cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Snake pedals: geometric models with physics-based control

In this paper, we introduce a novel geometric shape modeling scheme which allows for representation, of global and local shape characteristics of an object. Geometric models are traditionally well suited for representing global shapes but not the local details. However, in this paper we propose a powerful geometric shape modeling scheme which allows for the representation of global shapes with local detail and permits model shaping as well as topological changes via physics-based control. The proposed modeling scheme consists of representing shapes by pedal curves and surfaces-pedal curves/surfaces are the loci of the foot of perpendiculars to the tangents of a fixed curve/surface from a fixed point called the pedal point. By varying the location of the pedal point, one can synthesize a large class of shapes which exhibit both local and global deformations. We introduce physics-based control for shaping these geometric models by letting the pedal point vary and use a dynamic spline to represent the position of this varying pedal point. The model dubbed as a "snake pedal" allows for interactive manipulation via forces applied to the snake. We demonstrate the applicability of this modeling scheme via examples of shape synthesis and shape estimation from real image data.
A note on acoustic propagation in power-law fluids: Compact kinks, mild discontinuities, and a connection to finite-scale theory

Acoustic traveling waves in a class of viscous, power-law flu ids are investigated. Both bi-directional and unidirectio nal versions of the one-dimensional (1D), weakly-nonlinear equation of motion are derived; traveling wave solutions (TWS)s, special cases of which take the form of compact and algebraic kinks, are determined; and the impact of the bulk viscosity on the structure/nature of the kinks is examined. Most significantly, we point out a connection that exists between the power-law model considered here and the recently introduced theory of finite-scale equations.
Sulpiride in tardive dyskinesia.

The pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD) appears to consist of a combination of a predisposing vulnerability of the patient and an antidopaminergic (neuroleptic) treatment. This combination may result in 1) a relative dopamine hyperreactivity associated with an increased number of dopamine receptors and/or a cholinergic hypo-function (reversible TD), and 2) in long-term treatment, degenerative phenomena leading to a decreased threshold for expressing dyskinetic symptoms (irreversible TD). Sulpiride, a selective D-2 dopamine receptor blocker, is able to suppress TD without producing a reciprocal aggravation in parkinsonism, although in vulnerable patients it may induce/aggravate parkinsonian symptoms. Animal data suggest that sulpiride has less TD-inducing effect than traditional neuroleptics, but long-term clinical studies are still needed to prove this suggestion. Abstract
Protein Synthesis During Fungal Spore Germination II. Aminoacyl-soluble Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase Activities During Germination of Botryodiplodia theobromae Spores

Abstract The specific activities of 13 aminoacyl-soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA) synthetases were measured at various time intervals during the germination of Botryodiplodia theobromae conidiospores. The enzyme activities were low or absent in ungerminated spores, and they increased rapidly as germination proceeded. When extracts of the ungerminated spores were prepared with mortar and pestle, very little or no enzyme activity was detected. When the extracts were prepared with a mechanical homogenizer, however, they exhibited some enzyme activity, although less than did the extracts from germinated spores. Enzyme activities from germinated spores were approximately the same, regardless of the method of preparation. The enzyme fraction from ungerminated spores prepared with a mechanical homogenizer could also stimulate incorporation of phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine in the presence of ribosomes, polyuridylic acid, and sRNA, although the activity was approximately only 15 to 20% that of a similar enzyme fraction from germinated spores. It is concluded that ungerminated spores of B. theobromae contain active aminoacyl-sRNA synthetases and transfer enzymes, although the activities are low when compared to germinated spores.
Career Factors Help Predict Productivity in Scholarship Among Faculty Members in Physical Therapist Education Programs

Background: Academic institutions and scholars play a critical role in the development of a unique and substantive professional science and disciplinary literature. Individual and environmental characteristics influence the scholarly work of higher education faculty generally, but little is known about factors that influence scholarly productivity of physical therapist faculty members. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that contribute to the variability in scholarly productivity among faculty members in physical therapist education programs. Design: A cross-sectional study design was used. Methods: A survey of a representative sample of faculty members in accredited professional (entry-level) physical therapist education programs in the United States was conducted. Descriptive analysis was conducted, and 5 blocked hierarchical regression models were constructed to identify factors that help explain variability in grantsmanship, peer-reviewed publications, and peer-reviewed presentations. Results: A usable response rate of 58% was obtained. The 520 participants displayed variability in scholarly productivity. The regression models explained half of the variance in career publishing productivity and 28% to 44% of the variance in productivity in presentations and grants. Career factors, including discipline of highest degree, appointment status, and faculty rewards, contributed most substantially to the explained variance. Several phenomena unique to physical therapy were considered in light of these findings. The multidisciplinary nature of the faculty, national trends in faculty hiring and appointment, and the status of the DPT-trained faculty cohort all may influence physical therapy faculty scholarship. Limitations: Unidentified errors in sampling or reporting may limit the results of this study. Conclusions: Career factors generally predict the largest proportion of explained variance in scholarly productivity. Large numbers of questions remain regarding the status of scholarship and scholars in physical therapy.
Effect of Rehearsal Hierarchy and Reinforcement on Attention, Achievement, and Attitude of Selected Choirs

