cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voluntary Cooperation in the Commons? Evidence from a Survey of Farmers in the Murray Region's Land and Water Management Planning Districts

The Land and Water Management Plans (LWMPs) developed for the irrigation districts in the Murray region of NSW are said to be at the forefront of institutional innovation for integrated resource management. Farmers have been strongly involved both in the development of the Plans (for which cost-sharing arrangements with the NSW Government were agreed in 1996) and in deliberations regarding their implementation. Governance of LWMP implementation has been substantially devolved to Murray Irrigation Limited (MIL) which has operated the irrigation schemes since their privatisation in 1994. Since MIL is owned by its irrigator customers, its role as LWMP implementation authority has effectively shifted the rising watertables of the region (which, due to their declining capacity to assimilate subsurface drainage, were the main concern of the LWMPs) from open access subsurface drainage outlets into common property. The rhetoric of the Murray LWMPs suggests that voluntary on-farm compliance is enhanced by the community ownership that has arisen through ongoing local influence over the content of the Plans and how they are to be implemented. In this paper I make some observations on how reality matches this rhetoric. The observations are based on analysis of structured interviews undertaken face to face with 240 farmers during August and September 1999.
Optimization of ascitic fluid culture technique

The conventional method of ascitic fluid culture detects bacteria in only 42%-65% of patients who have neutrocytic ascites and suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In this study ascitic fluid was cultured by the conventional method as well as by a new method consisting of bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascites. The conventional cultures grew bacteria in only 13 (43%) of 30 episodes of neutrocytic ascites, whereas the blood culture bottles grew bacteria in 28 (93%); this difference was significant (p less than 0.0001). The blood culture bottle method also resulted in more rapid detection of bacterial growth. The median concentration of bacteria in infected ascites was one organism per milliliter. Bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascitic fluid is more sensitive than the conventional method in detecting bacterial peritonitis. The insensitivity of the conventional method is probably due to the low concentration of bacteria in infected ascites and the small volume of ascites cultured by this method.
"Anything You Say May Be Used Against You": A Proposed Seminar on the Lawyer’s Duty to Warn of Confidentiality’s Limits in Today's Post-Enron World

In light of recent developments, the confidence that one's communications with a lawyer will remain sacrosanct today may be badly misplaced. This raises important questions concerning the duty of lawyers: When, to what extent, and in what detail, does an attorney communicating with someone who may expect confidentiality, have a duty to explain in advance the circumstances under which the information gained may subsequently be revealed pursuant to these or other confidentiality loopholes? Will the interviewee "clam up" in the face of such Miranda-like warnings? If so, what does this do to the premise of Upjohn and the Model Rule comment that confidentiality enables attorneys to obtain the facts necessary to advise properly against illegality? These are significant questions and are the central focus of this essay. But rather than directly answering, I propose a law school student seminar to explore them. In the course thereof, I venture directions toward some tentative conclusions.
DNA Reservoir Computing: A Novel Molecular Computing Approach

We propose a novel molecular computing approach based on reservoir computing. In reservoir computing, a dynamical core, called a reservoir, is perturbed with an external input signal while a readout layer maps the reservoir dynamics to a target output. Computation takes place as a transformation from the input space to a high-dimensional spatiotemporal feature space created by the transient dynamics of the reservoir. The readout layer then combines these features to produce the target output. We show that coupled deoxyribozyme oscillators can act as the reservoir. We show that despite using only three coupled oscillators, a molecular reservoir computer could achieve 90% accuracy on a benchmark temporal problem.
Fast Pricing of European Asian Options with Provable Accuracy: Single-Stock and Basket Options

This paper develops three polynomial-time techniques for pricing European Asian options with provably small errors, where the stock prices follow binomial trees or trees of higher-degree. The first technique is the first known Monte Carlo algorithm with analytical error bounds suitable for pricing single-stock options with meaningful confidence and speed. The second technique is a general recursive bucketing-based scheme that enables robust trade-offs between accuracy and run-time. The third technique combines the Fast Fourier Transform with bucketing-based schemes for pricing basket options. This technique is extremely fast, polynomial in the number of days and stocks, and does not add any errors to those already incurred in the companion bucketing scheme.
Cryptography, quantum computation and trapped ions

The significance of quantum computation for cryptography is discussed. Following a brief survey of the requirements for quantum computational hardware, an overview of the ion trap quantum computation project at Los Alamos is presented. The physical limitations to quantum computation with trapped ions are analyzed and an assessment of the computational potential of the technology is made.
Science Information Literacy Tutorials and Pedagogy

