cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of abnormal cytology late in pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. An outline for the management of patients discovered to have abnormal cervicovaginal cytology late in pregnancy is presented. When an abnormal smear is first obtained later than the thirty-fifth to thirty-sixth week of pregnancy and cervical conization is anticipated and technically feasible, conization is delayed until the infant is of term size and the pregnancy has reached 38 to 39 weeks' duration. Cervical conization with frozen section evaluation of the tissue is then performed and when significant pathology is found, immediate cesarean section hysterectomy is performed. In the presence of invasive carcinoma, cesarean section followed by definitive therapy for Stage I cervical carcinoma is carried out. 2. 2. The management of the patient is predicated upon the degree of cervical disease anticipated on the basis of the cervical spread. A close correlation between cervical cytology and cervical disease was found. 3. 3. Cesarean section hysterectomy with removal of 2 to 3 cm. of vaginal cuff is advocated at or near term as treatment for those patients diagnosed as having squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy when no further childbearing is desired. When more children are desired, vaginal delivery is allowed.
Treatment of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia: Rationale and Treatment Options

A rational approach to the treatment of chronic myocardial ischemia requires an appreciation of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease and the treatment options available. Any factor that causes an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand can provoke ischemia. Myocardial oxygen requirements rise with increases in heart rate, contractility, or left ventricular wall stress. Myocardial oxygen supply is determined by coronary artery flow and myocardial oxygen extraction. Anti-anginal medications are the mainstay of anti-ischemic management and act to correct the balance between myocardial supply and demand by increasing coronary blood flow, reducing myocardial oxygen requirements, or both. These medications include nitrates (which act principally by venous vasodilation, but also probably by coronary dilation), beta-blockers (which act mainly by reducing heart rate and cardiac contractility), and calcium channel blockers (which act principally by arterial and coronary vasodilation). The choice of therapy and its effectiveness depend on the underlying cause of ischemia. The complimentary mechanisms of action of these drug classes suggest that their use in combination may result in a greater reduction in myocardial oxygen demand than that achieved with monotherapy. In addition, the pharmacological actions of some of these drugs may serve to offset the undesirable side effects associated with others, for example, the reflex tachycardia produced by some calcium channel blockers may be offset by beta-blocker therapy. Finally, aspirin and lipid-lowering drugs and the potential role for anti-oxidants must also be considered in combination therapy. Invasive techniques for myocardial ischemic management, such as coronary artery bypass and coronary angioplasty, improve myocardial oxygen supply by relieving or circumventing the atherosclerotic obstruction responsible for ischemia. Surgery is the preferred technique in patients with certain medical conditions, for example, those with triple-vessel disease, but is not recommended in patients with mild angina unless left main artery disease is present.
Chronic venous disease and venous leg ulcers: An evidence-based update

Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a complex chronic vascular condition with multifaceted primary and secondary etiologies leading to structural and functional changes in veins and valves and blood flow of the lower legs. As a consequence, a spectrum of clinical manifestations arise, ranging from symptoms of mild leg heaviness and achiness to debilitating pain, and signs of skin changes, such as eczema and hemosiderosis, to nonhealing, heavily draining venous leg ulcers (VLUs). Triggers such as trauma to the skin are responsible for a large majority of VLU recurrences. Diagnostic testing for venous reflux includes ultrasound imaging; unfortunately, there are no diagnostic tests to predict VLUs. The hallmark of treatment of both CVD and VLUs is compression. Leg elevation, exercise, and wound management with dressings and advanced healing technologies that provide an environment conducive to healing should focus on reducing pain, necrotic debris, drainage, and odor, as well as preventing infection. VLUs that become chronic without evidence of healing over a 4-week period respond best to multidisciplinary wound experts within a framework of patient-centered care. Nurses are in key positions to provide early recognition of the signs and symptoms as well as initiate prompt diagnostic and promote early treatment to offset the progression of the disease and improve quality of life.
MEASLES (RUBEOLA) IN PREVIOUSLY IMMUNIZED CHILDREN

Within a 3-month countywide epidemic of measles in Jacksonville, Florida, 28 cases occurring among a kindergarten enrollment of 145 were carefully studied since 25 of these children had been previously immunized with a live, attenuated measles virus vaccine and immune globulin. Nineteen children had been vaccinated prior to their first birthday. Six children were vaccinated at 13 to 20 months of age. The median measles (rubeola) hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer in sera of five convalescent patients immunized before their first birthday was 1:320 and for complement fixation it was 1:128. Sera from nine classmates who did not contract the disease showed a median HI antibody of 1:40 and a median complement fixing antibody (CF) of 1:16. Six had been vaccinated before their first birthday. In a control group of five other children, three had been immunized prior to 12 months of age, one at 13 months, and one at 18 months. Sera from the three earliest contained no antibody; however, sera from the other two had detectable antibody. The analysis of serologic data supported the contention that the outbreak was causally related to defective protection associated with the use of vaccine plus globulin in infants. It also demonstrated persistence of CF antibody many years after immunization and suggested the presence of a booster phenomenon. A review of the clinical illness of the 25 children who had been given the vaccine and 22 who had not revealed little difference in the severity of the disease.
TAME: Using PVS strategies for special-purpose theorem proving

