cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Initiatives: Some Legal Considerations

Public health programs to prevent disease and promote health are constrained by legal doctrines that protect individuals from intrusive regulation of their health-influencing behaviors. This paper outlines the parameters of acceptable interventions in the context of antismoking legislation and motorcycle helmet safety laws. The authors discuss recent court decisions challenging the constitutionality of these laws and identify criteria the courts apply in reviewing governmental attempts to protect the public from disease or trauma.
An ion source for high-intensity metal ions

Abstract A simple method of producing high-intensity metal ion beams from a high-powered Penning ion source in a cyclotron is described.
Monolayer cultures of microdissected renal tubule epithelial segments

Methods of microdissection and culture in defined media are described that allow growth of primary cultures derived from individual renal tubule epithelia. These cultures may then be manipulated to study a variety of normal and abnormal renal cell functions.
High-speed, high-accuracy optical measurements of polycrystalline silicon for process control

Abstract Highly accurate non-contact polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) film thickness measurements are important for both real-time feedback control and run-to-run control. Both spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and normal-incidence spectral reflectometry (SR) are complicated by poly-Si surface effects and variable bulk poly-Si refractive indices. In this article we will describe an empirical modification of Beckmann/Kirchhoff scattering theory to account for the effects of rough layers in SR. We will present results from in situ monitoring of reactive ion etching of poly-Si/SiO 2 /Si and ex situ comparisons to TEM and AFM. Preliminary conclusions on the applications of this model to SE analysis of poly-Si will also be presented.
Cost minimization for animated geometric models in computer graphics

This paper describes how the concept of imposing geometric constraints by minimizing cost functions may be used and extended to accomplish a variety of animated modelling tasks for computer graphics. In this approach a complex 3-D geometric problem is mapped into a scalar minimization formulation. The mapping provides a straightforward method for converting abstract geometric concepts into a construct that is easily computed. The minimization approach is demonstrated in three application areas: computer animation, visualization, and physically-based modelling. In the computer animation application, cost minimization may be used to generate motion paths and joint parameters for animated actors. The approach may also be used to generate deformable models that extract closed 3-D geometric models from volume data for visualization. In the final application, the approach provides the fundamental structure to a physically-based model of woven cloth. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poetry after Auschwitz: Emotion and culture in fictional representations of the holocaust

Abstract The German‐Jewish thinker T. W. Adorno believed that ‘to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric’. In fact, the response of many survivors of the Nazi Holocaust has been the opposite of artistic expression: silence. This paper is concerned with the emotional undercurrent in the fiction of three Jewish writers who, defying Adorno's opprobrium, built international reputations through ‘poetry’ not only after, but concerning, the European Jewish experience in the Second World War. The dual pull of testimony and silence is among their primary concerns. Jerzy Kosinski was a Polish Jew; Elie Wiesel and Aharon Appelfeld were born in Romania. Three well‐known novels by these authors, The Painted Bird (1965); The Gates of the Forest (1964) and Tzili: The Story of a Life (1983), describe the travels of young Jewish refugees, in each case clearly alter egos for the authors, who were themselves child survivors. Three major themes emerge in these novels: exile, identity and the power and limitation of languag...
Estimating water volume discharge through salt-marsh tidal channels: An aspect of material exchange

Water volume discharge estimates were made at a sample cross-section of the Canary Creek salt marsh (Lewes, Delaware). To account for cross-sectional velocity variations, a dense spatial array of current meters was used. Simultaneous measurements were taken at hourly intervals over three complete tidal cycles. A practical method is presented whereby instantaneous average cross-sectional velocity, instantaneous cross-sectional discharge and tidal cycle discharge can be estimated from a dense current meter array, orideal data set. Based on theseideal estimates, it is shown that a simplified spatial array can be used to estimate water discharges within acceptable error limits. Instantaneous cross-sectional discharges and total tidal cycle discharges were estimated with uncertainties of ±11% and ±7%, respectively. To minimize errors when estimating material exchange between salt marshes and adjacent waters, it is suggested that a comprehensive assessment of cross-sectional lateral current velocity variations be conducted.
Studies of the effect of 0.4-Gy and 0.6-Gy prenatal X-irradiation on postnatal adult behavior in the Wistar rat.

