cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large‐Area Commercial Pulsed Laser Deposition

It has been over a decade since the publication of Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films edited by Chrisey and Hubler. At that time, the state of the art for large-area film growth by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was effectively limited to substrates of 5 inches in diameter. During the late 1980s and early 1990s PLD was considered a somewhat novel and experimental deposition process for providing a means to fabricate thin films of complex oxide materials. Since then, its popularity has grown significantly and the process is now accepted as a standard physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. Since 1992, however, it has been demonstrated that the PLD process is scalable to substrates at least 8 inches in diameter [Greer and Tabat, 1995a]. While it is expected that PLD can be scaled up to even larger diameter circular substrates, there are no pressing applications requiring such equipment at the present time. One relatively recent application, however, that puts large demands on PLD process equipment is that of coated conductors. In this case, PLD can be used to deposit both oxide buffer layers and high-temperature superconductor (HTS) films onto long metal tapes about 1 cm wide. Requirements for coated-conductor applications have pushed the technology of commercial PLD hard over the past few years. As an example, present research tools using PLD for coated conductors have produced continuous high-quality YBCO films, at least 1.5 mm thick on 200 m of metal tape. The area defined by this tape is equivalent to a 64-inch (1.62-m) diameter substrate, and such a large effective substrate size puts serious demands on all of the deposition equipment, including the excimer laser itself, target, optical components, as well as the substrate heater. Since about 1990 several companies have been established specifically to meet the demand for PLD research and manufacturing equipment, and over the past 10 years there has been a strong focus on PLD equipment development. Commercial equipment is readily available for both R&D and prototype production applications, and while some scientists and researchers are still building their own equipment, many now choose to purchase commercially, ensuring the advantages of obtaining fully functional and proven systems in a relatively short timescale. Current systems offer a wide variety of capabilities and options, making them very attractive to scientists who want to focus more on materials science or device fabrication then equipment
Correctness proofs outline for Newton-Raphson based floating-point divide and square root algorithms

This paper describes a study of a class of algorithms for the floating-point divide and square root operations, based on the Newton-Raphson iterative method. The two main goals were. (1) Proving the IEEE correctness of these iterative floating-point algorithms, i.e. compliance with the IEEE-754 standard for binary floating-point operations. The focus was on software driven iterative algorithms, instead of the hardware based implementations that dominated until now. (2) Identifying the special cases of operands that require results. Assistance due to possible overflow, or loss of precision of intermediate This study was initiated in an attempt to prove the IEEE for a class of divide and square root based on the Newton-Rapshson iterative methods. As more insight into the inner workings of these algorithms was gained, it became obvious that a formal study and proof were necessary in order to achieve the desired objectives. The result is a complete and rigorous proof of IEEE correctness for floating-point divide and square root algorithms based on the Newton-Raphson iterative method. Even more, the method used in proving the IEEE correctness of the square root algorithm is applicable in principle to any iterative algorithm, not only based on the Newton-Raphson method. Conditions requiring Software Assistance (SWA) were also determined, and were used to identify cases when alternate algorithms are needed to generate correct results. Overall, this is one important step toward flawless implementation of these floating-point operations based on software implementations.
A note on the cohomology of the Langlands group

We begin with a comparison of various cohomology theories for topological groups. Using the continuity result for Moore cohomology, we establish a Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence for a slightly larger class of groups. We use these properties to compute the cohomology of the Langlands group of a totally imaginary field. The appendix answers a question raised by Flach concerning the cohomological dimension of the group ℝ.
Bone in the belly: traumatic heterotopic mesenteric ossification

Heterotopic mesenteric ossification is an unusual but important complication in patients who sustain blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. In this condition, bone formation occurs in the mesenteric and omental fat in response to injury and may result in serious complications such as bowel obstruction and fistula formation. Although a few case reports exist, the radiology literature on this topic is scant. Based on our experience, this entity is under-recognized on imaging studies and often results in diagnostic confusion due to its resemblance to other pathologies such as barium leak and extraskeletal bone-forming neoplasms. This review highlights the imaging features of heterotopic mesenteric ossification with an emphasis on computed tomographic findings. Radiologist awareness of this condition is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis as well as to direct appropriate and timely management.
CO2-based demand controlled ventilation under new ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010: a case study for a gymnasium of an elementary school at West Lafayette, Indiana

Abstract CO 2 -based demand controlled ventilation had been tried and tested in the United States under the old ASHRAE Standard 62 “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality”, but this had since been replaced by ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and little is known on the field about the relative performances of CO 2 -based demand controlled ventilation between the old and new ventilation standards. In view of that, this paper presents a case study for an American elementary school gymnasium in order to compare the implementation of CO 2 -DCV under the old and new ventilation standards in terms of control strategies involved, the resulting energy savings, and indoor air quality associated with each strategy. The results indicate that, compared to the existing fixed ventilation rate strategy at which the ventilation rate is always 5% of the total supply air flow, a cooling coil energy savings of 0.03% and 1.86% can be achieved using an occupancy detection control strategy under the new ASHRAE 62.1 and old ASHRAE 62 respectively, while preserving thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
In vivo absorption spectra ofNeurospora crassa white collar photomutants

