cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Receptor-G Protein Coupling by Bilayer Lipid Composition II FORMATION OF METARHODOPSIN II-TRANSDUCIN COMPLEX

The visual transduction system was used as a model to investigate the effects of membrane lipid composition on receptor-G protein coupling. Rhodopsin was reconstituted into large, unilamellar phospholipid vesicles with varying acyl chain unsaturation, with and without cholesterol. The association constant (K a) for metarhodopsin II (MII) and transducin (Gt) binding was determined by monitoring MII-Gt complex formation spectrophotometrically. At 20 °C, in pH 7.5 isotonic buffer, the strongest MII-Gtbinding was observed in 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0,22:6PC), whereas the weakest binding was in 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0,18:1PC) with 30 mol% cholesterol. Increasing acyl chain unsaturation from 18:0,18:1PC to 18:0,22:6PC resulted in a 3-fold increase in K a. The inclusion of 30 mol% cholesterol in the membrane reduced K a in both 18:0,22:6PC and 18:0,18:1PC. These findings demonstrate that membrane compositions can alter the signaling cascade by changing protein-protein interactions occurring predominantly in the hydrophilic region of the proteins, external to the lipid bilayer. These findings, if extended to other members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, suggest that a loss in efficiency of receptor-G protein binding is a contributing factor to the loss of cognitive skills, odor and spatial discrimination, and visual function associated with n-3 fatty acid deficiency.
Research on Vacuum Sling Technology of Aeronautical Aluminum Alloy Low-Rigid Parts

During handling airplane low-rigid parts, it often horizontally hanger it with rope or sling. Combined with frictionics, this article analyses the force in vacuum sling of aeronautical low-rigid parts and gets the corresponding conclusion to design hangers for reference.By establishing finite element model, the deformation of hoisting is static analysed by ANSYS.The research results is to provide necessary conclusions in effectively resolving the optimization of designing of vacuum lifting system.
Lick rates in New Zealand white rabbits

A technique for measuring lick rate in the rabbit is described. Using this technique, lick rates in male and female New Zealand white rabbits were found to be constant and independent of type of solution tested (water, 4%, 16%, and 32% sucrose) and number of hours of deprivation (12, 24, and 48 h). These data corroborate data previously reported regarding constancy of the licking reflex in other mammals.
Quantitative Models and Methods for World-System Analysis*

Many quantitative analysts who have turned their attention to the world-system have developed models of the structural and relational components of that system. These efforts have come under fire, ...
The Children's Treatment of Animals Questionnaire: A Rasch Analysis

ABSTRACTThe study of human–animal interactions is limited by a paucity of empirically validated measures of humane treatment of companion animals. The current study reports findings from a psychometric analysis of the Children's treatment of animals Questionnaire (CTAQ; thompson and Gullone 2003), an instrument that assesses children's humane interactions with nonhuman animals. Specifically, the current study extends what is known about the psychometric properties of the CTAQ by using traditional and item response theory analyses. The CTAQ was administered to a sample of 217 school-age children whose mothers were currently receiving residential or non-residential domestic violence services. Item-analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and parallel analysis were conducted to replicate previous psychometric evaluations of the CTAQ. Rasch analysis of the CTAQ was also conducted to provide a stringent test of unidimensionality and to identify potential invariance in item functioning across various demographic ...
Investing in future pediatric subspecialists: a fellowship curriculum that prepares for the transition to academic careers.

Background : The experience of transitioning to an academic faculty position can be improved with standardized educational interventions. Although a number of such interventions have been described, few utilize an evaluation framework, describe a robust evaluation process, and address why their interventions were successful. In this article, the authors apply a logic model to describe their efforts to develop, implement, evaluate, and revise a comprehensive academic career development curriculum among pediatric subspecialty fellows. They describe inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes using quantitative data from fellow evaluations and qualitative data from faculty interviews. Methods : Methods are described under the input and activities sections. The curriculum started with collaboration among educational leadership and conducting a needs assessment. Using the needs assessment results and targeted learning objectives, we piloted the curriculum and then implemented the full curriculum 1 year later. Results : Results are described under the outputs and outcomes sections. We present immediate, short-term, and 6-month evaluation data. Cumulative data over 3 years reveal that fellows consistently acquired knowledge relevant to transitioning and that they applied acquired knowledge to prepare for finding jobs and career advancement. The curriculum also benefits faculty instructors who gain a sense of reward by filling a critical knowledge gap and fostering fellows’ professional growth. Conclusion : The authors relate the success and effectiveness of the curriculum to principles of adult learning, and share lessons learned, including the importance of buy-in from junior and senior fellows and faculty, collaboration, and designating the time to teach and learn. Keywords: academic career development; pediatric subspecialties; fellowship training; career guidance; non-clinical skills (Published: 8 April 2015) Citation: Med Educ Online 2015, 20: 26714 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v20.26714
Flash desorption and equilibration of H2 and D2 on single crystal surfaces of platinum

