cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Civil Information Modeling Adoption by Iowa and Missouri DOT

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is often perceived as a software tool that is applicable solely for designing and constructing buildings. BIM is more than just a software tool. It is a process that can enhance collaboration between project participants through three dimensional (3D) intelligent models, and it can be effectively used for designing, constructing, operating and managing any type of facility, including those for horizontal infrastructure. According to a recent smart market report by McGraw Hill, an increasing number of horizontal projects are now taking advantage of a process that is similar to BIM. In order to recognize the special needs of horizontal projects, the Civil Information Modeling (CiM) moniker has been adopted by the participants of these projects to describe the process that is equivalent to BIM. Some innovative contractors for horizontal projects are the early users of CiM and some state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have also started adopting CiM. Furthermore, some DOTs also take advantage of advanced data collection technologies, such as LIDAR, that generate surveying data in 3D point cloud form which can be used as basis for 3D design that allows the entire workflow to be in 3D format. This paper presents content regarding the analysis results of interviews conducted with officials of the Iowa and Missouri DOTs who are involved with CiM implementation. It reviews the driving forces and challenges, as well as the benefits of using 3D intelligent models throughout the project development process and on into the operation and maintenance stages from DOT's perspectives. It explores current CiM practices while providing a gap analysis that defines what remains to be done in order to fully implement CiM.
Congenital hypoplastic anemia associated with hypogammaglobulinemia

9. Nissley SP, Drash AL, Blizzard RM, Sperling M, and Childs B: Comparison of juvenile diabetics with positive and negative organ specific antibody titers, Diabetes 22:63, 1973. 10. Shiner M, and Ballard J: Antigen-antibody reactions in je11. junal mucosa in childhood coeliac disease after gluten challenge, Lancet 1:120, 1972. Cornell H J, and Townley RRW: Investigation of a possible intestinal peptidase deficiency in coeliac disease, Clin Chim Acta 43:113, 1973.
The effect of season on the composition of the blood of lactating and non-lactating cows as revealed from repeated metabolic profile tests on 24 dairy herds

Blood samples were taken from groups of lactating and non-lactating cows on three occasions from each of 24 commercial dairy herds sampled eight herds at a time at 6-weekly intervals throughout 1972. The blood samples were analysed for packed cell volume, blood glucose and haemoglobin, and for the serum concentrations of albumin, total protein, urea nitrogen, Ca, inorganic phosphate, Mg, K, Na, Cu, and Fe.Clear seasonal patterns were evident for packed cell volume and the mean concentrations of urea nitrogen and haemoglobin each of which were highest during the summer months. The effect of season on the concentrations of the other constituents was smaller. Mean values of packed cell volume, haemoglobin and Fe were consistently higher in the non-lactating cows than in the lactating cows. Mean concentrations of Mg were lower in the blood of non-lactating cows throughout the year; Cu concentrations followed a similar trend in the autumn and winter.There was evidence of overall herd differences regardless of season, in particular for Cu, globulin, Fe and urea nitrogen concentrations.
Worldwide patterns of ionospheric blackout occurrence

Abstract The results to date of statistical studies of polar blackout occurrence are discussed briefly. A chart summarizing blackout activity in both northern and southern hemispheres was prepared, using IGγ data from sixty ionosonde stations. This chart and the detailed sequence of events occurring in the northern hemisphere during five periods when blackouts extended over large areas of the earth was presented. (The actual presentation was in the form of an animated picture.).
Continuous infusion of bupivacaine for pain control after anterior iliac crest bone grafting for alveolar cleft repair in children.

Objective: The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of continuous infusion bupivacaine, (2) to evaluate the effects of the site-specific catheter infusion on operating room time, narcotic use, ambulatory status, and length of hospitalization, (3) to monitor for adverse outcomes, and (4) to assess patient/family acceptance. Design: Randomized, double-blinded, and prospective study of bupivacaine versus saline for pain control after anterior iliac crest bone grafting for alveolar cleft repair. Setting: University of Alabama at Birmingham. Patients: A total of 65 pediatric patients with alveolar cleft defects treated between 2006 and 2009. Interventions: Anterior iliac crest bone grafting for alveolar cleft repair with assignment to either a bupivacaine or a saline infusion group. Main Outcome Measures: Physical examination, pain ratings, narcotic use, ambulatory status, operating room time, and length of hospital stay. Results: On the blinded physical exam, 71% in the bupivacaine...
Is Parental Care the Key to Understanding Endothermy in Birds and Mammals

