cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of C-Band Polarimetric Radar–Based Drop Size Estimates to Maximum Diameter

AbstractEstimating raindrop size has been a long-standing objective of polarimetric radar–based precipitation retrieval methods. The relationship between the differential reflectivity Zdr and the median volume diameter D0 is typically derived empirically using raindrop size distribution observations from a disdrometer, a raindrop physical model, and a radar scattering model. Because disdrometers are known to undersample large raindrops, the maximum drop diameter Dmax is often an assumed parameter in the rain physical model. C-band Zdr is sensitive to resonance scattering at drop diameters larger than 5 mm, which falls in the region of uncertainty for Dmax. Prior studies have not accounted for resonance scattering at C band and Dmax uncertainty in assessing potential errors in drop size retrievals. As such, a series of experiments are conducted that evaluate the effect of Dmax parameterization on the retrieval error of D0 from a fourth-order polynomial function of C-band Zdr by varying the assumed Dmax thr...
SELF-INDUCED SURFACE TEXTURING OF Al2O3 BY MEANS OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA REACTIVE ION ETCHING IN CL2 CHEMISTRY

In this work we investigate a pseudo-random surface texturing technique of sapphire by means of inductively coupled plasma reacting ion etching in chlorine chemistry, for which no sophisticated lithographic process is required. Such a surface texturing technique, which we believe offers indicative promise for enhanced light extraction in deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes has allowed us to texture sapphire samples having a surface larger than 1 cm2 with controlled structures. Fabrication parameters have been characterized, and textured Al2O3 surfaces having submicron features, and nano-scale periodicity have been obtained. Performance, and characterization of our textured Al2O3 surfaces is the hinge of addition work in progress.
Developing a co-regulated, cue-based feeding practice: The critical role of assessment and reflection

Assessment of early feeding skills of vulnerable infants is common practice in neonatal care centers. However, assessment is often merely an identification of feeding outcomes, rather than a description of the infant's capacities and methods of adapting to the feeding challenge. Descriptive assessment of the feeding process takes into account the dynamic nature of feeding and notes changes that occur as the infant matures and gains feeding experience. Assessment of the variability that occurs during the feeding as the challenge changes, due to fatigue or physiologic instability, are critical to understanding the infant's feeding skills. As individual components of the feeding are assessed, such as sucking, swallowing and breathing, a reflective process builds understanding of the patterns of coordination of system components in relation to one another. Taking the whole into account and considering the dynamics of the process is necessary if we are going to select appropriate interventions targeted to the individual infant's feeding skills. Using a very preterm infant case, this paper will illustrate assessment of early feeding skills and demonstrate how reflection on and integration of the components of the assessment identifies potential targets for co-regulated, cue-based feeding.
Heart sounds and murmurs in arterial hypertension.

Abstract Forty-three patients with hypertension were studied by an improved method of phonocardiography. On graphic analysis, the first heart sound at the apex and aortic area was generally normal in amplitude and duration. The second heart sound at the aortic area was increased in amplitude and duration in almost all instances. It was usually composed of regular high frequency vibrations. Third and fourth heart sounds of low frequency and low amplitude were found quite often. A third heart sound was noted only in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. An apical presystolic murmur of low frequency and low amplitude was recorded in five patients. Aortic and apical systolic murmurs were noted often; these murmurs were usually low in intensity and of low to medium frequency. A basal diastolic murmur was recorded in nine of ten patients in whom the murmur was heard clinically. We believe that it suggests insufficiency of the aortic valve. The diastolic vibrations were low in amplitude and more readily detected when a frequency band of 150 to 200 c.p.s. was selected. They immediately followed the second heart sound and were best visualized at the third left parasternal area. The presence of the murmur did not seem to be related to the level of the systolic, diastolic or pulse pressures at the time of the technical procedure. It was found only in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. The Q-1 interval was prolonged, particularly in the group with aortic insufficiency.
Sensitivity and Utility of Parathyroid Scintigraphy in Patients with Primary Versus Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

Introduction Parathyroid scintigraphy (PS) may be used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands preoperatively. Performance of PS in the setting of secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is not well quantified. The performance of PS in secondary/tertiary HPT versus primary HPT may reflect physiologic as well as radiopharmaceutical kinetic differences between multigland hyperplasia versus adenoma. The aim of this study was to review the performance of PS in secondary/tertiary HPT with a comparison to that for primary HPT. Moreover, we evaluated (1) the sensitivity of PS in detecting enlarged glands, and (2) PS detectability as a function of gland weight.
Attitudinal and behavioral correlates of emergent status in training groups.