Abstract The adsorption and flash desorption of hydrogen and the equilibration of H2 and D2 has been studied on the (110), (211), (111) and (100) planes of platinum. Desorption from Pt (211), a stepped surface composed of (111) and (100) ledges, yields a desorption spectrum which apparently is a composite of desorption from the individual ledges. Pt (110) is quite similar to the tungsten structural analog, W (211), in that both yield two-peak desorption spectra, and on both planes adsorption kinetics are dramatically different for filling of the two states. On all four planes adsorption kinetics are apparently proportional to (1 − θ)2, and estimates of the initial sticking probabilities show them to decrease in the order: (110) > (211) > (100) > (111). Equilibration activity follows approximately the same order [(110) > (211) > (111) > (100)] with a factor of ~ 5 difference between the most and least active planes; no extraordinary activity is observed for the stepped surface, Pt(211). Below ~ 570 K equilibration of H2 and D2 is activated by less than 2 kcal/mole with the magnitude dependent on the specific face, and above this temperature the reaction is nonactivated. The non-activated case apparently results from absorption followed by statistical mixing on the surface. Calculated rates for HD production per cm2 based on this model are in excellent agreement with the experimental values for Pt(110) and Pt(211), and in somewhat poorer agreement in the case of Pt (111) and Pt (100). This latter is probably due to the greater inaccuracy in the values of the sticking coefficients on these planes.
Quantum Algorithm Providing Exponential Speed Increase for Finding Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

We describe a new polynomial time quantum algorithm that uses the quantum fast Fourier transform to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a local Hamiltonian, and that can be applied in cases (commonly found in ab initio physics and chemistry problems) for which all known classical algorithms require exponential time. Applications of the algorithm to specific problems are considered, and we find that classically intractable and interesting problems from atomic physics may be solved with between 50 and 100 quantum bits.
Topically Delivered Adipose Derived Stem Cells Show an Activated-Fibroblast Phenotype and Enhance Granulation Tissue Formation in Skin Wounds

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are found in various tissues and can proliferate extensively in vitro. MSCs have been used in preclinical animal studies and clinical trials in many fields. Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) have several advantages compared to other MSCs for use in cell-based treatments because they are easy to isolate with relative abundance. However, quantitative approaches for wound repair using ASCs have been limited because of lack of animal models which allow for quantification. Here, we addressed the effect of topically delivered ASCs in wound repair by quantitative analysis using the rabbit ear model. We characterized rabbit ASCs, and analyzed their multipotency in comparison to bone marrow derived-MSCs (BM-MSCs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs) in vitro. Topically delivered ASCs increased granulation tissue formation in wounds when compared to saline controls, whereas BM-MSCs or DFs did not. These studies suggest that ASCs and BM-MSCs are not identical, though they have similar surface markers. We found that topically delivered ASCs are engrafted and proliferate in the wounds. We showed that transplanted ASCs exhibited activated fibroblast phenotype, increased endothelial cell recruitment, and enhanced macrophage recruitment in vivo.
Exercise and clinical depression: examining two psychological mechanisms

Abstract Objectives: To examine the antidepressant effects of exercise, and two previously proposed psychological mechanisms for this effect: self-efficacy and distraction. Method: A quasi-experimental design was utilized with participants (N=19) self-selecting to either a control or a 9-week exercise group. Dependent variables included severity of depression, coping self-efficacy, rumination, and distraction and were measured at study entry, 3 and 9 weeks later. Results: Exercisers reported lower depression scores than controls at Week 3 [9.3 (4.8) vs. 24.7 (12.0), p 0.05]. Partial correlations, controlling for baseline values of the independent variables, were conducted and a significant negative relationship between coping self-efficacy and depression was found at both Weeks 3 and 9. Conclusions: Exercise was associated with a reduction in the symptoms of depression. Support was found for coping self-efficacy as a potential mechanism; however, there was limited support for distraction as a potential mechanism.
Congenital ingrown toenail of the hallux.

Background Ingrown toenail in the infant is a rare entity that has only occasionally been discussed in the medical literature. At birth, or soon thereafter, children present with bilateral ingrown hallux toenails notable for pain, tenderness, erythema, purulence, and hypertrophy of the skin and fat of the distal end of the great toes extending over the dorsum of the nail plates. Inflammatory and infectious granulation tissue develops with time. Methods We present a case series of 4 patients with bilateral congenitally ingrown hallux toenails. Conservative and surgical treatment modalities were used, with 3 of 4 patients undergoing wedge resection of the hypertrophic soft tissues at the distal end of the toes. Results There were excellent results in both feet of all patients with resolution of the condition and no recurrences in any patient. Clinical photos are provided for all patients. Conclusions Ingrown toenail in the infant is a rare entity that occasionally requires surgical treatment. Excellent results are expected with wedge resection of the hypertrophic soft tissues.
Up-Regulation of Anterior Cingulate Cortex NR2B Receptors Contributes to Visceral Pain Responses in Rats