In a recent paper, Farmer (2000) offered a novel and stimulating hypothesis for the convergent evolution of endothermy in birds and mammals. She proposed that a high level of nonshivering thermogenesis by adults evolved because of the benefits it provided to their developing embryos. Initially, a higher standard metabolic rate (SMR), and consequently a higher body temperature, served only to increase the temperature of embryos during development. Later, increased aerobic capacity arose from the need to meet the energetic demands of parental care. Importantly, Farmer’s model of the evolution of endothermy, which we will refer to as the “parental care model,” and the long-standing aerobic capacity model (Bennett and Ruben 1979) are mutually exclusive. The aerobic capacity model asserts that endothermy evolved via a correlated response to selection for a greater capacity for sustained aerobic activity. The parental care model states that the relatively high aerobic capacity of mammals and birds is a consequence of parental care rather than a cause for endothermy. Farmer’s ideas are intriguing and will hopefully serve to renew empirical interest in a problem that has been dominated by few hypotheses (see Hayes and Garland 1995). Given the potential influence that Farmer’s model will have on the direction of future efforts to understand the evolution of endothermy, we feel that it is necessary to scrutinize the arguments in support of the parental care model and those against the aerobic capacity model.
Rate of glucose consumption by malarial blood.

Abstract A number of determinations of the rate of glucose consumption have been made on blood from normal, anemic, and Plasmodium relictum (strain “1P”)-infected ducklings. The following mean values were obtained from each: 1.28 × 10 −1 mg glucose/10 9 mature erythrocytes/hour; 6.17 × 10 −1 mg glucose/10 9 reticulocytes/hour; and 4.39 × 10 −4 mg glucose/10 7 μ 2 parasite area/hour. The rate of glucose consumption of mature duck red cells is considerably higher than those of the chicken, and Plasmodium relictum appears to use glucose somewhat more rapidly than P. gallinaceum . No significant difference was noted in the glucose levels of the blood of healthy and relictum -infected ducklings, the mean for each being 154 mg % and 148 mg %, respectively. An empirically derived formula is given, based on experimentally obtained data, for predicting the hourly glucose consumption rate of a given quantity of parasitized blood ( Plasmodium relictum ).
Research Bibliography-Stochastic Dominance: A Research Bibliography

About 400 publications, working papers and books are included in this bibliography on Stochastic Dominance. It contains an exhaustive listing of papers that are either basic contributions to this subject or primarily concerned with applications of the Stochastic Dominance concepts. It also contains selective listing of papers from finance, economics, mathematics, mathematical physics, mathematical psychology, operations research and statistics literature to illustrate the wide applicability of Stochastic Dominance concepts.
Some determinants of foreign aid to India, 1960–1985

Abstract Using a unique data set of aid to India from all sources, 1960–1985, we discuss the magnitude and composition of aid, and present a principal components analysis of aid giving. We then attempt to get at the underlying patterns and causes of aid giving using factor analytic techniques, and explain the level of foreign aid by employing a partial adjustment model. We find that latent motivations to classify the donor countries into four convenient groups—each with different political and economic motivations. We also find that the latent variables capturing the motivations of the United States, Western European countries, Eastern European countries, as well as last year's aid and the balance of trade, but not GDP growth, are significant determinants of the level of aid.
Calcium homeostasis and spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA-1).

Spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA-1) belongs to a group of polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the expansion of a glutamine tract within the mutant disease-causing protein. In SCA-1, the expression of mutant ataxin-1 induces a progressive functional loss and the subsequent degeneration of a set of neurons including cerebellar Purkinje cells. Studies on SCA-1 transgenic mice have provided further understanding of the molecular and cellular events important for the disease. This review discusses what has been learned about the pathogenesis of SCA-1 through the transgenic mouse models in reference to Ca2+ dependent pathways. This article also discusses the role of Ca2+ regulating cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of SCA-1. Finally, we discuss the use of double mutant mouse models to understand the association between Ca2+ binding proteins and Purkinje cell pathology in SCA-1.
Non–existence of truly solitary waves in water with small surface tension

This paper considers permanent capillary–gravity waves on the free surface of a two–dimensional incompressible inviscid fluid of finite depth. It is shown that there are no solitary-wave solutions of the exact governing equations of the flow that decay to zero exponentially at infinity if the surface tension coefficient is less than its critical value and lies in some intervals. The proof is based upon an estimate of a constant that is related to the approximation of the solution, if it exists, near its singularity. The approximation satisfies a fourth–order nonlinear ordinary differential equation when the solution is extended to the complex plane. Then the non–existence of truly solitary waves is obtained by using a contradiction on this constant.
Identification of urinary metabolites of (+/-)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid (Ibuprofen) by routine organic acid screening.

