to deployment issues and assumptions about how ATM-based services will be used and evolve.
The Supreme Court and the Politics of Death

This article explores the evolving role of the U.S. Supreme Court in the politics of death. By constitutionalizing the death penalty in the 1970s, the Supreme Court unintentionally set into motion political forces that have seriously undermined the Court's vision of a death penalty that is fairly administered and imposed only on the worst offenders. With the death penalty established as a highly salient political issue, politicians - legislators, prosecutors, and governors - have strong institutional incentives to make death sentences easier to achieve and carry out. The result of this vicious cycle is not only more executions, but less reliable determinations of who truly does deserve the ultimate sanction. The Supreme Court has recently begun to chart a different - and more promising - approach to death penalty reform. In two key areas, the Court has recently reinterpreted prior constitutional doctrines in ways that seem designed to counteract death's politics. These rules determine the type of offenses for which death is a "cruel and unusual" sanction (the Eighth Amendment's capital proportionality standard) and the quality of representation defendants must receive in capital cases (the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of effective assistance of counsel). Each of these rules has been transformed from doctrines that had little effect on the administration of the death penalty into potent weapons for counteracting the politics of death and promoting the fairness and rationality of the capital sentencing process.
Logos of a Living Earth: Toward a New Marriage of Science and Myth for Our Planetary Future

The social and ecological crises of the twenty-first century represent a failure of the techno-industrial way of living and knowing. It has become apparent that we need both a new mythos and a new science. In this essay, I draw attention to the important epistemological and cosmological implications of enactivism, a still emerging paradigm within the life sciences. Guided by the insights of the enactive paradigm, I offer a new story of human origins and destiny in an attempt to contribute to a more livable future for our species and the rest of the community of life on Earth.
Designing for success: reliability technology in the concurrent engineering era

Research on the applicability of reliability tools and practices to the needs of the design process is discussed. The requirement to streamline the design, development, and approval phases implies that reliability must be considered on an up-front and ongoing basis to reduce significantly the likelihood of catastrophic failures after the fact. Uncertainty is an ever present factor in the design process since the nature of design requires the envelope of experience to be pushed to its limits. It is noted that the key to successful design in the concurrent engineering era is to admit to and characterize the uncertainties to allow a design to be specified which is sufficiently robust. The author discusses principles of design risk analysis and outlines an approach for characterizing uncertainty in a semiquantitative manner such that it is applicable to design reliability analysis. >
Power conditioning electronics for a 500 Wh inertial energy storage system

A description is given of a pulse-width-modulated buck-boost converter designed to interface a 500 Wh space power inertial energy storage system operating from 70 to 140 VDC to a constant bus of 150 VDC. Implementation of hysteresis feedback control provides excellent voltage regulation. The design is based on a 300 Wh, 94% Wh efficient prototype and is currently being optimized to yield 97% overall watt-hour efficiency. >
Self-Critique, (Anti) Politics and Criminalization: Reflections on the History and Trajectory of the Human Rights Movement

In this chapter, I identify and critically discuss three aspects of the history and trajectory of the human rights movement from the 1970s until today: its increasing tendency toward self-critique, its roots in and ongoing struggle with a commitment to being antipolitical, and its relatively recent attachment to criminal law as its enforcement mechanism of choice. In part, I contend that the latter two aspects work in tandem to defer, even suppress, substantive debates over visions of social justice, even while relying on criminal justice systems of which the movement has long been critical. The chapter pursues this discussion through an in-depth reading of two related works by David Kennedy, the first published in 1985 and the second, which reproduces but also revisits the writing and reception of the first, in 2009. Because the pieces are primarily situated in Uruguay in 1984, it contextualizes them and my own thesis in a 25-year old struggle in Uruguay over whether to grant amnesty to military and political officials for acts committed during the dictatorship that ended in 1985.
The Solicitor General’s Office, Tradition, and Conviction

