cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty-based experimental validation of nonlinear reduced order models

Abstract This paper presents the first results of a combined experimental–computational investigation focused on the validation of reduced order models of geometrically nonlinear structures in the presence of uncertainty. The validation approach considered here is based on the premise that the model is valid if the experimental results can be considered as random sample responses of the stochastic system of which the reduced order model is the mean. For the situation considered here, the power spectra of the experiments should lie within the 2nd and 98th percentiles of the response (forming the uncertainty band) of the stochastic model. Nominally clamped–clamped beams are considered to demonstrate the entire process. The construction of two mean reduced order models and their stochastic counterparts are first performed. Then, the validation effort is carried out by comparing experimentally obtained power spectra and their corresponding computational uncertainty bands. This process leads, for both reduced order models, to a very good representation of the important upper envelope (98th percentile) of the experimental data but a less good fit of the lower envelope (2nd percentile).
Effect of Partial Pressure of Hydrogen on IGSCC of Alloy 600 in PWR Primary Water

Abstract The frequently reported effect of the partial pressure of hydrogen on the alloy 600 susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in high-temperature water is explained...
Procedure before the ICJ: What is the Exact Date of the Closure of the Written Phase of Proceedings?

Determining the precise date on which the written phase in litigation before the International Court of Justice is closed and the case is “ready for hearing” is important for a number of reasons, including the application of the rules concerning the submission of “further” or “new” documents, and the filing of requests for permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute. While the instruments governing the Court's functioning are silent on the matter, conventional wisdom appears to support the notion that such a date is defined with sufficient clarity, as the written proceedings are to be closed “automatically” on the date of the deposit of the last pleading. The aim of this Note is to show that actual practice reveals that in most cases it will be difficult, if not outright impossible, to determine beforehand what this last pleading is going to be. As a result, the written phase will only be closed at a later stage, when the parties and the Court are certain that there will be no further pleadings, a circumstance that appears to conflict with the notion of “automatic closure”.
Gel electrophoresis of labeled nuclear proteins from bovine leukocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. Histones and acid-insoluble proteins were extracted from normal bovine leukocytes labeled independently with [ 3 H]lysine, [ 3 H]arginine, and reconstituted [ 3 H]protein hydrolysate. The extracted proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The radioactivity and absorbance were determined for the bands of each gel to compare the isotope distribution of the 3 labeling experiments. 2. 2. Histones yielded 9 distinct bands (excluding the origin) when separated on polyacrylamide gels. Radioactivity analysis of the labeled histone bands from the 3 experiments revealed that the distribution of the tritium was quite similar in the [ 3 H]arginine and reconstituted [ 3 H]protein hydrolysate experiments, but distribution of the [ 3 H]lysine was significantly different. On the basis of the radioactivity analysis, it was possible to identify the histone fractions rich in lysine and in arginine which correspond to previously published calf thymus histone data. 3. 3. An acid-insoluble protein extract was separated into 2 electrophoretic bands (excluding the origin). The slow-moving band was labeled with [ 3 H]lysine, [ 3 H]arginine, and reconstituted [ 3 H]protein hydrolysate. The second band was labeled with reconstituted [ 3 H]protein hydrolysate, but contained no detectable radioactivity from [ 3 H]lysine or [ 3 H]arginine.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF CULTURED RAT SPINAL CORD.

Explants prepared from 17- to 18-day fetal rat spinal cord were allowed to mature in culture; such preparations have been shown to differentiate and myelinate in vitro (61) and to be capable of complex bioelectric activity (14–16). At 23, 35, or 76 days, the cultures were fixed (without removal from the coverslip) in buffered OsO4, embedded in Epon, sectioned, and stained for light and electron microscopy. These mature explants generally are composed of several strata of neurons with an overlying zone of neuropil. The remarkable cytological similarity between in vivo and in vitro nervous tissues is established by the following observations. Cells and processes in the central culture mass are generally closely packed together with little intervening space. Neurons exhibit well developed Nissl bodies, elaborate Golgi regions, and subsurface cisternae. Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses, including synaptic junctions between axons and dendritic spines, are present. Typical synaptic vesicles and increased membrane densities are seen at the terminals. Variations in synaptic fine structure (Type 1 and Type 2 synapses of Gray) are visible. Some characteristics of the cultured spinal cord resemble infrequently observed specializations of in vivo central nervous tissue. Neuronal somas may display minute synapse-bearing projections. Occasionally, synaptic vesicles are grouped in a crystal-like array. A variety of glial cells, many apparently at intermediate stages of differentiation, are found throughout the otherwise mature explant. There is ultrastructural evidence of extensive glycogen deposits in some glial processes and scattered glycogen particles in neuronal terminals. This is the first description of the ultrastructure of cultured spinal cord. Where possible, correlation is made between the ultrastructural data and the known physiological properties of these cultures.
Submassive Pulmonary Embolism Where’s the Tipping Point?

