cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetric Gauss–Lobatto and Modified Anti-Gauss Rules

The present paper is concerned with symmetric Gauss–Lobatto quadrature rules, i.e., with Gauss–Lobatto rules associated with a nonnegative symmetric measure on the real axis. We propose a modification of the anti-Gauss quadrature rules recently introduced by Laurie, and show that the symmetric Gauss–Lobatto rules are modified anti-Gauss rules. It follows that for many integrands, symmetric Gauss quadrature rules and symmetric Gauss–Lobatto rules give quadrature errors of opposite sign.
Knowledge of ovarian reserve and reproductive choices

Objective To determine the factors that influence the reproductive choices of health care professionals, and to assess whether knowledge of ovarian reserve would modify those choices.
Initial mode of radical pair formation in n-hydrocarbons irradiated at 1.5 and 4.2 K☆

Abstract The ESR spectra of X-irradiated (at 1.5 and 4.2 K) single crystals of n -decane- d 22 , n -decane- h 22 and their mixtures have been measured at 1.5 and 4.2 K. It is concluded that almost all alkyl radicals are inherently formed in pairs in a fairly random fashion and that the spacial distribution of the radicals depends on the irradiation temperatures. In the crystal of n -decane- d 22 , a 1,3-carbon intrachain radical pair is identified together with a number of very close interchain pairs which are formed between almost all kinds of the first neighboring chains. The crystal of n -decane- h 22 gives considerably larger spacial distribution of radicals, indicating a remarkable mass effect on the radical pair formation.
Clinical Aspects of the Interactions Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Hepatotropic Viruses

The hepatitis viruses A through D are prevalent among patients at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The courses of hepatitis B, C, and D are modified by HIV infection. With hepatitis B, increased carriage rates, increased viral replication, and milder liver injury are seen. The degree of HIV-induced immunosuppression does not correlate well with liver injury or amount of hepatitis B viral replication. With progression to AIDS, surface antibody titers can decline, resulting in reactivation of latent hepatitis B virus or reinfection with another subtype. hepatitis B virus may enhance progression to AIDS. Preliminary data suggest that HIV infection can prolong or increase hepatitis C or D viremia and decrease the accuracy of tests for hepatitis C. Interferon may have efficacy against hepatitis C but rarely against hepatitis B in patients who are coinfected with HIV. Zidovudine, ganciclovir, and foscarnet also may be active against these hepatotropic viruses.
The Transformation Model

The journey of transformation is a model of professional development developed, grounded in research of 205 educators, and based on a framework of adult learning begun in 1997. Trans-formative learning is a theory that describes the experience and cognitive process by which adults critically evaluate previously unexamined beliefs, values, or assumptions; try new beliefs, values, and assumptions to determine the fit for themselves; and then develop a dramatically new perspective of their worldview (Mezirow, 1978). This article describes how the author developed a mixed quantitative and qualitative tool to more broadly gather and analyze data about this experience. The work focuses on two major groups of traditional adult learners: English as second language learners and adult basic education learners. The journey of transformation represents a refinement of the 10-stage transformative learning theory model, one which is dy-namic and interactive among the stages. The model emphasizes an environment of support for technology learning and encourages a role for practice and experimentation with technology that recognizes the fluid, nonlinear process of such learning.
The Relationship Between Positive Psychological Attributes and Psychological Well-Being in Persons with HIV/AIDS

The relationship between personal psychological attributes and psychological well-being was assessed among adults with HIV/AIDS. The predictive power of sense of coherence, dispositional optimism and perceived competence (PC) on positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA) and relative mood (PA–NA) were assessed using hierarchical linear regression analysis of two data collections, 2 months apart, from 124 HIV-infected participants. In cross-sectional models all of the baseline psychological attributes accounted for a significant amount of variance in the well-being measures. In longitudinal analyses, changes in PA were predicted by PC and dispositional optimism but not by sense of coherence. The positive psychological attributes did not predict changes in NA. Sense of coherence, dispositional optimism and PC, individually and in composite form, significantly correlate with psychological well-being among HIV infected persons. However, change in psychological well-being might be best predicted by PC.
Changing a Culture: Evaluation of a Leadership Development Program at Mellon Financial Services

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an internally developed and delivered Leadership Development program conducted at Mellon Financial Services. The 9-month program integrated action learning/action science strategies into 13 modules. Program effectiveness was measured using instruments and statistics that already existed in the organisation—employee satisfaction surveys, annual employee turnover statistics, and regional scorecard results. In addition, the training participants completed midpoint and end-of-training feedback forms. Results of the evaluation showed that the impact of the training transferred to the participants’ job performance through increased job satisfaction, decreased turnover, and improved scorecard statistics.
Facilitation of attack behavior by stimulation of the midbrain of cats

