cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Development Assistance for Renewable Electricity

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to draw lessons from past development assistance for renewable electric power technologies and make recommendations regarding how it could more effectively overcome existing market and policy barriers to greater use of renewables. The lessons are extracted from a general review of past multilateral and bilateral assistance for renewables themselves and for the power sectors of developing countries, as well as from an examination of several individual assistance projects (focusing on the extent to which they have stimulated markets for renewable technologies). The diversity of renewable technologies and applications, as well as developing county needs, make broad generalizations difficult; nonetheless, this paper identifies overall changes needed in development assistance if large potential markets for renewably-generated electric power are to be realized.
Exposure Assessment of Taste and Odor Standards Used in the Method of Flavor Profile Analysis

Information on the toxicity of individual chemicals that have been used as known or representative odor standards in the method of Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA) was compiled for an exposure assessment. A full risk assessment was not possible since unit risk values for most of these chemicals do not exist. This study provides a recommendation as to what chemicals can be safely used as known and representative taste and odor standards for the next modification of the Flavor Profile Analysis Standard Method 2170. Excluding any potential odor standard listed as possible or probable carcinogens, there would be no known risk to FPA panelists being exposed to the selected odor reference chemicals at the concentrations used in FPA. Also, the concentrations which panelists are exposed to during an FPA (20 minutes per chemical) are lower than the legal threshold limit values for 8 hour occupational exposures. However, many of the odor reference chemicals have yet to be evaluated for their carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic endpoints. Recommendations are made as to which chemicals should be avoided.
Review: β-blockers do not reduce mortality in myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era

Source Citation Bangalore S, Makani H, Radford M, et al. Clinical outcomes with beta-blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med. 2014;127:939-53. 24927909
Resilience of the fetal eye following radiation insult.

Summary and Conclusions1) The 13.5 day fetus can sustain an exposure of 300 r and come to term. Its eyes, however, by 4 hours show massive damage to the presumptive retina such that approximately half of the cells are pycnotic or have fragmented nuclei. Many of these dead cells are sloughed off into the vitreous body or into the space between the retina and the pigmented layer. Both the inner and outer nuclear zones are involved, only the region of the ora serrata being rather free of damage. 2) At 24 hours there is evidence of continued necrosis, with about as many dead cells and nuclei as at 4 hours in spite of active phagocytosis. This suggests disintegration of some neurectoderm as it differentiates into neuroblasts. The outer neurectoderm of the presumptive retina appears to have begun proliferation. The vitreous body is rather free of dead cells and debris. 3) By 12 hours after exposure most fetal eyes have been able to repair the radiation damage and reconstitute the retina so that it appears quite...
A pilot study of intraarterial chemotherapy with cisplatin in locally advanced head and neck cancers

A prospective pilot study involving preoperative intraarterial chemotherapy with cisplatin in locally advanced oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas was initiated in March 1982. Twenty patients with TNM Stages III and IV disease underwent continuous intraarterial chemotherapy with cisplatin (90 mg/m2, at 1 mg/hour) and intravenous chemotherapy with methotrexate (50 mg/m2 X 1 dose). Arterial access was obtained by retrograde cannulation of the superficial temporal artery. One patient died of sepsis from leukopenia (mortality 5%). Catheter-related complications, most of them avoidable, totalled 30%. The total tumor response rate was 94%. With a median duration of follow-up of 14 months, the median survival of the group was not yet reached at 39 months. Eleven patients subsequently underwent definitive surgery and radiation with curative intent. When compared with matched historical controls, survival benefit was demonstrated: 60% versus 28% alive at 39 months (P = 0.015). Regional chemotherapy of cancers of the head and neck region is a feasible procedure with acceptable and avoidable morbidity. It should continue to be investigated in experimental protocols to improve patient survival.
Microstructural evaluation of Ti-6-22-22 alloy

In this study, the microstructure of Ti-6-22-22 alloy as a function of aging time and temperature was examined and related to its fracture behavior. Fracture primarily occurred along prior β grain boundaries, but the morphology of the fracture surfaces varied from very smooth to rough and dimpled with increasing fracture toughness. Changes in the density of acicular α, silicides, and ordering in α were found to influence the fracture toughness. Ordering in the α phase was found to reduce fracture toughness significantly, while an increased density of acicular α reduced the toughness only slightly. The amount of partitioning of alloying elements was not found to correlate directly with toughness.
Reestablishment of the nasal permeability barrier to several peptides following exposure to the absorption enhancer tetradecyl‐β‐D‐maltoside

