cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tolerancing and corner cases in optical simulation

Our work discusses the tolerance modeling of an optical fiber that is inserted into a cylindrical alignment bore. We note that some commercial optical simulation software suites have the mechanical tolerance operands entered in Cartesian coordinates and if radial variation is entered as simple X and Y de-centering, there arises a kind of "corner condition" where fiber in the opto-mechanical model is offset more than is possible in the physical implementation resulting in an overly-conservative estimate of the worst-case coupling efficiency. Approaches to avoid this over estimation are presented and discussed.
Ammonia, the dominant base in the remote marine troposphere: a review

Ammonia appears to be the dominant base in the remote marine troposphere, yet its role inatmospheric acid-base chemistry is not well understood. The physical and chemical interactionsof ammonia with acidic species is complicated by its presence in the gas and particlephases and in cloud-, rain- and seawater. This review summarizes the reported ammoniaconcentration data in these 5 phases as well as existing sampling and analysis methods. Anattempt is made to compare these data using equilibrium and scavenging calculations. Thelowest measured ammonia gas phase concentrations appear to be consistent with reportedsulfate and ammonium concentrations in the particulate phase. The high gas phase concentrationsof ammonia found in older data appear to be a result of sampling artifacts. Reportedammonium particle and rainwater data also appear to be consistent with each other. Calculations suggest that ammonia may be in equilibrium between the gas phase and theOcean surface. To confirm or refute these conclusions, the simultaneous measurement ofammonia and relevant acidic species in all 5 phases is needed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00203.x
Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Mud Lake area, Eastern Idaho, USA

Groundwater with elevated dissolved-solids concentrations—containing large concentrations of chloride, sodium, sulfate, and calcium—is present in the Mud Lake area of Eastern Idaho. The source of these solutes is unknown; however, an understanding of the geochemical sources and processes controlling their presence in groundwater in the Mud Lake area is needed to better understand the geochemical sources and processes controlling the water quality of groundwater at the Idaho National Laboratory. The geochemical sources and processes controlling the water quality of groundwater in the Mud Lake area were determined by investigating the geology, hydrology, land use, and groundwater geochemistry in the Mud Lake area, proposing sources for solutes, and testing the proposed sources through geochemical modeling with PHREEQC. Modeling indicated that sources of water to the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer were groundwater from the Beaverhead Mountains and the Camas Creek drainage basin; surface water from Medicine Lodge and Camas Creeks, Mud Lake, and irrigation water; and upward flow of geothermal water from beneath the aquifer. Mixing of groundwater with surface water or other groundwater occurred throughout the aquifer. Carbonate reactions, silicate weathering, and dissolution of evaporite minerals and fertilizer explain most of the changes in chemistry in the aquifer. Redox reactions, cation exchange, and evaporation were locally important. The source of large concentrations of chloride, sodium, sulfate, and calcium was evaporite deposits in the unsaturated zone associated with Pleistocene Lake Terreton. Large amounts of chloride, sodium, sulfate, and calcium are added to groundwater from irrigation water infiltrating through lake bed sediments containing evaporite deposits and the resultant dissolution of gypsum, halite, sylvite, and bischofite.
Effect of Luminescent Coupling on the Optimal Design of Multijunction Solar Cells

We analyze the implications of luminescent coupling on multijunction cell design and performance, using a recently developed formalism that uses the measured luminescent coupling parameters as inputs to an analytical model of the full current-voltage (J-V) characteristic of the cell. This calculation of the full J-V curve allows the determination of the cell open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, and efficiency in the presence of luminescent coupling. We show that luminescent coupling affects critical aspects of the cell design that include the optimal junction thicknesses and bandgaps, and affects the dependence of the cell performance on the spectral content of the light illuminating it.
Targeted temperature management after intracerebral hemorrhage (TTM-ICH): methodology of a prospective randomized clinical trial.

RationaleIntracerebral hemorrhage causes 15% of strokes annually in the United States, and there is currently no effective therapy.Aims and hypothesisThis is a clinical trial designed to study the ...
Progressive cation solvation at Pt(111) model electrochemical interfaces in ultrahigh vacuum as probed by infrared spectroscopy and work-function measurements

