cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of a silicon dioxide-filled trench isolation structure and implanted sub-collector on latchup robustness

This paper demonstrates the effect of a new low-cost oxide filled trench isolation structure, and implanted sub-collectors, on the latchup robustness. With scaling and focus on low-cost wireless technology, new technologies are being developed utilizing a shallower oxide-filled trench structure and low-doped implanted sub-collectors. In this paper, the first latchup measurements and corresponding new discoveries are shown, utilizing this new isolation structure and its integration with implanted sub-collectors. This paper compares latchup measurements with the base CMOS technology (e.g. standard dual well p-substrate base technology) to quantify the net improvement. The results are shown with trench isolation only, sub-collector only, and the combined effect of the trench isolation and sub-collector.
Updraft/downdraft constraints for moist baroclinic modes and their implications for the short-wave cutoff and maximum growth rate

This paper examines the dynamics of moist baroclinic modes, based on the idealized model of moist baroclinic instability devised by Emanuel et al. These authors found that the finite static stability along the downdraft prevents the explosive short-wave cyclogenesis of the zero stratification limit in the moist problem, and allows only moderate (order 2) changes in the growth rate and short-wave cutoff, even when the moist static stability vanishes. To understand the limiting role of the dry static stability, a constraint is derived in this paper that relates the updraft and downdraft structures. This constraint is based on continuity and implies that a bulk wavenumber (defined in the paper) scales as the relevant deformation radius in each region. Because neutral solutions are separable, the vertical structure can be encapsulated in terms of a single, equivalent wavenumber based on the downdraft width. This allows an interpretation of the results in terms of the equivalent dry mode. As the ratio between moist and dry static stability decreases, the downdraft width takes an increasingly larger fraction of the total wavelength. In the limit of moist neutrality all the wavelength is occupied by the downdraft, so that the short-wave cutoff is halved. The vertical phase tilt makes unstable solutions nonseparable, and prevents defining an equivalent wavenumber in that case. However, the constraint between the bulk wavenumbers still applies. As the moist stability is reduced, the updraft solution becomes more suboptimal; in the limit of moist neutrality, the updraft wavenumber equals the short-wave cutoff. This provides a bound to the maximum growth rate in the moist problem, which is in agreement with the results of Emanuel et al.
Caffeine, Theophylline and Theobromine Determinations in Serum, Saliva and Spinal Fluid

A rapid method for simultaneous determination of caffeine and theophylline from the serum, saliva, or spinal fluid of neonates was developed. Fifty-microUter samples were extracted and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) at a low accurately detectable limit of 0.1 mglUter. The sample preparation time was about 40 minutes. Instrumental analysis was performed in less than 10 minutes. Extraction efficiency from repeated analyses was determined to be 95  A precolumn was used to Increase the life of the analytical column. The EMIT-aad| method was compared to HPLC analysis and found to be less efficient.
Moving forward during major goal blockage: situational goal adjustment in women facing infertility

Individuals confronting chronic medical conditions often face profound challenges to cherished life goals. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations of goal adjustment with psychological adjustment in the context of infertility. At study entry (T1; n = 97) and 6 months later (T2; n = 47), women in fertility treatment completed measures of goal blockage, goal adjustment ability, and psychological adjustment. At T1, greater perceived and actual goal blockage were related to negative psychological adjustment. Ability to disengage from the goal of biological parenthood was associated with less infertility-specific thought intrusion, whereas engagement with other goals was related to fewer depressive symptoms and greater positive states of mind. Greater general goal engagement was protective against the negative relationships between low goal disengagement and the dependent variables. Promoting letting go of the unattainable and investing in the possible may be a useful intervention to foster well-being among individuals experiencing profound goal blockage.
Radiation-induced narrowing of the tracheobronchial tree: an in-depth analysis.

Summary Purpose Symptomatic narrowing of the tracheobronchial tree is not a common clinical problem after conventional-dose external beam radiation therapy but has been described when higher doses are utilized. This in-depth study quantifies changes in the caliber of the trachea and mainstem bronchi after high-dose external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Methods and materials As part of an IRB-approved prospective clinical trial to assess for radiation-induced lung injury, patients with thoracic malignancies had pre- and serial post-RT CT scans in the radiation oncology department. This report focuses on 18 enrolled patients who received high-dose (≥73.6Gy) EBRT for NSCLC. The caliber of the trachea, right mainstem bronchus, and left mainstem bronchus were measured utilizing three-dimensional coordinates in axial and coronal planes such that multiple measurements were made of each structure. The decrease in airway caliber was tested for significance using a one-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. The correlation between airway caliber changes, dose, and follow-up interval was tested using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the effect of chemotherapy on airway narrowing was evaluated with a one-sided exact Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results There was no significant narrowing of the trachea for all dose and time points. There were significant decreases in the caliber of both mainstem bronchi on axial measurements ( p =0.07 and 0.005 for right and left mainstem bronchi, respectively). Decrease in airway caliber ranged from 6 to 57% and appeared to be dose dependent ( p =0.08), progressed with increasing time post-RT ( p =0.04), and was worse in patients who also received chemotherapy ( p =0.04). Conclusion High-dose EBRT (≥73.6Gy) appears to cause narrowing of the mainstem bronchi as early as 3 months post radiation therapy. Additional study is needed to assess the impact of such narrowing on RT-induced pulmonary symptoms.
On Proving the Correctness of Optimizing Transformations in a Digital Design Automation System

