cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical Care Plan Examinations to Identify Students at Risk for Poor Performance in Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Objectives. To evaluate early predictors of advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) performance using either timed pharmaceutical care plan (TPCP) reports of 4 case histories or traditional lecture-based pharmacotherapy course examinations. Methods. Statistical process control (SPC) methods were used to identify a group of third-year pharmacy students “at risk” for poor APPE performance (defined as an APPE grade point average of < 3.0). Examination scores from an integrated lecture-based pharmacotherapy sequence were used for comparison. Results. TPCP scores but not lecture-based examination scores successfully identified 6 of 10 students who ultimately performed poorly in their APPEs. Conclusion. Adaptation of SPC methods to assess student performance during problem-based learning (PBL) case reports is a useful technique for identifying students “at risk” for poor APPE performance.
Tonic inhibition originates from synapses close to the soma.

Abstract Central neurons are subject to a tonic barrage of randomly occurring spontaneous inhibitory events (mIPSCs) resulting from the action potential-independent release of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Do the terminals making synapses onto somatic versus dendritic sites, which arise from specific populations of interneurons, differ in their ability to generate mIPSCs? We have combined the techniques of whole-cell patch-clamp recording and computational simulation to demonstrate that in granule cells of the dentate gyrus, most of the action potential-independent inhibition taking place as mIPSCs originates from proximal sites. Indeed, removal of the bulk (>50%) of the dendritic tree did not change the characteristics of mIPSCs. These results are consistent with a functional segregation of GABAergic terminals synapsing at proximal versus distal portions of central neurons. Thus, proximal GABAergic terminals are responsible for tonic inhibition targeted at the soma.
Soviet defense spending: The Spartan analogy

Abstract This essay was prompted by the comparison between the Soviet Union and ancient Sparta recently made by economists and Sovietologists. Amid growing dissatisfaction with recent efforts to model the Soviet economy and its defense sector, Sparta is invoked as a model of a state in which politics takes precedence over economics, in a manner not dissimilar to the way in which Leninism prescribes that all a state's activity, including economics, be politicized. Sparta's structure sought, above all, to insulate the defense sector from the fate of the domestic economy. The aim of the paper is not so much to support or criticize the analogy as to provide the means for evaluating it. Aciordingly, it marshals and explicates both the ancient evidence and modern scholarship on those issues that any student of the contemporary Soviet economy must understand if he or she wishes to judge how far ancient Spartan society sheds light on the way communist Russia does business today. It may also prove useful in helpin...
An extrasolar giant planet in a close triple-star system

Hot Jupiters are gas-giant planets orbiting with periods of 3–9 days around Sun-like stars. They are believed to form in a disk of gas and condensed matter at or beyond ~2.7 astronomical units (AU—the Sun–Earth distance) from their parent star. At such distances, there exists a sufficient amount of solid material to produce a core capable of capturing enough gas to form a giant planet. Subsequently, they migrate inward to their present close orbits. Here I report the detection of an unusual hot Jupiter orbiting the primary star of a triple stellar system, HD 188753. The planet has an orbital period of 3.35 days and a minimum mass of 1.14 times that of Jupiter. The primary star's mass is 1.06 times that of the Sun, 1.06 M⊙. The secondary star, itself a binary stellar system, orbits the primary at an average distance of 12.3 AU with an eccentricity of 0.50. The mass of the secondary pair is 1.63 M⊙. Such a close and massive secondary would have truncated a disk around the primary to a radius of only ~1.3 AU (ref. 4) and might have heated it up to temperatures high enough to prohibit giant-planet formation, leaving the origin of this planet unclear.
A note on the possibility of a reinforcement theory of cognitive learning

It is suggested that cognitive linkages are formed not by contiguity alone, but by contiguity plus a species of secondary reinforcement. It is also proposed that such linkages, when activated by the environment, result in a surrogate learning experience, the latter being responsible for the overt behavior which then occurs.
Quantity and Timing of Maternal Prenatal Smoking on Neonatal Body Composition: The Healthy Start Study

Objective To examine the dose-dependent and time-specific relationships of prenatal smoking with neonatal body mass, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and FM-to-FFM ratio, as measured by air-displacement plethysmography (PEA POD system). Study design We analyzed 916 mother–neonate pairs participating in the longitudinal prebirth cohort Healthy Start study. Maternal prenatal smoking information was collected in early, middle, and late pregnancy by self-report. Neonatal body composition was measured with the PEA POD system after delivery. Multiple general linear regression models were adjusted for maternal and neonatal characteristics. Results Each additional pack of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy was associated with significant decreases in neonatal body mass (adjusted mean difference, −2.8 g; 95% CI, −3.9 to −1.8 g; P P P P P P P = .47), FM ( P = .43), or FFM ( P = .59) compared with unexposed offspring. Conclusion Exposure to prenatal smoking leads to systematic growth restriction. Smoking cessation before late pregnancy may reduce the consequences of exposure to prenatal smoking on body composition. Follow-up of this cohort is needed to determine the influence of catch-up growth on early-life body composition and the risk of childhood obesity.
Temporal Patterns of Oak Mortality in a Southern Appalachian Forest (1991–2006)

