cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Lateral and Medial Intraparietal Areas during a Visual Categorization Task

Categorization is essential for interpreting sensory stimuli and guiding our actions. Recent studies have revealed robust neuronal category representations in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). Here, we examine the specialization of LIP for categorization and the roles of other parietal areas by comparing LIP and the medial intraparietal area (MIP) during a visual categorization task. MIP is involved in goal-directed arm movements and visuomotor coordination but has not been implicated in non-motor cognitive functions, such as categorization. As expected, we found strong category encoding in LIP. Interestingly, we also observed category signals in MIP. However, category signals were stronger and appeared with a shorter latency in LIP than MIP. In this task, monkeys indicated whether a test stimulus was a category match to a previous sample with a manual response. Test-period activity in LIP showed category encoding and distinguished between matches and non-matches. In contrast, MIP primarily reflected the match/non-match status of test stimuli, with a strong preference for matches (which required a motor response). This suggests that, although category representations are distributed across parietal cortex, LIP and MIP play distinct roles: LIP appears more involved in the categorization process itself, whereas MIP is more closely tied to decision-related motor actions.
Mononuclear Iron Enzymes Are Primary Targets of Hydrogen Peroxide Stress

This study tested whether nonredox metalloenzymes are commonly charged with iron in vivo and are primary targets of oxidative stress because of it. Indeed, three sample mononuclear enzymes, peptide deformylase, threonine dehydrogenase, and cytosine deaminase, were rapidly damaged by micromolar hydrogen peroxide in vitro and in live Escherichia coli. The first two enzymes use a cysteine residue to coordinate the catalytic metal atom; it was quantitatively oxidized by the radical generated by the Fenton reaction. Because oxidized cysteine can be repaired by cellular reductants, the effect was to avoid irreversible damage to other active-site residues. Nevertheless, protracted H2O2 exposure gradually inactivated these enzymes, consistent with the overoxidation of the cysteine residue to sulfinic or sulfonic forms. During H2O2 stress, E. coli defended all three proteins by inducing MntH, a manganese importer, and Dps, an iron-sequestration protein. These proteins appeared to collaborate in replacing the iron atom with nonoxidizable manganese. The implication is that mononuclear metalloproteins are common targets of H2O2 and that both structural and metabolic arrangements exist to protect them.
Spectroscopic Study of the Chemistry at the Cr−PMMA Interface

The chemical reactivity of metal nanoclusters is largely determined by the size of the particles, and therefore the control of particle size in a given medium has been the topic of several interest...
Why black prisoners seldom try to escape from American penal institutions: A humanistic perspective

Black inmates attempt to escape prison much less frequently than do white inmates. Empirical research attempting to delineate reasons for the differential escape rate of blacks to whites is almost nonexistent. The purpose of the present paper is to examine this difference from a humanistic approach by examining another subculture (European Jews who were victims of the Holocaust) where historical incanceration pattenrs and cultural ethos historically anticipates those of black inmates. Thishistorical culture of blacks in America is also explored in order to further understand why black inmates seldom try to escape from prison.
RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN EBSTEIN'S ANOMALY: A CAVEAT IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS

RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN EBSTEIN'S ANOMALY: A CAVEAT IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS
Image study summarization of MR brain images by automated localization of relevant structures.

: The paper discusses a methodology to objectify the patient presenting condition by automated selection of relevant images from a serial MR study. Structured data entry is used to capture the patient's chief complaint, pertinent history, signs, and symptoms. Expert created rules use this data to arrive at a differential and to identify the affected brain region/structure. Another expert created knowledge base then maps this information to the relevant image type, including image sequence specifics and orientation. A DICOM study reader identifies the relevant imaging sequences from the MR study. The structure localization method involves a search based on principal component analysis. A training set of subimages containing the structure of interest is used to generate a basis set of prototype images called eigenimages. The structure is located in an image by searching the image for a subregion that best matches the basis set. The structure localization was used to locate the lateral ventricles and orbits in nine images that were not part of the training set. The automated localizations were compared to expert localizations and the center of the regions located by the two techniques agreed to within ± 1.7 mm (average for the nine localizations each of two structures).
CHAOTIC AND HYPERCHAOTIC MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A MAGNETIC DIPOLE FIELD

The motion of a charged particle in the field of a magnetic dipole is studied by numerically integrating the equations of motion. The widely believed picture in which a bound particle corkscrews about a line of magnetic flux, bouncing back along the same line as it nears the poles, is shown to be a substantial over-simplification. The nature of the trajectory depends on the energy of the particle, but whatever the energy this picture is not observed. For low energies the particle will corkscrew towards the poles, while at the same time drifting laterally with a variable speed in a quasiperiodic fashion. For intermediate energies the motion is found to be chaotic, and for higher energies it becomes hyperchaotic. In the equatorial plane only quasiperiodic orbits can occur. If the magnetic dipole moment is slowly varying, the particle undergoes chaotic motion even in the equatorial plane, but only for high energies.
Nonparametric estimation of density and hazard rate functions with shape restrictions

