cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry of dissolved gases: II. Reduction of oxygen at platinum, palladium, nickel and other metal electrodes

Abstract The reduction of dissolved oxygen has been studied at Pt, Pd, Ni, Ag, Au, Ta, W, Cu and Pb electrodes. Voltammetric and chronopotentiometric studies have established the effect of supporting electrolyte. solution-pH and electrode preconditioning upon the electrode reactions. Oxygen reduction at pre-oxidized metal electrodes is pH-dependcnt ; for the Pt, Pd and Ni electrodes the electrode reaction for oxygen reduction is M(OH) 2 + 2 e − → M + 2 OH-. The oxygen in solution re-oxidizes the electrode which is then re-reduced. The reduction of oxygen at all pre-oxidizcd metal electrodes except Ag and Au appears to occur by the same mechanism. The half-wave potential for oxygen reduction at pre-reduccd metal electrodes is −0.18 to −0.24 V vs . S.C.E, and is independent of pH ; hydrogen peroxide is the primary reduction product. A sequence of reactions is proposed to account for the formation of H 2 O 2 in acidic solutions by a pH-independent mechanism. Potassium iodide causes the reduction of oxygen to become pH-indcpendent at Pt, Pd and Ni electrodes; the potential for reduction becomes dependent, however, upon iodide concentration. The formal reduction potentials for the Pt(OH) 2 . Pd(OH) 2 and Ni(OH) 2 electrodes in 0.1 F K 2 SO 4 have been evaluated; the average values are −0.14, −0.19 and −0.74 V vs . N.H.E., respectively.
Abstract 4276: Mapping C-terminal transactivation domains of nuclear HER family receptor tyrosine kinases.

The HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases consist of four receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1/HER1), HER2 (ErbB2), HER3 (ErbB3), and HER4 (ErbB4). Collectively, this family of receptors plays a critical role in initiating proliferation and survival signals in several human cancers. It is well established that the HER family receptors rely on two distinct compartments of signaling: 1) Classical membrane bound signaling and 2) nuclear signaling. In the nucleus, HER family receptors can serve as co-transcription factors, mediated by their C-terminal domains, to promote transcription of several genes essential for cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation, including regulation of the gene cyclin D1. However, the domains within the C-terminus of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 that confer this transcriptional potential (transactivation domains) have yet to be defined. In the current study we aimed to minimally map the regions of the C-terminal domains of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 that function as transactivation domains. We first demonstrate that EGFR, HER2, and HER3 are nuclear localized in their full-length forms in various breast and lung cancer cell lines. Next, we fused various intracellular cytoplasmic domain regions of each receptor to the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcription factor Gal4, and measured the ability for each construct to transactivate Gal4 UAS-luciferase activity. This analysis demonstrated that the C-terminal region distal to the tyrosine kinase domain (CTD) of all HER family receptors have strong transactivation potential, with HER2 exhibiting the highest transactivation potential. Further deletion mapping analysis of each receptor9s CTD identified two regions (bipartite) of approximately 25-40 amino acids in length that harbored the majority of the receptors transactivation potential. To understand how the identified bipartite C-terminal regions of each HER family receptor influenced their transcriptional functions we deleted these regions from each full-length receptor and performed cyclin D1 promoter-luciferase assays. While wild type EGFR, HER2, and HER3 overexpression was capable of transactivating cyclin D1-luciferase, bipartite deleted receptors were severely hindered in their ability to regulate the cyclin D1 promoter. Collectively, the findings presented herein suggest that the EGFR, HER2 and HER3 contain a bipartite C-terminal transactivation domain that may be responsible for their ability to function as co-transcription factors. Citation Format: Toni M. Brand, Mari Iida, Matthew J. Wleklinski, Neha Luthar, Megan M. Starr, Deric L. Wheeler. Mapping C-terminal transactivation domains of nuclear HER family receptor tyrosine kinases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4276. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4276
Designing Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is frequently defined as the application of engineering design principles to biology. Such principles are intended to streamline the practice of biological engineering, to shorten the time required to design, build, and test synthetic gene networks. This streamlining of iterative design cycles can facilitate the future construction of biological systems for a range of applications in the production of fuels, foods, materials, and medicines. The promise of these potential applications as well as the emphasis on design has prompted critical reflection on synthetic biology from design theorists and practicing designers from many fields, who can bring valuable perspectives to the discipline. While interdisciplinary connections between biologists and engineers have built synthetic biology via the science and the technology of biology, interdisciplinary collaboration with artists, designers, and social theorists can provide insight on the connections between technology and society. Such collaborations can open up new avenues and new principles for research and design, as well as shed new light on the challenging context-dependence-both biological and social-that face living technologies at many scales. This review is inspired by the session titled "Design and Synthetic Biology: Connecting People and Technology" at Synthetic Biology 6.0 and covers a range of literature on design practice in synthetic biology and beyond. Critical engagement with how design is used to shape the discipline opens up new possibilities for how we might design the future of synthetic biology.
Aporpium, a Polyporoid Genus of the Tremellaceae

