cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subjective probabilities and moral judgments

Abstract The two experiments reported here examined the relationship between subjective probability estimates and moral judgments (credit and blame assignment, trait attributions, and behavior evaluations). Subjects read about situations that varied in outcome valence (moral or immoral); in addition, the nature of situational demands (Experiment 1) or behavior frequency (Experiment 2) was varied. In the first experiment, subjective probabilities were related to judgments of immoral behaviors (but not moral behaviors), whereas the situational demands only had an impact on judgments of moral behaviors. Experiment 2 included a wider range of behavioral situations, and the probability estimates and moral judgments were assessed independently. In contrast to the first experiment, subjective probabilities were related to trait and behavior ratings of both moral and immoral acts. Consistent with the first experiment, however, subjective probabilities predicted blame but not credit. Across both studies, the prior expectancies were more strongly related to evaluations of immoral acts than moral acts. Implications for understanding the determinants of judgments of moral and immoral acts are discussed.
North Arican labour flows and the Euro‐Med partnership

The aim of this article is to analyse the extent to which the Euro‐Mediterranean partnership offers a constructive co‐operation initiative that could help reduce the incentive to migrate from South of the Mediterranean. In its economic components, the Euro‐Mediterranean partnership seeks to create the conditions for exchanging goods, rather than factors of production, between the North and the South of the Mediterranean. The viability of such partnership needs to be explored in the present context of growing labour force in Mediterranean countries, and the effect of liberalisation in stimulating structural changes and labour displacement effects that would further increase the incentive to migrate. It will also need to be considered in the light of the positive role that migration can have for labour sending countries.
The Origin of the Mammalian Middle Ear

A functional explanation is presented for the shift of the reptilian articular and quadrate into the mammalian middle ear to become the malleus and incus. Modification of the masticatory apparatus of therapsids results in reduction of stresses on the jaw joint and consequently in reduction of posterior elements of the jaw. In the late therapsid, Bienotherium , the quadrate and post-dentary jaw bones resemble the mammalian malleus and incus which together form a lever. The therapsid articular possesses a downturned retroarticular process (for insertion of M. depressor mandibulae) homologous with the manubrium (force lever arm) of the malleus. About the time of origin of the mammalian (dentarysquamosal) jaw joint and following the origin of the mammalian depressor, the reptilian depressor is lost. This allows the enlarging reptilian tympanum to become attached to the retroarticular process. The new lever system thus formed by articular and quadrate increases the sensitivity of the ear and the reptilian one-bone system is replaced. In early mammals the reflected lamina of the angular migrates posteriorly with the angle of the dentary so that it contacts and assumes support of the tympanum. Non-homology of the monotreme and therian depressors indicates a multiple origin of the mammalian middle ear.
The treatment of traumatic bursitis by internal paracentesis

Abstract A technic is proposed whereby the effusion and other signs and symptoms of subacute and chronic traumatic bursitis can be relieved. The operation consists of a simple paracentesis and internal bursotomy of the bursal sac creating a new communication between the sac and the adjacent subcutaneous tissues. The technic is simple, without significant danger and involves no time loss or disability for workmen. It has been used successfully in fourteen cases of traumatic prepatellar and olecranon bursitis.
Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) early post-settlement habitat choice: Structure, food, and ontogeny

