cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral concussion in rats: evidence of a hyper- and subsequent hypometabolic state

Following cerebral concussion, in which there is no evidence of direct morphological damage, cells are exposed to an increase in extracellular potassium as well as an accumulation of calcium. This concussion-induced ionic flux most likely alters the cellular energy demands thereby modifying metabolic processes. To investigate the metabolic changes after cerebral concussion, local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (lCMRglc) utilizing [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose were studied in rats (n = 98; 250-300 g) immediately, 30 min, 6 h, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days following a unilateral frontoparietal fluid percussion (F-P) injury (3.7-4.3 atm). Compared to sham controls, animals exhibited bilateral hypermetabolism immediately following brain injury. However, this effect was more pronounced in structures ipsilateral to the site of F-P and was especially marked for the cerebral cortex (46.6-30.1% higher than control) and hippocampus (90.1-84.4% higher than control). By 30 min post-trauma many ipsilateral regions still showed evidence of hypermetabolism, although their lCMRglc had subsided. Beginning as early as 6 h following injury many regions within the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus went into a state of metabolic depression (16.4-33.7% of control) which lasted for as long as 5 days. These results indicate that, although not mechanically damaged from the insult, cells exposed to concussive injury dramatically alter their metabolic functioning. This period of post-concussive metabolic dysfunction may delineate a period of time, following injury, during which cells are functionally compromised.
Perturbations of whispering gallery modes by nanoparticles embedded in microcavities.

The effects of perturbations of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in cylindrical microcavities by embedded particles are studied by FDTD modeling. The principal effects are: i) spectral shift of the WGM-related peaks caused by the variation of the average index, ii) broadening of the WGM peaks introduced by the scattering, and iii) splitting of the WGM peaks due to formation of symmetric (SSW) and antisymmetric (ASW) standing waves. The focus of this work is on the last effect. We show that it can be maximized by placing the nanoparticle inside the cavity at a position corresponding to the antinode of the radial distribution of intensity of WGM. It is demonstrated that in this case the magnitude of splitting reaches several angstroms for 5 µm cavities with index 1.59 supporting moderately high quality (Q≈105) WGMs. We show that for relatively small particles with radius <70 nm and index contrasts <0.2 the magnitude of SSW/ASW splitting is linearly dependent on the size and index of the nanoparticle. This allows developing biomolecular sensors based on measuring this splitting in porous cavities. It is predicted that a similar effect of splitting can occur in semiconductor microdisks and pillars where the role of embedded dielectric nanoparticles can be played by self-assembled quantum dots.
Relation of Ultrasonic Backscatter and Acoustic Propagation Properties to Myofibrillar Length and Myocardial Thickness

Background Ultrasonic backscatter demonstrates a cardiac cycle–dependent modulation. The exact mechanism of the modulation is under debate. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a change in size and configuration of myofilaments from systole to diastole alters acoustic propagation properties and backscatter. Methods and Results In vivo measurements were made of integrated backscatter at 5 MHz (IBR5), followed by in vitro measurements of ultrasonic attenuation, speed, and heterogeneity index using a scanning laser acoustic microscope at 100 MHz. Studies were performed in canine hearts (16) arrested in systole (8) with calcium chloride or arrested in diastole (8) with potassium chloride. Sarcomere length was measured with a calibrated eyepiece on a Ziess microscope. Wall thickness was measured with calipers. The attenuation coefficient of 220±34 dB/cm during systole was significantly higher than the coefficient of 189±24 dB/cm during diastole ( P <.01); the IBR5 of −44.7±1.2 dB during systole was significantly greater than the IBR5 of −47.0±1.0 dB during diastole ( P <.01); the ultrasonic speed of 1591±11 m/s during systole was higher than the speed of 1575±4.2 m/s during diastole ( P <.01); and the heterogeneity index of 7.4±1.8 m/s during systole was significantly lower than the index of 9.0±2.0 m/s during diastole ( P <.02). The sarcomere length of 1.804±0.142 μm during diastole was significantly higher than the length of 1.075±0.177 μm during systole ( P <.01). Wall thickness was significantly greater during systole than during diastole (20±3 versus 9±3 mm, P <.01). Conclusions Ultrasonic backscatter and propagation properties are directly related to sarcomere length and myocardial thickness and may be responsible for cardiac cycle–dependent variation in backscatter.
Single-port laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: initial operative experience.

Background Single-port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS) has been used in urologic, gynecologic, general, and colorectal surgery. We herein report our experience with the use of SPLS for total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (RP/IPAA).
Continuous cell lines with specific killer T-cell activity.

