cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QL-15A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE IN PATIENTS RECEIVING ANTICOAGULATION FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM IN THE SETTING OF GLIOBLASTOMA

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a complication of glioblastoma. Anticoagulating patients with glioblastoma carries a theoretical risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of consecutive glioblastoma patients (2007-2013) diagnosed with VTE, with documentation of historical, clinical, and radiologic findings. RESULTS: 173 (33%) of 523 glioblastoma patients had VTE events. Seventeen (9.8%) had ICH: 6 (35%) subdural hematomas and 11 (65%) intratumoral hemorrhage. Enhancement in the area of subsequent intratumoral hemorrhage was noted in 9 of 10 with available pre-ICH scans. Multivariable regression did not show associations between ICH and tumor enhancement diameter or VEGF-inhibitor use. Fifteen (16%) patients receiving anticoagulation had ICH compared to 2 (2.6%) not receiving anticoagulation (p = 0.005). The type of anticoagulant used was not associated with development of ICH. Median survival from VTE diagnosis to death was 7.2 months in ICH group, compared to 6.2 months in non-ICH individuals (p = 0.4). Median survival from VTE diagnosis to death were 7.9 and 4.7 months (p = 0.07) in patients receiving anticoagulation and those not on anticoagulation, respectively; percentage of patients with KPS scores ≥ 70 was not statistically significant between the groups (p = 0.14). Of fifty-one patients with perioperative VTEs, 38 (74%) were not treated with anticoagulation, while 13 (26%) did receive anticoagulation post-VTE diagnosis (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Patients with glioblastoma and VTE on anticoagulation have increased incidence of ICH. However, ICH was not associated with lower median survival from time of VTE. Additionally, patients receiving anticoagulation trended towards longer survival from time of VTE. Intratumoral hemorrhage typically occurs within the enhancing portion of tumor; however, no relationship was identified between the development of ICH and (i)the diameter of enhancement or (ii)type of anticoagulant used. It is appropriate to initiate anticoagulation in glioblastoma patients with VTEs and, in the case of peri-operative VTEs, start anticoagulation during post-operative outpatient visits.
Speech Enabled System for Multi-modal Input Web Interaction

A speech enabled system architecture and mechanism for multi-modal i nput Web interaction is proposed. This system extends the traditional Web intera ction modal and imports the distributed speech recognition (DSR) module to make mobile users enjoy wireless Internet services by speech and other traditional in put methods.
SERCAmnavigating calcium signaling in platelets.

In this issue of Blood, Elaib et al evaluate the role of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca2+) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) 3 (SERCA3) in platelet function, and discover an unexpectedly strong link between SERCA3 activity and dense granule secretion.
Fractal scaling of coated soot aggregates

Recent field observations have shown soot aggregates (SAs) to contain significant amounts of surface coatings of organic compounds which obfuscate their native fractal morphology and make them visu...
The Cybernetical Movement and von Neumann’s Letter, 1946

Wiener’s intellectual collaboration with Rosenblueth, Bigelow, McCulloch, Pitts and earlier with Lee, Bush and Russell, and his work on electronic computing, predicting and filtering embraced several fields of science. But through this work ran a unifying thread centered on the concepts of message, noise, feedback, communication, teleology and control.
Discovering procedural executions of rule-based programs

Executing production system programs involves directly or indirectly executing an interpretive match/-select/act cycle. An optimal compilation of a production system program would generate code that requires no appeal to an interpreter to mediate control. However, while a great deal of implicit control information is available in rule-based programs, it is generally impossible to avoid deferring some decisions to run-time. We introduce an approach that may resolve this problem. We propose an execution model that permits the execution of the usual cycle when necessary and otherwise executes procedural functions. The system is best characterized as a rule rewrite system where rules are replaced with chunks, such that the chunks may have procedural components. Correctness for replacement of rules is derived by a constrained abstract evaluation of the entire program via a general-purpose theorem prover at compile time. The analysis gives a global dependency analysis of the interaction of each of the rules. For a group of popular benchmark programs, we show that there is ample opportunity to automatically substitute interpretive pattern matching with procedural elements and a concomitant improvement in performance.
Numerical analysis of a biconical dielectric resonator antennas for wideband applications

