cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Finance: A Course Overview

This paper describes the International Finance course at Harvard Business School for instructors considering adopting the associated material. The paper begins by arguing that the forces of globalization have fundamentally changed the scope and activities of firms thereby altering the practice of finance within these firms. As a consequence of an increasing reliance on tightly-integrated foreign operations, a parallel world of finance has been opened within every multinational firm and this world has, heretofore, been overlooked. The course materials are designed to address the many aspects of financial decision making within global firms prompted by these changes that are not addressed in traditional materials. The paper provides an overview of the structure of the course and its seven modules with particular emphasis on the three modules that constitute the core of the course. The paper also describes an analytical framework that has been developed through the creation of the course materials to guide critical financial decisions on financing, investment, risk management and incentive management within a multinational firm. This framework emphasizes the need to reconcile conflicting forces in order for multinational firms to gain competitive advantage from their internal capital markets. The paper concludes with a discussion of the course's pedagogical approach and detailed descriptions of all the course materials, including 19 case studies, corresponding teaching notes, several module notes and supplementary materials.
Racial Variations in Males' Commuting Times in Atlanta: What Does the Evidence Suggest?*

Using a sample from the comparatively most privileged group of black males, those married and living with a working spouse, this article investigates how race-based residential locations and the spatial structure of labor markets affect commuting experiences. This research uses the most sophisticated commuting data available at the time the research was conducted, the 1990 5 percent Public-Use Microdata Samples for the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, and again confirms severe spatial mismatch problems for central-city blacks, regardless of socioeconomic status, household formation, and access to automobiles. However, the situation with black males living in suburban areas differs significantly as those in the southern (predominantly black) suburbs show considerable evidence of spatial mismatch, whereas the northern (predominantly white) suburbs show no such evidence.
ED standards and audit criteria.

T he identification of patient care standards and the development of related nursing audits is inhibited by several obstacles in the emergency department: patients are there for only a short term; physiciannurse activities frequently overlap; nurses’ notes on the ED records are limited; and written care plans are not feasible. Yet the increased concern to demonstrate accountability for quality assurance indicates the need to develop evaluation tools in all settings.
Continuum Approach to Damage Mechanics of Composite Materials with Fabric Tensors

The major objective of this work is to apply continuum damage mechanics introduced through the concept of fabric tensors to composite materials within the framework of elasticity theory. A model of directional data damage mechanics for composite materials is formulated using fabric tensors. The physical meaning of damage is enhanced and understood better through the introduction of fabric tensors into the analysis of damage of composite materials. The 'continuum approach' is used here to link the fabric tensors' damage effect to the behavior of composite materials. In this approach, damage with fabric tensors is introduced to the composite medium, where the latter is treated as a homogenized material. Also, the overall properties of the composite system as a whole are used without using the constituent properties. A generalized formulation of damage evolution is derived in a mathematically consistent manner that is based on sound thermodynamic principles. A numerical example is presented to show the applicability. In addition, damage evolution for the one-dimensional tension case is also illustrated.
Immunochallenge reduces risk sensitivity during foraging in white-footed mice

Foraging behaviour has the potential to impact interactions among species in a community and is influenced, in part, by individual condition and fear of predation. These relationships are exemplified by white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in mixed hardwood forest communities of the northeastern U.S.A., whose foraging behaviour can influence the population ecology of several prey items and the disease ecology of human Lyme disease and its tick vector. We examined whether dosage of an immunogen influenced foraging behaviour in wild white-footed mice at foraging arenas. Low-dose mice preferentially favoured safe (covered) food patches over risky food patches, whereas high-dose mice showed no preference based on patch safety. Immunochallenge did not alter foraging time in patches of equal risk. The results reveal fitness costs of an immune response, namely that immunochallenged mice favour increased energy consumption over safety from predation, presumably leading to greater mortality. Acceptance of risky patches for foraging by immunochallenged mice suggests that mice mounting this immune response will forage in a greater proportion of their home ranges and encounter a greater number of patchily distributed prey items and ticks carrying pathogens.
Internal differentiation of rare-element pegmatites: Effects of boron, phosphorus, and fluorine

Lithium-rich, rare-element pegmatites are characterized by high concentrations of B, P, and F. The interactions of these components with H2O and rare alkalis lower liquidas and solidus temperatures, enhance silicate liquid-H2O miscibility, and control partitioning and concentration of Group I elements and higher-field-strength cations. Boron, F, and perhaps P may form peralkaline Na- and Li-species that promote early saturation in mica + quartz. Activities of F, P, and especially B are largely unbuffered throughout crystallization. Concentration of these components through fractional crystallization involving muscovite generates a peralkaline, Na-aluminosilicate-rich melt or vapor from which albitites rich in tourmaline, phosphates, F-rich micas, beryl, zircon, and Nb-Ta-Sn oxides crystallize. Phase equilibrium experiments with peraluminous B-P-F-rich rhyolite obsidian (macusanite) simulate many features of rare-element pegmatites, especially at H2O-undersaturated conditions.
Lead Sulfide Quantum Dot Synthesis, Deposition, and Temperature Dependence Studies of the Stokes Shift