THE establishment of continuous cell lines with effector T-cell activity is an obvious starting point in the isolation and characterisation of the T-cell receptor complex. Although nature provided the plasmacytomas which played a key part in elucidating B-cell immunoglobulin structure, there are no known examples of naturally occurring lymphomas with effector T-cell activity. Initial success with fusions between plasma cells and plasmacytomas encouraged extrapolation of this technique to T cells and thymic lymphomas1, but few promising results have so far been obtained. We have approached this problem by using the carcinogenic properties of mutagens to transform T lymphocytes responding in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), with the aim of isolating cell lines with killer T-cell activity. Here we report our success in the first step of isolating continuous, though antigen-dependent, killer T-cell lines.
Regulatory roles of the tumor necrosis factor receptor BCMA.

B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a tumor necrosis family receptor (TNFR) member that is predominantly expressed on terminally differentiated B cells and, upon binding to its ligands B cell activator of the TNF family (BAFF) and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL), delivers pro-survival cell signals. Thus, BCMA is most known for its functional activity in mediating the survival of plasma cells that maintain long-term humoral immunity. The expression of BCMA has been also linked to a number of cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases that suggest additional roles for BCMA activity. Despite the recent advances in our understanding of the roles for the related TNFR members BAFF-R and transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), the signaling pathway used by BCMA for mediating plasma cell survival as well as its putative function in certain disease states are not well understood. By examining the expression, regulation, and signaling targets of BCMA we may gain further insight into this receptor and how it operates within cells in both health and disease. This information is important for identifying new therapeutic targets that may be relevant in treating diseases that involve the BAFF/APRIL cytokine network.
Solid state electrolytes : overview of materials and applications during the last third of the Twentieth Century

Abstract Solid state ionics has been a very active field of science during the last third of the century. However, the first observations of conductivity in solid electrolytes occurred over 150 years ago. Faraday reported the transport of silver ions through silver sulfide in 1834. The present report describes some of the more recent investigations of solid state ionic materials and devices, with emphasis on room temperature materials and solid state batteries. Prof. Osamu Yamamoto and his colleagues discovered the most conductive room temperature solid ionic material that is known up to the present time. This compound is Rb 4 Cu 16 I 7 Cl 13 with a specific conductivity of 0.34 S/cm at 25°C.
Decay scheme of 25 min 131gTe

Abstract The nuclear level structure of 131 I has been investigated by studying the γ-rays emitted in the decay of 25 min 131g Te, The γ-rays were detected with Ge(Li) detectors. A total of 42 γ-rays were attributed to 131g Te, of which 21 were previously unknown. All but one γ-ray was placed in the proposed decay scheme. The half-life of the 149.8 keV level was determined to be 0.76 ± 0.05 ns. The levels are compared to those previously reported from reaction studies.
Lung specific expression of a human mutant p53 affects cell proliferation in transgenic mice

The human mutant p53(273H) has been shown in vitro to have both dominant-negative and gain-of-function properties, as well as to retain partial DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions. We have developed a line of transgenic mice in which the human mutant p53(273H) is expressed in a lung specific manner (p53 +/+/TG). Crossing of the transgenic mice with p53 knockout mice led to generate mice with various genetic backgrounds. To evaluate the influence of p53 mutants in cell proliferation in mice lung tissue, we analyzed cell proliferation rate by Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and by expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). BrdU analysis showed a 3.7-fold increase in the number of BrdU positive cells in the (p53 −/+/TG) mice compared to the (p53 −/+) mice, whereas no difference was observed in proliferation rate in the p53 −/−/TG lungs as compared to p53 −/− lungs. After the mice were treated with γ-irradiation, BrdU positive cells were absent from both the p53 −/+/TG and p53 −/+ mice, whereas a decrease in the rate of cell proliferation occurred in p53 −/−/TG lungs as compared to p53 −/− lungs. Real time PCR results indicated that the p53(273H) mutant did not retain the function to activate expression of p21 WAF1/CIP1 in the transgenic mice. The above results indicate that overexpression of the human mutant p53(273H) in vivo results in an increase in basal proliferation rate which requires the presence of wild type p53. Mutant p53(273H) may affect cell proliferation by interrupting murine endogenous p53 function.
Legislative, regulatory and juridical dilemmas in environmental auditing

Environmental auditing poses a difficult decisional problem to every corporation: to do, or not to do. Yet, the choices are not straightforwardly evident even though there is a consensus that environmental audit is an essential component of environmentally responsible corporate management. From the perspective of a corporation, especially that of an industrial firm, there are both benefits and drawbacks to environmental audits. This paper offers a primer on the pertinent legislative, regulatory and juridical dilemmas confronting corporate managers in this regard and argues that adoption of meaningful environmental compliance and effective auditing programmes by corporations represents prudentially good business policy. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Dimensions of Employee Morale12