Summary Relationships between the emergent status of members and their attitudes and behavior were examined in two 10-man T groups during a four-day training laboratory. In Group A, where the trainers were relatively inactive and nondirective, the higher the status of members, the greater was their tendency to identify with the group, to view the group sessions as productive, and, according to observer ratings, to show correspondence in their behavior with typical T-group norms (regarding self-exposure, openness, trust, etc.). In Group B, where the trainers were relatively active and directive, a directly contrasting pattern was observed. The higher status members tended to be most negative in their attitudes toward the trainers and showed least identification with the group as a whole. Member status in Group B tended to be either minimally or negatively related to T-group norms. The substantial differences between trends in the two groups were interpreted as consequences of the contrasting styles of the ...
Speciation and the evolution of gamete recognition genes: pattern and process

Proteins on gamete surfaces are major determinants of fertilization success, particularly in free-spawning animals. Molecular analyses of these simple genetic systems show rapid evolution, positive selection, accelerated coalescence and, sometimes, extensive polymorphism. Careful analysis of the behavior of sperm produced by males with different gamete alleles shows that these alleles can deliver significant functional differences. Three forms of allele-specific fertilization advantage have been shown: assortative mating based on gamete type, rare allele advantage and heterozygote superiority. Models suggest that sperm and egg proteins may be coevolutionary partners that can alternate between directional selection for high fertilization ability and cyclic adaptation of eggs and sperm driven by sexual conflict. These processes act within allopatric populations and may accelerate their divergence if gamete adaptations in separate demes reduce cross-fertilization. Reproductive character displacement by reinforcement may play a diversifying role when previously allopatric populations rejoin. In circumstance that might prove to be common, divergence in sympatry can be driven by sexual conflict or by association of mating types with ecological differences. The ecology of fertilization, especially the degree of sperm competition and egg death via polyspermy, are important determinants of the strength and direction of selection on gametes. Free-spawning animals allow careful analysis of gamete recognition -from the behavior of adults and interactions of gametes, to molecular patterns of allele divergence. Future research efforts on the evolutionary consequences of fertilization ecology, and the interaction between extensive variation in egg surface proteins and sperm fertilization ability, are particularly needed.
Partial involvement of monoamines and opiates in the inhibition of rat spinal nociceptive neurons evoked by stimulation in midbrain periaqueductal gray or lateral reticular formation.

In rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, we tested the effects of systemic or intrathecal administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone, the serotonergic antagonist methysergide, or the adrenergic antagonist phentolamine, on inhibition produced by electrical stimulation in midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or lateral reticular formation (LRF) of the responses of single lumbar dorsal horn neurons to noxious heating (50-54 degrees C, 10 s) of hindpaw skin. Systemically administered naloxone (1-10 mg/kg i.v.) reduced (greater than 20% below predrug inhibition) inhibition from PAG and/or LRF in 5/12 units and had no effect in the remainder. Systemic methysergide (2-6 mg/kg i.v.) selectively reduced PAG-evoked inhibition in 6 units, while inhibitions from both PAG and LRF stimulation were reduced in one unit and unaffected in 8 units. Systemic phentolamine (2-4 mg/kg) reduced LRF-evoked inhibition in 4 units, while inhibitions from PAG and LRF were reduced in one unit and unaffected in 5. Intrathecally applied methysergide reduced or abolished PAG-evoked inhibition in 8/16 units and reduced or abolished LRF-evoked inhibition in 6/14 units. Reductions in the level of inhibition were reversible in one-half of the cases, whereas they persisted for over 2 h in the remainder. The mixed effects of both systemically and intrathecally administered drugs suggest that monoamines and opiates may be partly involved in spinal inhibitory mechanisms activated from the midbrain.
Minimizing transponder cost for two-way data exchange in satellite networking

Two-way satellite communication that simultaneously shares spectrum, with subsequent interference cancelation, is an attractive means of efficiently using satellite resources. Systems may employ this method on full-transponder access, or with lease of a partial transponder. In this case, it is of interest to request bandwidth and power resources that minimize satellite costs. In this paper, we provide a solution to this optimization, using information-theoretic guidelines and a generic cost model, that can be easily translated into real coding and modulation options.
Partial method compilation using dynamic profile information

The traditional tradeoff when performing dynamic compilation is that of fast compilation time versus fast code performance. Most dynamic compilation systems for Java perform selective compilation and/or optimization at a method granularity. This is the not the optimal granularity level. However, compiling at a sub-method granularity is thought to be too complicated to be practical. This paper describes a straightforward technique for performing compilation and optimizations at a finer, sub-method granularity. We utilize dynamic profile data to determine intra-method code regions that are rarely or never executed, and compile and optimize the code without those regions. If a branch that was predicted to be rare is actually taken at run time, we fall back to the interpreter or dynamically compile another version of the code. By avoiding compiling and optimizing code that is rarely executed, we are able to decrease compile time significantly, with little to no degradation in performance. Futhermore, ignoring rarely-executed code can open up more optimization opportunities on the common paths. We present two optimizations---partial dead code elimination and rare-path-sensitive pointer and escape analysis---that take advantage of rare path information. Using these optimizations, our technique is able to improve performance beyond the compile time improvements
Water-Cooled Gas Turbine Nozzle Technology Demonstration at Ultra-High Firing Temperature

