cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separate groups of dopamine neurons innervate caudate head and tail encoding flexible and stable value memories

Dopamine (DA) neurons are thought to be critical for reward value-based learning by modifying synaptic transmissions in the striatum. Yet, different regions of the striatum seem to guide different kinds of learning. Do DA neurons contribute to the regional differences of the striatum in learning? As a first step to answer this question, we examined whether the head and tail of the caudate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca mulatta) receive inputs from the same or different DA neurons. We chose these caudate regions because we previously showed that caudate head neurons learn values of visual objects quickly and flexibly, whereas caudate tail neurons learn object values slowly but retain them stably. Here we confirmed the functional difference by recording single neuronal activity while the monkey performed the flexible and stable value tasks, and then injected retrograde tracers in the functional domains of caudate head and tail. The projecting dopaminergic neurons were identified using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. We found that two groups of DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta project largely separately to the caudate head and tail. These groups of DA neurons were mostly separated topographically: head-projecting neurons were located in the rostral-ventral-medial region, while tail-projecting neurons were located in the caudal-dorsal-lateral regions of the substantia nigra. Furthermore, they showed different morphological features: tail-projecting neurons were larger and less circular than head-projecting neurons. Our data raise the possibility that different groups of DA neurons selectively guide learning of flexible (short-term) and stable (long-term) memories of object values.
Quarks and Glue: Equations of Motion

Abstract The conceot of a linearly rising potential which serves to permanently binds quarks into hadrons is parlayed into field theoretic equations of motion for quarks and their accompanying glue fields. The usual fractionally charged are assumed to be comprised of degenerate color triplets. The gulons are assumed to be the naturally accompanying octet of color gauge fields which are needed to make color an exact gauge symmetry. Fourth derivatives of the gluon fields occur in the equations of motion in order that the gluons may transit the permanently binding force. The quark-glue coupling is not minimal, but is rather assumed to have a large anomalous spin coupling term. This produces large spin-spin forces between quarks, which apparently are required to account for the large percentage mass difference between the pion and the rho.
The effects of strength conditioning on older women's ability to perform daily tasks

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a strength-training program on walking speed and relative muscular stress, as measured by normalized integrated electromyographic (nIEMG) activity, while carrying a box of groceries and standing from a chair. DESIGN: Prospective intervention study. SETTING: Volunteer subjects from the community of Birmingham, Alabama. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen healthy women aged 60 to 77 years. INTERVENTION: Sixteen weeks of total body strength conditioning. MEASUREMENTS: Before and after 16 weeks of strength conditioning, the following variables were evaluated for all subjects: (1) strength, six isotonic tests and two isometric tests; (2) walking velocity; (3) nIEMG of the biceps while carrying a box of groceries; and (4) nIEMG of the rectus femoris while standing from a chair. MAIN RESULTS: After the strength training program, subjects' isotonic strength increased significantly, an average of 52% on the isotonic tests and 31% on the isometric tests. Walking velocity also increased significantly (18%). nIEMG of the biceps decreased 36% while carrying a box of groceries. Rectus femoris nIEMG decreased 40% while standing and 47% while sitting. CONCLUSIONS: After strength conditioning, healthy older women showed not only substantially increased strength but also improvements in walking velocity and the ability to carry out daily tasks such as rising from a chair and carrying a box of groceries.
Grid crossing: inability to compare activity levels between adolescent and adult rats.

: Traditionally, studies measuring behavioral activity have used male adult animals and grid crossings (GCs) as a representative measure of activity in lieu of total distance moved (TDM). However, using GCs as the dependent measure may not be effective for comparing the activity of animals during development, as they vary significantly in size. The present study examines the reliability of GCs as opposed to TDM as an indicator of locomotor activity for comparisons during ontogeny using a computerized behavioral tracking system (Noldus). Rats (postnatal day[PND] 35, PND 60) were tracked for a period of 3 minutes inside a closed runway. GCs and TDM were measured for the recorded tracks. It was determined that GCs were positively correlated with TDM in the behavioral apparatus, suggesting that GCs is a reliable measure of an individual animal's activity. Using GCs as the dependent measure, no significant differences in activity were observed across age or sex. However, using TDM indicates adolescent rats are significantly more active than their adult counterparts. These data indicate that although the number of GCs is predictive of total activity, the slope of the relationship varies significantly with age, therefore making it inappropriate to use GCs when comparing across ages. Studies that use animals of differing age must be sensitive to baseline differences in locomotor activity.
The use of plasma desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for products of prohormone processing in crude tissue extracts

Californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry (252Cf PDMS) of a crude, desalted, extract of piscine endocrine pancreas provided mass information for the major biologically active peptide hormones present in this tissue. An extraction procedure compatible with 252Cf PDMS analysis was developed. In extracts of catfish pancreas, strong molecular ions were identified in the positive mode for somatostatin-14 (1638 amu), O-glycosylated somatostatin-22 (2944 amu), glucagon (3512 amu), glucagon-like peptide (3785 amu), insulin (ca. 5550 amu), and other prohormone-derived peptides. Both protonated species and sodium adducts were apparent in the mass spectrum. A number of other molecular ions were observed including somatostatin-26, 1–10 (1014 amu) and the entire portion of prosomatostatin-22 remaining after removal of somatostatin-22 (6465 amu). The data obtained by this method also resulted in the identification of the third major product of proglucagon processing in catfish pancreas, glicentin-related polypeptide. Subtractive Edman degradation analyzed by 252Cf PDMS was also used to confirm a mass assignment.
GPVI and α2β1 play independent critical roles during platelet adhesion and aggregate formation to collagen under flow

The roles of the 2 major platelet-collagen receptors, glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and integrin α2β1, have been intensely investigated using a variety of methods over the past decade. In the present study, we have used pharmacologic and genetic approaches to study human and mouse platelet adhesion to collagen under flow conditions. Our studies demonstrate that both GPVI and integrin α2β1 play significant roles for platelet adhesion to collagen under flow and that the loss of both receptors completely ablates this response. Intracellular signaling mediated by the cytoplasmic adaptor Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) but not by the transmembrane adaptor linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is critical for platelet adhesion to collagen under flow. In addition, reduced GPVI receptor density results in severe defects in platelet adhesion to collagen under flow. Defective adhesion to collagen under flow is associated with prolonged tail-bleeding times in mice lacking one or both collagen receptors. These studies establish platelet-collagen responses under physiologic flow as the consequence of a close partnership between 2 structurally distinct receptors and suggest that both receptors play significant hemostatic roles in vivo.
The effects of hypertension on the cerebral circulation

Maintenance of brain function depends on a constant blood supply. Deficits in cerebral blood flow are linked to cognitive decline, and they have detrimental effects on the outcome of ischemia. Hypertension causes alterations in cerebral artery structure and function that can impair blood flow, particularly during an ischemic insult or during periods of low arterial pressure. This review will focus on the historical discoveries, novel developments, and knowledge gaps in 1) hypertensive cerebral artery remodeling, 2) vascular function with emphasis on myogenic reactivity and endothelium-dependent dilation, and 3) blood-brain barrier function. Hypertensive artery remodeling results in reduction in the lumen diameter and an increase in the wall-to-lumen ratio in most cerebral arteries; this is linked to reduced blood flow postischemia and increased ischemic damage. Many factors that are increased in hypertension stimulate remodeling; these include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reactive oxygen species levels. Endothelial function, vital for endothelium-mediated dilation and regulation of myogenic reactivity, is impaired in hypertension. This is a consequence of alterations in vasodilator mechanisms involving nitric oxide, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and ion channels, including calcium-activated potassium channels and transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 4. Hypertension causes blood-brain barrier breakdown by mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and vasoactive circulating molecules. This exposes neurons to cytotoxic molecules, leading to neuronal loss, cognitive decline, and impaired recovery from ischemia. As the population ages and the incidence of hypertension, stroke, and dementia increases, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the control of cerebral artery function in health and disease.
Weakly Integrable Semigroups on Locally Convex Spaces

Abstract A class of weakly integrable semigroups on locally convex spaces is introduced and studied. The results are illustrated by examples of semigroups of unbounded operators on a Banach space, which include fractional powers of a closed operator and spectral local semigroups.
The Response of Low-Fertility Cows to Insemination with Semen from Bulls of Another Breed, ,

Summary This study included 66 cows each of which had been bred four or more times previously without apparent conception. There was a distinct breed difference in conception rates; 35 per cent of the Holsteins and 8 per cent of the Guernseys had normal embryos. There is no evidence from this study that inseminating with semen from bulls of another breed is beneficial in increasing conception rate in repeat-breeder cows. The unweighted percentage of cows with normal embryos was 28 in the control cows and 16 in the cross-mated cows.
VAMP and Low-Dose, Involved-Field Radiation for Children and Adolescents With Favorable, Early-Stage Hodgkin’s Disease: Results of a Prospective Clinical Trial

PURPOSE: To evaluate outcome and assess toxicity of children and adolescents with early-stage, favorable Hodgkin’s disease treated with vinblastine, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and prednisone (VAMP) and low-dose, involved-field radiation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred ten patients with clinical stages I and II, favorable (nonbulky) Hodgkin’s disease were treated with four cycles of VAMP chemotherapy and 15 Gy involved-field radiation for those who achieved a complete response, or 25.5 Gy for those who achieved a partial response to two cycles of VAMP. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 5.6 years (range, 1.1 to 10.4 years), the 5-year survival and event-free survival were 99% (lower confidence limit [CL], 97.4%) and 93% (lower CL, 88.6%), respectively. Factors associated with event-free survival of 100% were complete response to two cycles of VAMP and histology other than nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s disease (NSHD). No serious early or late toxicity has been observed. Patients presenting with clinical ...
Autonomy or Veracity

topic. The ethical issues involved in chemical control of children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) purpose. To assist nurses giving chemical injections to children to make ethically based decisions source. Application of ethical principles in a specific clinical situation conclusions. The author concludes that institutionalized children deserve competent nurses who are able to make ethical or moral decisions concerning these young patients’care
Concurrent error detection in self-timed VLSI