Abstract White collar ( wc ) mutants of Neurospora crassa , which lack several responses to blue light, did not have altered absorption spectra when compared to a control strain. We conclude either that the wc mutants do not lack photoreceptor pigments or alternatively that the photoreceptors are present at levels too low to detect. The results show that carotenoids can be genetically reduced to a level at which they should not interfere with spectrophotometric attempts to detect the blue light receptors.
Journal of Global Optimization Best Paper Award for a paper published in 2014

McCormick (Math Prog 10(1):147–175, 1976) provides the framework for convex/concave relaxations of factorable functions, via rules for the product of functions and compositions of the form F ◦ f , where F is a univariate function. Herein, the composition theorem is generalized to allow multivariate outer functions F , and theory for the propagation of subgradients is presented. The generalization interprets the McCormick relaxation approach as a decomposition method for the auxiliary variable method. In addition to extending the framework, the new result provides a tool for the proof of relaxations of specific functions. Moreover, a direct consequence is an improved relaxation for the product of two functions, at least as tight as McCormicks result, and often tighter. The result also allows the direct relaxation of multilinear products of functions. Furthermore, the composition result is applied to obtain improved convex underestimators for the minimum/maximum and the division of two functions for which current relaxations are often weak. These cases can be extended to allow composition of a variety of functions for which relaxations have been proposed. Congratulations to the authors of the awardedpapers! Iwould also like to thankSpringer for sponsoring this award and the committee members for their active involvement. Nominations for the 2015 JOGO Best Paper Award should be emailed to butenko@tamu.edu. All JOGO papers published in 2015 (volumes 61–63) are eligible.
Gifted University Males in a Greek Fraternity: Creating a Culture of Achievement

The gifted education community has called for more research examining gifted students during their collegiate experience. The study described in this article examined gifted university males involved in a Greek fraternity. Through a qualitative case study research design, the investigation examined the collegiate careers of 5 gifted, high-achieving university males to understand how their fraternity experience influenced their achievement. Major findings uncovered in chronicling the university careers of the 5 gifted males included the following: focusing on athletics rather than academics during high school, recruitment to the fraternity as high potential contributors, the fraternity as a bridge to student leadership on campus, and the benefits of a culture of well-rounded achievers striving for self-improvement. Implications of the findings are presented, as are suggestions for meeting the educational needs of gifted males in university settings.
Randomised β-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease in women: is the association modified by baseline plasma level?

In a nested case-control study of 513 women with cancer; 130 with cardiovascular disease and equal numbers of controls, we found no effect of randomised beta-carotene on risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease within any quartile of baseline plasma beta-carotene, nor was there a trend across quartiles (P for trend 0.15 and 0.62, respectively).
Ownership, board structure, and performance in continental Europe

Abstract This study examines the empirical validity of claims that the composition of boards of directors and ownership structures affect firms' profitability ratios (ROE, ROA, MTB) using data from 87 European firms, which were foreign U.S. registrants during 2000–2001. Results indicate a strong positive relation between the level of relational ownership and profitability ratios, and between the portion of independent directors on the board and profitability ratios. No strong relation was found between the portion of inside directors or level of managerial ownership and profitability in continental European companies.
Obesity in Infancy: Questions, More Questions, and Few Answers

Abstract Current literature presents conflicting views about the existence of infant obesity and its role as a risk factor for later life obesity and comorbidity. This article reviews extant literature and addresses the issues raised about obesity and overweight status in the first 2 years of life. The epidemic increase in childhood obesity stimulates questions about the effects of body weight changes during infancy upon future health status. The influence of maternal obesity and family inheritance patterns is a significant risk for childhood obesity, yet the picture is unclear for birthweight, infant weight gain, and growth parameters in the earliest years of life. Prevention, management, and treatment are indicated when families present with obesity patterns among their members.
Hierarchical Bayes, maximum a posteriori estimators, and minimax concave penalized likelihood estimation

Priors constructed from scale mixtures of normal distributions have long played an important role in decision theory and shrinkage estimation. This paper demonstrates equivalence between the maximum aposteriori estimator constructed under one such prior and Zhang’s minimax concave penalization estimator. This equivalence and related multivariate generalizations stem directly from an intriguing representation of the minimax concave penalty function as the Moreau envelope of a simple convex function. Maximum aposteriori estimation under the corresponding marginal prior distribution, a generalization of the quasi-Cauchy distribution proposed by Johnstone and Silverman, leads to thresholding estimators having excellent frequentist risk properties.
Management Information Systems for Local Government

