cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Management of Acute Agitation

Acute agitation occurs in a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions, and when severe can result in behavioural dyscontrol. Rapid tranquillisation is the assertive use of medication to calm severely agitated patients quickly, decrease dangerous behaviour and allow treatment of the underlying condition. Intramuscular injections of typical antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, given alone or in combination, have been the treatment of choice over the past few decades. Haloperidol and lorazepam are the most widely used agents for acute agitation, are effective in a wide diagnostic arena and can be used in medically compromised patients. Haloperidol can cause significant extrapyramidal symptoms, and has rarely been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. Lorazepam can cause ataxia, sedation and has additive effects with other CNS depressant drugs. Recently, two fast-acting preparations of atypical antipsychotics, intramuscular ziprasidone and intramuscular olanzapine, have been developed for treatment of acute agitation. Intramuscular ziprasidone has shown significant calming effects emerging 30 minutes after administration for acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia and other nonspecific psychotic conditions. Intramuscular ziprasidone is well tolerated and has gained widespread use in psychiatric emergency services since its introduction in 2002. In comparison with other atypical antipsychotics, ziprasidone has a relatively greater propensity to increase the corrected QT (QTc) interval and, therefore, should not be used in patients with known QTc interval-associated conditions. Intramuscular olanzapine has shown faster onset of action, greater efficacy and fewer adverse effects than haloperidol or lorazepam in the treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar mania and dementia. Intramuscular olanzapine has been shown to have distinct calming versus nonspecific sedative effects. The recent reports of adverse events (including eight fatalities) associated with intramuscular olanzapine underscores the need to follow strict prescribing guidelines and avoid simultaneous use with other CNS depressants. Both intramuscular ziprasidone and intramuscular olanzapine have shown ease of transition to same-agent oral therapy once the episode of acute agitation has diminished. No randomised, controlled studies have examined either agent in patients with severe agitation, drug-induced states or significant medical comorbidity. Current clinical experience and one naturalistic study with intramuscular ziprasidone suggest that it is efficacious and can be safely used in such populations. These intramuscular atypical antipsychotics may represent a historical advance in the treatment of acute agitation.
Reaction of Cyclic Acid Anhydrides with Ethyl Cyanoacetate

The reactions of cyclic carboxyanhydrides and substituted cyclic carboxyanhydrides with ethyl sodiocyanoacetic ester were studied. The resulting dicarboxylic acid esters failed to undergo Dieckmann cyclization.
A 55-nm, 0.86-Volt operation, 75MHz high speed, 96uA/MHz low power, wide voltage supply range 2M-bit split-gate embedded Flash

Firstly an embedded 55-nm Flash design based on split-gate Flash bitcell is proposed by 32KX64 IP. It demonstrates competitive features for production by wide voltage supply range (VDD=0.86~1.32V, and VD25=1.6~3.6V), low-power read feature (96uA/MHz, 64 bits), fast wake-up time from power off (<; 2us), and fast operation read speed up to 75MHz (VDD=1.08V).
Motivations for Sexual Intimacy: Development of a Needs-Based Sexual Intimacy Scale

ABSTRACT To assess motivations associated with sexual intimacy, a need for sexual intimacy scale (NSIS) was developed within a needs-based framework, focusing on needs for sex, affiliation, and dominance. Participants were 347 individuals associated with two large Southern California universities. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were utilized, as were multiple attitudinal and behavioral measures for validation purposes. EFA found 22 items to be associated with the three need sets, with good internal consistency reliability. CFA confirmed these findings, and promising construct and criterion validities were also noted for the factors. Those reporting a greater need for sex noted more lifetime sex partners and one-night stands, but were less likely to use condoms. Individuals with affiliation needs were more likely to be truthful with their partners and more likely to practice safe-sex. Those reporting dominance needs want to control their partners sexually, but were less lik...
Multishot versus Single-Shot Pulse Sequences in Very High Field fMRI: A Comparison Using Retinotopic Mapping

High-resolution functional MRI is a leading application for very high field (7 Tesla) human MR imaging. Though higher field strengths promise improvements in signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and BOLD contrast relative to fMRI at 3 Tesla, these benefits may be partially offset by accompanying increases in geometric distortion and other off-resonance effects. Such effects may be especially pronounced with the single-shot EPI pulse sequences typically used for fMRI at standard field strengths. As an alternative, one might consider multishot pulse sequences, which may lead to somewhat lower temporal SNR than standard EPI, but which are also often substantially less susceptible to off-resonance effects. Here we consider retinotopic mapping of human visual cortex as a practical test case by which to compare examples of these sequence types for high-resolution fMRI at 7 Tesla. We performed polar angle retinotopic mapping at each of 3 isotropic resolutions (2.0, 1.7, and 1.1 mm) using both accelerated single-shot 2D EPI and accelerated multishot 3D gradient-echo pulse sequences. We found that single-shot EPI indeed led to greater temporal SNR and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) than the multishot sequences. However, additional distortion correction in postprocessing was required in order to fully realize these advantages, particularly at higher resolutions. The retinotopic maps produced by both sequence types were qualitatively comparable, and showed equivalent test/retest reliability. Thus, when surface-based analyses are planned, or in other circumstances where geometric distortion is of particular concern, multishot pulse sequences could provide a viable alternative to single-shot EPI.
Anti-Lock Brake Systems— Field Experience on Passenger Cars