We investigated the temperature dependence of the Stokes shift of PbS quantum dots (diameter 4.7 nm) deposited from solution on glass using a specially designed apparatus. By measuring the thermal alteration of the optical absorbance and photoluminescence in the range of 5 K–300 K, we demonstrate that the Stokes shift shrinks from 135 meV at 5 K to 62 meV at 300 K. Extrapolation of the data presented predict an elimination temperature of the Stokes shift of about 460 K, corresponding to the thermal energy of the sum of prominent PbS phonon energies.
Movement of ground‐water

The movement of water through formations having capillary openings is generally laminar and obeys Darcy's law, at least down to very low gradients. About 1000 samples tested in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey have coefficients of permeability ranging from 0.001 to 90,000, indicating probable velocities ranging from a fraction of a foot to a few miles in a year. The Thiem field-method gives promising results for determining permeability. Movement through sub-capillary openings is important but poorly understood; molecular attraction of the water offers great resistance to movement or compression.
Charge Transport through Osmium-Containing Redox Polymers in Nitrophenyl-Based Solvents: Effect of Solvent Size

Most studies on osmium-containing redox polymers have been carried out in aqueous media. The rate of charge transport through the osmium-containing redox polymer as a function of solvent properties has not been investigated. This paper reports studies of osmium-containing redox polymers in five nitrophenyl-based solvents: nitrobenzene, 2-nitrotoluene, 3-nitro-o-xylene, 2-nitrophenyl pentyl ether, and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether. These solvents differ from solvents conventionally used for studying osmium-containing redox polymers, such as water and methanol, in that they have both high dipolarities and larger molecular sizes. Both chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry studies on those solvents indicate that it is the solvent size rather than the solvent polarity that determines the rate of charge transport through the osmium-containing redox polymer. The larger the solvent size, the slower the charge transport. We also found that the type of counterion has a strong effect on the cyclic voltammetry of the...
In the Belly of the Beast: Effects of Anti-Immigration Policy on Latino Community Members

This paper examines the experiences of Latino adults in South Phoenix, Arizona, during a time of changing immigration policy, through the theoretical lenses of structural vulnerability and macro- and microaggression. The analyses describe how U.S.- and foreign-born Latinos experience the effects of local immigration laws and anti-immigrant sentiment. The results suggest that while there are differences between the U.S.-born and foreign-born in perceived impacts of immigration enforcement, there are few differences in perceptions of vulnerability and no evidence of lesser psychological distress among those who are not the direct targets of immigration enforcement activities. Even if they do not feel directly at risk, most respondents express concerns for family members and others in their social networks as a result of increased attention to immigration enforcement or anti-immigrant sentiment. These shared impacts may have long-term implications for Latino communities in the United States.
A Prototype Detector for Directional Measurement of the Cosmogenic Neutron Flux

This paper describes a novel directional neutron detector. The low pressure time projection chamber uses a mix of helium and CF4 gases. The detector reconstructs the energy and angular distribution of fast neutron recoils. This paper reports results of energy calibration using an source and angular reconstruction studies using a collimated neutron source. The best performance is obtained with a 12.5% CF4 { 87.5% He gas mixture. At low energies the target for fast neutrons transitions is primarily helium, while at higher energies, the uorine contributes as a target. The reconstruction eciency is both energy and target dependent. For neutrons with energies less than 20 MeV, the reconstruction eciency is 40% for uorine recoils and 60% for helium recoils.
Probing the Interaction between the Coiled Coil Leucine Zipper of cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Iα and the C Terminus of the Myosin Binding Subunit of the Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase

Nitric oxide and nitrovasodilators induce vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation in part by cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-Iα)-mediated activation of myosin phosphatase (MLCP). Mechanistically it has been proposed that protein-protein interactions between the N-terminal leucine zipper (LZ) domain of PKG-Iα ((PKG-Iα1-59) and the LZ and/or coiled coil (CC) domain of the myosin binding subunit (MBS) of MLCP are localized in the C terminus of MBS. Although recent studies have supported these interactions, the critical amino acids responsible for these interactions have not been identified. Here we present structural and biophysical data identifying that the LZ domain of PKG-Iα1-59 interacts with a well defined 42-residue CC motif (MBSct42) within the C terminus of MBS. Using glutathione S-transferase pulldown experiments, chemical cross-linking, size exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, and isothermal titration calorimetry we identified a weak dimer-dimer interaction between PKG-Iα1-59 and this C-terminal CC domain of MBS. The Kd of this non-covalent complex is 178.0 ± 1.5 μm. Furthermore our 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum correlation NMR data illustrate that this interaction is mediated by several PKG-Iα residues that are on the a, d, e, and g hydrophobic and electrostatic interface of the C-terminal heptad layers 2, 4, and 5 of PKG-Iα. Taken together these data support a role for the LZ domain of PKG-Iα and the CC domain of MBS in this requisite contractile complex.
Cellular distribution of copper to superoxide dismutase involves scaffolding by membranes