Abstract Ibuprofen [(±)-2-( p -isobutylphenyl)propionic acid] has recently been introduced as a pediatric anti-inflammatory agent. To determine how this agent interferes with urine organic acid analysis, an important pediatric investigation, we have analyzed urine from two subjects pre- and post-Ibuprofen dosage and two subjects on chronic Ibuprofen therapy. A distinctive pattern of drug interference on the organic acid profile was detected. There were three major components, corresponding to unmetabolized Ibuprofen and to the oxidation products hydroxy Ibuprofen and carboxy Ibuprofen. Therefore, the major mechanism of Ibuprofen metabolism appears to be microsomal, although mitochondrial and peroxisomal routes cannot be excluded. Laboratories carrying out routine organic acid analysis should be aware of the nature and magnitude of the organic aciduria caused by Ibuprofen.
HLA-DR molecules from an antigen-processing mutant cell line are associated with invariant chain peptides.

THE invariant chain, which associates with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, serves two functions important in antigen processing. First, it prevents class II molecules from binding peptides in the early stages of intracellular transport1–3. Second, it contains a cytoplasmic signal that targets the class II-invariant chain complex to an acidic endosomal compartment4–6. Proteolytic cleavage and subsequent dissociation of the invariant chain then occurs7,8, allowing peptides derived from endocytosed proteins to bind to released class II molecules before their expression at the cell surface3. Certain human cell lines that are mutant in one or more MHC-linked genes are defective in class II-restricted antigen processing9–11. Here we show that in transfectants of one of these cell lines, T2, this deficiency results in the association of a large proportion of class II molecules with a nested set of invariant-chain-derived peptides (class II-associated invariant chain peptides, or CLIP). HLA-DR3 molecules isolated from T2 transfectants can be efficiently loaded with antigenic peptides by exposure to a low pH in vitro, perhaps reflecting the in vivo conditions in which peptides associate with class II molecules12–14. Addition of synthetic CLIP inhibits the loading process, indicating that CLIP may define the region of the invariant chain responsible for obstructing the class II binding site.
The histopathology of inflammatory gingival enlargement.

Abstract Meso- and ectodermal inflammatory gingival hyperplasia have been illustrated and discussed. The relation between the various types of hyperplastic gingival lesions has been stressed, and it has been shown that lesions such as puberty gingivitis, pregnancy gingivitis, granuloma gravidarum, granuloma pyogenicum, and giant cell epulis are inflammatory in nature and they all have a similar tendency to undergo fibrosis, scarring, and partial ossification resulting in a so-called “fibroepithelial papilloma,” fibroid or ossifying fibroid epulis. Peripheral zones of irritation and inflammation, found mainly in the crevicular areas and at the base of protruding lesions, seem to act as a stimulus for continuous growth of the lesions. The fibrotic hyperplastic gingival tissues will, to a large extent, persist even following elimination of the initial source of irritation, and those anatomical changes may predispose to future irritation. Traumatization or other circulatory disturbance will initiate mucoid degencration of collagenous lesions. The possibility for one type of inflammatory reaction becoming or coexisting with other types of proliferative responses has been shown. The alteration in character and inflammatory response of the gingival tissues following previous episodes of injury has been emphasized. The complex of local and systemic factors which determines the variations in gingival inflammatory response to injury is only partially known. It is of basic importance in the management of these lesions that an exact differential histologic diagnosis be made of the different types of gingival enlargements. An understanding of the inflammatory nature of the lesions which have been discussed in this paper should encourage a different and more conservative management than would be utilized for neoplastic disease.
One-Dimensional Modeling Techniques for Three-Dimensional Grade Control Structures

AbstractGenerally constructed with materials from the proximal environment and promoting a more natural aesthetic within a stream, rock-weir grade control structures have recently become popular in-stream alternatives. Energy expenditure through rock weirs is increased from in situ, primarily one-dimensional (1D) conditions owing to strong velocity gradients and turbulence losses. Flow modeling methodologies utilizing a 1D assumption are not directly applicable for representing hydraulics through rock weirs; however, such models are readily implemented in engineering practice. An approach altering parameters and cross section configurations within a 1D model, Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), was developed to approximate hydraulic conditions associated with A-shaped, U-shaped, and W-shaped rock-weirs using data from a near-prototype physical model. Manning’s n roughness values were adjusted for minimum energy variance and calibrated to serve as a turbulence model. Predicted to...
The Rhetoric of Interorganizational Conflict: A Subgenre of Organizational Apologia

Theorists focusing on organizational apologia or crisis response have developed broad typologies describing strategies available to organizational actors in a crisis situation, but have failed to describe specific strategic patterns as in other genres. A recent essay explains this situation based on the existence of two somewhat contrasting purposes in organizational apologia (image maintenance and image repair), and argues the best approach is to identify subgenres within the larger category. The present essay uses the Ford/Firestone tread separation crisis to build a case for the existence of a subgenre of interorganizational conflict, a subgenre in which two organizations functioning as strategic partners are each threatened. The essay concludes by arguing a crisis involving strategic partners, in which neither is willing to assume sole responsibility for the crisis, will develop through three predictable stages.
Variations in the tangential distribution of postsynaptic glutamate receptors in Purkinje cell parallel and climbing fiber synapses during development.