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in cats gave rise to directed attacks on an anesthetized rat. This electrically initiated attack was facilitated by concurrent stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation. By itself, the midbrain stimulation that facilitated attack produced only minimal alerting. At higher intensities, stimulation of the midbrain alone gave rise to tegmental reactions, and to attack and flight. These last two reactions occurred either with or without a marked display. The mesencephalic reticular formation can accelerate and intensify behavioral sequences. It both facilitates and inhibits the appropriate reflexes to bring about a well coordinated behavioral response.
Reprint of “The production of urban vacant land: Relational placemaking in Boston, MA neighborhoods”

Abstract The persistence of vacant land in urban areas exhibits geographic unevenness. While central cities have experienced waves of reinvestment over the past decades, vacant lands often persist in adjacent low-income neighborhoods. Thus a networked local-scale perspective is integral for understanding metropolitan areas. Local scale analyses require an understanding of informal decision-makers and institutions and the ways that they connect more broadly with other actors. Drawing on focus groups with civil society organizations (CSOs) and a neighborhood design/build case study, this paper characterizes “on the ground” perceptions of and responses to vacant lots in urban neighborhoods in order to provide insight into their analysis and management. The fieldwork extends insights from studies of community gardens to suggest that access to and potential ownership of vacant parcels, in addition to the political economic forces driving land-use change, are critical factors that drive vacant land governance at the neighborhood-scale. Public–civic partnerships in weak market areas have the potential to strengthen this access and ownership in a way that improves vacant lot management.
The Yukawa potential

The Yukawa potential, φ(r)=A(λr)-1eλr, has three important mathematical properties that are apparently unrelated but, in fact, closely linked. These properties have led to the appearance of the potential in a great variety of different physical problems. These ramifications are discussed in roughly chronological order. The potential is generalized to spaces of dimensionality other than 3, and the properties of this generalized potential are explored.
Dynamic and Strucutral Effects of Ligand and Coregulator Binding on Estrogen Receptor Ligand Binding Domain Measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

The estrogen receptor (ER) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of estrogen responsive forms of breast cancer. Despite the availability of several crystal structures for ER bound to either agonist or antagonist ligands, its molecular mechanism of action still remains unclear. The major structural difference between agonist and antagonist forms can be observed in the position of helix-12 (H12) C-terminus region. Here, we present the results of site directed spin labeling on the H12 region (543) and on the H11-H12 hinge region (530) to monitor the effect of ligands with different biological activity on the solution dynamic and structure of H12. We found that the hinge region is directly affected by allosteric binding of coregulators peptides in a ligand dependent fashion. We characterized the structural changes resulting from ligand/coregulator binding using DEER spectroscopy. Additionally the effects of ligand binding on H12 were directly observable with our 543 labeled ER. When taken together, these results substantially complete our current understanding of the interplay between ligand/coregulator binding and dynamic/structural changes that regulate ER's biological activity.
Wittgenstein's blue and brown books(Part one)

The thesis of my article, ‘Wittgenstein and the Naming Relation’ (Inquiry, Vol. 7 [1964], No. 4), was that Wittgenstein solved some early problems with a picture theory of language. The solution assumed that the units of language are words which are names of simple objects. Its undesirable consequences are exposed in my ‘Wittgenstein's Notebooks 1914–1916’ (Inquiry, Vol. 12 [1969], No. 3). Because of these consequences Wittgenstein was led to analyze the idea of a name. This analysis, together with a new philosophic method, was developed in The Blue and Brown Books and the Investigations. The present article concerns this development and supports a theme of the first article that there was a central tendency in all Wittgenstein's work: radical empiricism.
Mantle cell lymphoma activation enhances bortezomib sensitivity.

Patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) typically respond to initial treatment but subsequently relapse. This pattern suggests that a population of MCL cells is both drug resistant and capable of clonogenic growth. The intracellular enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) provides resistance to several toxic agents. ALDH can also identify stem cells in normal adult tissues and tumorigenic cancer stem cells in several human malignancies. We studied ALDH expression in MCL and found small populations of ALDH+ cells that were highly clonogenic. Moreover, ALDH+ MCL cells were relatively quiescent and resistant to a wide range of agents. Normal B cells can be activated by specific unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) DNA motifs through toll-like receptor 9, and we found that the synthetic CpG oligonucleotide 2006 (CpG) reduced the frequency of quiescent ALDH+ MCL cells, induced terminal plasma cell differentiation, and limited tumor formation in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with CpG also significantly enhanced the activity of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib that was associated with induction of the unfolded protein response. Our data suggest that CpG may target clonogenic and resistant ALDH+ cells as well as improve the activity of proteasome inhibitors in MCL.
Crystalline Oxides on Silicon – Alternative Dielectrics for Advanced Transistor Technologies

