cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoprobe: An autonomous observational platform for microstructure studies

Autoprobe is a general purpose autonomous observational platform with the capability of making Lagrangian measurements of any depth dependent property. Autoprobe can change its displacement in response to internal commands as desired, pneumatically forcing fluid into or out of a bladder. An electronic control system generates the commands from the temperature and pressure measurements, utilizing proportional control with rate feedback. The control system has been programmed to operate in the following modes: (1) to stabilize at a constant pressure, (2) to follow a constant temperature, (3) to make vertical excursions, and (4) to respond to remote control. Acoustic Telemetry is utilized in the instrument yielding navigational information as well as temperature and pressure data. Hydrophones are used with a shipboard recorder for tracking the Autoprobe, enabling the operator to monitor Autoprobe's performance. Autoprobe has a multi-level safety system allowing it to blow ballast on a time signal or jettison weight if it goes too deep, if a desired time is reached, or if an acoustic command is received from the surface. Autoprobe has been used as an observational platform for a total of 44 dives.
Transcendence and globalization: Our education and workforce development challenge

This chapter describes how globalization is changing the U.S. economy and the job market for community college students and discusses the skills students need to participate in a globalized world.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cerebral cortex of the non-hibernating and hibernating golden mantled ground squirrel.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of hibernation on cerebral cortical concentrations of cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide was investigated in the golden mantled ground squirrel ( Citellus lateralis ). 2. 2. During hibernation, cortical brain weight decreased to 83% of the non-hibernating weight. 3. 3. The concentration of the small form of CCK was significantly reduced. The concentration of the large forms of immunoreactive CCK did not significantly change during hibernation. The molecular forms of CCK appeared the same both before and during hibernation. 4. 4. Of note, the concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide significantly increased during hibernation. 5. 5. Sine there was a three-fold reduction in the ratio of large to small forms of CCK during hibernation, this suggests that post-translational processing of the precursor peptides are markedly reduced during hibernation.
Matching-based incremental evaluators for hierarchical attribute grammar dialects

Although attribute grammars have been very effective for defining individual modules of language translators, they have been rather ineffective for specifying large program-transformational systems. Recently, several new attribute grammar “dialects” have been developed that support the modular specification of these systems by allowing modules, each described by an attribute grammar, to be composed to form a complete system. Acceptance of these new hierarchical attribute grammar dialects requires the availability of efficient batch and incremental evaluators for hierarchical specifications. This paper addresses the problem of developing efficient incremental evaluators for hierarchical specifications. A matching-based approach is taken in order to exploit existing optimal change propagation algorithms for nonhierarchical attribute grammars. A sequence of four new matching algorithms is presented, each increasing the number of previously computed attribute values that are made available for reuse during the incremental update.
Laboratory conditioning to still or flowing water does not affect the responses to a food stimulus by red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in flowing water habitats

We tested the role of hydrodynamics in the use of chemical signals by the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We conditioned the crayfish in either a still water or flowing water habitat for 2 weeks. We then observed the crayfish in control (no stimulus) and experimental (food stimulus) trials in one of two flowing water habitats–laminar or turbulent. Habitat use was significantly different between control and experimental observations, but there was no effect of conditioning habitat or experimental habitat on the responses to the food stimulus. This study adds to a growing body of literature consistent with the idea that gross responses to chemical stimuli in crayfish are not affected by the hydrodynamic context in which they are encountered.
Electrospray synthesis of monodisperse polymer particles in a broad (60 nm-2 μm) diameter range: guiding principles and formulation recipes.

Abstract This study reports on a methodology to control the size of polymer particles generated by the electrospray (ES) drying route, with emphasis on the generation of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles that are well suited for biomedical applications. The ability to produce spherical poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles with and without encapsulated active agent, with relative standard deviation not exceeding 15%, was demonstrated over a remarkably broad (60 nm–2 μm) diameter range. By judiciously choosing ES parameters and solution properties, we can control the monodispersity and the size of the obtained particles, tailoring it to a specific application. The main parameters affecting particle size include solution electrical conductivity, flow rate and initial polymer volume fraction. Quasi-monodispersity at both the micro- and the more challenging nano-scale was achieved by avoiding Coulomb fission in the spray droplets, via entanglement of the polymer chains within the droplets rather than by charge neutralization. Guiding principles in the formulation of the solutions to satisfy a multiplicity of constraints are provided along with an extensive database of “recipes”.
Description of Test Setup and Approach to Measure Thermal Properties of Natural and Synthetic Spider Silks at Cryogenic Temperatures

Spider silk is well-known for its exceptional mechanical properties, such as strength, elasticity and flexibility. Recently, it has been reported that dragline silk from a Nephila clavipes also has an exceptionally high thermal conductivity, comparable to copper when the fiber is stretched. Synthetic spider silks have been spun from spider silk proteins produced in transgenic sources, and their production process has the optimization potential to have properties similar to or better than the natural spider silk. There is interest to measure the thermal properties of natural and synthetic silk at cryogenic temperatures for use of spider silk fibers as heat conduits in systems where component weight is an issue, such as in spacecraft. This low temperature measurement is also of particular interest because of the conformational changes in protein structures, which affect material properties, that occurs at lower temperatures for some proteins. A measurement system has been designed and is being tested to characterize the thermal properties of natural and synthetic spider silks by means of a transient electrothermal method.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Placental and foetal weights associated with alloantigenic differences and multiparity in mice.

