cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algebraic properties of plane offset curves

Abstract We consider the offsets to a polynomial or rational parametric generator r(t) as algebraic curves, specified by implicit equations ƒ o (x, y)=0 . Efficient resultant formulations for computing these irreducible equations—which represent simultaneously the ‘exterior’ and ‘interior’ offsets—are presented, and certain special conditions, which cause the degree of ƒ o (x, y) to be diminished, are identified. These include the presence of cusps, tangencies to the line at infinity, and passages through the circular points at infinity. (In the case of a rational generator with cusps or tangencies to the line at infinity coincident with the circular points, we remedy an apparent defect in the classical degree formula due to Cayley.) For polynomial or rational generators, the theory of singular points of algebraic curves offers further insight into the nature of the ‘cusps’ and ‘extraordinary points’ of offset curves, which we have previously described from a purely analytic perspective. Algebraic methods based on polynomial resultant and real-root isolation procedures also furnish an algorithmic basis for identifying the self-intersections of offset curves, and hence computing the trimmed offsets which are desired in most practical applications.
Resin catalyzed epoxidation of methyl undecylenate

The optimum temperature for the epoxidation of methyl undecylenate is 60 C and a maximum conversion of about 50% occurs in 4 hr reaction. Thin layer chromatography showed evidence of ring opening and the presence of decomposition products. Gas liquid chromatography on a silicone column appears promising but cannot be used for quantitative purposes due to the presence of noneluting components. However, infrared absorption at 906 cm−1 is characteristic of terminal unsaturation and the intensity of this peak has been observed to be proportional to the concentration up to 90 g/liter of the methyl undecylenate. Hence, we feel this absorption can be used to estimate the unreacted methyl undecylenate in the products.
A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia.

Objective. To study the effect of fluoxetine (FL) and amitriptyline (AM), alone and in combination, in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Methods. Nineteen patients with FM completed a randomized, double-blind crossover study, which consisted of 4 6-week trials of FL (20 mg), AM (25 mg), a combination of FL and AM, or placebo. Patients were evaluated on the first and last day of each trial period. Outcome measures included a tender point score, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale, and visual analog scales (VAS) for global well-being (1 completed by the physican and 1 by the patient), pain, sleep trouble, fatigue, and feeling refreshed upon awakening. Results. Both FL and AM were associated with significantly improved scores on the FIQ and on the VAS for pain, global well-being, and sleep disturbances. When combined, the 2 treatments worked better than either medication alone. Similar, but nonsignificant, improvement occurred in the BDI scale, the physician global VAS, and the VAS for fatigue and feeling refreshed upon awakening. Trends were less clear for the tender point score. Conclusion. Both FL and AM are effective treatments for FM, and they work better in combination than either medication alone.
On generalized shift bases for the wiener disc algebra

LetW(D) denote the set of functionsf(z)=Σ n=0 ∞ A n Z n a nzn for which Σn=0 ∞|a n |<+∞. Given any finite set lcub;f i (z)rcub; i=1 n inW(D) the following are equivalent: (i) The generalized shift sequence lcub;f 1(z)z kn ,f 2(z)z kn+1, …,f n (z)z (k+1)n−1rcub; k=0 ∞ is a basis forW(D) which is equivalent to the basis lcub;z m rcub; m=0 ∞ . (ii) The generalized shift sequence is complete inW(D), (iii) The function\(F(z) = \det \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {f_1 (z)f_1 (wz)...f_1 (w^{n - 1} z)} \\ {f_2 (z)wf_2 (wz)...w^{n - 1} f_2 (w^{n - 1} z)} \\ {f_n (z)w^{n - 1} f_n (wz)...(w^{n - 1} )^{n - 1} f_n (w^{n - 1} z)} \\ \end{array} } \right]\) has no zero in |z|≦1, wherew=e 2πiti /n.
Earthquake hazard in the eastern United States: consequences of alternative seismic source zones

Abstract The regional variability in expected ground motion associated with six different characterizations of seismic source zones for probabilistic ground motion assessment is examined for the eastern United States. Three of the seismic source zone models are based on types of geologic structure: (1) regions characterized by late‐Precambrian faulting; (2) middle‐to‐late Paleozoic thrust tectonics; and (3) early‐to‐middle Mesozoic extensional features. Two other seismic source zone configurations considered are based on data related to vertical crustal movements, and the final source zone model investigated is that of Algermissen and others (1982). Maintaining the same maximum magnitude among all zones and for all source zone configurations, a comparison of results indicates a factor of 3 difference among source zone models for calculated acceleration levels in eastern Massachusetts, southeastern Maine, and the Cape Fear arch of eastern North Carolina; a factor of about 2 or greater difference for most o...
Induced superconductivity and gapless state in YBa2Cu3O7−χ

The removal of oxygen from YBa2Cu3O7−χ has a profound impact on various properties of this compound. The model of induced two gap superconductivity that we developed previously allows us to describe these properties. For example, for compositions between 0<x<0.15, the energy gap on the chains changes drastically, and in fact, becomes gapless, whereas, Tc remains relatively constant.
On the landscape of the relation between Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger

Since Elisabeth Young-Bruehl first revealed it in Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World, 1982, admirers of Hannah Arendt have been troubled by the fact that she was for four years—from 1924 to 1928—the mistress of Martin Heidegger. She was a Jew who fled Germany in August 1933, a few months after Hitler’s assumption of power. He was elected Rector of the University of Freiburg in the spring of 1933, and in a notorious inaugural address hailed the presence of the brown-shirted stormtroopers in his audience, claimed that Hitler would restore the German people to spiritual health, and ended by giving the familiar stiff-armed Nazi salute to cries of “Sieg Heil.” The thought that these two were ever soulmates is hard to swallow. I
Optical scattering from a planar array of finite-length metallic carbon nanotubes

A model is developed for optical scattering from planar arrays of finite-length single-wall metallic carbon nanotubes. The scattered field is predicted using a periodic Green's function for the array, which includes all electromagnetic interactions, and a quantum conductance function ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathit{cn}}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ for the carbon nanotubes. It is found that for both individual carbon nanotubes and nanotube arrays, the optical far scattered field is proportional to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathit{cn}}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, so that scattering characteristics are governed by effects associated with electronic transitions. This is in strong distinction to the case for far-infrared arrays, where mutual electromagnetic coupling effects were previously found to be very important for a wide range of broadside nanotube spacings. Furthermore, due to strong damping, single-wall nanotubes do not exhibit longitudinal current resonances (optical antenna effects) associated with the finite length of the tubes, which is also quite different from the far-infrared result.
Home health care nursing research priorities

The purpose of this study was to determine research priorities for home health care nursing. A Delphi study was undertaken to generate and prioritize research topics. The first round consisted of members of the Home Health Nurses Association Research Committee (n = 27); subsequent rounds also included nurse researchers who had conducted research in home health care (n = 17). Consensus emerged after three rounds, with the four most important priorities identified as outcomes, health policy, the use of advanced practice nurses, and models of care/best practice. These areas are consistent with the regulatory events in home health care in the last 10 years.
Characteristics of Medical Surge Capacity Demand for Sudden-impact Disasters

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of the demand for medical care during sudden-impact disasters, focusing on local U.S. communities and the initial phases of sudden-impact disasters. Methods: Established databases and published reports were used as data sources. Data were obtained to describe the baseline capacity of the U.S. medical system. Information for the initial phases of a suddenimpact disaster was sought to allow for characterization of the length of time before a U.S. community can expect arrival of outside assistance, the expected types of medical surge demands, the expected time for the peak in medical-care demand, and the expected health system access points. Results: The earliest that outside assistance arrived for a community subject to a sudden-impact disaster was 24 hours, with a range from 24 to 96 hours. After sudden-impact disasters, 84% to 90% of health care demand was for conditions that were managed on an ambulatory basis. Emergency departments (EDs) were the access point for care, with peak demand time occurring within 24 hours. The U.S. emergency care system was functioning at relatively full capacity on the basis of data collected for the study that showed that annually, 90% of EDs were boarding admitted inpatients, and 75% were diverting ambulances. Conclusions: As part of planning for sudden-impact disasters, communities should be expected to sustain medical services for 24 hours, and up to 96, before arrival of external resources. For effective medical surge-capacity response during sudden-impact disasters, there should be a priority for emergency medical care with a focus on ambulatory injuries and illnesses. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006; 13:1193–1197 a 2006 by the Society for Academic Emergency
Magnesium and ATP dependence of K‐Cl co‐transport in low K+ sheep red blood cells.

1. In low K+ (LK) sheep red blood cells, depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by glycolysis inhibition induced specific effects on ouabain-resistant Cl(-)-dependent K+ transport (K-Cl co-transport), depending on the osmolarity: stimulation in isosmotic while inhibition in hyposmotic solutions. However, these effects depended upon the presence of internal Mg2+. 2. In LK sheep red blood cells, ATP constituted nearly 90% of the Mg2+ buffering capacity. As no significant reduction of total Mg2+ was observed after ATP depletion, the overall internal Mg2+ in ATP-depleted cells exists in the free form. 3. The dependence of K+ efflux on internal Mg2+ was also directly related to the presence of ATP. In control cells, Mg2+ constituted an endogenous inhibitor, inducing a 70% inhibition of K-Cl fluxes but only 30% in ATP-depleted cells. The Cl(-)-insensitive component of K+ efflux was unaffected by the divalent cation. 4. After Mg2+ removal, the rate of K+ efflux was significantly increased at all osmolarities, between 240 mosM (swollen cells) and 440 mosM (shrunken cells). Hence, Mg(2+)-depleted LK sheep red cells lose volume sensitivity of K-Cl co-transport. 5. Internal K+ or Cl- were not required for the Mg2+ inhibition, and Mg2+ did not interfere with the internal binding sites for Cl- or K+. Hence, the sites for Mg2+ or MgATP, and for K+ and Cl- are independent of each other.
Ureteral pseudodiverticulosis associated with carcinoma of renal pelvis.

