cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Interprofessional Relationships Between Nurses And Resident–Physicians In Graduate Medical Education

The culture of medicine in the United States has undergone and continues to experience substantial change. Those who provide medical education are being challenged to modify curricula and educational activities to engage residents and fellows in this new culture. In his 2007 Presidential Address to the Association of American Medical Colleges, Darrell Kirch, MD, spoke of the culture changes in medicine that are affecting the profession and the educational training programs. Academic medicine was historically defined as individualistic, autonomous, scholarly, expertcentered, competitive, focused, high-achieving, and hierarchical. The culture must now evolve to reflect collaboration, transparency, outcomes-focus, mutually accountable, team-based, service-oriented, and patient-centered. Knowing this, the culture of graduate medical education is now focusing on interprofessional skill building with its residents and fellows.
Analysis of Local Slopes at the InSight Landing Site on Mars

To evaluate the topography of the surface within the InSight candidate landing ellipses, we generated Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) at lander scales and those appropriate for entry, descent, and landing simulations, along with orthoimages of both images in each stereopair, and adirectional slope images. These products were used to assess the distribution of slopes for each candidate ellipse and terrain type in the landing site region, paying particular attention to how these slopes impact InSight landing and engineering safety, and results are reported here. Overall, this region has extremely low slopes at 1-meter baseline scales and meets the safety constraints of the InSight lander. The majority of the landing ellipse has a mean slope at 1-meter baselines of 3.2°. In addition, a mosaic of HRSC, CTX, and HiRISE DTMs within the final landing ellipse (ellipse 9) was generated to support entry, descent, and landing simulations and evaluations. Several methods were tested to generate this mosaic and the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline program dem_mosaic produced the best results. For the HRSC-CTX-HiRISE DTM mosaic, more than 99 % of the mosaic has slopes less than 15°, and the introduction of artificially high slopes along image seams was minimized.
Lessons in compound semiconductor device development

This paper is a mixture of personal opinion and technical fact merged to serve as a general guideline for compound semiconductor device choices. It may be construed as opinionated and contain several generalizations, but it is a result of the path taken by the author and results learned. The crucial importance of materials research in device development is the most important theme in the paper. Also, the need to minimize the complexity of device fabrication is also emphasized.
Assessing quality of care through client satisfaction at an interprofessional student-run free clinic

Student-run free clinics (SRFCs) have become important contributors not only to improve access to primary-care services for homeless and uninsured populations but also to enhance health sciences student education. In order for SRFCs to reliably provide high quality healthcare services and educationally benefit students, it is imperative to assess client perceptions of the quality of care provided. The objective of this study was to evaluate the delivery of healthcare services through a client satisfaction questionnaire at the University of California, Los Angeles Mobile Clinic Project (UCLA MCP). From 2012 to 2015, 194 questionnaires that addressed demographic information, satisfaction with services and client outcomes were analysed. Satisfaction scores were evaluated on a four-point scale and differences in the composite satisfaction scores were assessed using Mann-Whitney U-tests. Half (50%) of the client respondents report that UCLA MCP is their primary source of health care (MCP primary care clients), while 81.3% reported that the clinic improved access to other healthcare resources. Overall, clients are highly satisfied with their experiences (Range: 3.5-3.9) and 62% have recommended our services to others. While MCP primary-care clients report significantly higher satisfaction scores than non-primary-care clients on average (p < 0.01), the mean composite scores for all subgroups are consistently high. The UCLA MCP clients perceive the clinic to provide high-quality healthcare services. This article presents a framework that may help other SRFCs evaluate clients' perception of the quality of their care, an essential building block for effective physician-client relationships.
A General Kinetic Theory of Rate Enhancements for Reactions between Organic Substrates and Hydrophilic Ions in Micellar Systems

Kinetic equations for first, second, and third order reactions between organic molecules and hydrophilic ions in micellar solutions are derived. The approach depends upon the validity of two new assumptions. First, in accord with other recent treatments, rate enhancements are assumed to arise primarily from the large increase in the relative concentrations of the organic and hydrophilic substrates upon incorporation into the micellar phase. Second, the Stern layer of the micelle is assumed to be saturated with respect to its counterion.
De-Alerting and De-Activating Strategic Nuclear Weapons