Objective – This study examined information literacy tutorials in science. The goals of the research were to identify which of the information literacy standards for science, engineering and technology were addressed in the tutorials, and the extent that the tutorials incorporated good pedagogical elements. Methods – The researcher chose for review 31 of the tutorials selected by members of the ACRL Science & Technology Section (STS) Information Literacy Committee. She carefully analyzed the tutorials and developed a database with codes for the topic of each tutorial, the STS information literacy standard(s) addressed by the tutorial, and whether good pedagogical elements were incorporated. The entire analysis and coding procedure was repeated three times to ensure consistency. Results – The tutorials analyzed in this study covered various subjects and addressed all the (STS) information literacy standards. The tutorials presented information clearly and allowed users to select their own learning paths. The incorporation of good pedagogical elements was limited, especially in relation to active learning elements. Conclusions – Web tutorials have been accepted as effective information literacy instruction tools and have been used to teach all elements of the STS information literacy standards. Yet, ensuring they provide a real learning experience for students remains a challenge. More serious thought needs to be given to integrating good pedagogy into these instructional tools in order to attain deep learning.
Entanglement of formation of rotationally symmetric states

Computing the entanglement of formation of a bipartite state is generally difficult, but special symmetries of a state can simplify the problem. For instance, this allows one to determine the entanglement of formation of Werner states and isotropic states. We consider a slightly more general class of states, rotationally symmetric states, also known as SU(2)-invariant states. These states are invariant under global rotations of both subsystems, and one can examine entanglement in cases where the subsystems have different dimensions. We derive an analytic expression for the entanglement of formation of rotationally symmetric states of a spin-j particle and a spin-1/2 particle. We also give expressions for the I-concurrence, I-tangle, and convex-roof-extended negativity.
Monopole Energy Loss and Detector Excitation Mechanisms

The prediction of the existence of supermassive magnetic monopoles1,2 in grand unification theories (GUTs),3,4 and of the copious production of these monopoles in the early universe,5 have led to a revived interest in the theory of the electromagnetic interactions of moving magnetic monopoles with matter. In particular, there is great interest in the rate at which monopoles lose energy in various types of astrophysical objects such as the earth and sun so that a determination of the likelihood of primordial monopoles being trapped by these objects can be made. There is even greater interest in the question of whether or not the quantity and quality of energy lost by magnetic monopoles in conventional types of particle detectors is adequate for their detection. In the pre-GUT era (roughly prior to 1979), there was little doubt about the answers to such questions. The monopole mass was expected to be sufficiently small so that acceleration of the monopoles to relativistic velocities by the Galactic magnetic fields was thought to be inevitable.
Dynamic network updating techniques for diagnostic reasoning

A new probabilistic network construction system, DYNASTY, is proposed for diagnostic reasoning given variables whose probabilities change over time. Diagnostic reasoning is formulated as a sequential stochastic process, and is modeled using influence diagrams. Given a set O of observations, DYNASTY creates an influence diagram in order to devise the best action given O. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to determine if the best network has been created, given the uncertainty in network parameters and topology. DYNASTY uses an equivalence class approach to provide decision thresholds for the sensitivity analysis. This equivalence-class approach to diagnostic reasoning differentiates diagnoses only if the required actions are different. A set of network-topology updating algorithms are proposed for dynamically updating the network when necessary.
Scratching the Bose surface

There are two distinct types of particles in nature: fermions and bosons. But it seems bosons may assume similar characteristics to fermion systems in the low-temperature regime typical of Bose–Einstein condensation.
On the Welfarist Rationale for Relative Poverty Lines

The theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement are critically reviewed. Various sources of welfare interdependence are identified, including the idea of relative deprivation as well other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk sharing with the idea of a positional good, and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The paper then reviews the problems encountered in testing for welfare effects of relative deprivation and discusses the implications of micro evidence from Malawi. The results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions. However, relative deprivation is still evident in the data from this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become a more important factor as the country develops.
Three Modes of Long Wavelength Flaring from GRS 1915+105: Implications for Jet Formation

GRS 1915+105 has exhibited at least three modes of long-wavelength (infrared to radio) flares. Class A flares are the bright (∼ 1 Jy) radio events whose apparent superluminal motion in many ways defines the microquasars. Class B flares have intermediate (∼ 50–300 mJy) flux densities in the IR and radio, and are associated with hard X-ray dipping behaviors. Class C flares are faint (∼ 5 – 50 mJy) IR/radio events associated with soft X-ray dips. We discuss each of these classes and their inter-relationships.
Modeling deep strategic reasoning by humans in competitive games

