cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the Full Range of ω -Regular Properties of Stochastic Systems

We present highly accurate deterministic, probabilistic andhybrid methods for monitoring the full range of ω-regularproperties, specified as Streett automata, of stochastic systemsmodeled as Hidden Markov Chains. The deterministic algorithmsemploy timeouts that are set dynamically to achieve desiredaccuracy. The probabilistic algorithms employ coin tossing and cangive highly accurate monitors when the system behavior is notknown. The hybrid algorithms combine both these techniques. Themonitoring algorithms have been implemented as a tool. The tooltakes a high level description of an application with probabilitiesand also a Streett automaton that specifies the property to bemonitored. It generates a monitor for monitoring computations ofthe application. Experimental results comparing the effectivenessof the different algorithms are presented.
Effects of selective toxin from Helminthosporium carbonum on chlorophyll synthesis in maize

Etiolated maize leaves exposed to selective toxin (HC toxin) from Helminthosporium carbonum were placed in light for greening. After 6 h in light, significant inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis by toxin (
Computing the Tsirelson Space Norm

After a review of Tsirelson space T, a reflexive Banach space containing no isomorphic copies of any l p space, the authors develop an efficient algorithm for computing the norm of T. Properties of the algorithm, timings, and space considerations are discussed.
Real‐Time Embedded Software

Real-time embedded software is responsible for observing and controlling systems in the physical world. Because of this role, it has timeliness requirements above and beyond that of traditional software: when it produces results is often as important the results themselves. The real-time challenge, compounded with the usual difficulties of producing correct, complex software systems, makes producing real-time embedded software all the more difficult. Such software runs on digital computing hardware, is usually structured following principles from real-time scheduling, and often implements algorithms derived from control theory. Effective development of such software requires knowledge of these three fields. Low-level concerns such as memory-mapped I/O, polling, and interrupts are discussed first, followed by a discussion of how to simulate concurrency and PThreads. An introduction to real-time scheduling theory follows, including a discussion of the rate-monotonic approach. The article ends with a discussion of real-time operating systems and the future of real-time embedded software. Keywords: the future of real-time embedded software
The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives

The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives (Revised edition). Ian Tattersall. Boulder: Westview Press, 1999. 208 pp.
Giant cell reparative granuloma of the hand

A case of recurrent giant cell reparative granuloma of the hand is reported. The radiographs showed a lytic, expansile lesion that extended from the secondary ossification center proximally to the articular surface distally. Treatment consisted of excision of the involved proximal phalanx and interposition bone graft. The histopathologic findings were typical for this benign, nonneoplastic process: a cellular fibrous stroma with many giant cells. The differentiation of giant cell reparative granuloma from giant cell tumor, aneurysmal bone cyst, and brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism is reviewed.
EFFECT OF HYPNOTICALLY-INDUCED ANXIETY ON THE PLASMA HYDROCORTISONE LEVEL OF NORMAL SUBJECTS

ABSTRACT Twelve normal subjects were made anxious by direct suggestion while in a deep, somnambulistic state produced by means of hypnosis. The trends in plasma hydrocortisone level throughout the waking, hypnotized, anxious, and waking periods were significantly different between the female subjects and their controls, but not between the males and their controls. Although hypnosis significantly reduced the plasma hydrocortisone level in both sexes, induction of anxiety raised the level in the female subjects by 75 per cent but did not affect the male subjects. A statistical treatment for trend analysis and comparison has been presented which may be helpful in similar studies.
Induced hydrogen peroxide tolerance in Paramecium

Summary Hormesis is the phenomenon of beneficial effects induced by exposure to low doses of otherwise harmful physical or chemical agents. The present study of peroxide tolerance in two species of Paramecium provides evidence that: 1) prior exposure to peroxide can induce tolerance to higher doses of the agent; 2) the length of the recovery period after exposure is crucial for inducing cell tolerance to increased doses of the toxin in both the short-lived Paramecium tetraurelia and the long-lived Paramecium multimicronucleatum . The two species of paramecia had comparable levels of constitutive and inducible catalase levels. Two inhibitors of endogenous antioxidants were used, aminotriazole, a catalase inhibitor, and BCNU (1,3 -bis (chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea), the antineoplastic agent carmustine, an inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase. In the presence of both inhibitors, a significant increase in cell sensitivity to peroxide was found. Since exposure to given doses of hydrogen peroxide can stimulate increased catalase, and can increase survival following oxidative challenge, the use of a hormetic strategy to increase longevity is proposed.
Rotational Spectrum and Structure of 1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene: Comparison of Spectroscopy, Diffraction, and ab Initio Results

