cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental change in the steroid hormone signal for cell-autonomous, segment-specific programmed cell death of a motoneuron.

Abstract During metamorphosis of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta , accessory planta retractor (APR) motoneurons undergo a segment-specific pattern of programmed cell death (PCD): e.g., APRs from abdominal segment six [APR(6)s] die at pupation in direct response to the prepupal rise in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), whereas APR(4)s survive through the pupal stage and die at eclosion (adult emergence). The hypothesis that the death of APR(4)s is triggered by the decline in 20E at eclosion was supported by findings that injection of 20E into developing pupae to delay the fall in 20E delayed APR(4) death. Furthermore, abdomen isolation to advance the fall in 20E caused precocious APR(4) death. In other experiments, APR(4)s were placed in primary cell culture 4 days before eclosion in medium containing 1 μg/ml 20E. A switch to hormone-free medium induced PCD in a significant proportion of APR(4)s, compared to APR(4)s that remained in 20E. Process fragmentation was a reliable early indicator of PCD. These results show that a decline in 20E triggers cell-autonomous PCD of APR(4)s, in contrast to the rise in 20E that triggers cell-autonomous PCD of APR(6)s. Thus, the PCD of homologous motoneurons in different body segments at different developmental times is triggered by different steroid hormone signals.
Computation, Measurement and Mitigation of Neutral-to-Earth Potentials on Electrical Distribution Systems

This paper presents computer generated profiles of primary-neutral-to-earth potentials of electrical distribution systems which incorporate a variety of techniques used to mitigate neutral-to-earth potential ("stray voltage") at dairy farm facilities. Techniques available to the power supplier and power user include an Electronic Grounding System which provides voltage reduction factors of as much as 200 to 1. A new method of measuring these voltages using a computer data acquisition system which monitors every cycle of the power-frequency voltages on eight totally independent channels for extended periods is described.
Analysis of Stator Winding Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Faults in Induction Machines for Identification of the Faulty Phase

The main objective of this paper is to develop and experimentally verify a method of identifying the faulty phase in a three-phase armature of an induction motor with concentric coil construction, when such an armature suffers from an inter-turn within one of its phases. This work leads to a new technique for identifying the faulty phase in concentric wound machines and estimating the associated fault severity without any requirement for additional sensors, wiring constrains, or knowledge of any other details of the machine design. The technique has been verified through several experimental test results.
Compounding Selectivity in Reactions of Diastereoisomeric Radical Intermediates. An experimental demonstration that the yield of a product from a diastereotopic‐group‐selective reaction can significantly exceed the level of group selectivity

Reduction of a bis-radical precursor, 6-phenyl-1,1-bis[3-(phenylselanyl)propyl]-3a,4-dihydro-1H,3H-cyclopenta[c]furan-5-one (6), with 3 equiv. of Ph3SnH provides mixtures of cis,cis- or cis,trans-angular triquinane products (3aα,5aβ,8β,8aR*)- and (3aα,5aα,8β,8aR*)-hexahydro-3a-propyl-8-phenyl-5H-dicyclopenta[b,c]furan-7(8H)-one (cis,cis-12/cis,trans-12), in yields that vary from 50%/50% to 91%/6% depending on the reaction concentration. A mechanistic model for this process is proposed that involves a non-selective phenylselenium-group abstraction step followed by successive kinetic resolutions of diastereoisomeric radical intermediates. This reaction shows how yields in group-selective reactions can be compounded to levels above that ostensibly permitted by the level of the group-selective step.
Acculturation and tobacco use among Chinese Americans.

Objectives: We examined the relationship between acculturation and tobacco behaviors among Chinese Americans. Methods: Using a Chinese-language instrument based on validated questions from several national surveys, we conducted in-person, household-based interviews with 712 representative adults aged 18-74 years. Results: Observed smoking prevalence was 29% for men and 4% for women. Predictors of smoking cessation included being 35 years and older and having a high level of tobacco-related knowledge. Acculturation was positively associated with a histroy of never smoking, as was being younger than 35 years and having a high level of tobacco-related knowledge. Conclusions: Acculturation was positively associated with never smoking among men but not with smoking cessation. However, knowledge of tobacco-related health risks was associated with both. Results indicate a need for language-specific educational interventions.
Microwave diversity imaging and automated target identification based on models of neural networks

Radar targets can be identified by either forming images with sufficient resolution to be recognized by the human observer or by forming signatures or representations of the target for automated machine recognition. Tomographic microwave diversity imaging techniques that combine angular (aspect), spectral, and polarization degrees of freedom have been shown, as summarized in the first part of this paper, to be capable of producing images of the scattering centers of a target with near optical resolution. In the second part of the paper the author shows that collective nonlinear signal processing based on models of neural networks combined with the use of suitable target signatures (here sinogram representations) offer the promise of robust super-resolved target identification from partial information. Results presented are of numerical simulations for a neuromorphic processor where the neural net performs simultaneously the functions of data storage, processing, and recognition by automatically generating an identifying object label, and fast optoelectronic architectures and hardware implementations are briefly mentioned. Practical considerations and extensions to real systems are briefly discussed. >
Turner Syndrome Adolescents Receiving Growth Hormone Are Not Osteopenic

