cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser Therapy for Pigmented Lesions

Laser therapy of pigmented lesions is a very efficacious way of removing cosmetically unappealing lesions on the skin. It is generally very safe and case reports of using lasers on pigmented lesions date back nearly half a century ago. However, as with any treatment, there are important considerations both to ensure maximal effectiveness of treatment and also to prevent potentially damaging adverse outcomes. The ability to target melanin as a chromophore and its presence in the epidermis in common skin conditions such as lentigines allows for appealing and satisfying cosmetic results. Herein, the justification and approach to treating pigmented lesions will be discussed, along with practical concerns and future directions in treatment.
Understanding the impact of parking on urban mobility via routing games on queue-flow networks

We derive a new routing game model for urban centers that takes into account parking-related traffic along with all other traffic. In particular, we combine a queuing game model for on-street parking with a classical routing game to create a queue-routing game where parking traffic selects a parking zone (block-face) in addition to their route through the network. We show that this game is a potential game. We construct practical examples using subsections of the Seattle downtown area to illustrate the usefulness of this modeling paradigm and to examine how parking-traffic can impact overall congestion and the route choices of other drivers. By varying the cost of parking in different parking zones, we demonstrate that parking-related traffic can be adjusted to satisfy a particular objective.
Feminist reception studies in a post-audience age: returning to audiences and everyday life

Joke O. K. E. Hermes recently wrote that “Qualitative audience studies have arguably been the best possible expression of feminist engagement in media studies” (2014, 61). It was the recognition th...
The Grothendieck group of non-commutative non-noetherian analogues of P1 and regular algebras of global dimension two

Abstract Let V be a finite-dimensional positively-graded vector space. Let b ∈ V ⊗ V be a homogeneous element whose rank is dim ⁡ ( V ) . Let A = T V / ( b ) , the quotient of the tensor algebra TV modulo the 2-sided ideal generated by b. Let gr ( A ) be the category of finitely presented graded left A-modules and fdim ( A ) its full subcategory of finite dimensional modules. Let qgr ( A ) be the quotient category gr ( A ) / fdim ( A ) . We compute the Grothendieck group K 0 ( qgr ( A ) ) . In particular, if the reciprocal of the Hilbert series of A, which is a polynomial, is irreducible, then K 0 ( qgr ( A ) ) ≅ Z [ θ ] ⊂ R as ordered abelian groups where θ is the smallest positive real root of that polynomial. When dim k ⁡ ( V ) = 2 , qgr ( A ) is equivalent to the category of coherent sheaves on the projective line, P 1 , or a stacky P 1 if V is not concentrated in degree 1. If dim k ⁡ ( V ) ≥ 3 , results of Piontkovski and Minamoto suggest that qgr ( A ) behaves as if it is the category of “coherent sheaves” on a non-commutative, non-noetherian analogue of P 1 .
Corrigendum to: Multi-scale defect interactions in high-rate brittle material failure. Part I: Model formulation and application to AlON

Abstract A minor error was present in one equation in the original paper, “Multi-scale defect interactions in high-rate brittle material failure. Part I: Model formulation and application to AlON” and in the corresponding computational implementation. The correction is provided here. None of the primary conclusions of the original paper are affected.
Challenges In Understanding And Respecting Patients’ Preferences

The Institute of Medicine’s report on Dying in America called for honoring treatment preferences near the end of life for seriously ill patients. To achieve this objective, the report recommended t...
Lessons from lying: Autobiographical performances and the conventions of nonfiction

Taking its format cue from a satirical memo in Lauren Slater’s postmodern memoir Lying, this essay provides ten lessons about the performative nature of the genre. It explores the aesthetics, ethics, and politics of teaching “true” texts in the “post-truth” era, written as letter and lecture notes rolled into one. The traditional abstract included here is merely a content teaser and, we hope, reads ironically against the innovative critical work that follows. If you wish to read more about the process by which this author undertook writing this essay, as well as the critical stakes of its production, please see the introduction to the volume as well as the accompanying anti-abstract at the close of the chapter.
Laser-Free THz pulse sources

Laser-free 0.03–1.1 THz signal generation and radiation in silicon is presented based on an oscillator-free direct digital-to-impulse architecture that is capable of generating and radiating pulses with a FWHM of 1.9 ps and a 3dB-BW of 130 GHz centered at 160 GHz. A peak pulse radiated power of 2.6 mW and a peak pulse EIRP of 19.2 dBm are achieved. To suppress ringing after the impulse and increase DC-to-radiated efficiency, an ON/OFF impulse-shaping technique is designed and implemented in the circuit level. Frequency-domain measurements are performed up to 1.1 THz, where the received SNR at 1.0 THz and 1.1 THz is 28 dB and 22 dB, respectively. An extremely narrow spectral line width is demonstrated with a 10-dB spectral width of only 2 Hz at 1.1 THz (two parts per trillion). Time-domain pulses are characterized using a novel fsec-laser-based THz-TDS measurement technique. The chip is fabricated in a 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS process technology.
Progression of Glenoid Morphology in Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis.