This paper examines architectural techniques for providing concurrent error detection in self-timed VLSI pipelines. Signal pairs from Differential Cascode Voltage Switch Logic are compared with a checker that is composed of a tree of dual-rail (morphic) comparators to detect errors and signal completion. An efficient implementation is shown that compares favorably in speed and area with conventional completion signal generators. A simple pipeline is examined with error checkers at each computation stage and hand-shaking control circuits that are modified to improve error detection. Its error-detecting properties are discussed, and preliminary error simulation results are presented. Based on these studies we have concluded that self-timed logic offers considerable fault-tolerance potential due to its built-in redundancy that can be effectively exploited for error checking. >
Hydrolysis of cis- and trans-Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids by Rat Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes serve as reservoirs for cis- and trans-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Incubation of rat red blood cells (RBCs) with cis- and trans-EETs produces threo- and erythro-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, respectively. The Vmax of EET hydrolysis by rat intact RBCs (2.35 ± 0.24 pmol/min/108 RBCs for 14,15-trans-EET) decreased by approximately 2 to 3-fold sequentially from 14,15-, 11,12- to 8,9-EETs for both cis- and trans-isomers. The Vmax of trans-EET hydrolysis by RBCs is approximately 2 to 3 times that of the corresponding cis-EETs. Incubation of EETs with recombinant murine soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) yielded the same geometric and regio preferences of EET hydrolysis as with rat intact RBCs. The principal epoxide hydrolase activity for EET hydrolysis (approximately 90%) is present in the erythrocyte cytosol. Western blots of sEH suggested a concentration of sEH protein to be approximately 2 μg/mg protein or 0.4 μg/109 RBCs. The apparent Km values of EETs were between 1 and 2 μM, close to the Km for purified sEH as reported. Erythrocyte hydration of cis- and trans-EETs was blocked by sEH inhibitors, 1,3-dicyclohexylurea and 4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)cyclohexyloxy]benzoic acid. Erythrocyte sEH activity was inhibited more than 80% by 0.2% bovine serum albumin in the buffer. Preferred hydrolysis of 14,15-EETs and trans-epoxides characterizes sEH activity in RBCs that regulates the hydrolysis and release of cis- and trans-EETs in the circulation. Inhibition of sEH has produced antihypertensive and antiinflammatory effects. Because plasma trans-EETs would increase more than cis-EETs with sEH inhibition, the potential roles of trans-EETs and erythrocyte sEH in terms of circulatory regulation deserve attention.
Ideology & the social construction of meaning: A communication perspective

This paper examines the role of ideology in the social construction of meaning. It is argued that while interpretive philosophical frameworks have attributed a constitutive function to the role of communication in meaning construction, little attention has been paid to the ways in which social relations of power mediate in this process of meaning creation. Ideology, however, is a useful heuristic concept which provides a way of contextualizing the communication process within such power relations. It is argued that communication involves not only the process of creating meaning, but is also intrinsic to the means by which relations of domination are produced and reproduced. The notion of ideology is presented as the conceptual link between communication and power.
Fk 506 and Autoimmune Disease: Perspective and Prospects

Four classes of drugs have been used as immunosuppressive agents in human autoimmune diseases—corticosteroids, alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil), antimetabolites (azathioprine and methotrexate) and more recently, cyclosporin A (CsA). Before the introduction of CsA within the last decade, the successful use of immunosuppressive drugs in autoimmune disease was restricted to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis and nephrotic syndrome. CsA, which acts selectively to inhibit T cell activation and cytokine production has changed the situation. Now, using CsA, significant improvement in a higher proportion of patients than previously observed can be achieved in autoimmune diseases with a presumed T cell pathogenesis. These include psoriasis, uveitis, insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus, primary biliary cirrhosis, aplastic anaemia, lichen planus and severe allergic asthma. Autoimmune disorders mediated by autoantibodies however, such as the autoimmune cytopenias, myasthenia gravis, SLE, Graves’ disease and glomerulonephritides are relatively resistant to CsA. In addition to the improved rate of response seen with CsA, opportunistic infections are very rare in CsA-treated autoimmune disease patients. Despite the successes achieved with CsA, however, several problems continue to exist. These are (1) an insufficient response rate, (2) disease recurrence following drug withdrawal and (3) the associated risks of drug toxicity or excessive immunosuppression. The most common side effects are infections, lymphoproliferative disease, nephrotoxicity including arterial hypertension, cosmetic deformity with hirsutism and coarsening of the facies, hypercholesterolemia and an increased disposition to diabetes mellitus. These difficulties have driven the search for new agents that act with precision on those components of the immune system involved in disease pathogenesis but not on therapeutically irrelevant cells. Amongst the most promising new candidate drugs is FK 506. Already the advent of FK 506 and its use as an investigational tool has had a major impact on our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying T cell activation and at a clinical level, on the practice of organ transplantation. Its efficacy in the prevention of allograft rejection is well documented; more germane to the auto-immune field is its ability to reverse established rejection which is thought to follow the same mechanisms as many autoimmune diseases. In this context, the rejecting organ graft (or bone marrow) may be thought of as a direct analogue of many autoimmune disorders.
Lipid Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease: Introduction to a Review Series