The prior literature on strategic reasoning by humans of the sort, what do you think that I think that you think, is that humans generally do not reason beyond a single level. However, recent evidence suggests that if the games are made competitive and therefore representationally simpler, humans generally exhibited behavior that was more consistent with deeper levels of recursive reasoning. We seek to computationally model behavioral data that is consistent with deep recursive reasoning in competitive games. We use generative, process models built from agent frameworks that simulate the observed data well and also exhibit psychological intuition.
The prediction of the degree of exposure to solvent of amino acid residues via genetic programming

This paper applies a new extension to genetic programming (Handley 1996, this volume) to a problem on which genetic programming has previously been applied (Handley 1994). The problem is to predict the degree of exposure to solvent (the buriedness) of a protein's amino acid residues given only the protein's primary structure. The best programs evolved are better than the programs evolved in an earlier set of experiments that used a problem-specific ad-hoc function set (Handley 1994).
Provably Secure Grouping-Proofs for RFID Tags

We investigate an application of RFIDs referred to in the literature as group scanning, in which several tags are "simultaneously" scanned by a reader device. Our goal is to study the group scanning problem in strong adversarial models. We present a security model for this application and give a formal description of the attending security requirements, focusing on the privacy (anonymity) of the grouped tags, and/ or forward-security properties. Our model is based on the Universal Composability framework and supports re-usability (through modularity of security guarantees). We introduce novel protocols that realize the security models, focusing on efficient solutions based on off-the-shelf components, such as highly optimized pseudo-random function designs that require fewer than 2000 Gate-Equivalents.
Combinatorial Group Theory and Public Key Cryptography

After some excitement generated by recently suggested public key exchange protocols due to Anshel–Anshel–Goldfeld and Ko–Lee et al., it is a prevalent opinion now that the conjugacy search problem is unlikely to provide sufficient level of security if a braid group is used as the platform. In this paper we address the following questions: (1) whether choosing a different group, or a class of groups, can remedy the situation; (2) whether some other “hard” problem from combinatorial group theory can be used, instead of the conjugacy search problem, in a public key exchange protocol. Another question that we address here, although somewhat vague, is likely to become a focus of the future research in public key cryptography based on symbolic computation: (3) whether one can efficiently disguise an element of a given group (or a semigroup) by using defining relations.
Does it pay firms to register for taxes ? the impact of formality on firm profitability

This brief summarizes the results of a gender impact evaluation study; entitled Does it pay firms to register for taxes? The impact of formality on firm profitability, conducted in Bolivia. This paper estimates the impact of registering for taxes on firm profits in Bolivia, the country with the highest levels of informality in Latin America. A new survey of micro and small firms enables us to control for a rich set of measures of owner ability and business motivations that can affect both profits and the decision to formalize. Registering to pay taxes leads to significantly higher profits. Firms which obtain a tax ID number earn 88 percent greater profits. Male and female owners do not have significantly different profitability. There are heterogeneous effects. Registering has a positive impact for firms with 2-5 workers, but registering leads to lower profits for firms that are larger than 5 employees and smaller than 2 employees. Funding for the study derived from World Bank ESW.
Is Titan's shape caused by its meteorology and carbon cycle?

[1] Titan's shape is characterized by a difference between the long equatorial radius and the polar radius that is several hundred meters larger than that predicted by the flattening due to its spin rate. The North polar region is covered by large mare filled with hydrocarbons, including ethane. Moreover global circulation models predict ethane precipitation on the polar areas. This study shows that the shape of Titan can be explained by the subsidence associated with the substitution of methane with ethane-rich liquids percolating into the crust which, as suggested by evolution models, may be composed of methane clathrate hydrates. Such substitutions have been observed in laboratory experiments. This process would provide an additional methane source as required for sustaining the presence of this constituent in Titan's atmosphere through its history. A 270 m subsidence of the polar caps is explained by the circulation of 1.5 to 6 × 1018kg of ethane in the top three kilometers of an initially methane-clathrate crust. This process would have operated during the last 300–1200 Myr at the present ethane production rate.
CORE AND RESIDUAL INTERSECTIONS OF IDEALS