(1955). Aporpium, a Polyporoid Genus of the Tremellaceae. Mycologia: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 408-415.
Quality Assurance: Insight Into a Laboratory’s Performance

rate. All laboratory personnel make mistakes, hence an acceptable error rate cannot be defined as zero errors. Defining an acceptable error rate will allow useful intralaboratory and interlaboratory comparisons and determine whether an acceptable performance is being achieved by individuals or laboratories. An acceptable error rate can be defined by pooling uniformly recorded data from a number of laboratories, preferably on a national basis, to include all 5,000 or so laboratories that provide Pap test services. Because significant laboratory errors are usually very uncommon, it will most likely be several years before valid error measures for a given laboratory will be developed.
Some nuclear explosions will be necessary

Atomic ‘shock treatment’ may be the only cure for man's habit of uncontrolled arms proliferation
Looking And Liking: Applying Information Processing To Facebook Ads

This study applied the Limited Capacity Model (Lang, 2000) to understand how individuals’ process their Facebook pages. It is an eye tracking study that collected data from students at a Midwestern university to analyze how individuals process, encode, store and retrieve posts from their Facebook pages, specifically suggested/sponsored posts that are integrated into their newsfeed and targeted to them based on known information. The individuals explored their Facebook pages and were asked to recall the brands or advertisements they were first exposed to on their page. The results from eye tracking were used to analyze how they oriented to and whether they attended to the targeted message. The data collected from this study lays a foundation for how these types of messages are processed for future marketing initiatives and which factors to consider when strategically targeting an audience via a Facebook suggested/ sponsored post. This study found that individuals who liked the brand in their Facebook suggested/sponsored post were able to recall and recognize the brand more than individuals who disliked the brand in their Facebook suggested/sponsored post.
On Innovations for Sports Product Enterprise Marketing Strategies

Through expert interview,questionnaire and comparative analysis,this paper studies the present situation of sports product enterprises marketing in China and proposes innovative strategies for them.It is held that brand development and innovation are key to the strategy innovation.
Colloquium 5 Commentary on Planinc

Zdravko Planinc’s Odyssean reading of the Sophist and Statesman presents a radical critique of claims that these dialogues present developments of Plato’s thought. His claim that Plato intends us to see the Stranger as no more than an outrageous sophist, however, is undermined by the quality of at least some of Stranger’s arguments and insights.
The new cholesterol guidelines. Applying them in clinical practice.

PREVIEWIn 2001, the National Institutes of Health released the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Compared with previous cholesterol guidelines, the new guidelines contain several significant changes in treatment recommendations for patients with hyperlipidemia. In this article, Dr Pearlman reviews the latest guidelines and offers case examples that demonstrate how to incorporate the recommendations routinely into clinical practice.
GPU-Accelerated Outlier Detection for Continuous Data Streams

Outlier detection or anomaly detection is applied in numerous applications, such as fraud detection, network intrusion detection, manufacturing, and environmental monitoring. Due to the continuous and dynamic characteristics of streaming data, outlier detection over data streams becomes a very challenging task. When analyzing real-time data streams, it is typically impossible to store the entire set of data due to space limitations. Also due to the high data rates, it is necessary to produce the results in a limited amount of time. Parallel processing power of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) can be used to accelerate the outlier detection process, and thus address the challenges of outlier detection over data streams. This paper proposes a GPU-accelerated outlier detection algorithm for continuous data streams using kernel density estimation approach. Experiments show that the proposed SOD_GPU algorithm is efficient for detecting outliers in high-dimensional, high-speed data streams, and produces results in a timely manner without compromising the outlier detection accuracy. The proposed method achieved up to 20X speedup compared to a respective multi-core CPU implementation, and the speedup increases with the number of data attributes and the input data rate.
Genetically Modified Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Solid Tumors

Dendritic cell vaccination for the treatment of solid tumors has been an area of active research, with numerous clinical trials conducted across a broad spectrum of tumor types. The rationale for development of dendritic cell vaccines will be reviewed, and data from completed clinical trials of dendritic cell vaccines are summarized. Recent successes with immunomodulatory agents may open new avenues for combination therapies.
Bortezomib Added to the Standard Mobilization Regimen of G-CSF and High-Dose Cyclophosphamide Is a Safe and Effective Combination for a High Yield Stem Cell Collection While Promoting Further Tumor Mass Reduction in Myeloma.