As part of our research for the Carnegie-Mellon University Design Automation System, we have been investigating methods for proving that the system produces correct designs from correct specifications. This paper presents a mathematical model of the behavior of hardware descriptions which has been used to prove that some of the optimizing transformations applied to abstract hardware descriptions in the system preserve behavioral equivalence. The model goes beyond the usual computational models used in program verification in that it takes into account the proper sequencing of "events" which represent interactions with the environment.
Memristor crossbar based low cost classifiers and their applications

Existing studies have demonstrated the use of memristor crossbars for learning linearly separable functions. The memristors are used as analog synaptic weights, thus allowing the memristor crossbar to evaluate a large number of multiplication and addition operations concurrently in the analog domain. Non-linearly separable functions can be implemented by cascading two or more crossbars, with each crossbar implementing a linearly separable function. The training circuits for these cascaded crossbars implementing non-linearly separable functions requires more complex logic than for linearly separable functions. In this paper we have implemented non-linear classifiers utilizing multiple linear separators and thus can utilize a simpler training circuit. We have examined the implementation of Boolean functions and motion detection applications as case studies.
Collective Forgetting And The Symbolic Power Of Oneness: The Strange Apotheosis Of Rosa Parks:

Oneness refers to the convention of recognizing a single individual's performance and ignoring others, including those who may have performed as well. Although oneness is an adaptation to cognitive deficits, it cannot be explained by them. If long-term and working memory were more capacious, society's need for ideals to establish realm-specific standards and meanings would tend to limit recognition and renown to one individual. The apotheosis of Rosa Parks is a case in point. Her celebrity and the obscurity of others who risked and accomplished more than she are two aspects of the same social process. Revealing oneness to be a social imperative, this case study leads to a broader understanding of collective forgetting.
Effects of bending on the performance of split ring resonators

In this letter, the bending effects on the performance of split ring resonators (SRRs), which is characterized by the effective electromagnetic constitutive parameters are investigated. This study is important since SRR is the basic bulk component of the left-handed metamaterial, which plays a vital role in future's microwave and optical applications. Moreover, the performance of these artificial magnetic structures must be characterized under different bending conditions, which is essential to the design of flexible and conformal microwave and optical devices. This study reveals that bending of SRRs affects the retrieved values of the effective constitutive parameters which must be taken into consideration when designing metamaterials intended for flexible and/or conformal applications. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this kind of study is being reported for the first time in the field of microwave and metamaterial science. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2098–2101, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27011
Thin Film Polymer Stress Measurement Using Piezoresistive Anisotropically Etched Pressure Sensors

Silicon bulk micromachined piezoresistive pressure sensors are very sensitive to applied stresses: that is, applied pressure and/or packaging-related stresses. Device encapsulation has been observed to affect the electrical output of the pressure sensor significantly. The magnitude of the zero applied pressure output voltage (i.e., the offset voltage) that can be attributed to a thin film encapsulant is proportional to the magnitude of the roomtemperature thermal stress of that film. Parylene C coatings have been used as encapsulants in this work. Finite element and analytical modeling techniques were used to evaluate the effect of material property variation on the offset of a pressure sensor. A simple, linear expression of offset as a function of a material property parametric group, that includes: parylene thickness, parylene biaxial modulus, parylene CTE, silicon thickness, and annealing temperature; has been established. Experimental analysis of parylene coated pressure sensors and parylene coated silicon and gallium arsenide wafers was performed to confirm the resulting model. Known variations in parylene material properties caused by processing (i.e., uncontrolled deposition, annealing, and high temperature storage) have been used as an experimental vehicle for this purpose. An empirical relationship between offset voltage on parylene coated devices and room-temperature thermal stress on parylene coated wafers that have been exposed to the same processing is a linear expression with a similar slope to the modeling results. Furthermore, stress measurements from parylene coated silicon wafers and parylene coated gallium arsenide wafers have been used to estimate the parylene biaxial modulus (approximately 5000 MPa) and the parylene CTE (approximately 50 ppm/°C) independently. These material properties were observed to shift following parylene annealing and high temperature storage exposure experiments in a manner that is consistent with the established model.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems Following Iron Deficiency in Infancy