Despite the end of the Cold War, the US and Russia continue to maintain their ICBMs and many SLBMs in a highly alerted state--they are technically prepared to launch the missiles within minutes of a command decision to do so. Some analysts argue that, particularly in light of the distressed condition of the Russian military, these high alert conditions are tantamount to standing on the edge of a nuclear cliff from which we should now step back. They have proposed various bilateral ''de-alerting'' measures, to be taken prior to and outside the context of the formal strategic arms reduction treaty (START) process. This paper identifies several criteria for a stable de-alerting regime, but fails to find de-alerting measures that convincingly satisfy the criteria. However, some de-alerting measures have promise as de-activation measures for systems due for elimination under the START II and prospective START III treaties. Moreover, once these systems are deactivated, a considerable part of the perceived need to keep nuclear forces on high alert as a survivability hedge will be reduced. At the same time, the U.S. and Russia could consider building on their earlier cooperative actions to reduce the risk of inadvertent nuclear war by enhancing theirmore » communications links and possibly joining in efforts to improve early warning systems.« less
Acting globally, thinking locally: how five Iowa newspapers developed news content and business strategies for online delivery

A comparative case study design is used to investigate the online strategies of five Iowa newspapers, including Web content, policy, and how the company evaluates success. The influence of the organization on strategy and Web model is also considered. The corporate structure of the cases ranges from a rural privately held weekly (circulation 4,212) to a regional employee-owned daily (circulation 64,062), to a statewide, chain-owned daily (circulation 154,268). Findings indicate that the newspapers investigated are transitioning from the early stages of online news delivery to more formal tactics regarding their online presence with early integration of the online product into company policy and newsroom practices. Multiple business models are in development, while newsrooms struggle with added demands for Web-specific content placed on current staff, stagnant personnel resources, and ethical ambiguities when dealing with online reader feedback. These general themes are discussed in the context of organizational and technological change.
APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY SETS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Publisher Summary Fuzzy set theory can offer psychology new concepts to use as building blocks for improved theories. In return, psychology can offer fuzzy set theory not only continuing challenges and test problems but also methods of experimentation. It is more fruitful to introduce the notions of fuzzy set theory when the need for them arises in the development of psychological conceptualizations than to seek out psychological problems for potential applications of fuzzy set theory. This chapter presents ideas and work, which originated with the recognition, during the course of developing a new model of cognitive learning, that fuzzy sets are relevant, useful, and possibly necessary to explain certain psychological findings. Fuzzy set theory applied to psychology might be interpreted to suggest the general hypothesis that most people are estimators rather than thresholders or reliables. If enough people in a sample behave as if their strength of belief varies nearly continuously with the stimulus variable in the statement to be believed, then this hypothesis would be supported and the psychological reality of fuzzy sets would be made more evident.
Content-color-dependent screening (CCDS) using regular or irregular clustered-dot halftones

In our previous work, we have presented an HVS-based model for the superposition of two clustered-dot color halftones, which are widely used for electrophotographic printers due to their relatively poor print stability. The model helps us to decide what are the best color assignments for the two regular or irregular halftones that will minimize the perceived error [1]. After applying our model to the superposition of three and four clustered-dot color halftones, it was concluded that this color assignment plays a significant role in image quality. Moreover, for different combinations of colorant absorptance values, their corresponding best color assignments turn out to be different. Hence, in this paper we propose to apply different color assignments within the image depending on the local color and content of the image. If the image content locally has a high variance of color and texture, the artifacts due to halftoning will not be as visible as the artifacts in smooth areas of the image. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to detect smooth areas of the image and apply the best color assigments in those areas. In order to detect smooth areas of the image, it was decided to segment the image based on the color of the content. We used the well-known K-means clustering algorithm along with an edge detection algorithm in order to segment an image into clusters. We then used our spatiochromatic HVS-based model for the superposition of four halftones in order to search for the best color assignment in a particular cluster. This approach is primarily directed towards good quality rendering of large smooth areas, especially areas containing important memory colors, such as flesh tones. We believe that content-color-dependent screening can play an important role for developing high quality printed color images.
Introduction for JHBSE special issue

The special issue provides 12 articles focusing on the roles of teaching and applying self-care strategies. Half of the manuscripts focus on self-care practices for students, while the other half e...
Tandem Michael‐addition/cyclization synthesis and EGFR kinase inhibition activity of pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐7(8H)‐ones

5-Methoxy and 5-anilinopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones 2a-2f were obtained by a tandem Michael addition-cyclization reaction of methanol and anilines with pyrimidinylpropynoate 5. Methoxy derivative 2a was obtained in 62% yield by treatment of 5 with methanol and potassium carbonate. Anilino derivatives 2b-2f were prepared in 31–71% yields by reacting 5 with the corresponding anilines in refluxing methanol. This methodology accomplishes Michael-addition and pyridopyrimidinone ring formation in one-pot and affords the desired products in reasonable yield without chromatography. Propynoate 5 did not react with 4-cyanoaniline under these conditions. Reaction of 5 with 2-aminopyridine gave the unexpected arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinone 8 in 58% yield and reaction of 5 with imidazole afforded Michael-adduct 9 in 69% yield. Compounds 2a and 5 were submicromolar inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase.
Motion and communication co-optimization with path planning and online channel prediction