Regular insulin, NPH insulin, glargine insulin, calcitonin, and human growth hormone were administered to rats nasally with 0.125% tetradecyl-β-D-maltoside (TDM), or at various times after TDM treatment. Absorption of all five peptides was enhanced initially and diminished in a time-dependent manner as the interval between administration of TDM and the peptide increased. Changes in nasal morphology were also assessed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) immediately after TDM treatment and at various times thereafter. TEM analysis demonstrated that 0.125% TDM caused a rapid and transient alteration in the morphology of the apical membrane surface. Fewer cilia were observed and cell–cell junctions were difficult to visualize, but no epithelial cell erosion was apparent. Two hours after TDM treatment, the apical membrane surface once again contained abundant cilia and cell–cell junctions were readily visualized. The complete recovery of the nasal permeability barrier to several different peptides following TDM administration and the concomitant histological evidence demonstrate that TDM treatment transiently perturbs the nasal mucosa to stimulate peptide drug absorption and does not produce irreversible damage to the cells that line the nasal cavity. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99: 1912–1920, 2010
Effects of previous housing system on agonistic behaviors of growing pigs at mixing

Abstract Previous studies indicated that rearing environment in early life affects behavioral development, which consequently modifies behavioral response of pigs to stressful environments in later stages of the production. A study was conducted to investigate effects of group-farrowing system on behavior of growing pigs at mixing. A total of 216 pigs at 8 weeks of age from one farrowing batch were used, with equal number of pigs that were born and reared in a group-farrowing system and in a confinement system. In the group-farrowing system, pigs were farrowed in bedded individual pens, and mingled into a group of eight litters at about 10 days of age. Pigs were weaned at 5 weeks, and remained in groups of 81 (±2.6) in the group-farrowing barn until 8 weeks of age. In the confinement system, pigs were born in farrowing crates, mixed and moved to pens of nine pigs in a confinement nursery at weaning (5 weeks of age). At 8 weeks of age, all pigs were allocated into 24 pens of nine pigs in a confinement grow-finish barn, with 12 pens from each previous housing system. The familiarity among pigs within a pen was maintained the same between the two housing systems. Aggressive interactions among pigs in six pens of each housing system were video-recorded for 24 h immediately after mixing. The videos were viewed continuously to register all fighting events. The total duration and the frequency of fighting, fighting among familiar and unfamiliar pigs, and fighting occurring at feeders, the drinker, and in the open area of the pen were registered. Data were analyzed by using the Glimmix procedure of the SAS with pen as the experimental unit. The total duration (19 versus 120 s/h, P = 0.001) and the frequency (1.5 versus 3.8 fights/h, P = 0.002) of fighting was less among pigs originated from the group-farrowing system, compared with pigs from the confinement system during the 24 h period after mixing. The majority of fighting was observed in the open area and at feeders, with pigs reared in the group-farrowing system fighting less than pigs reared in the confinement systems in these locations. Only 5% of total fighting time occurred among familiar pigs, regardless of previous housing system. These results suggest that pigs reared in the group-farrowing system maintained the ability to discriminate between pen mates and non-pen mates, and were more tolerant of unfamiliar pigs when mixed in small groups compared to pigs reared in the confinement system.
REACTIONS AND REACTION INTERMEDIATES ON IRON SURFACES. IV. THERMODYNAMICS OF SURFACE REACTIONS

Abstract The reactions of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid on copper, silver, iron, and tungsten surfaces have been examined in terms of reaction mechanisms and thermodynamic driving forces. Thermochemical techniques were used to estimate the heats of formation of adsorbed surface intermediates. The enthalpies of reaction were then compared to determine the thermodynamic feasibility of the reactions. It was found that common surface intermediates were found for the reactions on all surfaces. Methanol reacted via a methoxy surface intermediate and formic acid reacted via a formate surface intermediate. Formaldehyde was found to undergo nucleophilic addition forming either methoxy or formate. The observed reaction paths could be accounted for in terms of their thermodynamic driving forces, including the effect of preadsorbed oxygen on the adsorption of methanol on copper and silver. The thermochemical model could also quantitatively account for the “volcano plot” correlation between catalytic activity and the heats of formation of metal formates for formic acid decomposition on transition metal catalysts.
A longitudinal study of invention and understanding in children's multidigit addition and subtraction

This 3-year longitudinal study investigated the development of 82 children's understanding of multidigit number concepts and operations in Grades 1-3. Students were individually interviewed 5 times on a variety of tasks involving base-ten number concepts and addition and subtraction problems. The study provides an existence proof that children can invent strategies for adding and subtracting and illustrates both what that invention affords and the role that different concepts may play in that invention. About 90% of the students used invented strategies. Students who used invented strategies before they learned standard algorithms demonstrated better knowledge of base-ten number concepts and were more successful in extending their knowledge to new situations than were students who initially learned standard algorithms. An understanding of most fundamental mathematics concepts and skills develops over an extended period of time. Although cross-sectional studies can provide snapshots of the development of these concepts at particular points in time, longitudinal studies provide a more complete perspective; however, relatively few studies have traced the development of fundamental mathematics concepts in children over more than a single year. In this paper we report the results of a 3-year longitudinal study of the growth of children's understanding of addition and subtraction involving multidigit numbers. We focus particularly on children's construction of invented strategies for adding and subtracting multidigit numbers. The overarching goal of the study was to investigate the role that invented strategies may play in developing an understanding of multidigit addition and subtraction concepts and procedures. We trace the development and use of invented addition and subtraction strategies and examine the relation of these strategies to the development of fundamental knowledge of base-ten number concepts and the use of standard addition and subtraction algorithms. Finally, we consider what the use of invented strategies affords by way of avoiding systematic errors and extending knowledge of basic multidigit operations to new problem situations.
Least squares technique for improving three-dimensional dielectric waveguide analysis by the method-of-lines