Thirty-four pregnant Wistar rats were X-irradiated on the 9th or 17th day of gestation at a dosage level 0.4 Gy or 0.6 Gy or were sham-irradiated. All mothers were allowed to deliver their offspring, and litters were limited to a maximum of eight on day 2. On day 30, 224 offspring were weaned and raised until 60 days of age, at which time testing began. Each rat randomly received, in random order, three of the following six behavioral tests: Water T-maze, Conditioned Avoidance Response, Forelimb Hanging, Activity Wheel, Swimming, and Open Field. There were no statistically significant differences between the irradiated and control groups for maternal weight or weight gain or mean litter size, although the litter size of the 17th day 0.6-Gy group was slightly lower. Among offspring irradiated with 0.6 Gy on the 17th day, 3-day-old neonates' weights were significantly reduced. Offspring irradiated on the 17th day with 0.6 Gy exhibited higher Conditioned Avoidance Response 5th-day and retest avoidance scores than did the controls. There were also significant sex differences in responses within the irradiated and control groups for several tests, which were unrelated to radiation exposure. The results of this study indicate that low-level X-irradiation during themore » fetal period of rat gestation results in neonatal growth retardation and subtle behavioral alterations that may be manifested in adult life. Growth retardation may be the most sensitive indicator of subtle effects that result from low-level prenatal exposure to X-rays.« less
Arteriovenous Fistula of the Lung

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is an unusual but not rare abnormality with more than 450 cases reported in the literature. Studies during the last 30 years have established the effective prevention of morbidity and relief of symptoms by operative excision. During the last 25 years, the Vanderbilt University Affiliated Hospitals have seen 7 patients with pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. This experience prompted a review of the literature. Particular emphasis is placed on current means of diagnosis and therapy.
Management strategies for acute coronary occlusion associated with CoreValve transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become an effective treatment option for high risk or prohibitive surgical risk symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) patients. Though TAVR has been widely adopted, complications are possible and management strategies are critical to procedural success. TAVR associated acute coronary artery occlusion is rare: in the largest case series, the incidence was 0.9 % [1] but potentially fatal. Herein, we describe three cases of acute coronary artery occlusion subsequent to Medtronic CoreValve implantation and potential management strategies that were employed successfully.
Specific combining abilities among dairy sires.

Abstract All available 305-2 × -M.E. lactation records in the New York Dairy Records Processing Laboratory from purebred Holstein cows having both their sire and maternal grandsire represented in a group of 200 A.I. sires, were investigated for the importance of specific combining abilities among sires. The magnitude of the sire × maternal grandsire interaction component of variance was used to evaluate the importance of specific combining abilities. These data consisted of 39,160 lactation records from 17,361 cows. The interaction component of variance estimate for the milk deviations from herd-mates was 2.5% and .5% of the total variation for the first lactation and mean yield, respectively. Restricting the sire × maternal grandsire subclasses to ten or more cows, the interaction component of variance estimate for the first-lactation deviations decreased to 1.4% of the total variation; the corresponding estimate for the mean yield deviations was essentially unchanged. Specific combining abilities among sires do not appear to rate important consideration in a general breeding program. Estimates of the additive, additive × additive, and dominance genetic components of variance were computed from the estimated sire, maternal grandsire, and sire × maternal grandsire components of variance.
Evolution and public health

Evolution and its elements of natural selection, population migration, genetic drift, and founder effects have shaped the world in which we practice public health. Human cultures and technologies have modified life on this planet and have coevolved with myriad other species, including microorganisms; plant and animal sources of food; invertebrate vectors of disease; and intermediate hosts among birds, mammals, and nonhuman primates. Molecular mechanisms of differential resistance or susceptibility to infectious agents or diets have evolved and are being discovered with modern methods. Some of these evolutionary relations require a perspective of tens of thousands of years, whereas other changes are observable in real time. The implications and applications of evolutionary understanding are important to our current programs and policies for infectious disease surveillance, gene–environment interactions, and health disparities globally.
Immunomagnetic isolation of islets from the rat pancreas

Islets were selectively isolated from rat pancreatic digests using magnetic microspheres coated with anti-islet monoclonal antibodies. The isolation process was optimized as a function of bead concentration and time of incubation with the tissue digest. Apparent and normalized islet yields of 92 +/- 6% and 81 +/- 7%, respectively, were obtained by incubating the digests with 10(7) beads/mL for 40 min followed by isolation of the bead-coated islets under a magnetic field. While some fragmentation occurred, the isolation process did not alter islet functionality as demonstrated by an insulin secretion response to glucose stimulation equivalent to that of handpicked controls. The technique is fast, reproducible, and potentially scaleable to larger pancreases as a secondary purification step.
An Anti-Inflammatory Role of VEGFR2/Src Kinase Inhibitor in Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Induced Immunopathology

