cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piaget's stages: the unfinished symphony of cognitive development

Abstract After a period during which Piaget's work in developmental psychology went into serious decline as a central force in the field, it has once again gained considerable interest to theorists and researchers. The purpose of the current discussion is to reconsider Piaget's stage construct so that a revised version is viable within the psychological part of the theory. The premise of the discussion is that Piaget fully intended his stages to remain at the heart of his psychology, but had difficulty meeting the objections of critics: that the stages as proposed were too vague, too broad, and too dependent on faith in a “miraculous” transition process. By shifting stage transitions to the midpoint of each stage, by adopting recursive transition processes from neo-Piagetian theories, by embracing decalage as systematic and necessary, and by using Piaget's idea of the taking of consciousness, some of the main problems of his stages can be resolved in a satisfying way. Although still not fully specified, the Piagetian stages can retain their place as general guides to cognitive development and as sources of constraints on what structures and functions are available to the developing mind.
Client Encounters in Alternative HIV Testing Sites: Counselors' Perceptions and Experiences

In this study, the authors explored HIV test counselors' perceptions of and experiences working with "difficult" and "good" clients in alternative HIV testing sites. Trained interviewers made field observations and conducted sixteen 60-minute, semistructured interviews with counselors. Counselors reported 7 main characteristics of difficult clients: (1) uncooperative, (2) mean, (3) inebriated, (4) threatening, (5) "crazy," (6) sexually inappropriate, and (7) aesthetically unappealing/overly appealing. They also identified 3 main characteristics of good clients: (1) communicative, (2) responsive, and (3) vulnerable. In addition, HIV test counselors used 4 strategies to deal with difficult clients: (1) received help from other counselors, (2) refused to test or threatened to refuse to test, (3) verbally confronted clients, and (4) "followed the forms" (ie, asked the necessary questions on the standard risk assessment forms). Results highlight the combined importance of patient characteristics, HIV test counselor characteristics, and the testing environment in contributing to difficult and good encounters in alternative HIV testing sites and point to the need for better training and support services in this area.
Verification of RANS Turbulence Models in Loci-CHEM using the Method of Manufactured Solutions

An approach for verifying Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes is presented. This approach relies on smooth, non-physical Manufactured Solutions which are chosen so as to provide contributions from all of the terms in the turbulence transport equations including convection, diffusion, production, and destruction. The Loci-CHEM CFD code is employed to solve the steady-state, compressible RANS equations in two-dimensions. The turbulence model verified is the baseline version of Menter's k-ω model. Special attention is paid to the blending function which allows the model to switch between a k-ω and a transformed k-e model. Results are presented for the observed order of accuracy on families of Cartesian structured grids, skewed curvilinear structured grids, and unstructured triangular grids. The Manufactured Solutions clearly identify problems on skewed meshes which cause the diffusion operator to become inconsistent (i.e., the discretization error does not decrease with mesh refinement). An alternative formulation for the diffusion operator is implemented and the Manufactured Solutions are shown to converge in a second-order manner with mesh refinement for the structured grids. Preliminary investigations on the unstructured meshes indicate that while the code is still consistent, the observed order of accuracy is reduced to first order. Nomenclature ω k CD cross-diffusion term in the turbulence frequency transport equation p c specific heat at constant pressure v c specific heat at constant volume k DE discretization error on mesh level k; k=1,2,3,… d normal distance to the nearest no-slip wall e Favre-averaged internal energy t e Favre-averaged total energy F Menter blending function 1 F Menter blending function for the baseline model exact f exact solution to the partial differential equations k f numerical solution to the partial differential equations on mesh level k; k=1,2,3,… h Favre-averaged enthalpy f h heat of formation
Polysaccharide synthesis on immobilized phosphorylase.

Abstract Immobilized potato phosphorylase has been prepared both by adsorption onto colloidal silica and also by attachment to porous glass. Enzyme loading on the silica derivative was greater than with porous glass, but the glass derivative had superior physical properties for flow-through operations. Each of the immobilized preparations could synthesize polysaccharide over a wide molecular-weight range up to the limit of solubility of the polysaccharide product. The porous-glass derivative was used in continuous operation at 45° and had an observed half-life of 28 days.
The role of FeS in initial activation and performance degradation of Na–NiCl2 batteries

Abstract The role of iron sulfide (FeS) in initial cell activation and degradation in Na–NiCl 2 battery was investigated in this work. The research focused on identifying the effects of FeS levels on the electrochemical performance and morphological changes in the cathode. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study along with battery tests revealed that FeS plays a critical role in initial battery activation by removing passivation layers on Ni particles. It was also found that the optimum level of FeS in the cathode resulted in suppressing Ni particle growth and improved battery cycling performance. The results of electrochemical characterization indicated that sulfur species generated in situ during initial charging, such as polysulfide and element sulfur, are responsible for removing the passivation layer. Consequently, the cells containing elemental sulfur in the cathode exhibited similar electrochemical behavior during initial charging compared to the cells containing FeS.
Adaptive Instantiation of the Protocol Interference Model in Mission-Critical Wireless Networks

