cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovery of simian virus 40 (SV40) and its relationship to poliomyelitis virus vaccines

Simian Virus 40 (SV40) was discovered in 1959 as a covert contaminant of poliovirus vaccines prepared using Macacus monkey renal cell cultures. This inapparent polyoma virus of monkeys was detected using Cercopithecus renal cell cultures and was eliminated from poliovaccines. There has been no evidence to implicate SV40 virus of vaccine origin in long- or short-term consequences in human subjects. Of importance, SV40 virus provided a new model for basic studies of viral pathogenesis and for cell transformation and neoplasia. Neoplastic transformation is fixed on the promiscuous binding of SV40 large T antigen to anti-oncogene cellular protein elements. SV40 also served as a valuable model for defining the immunology of virus-induced cancer and in its prevention and cure. Further, it has been a prime tool for elucidating the molecular details of eukaryotic cell processes. Numerous techniques now used in molecular biology were pioneered in the SV40 system. The SV40 promoter is commonly used in vector expression constructs and it has continued to be a model to develop new tools for site-specific mutagenesis. The virus has been critically important to studies in modern genetics and in molecular biology.
Why are the seed cones of conifers so diverse at pollination

Background and Aims Form and function relationships in plant reproductive structures have long fascinated biologists. Although the intricate associations between specific pollinators and reproductive morphology have been widely explored among animal-pollinated plants, the evolutionary processes underlying the diverse morphologies of wind-pollinated plants remain less well understood. Here we study how this diversity may have arisen by focusing on two conifer species in the pine family that have divergent reproductive cone morphologies at pollination.
Elucidating Environmental Fingerprinting Mechanisms of Unconventional Gas Development through Hydrocarbon Analysis

Hydraulic fracturing is an increasingly common technique for the extraction of natural gas entrapped in shale formations. This technique has been highly criticized due to the possibility of environmental contamination, underscoring the need for method development to identify chemical factors that could be utilized in point-source identification of environmental contamination events. Here, we utilize comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight (HRT) mass spectrometry, which offers a unique instrumental combination allowing for petroleomics hydrocarbon fingerprinting. Four flowback fluids from Marcellus shale gas wells in geographic proximity were analyzed for differentiating factors that could be exploited in environmental forensics investigations of shale gas impacts. Kendrick mass defect (KMD) plots of these flowback fluids illustrated well-to-well differences in heteroatomic substituted hydrocarbons, while GC × GC separations showed variance in cy...
Differential Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (DMS-MS) in Radiation Biodosimetry: Rapid and High-Throughput Quantitation of Multiple Radiation Biomarkers in Nonhuman Primate Urine

High-throughput methods to assess radiation exposure are a priority due to concerns that include nuclear power accidents, the spread of nuclear weapon capability, and the risk of terrorist attacks. Metabolomics, the assessment of small molecules in an easily accessible sample, is the most recent method to be applied for the identification of biomarkers of the biological radiation response with a useful dose-response profile. Profiling for biomarker identification is frequently done using an LC-MS platform which has limited throughput due to the time-consuming nature of chromatography. We present here a chromatography-free simplified method for quantitative analysis of seven metabolites in urine with radiation dose-response using urine samples provided from the Pannkuk et al. (2015) study of long-term (7-day) radiation response in nonhuman primates (NHP). The stable isotope dilution (SID) analytical method consists of sample preparation by strong cation exchange-solid phase extraction (SCX-SPE) to remove interferences and concentrate the metabolites of interest, followed by differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) ion filtration to select the ion of interest and reduce chemical background, followed by mass spectrometry (overall SID-SPE-DMS-MS). Since no chromatography is used, calibration curves were prepared rapidly, in under 2 h (including SPE) for six simultaneously analyzed radiation biomarkers. The seventh, creatinine, was measured separately after 2500× dilution. Creatinine plays a dual role, measuring kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and indicating kidney damage at high doses. The current quantitative method using SID-SPE-DMS-MS provides throughput which is 7.5 to 30 times higher than that of LC-MS and provides a path to pre-clinical radiation dose estimation.
From Community Engagement to Community Emergence: The Holistic Program Design Approach