Major factors affecting the responses of a neuron to release of glutamate include the kinds and distribution of glutamate receptors in the neuron and their distribution along the surface of the postsynaptic membrane (tangential distribution). The latter distribution pattern is established during the development of the synapse and could be modified during maturation of synapse structure/function and through adult synapse plasticity. Parallel and climbing fiber synapses of cerebellar Purkinje cells are good models for studying this pattern because they contain two major kinds of ionotropic glutamate receptors, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and delta, that are involved in adult plasticity and show differences in distribution, and because these two synapse types show complex changes in architecture and glutamate receptor distributions during development. In the present study, both AMPA and delta receptors showed variations in tangential distributions during many stages of development from postnatal day 2 to adult; i.e. qualitative assessment showed that receptors are concentrated either near the center or in outer portions of the synapse, while they are rare or absent from the perisynaptic region. Quantitative analysis showed statistically significant nonuniformities at some ages; the most common nonuniformity in these cases appears to be a drop-off in receptor density in the outer 20% of the synapse. Statistical analyses also indicated that distribution patterns did not change significantly with age. In contrast to the ionotropic receptors, the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR1α, was found mainly in the perisynaptic region both during development and in adults. Differences in the distribution of glutamate receptors may be necessary to assure an effective response to glutamate release and may be modified through synaptic plasticity. Our findings show that the basic patterns of distribution of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in synapses are established early in development, indicating that the postsynaptic density/membrane region is highly organized even in the immature synapse.
Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts

Abstract The limited explanatory research on residents' perceptions of tourism impacts has resulted in an underdeveloped theoretical orientation of research on this subject. This paper presents a social exchange process model as a theoretical basis for some understanding of why residents perceive tourism impacts positively or negatively. The model is based upon the concept of the exchange relation. Propositions are derived from the model to test the relationships between the model's components. These propositions have been developed from inferences based upon the social exchange literature.
Dilatation of the constricted human airway by tidal expansion of lung parenchyma.

Rationale: In the normal lung, breathing and deep inspirations potently antagonize bronchoconstriction, but in the asthmatic lung this salutary effect is substantially attenuated or even reversed. To explain these findings, the prevailing hypothesis focuses on contracting airway smooth muscle and posits a nonlinear dynamic interaction between actomyosin binding and the tethering forces imposed by tidally expanding lung parenchyma.Objective: This hypothesis has never been tested directly in bronchial smooth muscle embedded within intraparenchymal airways. Our objective here is to fill that gap.Methods: We designed a novel system to image contracting intraparenchymal human airways situated within near-normal lung architecture and subjected to dynamic parenchymal expansion that simulates breathing.Measurements and Main Results: Reversal of bronchoconstriction depended on the degree to which breathing actually stretched the airway, which in turn depended negatively on severity of constriction and positively o...
Separating the recrystallization and deformation texture components by high-energy X-rays

High-energy synchrotron diffraction offers great potential for experimental study of recrystallization kinetics. Measurements on partially recrystallized samples using a monochromatic high-energy synchrotron beam show that recrystallized grains generate sharp diffraction spots, whereas the intensity from the deformed matrix varies smoothly along the Debye–Scherrer rings. Based on these observations, a method has been developed to separate the recrystallization texture components from those originating from the deformation matrix. The validity of this method is demonstrated with partially recrystallized interstitial-free steel.
Replication and repair of UV-induced mutational lesions in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli WP2 Hcr.

Abstract Mutation to resistance to bacteriophage T5 was studied in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli strain WP2 Hcr exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV). The results are in generally good agreement with those obtained earlier by Bridges and Munson for UV-induced reversion to tryptophan independence in exponentially growing cultures of the same strain: expressed mutant yields followed a dose-squared response, mutations were not expressed before approximately one generation after exposure to UV, there was a slow disappearance of dimers especially noticeable in slowly growing and stationary cultures, and the first replication gave rise to duplex mutants in both strands. Several new results were also obtained. In addition to expressed mutant yields, induction of mutational capacity was also observed to follow a dose-squared response, indcating that the response is not an artifact of selection or repair. Induction also increased with growth rate, apparently as the square of the number of genes for T5-sensitivity per cell. It is suggested that mutagenesis is proportional to the number of genes per cell, that recombination is also proportional to the number of genes per cell, and that the number of mutational lesions is proportional to the product of the two. These results also provide evidence that DNA replication occurs near the end of the cell cycle in slowly growing cultures. Under all growth conditions, latent mutant concentrations mutational capacity) decreased by a factor of two with each successive division. Latent mutants were, however, photoreversible for only the first two generations. If mutagenesis occurs as a recombinant event between two mutational lesions, then the results also indicate that these lesions are separated, on the average, by no more than a single cistron.
Association of Over-The-Counter Pharmaceutical Sales with Influenza-Like-Illnesses to Patient Volume in an Urgent Care Setting

