cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-stage recovery of gametogenic activity following starvation in Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck were starved for 28 days and then fed ad libitum for 32 days. Gonadal indices increased significantly with feeding by 9.6-fold in females, and 3.03-fold in males, with most of the growth occurring 8 days after feeding. Histological examination of the ovaries after starvation revealed the presence of oocytes (mean = 61 μm) but no visible germinal epithelium. The size of these oocytes increased significantly within the first 8 days of feeding. Ovarian tubules developed a visible germinal epithelium between 8 and 16 days of feeding. The mean oocyte diameter continued increasing to 32 days of feeding (mean = 90 μm). Histological examination of the testicular tubules after starvation revealed the presence of spermatocytes and spermatids, and some mature spermatozoa, but no germinal epithelium was visible. These spermatocytes and spermatids differentiated within the first 8 days of feeding to mature spermatozoa. The testicular tubules developed thin, discontinuous patches of germinal epithelium between 8 and 16 days of feeding. Continuous zones of germinal epithelium occurred in the testes by 32 days of feeding. This suggests that both sexes utilize a two-stage strategy of gametogenic recovery after starvation. First, an immediate completion of development and/or differentiation of existing gametes would allow individuals to attain some reproductive capacity if limited food supplies are found after a period of nutrient deprivation. Second, subsequent initiation of gametogenesis to produce a new cohort of gametes would allow individuals to maximize reproductive output.
Nonbenzenoid aromatic isocyanides: New coordination building blocks for organometallic and surface chemistry

Abstract This review is focused on the emerging chemistry of nonbenzenoid aromatic isocyanides, a relatively new family of aryl isocyanide molecules. Two types of systems are discussed: (1) isocyanoazulenes, for which five archetypal isomeric structures may be envisioned, and (2) η5-stabilized isocyanocyclopentadienides. So far, the latter are represented by isocyanoferrocene, 1,1′-diisocyanoferrocene, and isocyanocymantrene. In addition, the synthesis and chemistry of the linear 2,6-diisocyanoazulene motif, including regioselective installation and complexation of its –NC termini with controlled orientation of the azulenic dipole, are described. Self-assembly of nonbenzenoid aryl isocyanides and diisocyanides on gold(1 1 1) surfaces is reviewed as well.
Global Contexts for Learning: Exploring the Relationship between Low-Context Online Learning and High-Context Learners.

Current research on culture and distance education suggests that cultural variables influence student success online. When online courses are writing-based, they may provide easy information dissemination; however, the low-context medium may restrict the learning experience and class dynamic due to the lack of nonverbal communication. Students who come from a high-context culture may find low-context, online cultures to lack cues they would normally expect when meeting face-to-face. Judging that text-based online communication is low-context, this study explores the impact low-context communication makes in the learning environment of students from high-context cultures by investigating Hall's definitions of contexting and Hofstede's (1980) dimensions of culture in view of online learning. The article concludes by offering suggestions for how to better serve high-context cultures in low-context online courses in Christian institutions of higher education.
Heme Synthesis in Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias: Decreased δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase in Hemoglobin Köln Disease

Heme Synthesis in Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias: Decreased δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase in Hemoglobin Koln Disease
Analysis of proteins from embryogenic and non-embryogenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) calli

Abstract When rice ( Oryza sativa L.) embryos were cultured on Murashige-Skoog medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and kinetin, both embryogenic (E) and non-embryogenic (NE) calli were formed. One and two-dimensional electrophoresis indicated that there were some qualititative differences between the proteins present in E and NE calli, and in rice embryos. Several E and NE-specific and embryo-specific polypeptides were evident. Two of the E-specific polypeptides of 54 and 24 kD corresponded to the major polypeptides in rice embryo extracts. One polypeptide of 22.7 kD was consistently present in the extracts from NE calli, but was present in much lower amounts in E calli, and was absent from embryo extracts. When E and NE calli were placed on regeneration medium for 12 days there were few changes in the polypeptide patterns of the two cell types, except for an increase in the amount of a 45 kD polypeptide in the NE calli.
A comparison of three economic impact models for applied hospitality and tourism research.

This study examines the differences between three economic impact models: the capacity utilization model (CUM), Regional Economic Models, Inc (REMI) and the impact analysis for planning (IMPLAN) model with a view to providing insights into their applicability for hospitality and tourism educators and researchers. Four databases have been used to compare the results concerning total output, income and employment. The results were most dissimilar for the ‘income’ variable. The difference in income lies in the fact that the three models estimated income in three different ways. The CUM estimated ‘payroll’, REMI estimated ‘disposable personal income’ and IMPLAN estimated ‘value added’. Due to the different income measurements, REMI's income estimates were the highest, while the CUM's were the lowest. This study does not strive to recommend one economic impact model over another; however, it does examine the behaviour of the respective models concerning various data sets and describes the underlying characteri...
Multidetector-row CT with a 64-row amorphous silicon flat panel detector

