cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A two-dimensional electromechanical composite plate model for piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs)

A two-dimensional composite plate model was developed as part of the design methodology for micro-scale thin membrane structures in general and pMUTs in particular. The model was compared with a one-dimensional beam model developed earlier and experimental measurements. The two-dimensional model was shown to converge to the one-dimensional model for the structures with a large aspect ratio. Compared to the experimental data, the qualitative trends regarding the dependence of transducer performance on the aspect ratio predicted by the model were validated by the experimental measurements in all cases except that of the electromechanical coupling factor k2eff. The quantitative agreement between model and experimental data was quite good for all parameters at a transducer width of 180 µm, and became worse as the transducer width became smaller. The resonance frequency was predicted very well by the model, and did not depend on the aspect ratio. With the enhanced flexibility provided by the two-dimensional model, some optimization study was also performed. It was found that among different geometries, a square membrane, i.e. a membrane with the aspect ratio equal to 1, appears to have the highest effective coupling coefficient. On the other hand, for a given square membrane, the electrode which covers about 25% of the membrane, i.e. 50% of the width and length measured from the center, possesses the optimized coupling coefficient. In practice, the model can be used to first optimize the dimension of the membrane for pMUTs to obtain the targeted frequencies and then the electrode coverage area for optimized coupling coefficient.
A note on contagion indices for landscape analysis

The landscape contagion index measures the degree of clumping of attributes on raster maps. The index is computed from the frequencies by which different pairs of attributes occur as adjacent pixels on a map. Because there are subtle differences in the way the attribute adjacencies may be tabulated, the standard index formula may not always apply, and published index values may not be comparable. This paper derives formulas for the contagion index that apply for different ways of tabulating attribute adjacencies — with and without preserving the order of pixels in pairs, and by using two different ways of determining pixel adjacency. When the order of pixels in pairs is preserved, the standard formula is obtained. When the order is not preserved, a new formula is obtained because the number of possible attribute adjacency states is smaller. Estimated contagion is also smaller when each pixel pair is counted twice (instead of once) because double-counting pixel adjacencies makes the attribute adjacency matrix symmetric across the main diagonal.
Association of Human Leukocyte Antigen Donor–Recipient Matching and Pediatric Heart Transplant Graft Survival

Background—The effect of donor–recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching on outcomes remains relatively unexplored in pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of donor–recipient HLA matching on graft survival in pediatric heart transplantation. Methods and Results—The UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) database was queried for heart transplants occurring between October 31, 1987, and December 31, 2012, in a recipient aged ≤17 years with ≥1 postoperative follow-up visit. Retransplants were excluded. Transplants were divided into 3 donor–recipient matching groups: no HLA matches (HLA-no), 1 or 2 HLA matches (HLA-low), and 3 to 6 HLA matches (HLA-high). Primary outcome was graft loss. Four thousand four hundred seventy-one heart transplants met the study inclusion criteria. High degree of donor–recipient HLA matching occurred infrequently: HLA-high (n=269; 6%) versus HLA-low (n=2683; 60%) versus HLA-no (n=1495; 34%). There were no differences between HLA matc...
Association of filtered sodium load with medullary volumes and medullary hypoxia in hypertensive African Americans as compared with whites.

Background African Americans develop hypertension earlier with more target manifestations than whites despite having a higher glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for any level of serum creatinine. Study Design & Participants This study tested the hypothesis that increased GFR and sodium reabsorption in African Americans is associated with increased metabolic work and medullary hypoxia in 49 nondiabetic patients with essential hypertension (29 whites and 20 African Americans) following a constant-sodium diet (150 mEq/d) and renin-angiotensin system blockade. Predictors Ethnicity, age, measured GFR, sodium excretion, and body mass index. Outcomes We examined cortical and medullary volumes and blood flows using multidetector computed tomography and intrarenal deoxyhemoglobin (R2*) using blood oxygen level–dependent magnetic resonance. Results Blood pressure and sodium excretion were similar, whereas African Americans were more obese and had higher iothalamate GFRs. Renal cortical volumes did not differ, but medullary volumes adjusted for body size and age were higher in African Americans (32.3 ± 11.2 vs 25.1 ± 7.4 cm 3 /m 2 body surface area; P P = 0.02), but decreased to levels similar to whites after furosemide treatment. Levels of the circulating isoprostane prostaglandin F 2α were higher in African Americans and daily urinary prostaglandin F 2α excretion in African Americans correlated directly with renal blood flow ( R = 0.71; P Limitations Studies were limited to treated volunteers with normal kidney function without knowledge of prior nutrient intake. Conclusions These data show for the first time that increased sodium reabsorption in obese African American patients with hypertension was associated with enlarged medullary volumes, functional hypoxia related to solute reabsorption, and a direct relationship between blood flows and urinary isoprostane levels. Our results support a model of increased oxygen consumption and oxidative stress in African Americans that may accelerate hypertension and target-organ injury compared with white patients with essential hypertension.
Photoperiodic effects on puberty and specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in Siberian hamsters

