cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-quality ZnSe on GaAs grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using diethylzinc (DEZn) and diethyselenide (DESe)

In this work, we study the growth parameters of ZnSe on GaAs by MOCVD and characterize the epilayers by various techniques. Epilayers were grown using diethylzinc (DEZn) and diethylselenide (DESe) as source materials. Growth studies were done at 400 degree(s)C under different growth conditions in an atmospheric pressure MOCVD reactor. Different DESe to DEZn ratios (from 0.5 to 5) were used to study the effects of VI/II ratio on ZnSe quality. The as-grown ZnSe epilayers were characterized by double crystal x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning electron microscope. The results show excellent surface morphology and crystal quality of ZnSe. The best material was grown on undoped GaAs at the VI/II ratio near unity. The full-width-at-half-maximum of ZnSe (approximately 0.5 micrometers thick) x-ray peak as low as 90 arc seconds was achieved. To our knowledge, this is the narrowest peak among the reported results of ZnSe on GaAs. TEM results also show very low defect density. ZnSe epilayer with low stacking faults density (less than 105/cm2) and large spacing between misfit dislocations (approximately micrometers ) were grown on GaAs.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Residual specimen cellularity after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer reduces tumour cellularity, the percentage of the primary tumour area that is composed of invasive tumour cells. Minimal residual tumour cellularity (5 per cent or less of tumour area composed of invasive tumour cells) may be associated with an increased risk of false-negative intraoperative margins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of minimal residual tumour cellularity after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its impact on the frequency of false-negative margins and conversion from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy. Methods: The final pathology slides of 510 patients who had surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were reviewed. Results: Of 396 patients with residual invasive breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 100 specimens (25·3 per cent) had minimal residual cellularity; this was more frequent in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (17·0 versus 5·1 per cent; P < 0·001) or well and moderately differentiated carcinoma (68·0 versus 52·4 per cent; P = 0·007). Among 149 patients who had initial breast-conserving surgery, false-negative intraoperative margin rates were 23 per cent in specimens with minimal and 13·8 per cent in those with higher residual cellularity (P = 0·210). There was no significant difference in the rate of conversion to mastectomy between the groups. Conclusion: Minimal residual cellularity after neoadjuvant chemotherapy occurred in about 25 per cent of specimens, but did not alter the rate of false-negative intraoperative margins. Copyright © 2007 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium localization in normal rachitic, and D3‐treated chicken epiphyseal chondrocytes utilizing potassium pyroantimonate‐osmium tetroxide

Normal, rachitic, and vitamin D3-replete chicken growth plates were studied utilizing the potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide procedure. A marked membrane and mitochondrial calcium was revealed in all specimens in the maturing and early hypertrophic zones which disappeared as heavy matrix mineralization began. The most significant difference shown in the specimens was in the marked intracellular lipid content of chondrocytes in all zones of the rachitic and D3-replete growth plates. There was negligible lipid present in normal specimens. It is suggested that as most of the mechanisms postulated as necessary for calcification are present in rachitic chicks, perhaps the increased intracellular lipid pool results from the formation of abnormal lipids for insertion into the plasma membrane and thus prevents normal calcium transport. Chains of intracellular vesicles were also visualized in maturing and hypertrophic chondrocytes. These were more often seen in rachitic growth plates and in increased numbers in the early D3-replete specimens. The etiology is unknown at the present time.
The modulation of worker activity by the vibration dance of the honeybee, Apis mellifera

The influence of the vibration dance of the honeybee on the behaviour of non-foraging-age workers was examined. Compared to controls, vibrated non-foraging-age workers spent more time active during 15-min observation intervals. This increased activity resulted primarily from increased time spent in the tasks associated with brood cells and cell inspecting, although the time spent performing other tasks, such as those associated with food cells and cell capping, was also enhanced. The dance also increased the number of different tasks performed. The vibration dance may therefore play an important role in regulating the activity of non-foraging-age bees.
Sensor signal analysis by neural networks for surveillance in nuclear reactors

The application of neural networks as a tool for reactor diagnosis is examined. Reactor pump signals utilized in a wear-out monitoring system developed for early detection of the degradation of a pump shaft are analyzed as a semi-benchmark test to study the feasibility of neural networks for monitoring and surveillance in nuclear reactors. The Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART 2 and ART 2A) paradigm of neural networks is used. The signals are collected signals as well as generated signals simulating the wear progress. The wear-out monitoring system applies noise analysis techniques and is capable of distinguishing these signals and providing a measure of the progress of the degradation. Results are presented of the analysis of these data, and the performances of ART 2-A and ART 2 for reactor signal analysis are evaluated. >
Depressive symptoms and gait dysfunction in the elderly.

