cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 6 Signaling and prolonged endothelial activation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current knowledge about some of the chief mediators and processes of, and the relationship between, signaling and prolonged endothelial dysfunction. It describes how endothelial participation in initiation and response to acute exacerbations of inflammation—which progress in minutes to hours to several days—is related to protein turnover, sustained activation, and even cell death. There are a number of levels at which signaling has prolonged effects on endothelial barrier properties—such as enzymes of pathways, normally associated with translation and transcription and having some effects that do not actually require altered protein synthesis—and some of these signals may be sustained much longer than the transient activation of enzymes such as myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Trophic signaling of survival programs is important for the maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity and restoration after activation. In other conditions of severe dysfunction or in disease conditions lasting many days to years, chronic alterations in signaling may lead to chronic hyperpermeability and chronic pulmonary disease, involving the interplay between endothelium and other lung tissues.
Two Constitutions in Tension

Contemporary American constitutionalism’s scholarship tends to primarily observe the constitutional phenomenon from a critical perspective. Orphan and heir of the influence exerted by critical studies in the seventies and eighties, however, it seems that contemporary constitutionalism lacks a common ground, reasonably homogeneous, that could underlie most of its major theories. The diversity of constitutional sources can offer hints on how the constitutional debate became a movement of theoretical dispersal. Obviously, there is just one American Constitution, although it has two dimensions. In this article I analyze how this dichotomy implicates in constitutional scholarship’s tension and fickleness. These conflicts are possible because the written and the unwritten constitutions provide diverse theoretical approaches to the same dilemmas on the current constitutional catalogue (the political system, the civil rights, constitutional legitimacy, legal certainty and constitutional stability, legal regulation, constitutional design, judicial review, etc). Some issues, joined together in this constitutionalism, converge to the fact that we are dealing with a system which carries two philosophically profound features that flow in opposite directions. It seems that the American constitutional debate’s most influential opinion-makers employ this dichotomy, which is composed by the Common Law Constitution and written Constitution, in order to outline their theories and doctrines. They may find space for almost anything. On one hand, we have precedents, tradition, customs, common sense, and fairness; on the other hand, stability, safety, tolerance, national union, positive canons, modern democracy, and interpretation. The foremost characteristics of these different dimensions of the Constitution compounds the article’s central aim, under the perspective of their influence on the progress and function of the most relevant contemporary theories debated in the Supreme Court and by law professors. This brief study enables further comparisons of this system with other constitutions.
Fault Tolerance via Replication in Coarse Grain Data-Flow

Abstract : Recent advances in network technology promise to make gigabit-per-second bandwidth between remote hosts a reality in the near future. This increase in bandwidth paves the way for increased exploitation of distributed computing resources. Coupled with advances in distributed memory parallel compiler technology, there is strong reason to believe that wide-area distributed parallel processing will be an increasingly popular and important programming paradigm. Parallelizing and distributing program sub-tasks has the potential to increase performance for many applications while also improving the overall utilization of system resources. Unfortunately, there is a downside. When a program is partitioned into sub-tasks, each sub-task is distributed to potentially a different processor. As the number of processors employed by an application increases so does the chance that the application will fail due to a host/ processor failure. At the University of Virginia, we have experienced first hand the problems caused by host failures in distributed systems while developing and using a prototype for the Legion project [13][14]. The objective of Legion is to construct the software environment to enable a nation-wide or world-wide virtual computer capable of supporting distributed and parallel applications. Our current prototype, which we call the Campus-Wide Virtual Computer (CWVC), contains a mix of over 90 workstations and an IBM SP-2 multicomputer. Even in this relatively small environment, we are frequently experiencing host failures. On the scale of the envisioned nation-wide system, host failures will simply be a fact of life and must be dealt with accordingly. User applications, especially those that are critical or are composed of many distributed components, must be resilient to host failures. Fortunately developing fault tolerant parallel applications does not need to be difficult.
Identification of an R-locus region that controls the tissue specificity of anthocyanin formation in maize.

ABSTRACT The R locus in maize controls the tissue specificity of anthocyanin formation. Recombination between two different R -locus alleles with unique pigmentation domains has resulted in the generation of a nonparental allelic type that displays a third kind of tissue specificity. These novel changes in tissue specificity occurred in very low frequency (1 x 10- 5 ). In light of this finding and of recent results concerning the regulation by R of the enzyme UDPG: flavonoid 3- O -glucosyltransferase, specified by the Bz locus, a model dealing with the genetic control of tissue-specific functions in multicellular organisms is proposed.
Conotruncal Heart Defects and Common Variants in Maternal and Fetal Genes in Folate, Homocysteine and Transsulfuration Pathways