Corneal neovascularization represents a key step in the blinding inflammatory stromal keratitis (SK) lesion caused by ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this report, we describe a novel approach for limiting the angiogenesis caused by HSV infection of the mouse eye. We show that topical or systemic administration of the Src kinase inhibitor (TG100572) that inhibits downstream molecules involved in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway resulted in markedly diminished levels of HSV-induced angiogenesis and significantly reduced the severity of SK lesions. Multiple mechanisms were involved in the inhibitory effects. These included blockade of IL-8/CXCL1 involved in inflammatory cells recruitment that are a source of VEGF, diminished cellular infiltration in the cornea, and reduced proliferation and migration of CD4(+) T cells into the corneas. As multiple angiogenic factors (VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]) play a role in promoting angiogenesis during SK and since Src kinases are involved in signaling by many of them, the use of Src kinase inhibition represents a promising way of limiting the severity of SK lesions the most common cause of infectious blindness in the Western world.
Building communities one bacterium at a time

The biosphere is brimming with examples of symbiotic interactions between distantly related organisms that have evolved mutually beneficial relationships to ensure their survival. One might assume that there are many examples of syntrophic interactions among microorganisms because of their diversity and abundance (1, 2). Remarkably few cases between 2 or more microbial species have been described, however, and even fewer have been characterized in detail (3–6). With incomplete evidence to support the mechanisms that are involved in the emergence of symbiosis, a central question remains unanswered: how do different microbes become mutually agreeable neighbors? An understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this question will play a fundamental role in our understanding of ecology, evolution, and microbiology and may provide a starting point and a set of design principles for engineering “synthetic” multicellular communities that have new structure and function. In this issue of PNAS, Kim et al. (7) break a barrier along the pathway to engineering synthetic communities of bacteria by demonstrating how their spatial organization is involved in the development of syntrophy.
Guidestar-assisted wavefront-shaping methods for focusing light into biological tissue

In the field of biomedical optics, optical scattering has traditionally limited the range of imaging within tissue to a depth of one millimetre. A recently developed class of wavefront-shaping techniques now aims to overcome this limit and achieve diffraction-limited control of light beyond one centimetre. By manipulating the spatial profile of an optical field before it enters a scattering medium, it is possible to create a micrometre-scale focal spot deep within tissue. To successfully operate in vivo, these wavefront-shaping techniques typically require feedback from within the biological sample. This Review summarizes recently developed 'guidestar' mechanisms that provide feedback for intra-tissue focusing. Potential applications of guidestar-assisted focusing include optogenetic control over neurons, targeted photodynamic therapy and deep tissue imaging.
Geometric Clustering Using the Information Bottleneck Method

We argue that K–means and deterministic annealing algorithms for geometric clustering can be derived from the more general Information Bottleneck approach. If we cluster the identities of data points to preserve information about their location, the set of optimal solutions is massively degenerate. But if we treat the equations that define the optimal solution as an iterative algorithm, then a set of "smooth" initial conditions selects solutions with the desired geometrical properties. In addition to conceptual unification, we argue that this approach can be more efficient and robust than classic algorithms.
Limitations of Communities of Practice A Consideration of Unresolved Issues and Difficulties in the Approach

Communities of practice are becoming increasingly common on the organizational landscape. Organizations are simultaneously incorporating communities of practice into internal knowledge management systems and spanning elements from the external environment. However, the literature has tended to favor the positive outcomes with the approach. This article explores potential challenges confronting communities of practice so that organizations may better manage conditions crucial to their success. Perspectives of time constraints, organizational hierarchies, and regional culture are highlighted, and propositions bearing consideration when implementing a community of practice are stated. A discussion section ends this article.
Improving scars with minimally invasive and topical treatment

Suboptimal facial scarring can be a stigma, leading many affected patients to seek treatment. An increasing array of minimally invasive techniques and topical treatments can improve many scars either as standalone interventions or as an adjunct to surgical scar revision. Familiarity with the science of normal wound healing, competence in minimally invasive techniques, and an evidence-based approach to using the wide array of available medical therapies will assist the head and neck surgeon in obtaining the best facial scars possible.
Stimulated Raman spectroscopy of complexes and clusters in supersonic molecular beams

ABSTRACT Mass-selective, ionization-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopies and their ad- vantages in the size-selective vibrational spectroscopy of clusters in supersonic molecular beams are described. Results from the application of such methods to benzene dimer, phenol-water, and carbazo1e-(Ar) clusters are presented and discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION The generation of atomic and molecular clusters in supersonic molecular beams has undergone considerable progress in recent years.1 This progress in cluster synthesis has been accompanied by the development of methods, primarily spectroscopic, with which to probe the properties of these species. Work in this laboratory has focused on the devel- opment and application of stimulated Raman methods in vibrational studies of molecularclusters.26 Such work has shown that mass-selective variants of ionization-detected stim- ulated Raman spectroscopy (IDSRS) are powerful, size-selective probes of ground-statecluster structure and dynamics. In this paper we give an overview of these methods and
Effects of etidronate-mediated suppression of bone remodeling on aluminum-induced de novo bone formation.