A therosclerosis and the associated adverse complications of cardiovascular disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality in people living a Western lifestyle. A role for excess cholesterol in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is clear. However, additional mechanisms driving the relevant pathological changes in a chronic disease such as atherosclerosis are those that constitute the acute inflammatory response.1 The essential elements of a physiological, and regulated, inflammatory response starts with stimulated endothelium,2 displaying adhesive molecules for circulating white blood cells. This is accompanied by localized production of cell type–specific agonists for adherent monocytes, neutrophils, or lymphocytes by the activated endothelium.3 These agonists then activate the migratory instruction set of adherent or rolling cells positioned to receive both adhesion- and agonist-related stimuli from activated vascular endothelial cells.4 Lipid oxidation products formed by virtually every vascular cell type participate in orchestrating these processes. We also have recently come to appreciate that the inflammatory process is actively limited by activation of a resolution phase, often via generation of structurally specific oxidized lipids whose function is to orchestrate resolution of inflammation.5 The overall goal of this review series is to place recent observations and insights in rapidly developing areas of lipid oxidation into the framework of cardiovascular disease. Enzymatic and free radical oxidation have prominent roles in cardiovascular disease through their oxidative modification of existing molecules. Lipids are primary targets of this modification because they are the primary repository of oxidizable olefinic or double bonds. Oxidized lipids are best understood as oxygenated arachidonic acid products, the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxane A2, that have diverse and potent effects throughout the inflammatory and reparative responses. These oxidized lipid mediators are …
Thin asphalt pavement performance equation through direct computation of falling weight deflectometer-derived strains

A fundamental aspect in a pavement management system is the evaluation of the pavement structural condition and its capability in supporting the designated traffic. The nondestructive technique of the falling weight deflectometer and the layered elastic model are commonly used to identify pavement structural condition. The approach in this article is mechanistic–empirical, with the intent to correlate the strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer with the number of coverages to failure. Strains were computed through mathematical approximation of the deflection basin measured at failure. The proposed asphalt criterion showed the same trend of the subgrade strain criterion developed in conjunction with the reformulation of the California bearing ratio (CBR)-Beta design criteria. The approach provided encouraging results when compared with the other analyses in the development of the CBR-Beta criteria. The database was from the full-scale flexible pavement testing at the US Army Engineer Research and Develop...
A Lagrangian model for wave-induced harbour oscillations

A set of equations in the Lagrangian description are derived for the propagation of long gravity waves in two horizontal directions for the purpose of determining the response of harbours with sloping boundaries to long waves. The equations include terms to account for weakly nonlinear and dispersive processes. A finite element formulation for these equations is developed which treats the propagation of transient waves in regions of arbitrary shape with vertical or sloping boundaries. Open boundaries are treated by specifying the wave elevation along the boundary or by applying a radiation boundary condition to absorb the waves leaving the computational domain. Nonlinear aspects of the interaction of long gravity waves with sloping boundaries and frequency dispersion due to non-hydrostatic effects are investigated. Results from the model are then compared with laboratory experiments of the response to long-wave excitation of a narrow rectangular harbour with a depth that decreases linearly from the entrance to the shore line.
Effects of light, temperature and habitat quality on meroplanktonic diatom rejuvenation in Lake Erie: implications for seasonal hypoxia

Rapid sedimentation of phytoplankton cells following seasonal blooms is common in lakes and coastal zones throughout the world, yet the fate of these cells is uncertain. Ascertaining the fate of seasonal blooms may be particularly important in ecosystems that experience hypoxia. Benthic stations were sampled seasonally inside and outside of the hypoxic area in Lake Erie to test for differences in chlorophyll a concentrations, algal physiological condition (cell viability) and diatom rejuvenation rates (from enclosure experiments). Hypoxic areas did sustain higher chlorophyll a concentrations compared with oxic sites; however, diatom growth and physiological capability did not differ significantly. Hypoxic areas exhibited exponential growth rates as high as 0.56 day 21 (compared with the oxic station at 0.53 day 21 , P ¼ 0.000) and chlorophyll rejuvenation rates as high as 0.30 day 21 (compared with the oxic station at 0.36 day 21 , P ¼ 0.964). Therefore, sedimentation of phytoplankton cells may not only contribute to the seasonal hypoxia observed in Lake Erie, but those diatoms able to withstand low oxygen concentrations during the summer, once reintroduced into the water column, may also seed subsequent diatom blooms. Initial estimates indicate that the algal pigment present on the bottom of the central basin, likely sedimented from the overlying water, contributed significantly to hypolimnetic oxygen depletion (11‐33%).
ISOLATION OF MONOBODIES THAT BIND SPECIFICALLY TO THE SH3 DOMAIN OF THE FYN TYROSINE PROTEIN KINASE