Standard stem cell mobilization regimens for multiple myeloma patients include G-CSF alone or in combination with high dose cyclophosphamide. Given the known in vitro and in vivo synergy between alkylating agents and proteosome inhibitors, we sought to optimize the potential for concurrent cytoreduction by adding bortezomib to the mobilization regimen. Five evaluable patients, whose prior therapy consisted of six cycles of a 21-day treatment with bortezomib/dexamethasone +/− pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, were mobilized. They received IV push bortezomib at 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 in combination with high-dose cyclophosphamide at 3mg/m2 and MESNA on day 8. G-CSF was given for 10 consecutive days starting on day 9. One patient began this regimen in nCR, two were in PR, and two were in CR by urine and serum immunofixation and bone marrow evaluation. Stem cells were easily harvested from each of the five patients. The number of CD34+ cells collected far exceeded the amount normally mobilized with cyclophosphamide and/or G-CSF alone, with four out of 5 patients collected in a single day. The two patients who began the mobilization cycle in PR continued to respond positively. Their protein levels dropped an additional 8.9 and 14.6 percent respectively during the last cycle. The patient who began mobilization in nCR achieved a CR by the end of treatment. Some expected toxicities associated with high dose cyclophosphamide and G-CSF occurred. All patients experienced grade 3 and 4 cytopenias, however, they recovered and were able to continue on to transplant. Serious adverse events of grade 3 chest pain (non-cardiac), grade 4 pneumonia, and grade 4 febrile neutropenia also occurred. Bortezomib in addition to high dose cyclophosphamide followed by G-CSF is a novel, well-tolerated and efficacious combination for stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma. This regimen not only yields a high number of stem cells within a short collection time, but may further cytoreduce disease as well. | Patients | Days Required for Collection | CD34+ Stem Cells (million/kg) | |:-------- | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------- | | 1 | 1 | 21.2 | | 2 | 1 | 47.4 | | 3 | 1 | 22 | | 4 | 1 | 17.9 | | 5 | 4 | 40.6 | Stem Cell Collection
Shielding aspects of D-3He fusion power reactors

The implications of the D-3He fuel cycle on shielding design are investigated for tokamak power reactors of the ARIES/Apollo class. The prime function of the shield is to protect the superconductin...
Fixed Target Collisions at STAR

Abstract The RHIC Beam Energy Scan (BES) program was proposed to look for the turn-off of signatures of the quark gluon plasma (QGP), search for a possible QCD critical point, and study the nature of the phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter. Previous results have been used to claim that the onset of deconfinement occurs at a center-of-mass energy of 7 GeV. Data from lower energies are needed to test if this onset occurs. The goal of the STAR Fixed-Target Program is to extend the collision energy range in BES II to energies that are likely below the onset of deconfinement. Currently, STAR has inserted a gold target into the beam pipe and conducted test runs at center-of-mass energies of 3.9 and 4.5 GeV. Tests have been done with both Au and Al beams. First physics results from a Coulomb potential analysis of Au + Au fixed-target collisions are presented and are found to be consistent with results from previous experiments. Furthermore, the Coulomb potential, which is sensitive to the Z of the projectile and degree of baryonic stopping, will be compared to published results from the AGS.
In New Survey Of Eleven Countries, US Adults Still Struggle With Access To And Affordability Of Health Care

Surveys of patients' experiences with health care services can reveal how well a country's health system is meeting the needs of its population. Using data from a 2016 survey conducted in eleven countries-Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States-we found that US adults reported poor health and well-being and were the most likely to experience material hardship. The United States trailed other countries in making health care affordable and ranked poorly on providing timely access to medical care (except specialist care). In all countries, shortfalls in patient engagement and chronic care management were reported, and at least one in five adults experienced a care coordination problem. Problems were often particularly acute for low-income adults. Overall, the Netherlands performed at the top of the eleven-country range on most measures of access, engagement, and coordination.
High Levels of the Xenorhabdus nematophila Transcription Factor Lrp Promote Mutualism with the Steinernema carpocapsae Nematode Host.