Dielectric resonators are made of high dielectric constant materials and have been used efficiently as microwave components in filter design because of their high quality factor. Therefore, many engineers have doubted their usefulness as radiators, thinking that they would not be efficient radiators and that they would have very small radiation bandwidth. It has been shown, however that some modes have a small radiation Q-factor [1]. The radiation efficiency has also been predicted experimentally for the HEM 11δ mode of a cylindrical dielectric resonator with ∈ r =38. The radiation efficiency was found to be better than 98% [2]. Several research groups have studied the dielectric resonator antennas for different geometries using different numerical methods. In [3] an approximate magnetic cavity model is used to predict the resonant frequency and radiation patterns of cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas. In [4] the method of moments for bodies of revolution is used to accurately predict the radiation patterns. Also, the Green's function method is used to predict the input impedance and the radiation patterns for hemispherical dielectric resonator antennas excited by a coaxial probe or a narrow slot [5]–[6]. These studies helped us to understand the characteristics of this radiator better and showed the need for more accurate analysis methods. Therefore, the method of moments is used here to predict the input impedances of this antenna as in [7]–[8]. When the Finite-difference Time-domain method (FDTD) became mature, many references became available in the literature for such analysis [9], many of which cannot be listed here for brevity. The FDTD method can show us many of the characteristics of the antenna directly without the need for more processing of the data, such as resonant frequencies, field distributions, input impedance, and radiation patterns.
An observed manifestation of a parity symmetry in the backward in time evolved post-selected state of a twin Mach–Zehnder interferometer

An optical twin Mach–Zehnder interferometry weak value experiment was recently performed that provided indirect experimental evidence for the relationship between single particle quantum interference and the non-local exchange of modular momentum. The associated measurement data were found to exhibit an interesting symmetry. Here, it is shown that this observed data symmetry is the result of a $${\mathbb {Z}}_2$$ parity symmetry in the backward in time evolved post-selected state at the time of measurement and that the “conservation of weak probability” and “mean pointer position invariants” are observed consequences of this symmetry.
High Aitken Nucleus Concentrations above Cloud Tops in the Arctic

Abstract Airborne measurements in the Arctic in spring show large increases in the concentrations of particles with diameters below about 0.1 μm just above the tops of stratus clouds when the water-vapor mixing ratio is relatively high in these regions. Low temperatures and low particle surface areas may also favor the appearance of these particles. Particles produced above stratus clouds could be a widespread source of aerosol in the Arctic.
Behaviors of containerized freight shipments

Abstract Recently recovered international trade status and initiated plans to increase capacities of maritime network facilities around the U.S. encouraged local governments and economic parties to attract international trading partners, especially in Asia where exports 60% or more of container freights to the U.S. Under the economic and facility condition changes, identifying attributes affecting port choice is important in policy and decision-making processes to attract more containerized freights from the Asian trading partner countries and to improve the sustainability of international trade flow into the U.S. This research, therefore, considers a port choice model into the U.S. at a disaggregate level. Model estimation results suggest that alternative ports show different attributes that can affect the probability of being chosen by shipments from the Asian countries. However, different trends were observed by alternative ports.
Implementation of a Simulation-Based Cardiac Surgery Advanced Life Support Course

Abstract Background Nurses rarely have the opportunity to gain experience with the low-volume high-risk event of cardiac arrest and emergent bedside resternotomy in the cardiothoracic surgery patient. Method Nonprobability sample consisted of 33 intensive and progressive care nurses at a cardiovascular specialty hospital. Five- to eight-hour cardiac surgery advance life support courses with didactic content and four simulated patient scenarios were held. Team time to internal cardiac massage (TICM) was recorded with all patient scenarios. Participants completed the Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Leaning survey postcourse. Results All teams demonstrated improvements in TICM from initial scenario to final scenario with a mean time of 441.8 seconds for initial scenario and 237.8 seconds for final scenario. Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Leaning survey results indicated participants were satisfied with simulated scenario practice and self-confident in their learning. Conclusion TICM results support that teams improved their performance with the emergent resternotomy, and participants expressed satisfaction and self-confidence in learning.
The watershed body: Transgressing frontiers in riverine sciences, planning stochastic multispecies worlds

In conversation with Eva Hayward’s writing on transgender embodiment, this paper explores how beaver modify landscapes differently than human engineers, and how human engineering might be transformed through riverine collaborations with beavers. Considering the body variously as a body of water — a river, which draws together all of the above and underground water in a watershed — as like our own trans bodies, and as a slippery double for the psyche of an Anthropocene engineer, July Cole and I argued that thinking with beaver as stochastic transgressors against Manifest Destiny engineering projects could transfigure engineers approaches to their work and river restoration more broadly. What if, rather than trapping beavers into service as “ecosystem engineers,” we assert that humans should engineer as beavers do, in ways that create porous boundaries between land and water and up- and downstream, by way of stick-and-mud, leaky, temporary dams? Here, I theorize a transfigured watershed body through human-beaver-salmon encounters at three salmon recovery sites in the Pacific west: a Karuk-led project on the Klamath river, agency-led beaver relocation projects in the Methow and Yakima watershed, and a citizen science-agency collaborative project in the beaverless Salmon Creek and Russian River watersheds. All three stories concern river and salmon recovery in the Pacific West, where either humans or beavers have initiated collaborative projects to raise water tables, keep rivers from going dry, and improve salmon habitat. These scientists and local knowledge holders’ encounters with beavers and their ponds thick with salmon are inspiring them to change how they undertake habitat restoration projects and also spurring some to reconsider the proper task of human ecologists and engineers, into a mode inspired by beavers themselves.
When Faith, Race, and Hate Collide: Religious Ecology, Local Hate Cultures, and Church Burnings