The rotational spectra of four isotopomers of 1,2-dichloro-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene have been measured with a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The ring parameters determined from the inertial data were r(C1C2) = 1.311(15) A, r(C2C3) = 1.487(15) A, and r(C3C4) = 1.551(15) A, with the angles (C1C2C3) = 94.6(6)° and (C2C3C4) = 85.4(6)°. The C3C4 bond is found to be shorter by 0.05 A than the value obtained from an electron diffraction study, although consistent with a previous microwave study of the closely related molecule hexafluorocyclobutene. The C1C2 bond is also 0.04 A shorter than the electron diffraction data and about 0.02−0.03 A shorter than microwave spectroscopy studies of other tetrafluorocyclobutenes. The reasons for these differences are unclear. The chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling constants were determined; the axis of the principal nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor is essentially parallel to the carbonchlorine bond axis. Comparisons with theoretical calculations and elec...
Developing an epitaxial growth process for ZnO by MOCVD using real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry

Real-time diagnostics are an essential tool in the development and improvement of growth processes for new materials. Here we use real-time spectroscopic polarimetric observations of zinc oxide deposition, and a chemical model derived therefrom, to develop a method of growing dense, two-dimensional zinc oxide epitaxially on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. With the transition between deposition and etching being 13% in the diethylzinc flow rate, it is unlikely that we would have discovered this process without the use of real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry. New photoluminescence data support our conclusion that using this cyclical growth process yields improved material.
Estimating Fish Body Condition with Quantile Regression

Abstract We used quantile regression to compare the body condition of walleye Sander vitreus and white bass Morone chrysops before (1980–1988) and after (1989–2004) the establishment of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in Lake McConaughy, Nebraska. Higher quantiles (percentiles = 100% × quantiles (0, 1)) of weight (W) at the same total length (TL) were indicative of better body condition in an allometric growth model that included separate slopes and intercepts for the before and after groups. All quantiles of walleye weights by TL increased in the years after alewife introduction, ranging from 1.01 to 1.12 times weights in the years before alewife introduction, with greatest increases for the lower (<0.50) quantiles and greater TLs. Quantiles up to 0.25 (the lowest 25th percentiles) of white bass weights were reduced in years after alewife introduction for TLs less than 300 mm, ranging from 0.78 to 0.98 times weights in the years before alewife introduction. However, quantiles greater than or equal to 0.50 ...
Arginine vasotocin activates advertisement calling and movement in the territorial Puerto Rican frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui.

Arginine vasotocin (AVT) is a neuropeptide that modulates social behavior in amphibians and activates calling in frogs. The Puerto Rican coqui frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, is a terrestrial anuran that exhibits complex social behaviors, including territoriality and paternal care. Males have a distinctive social hierarchy and can be any of the following: satellite (non-calling), territorial (calling), or paternal (guards and broods embryos). Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of AVT on satellite behavior and the male social hierarchy of E. coqui. Satellite males were captured within the territory held by a resident male, given injections (IP) of AVT or saline (control) and placed back in their original location. To determine if AVT affects all males, not merely satellite males, territorial (calling) males were injected with AVT. Significantly more satellite males commenced advertisement calling following AVT injections than did control males injected with saline. AVT-activated satellites did not challenge the resident territorial male for possession of the territory but instead moved into a new area before commencing to call. In fact, AVT-activated satellite males were significantly more likely to move into a new territory following AVT injections than AVT-injected territorial males. The effect of AVT was short lived, lasting only one night in all but two cases. It is concluded that AVT stimulates advertisement calling and AVT-activated males displayed territorial characteristics of E. coqui.
Changes in the content of biologically active polyamines during storage and cooking of pig liver.

Abstract Dietary polyamines putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) participate in numerous human physiological processes, including tumour growth. Eight experiments with pig liver were carried out. In two, livers were stored at −18 °C for 168 days, in four, livers were stored aerobically (AE), vacuum-packaged (VP) and packaged in a modified atmosphere (MO; 70% N 2 and 30% CO 2 , v/v) at +2 °C for 9, 21 and 21 days, respectively, and in two, the effects of four cooking treatments were tested. Polyamines were determined as dansyl derivatives using an HPLC method. Distribution of both SPD and SPM in the four main liver lobes was homogenous. The initial SPD and SPM contents in 14 livers 24 h after slaughter were 23.3 ± 6.7 and 94.5 ± 19.6 mg kg −1 , respectively. The putrescine content was below the limit of detection. The content of SPD and SPM decreased during frozen-storage to about 70% of the initial values. On day-9 of storage, mean SPD and SPM contents decreased to about 85% of the initial values in livers stored in MO and to about 75–80% in AE and VP at 2 °C. The decrease continued more extensively in VP than in MO. PUT was detected from day-15 of VP and MO storage. There was a significant decrease in SPD and SPM, to about 70–60% of the initial content during cooking.
The Ballistocardiogram in Mitral Stenosis

The ballistocardiograms of 13 of 14 patients with "pure" mitral stenosis were found to show acharacteristic late diastolic and early systolic deformity. The deformity consists of a footward wave which precedes the I wave, often resulting in "doubling" of the I, or fusion with the I, producing a wide, deformed wave. Ballistocardiograms of patients with mitral insufficiency did not consistently show this deformity. Immediately after commissurotomy this abnormality was diminished, but was not completely eliminated. Some possible factors concerned in the genesis of this pattern are discussed.
Synchronization of periodical cicada emergences

