cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primate sexual swellings as coevolved signal systems

Many female catarrhine primates possess visually conspicuous organs that apparently function to increase the sexual interest of adult male conspecifics around the time the female is ovulating—i.e. sexual swellings. The hypothesized functional benefits for both sexes of these sexual swellings are reviewed (honest signaling; paternity confusion; paternity confidence and paternal investment; protection; incitement of precopulatory male-male competition; and postcopulatory sexual selection), as well as an additional hypothesis that has not yet been applied to this problem (sensory exploitation). Currently available evidence is presented that supports or fails to support each of these hypotheses. Predictions associated with broad groupings of these hypotheses, which could be tested in noninvasive field studies, are then presented. Ecological circumstances are discussed that could have led to differential mating success among female primates, and hence to sexual selection on females and directional evolution of sexual swellings. It is concluded that the available evidence does not support the paternity confidence-paternal investment hypothesis; that the paternity confusion hypothesis lacks empirical support, but could still be viable; and that insufficient data exists at present to rigorously test the other hypotheses. The ecological factors that may have led to differential reproductive success among females as a function of mating frequency or mate choice likewise require further empirical investigation.
Lateral migration radiography: a new x-ray backscatter imaging technique

A new Compton backscatter imaging (CBI) technique, described as lateral migration radiography (LMR), has been developed and applied successfully to two difficult diagnostic problems: Detection of buried, plastic landmines, and detection of material flaws which lie close to, and parallel to, a surface, the method is based on image contrast generated by alteration of photon lateral migration relative to the illuminating beam direction. It is extraordinarily sensitive to density and/or atomic number variation along the photon lateral-direction travel paths. In LMR, relevant information-carrying photon detection efficiencies are two to three orders-of-magnitude greater than other CBI techniques such that the electric energy requirement for x-ray generation is only about one joule per acquired image pixel. The resulting small product of pixel illumination dwell time and x-ray generator electric power implies that current, easily accessible technology can be used to fabricate LMR systems with practical usage protocols. Three have been designed and built at the University of Florida: A laboratory device for perfecting buried landmine acquisition; a mobile system for field-demonstrating landmine detection; and, a laboratory system for detection of material defects in small structural parts. The LMR images, acquired in a laboratory landmine detection setting, are so definitive that identification of the mine-type, as well as presence, can be often accomplished. Results of a field test are near-perfect, both in determining buried landmine presence and in lack of false positive response. Images acquired in material flaw detection indicate ability to detect lateral cracks or delaminations with thickness less than 100 microns, as well as corrosion on surfaces between layers of structural sheets. These applications provide evidence of the viability of a new, one-sided x-ray radiography technique which images hidden structures of objects which have here-to-fore been difficult, or impossible, to detect with practical image aquisition times.
Large Modal Survey Testing Using the Ibrahim Time Domain Identification Technique

The ability of the ITD identification algorithm in identifying a complete set of structural modal parameters using a large number of free-response time histories simultaneously in one analysis, assuming a math model with a high number of degrees-of-freedom, has been studied. Identification results using simulated free responses of a uniform rectangular plate, with 225 measurement stations, and experimental responses from a ground vibration test of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) Space Shuttle payload, with 142 measurement stations, are presented. As many as 300 degrees-of-freedom were allowed in analyzing these data. In general, the use of a significantly oversized math model in the identification process was found to maintain or increase identification accuracy and to identify modes of low response level that are not identified with smaller math model sizes. The concept of a Mode Shape Correlation Constant is introduced for use when more than one identification analysis of the same structure are conducted. This constant quantifies the degree of correlation between any two sets of complex mode shapes identified using different excitation conditions, different user-selectable algorithm constants, or overlapping sets of measurements.
The balance of threat across the Taiwan strait: A game theoretical analysis

Based on Stephen Walt’s balance-of-threat theory, this article models the interactions among the United States, Taiwan, and mainland China in a three-stage sequential game of complete information, and the interactions between Taiwan and mainland China without the U.S. commitment to defend Taiwan in a two-stage sequential game of complete information, respectively. By comparing the equilibria of these two games, this article explores theoretically the U.S. role in constructing the balance of threat across the Taiwan Strait. Furthermore, based on the scenarios yielded by the three-stage sequential game, this article narrates the evolution of security situation across the Taiwan Strait and how the United States has been maintaining the balance of threat in that area. In conclusion, this article speculates on the future of cross-Strait relations.
The Influence of Tylenchus Agricola and Tylenchorhynchus Claytoni On Corn Roots Under Gnotobiotic Conditions

In studies carried out under controlled conditions, changes in the size and shape of nuclei were observed in corn roots parasitized by Tylenchorhynchus claytoni and Tylenchus agricola. Nuclei become spheroid in areas 1-3 mm behind the meristem of parasitized roots, whereas the same areas of non-parasitized roots had ellipsoidal nuclei. No differences were observed in nuclei in the meristematic zone. Since the nuclei of cortical cells were affected, and these cells apparently did not serve as feeding sites for the nematodes, it is probable that the stimulus which provoked the host response migrated from cell to cell.
Time-dependent recovery from the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the rat nucleus accumbens on cocaine self-administration and the levels of dopamine in microdialysates

