cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower hair cortisol among patients with sickle cell disease may indicate decreased adrenal reserves.

Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic illness that presents with a wide range of phenotypic variation. Stress may be a contributing factor to differences that are found in this population. Objectives Our objective is to determine the relationship between hair cortisol content (HCC), a biomarker of stress, and other clinical measures in individuals with SCD. Methods We collected hair samples and other clinical measures from 73 subjects with SCD (mean age: 39 ± 12 years, 63% female). Results HCC was lower among individuals who had greater than 30% hemoglobin S, compared with those who had less than 30% hemoglobin S (W=272.5, P=0.01). Lower HCC was also associated with report of not being on a chronic transfusion program (β=48.34, SE=14.09, P=0.001) and higher ferritin levels (β=-0.006, SE=0.002, P=0.02). Furthermore, HCC was significantly correlated with serum cortisol (rs=0.26, P=0.03) and corticosterone (rs=0.29, P=0.01). We also observed a consistent pattern of low steroid values among our population. Conclusion Our findings suggest that individuals with higher hemoglobin S and ferritin, both markers of severe SCD, may have decreased cortisol levels. This is consistent with the relationship we observed between higher HCC among individuals who are on a chronic blood transfusion program, which typically increases quality of life. Our results suggest that hair cortisol may be an indicator in patients with SCD who could be at risk for developing adrenal insufficiency. We recommend that clinicians treating patients with SCD follow the Endocrine Society guidelines for testing for adrenal insufficiency and treat accordingly.
Phase I study of transarterial chemoembolization of lung metastases.

3602Background: Lung chemoembolization (via the bronchial or pulmonary artery) is a new treatment option for unresectable and unablatable lung metastases. Methods: 10 patients with unresectable and...
ROLE OF SUSPENSION DAMPING IN ENHANCEMENT OF ROAD FRIENDLINESS OF HEAVY VEHICLES

The influence of linear symmetric and asymmetric suspension damping on the dynamic wheel loads transmitted to the pavement is analytically investigated through response analysis of a quarter–truck model. The vehicle models comprising linear and asymmetric suspension damping in conjunction with a linear, leaf and air spring are analysed to derive the dynamic wheel loads, and vertical vibration of the sprung and unsprung masses. While the force–displacement characteristics of the leaf–spring are characterized by a semi–empirical relation derived from the measured data, the force–displacement properties of the air spring are derived using the gas laws. The analytical model is analysed for excitations arising from a smooth as well as rough roadway to derive the influence of suspension damping on the dynamic load coefficient (DLC) and the sprung mass acceleration response. The results demonstrate a clear analogy between the DLC and the vehicle ride quality. The linear and air suspensions with damping ratio near 0.10 range can considerably reduce the DLC. The corresponding vertical acceleration response of the sprung mass in the ride frequencies (4–8 Hz), however, increases slightly with an increase in suspension damping. Although the inter–layer friction inherent within a leaf spring suspension yields considerable dissipative properties, additional light viscous damping can further reduce the DLC considerably. The suspension damping, asymmetric in compression and rebound, tends to reduce the DLC with only minimal effect on the vehicle ride vibration in the ride frequency range. The reduction in DLC, somewhat less than that realized with symmetric and linear damping, varies with the degree of asymmetry.
Cytochalasin B-sensitive 2-Deoxy-d-glucose Transport in Adipose Cell Ghosts

Abstract Glucose oxidation of isolated white fat cells in the presence or absence of insulin was abolished by as little as 3 µm cytochalasin B in medium containing 0.2 mm glucose. This agent inhibited fat cell d-[1-14C]glucose conversion to CO2 half-maximally at 0.2 µm, which was about 700 and 30 times as effective as phlorizin and phloretin, respectively. Inhibitory effects of 3 µm cytochalasin B and 1 mm phlorizin were not observed when fat cells were incubated with 20 or 80 mm glucose, indicating that intracellular enzymes were unaffected. Fat cells which were incubated with 3 µm cytochalasin B or 1 mm phlorizin for 15 min, then washed and reincubated in the absence of inhibitors, oxidized glucose to to the same extent as controls. 2-Deoxy-d-[3H]glucose uptake in fat cell ghosts was studied in an attempt to determine definitively a locus of the cytochalasin B effect. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose uptake in fat cell ghosts was linear for 1 to 2 min, temperature-dependent, and markedly inhibited in the presence of unlabeled glucose. Analysis of the label accumulated by the ghosts by chromatography on Dowex 1 anion exchange columns indicated that all the label accumulated during the 1st min of incubation was recovered as free sugar. A significant amount of labeled anionic material which was retained by Dowex was accumulated by ghosts incubated for 5 or 15 min. Cytochalasin B at 0.3 and 3 µm markedly inhibited the net uptake of 2-deoxy[3H]glucose at 1, 2, 5, and 15 min. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the net accumulation of label during 1 min in the presence of 0.05, 0.2, and 1 mm 2-deoxyglucose, with and without 3 µm cytochalasin B, suggested noncompetitive inhibition. These data indicate that cytochalasin B interacts with a fat cell plasma membrane component (or components) which results in an inhibition of the d-glucose transport system.
Bacteriophage P4 DNA replication. Location of the P4 origin.