CHARLES FRIED: Good morning. Having read the remarkably detailed and deeply analytic papers by Sai Prakash and Dan Meltzer,1 I will not try to compete with them. What I will do is offer myself as an exhibit. Our subject is the Solicitor General’s duty to defend the constitutionality of an act of Congress, even though—and, actually, the issue arises only when—the Solicitor General himself or herself or the Administration in which he is an officer finds the policy and perhaps the reasoning of that statute uncongenial, to say the least. That has become an acute and somewhat comical aspect of the DOMA2 litigation. I should really start by saying I think DOMA is clearly unconstitutional. I don’t know about the equal protection grounds. I’m of two minds about that. But it’s perfectly clear to me that on federalism grounds it’s far out of line, intruding on traditional state prerogatives to define and regulate family relations, and will go down the tubes. That is my prediction. But what’s anomalous about this particular event is the, I think, quite unjustified decision of the Obama Justice Department and the Solicitor General’s Office not further to defend DOMA. It should be noted that at the time there was no Solicitor General, only an Acting Solicitor General, whose position was not subject to Senate confirmation. On the other side, we have one of the ablest former solicitors general, Paul Clement—and we all saw just how able he was in the course of this week3—engaged by the House of Representatives, to defend DOMA as a private attorney and being more or less forced out of a very lucrative partnership at King & Spalding because he was doing that. If you read the explanations of King & Spalding, they are about as lame as the explanations in the mandate case by the Heritage Foundation in their amicus brief explaining why the fact that
Reflections on Sentiment/Opinion Analysis

The detection of expressions of sentiment in online text has become a popular Natural Language Processing application. The task is commonly defined as identifying the words or phrases in a given fragment of text in which the reader understands that the author expresses some person’s positive, negative, or perhaps neutral attitude toward a topic. These four elements—expression words, attitude holder, topic, and attitude value—have evolved with hardly any discussion in the literature about their foundation or nature. Specifically, the use of two (or three) attitude values is far more simplistic than many examples of real language show. In this paper we ask: where do sentiments come from? We focus on two basic sources of human attitude—the holder’s non-logical/emotional preferences and the fulfillment of the holder’s goals. After exploring each source we provide a notional algorithm sketch and examples of how sentiment systems could provide richer and more realistic accounts of sentiment in text.
Wilh. Wilhelmsen Shipping Company: moving from CSR tradition to CSR leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this case study is to explore the depth of integration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), defined as the triple bottom line (3BL), throughout the Wilh. Wilhelmsen (WW) Shipping Company. The endeavor is to understand how the company defines CSR, the developmental experiences of the leaders toward CSR and to identify strategies, policies and practices implemented to support CSR.Design/methodology/approach – As a part of a larger CSR research project on European‐based companies practicing CSR, Wilh. Wilhelmsen was the first organization selected to be studied in understanding the levels of integration of CSR throughout the company. The methodology used for collecting the data consisted of one‐on‐one interviews with senior executives and focus group sessions conducted with a cross‐section of staff employees and middle level managers at Wilh. Wilhelmsen headquarters in Lysaker, Norway.Findings – Interviews and focus group sessions indicated that CSR and sustainability are not ty...
Faster algorithms for finding small edge cuts in planar graphs

In this paper, we consider partitioning a planar graph by removing either nodes or edges. In particular, we consider a cut to be either a set of nodes or edges whose removal divides the graph into two pieces.We define the balance of a cut as the ratio of the weight of the smaller side of the cut to the total weight in the graph. Thus, the best possible balance is 1/2. We define the quotient cost of a cut as the ratio of the cost of the cut to the size of the smaller side of the cut. Thus, a costly cut with a high balance may have lower quotient cost than a less costly cut with a lower balance. Finally, we define the flux of a graph as the minimum quotient cost of any cut in the graph.We are interested in finding small cuts with high balance; either finding the cut that minimizes the quotient cost of the cut, or finding the smallest cut of some specified balance. (For balance 1/3, this problem has been called the minimum separator problem.)We present a very simple algorithm for finding 1.5 times optimal quotient node or edge cuts in planar graphs in time O(n2 min (W, C)), where W is the total weight of the graph, and C is the total cost of the graph. In fact, these cuts are only nonoptimal when they have very good balance. Thus, the algorithms either find an optimal quotient cut or a nearly optimal quotient cut with very high balance.We can greatly improve the running time if we settle for finding 3.5 times optimal quotient node and edge cuts. We can accomplish this in O(n2(log W + log C)) time. And, if we are willing to settle for O(k) times optimal solutions, we can make the running time quite fast; O(n1+1/k log n(log W + log C)log C). If k=log m, and W and C are polynomial in n, this becomes O(n log3n).Finally, we give approximation algorithms for finding nearly optimal balanced node or edge separators in planar graphs, based on the quotient cut algorithms.These algorithms improve upon previous algorithms by being much faster, much much simpler, and by applying to node separation as well as edge separation.
Scheduling with resource-dependent release dates: a comparison of two different resource consumption functions

We consider the problem of scheduling a set of jobs on a single machine where the release time of a job is related to the amount of resource consumed. The objective is to minimize the total resource consumption with a control on the completion times of the jobs. Four different variants of the problem are studied: (i) minimization of the total resource consumption subject to a common deadline for all jobs, (ii) minimization of the total resource consumption subject to a constraint on the total completion time of the jobs, (iii) minimization of the weighted total resource consumption and maximum job completion time, and (iv) minimization of the weighted total resource consumption and the total job completion time. We compare the common resource consumption function with the function where the resource consumed is proportional to the processing time of the job. We show that these two different resource consumption functions can give rise to very different solution methods and different computational complexities for the problem. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acclimation to constant and variable temperatures in plethodontid salamanders--I. Rates of oxygen consumption.