Rationale Neurotoxin induced lesions of dopamine-releasing neurons that innervate the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) alter cocaine self-administration. In addition, elevated extracellular levels of NAcc dopamine (DA) are thought to be central to the biological mechanisms that underlie this behavior.
Na/K-ATpase α2-Subunit Preferentially Modulates Ca Transients and SR Ca Release in Cardiac Myocytes

Na/K-ATPase (NKA) is essential in regulating [Na]i, and thus cardiac myocyte Ca and contractility via Na/Ca exchange. Different NKAα-subunit isoforms are present in heart and may differ functionally, depending on differential membrane localization. In smooth muscle and astrocytes, NKA-α2 is located at the junctions with endo(sarco)plasmic reticulum, where they could regulate local Na, and indirectly junctional cleft [Ca]. In contrast, NKA-α1 is ubiquitously distributed and may regulate bulk [Na]i. It is controversial whether this model holds for cardiac myocytes. We measured the effect of selective NKA-α2/NKA-α1 inhibition with low concentrations of ouabain on [Na]i, Ca transients and fractional SR Ca release in cardiac myocytes from wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic mice in which NKA-α1 is ouabain-sensitive and NKA-α2 is ouabain-resistant (SWAP mice), respectively. Different [ouabain] (5 and 0.1 μM, respectively) were used to attain a similar level of total NKA inhibition in WT and SWAP mice. Ouabain increased Ca transients in WT (F/F0=1.84±0.13 vs. 1.54±0.12 under control conditions) but not in SWAP mice (1.49±0.15 vs. 1.46±0.12), despite a similar and modest increase in [Na]i (≤2 mM). Ca transient increase in WT mice was mediated specifically by NKA-α2 inhibition, because 5 μM ouabain had no effect in transgenic mice where both NKA-α1 and NKA-α2 are ouabain-resistant. Ouabain also significantly increased the fractional SR Ca release in WT mice (from 23±2% to 28±2%) but not SWAP mice (23±3% with and without ouabain). Dual-color immunofluorescence measurements coupled with spatial cross-correlation analysis revealed that NKA-α2 is co-localized to a significant extent with both Na/Ca exchanger (43% co-localization) and ryanodine receptors (43% co-localization) in cardiac myocytes. In conclusion, our data indicate that NKA-α2 has a more prominent role (vs. NKA-α1) in modulating Ca transients and SR Ca release in cardiac myocytes.
Budget deficits and stock prices: International evidence

The purpose of this research is to provide empirical evidence regarding deficits and their effects on stock prices. We investigate whether changes in deficits cause changes in stock prices and if so, in what direction. We use Granger causality tests and impulse response analysis of vector autoregressive models to assess the relationship between budget deficits and stock prices in several industrialized nations. The evidence from impulse response analysis and Granger causality tests shows that only in the U.S. deficit reductions have an inverse effect on equity returns.
Between Women's Rights and Men's Authority Masculinity and Shifting Discourses of Gender Difference in Urban Uganda

Across the African continent, women's rights have become integral to international declarations, regional treaties, national legislation, and grassroots activism. Yet there is little research on how African men have understood these shifts and how African masculinities are implicated in such changes. Drawing on a year of ethnographic research in the Ugandan capital Kampala, this article investigates how ordinary men and women in Uganda understand women's rights and how their attitudes are tied to local conceptions of masculinity. The author argues that a new configuration of gender relations is evident in urban Uganda—one that accommodates some aspects of women's rights while retaining previous notions of innate male authority. This article therefore illustrates the complex and often contradictory engagements with human rights that occur in local contexts and how such engagements are shaped by—and are shaping—gender relations, including conceptions of masculinity.
Testing the Suitability of Mediation of Child Support Orders in Title IV-D Cases

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to test mediation versus a traditional court process for the establishment or modification of child support orders. The intention is to determine which dispute resolution process is associated with greater client satisfaction and compliance. An auxiliary objective is to test the type of cases which are most successfully mediated. Results: The analyses suggest that client satisfaction is greater with mediation, but there is no corresponding increase in compliance. Regarding the type of cases where mediation was most fruitful, the research finds that voluntary mediation and mediator experience are both positively associated with more successful mediation. Conclusions: There is no evidence that mediation will necessarily lead to increased compliance with child support orders.
Complications of Radiotherapy in Laryngopharyngeal Cancer: Effects of a Prospective Smoking Cessation Program