Summary When the results of employee opinion surveys are communicated to management and supervisory personnel, they frequently ask “What can we do to improve the situation?” and “What are the causes?” These questions are often difficult to answer, especially if the survey results are expressed only in terms of overall morale indices. Survey results may be more meaningful if they deal with specific satisfactions and dissatisfactions of the employee group. Specific satisfactions may also be more useful to management in planning programs for improvement. To determine some of these specific satisfactions, a 62-item employee opinion survey was subjected to a modified centroid factor analysis. This survey had previously been filled out by 2072 clerical and management employees. Twelve factors emerged from the analysis. One of the factors was identified as a general bias or “halo” factor, and another was identified as a general attitude toward supervision. The remaining ten factors were identified as: Pride in company, intrinsic job satisfaction, and satisfaction with each of the eight following conditions–setting up and enforcing job standards, supervisory consideration, work load and pressure, interest in and treatment of the individual, administration of salaries, communications, development and progress, and co-workers. This analysis suggests areas of satisfaction which can be utilized to further understand and improve employee morale.
Dendritic arrangements in the cat medial superior olive.

Abstract Examination of material prepared for electron microscopy and with Golgi and reduced silver methods for light microscopy, reveals the existence of both rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral components of the dendritic arrangement within the cell plate of the medial superior olivary nucleus. Cell types in addition to the central bipolar and marginal cells classically associated with the medial superior olive were found. They include multipolar cells, cells which are rostro-caudally elongated and those whose dendritic treees are restricted to one half of the nucleus. Many cells that appear bipolar in transverse section also have rostro-caudal dendritic shafts that can be seen in sagittal sections to form an overlapping mesh. The dendritic terminal arbors curve and intertwine at all medio-lateral levels across the nucleus. Beyond the glial sheets that cover the cell surface and its single layer of synaptic terminals are fascicles of myelinated axons running either perpendicularly to the cell plate or rostro-caudally. This pattern of soma, terminal, glia and axons is interrupted by occasional sites of direct contact between dendrites that are often characterized by attachment plaques. Multiple cell types, varying dendritic arrangements and the presence of dendro-dendritic appositions provide an anatomical substrate for a greater complexity of connections and interactions than previously associated with the medial superior olive.
Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: changes in incidence, pathogens and outcomes

Sepsis has been around since the dawn of time, having been described for more than 2000 years, although clinical definitions are recent. The consensus sepsis definitions have permitted worldwide epidemiological studies of sepsis to be conducted. We now recognize the common nature of sepsis and the consistency of its disease – particularly severe sepsis and septic shock. The incidence of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock continues to increase, and although Gram-positive bacterial pathogens remain the most common cause of sepsis, fungal organisms are increasing rapidly. We have made progress over the past half-century in identifying and treating patients with sepsis, and decreasing fatality rates reflect this progress. However, owing to the increasing incidence of sepsis, the number of people who die each year continues to increase. The mortality with sepsis, particularly related to treating organ dysfunction, remains a priority to clinicians worldwide and is deserving of greater public health attention.
Personality of the judge in recognition of departure from role expectation

It was proposed that an observer must be unusually sensitive to role requirements to be able to use information from an actor's behavior when he deviates from role expectations in a more subtle way than failing to follow role-playing instructions. Other-directed (interpersonally sensitive) or inner-directed (interpersonally less sensitive) students observed a videotape of a person acting in either a role-consonant or a role-deviant manner. As expected, there was significantly ( p < 0.005) less variance among the ratings when other-directed observers viewed role-deviant behavior than in the other three conditions. There was also greater polarization in the ratings of true position of the role-deviant interviewers by the other-directed observers than in the other three conditions ( p < 0.01).
Observations of "forbidden" soft-x-ray transitions: Li K absorption in LiF

A weak absorption band at 53.5-60 eV, associated with transitions from the $\mathrm{Li} 1s$ core level to the $s$-like conduction band of LiF, has been detected, confirming the results of recent band calculations.
Aids to text comprehension

This article explores three kinds of aids to text comprehension: aids for selecting information, such as behavioral objectives, or underlining; aids for building internal connections, such as outline headings or structured notetaking; aids for building external connections, such as concrete advance organizers or elaboration activities. Progress in understanding and using aids‐to‐text‐comprehension can be made by determining how various aids affect the internal cognitive processing of text information during reading.
A cell that dies during wild-type C. elegans development can function as a neuron in a ced-3 mutant

Mutations in the C. elegans gene ced-3 prevent almost all programmed cell deaths, so that in a ced-3 mutant there are many extra cells. We show that the pharyngeal neuron M4 is essential for feeding in wild-type worms, but in a ced-3 mutant, one of the extra cells, probably MSpaaaaap (the sister of M4), can sometimes take over M4's function. The function of MSpaaaaap, unlike that of M4, is variable and subnormal. One possible explanation is that its fate, being hidden by death and not subject to selection, has drifted randomly during evolution. We suggest that such cells may play roles in the evolution of cell lineage analogous to those played by pseudogenes in the evolution of genomes.
Effect of anoxia/reperfusion on the reversible active/de-active transition of NADH–ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) in rat heart