Fyn is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that belongs to a highly conserved kinase family, Src family kinases (SFKs). Fyn plays an important role in inflammatory processes and neuronal functions. To generate a synthetic affinity reagent that can be used to probe Fyn, a phage-display library of fibronectin type III (FN3) monobodies was affinity selected with the SH3 domain of Fyn and three binders were isolated. One of the three binders, G9, is specific in binding to the SH3 domain of Fyn, but not to the other members of the Src family (i.e., Blk, Fgr, Hck, Lck, Lyn, Src, Yes), even though they share 51-81% amino acid identity. The other two bind principally to the Fyn SH3 domain, with some cross-reactivity to the Yes SH3 domain. The G9 binder has a dissociation constant of 166 ± 6 nM, as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry, and binds only to the Fyn SH3 domain out of 150 human SH3 domains examined in an array. Interestingly, although the G9 monobody lacks proline in its randomized BC and FG loops, it binds at the same site on the SH3 domain as proline-rich ligands, as revealed by competition assays. The G9 monobody, identified in this study, may be used as a highly selective probe for detecting and purifying cellular Fyn kinase.
Trends And Issues In Child And Adolescent Mental Health

An estimated 11 percent of American children have a mental health impairment, yet they rely upon a piece of the health care system that does not work well. Government policies for children’s mental health operate in two ways: by affecting health insurance for children, and by funding services directly. Major changes within both categories have shaped the types, sources, and financing of services for children with mental health problems. These policies, along with scientific advances in child mental health, social changes, and health policy more generally, have contributed to an improvement in child mental health services over the past fifteen years.
Effects of Cross‐Fostering on Alcohol Preference and Correlated Responses to Selection in High‐ and Low‐Alcohol‐Preferring Mice

Background Selectively bred rodent lines are valuable tools for investigating gene × environment interactions related to risk for alcoholism in humans. Early maternal environment is one particular factor known for critically influencing neural, hormonal, and behavioral outcomes in adulthood. Cross-fostering is a procedure that may be used to explore the role of genotype-dependent maternal influences on phenotypic variability in adulthood. The purpose of these experiments was to examine the effects of cross-fostering on free-choice alcohol drinking and correlated responses to selection for alcohol preference in mice selectively bred for high (HAP2) and low (LAP2) alcohol preference. Methods Mice were assigned to one of the following treatments: SHAM (pups that were fostered to their original biological mother), IN (pups that were fostered to a different mother of the same line), and CROSS (pups that were fostered to a mother of a different line). Mice were tested in adulthood for (i) free 24-hour access to alcohol for a period of 28 days; (ii) the expression of the acoustic startle response and fear-potentiated startle (FPS); and (iii) handling-induced convulsions (HICs) during acute alcohol withdrawal. Results Overall, the expression of the alcohol preference selection phenotype was robust in all groups (HAP2 > LAP2). Cross-fostering produced a moderate but significant reduction in g/kg alcohol drinking and preference scores in HAP2 mice (CROSS LAP2), FPS (HAP2 > LAP2), HICs (LAP2 > HAP2). Conclusions It appears that maternal environment can modify the expression of the high-alcohol-preference phenotype in HAP2 selectively bred mice. These results suggest a gene × environment interaction with respect to the expression of the high-alcohol-preference selection phenotype but not correlated responses to selection.
Cognitive enhancement and education

Cognitive enhancement — augmenting normal cognitive capacities — is not new. Literacy, numeracy, computers, and the practices of science are all cognitive enhancements. Science is now making new cognitive enhancements possible. Biomedical cognitive enhancements (BCEs) include the administration of drugs, implants of genetically engineered or stem-cell grown neural tissue, transcranial magnetic stimulation, computer/brain interface technologies, and (perhaps someday) modification of human embryos by genetic engineering and/or synthetic biology techniques. The same liberal—democratic values that support education as a public institutional endeavor also supply reasons for institutionalizing and publicly supporting BCE. Pursuing the goals of education may require changing what we have hitherto regarded as the individual’s ‘natural’ potential, even in the case of normal individuals, and this may require recourse to BCE. The prospect of BCE raises no novel issues of distributive justice. Like other beneficial i...
Political Criticism From the Soviet Kitchen to the Russian Internet: A Comparative Analysis of Russian Media Coverage of the December 2011 Election Protests