This study explores the extent to which the spate of church burnings that occurred throughout the South during the 1990s may have been influenced by local religious ecologies, diverse forms of civic engagement, and broader community support for racial animus that we call local hate cultures (e.g., prior hate crime incidents, hate group presence). We use county-level data from a variety of sources to determine the degree to which church arsons were associated with relevant features of local communities. Various congregational factors measuring county-level religious ecology are significantly associated with the number of church burnings in Southern communities, as are several local hate culture indicators. Our study provides empirical confirmation of the linkages between church arsons, the public role of religious institutions, and local hate cultures. It also suggests a number of theoretical refinements for existing community-level approaches to the study of religion and hate crimes.
PREDICTION OF LVAD PUMP THROMBOSIS WITH 30-DAY LDH VALUES: RESULTS FROM A LARGE-VOLUME HIGH ACUITY TRANSPLANT CENTER

Pump thrombosis (PT) remains a life-threatening complication of LVAD therapy. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, used to aid in the diagnosis of PT, may rise prior to overt clinical thrombosis. We investigated the predictive power of 30-day post implant LDH to predict future PT. Between 2006 and
Generative Multimodal Models of Nonverbal Synchrony in Close Relationships

Positive interpersonal relationships require shared understanding along with a sense of rapport. A key facet of rapport is mirroring and convergence of facial expression and body language, known as nonverbal synchrony. We examined nonverbal synchrony in a study of 29 heterosexual romantic couples, in which audio, video, and bracelet accelerometer were recorded during three conversations. We extracted facial expression, body movement, and acoustic-prosodic features to train neural network models that predicted the nonverbal behaviors of one partner from those of the other. Recurrent models (LSTMs) outperformed feed-forward neural networks and other chance baselines. The models learned behaviors encompassing facial responses, speech-related facial movements, and head movement. However, they did not capture fleeting or periodic behaviors, such as nodding, head turning, and hand gestures. Notably, a preliminary analysis of clinical measures showed greater association with our model outputs than correlation of raw signals. We discuss potential uses of these generative models as a research tool to complement current analytical methods along with real-world applications (e.g., as a tool in therapy).
Influence of Protein and Ascorbic Acid on Fluoride-Induced Changes in Blood Composition and Skeletal Fluoride Deposition in Mice

Abstract Female mice ( Mus musculus , Swiss Websters) fed a diet containing low (4%) proteins were tested for the effects of supplemental fluoride and ascorbic acid on body weight, fluoride deposition in the tibia, and blood composition. The results were compared with those obtained from control mice fed a diet containing normal (27%) protein. At the end of 12 weeks, the animals maintained on the low protein diet showed a 40% reduction in body weight, which was unaffected by supplemental fluoride at 10 ppm. Fluoride administration enhanced the tibia fluoride level by 550% in the low protein group and by 160% in the normal protein group. These increases were markedly diminished in the presence of supplemental ascorbic acid. The effect of fluoride and ascorbic acid on serum alkaline phosphatase activity was similar to that on bone fluoride deposition. A pronounced increase in the enzyme activity was observed especially in the low protein group.
Growth of Nitride Semiconductors

Although the synthesis of GaN goes back more than a half century, there are several pivotal developments which, in the opinion of the author, are responsible for laying the technological framework and paving the way for the tremendous commercial and scientific interest in nitrides. They are as follows: The synthesis of AlN by Tiede et al. [4.1], the synthesis of GaN through the reaction of Ga and ammonia to produce GaN by Johnson et al. [4.2], the synthesis of InN by Juza and Hahn [4.3], the epitaxial deposition of GaN using the hydride VPE technique by Maruska and Tienjen [4.4], the employment of nucleation buffer layers by Amano et al. [4.5] and Yoshida et al. [4.6], the achievements of p-type GaN by Akasaki et al. [4.7]. A more recent development which paved the way for all the commercial activity is the preparation of high-quality InGaN by Nakamura et al. [4.8] which followed the synthesis of InGaN by Osamura et al. [4.9]. Nearly every crystal-growth technique, substrate-type and orientation, has been tried in an effort to grow high-quality group-III-V nitride thin films. In recent years, various researchers have successfully taken advantage of the Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE), Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE), and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) techniques, which have yielded greatly improved film quality.
Modified properties of liquid crystals by liquid crystal dimers (Conference Presentation)