The mechanism by which aluminum chloride stimulates de novo bone formation is unknown. To evaluate the role of bone remodeling and mature osteoblastic function in aluminum-induced neoosteogenesis, we compared the osteogenic effects of aluminum in normal beagles to those in animals with low turnover osteomalacia induced by treatment with etidronate [1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphoric acid (HEBP)]. As assessed by quantitative bone histomorphology, beagles treated with HEBP developed low turnover osteomalacia characterized by a 78% reduction in osteoblast number, a 5.5-fold increase in osteoid volume, complete absence of active mineralization, and diminished resorption surfaces compared to untreated controls. The iv administration of aluminum chloride to normal dogs generated new trabecular structures in the marrow cavity consistent with induction of de novo bone formation. This response consisted of increased trabecular bone volume and number, accumulation of woven osteoid, and increased number of bone-formin...
Cascading effects of induced terrestrial plant defences on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem function

Herbivores induce plants to undergo diverse processes that minimize costs to the plant, such as producing defencesto deter herbivory or reallocating limited resources to inaccessible portions of the plant. Yet most plant tissue is consumed by decomposers, not herbivores, and these defensive processes aimed to deter herbivores may alter plant tissue even after detachment from the plant. All consumers value nutrients, but plants also require these nutrients for primary functions and defensive processes. We experimentally simulated herbivory with and without nutrient additions on red alder (Alnus rubra), which supplies the majority of leaf litter for many rivers in western North America. Simulated herbivory induced a defence response with cascading effects: terrestrial herbivores and aquatic decomposers fed less on leaves from stressed trees. This effect was context dependent: leaves from fertilizedonlytreesdecomposedmost rapidlywhileleavesfromfertilizedtreesreceiving the herbivory treatment decomposed least, suggesting plants funnelled a nutritionally valuable resource into enhanced defence. One component of the defence response was a decrease in leaf nitrogen leading to elevated carbon: nitrogen. Aquatic decomposers prefer leaves naturally low in C :N and this altered nutrient profile largely explains the lower rate of aquatic decomposition. Furthermore, terrestrial soil decomposers were unaffected by either treatment but did show a preference for local and nitrogen-rich leaves. Our study illustrates the ecological implications of terrestrial herbivory and these findings demonstrate that the effects of selection caused by terrestrial herbivory in one ecosystem can indirectly shape the structure of other ecosystems through ecological fluxes across boundaries.
Inorganic nanoparticles for predictive oncology of breast cancer

Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanosized objects are being incorporated rapidly into clinical medicine and particularly into the field of medical oncology, including breast cancer. A number of novel methods for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, which are based on NPs and other nanodevices, are now available for translation into clinical practice. Computer tomography and MRI with iron-based magnetic NPs are promising methods for radiological detection of cancers. Semiconductor fluorescent NPs (quantum dots) are being developed for simultaneous detection and localization of multiple breast cancer biomarkers, enabling the personalization of therapeutic regimens for each patient. Additionally, inorganic NPs can be conjugated with tumor-specific ligands and used for tumor-selective delivery of chemotherapeutic or hormonal agents. NPs bearing tumor-targeted antibodies and oligonucleotides for anticancer gene therapy are a novel and rapidly developing therapeutic approach in oncology. Nab-paclitaxel and liposomal anthracyclines are US FDA-approved NP-based drug-delivery systems that have demonstrated at least equivalent efficacy and decreased toxicity compared with conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of breast cancer. This review focuses on recent applications of NPs into predictive oncology of breast cancer with an emphasis placed on the role of inorganic nanosized objects in the diagnosis and treatment of this malignancy.
Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Youth: Recent Research Findings on Clinical Impact, Assessment, and Treatment