This paper considers the problem of optimally balancing motion energy and communication transmission energy of a mobile robot tasked with transmitting a given number of data bits to a remote station, while navigating to a pre-specified destination in a given amount of time. The problem is cast in the setting of optimal control, where the robot has to choose its path, acceleration, and transmission rate along the path so as to minimize its energy required for transmission and motion, while satisfying various power and communication constraints. We use realistic models for the robot's channel estimation, motion dynamics, and power and energy costs. The main contribution of the paper is to show how to co-optimize robot's path along with other communication and motion variables. Two versions of the problem are solved: the first is defined offline by assuming that all the channel measurements are taken before the robots starts moving, while in the second the channel estimation is updated while the robot is in motion, and hence it is solved online. In both cases we utilize an in-house algorithm that computes near-optimal solutions in little time, which enables its use in the online setting. The optimization strategy is described in detail and validated by simulation of realistic scenarios.
Use of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer receiving immunotherapy.

e19309Background: Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) use is controversial in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). In addition to lack of survival benefit of PCI compared to close M...
The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neural circuit development and function

Abstract Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key molecule involved in various aspects of neuronal circuit development and function. In this chapter, we will first discuss the complex transcriptional and translational regulation of BDNF, its secretion, and receptor-mediated actions at pre- and postsynaptic sites. Next, we will cover how those functions affect neural circuit development and maturation. Finally, we will highlight a selection of important findings regarding the role of BDNF in the context of specific neural circuits affecting normal behavior and disease, though this section is by no means an exhaustive treatment of the findings regarding BDNF.
Gonioscopic iridocorneal angle morphology and incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension and glaucoma in dogs following cataract surgery.

Purpose To investigate the relationship between gonioscopic iridocorneal angle (ICA) morphology and the incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH) and postoperative glaucoma in dogs undergoing cataract surgery. Animals studied Retrospective analysis of 138 eyes of 78 canine patients who underwent phacoemulsification at North Carolina State University from December 1, 2015 through April 30, 2017. Methods Medical records of all phacoemulsification patients with preoperative RetCam gonioscopic images were reviewed for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables. Gonioscopic angle indices were calculated using a novel (ZibWest) angle grading system, and these indices were analyzed for outcome-related significance. Results Increased surgeon experience was associated with increased probability of POH and vision loss. Higher average ZibWest Angle indices (ie, more open angles with less pectinate ligament dysplasia/ abnormality) were associated with a significantly decreased probability of medically unresponsive glaucoma. Increased patient age was significantly associated with an increased probability of both postoperative glaucoma and vision loss. Female dogs were significantly more likely to experience postoperative glaucoma compared to male dogs. Increased surgery time was significantly associated with increased probability of vision loss. Conclusions The ZibWest angle index may predict increased risk for developing medically unresponsive glaucoma with cataract surgery. Female sex, and increased patient age, surgical time, and surgeon experience were associated with increased postoperative morbidity.
A Theory of General Cause of Violent Crime: Homicides, Income Inequality and Fallacies of the Heat Hypothesis and of the Model of CLASH

This paper has two goals. The first is to show that the heat hypothesis provides a partial explanation of violent crime in society. The second is to suggest an alternative hypothesis that intentional homicides can be explained by the level of income inequality, even when controlling thermal climate and other factors. The vast literature in these research fields has suggested several approaches to explain aggression and violent behavior in society, such as the heat hypothesis and the model of Climate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH). However, there are at least some factors about aggression and violent behavior that current theories have trouble explaining. This study proposes income inequality, latitude and their interaction as predictors of intentional homicides. Statistical evidence based on country-level analyses (N =191 countries) reveals that controlling thermal climate and other factors, socioeconomic inequality is positively associated with violent crime. In particular, the findings here seem in general to support the hypothesis that differences between countries in intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) can be explained by the level of income inequality alone, and not thermal climate as a second predictor or the interaction of income inequality and thermal climate. These results suggest that income inequality may overpower the role of hot weather and seasonal variation of temperature to explain the level of violent crime in human society. A prediction of this theory here is that societies with low socioeconomic inequality, independently of thermal climate, are not likely to produce high levels of intentional homicides and violent crime. This finding can be useful for bringing a new perspective to explain and generalize one of the determinants that generates violent crime in human society. Some policy implications are suggested to reduce these social issues.
Finding my way home: Ambiguous loss reconceptualized to bridge the conversion from in-person therapy to teletherapy during COVID-19.