To exploit the strengths of both the physical and the protocol interference models and to understand the varying observations on the relative goodness of scheduling based on the two models in literature, we analyze how network traffic, link length, and wireless signal attenuation affect the optimal instantiation of the protocol model. We also identify the inherent tradeoff between reliability and throughput in the model instantiation. Our analysis explains the seemingly inconsistent observations in literature and sheds light on the open problem of efficiently optimizing the protocol model instantiation. Based on the analytical results, we propose the physical-ratio-K (PRK) interference model as a reliability-oriented instantiation of the protocol model. Via analysis, simulation, and testbed-based measurement, we show that PRK-based scheduling achieves a network throughput very close to (e.g., 95%) what is enabled by physical-model-based scheduling while ensuring the required packet delivery reliability. The PRK model inherits both the high fidelity of the physical model and the locality of the protocol model, thus it is expected to be suitable for distributed protocol design. These findings shed new light on wireless interference models; they also suggest new approaches to MAC protocol design in the presence of uncertainties in traffic and application properties.
An in vitro study of the effects of dietary alteration and fasting on the desaturation of palmitic, stearic eicosa-8,11-dienoic and eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acids

Abstract 1. 1. No correlation was found between the rates of desaturation of palmitic, stearic, eicosa-8,11-dienoic and eicosa-8,11-14-trienoic acids with the period of time that rats were maintained on a fat-free diet. 2. 2. Feeding linoleate to rats raised on a fat-free diet did not alter the desaturation rates of the above acids. Conversely, the rates of desaturation of palmitic and stearic acids were depressed when microsomes were used from rats fed a chow diet. 3. 3. When rats raised on a fat-free diet were fasted the desaturation rates of palmitic and stearic acids were markedly depressed whereas the desaturation rates of eicosa-8,11-dienoic and eicosa-8,11-14-trienoic acids were not altered as markedly.
Sacral chordomas: Impact of high-dose proton/photon-beam radiation therapy combined with or without surgery for primary versus recurrent tumor.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of definitive treatment of sacral chordoma by high-dose proton/photon-beam radiation therapy alone or combined with surgery. Methods and Materials: The records of 16 primary and 11 recurrent sacral chordoma patients treated from November 1982 to November 2002 by proton/photon radiation therapy alone (6 patients) or combined with surgery (21 patients) have been analyzed for local control, survival, and treatment-related morbidity. The outcome analysis is based on follow-up information as of 2005. Results: Outcome results show a large difference in local failure rate between patients treated for primary and recurrent chordomas. Local control results by surgery and radiation were 12/14 vs. 1/7 for primary and recurrent lesions. For margin-positive patients, local control results were 10 of 11 and 0 of 5 in the primary and recurrent groups, respectively; the mean follow-up on these locally controlled patients was 8.8 years (4 at 10.3, 12.8, 17, and 21 years). Radiation alone was used in 6 patients, 4 of whom received ≥73.0 Gy (E); local control was observed in 3 of these 4 patients for 2.9, 4.9, and 7.6 years. Conclusion: These data indicate a high local control rate for surgical and radiation treatment of primary (12 of 14) as distinct from recurrent (1 of 7) sacral chordomas. Three of 4 chordomas treated by ≥73.0 Gy (E) of radiation alone had local control; 1 is at 91 months. This indicates that high-dose proton/photon therapy offers an effective treatment option.
Recruitment and retention in the Navajo Area Indian Health Service

Objective To determine why physicians and midlevel providers join, leave, or stay in Navajo Area Indian Health Service (IHS). Design Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained from questionnaires. Setting Navajo Area IHS hospitals. Subjects Navajo Area health care physicians and midlevel health care providers. Main outcome measures The prevalence of physicians and midlevel providers who plan to leave the Navajo Area IHS, the demographic characteristics of these physicians and midlevel providers, and the most common reasons for staying or leaving. Results A total of 221 (64%) physicians and midlevel providers responded. Of these, 58% planned to leave eventually, and 47% of all physicians and midlevel providers planned to leave in the next 3 years. Physicians and midlevel providers planning to leave tended to be younger than those planning to stay (P = 0.009). The most common reason to join the IHS was a desire to work in the Southwest, to stay was the quality of the medical staff, and to leave was lack of administrative support. Conclusions A high turnover rate of physicians and midlevel providers may occur in the next 3 years. A combination of factors specific to the provider, the institution, and the environment attracts physicians to the Navajo IHS and encourages them to stay. Factors that push physicians and midlevel providers to leave tend to be specific to the institution and are potentially amenable.
Modeling of char particle size/conversion distributions in a fluidized bed gasifier: non-isothermal effects