The multi-subunit mammalian NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and physiologically serves to reduce ubiquinone with NADH as the electron donor. The three-dimensional structure of this enzyme complex remains to be elucidated and also little is known about the physiological regulation of complex I. The enzyme complex in vitro is known to exist as a mixture of active (A) and de-active (D) forms [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1364 (1998) 169]. Studies are reported here examining the effect of anoxia and reperfusion on the A/D-equilibrium of complex I in rat hearts ex vivo. Complex I from the freshly isolated rat heart or after prolonged (1 h) normoxic perfusion exists in almost fully active form (87+/-2%). Either 30 min of nitrogen perfusion or global ischemia decreases the portion of active form of complex I to 40+/-2%. Upon re-oxygenation of cardiac tissue, complex I is converted back predominantly to the active form (80-85%). Abrupt alternation of anoxic and normoxic perfusion allows cycling between the two states of the enzyme. The possible role in the physiological regulation of complex I activity is discussed.
Phase transitions in samarium at high pressures

The electrical behavior of Sm was studied for pressures up to 43 GPa and temperatures from 430 down to 2 K. The two N\'eel temperatures at ambient pressure are found to move toward each other as the pressure increases and finally merge into one at the dhcp phase. At room temperature, we found that Sm transforms to a new phase, presumably fcc, at about 12 GPa. The phase line between the dhcp and the new phase appears to tie with the cusp of the bcc phase line.
Activity and lifetime of a composite automobile catalyst pellet

Abstract This work analyzes the performance of a composite catalyst pellet under deactivation conditions characteristic of those found in automobile catalysis. The composite pellet is made of two layers, the inner layer supports the active metal in a high area support, whereas the outer layer is made of a different inert support. Analytical solutions relating activity and lifetime are obtained for a first order reaction and pore mouth poisoning. The results indicate that when the effective diffusivity of the outer layer is higher than in the inner support, the activity relative to initial activity can be maintained at a higher level for a longer period of time than when using a single supported catalyst. The results presented in this work indicate a significant potential to develop such catalyst for application in automobile catalysis.
Flunarizine pretreatment attenuates hyperthermia-induced extravasation in rats

Previous work has established that there is an increase in endothelial permeability in hyperthermic rats. This work assessed the potential of the calcium channel blocker (E)-1-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (flunarizine) as a pretreatment to ameliorate this extravasation. Five groups of male rats (n=12 rats per group, 400–500 g) were given 0, 0.3, 1, 2, or 3 mg/kg flunarizine (FL0, FL0.3, FL1, FL2, and FL3, respectively) by gavage 30 min prior to induction of hyperthermia. Hyperthermia was achieved by placing unrestrained animals in their own cages in a chamber maintained at 41.5 °C until a core temperature (Tc) of 42.6 °C was attained. Then, 25 mg/kg of Evans blue in saline was administered via a jugular cannula. After 15 min the animals were anesthetized, exsanguinated, tissues removed and washed in saline, and Evans blue extracted with formamide. As the dose of flunarizine was increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) reduction of Evans blue recovered from the liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and intestinal tissue. Endurance time in the heat to reach a Tc of 42.6 °C increased significantly from 194±39 min (mean±SD) with FL0 to 275±33 min with FL1, but decreased again with FL2 (206±42) and FL3 (199±60). Thus, flunarizine pretreatment attenuated hyperthermia-induced extravasation, and 1 mg/kg flunarizine markedly increased the tolerance time to heat exposure.
Structural insight into the regulation of MOF in the male-specific lethal complex and the non-specific lethal complex

Structural insight into the regulation of MOF in the male-specific lethal complex and the non-specific lethal complex
The role of interactive biclusters in sensemaking

Visual exploration of relationships within large, textual datasets is an important aid for human sensemaking. By understanding computed, structural relationships between entities of different types (e.g., people and locations), users can leverage domain expertise and intuition to determine the importance and relevance of these relationships for tasks, such as intelligence analysis. Biclusters are a potentially desirable method to facilitate this, because they reveal coordinated relationships that can represent meaningful relationships. Bixplorer, a visual analytics prototype, supports interactive exploration of textual datasets in a spatial workspace with biclusters. In this paper, we present results of a study that analyzes how users interact with biclusters to solve an intelligence analysis problem using Bixplorer. We found that biclusters played four principal roles in the analytical process: an effective starting point for analysis, a revealer of two levels of connections, an indicator of potentially important entities, and a useful label for clusters of organized information.
Silicon (111) and (100) surfaces and their interactions with Cs, K, Na and Li; Phase changes and kinetics of desorption studied by surface ionization