University-community engagement has the potential to positively transform higher education, but community-engaged institutions must overcome challenges related to defining, planning, and assessing engagement activities. The 2015 Carnegie Community Engagement Classification application process and the results of the 2015 Campus Compact member survey revealed that there is room for improvement in engagement efforts within public and private institutions alike. The authors propose the holistic program design approach to curricular-based engagement as a new framework for building individual and institutional capacity. Utilizing interactional field theory, the framework shows how university-community engagement can promote the emergence or formation of community between a university and local participants. Curricular-based engagement experiences serve as venues for interaction in which students, faculty, and local residents communicate and work to address common, place-based needs. The authors provide operational definitions of university-community engagement and curricular-based engagement, describe a theoretical and philosophical rationale for engagement, and present a conceptual model of student and community development outcomes. They also highlight potential assessment metrics, address five recommendations of the Carnegie Foundation, and suggest directions for future research and development.
Optimal recovery of three times differentiable functions on a convex polytope inscribed in a sphere

Abstract We consider the problem of global recovery on the class W 3 ( P ) of three times differentiable functions which have uniformly bounded third order derivatives in any direction on a d -dimensional convex polytope P inscribed in a sphere and containing its circumcenter. The information I ( f ) known about each function f ∈ W 3 ( P ) is given by its values and gradients at the vertices of P . The recovery error is measured in the uniform norm on P . We prove the optimality on the class W 3 ( P ) of a certain quasi-interpolating recovery method among all non-adaptive global recovery methods which use the information I ( f ) . This method was constructed earlier for the case of a d -dimensional simplex T in the work by the author and T.S. Sorokina in 2011, where its optimality was proved for an analogous class W 2 ( T ) of twice differentiable functions.
Information elasticity in radar systems

It is generally assumed that better and more effective decisions can be made in radar sensor processing if more ‘information’ is available. However, this is not always the case since more information may not necessarily translate to better sensor performance due to information overload. The concept of information elasticity is useful in determining the relationship and role of information, in both qualitative and quantitative terms, to its interactions with the surroundings. While Shannon's well-known theory describes information in quantitative terms by assigning information value based on event probabilities, there are several instances where information obtained can only be described in fuzzy and qualitative terms. In this letter, the application of information elasticity to radar system performance is introduced.
Damage Control in the Trauma ICU

Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death for patients younger than 45 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death overall. As the quality of prehospital treatment of trauma patients improves, the acuity of trauma admissions has increased tremendously. The care of the acutely injured patient has undergone significant change in the last several decades. The algorithmic management of trauma patients has been widely disseminated in the form of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS COT) and state governments have established stringent criteria for the certification of trauma centers. The prehospital triage, treatment, and transport of acutely injured patients have become more sophisticated and more efficient. Patients, who had formerly not survived the “golden hour” after trauma, are now being rapidly delivered to the appropriate medical centers. Studies have shown that access to a level 1 trauma center reduces the risk of death by 25% among severely injured patients. Part of that improvement in survival has to do with the overall advancement of critical care medicine in the trauma intensive care units.
Alcohol and ideal cardiovascular health: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background Alcohol consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), with moderate drinkers having decreased CVD risk compared to non- and heavy drinkers. However, whether alcohol consumption is associated with ideal cardiovascular health (CVH), assessed by the American Heart Association's (AHA) Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics, and whether associations differ by sex, is uncertain. Hypothesis Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with worse CVH. Methods We explored associations between alcohol consumption and CVH in a multi-ethnic population including 6506 participants free of CVD, aged 45 to 84 years. Each LS7 metric was scored 0 to 2 points. Total score was categorized as inadequate (0-8), average (9-10) and optimal (11-14). Participants were classified as never, former or current drinkers. Current drinkers were categorized as 2 (heavy) drinks/day. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed associations between alcohol and CVH, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, and health insurance. Results Mean (SD) age was 62 (10) years, 53% were women. Compared to never drinkers, those with >2 drinks/day were less likely to have average [0.61 (0.43-0.87)] and optimal CVH [0.29 (0.17-0.49)]. Binge drinking was also associated with unfavorable CVH. Overall, there was no independent association for light or moderate drinking with CVH. However, women with 1 to 2 drinks/day were more likely to have optimal CVH [1.85 (1.19-2.88)] compared to non-drinking women, which was not seen in men. Conclusion Heavy alcohol consumption was associated with unfavorable CVH. Although light or moderate drinking may be associated with a more favorable CVH in women, overall, the association was not strong.
Nanobodies and Their In Vivo Applications