Xenorhabdus nematophila bacteria are mutualistic symbionts of Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes and pathogens of insects. The X. nematophila global regulator Lrp controls expression of many genes involved in both mutualism and pathogenic activities, suggesting a role in the transition between the two host organisms. We previously reported that natural populations of X. nematophila exhibit variable levels of Lrp expression, and that cells expressing relatively low levels of Lrp are optimized for virulence in the insect Manduca sexta. The adaptive advantage of the high-Lrp-expressing state was not established. Here we used strains engineered to express constitutively high or low levels of Lrp to test the model that high-Lrp-expressing cells are adapted for mutualistic activities with the nematode host. We demonstrate that high-Lrp cells form more robust biofilms in laboratory media than do low-Lrp cells, which may reflect adherence to host tissues. Also, our data showed that nematodes cultivated with high-Lrp strains are more frequently colonized relative to those associated with low-Lrp strains. Taken together these data support the idea that high-Lrp cells have an advantage in tissue adherence and colonization initiation. Furthermore, our data show that high-Lrp expressing strains better support nematode reproduction than their low-Lrp counterparts in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Our data indicate that heterogeneity of Lrp expression in X. nematophila populations provides diverse cell populations adapted to both pathogenic (low Lrp) and mutualistic (high Lrp) states. Importance: Host associated bacteria experience fluctuating conditions both during residence within an individual host and during transmission between hosts. For bacteria that engage in evolutionarily stable, long-term relationships with particular hosts these fluctuations provide selective pressure for the emergence of adaptive regulatory mechanisms. Here we present evidence that the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila uses variable levels of the transcription factor Lrp to optimize its association with its two animal hosts: nematodes and insects, with which it behaves as a mutualist and a pathogen, respectively. Building on our previous finding that relatively low cellular levels of Lrp are optimal for pathogenesis, we demonstrate that conversely, high levels of Lrp promote mutualistic activities with the Steinernema carpocapsae nematode host. These data suggest that X. nematophila has evolved to utilize phenotypic variation between high and low Lrp expression states to optimize its alternating behaviors as a mutualist and a pathogen.
Cosmopolitanism as Education: A Philosophy for Educators in Our Time

There could hardly be a more auspicious, if not urgent, time for renewing our commitment to the deep values in education. With reference to the United States, consider the ongoing pressure on educa...
Heat rate as a function of water deprivation and conditioning: Some additional controls

Heart rate (HR) was recorded from 23.5- and 47.5-h water-deprived rats during 12 days of adjustment to the deprivation schedules and throughout subsequent conditioning. No HR effects of deprivation per se were noted, but a significant - tachycardia developed during conditioning A 47.5-h deprived group never given water in the apparatus throughout the entire deprivation period (approximately 60 days) failed to manifest this response. Thus, several potential sources of artifact in a prior study were eliminated.
An experimental comparison of complex object implementations for big data systems

Many cloud-based data management and analytics systems support complex objects. Dataflow platforms such as Spark and Flink allow programmers to manipulate sets consisting of objects from a host programming language (often Java). Document databases such as MongoDB make use of hierarchical interchange formats---most popularly JSON---which embody a data model where individual records can themselves contain sets of records. Systems such as Dremel and AsterixDB allow complex nesting of data structures. Clearly, no system designer would expect a system that stores JSON objects as text to perform at the same level as a system based upon a custom-built physical data model. The question we ask is: How significant is the performance hit associated with choosing a particular physical implementation? Is the choice going to result in a negligible performance cost, or one that is debilitating? Unfortunately, there does not exist a scientific study of the effect of physical complex model implementation on system performance in the literature. Hence it is difficult for a system designer to fully understand performance implications of such choices. This paper is an attempt to remedy that.
Balancing electron transfer rate and driving force for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production in CdSe/CdS nanorod–[NiFe] hydrogenase assemblies

We describe a hybrid photocatalytic system for hydrogen production consisting of nanocrystalline CdSe/CdS dot-in-rod (DIR) structures coupled to [NiFe] soluble hydrogenase I (SHI) from Pyrococcus furiosus. Electrons are shuttled to the catalyst by a redox mediator, either methyl viologen (MV2+, E0 = −446 mV vs. NHE) or propyl-bridged 2-2′-bipyridinium (PDQ2+, E0 = −550 mV vs. NHE). We demonstrate nearly equal photoreduction efficiencies for the two mediators, despite extracting ∼100 mV of additional driving force for proton reduction by PDQ2+. Femtosecond to microsecond transient absorption reveals that while electron transfer (ET) from the DIR to PDQ2+ is slower than for MV2+, in both cases the ET process is complete by 1 ns and thus it efficiently outcompetes radiative decay. Long-lived charge separation is observed for both mediators, resulting in similar net efficiencies of photoreduction. Whereas both mediators are readily photoreduced, only PDQ2+ yields measurable H2 production, demonstrating the importance of optimizing the electron shuttling pathway to take advantage of the available reducing power of the DIR excited state. H2 production in the PDQ2+ system is highly efficient, with an internal quantum efficiency (IQE) as high as 77% and a TONSHI of 1.1 × 106 under mild (RT, pH = 7.35) conditions.
Research Trends for Flexor Tendon Repair