D. Rees and J. Sally defined the core of an R-ideal I as the in- tersection of all (minimal) reductions of I. However, it is not easy to give an explicit characterization of it in terms of data attached to the ideal. Until recently, the only case in which a closed formula was known is the one of inte- grally closed ideals in a two-dimensional regular local ring, due to C. Huneke and I. Swanson. The main result of this paper explicitly describes the core of a broad class of ideals with good residual properties in an arbitrary local Cohen-Macaulay ring. We also find sharp bounds on the number of minimal reductions that one needs to intersect to get the core.
Pulmonary Delivery of siRNA via Polymeric Vectors as Therapies of Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Despite the fact that current therapies, such as the combination of inhaled corticosteroids and β2-agonists, can control the symptoms of asthma in most patients, there is still an urgent need for an alternative anti-inflammatory therapy for patients who suffer from severe asthma but lack acceptable response to conventional therapies. Many molecular factors are involved in the inflammatory process in asthma, and thus blocking the function of these factors could efficiently alleviate airway inflammation. RNA interference (RNAi) is often thought to be the answer in the search for more efficient and biocompatible treatments. However, difficulties of efficient delivery of small interference RNA (siRNA), the key factor in RNAi, to target cells and tissues have limited its clinical application. In this review, we summarize cytokines and chemokines, transcription factors, tyrosine kinases, and costimulatory factors that have been reported as targets of siRNA-mediated treatment in experimental asthma. Additionally, we conclude several targeted delivery systems of siRNA to specific cells such as T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which could potentially be applied in asthma therapy.
Effect of Energy Intake during Pregnancy and Lactation on Body Composition in Rats

A paired feeding experiment involving high (H) and low (L) feeding levels during pregnancy and lactation was conducted using bred and open female rats to determine the effects on body composition. Pregnant rats contained a higher percentage of water in the fat-free body (FFB) than that of non-pregnant rats indicating tissue hydration. Composition of the FFB and fat-free dry matter (FFDM) was not altered by feeding level during pregnancy. During lactation, the feeding levels were either continued H-H and L-L or were changed to H-L or L-H within the lactating or open (non-lactating) pairs. Composition of the FFB and of the FFDM was altered by feeding level during lactation. A high energy intake result in a greater proportional loss of ash than of protein during lactation. In contrast, neither the composition of FFB nor FFDM was altered in the non-lactating rats on similar energy intake regimes. The lactating females had a higher percentage of water in FFB than the non-lactating rats. Although there was variation in water content of FFB and in the composition of FFDM, the correlation between percentage of body water and body fat after the adjustment of effects of pregnancy, lactation, energy and their interaction, was high (r = -0.98).
A study of the MD5 attacks: insights and improvements

MD5 is a well-known and widely-used cryptographic hash function. It has received renewed attention from researchers subsequent to the recent announcement of collisions found by Wang et al. [16]. To date, however, the method used by researchers in this work has been fairly difficult to grasp. In this paper we conduct a study of all attacks on MD5 starting from Wang. We explain the techniques used by her team, give insights on how to improve these techniques, and use these insights to produce an even faster attack on MD5. Additionally, we provide an “MD5 Toolkit” implementing these improvements that we hope will serve as an open-source platform for further research. Our hope is that a better understanding of these attacks will lead to a better understanding of our current collection of hash functions, what their strengths and weaknesses are, and where we should direct future efforts in order to produce even stronger primitives.
Systematics of Ni and Co in olivine from planetary melt systems; lunar mare basalts

The systematics of Co and Ni in olivine from six Apollo 12 olivine basalts were studied by SIMS techniques and correlated with major and minor element data obtained with the electron microprobe. Our results, together with previous studies, demonstrate that one of these basalts (12009) was extruded, as a liquid, onto the lunar surface and was parental to five other cumulates (12075, 12020, 12018, 12040, and 12035). The concentrations of Ni in zoned olivine phenocrysts behave as expected for a highly compatible element with initial estimated D Ni = 9.9. On the other hand. Co concentrations in olivine vary hardly at all and show flat patterns across crystals that retain normal zoning trends for Mg, Fe, Mn, and Ni. The explanation for this behavior is not that D Co nearly equal 1 (our estimated D Co = 4) or that Co zoning has been erased by rapid diffusion of Co compared to the other elements (e.g., Mg and Fe) that still show normal zoning. The explanation for the behavior, as originally suggested by Kohn et al. (1989), is that the increase in D Co with crystallization exactly balances the depletion of Co in the melt. This decoupling of the behavior of Ni and Co in olivine results in significant increases in Co/Ni with crystallization.
Experimental measurements of saturation overshoot on infiltration

[1] Gravity-driven fingers in uniform porous medium are known to have a distinctive nonmonotonic saturation profile, with saturated (or nearly so) tips and much less saturation in the tails. In this work, constant-flux infiltrations into confined porous media (laterally smaller than the finger diameter, thus essentially one-dimensional) are found to produce saturation overshoot identical to that found in gravity-driven fingers. Light transmission is used to measure the saturation profiles as a function of infiltrating flux, porous media grain size, grain sphericity, and initial water saturation. Saturation overshoot is found to cease below a certain minimum infiltrating flux. This minimum flux depends greatly on the grain sphericity and initial water content of the media and slightly on the mean grain size. The observed saturation overshoot is inconsistent with a continuum description of porous media but qualitatively matches well observations and predictions from discrete pore-filling mechanisms. This suggests that pore-scale physics controls saturation overshoot and in turn gravity-driven fingering.
Social Protection in Latin America: Achievements and Limitations