Background We investigated the association between conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) and maternal and fetal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 60 genes in the folate, homocysteine, and transsulfuration pathways. We also investigated whether periconceptional maternal folic acid supplementation modified associations between CTDs and SNPs Methods Participants were enrolled in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study between 1997 and 2008. DNA samples from 616 case-parental triads affected by CTDs and 1645 control-parental triads were genotyped using an Illumina® Golden Gate custom SNP panel. A hybrid design analysis, optimizing data from case and control trios, was used to identify maternal and fetal SNPs associated with CTDs Results Among 921 SNPs, 17 maternal and 17 fetal SNPs had a Bayesian false-discovery probability of <0.8. Ten of the 17 maternal SNPs and 2 of the 17 fetal SNPs were found within the glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit (GCLC) gene. Fetal SNPs with the lowest Bayesian false-discovery probability (rs2612101, rs2847607, rs2847326, rs2847324) were found within the thymidylate synthetase (TYMS) gene. Additional analyses indicated that the risk of CTDs associated with candidate SNPs was modified by periconceptional folic acid supplementation. Nineteen maternal and nine fetal SNPs had a Bayesian false-discovery probability <0.8 for gene-by-environment (G × E) interactions with maternal folic acid supplementation. Conclusion These results support previous studies suggesting that maternal and fetal SNPs within folate, homocysteine, and transsulfuration pathways are associated with CTD risk. Maternal use of supplements containing folic acid may modify the impact of SNPs on the developing heart. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:116–126, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of complement C1q receptors on human spermatozoa

Abstract C1q, the first component of the classical complement pathway, is known to play roles in promoting phagocytic events, in addition to its role in activation of complement. Although the molecular events in fertilization leading to the entrance of the spermatozoan into the egg are not well understood, ultrastructural observations suggest that the process is quasi-phagocytic in nature. There is increasing evidence that complement components might play roles in fertilization. Previously, we have shown that C1q promoted the agglutination of capacitated human sperm as well as their adhesion to zona-free hamster eggs. In the present experiments, human spermatozoa were solubilized and, following their phase separation in Triton X-114, subject to 1-D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting for the presence of C1q receptors. Both gC1q-R and cC1q-R were detected. In addition, the ability of C1q to promote sperm agglutination was shown to be dependent upon capacitation, suggesting the increased expression of C1q receptors during this process.
Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India

Initiation: Hyderabad, 1989 An Introduction to the Shia Tradition in Islam Blood, Rationality, and Ritual in the Shia Tradition 'Would That You Could Bury Me, Too, Beside My Brother!': Women's Roles in Shia Devotional Literature Shia Ritual in a Sunni Setting: Muharram Observances in the Hill Station of Darjeeling, West Bengal Horse of Karbala: Ladakh, Shia Ritual, and Devotional Literature Relating to Zuljenah Muslim-Buddhist Relations in a Ritual Context: An Analysis of the Muharram Procession in Leh Township, Ladakh Shia Lamentation Rituals and Reinterpretations of the Doctrine of Intercession: Two Cases from Modern India The Day of the Lion: A Ladakhi Shia Ritual Determined by the Zodiacal Calendar Shia Encounters in the U.S.: Notes on Teaching the Shia Tradition in American Classrooms
Optical rotation and viscosity of native and denatured proteins. VI. Highly purified human serum albumin specimens.

Abstract Albumin was isolated from individual specimens of human blood plasma, and the optical activity and viscosity of the solutions of the albumin were investigated. These highly purified and undenatured specimens of albumin showed significant differences among themselves in both optical rotation and viscosity. The dependence of the specific rotation on pH was studied, and considerable differences were found in the shapes of the rotation curves. It was concluded that these variations are caused by constitutional differences of the albumins per se. It was also confirmed that the highly purified albumin specimens which were isolated from the blood of cancer patients possessed generally a somewhat lower optical activity and lower intrinsic viscosity than normal albumin.
ACTIVATION OF LATENT VIRUS INFECTION BY HEAT.

Abstract The bean plant Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto, although normally immune to the mild strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) U2, can be made susceptible to infection by subjecting primary leaves, previously inoculated with virus, to a sublethal heat treatment. The time and temperature requirements for optimum activation were ascertained. Within 24 hours after appropriate treatment, characteristic necrotic local lesions appeared. The early events preceding dormancy of the infection were investigated by irradiating the infected centers with ultraviolet light. It was found that the infectious unit invades the cell, and then progresses through a small number of replicative steps before infection becomes latent. In this inapparent form, the infection can be activated by heat for at least 72 hours.
Rural health in pharmacy curricula.