When Covid-19 arrived in March of 2020, I had a flashback from when I was ten years old. I was being transported from my homeland of Gimpo, South Korea to the foreign land of San Francisco, Califor...
Rational Basis for Light Emitting Diode Street Lighting Retrofit Luminaire Selection

Many municipalities are beginning to undertake efforts to retrofit their existing high pressure sodium (HPS) street lighting with LED (light emitting diode) luminaires. Unlike HPS lighting systems,...
Ceramics–Boron Carbide-Ferroelectrics

This chapter brings together various studies on materials that happen to be ceramics. This includes Boron Carbide, (C11B) CBC or B4C, where we seek alloys or other changes to make it ductile, The BaTiO3 ferroelectric where we examined 90 and 180 degree domain wall boundaries, and Silica glass Applications to BaZrO3 electrolytes are in the fuel cell chapter.
Reason and Imagination in Spinozan Science

In this chapter, I provide an interpretation of Spinoza’s scientific method and discuss the interaction of reason and imagination in Spinozan science. I address a number of interpretive issues pertaining to reason, including the nature, origin, and adequacy of common notions. I also address the issue of the adequacy of the findings of Spinozan science raised by the role of the imagination therein. Ultimately, I argue for a hypothetico-deductive interpretation of Spinoza’s scientific method, stressing the role of hypotheses in bridging the epistemic gap between nature’s most general laws and singular things.
Safe PDE Backstepping QP Control with High Relative Degree CBFs: Stefan Model with Actuator Dynamics.

High-relative-degree control barrier functions (hi-rel-deg CBFs) play a prominent role in automotive safety and in robotics. In this paper we launch a generalization of this concept for PDE control, treating a specific, physically-relevant model of thermal dynamics where the boundary of the PDE moves due to a liquid-solid phase change -- the so-called Stefan model. The familiar QP design is employed to ensure safety but with CBFs that are infinite-dimensional (including one control barrier "functional") and with safe sets that are infinite-dimensional as well. Since, in the presence of actuator dynamics, at the boundary of the Stefan system, this system's main CBF is of relative degree two, an additional CBF is constructed, by backstepping design, which ensures the positivity of all the CBFs without any additional restrictions on the initial conditions. It is shown that the "safety filter" designed in the paper guarantees safety in the presence of an arbitrary operator input. This is similar to an automotive system in which a safety feedback law overrides -- but only when necessary -- the possibly unsafe steering, acceleration, or braking by a vigorous but inexperienced driver. Simulations have been performed for a process in metal additive manufacturing, which show that the operator's heat-and-cool commands to the Stefan model are being obeyed but without the liquid ever freezing.
Processing and classification of physiological signals using wavelet transform and machine learning algorithms

Over the last century, physiological signals have been broadly analyzed and processed not only to assess the function of the human physiology, but also to better diagnose illnesses or injuries and provide treatment options for patients. In particular, Electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure (BP) and impedance are among the most important biomedical signals processed and analyzed. The majority of studies that utilize these signals attempt to diagnose important irregularities such as arrhythmia or blood loss by processing one of these signals. However, the relationship between them is not yet fully studied using computational methods. Therefore, a system that extract and combine features from all physiological signals representative of states such as arrhythmia and loss of blood volume to predict the presence and the severity of such complications is of paramount importance for care givers. This will not only enhance diagnostic methods, but also enable physicians to make more accurate decisions; thereby the overall quality of care provided to patients will improve significantly. In the first part of the dissertation, analysis and processing of ECG signal to detect the most important waves i.e. P, QRS, and T, are described. A wavelet-based method is implemented to facilitate and enhance the detection process. The method not only provides high detection accuracy, but also efficient in regards to memory and execution time. In addition, the method is robust against noise and baseline drift, as supported by the results. The second part outlines a method that extract features from ECG signal in order to classify and predict the severity of arrhythmia. Arrhythmia can be life-threatening or benign. Several methods exist to detect abnormal heartbeats. However, a clear criterion to identify whether the detected arrhythmia is malignant or benign still an open problem. The method discussed in this dissertation will address a novel solution to this important issue. In the third part, a classification model that predicts the severity of loss of blood volume by incorporating multiple physiological signals is elaborated. The features are extracted in time and frequency domains after transforming the signals with Wavelet Transformation (WT). The results support the desirable reliability and accuracy of the system.
Historical Landmarks in an Understanding of the Lymphomas