Background:Walch defined the pathologic characteristics of glenohumeral osteoarthritis on the basis of patterns of glenoid morphology and humeral head subluxation. However, it is unclear how pathologic changes evolve over time. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are common patt
Assessment of complete hemodynamic characteristics of in vivo tissues using a non-contact laser Doppler and total diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system

A non-contact, combined laser Doppler and total diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system was developed to simultaneously and continuously measure hemoglobin oxygenation, hemoglobin concentration, and regional flow from in vivo tissues.
Drug-Induced Rhinitis

Drug-induced rhinitis is a rhinitis subtype that can be caused by a wide variety of drugs in many different classes. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with nasal congestion with or without rhinorrhea. Identification of rhinitis suspected to be caused by a drug requires careful evaluation, including a detailed history and physical examination. Treatment of drug-induced rhinitis includes withdrawal of the offending medication and/or symptomatic treatment of rhinitis. Discontinuation of the offending medication should lead to noticeable symptom improvement and confirm the diagnosis of drug-induced rhinitis. Some disease entities, including aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease and rhinitis medicamentosa, require special consideration and treatment strategies.
Organ Preservation, Ischemia Reperfusion Injury, and Nanotherapeutics in Transplantation

Over the past 30 years, solid organ transplantation has advanced tremendously in many facets, with great strides made in organ selection and allocation to the monitoring and treatment of rejection. Despite these breakthroughs, organ preservation and chronic rejection rates have remained largely unchanged. Recent trends in translational research have begun to address this issue, and future directions for organ preservation will have far-reaching implications for the field of transplantation as a whole. In this chapter, we will highlight the current trends and innovations in preservation techniques, with a special focus on the role that nanotechnology is playing in this frontier.
Not all absent serum ceruloplasmin is Wilson disease: a review of aceruloplasminemia.

Human copper enzymes reflect, by nature of their function and tissue specificity, an essential family of proteins. These enzymes are 1) cytochrome c oxidase, which is required for mitochondrial respiration; 2) Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), a ubiquitous antioxidant; 3) dopamine β hydroxylase, which is essential for catecholamine production; 4) lysyl oxidase, which is integral for collagen cross-linking and elastin formation; 5) peptidyl glycine α-amidating monooxygenase, which is responsible for neuropeptide and peptide hormone processing; 6) tyrosinase, which is essential for melanin synthesis, and 7) ceruloplasmin and hephaestin, members of the multicopper oxidase family, which are critical for efficient iron efflux through their action as ferroxidases. Recent identification of the inherited disorder aceruloplasminemia—a triad of diabetes, retinal degeneration, and neurodegeneration with an absence of detectable serum ceruloplasmin—associated with an altered iron metabolism has revealed an important link between copper and iron homeostasis.1,2 A review of hepatic copper homeostasis reveals that ingested copper, either bound to albumin or histidine, enters the hepatocyte via the copper transporter (CTR1), where its fate is determined by a family of copper chaperones or is stored in a metallothionein pool. Copper may be trafficked via cyclooxygenase-17 to the mitochondria for incorporation into cytochrome oxidase. Alternatively, it may be shuttled via CCS (the copper chaperone for SOD) for copper delivery to Cu, Zn-SOD. Finally, copper may be transported by HAH1, the copper chaperone for the Wilson disease P-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), to the trans-Golgi network. It is here that the Wilson disease P-type ATPase is responsible for transporting copper into the secretory pathway, where it can either be incorporated into the cuproprotein ceruloplasmin or trafficked into a vesicular compartment that is excreted into bile.3 A mutation in the Wilson disease P-type ATPase gene prevents copper from being appropriately deposited within the secretory compartment and, hence, prevents …
Highly fluorinated colloids in drug delivery and imaging

Abstract The colloidal formulations of highly fluorinated compounds are recognised as useful tools for facilitating the controlled release of encapsulated hydrophobic drugs. The utility of fluorinated compounds is derived from their unique properties that are unmatched by their nonfluorinated counterparts. Fluorous colloids experience enhanced stability to afford longer vascular circulation time; in addition, highly fluorinated compounds are efficient ultrasound reflectors and exhibit high sensitivity in magnetic resonance imaging, allowing F-colloids to act as contrast agents for specific biochemical processes and tracers for cell tracking. This theranostic potential and the low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity of fluorinated compounds corroborate their development as pharmaceutical drug delivery and imaging agents. This chapter will provide an overview of fluorous colloids and their development as pharmaceutical materials through the description of chemical and physical characteristics and the discussion of current research.
Dopamine in the treatment of shock.