We describe a patient with bilateral ureteral pseudodiverticulosis of 10 years’ duration before developing transitional carcinoma of the pelvis.
An evolutionary algorithm testbed for quick implementation of algorithms in hardware

We have developed a general purpose evolutionary algorithm testbed (GPeat) that allows evolutionary algorithm designers to quickly and with minimal hardware knowledge move their algorithms into hardware. A user programs the testbed through a graphical user interface (GUI) that lets the user choose system parameters such as types and combinations of crossovers and mutations, initial population descriptions, fitness function rules, criteria for selection and elitism rates. A variety of sensors or computer connections can be made to the testbed so that both intrinsic and extrinsic runs can be carried out. Outputs of the testbed can likewise be computer or device directed. Use of the GUI requires minimal knowledge of hardware and connecting sensors and output devices to the board requires only the ability to identify basic device characteristics (i.e. voltage or current output, analog or digital output). In this first version, sensor inputs, fitness/chromosome value pairs, generated initial values, selected outputs are dumped to a file on the computer for analysis. New evolutionary algorithm specific hardware structures have also been developed which can provide faster run times than direct FPGA implementations. This tool will allow quick prototyping for those wanting to move their algorithms from the computer to the real world, the option to use the hardware as a debugging tool or as the final embedded, portable evolutionary algorithm hardware system.
Histamine receptor activation by unsaturated (allyl and propargyl) homologs of histamine.

The spectrum of agonist activity for three new homologs of histamine (cis- and trans-imidazolylallylamine and imidazolylpropargylamine) was evaluated in the isolated guinea pig ileum and right atrium. The homologs were about three log units less potent than histamine in stimulating contractions of the longitudinal muscles of the ileum, but they were histamine-like, pharmacologically, because they were sensitive to blockade by pyrilamine and resistant to blockade by atropine. In the right atrium, these weak agonists were partially sensitive to blockade by cimetidine. The agonist activity of the cis-isomer in particular was completely blocked by a combination of cimetidine and propranolol, but resistant to reserpine treatment (neuronal catecholamine depletion). Therefore, these homologs of histamine have the ability to stimulate H1- and H2-histamine receptors andbeta-adrenoreceptorsin vitro.
Modulation of monoamine oxidase a activity in PC12 cells by steroids.

Intraneuronal MAO-A is considered to have an important role in metabolizing the cytoplasmic pool of cathecholamines within adrenergic neurons. We therefore investigated the effects of the steroids progesterone, dexamethasone and oestradiol on MAO-A activity in cultured PC12 cells
Internal-source method of measuring absolute pair-production cross sections

Abstract The history, detailed description and results obtained using a unique but simple method of measuring absolute pair-production cross sections is reviewed. These activities which occurred between 1973 and 1985 yielded results for photons on targets of Z = 26 , 29 , 50 , 82 , and 92 for photons with energies of 1.1205 , 1.3325 , 1.8362 , and 2.6145 MeV . They were measured for these energies and for 1.077 MeV for targets up to Z = 82 . The cross sections deviated significantly from theoretical calculations for energies near threshold. The discrepancy was later confirmed and an explanation suggested.
Performance Considerations In Automatic Target Recognition Systems For Infrared Images

This paper examines some of the reasons that tactical target recognition performance has not yet achieved a level necessary to satisfy the requirements for a totally autonomous target recognition system. In particular, those factors that adversely impact recognizer performance are identified and qualitatively analyzed to show how they impact performance. These factors include: inadequate pixels on target, random thermal signature, training with inappropriate data sets, unknown target aspect angle, and segmentation errors. The paper also identifies several techniques for improving recognition performance.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HSST wide-plate test results and analysis

Abstract Fifteen wide-plate crack-arrest tests have been completed to date, ten utilizing specimens fabricated from A533B class 1 material (WP-1 and WP-CE series), and five fabricated from a low upper-shelf base material (WP-2 series). Each test utilized a single-edge notched specimen that was subjected to a linear thermal gradient along the plane of crack propagation. Test results exhibit an increase in crack-arrest toughness with temperature, with the rate of increase becoming greater as the temperature increases. When the wide-plate test results are combined with other large-specimen results the data show a consistent trend in which the K Ia data extends above the limit provided in ASME Section XI.
Latency patterns in category Judgments

Adult human Ss were required to learn a conditional discrimination in which there were three distinct visual stimuli (squares) to be matched with three corresponding response buttons. When Ss had learned the task to criterion, they were presented with a test series of 11 stimuli, including, and spaced symmetrically around, the three training stimuli. Ss were told to place each successive stimulus in one of the three categories represented by the choice of three response buttons. Response latency and category choice were recorded. The prediction that Ss
Analytical prediction of the temperature field emanating from a cryogenic surgical cannula.