Deficits in bone mineral have been widely reported in Turner syndrome. The bone mineral status of 19 adolescents with Turner syndrome (16 receiving GH therapy) was evaluated by dual photon absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and whole body and compared with a normal female control group (n = 45) with the same mean age (14.3 yr). The conventional measurements of bone mass, bone mineral content (BMC = g), and bone mineral density (BMD = g/cm2), as well as bone mineral apparent density (BMAD = g/cm3), an expression of bone mineral adjusted for bone volume, were determined for both sites. Although mean BMC was decreased in Turner females, mean BMD and BMAD in the two groups were not significantly different. Analyzed in relation to chronologic age, bone age, height, and pubertal status, mean BMD and BMAD values in Turner subjects were equal to or greater than that of controls. BMD and BMAD were elevated in the Turner group vs. controls matched for height. In subjects with bone age less than or equal to 12.5 yr,...
Evaluation of Die Stress in MEMS Packaging: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches

The device performance of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes is strongly influenced by the stress developed in the silicon die during packaging processes. This is due to the die warpage in the presence of the stress. It has previously been shown that most of the stress is generated during a die-attach process. In this study, we employ both experimental and theoretical approaches to gain a better understanding in a stress development induced during the packaging processes of a small silicon die (3.5times3.5 mm2). The former approach is accompanied with an optical profilometer while the latter part by a finite element analysis and an analytical model. A specific emphasis is given to the effects of structural parameters such as the die-attach adhesive thickness and material properties on the stress development. The results from all three approaches show good agreement, in that more compliant and thicker adhesives offer great relief in the stress development, as well as bend the die convex downward from its central location. A stress model proposed from this study not only provides a diagnostic tool for very small stress-sensitive devices, but it will also present a design tool for low-stress MEMS packaging systems
Raf-1 activation suppresses neuroendocrine marker and hormone levels in human gastrointestinal carcinoid cells

Gastrointestinal carcinoid cells secrete multiple neuroendocrine markers and hormones including 5-HT and chromogranin A. The intracellular signaling pathways that regulate production of bioactive molecules are not completely understood. Our aim was to determine whether activation of the raf-1/MEK/MAPK signal transduction pathway in carcinoid cells could modulate production of neuroendocrine markers and hormones. Human pancreatic carcinoid cells (BON) were stably transduced with an estrogen-inducible raf-1 construct creating BON-raf cells. Activation of raf-1 in BON-raf cells led to a marked induction of phosphorylated MEK and ERK1/2 within 48 h. Importantly, raf-1 activation resulted in morphological changes accompanied by a marked decrease in neuroendocrine secretory granules by electronmicroscopy. Moreover, induction of raf-1 in BON-raf cells led to significant reductions in 5-HT, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin levels. Furthermore, treatment of BON-raf cells with MEK inhibitors PD-98059 and U-0126 blocked raf-1-mediated morphological changes and hormone suppression but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These results show that raf-1 induction suppresses neuroendocrine marker and hormone production in human gastrointestinal carcinoid cells via a pathway dependent on MEK activation.
Single beam optical trap with an axicon lens

Summary form only given. Precision optical spectroscopy requires good control over the motion of the atoms to reduce Doppler broadening. It also benefits from long interaction times between the probe radiation and the atoms in a perturbation-free environment. We have implemented an optical trap that captures cold atoms in a region of darkness. Such a set-up is critical for measuring the fundamental interactions of nature through precise spectroscopic studies.
The New England Plain Style

Purism represents the conscious effort of a culture to reject a commonly accepted iconography and the meanings implicit in its canons of proportion, taste and esthetic, and to substitute in their place a pragmatic solution of the artistic problem involved. What is not always recognized is that this solution must be the consequence of the terms of the problem; and the statement of these terms, indeed the selection of the problem itself, are both culturally determined.
Annual indices of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae in the Gulf of Mexico developed using delta-lognormal and multivariate models

