cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxytocin antiserum delays onset of ovarian steroid-induced maternal behavior

We have previously reported that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of oxytocin (OXY) produces a significant increase in maternal behavior in ovariectomized (OVXed) rats given a single priming dose of estrogen. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has a weaker and more delayed but significant facilitating effect on the onset of maternal behavior. Other investigators have demonstrated that prolonged treatment of OVXed nulliparous rats with estrogen and progesterone followed by withdrawal of progesterone shortens the latency of onset of maternal behavior. We hypothesized that ovarian steroids increase the onset of maternal behavior by a central mechanism involving OXY and possibly AVP. To test this nulliparous Sprague Dawley rats were given SC one Silastic capsule containing 4.4 mg of 17 beta-estradiol eight days after OVX and three capsules each containing 40 mg of progesterone ten days after OVX. Progesterone capsules were removed on the 20th day after OVX, 24 hrs before the introduction of three rat pups (1-5 days old). One hr prior to introduction of pups animals received ICV 10 microliters of anti-oxytocin antiserum (AOA), anti-arginine vasopressin antiserum (AVA), anti-neurotensin antiserum (ANA), normal rabbit serum (NRS), AOA + 250 ng OXY or no ICV infusion. Animals receiving AOA displayed significantly less maternal behavior compared to animals receiving NRS, ANA or no ICV infusion over the first two, six and 25 hrs of pup contact. OXY significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of AOA in the first two hrs of pup contact. AVA significantly decreased the onset of maternal behavior compared to ANA or no ICV infusion over the first six hrs of pup contact.
Performance studies of the measurement test for detection of gross errors in process data

The measurement test proposed by Mah and Tamhane (1982) allows the gross error associated with a measurement to be directly identified without a separate procedure. In this paper a comprehensive evaluation of this test was carried out based on two different definitions of its power. The influence of constraints, network configuration, position of measurement, magnitudes of gross error and standard deviations, number of measurements, and other factors were summarized as rules and guidelines for the application of this test. The simulation procedure developed in this investigation may be used to design a gross error detection scheme for any specific application.
An improved model for fixed bed coal combustion and gasification

Abstract An improved one-dimensional model for countercurrent oxidation and gasification of coal in fixed or slowly moving beds has been developed. The model incorporates an advanced devolatilization submodel that can predict the evolution rates and the yields of individual gas species and tar. A split, back-and-forth, shooting method is implemented to satisfy exactly the boundary conditions for both the feed coal and the feed gas streams. An option to switch between equilibrium and non-equilibrium gas phase composition has been added. The model yields improved predictions for product gas composition and product tar flow rate. The model predictions are compared with the experimental data for two coals: a Jetson bituminous coal and a Rosebud subbituminous coal. An illustrative simulation for an atmospheric, airblown, dry ash, Wellman-Galusha gasifier, fired with the Jetson bituminous coal, is presented. Areas which need additional improvements are identified.
Prime characters and primitivity

A natural question, in the character theory of finite groups, is which quasi-primitive characters are actually primitive. A character is said to be quasi-primitive if it is irreducible and its restriction to every normal subgroup is homogeneous. If the group is solvable, T. Berger [9, Th. 11.331 has shown that every quasi-primitive character is actually primitive. If the group is simple, however, every irreducible character is quasi-primitive and may or may not be primitive. The character of degree 5 of Alt(5), for example, is not primitive. It follows that a generalization of Berger’s Theorem to non-solvable groups must include some extra hypotheses which become vacuous when the group is solvable. In this paper we prove the following such theorem, with hypotheses on the chief factors and the character degrees.
Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland associated with chronic arsenical intoxication

Epithelioid angiosarcoma is a rare tumor quite recently described. There is no accurate epidemiological study of this tumor. Among the internal organs, the liver is the one most frequently affected with angiosarcoma while there is no reference to the adrenal gland as a primary site. It is well known that the direct exposure to arsenicals (especially of vineyard cultivators) may be an important causative factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. A 59-year-old male vineyard cultivator with an epithelioid angiosarcoma of the right adrenal gland is described. The histologic characteristics as well as the immunohistochemical profile of the tumor are presented and the literature is briefly reviewed.
Informal caregiving: differential experiences by gender.

Background. With an aging population and public policies that limit accessible and affordable formal care services, informal caregivers, largely women, will continue bearing the overwhelming responsibility for home and long-term care services provision.Objectives. This study examined gender differen
Comments on the Earth's Figure

OSMASTON1 has pointed out that core convection might have important consequences with regard to the Earth's figure and continental drift, and that it is an extremely powerful cause of oblateness. He suggests that observations of J2 might indicate the amount of change in the magnetic field in the core and therefore the amount of core convection. He seems to be saying that the angular momentum of the Earth can be expressed as where C and ω are the polar moment of inertia and angular velocity and 1, 2, 3 refer to the inner core, outer core and mantle respectively. The mantle and the crust are assumed to be rotating at the same speed; the transfer of angular momentum between solid and fluid parts of the Earth of this kind has also been suggested by Munk and MacDonald2.
Middle school student perceptions of school climate: Examining protective functions on subsequent adjustment problems.