Basic science research on the biology, repair, and rehabilitation of intrasynovial flexor tendon injuries has led to major advances in the clinical management of these injuries. Clinically applicable animal models have been developed to test novel treatments prior to clinical use. Initial research efforts focused on improving the biomechanics of the suture repair and reducing adhesions during healing through passive motion rehabilitation. Recent trends for flexor tendon repair include biological and biomaterial approaches to improve healing. Treatment of the tendon surface with natural and synthetic materials has led to dramatic improvements in the gliding properties of the tendons, and hence the function of the digit. Development of biofactor delivery systems has allowed investigators to test the effects of growth factors for enhanced flexor tendon healing. Application of these new biomaterials to intrasynovial flexor tendon repair has the potential to improve both tendon function (by improving the gliding properties of the tendon) and tendon strength (by enhancing extracellular matrix synthesis).
Measuring exclusive breastfeeding social support: Scale development and validation in Uganda.

The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months and continued breastfeeding for at least 2 years. Social support has been widely recognized to influence breastfeeding practices. However, existing scales do not measure exclusive breastfeeding social support (EBFSS), rather they assess social support for any breastfeeding. Further, they are tailored towards high-income settings. Therefore, our objectives were to develop and validate a tool to measure EBFSS in low-income settings. To develop the scale, local and international breastfeeding experts were consulted on modifications to the Hughes' Breastfeeding Social Support Scale. It was then implemented in an observational cohort in Gulu, Uganda, at 1 (n = 238) and 3 (n = 237) months post-partum (NCT02925429). We performed polychoric and polyserial correlations to remove redundant items and exploratory factor analysis at 1 month post-partum to determine the latent factor structure of EBFSS. We further applied confirmatory factor analysis to assess dimensionality of the scale at 3 months post-partum. We then conducted tests of predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity against EBF, self-efficacy, general social support, and depression. The modification of the Hughes' scale resulted in 18 items, which were reduced to 16 after examining variances and factor loadings. Three dimensions of support emerged: Instrumental, Emotional, and Informational, with alpha coefficients of 0.79, 0.85, and 0.83, respectively. Predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity of the resultant EBFSS scale was supported. The EBFSS scale is valid and reliable for measuring EBFSS in northern Uganda and may be of use in other low-income settings to assess determinants of EBF.
The Poverty of Conservative Philosophy

The election of Donald Trump has exposed, for all to see, the poverty of American conservative thought. Yet even now conservative thinkers seem none the wiser. Their frozen-fixed principles remain unchanged, and they gauge Trump according to how he well comports with them. Even Trump’s supporters, for the most part, have failed to understand just what explains Trump’s victory, and the revolution in conservative thought behind it. The four pillars of the Trump movement, themes that resonated with his supporters and which were largely ignored by conservative intellectuals, were mobility, jobs, religion and nationalism. What they gave us was a very different party, one that is socially conservative and economically liberal or middle of the road, the polar opposite of the libertarian’s social liberalism and economic conservatism.
The opportunity to contribute: disability and the digital entrepreneur

A range of scholarly work in communications, informatics, and media studies has identified ‘entrepreneurs’ as central to an emerging paradigm of digital labor. Drawing on data from a multi-year res...
US nuclear power: The vanishing low-carbon wedge

Nuclear power holds the potential to make a significant contribution to decarbonizing the US energy system. Whether it could do so in its current form is a critical question: Existing large light water reactors in the United States are under economic pressure from low natural gas prices, and some have already closed. Moreover, because of their great cost and complexity, it appears most unlikely that any new large plants will be built over the next several decades. While advanced reactor designs are sometimes held up as a potential solution to nuclear power’s challenges, our assessment of the advanced fission enterprise suggests that no US design will be commercialized before midcentury. That leaves factory-manufactured, light water small modular reactors (SMRs) as the only option that might be deployed at significant scale in the climate-critical period of the next several decades. We have systematically investigated how a domestic market could develop to support that industry over the next several decades and, in the absence of a dramatic change in the policy environment, have been unable to make a convincing case. Achieving deep decarbonization of the energy system will require a portfolio of every available technology and strategy we can muster. It should be a source of profound concern for all who care about climate change that, for entirely predictable and resolvable reasons, the United States appears set to virtually lose nuclear power, and thus a wedge of reliable and low-carbon energy, over the next few decades.
Writing on a Blank Slate: Creating a Blueprint for Experiential Learning at the University of California, Irvine School of Law

Fulfilling the UC Irvine mission to prepare students for the practice of law at the highest levels requires providing every UCI Law student opportunities to learn, as part of their formal legal training, what it means to be a lawyer by actually practicing law. The most important of these opportunities is a student's participation in a substantial clinical course, in which the student, under the close supervision of a member of the UCI Law faculty and, as appropriate, another supervising attorney, represents real clients, addressing their legal problems in an environment that includes continual feedback, skills practice, and time for learning and reflection. This essay describes the UCI Law School blueprint for the development of a well-coordinated experiential learning program that begins in the first year and continues through all three years of the Law School's curriculum. The essay describes how experiential learning is a central goal of the UCI Law School mission and explains how it is implemented through real-world, live client work in each of the three years of law school.
Role of Apatite Weathering in the Eutrophication of Lake Victoria