Objective This study examined externalizing and internalizing behavior problem trajectories as a function of both iron status in infancy and infant characteristics. Methods A sample of 185 healthy Costa Rican children who either had chronic, severe iron deficiency or good iron status in infancy were followed for 19 years. Results Mother ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems from age 5 to 11–14 years were higher for the chronic iron deficiency group compared with those with the good iron status. Iron deficiency in infancy predicted persisting externalizing problems over this time period, especially for those with low physical activity in infancy. Beyond adolescence, youth in the chronic iron deficiency group did not report more problems than those in the good iron group. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of considering infant iron status along with early behavioral characteristics to better identify those children at greatest risk for persisting long-term behavior problems.
Clinical Need for Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital

Automation and standardization of the glucose measurement process have the potential to greatly improve glycemic control, clinical outcome, and safety while reducing cost. The resources required to monitor glycemia in hospitalized patients have thus far limited the implementation of intensive glucose management to patients in critical care units. Numerous available and up-and-coming technologies are targeted for the hospital patient population. Advantages and limitations of these devices are discussed herewith in.
Insights on bias and information in group‐level studies

SUMMARY Ecological and aggregate data studies are examples of group-level studies. Even though the link between the predictors and outcomes is not preserved in these studies, inference about individual-level exposure effects is often a goal. The disconnection between the level of inference and the level of analysis expands the array of potential biases that can invalidate the inference from group-level studies. While several sources of bias, specifically due to measurement error and confounding, may be more complex in group-level studies, two sources of bias, cross-level and model specification bias, are a direct consequence of the disconnection. With the goal of aligning inference from individual versus group-level studies, I discuss the interplay between exposure and study design. I specify the additional assumptions necessary for valid inference, specifically that the between- and within-group exposure effects are equal. Then cross-level inference is possible. However, all the information in the group-level analysis comes from between-group comparisons. Models where the group-level analysis provides even a small percentage of information about the within-group exposure effect are most susceptible to model specification bias. Model specification bias can be even more serious when the group-level model isn’t derived from an individual-level model.
The pseudoinverse pattern synthesis method: experimental verification using a prototype cylindrical-section ultrasound hyperthermia phased-array applicator

A prototype 64-element, 75 degrees cylindrical-section ultrasonic phased-array hyperthermia applicator has been designed and constructed. The ability of this applicator to focus ultrasonic energy at its geometric focus was verified in a water medium. The array was then driven by excitation vectors obtained using the pseudoinverse pattern synthesis method to generate shifted-focus and double-focus field patterns. The measured intensity profiles agree well with the theoretically predicted ones. >
Interactions Between Chemical Functionality and Nanoscale Surface Topography Impact Fibronectin Conformation and Neuronal Differentiation on Model Sol-gel Silica Substrates

Functional relationships between the biomaterial interface and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are intimately involved in cellular adhesion and function. Structural changes of ECM proteins upon adsorption to a surface alter the protein’s biological activity by varying the availability of molecular binding sites. Recent work using native and organically modified sol-gel silica as a neuronal biointerface revealed that changes in surface nanotopography of bulk versus thin film materials result in dramatic differences in fibronectin structure, cell survival, and neuronal differentiation. In order to further investigate interactions between chemical functionality and surface topography, we evaluated the global conformation of human fibronectin adsorbed to seven different organically modified silica gels and thin films. Chemical functional groups were introduced into the materials either by altering the starting precursor or by doping with poly-l-lysine or polyethylenimine. Surface topography measurements by atomic force microscopy show that films have surface features less than 25 nm while bulk materials of the same precursor chemistry have features ranging from 50 – 100 nm in size. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy (FRET) revealed a strong interaction between surface topography and chemical functionality. Fibronectin remain globular on all bulk materials regardless of chemical modification. The same changes in precursors or dopant chemistry, however, induced changes in the conformation of fibronectin on the thin films. The differentiation of PC12 cells on the surface indicated a strong impact of the surface features and suggest a possible optimal fibronectin folding state.
Comparative Analysis of Human Gait While Wearing Thong-Style Flip-flops versus Sneakers

Background: Flip-flops are becoming a common footwear option. Casual observation has indicated that individuals wear flip-flops beyond their structural limit and have a different gait while wearing flip-flops versus shoes. This alteration in gait may cause the anecdotal foot and lower-limb discomfort associated with wearing flip-flops. Methods: To investigate the effect of sneakers versus thong-style flip-flops on gait kinematics and kinetics, 56 individuals (37 women and 19 men) were randomly assigned to a footwear order (flip-flops or sneakers first) and were asked to wear the assigned footwear on the day before and the day of testing. On each testing day, participants were videotaped as they walked at a self-selected pace across a force platform. A 2 (sex) × 2 (footwear) repeated-measures analysis of variance (P = .05) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Significant interaction effects of footwear and sex were found for maximal anterior force, attack angle, and ankle angle during the swing phas...
From Tales of the Field to Tales of the Future

