cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative development and merozoite production of two isolates of Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula in cultured cells.

The development and merozoite production of Sarcocystis falcatula and 2 isolates (SN6 and SN2) of Sarcocystis neurona were studied in various cultured cell lines inoculated with culture-derived merozoites. All 3 parasites underwent multiple cycles of schizogony in VERO cells, bovine monocytes (M617 cells), and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPA). Sarcocystis neurona strains SN6 and SN2 formed schizonts in rat myoblasts (L6) but not in quail myoblasts (QM7); S. falcatula formed schizonts in QM7 cells but not in L6 cells. Merozoites did not develop to sarcocysts in the myoblast cells lines. During a 47-day culture period in VERO cells, SN6 produced substantially more merozoites than did SN2 or S. falcatula. M617 cells produced substantially more merozoites of SN6 than did VERO or CPA cells. During a 17-day culture period of SN6, M617 cells produced mean totals of 4.7 3 10 8 merozoites, VERO cells produced 1.9 3 108 merozoites, and CPA cells produced 5.9 3 107 merozoites. At 4-12 days after inoculation of cultured cells with SN6, M617 cells cultured in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) produced a mean merozoite total of 5.1 3 10 8 compared to 3.6 3 108 for culture medium containing 1% FBS.
The Harvard Step Test as a Measure of Endurance in Running

(1951). The Harvard Step Test as a Measure of Endurance in Running. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 381-384.
Growth Studies of Nocardia Species. I. Respiration of Carbohydrates by Nocardia Rubra

Respiration studies of N. rubra confirmed earlier qualitative studies on carbohydrate utilization. The inherent high endogenous respiration of the cells was reduced to less than 10% by shaking over...
Reaction of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids of Linseed Oil on Autoxidation and Heating

The object of this experiment is to reveal the chemical changes of fatty acids of oil on its' casting use. As linseed oil is a typical casting oil, the authors employed the fatty acids of this oil as the sample in the form of methyl esters. The experimental treatments of the sample were carried under the conditions similar to the industrial operating conditions. As the catalysts, both lead- and cobalt-naphthenate were added to the sample ester. Autoxidation was made at 40°C by bubbling air into the sample. The reaction proceeded rapidly and the content of ethylene linkage decreased with the lapse of time and the cis-double bonds transformed into trans-isolated double bonds and conjugated double bonds, and most of the peroxides produced were hydro-peroxide-type. When autoxidized sample were heated at 200°C for 1hr, the hydroperoxides decomposed vigorously, and polymerization proceeded partly, and yet the conjugated double bonds and the trans-isolated double bonds were contained considerably. When the sample, treated at 200°C was heated at 300°C, the content of -OH decreased and polymerization proceeded and yet the conjugated double bonds remained a little and the content of the trans-isolated double bonds increased. After 400°C- or 500°C- treatment, the cleavaged products of low molecular weight increased and the content of -OH decreased and polymerization proceeded much more and most of the conjugated double bonds disappeared, but yet the trans-isolated double bonds remained cosiderably. And the reaction mechanisms of each treatment were discussed.
Civil Rights Movement

Fifty years ago African Americans were severely oppressed. Not only were they unable to enjoy many of the basic citizenship rights guaranteed by the US Constitution but also, under Jim Crow, blacks were denied the franchise, barred from interacting with whites in public spaces, and trapped at the bottom of the economic ladder, where they were relegated to the poorest paying and least desirable jobs. The modern civil rights movement, a major social force in the mid-1950s, was the vehicle through which African Americans and their supporters overthrew Jim Crow. Partly as a response to this groundbreaking movement, scholars have constructed a new concept of social movements where organization, strategic thinking, cultural traditions, and political encounters figure largely as explanatory factors in analyses of social movements. Keywords: African American; civil rights; inequality; movements; race
Prognostic significance of infections in critically ill adult patients with acute liver injury: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with acute liver failure have high rates of infections, likely from defects in immune function. Whether infections are independently associated with poor outcomes is unclear. We hypothesized that patients with acute liver injury who developed infections were at increased risk of adverse outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 150 critically ill adult patients admitted with acute liver dysfunction at a single academic institution between 2005 and 2011. We excluded patients with immunocompromised states, patients with chronic liver disease and patients who died or were discharged within 48 h of admission. Our primary endpoint was a 30-day event-free survival, with events defined as either death or liver transplantation. Our secondary endpoint was length of stay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine associations between presence of infection and our primary and secondary endpoints. RESULTS Of our cohort of 150 patients, 62 (41%) were infected and 88 (59%) were not infected. Of the infected patients, 45% died or underwent transplantation, compared to 22% for the non-infected patients (P = 0.003). Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that infections in patients with acute liver dysfunction were an independent predictor of poor outcome (i.e. death or transplantation). In addition, specific types of infection, including pneumonia, independently led to a 48% increase in length of stay (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Infections in patients with acute liver dysfunction are associated with increased risk of death or transplant and increased hospital length of stay.
Use of a Wedge Scheme to Describe Intermolecular Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer through the H-bond Complex Formed Between a Phenylenediamine-Based Urea and 1,8-Naphthyridine