The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act proposes strategies to address the workforce shortages of primary care practitioners in rural America. This review addresses the question, “What specialized education and training are colleges and schools of pharmacy providing for graduates who wish to enter pharmacy practice in rural health?” All colleges and schools accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education or those in precandidate status as of December 2011 were included in an Internet-based review of Web sites. A wide scope of curricular offerings were found, ranging from no description of courses or experiences in a rural setting to formally developed programs in rural pharmacy. Although the number of pharmacy colleges and schools providing either elective or required courses in rural health is encouraging, more education and training with this focus are needed to help overcome the unmet need for quality pharmacy care for rural populations.
Mock Hospital Unit Simulation: A Teaching Strategy to Promote Safe Patient Care

Abstract Patient safety is a priority in nursing care. Nursing educators must prepare future registered nurses with the skills necessary to deliver safe, effective care. The purpose of this article is to report on the use of a mock hospital unit with human patient simulation (HPS). Participants were 24 first-semester baccalaureate nursing students out of a class of 79 juniors, and the project took place prior to the students' first actual clinical experience. The students were assigned to three faculty and, during 4 hr, cared for patients with various diagnoses. On completion of the HPS teaching project, faculty and students viewed the simulation as a positive experience with several beneficial outcomes. Beginning in fall 2008, the use of HPS as a teaching strategy will expand to include the entire junior class.
Pump-probe nonlinear phase dispersion spectroscopy

Pump-probe microscopy is an imaging technique that delivers molecular contrast of pigmented samples. Here, we introduce pump-probe nonlinear phase dispersion spectroscopy (PP-NLDS), a method that leverages pump-probe microscopy and spectral-domain interferometry to ascertain information from dispersive and resonant nonlinear effects. PP-NLDS extends the information content to four dimensions (phase, amplitude, wavelength, and pump-probe time-delay) that yield unique insight into a wider range of nonlinear interactions compared to conventional methods. This results in the ability to provide highly specific molecular contrast of pigmented and non-pigmented samples. A theoretical framework is described, and experimental results and simulations illustrate the potential of this method. Implications for biomedical imaging are discussed.
Sulfide oxidation and carbon fixation by the gutless clamSolemya reidi: an animal-bacteria symbiosis

Solemya reidi, a protobranch clam lacking a digestive system and found exclusively in habitats rich in hydrogen sulfide (HS−), contains high densities of gram-negative bacteria within certain cells (“bacteriocytes”) of its large gills (Fig. 1). These bacteria are proposed to be responsible for the capacity ofS. reidi to oxidize HS− (Fig. 2) and produce sulfate. Some of the energy released during HS− oxidation could provide the necessary ATP and reducing power for the net fixation of CO2 via the reactions of the Calvin-Benson cycle, which have been found in the gills, but in no other tissues, of this clam.Solemya reidi exhibited a rapid fixation of H14CO 3 − compared to other clams and a fast transfer of label into a variety of metabolites, the labeling pattern varying with time of incubation (Tables 2–3). The CO2 fixation mechanism inS. reidi appears to involve an initial trapping of CO2 into a four-carbon compound (Table 2), which subsequently is decarboxylated to generate CO2 for the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase reaction of the Calvin-Benson cycle. Aspartate and malate were the major sites of14C during short-term incubations of intact clams or isolated gills; longer incubation periods led to appearance of radioactivity in a variety of amino acids and carboxylic acids. Of several carboxylating enzymes tested, only pyruvate carboxylase was found in gill tissue.Solemya reidi is capable of absorbing dissolved organic molecules from seawater (Tables 4 and 5). These findings indicate thatS. reidi may be nourished by reduced carbon and nitrogen compounds synthesized by symbiotic bacteria housed within its gills, and by dissolved organic material present in the muds in which the animal lives. The metabolic organization of this species is discussed in relation to the animal-bacteria symbioses recently discovered at the deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites where HS− may play an important role in driving primary productivity.
An almost realistic gauge hierarchy

Abstract Making use of the 75 representation of SU(5) and Witten's method for producing a large gauge hierarchy in a supersymmetric theory, I build a model in which SU (5) → SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1) → SU (3) × U (1)
Authenticated error-correcting codes with applications to multicast authentication

We consider the problem of authenticating a stream of packets transmitted over a network controlled by an adversary who may perform arbitrary attacks on the stream: He may drop or modify chosen packets, rearrange the order of the packets in any way, and inject new, random, or specially crafted packets into the stream. In contrast, prior work on the multicast authentication problem has focused on a less powerful adversarial network model or has examined a considerably more restrictive setting with specific timing or structural assumptions about the network.We model the ability of the network to modify a stream of n packets with two parameters: the survival rate α (0
Alkali metal fluorides as efficient fluorinating agents. Enantiocontroued synthesis of 2-fluoroalkyl carboxylates and 1-fluoroalkyl benzenes

Abstract Potassium fluoride and cesium fluoride m formamide, N-methylformamide, or acetamide are efficient fluorinating agents. They can be used for the enantiocontrolled synthesis of 2-fluorocarboxylic acids 1a and 1-fluoroalkyl benzenes 1b from the corresponding sulfonates which are easily available in high enantiomeric purity. The scope and limitation of the synthetic method is discussed.
Non–Emergency Department Interventions to Reduce ED Utilization: A Systematic Review