Information about a real patient is presented in stages (boldface type) to expert clinicians (Drs Louis J. Dell’Italia and David C. McGiffin) who respond to the information, sharing his or her reasoning with the reader (regular type). A discussion by the authors follows. A 67-year-old black woman presents to the emergency department with a 1-day history of dyspnea, which began the previous morning initially with moderate exertion now progressing to dyspnea at rest. She denies chest pain, cough, palpitations, nausea, diaphoresis, lower extremity swelling, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, presyncope, or syncope. Her medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypothyroidism. Her medications include metoprolol tartrate 12.5 mg twice daily, metformin 1000 mg twice daily, levothyroxine 25 μg daily, and estradiol 1 mg daily for symptomatic management of hot flashes. She lives alone and is a retired schoolteacher. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. Family history is not significant. Travel history is notable for round-trip plane flight from Alabama to Utah, arriving home 2 days previously. On physical examination her temperature is 98.4°F, pulse is 94 beats/min, blood pressure is 112/55 mm Hg in the right arm, 110/58 mm Hg in the left arm, respiratory rate 26 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation 90% on room air. She is an obese black woman (body mass index 32 kg/m2) in mild distress secondary to shortness of breath. Jugular venous pressure is estimated at 14 cm H20. Lungs are clear to auscultation. The heart rhythm is regular with a normal S1 and S2. No murmurs, rubs, or gallops are appreciated. Peripheral pulses are brisk and symmetrical with trace pretibial pitting edema. Abdominal examination is benign. Dr Louis J. Dell’Italia: This patient presents with a 24-hour history of dyspnea progressing from symptoms with exertion to now occurring …
Supervisory control of convertible static transmission controller in shunt-shunt mode of operation

The Convertible static transmission controller is a versatile device which can be installed across a transmission transformer to extend the life time of existing transformers by partially bypassing and conditioning the substation throughput power. The proposed technology can provide several integration options with multiple operational modes. From the supervisory control point of view, a control algorithm is required to set the reference values of active and reactive power flow of CSTC converters based on the desired operating points for transformer active and reactive power. In this paper, the algebraic model of CSTC in shunt-shunt mode of operation is derived. Algebraic model of CSTC is used for steady state and transient stability analysis. Algebraic model will present the behavior of transformer power flow with respect to various operating points of CSTC converters. The P-Q transformer operating range can be obtained based on the proposed algebraic model. Dynamic performance of the CSTC system is also investigated in PSCAD/EMTDC environment. Simulation results will be presented to verify the proposed algebraic model of CSTC in shunt-shunt mode of operation based on steady state results.
A comparison of Monte Carlo and model-based dose calculations in radiotherapy using MCNPTV

Abstract Monte Carlo calculations for megavoltage radiotherapy beams represent the next generation of dose calculation in the clinical environment. In this paper, calculations obtained by the MCNP code based on CT data from a human pelvis are compared against those obtained by a commercial radiotherapy treatment system (CMS XiO). The MCNP calculations are automated by the use of MCNPTV (MCNP Treatment Verification), an integrated application developed in Visual Basic that runs on a Windows-based PC. The linear accelerator beam is modeled as a finite point source, and validated by comparing depth dose curves and lateral profiles in a water phantom to measured data. Calculated water phantom PDDs are within 1% of measured data, but the lateral profiles exhibit differences of 2.4, 5.5, and 5.7 mm at the 60%, 40%, and 20% isodose lines, respectively. A MCNP calculation is performed using the CT data and 15 points are selected for comparison with XiO. Results are generally within the uncertainty of the MCNP calculation, although differences up to 13.2% are seen in the presence of large heterogeneities.
Meaning in Life as a Mediator of Ethnic Identity and Adjustment Among Adolescents from Latin, Asian, and European American Backgrounds

Establishing a sense of life meaning is a primary facet of well-being, yet is understudied in adolescent development. Using data from 579 adolescents (53% female) from Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds, demographic differences in meaning in life, links with psychological and academic adjustment, and the role of meaning in explaining associations between ethnic identity and adjustment were examined. Although no generational or gender differences were found, Asian Americans reported higher search for meaning than Latin and European Americans. Presence of meaning was positively associated with self-esteem, academic adjustment, daily well-being, and ethnic belonging and exploration, whereas search for meaning was related to lower self-esteem and less stability in daily well-being. Presence of meaning mediated associations between ethnic identity and adjustment, explaining 28–52% of ethnic identity’s protective effect on development. Ethnic identity thus appears to affect adjustment, in part, through its role in fostering a positive sense of meaning in adolescents’ lives.
Formation and reactivity of high quality halogen terminated Si(1 1 1) surfaces