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy (XRT) is effective as the primary treatment modality for laryngopharyngeal cancer; however, complications of XRT can result in significant morbidity. Few previous studies have examined the effect of continued smoking on complications of XRT. The authors of this report hypothesized that patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer who successfully quit smoking would have fewer complications of primary XRT. METHODS: All patients with head and neck cancer who were smokers at the time of diagnosis were referred prospectively to the Tobacco Treatment Program (TTP). From this group, the patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer who received XRT as the primary treatment modality were retrospectively selected and studied. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were identified and were divided into 3 groups: Seventeen patients attended TTP and quit smoking before the start of XRT (Group 1), 33 patients attended TTP but continued to smoke during XRT (Group 2), and 37 patients refused TTP (Group 3). On the basis of a review of medical records for patients in Group 3, 20 patients quit smoking before starting XRT and were included in Group 1 (abstainers), 11 patients continued to smoke and were included in Group 2 (continued smokers), and 6 patients had incomplete data and were omitted from further analysis. Analyses both with and without Group 3 patients yielded similar results. Abstainers and continued smokers had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. With the exception of skin changes, all complications (mucositis, need for feeding tube, duration of feeding tube, need for hospitalization, pharyngeal stricture, and osteoradionecrosis) were more common in the patients who continued to smoke, although the only complications that were significantly more common were the need for hospitalization (P = .04) and osteoradionecrosis (P = .03). Patients who continued to smoke were more likely to develop osteoradionecrosis (relative risk [RR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.6; P = .03) and to require hospitalization during treatment (RR, 1.46; 95% Cl, 1.05-2.02; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Continued smoking during treatment appeared to increase the risk for complications of XRT for patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer and possibly increased hospitalizations. This hypothesis-generating study emphasized the importance of smoking cessation programs in the management of patients with head and neck cancer patients who receive XRT.
Social support and cognitive impairment in clients receiving treatment for alcohol- and drug-use disorders: a replication study.

Objective: The influence that social network members exert on the drinking behaviors of alcohol-dependent individuals may represent a behavioral change process that is sensitive to co-occurring cognitive impairment and operates outside treatment to promote or impede outcomes. This study was aimed at extending earlier research support for this hypothesis by assessing impairment in memory as well as executive functions in a more heterogeneous population with alcohol- and/or drug-use disorders. Method: Latent class analysis was used as a person-centered approach to characterize the nature and extent of social support for abstinence from alcohol and drug use in 122 men and women entering treatment for substance-use disorders. Substance use, executive dysfunction, and memory impairments were compared across latent classes at four points during the first year after treatment entry. The interrelationship of impairment and social support on treatment outcomes was also examined. Results: Three independent social s...
Determination of Cardiac Output by Earpiece Dye-Dilution Technique at Rest and during Exercise

(1) A comparative study on determination of cardiac output by simultaneously recorded earpiece and brachial arterial cuvette curves was made on 23 subjects, both in resting state and during leg-exercise on a bicycle ergometer.(2) The values for resting cardiac output were well agreed in both methods, with close correlation and no deviation of regression line from unity.(3) Relative cardiac output during exercise determined by both methods were compared in terms of percentage value of the reciprocal of area under the curves, in comparison to each resting value. Close correlation was again obtained between the values by the 2 methods. Although there was a minor tendency for less increases in cardiac output by the earpiece method during exercise, the difference between the values by the 2 methods was small enough to be disregarded for the practical purpose. The physiological reaction of the ear capillaries to exercise may be suggested to contribute in part to this difference.(4) It was concluded that with the use of a reliable equipment and with careful preparations before procedure, the earpiece indicator-dilution technique offers a potential promise in evaluation of the central circulation of the human beings in both resting and working state.
Dynamic light scattering studies of internal motions in DNA. II. Clean viral DNAs.

Internal Brownian motions of clean ϕ29 and λ-DNAs have been studied using photon-correlation techniques at both visible (λ0 = 632.8 nm) and uv (λ0 = 363.8 nm) wavelengths. The present dynamic light scattering data, which extend to K2 = 19 × 1010 cm−2, can in every case be satisfactorily simulated by a Rouse-Zimm model polymer with an appropriate choice of the three model parameters. The effects of pH, salt concentration, single-strand breaks, and molecular weight on those model parameters have also been investigated. Intact clean DNAs exhibit surprisingly little variation with pH from 7.85 to 10.25, with salt concentration from 0.01 NaCl to 5.4M NH4Cl, or with molecular weight or GC content. The single-strand breaks have no effect at pH 9.46, but produce dramatic changes in the model parameters at pH 10.0 and 10.25, indicating the introduction of titratable joints at those pHs. The failure of either single-strand breaks or a large change in GC content to alter the model parameters in the neutral pH range is a strong indication that local denaturation is not required for those flexions and torsions that dominate the relaxation of fluctuations in the scattered light. The Langevin relaxation time for the slowest internal mode of a particular Rouse-Zimm model derived from the dynamic light scattering data is compared with pertinent literature data extrapolated to the same molecular weight. The present algorithm for determining model parameters from the light-scattering Dapp vs K2 curve actually yields a Langevin time in fairly good agreement with the literature value. For unknown reasons the light-scattering D0 values generally exceed those obtained from the molecular weight and sedimentation coefficient by about 20%.
Estimating viability of plant protoplasts using double and single staining