Abstract An electron microscopic examination of replicating bacteriophage P4 DNA molecules has revealed theta-type structures that replicate bidirectionally from a single origin. Many replicating P4 DNA molecules also contain long (2000 bases) single-strand DNA regions at the growing fork that are deployed in a trans configuration, which supports the concept of continuous leading strand and discontinuous lagging strand syntheses. The position of the P4 origin was localized by the use of a plasmid complementation test for replication in vivo , as well as by labeling of DNA replicating in vitro in the presence of a chain-terminating inhibitor. During this study we discovered a second site on the P4 genome which is essential for replication, and we have named it crr ( c is r egion required for r eplication). This site is located at least 3300 bases from the origin but appears to be required for the initiation of DNA replication in vivo as well as in vitro .
Primary carcinoma in situ of renal pelvis and ureter.

A case of carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis without previous or coincidental vesical neoplasm is presented. Such cases are extremely rare. We found only 5 reports in the literature. The essential role of cytopathology in diagnosis and followup is emphasised.
Beta-glucuronidase studies in women.

Abstract Attention has been centered on the role and source of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase in physiological and pathological states. In earlier publications, 1, 2 control values for vaginal fluid and uterine cervix tissues in health and disease have been presented. It has been demonstrated that the blind vaginal pouch, with the uterus and cervix ablated, is frequently rich in beta-glucuronidase activity. Two obvious possible sources of the enzyme in vaginal fluid, Trichomonas vaginalis and the presence of blood elements, were considered. An evaluation has been made of the significance of the Trichomonas growing in the vaginal fluid as a contributor to the enzyme content of vaginal fluid. 3 The present study investigates the leucocytes and their relation to vaginal fluid beta-glucuronidase activity. Since previous data on human blood and lymph 4 showed low enzyme activity in these substances, not exceeding 10 to 20 units per gram, the leucocytes, 4, 5 averaging around 1,000 units per gram, remain the most probable extraneous source rich in beta-glucuronidase.
Reversal of HO-1 related cytoprotection with increased expression is due to reactive iron

It is often postulated that the cytoprotective nature of heme oxygenase (HO-1) explains the inducible nature of this enzyme. However, the mechanisms by which protection occurs are not verified by systematic evaluation of the physiological effects of HO. To explain how induction of HO-1 results in protection against oxygen toxicity, hamster fibroblasts (HA-1) were stably transfected with a tetracycline response plasmid containing the full-length rat HO-1 cDNA construct to allow for regulation of gene expression by varying concentrations of doxycycline (Dox). Transfected cells were exposed to hyperoxia (95% O2/5% CO2) for 24 h and several markers of oxidative injury were measured. With varying concentrations of Dox, HO activity was regulated between 3- and 17-fold. Despite cytoprotection with low (less than fivefold) HO activity, high levels of HO-1 expression (greater than 15-fold) were associated with significant oxygen cytotoxicity. Levels of non-heme reactive iron correlated with cellular injury in hype...
New developments in a PI-Bus specification by the JIAWG and SAE

The JIAWG (Joint Integrated Avionics Working Group) together with the SAE has developed a Backplane PI-Bus specification to insure interoperability of modules across a PI-Bus on JIAWG platforms. This specification, while based on the VHSIC Phase 2 Interoperability Standards PI-Bus specification, adds clarifications and modifications required for interoperability. The authors discuss the interoperability problems between existing PI-Bus implementations and why the VHSIC PI-Bus specification required an additional interoperability specification. The details of the major clarifications and modifications to the VHSIC PI-Bus specification are presented. >
Evaluation of activation energy of thermally stimulated solid‐state reactions under arbitrary variation of temperature

The thermal effect of a reaction makes the temperature inside the reaction system deviate from a prescribed heating program. To take into account the effect of such temperature deviations on kinetic evaluations, a computational method applicable to an arbitrary variation in temperature has been developed. The method combines the isoconversional principle of evaluating the activation energy with numerical integration of the equation, dα/dt = k[T(t)]f(α), over the actual variation of the temperature with the time, T(t). Details of the numerical algorithm are reported. A model example has been used to verify the reliability of this method as compared to an analogous method which does not account for the deviations of the temperature from a prescribed program. The method has been tested for tolerance for noise in the temperature. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conditions Promoting Metal-Catalyzed Oxidations during Immobilized Cu—Iminodiacetic Acid Metal Affinity Chromatography