SUMMARY The effects of varying degrees of multiparity on placental and foetal weights were examined in BALB/c female mice pregnant by either BALB/c or C3H males. Continual decreases in placental weights are observed through third pregnancies followed by progressive increases in both syngeneic and allogeneic placentas. In syngeneic pregnancies, foetal weights are generally proportional to placental weights, but those of allogeneic pregnancies tend to oppose placental weights. Evidence is presented that placental weights are also influenced by foetus-specific antigens and the genotype of previous litters. In this strain combination, placental weights reflect changes in maternal reactivity different from those previously reported with tumour allografts.
Sustainable Construction and Campus Infrastructure Improvements at the Institute for Advanced Study

Abstract Campus heating and cooling systems present a particular challenge to the incorporation of advances in technology to improve efficiency. An older system is generally more expensive to operate than a newer one would be, but extensive upgrades are often difficult. Lengthy shutdowns affect multiple buildings, and new central heating and cooling equipment is very expensive. Buildings added over the years incorporate various types of systems, affecting central plant operation. Buried distribution piping is costly and can be disruptive to modify. The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) has been engaged in an ongoing effort to modernize infrastructure and incorporate sustainable design features on its campus in Princeton, New Jersey. Under the direction of IAS Facilities Management, a multi-year plan for campus utility improvements has been implemented. Over the past eight years the same consulting engineers have been involved in each major campus project, providing necessary continuity. The most recent p...
Arguing for a Generous Identity

A generous person is one who freely gives assistance to others. In this article, we provide evidence in support of the existence of a generous identity. To do this, we first outline ways in which generosity relates to other constructs such as altruism, helping behavior, volunteerism, and philanthropy and offer explanations as to why it is important to study generous identity both alone and in tandem with these related constructs. Next, we briefly discuss how generosity can be conceptualized as a person identity. We then recommend best practices for developing and implementing a measure for generous identity. Lastly, we discuss the implications of a generous identity and ways in which its salience can play a role in different contexts.
Regulation-centric, logic-based compliance assistance framework

This paper describes the development of a logic based regulation compliance assistance system that builds upon an extensible markup language (XML) framework. First, a document repository containing federal regulations and supplemental documents, and an XML framework for representing regulations and associated metadata are briefly discussed. The prototype effort for the regulation assistance system focuses on federal environmental regulations and related documents. The compliance assistance system is illustrated in the domain of used oil management. The overall objective is to develop a formal infrastructure for regulatory information management and compliance assistance.
Production DC screening for RF performance of a 900 MHz monolithic low noise amplifier

Novel approaches for production DC screening of a 900 MHz monolithic silicon bipolar low noise amplifier for noise figure and power gain are presented. The proposed techniques can be used in screening the performance of any RF IC by setting limits on the AC performance of the active devices used. >
Heidegger’s Concept of Phenomenology

Heidegger’s concept of phenomenology is inextricably bound up with his understanding of ontology. “Only as phenomenology, is ontology possible” (BT, 60/35). His understanding of ontology is guided by the insight that the question concerning its theme, Being (Sein), “has today been forgotten” (BT, 21 /2). It has been forgotten in the sense that Being is understood, without more ado, as the most universal, undefinable, and self-evident concept.
Stand structure and vegetation dynamics of a subalpine wooded fen in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

The tree population size structure and relationship between tree diameter and age were examined in a subalpine fen and surrounding Picea-Abies forest in northern Colorado. The fen grades from a sedge fen, through an ecotone, to a treed fen (i.e. fen colonized by trees). Tree growth rate varies across the vegetational gradient, with the sedge fen having the slow- est growth, and the upland forest having the fastest growth. Differences in growth rate are related to the average size of peat hummocks, with areas containing tall hummocks exhibit- ing the highest tree growth rates. Size structures display the characteristic reverse-J distribution generally indicative of stable populations, but forest vegetation is expanding into the open regions of the fen, and within the treed fen an increase in Abies lasiocarpa is occurring. These changes are primarily attributed to a positive feedback situation wherein the fen's surface is built up by peat accumulation. Distinct hummocks form first on the open fen but then coalesce to form raised peat islands in the treed fen. This new substrate provides habitat with a comparatively low water table and allows the growth of mesophytic forest vegetation. A pathway for this vegetational development is proposed.
"I've Been there, Too": Effect on Empathy of Prior Experience with a Need