Fishery independent indices of spawning biomass of Atlantic bluefin tuna in western North Atlantic Ocean are presented which utilize National Marine Fisheries Service ichthyoplankton survey data collected from 1977 through 2007 in the Gulf of Mexico. Indices were developed using similarly standardized data from which previous indices were developed (i.e. abundance of larvae with a first daily otolith increment formed per 100 m 2 of water sampled with bongo gear). Indices were also developed for the first time from standardized data collected with neuston gear (i.e. abundance of 5-mm larvae (i.e. seven-day-old larvae) per 10 minute tow). Indices of larval abundance were developed using delta-lognormal models, including following covariates: time of day, time of month, area sampled and year. Due to the large frequency of zero catches during ichthyoplankton surveys, a zero-inflated delta-lognormal approach was also used to develop indices. Finally, a multivariate delta-lognormal approach was employed to develop indices of annual abundance based on both bongo and neuston catches. The results of these approaches were compared with one another and with other indices of larval abundance previously developed for the Gulf of Mexico. Residual analyses indicated that abundance indices of Atlantic bluefin tuna larvae were more appropriately developed from bongo-collected data through the zero-inflated delta-lognormal approach than other data sets and modeling approaches. Also, when modeling bongo- collected data with the zero-inflated delta-lognormal approach, the index values increased, indicating some correction for zero-inflation, and their variability decreased as compared to indices developed with the delta-lognormal approach.
LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: AN ADVANCED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR THE FOURTH DECISION TIER DISPATCH OR SHORT‐INTERVAL SCHEDULING

The Logistics Management System (LMS) is a real-time transaction-based system combining decision technologies from AI, MS/OR, and decision support system that serves very successfully as a dispatcher or short-interval scheduler by monitoring and controlling the manufacturing flow of IBM's semiconductor facility near Burlington, Vermont. LMS coordinates the actions and decisions of several logically isolated participants in a serially dependent system of activities. Therefore, it balances the requirements of several goals (cycle time, output, serviceability, and inventory management) that compete for the same resource, exploits emerging opportunities on the manufacturing floor, and reduces the distortion from unplanned events. This paper provides an overview of the LMS application, the concept of interrelated decision tiers in manufacturing decision making, and the need for the dispatch decision tier to successfully reduce apparent randomness. Historically, production and operations management has ignored this decision tier. This has significantly limited our ability to make an impact on the performance of the manufacturing operation.
The olfactory receptor family album

Analysis of the human genome draft sequences has revealed a more complete portrait of the olfactory receptor gene repertoire in humans than was available previously. The new information provides a basis for deeper analysis of the functions of the receptors, and promises new insights into the evolutionary history of the family.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Dichloromethane Diphosphonate Treatment of Paget's Disease

Six patients with extensive polyostotic Paget's disease were treated for 3 months with dichloromethane diphosphonate (C12MDP; 1600 mg/;day, orally). Serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline excretion decreased 60-80% in each patient. Blood ionized calcium (Ca++) and immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) were measured weekly during the first month of therapy and monthly thereafter. As an index of parathyroid function, PTH secretory reserve was assessed by EDTA infusions before treatment, at the end of treatment, and 3 months after CI2 MDP therapy was stopped. Before therapy, iPTH and Ca++ were normal in all patients. During treatment, Ca++ decreased and iPTH increased in all patients; mean iPTH approximately doubled (95% confidence limits, 1.5- to 2.7-fold increase). At the end of 3 months of treatment, EDTA infusion raised iPTH in each patient to a level higher than that in the control infusion, indicating augmented PTH secretory reserve. Ca++, iPTH, and the iPTH response to EDTA-induced hypocalcemia ret...
Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation and Antimicrobials on the Volatiles, Color and Texture of Ready-to-Eat Turkey Breast Roll

Adding 2% SL increased the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and resilience of breast rolls. The color a* and b*values of turkey rolls with 2% SL added were significantly lower than those of the control, and this difference was maintained after irradiation and during storage. Breast rolls containing antimicrobials had more lipid oxidation than control. Irradiation promoted the formation of dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. Adding PB in breast rolls greatly increased the formation of benzene during irradiation. It also implies that certain spices or foods containing high amounts of phenolic compounds may not be suitable for irradiation. The combination of SL and SDA has a strong potential as an antimicrobial treatment for RTE meats, but low-dose irradiation (<2.0 kGy) is preferred due to side effects of irradiation.
Blind Multiuser Detection in Fading Channels

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Signal Models and Blind Multiuser Detectors for Fading Channels Performance of Blind Multiuser Detectors Bayesian Multiuser Detection for Long-Code CDMA Multiuser Detection for Long-Code CDMA in Fast-Fading Channels Transmitter-Based Multiuser Precoding for Fading Channels Conclusion References
Bovine helper T cell clones recognize five distinct epitopes on Babesia bovis merozoite antigens.

Abstract Helper T cell clones from two Babesia bovis-immune cattle were characterized for use in identification of potentially protective immunogens of B. bovis merozoites. Proliferation assays with 11 CD4+ clones revealed a differential pattern of response to soluble cytosolic antigen, membrane-enriched antigen, detergent extracts of the membrane-enriched antigen, soluble culture supernatant exoantigen, and different geographical isolates of B. bovis as well as Babesia bigemina parasites. When the data were combined, the clones could be grouped according to five different patterns of response. One group recognized only the membrane-enriched fraction of New World and Australian parasites. Four remaining groups recognized antigens found in the cytosolic as well as the membrane-enriched fraction, and clones representative of each group were used to identify cytosolic antigens fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography with the use of fast-performance liquid chromatography. One clone (C97.3C3), which responded to all B. bovis isolates and to B. bigemina, recognized a single peak of activity that eluted with 0.25 M NaCl and contained protein bands of 70 and 75 kDa. The remaining clones were stimulated by a second antigenic peak that eluted between 0.35 and 0.45 M NaCl and contained protein bands of 42, 47, 56, and 84 kDa. The majority of the clones produced interferon, whereas tumor necrosis factor alpha/tumor necrosis factor beta production was less frequent. These studies provide the basis for using helper T cell clones to identify potentially protective immunogens of B. bovis and delineate a minimum of five helper T cell epitopes recognized by two immune cattle.
Promoting Children’s and Adolescents’ Social and Emotional Development: District Adaptations of a Theory of Action