Abstract 1. 1. In preliminary experiments, salamanders of three species ( Desmognathus ochrophaeus, Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon jordani ) required 5–11 days to complete metabolic acclimation to a constant warm temperature; the rate of oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) decreased 16–28% during acclimation. 2. 2. Unfed animals of each species underwent cyclic exposure to 5 and 21°C at three different cycle periods (12 hr, 4–5 days, 51 days), or constant exposure to 14°C for 102 days. 3. 3. The experimental treatments significantly affected the ( V O 2 ) measured at 5, 14, 17.5 and 21°C. 4. 4. The direction and magnitude of the acclimatory effects upon ( V O 2 ) were inconsistent among species and among experimental temperatures, and resulted in little energy saving. 5. 5. The ( V O 2 ) during exposure to cyclic temperatures averaged only 83% of that during preliminary experiments, perhaps as a response to starvation.
PROTOPLASMIC POTENTIALS IN HALICYSTIS : II. THE EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM ON TWO SPECIES WITH DIFFERENT SAPS.

The potential difference across the protoplasm of impaled cells of two American species of Halicystis is compared. The mean value for H. Osterhoutii is 68.4 mv.; that for H. ovalis is 79.7 mv., the sea water being positive to the sap in both. The higher potential of H. ovalis is apparently due to the higher concentration of KCl (0.3 M) in its vacuolar sap. When the KCl content of H. Osterhoutii sap (normally 0.01 M or less) is experimentally raised to 0.3 M, the potential rises to values about equal to those in H. ovalis. The external application of solutions high in potassium temporarily lowers the potential of both, probably by the high mobility of K+ ions. But a large potential is soon regained, representing the characteristic potential of the protoplasm. This is about 20 mv. lower than in sea water. The accumulation of KCl in the sap of H. ovalis is apparently not due to the higher mobility of K+ ion in its protoplasm, since the electrical effects of potassium are practically identical in H. Osterhoutii, where KCl is not accumulated.
Risk analysis of buried wastes from electricity generation

There has been a great deal of public concern about the dangers of buried radioactive waste from the nuclear industry. The rational approach to evaluating these concerns is to develop quantitative estimates of the health impacts to be expected from these wastes, and compare them with the health impacts of wastes from alternative technologies. It is our purpose here to outline that process and develop the results.
Why “Race Suicide”? Cultural Factors in U.S. Fertility Decline, 1903–1908

Study of a sample of 605 newspaper articles produced between 1903 and 1908 tracks Americans' explanations for fertility decline, demonstrating the perceived importance of economic and “cosmic” factors but arguing that these factors and others are best understood in the context of individual-level moral views. For contemporaries seeking to explain the trend toward smaller families, the most significant frames of analysis involved dichotomies concerning self and society, worldliness and transcendence, and near- and long-term sensibilities about time.
Death, Social Networks and Virtual Worlds: A Look Into the Digital Afterlife

As users increasingly operate in various social networking sites and virtual worlds for online interaction, the prevalence of one's online personal presence grows along with the amount of personal information contained in these environments. As our online identities are infused with our every day "real" lives, the virtual can have consequences far beyond a daily status update, online friends and 3D representations. What happens when our content, data, messages and other creations are no longer in our control after we are gone? The authors of this paper examine issues involving the use of these online identities, after an individual is deceased. Specifically, the authors examine virtual worlds and social networking sites in respect to death, and as a way to memorialize an individual. What content is left behind as part of one's digital "legacy"? The authors discuss their preliminary work and future research directions in the area of the effect of death on social networking and virtual worlds.
Generalized Kepler's third law and the virial theorem

A generalized Kepler's third law within the framework of the virial theorem is presented by including post-Newtonian and gravitational radiation reaction contributions. The results are presented in dimensionless velocity and distance variables. An explicit expression is derived for the dimensionless velocity in terms of a power series for the dimensionless distance variable.
Bladder Tissue Pharmacokinetics of Intravesical Mitomycin C and Suramin in Dogs