Methods for nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of probability distributions are presented, with assumptions concerning the smoothness and shape. In particular, the decreasing density is considered, as well as constraints on the hazard function including increasing, convex or bathtub-shaped, and increasing and convex. Regression splines are used to formulate the problem in terms of convex programming, and iteratively re-weighted least squares cone projection algorithms are proposed. The estimators obtain the convergence rate r=(p+1)/(2p+3) where p is the degree of the polynomial spline. The method can be used with right-censored data. These methods are applied to real and simulated data sets to illustrate the small sample properties of the estimators and to compare with existing nonparametric estimators.
Interesting Reactivity in the Thermolysis and Photolysis of 2,3-Diphenyl-1-naphthol

2,3-Diphenyl-1-naphthol (1) undergoes two unexpected reactions under different conditions. Compound (1) was heated in DMSO-d6 and underwent a Pummerer type thermal reaction to give two isomeric products, 1-(methylthio)methoxy-2,3-diphenyl naphthol-d5 which crystallized in the space group $$ P{\bar{\text{1}}} $$ with a = 7.1610(9) A, b = 11.2795(15) A, c = 12.8905(17) A, α = 114.049(2)°, β = 96.589(2)°, and γ = 102.945(2)°, and 2-(methylthio)methyl-2,3-diphenyl 1(2H)-naphthalenone-d5 which crystallized in the space group $$ P{\bar{\text{1}}} $$ with a = 8.5981(5) A, b = 10.4374(6) A, c = 11.1078(6) A, α = 78.748(2)°, β = 67.709(2)°, and γ = 83.184(2)°. Photolysis (254 nm) of (1) resulted in 2,2′,3,3′-tetraphenyl-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol which crystallized in the space group P21/c with a = 26.3616(11) A, b = 10.1707(4) A, c = 23.3376(9) A, and β = 99.034(2)°. When 2,3-diphenyl-1-naphthol was heated in DMSO-d6 two unexpected isomers, 1-(methylthio)methoxy-2,3-diphenyl naphthol-d5 and the racemate 2-(methylthio)methyl-2,3-diphenyl 1(2H)-naphthalenone-d5 were produced. Photolysis in THF at 254 nm led to the unexpected product 2,2′,3,3′-tetraphenyl-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol. All structures were elucidated by X-ray crystallography.
Oxygenated intermediate in peracid and microsomal oxidations of the organophosphonothionate insecticide dyfonate

Abstract Reaction of O -ethyl S -phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate (Dyfonate ® ) with m -chloroperbenzoic acid in dichloromethane or with the mixed-function oxidase system of hepatic microsomes yields O -ethyl S -phenyl ethylphosphonothiolate (the Dyfonate oxon), O -ethyl ethylphosphonothioic acid (ETP), O -ethyl ethylphosphonic acid (EOP) and thiophenol. These reactions involve both oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms and so an intermediate oxidation product was sought in the peracid system. A novel oxidation product (the oxygenated Dyfonate) was isolated in 30% yield. Spectral analyses establish that this product has a single oxygen introduced at the thionophosphorus moiety without any modification elsewhere in the molecule. Formation of the oxygenated Dyfonate and its subsequent hydrolysis explain the formation of ETP, EOP and thiophenol from Dyfonate but not the conversion to the oxon. Possibly the first product of Dyfonate oxidation is a transient intermediate that either degrades to the oxon or converts to the oxygenated Dyfonate leading ultimately to the hydrolysis products.
Mining association rules between low-level image features and high-level concepts

In image similarity retrieval systems, color is one of the most widely used features. Users who are not well versed with the image domain characteristics might be more comfortable in working with an Image Retrieval System that allows specification of a query in terms of keywords, thus eliminating the usual intimidation in dealing with very primitive features. In this paper we present two approaches to automatic image annotation, by finding those rules underlying the links between the low-level features and the high-level concepts associated with images. One scheme uses global color image information and classification tree based techniques. Through this supervised learning approach we are able to identify relationships between global color-based image features and some textual decriptors. In the second approach, using low-level image features that capture local color information and through a k-means based clustering mechanism, images are organized in clusters such that images that are similar are located in the same cluster. For each cluster, a set of rules is derived to capture the association between the localized color-based image features and the textual descriptors relevant to the cluster.
Lot streaming in the presence of learning

Lot streaming is the process of splitting a production lot into sublots, and then, processing the sublots on different machines in an overlapping manner. In this paper, we study the use of lot streaming when a learning effect is observed. We provide a method for transforming a lot streaming problem in the presence of learning to its equivalent counterpart without learning for which a solution method may already exist. We demonstrate the use of this transformation on some lot-streaming problems.
A Statistical Exmination of Sky Cover Changes in the Contiguous United States