This article contributes to the broader discussion of promotion, prevention, and intervention in child and adolescent mental health by describing implementation and early outcomes of an 8-school district demonstration project aimed at making the promotion of social and emotional learning a systemic part of school districts’ practice. Eight districts are 2–3 years in to their participation in the 6-year project. The districts are large, are predominantly urban, and serve many students who are at disadvantage. The evaluation involved collection of qualitative data to measure the degree to which the districts realized the goals established in the initiative’s theory of action, as well as school climate data, extant student records, and surveys of students’ social and emotional competence. To date, results show that districts have followed highly individual pathways toward integrating social and emotional learning systemically, and all have made progress over time. Although school-level implementation remains...
A Comparative Study on the Quality of the Main and Ratoon Rice Crops

Physical, milling and cooking attributes of the main and ratoon crops in three rice cultivars, namely Hashemi, Alikazemi and Tarom, were compared in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design in five replications. The results revealed that for each tested cultivar, the length and slenderness ratio of the main rice grains was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of the ratoon crop. The means of head rice yield and whiteness degree in the main crop (76.01 and 46.45%, respectively) were significantly different (P < 0.01) with the corresponding values in the ratoon rice (80.27 and 40.10%, respectively), however, the effect of crop type on the total milled rice yield was not significant. Among the qualities evaluated, the amylase content and alkali spreading value in the main rice crop (21.97% and 4.27, respectively) was significantly lower than those of the ratoon rice (22.93% and 5.50, respectively). Practical Applications Rice quality features such as milling and cooking quality is the main factors for its market acceptability. Since ratoon rice as re-harvested of the main crop can be considered for improving economic status of the farmers because of its low production cost and to encourage the farmers to develop ratoon cultivation in rice fields, it is a need to determine such properties as physical dimensions, head rice yield, milling recovery, whiteness, amylose content, alkali spreading value and other cooking quality as compared to the main rice crop.
A Memory Access Pattern-Based Program Profiling System for Dynamic Parallelism Prediction

Parallel computing is the simultaneous use of multiple computer resources to solve a computational problem. In order to automatically execute a sequential program so that inherent parallelism could utilize the underlying multi-core platforms, program profiling is necessary to learn the control and data flow dependency which is critical for predicting the parallelization feasibility and finding parallelism solutions. In literature, algorithms and tools have been designed for either dynamic or static program analysis in order to increase the accuracy and performance in discovering all aspects of the target program. However, memory and runtime overhead remain two challenge problems for program profiling. In this work, based on the PIN framework, we have designed and implemented a memory access pattern-based program profiling system for sequential program parallelization prediction. Validation results on seven SPEC 2006 benchmark programs show the effectiveness of proposed system on both memory usage and cpu time for target program dynamic profiling.
Taxonomy of ' Euconnus complex'. Part XV. Disentangling the Euconnus - Sciacharis knot (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae).

