cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work group I: Developing models of healthy adolescent physical development

Improving adolescent health is a major public health issue to confront at the beginning of the millennium. Therefore, the task we set for ourselves was to use advances in behavioral and biomedical research and technology as a background for developing adolescent physical health research priorities for the next decade [1–3]. Our approach is unique and different from previous perspectives on adolescent health. Although adolescent health problems are considered, we also focus on health promotion rather than disease during the adolescent years. Our recommendations highlight how the physiological and behavioral changes that occur during adolescence may affect health throughout the life span.
Improvements in LC/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry performance using an off-axis nebulizer

Charged residues from the electrospray process have been hypothesized to limit the sensitivity and dynamic range of an ion trap mass spectrometry operation. Incorporation of an off-axis nebulizer (positioned 90−95° from the sampling orifice) was found to drastically reduce the detrimental effects caused by the charged particles or droplets compared to typical on-axis nebulization configurations (spraying 10−20° from sampling orifices). The off-axis nebulizer reduced total ion currents that enter the ion trap (through the reduction of charged residues) by a factor of 5−7 while resulting in an increase of analyte [M + H]+ signal by a factor of 6 compared to an on-axis sprayer at flow rates of 20 μL/min. At higher flow rates (e.g., 800 μL/min) these enhancements are more evident. At flows greater than 200 μL/min, off-axis nebulization reduced total ion current that enters the ion trap by a factor of 30 and resulted in a factor of more than 20 increase in [M + H]+ signal relative to on-axis nebulization. Inco...
Application methods for Bacillus thuringiensis used to control larvae of the greater wax moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on stored beeswax combs.

Various methods for the application of Certan (Sandoz, San Diego, Calif.), a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner for control of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), were tested on beeswax combs. A viable B. thuringiensis spore assay was used to assess Certan distribution and deposition following treatment. A hand-held airless paint sprayer and a conventional machine sprayer proved satisfactory for applying Certan, although both required individual handling of each frame of comb to be treated. A dip treatment gave adequate B. thuringiensis coverage but was not deemed practical for use by beekeepers. Aerosol treatment did not give satisfactory deposition rates. Cold fogging of many frames at once within two enclosures gave uneven distribution but adequate deposition of B. thuringiensis spores. Thermal fogging within enclosures of two sizes resulted in uniform distribution and sufficient deposition under various conditions of fogging suspension volume and B. thuringiensis concentration. The use of an inert carrier in thermal fogger suspensions was essential for good coverage. Thus three methods (handheld airless spray, conventional spray, and thermal fog) proved successful and can be used by beekeepers. The method of choice will depend on the number of frames requiring treatment, the cost of labor required to treat them, and equipment costs.
Longitudinal organizational research in field settings

Abstract Managers, theorists, and researchers are interested in studying organizational phenomena such as technological change, organizational development, and leadership effectiveness over a period of time. However, a review of the literature in the field of organizational behavior and management indicates that a limited number of empirically based studies rigorously investigate changes within organizations. This article looks at the salient characteristics and issues facing those engaged in longitudinal research. While much more theoretical and methodological work is needed to improve the rigor of this type of research, some researchers have forged ahead and have attempted to conduct longitudinal research in field settings. A select few of these studies are presented to illustrate what can be accomplished by longitudinal research and what needs to be improved in such research designs. In conclusion, the authors offer some suggestions that may serve to increase the number of longitudinal organizational research studies in the future.
Dual versus primal-dual interior-point methods for linear and conic programming

We observe a curious property of dual versus primal-dual path-following interior-point methods when applied to unbounded linear or conic programming problems in dual form. While primal-dual methods can be viewed as implicitly following a central path to detect primal infeasibility and dual unboundedness, dual methods can sometimes implicitly move away from the analytic center of the set of infeasibility/unboundedness detectors.
The enzymes involved in biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin; Their structure and function

Abstract The biosynthetic pathway resulting in the penicillins and cephalosporins contains two Fe 2+ oxidase enzymes which are responsible for the conversion of α-aminoadipoyl- L -cysteinyl- D -valine into isopenicillin N and penicillin N into deacetoxycephalosporin C. We will discuss the studies delineating the ligand binding of these enzymes and present a possible secondary structure.
Test of SS 433 models