Two studies tested the prediction that having had prior experience with a need increases empathy for another person currently experiencing that need. In Study 1, subjects reported their feelings of empathy after observing a same-sex peer endure mild but uncomfortable electric shocks. Compared with those given no prior experience with the shocks, women who had prepared to receive the shocks themselves reported more empathy, whereas men who had prepared reported less. In Study 2, subjects reported their feelings of empathy after reading a transcript in which a same-sex adolescent described an upsetting life experience. Women who had had a similar experience during adolescence reported more empathy than women who had not; men who had had a similar experience reported no more empathy than men who had not. Across both studies, then, prior experience with the need increased empathy among women but not among men.
Economic competitiveness of ethanol production from cellulosic feedstock in Tennessee

Abstract Transformation of the renewable and abundant biomass resources into a cost competitive, high performance biofuel can reduce Tennessee's dependence on fossil fuel and enhance energy security. However, there is limited understanding of the potential of biofuel resources, their utilization, and economic potential. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of selected bioenergy crops for Tennessee and compares their cost competitiveness. The selected lignocellulosic feedstock consists of switchgrass and Miscanthus. Financial analysis was used to select feasible feedstock for biofuel production. For each feedstock, net return, feedstock cost per Btu, feedstock cost per gallon of ethanol, breakeven price of feedstock and breakeven price of ethanol were calculated. The analysis focused feedstock for biofuel production over 25 year project period. Preliminary research shows that under current conversion rate, the annual equivalent net revenue from ethanol production from switchgrass and miscanthus was $363/acre and $752/acre respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the feedstock cost for gallon of ethanol from switchgrass and miscanthus ranges from $0.52–$0.78 and $0.44–$0.66 per gallon respectively. The estimated breakeven price of ethanol from switchgrass ranges from $1.53 to $1.79/gallon and for miscanthus $1.41–1.67/gallon.
Current-carrying Capacity of Long & Short Channel 2D Graphene Transistors

The fundamental current-carrying capacity of graphene is found to be much higher than tradiational FETs (MOSFETs, pHEMTs, etc), matched only by the I-V nitride HEMTs. Currently, the device structures investigated are rather primitive and do not allow for efficient heat removal - similar effects were observed for CNTs a decade ago. However, with top-gate technology (for high 2D carrier densities with smaller gate voltages), efficient heat removal (to prevent burnout), and improvement of the purity levels of the gate dielectrics (to achieve current saturation at lower biases and thus less heat due to IdsxVds product lowering), 2D graphene and GNR based FETs can be expected to surpass most traditional (non-nitride) FETs in their current-carrying capacity.
Functional Analysis of p53 Binding under Differential Stresses

Hypoxia and DNA damage stabilize the p53 protein, but the subsequent effect that each stress has on transcriptional regulation of known p53 target genes is variable. We have used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by CpG island (CGI) microarray hybridization to identify promoters bound by p53 under both DNA-damaging and non-DNA-damaging conditions in HCT116 cells. Using gene-specific PCR analysis, we have verified an association with CGIs of the highest enrichment (>2.5-fold) (REV3L, XPMC2H, HNRPUL1, TOR1AIP1, glutathione peroxidase 1, and SCFD2), with CGIs of intermediate enrichment (>2.2-fold) (COX7A2L, SYVN1, and JAG2), and with CGIs of low enrichment (>2.0-fold) (MYC and PCNA). We found little difference in promoter binding when p53 is stabilized by these two distinctly different stresses. However, expression of these genes varies a great deal: while a few genes exhibit classical induction with adriamycin, the majority of the genes are unchanged or are mildly repressed by either hypoxia or adriamycin. Further analysis using p53 mutated in the core DNA binding domain revealed that the interaction of p53 with CGIs may be occurring through both sequence-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Taken together, these experiments describe the identification of novel p53 target genes and the subsequent discovery of distinctly different expression phenomena for p53 target genes under different stress scenarios.
Regulations as Arbiters of Risk: Great Britain, Germany, and the Hazardous Waste Trade in Western Europe