A structured rehearsal hierarchy involving a multiple-baseline design, implemented across six rehearsals, was used to measure performance improvement of seven musical concepts, while an experimenta...
Complex plumbing of monogenetic scoria cones: New insights from the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field (Nevada, USA)

Abstract The complexity of monogenetic basaltic eruptions is largely governed by the shallow plumbing of the volcanoes that develop in the upper hundreds of meters of the crust, as well as within the growing edifice during the eruption. We present data pertaining to geometry and dynamics of plumbing features associated with two monogenetic volcanoes observed within in the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field (Nevada; USA) that have been eroded to varying degrees, exposing numerous intrusive bodies. The majority of the intrusive bodies observed within the eroded scoria cone and cone remnant are radial dikes and dike sets, many of which have irregular shapes. We infer that the radial patterns of the dikes resulted from magma overpressure in central conduits and from the stresses induced by the topographic load of the cones, with the regional tectonic stresses playing a negligible role. Internally, the dikes display textural features such as multiple chilled margins and/or distinct bandings of vesicle populations, suggesting multiple injections or pulses of magma originating from the vent/conduit area were incrementally added to the dikes. Pressure fluctuations within the magma columns capable of producing such features can be associated with a variety of dynamic processes including; the ascent of slugs of gas through the magma column, variations in the source pressure of the ascending magma, as well as the weight of relatively degassed magma and temporary blockages of the conduit. Irregular shapes of some dikes are likely related to the interaction between viscous intruding magma and weakly consolidated scoria cone deposits. The geometry of the dikes and the relationship to a central magma column have important implications for eruption processes, degassing patterns, and gas–melt coupling associated with monogenetic eruptions.
Machine-Part Family Formation Using Neural Networks

Algorithms using analytic methods for the group technology problem of machine part family formation are relatively slow considering the typical large size of the machine-part matrix. In this study, a neural network approach that uses the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) paradigm to classify vectors obtained from the machine-part matrix, is proposed. The effect of varying the sensitivity of the ART in recognizing the similarity between the vectors and preprocessing of these vectors, on the formation of part groups is discussed. Initial test results obtained from the neural network application are compared with those of existing cell formation algorithms.
THE EFFECT OF LIGATION OF THE CANINE NUTRIENT ARTERY ON INTRAMEDULLARY PRESSURE.

The nutrient arteries of eleven tibiae and eight humeri were ligated. In every instance there was an immediate and usually a large decrease in intramedullary pressure. In nine bones the pressure rose to preocclusion levels within less than three hours. In an additional eight the pressure returned to normal within from four to twenty-two days. In only two instances did the postligation pressure not recover during the period of observation (sixteen to twenty-five days). Post mortem injection of the subclavian or femoral artery resulted in filling of the nutrient arterial system via collateral channels in all specimens.
Automation for Small Irrigation Projects

A remote control and data telemetering system has been installed on a 21,800-acre irrigation project in southwestern Montana. After 3 yr of operation of the initial installation very little maintenance has been required for the audio-frequency-tone-control type radio equipment. This system allows for opening and closing outlet gates and receiving gate position and water level readings by remote operation from headquarters. Elimination of requirement for dam tender and residence with resultant savings made installation of equipment economically feasible. Quick appraisal of water levels and flow provides smoother operation of irrigation releases, conserves water, and requires less travel and overtime for the water master. Performance of the system will be used in later designs of automation equipment and for operation of this equipment on large irrigation projects.
Hybrid uranyl-carboxyphosphonate cage clusters.

Two new hybrid uranyl-carboxyphosphonate cage clusters built from uranyl peroxide units were crystallized from aqueous solution under ambient conditions in approximately two months. The clusters are built from uranyl hexagonal bipyramids and are connected by employing a secondary metal linker, the 2-carboxyphenylphosphonate ligand. The structure of cluster A is composed of a ten-membered uranyl polyhedral belt that is capped on either end of an elongated cage by five-membered rings of uranyl polyhedra. The structure of cluster B consists of 24 uranyl cations that are arranged into 6 four-membered rings of uranyl polyhedra. Four of the corresponding topological squares are fused together to form a sixteen-membered double uranyl pseudobelt that is capped on either end by 2 topological squares. Cluster A crystallizes over a wide pH range of 4.6–6.8, while cluster B was isolated under narrower pH range of 6.9–7.8. Studies of their fate in aqueous solution upon dissolution of crystals by electrospray ionizatio...
All things work together for innovation: Market reform synchronization and firm network prominence