Abstract The utility of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) for exploring ionic solvation at model electrochemical interfaces in ultrahigh vacuum (uhv) is briefly reviewed and illustrated for the specific cases of K + solvation by water, methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, and ammonia on Pt(111). The solvents were selected so to span a range of physicochemical properties, while K + is an alkali cation typical of conventional electrochemical double layers which can reliably be dosed (as K atoms) to yield known low coverages on Pt(111). Along with the infrared spectra, changes in the surface work function (ΔΦ) are evaluated for progressive solvent dosages onto both clean and K + -predosed Pt(111), both as a means of exploring the solvation-dependent interfacial potential profile and also to provide the required link between the uhv-based and electrochemical potential scales. In each case, low solvent dosages onto K + -predosed Pt(111) yielded infrared spectra for intramolecular solvent modes, especially for dipolar functional groups, which are markedly different from those obtained on the clean surface, and consistent with the occurrence of progressive cation solvation. Analyses of solvent dosage-band intensities as well as frequencies enable solvent structures within the primary, and in some cases secondary, solvation shell to be suggested. The important role of the metal surface in modifying the nature of such cation solvation is intriguingly evident upon comparing the present IRAS data with corresponding vibrational spectra for progressive solvation of alkali-metal cations by methanol and ammonia in the gas phase. The ΔΦ responses to solvent dosage in the presence of predosed K + are typically non-monotonic, and feature significant initial Φ increases which are consistent with cation-induced solvent reorientation. The marked Φ decreases uniformly observed for the solvents dosed onto unmodified Pt(111), however, do not correlate simply with the solvent orientation as deduced by IRAS. Some more general implications of such combined IRAS/work-function measurements for exploring double-layer structural issues are pointed out.
Adaptive Grid Generation Based Non-rigid Image Registration using Mutual Information for Breast MRI

In this paper a new approach for non-rigid image registration using mutual information is introduced. A fast parametric method for non-rigid registration is developed by adjusting divergence and curl of an intermediate vector field from which the deformation field is computed using finite-central difference method. Mutual information is newly employed as the similarity measure in the gradient-based cost minimization (or mutual information maximization) of the existing registration framework. The huge amount of data associated with MRI is handled by a fully automated multi-resolution scheme. The adaptive grid system naturally distributes more grids to deprived areas. The positive monitor function disallows grid folding and provides a mean to control the ratio of the areas between the original and transformed domain. The flexibility of the adaptive grid allocation could dramatically reduce processing time with quality preserved. Mutual information facilitates robust registration between different image modalities. Different types of joint histogram estimation are compared and integrated with the system. This scheme is applied on dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI, which requires the registration algorithm to be non-rigid, contrast-enhanced features preserving. Preliminary experiments show promising results and great potential for future extension.
Benchmark results in radiative transfer

Abstract Several new aspects of the FN method are reported, and the method is used to solve accurately some benchmark problems in radiative transfer that have been posed in the literature. More specifically, modifications in the method are made so that cases of pure scattering can be solved, and an improved way to compute certain required integrals is given. In addition, a two-term recursion formula that provides a computationally attractive alternative to previously used three-term recursion formulas for generating matrix elements basic to the method is established. Also, a recently developed improvement in the way the method is used to compute the radiation intensity is generalized and thus made available for all component problems in a Fourier decomposition of the complete radiation field. The numerical results given are focused on a collection of test problems including five (for a Haze L phase function and a Cloud C1 phase function) posed by the Radiation Commission of the International Association o...
Star poly(ethylene oxide)s from carbosilane dendrimers

A series of 4-arm, 8-arm, and 16-arm poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEO) have been synthesized from hydroxy functionalized carbosilane dendrimers of generation zero, one, and two, respectively. The PEO arms are grown anionically from the multifunctional cores. The polymers have narrow molecular weight distributions. Analysis of the molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity, and translational diffusion coefficient in methanol confirms the star structure of the polymers. The aqueous solutions of the star PEOs appear normal. Low molecular weight star polymers, however, show abnormally low intrinsic viscosities and are adsorbed on the size exclusion column hydrogel material.
Studies on Incubator Hygiene, III. Germicidal Properties of Formaldehyde, Sulfur Dioxide, Chloropicrin and Chloracetophenone

Abstract RESULTS of studies on incubator hygiene previously reported (1932a and b) suggest that formaldehyde fumigation conducted under proper conditions is of value in destroying S. pullorum on artificially contaminated cotton squares, chick feet, and down in two forced-draft incubators † . These findings further suggest that the spontaneous spread of pullorum disease in the routine of hatching chicks may be controlled by approved measures of sanitation and fumigation. In incubator hygiene studies, different disinfectants have been employed, but formaldehyde has been found the most efficient, the least expensive, and the most adaptable to forced-draft incubators. Methods of Releasing Formaldehyde Various methods of releasing formaldehyde in incubators have been employed, but only the potassium permanganate and the formolized cheesecloth methods have been found to be practical. The potassium permanganate method requires 35 cubic centimeters of formalin and 17.5 grams of potassium permanganate per 100 cubic feet of incubator space. The gas is released . . .
Inactivation of Listeria innocua on Frankfurters by Ultraviolet Light and Flash Pasteurization