Abstract Heavy-chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) are found in camelids (camel, dromedary, alpaca, vicuna, llama, etc.). In contrast to regular antibodies, HCAbs consist of only heavy chains and they are completely devoid of light chains. The antigen-binding capability of HCAbs is located on the variable heavy (VHH) domain. This antigen-specific VHH domain can be cloned and expressed in any commonly used expression system and the expression product is known as a nanobody. Nanobodies (15 kDa) are very small in size and are approximately a 10th of the size of regular antibodies (150 kDa), which enable them to target hidden epitopes. Additionally, they also possess higher stability and solubility and, due to their small size, they also have the ability to rapidly diffuse in animal models, making them excellent candidates for therapeutic applications.
Spinal cord neural interfacing in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an ailment with no comprehensive cure, and affected patients suffer from a greatly diminished quality of life. This large population could significantly benefit from prosthetic technologies to replace missing limbs, reanimate nonfunctional limbs, and enable new modes of technologies to restore muscle control and function. While cortically driven brain machine interfaces (BMIs) have achieved great success in interfacing with an external device to restore lost functions, interfacing with the spinal cord can provide an additional site to record motor control signals, which can have its own advantages, albeit challenges from using a smaller non-human primate (NHP) model. The goal of this study is to develop such a spinal cord neural interface to record motor signals from the high cervical levels of the spinal cord in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model. a#13; Approach and Main Results: Detailed methods are discussed for this smaller NHP model that includes behavioral training, surgical methods for electrode placement, connector placement and wire handling, electrode specifications and modifications for accessing high cervical level interneurons and motorneurons. The study also discusses the methods and challenges involved in behavioral multi-channel extracellular recording from the marmoset spinal cord, including the major recording failure mechanisms encountered during the study.a#13; Significance: Marmosets provide a good step between rodent and larger NHP models due to their small size, ease of handling, cognitive abilities, and similarities to other primate motor systems. The study shows the feasibility of recording spinal cord signals and using marmosets as a smaller NHP model in behavioral neuroscience studies. Interfacing with the spinal cord in chronically implanted animals can provide useful information about how motor control signals within the spinal cord are transformed to cause limb movements. a#13;
Pneumoperitoneum in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Pneumoperitoneum is a valuable and safe adjunct to other forms of collapse and resection therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. It is a reversible procedure and places comparatively little strain on the heart and vital capacity. In most cases, it has been employed as an initial and independent procedure or in preparation for definitive surgical therapy. Illustrative cases are presented.
Towards low-loss photonics

Low-loss composite systems based on integrating transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers on silicon nitride waveguides exhibit an unexpectedly strong electro-refractive response at near-infrared wavelengths, which is crucial for optical communications.
Using Religious Poetry of the Seventeenth Century to Start Environmental Conversations in Protestant College Classrooms

In this paper it is argued that Christian poetry of the seventeenth century, specifically that of John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell can be used in the English classrooms of Protestant ...
Strategies to Optimize ICU Liberation (A to F) Bundle Performance in Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019

Objectives The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has stretched ICU resources in an unprecedented fashion and outstripped personal protective equipment supplies. The combination of a novel disease, resource limitations, and risks to medical personnel health have created new barriers to implementing the ICU Liberation ("A" for Assessment, Prevention, and Manage pain; "B" for Both Spontaneous Awakening Trials and Spontaneous Breathing Trials; "C" for Choice of Analgesia and Sedation; "D" for Delirium Assess, Prevent, and Manage; "E" for Early Mobility and Exercise; and "F" for Family Engagement and Empowerment [ABCDEF]) Bundle, a proven ICU care approach that reduces delirium, shortens mechanical ventilation duration, prevents post-ICU syndrome, and reduces healthcare costs. This narrative review acknowledges barriers and offers strategies to optimize Bundle performance in coronavirus disease 2019 patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Data sources study selection and data extraction The most relevant literature, media reports, and author experiences were assessed for inclusion in this narrative review including PubMed, national newspapers, and critical care/pharmacology textbooks. Data synthesis Uncertainty regarding coronavirus disease 2019 clinical course, shifts in attitude, and changes in routine behavior have hindered Bundle use. A domino effect results from: 1) changes to critical care hierarchy, priorities, and ICU team composition; 2) significant personal protective equipment shortages cause; 3) reduced/restricted physical bedside presence favoring; 4) increased depth of sedation and use of neuromuscular blockade; 5) which exacerbate drug shortages; and 6) which require prolonged use of limited ventilator resources. Other identified barriers include manageable knowledge deficits among non-ICU clinicians unfamiliar with the Bundle or among PICU specialists deploying pediatric-based Bundle approaches who are unfamiliar with adult medicine. Both groups have been enlisted to augment the adult ICU work force to meet demand. Strategies were identified to facilitate Bundle performance to liberate patients from the ICU. Conclusions We acknowledge current challenges that interfere with comprehensive management of critically ill patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Rapid response to new circumstances precisely requires established safety mechanisms and protocols like the ABCDEF Bundle to increase ICU and ventilator capacity and help survivors maximize recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 as early as possible.
Effect of Ligand Adsorption on the Electronic Properties of the PbS(100) Surface.