Inspired by the theme of “Capitalism in Question” in AOM this year, we examine the impact of the temporal synchronization of different market reform dimensions at a sub-national level on a firm’ innovation performance, and whether the firm can mitigate this impact through its network position. We argue that synchronization generates concurrent institutional complementarities through two temporal coordination mechanisms –resource and cognitive coordination mechanisms –and thus foster firm innovation. We further argue that a firm’ network prominence can substitute for these two coordination mechanisms when they are inadequate externally, and thus can mitigate the negative impact of a low degree of synchronization of a region. Using a panel data of 1,254 Chinese firms during 2001-2008, we find very supportive empirical evidence.
Effects of Do3 Transitions on the Yield Behavior of Fe-Al Alloys

The effect of DO 3 transitions on the yield behavior of alloys near the Fe 3 Al composition was investigated by tensile tests. Above 400°C, DO 3 (Fe 3 Al) ordered alloys exhibited an anomalous increase in yield strength with temperature with a peak value around 560 to 600°C which was not observed if the DO 3 ordered alloys were also aged before testing. This yield behavior is explained by the precipitation of a (disordered solid solution) and the formation of B2 (FeAl) via the sequential reactions: DO 3→α +DO 3→α +B2.
Time-frequency analysis of the EEG mu rhythm as a measure of sensorimotor integration in the later stages of swallowing.

Abstract Objective Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to map the temporal dynamics of sensorimotor integration relative to the strength and timing of muscular activity during swallowing. Methods 64-channel EEG data and surface electromyographic (sEMG) data were recorded from 25 neurologically-healthy adults during swallowing and tongue-tapping. Events were demarcated so that sensorimotor activity primarily from the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing could be compared to activity resulting from tongue tapping. Results Independent component analysis identified bilateral clusters of sensorimotor mu components localized to the premotor and primary motor cortices as well as an infrahyoid myogenic cluster. Subsequent event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) analyses showed event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the spectral power in the alpha (8–13Hz) and beta (15–25Hz) frequency bands of the mu clusters in both tasks. Mu ERD was stronger during swallowing when compared to tongue tapping ( p FDR Conclusion Mu activity was interpreted as representing a normal feed forward and feedback driven sensorimotor loop during the later stages of swallowing. Significance Results support further use of this novel neuroimaging technique to concurrently map neural and muscle activity during swallowing in clinical populations using EEG.
Dual interactions between alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and the proximal Na(+)-H+ exchanger

In the kidney, the proximal nephron is a major site for Na+ reabsorption and H+ secretion. An electroneutral exchanger mediates the uptake of luminal Na+ with the secretion of cellular H+. In these studies, alpha-adrenoceptor-stimulated influx of 22Na+ into rat proximal tubules through the Na(+)-H+ exchanger was examined. The activity of this exchanger was defined as the component of 22Na+ uptake sensitive to inhibition by ethylisopropyl amiloride (EIPA) and was observed to be increased by both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists as well as by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists produced a range of stimulation of EIPA-suppressible 22Na+ uptake: from a 72% increase above control with guanabenz to a 253% increase with B-HT 933. Because heterogeneity of alpha 2-adrenoceptor structure and function has been postulated, we examined whether the effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptors were sensitive to pertussis toxin. the responses to alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists and PMA were unaffected, but the stimulation of Na(+)-H+ exchange by each of the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists tested was blocked. When Na(+)-H+ exchange was increased directly by PMA acting on protein kinase C, guanabenz but not B-HT 933 inhibited the response. The results indicated that the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists stimulated 22Na+ influx by activating a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway but that certain alpha 2-adrenergic agonists such as guanabenz could additionally inhibit the exchanger through a pertussis toxin-resistant mechanism. This inhibition by guanabenz could be reversed by selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diarrheal disease. Established pathogens, new pathogens, and progress in vaccine development.

SUMMARY Although much progress has been made in reducing the morbidity and mortality of infectious diarrhea through the use of oral rehydration, progress in preventive measures, such as vaccine development, has been slow. Despite the plethora of candidate vaccines developed, there has not been an effective vaccine ready for general use, particularly in developing countries, during the past decade, perhaps in part because of the as-yet-undefined pathophysiology of many of these pathogens, as well as the complexity of the gastrointestinal immune system. It is hoped that more rapid progress will be made during the next decade as our understanding of these factors increases.
Thoracoscopic Treatment of Epiphrenic Diverticula Associated with Achalasia

The goal of this chapter is to describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and proper methods of diagnosis and treatment of patients with epiphrenic diverticula, especially when they are associated with achalasia. A special emphasis will be placed on the indications for surgery and the description of the thoracoscopic repair and its outcomes.
Development of novel HDL-mimicking α-tocopherol-coated nanoparticles to encapsulate nerve growth factor and evaluation of biodistribution.