Abstract Little is known about nursery habitat function for red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), a commercially important species that associates with complex benthic habitats from settlement through the first two years of life. During settlement, the red king crab actively seeks complex benthic habitats, with high availability of vertical structure and crevice space. Habitat choice for early juvenile red king crab may be driven by habitat complexity, or a function of several potential mechanisms, including foraging requirements, and shifting ontogeny. We established habitat preference and foraging behavior for two size classes of age-0 red king crab (small 2–4 mm, and large 7.5–9 mm carapace length) with laboratory experiments using habitat treatments composed of individual complex substrates that were living, biogenic substrates, including structural invertebrates, bryozoans and hydroids, and macroalgae in branched and blade forms. Non-living structural mimics of the biogenic substrates were presented to crabs as clean and fouled mimic treatments. We quantified the proportion of crab associations and foraging activity with single habitat treatments within a 24 h period. Substrates that were statistically attractive to small crabs were paired to test small crab foraging behavior. A variety of substrates were statistically attractive to red king crab. Small crabs associated with complex biogenic habitats and fouled mimics (group mean ± SE 64% ± 4%) more often than clean mimics (29% ± 4%), and preferred to forage on the structural invertebrates (foraging frequency 81%) when presented with paired biogenic and fouled mimic substrates. Large crabs associated with habitats composed of structural invertebrates (group mean ± SE 78% ± 2%) statistically more often than macroalgae and fouled and clean mimics (32% ± 5%). Strong attraction to structural invertebrates by early juvenile red king crab is likely driven by foraging opportunities. Our experiments demonstrate that biological habitat features may be functionally more important to early juvenile red king crab than complex physical structure alone. Habitats formed by structural invertebrates, in particular, may enhance growth and survival of early post-settlement stage red king crab in excess of other highly structured habitats, including macroalgae and complex physical substrates.
Monotone methods for semilinear elliptic equations in unbounded domains

Abstract Monotone methods in conjuction with upper and lower solutions have proved to be extremely powerful tools in the study of nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems in bounded domains. In this paper the theory is extended to unbounded (not necessarily exterior) domains and general linear boundary conditions.
Systematic Modelling Using Lagrangian DAEs

A treatment for formulating equations of motion for discrete engineering systems using a differential-algebraic form of Lagrange's equation is presented. The distinguishing characteristics of this approach are the retention of constraints in the mathematical model and the consequent use of dependent coordinates. A derivation of Lagrange's equation based on the first law of thermodynamics is featured. Nontraditional constraint classifications for Lagrangian differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) are defined. Model formulation is systematic and lays a foundation for developing DAE-based tools and algorithms for applications in dynamic systems and control.
Neurogenesis in adulthood: a possible role in learning

The role of the hippocampal formation in learning and memory has long been recognized. However, despite decades of intensive research, the neurobiological basis of this process in the hippocampus remains enigmatic. Over 30 years ago, the production of new neurons was found to occur in the brains of adult rodents. More recently, the documentation of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation of a variety of mammals, including humans, has suggested a novel approach towards understanding the biological bases of hippocampal function. Contemporary theories of hippocampal function include an important role for this brain region in associative learning. The addition of new neurons and consequently, their novel contribution to hippocampal circuitry could conceivably be a mechanism for relating spatially or temporally disparate events. In this review, we examine several lines of evidence suggesting that adult-generated neurons are involved in hippocampal-dependent learning. In particular, we examine the variables that modulate hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood and their relation to learning and memory.
Handling asynchronous interrupts in a PL/1‐like language

A method of handling asynchronous interrupts, which are defined to be events, in a highlevel, block-structured language is described. The language facilities are based on PL/1 conditions. The functions of an interrupt handler and its relationship with the execution time support for the language are defined and discussed. The development of the facilities being presented is also described. Solutions to design problems and implemenation details are stated. The use and benefits of the mechanism are discussed.
TPP: The Two-Way Password Protocol