Social protection systems in Latin America have been transformed in the past two decades. Until the 1980s, those who were not covered by the social security arrangements available primarily in the urban formal sector received little public assistance beyond universal subsidies for some food or fuel purchases. Since the 1990s, the introduction of non-contributory social insurance programs (including social pensions) and conditional cash transfers has substantially extended the coverage and improved the incidence of social assistance. However, the organic growth of subsidized social assistance in parallel to the older social insurance system, financed largely out of taxes on formal sector employment, has led to a dual system that is neither properly equitable nor efficient. The twin challenges that now face social protection in Latin America are to better integrate those two halves of the system, and to develop programs that promote sustainable self-reliance, by moving from safety nets to opportunity ropes.
Drop impact and capture on a thin flexible fiber

When a drop impacts a thin fiber, a critical impact speed can be defined, below which the drop is entirely captured by the fiber, and above which the drop pinches-off and fractures. We discuss here the capture dynamics of both inviscid and viscous drops on flexible fibers free to deform following impact. We characterize the impact-induced elongation of the drop thread for both high and low viscosity drops, and show that the capture dynamics depends on the relative magnitudes of the bending time of the fiber and deformation time of the drop. In particular, when these two timescales are comparable, drop capture is less prevalent, since the fiber rebounds when the drop deformation is maximal. Conversely, larger elasticity and slower bending time favor drop capture, as fiber rebound happens only after the drop has started to recoil. Finally, in the limit of highly flexible fibers, drop capture depends solely on the relative speed between the drop and the fiber directly after impact, as is prescribed by the momentum transferred during impact. Because the fiber speed directly after impact decreases with increasing fiber length and fiber mass, our study identifies an optimal fiber length for maximizing the efficiency of droplet capture.
Random matrices: tail bounds for gaps between eigenvalues

Gaps (or spacings) between consecutive eigenvalues are a central topic in random matrix theory. The goal of this paper is to study the tail distribution of these gaps in various random matrix models. We give the first repulsion bound for random matrices with discrete entries and the first super-polynomial bound on the probability that a random graph has simple spectrum, along with several applications.
The heavenly liquidity twin : the increasing importance of liquidity risk

Liquidity and solvency have been called the "heavenly twins" of banking (Goodhart, Charles, "Liquidity Risk Management", Financial Stability Review - Special Issue on Liquidity, Banque de France, No. 11, February, 2008). Since these "twins" interact in complex ways, it is difficult - particularly at times of crisis - to distinguish between them, especially in the presence of information asymmetries (Information asymmetry occurs when one party has more or better information than the other, creating an imbalance of power, giving rise to adverse selection and moral hazard ). An insolvent bank can be liquid or illiquid, and a solvent bank may be at times illiquid. In the latter case, insolvency is not far away, since banking is grounded in information and confidence, and it is confidence which in the end determines liquidity. In other words, liquidity is very much endogenous, determined by the general condition of a bank, as well as the perception of it by the public and market participants. Dealing with liquidity risk is more challenging than dealing with other risks, since liquidity is the result of all the operations of a bank and it is fundamentally a relative concept which compares segments of the balance sheet on the asset and liability sides. It does not deal with absolutes, like arguably the concept of capital and it explains why there is not an internationally recognized "Liquidity Accord". This Working Paper addresses key concepts like market and funding liquidity and basic tools to address liquidity issues like cash flows, liquidity gaps and some selected financial ratios. It aims at providing an introductory guide to risk assessment and management, and provides useful and practical guidelines to undertake liquidity assessments which could prove useful in preparing Financial Assessment Programs (FSAPS) in member countries of the Bretton Woods institutions.
Institutions and Firms' Return to Innovation : Evidence from the World Bank Enterprise Survey

This paper poses a question: do firms in developing countries not innovate because they are unwilling to? The question moves away from the conventional focus on the obstacles (such as the lack of access to finance) that hinder firms' innovation ability. The World Bank's Enterprise Survey is used first to estimate the return to firms' innovation across many developing countries, in terms of sales and sales per worker. Then the return to innovation is compared across countries with different levels of institutional quality. In countries with lower institutional quality (specifically, rule of law, regulatory quality, property and patent right protection), the return to firms' innovation is lower. This suggests that poor institutional environment lowers firms' return to innovation and hence discourages them from investing in researching and adopting new products.
JOBLESS GROWTH? OKUN'S LAW IN EAST ASIA