The election protests in Moscow in December 2011 signified an important moment for Russian society. Political dissent, historically reserved for the private domain of Soviet kitchens and in recent years to the regulation-free space of the Russian Internet (RuNet), entered the public space of Moscow streets. Just like the protests revealed the long-held tension between the political discussion (and action) in Russian public and private spheres, the coverage of the protests by different media brought to light similar struggles in Russian journalism. This project combines the textual analysis of the protests’ coverage by two progovernment and two oppositional media with the analysis of their connections to the RuNet—a space that played an important role in the protests’ organization and coordination. The project aims to gain a deeper understanding of the role RuNet—a private space that increasingly becomes more public—plays in the development of Russian journalism.
Approach to the patient with atypical diabetes

The overarching term “diabetes mellitus” represents a heterogeneous group of metabolic conditions characterized by hyperglycemia. All of these conditions are underpinned by a combination of various insulin secretory defects and impaired insulin action. According to the American Diabetes
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF CANNED STRAWBERRY FILLING DURING STORAGE1

Two cultivators, Sunrise and Cardinal were used to prepare strawberry filling from frozen sliced 5+1 fruit to sugar to assess the effects of sweetener, cultivar, added color and flavor, and storage temperature and time on quality parameters. Glucose corn syrup caused less color degradation in the filling than fructose syrup. The cultivar Sunrise was rated better in color acceptance than Cardinal after storage when the temperature and time were increased, primarily due to the lighter initial color. The addition of FDC #40 food color improved color, which was especially beneficial to the Sunrise fruit after 2 and 3 months storage. The addition of flavors had no effect on any of the quality parameters. Higher storage temperatures (24°, 32°C) for 2 and 3 months storage were detrimental to quality. Both cultivars were acceptable for filling, but refrigeration was required, and the addition of color was necessary to extend shelf-life beyond 2 months. Color addition was more beneficial for the lighter-colored cultivar, Sunrise.
The Effect of Supragingival Plaque Removal on Anaerobic Bacteria in Deep Periodontal Pockets

Additional evidence shows that scrupulous personal oral hygiene measures are essential in the control of periodontal disease.
Executing Communication-Intensive Irregular Programs Efficiently

We consider the problem of efficiently executing completely irregular, communication-intensive parallel programs. Completely irregular programs are those whose number of parallel threads as well as the amount of computation performed in each thread vary during execution. Our programs run on MIMD computers with some form of space-slicing (partitioning) and time-slicing (scheduling) support. A hardware barrier sync hronization mechanism is required to efficiently implement the frequent communications of our programs, and this constrains the computer to a fixed size partitioning policy.We compare the possible scheduling policies for irregular programs on fixed size partitions: local scheduling and multi-gangscheduling, and prove that local scheduling does better. Then we introduce competitive analysis and formally analyze the online rebalancing algorithms required for efficient local sc heduling under two scenarios: with full information and with partial information.
Perceived barriers to provision of medication therapy management services (MTMS) and the likelihood of a pharmacist to work in a pharmacy that provides MTMS.

Background:Recently, medication therapy management services (MTMS) has gained significant attention as an important type of pharmaceutical care designed to improve patient outcomes with more appropriate medication usage and monitoring. Although the provision of MTMS is increasing in pharmacies across the nation, and pharmacists are well equipped to administer MTMS, many community pharmacists are not currently providing these services.Objective:To determine barriers to provision of MTMS perceived by pharmacists and factors associated with the likelihood of working in a pharmacy that provides MTMS.Methods:Surveys were mailed to 906 community pharmacists licensed in West Virginia using a stratified random sample. The instrument was constructed and finalized following a review by experts and pilot tested in a convenience sample of pharmacists. Principal components analysis was performed to determine the factors that describe perceived barriers to provision of MTMS. Discriminant analysis using factor scores an...
Instruction of Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities in Elementary Classrooms.

Abstract Twelve students with low-incidence disabilities were observed in their kindergarten through third grade, general education classrooms. Frequency data were collected on the number of teaching opportunities delivered on the learning objectives reflected in the students’ Individual Education Programs, the individual who delivered the teaching opportunity, and the instructional context that was occurring at the time the teaching opportunity occurred. Results indicated that teaching opportunities on the learning objectives occurred at an overall rate per minute of 0.224 and 4 students received no teaching opportunities. The general education teacher and special education assistant delivered the most instruction in 1:1 instructional contexts. Results are discussed in relation to improving the quality of instruction when students with disabilities are included in general education classrooms.
Comparison of low-dose and high-dose cosyntropin stimulation testing in children.