ABSTRACT: The sustainability of eastern oak-dominated forests is threatened by high oak mortality rates and widespread oak regeneration failure, and presents a challenge to natural area managers. We tracked the rate and cause of mortality of 287 mature oak trees of five species for 15 years to determine the temporal patterns and sources of mortality. We observed a 15.3% total mortality rate during the study period. Mortality was due to oak decline (7.3% of trees) and high-intensity wind events (6.6% of trees). Decline-related mortality was gradual, averaging 0.5% annually. Windthrow was episodic, occurring during hurricane-related weather events in 1995 and 2004. Within species, total mortality was disproportionately high for scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh) (41.2%) compared to other species in the red oak group (13.8% for northern red oak (Q. rubra L.); 12.5% for black oak (Q. velutina Lam.)) or the white oak group (10.4% for white oak (Q. alba L.); 5.7% for chestnut oak (Q. prinus L.)). Decline-re...
Prosthetic contingencies for future tooth loss

Possible contingencies for future natural tooth loss that can and should be built into prostheses have been reviewed. These contingencies provide a measure of security to the patient and the dentist when attempting to maintain teeth that appear to have a guarded prognosis. Without a contingency these questionable teeth would be extracted early in therapy from fear that a completely new prosthesis would have to be made if they were lost at a later time. In maintaining more natural teeth, the patient has better function, more occlusal and vertical support, longer maintenance of the alveolar ridge, more support for the prosthesis, and more remaining teeth to share all the forces. This approach of building in contingencies for future tooth loss allows the patient and the dentist the freedom to attempt therapy on abutments with a guarded prognosis with little financial risk.
On the finite transmission zero assignment problem

Abstract In this paper the problem of finite transmission zero assignment is examined by squaring a system from the outputs to the inputs. In particular, we study this problem for two cases, namely for state-accessible and partially state-accessible systems. We show that the problem of finite transmission zero assignment problem for state-accessible systems is equivalent to a pole-placement problem with state feedback on a reduced-order subspace, which always has a solution. In the case of partially state-accessible systems we show that the finite transmission zero assignment problem is equivalent to a pole-placement problem with output feedback on a reduced-order subspace, which generically has a solution for the case when p + m > n . For both cases we exploit the block Hessenberg form of the system and the concept of Sylvester equations in order to solve this problem in a computationally efficient manner.
Pharmaceutical applications of isopropyl alcohol II. Solubilities of local anesthetics

The solubilities, in isopropyl alcohol, of 27 local anesthetics on the American market are reported on the basis of weight in volume.
Refiner: a problem solving environment for ODE/DAE simulations

It is well known in the simulation community that creating scientific simulations is a difficult task. The mathematical complexity and large scale of modern simulation systems presents the need for a programming environment that is able to assist the programmer in the code development cycle. Problem solving environments (PSEs) provide such an environment. This poster presents a program transformation based programming environment named Refiner.
The uptake of H3‐estradiol by the oral tissues of rats

This study was designed to determine whether H3-estradiol would localize in the oral tissues of rats. Twenty ovariectomized rats were injected subcutaneously with H3-estradiol. After injection, oral tissue including gingivae and mucosa, submandibular gland, liver, kidney, uterus and skin were dissected, weighed and homogenized. The tissues were assayed for H3-estradiol and 5 ml aliquots added to liquid scintillation fluid. The samples were read on a Beckman Liquid Scintillator. A series of experiments using the above technique demonstrated the following: (1) H3-estradiol concentrated in the oral extract when a dose of 0.136 μg/100 gm body weight or greater was given. (2) The assay of oral extract contained H3-estradiol as evidenced by chromatography. (3) One hour after injection the oral extract had the highest concentration of H3-estradiol (212 CPM/mg of tissue) while the uterus remained low (47.7 CPM/mg) in uptake. Four hours after injection there was a statistically significant increase of H3-estradiol in the uterus (118.5 CPM/mg but not a significant decrease of H3-estradiol in the oral extract (131.8 CPM/mg). (4) Estrogen (Progynon)* priming for 7 days reduced the uptake of H3-estradiol in the oral extract. Since H3-estradiol concentrates in the oral extract, it is suggested that estrogen can influence the gingival tissues on a local cellular level. The fact that estrogen priming reduced the uptake of H3-estradiol in the oral extract indicates that there may be some type of binding site in the gingivae and mucosa.
Cardicola langeli sp. n. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) from heart of sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Actinopterygii: Sparidae) in the Gulf of Mexico, with an updated list of hosts, infection sites and localities for Cardicola spp.