Various agents have been advocated in the treatment of shock, and certain advantages and disadvantages attend the use of each. The problem is complicated because the underlying mechanism of shock is not understood. In order to quantitate the effects of septic shock in the laboratory, Escherichia coli endotoxin has been administered to the dog and monkey. Since most studies have been conducted on the dog I will limit this discussion to the canine species, recognizing fully that shock in primates may be different.
Abstract 4952: Acquired HER2 mutations in ER+ metastatic breast cancer confer resistance to ER-directed therapies

Despite the reduction in cancer recurrence and mortality provided by therapies that target the estrogen receptor (ER), resistant ER+ breast cancer remains the most common cause of breast cancer death. Beyond mutations in ER in 25-30% of patients treated with aromatase inhibitors, which deplete circulating estrogen, our understanding of clinical mechanisms of resistance to agents that target the ER remains incomplete. We used whole exome sequencing (WES) of metastatic biopsies to identify mechanisms of resistance in patients with ER+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) who had developed resistance to ER-directed agents, including aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen, and fulvestrant. We noted mutations in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in metastatic biopsies from 12 patients out of 168. Of these, eight mutations had previously been described as activating. Examination of the treatment-naive primary tumors in the five patients with activating mutants where WES from the matched treatment-naive primary tumor was available revealed no evidence of pre-existing mutations in four of the five patients, suggesting that these four mutations were acquired under the selective pressure of ER-directed therapy. These acquired HER2 mutations were mutually exclusive with ER mutations, suggesting a distinct mechanism of resistance to ER-directed therapies. In vitro analysis through expression in ER+/HER2- cell lines confirmed that these mutations conferred estrogen independence. In addition, and in contrast to ER mutations, these HER2 mutations resulted in resistance to tamoxifen, fulvestrant, and the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. The mutants result in increased AKT and ERK phosphorylation in ER+ cell lines, while simultaneously repressing ER levels and ER-dependent transcriptional targets. One mutation observed in two patients, S653C, occurring in the transmembrane domain and not previously observed in breast cancer, was shown to likely function through constitutive dimerization, a mechanism of activation not previously described for this mutation. Resistance caused by all four mutations was overcome by combining ER-directed therapy with the irreversible HER2 kinase inhibitor neratinib, suggesting a novel effective treatment strategy in these patients. Thus, we have shown that acquired activating HER2 mutations can confer endocrine resistance in ER+/HER2- breast cancer, and that such resistance can be effectively reversed by combination therapies that include an anti-HER2 inhibitor. Citation Format: Utthara Nayar, Ofir Cohen, Christian Kapstad, Adrienne Waks, Seth A. Wander, Corrie Painter, Samuel Freeman, Priyanka Ram, Nicole Persky, Lori Marini, Karla Helvie, Nelly Oliver, Cynthia X. Ma, Eric P. Winer, Nancy U. Lin, Nikhil Wagle. Acquired HER2 mutations in ER+ metastatic breast cancer confer resistance to ER-directed therapies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4952.
The Amazing Crawfish Boat by John Laudun (review)

It is not often that we get to hear the details of an innovation in rural industry in a place far from the more lauded technology corridors and valleys of metropolitan America. For those who believ...
Models of multicomponent splash bridges in face-on galaxy disc collisions

We use an inelastic particle code with shocks and cooling calculated on a subgrid level to study the gas in direct collisions between galaxy discs. The interstellar media (ISM) of the discs are modeled with continuous thermal phases. The models produce many unique structures, collectively called splash bridges. They range from central bridge discs to swirled sheets, which resemble those observed in interacting galaxies. These morphologies are sensitive to the rotation, relative mass, disc offsets and the gas structure in the discs. In the case of the Taffy galaxies - NGC 12914/15, extensive observations have revealed radio continuum emitting gas, HI gas, hot X-rays from hot diffuse gas and more $H_2$ than exists in the Milky Way coexisting in the bridge. The origins of the $H_2$ and large asymmetric distribution of ISM are not clear. We show that for small disc impact parameters, multiple phases of ISM with densities over many orders of magnitude can be removed from their host galaxies into a Taffy-like bridge. The orientation of the discs initial overlap can have a great effect on the distributions of each phase of ISM. In some cases, the models also predict the creation of a possible `dark galaxy,' a large flat region of dense ISM far from the stellar disc potential of either galaxy.
Quality control optimization part II: A method to optimize the accuracy of laboratory quality control.