When juvenile male Siberian hamsters are transferred from a long photoperiod to a short photoperiod, sexual maturation is greatly delayed by a pineal-dependent process. We hypothesized that the eventual onset of puberty during short photoperiod exposure may be caused by a loss of receptors for the pineal hormone, melatonin. This study quantitated specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and pars tuberalis of Siberian hamsters exposed to short photoperiod (10 h light per day) for either 12 or 30 weeks and in hamsters exposed to long photoperiod (16 h light per day) for the same time intervals. Photoperiodic exposure significantly affected testes weight. The hamsters exposed to long photoperiod for either 12 or 30 weeks had mean testes weights > 700 mg, in contrast to hamsters in short photoperiod for 12 weeks (mean testes weights < 30 mg) or 30 weeks (mean testes weights approximately 350 mg). The affinity of specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in both regions was significantly lower in hamsters exposed to short photoperiod as compared to hamster exposed to long photoperiod, at either 12 or 30 weeks. In contrast, there were no effects of photoperiod or duration of exposure on the density of specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in either the suprachiasmatic nuclei or the pars tuberalis. Furthermore, a change in the affinity of the specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nuclei was observed between the hamsters housed in short photoperiod for 12 weeks (sexually immature) and the hamsters housed in short photoperiod for 30 weeks (undergoing puberty). These results demonstrate that although the onset of puberty after long-term exposure to short photopoeriod does not involve a loss of specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nuclei or pars tuberalis, it is associated with a decrease in the affinity of specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in these regions.
NONEXISTENCE OF PSEUDO-CANONICAL LIFTINGS

In this paper we show that pseudo-canonical liftings do not exist, by showing that if j0 ↦ (j0, J1(j0), J2(j0),…) is the map that gives canonical liftings for ordinary j0, then J2 has a pole at j0 = 1728 if p ≡ 3 (mod 4) and J3 has a pole at j0 = 0 if p ≡ 5 (mod 6). Moreover, precise descriptions of J2 and J3 are given.
Effects of an Electric Field and Current on Phase Transformations in Metals and Ceramics

Abstract Theoretical and experimental results on the effects of an electric field or current on solid state phase transformations in metals and ceramics are reviewed. Examples are given of the effects on both equilibria and kinetics, and the mechanisms are considered. The available results provide a foundation, but indicate the need for more work. They do, however, indicate that electric fields and currents provide additional parameters for controlling microstructure, and offer the potential for reducing processing costs and related environmental pollution.
A reevaluation of the events leading to the electrogenic reaction and proton translocation in the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Abstract Chromatophore membranes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides activated by light display a carotenoid band shift (phase III) that occurs in response to the electrogenic event (charge separation) in the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase. The rate of formation of this electrogenic event has previously been shown to be strongly dependent on the initial redox state of a bound ubiquinone species (designated Q z ) associated with the oxidoreductase. When Q z is reduced (quinol form; Q z H 2 ) the electrogenic event takes place in less than 5 ms. When Q z is oxidized (quinone form; Q z ) it is much slower; under these conditions the fact that it occurs has been ignored. In this report, we address this issue and describe events that lead to the generation of carotenoid band shift phase III when the total population of Q z of the chromatophore is oxidized before flash activation. The following characteristics are apparent: (1) When oxidized Q z is present before activation, the half-time of formation of carotenoid band-shift phase III is 10–20-times slower than when Q z H 2 is present before activation. (2) When oxidized Q z is present, the measured full extent of phase III generated by a single-turnover flash is diminished by about one-half of that observed when Q z H 2 is present before activation. (3) The rate of formation of the carotenoid band shift phase III when Q z is initially oxidized corresponds closely to the rate of completion of the flash-activated electron-transfer cycle. This can be seen under two different conditions: (a) as the partial reduction of cytochrome c 1 + c 2 (at redox potentials of 200–300 mV) or (b) as the partial reduction of flash-oxidized bacteriochlorophyll dimer, (BChl) 2 + (at redox potentials above 300 mV). (4) At the higher redox potentials (above 300 mV), antimycin-sensitive proton binding shares a common, rate-limiting step with the carotenoid band shift phase III and (BChl) 2 + reduction. (5) However, proton binding at redox potentials above 300 mV is not observed at all unless valinomycin (K + ) is present. Thus, proton binding occurs only when the carotenoid band shift is collapsed in milliseconds, whereas, conversely, the carotenoid band shift is stably generated when proton binding is not observed. These and other observations are the basis of a reevaluation of our current views on the coupling of electron transfer and proton translocation in photosynthetic bacteria.
Receptor and behavioral pharmacology of WAY-267464, a non-peptide oxytocin receptor agonist

