cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three successive prenatal diagnoses of 47,XY,+21.

Within 3 working days in September, 1974, we made three prenatal diagnoses of 47,XY, +21 from three women of advanced maternal age. Two were 37 and 38 years old, respectively, and nulliparous. One was 42 years old and had four normal children. The possibility of cell contamination arose when the second diagnosis of trisomy 21 and a male fetus was made. This suspicion increased when the third case was found within 3 working days. All three cases were then studied with both Q and G banding for identification of individual chromosome markers. Fortunately, the distinction was clear by Q-banding. Each case showed characteristic Q-banding polymorphisms in No. 3 and No. 21 chromosomes. It was evident that these were three separate cases. Problems relating to diagnosis of two or more successive identical trisomies of the same sex can be resolved by banding techniques. The response each family had to learning the diagnosis is presented and discussed.
`She was workin like foreal': critical literacy and discourse practices of African American females in the age of hip hop:

This study explores some ways young black women negotiate stereotypical and hegemonic representations of black men and women as sexual savages in mass media, especially as they appear in rap music videos. The objective of the article is to examine how young black women make meaning of these images, in short, how they read rap texts in relation to their experiences of the world as black women. The article aims to: (1) add to the extant research literature on black discourse practices and African American female literacies; (2) demonstrate the complex language, literacy and knowledge-making capacity that exists among young black women who participate in hip hop youth culture, to inform the approaches to the resolution of these complex issues by concerned educators, community activists, and policy makers. I begin by briefly outlining relevant literature in black gender and race studies, and studies of discourse and literacy that will serve my analysis of the young women's discourse practices.
Thermal effects in the capillary rheometer

The effect of viscous heating in a capillary rheometer is analysed for a power-law fluid by means of a perturbation expansion based upon a boundary-layer-core structure. This expansion is found to complement the eigenfunction series solution obtained by earlier investigators. A similar analysis is presented for the “work-of-expansion” effect. These two thermal effects are superimposed together with a third perturbation effect due to the pressure dependence of viscosity.
Gifted Adolescents: Potential and Problems:

There is much to be learned about the problems of gifted ado lescents, says this writer, who presents an alternative view of the causes of some of these problems.
Understanding Ebola Virus Transmission

An unprecedented number of Ebola virus infections among healthcare workers and patients have raised questions about our understanding of Ebola virus transmission. Here, we explore different routes of Ebola virus transmission between people, summarizing the known epidemiological and experimental data. From this data, we expose important gaps in Ebola virus research pertinent to outbreak situations. We further propose experiments and methods of data collection that will enable scientists to fill these voids in our knowledge about the transmission of Ebola virus.
Internal Leaf Area and Cellular CO2 Resistance: Photosynthetic Implications of Variations with Growth Conditions and Plant Species

The influences of illumination, temperature, and soil water potential during development on leaf thickness, mesophyll cell wall area per unit leaf area (Ames/A), and the cellular CO2, resistance expressed on a mesophyll cell wall area basis (rCO2cell,) were examined for Plectranthus parviflorus Henckel. Although the ranges of all three growth conditions caused at least 9-fold variations in the leaf biomass produced in 4 weeks, only the illumination had a major effect on internal leaf morphology, e.g. the thickness went from 279 to 831 μm and Ames/A from 10.5 to 34.8 as the photosynthetically active radiation was raised from 3 to 53 nEinsteins cm−2 s−1, while rCO2cell remained close to 154 s cm−1. Variations in the growth temperature, soil water potential, and the nutritional status of the plant, affected photosynthesis mainly by changes in rCO2cell. To compare the influence of internal leaf area on photosynthesis for other plants, especially those with low Ames/A values, the maximum rates of CO2 uptake at light saturation and photosynthetically optimal temperatures were also determined for a moss, Mnium ciliare (C. Muell.) Schimp., and two ferns, Adiantum decorum Moore and Alsophila australe R. Br. As Ames/A went from 2.00 for the moss to 3.8, 7.5, 11.7, and 20.8 for the fens, the illumination at light saturation and the maximum rate of photosynthesis both progressively increased. The cellular CO2 resistance, which theoretically might have a lower limit of 20 s cm−1, ranged from 85 to 190 s cm−1.
The inactivation gate of the Shaker K+ channel behaves like an open-channel blocker.