Cryogenic surgical cannulas are presently being used to create lesions in human tissue. A review of this procedure including a discussion of laboratoq apparatus and some experimental results is given by Cooper.3 When a eannula is inserted into the tissue and brought to a cryogenic temperature, a thermal field develops in the media. A lesion is formed as the t,issue in the neighborhood of the cannula undergoes a phase change, that is, freezes. The freezing front will propagate through the tissue until a steady state is reached for the particular cannula ternperake. In effect, this steady state condition determines the ultimate size of the lesion which can be formed. Our objecr* = kj(l.6 T,) tive is to present a method for predicting the PLr”2 t
Tissue harmonic depletion imaging

The inhomogeneous imaging advantages offered by finite amplitude distortion appear to be obtainable in an indirect fashion. Instead of acquiring images based on the accretion of amplitude in a higher harmonic bandwidth, comparable images could be obtained using the corresponding depletion of amplitude from a lower harmonic bandwidth. Such an approach offers some advantages over traditional harmonic imaging, including reduced bandwidth demands, and more generally could be a useful complement to the traditional approach.
Phylogenetic Relationships and Rates of Allozyme Evolution among the Lineages of Sceloporine Sand Lizards

Parsimony analysis of characters derived from an electrophoretic survey of allozyme variation in the sceloporine sand lizards indicates that Uma is outside of a clade formed by the rest of the sand lizards and that Cophosaurus and Holbrookia share a more recent common ancestor with one another than either does with Callisaurus. Previous electrophoretic studies used phenetic clustering based on genetic distance data to assess relationships among these taxa. The resulting dendrograms were used to argue that Holbrookia is the sister group of all other sand lizards and that Callisaurus and Cophosaurus are sister taxa. When reanalysed using parsimony methods, the data from these previous studies are found to support the conclusions of the present study, namely, that Uma rather than Holbrookia is the sister group of all other sand lizards and that Cophosaurus is the sister taxon of Holbrookia rather than of Callisaurus. Relative rate tests indicate that the incongruencies between branching diagrams derived from phenetic clustering of genetic distances versus those derived from parsimony analysis of electrophoretic characters are attributable to increased rates of protein evolution in the Holbrookia lineage.
The complexity of the equivalence problem for two characterizations of presburger sets

Abstract It is shown that the class of relations (functions) definable by Presburger formulas is exactly the class of relations (functions) computable by reversal-bounded multicounter machines. An upper bound of 2 c(N /log N ) 4 on the deterministic time complexity of the equivalence problem for such machines is established ( c is a positive constant and N the sum of the sizes of the machines). In fact, it is proved that the inequivalence problem is NP-complete. It is also shown that the equivalence problem for semilinear sets (these sets are exactly the Presburger relations) is decidable in deterministic time 2 2 cN 2 (where N is the sum of the sizes of the descriptions of the semilinear sets). The bounds obtained here are smaller than the best known deterministic upper bound of 2 2 cN 2 for deciding equivalence of Presburger formulas.
Scheduling maintenance and semiresumable jobs on a single machine

The majority of scheduling literature assumes that the machines are available at all times. In this paper, we study single machine scheduling problems where the machine maintenance must be performed within certain intervals and hence the machine is not available during the maintenance periods. We also assume that if a job is not processed to completion before the machine is stopped for maintenance, an additional setup is necessary when the processing is resumed. Our purpose is to schedule the maintenance and jobs to minimize some performance measures. The objective functions that we consider are minimizing the total weighted job completion times and minimizing the maximum lateness. In both cases, maintenance must be performed within a fixed period T, and the time for the maintenance is a decision variable. In this paper, we study two scenarios concerning the planning horizon. First, we show that, when the planning horizon is long in relation to T, the problem with either objective function is NP-complete, and we present pseudopolynomial time dynamic programming algorithms for both objective functions. In the second scenario, the planning horizon is short in relation to T. However, part of the period T may have elapsed before we schedule any jobs in this planning horizon, and the remaining time before the maintenance is shorter than the current planning horizon. Hence we must schedule one maintenance in this planning horizon. We show that the problem of minimizing the total weighted completion times in this scenario is NP-complete, while the shortest processing time (SPT) rule and the earliest due date (EDD) rule are optimal for the total completion time problem and the maximum lateness problem respectively. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 46: 845–863, 1999
Cruelty begins at home