Since the advent of the integrated circuit in 1959 and the introduction of MOS capacitors in the early ‘60’s, electronic technology has relied on silica (SiO2) as the gate dielectric in a field effect transistor. However, silica-based transistor technology is approaching fundamental limits. Feature-size-reduction and the ever-demanding technology roadmaps have imposed scaling constraints on gate oxide thickness to the point where excessive tunneling currents make transistor design untenable; an alternative gate dielectric is needed. Crystalline oxides on silicon (COS), simply by virtue of their high dielectric constants, could fundamentally change the scaling laws for silicon-based transistor technology. More importantly, COS could provide the opportunity for an entirely new device physics based on anisotropic response of crystalline oxides grown commensurately on a semiconductor. In this paper, we report that high dielectric constant alkaline earth and perovskite oxides can be grown in perfect registry with silicon. Commensurate heteroepitaxy between the semiconductor and the oxide is established via a sequenced transition that uniquely addresses the thermodynamics of a layer-by-layer energy minimization at the interface. The perfection of the physical structure couples directly to the electrical structure, and we thus obtain the unparalleled result of an equivalent oxide thickness of less than I nm in a MOS capacitor. With this demonstration it is apparent that COS presents a functional alternative to SiO2. With COS, a transistor gate can not only exhibit a much higher dielectric response, but add entirely new capabilities such as logic-state retention with the anisotropic response of ferroelectric polarization in a ferro-gated device. COS is the basis for fundamental change in semiconductor technology.
Management and outcome patterns for adult Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995 : Comparison of HIV-associated cases to other immunocompromised states

Study objectives Encompassing periods preceding and following major advances in the diagnosis and management of HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), the purpose ofthis study was to determine whether management and outcome patterns ofnon-HIV PCP parallel the management and outcomes of AIDS-relatedPCP. Design Retrospective review of medicalrecords. Setting A 375-bed tertiary-care urbanteaching hospital and referral center. Patients Alladult patients with morphologically confirmed PCP from 1985 to1995. Measurements and results From 1985 to 1995, 638confirmed cases of PCP were identified, including 605 cases in 442HIV-positive persons (HIV + PCP), and 33 cases in 33 non-HIV patients(non-HIV PCP). For HIV + PCP cases, a peak of 104 cases occurred in1987, with a gradual decline to 23 in 1995. The proportion of casesrequiring hospitalization declined from a peak of 91.6% in 1987 to alow of 51.6% in 1992. ICU admission was required for 6.3 to 8.2%, and mechanical ventilation for 4.7 to 5.7%. Overall mortality improvedfrom 11.7 to 6.6%, although mortality for intubated patients remainedat 50 to 60%. For the non-HIV PCP cases, 97% occurred from 1989 to1995 with similar annual frequency, 97% required hospitalization, 69% required ICU admission, and 66% required intubation. Overall mortalitywas 39%, and mortality for intubated patients was 59%. Conclusions Despite major advances in diagnosis and management, PCP remains a significant problem in non-HIV-infectedpatients, and respiratory failure remains associated with a highmortality rate for patients with both HIV + PCP and non-HIVPCP.
A Comparison of Cholinesterase Activity after Intravenous, Oral or Dermal Administration of Methyl Parathion

Time-dependent changes in blood cholinesterase activity caused by single intravenous, oral or dermal administration of methyl parathion to adult female rats were defined. Intravenous and oral administ
The Epistemology of Pure Sociology

Sociologists lack clarity and consensus about their scholarly mission. Some are purely and coldly scientific, some morally or politically critical, and some warmly or sentimentally humanistic. Their ultimate concerns include the True, the Good, and the Beautiful. Others are not explicit or even self-conscious about what they seek to accomplish, and still others combine various styles—scientific, critical, and humanistic—and are difficult or impossible to classify at all. Their discourse is cacophonous. The utterances of some are uninteresting to others, and their assessments of one another commonly seem completely misdirected.
Self-stabilizing leader election in optimal space under an arbitrary scheduler

A silent self-stabilizing asynchronous distributed algorithm, SSLE, is given for the leader election problem in a connected unoriented (bidirectional) network with unique IDs. SSLE also constructs a BFS tree on the network rooted at that leader. SSLE uses O(logn) space per process and stabilizes in O(n) rounds, against the unfair daemon, where n is the number of processes in the network.
Observer Based Oxygen Fraction Estimation for a Dual-Loop EGR Diesel Engine Fueled With Biodiesel Blends

This paper investigates the influence of biodiesel on the effectiveness of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in modern Diesel engines equipped with dual-loop EGR systems. Intake manifold oxygen fraction, which is an important factor for both combustion and emissions, is selected as a new reference for evaluating the equivalent EGR level instead of EGR ratio. A Luenberger-like observer for the oxygen fraction is designed based on the dynamic model of the air-path loop with consideration of the existence of oxygen content in the fuel. The convergence of the observer is proved with the assistance of some physical insight into the engine system. The performance of the observer is validated on a high-fidelity engine model built in GT-Power. The results show that when the same amount of fuel is injected, there is an increase in the exhaust oxygen concentration for biodiesel as oxygen content in fuel increases. Then the higher exhaust oxygen concentration leads to an increase in the intake manifold oxygen fraction, since the engine control unit (ECU) commanded EGR valve angles are constant across different fuels. This real-time oxygen fraction estimation approach is potentially useful for mitigating the biodiesel NOx emission effect.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Pressure and temperature dependence of the elastic constants of ammonium fluoroberyllate