We investigated biogenic and geochemical constituents of a short sediment core obtained during 1992 from a nearshore region in northern Lake Victoria. Diatom stratigraphy reveals disappearance of Aulacoseira from near surface layers, consistent with neolimnological observation of the lake. X-ray fluorescence, dry combustion, and wet chemical methods were used to measure bulk composition, as well as C, N, H, non-apatite P, and biogenic Si. Organically-bound P has increased somewhat in the top 10 cm, but the main Total-P increase appears to have been caused by increased amounts of apatite weathered from carbonatite minerals that are abundant in the region. Increases in non-biogenic Si and Ti in the top 10 cm indicate increased importance of terrigenous inputs during the 20th Century. Our data are consistent with the explanation that modern changes in land use practices, coupled with rainfall and lake level changes, have accelerated erosion of phosphate rich mineral soils into the lake. Weathering of these phosphate rich minerals are probably the source of persistent and elevated offshore P concentrations in Lake Victoria and other historically P rich lakes in East Africa. The main removal mechanism for lake P is sedimentation and burial, resulting in a residence time for P of 25 years. Loss rates of P parallel those of biogenic Si, indicating that elevated P concentrations are partly a consequence of floristic changes, especially the loss of fast-sinking diatoms.
Toward a Trademark-Based Liability System

No general rule of law renders trademark owners liable for products sold or business conducted under the trademark. This essay proposes the adoption of such a rule. The rationale for the change is that businesses are known by their trademarks, not their entity names, in the marketplace. The vast majority of customers - both businesses and consumers - select the persons with whom they will deal, and contract with those persons, on the basis of trademarks. The entity structures of businesses (corporate groups, franchises, joint ventures, etc.) are generally invisible to customers. Yet under current law the businesses' liabilities to customers are calculated from those entity structures. The result is a failure in the market for liability: Customers lack the information they need to contract for the level of supplier financial responsibility they prefer. The proposed rule would create no new liability, it would merely extend existing liability to trademark owners. The rule would extend liability to trademark owners for (1) defective products sold under the mark and (2) the wrongful acts of licensees that conduct businesses identified to customers by the mark. The initial assignment of liability to the trademark owner will prevent businesses from externalizing their liabilities. Trademark owners will remain free, however, to pass the liability on to their licensees by contracts requiring indemnification or insurance.
The Economic Development of Natural Resources: Fracking and Self-Regulation in the Market for Land

The purpose of this piece is to apply some of the lessons learned during the period of industrialization in 19 th century Europe to the study of the effects and appropriate regulation of the contemporary process of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, in the natural gas industry. An attempt is made to support the conclusion that the harmful side effects associated with the creation of self-regulating markets for land, labor and money during the 19 th century is paralleled today by the self-regulating character of the process of hydraulic fracturing. As a result, the negative consequences associated with industrialization are been visited again on present day market economies.
Demonstration of Interference Pattern Structured Illumination Imaging

We discuss a single-pixel imaging method using illumination structured with interference fringes. It requires no imaging lens or optics near the object, and has a resolution-independent depth of field and field of view.
The proton affinities of styrene, trsns-β-methylstyrene, and indene

We report experimental and theoretical AM1 proton affinities of styrene,β-methylstyrenes, and indene. The computed AM1 proton affinities for the species of interest were in good agreement with the experimental values.trans-β-Methylstyrene was found to have a proton affinity slightly lower than that of styrene. This is an unusual result since methyl substitution in most classes of compounds increases the proton affinity by 2–4 kcal mol−1. The lower basicity oftrans-β-methylstyrene compared to styrene is due to the greater stabilizing effect of the methyl group in the neutral species compared to the cation.
IL-12p40 and MIP3a to predict clinical responses to anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma.

9535Background: A broad understanding of baseline immunity is needed in order to predict responses to PD-1 blockade. We previously reported in a preclinical model that elevated Th1 signature cytoki...
On Least Squares Estimation under Heteroscedastic and Heavy-Tailed Errors.