Abstract High quality halogenated silicon surfaces have been produced using gas phase reactions of H-terminated Si(1 1 1) with molecular chlorine or bromine at room temperature. STM images show that the resulting surfaces maintain the low defect densities of H/Si(1 1 1). High resolution electron energy loss spectra confirm halogenation of the surface through the observation of the Si–Cl or Si–Br stretch modes and also indicate the absence of significant oxidation or contamination of the surface even after brief air exposure. While chlorine terminated surfaces are found to be surprisingly stable to exposure to water vapour, dipping in water destroys the surface by insertion of oxygen into silicon backbonds and formation of terminal H and O–H groups. In lab air, oxidation is observed to proceed rather slowly and in a patch-like fashion with substantial chlorine still present after >10 h exposure.
Incompressible Navier-Stokes method with general hybrid meshes

A new incompressible Navier-Stokes numerical method is presented, capable of utilizing general hybrid meshes containing all four types of three-dimensional elements: hexahedra, prisms, tetrahedra, and pyramids. It is an artificial compressibility type of method using dual time stepping for time accuracy. The presented algorithms for (i) spatial discretization, (ii) time integration, and (iii) parallel implementation are transparent to the different types of elements. Further, the presence of grid interfaces between the multiple types of elements does not deteriorate accuracy of the solution. Efficient evaluation of the viscous terms is addressed via a special technique that avoids multiple spatial integration of the same edge of the mesh. An upwind spatial discretization, and a central scheme with two different formulations of the artificial dissipation operator are tested with the general hybrid meshes. Use of local blocks of hexahedra is evaluated in terms of accuracy and efficiency via simulations of high Reynolds number flows. Finally, the developed methods are implemented in parallel using partitioned general hybrid meshes and an efficient parallel communication scheme to minimize CPU time.
Quench energies of uncooled superconductors

Abstract The quench energies of uncooled superconductors are estimated based on the assumption that the specific heat and the normal state resistivity of the conductor can be approximated as power-law functions of the temperature. The results are applicable to magnets wound with high temperature superconductors.
Binocular rivalry between identical retinal stimuli with an induced color difference

An open question in color rivalry is whether alternation between two colors is caused by a difference in receptoral stimulation or a difference in the neural representation of color appearance. This question was examined with binocular rivalry between physically identical lights that differed in appearance due to chromatic induction. Perceptual alternation was measured between gratings of the same chromaticity; each one was presented within a different patterned surround that caused the gratings, one to each eye, to appear unequal in hue because of chromatic induction. The gratings were presented dichoptically with binocular disparity so the rivalrous gratings appeared in front of the surround. Perceptual alternation in hue was found for the two physically identical chromaticities. Stereoscopic depth also was perceived, corroborating binocular neural combination despite color rivalry (Treisman, 1962). The results show that color rivalry is resolved after color-appearance shifts caused by chromatic context, and that color rivalry does not require competing unequal cone excitations from the rivalrous stimuli.
Regional myocardial mechanics: integrative computational models of flow-function relations.

Many cardiac disorders result in regionally altered myocardial mechanics. Although myocardial strain distributions can be measured experimentally and clinically, regional wall stresses must be computed from computational models. Combining these approaches can provide insight into the structural basis of regional dysfunction under conditions such as acute myocardial infarction and ischemia- reperfusion. Recently, 3- dimensional computational models have helped to elucidate the structural basis of the functional border zone adjacent to acutely ischemic myocardium. They have also shown that heterogeneous dysfunction in ischemicreperfused stunned myocardium does not necessarily imply heterogeneous myofilament injury. Now that computational models are able to reproduce many complex features of the 3- dimensional patterns of regional myocardial deformation observed experimentally, dwe suggest possible roles for such integrative models in clinical diagnosis.
Characterization of single crystal uranium-oxide thin films grown via reactive-gas magnetron sputtering on yttria-stabilized zirconia and sapphire

Abstract The microstructure and valence states of three single crystal thin film systems, UO2 on (1 1 ¯ 02) r-plane sapphire, UO2 on (001) yttria-stabilized zirconia, and U3O8 on (1 1 ¯ 02) r-plane sapphire, grown via reactive-gas magnetron sputtering are analyzed primarily with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). XRD analysis indicates the growth of single crystal domains with varying degrees of mosaicity. XPS and UPS analyses yield U-4f, U-5f, O-1s, and O-2p electron binding energies consistent with reported bulk values. A change from p-type to n-type semiconductor behavior induced by preferential sputtering of oxygen during depth profile analysis was observed with both XPS and UPS. Trivalent cation impurities (Nd and Al) in UO2 lower the Fermi level, shifting the XPS spectral weight. This observation is consistent with hole-doping of a Mott–Hubbard insulator. The uranium oxide-(1 1 ¯ 02) sapphire system is unstable with respect to Al interdiffusion across the film–substrate interface at elevated temperature.
Current Research in Alternative Investments and Econometric Methods

In this section, articles in the area of alternative investments and econometric methods are reviewed.
Effect of Oil Pipelines Existing in an HVTL Corridor on the Electric-Field Distribution