Recently we introduced the “wedge scheme” as a convenient means to include H-bonded intermediates in an overall proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism by showing that it can nicely explain the unusual solvent- and concentration-dependent voltammetry of a phenylenediamine-based urea, U(H)H. This compound undergoes an apparent 1 e– reversible oxidation in CH2Cl2 that actually corresponds to 2 e– oxidation of half of the ureas to the quinoidal cation accompanied by transfer of a H+ and deactivation of the other half of the ureas. The reversibility of the process is due to the second electron transfer and proton transfer proceeding through a H-bond complex between the oxidized urea and the dimethylamino group on another urea. In this study the effect of adding 1,8-naphthyridine, naph, which H-bonds to the U(H)H in its reduced state, is examined using cyclic voltammetry. Addition of naph causes both an increase in the current of the reversible U(H)H cyclic voltammetric wave as well as the appearance...
The dynamics of leveraged ETFs returns: a panel data study

Leveraged exchange-traded funds (LETFs) are limited liability securities that allow investors to take daily constant leverage bets on a reference index. This work proposes a new empirical design to investigate the dynamics of quarterly LETFs returns. Rather than relying on fund-by-fund overlapping regressions, as in existing literature, the paper exploits a large panel of non-overlapping data covering the whole universe of Proshares, the US primary LETFs provider. Overall, it is found that the variables prescribed by theory broadly explain cross-sectional variability. It is also found that inverse LETFs and more generally, leveraged funds operating in asset classes like international equity, bonds and commodities underperform theoretical predictions. This underperformance is mainly attributed to frictions in the process of implementing the required daily leverage.
Resources and Economic Processes

The starting point for placing the macroeconomy in an ecological context is to understand some basics of how ecosystems function and how energy moves resources around within them. “Resources” are then generalized to “gradients,” followed by making the distinction between renewable and nonrenewable resources and a consideration of the major types of renewable resources. There is discussion of the rational use of exhaustible resources, but a more detailed treatment is left for Chap. 19 The final part of the chapter looks at the relationship between technology and resource use.
Comparative Methods in Family Research

Comparative research involves the study of two or more societies, for one of two purposes: (1) for establishing the generality of theories, hypotheses, or empirical generalizations already well established for one nation, or (2) for understanding the impact societal properties have on specific social phenomena. Because of problems of inference from samples of social systems that are inherently nonrandom and nonrepresentative, comparative research is not well suited for purely descriptive purposes. Instead, comparative research as a method of studying family life should be used to investigate the utility of explanatory theory.
Assessing autonomy vulnerabilities in military vehicles

The Autonomous Ground Resupply (AGR) Program is a U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) effort to reduce the number of soldiers required for ground resupply. One objective of this program involves providing vehicles with the capability to operate unmanned in a variety of circumstances. Prior to fielding, this system is undergoing an assessment to identify possible vulnerabilities. We use this system to illustrate a general approach to the assessment of the autonomous decision making, describing a process which could be used to identify vulnerabilities in the autonomy of military systems without describing any actual vulnerabilities discovered in the AGR system.
Sparsity-Driven Laplacian-Regularized Outlier Identification for Dictionary Learning

Anomalies in data have traditionally been considered as nuisances whose presence, if ignored, can bring detrimental effects on the output of many data processing tasks. Nevertheless, in many situations anomalies correspond to events of interest and as such should be promptly identified before their presence is masked by the data preprocessing schemes being used to reduce the complexity of the main data processing task. This work develops a robust dictionary learning algorithm that exploits the notions of sparsity and local geometry of the data to identify anomalies while constructing sparse representations for the data. Sparsity is used to model the presence of anomalies in a dataset, and local geometry is exploited to better qualify a datum as an anomaly. The robust dictionary learning problem is cast as a regularized least-squares problem where sparsity-inducing and Laplacian regularization terms are used. Efficient iterative solvers based on block-coordinate descent and proximal gradient are developed to tackle the resulting joint dictionary learning and anomaly detection problems. The proposed framework is extended to address variations of classical dictionary learning and matrix factorization problems. Numerical tests on real datasets with artificial and real anomalies are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms.
Science Signaling Podcast for 6 June 2017: Calcium signaling and dry mouth