John Van Maanen’s account of the evolution of ethnographic narratives provided far more than insight about classic anthropological and sociological texts. By encouraging qualitative researchers to focus on the rhetorical and political qualities of voice, style, authority, and representations of selves and others, he exposed the often hidden assumptions built into fieldwork and scholarship. It is not too much to say that no other single text has so forcefully shaped and inspired our understanding of qualitative research and narrative writing across the social sciences. Van Maanen’s work inspired two cross-disciplinary projects. One charted the cultural, rhetorical, and narrative influences that constructed classic ethnographic texts; the other created a common cultural code for new explorations of organizations and cultures. One result of those projects is that those of us doing qualitative became more comfortable in our textual diversity if at times challenged to find the appropriate evaluative standards ...
Down-regulation of Fas expression in the lymph nodes of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract Context.—The mechanism by which human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection causes increased rates of apoptosis and gradual chronic depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes in patients infecte...
SEED HANDLING ABILITY, BILL STRUCTURE, AND THE COST OF SPECIALIZATION FOR CROSSBILLS

AssTcT.--Crossbills (Loxia) are specialized to extract and handle seeds from conifer cones. I evaluated the ability of crossbills to handle nonconifer seeds by comparing seed handling efficiencies with other cardueline finches. For all seed sizes, crossbills required seed encounter rates or seed abundances 2-3 times greater than other species to meet their daily energy requirements. Consequently, crossbills may suffer high mortality during conifer cone failures. Crossbills are inefficient at meeting their energy demands on nonconifer seeds because of their narrow mandibles, lowered horny palate, and large body size. The narrow mandibles enable crossbills to efficiently extract seeds from conifer cones and the lowered palate enables them to handle small seeds rapidly. Crossbills have evolved larger bills, and associated musculature and body mass, to provide the power necessary to separate cone scales. Some of the increase in body mass, however, may counterbalance the large bills to improve predator evasion. Received 27 October 1987, accepted 17 June 1988. THE cardueline finches (subfamily Cardueli- nae) are highly specialized seedeating birds (Newton 1967, 1972). Most consume seeds, mainly from dicotyledonous plants, throughout the year (Martin et al. 1951; Newton 1967, 1972; Austin 1968). The crossbills (Loxia) eat conifer seeds to the near exclusion of other seeds (New- ton 1967, 1972; Austin 1968; Nethersole- Thompson 1975; Benkman 1987a). Crossbills are clearly more efficient at utiliz- ing seeds in closed conifer cones than other cardueline finches (Newton 1967, 1972). Many characteristics of the crossbill's feeding appa- ratus are adapted for exploiting conifer seeds (Benkman 1987b). Experimental ablation of the crossed portion of the crossbill's mandibles demonstrated that this portion was essential for crossbills to extract seeds from closed conifer cones (Benkman 1988). Further, no carduelines other than crossbills have been found to extract seed from tightly closed conifer cones (Smith and Balda 1979; pers. obs.). Crossbills may be limited to foraging on co- nifer seed because they are relatively inefficient at handling other seed types (e.g. Roberts 1936). The reduced efficiency of crossbills is of partic- ular interest because about every 3-4 years co- nifer seed crops fail over much of the boreal forests of North America (Bock and Lepthien Red Crossbills (L. curvirostra), American Goldfinches (Carduelis tristis), House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), and Evening Grosbeaks (Coccothraustes vespertinus) were captured in Albany Co., New York. White-winged Crossbills (L. leucoptera), were caught in Laurentides Reserve, Quebec. Several days prior to and during the experiments, all species were fed commercial sun- flower (Helianthus spp.) and niger thistle (Guizotia abyssinica) seeds, and vitamin-enriched water. For- aging experiments were conducted on the crossbills after a minimum of 5 months in captivity. The other species were completed within 6 days of capture. Even
Should one routinely screen for lipoprotein(a)

The evidence does not yet justify screening everyone, hut you may want to obtain an Lp(a) level if the LDL level remains high despite statin therapy.
Theology and the Darkness of Death

AMAJOR difficulty with the contemporary theology of death is that it is seldom confounded, seldom at a loss for explanation, seldom disarmed and left groping. From the very start, most theological analysis of death displays as assumption that which should more aptly function as final hope: the belief that death is undone. In this a priori certainty theology appears to be thoroughly victorious, but to a straightforward empirical perspective the victory can seem to be simply a turning away from death's darkness, a denial rather than an exploration of life's end. To turn away from death is humanly quite comprehensible, but the move becomes self-defeating for theology when it is carried out under the rubric of investigating death. When confrontation is reduced to circumvention, then theology strategically denies whatever is toxic or terrible in death. In actual practice this denial is usually accomplished by means of a descriptive model that is empirically aseptic, that shapes death to consoling purposes, that provides it from the start with a systematically positive core of meaning. The first point at issue in this matter is, therefore, theology's use of pretheological models, models which are not explicitly shaped by theistic categories or doctrinal logic, but which supply a primary focus for theological discussion nonetheless. Invariably such models are positive, "illumined" ones, offering an explication which denies death's darkness or, by reductionist logic, tempers it. Thus armed, theology begins its discussion of death with models which are highly insulating, which protect it from ever being threatened or appalled. In effect, such conceptualizations supply theology with an answer to death, a response rather than a primal description, an image of death already fashioned in positive terms. Unfortunately, the "help" which positive, illumined models press upon theology is frequently accepted at the price of theology's investigatory openness and credibility. Thus a critical question naturally arises: Is it possible to construct a model which would draw theology into the bleakest and most empty reaches of death? More pointedly, by what model can death be made woefully dark for theology? To suggest the terms of such a model, the following pages will first investigate how the dominant positive models deny death's darkness, how they supply theology with a presumptive view of death's inner sense and malleability. It will be suggested that the most grievously positive model presents death as a "merely" physical or corporeal threat, a power strong only against the mortal crust of body and matter, not against the
Methemoglobin reduction in red cells: effect of a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin.