The abuse of children is presumed by most mental health professionals to occur at the hands of parents who were themselves harshly traumatized by abuse or neglect. A 14-month-old child is presented who was well treated by his family and developed well until 6.5 months of age, after which, due to traumatization of his mother, the child became neglected and physically abused. In a therapeutic-observational environment, as the child recovered from his massive depression, much explosive destructive behavior not seen in him before was observed. From his past studies and those of other psychoanalysts, the author presents the collectively advanced hypothesis that excessive unpleasure mobilizes hostility in humans and suggests that this hypothesis may be fruitfully applied to explain why the abused become abusers. The hypothesis may also serve to guide the treatment of abused children so as to prevent their becoming tomorrow's abusers. Furthermore, the hypothesis suggests that strategies can be proposed toward preventing child abuse.
P2-240: Development of a new scale measuring psychological impact of genetic susceptibility testing for Alzheimer's disease

score was 4.97 (SD 5.32; range 0-20) with Cronbach’s alpha 0.92. In comparison, a separate population-based cohort of 205 women aged 65 years (mean 74.4; SD 5.5; range 65-86) had a mean GAI score of 2.32 (SD 4.03; range 0-19); a separate clinical sample of 46 male and female psychogeriatric patients (mean age 78.8 years; SD 6.7; range 66-94) had a mean GAI score of 5.22 (SD 5.83). As expected, GAI score was correlated with NPI anxiety severity (r 0.31; p 0.0037), NPI anxiety distress (r 0.32; p 0.0031) and GDS (r 0.62; p 0.000). GAI was also correlated with Barthel score (r -0.2837; p 0.0118), and leisure activities score (r 0.32; p 0.0050). Conclusions: The mean levels of clinic attendees’ self-reported anxiety were much higher than those reported by normal older volunteers but somewhat lower than those reported by psychogeriatric patients. Higher levels of anxiety were reported by patients with higher levels of physical dependency whereas lower levels of anxiety were reported by patients with greater involvement in leisure activities.
Ascaroside activity in Caenorhabditis elegans is highly dependent on chemical structure

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans secretes ascarosides, structurally diverse derivatives of the 3,6-dideoxysugar ascarylose, and uses them in chemical communication. At high population densities, specific ascarosides, which are together known as the dauer pheromone, trigger entry into the stress-resistant dauer larval stage. In order to study the structure-activity relationships for the ascarosides, we synthesized a panel of ascarosides and tested them for dauer-inducing activity. This panel includes a number of natural ascarosides that were detected in crude pheromone extract, but as yet have no assigned function, as well as many unnatural ascaroside derivatives. Most of these ascarosides, some of which have significant structural similarity to the natural dauer pheromone components, have very little dauer-inducing activity. Our results provide a primer to ascaroside structure-activity relationships and suggest that slight modifications to ascaroside structure dramatically influence binding to the relevant G protein-coupled receptors that control dauer formation.
Aflatoxin in corn

Low incidence and levels of aflatoxin were identified in corn of all grades grown in the Midwest in 1964, 1965, and 1967. Later surveys indicate that corn grown in southern regions is subject to invasion byAspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin formation. This mycotoxin is formed either in the field or in storage. In the field, such factors as insect damage and weather conditions probably influence aflatoxin formation. In storage, temperatures must be above 25 C and moisture levels above 16% if toxin is to form. Aflatoxin formed in a hot spot in stored corn in the Midwest when temperatures rose early in the summer and when the grain became wet because of leaks in the storage building. Analytical methods to detect and determine aflatoxin fall into three categories: presumptive tests indicating the presence ofA. flavus and the possible occurrence of aflatoxin, rapid screening tests establishing the presence or absence of the toxin, and quantitative procedures determining toxin levels. Detoxification methods being studied include ammoniation and roasting. Ammoniated corn is being fed domestic animals to determine whether it has adverse effects and whether toxic compounds are transmitted in animal tissues.
An exploratory analysis of composite choices: Weighing rationality versus irrationality

Abstract Humans are engineered neurologically to make rational and irrational choices. This paper introduces a new paradigm for decision making – a composite choice model – in which economic agents are constantly weighing rationality versus irrationality when encountering options. In an exploratory, deterministic, two-period model, an assumption of a two-way cross-embedment (i.e., a two-way interaction between the rational and irrational components) results in a paradoxical phenomenon, an outcome of either tending toward bliss or abyss at the end of the first period. This implies, for instance, a psychological struggle between two selves within the mind. The paradigm proposed is compared to the dual-process theories recently developed by the cognitive sciences. Future research will explore implications for public policy design and implementation.
Ultrasound-mediated release of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ from a layered titanate film—a model for controlled drug release from layered metal oxide films

A study of the stimulated release of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ from a self-standing titanate film by the application of ultrasound is reported.
Fracture induces keratinocyte activation, proliferation, and expression of pro-nociceptive inflammatory mediators

Tibia fracture in rats results in chronic vascular and nociceptive changes in the injured limb resembling complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and up-regulates expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin IL-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nerve growth factor-β (NGF-β) in the hindpaw skin. When fractured rats are treated with cytokine or NGF inhibitors nociceptive sensitization is blocked. Because there is no leukocyte infiltration in the hindpaw skin we postulated that resident skin cells produce the inflammatory mediators causing nociceptive sensitization after fracture. To test this hypothesis rats underwent distal tibia fracture and hindlimb casting for 4 weeks, then the hindpaw skin was harvested and immunostained for keratin, cytokines and NGF. BrdU staining was used to evaluate cell proliferation. Hindpaw nociceptive thresholds, edema, and temperature were tested before and up to 96h after intraplantar injections of IL-6 and TNF-α. Tibia fracture caused keratinocyte activation, proliferation, and up-regulated IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NGF-β protein expression in the hindpaw keratinocytes. Local injections of IL-6 and TNF-α induced hindpaw mechanical allodynia lasting for several days and modest increases in temperature and edema. These data indicate that activated keratinocytes proliferate and express IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NGF-β after fracture and that excess amounts of inflammatory mediators in the skin cause sustained nociceptive sensitization. This is the first study demonstrating in vivo keratinocyte expression of IL-6, TNF-α and NGF-β in a CRPS model and we postulate that the keratinocyte is the primary cellular source for the inflammatory signals mediating cutaneous nociceptive sensitization in early CRPS.
What Would Korea-US Free Trade Agreement Bring?

