cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Learn or Die”: Survivalism and Anarchy in Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower

Dunning links discourses of survivalism found in the freedom journeys of Malidoma Patrice Some and Harriet Tubman to that of Lauren Olamina of Butler’s Parable of the Sower. Dunning demonstrates that Lauren, who is the “Black Moses” of her people, urges her followers to “rewild” themselves, to learn how to live outside of civilization, especially one that actively seeks to marginalize them. As Dunning sees it, Butler’s novel ties human survival to learning ancient knowledge about living on Earth and represents a critical turn toward Afro-pessimism by dismissing the redemptive possibility of the American project and, therefore, rejecting the social death of the black subject.
Quizzes or Editing Exercises? In Teaching AP Style, Both Methods Work Equally:

Journalism educators train students on Associated Press (AP) style, helping them navigate grammar, accuracy, and ethical issues. However, there is little peer-reviewed research testing which method...
Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines.

Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
A Peircean Account of Advances in Deictic Meaning

Peirce constructs his theory of Phenomenology on triadic properties of: the sign, its object, and its interpretant.
Dose modification factor analysis of multilumen balloon brachytherapy applicator with Monte Carlo simulation

The Contura brachytherapy applicator is a silicone balloon with five lumens in which a high-dose-rate brachytherapy source can traverse. Multilumen applicators, like the Contura, are used in accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) brachytherapy in instances where asymmetric dose distributions are desired; for example, when the applicator surface-to-skin thickness is small (< 7 mm). In these instances, the air outside the patient and the lung act as a poor scattering medium, scattering less dose back into the breast and affecting the dose distribution. The recent report by Task Group 186 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) has outlined the importance of moving towards brachytherapy dose calculations using heterogeneity corrections. However, at this time, many commercial treatment planning systems do not correct for tissue heterogeneity, which can result in inaccuracies in the planned dose distribution. To quantify the deviation in the skin dose we utilize the dose modification factor (DMF), defined as the ratio of the dose rate at 1 cm beyond the applicator surface with homogenous medium, to the dose rate at 1 cm with heterogeneous medium. This investigation models the Contura applicator with the Monte Carlo N-Particle code version 5, and determines a DMF through simulation. Taking all geometrical considerations into account, an accurate model of the Contura balloon applicator was created in MCNP and used to run simulations. The dose modification factor was found to be only slightly dependent on whether the dose distribution was symmetric or asymmetric. These results indicate that the dose delivered to part of the PTV may be lower than the planned dose by up to 12%, and that these brachytherapy plans should be viewed with caution. In addition to studying the effects of backscatter, an evaluation was made regarding the capabilities of the Contura device to shape an asymmetric dose distribution. We compared these results to a previous study of a MammoSite ML and a SAVI device and found that the dose shaping capabilities of the Contura were quite similar to that of the MammoSite ML, but markedly inferior to the SAVI. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
The GST-BHMT assay and related assays for autophagy

The endpoint of the autophagic process is the breakdown of delivered cytoplasmic cargo in lysosomes. Therefore, assays based on degradation of cargo are of particular interest in that they can measure regulation of the entire autophagic process, including changes in cargo delivery and breakdown in the lytic compartment. Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is one of many cytosolic proteins found in the mammalian autophagosome, and delivery of BHMT to the lysosome results in its proteolysis to discrete fragments under certain conditions. Making use of these observations, the GST-BHMT assay was developed as an endpoint, cargo-based autophagy assay. Using this assay as a starting point, additional cargo-based assays have been developed with the potential to measure autophagic degradation of specific subcellular compartments. Here we describe the development and validation of these assays.
Liberalización externa e inversión extranjera directa en Brasil,1971-2000: una perspectiva neoestructuralista

Resumen es: Se presenta un modelo estructuralista de los efectos de la inversion extranjera directa (IED) sobre la inversion domestica. El modelo desarrollado en es...
Acid Reflux Is a Poor Predictor for Severity of Erosive Reflux Esophagitis

It is unknown which factors determine the severity of mucosal damage in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Our aim was to test whether the amount of esophageal acid exposure could predict the severity of esophageal injury in erosive reflux esophagitis. A total of 644 outpatients with symptomatic GERD underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy followed by esophageal manometry and 24-h pH monitoring. GERD was graded according to the endoscopic severity of mucosal damage as no erosions, single erosions, confluent erosions, esophageal ulcers, and strictures. A multiple linear regression was used to assess the joint influences of demographic characteristics, social habits, endoscopic anatomy, and various parameters of esophageal function tests on the severity of erosive reflux disease. No clear-cut association between the amount of acid reflux and the severity of erosive reflux esophagitis could be established. All individual parameters of esophageal pH monitoring, such as upright or supine acid contact time, frequency of all or only long reflux episodes, and an overall summary score of pH-metry, revealed no or only a weak correlation with the severity grade of erosive reflux esophagitis. Similarly, the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter was only slightly more decreased in patients with extensive erosive esophagitis as compared to subjects without esophageal erosions. In the multiple linear regression, the presence of hiatus hernia was a stronger predictor of disease severity than any of the other parameters. In conclusion, factors other than exposure of the esophageal mucosa to acid must contribute to the development of erosive esophagitis.
An integrated prediction model for biometrics