It was discovered recently that liquid crystal dimers with a flexible central linkage with an odd number of carbons, such as CB7CB, have bent molecular shapes and have anomalously small bend elastic constants. When such a dimer is doped into regular liquid crystals, it can greatly modify the properties of the hosts and can enable novel structures and electro-optical properties. We doped CB7CB to a regular thermotropic nematic liquid crystal and then dispersed the material in isotropic polymer with tangential anchoring condition, we obtained toroidal liquid crystal droplets, which was only realized before for lyotropic liquid crystals. When we doped CB7CB to a regular cholesteric liquid crystal, we obtained perfect planar state without any oily streak defects. Also by doping CB7CB to a cholesteric liquid crystal, we achieved stable Helfrich deformation and reflection color tuning under low driving voltages.
Impacts of Medical Marijuana Laws on Young Americans Across the Developmental Spectrum

Introduction State legalization of marijuana for medical purposes could increase illicit marijuana use among young people. Medical marijuana laws may boost the availability of marijuana and reduce perceptions of its harmfulness, leading more young people to try it. Prior studies report little evidence that these laws are impacting marijuana consumption by young Americans, and none have systematically compared developmentally distinct age groups. Methods We performed multilevel, serial cross-sectional analyses on ten annual waves of U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, from 2004 to 2013, comparing young people in states with and without medical marijuana laws. Disaggregated analyses compared multiple measures of marijuana use across approximately 450,300 individuals in early adolescence (12-14 years), late adolescence (15-17 years) and young adulthood (18-25 years). Results Dwelling in a state that had legalized medical marijuana was not associated with marijuana consumption in the past month among early adolescents, late adolescents or young adults. However, young adults living in medical marijuana states were significantly more likely to have initiated first use in the past year. Conclusions Medical marijuana laws increase the likelihood that young adults will start using marijuana but do not affect more vulnerable developmental groups in early and late adolescence. Delaying the age of first use into young adulthood can reduce the risk of a drug use disorder later in life. Young adults are in the peak years of engagement with illicit drugs and state medical marijuana laws appear to be leading larger numbers to try the drug.
The evolving treatment paradigm for BRAF V600 mutant colorectal cancer.

Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is now being better understood as a collection of diseases with each distinguished by distinct molecular profiles. BRAF mutant cancers are an important CRC subtype composing about 10% of metastatic CRCs. Of those with a mutation in the BRAF gene, 80% possess the V600E mutation (1).
Basic Aspects of Osteocyte Function

Exciting discoveries over the last years have propelled osteocytes, originally considered passive and metabolically inactive bone cells, to the category of master regulators of bone homeostasis. Osteocytes differentiate from osteoblasts when they become surrounded by matrix during the process of bone formation. Osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation is complex and involves profound modifications in gene expression that result in morphological changes and transform osteocytes in dynamic and multifunctional cells. In addition to the traditional role of osteocytes in the integration of mechanical signals, new osteocytic functions are emerging. Osteocytes are now considered a major source of molecules that coordinate the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in response to both physical and hormonal cues. In addition, accumulating evidence supports the notion that dysregulation of osteocyte function underlies the pathophysiology of several skeletal disorders, ranging from rare to common diseases such as osteoporosis. Further, the increased understanding of osteocyte biology has led to the development of therapeutic approaches targeting osteocytes and their derived factors. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge on osteocyte biology and its different functions and discuss novel observations that support the role of osteocytes as endocrine regulators of body composition and energy metabolism and as key players in the deleterious effects of cancer and diabetes on bone.
The FcεRIβ homologue, MS4A4A, promotes FcεRI signal transduction and store-operated Ca2+ entry in human mast cells.

Members of the membrane spanning 4A (MS4A) gene family are clustered around 11q12-13, a region linked to allergy and asthma susceptibility. Other than the known functions of FceRIβ (MS4A2) and CD20 (MS4A1) in mast cell and B cell signaling, respectively, functional studies for the remaining MS4A proteins are lacking. We thus explored whether MS4A4A, a mast cell expressed homologue of FceRIβ, has related functions to FceRIβ in FceRI signaling. We establish in this study that MS4A4A promotes phosphorylation of PLCγ1, calcium flux and degranulation in response to IgE-mediated crosslinking of FceRI. We previously demonstrated that MS4A4A promotes recruitment of KIT into caveolin-1-enriched microdomains and signaling through PLCγ1. Caveolin-1 itself is an important regulator of IgE-dependent store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and promotes expression of the store-operated Ca2+ channel pore-forming unit, Orai1. We thus further report that MS4A4A functions through interaction with caveolin-1 and recruitment of FceRI and KIT into lipid rafts. In addition to proximal FceRI signaling, we similarly show that MS4A4A regulates Orai1-mediated calcium entry downstream of calcium release from stores. Both MS4A4A and Orai1 had limited effects with compound 48/80 stimulation, demonstrating some degree of selectivity of both proteins to FceRI receptor signaling over Mas-related G Protein coupled receptor X2 signaling. Overall, our data are consistent with the conclusion that MS4A4A performs a related function to the homologous FceRIβ to promote PLCγ1 signaling, SOCE, and degranulation through FceRI in human mast cells and thus represents a new target in the regulation of IgE-mediated mast cell activation.
The Future of Think Tanks: Competing in the Digital Era