The authors present an improvement to the method-of-lines technique which significantly decreases the computations required to achieve accurate solutions for the propagating modes of three-dimensional dielectric waveguides. This method is applied to a circular dielectric waveguide to assess its advantages.
A natural resource information system for agriculture

Abstract Hazards to the development of natural resources information systems were identified. A natural resource information system for Hawaii agriculture and environment management and planning was completed. Several applications are included for the purpose of demonstrating the usefulness of the system. The components of the system and the method of digitizing resource data are also discussed so that potential system users can determine whether the reported system is applicable to them.
An Interactive Manager for Pascal Software

An interactive facility for development and maintenance of Pascal programs is described. Features include interactive addition, deletion and modification of modules, independentcompilation of groups of procedures, and automatic recompilation of an entire program only if global declarations are modified. The implementation required modification of a Pascal compiler to process an arbitrary number of programs in a single run and to compile correctly if the main program is missing. Overall processing is managed by a parameterized control statement procedure that invokes several system utilities. The facility has been used successfully in instructional and research computing situations. Significant remaining problems are errors caused by mismatched parameters between independently compiled procedures, and interpretation by users of error messages generated by system utilities.
Direct Comparison of A- and T-Strand Minor Groove Interactions in DNA Curvature at A Tracts†

To investigate the relative contributions of minor-groove electrostatic interactions in the mechanism of A-tract DNA curvature, we carried out experiments with modified DNA bases in both strands of the tract. We employed 3-deazaadenine nucleoside (D), which lacks the adenine N3 nitrogen in the minor groove and thus cannot act as an electron donor, as well as difluorotoluene (F), a nonpolar thymine mimic. The effects of these analogues in A-tract curvature were quantified using ligation ladder gel mobility methods developed by Crothers and by Maher. Through single substitutions of D in A5 tracts, we found that this analogue results in decreased curvature only when situated toward the 3‘ end of the tract. This is distinct from the behavior in the T-rich strand where F substitution causes the greatest reductions in curvature toward the 5‘ end. To test for cooperative pairwise effects, we also studied 10 different D + F double substitutions and found evidence supporting a number of localized cooperative elect...
Sodium thirst in nephrectomized and nephrectomized-anosmic rats

Olfactory bulb resection in nephrectomized rats completely abolishes water intake in response to intraperitoneal sodium loading.
Pathways to outdoor recreation, physical activity, and delinquency among urban Latino adolescents

Background Little is known about how physical activity and various high-risk behaviors of youth are associated, particularly in disadvantaged, minority neighborhoods. Purpose We examine whether fear, victimization, and perceived incivilities are associated with physical activity and outdoor recreation among Latino youth and whether involvement in physical activity is associated with delinquency. Methods Path models were assessed using data collected from school-based surveys of 390 youth across 3 schools in Chicago, Illinois. Results Fear was associated with low levels of physical activity and outdoor recreation, while incivilities were associated with reduced levels of outdoor recreation but not physical activity. Outdoor recreation exhibited a positive association with delinquency. Some effects differed by gender. Conclusions The findings reinforce considering different interventions to encourage physical activity and outdoor recreation for girls versus boys, and thinking comprehensively about lowering the risk for delinquency when encouraging outdoor recreation.
How Urgent is Urgent? The Impact of Culturally-Based Temporal Perceptions on Virtual Teams

In this poster, we present the results from a survey and interviews conducted on global software teams working in Ireland, the US, China and India. Our survey and semi-structured interviews investigated the effect of culturally-based time differences between non-collocated team members. An analysis of the survey data found that differences in temporal urgency, that is, the general sense a person has that time is running short and one has to hurry, significantly lowered the communication quality of teams which, in turn, negatively affected both the trust and satisfaction of the team members. The follow-up interviews corroborated these results and provided a picture of cultures with a high sense of urgency working more effectively with each other. Overall, our work suggests that although virtual team members belong to a single corporate culture, there is an overriding influence of their nation’s sense of time which affects cross-cultural interactions
A theoretical framework on proactive information exchange in agent teamwork