Abstract The present study examined the roles of student perceptions of four aspects of school climate (friction, cohesion, competition among students, and satisfaction with classes) as moderators of the relations between effortful control and subsequent conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Participants were 488 10-to-14-year old students involved in two waves, with one year between each wave, of a study. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that high levels of perceived friction predicted more subsequent conduct problems and depressive symptoms, even after baseline levels of these problems were partialled out. Low levels of effortful control also elevated risk for subsequent conduct problems. However, perceptions of the school as high in cohesion offset the risk associated with low levels of effortful control. Perceived satisfaction with classes also offset this risk, but only for females. Contrary to expectations, student perceptions of school climate did not interact with effortful control to predict subsequent depressive symptoms.
Sleep apnoea in syndromic craniosynostosis occurs independent of hindbrain herniation

Hindbrain herniation (HH) is frequently found in syndromic craniosynostosis. It may cause impairment of the respiratory centres and manifest as sleep-disordered breathing. Our aim was to quantify sleep apnoea caused by HH in children with syndromic craniosynostosis. Seventy-one children with syndromic and complex craniosynostosis (aged 0–18 years) underwent prospective magnetic resonance imaging and a sleep study. The position of the cerebellar tonsils and respiratory parameters were evaluated and analysed. None of the included patients had undergone previous foramen magnum decompression. HH was present in 35 % of the patients and was more frequent in children with Crouzon syndrome (63 %) than in other types of craniosynostosis (p = .018). There was a positive association between the position of the cerebellar tonsils and papilledema (p = .002). Sleep studies of children with craniosynostosis and HH were not different from those without HH. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome was not more prevalent in children with HH compared to those without HH (p = .12). A cluster analysis using indices of apnoea revealed that three new clusters between which age was significantly different (p = .025). Sleep apnoea in syndromic craniosynostosis is not caused by HH. Rather, our evidence suggests that sleep-disordered breathing in craniosynostosis may be caused by brain stem immaturity in young children or upper airway obstruction. Therefore, as long as the child remains asymptomatic, our preferred management of HH is to be conservative and provide regular neurosurgical follow-up.
Impact of Collaborative Testing on Student Performance and Satisfaction in a Chiropractic Science Course

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to examine student performance and attitudes within both collaborative testing and traditional (solo) testing environments in an upper level chiropractic technique course. Methods Students in the experimental group (n = 43) were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 teams (each team typically containing 4-5 students), with teams differing for each of the 3-unit examinations. The control group (n = 46) received the same unit examinations but completed them as individuals. Each examination consisted of 15 multiple choice questions related to spinal evaluation. All students took the comprehensive final examination as individuals. A survey was administered to all students regarding their attitudes on their testing experience after the third examination. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for statistical comparisons. Results Although the collaborative group scored significantly higher than the control group on all unit examinations ( P P > .05). Students involved in collaborative testing had a more positive attitude regarding their testing experience than students in solo testing ( P P P > .05). Conclusion These results confirm and extend previous studies of collaborative testing at chiropractic colleges. Statistically significant increases in unit examination scores and statistically significant differences in survey item scores may be interpreted as students involved in collaborative testing having an increase in course performance and student attitudes.
Synthesis of 9β-methyl-2-alkyl-7-oxo-5-arylmorphans

Abstract A convergent synthetic approach to 9β-methyl-2-alkyl-7-oxo-5-arylmorphans has been developed utilizing alkylation of the metalloenamine of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-aryl-1-alkylpyridines with 2-(chloromethyl)-3,5-dioxahex-1-ene (Okahara's reagent).
The Kennard–Stepanov relation for time-resolved fluorescence

Abstract The Kennard–Stepanov relation connects the optical emission and absorption spectra of materials. It has proved useful in assessing the extent of equilibration of excited states of fluorescent systems. We propose a generalization of the theory that may help characterize the approach to equilibrium and we illustrate the method in model systems.
Photopolymerization of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate with deoxybenzoin as photoinitiator

Abstract Rates of the photopolymerization of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDODA) using deoxybenzoin (DOB)/amine photoinitiator systems have been measured. Triethylamine (TEA), N,N-dimethylethanol amine (DMEA), N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMEMA) are postulated to form excited state complexes (exciplexes) with DOB from whence photoreduction of DOB occurs to give the ketyl radical (identified by laser flash photolysis) and an initiating radical species. Rate enhancements on the order of 5 to 7 are reported both in nitrogen and air-saturated HDODA. Thus, deoxybenzoin which acts as a rather poor cleavage type photoinitiator in the absence of a hydrogen-donating species, becomes an effective co-photoinitiator when used in conjunction with tertiary amines.
Self-Reported and Actual Savings in a Water Conservation Campaign:

Data from a survey questionnaire and from water utility billing records are used to compare self-reported and actual water savings for 471 households during a conservation campaign. Self-reports are only weakly related to actual changes in water consumption. Errors are widespread, and not wholly random: The accuracy of self-reports increases with household socioeconomic status and with the extent of conservation behavior. The large and nonrandom error component makes self-reports questionable as a proxy for objective measures of overall water savings in conservation research. Because knowledge about water use is both generally low and related to conservation behavior, informational feedback may be a particularly effective strategy for increasing conservation. The effectiveness of this feedback may increase with social class, however.
Influence of Electric Fields on the Molecular Alignment in the Liquid Crystal p-(Anisalamino)-phenyl Acetate

Abstract The effects of electric fields on the molecular alignment in the liquid crystal p-(anisalamino)-phenyl acetate are discussed. The behavior of this material is similar to that of p-azoxyanisole in that the ordering which is normally observed shows an alignment with the molecular axis preferring a direction parallel to the field at low audio frequencies, and perpendicular to the field for frequencies of a few hundred kHz. Results comparing the effectiveness of electric and magnetic fields for producing molecular alignment are presented which support a theory presented earlier to explain the ordering in p-azoxyanisole at audio frequencies. This theory involves the anisotropy associated with the electrical conductivity. Results are also presented which show that the effectiveness of dc electric fields is comparable to that for low audio frequencies. A few comments are made concerning recent work employing electric fields to produce ordering in liquid crystals for NMR studies.
Nucleosome Disruption by Human SWI/SNF Is Maintained in the Absence of Continued ATP Hydrolysis

We have examined the requirement for ATP in human (h) SWI/SNF-mediated alteration of nucleosome structure and facilitation of transcription factor binding to nucleosomal DNA. hSWI/SNF-mediated nucleosome alteration requires hydrolysis of ATP or dATP. The alteration is stable upon removal of ATP from the reaction or upon inhibition of activity by excess ATPγS, indicating that continued ATP hydrolysis is not required to maintain the altered nucleosome structure. This stable alteration is sufficient to facilitate binding of a transcriptional activator protein; concurrent ATP hydrolysis was not required to facilitate binding. These data suggest sequential steps that can occur in the process by which transcription factors gain access to nucleosomal DNA.
Spiral bevel and circular arc helical gears: Tooth contact analysis and the effect of misalignment on circular arc helical gears

A computer aided method for tooth contact analysis was developed and applied. Optimal machine-tool settings for spiral bevel gears are proposed and when applied indicated that kinematic errors can be minimized while maintaining a desirable bearing contact. The effect of misalignment for circular arc helical gears was investigated and the results indicted that directed pinion refinishing can compensate the kinematic errors due to misalignment.
Comparison of some properties of the high-affinity juvenile hormone binding protein from the larval hemolymph of pyralid moths

The properties of the high-affinity low molecular weight juvenile hormone (JH) binding protein present in the hemolymph of larvae of five species of pyralid moths, a noctuid moth, and a sphingid moth were compared. The pyralid moths exhibit a facultative diapause as last-instar larvae. The species employed were the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, the southern cornstalk borer, Diatraea crambidoides, the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum, the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The binding characteristics of the proteins were determined using saturation binding assays and competitive binding assays. The dissociation constants of JH I, JH II, and JH III for the binding protein of all the species varied from 0.8 x 10−7 M to 2.8 x 10−7 M. Calibrated gel filtration showed that the binding protein of all the species had apparent molecular weights ranging from 29,000 to 31,000. Electrophoresis in 7% acrylamide gels revealed that the relative mobilities of the binding proteins ranged from 0.33 to 0.43. Isoelectric focusing showed that the binding proteins had isoelectric points between 4.4 and 5.0.
Self-organization in prebiological systems: simulations of a model for the origin of genetic information.

Computer simulations of a “spin glass” model for the origin of biological information are discussed. Selection is found to occur among a wide diversity of possible species, and in addition competition, adaptation, and hysteresis are all exhibited.
Kinetic analysis of glutathione in anchored cells with monochlorobimane

A method for the measurement of intracellular glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity with monochlorobimane in adherent cells is described. The method involves the kinetic analysis of monochlorobimane conjugation to glutathione over a relatively short period of time. This permits extrapolation over time for determination of equilibrium fluorescence intensity (relative glutathione level) from scan intensity data that follows first-order kinetics, minimizing problems commonly associated with the use of monochlorobimane. By using measured fluorescence intensity values from glutathione standards, a suspension calibration curve was generated and, subsequently, was used to determine the photomultiplier tube saturation rate. A theoretical intracellular calibration curve was then generated to quantify glutathione content in cells. This method was also applied to study the changes in glutathione in a variety of rodent and human cell lines and in selected cocultures of cells exhibiting similar or different glutathione levels. Comparison of the glutathione levels obtained with monochlorobimane and a standard colorimetric method (GSH-400) indicated good correlation between the two methods. These studies support the use of laser cytometry for measuring intracellular glutathione with monochlorobimane as well as changes in glutathione occurring in cells that establish physical contacts with other cells. Laser cytometric analysis of glutathione in anchored cells also provides opportunities to monitor individual cellular responses to a variety of experimental manipulations, such as responses to various toxic insults or the protective effects of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication.
Metamemory in temporal lobe epilepsy: Self-monitoring of memory functions