We have studied the temperature and pressure dependence of the elastic constants of ammonium fluoroberyllate [(NH${}_{4})$${}_{2}$BeF${}_{4}$ or AFB] using Brillouin scattering. Combining the results of the Brillouin-scattering study with those of the measurements of the isothermal compressibility and the volume thermal expansion allows the determination of the anharmonicities, which play an important role in producing the observed anomalies in certain elastic constants at the normal to incommensurate and commensurate to incommensurate phase transitions. Furthermore, we have compared the results of our high-pressure Brillouin-scattering study with the results of an ultrasonic study at high pressure, and have discussed our results based on theoretical models developed to explain the elastic anomalies observed in K${}_{2}{\mathrm{SeO}}_{4}$.
Cation‐anion balance in lime‐induced chlorosis

Abstract Lime‐induced chlorosis in plants is characterized by some phenomena which fit into a simple hypothesis that internal pH balance is upset due to shifts in cation‐anion balances. These pH changes result in precipitation of Fe in plants and fit our previous hypothesis of competitive dictation as an explanation of the multiple causes of lime‐induced chlorosis. The oft‐times higher concentrations of Fe in chlorotic leaves compared with green leaves can be explained, at least in part, by the tendency of Fe‐deficient plants to take up Fe at a more rapid rate when it becomes available than do Fe‐sufficient plants. This is a result of cation‐anion balance. Part of the Fe‐efficient nature of the Hawkeye soybean (Glycine max L.) may be explained by its ability to take up Cl‐ which improves the internal cation‐anion balance. Hawkeye soybeans, when Fe‐deficient, assimilated much more l4C from bicarbonate than did Fe‐deficient PI54619–5–1 soybeans.
FASTBUS Demonstration Systems

This paper will provide a demonstration of basic FASTBUS hardware and test software. The systems will include single crate segments, simple computer I/O, a fast sequencer and memory, some simple diagnostic and display devices and a UNIBUS to FASTBUS processor interface. The equipment will be set up to show the basic FASTBUS protocols and timing transactions, as well as some of the general initialization software features.
Alteration of macrophage differentiation into accessory and effector cells from exposure to dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in vivo.

Abstract DMN exposure modulates cellular immunity through alterations in the maturation and hematopoieses of macrophages. DMN-exposed bone marrow stem cells gave rise to increased colony-forming unit-macrophage (CFU-M) colonies while the resulting colonies produced fewer cells/colony. Bone marrow-derived macrophages phenotypically had decreased cells expressing Ia antigens or cells in the S-phase following DMN treatment. Concanavalin A-elicited peritoneal exudate cells from DMN-treated animals demonstrated an increase in the percentage of macrophages and in the number of immature, bi-nucleated cells obtained as well as a concomitant increase in the percentage of Ia antigen-expressing cells. Concanavalin A-elicited peritoneal exudate cells from DMN-exposed animals also had an increased secreted interleukin-1 activity following lipopolysaccharide stimulation without any alteration in the expression of membrane-bound interleukin-1. Thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells from DMN-exposed animals demonstrated no changes in cellularity and only showed increases in the percentage of bi-nucleated cells. There were no alterations in the capacity of T cells obtained from DMN-treated animals to respond to either soluble (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) or allo-antigens; nor were there alterations in the capacity of these T cells to either produce or respond to interleukin-2. These findings suggest that the observed DMN-induced modulation(s) in cell-mediated immunity results from changes in macrophage hematopoieses due to alterations in: (1) the production of regulatory factors controlling their production and/or differentiation or (2) their ability to respond to these factors.
The Thermal Current in Lake Michigan

Abstract A theoretical and observational study is made of the thermally induced circulation in Lake Michigan. The temperature and the velocity field are obtained by solving the coupled equations of motion and the energy equation using a regular perturbation together with the method of matched asymptotic expansion. Different horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion coefficients are used. Two types of circulation patterns are found. The type A circulation is dominated by a cyclonic meridional flow with upwelling at the edges, while that of type B is anticyclonic with upwelling in the middle. Comparisons between the theoretical results and the previously published and presently observed data show very good qualitative, and to some extent, quantitative agreement for the corresponding seasons. This leads one to postulate, that the thermal body force does play an important role in the mean lake circulation.
Demonstrating RINA Using the GENI Testbed

The inability of the current Internet architecture to accommodate modern requirements has spurred novel designs for future Internet architectures. The Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) is a wide-area virtual network testbed which allows experimentation of such architectures for possible deployment. We have contributed to the efforts of redesigning the Internet with a Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA), and in this paper we demonstrate its practicability by running a prototype on the GENI testbed. We focus on testing two fundamental features of our architecture: security and manageability, discussing in detail how the experimentation was carried, and pointing out some lessons learned using the testbed.
o-Amino heterocyclic azo-dyes as analytical reagents-II Spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with 3-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-2,6-diaminopyridine.