The need for secure communication in the Internet has led to the widespread deployment of secure application-level protocols. The current state- of-the-art is to use TLS, in conjunction with a password protocol. The password protocol, which we call a one-way password protocol (OPP), authenticates a user to a server, using a particular secret called the password. TLS has two functions: (1) It ensures secure communication between a client and a server (2) It allows a user to authenticate a server. The first function effectively provides a secure channel for end-to- end communication between a client and a server. However, the second function is frequently compromised by a variety of Phishing attacks. In this paper, we address this problem by developing a password protocol which we name the Two-way Password Protocol (TPP). TPP, when used in conjunction with TLS, ensures that users correctly authenticate servers, and are protected from Phishing attacks. The first contribution of this paper is to develop a protocol, called the Universal Password Protocol (UPP), which ensures that a user's password is kept safe even in the case of a successful Phishing attack. However, it may be noted that a user, after logging in, frequently shares other secrets (such as credit card number) over the secure connection, and UPP cannot protect these. Our second contribution is to build on UPP and develop, first, the Two-Way Password Protocol (TPP), and finally an improved version named the Dynamic Two-Way Password Protocol (DTPP), which ensures that both a server and a client are properly authenticated to each other. This ensures the security of all secrets which should be known only to the client and the server, including, of course, the password.
DETECTING COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS FROM ARRAY CGH DATA BASED ON A CONDITIONAL RANDOM FIELD MODEL

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) allows identification of copy number alterations across genomes. The key computational challenge in analyzing copy number variations (CNVs) using aCGH data or other similar data generated by a variety of array technologies is the detection of segment boundaries of copy number changes and inference of the copy number state for each segment. We have developed a novel statistical model based on the framework of conditional random fields (CRFs) that can effectively combine data smoothing, segmentation and copy number state decoding into one unified framework. Our approach (termed CRF-CNV) provides great flexibilities in defining meaningful feature functions. Therefore, it can effectively integrate local spatial information of arbitrary sizes into the model. For model parameter estimations, we have adopted the conjugate gradient (CG) method for likelihood optimization and developed efficient forward/backward algorithms within the CG framework. The method is evaluated using real data with known copy numbers as well as simulated data with realistic assumptions, and compared with two popular publicly available programs. Experimental results have demonstrated that CRF-CNV outperforms a Bayesian Hidden Markov Model-based approach on both datasets in terms of copy number assignments. Comparing to a non-parametric approach, CRF-CNV has achieved much greater precision while maintaining the same level of recall on the real data, and their performance on the simulated data is comparable.
Coercion versus Choice: Citizen Evaluations of Public Service Quality across Methods of Consumption

Treating all respondents to citizen satisfaction surveys as “customers” risks misinterpreting the findings and misguiding managerial decision making. Citizen evaluations of the quality of public services are likely to vary based on whether citizens have a direct or indirect relationship to the service. Furthermore, citizens are likely to rate services differently based on whether they consume the services as a result of coercion or choice, although the quality of the interaction shapes the impact of the type of interaction. Based on a series of empirical analyses, this paper demonstrates that recipients who have superior-quality interactions with providers are likely to report high ratings for elective services, whereas citizens who have poor-quality interactions are likely to report low ratings for coercive services. In this way, the quality of the interaction influences citizens’ predispositions to rate services high or low based on whether they consume the service by choice or coercion.
Interaction of lexical and grammatical aspect in toddlers' language.

This study examined the effect of lexical aspect on children's imitation accuracy of English tense-aspect morphology. Thirty-five typically developing children, ages 2;4 to 3;1, imitated sentence-pairs in which the same regular verb was used once in an activity ( skip on the rug ) and once in an accomplishment ( skip out the door ). Children imitated past-imperfective morphology equally well in accomplishments and activities, but they imitated past-perfective morphology with higher accuracy in accomplishments than activities. These findings suggest that children's early morphology development is influenced by lexical aspect conveyed at the sentence level, as predicted by the PROTOTYPE HYPOTHESIS.
Exercise: Effects on Physical Functional Performance in Independent Older Adults