Childhood trauma can have a profound effect on adolescent development, with a lifelong impact on physical and mental health and development. Through a review of current research on the impact of traumatic stress on adolescence, this article provides a framework for adolescent health professionals in pediatrics and primary care to understand and assess the sequelae of traumatic stress, as well as up-to-date recommendations for evidence-based treatment. We first review empirical evidence for critical windows of neurobiological impact of traumatic stress, and then we discuss the connection between these neurobiological effects and posttraumatic syndromes, including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, aggressive behavior, and psychosis. This article concludes by considering the implications of this current research for clinical assessment and treatment in pediatric and primary care settings.
Where Military Professionalism Meets Complexity Science

The authors challenge the old school of hierarchical strategic leadership that dominates the military professional culture and, in contrast, emphasize complex adaptive systems (CASs) as a compellin...
Impact of Small-Scale Rainfall Variability on Larger-Scale Spatial Organization of Land–Atmosphere Fluxes

A coupled modeling framework is used in this study to investigate the effect of subgrid-scale rainfall variability on the spatial structure of the evolving storm and on other surface variables and water and energy fluxes. The Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model coupled with the Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme is combined with a dynamical/statistical scheme for statistically downscaling rainfall. Model simulations with and without including subgrid-scale rainfall variability are compared at the grid scale to quantify the propagation of small-scale rainfall heterogeneities through the nonlinear land‐atmosphere system. It was found that including subgrid-scale rainfall variability (here on the order of 3 km) affects the spatial organization of the storm system itself, surface temperature, soil moisture, and sensible and latent heat fluxes. These effects were found to occur at spatial scales much larger than the scale at which rainfall variability was prescribed, illustrating the pronounced nonlinear spatial dynamics of the land‐atmosphere system and its important role on hydrometeorological predictions.
Information Technology, Work Patterns and Intra-metropolitan Location: A Case Study:

Continued advances in information and communications technology are fundamentally changing the structure of the workplace and the organisation of work. Temporary work and self-employment are increasing, while job tenure is declining. This paper examines how these changes may affect both commuting patterns and metropolitan form. The growing number of workers who do not have a long-term attachment to a specific employer are termed 'contingent workers'. Using 1990 Public Use Micro Sample data for the Los Angeles region, the paper compares the commuting and location patterns of contingent and non-contingent workers. Results are quite mixed: residential location patterns do not differ significantly across worker categories, but commute length varies by category, with the self-employed having the shortest commutes.
Intrapericardial Delivery of Gelfoam Enables the Targeted Delivery of Periostin Peptide after Myocardial Infarction by Inducing Fibrin Clot Formation

Background: Administration of a recombinant peptide of Periostin (rPN) has recently been shown to stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and angiogensis after myocardial infarction (MI) [1]. However, strategies for targeting the delivery of rPN to the heart are lacking. Intrapericardial administration of drug-eluting hydrogels may provide a clinically viable strategy for increasing myocardial retention, therapeutic efficacy, and bioactivity of rPN and to decrease systemic recirculation. Methods and Results: We investigated the ability of intrapericardial injections of drug-eluting hydrogels to deliver and prolong the release of rPN to the myocardium in a large animal model of myocardial infarction. Gelfoam is an FDA-approved hemostatic material commonly used in surgery, and is known to stimulate fibrin clot formation. We show that Gelfoam disks loaded with rPN, when implanted within the pericardium or peritoneum of mammals becomes encapsulated within a nonfibrotic fibrin-rich hydrogel, prolonging the in vitro and in vivo release of rPN. Administration into the pericardial cavity of pigs, following a complete occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, leads to greater induction of cardiomyocyte mitosis, increased cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity, and enhanced angiogenesis compared to direct injection of rPN alone. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that intrapericardial drug delivery of Gelfoam, enhanced by triggered clot formation, can be used to effectively deliver rPN to the myocardium in a clinically relevant model of myocardial infarction. The work presented here should enhance the translational potential of pharmaceutical-based strategies that must be targeted to the myocardium.
Development of a Taxonomy that is Comprehensive of the Questions Asked While Designing

I took the initial step in the development of a coding scheme that can be used to analyze the types of questions asked by design teams by reviewing six taxonomies of questions in section 2.3. In this chapter, I first consider the comprehensiveness of those taxonomies, and then augment them. More specifically, my goals are to: 1. Discuss the appropriateness of treating the principles and question categories associated with the published taxonomies as analysis dimensions and units for studying the question asking behavior of designers. 2. Identify, if they exist, dimensions of the question asking behavior of designers that are not addressed by those principles. 3. Propose new principles and categories that will address any missing dimensions.
AIDS and Hemophilia: Implications for Interventions with Families