The utility of numerous dyes for determining the viability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone protoplasts was studied. Protoplasts isolated from the barley aleurone layer synthesize and secrete α-amylase isozymes in response to treatment with gibberellic acid (GA) and Ca2+. These cells also undergo dramatic morphological changes which eventually result in cell death. To monitor the viability of protoplasts during incubation in GA and Ca2+, several types of fluorescent and nonfluorescent dyes were tested. Evans blue and methylene blue were selected as nonfluorescent dyes. Living cells exclude Evans blue, but dead cells and cell debris stain blue. Both living and dead cells take up methylene blue, but living cells reduce the dye to its colorless form whereas dead cells and cell debris stain blue. The relatively low extinction coefficient of these dyes sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish blue-stained cells against a background of blue dye. Several types of fluorescent dyes were tested for their ability to differentially stain dead or living cells. Tinopal CBS-X, for example, stains only dead cells, and its high extinction coefficient allows its ultraviolet fluorescence to be recorded even when preparations are simultaneously illuminated with visible light. To double-stain protoplasts, the most effective stain was a combination of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI). By employing a double-exposure method to record the fluorescence from cells stained with both FDA and PI, dead and living cells could be distinguished on the basis of fluorochromasia.
Plasticity of somatosensory inputs to the cochlear nucleus – implications for tinnitus

This chapter reviews evidence for functional connections of the somatosensory and auditory systems at the very lowest levels of the nervous system. Neural inputs from the dosal root and trigeminal ganglia, as well as their brain stem nuclei, cuneate, gracillis and trigeminal, terminate in the cochlear nuclei. Terminations are primarily in the shell regions surrounding the cochlear nuclei but some terminals are found in the magnocellular regions of cochlear nucleus. The effects of stimulating these inputs on multisensory integration are shown as short and long-term, both suppressive and enhancing. Evidence that these projections are glutamatergic and are altered after cochlear damage is provided in the light of probable influences on the modulation and generation of tinnitus.
SDDS-based software tools for accelerntor design

The self-describing data set (SDDS) file protocol is a standardized way to store and access data and is the basis of an extensive toolkit. It is also the file protocol used for many accelerator design tools. Over the years, several of these SDDS-compliant accelerator programs (e.g., clinchor, elegant, estat, shower, and spiffe) have been developed at the Advanced Photon Source. Also, existing accelerator design tools for which the source code is available (e.g., ABCI, GENESIS, GINGER, MAFIA, and URMEL) have been converted to read and write SDDS files. As a result, we now have a capable set of accelerator codes that make use of the same data format and the same pre- and postprocessing suite. Further, the SDDS toolkit program sddsoptimize can be used around any of these tools or around a script that runs one or more of these tools. This provides the capability of very general, multicode optimization. In this paper, we discuss the capabilities of the existing SDDS-compliant accelerator codes, then provide examples of applications of these tools
Glycemic thresholds for activation of counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses in islet transplant recipients.

Context: In patients with type 1 diabetes and reduced awareness of hypoglycemia, the glycemic thresholds for activation of counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to hypoglycemia are impaired, in part due to recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia. Islet transplantation can ameliorate occurrences of hypoglycemia in these patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether the avoidance of hypoglycemia achieved through islet transplantation results in improved glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory responses. Setting: The study was conducted at a general clinical research center. Participants: Seven islet transplant recipients, six type 1 diabetic, and eight nondiabetic control subjects participated in the study. Intervention: We performed a stepped hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp and, in 12 subjects, a paired hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to calculate the glycemic thresholds for and magnitude of counterregulatory responses. Results: The glycemic thresholds for all counte...
Using a Critical Appraisal Assignment to Infuse Evidence-Based Practice into a Therapeutic Modality Course

Context: It is the responsibility of athletic training educators, through curriculum and clinical experiences, to engage students towards adopting evidence-based practice (EBP) into their practice....
On the complexity of four polyhedral set containment problems

A nonempty closed convex polyhedronX can be represented either asX = {x: Ax ⩽b}, where (A, b) are given, in which caseX is called anH-cell, or in the formX = {x: x = Uλ + Vμ, Σλ j = 1,λ ⩾ 0,μ ⩾ 0}, where (U, V) are given, in which caseX is called aW-cell. This note discusses the computational complexity of certain set containment problems. The problems of determining if $$X \nsubseteq Y$$ , where (i)X is anH-cell andY is a closed solid ball, (ii)X is anH-cell andY is aW-cell, or (iii)X is a closed solid ball andY is aW-cell, are all shown to be NP-complete, essentially verifying a conjecture of Eaves and Freund. Furthermore, the problem of determining whether there exists an integer point in aW-cell is shown to be NP-complete, demonstrating that regardless of the representation ofX as anH-cell orW-cell, this integer containment problem is NP-complete.
Evaluation of Lead Anode Reactions in Acid Sulfate Electrolytes II. Manganese Reactions