Proactive information delivery is critical to achieving effective teamwork. However, existing theories do not adequately address proactive information delivery. This paper presents a formal framework for proactive information delivery in agent teamwork. First, the concept of information need is introduced. Second, a new modal operator, InfoNeed is used to represent information needs. The properties of the InfoNeed operator and its relationships to other mental modal operators are examined, four types of information needs are formally identified, and axioms for anticipating the information needs of other agents are proposed and justified. Third, the axiom characterizing chains of helpful behavior in large agent teams is given. Fourth, the semantics for two proactive communicative acts (ProInform and 3PTSubscribe) is given using a reformulation of the Cohen-Levesque semantics for communicative acts in terms of the SharedPlans formalism of Grosz and Kraus. The work in this paper not only provides a better understanding of the underlying assumptions required to justify proactive information delivery behavior, but also provides a coherent basis for the specification and design of agent teams with proactive information delivery capabilities.
Evaluation of manatee habitat systems on the northwestern Florida coast

Abstract Threats to the survival of West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) vary throughout their range so that protection of this endangered species requires careful planning on a regional and local basis. The importance and vulnerability of various components of manatee habitats in the Crystal River area of northwestern Florida were assessed, using an ordinal‐combination mapping technique similar to procedures practiced in urban and regional planning. Habitat components were mapped and evaluated in juxtaposition with relevant characteristics of human use of the area, to identify areas of existing and potential manatee/human conflicts in need of reconciliation. Areas evaluated as the most important manatee habitats within this region include Crystal Bay and River, Homosassa River, and the Suwannee River estuary. Existing overlap of human activities with important manatee habitats is most critical near the urban communities of Crystal River and, to a lesser degree, Homosassa Springs. The need for integr...
Historical Analysis of Genetic Variation Reveals Low Effective Population Size in a Northern Pike ( Esox lucius ) Population

Effective population size ( Ne ) of a natural fish population was estimated from temporal changes in allele frequencies at seven microsatellite loci. Use of a historical collection of fish scales made it possible to increase the precision of estimates by increasing the time interval between samples and to use an equation developed for discrete generations without correcting for demographic parameters. Estimates of Ne for the time intervals 1961–1977 and 1977–1993 were 35 and 72, respectively. For the entire interval, 1961–1993, the estimate of Ne was 48 when based on a weighted mean derived from the above two estimates or 125 when calculated from 1961 and 1993 samples only. Corresponding ratios of effective size to adult census size ranged from 0.03 to 0.14. An Ne of 48 over a 32-year period would imply that this population lost as much as 8% of its heterozygosity in that time. Results suggest the potential for using genetic methods based on microsatellite loci data to compare historical trends in Ne with population dynamic parameters. Such comparisons will help to evaluate the relationship between genetic diversity and long-term persistence of natural populations.
Ovarian biopsy in the evaluation of amenorrhea.

Endoscopic ovarian biopsies were performed on 78 amenorrheic patients in an attempt to determine the etiology of their amenorrhea and predict its prognosis, correlating the histologic examination with physical findings, endocrine patterns and cytogenetic studies. Ovarian follicles were present while gonadotropins were high in 14 cases (6 primary, 8 secondary) and there were no follicles in 4 cases (3 primary, 1 secondary) whose gonadotropins were low. Secondary sex characteristics were well developed without prior estrogen stimulation in 5 cases of primary amenorrhea who had no follicles and whose gonadotropins were either low, 3, or high, 2. The mere presence of ovarian follicles was not enough to make them responsive to gonadotropin stimulation whether endogenous or exogenous; a phenomenon that had to do with the quality and quantity of germinal follicles available. The histologic examination of ovarian tissue for the evaluation of amenorrhea has been made feasible and relatively safe through recent adv...
Serum Vitamin D Concentrations and Unexplained Elevation in ALT Among US Adults

Background Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with metabolic syndrome. Participants in NHANES III with unexplained elevation in ALT levels have high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that the serum concentrations of vitamin D were inversely associated with unexplained elevation in ALT.
A Critical Analysis of Western Perspectives on Families of Arab Descent

Western research on families of Arab descent has increased in the current decade, compared to the previous 30 years. In this review of 256 empirical articles, through a critical postcolonial lens, domestic violence and family planning were the two most established areas of study. Generally, samples have come from a small group of countries such as Israel and Egypt, using primarily quantitative methodology. Theoretical development is limited in scope. Recommendations include a research agenda that is grounded in interdisciplinary and cross-national family theory and is informed by the perspectives of multiple family members.
Empirical Analysis of Intraseasonal Climate Variability over the Greater Horn of Africa