Abstract Temporal lobe seizure patients and control subjects participated in an investigation of metamemory. The two-part study explored the individual's perception of memory abilities for both encoding and retrieval. Experiment I addressed self-monitoring of encoding through a study of prediction of memory span. Experiment II explored self-monitoring of retrieval through a study of “Feeling of Knowing.” The results indicate that left and right temporal lobe seizure patients tend to overestimate their memory capacities, in comparison with normal controls, and that self-monitoring tends to be less accurate for material (verbal or nonverbal) mediated by side of lesion. The potential impact of inaccurate memory monitoring on the memory dysfunction observed in seizure patients is discussed.
Central Nervous System Infections: Meningitis and Brain Abscess

Despite advances in antimicrobial and antiviral therapy, meningitis and brain abscess are infections that result in significant morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach, including intensive care, is often required in the treatment of these infections. Meningitis is defined by the presence of the inflammation of the meninges, with characteristic changes in cerebrospinal fluid. Brain abscess is a focal infection of the brain parenchyma, commonly caused by bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens. This article reviews the common infectious etiologies of central nervous system infections, especially bacterial meningitis and brain abscess, and their subsequent management in the intensive care unit.
Emittance optimization in three- and multiple-bend achromats.

The necessary condition for minimizing the emittance of the three- and multiple-bend achromat lattices is derived. For isomagnetic three- or multiple-bend achromat lattices, the minimum emittance can only be attained if the length of the dipoles is \ensuremath{\varphi} a factor of ${3}^{1/3}$ longer than that of outer dipoles. For the three- or multiple-bend achromat with equal length dipoles the minimum emittance can also be achieved by increasing the magnetic field of middle dipoles by a factor of \ensuremath{\surd}3 larger than that of outer dipoles. The minimum emittance formula for the isomagnetic three-bend achromat with equal length dipole has also been derived. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Spectral light absorption and attenuation measurements from a towed undulating vehicle

Abstract Measurements from a nine-wavelength light absorption and attenuation instrument mounted on a towed, undulating vehicle (SeaSoar) capable of rapidly profiling the water column – complete up-down cycles in 1.5–12 min depending on the maximum sampling depth – are used to characterize strong spatial variations in the distributions of upper-ocean bio-optical properties. Water sampled from adjacent to the conductivity and temperature sensors located in the nose of the vehicle is pumped through the 25-cm dual optical flow tubes of a Western Environmental Technology Laboratories (WET Labs) ac-9 instrument mounted on top of SeaSoar. A three-stage algorithm for post-processing the optical data to insure high-quality measurements concurrent with conductivity–temperature–depth data is described. After synchronizing the optical, navigational and conductivity–temperature–depth data streams, the method relies on finding the optimal time delay between when a water parcel is sampled first by the temperature and conductivity sensors and then by the absorption and attenuation optics. After applying the calculated time-dependent lag, a correction for the dependence of light absorption on temperature and salinity and a scattering correction to absorption are made. The final processed optical data from SeaSoar compare well with the same parameters sampled by a slowly lowered vertical profiling package deployed from a nearby stationary vessel. A 2-h, 30-km long cross-shelf section consisting of 184 vertical profiles separated by 150–200 m reveals strong horizontal variations on short spatial scales (1 km or less) of the vertical distributions of bio-optical properties.
Self-disclosure, body-accessibility, and personal space.

Measures of self-disclosure, body-accessibility, and personal space were given to 170 male Ss. Body-accessibility toward mother, father, and best male friend were highly interrelated; body-accessibility toward best female friend was independent of the others Body-accessibility was related to self-disclosure toward each of the four target persons. Studying male peers only, personal space was not related to self-disclosure, but it was related to body-accessibility.
Penicillin amidase production by bacillus megaterium

Summary Penicillin amidase, an enzyme which hydrolyzes benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid and phenylacetic acid, is produced by Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 as an extracellular enzyme. We used this system as a model to examine the effects of nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous limitation on enzyme production in continuous culture. For these studies, we developed a minimal medium for B. megaterium which contained histidine as the sole nitrogen source. Batch experiments showed that this enzyme is produced as a growth-associated metabolite. Enzyme production was shown to be a function of the growth-limiting conditions and the concentration of the inducer, phenylacetic acid. Sulfur limitation in continuous culture yielded enzyme activities approximately three to five times those observed in nitrogen- and phosphorous-limited chemostats. These results are discussed in terms of the environment’s influence on enzyme production in continuous culture.
Trace Headspace Sampling for Quantitative Analysis of Explosives with Cryoadsorption on Short Alumina Porous Layer Open Tubular Columns