Abstract Following voltage-dependent activation, Drosophila Shaker K + channels enter a nonconducting, inactivated state. This process has been proposed to occur by a "ball-and-chain" mechanism, in which the N-terminus of the protein behaves like a blocker tethered to the cytoplasmic side of the channel and directly occludes the pore to cause inactivation. To complement the ample evidence for the involvement of the N-terminus, we sought evidence that it blocks the pore directly. We found that inactivation exhibits several distinctive properties of pore blockade. First, recovery was speeded by increased external K + concentrations, just as blockade can be relieved by trans-permeant ions. Second, single-channel experiments show that the channel reopens from the inactivated state upon repolarization. These openings were usually required for recovery, as though the blocking particle must exit the pore before the channel can close.
Specific Phosphorylation of Nucleophosmin on Thr199 by Cyclin- dependent Kinase 2-Cyclin E and Its Role in Centrosome Duplication

The kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)-cyclin E is required for centrosomes to initiate duplication. We have recently found that nucleophosmin (NPM/B23), a phosphoprotein primarily found in nucleolus, associates with unduplicated centrosomes and is a direct substrate of CDK2-cyclin E in centrosome duplication. Upon phosphorylation by CDK2-cyclin E, NPM/B23 dissociates from centrosomes, which is a prerequisite step for centrosomes to initiate duplication. Here, we identified that threonine 199 (Thr199) of NPM/B23 is the major phosphorylation target site of CDK2-cyclin E in vitro, and the same site is phosphorylated in vivo. NPM/T199A, a nonphosphorylatable NPM/B23 substitution mutant (Thr199 → Ala) acts as dominant negative when expressed in cells, resulting in specific inhibition of centrosome duplication. As expected, NPM/T199A remains associated with the centrosomes. These observations provide direct evidence that the CDK2-cyclin E-mediated phosphorylation on Thr199 determines association and dissociation of NPM/B23 to the centrosomes, which is a critical control for the centrosome to initiate duplication.
The impact of body habitus on the surgical outcomes of transaxillary single-incision robotic thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.

Robotic applications have achieved safe and precise thyroidectomy with notable cosmetic and functional benefits. This study was designed to document the influence of body habitus on robotic thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients. From July 2009 to February 2010, 352 patients underwent robotic thyroidectomy using a gasless, transaxillary single-incision approach at Yonsei University Health System. Body habitus was described using body mass index category (normal weight, overweight, obese), neck length, shoulder width, and shoulder width to neck length ratios. The impact of body habitus on surgical outcomes was analyzed with respect to operation time, number of retrieved central nodes, bleeding amount, and postoperative complications. Of the 352 patients, 217 underwent less than total thyroidectomy and 135 underwent total thyroidectomy. Operative variables (i.e. operation times, bleeding amounts, and numbers of retrieved central nodes) showed no significant differences between three BMI groups for less than total thyroidectomy. However, total operation and working space times were longer for obese patients during total thyroidectomy. In particular, shoulder width was positively correlated with total operation time, working space time, console time, and number of retrieved central nodes. On the other hand, postoperative complications were not significantly different in the three BMI groups and showed no significant correlation with the other indices of body habitus. Standardized robotic thyroidectomy can be performed safely and feasibly in patients with a large body habitus despite longer operation times.
Aldicarb and Thiofanox: Effect on the Feeding Activity of Green Peach Aphids

Aldicarb killed 26% and thiofanox killed 64% of Myzus Persicae (Sulzer) exposed once to potato plants treated with these systemic insecticides. Six serial exposures to aldicarb and 3 to thiofanox were required to achieve 98% mortality. From the information obtained when using an electronic system to record the probing and feeding of the aphids, neither insecticide can be expected to prevent a mature viruliferous green peach aphid from transmitting potato leaf roll virus to at least one plant, even though both materials will prevent reproduction and virus spread during the early part of the growing season.
Electrochemical Evidence for Interaction between Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride and Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride and The Flavin Coenzymes

Polarographic and chronopotentiometric methods were applied to study the effects of the phenothiazine tranquilizers chlorpromazine hydrochloride and trifluoperazine hydrochloride on the electrochemical behavior of the flavin coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. The effects of the drugs were measured mainly by decreases in the diffusion currents, id, developed in the polarographic experiments and by a similar decrease in the chronopotentiometric constant, i0τ1/2, in the chronopotentiometric experiments when the coenzymes were reduced in the presence of the added drugs. The observed interference with the redox properties of the coenzymes could conceivably be related to the reported ability of the drugs to inhibit respiration and produce their tranquilizing effect.
Spatial and temporal expression patterns of nicotinic acetylcholine alpha 9 and alpha 10 subunits in the embryonic and early postnatal inner ear

The expression and function of nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRs) in the inner ear before the onset of hearing is not well understood. We investigated the mRNA expression of the α9 and α10 nAChR subunits in sensory hair cells of the embryonic and postnatal rat inner ear. We mapped their spatial and temporal expression in cochlear and vestibular hair cells using qPCR, [35S] labeled cRNA in situ hybridization, and α-bungarotoxin (α-Bgt) to label the presumptive membrane-bound receptor on cochlear hair cells. The results suggest that (1) the mRNA expression of the α9 subunit precedes expression of the α10 subunit in both cochlear and vestibular hair cells, (2) the mRNA expression of both the α9 and α10 subunits occurs earlier in the vestibular system than in the cochlea, (3) the mRNA expression of both subunits is required for the assembled receptor complexes, and (4) the presumptive assembled receptor, at least in the cochlea, is associated with synapse formation and the onset of function.
Secondary structure perturbations in salt-induced protein precipitates