Abstract Background Quality control (QC) can be viewed as a diagnostic test that is used to determine whether an assay is in statistical control. Using this framework, QC performance can be evaluated using familiar metrics associated with diagnostic tests. QC plan parameters can be adjusted to optimize performance metrics. Methods We developed a simple dichotomous model based on classification of assay errors. Errors are classified as important or unimportant based on a critical shift size, defined as Sc. Using this scheme, we show how QC policies can be analyzed using common accuracy metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). We conducted computer experiments to determine the QC plan that optimizes QC accuracy under a wide range of scenarios. Results In general, traditional QC plans (based on2 or 3 standard deviation limits) are approximately 90% as accurate as optimized QC limits in the scenarios that were tested. There are special circumstances when traditional QC plans do not perform well. Conclusion QC performance can be optimized for specific contexts.
Using Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Citrate Ions To Modify the Stability of Ag NPs in Ethylene Glycol

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) can serve as seeds in the polyol synthesis of silver nanostructures. However, when heating suspensions of Ag NP seeds up to commonly employed reaction temperatures (e.g., 90 °C or higher for reactions in ethylene glycol), the size distribution of the product Ag NPs can broaden dramatically through a combination of oxidative dissolution, aggregation, and ripening. Results demonstrate that judicious selection of capping agent and pH can protect Ag NP seeds from these reactions, which prevents broadening of the size distribution. Further, polycrystalline seeds can be selectively dissolved, leaving single crystal seeds largely unaltered.
Shape Inspection Using N-View Error Accumulation on Low-Fidelity Point Clouds

This paper introduces a model-assisted approach for visual shape inspection utilizing a commodity range camera. The goal is to support visual surface inspection by detecting the state of the physical surface relative to a reference model. Laser scanners are used routinely for this task in manufacturing. Industry rarely uses commodity range cameras for this purpose due to their limited accuracy and high sensor noise, although they are less expensive. The method this paper presents accounts for uncertainties caused by noise. It relies on object tracking and point-to-point associations from N camera views. Technically, it accumulates point-to-point errors over time and analyzes the variance using a volumetric signed distance function. It incrementally adds surface deviation to a model, which can be rendered as a color map to visualize an artefact. An experiment indicates that the method neglects the effects of noise and other distortions and that a physical surface artefact of 2 mm is detectable.
The Role of Design in Technology Driven Ergonomics Product Development

Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) have been considered in New Product Development (NPD) to develop solutions that are useable and useful while maintaining productivity. The importance of technology and design has increased at the intersection between NPD and HFE. Developing a new product driven by technology is known as a technology driven approach which can be infused into existing ergonomic product development processes and may result in the development of effective, new and innovative products. The purpose of this study is to instigate design methods and tools that can be applicable to the technology driven NPD process. The literature regarding existing design methods and tools used and potentially utilized in technology driven NPD process has been reviewed in this study. Also, the role of HFE experts in a technology driven NPD process is addressed in the discussion section. In addition, when to use the design methods and tools found in the literature in the front end of the technology driven NPD process is suggested in this paper to help develop new and innovative products.
Acoustical Characterization of the Riverine Environment

Abstract : Develop a new capability in monitoring, understanding and predicting the dynamics of the riverine environment based on the characterization of the acoustical environment through in situ field observations and modeling which are closely linked to environmental measurements.
Oral probiotics and the female urinary microbiome: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Probiotics may reduce risk of urinary tract infection by preventing colonization of uropathogens. We aimed to determine the change in the ratio between uropathogens:Lactobacillus (U/L) within the lower urinary tract in response to oral probiotic. This was a double-blinded randomized controlled trial of healthy pre-menopausal female volunteers. Participants provided daily voided urine for 3 months including three phases of the trial: 1—baseline, 2—intervention, 3—wash-out. Participants were randomized to an oral probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14) versus placebo. The primary outcome was the U/L ratio of daily voided urine, as determined by an enhanced urine culture method. Analysis included t test of the ratios and separate generalized linear mixed effects models (GLMM) for microbiota diversity. 481 samples of seven female participants with mean age 29.1 years (± 5.3 years) were included in the analysis (probiotic n = 4; placebo n = 3). No adverse events were reported. The placebo and probiotic groups had similar mean U/L ratios with no difference between placebo and probiotic groups in Phases 1–3 (p = 0.90, p = 0.58 and p = 0.72, respectively). The probiotic species were never identified in the voided urine. There were no changes between groups in terms of microbiota diversity. For young healthy women, the use of oral probiotic did not affect the U/L ratio.
The Imagined Infant: An Introduction to the Section

The papers in this special issue were delivered at the inaugural Anne Marie Sandler Symposium in Infant Mental Health. The theme of the imagined baby, around which each of these papers is oriented,...
Management of Coronary Artery Aneurysms at the Time of Surgical Revascularization.