The addition of anti-lock control to vehicle braking systems represents a considerable increase in complexity in design, development and manufacturing. Related to these three activities there is much to be learned from laboratory and prototype vehicle test programmes. When vehicles are in the hands of drivers who are representative of customers and operate in the real environment, however, there is a variety of valuable lessons to be learned about the acceptance and the acceptability of a system, both in relation to the vehicle and to usage by people who are not conditioned by their employment as vehicle or brake engineers. This paper discusses some of those lessons.
Metabolism of ethanol and associated hepatotoxicity

Over the last three decades, direct hepatotoxic effects of ethanol were established, some of which were linked to redox changes produced by NADH generated via the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway and shown to affect the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and purines. It was also determined that ethanol can be oxidized by a microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) involving a specific cytochrome P-450; this newly discovered ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450 IIEi) contributes to ethanol metabolism, tolerance, energy wastage (with associated weight loss), and the selective hepatic perivenular toxicity of various xenobiotics. Their activation by P-450IIEi now provides an understanding of the increased susceptibility of the heavy drinker to the toxicity of industrial solvents, anaesthetic agents, commonly prescribed drugs, over-the-counter analgesics, and chemical carcinogens. P-450 induction also explains depletion (and toxicity) of nutritional factors such as vitamin A. As a conseque...
The Zic family member, odd-paired, regulates the Drosophila BMP, decapentaplegic, during adult head development.

The eye/antennal discs of Drosophila form most of the adult head capsule. We are analyzing the role of the BMP family member decapentaplegic ( dpp ) in the process of head formation, as we have identified a class of cis -regulatory dpp mutations ( dpps-hc ) that specifically disrupts expression in the lateral peripodial epithelium of eye/antennal discs and is required for ventral head formation. Here we describe the recovery of mutations in odd-paired ( opa ), a zinc finger transcription factor related to the vertebrate Zic family, as dominant enhancers of this dpp head mutation. A single loss-of-function opa allele in combination with a single copy of a dpps-hc produces defects in the ventral adult head. Furthermore, postembryonic loss of opa expression alone causes head defects identical to loss of dpps-hc / dpps-hc , and dpphc /+; opa/+ mutant combinations. opa is required for dpp expression in the lateral peripodial epithelium, but not other areas of the eye/antennal disc. Thus a pathway that includes opa and dpp expression in the peripodial epithelium is crucial to the formation of the ventral adult head. Zic proteins and members of the BMP pathway are crucial for vertebrate head development, as mutations in them are associated with midline defects of the head. The interaction of these genes in the morphogenesis of the fruitfly head suggests that the regulation of head formation may be conserved across metazoans.
Surfactant based assembly of mesoporous patterned calcium phosphate micron-sized rods

Abstract The synthesis of mesostructured calcium phosphate micron-sized rods and nanoparticles using mono-n-dodecyl phosphate ((C12H25O)P(O)(OH)2, MDP) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C19H42BrN, CTAB), is described. The effect of concentration, molar ratio, and ethanol as co-solvent on the shape, size, and porous structure of the resulting materials is discussed. MDP was used as a surfactant to pattern the rods with pores generated by the formation of a lamellar calcium MDP phase. CTAB, as a co-surfactant could be used to form micron-sized rods of varying length based on its molar ratio with the other reactants. Ethanol affected surfactant self-assembly, and could be used to change particle morphology from sphere-like to fiber. Certain synthesis conditions yielded low surface area spherical brushite nanoparticles grown from 46 nm MDP vesicles, while others resulted in micron-sized rods with surface areas of 90 m2/g and a porosity of 30% comprised primarily of octacalcium phosphate.
Le Récit Minimal: Du Minime au Minimalisme

Sabrinelle Bedrane, Francoise Revaz & Michel Viegnes (Eds), Paris, Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2012, 253 pages, 22.00 €, 978 2878545654 Over the last two decades, minimalism has emerged as an import...
Strategies of coping and postinstitutional outcomes.