Objective Assess the association between depressive symptoms (not meeting the criteria for major depression) and gait dysfunction in older adults. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Einstein Aging Study, a community-based longitudinal aging study. Participants Six hundred ten nondemented and nondepressed community-residing adults age 70 and older. Measurements Depressive symptoms measured using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. To obtain a comprehensive assessment of gait, eight individual quantitative gait parameters were assessed: velocity (cm/s), stride length (cm), cadence (steps/min), swing phase (seconds), stance phase (seconds), double support phase (seconds), stride length variability (SD of stride length), and swing time variability (SD of swing time). Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to study the association of depressive symptoms with gait, adjusting for potential confounders including demographic variables, medical illnesses, and clinical gait abnormalities. Results Increased level of depressive symptoms was associated with worse velocity, stride, and swing time variability. The relationship of the remaining five gait variables with depressive symptoms was not significant in the fully adjusted models. Conclusions Higher levels of depressive symptoms are associated with worse performance in specific quantitative gait variables in community-residing older adults.
Quantitative trait loci with additive effects on growth and carcass traits in a Wagyu-Limousin F2 population.

Summary A whole-genome scan for carcass traits [average daily gain during the pre-weaning, growth and finishing periods; birth weight; hot carcass weight and longissimus muscle area (LMA)] was performed on 328 F2 progeny produced from Wagyu × Limousin-cross parents derived from eight founder Wagyu bulls. Nine significant (P ≤ 0.05) and four suggestive (P ≤ 0.1) QTL affecting seven growth and carcass traits were identified. Significant QTL were located on bovine chromosomes 2, 4, 7, 9, 12, 16, 17 and 29. A QTL previously reported on chromosome 2 for LMA was also detected in this study. These results provide insight into genetic differences between the Wagyu and Limousin breeds.
System and Circuit Design for an MB-OFDM UWB Frequency Synthesizer

This paper presents a complete top-down design and experimental results for a fast-hopping 11-band 3-10-GHz frequency synthesizer. The system requirements for a synthesizer in an ultrawideband (UWB) radio are discussed. The synthesizer specifications for 480-Mb/s- and 1-Gb/s-data-rate multiband orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing UWB radios using quadrature phase shift keying and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation, respectively, are provided. The circuit-level implementation of this microwave system is described in detail including layout considerations. Fabricated in a 0.25-mum SiGe BiCMOS process and integrated in a receiver, the synthesizer was characterized in a quad-flat-no-leads package while being mounted on an FR-4 substrate. Measurement results and a model-hardware correlation analysis are presented.
Hydrogen cyanide related deaths and detection in the blood

Abstract : We read with interest the manuscript by Stamyer et al. which describes the cyanide levels of deceased patients exposed to structural fires [1]. This unique paper is important and adds more scientific support to what many clinicians feel is true, that cyanide is a common cause of toxicity and death after smoke inhalation. For many reasons, detection of cyanide toxicity is difficult, including accessibility of obtaining cyanide levels, ambiguity of cyanide related symptoms, and other reasons described by authors. However, we felt two questions require clarification by the authors. The authors report that a spectrophotometric method was used to detect cyanide levels prior to 2002. However, many patients in Europe received hydroxocobalamin prehospital and in the hospital for presumed cyanide toxicity [2]. Hydroxocobalamin has light absorption characteristics that interfere with colorimetric and spectrophotometric laboratory measurements [3]. As examples, artificial elevations in creatinine, glucose, and bilirubin have been reported, as have decrease alanine aminotransferase, and unpredictable results for creatine phosphokinase, phosphate, and lactate dehydrogenase [4]. Urinalyses are often uninterruptable [3]. Thus, we are concerned that deceased patients in the database may have received hydroxocobalamin before death that could have caused spectrophotometric interference.
Derek C. Maus, Unvarnishing Reality: Subversive Russian and American Cold War Satire (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2011), xvi + 247 pp.

Derek C. Maus Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2011, xvi +247 pp As much as the current trend calls for interdisciplinarity in scholarship, reading outside one's field can sometime...
Cerebral infarction in conjunction with patent foramen ovale and May-Thurner syndrome.

Stroke patients with paradoxical embolus mandate a search for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities. Iliac vein compression, or May-Thurner syndrome, places certain patients at risk for development of DVT. The authors present 3 stroke patients with patent foramen ovale and paradoxical cerebral embolism, with demonstrated iliac vein compression as the presumed source of their embolus. May-Thurner syndrome should be considered a potential source of clot, as definitive therapy of this disorder can be curative.
Assessing ESCROs: yesterday and tomorrow.