High-voltage transmission lines (TLs) are used to transmit bulk electrical power over long distances. As the voltage of transmission increases, the generated electric field also increases. Very high levels of electric fields generated by high-voltage overhead transmission lines can possibly affect humans and animals by creating a potential electric shock hazard. Therefore, corridors or right-of-way (ROW) limits are left on both sides along the route of transmission lines. It is the purpose of this paper to study the effect of oil pipelines which may run in the corridor and parallel to the conductors of the TL on the electric-field distribution at and above the ground surface level. A single pipeline is located in the TL corridor, and the electric field on the ground surface is studied. The proximity of the oil pipeline from the line conductors on the field distribution is assessed to see if the amount of land that is required as a right of way can be reduced. Oil pipelines with different radii and a fixed location from the TL arrangement center are simulated and modeled to present their effects on the field distribution and, hence, on the ROW limits. The effect of two parallel oil pipelines, separated by a certain distance and running parallel to the TL conductors on the field distribution, is also examined. The charge simulation method is used to simulate and model both the conductors of the transmission lines and the oil pipelines. Graphs for the electric-field distribution profiles at the ground surface, at TL conductors' surfaces and at the surfaces of the oil pipelines are presented and evaluated for the different cases mentioned above.
Demonstration and preliminary characterization of a haptoglobin-inducing extract from rats

Abstract 1. 1. Levels of the plasma protein, haptoglobin, were increased in laboratory rats treated by intraperitoneal injections of an extract from rat subcutaneous tissue. 2. 2. Fractionation of the extract by dialysis indicated both dialyzable and nondialyzable active factors in the extract. 3. 3. After treatment with ammonium sulfate, both the precipitate and supernatant were positive for haptoglobin-inducing activity. 4. 4. Separation of the extract by gel filtration chromatography yielded five molecular weight fractions. of which the largest(> 200,000 molecular weight) and the smallest ( 5. 5. The extract was rendered inactive when heated at 55 or 65°C for 30 min. 6. 6. The extract from rats was found to induce haptoglobin increases in several other mammals.
Business cycles, stylized facts, and the exchange rate regime: evidence from the United States

Abstract This paper investigates the robustness of central maroeconomic ‘stylized facts’ to (i) commonly-employed detrending methods, and (ii) the exchange rate regime. We find that the stylized facts are not at all robust to the choice of detrnding method, with the most important variations occurring in the cyclic behavior of hours and productivity. With respect to the exchange rate regime, the most surprising find is that the correlation between GNP, on the one hand, and consumption, investment, hours, exports, and imports on the other all, all rose in the post-1973 period. This reinforces Baxter and Stockman's (1989) finding that business cycles in the post-1973 period have been more nation-specific than in the prior Bretton-Woods era.
Histogenesis of Primary Localized Cutaneous Amyloidosis: Sequential Change of Epidermal Keratinocytes to Amyloid via Filamentous Degeneration

Two cases of lichen amyloidosus and 8 cases of macular amyloidosis were examined by electron microscopy. Epidermal keratinocytes showed variable degrees of focal degeneration in the basal or lower Malpighian layer. The primary change was seen in cells which contain fibrillar (30nm in thickness) cytoplasmic inclusion. The following developments seemed to lead to filamentous degeneration (colloid bodies): (1) aggregation of tonofilaments within the granular or fibrillar cytoplasm, (2) filamentous cells, which are composed of bundles of 7-nm thick filaments surrounded by cell membrane and desmosomes, and (3) filamentous masses composed of bundles or whorls of tightly packed 7-nm thick filaments in the intercellular spaces. At the dermo-epidermal junction, some of the filamentous masses were surrounded by the basal lamina of the epidermis and others were dropping into the dermis. Occasionally, loosened filaments (similar to amyloid filaments) were about to drop into the dermis. Early formation of amyloid islands consisted of electron-dense and electron-light parts. They were located directly beneath the epidermis. In the deeper portion of the papillary dermis and in the upper reticular dermis, the majority were electron-light masses. Electron dense parts were the densely packed 7-nm thick filaments, whereas electron-light parts were the typical straight amyloid filaments. Small tubular filaments were seen in common in the filamentous cells, filamentous masses , and amyloid islands . It is concluded that some of the amyloid substance in primary localized forms of cutaneous amyloidoses derive from the epidermal cells through filamentous degeneration.
The Neuroendocrine Regulation and Function of Growth Hormone and Prolactin in the Mammalian Fetus

The neural control of fetal pituitary hormone secretion and the conceptualization of the integration of neural, neurotransmitter, neuromodulatory, and humoral signals in the fetus is an emerging field of interest. At an early stage in the construct of the neurosecretory neuron, Berta and Ernst Scharrer (1, 1a) proposed that neurosecretion is a phylogenetically “old and fundamental attribute of neural elements.” Not only is neurosecretion a primitive regulatory system but an increasing body of evidence suggests that neuroendocrine mechanisms differentiate and function from early in fetal life in many mammals, whereas in others with slower neural development this maturation occurs in the perinatal period. Among the earliest studies are those of Jost (2), who observed that decapitation of the male rabbit fetus impaired fetal testicular function. Neurohormones are present in the fetal hypothalamus at the time of its initial differentiation from the primitive forebrain, and it is likely that even before full m...
Perceived Barriers to Safe-Injection Practices Among Drug Injectors Who Remain HCV-Negative