Abstract This Podcast features a conversation with Indu Ambudkar, senior author of a Research Resource that appears in the 6 June 2017 issue of Science Signaling , about how activation of the cation channel TRPM2 is involved in radiation-induced dry mouth. Patients who receive radiation therapy for head and neck cancers often develop dry mouth as a side effect, and this condition is frequently permanent. Radiation does not kill cells in the salivary gland, yet it causes the acinar cells of the gland to reduce the amount of saliva they secrete. Liu et al . found that radiation-induced activation of the cation channel TRPM2 triggered cleavage of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ sensor STIM1, thus inhibiting store-operated Ca 2+ entry and interfering with saliva production. These findings identify proteins that could potentially be targeted to prevent dry mouth in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Listen to Podcast
The Impacts of Variance Reducing Strategies in Dyopolistic Capital Markets

A company is considered which achieves all investors to reduce their (subjective) variance estimate of the company’s return. As a consequence the company’s value will (in general) be increased and the value of the other companies will be affected. If the other firms react, for instance by trying to reduce in their turn the variance perceived by the investors, a game theoretical situation arises. The paper discusses the case of two companies competing on the capital market. Theorems concerning equilibrium strategies, maxmin strategies, Pareto-optimality etc. are derived. The sign of the correlation coefficient between the returns plays a crucial role.
Bilateral early activity in the hip flexors associated with falls in stroke survivors: Preliminary evidence from laboratory-induced falls.

Abstract Objective Falls are the most common and expensive medical complication following stroke. Hypermetric reflexes have been suggested to impact post-stroke balance but no study has evaluated reflex amplitudes under real conditions of falls in this population. Our objective was to quantify the early reflexive responses during falls induced in the laboratory. Methods Sixteen stroke survivors were exposed to posteriorly directed treadmill perturbations that required a forward step to maintain a balance. Perturbations differed in terms of treadmill translation displacement, velocity, and acceleration. EMG amplitudes were compared between Fall/Recovery trials, as well as Fallers/Non-Fallers at two different time windows: 50–75 and 75–100 ms. Results Sixteen of 86 trials resulted in falls by nine subjects (Fallers). While no differences were found between 50 and 75 ms, EMG amplitude in the paretic rectus femoris muscle was larger between 75 and 100 ms during Fall trials. Further, a bilateral increase in RF activity was seen in Fallers but not Non-Fallers. Interestingly, the bilateral increase was related to perturbation intensity (larger EMG activity with larger perturbations) in Fallers, but again not in Non-Fallers. Conclusions Heightened early recovery hip flexor activity between 75 and 100 ms is associated with falls and Fallers post-stroke. Significance Though requiring replication and expanded subject pools, these preliminary results reflect a possible clinically meaningful relationship between heightened reflexive responses and fall risk. Future work should evaluate the underlying mechanisms driving these heightened reflexes (e.g. stretch, startle) such that future rehabilitation techniques can address this abnormal response.
Fuzzy Temporal Constraint Networks for Clinical Information

Modeling the temporal information in the medical record is an important area of research. This paper describes an extension of TimeText, a temporal reasoning system designed to represent, extract, and reason about temporal information in clinical text, to include the use of fuzzy temporal constraints. The addition of fuzzy temporal constraints increases TimeText’s ability to handle uncertainty in temporal relations. We use a three-state, staircase possibility distribution function in conjunction with earlier methods of finding solutions to fuzzy temporal constraint networks. We perform analysis to determine the complexity of using this staircase in conjunction with finding solutions to fuzzy temporal constraint satisfaction problems and show that these solutions can be efficiently computed in O(n 3 ).
Public Service Integrity and the Quality of Governance: Examining the Role of Citizen-Administrator Value Congruence

The aim of this study is to examine the role that citizen perceptions of value congruence with public administrators can play in how we measure and evaluate public service integrity, as well as the...
Evaluation of recirculating sand filter in a cold climate

Approximately 30% of Minnesota's residents rely on onsite technologies for their wastewater treatment. There is a growing need for ‘alternative, technologies to aid in treatment for difficult sites and sensitive environmental areas. Recirculating sand filters (RSFs) have been used since the 1970s for small communities with flows >20,000 L per day, but use for small flow application (<5,000 L/d) has been growing due to its small land use requirement. A research site was developed in southern Minnesota in 1995 to test alternative technologies, including two RSFs. In addition, in 1998, two RSFs were added to existing residential soil treatment systems that were having problems because of inadequate separation and fill soil conditions. All RSFs in this study used 0.6 metres of coarse sand for treatment, were loaded at approximately 204 L per day per square metre (5 gallons per square foot per day) and a recirculation rate of 5:1. All RSFs have effectively reduced Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Fecal Coliform (FC) and Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). These systems are able to achieve secondary effluent treatment levels for BOD5 and TSS. The median FC reduction was 90% with a value of 5.7 E4 cfu/100 mL, indicating additional treatment is necessary to protect health and the environment. The RSFs consistently removed 25% or more total phosphorus (TP) and 40% or more total nitrogen (TN). The RSFs did not show significantly decreased performance during the winter months. Two of the RSFs receiving rather high strength domestic waste were able to reduce a greater percentage of total nitrogen, indicated that the addition of carbon from the high strength waste is a benefit resulting in greater TN removal.
Ewing-Like Sarcoma: A Case of a Primary Cutaneous Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor With Atypical Immunohistochemistry and Lack of Fusion Oncogene Detection