Cardicola langeli n. sp. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infects the heart of sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792) (Perciformes: Sparidae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Horn Island (type locality), Mississippi, USA. The new species is described herein using light and scanning electron microscopy of adult specimens and can be most easily distinguished from the other 24 accepted species of Cardicola Short, 1953 by the combination of having (i) an ovovitelline duct that extends anteriad and that (ii) is posterior to the ootype, (iii) a male genital pore that is lateral to the oviducal seminal receptacle and (iv) a female genital pore lateral to the ootype. The new species is the only member of Cardicola so-far reported to have tegumental spines that are distally flattened and broad, rather than pointed. The new species generally resembles the two other species of Cardicola that infect sparids, i.e. Cardicola cardiocolum (Manter, 1947) (type species) from jolthead porgy, Calamus bajonado (Block et Schneider), in the Gulf of Mexico and Cardicola aurata Holzer, Montero, Repulles, Sitja-Bobadilla, Alvarez-Pellitero, Zarza et Raga, 2008, from gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata Linnaeus, in the Mediterranean Sea, by having a spheroid anterior sucker with concentric rows of minute spines anterior to the mouth and by having a similar general arrangement of the vitellarium, gonads and genitalia. However, it differs from them by having the combination of the aforementioned five features plus asymmetrical posterior caeca and a dextral posterior caecum that extends beyond the posterior margin of the ovary. Probable eggs of C. langeli n. sp. that contain a ciliated miracidium infect gill epithelium and are spheroid. An updated list of hosts, infection sites and geographic localities for the 25 accepted species of Cardicola is provided.
Capture of Cnestus mutilatus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Other Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Response to Green Light Emitting Diodes, Ethanol, and Conophthorin

A field test was conducted using Lindgren traps baited with (1) ethanol, (2) ethanol plus conophthorin, and (3) ethanol, conophthorin, and green LEDs (525 nm) to compare their efficacy for capture of bark and ambrosia beetles. Captures of Cnestus mutilatus were similar with all 3 treatments. Captures of Xylosandrus crassiusculus and other Scolytinae were significantly higher with ethanol-baited traps supplemented with conophthorin and green LEDs, as compared to traps baited with ethanol alone. Results of this study indicate that detection and monitoring of pest Scolytinae may be improved by incorporating conophthorin and green LEDs into the standard ethanol-baited Lindgren trap. Se utilizaron trampas para determinar el atractivo de los 3 diferentes tratamientos sobre la corteza y escarabajos ambrosias (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): trampas cebadas solo con etanol, trampas con etanol y conophthorin, y trampas con etanol, conophthorin y LED verde. Las trampas cebadas con etanol integradas con conophthorin y LED verde (525 nm) fueron mas atractivas para X. crassiusculus y otros Scolytinae que las trampas cebadas con solo etanol. La captura de Cnestus mutilatus no fue afectada por la adicion de conophthorin, o de conophthorin y LED verde en trampas cebadas con etanol. Este estudio indica que trampas cebadas con etanol y suplementadas con el conophthorin y LED verde pueden ser utiles para mejorar el atractivo de X. crassiusculus y otros Scolytinae hacia las trampas cebadas con etanol. View this article in BioOne
Parasite and host contributions to the pathogenesis of amebic colitis

Entamoeba histolytica, the enteric protozoan parasite that causes amebic colitis and liver abscess, was aptly named for its ability to destroy host tissues. Amebiasis remains a public health problem in developing countries despite effective anti-amebic medications, and the WHO ranks E. histolytica as the third leading parasitic cause of death. A model of pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis is emerging from cumulative in vitro and in vivo studies. It is now clear that tissue destruction results both directly from amebic factors and from the host's inflammatory response.
Spatial Communication in Robotic Surgery

Surgical robots assist with precision tasks in minimally invasive procedures. The surgeon controls the robot from a console away from the operating table, reducing the opportunity for face-to-face communication in an otherwise team-oriented environment. This study examined spatial communication in a collaborative surgical task. It was hypothesized that spatial communication aids would improve performance in the task despite subjects’ innate spatial ability. Fifteen novice dyads completed a simulated organ manipulation task using a laparoscopic trainer box with a rotated (90o) camera view. Subjects were divided into 3 experimental groups: no aid, cardinal directions aid, and grid aid. A spatial ability test was also administered. Significant correlations were found between spatial ability, time, and communication volume in the no aid condition, an effect less apparent in the cardinal directions or grid aid conditions. These results suggest the benefit of a spatial communication aid to promote collaboration...
Vacuum-Assisted Closure for Cutaneous Gastrointestinal Fistula Management