ABSTRACTThis paper uses a computable model of trade to forecast the effects of the US–Korea free trade agreement on the manufacturing sector. The model uses the Eaton–Kortum methodology to explain intra-industry trade instead of the usual Armington assumption. It is parameterized using 2005 data for 15 industries and 53 countries. The results show that implementing KORUS would increase the US manufacturing exports to Korea by 56.9% and Korean manufacturing exports to the US by 18.9%. It would also increase manufacturing employment by 26,500 jobs in Korea and 34,200 jobs in the US. In addition, KORUS would lead to significant changes in the patterns of trade and production. The US and Korea would increase their specialization in the industries where they have strong technological comparative advantages. Finally, KORUS would increase welfare in both countries, but only modestly: by 0.27% in Korea and 0.013% in the US.
Polymer nanocomposites using zinc aluminum and magnesium aluminum oleate layered double hydroxides: Effects of the polymeric compatibilizer and of composition on the thermal and fire properties of PP/LDH nanocomposites

A series of five oleate-containing layered double hydroxides with varied ratios of zinc to magnesium, i.e., with the general formula Zn2−yMgyAl(OH)6 [CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7COO]·nH2O, were synthesized and used to prepare nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP). The nanomaterials were characterized by elemental analysis, attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while the composites were characterized by XRD, TGA, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cone calorimetry. The zinc-containing LDH showed better dispersion in the polymer at the micrometer level than did the magnesium-containing LDH while both are equally well-dispersed at the nanometer level. The magnesium-containing composites led to more thermally stable systems in TGA experiments, while the zinc systems gave greater reductions in heat release rate during combustion. Dispersion was also affected by the amount of PP-g-MA which was present. More PP-g-MA gave better dispersion and a significantly reduced peak heat release rate, i.e., enhanced fire performance.
Actual and Perceived Consumer Vigilance in the Retail Grocery Industry

Economic theory suggests that price competition is in part driven by actively searching buyers. An exploratory study in a major midwestern grocery market revealed that executives responsible for pricing decisions overestimate the size of the price-driven shopping segment. The reasons behind this perception and its impact on pricing decisions are examined.
Risk assessment and epidemiologic evidence in environmental health science.

There appears to be a serious conceptual error about the role of the various environmental health sciences in Kundi’s otherwise interesting and informative commentary on “Causality and the Interpretation of Epidemiologic Evidence” (Kundi 2006). This error is exemplified in his next-to-last paragraph: Most risk assessment procedures demand that for chronic diseases such as cancer there must be epidemiologic evidence before an extrinsic agent can be ascribed a hazardous potential for human health. In fact, it is solely toxicologic evidence that is used for the overwhelming majority of agents to which a “hazardous potential for human health” is ascribed. I am unaware of any risk assessment process that requires epidemiology to recognize hazardous potential for human health. Perhaps Kundi (2006) meant that there must be epidemiologic evidence for a chemical to achieve the level of a known or proven cause of a hazard to human health. However, the misunderstanding in the above quote permeates his commentary. As Kundi (2006) correctly recognized, it is better to prevent the introduction or use of agents that would cause adverse effects eventually identifiable in an epidemiologic study. Such prevention is primarily the role of predictive toxicology. Yet, as Kundi stated in his abstract, his recommended dialogue approach to “the potential for disease causation” starts with epidemiology. Kundi (2006) concluded that the principle that every disease has a cause is metaphysical, but still has heuristic value. He appears to mean that the principle of causation helps us explore the potential that environmental factors cause human disease—and that we do so by developing models, such as risk assessment, that approximate reality without achieving certainty. However, a risk assessment, or any other model, that must depend on epidemiologic evidence to recognize the potential for disease causation represents a failure of environmental health science.
The role of mast cells in the development of skin fibrosis in tight-skin mutant mice