Listeria monocytogenes, a psychrotrophic foodborne pathogen, is a recurring postprocess contaminant on ready-to-eat meat (RTE) products including frankfurters. Flash (Steam) Pasteurization (FP) and ultraviolet light (254 nm-UVC) has been shown to reduce levels of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua on frankfurters. In this study, the use of UVC light followed by FP to inactivate L. innocua, a nonpathogenic surrogate for L.monocytogenes, on frankfurters that contained sodium diacetate and potassium lactate (SDA/PL) in a pilot-plant setting was investigated. Application of UVC (1.0 J/cm2), followed by FP (0.75 s steam/121 degrees C) resulted in inactivation of 3.19 log L. innocua, while application of UVC (4.0 J/cm2), followed by FP (3 s steam/121 degrees C) resulted in inactivation of 3.89 log of L. innocua. A refrigerated storage study (8 degrees C) of frankfurters that contained SDA/PL that were treated with UVC followed by FP revealed the growth of L. innocua was inhibited for approximately 8 wk following application of the interventions. The use of UVC in combination with FP had little effect on frankfurter color and texture. The combination of UVC, FP, and SDA/PL was found to be an effective hurdle process for decontamination of frankfurter surfaces.
Effect of Preservative on Recoverable RT-PCR Amplicon Length from Influenza A Virus in Bird Feces

Abstract Surveillance for avian influenza A viruses in wild bird populations is often limited by requirements for a cold chain from time of specimen collection, by availability of ultra–low temperature specimen storage within a few hours or days, and by laborious classical virologic procedures. Successful storage of specimens in preservatives at ambient temperature and subsequent detection of RNA by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) would assist in helping influenza surveillance efforts become more widespread in remote areas, as well as more timely and inexpensive. Here, we describe bird feces spiked with influenza A virus preserved with guanidine and commercial buffers or alcohols at ambient temperature and analyzed by RT-PCR protocols. Virus-specific RT-PCR products of, at most, 206 bp were recovered for samples preserved with alcohols and up to 521 bp for samples preserved with guanidine or commercial buffers. These results suggest that this approach is feasible in the field and ...
How culture shapes community: bible belief, theological unity, and a sense of belonging in religious congregations.

Feeling that you belong in a group is an important and powerful need. The ability to foster a sense of belonging can also determine whether groups survive. Organizational features of groups cultivate feelings of belonging, yet prior research fails to investigate the idea that belief systems also play a major role. Using multilevel data (U.S. Congregational Life Survey, http://www.uscongregations.org), this study finds that church members' traditional beliefs, group-level belief unity, and their interaction associate positively with members' sense of belonging. In fact, belief unity can be thought of as a “sacred canopy” under which the relationship between traditional beliefs and feelings of belonging thrives.
First report of Phoronis ovalis from Africa and its effect on mussel hosts

Phoronis ovalis is a cosmopolitan, shell-boring phoronid worm reported from 24 locations worldwide in temperate latitudes, but not previously from Africa. We identified a shell-boring phoronid in Namibia that is morphologically similar to P. ovalis and subsequently surveyed its latitudinal and tidal elevational range, host distribution, and evidence for long-term occupation of this shoreline. Phoronis ovalis in Namibia leaves characteristic burrows in its hosts (0.2 mm diameter), primarily the native brown mussel Perna perna. In all, eight additional host species were identified, including one barnacle, four gastropods and three bivalves. The distribution of P. ovalis was strictly subtidal, where it reached 99% prevalence in P. perna at some sites. Latitudinally, it occurs at least from the northern border of Namibia (17.4° S) to Walvis Bay (22.74° S). Its long-term presence was evident in subfossil shells. We hypothesised that extensive shell-boring could be energetically costly to the host due to the ne...
Paleomagnetic database search possible

I have recently finished an on-line search program which allows remote users to search the “Abase” ASCII version of the World Paleomagnetic Database developed by Lock and McElhinny [1991]. The program is very simple to use and will search the Soviet, non-Soviet, rock unit, and reference databases and create output files that can be downloaded back to a researcher's local system using the ftp command. To use Search, telnet to 130.49.3.1 (earth.eps.pitt.edu) and login as the user “Search.rdquo; There is no password, and the user is asked a series of questions, which define the geographic region and ages of interest. The program will also ask for an identifier with which to create the output file names. The program has three modes of operation: text-only, Tektronix graphics, or X11l/R5 graphics; the proper choice depends on the computer hardware that is used by the searcher.
When Invasive Plants Disappear: Transformative Restoration Possibilities in the Western United States Resulting from Climate Change