Fifty-nine hepatitis C (HCV) seronegative drug injectors (IDUs) were interviewed regarding their injection equipment sharing behaviors. Participants were 75% male, 66% Caucasian, had injected an average of nine years, and were very knowledgeable about HCV transmission risk. One-third used needles or works after another injector within the past six months. Lower perceived personal risk and lower perceived availability of clean needles were significantly associated with sharing. Injectors were more likely to share when emotionally upset or experiencing withdrawal symptoms. Despite, or perhaps because of, their HCV seronegative status, IDUs continue to share. Tailoring messages to modifiable perceptions of risk may be useful in reducing continued drug equipment sharing.
Genitourinary MR imaging

Although recent technologic advances have greatly expanded the application of MR imaging in the clinical evaluation of diseases throughout the body, one of the most dramatic changes has been in the evaluation of the genitourinary system. Faster imaging methods translate readily into more tolerable breath-hold acquisitions and improved image quality for abdominal imaging. Even newer methods, such as interpolation and parallel imaging strategies, have further increased image resolution and shortened acquisition times. The high spatial resolution and intrinsic tissue contrast of MR imaging enable superb visualization and characterization of renal, adrenal, prostate, and bladder anatomy and pathology. Moreover, the lack of nephrotoxicity of gadolinium chelate contrast agents is particularly useful in subjects who have or are at risk for renal insufficiency. This has played a particularly important role in the growth of renal MR angiography to evaluate patients with renal insufficiency or suspected renovascular disease. Beyond improved anatomic depictions and characterizations of disease, MR advances are pushing into new frontiers. Minimally invasive therapeutic approaches demand improved methods formonitoring and guiding treatments. Assess-
Quality First: A public affairs campaign case study

AbstractIn the USA, the most significant reform of the country's healthcare system is currently underway. The US healthcare system faces rapidly increasing costs, a large and growing uninsured population and wide variety in the quality of care delivered. The American College of Cardiology (ACC), the national medical professional society for cardiovascular professionals, has a strong perspective on healthcare reform and wanted to have direct input into the reform effort. To achieve this objective, the College undertook a multi-year, comprehensive public affairs campaign to ensure involvement in the decision-making process for healthcare reform, while also ensuring continued support from its membership in a time of rapid change. Under the organizing principle of Quality First, the campaign outlined fundamental principles for healthcare reform. The campaign based on these principles was targeted at the key stakeholder audiences of ACC members and national policy-makers, and used research into these key audie...
Induction of an antigen-specific, CD1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte response In vivo.

The majority of T cell responses are restricted to peptide antigens bound by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. However, peptide antigens can be presented to T cells by murine non-MHC–encoded CD1d (mCD1) molecules, and human T cell lines specific for nonpeptide antigens presented on CD1 isoforms have been identified. It is shown here that antigen-specific, mCD1-restricted lymphocytes can be generated in vivo by immunizing mice with a combination of plasmids encoding chicken ovalbumin, murine CD1d, and costimulatory molecules. Splenocytes from immunized mice have CD1d-restricted, MHC- unrestricted, ovalbumin-specific cytolytic activity that can be inhibited by anti-CD1 antibodies as well as a competing CD1-binding peptide. These results suggest a physiologic role for murine CD1d to present exogenous protein antigens.
Descriptive writing abilities in Alzheimer's disease

The descriptive writing abilities of 15 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) of mild to moderate severity were compared with 15 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Sixteen features of written linguistic ability were analyzed. AD subjects wrote shorter descriptive paragraphs than normal elderly subjects. Features related to letter or spelling errors and content words were found to be significantly different between the two groups, whereas functor word errors and number of attempted corrections did not significantly differ between the two groups.
Noncausality of the discrete‐time magnetotelluric impulse response

Under the assumption that the external source magnetic fields are uniform, the electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields observed at the surface of the conducting earth satisfy a time‐invariant linear relation, which may be expressed as multiplication in the frequency domain, E˜(ω)=Z˜(ω)H˜(ω), Eq. (1), or as convolution in the time domain, E(t)=Z*H(t)=∫-∞∞Z(t-τ)H(τ)dτ, Eq. (2). Here the tilde denotes quantities in the frequency domain; e.g., Z˜ is the frequency‐domain magnetotelluric (MT) impedance, and Z the corresponding time‐domain impulse response. For simplicity in the following discussion, I treat all quantities as scalars, although the operations in equations (1) and (2) generally involve vectors and tensors.
Cycles and cocycles of fuzzy graphs

Abstract In this paper we show that if the fuzzy graph (σ,μ) is a cycle, then it is a fuzzy cycle if and only if (σ,μ) is not a fuzzy tree. We also examine the relationship between fuzzy bridges and cycles. We introduce and examine the concepts of chords, twigs, 1-chains with boundary zero, cycle vectors, coboundary, and cocycles for fuzzy graphs. We show that although the set of cycle vectors, fuzzy cycle vectors, cocycles, and fuzzy cocycles do not necessarily form vector spaces over the field Z 2 of integers modulo 2, they nearly do. Thisallows us to introduce the concepts of (fuzzy) cycle rank and (fuzzy) cocycle rank for fuzzy graphs in a meaningful way.
Compilation of Data on Some Spectra of Thorium

A compilation of available data on the spectra of thorium is presented, including energy levels and classified lines with Zeeman effects and isotope shifts, as well as certain data on unclassified lines. The present status of knowledge of these spectra is discussed. (auth)
A comparison of clinical virulence of nosocomially acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections in a university hospital.