Abstract Mass and thermal energy balances are developed to describe the time-dependent behavior of reacting char particles distributed in both size and conversion in continuous, steam—oxygen, fluidized-bed gasifier. These relations are solved numerically utilizing the method of orthogonal collocation to simulate both steady-state and time-dependent behavior. The influences of superficial gas velocity, mechanical removal of solids, and reactants gas concentration on steady-state bed characterisctics and particle size/conversion distributions are determined. An investigation is made of particle heating times, and the validity of neglecting temperature profiles in reacting char particles is confirmed. These heating times are compared to the dynamics governing solids flow and particle size/conversion distributions. The transient responses of solids holdup and the distributions are presented to show the dynamic effects of step changes in solids feed rate, superficial gas velocity, and particle-size distribution in the feed.
The fertility decline in Kenya.

In Sub-Saharan Africa Kenya is a prime example of a country experiencing a rapid decline in fertility and greater contraceptive prevalence. These changes have occurred since 1980 when fertility was high at 8.0 children per woman. In 1993 the total fertility rate (TFR) was 5.4 and the growth rate declined to about 2.0%. This transition is swifter than any country in contemporary Asia or historical Europe. The likely projection for Kenya is attainment of replacement level fertility during the 2020s and a leveling of population at about 100 million persons. Fertility has declined the most in urban areas and central and eastern regions. Bongaarts proximate determinants (TFR total marital fertility rate total natural marital fertility rate and total fecundity) are reduced to the proportion of currently married women using contraception the proportion in lactational nonfecund status and the proportion currently married. Actual fertility change is accounted for by total fertility change of 3.0 children. Lactational infecundability accounts for 0.5 potential births and changes in marital fertility account for 1.0 reduced births per woman. About 70% of fertility reduction is accounted for by contraception and abortion. During 1977-78 80% of fertility control was due to lactational nonfecundity 10% to nonmarriage and 10% to contraception. In 1993 lactational nonfecundity accounted for 50% of the reduction nonmarriage for 20% and abortion about 30%. Future fertility is expected to be dependent on contraceptive prevalence. Kenya has experienced the Coale paradigm of preconditions necessary for demographic transition (willing ready and able). High fertility in Africa is not intractable. Creating the change in attitudes that leads to readiness is linked to education health and exposure to modernizing media and urban lifestyles. The public sector family planning program in Kenya has created the opportunity for access and availability of contraception. The key features of reform appear to be political stability public sector programs and supply of contraception through the health service.
Pick-and-place multi-wafer bonding for optoelectronic integration

The pick-and-place multi-wafer bonding technology is demonstrated by simultaneous direct bonding of nine 1.3 /spl mu/m InP strain-compensated multiquantum well wafers to a GaAs substrate. Both the bonded sample and the control sample showed identical X-ray diffraction characteristics and the bonded wafers had /spl sim/75% room temperature photoluminescence intensities relative to the control sample.
Molecular cloning and characterization of deoxyuridine triphosphatase from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

Abstract The feline lentivirus, FIV, contains dUTPase (DU) as part of the enzyme cassette encoded by the viral pol gene (Elder et al., 1992, J. Virol. 66, 1791-1794). The enzyme is processed from the Pol polyprotein and is packaged into infectious virions. We report here the basic characteristics of the viral enzyme, including substrate specificity, ion requirements, and pH optimum. We also report the overexpression of DU in Escherichia coli and insertional mutagenesis of the enzyme in the context of the complete provirus or DU alone. The enzyme requires Mg2+ for full activity and competition studies employing unlabeled dNTPs indicated that DU has an absolute preference for dUTP. The pH optimum for FIV DU is pH 7.0. The limits of the protein dictate a species of Mr 14,350, which agrees precisely with the determination by ion spray mass spectroscopy of DU isolated from virions. Cleavage sites at the junctions between DU, RT, and IN, as defined by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of each protein species, are consistent with predictions for sites of cleavage by aspartate protease. In-frame insertional mutagenesis at Tyr 75 of DU abolishes activity. Cells transfected with proviruses containing this mutation express virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity but lack DU activity. The resultant virions replicate slower than those possessing wild-type DU. Tests are currently underway to evaluate the consequences of DU mutagenesis on in vivo phenotype.
The vitellogenin gene family of Aedes aegypti

We have been interested in identifying genes that play a role in reproduction of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Our interests are currently focused on the vitellogenin genes which in the mosquito are expressed only in the fat body in response to the insect steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone. Four of the five vitellogenin genes in the genome have been cloned. We have examined the relationships between these genes and find that they form a small gene family exhibiting different levels of relationship.
Recapture Rates of Voluntarily Released Largemouth Bass