The substantial public support for hES [human embryonic stem] cell research and the growing trend by many nonfederal funding agencies and state legislatures to support this field requires a set of ...
Intrusion detection: a bioinformatics approach

We address the problem of detecting masquerading, a security attack in which an intruder assumes the identity of a legitimate user. Many approaches based on hidden Markov models and various forms of finite state automata have been proposed to solve this problem. The novelty of our approach results from the application of techniques used in bioinformatics for a pair-wise sequence alignment to compare the monitored session with past user behavior. Our algorithm uses a semiglobal alignment and a unique scoring system to measure similarity between a sequence of commands produced by a potential intruder and the user signature, which is a sequence of commands collected from a legitimate user. We tested this algorithm on the standard intrusion data collection set. As discussed, the results of the test showed that the described algorithm yields a promising combination of intrusion detection rate and false positive rate, when compared to published intrusion detection algorithms.
Stopping set distribution of LDPC code ensembles

Stopping sets determine the performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes under iterative decoding over erasure channels. We derive several results on the asymptotic behavior of stopping sets in Tanner-graph ensembles, including the following. An expression for the normalized average stopping set distribution, yielding, in particular, a critical fraction of the block length above which codes have exponentially many stopping sets of that size. A relation between the degree distribution and the likely size of the smallest nonempty stopping set, showing that for a /spl radic/1-/spl lambda/'(0)/spl rho/'(1) fraction of codes with /spl lambda/'(0)/spl rho/'(1) 2, the smallest nonempty stopping set is linear in the block length. Bounds on the average block error probability as a function of the erasure probability /spl epsi/, showing in particular that for codes with lowest variable degree 2, if /spl epsi/ is below a certain threshold, the asymptotic average block error probability is 1-/spl radic/1-/spl lambda/'(0)/spl rho/'(1)/spl epsi/.
Joel Andreas, Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China’s New Class

In this timely study, Joel Andreas examines the “red engineers” who were trained at China’s elite educational institutions in the 1950s and early to mid-1960s to be both “red and expert” and then in the early 2000s began to enter the top positions in the Chinese party and governmental leadership. As a group, these red experts still occupy the top leadership positions in China today. In his study, Andreas presents a fascinating account of how China in the early 1950s emulated the Soviet Union’s system of education of the 1920s and 1930s, excluding the radical period of 1928–1931, and of how Mao during the Cultural Revolution rejected this Soviet educational model. Andreas brings to light the intersection of many important themes in contemporary Chinese history, including: the “class-leveling” system, the twists and turns in the efforts to establish a new system of higher education during the Mao era and thereafter, and the turbulent years of the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) viewed from the perspective of the post-1949 institutional history of Tsinghua University in Beijing. The book is impressively researched and documented, and the findings and arguments are clearly and cogently presented. Andreas selects as his case study the post-revolutionary history of China’s elite educational institution in engineering, Tsinghua University, which became the “cradle of red engineers” (p. 61) in the 1950s and early and mid-1960s. During his twoyears of on-site research at Tsinghua University in the late 1990s, Andreas interviewed almost one hundred current and former employees as well as alumni, including the infamous student rebel of the Cultural Revolution, Kuai Dafu. The author also relies upon documentary evidence concerning the history of Tsinghua University during this period. The core concerns of the book are the policies and practices of the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) aimed at “class-leveling” in post-1949 China. Andreas employs a modified version of the conceptual framework originally developed by Pierre Bourdieu in analyzing changes in the class structure of stable Western capitalist societies. In Bourdieu’s original typology, three types of “capital” are identified: East Asia (2010) 27:399–401 DOI 10.1007/s12140-010-9125-9
Catheter-directed thrombolysis of peripheral arterial occlusions and deep vein thrombosis.

Introduction: This chapter describes the current status of catheter-directed lytic therapy for occlusive thrombi of arteries and veins. A recent international consensus document, concerning the use of lytic therapy for symptomatic lower extremity arterial thrombi, has been endorsed by several international societies.1 A review of this document will serve to summarize current opinion on this topic. The present chapter addresses issues such as patient selection, techniques, and therapeutic efficacy. The techniques of arterial thrombolysis are being adapted to treat venous thrombi. Early results in the venous system are encouraging, but the long-term efficacy is yet to be established.
A Priori Voting Power When One Vote Counts in Two Ways, with Application to Two Variants of the U.S. Electoral College