Abstract The Sette Weather Chart constructed in 1939 with data from 1900 to 1936 was used to describe the climatology of cloudless days and to predict cloudless days in the United States for 14 regions. When the data for days having 0.1 sky cover or less were collected and analyzed for the period 1950 to 1982 and compared to the Sette period 1900 to 1936, there was a definite statistical decrease in the annual monthly average of cloudless days using 45 cities common to both periods. Using the most recent data a fuzzy k-means clustering analysis identified 17 largely contiguous regions from a sample of 65 cities and constructed a degree of belonging for each city to these regions. The resulting clusters were examined for their uniqueness with discriminant analysis The error rate estimation of the discriminant was evaluated with the resubstitution method, a holdout Method and the Lachenbruch crossvalidation procedure. The results of the study not only show a decrease in cloudless days but also regional chan...
Neuronal survival and resistance to HIV-1 Tat toxicity in the primary culture of rat fetal neurons

In this study we report that primary cultures of rat fetal neurons contain subpopulations of cells that may be sensitive or resistant to HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity. We demonstrate that rapid binding/uptake of Tat 1-86 for 2 h was sufficient to trigger caspase activation and neurodegeneration in rat fetal midbrain cell cultures. The uptake of Tat was followed by an increase in MCP1 (CCL2) immunoreactivity. Approximately 70% of neurons were able to survive transient or continuous (7 days) Tat exposure. The surviving neurons did not contain bound/internalized Tat, but were able to interact with Tat after medium replacement. These neurons were resistant to Tat toxicity. In neurons that resisted the toxic effects of continuous and repeated Tat treatment, levels of NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor complex were significantly lower than in controls. We suggest that the subunit composition of NMDAR complexes may be important for the sensitivity of neurons to Tat toxicity.
Note---A Comparison of Capacity Planning Techniques in a Job Shop Control System

A quantitative comparison between three types of capacity planning or shop loading techniques is presented. The results were obtained from simulation experiments.
An Airline Seat Management Model for a Single Leg Route When Lower Fare Classes Book First

It is common practice for airlines to charge several different fares for a common pool of seats. This paper presents a model that has been used to address the problem of when to refuse booking requests for a given fare level to save the seat for a potential request at a higher fare level. This model assumes that lower fare passengers book before higher fare passengers book. This occurs quite frequently in practice, where lower fare passengers are usually vacationers and higher fare passengers are usually business travelers. In fact, many airlines mandate this practice by imposing advance booking requirements on lower fare classes to prevent business travelers from using them. We present an algorithm that finds a seat management policy that maximizes mean revenue by establishing a critical value for each fare class. Booking requests for a particular fare level are accepted if the number of empty seats is strictly greater than its critical value and rejected otherwise. This critical value is a decreasing function of the fare price and is equal to zero for the class with the highest fare.
Combination of Solid Phase and Solution Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Using Sonication

An approach that combines solid phase and solution phase synthesis of oligosaccharides via the assistance of sonication has been developed. By employing the traceless linker, the designed oligosaccharides can be obtained in pure form and, more importantly, ready for incorporation to aglycons of interest via ‘Click’ chemistry or amide linkage. The overall strategy will facilitate the studies of roles of carbohydrates in bioactive compounds.
Effect of thymosin fraction 5 on the production of murine gamma interferon

Abstract Mice that received one intraperitoneal injection of 120 μg of thymosin fraction 5 just prior to induction of interferon with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid did not have the production of interferon affected by the thymosin treatment. An additional treatment with 120 μg of thymosin 24 hr prior to exposure of the mice to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid also had no effect on interferon induction. However, induction of gamma (type II immune) interferon in mice by tuberculin challenge of mice previously sensitized with Mycobacterium bovis strain bacillus Calmette-Guerin was affected by treatment of the mice with thymosin fraction 5. If the mice received 120 μg of thymosin fraction 5 intraperitoneally 24 hr prior to and again immediately before tuberculin challenge, a significant decrease in gamma interferon was observed. Thymosin treatment alone did not result in induction of interferon.
Researcher Perspectives on Conflicts of Interest: A Qualitative Analysis of Views from Academia

The increasing interconnectedness of academic research and external industry has left research vulnerable to conflicts of interest. These conflicts have the potential to undermine the integrity of scientific research as well as to threaten public trust in scientific findings. The present effort sought to identify themes in the perspectives of faculty researchers regarding conflicts of interest. Think-aloud interview responses were qualitatively analyzed in an effort to provide insights with regard to appropriate ways to address the threat of conflicts of interest in research. Themes in participant responses included disclosure of conflicts of interest, self-removal from situations where conflict exists, accommodation of conflict, denial of the existence of conflict, and recognition of complexity of situations involving conflicts of interest. Moral disengagement operations are suggested to explain the appearance of each identified theme. In addition, suggestions for best practices regarding addressing conflicts of interest given these themes in faculty perspectives are provided.
Effectiveness of the California Mastitis Test as a Measurement of the Leucocyte Content of Quarter Samples of Milk