We present a 25-year-old male patient with a primary cutaneous primitive neuroectodermal tumor (cPNET) with unusual immunohistochemistry and lack of fusion oncogene generation. The lesion expressed CD99 and WT-1, and the histological features were consistent with cPNET. Differential diagnoses such as rhabdomyosarcoma, desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor, hematolymphoid neoplasm, neuroblastoma, and CIC-DUX round cell sarcoma were ruled out based on immunohistochemistry, genetic studies, and histology. Previous cPNET cases have been published detailing abnormal immunochemistry and genetic expression. However, to our knowledge, fusion oncogene negativity in cPNET tumors has only been reported in one other published case series. These reports, including this study, reinforce the fact that a high index of suspicion should be used when diagnosing these tumors, regardless of immunohistochemical and genetic variability. This case highlights that the typical genetic and immunohistochemical features of cPNET may be more variable than previously thought. Future studies are needed to better understand these variations of cPNET.
New utility for registration of the CT and PET data in PET/CT

1497 Objectives Misalignment between the CT and PET data can degrade PET quantification in PET/CT. Misalignment caused by the breathing and cardiac motion can be mitigated with average CT (ACT). The aim of this study was to design a new utility to resolve the remaining patient motion between the CT and PET data not accounted for by ACT and by the commercial software, to further improve quantitation of the PET data. Methods Our design included the following three features not available in the commercial software from the equipment manufacturer: (1) a different amount of alignment can be applied to each part of the body in the CT data, (2) the boundary between two adjacent body sections can be adjusted for smooth transition, and (3) a new CT data set after alignment can be generated for attenuation correction (AC) of the PET data and for localization with the PET data. The commercial software can only align the whole CT data set with the PET data by rigid body translation and rotation, and it does not generate the CT data after alignment for localization with the PET data. The physician may sometimes be confused with the new PET data set displayed with the original misaligned CT data (and without the aligned CT data) even though the PET data may be properly attenuation corrected. Results The software has been successfully developed and has been applied on one pediatric patient with misalignment in the head and one patient with misalignment in both the thorax and the abdomen. Both registrations after application of the software showed improved quantitation of the PET data. Conclusions We have developed a new utility to correct for the misalignment between the CT and the PET data, and to generate the registered CT data for improving quantitation of the PET data.
Amend the Constitution To Restore Public Trust in the Political System: A Practitioner's Perspective on Campaign Finance Reform

The just completed 2010 elections show how truly broken our national campaign finance system really is. The integrity of our elections, and ultimately our governance, depends on a vigorous debate in which American citizens truly have a voice. Unfortunately, our elections no longer focus on the needs and interests of individual voters, but are instead shaped by multi-million dollar ad campaigns funded by special interest groups with seemingly limitless resources. The power to control the political dialogue of campaigns is useful to these special interests because of the resulting power that is gained in the legislative process. This is the real danger of unrestricted campaign expenditures that elected officials legislate on behalf of corporations, unions, and other powerful organizations instead of their constituents. The American people are well aware of this problem. In a recent poll, nearly eighty percent of Americans agreed that members of Congress are controlled by special interest money to the exclusion of their constituents.1 Although I believe that members of Congress are honest and highly dedicated public servants, I agree that our campaign finance system
Hearts and minds: goal-orientation and intercultural communicative competence of ROTC cadets learning critical languages

This qualitative case study investigates the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) of US Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets and their goals in learning critical languages. ...
Marginal Probability Based Dual Semi-Supervised Learning

In this chapter, we introduce dual semi-supervised learning based on the probability principle, in which structural duality is leveraged to learn from unlabeled data either in the format of a probabilistic constraint or through likelihood maximization.
A Tale of Three Investments: Brexit, the Canadian, Norwegian, and Singaporean Models of Trade Deals and Negotiations (Une Histoire de Trois Investissements: Le Brexit, Les Modèles d'accords Commerciaux et de Négociations Canadien, Norvégien et Singapourien)