For some time private firms have used computer-based comprehensive management information systems. Local governments also have used computers to process data, but local governments lack comprehensive management information systems-for several reasons: (a) they have not had or have not allocated resources to develop such systems; (b) the nature of local governments make such development difficult; (c) interstate differences in local governments make it difficult to design systems that can be used nationally; (d) local governments lack incentives to acquire such a system; and (e) private vendors have not developed and marketed such systems as they have for private businesses. Here we discuss local governments' need for assistance to develop management information systems, constraints that keep them from adopting such systems, and how adoption might affect local governments' capacity. We describe briefly the management information system we developed for and instituted in county governments in Kansas and conclude by discussing the role of economists in system design.
Molten glass corrosion resistance of immersed combustion-heating tube materials in E-glass

The corrosion resistance of molybdenum, molybdenum disilicide, and a SiC{sub (p)}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite to molten E-glass at 1,550 C was studied. Mo showed no tendency to oxidize as it was immersed in soda-lime silicate glass in a parallel study. MoSi{sub 2} was corroded by soluble molecular oxygen, leaving a Mo{sub 5}Si{sub 3} interface behind. The SiC{sub (p)}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite was corroded at a more rapid rate wherein the SiC component was oxidized to form amorphous silica and CO bubbles. Based on these results, the activity of soluble molecular oxygen in E-glass was determined to be in the range of 2.4 {times} 10{sup {minus}14} to 2.0 {times} 10 {sup {minus}8}.
Polymer waveguide backplanes for optical sensor interfaces in microfluidics

A polymer optical backplane capable of generic luminescence detection within microfluidic chips is demonstrated using large core polymer waveguides and vertical couplers. The waveguides are fabricated through a new process combining mechanical machining and vapor polishing with elastomer microtransfer molding. A backplane approach enables general optical integration with planar array microfluidics since optical backplanes can be independently designed but still integrated with planar fluidic circuits. Fabricated large core waveguides exhibit a loss of 0.1 dB cm−1 at 626 nm, a measured numerical aperture of 0.50, and a collection efficiency of 2.86% in an n = 1.459 medium, comparable to a 0.50 NA microscope objective. In addition to vertical couplers for out-of-plane collection and excitation, polymer waveguides are doped with organic dyes to provide wavelength selective filtering within waveguides, further improving optical device integration. With large core low loss waveguides, luminescence collection is improved and measurements can be performed with simple LEDs and photodetectors. Fluorescein detection via fluorescence intensity with a limit of detection (3σ) of 200 nM in a 1 µL volume is demonstrated. Phosphorescence lifetime based oxygen detection in water in an oxygen controllable microbial cell culture chip with a limit of detection (3σ) of 0.08% or 35 ppb is also demonstrated utilizing the waveguide backplane. Single waveguide luminescence collection performance is equivalent to a back collection geometry fiber bundle consisting of nine 500 µm diameter collection fibers.
Alternative paradigm for physical computing

We identify a different class of physical systems that are able to form universal logic gates. By analogy with Si(100) surface dimers, we present a model to analyze the trajectories of the fixed points (interpreted as logic states) under variation of the basic parameters. Using the perspective of catastrophe theory, we show that information processing is the result of cycling the parameters of such systems through a path containing a cusp-type catastrophe. We apply this analysis to the construction of an example based on magnetic memory.
The architecture, eruptive history, and evolution of the Table Rock Complex, Oregon : From a Surtseyan to an energetic maar eruption

Abstract The Table Rock Complex (TRC; Pliocene–Pleistocene), first documented and described by Heiken [Heiken, G.H., 1971. Tuff rings; examples from the Fort Rock-Christmas Lake valley basin, south-central Oregon. J. Geophy. Res. 76, 5615-5626.], is a large and well-exposed mafic phreatomagmatic complex in the Fort Rock–Christmas Lake Valley Basin, south-central Oregon. It spans an area of approximately 40 km2, and consists of a large tuff cone in the south (TRC1), and a large tuff ring in the northeast (TRC2). At least seven additional, smaller explosion craters were formed along the flanks of the complex in the time between the two main eruptions. The first period of activity, TRC1, initiated with a Surtseyan-style eruption through a 60–70 m deep lake. The TRC1 deposits are dominated by multiple, 1-2 m thick, fining upward sequences of massive to diffusely-stratified lapilli tuff with intermittent zones of reverse grading, followed by a finely-laminated cap of fine-grained sediment. The massive deposits are interpreted as the result of eruption-fed, subaqueous turbidity current deposits; whereas, the finely laminated cap likely resulted from fallout of suspended fine-grained material through a water column. Other common features are erosive channel scour-and-fill deposits, massive tuff breccias, and abundant soft sediment deformation due to rapid sediment loading. Subaerial TRC1 deposits are exposed only proximal to the edifice, and consist of cross-stratified base-surge deposits. The eruption built a large tuff cone above the lake surface ending with an effusive stage, which produced a lava lake in the crater (365 m above the lake floor). A significant repose period occurred between the TRC1 and TRC2 eruptions, evidenced by up to 50 cm of diatomitic lake sediments at the contact between the two tuff sequences. The TRC2 eruption was the last and most energetic in the complex. General edifice morphology and a high percentage of accidental material suggest eruption through saturated TRC1 deposits and/or playa lake sediments. TRC2 deposits are dominated by three-dimensional dune features with wavelengths 200–500 m perpendicular to the flow, and 20–200 m parallel to the direction of flow depending on distance from source. Large U-shaped channels (10–32 m deep), run-up features over obstacles tens of meters high, and a large (13 m) chute-and-pool feature are also identified. The TRC2 deposits are interpreted as the products of multiple, erosive, highly-inflated pyroclastic surges resulting from collapse of an unusually high eruption column relative to previously documented mafic phreatomagmatic eruptions.
Distribution of N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity in human brain and its alteration in neurodegenerative disease

The dipeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) may be involved in the process of glutamatergic signaling by both acting at glutamate receptors and as a glutamate protransmitter. In the present study we determined the cellular localization and distribution of NAAG-like immunoreactivity (NAAG-LI) in normal human brain and in neurodegenerative disorders to ascertain the degree of NAAG's colocalization to putative glutamatergic pathways. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody against NAAG was performed on control, Huntington's disease (HD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) human autopsy and biopsy brain sections from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, neostriatum, brainstem and spinal cord. In normal human brain, NAAG-LI was widespread localized to putative glutamatergic pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Punctate NAAG-LI was present in areas known to receive neuronal glutamatergic input, such as layer IV of the cerebral cortex, striatal neuropil, and the outer portion of the molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In the two pathologic brain regions examined, the HD neostriatum and the AD temporal cortex, we observed a widespread loss of NAAG-LI neurons. In addition NAAG-LI reactive microglia surrounding plaques were seen in AD temporal cortex but not in the HD striatum. Our results suggest that NAAG is substantially localized to putative glutamatergic pathways in human brain and that NAAG-LI neurons are vulnerable to the neurodegenerative process in HD and AD.
Bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene promoter polymorphisms and HPRT, glycophorin A, and micronuclei mutant frequencies in human blood.

Abstract A dinucleotide repeat polymorphism (5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-TA units) has been identified within the promoter region of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 ( UGT1A1 ) gene. The 7-TA repeat allele has been associated with elevated serum bilirubin levels that cause a mild hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert’s syndrome). Studies suggest that promoter transcriptional activity of UGT1A1 is inversely related to the number of TA repeats, and that unconjugated bilirubin concentration increases directly with the number of TA repeat elements. Because bilirubin is a known antioxidant, we hypothesized that UGT1A1 repeats associated with higher bilirubin may be protective against oxidative damage. We examined the effect of UGT1A1 genotype on somatic mutant frequency in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase ( HPRT ) gene in human lymphocytes and the glycophorin A (GPA) gene of red blood cells (both N0, NN mutants), and the frequency of lymphocyte micronuclei (both kinetochore (K)-positive or micronuclei K-negative) in 101 healthy smoking and nonsmoking individuals. As hypothesized, genotypes containing 7- and 8-TA displayed marginally lower GPA_NN mutant frequency relative to 5/5, 5/6, 6/6 genotypes ( P UGT1A1 alleles (7- and 8-TA) were associated with modestly increased HPRT mutation frequency ( P UGT1A1 genotypes containing 7- and 8-TA were associated with increased GPA_NO mutant frequency relative to 5/5, 5/6, 6/6 genotypes ( P UGT1A1 genotype may modulate somatic mutation of some types, in some cell lineages, by a mechanism not involving bilirubin antioxidant activity. More detailed studies examining UGT1A1 promoter variation, oxidant/antioxidant balance and genetic damage will be needed.
Morphogenetic interactions between minced limb muscle and transplanted blastemas in the axolotl

The regeneration blastema when autoplastically transplanted to the enucleated orbit of a larval axolotl will differentiate only those structures which lie distal to the level of its origin. Minced limb muscle treated in the same manner will reorganize into muscle, however imperfect, but form no regenerate. When a distal limb blastema is superimposed on minced limb muscle in the orbital site, it produces structures proximal as well as distal to the original level of amputation. Epimorphic regeneration therefore appears to be dominant over tissue regeneration of minced muscle and hypermorphogenesis may be elicited from a distal blastema by augmenting the mesenchymal mass with minced limb muscle.
Mealtime correction insulin advisor for CGM-informed insulin pen therapy