Background.Age-related loss in physiologic capacities contributes to the decline in physical function in the elderly popula­ tion. Despite the beneficial effects of exercise interventions on maximal physiologic capacity measures, the functional benefits have not been shown in independently living older adults. The objective of this study was to evaluate exercise in independent older adults for significant and meaningful improvements in physical function, not detected by commonly used measures of physical function. Methods. In a randomized controlled study, 49 independently living men and women were assigned to either a nonexercise control group (Control; n =26) or an exercise training group (Exercise; n =23). Participants (age =76 ± 4) in goodgeneral health were recruited from retirement communities or apartments. The combined endurance and strength training was performed at 75% to 80% intensity; the groups met 3 times/week for 6 months of supervised sessions. Outcome measures included physical capacity, health status, and physical function using a newly developed performance test-the Continuous Scale-Physical Functional Performance test (CS-PFP). Results. Compared to the Control group, the Exercise group showed significant increases in maximal oxygen consumption (11 %) and muscle strength (33%). No significant differences were found between groups for changes in the Sickness Impact Profile, SF-36 scales, or the 6-minute walk. However, the CS-PFP score improved significantly in the Exercise group (14%, ef­ fect size 0.80).
Feline anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma of the thyroid.

An 8-year-old castrated, male, domestic short-haired cat had anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma in the thyroid gland. The cat had difficulty in breathing and swallowing because of a rapidly growing mass in the left thyroid region that partially enclosed the trachea and esophagus and had evidence of diffuse discrete interstitial pulmonary metastases. The neoplasm, which was locally invasive, was formed by groups of pleomorphic cells arranged in an endocrine-like pattern. The cells were round, spindle, fusiform or irregular; some were large and multinucleated with up to 50 nuclei. Metastases were in the lungs, pleura and regional lymph nodes. Microscopically, both thyroid glands were involved; areas of transition from a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma to an anaplastic form were seen.
Predictive knowledge of stimulus relevance does not influence top-down suppression of irrelevant information in older adults.

Abstract Our ability to focus attention on task-relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant distractions is reflected by differential enhancement and suppression of neural activity in sensory cortices. Previous research has shown that older adults exhibit a deficit in suppressing task-irrelevant information, the magnitude of which is associated with a decline in working memory performance. However, it remains unclear if a failure to suppress is a reflection of an inability of older adults to rapidly assess the relevance of information upon stimulus presentation when they are not aware of the relevance beforehand. To address this, we recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) in healthy older participants (aged 60—80 years) while they performed two different versions of a selective face/scene working memory task, both with and without prior knowledge as to when relevant and irrelevant stimuli would appear. Each trial contained two faces and two scenes presented sequentially followed by a 9 sec delay and a probe stimulus. Participants were given the following instructions: remember faces (ignore scenes), remember scenes (ignore faces), remember the xth and yth stimuli (where x and y could be 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th), or passively view all stimuli. Working memory performance remained consistent regardless of task instructions. Enhanced neural activity was observed at posterior electrodes to attended stimuli, while neural responses that reflected the suppression of irrelevant stimuli was absent for both tasks. The lack of significant suppression at early stages of visual processing was revealed by P1 amplitude and N1 latency modulation indices. These results reveal that prior knowledge of stimulus relevance does not modify early neural processing during stimulus encoding and does not improve working memory performance in older adults. These results suggest that the inability to suppress irrelevant information early in the visual processing stream by older adults is related to mechanisms specific to top-down suppression.
Stanol esters decrease plasma cholesterol independently of intestinal ABC sterol transporters and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein gene expression

Possible mechanisms for the cholesterol-lowering effects of plant stanol esters were addressed by feeding hamsters diets containing stanol esters, cholesterol, or cholestyramine/lovastatin. ABCA1, ATP binding cassette G1 (ABCG1), ABCG5, ABCG8, and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mRNA levels were then estimated in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Plasma cholesterol was decreased by 36% and 94% in animals fed stanol esters and cholestyramine/lovastatin, respectively. Cholesterol feeding increased plasma cholesterol by 2.5-fold. Plasma plant sterols were unchanged by stanol ester feeding but became undetectable by feeding cholestyramine/lovastatin. Cholesterol and stanols accumulated in enterocytes of animals fed cholesterol and stanol esters, respectively. ABCG5 and ABCG8 mRNA levels were decreased by stanol esters and cholestyramine/lovastatin. Cholesterol feeding markedly increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression and modestly increased ABCG5/ABCG8. NPC1L1 mRNA was not significantly altered by any of the diets. ABCG1, ABCG5, ABCG8, and NPC1L1 mRNAs were highest in cells of the upper villus, whereas ABCA1 mRNA was highest in cells of the lower villus. The results suggest that cholesterol lowering effect of stanol esters is unrelated to changes in mRNA levels of intestinal ABC sterol transporters or NPC1L1. Cholesterol flux regulates ABC expression but not NPC1L1. The different localization of ABCA1 suggests a different function for this protein than for ABCG1, ABCG5, ABCG8, and NPC1L1.
An equation utilizing empirically derived substituent constants for the prediction of vicinal coupling constants in substituted ethanes