Among the competing models (Fabian and Rees, 1979; Milgrom, 1979; Cohen and Struble, 1980) for SS 433, there are two which involve a rotating neutron star. (Of special interest here, such an object is characterized by superstrong magnetic fields B~ 1012G at its poles.) One model (Abell and Margon, 1979) involves relativistic jets of collimated material ejected from the polar regions with speed V~0.27c. The other involves collimated highvelocity material falling toward the polar regions of the star. Both theories give redand blue-shifted spectral lines which vary sinusoidally with a 164day period (Abell and Margon, 1979). Both theories attribute this period to that of a rotating neutron star [in a binary system with an orbital period of 13.1 days (Abell and Margon, 1979; Margon, 1980). With the outgoing model, the spectral line shifts are attributed to the Doppler effect, with the blue-shifted lines emanating from jet material moving toward the observer and away from the magnetic pole, while the source of the red-shifted lines is material moving away from the observer and away from the opposite magnetic pole. No generally accepted collimation or acceleration mechanism is identified with this model. With the infalling model (Cohen and Struble, 1980) the radiating material is collimated by the neutron star's converging magnetic field lines and is accelerated by its gravitational field (accretion from its binary companion).
A Review of International Space Station Habitable Element Equipment Offgassing Characteristics

Crewed spacecraft trace contaminant control employs both passive and active methods to achieve acceptable cabin atmospheric quality. Passive methods include carefully selecting materials of construction, employing clean manufacturing practices, and minimizing systems and payload operational impacts to the cabin environment. Materials selection and manufacturing processes constitute the first level of equipment offgassing control. An element-level equipment offgassing test provides preflight verification that passive controls have been successful. Offgassing test results from multiple International Space Station (ISS) habitable elements and cargo vehicles are summarized and implications for active contamination control equipment design are discussed
Resuspension of allergen-containing particles under mechanical and aerodynamic disturbances from human walking

Abstract This study presents and develops a controlled and characterized method to explore the influence of specific occupant activity on the aerosolization of allergen-containing particles. Indoor allergen-related diseases are primarily inhalation sensitized and developed, suggesting an aerobiological pathway of allergen-containing carrier particles from dust reservoir to occupant respiration. But the pathways are not well understood or quantified. The influence of occupant walking on particle aerosolization is simulated by a system in which complex floor disturbances are deconvoluted into aerodynamic and mechanical components. Time resolved particle size distributions are measured for particles resuspended from representative samples of flooring materials and different types of floor disturbances in an environmentally controlled experimental chamber. Results indicate aerodynamic disturbances, relative to mechanical, dominate the particle resuspension behavior. Dust type, dust load and floor type showed marginal influences on a normalized surface loading basis. Humidity effects were not clear since during experiments the floor samples may not have reached moisture partitioning equilibrium with the controlled air humidity. Average resuspension rates ranged from 10 −7 to 10 −3 min −1 , having phenomenological consistency with previous, large room or chamber investigations, suggesting the method can be utilized to develop a database for particle resuspension rates.
Characteristics of patients who believe they can control their cancer

Abstract Purpose: Receiving the diagnosis of cancer has frequently led people to feel out of control, yet there is evidence that people who feel in control of their cancer adjust better to their illness. Identifying correlates of control will aid in the development of interventions to enhance patients feelings of control over their disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics of cancer patients who believe they have control over their disease. Methods: This was a pilot study of patients diagnosed with cancer in the previous 6 to 24 months who were recruited from three oncology practices that varied socio-demographically and in their use of complementary therapies. Participants were asked verbally if they had done anything to try to gain control over their cancer or situation. Anxiety and depression were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. For each of these domains, the scores can range from 0 to 21, with ⩽7 considered normal. Six coping styles were assessed with the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale. The raw score for each coping style was transformed to a scale ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating increased use of this coping style. Patients were also asked Likert-response questions about their perceptions of the seriousness of the cancer, and the impact of the cancer and its treatment on their lives. Other clinical information was obtained at the interview or by chart review. T-tests and chi-square were used to compare the groups who did and did not feel in control. Results: Of the 44 participants, 38% were male and 84% Caucasian. The mean age was 57 years and median education was 16 years. There were 19 different cancer diagnoses, with breast (34%) and lung cancers (21%) most common; 23% had metastases and 57% were on treatment. Compared to the 11 participants who said they had not done anything to try to control their cancer or situation, the 18 who said they did try to take control were younger (50 vs 71 years old, p Conclusions: People with cancer who believe they are doing things to control their disease or situation are younger, married, living with others, and more positive in their approach to their illness. With this information, health care providers may be better able to identify patients who are likely to feel a loss of control and then address this issue along with the associated feelings of depression and helplessness.
Health-seeking behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents attending an urban pediatric emergency department.