With improvements in the accuracy and reliability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), the stage is set for new algorithmic approaches to the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. While recent efforts to build a closed-loop artificial pancreas device are encouraging, the artificial pancreas will not apply to patients who prefer to inject insulin manually or who simply will not submit to fully automatic closed-loop control. Therefore, it is of interest to see whether non-pump users can benefit from algorithmic insulin advisory systems. In this paper we present a mealtime correction bolus advisor for patients on “multiple daily injection” (MDI) therapy, taking advantage of the ability to estimate the patient's metabolic state in real time using both CGM and manual reports of insulin delivery. The state estimation process for this is informed by knowledge of the patient's daily injection of long-acting insulin through the novel concept of a virtual basal rate profile. Preliminary in silico trials indicate that the advisor can result in significantly improved control (reduction of up to 1% saturation of hemoglobin A1C) for patients currently struggling with sustained hyperglycemia.
Sustainable practices of community tourism planning: lessons from a remote community

This article examines community tourism planning practices through the theoretical framework of deliberative democracy, and provides an example of best practices of integrating tourism planning and development into community comprehensive planning. It illustrates how a small remote community on Vancouver Island, Canada embraced practices of participatory dialogic planning in its official community planning process. Having faced a threat of tourism development going out of control, this community decided to take a proactive stance and collectively design a policy framework to guide potential developers. Fresh and innovative planning and policy approaches not only helped safeguard community and social capitals, but exemplified fresh unconventional practices of embedding community based tourism planning into broader sustainable community planning efforts.
Predictors of dropout from psychosocial treatment of cocaine dependence

The current study assessed demographic, drug and psychiatric predictors of dropout in the pilot/training phase of a large, multi-site psychotherapy outcome study for patients with cocaine dependence. The different predictors of dropout were assessed throughout the phases of the study: screening, intake, stabilization and assessment phase, and following randomization to treatment. Results showed that (1) younger patients were less likely to keep their intake appointment. (2) Of the patients who had an intake visit, those who did not complete high school and with more days of cocaine use in the previous month were less likely to complete an initial stabilization and assessment phase requiring 1 week of abstinence from all drugs. A survival analysis was used to examine time to dropout for the 286 patients randomized to individual treatment. (3) Again, younger age was associated with dropout after randomization. (4) Drug use variables did not predict time to dropout. (5) Presence of any current Axis I disorder was associated with later dropout from treatment. Minority treatment information seekers and treatment initiators were less likely to go on to complete the full treatment program.
Effects of dissociation and culture on the maintenance of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin release by neonatal rat islets of Langerhans.

Abstract The ability of the principal islet cell types to maintain their differentiated function in vitro was assessed in a tissue culture system using neonatal rat pancreata. The effects of tissue dissociation and culture on the yield of islet tissue was measured at various times during the preparation and maintenance of cultures for 8 days. As estimated by the radioimmunoassay of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin in tissue extracts, the amount of islet tissue available for culture was reduced 50–70% following dissociation; an additional loss occured after the first day in vitro. Only the insulin content of the tissue increased during culture. The hormone content of the media indicated that B-, A- and D-cell function was maintained throughout the culture period. The concentrations of insulin and glucagon in the medium approximately doubled and somatostatin increased 3-fold. This system has been shown to be a useful tool for the simultaneous study of the three major islet cell types and their secretory products.
Validation of physical ability tests for high pressure cleaning occupations

This paper describes the development and validation of a physical performance test battery to select high pressure cleaning workers at Tennessee Eastman Company. The research uses a concurrent, criterion-related validation strategy to demonstrate the relationship between test performance and job performance. The study proceeded through four stages, with data collected in one stage used in subsequent stages. The two types of predictor measures included ability tests and work sample simulations. For some analyses, the work sample simulations were also used as criteria. Four samples of incumbents (N=63) were tested on all experimental measures. Using criterion groups of successful incumbents and unsuccessful former incumbents (N=33), all of the work simulation tests and the ability-referenced tests were significant predictors of successful versus unsuccessful job status. In addition, the ability tests predicted performance on the work sample simulations, particularly for those requiring strength and endurance. A battery of three ability tests resulted in R=.68 for job status and in R=.43, .73, .80, and .84, respectively, for each of the work sample simulations. Two of the three ability tests in the final test battery are likely to result in adverse impact against females. However, data collected on female maintenance technicians indicated women, as a group, would not be screened out categorically as a result of implementing the physical ability test battery.
Novel vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with integrated optical beam router

A novel vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with integrated optical beam router is reported. The output beam of the VCSEL has been steered by as much as 9.6 degrees away from the surface-normal direction. Integration of the beam routers with VCSELs significantly reduces the complexity and size of the switching nodes. This device is useful for ultra-dense optical interconnects in massively parallel computers.
Premature disinhibition of P3 generation in schizophrenia