The widely reported effects of oxytocin (OT) on CNS function has generated considerable interest in the therapeutic potential for targeting this system for a variety of human psychiatric diseases, including anxiety disorders, autism, schizophrenia, and depression. The utility of synthetic OT, as both a research tool and neurotherapeutic, is limited by the physiochemical properties inherent in most neuropeptides, notably its short half-life and poor blood brain barrier penetration. Subsequently, the discovery and development of non-peptide molecules that act as selective agonists of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) has been an important goal of the field. In this study, we report the receptor and behavioral pharmacology of WAY-267464, a first generation small-molecule OTR agonist. WAY-267464 is a high-affinity, potent, and selective (vs. V1a, V2, V1b) agonist of the OTR. In assays measuring both behavioral (four-plate test, elevated zero maze) and autonomic (stress-induced hyperthermia) parameters of the anxiety response, WAY-267464 exhibits an anxiolytic-like profile similar to OT. We have demonstrated that the anxiolytic-like profile of WAY-267464 is mediated through central sites of action. WAY-267464 also significantly reverses disruption in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex induced by either MK-801 or amphetamine, similar to the antipsychotic-like effects previously reported for OT. Interestingly, in the mouse tail suspension test, WAY-267464 failed to produce changes in immobility that are seen with OT, raising the question of whether the antidepressant-like activity of OT may be working independently of the OTR. A selective OTR antagonist also failed to block the effects of OT on immobility in the TST. The significance of these findings for shaping the clinical development of OTR agonists is discussed.
Microwave Processing at the University of Florida

Microwave energy for processing materials is emerging as a vital manufacturing technology for the nineties and beyond. Research to date has shown significant advantages in several areas, including drying and sintering, joining, surface modification and waste remediation. Increased processing rates, improved physical and mechanical properties and, in some cases, reduced hazardous emissions have sparked the interest of many manufacturers in the ability to integrate microwave processing techniques into existing and future manufacturing operations. This presentation will provide an overview of the microwave processing research and development work in progress at the University of Florida.
6.4 GHz acoustic sensor for in-situ monitoring of AFM tip wear

This paper demonstrates an acoustic sensor that can resolve atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip blunting with a frequency sensitivity of 0.007%. The AFM tip is fabricated on a thin film piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) membrane that is excited as a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR). We demonstrate that cutting 0.98 µm off of the tip apex results in a resonance frequency change of 0.4MHz at 6.387GHz. This work demonstrates the potential for in-situ monitoring of AFM tip wear.
Registered Nurse Staffing Mix and Quality of Care in Nursing Homes: A Longitudinal Analysis

Purpose: To examine the relationship between registered nurse (RN) staffi ng mix and quality of nursing home care measured by regulatory violations. Design and Methods: A retrospective panel data study (1999 – 2003) of 2 groups of California freestanding nursing homes. One group was 201 nursing homes that consistently met the state ’ s minimum standard for total nurse staffi ng level over the 5-year period. The other was 210 nursing homes that consistently failed to meet the standard over the period. All facility and market variables were drawn from California ’ s cost report data and state licensing and certifi cation data, as well as 3 other databases. Results: The RN to total nurse staffi ng ratio was negatively related to serious defi ciencies in nursing homes that consistently met the staffi ng standard, whereas the ratio was negatively associated with total defi ciencies in nursing homes that consistently failed to meet the standard over the 5-year period. As the RN to licensed vocational nurse ratios increased, total defi ciencies and serious defi ciencies decreased in both groups of nursing homes. Implications: A higher RN mix is positively related to quality of care, but the relationship is affected by overall nurse staffi ng levels in nursing homes. Further studies are necessary for a better understanding of RNs ’ unique contributions to the quality of care in nursing homes.
An Examination Of Internships And Job Opportunities

This paper reports the results of anempirical study examining the relationship between participation in anaccounting internship and increased job opportunities. Most prior studies haveexamined the benefits of internship programs while in school or the benefits ofinternships on professional learning, socialization, and personalcharacteristics in preparing students for entry into the profession. There hasbeen a paucity of empirical studies examining the relationship betweeninternships and job opportunities, which is a primary reason why students enterinternship programs, schools establish them, and employers hire interns. We surveyedprofessional employees below the manager level among three Big 4 firms and a largeregional CPA firm, and found that the effect of internship experience on jobopportunities depends upon the circumstances. The results indicate thatemploying firms highly value internship experience and that internshipexperience is useful for students in getting job opportunities whether or not theystay with the internship firm.
On-chip cache hierarchy-aware tile scheduling for multicore machines