Informational needs of hemophiliacs must first be assessed to develop effective educational and prevention programs. A survey of 132 hemophilia patients and family members was conducted to determine the information needs, the preferred source of information and the patients' knowledge of AIDS. Results indicated that the major source of information for the patients was the media; the preferred source was the hemophilia treatment center. Most patients wanted more information about the treatment of AIDS and how to cope with the stresses of AIDS. Although patients indicated that they had received sufficient information about the sexual transmission of AIDS, answers to knowledge questions indicated important misconceptions. Results are discussed with respect to the development of educational and prevention programs for hemophiliacs and their families.
Necrotising pneumonia in children

Necrotising pneumonia remains an uncommon complication of pneumonia in children but its incidence is increasing. Pneumococcal infection is the predominant cause in children but Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) staphylococcal infection are also important causes of severe necrotising pneumonia. Clinical features of necrotic pneumonia are similar to those of an uncomplicated pneumonia except that the patient is clinically much more unwell and has usually failed to respond adequately to what would normally be considered as appropriate antibiotics. Pleural involvement is frequent. Initial management is similar to that for non-complicated pneumonia with careful attention to fluid balance and adequate analgesia required. Some patients will need intensive care support, particularly those with PVL-positive staphylococcal infection. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be given intravenously, with the exact choice of agent informed by local resistance patterns. Pleural drainage is often required. Despite the severity of the illness, outcomes remain excellent with the majority of children making a full recovery.
A parametrization of stabilizing controllers for multirate sampled-data systems

All linear multirate controllers for a given multirate sampled-data system plant are parameterized in terms of a single parameter Q(z) that is allowed to be any stable transfer matrix provided that certain causality conditions are met. The result parallels a well-known parameterization result for single-rate sampled-data plants. The parameterization suggests architectures for multirate controllers. >
Virtuous and Vicious Cycles in the Contributions of Public Research Universities to State Economic Development Objectives

State governments are increasingly dichotomizing support of public research universities, selectively enhancing technology-based academic research initiatives while gradually withdrawing support for general educational infrastructure. This dichotomization is based on a narrow perspective of the contributions that universities make to state economic growth, the interdependence of targeted and general support, and the unpredictability of correctly identified university-based scientific and technological advances that contribute to localized economic growth. The trend also runs the risk of generating vicious cycles whereby states lose relative position, especially to states with research-intensive private universities. The trend also reduces the affordability of higher education and contributes to pressures to earmark federal academic research and development funds.
A Stitch in Time: Adapting Fernald's Method

The Stich Adaptation of the well-known Fernald Method combines writing of stories with illustrations, and a daily reading and review of the typed stories.
Study of Positronium in Low-k Dielectric Films by means of 2D-Angular Correlation Experiments at a High-Intensity Slow-Positron Beam

Depth-resolved measurements of the two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR) were performed at the high-intensity slow-positron beam of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. We studied the formation of positronium in thin films of methyl-silsesquioxane (MSSQ) spin-on glass containing open-volume defects in the size of voids. Samples with different average void sizes were investigated and positronium formation could be found in all cases. The width of the angular correlation related to the annihilation of parapositronium increased with the void size indicating the annihilation of non-thermalized parapositronium.
Robustness Trade-offs in Social-Ecological Systems

The governance of common-pool resources can be meaningfully examined from the somewhat broader perspective of the governance of social-ecological systems (SESs). Governance of SESs invariably involves trade-offs; trade-offs between different stakeholder objectives, trade-offs between risk and productivity, and trade-offs between short-term and long-term goals. This is especially true in the case of robustness in social-ecological systems - i.e. the capacity to continue to meet a performance objective in the face of uncertainty and shocks. In this paper we suggest that effective governance under uncertainty must include the ongoing analysis of trade-offs between robustness and performance, and between investments in robustness to different types of perturbations. The nature of such trade-offs will depend on society's perception of risk, the dynamics of the underlying resource, and the governance regime. Specifically, we argue that it is impossible to define robustness in absolute terms. The choice for society is not only whether to invest in becoming robust to a particular disturbance, but rather, what suit of disturbances to address and what set of associated vulnerabilities is it willing to accept as a necessary consequence.
Evaluating online dialogue on 'security'