The President of the United States is elected, not by a direct national popular vote, but by a two-tier Electoral College system in which (in almost universal practice since the 1830s) separate state popular votes are aggregated by adding up state electoral votes awarded, on a winner-take-all basis, to the plurality winner in each state. Each state has electoral votes equal in number to its total representation in Congress and since 1964 the District of Columbia has three electoral votes. At the present time, there are 435 members of the House of Representatives and 100 Senators, so the total number of electoral votes is 538, with 270 required for election (with a 269–269 tie possible). The U.S. Electoral College is therefore a two-tier electoral system: individual voters cast votes in the lower-tier to choose between rival slates of ‘Presidential electors’ pledged to one or other Presidential candidate, and the winning elector slates then cast blocs of electoral votes for the candidate to whom they are pledged in the upper tier. The Electoral College therefore generates the kind of weighted voting system that invites analysis using one of the several measures of a priori voting power. With such a measure, we can determine whether and how much the power of voters may vary from state to state and how individual voting power may change under different variants of the Electoral College system.
Hedgerow presence does not enhance indicators of nest-site habitat quality or nesting rates of ground-nesting bees

A major challenge in habitat restoration is targeting the key aspects of a species' niche for enhancement, particularly for species that use a diverse set of habitat features. However, restoration that focuses on limited aspects of a species' niche may neglect other resources that are critical to population persistence. We evaluated the ability of native plant hedgerows, planted to increase pollen and nectar resources for wild bees in agricultural landscapes, to provide suitable nesting habitat and enhance nesting rates of ground-nesting bees. We found that, when compared to unmanaged field edges (controls), hedgerows did not augment most indicators of nest habitat quality (bare ground, soil surface irregularity, and soil hardness), although coarser soils were associated with higher incidence and richness of nesting bees. Hedgerows did not augment nesting rates when compared to control edges. Although all the bee species we detected nesting were also found foraging on floral resources, the foraging versus nesting assemblages found within a site were highly dissimilar. These results may reflect sampling error; or, species found foraging but not nesting in hedgerows could be utilizing hedgerows as “partial habitats,” nesting outside hedgerow plantings but foraging on the floral resources they provide. We conclude that although hedgerows are known to provide critical floral resources to wild bees especially in resource-poor intensive agricultural landscapes, simply increasing vegetative diversity and structure may not be simultaneously enhancing nesting habitat for ground-nesting bees.
The Philosophy of Sexuality

This article on the philosophy of sexuality discusses the main themes, concepts, and debates in the field, including the metaphysics (or philosophical anthropology) of sex, the morality of sexual behavior, pragmatic and utilitarian evaluations of sexuality, and sexual perversion.
Incontinence and gait disturbance after intraventricular extension of intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is associated with incontinence and gait disturbance among survivors of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at 3-month follow-ups. Methods: The Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke study was used as the discovery set. The Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage study served as a replication set. Both studies performed prospective hot-pursuit recruitment of ICH cases with 3-month follow-up. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were computed to identify risk factors for incontinence and gait dysmobility at 3 months after ICH. Results: The study population consisted of 307 ICH cases in the discovery set and 1,374 cases in the replication set. In the discovery set, we found that increasing IVH volume was associated with incontinence (odds ratio [OR] 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–2.06) and dysmobility (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.17–2.15) after controlling for ICH location, initial ICH volume, age, baseline modified Rankin Scale score, sex, and admission Glasgow Coma Scale score. In the replication set, increasing IVH volume was also associated with both incontinence (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.27–1.60) and dysmobility (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.24–1.57) after controlling for the same variables. Conclusion: ICH subjects with IVH extension are at an increased risk for developing incontinence and dysmobility after controlling for factors associated with severity and disability. This finding suggests a potential target to prevent or treat long-term disability after ICH with IVH.
Using the User's Intelligence to Design Intelligent Interfaces

To design intelligent interfaces it can be useful to start from a consideration of what users already know and expect to do. This is not the only way to design intelligent interfaces and in fact not the typical method in practice. Several examples are discussed to urge that current practice be broadened to correct this.
Rhetorical Persuasion for Widespread Adoption: Creating a Compelling Cognitive-Institutional Account

Recent innovation studies point out the importance of cognitive-institutional accounts, or collective adoption rationales, to guide innovation adoption among organizations. Yet, to be effective, a ...
Simultaneously Efficient Light Absorption and Charge Separation in WO3/BiVO4 Core/Shell Nanowire Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation

We report a scalably synthesized WO3/BiVO4 core/shell nanowire photoanode in which BiVO4 is the primary light-absorber and WO3 acts as an electron conductor. These core/shell nanowires achieve the highest product of light absorption and charge separation efficiencies among BiVO4-based photoanodes to date and, even without an added catalyst, produce a photocurrent of 3.1 mA/cm(2) under simulated sunlight and an incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of ∼ 60% at 300-450 nm, both at a potential of 1.23 V versus RHE.
Electrowetting-on-dielectric assisted bubble detachment in a liquid film