Quantitative headspace (HS) measurements have been performed on the practical industrial and military plastic bonded explosives (PBX) tagged-C-4, Semtex-1A, Semtex-H, detonating cord (detcord), and sheet explosive (Detaflex). The measurements were made by a modified purge and trap technique developed in our laboratory on the basis of cryoadsorption on short alumina-coated porous layer open tubular (PLOT) columns. Trace compounds (of both high and low volatility) were identified and quantitated as a function of HS collection temperature. The data are presented in the form of van't Hoff equations. The linear relationship of the recovered mass as a function of inverse collection temperature reveals the predictive capabilities of the methodology employed here. Knowledge of the compounds that can be detected, along with the expected concentrations to be collected, can aid in detection of explosive materials. Additionally, these data can aid in the standardization, calibration, and certification of energetic material detection devices and can aid in the training of canines for explosive detection.
Lifestyle balance: How it is described and experienced by women with multiple Sclerosis

This phenomenological study used focus groups to explore the experiences, perceptions, and attitudes about lifestyle balance of 13 women with multiple sclerosis. The analysis was in two phases, the first used grounded theory methods that generated categories and sub‐themes and the second used a matrix analysis that cross‐referenced the findings with the 5 dimensions of Matuska and Christiansen's (2008) model of lifestyle balance. Results from the second phase are reported. Participants emphasized their desire to be physically healthy with minimal stress, the importance of meaningful relationships, their need for a personal identity unrelated to multiple sclerosis, the importance of rewarding and stimulating activities, and the challenge of managing their energy to achieve daily goals. These findings provide validity evidence for the model of lifestyle balance as a useful theoretical foundation for understanding the lifestyle needs of women with multiple sclerosis.
Design of artificial lotus leaves using nonwoven fabric

The apparent contact angles of a droplet deposited on the surfaces of thermal-bonded nonwoven fabrics were presented, and the characteristics required for a superhydrophobic surface were described. For a nonwoven superhydrophobic surface, the Cassie–Baxter model describes the wetting of rough surfaces. Using topological and chemical surface modifications of nylon 6,6 nonwoven fabric, artificial Lotus leaves having water contact angles >150° were prepared. Good agreement between the predictions based on the original Cassie–Baxter model and experiments was obtained. The angle at which a water droplet rolls off the surface has also been used to define a superhydrophobic surface. Superhydrophobic surfaces were prepared by two criteria: a low-surface energy and a properly designed surface roughness.
Water Dynamics and Proton Transfer in Nafion Fuel Cell Membranes

The dynamics of water and its effect on proton transport kinetics in Nafion membranes are compared at several hydration levels. Nafion is the most widely used polyelectrolyte membrane in fuel cells. Ultrafast infrared spectroscopy of the O−D stretch of dilute HOD in H2O provides a probe of the local environment and hydrogen bond network dynamics of water confined in the hydrophilic regions of Nafion. The kinetics of proton transfer in Nafion are tracked by following the excited-state proton transfer and recombination kinetics of a molecular probe, pyranine (HPTS). The hydrophilic domains of Nafion grow with increased hydration, and the interfacial regions reorganize, leading to a changing local environment for water near the interface. Swelling is not uniform throughout the membrane, and heterogeneity is observed in the fluorescence anisotropy decays of the methoxy derivative of pyranine. Measurements of the time-dependent anisotropy of water in Nafion provide a direct probe of the hydrogen bond network d...
On the distribution of pure strategy equilibria in finite games with vector payoffs

Abstract Two players, each with vector payoffs, no notion of substitution rates between coordinates, and no recourse to mixed strategies, play a finite matrix game. Thus preferences over outcomes are incomplete and a pure equilibrium (PE) is a pure strategy pair in which the choice of each player is maximal in his pure strategy set (no worse than anything else) given the other player's strategy. The coordinates of each payoff vector are real-valued random variables. For two-dimensional payoffs, we calculate the mean and variance of the number of PE points in the game and show that for any positive integer k , the probability of at least k PE points approaches one as pure strategy sets increase in size, and as a corollary, that this extends to n -dimensional payoffs for n ≥ 3. Again for two-dimensional payoffs, in the limit as pure strategy sets expand, the distribution is normal with mean and identical variance increasing without bound. For symmetric bimatrix games with n -dimensional payoffs, the exact distribution of symmetric PE points is binomial with parameters depending on n and the size of pure strategy sets, and a similar central limit result applies. Thus, in the cases we study, the need to consider mixed strategy equilibria vanishes in the limit for large games when payoffs are vector valued.
European tectonic features observed by Magsat