TAME (Timed Automata Modeling Environment), an interface to the theorem proving system PVS, is designed for proving properties of three classes of automata: I/O automata, Lynch–Vaandrager timed automata, and SCR automata. TAME provides templates for specifying these automata, a set of auxiliary theories, and a set of specialized PVS strategies that rely on these theories and on the structure of automata defined using the templates. Use of the TAME strategies simplifies the process of proving automaton properties, particularly state and transition invariants. TAME provides two types of strategies: strategies for “automatic” proof and strategies designed to implement “natural” proof steps, i.e., proof steps that mimic the high-level steps in typical natural language proofs. TAME's “natural” proof steps can be used both to mechanically check hand proofs in a straightforward way and to create proof scripts that can be understood without executing them in the PVS proof checker. Several new PVS features can be used to obtain better control and efficiency in user-defined strategies such as those used in TAME. This paper describes the TAME strategies, their use, and how their implementation exploits the structure of specifications and various PVS features. It also describes several features, currently unsupported in PVS, that would either allow additional “natural” proof steps in TAME or allow existing TAME proof steps to be improved. Lessons learned from TAME relevant to the development of similar specialized interfaces to PVS or other theorem provers are discussed.
Spectroscopic measurement of leaf water status

A leaf drying experiment was carried out in the laboratory in which simultaneous spectral reflectance in the 350-2450 nm region, and leaf weights, were measured at 10 second intervals over a 40 minute period. As the leaf water weight dropped from approximately 60 to 38%, a nearly-linear rise in reflectance at all wavelengths beyond 1000 nm was observed. A principal components analysis of the time series of spectra in the 2000-2500 nm wavelength region showed that over 99% of the variance in the spectra, that were individually scaled to have a sum equal to that of the mean spectrum and subsequently mean corrected was in the first component. This result shows that it is feasible to determine leaf water content remotely with an imaging spectrometer independent of the surface irradiance effects caused by topography.
Porosity of the Yeast Cell Wall and Membrane

The limiting sizes of molecules that can permeate the intact cell wall and protoplast membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were determined from the inflection points in a triphasic pattern of passive equilibrium uptake values obtained with a series of inert probing molecules varying in molecular size. In the phase identified with the yeast protoplast, the uptake-exclusion threshold corresponded to a monodisperse ethylene glycol of molecular weight = 110 and Einstein-Stokes hydrodynamic radius (rES) = 0.42 nm. In the cell wall phase, the threshold corresponded to a polydisperse polyethylene glycol of number-average molecular weight (¯Mn) = 620 and average radius (rES) = 0.81 nm. The third phase corresponded to complete exclusion of larger molecules. The assessment of cell wall porosity was confirmed by use of a second method involving analytical gel chromatographic analyses of the molecular weight distribution for a single polydisperse polyglycol before and after uptake by the cells, which indicated a quasi-monodisperse threshold for the cell wall of Mn = 760 and rES = 0.89 nm. The results were reconciled with two situations in which much larger protein molecules previously have been reported able to penetrate the yeast cell wall.
Managerial Discretion and Bias in Annual Forecast Errors

Abarbanell and Lehavy (2003a) empirically link abnormal accruals to two asymmetries in the forecast error distribution (i.e., a high incidence of extreme negative forecast errors and a high incidence of small positive errors) and identify two alternative explanations: (1) that analyst bias is differentially exacerbated by abnormal accruals, or (2) managerial discretion introduces a bias in reported earnings that analysts are unable or unwilling to incorporate in their forecasts. For the lower tail asymmetry, we test these competing hypotheses using forward and reverse regressions that relate contemporaneous forecasts and reported earnings conditional on various earnings components (i.e., cash flow, normal and abnormal accruals). We fail to find that analyst forecast bias is exacerbated by large abnormal accruals. However, our evidence is consistent with analysts being unable or unwilling to forecast managerial discretion in reported earnings, particularly non-current abnormal accruals, which contributes to the frequency of large negative forecast errors. Alternatively, applying the methodology in Abarbanell and Lehavy (2003a) to the middle asymmetry issue, we show that abnormal accruals do not uniquely contribute to firms just beating analysts' forecasts. Further, using an alternative methodology, we fail to find that abnormal accruals contribute to the middle asymmetry. Rather, we find evidence that both income-increasing real earnings management activities and analyst inefficiencies are likely contributors to the middle asymmetry phenomenon.
Do trees in urban or ornamental plantings receive more damage by insects than trees in natural forests