This paper addresses the problem of predicting recognition performance on a large population from a small gallery. Unlike the current approaches based on a binomial model that use match and non-match scores, this paper presents a generalized two-dimensional model that integrates a hypergeometric probability distribution model explicitly with a binomial model. The distortion caused by sensor noise, feature uncertainty, feature occlusion and feature clutter in the gallery data is modeled. The prediction model provides performance measures as a function of rank, population size and the number of distorted images. Results are shown on NIST-4 fingerprint database and 3D ear database for various sizes of gallery and the population.
Central deafness: An audiological case study

Cases of central deafness are rare but they can be most informative about the function and dysfunction of the central auditory nervous system. Previous information on the anatomy, physiology, and terminology related to central deafness is reviewed and a patient with central deafness is profiled. The patient suffered bilateral cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) compromising Heschl's gyrus and some adjacent neural tissue on both sides of the brain. At 18 months post CVAs, this patient could not understand speech presented solely through the auditory modality. Environmental sounds were perceived, but rarely recognized. Pure-tone testing revealed a severe-to-profound hearing loss bilaterally, but otoacoustic emissions, acoustic reflexes, and the auditory brainstem response were essentially within normal ranges for both ears. Middle late and late auditory potentials were compromised, yielding complex modifications of the waveforms. These findings and the compromised vascular anatomy in this case are detailed in this article.
A hierarchical Naïve Bayes model for approximate identity matching

Organizations often manage identity information for their customers, vendors, and employees. Identity management is critical to various organizational practices ranging from customer relationship management to crime investigation. The task of searching for a specific identity is difficult because disparate identity information may exist due to the issues related to unintentional errors and intentional deception. In this paper we propose a hierarchical Naive Bayes model that improves existing identity matching techniques in terms of searching effectiveness. Experiments show that our proposed model performs significantly better than the exact-match based matching technique. With 50% training instances labeled, the proposed semi-supervised learning achieves a performance comparable to the fully supervised record comparison algorithm. The semi-supervised learning greatly reduces the efforts of manually labeling training instances without significant performance degradation.
Parental substance abuse and child maltreatment: Review and implications for intervention

Abstract This paper reviews the link between the incidence of child abuse and neglect and parental substance abuse. Parenting and women-specific components are needed in existing drug abuse treatment programs. In addition, parenting and pregnant women who are substance abusers can benefit from comprehensive, family-centered treatment services where recovery is addressed in the context of total family needs. The paper reviews selected family preservation programs and family-oriented drug abuse treatment programs and presents preliminary findings from the authors' ongoing outcome evaluation of New York City's Family Rehabilitation Program.
Shape up or ship out: social networks, turnover, and organizational culture

This paper considers a formal model of cultural transmission in organizations, examining the interplay of structured social influence and organizational demography. A set of focused and fine-grained computational experiments elucidates this model's assumptions, facilitates deeper explanations for some of its behavior, and explores the robustness and scope conditions of previously published conclusions. In doing so, this investigation highlights several important issues in the design and evaluation of computational experiments.
Corporate citizenship? Elites, labor and the geographies of work in Guatemala

In this paper I critically assess the World Bank's adoption of discourses of corporate social responsibility in Latin America. I argue that the turn to private-sector associations as ‘agents of dev...
Detection of minimal residual disease in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia by next-generation sequencing

Detection of minimal residual disease predicts adverse outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Currently, minimal residual disease may be detected by RQ-PCR or flow cytometry, both of which have practical and diagnostic limitations. Here, we describe a next-generation sequencing assay for minimal residual disease detection in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia, which encompasses ∼60% of patients with normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia. Exon 12 of NPM1 was PCR amplified using sequencing adaptor-linked primers and deep sequenced to enable detection of low-prevalence, acute myeloid leukemia-specific activating mutations. We benchmarked our results against flow cytometry, the standard of care for acute myeloid leukemia minimal residual disease diagnosis at our institution. The performance of both approaches was evaluated using defined dilutions of an NPM1 mutation-positive cell line and longitudinal clinical samples from acute myeloid leukemia patients. Using defined control material, we found this assay sensitive to approximately 0.001% mutant cells, outperforming flow cytometry by an order of magnitude. Next-generation sequencing was precise and semiquantitative over four orders of magnitude. In 22 longitudinal samples from six acute myeloid leukemia patients, next-generation sequencing detected minimal residual disease in all samples deemed negative by flow cytometry. Further, in one-third of patients, sequencing detected alternate NPM1 mutations in addition to the patient's index mutation, consistent with tumor heterogeneity. Next-generation sequencing provides information without prior knowledge of NPM1 mutation subtype or validation of allele-specific probes as required for RQ-PCR assays, and without generation and interpretation of complex multidimensional flow cytometry data. This approach may complement current technologies to enhance patient-specific clinical decision-making.
Primary structure of an invertebrate dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase with phylogenetic relationship to vertebrate and bacterial disulfide oxidoreductases