Efficient delivery of copper ions to specific intracellular targets requires copper chaperones that acquire metal cargo through unknown mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the human and yeast copper chaperones (CCS) for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), long thought to exclusively reside in the cytosol and mitochondrial intermembrane space, can engage negatively charged bilayers through a positively charged lipid-binding interface. The significance of this membrane-binding interface is established through SOD1 activity and genetic complementation studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showing that recruitment of CCS to the membrane is required for activation of SOD1. Moreover, we show that a CCS:SOD1 complex binds to bilayers in vitro and that CCS can interact with human high affinity copper transporter 1. Shifting current paradigms, we propose that CCS-dependent copper acquisition and distribution largely occur at membrane interfaces and that this emerging role of the bilayer may reflect a general mechanistic aspect of cellular transition metal ion acquisition.
Dealing from the Evolutionary Pawnshop: How Lymphocytes Make Decisions

*Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus andImmunology ResearchDepartment of Medicine cells. This process is stochastic although perhaps notCommittees on Immunology and Developmental completely random. V(D)J recombination is also associ-Biology ated with the decision to become an ab versus gd TThe University of Chicago cell. The next differentiative step occurs when double-Chicago, Illinois 60637 positive ab thymocytes select between the CD4
Does Language Guide Behavior in Children with Autism

It is unknown if children with high-functioning autism (HFA) employ self-directed speech to guide motor sequencing and motor control, or if they can benefit from using self-directed speech when prompted to do so. Participants performed a three-movement sequence across three conditions: Natural Learning, Task-Congruent Verbalization (TCV), and Task-Incongruent Verbalization (TIV). TIV deleteriously impacted performance in the typically-developing group (n = 22), and not the HFA group (n = 21). TCV improved performance in both groups, but to a greater extent in the HFA group. These findings suggest that children with HFA do not initiate self-directed speech spontaneously, but can use language to guide behavior when prompted to do so.
Conformational preferences of substituted prolines in the collagen triple helix

Researchers have recently questioned the role hydroxylated prolines play in stabilizing the collagen triple helix. To address these issues, we have developed new molecular mechanics parameters for the simulation of peptides containing 4(R)-fluoroproline (Flp), 4(R)-hydroxyproline (Hyp), and 4(R)-aminoproline (Amp). Simulations of peptides based on these parameters can be used to determine the components that stabilize hydroxyproline over proline in the triple helix. The dihedrals F-C-C-N, O-C-C-N, and N-C-C-N were built using a N-beta-ethyl amide model. One nanosecond simulations were performed on the trimers [(Pro-Pro-Gly)(10)](3), [(Pro-Hyp-Gly)(10)](3), [(Pro-Amp-Gly)(10)](3), [(Pro-Amp(1+)-Gly)(10)](3), and [(Pro-Flp-Gly)(10)](3) in explicit solvent. The results of our simulations suggest that pyrrolidine ring conformation is mediated by the strength of the gauche effect and classical electrostatic interactions.
On the radial spreading of liquids in thin porous substrates

Abstract Gillespie's model for the kinetics of radial spreading of a finite liquid reservoir in a thin porous substrate is corrected to properly account for the time dependence of the position of the advancing meniscus. A similarity solution for the liquid volume fraction within the substrate is obtained using power-law expressions for the dependence of the permeability and the capillary pressure on the liquid volume fraction. It is shown that the asymptotic rate of spreading at long times is independent of the initial conditions.
A New Fiber Optic Catheter-Tip Blood Pressure Transducer And Factors Determining Its Performance

Rapid development of fiber optic sensing technology promises better devices for medical practice. In this paper, a new fiberoptic catheter-tip blood pressure transducer is presented. During measurement, pressure is applied through a side port to a cantilever structure to cause a combined linear and angular displacement of the optical fibers with respect to a fixed reflector, thus modulating the input carrier light. At the signal processing module, a signal proportional to the applied pressure is generated. Factors affecting the performance of the new transducer have been carefully examined during its development and are discussed. In-vitro experimental results have demonstrated the promising performance of this transducer. It is capable of direct blood pressure measurement for assessment of cardiac and arterial functions.
Low-dose aspirin inhibits lipid peroxides and thromboxane but not prostacyclin in pregnant women.