We consider least squares estimation in a general nonparametric regression model. The rate of convergence of the least squares estimator (LSE) for the unknown regression function is well studied when the errors are sub-Gaussian. We find upper bounds on the rates of convergence of the LSE when the errors have uniformly bounded conditional variance and have only finitely many moments. We show that the interplay between the moment assumptions on the error, the metric entropy of the class of functions involved, and the "local" structure of the function class around the truth drives the rate of convergence of the LSE. We find sufficient conditions on the errors under which the rate of the LSE matches the rate of the LSE under sub-Gaussian error. Our results are finite sample and allow for heteroscedastic and heavy-tailed errors.
Physical violence and vulnerable adolescents: the roles of school climate and presence of similar peers

Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (a.k.a., Add Health), this study examines the impact of school climate and share of vulnerable groups ...
Behavior of Steel Columns in Fire

Columns are the critical building components, failure of which usually leads to progressive collapse of the local or global structures.
Critical Incidents in a Brief Multicultural Counseling Experiential Group

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to identify factors contributing to counseling students’ cultural awareness in a brief experiential group implemented in a multicultural counseling course. Usi...
If structure can exclaim: a novel robotic-assisted percussion method for spatial bolt-ball joint looseness detection:

In proportion to the immense construction of spatial structures is the emergence of catastrophes related to structural damages (e.g. loose connections), thus rendering personal injury and property ...
Trigonal polymorph of Li 2 Mn O 3

We report the discovery of a trigonal polymorph of the prospective Li-ion battery material ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and its synthesis in bulk, single-crystal form. Crystal growth of trigonal ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is strongly dependent upon the quality of a polycrystalline $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ precursor consumed in the synthesis process. The crystal structure of the trigonal phase is composed of ordered honeycomb layers of $\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ and $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra segregated by layers of $\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra and represents an ordered stacking variant of the known monoclinic polymorph. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy reveals a direct optical gap of $2.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$ eV and a series of charge excitations that are well explained by the expected ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}3{d}^{3}$ valence. Density functional theory calculations are in excellent agreement with the spectroscopic measurements and find a near degeneracy in the formation energies of the two polymorphs. Our results suggest that the trigonal structure resolves the compositional and structural disorder often manifested in the monoclinic phase.
Concentration Dependent Mechanical Behavior of Physically Assembled Triblock Copolymer Gels

Physically assembled gels have promising applications in many fields because of their tunable mechanical properties. Here, we report the mechanical properties as a function of polymer volume fracti...
Ritual, Urbanism, and the Everyday: Mortuary Behavior in the Indus Civilization

Human skeletal material from archaeological sites is the most important source of evidence about embodied experience, habitual behaviors, and aspects of health in past people. Within bioarchaeology’s broad area of inquiry, analysis of mortuary behavior (particularly when combined with paleopathology) is potentially the most critical tool for archaeologists to reconstruct ritual and meaning in the past. This work typically combines embodiment and practice theory to examine the importance of ritual, its contours, and its social function. This chapter asks what we mean by “ritual” and how “ritual” emerges from mortuary artifacts and features. This chapter seeks to move away from mortuary ritual as a distinct category of behavior in the Indus context, separate from a secular life in the urban environment. I argue that mortuary behavior for individuals in the Indus civilization varies because of the nature of the heterogeneous populations that occupied these urban settlements but perhaps also that mortuary and other ritual behaviors in the Indus civilization were entangled, enmeshed, and interacted with the everyday heterogeneity of people’s life in the urban environment. While there is no common tradition apparent within or among all Indus cities, what is clear is that the urban lifestyle and environment participated in creating diverse rituals performed in a funerary context and that participation would contribute to memories of the cities long after their decline. Evidence is drawn from mortuary archaeology and objects, bodies and emergent behaviors, pathophysiology and health. These ritual and everyday dimensions of life in South Asia’s first urban period speak to the deepest anthropological questions we can ask about meaning in the past and how it was lived in the urban context.
Expanding grass-based agriculture on marginal land in the U.S. Great Plains: The role of management intensive grazing

Compared to conventional tillage-based crop production, grass-based agriculture can support substantially more ecosystem benefits. Moreover, management intensive grazing (MIG) has the capacity to enhance grassland resilience, thereby enhancing the profitability of grass-based agriculture. The research reported here is based on a survey of 4,500 producers in the Great Plains of USA, which aimed to study the role of grazing intensity on producers’ land use decisions. We received 875 completed questionnaires, representing a 20.6% response rate of 4,250 eligible sample. Results from multivariate ordered probit modeling analysis indicated that, compared to continuous grazing (CG) users, MIG users were 11% more likely to have expanded their grassland area in the past and 13% more likely to convert cropland to grassland in the next 10 years. Other factors, including higher cattle sales, greater liability ratio, poorer land quality and regional factors, were found to significantly influence producers’ intentions to purchase and lease more grassland. However, these factors were not significantly associated with the intention to convert marginal land to grassland. Therefore, the adoption of MIG appears to be a key factor for restoring marginal croplands to permanent grassland cover to enhance the environmental benefits across the Great Plains from the social perspective.
Chronic Opioid Use Following Lumbar Discectomy: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Current Trends in the United States