Abstract Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is one of the members of the neurotrophin family with multifaceted functions. However, clinical application of NGF is hurdled by the challenge on formulation development. The objective of this study was to develop novel high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs) coated with α-tocopherol to incorporate NGF by a self-assembly approach. The NPs were prepared by an optimized self-assembly method that is simple and scalable. The composition of HDL-mimicking NPs was optimized. The prototype of the HDL-mimicking α-tocopherol-coated NPs contained phosphatidylserine (a negative charged phospholipid) and d -α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (a source of vitamin E) to enhance the entrapment efficiency of apolipoprotein A-I in the NPs. The entrapment efficiency of apolipoprotein A-I was about 30%. The NPs had particle size about 200 nm with a relatively narrow size distribution. Finally, cationic ion-pair agents were optimized to form ion-pairs with NGF to facilitate the incorporation of NGF into the NPs. Protamine sodium salt USP formed an optimal ion-pair complex with NGF. The results showed that the novel HDL-mimicking α-tocopherol-coated NPs successfully encapsulated NGF with over 65% entrapment efficiency by using this ion-pair strategy. In vitro release studies demonstrated a slow release of NGF from NGF NPs in PBS containing 5% BSA at 37 °C for 72 h. Further biodistribution studies showed that intravenously injected NGF NPs significantly increased NGF concentration in plasma and decreased the uptake in liver, spleen and kidney, compared to free NGF in mice.
Promotion of Chimerism and Tolerance by Flt3 Ligand-Mobilized Facilitating Cells Is Associated with Upregulation of CXCR4 and SDF-1.

Facilitating cells (FC) are a CD8+/TCR− subpopulation of bone marrow (BM) cells that enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in allogeneic recipients without causing graft-versus-host disease. They also significantly enhance engraftment of limiting numbers of HSC in syngeneic recipients. Treatment of mice with Flt3 ligand (Flt3-L) induces significant expansion of FC and HSC in the BM and their mobilization into peripheral blood (PB). In the present study, we evaluated the function of Flt3-L expanded FC and potential mechanism of action. Flt3-L treatment resulted in an 8.5-fold increase of FC in BM and a 100-fold increase in PB compared to untreated mice. When FC from the PB and BM of Flt3-L-treated donors were transplanted with HSC into allogeneic recipient mice, BM FC exhibited significantly impaired function while PB FC were potently functional (Fig. a). Strikingly, this correlated with an increase in mRNA for the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4, which were significantly increased in PB FC (≥10 fold) and decreased in Flt3-L-expanded BM FC as compared to untreated control BM FC (Fig. b). The impaired function for BM FC was restored within 5 days after cessation of Flt3-L-treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that FC can be mobilized efficiently with Flt3-L and their engraftment facilitating function is associated with upregulation of transcripts for SDF-1 and CXCR4, suggesting that FC may chemoattract HSC by secreting SDF-1 and enhance their homing to the new microenvironment after transplantation. The fact that FC express CXCR4 suggests that they may co-migrate with HSC to the hematopoietic microenvironment after transplantation, being chemoattracted by BM-derived SDF-1. In summary, we provide evidence that FC are mobilized with HSC; the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is involved in FC:HSC interaction; and FC co-migrate with HSC in response to an SDF-1 gradient.
Effects of three different media on in vitro maturation and development, intracellular glutathione and reactive oxygen species levels, and maternal gene expression of abattoir-derived goat oocytes

Abstract This study was designed to compare the behavior of abattoir-derived goat oocytes submitted to different in vitro maturation (IVM) treatments. Cumulus-oocyte complexes collected from abattoir ovaries were subjected to IVM in three maturation media, which consisted of TCM199 supplemented either with: (1) 10 ng/ml EGF and 100 μM cysteamine (Defined medium); (2) 10% FCS, 5 μg/ml FSH, 10 μg/ml LH, 1 μg/ml estradiol (FCS medium); or (3) combined components of both Defined and FCS media (Combined medium). After 22 h of IVM, oocyte maturation rate was significantly higher in Combined medium compared to FCS medium (52.0 ± 2.0% vs. 37.7 ± 3.2%, P P > 0.05) was observed in maturation rates between Defined (43.4 ± 4.7%) and FCS or Combined medium. There was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) in the rates of cleavage, blastocyst, or blastocyst cell number among different maturation conditions. The intracellular glutathione (GSH) level was observed to be significantly higher ( P P
Long Term Trends in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Following the FDA Approval of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), on Bone Marrow Transplant Rates and Clinical Outcomes - a Study of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Between 1998-2011