Many solutions that contain oxygen and/or hydrogen peroxide, transition metals, and reductants undergo metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) reactions. These reactions produce highly reactive radical intermediates which can cause damage to a variety of biomolecules. Some of the types of damage caused by MCO reactions to proteins are activity losses, irreversible amino acid modifications, increased susceptibility to proteolysis, and/or fragmentation. The occurrence of such reactions in immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) systems has not been reported, nor has it been well studied. We report here enzyme activity studies of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during chromatography on an immobilized Cu 2+ -iminodiacetic acid (IDA) metal affinity column and document the occurrence of MCO reactions under various chromatography conditions. Chromatography in the presence of the reducing agent ascorbate or the oxidant hydrogen peroxide caused LDH inactivation, and the presence of both reagents greatly enhanced the loss of activity. Increasing concentrations of reducing agent or hydrogen peroxide led to increased levels of damage. Chromatography under anaerobic conditions reduced LDH inactivation. Enzyme inactivation on the column was consistent with activity losses observed in solutions containing dissolved Cu 2+ -IDA. Other reducing agents such as glutathione, β-mercaptoethanol, and cysteine also caused LDH inactivation during chromatography. During chromatography in the presence of a reducing agent and/or peroxide, Cu + and hydroxyl radicals were generated on the column and metal ions were removed from the column. Studies with the Cu + -specific chelator bicinchoninic acid indicated that Cu + was an essential component for the observed protein inactivation. The loss of enzyme activity in the presence of ascorbate and/or peroxide is most likely due to the occurrence of MCO reactions on the column. During chromatography in the absence of added reagents, the loss of LDH activity and the occurrence of MCO reactions were not detected over the chromatography times used in this study. However, LDH inactivation did occur in solutions containing dissolved Cu 2+ -IDA. An understanding of the conditions under which MCO reactions occur during IMAC would aid the design of better downstream processing operations utilizing metal affinity methods.
Sorption of a Group of Dicarboxylic Acids by an Insoluble Polyamide

To develop a body of knowledge in regard to solute-polymer interactions, a study was initiated to investigate the sorption characteristics of a group of dicarboxylic acids when nylon-6,6 was used as the substrate. Results demonstrated the importance of the hydrophobic moiety in the group of acids.
Medial and lateral amygdalectomy differentially influences consummatory negative contrast

Rats shifted from a 32% to 4% sucrose solution consume substantially less 4% sucrose than unshifted animals that experience only the 4% solution. This negative contrast effect was found to be attenuated by lesions of the lateral aspects of the amygdala (basolateral, lateral, and basomedial nuclei) and eliminated by lesions of the medial aspects of the amygdala (corticomedial and central nuclei). The results are discussed in terms of the possible role the amygdala may play in some of the proposed determining factors mediating consummatory negative contrast (e.g., emotionality, neophobia, memory).
Intelligent Polymeric Coatings; Current and Future Advances

While the design of responsive and/or proactive polymeric chains mimicking biological systems are essential building blocks for future developments of smart coatings, the physico‐chemical aspects of processes associated with the film formation are equally important. Chemistries that are key enablers to many next‐generation materials that will become capable of mimicking biological systems involve amino acids, hydroxyls, phosphate esters, acetyls, thiols, acryloamides, and carboxyl‐terminated species. Equally important is how these species may generate various forms of responsiveness in synthetic polymers, either by chemical reactions with other groups, or hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic interactions where the placement of oligosacchrides, peptides, or nucleaic acid groups in a specific position will generate intra and intermolecular interactions leading to supramolecular assemblies. Regardless of internal or external stimuli, typical responses lead to shape, size, and orientation changes, which is why the ...
Initial size and dynamics of viral fusion pores are a function of the fusion protein mediating membrane fusion

Background information. Protein-mediated merger of biological membranes, membrane fusion, is an important process. To investigate the role of fusogenic proteins in the initial size and dynamics of the fusion pore (a narrow aqueous pathway, which widens to finalize membrane fusion), two different fusion proteins expressed in the same cell line were investigated: the major glycoprotein of baculovirus Autographa californica (GP64) and the HA (haemagglutinin) of influenza X31. Results. The host Sf9 cells expressing these viral proteins, irrespective of protein species, fused to human RBCs (red blood cells) upon acidification of the medium. A high-time-resolution electrophysiological study of fusion pore conductance revealed fundamental differences in (i) the initial pore conductance; pores created by HA were smaller than those created by GP64; (ii) the ability of pores to flicker; only HA-mediated pores flickered; and (iii) the time required for pore formation; HA-mediated pores took much longer to form after acidification. Conclusion. HA and GP64 have divergent electrophysiological phenotypes even when they fuse identical membranes, and fusion proteins play a crucial role in determining initial fusion pore characteristics. The structure of the initial fusion pore detected by electrical conductance measurements is sensitive to the nature of the fusion protein.
Relativistic jets and the continuum emission in QSOs

The radio through optical, and possibly X-ray, emission of QSOs and active galactic nuclei is analytically interpreted in terms of a relativistic jet containing high-energy particles and a magnetic field. Parallel to the jet axis, a strong, compact radio source and strongly polarized radiation are detected, while larger viewing angles relative to the jet axis result in spectral dominance by the central region containing the 'energy machine' which drives the energy flux in the jet. It is shown that the relativistic jet model can explain the association of OVVs with strong, variable radio sources, strong optical polarization, and continuity of the radio to optical spectra.
A computational study of the chemistry of substituted 3-nitrenopyridine 1-oxides