OBJECTIVE Lumbar discectomy is commonly performed for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. We aimed to examine prescribing patterns and risk factors for chronic opioid use following lumbar discectomy. METHODS Using a private insurance claims database, patients were identified who underwent primary lumbar discectomy from 2010-2015 and had 1-year of continuous enrollment postoperatively. Patients were excluded with spinal fusion. The strength of opioid prescriptions was quantified using morphine milligram equivalents daily (MMED). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were built to examine risk factors associated with chronic postoperative opioid use. RESULTS A total of 5,315 patients were included in the study (mean age, 59 years; 50% female). 1,198 of patients (23%) used chronic opioids postoperatively. Chronic opioid use declined significantly from 27% in 2010 to 17% in 2015, p < 0.001. In addition, there were significantly fewer patients receiving high and very high-dose opioid prescriptions from 2010-2015, p < 0.001. The median duration that patients used opioids postoperatively was 211 days in 2010 (interquartile range [IQR], 29-356 days), and decreased significantly to 44 days (IQR, 10-294 days) in 2015. The strongest factors associated with chronic opioid use were preoperative opioid use (odds ratio [OR], 4.0), drug abuse (OR, 2.6), depression (OR, 1.6), surgery in the west (OR, 1.6) or south (OR, 1.6), anxiety (OR, 1.5), or 30-day readmission (OR, 1.4). CONCLUSION Chronic opioid use following primary lumbar discectomy has declined from 2010-2015. A variety of factors are associated with chronic opioid use. Preoperative recognition of some of these risk factors may aid in perioperative management and counseling.
The Viability of Niche Marketing Within Global Community Commodity Chains: An Example from Beef

The "Comparative Analysis of Commodity Chains" generally conjures up images of comparisons of how two or more commodities are produced and consumed across geographical space and/or time. For example, a comparative analysis of beef commodity chains might consist of a comparison of the contemporary U.S. beef production system with that which existed in the same country during the nineteenth century, or perhaps with the beef system that currently exists among the nomadic peoples of Africa. However, a comparison of the marketing strategies that are employed within a commodity system in the same space and time is rare. Recent empirical research on the transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism has revealed that there has not been a significant break or transition between the two historically in the sense that PostFordism has eclipsed Fordism. Both forms of production, and a variety of systems that incorporate elements of both, coexist. These differing forms of production may even be dependent upon one another, particularly within the context of globalizing production systems. Consequently, while there is much discussion of "global commodity systems," in fact the global system for any particular commodity can be characterized by variation in what is being produced and what the related social impacts are. The goal of our research is to shed some light on the nature of this coexistence by analyzing Fordist and PostFordist elements within the U.S. beef industry. Specifically, we contrast the strategies and ideologies of beef industry participants who are experimenting with the production of a differentiated product, i.e., Wagyu beef, for the Japanese and domestic markets, with those who do not. Through this research, we examine a variety of issues, including whether "niche" marketing strategies offer a viable alternative to mainstream commodity systems that are dominated by large, powerful firms.
Uncovering the Bromodomain Interactome using Site-Specific Azide-Acetyllysine Photochemistry, Proteomic Profiling and Structural Characterization

Abstract Protein-protein interactions mediated by acetyllysines and bromodomains are essential for the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Diagramming the bromodomain interactome network and molecular characterization of these interactions are key to unraveling context-dependent signaling pathways. Herein, we employ a chemoproteomic platform, called interaction-based protein profiling (IBPP), to map the acetylome of the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) family of bromodomains. We developed photo-responsive bromodomain analogues to carry out UV light-induced azide-acetyllysine crosslinking within the recognition cavity of the domain to capture transient interacting partners present in human cells. Subsequent proteomic and biochemical analyses lead to the identification of an array of acetylated interacting factors, which extend the potential function of BET family proteins beyond transcription. We present here eight high-resolution crystal structures of interactome-bound bromodomains that underscore the atypical binding modes and sequence motifs by which BET members recognize an expanded repertoire of acetylated proteins. In addition, we report an acetyllysine-dependent interaction between BRD4 and interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (ILF3) in human cells, and uncover its role in recruiting transcriptional regulators to the promoter of the Survivin gene, an anti-apoptotic factor overexpressed in a wide range of human neoplasia. Collectively, our work provides a blueprint for engineering bromodomains, establishes IBPP as a robust chemoproteomic tool to characterize bromodomain interactome, and reveals distinctive recognition modes by which such associations may take place in order to modulate signaling pathways. Furthermore, these structural snapshots offer clues to design specific small-molecule inhibitors against the novel BET interactions and paves the path for exploring the biological significance of this newly identified signaling network.