cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic silencing of TCEAL7 (Bex4) in ovarian cancer

Epigenetic silencing by hypermethylation of CpGs represents a mechanism of inactivation of tumor suppressors. Here we report on the cloning of a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene TCEAL7 inactivated by methylation in ovarian cancer. TCEAL codes for a 1.35 kb transcript that was previously reported to be downregulated in ovarian cancer by cDNA microarray and suppression subtraction cDNA (SSH) analyses. This report focuses on the elucidation of mechanisms associated with TCEAL7 downregulation. Expression of TCEAL7 is downregulated in a majority of ovarian tumors and cancer cell lines but induced by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment in a dose-dependant manner, implicating methylation as a mechanism of TCEAL7 inactivation. Sequence analyses of bisufite-modified genomic DNA from somatic cell hybrids with either the active or the inactive human X chromosome reveal that TCEAL7 is subjected to X chromosome inactivation. Loss of TCEAL7 expression in primary tumors and cell lines correlates with methylation of a CpG site within the promoter. In vitro methylation of the CpG site suppresses promoter activity whereas selective demethylation of the SmaI site attenuates the suppression. Finally, re-expression of TCEAL7 in cancer cell lines induces cell death and reduces colony formation efficiency. These data implicate TCEAL7 as a cell death regulatory protein that is frequently inactivated in ovarian cancers, and suggest that it may function as a tumor suppressor.
Eye movements during the reading of compound words and the influence of lexeme meaning

We examined the use of lexeme meaning during the processing of spatially unified bilexemic compound words by manipulating both the location and the word frequency of the lexeme that primarily defined the meaning of a compound (i.e., the dominant lexeme). The semantically dominant and nondominant lexemes occupied either the beginning or the ending compound word location, and the beginning and ending lexemes could be either high- or low-frequency words. Three tasks were used—lexical decision, naming, and sentence reading—all of which focused on the effects of lexeme frequency as a function of lexeme dominance. The results revealed a larger word frequency effect for the dominant lexeme in all three tasks. Eye movements during sentence reading further revealed larger word frequency effects for the dominant lexeme via several oculomotor motor measures, including the duration of the first fixation on a compound word. These findings favor theoretical conceptions in which the use of lexeme meaning is an integral part of the compound recognition process.
Intelligent visualization and dynamic manipulation: two complementary instruments to support data exploration with GIS

To analyze spatially referenced data, i.e. data referring to geographical objects or locations, one should present them on a map. IRIS is a software system that supports exploration of such data by providing two main services: 1) automated generation of maps and 2) interactive facilities to dynamically manipulate the maps. Automated mapping is enabled by incorporation of generic knowledge on map design. This prevents errors in map design resulting in useless or even misleading presentations. It also helps save users' time and efforts as compared to data visualization with the existing mapping software.Unlike paper maps, a map on the computer screen can dynamically change in response to various interactive manipulations. It is possible to design such interactive operations that will significantly promote data exploration. Within IRIS project we develop for each data presentation method a specific interactive tool that exploits the peculiarities of this method and facilitates fulfilling the analysis tasks the method is best suitable for.Currently researches in automated data visualization design and in dynamic manipulation are developed separately whereas these are two complementary instruments to support data exploration. In this paper we show how we integrate these two instruments in IRIS.
Reinforcement Can Overcome Gene Flow during Speciation in Drosophila

Summary Reinforcement, the strengthening of prezygotic reproductive isolation by natural selection in response to maladaptive hybridization [1–3], is one of the few processes in which natural selection directly favors the evolution of species as discrete groups (e.g., [4–7]). The evolution of reproductive barriers via reinforcement is expected to evolve in regions where the ranges of two species overlap and hybridize as an evolutionary solution to avoiding the costs of maladaptive hybridization [2,3,8]. The role of reinforcement in speciation has, however, been highly controversial because population-genetic theory suggests that the process is severely impeded by both hybridization [8–11] and migration of individuals from outside the contact zone [12,13]. To determine whether reinforcement could strengthen the reproductive barriers between two sister species of Drosophila in the face of these impediments, I initiated experimental populations of these two species that allowed different degrees of hybridization, as well as migration from outside populations. Surprisingly, even in the face of gene flow, reinforcement could promote the evolution of reproductive isolation within only five generations. As theory predicts, high levels of hybridization (and/or strong selection against hybrids) and migration impeded this evolution. These results suggest that reinforcement can help complete the process of speciation.
In-frame linker insertion mutagenesis of yeast transposon Ty1: phenotypic analysis