1. To determine if trees in urban or ornamental plantings are more susceptible to attack and receive more damage to foliage by herbivores than trees in natural forests, we compared the amount of leaf damage caused by several guilds of insects feeding on seven species of native, broadleaf trees in two geographic locations. 2. Total leaf damage did not differ significantly between urban or ornamental and natural forests, although trees in natural forests tended to have slightly higher levels of leaf damage. 3. Damage caused by chewing insects was consistently higher on trees in natural forests than in urban or ornamental plantings. All other feeding guilds showed no consistent pattern in levels of damage between the two habitats. 4. Total damage levels were highest on canopy trees and lowest on understorey trees. 5. These results are inconsistent with the view that trees in urban or ornamental settings are more susceptible to insect attack than trees in natural forests. 6. The lower level of foliar damage caused by chewing insects on trees in urban or ornamental plantings may arise because of low rates of dispersal by insects into urban environments, higher levels of plant resistance to insect attack in urban or ornamental plantings, or lower survival rates of herbivorous insects in urban environments.
The Logos Model: An Historical Perspective

The conceptual model underlying the Logos System is described, along with original design motivations and objectives. The model is characterized with respect to four fundamental issues, each of which (it is believed) has been addressed in novel ways: (a) how natural language is to be represented; (b) how linguistic knowledge is to be stored, (c) how this knowledge store is to be applied to the input stream, (d) how complexity effects are to be dealt with as the knowledge store grows, year after year, in the quest for fully automatic, high-quality translation (FAHQT). Empirically rather than formally motivated, the Model nevertheless reflects principles derived from assumptions about human sentence processing, which are described. Using the metaphor of a biological neural net, or bionet, with which the Logos Model has parallels, a complex, 57-word sentence is tracked as it proceeds along a pipeline architecture, simulating a hypothesized human model. Limitations of the model are discussed.
Disruptions in sleep time and sleep architecture in a mouse model of repeated ethanol withdrawal.

Background: Insomnia and other sleep difficulties are perhaps the most common and enduring symptoms reported by alcoholics undergoing detoxification, especially those alcoholics with a history of multiple detoxifications. While some studies have reported sleep disruptions in animal models after chronic ethanol exposure, the reports are inconsistent and few address sleep architecture across repeated ethanol exposures and withdrawals. The present study evaluated sleep time and architecture in a well-characterized mouse model of repeated chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Methods: C57BL6/J mice were fitted with electrodes in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and nuchal muscle for collection of continuous electroencephalogram (EEG)/electromyogram (EMG) data. Baseline data were collected, after which mice received 4 cycles of 16-hour exposure to alcohol (ethanol: EtOH) vapor separated by 8-hour periods of withdrawal or similar handling in the absence of EtOH vapor. Ethanol-exposed mice attained a blood ethanol concentration of 165 mg%. Upon completion of vapor exposure, EEG/EMG data were again collected across 4 days of acute withdrawal. Data were subjected to automated analyses classifying 10-second epochs into wake, non–rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, or REM sleep states. Results: Mice in withdrawal after chronic EtOH exposure showed profound disruptions in the total time asleep, across the acute withdrawal period. Sleep architecture, the composition of sleep, was also disrupted with a reduction in non-REM sleep concomitant with a profound increase in REM sleep. While altered sleep time and non-REM sleep loss resolved by the fourth day of withdrawal, the increase in REM sleep (“REM rebound”) persisted. Conclusions: These results mirror those reported for the human alcoholic and demonstrate that EtOH withdrawal–induced sleep disruptions are evident in this mouse model of alcohol withdrawal–induced sensitization. This mouse model may provide mechanisms to investigate fully the high correlation between unremitting sleep problems and increased risk of relapse documented clinically.
ALOHA Performs Delay-Optimum Power Control