The knowledge that a group of closely related neoplasms, the lymphomas, originated in the mutation of protoncogenes in a single lymphocyte resulted from several principal antecedent discoveries: (1) the description of the anatomy of the lymph nodes and the description of the white matter of the spleen by Malpighi, (2) the definition of the lymphatic system by Thomas Hewson to include the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and the lymphatic vessels, (3) the development of techniques to biopsy and prepare tissue for microscopic examination and the application of the compound microscope to the examination of normal and pathological lymphatic tissue, (4) the description by Thomas Hodgkin of the clinical histories and gross postmortem findings of seven patients in whom prominent lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly was identified as a specific morbid condition. (5) Subsequently, (non-Hodgkin) lymphoma (originally called lymphosarcoma) was described, probably first by the great surgeon and pathologist, Billroth, and subsequently by Kundrat, a student of Billroth, and others. The application of microscopic anatomy began to define the histopathology of subsets of lymphoma, notably Hodgkin’s disease and follicular lymphoma, initially. (6) Radiation therapy was applied to treatment of Hodgkin’s disease very soon after Rontgen’s description of X-rays. About 45 years later, chemotherapy was introduced for both Hodgkin’s disease and lymphoma, as a result of the synthesis of nitrogen mustard compounds, developed to permit laboratory studies of solutions rather than gases, such as sulfur mustards, originally developed for gas warfare in World War I, and further explored in anticipation of their use in World War II. (7) Advances in histopathological descriptions lead to the appreciation of the numerous histological types of lymphoma and subsets of Hodgkin’s disease. (8) The development of imaging procedures led to their use in determining the extent of the disease in the lymphoid system, which influenced the approach to therapy. Curative therapy for Hodgkin’s disease first resulted from extended field radiation, including apparently uninvolved neighboring regions, and, later, from multidrug chemotherapy regimens. (9) Although most types of lymphoma are the result of de novo (endogenous) mutations and gene rearrangements, infectious agents, e.g., Helicobacter pylori and human lymphocytotropic virus 1, have been established as causative agents, uncommonly. Other viruses (e.g., Epstein–Barr, hepatitis C) have been associated with lymphoma, but it is unclear how they play a role in the neoplastic-transforming events. (10) Advances in histopathology, immunology, cytoimmunochemistry, cytogenetics, and genetics contribute to the modern classification of the lymphomas. This chapter describes this sequence of events and details the progression of discoveries that have led to the modern concept of lymphoma, its classification, and therapeutic advances. Where space permits, the advances in scientific concepts permitting these discoveries are discussed.
TH-CD-207-05: Combined Effects of Gadolinium Contrast and Inversion Recovery Pulse On Quantitative ADC Measurements in the Liver

Purpose: Performing diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) immediately after Gadolinium (Gd) contrast administration is considered to have insignificant impact on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements in the liver. However, our observation contradicts those findings. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of Gd and inversion recovery (IR) pulse on ADC measurements in the liver. Methods: DWI data was acquired on a 1.5T MRI scanner using 8-channel body coil from four patients pre-, 10-min post-, and 20-min post contrast with a TI of 0 (no fat suppression) and 120 ms, respectively. Respiratory triggered spin-echo single-shot echo-planar sequence was used: TR/TE, 10000/75 ms; FOV, 400×400 mm; matrix, 128×128; slice thickness, 6 mm; NEX, 4; and b = 0, 50, 500, 1000 mm 2 /s with acquisition time ∼2 min. 0.1 mmol/kg gadoxetate disodium (EOVIST, Bayer HealthCare) was used as the contrast agent. ADC measurements were performed from three (two right lobe and one left lobe) non-overlapping regions of interest (∼700 mm 2 area). Results: For TI = 0, the mean ADC of 1.7, 1.6, 1.7 x10−3 mm 2 /s was observed for pre-Gd, 10 min post-Gd and 20 min post-Gd, respectively. For TI = 120, the mean ADC of 1.7, 2.7, 2.6 x10 −3 mm 2 /s was observed for pre-Gd, 10 min post-Gd and 20 min post-Gd, respectively. A 35% increase in the ADC measurements were recorded for the values obtained post-Gd with the TI of 120 ms (p-value = 0.00026). Conclusion: Adding an IR pulse to post-Gd DWI acquisition changes the quantitative ADC measurements in the liver. The ADC values measured were significantly higher across all subjects when an IR pulse was added to the post-contrast DWI. When no IR pulse was used, the quantitative ADC measurements were found to be consistent in both the pre-and post-contrast DWI, showing less variability.
ALTERED PANCREATIC AND BILIARY FUNCTION AFTER VAGOTOMY AND PYLOROPLASTY