Luis Rubio and Veronica Ortiz , Mexican Council on Foreign Relations (COMEXI) in Mexico City, Mexico, explores the Future of Think Tanks and Policy Advice around the World.
SWAT: Spatial Structure Within and Among Tokens

Modeling visual data as tokens (i.e., image patches), and applying attention mechanisms or feed-forward networks on top of them has shown to be highly effective in recent years. The common pipeline in such approaches includes a tokenization method, followed by a set of layers/blocks for information mixing, both within tokens and among tokens. In common practice, image patches are flattened when converted into tokens, discarding the spatial structure within each patch. Next, a module such as multi-head self-attention captures the pairwise relations among the tokens and mixes them. In this paper, we argue that models can have significant gains when spatial structure is preserved in tokenization, and is explicitly used in the mixing stage. We propose two key contributions: (1) Structure-aware Tokenization and, (2) Structure-aware Mixing, both of which can be combined with existing models with minimal effort. We introduce a family of models (SWAT), showing improvements over the likes of DeiT, MLP-Mixer and Swin Transformer, across multiple benchmarks including ImageNet classification and ADE20K segmentation. Our code and models will be released online.
Essays in the history of Lie groups and algebraic groups

Overview Full reducibility and invariants for $\mathbf{SL}_2(\mathbb C)$ Hermann Weyl and Lie groups Elie Cartan, symmetric spaces and Lie groups Linear algebraic groups in the 19th century Linear algebraic groups in the 20th century The work of Chevalley in Lie groups and algebraic groups Algebraic groups and Galois theory in the work of Ellis R. Kolchin Name index Subject index Photo section.
Groupthink and the Sanhedrin: An analysis of the ancient court of Israel through the lens of modern social psychology

Purpose – Despite the emphasis on contemporary historical case studies in groupthink research, Janis believed that examining decision‐making processes recorded in antiquity was also relevant. However, neither Janis nor other groupthink researchers have adequately explored the model among decision‐making bodies described in earlier history. The current paper aims to begin to fill this gap by analyzing the judicial and legislative body of ancient Israel, known as the “Sanhedrin,” in the context of Janis's groupthink model.Design/methodology/approach – The authors focus on classic Jewish rabbinic sources such as the Mishna, Talmud, and writings of Maimonides, exploring the functioning of the Sanhedrin, the authoritative body of ancient Israel, in the context of Irving Janis's groupthink model.Findings – The authors highlight the insightful ways the Sanhedrin's members may have avoided groupthink and the symptoms of defective decision‐making that have plagued other groups.Research limitations/implications – T...
MISHIMA: multilateration of internet hosts hidden using malicious fast-flux agents

Fast-flux botnets are a growing security concern on the Internet. At their core, these botnets are a large collection of geographically-dispersed, compromised machines that act as proxies to hide the location of the host, commonly referred to as the "mothership," to/from which they are proxying traffic. Fast-flux botnets pose a serious problem to botnet take-down efforts. The reason is that, while it is typically easy to identify and consequently shut down single bots, locating the mothership behind a cloud of dynamically changing proxies is a difficult task. This paper presents techniques that utilize characteristics inherent in fast-flux service networks to thwart the very purpose for which they are used. Namely, we leverage the geographically-dispersed set of proxy hosts to locate (multilaterate) the position of the mothership in an abstract n-dimensional space. In this space, the distance between a pair of network coordinates is the round-trip time between the hosts they represent in the network. To map network coordinates to actual IP addresses, we built an IP graph that models the Internet. In this IP graph, nodes are Class C subnets and edges are routes between these subnets. By combining information obtained by calculating network coordinates and the IP graph, we are able to establish a group of subnets to which a mothership likely belongs.
I like people who drink like me: Perceived appeal as a function of drinking status.

Abstract Introduction Individuals rate opposite sex faces as more attractive after consuming or being primed with alcohol. However, other traits such as intelligence and likeability have not been examined and might vary as a function of information about one's drinking habits. We expected social drinkers to be rated more positively than heavy drinkers, abstainers, or recovering alcoholics. We further hypothesized that faces with similar drinking habits to participants would be rated as more appealing. Methods Five hundred ninety-four undergraduates viewed 25 opposite sex faces randomly paired with drinking information, and rated each face on perceived appeal. Results Hierarchical linear models revealed that social drinkers were rated as most appealing, as expected. Unexpectedly, recovering alcoholics were rated as the next most appealing, followed by abstainers, then heavy drinkers. The interaction between drinker type and participants' own drinking predicting ratings indicated that the heavier the participant drinks, the more favorably they rated heavy drinkers compared to other types of drinkers. Thus, as expected, ratings varied as a function of participants' own drinking; however, ratings did not vary as a function of participants' alcohol-related problems. Conclusions Findings support hypotheses in that social drinkers were generally perceived as appealing compared to other drinker types, and ratings tended to be influenced by participants' own drinking. Individuals' prototypes and norms regarding drinking may influence how they perceive others when others' drinking habits are known. This might be especially important to consider with heavy drinkers who may seek out others who drink similarly, which could reinforce problematic drinking.
Examining phylogenetic relationships of Erwinia and Pantoea species using whole genome sequence data