Abstract A plasmid bearing a transpositionally functional GAL1 ::Ty l fusion was mutagenized by insertion of four or five codons semirandomly throughout the plasmid. This collection of mutant plasmids was introduced into yeast cells and studied with regard to the properties of the mutant Ty 1 -encoded proteins and the transposition phenotypes observed. All of the transposition-inactivating mutations were previously found to be recessive with the exception of a single mutation in TYA . In this mutant, TYA protein of normal abundance is produced, but the virus-like particles containing this protein are unstable and have aberrant behavior. The effects of mutations in noncoding regions, as well as the capsid protein coding region TYA, and the regions encoding the protease, integrase and reverse transcriptase proteins are described. Effects on gene expression, types of proteins produced, proteolysis of precursor proteins, virus-like particle structure, and biochemical activities of the encoded proteins are summarized. In addition, we show that one of the mutations in the 3' LTR represents a new nonessential site into which foreign marker DNA can be inserted without compromising transposition.
Characterization and localization of a wound-inducible type I serine-carboxypeptidase from leaves of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).

During the course of characterization of the wound-response related proteins from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves, a serine carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.16.1) was identified. An increase in peptidase activity in response to wounding, and the isolation of a protein with carboxypeptidase (CP) activity from tomato leaves had been reported previously, but the mRNA coding for the enzyme was not identified. We now report the isolation of a tomato leaf type I serine-CP cDNA whose corresponding mRNA is induced by wounding, systemin and methyl jasmonate. The protein sequence deduced from the cDNA exhibits homology to tomato CP, and barley and rice type I CPs. Southern blot results indicated that the CP gene is probably a member of a small gene family. Tomato CP mRNA was detected within 3 h after wounding, or treatment with systemin or methyl jasmonate. Employing Western blot analysis, CP protein was shown to increase 12 h after the treatments. Using the tomato def1 mutant, we have demonstrated that a functional octadecanoid pathway is necessary for CP transcription in response to wounding. Carboxypeptidase protein was immunolocalized as protein aggregates within the central vacuoles of palisade mesophyll cells as well as in vascular parenchyma where it had previously been found. Double labeling using antibodies specific for CP and inhibitor II indicated that the two proteins are co-localized in the vacuolar aggregates. Tomato CP is a member of the “late wound-inducible genes” whose mRNAs increase 4–12 h following wounding, in contrast to several “early wound-inducible genes”, whose mRNAs appear within 30 min. The data support a role for the enzyme in protein turnover that occurs systemically in leaf cells in response to wounding.
RNALOSS: a web server for RNA locally optimal secondary structures

RNAomics, analogous to proteomics, concerns aspects of the secondary and tertiary structure, folding pathway, kinetics, comparison, function and regulation of all RNA in a living organism. Given recently discovered roles played by micro RNA, small interfering RNA, riboswitches, ribozymes, etc., it is important to gain insight into the folding process of RNA sequences. We describe the web server RNALOSS, which provides information about the distribution of locally optimal secondary structures, that possibly form kinetic traps in the folding process. The tool RNALOSS may be useful in designing RNA sequences which not only have low folding energy, but whose distribution of locally optimal secondary structures would suggest rapid and robust folding. Website: http://clavius.bc.edu/~clotelab/RNALOSS/.
Communicative significance of the two-note call of the treefrogEleutherodactylus coqui

Male treefrogs,Eleutherodactylus coqui, on the island of Puerto Rico produce a two-note “Co-Qui” advertisement call throughout most of the year. To determine the communicative significance of two notes in this species' call, natural and synthetic acoustic stimuli were broadcast to calling males in the rain forest. 1. When the playback intensity of the natural or synthetic two-note call exceeds a threshold level, males answer by uttering just a “Co” note about 42% of the time. 2. Reversing the stimulus note sequence, namely “Qui-Co”, is as effective as the normal “Co-Qui” sequence in evoking the male's one-note response. 3. Playback of the “Qui” note alone has relatively little effect on male calling behavior. 4. The “Co” note presented alone is equally effective as the complete natural call in evoking the one-note response from a male. 5. The duration and frequency content of the “Co” note in a natural call are optimal in evoking a male's one-note response.
Sulfated, low molecular weight lignins inhibit a select group of heparin-binding serine proteases.

Abstract Sulfated low molecular weight lignins (LMWLs), designed as oligomeric mimetics of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), have been found to bind in exosite II of thrombin [12] . To assess whether sulfated LMWLs recognize other heparin-binding proteins, we studied their effect on serine proteases of the coagulation, inflammatory and digestive systems. Using chromogenic substrate hydrolysis assay, sulfated LMWLs were found to potently inhibit coagulation factor XIa and human leukocyte elastase, moderately inhibit cathepsin G and not inhibit coagulation factors VIIa, IXa, and XIIa, plasma kallikrein, activated protein C, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Competition studies show that UFH competes with sulfated LMWLs for binding to factors Xa and XIa. These results further advance the concept of sulfated LMWLs as heparin mimics and will aid the design of anticoagulants based on their novel scaffold.
The Response of High Intensity Turbulence in the Presence of Large Stagnation Regions