Objectives Recent health policy changes have focused efforts on reducing emergency department (ED) visits as a way to reduce costs and improve quality of care. This was a systematic review of interventions based outside the ED aimed at reducing ED use. Methods This study was designed as a systematic review. We reviewed the literature on interventions in five categories: patient education, creation of additional non-ED capacity, managed care, prehospital diversion, and patient financial incentives. Studies written in English, with interventions administered outside of the ED, and a comparison group where ED use was an outcome, were included. Two independent reviewers screened search results using MEDLINE, Cochrane, OAIster, or Scopus. The following data were abstracted from included studies: type of intervention, study design, population, details of intervention, effect on ED use, effect on non-ED health care use, and other health and financial outcomes. Quality of individual articles was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. Results Of 39 included studies, 34 were observational and five were randomized controlled trials. Two of five studies on patient education found reductions in ED use ranging from 21% to 80%. Out of 10 studies of additional non-ED capacity, four showed decreases of 9% to 54%, and one a 21% increase. Both studies on prehospital diversion found reductions of 3% to 7%. Of 12 studies on managed care, 10 had decreases ranging from 1% to 46%. Nine out of 10 studies on patient financial incentives found decreases of 3% to 50%, and one a 34% increase. Nineteen studies reported effect on non-ED use with mixed results. Seventeen studies included data on health outcomes, but 13 of these only included data on hospitalizations rather than morbidity and mortality. Seven studies included data on cost outcomes. According to the GRADE guidelines, all studies had at least some risk of bias, with four moderate quality, one low quality, and 34 very low quality studies. Conclusions Many studies have explored interventions based outside the ED to reduce ED use in various populations, with mixed evidence. Approximately two-thirds identified here showed reductions in ED use. The interventions with the greatest number of studies showing reductions in ED use include patient financial incentives and managed care, while the greatest magnitude of reductions were found in patient education. These findings have implications for insurers and policymakers seeking to reduce ED use.
Pneumatikos vs. Psychikos: Distinctions of Spiritual Status among the Corinthians

In 1 Corinthians the apostle Paul is attempting to straighten out some people in his newly founded community who, by virtue of their possession of wisdom, were claiming a special spiritual status. Apparently they designated themselves as pneumatikoi in contrast with the psychikoi, or those of lesser religious achievement. By a careful reading of Paul's arguments in 1 Corinthians we can discern some of their key religious terminology and principles. On the basis of pertinent parallels to these terms and principles, especially in Hellenistic philosophical sources and Hellenistic Jewish texts, it is then possible to draw certain conclusions regarding the religious viewpoint of these Corinthians.
Construction of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase mutants utilizing a cloned gene fragment

An internal 1.6-kb BAMHI DNA fragment of the previously cloned Streptococcus mutans GS-5 gtfB gene was utilized to construct plasmids capable of insertion in toto into the GS-5 chromosome. The resultant insertions primarily yielded mutants defective in glucosyltransferase-I activity. These mutants were also defective in sucrose-dependent colonization of smooth surfaces.
Letter by Kern Regarding Article, “Comparison of Clinical Interpretation With Visual Assessment and Quantitative Coronary Angiography in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Contemporary Practice: The Assessing Angiography (A2) Project”

As a strong advocate for physiological lesion assessment, I read the article by Nallamothu et al1 comparing methods of angiographic stenosis assessment with puzzlement. With respect and not wishing to offend the distinguished authors, I must inquire on 2 points: What was the rationale for the article, and was anyone on the writing committee surprised by the conclusion? That “physicians tended to (visually) assess coronary lesions treated with PCI [percutaneous coronary intervention] as more severe than measurements by quantitative angiography (QCA)” is common knowledge among angiographers; every PCI study ever done with QCA has come to the same conclusion. After 30 years of QCA …
Spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution and feeding habits of Morone saxatilis in marsh creeks of Delaware Bay, USA

Delaware River and Bay Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), striped bass, have recently undergone a dramatic recovery. Here, we examine spatio-temporal patterns in the distribution and food habits of striped bass in marsh creeks in the estuary (salinity range 1–20 psu), 1996–2000. Sampling occurred monthly, April through November, with otter trawls (4.9 m, 6 mm mesh, n = 6760) and weirs (intertidal block nets, 6 mm mesh, n = 647) at eight sites. Young-of-the-year (YOY) fish were generally more than 10 times more abundant at oligohaline sites, although they were abundant at mesohaline sites in 1996, the lowest salinity year. Small striped bass (<100 mm) in creeks relied on mysids and other crustaceans and became more piscivorous with size. Overall, they consumed 46% by weight fish, of which 52% were mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), and 18% were YOY Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus (L.), prey types which are not typical in most food habits studies and are indicative of feeding in marsh creeks. These data suggest that young striped bass are an abundant component of Delaware Bay marsh creek fauna and may play an important role in trophic relays within this system.
The retention of CEOs that make poor acquisitions

Does the failure to replace CEOs following a bad takeover represent a cost-effective strategy or a failure of boards of directors and the market? We study 104 white knight contests to examine why poorly performing firms retain their CEOs. We find the majority are poor performers before they enter the control contest (q < 1), in the control contest, and after the control contest. We compare the costs of replacing CEOs with the benefits of keeping them. Our results show the market works. The benefits of keeping CEOs under such circumstances are greater than the costs of replacement. Thus, keeping poorly performing CEOs does not represent a failure of a firm’s board.
QUINONE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN COLON ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS VIA DT-DIAPHORASE MEDIATED BIOACTIVATION