English Abstract: With the March 2019 deadline looming very close, the EU Referendum has had far reaching implications, so far, on the UK economy – even though such repercussions are considered to be short term. Will the UK adopt a Canadian model, a Norwegian model, Singaporean or another type of model in the event of a “no deal situation” or rather, in the event that its proposed Chequers Plan/deal is abandoned? On a more positive note, as soon as a deal is reached, there will be 21 months, from the 29th March 2019, to undertake preparations to accommodate all necessary plans – a period during which the UK will also be able to negotiate free trade deals with other countries. In addition to other vital points such as the UK leaving the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy, no hard border between Northern Ireland and the UK, Britain exiting EU rules on services, and the end annual payments to the EU budgets, other main repercussions of a Chequers Deal include restriction in the freedom of movement, the establishment of a “joint committee” whereby the role of the ECJ will end in relation to UK matters. French Abstract: A l'approche de l'echeance de mars 2019, le referendum sur l'Union europeenne a eu de profondes repercussions sur l'economie du Royaume-Uni jusqu'a present, meme si ces repercussions sont considerees comme de courte duree. Le Royaume-Uni adoptera-t-il un modele canadien, un modele norvegien, singapourien ou un autre type de modele dans l'eventualite d'une «situation de non-accord» ou plutot si son plan / accord Checkers propose etait abandonne? Sur une note plus positive, des qu'un accord sera conclu, il faudra 21 mois, a compter du 29 mars 2019, pour se preparer a integrer tous les plans necessaires - une periode au cours de laquelle le Royaume-Uni sera egalement en mesure de negocier des accords de libre-echange avec d'autres pays. Outre d'autres points essentiels tels que le retrait par le Royaume-Uni de la politique agricole commune et de la politique commune de la peche, l'absence de frontiere rigide entre l'Irlande du Nord et le Royaume-Uni, le retrait par la Grande-Bretagne de la reglementation de l'UE sur les services et les paiements finaux aux budgets de l'UE, Parmi les repercussions d'un accord sur les controleurs, citons la restriction de la liberte de circulation, la creation d'un «comite mixte» aux termes duquel le role de la CJE prendra fin en ce qui concerne les questions relatives au Royaume-Uni.
Mixed-Initiative Flexible Autonomy in Drone Swarms for COVID-19 Applications

Drone swarms have been utilized for various tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic. While most of these drones were controlled by human operators, research related to control algorithms of drone swarms has shown that autonomously controlled drones outperform human operators in a variety of tasks. This paper lays the foundation of a framework that utilizes flexible autonomy in control of drones during pandemic missions to boost performance efficiency. It also outlines the factors that need to be considered when designing mixed-initiative systems for switching between autonomous and human control during a mission. Flexible autonomy ensures that humans who understand the social dimensions of the pandemic are present in the control loop.
Information Sharing, Manipulation, and Deceit

The final chapter of Part I sets up the importance of the biology of communication and argues for the innateness of deception in all forms of persuasion. Human language, being a very complex and varied technology, is most susceptible to corruption by manipulative utterances, which is ironic because it is held up by the vast majority of language scholars as the most effective form of communication in the world. Efficacy is a double-edged sword, then, because sophisticated talk is just as important to the vicious as it is to the virtuous. It is indeed a constant struggle to weed through deceit, even when it is trivial or mundane. The ones we love lie to us as often as a stranger on the street (on some touchy personal topics, even more often), and our various media are inundated with commercial advertisements filled with lies, half-truths, and spin. There is an evolutionary and cultural arms race going on between those who want to deceive and those who want to learn the truth, and as we become more civilized as a species, it does not appear to be getting easier to find the latter.
UBA6 and NDFIP1 regulate the degradation of ferroportin.

Hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis by controlling the level of ferroportin, the only membrane channel that facilitates export of iron from within cells. Binding of hepcidin to ferroportin induces the ubiquitination of ferroportin at multiple lysine residues and subsequently causes the internalization and degradation of the ligand-channel complex within lysosomes. The objective of this study was to identify components of the ubiquitin system that are involved in ferroportin degradation. A HepG2 cell line, which inducibly expresses ferroportin-GFP (FPN-GFP), was established to test the ability of siRNAs directed against components of the ubiquitin system to prevent BMP6- and exogenous hepcidin-induced ferroportin degradation. Of the 88 siRNAs directed against components of the ubiquitin pathway that were tested, siRNAmediated depletion of the alternative E1 enzyme UBA6 as well as the adaptor protein NDFIP1 prevented BMP6- and hepcidin- induced degradation of ferroportin in vitro. A third component of the ubiquitin pathway, ARIH1, indirectly inhibited ferroportin degradation by impairing BMP6 mediated induction of hepcidin. In mice, the AAVmediated silencing of Ndfip1 in the murine liver increased the level of hepatic ferroportin and increased circulating iron. The results suggest that the E1 enzyme UBA6 and the adaptor protein NDFIP1 are involved in iron homeostasis by regulating the degradation of ferroportin. These specific components of the ubiquitin system may be promising targets for the treatment of iron related diseases, including iron overload and anemia of inflammation.
An improved intrafemoral injection with minimized leakage as an orthotopic mouse model of osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma, the most common type of primary bone cancer, is the second highest cause of cancer-related death in pediatric patients. To understand the mechanisms behind osteosarcoma progression and to discover novel therapeutic strategies for this disease, a reliable and appropriate mouse model is essential. For this purpose, osteosarcoma cells need to be injected into the bone marrow. Previously, the intratibial and intrafemoral injection methods were reported; however, the major drawback of these methods is the potential leakage of tumor cells from the injection site during or after these procedures. To overcome this, we have established an improved method to minimize leakage in an orthotopic mouse model of osteosarcoma. By taking advantage of the anatomical benefits of the femur with less bowing and larger medullary cavity than those of the tibia, osteosarcoma cells are injected directly into the femoral cavity following reaming of its intramedullary space. To prevent potential leakage of tumor cells during and after the surgery, the injection site is sealed with bone wax. This method requires a minor surgery of approximately 15min under anesthesia. Our established orthotopic osteosarcoma model could serve as a valuable and reliable tool for examining progression of various types of bone tumors.
Teaching information systems management: an interactive case approach that is portfolio oriented