Abstract The voluntary release of legally harvestable game fish is widespread, but there is a lack of data on the sociological and biological effects of catch and release. This study assessed the effects of voluntarily releasing largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides on subsequent catch and on growth rates of recaptured fish in a multispecies fishery under statewide regulations. From 1979 to 1983, I angled, tagged, and released 339 largemouth bass and recaptured 74 of them. There was no statistically significant relationship between fish size and probability of recapture. The proportion of previously released fish in the catch increased significantly during the study, suggesting that voluntary release effectively “recycled” largemouth bass and that natural or hooking and handling mortality did not negate the effects of catch and release. Results indicate that voluntary catch and release of largemouth bass can maintain or improve fishing quality in similar situations.
Quantitative Characterization of Membrane Protein-Lipid Interactions

Protein-lipid interactions are important for membrane protein (MP) structure, function, and organization. Qualitatively, bilayer regulation of MP function or sorting has been under stood in terms of the "hydrophobic match" between MP and the lipid bilayer. However, due to difficulties in quantitative characterization of protein-lipid interactions (even in computational studies), it is difficult to understand, even on a case-by-case basis, how much and why protein stability differs from bilayer to bilayer, and how much protein-lipid interactions and a bilayer deformation penalty (caused by inclusion of the protein) contribute to such stability difference. As a first step of quantitative characterization, we calculated the transfer free energy of gramicidin A (gA) in binary lipid systems. To obtain insight into the impact of bilayer thickness and curvature on gA-lipid interactions, we have chosen two types of binary lipid systems: (1) DLPC DMPC and (2) DLPC DLPE. In order to improve sampling and accuracy of the potential of mean force (PMF), we employed window exchange umbrella sampling molecular dynamics (WEUSMD) technique with an optimal parameter set. We will discuss the preference of gA (channel) dimer to be in DLPC compared to DMPC and DLPE bilayers. For consistency check, transfer free energy calculation is required for the binary lipid system: DMPC → DLPE. Agreement will validate that the separately calculated transfer free energy profiles can be combined to characterize the changes of the gA-lipid interactions in any two chosen bilayer types. This will allow us to quantitatively map the equilibrium states of gA in bilayers with different properties and to quantitatively elucidate the consequences by the free energy decomposition method.
Rules, Agency, and International Structuration

This article advances a unified explanation of intersubjective rules, international agents, and historical structures. It also ties in national identity narratives and international practices. It shows that rules, suitably defined, instantiate and assemble themselves to form national-autobiographical narratives that become the identities of states, motivating their actions and practices. Agents here do not follow rules, rather self-activating rules constitute agents. Rules are distributed across states and other agents, some shared widely and others held narrowly. A rule can gain or lose credibility among the agents it constitutes. Rules depend on the operation of other agents’ rules for their credibility. An international historical structure is a collection of rules distributed among different states that operate to vindicate each other. The rules, shared and divided across agents, motivate practices that vindicate the rules. This process of structuration gives rise to enduring social networks of agents connected by interdependent practices. This process also yields the historical dynamics of the rise, fall, and succession of structures. Structures rise, unevenly, as new rules and practices join into the reproduction process and some old ones drop out. Structures break down when some rules are discredited, leading to a disruption of established practices, causing the discredit of yet more rules. Agents can be transformed radically. This model has strong empirical reference as the rules define categories, norms, and causal beliefs visible in discourse. The case of US-Russian relations is used for illustration.
Primary intracranial meningeal melanocytoma

Primary intracranial meningeal melanocytoma (PIMM) is an uncommon, neoplasm of the central nervous system. It is a relatively benign entity and needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of pigmented, melanin containing intracranial lesions. A case of a 25 year old right handed male, who presented with right side facial numbness, tingling and headaches, is presented. MRI findings suggested a diagnosis of primary meningeal melanocytoma, which was surgically and pathologically confirmed.
Server-Level Power Control

We present a technique that controls the peak power consumption of a high-density server by implementing a feedback controller that uses precise, system-level power measurement to periodically select the highest performance state while keeping the system within a fixed power constraint. A control theoretic methodology is applied to systematically design this control loop with analytic assurances of system stability and controller performance, despite unpredictable workloads and running environments. In a real server we are able to control power over a 1 second period to within 1 W. Additionally, we have observed that power over an 8 second period can be controlled to within 0.1 W. We believe that we are the first to demonstrate such precise control of power in a real server. Conventional servers respond to power supply constraint situations by using simple open-loop policies to set a safe performance level in order to limit peak power consumption. We show that closed-loop control can provide higher performance under these conditions and test this technique on an IBM BladeCenter HS20 server. Experimental results demonstrate that closed-loop control provides up to 82% higher application performance compared to open-loop control and up to 17% higher performance compared to a widely used ad-hoc technique.
Evaluation of Microcytic Anemia