Abstract Cobalt(II) and 3-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-2,6-diaminopyridine (5-Cl-PADAPy) in slightly acid, neutral or alkaline media form a blue complex which is very stable even in the presence of mineral acids. The complex has two absorption maxima, at 575 and 620 nm. in 1.2 M hydrochlororic acid. The system conforms to Beer's law; the optimal range for a 1-cm cell is 0·2–1·2 ppm cobalt. Milligram amounts of common anions and cations do not interfere. The molar absorptivity is 3·69 × 10 4 1.mole −1 .cm −1 at 620 nm.
Self-statements of aggressive and nonaggressive children.

Thirty aggressive and 30 nonaggressive elementary schoolchildren were presented with and questioned about 10 aggression-provoking vignettes. Questions related to the thoughts of the child in each vignette. Aggressive and nonaggressive children did not differ in the objectivity of their descriptions of the situations, or in their consideration of the consequences of reactions to the situations. Aggressive children responded with significantly more irrational thoughts, more statements on aggressive behavior, and more negative evaluations of the children in the vignettes. Thought irrationality was significantly related to inappropriate behavior for aggressive children, but not for nonaggressive children.
Effect of Mg2+ on the DNA Binding Modes of the Streptococcus pneumoniae SsbA and SsbB Proteins

The effect of Mg2+ on the binding of the Streptococcus pneumoniae single-stranded DNA binding (SSB) proteins, SsbA and SsbB, to various dT(n) oligomers was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results were then compared with those that were obtained with the well characterized SSB protein from Escherichia coli, SsbEc. In the absence of Mg2+, the results indicated that the SsbEc protein was able to bind to the dT(n) oligomers in the SSB(35) mode, with only two of the four subunits of the tetramer interacting with the dT(n) oligomers. In the presence of Mg2+, however, the results indicated that the SsbEc protein was bound to the dT(n) oligomers in the SSB(65) mode, with all four subunits of the tetramer interacting with the dT(n) oligomers. The SsbA protein behaved similarly to the SsbEc protein under all conditions, indicating that it undergoes Mg2+ -dependent changes in its DNA binding modes that are analogous to those of the SsbEc protein. The SsbB protein, in contrast, appeared to bind to the dT(n) oligomers in an SSB(65)-like mode in either the presence or the absence of Mg2+, suggesting that it may not exhibit the pronounced negative intrasubunit cooperativity in the absence of Mg2+ that is required for the formation of the SSB(35) mode. Additional experiments with a chimeric SsbA/B protein indicated that the structural determinants that govern the transitions between the different DNA binding modes may be contained within the N-terminal domains of the SSB proteins.
Mapping Complex Terrains: Bridging Social Media and Community Literacies

While social media is a pervasive form of digital cultural interaction, it remains a relatively new area of study for literacy scholars. Scholars have expanded the scope of social media research beyond traditional academic communities; however, much research still focuses narrowly on youth. This essay begins by tracing how digital communities have developed and argues that online spaces constitute legitimate sites where meaningful community literacies develop. We then highlight how social media is evolving as a new mode of community and civic engagement. Finally, we identify areas for more research at the intersections of social media and community literacy.
Tuberculosis mortality in the negro population of Antigua, British West Indies, over the last hundred years

Summary An investigation of death records since 1857 has been carried out in Antigua, West Indies, to find out the mortality from tuberculosis over the century in the negro inhabitants. The island is favourably placed for such a survey, because censuses have been taken at frequent intervals, births and deaths registration and the recording of the cause of death have been good over the period in question, and it has been possible to separate the records of those of African descent from those of other races. The population is an agricultural one, self-contained, whose numbers fluctuated between 29,000 and 54,000. The crude death rate from the disease at the beginning of the hundred years was 4·6 per 1,000; it fell to 0·46 in 1947–56. Standardised against the England and Wales population of 1901 the corresponding figures were 4·66 and 0·48. The fall in mortality was uniform except for one decade of severe droughts and economic depression. For the last thirty years the mortality has been roughly the same as that of the United Kingdom. In the mid-nineteenth century tuberculosis accounted for 11% of all deaths; a century later the percentage was 4. Over the whole century the variations in the sex ratio of all tuberculosis deaths were not statistically significant, but at times there have been considerable differences between the sex ratio of the disease at different ages. The mortality curves at ages for each sex show a material fall with each succeeding decade of the century. A study of cohort mortality curves in Antigua shows more similarities with corresponding curves in England and Wales than might have been expected in a tropical locality. It is also possible to infer from these curves that a likely cause of the mid-nineteenth century epidemic of tuberculosis in the island was the freeing of the slaves in 1834, who went straight from the isolation of relatively healthy estate life to the congestion of crowded and unhygienic villages. The evidence of the negro tuberculosis mortality in Antigua suggests that perhaps too much emphasis may have been placed in the past on race as being a major factor in influencing mortality rather than on elements in the environment.
A Constructive Method for the Distributed Control of Thin Plates