P300 (P3) is a long-latency cognitive event-related potential (ERP) elicited by relevant target stimuli. P3 was recorded from 11 schizophrenics and 13 normal controls during a cued visual continuous performance task (CPT-AX). Cue-target sequences were presented at short and long interstimulus intervals (ISIs), in order to investigate working memory in schizophrenia. There was no significant between-group difference in P3 amplitude to validly or invalidly cued targets at short ISI. In contrast, P3 amplitude to invalidly cued targets at long ISI was significantly greater in schizophrenics than in controls, suggesting decreased ability to encode or maintain inhibitory representations of stimulus context. P3 amplitude is typically reduced in schizophrenic subjects in the auditory modality, and normal or reduced in the visual modality. This study, which demonstrates a paradoxical P3 increase to targets at long ISI, suggests that P3 impairment in schizophrenia cannot be attributed solely to structural deficits within P3-generator regions.
Surface thermal expansion of Ge(111)

Abstract The thermal expansion of the Ge(111) surface has been measured by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) based on a simple kinematic model. Measurements of the RHEED streak shift towards the shadow edge gives a thermal expansion perpendicular to the Ge(111) surface, about 11 times that of the bulk over the temperature range from 300 K to 600 K. The Debye–Waller extinction of the RHEED streak intensity with temperature gives an effective surface Debye temperature of 96±11 K for Ge(111). The enhanced thermal expansion perpendicular to the Ge(111) surface is expected to result from the weakening of the harmonic restore force constant of the interlayer potential.
Intergeneric somatic hybrid plants from sexually incompatible woody species: Citrus sinensis and Severinia disticha

The fusion of Citrus sinensis cv. Hamlin (sweet orange) protoplasts isolated from an embryogenic suspension culture with Severinia disticha (Philippine box orange) protoplasts isolated from epicotyl-derived callus with organogenic potential, resulted in the regeneration of allotetraploid somatic hybrid plants. Plant regeneration was a function of complementation, combining the capacity for somatic embryogenesis of C. sinensis with the organogenic ability of S. disticha. Confirmation of somatic hybrid identity was based on leaf morphology, chromosome number, and analyses of phosphoglucose mutase (PGM) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) zymograms. Hybrid plants were multiplied organogenically and exhibited morphology intermediate to that of the parents. This is the first example of somatic hybrid plants produced between sexually incompatible woody genera.
Shock wave response of window rock coal

Abstract Shock compression measurements on a subbituminous coal from the Window Rock, Arizona area are presented. Measurements of this type are required for investigation of the effectiveness of various rubblizing or fragmentation techniques using explosives in preparation for in situ coal gasification. The results of this investigation, which demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring such data, show that this coal is a highly compressible material with the order of 6 per cent porosity in the form of macroscopic collapsible voids. Wave shapes were square (propagation with the wave front parallel to bedding planes) with only very slight evidence of elastic precursors. Comparison of the dynamic stress-strain results with static stress-strain curves shows that the deformation of coal is highly strain-rate sensitive. Finally, the significance of these observations are explored in terms of a hypothetical fragmentation situation. A wave propagation computer code was used to predict what happens when liquid explosive in a thin crack is detonated to produce shock loading of various materials.
The accumulation of p-hydroxyamphetamine by brain homogenates and its role in the release of catecholamines

Abstract p -Hydroxyamphetamine (p-OHA) is accumulated by synaptosome enriched preparations from both striatal and cortical tissues. In studies with P 2 preparations from rat cortex the accumulation of p- OHA -[ 3 H ] was shown to be temperature dependent but different from the process involved in the accumulation of norepinephrine-[ 3 H](NE[ 3 H]) by this tissue. The uptake of p -OHA was less sensitive to DMI and cocaine and had a different time dependency. The accumulation of p -OHA was concentration dependent and did not show evidence for saturation at concentrations up to 10 μM, The relationship between p -OHA uptake and catecholamine release from the striatum and cortex was also examined. The results suggest that much of the observed cortical uptake of p -OHA is not due to the neuronal carrier for norepinephrine.
Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of otoliths differentiate juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) habitats

The use of natural tags for identifying the source locations of individuals recruited to fish populations has become an important area of research in fisheries science. We used stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios in otoliths to differentiate juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collected from locations along the coast of Rhode Island, USA. Sagittal otoliths from the flounder were analysed for δ13C and δ18O using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Plots of δ13C v. δ18O and discriminant function analysis (DFA) indicated differences among samples from Narragansett Bay, the coastal ponds and the Narrow River. Separations were observed among fish from the upper, middle and lower portions of Narragansett Bay and along the salinity gradient in Narrow River. Otoliths from sites grouped on the basis of low, medium and high salinities also showed differences according to DFA. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative relationship (r = –0.60, P = 0.009) between seawater temperature and δ18O, and a significant positive relationship (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) between salinity and δ18O for the combined dataset. These results indicate that δ13C and δ18O values of juvenile winter flounder otoliths may prove useful for differentiating individuals from various juvenile habitats.
The thermodynamics of vacancy formation in f.c.c. metals

