cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximizing oil production from water alternating gas (CO2) injection into residual oil zones: The impact of oil saturation and heterogeneity

Abstract Residual oil zones (ROZs) are widespread reservoirs, characterized by oil at residual saturation, either underlying oil fields (brownfield) or lateral (greenfield) to such fields. These reservoirs have the potential to produce volumes of oil sufficiently significant to make appreciable impacts on the US’s oil reserves and associated incidental CO2 sequestration. The objective of this study is to improve our understanding the impact of heterogeneous and low oil saturations, in brownfield ROZs, on the effectiveness of water alternating gas (WAG) injection strategies. ROZs occur in the Permian Basin and elsewhere, and operators are using CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in these zones. The consensus model for the formation of ROZs is that they were formed by the effect of faster regional aquifer flow, acting over millions of years. Both the magnitude of oil saturation and the spatial distribution of oil differ from water-flooded main pay zones (MPZs). To explore the most effective injection strategies, we conducted simulations of CO2 injection into synthetic geologic reservoirs. These simulations focused on injection into reservoirs subject to either man-made waterflooding or long-term natural waterflooding. By exploring the impact of varying: oil saturation; well patterns; reservoir heterogeneity; and permeability anisotropy, we attempt to quantify the factors that most influence the effectiveness of WAG injection. WAG ratios (the ratio of injected water and CO2, in reservoir volumes) of interest are those that either minimize the net CO2 utilization ratios or maximize oil production rates. In general, the most effective WAG ratios for ROZs, are consistently less than those observed undergoing CO2 injection in the same geologic reservoir models after traditional (man-made) waterflooding. This work demonstrates that most favorable WAG ratios for oil production in ROZs are different from those in traditional MPZs because of oil saturation differences. Thus, CO2 injection into both zones or directly copying WAG injection designs from MPZs to ROZs might not maximize oil production.
Comparison of Acoustic Startle Response in School-age Children who Stutter and their Fluent Peers☆

Abstract It is theorized that stuttering emerges as the result of an interaction between constitutional and environmental factors (Van Riper, 1982; Bloodstein, 1995), and that constitutional factors in persistent stuttering may include an emotionally reactive temperament (sometimes referred to as a “sensitive” temperament) (Brutten & Trotter, 1986; Brutten & Shoemaker, 1967; Conture, 1991; Guitar, 1998, 2000). Additionally, it has been proposed that children who stutter (CWS) may be inherently inclined to have a sensitive temperament compared to their normally fluent peers, which may contribute to their vulnerability in beginning, maintaining, or recovering from stuttering ( Conture, 1991, 2001 ; Guitar, 1998; Zebrowski & Conture, 1998, Karass, Walden, Conture, Graham, Arnold, & Hartfield, 2006; Eggers, De Nil, & Van den Bergh, 2010; Walden, Buhr, Johnson, Conture & Karass 2012). The purpose of this research is to examine the reactivity/sensitivity of school-age CWS, as evidenced by the acoustic startle response and scores on a standardized temperament scale. Acoustic startle response, determined by electromyography (EMG), measures the amplitude of eyeblink response to a brief pulse of white noise. This neurophysiological assessment of emotional reactivity has been widely used in psychological research (Vrana, Spence, & Lang, 1988, p.487). This physiological measure will be paired with a parent-report measure to assess emotional sensitivity.
Activation of cell stress response pathways by Shiga toxins

Shiga toxin-producing bacteria cause widespread outbreaks of bloody diarrhoea that may progress to life-threatening systemic complications. Shiga toxins (Stxs), the main virulence factors expressed by the pathogens, are ribosome-inactivating proteins which inhibit protein synthesis by removing an adenine residue from 28S rRNA. Recently, Stxs were shown to activate multiple stress-associated signalling pathways in mammalian cells. The ribotoxic stress response is activated following the depurination reaction localized to the α-sarcin/ricin loop of eukaryotic ribosomes. The unfolded protein response (UPR) may be initiated by toxin unfolding within the endoplasmic reticulum, and maintained by production of truncated, misfolded proteins following intoxication. Activation of the ribotoxic stress response leads to signalling through MAPK cascades, which appears to be critical for activation of innate immunity and regulation of apoptosis. Precise mechanisms linking ribosomal damage with MAPK activation require clarification but may involve recognition of ribosomal conformational changes and binding of protein kinases to ribosomes, which activate MAP3Ks and MAP2Ks. Stxs appear capable of activating all ER membrane localized UPR sensors. Prolonged signalling through the UPR induces apoptosis in some cell types. The characterization of stress responses activated by Stxs may identify targets for the development of interventional therapies to block cell damage and disease progression.
The Roles of Task-Specific Experience and Innate Ability in Understanding Analyst Performance