Most ecologists believe that climate change poses a significant threat to the persistence of native species. However, in some areas climate change may reduce or eliminate nonnative invasive species, creating opportunities for restoration. If invasive species are no longer suited to novel climate conditions, the native communities that they replaced may not be viable either. If neither invasive nor native species are climatically viable, a type of “transformative” restoration will be required, involving the translocation of novel species that can survive and reproduce under new climate conditions. Here, we illustrate one approach for restoration planning by using bioclimatic envelope modeling to identify restoration opportunities in the western United States, where the invasive plant cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is no longer climatically viable under 2100 conditions projected by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL2.1) coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. We then select one example of a restoration target area and identify novel plant species that could become viable at the site in the wake of climate change. We do so by identifying the closest sites that currently have climate conditions similar to those projected at the restoration target area in 2100. This approach is a first step toward identifying appropriate species for transformative restoration.
Perioperative complications after full-thickness gastrointestinal surgery in cats with alimentary lymphoma.

Objective To determine perioperative risk factors for complications that occur before hospital discharge after gastrointestinal (GI) surgery in cats with alimentary lymphosarcoma (LSA). Study Design Case series. Animals Cats (n=70) with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of alimentary LSA that had full-thickness GI surgery. Methods Medical record data (February 1996–March 2009) from 3 academic referral centers were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, preoperative clinical signs and laboratory findings, perioperative medications administered, type and location of GI surgery performed and outcome until hospital discharge. Results In 38 surgeries, intestinal resection and anastomosis was performed. Gastrotomy and/or enterotomy was performed in 53 surgeries. A preoperative serum albumin concentration <2.5 g/dL was recorded for 11 cases. There was no clinical evidence of postoperative leakage from any biopsy or anastomosis site. Postoperative complications that occurred before hospital discharge included: anorexia or decreased appetite (n=8), hyperthermia (3), pancreatitis (1) and constipation (1). Conclusions Cats with alimentary LSA do not appear to be at high risk of postoperative dehiscence after full-thickness GI surgery.
SENATORIAL BISHOPS IN THE FOURTH CENTURY

In the triumph of Christianity after Constantine's victory at the Milvian Bridge, no group has been more assiduously studied than the senatorial aristocracy of the fourth and fifth centuries, the clarissimi and their families, whose initial reluctance to abandon paganism is as clear as their ultimate accommodation to the new religion. An important indication of their Christianization is the number of them who were willing to forego traditional political careers for ecclesiastical office. Ambrose comes immediately to mind as an example of such a senator from the fourth century, and Sidonius Apollinaris from the fifth. With precipitous speed Ambrose resigned the governorship of Aemilia-Liguria to become bishop of Milan, and Sidonius accepted ordination to the see of Clermont in the year after he had been urban prefect at Rome. Because of these senators and some others like them, students of Late Antiquity have been willing to identify many fourth-century bishops as members of the senatorial aristocracy who seemingly chose between two competing forms of vita activa, the Empire and the Church. The issue is not trivial, especially if one believes with Arnaldo Momigliano that “when the choice is offered, when you can choose between being a bishop and being a consul, you are no longer an ancient man, you are a medieval one.” I think that there were few if any such medieval men among the clarissimi of the fourth century. I propose to argue here that when the identification of fourth-century bishops with imperial senators is cross-examined, it seldom carries conviction, and that the episcopal lists of the fourth century contain surprisingly few names from senatorial families.
The effect of a decision aid intervention on decision making about coronary heart disease risk reduction: secondary analyses of a randomized trial

Background Decision aids offer promise as a practical solution to improve patient decision making about coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention medications and help patients choose medications to which they are likely to adhere. However, little data is available on decision aids designed to promote adherence.
The Many Faces of SAM

Protein-protein interactions are essential for the assembly, regulation, and localization of functional protein complexes in the cell. SAM domains are among the most abundant protein-protein interaction motifs in organisms from yeast to humans. Although SAM domains adopt similar folds, they are remarkably versatile in their binding properties. Some identical SAM domains can interact with each other to form homodimers or polymers. In other cases, SAM domains can bind to other related SAM domains, to non–SAM domain–containing proteins, and even to RNA. Such versatility earns them functional roles in myriad biological processes, from signal transduction to transcriptional and translational regulation. In this review, we describe the structural basis of SAM domain interactions and highlight their roles in the scaffolding of protein complexes in normal and pathological processes.
Modeling and validation of GPR wave scattering with the Semi-Analytic Mode Matching algorithm: Choosing optimal coordinate scattering centers