A first-principles density functional theory calculation was carried out to study the adsorption of acetic acid, methyl amine, methanethiol, and hydrogen iodide on the (100) surface of PbS. All fou...
Course Internationalization Through Virtual Exchange: Students’ Reflections About “Seeing the World Through the Lens That is Soccer”:

Virtual exchange (VE) is an emergent but promising trend in course internationalization, which consists of using technology to interact and work with another class located in another city/country t...
Assuring Intelligent Systems: Contingency Management for UAS

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) collaborate with humans to operate in diverse, safety-critical applications. However, assurance technologies need to be integrated into the design process in order to guarantee safe behavior, thereby enabling UAS operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). In this paper, formal methods are integrated with learning-enabled systems representations. The generation and representation of knowledge are captured via monadic second-order logic rules in the cognitive architecture Soar. These rules are translated into timed automata, and a proof of correctness for the translation is provided so that safety and liveness properties can be checked in the formal verification environment Uppaal. This approach is agnostic to the learning mechanism used to generate the learned rules (e.g., chunking, etc.). An example of a fault-tolerant, learning-enabled UAS deciding which of four contingency procedures to execute under a lost link scenario while overflying an urban area is used to illustrate the approach.
Pushing for the same thing on the same set of tracks: a qualitative study exploring the anti-trafficking response in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

Background Human trafficking is a critical public health issue particularly pervasive in the Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (UP), which share a border with Nepal. Many NGOs are participating in prevention, protection, prosecution, and capacity building initiatives. The aim of this study was to identify factors hindering and enhancing the efficacy of anti-trafficking programs in the region. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal. Results Thematic analysis revealed that the barriers hindering the anti-trafficking movement include police corruption, insufficient enforcement of national law, discrimination toward trafficking victims, inadequate funding, and lack of government involvement. Recommendations for overcoming these barriers were through empowering survivors and increasing cooperation, coordination, and communications between NGOs and the government. Conclusions In mitigating these barriers and increasing survivor autonomy, anti-trafficking interventions have the opportunity to create individualized environments for those with an experience of trafficking to thrive. Ultimately, elevating community accountability, honoring individual autonomy, and recognizing the value of the persons with a lived experience of trafficking are critical as we continue to use a public health lens in the fight against human trafficking and for human rights.
Nurturing Problem Posing in Young Children: Using Multiple Representation within Students’ Real-World Interest

Problem-posing activities have been shown to motivate students’ learning while promoting a multifaceted and interesting educational environment. Moreover, these activities enable students to be engaged in personal interpretations of their own mathematical thinking. The purpose of this study was to determine if using a hands-on learning intervention with multiple representations could improve students’ problem-posing skills. The researchers examined the answers of the participants (n = 14) with the greatest increase in scores from pre to posttest after participating in 20 problem-posing intervention activities to determine how the intervention allowed students to pose valid, real-world semi-structured problems. The researchers qualitatively analyzed the posed problems for logical real-world contexts and the alignment of the setup of each problem to determine if the students’ posed problems were logical and solvable. Results from this study confirm that students were able to build stronger understanding of mathematical content when they were engaged in authentic problem-posing activities that were meaningful to them. Thus, teachers need to include purposeful and focused problem-posing activities into their classroom lessons.
Phospho-regulation accommodates Type III secretion and assembly of a tether of ER-Chlamydia inclusion membrane contact sites

Membrane contact sites (MCS) are crucial for non-vesicular trafficking-based inter-organelle communication. ER-organelle tethering occurs in part through the interaction of the ER resident protein VAP with FFAT-motif containing proteins. FFAT motifs are characterized by a seven amino acidic core surrounded by acid tracks. We have previously shown that the human intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis establishes MCS between its vacuole (the inclusion) and the ER through expression of a bacterial tether, IncV, displaying molecular mimicry of eukaryotic FFAT motif cores. Here, we show that multiple layers of host cell kinase-mediated phosphorylation events govern the assembly of the IncV-VAP tethering complex. CK2-mediated phosphorylation of a C-terminal region of IncV enables IncV hyperphosphorylation of a phospho- FFAT motif core and serine-rich tracts immediately upstream of IncV FFAT motif cores. Phosphorylatable serine tracts, rather than genetically-encoded acidic tracts, accommodate Type III-mediated translocation of IncV to the inclusion membrane, while achieving full mimicry of FFAT motifs. Thus, regulatory components and post-translational modifications are integral to MCS biology, and intracellular pathogens such as C. trachomatis have evolved complex molecular mimicry of these eukaryotic features.
Modeling short fiber deformation in dilute suspension: Fiber deposition process