Abstract Background: Single-institution and international, retrospective studies have demonstrated a decrease in the number of allogeneic stem cell transplants (alloSCTs) in patients with CML in the first few years after the introduction of TKIs. However alloSCT remains the only curative therapy in patients who develop resistance to multiple TKIs, and in those who present with blast crises. The long-term impact of TKIs on the trend of SCTs in the United States in CML remains unexplored. Therefore, we sought to examine the trend in the number of SCTs, as well as the mortality and clinical complications for CML over the decade following the FDA approval of Imatinib. Methods: We queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 1998 and 2011 using the ICD-9 code 205.1 for CML in the primary and secondary diagnosis fields. Only patients 18 years or older were included in the analysis. We monitored the trends in allo-SCT, mortality and clinical complications related to CML. A p value of Results: A total of 53254 (weighted n=262964) hospitalizations for CML (Male 54.6% and average age 65.9+/-0.8 yrs) occurred from 1998-2011. There has been a 408% decrease in the rate of transplants and 79.9% decrease in in-hospital mortality since the introduction of TKIs (p Conclusion: This analysis supports the widely held belief that the introduction of TKIs has not only reduced the reliance on allogeneic transplants, but has also led to remarkable improvement in mortality and CML related complications. Increase in cost of hospitalization could be related to the overall increase in health care cost, 4.5% yearly from 1998-2000, 3.9% from 2000-2007 and 1.8% 2007-2010. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Synaptic Vesicle-Recycling Machinery Components as Potential Therapeutic Targets

Presynaptic nerve terminals are highly specialized vesicle-trafficking machines. Neurotransmitter release from these terminals is sustained by constant local recycling of synaptic vesicles independent from the neuronal cell body. This independence places significant constraints on maintenance of synaptic protein complexes and scaffolds. Key events during the synaptic vesicle cycle-such as exocytosis and endocytosis-require formation and disassembly of protein complexes. This extremely dynamic environment poses unique challenges for proteostasis at synaptic terminals. Therefore, it is not surprising that subtle alterations in synaptic vesicle cycle-associated proteins directly or indirectly contribute to pathophysiology seen in several neurologic and psychiatric diseases. In contrast to the increasing number of examples in which presynaptic dysfunction causes neurologic symptoms or cognitive deficits associated with multiple brain disorders, synaptic vesicle-recycling machinery remains an underexplored drug target. In addition, irrespective of the involvement of presynaptic function in the disease process, presynaptic machinery may also prove to be a viable therapeutic target because subtle alterations in the neurotransmitter release may counter disease mechanisms, correct, or compensate for synaptic communication deficits without the need to interfere with postsynaptic receptor signaling. In this article, we will overview critical properties of presynaptic release machinery to help elucidate novel presynaptic avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies against neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Human iris 3D imaging using a micro-plenoptic camera

A micro-plenoptic system was developed to image the 3D structure of the human iris in single-exposure photographs. 3D iris patterns were effectively captured. Iris depth varied from 20~80 μm in a 4.9×3.9 mm2 area.
‘Bitch out of hell’: the queer urban marronage of Assotto Saint

This essay contributes to an emerging body of critical work on the gay Haitian-American poet, performer, and essayist Assotto Saint by reexamining his important contributions to the HIV/AIDS movement of the late 1980s and early 1990s through the lens of maroon and queer diaspora studies. Saint’s creative revolutionary movements, reflected through his poetry, essays, theater, and activism challenged entrenched state-sanctioned discrimination against queer black subjects while issuing a powerful critique of late twentieth-century American capitalism. In this way, the essay reads Saint as a transnational queer artist and activist who cultivated personal and collective freedom through the performance of subversive social practices and acts in what the author calls queer urban maroon communities. The author argues that these communities provocatively resisted the racist and heteronormative American response to the AIDS epidemic through cruising spaces and the creation of queer black artist collectives.
The role of internal conversion in the gas phase photochemistry of aliphatic ketones

Abstract The excess energy dependence of S 1 → S 0 internal conversion in gas phase aliphatic ketones is examined through a quasi-diatomic molecule model calculation which treats the optically excited carbonyl stretching vibration as the only important accepting mode. It is shown that the sharp decrease in the fluorescence lifetime with increasing excitation energy in certain halogenated acetones can be rationalized in terms of a rapidly increasing rate of internal conversion as the vibrational energy content of S 1 is increased. The consequences of the results for the interpretation of photochemistry in these compounds are briefly discussed.
Outlining Counterparty Credit Risk Exposure

This chapter examines the very nature of Counterparty Credit Risk (CCR), or the manifestation of Credit and Default Risk in derivatives contracts, in which the exposure is measured at the level of a “Netting Set” of contracts, can change sign over time, and tends to be mitigated by the periodic posting of collateral. The chapter reviews how the growing awareness of CCR, considerably amplified by the 2008 crisis, has led to the entire revision of pricing methodologies for derivatives: inclusion of the Credit and Debt Value Adjustments, replacement of the Libor curve by the OIS curve (Overnight Index Swap) as the reference curve for discounting cash flows. The chapter then presents key metrics for measuring Counterparty Exposure and analyses the special case of Wrong-Way risk.
Definition of Stocks: An Evolving Concept