Abstract Results obtained from 5,885 quarter-milk samples from 226 individual cows indicate that the most valid method of interpreting the California Mastitis Test (CMT) score in relationship to the leucocyte count is to score the CMT as positive or negative only. Interpreting all quarter-milk samples with a CMT score of zero as containing less than 500,000 leucocytes per milliliter yields a correct interpretation 89.9% of the time. Conversely, if all quarter-milk samples with a CMT score of 1, 2, or 3 are interpreted to contain over 500,000 leucocytes per milliliter, the interpretation will be correct 83.8% of the time. Individually, the CMT scores of 1, 2, and 3 will agree with the predicted leucocyte count only 56.7, 48.9, and 66.3% of the times, respectively. The logarithmic average leucocyte counts for the CMT scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 were 99,770; 1,119,000; 2,951,000, and 9,750,000 per milliliter, respectively. The over-all logarithmic average leucocyte count for all 5,885 samples was 343,600 per milliliter.
Absence of short period interspersion of repetitive and non-repetitive sequences in the DNA of Drosophila melanogaster

A sensitive search has been made in Drosophila melanogaster DNA for short repetitive sequences interspersed with single copy sequences. Five kinds of measurements all yield the conclusion that there are few short repetitive sequences in this genome: 1) Comparison of the kinetics of reassociation of short (360 nucleotide) and long (1,830 nucleotide) fragments of DNA; 2) reassociation kinetics of long fragments (2,200 nucleotide) with an excess of short (390 short nucleotide) fragments; 3) measurement of the size of S1 nuclease resistant reassociated repeated sequences; 4) measurement of the hyperchromicity of reassociated repetitive fragments as a function of length; 5) direct assay by kinetics of reassociation of the amount of single copy sequence present on 1,200 nucleotide long fragments which also contain repetitive sequences.
β1 Integrin Regulates Fibroblast Viability during Collagen Matrix Contraction through a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway

Integrins regulate cell viability through their interaction with the extracellular matrix. Integrins can sense mechanical forces arising from the matrix and convert these stimuli to chemical signals capable of modulating intracellular signal transduction. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell survival. It is not known, however, whether integrins, acting as mechanoreceptors, regulate cell survival via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Here, we show that in response to a matrix-derived mechanical stimulus, β1integrin regulated cell viability by regulating Akt activity in a PI3K-dependent fashion. To accomplish this, we employed fibroblasts cultured in collagen gels. During contraction of collagen matrices, fibroblasts underwent apoptosis. We demonstrate that ligation of β1 integrin with anti-β1 integrin antibodies protected fibroblasts from apoptosis. The nature of the survival signal activated by β1 integrin engagement with antibody was mediated by PI3K acting through Akt/protein kinase B. We show that Akt phosphorylation decreased during collagen contraction and that this decrease correlated precisely with the onset of fibroblast apoptosis. Fibroblasts transfected with constitutively active PI3K displayed increased Akt phosphorylation and were protected from anoikis and collagen gel contraction-induced apoptosis. Our data identify a novel role for β1 integrin in regulating fibroblast viability through a PI3K/Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathway in response to a matrix-derived mechanical stimulus.
Thiolated Peptide Nanotube Assembly as Arrays on Patterned Au Substrates

A variety of nanotubes were addressed to particular directions by using external forces such as microfluidics, magnetic fields, electric fields, and the Langmuir−Blodgett technique. Recently in another approach, nanotubes were assembled by chemical interactions. For example, nanotubes coated by proteins were assembled onto the complimentary ligand-patterned substrates in solution. Molecular recognitions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and charge interactions were also applied to locate nanotubes in the specific regions on substrates. In this report, we assembled thiolated peptide nanotubes by using one of the stronger chemical interactions, thiol−Au interaction. Due to the strong thiol−Au interaction, the nanotubes show a strong affinity toward Au substrates and the nanotubes were only addressed to Au regions on the substrates. Because of the strong affinity, the nanotube assembly could be scaled up to form nanotube arrays by patterning Au pads on the substrates with AFM-based nanolithography...
Quantitative imaging study of extent of surgical resection and prognosis of malignant astrocytomas.

OBJECTIVE: This study used quantitative radiological imaging to determine the effect of surgical resection on postoperative survival of patients with malignant astrocytomas. Previous studies relied on the surgeons' impressions of the amount of tumor removed, which is a less reliable measure of the extent of resection. METHODS: Information concerning possible prognostic factors was collected for 75 patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography preoperatively and within 10 days postoperatively. Image analysis of the neuroradiological studies was conducted to quantify pre- and postoperative total tumor volumes and enhancing volumes. Univariate and multivariate proportional hazards models were used to analyze the regression of survival regarding 22 covariates that might affect survival. The covariates that were entered included age, gender, tumor grade, cumulative radiation dose, chemotherapy, seizures as a first symptom, Karnofsky performance status at presentation, pre- and postoperative total and enhancing tumor volumes, ratio of pre- to postoperative total and enhancing tumor volumes, tumor location, surgeon's impression of the degree of resection, and subsequent surgery. RESULTS: There were 23 patients with anaplastic astrocytomas and 52 with glioblastomas multiforme. The estimated mean survival time was 27 months for patients undergoing gross total resection, 33 months for subtotal resection, and 13 months for open or stereotactic biopsy. Five factors that were significant predictors of survival in multivariate analysis were tumor grade, age, Karnofsky performance status, radiation dose, and postoperative complications (P < 0.05). In univariate analysis, tumor grade, radiation dose, age, Karnofsky status, complications, presence of enhancing tumor in postoperative imaging, and postoperative volume of enhancing tumor were significantly associated with survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the most important prognostic factors affecting survival of patients with anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas multiforme are tumor grade, age, preoperative performance status, and radiation therapy. Postoperative complications adversely affect survival. Aggressive surgical resection did not impart a significant increase in survival time. Surgical resection may improve survival, but its importance is less than that of other factors and may be demonstrable only by larger studies.
Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all of your eggs in one cognitive basket.