Synchronized insect emergences are shown to be a possible consequence of predation in the presence of a limited environmental carrying capacity through a mathematical model for cicada populations that includes these two features. Synchronized emergences, like those observed in 13- and 17-year cicades, are predicted for insects with sufficiently long life-spans. Balanced solutions, in which comparable emergences occur each year, are found for insects having sufficiently short life-spans, such as 3-, 4-, and 7-year cicadas. For the values used here, synchronized emergences occur for insects with life-spans of 10 years or more, and balanced emergences occur for life-spans of fewer than 10 years.
Accumulation of Hg(II) by adsorbed polyuridylic acid : Differentiation of coordinated Hg(II) and covalently mercurated species

Abstract The voltammetric behavior of polyuridylic acid+mercuric acetate solutions at hanging mercury drop electrodes has been studied in neutral aqueous solution. Adsorbed polyuridylic acid (poly(U)) efficiently accumulates mercury, resulting in a peak voltammogram at ca. −0.6 V vs. SCE for the reduction of Hg(II) coordinated to the poly(U) film. The size of this wave was markedly dependent on the accumulation time. The magnitude of the charge associated with the peak voltammogram indicated formation of multilayer poly(U)–Hg(II) electroactive films. This voltammetric current could be distinguished from the reduction of covalent carbon–mercury bonds in mercurated poly(U), poly(U–Hg), prepared by treating the former with mercury(II)acetate at elevated temperature. Analysis of the surface voltammetry of poly(U–Hg) gave an estimate of the extent of mercuration.
Isoflavones, a sesquiterpene lactone-monoterpene adduct and other constituents of Gaillardia species

Abstract Aerial parts of Gaillardia suavis gave orobol 7,3′-dimethyl ether and the new isoflavones 7,3′-dimethoxy-5,6,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone and 7-methoxy-5,6,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone. Gaillardia aestivalis from central Texas gave the 2′-acetylglucopyranosides of 12-hydroxynerolidol and 10,11-dihydro-12-hydroxynerolidol and the 2′,6′-diacetylglucopyranoside of 2-phenethyl alcohol as well as some common plant constituents, while the main constituent of several other G. aestivalis collections was a Diels—Alder adduct of multigilin and 8-hydroxy-α-phellandrene.
Calculation of dissociation energies in interatomic pair potentials and review of the relationship between coefficients of thermal expansion and heat capacities of simple metals

Abstract Dissociation energies for a two-term inverse power type of interatomic pair potential have been calculated for several metals by considering all interatomic interactions in the solid and using the experimental values of the cohesive energies. The results are then employed to calculate the ratio of thermal expansion coefficients and heat capacities of metals. It is found that the calculated values are in much better agreement with the experimental observations compared to an earlier work.
Acute type I aortic dissection: traditional versus hybrid repair with antegrade stent delivery to the descending thoracic aorta.

Objective We compared the short-term outcomes between patients who had undergone classic repair for type I aortic dissection and those who had undergone concomitant antegrade stenting in the descending thoracic aorta. Methods From January 2005 to December 2012, 112 patients were treated for acute type I aortic dissection. Eighty-seven patients (group A) underwent traditional operations on the ascending and proximal arch (n = 79, 90.8%), total arch (n = 7, 8.1%), or ascending aorta (n = 1, 1.2%). Twenty-five patients (group B) underwent ascending and proximal arch repair and antegrade stent grafting in the descending thoracic aorta. Various concomitant procedures were performed in both groups. The circulatory arrest times were similar between the 2 groups. Results The 30-day mortality was 13.8% (n = 12) in group A and 12% (n = 3) in group B. Nine patients in group A (10.3%) and 3 in group B (12%) experienced a postoperative stroke. In group A, 1 patients (1.5%) developed transient spinal cord ischemia, and in group B, 2 patients had transient paraparesis (8.0%). Preoperatively, 24 group A patients and 19 group B patients had malperfusion; this condition resolved postoperatively in 13 group A patients (54.2%) and 16 group B patients (84.2%; P Conclusions Antegrade endovascular grafting of the descending thoracic aorta during repair of acute type I aortic dissection is technically safe, does not increase the circulatory arrest time, and could help patients with preoperative malperfusion. Long-term follow-up data are needed.
Network mobility in beyond-3G systems

This article aims to analyze network mobility issues and requirements in the context of beyond-3G systems, and explore various approaches to the solutions, including the basic approach being pursued within the IETF NEMO working group. It starts with understanding the network mobility scenarios. Then the principle of mobile IP is revisited to serve as the basis for the subsequent discussion on the basic and advanced requirements and approaches for network mobility support. Finally, the network mobility research activities in the EU project OverDRiVE are reported.
The influence of sex-role expectations on the perception of touch