Abstract The photolysis of 3-azidopyridine 1-oxide in argon matrices leads to an unusual product distribution that consists of the triplet nitrene, 1,4-diazacyclohepta-2,3,5,7-tetraene 1-oxide (obtained from ring expansion) and 2,7-diazabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4,6-triene 2-oxide (obtained from cyclization of the nitrene toward the N -oxide moiety). In order to investigate the possibility of utilizing judicious substitution of this system to selectively investigate the chemistry of the benzazirine system, a computational study of variously substituted 3-nitrenopyridine 1-oxides is described. The results indicate that the N -oxide plays a stabilizing role in these systems, but the kinetics and thermochemistry are still governed by an interplay of steric, polar and resonance effects; the importance of each determined by the nature of the substituents.
Influence of Spring Herbicide Applications on Winter Weed Emergence in Corn and Soybean Production Systems

Experiments were conducted in Indiana to assess the densities of winter weed species at 180 and 310 days when the soil-applied residual herbicides were applied in combination with glyphosate in corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) production systems. Weed densities were higher at 180 days compared to 310 days, irrespective of the weed species at SEPAC site. In corn systems, additional application of atrazine did not decrease the weed densities at both sites. However, in few instances, cloransulam-methyl reduced the shepherd’s purse and smallflower buttercup densities as compared to non-treated check in soybean systems. In most instances, the residual herbicides applied as PRE or POST did not decrease the weed densities significantly at 180 days or at 310 days after application compared to systems that did not utilize residual herbicides.
Effect of nitrogenation on the magnetostriction of Y2Fe17, Pr2Fe17 and Nd2Fe17

Abstract Magnetostriction measurements on nitrogenated Y2Fe17, Pr2Fe17, and Nd2Fe17 from cryogenic temperatures to 300 K yield surprising results. Even though Curie temperatures, magnetizations and magnetic anisotropies of the R2Fe17 compounds (R Y, Pr, Nd) are all substantially increased by nitrogenation, the magnetostrictions are frequently unchanged or reduced. In Pr2Fe17, a large reduction in the magnetostriction is observed. In Nd2Fe17, Y2Fe17, and all nitrogenated samples, the magnetostriction is positive at high temperatures and decreases with decreasing temperature at low temperatures, revealing a strong negative basal plane λγ,2 constant in a background of a positive average magnetostriction.
Ex oriente lux revisited

Champion, Timothy, Clive Gamble, Stephen Shennan, and Alasdair Whittle. Prehistoric Europe. New York: Academic Press, 1984. ix + 359 pp. including references and index. $45.00 cloth, $23.50 paper. Champion, T. C, and J. V. S. Megaw, eds. Settlement and Society: Aspects of West European Prehistory in the First Millennium B.C. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. xi + 243 pp. including chapter references and index. $29.95 cloth. Ammerman, Albert J., and L. L. Cavalli‐Sforza. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. xv + 176 pp. including appendix, bibliography, and index. $25.00 cloth.
The ballot problem

Abstract A simplified proof is given for a result of Klamkin and Rhemtulla on the two-office ballot problem.
Photonic crystal nanocavities with quantum well or quantum dot active material

We have investigated the miniaturization of photonic devices for ultimate photon localization, and have demonstrated two-dimensional photonic crystal nanolasers with two important quantum nanostructures-quantum wells (QWs) and quantum dots (QDs). Photonic crystal cavities with QW active material, are simple, but powerful nanolasers to produce intense laser output for signal processing. On the other hand, when located in a high-quality factor (Q) nanocavity, because QD(s) strongly couple with the intense optical field, QD photonic crystal cavities are expected to be good experimental setups to study cavity quantum electrodynamics, in addition to high speed and compact laser sources. Our photonic crystal nanolasers have shown as small thresholds as 0.12mW and 0.22mW for QD-photonic crystal lasers and QW-photonic crystal lasers, respectively, by proper cavity designs and nanofabrication. For QD-photonic crystal lasers, whispering gallery modes in square lattice were used together with coupled cavity designs and, for QW-photonic crystal lasers, quadrapole modes in triangular lattice with fractional edge dislocations were used to produce high-Q modes with small mode volume.
Challenges to interpretation of breast MRI

This review describes the current knowledge and challenges of lesion interpretation with MRI of the breast according to different image interpretation strategies. Particular emphasis is given to patient- and tumor-related factors that influence image interpretation. The impacts of the menstrual cycle, prior surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are summarized. Particular enhancement features of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive lobular carcinoma are described. Finally, an adequate diagnosis at MRI of the breast should take into account the results of the patient's history, physical examination, and all imaging tests performed before MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:821-829.
Amino Acid Studies on the Effect of Fermentation Time and Heat-Processing of Tempeh