Abstract OBJECTIVE : Preeclampsia is associated with an imbalance of increased thromboxane and decreased prostacyclin and an abnormal increase of lipid peroxides. Lipid peroxides are toxic compounds that damage cells and inhibit prostacyclin synthesis. Low-dose aspirin therapy reduces the incidence of preeclampsia, presumably by selective inhibition of thromboxane to restore a balance between thromboxane and prostacyclin. However, the effectiveness of low-dose aspirin might also relate to inhibition of lipid peroxides. STUDY DESIGN : To test this hypothesis, 10 women at risk of preeclampsia were placed on low-dose aspirin therapy (81 mg/day) between 9 and 34 weeks of gestation. Plasma samples were collected before and after 3 to 4 days and 3 to 4 weeks of aspirin therapy. Samples were analyzed for thromboxane and prostacyclin by radioimmunoassay of their stable metabolites, thromboxane B 2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1a and for lipid peroxides by hydrogen peroxide equivalents. RESULTS : Low-dose aspirin significantly decreased ( p p > 0.1). CONCLUSION : Low-dose aspirin selectively inhibits both lipid peroxides and thromboxane without affecting prostacyclin. Inhibition of both lipid peroxides and thromboxane by low-dose aspirin reveals a new mechanism of action and may account for its effectiveness in the prevention of preeclampsia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:926–30.)
ADAMTS13 turns 3.

It has now been 3 years since the von Willebrand factor (VWF)–cleaving protease implicated in thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) pathogenesis was identified as ADAMTS13 (adisintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13). More than 50 ADAMTS13 mutations resulting in familial TTP have been reported. Considerable progress has also been realized toward understanding the role of ADAMTS13 in normal hemostasis, as well as the mechanisms by which ADAMTS13 deficiency contributes to TTP pathogenesis. Measurement of ADAMTS13 activity in TTP and other pathologic conditions also remains a focus of a substantial clinical research effort. Building on these studies, continued investigation of ADAMTS13 and VWF holds considerable promise for advancing the understanding of TTP pathogenesis and should lead to improved diagnosis and treatment for this important hematologic disease.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE ON THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF A SPIROGYRA (CHLOROPHYTA) POPULATION IN A MIDWESTERN LAKE (U.S.A.)

Although Spirogyra Link (1820) is a common mat-forming filamentous alga in fresh waters, little is known of its ecology. A 2-year field study in Surrey Lake, Indiana, showed that it grew primarily in the spring of each year. The population consisted of four morphologically distinct filamentous forms, each exhibiting its own seasonal distribution. A 45-μm-wide filament was present from February to late April or early May, a 70-μm-wide form was present from late April to mid-June, a 100-μm-wide form was present from February to mid-June, and a 130-μm-wide form appeared only in February of 1 of 2 study years. The 70- and 100-μm-wide forms contributed to the peak amount of biomass observed in late May and early June. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the presence of the 45-, 70-, and 100-μm-wide forms was negatively correlated with temperature. Presence of the 130-μm-wide form was negatively correlated with irradiance. Isolates of these filament forms were exposed to temperature (15, 25, and 35° C)/irradiance (0, 60, 200, 400, 900, and 1500 μmol·m−2·s−1) combinations in the laboratory. Growth rates of the 45-μm-wide form were negative at all irradiances at 35° C, suggesting that this form is susceptible to high water temperatures. However, growth rates of the other forms did not vary at the different temperatures or at irradiances of 60 μmol·m−2·s−1 or above. Net photosynthesis was negative at 35° C and 1500 μmol·m−2·s−1 for the 100- and 130-μm-wide forms but positive for the 70-μm-wide form. All forms lost mat cohesiveness in the dark, and the 100- and 130-μm-wide forms lost mat cohesiveness under high irradiances and temperature. Thus, the morphological forms differed in their responses to irradiance and temperature. We hypothesize that the rapid disappearance of Spirogyra populations in the field is due to loss of mat cohesiveness under conditions of reduced net photosynthesis, for example, at no to low light for all forms or at high light and high temperatures for the 100- and 130-μm-wide forms. Low light conditions can occur in the interior of mats as they grow and thicken or under shade produced by other algae.
Linear system identification using numerical computation of Laplace transforms

Abstract A method for system identification using sampled values of the initial transient step or impulse response is described. A polynomial fit of the sampled values is made using Lagrange interpolation and the Laplace transform of the output observed is determined. Then the coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials of the system transfer function are determined by minimizing the square of the difference between the observed and calculated values of the Laplace transform of the output variable at a number of discrete points. This process is considerably simplified by the use of tables of coefficients for the numerical calculation of Laplace transforms.
Tunable Amphoteric Refraction in Semiordered Nematics

This paper demonstrates amphoteric refraction in semiordered uniaxial liquid crystal (LC) and reveals the impact of the LC ordering degree and the director axis on the refraction. In particular, it...
Accumulation of RNA in blastocysts during embryonic diapause and the periimplantation period in the western spotted skunk.