Adolescents are often seen in Emergency departments (ED) for urgent care. Rates of treatable sexually transmitted diseases (Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis) are highest in this age group. This study examines the prevalence of these sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the health seeking characteristics of adolescents presenting to an urban pediatric ED. Participants were enrolled between January 2000 and July 2004. Urine specimens (tested for the STDs) and a questionnaire data form (demographics and health seeking behaviors) were collected and scanned into a computer database, and results were merged for analysis. Prevalence rates were calculated for gonorrheal and chlamydial infections. A total of 1,621 participants were enrolled. Prevalence rates for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were 9.8% (95% CI 8.6, 11.1) and 3.4% (95% CI 2.6,4.2), respectively. Test results did not differ significantly by race (p = 0.29). Reporting of a regular health care provider vs no regular provider did not significantly impact the likelihood of having a positive test result, 10.7% (95% CI 9.1, 12.4) vs 12.1% (95% CI 5.4, 18.8) (p = 0.69). The prevalence of STDs was higher among uninsured (16.3, 95% CI 12.3, 20.3) and those participants covered by Medicaid (13.3, 95% CI 10.6, 16.1) compared to those reporting private insurance (6.0, 95% CI 4.2, 7.7). This study confirms a high prevalence of treatable STDs among adolescents in an urban ED setting and provides information on frequency of ED usage and health-seeking behaviors among adolescents.
Genetics and the making of Homo sapiens

Understanding the genetic basis of the physical and behavioural traits that distinguish humans from other primates presents one of the great new challenges in biology. Of the millions of base-pair differences between humans and chimpanzees, which particular changes contributed to the evolution of human features after the separation of the Pan and Homo lineages 5-7 million years ago? How can we identify the 'smoking guns' of human genetic evolution from neutral ticks of the molecular evolutionary clock? The magnitude and rate of morphological evolution in hominids suggests that many independent and incremental developmental changes have occurred that, on the basis of recent findings in model animals, are expected to be polygenic and regulatory in nature. Comparative genomics, population genetics, gene-expression analyses and medical genetics have begun to make complementary inroads into the complex genetic architecture of human evolution.
Effect of Cutting Conditions on Tool Performance in CBN Hard Turning

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) cutting tools are commonly used for single-point turning of hardened materials. Their performance is of importance for hard turning to be a viable technology in view of the high cost of CBN cutting tools and the cost of downtime for tool change. Based on the calibrated tool wear model in finish turning hardened 52100 bearing steel, tool performance is evaluated as a function of cutting conditions based on the flank wear criterion. A satisfactory match has been reached when comparing model predictions and experimental measurements. Further, an analysis of variance was carried out to investigate statistical significance among cutting conditions, and it shows that cutting speed plays a dominant role in determining the tool performance in terms of tool life, followed by feed and depth of cut, and overall tendencies agree with predictions from the general Taylor tool life equation as well as experimental observations. The proposed methodology in evaluating the tool performance can help to optimize the hard turning process and, eventually, help hard turning to be a viable technology.
Image processing for indexing of cineangiograms

Video is the primary media used for cardiology diagnosis. Video data is currently stored on either cinefilm or videotape and provides no means of integration with other information such as patient's history, x-ray images, and test results. Maintaining and searching this data is also difficult. A multimedia database system would significantly enhance the diagnosis process by facilitating these integration, maintenance, and searching processes. One of the challenges in designing such a database is indexing the sequential video streams. The required storage space and the retrieval time to one specific video frame are two crucial issues in the design of a video database system. This paper presents two novel and fast image processing techniques for use in the selection of video frames. These selected frames can then be stored in the database. The first type of analysis is based on the analysis of spatial transitions and the second is based on the spectral components in the discrete cosine domain. The proposed techniques extract the length of the total edges in every frame of the cineangiogram. The extracted parameter is directly related to the amount of radio opaque dye injected in the coronary arteries. Those frames in the cineangiogram with a significant level of dye are then identified and indexed for evaluation. The extracted parameter index is used to select these frames for physician review. The same techniques are applied to the centered window of every frame to extract the cardiac cycles in the cineangiogram. This information can be used to index the stored cineangiogram for fast retrieval. It can also be used to synchronize two cineangiograms playing at the same time for clinical comparison and evaluation. Both techniques have been applied to twenty-one sets of cineangiograms. The results are very consistent with physician observation. Since both techniques produce comparable result, the selection between them is dependent on the format of the video. The second technique is effective when the compression standard JPEG or MPEG is used to encode the cineangiogram while the first one can be used for uncompressed or lossless compressed cineangiograms.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
How to make a Biological Switch