A unique 64-row flat panel (FP) detector has been developed for sub-second multidetector-row CT (MDCT). The intent was to explore the image quality achievable with relatively inexpensive amorphous silicon (a-Si) compared to existing diagnostic scanners with discrete crystalline diode detectors. The FP MDCT system is a bench-top design that consists of three FP modules. Each module uses a 30 cm x 3.3 cm a-Si array with 576 x 64 photodiodes. The photodiodes are 0.52 mm x 0.52 mm, which allows for about twice the spatial resolution of most commercial MDCT scanners. The modules are arranged in an overlapping geometry, which is sufficient to provide a full-fan 48 cm diameter scan. Scans were obtained with various detachable scintillators, e.g. ceramic Gd 2 O 2 S, particle-in-binder Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb and columnar CsI:Tl. Scan quality was evaluated with a Catphan-500 performance phantom and anthropomorphic phantoms. The FP MDCT scans demonstrate nearly equivalent performance scans to a commercial 16-slice MDCT scanner at comparable 10 - 20 mGy/100mAs doses. Thus far, a high contrast resolution of 15 lp/cm and a low contrast resolution of 5 mm @ 0.3 % have been achieved on 1 second scans. Sub-second scans have been achieved with partial rotations. Since the future direction of MDCT appears to be in acquiring single organ coverage per scan, future efforts are planned for increasing the number of detector rows beyond the current 64- rows.
What can we expect from long-acting formulations for schizophrenia?

Introduction: The advantages of depot formulations for improved medication adherence, and therefore improved clinical outcomes, have been consistently demonstrated over the past three decades. For example, a recent metaanalysis of 10 studies that met rigorous criteria for inclusion based on quality and duration suggested overwhelming support for this hypothesis. However, another recent highprofile article by Rosenheck and colleagues in The New England Journal of Medicine seems to contradict the superiority of depot formulations over oral medication. Therefore, the current report reviews the design and data in the Rosenheck et al. clinical trial and compares and contrasts these data with the aforementioned meta-analysis by Leucht and colleagues.
Amplitude modulation of microwave signals using transferred-electron diodes

Described here is a microwave amplitude modulator that uses two GaAs 0.85 P 0.15 transferred electron diodes. The modulator remains matched for all depth of modulation, and requires a control voltage of only 0 to 4 volts.
The entrepreneurial marketing mix

Purpose – This paper identifies and examine a divergence of philosophies and practice between corporate/traditional marketing (CTM) and entrepreneurial marketing (EM). The paper examines the case of an entrepreneur who also possesses a deep understanding of CTM practices. The purpose of this paper is to learn which set of marketing practices entrepreneurs are likely to privilege.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is an ethnographic investigation of a marketing entrepreneur: one who possesses a deep understanding of CTM and who is also a successful entrepreneur. Data collection and analysis included participant observation, multiple interviews, and interpretation of textual and video data.Findings – Entrepreneurs with CTM expertise privilege elements of EM. Rather than relying on the traditional four Ps (product, price, place, and promotion), their marketing strategy and practice is reminiscent of the entrepreneurial four P's (purpose, practices, process, and people). Communication competency is foun...
The Intakes and Committed Effective Dose from Internally Deposited Iodine-131 due to an Internal Contamination Event of Ulchin Nuclear Power Plant in Korea–Experiences and Lessons Learnt

This paper describes the lessons learned after 131I(iodine-131) contamination at Korean nuclear power plnats during the refueling period, including whole body counting measurement systems, the estimation of intake, and the calculation of committed effective dose. In particular, various internal dose calculations and computer programs were applied with the revised biokinetic models and a new dosimetric model for the human respiratory tract of ICRP. Finally, the estimated intake and committed effective dose were reviewed and intercompared based on the intake retention fraction of the ICRP.
Human renin gene is on chromosome 1

DNA sequences encoding kidney renin were localized to region p21 → qter of human chromosome 1 by Southern blot analysis of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids with a cloned human renin DNA probe. The renin gene may be a member of a chromosome 1 linkage group which is conserved in mouse and man. Available evidence suggests this gene is present in one copy per haploid genome. Thus those renin-like molecules detected immunologically in tissues other than the kidney (such as brain, placenta, uterus, pituitary, vasculature, and adrenal) may be derived from this single gene. Since renin messenger RNA in human kidney is about 1550 nucleotides long, reported molecular weights in excess of 45,000 for circulating renin represent posttranslational or postsecretory modifications of the polypeptide.
Security analysis of emerging remote obstetrics monitoring systems