Eighty-seven male and female university students were shown one of three videotapes of a male and a female having a conversation. The three videotapes were identical, except for the beginning and end, where in one condition the male touched the female on the shoulder, in another the female touched the male, in the last neither touched. After they had watched a videotape, subjects were asked to rate the male and the female on 17 descriptive adjectives. Touch condition significantly changed ratings on two clusters of adjectives: the “dominant” cluster for the female; and the “passive” cluster for the male. The female was seen as most “dominant” (stereotypically male) when she touched, the male as most “passive” (stereotypically female) when he was touched. These results are discussed in terms of Henley's (1977) theory of touch as a power symbol.
Construction of targeted single copy lac fusions using λ Red and FLP-mediated site-specific recombination in bacteria

A simple method for the construction of targeted transcriptional and translational fusions to the lac operon using FLP mediated site-specific recombination is described. Conditional plasmids containing promoterless lacZY genes and the FLP recognition target (FRT) site in both orientations were constructed for generating transcriptional fusions. Similarly, a plasmid used to create translational fusions was constructed in which the endogenous translational start of lacZ has been removed. These plasmids can be transformed into strains containing a single FRT site, which was previously integrated downstream of the promoter of interest using the λ Red recombination method. The FLP protein produced from a helper plasmid that contains a conditional origin of replication promotes site-specific recombination between the FRT sites, resulting in an integrated lac fusion to the gene of interest. Transcriptional fusions to the Salmonella typhimurium genes sodCII and sitA were constructed using this method and shown to respond appropriately to mutations in the respective regulatory genes, rpoS and fur. Translational fusions were also constructed using this method. In this case, expression of β-galactosidase was dependent on translation of the target protein. Given that the FLP recombinase does not require host factors for function and that this method requires no molecular cloning, this method should be applicable for the analysis of gene expression in a variety of organisms.
The role and challenges of exome sequencing in studies of human diseases.

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have transformed the genetics study of human diseases; this is an era of unprecedented productivity. Exome sequencing, the targeted sequencing of the protein-coding portion of the human genome, has been shown to be a powerful and cost-effective method for detection of disease variants underlying Mendelian disorders. Increasing effort has been made in the interest of the identification of rare variants associated with complex traits in sequencing studies. Here we provided an overview of the application fields for exome sequencing in human diseases. We describe a general framework of computation and bioinformatics for handling sequencing data. We then demonstrate data quality and agreement between exome sequencing and exome microarray (chip) genotypes using data collected on the same set of subjects in a genetic study of panic disorder. Our results show that, in sequencing data, the data quality was generally higher for variants within the exonic target regions, compared to that outside the target regions, due to the target enrichment. We also compared genotype concordance for variant calls obtained by exome sequencing vs. exome genotyping microarrays. The overall consistency rate was > 99.83% and the heterozygous consistency rate was > 97.55%. The two platforms share a large amount of agreement over low frequency variants in the exonic regions, while exome sequencing provides much more information on variants not included on exome genotyping microarrays. The results demonstrate that exome sequencing data are of high quality and can be used to investigate the role of rare coding variants in human diseases.
Biomimetic Nanofiber Scaffolds for Tendon-to-Bone Insertion Repair

This paper reports the fabrication of nanofiber scaffolds with dual gradients in both mineral content and fiber orientation, which can be used to mimic the composition and collagen fiber organization at native tendon-to-bone insertion site. Such scaffolds show great potential for rotator cuff injury repair.
Four Consecutive Serines in the Third Intracellular Loop Are the Sites for β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase-mediated Phosphorylation and Desensitization of the α2A-Adrenergic Receptor

During short term agonist exposure, the α2A-adrenergic receptor (α2AAR) undergoes rapid functional desensitization caused by phosphorylation of the receptor by the β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK). This signal quenching is similar in nature to that found with a number of G-protein coupled receptors in which agonist-promoted desensitization is due to βARK phosphorylation; like these other receptors, the precise molecular determinants of the receptor required for βARK phosphorylation are not known. To delineate such a motif in the human α2AAR (α2C10), we constructed six mutated receptors consisting of deletions or substitutions of Ser-296-299 in the EESSSS sequence of the third intracellular loop of the receptor. These were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary and COS-7 cells, and agonist-promoted desensitization and receptor phosphorylation were assessed. Deletion of the EESSSS sequence and substitution of alanine for all four serines resulted in a total loss of phosphorylation and desensitization. Mutant receptors that retained two of the original serines (AASS and SSAA) underwent agonist-promoted phosphorylation of 55 ± 7% and 57 ± 8% of the phosphorylation found for wild type α2C10. Additional substitution mutants (SSSA and SAAA) underwent 77 ± 1% and 27 ± 4% of wild type phosphorylation, respectively. Thus, substitution of alanine for each additional serine decreased overall phosphorylation as compared with wild type α2C10 by ∼25%, which is consistent with all 4 serines being phosphorylated. Mutated receptors that only partially phosphorylated (as compared with wild type) failed to undergo agonistpromoted desensitization. Thus, βARK-mediated phosphorylation of α2C10 occurs at Ser-296-299 in the third intracellular loop, and this represents the critical step in rapid agonistpromoted desensitization. A number of other G-protein coupled receptors that undergo desensitization have a sequence motif similar to that which we have found for βARK-mediated phosphorylation of α2C10, suggesting that these receptors may also be substrates for βARK.
Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Death Valley extended region: Evidence from Miocene large rock-avalanche deposits in the Amargosa Chaos Basin, California