Abstract Some biological regulatory systems must “remember” a state for long periods of time. A simple type of system that can accomplish this task is one in which two regulatory elements negatively regulate one another. For example, two repressor proteins might control one another's synthesis. Qualitative reasoning suggests that such a system will have two stable states, one in which the first element is “on” and the second “off”, and another in which these states are reversed. Quantitative analysis shows that the existence of two stable steady states depends on the details of the system. Among other things, the shapes of functions describing the effect of one regulatory element on the other must meet certain criteria in order for two steady states to exist. Many biologically reasonable functions do not meet these criteria. In particular, repression that is well described by a Michaelis–Menten-type equation cannot lead to a working switch. However, functions describing positive cooperativity of binding, non-additive effects of multiple operator sites, or depletion of free repressor can lead to working switches.
Histone Demethylase JmjD2A Regulates Neural Crest Specification

The neural crest is a multipotent stem cell-like population that is induced during gastrulation, but only acquires its characteristic morphology, migratory ability, and gene expression profile after neurulation. This raises the intriguing possibility that precursors are actively maintained by epigenetic influences in a stem cell-like state. Accordingly, we report that dynamic histone modifications are critical for proper temporal control of neural crest gene expression in vivo. The histone demethylase, JumonjiD2A (JmjD2A/KDM4A), is expressed in the forming neural folds. Loss of JmjD2A function causes dramatic downregulation of neural crest specifier genes analyzed by multiplex NanoString and in situ hybridization. Importantly, in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals direct stage-specific interactions of JmjD2A with regulatory regions of neural crest genes, and associated temporal modifications in methylation states of lysine residues directly affected by JmjD2A activity. Our findings show that chromatin modifications directly control neural crest genes in vertebrate embryos via modulating histone methylation.
Near field calculations with far field formulas

We discuss a method for using far field formulas to calculate near field effects by decomposition. The method uses complex scattered amplitudes rather than radar cross sections as inputs, and therefore has certain advantages over the scattering centers approach. We discuss a physical optics (PO) technique for calculating the scatter in the near field of a large target or reflector. It is assumed that the target has been decomposed into a number of smaller pieces, each of which is in the far field of the transmitter and receiver.
Surface Mucopolysaccharides of Treponema pallidum

The viscous mucoid fluid that accumulates within syphilitic lesions may be due to breakdown of host tissue during infection, or may be synthesized by Treponema pallidum. Experiments were performed to investigate the acidic mucopolysaccharides that occur at the surface of T. pallidum (Nichols strain). These mucopolysaccharides were demonstrated by reaction with acidified bovine serum albumin and by agglutination with wheat germ agglutinin and soybean agglutinin. The polycations ruthenium red and toluidine blue influenced treponemal survival. Concentrations of both compounds at 200 mug/ml inhibited survival, whereas concentrations at 0.1mug/ml enhanced survival. The mucopolysaccharide concentration within the mucoid fluid that accumulates during intratesticular infection was determined by reaction with acidified bovine serum albumin; it ranged from 10,000 mug/ml to less than 8 mug/ml. The addition of this mucoid fluid to treponemal suspensions resulted in differing effects on T. pallidum survival. Some preparations were inhibitory, and others were stimulatory. Commercial preparations of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate at 400, 200, 100, and 50 mug/ml were detrimental to treponemal survival. The organisms exhibited pronounced clumping in the presence of the higher concentrations of hyaluronic acid. These clumps of treponemes were comprised of mucopolysaccharides as shown by acidified bovine serum albumin and toluidine blue reactions and by hyaluronidase degradation. Results are discussed in terms of the derivation and potential role of acidic mucopolysaccharides at the surface of T. pallidum.
Simplified metrics for the identification of the Madden–Julian oscillation in models

We propose simplified metrics to evaluate the fidelity with which the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is simulated in climate models. These metrics are based on lag correlation analysis of principal component time series (PCs). The PCs are obtained by projecting simulated 20‐100 day bandpass filtered daily outgoing longwave radiation onto the two leading empirical orthogonal functions of observed MJO variability. The simplified MJO metrics, the maximum positive correlation and time lag at which it occurs, provide consistent information relative to more complex diagnostics developed by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation Working Group (CLIVAR MJOWG) and by Kim et al. Copyright  2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Stimulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Surges by Estrogen. I. Role of Hypothalamic Progesterone Receptors