As a fundamental source of delay in wireless networks, the local delay is defined as the mean time, in number of time slots, until a packet is successfully received (decoded) over a link. This paper shows that with mean power and peak power constraints at each node, power control can significantly reduce the local delay. We show that, for links with Rayleigh fading and random length, there exists a simple power control strategy, which turns out to be optimal in reducing the local delay. This strategy acts as an ALOHA-type random on-off power control policy whose parameters depend on the link distance. The optimal power control policy as well as its variations are compared with constant power transmission and other simple random power control policies.
Cyclin E and Cdk2 control GLD-1, the mitosis/meiosis decision, and germline stem cells in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Coordination of the cell cycle with developmental events is crucial for generation of tissues during development and their maintenance in adults. Defects in that coordination can shift the balance of cell fates with devastating clinical effects. Yet our understanding of the molecular mechanisms integrating core cell cycle regulators with developmental regulators remains in its infancy. This work focuses on the interplay between cell cycle and developmental regulators in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Key developmental regulators control germline stem cells (GSCs) to self-renew or begin differentiation: FBF RNA–binding proteins promote self-renewal, while GLD RNA regulatory proteins promote meiotic entry. We first discovered that many but not all germ cells switch from the mitotic into the meiotic cell cycle after RNAi depletion of CYE-1 (C. elegans cyclin E) or CDK-2 (C. elegans Cdk2) in wild-type adults. Therefore, CYE-1/CDK-2 influences the mitosis/meiosis balance. We next found that GLD-1 is expressed ectopically in GSCs after CYE-1 or CDK-2 depletion and that GLD-1 removal can rescue cye-1/cdk-2 defects. Therefore, GLD-1 is crucial for the CYE-1/CDK-2 mitosis/meiosis control. Indeed, GLD-1 appears to be a direct substrate of CYE-1/CDK-2: GLD-1 is a phosphoprotein; CYE-1/CDK-2 regulates its phosphorylation in vivo; and human cyclin E/Cdk2 phosphorylates GLD-1 in vitro. Transgenic GLD-1(AAA) harbors alanine substitutions at three consensus CDK phosphorylation sites. GLD-1(AAA) is expressed ectopically in GSCs, and GLD-1(AAA) transgenic germlines have a smaller than normal mitotic zone. Together these findings forge a regulatory link between CYE-1/CDK-2 and GLD-1. Finally, we find that CYE-1/CDK-2 works with FBF-1 to maintain GSCs and prevent their meiotic entry, at least in part, by lowering GLD-1 abundance. Therefore, CYE-1/CDK-2 emerges as a critical regulator of stem cell maintenance. We suggest that cyclin E and Cdk-2 may be used broadly to control developmental regulators.
Normal and shear stress gages and rosettes for orthotropic composites

Stress gages, plane-shear gages, and three-element strain rosettes have long been used in experimental-mechanics investigations on isotropic materials. This paper generalizes these concepts for applications to fiber-reinforced composite materials. Also included for the first time are data-reduction equations whichexplicitly incorporate strain-gage transverse sensitivity.
Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Profiles of Male Veterans With Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; L. C. Morey, 1991) is a promising tool for the assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but few studies have examined the PAI profiles of individuals with the diagnosis. In this study, the PAI was administered to 176 combat veterans with PTSD. Results showed significant elevations on scales measuring depression, somatic complaints, anxiety, anxiety-related disorders, schizophrenia, and negative impression management. The Traumatic Stress subscale was the highest point in the mean score profile and was moderately correlated with several established measures of PTSD. Veterans with and without comorbid major depression differed on PAI scales assessing depression, anxiety, and warmth. Analysis of two-point codetypes for the PAI and the MMPI-2 revealed substantial heterogeneity in symptom endorsement on both instruments, suggesting that there may be no clear “PTSD profile” on either instrument. Results provide a reference point for future work with the PAI in PTSD samples.
The connectivity of acyclic orientation graphs

Abstract The acyclic orientation graph, AO(G), of an undirected graph, G, is the graph whose vertices are the acyclic orientations of G and whose edges are the pairs of orientations differing only by the reversal of one edge. Edelman (1984) has observed that it follows from results on polytopes that when G is simple, the connectivity of AO(G) is at least n − c, where n is the number of vertices and c is the number of components of G. In this paper we give a simple graph-theoretic proof of this fact. Our proof uses a result of independent interest. We establish that if H is a triangle-free graph with minimum degree at least k, and the graph obtained by contracting the edges of a matching in H is k-connected, then H is k-connected. The connectivity bound on AO(G) is tight for various graphs including Kn, Kp,q, and trees. Applications and extensions are discussed, as well as the connection with polytopes.
The normative concept of coercion

Since its rigorous formulation by Isaiah Berlin two decades ago, the distinction between 'negative' and 'positive' liberty has so captured philosophical attention that a related, and perhaps equally important distinction has tended to be ignored. This is the contrast between what may be called the neutral and normative concepts of liberty and its correlative, coercion. Unlike Berlin's distinction, which seems to define the difference between liberal theorists of the classical stripe and Continental collectivists like Rousseau, Hegel and Marx, disagreement over the normative status of liberty can be found among those philosophers firmly entrenched in the tradition of liberal individualism. Contrast Hobbes: 'A free man is he that ... is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do' and Montesquieu: 'Liberty can consist only in the power of doing what we ought to will, and in not being constrained to do what we ought not to will.' The crucial difference is the 'ought': do judgments about liberty and coercion refer not just to people's wants and intentions, but to what they ought to want and intend? Berlin suggests that Montesquieu's affirmative answer here reflects a forgetfulness of 'his liberal moments', yet elements of this normative view can be attributed not only to Continental liberals like Kant, but to Locke and Mill as well.' Despite the pedigree, it is now widely held that such a normative view is not just mistaken but positively pernicious, and that its disappearance from political debate is something to be applauded. In this paper I shall argue otherwise. I begin by showing how the 'normative view' well describes our ordinary moral discourse,
Conflict resolution maneuvers during near miss encounters with cockpit traffic displays