This article seeks to explain why Great Britain is one of the world's largest importers of hazardous wastes, while Germany, in contrast, is a waste exporter. Why one country exhibits such risk-acceptance behavior, while another is so risk averse, I argue, depends on differences between their national systems of environmental regulation. The style and structure of Britain's regulatory system, unlike that of Germany and its other partners in Western Europe, gives a high degree of leeway to private firms, filtering out the preferences of environmental groups and public opinion, thus enabling and facilitating the importation of hazardous wastes by waste disposal companies. The empirical section tests this argument against two alternative explanations: a state-centric explanation based on individual governments' calculations of the relevant costs and benefits associated with the waste trade, and second, a "comparative advantage" explanation, based on the technological superiority of Britain's waste disposal facilities. The conclusion draws out the implications for international environmental regulation and for domestic-level regulatory change. Great Britain is one of the world's largest importers of hazardous wastes. It has maintained this position throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, during which time its waste imports steadily increased.1 Nearly all of this trade is legal, in the sense that its importation has the knowledge and consent of the British government, and the majority of waste imports come from other developed countries, especially Britain's partners in the European Union. By way of contrast, Germany, one of these partners, is one of the world's largest waste exporters, despite its strong environ
Parallel Algorithms for Bayesian Networks Structure Learning with Applications to Systems Biology

Bayesian networks (BN) are probabilistic graphical models which are widely utilized in modeling complex biological interactions in the cell. Learning the structure of a BN is an NP-hard problem and existing exact and heuristic solutions do not scale to large enough domains to allow for meaningful modeling of many biological processes. In this work, we present efficient parallel algorithms which push the scale of both exact and heuristic BN structure learning. We demonstrate the applicability of our methods by implementations on an IBM Blue Gene/L and an AMD Opteron cluster, and discuss their significance for future applications to systems biology.
Identification of Recent Cannabis Use: Whole-Blood and Plasma Free and Glucuronidated Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics following Controlled Smoked Cannabis Administration

BACKGROUND: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most frequently observed illicit drug in investigations of accidents and driving under the influence of drugs. THC-glucuronide has been suggested as a marker of recent cannabis use, but there are no blood data following controlled THC administration to test this hypothesis. Furthermore, there are no studies directly examining whole-blood cannabinoid pharmacokinetics, although this matrix is often the only available specimen. METHODS: Participants (9 men, 1 woman) resided on a closed research unit and smoked one 6.8% THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum. We quantified THC, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), THC-glucuronide and THCCOOH-glucuronide directly in whole blood and plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry within 24 h of collection to obviate stability issues. RESULTS: Median whole blood (plasma) observed maximum concentrations (Cmax) were 50 (76), 6.4 (10), 41 (67), 1.3 (2.0), 2.4 (3.6), 89 (190), and 0.7 (1.4) μg/L 0.25 h after starting smoking for THC, 11-OH- THC, THCCOOH, CBD, CBN, and THCCOOH-glucuronide, respectively, and 0.5 h for THC-glucuronide. At observed Cmax, whole-blood (plasma) detection rates were 60% (80%), 80% (90%), and 50% (80%) for CBD, CBN, and THC-glucuronide, respectively. CBD and CBN were not detectable after 1 h in either matrix (LOQ 1.0 μg/L). CONCLUSIONS: Human whole-blood cannabinoid data following cannabis smoking will assist whole blood and plasma cannabinoid interpretation, while furthering identification of recent cannabis intake.
Lets Address Health and Well-Being in Our Profession.

Welcome to Volume 11 issue 3 of HSS Journal. I am happy to report that the journal is doing well with an increasing readership from around the world. If we accept online downloads of complete articles, an indicator, our readership is growing steadily. In 2014, over 54,000 downloads were requested by readers throughout the globe. We are continuing to strive to make our content relevant and of interest to our readers. This issue has a wide variety of articles from musculoskeletal medicine and surgery. Included is a commentary written by three of our residents. In “24 Hour Fitness: The Orthopedic Resident On Call Work-out,” they explore the importance of participation in exercise and wellness as orthopedic residents. They review a fairly extensive literature concerned with the health and well-being of physicians in training and the effect on not only their own health but also the safety of their patients. They propose a simple but seemingly thorough workout using the materials at hand in a typical call room [1].
Some Topics in the Theory of Infinite Soluble Groups

Throughout this section Z will denote the ring of rational integers. By Theorem 3.27 a soluble subgroup of the unimodular group GL (n, Z) is polycyclic, a result first found by Mal′cev. This fact led P. Hall to ask whether an arbitrary polycyclic group has a faithful representation as a subgroup of GL (n, Z) for a suitable n. Partial solutions to this problem were obtained by Carin ([3], Theorem 6), P. Hall ([6], p. 58), Jennings ([2], Theorem 8.1), Learner ([1], Theorem 3) and Wang [1]. Finally in 1967, a positive solution was obtained by L. Auslander [1], whose proof involved methods from the theory of Lie groups. We present here a purely algebraic proof of Hall’s conjecture due to Swan [1].
Usability Testing, Interface Design, and Portals