Erythrocytes from heterozygous carriers of the high oxygen affinity mutant hemoglobin, Hb Wood, demonstrate lower rates of methemoglobin reduction than normal human red cells when incubated in the in vitro system of Beutler and Baluda. The rate of methemoglobin reduction in red cells from an individual who is heterozygous for both NADH- methoglobin reductase deficiency and Hb Wood shows the combined effects of the two mutations.
Sequential combination chemotherapy in human breast cancer: a basis for increased antineoplastic activity and bone marrow protection.

These studies were designed to develop procedures that would capitalize on the growth inhibitory effects of tamoxifen (Tam) and methotrexate (MTX) in breast cancer, while protecting bone marrow with a priming dose of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). High-dose MTX (10 μM) cytotoxicity is maintained in MCF-7 breast cancer cells but reduced in human bone marrow by a priming and nontoxic dose of 5-FU (10 μM). MTX cytotoxicity is decreased in MCF-7 breast cancer cells when the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) Tam (10 μM) is administered 24 hours prior to 5-FU (10 μM) followed two hours later by MTX (early Tam) resulting in a growth rate of 57.42 ± 4.38% of the control rate. However, when breast cancer cells are exposed to Tam 24 hours after 5-FU + MTX (late Tam), the interaction between MTX and Tam is not antagonistic, the percentage of the control is 29.47 ± 4.54%. Bone marrow exposure to these drug combinations exhibits a protective effect to the MTX cytotoxicity, with the early Tam combination yielding 59.45 ± 16.38% of the control for MTX alone. These studies suggest that a) Tam in combination with a priming dose of 5-FU protects bone marrow from MTX cytotoxicity, b) the interactions between Tam and MTX are sequence-dependent, c) Tam decreases the effect of MTX when Tam administration precedes MTX.
DC Local Power Distribution: Technology, Deployment, and Pathways to Success

Direct-current (DC) power distribution has been used ever since electric grids were invented, but, for the last century, low-voltage dc has been largely limited to a variety of niche applications such as rail transport, vehicles, telecommunications, and off-grid buildings. Recent years have seen a variety of innovations in dc distribution technology, notably, standards for 380-V dc cabling and connectors and increases in power that can be carried over Ethernet and universal serial bus (USB). There are increasing calls for much more use of dc distribution and dc microgrids in buildings, and there are potential advantages of both. However, open questions remain about the directions this might take, what policy makers could and should do in this area, and technology developments that would be most useful. This article considers potential pathways for increased use of dc and identifies those pathways that seem most beneficial and likely to succeed. We limit the scope of consideration to distribution within (or between) buildings.
Vitamin D Sterol/VDR Conformational Dynamics and Nongenomic Actions

The process of involvement of the classical nuclear receptor with hormone-dependent nongenomic, extranuclear cell signaling contributes to cell biology at multiple levels. The classical view/assumption that the binding of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 to the VDR simply activates its translocation to the nucleus of the cell where it cis- regulates the genome has been proven to be an oversimplification for the VDR and many other NRs. We have described and highlighted the vitamin D/VDR structure–function studies that differentiate nuclear and extranuclear signaling. Specifically, the presence of two overlapping ligand-binding sites within the VDR provides a physicochemical explanation for the analog-specific functions known for 1α,25(OH) 2 -lumisterol D 3 (JN) and 1β,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 (HL) and the ability of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 to send signals dynamically by functioning as both a nongenomic and genomic agonist ligand. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 extranuclear, nongenomic, rapid responses include the regulation of phospholipases, phosphatases, kinases, ion channels, and second messengers. These signaling factors can themselves regulate the genome and transcribed/translated products via mechanisms that integrate with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -VDR cis regulation of genes. In this way, extranuclear signaling can alter cell physiology in a manner independent of nuclear VDR transregulation. Thus by expanding our understanding of nongenomic structure–function and combining this knowledge with what is known regarding genomic structure–function, we hope to elucidate the mechanistic nuances that underpin the adverse responses of hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification.
Synopsis of the 1555 ‘Declaración’