Abstract Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E 3 ) is a flavoprotein component of multi-enzyme complexes catalyzing oxidative decarboxylation of α -ketoacids in the Krebs' cycle. We have cloned a 2.4-kb E 3 cDNA from an arthropod, Manduca sexta , that codes for 497 amino acids and translates to a 51-kDa protein in vitro. Sequences at and around the dinucleotide binding domains, disulfide active site and the C-terminal interface domain involved in substrate binding are highly conserved in Manduca E 3 . Phylogenetic analysis of protein sequences from the flavoprotein class of disulfide oxidoreductases family of enzymes suggests that in spite of the homologous nature of E 3 and glutathione reductase (goR) in sequence and structure, E 3 shares a common ancestor with mercuric reductase (merA), whereas goR is more related to trypanothione reductase (tryR) than to other members. All members, except goRs, seemed to be monophyletic. Plant goRs seemed to have arisen differently and are more closely related to tryRs than to bacterial and vertebrate goRs. Earlier speculation on the nature of origin of E 3 in Pseudomonas is not supported by phylogenetic data. A possible structural relationship of Manduca E 3 to other pyridine-binding proteins, such as the neurotransmitter transporters and channels, is proposed.
The effect of neoadjuvant radiation therapy on perioperative outcomes among patients undergoing resection of retroperitoneal sarcomas.

Background Neoadjuvant radiation therapy (RT) has several theoretical benefits in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS), but concerns remain about treatment toxicity and perioperative morbidity. There are limited data regarding its effect on perioperative outcomes, most of which come from small, single-institution series. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term (30-day) postoperative morbidity and mortality associated with neoadjuvant RT following resection of RPS.
Time Course of Benoxacor Metabolism and Identification of Benoxacor Metabolites Isolated from Suspension-Cultured Zea mays Cells 1 h after Treatment†

Extracts of suspension-cultured Zea mays (cv. Black Mexican Sweet) cells treated with [14C]benoxacor for 0.25-24 h were analyzed by HPLC and TLC to investigate the metabolic fate of benoxacor. Thin layer chromatography determined that benoxacor was rapidly metabolized to six detectable metabolites within 0.5 h. Twelve metabolites were detected in extracts from cells treated for 24 h. Analysis of cell extracts by reversed phase HPLC determined that the glutathione conjugate [mono-(GSH)] of benoxacor was present in all samples analyzed, based on cochromatography with a mono(GSH) conjugate standard. The abundance of the mono(GSH) conjugate increased as treatment time increased. The presence of a di(GSH) conjugate was detected in extracts of cells treated for 0.5 h and reached a maximum level 2 h after treatment. Three predominant metabolites present in samples treated with benoxacor for 1 h were subjected to structural analysis by 1H-NMR or mass spectrometry following purification by conventional HPLC methodologies. These structural analyses determined that two of the metabolites were the catabolic formylcarboxamide and carboxycarboxamide derivatives of benoxacor. A third metabolite was determined to be the mono(GSH) conjugate of benoxacor. This metabolite consisted of a single glutathione molecule linked via the cysteinyl sulfhydryl group to the N-dichloroacetyl alpha-carbon of benoxacor. Structures of the metabolites and postulated pathways of their biosynthesis in vivo are presented.
Chiral separations by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis.