There is considerable debate in the literature about what analyst experience measures and whether analysts learn from their prior experiences. Extant research has argued that once an analyst's innate ability is considered, the general and firm-specific experiences of an analyst are not relevant to understanding his/her forecasting performance. This prior research posits that only the highest-ability analysts survive at the job and, as a result, performance is not a function of analysts learning from their experiences. Drawing on psychology-based research, we argue that previous measures of experience need to be expanded to not only include general and firm-specific experience, but also task-specific experience. We empirically test our ideas within the context of firms experiencing restructuring charges. Our results reveal that analysts' performance (i.e., forecast accuracy) around current restructurings is associated with both their innate ability and their task-specific restructuring experience. In addition, we find that forecast accuracy and task-specific experience are most highly correlated for those analysts who survive the longest and, thus, presumably have the greatest innate abilities.
Hierarchical mesh architecture: toward practical applications

Wireless mesh network is considered to be one of the candidates for solving the last mile problem in high speed network services. Traditional mesh network faces the challenge of scalability due to the features of self-organization and multi-hop connection. In this short paper, we propose a hierarchical architecture for large size mesh networks. A mesh network is divided into small networks, which are operated independently and are connected through a reliable backbone network. We present the architecture and address routing/security issues.
Beyond the Grand Tour: Re-thinking the Education Abroad Narrative for US Higher Education in the 1920s

This paper utilises primary source documents from the first officially sanctioned US study abroad programs in the 1920s to argue that the discourse about the first study abroad programs for US students was a break from the Grand Tour tradition of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Instead, this paper suggests that study abroad represented an experimental and innovative approach to the acquisition of knowledge for US undergraduates. The discourse of those who created these programs and those who participated was distinct from the Grand Tour in three ways that are described in the paper as, distinct by design, distinct by omission and distinct by experience. These three areas of distinction refute the contemporary narrative that conflates the Grand Tour with study abroad.
Impact of Lowering BMI Cut Points as Recommended in the Revised American Diabetes Association's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2015 on Diabetes Screening in Asian Americans.

OBJECTIVE This study estimated the screening prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes using a lower BMI cutoff of 23 kg/m 2 in Asians in the U.S. using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2012. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of non-Hispanic Asians, ages 45 years and older, with available BMI, HbA 1c , and fasting glucose data. These overall criteria were met by 341 participants. RESULTS Lowering the screening BMI to 23 kg/m 2 increased the sensitivity of screening for prediabetes and diabetes from 50.2 to 74.1% ( P P CONCLUSIONS Although this will add additional health care costs resulting from more widespread screening, early identification of these conditions may be beneficial for primary and secondary prevention in this unique population that develops prediabetes and diabetes at lower BMI levels.
Social network structure and status competition

In status competition studies, the utility of heterogeneous individuals typically depends on an economy-wide average indicator of status. In our model, emulative and jealous agents are embedded in an exogenous network where agent-specific reference group is determined by the direct link emanating from the agent. Similarly to Ghiglino and Goyal (2010) but in a somewhat different framework, we show that individual consumption is proportional to the agent's “outbound” Katz-Bonacich network centrality measure and equilibrium is generally inefficient. More important, the negative externality associated with each agent depends on her “inbound” centrality measure—the conspicuousness index. A tax based on this index combined with a uniform lump-sum transfer attains efficiency.
A technique for determining bias settings for organic scintillators

Abstract The response of NE-213 scintillators to electrons in the energy range from 0.3 to 1 MeV has been investigated. The results for a 2 in. diameter × 2 in. NE-213 scintillator indicator that the maximum recoil Compton electron does not occur at the half-height distribution but at 0.89±0.07, the maximum height in the energy range considered. The location of the peak of the Compton distribution was found to be the most accurately defined point of the Compton distribution for the methods used. The peak of the Compton distribution was 4.9±1.7 per cent below the Compton edge while the half-weight was 11.7±.4 per cent above the Compton edge. Results for a 3 in.×3 in. NE-213 scintillator are also given. Electron energy calibrations of the Compton distribution for 22 Na and 137 Cs are given to facilitate bias settings for neutron detectors.
Self-tuning predictive control with forecasting factor for control of pneumatic lumber handling systems

A newly modified predictive control strategy is proposed for controlling systems with severe non-linearity, such as pneumatic systems. This strategy is based on a modification to the cost function used in generalized predictive control. In particular, a forecast factor is defined and incorporated into the cost function of controller design in order to consider increased inaccuracies of prediction as prediction range increases. This forecast factor has a dual property with that of the forgetting factor used for estimation and this duality between estimation using past data and predictive control for future output can also be considered an extension to the duality principle of estimation and control. The control strategies are implemented for a project to improve the control of heavy industrial log handling machines and it is shown that this new self-tuning predictive control scheme can achieve much improved performance over other control schemes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological evaluation of the systematic validity of the African Argas (Persicargas) arboreus and the Asian-Australian A.(P.) robertsi (Ixodoidea: Argasidae).