Abstract Background Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) represent a rare pathology occurring in 1.5%-5% of routine coronary angiograms. Limited data exist on the management of CAA at the time of cardiac surgery. Materials and methods A single-institution retrospective review was performed on 53 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in the setting of atherosclerotic CAA between 1993 and 2015. Patients were stratified based on treatment strategy: exclusion and distal bypass (n = 26) versus revascularization alone (n = 27). Comparisons were made with respect to mortality, need for further/concomitant interventions, and long-term cardiac function including myocardial infarctions and congestive heart failure. Results A total of 53 patients underwent cardiac surgery in the setting of CAA disease. Management strategies included ligation and bypass in 26 patients and distal bypass only in 27 patients (with four of the patients in this group undergoing coronary stenting across the aneurysm). There were no significant differences in patient demographics between the two groups. No significant difference was found in either 30-d (P = 0.74) or long-term mortality when exclusion of the CAA was performed compared with revascularization alone (P = 0.20). More exclusion procedures were performed earlier in the experience (median surgical date 2000), whereas revascularization alone predominated later in the experience (median surgical date 2007; P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions The practice of CAA exclusion, while still performed in selected cases, has largely been supplanted in patients undergoing revascularization. Exclusion does not appear to offer any advantage over isolated revascularization, supporting the current trends in managing this rare condition.
Veteran-Centered Investigation of Architectural and Space Design Considerations for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Aim:This study sought to investigate architectural and space design considerations for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Background:Anecdotal evidence suggests that urban design f...
Entanglement entropy, decoherence, and quantum phase transitions of a dissipative two-level system

The concept of entanglement entropy appears in multiple contexts, from black hole physics to quantum information theory, where it measures the entanglement of quantum states. We investigate the entanglement entropy in a simple model, the spin-boson model, which describes a qubit (two-level system) interacting with a collection of harmonic oscillators that models the environment responsible for decoherence and dissipation. The entanglement entropy allows to make a precise unification between entanglement of the spin with its environment, decoherence, and quantum phase transitions. We derive exact analytical results which are confirmed by Numerical Renormalization Group arguments both for an ohmic and a subohmic bosonic bath. The entanglement entropy obeys universal scalings. We make comparisons with entanglement properties in the quantum Ising model and in the Dicke model. We also emphasize the possibility of measuring this entropy using charge qubits subject to electromagnetic noise; such measurements would provide an empirical proof of the existence of entanglement entropy.
Activity Strength within Optic Flow-Sensitive Cortical Regions Is Associated with Visual Path Integration Accuracy in Aged Adults.

Spatial navigation is a cognitive skill fundamental to successful interaction with our environment, and aging is associated with weaknesses in this skill. Identifying mechanisms underlying individual differences in navigation ability in aged adults is important to understanding these age-related weaknesses. One understudied factor involved in spatial navigation is self-motion perception. Important to self-motion perception is optic flow–the global pattern of visual motion experienced while moving through our environment. A set of optic flow-sensitive (OF-sensitive) cortical regions was defined in a group of young (n = 29) and aged (n = 22) adults. Brain activity was measured in this set of OF-sensitive regions and control regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants performed visual path integration (VPI) and turn counting (TC) tasks. Aged adults had stronger activity in RMT+ during both tasks compared to young adults. Stronger activity in the OF-sensitive regions LMT+ and RpVIP during VPI, not TC, was associated with greater VPI accuracy in aged adults. The activity strength in these two OF-sensitive regions measured during VPI explained 42% of the variance in VPI task performance in aged adults. The results of this study provide novel support for global motion processing as a mechanism underlying visual path integration in normal aging.
Noninvasive method to objectively measure the spectral sensitivity of individual cone photoreceptors using AO-OCT

Human color vision depends fundamentally on three spectral types of cone photoreceptors, yet methods to objectively measure these types across the whole visible spectrum in the living human eye do not exist. Here we demonstrate a new method based on phase-sensitive adaptive optics optical coherence tomography that offers the sensitivity and resolution to obtain spectral sensitivities with extremely high precision from 450-635 nm. We present the first objective measurements of human cone spectral sensitivity from 450 – 635 nm for all three cone types and demonstrate a path for quantifying spectral sensitivity over the whole visible spectrum.
Da Vinci - Architecture-Driven Business Solutions.

This document has emerged out of Origin's past experiences with architecture-driven application development (AD2), and the need to further formalise and consolidate these experiences.
Optimal Saving Policy for Exhaustible Resource Economies

The paper examines the optimal saving policy for a small exhaustible resource-exporting economy (ERE) that has an exhaustible asset and a reproducible capital stock. It shows that, both in magnitude and time profile, the optimal saving policy for an ERE sharply differs from (a) that of a nonextractive economy and (b) that derived from the conventional models of growth with exhaustible resources. These differences arise from the specific economic features that distinguish the small resource-exporting developing economies both from other developing economies and from mature industrial ones. For a wide range of plausible parameter values, comparisons of computed optimal saving paths with actual savings rates of selected EREs suggest substantial deficiencies in their savings rates.
Long Noncoding RNAs and Human Liver Disease.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome, exhibit a diverse range of biological functions, and exert effects through a variety of mechanisms. The sheer number of lncRNAs in the human genome has raised important questions about their potential biological significance and roles in human health and disease. Technological and computational advances have enabled functional annotation of a large number of lncRNAs. Though the number of publications related to lncRNAs has escalated in recent years, relatively few have focused on those involved in hepatic physiology and pathology. We provide an overview of evolving lncRNA classification systems and characteristics and highlight important advances in our understanding of the contribution of lncRNAs to liver disease, with a focus on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholestatic liver disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Determination of nonlinearity parameter B/A of liquids by comparison with solutions of the three-dimensional Westervelt equation