Choosing the coordinate scattering centers (CSCs) for the Semi-Analytic Mode Matching (SAMM) algorithm [1] is a critical and heretofore unexplored aspect of this method, necessary for the ultimate goal of simulating full 3D scattering. Establishing the locations at which modes originate is essential for accurate modeling of electromagnetic fields with SAMM. Six test scattering objects are investigated, and the CSCs are found for each by considering the radii of curvature at each “fitting” point on the objects' perimeters. Additional CSCs are needed for scattering objects which have long “flat” regions. Excellent results are found comparing SAMM and Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD) for 2D scattering objects several wavelengths in size.
“What a Long, Interesting Trip it's Been” through the Behavioral Accounting Literature: A Personal Perspective

INTRODUCTION am honored and grateful to receive this award. This award has been given to several people who have made notable lifetime contributions to the behavioral accounting literature: Bob Ashton, Jake Birnberg, Mark Dirsmith, Anthony Hopwood, Bob Libby, Ken Merchant, Ted ock, and Bill Waller. I am very happy to have my name added to this list. I would like to offer a personal perspective on the historical development of the behavioral ccounting literature. I have been fascinated with the behavioral accounting literature for several ecades. When I think about my experiences with this literature, I am reminded of the Grateful ead’s 1970 song “Truckin’,” and I will rephrase their famous lyric in that song, “What a long, trange trip it’s been,” to reflect my feeling that “What a long, interesting trip it’s been” through he behavioral accounting literature. My trip through the behavioral accounting literature has had our directions. I have observed that during my trip, the behavioral accounting literature also has ad different directions. My trip began in 1970 when I was an undergraduate at Washington State University. I met oward Rockness, who was then a doctoral student at the University of Washington studying anagement accounting and psychology. I first became aware of the behavioral accounting literaure as a result of talking with Howard. I told him that I liked economics, math, and psychology, ut that I did not know in which direction I wanted to go with my education. He suggested that I tudy accounting because it combines these three subjects—that accounting is logical and quanitative like math, that it is used by people to make economic decisions and to motivate people, nd that it affects social interaction. I was intrigued, so I took an accounting course. Soon thereafter, in 1974, I took John Fertakis’ master’s-level course on management control ystems at Washington State University. I thought taking this course from John was a really cool ntroduction to behavioral research on accounting. John had published DeCoster and Fertakis 1968 in the Journal of Accounting Research on how managers’ budget pressure affects their eadership style, and a solo-authored article in The Accounting Review Fertakis 1970 using ognitive psychology theories to analyze the optimal level of information load in accounting
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Insulin: Our Understanding in the Past, Present and Future:

Insulin resistance is prevalent in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and plays a critical pathophysiologic role in both the metabolic and reproductive complications of PCOS. This review focuses on the contribution of insulin resistance to anovulation in PCOS and to the high risk for Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and early cardiovasular disease. Key points for clinicians emphasized by this review are the following: PCOS is a clinical diagnosis and alternative diagnoses must be excluded; PCOS carries an inherent risk of insulin resistance and, hence, metabolic consequences for which women with PCOS should be screened regardless of BMI or degree of obesity; and PCOS is associated with infertility and this should be discussed early on in care of women diagnosed with PCOS, recognizing that there are several possible strategies to address infertility in women with PCOS, each with its own risks and benefits.
Numerical modeling and experimental validation of uniform microchamber filling in centrifugal microfluidics

In this paper, a comprehensive approach to numerical and experimental analysis of microchamber filling in centrifugal microfluidics is presented. In the development of micro total analysis systems, it is often necessary to achieve complete, uniform filling of relatively large microchambers, such as those needed for nucleic acid amplification or detection. With centrifugal devices, these large microchambers must often be orientated perpendicularly to the direction of centrifugal force and are usually bounded by materials with varying surface properties. The resulting fluidic flow in such systems can be complex and is not well characterized. To gain further insight into complex fluidic behavior on centrifugal microfluidic platforms, numerical modeling using the Volume of Fluids method is performed to simulate microchamber filling in a centrifugal microfluidic device with integrated sample preparation, amplification, and detection capabilities. Parametric analyses are performed using numerical models to predict microchamber filling behavior for a range of pressure conditions. High-speed flow visualization techniques are used to track the liquid meniscus during filling of the microchambers, and comparison to the numerical predictions for experimental validation is achieved by analyzing the liquid volume fraction as a function of the non-dimensional temporal profile during filling. When channel filling profiles are compared, the numerical model predictions utilizing static conditions are in strong agreement with the experimental data. When dynamic modeling conditions are used, the numerical predictions are extremely accurate as compared to the experimental data.
Gender, Pain, and Doctor Involvement: High School Student Attitudes Toward Doctor-Assisted Suicide:

The present study concentrates on the attitudes of high school students toward active doctor-assisted suicide as described in hypothetical doctor-patient scenarios, orthogonally manipulating doctor's reaction to patient's wishes to end his/her life (whether discussed, accepted or encouraged), presence of patient's physical pain, presence of patient's emotional pain, and the gender of the hypothetical patient. Doctor-assisted suicides thoroughly discussed with the patient are judged to be more moral, acceptable, and "legal" than assisted suicides that are simply accepted by the doctor or actively encouraged by him. Significantly, this is not a distinction that is relevant in the eyes of the law. Further, the presence of both physical and emotional pain on the part of the patient make the patient death more acceptable in the eyes of high school students. This latter effect is striking, given the result of the Wooddell and Kaplan (1999-2000) study showing that patient depression tends to weaken acceptability of death. Finally, respondents, both male and female, tend to view deaths of patients of the opposite gender as more acceptable than patients of the same gender. Language: en
SEPARATION OF HUMAN SERUM-ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE ISOENZYMES BY POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Abstract Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel slabs was found to separate human serum-alkaline-phosphatase into four distinct isoenzymes. The first was found primarily in the sera of patients with liver disorders and migrated just ahead of a more diffuse isoenzyme that was present in serum from patients with bone disorders. A third isoenzyme, identical with that of intestinal origin, was readily distinguishable from these two and was found in only two sera, both from patients with Laennec's cirrhosis. A fourth isoenzyme remained at the origin during electrophoresis, was present most often in patients with liver disease, but was of unknown origin and significance. With electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel slabs, the presence of liver or bone disorders was predicted in more than 90% of one hundred and eleven patients with elevated serum-alkaline-phosphatase.
On putting social justice in the discipline of communication and putting enriched concepts of communication in social justice research and practice

(1998). On putting social justice in the discipline of communication and putting enriched concepts of communication in social justice research and practice. Journal of Applied Communication Research: Vol. 26, Communication and Social Justice Research, pp. 272-278.
Retardation of Discoloration in Barley Flour Gel and Dough

ABSTRACT Dark discoloration negatively influences the aesthetic properties of barley-based food products. The effects of abrasion and heat treatment of grains, exclusion of oxygen, and the use of antibrowning agents on the retardation of darkening in barley flour gel or dough were determined in four types of barley, including hulled proanthocyanidin-containing and hulled proanthocyanidin-free, hulless regular, and hulless waxy barley. Abrasion by >30% in hulled barley and by >15% in hulless barley significantly increased the brightness (L*) of barley flour dough by 0.1–7.1. Steam heating of abraded grains also significantly increased the L* of barley flour gels by 1.8–3.4. Ascorbic acid at 1,500 ppm was most effective for retarding discoloration of barley flour dough, followed by 50 ppm of 4-hexylresorcinol, which is an enzyme competitive inhibitor. The discoloration of barley flour dough was also effectively reduced by storing the dough sheets at 4°C under nitrogen gas to exclude oxygen or under anaerobi...
Is the Capital Asset Pricing Model Appropriate in Tax Litigation

Unless the motivation of the party introducing CAPM evidence is to confuse the court, use of the model should be rare in tax litigation. When confronted with an adversary who bases part of an argument in a tax dispute on the CAPM, one can introduce arguments presented here to invalidate both the model and the argument on which it is based.
Artful and Contorted Coordinating: The Ramifications of Imposing Formal Logics of Task Jurisdiction on Situated Practice

Ongoing coordination is the backbone of work process and organizational effectiveness. Coordinating requires that interdependent specialists achieve integrating conditions for coordination—includin...
Gonadal hormone modulation of intracellular calcium as a mechanism of neuroprotection.

Abstract Hormones have wide-ranging effects throughout the nervous system, including the ability interact with and modulate many aspects of intracellular calcium regulation and calcium signaling. Indeed, these interactions specifically may help to explain the often opposing or paradoxical effects of hormones, such as their ability to both promote and prevent neuronal cell death during development, as well as reduce or exacerbate damage following an insult or injury in adulthood. Here, we review the basic mechanisms underlying intracellular calcium regulation—perhaps the most dynamic and flexible of all signaling molecules—and discuss how gonadal hormones might manipulate these mechanisms to coordinate diverse cellular responses and achieve disparate outcomes. Additional future research that specifically addresses questions of sex and hormone effects on calcium signaling at different ages will be critical to understanding hormone-mediated neuroprotection.
Investigating Turbulent Mix in HEDLP Experiments

Mix is an important issue in High Energy Density Laboratory Plasmas (HEDLP), specifically Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosions. In ICF, shock waves traverse fuel capsule defects and material interfaces, and due to hydrodynamic instabilities transitioning into turbulence, these shocks can initiate mix between shell and fuel, degrading yield. To this end, a series of laser-driven mix experiments has been designed for the OMEGA and NIF laser facilities to investigate the turbulent mixing of materials proceeded by reshock and shear, which initiates Richtmyer-Meshkov and\or Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities on a tracer layer. The experiments are designed to understand if the Besnard-Harlow-Rauenzahn (BHR) mix model that has been implemented in LANL's RAGE hydrodynamics code has coefficients that are properly determined for an HEDLP environment.
Genetic selection strategies: computer modeling