Background: There is no consensus among pediatric endocrinologists in using low-dose (LD) versus high-dose (HD) cosyntropin to test for secondary/tertiary adrenal insufficiency. This paper compares LD and HD cosyntropin stimulation testing in children for evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and suggests a new peak cortisol cut-off value for LD stimulation testing to avoid false positivity. Methods: Data of 36 children receiving LD (1 µg) and HD (249 µg) cosyntropin consecutively during growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing were analyzed in two groups. Group A were patients who passed GH stimulation testing and were not on oral, inhaled or intranasal steroids (intact hypothalamic-pituitary axis, n= 19). Group B were patients who failed GH stimulation testing and/or were on oral, inhaled or intranasal steroids (impaired hypothalamic-pituitary axis, n= 17). Results: In group A, the mean peak cortisol response in LD cosyntropin was 18.5 ± 2.4 µg/dL and that for the HD cosyntropin was 24.8 ± 3.1 µg/dL (r: 0.76, P≤ 0.05). In group B, the mean peak cortisol response in LD cosyntropin was 15.7 ± 6.1 µg/dL and that for HD cosyntropin was 21.7 ± 7.9 µg/dL (r: 0.98, P≤ 0.05). When a standard cut-off of 18 µg/dL was used, 37% of the patients with intact HPAA failed LD cosyntropin testing, but a cut-off of 14 µg/dL eliminated false positive results. Conclusions: LD cosyntropin stimulation testing results should be interpreted cautiously when used alone to prevent unnecessary long-term treatment. Using a lower cut-off for LD (≥14 µg/dL) seems to avoid false positive results and still detects most cases of impaired HPAA.
A note on the formal theory of photochemical dissociation reactions

Abstract A new formula for the rate of photochemical dissociation is presented within the Bixon—Jortner model of radiationless transitions in large organic molecules. The essence of this formula is that if the rate of photochemical decomposition is much larger than the rate of radiative decay the details of the decomposition process become unimportant. However, those details are important if the rate of photochemical decomposition is small compared with the rate of radiative decay.
Energy usage and carbon dioxide emission saving in desalination by using desalination concentrate and wastes in microalgae production

AbstractEnergy usage and CO2 emission between traditional electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and innovative EDR desalinations were compared. The difference between traditional and innovative EDR desalination depended on which concentrate treatment was employed. Traditional EDR desalination consists of electrodialysis as concentrate treatment, while innovative EDR desalination consists of Dunaliella salina production as concentrate treatment. Microalgae species D. salina and Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis were cultured in used bottles (3.7 L) as reactors and using desalination concentrate and supernatant from anaerobic digested sludge (SADS) as growth medium and nutrients. D. salina was grown in reactors D1, D2, D3, and D4. Spirulina platensis was in S1, S2, S3, and S4. SADS was supplied to reactors D1, D2, S1, and S2 as nutrient. Bold’s Basal Medium was supplied to reactors D3 and D4 while F2 was supplied to reactors S3 and S4 as nutrient. Conductivity of desalination concentrates used in reactors D1 and D...
Effect of cholylsarcosine on hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis and bile secretion in rats.

Abstract The regulatory and secretory properties of cholylsarcosine (C-sar), a synthetic conjugated bile acid analogue that resists deconjugation and dehydroxylation, were compared with those of the natural conjugates of cholic acid. After continuous intraduodenal infusion of cholylsarcosine (C-sar), cholyltaurine (C-tau), or cholylglycine (C-gly) at 36 μmol/100 g · h, the infused bile acid in each case became the predominant biliary bile acid. After 48 hours, infusion of C-sar, C-tau, and C-gly suppressed the activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (C7αH; rate-limiting for bile acid synthesis) by 65%, 78%, and 92%, respectively, compared with biliary fistula controls. After C-sar infusion, levels of C7αH protein, messenger RNA, and transcriptional activity were depressed to the same extent as specific activity, indicating that C-sar, like C-tau, down-regulates C7αH principally at the level of gene transcription. All three bile acids also suppressed activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (rate-limiting for cholesterol synthesis). Both short- and long-term, the three cholyl conjugates caused similar increases in bile flow and in biliary secretion of cholesterol and phospholipid. It is concluded that in the rat, cholyl conjugates per se can suppress cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis without prior conversion to deoxycholate. The effects of C-sar on hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis as well as on induced bile flow and biliary lipid secretion are essentially identical to those of the naturally occurring cholyl conjugates.
WEST INDIANS IN NEW YORK CITY AND LONDON: A Comparative Analysis