Anemia is defined as a reduction in red blood cell mass or hemoglobin concentration in blood. It is statistically differentiated from normal states as a hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit 2 SD below the mean for the healthy population adjusted for age and sex. Anemias may be classified based on the morphologic function of red blood cells and their size on a peripheral blood smear. Subcategories are microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias, but these are not mutually exclusive. In infants and children, the most common form of anemia is microcytic. A detailed history and physical examination with appropriate laboratory test results can help detect the correct cause of anemia in most patients. The objective of this article is to aid physicians taking care of children in conducting a proper evaluation to identify the correct cause of microcytic anemia.
A stochastic model for turbulent diffusion of particles or drops

A stochastic model is presented for turbulent diffusion of particles or drops in a turbulent field. The model is free of arbitrary adjustable constants and is applicable to realistic situations where the flow is nonhomogeneous such as in boundary layers or in pipe flow. New experimental data is presented for dispersion of glass beads in the boundary layer of the University of Houston Environmental Wind Tunnel. Good agreement with the theoretical model is demonstrated.
Centralized vs. diversified user services: A user's perspective

As a group of professionals who use computers in our work, we see decentralization of computer user services as a possibly inevitable trend of the 1980s. It may be that it is simply no longer possible for a single, monolithic university or organizational computing center to provide adequately all relevant user services to a highly diversified population of users. It is important, therefore, to address the issue of how best to strike a balance between centralized and decentralized user services. That is, what kinds of services would be optimally provided by centralized user service organizations, and what kinds would best be dealt with on a departmental or college-wide basis?
ZINC DEFICIENCY IN FEMALE RABBITS

Zinc deficiency was induced in recently weaned female Tan rabbits by feeding a diet containing 0·2 p.p.m. of zinc and severely limiting their access to zinc from other sources in the environment. Reduced food consumption, weight loss, lowered haematocrit levels, frequent appearance of alopecia and dermatosis as well as reproductive failure were observed. Histologically, the uteri of the zinc-deficient rabbits were pale and inactive. The ovaries had Graafian follicles but lacked corpora lutea despite repeated attempts to mate the females.
The source of corticocollicular and corticobulbar projections in area Te1 of the rat

Cortical area Te1 in the rat commonly is associated with primary auditory cortex. It is the source of direct projections to the inferior colliculus (IC), superior olivary complex (SOC), and the cochlear nucleus (CN). A question that arises is whether these descending pathways derive from a common source or separate populations of cortical neurons. We addressed this question in seven rats by injecting either Diamidino yellow (DiY) or Fast blue (FB) into the IC and injecting the other tracer into the CN (n=4) or SOC (n=3). All injections were made on the left side of the brain. In a sample of sections through area Te1 in both hemispheres, we counted single- and double-labeled cells. We estimate that IC-projecting cells outnumber those projecting to the CN or SOC by at least a factor of ten. The source of corticofugal pathways to the left IC was heavily biased towards the same side of the brain (ipsi/contra ratio 8±2.5), whereas it was more equally distributed between the two hemispheres for the left CN and SOC (ipsi/contra ratios ranged from 0.7–2.3). Finally, we observed that only 10–20% of those cells filled with a tracer injection in the CN or SOC also contained the tracer injected into the IC. In a previous study, we observed a similarly small percentage of double labeled cells when FB and DiY were injected into the CN and SOC, respectively. Combined with the distinct laminar distribution of IC-, SOC-, and CN-projecting neurons within layer V, the results suggest that these three pathways largely derive from different populations of cortical neurons.
Nuclear repulsion enables division autonomy in a single cytoplasm

Summary Background Current models of cell-cycle control, based on classic studies of fused cells, predict that nuclei in a shared cytoplasm respond to the same CDK activities to undergo synchronous cycling. However, synchrony is rarely observed in naturally occurring syncytia, such as the multinucleate fungus Ashbya gossypii . In this system, nuclei divide asynchronously, raising the question of how nuclear timing differences are maintained despite sharing a common milieu. Results We observe that neighboring nuclei are highly variable in division-cycle duration and that neighbors repel one another to space apart and demarcate their own cytoplasmic territories. The size of these territories increases as a nucleus approaches mitosis and can influence cycling rates. This nonrandom nuclear spacing is regulated by microtubules and is required for nuclear asynchrony, as nuclei that transiently come in very close proximity will partially synchronize. Sister nuclei born of the same mitosis are generally not persistent neighbors over their lifetimes yet remarkably retain similar division cycle times. This indicates that nuclei carry a memory of their birth state that influences their division timing and supports that nuclei subdivide a common cytosol into functionally distinct yet mobile compartments. Conclusions These findings support that nuclei use cytoplasmic microtubules to establish "cells within cells." Individual compartments appear to push against one another to compete for cytoplasmic territory and insulate the division cycle. This provides a mechanism by which syncytial nuclei can spatially organize cell-cycle signaling and suggests size control can act in a system without physical boundaries.
Stability analysis of discrete type-2 TSK fuzzy systems with interval uncertainty