Many species currently placed in Sciacharis Broun were once included in Euconnus Thomson, and their taxonomic history is complicated due to diffuse and overlapping diagnoses of both genera applied by previous authors, numerous virtually unjustified transfers of species between them, and hundreds of species not assigned to any subgenus. Based on comparative morphological studies of respective type species, we clarify the status of Allomaoria Franz, Austroconophron Franz, Magellanoconnus Franz, Neuraphoconnus Franz and Valdivioconnus Franz. All of them, except for Neuraphoconnus, were originally described as subgenera of Euconnus, later transferred to Sciacharis. Austroconophron is removed from synonymy with Sciacharis s. str. and resurrected as subgenus of Euconnus (resulting in Euconnus (Austroconophron Franz, status rest.); Allomaoria is retained as a junior synonym of Sciacharis s. str.; Magellanoconnus is removed from Sciacharis and restituted as genus (resulting in Magellanoconnus Franz, status rest.); Anthicimimus Franz, previously removed from subgenus of Sciacharis and elevated to genus rank, is reduced to subgenus of Magellanoconnus (resulting in Magellanoconnus (Anthicimimus stat. rev.); Neuraphoconnus is removed from synonymy with Magellanoconnus and resurrected as genus (resulting in Neuraphoconnus Franz, status rest.); and Valdivioconnus is transferred from subgenus of Sciacharis to subgenus of Microscydmus Saulcy & Croissandeau (resulting in Microscydmus (Valdivioconnus Franz, status rev.). The only Australian species of Magellanoconnus is transferred to Kangarooconnus Jaloszynski, gen. n. (resulting in Kangarooconnus carinifrons (Franz), comb. n.). A complete checklist of 302 species and subspecies previously or currently placed in Sciacharis (including 102 restituted and 50 new combinations) is given. Three replacement names are proposed for secondary homonyms resulted from new combinations: Euconnus (Austroconophron) caledonensides Newton, nom. n. (for Euconnus caledonensis Franz, 1986, not Euconnus caledonensis Franz, 1979); Magellanoconnus (s. str.) castrianus Jaloszynski & Newton, nom. n. (for Magellanoconnus castrii (Franz, 1967: 636), not Magellanoconnus castrii (Franz, 1967: 614)); and Sciacharis (Sciacharis) bryantides Newton, nom. n. (for Euconnus bryanti Franz, 1975, not Euconnus bryanti Lhoste, 1939). Lectotypes are designated (des. Jaloszynski) for Euconnus tindoui Franz, 1971, Phagonophana lanosa Broun, 1885, and Neuraphoconnus caledonicus Franz, 1971.
Comprehensive failure characterization

There is often more than one way to trigger a fault. Standard static and dynamic approaches focus on exhibiting a single witness for a failing execution. In this paper, we study the problem of computing a comprehensive characterization which safely bounds all failing program behavior while exhibiting a diversity of witnesses for those failures. This information can be used to facilitate software engineering tasks ranging from fault localization and repair to quantitative program analysis for reliability. Our approach combines the results of overapproximating and underapproximating static analyses in an alternating iterative framework to produce upper and lower bounds on the failing input space of a program, which we call a comprehensive failure characterization (CFC). We evaluated a prototype implementation of this alternating framework on a set of 168 C programs from the SV-COMP benchmarks, and the data indicate that it is possible to efficiently, accurately, and safely characterize failure spaces.
Stem cell-derived tissue-associated regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes

CD4 + regulatory T cells (T regs ) are essential for normal immune surveillance, and their dysfunction can lead the development of autoimmune diseases, such as type-1 diabetes. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of healthy T regs to treat autoimmune diabetes as they have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body, including T regs . However, the right conditions for the development of antigen (Ag)-specific T regs from PSCs ( i.e. , PSC-T regs ) have not been fully defined. In this study, we developed a new approach to generate functional Ag-specific T regs from induced PSC (iPSCs), i.e. , iPSC-T regs , which have the ability to suppress autoimmunity in a murine model of autoimmune diabetes in Ag-associated fashion. We retrovirally transduced murine iPSCs with a DsRed reporter construct containing genes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II (I-A b )-restricted ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cell receptor (TCR) and the transcriptional factor FoxP3. We in vitro differentiated the DsRed + iPSC into OVA-specific iPSC-T regs with an OP9 stromal cell line expressing Notch ligands DL1, DL4 and I-A b in the presence of recombinant cytokines of rIL-7 and rFlt3L. We visualized the expression of CD3, TCR, CD4, CD25, and CTLA-4 on OVA-specific iPSC-T regs . Moreover, adoptive transfer of such T regs dramatically suppressed autoimmunity in a well-established OVA-induced model of autoimmune diabetes (RIP-OVA × OT-I double transgenic mice), including the inflammation and prevents the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells from destruction. Our results indicate that PSCs can be used to develop Ag-specific T regs , which have a therapeutic potential for autoimmune diabetes.
Femur loading in feet-first fall experiments using an anthropomorphic test device

Abstract Background Femur fractures are a common orthopedic injury in young children. Falls account for a large portion of accidental femur fractures in young children, but there is also a high prevalence of femur fractures in child abuse, with falls often provided as false histories. Objective information regarding fracture potential in short distance fall scenarios may aid in assessing whether a child's injuries are the result of abuse or an accidental fall. Knowledge of femur loading is the first step towards understanding likelihood of fracture in a fall. Objective Characterize femur loading during feet-first free falls using a surrogate representing a 12-month-old child. Methods The femur and hip joint of a surrogate representing a 12-month-old were modified to improve biofidelity and measure femur loading; 6-axis load cells were integrated into the proximal and distal femur. Femur modification was based upon CT imaging of cadaveric femurs in children 10–14 months of age. Using the modified 12-month-old surrogate, feet-first free falls from 69 cm and 119 cm heights onto padded carpet and linoleum were conducted to assess fall dynamics and determine femur loading. Femur compression, bending moment, shear and torsional moment were measured for each fall. Results Fall dynamics differed across fall heights, but did not substantially differ by impact surface type. Significant differences were found in all loading conditions across fall heights, while only compression and bending loads differed between carpet and linoleum surfaces. Maximum compression, bending, torsion and shear occurred in 119 cm falls and were 572 N, 23 N-m, 11 N-m and 281 N, respectively. Conclusions Fall dynamics play an important role in the biomechanical assessment of falls. Fall height was found to influence both fall dynamics and femur loading, while impact surface affected only compression and bending in feet-first falls; fall dynamics did not differ across carpet and linoleum. Improved pediatric thresholds are necessary to predict likelihood of fracture, but morphologically accurate representation of the lower extremity, along with accurate characterization of loading in falls are a crucial first step.
Chronic atypical first bite syndrome and primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid.