Was economic growth in East Asia jobless? This paper addresses this question using data from eight East Asian countries during the period between 1997 and 2011 to estimate the Okun's Law Coefficient, which captures the relationship between growth and employment. The analysis suggests that growth was not jobless. However, there is considerable variation across countries. Generally, the effect of growth on employment tends to magnify under more flexible hiring and firing rules. Yet even where labor markets are more tightly regulated, economic growth affects employment, not necessarily in the aggregate but in its composition. There is evidence that agricultural employment moves counter-cyclically, as opposed to non-agricultural employment. The effect is particularly pronounced in periods of economic crisis, suggesting that agriculture may serve as a shock-absorber for workers laid off in the industrial sector. Isolating non-agricultural employment reveals a stronger relationship between growth and job creation.
Relative entropy, probabilistic inference, and AI

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses relative entropy and AI. Various properties of relative entropy have led to its widespread use in information theory. These properties suggest that relative entropy has a role to play in systems that attempt to perform inference in terms of probability distributions. The chapter discusses a few basic properties of relative entropy and its role in probabilistic inference. The chapter also focuses on a few existing and potential applications of relative entropy to so-called artificial intelligence. A more fundamental approach is to interpret a general method of logical inference, to state properties that are required of any consistent method of inference, and then to study their consequences. Although AI emphasizes symbolic information processing, numerical information processing will always have an important role, particularly where uncertain information is involved. In this context, there seem to be two areas where relative entropy should have a role to play. The first arises from relative entropy's properties as an information measure—it should be useful as a means of quantifying information gains and losses within probabilistic inference procedures. The second arises from MRE's properties as a uniquely consistent inference procedure, which suggests that MRE can be used directly for inference in AI applications.
Privacy policy enforcement in enterprises with identity management solutions

People are usually asked by enterprises to disclose their personal information to access web services and engage in business interactions. Enterprises need this information to enable their business processes. This is unlikely to change, at least in the foreseeable future. When collecting personal data, enterprises must satisfy privacy laws and policies along with addressing people's expectations on how their data should be handled. Currently much is done by means of manual processes, in particular in terms of privacy enforcement: these processes are prone to mistakes and hard to comply with. Automation can help enterprises to deal with these privacy management issues, in particular the enforcement of privacy policies on collected personal data. Enterprises have already been investing in identity management solutions: they require that approaches to automate privacy management should keep into account and leverage these solutions. This paper discusses our research and development work to automate the enforcement of privacy policies in enterprises. Our model of privacy policy enforcement is introduced along with the technical details of a related prototype, integrated (as a proof of concept) with HP Select Access, a state-of-the-art identity management solution. This technology is currently under productisation. We discuss our current results and next steps.
Iron, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Injury

The ability of transition metal ions to undergo facile 1-elec-tron oxidation or reduction makes them obvious potentialchemical partners for reactions involving biological free radi-cals. It is not coincidental that superoxide dismutases, theenzymes that catalytically destroy the superoxide radical (O
Are the world’s poorest being left behind?

Traditional assessments of economic growth and progress against poverty tell us little about whether the poorest are being left behind—whether the consumption floor is rising above the biological minimum. To address this deficiency, the paper identifies the expected value of the floor as a weighted mean of observed consumptions for the poorest stratum. Under the identifying assumptions and using data for the developing world over 1981–2011, the estimated floor is about half the $1.25 a day poverty line. Economic growth and social policies have delivered only modest progress in raising the floor, despite overall growth and progress in reducing the number living near the floor.
Lepton family symmetries for neutrino masses and mixing

I review some of the recent progress (up to December 2005) in applying non-Abelian discrete symmetries to the family structure of leptons, with particular emphasis on the tribimaximal mixing ansatz of Harrison, Perkins and Scott.
The effect of randomness in the distribution of impurity atoms on FET thresholds

Significant regions of the depletion layer of a field effect device may contain only hundreds of dopant atoms. The randomness of the distribution of impurity atoms means that the average doping in the depletion layer varies from place to place in the plane of the surface. The cube approximation introduced by Shockley is adopted and used to divide the channel region of an FET into cubes whose edge is equal to the thickness of the depletion layer. The probability distribution of the threshold voltages of the cubes can then be calculated by using the Poisson distribution of impurity numbers. The conductivity of the array of cubes is treated by a modification of percolation theory. The arrays of importance in the theory of the FET are not very large, containing only tens or hundreds of elements, and the differences between nominally identical arrays is of interest to the average behavior of a large system. Random number experiments are used to develop a quantitative description of the probability of conductivity thresholds in the two-dimensional site problem with a finite number of elements. The finite percolation theory is combined with the cube threshold probability distribution to yield the probability distribution of threshold voltages of a field effect transistor in equilibrium.
James Webb Space Telescope segment phasing using differential optical transfer functions