The in vivo incorporation of TH-uridine into RNA was studied in delayed implanting and activated blastocysts obtained from 33 western spotted skunks. TH-uridine was incorporated into RNA by all blastocysts; however, significantly more label was incorporated as blastocyst diameter increased. Activated blastocysts with diameters of 1.6 mm or greater on average incorporated 65 times more TH-precursor in 5 hr than diapausing blastocysts with diameters of 1.1 mm or less. Polyadenylated RNA was likewise synthesized by delayed implanting and activated skunk blastocysts; however, the proportion of polyadenylated RNA synthesized by the former was greater than in the latter. The data suggest that the transition from embryonic diapause to fully activated blastocysts first occurs gradually for several days before entering a 1-2-day period of rapid development characterized by an abrupt increase in RNA accumulation.
Increasing the ERP signal in the detection of guilty knowledge

The N400 and P300, two event-related potentials (ERPs), were tested using a modified Guilty Knowledge Test for their effectiveness in discriminating people possessing guilty knowledge from those who did not. In the study phase, participants read different passages that detailed either a crime in a specific location (Guilty), some location, without a crime (Innocent but Knowledgeable) or an unrelated location without a crime (Naive). During EEG collection, participants viewed context phrases, some of which were relevant to the crime scene, and test words that were either congruent or incongruent to the context phrases. In Experiment 1, both Guilty and Innocent but Knowledgeable participants were originally classified as guilty because both produced large P300 amplitudes to the crimerelevant stimuli. However, few Innocent but Knowledgeable participants produced significant N400 amplitudes and thus were rejected as guilty in the final analysis.
Binding of lipoproteins to inert materials revisited with computer-assisted analysis

A number of studies conducted in the last decade showed that saturable ('specific') binding, by itself, does not necessarily imply biological significance. That is, biological ligands were shown to bind to inert materials as well as to biological receptors in a saturable manner. In these studies specific binding was operationally defined as binding that was displaceable by excess concentrations of unlabeled ligand. This method of measuring specific binding is now no longer considered optimal. To investigate whether optimal (computer-assisted) techniques of measuring specific binding--namely, nonlinear least-squares curve fitting of total binding data, with mathematical separation of the total binding into its various components--might ensure biological significance of measured specific binding, we studied the binding of high-density lipoproteins (HDL3) to tissue culture dishes as an example of binding without biological significance. This binding closely followed the paradigm of a ligand interacting with a class of homogeneous, saturable sites and with a class of relatively unsaturable sites, just as it would have if the HDL3 were interacting with an unpurified biological receptor. This finding indicates that computer-assisted analysis, while most accurately describing binding data, nevertheless does not ensure that measured specific binding has biological significance. Saturability is such a nonselective feature of equilibrium binding data that it should probably no longer be considered one of the criteria for deciding whether or not a defined binding site is a receptor.
Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology

The paper sets forth a set of evidence-based recommendations for interventions to combat unintentional bias among health care providers, drawing upon theory and research in social cognitive psychology. Our primary aim is to provide a framework that outlines strategies and skills, which can be taught to medical trainees and practicing physicians, to prevent unconscious racial attitudes and stereotypes from negatively influencing the course and outcomes of clinical encounters. These strategies and skills are designed to: l) enhance internal motivation to reduce bias, while avoiding external pressure; 2) increase understanding about the psychological basis of bias; 3) enhance providers’ confidence in their ability to successfully interact with socially dissimilar patients; 4) enhance emotional regulation skills; and 5) improve the ability to build partnerships with patients. We emphasize the need for programs to provide a nonthreatening environment in which to practice new skills and the need to avoid making providers ashamed of having racial, ethnic, or cultural stereotypes. These recommendations are also intended to provide a springboard for research on interventions to reduce unintentional racial bias in health care.
Aftershocks of Tuskegee

Edited byJacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANSchool of Nursing, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USAIt was a simple, small exploratory study to begin a program of res...
Alpha synuclein is transported into and out of the brain by the blood-brain barrier

Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), a small protein with multiple physiological and pathological functions, is one of the dominant proteins found in Lewy Bodies, a pathological hallmark of Lewy body disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). More recently, α-Syn has been found in body fluids, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and is likely produced by both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Exchange of α-Syn between the brain and peripheral tissues could have important pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications. However, little is known about the ability of α-Syn to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, we found that radioactively labeled α-Syn crossed the BBB in both the brain-to-blood and the blood-to-brain directions at rates consistent with saturable mechanisms. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), but not p-glycoprotein, may be involved in α-Syn efflux and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation could increase α-Syn uptake by the brain by disrupting the BBB.
Lifetime of the 2 S 1 3 State of Heliumlike Argon ( Z = 18 ) and Heliumlike Titanium ( Z = 22 )

The $2^{3}S_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1^{1}S_{0}$ magnetic-dipole transition in the heliumlike atoms ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+16}$ and ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{+20}$ has been studied by a time-of-flight technique. The lifetime of the $2^{3}S_{1}$ state is found to be 172(12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec in ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+16}$ and 25.8(1.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec in ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{+20}$, where the stated errors included statistical and systematic effects. These values can be compared with theoretical values of 212.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+16}$ and 27.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec for ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{+20}$.
Review of iris recognition: cameras, systems, and their applications