Abstract A new process to align short fibers into a preform for composite applications has been developed. The short fibers are dispersed in a fluid at a high dilution ratio. During fluid extraction, the fibers decelerate with respect to the fluid velocity and are subjected to significant forces that provide the mechanism to align the fibers. In this study, a model that describes the motion and deformation of a flexible elastic fiber in low Reynolds number flow is formulated. The governing equations are described and forces acting on the fiber are estimated. The numerical implementation of the model is described, and its numerical performance is evaluated. Several validation checks are performed to determine if the model is capturing the experimentally observed phenomena and if the estimated parameters provide reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental observations. The model is then applied to several simple examples such as the evaluation of bending stress (moment) and the associated fiber deformation (buckling behavior) versus the results observed in the process. The effect of fiber boundary condition is demonstrated. It is shown that the model can describe the buckling-like slow folding of the misaligned fiber. Finally, the model utility is demonstrated by a simple parametric study which explores the influence of process parameters on the fiber alignment process.
The Intergalactic Medium Observed in Lyα Absorption

The modern theory of the Lyα forest is briefly reviewed, describing its success in accounting for a variety of observations. Some future opportunities to put the theory to further tests are mentioned.
A clinical analysis of two indolent lymphoma entities: mantle cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma (including the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and monocytoid B-cell subcategories): a Southwest Oncology Group study

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the clinical presentation and natural history associated with two newly recognized pathologic entities termed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), including the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and monocytoid B-cell subcategories, and (2) to determine whether these entities differ clinically from the other relatively indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with which they have been previously classified. We reviewed the conventional pathology and clinical course of 376 patients who had no prior therapy; had stage III/IV disease; were classified as Working Formulation categories A, B, C, D, or E; and received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP) on Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) studies no. 7204, 7426, or 7713. All slides were reviewed by the three pathologists who reached a consensus diagnosis. Age, sex, performance status, bone marrow and/or gastrointestinal involvement, failure-free survival, and overall survival were compared among all the categories. We found that (1) MCL and MZL each represent approximately 10% of stage III or IV patients previously classified as Working Formulation categories A through E and treated with CHOP on SWOG clinical trials; (2) the failure-free survival and overall survival of patients with MZL is the same as that of patients with Working Formulation categories A through E, but the failure-free survival and overall survival of the monocytoid B-cell patients were higher than that of the MALT lymphoma patients (P = .009 and .007, respectively); and (3) the failure-free survival and overall survival of patients with MCL is significantly worse than that of patients with Working Formulation categories A through E (P = .0002 and .0001, respectively). In conclusion, patients with advanced stage MALT lymphomas may have a more aggressive course than previously recognized. Patients with MCL do not have an indolent lymphoma and are candidates for innovative therapy.
Do Bigger Brains Mean Better Milk

Life history theory proposes that individuals have a finite amount of energy that can be spent on either growth or reproduction, leading to a trade-off between fecundity and survival to maturity (Charnov 1993; Purvis et al. 2003; Stearns 1992). The subsequent pace of a species’ life history reflects the trade-off between the potential gains for continuing to grow larger and the risk of dying before reproducing (Charnov 1993). The variation in the pace of life history strategies across mammals reflects the myriad ways in which energy can be partitioned to maximize fitness over the lifetime. On one end of the continuum of life history variation are primates who have been described as living “life in the slow lane” (Charnov and Berrigan 1993). As a result of their protracted life history strategy, primate mothers invest more heavily in each offspring during gestation and lactation compared to non-primate mammals (Dufour and Sauther 2002; Martin and MacLarnon 1990). However, because this investment is paid out over a longer period of time, the daily energetic burden of primate reproduction on the mother is relatively low (Dufour and Sauther 2002; Martin and MacLarnon 1990).
Leveraging Healthcare to Promote Responsive Parenting: Impacts of the Video Interaction Project on Parenting Stress