Abstract This study examines the intraseasonal climate variability over the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) during the rainy season of October–December (OND). The investigation is primarily based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the pentad Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) data for the period 1979–2001. The EOF analysis reveals two dominant modes of intraseasonal variability for the OND season: mixed El Nino–Southern Oscillation–Indian Ocean dipole (ENSO-IOD) and a decadal mode. The leading mode is associated with ENSO–IOD covariability. Case studies of several intraseasonal ENSO–IOD events within the recent decades indicate that during the warm (positive) events pentad rainfall is consistently above normal during the entire season despite fluctuations between pentads. However, case study analyses of negative ENSO–IOD events show that the negative cases are not mirror images of the warm events. The negative events exhibit pronounced wet and dry spells superim...
Possible Correlates of Long-Term Protection against Helicobacter pylori following Systemic or Combinations of Mucosal and Systemic Immunizations

The ability to induce long-term immunity to Helicobacter pylori is necessary for an effective vaccine. This study was designed to establish the most efficient route(s) (systemic, mucosal, or a combination) of immunization for induction of long-term immunity and to define correlates of protection. Mice were immunized orally alone (oral group), intramuscularly (i.m.) alone (i.m. group), orally followed by i.m. (oral/i.m. group), or i.m. followed by orally (i.m./oral group). Long-term protective immunity to oral H. pylori challenge was observed 3 months after immunization through the i.m. or oral/i.m. route. Protection correlated with an increase in H. pylori-specific interleukin-12 and both immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a serum titers following challenge. Mice that were not protected (oral or i.m./oral) had increased levels of IgA in both sera and Peyer's patches. This study demonstrates the ability to induce long-term immunity against H. pylori, provides correlates of protection, and illustrates the crucial role of the immunization route(s).
Wanting vs Needing

Wanting (incentive salience) is a psychological process, triggered by rewards and their cues or imagery, which normally provides an ‘oomph’ that spurs motivation for objects of desire. Typically ‘wanting’ is in conformity with significant needs. But ‘wanting’ can sometimes dissociate from needs and from deliberative plans in maladaptive ways. Most dramatically in drug addiction, when amplified excessively by changes in brain reactivity, ‘wanting’ can have pathological intensity. Other impulse control disorders, such as gambling and overeating, may possibly share a similar compulsive ‘wanting.’ And even in ordinary daily life, occasional dissociations of ‘wanting’ from needs might occur. Selective surges in ‘wanting’ may explain why under these conditions, rewards can be ‘wanted’ much more than they are needed or even ‘liked.’
Channel estimation in MIMO OFDM systems with sparse pilot tones

In this paper, we present a low-rank channel estimation scheme for multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems using sparse pilot tones. The focus of the paper is to reduce the complexity of the channel estimation with slight degradation in the error rate performance. By using sparse pilot tones in a pilot preamble, the computational complexity is reduced by a factor roughly equal to the number of transmitting antennas. The performance of the channel estimation is presented in terms of the mean-square error (MSE) obtained from computer simulation.
Optimization of sub-5-nm multiple-thickness gate oxide formed by oxygen implantation

A new method of growing multiple gate oxide thicknesses below 5 nm using masked oxygen implantation is presented. Multiple thicknesses can be achieved on the same wafer without degradation in the oxide properties. The oxygen implanted oxide quality is comparable to that of thermally grown oxides. Moreover, the effects of oxygen implant damage is minimized with higher implant energies, thicker sacrificial oxides, and low-temperature annealing.
FLAVOR DETECTION THRESHOLD VALUES FOR ETHYL CAPRYLATE AND PHENYL ETHYL ALCOHOL AND ESTIMATES OF THE PERCENT POPULATION HAVING GREATER SENSITIVITY

Threshold values for ethyl caprylate in distilled water, 10% ethanol and corn oil were 0.15, 1.43 and 25.0 mg/l. For phenyl ethyl alcohol, the respective values were 0.175, 6.3 and 25.0. The threshold determinations for ethyl caprylate were made 1 yr apart with two different panels. Extreme-value analysis was applied to the first set of data to estimate the percent of individuals whose thresholds might be lower than the lowest threshold observed and this estimate was compared with the results of the second series of trials. There was moderately good agreement.
Dytiscidae or Predaceous Diving Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) of Plummers Island, Maryland

ABSTRACT Based on historical records in the collection of National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 18 species of Dytiscidae have been collected on Plummers Island, Maryland. This represents 21.4% of the known Maryland dytiscid fauna. From 1903–1932 to 1960–1970, collection records show a turnover of 50% in the species composition of dytiscid beetles of the site. Agabetes acuductus (Harris), a species of special concern, has been collected twice on the Island.
Induction of melanoma in TPras transgenic mice.