Type-2 fuzzy systems provide good models for uncertain fuzzy systems. This paper introduces three sufficient stability conditions for Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) type-2 fuzzy systems. The main advantage of the new conditions is that they do not require the existence of a common Lyapunov function and are therefore applicable to systems with unstable consequents. Conditions are derived for stability in the sense of Lyapunov and for asymptotic stability. The use of each condition in stability testing is demonstrated using simple numerical examples where methods based on a common Lyapunov function fail.
Topological studies on the enzymes catalyzing the biosynthesis of Glc-P-dolichol and the triglucosyl cap of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol in microsomal vesicles from pig brain: use of the processing glucosidases I/II as latency markers

In the current model for Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol assembly, Man5GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol, Man-P-Dol, and Glc-P-Dol are synthesized on the cytoplasmic face of the ER and diffuse transversely to the lumenal leaflet where the synthesis of the lipid-bound precursor oligosaccharide is completed. To establish the topological sites of Glc-P-Dol synthesis and the lipid-mediated glucosyltransfer reactions involved in Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol synthesis in ER vesicles from pig brain, the trypsin-sensitivity of Glc-P-Dol synthase activity and the Glc-P-Dol:Glc0-2Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol glucosyltransferases (GlcTases) was examined in sealed microsomal vesicles. Since ER vesicles from brain do not contain glucose 6-phosphate (Glc 6-P) phosphatase activity, the latency of the lumenally oriented, processing glucosidase I/II activities was used to assess the intactness of the vesicle preparations. Comparative enzymatic studies with sealed ER vesicles from brain and kidney, a tissue that contains Glc 6-P phosphatase, demonstrate the reliability of using the processing glucosidase activities as latency markers for topological studies with microsomal vesicles from non-gluconeogenic tissues lacking Glc 6-P phosphatase. The results obtained from the trypsin-sensitivity assays with sealed microsomal vesicles from brain are consistent with a topological model in which Glc-P-Dol is synthesized on the cytoplasmic face of the ER, and subsequently utilized by the three Glc-P-Dol-mediated GlcTases after "flip-flopping" to the lumenal monolayer.
The Endothelial Biology of Sickle Cell Disease: Inflammation and a Chronic Vasculopathy

A single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin comprises the molecular basis for sickle cell anemia, but evolution of the corresponding clinical disease is extraordinarily complicated and likely involves multiple pathogenic factors. Sickle disease is fundamentally an inflammatory state, with activation of the endothelium, probably through proximate effects of reperfusion injury physiology and chronic molestation by adherent red cells and white cells. The disease also involves enhanced angiogenic propensity, activation of coagulation, disordered vasoregulation, and a component of chronic vasculopathy. Sickle cell anemia is truly an endothelial disease, and it is likely that genetic differences in endothelial function help govern its astonishing phenotypic diversity.
ACM HotMobile 2013 poster: an energy efficient semantic context model for managing privacy on smartphones

We describe a method to carry out energy efficient privacy preservation on a mobile smartphone. Our work is based on a study of an Android smartphone's component-wise energy consumption pattern and is based on a three-fold approach to ensure efficient execution of privacy policies, based on user and app context modeled using semantic web technologies.
LAPAROSCOPIC PYELOPLASTY WITH CONCOMITANT PYELOLITHOTOMY

Purpose: We present our experience with laparoscopic pyeloplasty plus pyelolithotomy in patients in whom stones were not the cause of ureteropelvic junction obstruction.Materials and Methods: A transperitoneal approach was used for laparoscopic pyeloplasty and pyelolithotomy in 19 patients (20 renal units). Before ureteropelvic junction repair stones were extracted through a small pyelotomy that was eventually incorporated into the final pyeloplasty incision. Stones in the renal pelvis were removed with rigid graspers under direct laparoscopic vision. A flexible cystoscope introduced through a port was used to extract stones in the calices. The renal pelvis was reconstructed based on the anatomy of the ureteropelvic junction.Results: A median of 1 stone (range 1 to 28) was recovered. In 11, 8 and 1 patients the Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty, Y-V plasty and the Heinecke Mickulicz procedure were performed, respectively. At 3 months 2 patients had residual calculi for a procedural stone-free rate of...
Acute-onset quadriplegia, respiratory failure, and ventricular tachycardia in a 21-year-old man following a soccer match.