Iteration space tiling and scheduling is an important technique for optimizing loops that constitute a large fraction of execution times in computation kernels of both scientific codes and embedded applications. While tiling has been studied extensively in the context of both uniprocessor and multiprocessor platforms, prior research has paid less attention to tile scheduling, especially when targeting multicore machines with deep on-chip cache hierarchies. In this paper, we propose a cache hierarchy-aware tile scheduling algorithm for multicore machines, with the purpose of maximizing both horizontal and vertical data reuses in on-chip caches, and balancing the workloads across different cores. This scheduling algorithm is one of the key components in a source-to-source translation tool that we developed for automatic loop parallelization and multithreaded code generation from sequential codes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort that develops a fully-automated tile scheduling strategy customized for on-chip cache topologies of multicore machines. The experimental results collected by executing twelve application programs on three commercial Intel machines (Nehalem, Dunnington, and Harpertown) reveal that our cache-aware tile scheduling brings about 27.9% reduction in cache misses, and on average, 13.5% improvement in execution times over an alternate method tested.
PRINS-Labeled Knobs Are Not Associated with Increased Chromosomal Stickiness in the Maize st1 Mutant

In maize, the st1 mutant has been observed to result in chromosomes that stick together during both mitotic and meiotic anaphase. These sticky chromosomes result in abnormal chromosome separation at anaphase. Although the mechanism producing the st1 mutant phenotype is unknown, delayed replication of knob heterochromatin has been implicated in similar phenomena that result in sticky chromosomes. Primed in situ labeling (PRINS) was used to locate the 180-bp knob DNA sequences on mitotic metaphase chromosomes of several maize lines. The chromosomal regions labeled by PRINS corresponded to the reported C bands found in these lines. Additionally, PRINS was used to identify knob-bearing regions in anaphase spreads of a line carrying the st1 mutant and a nonmutant line having a similar number of chromosome knobs. The increase in abnormal anaphase figures in the st1 mutant was not accompanied by an increase in association of knob DNA with abnormal anaphases. Thus, the increase in chromosomal stickiness appears to be due to an increase in stickiness of knob and nonknob chromosomal regions. The mechanism responsible for the st1 mutant, therefore, is hypothesized to be different from that implicated in the other previously described sticky chromosomes situations.
Shared wisdom: a pharmacist's message to graduating physicians.

President Pumerantz, Mrs. Pumerantz, Dean Adams, faculty, graduates, family and friends, and special guests: I greet you all on this joyful occasion with good will, humility, and faith in the shared vision that binds all of us in health care together. I thank you, Dean Adams, for this wonderful
New coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide end launcher

A new coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide end launcher is experimentally demonstrated. The end launcher operates over the Ka-band frequencies that are designated for the NASA Advanced Communication Technology Satellite uplink. The measured insertion loss and return loss are better than 0.5 and -10 dB, respectively.
Abstraction and Materiality in the Arts, Literature, and Music

Introduction to Konturen Volume V, Abstraction and Materiality in the Arts, Literature, and Music.
Comparison of Deaths, Clinical Status and Duration of Helicopter or Ambulance Transport Following Motor Vehicle Accidents

Trauma kills more people in the USA under 14 years of age than die of heart disease, cancer, pneumonia and intestinal disease combined. It is the leading cause of death in those under 38 years of age and it is the fourth commonest cause of death for the entire population. Advances in trauma emergency care are important from both the medical and economic standpoint since fatalities cost over twice the amount of non fatalities.
Women in cell biology: a seat at the table and a place at the podium.

The Women in Cell Biology (WICB) committee of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) was started in the 1970s in response to the documented underrepresentation of women in academia in general and cell biology in particular. By coincidence or causal rela- tionship, I am happy to say that since WICB became a standing ASCB committee, women have been well represented in ASCB's leadership and as symposium speakers at the annual meeting. However, the need to provide opportunities and information useful to women in developing their careers in cell biology is still vital, given the continuing bias women face in the larger scientific arena. With its emphasis on mentoring, many of WICB's activities benefit the development of both men and women cell biologists. The WICB "Career Column" in the monthly ASCB Newsletter is a source of accessible wisdom. At the annual ASCB meeting, WICB organizes the career discussion and mentoring roundtables, childcare awards, Mentoring Theater, career-related panel and workshop, and career recognition awards. Finally, the WICB Speaker Referral Service provides a list of outstanding women whom organizers of scientific meetings, scientific review panels, and university symposia/lecture series can reach out to when facing the proverbial dilemma, "I just don't know any women who are experts."
A minimized architecture for transmitting high-rate data through a small antenna