The secondary structure implications of precipitation induced by a chaotropic salt, KSCN, and a structure stabilizing salt, Na2SO4, were studied for twelve different proteins. α-helix and β-sheet content of precipitate and native structures were estimated from the analysis of amide I band Raman spectra. A statistical analysis of the estimated perturbations in the secondary structure contents indicated that the most significant event is the formation of β-sheet structures with a concomitant loss of α-helix on precipitation with KSCN. The conformational changes for each protein were also analyzed with respect to elements of primary, secondary and tertiary structure existing in the native protein; primary structure was quantified by the fractions of hydrophobic and charged amino acids, secondary structure by x-ray estimates of α-helix and β-sheet contents of native proteins and tertiary structure by the dipole moment and solvent-accessible surface area. For the KSCN precipitates, factors affecting β-sheet content included the fraction of charged amino acids in the primary sequence and the surface area. Changes in α-helix content were influenced by the initial helical content and the dipole moment. The enhanced β-sheet contents of precipitates observed in this work parallel protein structural changes occurring in other aggregative phenomena.
Abstract PR14: Lineage labeling elucidates the natural history of metastatic colonization

Compared to primary tumor formation and invasion, relatively little is known about later stages of the metastatic cascade, including the seeding and colonization of distal tissues. To visualize these late steps in metastasis, we have generated an autochthonous mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in which all pancreatic epithelial cells are genetically labeled with yellow fluorescent protein (the KPCY model). This system allows for the detection of single seeded tumor cells in distant organs, as well as micrometastasis and larger lesions. We have assessed the size distribution of metastatic lesions in two frequently colonized organs, the liver and lung, and found that single cells and clusters consisting of less than ten cells represent the majority of lesions in both tissues; however these small lesions only progress to gross metastasis in the liver, not the lung. We have previously used the KPCY model to study the dynamic process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its involvement in invasion and dissemination from the primary tumor. We have extended these studies to assess the role of EMT and the reverse phenomenon, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), in seeding and colonization at metastatic sites. Our results suggest that while EMT is favored for entry into the circulation, there may be selection for epithelial tumor cells or MET at the metastatic site. Additionally this model allows us to investigate the parallel evolution of metastatic lesions, from single cells to macrometastasis, and the associated metastatic microenvironment. Citation Format: Nicole M. Aiello, David L. Bajor, Robert H. Vonderheide, Ben Z. Stanger. Lineage labeling elucidates the natural history of metastatic colonization. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PR14.
Right Ventricular Function Assessment: Comparison of Geometric and Visual Method to Short‐Axis Slice Summation Method

Background Short-axis summation (SAS) method applied for right ventricular (RV) volumes and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) measurement with cardiac MRI is time consuming and cumbersome to use. A simplified RVEF measurement is desirable. We compare two such methods, a simplified ellipsoid geometric method (GM) and visual estimate, to the SAS method to determine their accuracy and reproducibility. Methods Forty patients undergoing cine cardiac MRI scan were enrolled. The images acquired were analyzed by the SAS method, the GM (area and length measurement from two orthogonal planes) and visual estimate. RVEF was calculated using all three methods and RV volumes using the SAS and GM. Bland-Altman analysis was applied to test the agreement between the various measurements. Results Mean RVEF was 49 +/- 12% measured by SAS method, 54 +/- 12% by the GM, and 49 +/- 11% by visual estimate. There were similar bias and limits of agreement between the visual estimate and the GM compared to SAS. The interobserver variability showed a bias close to zero with limits of agreement within +/-10% absolute increments of RVEF in 35 of the patients. The RV end-diastolic volume by GM showed wider limits of agreement. The RV end-systolic volume by GM was underestimated by around 10 ml compared to SAS. Conclusion Both the visual estimate and the GM had similar bias and limits of agreement when compared to SAS. Though the end-systolic measurement is somewhat underestimated, the geometric method may be useful for serial volume measurements.
Mapping Multiple Forest Threats in the Northwestern United States