Abstract During the past decade, usability testing has become an integral component of Web design and development in libraries. Within the past five years, library portals allowing some degree of personal customization have established a presence on a number of library home pages. This chapter reviews some basic concepts of usability testing and then examines how usability testing has been employed to inform the design and use of Web sites and customized library portals at the University of Washington and at other institutions.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vfr Regulator Controls Global Virulence Factor Expression through Cyclic AMP-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms

Vfr is a global regulator of virulence factor expression in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although indirect evidence suggests that Vfr activity is controlled by cyclic AMP (cAMP), it has been hypothesized that the putative cAMP binding pocket of Vfr may accommodate additional cyclic nucleotides. In this study, we used two different approaches to generate apo-Vfr and examined its ability to bind a representative set of virulence gene promoters in the absence and presence of different allosteric effectors. Of the cyclic nucleotides tested, only cAMP was able to restore DNA binding activity to apo-Vfr. In contrast, cGMP was capable of inhibiting cAMP-Vfr DNA binding. Further, we demonstrate that vfr expression is autoregulated and cAMP dependent and involves Vfr binding to a previously unidentified site within the vfr promoter region. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we show that cAMP is required for Vfr-dependent regulation of a specific subset of virulence genes. In contrast, we discovered that Vfr controls expression of the lasR promoter in a cAMP-independent manner. In summary, our data support a model in which Vfr controls virulence gene expression by distinct (cAMP-dependent and -independent) mechanisms, which may allow P. aeruginosa to fine-tune its virulence program in response to specific host cues or environments.
Variation in optical disk retardance measurements

An intercomparison of optical disc birefringence measurements using commercial instrumentation found in manufacturing settings showed significant measurement variation. We discuss possible sources of variation in these measurements, including changes in disc properties and coherence effects. We describe specific measurement errors related to deviations from circular input polarization in one class of polarimetric instruments. Efforts to mitigate measurement errors, such as the development of calibration artifacts, are discussed.
Figure-ground separation by cue integration

This letter presents an improved cue integration approach to reliably separate coherent moving objects from their background scene in video sequences. The proposed method uses a probabilistic framework to unify bottom-up and top-down cues in a parallel, “democratic” fashion. The algorithm makes use of a modified Bayes rule where each pixel's posterior probabilities of figure or ground layer assignment are derived from likelihood models of three bottom-up cues and a prior model provided by a top-down cue. Each cue is treated as independent evidence for figure-ground separation. They compete with and complement each other dynamically by adjusting relative weights from frame to frame according to cue quality measured against the overall integration. At the same time, the likelihood or prior models of individual cues adapt toward the integrated result. These mechanisms enable the system to organize under the influence of visual scene structure without manual intervention. A novel contribution here is the incorporation of a top-down cue. It improves the system's robustness and accuracy and helps handle difficult and ambiguous situations, such as abrupt lighting changes or occlusion among multiple objects. Results on various video sequences are demonstrated and discussed. (Video demos are available at http://organic.usc.edu:8376/∼tangx/neco/index.html .)
Poles of Intertwining Operators via Endoscopy; the Connection with Prehomogeneous Vector Spaces With an Appendix, ‘Basic Endoscopic Data’, by Diana Shelstad To the Memory of Magdy Assem

In this paper, we determine the residues at poles of standard intertwining operators for parabolically induced representations of an arbitrary connected reductive quansisplit algebraic group over a p-acid field whenever the unipotent radical of the parabolic subgroup is Abelian. We then interpret these residues by means of the theory of endoscopy.
Highlights of the Round Table Discussion on High Pressure and Semiconductors

Each of the panel members offered a five minute overview of the state and future directions of the field, followed by questions and comments from the audience. In the summary presented here, I have tried to accurately paraphrase (not quote) both the content and spirit of these remarks based on notes, memory, and a tape recording. I apologize for any inadvertent omissions or inclusions. (B. A. Weinstein).
The Routines and Occupations of Families With Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Research has consistently shown that families with young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have difficulty participating in family occupations and routines. However, little is known about how families who have adolescents with ASD manage daily life. Therefore, this qualitative research study explored how families with adolescents with ASD constructed, managed, and experienced family occupations and routines. Five families with adolescents with moderate to severe autism participated. Each family engaged in two semi-structured interviews. Participant observation occurred in an activity chosen by the family. Data were analyzed using thematic coding procedures and narrative analysis. Three main inter-related themes emerged: routines as essential, the shifting of routines with the onset of puberty, and the provision of accommodations. The findings highlight the need for family-centered services for families with adolescents with ASD. Interventions that address family occupations and routines have t...
Energy Efficiency in Mining: A Review with Emphasis on the Role of Operators in Loading and Hauling Operations