Publisher Summary Since the advent of modern fisheries science, the concept of the unit stock has remained the same while the practice of identifying fish stocks has undergone significant change. The unit stock is still an idealized fundamental unit which, when correctly identified, allows estimation of important population parameters without the biases that result from incorporation of unknown components of additional unit stocks. But the stock searched for in the stock identification process may not always be a unit stock. Fish stock assessment is the science of estimating certain key population dynamics parameters to better manage the unit stock. If the rates of growth, natural mortality, reproduction, and present fishing mortality can be estimated, their effects may be combined in order to evaluate the effects of changes in the fishing mortality rate. An understanding of stock structure is necessary for designing appropriate management regulations in fisheries where multiple stocks are differentially exploited. It has been noted that the increased technical ability to discriminate fish populations has led to synonomy between population and stock. It is argued, however, that this classical definition still has validity in the sense that accessibility is implicit in stock definitions and that accessibility is mediated largely by within-population ecological attributes such as migratory modalities.
Mass Transfer Effects: Immobilized and Heterogeneous Reaction Systems

Chemical kinetics or bioprocess kinetics in general is first derived based on homogenous systems or when mass transfer is not a limiting factor, which is also termed intrinsic kinetics. For large particles and immobilized cell or enzyme systems, mass transfer can be a limiting factor affecting the availability of substrate at the site of reaction. In this chapter a general Monod (or Mechaelis-Menten) rate expression is employed as the intrinsic reaction rate to elucidate the effects of mass transfer in the fluid phase (external mass transfer) and inside the solid matrix (internal mass transfer). The external mass transfer effects are weaker if the diffusion coefficient is high, flow is strong or the particle is small. The internal mass transfer effects are stronger if the Thiele modulus is large. Thiele modulus is a function of particle size, diffusivity, and intrinsic reaction kinetic parameters. Porous catalyst, encapsulated biocatalyst, biofilm and intraparticle thermal effects are discussed in this chapter. For biocatalyst immobilized system via encapsulation, capsule size, biocatalyst loading (inside the capsule), capsule shell material or permeability and the capsule shell thickness, all play important roles on the reaction system as a whole. Smaller (capsule) particle size leads to higher mass transfer rate, and higher effectiveness factor. Enzyme loading affects maximum rate as well as the diffusivity inside the shell. Higher biocatalyst loading leads to higher maximum rate and lower effective diffusivity, resulting in a higher Thiele modulus and lower effectiveness factor. In general, iterative solutions are necessary when both internal and external mass transfer effects are important. Reactor analysis including the mass transfer effects can be incorporated by including the effectiveness factor with the reaction rate. The shrinking core model is applicable in areas ranging from pharmacokinetics (e.g., dissolution of pills in the stomach), to biomass gasification (solid to gas phase), to biomass extraction (solid to liquid phase), to porous catalyst regeneration (solid to gas phase), to coal particle combustion (solid to gas phase), to pulping and bleaching of fibers (solid to liquid phase), to pyrolysis. Mass transfer, especially diffusion in the solid matrix is often the rate-limiting step in biomass conversion processes.
Primary care models for treating opioid use disorders: What actually works? A systematic review.

Background Primary care-based models for Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) have been shown to reduce mortality for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) and have equivalent efficacy to MAT in specialty substance treatment facilities. Objective The objective of this study is to systematically analyze current evidence-based, primary care OUD MAT interventions and identify program structures and processes associated with improved patient outcomes in order to guide future policy and implementation in primary care settings. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsychInfo. Methods We included randomized controlled or quasi experimental trials and observational studies evaluating OUD treatment in primary care settings treating adult patient populations and assessed structural domains using an established systems engineering framework. Results We included 35 interventions (10 RCTs and 25 quasi-experimental interventions) that all tested MAT, buprenorphine or methadone, in primary care settings across 8 countries. Most included interventions used joint multi-disciplinary (specialty addiction services combined with primary care) and coordinated care by physician and non-physician provider delivery models to provide MAT. Despite large variability in reported patient outcomes, processes, and tasks/tools used, similar key design factors arose among successful programs including integrated clinical teams with support staff who were often advanced practice clinicians (nurses and pharmacists) as clinical care managers, incorporating patient “agreements,” and using home inductions to make treatment more convenient for patients and providers. Conclusions The findings suggest that multidisciplinary and coordinated care delivery models are an effective strategy to implement OUD treatment and increase MAT access in primary care, but research directly comparing specific structures and processes of care models is still needed.
Text, Body and Law: Naked Prayer in the Commentaries of the Mukhtaṣar Khalīl