US forestlands are increasingly subject to disturbances including wildfire, insects and disease, and urban and exurban development. Devising strategies for addressing these “forest threats” depends on anticipating where individual disturbances are most likely and where they might occur in combination. However, many spatial data sets describing forest threats are produced at fine scales but are intended only for coarse-scale planning and policy purposes. We demonstrate one way to combine and display forest threat data at their appropriate spatial scales, using spatial data characterizing wildfire, insects and disease, and urban and exurban development in the northwestern United States. We use a novel 25-km radius neighborhood analysis to highlight locations where threats may be more concentrated relative to others and to identify where multiple threats intersect. Such neighborhood analyses and overlays can help policymakers and managers to anticipate and weigh the implications of potential threats and their intersections in regional- and national-level assessments.
Theoretical Hierarchy of Adaptive Ego Mechanisms: A 30-Year Follow-up of 30 Men Selected for Psychological Health

The ego mechanisms of defense (both "coping" and "defensive") were observed in the life-styles of 30 men over a 25-year period of prospective follow-up. The results suggest that most ego mechanisms of defense, although first described in pathologically abnormal populations, can be observed in an adult population specially selected for "health." For some individuals a fixed constellation of defensive styles persisted for decades. For others, choice of ego mechanism appeared to evolve parallel to a maturing life adaptation. Because of prolonged follow-up it was possible to define with some assurance the relative success of occupational, marital, and medical adaptation. Theoretically mature choices of ego mechanisms appeared clinically correlated with the more successful life adjustments.
An Epidemic of Disease Due to Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis in Alabama: Report of an Investigation and Community-Wide Prophylaxis with a Sulfonamide

An epidemic of disease due to sulfonamide-sensitive serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis occurred in 1975-1976 in southwestern Alabama. Ten cases occurred in a circumscribed area and resulted in an annual attack rate of 20 cases per 100,000 population. None of the cases were in siblings, and none of the patients had had direct contact with each other. A case-control household study suggested that crowding and person-to-person transmission via carriers may have been contributing risk factors. Seven of the patients were from a triracial ethnic group concentrated in a small isolated rural community within the epidemic area. When three additional cases occurred in this community, a program of community-wide prophylaxis was undertaken as an epidemic control measure, and a large portion of the population participated. No serious side effects were reported. Carrier surveys before and after treatment indicated that compliance with the drug regimen was good and that the drug regimen was associated with a sharp reduction in carriage of N. meningitidis. No cases occurred in the treated population in the five months after treatment.
A New Passive Controller for a Hydraulic Human Power Amplifier

A new, intrinsically passive controller for hydraulic human power amplifier is presented. The hydraulic human power amplifier is a tool that amplifies (or attenuates) the force that the human exerts on it. The control objective is to cause the system to behave like a passive mechanical tool when interacting with the human and with the work environment with a specified power scaling factor. Although a previous Proportional-integral with velocity feedforward force controller [1] works well in the constrained space, it lacks robustness or performance during freemotion because of the sensitivity to the implementation of velocity feedforward term. The difficulty in implementing the velocity feedforward term also prevents the controller from being intrinsically passive. The new controller recasts the human power amplifier problem into one of velocity coordination by generating a fictitious reference mechanical system. Force amplification become a natural consequence of velocity coordination. This enables the controller to be intrinsically passive and to achieve good performance both in free motion and constrained motion. These properties have been experimentally validated.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Parental predictors of pediatric panic disorder/agoraphobia: a controlled study in high-risk offspring.

Our objective was to evaluate parental risk factors for pediatric-onset panic disorder/agoraphobia (PD/AG) in offspring at high risk for PD/AG. Comparisons were made between parents with PD who had a child with PD or AG (N = 27) and parents with PD without children with PD or AG (N = 79). Comparisons were also made between the spouses of these parents with PD. Separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder in the parents with PD and their spouses accounted for the risk for childhood onset PD/AG in the offspring. This risk was particularly high if both parents were affected with social phobia. These findings suggest that psychiatric comorbidity with other anxiety disorders and with bipolar disorder in parents with PD and their spouses confer a particularly high risk in their offspring to develop PD/AG in childhood. Depression and Anxiety 22:114–120, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patterns of Figurative Language Competence in Adult Speakers

Summary. In an attempt to discover patterns of adult figurative language use, preference and comprehension, 30 Ss were asked to complete 4 different tasks: a composition, a test of simile preference, a test of simile production, and a test of metaphoric comprehension. Each test provided scores for both novel and clich~ed usage. The composition task was also scored for total words while preference and production tasks were scored for literal usage, thus producing a total of 11 dependent variables across the complete set of tasks. Results revealed that Ss selected a higher number of novel figures under choice relative to production conditions. Correlational results revealed relationships across all 4 tasks for the categories of novel and frozen usage although certain tasks (i.e., simile preference and production) were more sensitive to novel diction while others (comprehension) were more sensitive to frozen diction. Within-task correlations, on the other hand~ showed unique patterns for each of the tasks. Factor analyses of these correlations were found to produce a series of consistent three-factor solutions with the first of these factors concerned primarily with novel diction, the second with both novel and frozen comprehension, and the third primarily with frozen diction. Taken in combination, present results were interpreted to mean that while the distinction between novel and frozen is a meaningful one, specific task requirements can and do moderate the pattern of relationships obtained. This suggests that figurative language competence may not be a unitary process but one that is strongly affected by specific task and situational constraints and that future work, both methodological and theoretical, must take these factors into account.
Rebound, Slip, and Compliance in the Modeling and Analysis of Discrete Impacts in Legged Locomotion:

An energy-based approach to analysis of the impact problem in three dimensional multi-legged robot locomotion is hereby presented. The goal is to combine rigid and deformable body approaches, which come together naturally in a work-energy framework. The rigid body approach is used to calculate the energy restituted after a foot impacts on the ground, and the ground and the foot are considered rigid bodies throughout the analysis. Then the flexible body approach is used to store the energy restituted to the system through the system’s compliance. The proposed hybrid approach can predict both rebound and non-rebound conditions for an energetic coefficient of restitution greater than zero. Zero tangential velocity (i.e., zero slip) in the impacting end effectors can be also predicted, a condition known as sticking. The article presents a method for determining whether the level of compliance in the system at a given configuration is adequate to insure a no-slip, no-rebound impact, with a focus on leg design.
ROOT AERENCHYMA DEVELOPMENT IN SPARTINA PATENS IN RESPONSE TO FLOODING

Root aerenchyma, developed in response to flooding, was measured as specific gravity in previously existing (old) and newly developed (new) roots of Spartina patens in a 25-day greenhouse experiment. Root specific gravity was related to porosity (fractional volume of aerenchyma): porosity = 1.026 - 0.969 x specific gravity, over a wide range of specific gravities (0.5 to 0.9). The specific gravity of flooded roots (new and old) decreased from 0.78 to 0.58 between day 5 and 25, while the specific gravity of old roots that remained drained did not change. After 5 days growth, newly produced roots were found to have less aerenchyma than their older counterparts, but after 25 days the specific gravity of new roots equaled that of old roots. In addition, flooding increased mortality of preexisting roots and inhibited growth of new roots. SPARTINA PATENS (Aiton) Mulh., a coastal grass that grows well along a gradient of soil moisture conditions from sand dunes to marshes, has been shown to possess roots varying in specific gravity from 0.78 in a dune to 0.56 in a salt marsh (Burdick and Mendelssohn, 1987). A
DISCUSSION OF Why Do Auditors Over‐Rely on Weak Analytical Procedures? The Role of Outcome and Precision

INTRODUCTION Years after the AICPA wrote the audit guide on analytical procedures (APs) to improve the effectiveness of APs in practice (AICPA 1998), regulators continue to express concerns about auditors’ improper and deficient applications of substantive APs (PCAOB 2004; POB 2000). Glover, Prawitt, and Wilks (2005) (hereafter, GPW), not only contribute to a long line of research that addresses auditors’ effectiveness in applying APs, but also notably add to the sparsely researched area on APs used as substantive tests. This line of research is relevant for practice because, with increasing frequency, auditors are using substantive APs (Ameen and Strawser 1994; Asare and Wright 2001), yet APs used inappropriately have contributed to several accounting debacles including, in part, the WorldCom fraud (see Hitzig 2004). In this paper, GPW specifically address one reason why substantive APs may be ineffective (i.e., auditors’ improper assessment of AP design strength) and examine a possible cause (i.e., auditors’ sensitivity to outcome). The sensitivity to outcome is consistent with research related to the influence on auditors’ judgments of prior-year book values (e.g., McDaniel and Kinney 1995) and outcomes in planning AP (Lin et al. 2000), but heretofore has not been documented in a substantive AP application. In addition, because the assessment of AP strength (i.e., precision) is central to effective application and interpretation of APs, this research addresses a relevant practice issue and provides incremental evidence needed to address regulators’ calls for ways to improve auditors’ use of substantive APs. GPW ask whether a ‘‘favorable’’ outcome from a substantive AP (i.e., when the difference between the expected and book values is not significant) influences the extent to which auditors believe they can rely on the procedure. GPW predict that auditors seeing a favorable (i.e., no difference) outcome will over-rely on a weak procedure (i.e., one in which the auditor’s expectation is developed from relatively aggregated data). They also ask a second question: Will the requirement to evaluate the strength of the AP prior to evaluating its outcome reduce auditors’ over-reliance on weak APs?
Real-time echocardiographic noise reduction, border extraction, and velocity derivation

The authors describe initial experience in echocardiographic image processing utilizing PIPE, a high-speed eight-stage array processor capable of performing multiple sequential algorithms at the real-time video field rate. The algorithms implemented include noise reduction with recursive temporal filtering, Gaussian spatial filtering, and edge-preserving smoothing; edge enhancement with the Sobel for magnitude and angle operators and difference-of-Gaussian convolutions; and velocity quantification with convected activation (a method for deriving normal motion from a sequence of binary edge maps described by A.M. Waxman et al., Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vision Pattern Recognition, June 1988). It is shown that PIPE is a promising low-level engine for echocardiographic image processing. It remains, however, to be fully integrated with a high-level computer. >
Electrophysiological evaluation of children with visual impairment.

LECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL tests should E be considered an extension of the ophthalmic evaluation and, as such, are important diagnostic tools for the clinical ophthalmologist. Most practicing ophthalmologists will never actually perform these tests themselves, but should know when they are to be used, what type of information is obtained, and generally how the information is interpreted. Many articles and technical references exist for those doing the tests, many with detailed descriptions of each electrophysiological test, and the world of electrophysiology literature describes much research that still has undetermined clinical application. Our aim is to present a practical overview of visual electrophysiology, emphasizing patient selection, and the use of test reports in clinical decision-making. For more technical details about visual electrophysiology, the interested reader is referred to recent publication^.'-^
The Development of a Theory of Women’s Use of Violence in Intimate Relationships:

Reports have appeared in the popular press in recent years concluding that women are just as violent as men. These reports stem from acontextual survey studies comparing prevalence rates of women’s and men’s physical violence. The authors contend that the above conclusion is simplistic and misleading, and that a theoretical framework that embeds women’s violence in the context in which it occurs is sorely needed. This article proposes a model that includes women’s violence in the context of their victimization by male partners, motivations for violent behavior and how they cope with relationship problems, experiences of childhood trauma, and outcomes of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance use. The model is then examined within the context of gender, race, and class. The cultural context of domestic violence for African American and Latina women is reviewed. This literature reinforces the need to place women’s violence in a broader sociocultural context.
Limitations of VLSI implementation of delay-insensitive codes

Implementation of delay-insensitive (DI) or unordered codes is the subject of this paper. We present two different architectures for decoding systematic DI codes: (a) an enumeration-based decoder, and (b) a comparison-based decoder. We argue that enumeration-based decoders are often impractical for many realistic codes. Comparison-based decoders that detect arrival of a code word by comparing the received check bit with check bits evaluated using the received data are practical but suffer from the following limitation. If the decoder is to be implemented using asynchronous logic, i.e., if the gate and wire delays are arbitrary (unbounded but finite), then it is impossible to design a comparison-based decoder for any code that is more efficient than a dual-rail code. In other words, the encoded word must contain at least twice as many bits as the data. The paper shows that comparison-based decoders for codes that have the requisite level of redundancy can be implemented using asynchronous logic. The paper also shows that, by relaxing the delay assumptions, it is possible to implement decoders for delay-insensitive codes that are more efficient than dual-rail codes.
Characterization of a pollen-specific cDNA clone from Zea mays and its expression.

A pollen-specific cDNA clone, Zmc13, has been isolated from a cDNA library constructed to poly(A) RNA from mature maize pollen. The cDNA as shown by primer extension analysis is a full-length copy of the mRNA. The cDNA has been sequenced and is 929 nucleotides in length plus a 47-nucleotide poly(A) tail. Putative polyadenylation signals are identifiable in the 39-nontranslated region. The mRNA codes for a predicted polypeptide containing 170 amino acid residues and with a molecular mass of 18.3 kilodaltons. The hydropathy profile suggests a possible signal sequence on the amino terminus. A comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with sequences in data banks has not shown homology to known molecules. In situ hybridizations using RNA probes show that the mRNA is located in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell of the pollen grain and after germination is distributed throughout the pollen tube cytoplasm.
Gamma-interferon-induced nerve growth factor receptors in colorectal carcinoma cell lines.

AbstractGamma-interferon (γIFN) was found to induce expression of the 150,000 Mr cell surface and the 35,000 M, chromatin receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF) in the SW1116 colorectal carcinoma cell line that does not express NGF receptors. In the SW707 colorectal carcinoma cell line that expresses a low level of NGF receptors, ylFN stimulated expression of the cell surface and the nuclear receptors. Induction of NGF receptors in SW1116 cells resulted in internalization and nuclear translocation of 125I-NGF. When NGF bound to the chromatin, ribosomal RNA synthesis was inhibited. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled chromatin proteins indicated significant changes in chromatin protein composition in cells treated and not-treated with γIFN. γIFN effectively stimulated the expression of NGF receptors in two colorectal carcinoma cell lines, but inhibited the expression in melanoma and breast carcinoma cells. It is suggested that γIFN, by modulating the expression of NGF receptors ...
Pannexin 1 channels mediate the release of ATP into the lumen of the rat urinary bladder.