During Phase II of the Department of Energy (DOE) funded High Temperature Turbine Technology (HTTT Program, critical technology development and component verification testing related to the design of an advanced watercooled gas turbine, firing at 2600/sup 0/F (1427/sup 0/C) on low-Btu gas, are being performed by General Electric. A composite construction first stage nozzle was chosen so that low surface temperature (1000/sup 0/F (538/sup 0/C)), necessary to control corrosion and high heat flux induced strain, would result. This paper discusses the prototype testing of a three throat segment of this design. The segment consists of two test vanes and a pressure and suction side slave. Hot gas conditions exceeded the design point conditions of 2600/sup 0/F (1427/sup 0/C) firing temperature, 166 psia (1.14 MPa) and 6.37 1bm/s (2.89 kg/s) per throat. Nozzle temperatures are presented as a function of firing temperature. Discussion of boiling phenomena which occurred during coolant flow reduction is included Results are discussed as they relate to verification of the design method and to establishing the ''technology readiness'' of this design.
The family routines inventory: Theoretical origins

This paper describes the conceptual foundation underlying the development of the Family Routines Inventory, a new instrument designed to measure the extent of predictability or routinization in the daily life of a family. The primary impetus for the development of this instrument is a theoretical perspective in which family routines are regarded as behaviors which may protect the health and well-being of family members by providing stability and continuity during periods of stressful change.
Pressure-induced non-bulk superconductivity in Eu 1.2 Mo 6 (S 1- x Se x ) 8

High-pressure study has been made both resistively and magnetically on Eu1.2Mo6(S1−x Se x )8. Superconductivity was detected at a lower pressure in samples forx≠0 than forx=0 in spite of the larger unit cell volume of the former. The superconductivity observed remains non-bulk up to ∼20 kbar. The maximum onset temperature of the superconductivity transition decreases withx.
Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer Trends : A Light at the End of the Tunnel?

Objective To update the epidemic curves for lung cancer in the United States by gender in relation to the temporal trends in adult current cigarette smoking prevalence. Methods The design of the study was ecologic, based on population figures. Available data on the prevalence of current cigarette smoking from 1920 to 1990 were plotted in conjunction with age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates from 1930 to 1992 for each sex. Results There was a strong temporal relationship between the curves for cigarette smoking prevalence and lung cancer mortality rate with approximately a 30-year population latency period in both men and women. The curves occurred later in women than in men. The lung cancer rate in men peaked in 1990 and then began to decline while the rate in women continued to rise. Conclusion The temporal association between cigarette smoking prevalence and lung cancer mortality provides additional support for the causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
Expandable Stents: Unique Devices and Clinical Uses

The use of stents throughout the gastrointestinal tract has evolved over the past century. The evolution of endoscopic ultrasound and significant improvements in stent design are key factors that have allowed endoscopists to drive the use of stents in gastroenterology into new directions. Endoscopic creativity remains crucial in the evolution of any new endoscopic technology. Finally, the use of multidisciplinary teams, including endoscopists, radiologists, and surgeons, allows for the exchange of ideas and procedural planning necessary for successful innovation.
Twitch potentiation and caffeine contractures in isolated rat soleus muscle.

Abstract 1. Electrically-evoked twitch and tetanic tension were measured in isolated rat soleus muscle after exposure to caffeine. 2. Between 0.01 and 2.5 mM caffeine twitch tension was potentiated, reaching a peak of 150% of Resting Tension at 0.5 mM. 3. Biphasic Tension development with relaxation was observed at 2.5 mM caffeine with maximal contractures (110% tetanic tension) occurring at 20 mM. 4. Creatine phosphate and ATP stores were maintained throughout the period of tension development and relaxation. 5. In contrast with amphibian muscle, the isolated soleus is very sensitive to low doses of caffeine and produces biphasic caffeine contractures which relax in the presence of caffeine.
Skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal, vertical, and transverse dimensions after rapid palatal expansion

The purpose of this study was to examine the maxillary and mandibular responses to rapid palatal expansion (RPE) in all 3 dimensions. Twenty children (average age, 11.7 years) who required RPE treatment were included in this study. Pre- (T1) and post-RPE (T2) lateral and posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms and study models were taken for all patients. For each patient, lateral and PA cephalograms at T1 and T2 were traced, and the sagittal, vertical, and transverse measurements were made. In addition, on the pre- and postexpansion models, the widths between the first premolars, the first molars, and the two acrylic halves of the Haas-type expander were measured. Results showed that from T1 to T2, the mean SNA increased 0.35° ( P P P P P P P
Bringing funding sources and applicants together in policy evaluation research