Abstract Background. Cutaneous gastrointestinal (GI) fistulas are a challenging complication in the oncologic patient population. The fistulous effluent is difficult to manage and adversely alters quality of life. Nonsurgical management of enteric fistulas is successful in 30% of cases, requiring at least 4 to 6 weeks. Recently a new technology has been developed to expedite wound healing. The Vacuum-Assisted Closure (VAC) method is a subatmospheric pressure technique that has been demonstrated in laboratory and clinical studies to significantly improve wound healing. Here we report its use in the successful medical management of a cutaneous GI fistula. Case. A 63-year-old woman with advanced ovarian cancer developed an extensive complex cutaneous GI fistula in an open healing wound. She was treated with total parental nutrition and the VAC device, which resulted in complete closure of the fistula. Conclusion. We propose that the VAC device may be a useful adjunct for the medical management of cutaneous GI fistulas.
The development of monoclonal human rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies as a substitute for pooled human immune globulin in the prophylactic treatment of rabies virus exposure

To provide a more defined and safer replacement for the human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) from pooled serum which is currently used for treatment of exposure to rabies virus we have developed a series of human rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Mouse-human heterohybrid myeloma cells producing rabies virus-specific human monoclonal antibodies were prepared using B cells obtained from volunteers recently-immunized with a commercial rabies virus vaccine (HDCV). Cell lines producing antibody which neutralized the Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strain in vitro were cloned and the resulting monoclonal antibodies characterized for isotype, specificity against a variety of rabies virus isolates, and neutralization capacity. The ability of the monoclonal antibodies to neutralize a variety of rabies virus strains in vitro correlated with their binding specificity for these viruses in an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay (ELISA). A number of these antibodies have proven suitable for the formulation of a prophylactic human monoclonal antibody-based reagent which would provide significant advantages to the HRIG in having defined, reproducible specificity, lessened possibility of contamination with viral pathogens, and consistent availability.
Characteristics of high T/sub c/ superconducting thin films prepared by chemical vapor deposition

Superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ thin films were prepared at 750-840 degrees C by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using beta-diketonate chelates on single-crystal SrTiO/sub 3/, MgO substrates, and metal substrates. The best films on single-crystal MgO had zero-resistance T/sub c/ at 89 K and J/sub c/ above 3.6*10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/ (at 77.3 K, 0 T). On SrTiO/sub 3/, the best films had T/sub c/ at 92.5 K and J/sub c/ above 2.0*10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/. X-ray diffraction confirmed the existence of orthorhombic crystal structures having c-axis orientation. The magnetic field dependence of J/sub c/ of the YBCO film was measured at 77.3 K. J/sub c/ depends on the angle between the direction of the applied field and that of the c-axis of YBCO. Superconducting tapes that are 10-cm long were obtained by CVD using Ni-based alloy as a substrate. These tapes had the crystal structures of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ [110]-oriented and T/sub c/ at 84.5 K. The strain dependence of J/sub c/ was measured. Bending strain of up to 0.08% did not reduce J/sub c/.
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at the World’s Largest Mass Gathering

The 2013 Kumbh Mela, a Hindu religious festival and the largest human gathering on earth, drew an estimated 120 million pilgrims to bathe at the holy confluence of the Ganga (Ganges) and Yamuna rivers. To accommodate the massive numbers, the Indian government constructed a temporary city on the flood plains of the two rivers and provided it with roads, electricity, water and sanitation facilities, police stations, and a tiered healthcare system. This phenomenal operation and its impacts have gone largely undocumented. To address this gap, the authors undertook an evaluation and systematic monitoring initiative to study preparedness and response to public health emergencies at the event. This paper describes the water, sanitation, and hygiene components, with particular emphasis on preventive and mitigation strategies; the capacity for surveillance and response to diarrheal disease outbreaks; and the implications of lessons learned for other mass gatherings.
Can an ape create a sentence

More than 19,000 multisign utterances of an infant chimpanzee (Nim) were analyzed for syntactic and semantic regularities. Lexical regularities were observed in the case of two-sign combinations: particular signs (for example, more) tended to occur in a particular position. These regularities could not be attributed to memorization or to position habits, suggesting that they were structurally constrained. That conclusion, however, was invalidated by videotape analyses, which showed that most of Nim's utterances were prompted by his teacher's prior utterance, and that Nim interrupted his teachers to a much larger extent than a child interrupts an adult's speech. Signed utterances of other apes (as shown on films) revealed similar non-human patterns of discourse.
Electron arc therapy: Beam data requirements and treatment planning

In electron are therapy a long narrow beam defined by a secondary collimator is used to sweep across the treatment area of the patient. Central axis percentage depth doses and off-axis ratios measured with such a collimator show variations with the source-to-surface distance (SSD). Errors may be introduced into isodose distributions calculated with the effective SSD method when beam data measured at a fixed SSD are used. A treatment planning algorithm using beam data measured at two SSDs to allow an interpolation and extrapolation procedure to account for SSD variations has been implemented. For calculations in off-axis planes, off-axis ratios normal to the plane of rotation are also required. Results of the calculations were checked with film dosimetry measurements and found to be in good agreement.
Effects of water quality parameters on agglomeration and dissolution of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using a central composite circumscribed design