Changes in pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction occurring after vagotomy and pyloroplasty were investigated and compared with findings from healthy volunteers and patients with duodenal ulcer. Total lipase and bile acid outputs were quantified, using duodenal perfusion, under basal conditions and in response to both endogenous cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) (released by intraduodenal perfusion of essential amino acids) and to exogenous (porcine) CCK-PZ given by vein. After vagotomy and pyloroplasty, basal pancreatic enzyme outputs were reduced, as were responses to both intraduodenal essential amino acid perfusion and lower doses of intravenous CCK-PZ, but the response to maximal doses of intravenous CCK-PZ was normal. By contrast, gallbladder contraction occurred at a lower dose of intravenous CCK-PZ than in healthy subjects or in patients with duodenal ulcer, although the response to intraduodenal essential amino acids was normal. Our results suggest that (a) vagal impulses contribute to pancreatic enzyme secretion in the interdigestive periods; and (b) after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, sensitivity of the pancreas to CCK-PZ decreases and that of the gallbladder increases.
Enhanced cytotoxicity in triple-negative and estrogen receptor‑positive breast adenocarcinoma cells due to inhibition of the transient receptor potential melastatin-2 channel

We previously demonstrated a unique protective role for the transient receptor potential, melastatin-2 (TRPM2) cation channel in breast cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the chemotherapeutic effects elicited by inhibiting this protective role in metastatic breast adenocarcinoma cells. TRPM2 inhibition led to dose-dependent increases in MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell death after treatment with doxorubicin or the DNA-methylating agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Similar results were observed after RNAi silencing of TRPM2 in these cells after doxorubicin treatment. However, TRPM2 RNAi silencing also led to increased MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cell death after tamoxifen treatment, yet not in non-cancerous human mammary epithelial cells. These results thus revealed that TRPM2 inhibition selectively increased cytotoxicity in a triple-negative and an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell line, with minimal deleterious effects in non-cancerous breast cells. Analysis of DNA damage revealed enhanced DNA damage levels in MCF-7 cells treated with doxorubicin due to TRPM2 inhibition. Analysis of cell death demonstrated that inhibition of apoptosis, caspase-independent cell death or autophagy failed to significantly reduce cell death induced by TRPM2 inhibition and chemotherapy. These results indicate that TRPM2 inhibition activates alternative pathways of cell death in breast cancer cells. Taken together, our results provide significant evidence that TRPM2 inhibition is a potential strategy to induce triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast adenocarcinoma cell death via alternative cell death pathways. This is expected to provide a basis for inhibiting TRPM2 for the improved treatment of breast cancer, which potentially includes treating breast tumors that are resistant to chemotherapy due to their evasion of apoptosis.
Active Damping Control Design for the Mast Flight System

Design and development of the Mast Flight System for the COFS (Control of Flexible Structures) program for NASA is currently underway. An active damping controller is required to provide five percent damping for the first ten structural modes of a sixty meter truss beam structure. Two types of controller design methodologies are presented to achieve the required five percent damping. The first is an LQG controller and the second is a positive-real decentralized velocity feedback type, which is the system baseline controller design. The system modelling details are also presented which includes the models for the truss beam and the colocated actuators and sensors.
Integration host factor and sequences downstream of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa algD transcription start site are required for expression.

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an extremely important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from chronic lung infections in patients with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis have a mucoid colony morphology. This phenotype is due to overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate, which is believed to confer a selective advantage on P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lungs. Alginate biosynthesis is controlled by a complex regulatory mechanism. Genes located in the 34-min region of the P. aeruginosa chromosome form an operon which encodes most of the biosynthetic enzymes necessary for alginate production. algD, the first gene in the operon and a critical point for the transcriptional regulation of alginate biosynthesis, is controlled by several trans, cis, and environmental factors. In this study, the involvement of the histone-like protein integration host factor (IHF) in algD expression was examined. Sequences with similarity to consensus IHF-binding sites of Escherichia coli were identified 75 bp upstream (site 1) and 90 bp downstream (site 2) of the start of algD transcription. In gel band mobility shift assays, DNA fragments containing either site bind IHF but site 2 has an approximately 90-fold higher affinity for IHF. Mutations in each of the elements were generated, and they resulted in the reduction or loss of in vitro IHF binding and a three- to fourfold decrease in algD-cat expression. This indicates that IHF binding is necessary for high-level algD transcription. The presence of a high-affinity IHF-binding site located 3' of the algD transcription start site suggested that sequences further downstream of this element are involved in algD expression. When a fragment located downstream of site 2 and upstream of the promoterless cat gene (+110 to +835) was deleted, algD-cat expression was reduced 10-fold supporting the notion that 3' enhancer elements are required for algD transcription. This is the first direct evidence of a 3' element involved in the control of a P. aeruginosa gene. It is postulated that IHF mediates the formation of a higher-order looped structure which is necessary for efficient algD transcription.
An Analysis of Vegetable Contracts