Remote obstetrics care monitoring is currently being used in many different countries to improve the quality of prenatal care, with promising results. The next generation of remote monitoring systems take advantage of improvements in wireless communications and mobile phone technologies to incorporate off-the-shelf equipment, such as Android smartphones, into their design. This not only reduces the overall cost, but also allows for greater flexibility, since the patient can perform monitoring in the comfort of their home. However, our analysis suggests that recently proposed systems have inadequate security protections needed to meet HIPAA requirements for health data. We also proposed recommendations to improve the security of these emerging systems.
Prehistoric Hafting and Mobility in the North American Midcontinent: Examples from Illinois

Abstract As sedentism increased among North American prehistoric hunter—gatherers, the degree of risk involved in individual logistical forays also increased. Technological responses to this situation in the direction of more reliable tools are postulated to have occurred throughout the Holocene period. It is the contention of this paper that reliability would have been augmented through more frequent and judicious hafting of implements. This idea was tested using nine components spanning 7500 years of prehistory (late Early Archaic through Mississippian) from the Lower Illinois Valley of Illinois. More than 6000 lithic artifacts were subjected to use-wear analysis resulting in the recognition of a variety of tasks, from which prehensile wear has been extracted and analyzed separately for this paper. Wear specifically attributed to hafting increased during this period, whereas wear from manual prehension declined. The effects of increased hafting on stone implements are witnessed in the decrease in frequency of related variables, notably functional units/tool and different activities and worked materials/tool.
Reducing Campus Sexual Assaults Through Bystander Intervention Programs: How Counselors Can Help

Sexual assault is emotionally devastating for victims and continues to plague college campuses. Bystander Intervention (BI) training, when incorporated into existing sexual assault-prevention programs, equips students to challenge sexually aggressive attitudes and behaviors, and educates them about myths and social norms that endorse sexual assault. This article highlights trends in BI programming and offers counselors and counselor educators recommendations for advocating for and implementing BI programs on their campuses.
Analysis of Tamoxifen and Its Metabolites by On-Line Capillary Electrophoresis−Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Employing Nonaqueous Media Containing Surfactants

On-line capillary electrophoresis−electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE−ESMS) has been employed for the analysis of metabolites of the anticancer drug tamoxifen. Nonaqueous (methanol) CE electrolyte provided better resolution and detection sensitivity compared to aqueous systems or highly aqueous water−methanol electrolyte mixtures. Nonaqueous methanol also permitted the use of lower ES voltages presumably owing to its lower surface tension, which facilitated droplet breakup. This decreased the tendency to produce electric discharges, thus improving the stability of electrospray conditions. The relative ease of methanol solvent evaporation may contribute to an improved yield of protonated analytes as compared to highly aqueous solutions. Enhanced CE resolution can be at least partially attributed to the improved solubility of analytes in methanol relative to water. Higher solubility implies less aggregation of hydrophobic analytes, thus improving homogeneity in solution. Moreover, electroosmotic f...
Evaluating the Physical Education Program

Are physical education students given ample opportunity to learn? Or, is the class merely a glorified recess? The methods described in this article provide a simple, effective way for evaluating the PE program and its teachers.
Formation energies and swelling of uranium dioxide by point defects

Hybrid density functional theory is used to study the stability and behavior of rare gases in uranium dioxide. Three insertion sites are considered: the octahedral interstitial position and the oxygen and uranium substitution sites. The optimized lattice constant, the volume variation induced by gaseous atom incorporation, and the defect formation energy are studied for each rare gas. Both lattice constants and formation energies increase with increase in radii of the rare gases. The octahedral interstitial position is the most favorable occupation site. The formation energy is found to be negative only for He at an interstitial site.
“Black hole” nucleation in a splash of milk

It is well-known that a drop of water deposited on a superhydrophobic surface adopts a quasispherical shape to minimize its interaction with the substrate. As a result, the equilibrium contact angle, eq, that the drop makes with the surface can approach 180° Fig. 1 . Also, the literature documents the impact dynamics of fluid droplets on such surfaces. In particular, a water droplet can bounce off of a superhydrophobic substrate. Here, we use rotational effects to further spread out the drop during impact. We experiment with releasing a millimeter-size drop of milk above the center of a spinning disk whose surface is covered by soot to create a superhydrophobic substrate Fig. 1 . By varying the velocity of impact V and the rotation rate of the disk, we observe a rich variety of dynamics including bouncing, retracting, and dewetting. Figure 2 shows high-speed images illustrating a typical dewetting experiment obtained for large values of both V and . Upon impact, the drop deforms into a liquid sheet that spreads out until it reaches a maximum diameter Figs. 2 a and 2 b . At the same time, due to rotational effects, its thickness continually decreases Fig. 2 c and upon reaching a critical value, the drop dewets via the nucleation of a dry spot at the center of the spreading liquid sheet Fig. 2 d . The hole in the sheet then grows, which leads to the ejection of the drop from the substrate Figs. 2 e and 2 f . We rationalize these results using simple physical arguments comparing the surface tension effects with rotation-driven spreading and thinning. For lower values of V and , the drop bounces while for intermediate speeds the drop spreads on the substrate, retracts, and then breaks up into smaller droplets Fig. 3 . In conclusion, by varying the values of V and , we obtain a variety of new dynamical behaviors for drop impact on superhydrophobic substrates, from a simple bounce to “spiders” and “black holes” Figs. 3 a –3 c .
Fast and accurate computation of equi-depth histograms over data streams