Background & Aims Electrophysiologic and behavioral studies have shown that increased N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor activation of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons has a critical role in modulating visceral pain responses in viscerally hypersensitive (VH) rats. This study aimed to identify the NMDA receptor subtypes in perigenual ACC (pACC) neurons involved in the facilitation of visceral nociception. Methods We performed in vivo electrophysiologic recordings of pACC neurons and examined the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distention (CRD) in normal and VH rats induced by colonic anaphylaxis. The NR2A-subtype–receptor antagonist [( R )-[( S )-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethylamino]-(2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-5-yl)-methyl]-phosphonic acid (NVP-AAM077) and the NR2B-receptor–antagonist Ro25-6981 were microinjected into the pACC. To down-regulate NR2B-receptor gene expression, an NR2B-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a plasmid (pEGFP-N1) that expressed the green fluorescent protein were administered into ACC neurons by electroporation. Results Reverse microdialysis of NVP-AAM077 had no effect on basal and CRD-induced ACC neuronal firing in VH and control groups. In VH rats, Ro25-6981 (500 μmol/L) inhibited ACC neuronal firing, evoked by 30 and 50 mm Hg CRD, by 98% and 52%, respectively. NVP-AAM077 did not affect the VMR in either group. Ro25-6981 significantly suppressed the VMR in VH but not normal rats. Immunoblot analysis showed increased NR2B-receptor expression in the pACC of VH rats. NR2B siRNA-treated VH rats showed a significant reduction in the VMR, compared with controls. Conclusions The NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor has a critical role in the modulation of ACC sensitization and visceral pain responses in VH rats.
Measurement of g-factors in neon by quantum beat spectroscopy

Abstract Laser-driven quantum beat spectroscopy has been used to measure Lande g-factors in two states of the 2p5(2P 1 2 )3p manifold of neon. Transient lineshape data, captured by a simple photographic averaging technique, permit determination of the g-factors to a precision of 0.2%. The results are in good agreement with previous measurements, but the agreement with theory is less certain.
The lifetime and energy of negative ion resonances of adsorbed molecules: a layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker approach

Abstract We present the first application of a new layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker technique for the calculation of the energy and lifetime of negative ion states in adsorbed molecules. This approach allows, for the first time, the proper treatment of elastic multiple scattering by both the surface barrier and the substrate and its effect upon the lifetime and energy of adsorbate negative ions. We present results for two model systems; the 2 Π g negative ion resonance in N2 on Ag(111) and the 4 Σ u resonance in O2 Pt(111) and Pt(100). For the low-lying 2 Π g negative ion resonance in N2 on Ag(111), we demonstrate that the behavior of the lifetime and energy upon adsorption is dominated by the surface barrier; the substrate reflectivity has a negligible influence. In contrast, the lifetime and energy of the higher energy 4 Σ u resonance in O2 on Pt is dominated by the substrate reflectivity which causes the resonance lifetime to oscillate as the molecule approaches the surface. These findings are interpreted in terms of the interaction between the molecular resonant state and surface resonances.
Conditional Glycosylation in Eukaryotic Cells Using a Biocompatible Chemical Inducer of Dimerization

Chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs) are cell-permeable small molecules capable of dimerizing two protein targets. The most widely used CID, the natural product rapamycin and its relatives, is immunosuppressive due to interactions with endogenous targets and thus has limited utility in vivo. Here we report a new biocompatible CID, Tmp-SLF, which dimerizes E. coli DHFR and FKBP and has no endogenous mammalian targets that would lead to unwanted in vivo side effects. We employed Tmp-SLF to modulate gene expression in a yeast three-hybrid assay. Finally, we engineered the Golgi-resident glycosyltransferase FucT7 for tunable control by Tmp-SLF in mammalian cells.
Affinity-specific protein separations using ligand-coupled particles in aqueous two-phase systems: I. Process concept and enzyme binding studies for pyruvate kinase and alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A process using ligand-coupled particles in aqueous polyethylene glycol-dextran two-phase polymer systems was developed to achieve a highly selective, scaleable biochemical separation process. Product protein is bound to the ligand-coupled particles that quantitatively distribute to the polyethylene glycol-rich upper phase. Other proteins and contaminants partition preferentially to the dextran-rich lower phase.The process offers significant advantages over affinity partitioning here the ligand is coupled to the backbone of a polyethylene glycol polymer. These advantages include a much wider diversity of ligands that can be coupled to particles and more effective confinement of the ligand in the process. Affinity partition with ligands coupled to particles is more amenable to scale-up than is affinity chromatography. A variety of commercially available Sepharose-based particles are suitable for this process. Homogenates from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is genetically altered to overproduce pyruvate kinase, and Cibacron blue F3G-A-coupled Sepharose particles are used as a model system for the process. Binding studies with/without aqueous two-phase systems show that the formation of a two-phase system after the adsorption equilibrium is reached does not affect the apparent dissociation constant. Binding of protein to ligand-coupled particles is more rapid in single-phase systems than in the polymer two-phase system. Single-phase binding eliminates the mass transfer resistance associated with redistribution of product protein from the dextran-rich bottom phase to the polyethylene glycol-rich top phase.
Seeds of instruction: hippocampus and memory in food-storing birds