We sought to determine impacts of a pediatric primary care intervention, the Video Interaction Project, on 3-year trajectories of parenting stress related to parent–child interactions in low socioeconomic status families. A randomized controlled trial was conducted, with random assignment to one of two interventions Video Interaction Project (VIP); Building Blocks or control. As part of VIP, dyads attended one-on-one sessions with an interventionist who facilitated interactions in play and shared reading through review of videotaped parent–child interactions made on primary care visit days; learning materials and parenting pamphlets were also provided to facilitate parent–child interactions at home. Parenting stress related to parent–child interactions was assessed for VIP and Control groups at 6, 14, 24, and 36 months using the Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction subscale of the Parenting Stress Index—Short Form, with 378 dyads (84 %) assessed at least once. Group differences emerged at 6 months with VIP associated with lower parenting stress at three of four ages considered cross-sectionally and an 17.7 % reduction in parenting stress overall during the study period based on multi-level modeling. No age by group interaction was observed, indicating persistence of early VIP impacts. Results indicated that VIP, a preventive intervention targeting parent–child interactions, is associated with decreased parenting stress. Results therefore support the expansion of pediatric interventions such as VIP as part of a broad public health strategy to address poverty-related disparities in school-readiness.
The Immaculate World: Predestination and Passibility in Contemporary Scotism

The Franciscan theologian Duns Scotus (ca.1266–1308) taught the puzzling doctrine that had Adam not sinned, the totus Christus would have been immediately glorified. While the Scotist commentarial tradition developed this idea in several surprising ways, most twentieth-century Scotists rejected it. This article uses a modern philosophy of counterfactual statements to evaluate the interpretive claims of F. X. Pancheri and Juniper Carol, two prominent twentieth-century Scotists, and presents a new understanding of the traditional Scotist notion that had Adam not sinned, the Word would have become incarnate in impassible flesh.
Ultrahigh-Temperature Activation of a Low-Temperature Bacillus subtilis Spore Germination System

Exposure of Bacillus subtilis A spores to 115 to 125 C for several seconds activated a low-temperature germination system that remained dormant after a heat treatment that activated the normal l-alanine- and glucose-stimulated germination systems. The low-temperature germination system was characterized by an optimum temperature lower than that of the l-alanine or glucose germination systems (30 C versus 45 C), germination in the absence of exogenous germination stimulants, and the capacity for heat-induced deactivation and subsequent reactivation. The rates of activation at 115 to 125 C were exponential and were not influenced by a previous heat treatment that activated the l-alanine- or glucose-stimulated germination systems. Although activation of the low-temperature germination system was accompanied by suppression of l-alanine-stimulated germination, it did not appear to be a modification of the l-alanine germination system.
Toward property-driven abstraction for heap manipulating programs

Automated abstraction refinement methods have shown significant promise in analyzing low-level software, such as operating system device drivers, and other control-oriented codes. For example, the SLAM toolkit from Microsoft research [1] has proved effective in finding control errors (such as illegal use of kernel API functions) in real-world device driver codes. SLAM is based on predicate abstraction, using a counterexample-based abstraction refinement heuristic. This gives it the ability to focus the abstraction on state predicates that are relevant to the proof (or falsification) of a given property. This ability allows SLAM and similar tools to scale to real codes of moderate size, albeit only in the case when the property is fairly shallow, in the sense that it requires only a small amount of information about the program's state to prove it.
Productivity, R&D and international competitiveness

The continuing intensification of international competition has increased the importance of seeking advantages by means which are less readily accessible to competitors. Two of the most important among these involve internally–generated advances in (1) productivity and (2) research and development. As a result, the evaluation of progress in these sectors, and of alternative means of accelerating them, has become of increasing concern to top managements. But strengthening the bases for their analyses and subsequent decisions requires managements to reach beyond long–prevailing simplified concepts to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of changes in productivity and RD the major sources of such improvements; and effective means of evaluating their effects.
Retention of nitrogen by normal full-term infants receiving an autoclaved formula.

Formula 1257, a specially prepared formula that had been studied previously and supplied a relatively small percentage (7%) of the calories as protein, was fed to four normal full-term infants as the sole source of energy from age 5 days to age 4 months. Analysis of data from balance studies carried out between 30 and 121 days of age demonstrated that retentions of nitrogen for a specified intake of nitrogen were somewhat greater in studies with infants receiving autoclaved Formula 1257 than in studies with infants receiving three other feedings (unheated Formula 1257, pooled human milk, and Similac). It is clear that the heat processing employed in this study did not interfere with the ability of Formula 1257 to support nitrogen balance.
Metal–organic frameworks constructed from pentagonal antiprismatic and cuboctahedral secondary building units