We studied the association between OTC pharmaceutical sales and volume of patients with influenza-like-illnesses (ILI) at an urgent care center over one year. OTC pharmaceutical sales explain 36% of the variance in the patient volume, and each standard deviation increase is associated with 4.7 more patient visits to the urgent care center (p<0.0001). Cross-correlation function analysis demonstrated that OTC pharmaceutical sales are significantly associated with patient volume during non-flu season (p<0.0001), but only the sales of cough and cold (p<0.0001) and thermometer (p<0.0001) categories were significant during flu season with a lag of two and one days, respectively. Our study is the first study to demonstrate and measure the relationship between OTC pharmaceutical sales and urgent care center patient volume, and presents strong evidence that OTC sales predict urgent care center patient volume year round.
Electoral geography and redistributive politics

This paper offers a new electoral geography perspective on two stylized facts that do not fit easily with our current understanding of the implications of electoral rules for electoral politics and social policy: (1) proportional representation (PR) electoral rules are not always associated with more generous social spending. In some cases, we observe comparatively high levels of social spending in majoritarian single-member district (SMD) systems. (2) Contrary to our theoretical expectations, national two-party competition occurs rarely, even under SMD rules. Here, I demonstrate the importance of electoral geography through a series of analytic examples that are based on a simple model of electoral politics, and in which all possible combinations of electoral boundaries, rules, and voter locations are manipulated.
Objectivity and Emancipation in Learning Disabilities Holism From the Perspective of Critical Realism

The present article provides a critique of holism (as developed in the writings of Heshusius, Iano, and Poplin) from the point of view of critical realism, primarily as the latter standpoint is explicated in the writing of the British philosopher of science Roy Bhaskar. Whereas the holists have been largely correct in their criticisms of the positivism and scientism that have characterized theory and practice in the learning disabilities field, it is argued that they run the risk of promoting a subjectivist standpoint with its own set of limitations.
Common Therapeutic Targets in Cardiometabolic Disease

The interactions between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and insulin resistance syndromes suggest the possibility of joint targets for cardiometabolic research. The best drugs would go beyond minimizing adverse effects and have protective actions against both metabolic disease and CVD. In this perspective, we will outline a few examples in which a deep mechanistic understanding of the many cellular pathways that contribute to type 2 diabetes and CVD, regardless of cell type, have resulted in common upstream pathogenic pathways that can be therapeutically targeted.
Crystal Elephants and Committee Chairs Campaign Contributions and Leadership Races in the U.S. House of Representatives

Researchers know very little about the quest for internal power in the U.S. House of Representatives because the leadership climb takes place largely behind closed doors. The current article attempts to shed some light on the heretofore little-known process by focusing on one aspect of this climb that actually is public: legislators' decisions to make contributions from their so-called leadership political action committees. In contrast with much of the extant literature, the data show that leadership-minded legislators carefully consider the ideological positions of potential recipients of their help when deciding how to distribute their campaign contributions. I also show that parties, when they use the right tools, can harness the ambition of leadership-minded legislators to the benefit of the party as a whole.
Supramolecular assembly of a dinuclear Ag(I) complex with discreet Ag2S2 centers

Abstract The NS chelate N , N ′-(thiodiethane-2,1-diyl)bis(1-methyl-1 H -imidazole-2-carboxamide) and its silver(I) complex have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complex displays a supramolecular structure consisting of discreet Ag 2 S 2 centers stacked in columns along the a -axis via π-interactions. Individual Ag 2 S 2 cores are isolated with no significant interactions between Ag ions.
Neuroinvasion And Persistence Of Human Herpesvirus 6 In Children

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes a febrile illness in children and has been implicated as a cause of encephalitis and recurrent seizures. Paired samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 487 children were evaluated by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for evidence of current or past infection with HHV-6. PBMC were also cultured for isolation of HHV-6. These data were correlated with the patients' clinical information. HHV-6 DNA was detected in 72 (14.8%) of 487 CSF samples. HHV-6 persistence was documented in 142 children by PCR detection of HHV-6 DNA in PBMC or CSF (or both) in the absence of primary HHV-6 infection; the central nervous system was the only site of HHV-6 DNA persistence in 28.9%. HHV-6 DNA can be detected in the CSF of children during and after primary infection, and the central nervous system may be the sole site of persistence.
Color confinement and long-distance color fields in QCD