A simple equation has been developed for the prediction of vicinal coupling constants in HCCH fragments: The equation is a cosine series in θ, the torsion angle between vicinal hydrogens. The feature which distinguishes this equation from similar equations is the inclusion of δSi terms, which describe the magnitude of each substituent's effect. These substituent constants have been defined from experimental data. An orientation effect which is dependent on the torsion angle(s) between substituent(s) and a vicinal hydrogen is included. Substituent constants have been defined for 39 groups, of which 15 have been experimentally determined herein. The parameters for the equation have been defined from 49 torsion angles in 19 conformationally rigid compounds. The torsion angles have been determined from x-ray crystal structure data and molecular mechanics calculations. The multiplicity of structures used to determine the substituent constants should allow for the application of this equation to a wide variety of structures.
A time warping neural network

A method is proposed to improve any temporal pattern recognition system by time warping each pattern before presentation to the recognition system. The time warping function for a pattern is generated by repeated local application of a neural network to sections of the pattern. The output of this neural network is the slope of the warping function, and the internal weight parameters are trained by a gradient descent learning rule which attempts to minimize the recognition system's error. Experimental results show that this method can improve recognition of vowel phonemes.
2‐(Pentafluorophenyl)‐1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolidine

[782479-45-2] C27H27F5N2 (MW 474.5) InChI = 1S/C27H27F5N2/c1-13-9-15(3)25(16(4)10-13)33-7-8-34(26-17(5)11-14(2)12-18(26)6)27(33)19-20(28)22(30)24(32)23(31)21(19)29/h9-12,27H,7-8H2,1-6H3 InChIKey = HSIQYZZZKQLXLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (stable precursor to 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene,1 a commonly used ligand in Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions,2 and Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis3, 4) Solubility: soluble in moderately polar organic solvents such as CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and THF. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Synthesis: prepared by the condensation of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzaldehyde with 1,2-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenylamino)ethane in glacial acetic acid.1 The product precipitates from the homogeneous reaction mixture and can be recovered by filtration and purified by silica gel chromatography. The product is a crystalline, white solid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: 2-(pentafluorophenyl)-1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolidine is air- and moisture-stable at room temperature. It should be stored at or below room temperature, however. Loss of pentafluorobenzene occurs around 65 °C to produce the air- and moisture-sensitive imidazolin-2-ylidene.
Ten reasons to use divisible load theory

During the past decade, divisible load theory has become a powerful tool for modeling data-intensive computational problems. DLT emerged from a desire to create intelligent sensor networks, but most recent applications involve parallel and distributed computing. Like other linear mathematical models such as Markovian queuing theory and electric resistive circuit theory, DLT offers easy computation, a schematic language, and equivalent network element modeling. While it can incorporate stochastic features, the basic model does not make statistical assumptions, which can be the Achilles' heel of a performance evaluation model.
CRR9/CLPTM1L regulates cell survival signaling and is required for Ras transformation and lung tumorigenesis.