Abstract Khalil G. M. , Hoogstraal H. and Oliver J. H. Jr. 1980. Biological evaluation of the systematic validity of the African Argas (Persicargas) arboreus and the Asian-Australian A.(P.)robertsi (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). International journal for Parasitology 10 : 253–259. The closely related A. (P.) arboreus (Ethiopian Faunal Region) and A. (P.) robertsi (Oriental and Australian Faunal Regions) interbreed readily and produce partially fertile progeny. Intrahybrid crosses are much less productive than P 1 homogamic crosses. Results of backcrosses indicate that the progeny of the robertsi ♂ × arboreus ♀ cross are less fertile than the progeny of the reciprocal cross. The fertility of F 1 hybrid progeny is lower than that of the P 1 pure species as expressed in lower female fecundity, egg hatch, and/or viability of immature stages. These 2 species probably originated from a common ancestor and geographic isolation caused genetic incompatibility.
Electron and hydrogen-atom self-exchange reactions of iron and cobalt coordination complexes.

Reported here are self-exchange reactions between iron 2,2‘-bi(tetrahydro)pyrimidine (H2bip) complexes and between cobalt 2,2‘-biimidazoline (H2bim) complexes. The 1H NMR resonances of [FeII(H2bip)3]2+ are broadened upon addition of [FeIII(H2bip)3]3+, indicating that electron self-exchange occurs with kFe,e- = (1.1 ± 0.2) × 105 M-1 s-1 at 298 K in CD3CN. Similar studies of [FeII(H2bip)3]2+ plus [FeIII(Hbip)(H2bip)2]2+ indicate that hydrogen-atom self-exchange (proton-coupled electron transfer) occurs with kFe,H• = (1.1 ± 0.2) × 104 M-1 s-1 under the same conditions. Both self-exchange reactions are faster at lower temperatures, showing small negative enthalpies of activation: ΔH⧧(e-) = −2.1 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1 (288−320 K) and ΔH⧧(H•) = −1.5 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1 (260−300 K). This behavior is concluded to be due to the faster reaction of the low-spin states of the iron complexes, which are depopulated as the temperature is raised. Below about 290 K, rate constants for electron self-exchange show the more normal d...
Appliable Linguistics edited by MAHBOOB, AHMAR, & NAOMI KNIGHT

A review of the book "Appliable Linguistics," edited by Ahmar Mahboob and Naomi Knight is presented.
HD6 Defensin Nanonets

The lining of the mammalian small intestine—the epithelium—is the main organ for nutrient absorption and also prevents gut microbes from crossing the gut wall and establishing systemic infections. Although humans benefit from interactions with resident gut microbes ( 1 , 2 ), mechanisms exist to maintain a balance between supporting gastrointestinal microbiota and ensuring the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. For example, peptides called α-defensins influence the composition of the microbial consortium while also providing immunity against certain mucosal infections ( 3 , 4 ). On page 477 of this issue, Chu et al. ( 5 ) report that human α-defensin (HD) 6 molecules self-assemble to form nanonets that entrap microorganisms and block their translocation across the epithelial barrier.
Gestational diabetes mellitus: what is the optimal treatment modality?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by carbohydrate intolerance that is first recognized or begins during pregnancy. Its prevalence varies widely depending on the study population; commonly, it has been reported to range between 2 and 5% in the United States.1 It has been recognized that pregnancies complicated by GDM is associated with higher incidences of spontaneous preterm delivery,2 pre-eclampsia and cesarean delivery compared to women without a diagnosis of GDM.3 Neonatal complications associated with GDM also include macrosomia with its associated complications such as shoulder dystocia and birth trauma, hyperbilirubinemia and hypoglycemia.1 Although the benefit of glycemic control in women diagnosed with GDM seems intuitive, the causal association between hyperglycemia and perinatal complications was only recently validated by a randomized controlled study. Crowther et al.4 demonstrated lower rates of pre-eclampsia, macrosomia, admissions to the neonatal intensive care nursery and composite perinatal complications that included death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture and nerve palsy in the group of women diagnosed with GDM who received dietary counseling, glucose monitoring and treatment if indicated in the intervention group, compared to the control group with similar background characteristics who received routine care.
Determination of constituents of Telazol®—tiletamine and zolazepam by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based method