Chronic inflammatory conditions can evolve a fibrotic phenotype often associated with an increase in the number of mast cells (MC) near or within the granulation tissue. Despite the potential of MC to mediate fibrosis, it is unclear whether these cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of ibrosis or whether their presence is simply circumstantial. The tight-skin (Tsk) mouse develops an inherited fibrotic disease (sharing many similarties with the human disease scleroderma, systemic sclerosis) in which the lesions are associated with increased numbers and heightened granule release implicating MC in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Despite their close association with the skin fibrosis of Tsk mice, the precise role of the MC in the pathogenesis of this inherited disease is unknown. Therefore, to assess directly whether MC are key elements in the pathogenesis of Tsk fibrosis, we generated MC deficient mice carrying the Tsk locus by utilizing selective interbreeding between Tsk and mutant mice deficient in mast cells (W, dominant white-spotting). We found that in the absence of MC, the early natural history of Tsk fibrosis was not altered. Furthermore, in older (5–7 months) Tsk mice, we found that the number of cutaneous MC was correlated with a more pronounced fibrosis. Therefore, we conclude that Tsk skin lesions are a pleiotropic manifestation of the Tsk gene in which MC are ivolved/recruited by an uncharacterized mechanism and that subsequent proliferation and activation of MC leads to augmentation of fibrosis.
How to Measure Total Job Compensation

Compensation can take a variety of forms. It should be measured by the extent to which it fulfills the employee’s needs both at home and at work. After explaining how the various desiderata of compensation can change with age, the author outlines an approach for assessing compensation. A handy checklist is provided.
Multi-sensor NDVI data continuity: Uncertainties and implications for vegetation monitoring applications

Abstract Consistent NDVI time series are paramount in monitoring ecological resources that are being altered by climate and human impacts. An increasing number of natural resource managers use web-based geospatial decision support tools that integrate time series of both historical and current NDVI data derived from multiple sensors to make better informed planning and management decisions. Representative canopy reflectance and NDVI data were simulated for historical, current and future AVHRR, MODIS and VIIRS land surface monitoring satellites to quantify the differences due to sensor-specific characteristics. Cross-sensor NDVI translation equations were developed for surface conditions. The effect of a range of atmospheric conditions (Rayleigh scattering, ozone, aerosol optical thickness, and water vapor content) on the sensor-specific reflectance and NDVI values were evaluated to quantify the uncertainty in the apparent NDVI for each sensor. MODIS and VIIRS NDVI data are minimally affected by the atmospheric water vapor, while AVHRR NDVI data are substantially reduced by water vapor. Although multi-sensor NDVI continuity can be obtained by using the developed cross-sensor translation equations, the interactions between the spectral characteristics of surface vegetation and soil components, sensor-specific spectral band characteristics and atmospheric scattering and absorption windows will introduce uncertainty due to insufficient knowledge about the atmospheric conditions that affect the signal of the Earth's pixels at the time of data acquisitions. Processing strategies and algorithm preferences among data streams are also hindering cross-sensor NDVI continuity.
Relationship between glucocorticoid-mediated early decrease of protein synthesis and the steady state decreases of glucocorticoid receptor and TGF-β activator protein

The present studies were undertaken to better elucidate the mechanism(s) by which glucocorticoids inhibit the process of tissue repair. The aim was to determine the importance of the effect of glucocorticoids on decreasing the nuclear TGF-beta activator protein. The relationship amongst inhibition of noncollagen protein synthesis and the steady state levels of glucocorticoid receptor and the TGF-beta activator protein was examined. Both collagen and noncollagen synthesis were determined in skin fibroblast cell culture and in dermis. Fetal rat skin fibroblasts were treated for 24 h with dexamethsone. Noncollagen protein synthesis was decreased to approximately one-half that of collagen synthesis. Similar results were obtained in dermis in vivo. At 48 h, dexamethasone treatment resulted in practically no nuclear glucocorticoid receptor being noted and a 40-45% steady state decrease of the TGF-beta activator protein. We have recently reported that the TGF-beta activator protein exists as a protein complex with SP1 and NFKB (p 49). The present data indicate that although the marked decrease of the nuclear glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding following dexamethasone treatment is not comparable to the early 24 h decrease of noncollagen protein synthesis, the decrease of the TGF-beta activator protein complex binding to DNA is. The present studies indicate the importance of the effect of dexamethasone on the steady state level of the TGF-beta activator protein complex in the glucocorticoid-mediated process inhibition of tissue repair and the relationship of this decrease to the earlier inhibition of protein synthesis.
Urban Population Loss in Historical Perspective: United States, 1820–2000

Employing an historical perspective, the author mounts a quantitative and theoretical assessment of population loss in the large cities of the United States. Three periods are considered: one prior to 1920 when large city population loss was aberrant; a second which captures the severe decline of the decades after World War II, and a third that encompasses the more recent shrinkage of cities. Population loss is measured in terms of prevalence, severity, and persistence and is also analyzed geographically. The author further identifies factors affecting population loss which are common and unique to each period. Although population loss has diminished, a number of cities are locked into trajectories of chronic loss, suggesting that a new phase of urbanization has yet to materialize.
Work and Nonwork Influences on Health: A Research Agenda Using Inability to Leave as a Critical Variable