Abstract Once released into the aquatic environment, nanoparticles (NPs) are expected to interact (e.g., dissolve, agglomerate, settle), with important consequences for particle fate and toxicity. However, a clear understanding of how environmental factors influence the toxicity and fate of NPs in the environment is still in its infancy. In this study, a second order central composite circumscribed design (CCCD) was employed to systematically explore how different combinations of pH, hardness, and natural organic matter (NOM) in receiving water affect the hydrodynamic diameter, surface charge (zeta potential), and release of free Cu 2 + from CuO-NPs under a range of environmentally realistic conditions. The results clearly showed that all three CuO-NP properties varied markedly as functions of pH, hardness and dissolved NOM, confirming that agglomeration and the extent of release of free Cu 2 + largely depend on the surrounding environmental conditions. The response of hydrodynamic diameter, but not zeta potential, to water quality parameters was highly time dependent, showing very different patterns on day 2 and day 10. The approach used in this study can contribute to improving understanding of how, and to what extent, environmental factors affect the physicochemical properties of CuO-NPs once they enter aquatic environments. This understanding can help to predict the conditions under which CuO-NPs are likely to become problematic, which can inform management and mitigation actions.
Complementary Use of Model-Free and Modelistic Methods in the Analysis of Solid-State Kinetics

There are many methods for analyzing solid-state kinetic data. They are generally grouped into two categories, model-fitting and isoconversional (model-free) methods. Historically, model-fitting methods were widely used because of their ability to directly determine the kinetic triplet (i.e., frequency factor [A], activation energy [Ea], and model). However, these methods suffer from several problems among which is their inability to uniquely determine the reaction model. This has led to the decline of these methods in favor of isoconversional methods that evaluate kinetics without modelistic assumptions. This work proposes an approach that combines the power of isoconversional methods with model-fitting methods. It is based on using isoconversional methods instead of traditional statistical fitting methods to select the reaction model. Once a reaction model has been selected, the activation energy and frequency factor can be determined for that model. This approach was investigated for simulated and real...
Evaluation of upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms in patients infected with HIV

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Upper gastrointestinal tract (UGI) symptoms are frequent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but little published information exists about their characteristics or methods of evaluation. We evaluated the prevalence of nonesophageal UGI symptoms in a referral population, the utility of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for diagnosis, and clinical predictors of abnormal endoscopic findings in patients infected with HIV. METHODS: All HIV-infected patients referred to the outpatient gastroenterology clinics were prospectively evaluated using recognized symptom questionnaires. EGD indications, results, and the patients’ self-reported symptom scores were compared. HIV-infected patients undergoing EGD were compared with HIV-infected patients not receiving an EGD and with symptomatic non–HIV-infected patients undergoing EGD. RESULTS: A total of 201 patients completed 280 questionnaires. Among 93 patients who underwent endoscopy, severe symptoms occurring at least several times per week included: anorexia (70%), upper abdominal pain (34%), vomiting (32%), or a recent weight loss of approximately 15 lb (31%). Patients undergoing EGD had more frequent/severe symptoms, but did not have differences in overall well-being or mean GI symptom score. The frequency of substantial and treatable endoscopic findings among patients infected with HIV was comparable to that found in the non–HIV-infected control group. There were no independent symptoms predicting substantial or treatable disease on EGD. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that: 1) upper gastrointestinal symptoms are common in HIV-infected patients referred for GI consultation; 2) symptomatic HIV patients have a high prevalence of both treatable and untreatable upper GI pathologies; 3) and physicians use symptom frequency and severity to select patients for EGD, but these factors correlate poorly with abnormalities on EGD. Given this discrepancy, longitudinal study is needed to determine whether treating endoscopic abnormalities improves UGI symptoms.
Sympathy with Adam Smith and reflexions on self

Abstract Adam Smith's account of the moral sentiments resonates with modern themes in evolutionary biology. His distinction between our reasons and the reasons for these reasons recalls the evolutionary biologist's emphasis on different levels of causal explanation. In this view, the proximate goals of our psychological motivations are different in kind from the ultimate reasons why we have evolved these motivations. Sympathy was central to Smith's account of the moral sentiments and he discussed two principal forms of sympathy. Second-person sympathy is putting ourselves in another person's situation to see the world from their perspective. Third-person sympathy is viewing ourselves from the perspective of an impartial observer. In recent discussions of the evolution of cooperation, second-person sympathy facilitates cooperation via direct reciprocity, I behave well by you so that you will behave well by me, whereas third-person sympathy facilitates cooperation via indirect reciprocity, I behave well by you so that others will behave well by me.
Morphology and paleoclimatic significance of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville spits