As the wireless communication devices shrink in size, transmission bandwidth becomes a challenging factor for antenna designers. For example, biomedical implants are among the most critical devices that are required to have a minimized size while transmitting high data-rate information. Particularly, devices that interact with the nervous system such as cochlear and visual prostheses must be able to transmit a large amount of data in order to provide a high-resolution sensing for the user. Even though a high data-rate can be achieved by increasing the carrier frequency in broadband systems, in low-frequency applications high-bandwidth data-transmission remains as a challenging requirement. Furthermore, power consumption and the overall size of the device is a key point in many wireless units such as biomedical implantable devices.
Child Care Costs and Women's Employment: A Comparison of Single and Married Mothers With Pre‐School‐Aged Children

Objectives. The effects of child care costs on the employment of single and married mothers with pre-school-aged children were analyzed. Methods. Both demographic and employment data from the March Current Population Survey were used, supplemented by child care data from various sources. Results. We find that child care costs have strong effects on employment for women with pre-school-aged children and that these effects are larger for single mothers than for married mothers. Conclusions. Our simulation results suggest that policies that reduce the costs of child care could raise the employment rate of married mothers by 3 to 14 percentage points and the employment rate of single mothers by 5 to 21 percentage points.
Sll1717 affects the redox state of the plastoquinone pool by modulating quinol oxidase activity in thylakoids.

A Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 mutant lacking CtaI, a main subunit of cytochrome c oxidase, is not capable of growing at light intensities below 5 μmol photons m−2 s−1, presumably due to an overreduced plastoquinone pool in the thylakoid membrane. Upon selection for growth at light intensities below 5 μmol photons m−2 s−1, a secondary mutant was generated that retained the CtaI deletion and had fully assembled photosystem II complexes; in this secondary mutant (pseudorevertant), oxygen evolution and respiratory activities were similar to those in the wild type. Functional complementation of the original CtaI-less strain to low-light tolerance by transformation with restriction fragments of genomic DNA of the pseudorevertant and subsequent mapping of the pseudoreversion site showed that the point mutation led to a Ser186Cys substitution in Sll1717, a protein of as-yet-unknown function and with a predicted ATP/GTP-binding domain. This mutation caused a decrease in the plastoquinone pool reduction level of thylakoids compared to that observed for the wild type. Based on a variety of experimental evidence, the most plausible mechanism to cause this effect is an activation of plastoquinol oxidation in thylakoids by the quinol oxidase CydAB that occurs without upregulation of the corresponding gene and that may be caused by an increased CydAB activity in thylakoids, conceivably due to altered CydAB sorting between cytoplasmic and thylakoid membranes. Sll1717 appears to be unique to Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and has a close homologue encoded in the genome of this organism. The transcript level of sll1717 is low, which suggests that the corresponding protein is regulatory rather than structural.
Using self‐directed teams to integrate service‐learning into an organizational communication course

This article describes the use of self‐directed teams to incorporate service‐learning into an organizational communication course. The service‐learning project was conducted in conjunction with the local school district, under a grant designed to improve relationships between area educational agencies and the community. The service‐learning project described in this report addressed this need through the completion of a communication audit modeled on the International Communication Association's audit protocol. The service‐learning project utilized self‐directed student teams that surveyed or interviewed nearly 400 staff, student, parent, and general community members, performed a content analysis of printed material produced by the school district for a variety of audiences, and examined the use of telecommunication and information technology in the district offices and classrooms. At the conclusion of the project students engaged in structured reflection. Project initiation, planning, implementation, an...
1.12 Denudation, Planation, and Cyclicity: Myths, Models, and Reality

Denudation, planation, and cyclicity are interrelated themes that have played leading roles in geomorphology over the past 200 years, but have also been beset by myths and models generally found wanting in terms of emerging reality. Denudation, or surface lowering of the land by mass wasting and erosion, was understood in principle by 1800 and has since been refined. Planation implies that denudation continues until land is reduced to a low plain just above the base level of erosion, generally the sea. Around 1850, continental planation was commonly attributed to marine processes, notably in insular Britain. Soon, based partly on new evidence from America, marine planation was rejected, except along continental margins, in favor of subaerial planation, but this in turn generated much debate. Over the next 100 years, subaerial planation was attributed, solely or collectively, to mass wasting, rivers, wind, glaciers, and frost. Even when the roles of rain and rivers were broadly agreed, the mechanisms were not: downwearing or backwearing of slopes, vertical or lateral river erosion, deep weathering or shallow sheetwash, and so on. Concepts of peneplanation, pediplanation, panplanation, eolation, cryoplanation, glacial planation, etchplanation, and exhumation each had their champions. Cyclic planation, a problem child of the cycle mania in the nineteenth century, involved repeat planation reset to changed conditions. Attractive cyclic models were devised but struggled with unprovable assumptions. After 1950, most planation cycles needed to contend with new evidence for crustal mobility, form–process relations, isostatic responses to denudation, and stricter geochronology. Even so, planation surfaces do exist and the search for scenarios consistent with reality continues.
Developing U.S. teachers’ intercultural competence: Does professional development matter?