This paper reports successful chiral separations of pharmaceutical racemic amines by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) using β- and γ- cyclodextrins (CDs) and various derivatives of β-CDs. The results in three organic solvents, formamide (FA), N-methylformamide (NMF), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were compared to those in pure water and in 6 M urea in water systems. The binding constants of trimipramine, mianserin, and thioridazine with β-CD were determined in the following five solvent systems: water, 6 M urea in water, FA, NMF, and DMF. The binding constants decreased systematically from ∼104 in water to ∼10 in FA and ∼10-2 in DMF. As a result, the optimum CD concentration in the aqueous media is in the high micromolar range, while that in the FA is around 100 mM. In the aqueous media, the occurrence of the optimum at very low concentrations and the rapid changes in enantioselectivity with CD concentration would make it difficult to develop methods based on trial and error. Nevertheless, i...
Cheaper Gas and More Expensive Shoes: California's Transportation Finance Reform Proposal

With mounting concern about current social and environmental challenges, the notion of sustainable development—a paradigm calling for the integration of economic, social, and environmental goals—has gained increasing popularity in recent years. Within the transportation arena, sustainability advocates have argued for reducing reliance on the private automobile and seeking instead to foster alternative modes such as transit, biking, and walking; and many cities are actively pursuing this goal. Yet even the most concerted local efforts can be undermined by contradictory policy frameworks at higher levels of government, and a recent proposal for transportation finance reform in California serves as a good case in point. Intended to enhance the reliability of highway revenues, the proposal would eliminate a 5% sales tax on gasoline and replace it with a 0.25% increase in the general sales tax specifically earmarked for transportation. Basic economic analysis shows clearly, however, that eliminating the sales ...
Wavelet Analysis and Filtering to Identify Dominant Orientations of Permeability Anisotropy

An accurate representation of permeability anisotropy is needed to model the rate and direction of groundwater flow correctly. We develop a wavelet analysis technique that can be used to characterize principal directions of anisotropy in both stationary and non-stationary permeability fields. Wavelet analysis involves the integral transform of a field using a wavelet as a kernel. The wavelet is shifted, scaled, and rotated to analyze different locations, sizes, and orientations of the field. The wavelet variance is used to identify scales and orientations that dominate the field. If the field is non-stationary, such that different zones of the field are characterized by different dominant scales or orientations, the wavelet variance can identify all dominant scales and orientations if they are distinct. If the dominant scales and orientations of different zones are similar, the wavelet variance identifies only the dominant scale and orientation of the primary zone. In this paper, we present a combined wavelet analysis and filtering approach to identify all dominant scales and orientations in a non-stationary permeability field. We apply the method to permeability data obtained in the laboratory from the Massillon sandstone.
Guardians of health: the dimensions of elder caregiving among women in a Mexico City neighborhood.

Abstract Little is known about the family care of older adults in Mexico and the role of women in this process. To begin to fill this knowledge gap, this paper describes how a small sample of low-income women in one Mexico City neighborhood conceptualized the caregiver role and identified the forms of assistance they gave to their older relatives on a daily basis. A grounded theory approach was used to collect and analyze the data. Forty-one semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with female caregivers. The age of participants was between 19 and 83 years, and care recipients between 56 and 92 years. The relationship of caregiver to care recipient was wife, daughter, daughter-in-law, granddaughter, sibling, and other relative. The mean length of time providing care was 5 years. Most participants were not employed outside the home, and the median monthly household income was 2000 pesos. We found that caregiving was a life-changing event, with 27 of 41 participants viewing themselves as guardians. Caregivers' emphasis was on care recipients' emotional needs in order to provide “the most precious gift” of “time and attention.” Two forms of assistance were ‘keeping company’ and ‘watching out’ as safeguards against poor health or further decline in health. These findings increase the cultural understanding of caregiving in Mexico. Further research is needed to test the caregiving concepts identified in this study.
Competition in the gradostat: the role of the communication rate

In this paper we study a mathematical model of competition between two species of microorganisms for a single limiting nutrient in a laboratory device called a gradostat. A gradostat consists of several (we consider only two) chemostats (CSTR's) connected together so that material can flow between the vessels in such a way that a nutrient gradient is established. Our model is a slightly modified version of one considered recently by Jager et al. [3], in that the rate of exchange of material between the two vessels (the communication rate) is allowed to differ from the dilution rate. The outcome of competition turns out to be surprisingly sensitive to variation of the communication rate. We identify several coexistence regimes in parameter space and describe a method for obtaining “operating diagrams” for given pairs of competing microorganisms.
Active control in passively base isolated buildings subjected to low power excitations

Abstract The use of active control on a passively base isolated building model is proposed, to counteract vibrations due to a low power excitation. The base isolated building is modeled as a three degree freedom rigid body. The rotation at the centroid of this rigid building model is controlled with the help of vertical synchronized actuators. The control methods which are applied to the base isolated model and compared are: (i) optimal control; (ii) eigenvalue assignment using state feedback; and (iii) eigenvalue assignment using output feedback. One of the disadvantages of the state feedback method is the requirement that all components of the state at every instant of the control be known. For the optimal control method difficulties may arise in making choices for the weighting matrices. Upon comparison, the eigenvalue assignment technique using output feedback appears to be more feasible than the other two methods for controlling vibrations in the passively base isolated building subjected to low power excitation.
MUCH MADNESS IS DIVINEST SENSE: WISDOM IN MEMOIRS OF SOUL‐SUFFERING