This paper explores evaluation strategies to gauge the impact of a novel instructional design on international community participation online. This is done by conceptualizing and devising indicators for measuring “engagement” online amongst marginalized adult communities worldwide. In doing so, a review of online evaluation literature is conducted. In comparing dialogue sessions based on an ongoing traditional model to the new instructional approach, various challenges are faced in “measuring” asynchronous discussion. While the initial findings of marginal increase in engagement with the adapted instructional approach is not sufficient to prove that the new model works, this paper demonstrates various strategies/ challenges in evaluating dialectic engagement.
Diarrhea in Growing-Finishing Swine

Rapid detection of disease, diagnosis of etiology, and implementation of control strategies are essential steps in managing the challenges of swine enteric diseases. Early detection and diagnosis of enteric disease are particularly critical in the nursery-through-finisher phase because of the magnitude of economic effects. The goal of this article is to provide the practitioner with an overview of six common enteric diseases affecting pigs from the nursery through the finisher. Etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, and control are discussed. The diseases covered include Escherichia coli post-weaning diarrhea, rotaviral enteritis, salmonellosis, porcine proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine intestinal spirochetosis.
Lateral hypothalamic injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose suppresses sympathetic activity

To investigate the effects of glucoprivation on sympathetic nerve activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) was injected into the third cerebral ventricle (icv), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) of rats. The multiunit discharges of sympathetic nerves to IBAT were recorded electrophysiologically. The icv injection of high and low doses of 2-DG (5.0 and 2.5 mg/rat) suppressed sympathetic nerve activity by 76.9 and 49.8% respectively, 30 min after injection compared with preinjected base line. After the low dose of 2-DG, there was a gradual recovery, but after the high dose recovery did not occur. The unilateral microinjection of 2-DG (0.25 mg/rat) into the LHA induced a similar suppression of sympathetic nerve activity to that observed after icv injection of 10 times as much 2-DG (-25.3%). The injection of vehicle or sucrose into the LHA did not suppress sympathetic nerve activity. The microinjection into the VMN either unilaterally or bilaterally did not suppress sympathetic nerve activity to IBAT. We conclude that the LHA but not the VMH is one site of action of 2-DG. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the brain senses glucoprivation in the LHA and reduces sympathetic drive to thermogenic tissues such as IBAT.
A simple approach for predicting time-optimal slew capability

Abstract The productivity of space-based imaging satellite sensors to collect images is directly related to the agility of the spacecraft. Increasing the satellite agility, without changing the attitude control hardware, can be accomplished by using optimal control to design shortest-time maneuvers. The performance improvement that can be obtained using optimal control is tied to the specific configuration of the satellite, e.g. mass properties and reaction wheel array geometry. Therefore, it is generally difficult to predict performance without an extensive simulation study. This paper presents a simple idea for estimating the agility enhancement that can be obtained using optimal control without the need to solve any optimal control problems. The approach is based on the concept of the agility envelope, which expresses the capability of a spacecraft in terms of a three-dimensional agility volume. Validation of this new approach is conducted using both simulation and on-orbit data.
Change and the Ability to Cope with Change: When to Accept, When to Reject?

When is it appropriate or not appropriate to reject a new software, updated version, or platform? The answer is unsurprisingly complex and dependent on particular circumstances. This article reviews and discusses several computer software and hardware products librarians may encounter, including those made by Microsoft, Apple, Dell, SirsiDynix, LexisNexis, and others, assessing how users react to them and whether or not these reactions are justified. Furthermore, this article is about the relationship between librarians and their software and hardware providers.
A High-Resolution Method Using Adaptive Polynomials for Local Refinement

The preliminary numerical results to a model equation of laminar flame using the Gauss-Lobatto quadrature for local resolution refinement have been obtained. A comparison of the Gauss-Legendre and Gauss-Lobatto quadrature was first performed to bring out the outstanding characteristics of these polynomial refinement methods. A detailed comparison with high-order compact difference schemes has also been carried out to assess the numerical accuracy. The present numerical procedure demonstrates its effectiveness in resolving a fine-scale structure over an isolated high-gradient domain by suppressing the Gibb’s phenomenon. The verified numerical procedure is being applied to the conservative equation for counter flowing combustion.
Multi-objective Vibro-acoustic Optimization of Stiffened Panels Excited by Acoustic Diffuse Field

A multi-objective vibro-acoustic design optimization of straight or curvilinearly sti ened panels excited by an acoustic di use eld is performed. During design optimization, the panel mass and the radiated acoustic power are the two objectives to be minimized while satisfying constraints on buckling, von Mises stress and crippling. Based on the concept of plane wave propagation, a di use acoustic eld is developed for use along with a nite element model. To represent the panel’s structural behavior, the dynamic analysis of the panel is performed for the developed di use acoustic excitation and the radiated acoustic power is calculated using the velocities obtained from the dynamic analysis. A baseline design is obtained by optimization study with mass as an objective to be minimized while constraints are put on buckling, von Mises stress and crippling. The obtained baseline grid sti ened panel is used for a comparative study of a panel with curvilinear sti eners in vibro-acoustics with di use sound eld as the source of the excitation.
A rare and emerging entity: Sinonasal IgG4-related sclerosing disease.

BackgroundImmunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) related sclerosing disease (rSD) is a new disease entity, first described in 2001, that involves autoimmune pancreatitis. Considered a systemic disease with lesio...
Effect of plasma protein and tissue binding on the biologic half-life of drugs.

It is now generally appreciated that there can be pronounced interindividual differences in plasma protein binding of many drugs because of genetic,13 environmental (drug interaction),11 and pathologic7 factors and aging.1 Pharmacokinetic theory has been developed to relate quantitatively the effect of changes in plasma protein binding to changes in the elimination kinetics of drugs.8,14 In the case of drugs that are eliminated almost entirely by hepatic biotransformation with linear (apparently nonsaturable) kinetics not limited by organ perfusion rate, it has been shown that the total clearance (Cl) is directly proportional to the free fraction of drug in plasma (fp), i.e.,
A multiscale hydro-geochemical-mechanical approach to analyze faulted CO2 reservoirs

This paper applies a multiscale hydro-geochemical-mechanical approach to analyze faulted CO2 reservoirs using the STOMP-CO2-R code that is coupled to the ABAQUS® finite element package. STOMP-CO2-R models the reactive transport of CO2 causing mineral composition changes that are captured by an Eshelby-Mori-Tanka model implemented in ABAQUS®. A three-dimensional (3D) STOMP-CO2-R model for a reservoir containing an inclined fault was built to analyze a formation containing a reaction network with five minerals: albite, anorthite, calcite, kaolinite, and quartz. A 3D finite element mesh that exactly maps the STOMP-CO2-R grid was developed for coupled analyses. The model contains alternating sandstone and shale layers. The impact of reactive transport of CO2 on the geomechanical properties of reservoir rocks are studied in terms of mineral composition changes that affect their geomechanical responses. Simulations assuming extensional and compressional stress regimes with and without coupled geochemistry are performed to study the stress regime effect on the risk of hydraulic fracture. The fault slip is examined as functions of stress regime, geomechanical, geochemical-mechanical effects, fault inclination, and position. The results show that mineralogical changes due to CO2 injection reduce the permeability and elastic modulus of the reservoir, leading to increased fluid pressure and risk of fracture in the injection location and the caprock seal. Shear failure in the fault leading to fault reactivation was not predicted to occur. However, stress regime, fault inclination, and fault position in light of the coupled hydro-geochemical-mechanical analysis have an important impact on the slip tendency factor and elastic fault slip. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies and subclinical interstitial lung disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background Adults with interstitial lung disease (ILD) often have serologic evidence of autoimmunity of uncertain significance without overt autoimmune disease. We examined associations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated antibodies with subclinical ILD in community-dwelling adults. Methods We measured serum rheumatoid factor (RF) and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP) and high attenuation areas (HAAs; CT attenuation values between −600 and −250 Hounsfield units) on cardiac CT in 6736 community-dwelling US adults enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. We measured interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) in 2907 full-lung CTs at 9.5-year median follow-up. We used generalised linear and additive models to examine associations between autoantibodies and both HAA and ILA, and tested for effect modification by smoking. Results In adjusted models, HAA increased by 0.49% (95% CI 0.11% to 0.86%) per doubling of RF IgM and by 0.95% (95% CI 0.50% to 1.40%) per RF IgA doubling. ILA prevalence increased by 11% (95% CI 3% to 20%) per RF IgA doubling. Smoking modified the associations of both RF IgM and anti-CCP with both HAA and ILA (interaction p values varied from 0.01 to 0.09). Among ever smokers, HAA increased by 0.81% (95% CI 0.33% to 1.30%) and ILA prevalence increased by 14% (95% CI 5% to 24%,) per RF IgM doubling; and HAA increased by 1.31% (95% CI 0.45% to 2.18%) and ILA prevalence increased by 13% (95% CI 2% to 24%) per anti-CCP doubling. Among never smokers, no meaningful associations were detected. Conclusions RA-related autoimmunity is associated with both quantitative and qualitative subclinical ILD phenotypes on CT, particularly among ever smokers.