This research develops and tests a model relating complexity of self-representation to affective and evaluative responses. The basic hypothesis is that the less complex a person's cognitive representation of the self, the more extreme will be the person's swings in affect and self-appraisal. Experiment 1 showed that those lower in self-complexity experienced greater swings in affect and self-appraisal following a failure or success experience. Experiment 2 showed that those lower in self-complexity experienced greater variability in affect over a 2-week period. The results are discussed, first, in terms of self-complexity as a buffer against the negative effects of stressful life events, particularly depression; and, second, in terms of the thought patterns of depressed persons. The results reported here suggest that level of self-complexity may provide a promising cognitive marker for vulnerability to depression.
Training paraprofessionals to implement interventions for people autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review

Objective: This review summarizes studies in which paraprofessionals were trained to implement interventions for people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in school and rehabilitation settings.Methods: Systematic searches identified 12 studies meeting inclusion criteria. These studies were evaluated in terms of: (a) participant characteristics, (b) intervention implemented, (c) training procedures, (d) outcomes and (e) certainty of evidence.Results: Across the 12 studies intervention was provided to a total of 39 paraprofessionals including teacher aides and rehabilitation staff. Paraprofessionals were trained to implement: social stories, prompting, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), Discrete Trial Training (DTT), Pivotal Response Training (PRT), incidental teaching or activity schedules. Training procedures included written and verbal explanations, modelling, video demonstrations, role playing and feedback. Positive outcomes were reported in 92% of the included studies.Conclusion: Although ...
Abstract A38: T cell costimulation by TNFRSF4, TNFRSF18, and TNFRSF25 in the context of vaccination.

TNFRSF4 (OX40, CD134), TNFRSF18 (GITR) and TNFRSF25 are costimulatory receptors that influence CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to cognate-antigen. Independently, these receptors have been described to stimulate overlapping functions including enhanced proliferation and activation for both regulatory (CD4+FoxP3+, Treg) and conventional (CD4+FoxP3- or CD8+FoxP3-) T cells. To determine the relative functionality of TNFRSF4, TNFRSF18 and TNFRSF25 in T cell immunity, the activity of TNFRSF4, TNFRSF18 and TNFRS25 agonistic antibodies was compared in the context of both traditional protein/adjuvant (ovalbumin/alum) and CD8+ specific heat shock protein based (gp96-Ig) vaccine approaches. These studies demonstrate that both TNFRSF4, TNFRSF18 and TNFRSF25 independently and additively costimulate vaccine induced CD8+ T cell proliferation following both primary and secondary antigen challenge. In contrast, the activity of TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF25 were observed to be divergent in the costimulation of CD4+ T cell immunity. TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF18 agonists were potent costimulators of ova/alum induced CD4+ conventional T cell proliferation but only weakly costimulated Treg proliferation and IgG2a production, while TNFRSF25 agonists were strong costimulators of Treg proliferation, production of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b and weak costimulators of CD4+ Tconv proliferation. Interestingly, antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses were uncoupled upon secondary immunization, which was dramatically effected by the presence of TNFRSF4, TNFRSF18 or TNFRSF25 costimulation. These studies highlight the overlapping but non-redundant activities of these three TNF receptors in T cell immunity, which may guide the application of receptor agonistic agents as vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease and tumor immunity. Citation Format: Taylor H. Schreiber, Louis Gonzalez, Dietlinde Wolf, Maria Bodero, Eckhard R. Podack. T cell costimulation by TNFRSF4, TNFRSF18, and TNFRSF25 in the context of vaccination. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A38.
Designing for flexibility in aviation security systems

The events of September 11th, 2001 launched the world into a new era of aviation security policy, operations, and procedures. The very nature of aviation security makes such operations ill-equipped to rapidly respond to highly agile groups of people intent on inflicting harm to the air transportation system. This article provides an overview of aviation security issues, with a particular focus on what can be done to address the uncertainty inherent within such systems, and where flexibility in security operations and procedures can be used to mitigate such risks.
Capillary electrophoretic separation and theoretical study of inclusion complexes of sulfobutyl ether β‐cyclodextrin with estrogens