Abstract A questionnaire was sent to the directors of governmental and private funding sources, asking them about their policy evaluation concerns, eligibility criteria, procedures, and other matters of interest to potential grant recipients and other funding agencies. The results emphasize the importance of evaluation in such fields as education, environment, technology, and economic policy. Eligibility criteria especially include prior track record, prescriptive purposes, and broad applicability. A propositional inventory based on the returns and relevant publications emphasizes being optimistic, aggressive, informed, precise, professional, thorough, and systematic. Suggestions for funding sources are also made with regard to improving input, communication, evaluation procedures, research applications, and interdisciplinary research.
Biliary secretion of 14C and identification of 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxycarbaryl glucuronide as a biliary metabolite of [14C]carbaryl in the rat☆☆☆

Abstract The biliary secretion of 14 C was observed in conscious, bile-fistulated rats given single oral doses of [ 14 C]carbaryl (1.5, 30, and 300 mg/kg). Over 94% of the 14 C was absorbed after 12 hr. From 15 to 46% of the 14 C was secreted in bile, 10–40% in urine, and less than 1% in feces 12 hr after dosing. Three metabolites were isolated from bile and identified by mass and/or NMR spectrometric methods. These metabolites were: 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxycarbaryl glucuronide (12–18% of the biliary 14 C), a conjugate(s) of carbaryl (12% of the biliary 14 C), and conjugated isomers of hydroxy-carbaryl (2% of the biliary 14 C). The majority of the biliary 14 C remains to be identified.
Epireflective subcategories of valuated groups

Abstract We show that the category of valuated groups has a topological forgetful functor to the category of abelian groups. This category is universal, that is, it is the bireflective hull of its To-objects, and properties of the (large) lattice of epireflective subcategories are contrasted with results obtained by T. Marny [7] for universal categories over the category of sets.
Effect of probucol in hyperlipidemic patients during two years of administration

Probucol, a new cholesterol-lowering agent, was administered to ambulatory outpatients representing several classes of hyperlipoproteinemia (HL) for two years without dietary restriction. In 32 patients with Type II HL and 12 with Type IIB HL, statistically significant reduction in mean serum cholesterol levels occurred within two weeks and persisted throughout two years of therapy at constant dosage (500 mg. twice daily). In smaller numbers of patients with Type IV HL (five patients) and Type V HL, (one patient) similar trends in mean serum cholesterol were observed but failed to achieve statistical significance. Mean triglyceride levels were generally lower during probucol therapy but varied widely between individuals. The drug was well tolerated, with no toxicity and few side effects (mild diarrhea, gas, bloating, and anal pruritus). Probucol should be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for hypercholesterolemia.
Decision support in computer-integrated manufacturing

Abstract This is a survey paper that addresses the issue of decision support in computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). Since the complexity of the decision making process in manufacturing stems from the multilevel nature of the planning hierarchy, we emphasize the importance of adopting an integrated view of the planning hierarchy. We provide a framework for the development of a DSS for integrated manufacturing control that emphasizes a systems approach. Besides we consider some of the architectural aspects of a DSS in CIM. In particular, the specific architectural aspects of the management of data in CIM have been discussed at length.
Defending the Defenceless: Speciesism, Animal Liberation, and Consistency in Applied Ethics

This article explores whether or not animal activists who engage in violence might legitimately be labelled “terrorists.” To this end, I examine common assumptions concerning the use of pre-emptive counter-violence in order to defend the comparatively defenceless. Through the use of casuistry, this essay compares specific hypothetical instances of killing comparatively defenceless individuals, beginning with scenarios that offer a clear general consensus, moving to more controversial cases. This indicates that contemporary violence on behalf of animal liberation, often assumed to be rash and radical, is actually quite restrained. The intent of this paper is not to make claims as to how liberationists ought to behave, but rather to highlight egregious inconsistencies in our attitudes toward violence on behalf of those who are comparatively defenceless.
Study of Respiratory Effect of Short-and Long-term Cotton Gin Exposure

No excess of obstructive airway disease was found in a group of 265 cotton gin workers when compared with other San Joaquin Valley agricultural workers. After an average of eight weeks' employment in San Joaquin Valley cotton gins, 125 workers showed no appreciable deterioration of pulmonary function compared with pre-employment measurements. In studies of pulmonary function during a workshift, cotton gin workers showed slightly greater mean decrements than control agricultural workers. These differences did not reach a level of statistical significance and were lower than those usually found in byssinosis. The unusual temporal pattern of employment in cotton gins in California precludes a simple approach to diagnosis by symptoms. No correlation was found in this study between symptoms of byssinosis and objective decrements in FEV1. The questionnaire as proposed by the Cotton Dust Standard was found to be of no value in detecting reactors in this study of gin workers.
Prospective evaluation of the prevalence of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with GERD, Barrett's esophagus, Barrett's dysplasia, and Barrett's adenocarcinoma.