(CHEST 2002; 121:2036 –2039) A 21-year old man was brought to the emergency department (ED) with complaints of acute, progressive generalized weakness and deteriorating mental status. The patient was well until 4 h prior to hospital admission, when he noted difficulty in climbing stairs due to weakness in his thighs. The weakness then progressed to involve the upper extremities and finally his face, affecting his speech. Approximately 4 to 6 h before the onset of his symptoms, he had played soccer and then had a large meal that included canned food imported from Mexico. His companions spoke only Spanish and were not aware of any medical history. They knew of no similar events or any other associated symptoms.
Fundamentals of the magnetic recording process

The basic phenomena associated with the recording and reproduction of signals on magnetic recording media are described. Fields due to magnetized media and heads are reviewed along with their Fourier transforms. The playback-isolated voltage pulse and square-wave voltage spectrum are discussed in detail for various magnetization orientations. Descriptive models of the recording process are given for both longitudinal and vertical recording.
A large family of antivirulence regulators modulates the effects of transcriptional activators in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

We have reported that transcription of a hypothetical small open reading frame (orf60) in enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) strain 042 is impaired after mutation of aggR, which encodes a global virulence activator. We have also reported that the cryptic orf60 locus was linked to protection against EAEC diarrhea in two epidemiologic studies. Here, we report that the orf60 product acts as a negative regulator of aggR itself. The orf60 protein product lacks homology to known repressors, but displays 44–100% similarity to at least fifty previously undescribed small (<10 kDa) hypothetical proteins found in many gram negative pathogen genomes. Expression of orf60 homologs from enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) repressed the expression of the AraC-transcriptional ETEC regulator CfaD/Rns and its regulon in ETEC strain H10407. Complementation in trans of EAEC 042orf60 by orf60 homologs from ETEC and the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium resulted in dramatic suppression of aggR. A C. rodentium orf60 homolog mutant showed increased levels of activator RegA and increased colonization of the adult mouse. We propose the name Aar (AggR-activated regulator) for the clinically and epidemiologically important orf60 product in EAEC, and postulate the existence of a large family of homologs among pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae. We propose the name ANR (AraC Negative Regulators) for this family.
What does morbidity have to do with disability

This study compares and contrasts survey data on disablement from six countries according to their distributions and prevalence of causes and underlying medical conditions, using a framework proposed by the author that includes morbidity as one important determinant of disablement. The main thesis of this paper is that the study of disablement (that is impairments, disabilities and handicaps) should be conceptualized and classified independently of illness and poor health. Disablement, by definition, is not an illness. Using the World Health Organization global definitions of health it is possible to be both healthy and disabled. The assertion, however, that disability is not an illness does not preclude the joint study of morbidity and disablement; nor does it diminish the significance of disease and injury in the explanation of rates of disablement. Disablement is classified through the use of the WHO International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH). The WHO International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) is the primary classification used for the study of morbidity. This paper demonstrates that statistical guidelines and instructions on the use of the ICD and the ICIDH, including the development of appropriate short-listings of codes, are needed in order to increase data comparability and to further encourage sound research. National survey data examined are from the United Nations International Disability Statistics Data Base, DISTAT.
Steady-state analysis of the constant-frequency clamped series resonant converter

A constant-frequency diode-clamped series resonant converter (CFCSRC) is proposed as a solution to problems associated with frequency-controlled resonant converters. This converter has two resonant frequencies, and control is achieved by varying the relative time spent at each switching frequency. Two zero-current-switching (ZCS) modes are examined and plotted in the output plane. An equation is given for the boundary between the two ZCS modes, as well as an expression for the boundary between ZCS and non-ZCS operation; both are plotted in the output plane. The output equation for the main mode is shown to be hyperbolic. Converter peak voltages limited to the input voltages, and peak currents are less than those of the frequency-controlled clamped series resonant converter over a large operating range. Data from a prototype converter are compared with theoretical data and are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical model. >
Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors Among Racial/Ethnic Populations in the United States

Cardiovascular epidemiology plays a fundamental role in the assessment of disease burden and evaluation of health disparities. Although current epidemiologic data have important limitations, they nevertheless provide compelling evidence that racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular health are pervasive and that they contribute to a lower life expectancy, excess morbidity, and reduced quality of life in several racial and ethnic minority populations. The largest of these disparities is found in race–county comparisons of mortality and summary measures of morbidity. The causes of these disparities are complex. However, established racial and ethnic differences in traditional risk factors and socioeconomic, educational, and environmental determinants contribute to these health disparities. Although stroke and coronary heart disease mortality rates have declined for men and women in all racial and ethnic groups, they remain significantly higher than the national Healthy People 2010 targets in African-Americans.
A game-based crowdsourcing platform for rapidly training middle and high school students to perform biomedical image analysis