An area of great interest in neurobiology is the relationship between memory and the hippocampus. Although much of the work on this question has been done in mammals, the study of the hippocampal region and memory of food-storing birds may prove to be particularly useful. These birds have evolved a remarkable and specialized spatial memory: they store large numbers of food items, each in a separate place, and retrieve them accurately hours to months after storage (1). The hippocampus of food-storing birds must be intact for successful retrieval of the stored items and may be specifically enlarged in these species (for recent reviews, see refs. 2 and 3). An intriguing article in this issue of the Proceedings (4) raises the further possibility that the actual experience of food storage and retrieval increases the volume of the hippocampus in food-storing birds, perhaps by decreasing the death of newly generated neurons. This commentary briefly reviews the background to this work, compares these results to other studies in birds and mammals, and discusses implications and directions for future investigations, both of hippocampal function and of postnatal neurogenesis.
Direct construction of path integrals in the lattice-space multiband dynamics of electrons in a solid.

It is suggested that complex problems in ultrasubmicrometer electronics research may greatly benefit from use of the path-integral technique. The use of the Weyl-Wigner formalism of the quantum dynamics of electrons in solids provides a rigorous and straightforward derivation of the path integral in solid-state physics, both from the single-particle and from the many-body field-theoretical description of electron dynamics, without the need to postulate a priori the isomorphism between quantum operators and c-numbers of the base field. A rigorous construction of the path integral in many-body solid-state band theory necessitates a two-stage Weyl correspondence between quantum operators and c-numbers of the base field, namely, the Weyl correspondence of the base field of ''lattice-space'' particle-dynamical variables and that of the continuum many-body field-dynamical variables.
Flavonoid differentiation between leaves and corollas of Eriastrum densifolium

Abstract Leaf and corolla flavonoids of Eriastrum densifolium subsp. austromontanum were analysed and compared using paper chromatography (PC), UV spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Flavonoids from the different organs were similar yet distinct, those of the corollas being eupalitin derivatives, while those of the leaves were derived from patuletin and eupatolitin. This variation suggests functional differences of the flavonoids of leaves vs corollas. Additionally, inter-organ variation in flavonoid composition found in this study emphasizes the necessity of examining separately different organs in chemosystematic studies.
The effect of warm-up on surgical performance: a systematic review.

The concept of warming-up before a performance has been accepted across many disciplines including sports and music. In contrast, it is uncommon for a surgeon to “warm-up” prior to operating. To date, few studies from various specialties have attempted to answer this question whether warm-up improved the intraoperative performance of the surgeon. However, there has not been a systematic review of these studies. The aim of our systematic review is to assess the effect of warming-up preoperatively on the laparoscopic performance of the surgeon. Pubmed and scopus were searched to identify all published prospective observational studies, which involved either residents, fellows or attending surgeons. We excluded case reports, reviews, non-English studies, and medical student participation. Study risk of bias were assessed regarding sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other biases, using a validated Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. Out of 241 studies, 6 met the inclusion criteria. All included studies were randomized with half of them being randomized controlled studies and the rest randomized crossover studies. The total number of operative cases was 196, including 98 warm-up and 98 non warm-up. The total number of participants was 87, with the largest number in a single study being 38 and the average sample size of all studies was 14. All six studies assessed various aspects of laparoscopic surgical performances. Significant improvement in the intraoperative laparoscopic performance was observed with warming-up preoperatively in five out of six studies (p 0.05). Warming-up before an operative procedure improve a trainee’s technical, cognitive, and psychomotor performance. Further studies are necessary to assess the ways in which warm-up could impact a surgeon’s performance, and to identify the optimal timing and duration of warm-up prior to operating.
The Modification of Xa-ATIII-Heparin Dynamics by Protamine Sulfate