A major portion of the quoted base price variation of green pea and sweet corn contracts used by Wisconsin vegetable processors in 1968 is shown to be associated with variation in other provisions of the contracts. A net price for contracts is derived by adjusting quoted base prices for the effects of nonprice provisions. The adjustment process involves utilization of a dualstage estimating procedure which separately considers the effects on price of quantitative and qualitative provisions. The relative stability of the adjusted price among contracts implies competitive raw product markets for these vegetable crops.
The effects of sea water adaptation on renal eicosanoid production in the goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of sea water adaptation on renal eicosanoid production in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) was studied. 2. 2. The major AA metabolites, averaging 48 and 41% of recovered radioactivity in fresh water and sea water adapted fish, co-migrated with 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE); PGE2 accounted for only 1.6% of radiolabeled product. 3. 3. Microsomes from freshwater fish synthesized an NADPH-dependent eicosanoid which was not identified in microsomes from sea water adapted fish. This product(s) had a mobility similar to epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) produced from arachidonate by a cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase. 4. 4. Inhibition of cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase might account for the marked reduction in GFR and the decrease in free water excretion which attend sea water adaptation.
Using college students' self-reported learning outcomes in scholarly research

Construct validity provides a framework for evaluating the adequacy and appropriateness of using students' self-reports of learning outcomes in scholarly research. Evidence from a recent study concerning the relationships between academic environments and self-reported learning outcomes, based on Holland's person-environment fit theory, provides evidence of the appropriateness of using these self-report data in scholarly research.
Synthesis and Reactions of Methylene-bridged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract Although methylene-bridged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important environmental pollutants, little is known concerning their chemical and biological properties. In order to make PAHs of this class available, we have devised syntheses of a series of bridged polyarenes. We also investigated their patterns of electrophilic substitution in relation to MO theoretical predictions, and explored synthetic routes to oxidized derivatives bearing an OH or a C=O function on the bridge site. There is evidence that the bridge alcohol derivatives are metabolized to sulfate esters that react with DNA leading to tumorigenesis.
Cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline in the rat before and after administration of various anaesthetics

1. Cardiovascular responses to intravenously administered noradrenaline were monitored in the rat in the conscious state and again following anaesthesia. Injections and pressure recordings were made via permanently implanted venous and arterial catheters.2. The pressor response to noradrenaline was inhibited by diethyl ether, urethane and deep pentobarbitone anaesthesia. It was unchanged by ketamine and was potentiated by chloralose and light pentobarbitone anaesthesia.3. Reflex bradycardia was potentiated by chloralose, blocked by ketamine and reduced by pentobarbitone. It was either reduced or unchanged by ether or urethane.
Efficient aldolase catalytic antibodies that use the enamine mechanism of natural enzymes

Antibodies that catalyze the aldol reaction, a basic carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction, have been generated. The mechanism for antibody catalysis of this reaction mimics that used by natural class I aldolase enzymes. Immunization with a reactive compound covalently trapped a Lys residue in the binding pocket of the antibody by formation of a stable vinylogous amide. The reaction mechanism for the formation of the covalent antibody-hapten complex was recruited to catalyze the aldol reaction. The antibodies use the e-amino group of Lys to form an enamine with ketone substrates and use this enamine as a nascent carbon nucleophile to attack the second substrate, an aldehyde, to form a new carbon-carbon bond. The antibodies control the diastereofacial selectivity of the reaction in both Cram-Felkin and anti-Cram-Felkin directions.
Precipitation of low‐energy electrons at high latitudes: Effects of interplanetary magnetic field and dipole tilt angle

Data from the auroral particles experiment on OGO-4 were used to study effects of substorm activity, interplanetary magnetic field latitutde, and dipole tilt angle on high-latitude precipitation of 700 eV electrons. It was found that: (1) The high-latitude zone of 700 eV electron precipitation in late evening and early morning hours moves equatorward by 5 to 10 deg during substorms. (2) The low-latitude boundary of polar cusp electron precipitation at 9 to 15 hours MLT also moves equatorward by several degrees during substorms and, in the absence of significant substorm activity, after a period of southward interplanetary magnetic field. (3) With times containing substorm activity or a southward interplanetary magnetic field eliminated, the low-latitude boundary of polar cusp electron precipitation is found to move by approximately 4 deg over the total yearly range of tilt angles. At maximum winter and summer conditions the invariant latitude of the boundary is shown to shift by approximately -3 deg and +1 deg respectively from its equinox location.
Human Sacrifice at Tenochtitlan