Relatively small scale turbulence is known to intensify in the presence of a stagnation region due to the elongation of these eddies by the mean strain field of the approach flow. Experimental evidence also demonstrates that the large scale eddies are blocked as they approach presence of the stagnation surface. Recent heat transfer measurements suggest that very high intensity turbulence or turbulence in the presence of very large scale leading edge regions may not be as strongly influenced by the stagnation region strain field. Understanding the physics of turbulence is critical to the improvement of turbulence models which are used to predict the surface heat load in gas turbine hot sections.This paper documents the response of high intensity turbulence in the approach flow of two large cylindrical leading edge regions. Measurements of turbulence intensity, scale, spectra, and dissipation have been acquired for five elevated levels of turbulence in the approach flow of two large diameter (0.1016 m and 0.4064 m) leading edge regions. Generally, three influences were observed. Initially, in the presence of the largest cylinder the smaller scale higher intensity turbulence showed increased decay due to longer effective convection times. Secondly, dissipation levels, as estimated from the inertial subrange of the one-dimensional spectra, initially decreased then increased as the strain field intensified in the presence of the stagnation regions. Finally, the measurements indicated that the energy in the low wave number spectra was increasingly blocked in the near wall region of the leading edge.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Prospects for Reconciling the Conflict between Economic Growth and Biodiversity Conservation with Technological Progress

The conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation is understood in portions of academia and sometimes acknowledged in political circles. Nevertheless, there is not a unified response. In political and policy circles, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is posited to solve the conflict between economic growth and environmental protection. In academia, however, the EKC has been deemed fallacious in macroeconomic scenarios and largely irrelevant to biodiversity. A more compelling response to the conflict is that it may be resolved with technological progress. Herein I review the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation in the absence of technological progress, explore the prospects for technological progress to reconcile that conflict, and provide linguistic suggestions for describing the relationships among economic growth, technological progress, and biodiversity conservation. The conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics and principles of ecology such as trophic levels and competitive exclusion. In this biophysical context, the human economy grows at the competitive exclusion of nonhuman species in the aggregate. Reconciling the conflict via technological progress has not occurred and is infeasible because of the tight linkage between technological progress and economic growth at current levels of technology. Surplus production in existing economic sectors is required for conducting the research and development necessary for bringing new technologies to market. Technological regimes also reflect macroeconomic goals, and if the goal is economic growth, reconciliatory technologies are less likely to be developed. As the economy grows, the loss of biodiversity may be partly mitigated with end-use innovation that increases technical efficiency, but this type of technological progress requires policies that are unlikely if the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation (and other aspects of environmental protection) is not acknowledged.
AMPA receptor development in rat telencephalon: [3H]AMPA binding and western blot studies.

Abstract: Telencephalic membranes from rats of different embryonic (E16, E19) and postnatal (P2, P7, P14, adult) ages were assessed for α-[3H]amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid ([3H]AMPA) binding and for immunoreactivity levels of AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4). In addition, the synaptic markers synaptophysin and NCAM140 (a neural cell adhesion molecule isoform) were examined by immunoblot. The density of [3H]AMPA binding sites increased steadily with advancing age. This increase was due mainly to the development of the large low-affinity component (KD = 400 nM) that dominates the [3H]AMPA binding profile of adult rat brain membranes. As resolved by two-site regression analysis, the high-affinity component (KD = 15 nM) of the [3H]AMPA binding increased by approximately twofold from E16 to adult, whereas the low-affinity component increased by 25-fold. Staining for GluR1 and GluR2/3 increased steadily with increasing age at all time points examined; synaptophysin and NCAM140 exhibited similar ontogenic immunostaining profiles. GluR4 immunoreactivity was first evident at P14 and increased by adulthood. These results indicate that AMPA receptor density increases steadily during development and that this increase is coincident with the ontogenic expression of other synaptic components. Furthermore, there is a shift toward a preponderance of low-affinity [3H]AMPA binding, which occurs during the period when AMPA receptors are being sorted into postsynaptic regions, suggesting that some element of the postsynaptic membrane environment modulates AMPA receptor properties.
Experience with new testing guidelines with endocrine-sensitive end-points