Drawing inspiration from electrowetting-controlled droplets, the potential advantages of electrowetting for bubble dynamics are investigated experimentally. In this study, we present and characterize an open electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) system for studying the bubble behavior. Both detachment and non-detachment processes of a small single bubble in a thick liquid film under EWOD were experimentally observed. The measurement of contact angle changes of the small air bubble shows relatively good agreement with Young-Lippmann's equation within the majority of the test voltage range, except for the saturation region. Meanwhile, we have experimentally demonstrated both the characteristics of single- and double-bubble detachment within a thin liquid film. Direct bubble detachment may occur when it touches the gas-liquid interface during the process of contact angle change, while indirect bubble detachment is highly possible due to the dramatic oscillation resulting from the detachment of adjacent bubbles. The experimental results demonstrate that EWOD can effectively facilitate the detachment of small air bubble in a thin liquid film.
Prediction of Incidence of 3 Kinds of Intestinal Infectious Diseases in Fuzhou City with Grey Model GM(1,1)

[Objective]To study the epidemic regularity and tendency of 3 kinds of intestinal infectious diseases in Fuzhou City.[Methods]The gray GM(1,1) model was set up according to the data of incidence of dysentery,hepatitis A,typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever from 1993 to 2009,The incidences of next 5 years in were predicted.[Results]Posteriori error ratio C and small error probability P were analyzed comprehensively.Model tests of 3 infectious diseases were obtained with grade 1.[Conclusion]Through model analysis,the incidence of 3 intestinal infectious diseases will decrease in the next 5 years.
Cementing technologies to adjust drilling fluid properties before cementing and displace mud by turbulent prepad fluid at low return-velocity.

In an effort to increase displacement efficiency, cementing technologies to adjust drilling fluid properties before cementing and displace mud by turbulent prepad fluid at low return-velocity was proposed, referring to oilfield field operations. The pre-cementing drilling fluid property adjustment means,on the premise that the drilling fluid can construct a thin, plastic and compacted mud-cake, to deduce the fluid's yield value, plastic viscosity, static shear force, resulting flowage friction drag to be lowered, also leakage of thin layer by overhigh pumping pressure during displacing operation. In addition, massive drilling cuttings will be removed effectively, avoiding small drill pipe placing when electronic logging instrument sticking occur. The turbulent pad fluid cleaning together with low return-velocity displacing technology is to Control the ratios of dynamic shear force to plastic viscosity following order as the drilling fluidthe pad fluidthe cement slurry, the annular pressure losses follow the pad fluidthe collar slurrythe tail slurry, and the Renault Numbers follow the pad fluide collar slurrythe tail slurry, respectively.Combining above two means together in cementing operation, cleaning efficiency and displacing efficiency will be both increased, consolidation of the second surface will be improved, and the cementing quality improved also.
Death Spectrum and Burden of Disease of Ningxia in 2008

Objective To analyze death spectrum and burden of disease of Ningxia in 2008 and to understand the burden of disease caused by death changes in recent years of Ningxia through comparison with literature material.Methods The data of death cause monitoring and the report form of all levels of Medical establishment of Ningxia in 2008 were collected and analyzed.Results Totally 15210 dead cases were reported in 2008.The male accounted for 62% and the female accounted for 38%.The main dead cause was chronic illness,which accounted for 77.9% in all causes.The female chronic illness death proportion was higher than the male one,but the male injury death's proportion were higher than the female one.The age group above 65 years occupied 56.3% of all death cases.The main death cause was injury under 30 years old age group,but above 40 years old group,the chronic illness cause took main part.The first 5 death causes in turn were the circulatory disease,the malignant tumor,the injury,the respiratory disorder and the digestive disease.The injury was the first according to an average per person PYLL row of position(45.8 year).The average death age was the smallest caused by injury in each kind of cause.Average expenses per person in hospital of malignant tumor were the highest and they was 13112.76 Yuan,followed by injury and circulatory disease,which bellow 10,000 Yuan.Conclusion The Ningxia residents health standard and the health service level had the big enhancement in recent years.Circulatory system illness still occupied the first cause of death,the malignant tumor already became the second cause of death to threaten residents health.the health burden caused by the injury and the malignant tumor was serious.
RFLP maps of maize