Abstract This paper presents a review of the literature on energy efficiency in mining with a specific emphasis on the role of operators in energy efficiency of loading and hauling operations. The objectives are to: (i) establish the current knowledge on energy efficiency in mining, in general; (ii) establish current knowledge on the role of the operator in energy efficiency of loading and hauling operations, specifically; and (iii) make recommendations for industrial best practice and future research directions to enhance energy efficiency in mining. The papers included in the review were selected through searches in major abstract databases using relevant keywords, with emphasis on recent peer-reviewed work. The review identified gaps in the literature and made recommendations for future research and industry best practice.
Patents as Constitutional Private Property: The Historical Protection of Patents Under the Takings Clause

Conventional wisdom maintains that early courts never secured patents as constitutional private property under the Takings Clause. In examining long-forgotten judicial opinions and legislative records, this Article reveals that this is a profoundly mistaken historical claim. Nineteenth-century courts, securing to inventors the fruits of their labors, enthusiastically applied the Takings Clause to patents. It is striking that this historical development in both constitutional law and patent law has become obscured to modern courts and scholars. This Article thus concludes with a possible answer to this conundrum, drawing upon the intellectual history of property theory. Ultimately, the eclipse of the nineteenth-century patent takings jurisprudence may be an unintended consequence of the legal realists' radical transformation of property theory at the turn of the last century. This intellectual history is important because it exposes the pervasive misunderstanding of the history concerning two significant constitutional provisions - the Takings Clause and the Copyright and Patent Clause. Courts and scholars can no longer rely on the conventional wisdom to conclude that patents are not protected under the Takings Clause, or that this issue is novel and uncertain. Doctrinally, this Article also uncovers a venerable jurisprudence grappling with constitutional limits on the government pirating patented inventions, which is settled law that courts would use in regulatory takings analyses today. As patented drugs and other inventions are increasingly the subject of regulations, this Essay establishes that the constitutional and policy issues inherent in these governmental actions are not new. Courts have long embraced patents as constitutional private property.
Governmental Audit Procurement Practices and Seasoned Bond Prices

We evaluate the hypothesis that client monitoring is priced in the seasoned governmental bond market above and beyond other independent measures of local administration quality and the Big 8/Non-Big 8 dichotomy. Our results are generally consistent with the hypothesis.
Closed intramedullary nailing of the femur.

Closed nailing with intramedullary reaming for fractures of the femur is a safe method for treating most femoral-shaft fractures and for obtaining early functional recovery. A method of making the procedure available to more orthopaedic surgeons is presented. Regardless of the severity of injury in our patients, 20 per cent were fully weight-bearing in one week and 73 per cent within two months. There were no infections or non-unions. The procedure is recommended as the treatment of choice for femoral-shaft fractures in skeletally mature patients, except those with severe comminution where bone-to-bone contact is insufficient to maintain length.
A Simple Light Stimulation of Caenorhabditis elegans

Response via noxious stimulus can be an important indicator of sensory neuron function and overall health of an organism. If the stimulation is quick and simple, and the animal can be rescued afterwards, such a method not only allows for assays pertaining to changed sensory ability after various treatments, but also increases the reliability of the statistical relationships that are established. This protocol demonstrates a stimulation assay in Caenorhabditis elegans, using blue light from common laboratory equipment: the fluorescent microscope. The nematode detects blue light using a set of amphid ciliary sensory neurons, and blue light is detrimental to its overall health after a prolonged exposure. However, under brief exposure, blue light stimulation provides a rapid and easy method for quantifying sensory functions and health without harming the animal.
Names and Natural Kind Terms

Names and natural kind terms have long been a major focus of debates about meaning and reference. This article discusses some of the theories and arguments that have appeared in those debates. It is remarkably difficult to say what names are (more exactly, proper names) without making controversial theoretical assumptions. I shall not attempt to do so here. I shall instead rely on paradigm examples that nearly all theorists would agree are proper names, for instance, ‘Aristotle’, ‘Mark Twain’, ‘London’, ‘Venus’, and ‘Pegasus’. All of the proper names that I shall discuss are singular nouns that have no syntactic structure. Most of them refer to objects (for instance, people, cities, and planets), but some, such as ‘Pegasus’, apparently do not. 1
Inflation Targeting and Its Policy Implication and Application

Inflation Targeting as a monetary policy framework has been adopted by both developed and emerging countries in recent decade. This paper first reviews the policy credibility problem arising form time inconsistency problem, and the rule versus discretion distinction, as well as the role of nominal anchor. It then identifies inflation targeting as constrained discretion and the preconditions and technical details of established inflation-targeting framework. It concludes that China should avoid the conflict between monetary policy and exchange rate policy, enhance central bank independence and forecast capacity, deal with inflation bias as a result of LOLR as well as establish core inflation prior to adopting inflation targeting as a monetary policy strategy.
Safety and Efficacy of Thoracostomy in the Air Medical Environment.