Prospective evaluation of the prevalence of gastric helicobacter pylori infection in patients with GERD, barrett's esophagus, barrett's dysplasia, and barrett's adenocarcinoma
PREDICTING GRADUATION RATES FOR THREE GROUPS OF NEW ADVANCED-STANDING COHORTS

The present study examined the impact of demographic variables, high school and pre-transfer college academic characteristics, transfer student cohort, and post-transfer college academic characteri...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Metabolic link to ischemic brain injury and target of oxidative stress

The mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme complex (greater than 7 million Daltons) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (the reduced form, NADH), and CO(2). This reaction constitutes the bridge between anaerobic and aerobic cerebral energy metabolism. PDHC enzyme activity and immunoreactivity are lost in selectively vulnerable neurons after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Evidence from experiments carried out in vitro suggests that reperfusion-dependent loss of activity is caused by oxidative protein modifications. Impaired enzyme activity may explain the reduced cerebral glucose and oxygen consumption that occurs after cerebral ischemia. This hypothesis is supported by the hyperoxidation of mitochondrial electron transport chain components and NAD(H) that occurs during reperfusion, indicating that NADH production, rather than utilization, is rate limiting. Additional support comes from the findings that immediate postischemic administration of acetyl-L-carnitine both reduces brain lactate/pyruvate ratios and improves neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in animals. As acetyl-L-carnitine is converted to acetyl CoA, the product of the PDHC reaction, it follows that impaired production of NADH is due to reduced activity of either PDHC or one or more steps in glycolysis. Impaired cerebral energy metabolism and PDHC activity are associated also with neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, suggesting that this enzyme is an important link in the pathophysiology of both acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration.
DCR-based causal design knowledge evaluation method and system for future CAD applications

This paper presents a new causal design knowledge evaluation method and system for future CAD applications. Current product development processes still include unintended feedback due to insufficient product design knowledge. Previous research on design knowledge support system focuses on search by matching keywords and file names, or search by specific indices, which has various drawbacks. Furthermore, current CAD systems need manual input to incorporate the designer's knowledge. To systematize the knowledge management process for the next-generation CAD systems, a prerequisite is to capture ever-evolving causal design knowledge. In this paper, we present a new causal knowledge network evaluation method, which has not been well addressed in design knowledge support system research. For the network evaluation, we present a degree of causal representation (DCR)-based knowledge network evaluation method. In this method, causality and network connectivity are used for the causal knowledge network with weighted vertices and weighted network connectivity for a network with weighted edges. To validate the proposed method, this evaluation method has been compared with structural measures. Finally, the causal design knowledge evaluation system, KNOES, is implemented and tested with a new valve design scenario.
Hypertriglyceridemic VLDL Downregulates Tissue Plasminogen Activator Gene Transcription Through cis-Repressive Region(s) in the Tissue Plasminogen Activator Promoter in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells

Abstract —The relationship between tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels and the potential regulation by hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoprotein (HTG-VLDL) was examined in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture model system. HUVEC cultures were incubated in the absence/presence of HTG-VLDL or normal (NTG)-VLDL (0 to 50 μg/mL) at 37°C for various times (0 to 24 hours), followed by analyses of tPA antigen (ELISA), mRNA (reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction), endothelial cell surface–localized plasmin generation assays, and nuclear transcription run-on assays. Secreted tPA antigen levels decreased ≈53% (3.3±0.14 versus 6.97±0.42 μg/mL) and mRNA levels decreased ≈70% in HTG-VLDL–treated HUVECs compared with NTG-VLDL–treated and culture medium control cells. Decreased tPA antigen and mRNA expression was associated with a concomitant ≈98% decrease in tPA-mediated plasmin generation in HTG-VLDL–treated HUVEC cultures. Nuclear transcription run-on assays demonstrated that HTG-VLDL decreased tPA gene transcription ≈73% (tPA mRNA/GAPDH mRNA) in cultured HUVECs. To identify and localize the repressive element(s) in the tPA promoter responsive to HTG-VLDL, a tPA promoter/luciferase construct (ptPA222/luc) was generated. HUVECs transiently transfected with this construct were incubated in the absence/presence of HTG-VLDL or NTG-VLDL (20 μg/mL). HTG-VLDL decreased promoter activity ≈52% to 57% in the ptPA222/luc-transfected cells compared with NTG-VLDL–treated or buffer control cells. These results indicate that the 2.2-kb fragment of the promoter and 5′ flanking region of the tPA gene contains the repressive sequences that direct the transcriptional downregulation of the tPA promoter. Data from these studies suggest that the repression of tPA gene expression by HTG-VLDL may contribute to the impaired fibrinolysis often associated with hypertriglyceridemia.
Polarized neutron scattering from amorphous NdFe2 and HoFe2