Equi-depth histograms represent a fundamental synopsis widely used in both database and data stream applications, as they provide the cornerstone of many techniques such as query optimization, approximate query answering, distribution fitting, and parallel database partitioning. Equi-depth histograms try to partition a sequence of data in a way that every part has the same number of data items. In this paper, we present a new algorithm to estimate equi-depth histograms for high speed data streams over sliding windows. While many previous methods were based on quantile computations, we propose a new method called BAr Splitting Histogram (BASH) that provides an expected e-approximate solution to compute the equi-depth histogram. Extensive experiments show that BASH is at least four times faster than one of the best existing approaches, while achieving similar or better accuracy and in some cases using less memory. The experimental results also indicate that BASH is more stable on data affected by frequent concept shifts.
Magic cluster ion distributions: (NO) 3 + (N2O)n and (NO) 3 + (CO2)n

Supersonic jet expansions of mixtures of nitric oxide with either nitrous oxide or carbon dioxide have been investigated over a wide range of relative concentrations. Mixed molecular cluster ions of the form (NO) m + (N2O)n and (NO) m + (CO2)n are detected following non-resonant two-photon ionization. Over a wide range of intermediate concentrations, the cluster ion distributions (NO) 3 + (N2O)n and (NO) 3 + (CO2)n with n≤30 are significantly more intense than clusters containing other numbers of nitric oxide molecules. The extra abundance of these species is attributed to their especially stable structures and several possible forms are discussed. An intriguing possibility involves a stable cyclic nitric oxide trimer (or ion) when combined with nitrous oxide or carbon dioxide clusters.
Characterization of ion implanted TiN films

Abstract The tribological properties, chemical states, and microstructures of TiN films implanted with Cr and Al ions have been studied. TiN films were deposited using the cathodic arc ion-plating method. After the deposition, Cr or Al ions were implanted into TiN films at an energy below 200 keV. The wear resistance of the ion implanted TiN films, measured by the pin-on-disk method, was improved when compared to the as-deposited TiN film. The XPS spectrum of the implanted films showed the components of CrN and AlN bonds respectively. The glancing angle X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the formation of a ternary compound of TiCrN or TiAlN. Some mechanisms of the tribological improvements by ion implantation are discussed.
Mechanical frequency detection thresholds in the human face

Afferent information originating from mechanoreceptors located within perioral facial skin is considered to play an important role in the development and maintenance of fine motor skill associated with the production of speech. To date, little quantitative information is available on the frequency sensitivity of the face to controlled sinusoidal displacements, especially in areas of tissue that change shape during speech. The purpose was to determine the mechanical frequency detection thresholds of select skin sites in the face and hand using a psychophysical procedure. Mean frequency detection thresholds for all facial skin sites were significantly higher than thresholds for the forefinger. Further, pacinian-type frequency sensitivity, characteristic of the finger, was absent in the face. Finally, vibratory stimuli may be useful in the assessment of skin sense in patients with suspected involvement of the trigeminal system. A case study is presented to highlight the quantitative nature of this psychophysical procedure.
Commercially Available Complement Component-Depleted Sera Are Unexpectedly Codepleted of Ficolin-2

The ficolins are a family of innate pattern recognition molecules that are known to bind acetylated compounds and activate complement through the association of mannose binding lectin (MBL)/ficolin-associated serine proteases (MASPs). Their importance has more recently become appreciated, as they have been shown to play a role in a variety of disease processes from infection to autoimmunity. While studying ficolin-2-mediated complement deposition on Streptococcus pneumoniae, we found that sera depleted of C1q or other complement components were also codepleted of ficolin-2 but not ficolin-1, ficolin-3, or MBL. MBL present in C1q-depleted sera was able to mediate complement deposition on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suggesting the presence of MASPs. We found that complement was activated on pneumococci in C1q-depleted serum only after opsonization with exogenous recombinant ficolin-2 (rFicolin-2). Also, no complement deposition was observed in C1q-depleted serum when pneumococci were opsonized with rFicolin-2 mutated at its lysine-57 residue, where MASPs are known to associate. Thus, these depleted sera are a unique tool to study ficolin-2-mediated complement pathways; however, one should be aware that ficolin-2 is absent from complement component-depleted sera.
Regenerative AC Electronic Load with One-Cycle Control