There are four primary factors to consider in genetic selection strategies: 1) accuracy of selection, 2) selection intensity, 3) effective population size, and 4) mating system. Current theory indicates that optimum response to selection is achieved by maximizing the first three factors and using a mating systems that allows optimization of reproductive characteristics in dam lines and production characteristics in sire lines. However, with limited resources, compromises among the first three factors are needed. Simulations are useful for examining those compromises. Unrealistic simplifying assumptions are necessary for analytic theoretical results and thus do not address real world breeding problems. Using simulations, the relationship between selection accuracy, which is increased by use of family selection indices or Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP), and response to selection was examined. Results show that those procedures place a great restriction on effective population size, which offsets most of their advantage, i.e., there is too little emphasis on effective population size. A revision of the methodology and a reappraisal of the results of selection theory for optimization of genetic response is required. Another relationship that is of fundamental importance in breeding programs is that between selection intensity and effective population size. Analytical results for the additive case have been developed but have never been extended to heterotic traits. A gene level simulation program was developed to examine that relationship. Results show that the optimal selection strategy depends on the trait being selected. For additive traits and in the short term (20 generations), one should maximize selection intensity. For heterotic traits, an intermediate proportion (25% of each sex) gives optimal response. In all breeding strategies, primary attention must be given to the rate of inbreeding, which is increased by increasing either accuracy of selection or selection intensity. Inbreeding reduces response to selection in two ways. First, for both additive and nonadditive traits, inbreeding is a measure of the amount of random genetic drift that has occurred. Genetic drift causes loss of favorable alleles. Once lost, those alleles can never be recovered and thus genetic drift lowers the selection limit. Second, for heterotic traits, inbreeding results in a depression of the mean caused by directional dominance.
A Micromethod for Determination of Serum Triglycerides.

SummaryA micromethod for direct determination of serum triglyceride concentration is described by means of which duplicate measurements may be carried out on 0.1 ml of serum.
Damage Production in B-Sic During Ion Implantation

Damage in single crystal s-SiC(100) as a result of ion bombardment has been studied using Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and cross-section transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM). Samples were implanted with 123 keV 27Al at liquid nitrogen temperature. RBS spectra for He channeling in the (110) axis at 45° were obtained as a function of implantation dose to determine damage accumulation. X-TEM was used to characterize damage structure for selected doses. The surface of the SiC becomes amorphous for doses greater than 1 x 1015 /cm 2. At lower doses, significant uniaxial lattice strain along the (100) direction is suggested by comparison of RBS channeling spectra obtained for several high index axes. High resolution TEM on a sample implanted at 4 x 1014 /cm2 shows no damage structure in the surface region; lattice damage in a broad layer centered roughly at the depth of highest energy deposition is characterized by small amorphous pockets in a crystalline matrix. Qualitatively similar backscattering results were obtained for other elements implanted at room and liquid nitrogen temperature.
HILBERT SPACE PROBLEM FOUR

(1971). Hilbert Space Problem Four. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 525-527.
Influence of Solvent Reducing Ability on Copper Sulfide Crystal Phase

Copper sulfide particles across a wide range of stoichiometries are obtained depending on the ratio of cosolvents from which they are grown. Copper sulfides are abundant, low-cost materials with phase-dependent properties relevant to solar energy conversion and (opto)electronic devices. For this reaction, the reducing ability of dodecanethiol versus oleic acid affects the speciation of the precursors, as determined using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The ratio of dodecanethiol to oleic acid in the synthetic medium affects the solid-state structure and stoichiometry, as determined by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and detailed investigation of the band edge positions and plasmon behavior using visible–NIR optical absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. A range of phases was obtained, including monoclinic chalcocite, tetragonal chalcocite, digenite, and covellite. The thermodynamic relationships between these phases were elucidated...
A meta-analysis of human-system interfaces in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm management

A meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the current state of research on human-system interfaces for users controlling semi-autonomous swarms composed of groups of drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAV swarms pose several human factors challenges, such as high cognitive demands, non-intuitive behavior, and serious consequences for errors. This article presents findings from a meta-analysis of 27 UAV swarm management papers focused on the human-system interface and human factors concerns, providing an overview of the advantages, challenges, and limitations of current UAV management interfaces, as well as information on how these interfaces are currently evaluated. In general allowing user and mission-specific customization to user interfaces and raising the swarm's level of autonomy to reduce operator cognitive workload are beneficial and improve situation awareness (SA). It is clear more research is needed in this rapidly evolving field.
Observations on living oogonia and oocytes from human embryonic and fetal ovaries.