Abstract This paper considers the problem of damping out the oscillations of a rectangular plate subject to various types of boundary conditions by means of distributed applied forces. The motion of the plate is initiated by given initial displacement and velocity conditions. The basic control problem is to minimize the total energy of the plate in a given period of time with the control function subject to an integral constraint. Necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality are expressed in the form of integral equations which lead to constructive expressions for the control force.
The New Negro Movement and the African Heritage in A Pan-Africanist Perspective:

As stereotypes of Africa continue to overflow today's film industry in crude and in subtle forms, following very much the fluctuations of the American and European demand for safari/Tarzan adventure, the necessity of comprehending the idea and function of Africa in the works and lives of some of the pioneers of Black pride consciousness imposes itself. The deep sociocultural reality commonly referred to as the African heritage was often despised if not simply unacknowledged throughout slavery by White mainstream culture and Black leaders seeking emancipation and integration for Blacks, as we will examine further. The era of the Harlem Renaissance reversed some of the negative connotations attached to Africa, although we do find Black precursors of a distinctive racial art and history in the 19th century. The new Negro Movement and Pan-Africanism were the two predominant cultural forces of the Harlem Renaissance that initiated the first official rehabilitation of African and Black American cultures in the New World. My approach presents socioliterary interpretations of the African heritage in works of that era while placing them in the broader context of Pan-Africanist studies. Interestingly, most of our ideas on the African heritage emanate from texts that do not fit within the classical landmarks of 1920 to 1930-for instance, Martin Delany's (1879) The Principle of Ethnology: The Origin of Races and Color, W. E. B. DuBois' (1903, 1940) The Souls of Black Folks and Dusk of Dawn, Alain Leroy Locke's (1936) Negro Art: Past
Parity violation in the 0.734-eV neutron resonance in 139La.

The degree of parity mixing in the 0.734-eV neutron resonance in $^{139}\mathrm{La}$ was measured in a two-sample transmission experiment. An unpolarized neutron beam was weakly polarized in the longitudinal direction at energies near the resonance by transmission through a ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ sample. The beam was passed through a spin flipper and then through a second sample of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The difference in transmission for the two spin directions was then measured to determine the longitudinal asymmetry. We obtain 9.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7 % s-wave mixing into this p-wave resonance, which is consistent with earlier measurements using polarized beams in single transmission experiments. Because parity mixing is an attribute of the weak force, the experiment demonstrates the remarkable enhancement in the weak force in neutron resonances---an effect large enough to allow polarization of a neutron beam. Experiments of this class are described which should permit the first systematic study of the manifestation of the weak force in complex nuclei.
Discipline Pascal with descriptive environment; precise writing to learn programming and to avoid errors

Abstract Dijkstra's article “On the cruelty of really teaching computing science” [l] has encouraged me to review my thoughts and experience. In the teaching environments of an introductory programming course (CS1, CS2 and others), I have discovered a mental gap in the minds of some students, which has often led to difficulties in class. A Pascal statement contains highly condensed information. In order to deal with this type of information, the students must apply a certain thinking level. In a Pascal statement, much information is concealed behind the written words. For example, consider a variable in a program. The data type and locality of the variable are not explicitly expressed in a statement. In other words, this condensed information is hiding, e.g. invisible. Hence a degree of the student's ability to focus on it may fade away in his mind. If programming code demands writing precise information in a statement then the student's difficulty may be alleviated because he can see it. This would be an attempt to narrow the gap by writing Discipline Pascal code closer to the precise thinking level. I believe that this proposal would also bring benefits to experienced programmers.
The N-terminal ATPase site in the large terminase protein gp17 is critically required for DNA packaging in bacteriophage T4.