Estrogen (E2) stimulates GnRH surges by coupling a daily neural signal to neuronal circuitries governing GnRH release. We have hypothesized that E2 promotes this coupling process by inducing expression of neuronal transcription factors, which are subsequently activated by neurotransmitter-mediated mechanisms representing the daily neural signal. These experiments tested the specific hypothesis that the progesterone receptor (PR) functions in this manner, viz. as an E2-induced factor whose activation is necessary for the stimulation of GnRH surges. Two complimentary experiments were performed to determine whether activation of hypothalamic PRs is obligatory for the stimulation of GnRH surges by E2. In the first, the effects of a PR antagonist on GnRH and LH surges were assessed in ovariectomized (OVX), E2-primed rats. Rats were OVX on diestrous day 2, treated with 30 μg estradiol benzoate or oil vehicle, sc, and then administered either oil vehicle or the type I antiprogestin, ZK98299 at 0900 h on proestru...
Consequences of host heterogeneity, epitope immunodominance, and immune breadth for strain competition.

Consumer-resource dynamics of hosts with their pathogens are modulated by complex interactions between various branches of hosts’ immune systems and the imperfectly perceived pathogen. Multistrain SIR models tend to sweep competitive interaction terms between different pathogen strains into a single parameter representing cross-immunity. After reviewing several hypotheses about the generation of immune responses, we look into the consequences of assuming that hosts with identical immune repertoires respond to new pathogens identically. In particular, we vary the breadth of the typical immune response, or the average number of pathogen epitopes a host perceives, and the probability of perceiving a particular epitope. The latter quantity in our model is equivalent both to the degree of diversity in host responses at the population level and the relative immunodominance of different epitopes. We find that a sharp transition to strain coexistence occurs as host responses become narrow or skewed toward one epitope. Increasing the breadth of the immune response and the immunogenicity of different epitopes typically increases the range of cross-immunity values in which chaotic strain dynamics and competitive exclusion occur. Models attempting to predict the outcomes of strain competition should thus consider the potential diversity and specificity of hosts’ responses to infection.
Estimating landscape resistance to movement: a review

Resistance surfaces are often used to fill gaps in our knowledge surrounding animal movement and are frequently the basis for modeling connectivity associated with conservation initiatives. However, the methods for quantifying resistance surfaces are varied and there is no general consensus on the appropriate choice of environmental data or analytical approaches. We provide a comprehensive review of the literature on this topic to highlight methods used and identify knowledge gaps. Our review includes 96 papers that parameterized resistance surfaces (sometimes using multiple approaches) for a variety of taxa. Data types used included expert opinion (n = 76), detection (n = 23), relocation (n = 8), pathway (n = 2), and genetic (n = 28). We organized the papers into three main analytical approaches; one-stage expert opinion, one-stage empirical, and two-stage empirical, each of which was represented by 43, 22, and 36 papers, respectively. We further organized the empir- ical approaches into five main resource selection functions; point (n = 16), matrix (n = 38), home range (n = 3), step (n = 1), and pathway (n = 1). We found a general lack of justification for choice of environmental variables and their thematic and spatial representation, a heavy reliance on expert opinion and detection data, and a tendency to confound movement behavior and resource use. Future research needs include comparative analyses on the choice of envi- ronmental variables and their spatial and thematic scales, and on the various biological data types used to estimate resistance. Comparative analyses amongst analytical processes is also needed, as well as trans- parency in reporting on uncertainty in parameter estimates and sensitivity of final resistance surfaces, especially if the resistance surfaces are to be used for conservation and planning purposes.
Studies of feeding intolerance in very low birth weight infants: definition and significance.

How neonatologists feed very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates has traditionally been based on local practices and until recently has not been subjected to rigorous scientific investigation.1 Furthermore, the outcome variables used to assess the efficacy and safety of neonatal feeding practices are often arbitrary and based on local customs. With the prevailing fear of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in most caregivers, feeding strategies are generally based on evidence of intolerance based on increased pregavage residuals or greenish aspirates. Whether this is based on a myth or scientific evidence has not been clearly ascertained. Indeed, there is no uniform definition of “feeding intolerance.” As discussed by Mihatsch and colleagues and as evident in the literature, the definition of feeding intolerance varies and is based on an assessment of prefeed gastric residual volumes (GRVs), the color of these GRVs, and associated clinical manifestation such as abdominal distention, emesis, the presence of blood in stool, and apnea with bradycardia.2–5 Even if properly defined, the clinical significance of each of these criteria for feeding intolerance has yet to …
Constructing immunoprofiles to deconstruct disease complexity in pemphigus.