Differential optical transfer function (dOTF) is an image-based, noniterative wavefront sensing method that uses two star images with a single small change in the pupil. We describe two possible methods for introducing the required pupil modification to the James Webb Space Telescope, one using a small (<λ/4) displacement of a single segment’s actuator and another that uses small misalignments of the NIRCam’s filter wheel. While both methods should work with NIRCam, the actuator method will allow both MIRI and NIRISS to be used for segment phasing, which is a new functionality. Since the actuator method requires only small displacements, it should provide a fast and safe phasing alternative that reduces the mission risk and can be performed frequently for alignment monitoring and maintenance. Since a single actuator modification can be seen by all three cameras, it should be possible to calibrate the non-common-path aberrations between them. Large segment discontinuities can be measured using dOTFs in two filter bands. Using two images of a star field, aberrations along multiple lines of sight through the telescope can be measured simultaneously. Also, since dOTF gives the pupil field amplitude as well as the phase, it could provide a first approximation or constraint to the planned iterative phase retrieval algorithms.
Boundary and Object Detection in Real World Images

A computer solution to the problem of automatic location of objects in digital pictures is presented. A self-scaling local edge detector that can be applied in parallel on a picture is described. Clustering algorithms and sequential boundary following algorithms process the edge data to local images of objects and generate a data structure that represents the imaged objects.
Capillary flow properties of mesh wicks

Abstract : Prediction of heat pipe behavior is extremely important in the design of thermal control for all types of spacecraft. Heat pipes are an important element in spacecraft thermal control. Heat pipes may be subjected to pulsed- heat loading or rapid transients. Previous work in this area has pointed out the need for detailed modeling of the liquid flow in the wick. The amount of liquid in any portion of the wick depends not only on the instantaneous heat input and rejection, but on the loading history. Development of a detailed liquid flow model depends upon knowledge of the saturation dependence of the flow properties, because the detailed flow model accounts for the variation in the saturation in the wick with position and time. This report describes a research effort to determine the saturation dependence of the flow properties in a heat pipe wick. The report is divided into three sections covering the x-ray saturation measurement system, the measurement of capillary pressure and the measurement of relative permeability. The objective of the present investigation is to measure the saturation dependence of the capillary flow properties for multilayer, square mech screen wicks. X-ray radiography is used to measure the saturation in the wicks. Results are presented for the capillary pressure and saturation relationship from steady-state tests. The capillary pressure curves are shown to correlate well when cast in terms of the dimensionless Leverett function. Results of transient wicking rise tests are also presented. The transient saturation distributions are used to calculate the relative permeability of the partially saturated wick structures. Keywords: Capillary pressure; Mesh wick; Porous medium; Saturation; Permeability. (kt)
Electrochemical electrophilic aromatic methylthiation in liquid SO2

Abstract Controlled potential electrolysis of dimethyldisulfide in liquid sulfur dioxide provides a strongly electrophilic methylthiating agent. This species methylthiates strongly to weakly activated arenes in good to excellent yield.
Reflection and Transmission of Elastic Waves by a Periodic Array of Cracks

Etude de l'interaction d'ondes elastiques avec une serie plane de fissures a espacements periodiques d'egales longueurs. Pour une incidence normale, on considere la reflexion et la transmission des ondes longitudinales et transversales. La solution numerique est verifiee par une application de l'equilibre des taux d'energie
The Schur-Horn Theorem for operators with finite spectrum

We characterize the set of diagonals of the unitary orbit of a self-adjoint operator with a finite spectrum. Our result extends the Schur-Horn theorem from a finite dimensional setting to an infinite dimensional Hilbert space analogous to Kadison's theorem for orthogonal projections and the second author's result for operators with three point spectrum.
Chiral Molecules Containing Metal–Metal Bonds

Many chiral compounds having metal–metal bonds are now known in which the M–M unit is the chromophore. In this review they are classified as those where it is either (1) an inherently chiral chromophore owing to helical stacking of metal–ligand bonds, or (2) not inherently chiral but surrounded by a collection of ligands bearing chiral substituents. In only a few cases have the actual CD and/or ORD spectra been measured and analyzed. These include M2X4(PP)2 molecules (PP = a bridging diphosphane) and M2(O2CR)4 molcules where R is chiral. The more recently discovered helical extended metal atom chain (EMAC) molecules are also mentioned. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Controlling the separation of laminar boundary layers in water - Heating and suction