Pleistocene Lake Bonneville of western Utah contains a variety of spits associated with shorelines and other features that formed between 21,000 and 12,000 14C yr BP. Field studies in the low-lying mountain ranges of the central portion of Lake Bonneville identified 17 spits of various types. The spits are connected to small mountain ranges and islands, vary in size from 0.02 to 0.5 km2, and are composed of coarse-grained, well-rounded, poorly-sorted sedimentary material. Sixteen of the 17 spits have a northeasterly to southwesterly orientation implying that winds were from the northwest to northeast, approximately 180° out of phase with modern winds in the eastern Great Basin. Lake Bonneville spit orientation is best explained as the result of persistent northerly winds caused by the high atmospheric pressure cell of the continental ice sheet and passage of low pressure extratropical storms south of the lake. Similar, strong persistent winds are a common feature of modern continental ice sheets and passing low pressure systems. If so, the North American jet stream tracked south of Lake Bonneville as recently as 12,000 14C yr BP, well past the height of the last glacial maximum.
Syntactic and thematic components of sentence processing in progressive nonfluent aphasia and nonaphasic frontotemporal dementia

We used an online word-monitoring paradigm to examine sentence processing in healthy seniors and frontotemporal dementia patients with progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) or a nonaphasic disorder of social and executive functioning (SOC/EXEC). Healthy seniors were sensitive to morphosyntactic, major grammatical subcategory, and selection restriction violations in a sentence. PNFA patients were insensitive to grammatical errors, but showed reasonable sensitivity to thematic matrix violations, consistent with a differential grammatical processing impairment. By contrast, SOC/EXEC patients showed partial sensitivity to grammatical errors but were insensitive to thematic violations. These findings support a dissociation between grammatical and thematic components of sentence processing. Specifically, they are consistent with a grammatical processing deficit in PNFA patients, and impairment in the formation of a coherent thematic matrix in SOC/EXEC patients.
Qualitative behavior of systems of tumor–CD4+–cytokine interactions with treatments

Immunotherapies are important methods for controlling and curing malignant tumors. Based on recent observations that many tumors have been immuno-selected to evade recognition by the traditional cytotoxic T lymphocytes, we propose mathematical models of tumor–CD4+–cytokine interactions to investigate the role of CD4+ on tumor regression. Treatments of either CD4+ or cytokine are applied to study their effectiveness. It is found that doses of treatments are critical in determining the fate of the tumor, and tumor cells can be eliminated completely if doses of cytokine are large. Bistability is observed in models with either of the treatment strategies, which signifies that a careful planning of the treatment strategy is necessary for achieving a satisfactory outcome. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate Assessment of Strategic Issues in Technology Management

Abstract:Through a discussion of both current literature and the results of a new study described here, this article contributes to an understanding of the gap that exists between what employers in technology-based industries expect of new hires and the skill sets those new hires actually possess. As the pace of technological change increases, current managers and new graduates must be comfortable with managing and interacting with new technologies and the people charged with their implementation. In the case of new graduates, current literature reveals that employers are particularly dissatisfied with their ability to communicate technical topics, which is vitally important for effective business operations. A study focused on recent hires, managers, and executives familiar with Bucknell University's Institute for Leadership in Technology and Management (ILTM, 2003) corroborated these findings as well as identifying other areas of concern. A manager in a technology-based industry can use this article bot...
Treatment or Else: Coerced Treatment for Drug-Involved California Parolees

This study evaluated a community-based correctional program in California, in which parolees tested positive on illicit drugs were given the option of going into a treatment program or having their parole revoked and returned to prison in California. Two comparison groups were constructed to assess the treatment effect—a propensity-based comparison group extracted from the general parolee population and program dropouts. Although implicitly coercive, some parolees who finished the program were less likely to be reincarcerated 12 months following release than both comparison groups. However, the observed treatment advantage quickly eroded in the second observation year. Savings realized from the incarcerations avoided were more than enough to pay for the program. Findings from this study suggest that boosting participation in reentry services through coercive measures may yield currently unrealized individual and societal benefits. However, systemic efforts are needed to extend the short-term treatment eff...
Some Meteorological Effects on Scattered Radio Waves

The long term variations of received scattered fields due to atmospheric effects are estimated for frequencies of 100 to 50,000 Mc and over propagation paths of 100 to 1000 miles. The long term variations are presented in two parts: (1) empirically derived variations excluding absorption and (2) theoretically derived variations due to gaseous atmospheric absorption. The absorption effects are obtained by following a scattered radio wave through an actual atmosphere.
Dietary genistein negates the inhibitory effect of letrozole on the growth of aromatase-expressing estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells (MCF-7Ca) in vivo