Abstract Regional three-dimensional magnetic models have been developed to characterize the principal European long-wavelength magnetic anomalies represented on the improved Magsat magnetic anomaly map of Europe. The magnetic models were constrained by regional variations in geology and geophysical parameters (e.g., geologic boundaries, crustal thickness, heat flow). Because only limited measurements of magnetization are available on lower crustal and uppermost mantle rock samples, our results are useful in constraining and understanding the overall magnetization of these regions. Illustrations of these include: (1) geologic provinces across the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone; (2) regions of thin crust and high mantle heat flow in south-central Europe; (3) the Kursk-Voronezh magnetic anomaly; and (4) the Ladoga-Gulf of Bothnia zone. The region of the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone, that marks the boundary between the Fennoscandian-Baltic Shield and metastable Europe, is a major magnetic discontinuity. In south-central Europe, the regional magnetic variations appear to be directly related to variations in the lower crustal thickness and possibly also to heat flow. In addition, the famous Kursk (Ukraine) iron-ore deposit produces a prominent bullseye anomaly at satellite altitude. The Kiruna Magsat anomaly is modelled as having a large, deep body as its source. The high P-wave velocity, basal crustal layers encountered in rift (e.g., the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone itself) and continental arc (e.g., the Ladoga-Gulf of Bothnia zone) settings of Europe appear to be nearly non-magnetic.
Extended impedance control using real and virtual sensors for redundant manipulators

Control of a redundant manipulator based on an impedance-control framework with multiple simultaneous control sources is described. Each control source provides a different behavior type. An application is decomposed into multiple simultaneous behaviors whose resultant behavior will provide the motion necessary to execute the task. The simultaneous control inputs are merged using impedance control to compute a resultant command to the manipulator. The task space of each behavior can have the dimensionality of the mechanism being controlled. Control of a seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator is described here with an available task space for each behavior of dimensionality seven.
Assessing risk in acute chest pain: The value of stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients admitted through the emergency department

To prospectively assess the clinical value of stress-gated myocardial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for triaging patients admitted through the emergency department (ED) with acute chest pain (ACP). Prospective, observational cohort study in 1,576 consecutive patients who were evaluated for ACP over a 29-month period. Stress SPECT was performed within 24 hours of admission from the ED. Analysis included quantification of total and ischemic left ventricular perfusion defect size (PDS). Cardiac events were defined as an acute coronary syndrome during the index hospitalization or in follow-up over 7.3 ± 2.8 months. Eighty-five cardiac events occurred in 77 patients (4.9%). SPECT was abnormal in 135 patients (8.6%) of whom 83 (61.5%) had a reversible defect. Event rates were significantly higher in patients with an abnormal (40%) versus a normal (1.6%) SPECT (P 15%) versus small (≤15%) PDS (50.0% vs 33.7%, P = .05) and (2) large (>10%) versus small (≤10%) ischemic PDS (87.5% vs 42.4%, P < .0001, respectively). SPECT best predicted cardiac events by multivariate analysis. The addition of SPECT to clinical variables significantly improved overall risk prediction (global χ2 103.6 vs 207.1, P < .001). Stress SPECT can accurately assess risk in a heterogeneous group of patients with ACP of unclear cardiac etiology, and beyond that provided by a clinical risk assessment alone. Our results support the use of stress SPECT for identifying very low-risk ACP patients with normal study results who can be safely discharged home.
Evaluating Re-order Levels and Probabilities of Stockout during a Lead Time for Some Stock-Control Models

When several suppliers are concurrently used to replenish one stock item, it is often of interest to compute the mean and the variance of the effective lead time, i.e., the minimum of all lead times. However, in many cases, especially with non-identical lead time distributions, these quantities do not have closed form expressions and their calculation can be complicated. Difficulty in computation also arises in evaluating demand during lead time, even if there is only one supplier. This paper presents a numerical integration method using Gaussian quadrature to evaluate the effective lead time mean and variance, re-order level and the probability of stockout during the effective lead time. The Gaussian quadrature rules are easy to implement and several data sets are used in the paper to demonstrate the method.
Stereospecificity in algal oxidation of the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene

The green algaSelenastrum capricornutum Printz metabolizes benzo(a)pyrene to vicinal dihydrodiols. Two metabolites isolated from algal medium extracts have been identified ascis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene andcis-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-benzo(a)pyrene. Notrans-dihydrodiols have been found. This stereospecificity is unlike that seen in fungal and mammalian systems, in which polycyclic aromatic compounds are metabolized totrans-dihydrodiols.
Bacteria Adhere Less to Barbed Monofilament Than Braided Sutures in a Contaminated Wound Model