Key points ATP is released through pannexin channels into the lumen of the rat urinary bladder in response to distension or stimulation with bacterial endotoxins. Luminal ATP plays a physiological role in the control of micturition because intravesical perfusion of apyrase or the ecto-ATPase inhibitor ARL67156 altered reflex bladder activity in the anaesthetized rat. The release of ATP from the apical and basolateral surfaces of the urothelium appears to be mediated by separate mechanisms because intravesical administration of the pannexin channel antagonist Brilliant Blue FCF increased bladder capacity, whereas i.v. administration did not. Intravesical instillation of small interfering RNA-containing liposomes decreased pannexin 1 expression in the rat urothelium in vivo and increased bladder capacity. These data indicate a role for pannexin-mediated luminal ATP release in both the physiological and pathophysiological control of micturition and suggest that urothelial pannexin may be a viable target for the treatment of overactive bladder disorders. Abstract ATP is released from the bladder epithelium, also termed the urothelium, in response to mechanical or chemical stimuli. Although numerous studies have described the contribution of this release to the development of various bladder disorders, little information exists regarding the mechanisms of release. In the present study, we examined the role of pannexin channels in mechanically-induced ATP release from the urothelium. PCR confirmed the presence of pannexin 1 and 2 mRNA in rat urothelial tissue, whereas immunofluorescence experiments localized pannexin 1 to all three layers of the urothelium. During continuous bladder cystometry in anaesthetized rats, inhibition of pannexin 1 channels using carbenoxolone (CBX) or Brilliant Blue FCF (BB-FCF) (1–100 μm, intravesically), or by using intravesical small interfering RNA, increased the interval between voiding contractions. Intravenous administration of BB-FCF (1–100 μg kg−1) did not alter bladder activity. CBX or BB-FCF (100 μm intravesically) also decreased basal ATP concentrations in the perfusate from non-distended bladders and inhibited increases in ATP concentrations in response to bladder distension (15 and 30 cmH2O pressure). Intravesical perfusion of the ATP diphosphohydrolase apyrase (2 U ml−1), or the ATPase inhibitor ARL67156 (10 μm) increased or decreased reflex bladder activity, respectively. Intravesical instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (Escherichia coli 055:B5, 100 μg ml−1) increased ATP concentrations in the bladder perfusate, and also increased voiding frequency; these effects were suppressed by BB-FCF. These data indicate that pannexin channels contribute to distension- or LPS-evoked ATP release into the lumen of the bladder and that luminal release can modulate voiding function.
Collaborative testing Cognitive and interpersonal processes related to enhanced test performance

Research has demonstrated that collaborative testing, working on tests in groups, leads to improved test scores but the mechanism by which this occurs has not been specified. Three factors were proposed as mediators: cognitive processes, interpersonal interactions and reduced test-anxiety. Thirty-three students completed a multiple-choice exam individually and in two-person collaborative groups. Test anxiety was reduced but was not directly related to increased exam scores. Improved exam scores were directly related to three cognitive processes: remembering information better, an increased ability to think about the information being tested and having good discussions. Both direct and indirect paths between cognitive variables and enhanced test outcomes were found. Good interpersonal interactions were independently related to satisfaction with the collaborative process.
A history of applied planar electromagnetic analysis

Numerical electromagnetics has been applied to main stream high frequency design for over two decades. This paper describes some of the events of those years from the point of view of one who has observed and participated in the entire process.
Parental Health and Children's Economic Well-Being∗

The life course perspective emphasizes that past economic experiences and stage in the life course influence a family's ability to cope with negative life events such as poor health. However, traditional analytic approaches are not well-suited to examine how the impact of negative life events differs based on a family's past economic experiences, nor do they typically account for the potentially spurious association between negative life events and family economic well-being. We use finite mixture modeling to examine how changes in parental health affect children's exposure to poverty. We find that for some children the association between family head's health and children's exposure to poverty is spurious, while for other children family head's poor health is associated with increased risk of economic deprivation. The extent to which a family head's poor health alters children's economic well-being depends on a child's family's underlying economic trajectory and past history of exposure to disadvantage.
Duelling Honors: Power, Identity and the Russia–Georgia Divide

The paper explores a shift from engagement to confrontation in Russia's policy toward Georgia since the Rose Revolution. In addition to emphasizing power and security as explanations of Russia's behavior, the paper focuses on considerations of honor and prestige. The latter are relational and a product of Russia's perception of its ties with Western nations. Honor also plays a crucial role in Georgia's attitude toward its northern neighbor, and the entire Caucasus area emerges as a battleground for symbolic attributes of power among larger states with capabilities to influence the region. The case of Russia–Georgia divide is important for demonstrating benefits and limitations of traditional foreign policy explanations and for learning possible ways to de-escalate dangerous bilateral conflicts.
Early Detection of Reliability Problems Using Information From Warranty Databases