The complex etiology of multifactorial diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris complicates mechanistic investigations and confounds current therapeutic approaches. Two major sources contribute to the overall complexity of disease. Biological complexity involves the disruption of multiple immune pathways that underlie autoimmune destruction in the skin. Overlaying this altered immunobiology is clinical complexity that is manifest as heterogeneous presentations of disease. Merging cumulative data on immune dysfunction with the detailed clinical information can be expected to allow the deconstruction of the processes that lead to specific disease presentations. Our group has undertaken comprehensive analyses in stratified patient populations to assign T cell, cytokine, and autoantibody immunoprofiles linked to defined constant and variable clinical parameters. We propose the concept of a “disease array” that is based on a matrix of supporting biological and clinical information that can be used to guide the deve...
Validation coverage analysis for complex digital designs

The functional validation of a state-of-the-art digital design is usually performed by simulation of a register-transfer-level model. The degree to which the test vector suite covers the important tests is known as the coverage of the suite. Previous coverage metrics have relied on measures such as the number of simulated cycles or number of toggles on a circuit node, which are indirect metrics at best. This paper proposes a new method of analyzing coverage based on projecting a minimized control finite-state graph onto control signals for the datapath part of the design to yield a meaningful metric and provide detailed feedback about missing tests. The largest hurdle is state-space explosion. We describe two methods of dealing with this in a practical manner and give results of applying this coverage analysis to parts of the node controller of the Stanford FLASH multiprocessor.
Establishment of a Juvenile Police Record: The Influence of Individual and Peer Group Characteristics

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, the juveniles who are most likely to have a police record of arrest are those who conform to police preconceptions about delinquent types, who are perceived as a threat to others, and who are most visible to the police. Several individual and peer group characteristics can serve as cues that youths are delinquent or that they pose a threat and can increase visibility. The present study uses a survey approach to determine the relative association of these individual and peer group characteristics with the establishment of a police record. The analysis reveals that in addition to delinquent activities, fitting the common image of a delinquent and dangerous person–that is, being a male in a predominantly, male, delinquent peer group–increases a youth's chances of arrest. Moreover, committing a high proportion of offenses with a group of peers, which results in high visibility, also increases the chances of arrest.
Comparison of Performance of an Analytical Electron Microscope at 300 and 100 kV

Preliminary results on the performance of an analytical electron microscope (AEM) operating at 300 kV have been obtained and compared with the performance at 100 kV. Some features of the anticipated improvements for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) have been studied from the aspect of materials science applications. The electron microscope used was a Philips EM430T operated with a LaB/sub 6/ cathode and equipped with EDAX 9100/90 EDS and Gatan 607 EELS systems. 12 references, 9 figures.
On the relationship between joint angular velocity and motor cortical discharge during reaching.

Single-unit activity in area M1 was recorded in awake, behaving monkeys during a three-dimensional (3D) reaching task performed in a virtual reality environment. This study compares motor cortical ...
Starch Synthesis in the Maize Seed

This chapter describes starch synthesis in seeds, with emphasis on Zea mays L. Supplementary data from other non-photosynthetic organs such as the potato tuber as well as from some lower organisms are reviewed in the theme of biological universality and diversity. The approach taken is genetic. The most significant insight into this pathway (as well as virtually all others) has come from the elucidation of the biochemical lesions associated with the many mutants, primarily in maize, that affect starch content and composition. Hence, mutants are highlighted in this review.
Health disparities in mycosis fungoides

AbstractMycosis fungoides, the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, has a higher incidence and poorer prognosis in African-Americans. The factors that may be contributing to this disparity are presented in the context of a health disparities framework that includes discussion of patient-related factors such as race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and biological differences, provider-related factors such as patient–provider communication and the competing demands for providers’ time, and health care system-related factors such as access to health care and workforce diversity. The changing demographics of the USA emphasize the need to understand and address health disparities in mycosis fungoides and other dermatologic diseases. The framework presented here can be used to examine disparities in other dermatologic conditions and advance health disparities research in dermatology.
Breaking New Ground: Oral History and Agricultural History