Abstract Elastic and inelastic neutron scattering measurements were made on two amorphous magnetic compounds. NdFe 2 and HoFe 2 , using the polarized neutron technique with polarization analysis. Spin-flip cross section with P ‖ Q were made on NdFe 2 below T c and P ⊥ Q and P  Q compared for T > T c on NdFe 2 and HoFe 2 . We conclude that: 1) Tr ansverse spin components exist in NdFe 2 , but are not correlated on a short range basis; 2) The full free-ion gJ value for HoFe 2 is observed in the paramagnetic regime, but not for NdFe 2 , because of persistence of spin correlations above T c ; 3) spin waves could not be observed in NdFe 2 for energy transfers up to 10 meV.
Lower respiratory tract viral infections in pediatric abdominal organ transplant recipients: A single hospital inpatient cohort study

Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Early detection of a viral etiology of a LRTI in a febrile transplant recipient can theoretically reduce the use of antibiotics, trigger modification of immunosuppression and prompt appropriate isolation procedures to reduce nosocomial infections. We retrospectively evaluated pediatric abdominal organ transplant recipients hospitalized with respiratory illnesses to determine the viral pathogens identified by various methods including multiplex RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal or endotracheal aspirates. Among 30 symptomatic subjects (median age, 2.5 yr) evaluated using this methodology, 25 (83%) were positive for at least one virus. Rhinovirus was the most frequently identified virus (14 subjects). RSV was identified in five subjects with associated mortality of 40%. Parainfluenza, influenza, metapneumovirus, and adenovirus were also identified. This study indicates that rhinovirus is a significant cause of morbidity in this single center cohort of pediatric abdominal organ transplant recipients.
Similarities between the shergottites and terrestrial ferropicrites

Abstract Element abundance ratios have been used to both distinguish terrestrial and martian basalts and make estimates on the bulk planetary chemistry. However, these estimates are based upon ratios that are assumed to have been unaffected by igneous processes. Since the extent to which this is valid is unknown, comparisons of terrestrial and martian rocks are best conducted on rocks with similar mineralogy and petrology, and therefore a good likelihood of similar crystallization histories. When the geochemistry of terrestrial ferropicrites is compared with the olivine–phyric and basaltic shergottites, previously observed differences in chemistry are no longer definitive (i.e. Mg/Si, Al/Si, Ca/Si, Fe/Si, FeO/MnO, Al/Ti, Na/Ti, Na/Al, K/La, K/Rb, K/Th, K/U, Th/U ratios). Since ferropicrites are geochemical terrestrial analogs for the shergottites, their formation history can provide useful information about the formation of the shergottites. This suggests that both ferropicrites and shergottites formed from a heavily processed mantle source region.
Effect of hypoglycemia on plasma renin activity in dogs.

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia was associated with a statistically significant increase in the renin activity of arterial plasma in anesthetized dogs. This increase was accompanied by an increase in the rate of secretion and the peripheral arterial plasma level of epinephrine, and there was a statistically significant positive correlation between plasma levels of renin and epinephrine. The changes in renin and epinephrine levels were markedly reduced by unilateral adrenalectomy and denervation of the remaining adrenal, but not by bilateral renal denervation. Infusion of epinephrine at rates comparable to the secretion rate of this amine during hypoglycemia resulted in a smaller but statistically significant increase in plasma renin activity. Infusion of norepinephrine at this rate failed to increase plasma renin activity. Dopamine infusions increased renin secretion slightly but only at doses which cause a rise in peripheral arterial blood pressure. Hypoglycemia and epinephrine infusions were associated wit...
Microscopic Mechanisms of Dislocation Drag

Dislocation drag effects are reviewed. It is found that drag effects are well enough understood to conclude that dislocation generation rates, rather than dislocation velocities, provide the rate-limiting step under high strain-rate conditions.
The CDB/HCDB semiconductor wafer representation server

The chip database (CDB) and the hierarchical chip database (HCDB) and their uses in a wafer representation server are described. The server provides data types and methods for hierarchically representing the three-dimensional geometry and fields of a semiconductor wafer during process, device, and yield simulation. The basic database data types and the general attribute mechanism have been used to create database extensions. These extensions implement operations frequently used by process and device simulation models. The combination of the databases and extensions forms a CDB/HCDG server that greatly reduces the effort required to create new statistical process, device, and yield simulation models. Examples of using the server to implement new models are described. Performance data demonstrate that the server is fast enough for use by analytical models during statistical simulation of macrocells, and is able to meet the representation needs of numerical simulation. >
Probabilistic Treatment of Aircraft Engine Usage