The transmembrane protein CLPTM1L is overexpressed in non–small cell lung cancer, where it protects tumor cells from genotoxic apoptosis. Here, we show that RNA interference-mediated blockade of CLPTM1L inhibits K-Ras–induced lung tumorigenesis. CLPTM1L expression was required in vitro for morphologic transformation by H-RasV12 or K-RasV12, anchorage-independent growth, and survival of anoikis of lung tumor cells. Mechanistic investigations indicated that CLPTM1L interacts with phosphoinositide 3-kinase and is essential for Ras-induced AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore that the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL is regulated by CLPTM1L independently of AKT activation. Constitutive activation of AKT or Bcl-xL rescued the transformed phenotype in CLPTM1L-depleted cells. The CLPTM1L gene lies within a cancer susceptibility locus at chromosome 5p15.33 defined by genome-wide association studies. The risk genotype at the CLPTM1L locus was associated with high expression of CLPTM1L in normal lung tissue, suggesting that cis -regulation of CLPTM1L may contribute to lung cancer risk. Taken together, our results establish a protumorigenic role for CLPTM1L that is critical for Ras-driven lung cancers, with potential implications for therapy and chemosensitization. Cancer Res; 74(4); 1116–27. ©2013 AACR .
p53 Negatively Regulates RGS13 Protein Expression in Immune Cells

RGS13, a member of the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family, inhibits G protein-coupled receptor signaling in B cells and mast cells (MCs) and suppresses IgE-antigen-induced MC degranulation and anaphylaxis. Although RGS13 expression is induced by immune receptor and chemokine receptor stimulation, the molecular regulation of RGS13 transcription is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of two p53 response elements (REs) in the regulation of RGS13 promoter activity and expression. We found that a 1000-bp DNA fragment upstream of the ATG translation start site (TSS) had promoter activity in reporter gene assays, and deletion or mutation of a p53-binding motif nearest the TSS abolished promoter activity. Notably, p53 bound to both REs in the RGS13 promoter in vivo as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation, suggesting that the p53 RE most distal to the TSS is physiologically inactive. We detected reduced RGS13 expression in MCs exogenously expressing p53 or treated with doxorubicin, which induces genotoxic stress and leads to p53 accumulation. RNA silencing of p53 up-regulated RGS13 expression in B lymphocytes, and bone marrow-derived MCs from p53−/− mice had increased RGS13 expression. Finally, p53-depleted B cells with increased RGS13 expression had reduced Ca2+ mobilization in response to sphingosine 1-phosphate. These studies indicate that p53 may modulate immune responses through suppression of RGS13 transcription in MCs and B cells.
Allocator implementations for network-on-chip routers

The present contribution explores the design space for virtual channel (VC) and switch allocators in network-on-chip (NoC) routers. Based on detailed RTL-level implementations, we evaluate representative allocator architectures in terms of matching quality, delay, area and power and investigate the sensitivity of these properties to key network parameters. We introduce a scheme for sparse VC allocation that limits transitions between groups of VCs based on the function they perform, and reduces the VC allocator's delay, area and power by up to 41%, 90% and 83%, respectively. Furthermore, we propose a pessimistic mechanism for speculative switch allocation that reduces switch allocator delay by up to 23% compared to a conventional implementation without increasing the router's zero-load latency. Finally, we quantify the effects of the various design choices discussed in the paper on overall network performance by presenting simulation results for two exemplary 64-node NoC topologies.
So Women Bring Home the Bacon: Are Congresswomen Rewarded for Their Performance By Being Reelected at Higher Rates? An Analysis of Female Incumbent House Members

A review of the literature on women in the House reveals that Congresswomen gradually passed a threshold, starting as single-term members who over decades transitioned into competitive, successful, but vastly underrepresented legislators. The literature on this topic has posited that once in office women will achieve the basic goals of a Congress member, such as bringing more federal spending home to districts and being more active on roll call votes, better than a Congressman. When gender-biased selection is present, women who are elected to office will on average perform better than men because of the unique challenges faced by women in the electoral process, which weeds out all but the strongest female candidates, subsequently leading them to becoming more successful members; this combined with the incumbency advantage should logically result in superior performance when it comes to reelection. The position of this essay is that we can expect women to perform equal to or better than their male counterparts when running for reelection because Congresswomen’s superior performance in the House will translate into higher reelection rates.
On the simultaneous association analysis of large genomic regions: a massive multi-locus association test.