We developed an easy-to-use and widely accessible crowd-sourcing tool for rapidly training humans to perform biomedical image diagnostic tasks and demonstrated this platform’s ability on middle and high school students in South Korea to diagnose malaria infected red-blood-cells (RBCs) using Giemsa-stained thin blood smears imaged under light microscopes. We previously used the same platform (i.e., BioGames) to crowd-source diagnostics of individual RBC images, marking them as malaria positive (infected), negative (uninfected), or questionable (insufficient information for a reliable diagnosis). Using a custom-developed statistical framework, we combined the diagnoses from both expert diagnosticians and the minimally trained human crowd to generate a gold standard library of malaria-infection labels for RBCs. Using this library of labels, we developed a web-based training and educational toolset that provides a quantified score for diagnosticians/users to compare their performance against their peers and view misdiagnosed cells. We have since demonstrated the ability of this platform to quickly train humans without prior training to reach high diagnostic accuracy as compared to expert diagnosticians. Our initial trial group of 55 middle and high school students has collectively played more than 170 hours, each demonstrating significant improvements after only 3 hours of training games, with diagnostic scores that match expert diagnosticians’. Next, through a national-scale educational outreach program in South Korea we recruited >1660 students who demonstrated a similar performance level after 5 hours of training. We plan to further demonstrate this tool’s effectiveness for other diagnostic tasks involving image labeling and aim to provide an easily-accessible and quickly adaptable framework for online training of new diagnosticians.
Stacks after Dark: What Happens in the Library After the Boss Leaves

A longitudinal study of a large Midwestern academic library’s incidents reports from 2000-2011. The data presented represent incidents the building proctors handled during hours in which permanent staff are not normally present or at a greatly reduced coverage. This article will describe the types, locations, and frequencies of incident reports.
Specific Hunger in Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae): Effects on Attractiveness of Proteinaceous and Fruit-Derived Lures

Specific hunger and effects of specific hunger on attractiveness of three types of olfactory feeding attractants to a laboratory strain of Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), were investigated in laboratory bioassays and greenhouse flight chamber experiments. Newly emerged flies (up to 4 d old) fed preferentially on sugar over protein, whereas 5–9–d–old flies undergoing sexual maturation fed about equally on sugar and protein. Sugar or protein deprivation increased feeding preference for sugar or protein, respectively, whereas constant access to sugar or protein decreased preference for the respective nutrient. Sugarv hunger, whether age-dependent or deprivation-induced, increased attractiveness to flies of CEH, a fruit-derived attractant consisting of 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate and hexanol, relative to two proteinaceous lures. Protein hunger dramatically increased attractiveness of bacteria, a purported protein source for fruit flies, relative to CEH. Protein hunger also increased attractiveness of torula yeast, a commonly used proteinaceous lure, compared with CEH, although attractiveness of torula yeast did not become greater than attractiveness of CEH. Combinations of torula yeast and CEH were not more attractive than CEH alone to any age-feeding history groups of flies. Combinations of CEH and bacterial odor were never more attractive than bacterial odor alone to protein-hungry flies and were actually less attractive then CEH alone to the one group of sugar-hungry flies (2–3–d–old unfed) that was tested.
Postmodernism and Narrative Psychology

Postmodernism questions and rejects the hegemonic status of scientific and empirical methodologies in the field of social sciences. This situation leads to "the narrative revolution" in psychology and related disciplines throughout the human sciences and humanities. Narrative Psychology can be viewed as an alternative research paradigm with different viewpoint compared with the traditional one in psychology. Narrative,with its characteristic of meaning construction, value considering, and life shaping, will play an important role in achieving the postmodern goal with solving the mental problems in real human life , and improving the quality of human mental life.
Analysis of complementary feeding index for 4～12 months infants in Beijing

Objective To investigate the complementary feeding status of Beijing 4～12month-old infant,and to provide a scientific basis for the infant nutrition intervention. Method Stratified cluster sampling method was used to extracted 4～12months infants in Beijing suburb and urban,collected the information of infant food supplement to make statistical analysis through questionnaires,and calculated the complementary feeding index of infants. Results There were 900infants,urban 431,suburb 469.The index included DDS,FVS,the first time of food and milk.For aged 4～6-month and 7～9-month infants,dietary diversity score(DDS),food variety score(FVS)and complementary feeding index had significant differences between urban and suburban infants.For aged 10～12-month infants,DDS and complementary feeding index had significant differences between urban and suburb.For aged 4～6-month and 10～12-month infants,the factor associated with complementary feeding index was the cost of food.7～9-month infants,the factor associated with complementary feeding index were the costs of food and mother's culture. Conclusion The complementary feeding index can evaluate complementary feeding of infants comprehensively,and the validity of the index should be evaluated.
Optimal capital structures for private firms

This article shows how to construct an optimal capital structure for a private firm. Since the agents who supply the firm’s capital are risk averse, they diversify by holding both debt and equity. This can mitigate, or even eliminate, the classical risk shifting problem. There is a wealth effect since the optimal capital structure, which can involve multiple types of debt, depends on the amount of wealth that each agent contributes to the firm. However, it is shown that the agents’ equity holdings do not depend on the contributed amounts of wealth. Thus the model can produce a wedge between ownership rights and equity cashflow rights. These features are illustrated in a firm with three agents.