The fracture risk of aircraft engine components is sensitive to small changes in the applied stress history. Although standard missions have been developed for design of military aircraft, stress values based on data obtained from flight data recorders can differ significantly from the design values. In this paper, a comprehensive framework is presented for probabilistic treatment of aircraft engine usage that consists of the following four stages: (1) data retrieval, (2) mission identification, (3) stress characterization, and (4) risk prediction. An example is presented that illustrates the approach for a number of actual flight histories. The framework can be applied to quantitative risk predictions of gas turbine engine components for enhanced life management, including potential life extension and associated cost savings.
DETECTING CHANGE-POINTS IN THE ERROR OF SPACE SURVEILLANCE SENSORS

Sample estimates of bias and standard deviation are customarily used to monitor space-surveillance-network (SSN) sensor performance over time. A significant discrepancy between forecast bias (based on historical data) and observed bias (based on current data) indicates that a sensor is no longer adequately calibrated. Under the auspices that a static bias model is the only practical method of assessment or correction, this paper proposes process-monitoring methods sometimes used in quality-control engineering to assess the time and magnitude of suspected changes in sensorperformance data. The successful application of these methods is dependent upon the degree to which the data conform to the assumptions of the assessment tests. In this paper, the authors describe some of the tests and assumptions, and their level of validity for a specific sensor.
Identifying Style in Stone Artefacts: a Case Study from the Nile Valley

This paper examines current theories of, and approaches to, style in flaked stone artefacts. In light of the simplicity of flaked stone artefacts and the more or less mixed nature of Stone Age assemblages of any size, it is concluded that, in this context, the most appropriate type of style is the subconscious variety that arises out of choices between functionally equivalent options, and that we should try to eliminate from consideration traits that represent either individual or deliberate stylistic input. For the Stone Age, style can usefully be pursued only at a fairly high level of social grouping. A case study of stylistic analysis is provided by Late Palaeolithic assemblages from the Nile Valley. These include the large series of sites from Wadi Kubbaniya, where several Late Palaeolithic “industries,” as traditionally defined, occur within a very confined geographical area and under well controlled and well dated stratigraphic conditions.
Statistical Mechanics: A Selective Review of Two Central Issues

Nature has a hierarchical structure, with time, length, and energy scales ranging from the submicroscopic to the supergalactic. Surprisingly, it is possible, and in many cases essential, to discuss these levels independently—quarks are irrelevant for understanding protein folding and atoms are a distraction when studying ocean currents. Nevertheless, it is a central lesson of science, very successful in the past three-hundred years, that there are no new fundamental laws, only new phenomena, as one goes up the hierarchy. Thus arrows of explanations between different levels always point from smaller to larger scales, although the origin of higher-level phenomena in the more fundamental lower-level laws is often very far from transparent. (In addition some of the dualities recently discovered in string theory suggest possible arrows from the highest to the lowest level, closing the loop.)
Bulk Disambiguation of Speculative Threads in Multiprocessors

Transactional Memory (TM), Thread-Level Speculation (TLS), and Checkpointed multiprocessors are three popular architectural techniques based on the execution of multiple, cooperating speculative threads. In these environments, correctly maintaining data dependences across threads requires mechanisms for disambiguating addresses across threads, invalidating stale cache state, and making committed state visible. These mechanisms are both conceptually involved and hard to implement. In this paper, we present Bulk, a novel approach to simplify these mechanisms. The idea is to hash-encode a thread's access information in a concise signature, and then support in hardware signature operations that efficiently process sets of addresses. Such operations implement the mechanisms described. Bulk operations are inexact but correct, and provide substantial conceptual and implementation simplicity. We evaluate Bulk in the context of TLS using SPECint2000 codes and TM using multithreaded Java workloads. Despite its simplicity, Bulk has competitive performance with more complex schemes. We also find that signature configuration is a key design parameter.
Multimedia MedNet: a medical collaboration and consultation system

MedNet and its predecessor, NeuroNet, have been in use since 1985. The current system provides real-time monitoring and multiparty consultation during 1,600 brain surgeries per year. >
Identification of binding domains on red blood cell glycophorins for Babesia divergens.

Background Invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) is one of the critical points in the lifecycle of Babesia. The parasite does not invade other host cells. Earlier work has shown that GPA and GPB function as putative receptors during parasite invasion. The primary focus of this study was the delineation of parasite-binding domains on GPA and GPB. Study Design and Methods The assay of choice to validate molecules that participate in invasion is an inhibition of invasion assay, in which changes in parasitemia are assessed relative to a wild-type assay (no inhibitors). Inhibition of invasion can be achieved by modification of different components of the assay or by the addition of competitors of the molecules that participate in invasion. In this study purified antibody fragments to various domains on GPA and GPB were tested for magnitude of inhibition of parasite invasion. Effects on invasion were monitored by assessment of Giemsa-stained smears every 24 hours. Results Among 10 selected antibodies directed at various epitopes on GPA and GPB, antibodies directed against GPAM epitopes had the most severe effect (up to 35%) on inhibition of invasion, followed by antibodies directed against GPBS epitope (up to 24%). Conclusion This study confirms the role of RBC glycophorins A and B in Babesia divergens invasion and shows that the GPAM and GPBS epitopes are likely to play an important role in the entry process.
Distributed search over the hidden web: hierarchical database sampling and selection