Genistein (GEN), a soy isoflavone, stimulates growth of estrogen-dependent human tumor cells (MCF-7) in a preclinical mouse model for postmenopausal breast cancer. Antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors are frontline therapies for estrogen-dependent breast cancer. We have demonstrated that dietary GEN can negate the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen. In this study, we evaluated the interaction of dietary GEN (at 250–1000 p.p.m. in the American Institute of Nutrition 93 growth diet) and an aromatase inhibitor, letrozole (LET), on the growth of tumors in an aromatase-expressing breast cancer xenograft model (MCF-7Ca) in the presence and absence of the substrate androstenedione (AD). Dietary GEN (250 and 500 p.p.m.) or implanted AD stimulated MCF-7Ca tumor growth. Implanted LET inhibited AD-stimulated MCF-7Ca tumor growth. In the presence of AD and LET, dietary GEN (250, 500 and 1000 p.p.m.) reversed the inhibitory effect of LET in a dose-dependent manner. Uterine wet weight, plasma estradiol (E2) levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and total plasma GEN and LET levels (liquid chromatography-electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry) were measured. Ki-67 (cellular proliferation), aromatase and pS2 protein expression in tumors were evaluated using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. In conclusion, dietary GEN increased the growth of MCF-7Ca tumors implanted in ovariectomized mice and could also negate the inhibitory effect of LET on MCF-7Ca tumor growth. These findings are significant because tumors, which express aromatase and synthesize estrogen, are good candidates for aromatase therapy dietary and GEN can reverse the inhibitory effect of LET on tumor growth and adversely impact breast cancer therapy. Caution is warranted for consumption of dietary GEN by postmenopausal women with estrogen-dependent breast cancer taking LET treatment.
Possible Thermal-triplet Nitrosobenzene Reaction

Abstract The reactions of nitrosobenzenes have been the subject of much study and many publications. However, not unlike other projects, at least as many questions have been raised as have been answered. There are several nitrosobenzene reactions which are of particular interest to us and we would like to raise a few more questions concerning their mechanisms. Nitrosoarenes are reported to undergo cycloaddition reactions with diphenylketene to yield 3 or 4-oxazetidinones depending upon ring substituents in the nitrosoarene.1 More recently nitrosoarenes have been shown to undergo a similar cycloaddition reaction with ketenimines (nitrogen analogs of ketenes), but only the 3-iminosubstituted oxazetidine (the isomer unexpected from polar theory) is obtained regardless of ring substituents in the nitrosoarene.2 A related problem is the 1,4-cycloaddition of nitrosobenzene and cycloheptadiene and the 1,6-cycloaddition of nitrosobenzene and cycloheptatriene.3,4 The observed differences in products have been attr...
Efficiently registering video into panoramic mosaics

We present an automatic and efficient method to register and stitch thousands of video frames into a large panoramic mosaic. Our method preserves the robustness and accuracy of image stitchers that match all pairs of images while utilizing the ordering information provided by video. We reduce the cost of searching for matches between video frames by adaptively identifying key frames based on the amount of image-to-image overlap. Key frames are matched to all other key frames, but intermediate video frames are only matched to temporally neighboring key frames and intermediate frames. Image orientations can be estimated from this sparse set of matches in time quadratic to cubic in the number of key frames but only linear in the number of intermediate frames. Additionally, the matches between pairs of images are compressed by replacing measurements within small windows in the image with a single representative measurement. We show that this approach substantially reduces the time required to estimate the image orientations with minimal loss of accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate both the efficiency and quality of our results by registering several long video sequences
Effect of Iodine and Strontium Ion Implantation on the Microstructure of Cubic Zirconia

200 keV iodine and 400 keV strontium ions have been implanted into YSZ in order to study the effects of fission product incorporation in YSZ as an inert fuel matrix. The ion implantation was conducted at room temperature. The ion fluences reached 1×1021 ions/m2 which gives peak displacement damage levels of ~ 290 dpa for I ion implantation and ~ 200 dpa for Sr ion implantation. The peak concentration reaches ~26 at. % for implanted I ions and ~11.6 at.% for Sr ions. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was completed to investigate the microstructure changes caused by the implantation. No evidence of amorphization was detected in both samples although a high density of defect clusters was observed by TEM. Cross-sectional TEM revealed formation of iodine containing voids in I- implanted samples and crystalline precipitates of a few tens of nanometers in Sr-implanted samples after annealing of the implanted sample at 1000°C for 0.5 to 2 hours. The void size increased with increasing annealing time. The nano-crystalline precipitates in Sr-implanted YSZ are isometric SrZrO3 (a≅0.41 nm). The orientation relation between the matrix and precipitates, as determined by selected area diffraction pattern, was: [011]YSZ// [111]SrZrO3 and [200]YSZ// [110]SrZrO3.
Online Survey Design and Development: A Janus-Faced Approach

In this article we propose a Janus-faced approach to survey design—an approach that encourages researchers to consider how they can design and implement surveys more effectively using the latest web and database tools. Specifically, this approach encourages researchers to look two ways at once; attending to both the survey interface (client side; what users see) and the database design (server side; what researchers collect) so that researchers can pursue the most dynamic and layered data collection possible while ensuring greater participation and completion rates from respondents. We illustrate the potentials of a Janus-faced approach using a successfully designed and implemented nationwide survey on the writing lives of professional writing alumni. We offer up a series of questions that a researcher will want to consider during each stage of survey development.
Dissolution in Ceramic Systems: III, Boundary Layer Concentration Gradients