In order to study the oncogenesis of melanocytes, transgenic mouse lines were established that express a mutated human Ha-ras (TPras) gene in pigment producing cells. The ras transgenic mice exhibit an altered phenotype, including melanocytic hyperplasia and a muted agouti coat, indicative of hyperproliferative melanocytes. These mice and their wild-type littermates have been subjected to a variety of carcinogenesis protocols, including 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate (TPA) and UV radiation exposure. Topical DMBA treatment of TPras mice resulted in a high incidence of melanomas. Metastatic lesions were observed in skin, lungs and lymph nodes. TPA treatment of TPras mice induced a small number of papillomas but no nevi or melanomas. UV light exposures induced papillomas in negative littermate and melanomas in some albino TPras mice. These results show that melanocytes expressing an activated Ha-ras in the TPras transgenic mice are susceptible to induction of melanoma by DMBA.
Recent advances in the physics of collective excitations in the Paul trap simulator experiment

The Paul trap simulator experiment (PTSX) is a compact laboratory linear Paul trap that simulates the transverse dynamics of a long charged-particle bunch propagating through a magnetic alternatinggradient (AG) transport system. The transverse dynamics of particles in the AG system in the beam’s frame-of-reference and those of particles in PTSX are described by the same sets of equations, including all nonlinear space–charge effects. Initial experimental results are presented in which the collective transverse symmetric mode (m ¼ 0) and quadrupole mode (m ¼ 2) have been observed in pure-bariumion plasmas in PTSX, with a depressed-tune n=n0� 0:9, with the intent of identifying collective modes whose signature will serve as a robust diagnostic for key properties of the beam, such as line density and transverse emittance. The results of particle-in-cell simulations performed with the WARP code are compared to the experimental data.
Abstract B58: Phase I study of the IGF-1R antibody ganitumab (AMG 479) in combination with everolimus in patients with advanced solid tumors.

Background: Preclinical data suggests the combination of IGF-1R inhibitor Ganitumab and mTOR inhibitor everolimus may increase anti-tumor activity compared to each agent alone. Therefore we evaluated the maximum tolerated doses/recommended phase II dose for the doublet combination, Ganitumab (G) plus Everolimus (E) followed by an expanded cohort to better understand the safety and tolerability profile. Methods: For dose escalation, eligible patients had advanced solid tumors with adequate organ function and no increased risk for class-related toxicities. G was given intravenously, and E was orally administered; cycle length was 28 days. G was dosed at 12 mg/kg every 14 days; E was dosed at 5 mg daily in cohort one and 5 mg three times weekly in cohort −1. An intermediate dose of E at 5 mg five times weekly was added to better maximize dose intensity. Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was assessed in cycle 1. Results: Dose escalation is complete with 17 subjects evaluable for DLT toxicity and 16 evaluable for efficacy. Two out of 5 subjects experienced DLTs in cohort one due to dose holdings related to grade 3 hematologic toxicities: thrombocytopenia and neutropenia plus thrombocytopenia. No DLTs were observed out of 6 subjects in cohort −1; one DLT was observed out of 6 subjects in the intermediate cohort due to dose holding related to grade 2 intolerable skin rash and oral mucositis. Possible grade 3 treatment-related adverse events included neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated AST/ALT, hypertriglyceridemia, vomiting and erythema multiforme minor. There were no grade ≥4 treatment-related toxicities. One non treatment- related death was due to disease progression. Two subjects had clinically significant skin rashes which resulted in protocol discontinuation. Twelve subjects have available efficacy data; 4 subjects have not yet been restaged. Two subjects with refractory NSCLC achieved a complete response. Six additional subjects had stable disease as best response. Conclusion: The recommended phase II dose for this doublet combination is G at 12 mg/kg every two weeks and E at 5 mg five times weekly. At this dose, this novel regimen is well-tolerated with potential activity in NSCLC. Enrollment in the expanded cohort has started. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B58.
Agency Versus Structure: Path Dependency and Choice in Low-Wage Labor Markets:

The growing preponderance of low-wage work in America challenges the dual mission of Human Resource Development Practitioners to foster individual and organizational learning and performance. In the prevailing discourse of the learning society, individual success and mobility are available to all who assume personal responsibility and agency in the labor market. A competing discourse posits that the emerging structure of work disadvantages a growing number of workers, leading to labor market segregation and significant economic disparity. The author argues that both agency and structure interact in low-wage labor markets to create and limit opportunity for workers. The aim of this article is to locate the learning challenges faced by low-wage workers and their employers and to explore what Human Resource Development Practitioners can do to mitigate the g rowth o f l ow-wage w ork a nd i ts i ndividual a nd s ocial consequences.
Putting Schools on the Map: Linking Transit-Oriented Development, Households with Children, and Schools