Tiletamine and zolazepam injection (Telazol) is used in veterinary surgical practice to induce short-term anesthesia and also to immobilize wild animals. The present work describes a sensitive method to measure tiletamine and zolazepam concentrations in plasma by means of GC/EI-MS on a 5% phenyl/95% methylpolysiloxane column. A simple liquid extraction procedure with ethyl acetate was used to isolate the two compounds and the same were separated and analyzed by GC/MS without derivatization. A formal validation of the assay demonstrated good accuracy and precision for both tiletamine (98-100.8%; C.V.total < 6.7%) and zolazepam (98.3-103.4; C.V.total < 13.2%). With 500 microl of plasma, the limits of quantification for both tiletamine and zolazepam were found to be 10 ng/ml. Both compounds were stable after three freeze-thaw cycles. The assay was used to analyze plasma samples collected from a pig after intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg of Telazol. The plasma concentration-time profile of tiletamine and zolazepam from this representative pig is also provided.
Environmental Review as Battleground Corporate Power, Government Collusion, and Citizen Opposition to a Tire-Burning Power Plant in Rural Minnesota, U.S.A

Environmental reviews are required in the United States to determine in what ways and to what extent a proposed industrial development will affect the natural environment and human health. In this study, the author considers environmental reviews within the context of the treadmill of production and contributes to the empirical literature on the Treadmill of Production Model. The author does so by closely examining how power was exercised within one particular environmental review regarding a proposed tire-burning power plant in rural Minnesota. After documenting the ways power was exercised by the corporate developers of the plant, by state agency officials, and by citizen opponents, the author proposes that environmental reviews are best conceptualized as battlegrounds where contradictions of the treadmill can be fought out in protracted struggles. As such, environmental reviews provide citizens with tools to leverage power against owners and managers of capital that would not otherwise be available. However, achieving such leverage requires an inordinate expenditure of citizen resources, which means that environmental reviews tend overall to favor corporate interests and facilitate the expansion of production. The author ends by proposing changes to environmental review processes to create more favorable conditions for environmental protection.
The barge and rail freight market for export-bound grain movement from midwest to Mexican Gulf: an econometric analysis

An econometric model of the barge and rail freight market is developed so that factors which influence barge and rail rates for export-bound grain from Midwest to Mexican Gulf can be better understood. Three-stage least squares method is used to estimate the system of four equations that constitute the model. A number of identified factors turned out to be significant in determining grains rail and barge transportation rates. Given the interactive nature of supply and demand processes it is diAcult to pinpoint a single most important factor. Yet it is clear that a substitute nature of the two transportation modes in addition to direct price-quantity relationship determine most of the transportation rates. ” 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Industrialization family and fertility: a structural-psychological analysis of the Brazilian case.

This paper addresses itself to some linkages between macro-social structure (industrialization, social class), social psychological variables (husband-wife decision making), psychological variables (attitudes), and fertility. A total of 726 currently mated women with proven fertility in five Brazilian communities were interviewed to determine various attitudes, their work experience, their participation in family decisions, their fertility ideals, and actual fertility. The five communities were selected along a rural-urban-industrialization continuum to include a village, two non-industrial cities, and two industrial cities (one of which was Sao Paulo). Family size in the industrial cities was small in all social strata, while in the non-industrial cities family size was large in the lower strata and declined in the upper strata. Further analysis revealed that smaller family size is associated with generally higher levels of status among women—higher educational levels, greater social contacts and more skilled employment, and equality in family decision making. Our analysis supports the hypotheses that industrialization influences fertility through shifts in the social status of women, both in their work and at home. New education and work opportunities facilitate the emergence of modern conceptions of the role of women in society and egalitarian decision making in the family. These attitudes and patterns of husband-wife interaction are related to smaller family size ideals and lower fertility.
Diltiazem treatment impairs hepatic drug oxidation: studies of antipyrine.

To evaluate the effect of diltiazem on antipyrine disposition and metabolism, 10 healthy subjects received 1.2 gm antipyrine on two occasions, once while taking no other medications and once during long-term oral diltiazem, 120 mg three times daily. Antipyrine oral clearance was markedly reduced from (mean ± SEM) 41.7 ± 4.1 to 29.9 ± 2.8 ml/min (P < 0.01) during diltiazem treatment, resulting in prolongation of antipyrine elimination t1/2 from 12.2 ± 1.0 to 16.7 ± 1.3 hours (P < 0.01), with no change in apparent volume of distribution (42.1 ± 4.0 vs. 41.3 ± 3.1 L; not significant). Measurement of urinary antipyrine and metabolites excreted in the urine during 24 hours after the antipyrine dose (percent of total 24-hour excretion) showed increased antipyrine (4.4% ± 1.0% vs. 7.8% ± 1.6%; P < 0.01) during diltiazem treatment with no significant change in proportion of 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, and norantipyrine excretion between trials. Chronic oral diltiazem in therapeutic doses markedly impairs antipyrine oxidation. Diltiazem may therefore impair the clearance of other coadministered drugs that undergo hepatic oxidation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 140–143; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.152
Self-Renewal of Leukemia Stem Cells in Friend Virus-Induced Erythroleukemia Requires Proviral Insertional Activation of Spi1 and Hedgehog Signaling but Not Mutation of p53