Lead alloys containing calcium-tin, silver, or similar combinations are the primary insoluble anodes used for copper and zinc electrowinning. One potential concern with these anodes is the detrimental effect on cathode purity from incorporation of lead corrosion products. Other factors which are important to process economics are the reaction potential and overpotential required for oxygen evolution. In addition to the inherent overpotential, impurities in the electrolyte can have a significant polarization impact, such as the films that may form when manganese is present. In order to gain a better understanding of the fundamental behavior of various concentrations of manganese ions at lead anodes, the polarization behavior of lead calcium-tin and lead-silver alloys in sulfuric acid was evaluated. A common depolarizing agent, Co(II), was also used in some cases to determine possible interactions with manganese. The data show that manganese ions are active on the lead anodes and may precipitate manganese oxide in addition to electrochemical deposition. One possible precipitation mechanism seems to occur by the disproportionation of Mn(III). Co(II) lowers the electrode potential at given current densities which decreases Pb corrosion but favors MnO 2 formation.
Analysis of the structure and properties of expanded graphite‐filled poly(phenylene ether)/atactic polystyrene nanocomposite fibers

A miscible blend of 85.5 wt % atactic polystyrene and 9.5 wt % poly(phenylene ether) containing 5.0 wt % expanded graphite nanoparticles was melt-spun and stretched up to 25 times. The structure and electrical and mechanical properties of the fibers were investigated. Characterized by a Hermans orientation factor of 0.6, the nanographite platelets were moderately aligned with the fiber axis, which likely occurred when the polymer itself was partially aligned during drawdown. The electrical conductivity of the oriented filaments was about 10−4 S/cm, about what other researchers have measured in comparable unoriented systems. The conductive network of agglomerated graphite nanoparticles did not collapse during drawdown, which led to small protrusions, or bumps, on the fiber surface. The obvious lack of polymer–particle bonding led to reduced extrinsic mechanical properties; both the tensile strength and elongation of the fibers were 20–25% less than those of the neat fibers. The modulus of the oriented fiber was unchanged by the addition of the graphite nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 645–652, 2007
Spin-Cast Deposition of CdSe-CdS Core-Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots on Doped GaAs Substrates: Structural and Optical Characterization

The detailed study of the effects of spin recipe and GaAs substrate doping (i.e., semi-insulating, n-type, or p-type) on the structural and optical properties of spin-cast CdSe-CdS core-shell CQDs provides insight into the surface adsorption and charge transfer mechanisms that will influence any potential optoelectronic device. The hypotheses of this study are: i) it is possible to establish spin-casting recipes that yield a thin film of CQDs with large surface density and uniform size, and ii) it is possible to control the optical response of CQDs by varying the GaAs substrate doping to influence charge transfer processes. As a result of these measurements, we have been able to demonstrate a strong dependence of spin-cast CQD structural properties on the doping type of the GaAs substrate, as well as evidence from measured optical properties to support the idea that hot carriers photoexcited in the GaAs substrate are transferred either to the CQD surface states through organic surface ligands or directly to confined states within the CQD.
Target tracking in an urban warfare environment using particle filters

Particle filters have become a viable solution to the visual tracking problem as they are well suited for state estimation in the rich visual world where non-linear, non-Gaussian distributions are common and where information from various sensor sources must be fused. This paper introduces an adaptive particle filter framework in which the numbers of particles, fusion parameters, as well as filter parameters are updated during the filtering process. Then, a neural network is used to determine how well the filter is performing. Such a filter could be used within a hierarchical architecture for adversarial reasoning onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle executing reconnaissance and surveillance missions in an urban warfare environment. The innovative features of the tracking methodology include an adaptation mechanism used to focus on those cues that optimize the particle population and, therefore, reduce the computational burden, an automatic initialization technique that circumvents the need for an ad hoc selection of the initial particles, and the neural network classifier for performance assessment purposes. Initial implementation and testing of video images obtained from a moving vehicle and using color and motion cues suggest the efficacy of the proposed approach
Context matters: An interdisciplinary studies interpretation of the National Leadership Education Research Agenda

This perspective piece addresses specifically futur e lines of inquiry and practice that advance the goals of the agenda through an interdisciplinary ap proach to leadership studies. Here, the authors explain in-depth the contexts of an interdi sciplinary approach to the agenda and address specific challenges therein. In order to provide c larity to this approach, considerations are made with respect to the language, contextual reference points, and tensions regarding measurement of learning. The authors provide impetus for inclusio n of particular, salient priorities from the agenda, and address opportunities for practice and future research. Suggestions reveal unique opportunities within an interdisciplinary perspecti ve such as the integration of diverse content and perspectives as well as collaboration across di sciplines.
The natural history of pediatric-onset discoid lupus erythematosus.