Abstract Objective The use of thoracostomy to treat tension pneumothorax is a core skill for prehospital providers. Tension pneumothoraces are potentially lethal and are often encountered in the prehospital environment. Methods The authors reviewed the prehospital electronic medical records of patients who had undergone finger thoracostomy (FT) or tube thoracostomy (TT) while under the care of air medical crewmembers. Demographic data were obtained along with survival and complications. Results During the 90-month data period, 250 patients (18 years of age or older) underwent FT/TT, with a total of 421 procedures performed. The mean age of patients was 44.8 years, with 78.4% being male and 21.6% being female; 98.4% of patients had traumatic injuries. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was required in 65.2% of patients undergoing FT/TT; 34.8% did not require cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Thirty percent of patients exhibited clinical improvement such as increasing systolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation, improved lung compliance, or a release of blood or air under tension. Patients who experienced complications such as tube dislodgement or empyema made up 3.4% of the cohort. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that flight crews can use FT/TT in their practice on patients with actual or potential pneumothoraces with limited complications and generate clinical improvement in a subset of patients.
Computational Prediction of cis-Regulatory Modules from Multispecies Alignments Using Galaxy, Table Browser, and GALA

One major goal of genomics is to identify all the functional sequences in genomes, including sequences that regulate the expression of genes. Sequence conservation is a good, albeit imperfect, guide to these functional elements. We describe how to use publicly available servers (Galaxy, the UCSC Table Browser, and GALA) to find genomic sequences whose alignments (from blastZ and multiZ) show properties associated with cis-regulatory modules, such as high conservation score, high regulatory potential score, and conserved transcription factor binding sites. Links to these servers can be accessed at http://www.bx.psu.edu/ and http://genome.ucsc.edu/.
Aprendizaje para servicio solidario: una estrategia pedagógica para obtener valores sociales e individuales en estudiantes de secundaria –Estudio de caso Colegio Jorge Washington–

Se presenta la metodologia “Aprendizaje para el Servicio Solidario” como una herramienta pedagogica, relevante para la ensenanza y practica de valores. Esta metodologia es una propuesta educativa, que por medio de un servicio o ayuda a la comunidad, se desarrollan aprendizajes curriculares de manera reflexiva, critica y participativa. El estudio se desarrolla dentro del paradigma cualitativo, bajo el enfoque de la investigacion accion participativa (IAP), cuyo objetivo fue implementar la metodologia Aprendizaje para el Servicio Solidario, con el proposito de validarla e insertarla en el curriculo, como estrategia pedagogica formadora de valores individuales y sociales, en catorce estudiantes de high school del colegio Jorge Washington de la ciudad de Cartagena. Para lograr dicho objetivo, se llevo a cabo el diseno y ejecucion de actividades solidarias en la comunidad Manzanillo del Mar. Luego, por medio de tecnicas e instrumentos de recoleccion de datos (diarios de campo, observacion directa, encuesta con preguntas abiertas y cerradas) se identificaron los valores humanos adquiridos y fortalecidos por los estudiantes, la calidad y el impacto de los proyectos solidarios en la comunidad y en ultimas se evaluo dicha metodologia.
Anointing the Masters of the Workplace

On November 25, 1945, Semen Maksimenko, a burly Novosibirsk brickmason, challenged his fellow masons to establish a new bricklaying record. The Soviet Union’s brickmasons, he announced, should set the pace for the country’s reconstruction.1 Two weeks later, Maksimenko himself set a new world record of 121,300 bricks laid in eight hours.2 Party officials lavished Maksimenko with praise as a Stakhanovite hero, and newspapers throughout the land proclaimed his feat.
Essentials of Decision Making Under Generalized Uncertainty

The nature of uncertainty and fuzziness is examined with reference to the amount of information available to the decision maker. Obstacles to certainty are identified uncertainty regarding the alternate courses of action, uncertainty about the outcomes of the action, and uncertainty about the decision maker’s preferences. A typology of decision methodologies based on various combinations of knowledge about the representation of preferences and uncertainty or /possibility is presented- Based on this typology, decision analysis methods ranging from statistical decision analysis to various ordinal techniques are reviewed. general approach, the General Multiple Facet Optimization method is proposed as a framework for developing strategies for dealing with a broader range of related problem types.
The Digital Gender Divide: Confronting Obstacles to Women's Development in Africa

The African Union has declared 2010–2020 as the African Women's Decade to accelerate African women's development. However, to achieve the decade's goals, African countries must acknowledge the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in consolidating human capital. This research investigates gender disparities in access and use of ICTs in sub-Saharan Africa and finds that men are more likely to own and use the technologies. Education, socioeconomic status, domesticity and traditionalism are all linked to ICT use. However, the gender gap does not arise as a result of differential returns to these factors for men and women. Rather, it materializes when fewer women have the resources, or are more disadvantaged in accessing and using ICTs. Implications are discussed.
Making Software Engineering Issues Real to Undergraduates