DT-diaphorase (DTD) activity has been related to bioactivation and cytotoxicity of antitumor quinones. A pair of human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines, HT29 and BE, were used in this study to examine the role of DTD in antitumor quinone induced apoptosis. HT29 cells have elevated levels of DTD whereas BE cells lack functional DTD due to a point mutation which results in a complete lack of DTD activity. MeDZQ, a quinone that is efficiently bioactivated by DTD, induced apoptosis both in HT29 and BE cells, but with a much higher incidence in HT29, as assessed by morphological criteria and the formation of oligonucleosomal fragments of DNA. Two other quinone compounds which are also substrates for DTD, i.e. streptonigrin and mitomycin C, also preferentially induced apoptosis in HT29 cells, which could be inhibited by dicoumarol. Our data suggest that bioreductive activation of antitumor quinones by DTD results in induction of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells.
Thermal Evolution of Acetylene Overlayers on Pd(111)

The thermal evolution of acetylene adsorbed on the (111) surface of palladium has been studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). This study encompasses the temperature range 120−800 K for acetylene exposures of 0.25−3.5 langmuirs and includes HREELS data for both specular and off-specular scattering. The spectra are interpreted in terms of acetylene evolution to ethylidyne via a vinylidene intermediate, with the additional hydrogen supplied by the residual gas. Evidence for benzene formation is also seen in the appearance of the benzene ν4 (720 cm-1) band. Subsequent heating to 400 K results in dehydrogenation of ethylidyne to CCH species. A spectral normalization method is employed to compare intensities of vibrational bands as a function of temperature and proves useful in analysis of the temperature dependence of the surface species. We find that 0.25-langmuir exposure results in an essentially pure ethylidyne layer whereas higher coverages eventually result in lower ethyli...
CFSv2-Based Seasonal Hydroclimatic Forecasts over the Conterminous United States

AbstractThere is a long history of debate on the usefulness of climate model–based seasonal hydroclimatic forecasts as compared to ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP). In this study, the authors use NCEP's operational forecast system, the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), and its previous version, CFSv1, to investigate the value of climate models by conducting a set of 27-yr seasonal hydroclimatic hindcasts over the conterminous United States (CONUS). Through Bayesian downscaling, climate models have higher squared correlation R2 and smaller error than ESP for monthly precipitation, and the forecasts conditional on ENSO have further improvements over southern basins out to 4 months. Verification of streamflow forecasts over 1734 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gauges shows that CFSv2 has moderately smaller error than ESP, but all three approaches have limited added skill against climatology beyond 1 month because of overforecasting or underdispersion errors. Using a postprocessor, 60%–70% of proba...
The Forsythe-Motzkin method for singular linear operator equations

Convergence of the gradient method of Forsythe and Motzkin to a generalized solution of a singular linear operator equation is established.
AWARENESS, VERBAL CONDITIONING AND MEANING CONDITIONING

Empirical relationships basic to two controversial hypotheses concerning the relationship of awareness to verbal operant conditioning and conditioning of meaning were studied. Experimental procedur...
Translocation of 14C-labeled thiabendazole in cotton plants

Abstract 14C-thiabendazole was readily translocated by cotton plants from roots to stems, but little radioactivity was detected in leaves. The radioactive fungicide was translocated toward the tip of cotton leaves when applied near the base of the leaf blade, but was not moved downward toward the petiole. Similarly, upward but not downward movement was observed when 14C-thiabendazole was applied to cotton stems. Approximately 60% of the radioactivity in methanolic-HCl extracts from plants supplied 14C-thiabendazole was in the form of free thiabendazole. The remaining radioactivitywwas present in higher molecular weight products, thus indicating the occurrence of thiabendazole complexes or binding of thiabendazole in the plants. Thiabendazole metabolites of similar molecular weight were found in treated cotton plants, but 14C-metabolites with a lower molecular weight than free thiabendazole were not detected.
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION

The effect of exchange transfusion (ET) on plasma ionized calcium (Ca++) was studied in 27 exchange transfusions on 19 infants using CPD blood. The addition of 0.1 g Ca gluconate per 100 ml exchanged did not prevent a fall in Ca++ in term or preterm infants (Group I). ET was then performed with 0.5 g CaCl2 (Group II) or 0.1 g CaCl2 (Group III) added to 450 ml heparinized CFD blood. In Group iI Ca++ and total Ca increased markedly during the ET, the total Ca reaching 15.5 rag/100 ml in one case. However, Ca levels were normal within 30 minutes of the end of the ET. In Group III, although Ca++ levels in the donor blood were very low (0.6±0.21 mg/100 ml) the fall in Ca++ was abolished during ET in term infants. Nevertheless, the decline in Ca++ could not be prevented in the preterm infants although total Ca increased. Mechanisms of Ca homeostasis during ET are complex and it may not be possible to achieve normal Ca++ levels without excessive elevation of total Ca. However, addition of Ca to the donor blood will prevent the fluctuation in Ca++ seen with intermittent Ca administration. In addition, it appears that in vitro titration of donor blood with CaCl2 to normocalcemic levels should not be used as a means of determining the appropriate dose of Ca in ET.
Note On Sources of Sampling Variability in Science Performance Assessments