Two crystalline metal–organic frameworks formulated as Zn6(NDC)5(OH)2(DMF)2·4D MF, MOF-48, and Zn7(m-BDC)6(OH)4(H2O) 2·6DMF·4H2O, MOF-49, (NDC = 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate; m-BDC=1,3-benzenedicarboxylate) have been synthesized and fully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, which reveal that the frameworks are constructed from pentagonal antiprismatic (MOF-48) and cuboctahedral (MOF-49) secondary building units respectively, however, both are reticulated into 3-D structures having the B network of CaB6.
Relative complexity of operations on numeric and bit-string algebras

Sets of primitive operations for algebras with numerical and bit string domains are classified according to their computational efficiency. The relative complexity of certain basic operations on such algebras is determined.
Government and Market Pathologies of Privatization: The Case of Prison Privatization†

The recent growth in the number of privately operated and privately owned prisons in the United States focuses our attention on the nature of the privatization arrangements employed in this setting. This article argues that the privatization of correctional facilities is best understood as a combination of government failures, market failures, and political incentives. Using a case-study approach to examine prison privatization in Mississippi, the article concludes that prison privatization not only fails to correct certain government or market failures, but also actually creates additional (hybrid) pathologies that combine elements of both government and market failures.
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN THE HUMID REGION

: A computer model was developed in order to establish a yield predictive relationship and to estimate the water requirements for supplemental irrigation of horticultural crops in the humid region. Alternative distribution systems were developed and designed using the results from the computer model and Wood's (1980) pipe network algorithm. The capital, operational, and maintenance costs of the distribution and recommended on-farm irrigation systems were determined and used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the alternative designs. Results show that the concentration of irrigated area along the distribution system, the length of the distribution system, and cropping system all have an important effect on the economic feasibility of supplemental irrigation in Wayne County, Kentucky.
The influence of aging and low zinc nutrition on the choroid in the pig: II. The melanosome

The effects of low zinc nutrition and aging on central choroidal melanocytes were examined in the pig. Three populations of pigs (young, pregnant and aged), were maintained on either control (C) or low zinc (LZ) diets. Twenty-five weanling boars were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12-month intervals, and nine pregnant sows and eight aged sows were sacrificed after a 6-month interval. Melanocytes of the central choroid were morphologically and morphometrically examined. The melanocyte was found to be conservative in its form, which was mostly elliptical longitudinal profile, throughout the different age populations that were fed the C diet. Morphometric observations revealed that this cell type increased in size in the oldest animals, having been 40% greater than that in the younger two populations. However, the overall percentage area occupied by melanocytes remained the same throughout all age groups. In the animals that were fed the LZ diets, a large subpopulation of choroidal melanocytes was oval to round in shape in the pregnant and aged groups. Many members of this subpopulation possessed less opaque pigment than the elliptically shaped cell. Measurements of the size and percentage area occupied in these oldest groups increased significantly. In addition to the change of size, shape and melanin opaqueness, unusually large melanosomes were consistently observed in the pregnant and aged LZ groups. Low zinc nutrition had a remarkable age-related impact on the usually quiescent melanocyte.
Surface-state-surface-resonance transition on Ta(011).

High-resolution angle-resolved-photoemission results are presented which probe in detail the transition of intrinsic surface bands on clean and hydrogen-covered Ta(011) from pure states to resonances. This is manifested by both a resonant broadening of \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 eV and a level shift. An unusual avoided crossing between surface and bulk bands is observed in which the surface and bulk characters are interchanged. The resultant hybridization of surface and bulk bands near the crossing has not previously been observed.
Propagation of a solitonlike nonlinear pulse in average normal group-velocity dispersion and its unsuitability for high-speed, long-distance optical transmission

We detail the propagation characteristics of a solitonlike single nonlinear pulse in an average normal group-velocity dispersion (GVD) region under two-step dispersion management. We compare the pulse characteristics with numerical results obtained by the variational method. Even when the dispersion swing is large, a steady-state solitonlike solution can be obtained only when the average effective dispersion becomes anomalous. We describe a pulse–pulse interaction based on a pair of nonlinear pulses and show that there is a large pulse interaction in the average normal GVD region. We show with a Q-mapping technique that such a nonlinear pulse train is unsuitable for high-speed, long-distance optical communication because of this strong pulse interaction.
AnkyrinG is required for maintenance of the axon initial segment and neuronal polarity