Objectives: To compare the clinical virulence of nosocomially acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) infections in 1989. Design: A retrospective comparison of host factors, in-hospital exposures, sites of infections, and outcomes of patients with nosocomial MRSA and MSSA infections. Setting: University of Illinois Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. Participants: Forty-four adult patients with nosocomial S aureus infections. Results: The 22 MRSA-infected and 22 MSSA-infected persons were similar regarding mean age, gender, underlying diseases, and exposure to surgery. Before developing infection, MRSA-infected persons were more likely to have received antibiotics (73% compared with 27%, odds ratio = 7.1, 95% confidence interval [CI 95 ] = 2.0-25.8 p = .003) and to have stayed in the hospital >2 weeks (64% compared with 18%, odds ratio = 7.9, CI 95 = 2.0-31.6, p = .002). Bacteremia was the most common presentation in the MRSA and MSSA groups (55% and 59%, respectively). Infectious complications and death were infrequent in both groups. Conclusions: MRSA and MSSA strains infect patients with similar demographic features and underlying diseases, but MRSA infections are significantly more common among patients with previous antibiotic therapy and a prolonged preinfection hospital stay. Clinical presentations and outcomes did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Thus, similar to studies in the early 1980s, our findings do not suggest greater intrinsic virulence of MRSA.
Potentiation of the inhibitory effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonists on PC-3 human prostate cancer by bombesin antagonists indicative of interference with both IGF and EGF pathways.

Background In view of the involvement of various neuropeptides and growth factors in the progression of androgen-independent prostate cancer, we investigated the effects of antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) alone or in combination with an antagonist of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP) on PC-3 human prostate cancers. Methods Nude mice implanted with PC-3 tumors received GHRH antagonists MZ-5-156 or JV-1-38, each at 20 microgram/day s.c. In experiment 2, treatment consisted of daily injections of JV-1-38 (20 microgram), BN/GRP antagonist RC-3940-II (10 microgram), or a combination of JV-1-38 and RC-3940-II. Serum IGF-I levels, expression of mRNA for IGF-II, and characteristics of BN/GRP and EGF receptors in tumor tissue were investigated. Results JV-1-38 induced a greater inhibition of tumor growth and suppression of IGF-II mRNA than MZ-5-156, both compounds causing a similar decrease in serum IGF-I. In experiment 2, JV-1-38 and RC-3940-II produced a comparable reduction in tumor volume (65% and 61%, respectively), but a combination of both antagonists augmented tumor inhibition to 75%. Combined treatment with JV-1-38 and RC-3940-II also led to a greater suppression of IGF-II mRNA (92%), as compared with JV-1-38 (72%) or RC-3940-II (77%). Serum IGF-I concentration was lowered only in mice treated with JV-1-38, while the downregulation of BN/GRP and EGF receptors was specific for groups receiving RC-3940-II. Conclusions The inhibitory effects of GHRH antagonists on PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer can be potentiated by concomitant use of BN/GRP antagonists. The combination of both types of analogs apparently interferes with both IGF and bombesin/EGF pathways, and might be clinically useful for the management of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Comment on “Pioneer Saturn results summarized”

On page 999 (EOS, 60(47), 998–999, 1979) of the very interesting summary of the Pioneer 11 results for Saturn, it is stated, ‘Gravity field analysis and temperature profile measurements suggest that the planet's core, extending out about 13,800 km from the center, is about twice the size of the earth but is so compressed by its huge mass that it contains about 11 earth masses of material, largely iron and rock.’ If the core radius is a s stated, it is 2.17 times the earth's radius, but the volume (size?) of Saturn's core is 10 times the volume of the earth. The mean density of Saturn's core ( μ¯) is then 6t/m3 versus 5.5 for the earth, nearly the same despite the higher pressure in Saturn's core.
Functional Specialization of Thymus-Derived T Cells in the Intestinal Epithelium. ♦ 41