Four molecular maps of the maize genome, with Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), have been presented in documented form (Beavis and Grant 1991; Burr and Burr 1991; Gardiner et al. 1993; J. Shoemaker et al., pers. comm. in Maize Genetics Cooperation News Letter 66: 65–69, 1992). Combining these maps, two from the public sector and two from the private sector, into a joint, composite map awaits the programming of suitable mapping engines and electronic availability of the scoring data for each (planning and discussions are in progress toward this goal). Previous maps (Burr et al. 1988 et seq.; Helentjaris et al. 1986a,b et seq.) have been subsumed in, or superseded by, the current maps. Table 1 lists the progression and status of maize RFLP maps, with the parentage of the test progeny, progeny type and size, number of probes and probed loci, number of trait loci, and estimated genome size. The proximate joint order of markers, mapped in the public mapping projects, is presented in Fig. 1, using the Core Map developed at the University of Missouri as the framework. The Core Map has been developed to be a statistically qualified standard; regions where the available data for the Core Map leave the order uncertain, because the statistical requirements (a LOD score difference of 3) are not met, are marked with a dotted line. On the whole, the order given agrees with data for the other maps, but locus order in the dotted regions is particularly subject to revision.
A Modular Electrical Power System Architecture for Small Spacecraft

An electrical power system for low-Earth-orbit satellites, which can be reused for a variety of mission requirements with minimal redesign, is proposed. The goals of the proposed power system are achieved by modularizing the subsystems of a small spacecraft and designing them to allow any number of each module to be connected simultaneously. The modularized subsystems include solar energy generation and energy storage. The overall objectives will be accomplished without compromising efficiency or power system stability. The purpose of this paper is to describe the proposed power system and detail the experimental results. The generalized system can be used as a one-size-fits-all solution that only requires basic power systems knowledge to configure and operate.
Rate-Dependent Constitutive Model Development of PC/ABS Material

Handheld consumer electronic devices such as smartphones are prone to drop impact during the field use condition. The smartphones are typically characterized for their drop impact performance to meet certain reliability test requirements before they are released into the market as commercial products. During the product development cycle, finite element analysis comes in handy to help understand the mechanics of the device and the interplay of various inner components. Of interest is the stresses generated in the chemically-strengthened glass that is used as cover glass in majority of smart phones. In order to be able to predict the stresses accurately, it is important to characterize key materials in the device for their rate-dependent non-linear elastic-plastic constitutive behavior as the drop event involves different strain rates. Polycarbonate (PC) is commonly used as back cover and sometimes the inner chassis in the smart phones. A rate-dependent constitutive model is developed through rigorous material testing in this effort for a particular type of PC/ABS blend. A finite element model of the test sample is built and used to validate the constitutive model developed.
Concussion Baseline Testing: Preexisting Factors, Symptoms, and Neurocognitive Performance

Context: Neurocognitive test scores are often considered an important aspect of concussion management. To best use these data, clinicians must understand potential factors that may influence baseli...
Applying Direct Yellow 11 to a modified Simons’ staining assay

For quantification of overall fiber accessibility of lignocellulosic substrates, Direct Yellow 11 (C.I. 40000) is a suitable alternative to the discontinued Pylam Products’ dye Direct Orange 15 (C.I. 40002/40003). In this study we present a side-by-side comparison between the two azo-stilbene dyes. We characterize individual dye fractions and provide equations to determine individual concentrations. We present a modified Simons’ staining protocol incorporating the high molecular weight fraction of Direct Yellow 11. We perform tests on lignin, cellulosic, and lignocellulosic materials. In all tests, the two dyes perform similarly and satisfy many accessibility measurement criteria. We demonstrate that the adsorption of Direct Yellow 11 onto a substrate correlates with that substrate’s propensity for enzymatic hydrolysis. We confirm this correlation on a series of organic solvent pretreatments and on a series of lignocellulosic substrates. Finally, we outline the inherent limitations of performing adsorption experiments with Direct Yellow 11 and other high molecular weight dyes.
Drought, water access, and urban agriculture: a case study from Silicon Valley

In California, the growing popularity of urban agriculture (UA) has unfolded against a backdrop of historic drought. While UA is often celebrated as an urban sustainability strategy, it must be abl...
Exploring linear and cyclic (DI)-nucleotides as messengers for regulation of T3SS and biofilm formation in erwinia amylovora

The hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp)-type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key pathogenicity factor in Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease, which has recently reached Central/East Asia, the native origin of apple germplasm resources. It is well understood that the hrp-T3SS in E. amylovora is transcriptionally regulated by the master regulator HrpL, an ECF alternative sigma factor. Recent genetic and biochemical evidence has further demonstrated that transcription of hrpL is positively regulated by alternative sigma factor 54 (RpoN), its modulation protein (YhbH), a σ 54-enhancer binding protein (HrpS), and integration host factor (IHF). However, the bacterial/host signals that activate the sigma factor cascade remain elusive. Biofilm formation also plays an important role in E. amylovora virulence and is the main contributing factor to population growth in xylem. Three exopolysaccharides, amylovoran, levan, and cellulose, are required for biofilm formation, and amylovoran and levan also contribute to virulence in other aspects of plant infection. In this short review, we summarized recent findings on the regulation of the T3SS and biofilm formation in E. amylovora by bacterial secondary messengers, including both linear and cyclic nucleotides. As an internal “switch”, the linear nucleotide second messengers (p)ppGpp mediates a stringent response under nutrient stress, which then activates RpoN-dependent regulation of the hrpL gene. Furthermore, cyclic di-GMP has been elucidated as a positive regulator of both amylovoran and cellulose biosynthesis and as a negative regulator of the T3SS. We present models for the T3SS and biofilm regulatory pathways in E. amylovora and discuss potential future research directions.
Altered task-related modulation of long-range connectivity in children with autism.