Lurline Murray recalled that the day her son's vocational agriculture teacher pronounced expansion the only hope for farm survival, she had replied, "Well, I guarantee you, we will never put a mortgage on this piece of property as long as I live, unless it's a case of life or death." Twenty years later, other South Carolina farmers have gone under while Mrs. Murray and her son Julian have held on to their land, saved by a strategy of meeting as many of their own needs as possible, swapping work and sharing machinery with neighbors, and selectively adopting modern farming practices. In this effort, religion has been Mrs. Murray's bedrock. Asked to explain a surprisingly bountiful wheat yield, she answered, "One plants, one waters, but God giveth the increase. The Bible says Paul plants, Apollos waters, but it's God that giveth the increase. And you can't outgive God." Faith has guided her decisions and her farming philosophy., In the past half century, farmers like Lurline Murray have experienced one of the most profound transformations in the nation's history. The number of farmers has fallen precipitously. Capital investment has soared as machinery and chemicals replaced draft animals and human labor. Government policy makers increasingly control farm decisions. As historians seek to understand the interplay between these structural changes and personal, family, and community life, they are turning to oral histories of people like Lurline Murray. Interviews allow farm people themselves to interpret the meaning of broad economic changes and describe the values that inform their lives. As a result, scholars are able to incorporate the experiences of ordinary farm men and women into agricultural history and to expand its terrain. A wealth of oral history resources is available to researchers interested in agriculture.2 Academic historians and local communities alike have sought to record the
Genetics of Hematophagy and Autogeny in the Aedes Scutellaris Complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

Crosses and backcrosses between anautogenous Aedes (Stg.) polynesiensis and fully autogenous Aedes sp. (Tafahi) revealed that autogeny and hematophagy in these members of the Aedes scutellaris complex of mosquitoes are controlled by a polygenic system. The offspring which resulted from the parental crosses and backcrosses can be classed into 4 physiologically and behaviorally different categories: hematophagous-an autogenous. hematophagous-autogenous, nonhematophagous-autogenous and nonhematophagous-anautogenous. These categories have different theoretical and practical epidemiological significance. The most dangerous as vectors would be the hematophagous autogenous females. Survival of such populations in absence of hosts would be secured by autogeny. Their readiness to feed on man and their ability to support development of Wuchereria bancrofti make them good vectors of human subperiodic filariasis. The nutritional level of the larval stages of the autogenous species has a significant effect on both penetrance and expressivity of autogeny in the parental stock and all possible crosses.
Sovereign Violence: Temple Destruction in India and Shrine Desecration in Iran and Central Asia

Was the destruction of Sufi and ‘Alid saint shrines as a rite of conquest in Iran and Central Asia a phenomenon comparable to the desecration of temples in war in India? With this question in mind, this essay examines the changing nature of Islamic kingship in premodern Iran and Central Asia and compares it to developments in Indic kingship. It begins with the thesis that the decline of the caliphate and the rise of Muslim saints and shrines in thirteenth-century Iran and Central Asia led to a new form of “shrine-centered” sovereignty practiced by the rulers of these regions. This development, in turn, gave rise to a notable pattern in which Muslim kings threatened or attacked the shrines of their enemies’ patron saints in times of war. A focus on this ritual violence, which remains neglected in the studies of Islamic iconoclasm and jihad, reveals how the protocols of violence and accommodation that governed these Muslim milieus became analogous to those enacted by Indic kings who also sacked temples of rival sovereigns in times of war. With the spread of Muslim shrines and the related belief that the “real” sovereign was not the caliph but the enshrined saint, Islam and Hinduism developed comparable grammars of “gifting” and “looting.” This argument allows for a new, transcultural perspective to examine the premodern history of India, Iran, and Central Asia, connected by the rise of Muslim saints and their shrines.
Fungi Edible and Poisonous

An article on this subject prepared by the writer appeared nearly a year ago in the fourth volume of the second edition of "Wood's Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences." The plan of the article included a general introduction to edible and poisonous mushrooms; a list of edible mushrooms selected by Dr. Peck after nearly fifty years' experience; preparing and cooking mushrooms; descriptions of edible and poisonous species; and a brief glossary containing the technical terms used. In addition to the 23 pages of descriptive matter, 26 species are illustrated with ordinary half-tones and 22 with colored halftones.
Epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Zhaoqing, 2010-2011

Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Zhaoqing. Method Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data on HFMD from 2010 to 2011 in Zhaoqing. Results In 2010, 10 112 cases of HFMD were reported, with an incidence rate of 263.70 / 10 million, eight cases of deaths and the mortality rate of 0.21/10 million. In 2011, 15 030 cases were reported, with an incidence rate of 383.61 / 10 million, and no death case. Most cases occurred from April to July each year. Cities, combined town and country, and economically developed areas had a high prevalence of HFMD. Age of onset was mainly scattered children and kindergarten children, with the highest morbidity of age 1～3 year old. EV71 was the predominant virus in 2010, while EV71, other enteroviruses and CoxA16 became the dominant strains one after the other in 2011. The ratio of serious cases of HFMD was increased with the prevalent proportion of EV71 strains (r=0.573,P0.01). Conclusion There were significant seasonal, regional, sex-specific and age-specific differences of HFMD in Zhaoqing with serious cases of HFMD rate positively correlated with the prevalent proportion of EV71.
Research on and Application of the Background Values of Dominant Metals in Surface Dust in the Vicinity of Kaifeng City,China