Heparin promotes the formation of 1∘ FXaα-ATIII and FXaβ-ATIII complexes from the free enzymes and antithrombin III. It further stimulates the transformations of the 1∘ complexes into the corresponding 3∘ complexes. Additionally, it stimulates the degradation of the 1∘ FXaα-ATIII and FXaβ-ATIII complexes into free FXaα, FXaβ and ATIIIM. Protamine sulfate (PS) stimulates the transformation of FXaα into FXaβ and hence to FXaγ. It also stimulates the transformation of the 1∘-, 2∘-, and 3∘- FXα-ATIII complexes into their corresponding β-complexes. It further promotes the degradation of the 1∘ FXaα- and FXaβ-ATIII complexes into their corresponding 3∘- FXaα- and FXaβ-ATIII complexes, with the concommittant release of FXaγ. The addition of PS to FXa/ATIII/H mixtures results in a reduction in free FXa, ATIII, and 1∘ Xa-ATIII complex formation, together with the concommittant increase in 3∘-FXa- ATIII complex formation and release of FXaγ. The likeliest explanation of these results resides in the removal of the effective free heparin as a consequence of the generation of a stable heparin/PS salt upon the addition of the PS to the FXa/ATIII/H mixtures, thereby effectively lowering clotting times.
Long-term fracture risk in patients with Crohn's disease: A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Abstract Background & Aims: Osteoporosis is common in patients with Crohn's disease, but less is known about their risk of actual fractures. Methods: The medical records of all 238 Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents diagnosed with Crohn's disease between 1940 and 1993 were reviewed for evidence of subsequent fractures compared with a control group of county residents matched by age and sex. The risk ratio of fracture in patients relative to controls was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The cumulative incidence of fracture following diagnosis was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Sixty-three patients had 117 different fractures. The cumulative incidence of any fracture from the time of diagnosis onward was 36% at 20 years versus 32% in controls ( P = 0.792). Compared with controls, the overall risk ratio for any fracture was 0.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6–1.4), whereas the relative risk for an osteoporotic fracture was 1.4 (95% CI, 0.7–2.7). The risk ratio for thoracolumbar vertebral fracture was 2.2 (95% CI, 0.9–5.5). Cox proportional hazards regression identified only age as a significant clinical predictor of fracture risk (hazard ratio per 10-year increase in age, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.5). Specifically, use of corticosteroids and surgical resection did not predict risk of fracture among these unselected patients with Crohn's disease from the community. Conclusions: In this population-based inception cohort of patients with Crohn's disease, the risk of fracture was not elevated relative to age- and sex-matched controls. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:468-475
A Naturalizer's Vision

Never Pure Historical Studies of Science as if It Was Produced by People with Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority by Steven Shapin Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2010. 564 pp. $70. ISBN 9780801894206. Paper, $30. ISBN 9780801894213. This collection of essays samples Shapin's explorations of where, how, and by whom science has been produced.
Theoretical and computational hierarchical nanomechanics of protein materials: Deformation and fracture

Abstract Proteins constitute the building blocks of biological materials such as tendon, bone, skin, spider silk or cells. An important trait of these materials is that they display highly characteristic hierarchical structures, across multiple scales, from nano to macro. Protein materials are intriguing examples of materials that balance multiple tasks, representing some of the most sustainable material solutions that integrate structure and function. Here we review progress in understanding the deformation and fracture mechanisms of hierarchical protein materials by using a materials science approach to develop structure-process-property relations, an effort defined as materiomics. Deformation processes begin with an erratic motion of individual atoms around flaws or defects that quickly evolve into formation of macroscopic fractures as chemical bonds rupture rapidly, eventually compromising the integrity of the structure or the biological system leading to failure. The combination of large-scale atomistic simulation, multi-scale modeling methods, theoretical analyses combined with experimental validation provides a powerful approach in studying deformation and failure phenomena in protein materials. Here we review studies focused on the molecular origin of deformation and fracture processes of three types of protein materials. The review includes studies of collagen – Nature’s super-glue; beta-sheet rich protein structures as found in spider silk – a natural fiber that can reach the strength of a steel cable; as well as intermediate filaments – a class of alpha-helix based structural proteins responsible for the mechanical integrity of eukaryotic cells. The article concludes with a discussion of the significance of universally found structural patterns such as the staggered collagen fibril architecture or the alpha-helical protein motif.
Solvent‐free fluorination of partially‐chlorinated heterocyclics: Synthesis of 2,6‐difluoropyridine from 2,6‐dichloropyridine

Previous studies on the solvent-free fluorination of partially-chlorinated heterocyclics such as 2-chloropyridine, 2,3,4,6- and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridine, and 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine with alkali metal fluorides or hifluorides revealed an inconsistent product pattern: degradation, partial or complete halogen exchange could occur. The present study concerned application of the solvent-free halogen exchange technique (potassium fluoride) to 2,6-dichloropyridine (I). The latter, as well as its fluorination products, exhibited good stability at 400° to provide an 80% yield of 2,6-difluoropyridine (III). Moderation of fluorination conditions also permitted isolation of the precursor, 2-chloro-6-fluoropyridine (II), a new compound. The above solvent-free process to III is superior to the previously-reported halogen-exchange route in dimethyl sulfone solvent on the basis of yield, reaction time and number of processing steps.
Burn-Induced Thymic Apoptosis Corresponds with Altered TGF-β1 and Smad 2/3