This study investigated the relationship between diverse self-reported coping strategies and well-being among 253 older adults entering 14 long-term care facilities. Data were also obtained about the nature of coping and the stability of coping strategies from the preinstitutional to three-months postinstitutional period. Results based on a 22-item coping scale revealed three underlying coping dimensions: instrumental, affective, and escape.
Sparse Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular dimensionality reduction algorithm. However, it is not easy to interpret which of the original features are important based on the principal components. Recent methods improve interpretability by sparsifying PCA through adding an L1 regularizer. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic formulation for sparse PCA. By presenting sparse PCA as a probabilistic Bayesian formulation, we gain the benet of automatic model selection. We examine three dierent priors for achieving sparsication:
Three dimensional stability analysis of high-temperature superconductors using the finite element method

As the properties of high-temperature superconducting tapes improve, practical design considerations require more detailed analysis to prevent quenching. An important issue for high-temperature superconductors is stability; i.e. the ability to maintain or recover superconductivity in the event of a thermal disturbance or flux jump. As a result of the broad range of temperature during a transition and the strong temperature dependence and anisotropy of the material properties, the finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the three-dimensional heat conduction equation. The minimum quench energy for several sources is determined. The different cases considered include: convective boundary condition, source in BSCCO or Ag, increased anisotropy of thermal conductivity of BSCCO, increased critical current density and a constant source in Ag Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O-Ag.
Abusive Head Trauma in Children: A Comparison of Male and Female Perpetrators

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of perpetrator gender on victim presentation and outcomes, and perpetrator legal outcomes for abusive head trauma (AHT). METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of AHT cases from 1998 to 2008. Patient clinical data and information regarding perpetrator legal outcome was obtained. Relationship of brain injury and retinal hemorrhages (RHs) and differences in categorical variables of perpetrator gender were compared by using Fisher9s exact test. Differences in continuous variables between perpetrator gender were compared by using the Mann-Whitney Test. RESULTS: There were 34 cases of AHT with identified perpetrators, 17 of each gender. Mean age of the victims was 9.4 months (SD: 7.8). Thirty-two (94%) had intracranial hemorrhages, 14 (41%) had both primary and secondary brain injury, 28 (82%) had RHs, and 6 (18%) died. The severity of RH was related to the severity of brain injuries ( P = .01). The median age for female perpetrators (34 years) was higher than that for males (27 years; P = .001). Six categorical variables were associated with male perpetrator gender: acute presenting symptoms of cardiopulmonary or respiratory arrest ( P = .025), worse clinical outcome ( P = .012), neurosurgical intervention ( P = .037), death ( P = .018), perpetrator confession ( P = .0001), and conviction ( P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: There were significant perpetrator gender differences of AHT in children. Male perpetrators were younger and more likely to confess and be convicted. Victims of male perpetrators had more serious acute presentations and neurosurgical intervention and suffered worse clinical outcomes.
SKIN REACTIVITY TO GLYCERINATED VEAL BROTH AND ITS BEARING ON THE SPECIFICITY OF THE TUBERCULIN REACTION

1. Experiments have been made on skin sensitivity to glycerinated veal peptone broth (G. V. B.), the usual control for old tuberculin, in relation to tuberculin sensitivity, in order to complement a series of similar experiments made by Hart (2). At that time the extreme tenacity of tuberculin, and the consequent risk of contaminating G. V. B. during the processes used in preparing the latter substance, were insufficiently recognized. 2. In the present series persons who have been tested intracutaneously with G. V. B., prepared with all possible avoidance of contamination with tuberculin, and used in doses of 1.0 mg. or 10 mg., have been found to give reactions in a small number of instances. 3. These reactions, when they have occurred in positive reactors to the usual routine doses of old tuberculin (0.01 mg. to 1.0 mg.), have been smaller than the corresponding tuberculin reactions, even though the doses of broth have been larger than those of tuberculin. It is inferred that the positive tuberculin reactions in these cases were therefore specific, and not due merely to the broth content of old tuberculin. 4. Reactions to G. V. B. have only very rarely (twice in 496 cases, comprising the previous as well as the present series) been seen in individuals negative to routine doses of old tuberculin, even when the dose of broth (up to 10 mg.) has exceeded that of the tuberculin. 5. From this association of sensitivity to G. V. B. with true tuberculin sensitivity, and, therefore, presumably with tuberculous infection, it follows that the occurrence of reactions to G. V. B. does not affect the significance of positive reactions to routine doses (0.01 mg. to 1.0 mg.) of old tuberculin, and that consequently the use of broth controls in routine tuberculin testing is not necessary.
Graduation rates, grade-point average, and changes of major of female and minority students entering engineering

This paper describes analysis of five cohorts of students matriculating into undergraduate engineering programs at nine southeastern universities from 1996-2002. We report retention by semester and graduation success as a percentage of all matriculated students. For students subsequently leaving engineering, we also report grade-point average, departure semester, and destination major. Statistical analyses determined which differences were significant between underrepresented and majority students. The results are compared to a previous study of engineering students at a private institution (University of Southern California). The most striking result was that the graduation rates both within engineering and elsewhere in the university are higher for female students than for males. This was true for both the current and previous data sets. Analysis of previous cohorts in the current data set indicates that this trend begins with the 1992 freshman cohort. Differences between the two studies indicate that students at the private university, particularly females, were quicker to switch out of engineering majors. In other words, retention rates in the first few semesters were lower at the private university than in the current study, though both sets converged to similar values by the junior year
Limitations of the Knee Society Score in evaluating outcomes following revision total knee arthroplasty.