Transit-oriented development (TOD) remains a popular strategy to achieve environmentally sustainable infill development and auto use reduction. Typically, TOD in the United States offers retail amenities and housing catering to single individuals, childless couples, and empty nesters. Municipal and regional leaders increasingly hold a vision for managing expected growth that aims to increase equity, support households with children, and create mixed-income communities and that includes TOD as a core strategy. These explicitly equity-focused and family-oriented goals call for a different TOD model than has typically been developed. This new model requires an examination of the ways that TOD might attract households with children concerned with access to high-quality schools, even when schools are outside the domain of traditional transportation and land use public agencies. This paper first reviews the TOD and transportation literature and its attention to households with children and issues of public scho...
A Review of “Common Factors in Couple and Family Therapy: The Overlooked Foundation for Effective Practice”

Common Factors in Couple and Family Therapy addresses a common factors view of couple and family therapy head on. The text is divided into 12 chapters (and two appendices) broadly covering five key...
Transport characteristics of suspensions: Part IX. Representation of periodic phenomena on a flow regime diagram for dilute suspension transport

Four different flow regimes may be identified during transport of dilute suspensions of solid particles through horizontal pipes by liquids in turbulent flow as the velocity is varied. The regimes may be characterized by the distribution of solids in the channel. In two of the regimes the bulk of the material is immediately adjacent to the bottom of the channel and is clumped up either into transverse waves (dunes or islands) with a reproducible periodicity or into longitudinal waves (long stria). The definition of the other two regimes is somewhat more arbitrary but may qualitatively be described as heterogeneous or homogeneous flow. Extensive studies of the conditions under which transverse and longitudinal waves occurred, when combined with results of previous studies, showed that all four of these flow regimes may be conveniently represented on a single diagram in which the terminal-settling velocity divided by the friction velocity and the Reynolds number on particle diameter and friction velocity are the coordinates. Because the particle Reynolds number based on the terminal-settling velocity can be uniquely defined as an additional parametre on such a diagram the particular flow behavior for any given combination of system and particle characteristics can be readily determined.
Mobile apps for science learning: Review of research

Abstract This review examined articles on mobile apps for science learning published from 2007 to 2014. A qualitative content analysis was used to investigate the science mobile app research for its mobile app design, underlying theoretical foundations, and students' measured outcomes. This review found that mobile apps for science learning offered a number of similar design features, including technology-based scaffolding, location-aware functionality, visual/audio representations, digital knowledge-construction tools, digital knowledge-sharing mechanisms, and differentiated roles. Many of the studies cited a specific theoretical foundation, predominantly situated learning theory, and applied this to the design of the mobile learning environment. The most common measured outcome was students' basic scientific knowledge or conceptual understanding. A number of recommendations came out of this review. Future studies need to make use of newer, available technologies; isolate the testing of specific app features; and develop additional strategies around using mobile apps for collaboration. Researchers need to make more explicit connections between the instructional principles and the design features of their mobile learning environment in order to better integrate theory with practice. In addition, this review noted that stronger alignment is needed between the underlying theories and measured outcomes, and more studies are needed to assess students' higher-level cognitive outcomes, cognitive load, and skill-based outcomes such as problem solving. Finally, more research is needed on how science mobile apps can be used with more varied science topics and diverse audiences.
The Role of Community Colleges in Offering Baccalaureates in tEacher Education: An Emerging Possibility

This chapter describes the efforts of St. Petersburg College (formerly St. Petersburg Junior College) to offer teacher education baccalaureate degrees in elementary education, in special education, and in secondary education in math and science.
Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology, 2nd edition, by Margaret S. Drower, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1995

Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, K.B.E., F.R.S., F.B.A., revolutionized Egyptian archaeology in the first two decades (1880- 1900) of his long career: he set new standards by insisting on keeping a complete record of all that was found. including broken as well as whole objects; he introduced the use of pottery styles for dating rather than using only inscriptions; he substituted "a sympathetic and personal relationship" with his workman for the customary use of the lash to spur them on; he rewarded care and vigilance; he extended the list of kings of Egypt back to their beginning; and "his most triumphant and ingenious contribution to archaeological method [was] the system known as Sequence Dating," today called seriation. He also stunned classical archaeolo­gists by dating early the Minoan civilization on the basis of sherds found in dated Egyptian contexts--a technique now familiar as cross-dating. His work was a total contrast to the carelessness and looting that passed for Egyptian archaeology in the 19th and early 20th centuries. His career is painstakingly chronicled here by one of his last students.
Key Elements of Protection for Military Textiles

Abstract: This chapter discusses the currently recognized critical elements of protection for military personnel. A brief discussion of the history, the current state of the art and expectations for the future for each aspect of protection are given. Aspects of protection considered are limited to threats from human adversaries and include camouflage, ballistic protection and protection from toxic vapors, aerosols and liquids.
Reliability of LTCC using Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) Plating Technology