on the reverse of his 1555 titlepage he himself prints a table of contents. In this tabla he catalogues “the books in the present volume” (including bk. VI, which was not printed). He also succinctly summarizes each libro. Each of the first five books will be subdivided into chapters: I into 20, II into 36, III into 50, IV into 93, and V into 33 chapters. Bk. I will be principally given over to praises of the art: both pagan and Christian authorities serving as quarries for quotations. Bk. II will introduce rank beginners to plainsong, vocal polyphony, and to keyboard and plucked string instruments. In bk. III, on the other hand, he promises to explore in depth both the theory and practice of plainsong (29 chapters) and of polyphony (21 chapters), and to address his remarks to intermediate and advanced students. In bk. IV he will offer advanced instruction in keyboard-performance and in the playing of all manner of plucked string instruments; he also will teach how to intabulate for these various instruments, discuss tuning problems, trace the tortuous history of tuning procedures and describe new tuning systems, investigate the modes afresh from a performer’s vantage-point, and conclude with an appendix of nine original organ pieces. (This bk. IV — the longest in the 1555 Declaracion — occupies fols. 60–120; or nearly half the entire volume.) In bk. V he will tell how to compose monody, how to improvise and to write counterpoint above a given cantus firmus, and how to compose polyphony. (Immediately preceding this bk. V he inserts Morales’s recommendatory letter dated at Marchena, October 20, 1550.) In bk. VI (not printed), he “compiles a list of the musical errors perpetrated by predecessor Spanish theorists and copiously refutes them.” (This unprinted last book was to have contained six tractates. The first four were to have refuted his “14” Spanish predecessors’ mistakes, the fifth to have discussed “musical genera” [diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic, and semichromatic], and the sixth to have told how to tune and play his own newly invented instruments.)
The fractional landau model

Herein the Landau model of the transition from laminar to turbulent fluid flow is generalized to include the effect of memory. The original Landau model is quadratically nonlinear and memoryless, with turbulent fluctuations decaying exponentially. However, recent experiments show a dependence of the decay of fluctuations on memory, with the exponential being replaced by an inverse power law. This transition is explained herein as being due to critical slowing down. The fractional calculus is used to model this memory and to relate the index of the inverse power law decay to that of the fractional derivative in time.
The Making of a Political Sociologist of Education

The primary contribution of my scholarly work in the field of sociology has been the development of a political sociology of education trying to understand how education—including schooling, universities, non-formal education, adult learning education, and popular education—contributes to social change, national and global development, and the betterment of nations, communities, families and individuals.
Medicare Part A and DRG’s

Physician reimbursement has historically been directly related to CPT codes and relative value units. But with the increasing relationship between hospitals, healthcare systems, and surgeons, it becomes even more important for us to understand how our own hospital practice and documentation can effect hospital reimbursement.
Dynamic Debonding Between Fibers and Matrix in Fiber-Reinforced Composites

In this paper, dynamic debonding between fibers and matrix is studied based on an axisymmetrical model of a single fiber surrounded by a cylindrical matrix. Asymptotic fields of stress and particle velocity are found in the vicinity of the crack front based on the concept of local plane strain for an interfacial crack between two dissimilar materials. The method of modified material stiffness constants and conversion relations between stress intensity factors for a propagating interfacial crack and a stationary interfacial crack are employed in the study.
Alterations of granulopoiesis following chemotherapy.

Clonal proliferation of marrow granulocytic progenitor cells (GPC) in vitro and the daily urinary output of granulocytic colony-stimulating factor (CSF) were determined in two patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in remission and one patient with malignant lymphoma receiving monthly pulses of chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine. During and immediately following therapy, a marked decrease of granulocytic colony-forming capacity (CFC) occurred, with an increase and return to basal levels by 3-4 wk. In the AML patients, the proportion of GPC in DNA synthesis (GPC-S), as determined by the thymidine suicide technique, declined from basal levels (31%-39%) to 0%-26% after 2 days of treatment. This was followed by a sharp rise in GPC-S to 41%-75% 1-3 days posttherapy, with an oscillatory return of GPC-S to basal levels by 3-4 wk. In all courses a marked increase of urinary CSF output occurred during or 1 day posttherapy, concomitant with the rise of the proportion of GPC-S. In the lymphoma patient, an initially high proportion of marrow GPC-S and low CFC anticipated the severe neutropenia which followed therapy. These results provide a basis for determining the efficacy with which cytotoxic drugs destroy proliferative activity of GPC and for assessing the potential for hemopoietic toxicity following chemotherapy.
Increased activity of both CDK1 and CDK2 is necessary for the combinatorial activity of WEE1 inhibition and cytarabine