Though nonlinear propagation depends upon the nonlinearity parameter B/A of the medium, it is often difficult to measure accurately. Thermodynamic methods often require high temperature and pressure excursions that can damage fragile molecules. Finite-amplitude methods often require unrealistic assumptions of ideal piston sources to account for diffraction effects. An alternative, described here, is to use the numerical solution of the three-dimensional Westervelt equation for weakly nonlinear fields (considering up to 10 s of harmonics of the fundamental frequency), and to match measured harmonic generation with that for simulated media. In particular, we follow Jafarzadeh et al. [Ultrasound Med. Biol. 47(3), 809–819 (2021)] to find that the nonlinearity parameter of a liquid can be recovered by determining the best match between measurements and simulations of media with different B/A values. Ideal piston sources with radial symmetry are not required, only a high-spatial-resolution hydrophone scan of the near-field source plane. Other techniques to determine the nonlinearity parameter by comparing propagation models with experiments, such as Richard et al. [New J. Phys. 22, 063021 (2020)], may improve on earlier measurement methods.
The Incidence of Hazard Experiences

How many households are victimized by natural hazard events? What kinds of households are especially likely to have such experiences? These are the two main topics of this chapter. To provide a calibrating framework for natural hazard phenomena—floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes—we compared the incidence of such events with household fires and with other unpleasant occurrences.
Carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism in Escherichia coli. I. Description of pleiotropic mutants.

Abstract Pleiotropic Escherichia coli mutants have been isolated which are defective in their utilization of d -glucose, d -fructose, d -mannose, d -mannitol, d -galactose, maltose, lactose, melibiose, glycerol and succinate. The mutants fail to ferment these carbohydrates, as judged by the color of the colonies on indicator agar plates, and by the failure of the carbohydrates to support growth of the mutants in minimal medium. Some carbohydrates e.g. l -arabinose, pyruvate and glucose-6-phosphate can still be utilized by the mutants, however. Determination of the levels of enzymes in the glycolic pathway and pentose shunt revealed no defect in the enzymes assayed. Uptake experiments with 14 C-labeled carbohydrates indicated that the accumulation of the carbohydrates in the mutant cells is affected. Models are discussed to explain the basis of the defect, and the relationships of these mutants to other pleiotropic carbohydrate mutants previously reported are correlated.
Localization of Boron in Cell Walls of Squash and Tobacco and Its Association with Pectin (Evidence for a Structural Role of Boron in the Cell Wall)

B deficiency results in a rapid inhibition of plant growth, and yet the form and function of B in plants remains unclear. In this paper we provide evidence that B is chemically localized and structurally important in the cell wall of plants. The localization and chemical fractionation of B was followed in squash plants (Curcurbita pepo L.) and cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum) grown in B-replete or B-deficient medium. As squash plants and cultured tobacco cells became deficient, an increasingly large proportion of cellular B was found to be localized in the cell wall. Cytoplasmic B concentrations were reduced to essentially zero as plants became deficient, whereas cell wall B concentration remained at or above 10 [mu]g B/g cell wall dry weight in all experiments. Chemical and enzymic fractionation studies suggest that the majority of cell B is associated with pectins within the cell wall. Physical analysis of B-deficient tissue indicates that cell wall plastic extensibility is greatly reduced under B deficiency, and anatomical observations indicate that B deficiency impairs normal cell elongation in growing plant tissue. In plants in which B deficiency had inhibited all plant growth, tissues remained green and did not show any additional visible symptoms for at least 1 week with no additional B. This occurred even though cytoplasmic B had been reduced to extremely low levels (<0.2 [mu]g/g). This suggests that B in these species is largely associated with the cell wall and that any cytoplasmic role for B is satisfied by very low concentrations of B. The localization of B in the cell wall, its association with cell wall pectins, and the contingent effects of B on cell wall extensibility suggest that B plays a critical, although poorly defined, role in the cell wall structure of higher plants.
AGS upgrade to 1-MW with a superconducting linac injector

It has been proposed to upgrade the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) accelerator complex at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to provide an average proton beam power of 1 MW at the energy of 28 GeV. The facility is to be primarily used as a proton driver for the production of intense neutrino beams. This paper reports on the feasibility study of a proton superconducting linac (SCL) as a new injector to the AGS. The linac beam energy is 1.2 GeV. The beam intensity is adjusted to provide the required average beam power of 1 MW at 28 GeV. The repetition rate of the SCL-AGS facility is 2.5 beam pulses per second.
Black crazes ― white crazes?