In 1993, we reported in Journal of Educational Measurement that task-sampling variability was the Achilles’ heel of science performance assessment. To reduce measurement error, tasks needed to be stratified before sampling, sampled in large number, or possibly both. However, Cronbach, Linn, Brennan, & Haertel (1997) pointed out that a task-sampling interpretation of a large person x task variance component might be incorrect. Task and occasion sampling are confounded because tasks are typically given on only a single occasion. The person x task source of measurement error is then confounded with the pt x occasion source. If pto variability accounts for a substantial part of the commonly observed pt interaction, stratifying tasks into homogenous subsets—a cost-effective way of addressing task sampling variability—might not increase accuracy. Stratification would not address the pro source of error. Another conclusion reported in JEM was that only direct observation (DO) and notebook (NB) methods of collecting performance assessment data were exchangeable; computer simulation, short-answer, and multiple-choice methods were not. However, if Cronbach et al. were right, our exchangeability conclusion might be incorrect. After re-examining and re-analyzing data, we found support for Conbach et al. We concluded that large task-sampling variability was due to both the person x task interaction and person x task x occasion interaction. Moreover, we found that direct observation, notebook and computer simulation methods were equally exchangeable, but their exchangeability was limited by the volatility of student performances across tasks and occasions.
Effects of acute and chronic bupropion on locomotor activity and dopaminergic neurons

Acute administration of bupropion (10 or 30 mg/kg) to rats increased locomotor activity in a dose-related manner. The highest dose increased the dopamine (DA) concentration while both doses reduced the concentration of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum. The enhancement of locomotor activity and the decrease of striatal DOPAC concentrations were increased with chronic administration (up to 40 days) of bupropion. The rate of DA synthesis in the striatum was increased by the acute administration of d-amphetamine but was not altered by acute or chronic administration of bupropion.
Endorphins are related to pain perception in coronary artery disease

Abstract Plasma β-endorphin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay before and after. exercise in 25 patients with coronary artery disease. Eighteen patients were men and 7 were women; age range was 36 to 75 years (mean 60). All patients had angina pectoris, a positive treadmill test response or positive exercise radionuclide findings. The mean preexercise plasma endorphin level was 4.9 ± 3.0 pmol/liter (range 0.7 to 13.5). The mean postexercise plasma endorphin level of 6.6 ± 4.6 mol/liter (range 0 to 19.5) was significantly higher (p
Mineral biosignatures in evaporites: Presence of rosickyite in an endoevaporitic microbial community from Death Valley, California

Rosickyite is a rare form of sulfur (γ-sulfur; monoclinic symmetry) that is not thermodynamically predicted to be stable at Earth's surface temperatures; instead, it reverts to the more common α-sulfur form (orthorhombic symmetry). Here we show, for the first time, that rosickyite exists and is stably maintained within an endoevaporitic microbial community from the salt pan of Death Valley, California. We hypothesize that this mineral is formed by a cycle of microbial dissolution of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) to sulfide and reoxidation of the sulfide to elemental sulfur (rosickyite) within a stable oxygen-sulfide gradient maintained by the organisms. Furthermore, we report a microstratigraphic layering of mineral types that correlates with layering of the microbial community. Knowledge of how microbial communities can affect the mineral assemblages of evaporite deposits on Earth can help us to identify potential markers of the past or present existence of life on extraterrestrial bodies bearing evidence of ancient seas or lakes.
Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity.

Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS coupled with a diode array and/or fluorescent detector in seven cultivars of Ribes nigrum (black currant) and Ribes rubrum (red currant, Red Lake), six cultivars of Ribes grossularia (gooseberries), Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry), and Sambucus nigra (elderberry). Thirty-one different anthocyanins were detected in these berries, but not every anthocyanin was observed in each berry. A number of minor anthocyanins were identified from these berries for the first time. The concentrations of individual anthocyanins in all of the berries were quantified using relevant anthocyanidin 3-glucoside standards. Among the berries studied in this paper and in berries in general, chokeberry has the highest total anthocyanin concentrations [1480 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)], whereas the lowest total anthocyanin concentration in the berries studied was found in the gooseberry cv. Careless, which contained only 0.07 mg/100 g of FW. Two cultivars of g...
Local stability effects of plasma actuation on a zero pressure gradient boundary layer