Background First bite syndrome is a well-recognized complication of parapharyngeal space surgery. There are no reported cases of protracted first bite syndrome and subsequent diagnosis of a primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the parotid. Methods We present the case of a 73-year-old man with no surgical history and 9 years of first bite syndrome who was ultimately diagnosed with a primary SCC of the parotid. Diagnostic workup, including MRI and biopsy, along with oncologic treatment, were performed. Results Surgical treatment confirmed malignancy and also resulted in complete resolution of the first bite syndrome. Conclusion First bite syndrome without prior surgery may warrant further diagnostic workup with imaging to evaluate for salivary gland pathology. When no radiographic mass lesion is detected but the patient displays protracted symptoms unresponsive to conservative therapy, one should maintain an index of suspicion for malignancy, especially in the presence of symptom escalation.
RCUArray: An RCU-Like Parallel-Safe Distributed Resizable Array

Presented in this work is RCUArray, a parallel-safe distributed array that allows for read and update operations to occur concurrently with a resize via Read-Copy-Update. Also presented is a novel extension to Epoch-Based Reclamation (EBR) that functions without the requirement for either Task-Local or Thread-Local storage, as the Chapel language currently lacks a notion of either. Also presented is an extension to Quiescent State-Based Reclamation (QSBR) that is implemented in Chapel's runtime and allows for parallel-safe memory reclamation of arbitrary data. At 32-nodes with 44-cores per node, the RCUArray with EBR provides only 20% of the performance of an unsynchronized Chapel block distributed array for read and update operations but near-equivalent with QSBR; in both cases RCUArray is up to 40x faster for resize operations.
Oncological outcomes of intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for select patients with high grade recurrent NMIBC.

4546Background: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) unresponsive patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) who prefer bladder preservation over Radical Cystectomy (RC) or are poor surgica...
The moral limits of the market: the case of consumer scoring data

We offer an ethical assessment of the market for data used to generate what are sometimes called “consumer scores” (i.e., numerical expressions that are used to describe or predict people’s dispositions and behavior), and we argue that the assessment has ethical implications on how the market for consumer scoring data should be regulated. To conduct the assessment, we employ two heuristics for evaluating markets. One is the “harm” criterion, which relates to whether the market produces serious harms, either for participants in the market, for third parties, or for society as a whole. The other is the “agency” criterion, which relates to whether participants understand the nature and significance of the exchanges they are making, if they can be guaranteed fair representation, or if there is differential need for the market’s good. We argue that consumer scoring data should be subject to the same sort of regulation as the older FICO credit scores. Although the movement in the 1990s that was aimed at regulating the FICO scores was not aimed at restraining a market per se, we argue that the reforms were underwritten by concerns about the same sorts of problems as those outlined by our heuristics. Therefore, consumer data should be subject to the same sort of regulation.
Nonreciprocal and collimated surface plasmons in drift-biased graphene metasurfaces

We explore the unusual nonreciprocal and diffractionless properties of surface plasmon polaritons propagating in drift-biased graphene-based metasurfaces. We show that applying a drift current on a graphene sheet leads to extremely asymmetric in-plane modal dispersions, from terahertz to infrared frequencies, associated with plasmons with low loss (high loss and ultrahigh confinement) traveling along (against) the bias. Strikingly, truly unidirectional wave propagation is prevented by the intrinsic nonlocal response of a graphene, a mechanism that shapes the energy flow over the surface. We also show that highly directive hyperbolic plasmons completely immune to backscattering propagate obliquely along the drift in nanostructured graphene. Finally, we discuss how spin-orbit interactions can be exploited in this platform to efficiently launch collimated plasmons along a single direction while maintaining giant nonreciprocal responses. Our findings offer a paradigm to excite, collimate, steer, and process surface plasmons over a broad frequency band.
The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities: edited by John J. Mearsheimer, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018, 313 pp.