Inhibition of WEE1 is emerging as a promising chemosensitization strategy in many cancers including acute leukemia. Our lab and others have demonstrated that a small-molecule inhibitor of WEE1, AZD1775, sensitizes acute leukemia cells to cytarabine; however, a mechanism of combinatorial activity has remained elusive. Thus, we sought to determine the relative contribution of WEE1 targets CDK1 and CDK2 to the combinatorial activity of AZD1775 and cytarabine. To accomplish this, we expressed "WEE1 resistant" CDK1 (CDK1-AF) and CDK2 (CDK2-AF) constructs in a T-ALL cell line. Expression of CDK1/2-AF together, but neither alone, enhanced the anti-proliferative effects, DNA damage and apoptosis induced by cytarabine. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of CDK1 alone or CDK1 and CDK2 together reduced the combinatorial activity of AZD1775 and cytarabine. Thus, increased activity of both CDK1 and CDK2 in response to WEE1 inhibition is necessary for the combinatorial activity of AZD1775 and cytarabine. This suggests the role of WEE1 in cells with accumulated DNA damage extends beyond regulation of CDK1 and the G2/M checkpoint and highlights the importance of WEE1 in mediating progression through the cell cycle.
Prevalence of skin cancer in Native American kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND Skin cancer prevalence is well-characterized for white solid organ transplant recipients. Although the prevalence of skin cancer in non-white (Black, Asian, Hispanic) kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) has been assessed, no study has reported the prevalence of skin cancer in Native American (NA) KTRs. The aim of this study is to determine if the prevalence of skin cancer in NAKTRs is the same as in white KTRs. METHODS We conducted a case-controlled retrospective review from a single transplant center. One hundred thirteen NAKTRs who received a transplant between 2001 and 2011 were age- and transplant-year matched with 113 white controls. RESULTS The 226 KTRs consisted of 141 (62.4%) men and 85 (37.6%) women, with a mean age of 50.2 ± 10.8 years. There was no skin cancer found in NAKTRs prior to or post transplantation, while seven (6.2%) white KTRs had eight skin cancers prior to transplantation, and 28 (24.8%) white KTRs developed 66 skin cancers post transplantation. Twenty-two (19.5%) NAKTRs did not follow-up with dermatology at this institution. The median follow-up in NAKTRs was 3.3 years compared to 3.0 years in white KTRs. CONCLUSION NAKTRs have a decreased prevalence of skin cancer compared to their white counterparts.
Use of Autologous Serum Tears for the Treatment of Ocular Surface Disease From Patients With Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

Purpose To describe the safety and efficacy of autologous serum tears (AST) in managing ocular surface disease resistant to conventional therapy in patients with systemic autoimmune disease(s). Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods Records of patients from 2009 to 2015 with systemic autoimmune disease treated with AST (20%–50%) for chronic surface disease were analyzed. Standardized measures of subjective dry eye symptoms, objective dry eye staining of the cornea, and slit-lamp findings including punctate epithelial erosion (PEE), filamentary keratopathy (FK), and corneal epithelial defects (KED) were compared during first and last visit. We attempted to standardize outcomes by creating a scale from 1 to 4 for subjective and objective components: worsening (1), no improvement (2), partial improvement (3), and complete resolution (4). Results Fifty-one patients (101 eyes) were included. The mean age was 59.8 ± 13.2 years (72.5% female). Average use of AST was 14.3 ± 11.7 months. Complete objective improvement of initial slit-lamp findings was achieved in 30% and partial improvement in 55% of eyes. Presence of PEE, FK, and KED decreased from 92.1% to 52.5% ( P P = .02), and from 5% to 2% ( P = .44) of the eyes, respectively. Full subjective improvement of symptoms was achieved in 34.6%, partial in 50.5%, and none in 14.9% of patients. No adverse side effects were noted during follow-up. Conclusions AST are a safe and effective adjunct therapy in improving both objective signs and subjective symptoms of ocular surface disorders associated with systemic autoimmune disease(s).
Damage in cement pastes exposed to MgCl 2 solutions

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) reacts with cement pastes resulting in calcium leaching and the formation of calcium oxychloride, which can cause damage. This paper examines the damage in different cement pastes exposed to MgCl2 solutions. Volume change measurement and low temperature differential scanning calorimetry are used to characterize the formation of calcium oxychloride. Thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray fluorescence are used to quantify calcium leaching from Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H. The ball-on-three-balls test is used to quantify the flexural strength reduction. Calcium oxychloride can form in cement pastes exposed to MgCl2 solutions with a (Ca(OH)2/MgCl2) molar ratio larger than 1. As the MgCl2 concentration increases, two-stages of flexural strength reduction are observed in the plain cement pastes, with the initial reduction primarily due to calcium leaching from Ca(OH)2 and the additional reduction due to the calcium leaching from C-S-H (at MgCl2 concentrations above 17.5 wt%). For the cement pastes containing fly ash, there is a smaller reduction in flexural strength as less Ca(OH)2 is leached, while no additional reduction is observed at high MgCl2 concentrations due to the greater stability of C-S-H with a lower Ca/Si ratio. The addition of fly ash can mitigate damage in the presence of MgCl2 solutions.
The “Cold Fusion” Problem