We use an effective lagrangian previously derived from a long-distance self-consistent solution of the Schwinger-Dyson equations of Yang-Mills theory to study some long-distance problems in QCD. In particular we show: (i) the long-distance contribution to the energy of a system containing a net color electric charge is infinite and hence there are no such states in the physical spectrum; (ii) the long-distance contribution to the energy of a system containing a net color magnetic charge is completely screened at distances r > 1/ΛrmQCD.
Study of polypyrrole graphite composite as anode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Pyrrole was polymerized onto commercial SFG10 graphite by in situ polymerization technique. Polymerization decreases the initial irreversible capacity loss of the graphite anode. The decrease in the irreversible capacity loss is due to the reduction in the thickness of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formed. PPy/C (7.8%) gives the optimum performance based on the irreversible capacity loss and the discharge capacity of the composite. The composite material has been studied for specific discharge capacity, coulombic efficiency, rate capability and cycle life using a variety of electrochemical methods. The composite SFG10 graphite possess good reversibility, higher coulombic efficiency, good rate capability and better cycle life than the bare SFG10 graphite.
The Statistics and Structure of Subseasonal Midlatitude Variability in NASA GSFC GCMs

Abstract A comprehensive analysis of midlatitude intraseasonal variability in extended integrations of NASA GSFC general circulation models (GCMs) is conducted. This is approached by performing detailed intercomparisons of the representation of the storm tracks and anomalous weather regimes occurring during wintertime in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations of both the NASA–NCAR and a version of the Aries model used in NASA’s Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) model. The model-simulated statistics, three-dimensional structure, and dynamical characteristics of these phenomena are diagnosed and directly compared to parallel observational analyses derived from NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. A qualitatively good representation of the vertical structure of intraseasonal eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is provided by both models with maximum values of EKE occurring near 300 hPa. The main model shortcoming is an underestimation of EKE in the upper troposphere, especially for syn...
Radial flow in a leaky artesian aquifer

A partial differential equation is set up for radial flow in an elastic artesian aquifer into which there is vertical leakage in proportion to the drawdown. This differential equation is integrated to obtain two steady state solutions, one for the case of a well in an infinite aquifer, and the other for the case where the head is maintained constant along an outer boundary concentric with the well. In the second case, the solution of the non-steady state is also obtained for flow towards a well discharging at a steady rate, the initial state being one of uniform head distribution. A table and some curves are given for one set of assumed values of three of the parameters of the system.
The Avian Inflammatory Response: Adaptation and Utilization of Skin Windows

Abstract A modified skin window system was developed and utilized for examination of the local inflammatory response in the chicken. Data were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32 and 48 hours following wing-web scarification. The first cells observed were heterophils and they remained the predominant type through 32 hours. Mononuclears began infiltrating at a rapid rate at 8 to 12 hours, and by 48 hours they represented slightly more than one-half of the total cells observed. The total number of cells present increased rapidly to a peak at 24 hours, and then declined during the 24 to 48 hour period. The percentage of heterophils and mononuclears showed an inverse relationship throughout the 48 hour period, as appreciable numbers of eosinophils and basophils were not observed. Macrophages were the predominant mononuclear cells. Degranulation of heterophils was extensive in the 2 to 4 hour periods, but was much less common thereafter. As the time after scarification increased, macrophages exhibited; (1) increased cytoplasm to nucleus ratio, (2) increased numbers of phagocytic vacuoles, and (3) a marked tendency to form giant cells. The results obtained in this study were similar to those recorded for mammals, except that the percentage shift toward mononuclears occurred at a faster rate in mammals.
Terrestrial long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiments.

We present a systematic study of potential long-baseline (distances {gt}300 km) neutrino-oscillation experiments performed with {nu}{sub {mu}} and {bar {nu}}{sub {mu}} beams from the Fermilab Main Injector ({l angle}{ital E}{sub {nu}}{r angle}{approx}10--20 GeV). The effects of matter enhancement are included where appropriate. We find that there are three key variables for such an experiment: the length of the baseline, the muon energy threshold, and the minimum measurable oscillation probability. An advantage in one of these variables can easily be neglected by a disadvantage in one of the others. Finally, for any long-baseline experiment at these energies to conclusively confirm or refute the interpretation of the atmospheric neutrino deficit as neutrino oscillations it must have a low energy threshold and a low minimum measurable oscillation probabilty.
Adjustment to College as Measured by the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire: A Quantitative Review of its Structure and Relationships with Correlates and Consequences

This paper presents a meta-analytic review (k = 237, N = 44,668) of the adjustment to college literature. The review, based on studies using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire, is organized around three primary themes: (1) the structure of students’ adjustment to college, (2) the relationship of adjustment to college constructs with possible antecedents and correlates, and (3) the relationship of adjustment to college constructs with college grades and college retention. Meta-analytic results indicate that adjustment to college is multidimensional, predictive of college grades, and an unusually good predictor of college retention. Adjustment to college is also shown to be moderately related to individual traits, social support, and students’ relationships with their parents. Weaker relationships are evident with demographic variables, prior achievement, coping approaches, and variables that reflect students’ psychological independence from their parents. Theoretical and practical implications for the study of students’ adjustment to college, academic performance, and retention are discussed.
Reliable data transmission through noisy media ¿ A systems approach

