cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 Activates Macrophages Independent of Toll-Like Receptors

Background Macrophages provide an interface between innate and adaptive immunity and are important long-lived reservoirs for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1). Multiple genetic networks involved in regulating signal transduction cascades and immune responses in macrophages are coordinately modulated by HIV-1 infection. Methodology/Principal Findings To evaluate complex interrelated processes and to assemble an integrated view of activated signaling networks, a systems biology strategy was applied to genomic and proteomic responses by primary human macrophages over the course of HIV-1 infection. Macrophage responses, including cell cycle, calcium, apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and cytokines/chemokines, to HIV-1 were temporally regulated, in the absence of cell proliferation. In contrast, Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways remained unaltered by HIV-1, although TLRs 3, 4, 7, and 8 were expressed and responded to ligand stimulation in macrophages. HIV-1 failed to activate phosphorylation of IRAK-1 or IRF-3, modulate intracellular protein levels of Mx1, an interferon-stimulated gene, or stimulate secretion of TNF, IL-1β, or IL-6. Activation of pathways other than TLR was inadequate to stimulate, via cross-talk mechanisms through molecular hubs, the production of proinflammatory cytokines typical of a TLR response. HIV-1 sensitized macrophage responses to TLR ligands, and the magnitude of viral priming was related to virus replication. Conclusions/Significance HIV-1 induced a primed, proinflammatory state, M1HIV, which increased the responsiveness of macrophages to TLR ligands. HIV-1 might passively evade pattern recognition, actively inhibit or suppress recognition and signaling, or require dynamic interactions between macrophages and other cells, such as lymphocytes or endothelial cells. HIV-1 evasion of TLR recognition and simultaneous priming of macrophages may represent a strategy for viral survival, contribute to immune pathogenesis, and provide important targets for therapeutic approaches.
Fish lateral line inspired hydrodynamic force estimation for autonomous underwater vehicle control

Considerable evidence suggests that the lateral line system found in most fish and some other aquatic organisms serves an important role in many behaviors by providing hydrodynamic information about the surrounding fluid. A lateral line inspired pressure feedforward control design was proposed by the group; the goal of the research is to improve maneuvering accuracy for autonomous underwater vehicles by estimating the pressure distribution around the vehicle bodies. In this paper, instead of segregating the hydrodynamic forces into added mass and damping terms and finding the corresponding coefficients, the forces are directly approximated with pressure sensor measurements and passed to the controller for improved performance. Simulation tests are presented to compare the trajectory tracking performance between the proposed feedforward control system and the one developed with traditional hydrodynamic modeling process. Experimental tests are conducted to verify the force estimation algorithm.
Metaphysical Games: An Imaginary Lecture on Crafting Earth's Biological Future

IN RETROSPECT, I REALIZE THAT IT WAS WITH SOME REluctance that I had accepted the commission to compose a futuristically oriented presentation. In part, had I not used up a self-imposed lifetime quota that goes back over nearly 50 years? In part, it might expose questionable error or redundancy in the exercise. Was there anything more to be said that had not been explored many times over? Molecular biotechnologies had reached such a state of potential power that there might be no limit to the possible. Did that need further recitation? It then occurred to me that however problematic the product, there might be merit in a process (call it a game) that would stretch my own imagination, and that of readers.
Formulation and characterization of azidothymidine-loaded liposomes

AbstractEntrapment efficiency (EE%) and in vitro stability of azidothymidine (AZT)-loaded hand-shaken multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), freeze and thaw vesicles (FATMLVs), and reverse phase evaporation vesicles (REVs) were compared. AZT entrapment in FATMLVs was further studied by varying initial lipid concentrations, drug concentration, and lipid composition. The results suggest that AZT entrapment is dependent on the aqueous volume entrapped within liposomes, and the interaction between the drug and liposomal bilayer may not be significant. Increasing the lipid concentration increases the liposomal entrapment of AZT but the encapsulation yield decreases above a lipid concentration of 30 μmol/mL. No significant difference was observed in EE% when the AZT concentration was varied from 5 to 20 mg/mL. The entrapment efficiency was highest (43.2%) for DSPC/CHOL/PS (molar ratio 6:3:3) vesicles but DSPC/CHOL/PS liposome formulations in a molar ratio of 4:3:3 or 4:5:1 and DSPC/CHOL/SA liposome formulations in a mo...
Microlithographic Assessment of a Novel Family of Transparent and Etch-Resistant Chemically Amplified 193-nm Resists Based on Cyclopolymers

The evaluation and structural optimization of a family of single layer, positive tone, chemically amplified resists for 193-nm lithography is presented. The resists are formulated from cyclopolymer...
RA can alter the distribution of ATPase-positive Langerhans cells in the hamster cheek pouch in association with DMBA application.

Abstract Thirty‐six young adult male and female Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups. Group 1 (N = 6) was treated with mineral oil. Group 2 (N = 12) was treated with 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), Group 3 (N = 12) was treated with DMBA and 13‐cis‐retinoic acid (RA), and Group 4 (N = 6) was treated with RA only. The hamsters were treated three times a week for six weeks. When the DMBA‐treated animals were also treated with RA, tumor formation was inhibited. In the DMBA‐treated animals that did not have RA, there was a significant reduction in the number of Langerhans cells (LCs) located interfocally and in foci compared with controls (p ≤ 0.001). The systemic administration of 10 mg of RA significantly increased the number of ATPase‐positive LCs in the focal aggregates (p ≤ 0.001). Interfocally, the number of ATPase‐positive LCs was statistically elevated in pouches from RA‐ and DMBA‐treated animals (Group 2 vs. Group 3, p ≤ 0.01). Following the administration of RA (Group 4), there was a ...
On the Moral Epistemology of Ideal Observer Theories

In this paper I attempt to defuse a set of epistemic worries commonly raised against ideal observer theories. The worries arise because of the omniscience often attributed to ideal observers - how can we, as finite humans, ever have access to the moral judgements or reactions of omniscient beings? I argue that many of the same concerns arise with respect to other moral theories (and that these concerns do not in fact reveal genuine flaws in any of these theories), and further, that we can and often do have knowledge of the reactions of ideal observers (according to standard, prominent theories in the domain of epistemology).
Archeological benchmarking: Fred Harvey and the service profit chain, Circa 1876

Abstract This article illustrates the potential for studying best practices from the past, engaging in what we term archeological benchmarking . Our focus for this study was the Fred Harvey Company, which operated a highly successful string of restaurants and hotels along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad line starting in 1876, reaching its peak around 1912, and continuing until the early 1950s. Fred Harvey was a visionary businessman who understood many of the key concepts guiding the most successful service operations today. This article describes the operating system Harvey used for delivering 15 million meals per year in 65 restaurants extending over a span reaching from Chicago to San Francisco. The underpinnings of Harvey's system foretold concepts considered new today, particularly the service profit chain [Heskett, J., Jones, T., Loveman, G., Sasser Jr., W.E., Schlesinger, L., 1994] and its reliance on a clear operations strategy supported by well-trained, loyal employees and a congruent system of measurement. It is significant that Harvey achieved his success without the advantages of modern information systems by relying, instead, on his iconic leadership, dogged attention to mundane details, and the service culture he was able to embed throughout the far-flung enterprise. The Harvey story is an example of ahead-of-its-time operations thinking, but it also asks us to attend more broadly to the history of the field – as does this entire special issue – as a source of inspiration and grounding.
Formation of a metastable ferromagnetic τ phase during containerless melt processing and rapid quenching in Mn‐Al‐C alloys

Solidification of selected Mn‐Al‐C alloys during containerless levitation and rapid quenching has yielded the first report for a ferromagnetic metastable τ (L10) phase formed directly from the melt. Complete solidification to τ phase was interrupted by the competitive evolution of an equilibrium e phase during recalescence. The amount of undercooling required to produce the metastable ferromagnetic τ phase in a Mn0.55Al0.433C0.017 alloy during solidification was estimated as approximately 470 K based on differential thermal analysis results. When the alloy carbon content was increased to 3.4 at. % (i.e., Mn0.55Al0.416Co0.034 alloy), a transition in structure development occurred so that the samples exhibited γ2 phase formation as well as τ and e phases. Both microstructural observations and x‐ray diffraction examination were used to guide the interpretation and the analysis of solidification pathways. The attainment of the high liquid undercooling required to nucleate the metastable τ phase from the melt may be facilitated by containerless processing.
A New 3-D Electrode-Type Logging Tool

In this paper, a new 3-D electrode-type logging tool is presented. The tool consists of one main electrode and fourteen secondary electrodes along the tool axis separated by insulators. The main electrode has twelve sub-electrodes along azimuthal direction. By adjusting the operation mode, the tool can present six investigation depths while detects 12 azimuthal resistivities. At each logging point, the tool can measure formation resistivity of different radial depths at various azimuthal angles around the borehole. The simulation shows that the tool is more reliable than existing logging tools to determine 3-D formation resistivity distribution in deviated and horizontal wells.
Integrated Traffic and Communication Performance Evaluation of an Intelligent Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) System for Online Travel-Time Prediction

This paper presents a framework for online highway travel-time prediction using traffic measurements that are likely to be available from vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) systems, in which vehicle and infrastructure devices communicate to improve mobility and safety. In the proposed intelligent VII system, two artificial intelligence (AI) paradigms, i.e., artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector regression (SVR), are used to determine future travel time based on such information as the current travel time and VII-enabled vehicles' flow and density. The development and performance evaluation of the VII-ANN and VII-SVR frameworks, in both the traffic and communications domains, were conducted using an integrated simulation platform for a highway network in Greenville, SC. In particular, the simulation platform allows for implementing traffic surveillance and management methods in the traffic simulator PARAMICS and for evaluating different communication protocols and network parameters in the communication network simulator, Network Simulator version 2 (ns-2). This paper's findings reveal that the designed communications system can support the travel-time prediction functionality. The findings also demonstrate that the travel-time prediction accuracy of the VII-AI framework was superior to a baseline instantaneous travel-time prediction algorithm, with the VII-SVR model slightly outperforming the VII-ANN model. Moreover, the VII-AI framework was shown to perform reasonably well during nonrecurrent congestion scenarios, which have traditionally challenged sensor-based highway travel-time prediction methods.
Competition studies in voltammetric measurements based on extractive accumulation into carbon paste electrodes

Abstract The selectivity of voltammetric measurements following extractive and adsorptive accumulation at carbon paste electrode is evaluated. Various situations where more than one electroactive species accumulate at the electrode are considered. It is shown that extractable species can be measured in the presence of adsorbable species if the outer layer of the surface is removed following the accumulation step and the voltammetric measurement is performed in a blank solution. As the extractive accumulation process can be treated on the basis of solvent extraction principles, the voltammetric measurement, performed on the electrode interior, provides the desired quantitative information. Due to differences in acid-base properties of various extractable organic compounds, it is possible to design an accumulation scheme specific for a given analyte. New information on the nature of the extractive accumulation step is reported. Chlorpromazine, uric acid, N,N -dimethylaniline and butylated hydroxyanisole are used as test systems. The implications of the method on the development of selective voltammetric sensors are discussed.
Magnesium for automotive applications: Primary production cost assessment

Production technologies must be cost effective for primary magnesium to become an economically viable alternative material for wide spread automotive applications. In this article, the prices at which magnesium becomes competitive with aluminum and steel are examined, including magnesium production cost estimates for current and future scenarios using electrolytic and thermal processes. The economic viability of the industry for automotive applications is also examined in the context of magnesium market price, taking into consideration the dynamics of its supply and demand as well.
Shortcomings of Physical Examination and Impedance Plethysmography in the Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

Accuracy in the diagnosis of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by physical examination and impedance plethysmography (IPG) is reviewed. Physical examination proved unreliable in distinguishing patients with and without acute disease. Swelling in the leg was, however, more prevalent in patients with DVT. The sensitivity and specificity of IPG were less than those reported by other groups. Venography remains the most reliable diagnostic procedure in our institution.
Middle pleistocene mollusks from St. Lawrence Island and their significance for the paleo-oceanography of the Bering Sea

Drift, evidently of Illinoian age, was deposited on St. Lawrence Island at the margin of an ice cap that covered the highlands of the Chukotka Peninsula of Siberia and spread far eastward on the continental shelf of northern Bering Sea. Underlying the drift on the northwestward part of the island are mollusk-bearing beds deposited during the Kotzebuan Transgression. A comparison of mollusk faunas from St. Lawrence Island, Chukotka Peninsula, and Kotzebue Sound suggests that the present northward flow through Bering and Anadyr Straits was reversed during the Kotzebuan Transgression. Cold arctic water penetrated southward and southwestward bringing an arctic fauna to the Gulf of Anadyr. Warmer Pacific water probably entered eastern Bering Sea, passed eastward and northeastward around eastern and northern St. Lawrence Island, and then became entrained in the southward currents that passed through Anadyr Strait.
Risk Assessment of H2N2 Influenza Viruses from the Avian Reservoir

ABSTRACT H2N2 influenza A viruses were the cause of the 1957-1958 pandemic. Historical evidence demonstrates they arose from avian virus ancestors, and while the H2N2 subtype has disappeared from humans, it persists in wild and domestic birds. Reemergence of H2N2 in humans is a significant threat due to the absence of humoral immunity in individuals under the age of 50. Thus, examination of these viruses, particularly those from the avian reservoir, must be addressed through surveillance, characterization, and antiviral testing. The data presented here are a risk assessment of 22 avian H2N2 viruses isolated from wild and domestic birds over 6 decades. Our data show that they have a low rate of genetic and antigenic evolution and remained similar to isolates circulating near the time of the pandemic. Most isolates replicated in mice and human bronchial epithelial cells, but replication in swine tissues was low or absent. Multiple isolates replicated in ferrets, and 3 viruses were transmitted to direct-contact cage mates. Markers of mammalian adaptation in hemagglutinin (HA) and PB2 proteins were absent from all isolates, and they retained a preference for avian-like α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors. Most isolates remained antigenically similar to pandemic A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) virus, suggesting they could be controlled by the pandemic vaccine candidate. All viruses were susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes. Nonetheless, the sustained pathogenicity of avian H2N2 viruses in multiple mammalian models elevates their risk potential for human infections and stresses the need for continual surveillance as a component of prepandemic planning.
Polarized electron beams with P {>=} 90%, Will it be Possible?

Recent results of electron spin depolarization studies in electron emission from the photocathode semiconductor structures are reviewed. The main mechanisms of electronic depolarization being well understood, a considerable improvement of polarization is expected to be achieved in new superlattice structures, which can be designed to have less depolarization at excitation and in extraction to the surface. Additional polarization growth is expected to be obtained by lowering the operating temperature of the source.
Distance education: How are we doing, and how do we know?

The directory of ALA-accredited master's programs in library and information science indicates that almost half enable students to complete the degree either wholly or substantially online, and a similar (not necessarily overlapping) number offer courses in locations remote from the main campus. The IMLS-funded Web-based Information Science Education (WISE) consortium is gaining interest and new members. The question is no longer “should we do distance education?”, but “how are we doing, and can we do it better?” What do the data tell us about successes and failures? How have we undertaken to evaluate our distance education activities? Do we have comparative results? A group of panelists from institutions which have pioneered distance education in library and information science will address these issues.
Post-treatment with an ultra-low dose of NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium attenuates disease progression in multiple Parkinson’s disease models

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, a key superoxide-producing enzyme, plays a critical role in microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation and subsequent progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Although nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-targeting anti-inflammatory therapy for Parkinson's disease has been proposed, its application in translational research remains limited. The aim of this study was to obtain preclinical evidence supporting this therapeutic strategy by testing the efficacy of an ultra-low dose of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium in both endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice using post-treatment regimens. Our data revealed that post-treatment with diphenyleneiodonium significantly attenuated progressive dopaminergic degeneration and improved rotarod activity. Remarkably, post-treatment with diphenyleneiodonium 10 months after lipopolysaccharide injection when mice had 30% loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, showed high efficacy in protecting the remaining neuronal population and restoring motor function. Diphenyleneiodonium-elicited neuroprotection was associated with the inhibition of microglial activation, a reduction in the expression of proinflammatory factors and an attenuation of α-synuclein aggregation. A pathophysiological evaluation of diphenyleneiodonium-treated mice, including assessment of body weight, organs health, and neuronal counts, revealed no overt signs of toxicity. In summary, infusion of ultra-low dose diphenyleneiodonium potently reduced microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation by selectively inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and halted the progression of neurodegeneration in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. The robust neuroprotective effects and lack of apparent toxic side effects suggest that diphenyleneiodonium at ultra-low dose may be a promising candidate for future clinical trials in Parkinson's disease patients.
Bias in Treatment Assignment in Controlled Clinical Trials

Controlled clinical trials of the treatment of acute myocardial infarction offer a unique opportunity for the study of the potential influence on outcome of bias in treatment assignment. A group of 145 papers was divided into those in which the randomization process was blinded (57 papers), those in which it may have been unblinded (45 papers), and those in which the controls were selected by a nonrandom process (43 papers). At least one prognostic variable was maldistributed (P less than 0.05) in 14.0 per cent of the blinded-randomization studies, in 26.7 per cent of the unblinded-randomization studies, and in 58.1 per cent of the nonrandomized studies. Differences in case-fatality rates between treatment and control groups (P less than 0.05) were found in 8.8 per cent of the blinded-randomization studies, 24.4 per cent of the unblinded-randomization studies, and 58.1 per cent of the nonrandomized studies. These data emphasize the importance of keeping those who recruit patients for clinical trials from suspecting which treatment will be assigned to the patient under consideration.
Production of unique C-type viruses by chicken cells grown in bromodeoxyuridine

Abstract Growth in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) increased the level of expression of endogenous avian C-type virus in certain 100 × 7 and line 15 chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). The virus produced by BrdU treated 100 × 7 CEF is a subgroup E avian leukosis virus (ALV) with a more restricted host range than found for other subgroup E ALVs. The virus produced by BrdU-treated line 15 cells did not grow on cells which supported the growth of subgroups A, B, C, D, and E ALV and appears to be either a new or defective avian C-type virus. CEF from nine commercial strains and one other inbred line of chickens did not produce avian C-type virus either before or after growth in BrdU.
Brief report: a growth mixture model of occupational aspirations of individuals with high-incidence disabilities.

A previous longitudinal study of the occupational aspirations of individuals with high-incidence disabilities revealed multiple longitudinal patterns for individuals with learning disabilities or emotional-behavioral disorders. Growth mixture modeling was used to determine whether individuals in these two high-incidence disabilities groups (N = 585) possessed heterogeneous aspirations trajectories. Two distinct classes emerged. Among selected covariates (inc., gender, SES, locus of control, self-concept, mathematics achievement), only gender and SES significantly distinguished group membership. While no covariates were significantly related to the growth factors for latent class 2 (low aspirations), math achievement and SES were significantly related to initial aspirations in latent class 1 (high aspirations). Moreover, for latent class 1, the occupational aspirations of individuals with learning disabilities became increasingly lower than adolescents with emotional-behavior disorders after high school. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are considered.
Coping with a natural disaster: Losses, emotions, and impulsive and compulsive buying

Using data collected from 427 US Gulf Coast residents who were impacted by Hurricane Katrina, a structural model based on life event theory is proposed and empirically tested. Results show that perceived lack of control and loss of possessions contribute directly to stress, and event-induced stress impacts depression. Depressive states, in turn, lead to impulsive and compulsive buying behaviors. Multi-group analysis reveals that income moderates the relationship between depression and compulsive buying, but age, gender, and insurance coverage do not. The depression–impulsive buying relationship is not moderated by any of these factors. Disaster victims engage in distinct purchasing behaviors to manage emotional states, recoup losses, and restore their sense of self. In the aftermath of a traumatic event, impulsive buying appears to be a rational and beneficial behavior; compulsive buying does not. The results heed valuable ethical and social responsibility implications to marketers and public policy makers.
Future Directions in the Treatment of Physical Child Abuse

The incidence of physical child abuse has continued to increase over the past 15 years. During this time, studies have identified a myriad of serious acute and long-term consequences for its victims. Early approaches to treatment varied on a number of dimensions but failed to consistently demonstrate their effectiveness with perpetrators of physical abuse. Despite an obvious and pressing need, intensive efforts to identify the most efficacious treatment approaches appear to have been abandoned in favor of prevention, early intervention initiatives and in general, the area of child sexual abuse. This article examines the shift in priorities, selectively examines treatment approaches, discusses key research and programmatic issues, and offers suggestions for future directions. Language: en
Z-transform modeling of P-M wave spectrum

The approximation of the Pierson‐Moskowitz (P‐M) wave spectrum as the output of digital filters to white noise excitation is considered. It is shown that the mathematical peculiarity of this spectrum is the source of the numerical difficulties encountered in approximating it by autoregressive (AR) models. Further, it is shown that a reasonably accurate initial AR approximation leads to quite efficient autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models. This is accomplished by employing two new techniques. Numerical data are given in a dimensionless form so that they are applicable to a variety of structural dynamics applications.
Cost of illness in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

AbstractObjectives:To estimate total costs and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)-related costs and assess primary cost drivers of treating newly diagnosed mCRC patients after the introduction of biologic therapies.Methods:Using a large national claims database, costs of mCRC patients were estimated in 2004–2009 by examining (1) the cost difference between mCRC patient and their matched non-cancer cohorts, and (2) mCRC-related costs. Costs were further assessed by phase of disease (diagnostic, treatment, and death). The survival analysis technique was used to estimate cost of handling variable length of follow-up and data censoring.Results:A total of 6,746 mCRC patients met all eligibility criteria, 6,675 of them were matched to patients without cancer. Among the three phases of disease, the treatment phase was the longest (16.4 months). Compared with matched patients with no cancer, total monthly costs were $14,585 higher for mCRC patients, which was driven by higher inpatient ($7,546) and outpatient ($...
Social Science Research on Famine: A Critical Evaluation

What are famines, what causes them, and how can they be controlled or prevented? How extensively have they been studied by social scientists? Some of the theoretical and policy implications of these issues are considered, and pressing needs for future research are discussed.
An FTIR investigation of cement based solidification/stabilization systems doped with cadmium

Abstract Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) of cadmium by Portland Type V cement (OPC) and its leaching mechanism have been investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Effects of carbonation on cadmium S/S systems have also been investigated. Evidence is presented from FTIR results that the hydration of OPC is retarded due to the formation of calcium hydroxycadmiates, which result from the surface reaction of [Cd(OH)4]2‐ with calcium ions at or on the surface of the cement grains. Considerable insight has been gained concerning the nature of hydration reactions in the presence of carbon dioxide and in its absence. The results reveal the nature of the hydroxylated surface compounds formed by cadmium ‐ doped Portland cement. Carbonation has been found to play an important role in the hydration and polymerization of silicates. The leaching process leads to higher degree of polymerization of the silicate components due to the attack of C‐S‐H by the acidic leaching solution. This is facilit...
Clostridium perfringens type A cytotoxic-enterotoxin(s) as triggers for death in the sudden infant death syndrome : development of a toxico-infection hypothesis

In our studies with the pathogenic bacteriumClostridium perfringens type A and its cytotoxic-enterotoxins (CTEs), we have obtained results that imply an involvement of this organism in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In fecal samples obtained from SIDS infants (n=164) and non-SIDS infants (n=57),C. perfringens type A was present in high numbers in >80% of SIDS and <2% of control non-SIDS cases respectively. Fecal samples from SIDS infants analyzed by ELISA forC. perfringens type A CTEs showed a very strong positive correlation with the presence of the organism. Histopathological examination of ileal tissue from SIDS infants showed remarkable similarity to tissue from animal models affected byC. perfringens type A CTEs, where the patterns of damage were positively correlated with the age of the animal. We propose that systemic distribution of the CTEs acts parasympathomimetically to trigger a biochemical cascade that alters cardiorespiratory control. Death may subsequently ensue in an immunologically vulnerable infant.
Thermomechanical distortions of advanced optical reticles during exposure

If optical lithography is to be extended into the 157 nm regime, controlling mask-related distortions will be a necessity. Thermomechanical distortions during exposure could be a major source of pattern placement error, especially if alternative materials such as CaF 2 or MgF 2 are employed. Full three-dimensional finite element (FE) heat transfer and structural models have been developed to simulate the response of the reticle during both full-field and scanning exposure systems. Transient and periodic steady-state temperature distributions have been determined for typical exposure duty cycles. Corresponding in-plane and out-of-plane thermal distortions have been identified for both fused silica and calcium fluoride substrates. Under equivalent exposure conditions, the distortions in the CaF 2 are significantly higher.
Computer-Integrated Respiratory Mannequin Model to Simulate Pseudo-Adaptive Control of PaCO 2 and Neonatal Ventilation † 1912

Computer-Integrated Respiratory Mannequin Model to Simulate Pseudo-Adaptive Control of PaCO 2 and Neonatal Ventilation † 1912
Effect of Dose, Schedule, and Rate of Administration on Radiosensitization by a High-Concentration Perflubron Emulsion/Carbogen

Perfluorochemical emulsions are highly biocompatible materials which carry and deliver oxygen when a high oxygen content atmosphere is breathed. The concentrated perflubron emulsion Oxygent™CA (Oxygent) used in the current study is a second generation perfluorocarbon emulsion which is much more stable and much more concentrated (90% w/v perflubron) than the earlier preparations. In combination with single dose radiation, a range of Oxygent doses corresponding to perfluorochemical levels from 4 to 12 g/kg led to dose modifying factors from 1.2 to 1.9, respectively. With daily fractionated radiation and daily Oxygent administration over the same dosage range, dose modifying factors from 1.4 to 2.1 were achieved. In general, administration of Oxygent prior to each radiation fraction produced the greatest enhancement in tumor response, although the highest dose of Oxygent administered (12 g/kg) on alternate days with daily carbogen breathing produced a comparable tumor growth delay to 4 g/kg of the perfluorochemical emulsion administered daily with carbogen breathing. Rapid administration of the emulsion was necessary to achieve maximal enhancement of tumor growth delay from this therapeutic adjuvant. These results indicate that dose, schedule of administration, and rate of infusion are important variables to consider in the design of clinical trials to maximize the therapeutic benefit achievable with perfluorochemical emulsions as adjuvants to radiation therapy. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Looking through wavelets to view the Ising problem

In the theoretical study of phase transitions and critical phenomena, renormalization groups (RG) provide a course-grain representation of a many particle system and aid in the determination of the critical exponents associated with phase transitions. Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamic simulations are often the simulation tools used for verification. However, the rich structure and multiscale properties of wavelets have found limited use in these applications. To promote exploration here, we apply and investigate wavelets to the solution of the simplest of molecular models, the Ising model and evaluate the most fundamental of objects in statistical mechanics, the partition function, now based on a wavelet-modifed Hamiltonian. As in [1] we iteratively compute the waveletbased coarse grain 2-D finite-size Ising model. Thermodynamic properties are calculated to predict, given the finite size effect, potential for phase transition. Exact calculations are confirmed using Monte Carlo simulations. Based on this investigation and corresponding insight gained, we propose a wavelet-based investigation in three open areas: Wavelet Bases, Critical Exponents and Phase Transitions, Renormalization Groups and Continuous Wavelets.
The oxidation of organic anions by flavins.

Abstract The reduction of flavins by α-hydroxyketone enolates leads to dihydroflavins and diketones. Isoalloxazines related to flavins (good analogs for their redox chemistry) are reduced by 9,10-dihydroanthracene and succinonitrile carbanions and by propiophenone enolate (in the latter case to give the isoalloxazine radical anion). Alkali metal alcoholates, with an appropriate isoalloxazine, produce 50% yields of isoalloxazine radical ion, presumably via a substitution and electron transfer process. The ease of carbanion (and complete lack of conjugate acid) oxidation suggests a general mode of flavin redox function.
The Lipid Transfer Protein CERT Interacts with the Chlamydia Inclusion Protein IncD and Participates to ER-Chlamydia Inclusion Membrane Contact Sites

Bacterial pathogens that reside in membrane bound compartment manipulate the host cell machinery to establish and maintain their intracellular niche. The hijacking of inter-organelle vesicular trafficking through the targeting of small GTPases or SNARE proteins has been well established. Here, we show that intracellular pathogens also establish direct membrane contact sites with organelles and exploit non-vesicular transport machinery. We identified the ER-to-Golgi ceramide transfer protein CERT as a host cell factor specifically recruited to the inclusion, a membrane-bound compartment harboring the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. We further showed that CERT recruitment to the inclusion correlated with the recruitment of VAPA/B-positive tubules in close proximity of the inclusion membrane, suggesting that ER-Inclusion membrane contact sites are formed upon C. trachomatis infection. Moreover, we identified the C. trachomatis effector protein IncD as a specific binding partner for CERT. Finally we showed that depletion of either CERT or the VAP proteins impaired bacterial development. We propose that the presence of IncD, CERT, VAPA/B, and potentially additional host and/or bacterial factors, at points of contact between the ER and the inclusion membrane provides a specialized metabolic and/or signaling microenvironment favorable to bacterial development.
Biomechanics of the Wrist

This article summarizes six years of studies with an experimental model, which uses a static positioning frame, pressure-sensitive film, and a microcomputer-based videodigitizing system, to characterize the biomechanics of the human cadaver wrist by measuring the contact areas and pressures in a variety of normal, simulated traumatic, and surgically treated conditions. The results of these studies have provided clinically relevant information about the normal anatomy and functional mechanics of the wrist, as well as guidelines for the treatment for a number of different fractures and ligament injuries. The results of studies of radial carpal instabilities and fractures have demonstrated an increased load in the areas where degenerative arthritis is seen in these clinical conditions, and have furnished a means by which the biomechanical efficacy of certain surgical treatments can be measured.
Solvent Study of the Kinetics of Molybdenum Radical Self-Termination

The kinetics of (n-butylCp)Mo(CO)3 (n-butylCp is n-butyl-η5-cyclopentadienyl) radical self-termination to form a nonequilibrium mixture of trans- and gauche-[(n-butylCp)Mo(CO)3]2 and the kinetics o...
Mechanism of neurogenesis in adult avian brain.

Adult neurogenesis in birds offers unique opportunities to study basic questions addressing the birth, migration and differentiation of neurons. Neurons in adult canaries originate from discrete proliferative regions on the walls of the lateral ventricles. They migrate away from their site of birth, initially at high rates, along the processes of radial cells. The rates of dispersal diminish as the young neurons invade regions devoid of radial fibers, probably under the guidance of other cues. The discrete sites of birth in the ventricular zone generate neurons that end up differentiating throughout the telencephelon. New neurons may become interneurons or projection neurons; the latter connect two song control nuclei between neostriatum and archistriatum. Radial cells, that in mammals disappear as neurogenesis comes to an end, persist in the adult avian brain. The presence of radial cells may be key to adult neurogenesis. Not only do they serve as guides for initial dispersal, they also divide and may be the progenitors of new neurons.
Traumatic Dislocations and Instability of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint of the Thumb

The surgeon treating traumatic injuries to the TMC joint should be aware of the fundamental misconceptions and pervasive axiomatic myths perpetuated in the medical literature: namely that the volar beak ligament is the prime stabilizer, that the dorsal ligament complex plays no significant role in TMC joint function, and that the APL is a deforming force in Bennett fractures. On the contrary, stability of the TMC joint in power pinch and power grasp depends on the TMC joint's two prime stabilizers, the volar beak of the thumb metacarpal and the dorsal radial ligament complex; and the APL is not a deforming force in a Bennett fracture. Screw-home-torque occurs in the final phase of opposition; the acute Bennett fracture can be treated closed and percutaneously fixed if the screw-home-torque technique is used to anatomically reduce the fracture. After soft tissue interposition, if a semi-acute Bennett fracture is diagnosed late, it should be treated open with a volar approach, the screw-home-torque reduction technique, and screw or pin fixation. Rolando multipart fractures of the thumb metacarpal into the TMC joint are best treated closed, with traction in opposition with pin fixation; pure dislocations of the TMC joint that tear the dorsal ligament complex and Bennett fractures with an associated dorsal ligament complex tear (as diagnosed by the screw-home-torque technique) require open reduction and dorsal ligament complex repair. The current literature is so replete with myths and folklore regarding the anatomy that a conscientious surgeon treating a traumatic dislocation or in-stability of the TMC joint should return to the cadaver room and carefully review and understand TMC joint anatomy.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics/Fluid–Structure Interaction Pilot Study to Detect Early Vascular Changes in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

We hypothesized that pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes have cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) detectable differences in thoracic aortic wall properties and hemodynamics leading to significant local differences in indices of wall shear stress, when compared with age-matched control subjects without diabetes. Pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes were recruited from Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin and compared with controls. All underwent morning CMR scanning, 4-limb blood pressure, brachial artery reactivity testing, and venipuncture. Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics modeling with fluid–structure interaction, based on CMR data, determined regional time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI). Twenty type 1 diabetic subjects, median age 15.8 years (11.6–18.4) and 8 controls 15.4 years (10.3–18.2) were similar except for higher glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and triglycerides for type 1 diabetic subjects. Lower flow-mediated dilation was seen for those with type 1 diabetes (6.5) versus controls (7.8), p = 0.036. For type 1 diabetic subjects, the aorta had more regions with high TAWSS when compared to controls. OSI maps appeared similar. Flow-mediated dilation positively correlated with age at diabetes diagnosis (r = 0.468, p = 0.038) and hemoglobin A1c (r = 0.472, p = 0.036), but did not correlate with aortic distensibility, TAWSS, or OSI. TAWSS did not correlate with any clinical parameter for either group. CMR shows regional differences in aortic wall properties for young diabetic patients. Some local differences in wall shear stress indices were also observed, but a longitudinal study is now warranted.
The Relevance of Counseling Outcome Research: Current Trends and Practical Implications.

This systematic review investigated current trends in the publication sources, research focus, and methods of 365 counseling outcome studies. The results suggest that outcome research can provide a considerable knowledge base regarding numerous client concerns and various clinical interventions in individual, career, and school counseling. Counseling practitioners with a thorough knowledge of outcome research methods who use the findings appropriately will find this literature a useful adjunct to clinical decision making. Suggestions for improving the use of counseling research are offered for both practitioners and researchers.
Traumatic Experiences and Drug Use by LGB Adolescents: A Critical Review of Minority Stress

High rates of illicit drug use found among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents are often attributed to unique and chronic traumatic events tied to sexual minority identity. Although initiation of drug use is relatively common within adolescence, little research contributes to our understanding of the disparities found among LGB adolescents. This review synthesized existing literature to determine if the minority stress model is applicable to LGB drug use disparities and fits within a trauma framework. Findings indicate that minority stress experiences have been inconsistently related to drug use among LGB adolescents. Implications for future research and practice are described.
Age-dependent variation in enzymatic and electrophoretic properties of flesh fly (Sarcophaga bullata) and blow fly (Phormia regina) carboxylesterases

Abstract 1. The enzymatic and electrophoretic properties of the soluble carboxylesterases have been compared in the hemolymph and cytosol of adult and larval flesh flies, Sarcophaga bullata, Parker, and blow flies, Phormia regina, Meigen. 2. Female adult flesh flies exhibited a peak in hemolymph esterase activity during days 8–12 with a maximum increase of approximately 3-fold. No such peak was observed during the adult stage of the blow fly. 3. Inhibition studies indicated the absence of arylesterases in the flesh fly, but approximately two- thirds of the 1-naphthylacetate cleaving activity of the blow fly was attributed to this enzyme. The carboxylesterase activity of the blow fly hemolymph was approximately one-third and that of the cytosol approximately one-half the level found in flesh fly tissues. 4. The carboxylesterases of the two species were induced within 12 hr after topical treatment of adults with a juvenile hormone analog, hydroprene. 5. The esterases of the species exhibited similar electrophoretic patterns, with 16 isozymes evident with the flesh fly and 14 with the blow fly. It was possible to relate some of the isozyme bands to age-dependent and substrate-dependent events.
On minimal surfaces in a Kähler manifold of constant holomorphic sectional curvature

This paper studies minimal surfaces in KShler manifolds of constant holomorphic sectional curvature using the technique of the moving frame. In particular, we provide a classification of the minimal two-spheres in CPst, complex proJective sf-space, equipped with the Fubini-Study metric. This classification can be described as follows: To each holomorphic curve in C pt1 classically there is associated a particular framing of C'l + l called the Frenet frame. Each element of the Frenet frame induces a minimal surface in CP". The classification theorem states that all minimal surfaces of topological type of the two-sphere occur in this manner. The theorem is proved using holomorphic differentials that occur naturally on minimal surfaces in KShler manifolds of constant holomorphic sectional curvature together with the Riemann-Roch Theorem.