Background Pediatric discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is rare. The risk of progression to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is uncertain. Objective We sought to determine the risk of progression of pediatric DLE to SLE and to characterize its phenotype. Methods This was a retrospective review of 40 patients with DLE. Results Six (15%) of 40 patients presented with DLE as a manifestation of concurrent SLE. Of the remaining 34, 9 (26%) eventually met SLE criteria and 15 (44%) developed laboratory abnormalities without meeting SLE criteria. Only 10 (29%) maintained skin-limited disease. The average age at progression to SLE was 11 years, with greatest risk in the first year after DLE diagnosis. Most (89%) patients with SLE met diagnostic criteria with mucocutaneous disease (discoid lesions, malar rash, oral and nasal ulcers, photosensitivity), positive antibodies, and/or cytopenia without developing end-organ damage over 5 years of median follow-up. Limitations The study was retrospective. Conclusions In pediatric patients, DLE carries a significant risk of progression to SLE but may predict a milder phenotype of systemic disease. All patients require careful monitoring for SLE, particularly within the first year of diagnosis.
An Oxytocin Challenge Test Protocol

Nurses are being utilized to administer the oxytocin challenge test, interpret the results, und take responsibility during the test for the patient and her unborn child. After u review of the medical literature, and based on experience with the oxytocin challenge test, a protocol for administering it was devised and implemented at a large metropolitan hospital. With nursing responsibility for administering the oxytocin challenge test, the usefulness of the protocol has been confirmed.
Nonlinear power sharing controller for double-input H-bridge based converters

This work designs a nonlinear controller with power sharing control capability for a double input buck-buckboost converter. First it reviews the principles of operation of the buck-buckboost converter and finds the nonlinear model of this converter. Next, it proposes a Lyapunov based nonlinear controller which is adaptive against input voltage and load disturbances. Finally, it provides sufficient experimental results to verify the operation of the designed controller.
EVOLUTION AFTER THE FLOOD: PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE DESERT FISH UTAH CHUB

The Bonneville Basin and upper Snake River drainage of western North America underwent extensive hydrological changes during the late Pleistocene, potentially influencing the geographic distribution and evolutionary trajectories of aquatic species that occupied this region. To test this hypothesis, I reconstructed the phylogeographic history of the desert fish Utah chub (Gila atraria) by examining 16 populations that span the natural distribution of this species across the Bonneville Basin and upper Snake River. I compared mitochondrial control region sequences (934 bp) among 77 individuals revealing 24 unique haplotypes. Geographic and phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes were explored using parsimony, maximum likelihood, nested clade analysis, and analysis of molecular variance. I found that G. atraria is composed of two distinct clades that represent an early Pleistocene split between the upper Snake River and Bonneville Basin. Within each of these clades, geographic structuring was highly concordant with the hydrological history of late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville and the upper Snake River, suggesting that glacial-induced shifts in climate and unpredictable geological events have played a major role in shaping genetic subdivision among populations. To examine the effects of vicariant events on phenotypic divergence among Utah chub populations, I mapped chub life histories to the control region haplotype network. I found a nonrandom association between haplotypes and life-history phenotypes. These results suggest that historical events responsible for population fragmentation may have also contributed to phenotypic shifts in life histories, both indirectly by limiting gene flow among populations and directly by altering the selective environments where populations persisted.
Application of an extended hysteresis model to quantitative evaluation of surface-modified magnetic materials

In this study, we developed a model-based approach for determining case depths of surface hardened steels from hysteresis data. A magnetic hysteresis model was extended to simulate the observed two-stage magnetization reversal process which took place in the core and case regions of hardened samples under different applied fields. Case depths were estimated by modeling the hysteresis loop as a weighed sum of signals from the case and the core. The results were found to agree with the values measured from the hardness depth profiles.
The painful tweet: text, sentiment, and community structure analyses of tweets pertaining to pain.

Background: Despite the widespread popularity of social media, little is known about the extent or context of pain-related posts by users of those media. Objective: The aim was to examine the type, context, and dissemination of pain-related tweets. Methods: We used content analysis of pain-related tweets from 50 cities to unobtrusively explore the meanings and patterns of communications about pain. Content was examined by location and time of day, as well as within the context of online social networks. Results: The most common terms published in conjunction with the term “pain” included feel (n=1504), don’t (n=702), and love (n=649). The proportion of tweets with positive sentiment ranged from 13% in Manila to 56% in Los Angeles, CA, with a median of 29% across cities. Temporally, the proportion of tweets with positive sentiment ranged from 24% at 1600 to 38% at 2400, with a median of 32%. The Twitter-based social networks pertaining to pain exhibited greater sparsity and lower connectedness than did those social networks pertaining to common terms such as apple, Manchester United, and Obama. The number of word clusters in proportion to node count was greater for emotion terms such as tired (0.45), happy (0.43), and sad (0.4) when compared with objective terms such as apple (0.26), Manchester United (0.14), and Obama (0.25). Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that pain-related tweets carry special characteristics reflecting unique content and their communication among tweeters. Further work will explore how geopolitical events and seasonal changes affect tweeters’ perceptions of pain and how such perceptions may affect therapies for pain. [J Med Internet Res 2015;17(4):e84]
RESOURCE-ALLOCATION RULES AND THE HERITABILITY OF TRAITS