Five estrogens (2-hydroxyestrone, 2-methoxyestradiol, estrone, estriol, and 17α-estradiol) and two stereoisomers (17α- and 17β-estradiol) have been successfully separated using capillary electrophoresis with anionic sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD). The SBE-β-CD used in the separation was a mixture of positional and regional isomers containing from 1 to 10 sulfobutyl ether groups with an average degree of substitution of four per cyclodextrin; thus, a tetra-SBE substituted CD, SBE[4]-β-CD, has been chosen as the model host molecule in the present study. Relative to the position of the cavity, three initial arrangements of the 4 SBE groups, 0-, 2-, and 4-up, have been considered. In addition two types of inclusion complexes, cis and trans orientations, are also considered for each estrogen. In the cis structure the SBE group of the cyclodextrin and the phenol group of the estrogen are on the same side, while in the trans structure the two groups are on opposite sides. The objective of the present study is to perform PM3 (Parametric Method 3) semiempirical molecular orbital calculations on these six inclusion complexes (12 different orientations) for each SBE[4]-β-CD to correlate the migration order with their relative stability. Theoretical calculations have shown that only when SBE groups are perpendicular to the axis of CD (0-up arrangement), the cavity is open on both sides for incoming guest molecules. A correlation was observed between the total heats of formation for the cis and trans estrogen-CD inclusion complexes of the same estrogen and the electrophoretic migration time although the relationship is not linear, suggesting that both orientations may occur simultaneously. In other two SBE[4]-β-CDs, the narrower side of the cavity is partially capped due to the formation of intra-hydrogen bonds among three of the four SBE groups. Thus, a guest molecule can enter the cavity from the wide end of the cavity only. As a result, the estrogen molecules protrude from the cavity in most cases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
First principles computational study of wurtzite CdTe nanowires

An ab initio computational study was performed for wurtzite [0001] CdTe nanowires enclosed by $$(10\bar{1}0)$$ surface facets over a range of diameters and cross-sectional topologies. Calculations show that hexagonal nanowires are highly stable, possessing a large electronic band gap and a band structure without dispersionless states in the gap. Passivation of the dangling bonds for the largest hexagonal nanowire was found to have a minimal effect on the electronic structure, resulting in only a 0.05 eV increase in the band gap over the unpassivated nanowire.
Merkel Cell Tumor of the Thigh

This case of a Merkel cell carcinoma is unusual due to the occurrence of the tumor on the thigh; most Merkel cell tumors have been found on the sun-exposed region of the head and neck. Histologically, the nodule was composed of sheets of uniform, poorly differentiated cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Electron microscopy revealed perinuclear filaments, scattered dense core granules, and complex, interdigitating processes within cytoplasmic membranes. Treatment consisted of surgical excision of the tumor with a wide margin.
A TEACHING NOTE ON THE USE OF ASSUMPTIONS IN CASE STUDY

This note describes a modification in the conventional case method of instruction. The modification, which deals with the problem caused by each student making a different set of assumptions for a given case, has successfully met the test of classroom use.
Sexual health competence of international medical graduate psychiatric residents in the United States.

Currently in the United States, more than one in three psychiatric residents are international medical graduates (IMGs). In light of forecasts of physician shortages, this proportion is likely to continue growing. Although central to psychiatric care, sexual health competence levels of IMGs may be lower than those of U.S. graduates. The authors conducted a nonsystematic review of the literature and online data to establish the learning needs of IMGs in this area. Data on five areas are summarized: demographic and sociocultural data of IMGs in the United States; the need for sexual medicine competence for practicing psychiatrists; how sexual health is currently taught in foreign medical schools; attitudes toward sexuality and sexual problems among physicians and patients of different cultures; and the management of sexual issues, including sexual boundaries, by IMGs. The authors found evidence suggesting that IMGs from areas most culturally dissimilar to the United States are likely to benefit from sexual medicine curricula in the context of cultural competence training. The diversity and resilience of IMGs are emphasized. Implications for immediate training and future research are outlined.
Life Cycle of Isospora rivolta (Grassi, 1879) in Cats and Mice*