Immune suppression is a common complication of injury. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), a cytokine with diverse anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, may play an important role. Smad 2 and Smad 3 are transcription factors that mediate the effects of TGF-beta(1). We hypothesized that burn-induced immunosuppression would be accompanied by increased apoptosis in lymphoid organs, a change likely associated with changes in TGF-beta(1) and Smad 2/3 expression. Mice were subjected to 18% body surface area flame burn. Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus were harvested at multiple time points after injury. TGF-beta(1) and Smad 2/3 expression and levels of apoptosis were determined in whole tissue and in sorted T-cells by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. TGF-beta(1) protein expression in the thymus increased from 1 to 7 days. Smad 2/3 protein expression was decreased at the same time points. This down-regulation was more dramatic in the non-T-cells than in the T-cells themselves. RT-PCR confirmed down-regulation of Smad 3 mRNA in the thymus from 3 to 6 h. Apoptosis in the thymus doubled at 1 day (6.4% control vs 12.8% burned), which corresponded with a marked decrease in thymus mass on subjective assessment. No changes were observed in other lymphoid organs. Burn injury in mice increases TGF-beta(1) expression in the thymus, while suppressing expression of its intracellular mediator, Smad 2/3. This response is most pronounced in the non-T-cell tissue, which suggests the thymic epithelial cells may be responsible for the increased thymic apoptosis. This TGF-beta(1) and Smad 2/3 counterregulation in response to injury may represent a potential mechanism for postinjury immune suppression.
Neuregulin-1β for the treatment of systolic heart failure.

Abstract The Neuregulin-1 gene encodes a family of ligands that act through the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases to regulate morphogenesis of many tissues. Work in isolated cardiac cells as well as genetically altered mice demonstrates that neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling is a paracrine signaling system that functions in endocardial-endothelial/cardiomyocyte interactions to regulate tissue organization during development as well as maintain cardiac function throughout life. Treatment of animals with cardiac dysfunction with recombinant neuregulin-1beta improves cardiac function. This has led to ongoing early phase clinical studies examining neuregulin-1beta as a potential novel therapeutic for heart failure. In this review we synthesize the literature behind this rapidly evolving area of translational research. This article is part of a special issue entitled “Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure.”
Stability of mandibular advancement after sagittal osteotomy with screw or wire fixation: A comparative study

Stability and clinical results in 70 patients who underwent bilateral sagittal ramus osteotomy for mandibular advancement were studied. The patients were grouped by the method of fixation (screws vs. wire) and matched for the amount of advancement. There were 35 patients in each group, and the age, sex, and presurgical mandibular plane angle distributions were similar for the two groups. Although the pattern of skeletal and dental changes during the first postsurgical year were quite different for the groups, stability, incisal opening, and clinical results were equivalent at 1 year following surgery. In the first 6 weeks postsurgery, the screw fixation group was more stable horizontally and vertically than the wire group, but between 6 weeks and 1 year, the wire group showed recovery, and the mean differences all but disappeared.
Grafting experiments on the nature of the decline in N2 fixation during fruit development in soybean

A decline in nitrogen fixation at the time of pod-filling is persistently seen in soybeans. This phenomenon was studied by grafting experiments. Young scions with 3 nodes were grafted near the base of fruiting stocks which had passed their peak of nitrogen fixation. These grafts produced a second peak of nitrogen fixation on the same root system, indicating that the decline is reversible. If the scions were grafted near the apex of the fruiting stocks then the second peak of nitrogen fixation was very small. Thus, the translocation system could have an important role in regulating the decline in nitrogen fixation. Grafting of a second shoot of the same age as the rootstock, after the decline in nitrogen fixation, did not reduce the rate of decline even when the fruits from the scion were removed. It appears that physiological changes in different components of the shoot jointly regulate the decline in the rate of nitrogen fixation in soybeans.
Outcome of Prenatally Diagnosed Congenital Heart Disease: An Update

The objective of this study was to compare the outcome of prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease (CHD) in a recent time period with previously reported experience. All cases of fetal CHD during the time period 1993 to 1999 were analyzed in terms of their outcome. During this time frame, 408 cases of fetal CHD were detected. Of these, 84% of mothers were referred because of suspicion of a cardiac anomaly during an obstetric scan. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 26 weeks. Termination of pregnancy occurred in 98 cases. There were 92 deaths in the continuing pregnancies and a survival rate of 60%. The detection rate of CHD prenatally continues to increase as obstetric screening for cardiac malformations becomes more widespread. Diagnostic categories continue to be skewed toward more complex forms of malformation, although comparisons with previous studies show some trends. In particular, there are proportionately fewer pregnancies with extracardiac malformations. In addition, the outcome in continuing pregnancies is substantially improved from previous reports.
Analysis of zeolite crystallizations using Avrami transformation methods