Abstract The rates of desorption of Cs, K, Na, and Li atoms from the (100) and (111) surfaces of silicon are followed by surface ionization. In the temperature range of the experiments, 800–1000 K, the surfaces are prepared in two forms. The first are metastable ones produced by cooling the crystals rapidly to temperatures below their surface phase transitions. These are a well-known one for the (111) face at 1120-40 K and one for the (100) face at 980 ± 20 K. The second forms are relatively stable surfaces to which the metastable ones convert spontaneously. On the metastable surfaces the desorption is first order and relatively rapid. Comparison with a model suggests that the atoms are highly mobile. On the more stable surfaces, where the desorption is mixed first and second order, a model fitting the results has the atoms also highly mobile but concentrated at steps or edges between terraces from which most of the desorption occurs. The sticking probability for the atoms is near unity on all the surfaces, and the smaller atoms, Na and Li, penetrate into the bulk to an appreciable extent.
Comb-Push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) for Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules: Preliminary In Vivo Results

In clinical practice, an overwhelming majority of biopsied thyroid nodules are benign. Therefore, there is a need for a complementary and noninvasive imaging tool to provide clinically relevant diagnostic information about thyroid nodules to reduce the rate of unnecessary biopsies. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing comb-push ultrasound shear elastography (CUSE) to measure the mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness) of thyroid nodules and use this information to help classify nodules as benign or malignant. CUSE is a fast and robust 2-D shear elastography technique in which multiple laterally distributed acoustic radiation force beams are utilized simultaneously to produce shear waves. Unlike other shear elasticity imaging modalities, CUSE does not suffer from limited field of view (FOV) due to shear wave attenuation and can provide a large FOV at high frame rates. To evaluate the utility of CUSE in thyroid imaging, a preliminary study was performed on a group of five healthy volunteers and 10 patients with ultrasound-detected thyroid nodules prior to fine needle aspiration biopsy. The measured shear wave speeds in normal thyroid tissue and thyroid nodules were converted to Young's modulus (E), indicating a measure of tissue stiffness. Our results indicate an increase in E for thyroid nodules compared to normal thyroid tissue. This increase was significantly higher in malignant nodules compared to benign. The Young's modulus in normal thyroid tissue, benign and malignant nodules were found to be $23.2 \pm 8.29$ kPa, $91.2\pm 34.8$ kPa, and $173.0\pm 17.1$ kPa, respectively. Results of this study suggest the utility of CUSE in differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
Architecture for integration of probabilistic knowledge with digital image libraries

Abstract Purpose: Rapid, online access to libraries of digital images can help support medical education and diagnostic decision making. We are developing an architecture to integrate images and their features with knowledge-based decision support systems. Materials and methods: A Bayesian network was constructed to represent knowledge about radiographic diagnosis of primary bone neoplasms. To each set of images in the image library, a feature vector of attribute–value pairs was assigned. Each attribute specified a variable, and the value was the set of values for the node's individual states. To search the image library, the user specified a search vector of one or more attribute–value pairs. The correlation of a feature vector to the search vector was defined as the product of probability values for the search vector's specified states. Results: In a test panel of 25 cases, the case retrieval mechanism correctly retrieved and ranked image sets that matched the search vector. Conclusions: An architecture for integration of probabilistic medical knowledge and digital image libraries can be used for intelligent image retrieval. Further development of the system is underway.
The neural temporal dynamics of the intensity of emotional experience

Despite the fact that emotions involve multiple time-varying components, little is known about the underlying neural basis of these temporal dynamics. In this paper, we assess these temporal dynamics by using time-varying hemodynamic response functions (HRF) to model BOLD responses to emotional stimuli. We show that these time-varying HRFs lead to a better fit to the BOLD data and yield larger areas of significant activation than do conventional gamma-based canonical HRFs. We also report for the first time that intensity of emotional experience is associated with both magnitude and duration of brain activation. Specifically, greater negative emotional intensity was associated with greater magnitude of activation in the occipital cortex and with longer duration of activation in regions along the cortical midline associated with self-referent processing: the anterior medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex. These data significantly advance our understanding of how the brain processes emotion and suggest that the intensity of a negative emotional experience is due in part to elaborative self-referent processing that is captured by the duration of neural activity in cortical midline structures. These data also underscore the importance of using modeling techniques that will help elucidate the chronometry of both normal and psychopathological emotional processes.
Ondansetron compared with doxylamine and pyridoxine for treatment of nausea in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether ondansetron or the combination of doxylamine and pyridoxine was superior for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.METHODS:This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in which women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy were assigned to 4 mg of ond
Activation of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase in Epidermis by the Compounds which Increase Epidermal cAMP