The effects of plasma actuation in a flat plate boundary layer with zero pressure gradient have been simulated. Based on these simulations, non-dimensional parameters and a combined wall jet/boundary layer model of the velocity profile have been developed. A parametric study using local linear stability analysis has been performed to examine the hydrodynamic stability of the velocity profiles created through this model. Convective and absolute instability mechanisms are found to be important, some of which have not been previously documented. Neutral stability curves have been computed for the different instabilities, and when put in terms of the shape factor, they still compare favorably with reported canonical results, indicating that the critical Reynolds number is primarily a function of the shape factor. These results are also discussed in relation to existing experimental results as well as with respect to their implementation.
PATTERNS AND DESCRIPTIONS

Critique de la these d'un realisme doux et intermediaire concernant les croyances defendues par D. Dennett a partir de la notion de modele reel. Soulevant la question de la discernabilite en principe des modeles et examinant le lien entre les observateurs et les perspectives, l'A. montre que ce que convient aux exemples simples de modeles chez Dennett ne convient pas au domaine de l'attribution de la croyance. Parce que la position que soutient Dennett au regard de l'interpretation intentionnelle est dominee par une ideologie quinienne, l'A. montre que l'hypothese du realisme doux et intermediaire n'est pas possible
Computations in DEA

DEA is a well-established, widely used, and powerful analytical resource in the toolbox of the OR/MS analyst. It is used to assess relative efficiency of many, functionally similar, entities. It has applications in diverse areas including finance and banking, education, and healthcare. DEA is computationally intensive and, as the scale of applications grows, this intensity rapidly becomes one of the limiting factors in its utility. In this paper, we explore computations in DEA. We investigate the theory behind schemes, procedures and algorithms used in performing a DEA study and we report on current practices ranging from the basic and standard to the advanced and sophisticated. Our objective is to give researchers and practitioners an appreciation for the computational aspects of DEA that will permit them to understand the performance, problems, complications, limitations, as well as the potential of this technique.
Dynamic in situ characterization of organic monolayer formation via a Novel substrate-mediated mechanism.

Ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy data investigating octylsilane (C8H17SiH3) monolayer pattern formation on Au(111) are presented. The irregular monolayer pattern exhibits a 60 A length scale. Formation of the octylsilane monolayer relaxes the Au(111) 23 × √3 surface reconstruction and ejects surface Au atoms. Au adatom diffusion epitaxially extends the Au(111) crystal lattice via step edge growth and island formation. The chemisorbed monolayer covers the entire Au surface at saturation exposure. Theoretical and experimental data suggest the presence of two octylsilane molecular adsorption phases: an atop site yielding a pentacoordinate Si atom and a surface vacancy site yielding a tetracoordinate Si atom. Theoretical simulations investigating two-phase monolayer self-assembly dynamics on a solid surface suggest pattern formation results from strain-induced spinodal decomposition of the two adsorption phases. Collectively, the theoretical and experimental data indicate octylsilane monolayer ...
Reproducibility of rebreathing parameters in normal humans.

Measurements of pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) and pulmonary capillary blood flow\(\dot Q\)c by noninvasive rebreathing techniques have been introduced during the last decade. Despite the good agreement between Vt and\(\dot Q\)c and other invasive methods to measure lung water and blood flow, few studies have taken advantage of rebreathing. One possible reason is that surprisingly little is known about the reproducibility of the technique in individuals during the course of time. We measured Vt and\(\dot Q\)c by rebreathing acetylene in 8 normal young non-smokers and found that both the parameters and their coefficients of variation did not change when the measurements were made in each person in three different ways: 1) consecutively, 2) daily during a period of up to 6 weeks, and 3) hourly during a 24 hour period. The coefficients of variation for Vt ranged from 6% to 17%, with an average of 9.7% and for\(\dot Q\)c from 5% to 17% with an average of 8.9%. In 8 older subjects, the variation was similar to younger subjects. Thus we believe that rebreathing can be used experimentally and clinically but measurements should be made in triplicate.
Excited state relaxation of Cr(III) in oxygen environments

Abstract The emission spectra and excited state decay characteristics of Cr 3+ ions in oxide crystals and glasses and molecular complexes are reviewed. The relevant species can be described as CrO 6 and both narrow 2 E ⇒ 4 A 2 phosphorescence and broadband 4 T 2 ⇒ 4 A 2 fluorescence are observed with intensities and lifetimes that depend on the disposition of the excited levels and the temperature. A unified model that relates the emission in the several environments is described. A kinetic analysis is applied to extract individual rate constants and to determine the origin of the thermal quenching. Kinetic limits on 2 E ⇒ 4 T 2 back-transfer are explored.
NMR assignment and secondary structure of the STAS domain of Rv1739c, a putative sulfate transporter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We report 1HN, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments for the 15.6 kDa STAS domain of the putative sulfate transporter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rv1739c, using heteronuclear, multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Rv1739c is a SulP anion permease, related in structure to the SLC26 gene family of metazoan anion exchangers and anion channels.
Supplier integration—Finding an optimal configuration