The origin of the curious “inverted contrast” often observed in transmission electron micrographs of crazes in rubber-toughened thermoplastics was determined by using scanning transmission electron microscopy with X-ray fluorescence analysis. The “black crazes” seen in the micrographs contain high concentrations of osmium metal which is introduced through OsO4 used to stain the rubber phase. Treatment of stained sections with a strong oxidizing agent (NaIO4) removes a sufficient amount of osmium to reveal the commonly observed tufty craze microstructure with the expected contrast of light crazes in a darker background.
Photofragmentation and Stability in Semiconductor Microcluster Ions

Details of current photofragmentation experiments and theory in the semiconductor materials (principally C, Si, Ge, and GaAs) are discussed. The observed dissociation behaviors of semiconductor cluster ions, particularly of carbon and silicon, are substantially in agreement with the current theories for their structures and binding energies. The principal experimental “magic” cluster sizes (C3, Si 6 + Si 10 + , and Si 10 - ) have also been found to be relatively stable in a variety of theoretical studies.
Spatial patterns of plant litter in a tidal freshwater marsh and implications for marsh persistence.

The maintenance of marsh platform elevation under conditions of sea level rise is dependent on mineral sediment supply to marsh surfaces and conversion of above- and below-ground plant biomass to soil organic material. These physical and biological processes interact within the tidal zone, resulting in elevation-dependent processes contributing to marsh accretion. Here we explore spatial pattern in a variable related to above-ground biomass, plant litter, to reveal its role in the maintenance of marsh surfaces. Plant litter persisting through the dormant season represents the more recalcitrant portion of plant biomass, and as such has an extended period of influence on ecosystem processes. We conducted a field and remote sensing analysis of plant litter height, above-ground biomass, vertical cover, and stem density (collectively termed plant litter structure) at a tidal freshwater marsh located within the Potomac River estuary. LiDAR and field observations show that plant litter structure becomes more prominent with increasing elevation. Spatial patterns in litter structure exhibit stability from year to year and correlate with patterns in soil organic matter content, revealed by measuring the loss on ignition of surface sediments. The amount of mineral material embedded within plant litter decreases with increasing elevation, representing an important trade-off with litter structure. Therefore, at low elevations where litter structure is short and sparse, the role of plant litter is to capture sediment; at high elevations where litter structure is tall and dense, above-ground litter contributes organic matter to soil development. This organic matter contribution has the potential to eclipse that of below-ground biomass as the root to shoot ratio of dominant species at high elevations is low compared to that of dominant species at low elevations. Because of these tradeoffs in mineral and organic matter incorporation into soil across elevation gradients, the rate of marsh surface elevation change is remarkably consistent across elevation. Because of the role of plant litter in marsh ecosystem processes, monitoring and assessment of these dynamic geomorphic marsh landscapes might be streamlined through the measurement of plant litter structure, either via LiDAR technologies or field observation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effect of aminophylline and isoproterenol on spinal cord blood flow after impact injury.

✓ A study of the effects of spinal cord injury upon spinal cord blood flow was carried out in cats. A 400 gm-cm impact produced an overall reduction in spinal cord blood flow of 24% in the white matter and 30% in the gray matter, as determined by 14C-antipyrine autoradiography. At the level of the injury, white-matter flow was 8.1 ml/100 gm/min, a reduction of 49%, and in the gray matter, 12.5 ml/100 gm/min, a reduction of 76%. Treatment with aminophylline and isoproterenol improved the overall blood flow in the spinal cord. At the level of the injury, white-matter flow after this treatment was no longer significantly different from control values. The gray-matter flow remained decreased to 26.2 ml/100 gm/min, a reduction of only 47%. It is proposed that aminophylline and isoproterenol may increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and prevent platelet aggregation along the endothelial surfaces of the microcirculation, and may thereby help to maintain improved perfusion of the injured spinal cord.
NONLINEAR DERATING OF HIGH-INTENSITY THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND BEAMS USING GAUSSIAN MODAL SUMS

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive medical procedure during which a large amount of energy is deposited in a short duration which causes sudden localized rise in tissue temperature, and ultimately, cell necrosis. In assessing the influence of HIFU on biological tissue, semi-empirical mathematical models can be useful for predicting thermal effects. These models require values of the pressure amplitude in the tissue of interest, which can be difficult to obtain experimentally. One common method for estimating the pressure amplitude in tissue is to operate the HIFU transducer in water, measure the pressure amplitude, then multiply by a scaling factor that accounts for the difference in attenuation between water and tissue. This procedure can be accurate when the ultrasound amplitude is low, and the pressure trace in tissue is proportional to that in water. Because of this proportionality, the procedure for reducing the amplitude from water to tissue is called linear derating. At higher intensities, however, harmonics of the fundamental frequency are generated due to nonlinear propagation effects. Higher harmonics are attenuated differently in water and tissue (Hamilton and Blackstock [1]), and the pressure waves in water and tissue are no longer proportional to one another. Techniques for nonlinearly transforming pressure amplitudes measured in water to values appropriate for tissue are therefore desirable when bioeffects of higher intensity procedures are being studied. These techniques are labeled “nonlinear derating”.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Reinvestigation of the Didemnaketals from the Palauan Ascidian Didemnum sp