Concerns about the effects of endocrine disruptors on humans and wildlife have re- sulted in revised governmental testing guidelines (e.g., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration), adding endpoints to enhance their capability to detect endocrine active com- pounds. Based on experience with these testing guidelines, I present my opinions and data on study design, performance, results, endpoints, interpretation, and recommendations for im- provement. New regulatory endpoints must be reproducible, robust, sensitive, relevant, and consistent. These new endpoints are appropriate: anogenital distance, examination of culled pups on postnatal day 4, examination for retained nipples/areolae in preweanling males, weanling necropsy, acquisition of puberty in offspring, prebreed estrous cyclicity, reproduc- tive organ weights and histopathology, and andrology. Endpoints considered not appropriate are ovarian primordial follicle counts, stage of estrus for parental females at demise, and sin- gle blood sample at necropsy to measure circulating levels of relevant hormones. In conclu- sion: (1) regulatory guidelines represent only the minimum requirements and should/will change as science improves and scientific and societal concerns arise; (2) scientists must in- teract to identify and refine new methods, endpoints, and mechanisms; (3) the objective of these studies is to provide good science and useful information for risk assessment. Regulatory agencies should convene workshops with stakeholders to discuss issues such as new fundamental/applied information, mechanisms, and current and new endpoints. Interactions will lead to enhanced science, periodic revisions of testing guidelines, and im- proved risk assessment. BACKGROUND During the late 1980s, circumstantial evidence was accumulating that humans and wildlife were ex- hibiting effects consistent with alterations in endocrine function. These included decreasing sperm counts worldwide, increasing incidences of prostate and breast cancer, accelerated puberty, and in- creased incidences of male reproductive malformations in humans. For wildlife, these effects included reductions in reproductive success, increases in malformed offspring, alterations in sexual and repro- ductive behaviors in fish-eating birds of the Great Lakes, alterations in external reproductive organs in alligators in Lake Apopka (Florida) and in Florida panthers, accelerated reductions (or total losses) of localized populations of amphibians, imposexes in harbor snails, inappropriate secondary and tertiary
Graph-based mining of multiple object usage patterns

The interplay of multiple objects in object-oriented programming often follows specific protocols, for example certain orders of method calls and/or control structure constraints among them that are parts of the intended object usages. Unfortunately, the information is not always documented. That creates long learning curve, and importantly, leads to subtle problems due to the misuse of objects. In this paper, we propose GrouMiner, a novel graph-based approach for mining the usage patterns of one or multiple objects. GrouMiner approach includes a graph-based representation for multiple object usages, a pattern mining algorithm, and an anomaly detection technique that are efficient, accurate, and resilient to software changes. Our experiments on several real-world programs show that our prototype is able to find useful usage patterns with multiple objects and control structures, and to translate them into user-friendly code skeletons to assist developers in programming. It could also detect the usage anomalies that caused yet undiscovered defects and code smells in those programs.
An Assessment of Vortex Suppression Devices for Production Risers and Towed Deep Ocean Pipe Strings

This paper discusses vortex suppression devices as applied to deep ocean production risers and pipe strings. The basic problem of flow induced structural excitation is discussed as well as the present state-of-the-art of vortex suppression devices. One of the most promising devices discussed, the guiding vane principal, is of 1945 vintage and on the average, all the other concepts available for discussion are estimated to be of 1967 vintage. Based on a conclusion that drag reduction and structural symmetry to flow are considered to be of equal importance to vortex suppression, several basic types of devices are suggested. Configurations and pipe string arrangements are portrayed and the need for an evolution of new concepts is emphasized.
Model of current-limited negative differential resistance in oxide-based resistance-switching devices

Abstract Resistance-switching devices such as resistive random access memories (RRAMs) exhibit the ability to rapidly reduce resistance upon exceeding a threshold voltage, as part of the SET operation. For oxide-based RRAMs, the progressive generation of defects during SET requires strict regulation of the current, e.g., by a transistor, in order to avoid irreversible breakdown. In doing so, the current-limiting device itself takes some voltage burden. The observed negative differential resistance for both the initial (forming) and regular SET operations can be analytically explained with a basic circuit model for the current-limited switching element, linking the voltage transfer to the current-limiting device with the degree of current rise. Consequently, it is found that RRAM operation current is a vital consideration for the reliability of the current-limiting device.
Semen Production and Fertility of Mature Dairy Bulls Ejaculated Either Once or Twice at 8-Day Intervals

Sumamry and Conclusions A group of five Holstein bulls ejaculated once at 8-day intervals for 360 days averaged 10.6 billion motile spermatozoa per ejaculate. In another comparable group ejaculated twice at 8-day intervals during the same period of time the first ejaculates averaged 10.3 billion and the second ejaculates 6.9 billion motile spermatozoa per ejaculate. The average 60- to 90-day per cent nonreturns to first-service cows was 73.3 for the one-ejaculate bulls and 73.6 for the first ejaculates and 73.4 for the second ejaculates from the two-ejaculate bulls. It was estimated that on the basis of the spermatozoa output of the two-ejaculate bulls the ten bulls in the experiment had a breeding potential under present day operational procedures of nearly three-quarters of a million services and nearly a quarter of a million female progeny. Such potentials emphasize the need for applying the best methods now available for testing and selecting the sires to be used so heavily.
The pretherapy speech intelligibility of a glossectomee.