A basic path analytic model of stressor-health relationships is formulated from a multidisciplinary literature base. Work, nonwork, and individual difference variables act as exogenous stressors influencing endogenous job and life satisfaction variables, which are then posited to influence health variables. Inability to leave is added to the model as a means of more completely integrating a research framework investigating work and nonwork influences on health.
Bladder Neck Cinch for Pediatric Neurogenic Outlet Deficiency

ABSTRACTPurpose: The fascial bladder neck sling achieves continence in 50% to 90% of children with neurogenic outlet deficiency. Most slings apply only partial pressure around the bladder neck. We evaluated the effectiveness of a rectus fascia bladder neck cinch which applies circumferential pressure around the bladder neck and elevation as a means of increasing outlet resistance.Materials and Methods: Fifteen children with spina bifida underwent a fascial bladder neck cinch procedure at the time of augmentation cystoplasty. A 1 to 1.5 cm width of variable length rectus fascia was harvested and a vertical slit was made in 1 end. The fascia was “cinched” tightly around the bladder neck and secured to the symphysis or rectus fascia.Results: The 14 girls and 1 boy ranged in age range from 4 to 17 years. All children had neurogenic intrinsic sphincter deficiency and a poorly compliant and/or small capacity bladder. Followup ranged from 10 to 36 months (followup in 12 greater than 1 year). Postoperatively, all...
Investigation of statistical, block and graft copolymerizations using nmr-sensitive initiators and macroinitiators

13C- and 31P-NMR studies on polymers and copolymers derived from 13C-enriched AIBN, 13C-enriched dibenzyl ketone and diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphine oxide (Lucrin TPO) are reported. They provide information about the influence of solvent on the initiation step in copolymerization reactions, the selectivity of diphenylphosphinyl radicals and the chemical behavior of radicals derived from dibenzyl ketone. In addition, NMR, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution measurements on polymers obtained from polymerizations of methyl methacrylate conducted in the presence of stilbene indicate that stilbene or radicals derived from it may be able to moderate MMA polymerizations.
α-methyl-p-tyrosine partially attenuates p-chloroamphetamine-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine depletions in the rat brain

alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT) partially attenuates the long-term p-chloroamphetamine (pCA)-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) depletions. Pretreatment of rats with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor AMT before treatment with the serotonin neurotoxin pCA decreased the extent of 5-HT depletion in the two brain regions examined. In these experiments, rats were administered AMT (150 mg/kg) 1 and 5 hours prior to an injection of pCA (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg). AMT reduced the pCA-induced 5-HT depletions in the striatum and to a lesser extent in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the attenuation of neurotoxicity was dependent on dose of pCA, with greater AMT effects at higher doses of pCA. AMT-pretreated rats were still significantly depleted of brain 5-HT following all doses of pCA. However, at the higher doses of pCA, the AMT-pretreated rats were significantly less depleted than saline-pretreated, pCA-treated rats. These results suggest that the neurotoxic effects of high doses of pCA on 5-HT-containing nerve terminals may be in part dependent on the availability of newly synthesized dopamine (DA).
Management of cocaine-induced cardiovascular complications.

Abstract Recent increase in cocaine abuse and the supply of more potent "crack" cocaine has led to the recognition of a number of complications from its use. Cocaine induces generalized vasoconstriction, which could involve multiple organ systems. Cardiovascular involvement includes: myocardial ischemia and infarction, bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, aortic dissection, and endocarditis. 1 Management of cocaine-induced complications, however, remains controversial. The present review discusses the recent developments in the management of cardiovascular complications of cocaine.
Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity from Preschool to School Age: Performance of Hard-to-manage Boys on Laboratory Measures

Boys identified as hard-to-manage at age 4 and age-matched controls were assessed on laboratory measures of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity at ages 4, 6, and 9. Hard-to-manage boys still exhibited some behavioral difficulties at age 9, but were not more inattentive or impulsive than controls. Boys with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) at age 9 showed performance deficits in each symptom-related domain relative to problem boys without ADD and controls. However, hard-to-manage problem boys with and without ADD did not differ on most earlier measures of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, suggesting that symptoms specific to ADD emerged more clearly between ages 6 and 9.
Congruence between Mothers' and Fathers' Differential Treatment of Siblings: Links with Family Relations and Children's Well-Being

We studied patterns of mothers' and fathers' differential treatment of firstborn (average age 10.5 years) and secondborn (average age 8 years) school-age siblings, and we examined the links between parents' differential treatment and children's well-being and dyadic family relationships. Mothers, fathers, and both siblings in 110 families were interviewed in their homes. For each dimension of parental behavior that we assessed (i.e., differential affection and discipline) we created groups of families that reflected mothers' and fathers' levels of differential treatment (e.g., discipline the firstborn more, equal treatment, discipline the secondborn more). Although we detected substantial correspondence between the 2 parents' differential treatment, we found a sizable group of families in which parents' reports were incongruent (i.e., 1 parent reported equal and the other differential treatment). Parental patterns were linked to differences between the siblings' well-being and both sibling and parent-child relationships, with younger siblings exhibiting greater vulnerability to differential treatment. Incongruence in differential warmth was associated with marital distress.