Suramin, at non-cytotoxic doses, reverses chemoresistance and enhances the activity of mitomycin C (MMC) in mice bearing human bladder xenograft tumors. The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of the intravesical suramin and MMC, alone or in combination, in dogs. Animals received either high dose suramin (20 mg/ml), low dose suramin (6 mg/ml), MMC (2 mg/ml), or combination of low dose suramin and MMC, instilled for 2 h. The dosing volume was 20 ml. All groups showed dilution of drug levels over time due to continued urine production. For single agent suramin, the results showed (a) 5% to 10% penetration into bladder tissues, (b) minimal and clinically insignificant systemic absorption (i.e., undetectable at low dose or a peak concentration that was 6,000× lower than urine concentrations), and (c) disproportionally higher drug penetration and concentrations in bladder tissues at the higher dose. Results for single agent MMC are consistent with our earlier observations. The co-administration of MMC did not alter the plasma, urine, or tissue pharmacokinetics of suramin. Adding suramin did not alter plasma or tissue pharmacokinetics of MMC, but lowered the MMC concentrations in urine by about 20%. This may be in part due to accelerated MMC degradation by co-incubation of suramin or due to variations in urine production rate (because animals were allowed for water during treatment). Suramin readily penetrates the urothelium and into deeper bladder tissues, indicating its potential utility in intravesical therapy.
Spontaneous bleeding into epididymis and vas

Abstract Spontaneous bleeding into the vas and epididymis without associated scrotal pathology has not been reported previously. An enlarging, nontender, firm beaded mass was noted in the left hemiscrotum. Because of an absent kidney on the ipsilateral side, congenital causation was suspected. Since a neoplasm could not be ruled out, surgical exploration was performed. Pathologic examination revealed an organized clot filling the lumen of the epididymis and vas with no other intrascrotal pathology.
Influence of the Sea Ice Thickness Distribution on Polar Climate in CCSM3

Abstract The sea ice simulation of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) T42-gx1 and T85-gx1 control simulations is presented and the influence of the parameterized sea ice thickness distribution (ITD) on polar climate conditions is examined. This includes an analysis of the change in mean climate conditions and simulated sea ice feedbacks when an ITD is included. It is found that including a representation of the subgrid-scale ITD results in larger ice growth rates and thicker sea ice. These larger growth rates represent a higher heat loss from the ocean ice column to the atmosphere, resulting in warmer surface conditions. Ocean circulation, most notably in the Southern Hemisphere, is also modified by the ITD because of the influence of enhanced high-latitude ice formation on the ocean buoyancy flux and resulting deep water formation. Changes in atmospheric circulation also result, again most notably in the Southern Hemisphere. There are indications that the ITD also modifies simulated sea...
The Nature of Scientific Revolutions from the Vantage Point of Chaos Theory

In sharp contrast to the early positivist view of the nature of science and scientific knowledge, Kuhn argues that the scientific enterprise involves states of continuous, gradual development punctuated by comparatively rare instances of turmoil and change, which ultimately brings about a new stability and a qualitatively changed knowledge base. Although this discontinuous or nonlinear view of scientific knowledge is shared by a number of philosophers of science and science educators currently, Kuhn’s description of how progress in science occurs has never been formally modeled from a nonlinear mathematical perspective. In this article, we represent aspects of Kuhn’s main thesis and ideas as stated in his classic work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions using catastrophe theory, which is a particular instantiation of chaos theory capable of describing discontinuous phenomenon. Through this catastrophe theory representation we attempt to depict and develop a formal nonlinear model of scientific change. The pedagogical implications of the model developed and presented are discussed.
Copyrights and "Design-Around" Scholarship

A patent is a formidable thing. In the United States, it affords twenty years of nearly ironclad protection to an inventor who can prove, after considerable expenditure of time and money, that some new process for manufacturing widgets is a novel and non obvious addition to what legal practitioners call the "prior art"-?all those processes for manufacturing widgets that others have thought up in the past. Once the federal government has conferred a patent upon an inventor, competitors must have a care. A successful inven tion inspires imitation, but if the imitation is too close, its author may get slapped with a lawsuit. In the high-dollar world of patents, losing an infringement suit can mean facing damages of millions or even billions of dollars.1 So imitators have to be as ingenious as the inventors they seek to imitate/Patent law encourages such ingenuity by permitting a clever competitor to "design around" a patent in such a way as to create a product that is the functional equivalent of the protected idea but narrowly avoids entering the forbidden zone of infringement. Economic policy also favors design-arounds. While non-infringing copycat products may threaten patentees' revenues, they also make the marketplace more competitive and drive down the price of prod ucts?consequences that are widely considered to be socially desir able.2 It takes skill and legal acumen to come up with a successful design-around. Many have devoted their careers to brainstorming these legitimate knockoffs. The humanities are perhaps the last place we would expect to
Consumer responses to service recovery strategies: The moderating role of online versus offline environment