This report summarizes a series of observations on human oogonia and oocytes recovered from 22 living human embryos and fetuses with crown-rump lengths of from 22 to 171mm. Fragments from each gonad were examined immediately in specially prepared squash preparations. The remaining gonadal tissues were placed in tissue culture preparations and studied for approximately 80 days. Living human germ cells have the capacity for ameboid movement if examined before they are encompassed by follicular cells. Oogonia arranged in cords or clones have been observed to undergo repeated cell divisions in synchrony. After a number of cell divisions the oogonia stop dividing and enter the prophase of meiosis proceeding to the dictyotene stage. Some of the oocytes in tissue culture grow to diameters of 60 to 80 μ and develop incomplete secondary membranes. Multinucleate oocytes are seen frequently in the younger cultures. Most of them disappear by the fiftieth day in culture. Atresia is a common feature in oocytes growing in tissue culture.
Synthesis of domain specific CNF encoders for bit-vector solvers

The theory of bit-vectors in SMT solvers is very important for many applications due to its ability to faithfully model the behavior of machine instructions. A crucial step in solving bit-vector formulas is the translation from high-level bit-vector terms down to low-level boolean formulas that can be efficiently mapped to CNF clauses and fed into a SAT solver. In this paper, we demonstrate how a combination of program synthesis and machine learning technology can be used to automatically generate code to perform this translation in a way that is tailored to particular problem domains. Using this technique, the paper shows that we can improve upon the basic encoding strategy used by CVC4 (a state of the art SMT solver) and automatically generate variants of the solver tailored to different domains of problems represented in the bit-vector benchmark suite from SMT-COMP 2015.
Bioinformatic Analysis of DNA Methylation in Neural Progenitor Cell Models of Alcohol Abuse

Several recent publications sought to investigate the effects of ethanol treatment on models of central nervous system development, specifically through changes in DNA methylation. Regulation of DNA methylation causes a long-lasting, epigenetic change in the capacity of the genome to respond to developmental or metabolic stimuli. Changes in technologies for quantifying DNA methylation have increased the ability to identify and interpret potential effects of ethanol. Here, we review these recent studies in order to evaluate the detection technologies and bioinformatic analyses. Our evaluation finds that whole- or targeted-genome sequencing combined with bisulfite conversion of unmethylated G to U residues is now the standard for assessing genome-wide effects, and specific differentially methylated regions can be validated by one of several widely-available techniques. The acceptance of these technologies should help understand how ethanol leads to life-long developmental or behavioral deficits, and, perhaps, suggest therapies to reverse these effects.
On the Application of Keynsian Economics in the US

Hayek’s understanding of the nature of the market was totally at odds with that of Keynes. Unlike Keynes, who ‘had no fear of bureaucrats and officials, provided they had the appropriate moral outlook’ (Moggridge, 1976, p. 39; see Ch. 1), the Austrians detested the bureaucracy. Their opposition to the bureaucracy was so absolute that it dictated their adoption of the methodology of subjective individualism. According to Becker: ‘The Austrians had found empiricism, in the guise of historicism, an ideological foe embodied in the professional civil servant — part of a rationale for an administration inflexible and unresponsive to the entrepreneurial needs of a rapidly growing bourgeoisie’ (Becker, 1979, p. 43). Keynes was concerned with the problem of the distortions introduced by wild swings in expectations about general economic conditions.
River Hydraulics in 1861

Plan for flood control on Lower Mississippi developed by A.A. Humphreys and H.L.Abbot century ago; problems relating to open channel flow which at that time confronted hydraulic engineers; solution, development of original formulas, and comparison with other formulas in use at time and with present methods.
Post-Newtonian corrections to the motion of spinning bodies in nonrelativistic general relativity

In this paper we include spin and multipole moment effects in the formalism used to describe the motion of extended objects recently introduced in hep-th/0409156. A suitable description for spinning bodies is developed and spin-orbit, spin-spin, and quadrupole-spin Hamiltonians are found at leading order. The existence of tidal as well as self-induced finite size effects is shown, and the contribution to the Hamiltonian is calculated in the latter. It is shown that tidal deformations start formally at O(v{sup 6}) and O(v{sup 10}) for maximally rotating general and compact objects, respectively, whereas self-induced effects can show up at leading order. Agreement is found for the cases where the results are known.
Ultra-compact nanophotonic devices designed by computational metamaterials

Computationally designed metamaterials are used to realize a number of novel nanophotonic devices. We report on the development of ultra-compact on-chip polarization rotators, waveguide cloaks and all optical modulators made possible by the use of a non-linear optimization algorithm.