Transfer of total lymph node (LN) lymphocytes to severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice leads to the long term establishment of mucosal T cells within the epithelium and lamina propria of the intestine. Analysis of engrafted intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) showed that they acquired a surface phenotype (CD69+, αE+, CD62L-) which was typical of IEL, but distinct from the donor LN lymphocytes. In addition, the functional profile of engrafted IEL in vitro mimicked that of normal IEL in that the engrafted T cells exhibited strong cytolytic activity in redirected lysis assays, but poor proliferative responses to mitogenic stimuli. The donor LN population, on the other hand, proliferated well to mitogenic stimuli and had no de novo cytolytic activity. When SCID mice were transplanted with either sorted CD4+ or CD8+ LN T cells, IEL isolated from both subsets of mice were again cytolytic. This activity was specific to IEL, as cells isolated from the adjacent lamina propria or the spleen were not cytolytic. As a significant proportion of CD4+ T cells acquire expression of CD8α homodimer (CD8αα) once resident within the epithelium,(approaching 50%), experiments are currently underway to determine if cytolytic activity resides within the CD4 single positive subset or the CD4,CD8αα double positive subset or both. Our results demonstrate that LN T cells can migrate to the intestine and become functionally specialized within that milieu. This suggests that the intestinal epithelial microenvironment induces specific phenotypic changes and thereby broadens the functional specificity of post thymic T cells. Funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the American Digestive Health Foundation (VC), Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (BCS) and NIH-DK46763 (MK).
Deciphering Genomic Alterations in Colorectal Cancer through Transcriptional Subtype-Based Network Analysis

Both transcriptional subtype and signaling network analyses have proved useful in cancer genomics research. However, these two approaches are usually applied in isolation in existing studies. We reason that deciphering genomic alterations based on cancer transcriptional subtypes may help reveal subtype-specific driver networks and provide insights for the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. In this study, we defined transcriptional subtypes for colorectal cancer (CRC) and identified driver networks/pathways for each subtype. Applying consensus clustering to a patient cohort with 1173 samples identified three transcriptional subtypes, which were validated in an independent cohort with 485 samples. The three subtypes were characterized by different transcriptional programs related to normal adult colon, early colon embryonic development, and epithelial mesenchymal transition, respectively. They also showed statistically different clinical outcomes. For each subtype, we mapped somatic mutation and copy number variation data onto an integrated signaling network and identified subtype-specific driver networks using a random walk-based strategy. We found that genomic alterations in the Wnt signaling pathway were common among all three subtypes; however, unique combinations of pathway alterations including Wnt, VEGF and Notch drove distinct molecular and clinical phenotypes in different CRC subtypes. Our results provide a coherent and integrated picture of human CRC that links genomic alterations to molecular and clinical consequences, and which provides insights for the development of personalized therapeutic strategies for different CRC subtypes.
Pension reforms and old people in Poland: An age, class, and gender lens

Abstract Research on the socio-economic transition in and subsequent pension reforms in Eastern and Central Europe tend to view age as a social status, not a power relation. In addition, studies that explore the policy consequences for old people tend to homogenize them or focus on only one form of inequality. However, State actions, articulated in pension reforms, can distribute the economic costs of reforms unevenly across different groups. This paper considers the present and the future ramifications of the Polish pension reforms on the economic well being of diverse groups of old people. Poland provides an especially interesting case because the new system, which will take full effect in 2006, includes mandatory personal accounts. Throughout our analysis, we attend to inequality and the class- and gender-specific implications of the reforms. We argue that age, gender, and class relations underlie social policies related to pensions. Old people are depicted and manipulated by State officials in ways that allow the latter to attain economic stability and legitimate their authority among other constituencies, especially the young. Finally, analysis of the expected outcomes of the Polish new pension system that includes personal accounts provides a reference point against which proposals in other countries, such as the U.S., debating the introduction of similar systems can be assessed. Thus, we conclude by discussing some trends relevant to future Polish retirees and briefly state the implications of our discussion for these debates.
About the cover: Euler and Königsberg’s Bridges: A historical view

Graph theory almost certainly began when, in 1735, Leonhard Euler solved a popular puzzle about bridges. The East Prussian city of Konigsberg (now Kalin- ingrad) occupies both banks of the River Pregel and an island, Kneiphof, which lies in the river at a point where it branches into two parts. There were seven bridges that spanned the various sections of the river, and the problem posed was this: could a person devise a path through Konigsberg so that one could cross each of the seven bridges only once and return home? Long thought to be impossible, the first mathematical demonstration of this was presented by Euler to the members of the Petersburg Academy on August 26, 1735, and written up the following year under the title "Solutio Problematis ad Geometriam Situs Pertinentis (The solution to a problem relating to the geometry of position)" (2) in the proceedings of the Petersburg Academy (the Commentarii). The title page of this volume appears on the cover of this issue of the Bulletin. This story is well-known, and the illustrations in Euler's paper are often repro- duced in popular books on mathematics and in textbooks. Sandifer in (6) claims flatly that "The Konigsberg Bridge Problem is Euler's most famous work," though scholars in other specialties (differential equations, complex analysis, calculus of variations, combinatorics, number theory, physics, naval architecture, music, . . . ) might disagree. N. L. Biggs, E. K. Lloyd, and R. J. Wilson in their history of graph theory (1) clearly view this paper of Euler's as seminal and remark: "The origins of graph theory are humble, even frivolous. Whereas many branches of mathematics were motivated by fundamental problems of calculation, motion, and measurement, the problems which led to the development of graph theory were often little more than puzzles, designed to test the ingenuity rather than to stimulate the imagina- tion. But despite the apparent triviality of such puzzles, they captured the interest of mathematicians, with the result that graph theory has become a subject rich in theoretical results of a surprising variety and depth." Euler provides only a neces- sary condition, not a sufficient condition, for solving the problem. But he does treat more than the original problem by beginning a generalization to two islands and four rivers, as is illustrated in the plate accompanying the original paper (Figure 1). In this renowned paper Euler does not get around to stating the problem until the second page. On the first he states the reason for being interested in the problem— it was an example of a class of problems he attributes to Leibniz as belonging to something Leibniz called "geometry of position." Euler says that "this branch is concerned only with the determination of position and its properties; it does not
Photon correlation spectroscopy of ordered colloidal systems