I hypothesize that the heritability of a trait, and thus its evolutionary responsiveness to natural selection, should be positively related to the priority with which resources are allocated to that trait. Low-priority traits are more sensitive to environmental effects, thus reducing the relative effect of genetic differences on phenotypic variation of these traits. This allocation-priority hypothesis explains why life-history traits, such as those involving growth and reproduction, generally have lower heritabilities than higher-priority morphological and physiological traits related to body maintenance. This hypothesis also shows how an organism-centered approach, as used in physiological ecology, can contribute to the development of evolutionary theory.
The American College of Cardiology's Board of Governors and Chapters Committed to Action Through Collaboration.

![Figure][1] If I could pinpoint a common denominator to weave the successes and progress achieved by the American College of Cardiology’s (ACC’s) state chapters and Board of Governors (BOG) together in the last year, it would be the practice of collaboration. Collaboration—or
The effect of enhanced trunk control on balance and falls through bilateral upper extremity exercises among chronic stroke patients in a standing position

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of bilateral upper extremity exercises on trunk control, balance, and risk of falls in stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 30 study subjects were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups containing 15 subjects each, who received bilateral upper extremity activities and conventional rehabilitation treatment, respectively. [Results] There were statistically significant differences between groups in all sub-items and total trunk impairment and Berg Balance scale scores. Significant differences between groups were also observed in all sub-items of the trunk impairment scale, except for static sitting balance. [Conclusion] Bilateral upper extremity exercises are effective for trunk control and balance as well as for fall prevention.
Discussion on the Theory of Forest Fire Ecology Management System

For improving the current level of forest fire management,this paper has analyzed the advantage of forest fire ecology management system and explained its characteristics and achieved methods through discussion on the theory of forest fire ecology management system.It was point out that the forest fire management should gradually improve the level of forest fire ecology management system.
Secondary Arc Current and Recovery Voltage of 1000kV AC Compact Transmission Line

The characteristics of 1000 kV AC compact transmission line are discussed,and the calculating results of secondary arc current and recovery voltage of 1000 kV AC compact transmission line using EMTP under different conditions such as the different length of the transmission line,the compensation factor,transposition,are presented.Simulation results show that the neutral reactor for HV shunt reactors can effectively limit the second arc current and recovery voltage,and the principle of selection of neutral reactor must take both insulation level and restraint of second arc current together with recovery voltage into consideration.It is required that the time of reclosing should be 0.7 s,the length of compact transmission line be 100 km to 500 km,and the degree of compensation be 95%,instead of 70%.However,the influence of transposition,compared with random factors such as environment,or the cost of construction of transposition tower,is negligible.The transposition is not recommended for compact transmission line.
Three-Dimensional Versus Two-Dimensional Neuroendoscopy: A Preclinical Laboratory Study.

Background Use of traditional two-dimensional (2-D) neuroendoscopy is limited by lack of depth perception. The advent of next-generation three-dimensional (3-D) endoscopes potentially compensates for this limitation. The aim of this study was to objectively compare the 2 modalities in a controlled laboratory environment. Methods Using 2-D and 3-D endoscopes, 8 participants performed simple and complex motor tasks. Participants were divided into 3 groups: novice ( n = 3), beginner ( n = 4), and expert ( n = 1), based on prior neuroendoscopy training. Efficiency of completing simple motor tasks in an allocated time and time to complete complex motor tasks were recorded for both visualization methods with demerits for inaccuracy. Results Inaccuracy was reduced with increasing experience in the use of the 3-D endoscope for simple motor tasks such as spiral drawing ( P = 0.04), but there was no statistical difference in completion time for complex motor tasks pertaining to depth perception among the groups ( P > 0.05) or within groups for simple or complex tasks. To assess the impact on the learning curve, we analyzed the performance improvement in use of the other endoscope based on which endoscope each participant used first. There was marked improvement in accuracy and efficiency of 2-D scope use in the "3-D first" group for performing simple motor tasks such as dotted-line drawing ( P = 0.002), but no benefit was observed for complex motor tasks. Conclusions Our data do not support the superiority of the 3-D endoscope over its conventional 2-D congener, although its use may shorten the learning curve associated with neuroendoscopy, regardless of subjects' prior experience with neuroendoscopy.
Reactive Intermediate Formation

Some foreign compounds are acutely or potentially toxic, and others initially exhibit no intrinsic toxicity, but become harmful after metabolic conversion. Although foreign compound-metabolizing enzymes aim to produce water soluble metabolites, facilitating the excretion of foreign compounds from the body, however in many cases, metabolic conversion produces reactive intermediates. As a result of this, many toxic effects of foreign compounds do not result from the parent compounds, instead from reactive intermediates or metabolites that are formed inside cells.
Aneurysm of the Testicular Artery

AbstractWe report a case of aneurysm of the right testicular artery in the spermatic cord of the right scrotum. To our knowledge this is the first report of an aneurysm of the testicular artery.
Kaposi's sarcoma.