The axon initial segment (AIS) functions as both a physiological and physical bridge between somatodendritic and axonal domains. Given its unique molecular composition, location, and physiology, the AIS is thought to maintain neuronal polarity. To identify the molecular basis of this AIS property, we used adenovirus-mediated RNA interference to silence AIS protein expression in polarized neurons. Some AIS proteins are remarkably stable with half-lives of at least 2 wk. However, silencing the expression of the cytoskeletal scaffold ankyrinG (ankG) dismantles the AIS and causes axons to acquire the molecular characteristics of dendrites. Both cytoplasmic- and membrane-associated proteins, which are normally restricted to somatodendritic domains, redistribute into the former axon. Furthermore, spines and postsynaptic densities of excitatory synapses assemble on former axons. Our results demonstrate that the loss of ankG causes axons to acquire the molecular characteristics of dendrites; thus, ankG is required for the maintenance of neuronal polarity and molecular organization of the AIS.
Polarization Characterization of Neovascularized Ocular Tissues

In the January 2005 Abstracts issue, the correct version of 1641-Pos, Board #B627 (Biophys. J. 88:336a) reads as follows:Polarization characterization of normal and neovascularized (retinal and choroidal) ocular tissues has been performed. Since optical polarization is emerging as a promising field of tissue optics, special emphasis is given to the polarization characterization of ocular tissues. Our studies show that both retinal and choroidal tissues possess strong polarization properties. A quantitative comparison of the polarization characteristics of the normal and diseased ocular tissues is made. The quantitative measure of polarization of light scattered off these tissues are expected to provide the ophthalmologists with a precise method for treating the disease. This quantitative knowledge will help the clinicians detect early and treat the ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) more effectively. Because the optical properties of biological tissues are inherently sensitive indicators of tissue abnormalities, the polarization technique is, therefore, expected to provide a quantitative method for diagnosis of pathological stages of neovascularized ocular tissues.
Extending partial flocks containing linear subflocks

It is shown that a partial flock of a quadratic cone in PG(3,q) which properly contains a linear subflock of at least (q−1)/2 conics may be uniquely extended to a linear or Fisher flock.
Glass polarizers containing silver

There are at least two general categories of absorptive-type glass polarizers which involve silver metal in their polarizing mechanism. Glasses of the first category, permanent polarizers, contain elongated, submicroscopic particles of silver metal aligned along a common axis. Their polarizing capacity is due to a resonant absorption of the silver conduction electrons, the spectral location of which depends on the extent of silver particle elongation and the particle orientation with respect to the applied electromagnetic (light) field. These polarizers have been made with dichroic ratios (optical density ratios) in excess of 40. The best performance is obtained in the long wavelength visible and near infrared regions. They are useful in applications similar to those of plastic sheet polari-zers. They have better optical quality and better thermal, mechanical, and chemical durability. Polarizing glasses of the second category are optically alterable. That is, their color and degree of polarization can be changed by intense visible or near infrared irradiation. These glasses owe their polarizing properties to small, nonspherical specks of silver metal in contact with silver halide crystallites within the glass. The change in color and polarization is believed due to the growth and dissolution of differently shaped and oriented specks during irradiation. This second category of glass polarizer shows much lower dichroic ratios than the first, generally less than 5, but has the advantage that the orientation of the polarizing axis can be changed, or made to vary from one region of the glass to another, by suitable high intensity irradiation.
The selection of auxotrophs of Penicillium chrysogenum with nystatin

A simple technique for the selection of auxotrophs of Penicilhium chrysogenum after mutagenic treatment has been devised using nystatin. It relies on the differential sensitivity of germinated and dormant conidia to nystatin and on the gradual loss of antibiotic activity which occurs on complex media at laboratory incubation temperatures. After mutagenic treatment, conidia were plated on MM agar to allow germination of prototrophs and then overlaid with CM agar containing enough nystatin to kill germinated conidia but not ungerminated auxotrophic conidia. When nystatin activity had decreased sufficiently the latter germinated and grew and thus were enriched relative to prototrophs.
Behavioral treatment of autistic persons: A review of research from 1980 to the present

Studies evaluating behavioral treatment of autism from 1980 to the present were reviewed. Studies included were published in journal articles and utilized behavioral methodology. A total of 251 studies were included in the review. Each study was analyzed for target behaviors and behavioral techniques implemented. Target behaviors were divided into categories, which included aberrant behaviors, social skills, language, daily living skills, and academic skills. Behavioral techniques were classified as positive, negative, extinction, or combined. Results were presented for each category. Recent trends in the treatment literature were also reviewed, and recommendations for future research were presented.
New absorption bands observed in the CsXe system

Abstract We observe absorption bands in the CsXe system corresponding to the emission bands recently reported by us. These bands are due to transitions between the CsXe 6sσ ground state and nsσ, ndσ, and ndπ excited molecular terms.