Abstract In this article, we examine consumer reactions to two service recovery strategies: fixing the service failure for a fee and fixing the service failure for no fee and adding compensation. We expect that the more desirable recovery strategy will result in higher levels of satisfaction and higher postpurchase intentions. However, the effect of these recovery strategies on consumers' reactions is likely to be moderated by the setting (online versus offline). The empirical results support our predictions that the effect of the service failure recovery on satisfaction and postpurchase intentions would be stronger in offline media than in online media. Managerial implications thus are presented.
Microbial Communication Superhighways

Exchange of information is critical for bacterial social behaviors. Now Dubey and Ben-Yehuda (2011) provide evidence for bacterial "nanotube" conduits that allow microbes to directly exchange cytoplasmic factors. Protein and DNA transfer between distantly related species raises the prospect of a new, widely distributed mechanism of bacterial communication.
Where’s My Web Page? How Aesthetic Changes Affect User Performance When Critical Navigation Links Change:

This paper reports the results of a study that examined the impact of aesthetic changes to a web site on user performance when a single critical link in the main navigation of the page also changed...
Myth and Reality in the Origin of American Economic Geography

Abstract The organization of American economic geography and the enunciation of a new, human-focused conceptual orientation appropriate to it have been attributed to scholars at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. I argue here that such attribution is too limited and does disservice to the rich history of the discipline. Economic geography as a university subject was introduced by economists influenced by German economic historicism. It was adopted by departments of geography when abandoned by economists. Earliest formulations of a new non-Davisian model of geographic inquiry were the work of individuals not connected with the Wharton group of Emory Johnson, J. Russell Smith, J. Paul Goode, and Walter S. Tower. The general recognition of the philosophic and subject organization contribution of the Pennsylvania group is appropriate but made more realistic by a fuller understanding of the diverse roots of American economic geography.
Angular Distribution of the Ground-State Neutrons from the C 13 ( p , n ) N 13 and N 15 ( p , n ) O 15 Reactions

The angular distribution of the neutrons from the ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}(p, n){\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, n){\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ ground-state reactions has been measured in 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} steps from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for incident proton (laboratory) energies of approximately 6.5, 6.9, 7.5, 8.1, 8.6, 8.9, 9.4, 10.6, 11.4, and 12.2 Mev. Additional measurements were made for ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ at 5.0, 10.2, 10.9, and 13.3 Mev, and for ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ at 5.5, 7.7, 7.8, and 13.6 Mev. A calibrated plastic or stilbene scintillator was used in order to obtain absolute differential cross sections. Time-of-flight techniques on the Liver-more variable energy cyclotron allowed positive identification of the ground-state neutrons. The targets [C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ (58%${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$) and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ (90% ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$)] were sufficiently thick to average out the effects of possible compound-nucleus contributions. From preliminary fits to the ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ angular distributions, Glendenning and Bloom have inferred an effective neutron-proton interaction inside the nucleus.
Effects of reheating on the accuracy of addition silicone putty-wash impressions.

The effect of the relatively high thermal contraction of addition silicones (polyvinylsiloxane) on the accuracy of stone casts was evaluated using the putty/wash relining impression technique and acrylic resin trays. Impressions were made at 37° C and were divided into two groups. One group was poured at room temperature (22° ± 2° C) and another group was reheated to 37° C before pouring. Measurement of the dimensional changes failed to reveal improved accuracy of the stone casts poured at the same temperature as that reached during impression making. On the basis of this limited sample, it can be concluded that reheating the impression using the putty/wash relining technique did not improve the accuracy of the stone cast.
Blood-brain barrier: Mechanisms of peptide regulation and transport

Abstract Delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the central nervous system from the blood is subject to the permeability limitations imposed by the blood-brain barrier. Recent development of an in vitro model permits the opportunity to explore fundamental blood-brain barrier characteristics at the cellular and biochemical level. In part, information generated from such studies will be necessary to develop strategies for delivering blood-borne therapeutic peptide and proteins across the blood-brain barrier to central nervous system sites of action. Reviewed here are applications of the in vitro model in studies of the biochemistry of both peptide regulation of transcellular vesicular pathways and transmembrane transport of peptides .