By Kathleen Greider (Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 2007). 326 pp. $24.00. (hard cover). “Much Madness is divinest Sense … to a discerning Eye,” wrote Emily Dickinson. And discernment is what this b...
Advances in Anticancer Protein Delivery using Micro-/Nanoparticles

Proteins exhibiting anticancer activities, especially those capable of discriminately killing cancer cells, have attracted increasing interest in developing protein-based anticancer therapeutics. This progress report surveys recent advances in delivering anticancer proteins directly to tumor tissue for inducing apoptosis/necrosis or indirectly to antigen presenting cells for provoking immune responses. Protein delivery carriers such as inorganic particles, lipid particles, polymeric particles, DNA/protein based biomacromolecular particles as well as cell based carriers are reviewed with comments on their advantages and limitations. Future challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
European respiratory monographs: community-acquired pneumonia

Chalmers JD, Pletz MW, Aliberti S (Eds): Community-Acquired Pneumonia. European Respiratory Monographs. Sheffield: European Respiratory Society; 2014, ISBN 978-1-849-84049-1.
A β-Diketiminate-Supported Boron Dication

The first example of a mononuclear boron dication has been prepared and isolated as the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) salt of its 2,2‘-bipyridine complex. The compound [(HC(CMe)2(NC6F5)2(bipy)B][OTf]2 (1) was prepared by treatment of the β-diketiminate-supported boron bis(trifluoromethylsulfonate) [(HC(CMe)2(NC6F5)2B(OTf)2] (2) with 2,2‘-bipyridine. The X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 2 were determined, and DFT calculations were performed on 1 and [(HC(CMe)2(NC6F5)2B]2+.
Chloride Spike: A Third Type of Action Potential in Tissue-Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells from the Chick

In addition to sodium and calcium spikes, tissue-cultured skeletal muscle cells from the chick can initiate spikes lasting tens of seconds. The peak membrane potential of the spike correlates with the chloride ion concentration, but not with the calcium or sodium ion concentration. The chloride spike is blocked by manganese ion but not by cobalt ion.
REAPPRAISAL OF PLATEAU PHASE IN MYELOMA

Abstract The frequency with which the plateau or stable phase occurs after remission-induction chemotherapy, and the kinetic features of this phase, were evaluated in 127 carefully staged patients with multiple myeloma. 56 patients (44%) entered a stable plateau state, this pattern being most common in patients with stages IA, IIA, and IIIA of the disease, and least likely in those with stages IIB or IIIB, especially those with Bence Jones protein only or Bence Jones protein plus a serum M-component. Tritiated thymidine labelling index (LI) of bone-marrow myeloma cells, polyamine measurements, and in-vitro myeloma stemcell culture findings all indicated that the plateau phase is a cytokinetically quiescent state, compared with the more active induction and relapse phases. The major implications of these findings include the avoidance of aggressive "cycle active" treatment and discontinuation of maintenance treatment in plateau-phase patients.
Electroshock-induced retrograde amnesia and brain serotonin metabolism: effects of several antidepressant compounds.

Mice treated with either amitriptyline, nialamide, or pipradol showed a significant degree of antagonism toward the amnesic effect of electroconvulsive shock administered 10 sec following a single conditioning trial. Saline-treated control animals showed a high incidence of amnesia for the same response as a result of post-training electroshock. Under control conditions, where no posttraining ECS was given, a consistently high level of conditioned response retention was shown. Although the mechanism of action for each of the drugs with regard to serotonin metabolism was quite different, a common factor in each case was that brain serotonin levels were generally reduced following ECS, whereas for control animals one post-ECS effect was elevated brain serotonin. The present findings suggest that elevation of brain serotonin levels produced by ECS, and taking place during the post-training interval within which the memory trace is consolidated, may account, in part, for the resulting retrograde amnesia; antagonism of the amnesic effect of ECS is apparently accomplished by providing for conditions wherein this ECS-induced serotonin change is blocked.
Reducing Firearm Injury and Death: A Public Health Sourcebook on Guns.