Good software engineering education should not merely present techniques for dealing with large programs—it must also convince the students that there are real problems for which these techniques are very much more effective than the casual methods they probably learned as beginners. It is often difficult to motivate the need for these techniques, and we consequently end up slighting important issues. I would like to list some of the issues we tend to avoid and some of the reasons we seem to do so. I will try to organize them so that this list will provoke more examples and provide some structure for discussion. I would like to hear from University people about techniques for making these ideas easier for students to appreciate; I would like to hear from practitioners about deficiencies they find in college-trained programmers.
Quantitative characterization of optic nerve atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundOptic neuritis (ON) is one of the most common presentations of multiple sclerosis (MS). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the optic nerves is challenging because of retrobulbar motion, ...
Electrochemical energy storage performance of carbon nanofiber electrodes derived from 6FDA-durene.

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are promising electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors due to their high porosity and electrical conductivity. CNFs were prepared by electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment of a new precursor polymer, 6FDA-durene, without the addition of pore generating agents. The conversion of precursor nanofibers into CNFs was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy. CNFs were activated and annealed, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements were conducted to determine surface area and porosity. These activated/annealed CNFs were used as binderless electrodes in coin cells with an ionic liquid electrolyte. The devices displayed a specific capacitance of 128 F g−1, an energy density of 63.4 Wh kg−1 (at 1 A g−1), and a power density of 11.0 KW kg−1 (at 7 A g−1).
Significance of compositional zoning in cumulate chromites of the Kabanga chonoliths, Tanzania

Compositional zoning is observed rarely in chrome-spinel grains from slowly-cooled layered intrusions because diffusion of cations continues within the spinel to low temperatures. However, in certain circumstances, such gradational zoning of both divalent and trivalent cations is observed and may be useful in deciphering the thermal history of the host intrusions. The accessory chrome-spinels of the Kabanga mafic-ultramafic chonolith intrusions of the Kibaran igneous event in north western Tanzania are notable because they have preserved gradational compositional zoning. This zoning is demonstrated to predate and be independent of later hydrous alteration of the silicate assemblage. At Kabanga, most chrome-spinel grains within olivine-rich cumulate rocks are gradationally and cryptically zoned from Fe2+-Cr3+ rich cores to more Mg2+-Al3+ rich rims (normal zoning). A few grains are zoned from Mg2+-Al3+ rich cores to more Fe2+-Cr3+ rich rims (reverse zoned). The zoning of divalent cations is proportional to that of trivalent cations with Mg2+ following Al3+ and Fe2+ following Cr3+ from core to rim. The zoning of trivalent and tetravalent cations is interpreted to be caused by either new growth from an evolving melt or peritectic reactions between evolved or contaminated melt and adjacent Al-Cr-bearing ferromagnesian minerals, which is preserved by relatively rapid initial cooling in the small chonolith intrusions. Divalent cation zoning is controlled by sub-solidus exchange of Fe2+ and Mg with adjacent ferromagnesian minerals and continues to lower temperatures, indicated to be 580 to 630°C by the spinel-olivine geothermometer. Preservation of such zoning is more likely in the smaller chonolith intrusions that typically host magmatic nickel-copper sulfide deposits and can be used as an exploration indicator when interpreting chromite compositions in regional heavy indicator mineral surveys.
Interferon-gamma-induced oligodendrocyte cell death: implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

The histopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes, relative preservation of axons, and a modest inflammatory response. The reasons for this selective oligodendrocyte death and demyelination are unknown. In light of the T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates in MS lesions and the numerous cytokines these cells secrete, the direct influence of cytokines on survival of cultured oligodendrocytes and sensory neurons was investigated. Expression of cytokines in vivo was determined by immunolabeling cryostat sections of snap-frozen tissue containing chronic active lesions from four different patients. The samples were also analyzed for the presence of apoptotic nuclei by in situ labeling of 3′-OH ends of degraded nuclear DNA. The results showed: (i) interferon-γ (IFNγ) to be a potent inducer of apoptosis among oligodendrocytes in vitro and that this effect can be reversed by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); (ii) IFNγ has a minimal effect on the survival of cultured neurons; (iii) IFNγ at the margins of active MS plaques but not in unaffected white matter; (iv) evidence for apoptosis of oligodendrocytes at the advancing margins of chronic active MS plaques. Injury to a substantial number of oligodendrocytes in MS is the result of programmed cell death rather than necrotic cell death mechanisms. We postulate that IFNγ plays a role in the pathogenesis of MS by activating apoptosis in oligodendrocytes.