Variable linear or nonlinear loads are critical for testing AC power supplies and power equipment in various operating conditions. At present, most testing loads are based on bulky resistors, capacitors, and inductors on which the testing energy is consumed to generate excessive heat, and moreover, the impedance value is limited by finite combination of these bulky loads. Some commercial electronic loads are available, which provide flexible impedance control but the energy absorbed by the load is still dissipated as heat. The work presented in this paper is a continuous effort of UCI Power Electronics AC load project. A Regenerative AC Electronic Load (RACEL) is developed with One-Cycle Controller (OCC), which doesn't require any Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and software in the control loop. Using a reconfigurable Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA), the OCC can be integrated into a single FPAA with easy reconfiguration and simple interface structure. The proposed RACEL can emulate any impedance load, linear or nonlinear as well steady or dynamic with the regeneration of the testing energy. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed RACEL performance.
Concomitant allorecognition of mismatched donor HLA class I– and class II–derived peptides in pediatric lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome

Abstract Background The authors' previous studies with 2 different adult patient populations demonstrated a correlation between indirect allorecognition of mismatched donor HLA Class I– and Class II–derived peptides and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine whether a parallel allorecognition of mismatched donor HLA Class I– and Class II–derived peptides occurs after lung transplantation and to determine its correlation with the development of BOS after lung transplantation in a group of pediatric patients. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 7 BOS-positive and 6 BOS-negative pediatric lung transplant recipients (age, 11.5 ± 4.4 years) were cultured in the presence of synthetic peptides corresponding to the α-chain hypervariable regions of a mismatched donor HLA Class I molecule and the β-chain hypervariable region of a mismatched donor HLA-DR molecule. The frequencies of HLA Class I and Class II alloreactive T cells were determined using limiting dilution analysis. Results A significant increase ( p = 0.025) in HLA Class I-alloreactive T cells was observed in BOS-positive patients (7.1 × 10 −5 ± 4.3 × 10 −5 ) compared with BOS-negative patients (2.1 × 10 −5 ± 1.8 × 10 −6 ). In addition, a significant increase ( p = 0.033) in HLA Class II-alloreactive T cells also was observed in BOS-positive patients (9.6 × 10 −5 ± 7.9 × 10 −5 ) compared with BOS-negative patients (1.3 × 10 −5 ± 2.1 × 10 −6 ). Conclusions This study indicates that a parallel CD4+ T-cell alloreactivity to both donor HLA Class I and Class II molecules may play a role in the pathogenesis of BOS both in adult and pediatric lung transplant recipients.
Medical and social factors affecting early teenage pregnancy: A literature review and summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study

Abstract A total of 414 births occurred to women under 15 years of age in Louisiana in 1972. The infant mortality rates of these children ranged from 6 to 50 per thousand live births when various combinations of medical and social factors were considered. Highest risk is assigned to the offspring of mothers who were poor, or white, or married, or with limited prenatal care. Prenatal care was generally less in the teenager than the older woman. The teenage stillbirth, perinatal mortality, prematurity, and infant mortality rates are generally higher than those in older women. This study confirms the findings of other authors that the offspring of teenage mothers are at greater risk than the offspring of older women although quality prenatal care and origin in a favorable socioeconomic background will ameliorate substantial elements of this risk.
180° Electron Scattering from 3He and 4He

The photomagnetic dipole disintegrations of the trinucleon doublets, 3H and 3He, are forbidden processes which, accordingly, are difficult to observe in competition with the El disintegration produced by photons. The extent of this orthogonality is evident by comparing the radiative capture cross sections of the proton and of the deuteron by thermal neutrons. The measured values are 0.5 mb for 2H(n,γ)3H and 334 mb for 1H(n,γ)2H where the latter is a M1 allowed radiative transition. It is by now widely appreciated that inelastic electron scattering at 180° is an experimental tool to sizably enhance Ml in competition with El processes.1 This is because the longitudinal part of the virtual photon spectrum vanishes as θ → π, while the transverse part of the equivalent spectrum is dominated at 180° by M1 compared to El as q2/k2 where \(\vec{q}={{\vec{p}}_{o}}-\vec{p}\) and k = ∆E/ℏc. Furthermore the photomagnetic orthogonality in 3He may be broken by inelastic electron scattering.2
Ferroan Carbonates Formed at Depth Require Porosity Well-Log Corrections: Hunton Group (Upper Ordovician to Lower Devonian), Deep Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma and Texas: ABSTRACT