Effective injury control requires accurate information. For injuries caused by firearms, that information includes not only an understanding of the research and policy literature, but also a basic knowledge of how firearms work. This is particularly true for interventions that focus on the product—the firearm—rather than on changing the behavior of victims or perpetrators of violence. But some injury control researchers and advocates did not grow up in a household where firearms were present, and have been forced to learn how guns work, if at all, in a piecemeal fashion from sources not designed for a public health audience. With Reducing Firearm Injury and Death: A Public Health Sourcebook on Guns , authors Trudy A Karlson and Stephen W Hargarten remedy this gap in the …
SEDIMENTS FROM BAY ST. GEORGE, NEWFOUNDLAND

Sediments cored to a depth of about 1 m in Bay St. George, Newfoundland, were examined for grain-size distribution and minerals. The sediments are light brown silty clays, the principal minerals of which are chlorite and muscovite mica. The scarce sand consists of fresh detrital grains of blue-green amphibole, biotite, epidote, zoisite, magnetite, garnet, hypersthene, apatite, chlorite, and scarce zircon. Quartz, plagioclase feldspar, and muscovite are abundant. These minerals are all present in the rocks of the adjacent land areas and have been deposited in the sediments with little alteration or change due to weathering. The clay minerals of the sediments are predominantly muscovite and chlorite with a slight admixture of vermiculite and montmorillonite. There is very little mixed-layering of these minerals. Montmorillonite may be due to diagenetic changes after deposition of these clays in the marine environment of the bay.
Reappraisal of a Paleocene Crab (Brachyura: Dromiacea) from Texas

ABSTRACT Sphaerodromiidae is reported from the Paleocene of Texas with Dromilites? cardwelli (Armstrong, Nyborg, Bishop, Osso-Morales, and Vega, 2009) new combination. The species is a sphaerodromiid but is too poorly preserved for confident generic placement. The morphology of the preserved sternum of D. ? cardwelli confirms placement in Sphaerodromiidae. Spaerodromiidae was previously known from the Cretaceous and Eocene; thus no range extension occurs.
Gifted and talented students: Implications for school counselors

(1978). Gifted and talented students: Implications for school counselors. Roeper Review: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 9-13.
Fluidics cube for biosensor miniaturization

To create a small, portable, fully automated biosensor, a compact means of fluid handling is required. We designed, manufactured, and tested a "fluidics cube" for such a purpose. This cube, made of thermoplastic, contains reservoirs and channels for liquid samples and reagents and operates without the use of any internal valves or meters; it is a passive fluid circuit that relies on pressure relief vents to control fluid movement. We demonstrate the ability of pressure relief vents to control fluid movement and show how to simply manufacture or modify the cube. Combined with the planar array biosensor developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, it brings us one step closer to realizing our goal of a handheld biosensor capable of analyzing multiple samples for multiple analytes.
Intensity of Lyman-Alpha Line in the Solar Spectrum

The Lyman-alpha line appeared on a rocket spectrogram recently obtained by a group at the Physics Department of the University of Colorado. The grazing-incident spectrograph had been pointed directly at the sun during the 28-second exposure by a biaxial sun-follower in an Aerobee rocket. The average altitude during exposure was 81 km. Lyman-alpha was the only line observed in the far ultraviolet. It is about 5 angstroms broad and exhibits, for the altitude range of the rocket during the exposure, a narrow emission center with broad emission wings. The total intensity outside the earth's atmosphere is estimated to be 0.05 microwatt/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Instrumental scattering could have masked the light of any faint far-ultraviolet continuum which may have penetrated to the atmospheric levels reached by the rocket during the exposure.
Librational instability of rigid space station due to translation ofinternal mass

the attitude stability of an Earth-pointing space station subjected to harmonic translation of onboard equipment is considered. It is shown that instability may occur if the period of translation is in the vicinity of the orbital period. Such periodic motion may result, for example, from experimentation that would require mass or crew shifting to the "Earth end" of the station at each passover of a ground location. Instability occurs for a range of station configurations expressed parametrically as two principal-moment-of-inertia ratios. The larger the moving internal mass and the larger its amplitude of motion, the wider the region of instability. Results are presented for point mass motion along the station axis that nominally is aligned to the local vertical. A similar analysis procedure could be applied to translation of a mass of arbitrary shape along any principal axis.
A fast and simple Steiner routing heuristic

Abstract This paper presents a simple yet efficient heuristic for rectilinear Steiner routing. The basic heuristic introduces a new edge into the existing tree for another, costlier edge such that the resulting graph remains a tree. The simplicity of the heuristic led to an O(n2) implementation using basic data structures. Asymptotic time requirement of the heuristic can be further improved to O(n log n) using sophisticated data structures. Due to the generality of the heuristic different cost criteria can be applied to produce routes with different properties. The heuristic has been successfully applied to the problem of minimum-length Steiner routing and minimizing critical-sink Elmore delay.
[Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerves in guinea-pig and rat lungs: distribution, origin, and co-existence with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity.