Abstract There has been increased interest in supplier integration in recent years, much of it supporting such initiatives in organizations. We operationalize supplier integration as a bundle of practices that include a set of “internal” and “external” practices. We hypothesize that such practices in specific configurations can be as important a source of performance differentials as the adoption of individual practices themselves. We theorize the existence of a level of integration that results in optimal performance. The paper uses data from a cross-section of more than 300 US manufacturing companies to test the notion of an optimal level of supplier integration, and examine the conditions surrounding its development. The results provide empirical support for the concept of an optimal set of supplier integration practices. We show that deviations from the optimal profile are associated with performance deterioration, and that indiscriminate and continued investments in integration may not yield commensurate improvements in performance.
Isolation of the polysulfide complex [(UO2)(S2)3]4− from the in situ formation and subsequent reaction of uranyl cations in molten alkali metal polysulfide salts

Abstract The new uranyl polychalcogenide compounds Cs 4 (UO 2 )(S 2 ) 3 and Na 4 (UO 2 )(S 2 ) 3 ·Na 2 S 3 were synthesized in molten polysulfide salts in the temperature range of 350–400°C and were characterized with single crystal X-ray crystallography. Both compounds contain the mononuclear anionic complex [(UO 2 )(S 2 ) 3 ] 4− . The uranyl cation is coordinated to three chelating (S 2 ) 2− species such that the midpoints of each disulfide define the equatorial positions of a trigonal bipyramidal coordination for U.
Current ripple effect on superconductive d.c. critical current measurements

Abstract The effect of current ripple or noise on d.c. critical current measurements was systematically studied. Measurements were made on multifilamentary NbTi superconductor. A low-noise, battery-powered current supply was required in this study in order to make the pure d.c. critical current measurements. Also, an electronic circuit that stimulates a superconductor's general current voltage characteristic was developed and used as an analysis tool. In order to make critical current measurements in which current ripple was present, the battery supply was modified to allow the introduction of controlled amounts of a.c. ripple. In general, ripple in a current supply becomes more significant in current supplies rated above 500 A because effective filtering is difficult. The effect of current ripple is a reduction in the measured d.c. critical current; however, ripple of sufficient amplitude can result in arbitrary measurement results. The results of this work are general and quantitatively applicable to the evaluation of critical current data and measurement systems. A theoretical model was developed to further support and explain the ripple effect. An unexpected benefit of this work was a more precise method for general critical current data acquisition. Problems common to all large conductor critical current measurements are discussed.
Prostaglandin E1coronary venous retroperfusion in acute myocardial ischemia: Effects on regional left ventricular function and infarct size

Prostaglandin E1was administered by means of coronary venous synchronized retroperfusion and the effectiveness of the combined (prostaglandin-retroperfusion) system was examined during acute myocardial Ischemia in 10 closed chest anesthetized dogs. Such treatment was administered between 30 minutes and 3 hours after occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. An equivalent series of 10 dogs with arterial blood retroperfusion alone and 9 untreated dogs served as control subjects. Standardized two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of global and regional left ventricular function were performed in five short-axis cross sections. The global low left ventricular section and its profoundly ischemic anterolateral region exhibited distinctly improved systolic fractional area changes as a result of the prostaglandin E1retroperfusion treatment between 30 minutes and 3 hours after occlusion (22.9 ± 1.5to41.2 ± 4.0% and 1.8 ± 3.6 to 29.4 ± 5.6%, respectively). In contrast, further deterioration in function was noted during an untreated equivalent coronary occlusion period (16.3 ± 2.7 to 10.0 ± 3.3% and 12.6 ± 6.1 to 4.1 ± 6.9%). Although arterial blood retroperfusion alone provided distinct benefits in the ischemic region of a midpapillary echo section (from 13.4 ± 3.9 to 32.1 ± 10.4%, p Triphenyltetrazolium chloride delineation of infarction revealed significant myocardial salvage with prostaglandin E, retroperfusion as compared with findings in untreated control dogs (3.7% ± 1.3% of the left ventricle versus 9.3 ± 1.9%, p It is concluded that retrograde prostaglandin E, administration may further enhance the effectiveness of synchronized coronary venous retroperfusion treatment of jeopardized acutely ischemic myocardium.
Predictors of cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese American women.

This study examines Pap testing behavior among 265 Vietnamese American women aged 18 or above. A community-based survey was conducted with Vietnamese women in five cities: Houston (TX), Springfield (MA), Camden (NJ), Charlotte (NC), and Falls Church (VA). Seventy-five percent of the study sample ever received a Pap test, 45 % within the last 12 months. Women’s perceived risks of cancer, belief that cancer can be detected early with screening, and disagreement that it is embarrassing to get tested and that only married women should get tested are related to Pap testing. Having health insurance is the most important predictor of Pap testing. Main reasons for not having tested in the last 12 months include: feeling well, having no insurance, and high costs. Interventions should improve financial access to Pap testing among Vietnamese American women. Results also suggest that future communication programs should emphasize preventive practices and change traditional attitudes and misconceptions related to Pap testing.