Purpose – To overview the iris cameras, iris recognition systems, and their applications.Design/methodology/approach – Introduced and examined commercially available or lab prototype iris cameras and systems to compare their functionalities and applications.Findings – Each kind of camera has its advantage and disadvantage. From the application view, each iris recognition system has its unique values.Originality/value – This paper offers latest updates and essential information on iris recognition cameras and systems. It can benefit busy engineers, researchers, and managers who are interested in biometrics, security, and new technologies.
Preliminary study of the effect of the turbulent flow field around complex surfaces on their acoustic characteristics

Fundamental theories for noise generated by flow over surfaces exist for only a few simple configurations. The role of turbulence in noise generation by complex surfaces should be essentially the same as for simple configurations. Examination of simple-surface theories indicates that the spatial distributions of the mean velocity and turbulence properties are sufficient to define the noise emission. Measurements of these flow properties were made for a number of simple and complex surfaces. The configurations were selected because of their acoustic characteristics are quite different. The spatial distribution of the turbulent flow properties around the complex surfaces and approximate theory are used to locate and describe the noise sources, and to qualitatively explain the varied acoustic characteristics.
A study of air quality and respiratory infections in pigs raised in confinement

Abstract Air quality, respiratory disease, and growth rate were followed in four different farrowing and nursery systems. Ammonia levels varied with ambient air temperature, but were within normally accepted levels (25 ppm). These levels of ammonia did not appear to affect the health or performance of the pigs raised in these units. Hydrogen sulfide levels were consistently low. Counts of bacterial colony forming particles (BCFP) varied and the organisms identified were predominantly micrococci. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from nasal cavities of pigs from 3 out of 4 farms. Three of the farms did not have evidence of atrophic rhinitis; pigs farrowed in the last quarter of the test year on one farm from which B. bronchiseptica was isolated developed lesions of atrophic rhinitis. The B. bronchiseptica isolates from the 3 farms were virulent for gnotobiotic piglets. Groups of pigs for slaughter inspection from one farm had lungs with 11–28% pneumonic lesions; these lesions were not typical of mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Congenital renal arteriovenous malformations

Abstract Congenital renal arteriovenous malformations are rare, but their incidence and frequency of recognition are rising. Six cases of both cirsoid and idiopathic varieties are described. Patients were either asymptomatic or presented with gross hematuria and flank pain. Physical findings included hypertension, cardiomegaly, flank tenderness, and an abdominal bruit. IVP findings included filling defects in the renal pelvis from blood clots, irregular mucosal pattern, or mass effect. Angiography demonstrated either single, simple, vascular channels or multiple, complex, varix-like communications. In both there was early filling of the renal vein, a normal caliber to the feeding artery and draining vein, and no displacement of parenchymal vessels. Asymptomatic patients required no treatment. Surgical procedures that spare renal parenchyma are preferred.
Carbon dioxide laser therapy of subclinical condyloma found by magnified penile surface scanning.

Abstract The etiology and treatment of condyloma caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) and the association of HPV with cervical dysplasia and/or carcinoma is a major issue in current gynecologic literature. This study examined results of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser treatment of 127 high-risk males with biopsy-proved subclinical HPV infections found by magnified penile surface scanning (MPSS At a mean follow-up of four months a 66 per cent recurrence rate of microscopic condyloma was encountered. A discussion of the causes of such a high recurrence rate is given, with conclusions on this and prior condyloma treatment series.
Charge effects in a static, spherically symmetric, gravitating fluid

A previously developed method for making the Einstein-Maxwell equations determinate for a static, multicomponent fluid also permits the calculation of the macroscopic electric field in such a body. As a practical application of these equations, a simple, two-component model for a white dwarf star has been constructed, and its properties have been examined for arbitrary central densities. It is found that, for typical white dwarf densities, the internal electric field is quite small and other characteristics are almost identical to those calculated by the Chandrasekhar classical white dwarf model. For very large central densities, however, internal fields can be quite large, with a general correlation between large mass densities and large charge densities. (AIP)
Origin and Nature of Aroma in Fat of Cooked Poultry

SUMMARY: Fat of raw poultry, separated from solid tissue and washed with water at temperatures not exceeding 40°C does not contain cooked poultry aroma and does not develop it when heated. Hence, cooked poultry aroma cannot be derived from the fat alone. Washed and filtered fat from cooked poultry contains characteristic cooked poultry aroma dissolved in it. The aroma of this fat is caused by compounds which dissolve in it during cooking and which apparently stem from nonfat or lean portions of the meat. The ability of fat to dissolve or acquire substances during cooking was demonstrated by showing that fat of cooked poultry contains more sulfur than does fat of raw poultry. Less than 2% of this sulfur build-up occurs as hydrogen sulfide. The magnitude of the sulfur build-up was 8 to 14 times greater in the fat of roasted poultry than it was in the fat of simmered chicken. Authentic amino acids in contact with poultry fat at a typical roasting temperature readily underwent Strecker type degradation. Furthermore, aroma components representing typical amino acid degradation products were found in fat from roasted turkey. These analytical results indicate protein, amino acids and probably also sugars and other water soluble components are invoved in aroma formation. Hence fat contributes to cooked poultry aroma indirectly and passively through its ability to dissolve and retain aroma components formed during cooking. Consequently, the characteristic cooked poultry aroma in fat of cooked poultry is not derived from the fat itself but comes from and is thus dependent on the “lean”.
Contextualism, Skepticism, and the Gettier Problem