Functional connectivity differences between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children have been described in multiple datasets. However, few studies examine the task-related changes in connectivity in disorder-relevant behavioral paradigms. In this paper, we examined the task-related changes in functional connectivity using EEG and a movement-based paradigm that has behavioral relevance to ASD. Resting-state studies motivated our hypothesis that children with ASD would show a decreased magnitude of functional connectivity during the performance of a motor-control task. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, however, we observed that task-related modulation of functional connectivity in children with ASD was in the direction opposite to that of TDs. The task-related connectivity changes were correlated with clinical symptom scores. Our results suggest that children with ASD may have differences in cortical segregation/integration during the performance of a task, and that part of the differences in connectivity modulation may serve as a compensatory mechanism. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Decreased connectivity between brain regions is thought to cause the symptoms of autism. Because most of our knowledge comes from data in which children are at rest, we do not know how connectivity changes directly lead to autistic behaviors, such as impaired gestures. When typically developing children produced complex movements, connectivity decreased between brain regions. In children with autism, connectivity increased. It may be that behavior-related changes in brain connectivity are more important than absolute differences in connectivity in autism.
The Three Pillars of the Big Bang Theory

In this chapter we present the three main lines of evidence for the Big Bang theory of the beginnings of our universe. This Big Bang idea leads us to ask how matter behaves as we subject it to higher and higher temperatures and densities? This question can be answered in part in our laboratories. We can also speculate about the behavior of matter in the first few seconds of the universe. We will spend the latter part of this chapter traveling into the distant past. As a review we will go forward from the Big Bang to the present marking the significant times in the history of our universe. You may find some of the concepts discussed below rather strange. No wonder, the early universe not resemble the everyday world in which we live. The study of the early universe is based on the assumption that the laws of physics discovered by studying the behavior of matter on Earth apply throughout the universe. This is the legacy of Newton and the other great seventeenth-century thinkers.
“Reversing the trend”: The role of mentoring in offender reentry

Faith-based programs are becoming more common in corrections, with most research examining offenders. Little attention has been paid to volunteers who work with offenders within these programs. In this project, 40 mentors who volunteered with a faith-based diversion and reentry program in southwestern Indiana were interviewed. Mentors revealed strong desires to help others, with religiosity driving their motivation to work with ex-offenders. Based on their mentoring experiences, mentors stated they were more sympathetic and their perspectives of ex-offenders and the conditions leading to crime had changed, including an increased awareness of problems related to reentry like housing, employment needs, and substance abuse.
The Relationship between Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Sleep Duration among Black and White Men and Women in the United States.

In the United States, racial minorities generally experience poorer cardiovascular health compared to whites, and differences in alcohol consumption and sleep could contribute to these disparities. With a nationally representative sample of 187,950 adults in the National Health Interview Survey from 2004 to 2015, we examined the relationship between alcohol-drinking patterns and sleep duration/quality by race and sex. Using Poisson regression models with robust variance, we estimated sex-specific prevalence ratios for each sleep duration/quality category among blacks compared to whites within categories of alcohol-drinking pattern, adjusting for socioeconomic status and other potential confounders. Across alcohol drinking patterns, blacks were less likely than whites to report recommended sleep of 7–<9 h/day. Short (PR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.22–1.39]) and long (PR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.07–1.58]) sleep were 30% more prevalent among black-male infrequent heavy drinkers compared to white-male infrequent heavy drinkers. Short (PR = 1.27 [95% CI: 1.21–1.34]) sleep was more prevalent among black-female infrequent heavy drinkers compared to white-female infrequent heavy drinkers, but there was no difference for long sleep (PR = 1.09 [95% CI: 0.97–1.23]). Black female infrequent moderate drinkers, however, had a 16% higher (PR = 1.16 [95% CI: 1.01–1.33]) prevalence of long sleep compared to their white counterparts. Environmental, social, and biological factors contributing to these findings, along with their impact on disparate health outcomes, should be studied in greater detail.
Endgames and Outcomes