Large rock-avalanche deposits are extremely useful tools in paleogeographic and tectonic reconstructions. These deposits are large (>0.1 km3), semicoherent "snapshots" of source area that were emplaced instantaneously in a sedimentary basin. A rock-avalanche deposit with a known age in a sedimentary basin requires the restoration of that basin to a position adjacent to the rock- avalanche source area at the time of emplacement. The Miocene sedimentary section of the Amargosa Chaos and Sperry Hills basins in the southern Death Valley region contains deposits of large rock-avalanches from both spatially and temporally separated source terranes. The rock-avalanche deposits in the Amargosa Chaos basin require the restoration of the basin to within 10 km of the Kingston Range prior to 7.8 Ma. West-derived alluvial fan sediments in this basin can be confidently tied to the southern Panamint Mountains, with early east-derived alluvial fan sediments (pre-7.8 Ma) tied to the Kingston Range. Moreover, the pre-7.8 Ma stratigraphy of the Amargosa Chaos basin is equivalent to the pre-7.8 Ma stratigraphy of the Miocene sedimentary section in the Sperry Hills. Prior to ∼7.8 Ma, the Amargosa Chaos and Sperry Hills basins were both parts of a larger sedimentary basin. Sedimentologic constraints on the geometry of the Amargosa Chaos basin indicate that throughout its history it was a half-graben opening along a west-dipping normal fault with substantial vertical relief in the uplifted footwall. Evidence for this topography exists in the form of multiple large rock-avalanche deposits derived from footwall bedrock. The axis of this basin trends northwest with the active basin-bounding normal fault on the northeast margin. At ∼7.8 Ma, the extension direction in the southern Death Valley region changed from southwest to northwest. Younger sediments, including three younger rock-avalanche deposits, record the motion of the Amargosa Chaos basin away from the Sperry Hills basin. Top-to-the-northwest displacement of 30 km along the Amargosa detachment system is required between 7.8 Ma and 4.9 Ma between the Sperry Hills basin and the location of Amargosa Chaos basin in the southern Black Mountains. Continued, post-4.9 Ma, northwest- directed extension is required between the Amargosa Chaos basin and the southern Panamint Mountains. In addition, 15 km of right-lateral slip on the southern portion of the Grand View fault is required from 7.8 to 3 Ma to move the Sperry Hills basin away from its pre-7.8 Ma position adjacent to the Kingston Range.
Independent Pixel and Monte Carlo Estimates of Stratocumulus Albedo

Monte Carlo radiative transfer methods are employed here to estimate the plane-parallel albedo bias for marine stratocumulus clouds. This is the bias in estimates of the mesoscale-average albedo, which arises from the assumption that cloud liquid water is uniformly distributed. The authors compare such estimates with those based on a more realistic distribution generated from a fractal model of marine stratocumulus clouds belonging to the class of 'bounded cascade' models. In this model the cloud top and base are fixed, so that all variations in cloud shape are ignored. The model generates random variations in liquid water along a single horizontal direction, forming fractal cloud streets while conserving the total liquid water in the cloud field. The model reproduces the mean, variance, and skewness of the vertically integrated cloud liquid water, as well as its observed wavenumber spectrum, which is approximately a power law. The Monte Carlo method keeps track of the three-dimensional paths solar photons take through the cloud field, using a vectorized implementation of a direct technique. The simplifications in the cloud field studied here allow the computations to be accelerated. The Monte Carlo results are compared to those of the independent pixel approximation, which neglects net horizontal photon transport. Differences between the Monte Carlo and independent pixel estimates of the mesoscale-average albedo are on the order of 1% for conservative scattering, while the plane-parallel bias itself is an order of magnitude larger. As cloud absorption increases, the independent pixel approximation agrees even more closely with the Monte Carlo estimates. This result holds for a wide range of sun angles and aspect ratios. Thus, horizontal photon transport can be safely neglected in estimates of the area-average flux for such cloud models. This result relies on the rapid falloff of the wavenumber spectrum of stratocumulus, which ensures that the smaller-scale variability, where the radiative transfer is more three-dimensional, contributes less to the plane-parallel albedo bias than the larger scales, which are more variable. The lack of significant three-dimensional effects also relies on the assumption of a relatively simple geometry. Even with these assumptions, the independent pixel approximation is accurate only for fluxes averaged over large horizontal areas, many photon mean free paths in diameter, and not for local radiance values, which depend strongly on the interaction between neighboring cloud elements.
Adult psychosocial outcome of prepubertal major depressive disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare adult psychosocial functioning (PSF) of subjects with prepubertal major depressive disorder (PMDD) to a normal comparison (NC) group. Method PSF of subjects with PMDD ( n = 72) and of NC subjects ( n = 28) was compared after prospective follow-up to adulthood. These 100 subjects were 90.9% of the baseline 110 subjects who participated in the “Nortriptyline in Childhood Depression: Follow-up Study.” Research nurses who were blind to group status conducted telephone interviews using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE) to obtain PSF data. Results At follow-up, the PMDD group was 20.7 ± 2.0 and the NC subjects were 20.9 ± 2.2 years old. The PMDD subjects were 10.3 ± 1.5 years old at baseline. Time between baseline and follow-up was 9.9 ± 1.5 years. In the PMDD group, subjects with MDD, bipolar disorder, or substance use disorders during the previous 5 years had significantly worse PSF than NC subjects. These PSF impairments included significantly worse relationships with parents, siblings, and friends; significantly worse functioning in household, school, and work settings; and worse overall quality of life and global social adjustment. Conclusions Although combined treatments for PMDD have little scientific basis, multimodality regimens seem prudent until definitive treatment data become available.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF AN INFANT WITH MOSAIC TRISOMY 16 OF PATERNAL ORIGIN