Error control techniques are becoming increasingly important in data transmission systems, since they allow reliable communications over media where the interference is high. Transmission errors can be corrected either by adding redundancy bits to the information to generate an error correcting code, or by automatically retransmitting the message when erroneously received. The relative merits of the two techniques are discussed in terms of both error control and systems compatibility. A class of powerful and easily implemented cyclic error detection and correction codes was recently developed which, in combination with automatic retransmission, should give effective error protection. Once the system reliability requirements are realistically gauged, and the characteristics of the channel interference are known, it is possible to determine a cyclic code best suited to that interference, and to determine a message length for the maximum transfer of information.
Structural change and straining in Fe–Pd polycrystals by magnetic field

Abstract The effect of a magnetic field on martensite structures in Fe–30 and –30.5at.% Pd has been studied using optical and electron (TEM) microscopy. No appreciable change to the martensite structure is observed with optical microscopy when a magnetic field of ∼8×105 A m−1 is applied to a sample in the fully martensite state. The fractions of elementary martensite units (Bain correspondence variants—BCVs), existing as alternately stacked twins in a martensite plate and observed by electron microscopy, remain almost the same whether a TEM foil is under practically no magnetic field or under a field of more than ∼8×105 A m−1. Fe–Pd is more difficult to magnetically saturate in the martensite state than in the austenite state, even though the saturation magnetization is only slightly smaller in the former state. Hysteresis in a magnetization–magnetic field relationship is small. From these observations, it is concluded that the magnetization in the martensite state is mostly achieved by rotation of the magnetization vector, with hardly any contribution from the movement of magnetic domain walls. This is reasoned using the argument that the interfaces of BCVs offer large resistance to the movement of magnetic domain walls.
Visualization of a 4-helix bundle in the hepatitis B virus capsid by cryo-electron microscopy

Despite the development of vaccines, the hepatitis B virus remains a major cause of human liver disease. The virion consists of a lipoprotein envelope surrounding an icosahedral capsid composed of dimers of a 183-residue protein, 'core antigen' (HBcAg). Knowledge of its structure is important for the design of antiviral drugs, but it has yet to be determined. Residues 150-183 are known to form a protamine-like domain required for packaging RNA, and residues 1-149 form the 'assembly domain' that polymerizes into capsids and, unusually for a capsid protein, is highly alpha-helical. Density maps calculated from cryo-electron micrographs show that the assembly domain dimer is T-shaped: its stem constitutes the dimer interface and the tips of its arms make the polymerization contacts. By refining the procedures used to calculate the map, we have extended the resolution to 9 A, revealing major elements of secondary structure. In particular, the stem, which protrudes as a spike on the capsid's outer surface, is a 4-helix bundle, formed by the pairing of alpha-helical hairpins from both subunits.
Kinesins at a glance

Kinesin was discovered in 1985 – 25 years ago – based on its motility in cytoplasm extruded from the giant axon of the squid ([Allen et al., 1982][1]; [Brady et al., 1982][2]; [Vale et al., 1985][3]). The purified protein, now known as kinesin-1, consisted of two heavy chains with motor activity
Multipurpose neutron-diffraction instrumentations☆

Abstract An automatic multipurpose neutron diffractometer has been constructed for magnetic and crystallographic studies at temperatures 1.6°K to 1700°C with or without an external magnetic field of up to 18 kOe. Instrumental and functional characteristics of the following are given: a double-crystal diffractometer of normal-beam equatorial mode; a four-circle goniometric instrumentation and the control electronics; a diffraction electromagnet and its goniometric orienter; an angular dewar with a two-circle cryo-goniometer to be mounted on the magnet; auxiliary cryogenic devices; two diffraction furnaces.
An experimental study of the dynamic behavior and heat transfer characteristics of water droplets impinging upon a heated surface

Abstract Heat transfer data for individual water droplets impinging upon a heat surface are presented. The droplet diameters ranged from 200 to 400 μm, and the approach velocities from 8 to 33 ft/s. The effect of surface temperature variation from the saturation temperature to 1800°F was studied. Photographs of the impingement process are presented which show that even the small droplets studied break up upon impingement at moderate approach velocities. The heat transfer data show that approach velocity is the dominant variable affecting droplet heat transfer and that surface temperature has little effect on heat transfer in the non-wetting regime.
GUT CHITINASE ACTIVITY FROM RETICULITERMES VIRGINICUS (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE)