SUMMARY In general, amino acids as analyzed by column chromatography declined slightly in tempeh fermented up to 72 br, and these declines were partially attributable to amino acid deficiencies in the fermentative mold. Tryptophan declined in the dehulled lactic-acid-soaked soybeans, increased in 24-hr-fermented tempeh, and decreased slightly as the fermentation continued to 72 hr. Free amino acids and ammonia increased during fermentation. Glucosamine was isolated from the mold and subsequently identified. An increase in glucosamine in tempeh during fermentation reflected large amounts in the mold. Deep-fat frying of tempeh caused some amino acids to decrease after 5 min, while most declined after 7 min. Lysine and cystine were most susceptible to heat destruction. Steaming of tempeh for 2 hr or less had no effect on the amino acids. Changes in amino acid indexes during fermentation and heat-processing were related and, in some instances, significantly correlated with animal data.
Sunspot numbers, interplanetary magnetic field, and cosmic ray intensity at earth: Nexus for the twentieth century

Abstract The pivotal role played by the interplanetary magnetic field (B) in modulating galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity in the heliosphere is described. We show that the inverse correlation observed by Forbush (1958) between GCRs and sunspot numbers (SSNs) is reflected in high correlation between SSNs and B (cc = 0.94). The SSN data are available since 1700 and the derived B data since 1835. The paleo-cosmic ray data are available for several millennia in the form of 10Be radionuclide sequestered in polar ice. The data of the ion chambers (ICs) at the Cheltenham–Fredericksburg–Yakutsk (CFY) sites are combined to create a data string for 1937–1988. In turn, these data are used to extend the measurements of the low energy GCR ions (>0.1 GeV) at balloon altitudes at high latitudes in Russia to 1937. These data are then correlated to B and the fit parameters are used to extend the low energy ion data to 1900, creating the instrumental era GCR time series for the twentieth century. The derived GCR time series is compared to 10Be measured at two sites in Greenland, namely Dye 3 and NGRIP for 1900–2000 to check the internal consistency of datasets for the long-term trend. We find that the annual mean rate (%) for 1965 at NGRIP is an outlier. We replace it with the mean of 1964 and 1965 rates and construct a new re-normalized time series at NGIP, improving the agreement with the derived instrumental era GCR time series for the twentieth century as well. This should encourage its use by heliophysics community for varied applications.
Morphologic and molecular description of Metopus fuscus Kahl from North America and new rDNA sequences from seven metopids (Armophorea, Metopidae).

Abstract Most species in the large ciliate genus Metopus Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 lack detailed descriptions based on modern morphologic and molecular methods. This lack of data for the vast majority of species hampers application of a morphospecies approach to the taxonomy of Metopus and other armophorids. In this report we redescribe the large species, Metopus fuscus Kahl, 1927 based on in vivo observation, silver impregnation, scanning electron microscopy, and single-cell 18S rDNA sequencing of a freshwater North American (Idaho) population. Metopus fuscus invariably has a perinuclear envelope of endosymbiotic bacteria not found in other species. Unlike the original description of a single row of coarse granules between ciliary rows, the Idaho population has five loose rows of small interkinetal granules. We discuss the possible importance of this character in metopids. We also provide a phylogenetic analysis including seven other new metopid 18S rDNA sequences: Brachonella spiralis, B. galeata, Metopus laminarius, M. setosus, M. striatus, M. violaceus, Palmarella lata. Metopus fuscus and M. setosus form a fully supported clade, challenging previous morphospecies groupings. We discuss some ambiguities of armophorid morphologic terminology in the earlier literature. Our phylogenetic analysis of Idaho metopids indicates that the genera Metopus and Brachonella are both nonmonophyletic.
Application of transient response techniques for quantitative determination of adsorbed carbon monoxide and carbon present on the surface of a ruthenium catalyst during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Abstract Transient response experiments using isotopic tracers have been carried out to determine quantitatively the coverages of adsorbed CO and carbon on a Ru SiO 2 catalyst during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In situ infrared spectra reveal that the Ru surface is virtually saturated by chemisorbed CO. The rate of exchange of adsorbed and gas-phase CO is very rapid compared to the steady-state rate of CO hydrogenation. The integrated absorption coefficient for adsorbed CO is found to decrease from 9.0 × 107 to 4.5 × 107 cm/mol as θCO increases from 0 to 1.0. Two forms of carbon, Cα and Cβ, are also present on the catalyst surface under normal reaction conditions, neither of which is associated with oxygen or hydrogen. Cα is much more reactive than Cβ. The surface coverage of Cα rapidly comes to a steady-state value and the steady-state rate of methane formation is found to be a linear function of the Cα coverage. The coverage of Cβ is considerably larger than that of Cα and continues to grow over a period of up to 5 min under reaction conditions. Cβ is formed from Cα in the presence of adsorbed hydrogen and can be converted back to Cα. It is concluded that at least a part of the Cβ deposited resides on the support and that the rest is present on the surface of Ru, and may be responsible for the gradual loss of methanation activity with time. The dependencies of the coverages of Cα and Cβ on the partial pressures of the reactants have been determined and are found to be quite different from one another.
The Variable Transition State in Polar Additions to Pi Bonds

A vast majority of polar additions of Bronsted acids to alkynes involve a termolecular transition state. With strong acids, considerable positive charge is developed on carbon and Markovnikov addition predominates. In less acidic solutions, however, the reaction is much slower and the transition state more closely resembles the olefinic product. For conjugated alkynes, the lower-energy transition state can retain the conjugated pi system by undergoing addition to the isolated orthogonal pi bond of the alkyne. As a result, anti-Markovnikov products can predominate.
Air pollution and human behavior.