Pig epidermal slices were incubated with various compounds which increased epidermal cAMP (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate), and the change in cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio was studied by the method of Cherrington et al (J Biol Chem 251:5209-5218, 1976) with modification. Epinephrine (5 x 10(-5) M), histamine (10(-4) M) and adenosine (10(-3) M), potent agonists of epidermal adenyl cyclase, fully activated the protein kinase (PK) during an incubation of 30 to 45 seconds, that was much shorter than that required for maximal cAMP accumulation under the same conditions (5 min). With such a brief stimulus, the epidermal cAMP-PK system did not become refractory and responded to repeated stimuli. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and isobuthylmethylxanthine (IBMX) and ethanol only partially activated the enzyme. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and theophylline which were much less effective in increasing epidermal cAMP, activated the enzyme to the same extent as PGE2 and IBMX respectively. These results suggest that protein kinase activation takes place in response to a cAMP increase in small locus of the cell. Such an increase in cAMP can be very small or even not measurable when measured as total cAMP in the tissue homogenate. Also, increases above this level may not be physiologic. It is concluded that measurement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio is a more direct and more sensitive way to study the effect of compounds which act through cAMP mediated mechanisms.
Warranting reconsidered: Response to Feldman

The examples presented by Professor Feldman underscore the need to distinguish several of the notions of warranting examined in ‘Counterfactuals.’ It is tempting to apologize for the complexity of the above considerations. But this complexity reflects the truth of the matter, that our intuitions concerning warranting require a variety of warranting notions. The aim of ‘Counterfactuals’ was to make this complexity manageable by providing a unified method, the method of e-systems and contractions, for distinguishing and explaining the types of warranting.
Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid

Abstract An analysis is described for the rapid determination of nitrate‐N in plant extracts. The complex formed by nitration of salicylic acid under highly acidic conditions absorbs maximally at 410 nm in basic (pH>12) solutions. Absorbance of the chromophore is directly proportional to the amount of nitrate‐N present. Ammonium, nitrite, and chloride ions do not interfere.
Polyplex Nanogel formulations for drug delivery of cytotoxic nucleoside analogs

Hydrophilic nanosized particles consisting of the cross-linked cationic polymer network (Nanogels) are suggested as a drug delivery system for nucleoside analog 5'-triphosphates, an active form of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Preparation, properties, and cellular effects of several polyplex Nanogel formulations with the 5'-triphosphate of cytotoxic 5-fluoroadenine arabinoside (fludarabine) (FATP) were examined and discussed here. The polyplexes have formed spontaneously by mixing solutions of FATP and Nanogels because of ionic interactions between protonated polyethylenimine (PEI) chains in Nanogel network with polyphosphate groups of the drug. Subsequent compaction of the flexible Nanogel network has resulted in an encapsulation of the FATP/PEI complex in a dense core surrounded by hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) envelope. This structure has provided a sustained release of the drug, as well as an efficient protection of FATP against enzymatic degradation. The drug loading could reach up to 33% by weight of the drug-Nanogel formulation. In vitro 35% of loaded drug has released from Nanogel formulations during the first 24 h, and a slower additional release was observed during the next 2 days. Nanogels have protected 90% of the encapsulated FATP from enzymatic dephosphorylation during the first 60 min of incubation in vitro. The drug-Nanogel formulation compared to the drug has demonstrated a significantly enhanced cytotoxicity in cultured cancer cells. Cancer cell-targeting molecules, such as folate, could be easily attached to Nanogels and this modification has resulted in a strong 10-fold increase of the carrier's internalization in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Moreover, transcellular transport of the folate-Nanogel polyplexes was found to be 4 times more effective compared to the drug alone using Caco-2 cell monolayers as an in vitro intestinal model. The data demonstrate that this carrier-based approach to delivery of cytotoxic drugs may enhance tumor specificity and significantly reduce side effects related to systemic toxicity usually observed during cancer chemotherapy.
Some Minor Reflections on Conflict Resolution: The State of the Field as a Moving Target

Based on several recent meetings between the scholarly and practice communities of the conflict resolution field, the author observes that our understanding of what we consider to be conflict resolution is changing rapidly, and that the context of a particular dispute is often determining. To continue to build knowledge in the field, scholars and reflective practitioners should examine such topic areas as the nature of practice; differences between in-house and external mediation; expectations of all parties about change and outcomes; and the ethics of intervention.
Vascular thermal adaptation in tumors and normal tissue in rats.