Census data indicate that West Indians in the United States are occupationally more successful than West Indians in Britain. Three factors may help to explain this situation: the history of West Indian migration to Britain and the United States; the occupational back? ground of the migrants; and the structure of race relations in the two receiving areas. Comparing West Indians' occupational achieve? ments in the United States and Britain may also help to explain why West Indians in New York are more successful than black Ameri? cans. Since the beginning of this century, thousands of West Indians2 have come to live in New York City. More recently, since the 1950s, large numbers of West Indians have settled in London. Whether they moved to the United States or Britain, most West Indians emigrated to improve their economic position. In both countries West Indians have usually earned more money and maintained a better living standard than they did at home. They have not, however, succeeded to the same degree in both countries in reaching the upper rungs of the occupational ladder. How and why West Indians have fared differently in these two countries is the subject of this paper. In New York, West Indians are known for their accomplishments in business and the professions. They have traditionally been considered more successful than black Americans. Writers on West Indians in New
Localization of Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Damage in Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Abstract Background Dyskinetic cerebral palsy affects 15%-20% of patients with cerebral palsy. Basal ganglia injury is associated with dyskinetic cerebral palsy, but the patterns of injury within the basal ganglia predisposing to dyskinetic cerebral palsy are unknown, making treatment difficult. For example, deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna improves dystonia in only 40% of patients with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Basal ganglia injury heterogeneity may explain this variability. Methods To investigate this, we conducted a qualitative systematic review of basal ganglia and thalamic damage in dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Reviews and articles primarily addressing genetic or toxic causes of cerebral palsy were excluded yielding 22 studies (304 subjects). Results Thirteen studies specified the involved basal ganglia nuclei (subthalamic nucleus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, or lentiform nuclei, comprised by the putamen and globus pallidus). Studies investigating the lentiform nuclei (without distinguishing between the putamen and globus pallidus) showed that all subjects (19 of 19) had lentiform nuclei damage. Studies simultaneously but independently investigating the putamen and globus pallidus also showed that all subjects (35 of 35) had lentiform nuclei damage (i.e., putamen or globus pallidus damage); this was followed in frequency by damage to the putamen alone (70 of 101, 69%), the subthalamic nucleus (17 of 25, 68%), the thalamus (88 of 142, 62%), the globus pallidus (7/35, 20%), and the caudate (6 of 47, 13%). Globus pallidus damage was almost always coincident with putaminal damage. Conclusions Noting consistent involvement of the lentiform nuclei in dyskinetic cerebral palsy, these results could suggest two groups of patients with dyskinetic cerebral palsy: those with putamen-predominant damage and those with panlenticular damage involving both the putamen and the globus pallidus. Differentiating between these groups could help predict response to therapies such as deep brain stimulation.
World Health Organization Grade I Convexity Meningiomas: Study on Outcomes, Complications and Recurrence Rates.

Background The clinical significance of the Simpson grading system of extent of meningioma resection and its role as a predictor for recurrence of World Health Organization (WHO) grade I meningiomas have been questioned in the past, as microsurgery and knowledge of pathologic details have advanced. Methods Clinical and radiologic information on 112 patients with WHO grade I convexity meningiomas who underwent surgery over the past 20 years was retrospectively reviewed. Results The recurrence rate in the grade 0–I resection group was 2.9%, whereas in the grade II–IV resection group, the recurrence rate was 31% ( P = 0.0001). In Cox regression analysis, Simpson grade 0–I resection was revealed as a significant predictor of recurrence-free survival ( P = 0.021). The hazard ratio for recurrence after II–IV resection was 10.98 times higher than grade 0–I. Like the Simpson grading of resection, a similar trend of recurrence (grade I, 1.6% vs. grade II–IV, 28%, P = 0.0001) was observed in the Shinshu grade of resection. In univariate analysis, female gender and use of neuronavigation were also identified as independent predictors of recurrence-free survival after resection of WHO grade I meningiomas. Six months after surgery, use of antiepileptic medication was less in grade 0–I compared with other grades. Conclusions When histologic grade is fixed, the Simpson grading system is the prime predictor for recurrence of meningioma after resection. Grade 0–I resection is also beneficial in cutting off antiepileptic medication in patients with convexity meningiomas. Although complete tumor resection (grade 0–I) is the goal, the surgical approach should be tailored to each patient depending on the risks and surgical morbidity.
Uniaxial pressure-induced half-metallic ferromagnetic phase transition in LaMnO 3

We use first-principles theory to predict that the application of uniaxial compressive strain leads to a transition from an antiferromagnetic insulator to a ferromagnetic half-metal phase in ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$. We identify the Q2 Jahn-Teller mode as the primary mechanism that drives the transition, indicating that this mode can be used to tune the lattice, charge, and spin coupling. Applying $\ensuremath{\simeq}6$ GPa of uniaxial pressure along the [010] direction activates the transition to a half-metallic $\mathit{pseudocubic}$ state. The half-metallicity opens the possibility of producing colossal magnetoresistance in the stoichiometric ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ compound at significantly lower pressure compared to recently observed investigations using hydrostatic pressure.
Occupational Differentiation in South India

separated by income, caste, religion, language, and education. The increasing bureaucratization accompanying the expansion of cities and towns in South India has considerably altered the character of occupational selection. This is especially true of the large industrial establishments in which relationships between management and workers are highly impersonal. Here the caste or religion of a man or woman is certainly of less concern to the management than his ability to carry out a particular function in the organization. Among the employees of large establishments one may find represented most or all of the castes or religions of the area. New work functions are constantly being created by technological developments, which have both OCCUPATIONAL DIFFERENTIATION IN SOUTH INDIA 129