This chapter looks at the score sheet for U.S. government proxy wars, indicating that 8 out of 25 of them can be counted as successes in the sense of proxies achieving military victory. In half of these successes, a more direct U.S. military intervention was necessary to secure the desired outcome. The chapter discusses causes of success and failure and argues that even the successes were highly problematic with respect to bringing into power incompetent and corrupted governments. Covert intervention resulted in the emergence of brutal dictatorships, criminal states, and regions of permanent political instability. PMOs are usually half-hearted measures that are often incapable of changing the outcomes of conflicts and that are often setting up countries for future malaise even when they are successful.
Peripheral Post-synaptic Dopamine (DA1) Receptors

ABSTRACT Peripheral dopamine (DA) receptors have been classified as DA 1 (post-synaptic, smooth muscle relaxation) and DA 2 (presynaptic, inhibition of norepinephrine release) on the basis of differences in potency series of agonists and specific antagonists. Relatively few compounds have been found to be active as DA 1 agonists; whereas, many compounds of diverse chemical structure are active as DA 2 agonists. The in vivo and in vitro models for peripheral DA receptors confirm the two receptor classifications. However, several exceptions have been noted which require further study to prove that all peripheral models are studying the same receptors. On the basis of present knowledge, the characteristics of the DA 2 peripheral receptor correlate much better with the behavioral and biochemical models of the central nervous system DA receptors than does the peripheral DA 1 receptor.
Principles of Friction, Viscoelastic., Yielding Steel and Fluid Viscous DAMPERS: Properties and Design

This section describes passive energy dissipating devices which may be used within a structural system to absorb seismic energy. These devices are capable of producing significant reductions of interstory drifts in moment-resisting frames. Furthermore, these devices may, under elastic conditions, reduce the design forces.
The Right Size

The twentieth century has witnessed the accumulation of an impressive backlog of data on the details of growth mechanisms. As a result, we now have a wealth of information about how cells divide and enlarge, synthesizing DNA, RNA and proteins as they do so. Hardly a tissue has escaped the inquisitive explorations of students of regeneration and compensatory growth. From time to time, someone has ventured a hypothesis to explain how growth may be controlled, and every combination of inhibitor and stimulator seems to have been suggested (1). Out of this bewildering profusion of facts and theories, one would hope that a unifying hypothesis might emerge, one which will embrace all forms of growth from embryogenesis to the pathology of ageing, and all levels of organization from the subcellular to the organismal. It would be presumptuous to pretend that in our present state of ignorance the time has come for such a breakthrough. It would be inexcusable, however, if we did not continue our efforts to fathom the implications of growth. The unabashed speculation which follows is an attempt to paint a picture of growth not in the usual minute scientific detail but with broad strokes of the brush. In view of the generalizations inevitably to be included, however, the reader is reminded that “all generalizations are wrong, including this one.”
Automated Endoscopy Reporting

The endoscopic procedure is likely to remain the dominant vehicle for exchanging information about patient examinations for some time. Hence, questions arise as to whether this document can be standardized and then automated in order to produce more timely, consistent, and accurate endoscopy reports. A successful automated implementation of the endoscopy procedure reporting should provide improved documentation, enhanced communication, and increased ability to use the resultant data for both clinical research and quality assessment.
IRA Assets and Contributions, 2007

This paper examines the level of -- and trends in -- IRA assets. In addition, it includes the most recent Internal Revenue Service (IRS) data on the distribution of assets and contributions to IRAs by IRA type, thereby permitting analysis of the assets and contribution levels of traditional (deductible and nondeductible) IRAs, Roth IRAs (nondeductible contributions and tax-free withdrawals), and other IRAs (employment-based SEPs and SIMPLEs). Total IRA assets are larger than those accumulated in either private-sector defined benefit (pension) plans or defined contribution (401(k)-type) plans. At year-end 2007, IRAs held $4.75 trillion, private-sector defined contribution (401(k)-type) plans held $3.49 trillion, and private-sector defined benefit plans held $2.33 trillion. IRA growth continues to be fueled by rollovers from other types of retirement plans, not new contributions. There has been a big shift in market share in IRA assets over the past quarter-century, with mutual funds and brokerage accounts now dominant. Mutual funds held 47 percent of IRA assets at year-end 2007, followed by brokerage accounts (38 percent). Life insurance companies (8 percent) and banks/thrifts (7 percent) split the remainder. About 90 percent of all IRA assets are held in traditional (taxable on withdrawal) IRAs, but most contributions are going into Roth (untaxed at withdrawal) and other types of IRAs.
“I Just Keep My Mouth Shut”: The Demobilization of Environmental Protest in Central Appalachia:

This article investigates why people who take a stand against mining-related pollution sometimes abandon activism before resolving their grievances. Previous studies of this process have attributed...