[Met]Enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 is an endogenous opioid peptide, first isolated from the bovine adrenal medulla. Because this octapeptide is specifically contained in the amino acid sequence of preproenkephalin A but not in other opioid precursors like preproopiomelanocortin or preproenkephalin B, [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 has been regarded as a specific marker for preproenkephalin A and its derivatives. In this study, we examined the occurrence and origin of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerves in the guinea-pig and rat lung by immunohistochemical techniques, using a specific antiserum against this peptide. In addition, we investigated the possible co-existence of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the respiratory tract. In both species, [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivity was localized in nerve fibers chiefly distributed to the trachea and major bronchi, where they were prevalent in smooth muscle bundles, in the lamina propria, around airway glands, and in the walls of pulmonary vessels, but were absent in airway epithelium. Slight differences in the distribution pattern of immunoreactive nerve fibers were noted between the two species: immunoreactive nerve fibers in the smooth muscle bundles were much more abundant in guinea-pigs than in rats, while those in the mucous glands were richer in rats than in guinea-pigs. Neither chemical sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine, nor chemical sensory denervation by capsaicin, changed the density or distribution of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the airway, suggesting an intrinsic source for these nerve fibers. Colchicine injection into the tracheal wall, to promote the accumulation of neuropeptides in nerve cell bodies, led to the visualization of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivity in some neuronal cell bodies within airway ganglia. Immunostaining for [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 and for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on serial adjacent sections of airway ganglia obtained from colchicine-treated tracheae, demonstrated the co-existence of these immunoreactivities in a population of nerve cell bodies in these ganglia. The immunohistochemical localization of immunoreactive [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in nerve elements in guinea-pig and rat lungs provides a morphological basis for the possibility that pre-proenkephalin A-related opioid peptides may have a neuromodulatory role in mammalian airways and pulmonary vessels.
The weak and strong stability of algorithms in numerical linear algebra

The stability of algorithms in numerical linear algebra is discussed. The concept of stability is extended to notions of weak stability and strong stability. Justifications are given for these extensions, and the implications of error analyses in terms of these definitions are discussed. The concept of weak stability helps to clarify some of the controversy which has arisen concerning the stability of algorithms for Toeplitz systems.
Generic Approach to Determine Optimum Aeroelastic Characteristics for Composite Forward-Swept-Wing Aircraft

Aeroelastic tailoring, a concept which is critical to the development of forward-swept -wing aircraft, is presented as a multivariable optimization problem in which all of the variables have to be considered—a departure from the current practice in which the fiber orientation angle seems to be the only variable used in the tailoring process. A transformation of the aeroelastic equations of motion for a composite swept wing reveals that the critical aeroelastic characteristics for flutter and divergence are expressible in terms of three bounded generic stiffness variables and the fiber orientation angle. A variation of these variables within their various limits permits a view of the complete continuum of the critical aeroelastic parameters for all composite materials. The results for aeroelastic divergence presented in this paper show that 1) divergence can be eliminated for a) any forward-swept angle and b) a forward-swept wing whose fiber orientation angles are swept back relative to the spanwise reference axis; and 2) an optimum aeroelastically tailored forward-swept wing is one that uses different composite materials oriented at various angles (a configuration that also enhances the wing's strength).
Hyperpolarizability: Calibration of theoretical methods for chloroform, water, acetonitrile, and p-nitroaniline

Abstract Prediction of the hyperpolarizabilities of isolated molecules has become extremely useful in guiding the design of chromophores being considered as candidates for non-linear optical (NLO) devices. Even though the applications utilize condensed phases, frequently as dispersions of the chromophores in suitable polymeric matrices, the calculated gas phase properties are proving to be sufficiently reliable when calibrated against experiments to serve as useful guides to synthetic efforts. The need to clarify the limits of applicability of the current methods, to qualify their utility, and quantify their accuracy, has led us to undertake a series of calculations on molecules, CHCl3, H2O, CH3CN and p-nitroaniline, that have well-characterized gas phase hyperpolarizabilities. Chloroform and p-nitroaniline are furthermore routinely used as standards for hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements, so there is an added interest in knowing how theory relates to experiment for these molecules. The comparison between ab initio results and experiments is shown to be very favorable in most cases, leading us to conclude that DFT may be applied with confidence to small molecules. The application of DFT to large molecules is not considered here.
Detecting spatial and temporal dot patterns in noise