Many fixed and movable festivals in ancient Mexico were occasions for human sacrifice. The sun in particular was offered hearts and blood, ostensibly because its vitality and, therefore, life itself depended on such oblations. Numerous festivals also included ritual cannibalism, apparently because it was thought to facilitate communion with the gods.
Lean blowout model for a spray-fired swirl-stabilized combustor

In aero-engine applications, the lean blowoff (LBO) limit plays a critical role in the operational envelope of the engine. The geometry of the combustion chamber primary zone plays a critical role in establishing LBO limits. This is especially true for advanced lean burn concepts which introduce the majority of the combustion air in a manner designed to enhance the rate of mixing with the fuel. In the present study, specific mixer hardware has been designed to develop a systematic, statistically sound test matrix to study the effect of mixer components (primary swirl vane, secondary swirl vane, Venturi, and co-and counterswirl) on LBO. A strategy is employed to develop, based on an existing model, a new predictive model for LBO which accounts for a heterogeneous swirl-stabilized reaction and explicitly relates the geometry of the hardware to the LBO limit. The model predicts the LBO fuel/air ratio at three operating temperatures to within 14% of the measured value. The multivariate experiments used to relate LBO to geometry were also further analyzed to establish the main hardware parameters affecting LBO. Specifically, the Venturi and swirl sense (co- versus counter-swirl) were found to impact LBO at lower air inlet temperatures (294 and 366 K). The Venturi and counter-swirl enhance the atomization and mixing processes which are more rate limiting at lower temperatures, and, as a result, improve stability. At a higher inlet air temperature (477 K), the secondary swirl vane angle also plays a role in determining LBO, with larger angles (75°) generating better stability, which is associated with a stronger recirculation zone. The hardware configuration with the best LBO performance over the different conditions was identified (45° primary swirler, 55° secondary swirler, counter-swirl with Venturi).
A Web-Based Java Framework for Cross-Platform Mobile GIS and Remote Sensing Applications

A cross-platform Web-based Java development framework for Mobile Geographic Information Systems (Mobile GIS) and remote sensing (RS) applications is introduced for the notebook computer, Pocket PC, and mobile phone platforms. Using these platforms, Java software technology is examined for its crossplatform utility in the development of various Mobile GIS and map/image display functions. The three case studies developed with Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE), Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), and Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) are examined within the context of mobile GIS. Significant challenges in developing cross-platform Mobile GIS applications are also discussed. These obstacles include heterogeneous operating systems, different wireless communications protocols, lowbandwidth network connections, and the general lack of usability.
Comprehending expository texts: the dynamic neurobiological correlates of building a coherent text representation

Little is known about the neural correlates of expository text comprehension. In this study, we sought to identify neural networks underlying expository text comprehension, how those networks change over the course of comprehension, and whether information central to the overall meaning of the text is functionally distinct from peripheral information. Seventeen adult subjects read expository passages while being scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By convolving phrase onsets with the hemodynamic response function (HRF), we were able to identify regions that increase and decrease in activation over the course of passage comprehension. We found that expository text comprehension relies on the co-activation of the semantic control network and regions in the posterior midline previously associated with mental model updating and integration [posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus (PCU)]. When compared to single word comprehension, left PCC and left Angular Gyrus (AG) were activated only for discourse-level comprehension. Over the course of comprehension, reliance on the same regions in the semantic control network increased, while a parietal region associated with attention [intraparietal sulcus (IPS)] decreased. These results parallel previous findings in narrative comprehension that the initial stages of mental model building require greater visuospatial attention processes, while maintenance of the model increasingly relies on semantic integration regions. Additionally, we used an event-related analysis to examine phrases central to the text's overall meaning vs. peripheral phrases. It was found that central ideas are functionally distinct from peripheral ideas, showing greater activation in the PCC and PCU, while over the course of passage comprehension, central and peripheral ideas increasingly recruit different parts of the semantic control network. The finding that central information elicits greater response in mental model updating regions than peripheral ideas supports previous behavioral models on the cognitive importance of distinguishing textual centrality.
GAMS: a framework for the management of scientific software

The Guide to Available Mathematical Software (GAMS) provides a framework for both a scientist-end-user and a librarian-maintainer to deal with large quantities of mathematical and statistical software. This framework includes a classification scheme for mathematical and statistical software, a database system to manage information about this software, and both an on-line interactive consulting system and a printed catalog for providing users with access to this information. A description is given of GAMS and its use at the National Bureau of Standards.