While the impacts of human behavior on air pollution are considerable, very little research has examined this relationship. Similarly, little work has ensued on the effects of air pollution on human behavior. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature on air pollution and behavior and present an organizational structure that demonstrates gaps in the literature and lays an initial, conceptual framework for future research. The paper discusses research on the health effects, cognitive, affective, and conative components of air pollution and human response. In addition, the important roles of mediational constructs such as controllability of pollutant and adaptation are discussed in detail.
Relationships between Glucose and Mannose during Late Gestation in Normal Pregnancy and Pregnancy Complicated by Diabetes Mellitus: Concurrent Concentrations in Maternal Plasma and Amniotic Fluid†

Enzymatic assays were modified to permit sensitive and highly reproducible simultaneous measurements of D-mannose and D-glucose in biological fluids during weeks 34-40 of human pregnancy. Plasma mannose and glucose averaged 9.8 +/- 0.4 (+/- SEM) and 790 +/- 16 micrograms/ml, respectively, after an overnight fast in pregnant women (n = 22) with normal carbohydrate metabolism. Significantly higher plasma mannose levels were found, despite only minor increases in plasma glucose, in pregnant women with relatively well controlled diabetes mellitus after an overnight fast (16.9 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml mannose; 883 +/- 29 micrograms/ml glucose; n = 31) or 3-4 h after breakfast (15.7 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml mannose; 1159 +/- 101 micrograms/ml glucose; n = 19). Plasma mannose correlated significantly with plasma glucose in the women with diabetes mellitus, particularly after an overnight fast. Samples of amniotic fluid were also obtained from the gravida with diabetes mellitus to provide some index of simultaneous relationships in utero. Amniotic fluid mannose and glucose averaged 5.9 +/- 0.4 and 302 +/- 24 micrograms/ml, respectively, after an overnight fast and 6.7 +/- 1.3 and 459 +/- 84 micrograms/ml 3-4 h after breakfast. In amniotic fluid, as in plasma, the concurrent levels of mannose and glucose conformed to relatively fixed relationships. Thus, both fetus and mother appear to be exposed to readily demonstrable amounts of mannose during late gestation and the absolute as well as relative abundance of mannose may be increased coincident with faulty maternal glucoregulation. However, since mannose did not exceed 3% of the concurrent concentration of glucose in any instance, it does not seem likely that endogenous levels of circulating mannose can modify glucose utilization appreciably by competing with glucose for phosphorylation via hexokinase and subsequent intracellular processing.
Relationship of Mitochondria and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum to Cold Shortening

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria preparations from beef and rabbit muscle were shown to bind and release appreciable quantities of Ca++. Differences between rabbit and beef muscle in Ca++ binding and release by SR and mitochondrial preparations were not sufficient to account for the massive shortening in chilled beef as compared to little or no shortening in chilled rabbit muscle. Results substantiate the theory of Buege & Marsh (1975) that cold shortening is related to differences in mitochondrial concentration in red and white muscle rather than to differences in the Ca++-accumulating ability of SR. In order to explain the reversibility of cold shortening upon rewarming pre-rigor red muscle, a role for both SR and mitochondria is postulated and discussed.
Polygraphs: Erosion of the privacy right

Abstract The polygraph is a machine which invades previously private regions in the human being. Its operation is often viewed simplistically and lacking in danger. Such naivete is the subject of this comment. The paper considers the mechanics of polygraph operation, and its theoretical basis; the legal admissibility of the polygraph in a variety of settings, and lastly the impact the polygraph has upon our private lives. Clearly, the polygraph intrudes on the private regions of each individual, and this frightening fact is cause enough to consider the human, social and constitutional implications of its use. The project considers the reliability factor of the polygraph and its questionable use in personnel and business settings; its use in disciplinary procedures and labor arbitration, as well as reviews its place in judicial process and criminal review. Most critically the paper attempts to arrive at a constitutional basis for restrictions on its use in the private sector. Ingenious arguments have been made by opponents of the polygraph, and this paper reviews the substance and content of these constitutional arguments.
Absolute cross section for 7Li(d,p)8Li and solar neutrino capture rates

The absolute total cross section for the 7Li(d,p)8Li reaction has been measured between 0.60 and 1.2 MeV by counting the beta-delayed alpha particles from 8Be*. The cross section at the peak of the 0.77-MeV resonance was measured to be 148±12 mb in good agreement with the new measurement of Elwyn et al. but disagreeing with several previous experiments. The effects of changes in this cross section on the calculation of solar neutrino captures rates is discussed.
Self-Organization and Community-Based Development Initiatives