Abstract Intercultural competence is an important skill for K-12 educators to effectively teach a demographically changing population of young people. This paper builds on research that uses the Intercultural Development Inventory to assess change in intercultural competence among K-12 educators. This study aims to understand the extent of change in educators’ intercultural competence in an urban district that has implemented an intercultural initiative based on Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity. Analysis of pre- and post-test data from the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) revealed a significant, and medium effect size, positive change in IDI overall development scores. The data also reveal that behavioral adaptation changed significantly and to a greater extent than cognitive adaptation. The study's findings suggest that intercultural competence can be developed through district and school-based professional development programs, in which the DMIS and the IDI serve as a process model to guide intercultural development. Given the variance in the change in teachers’ intercultural competence, school leaders and trainers should be careful to provide developmentally appropriate training that supports teachers’ learning.
The Capital Structure Decision When Markets Have Information That Firms Do Not Have

We explore equilibrium corporate capital structure under the tradeoff that additional debt generates the familiar corporate tax benefit, while additional equity generates more information about the value of growth opportunities, allowing a more precise estimate of the return on real investment. This precision creates value by leading to better real investment decisions. Unlike agency costs of debt, whose magnitude can be expected to be small at low leverage levels, this information benefit of equity need not necessarily be small at low leverage levels. Therefore, an all-equity corner solution for optimal capital structure may reasonably arise. Such an outcome is most likely to occur for firms that are profitable, have many growth opportunities, or are relatively unique. The model provides valuable insight in the most important cases for which capital structure tradeoff theories have failed to predict corporate practice.
Prevalence and Predictors of Gastrostomy Tube and Tracheostomy Placement in Anoxic/Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathic Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the United States

Introduction Current prevalence estimates of gastrostomy tube (GT) /tracheostomy placement in hospitalized patients with anoxic/hypoxic ischemic encephalopathic injury (AHIE) post cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are unknown. We sought, to estimate the prevalence of AHIE in hospitalized patients who had CPR and to identify patient/hospital level factors that predict the performance of GT/tracheostomy in those with AHIE. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (years 2004–2010). All patients who developed AHIE following CPR were included. In this cohort the odds of having GT and tracheostomy was computed by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Patient and hospital level factors were the independent variables. Results During the study period, a total of 686,578 CPR events occurred in hospitalized patients. Of these, 94,336 (13.7%) patients developed AHIE. In this AHIE cohort, 6.8% received GT and 8.3% tracheostomy. When compared to the 40–49 yrs age group, those aged >70 yrs were associated with lower odds for GT (OR = 0.65, 95% CI:0.53–0.80, p 60 years were associated with lower odds for having tracheostomy when compared to the 40–49 years group (p<0.0001). Each one unit increase in co-morbid burden was associated with higher odds for having GT (OR = 1.23,p<0.0001) or tracheostomy (OR = 1.17, p<0.0001). Blacks, Hispanics, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and other races were associated with higher odds for having GT or tracheostomy when compared to whites (p<0.05). Hospitals located in northeastern regions were associated with higher odds for performing GT (OR = 1.48, p<0.0001) or tracheostomy (OR = 1.63, p<0.0001) when compared to those in Western regions. Teaching hospitals (TH) were associated with higher odds for performing tracheostomy when compared to non-TH (OR = 1.36, 1.20–1.54, p<0.0001). Conclusions AHIE injury occurs in a significant number of in-hospital arrests requiring CPR. Certain predictors of GT/ Tracheostomy placement are identified. Patients in teaching hospitals were more likely to receive tracheostomy than their counterparts.
Promising waste: biobanking, embryo research, and infrastructures of ethical efficiency