The endogenous development of Isospora rivolta (Grassi) was studied in cats fed oocysts, and was compared with the endogenous cycle after feeding them mice infected with I. rivolta. For the mouse-induced cycle, 14 newborn cats were killed 12 to 240 h after having been fed mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens ofmice. Asexual and sexual development occurred throughout the small intestine, in epithelial cells of the villi and glands of Lieberkuhn. The number of asexual generations was not determined with certainty, but there were at least 3 structurally different meronts. Type I meronts appeared at 12-48 h postinoculation (HPT). They were 8.5(6-13) x 5.1(3-6) micrometer, contained 2-8 merozoites, and divide by binary division or endodyogeny. Type II meronts were multinucleate merozoite-shaped meronts within a single parasitophorous vacuole. They were found at 48-172 HPI and measured 12.6(9-18) x 9.8(9-13) micrometer. Individual multinucleate merozoite-shaped meronts were 7-13 x 3-5 micrometer in sections and contained 2-30 slender (5.5 x 1.0 micrometer) merozoites. Type III meronts occurred at 72-192 HPI and gamonts at 72-96 HPI. Mature microgamonts measured 11.3(9-15) x 8.0(6-9) micrometer in sections and up to 21.5 x 14 micrometer in smears, and contained up to 70 microgametes. Macrogamonts measured 13.3(11-18) x 9.0(5-13) micrometer in sections and 18 x 16 micrometer in smears, and contained up to 70 microgametes. Macrogamonts measured 13.3(11-18) x 9.0(5-13) micrometer. Sporulation was completed within 24 h at 22-26 C. For the study of the oocyst-induced cycle in cats, 18 newborn cats were killed between 6 and 192 HPI. The endogenous development was essentially similar to the mouse-induced cycle, but merogony and gametogony occurred 12-48 h later than in the latter cycle. Isospora rivolta was pathogenic for newborn but not for weaned cats. Newborn cats fed 10(6) sporocysts or infected mice usually developed diarrhea 3-4 days after inoculation. Microscopically, desquamation of the tips of the villi and cryptitis were seen in the ilium and cecum in association with meronts and gamonts. For the study of the development of I. rivolta in mice, mice were killed from day 1 to 23 months after having been fed 10(5)-10(6) sporocysts, and their tissues were examined for the parasites microscopically, and by feeding to cats. The following conclusions were drawn. (A) Isospora rivolta most freqeuntly invaded the mesenteric lymph nodes ofmice and remained there for 23 months at least. Ii also invaded the spleen, liver, and skeletal muscles of mice. This species could not be passed from mouse to mouse. Sporozoites increased in size from approximately 6.8 x 4.9 micrometer on day 1 to approximately 13.4 x 6.9 micrometer on day 31 postinoculation. Division was not seen. Prepatent period was 4-7 days and patent periods ranged from 2 to several weeks.
Structure and stability of SiH+4☆

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the 4-31G level are carried out on the species SiH n ( n = 0 to 4) and the corresponding ions. SiH + 4 is found to distort from T d to D 2d . C 2v , and C 3v , with the latter structure being the lowest in energy by 11 kcal/mole. Consistent with experimental mass spectroscopy, SiH + 4 is found to be much less stable to dissociation than CH + 4 .
Combinatorial analysis of a chemical network

Abstract This paper demonstrates the combinatorial relationships among the sets of chemical components, reactions, mechanisms catalyzations, etc. in a chemical system by solving a problem of the following nature: 28 chemical equations are given; one of them describes the overall chemical reaction of a particular chemical system, and the other 27 describe elementary reactions which possibly participate in the system; the problem is to determine mathematically every possible mechanism for the system. The formalization presented here does not depend on the particular chemical system used as an illustration, but is applicable to chemical systems with an arbitrarily large and intricate network structure.
Destructive quantum interference in spin tunneling problems.

In some spin tunneling problems there are several different but symmetry-related tunneling paths that connect the same initial and final configurations. The topological phase factors of the corresponding tunneling amplitudes can lead to destructive interference between the different paths, so that the total tunneling amplitude is zero. In the study of tunneling between different ground-state configurations of the Kagom\'e-lattice quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet, this occurs when the spin s is half odd integer.
Enhanced cell proliferation and biosynthesis mediate improved wound repair in refed, caloric-restricted mice

Aged mice that have undergone long-term caloric-restriction (CR) have improved health and enhanced longevity in comparison to aged mice that are ad libitum-fed (AL). However, caloric-restriction does not benefit the impaired wound healing of aged mice. To test the hypothesis that CR mice have the capacity for enhanced wound repair, but require a short-term period of additional nutrient intake to show this advantage, we assessed wound healing in CR mice that had been refed (RF) an ad libitum diet for 4 weeks prior to wounding. Two strains of AL young (Y AL) (4-6 months), AL middle-aged (M AL) (15-17 months), and three different, matched cohorts of old mice (O) (30-33 months): O AL, O CR, and O RF were studied. Two full-thickness 4 mm diameter punch biopsy skin wounds were created on the dorsum of each mouse. Animals were sacrificed and wounds were harvested at 1,2,3,5, and 7 days post-wounding. Repair of wounds was slower in O AL and O CR mice compared to Y AL and M AL animals. In contrast, the O RF mice healed similarly to that of the Y AL and M AL mice, as assessed by measures of wound area and histologic criteria. O RF mice demonstrated enhanced synthesis of type I collagen mRNA in comparison to O AL and O CR mice. A greater number of endothelial cells and fibroblasts at the wound edge of the O RF mice exhibited replication in vivo as measured by uptake of BrdU. O RF mice had higher levels of insulin-like binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). Furthermore, fibroblasts derived from the explant of the punch biopsy of O CR mouse skin revealed enhanced proliferation and contraction in vitro, in comparison to fibroblasts from the O AL mice. In conclusion, O RF mice demonstrate an enhanced capacity to undergo wound repair in comparison to O AL mice. This effect appears to be mediated, in part, by enhanced cell proliferation, contraction, and collagen biosynthesis. In addition, short-term refeeding induced an increase in the serum level of IGFBP-3, the major binding protein for IGF-1. These data confirm that cells from O CR animals have a preserved proliferative, biosynthetic, and contractile capacity, but that an adequate source of nutrients is necessary to demonstrate this advantage in wound healing.
Increased Immunostaining of Collagenase and TIMP in Eruptive Xanthoma