Abstract A time-dependent harmonic potential and a memory function formulation have been used for the dynamics of the interacting Brownian particles in ordered colloidal systems. Approximations have been introduced at the level of the force correlation function. The theoretical scattering functions agree well with the photon correlation spectroscopy data for polystyrene colloidal dispersions in aqueous environments.
The (3He, d) and (3He, p) reactions to states in 54Mn

Abstract The 53 Cr( 3 He, d) 54 Mn and the 52 Cr( 3 He, p) 54 Mn reactions have been investigated at 10.0 MeV and 11.0 MeV bombarding energies, respectively, using the MIT multiple-gap spectrograph. Transitions from the ( 3 He, d) reaction were observed up to an excitation energy of 5.56 MeV. Levels in this excitation range, as well as the transition to the isobaric analogue of the 54 Cr ground state (6.147 MeV), were observed in the ( 3 He, p) reaction. The results for both reactions were analysed in the distorted-wave Born approximation.
Automatic Summarization of Personal Photo Collections

Photo taking and sharing devices (e.g., smart phones, digital cameras, etc) have become extremely popular in recent times. Photo enthusiasts today capture moments of their personal lives using these devices. This has resulted in huge collections of photos stored in various personal archives. The exponential growth of online social networks and web based photo sharing platforms have added fuel to this fire. According to recent estimates [46], three billion photos are uploaded on the social network Facebook per month. This photo data overload has created some major challenges. One of the them is automatic generation of representative overviews from large photo collections. Manual browsing of photo corpora is not only tedious, but also time inefficient. Hence, development of an automatic photo summarization system is not only a research but also a practical challenge. In this dissertation, we present a principled approach for generation of size constrained overview summaries from large personal photo collections.
Cocaine suppresses proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-activated human peripheral blood T-cells

Cocaine has been reported to modulate the immune system of experimental animals. Also, we observed that the drug suppresses the phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but at concentrations extremely high relative to those seen in the blood of drug abusers. This suggested that cocaine had a relatively weak effect when tested under conditions of optimum proliferation. We, therefore, decided to examine the effect of lower concentrations of cocaine on suboptimum PHA-induced proliferation. At 0.09-12 microM, cocaine had no effect on the proliferation of PBMC in response to 0.2 micrograms/ml PHA. However, depleting the population of B-cells and monocytes resulted in a drug-induced suppression of the residual T-cells. Maximum suppression by cocaine was observed at 3 microM with both higher and lower concentrations of the drug causing less suppression. Suppression of proliferation was not influenced by either the age or sex of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) donors. The suppression of T-cell-enriched PBLs induced by cocaine could be eliminated by increasing the dose of the mitogen but was enhanced by preincubating the cells with the drug for 24 h. Also, the drug suppressed cytosolic free calcium mobilization in Fura 2/AM loaded enriched T-cell populations. These results show that cocaine moderately but consistently suppresses PHA-induced proliferation of T-cells from random blood donors at drug concentrations observed in drug abusers. The suppression is only evident under conditions of suboptimum proliferation and is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the mobilization of cytosolic free calcium. It is suggested that the weak suppressive effect of cocaine is reversed by either helper factors produced by accessory cells or increasing concentrations of mitogen. These factors when present possibly overcome a drug-induced reduction in calcium mobilization and lymphocyte activation.
EFFECT OF MILK CONSTITUENTS ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF LACTOSE BY LACTASE FROM Kluyveromyces fragilis

Lactase activity in cold milk and whey is controlled by the ionic environment; maximum activity occurred in the presence of manganous ions. Of the major cations present in milk, sodium and calcium were inhibitory while potassium and magnesium were activating. Milk proteins strongly activated lactase in potassium phosphate buffer and the effect was enhanced in the presence of manganous ions; however the activation was masked by the milk salts in dairy products. Lactase activity in whey heated to 85°C was about 50% higher than in unheated whey, but no changes were observed in heated milk. There was no evidence for a thermolabile lactase inhibitor among the whey proteins.