SUMMARY Chitinase activity was measured from nonmolting workers of a subterranean termite, Reticulitermes virginicus Banks. The specific activity of cellulase was 6-fold greater than that of chitinase. An ability of R. virginicus to digest chitin would allow utilization of additional food resources that contain dietary nitrogen lacking in wood.
Leadership Strategies at the Meso Level of Emergency Management Networks

Leadership theory has focused on interpersonal dynamics (such as motivation) and broad social leadership (such as national leaders during crises). Analyzing data from emergency response incidents, we describe a role for leadership between these micro-social and macro-social contexts. At theme so level, emergency managers both design and react to interior gain zat ional structures; a process we call me so-leadership. We explore these leadership strategies, including efforts to engage diverse actors (brokerage) and reinforce group norms (closure). The task of me sole ader ship is to balance these strategies, which we illustrate using examples that suggest a pattern of shifting strategies at different phases of emergency events.
Hull-generating walks

Abstract A hull-generating walk (HGW) is a type of kinetic random walk that generates the hull or perimeter of a percolation cluster, and thus has a fractal dimension of 1.75. Some examples of HGWs for site and bond percolation on a square lattice are described.
Introduction to the Emergent Approaches to Diversity and Social Justice in Higher Education Special Issue

“Not everything that is faced can be changed. But nothing can be changed until it is faced.” —James Baldwin (as cited in Tatum, 1999, p. xix) As we reviewed the submissions we received for this spe...
Cloning of a promoter used by sigma H RNA polymerase in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The secondary RNA polymerase sigma factor σ H is essential for endospore development in Bacillus subtilis. However, only a few promoters that are used by RNA polymerase containing σ H ( E σ H ) have been identified. We used in vitro transcription of random cloned fragments of B. subtilis chromosomal DNA to identify a promoter that is used by E σ H . This promoter is active before the onset of sporulation.
An empirical formula for workability limits in cold upsetting and bolt heading

Previous experimental work has focused on determination of forming limits in terms of local strains. The present study extends this approach. Fracture loci and strain paths were determined experimentally from cold upset tests on cylindrical specimens. Several combinations of cylinder length, diameter, lubrication conditions, and die surfaces were used to determine the influence of these parameters on fracture. Strain paths have been shown to be process and geometry dependent but material independent. On the other hand, fracture loci depend upon material properties but not on process parameters. The point of intersection of the process strain path with the material fracture locus represents fracture. Using a series of curve-fitting techniques, expressions were developed for determining this point in terms of process and material parameters.
Tropospheric Precursors of Anomalous Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortices

Regional extratropical tropospheric variability in the North Pacific and eastern Europe is well correlated with variability in the Northern Hemisphere wintertime stratospheric polar vortex in both the ECMWF reanalysis record and in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. To explain this correlation, the link between stratospheric vertical Eliassen‐Palm flux variability and tropospheric variability is analyzed. Simple reasoning shows that variability in the North Pacific and eastern Europe can deepen or flatten the wintertime tropospheric stationary waves, and in particular its wavenumber-1 and -2 components, thus providing a physical explanation for the correlation between these regions and vortex weakening. These two pathways begin to weaken the upper stratospheric vortex nearly immediately, with a peak influence apparent after a lag of some 20 days. The influence then appears to propagate downward in time, as expected from wave‐mean flow interaction theory. These patterns are influenced by ENSO and October Eurasian snow cover. Perturbations in the vortex induced by the two regions add linearly. These two patterns and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) are linearly related to 40% of polar vortex variability during winter in the reanalysis record.
A noninvasive way to study groundwater‐dependent ecosystems

Some entire ecosystems need groundwater to survive. These are called groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDE). These ecosystems are particularly sensitive to environmental change, but GDEs are poorly understood, and the complex underground architecture is especially difficult to study without invasive tools that could disrupt the delicate environment. Chambers et al. introduce a new way to study these environments.
Assay for thrombopoietin: a new, more sensitive method based on measurement of the small acetylcholinesterase-positive cell.

AbstractA sensitive assay for a thrombocytopoiesis-stimulating factor (TSF or thrombopoietin) that utilizes measurement of the small acetylcholinesterase-positive (SAChE+) cell in the marrow of mice is described. The results of this assay were compared with a previously published procedure that measures 35S incorporation into platelets of immuno-thrombocythemic mice. In the rebound-thrombocytotic mouse assay, TSF from kidney cell culture medium caused a dose-related increase in the amount of 35S incorporation into platelets; the minimum detectable dose of TSF was 15 mg of protein/mouse. For the SAChE+ cell assay, mice received single intraperitoneal injections of TSF or platelet-specific antiserum. Other mice were injected with plasma from thrombocytopenic donor mice. For controls, groups of mice were given saline or normal mouse plasma. Bone marrow from the mice (killed at 10 hr after injection) was taken for smears and stained for acetylcholinesterase. The results show that both TSF and rabbit anti-mous...