About 96 surface dust samples were collected from the vicinity of Kaifeng.According to the research methods of the soil background values,we discussed the concentrations of K,Na,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Ti and Al,and compared the topsoil background values of the study area with the average content of urban dust in Kaifeng City as well.The revised background concentrations of metals in the surface dust near Kaifeng were proposed to be 70.67 g / kg for Al,4.85 g / kg for Ti,19.56 g / kg for K,16.42 g / kg for Na,23.37g / kg for Ca,9.21 g / kg for Mg,20.83 g / kg for Fe,0.74 g / kg for Mn.Compared with the concentrations of soil samples from this section,the Mg,Na,Fe,Al,Ca and Ti background concentrations in the present study are about 14.98%,10.42%,10.10%,9.36%,8.40% and 4.30% higher while the concentrations of K and Mn are about 3.69% and 6.33% lower than the soil background values,respectively.Compared with the concentrations of urban dust in Kaifeng,Ca and K are about 8.94% and 4.92% higher while Mn,Ti,Fe,Na,Al and Mg are 69.11%,16.67%,14.92%,9.09%,6.63% and 0.84% lower than the background concentrations of the dust,respectively.Dust particle size,mineral composition and human activities are the important factors which affect the background values of main metal elements.
Innocents abroad: attitude change toward hosts

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of social distance, prior expectations, and trip experience on post-trip attitudes in multiple destinations. This study is based on surveys conducted with two groups of students: 1) a group participating in a summer study abroad program to the South Pacific or to Europe, and 2) a control group. The results show that attitude changes were positive towards Europeans, negative towards Australians, and mixed towards Fijians. This study supports the expectation value theory, but contradicts the cultural distance theory of attitude change. Further, the results show that experience with non-tourism related services played an important role toward attitude change.
Calcineurin in fungal virulence and drug resistance: Prospects for harnessing targeted inhibition of calcineurin for an antifungal therapeutic approach

Increases in the incidence and mortality due to the major invasive fungal infections such as aspergillosis, candidiasis and cryptococcosis caused by the species of Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus, are a growing threat to the immunosuppressed patient population. In addition to the limited armamentarium of the current classes of antifungal agents available (pyrimidine analogs, polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins), their toxicity, efficacy and the emergence of resistance are major bottlenecks limiting successful patient outcomes. Although these drugs target distinct fungal pathways, there is an urgent need to develop new antifungals that are more efficacious, fungal-specific, with reduced or no toxicity and simultaneously do not induce resistance. Here we review several lines of evidence which indicate that the calcineurin signaling pathway, a target of the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and cyclosporine A, orchestrates growth, virulence and drug resistance in a variety of fungal pathogens and can be exploited for novel antifungal drug development.
Variable length genomes for evolutionary algorithms

A variable length genome has been developed to search variable dimensionality/complexity spaces efficiently. A simple proof of concept experiment shows the utility of such a representation.
Menkes Disease: Copper-Histidine Therapy

The response to subcutaneous copper-histidine treatment (50 - 150 mcg Cu/kgm/daily) in seven children with Menkes disease (Kinky-Hair disease) is reported from the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Canada.
Revitalizing Conflict Research with a Communication Perspective: Celebrating and Learning from Linda Putnam's Contributions to the Study of Conflict

In this tribute to the 2010 recipient of the International Association for Conflict Management Lifetime Achievement Award, we celebrate the scholarship of Linda Putnam. We highlight her transformational impact not only on conflict research, but also on those of us who have had the opportunity to work with her. Noting her multidisciplinary research and her advocacy for a communication perspective of conflict, we review four distinct contributions and their intersections with conflict research: the communication perspective of conflict, interaction analysis, the bona fide group perspective, and bounded emotionality. Underlying these contributions are cross-disciplinary principles exemplified in Linda Putnam's research and career that serve to revitalize conflict research and inspire scholars. We conclude with her words of wisdom on the future of this field of research.
Positive radial solutions for quasilinear biharmonic equations

Abstract We study the quasilinear biharmonic problem { Δ ( | Δ u | p − 2 Δ u ) = f ( | x | , u ) + g ( | x | ) , x ∈ B 1 , u = Δ u = 0 , x ∈ ∂ B 1 , where B 1 = { x ∈ R N : | x | 1 } with N ≥ 2 . Criteria are established for the existence of at least one positive radial solution of the problem. Explicit lower and upper bounds of the solutions are obtained in our results.