SUMMARY Pulmonary KS may occur in up to 20 to 25 per cent of patients with cutaneous KS. The presenting symptoms of pulmonary KS are indistinguishable from those of opportunistic pathogens that cause pneumonia. It most frequently presents with the symptoms of cough or dyspnea; however, fever, hemoptysis, and stridor have been reported to occur secondary to pulmonary KS. Roentgenographically, pulmonary KS may present as diffuse infiltrates, nodal disease, and/or pleural effusions. The diagnosis is established by a characteristic histologic pattern obtained from large pieces of tissue, that is, from open lung biopsy or autopsy rather than from transbronchial biopsy. No effective therapy for pulmonary KS exists; however, short-term palliation may be achieved with radiotherapy or combination chemotherapy. In a patient with known pulmonary KS who develops either new or changing symptoms or new roentgenographic findings, an attempt should be made to rule out an associated infectious process.
Efficacy of Foliar-Applied Sulfoxaflor for Control of Soybean Aphid and Impact on Lady Beetles, 2015

Soybean aphid (SA) continues to be an important pest of soybean in eastern North Dakota. Insecticide trials continue to examine the efficacy of broad spectrum compounds (primarily pyrethroids), however, new chemistries must also be tested, especially those that have the potential to reduce mortality of beneficial insects. The objectives of this trial were to test the efficacy of foliar-applied sulfoxaflor in controlling SA, and to measure the immediate impact of sulfoxaflor on adult lady beetle (LB) numbers. The trial was conducted at a cooperator’s field approximately five miles east of Moorhead, MN. Test plots were established on 2 Jun using a two-row vacuum precision planter equipped with GPS at a seeding rate of 150,000 live seeds per acre. Each plot was 10 ft wide (4 rows at 30-inch row spacing) × 25 feet long. Two “guard rows” were left between each plot to prevent spray overlap. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Foliar insecticide applications were made on 11 Aug using a tractor-mounted CO2 sprayer with …
Measuring temperature and ammonia hydrate ice on Charon in 2015 from Keck/OSIRIS spectra

Abstract In this work we investigated the longitudinal (zonal) variability of H2O and ammonia (NH3) hydrate ices on the surface of Charon through analysis of the 1.65 µm and 2.21 µmabsorption features, respectively. Near-infrared spectra presented here were obtained between 2015-07-14 and 2015-08-30 UT with the OSIRIS integral field spectrograph on Keck I. Spectra centered on six different sub-observer longitudes were obtained through the Hbb (1.473–1.803 µm) and Kbb (1.965–2.381 µm) filters. Gaussian functions were fit to the aforementioned bands to obtain information on band center, band depth, full width at half maximum, and band area. The shift in the band center of the temperature-dependent 1.65 µm feature was used to calculate the H2O ice temperature. The mean temperature of the ice on the observable portion of Charon’s surface is 45 ± 14 K and we report no statistically significant variations in temperature across the surface. We hypothesize that the crystalline and amorphous phases of water ice reached equilibrium over 3.5 Gyr ago, with thermal recrystallization balancing the effects of irradiation amorphization. We do not believe that cryovolcanism is necessary to explain the presence of crystalline water ice on the surface of Charon. Absorption from ammonia species is detected between 12° and 290°, in agreement with results from New Horizons. Ongoing diffusion of ammonia through the rocky mantle and upper layer of water ice is one possible mechanism for maintaining its presence in Charon’s surface ice. Reduced Charon spectra corrected for telluric and solar absorption are available as supplementary online material.
Structure of 14 B and the evolution of N=9 single-neutron isotones

We have used the ${}^{13}$B($d,p$)${}^{14}$B reaction in inverse kinematics to study the properties of states in ${}^{14}$B, the lightest particle-bound $N=9$ isotone. The spectroscopic information, including spins, parities, and spectroscopic factors for the states observed in ${}^{14}$B are used to deduce the wave functions for the low-lying negative parity $\ensuremath{\nu}(\mathit{sd})$ levels, as well as provide information about the evolution of the effective neutron $1{s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}0{d}_{5/2}$ single-particle energies. The data confirm that the ground and first-excited states are predominantly $s$ wave in character and are single-neutron halo states. The effective single-particle energies are found to match the trends set by other $N=9$ isotones.