Double-stranded DNA packaging in bacteriophages is apparently driven by the most powerful molecular motor ever measured. Although it is widely accepted that a translocating ATPase powers the DNA packaging machine, the identity of the ATPase that generates this driving force is unknown. Evidence suggests that the large terminase protein gp17, which possesses two consensus ATP binding motifs and an ATPase activity, is a strong candidate for the translocating ATPase in bacteriophage T4. This hypothesis was tested by a PCR-directed combinatorial mutagenesis approach in which mutant libraries consisting of all possible codon combinations were constructed at the signature residues of the ATP binding motifs. The impact on gp17 function of each randomly selected mutant was evaluated by phenotypic analysis following recombinational transfer into the viral genome. The precise mutation giving rise to a particular phenotype was determined by DNA sequencing. The data showed that the N-terminal ATP binding site I (SRQLGKT(161-167)), but not the ATP binding site II (TAAVEGKS(299-306)), is critical for gp17 function. Even conservative substitutions such as G165A, K166R, and T167A were not tolerated at the GKT signature residues, which are predicted to interact with the ATP substrate. Biochemical analyses of the mutants showed a complete loss of in vitro DNA packaging activity but not the terminase (DNA-cutting) activity. The purified K166G mutant showed a loss of gp17-ATPase activity. The data, for the first time, implicated a specific ATPase center in the viral dsDNA packaging.
Asynchronous State Assignments with Unateness Properties and Fault-Secure Design

Techniques to construct standard state assignments that yield unate next-state functions are presented. These proposed assignments use Berger codes. It is established that for any N row flow table, it is possible to construct
Cotton Boll Retention and Its Relationship to Lint Yield

Fruit retention helps determine cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield. Study objectives were to (i) characterize genotypic variation in whole-plant boll retention percentage, (ii) determine the relationship between retention and lint yield, and (iii) characterize timing, stage, and frequency of fruiting-form abscission over two seasons in eight field-grown genotypes: normal-, sub okra., okra-, and super okra-leaf isolines of MD 65-11 and four commonly grown higher-yielding cultivars. Flower production was higher in okra- (238 m⁻²) and super okra-leaf (323 m⁻²) than in normal (160 m⁻²) and sub okra.leaf (164 m⁻²) isolines, but boll retention was lower in okra- (29%) and super okra-leaf (21%) than in the normal- (42%) and sub okra-leaf (45%), so lint yields did not differ significantly among isolines. The cultivars averaged 16% more flowers, 33% more bolls, and 37% higher lint yield than normal-leaf MD 65-11, but lint yield correlated with boll retention (r = 0.84*; P 2 cm) but fewer bolls than did the okra- and super okra-leaf types.
Oxidative degradation of alternative gasoline oxygenates in aqueous solution by ultrasonic irradiation: Mechanistic study

Widespread pollution has been associated with gasoline oxygenates of branched ethers methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), di-isopropyl ether (DIPE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and tert-amyl ether (TAME) which enter groundwater. The contaminated plume develops rapidly and treatment for the removal/destruction of these ethers is difficult when using conventional methods. Degradation of MTBE, with biological methods and advanced oxidation processes, are rather well known; however, fewer studies have been reported for degradation of alternative oxygenates. Degradation of alternative gasoline oxygenates (DIPE, ETBE, and TAME) by ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous oxygen saturation was investigated to elucidate degradation pathways. Detailed degradation mechanisms are proposed for each gasoline oxygenate. The common major degradation pathways are proposed to involve abstraction of α-hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl radicals generated during ultrasound cavitation and low temperature pyrolytic degradation of ETBE and TAME. Even some of the products from β-H abstraction overlap with those from high temperature pyrolysis, the effect of β-H abstraction was not shown clearly from product study because of possible 1,5 H-transfer inside cavitating bubbles. Formation of hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides was also determined during sonolysis. These data provide a better understanding of the degradation pathways of gasoline oxygenates by sonolysis in aqueous solutions. The approach may also serve as a model for others interested in the details of sonolysis.
Independent Predictors of Acute Appendicitis on CT with Pathologic Correlation

Rationale and Objectives To assess computed tomographic (CT) signs that have been described in published studies for the diagnosis of appendicitis to identify independent findings that predict appendicitis. Methods and Materials A retrospective database search identified 67 patients with a CT scan of the abdomen/pelvis and pathologic evaluation of the appendix, including 41 with appendicitis and 26 with a normal appendix on pathologic examination. Each computed tomogram was re-evaluated by three independent, blinded observers who evaluated appendix diameter, enhancement of the appendix, thickening of the appendix, presence of an appendicolith, infiltration of peri-appendiceal fat, focal cecal thickening, local lymphadenopathy, fluid collections, non-appendiceal bowel thickening, non-periappendiceal infiltration of fat, and comparison of peri-appendiceal fat infiltration to thickening of adjacent bowel loops. Results Mean diameter of the normal appendix (6.7 ± 2.2 mm) was significantly lower than that of the inflamed appendix (12.1 ± 4.3 mm; P 8 mm (odds ratio [OR] 34.8), enhancement of the appendix (OR 4.4), thickening of the appendix (OR 4.3), infiltration of peri-appendiceal fat (OR 5.5), focal cecal thickening (OR 5.1), non-appendiceal bowel thickening (OR 0.4), and non-periappendiceal infiltration of fat (OR = 0.3). Of these variables, only appendix diameter and enhancement of the appendix were significant independent predictors of appendicitis on multivariate analysis. An overall diagnostic impression based on all secondary signs was less accurate than a diagnosis based on appendix diameter alone (receiver-operating characteristic analysis: Az = 0.80 vs. Az = 0.91, P = .02). Sensitivity/specificity of appendix diameter was 84%/87% using a cutoff between 8 and 9 mm and 97%/48% using a cutoff between 6 and 7 mm. Conclusion Appendix diameter is the best single diagnostic criterion for appendicitis on CT scan. A cutoff between 8 and 9 mm provided the best balance of sensitivity/specificity in our study population, whereas a cutoff between 6 and 7 mm improved sensitivity at the expense of specificity. The presence of appendiceal enhancement provided additional diagnostic information, but other secondary signs of appendicitis did not improve diagnostic accuracy.
Multi-period robust capacity planning based on product and process simulations