By use of electron microbeam probe analysis on quenched samples, the concentration distribution of CaO, A12O3, and SiO2 was determined across the boundary layer between molten calcium aluminum silicates and dissolving or growing sapphire and fused silica. A definite shift in the concentration ratios of the solvent components was found near the interface. Analysis of diffusion flux equations for a ternary system successfully related the shift in concentration ratio to the intrinsic diffusion coefficient for each component. For alumina dissolution in a melt rich in CaO, evidence of incongruent dissolution was observed with the formation of new phases, CaO· 6Al2O3 and CaO· 2A12O3.
Efficient Subgroup C Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus Receptor Activity Requires the IgV Domain of the Tvc Receptor and Proper Display on the Cell Membrane

We recently identified and cloned the receptor for subgroup C avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses [ASLV(C)], i.e., Tvc, a protein most closely related to mammalian butyrophilins, which are members of the immunoglobulin protein family. The extracellular domain of Tvc contains two immunoglobulin-like domains, IgV and IgC, which presumably each contain a disulfide bond important for native function of the protein. In this study, we have begun to identify the functional determinants of Tvc responsible for ASLV(C) receptor activity. We found that the IgV domain of the Tvc receptor is responsible for interacting with the glycoprotein of ASLV(C). Additional experiments demonstrated that a domain was necessary as a spacer between the IgV domain and the membrane-spanning domain for efficient Tvc receptor activity, most likely to orient the IgV domain a proper distance from the cell membrane. The effects on ASLV(C) glycoprotein binding and infection efficiency were also studied by site-directed mutagenesis of the cysteine residues of Tvc as well as conserved amino acid residues of the IgV Tvc domain compared to other IgV domains. In this initial analysis of Tvc determinants important for interacting with ASLV(C) glycoproteins, at least two aromatic amino acid residues in the IgV domain of Tvc, Trp-48 and Tyr-105, were identified as critical for efficient ASLV(C) infection. Interestingly, one or more aromatic amino acid residues have been identified as critical determinants in the other ASLV(A-E) receptors for a proper interaction with ASLV glycoproteins. This suggests that the ASLV glycoproteins may share a common mechanism of receptor interaction with an aromatic residue(s) on the receptor critical for triggering conformational changes in SU that initiate the fusion process required for efficient virus infection.
Digital storage cost savings: Three key areas

Storing documents in digital form—as opposed to using paper documents—has long been touted as a way to save money. But the cost in time and labor to scan paper documents into digital format has often been a problem. So what's the most practical way to save money by using digital storage? The authors discuss three areas that are ripe for cost savings: e-discovery compliance, website content management, and collaborative document storage. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using fundamental analysis of financial information to explain unexpected market behaviour

This paper extends prior research in the areas of fundamental analysis and the information content of losses in an effort to explain unexpected market behaviour in certain circumstances. Specifically, we develop expectations related to the relevance of fundamental financial signals to explain firm returns in cases in which earnings do not serve as an effective summary measure for valuation purposes. In such settings, we posit that market participants seek additional information sources, such as fundamental signals, to assist in firm valuation. Our results indicate that although earnings do not explain returns for firms sustaining losses, fundamental financial signals are value-relevant. Upon segregating our sample further, we find that the fundamental signals are significant in explaining returns for firms in which yearly returns appear to belie the direction of the firms' earnings. Taken together, these results support our expectations regarding the value-relevance of fundamental financial signals in certain settings.
Brain Regional Neuropeptide Changes Resulting From Social Defeat

Past work has demonstrated robust brain changes in cholecystokinin (CCK-8) following social defeat. Here the authors analyzed brain regional, CCK-8, substance P, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), and neuropeptide Y levels in adult male Long-Evans rats defeated in a resident-intruder social aggression paradigm, as indexed by elevated bites received, freezing, and emission of 20-kHz calls. Brains harvested 6 hr after social defeat were dissected into 12 regions (olfactory bulbs, 3 cortical regions [frontal cortex, cortex above the basal ganglia, cortex above the diencephalon], caudate-putamen, basal forebrain, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, tectum, tegmentum, and lower brain stem). Neuropeptide radioimmunoassays demonstrated the following statistically significant regional changes in defeated rats as compared with nondefeated rats: CCK-8 was reduced in frontal cortex and cortex overlying diencephalon, the olfactory bulbs, caudate-putamen, hippocampus, tectum, and lower brainstem. Neuropeptide Y was elevated in the caudate-putamen. Substance P was elevated in the cortex over the basal ganglia and decreased in basal forebrain. CRF was diminished in the hippocampus. The results highlight more robust CCK modulation by social defeat as compared with 3 other neuropeptide systems involved in brain emotional regulation.
Erythrocyte-associated transients in Po2 revealed in capillaries of rat mesentery

Mathematical models have predicted the existence of Po2 gradients between erythrocytes in capillaries in the usual case where plasma contributes substantial resistance to oxygen diffusion. Accordin...