This experiment investigated the benefits and liabilities associated with pilots use of a cockpit traffic display to assess the threat posed by other air traffic, and if necessary, to make small maneuvers to avoid situations which would otherwise result in collision avoidance advisories. The main experimental variables were the amount of and quality of the information that was displayed on the intruder aircraft's estimated future position. The crew's task was to fly a simulation of a wide body aircraft along a straight course at a constant altitude. Intruder aircraft appeared on a variety of converging trajectories. When the intruder was 60 seconds from the point of closest approach, the pilots were to maneuver so as to maintain a horizontal separation of at least 1.5 nm or a vertical separation of 500 ft. With this separation a CLIMB or DIVE collision avoidance advisory would not be triggered. As a secondary objective, the pilots were instructed to attempt to stay within 500 ft and 1.5 nm of their assigned route. The results show that the pilots could usually make maneuvers that would provide the specified separation but that in doing so they often made course deviations greater than 1.5 nm or 500 ft. Language: en
Chimeric peptide beacons: a direct polypeptide analog of DNA molecular beacons

We have developed a new biosensor architecture, which is comprised of a polypeptide–peptide nucleic acid tri-block co-polymer and which we have termed chimeric peptide beacons (CPB), that generates an optical output via a mechanism analogous to that employed in DNA-based molecular beacons.
White Box AES Using Intel's New AES Instructions

White box cryptography deals with content protection scenarios where software decrypts some contents, using a secret key (embedded in the code in some obfuscated way), while the adversary has access to the code and its execution. Obviously, performance is slowed down by the obfuscation overheads. This paper demonstrates a method for using Intel's New AES Instructions to write decryption code without directly using the cipher key or any of the round keys in a register (or in memory). Such implementation can enjoy some of the performance benefits that the AES instructions offer. We show an example where it is more than 2.5 times faster than a lookup table based alternative.
Father Involvement and Coparenting Behavior: Parents’ Nontraditional Beliefs and Family Earner Status as Moderators

This study investigated relations between father involvement in caregiving and play and coparenting behavior using self-report and observational data from 80 two-parent families of preschool-aged children, and examined parents’ nontraditional beliefs about fathers’ roles and family earner status as moderators of these relations. Results indicated that greater father involvement in caregiving and play was associated with less observed undermining coparenting behavior in dual-earner families. Conversely, greater father involvement in caregiving was associated with less perceived supportive and greater perceived undermining coparenting behavior in single-earner families. Father involvement in play was not related to coparenting behavior among single-earner families. This study highlights the importance of considering parental employment patterns and the multidimensional nature of fathering behavior when studying fathering and coparenting.
Column Dynamics of Ternary Ion Exchange Part I: Diffusional and Mass Transfer Relations

Abstract The complete multicomponent ion-exchange diffusion equations based on irreversible thermodynamics and their approximations by the Nernst-Planck model or the Fick's law model are all put in the same algebraic form. Their differences occur only in the definition of the diffusion coefficients. Multicomponent diffusion coefficients. Multicomponent diffusion coefficients are related to those in binary systems by either the Nernst-Planck or Fick's law model. Using a linear driving force approximation for the flux equations, similar relationships are developed for estimating multicomponent (ternary) mass transfer coefficients based on the analysis of binary data. Hence from binary data and these relationships, multicomponent effluent concentration histories may be predicted numerically.
Multigrid Methods for Elliptic Problems: A Review

Abstract Multigrid methods solve a large class of problems very efficiently. They work by approximating a problem on multiple overlapping grids with widely varying mesh sizes and cycling between thew approximations, using relaxation to reduce the error on the scale of each grid. Problems solved by multigrid methods include general elliptic partial differential equations, nonlinear and eigenvalue problems, and systems of equations from fluid dynamics. The efficiency is optimal: the computational work is proportional to the number of unknowns. This paper reviews the basic concepts and techniques of multigrid methods, concentrating on their role as fast solvers for elliptic boundary-value problems. Analysis of simple relaxation schemes for the Poisson problem shows that their slow convergence is due to smooth error components; approximating these components on a coarser grid leads to a simple multigrid Poisson solver. We review the principal elements of multigrid methods for more general problems, including ...
AIDS and germ cell tumors of testis

A retrospective analysis of all testicular tumors treated at our institution over a seven-year period was conducted. Twenty-five of 115 patients were found to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS-related complexes, or to be at risk for AIDS developing. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors were more common in the AIDS group.
The development of actuarial-based pension accounting at the Bell System, 1913—40:

This article evaluates the process of firm-specific learning relating to the development of actuarially based pension accounting at the Bell System in the USA from 1913 to 1940. Drawing on Alfred D. Chandler's notion of an “integrated learning base”, it analyzes the steps taken by the firm in learning how to order the multiple forms of specialized knowledge necessary for effective pension liability management. The study also explains how this change moderated relationships between such stakeholder groups as employees, investors, regulators, professional advisors and tax authorities. The pension plan was a key economic benefit that sought to increase employee retention and morale through the promise of retirement compensation for diligent, long-term service. It also sought to address humanely the economic problems of old age in a rising urban-industrial society, which had scant resources dedicated to social welfare. Although originally a pay-as-you-go system, the escalating costs associated with a rapidly ...
Competition for Food: An Evaluation of Ivlev's Model