Abstract Avrami transformation kinetics have been used in the past to describe zeolite crystallization results from batch synthesis systems. It is demonstrated that the kinetic equations used to date represent only the early part of the crystallization process, i.e., the time during which nucleation is still occurring. The treatment of the growth stage of the zeolite crystallization experiment with the early-time expressions is not correct, nor is it necessary with today's computing tools. The results shown demonstrate that, for the nucleation and growth parameter values that might be expected to apply to zeolite crystallizations, the second stage of the process is by far the most important part; i.e. the growth period of the crystallization, described by kinetic equations that have been neglected to date, are important over the majority of the process, both in a time and a reactant conversion sense. Lastly, these results will demonstrate that the nucleation and growth stages of the transformation process can almost be separated completely, at least for the case of an Avrami-type transformation process.
Resolving controversies on the path to Alzheimer's therapeutics

Alzheimer's disease constitutes a personal and societal tragedy of immense proportions. Since 1960, research in laboratories and clinics worldwide has elucidated many features of this insidious and ultimately fatal syndrome, and this progress has led to initial human trials of potentially disease-modifying agents. However, some of these agents have already failed. Gnawing controversies and important gaps in our knowledge seem to cast additional doubt on the ability of the field to move forward effectively. Here I discuss some of these looming concerns and offer possible explanations for the major trial failures that suggest they are not predictive of the future. Rigorous preclinical validation of mechanism-based therapeutic agents followed by meticulously designed trials that focus on the cardinal cognitive symptoms and their associated biomarkers in the mild or presymptomatic phases of Alzheimer's disease are likely to lead to success, perhaps in the not-too-distant future.
Revisiting the STEBI‐B: Measuring Self‐Efficacy in Preservice Elementary Teachers

The Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument-Preservice (STEBI-B) has been used in many studies to measure science teaching self-efficacy and outcome expectancy in preservice elementary teachers. Since its development in 1990, there have been no studies that have re-examined its internal validity and reliability. The purpose of this study was to do so. Two hundred ninety preservice elementary teachers participated in this study. The STEBI-B was administered at the beginning of science methods courses. A factor analysis established that the two subscales, Personal Science Teaching Efficacy Belief (PSTE) and Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy (STOE), on the STEBI-B were homogeneous, and loadings were comparable to those reported by Enochs and Riggs (1990). Two items on the STOE were found to exhibit cross-loading on the factor analysis, as well as low item-total correlations. These two items were modified and the revised instrument administered to 86 new participants. Both revised items loaded more clearly on the STOE subscale, and item-total correlations were stronger. Comparison of means analyses showed that gender, number of science courses taken, and school science experiences had significant associations with PSTE. The STEBI-B continues to be employed in hundreds of studies to measure science teaching self-efficacy. It is important to continue to monitor its reliability and validity, as well as check on associations with various background variables. The modified STEBI-B is included in an appendix with this article.
Staining of ultraviolet irradiated chromosomes by the Gomori alkaline phosphatase technique.

When a chromosome segment is selectively irradiated with an ultraviolet micro-beam, the chromosome(s), which normally appear black by medium-dark phase-contrast microscopy, become “pale” in the irradiated region (decrease in refractive index). Previous ultraviolet absorption and Feulgen staining studies indicated that all or most of the deoxyribonucleic acid is lost in this region. After fixation, the irradiated area appears pale with most of the usual staining methods. The residual material in the paled spot, however, can be stained with the Comori alkaline phosphatase technique and is seen to be directly continuous with the nonirradiated segments. With the bright field microscope, there appears to be no decrease or increase in chromosome width. It is concluded that staining by the Gomori technique is independent of the presence or absence of deoxyribonucleic acid. Positive staining of chromosomes by the nonenzymatic peroxide method of Danielli indicated that staining was due to nonspecific precipitation...
Factors contributing to the recalcitrance of herbaceous dicotyledons (forbs) to enzymatic deconstruction

Background Many different feedstocks are under consideration for the practical production of biofuels from lignocellulosic materials. The best choice under any particular combination of economic, agronomic, and environmental conditions depends on multiple factors. The use of old fields, restored prairie, or marginal lands to grow biofuel feedstocks offers several potential benefits including minimal agronomic inputs, reduced competition with food production, and high biodiversity. However, a major component of such landscapes is often herbaceous dicotyledonous plants, also known as forbs. The potential and obstacles of using forbs as biofuel feedstocks compared to the more frequently considered grasses and woody plants are poorly understood.
Effect of wall proximity on the rate of rise of single air bubbles in a quiescent liquid

The terminal velocity of air bubbles rising through distilled water, 61% glycerine, diethylene glycol, and a solution of a surface-active agent was measured in vertical cylindrical tubes of 2.09, 3.64, 4.91, 6.90, 9.50, and 15.25 cm. avg. I.D. An equation was developed to express a velocity-correction factor in terms of the ratio of bubble diameter to tube diameter and an empirical constant. The constant was a function of tube diameter and of the surface tension of the liquid. It seemed to be independent of liquid viscosity.
Using Embossing to Create a Fiber Reinforced Honeycomb Composite