Biobanks are custodial institutions that enhance the utility and value of biological materials by collecting and curating them. Their custodial functions tend to include ethical oversight and governance. This paper explores how biobanks increase the value of biological materials by standardizing routines of governance in order to engender "ethical efficiency." Focusing in particular upon banking of human embryos for research, the article offers an historical account of how human embryos came to be "waste" available for use by researchers in the US. It offers a case study of a human embryo biobank and the practices of ethical governance that the biobank employs to capture this waste and convert it into a valuable resource for research use. The article draws attention to the ways biobanks' emphasis on efficiency and resolving problems of ethical governance up front codifies otherwise contested normative relationships and authorizes uses of human biological materials that some see as ethically problematic, even as it eliminates institutionalized mechanisms of reflection in which such problems would otherwise be acknowledged and confronted.
Magnetic human body communication

This paper presents a new human body communication (HBC) technique that employs magnetic resonance for data transfer in wireless body-area networks (BANs). Unlike electric field HBC (eHBC) links, which do not necessarily travel well through many biological tissues, the proposed magnetic HBC (mHBC) link easily travels through tissue, offering significantly reduced path loss and, as a result, reduced transceiver power consumption. In this paper the proposed mHBC concept is validated via finite element method simulations and measurements. It is demonstrated that path loss across the body under various postures varies from 10–20 dB, which is significantly lower than alternative BAN techniques.
Chinas Entry Into World Trade Organization And Its Benefits For U.S. Industries

The November 15th agreement imposes much more substantial concessions on China than on the U.S., which merely grants permanently what it has long granted annually. Chinas Concessions are the price of U.S. support for Chinese membership. Both these concessions and the WTO rules themselves should have profound impact on China, considerably opening its economy to foreign competition. WTO membership ought to compel China to change its current commercial laws and practices to conform to WTO rules. Once it is a WTO membership, China would need to negotiate trading terms on a multilateral basis with all members at once. Chinas concessions will benefit many major industries; among those likely to gain most are farmers, financial companies and high-tech industries. U.S. law and accounting firms are also granted expanded access under the agreement. It is widely assumed that large American corporations stand to benefit significantly from the liberalization measures that China has proposed as part of its accession to the WTO. The purpose of this research is to investigate Chinas entry into WTO and its benefits for U.S. industries.
Culture and Diversity in the United States: So Many Ways to Be American

1. Thinking About Diversity 2. Intergroup Relations and the History of Cultural Diversity in the U.S. 3. Race and Racial Thinking 4. Ethnicity: Beyond the Race Binary 5. Class 6. Sex and Gender: Male and Female 7. Sex and Gender: Beyond the Gender Binary 8. Language 9. Religion 10. Age 11. Health and (Dis)Ability 12. Region and Geography: The Spatial Distribution of Diversity
Analysis of surveillance of iodine-added-salt in household in Dabu County during 2005～2008

Objective:To explore the status of consumption from 2005 to 2008 and quality of iodine-added-salt edibled in household of Dabu county after the implementation of the universal salt iodization.Methods:According to "IDD National Surveillance Programme-an expurgated edition".Results:From 2005 to 2008,the rate of Non-iodized salt in household of Dabu county was 9.72%,7.29%,6.25%,4.86%;the rate of iodinated salt coverage was 90.28%,92.71%,93.75%,95.14%;the rate of of qualified iodized salt was 85.00%,98.13%,96.67%,98.54%;the intake rate of qualified iodinated salt was 76.74%,90.97%,90.63%,93.75%.the rate of Non-iodized salt has been declining every year.From 2006 to 2008,the rate of of qualified iodized salt.and the intake rate of qualified iodinated salt was higher than those in 2005.Conclusion:We should intensify our efforts to hit private salt,to stress supervision and inspection of iodized salt and intensify the publicity of and education in IDD(Iodine deficiency disorders).
MEAN-FIELD THEORY AND COMPUTATION OF ELECTROSTATICS WITH IONIC CONCENTRATION DEPENDENT DIELECTRICS.

We construct a mean-field variational model to study how the dependence of dielectric coefficient (i.e., relative permittivity) on local ionic concentrations affects the electrostatic interaction in an ionic solution near a charged surface. The electrostatic free-energy functional of ionic concentrations, which is the key object in our model, consists mainly of the electrostatic potential energy and the ionic ideal-gas entropy. The electrostatic potential is determined by Poisson’s equation in which the dielectric coefficient depends on the sum of concentrations of individual ionic species. This dependence is assumed to be qualitatively the same as that on the salt concentration for which experimental data are available and analytical forms can be obtained by the data fitting. We derive the first and second variations of the free-energy functional, obtain the generalized Boltzmann distributions, and show that the free-energy functional is in general nonconvex. To validate our mathematical analysis, we numerically minimize our electrostatic free-energy functional for a radially symmetric charged system. Our extensive computations reveal several features that are significantly different from a system modeled with a dielectric coefficient independent of ionic concentration. These include the non-monotonicity of ionic concentrations, the ionic depletion near a charged surface that has been previously predicted by a one-dimensional model, and the enhancement of such depletion due to the increase of surface charges or bulk ionic concentrations.
Process-level modeling and simulation for HP's Multi Jet Fusion 3D printing technology