We present an analysis of the minimum surface overheat, TW — T(XJ that will delay separation of a laminar boundary layer for a prescribed adverse pressure gradient in water. The analysis is for a Falkner-Skan wedge flow corresponding to negative values of ft. The energy and momentum equations are coupled through the viscosity variation with temperature. We employ a high Prandtl number approximation to obtain an asymptotic solution to these equations. The heat-transfer and viscosity variations are localized to a thin layer near the wall, well within the momentum boundary layer, and their primary effect on separation is to provide a "slip" velocity for the outer main parts of the flow, enabling the outer, shear-layer like part of the flow to sustain a more adverse pressure gradient than it could in the absence of heating. Although heating does delay separation, its effect is shown to be small for practical values of wall overheat, particularly compared to the effect of suction. For example, a suction velocity ratio of less than 0.0001 would have a comparable effect in maintaining an attached flow as an overheat of 40°F.
EkhoNet: high speed ultra low-power backscatter for next generation sensors

This paper argues for a clean-slate redesign of wireless sensor systems to take advantage of the extremely low power consumption of backscatter communication and emerging ultra-low power sensor modalities. We make the case that existing sensing architectures incur substantial overhead for a variety of computational blocks between the sensor and RF front end - while these overheads were negligible on platforms where communication was expensive, they become the bottleneck on backscatter-based systems and increase power consumption while limiting throughput. We present a radically new design that is minimalist, yet efficient, and designed to operate end-to-end at tens of μWs while enabling high-data rate backscatter at rates upwards of many hundreds of Kbps. In addition, we demonstrate a complex reader-driven MAC layer that jointly considers energy, channel conditions, data utility, and platform constraints to enable network-wide throughput optimizations. We instantiate this architecture on a custom FPGA-based platform connected to microphones, and show that the platform consumes 73x lower power and has 12.5x higher throughput than existing backscatter-based sensing platforms.
New three-dimensional simulation models for cylindrical and toroidal plasmas

A new class of three-dimensional particle simulation models using finite-size particles has been developed which is useful for studying plasma behavior in large, cylindrical, and toroidal systems. The model makes use of the combination of eigenfunction expansion in one direction and the multipole expansion on a two-dimensional spatial grid for solving the Maxwell equations and for pushing particles. For a toroidal system, the Poisson equation is solved by using the cubic spline technique in the radial direction. It is shown that, using presently available computers, full three-dimensional simulations may be carried out for real plasma devices such as tokamaks or pinch devices where only several eigenmodes are required in the axial direction. Results of the simulations for the thermal fluctuations are shown to agree with the theoretical predictions for both cylindrical and toroidal systems.
Fluorine-containing reagents in organic synthesis

Progress in organofluorine chemistry has always depended markedly on the discovery of alternatives to fluorine as a reagent for the synthesis of C-F bonds. Indeed, Moissan himself adopted this approach (see Chapter 4), and it is a privilege for us to honour him on the centennial of his isolation of fluorine by reviewing our on-going research centered on the development of simple and easily handled fluorinating agents . Also covered briefly is the use of fluorine-containing reagents in general organic synthesis, including cationic reagents containing complex fluoroanions which we have developed in connection with our activities in the field of superacid chemistry.
Application of germyldesulfonylation reactions to the synthesis of germanium-containing nucleoside analogues

Treatment of the protected (E)-5′-deoxy-5′-[(p-toluenesulfonyl)methylene]uridine and adenosine derivatives with tributyl- or triphenylgermane hydride (AIBN/toluene/Δ) effected radical-mediated germyldesulfonylations to give 5′-(tributyl- or triphenylgermyl)methylene-5′-deoxyuridine and adenosine derivatives as single (E)-isomers. Analogous treatment of 2′-deoxy-2′-[(phenylsulfonyl)methylene]uridine with Ph3GeH afforded the corresponding vinyl triphenylgermane product. Stereoselective halodegermylation of the (E)-5′-(tributylgermyl)methylene-5′-deoxy nucleosides with N-iodosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide provided the Wittig-type (E)-5′-deoxy-5′-(halomethylene) nucleosides quantitatively, while no halodegermylations was observed with the 5′-deoxy-5′-(triphenylgermyl)methylene counterparts. Treatment of the vinyl trialkylgermanes with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid effected protiodegermylation, while vinyl triarylgermanes were stable under the acidic conditions.
Evolving dairy markets in Asia: Recent findings and implications

Abstract This paper is an overview of important findings regarding the ongoing evolution of Asian dairy markets based on a series of new economic investigations. These investigations provide systematic empirical foundations to assess Asian dairy markets with their new consumption patterns, changing industries, and trade prospects under different domestic and trade policy regimes, with four case studies (China, India, Japan, and Korea), a prospective analysis of future regional patterns of consumption, and a policy analysis of trade liberalization of Asian dairy markets. The overview distills the findings of these new investigations and integrates them in the earlier economic literature; it draws policy implications, and identifies lessons for countries outside of Asia, especially for emerging exporters in Latin America.