Abstract Reinvestigation of the ascidian Didemnum sp. from Palau revealed that the previously reported metabolites, didemnaketals A (1) and B (2), are artifacts formed as a result of prolonged storage of the ascidian in methanol. Fresh extracts gave a single terpenoid, didemnaketal C (3), which on methanolysis yielded didemnaketal B (2).
E-print archives : a new communication pattern for grey literature

E‐print archives are a new model for the diffusion of scientific information which exploits the interactive characteristics of networked communication. The aim of this paper is to outline current trends in their production and distribution, taking into consideration institutions which provide them and the submission procedures they use. Special attention is attached to differences in the down loading of documents and the updating of archives, as well as the way in which issues such as copyright and peer review are addressed by each archive.
‘Fitting in’ in high school: how adolescent belonging is influenced by locus of control beliefs

Social interactions in the high school context are the source material for more enduring perceptions of fitting in for adolescents. Prior research demonstrates that perceptions of belonging relate to school engagement and academic outcomes. This study extends theories of adolescent belonging in school to highlight how individual differences in locus of control exist across adolescents' with disparate levels of belonging. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 adolescents. The methods of interpretive science were used to explore adolescent sense-making around navigating fitting in with peers. This analysis identified that adolescents' locus of control beliefs differed across levels of perceived belonging. Results provide evidence for both the need to account for individual differences in conceptualising adolescent belonging in school and the consideration of teaching practice and task structure when designing school-based interventions.
Violence: A New Frontier for Scientific Research

F ear of interpersonal violence is a major concern of many in the United States; a similar concern is escalating in many other nations. Yet it is hard to imagine a public-policy arena that has been more impervious to input from research. Policies designed to control violence, especially those
The antigenicity of electrocauterized allogeneic tumor cells in mice.

This study was conducted in order to establish the effects of electrocautery on the immunogenicity of allogeneic tumor cells as measured by cellular and humorally mediated responses. Balb/c mice were immunized with either cauterized or noncauterized EL4 tumor cells from C57B1/6J mice. At 7 and 13 days postimmunization, humoral (CDC) and cell-mediated (CMC) responses were tested. Animals receiving cauterized or noncauterized EL4 cells had specific and significantly greater (P < 0.001) CDC and CMC at 13 days than did nonimmunized animals. This study demonstrates that electrothermal destruction of allogeneic tumor cells does not prevent antigenic recognition by recipients. This might be clinically relevant if electrocoagulation is used to eradicate rectal and other carcinomas and yet allow immune recognition of tumor antigens should they exist.
Prognosis of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, with and without viable myocardium after myocardial infarction. Relative efficacy of medical therapy and revascularization.

BACKGROUNDThe uptake of F-18 deoxyglucose into dysfunction segments after myocardial infarction identifies metabolically active (FDG+) or inactive (FDG-) myocardium. Although patients with FDG+ segments have been found to be at risk for adverse events, the prognostic significance of viable myocardium in relation to other influences on postinfarction prognosis, including revascularization, remain ill defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative prognostic significance of FDG+ tissue and to establish whether myocardial revascularization in patients with viable tissue attenuates the risk of adverse outcome.METHODS AND RESULTSOne hundred thirty-seven patients with left ventricular dysfunction and resting perfusion defects after myocardial infarction underwent positron emission tomography with both dipyridamole stress Rb-82 perfusion imaging and FDG imaging. After the exclusion of 4 patients proceeding to transplantation, 2 with uninterpretable scans and 2 lost to follow-up, 129 patients ...
The relevance of boranes and metallaboranes to the structures of p-block element nanoparticles

Abstract Recent d-block element metallaborane chemistry, in which metal identity is varied with constant ancillary ligand, demonstrates how the rising energy of the d orbitals as one moves to earlier metals gives rise to non spherical cluster shapes that permit low formal cluster electron counts. In essence, the separation of frontier orbitals from “nonbonding” orbitals required by the isolobal analogy breaks down and the resulting mixing generates additional high-lying empty orbitals concurrently with shape change. A very similar mechanism explains recent p-block cluster chemistry albeit with variation in extent of external cluster ligation as the variable and separation of external lone pair orbitals from cluster bonding as the problem. Sensible, novel explanations of the shape/electron count relationships can be discovered for large group 13 clusters by recognizing the perturbation in cluster orbital energies when stabilization by ligand interactions is removed. These observations are pertinent to an understanding of large p-block clusters with internal atoms often referred to as nanoparticles.