Abstract Ivlev's model of competition for food is evaluated. This model expresses ration size as a function of prey density and population size. Ivlev's model is elaborated upon by including a term concerning the size (weight) of the animal. Alternative ways in which the effect of population size upon intraspecific competition may be described are suggested. Ivlev's model and two alternatives are fit to data from an amphipod population by nonlinear regression. Results suggest that intraspecific competition affects the efficiency with which the consumer captures its food, rather than affecting the maximum amount it is capable of eating. This approach is generalized to include both intra- and interspecific competition for food.
Cluster sizes in interleaved silent steady state (ISSS) imaging

The effect of increasing the number of scans in the “cluster” of an interleaved silent steady state (ISSS) fMRI imaging scheme from 1 to 2, and then to 3 was examined by a fixed-effects analysis of an auditory short-term memory task with four subjects. Compared to a cluster size of 1, a cluster of 2 scans improved sensitivity at detecting brain activity and statistical power, while a cluster of 3 scans further improved statistical power but seemed not to improve sensitivity beyond that achieved with a cluster of 2 scans. The findings reveal that cluster size is a vital parameter for an ISSS imaging scheme.
Notch signalling in cancer progression and bone metastasis

Classically known for its indispensible role in embryonic development, the Notch signalling pathway is gaining recognition for its regulation of adult tissue homoeostasis and aberrant activation in disease pathogenesis. The pathway has been implicated in cancer initiation and development, as well as early stages of cancer progression by regulating conserved cellular programs such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We recently extended the role of Notch signalling to late stages of tumour progression by elucidating a stroma-dependent mechanism for the pathway in osteolytic bone metastasis. Of clinical significance, disrupting the Notch pathway and associated molecular mediators of Notch-dependent bone metastasis may provide novel therapeutic strategies to combat aggressive bone metastatic disease.
The influence of finite impurity size on heterogeneous nucleation

The effects of the finite size of impurities upon the heterogeneous nucleation rate is examined. Simple arguments based upon probability theory are used to find the relative nucleation rate, p( j), on particles containing j nuclei. The expression for p( j) is used in turn to compute the overall nucleation rate and average number of nuclei on an impurity as a function of time.
Ribozyme programming extends the protein code.

Programmable ribozymes that can attach non-natural amino acids to specific tRNAs may expand the range of amino acids available for protein engineering.
Thrombus predicts ischemic complications during percutaneous coronary intervention in saphenous vein grafts: Results from TARGET (do tirofiban and reopro give similar efficacy trial?)

Background: Saphenous vein graft (SVG) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) carries a high risk of ischemic complications. However, there are scant recent data to identify which SVG lesions carry particularly high risk in recent years. We studied demographic and angiographic factors associated with ischemic complications after SVG PCI without distal protection in the TARGET (do tirofiban and reopro give similar efficacy trial?) study. Methods: TARGET was a multicenter double-dummy, double-blinded study randomizing 4,809 PCI patients to tirofiban or abciximab. Of these, 254 patients underwent PCI involving an SVG lesion. The primary endpoint of this analysis was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) at 30 days, including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and urgent target vessel revascularization. Results: No demographic characteristic was associated with 30-day MACE. Lesion length > 20 mm (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, P = 0.03), thrombus (OR = 3.9, P = 0.003), eccentricity (P = 0.001), thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow 1 target lesion (OR = 2.5, P = 0.035) were univariate variables associated with 30-day MACE. Multivariate analysis associated only thrombus (OR = 3.8, P = 0.015) with 30-day MACE. No difference in outcomes was noted between patients receiving abciximab and tirofiban. SVG patients had lesser angiographic success (95.6% vs. 98%, P = 0.04) and increased 30-day Q-wave MI (2.5% vs. 0.9%, P = 0.039) compared with non-SVG patients, but a similar incidence of death (0% vs. 0.4%), non-Q-MI (5.9% vs. 4.5%), and target vessel revascularization (0.5% vs. 1%). Conclusion: In the era of routine stenting and GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, thrombus is the angiographic characteristic most closely associated with adverse outcomes of SVG PCI © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Target Strength and Length Relationship for Striped Bass and White Perch

Abstract For hydroacoustic studies in which estimation of fish size and absolute abundance is desirable, researchers must either develop a relationship between target strength and fish length or borrow one from the literature. The purpose of this study was to provide a relationship between target strength and total length for two economically and ecologically important sympatric species: striped bass Morone saxatilis and white perch M. americana. We measured the dorsal aspect target strength of 12 white perch and 22 striped bass with a 120-kHz split-beam hydroacoustic system. The calculated target strength (TS (decibels)) to length (L cm (cm)) relationships were as follows: white perch TS = 26.48 log10 L cm − 69.45 (r 2 = 0.81, P < 0.001); striped bass TS = 15.37 log10 L cm − 56.26 (r 2 = 0.80, P < 0.001); and a combined model TS = 15.613 log10 L cm − 56.47 (r 2 = 0.82, P < 0.001). Each of these models differs substantially from the equations of Love (1971) and Foote (1987), which are commonly used in aco...
A file organization and maintenance procedure for dynamic document collections