Iron in the minerals calcite and dolomite of limestones and dolostones increases bulk densities and probably also decreases resistivities recorded by logging tools. Whereas dolostones alone retain porosity (intercrystalline and moldic) in the deep Anadarko basin of southwestern Oklahoma and Texas, it is particularly important to distinguish variations in the chemical compositions of dolomite (especially of iron). Bulk densities determined by measuring proportions of major minerals (X-ray diffraction) and iron content (X-ray fluorescence) permit improved estimates of true porosities and water saturations. Dolomite densities range from 2.82 g/cm3 up to 3.02 g/cm3 for strongly ferroan dolomite. In the Hunton Group (Upper Ordovician to Lower Devonian) of the Anadarko basin, we have calculated more porosity and hydrocarbons than expected for select zones. Intervals with less than 4% apparent porosity before correction for iron actually have 4 to 10% porosity. Potentially productive intervals have been missed. At depths exceeding 10,000 ft (3 km), ferroan dolomite and calcite in the Hunton Group carbonates are predictably associated with interbedded argillaceous zones and with the underlying marine Sylvan Shale. In the deepest of the 50 wells studied, well logs show high densities in the lowermost Hunton (above the Sylvan Shale) which can only be interpreted as the presence of iron-rich dolomite. Detailed fossil correlations by Amsden have established the relatively constant age of a single lithostratigraphic horizon locally present at the base of the Hunton Group conformably overlying the Sylvan Shale, leading us to conclude that increased temperature with depth is the predominant factor for dolomitization. The smectite-to-illite transition in the Sylvan Shale is suggested as a possible so rce of magnesium and iron. Preliminary shale analysis and stable-isotope-ratio analysis support the above conclusions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 119------------
Using Adaptor Grammars to Identify Synergies in the Unsupervised Acquisition of Linguistic Structure

Adaptor grammars (Johnson et al., 2007b) are a non-parametric Bayesian extension of Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars (PCFGs) which in effect learn the probabilities of entire subtrees. In practice, this means that an adaptor grammar learns the structures useful for generating the training data as well as their probabilities. We present several different adaptor grammars that learn to segment phonemic input into words by modeling different linguistic properties of the input. One of the advantages of a grammar-based framework is that it is easy to combine grammars, and we use this ability to compare models that capture different kinds of linguistic structure. We show that incorporating both unsupervised syllabification and collocation-finding into the adaptor grammar significantly improves unsupervised word-segmentation accuracy over that achieved by adaptor grammars that model only one of these linguistic phenomena.
Oxytocin for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour is not associated with different rates of caesarean or assisted delivery compared with no treatment or delayed use in second stage.

Commentary on: GJ Bugg, F Siddiqui, JG Thornton. Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour.Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011;6:CD007123.
Mutations of Laurent Polynomials and Flat Families with Toric Fibers

We give a general criterion for two toric varieties to appear as fibers in a flat family over P 1 . We apply this to show that certain birational transformations mapping
A mechanism for simultaneous sensing of aspartate and maltose by the Tar chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli

The Tar chemoreceptor of Escherichia coli exhibits partial sensory additivity. Tar can mediate simultaneous responses to two disparate ligands, aspartate and substrate-loaded maltose-binding protein (MBP). To investigate how one receptor generates concurrent signals to two stimuli, ligand-binding asymmetry was imposed on the rotationally symmetric Tar homodimer. Mutations causing specific defects in aspartate or maltose chemotaxis were introduced pairwise into plasmid-borne tar genes. The doubly mutated tar genes did not restore aspartate or maltose chemotaxis in a strain containing a chromosomal deletion of tar (delta tar). However, when Tar proteins with complementing sets of mutations were co-expressed from compatible plasmids, the resulting heterodimeric receptors enabled delta tar cells to respond to aspartate or maltose. The effect of one attractant on the response to the other depended on the relative orientations of the functional binding sites for aspartate and MBP. When the sites were in the 'same' orientation, saturating levels of one attractant strongly inhibited chemotaxis to the other. In the 'opposite' orientation, such inhibitory effects were negligible. These data demonstrate that opposing subunits of Tar can transmit signals to aspartate and maltose independently if the ligands are restricted to the 'opposite' binding orientation. When aspartate and MBP bind in the 'same' orientation, they compete for signalling through one subunit. In the wild-type Tar dimer, aspartate and MBP can bind in either the 'same' or the 'opposite' orientation, a freedom that can explain the partial additivity of the aspartate and maltose responses that is seen with tar+ cells.
Novel serum proteomic signatures in a non-human primate model of retinal injury

Purpose To identify candidate protein biomarkers in sera indicative of acute retinal injury.
Visual field dependence influences balance in patients with stroke

To compare the occurrence of visual field independence/dependence in healthy subjects with patients who are post-stroke using the Rod and Frame Test, and determine whether increased visual dependence is reflected in their postural responses when immersed in a moving visual environment. Eight older and twelve young adults, and twelve patients with cortical or sub-cortical stroke, were asked to align a rod enclosed in a tilted frame to vertical and horizontal. Angular deviations of rod position were calculated and compared. Center-of-mass (COM) of the body was calculated for two patients and two young adults standing in the dark and in an immersive virtual environment to examine their postural responses. Balance of the patients did not appear different from healthy subjects when standing in the dark suggesting they were not dependent on the presence of vision, but more rapid and larger COM displacements emerged in the patients when immersed in a moving visual scene. Patients also exhibited greater errors when aligning the rod compared to both healthy groups. Thus, patients with stroke may be more dependent on visual inputs when they are present, and have more difficulty resolving conflict between the visual and somatosensory cues compared to healthy young or older subjects. This impaired conflict resolution may underlie the rapid instability observed in patients when they were placed in a moving visual environment.
Duty cycle aware application design using FPGAs