Abstract The speech intelligibility of a glossectomee was established prior to the initiation of therapy. It was found that while quantifiable intelligibility was only moderate, confusions were well ordered into classes. The perceptual characteristics of the glossectomee's speech were not qualitatively different from those reported by others postherapy. It is concluded that a considerable amount of spontaneous recovery occurred for this individual and that therapy in such cases need not be initiated soon after surgery.
1028-121 Stressful Public Speaking Elevates Plasma β-Endorphins

Public speaking psychological stress has previously been shown to be associated with silent ischemia. To test the hypothesis that psychological stress elevates plasma β-endorphin and that this changes pain threshold, we studied 20 patients with documented CAD and exercise induced ischemia, Following instrumentation and a 30 minute rest period, venous blood samples for β-endorphin were obtained prior to and immediately post psychological stress, Pain threshold was then assessed using a thermal probe technique at baseline and immediately post psychological stress. Patients gave 3 brief speeches lasting a total of 15 minutes about real life hassle situations. Baseline Peak Stress SBP (mmHg) 138 ± 4 180 ± 4 HR (Beats/min) 65 ± 3 78 ± 4 Double Product 9,047 ± 508 14,240 ± 844 Plasma β-endorphin (pMoI/L) 4.3 ± 0.9 8.3 ± 2 p l 0.05 Pain Threshold (C°) 45.0 ± 0.5 45.4 ± 0.5 P = 0.18 There was a significant positive correlation between pain threshold post stress and β-endorphin post stress (r = 0,58, p = 0.008) We conclude In patients with CAD and exercise induced ischemia 1) public speaking produces psychological stress manifested by increased cardiovascular reactivity 2) public speaking causes an increase in plasma β-endorphin which is significantly correlated with pain thresholds 3) this may explain the predominance of silent ischemia during psychological stress in patients with CAD.
The micro identification of organic compounds

Abstract The various methods for the identification of organic compounds which have been reviewed are applicable to a quantity of sample which is not appreciably smaller than one microgram. Precise information as to the lower limits of compounds which can be identified by radiochemical methods is not available, though it seems probable that the value will be in the nanogram (10−9) or picogram (10−12) range. Thus it appears that as the lower limits of identification are pushed below the microgram range, new methods must be developed. However, if chemical reactions are employed with quantities below the microgram scale, the fundamental problem of whether a few million molecules will exhibit the same chemical reactions as N or N 10 molecules will inevitably arise. Thus far only cursory investigations have been made. Emich140 and Benedetti-Pichler and Rachele141 have estimated that the usual chemical equilibria of many inorganic reactions can be duplicated with a few hundred to a thousand molecules. However, it has been brought out by recent investigations142 that even organic reactions which take place with appreciable speeds at 1 M–0.1 M concentrations fail to show any progress with the passage of time below 10−6 M, and that there are indications that the principles of chemical equilibria may not hold at extremely low concentrations of the reacting substances. From all the evidence available it appears that the methods which will be employed in the future for the identification of organic compounds below the microgram range will bear little resemblance to the methods employed at present.
Active tuning of mid-infrared metamaterials by electrical control of carrier densities

We demonstrate electrically-controlled active tuning of mid-infrared metamaterial resonances using depletion-type devices. The depletion width in an n-doped GaAs epilayer changes with an electric bias, inducing a change of the permittivity of the substrate and leading to frequency tuning of the resonance. We first present our detailed theoretical analysis and then explain experimental data of bias-dependent metamaterial transmission spectra. This electrical tuning is generally applicable to a variety of infrared metamaterials and plasmonic structures, which can find novel applications in chip-scale active infrared devices.
Tfb5 interacts with Tfb2 and facilitates nucleotide excision repair in yeast

TFIIH is indispensable for nucleotide excision repair (NER) and RNA polymerase II transcription. Its tenth subunit was recently discovered in yeast as Tfb5. Unlike other TFIIH subunits, Tfb5 is not essential for cell survival. We have analyzed the role of Tfb5 in NER. NER was deficient in the tfb5 deletion mutant cell extracts, and was specifically complemented by purified Tfb5 protein. In contrast to the extreme ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity of rad14 mutant cells that lack any NER activity, tfb5 deletion mutant cells were moderately sensitive to UV radiation, resembling that of the tfb1-101 mutant cells in which TFIIH activity is compromised but not eliminated. Thus, Tfb5 protein directly participates in NER and is an accessory NER protein that stimulates the repair to the proficient level. Lacking a DNA binding activity, Tfb5 was found to interact with the core TFIIH subunit Tfb2, but not with other NER proteins. The Tfb5–Tfb2 interaction was correlated with the cellular NER function of Tfb5, supporting the functional importance of this interaction. Our results led to a model in which Tfb5 acts as an architectural stabilizer conferring structural rigidity to the core TFIIH such that the complex is maintained in its functional architecture.
X-ray wavelength survey of iron and nickel L-shell emission and resonance contributions to their intensities