This research project used hot embossing to create a strong and tough polymeric based composite structure. A honeycomb type structure was created by pressing small grooves into thin polycarbonate sheets. A trapezoidal die was used to create hexagonal shaped channels in the polymeric sheet. A number of these sheets were then bonded together to form a composite material. Carbon fibers were embedded into the channels in some ofthe laminâtes. The embossing process was carried out at an elevated temperature in an environmental chamber attached to an MTS servo hydraulic testing machine. The grooved structure had a 31% to 45% decrease in the apparent density compared to the ungrooved specimens. Bend tests, tensile tests, and Charpy impact tests were performed on laminâtes made from this material. The specific values of tensile strength, flexural modulus, and Charpy impact toughness were increased. A small percentage of fibers significantly increased both the stiffness and strength ofthe laminate.
Searching for Monochromatic-Square-Free Ramsey Grid Colorings via SAT Solvers

Monochromatic-square-free Ramsey grid coloring is a challenging problem to solve computationally. It relates to Ramsey-theoretic combinatorics and multiple party communication protocol complexity. Recently, using a parallel search algorithm on cluster based super computers, a 2-color 14×14 solution was found in 2.5 hours. In this paper, we report on another approach to solve the monochromatic-square-free Ramsey grid coloring problem. The approach first reduces monochromatic-square-free Ramsey grid coloring to satisfiability, and then applies an existing SAT solver to solve it. Using a SAT solver on a sequential machine, we found another 2-color 14×14 solution in about two seconds, which is more than four thousand times faster that the parallel algorithm using 288 cores. We also showed that no 2-color 15×15 solution exists, which answered the open question whether a 15×15 grid graph was monochromatic-square-free 2-colorable or not.
Ultrastructure of terminal pulpal blood vessels in mouse molars

The purpose of this investigation was to study the fine structure of pulpal capillaries located in the odontoblastic layer and immediate subjacent zone. The observations were from first molars of white mice sacrificed at five day intervals from 25–90 days. Both capillaries and small vessels with an incomplete smooth muscular coating appeared in the zone subjacent to the odontoblastic layer from 25–60 days. At the same time, capillaries which exhibited intracellular fenestrations in the endothelial wall were located within the odontoblastic layer. From 50–90 days, the capillaries among odontoblasts, especially at the pulpal horns, appeared close to the predentinal surface, and an isolated capillary appeared to extend into predentin and run parallel to the outer surface of the odontoblastic layer for a short distance. At these ages, the capillaries subjacent to the odontoblastic layer also exhibited fenestrations along the thin endothelial walls similar to those observed at earlier ages in capillaries among odontoblasts.
Improvement of esophageal dysmotility after conversion from gastric banding to gastric bypass

Abstract Background Patients undergoing adjustable gastric banding can develop clinically apparent alterations in esophageal motility. There is little data on how such patients do after band removal and revision to other bariatric operations. One article in the literature describes long term manometric evidence of dysmotility in a band patient converted to gastric bypass. Methods 132 patients undergoing placement of an adjustable gastric band by a single surgeon in a university hospital setting were followed over a two year period. 15 (11%) developed unrelenting dysphagia, reflux and regurgitation despite conservative management including complete deflation, and were revised to gastric bypass. Pre-revision contrast studies demonstrated esophageal dysmotility in all patients. The first seven were converted in a staged fashion, with a period of six to eight weeks between band removal and gastric bypass. During this time, motility was again studied to confirm a return to normal. The last eight were converted at the time of band removal and motility was restudied after gastric bypass. Results Esophageal motility normalized radiologically after band removal and remained normal after conversion to bypass in all patients. Symptoms of dysphagia similarly resolved. The revisional complication rate was acceptable. Conclusion The presence of a gastric band may be sufficient in some patients to bring about esophageal dysmotility. However, many will bring this about through forced eating against the band. When the band is poorly tolerated and further weight loss is required, such patients can safely convert to gastric bypass and can expect a return to normal motility.
Percutaneous Embolization of the Pancreatic Duct with Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesive in Disconnected Duct Syndrome

Traditionally, patients with chronic end-pancreatic fistulas caused by pancreatic necrosis have been treated with long-term percutaneous catheter drainage and/or surgical procedures such as resection or open drainage. With surgical treatment, the endocrine and exocrine functions of the removed pancreatic segment are sacrificed. Surgery in this patient population presents additional risks because of the inflammatory changes of pancreatitis and associated venous thromboses. The authors devised a method of percutaneous embolization of the pancreatic duct in a patient with catheter-dependent pancreatic fistula who wished to avoid surgery. The procedure was performed under fluoroscopic guidance with use of a microcatheter and wire system to access the duct, which was embolized with opacified n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. After 1 year of surveillance, the patient remains symptom-free. There has been no need for replacement of the drainage catheter and no further intervention has been performed.