Purpose: The vascular thermal adaptation in the R3230 adenocarcinoma, skin and muscle in the legs of Fischer rats was studied. Methods and Materials: The legs of Fischer rats bearing the R3230 AC adenocarcinoma (subcutaneously) were heated once or twice with a water bath, and the blood flow in the tumor, skin and muscle of the legs was measured with the radioactive microsphere method. Results: The blood flow in control R3230 AC tumors was 23.9 ml/100 g/min. The tumor blood flow increased about 1.5 times in 30 min and then markedly decreased upon heating at 44.5°C for 90 min. In the tumors preheated 16 h earlier at 42.5°C for 60 min, reheating at 44.5°C increased the tumor blood flow by 2.5-fold in 30 min. Contrary to the decline in blood flow following an initial increase during the 44.5°C heating without preheating, the tumor blood flow remained elevated throughout the 90 min reheating at 44.5°C. These results indicated that thermal adaptation or thermotolerance developed in the tumor vasculatures after the preheating at 42.5°C for 60 min. The magnitude of vascular thermal adaptation in the tumors 24 h and 48 h after the preheating, as judged from the changes in blood flow, were smaller than that 16 h after the preheating. Heating at 42.5°C for 60 min induced vascular thermal adaptation also in the skin and muscle, which peaked in 48 h and 24 h, respectively, after the heating. Conclusion: Heating at 42.5°C for 1 h induced vascular thermal adaptation in the R3230 AC tumor, skin, and muscle of rats that peaked 16–48 h after the heating. When the tumor blood vessels were thermally adapted, the tumor blood flow increased upon heating at temperatures that would otherwise reduce the tumor blood flow. Such an increase in tumor blood flow may hinder raising the tumor temperature while it may increase tumor oxygenation.
Self-directed career exploration: A comparison of CHOICES and the Self-Directed Search

Abstract This study compared student satisfaction ratings for CHOICES, an interactive computer-based career guidance program, and the Self-Directed Search,a pencil-and-paper career planning guide. During the first testing session, subjects (N = 75) completed a biographical data sheet and were alternately assigned to either the CHOICES or the SDS treatment. Later, each subject completed the other treatment and two research instruments designed to assess their reactions to both treatments. Results indicated a user preference for CHOICES over the SDS, although both programs received positive ratings. The findings were discussed in terms of user reactions to career guidance programs and the selection of the most cost-effective treatment.
Merocyclophanes A and B, antiproliferative cyclophanes from the cultured terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp.

Abstract The cell extract of a cultured terrestrial Nostoc sp. (UIC 10062), obtained from a sample collected at Grand Mere State Park in Michigan, displayed antiproliferative activity against the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the cell extract, combined with LC–MS analysis, led to the isolation of two cyclophanes, named merocyclophanes A and B ( 1 and 2 ). Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR analyses. The stereoconfiguration was assigned on the basis of X-ray crystallographic and CD analyses. The structures of merocyclophanes A and B ( 1 and 2 ) established a hitherto unknown [7.7]paracyclophane skeleton in nature, as characterized by α -branched methyls at C-1/14. Merocyclophanes A and B ( 1 and 2 ) displayed antiproliferative activity against the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line with IC 50 values of 3.3 and 1.7 μM, respectively.
An Analysis of Groups in Consumer-Centered Programs

This study used a mixed methods approach to describe and analyze data from groups observed in two types of mental health consumer-centered programs, namely consumer-run drop-in centers and clubhouses. An overview of consumer-centered programs is presented, followed by a report of the study which includes a description of the groups in the sample and data on the effects of group process and group leader characteristics on group functioning. Results indicate that, for the most part, the groups were task oriented (e.g., planning events or discussing issues about the center). Psychoeducation and recovery were also frequent topics in the group meetings. In terms of group participation, consumers took on various assignments, served as facilitators, assumed tasks and roles, shared experiences, and provided support to other group participants. A major finding is that group leaders displayed both good and poor leadership behaviors. The good leadership behaviors were often efforts to respond to problematic response...
Combined effects of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid on Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether exposure to cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) would alter the toxicity associated with exposure to either toxin individually. Groups of male rats were administered 0, 0.1 or 4.0 mg CPA/kg body weight/day intragastrically (three groups per dose level) for three consecutive days and 30 min after each of these CPA doses the rats were dosed by gavage with 0, 0.1 or 2.0 mg AFB1/kg body weight/day. Six of the 12 rats given each of these nine treatments were killed on day 4 after the initial dosing, and the rest were allowed a recovery period of 4 days prior to being killed. Weight loss in the three groups receiving 2.0 mg AFB1/kg/day occurred within 24 hr of the first doses. Feed consumption by these rats was about 60% of that in the other groups. By the end of the recovery period, rats in these three groups had lost an average of 31–38 g. Feed consumption throughout the recovery period by rats in the 2.0-mg AFB1 groups was about 50% of the control value, except in the group that also received the high dose of CPA, in which it was 75%. Gross pathological findings were primarily limited to rats in the high AFB1 group, and included icterus, shrunken liver and lesions in the kidney at the cortico-medullary junction. Microscopic changes were characteristic of aflatoxicosis in rats. Glycocholic acid assays indicated liver damage only in those groups that received the high AFB1 dose. We conclude that neither toxin potentiates the action of the other at the dose levels used in this study.
Cosmic ray studies with the L3-cosmics program at CERN