As part of the laboratory astrophysics program at the electron beam ion traps of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-shell X-ray emission of Fe and Ni ions have been studied extensively i...
Two Photon and Three Photon Absorption Coefficients of InSb

The two-photon absorption coefficient β of intrinsic InSb and the three-photon absorption coefficient γ of doped InSb were measured with high-intensity picosecond CO2 laser pulses. The picosecond duration permitted the determination of the multiphoton absorption coefficients without interference from carrier recombination and diffusion. Moreover, free-carrier absorption was made use of explicitly to enhance the absorption of the laser beam, permitting a more accurate measurement of these coefficients. The values of β and γ were found to be 2.5 cm/MW and 0.2 cm3/MW2, respectively. These values are compared with theoretical calculations in the literature.
The role of the school psychologist: Teachers' preferences as a function of personal and professional characteristics ☆

Abstract Teachers were surveyed concerning the importance of 12 potential roles for school psychologists (e.g., counseling, case or program consultation, community liaison, psychodiagnostics). Results showed that direct and remedial services which did not require the school psychologist to intrude on the teacher's prerogatives were in general considered to be most important. However, teachers who reported using “open education” methods were significantly more likely to value more indirect, preventive, and collaborative school psychology services than their colleagues. Grade level taught, gender, experience, and teaching specialty had virtually no effect on respondents' ratings of the school psychologist roles.
Use of echocardiography in the management of congestive heart failure in the community

Abstract Objectives. We evaluated the use and the impact of echocardiography in patients receiving an initial diagnosis of congestive heart failure in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in 1991. Background. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association clinical practice guidelines recommend echocardiography in all patients with suspected congestive heart failure. No data are available on use and impact of echocardiography in management of congestive heart failure in a community. Methods. The medical records linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project was used to identify all 216 patients who satisfied the Framingham criteria for congestive heart failure. Of these, 137 (63%) underwent echocardiography within 3 weeks before or after the episode of congestive heart failure (Echo group), and the other 79 patients constitute the No-Echo group. Results. The No-Echo group patients were older (p = 0.022), were more likely to be female (p = 0.072), had milder symptoms (p = 0.001) and were less often hospitalized at diagnosis (p = 0.001). Fewer patients in the No-Echo group were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (p = 0.001). Advanced age (≥80 years), lower New York Heart Association functional class, absence of a fourth heart sound on examination, absence of cardiomegaly or signs of congestive heart failure on chest radiography and absence of known valve disease were independently related to the decision not to obtain an echocardiogram. Survival after adjustment for age, functional class and gender was lower in the No-Echo group than the Echo group (risk ratio = 0.607, p = 0.017). Conclusions. The underuse of echocardiography appears to be associated with poorer survival and underuse of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy.
Teaching Bibliographic Skills in History: A Sourcebook for Historians and Librarians

Preface The Study of History Historical Methodologies and Research by Georg G. Iggers History and Interdisciplinary History by Harry Ritter Bibliographic Instruction in History Finding and Using Historical Materials by Jane A. Rosenberg and Robert P. Swierenga Bibliographic Instruction in History by Charles A. D'Aniello Special Topics Using Catalogs and Indexes by David Y. Allen and John Attig Using Reference Sources by Charles A. D'Aniello Sources for Interdisciplinary Research by Raymond G. McInnis Using Electronic Information Sources by Joyce Duncan Falk Using the Finding Aids to Archive and Manuscript Collections by Trudy Huskamp Peterson Bibliography: Teaching the Bibliography of History: A Selected Annotated Bibliography by Charles A. D'Aniello
Circulating serpin tumor markers SCCA1 and SCCA2 are not actively secreted but reside in the cytosol of squamous carcinoma cells