Remodeling of the extracellular matrix is an important function of interstitial collagenase. The activity of this enzyme forms the initial and rate limiting step in collagen degradation; moreover, this enzyme appears representative of a family of connective tissue metalloproteinases. Conversely, a widely distributed glycoprotein, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), may be an important regulator of matrix degradation. To study the roles of collagenase and TIMP in pathologically altered dermal connective tissue, immunohistochemistry was used to localize collagenase and TIMP in an eruptive xanthoma, a chronic tuberous xanthoma, and normal skin. Normal skin and the chronic tuberous xanthoma showed mild diffuse staining of both proteins throughout the dermis. In contrast, intense dermal staining of both collagenase and TIMP was present in the eruptive xanthoma. Thus, the marked accumulation of lipid in dermal macrophages was associated with a significant increase in matrix collagenase and TIMP. This increase may reflect direct production of these two proteins by macrophages. Alternatively, it may be due to increased production by fibroblasts stimulated by macrophage-derived cytokines. The balance of degradative and inhibitory activities in the extracellular matrix may regulate the extent and nature of dermal remodeling.
Time Asymptotics of the Schrödinger Wave Function in Time-Periodic Potentials

We study the transition to the continuum of an initially bound quantum particle in ℝd, d=1,2,3, subjected, for t≥0, to a time periodic forcing of arbitrary magnitude. The analysis is carried out for compactly supported potentials, satisfying certain auxiliary conditions. It provides complete analytic information on the time Laplace transform of the wave function. From this, comprehensive time asymptotic properties (Borel summable transseries) follow.We obtain in particular a criterion for whether the wave function gets fully delocalized (complete ionization). This criterion shows that complete ionization is generic and provides a convenient test for particular cases. When satisfied it implies absence of discrete spectrum and resonances of the associated Floquet operator. As an illustration we show that the parametric harmonic perturbation of a potential chosen to be any nonzero multiple of the characteristic function of a measurable compact set has this property.
THE P53 PATHWAY AND ANCESTRAL PROGENITORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOR RECURRENCE IN GLIOBLASTOMA

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms driving glioblastoma (GBM) relapse remain elusive. To investigate evolutionary patterns in recurrence and therapy-resistance of GBM, we analyzed the genomic profiles from 252 primary GBM and 60 biopsy samples taken from 23 pairs of pre- and post-treatment GBM tumors. METHODS: We integrated mutation allele fraction, DNA copy number and genotype information to determine the cellular frequencies of all mutations and found that 70.5% of mutations were classified as clonal and 30.5% as subclonal. We validated our classification approach through multi-sector sequencing of 13 GBM tumors. RESULTS: Separating patients into discrete age groups by an interval of 10 years, we observed a significant linear correlation between clonal mutations and age (P < 3.69x10−7), but no correlation between age and subclonal mutations (P = 0.62). This result suggested that clonal mutations predominantly accumulated over the life span of the cell population that gave rise to the cell of origin before neoplastic onset, whereas_ENREF_22 subclonal mutations were acquired during tumorigenesis and may reflect intratumor heterogeneity. Interestingly, mutation or aneuploidy of p53 pathway members strongly correlated with increased fraction of subclonal mutations (P = 6 × 10−5, Wilcoxon rank test), unrelated to patient age. To further evaluate the association between TP53 mutation status, intratumoral heterogeneity and clonal evolution, we analyzed exome sequencing and DNA copy number data from 23 pairs of first and recurrent GBM tumors. We found that TP53 mutant GBM showed a significant increase in subclonal mutation frequency relative to the matched primary tumor (P = 0.0015). The clonal mutation frequency was unaffected (P = 0.23). These data suggested that TP53 mutant GBM became increasingly clonally complex at time of recurrence, whereas TP53 wildtype GBM showed a reduced level of intratumoral heterogeneity. To comprehensively investigate tumor recurrence we performed whole genome sequencing of seven primary-recurrent tumor pairs. We found that major clones in the tumor recurrence resembled major clones in the matching primary, and were both derived from an ancestral cell population. The same applied to minor clones, suggesting that multiple types of ancestral cells existed. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that mutations in the p53 pathway resulted in increased intratumoral heterogeneity at time of diagnosis and after tumor recurrence. Disease relapse was fueled by ancestral cell populations. Further research is needed to determine the impact of intratumoral heterogeneity on treatment response. Our study provides a molecular snapshot of tumor evolution in glioblastoma. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Neuropathology and Tumor Biomarkers.