Friend virus induces erythroleukemia through a characteristic two-stage progression. The prevailing model proposes that during the initial, polyclonal stage of disease most of the infected cells terminally differentiate, resulting in acute erythrocytosis. In the late stage of disease, a clonal leukemia develops through the acquisition of new mutations—proviral insertional activation of Spi1/Pu.1 and mutation of p53. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that Friend virus activates the bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4)-dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway, which leads to the rapid expansion of stress erythroid progenitors, which are the targets for Friend virus in the spleen. We recently showed that stress erythroid progenitors have intrinsic self-renewal ability and therefore could function as leukemia stem cells (LSCs) when infected with Friend virus. Here, we show that the two stages of Friend virus-induced disease are caused by infection of distinct stress progenitor populations in the spleen. The development of leukemia relies on the ability of the virus to hijack the intrinsic self-renewal capability of stress erythroid progenitors leading to the generation of LSCs. Two signals are required for the self-renewal of Friend virus LSCs proviral insertional activation of Spi1/Pu.1 and Hedgehog-dependent signaling. Surprisingly, mutation of p53 is not observed in LSCs. These data establish a new model for Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia and demonstrate the utility of Friend virus as a model system to study LSC self-renewal. STEM CELLS 2012; 30:121–130.
Finite-element analysis of magnetic field driven transport at inlaid platinum microdisk electrodes.

We describe a computer-assisted analysis of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid flow resulting from the passage of electrochemically generated charge through a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic field driven molecular transport in electrochemical systems offers a number of emerging opportunities in research and technology. For instance, electrochemical microfluidic transport1 and molecule trapping2 using magnetic fields and field gradients have been demonstrated in recent reports from this laboratory. A key limitation of these investigations is the difficulty in analyzing magnetic field driven flow and transport, due to the complexity of the governing equations of fluid mechanics, electrochemical molecular transport, and magnetic forces. In general, quantitative expressions describing the distribution and fluxes of electroactive species under the influence of a magnetic field cannot be obtained by a direct analytical solution.
The Peroxynitrite Reductase Activity of Cytochrome cOxidase Involves a Two-electron Redox Reaction at the Hemea 3-CuB Site

Fully and partially reduced forms of isolated bovine cytochrome c oxidase undergo a two-electron oxidation-reduction process with added peroxynitrite, leading to catalytic oxidation of ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochromec. The other major reaction product is nitrite ion, 86% of the added peroxynitrite being measurably converted to this species. The reaction is inhibited in the presence of cyanide, implicating the hemea 3-CuB binuclear pair as the active site. Moreover, provided peroxynitrite is not added to excess, the reductase activity of the enzyme toward this oxidant efficiently protects other protein and detergent molecules in vitrofrom nitration of tyrosine residues and oxidative damage. If the enzyme is exposed to ∼102-fold excesses of peroxynitrite, then significant irreversible loss of electron transfer activity results, and the heme a 3-CuBbinuclear pair no longer undergo a characteristic carbon monoxide-driven reduction. The accompanying rather small changes in the observed electronic absorption spectrum are suggestive of a modification in the vicinity of one or both hemes but probably not to the cofactors themselves.
‘Clustering of exemptions’ as a collective action threat to herd immunity

Abstract In this paper, we examine the phenomenon of ‘clustering of exemptions’ to childhood vaccination, and the dangers this poses both to those exempted as well as the general population. We examine how clusters of exemptions might form through collective action as described by Thomas Schelling, and how religious groups who live in close proximity to one another can “self-select” in a way that exacerbates this phenomenon. Given the growing number of exemptions and the increasing visibility of the anti-vaccine movement, policy makers must be vigilant for dangerous clustering in order to avoid loss of herd immunity.
Evidence for Itinerant d-Electron Ferromagnetism

We describe here a metallic ferromagnetic system ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{x}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ that appears to have a single doubly degenerate band. The electrons in the band are itinerant as manifested by metallic electrical conductivity, but the magnetic moment is that of the isolated ion.
Linear pyrolysis of various polymers under combustion conditions

To characterize the kinetics of the linear pyrolysis of polymers under combustion conditions,impinging-jet diffusion-flame experiments were conducted on seven different polymers (linear and crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, Delrin, Nylon 6-6, polyurethane). Surface brightness temperatures typically of 500° to 600°C, were determined by infrared spectraradiometry, and were correlated with linear-pyrolysis rates, typically 0.08 to 0.4 mm/sec, using Arrhenius expressions. The observed apparent activation energies for linear pyrolysis could, in some cases (polypropylene, Delrin, Nylon 6-6, polyurethane) be correlated with bulk-pyrolysis data from the same polymers. In other cases (linear and crosslinked polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene), further experimental testing and analytic modeling appear necessary before rational correlations can be made.
The NRL Protocol Analyzer: An Overview☆