As I write this (early May, 1989) it is just over six weeks since the first claims (3,4) of observation of “cold fusion” burst upon the world, and it is still not entirely clear whether we are dealing with a potentially revolutionary new source of energy, a minor but intriguing new physical phenomenon or simply a catalog of experimental and statistical errors. No doubt the picture will have changed by the time this lecture is given, let alone by the time it is published; anyway, for present purposes I will take the view that there is sufficient circumstantial evidence that an unexpectedly high rate of nuclear fusion is taking place in deuterium trapped in metals such as palladium and titanium that it makes sense to ask what kinds of constraint theory can put on possible mechanisms for this phenomenon, if indeed it is genuine.
Targeting Base Excision Repair Glycosylases with DNA Containing Transition State Mimics Prepared via Click Chemistry

DNA glycosylases of the base excision repair (BER) pathway are front-line defenders in removing compromising modifications of the DNA nucleobases. Aberrantly modified nucleobases mediate genomic mutations and inhibit DNA replication leading to adverse health consequences such as cancer, neurological diseases, and aging. In an effort to develop high-affinity transition state (TS) analogues as chemical biology probes for DNA glycosylases, oligonucleotides containing a propargyl-modified pyrrolidine TS mimic nucleotide were synthesized. A small library of TS mimic-containing oligonucleotides was generated using a structurally diverse set of five azides via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition "click" chemistry. The relative affinity ( Kd) was evaluated for BER glycosylases Escherichia coli MutY, bacterial formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg), and human OG glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) with the library of TS mimic DNA duplexes. All of the BER glycosylases were found to exhibit extremely high affinities (approximately picomolar Kd values) for the TS mimics. However, binding preferences, distinct for each glycosylase, for the TS mimic library members were observed, suggesting different modes of binding and transition state stabilization among the three glycosylases. Fpg bound all of the TS mimics with exceptionally high affinities, while the MutY binding affinity correlated inversely with the size of the appended moiety. Of note, we identified one member of the small TS mimic library that exhibited a particularly high affinity for hOGG1. These results strongly support the use of the propargyl-TS mimic oligonucleotides and elaboration via click chemistry in screening and identification of high-affinity ligands for BER glycosylases of interest.
Exploring information literacy assessment: Content analysis of student prefocus essays

J uggling the value of performance-based assessment of student information literacy competencies with the limited time and resources required to do this type of assessment remains an ongoing challenge for many librarians. This article chronicles our initial foray into content analysis, a fairly labor-intensive methodology, but one which allowed us to examine student approaches to the research process as narrated in their own words in the form of a prefocus essay. Our goal was to gather data that would help to inform our university library’s information literacy curriculum. What follows documents our process, methodology, results, and lessons learned in order to aid those at other institutions in their assessment planning. Colgate University is a selective, private liberal arts institution with an approximate student body of 2,900. The information literacy program is well-established, with an on-going presence in the Core Curriculum and First-Year Seminar courses, as well as frequent requests for library instruction in upper-level courses.
Development of a point-of-contact technique to measure adenosine triphosphate: A quality improvement study.

Abstract Purpose Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) experience fatigue due to impaired myocardial bioenergetics. Cardiomyocyte function depends on the delivery of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), yet there is no convenient bedside method to measure ATP. The purpose of this study was to develop a point-of-contact measurement of ATP that can be used in a clinical setting. Methods In a laboratory setting, digital finger punctures were conducted using 5 μl and 10 μl of capillary blood placed into various amounts of water (H2O). After mixing the solution for 10 s, a Hygiena AquaSnapTM Free ATP probe was placed into the solution for 10 s for the detection of ATP. The probe was then placed into the Hygiena luminometer for 15 s, and a value in relative light units (RLU) was obtained. Results Test samples using 10 μl of blood diluted from 50 to 500 mls of H2O produced ATP readings of 10,000-7569 RLUs. Using 5 μl of blood in 375–900 ml of H2O decreased the ATP values to 6459-4189 RLUs. Dilutional volume sparing experiments were conducted with ATP standards to determine the concentration of ATP per RLUs. Conclusion Patients with HFpEF have increased metabolic demand and impaired myocardial bioenergetics. Thus, identifying a method to measure ATP that is quick and accurate is imperative to accurately assess cellular energy production in this population. Point-of-contact measures, such as ATP, are needed for precision-guided treatment. Data from this study provides the first step toward developing evidence for health policies related to managing fatigue.
Introduction to the Ronchigram and its Calculation with Ronchigram.com

This article introduces an intuitive understanding of electron Ronchigrams and how they are affected by aberrations. This is accomplished through a portable web application, http://Ronchigram.com. The history of the Ronchigram, the physics which define it, and its visual features are reviewed in the context of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy.