cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Country Segmentation of the International Tourism Market Using Propensity to Travel and to Spend Abroad

ABSTRACT Two new segmentation variables for the global international tourism market were operationalized. These variables were used to segment the countries of the world into nine market segments, which include heavy travelers, heavy spenders (HH); heavy travelers, medium spenders (HM); heavy travelers, light spenders (HL); medium travelers, heavy spenders (MH); medium travelers, medium spenders (MM); medium travelers, light spenders (ML); light travelers, heavy spenders (LH); light travelers, medium spenders (LM); and light travelers, light spenders (LL). The profile of these country segments were further examined using discriminant analysis. Implications of findings for targeting and promotion strategies are discussed, and directions for future research are given.
Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes with neurotologic manifestations

Evidence supports the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms are operational in the etiopathogenesis of certain neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs), including paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PEM) and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD). The antibodies (Anti-Hu and Anti-Yo), the antigens (Hu and Yo), and complementary DNA clones encoding Hu and Yo, central to PEM and PCD, respectively, have been isolated. In contrast, the antigens, and antibodies if any, involved in autoimmune cochleovestibular dysfunction remain unknown. The temporal bone histopathology and neuropathology of 2 patients, 1 with PEM and 1 with PCD, who developed signs and symptoms of cochleovestibular dysfunction, are reviewed and contrasted to the literature. It is concluded that both auditory and vestibular symptomatology and pathologic alterations can be seen in association with neurologic PNSs and that studies using the antigens and antibodies involved in neurologic PNSs may provide a new perspective on the investigation of autoimmune cochleovestibular dysfunction.
A Single Dose of Ethanol Suppresses Rat Embryo Development in Vivo

In humans and animal models, maternal ethanol consumption during pregnancy results in a variety of fetal defects collectively termed the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Limited follow-up studies suggest that FAS children fail to achieve normal physical or mental development despite significant postnatal intervention. Although the complete FAS appears to result only when chronic, excessive alcohol consumption occurs throughout pregnancy, several investigators have suggested that ethanol consumption at intermediate levels may induce components of FAS. The defect most consistently observed in neonates exposed to ethanol is growth retardation. Even those children whose mothers consume limited amounts of ethanol during pregnancy have a significant incidence of fetal growth deficiency. We now report that a single dose of ethanol administered to female Holtzman rats within 8 hr after mating results in a dose-dependent retardation of cell division in the fertilized ova. The growth retardation is sustained up to 42 hr after the dose and the embryos of young mothers are especially sensitive to ethanol. Animals with high blood alcohol levels (<150 mg/100 ml) show a significant increase in abnormal embryo morphology. These data suggest that maternal consumption of a single dose of ethanol near the time of conception retards embryonic growth and may be detrimental to the developing organism. Further, young female rats receiving a high dose of ethanol had significantly lower uterine weights and a lower number of corpora lutea per ovary, suggesting that a single dose of ethanol has a detrimental effect on maternal reproductive ability.
Extreme field-induced cyclotron mass variations in coupled double quantum wells

Abstract We observe deviations in the cyclotron effective mass m c near the partial energy gap formed in strongly coupled GaAs double quantum wells (QWs) subject to in-plane magnetic fields B ⊥ . In k-space, B ⊥ shifts the two QW dispersion curves relative to one another, resulting in an anticrossing and opening the energy gap. This gives rise to large B ⊥ -tunable distortions in the Fermi surface and density of states. This system is thus unique in that the Fermi surface and energy position of the gap can be controlled by sweeping B ⊥ . Recently, Lyo has predicted that m c undergoes large variations as the partial energy gap is moved through the Fermi level by B ⊥ . By tilting our sample by a small angle θ, we introduce a small perpendicular magnetic field B ⊥ , in addition to B ⊥ , and analyze the temperature dependence of the resulting Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations to obtain m c ( B ⊥ ). Due to the strongly distorted dispersion near the gap, m c is suppressed by more than a factor of 3 near the upper gap edge, and enhanced by ∼50% near the lower gap edge, in excellent agreement with the theory of Lyo. We also observe the quantum Hall effect in a double QW at a high, constant B ⊥ .
On compact perturbations of certain nonlinear equations in Banach spaces

Let X be a reflexive Banach space, A a linear maximal monotone mapping with domain D(A) in X to X*, and N a nonlinear mapping from X to X*. The purpose of this paper is to establish the existence of solutions of a nonlinear equation of the form Au + Nu = w for a given w in X* and equations obtained by compact perturbations of the same, namely, equations of the form Au + Nu + C,u = w, where C, , t E [0, 11, is a continuous family of compact mappings from X into X*. Our result on the existence of solutions of equation Au + NU = w is similar to a result of BrCzis [3] and Browder-Hess [5]. It contains a result of Kenmochi [12] as a special case. The result on the perturbed equation Au + Nu + C,u = w is new, although the proof is similar to an earlier result of the author on the perturbed equation u + ANu + C,U = z, (see [I 1, Theorem 61). We may, however, mention that our result on the equation Au + Nu + C,u = w cannot be obtained as a corollary of corresponding results for u + ANu + C,u = v since the mapping A in general is unbounded. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended easily to the case of multivalued mappings N, but we stick to the singlevalued case for simplicity sake.
443 THE EFFRICACY AND SAFETY OF 10<-ANALOGS OF VITAMIN D IN PSEUDOHYPOPARTHYROIDISM (PHP)

PHP is characterized by end-organ resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Of 10 children(5 F:6 M) with PHP and 1 with pseudo-PHP (PPHP). Two had PHP with bone responsive, renal non-responsive variant (BR, RNR). Age of onset was 5.52±1.67(SE) yr. The disorder was familial in 73%. 82% have Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). The 2 with BR.RNR-PHP had elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and hyperparathyroid bony changes on X-ray. PTH was elevated in all 3 pts. hypothyroidism. Calcitriol levels were measured: PPHP (N=l) 34.0 mg/ml vs Classical PHP (N=2) 17.5±1.5 vs PHP-BR, RNR (N=2) 36.0±3.01 (P<0.05). Treatment included Vit D2-3 pts; DHT-4 pts. or calcitriol-4 pts. Hypercalcemia occurred using D2 at 1 episode/121 Pt. months. Hypocalcemia occurred at a rate of 1 episode/66 pt.-months with D2, 1 episode/20 pt.-months with DHT and 1 per 4.5 pt.-months with calcitriol, the latter occurring because of documented non-compliance. The 1α vitamin D metabolites appear to be safe and efficacious in long term therapy.
Rape is not less frequent during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle

Arguing that female adaptations reduce the likelihood of rape during fertile periods, Chavanne and Gallup (1998) cite two unpublished studies as evidence that rape is less frequent during the ovulatory phase, a claim subsequently repeated by other authors. Neither of the two studies in question (Rogel 1976; Morgan 1981) supports this conclusion. Moreover, analysis of conception rates reveals that the probability of conception following rape does not differ from that following consensual coitus. There is thus no evidence that rape frequency varies across the menstrual cycle in a manner reflecting female rape avoidance mechanisms. The contrast between evidence of the latter and the absence of epidemiological support may reflect differences between contemporary and ancestral societies.
Endomorphisms of countable direct sums of torsion complete groups

This paper is a further study of those abelian p-groups G whose ring of endomorphisms is generated by its group of automorphisms. It was shown in [1 ] that if G is a direct sum of countable p-groups or a torsion complete p-group, p # 2, then each endomorphism of G was a sum of two automorphisms of G. In a later paper HILL [2] extended the result for direct sums of countable p-groups to the class of totally projective p-groups. Whether this property holds for direct sums of torsion complete p-groups is not known. In this paper it is shown that a countable direct sum of torsion complete p-groups does have the property that each endomorphism is a sum of two automorphisms. Throughout, p denotes a fixed odd prime. The socle of G is 6[p] = {xlpx = 0}. If/~ is a torsion complete p-group and B is a basic subgroup of/~ we write
Client Resistance in Counseling: Its Theoretical Rationale and Taxonomic Classification.

Client resistance is a familiar and consequential phenomenon to professional counselors. This article reviews three theoretical models of resistance in counseling: anxiety control, noncompliance, and negative social influence. Twenty-two commonly observed client resistance behaviors are described in four separate categories. The four categories are (a) response quantity resistance, (b) response content resistance, (c) response style resistance, and (d) logistic management resistance. The list is an initial attempt to classify client resistance according to the verbal and behavioral attributes.
Some simulation results for the neutral allele model, with interpretations.

Our aim in this paper is to describe a number of results arising from a simulation study of a particular “neutral mutations” model. This simulation was carried out because the stochastic process under consideration does not appear to yield theoretical answers to several questions of biological interest; however, wherever possible, we have attempted to supplement our simulation results with partial theoretical support. Our main concern is to consider the behavior of gene frequencies and of tests of the neutral mutations model based on these gene frequencies in various circumstances, in particular where the population is geographically subdivided and also where full identification of alleles is not possible. We conclude that the effect of geographical subdivision, unless extremely strong, is quite minor, while that of non-identification is moderate.
Relationship Between Pink Eye Symptoms and Cell Damage in the Tuber Periderm and Cortex

Pink eye (PE) is a tuber disorder that leads to processing complications and bud-end rot in storage. Despite the significance of PE for the potato processing industry, limited progress has been made in understanding the physiological basis of this disorder. Although the internal autofluorescence that characterizes PE has been described, the external symptoms of PE have not been well characterized or correlated with internal cellular symptoms. It is of vital importance to determine the physiological and cytological effects of PE in order to understand how it is caused and to develop effective management strategies to prevent the disorder. External symptoms progressed from pinkish discoloration around tuber eyes to water-soaked and corky patch lesions. Internal symptoms progressed from erratic browning around cortical cell walls to necrotic zones and cells with dark, circular inclusions. These areas often became surrounded by an internal PE-related periderm, while the native periderm often became compromised or lost. Vital staining with fluorescein diacetate showed that cortical and periderm cells underneath the native phellem became non-viable in PE tissue. Immunolocalization of homogalacturonan and extensin epitopes indicated that these cell wall polymers were not altered in pink eye afflicted tissues. These results conclusively show that the PE disorder results in or is caused by cell death in tissue underneath the native phellem, but does not lead to either cell wall breakdown or extensin deposition which is often characteristic of pathogen activity.
Expectant fathers, body snatching and more: new vistas in medical history

Abstract The American Association of the History of Medicine held its 75th annual conference in Kansas City, Missouri, USA from 25–28 April 2002
Laser initiated afterglow in a high pressure K-Kr mixture

Abstract We ionized potassium atoms in a K-Kr ([K] = 6 × 10 14 cm −3 : [Kr] = 2 × 10 19 cm −3 ) mixture with a 120 μJ, 404 nm dye laser pulse in a stepwise absorption process and monitored the fluorescence spectra as a function of time. We saw a fast (≲20 ns) initial component due to electron excitation and a slow decay tail (≈10 μs) due to electron ion recombination.
Labors of Love and Fascism in the Colonial Novel FORTUNA SOTTO VENTO

This study draws upon theories of the emotions as complex constructions that are culturally, socially, and historically contingent, in order to posit a critical frame for examining the meanings attached to love in discourses of Italian colonial emotions. Focusing on the colonial novel Fortuna sotto vento, one of several fictional works penned by the critically acclaimed author Pina Ballario, the essay scrutinizes the ideals, values, pleasures, and prohibitions entwined with diverse representations of love and speculates about how such depictions encode ideal Italian colonial identity, along with differences of gender, race, sexuality, and space. While so doing, the discussion endeavors to situate the designs and functions of love crafted in Ballario's colonial fiction in relation to notions of love and colonial conquest in Fascist writings of the 1930s and in “postcolonial” discourse of the 1990s.
A Test of Equality of Two Normal Population Means and Variances

Abstract Let X 1, …, X m and Y 1, …, Y n be two independent random samples from normal populations N(μ1, σ1 2) and N(μ2, σ2 2), respectively. The statistical problem is to test H 0: μ1 = μ2 and σ1 2 = σ2 2 against H a : μ1 ≠ μ2 or σ1 2 ≠ σ2 2. Using Fisher's method of combining two independent test statistics, we suggest a test and prove that it is asymptotically optimal in the sense of Bahadur efficiency.
A controlled stream mesocosm for tertiary treatment of sewage

Freshwater stream ecosystems are well known for their capabilities for “self-purification” of sewage and other wastewaters. Unfortunately, the efficiencies of treatment are low and concentrations and volumes now discharged cannot be treated by self-purification alone. This paper describes an experiment with a stream mesocosm, in central California, USA, using controlled ecosystem methodologies in the format of an algal turf scrubber (ATSTM). This system was used to drive primary production and export in the mesocosm to bring secondary sewage to tertiary levels. The mesocosm consisted of a natural, mixed assemblage of attached periphyton, microalgae and bacteria which colonized an inclined floway 152 m long and 6.7 m wide, over which wastewater flowed in a series of pulses. The capacity of the wastewater flow varied between 436 and 889 m3 per day and various operational parameters were tested. Biomass was mechanically harvested from the floway at 1- or 2-week intervals depending upon the season. This paper presents the results for nitrogen and phosphorus removal as well as that of other contaminants and productivity of the algal turf. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the secondary wastewater was measured twice a week during four, 8-week quarters corresponding to the solar seasons. Nitrogen and phosphorus content of the harvested solids was also measured during these periods. Based on the percentage of nutrients in the harvested solids (3.1 % N and 2.1 % P) and the operational productivity of 35 g dry solids m−2 day−1, the yearly mean removal of nitrogen and phosphorus was 1.11 ± 0.48 gN m−2 day−1 and 0.73 ± 0.28 gP m−2 day−1, respectively. Results indicate the strong potential of controlled stream mesocosms for the removal of nutrients and other contaminants from wastewater to achieve tertiary levels.
A 3-D elasticity solution for a sandwich composite with functionally graded core subjected to transverse loading by a rigid sphere

Abstract This study presents an analytical three-dimensional elasticity solution method for a sandwich composite with a functionally graded core subjected to transverse loading by a rigid spherical indentor. The governing equations are derived from Reissner’s functional and are solved by enforcing continuity of traction and displacement components between the adjacent layers. The sandwich panel consists of orthotropic face sheets bonded to an isotropic core with a Young’s modulus that varies exponentially with respect to the transverse direction. Without the usual assumption of a Hertzian-type contact pressure distribution, the sphere’s unknown contact area and pressure distribution due to indentation are obtained by utilizing an iterative solution method. As a result, the complete stress and displacement fields are determined within the functionally graded sandwich panel. To examine the results produced by this solution method, displacements and stresses are presented with respect to varying degrees of core stiffness at the face sheet interface. Results of this analysis demonstrate that the interfacial normal and transverse shear stresses are not necessarily reduced by the incorporation of a FG core.
Truly "rational" polytherapy: maximizing efficacy and minimizing drug interactions, drug load, and adverse effects.

While several newer AEDs have study data that support monotherapy usage, most possess FDA indications for adjunctive treatment of partial onset seizures, leading to their initial (and often persistent) clinical use as adjunctive polytherapy for patients with refractory epilepsy. This review considers a practical approach to the appropriate role for polytherapy in epilepsy, presents the evidence for AED polytherapy, reviews the mythic but practically reasonable concept of “rational polytherapy,” and concludes with practical strategies for avoiding and employing polytherapy in clinical practice. The appropriate indications for AED polytherapy include transitional polytherapy during titration of a new adjunctive AED toward monotherapy or long-term maintenance AED polytherapy in medically refractory epilepsy.
Sensitivity analysis of parameters in linear-quadratic radiobiologic modeling.

Purpose Radiobiologic modeling is increasingly used to estimate the effects of altered treatment plans, especially for dose escalation. The present article shows how much the linear-quadratic (LQ) (calculated biologically equivalent dose [BED] varies when individual parameters of the LQ formula are varied by ±20% and by 1%. Methods Equivalent total doses (EQD2 = normalized total doses (NTD) in 2-Gy fractions for tumor control, acute mucosal reactions, and late complications were calculated using the linear- quadratic formula with overall time: BED=nd (1 + d/ [α/β]) – log e 2 (T – Tk) / αTp, where BED is BED=total dose × relative effectiveness (RE = nd (1 + d/ [α/β]). Each of the five biologic parameters in turn was altered by ±10%, and the altered EQD2s tabulated; the difference was finally divided by 20. EQD2 or NTD is obtained by dividing BED by the RE for 2-Gy fractions, using the appropriate α/β ratio. Results Variations in tumor and acute mucosal EQD ranged from 0.1% to 0.45% per 1% change in each parameter for conventional schedules, the largest variation being caused by overall time. Variations in "late" EQD were 0.4% to 0.6% per 1% change in the only biologic parameter, the α/β ratio. For stereotactic body radiotherapy schedules, variations were larger, up to 0.6 to 0.9 for tumor and 1.6% to 1.9% for late, per 1% change in parameter. Conclusions Robustness occurs similar to that of equivalent uniform dose (EUD), for the same reasons. Total dose, dose per fraction, and dose-rate cause their major effects, as well known.
Vaginal calculus in female withmyelodysplasia

A case report of vaginal calculus formation in a nine-year-old girl with myelodysplasia is presented. Etiologic factors in the formation of such calculi include fistulous communication between the vagina and the bladder, neuropathic urethrovesical dysfunction, anatomic conditions causing vaginal outlet obstruction, and/or vaginal pooling of urine and urease-producing bacterial infection. A correct preoperative diagnosis can be made by using oblique x-ray films and cystoscopy. Surgical treatment is simple and successful.
A 50-State Strategy to Achieve School Finance Adequacy

This article estimates the costs of school finance adequacy in each of the 50 states and Washington, D.C. by applying the recommendations from an evidence-based model to the student characteristics...
[D13] Controllable surface haptics via particle jamming and pneumatics

Summary form only given. This demonstration presents a tactile display with both controllable rigidity and geometric properties. A Technologynique called particle jamming provides adjustable mechanical properties: different levels of vacuum applied to a hollow silicone membrane filled with coffee grounds causes the granules to lock together with varying levels of stiffness. Geometric properties are controlled by clamping the membrane over a sealed chamber and increasing the pressure beneath it, which regulates the deformation of the surface as it balloons outward. Our corresponding conference paper evaluates the human perception of rigidity and geometry created by a single-cell device, which we will demonstrate to support our description of the user study with a hands-on experience. We will also show new multi-cell array devices, which combine multiple cells together with mechanisms to pin the nodes between cells. These devices allow the display of more complicated geometries.
Visualizing patterns of knowledge work in organizations: a workshop

This workshop explores an approach to creating meaningful accounts of knowledge work in organizations. The approach includes data collection, analysis, and visualization techniques.
The evolution of commercial malware development kits and colour-by-numbers custom malware

In the last half-decade, the motivations behind malware creation have changed considerably. What was once attributed to solitary attention-driven individuals working from their bedroom-office has now evolved into an international collective of professionally trained authors motivated by high profit. These financially driven conglomerates offer all manner of business models — buying, leasing, subscription and even pay-as-you-go malware financial schemes — all of which are competitively priced to attract prospective patrons.
Automated, high-precision coulometric titrimetry part II. Strong and weak acids and bases

Abstract Automated constant-current coulometric acidimetry, based on Faraday's Laws, is uncertain to less than 1 part in 20 000 (relative standard deviation) and requires no chemical standardization. It is applicable to strong and weak acids and bases, with bases back-titrated after addition of excess strong acid. Initial setup and sample introduction are the sole manual steps. Assays of HCl, benzoic acid, Na 2 CO 3 , and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane are presented. In the endpoint determination procedure, a generalized titration equation yields the theoretical charge remaining to the endpoint before each charge addition. The ratio of the experimental to the theoretical charge for the preceding aliquot corrects for experimental deviations.
Comparison of Immediate and Long-Term Outcome of Coronary Angioplasty Performed for Unstable Angina and Rest Pain in Men and Women

Objective To determine whether a sex-related difference in outcome is present among patients who undergo percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for unstable angina. Design We retrospectively analyzed the results after PTCA was performed between January 1981 and June 1993 in a series of 2,073 men and 941 women with unstable angina and rest pain. Results The success rates of PTCA were similar for women and men (87.9% and 87.2%, respectively), as were the in-hospital mortality rates (4.1% and 3.2%, respectively) and the need for emergency coronary artery bypass operation (3.1 % and 3.5%, respectively). Fewer women than men had Q-wave myocardial infarction (0.5% versus 1.6%; P = 0.02). During the follow-up period (mean, 4 years), no significant differences were noted between women and men in overall survival (81% and 85% at 6 years, respectively) or survival free of Q-wave myocardial infarction (81% and 83% at 6 years, respectively) with use of the Kaplan-Meier method. Women were less likely than men to have had coronary artery bypass grafting (19% versus 22% at 6 years; P = 0.02), and the occurrence of severe angina was higher in women than in men (52% versus 44% at 6 years; P = 0.001). A subgroup analysis of patients who had myocardial infarction within 7 days preceding PTCA showed a similar pattern of results. Conclusion After PTCA performed for unstable angina and rest pain, survival rates were excellent in both women and men, and no difference was observed in subsequent myocardial infarction rates. During follow-up, however, women were more likely to have severe angina and were less likely to have had coronary artery bypass grafting. Concerns about possible sex-related complications should not dissuade physicians from performing PTCA when clinically indicated for unstable angina and rest pain.
The Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond string in background fields: Nilpotency of BRST charge

The Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond type II closed superstring is quantized in the BRST hamiltonian formalism in the presence of arbitrary background fields. Batalin, Fradkin and Vilkovisky technique is employed in order to construct the BRST charge. The background field equations of motion are derived from the requirement of the nilpotency of the quantum BRST charge.
Chloroplast Biogenesis 81: Transient Formation of Divinyl Chlorophyll a Following a 2.5 ms Light Flash Treatment of Etiolated Cucumber Cotyledons

Abstract— The possible conversion of nascent divinyl (DV) chloro-phyllide a (Chlide a) to DV chlorophyll a (Chi a during the early stages of greening in a dark divinyl-light divinyl-light/dark divinyl (DDV-LDV-LDDV) plant species was investigated. Etiolated cucumber cotyledons (Cucu-mis sativus L.) were subjected to a 2.5 ms light flash followed by darkness. The DV and monovinyl (MV) components of the protochlorophyllide a (Pchlide a), Chlide a, Pchlide a ester and Chi a pools were monitored quantitatively by high-resolution spectrofluorometry, immediately following the light treatments and after various periods in darkness. The light treatment photoconverted DV and MV Pchlide a to DV and MV Chlide a. Some photoconversion of MV Pchlide a ester to MV Chi a also appeared to take place. A sharp rise in the level of DV Chi a following the light treatment could not be accounted for by photoconversion of DV Pchlide a ester. It must have arisen by rapid esterification of nascent DV Chlide a. After illumination, the level of DV Chi a rose for 5 s and then declined. The implications of the transient rise and fall of DV Chi a content following illumination to the Chi a biosynthetic heterogeneity is discussed.
Subacute encephalomyelitis presenting as stiff-person syndrome: Clinical, polygraphic, and pathologic correlations

A 60-year-old woman presented with stiff-person syndrome (SPS). Treatment with diazepam controlled her painful spasms initially. Two and one-half years after the onset of SPS, new spells of paroxysmal leg jerking and apnea developed. A spell was recorded with simultaneous video and polygraphic techniques that revealed simultaneous firing of motor unit potentials in several muscles (paraspinal, internal hamstring, and abdominal muscles). Apnea was associated with arterial oxygen desaturation. An increase in the dose of diazepam decreased the number and severity of these episodes. Seventeen months later, the patient began to taper the diazepam dose. Shortly thereafter, she had a cardiorespiratory arrest and subsequently died. Autopsy showed small chronic inflammatory foci in the pancreas (some associated with islets) and findings of diffuse encephalomyelitis characterized by perivascular cuffing in the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala and a dense mononuclear infiltrate in the anterior horns of the lumbar and cervical cord, with relative preservation of axons and myelin. Cell typing showed this infiltrate was polyclonal and reactive. There have been rare cases of SPS associated with encephalomyelitis reported previously. Although the prolonged course in our patient suggested that SPS may have preceded encephalomyelitis, the more likely explanation is that the patient had an unusually long course of encephalomyelitis alone.
Late-Metal Diphosphinosulfinyl S(O)P_2 Pincer-type Complexes

The preparation of a new tridentate diphosphinosulfinyl ligand is described as well as the synthesis and properties of some of its Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, and Pt complexes. The ligand binds in a κ^3-PS(O)P fashion in all cases. The M–S lengths in (SOP_2)RhCl and (SOP_2)IrCl (2.1340(8) and 2.1341(5) A, respectively) are the shortest of all crystallographically characterized Rh– and Ir–S(O)R_2 complexes, which illustrates the significant M–S(O) π-backbonding for these metals. Akin to Vaska’s complex, (SOP_2)IrCl binds O_2 to yield a peroxide complex with an O–O length of 1.465(3) A and ^ν(O–O) = 847 cm^(–1). The C–O stretches of (SOP_2)M(CO) (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) are ~30-40 cm^(–1) higher than those of the analogous (PPh_3)_3M(CO). A number of divalent group 10 complexes of the form [(SOP_2)MX]^+ for Ni (X = Cl), Pd (X = Cl, Me), and Pt (X = Cl, Me) are reported, as well as the highly electrophilic complex [(SOP_2)Pd(NCCH_3)]^(2+). An analysis of the S–O length as a function of the M–S length for all d^8 SOP_2 Rh, Ir, Pd, and Pt complexes reveals that the electron-withdrawing capabilities of the sulfinyl group are mediated largely through π-backbonding for Rh and Ir and mostly through poor σ-donation for Pd and Pt.
Performance of an Eight-Inch Babcock Grating in a Large Vacuum Spectrograph

To obtain true profiles of Fraunhofer lines, corrections for instrumental profile, ghosts, scattered light, etc., must be applied to the observations. A study of a 600 groove/mm Babcock grating in a high dispersion, vacuum spectrograph (8 mm/A, 5th order, λ 5461) is presented. Photographs of the hyperfine structure of the mercury line λ 5769 show a resolution of 630 000 in the 5th order. Photographs of Hg λ 2536 with a microwave-excited 198 lamp as a source exhibit a weakly self-reversed line. The measured separation of the components is 0.0021 A, corresponding to a resolving power of 1 200 000 in the 11th order. The instrumental profile, the intensities of satellite lines, and the ghost system have been determined by photoelectric scanning of the line λ 5461 of isotopic mercury. A determination of the vertical apparatus function shows that its half width is 15% wider than the theoretical value. The total intensity of the ghosts is 1.8% in the 5th order. A brief study of polarization effects and the nature of the blaze is presented. The general spectrographic scattered light was found to be 0.7%.
Dynamics and structures of DNA: Long-range effects of a 16 base-pair (CG)8 sequence on secondary structure

The effects of inserting 16 base pair (bp) of alternating CG[(CG)8] near the middle of a much longer restriction fragment (1097 bp) are investigated by measuring various properties that are sensitive to secondary and tertiary structure. Results for this fragment are compared with those for a control fragment (1089 bp) with the identical sequence except at the insert. Another fragment (1382 bp), which contains a 296-bp extension at the 5′-end of the 1089-bp control fragment, is also used as a secondary control in some experiments. When the 1097-bp (CG)8 insert fragment is compared with the control fragments in 0.1M NaCl buffer, the (CG)8 insert is found to induce disproportionately large relative changes in the molar ellipticity at 273 nm ([θ)273], the torsion constant (α) measured by fluorescence polarization anisotropy, the optical melting profile, and the susceptibility to S1 nuclease. Estimates of the minimum distance over which the (CG)8 insert alters the secondary structure range from 330 to 550 bp. With increasing NaCl concentration, the 1097-bp insert fragment undergoes a structural transition between 2.0 and 2.5M that is manifested in the apparent diffusion coefficient (Dplat) from dynamic light scattering at large scattering vector. This transition, which is not exhibited by the control DNAs, is presumed to involve formation of Z-helix at the insert. However, the observed decrease in (Dplat) is attributed to an increase in bending rigidity, which perforce must be globally distributed far beyond the (CG)8 insert per se. In 4.25M NaCl (but not in 0.1M NaCl), the addition of 1 ethidium dye per 300 bp induces an extensive structural transition in the 1097 bp (CG)8 insert fragment. This transition, which also is not exhibited by the control DNAs, significantly decreases the bending rigidity, doubles [θ]273, and takes place on a time scale of a few days. Removal of ethidium and salt by dialysis vs 0.1M NaCl buffer restores the original properties of the 1097-bp (CG)8 insert fragment. The present results are consistent with a (fluctuating, long-range) description of the secondary structure in which a given short sequence transiently fluctuates among two or more distinct secondary structures that extend over much larger domains of variable position and size, and whose relative stabilities depend on distant as well as close-lying base pairs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the formulation of closest-point projection algorithms in elastoplasticity: Part I: The variational structure

We present in this paper the characterization of the variational structure behind the discrete equations defining the closest-point projection approximation in elastoplasticity. Rate-independent and viscoplastic formulations are considered in the infinitesimal and the finite deformation range, the later in the context of isotropic finite-strain multiplicative plasticity. Primal variational principles in terms of the stresses and stress-like hardening variables are presented first, followed by the formulation of dual principles incorporating explicitly the plastic multiplier. Augmented Lagrangian extensions are also presented allowing a complete regularization of the problem in the constrained rate-independent limit. The variational structure identified in this paper leads to the proper framework for the development of new improved numerical algorithms for the integration of the local constitutive equations of plasticity as it is undertaken in Part II of this work.
Direct and indirect photodegradation of estriol in the presence of humic acid, nitrate and iron complexes in water solutions.

Abstract The photochemical behavior of a natural estrogen estriol (E3) was investigated in the presence of the natural photoreactive constituents including nitrate, iron(III), and humic acid (HA). The direct photodegradation of E3 increased with increasing incident light intensity, decreasing initial concentration of E3 and increasing pH in the range of 6.0 to 10.0. The direct photodegradation of the deprotonated speciation of E3 was much faster than that of its protonated form. The presence of NO3− and iron(III) promoted the photochemical loss of E3 in the aqueous solutions. The quenching experiments verified that hydroxyl radicals were predominantly responsible for the indirect photodegradation of E3. HA could act as photosensitizer, light screening agent and free radical quencher. For the first time, the enhancement or inhibition effect of HA on photodegradation was found to depend on the irradiation light intensity. HA enhanced the photodegradation of E3 under sunlight or weak irradiation of simulated sunlight. In contrast, under high irradiation light intensity, HA inhibited the photodegradation. The hydroxylation photoproducts were identified using GC-MS and the photodegradation pathway of E3 was proposed.
Germ cell tumors

Purpose of reviewThis review provides an overview of some of the recent pre-clinical and clinical developments in germ cell tumors.Recent findingsRecent epidemiological studies highlight the variations in the geographic and ethnic distribution of germ cell tumors and the changing incidence of semino
Effects of inhalation anesthetics on kainate-induced glutamate release from cerebellar granule cells

The mechanisms of inhalation anesthesia may include inhibiting non NMDA excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. This possibility was addressed by measuring the effect of three anesthetics at clinically relevant concentration on kainate-induced glutamate release from cerebellar granule cells. Cerebellar granule cells were obtained from 8-day-old SD rats and maintained in vitro for 9-14 days. Medium glutamate concentrations were measured by HPLC after 90 minutes incubation with kainate or NMDA. Inhalation anesthetics were introduced by holding the cells under a continuous flow of air/anesthetic mixtures. All anesthetics tested did not effect NMDA-induced glutamate release. Halothane (1 MAC), isoflurane (1 MAC) inhibited kainate-induced glutamate release from the cultured cells whereas enflurane (1 MAC) had no effect on kainate-induced glutamate release. The difference between enflurane and the other anesthetics tested suggests that anesthesia is dependent on more than one process and the extent at which each function is perturbed is dependent on the specific anesthetic used. Halothane inhibition of kainate-induced glutamate release was not reversible by increasing kainate concentration, indicating halothane does not directly compete with kainate at its receptor.
Sorption of water on compacts of bottle-hydrated cement. II. Thermodynamic considerations and theory of volume change

In order that the hydrated-cement—water sorption may be adequately analysed, two thermodynamic processes connected with the material, encountered in adsorption, are discussed. The B.E.T. surface area computed by the use of a modified form of the Gibbs adsorption equation, is found to be in close agreement with the value obtained by an experimental method of determining zero adsorbed water. The surface area calculated from the pore-size distribution is also in agreement with these values. It is found that over the range of vapour pressures from 0 to 25% the Gibbs adsorption and Bangham equations are obeyed. Beyond 25% R.H. physical adsorption and the readmittance of the interlayer hydrate water of tricalcium silicate occur simultaneously. The secondary hysteresis observed in the sorption isotherm and other anomalies previously observed in the system are explained with these data. Mechanisms of volume changes for the whole extent of the isotherm are presented; thermodynamic equations are applied to different regions of the isotherm to express the volume change and spreading force developed in the system during sorption. These are compared with those used in other volume-change mechanisms described for this system and the thermodynamic consistency of these is discussed. Calculations of Young's modulus from the above equations lead to the conclusion that the values obtained are for the individual elements of the body and that as such they will yield values larger than those obtained for the body as a whole.
Element selection from a fuzzy subset using the fuzzy integral

The problem of selecting a crisp element based upon a fuzzy set is investigated. It is noted that the defuzzification problem in fuzzy logic control is a special case of this problem. The given fuzzy subset is considered as a set of pieces of advice where the strengths of the advice is the membership grade. This problem is formulated in terms of a generalized expected value, an aggregation problem, by using the fuzzy integral. Ways to convert the fuzzy set into a fuzzy measure are shown. Different structures for the calculation of best action are developed. >
Isotopic anomalies of krypton and xenon in Canyon Diablo graphite

Abstract The abundance and isotopic composition of xenon and krypton have been determined in Canyon Diablo graphite. Large excesses of 80 Kr, 82 Kr and 128 Xe are attributed to neutron capture on bromine and iodine. The graphite contains one of the largest excesses of 129 Xe observed in meteoritic xenon. The xenon spectra do not display the ‘general anomaly pattern’ which characterizes xenon in chondrites.
Optoacoustic determination of photocarrier generation efficiencies of dye films

An optoacoustic method is used for the first time to study photoconductive efficiencies of thin dye films coated on a substrate. A piezoelectric transducer is attached to the substrate, and the dye film is excited by a modulated cw laser beam, of intensity less than 0.1 mW/cm2. Strong signal enhancement occurs when the laser modulation frequency is equal to a fundamental mechanical resonance frequency of the sample‐transducer assembly (about 40 kHz in our experiment). The quantum efficiency for photocarrier generation is derived by measuring the decrease in optoacoustic signal when an electric field is applied to the sample.
Visual impairment due to macular disciform scars in a 20-year-old man with Smith-Magenis syndrome : Another ophthalmologic complication

We describe a 20-year-old man with Smith-Magenis syndrome and a 46,XY,del(17)(p11.2p11.2) karyotype. The interstitial deletion was confirmed by metaphase analysis using the fluorescent in situ hybridization probe (D17S29) for the Smith-Magenis region. The patient had hypertelorism, exotropia, and high myopia. Examination under anesthesia showed a lacquer crack near the right macula and a disciform scar of the left macula. Six months later, the patient presented with subacute visual loss. Examination demonstrated end-stage macula degeneration with bilateral disciform scars. There was no evidence of retinal detachment. Prior reports of Smith-Magenis syndrome mention telecanthus, ptosis, strabismus, iris anomalies, cataract, microcornea, optic nerve hypoplasia, myopia, retinal detachment, and lattice retinal degeneration. Bilateral macular degeneration has not been reported previously, and it may be an additional ophthalmologic manifestation of Smith-Magenis syndrome, either as a primary manifestation or as a direct consequence of high myopia.
6-Hydroxydopamine lesion of the ventral noradrenergic bundle blocks the effect of amphetamine on hippocampal acetylcholine

Rats treated with amphetamine exhibited an increase in hippocampal acetylcholine turnover, as determined by a mass fragmentographic technique. However, administration of amphetamine to rats which had received stereotaxically placed bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in the ventral noradrenergic bundle 10 days previously did not increase hippocampal acetylcholine turnover. Because the ventral noradrenergic bundle projects to the septal area, it is suggested that amphetamine increases acetylcholine turnover in the hippocampus by an action on noradrenergic neurons in this pathway.
Toxicant exposures and the obesity epidemic.

The obesity epidemic in this country began in 1980 with a 23-year monotonic increase in the prevalence of obesity among American children and adults until a moderation occurred over the last few years [1]. There is hope that the factors related to the obesity epidemic have changed for the better. The standard explanation for the obesity epidemic—sedentary lifestyles and junk food—does not explain the pattern of the obesity epidemic, and the possibility of environmental causes has been hypothesized [2]. While studying the effects of exposure to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos on memory in rats at a dose that did not produce symptoms of acute cholinesterase inhibition, we reported in this journal that rats exposed to chlorpyrifos had increased adipose tissue relative to controls [3]. Development exposure to chlorpyrifos has also been demonstrated to induce weight gain [4]. Chlorpyrifos and related compounds were extensively used for indoor pest control in American homes, schools, and offices until the United States Environmental Protection Agency phased out this route of exposure beginning in 2000 [5]. While a temporal association does not imply causation, it is important that our knowledge of toxicants in the regulation of weight be studied.
Chloroplast thylakoid proteins associated with sequestered proton-buffering domains. Plastocyanin contributes buffering groups to localized proton domains.

Thylakoid membrane proteins are organized so as to shield 30–50 nmol H+ (mg Chl)−1 from freely equilibrating with either the external or the lumen aqueous phases. Amine groups provide binding sites for this metastable buffering array and can be quantitatively measured by acetylation using [3H]acetic anhydride. The principle of the assay is that a metastable acidic domain will have relatively less of the reactive neutral form of the amine compared to the amount present after addition of an uncoupler. The extent of the acetylation reaction is strongly influenced by whether the lumen pH comes to complete equilibrium with the external pH prior to adding the acetic anhydride. Determination of the lumen pH by [14C]methylamine distribution after the standard 3 or 5 min equilibration in pH 8.6 buffer indicated that the lumen may have been 0.2 to 0.3 pH more acidic than the external phase. This effect was taken into account by determining the pH dependence, in the pH 8.2–8.6 range, of acetylation of the membrane proteins studied, and the labeling data were conservatively corrected for this possible contribution. Experiments were carried out to identify the thylakoid proteins that contribute such metastable domain amine groups, using the above conservative correction. Surprisingly, plastocyanin contributes buried amine groups, but cytochromef did not give evidence for such a contribution, if the conservative correction in the labeling was applied. If the correction was too conservative, cytochromef may contribute amines to the sequestered domains. The new methodology verified earlier results suggesting that three Tris-releasable photosystem II-associated proteins also contribute significantly to the sequestered amine-buffering array.
Comment on J-dependence in (α, d) transfer reactions

Abstract We examine the structure of the second-order distorted-waves Born approximation amplitude for the two-nucleon (α, d) transfer reactions. It is found that the sign of the interference between simultaneous and sequential transfer amplitudes cannot depend upon the value of the total angular momentum transfer J within the context of the model that is usually assumed. This contradicts calculations reported recently for the (α, d) reaction. Since the observed cross sections do show an even-odd dependence on J, we conclude that the usual model is inadequate.