The contextualist epistemological theories proposed by David Lewis and othersoffer a view of knowledge which awards a central role to the contexts ofknowledge attributions. Such contexts are held to determine how strong anepistemic position must be in order to count as knowledge. Lewis has suggestedthat contextualism so construed can be used both to ward off the skeptic and tosolve the Gettier problem. A person knows P, he says, just in case her evidenceeliminates every possibility that not-P, where the domain of `every' is determinedby the context. Lewis provides a list of rules that can tell us, for a given context,which not-P possibilities must be eliminated and which can properly be ignored.But his account entails, counterintuitively, that knowledge can truly be attributedeven to a person in a Gettier situation provided only that the attributor is ignorantof the fact that the person is gettiered. It has been criticized on those grounds byS. Cohen. In this paper I shall argue that most other forms of contextualism sufferthe same fate as Lewis's. The allies of contextualism haven't yet shown us whethercontextualism can succeed in maintaining a notion of ordinary knowledge whileresisting the absurdity that knowledge can be a matter of sheer good luck. At theend of the paper I shall suggest a possible solution to the problem by showing howCohen's line of criticism leads to a modified conception of what sort of justificationa belief must have to count as knowledge in ordinary contexts.
Mobility of Single-Loop Kinematic Mechanisms Under Differential Displacement

Linear analysis of motion screws is a means for determining the mobility of a mechanism composed of the parallel combination of serial kinematic chains. Such a mechanism may have one or more degrees of freedom that vanish after a differential displacement from a reference posture. The Lie product, also called the Lie bracket, is known to give the derivative of a motion screw with respect to the displacement along an upstream screw in a serial chain. Serial chains having motion screws that are closed under the Lie product are known to retain their mobility after differential displacement. For a single-loop mechanism, which is composed of a pair of chains that are not closed under the Lie product, mobility is retained when the Lie closures of those chains are within the span of the union of motion screws of the two chains, a new result determined by applying the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff expansion to the motion screws of the serial chain. When the Lie products have at most one dimension outside the union span, a second-order expression of mobility reduces to a quadratic form, allowing the numerical characterization of constraint singularities under that condition.
Antigen-Antibody Complex Binding and Cell Interaction in Stimulating Normal Rabbit Lymphocytes

Complexes of antigen with specific antibody have been shown to enhance or suppress the specific antibody response in vivo. In vitro, antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes prepared in a slight antigen excess with rabbit antibody induced proliferation of unprimed rabbit lymphocytes. The Ag-Ab stimulated cells from a number of different normal lymphoid organs, including peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node, but not thymus. Cells exposed to Ag-Ab for 1 hr and washed, bound Ag-Ab through Fc and complement receptors (CR), but were not induced to proliferate unless additional Ag-Ab was added. Specific antigen, which was otherwise unstimulatory, interacted with Ag-Ab-coated cells to activate them, probably through the cross-linking of membrane-bound ligands. Proliferation stimulated by Ag-Ab involved the interaction of three bone marrow cell subpopulations; a macrophage-enriched, a B-cell-enriched, and an mIgM- cell-enriched population. The separated subpopulations were poorly responsive to Ag-Ab stimulation, even though Ag-Ab bound to cells in each of the populations. Low levels of responsiveness to Ag-Ab also resulted when any two of the three subpopulations were combined. Only when all three subpopulations were mixed, was stimulation equivalent to the levels of stimulation reached by unseparated cells.
Crystal structure of Bi2Mo2O9: A selective oxidation catalyst

Abstract Bi2Mo2O9 is monoclinic; space group P2 1 n with a = 11.972(3) A, b = 10.813(4) A, c = 11.899(2), β = 90.13(2), and Z = 8. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier techniques. The final agreement factors of the refinement based on 2711 independent reflections were R = 0.051 and Rw = 0.057. Based on the structure, the formula may be represented as Bi(Bi3O2)(MoO4)4. There are Bi3O2 chains parallel to the b-axis. There are also Bi atoms bound only to MoO4 tetrahedra. Contrary to earlier reports, the isolated MoO4 tetrahedra are very regular.
In vivo analysis of quiescent adult neural stem cells responding to Sonic hedgehog