In an effort to address the impact of rising gold costs on the fabrication expense for high frequency circuits, and maintain circuit quality and reliability, the DuPont™ GreenTape™ 9K7 low temperature co-fired ceramic materials (LTCC) with top silver conductors have been evaluated using electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) plating. Results comparable to the quality of efficiency and reliability of traditional gold conductor systems were achieved at reduced costs. LTCC coupons produced using the ENIG process were tested and compared to standard specifications for coupons with gold printed conductors. The test methods used include wire bond and adhesion pull tests on eight layer coupons, and MIL-STD-883 [1] temperature cycle testing on a layered high frequency test pattern. The reliability of the high frequency characteristics including insertion loss and return loss measurements were evaluated periodically throughout 1090 temperature cycles. Adequate results for most applications were obtained using th...
Seasoned Equity Offerings and Ownership Structure: A Comparison of Dual-Class and Single-Class SEOs

We compare shareholder wealth effects of Seasoned Equity Offerings (SEOs) conducted by dual and single-class firms between 1996 and 2007. While there is no difference in pre-issue stock performance or the initial market reaction to the SEO announcements, dual-class issuers significantly underperform single-class issuers in the post-issue years. The mean abnormal three-year underperformance of dual-class firms relative to single-class is a significant 13.81%, and is robust to alternative abnormal stock return methodologies. We also find dual-class issuers invest significantly less in capital expenditures and R&D over the post-issue period. In addition, higher levels of post-issue capital expenditures are associated with greater relative stock underperformance for dual-class issuers. Overall, these findings are inconsistent with dual-class SEOs increasing long-term shareholder wealth.
Differential Regulation of Phospholipase A2 Activity and Prostacyclin Synthesis in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Cardiomyocytes

The respective roles of protein kinase C (PKC), cytosolic free calcium ([Ca++]i) and of 5’, 3’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation and prostacyclin (PGI2) generation were studied in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs). Cells were stimulated with the PKC activator 4β phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), the Ca++ ionophore A23187, the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin and the vasoactive hormone angiotensin II (Ang II). Effects were measured in terms of PKC activation, PLA2 activity, PGI2 release and cAMP formation. Exposure of VSMCs and CMs to PMA (0.1.µM) and/or Ang II (0.05 µM) lead to significant increases in membranous PKC activity, a response that was associated with enhanced cellular PLA2 activity and PGI2 production. PMA proved to be the more potent stimulus for PGI2 production in CMs, while its effect in VSMCs was small as compared to that of Ang II. Furthermore, addition of the PKC inhibitor staurosporine (1 µM) totally abolished both PMA and Ang II-induced PGI2 formation in CMs while it only partially affected Ang II-induced PGI2 production in VSMCs. These results indicate that [Ca++]I plays an important role in the activation of vascular smooth muscle PLA2, a hypothesis that was confirmed by incubating cells with A23187. As expected, A23187 (1 µM) induced an important (16-fold) increase in PGI2 production in VSMCs while it was relatively ineffective in generating PGI2 production in CMs. Interestingly, A23187-induced PGI2 production was potentiated by 0.1.tM PMA in VSMCs but not in CMs, suggesting that the two cell types express different PLA2s. This was further confirmed by exposing cells to forskolin (10 µM) and dibutyryl-cAMP (dBcAMP, 50011M); while both agents failed to increase PGI2 production in vascular smooth muscle cells, forskolin and dBcAMP elicited potent PGI2 responses in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that PLA2 activation and PGI2 production are PKC mediated processes in both VSMCs and CMs and further suggest that the VSMC PLA2 is a Ca++-dependent enzyme while the cardiac phospholipase is a Ca++-independent enzyme endogenously activated by a cAMP-dependent pathway.
To jump or not to jump? Cα hydrogen atom transfer in post-cleavage radical-cation complexes.

Conventionally, electron capture or transfer to a polyprotonated peptide ion produces an initial radical-cation intermediate which dissociates “directly” to generate complementary cn′ and zm• seque...
Chip Scale Package Solder Joint Reliability Modeling and Material Characterization

The mechanical stability of Chip Scale Packages (CSP) used in surface mount technology is primary concern. The dominant issues are package warpage and solder fatigue in solder joints under cyclic loads. To address these issues, molding compound and die attach film were characterized with finite element method which employed a viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive model. The model was verified with experiments on package warpage, PCB warpage and solder joint reliability. After the correlation was observed, the effect of molding compound and die attach film on package warpage and solder joint reliability was investigated. It was found that package warpage tremendously affected solder joint reliability. Furthermore, a die attach film was developed based on the results of modeling. CSPs with the developed die attach film are robust and capable of withstanding the thermal stresses, humidity and high temperature encountered in typical package assembly and die attach processes. Also, lead free solder and 2P versus 3P Weibull distributions are discussed. This paper presents the viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive model and its verification, the optimum material properties, the experimental and simulated reliability performance results of the μBGA packages, the lead free solder creep, and the 3P Weibull distribution.