The L3 detector at the CERN electron-positron collider had a muon spectrometer which was employed during the last years of LEP operation for cosmic ray studies. The results of this program include a precise muon spectrum and charge ratio between 20 GeV and 3 TeV, a limit on TeV primary antiprotons from a study of the Moon’s shadow, the (possible) observation of a are signal from a fixed position in the northern hemisphere through muons, a solar anisotropy of 200 GeV protons, and other results. Negative limits on muons associated with known H.E. gamma sources or gamma bursts, the search for anomalous H.E. interaction or decay events such as reported from the Kolar Gold Fields, and a search for muons correlated with a solar are are also noted.
Do catecholamines contribute to the effects of neonatal hypoxia on development of brain and heart? Influence of concurrent α-adrenergic blockade on ornithine decarboxylase activity

Abstract Hypoxia in the neonate releases catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, a response which is necessary to survive. This study examines whether a similar dependence exists for the ability of brain and heart tissue to recover from hypoxia-induced damage, as assessed by measurements of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Hypoxia at either 1 day or 8 days of age produced a subsequent elevation of brain ODC which persisted for 1 week, a pattern known to be associated with recovery from tissue damage and delayed cellular maturation. Pretreatment of the rats with phenoxybenzamine, an α-receptor blocking agent, resulted in attenuation of the long-term ODC response, but did not interfere with effects on the enzyme during the hypoxia itself. In the heart, hypoxia at 8 days of age displayed similar effects, with long-term ODC elevations which were attenuated by phenoxybenzamine. Hypoxia at 1 day of age also produced long-term heart ODC stimulation, but in this case the effect was exacerbated by phenoxybenzamine, an effect consistent with the greater dependence of cardiac tissue on α-receptor-mediated responses to hypoxia at that age. These results suggest that α-receptor stimulation by catecholamines released during neonatal hypoxia play a role in the metabolic adjustment of brain and heart tissue to damage and may aid in subsequent recovery.
MINERALOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON THE Fe/Ca AND Mn/Ca RATIOS OF LACUSTRINE CARBONATE ALLOCHEMS

Abstract The Fe/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios of lacustrine carbonate allochems are primarily controlled by the mineralogy of the carbonate polymorph. However, these ratios are subject to a significant degree of biological control among common biogenous carbonate forms of the same mineralogy. This suggests the trace-element ratios of the biogenous forms can serve as quantitative signals for estimating the primary mineralogy, original composition, and extent of diagenetic alteration of ancient lacustrine carbonates.
A Consideration of Galactose Toxicity in Male and Female Chicks

Abstract A CONSIDERATION of galactose toxicity and metabolism in the chick is significant in that milk products are often fed to poultry. As problems arise in some animals and humans when galactose is ingested, it is important to understand the basis of galactose toxicity. The chick is particularly sensitive to ingested galactose and exhibits some striking and characteristic symptoms. In so far as results with he chicks may be generalized, such studies are also of some theoretical significance. Although Dam (1944) reported that a diet containing 55 percent galactose caused convulsions and death of young chicks, it was subsequently found (Rutter et al., 1953) that galactose is not tolerated by chicks when fed at levels exceeding 10 percent of the diet. A typical quivering syndrome develops after several days of feeding galactose and in more severe cases epileptiform seizures and sometimes death result. Traces of lactose and high concentrations of galactose …
Applying expert system techniques to human genetics

Although expert systems have been developed in a variety of medical areas, there has been very little application of expert system techniques to the field of human genetics. The purpose of the research project described in this paper was (1) to experiment with different types of knowledge representation for data and knowledge structures in human genetics and (2) to explore the applicability of different inference mechanisms for various genetic problems. We present an object-oriented and a fact-based model for the representation of genealogical information and describe two prototype systems.
Thomas Paul's Sametl : Verse Analysis of a (Saanich) Chinook Jargon Text

A pidgin may share with other languages patterning of narrative in lines and groups of lines (verses). Chinook Jargon texts show patterns of the same kind as found in the speakers' respective Indian languages. A Saanich Salish jargon text is examined in detail, and its cultural and aesthetic interest pointed out, as well as its contribution to a general analysis of travel and outcome in Indian narratives. The recurrence in languages, including pidgins and creoles, of just a few alternative types of ethnopoetic patterning suggests an innate basis, but a functional explanation cannot be ruled out.
Strategies and suggestions for training nonprofessionals.

Problems related to the introduction and training of nonprofessionals in various structures (neighborhood service centers, service agencies, etc.) are presented. New approaches to phased, on-the-job training and the coordination of training and supervision are proposed. Problems related to the role ambiguity of the nonprofessional are discussed. Ten recommendations are offered relating to the group interview in the selecting of aides, the formation of nonprofessional groups and unions, the development of career lines, the new participation ideology of indigenous nonprofessionals (distinguishing them from traditional nonprofessionals, e.g., psychiatric aides), the limitations of traditional T groups (sensitivity groups), etc.