The dependence upon temperature of the monovacancy concentration in metals has been calculated using models for the perturbation of the atomic frequencies accompanying vacancy formation. The effect of the lattice thermal expansion has also been considered. The calculations, based on the quasi-harmonic model for solids, indicate that Arrhenius plots of the vacancy concentration against reciprocal temperature would exhibit a measurable curvature for Al. Much smaller degrees of curvature would be observable in such plots for Cu and Au over the temperature span of experimental vacancy concentration determinations.
The material basis of memory

Any system--and I shall not define system more closely than as a group of somehow integrated subordinate units that forms an entity of its own--mus( have a certain architecture, structure, or morphology, which is reasonably constant in time. The way the system is put together, I like to call its "being." This system interacts with its environment, responding to stimuli--whether at the more complex level of organisms giving behavioral responses or simply a rubber band yielding to a weight--and most of these responses are in effect ephemeral, reversible changes in time. The system yields and restores itself, and this I like to call its "behaving." But under certain conditions the interaction of the system and its environment leads to irreversible changes; the system has altered as a result of its experience. I t fixes its experience and so becomes something different, and this I like to call "becoming." So this addiction to alliteration gives us architecture or being, functioning or behaving, and development or becoming. Becoming subsumes, of course, development of the individual, evolution of the species, history of the particular society or social group of any kind, and learning in the individual. And learning may include, if you accept a broad definition, changes as varied as: the hypertrophy of a muscle with exercise; the horny hands of a laborer; and the many other material changes that record the p a s t as in that lovely couplet on weatherbeaten trees: Is it as plainly in our living shown, By slant and twist, which way the wind hath blown?
SU-D-137-02: Evaluation of Integrated Equivalent Dose in 2 Gy (EQD2) DVH of EBRT and HDR Plans for Cervical Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate equivalent dose in 2 Gy (EQD2) parameters from an integrated EQD2 DVH of EBRT and HDR plans and compare them with the estimated values per GEC‐ESTRO recommendations. Methods: EBRT plans (Pinnacle, Phillips) consist of 45Gy (1.8Gy/fraction) and, if necessary, a 5.4−9 Gy (1.8Gy/fraction) parametrial and/or paraaortic boost. An HDR brachytherapy plan (BrachyVision, Varian) was generated per each implant with 27.5Gy/5fractions − 28Gy/4fractions. Fifteen point A plans and six conformal (volume − optimization) plans were retrospectively analyzed. Rectum and bladder were contoured on T2‐weighted MRI. An EQD2 DVH tool was developed in‐house to convert initial dose maps into EQD2 maps for the generation of EQD2 DVHs. The integrated D2cc and D0.1cc EQD2 values were compared to those calculated per the recommendations: assuming that the OARs receive full prescription dose from the initial EBRT and paraaortic boost, but receive no additional dose from the parametrial boost due to its 4 cm central block. Results: All cases having a parametrial boost showed D2cc and D0.1cc EQD2 doses to the rectum and bladder that were higher than those calculated via the recommended method. The impact of this integrated analysis technique on the D2cc EQD2 values for the rectum and bladder was noted to be larger for conformal plans than for point A plans. Up to 28.8% (22.3%) and 22.9% (16.3%) higher D2cc EQD2 values were recorded for the rectum and bladder, respectively, for conformal plans (point A plans). The integrated D2cc EQD2 values for the rectum and bladder were, on average, 9.4 +− 10.1% (7.3 +− 4.7%) and 10.0 +− 6.8% (5.1 +− 4.7%) for conformal plans (point A plans). Conclusion: The integrated maximum dose to OARs could be considerably underestimated for the rectum and bladder when GEC‐ESTRO recommended methodology is made.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Score Patterns for Learning Disabled Young Adults

The present investigation used the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to compare the cognitive profiles of learning disabled and control young adults. Consistent with earlier research using the WISC and WISC-R, the Information, Digit Span, and Digit Symbol (i.e., Coding) subtests contribute substantially and independently to group differentiation. Bannatyne's Sequential factor also discriminates between these groups. These subtest and Bannatyne factor group differences obtain for both average-IQ (≤109) and high-IQ (≤110) young adults. These results suggest that the deficits observed in LD children and adolescents persist into early adulthood.
Long-term culture of cells from bone affected by Paget's disease.