An elevation in the circulating level of the squamous-cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) can be a poor prognostic indicator in certain types of squamous-cell cancers. Total SCCA in the circulation comprises 2 nearly identical, ∼45 kDa proteins, SCCA1 and SCCA2. Both proteins are members of the high-molecular weight serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family with SCCA1 paradoxically inhibiting lysosomal cysteine proteinases and SCCA2 inhibiting chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases. Although SCCA1 and SCCA2 are detected in the cytoplasm of normal squamous epithelial cells, neither serpin is detected normally in the serum. Thus, their presence in the circulation at relatively high concentrations suggests that malignant epithelial cells are re-directing serpin activity to the fluid phase via an active secretory process. Because serpins typically inhibit their targets by binding at 1:1 stoichiometry, a change in the distribution pattern of SCCA1 and SCCA2 (i.e., intracellular to extracellular) could indicate the need of tumor cells to neutralize harmful extracellular proteinases. The purpose of our study was to determine experimentally the fate of SCCA1 and SCCA2 in squamous carcinoma cells. Using subcellular fractionation, SCCA-green fluorescent fusion protein expression and confocal microscopy, SCCA1 and SCCA2 were found exclusively in the cytosol and were not associated with nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, microtubules, actin or the Golgi. In contrast to previous reports, metabolic labeling and pulse-chase experiments showed that neither non-stimulated nor TNFα/PMA-stimulated squamous carcinoma cells appreciably secreted these ov-serpins into the medium. Collectively, these data suggest that the major site of SCCA1 and SCCA2 inhibitory activity remains within the cytosol and that their presence in the sera of patients with advanced squamous-cell carcinomas may be due to their passive release into the circulation. Int. J. Cancer 89:368–377, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How to treat ailing and failing implants.

This article describes treatment of the ailing implant (bone loss with pocketing but static at the maintenance checks) and the failing implant (bone loss with pocketing, bleeding upon probing, purulence, and evidence of continuing bone loss irrespective of therapy): Because the surface of the implan
5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAr) administration reduces cerebral ischemic damage in the mongolian gerbil

Cerebral ischemic damage in gerbils was assessed by locomotor activity studies and histopathological examination of the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell layer. Pretreatment with AICAr (50 and 500 mg/kg) 30 min prior to a 5-min ischemic episode in unanesthetized gerbils, significantly attenuated the degree of ischemic neuronal damage as measured by either technique with the 500 mg/kg dose; the 50 mg/kg dose, although showing a trend, was not significant. A potential mechanism for AICAr-induced cerebroprotection may be that it is metabolized to uric acid, a free radical scavenger.
Interhemispheric Effects of Cortical Lesions on Brain Biochemistry

Unilateral lesions in the visual and somesthetic cortex of rat brain cause a slight but significant increase inc the cortical cholinesterase activity in the contralateral hemisphere. There is some indication of strain differences in this effect. No change in cholinesterase activity is found in the subcortical brain. These findings may be helpful in understanding mechanisms of interdependence among brain areas.
An Improved Funnel Trap for Drift-Fence Surveys

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate effectiveness of a common drift-fence trap, the single-funnel trap, in comparison with a new one-way double-funnel design. We expected this new design to decrease escapes over standard trapping techniques and, therefore, increase efficiency of sampling using drift fences. Five 15-m, linear, drift-fence arrays with three 15-m, Y-shaped arrays were placed at two field sites in central Texas and a single 15-m, linear array was placed at a field site at Seabrook Island, South Carolina. Each array contained an equal number of the single-funnel and double-funnel traps. One-way double-funnel traps caught and retained significantly more reptiles, total herpetofauna, and total vertebrates than did single-funnel traps. Our results indicated that double-funnel traps offer an improved trapping technique when compared with the typical single-funnel trap.
Handwriting recognition using position sensitive letter n-gram matching

We propose further improvement of a handwriting recognition method that avoids segmentation while able to recognize words that were never seen before in handwritten form. This method is based on the fact that few pairs of English words share exactly the same set of letter bigrams and even fewer share longer n-grams. The lexical n-gram matches between every word in a lexicon and a set of reference words can be precomputed. A position-based match function then detects the matches between the handwritten signal of a query word and each reference word. We show that with a reasonable set of reference words, the recognition of lexicon words exceeds 90%.
The future of Fair Trade coffee: dilemmas facing Latin America's small-scale producers

Fair Trade has become a dynamic and successful dimension of an emerging counter-tendency to the neo-liberal globalisation regime. This study explores some of the dilemmas facing the Fair Trade movement as it seeks to broaden and deepen its impact among the rural poor of Latin America's coffee sector. We argue that the efforts to broaden Fair Trade's economic impact among poor, small-scale producers are creating challenges for deepening the political impact of a movement that is based on social justice and environmental sustainability. The study is based on two years' research and seven case studies of Mexican and Central American small-scale farmer cooperatives producing coffee for the Fair Trade market.
RESPONSES OF SIX SPECIES OF VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN AT FOUR SOIL TEMPERATURES