Most companies maintain warranty databases for purposes of financial reporting and warranty expense forecasting. In some cases, there are attempts to extract engineering information (e.g., on the reliability of components) from such databases. Another important application is to use warranty data to detect potentially serious field reliability problems as early as possible. When a serious problem arises, the existence of the problem will eventually be obvious. Early detection of serious problems through the use of sensitive statistical methods, allowing early action to mitigate potential reliability problems, could save large amounts of money and product goodwill. This article describes a detection procedure that has been designed for this purpose. In addition to the statistical decision rules, we suggest graphical tools for illustrating and describing the particular information in the data that caused the potential problem to be flagged. The methods are illustrated using data from an automobile warranty ...
The signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2 stabilizes V1–Vo sector interactions and activates the V-ATPase

Certain stress-responsive changes in V-ATPase activity and assembly require the signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2. Purified Vo complexes bind preferentially to this lipid, and the cytosolic domain of one V...
Pseudorhizidium is a new genus with distinct zoospore ultrastructure in the order Chytridiales

A chytrid isolate (JEL 221) we identified as the rarely reported species, Rhizidium endosporangiatum Karling, was cultured axenically for the first time. The purposes of this study are to characterize the developmental morphology of isolate JEL 221 and to elucidate its zoospore ultrastructural features. Thallus development and morphology of isolate JEL 221 are characteristic of R. endosporangiatum as it was originally described. However, thallus morphology of R. endosporangiatum is not entirely typical of the genus Rhizidium, especially that of the type R. mycophilum. The presence of an endosporangium, a layer of material encapsulating the edges of the protoplast protruding through multiple discharge pores, makes this a distinctive species. Consistent with its published molecular-based phylogenetic placement, we found that isolate JEL 221 shared ultrastructural features with the two major zoospore types described for the Chytridiales but had distinct zoospore architecture. A new genus, Pseudorhizidium, is erected for this chytrid based on its thallus morphology, molecular phylogenetic placement and unique zoospore ultrastructure. This new genus does not fit into either of the described families (Chytridiaceae or Chytriomycetaceae) in the Chytridiales because of its unique zoospore ultrastructure, especially the two-layered nature of the electron-opaque plug in the base of the flagellum.
Multiplex, megaplex, index, and complex: the present and future of laboratory diagnostics in rheumatology

In a recent issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Chandra and colleagues described the use of multiple multiplex immunoassays and complex computer algorithms to investigate the possibility of improved laboratory diagnosis and novel classification of rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of biomarkers. Such complex predictive tools in rheumatology can be guided by the experience of multiplex testing in oncology, which has demonstrated the importance of uniform specimen handling and prospectively collected specimen repositories. Although there are high expectations for these complex approaches, they require careful evaluation.
2D vector gravity potential and line integrals for the gravity anomaly caused by a 2D mass of depth-dependent density contrast

Using line integrals LIs used to calculate the gravity anomaly caused by a 2D mass of complicated geometry and spatially variable density contrast is a computationally efficientalgorithm,thatreducesthecalculationfromtwodimensions to one dimension. This work has developed a mechanism for defining LIs systematically for different types of density functions. Two-dimensional vector gravity potential is defined as a vector, the net circulation of which, along the closedcontourboundinga2Dmass,equalsthegravityanomaly caused by the 2D mass. Two representative types of LIs aredefined:anLIwithanarctangentkernelforanydepth-dependent density-contrast function, which has been studied historically; and an LI with a simple algebraic kernel for any integrabledensity-contrastfunction.Thepresentworkoffers 1avectorial-basedderivationofformulasthatdonotsuffer from the arbitrary sign conventions found in some historical approaches;and2asimplealgebraickernelinlineintegrals as an alternative to the historical arctangent kernel, with the possibilityofextensiontomoregeneralcases.Theconceptof 2Dvectorgravitypotentialprovidesausefultoolfordefining LIs systematically for any mass density function, helping us understand how dimensions can be reduced in a calculating gravity anomaly, especially when the density contrast varies with space. LIs have been tested in case studies. The maximumdifferencesincalculatedgravityanomaliesbydifferent LIs for the case studies were between 5.9310
Coloring interval graphs with First-Fit

Abstract Improved bounds on the performance of the on-line graph coloring algorithm First-Fit on interval graphs are obtained.
To power up or power down: The impact of technology in gerontology education

Abstract The role of the educator has undergone a significant change in the past five years as a result of educational technology. Educators in gerontology have not been immune to this change. The advent of technology in the gerontology learning environment creates both opportunity and challenge for the teacher and learner. Complex skills are needed to maneuver successfully as a leader or follower in this sea of change. The strengths and weaknesses of using technology in the classroom and skills for successful teaching and learning with technology will be discussed. Suggestions for enhancing the learning environment will be presented.