Cells obtained from surgical bone specimens of eight patients with Paget’s disease of bone were maintained in culture for up to 8 months and seven passages. The doubling time during the period of maximal cell growth ranged from 4 to 12 days. Evidence consistent with the hypothesis that many of the cells were bone cells included the following: (a) histochemical techniques demonstrated staining of some cells for alkaline phosphatase or acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase; (b) parathyroid extract stimulated increased uptake of3H-thymidine and3H-uridine; (c) parathyroid extract suppressed and salmon calcitonin stimulated uptake of3H-proline; and (d) crystalline calcium deposits were found within cells and extracellularly. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that three of the eight cultures contained cells whose nuclei had inclusions which were almost identical to those found in the osteoclast nuclei of all patients with Paget’s disease. The maintenance of cells derived from pagetic bone in long-term culture should aid in testing the hypothesis that Paget’s disease represents a slow virus infection of bone.
Effect of Nursing and Stress Upon Prolactin-Inhibiting Activity of the Rat Hypothalamus

The prolactin-inhibiting activity in whole hypothalami of lactating rats nonnursed for 10½ hr and with high pituitary concentration of prolactin (Group a) was compared with that in whole hypothalami of rats whose pituitary prolactin concentration had been acutely reduced by nursing (Group b), the stress of laparotomy and bleeding (Group c) or the stress of cervical dislocation and decapitation (Group d). Two different assay systems were used for the quantitation of prolactin-inhibiting activity. Acidic extracts of hypothalami of Groups a, b and c prevented the fall in pituitary prolactin concentration which follows 30 min of nursing in the rat when injected ip 1-2 min prior to nursing at a dose of 1 or ¼ hypothalamus/rat (Group d was not tested). Acidic extracts of hypothalami of Groups a, b, c and d prevented the fall in pituitary prolactin concentration which results from 5 min of stress of laparotomy and bleeding from the inferior vena cava in the ether-anesthetized lactating rat, when injected iv 1 mi...
The Familial Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in African Americans

African Americans have higher overall incidence rates of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared with American whites. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HN), nephropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus types I and II, and chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) all occur more frequently in African Americans. To explore the possibility that hereditary factors may play a role in the increased risk of ESRD in African Americans, the family history of 131 African American hemodialysis patients (cases) was compared with 115 age-, sex-, and race-matched non-ESRD controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to define the prevalence of a relative with ESRD among cases versus controls. Chi-square values were estimated from a log-linear model, while controlling for gender, to test for significance of ORs. Forty percent (12/30) of HN cases, 35% (18/51) of type II diabetes mellitus-induced renal failure cases, and 13% (5/38) of CGN cases had a first-, second-, or third-degree relative with ESRD. The presence of a first-degree relative with ESRD increased an African American's risk for developing ESRD ninefold (OR, 9.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 31.8; P P P ≤ 0.05). Gender differences among the ORs were nonsignificant ( P > 0.2) and socioeconomic class (level of education and income) did not differ markedly between cases and controls. A strong familial association of ESRD exists in African Americans, particularly in those with hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus-induced renal disease. An inherited predisposition to renal injury is likely to be present in some African American families, although shared environmental exposure may contribute to the observed risk.
Oligodendroglia and neurotrophic factors in neurodegeneration

Myelination by oligodendroglial cells (OLs) enables the propagation of action potentials along neuronal axons, which is essential for rapid information flow in the central nervous system. Besides saltatory conduction, the myelin sheath also protects axons against inflammatory and oxidative insults. Loss of myelin results in axonal damage and ultimately neuronal loss in demyelinating disorders. However, accumulating evidence indicates that OLs also provide support to neurons via mechanisms beyond the insulating function of myelin. More importantly, an increasing volume of reports indicates defects of OLs in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, sometimes even preceding neuronal loss in pre-symptomatic episodes, suggesting that OL pathology may be an important mechanism contributing to the initiation and/or progression of neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the emerging picture of neuronal support by OLs in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders through diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms, including direct neuron-myelin interaction, metabolic support by OLs, and neurotrophic factors produced by and/or acting on OLs.
The effect of trauma on colonic healing.

Clinical studies have shown that bloody or traumatic colonic operations are associated with a high incidence of anastomotic dehiscence, and it has been suggested that trauma has important systemic effects on colonic healing. However, intra-abdominal trauma may have important local effects on colon healing, and the patho-genesis of anastomotic disruption in traumatized subjects remains uncertain. The effects of local and remote trauma were studied in colonic anastomoses in rats. Local trauma consisted of a retroperitoneal dissection and biopsy of the psoas muscle, and some animals were given peritoneal drains. Remote trauma consisted of a comminuted fracture of the femur. Remote trauma had no effect on the tensile strength and collagen content of colonic anastomoses, but local trauma in the vicinity of anastomoses resulted in loss of colonic tensile strength and a significant incidence of anastomotic disruption. The incidence of anastomotic disruption was not significantly affected by peritoneal drains. Anastomotic dehiscence in traumatized animals was accompanied by a significant reduction in the collagen content and collagen concentration of anastomoses. It is concluded that sepsis is the most probable cause of the failure of anastomotic healing in traumatized animals.