Abstract Several techniques have been proposed for clustering document collections. However, these algorithms ignore file maintenance problems which occur whenever the collection is dynamic. This paper describes a clustering algorithm designed for dynamic data bases and presents an update procedure which maintains an effective document classification without reclustering. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated for a subset of the Cranfield collection.
Proof-of-principle demonstration of Nb3Sn superconducting radiofrequency cavities for high Q0 applications

Many future particle accelerators require hundreds of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities operating with high duty factor. The large dynamic heat load of the cavities causes the cryogenic plant to make up a significant part of the overall cost of the facility. This contribution can be reduced by replacing standard niobium cavities with ones coated with a low-dissipation superconductor such as Nb3Sn. In this paper, we present results for single cell cavities coated with Nb3Sn at Cornell. Five coatings were carried out, showing that at 4.2 K, high Q0 out to medium fields was reproducible, resulting in an average quench field of 14 MV/m and an average 4.2 K Q0 at quench of 8 × 109. In each case, the peak surface magnetic field at quench was well above Hc1, showing that it is not a limiting field in these cavities. The coating with the best performance had a quench field of 17 MV/m, exceeding gradient requirements for state-of-the-art high duty factor SRF accelerators. It is also shown that—taking i...
Hemodynamic and Hormonal Response to Transdermal Nitroglycerin in Normal Subjects and in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure

The hemodynamic and hormonal responses to nitroglycerin administered transdermally in a gel-like matrix were evaluated in nine patients with severe congestive heart failure and in nine normal subjects. In normal subjects, peripheral vasodilation was accompanied by reflex sympathetic stimulation as reflected by an increase in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine. In patients with heart failure, nitroglycerin produced sustained hemodynamic effects that began 30 minutes after the application and fully persisted for at least 6 hours. A significant decrease in right and left ventricular filling pressures was associated with an increase in stroke index and a significant decrease in forearm and pulmonary vascular resistances. There was no change in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure or in plasma norepinephrine or plasma renin activity. After 24 hours, pressures had partially returned to control levels, but mean pulmonary artery pressure was still significantly lower than in the control period. After removal of the nitroglycerin, each patient exhibited a decrease in cardiac index and an increase, above the control values, in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and pulmonary, systemic and forearm vascular resistances. This transient rebound appeared to be unrelated to stimulation of the sympathetic or renin-angiotensin systems. Thus, transdermal absorption of this new form of nitroglycerin appears to provide a nitrate vascular effect that is sustained for 24 hours, but an endogenous vasoconstrictor effect may influence the hemodynamic response over the first 24 hours.
Effects of Central Venous Catheter Placement on Upper Extremity Duplex US Findings

Purpose The upper extremity veins of 17 patients who underwent operative central venous catheter placement were studied prospectively with color duplex sonography to determine which duplex changes, if any, could be due to the presence of the catheter alone and to determine if these waveform changes could mimic the dampened waveform seen peripheral to central nonvisualized or nonocclusive thrombosis or proximal stenosis. Patients and Methods The subclavian, internal jugular, and brachiocephalic veins were examined with color duplex sonography immediately before and after catheter placement. Images obtained before and after catheterization were reviewed by two radiologists for ( a ) spectral broadening in both the vein of insertion and the brachiocephalic vein, ( b ) transmission of atrial pulsations, and ( c ) respiratory phasicity. Results In all cases, atrial pulsatility and respiratory phasicity were present before and after catheter placement. There was no statistically significant change in the amount of spectral broadening after catheter placement. A mild increase in the peak blood flow velocity of 7 cm/sec ( P = .04) in the ipsilateral brachiocephalic vein was demonstrated; however, no significant increase in velocity could be shown in the vein of insertion. Conclusion In this clinical setting, the hemodynamic changes within the vein from the catheter placement are minimal. Any damping of the venous waveform seen with sonography performed to rule out upper extremity deep venous thrombosis secondary to indwelling catheter—for example, loss of atrial pulsatility or respiratory phasicity—is presumably due to the presence of venous thrombosis or stenosis.
Hexene-1 isomerization catalyzed by alumina-supported triosmium clusters