We present the first case of an infant with paternally-derived mosaic trisomy 16. Amniocentesis following an elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level and early fetal growth restriction at 19 weeks detected a high level of mosaicism with 25/33 colonies demonstrating trisomy 16 and 8/33 colonies with a normal 46,XX karyotype. Molecular studies revealed a paternal origin of the trisomy which was present in amniotic fluid cells, representing either a post-zygotic error or a meiosis II non-disjunction without crossing-over. In addition, there was normal biparental inheritance in the normal cell line. The symmetrically growth-restricted fetus was closely monitored for the remainder of the gestation. Decreased fetal movements at 36 weeks in conjunction with electronic fetal monitoring showing evidence of fetal distress necessitated abdominal delivery. Severe growth restriction, mild facial dysmorphism, and cardiac anomalies were identified. Microsatellite analysis demonstrated biparental inheritance in skin fibroblasts with a paternal origin for the trisomy in the placenta. Follow-up cytogenetic studies of additional tissues revealed 85 per cent trisomy 16 mosaicism in the placenta, yet only cytogenetically normal cells in lymphocytes and fibroblasts.
A circulatory model for human metabolism.

Abstract We describe a new circulatory model for the analysis of human metabolic data compatible with the limited information obtainable in clinical studies when only a few metabolites are observed. The model makes no assumptions about intermediary metabolites, which may not be known, the existence of compartments or the size of these compartments. Only observed data are employed. While for a single substance the model provides no new format, the description of the quantitative relationship between two or more substances is unambiguous and precise, and allows considerably more insight than by previous methods. Via the model, direct entry rates into plasma metabolites, the direct departure rates and the conversion rate between two substances, both for first conversion and repetitive conversions, can be established. Specification of the data needed to determine these kinetic relationships is given. For the glucose-alanine system peculiarities present which may require extra steps in data analysis are described. The randomness generated by turbulent mixing in the heart gives the underlying theory a probabilistic character, and much of the methodology has its origins there. The randomness is nullified by the law of large numbers, but the mathematical structure remains.
Meqalac Development at Brookhaven

A novel method of transporting and accelerating high brightness ion beams, called MEQALAC, has been developed at Brookhaven. The concept and its motivation will be described first, with reference to other sources for detail, and then the performance of two operating MEQALAC's will be presented.
Evidence of superconductivity in PrBa2Cu3O7

Abstract The surface resistances of PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 films provide evidence of patches of superconductivity with transition temperatures of ∼92 K. The same samples have insulating dc resistivities. We interpret this as evidence that PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 is intrinsically superconducting, but contains Ba-site Pr ions that break pairs and destroy macroscopic superconductivity. The theoretical implications are discussed.
Masseteric Artery: Anatomic Location and Relationship to the Temporomandibular Joint Area

Purpose This study was performed to determine the precise location of the masseteric artery in relation to the temporomandibular joint region to reduce the risk of injury during surgery. Materials and Methods A careful dissection of 16 intact human cadaveric head specimens was carried out to determine the course of the masseteric artery. The location of the masseteric artery was then determined in relation to 3 points in the anterior-posterior plane between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process: 1) the anterior-superior aspect of the condylar neck, 2) the most inferior aspect of the articular tubercle, and 3) the inferior aspect of the sigmoid notch. Results The mean distance of the masseteric artery to the most anterior-superior aspect of the condylar neck was 10.3 mm; to the most inferior aspect of the articular tubercle, 11.4 mm; and to the most inferior aspect of the sigmoid notch, 3 mm. Conclusions These results show that there is considerable variability in the location of the masseteric artery. Although it is generally closest to the depth of the sigmoid notch, which can explain why this vessel can be easily damaged during intraoral vertical ramus osteotomies, in some instances it can also be close to either the neck of the condylar process or the coronoid process. The data provided in this study can serve as a guide for locating the vessel when operating in these areas.
Measurement of transmittance and permittivity of dielectric materials using dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy

Transmittance and permittivity of several dielectric materials such as plexiglas, acrylic, and polypropylene were measured using dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy (DFTS). The measured results showed that the transmittance of plexiglas and acrylic specimens decreases with the increase of frequency in the range of 50–380 GHz. Accurate spectra of complex permittivity and loss tangent of these specimens in this frequency range are also given. Very good agreement was seen in the overlapped frequency range between the measured data and the published data, measured using other techniques such as the W-band spectrometer with backward wave oscillator and the free-space measurement. This technique can be used for measurements of various dielectric materials, provided that flat specimens are available. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 27–30, 2003
Bacterial chemolithotrophy in the ocean is associated with sinking particles

The oceanic carbon cycle has traditionally been viewed as a reversible, one step reduction–oxidation reaction (CO2⇌CH2O). Principle pathways were thought to involve eukaryotic photoautotrophy and oxygen-dependent bacterial respiration, respectively. However, prokaryotic (cyanobacterial) photoautotrophy is now well documented and has even been proposed as a major carbon pathway1–6. In a previous study of the mesopelagic zone in the North Pacific Ocean7, the observed downward fluxes of organic carbon, nitrogen, ATP and RNA suggested production in situ of new particulate organic carbon at 700–900 m. Here we present evidence that this is indeed the case and that it is mediated by bacterial chemolithotrophy. Energy for this process may be in part provided by detrital NH+4 derived from the downward flux of large particles.
Clinically Significant Depressive Symptoms in African American Adolescent Females in an Urban Reproductive Health Clinic

Adolescent depression is a major public health concern. Depression and depressive symptoms are more prevalent in adolescent females and are associated with high-risk sexual behavior. Only one third of adolescents receive professional help for their depression, although about 90% visit their primary care providers on average 2-3 times per year. It is imperative that health professionals seek additional methods in the identification and treatment of depressive symptoms. This paper presents findings of the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms in African American female adolescents receiving routine health care services within an adolescent primary care reproductive health clinic. Results revealed higher rates of depressive symptoms in this subsample of African American adolescent females when compared to the national sample, suggesting that primary care reproductive health clinics are a viable setting for the identification of depressive symptoms among low income, African American female adolescents. Psychosocial interventions and recommendations for the integration of primary care reproductive health, and behavioral health consultation services are presented.
Histologic variants of urothelial carcinoma: differential diagnosis and clinical implications

An increasing number of histologic variants of urothelial carcinoma have been recognized in recent years. It is important for surgical pathologists to be aware of these morphological variants that, on occasion, may lead to misinterpretation as benign. Some also require a specific therapeutic approach. In this article, we review the most common histologic variants of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Emphasis is placed on clinical significance and differential diagnosis.
Thermo-elasto-viscoplasticity of isotropic porous metals

Abstract A rate and temperature dependent elastic-plastic model for isotropic, moderately porous metallic materials is formulated. This model is intended for material rate-sensitivities in the entire range spanning from highly rate-dependent behavior at high homologous temperatures to nearly rate-insensitive behavior at low homologous temperatures. The predictive capabilities of the constitutive model are verified by comparing results from finite element calculations against results from physical experiments. Specifically, example calculations are presented for: (a) isothermal hot compression of a tapered disk made from an initially porous material. This calculation illustrates the effect of secondary tensile stresses on hot workability of metals, (b) Tension tests, under isothermal conditions at low homologous temperatures, on axisymmetric notched bars made from initially porous materials. This calculation illustrates the effects of nonuniform multiaxial tensile stress states on void growth. Predictions from the computational procedures for both examples agree well with experimental results. The new state variable rate and temperature dependent constitutive model for microporous materials and the associated computational procedures form a basis for the simulation and design of deformation processing operations. This new capability should be useful for the prediction of formation of defects during both cold-working when the material rate sensitivity is low, as well as hot-working when the material is highly rate sensitive. The computational capability should also be useful in simulating the late stages of densification of powder metallurgical products in complex forming operations.
Cytomegalovirus Glomerulopathy in a Kidney Allograft With Response to Oral Valganciclovir

Cytomegalovirus is an important viral pathogen in the kidney transplant population. Reports of direct cytopathic effects of cytomegalovirus in the kidney allograft are infrequent, with the majority of earlier reports highlighting tubulointerstitial involvement. We report a 58-year-old man who presented with an acute decrease in kidney allograft function 3 months posttransplantation. At presentation, both cytomegalovirus and polyomavirus blood polymerase chain reaction results were positive. Biopsy showed predominant glomerular endothelial involvement by cytomegalovirus with positive immunohistochemistry results. Polyomavirus was not detected in the biopsy specimen. He was treated with oral valganciclovir and a decrease in immunosuppression. He had a complete response, with clearance of viremia and return of allograft function to baseline. Recent reports of glomerular involvement may reflect changing practices in antiviral chemoprophylaxis and immunosuppressive regimen. Oral valganciclovir may have a role in the treatment of patients with mild viremia with tissue-invasive kidney disease.
Antiarrhythmic Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Recent Studies