The genera Erwinia and Pantoea contain species that are devastating plant pathogens, non-pathogen epiphytes, and opportunistic human pathogens. However, some controversies persist in the taxonomic classification of these two closely related genera. The phylogenomic analysis of these two genera was investigated via a comprehensive analysis of 25 Erwinia genomes and 23 Pantoea genomes. Single-copy orthologs could be extracted from the Erwinia/Pantoea core-genome to reconstruct the Erwinia/Pantoea phylogeny. This tree has strong bootstrap support for almost all branches. We also estimated the in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH) and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between each genome; strains from the same species showed ANI values ≥96 % and isDDH values >70 %. These data confirm that whole genome sequence data provides a powerful tool to resolve the complex taxonomic questions of Erwinia/Pantoea, e.g. Pantoea agglomerans 299R was not clustered into a single group with other P. agglomerans strains, and the ANI values and isDDH values between them were <91 % and around 43.8 %, respectively. These data indicate P. agglomerans 299R should not be classified into the P. agglomerans species. In addition, another strain (Pantoea sp. At_9b) was identified that may represent a novel Pantoea species. We also evaluated the performance of six commonly used housekeeping genes (atpD, carA, gyrB, infB, recA, and rpoB) in phylogenetic inference. A single gene was not enough to obtain a reliable species tree, and it was necessary to use the multilocus sequence analysis of the six marker genes to recover the Erwinia/Pantoea phylogeny.
CONTROLS ON THE LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHANNEL‐SPANNING LOGJAMS IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE, USA

Channel-spanning logjams completely span the active channel and create longitudinal discontinuities of the water surface and stream bed across at least two-thirds of the channel width. These jams disproportionately affect channel process and form relative to smaller jams that do not span the entire channel width. We analyze a spatially extensive dataset of 859 channel-spanning jams distributed along 124 km of 16 distinct rivers on the eastern side of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA, with drainage areas spanning 2.6 to 258 km2 and diverse valley geometry and forest stand age. We categorized valley geometry in terms of lateral confinement (confined, partly confined, or unconfined), which correlates with gradient. Jams exhibit substantial downstream variability in spacing at channel lengths of 102–103 m. The number of jams within a reach is explained by a statistical model that includes drainage area, valley type (lateral confinement), and channel width. Longitudinal spacing of jams drops substantially at drainage areas greater than ~20 km2, although jam spacing exhibits tremendous variability at smaller drainage areas. We interpret the lack of jams at larger drainage areas to reflect increasing transport capacity for instream wood. We interpret the variability in jam spacing at small drainage areas to reflect local controls of valley geometry and associated wood recruitment and fluvial transport capacity. Our results suggest that management of instream wood designed to facilitate the formation of channel-spanning jams can be most effectively focused on smaller drainage areas where these jams are most abundant in the absence of management that alters instream wood recruitment or retention. Unmanaged streams in the study region with drainage area <60 km2 have ~1.1 channel-spanning jams per 100 m length of stream. The cumulative effects of these jams on instream storage of sediment and organic matter, hyporheic exchange, instream habitat, stream metabolism, and channel–floodplain connectivity are likely to be enormous. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of poliovirus-specific structures associated with cytoplasmic membranes.

Abstract The hydrodynamic properties and the components of membrane-associated virus-specific structures isolated from the cytoplasm of poliovirus-infected HeLa cells have been determined. Fraction 2, a smooth microsomal fraction, contains a structure that sediments at approximately 130 S after deoxycholate lysis of membranes. This structure contains replicative intermediate RNA, double-stranded replicative form, and ribosomal subunits, but no completed single-stranded viral RNA or ribosomes. The structure in Fraction 3, another smooth microsomal fraction, sediments at approximately 230 S after lysis of membranes, and it contains 74 S ribosomes. The major species of virus-specific RNA in this structure is completed single-stranded viral RNA, but replicative intermediate RNA and replicative form are also present. Fraction 5, the rough microsomal fraction, contains a structure that sediments at about 320 S after lysis of membranes. This structure has the properties of viral polyribosomes and contains completed single-stranded viral RNA but no replicative intermediate RNA. These results suggest a model for the membrane-associated replication and translation of viral RNA.
The assimilation of organic hazardous wastes by municipal solid waste landfills