This paper presents a method for allocating production capacity among flexible and dedicated machines based on uncertain demand forecasts of products in a production portfolio. Given multiple scenarios of future demands with the associated probabilities, the method provides alternative capacity allocations by quantifying the expected values of the product quality and cost. The product quality is estimated as the total performance variations from the nominal design for each product in a portfolio. The production cost is estimated as the total annual equivalent of investment and operation costs for each production period. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is utilized to compute the Pareto-optimal capacity allocations that quantify the tradeoffs between the expected product quality and cost. Case studies on an automotive valvetrain production are presented, where, under the demand forecasts with low uncertainty, the allocation of flexible machines is encouraged only at production steps critical to quality and cost.
Teaching residents about managed care.

201 Training programs only partially prepare residents for the "real world" of medical pra ctice. The financing of health care is an increasing concern of practicing physicians; more than 70% participated in a managed-care contract in 1993.I Nevertheles s, most of the scant medical literature about resi­ dent education in managed care is from psychiatry, a spe­ cialty that was an earl y focus of mana ged-care companies. Few residency programs have a curriculum that formally covers the topic of mana ged care.' While academic medi­ cine adjusts to the clim ate of cost containment, traine es are graduating and finding that they are ill prepared to deal with the vagaries of Medicare, insurance policies, and managed­ care companies.' The Accreditation Coun cil for Graduate Medical Education residency revie w committee for psychia­ try suggests in its 1995 special requirement s that residents should have didactic and clinic al experience with managed care.' Residents in psychiatry commonly learn about man­ aged care while on the job. Because few faculty members have had experience in this area, residents and attending staff learn side by side. The resident's experience typically re­ flect s the attitude of the faculty, who often view managed care as a barrier to treatment-cost containment at patient expense. Some suggestions for psychiatric resident education in managed care are available in the literature, such as teaching a biopsychosocial model that emphasizes the fiscal aspect of treatment , how to use various levels of treatment, and timely goal-oriented documentation.' Other ideas include teaching commonly used termin olog y, developing sem inars that al­ low transition into medi cal practice, and having practice opportunities available in a managed-care setting. " In addi­ tion to enhancing on-the-job training provided by residency program s, a well-planned didactic curriculum can impro ve the understanding of managed care within the conte xt of economi cs. Such a program would help resident s under ­ stand the contemporary practice of medicine and improve their readiness to enter the job market.
Tests of the gravitational inverse-square law below the dark-energy length scale.

We conducted three torsion-balance experiments to test the gravitational inverse-square law at separations between 9.53 mm and $55\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, probing distances less than the dark-energy length scale ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{d}=\sqrt[4]{\ensuremath{\hbar}c/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{d}}\ensuremath{\approx}85\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. We find with 95% confidence that the inverse-square law holds ($|\ensuremath{\alpha}|\ensuremath{\le}1$) down to a length scale $\ensuremath{\lambda}=56\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and that an extra dimension must have a size $R\ensuremath{\le}44\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$.
Expanded endonasal endoscopic approach for resection of a growth hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenoma coexistent with a cavernous carotid artery aneurysm

The co-existence of pituitary adenomas (PA) and carotid artery aneurysms has been described and may be particularly frequent in acromegaly. The co-occurrence of an intracranial aneurysm in the setting of a PA presents significant risk to the patient, particularly when the aneurysm is within or near the operative field. We describe a 48-year-old, right-handed female patient with a large skull base lesion who had a left cavernous carotid artery aneurysm detected on her preoperative imaging studies. This patient was managed using a staged approach. She first underwent endovascular stent-assisted coiling of the aneurysm followed, six months later, by resection of the tumor via an expanded endonasal endoscopic approach. Histopathological analysis revealed a pituitary macroadenoma with neuronal metaplasia. Angiographic embolization followed by an expanded endonasal endoscopic approach is a safe and effective treatment for such lesions. Vascular imaging studies and a low index for suspicion are required for preoperative identification of such complex situations.