ABSTRACTWestern scholarship has long associated the visibility of positive law (furū` al-fiqh) texts with medieval Islam’s intellectual decline. Lacking the originality of legal hermeneutics (uṣūl al-fiqh), works of positive law and their favorite literary genres, commentary (sharḥ) and abridgment (mukhtaṣar), have as a result suffered a special neglect within the academy. Rarely has either been addressed as more than stolid, imitative, work of medieval legists. This article seeks to reassess such a narrative of Islamic legal literature. Through a reading of eight commentaries of the classic fourteenth century furū` abridgement, Mukhtaṣar Khalīl, this article explores the ways in which Maliki jurists debated a particularly thorny issue underpinning ritual, body, and society. It will consider three broad questions: (1) How was the status of the body connected to maintaining the health of the community? (2) In what ways did jurists balance contradictory obligations between body, worship, and society? (3) Ho...
Visual dominance in pilots during recovery from upset

We conducted an unusual attitude recovery flight test in an instrumented L-29 fighter jet trainer owned by the Operator Performance Laboratory (OPL) using commercial airline first-officer participants who had not yet achieved the rank of captain on any aircraft, who had no military flight training background, and who have not had any acrobatic training in the flight background. Two test spirals were conducted with 15 participants serving in Spiral 1 and 12 participants serving in Spiral 2. Spiral 1 was a screening study and is not discussed in this paper. We investigated if Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) could enhance the pilot's ability to recognize and recover from unusual attitude (uA) conditions compared to present-day Electronic Flight Information Systems (EFIS). Additionally, we investigated the effect of display field of view (FOV, 12 degrees and 30 degrees) and if recoveries with SVS over open water caused any problems in the recognition of the aircraft attitude. The evaluation pilot (EP) participants were seated in the rear crew station of the L-29 which had electronic displays that showed the test symbology. The canopy had a view limiting device which eliminated any and all view to the outside world. Carefully designed unusual attitude entry conditions were developed for this flight test and administered by the safety pilot (SP) while the EP had their eyes closed and their hands on their laps. On the command of the SP, the EPs opened their eyes and recovered from the unusual attitude (90 degrees angle of bank, 40 degrees nose low). The results indicate that the response time (time from opening the eyes to making first input) were statistically significantly (F 1,104=4.14, p=0.044) longer in the SVS display condition when the wide FOV was used. We determined that some of the lake features on SVS caused confusion with the sky, thus resulting in longer response times. However, while the response times were longer with the wide FOV SVS, the recovery times were statistically significantly shorter (F 1,105=4.06, p=0.046) and the SVS-Wide display condition overall produced less altitude loss (2,531 ft) when compared to all other conditions on average (2,722 ft). This flight test investigated many aspects of recovery with standard EFIS and SVS in real flight conditions using an acrobatic capable aircraft and significant unusual attitude entry conditions. Recommendations are made with regard to managing the depiction of water features on SVS. Flight technically, recoveries were better with wide FOV SVS than with narrow FOV SVS or standard EFIS. Subjectively, EPs clearly preferred the wide FOV SVS.
Investigating discounting of discounts in an online context: The mediating effect of discount credibility and moderating effect of online daily deal promotions

Abstract This research sheds light on the theoretical mechanism behind consumer discounting of discounts and extends it to the online daily deals context. Based on advertising and behavioral pricing research, we develop and empirically test a conceptual model of the effects of discount level on consumer perceptions of discount credibility, the extent of discounting of discounts, and change in purchase intentions for online daily deal promotions as compared with price promotions offered directly by online stores. The findings offer important managerial recommendations for retailers and daily deal managers with respect to utilizing direct online price promotions and daily deal promotions.
Traditional figures in carnival : their preservation, development and interpretation

(1985). Traditional Figures in Carnival: Their Preservation, Development and Interpretation. Caribbean Quarterly: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 14-34.
Adoption of Energy Efficiency Technologies: A Review of Behavioral Theories for the Case of LED Lighting

What factors are most significant in understanding adoption behavior for energy efficiency technologies by commercial, residential, and industrial customers? The case of energy efficient lighting technologies is specifically examined. Several types of lighting technologies are compared to indoor LED lighting to determine how the technology meets the needs of the various user types. What factors are most significant in motivating technology adoption for such technologies, and preventing subsequent technology disadoption? This is particularly important for energy efficient lighting technologies, as both technology adoption and technology disadoption can be extremely rapid, and ongoing user involvement is often required to recognize full benefits from these technologies. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) is useful in explaining adoption behavior related to stakeholder expectation and buy-in for the new technologies. UTAUT contains four elements that can be adapted to fit this research: (1) Performance Expectancy; (2) Effort Expectancy; (3) Social Influences; and (4) Facilitating Conditions. In the case of energy efficient lighting adoption, and LED adoption in particular, performance expectancy and effort expectancy can be related to factors such as future energy price expectancies, actual savings results, and ease of energy savings. Factors involving social influences include perceptions of environmental friendliness among different user groups, and facilitating conditions include policies, incentives, and educational programs to encourage adoption. Some conclusions are then drawn regarding adoption factors for emerging energy efficient lighting technologies.
Operating Room Attire Policy and Healthcare Cost: Favoring Evidence over Action for Prevention of Surgical Site Infections