Co-disposal of 12 compounds representing major organic classes (aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, and phthalate esters) with shredded municipal solid waste was tested using a laboratory-scale column and pilot-scale lysimeter to characterize transport and transformation phenomena including sorption, volatilization and bioassimilation. Leachate and gases emitted from the lysimeters were examined for identifiable products of biotransformation. The results of this investigation provided a mechanistic evaluation of the attenuating and assimilative capacity of municipal solid waste landfills for specific organic compounds. Physical/chemical organic compound characteristics were related to refuse characteristics and composition to predict compound fate. Such knowledge is useful in developing landfill management and operational strategies consistent with the need for control of pollutant releases.
Time scale effects in laser material removal: a review

In laser material removal using a continuous wave or long-pulsed laser, the primary material removal mechanism melts with molten metal often ejected by an assisting oxygen jet. Interactions between heat transfer, oxygen diffusion, and gas dy- namics have been studied. In laser machining using a Q-switched solid state laser with pulse width on the order of nanoseconds, the primary material removal mechanism is ablation, but substantial melting is still present if a metallic material is concerned. Two mechanisms, ablation and melting, are modeled together and the property discontinuity and boundary conditions at the liquid/vapor interface are provided. When the laser pulse width further reduces to the order of picoseconds or femtoseconds, as in a Ti:sapphire laser, the dominant material removal mechanism changes yet again, with little thermal damage and wavelength independence observed. Thermal aspects are examined in the context of the short timescales of these pulses compared with the timescale of photon-electron-lattice interactions. Research needs in laser ma- terial removal in each of the three time regimes are discussed.
U.S. industry: Decline and fall?

Abstract While nations have struggled with the twin scourges of swift inflation and slow economic growth millions of individuals have become unemployed. Within the United States, corporate firms have been falling at a rate of more than 500 per week. Although facility closure and production cutbacks have long characterized the U.S. economy, it has been only since the early 1970s that the magnitude of these events has reached alarming proportions. Some of the more significant consequences have been the disruption of regional and local economies, the dislocation of capital investment and an array of socioeconomic ills accompanying unemployment. Thus, in reviewing the more critical issues and trends of U.S. industrialism an appropriate agenda for industrial planning and policymaking may be established.
Epidemiologic Patterns of Upper Respiratory Illness and Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Homosexual Men

The relationship between self-reported upper respiratory illness symptoms (URI) and human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) was examined in homosexual men using semiannual visits from 1984 to 1988. Temporal and geographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) diagnosis in these men during the same time period are also described. URI, including acute sinusitis, was reperted more often by 916 HIV-1-seropositive participants than by 2,161 seronegative participants (32.21 versus 28.86% p < 0.001). For 387 seropositive subjects who progressed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the proportion reporting URI peaked one visit pre-AIDS at a level significantly higher than matched control subjects (0.45 versus 0.28, p ⩽ 0.001). The peak was higher for those with PCP as an initial diagnosis. Reported URI peaked in winter and troughed in summer, and PCP diagnosis rates peaked and troughed 4 months later, respectively. Cities with the highest reported rates of URI also had the highest proporti...
Market timing of international mutual funds: a decade after the scandal

In early 2000's, the mutual funds industry was shaken by a series of scandals involving (legal) market timing and (illegal) late trading of mutual funds. These scandals have resulted in various regulations restricting investors' ability to exchange their mutual fund holdings. This paper applies data-analytic modeling techniques to test the effectiveness of market timing of international mutual funds. Our results indicate that whereas market timing strategies have been indeed profitable in the past, these strategies do not provide consistent improvement over traditional 'buy-and-hold' strategy during most recent period of 2009-2011. Ineffectiveness of market timing strategies seems to be directly related to increased volatility and changing statistical characteristics of the financial markets. These changes may warrant critical examination of trading restrictions placed on individual investors. These restrictions put individual investors at a disadvantage vs. institutional investors and hedge funds who invest in the same securities.
Lymphocyte signaling converges on microtubules.

Movement of immunoreceptor microclusters tunes lymphocyte activation, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this issue of Immunity, Schnyder et al. (2011) and Hashimoto-Tane et al. (2011) show that cytoplasmic dynein drives microcluster centralization along microtubules.
Effects of aging time on V2O5 sol-gel coatings

Abstract : Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) sols have been used in conductive coatings and related applications. From cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies of the gelation, there are several intermediate structures and reactions in this process, but no information is yet available on the effects of aging on the dependent properties of viscosity, conductance, and film morphology in the coating process. This study observed the changes in these properties over a 30 day period by means of rheological measurements and microscopic observation of the dried coatings obtained. The study found that the sol viscosity and ability to wet substrates is related to the initial decomposition of the precursors in solution and the start of the polymerization process. Distinct differences were observed in coating morphology as later aggregation and agglomeration processes occurred.
Flexibility of DNA.