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been implicated in the ongoing neurogenesis in postnatal rodent brains. Here we adopted an in vivo genetic fate-mapping strategy, using Gli1 (GLI-Kruppel family member) as a sensitive readout of Shh activity, to systematically mark and follow the fate of Shh-responding cells in the adult mouse forebrain. We show that initially, only a small population of cells (including both quiescent neural stem cells and transit-amplifying cells) responds to Shh in regions undergoing neurogenesis. This population subsequently expands markedly to continuously provide new neurons in the forebrain. Our study of the behaviour of quiescent neural stem cells provides in vivo evidence that they can self-renew for over a year and generate multiple cell types. Furthermore, we show that the neural stem cell niches in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus are established sequentially and not until late embryonic stages.
Selecting a Lead Hazard Control Strategy Based on Dust Lead Loading and Housing Condition: II. Application of Housing Assessment Tool (HAT) Modeling Results

In Part I in this issue, modeling was used to identify a Housing Assessment Tool (HAT) that can be used to predict relative intervention effectiveness for a range of intervention intensities and baseline dust lead loadings in occupied dwellings. The HAT predicts one year post-intervention floor and windowsill loadings and the probability that these loadings will exceed current federal lead hazard standards. This article illustrates the field application of the HAT, helping practitioners determine the minimum intervention intensity needed to reach “acceptable” one year post-intervention levels, with acceptability defined based on specific project needs, local needs, regulations, and resource constraints. The HAT is used to classify a dwelling's baseline condition as good or poor. If the average number of interior non-intact painted surfaces per room is ≥2, then the dwelling is rated as poor. If exterior windows/doors are deteriorated and the average number of exterior non-intact painted surfaces per buildi...
Psychometric equivalence of an improved Basic Language Morningness (BALM) Scale using industrial population within comparisons

An existing 13-item composite circadian rhythm 'morningness' scale was simplified into a '(BA)sic (L)anguage (M)orningness' (BALM) scale at a seventh grade (12-13 years) reading level. It was given to 150 each of continuously rotating shifworkers and fixed-schedule dayworkers in an industrial manufacturing plant. Multiple factor analyses confirmed three prior identified factors, morningness/effort, morning alert, and evening. Morningness scores for dayworkers were higher than for shiftworkers (p < 0.001). The BALM scale revision is suitable for most worker levels. A suggested psychometrically 'purer' 9-item morningness scale omits the inconsistent evening factor scale items.
Seeing Ancient Rhetoric, Easily at a Glance

ABSTRACT Though many sophists were interested in the nature and power of logos, there were strong reasons for them not to set up as teachers of the art of verbal manipulation. Whatever Aristophanes and Plato may imply, sophists would have been foolish to advertise a persuasive skill divorced from knowledge and moral authority. “Sophists without Rhetoric” Andrew Ford The aim of this chapter is to examine a particular rhetoric of socialization which has in the latter part of the twentieth century fallen from view despite its significance in Hellenic antiquity, that of Athenian law. “Legal Instruction in Classical Athens” Yun Lee Too This paper suggests a view of ancient Greek rhetoric that embraces multiple media and that emphasizes rhetorical interaction as a form of cultural reproduction through visual and spatial means, and it illustrates the importance of these elements with reference to the ancient Athenian assembly place, the Pnyx and the Greek concept of eusynoptos .
PREDICTIVE FACTORS AFFECTING FIRST PEDIATRIC CADAVERIC TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL

Transplantation remains the optimal replacement therapy for children with end stage renal disease. Cadaveric allograft survival (surv)has improved over the past decade. We reviewed our experience with 61 first cadaveric transplants performed from 1972 through 1982. Twenty-three recipients(38%)were female and 38(62%) were male;the mean age was 11.2 yrs.(range 2-19). Forty-two (69%) were white,18(29%)black,and 1(2%)hispanic. Thirty-five(57%)had received at least 5 random donor blood transfusions(trans). Thirty (50%)were matched for a minimum of 2 HLA A and B antigens (Ag). Proportional hazards analysis(Cox's model)was used to examine 5 explanatory variables:sex,age,race, ≥5 trans,and number(no.)of Ag matches. Sex,age,and race did not affect graft surv. In this population,trans alone did not improve transplant surv(p>0.2).The no. of Ag matches was positively correlated with graft surv.(B=-0.3, p<0.02).The combination of trans and Ag matching provided excellent allograft surv(94% at 1 yr.67% 5 yrs).This prompted an examination of the data including a variable termed AgTrans, a first-order interaction of no. of Ag matches and trans status. AgTrans was the strongest factor associated with prolonged surv.(B=-0.47, p<0.001).Use of the model predicts that at the time at which graft surv.would be 50% with <5 trans and no Ag matches, it would increase to 68% with a 2 Ag match,and increase further to 85% with both a 2 Ag match and ≥5 trans.In summary,Ag matching acts as an initiator in pediatric cadaveric transplantation and ≥5 trans act as a promotor of graft function.