Although this paper focuses on a course in information systems management, the approach that is discussed can be generalized to most theoretically driven courses. Having taken classes that are highly theoretical, such as those in information systems development and management, the author has frequently been left with a void at the completion of the class. That void stemmed from not being able to manipulate the situations that arise when applying theory. Comprehensive case studies allow the students to experiment with and apply systems theories. However, a static case does not provide students with the interaction with users that they need once they hit the “real world.” To this end, an interactive element is added to the cases where the professor assumes the roles of several users. Not only are problem-solving abilities stimulated, students must develop other attributes, such as dependability and perseverance, that are highly valued in the work world. The completed project provides students with an impressive portfolio event that can promote their employability.
Modeling, Analysis, and Optimal Control of a Class of HybridSystems

We propose a modeling framework for a class of hybrid systems which arise in many manufacturing environments and study related optimal control problems. In this framework, discrete entities have a state characterized by a temporal component whose evolution is described by event-driven dynamics, and a physical component whose evolution is described by time-driven dynamics. As a first step towards developing an optimal control theory for such hybrid systems, we formulate a problem consisting of a single-stage manufacturing process and use calculus of variations techniques to obtain structural properties and an explicit algorithm for deriving optimal policies.
C*-ALGEBRAS GENERATED BY A PROJECTION AND THE REDUCED GROUP C*-ALGEBRAS ${C^*_r\Bbb Z*\Bbb Z_n}$ AND ${C^*_r\Bbb Z_m*\Bbb Z_n}$

Let Γ=ℤm * ℤn or ℤ * ℤn, and let Γ(h) be the subtree consisting of all reduced words starting with any reduced word h ∈ Γ\{e}. We prove that the C*-algebra generated by and the projection Ph onto the subspace l2(Γ(h)) has a unique nontrivial closed ideal ℐ, ℐ is *-isomorphic to , and the quotient algebra is *-isomorphic to either or depending on the last letter of h. We also prove that is a purely infinite, simple C*-algebra if the last letter of h is a generator of ℤ, and that has a unique nontrivial closed ideal if the last letter of h is a generator of ℤn; furthermore, is *-isomorphic to and is again a purely infinite, simple C*-algebra. As consequences, all the C*-algebras above have real rank zero, and is nuclear for any h ≠ e.
Symphyseal surface strain during in vitro human mandibular wishboning.

Objectives This research theoretically models and empirically records symphyseal surface strain during in vitro human mandibular wishboning (lateral transverse bending) in order to test one aspect of the hypothesis that the chin is an adaptive response to masticatory stresses. From a perspective of optimality, three questions were tested: 1) Do human mandibles function as curved beams during wishboning? 2) Is the presence of a chin associated with lower than predicted curved beam effects? 3) Are there relatively low strain gradients on the lingual and labial symphyseal surfaces respectively? Materials and Methods Based on morphometric criteria, theoretical wishboning strains were calculated for five dentate adult human mandibles. The same mandibles were fitted with strain gauges and subjected to simulated wishboning loads. From the empirically-recorded strains, relative strains were calculated by dividing all strains by the absolute lowest strain in a given specimen. The theoretical and empirical results were compared in order to address the three related questions guiding this research. Results Human mandibles behave as curved beams during wishboning (question 1). Empirical strain measures showed greater disparity both between and within the labial and lingual symphyseal surfaces than the theoretical models predictions (questions 2 and 3). Discussion Human symphyseal form, with its distinctive chin, is unlikely to be adapted for countering wishboning loads. Chins are associated with larger than expected strain gradients within and between symphyseal surfaces, which runs counter to the optimality criterion typically invoked in assessing trait performance for signs of adaptation. The implications are twofold: 1) wishboning may not, in fact, be a regular feature of human mastication or 2) wishboning may not pose the same structural risks in human jaws as this load does in other anthropoid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Give, Isolated from an Imported Chili Powder Product.