The self-organization paradigm, a theoretical framework with roots in biology and physics, is proposed to have relevance to understanding change in social systems. The processes and design features associated with self-organization can be used to describe the dynamics of social groups and organizations, especially in cases where non-marginal change disrupts the basic structure of a community. Self-organization refers to the ability of a complex system, when exposed to severe shock, to find a new equilibrium that may be far from its starting point. When applied to economic systems it leads to a major shift in perspective, from a search for ways to return to the prior equilibrium, to a search for a new one. Recent advances in our understanding of community-based development initiatives are shown to be consistent with the notion of a self-organizing system. In this article, we discuss the conditions necessary for this type of approach to work When development is seen in this context, the roles of community d...
Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility

Abstract Dairy cattle are more susceptible to mastitis during the periparturient period. It is well established that the incidence of mastitis with respect to lactation stage are directly related to changes in the composition, magnitude, and efficiency of the mammary gland defense system. There exist numerous genetic, physiological, and environmental factors that can compromise host defense mechanisms during the functional transitions of the mammary gland. For example, physiological stresses associated with rapid differentiation of secretory parenchyma, intense mammary gland growth, and the onset of milk synthesis and secretion are accompanied by a high energy demand and an increased oxygen requirement. This increased oxygen demand augments the production of oxygen-derived reactants, collectively termed reactive oxygen species (ROS). The excessive accumulation of ROS can lead to a condition referred to as oxidant stress that plays a central role in mediating uncontrolled inflammatory responses and causing tissue injury. While the last two decades have seen major progress in understanding the bovine mammary gland defense system and its function in preventing disease, diminished host defenses and increased susceptibility to mastitis continue to be a problem for dairy cattle during transition periods. This paper provides an overview of mammary immunobiology and describes those factors known to influence important mammary gland defenses during the periparturient period.
Production of CO2 clathrate hydrate frozen desserts by flash freezing

Abstract CO 2 clathrate hydrate is a crystalline water–carbon dioxide structure that can enable novel, strongly carbonated frozen desserts. A CO 2 flash-freezing process has been developed to form CO 2 hydrates during freezing of a dessert mixture. In the process, liquid CO 2 and liquid dessert mixture are emulsified and then sprayed into a chamber in which the CO 2 flashes to a vapor causing the dessert mixture to freeze into a low-density powder. To ensure CO 2 hydrate formation it is important to avoid ice formation because ice to CO 2 hydrate conversion proceeds too slowly to occur during flash freezing. To avoid ice formation it is important to flash the emulsion to a pressure greater than 4.7 bars and disperse the mixture in fine droplets. In this work the key parameters of the process are described, which will enable development of commercial dispensers.
Scapular Kinematics During Supraspinatus Rehabilitation Exercise A Comparison of Full-Can Versus Empty-Can Techniques

BackgroundSupraspinatus strengthening is an important component of shoulder rehabilitation. Previous work has determined that the full-can and empty-can exercises elicit the greatest amount of supraspinatus activity. However, scapular kinematics has not been considered when prescribing supraspinatus exercises.HypothesisScapular downward rotation, internal rotation, and anterior tipping during the empty-can exercise are increased when compared with the full-can exercise.Study DesignDescriptive laboratory study.MethodsTwenty participants performed full-can and empty-can exercises while an electromagnetic tracking system was used to collect three-dimensional scapular kinematic data. Scapular angles at 30 °, 60 °, and 90 ° of the ascending and descending phases of humeral elevation were compared using 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsThere was more scapular anterior tipping and internal rotation during the empty-can exercise at all sampled humeral elevation angles except at 30 ° of the desc...
WHEN DOES THREAT WORK IN RELATIONS BETWEEN NATIONS

This article attempts to summarise and integrate what we know about the effects of threat. The factors on which the success of threat depends are examined together with situations involving threat which might provoke an adversary to a coercive response. Ways of minimising the provocative effects of threat are discussed and the author suggests that to avoid unwanted consequences threats need to be made in a way that signals that they do not reflect hostile intent or unlimited demands.
Anaphora interpretations in Spanish utterances and the neo-Gricean pragmatic theory

Abstract Levinson (1987a,b, 1991) advocates using a set of revised Gricean maxims to account for preferred interpretations of zeros, pronouns, and lexical NPs. This study tests the viability of one of Levinson's (1987a,b) neo-Gricean principles and predictions arising from this principle with regard to the interpretation of non-clitic reflexives versus pronouns when used in the same linguistic environment in Spanish utterances. Also, following Huang's (1991, 1994) observation that pragmatic inferences must be in keeping with semantic and pragmatic ‘consistency constraints’, it was hypothesized that anaphora interpretations in Spanish would be constrained by antecedent salience, background knowledge, and semantic constraints, as well as grammatical constraint including c-command and agreement, and that these constraints could override implicatures of coreference and disjoint reference predicted by Levinson. An oral comprehension test for anaphora interpretations in Spanish utterances was administered to 105 native speakers. Results reveal that hearers abide by several of Levinson's neo-Gricean sub-maxims. However, Levinson's prediction of a contrast in reference from the use of a pronoun versus a reflexive in the same environment was often overridden by the consistency constraints. These findings suggest that consistency constraints on implicatures play a greater role in anaphora interpretation than Levinson's model had predicted.
Comparison of two different fixation techniques for a segmental defect in a rat femur model.