The NRL Protocol Analyzer is a prototype special-purpose verification tool, written in Prolog, that has been developed for the analysis of cryptographic protocols that are used to authenticate principals and services and distribute keys in a network. In this paper we give an overview of how the Analyzer works and describe its achievements so far. We also show how our use of the Prolog language benefited us in the design and implementation of the Analyzer.
Complementary Amplicon-Based Genomic Approaches for the Study of Fungal Communities in Humans

Recent studies highlight the importance of intestinal fungal microbiota in the development of human disease. Infants, in particular, are an important population in which to study intestinal microbiomes because microbial community structure and dynamics during this formative window of life have the potential to influence host immunity and metabolism. When compared to bacteria, much less is known about the early development of human fungal communities, owing partly to their lower abundance and the relative lack of established molecular and taxonomic tools for their study. Herein, we describe the development, validation, and use of complementary amplicon-based genomic strategies to characterize infant fungal communities and provide quantitative information about Candida, an important fungal genus with respect to intestinal colonization and human disease. Fungal communities were characterized from 11 infant fecal samples using primers that target the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 locus, a region that provides taxonomic discrimination of medically relevant fungi. Each sample yielded an average of 27,553 fungal sequences and Candida albicans was the most abundant species identified by sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Low numbers of Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis sequences were observed in several samples, but their presence was detected by species-specific qPCR in only one sample, highlighting a challenge inherent in the study of low-abundance organisms. Overall, the sequencing results revealed that infant fecal samples had fungal diversity comparable to that of bacterial communities in similar-aged infants, which correlated with the relative abundance of C. albicans. We conclude that targeted sequencing of fungal ITS2 amplicons in conjunction with qPCR analyses of specific fungi provides an informative picture of fungal community structure in the human intestinal tract. Our data suggests that the infant intestine harbors diverse fungal species and is consistent with prior culture-based analyses showing that the predominant fungus in the infant intestine is C. albicans.
Animal Communication Signals: We are beginning to understand how the structure of animal signals relates to the function they serve

Thus, each modality has its special advantages and disadvantages. Species that have the necessary sensory equipment tend to make use of all of the senses that can be used over distances for communication in different situations.
Pulsatile flow in a coronary artery using multiphase kinetic theory

Pulsatile flow in a model of a right coronary artery (RCA) was previously modeled as a single-phase fluid and as a two-phase fluid using experimental rheological data for blood as a function of hematocrit and shear rate. Here we present a multiphase kinetic theory model which has been shown to compute correctly the viscosity of red blood cells (RBCs) and their migration away from vessel walls: the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect. The computed RBC viscosity decreases with shear rate and vessel size, consistent with measurements. The pulsatile computations were performed using a typical cardiac waveform until a limit cycle was well established. The RBC volume fractions, shear stresses, shear stress gradients, granular temperatures, viscosities, and phase velocities varied with time and position during each cardiac cycle. Steady-state computations were also performed and were found to compare well with time-averaged transient results. The wall shear stress and wall shear stress gradients (both spatial and temporal) were found to be highest on the inside area of maximum curvature. Potential atherosclerosis sites are identified using these computational results.
NINE-YEAR CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF CHANGE IN SELF-CONCEPTS OF COLLEGE FRESHMEN

Entering freshman classes at a midwest Catholic university were administered Gough's Adjective Check List (1965) each year from 1965 to 1973. Random samples from each class were drawn and compared ...
Letter regarding article by Tonelli et al, "effect of pravastatin on rate of kidney function loss in people with or at risk for coronary disease".

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Tonelli et al1 in which the authors showed that pravastatin decreases the rate of kidney function loss in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD), ie, glomerular filtration rate between 30 and 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. This effect was not shown in patients with normal kidney function or in patients with mild CKD. The authors do not discuss the possible mechanisms of the beneficial effect provided by pravastatin therapy. A closer look at the studied population shows that in this study, at baseline, patients with normal kidney function and mild CKD have higher levels of low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol than patients with moderate CKD. Data on the lipid profile after treatment with pravastatin have not been presented. Considering that the treated …
Characteristics of primary care physicians and their practices associated with mammography rates for older women.