ABSTRACT We report the genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Give (CFSAN012622), isolated from imported chili powder in 2014. This genome contains genes previously reported to be specific only to S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. This strain shows a unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern clustering with serovar Enteritidis (JEG X01.0005).
Mobile Sensor Approach to Location-Based Services

Moving object database is the core technology for location-based services (LBS), permitting users to pose spatial queries about the environment around them. We introduce a sensor-based LBS approach that is more economical and scalable for large-scale deployments supporting a large user community. We discuss this framework in the context of k-nearest-neighbor queries. We present simulation results and efficiency analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
An asymptotic optimal design

The problem of designing an experiment to estimate the product of the means of two normal populations is considered. A Bayesian approach is adopted in which the product of the means is estimated by its posterior mean. A fully sequential design is proposed and shown to be asymptotically optimal.
Tunneling in a cavity

The mechanism of coherent destruction of tunneling found by Grossmann et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 516 (1991)] is studied from the viewpoint of quantum optics by considering the photon statistics of a single mode cavity field which is strongly coupled to a two-level tunneling system (TS). As a function of the interaction time between TS and cavity the photon statistics displays the tunneling dynamics. In the semi-classical limit of high photon occupation number $n$, coherent destruction of tunneling is exhibited in a slowing down of an amplitude modulation for certain parameter ratios of the field. The phenomenon is explained as arising from interference between displaced number states in phase space which survives the large $n$ limit due to identical $n^{-1/2}$ scaling between orbit width and displacement.
The Metabolic Fate of Double‐Labeled Disulfiram

The metabolic fate of disulfiram labeled with both 14C and 35S was studied in the rat. After administration of 50 mg of 14C,35S-disulfiram dissolved in corn oil to rats by stomach tube, 95% of the radioactivity was recovered in urine, feces, and expired air at 144 hr. The major portion of the excreted radioactivity was in urine (75 ± 6%). Feces and expired air contained 13 ± 2% and 6 ± 5% of the dose, respectively. No measurable radioactivity was found in the body organs or carcass. Pretreatment of rats with unlabeled disulfiram for 20 days prior to administration of 14C,35S-disulfiram led to more rapid catabolism of the drug and more rapid excretion of radioactivity in the urine during the first 12 hr after dosing.
Novel synthesis of 5-halouracils from 5-mercuri-2,4-dimethoxypyrimidines

Direct C-mercuration of 2,4-dimethoxypyrimidine with mercury (II) acetate has been shown to give the 5-mercuri-derivative, which is readily converted, either directly or via 5,5′ -mercuribis (2,4-dimethoxypyrimidine), into the 5-halo derivatives. Hydrolysis of the latter with hydrochloric acid affords the 5-halouracils.
An efficient method for single hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in mice based on cell-cycle dormancy of hematopoietic stem cells.

Objective To develop an efficient method for single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation for high-level hematopoietic engraftment. Materials and Methods We combined single-cell sorting with short-term culture of putative HSCs. Mouse bone marrow cells that had been highly enriched for HSCs were individually deposited into a 96-well culture plate and incubated in the presence of mouse c-kit ligand and either mouse interleukin-11 or human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. One week later, the resulting clones of cells were individually transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients. We also carried out time-course analysis of proliferation of the individual clones. Finally, we used micromanipulation of the paired progenies of the single cells and studied self-renewal and differentiation potentials of HSCs again in combination with transplantation. Results There was a correlation between clone size at day 7 of culture and engraftment at 2 months post-transplantation. Small clones, such as those consisting of 0 state for as long as 1 week, despite the presence of permissive cytokines. Studies using micromanipulation of paired progenies documented the ability of an HSC to generate two HSCs, as well as asymmetric cell divisions. Conclusions Single-cell sorting combined with short-term culture of individual putative HSCs provides an efficient method for single HSC transplantation. Analyses of the kinetics of individual HSCs provided direct evidence for HSC cell-cycle dormancy, self-renewal, and expansion.
Orbicular volcanic rocks of Cerro Panizos: Their origin and implications for orb formation