SUMMARY The effects of four soil temperatures on colonization of soybean roots, sporulation and enhancement of plant growth by six species of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi were tested. The mean values for all fungus and plant variates in three tests were generally greatest at 30 °C and lowest at 18 °C. Four fungus species, Glomus claroideum, Glomus clarum, Gigaspora pellucida, and Gigaspora gregaria, produced the greatest number of spores per gramme of colonized root at 24 °C, while Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis reached their maximum at 30 °C. Gigaspora gregaria had its maximum percentage of root colonization at 36 °C, Glomus mosseae reached its maximum at 24 °C, while all other species had maximum root colonization at 30 °C. Glomus claroideum and Acaulospora laevis were the only species which had maximum root colonization and sporulation occurring at the same temperature, 30 °C. Spore diameter was generally less at 30 than 24 °C, but this varied with fungus species and test. Soybean flower numbers, pod set and seed yield varied considerably in the three tests, but plant height was little affected by soil temperature or by fungus species. Generally, plants colonized with Glomus mosseae had an increased plant response and those colonized with Acaulospora laevis had a depressed plant response. There was considerable variation in plant response to various combinations of temperature and fungus species, with both growth stimulatory and growth repressive effects occurring.
Adenosine‐Sensitive Bundle Branch Reentry

Adenosine-Sensitive Bundle Branch Reentry. Introduction: Bundle branch reentry is an uncommon mechanism for ventricular tachycardia. More infrequently, both fascicles of the left bundle may provide the substrate for such macroreentrant bundle branch circuits, so-called interfascicular reentry. The effect of adenosine on bundle branch reentrant mechanisms of tachycardia is unknown. Methods and Results: A 59-year-old man with no apparent structural heart disease and history of frequent symptomatic wide complex tachycardias was referred to our center for further electrophysiologic evaluation. During electrophysiologic study, a similar tachycardia was reproducibly initiated only during isoproterenol infusion, which had the characteristics of bundle branch reentry, possibly using a left interfascicular mechanism. Intravenous adenosine reproducibly terminated the tachycardia. Application of radiofrequency energy to the breakout site from the left posterior fascicle prevented subsequent tachycardia induction and rendered the patient free of spontaneous tachycardia during long-term follow-up. Conclusions: Patients with ventricular tachycardia involving a bundle branch reentrant circuit may be sensitive to adenosine. These results suggest that adenosine may not only inhibit catecholamine-mediated triggered activity but also some catecholamine-mediated reentrant ventricular arrhythmias.
The effect of program and model structure on mc/dc test adequacy coverage

In avionics and other critical systems domains, adequacy of test suites is currently measured using the MC/DC metric on source code (or on a model in model-based development). We believe that the rigor of the MC/DC metric is highly sensitive to the structure of the implementation and can therefore be misleading as a test adequacy criterion. We investigate this hypothesis by empirically studying the effect of program structure on MC/DC coverage. To perform this investigation, we use six realistic systems from the civil avionics domain and two toy examples. For each of these systems, we use two versions of their implementation-with and without expression folding (i.e., inlining). To assess the sensitivity of MC/DC to program structure, we first generate test suites that satisfy MC/DC over a non-inlined implementation. We then run the generated test suites over the inlined implementation and measure MC/DC achieved. For our realistic examples, the test suites yield an average reduction of 29.5% in MC/DC achieved over the inlined implementations at 5% statistical significance level.
Impact of Network Topology Knowledge on Fairness: A Geometric Approach

In this paper, we examine how the precision of network topology knowledge impacts the achievable degree of max-min fairness. We focus on time-division multiple access (TDMA) networks, and employ a model based on physical-layer events that sufficiently describes the topology effects with respect to TDMA. Using Jain's fairness index, our key contribution is a characterization of the fairness loss resulting from allocation of resources (in our case time-divisions) based on imprecise knowledge of topology. We find loss is more pronounced when a single link has low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); i.e. links which have poor throughput also make the allocation more unfair. Conversely, our analysis suggests that if the relative error in estimating link qualities is identical for all links in the network, no one link dominates the fairness loss.
Mechanism of v-Src- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-induced reduction of gap junction communication

Connexin (Cx)43 gap junction channels are phosphorylated by numerous protein kinases, with the net effect typically being a reduction in gap junction communication (GJC). This reduction must result from a decrease in channel open probability, unitary conductance, or permselectivity, because previous results suggest that channel number is unaffected. Coexpression of v-Src with wild-type Cx43 (Cx43-wt) but not Cx43 with tyrosine to phenylalanine substitutions at 247 and 265 (Cx43-Y247,265F) resulted in reduced electrical and dye coupling but no change in single-channel amplitudes. EGF treatment of cells expressing Cx43-wt but not Cx43 with serine to alanine substitutions at 255, 279, and 282 (Cx43-S255,279,282A) resulted in reduced GJC, also with no change in single-channel amplitude. Dye coupling was reduced to a far greater extent than electrical coupling, suggesting that channel selectivity was also altered but with minimal effect on unitary conductance. The absence of Src- and MAPK-induced reductions in single-channel amplitude suggests that the decreases in GJC induced by these kinases result from reduced channel open probability and possibly altered selectivity.