The generic love of personal liberty and elected government did not engage in a long ideological struggle against communism. Western leaders, past and present, like to indulge in sweeping rhetoric ...
On Need for Topology-Aware Generative Models for Manifold-Based Defenses

ML algorithms or models, especially deep neural networks (DNNs), have shown significant promise in several areas. However, recently researchers have demonstrated that ML algorithms, especially DNNs, are vulnerable to adversarial examples (slightly perturbed samples that cause mis-classification). Existence of adversarial examples has hindered deployment of ML algorithms in safety-critical sectors, such as security. Several defenses for adversarial examples exist in the literature. One of the important classes of defenses are manifold-based defenses, where a sample is "pulled back" into the data manifold before classifying. These defenses rely on the manifold assumption (data lie in a manifold of lower dimension than the input space). These defenses use a generative model to approximate the input distribution. This paper asks the following question: do the generative models used in manifold-based defenses need to be topology-aware? Our paper suggests the answer is yes. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence to support our claim.
Baby’s First Bacteria: Discriminating Colonizing Commensals from Pathogens

At birth, microbes rapidly colonize our epithelial surfaces. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Leech et al. (2019) uncover how the neonatal immune system discriminates between a colonizing commensal and pathogen to selectively generate tolerance to commensal species.
The Dialectic of Humanity and Nature

This chapter explores the grounding of Marx’s approach to nature. It makes the case, drawing on Marx’s texts, that the struggles against class domination and against abuse of the natural environment, far from being in contention with one another (as argued by some “green” critics of Marxism), are mutually dependent. The capacity to view as complementary two goals that are often viewed as antagonistic reflects the application of a dialectical mode of thinking.
Regional Comparison of Goblet Cell Number and Area in Exposed and Covered Dry Eyes and Their Correlation with Tear MUC5AC.

To compare goblet cell (GC) number and area in the covered superior (SB) versus exposed temporal (TB) bulbar conjunctiva in control versus aqueous tear deficient eyes (ATD) and evaluate correlation with tear MUC5AC protein. SB and TB impression cytology performed on control eyes, Sjogren syndrome (SS) ATD, and non-SS ATD was stained with period acid Schiff. GC number and area were measured with image analysis software. Protein-normalized MUC5AC level was measured in Schirmer strip-collected tears. Compared to control conjunctiva, GC number and area were significantly lower in SS, non-SS, and combined ATD groups in exposed TB, and were also significantly lower in SS and combined ATD groups in covered SB. In all ATD, GC number and area were significantly correlated, but differences between SB and TB were non-significant. Normalized tear MUC5AC protein was lower in all ATD groups versus control eyes, and correlated only with GC area. GCs are significantly decreased in the covered and exposed conjunctiva in SS. GC area may be a better disease measure than number for ATD. Correlation between tear MUC5AC concentration and GC area suggests tear MUC5AC mucin can be used as a disease-relevant biomarker for conjunctiva GC health.
DeepScaleTool: A Tool for the Accurate Estimation of Technology Scaling in the Deep-Submicron Era

The estimation of classical CMOS "constant-field" or "Dennard" scaling methods that define scaling factors for various dimensional and electrical parameters have become less accurate in the deep-submicron regime, which drives the need for better estimation approaches especially in the educational and research domains. We present DeepScaleTool, a tool for the accurate estimation of deep-submicron technology scaling by modeling and curve fitting published data by a leading commercial fabrication company for silicon fabrication technology generations from 130 nm to 7 nm for the key parameters of area, delay, and energy. Compared to 10 nm-7 nm scaling data published by a leading foundry, the DeepScaleTool achieves an error of 1.7% in area, 2.5% in delay, and 5% in power. This compares favorably with another leading academic estimation method that achieves an error of 24% in area, 9.1% in delay, and 24.9% in power.
Depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease

Abstract Over the past several decades, burgeoning research has indicated that depression is a causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). While the underlying pathways are multifaceted, there is evidence of a biological basis for this relationship. In this chapter, we review a range of pathophysiological mechanisms through which depression is hypothesized to increase risk for CVD among otherwise healthy adults. Specifically, we assess the evidence supporting associations between depression and various functional, circulating, and structural biomarkers of cardiac health. When possible, we also demonstrate the ways in which these relationships have been linked with CVD outcomes. In addition, we summarize psychosocial factors that likely contribute to or influence this relationship, we identify some of the limitations of studying these biomarkers, and we propose future directions for research in this area.
Mutation of the murine Prickle1 (R104Q) causes phenotypes analogous to human symptoms of epilepsy and autism.

Abstract Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently show comorbidity, suggesting shared or overlapping neurobiological basis underlying these conditions. R104Q is the first mutation in the PRICKLE 1(PK1) gene that was discovered in human patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). Subsequently, a number of mutations in the PK1 gene were shown to be associated with either epilepsy, autism, or both, as well as other developmental disorders. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated a PK1R104Q mouse line. The mutant mice showed reduced density of excitatory synapses in hippocampus and impaired interaction between PK1 and the repressor element 1(RE-1) silencing transcription factor (REST). They also displayed reduced seizure threshold, impaired social interaction, and cognitive functions. Taken together, the PK1R104Q mice display characteristic behavioral features similar to the key symptoms of epilepsy and ASD, providing a useful model for studying the molecular and neural circuit mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of epilepsy and ASD.
Destructive Creation in World History, 9000 BCE–1700