Orbs, which are a rare occurrence in granitoid rocks, are present in a 5-m-thick stratum within the Cerro Panizos Ignimbrite and in two post-ignimbrite lava flows. Orbs in volcanic host rocks are extremely rare and have not been described in detail previously. The orbs consist of two to five crystalline rings surrounding a xenolithic or orthopyroxene core. The rings alternate between bands of large, radially oriented plagioclase and orthopyroxene crystals and bands of small, tangentially or radially oriented biotite and ilmenite crystals. The ignimbrite orbs are associated with two types of pumice: (1) a coarsely porphyritic biotite-quartz-plagioclase dacite with 35%-40% crystals found throughout the ignimbrite and (2) a finely porphyritic biotite-plagioclase quartz dacite with 75%-80% crystals found only in association with the orbs. The major- and trace-element and isotopic compositions of the two pumice types are identical. Bronzite and quartz megacrysts are also found with the ignimbrite orbs and rarely occur in the overlying sequence. Plagioclase and orthopyroxene compositions in orb-associated rocks exhibit large variations. The orb inner rings and finely porphyritic pumice have the most mafic compositions (An81-92 and En60-77), coarsely porphyritic pumice and lavas have the most felsic compositions (mostly An45-63 and En42-50), and the outer rings of the orbs span the entire gap between the two groups (An67-77 and En50-66). The orbs formed in a water-rich cupola along the roof of the magma body, where the magma was superheated and most crystals were resorbed. Pressure release related to eruption caused exsolution of water, leading to large degrees of undercooling. Orbs formed rapidly around the few available nuclei. As limited mixing with the surrounding coarsely porphyritic magma occurred, heterogeneous nucleation in the supercooled magma began, forming the abundant small crystals seen in the finely porphyritic pumice. Eruption of the orbicular dacite occurred when a ring vent conduit tapped the magma in the cupola. Similar processes may form orbs in plutonic rocks, with pressure release related to either eruption or intrusion to higher levels in the crust.
Life Events and Social Rhythms in Bipolar Spectrum Disorders: A Prospective Study

This study examined the social zeitgeber theory, which suggests that affective symptoms are caused by life events disrupting vulnerable individuals' social and circadian rhythms. Undergraduate participants were selected based on a 2-phase screening process, including a semistructured diagnostic interview. The final sample consisted of 101 bipolar spectrum participants and 100 demographically matched normal controls. Participants who completed up to 3 follow-up visits, approximately every 4 months, as part of a longitudinal study were included in the current study. Life events did not predict social rhythm regularity and social rhythm regularity inconsistently predicted affective symptoms. However, life events, particularly social rhythm disruption (SRD) events, did predict depressive symptoms and episodes, and less consistently predicted hypo(manic) symptoms and episodes. Thus, the current study obtained mixed support for social zeitgeber theory.
Evidence for the honeybee’s place knowledge in the vicinity of the hive

Abstract Upon leaving the nest for the first time, honeybees employ a tripartite orientation/exploration system to gain the requisite knowledge to return to their hive after foraging. Focal exploration comes first- the departing bee turns around to face the return target and oscillates in a lateral flight pattern of increasing amplitude and distance. Thereafter, for the peripheral exploration, the forward flying bee circles the return-goal area with expanding and alternating clockwise and counterclockwise arcs. After this two- part proximal exploration follows distal exploration, the bee flies straight towards her potential distal goal. For the return path, supported by the preceding exploratory learning, the return navigational performance is expected to reflect the three exploratory parts in reverse order. Previously only two performance parts have been experimentally identified: focal navigation and distal navigation. Here we discovered peripheral navigation as being distinct from focal and distal navigation. Like focal navigation, yet unlike distal navigation, peripheral navigation is invariably triggered by local place recognition. Whereas focal navigation (orientation) is close to unidirectional, peripheral navigation makes use of multiple goal-vector knowledge. We term the area in question the Peripheral Correction Area because within it peripheral navigation is triggered, which in turn is capable of correcting errors that accumulated during a preceding distal dead-reckoning based flight.
High level planning and control: An IDEF0 analysis for airframe manufacture

Abstract This paper presents an overview of a high level planning and control system (HLPCS) designed to permit CAD/CAM integration of the manufacturing processes of a generic airframe manufacturing facility. This analysis was performed in part under the direction of the United State Air Force Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing Program (project priority 6104). The analysis was conducted through the design/communication tool of IDEF0 (ICAM definition language). This paper will therefore rely heavily on discussions utilizing IDEF0. The concepts of the HLPCS will be discussed, the aspects of the system enhancements that encourage integration will be highlighted, and conclusions regarding system improvements will be identified.
Some ecological and socio-economic considerations for biomass energy crop production

Abstract Power generation using biomass could provide substantial environmental and socio-economic benefits. Production of the feedstocks to fuel biomass power plants can either add to potential environmental gains or contribute to the environmental problems which the agriculture and forestry industries already face. Likewise, the biomass energy infrastructure can help strengthen agricultural economies or speed the decline of rural communities. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a regional approach to ensure that energy crop production will proceed in an ecologically and economically sustainable way. At this juncture, we have the opportunity to build into the system some ecological and socio-economic values which have not traditionally been considered. If crop species are chosen and sited properly, incorporation of energy crops into our agricultural system could provide extensive wildlife habitat and address soil and water quality concerns, in addition to generating renewable power. We recommend that three types of agricultural land be targeted for perennial biomass energy crops: (1) highly erodible land; (2) wetlands presently converted to agricultural uses; and (3) marginal agricultural land in selected regions. Fitting appropriate species to these lands, biomass crops can be successfully grown on lands not ecologically suited for conventional farming practices, thus providing an environmental benefit in addition to producing an economic return to the land owner.