Duty cycle is the proportion of time a device is active. Therefore, based on the duty cycle specification, application (implemented using the device) execution can be modeled as alternate active and inactive phases. For FPGAs, during inactive phases, energy is dissipated due to leakage current and clock signal distribution. If the duration of the inactive phases is significantly larger than that of the active phases, optimizing energy dissipation during inactive phases contributes significantly towards the overall energy efficiency. We present a design tool for the evaluation of various optimization techniques such as shutting down FPGAs, transitioning to a low power state, or leaving as it is to minimize overall energy dissipation. We illustrate the tool through energy efficient design of a target tracking application using FPGAs.
Soft computing, fuzzy logic and recognition technology

Recognition systems of one kind or another have been around for a long time. But what we are beginning to see today are recognition systems that are capable of performing tasks that could not be done in the past. The quantum jump in the capabilities of today's recognition systems reflect three converging developments: (a) major advances in sensor technology; (b) major advances in sensor data processing technology; and (c) the use of soft computing techniques to infer a conclusion from observed data.
Endocytosis Is a Critical Step in Entry of Subgroup B Avian Leukosis Viruses

The avian leukosis virus (ALV) entry mechanism is controversial, with evidence for and against a low-pH requirement for viral fusion. To further address this question, we tested the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pseudotyped with the envelope protein of subgroup B ALV (ALV-B) in the presence of three different lysosomotropic agents. These lysosomotropic agents were able to block the entry of wild-type and pseudotyped ALV-B in two different cell lines, strongly suggesting that ALV-B requires a low-pH step for entry. ALV-B and pH-dependent Semliki Forest virus (SFV) entered cells with slower uptake kinetics than HIV-1, which is pH independent. These slow uptake rates support the theory that ALV-B utilizes endocytic pathways to enter cells. Using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy analysis, we visualized the colocalization of virus particles with the endosomal marker transferrin and demonstrated virus particles in clathrin-coated vesicles and endosome-like structures. Surprisingly, a low-pH treatment did not overcome the inhibition of ALV-B entry by lysosomotropic agents. This indicates that, in contrast to SFV, ALV-B is unable to fuse at the cellular surface, even at a low pH. Taken together, our findings suggest that endocytosis and a subsequent low-pH step are critical for successful ALV-B infection.
Immunologic and clinical correlates of bronchial challenge responses to Bermuda grass pollen extracts

Abstract We have studied ?6 patients with asthma who had positive skin tests for Bermuda grass pollen antigen (BGP) with history, immunologic assays, and bronchial challenge with BGP. In these patients IgE anti-BGP RAST titers were higher in those with positive, 6.8 ± 4.4% (mean ± SEM) compared to those with negative bronchial challenges, 2.7 ± 0.4% ( p p
Energy economics in the manufacturing industry: A return on investment strategy

Abstract Manufacturers lack the economic tools to properly perform maintenance procedures to increase manufacturing reliability while reducing system energy consumption. A return on investment strategy is developed to provide plant managers with a quantitative method to optimize the maintenance actions that lead to the largest return on investment. Over the long term, this energy economic analysis results in the largest decrease in energy costs for a manufacturing facility. A control methodology is developed to increase profits on a daily basis by inserting energy opportunity windows at various machines thus reducing energy consumption with minimal production impact. A simulation case study is performed to validate the return on investment strategy and to test the control methodology's impact on the overall profit of the facility.
Genetic Instability and Tumorigenesis: Introduction

Cancer is a disease resulting from alterations of cellular genes which cause phenotypic changes in somatic cells. Usually, when we think about genetic diseases, we think about inheriting one or two abnormal genes from our parents and these gene abnormalities confer the disease phenotype. In contrast, in the majority of cancers, no such inherited gene abnormalities can be identified (which does not mean that they do not exist) and there is no obvious family history suggesting an inherited disease. The vast majority of genes which are altered in the cancer cells are not transmitted through the germ line, but rather become abnormal in somatic cells sometime during the lifetime of the individual. Thus, the critical question which arises is “how do these genetic changes occur in somatic cells?”.
Potassium supplement upregulates the expression of renal kallikrein and bradykinin B2 receptor in SHR.