Background Previous studies have found fewer clinical infections in wounds closed with monofilament suture compared with braided suture. Recently, barbed monofilament sutures have shown improved strength and increased timesavings over interrupted braided sutures. However, the adherence of bacteria to barbed monofilament sutures and other commonly used suture materials is unclear.
Sympathy for the Devil: An Exploration of Federal Judicial Discretion in the Processing of White-Collar Offenders

Since the late 1990s, the United States has experienced a series of major corporate malfeasance events leading to the collapse of corporations such as Worldcom and Enron, predatory lending practices which devastated the nation’s real estate market and the Bernie Madoff scandal serving as prime examples. While the leading culprits in such well-publicized cases have met stiff sanctions, the common notion is that white-collar offenders are treated more leniently than street offenders by the criminal justice system. Given the scope and severity of victimization attributable to the contemporary white collar crime epidemic, the matter of sanctioning fairness and severity is of timely importance. This paper examines judicial discretion in the form of the decision to incarcerate and the length of sentences imposed for federal white collar and street level offenders. Findings inform discussion oriented around the related issues of deterrence and public safety.
Time-resolved x-ray studies of pressure-jump-induced topological transitions in biological membranes

Topological transitions in membrane liquid crystals formed by biological lipid-water systems have been the subject of much recent interest. We have developed an x-ray diffraction system capable of initiating pressure jumps of up to 3 kbar in about 5 ms. Time-resolved x-ray diffraction patterns were obtained (approximately 9 ms each) at the National Synchrotron Light Source using two state-of-the-art CCD based detectors developed at Princeton. Numerous Bragg diffraction patterns were obtained in studying the effect of pressure on the simplest topological transitions in membranes, the lamellar to hexagonal phase transition. The patterns from one of the detectors were recorded with a signal-to-noise sufficient to measure peak positions, peak widths, and integrated areas to an accuracy adequate to test models and mechanisms of phase transition kinetics. Additional longer time-scale studies were performed using optical turbidity measurements and were found to be consistent with x-ray studies. Transition rates were found to vary by nearly 5 orders of magnitude as the difference between the final pressure and the equilibrium transition pressure was varied. As the magnitude of the pressure jump in these lyotropic systems is increased, the transition mechanism is determined not only by the rate at which water and lipid molecules transform from one phase to the new emerging phase, but also by the need for water transport. Finally, it was found that the lamellar phase acts as an intermediate phase in transitions between the gel phase and the hexagonal phase, induced by very large pressure jumps (> 2 kbar).
Controllability of Nonlinear Sequential Networks

A sequential network is said to be controllable if there exists at least one integer k such that it is possible to transition between any pair of arbitrary states (Sa, Sb) in exactly k steps. In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a nonlinear sequential network to be controllable. Strong connectedness is a necessary condition for controllability. It is shown that the existence of two cycles C1 and C2 on a strongly connected sequential network, whose cycle lengths L1 and L2 are relatively prime, is both necessary and sufficient for controllability. Simple test procedures are also developed which determine if a sequential network is controllable and which determine the transition sequences.
Semantic foundations for conditional permission

The principal aim of the present paper has been the presentation of a semantical foundation for an important species of deontic logic (viz., the conditional variety). This semantical approach to the problem is essentially new and has the advantage of providing a complex of conceptual machinery by means of which this branch of applied logic can be placed upon a more rigorous and solid foundation. Above all, it makes available a logically rigorous criterion of acceptability for deontic principles by means of which questions in this sphere can be treated and resolved upon other than intuitive grounds.
Evidence at Lomax, Illinois, for Mid-Wisconsin (∼40,000 yr B.P.) Position of the Des Moines Lobe and for Diversion of the Mississippi River by the Lake Michigan Lobe (20,350 yr B.P.)

Abstract An abrupt change in environment from a wetland to a deeper slackwater lake at 20,345 ± 85 yr B.P. occurred in a second-order valley tributary to the Mississippi River near Lomax, Illinois. The age of this shift is associated with the overflow of glacial Lake Milan and diversion of the Mississippi River from the Princeton Valley (Rock Island to Peoria) to its present course (Rock Island to St. Louis). The diversion occurred due to blockage of the Princeton Valley segment of the ancient Mississippi River by the Lake Michigan Lobe, impoundment of glacial Lake Milan, and eventual overflow of the lake southwest of Rock Island across a former drainage divide near Andalusia, Illinois. Fossil ostracode assemblages in the slackwater sediment at Lomax indicate changes in the post-diversion, full-glacial paleohydrology and, based on multivariate analysis, hint at the area's paleoclimate. An older part of the succession at Lomax is consistent with glaciation in the upper Iowa River basin about 40,000 yr B.P. Aggradation of sediment rich in coarse silt is attributed to a response of the ancient Iowa River basin associated with deposition of the glacigenic Sheldon Creek Formation by the Des Moines Lobe.
Notch and Nodal control forkhead factor expression in the specification of multipotent progenitors in sea urchin