Abstract Alumina-supported triosmium clusters, HO S 3 (CO) 10 OAl, were prepared by the reaction of [O S 3 (CO) 12 ] with surface OH groups of γ-Al 2 O 3 . The material was catalytically active for isomerization of hexene-1 to give cis - and trans -hewne-2, and infrared spectra of the catalyst under reaction conditions at 1 atm and 50 to 70 °C indicated that the osmium was present as HOs 3 (CO) 10  OAl. The reaction was promoted by hydrogen and was zero-order in hydrogen and in hexene-1 at partial pressures exceeding 0.1 atm. These results suggest that a supported triosmium cluster itself was the catalytically active species, and the effects of H 2 and D 2 in reactant mixtures and the characterization of the used catalyst by XPS indicate an insertion mechanism involving hydride ligands on the osmium. When the catalyst was treated at higher temperatures (> 120δC), the clusters broke up, giving ensembles consisting of three Os(II) carbonyl complexes. These are similar in their catalytic character to the clusters, as indicated by the kinetics of the isomerization reaction, but they are only half as active as the supported clusters at 70 °C.
To stabilize a k real parameter affine family of plants it suffices to simultaneously stabilize 4 4 polynomials

A controller stabilizes an entire family of plants with affine uncertainty, if it simultaneously stabilizes a finite number of polynomials. An upper bound for this number is 4k.
Intercountry Adoption: An International Perspective on the Practice and Standards.

In recent years, the practice of intercountry adoption is increasingly being debated within the context of human rights. Intercountry adoption raises many ethical and legal issues which are addressed in two international treaties: the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989, and the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, adopted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law in 1993. This paper compares the international standards provided by these instruments and the way they are being interpreted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the official monitoring body of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It also discusses some of the measures undertaken by a number of countries in different regions of the world.
Lipid bilayer vesicle fusion: intermediates captured by high-speed microfluorescence spectroscopy.

The fusion of lipid bilayers can be visualized under the fluorescence microscope, but the process is very fast and requires special techniques for its study. It is reported here that vesicle fusion is susceptible to analysis by microspectrofluorometry and that for the first time, the entire fusion process has been captured. In the case of giant (>10-μm diameter) bilayer vesicles having a high density of opposite charge, fusion proceeds through stages of adhesion, flattening, hemifusion, elimination of the intervening septum, and uptake of excess membrane to generate a spherical product very rapidly. These investigations became possible with a fluorescence microscope that was modified for recording of images simultaneously with the collection of fluorescence emission spectra from many (>100) positions along the fusion axis. Positively-charged vesicles, composed of O-ethylphosphatidylcholine and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, were labeled with a carbocyanine fluorophore. Negatively-charged vesicles, composed of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, were labeled with a rhodamine fluorophore that is a resonance energy transfer acceptor from the carbocyanine fluorophore. An electrophoretic chamber allowed selection of pairs of vesicles to be brought into contact and examined. Spectral changes along the axis of fusion were captured at high speed (a few ms/frame) by operating a sensitive digital camera in the virtual-chip mode, a software/hardware procedure that permits rapid readout of selected regions of interest and by pixel binning along the spectral direction. Simultaneously, color images were collected at video rates (30 frame/s). Comparison of the spectra and images revealed that vesicle fusion typically passes through a hemifusion stage and that the time from vesicle contact to fusion is 100 positions along a line at rates >1000 frames/s with a spectral resolution of ∼10 nm and spatial resolution at the limit of the light microscope (∼0.2 μm).
Hiding in Full View: The ''Forgotten'' Bushman Genocides of Namibia

This article examines the Bushman genocide of 1912–1915 which, despite overwhelming evidence of its having occurred, has been largely ignored by both scholars and the local population. It invokes the Durkheimian distinction between necessary and sufficient conditions. Necessary conditions are akin to Marxian notions of “primitive accumulation” or Weberian “booty capitalism,” but in addition, the author emphasizes the demographics of the settlers, largely (aspiring) middle-class single men, and suggests that notions of the Rechtsstaat—code-based rather than case-based rule of law—represented an important, if not distinctive, sufficient condition in facilitating genocide, especially in tandem with the legitimation activities of turn-of-the-century scholars. The article concludes with a brief examination of the “bureaucratization” thesis.
Prediction of Microelectronic Substrate Warpage Using Homogenized Thermomechanical Finite Element Models

High-density microelectronic substrates, used in organic CPU packages, are comprised of several polymer, fiber-weave, and copper layers and are filled with a variety of complex features such as traces, micro-vias, Plated-Through-Holes (PTH), and adhesion holes. When subjected to temperature changes, these substrates may warp, driven by the mismatch in Coefficients of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of the constituent materials. This study focused on predicting substrate warpage in an isothermal condition. The numerical approach consisted of three major steps: estimating homogenized (effective) thermomechanical properties of the features; calculating effective properties of discretized layers using the effective properties of the features; and assembling the layers to create 2D Finite Element (FE) plate models and to calculate warpage of the whole substrates. The effective properties of the features were extracted from 3D unit cell FE models, and closed-form approximate expressions were developed using the numerical results, curve fitting, and some simple bounds. The numerical approach was applied to predict warpage of production substrates, analyzed, and validated against experimentally measured stiffness and CTEs. In this paper, the homogenization approach, numerical predictions, and experimental validation are discussed.