High potassium intake is known to attenuate hypertension, glomerular lesion, ischemic damage, and stroke-associated death. Our recent studies showed that expression of recombinant kallikrein by som...
Variational Inference for Stick-Breaking Beta Process Priors

We present a variational Bayesian inference algorithm for the stick-breaking construction of the beta process. We derive an alternate representation of the beta process that is amenable to variational inference, and present a bound relating the truncated beta process to its infinite counterpart. We assess performance on two matrix factorization problems, using a non-negative factorization model and a linear-Gaussian model.
The Nature of Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs

We begin our discussion of Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs with the fundamental question: Are they clubs formed around the common interest in motorcycles or are they criminal gangs whose members happen to ride motorcycles. The discussion begins with the distinction between conventional and outlaw motorcycle clubs and the events that led to the outlaw label being applied to a small percentage of motorcycle riders
Physical Education in Adult Education

(1934). Physical Education in Adult Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 26-62.
Key Provisions of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act Affecting Small Business and Individual Taxpayers

On May 17, 2006, President Bush signed the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (hereinafter referred to as "TIPRA"). TIPRA is projected to result in tax cuts of $70 billion for the period 2006 to 2010. TIPRA contains many provisions that cover all types of taxpayers. This article addresses a few of the provisions which more directly affect individuals. Section 101 of TIPRA increases expensing of certain assets for small businesses. Subject to certain limitations, a taxpayer may elect to treat the cost of any section 179 property as an expense which is allowed as a deduction for the tax year in which the property is placed into service. The changed delineated in Section 101 of TIPRA are expected to reduce tax revenues in 2008 and 2009 by some $7 billion. TIPRA has also extended the capital gains and dividend rate provisions originally contained in the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 Title III by changing the sunset date from December 31, 2008 to December 31, 2010. These provisions are expected to reduce tax revenues by some $20.5 billion for 2008 through 2010. TIPRA has made some short-term adjustments in the alternative minimum tax (AMT) statute as applied to individuals. The statute covering the AMT is contained in Code Sections 55 through 59, and the AMT is imposed by Code Section 55. Under TIPRA, the exemption amount for the AMT has been increased for tax years beginning in 2006, and the provision allowing nonrefundable personal credits to reduce regular income tax (and AMT tax) has been extended through tax year 2006. Provisions providing relief to individuals from the AMT for tax year 2006 will reduce revenues by almost $34 billion over 2006 and 2007. Finally, TIPRA contains several revenue offset provisions that are expected to generate some $22 billion in additional revenue from 2006 through 2015. Among them is an increase in the age for individuals subject to the "kiddie tax" (wherein net unearned income of minor children is taxed at the parent's rate). TIPRA also removes the income limitation on rollovers to a Roth IRA for tax years beginning after December 31, 2009, thus allowing more individuals to qualify to execute a rollover transaction from a regular IRA to a Roth IRA.
Elastic waves in truncated cones

An experimental investigation of elastic waves produced by the axial collision of strikers with truncated 2024 aluminum cones with apex angles of 0.48, 5.38, 20, and 30 deg was performed. Wave propagation was initiated at the small end of all four cones and at the large end of the 0.48-deg and 5.38-deg cones. The striker consisted of a 1/2-in.-diam steel ball or a soft phenol-impregnated fiber cylinder. In most cases, impact was caused by firing the striker from an air gun at approximately 1300 ips; in an additional series of tests, a steel ball was dropped on the cone. The metamorphosis of the pulse at the surface of the target was recorded using both foil and semiconductor resistance strain gages. Data were obtained for periods ranging from 200 to 500 μsec; this permitted the observation of several reflections from the ends of the specimen. In several instances, cylindrical aluminum rods were glued to the cone to form a composite target; this permitted observation of the initial pulse incident on the conical section both from surface strain gage and sandwiched crystal records. Studies were also conduced to ascertain the stress distribution across the base of the 20-deg cone.
Getting youth to Check it Out!®: a new approach to teaching self-screening.

Objectives To determine if intervention school students who received skills-based breast self-exam (BSE)/testicular self-exam (TSE) training were more likely than control school students to report higher intentions to perform BSE/TSE, greater BSE/TSE self-efficacy, and actual performance of BSE/TSE. Methods BSE/TSE behaviors, intentions, and self-efficacy were assessed in a high school-based trial (N = 6 schools; 3 schools randomized/condition) using self-reported data at 3 time points (N = 1058, 9 th grade students). Results At follow-up, intervention students had greater BSE/TSE intentions and self-efficacy than control students. Intervention students were more likely than control students to report monthly BSE (54.8% vs 27.2%, p = .031) and TSE (81.5% vs 31.4%, p = .010). Conclusions Skills-based interventions with goal setting affect teenagers' self-examination behaviors, intentions, and self-efficacy. Teaching self-screening may empower teenagers to become more engaged in their preventive health, which may lead to improved health as they age.
Developing a Classification Structure of Organizational Problems: An Empirical Investigation

Many conceptual frameworks have been proposed that identify categories of organizational problems, but none have been empirically developed. In response, this study elicited examples of problems fr...