Indirect development, in which embryogenesis gives rise to a larval form, requires that some cells retain developmental potency until they contribute to the different tissues in the adult, including the germ line, in a later, post-embryonic phase. In sea urchins, the coelomic pouches are the major contributor to the adult, but how coelomic pouch cells (CPCs) are specified during embryogenesis is unknown. Here we identify the key signaling inputs into the CPC specification network and show that the forkhead factor foxY is the first transcription factor specifically expressed in CPC progenitors. Through dissection of its cis-regulatory apparatus we determine that the foxY expression pattern is the result of two signaling inputs: first, Delta/Notch signaling activates foxY in CPC progenitors; second, Nodal signaling restricts its expression to the left side, where the adult rudiment will form, through direct repression by the Nodal target pitx2. A third signal, Hedgehog, is required for coelomic pouch morphogenesis and institution of laterality, but does not directly affect foxY transcription. Knockdown of foxY results in a failure to form coelomic pouches and disrupts the expression of virtually all transcription factors known to be expressed in this cell type. Our experiments place foxY at the top of the regulatory hierarchy underlying the specification of a cell type that maintains developmental potency.
TOXIC WASTE SITING AND COMMUNITY RESISTANCE: How Cooptation of Local Citizen Opposition Failed

Cooptation is used as a conceptual frameworkfor analyz- ing a case of environmental conflict over a proposed toxic waste site that ended with allegations of betrayal aimed at community leaders who partic- ipated in structured negotiations with a waste disposal company. Though the negotiations committee challenging the waste company's proposal was stacked with veteran environmental activists, evidence suggests that they were effectively coopted. However, cooptation eventuallyfailed when local activists not on the committee lost confidence in the negotiating process and accused committee members of "selling out" to the waste company and compromising the interests of the community. As a result of protests and citizen awareness campaigns, the opposition forces successfully convinced the regulatory agency to deny the company's permit. Wefind that coopta- tion theory helps to explain the short-lived success of corporate efforts during the early stages of negotiations, as well as the dynamics offailure in the long run. Three major components of cooptation are identified and discussed: (a) channeling, (b) inclusion/participation, and (c) salience control. The eventual failure of the siting process is linked to the latent demise of salience control.
THE ELECTROMAGNETO-ACOUSTIC SURFACE WAVE IN A PIEZOELECTRIC MEDIUM : THE BLEUSTEIN-GULYAEV MODE

By discarding the quasi‐static approximation, this paper gives the exact solutions of a shear horizontal electromagneto‐acoustic surface wave mode in a class of piezoelectric media. As the wave speed is much less than the speed of light, the solution degenerates to the well‐known Bleustein–Gulyaev wave, or Maerfeld–Tournois wave. Taking into account both optical effect as well as the contribution from the rotational part of electric field, the solutions obtained here are not only valid for any wave speed range, but also provide accurate formulas to evaluate the acousto‐optic interaction due to the piezoelectricity.
The prevalence of asymptomatic intracranial large-vessel occlusive disease: the role of diabetes.

Objective. To investigate the prevalence of asymptomatic intracranial stenosis using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in patients with evidence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Background. Symptomatic atherosclerotic intracranial largeartery stenosis accounts for approximately 10% of ischemic strokes annually. It is unknown whether a significant risk for stroke is associated with asymptomatic intracranial stenosis, especially in patients with known asymptomatic carotid disease. Design and Methods. Transcutaneous real-time B-mode Doppler ultrasonography was performed on 510 patients referred for the evaluation of asymptomatic carotid bruits. A peak systolic flow velocity > 1.40 m/s indicated carotid stenosis. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was performed to identify intracranial large-artery disease. The peak systolic flow velocity indicating stenosis was > 120 cm/s for anterior circulation and > 100 cm/s for posterior circulation. Demographic and cerebrovascular risk factor information was recorded at the time of examination. Chi-square analysis with Pearson correction was performed to examine the significance of the findings. Results. Five hundred ten patients (252 male, 258 female) aged 71.4±10.45 years were studied. The laboratory's accuracy was previously established as 93% for each technique for laboratory certification. Two hundred patients (39.2%) were found to have extracranial carotid stenosis, and 66 (12.9%) were found to have intracranial stenosis. Thirty-seven patients (56%, P < .01) were found to have concurrent stenosis. In patients with intracranial stenosis, 19 (28.8%, P < .03) had diabetes, and 26 (39.4%, p < .03) had coronary disease. There was no corresponding correlation with extracranial carotid disease and diabetes or coronary artery disease. Conclusions. The prevalence of patients with asymptomatic intracranial stenosis with concurrent carotid stenosis was greater than expected. Coexisting diabetes and coronary disease were significant risk factors in this population. Doppler ultrasonography may be a useful technique in delineating asymptomatic intracranial stenosis in those patients with existing carotid stenosis. Further studies are needed to clarify the risk of this population for stroke from asymptomatic intracranial stenosis and to determine optimal therapy.