Background The Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN) released new guidelines for operating room attire in 2015 in an attempt to reduce surgical site infections (SSIs). These guidelines have been adopted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. We aimed to assess the relationships among operating room attire, SSIs, and healthcare costs. Study Design In March 2016, our center introduced the AORN attire policy. National Health Safety Network data from our hospital were collected on general surgery, cardiac, neurosurgery, orthopaedic, and gynecology procedures from January 2014 to November 2017. The SSI rates and microbiological culture data for 30,493 procedures before and after policy implementation were compared using propensity score matching. The associated costs of the AORN policy were analyzed. Results After 1:1 propensity score matching, 12,585 matched pairs spanning the policy change were included (25,170 patients total); before policy change (BC group) and after policy change (AC group). The rate of SSIs did not differ between groups (1.0% AC group vs 1.1% BC group; p = 0.7). There was no difference in the incidence of Staphylococcal species cultured from wounds (19.3% AC group vs 16.8% BC group; p = 0.6). Multivariable analyses demonstrated that wound classification and emergent procedures were the strongest independent predictors of SSIs. The cost of attire for 1 person entering the operating room increased from $0.07 to $0.12 before policy change to $1.11 to $1.38 after policy change. Use of the mandated operating room long-sleeved jackets alone in our institution was associated with an added cost of $1,128,078 annually, which translates to an estimated $540 million per year for all US hospitals combined. Conclusions Implementation of the AORN guidelines has not decreased SSIs and has increased healthcare costs.
Polymer conjugation of proteins as a synthetic post-translational modification to impact their stability and activity.

For more than 40 years, protein–polymer conjugates have been widely used for many applications, industrially and biomedically. These bioconjugates have been shown to modulate the activity and stability of various proteins while introducing reusability and new activities that can be used for drug delivery, and to improve pharmacokinetic ability and stimuli-responsiveness. Techniques such as RDRP, ROMP and “click” have routinely been utilized for the development of well-defined bioconjugate and polymeric materials. The synthesis of bioconjugate materials often takes advantage of the natural amino acids present within the protein and peptide structures for a host of coupling chemistries. Polymer modification may elicit increased or decreased activity, activity retention under harsh conditions, and prolonged activity in vivo and in vitro, and introduce stimuli responsiveness. Bioconjugation has resulted in modulated thermal stability, chemical stability, storage stability, half-life and reusability. In this review we aim to provide a brief account of the field, highlight a wide range of behaviors caused by polymer conjugation, and provide directions for future work.
Alexandra Nickerson, The Privacy Paradox: The Liberation and Burden of Being Let Alone

Privacy is as complex a concept as it is ubiquitous. But Vanderbilt law and history professor Sarah Igo bravely takes on the challenge of chronicling the history of this mutable, yet fundamental American value. In doing so, she demonstrates the irreconcilable trade-off between privacy and exposure, both of which can be liberating and oppressive in their own right. Readers will be impressed by the depth and the breadth of this tome, as Igo examines privacy’s role in fields as disparate as law, psychometrics, philosophy, and technology. As a result, they will come away with a profound, new consciousness of being “known” to the government and to all facets of society. Despite the feelings of vulnerability this awareness may induce, Igo’s book gives us the knowledge, perspective, and foresight to revisit our own privacy debates with agency and determination. As known citizens, the future of privacy is in our hands.
Sugarcane Mosaic Distribution, Incidence, Increase, and Spatial Pattern in Louisiana.

Sugarcane mosaic is a historically important disease in Louisiana currently caused by sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV). Successful breeding for resistance reduced the disease to low incidence in commerc...
School Violence: Correlates, Interventions and Prevention

Every time a rampage school shooting occurs, the importance of school safety reemerges as a national (and international) priority. As time goes by, the media lose interest and the policymakers move on to other pressing issues. However, the problem does not go away. Fortunately, in the USA, it appears that the issue has risen to the level of congressional intervention with a recent commitment of roughly $ 15 million for research (it is called the Comprehensive School Safety Initiative). The ultimate aim is to conduct the research and evaluation that will enhance school safety throughout the USA.
Compressed Sensing MRI Reconstruction on Intel HARPv2

Implementing the Iterative Soft-Thresholding Algorithm (ISTA) of compressed sensing for MRI image reconstruction is a good candidate for designing accelerators because real-time functional MRI applications require intensive computations. A straightforward mapping of the computation graph of ISTA onto an FPGA, with a wide enough datapath to saturate memory bandwidth, would require substantial resources, such that a modest size FPGA would not fit the reconstruction pipeline for an entire MRI image. This paper proposes several methods to design the kernel components of ISTA, such as matrix transpose, datapath reuse, parallelism within maps, and data buffering to overcome the problem. Our implementation with Intel OpenCL SDK and performance evaluation on Intel HARPv2 show that our methods can map the reconstruction for the entire 256x256 MRI image with 8 or more channels to its FPGA, while achieving good overall performance.