The visual system can be thought of as an image processor that first reduces the dynamic retinal image to a temporal succession of noisy but redundant arrays of retinal ganglion cell signals and then reconstructs from these signals a stable representation of the external world. The process by which this reconstruction takes place is still poorly understood. An obvious requirement, however, is the capability to reject the noise in the individual neural signals. I am investigating the visual system's noise rejection capabilities by determining how much noise must be added to dot patterns to reduce them to detection threshold. The stimuli are patches of nonrandom dots surrounded by dynamic random dots of the same mean luminance and contrast. The non randomness, or coherence, of the stimulus patterns is controlled by randomizing a known percentage of stimulus dots in each frame of the dynamic display. The stimulus patterns can be limited to either spatial or temporal information. In addition to coherence, the size, duration and retinal location of the stimulus can be varied, as well as the temporal frequency, dot size, contrast and mean luminance of the entire display. Coherence thresholds are generally elevated by any operation that reduced the number of ganglion cells responding to the stimulus, either by reducing the stimulus area or duration or by limiting the response to a subset of ganglion cells (e.g., the receptive field overlap or response redundancy factor can be reduced by preferentially stimulating only one functional ganglion cell type, or by testing glaucoma patients with partially destroyed ganglion cell layers). The visual system thus appears to reduce noise effects by integrating neural responses that are correlated in either space or time.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new method for partial peptide mapping using N-chlorosuccinimide/urea and peptide silver staining in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels

Abstract A simple, rapid procedure for obtaining partial peptide maps from nanogram quantities of protein in gel slices using the selective tryptophanyl peptide bond cleavage reagent N-chlorosuccinimide/urea is presented. The generated peptide fragments can be visualized by autoradiography or by a sensitive protein silver-staining technique.
A Cartesian, cell-based approach for adaptively-refined solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations

A Cartesian, cell-based approach for adaptively-refined solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions is developed and tested. Grids about geometrically complicated bodies are generated automatically, by recursive subdivision of a single Cartesian cell encompassing the entire flow domain. Where the resulting cells intersect bodies, N-sided 'cut' cells are created using polygon-clipping algorithms. The grid is stored in a binary-tree data structure which provides a natural means of obtaining cell-to-cell connectivity and of carrying out solution-adaptive mesh refinement. The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are solved on the resulting grids using a finite-volume formulation. The convective terms are upwinded: A gradient-limited, linear reconstruction of the primitive variables is performed, providing input states to an approximate Riemann solver for computing the fluxes between neighboring cells. The more robust of a series of viscous flux functions is used to provide the viscous fluxes at the cell interfaces. Adaptively-refined solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations using the Cartesian, cell-based approach are obtained and compared to theory, experiment and other accepted computational results for a series of low and moderate Reynolds number flows.
Gaze latency: variable interactions of head and eye latency.

Abstract Head movement latencies are greater than eye movement latencies because of dynamic biomechanical lags. Our EMG recordings show equal latencies in the controller signals to eye movement and to head movement. The increased dynamic lag of head movement leads to the classical gaze pattern. First a rapid saccadic eye movement directs gaze onto target; a slower head movement follows. Its accompanying vestibular ocular reflex exchanges head position for eye position; the eye stays on target throughout. At the end of the movement, the eye is returned to the primary position. Head movement latencies are readily modified by experimental conditions such as instructions to the subject, frequency and predictability of the target, amplitude of the movement, and development of fatigue. They are affected by neurological disease processes. Effects on head latency are mirrored by idiosyncratic or covarying changes in eye movement latency. Covariance of latency in head and eye movements is attributed to concomitant higher level neurological processing because it is sensitive to stimulus predictability and to neural fatique. These experimental results may be readily demonstrated using a gaze latency diagram. They are also illustrated in a table derived from a branching model assignment of latencies according to a hypothetical neurological schema. The potential of these coordinated gaze latency studies for neurological diagnosis is illustrated in patients with homonymous hemianopsia.
Japanese printed books of the Edo period (1603–1867): history and characteristics of block‐printed books

Printed texts of the Edo period (1603–1867) were almost exclusively produced by woodblock printing, printed on Japanese paper and bound in side‐stitched binding (fukurotoji) with Japanese paper covers. This article examines the physical traits of block‐printed books of the Edo period. It looks at the writing systems, book dimensions and cover decoration, along with genres and their association with certain physical characteristics.
SINGLET OXYGEN GENERATION BY FUROCOUMARINS: EFFECT OF DNA AND LIPOSOMES

The quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation by aqueous furocoumarins was measured at 365 nm using the photosensitized inactivation of subtilisin Carlsberg as the probe with the following results: psoralen (0.18), 5-methoxypsoralen (0.013), and 8-methoxypsoralen (0.035). Singlet oxygen formation was significant for dark complexes of 8-MOP with calf thymus DNA and the covalent DNA photoadducts. Incorporation of 8-MOP in sonicated egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes did not inhibit photosensitization of subtilisin Carlsberg and also led to lipid peroxidation, with positive tests for the involvement of singlet oxygen. Peroxidation of the liposomes was inhibited by the presence of α-tocopherol and promoted by the presence of cholesterol in the membranes.