Turchin coined the term “destructive creation” to underline the causal importance of warfare in creating increasingly complex societies after the transition from hunter-gatherer bands to agricultural settlements. Along with the existential threat of war came the invention of private property, class hierarchies, manuscript culture, and domination by alpha male god-kings, despite humankind’s evolutionary predisposition for equality and cooperation. This predilection helped to produce societies that were occasionally able to keep the threat of conquering empires at bay, such as the classical Greek city-states, which fought the Persian empire to a draw in the fifth century BCE through their military reliance on hoplite egalitarianism. Athens, for example, celebrated their citizen-soldiers through rituals that honored civic altruism plus Greek mythic history and religion through play performances such as The Oresteia, by Aeschylus. The invention of universal religions that could appeal to many diverse ethnicities checked the power of god-kings and reinforced the social cohesion of several mega-empires. The aristocracy of Tokugawa Japan (1603–1868) took a different route to ensure their political stability. With the help of print culture and Bunraku puppet theater, this ruling class encouraged the production of plays, such as The Battles of Coxinga by Chickamatsu, that supported the culture of their warriors, thus helping to militarize male Japanese society.
Hard Work and a Good Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota and Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement

Review of: "Hard Work and a Good Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota" by Barbara W. Sommer and "Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement" by Neil M. Maher.
INHIBITION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS BY PUROMYCIN AND 6-AZAURIDINE.

Wilson, D. E. (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.), and P. LoGerfo. Inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells by puromycin and 6-azauridine. J. Bacteriol. 88:1550-1555. 1964.-Puromycin and 6-azauridine were used to inhibit protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis during Newcastle disease virus replication. Viral RNA, measured by the incorporation of uridine-2-C(14), increased rapidly 6 to 7 hr after infection and reached a peak at 12 hr. Viral RNA synthesis was inhibited by puromycin added at the time of infection or at any time up to 4 hr after infection, but not thereafter. 6-Azauridine (3 mg/ml) inhibited over 90% of the viral RNA synthesis and inhibited protein synthesis to a small extent. Infected cells synthesized more viral RNA than did untreated controls when exposed to azauridine alone for 5 hr, followed by puromycin alone for 9 hr. It was concluded that immediately after virus infection, virus-specific proteins, which are necessary for viral RNA synthesis, were synthesized. Virus-specific protein synthesis may occur even when viral RNA synthesis is greatly inhibited. After virus-specific protein synthesis has taken place, viral RNA synthesis may take place when protein synthesis is almost totally inhibited.
Neurotransmitter map of the asymmetric dorsal habenular nuclei of zebrafish

The role of the habenular nuclei in modulating fear and reward pathways has sparked a renewed interest in this conserved forebrain region. The bilaterally paired habenular nuclei, each consisting of a medial/dorsal and lateral/ventral nucleus, can be further divided into discrete subdomains whose neuronal populations, precise connectivity and specific functions are not well understood. An added complexity is that the left and right habenulae show pronounced morphological differences in many non-mammalian species. Notably, the dorsal habenulae of larval zebrafish provide a vertebrate genetic model to probe the development and functional significance of brain asymmetry. Previous reports have described a number of genes that are expressed in the zebrafish habenulae, either in bilaterally symmetric patterns or more extensively on one side of the brain than the other. The goal of our study was to generate a comprehensive map of the zebrafish dorsal habenular nuclei, by delineating the relationship between gene expression domains, comparing the extent of left-right asymmetry at larval and adult stages, and identifying potentially functional subnuclear regions as defined by neurotransmitter phenotype. While many aspects of habenular organization appear conserved with rodents, the zebrafish habenulae also possess unique properties that may underlie lateralization of their functions.
Groups and the Free Exercise Clause

Responding to Professor Stephen Carter's emphasis on the importance of a religious group's self-definition, Professor Karst proposes a perspective on the law of religious freedom in which both the state and claims to religious freedom are disaggregated into their various components. In such a perspective, he argues, one can find hope for the uses of state power to protect religious freedom. Pursuing Professor Carter's group-centered orientation, he concludes that proper interpretations of the religion clauses of the First Amendment will take account of the problem of group status domination.
Nonselective and Gβγ-Insensitive weaver K+ Channels

Homozygous weaver mice are profoundly ataxic because of the loss of granule cell neurons during cerebellar development. This granule cell loss appears to be caused by a genetic defect in the pore region (Gly156-->Ser) of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (K+) channel subunit (GIRK2). A related subunit, GIRK1, associates with GIRK2 to constitute a neuronal G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ channel. The weaver allele of the GIRK2 subunit (wvGIRK2) caused loss of K+ selectivity when expressed either as wvGIRK2 homomultimers or as GIRK1-wvGIRK2 heteromultimers. The mutation also let to loss of sensitivity to G protein betagamma dimers. Expression of wvGIRK2 subunits let to increased cell death, presumably as a result of basal nonselective channel opening.