Many valuable text databases on the web have non-crawlable contents that are "hidden" behind search interfaces. Metasearchers are helpful tools for searching over many such databases at once through a unified query interface. A critical task for a metasearcher to process a query efficiently and effectively is the selection of the most promising databases for the query, a task that typically relies on statistical summaries of the database contents. Unfortunately, web-accessible text databases do not generally export content summaries. In this paper, we present an algorithm to derive content summaries from "uncooperative" databases by using "focused query probes," which adaptively zoom in on and extract documents that are representative of the topic coverage of the databases. Our content summaries are the first to include absolute document frequency estimates for the database words. We also present a novel database selection algorithm that exploits both the extracted content summaries and a hierarchical classification of the databases, automatically derived during probing, to compensate for potentially incomplete content summaries. Finally, we evaluate our techniques thoroughly using a variety of databases, including 50 real web-accessible text databases. Our experiments indicate that our new content-summary construction technique is efficient and produces more accurate summaries than those from previously proposed strategies. Also, our hierarchical database selection algorithm exhibits significantly higher precision than its flat counterparts.
Technology-enhanced learning in construction education using mobile context-aware augmented reality visual simulation

Traditional instruction and information delivery methods, as well as memorization are still largely considered the cornerstones of STEM education. Meanwhile, a growing number of students exhibits strong tendency toward technology-based student-centered learning. It is thus imperative that if instructors do not keep up with the pace of technology, soon they will not be able to properly teach students how to effectively work in collaborative and invigorating settings. This paper reports on the findings of an ongoing research that aims at incorporating mobile context-aware visual simulation into STEM education. So far, the authors have used construction and civil engineering as a test bed and developed a mobile augmented reality (AR) visualization platform that allows students to: (1) enhance the contents of their textbooks with computer-generated virtual multimedia and graphics, and (2) interact with context-aware simulated animations. The developed methods have been successfully tested in classroom-scale experiments using real student populations.
Comprehensive toxicology screening in patients admitted to a university trauma center.

The utility of performing comprehensive toxicology screening in patients admitted to a university trauma center was evaluated by retrospective review of the results of such screening for a one-year period. Eighty-five percent of the screens were performed on males. Sixty-nine percent of the screens were positive for one or more drugs, and eightyfive percent of the positive screens occurred in males. More than half of the positives were in individuals 30 years of age or less. Ethanol was present in 81% of the positive screens, and of these it was the only drug found in 84% of the cases. Blood ethanol concentrations for the entire series ranged from 0.01 to 0.41% (mean, 0.15%; SD, 0.08%). Blood ethanol measurement alone is more cost effective than comprehensive toxicology screening and may be nearly as useful as the comprehensive screen in the majority of trauma cases. Experimental
Comparing a 5-month trial of enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy to a 24-month trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for the treatment of bulimia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is characterised by binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviours in the context of severe weight and/or shape concern. Despite empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of several psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa (eg, cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy), these treatments are characterised by variable remission rates, high drop-out rates, high relapse rates and variable levels of acceptability and implementation by clinicians.1–3 Thus, additional treatments for bulimia nervosa are needed. It has been hypothesised that long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy may be one promising approach to treating this disorder given its emphasis on increasing distress tolerance and insight into the functionality of symptoms. However, long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy has not previously been studied for the treatment of bulimia nervosa.
Automated System for Kinetic Analysis of Particle Size Distributions for Pharmaceutically Relevant Systems

Detailing the kinetics of particle formation for pharmaceutically relevant solutions is challenging, especially when considering the combination of formulations, containers, and timescales of clinical importance. This paper describes a method for using commercial software Automate with a stream-selector valve capable of sampling container solutions from within an environmental chamber. The tool was built to monitor changes in particle size distributions via instrumental particle counters but can be adapted to other solution-based sensors. The tool and methodology were demonstrated to be highly effective for measuring dynamic changes in emulsion globule distributions as a function of storage and mixing conditions important for parenteral nutrition. Higher levels of agitation induced the fastest growth of large globules (≥5 μm) while the gentler conditions actually showed a decrease in the number of these large globules. The same methodology recorded calcium phosphate precipitation kinetics as a function of [Ca2+] and pH. This automated system is readily adaptable to a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant systems where the particle size is expected to vary with time. This instrumentation can dramatically reduce the time and resources needed to probe complex formulation issues while providing new insights for monitoring the kinetics as a function of key variables.