Background: Traditionally, the results of revision total knee arthroplasty have been determined with use of surgeon-based measures such as the Knee Society rating system. Recently, outcome and quality-of-life measures have shifted toward a greater emphasis on patient-based evaluation. The aim of our study was to determine the validity and respon- siveness of the Knee Society rating system compared with the Short Form-36 health survey (SF-36), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and a four-question 4-point Likert scale satisfaction questionnaire following revision total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A total of 152 patients underwent revision total knee arthroplasty at our institution, between August 2003 and January 2007, and had a two-year follow-up evaluation after revision surgery. The SF-36, WOMAC, Knee Society rating system, and satisfaction scores were completed preoperatively and postoperatively. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the degree of correlation for each outcome scale. The SF-36, WOMAC, and patient satis- faction were correlated with the Knee Society rating system. Results: Both before and after surgery, the correlation among items of the Knee Society rating system displayed low to negligible levels of association. The Knee Society rating system pain score showed modest levels of convergent construct validity with the WOMAC and SF-36. However, the Knee Society functional score displayed negligible to low correlation with its WOMAC functional counterpart preoperatively. The Knee Society pain and functional scores, respectively, showed marked and moderate association with satisfaction. The change in the Knee Society pain and functional scores had moderate association with the SF-36 and WOMAC counterparts, except low correlation was displayed between the pain scores for the Knee Society rating system and the SF-36. The Knee Society rating system pain score was found to be the most responsive of the measures with a standardized response mean of 1.6, whereas the Knee Society rating system functional score was found to be the least responsive at 0.7. Conclusions: Currently, there is no so-called gold standard that optimally reflects the status of the knee, as well as the patient, prior to and following revision total knee arthroplasty. Ideally, numerous assessment scales should be administered to the patient in order to accurately reflect the patient characteristics for the purpose of academic study, but from a practical standpoint, this may not be feasible. We encourage further research and development of a simple and concise standardized questionnaire for use before and after revision total knee arthroplasty.
Telomere stability genes are not mutated in osteosarcoma cell lines

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone tumor in adolescents and young adults, is characterized by a high degree of chromosomal abnormalities. Because telomeres are important for maintaining chromosomal integrity, it is plausible that germ-line or somatic mutations in the genes responsible for stabilizing the telomere complex could contribute to OS. We performed bi-directional sequence analysis in five OS cell lines and targeted all exons and proximal promoter regions in eight genes important in telomere stability: telomerase, the RNA component of telomerase (TERC), telomeric repeat binding factor 1, telomeric repeat binding factor 2, TERF1 interacting nuclear factor 2, human Rap1, protection of telomeres 1 and tankyrase. In this pilot study, we did not identify either somatic mutations or novel germ-line mutations in the five cell lines studied. However, we did confirm common genetic polymorphisms; an analysis of heterozygous sites suggests that loss of heterozygosity in OS is not present across these eight genes.
Liquid metal droplets for RF MEMS switches

This paper discusses the design, fabrication and characterization of microstructures for the manipulation of very small liquid-metal droplets. In particular we demonstrate the successful actuation of 50-/spl mu/m liquid-metal droplets with an actuation voltage of less than 70V. Liquid contacts have the potential of increased power handling, which renders these structures good candidates for reliable high-power MEMS switches.
Coalescence and entrainment: Phenomena on sieve trays

Evaluation was made of the effect of hole spacing for 3/16-in. diameter perforations on a sieve tray, on the magnitude and size distribution of entrainment. The study utilized high-speed photography and entrainment measurements. The magnitude and average particle size of entrainment appears to be related to the degree of bubble coalescence in the liquid continuous phase and increases rapidly with decrease in hole spacing. Bubble bursts do not contribute significantly to entrainment in multiple perforation geometry; the major contribution occurs from shear of the liquid wall by vapor flumes.
Special Cameras and Flash Lamps for High-Speed Underwater Photography

The equipment described was developed for analyzing underwater motion of solid bodies. The experiments demanded a high rate of picture taking and that the subject studied should be in the field of at least two cameras at all times. Edgerton-type flash lamps instead of shutter mechanisms were adapted, an endless film belt giving a one-second exposure was developed, and a film speed of approximately 35 ft per sec used.
Returns to education and training for the highly disadvantaged: What Does It Take to Make an Impact?

The author presents an evaluation of a job-training demonstration program that targeted highly disadvantaged individuals residing in a high unemployment community for delivery of custom ized job-training and intensive case-management and supportive services. She found that geographical targeting aided the effort to recruit and cost-effectively serve the highly disadvan taged. Despite their disadvantages, demonstration program participants achieved significantly higher wages and eamings at termination than did comparison group members, and the program produced a statistically significant earnings impact for participants over a 2-year period. Participants who received on-the-job training experienced the largest earnings gains, although on average, the program's effects diminished over time. The author recommends extending the provision of intensive case-management and supportive services into the postplacement period to increase employment retention.
Characterization of facial pain associated with chronic rhinosinusitis using validated pain evaluation instruments.

Background Prior investigations into facial pain associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have yielded important results, but have yet to use pain-specific outcome measures. This study seeks to characterize facial pain associated with CRS using validated pain-specific instruments. Methods Adults with CRS were enrolled into a prospective, cross-sectional study along with control participants presenting with non-CRS diagnoses. Facial pain was characterized in both groups using the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). CRS-specific measures of disease were measured including the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22), nasal endoscopy, and computed tomography scoring. Results The patients comprised of CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP; n = 25), CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP; n = 30), and control participants (n = 8). Subjects with CRSwNP and CRSsNP were less likely to be pain free than controls (16.0%, 6.7%, and 62.5% respectively, p = 0.001) and carried greater burden of pain as measured by the BPI-SF and SF-MPQ than controls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017, respectively). Pain in CRS was most commonly located around the eyes and characterized as “throbbing” and “aching.” Nasal polyp status was not associated with differences in character, severity, or location of pain. Conclusion Subjects with CRS have a greater burden of facial pain relative to control subjects across several standardized pain measures. Further, facial pain in CRS significantly correlated to quality of life and CRS-specific disease severity measures. Study across larger cohorts using standardized pain measures is warranted to clarify the association of facial pain with CRS.
Food to fuel and the world food crisis

With the millennium as a springboard, the United Nations embarked on an ambitious plan in the 1990s to halve the number of the world's population suffering from hunger by the year 2015. But despite UN Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon's upbeat progress report on the Millennium Goals last summer, a new problem is emerging around food prices and food shortages. This problem has prompted swift action by the UN to try to avert looming food price crises throughout the developing world which could quickly undo much of the progress outlined in the report. In the developing world there is a very serious risk that fewer people will be able to get food. How may anthropologists contribute to this emerging problem?
Contrasting roles for lateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in transient and dispositional affective experience

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated in the experience and regulation of emotional states. Emotional experience is a complex construct, encompassing a range of more specific processes. This exploratory study aimed to delineate which (if any) aspects of emotional experience rely critically on either the ventromedial frontal (VMF) or lateral frontal (LF) lobes. The affective experience of individuals with damage to these regions was surveyed in detail using several measures and compared with that of control participants. Dependent measures included subjective and observer ratings of both dispositional affect and transient responses to laboratory mood inductions. VMF damage was associated with greater negative dispositional affect relative to controls and to individuals with LF damage; however, transient responses to emotional stimuli were largely normal. In contrast, LF damage was associated with an exaggerated subjective reactivity to sad emotional stimuli relative to control participants, but normal dispositional affect. Interestingly, neither form of PFC damage affected spontaneous emotion recovery following the mood inductions. These findings suggest a role for VMF in modulating dispositional negative affect; in contrast, LF areas appear to be critical in regulating transient emotional responses while emotional stimuli are present. This study also illustrates the dissociability of different aspects of emotional experience in patients with focal brain injury.
Prophylactic Phenobarbital and Whole-Body Cooling for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

In infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, cooling reduces death/neurodevelopmental impairment, whereas prophylactic anticonvulsants may not. This retrospective analysis shows no reduction in neurodevelopmental impairment (23% in prophylactic phenobarbital group vs 45% in controls, P = .3) but fewer clinical seizures in cooled infants who received prophylactic phenobarbital (15% vs 82% P < .0001).
Nitrate-Ammonium Ratio Required for pH Homeostasis in Hydroponically Grown Soybean

Imsande, J. 1986. Nitrate-ammonium ratio required for pH homeostasis in hydroponically grown soybean.—J. exp. Bot. 37: 341-347. Plant acid-base homeostasis is achieved when the mmoles of hydroxyl ions produced in the plant equal the mmoles of protons. Reduction of nitrate to ammonia is the major source of hydroxyl ions whereas ammonium uptake-assimilation and the metabolism of neutral sugars to organic acids are the primary sources of protons. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants were grown hydroponically on medium supplemented with 3 0 mol m 3 nitrogen provided as various combinations of KN03 and NH4NO3. Plant growth consumed essentially all available nitrogen in each case; however, only in flasks supplemented with approximately 1-8 mmoles of KN03 plus 0-6 mmole of NH4N03 was the pH of the medium unchanged. Thus, for every mmole of nitrogen assimilated, approximately 0-6 mmole of dissociable protons must have been produced by the conversion of neutral sugars to carboxylic acids. Also, it was shown that a plant obtaining all of its nitrogen from nitrate must neutralize or excrete approximately 0-5 mmole of hydroxyl ion d~ Conversely, the plant deriving all of its nitrogen from dinitrogen must excrete or neutralize at least 0-8 mmole of hydrogen ion d~1 whereas the plant deriving all of its nitrogen from ammonium must excrete or neutralize approxi mately 2-1 mmoles of hydrogen ion d-1. Nevertheless, plants grown on medium supplemented with 2-4 mol m-3 nitrate plus 0-6 mol m-3 ammonium did not achieve a higher growth rate than plants grown on 3-0 mol m-3 nitrate.
Mesoscale Organization of Springtime Rainstorms in Oklahoma

Abstract Radar reflectivity and raingage data obtained during six springtimes indicate the types of mesoscale organization that occur in association with major rain events in Oklahoma (at least 25 mm of rain in 24 h over an area exceeding 12 500 km2). In these storms the primary rain area is found to be a contiguous region of precipitation 10s to 100s of km in scale that consists partly of deep convection and partly of stratiform rain. The patterns of rain formed by the convective and stratiform areas comprise a continuous spectrum of mesoscale structures. About two-thirds of the cases examined exhibited variations on the type of organization in which convective cells arranged in a moving line are followed by a region of stratiform rain. Storm organization was graded according to the degree to which it matched an idealized model of this “leading-line/trailing-stratiform” structure. The precipitation pattern was further graded according to whether its structure was relatively symmetric with respect to an a...
A 14 MeV neutron irradiation facility with an automated fast cyclic pneumatic

This work details the design criteria, construction, controls, and optimization of the 14 MeV neutron irradiation facility at the University of Texas, built with the motivation of performing neutron activation analysis on samples with short half-lives. The facility couples a D–T neutron generator with a pneumatic transfer system capable of transit of approximately one second between source and detector, while the cyclic automated nature allows for many irradiation/count trials with any number of samples, translating to significantly improved counting statistics.
Dimeric Organization of Blood Coagulation Factor VIII bound to Lipid Nanotubes

Membrane-bound Factor VIII (FVIII) has a critical function in blood coagulation as the pro-cofactor to the serine-protease Factor IXa (FIXa) in the FVIIIa-FIXa complex assembled on the activated platelet membrane. Defects or deficiency of FVIII cause Hemophilia A, a mild to severe bleeding disorder. Despite existing crystal structures for FVIII, its membrane-bound organization has not been resolved. Here we present the dimeric FVIII membrane-bound structure when bound to lipid nanotubes, as determined by cryo-electron microscopy. By combining the structural information obtained from helical reconstruction and single particle subtomogram averaging at intermediate resolution (15-20 A), we show unambiguously that FVIII forms dimers on lipid nanotubes. We also demonstrate that the organization of the FVIII membrane-bound domains is consistently different from the crystal structure in solution. The presented results are a critical step towards understanding the mechanism of the FVIIIa-FIXa complex assembly on the activated platelet surface in the propagation phase of blood coagulation.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Goniomitine via Radical Translocation

The aspidosperma alkaloid goniomitine was synthesized in six steps from 2-ethyl-δ-valerolactam. The convergent strategy features an Ullman coupling to assemble the required carbon atoms. A complexity-generating radical translocation reaction was used to build the indole architecture.
Open-minded cognition: The attitude justification effect

AbstractAlthough open-mindedness is generally valued, people are not equally open-minded in all situations. Open-mindedness is viewed as socially desirable when individuals encounter viewpoints that are compatible with conventional social norms. However, open-mindedness is viewed in less desirable terms when individuals encounter viewpoints that undermine these norms. The perceived desirability of open-mindedness is also influenced by the individual’s personal attitudinal convictions. Individuals ‘inflate’ the normative appropriateness of open-mindedness when it serves to reinforce their convictions, but devalue the normative appropriateness of open-mindedness when it serves to contradict these convictions. Conversely, normative prohibition of closed-mindedness is exaggerated when a closed-minded orientation threatens the individual’s personal attitudinal convictions, but is minimized (or reversed) when a closed-minded orientation reinforces these convictions. Paradoxically, the perceived appropriateness ...
Method for Risky Multiple Attribute Decision Making Considering Decision Maker's Partial Attribute Aspirations

This paper proposes a method for the risky multiple attribute decision making problem considering the decision maker's partial attribute aspirations. First,according to the attribute aspiration information with regard to each nature state given by the decision maker,the original decision problem is converted into the two independent risky multiple attribute decision problems,i. e. the risky multiple attribute decision problem without attribute aspirations and the risky multiple decision problem with attribute aspirations. Then,for the risky multiple attribute decision problem without attribute aspirations,the utility value of each attribute value is calculated according to the expected utility theory,and the comprehensive utility value of each alternative can be obtained.Furthermore,for the risky multiple decision problem with attribute aspirations,decision maker's aspiration-levels are regarded as the reference points. According to the cumulative prospect theory,the prospect value of each attribute value and decision weight are calculated,respectively,and the comprehensive cumulative prospect value of each alternative can be obtained. On this basis,the overall utility value of each alternative is calculated,and the ranking result of the all alternatives can be determined. Finally,a numerical example is used to illustrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.
Investigation and analysis on iodine nutrition of residents in Zhoushan islands

Objective To access the iodine nutrition of adults in Zhoushan islands and provide references for developing and improving scientific strategy of iodine supplementation.Method 3 098 adults over 18 years old who were local permanent residents in six communities(villages) of two districts were sampled randomly.1 683 iodized salt samples,20 drinking water samples and 2 872 urine samples were tested respectively to measure their concentrations.The thyroids of sample were checked by ultrasonography and blood samples were tested for thyroid function accessment.Result The median salt iodine concentration was 0 mg/kg and mean was 5.63 mg/kg.Only 283 salt samples were adequately iodized salt with a qualified rate of 16.82%.The medians of water iodine and urinary iodine concentration were 11.40 μg/L and 112.50 μg/L respectively.The total goiter rate was 30.63% and the total thyroid dysfunction rate was 21.98%.Conclusion The level of urinary iodine of adults in Zhoushan city was moderate.The total goiter rate of adults was significantly higher and the total goiter rate of adults aged 18 to 65 years old was significantly lower than average level of Zhejiang province.The total goiter rate of female adults was significantly higher than that of male.The incidence of thyroid nodule in eldly over 65 was 38.49%,which was significantly higher than average level of Zhejiang province.The total thyroid dysfunction rate was lower than average level of Zhejiang province.
Enhanced NO production during Mg deficiency and its role in mediating red blood cell glutathione loss

The effect of dietary Mg deficiency on nitric oxide (NO) production and its role in mediating oxidative depletion of red blood cell (RBC) glutathione in rats were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on Mg-deficient or Mg-sufficient diets for up to 3 wk. Plasma nitrate plus nitrite levels, determined by the Escherichia coli reductase/Griess reagent procedures, increased 1.7-fold during the 1st wk and increased 2- to 2.4-fold during the 2nd and 3rd wk on the Mg-deficient diet. In association, substantial losses (approximately 50%) of RBC glutathione occurred during the 2nd and 3rd wk. Administration of the NO synthesis inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) effectively blunted the increases in plasma nitrate/nitrite during Mg deficiency. Concomitantly, losses of RBC glutathione exhibited by Mg-deficient rats were significantly attenuated. Packed RBCs, obtained from Mg-deficient but not from Mg-sufficient animals, displayed a prominent nitrosyl hemoglobin signal detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy; the signals of the samples from the L-NAME-treated Mg-deficient rats were greatly reduced. With isolated RBCs, losses of the glutathione could be induced directly by peroxynitrite or 3-morpholinosydnonimine, which generates NO + .O2-, but not by NO (from sodium nitroprusside) alone, in a concentration-dependent manner. The results clearly indicate that NO overproduction occurs and participates in RBC glutathione loss during Mg deficiency. Because neutrophil activation also occurs, we suggest that NO might interact with superoxide anions to form peroxynitrite, which then directly oxidizes RBC glutathione.
Psychiatry’s little other: DSM-5 and debates over psychiatric science

In 2013, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) broke rank with the American Psychiatric Association (APA) over the release of DSM-5, psychiatry’s ‘bible’ of mental disorders. Announcing that it would use its own biological categorization system in place of DSM-5, NIMH ignited a debate about the nature of psychiatric epistemology. We analyze these DSM-5 debates as a critical moment in psychiatry’s history of epistemological ‘revolutions.’ Psychiatric pioneers, throughout the field’s history, have presumed that biological dysfunction anchored mental disorders, and yet locating biological cause has proved elusive. Each time its failure to secure biological cause is unveiled, psychiatric experts reinvent the field in the image of greater scienticity. Using psychoanalytic theory, we argue that biology operates as Lacan’s objet petit a. The field of psychiatry is propelled forward by a mismatch between its imaginary identification as an objective science and its fragmented actuality as a symbolic system. Despite their attempts to repress the field’s fragmentation, leaders in psychiatry continuously bump into their failure to elucidate the biological foundation of mental disorders, compelling them to reiterate psychiatry’s fantasy identifications, now through imagery of the ‘mysterious’ brain.
Additives and Hyperkinetic Behaviour

The authors studied 39 children with hyperkinetic and learning disorders in a summer camp setting.
Diffusion of Biomass Pyrolysis Products in H-ZSM-5 by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Diffusion of biomass pyrolysis vapors and their upgraded products is an essential catalytic property of zeolites during catalytic fast pyrolysis and likely plays a critical role in the selectivity of these catalysts. Characterizing the diffusivities of representative biofuel molecules is critical to understand shape selectivity and interpret product distribution. Yet, experimental measurements on the diffusivities of oxygenated biofuel molecules at pyrolysis temperatures are very limited in the literature. As an alternative approach, we conducted MD simulations to measure the diffusion coefficients of several selected molecules that are representative of biomass pyrolysis vapors, namely water, methanol, glycolaldehyde, and toluene in H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The results show the diffusion coefficients calculated via MD simulations are consistent with available NMR measurements at room temperature.1 The effect of molecular weight and molecular critical diameter on the diffusivity among the chosen model compounds i...
Surface phases of the transition-metal dichalcogenide IrT e 2

Transition-metal dichalcogenide $\mathrm{IrT}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}$ has attracted attention because of its striped lattice, charge ordering, and superconductivity. We have investigated the surface structure of $\mathrm{IrT}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}$, using low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. A complex striped lattice modulation as a function of temperature is observed, which shows hysteresis between cooling and warming. While the bulk 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 and 8 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 phases appear at high temperatures, the surface ground state has the 6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 1 phase, not seen in the bulk, and the surface transition temperatures are distinct from the bulk. The broken symmetry at the surface creates a quite different phase diagram, with the coexistence of several periodicities resembling devil's staircase behavior.
Does Use of Text-to-Speech and Related Read-Aloud Tools Improve Reading Comprehension for Students With Reading Disabilities? A Meta-Analysis:

Text-to-speech and related read-aloud tools are being widely implemented in an attempt to assist students’ reading comprehension skills. Read-aloud software, including text-to-speech, is used to translate written text into spoken text, enabling one to listen to written text while reading along. It is not clear how effective text-to-speech is at improving reading comprehension. This study addresses this gap in the research by conducting a meta-analysis on the effects of text-to-speech technology and related read-aloud tools on reading comprehension for students with reading difficulties. Random effects models yielded an average weighted effect size of (d¯ = .35, with a 95% confidence interval of .14 to .56, p < .01). Moderator effects of study design were found to explain some of the variance. Taken together, this suggests that text-to-speech technologies may assist students with reading comprehension. However, more studies are needed to further explore the moderating variables of text-to-speech and read-a...
Cutaneous Fibrosis and Normal Wound Healing

Normal cutaneous wound healing is a highly orchestrated process requiring the participation of numerous cell types, each performing highly individualized functions at specific times under the guidance of dozens of circulating proteins that are themselves tightly controlled by transcriptional and translational mechanisms. It should come as no surprise that genetic and environmental perturbations could lead to the disruption of the successful completion of this process, or that the mechanisms themselves could be hijacked and diverted into the production of unnecessary scar.
Developing environmental performance indicators for food and beverage processors in the USA

Abstract Despite consumer and regulatory focus on the quality of final food and beverage (FB (ii) the major toxic chemical management strategy is treatment rather than recycling or energy recovery; (iii) FB and (iv) there is evidence for homogeneous performance across similar producers in the F&B processing industry but there is no evidence for the role of socio-economic characteristics of surrounding communities on the environmental performance of F&B processors.
Health Services Utilization Among Fee-for-Service Medicare and Medicaid Patients Under Age 65 with Behavioral Health Illness at an Urban Safety Net Hospital

BACKGROUND: In 2011, fee-for-service patients with both Medicare and Medicaid (dual eligible) sustained $319.5 billion in health care costs. OBJECTIVE: To describe the emergency department (ED) use and hospital admissions of adult dual eligible patients aged under 65 years who used an urban safety net hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective database analysis of patients aged between 18 and 65 years with Medicare and Medicaid, who used an urban safety net academic health center between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011. We compared patients with and without behavioral health illness. The main outcome measures were hospital admission and ED use. Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for descriptive statistics on categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Greedy propensity score matching was used to control for confounding factors. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined after matching and after adjusting for those variables that remained significantly ...