The epidemiological studies of Kromann and Green1 on the low mortality rate of Greenland Inuits from ischemic heart disease led to the suggestion by Bang et al2 that despite the high total fat intake of the Eskimos, this low mortality rate was due to the abundance of n-3 fatty acids from seafood in their diet. This hypothesis initiated research by many investigators into possible antiatherogenic effects of n-3 PUFAs. Much has been learned regarding physiological and biochemical changes induced by this class of essential fatty acids that could have potential antiatherogenic effects; nevertheless, controversy persists in the current literature regarding the clinical evidence for beneficial effects from fish ingestion (the major dietary source of n-3 fatty acids) on the development of coronary heart disease.3 4 Studies seeking a resolution to the potential antiatherogenic effects of n-3 PUFA will undoubtedly continue.5 Meanwhile, on the basis of earlier sporadic suggestions that n-3 PUFA might possess antiarrhythmic effects,6 7 McLennan and coworkers8 9 pursued this possibility. They showed in feeding studies in rats that when saturated fats or olive oil is the major dietary fat, a high incidence of fatal, irreversible VF occurs from experimental coronary artery ligation, which was significantly reduced when the dietary fat was vegetable oil but was essentially abolished by fish oil. They have confirmed their basic finding in marmosets.10 It is not our purpose in this brief review to discuss possible antiatherogenic effects of n-3 PUFA or the role of coronary heart disease in causing malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Clearly, coronary heart disease is the major clinical setting in which malignant ventricular arrhythmias occur today, and myocardial ischemia is the most common trigger eliciting such arrhythmias. Rather, we will focus on our recent studies on the mechanism of the apparent antiarrhythmic actions …
Household migration and the labor market position of married women

Abstract The present paper conceptualizes labor force participation among U.S. wives as both a determinant and consequence of household migration. A theoretical justification is provided for decomposing these relationships by occupational position of the wife. Applying log-linear models to data from the 1970 One-in-a-Thousand Public Use Sample, we corroborate previous research in that, on the average, the likelihood of interstate migration between 1965 and 1970 was greatest among families in which the wife was not employed prior to the move. However, among employed wives, those classified as professionals or managers were also found to accentuate the probability of household migration, particularly if the husband was not employed in 1965. The implication is that all types of employment by the wife need not limit family mobility as previous studies have suggested. Although migration was found to have a disrupting effect on the continuity of employment among most wives, this effect was most in evidence among wives employed in blue collar occupations. The data suggest the need for a careful reappraisal of traditional economic notions of migration, particularly as they apply to married women.
Using the Minnesota Accelerated Loading Facility to Test Retrofit Dowel Load Transfer Systems

The Minnesota Accelerated Loading Facility (Minne-ALF) is a laboratory-based, linear-loading, pavement test stand that simulates the passage of heavy loads moving at speeds up to 65 km/h over small, full-scale pavement test slabs. Moving wheel loads are simulated using a rocker beam controlled by hydraulic actuators. In this study, the passage of 40-kN single wheel loads was simulated at a rate of 172,800 loads per day. Demonstration tests were performed to (a) determine the effects of selected design and construction variables on retrofit dowel load transfer system performance, (b) measure the variability of Minne-ALF test results, (c) demonstrate the general usefulness of the Minne-ALF, and (d) identify the need for any additional test system modifications. Concrete slabs specimens were cast and dowels were installed in slots across cracks and formed joints. Test variables included joint face texture, repair backfill material, and dowel material and length. Test outputs included measurements of load tra...
TRYPTOPHAN LOADING: CONSEQUENT EFFECTS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF KYNURENINE AND 5-HYDROXYINDOLES IN RAT BRAIN

— Tryptophan loading of rats resulted in a continuous non-linear uptake of l-tryptophan from plasma into the brain. The optimum tryptophan load for increasing cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) level was 25 mg/kg. Above this, there was a gradual decrease both in the levels and synthesis of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) as assessed from simultaneous intraperitoneal or intraventricular injections of l[14C]tryptophan. A 5–10 fold increase in cerebral tryptophan produced a limited stimulation of 5-HT synthesis. When the cerebral tryptophan level reached 1 ± 10-4, substrate inhibition in vivo of the tryptophan monooxygenase (tryptophan-5-hydroxylase) but not of the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase occurred. Cerebral synthesis of kynurenine increased linearly with increasing tryptophan load. At a plasma ratio of 50:1 tryptophan to kynurenine, tryptophan loading interfered with the entry of peripheral kynurenine. Tryptophan loading also increased the efflux of 5-hydroxyindoles from the brain. One hour after intraperitoneal injection of l-kynurenine sulfate (5 mg/kg) into rats, there was a shift in the plasma ratio of l-tryptophan to l-kynurenine to 4:1. In these rats, a 20% reduction of cerebral tryptophan was noted.