BACKGROUND Mammography screening rates are below national recommendations for older women. Understanding the relation between the characteristics of primary care physicians (PCPs) and mammography rates for older women can help to target screening improvement efforts. METHODS Subjects were 2527 PCPs practicing in Michigan between 1997 and 1998. A cross-sectional design used Medicare data to identify women age 68 years or older in 1998 whom PCPs treated in 1997–1998 and to determine whether these women had a mammogram between 1996 and1998. Eligible women were Medicare beneficiaries age 65 years or older by 1996, residing in Michigan from 1996 to 1998, without specified comorbidities likely to affect decisions regarding mammography. Correlations and multiple regressions examined the relation between this score and characteristics of both PCPs and their practice populations of older women. RESULTS Mammography rates across physicians' practices ranged from 3–100% (mean = 59%, standard deviation = 17%). Five predictors accounted for 55% of the variance in mammography rates across practices. Higher mammography rates were found to be independently related to physicians who have: a lower mean age for female Medicare patients, a higher mean number of physicians billing for patients' care, a lower mean number of inpatient admissions, obstetrics/gynecology practices, and a higher mean education level in patient's zip code (beta weights ≥ 0.25, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS PCPs vary substantially with regard to mammography rates for older women. Mammography rates vary more with the population of patients in physicians' practices than with commonly measured personal characteristics of physicians. Mammography rates should be adjusted for patient population to target individual PCPs with low mammography rates for interventions. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Natural Widths of Kinetic-Energy-Loss Distributions in O + -Ar and O + -Ne Collisions at 50-200 keV

We present (i) a new method for deriving natural widths of kinetic-energy-loss ($Q$) distributions, and (ii) a set of natural widths derived by this method from new experimental data for ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$-Ne and ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$-Ar scattering at 50, 100, and 200 keV. The $Q$ distributions measured by the usual delayed-coincidence techniques are broadened by experimental factors that include the thermal motion of the target gas, the finite slit widths of the scattered-particle collimators, and the energy spread in the incident beam. The present method takes explicit account of these experimental factors in obtaining natural widths from broadened experimentally measured $Q$ distributions. At a given beam energy ${T}_{0}$ and scattering angle, the natural widths are nearly independent of the final charge states of the colliding particles. For ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$-Ar collisions, the natural widths are also independent of ${\mathcal{r}}_{0}$, the distance of closest approach of the colliding particles, but they increase with increasing ${T}_{0}$. For ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$-Ne collisions, they increase with decreasing ${\mathcal{r}}_{0}$ and with increasing ${T}_{0}$.
Brain dysmorphology in adults with congenital rubella plus schizophrenialike symptoms

Brain morphology was quantified with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adult patients with congenital rubella who also had schizophrenialike symptoms. MRIs were compared with those of adult early-onset schizophrenic patients without congenital rubella and age-matched healthy control subjects. The rubella patients had significantly smaller intracranial volumes and shorter stature than the schizophrenic patients or the controls; however, both patient groups had smaller cortical gray matter, but not white matter, volumes than the control group, even when the MRI volumes were corrected for head size and age. In addition, both patient groups showed significant enlargement of the lateral ventricles but not cortical sulci when compared with expected values of normal adults of the same age and head size. Overall, the pattern of dysmorphology was identical in the rubella and the schizophrenic groups. The observations in the rubella group are consistent with a developmental lesion that limits full brain growth, with the small intracranial volume due at least in part to a severe cortical gray matter volume deficit. Thus, the brain dysmorphology of congenital rubella may provide an instance of prenatal viral infection that models the schizophrenic pattern and provides indirect support for a developmental hypothesis of the neuropathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Flat dielectric grating reflectors with focusing abilities

Sub-wavelength dielectric gratings have emerged recently as a promising alternative to distributed Bragg reflection dielectric stacks for broadband, high-reflectivity filtering applications. Such a grating structure composed of a single dielectric layer with the appropriate patterning can sometimes perform as well as 30 or 40 dielectric distributed Bragg reflection layers, while providing new functionalities such as polarization control and near-field amplification. In this Letter, we introduce an interesting property of grating mirrors that cannot be realized by their distributed Bragg reflection counterpart: we show that a non-periodic patterning of the grating surface can give full control over the phase front of reflected light while maintaining a high reflectivity. This new feature of dielectric gratings allows the creation of miniature planar focusing elements that could have a substantial impact on a number of applications that depend on low-cost, compact optical components, from laser cavities to CD/DVD read/write heads.
Children's reproductions: Effects of syntactic emphasis, length, and delay interval

Children were asked to retell stories in which the focus of the semantic structure was either on nouns, on verbs, or on prepositions, or had no special emphasis. Also, in order to investigate whether the limited memory capacity of young children causes them to adjust their response strategies, the length of the stories and the recall interval were varied. Reproductions of the preposition-emphasis stories retained the least semantic content and, moreover, the preposition-emphasis delay-testing procedure resulted in the greatest number of refusals to retell the stories. Contrary to previous findings, however, prepositions were not differentially eliminated in the children's response protocols. In fact, there was a remarkably close correspondence between the reproductions and the original stories in the relative distribution of nouns, verbs, and prepositions. Memory was poorest for the middle segments, and longer word length and the delay-testing procedure both produced greater changes in the meaning, composition, and structure of the stories.
Temperature dependence of the solubility of non-polar gases in water.