The 3D printing technology is expected to revolutionize part manufacturing by enabling rapid and inexpensive production at a small scale. HP's Multi Jet Fusion 3D printing technology is developed to provide new levels of part quality in a fast and inexpensive way compared to existing 3D printing technologies. The printed part quality is determined by the interplay of the printing device and materials used for printing. Thus, it is essential to have a proper cyber-physical system model for the printing system for process-level simulation of the HP's Multi Jet Fusion technology. In this paper, we propose an approach for the process-level modeling and simulation of HP's Multi Jet Fusion technology. Our approach can be used to carry out simulation of the 3D printing system, to provide guidance for optimization and development of the printing process and exploration of materials. Preliminary results potentially indicate that the simulation of our proposed model is significantly faster than the finite element method, which is a widely used technique for 3D printing simulation.
Epidermal Growth Factor Regulation of Linoleic Acid Metabolism in Syrian Hamster Embryo Fibroblasts

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the lipoxygenase metabolism of linoleic acid to 13- and 9- hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE) in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) fibroblasts. Lipoxygenase inhibitors are potent blockers of EGF dependent mitogenesis in SHE cells, while addition of these linoleate compounds (10–11 to 10–6M) produce a 2–4 fold enhancement of EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. This activity appears to be specific for the linoleate metabolites as mono-hydroxy dervatives of arachidonic acid have no mitogenic acitivtity in these fibroblasts. Moreover, in testing 13(S)-HODE vs. 13(R)-HODE, only the S isomer was found to be active. Chiral phase HPLC analyses of cellular derived 13-HODE revealed the compound to be in the S configuration. In studies on the mechanism of EGF regulation of linoleic acid metabolism, inhibitors of EGF-receptortyrosine kinase activity were observed to block EGF-stimulated HODE biosynthesis. These inhibitors did not alter lipoxygenase activity in vitro. In addition, both cyclohexamide and actinomycin D attenuated the ability of EGF to increase linoleic acid metabolism in SHE cells. EGF induction of the linoleate pathway appears to be linked to activation of the EGF receptor and may be modulated at the transcriptional and translational level.
The adaptive decision maker: Adaptive decision behavior: An introduction

Human rational behavior is shaped by a scissors whose two blades are the structure of task environments and the computational capabilities of the actor. (Simon, 1990, p. 7) Flexibility in decision making One of the most fascinating aspects of human decision behavior is the flexibility with which individuals respond to a wide variety of task conditions. Preference judgments, assessments of uncertainty, and choices among alternative courses of action all can be affected by minor changes in the task environment. To illustrate, imagine that you are a senior member of the faculty of a psychology department at a private university. One of your responsibilities is to help in the hiring of new faculty. One day, the chairperson of your department drops the files of two job applicants on your desk. She would like to know which one of the two job applicants you would prefer to invite in for a job interview. The files contain information on each applicant's educational background, prior publication record, current research and teaching interests, and evaluations of prior teaching performance, among other information. How would you go about processing the information about the two applicants in order to make a choice? How would you solve the choice problem if one applicant seemed to offer more potential as a teacher whereas the other applicant offered more potential as a researcher and colleague?
Trap crop diversity enhances crop yield

Abstract Diverse plantings provide many benefits for agroecosystem health. For example, ⿿trap crops⿿ that are highly attractive to pests can protect nearby, less attractive host plants. However, it is unclear whether increasing biodiversity of trap crops themselves might increase the effectiveness of this pest-management technique. We examined whether multi-species trap-crop plantings were more effective than any single species at protecting broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) crops from the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae. Our trap crop plantings included between one and three plant species (Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, and/or Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis), selected for their attractiveness to the beetles, while keeping total trap crop area constant. We found that only a diverse mix of all three trap-crops significantly improved yields of adjacent broccoli; indeed, the 3-species polyculture provided protection that exceeded that of a monoculture of the most effective single trap crop species. Furthermore, the protective effect of diverse trap crop plantings extended across the broccoli beds. Treating trap crops with an insecticide provided no further benefits for pest control or broccoli yields. Despite clear benefits of trap-crop diversity on yields, the number of flea beetles did not differ in broccoli adjacent to diverse versus simple trap crops, or in the trap-crops themselves. This suggests that plant protection resulted from a change in pest behavior rather than abundance. Our study revealed that increasing biodiversity of trap-crop plantings might be an effective means to enhance the success of the approach in many systems.