A model for the flexibility of DNA is proposed that is based on discrete variations in the direction of propagation in going from one subunit to the next. Expansion of the local free energy in terms of the local bending gives a Gaussian distribution function. The assumption of the independence of local bends on neighbors lead to very simple formulae for the persistence length and the characteristic ratio. Emphasis, however, is placed on the application of the formulae for molecules of finite size where the persistence length and C∞ are not defined. The formulae are worked out for two models, which should serve as limits for the real physical situation.
Linking place-based citizen science with large-scale conservation research: A case study of bird-building collisions and the role of professional scientists

Abstract A primary benefit of incorporating public participation in scientific research is the increased ability to use data from multiple localities to address conservation research and management objectives that span national, continental, and even global scales. Although the importance of incorporating data from local citizen science programs into large-scale research has been widely recognized, there has been relatively little discussion of specific steps that will facilitate this bridging of scales. We use the example of bird collisions with buildings in North America—an issue for which the majority of data have been collected by citizen science programs that each operate in a different city—to outline simple study design and data collection steps that will ensure that data can contribute to large-scale research syntheses. We also describe how taking a scientific approach to defining research questions and hypotheses at the beginning of a study will: (1) result in a high level of rigor throughout the scientific cycle, most notably at the critical stage when programs formulate study design and data collection protocols, and (2) produce results that effectively inform local policy and management decisions while also contributing to large-scale science. Given the funding and staffing limitations of citizen science programs, we argue that the responsibility is with professional conservation scientists to reach out to programs and provide feedback that assists them in bridging local and large scales. These collaborations will expand the collective contribution of citizens to conservation science and management.
High-Risk Chief Complaints I: Chest Pain—The Big Three

Chest pain is one of the most frequently seen chief complaints in patients presenting to emergency departments, and is considered to be a "high-risk" chief complaint. The differential diagnosis for chest pain is broad, and potential causes range from the benign to the immediately life-threatening. Although many (if not most) emergency department patients with chest pain do not have an immediately life-threatening condition, correct diagnoses can be difficult to make, incorrect diagnoses may lead to catastrophic therapies, and failure to make a timely diagnosis may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Several atraumatic "high-risk" causes of chest pain are discussed in this article, including myocardial infarction and ischemia, thoracic aortic dissection, and pulmonary embolism. Also included are brief discussions of tension pneumothorax, esophageal perforation, and cardiac tamponade.
Development and regeneration of motor systems under the influence of ACTH peptides

ACTH peptides exert quantitative and qualitative influences on the formation and maturation of motor units in developing and regenerating neuromuscular systems. ACTH 4-10, administered daily (10 micrograms/kg. s.c.) from the day of birth, accelerated the rate at which muscle strength developed in the immature rat, the effect of this peptide being most marked in animals 11-15 days old. A similar increase in grasping time occurred in ACTH 4-10 treated animals, indicating that the peptide affects neuronal maturation at a time in development when organization and maturation of the neuromuscular system is most active. The synthetic analogue of ACTH 4-9 (Org 2766), administered in the same dosage, had little effect on these parameters, indicating a differential sensitivity to these similar peptides. Elevated circulating titers of ACTH, whether exogenous (0.2 U ACTH 1-39 IP daily), or endogenous (adrenalectomy), stimulated the formation of more functional motor units, as indicated by increased amplitude of muscle action potentials and tetanic tension following nerve stimulation. ACTH appears to favor the recovery of high threshold, small-size motor units. Fine control of muscle function in peptide-treated animals is partially restored, as indicated by the return of stepwise recruitment to an extent not seen in the reinnervated, saline-treated controls.
Tools for experimental characterization of the non-uniform rotational distortion in intravascular OCT probes

The Industrial Material Institute (IMI) together with the Institute for Biodiagnostic (IBD) has developed its own optical catheters for cardiovascular imaging applications. Those catheters have been used experimentally in the in vitro coronary artery model of the Langendorff beating heart and in a percutaneous coronary intervention procedure in a porcine model. For some catheter designs, non-uniform rotational distortion (NURD) can be observed as expected from past experience with intra-vascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheters. A two-dimensional (2D) coronary artery test bench that simulates the path into the coronary arteries has been developed. The presence or absence of NURD can be assessed with the test bench using a custom-built cardiovascular Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging system. A square geometry instead of the circular shape of an artery is used to simulate the coronary arteries. Thereby, it is easier to visualize NURD when it is present. The accumulated torsion induced by the friction on the catheter is measured along the artery path. NURD is induced by the varying friction force that is balanced by the accumulated torsion force. The pullback force is measured and correlated with NURD observed in the 2D test bench. Finally, a model is presented to help understanding the mechanical constraint that leads to the friction force variations.