Abstract An explanation is provided for the experimentally observed temperature dependence of the solubility and the solubility minimum of non-polar gases in water. The influence of solute size and solute–water attractive interactions on the solubility minimum temperature is investigated. The transfer of a non-polar solute from the ideal gas into water is divided into two steps: formation of a cavity in water with the size and shape of the solute and insertion of the solute in this cavity which is equivalent to `turning on' solute–water attractive interactions. This two step process divides the excess chemical potential of the non-polar solute in water into repulsive and attractive contributions, respectively. The reversible work for cavity formation is modeled using an information theory model of hydrophobic hydration. Attractive contributions are calculated by modeling the water structure in the vicinity of non-polar solutes. These models make a direct connection between microscopic quantities and macroscopic observables. Moreover, they provide an understanding of the peculiar temperature dependences of the hydration thermodynamics from properties of pure water; specifically, bulk water density and the water oxygen–oxygen radial distribution function.
Celiac Disease in an Urban VA Population with Iron Deficiency: The Case Against Routine Duodenal Biopsy

Background Celiac disease is considered an under-recognized cause of iron deficiency. Small intestinal biopsy is proposed to be part of routine evaluation for iron deficiency.
A method for designing step-tracking controllers for systems with saturating actuators

This paper provides a method for designing step-tracking controllers for systems with saturating actuators. This method, which is based on the recently developed theory of Quasilinear Control, involves converting the dynamic part of the step-tracking specifications into tracking specifications for random signals. The proposed method is illustrated by examples.
Competitive Inhibition between Folic Acid and Methotrexate for Transport Carrier in the Rat Small Intestine

Folic acid absorption from the lumen of the rat small intestine in situ obeyed Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The values of Vmax and Km for absorption were 4.63 x 10(-7) M/min and 1.21 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Folic acid and methotrexate were mutual competitive inhibitors of absorption. Their Ki values were 1.28 x 10(-6) and 1.9 x 10(-5) M, respectively.
Hypersonic flight experience

The flight test results from the X-15, Asset, Prime, Reentry F and Shuttle Orbiter flight research programmes are reviewed and compared with theory and ground-based experiments. Primary emphasis is placed on our present capability to predict aerodynamic coefficients and stability derivatives, and distributions of surface pressure and aerodynamic heating rate for typical orbital and sub-orbital hypersonic vehicles. Overall, this comparison demonstrates the feasibility of designing hypersonic vehicles based on tests in conventional perfect-gas wind tunnels supplemented by state-of-the-art CFD analysis. At Mach numbers up to approximately 8, real-gas effects are small and Mach number/Reynolds number simulation is sufficient to insure accurate prediction of aerodynamic characteristics. At higher mach numbers, real-gas effects become important but appear to affect primarily pitching moment and to have little influence on other aerodynamic characteristics. Viscous interaction effects appear to be well correlated by the viscous interaction parameter, $\overline{V}\_{\infty}^{\prime}$ and to affect primarily axial force. With the exception of RCS jet interactions, stability and control derivatives are well predicted throughout the hypersonic flight regime. State-of-the-art aerodynamic heating techniques appear to give accurate predictions for laminar and fully turbulent attached flows so long as there are no strong shock interactions or non-equilibrium chemistry effects. For such flows, heating rate distributions depend only weakly on Mach number for M$\_{\infty}\gtrsim $ 8 and hence M$_{\infty}\approx $ 8-10 wind tunnel results can be used throughout the hypersonic speed range. For high-speed, high-altitude flight, surface catalycity effects can have a major influence on heating rates but modern, finite-rate boundary layer analyses are capable of predicting major trends. The major remaining challenges are the accurate prediction of: (1) real-gas effects on longitudinal trim, (2) the effectiveness of blended high altitude control systems, (3) shock interaction heating, (4) heating rates for separated vortex-dominated leeside flows, and (5) boundary layer transition and relaminarzation. Finally, it is pointed out that there are no flight data on the propulsion-airframe integration effects that are so important for airbreathing launch vehicles.
Monolayer cultures of trypsinized monkey kidney cells in synthetic medium; application to poliovirus synthesis.

SummaryA synthetic medium containing only cysteine, iso-leucine, d-ribose in a salt-glucose medium, buffered with Tris (hydroxy-methyl aminome thane) supports the outgrowth of monkey kidney cells. ...