Studies have attempted to identify the osteogenic effects of bone morphogenetic proteins using a rat femur model, which commonly involves the creation of a critical size defect followed by internal fixation of the femur. Among the most familiar fixation methods are either plating or intramedullary placement of a Kirschner wire (K-wire). There are advantages and disadvantages to each method; however, this study attempts to identify the best method by exploring the histological effects of each technique. The experiment involved two groups with no added treatment: Group P (plate fixation method) and Group K (K-wire fixation method). The animals were allowed a 4-week interval for the femurs to heal, and proximal, distal, and two midshaft cuts were examined under high-power microscopy after the fixation apparatus was removed. Group K exhibited a peculiar fibrotic healing pattern that followed the shaft of the then vacated K-wire and there was minimal new viable bone formation. Group P, however, exhibited a mor...
Online Privacy Policies: An Empirical Perspective on Self-Regulatory Practices

Based on U.S. census data, more than three-fourths of Internet users are concerned about having control over the release of their private information when using online services. To ease consumersâ€™ concerns, the Internet industry has come up with self-regulatory practices. The effectiveness of self-regulatory practices and the commitment of the Internet industry to online privacy are yet to be evaluated. The questions regarding self-regulation, what it means from the industry point of view, and to what extent it is implanted remains unclear. This study is exploratory in nature and attempts to examine privacy issues in the context of fair information practices and how they are perceived and practiced by the top 500 interactive companies in the United States. Our results confirm that most companies ask for consumer trust by claiming benevolence. However, they fall short when it comes to costly implementations of comprehensive privacy protection policies.
Isolation, Fusion and Culture of Sorghum and Corn Protoplasts

Summary Procedures have been developed for the isolation, culture and growth of protoplasts of cell cultures derived from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. MOENCH cv. GPR-168). Fusion between protoplasts from cell cultures of sorghum and leaf protoplasts of corn (Zea mays L. cv. Punjab Local) has been achieved using polyethylene glycol. The fusion products underwent divisions and formed colonies consisting of 8-10 cells in 15-18 days.
“LOIC Will Tear Us Apart” The Impact of Tool Design and Media Portrayals in the Success of Activist DDOS Attacks

This article explores the role of tool design and media coverage in the relative success of Operation Payback and earlier activist distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) actions. Through a close reading of changes in the tool’s interface and functionality across several iterations, the article considers the evolution of the Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC) DDOS tool, from one that appealed to a small, inwardly focused community to one that engaged with a larger population. The article further considers Anonymous’s contribution to the reframing of DDOS actions from a tool of direct action to a tool of media manipulation and identity construction as well as the news media’s role in encouraging individuals to participate in the Operation Payback actions.
Hydroxylapatite/Plaster Implantation for the Treatment of Severe Periodontal Osseous Defects

Infrabony defects of 230 periodontal patients have been treated surgically by implantation. These lesions of alveolar bone, up to nineteen per patient, generally displayed pocket depths of at least 8mm and were associated with teeth showing pronounced mobility. Approximately 50% of these teeth could have ordinarily been condemned to extraction. In this study, scaling, root planing, and polishing were performed and patients were instructed in oral hygiene measures prior to surgical implantation. A 1:1 mixture of dense sintered hydroxylapatite(HA) particles (OrthoMatrix HA-500) with plaster of Paris (USG Medical Grade Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate B, containing 0.85% K2SO4) was moistened with a minimum amount of saline. The mixture was then implanted into the dried defect. After setting, the operative site was closed with silk sutures. The plaster bound the HA particles in the defects and prevented particle straying which frequently occurs when they are implanted with saline alone or with other vehicles. There was an almost immediate and sustained diminution in tooth mobility at most implantation sites. Good retention of particles was seen on physical and radiographic examination of most defects for the length of the study (5 years). Overall, there was a marked reduction in pocket depth and improvement in tissue tone and texture. Less than 1% of the teeth at the implantation sites have been lost. No significant inflammation has been observed. Increased radiopacity and resistance to probing suggest bone formation in some implanted defects. Implantation of periodontal osseous defects with the biocompatible HA/plaster composite appears to result in the clinical cessation of progressive periodontal disease.
Nonperturbative solution of the Ising model on a random surface.

The two-matrix-model representation of the Ising model on a random surface is solved exactly to all orders in the genus expansion. The partition function obeys a fourth-order nonlinear differential equation as a function of the string coupling constant. This equation differs from that derived for the k=3 multicritical one-matrix model, thus disproving that this model describes the Ising model. A similar equation is derived for the Yang-Lee edge singularity on a random surface, and is shown to agree with the k=3 multicritical one-matrix model.
Radiation-induced polymerization of 1,1,2-trichlorobutadiene in the solid state

Changes in the polymerization and in the structure of the polymer formed during the course of polymerization of 1,1,2-trichlorobutadiene in the solid state were studied. We observed that the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight of the polymers formed increasing conversion. The content of 1,4 units in the polymer also increases with increasing conversion.