Motivation: For samples of unrelated individuals, we propose a general analysis framework in which hundred thousands of genetic loci can be tested simultaneously for association with complex phenotypes. The approach is built on spatial-clustering methodology, assuming that genetic loci that are associated with the target phenotype cluster in certain genomic regions. In contrast to standard methodology for multilocus analysis, which has focused on the dimension reduction of the data, our multilocus association-clustering test profits from the availability of large numbers of genetic loci by detecting clusters of loci that are associated with the phenotype. Results: The approach is computationally fast and powerful, enabling the simultaneous association testing of large genomic regions. Even the entire genome or certain chromosomes can be tested simultaneously. Using simulation studies, the properties of the approach are evaluated. In an application to a genome-wide association study for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, we illustrate the practical relevance of the proposed method by simultaneously testing all genotyped loci of the genome-wide association study and by testing each chromosome individually. Our findings suggest that statistical methodology that incorporates spatial-clustering information will be especially useful in whole-genome sequencing studies in which millions or billions of base pairs are recorded and grouped by genomic regions or genes, and are tested jointly for association. Availability and implementation: Implementation of the approach is available upon request. Contact: ude.dravrah.liam@214qad Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Social Ecology Model of Adolescent Substance Abuse: Implications for Prevention

A comprehensive theoretical model of adolescent substance abuse, the Social Ecology Model, was developed. The model includes peer influence, school bonding, self-efficacy, and family and school climate variables. Several competing variations of the model were empirically tested using a confirmatory multivariate methodology (LISREL) on a high school sample (N = 1,373). Self-efficacy and school bonding collapsed into a single factor, which was significantly predicted by the family and school climate latent variables. These findings suggest that prevention approaches should include interventions effective in improving family and school climate for youths in addition to improving self-efficacy, school bonding, and peer relations. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts section of this issue.]
Deficit in DNA Content Relative to Histones in X-irradiated HeLa Cells

SummaryThe DNA and histone content of HeLa S-3 cell cultures was measured by direct mass assays 21 hours after 1000 rad of X-irradiation, when the cells were arrested in G2 phase. The nuclear DNA content of such cultures was found to be deficient (73 per cent of control values). In contrast, the synthesis of nuclear histones persisted, and the total histone content was close to 100 per cent of control values. When synchronously-growing cultures were irradiated in mid-S phase and examined 3·5 hours later in G2 phase, both DNA and histone content were equal to control values.
Lighting conditions used during visual shade matching in private dental offices.

Abstract Statement of problem To our knowledge, no data are available on the actual lighting that is used for visual shade matching in private dental offices. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the shade matching practices and interest in continuing education in dental practices and to determine the quantity and quality of the ambient lighting used during visual shade matching in a sample cohort of dentists in private practices. Material and methods Thirty-two private practices were enrolled, and each completed a 1-page survey on the clinic’s shade matching practices. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the ambient lighting in each practice, collecting data on color temperature (Kelvin), color rendering index (CRI), and light intensity (foot candles/fc). A 2-sided nonparametric sign test was used to compare the true median color temperature with the standard (5500°K). A 1-sided t test was used to compare the CRI with the standard (CRI >90) (α=.05 for all statistical analyses). Results All dental practitioners surveyed used mainly visual shade matching in their practices. Of those, 87.5% showed interest in attending continuing education on this topic, with 56.3% preferring a clinical demonstration course. The mean color temperature was 4152.9°K and was significantly different from the standard 5500°K ( P t test indicated that the mean CRI was less than 90 ( P =1). The 95% confidence interval for the intensity was 80.7 to 111.6 fc. Conclusions The ambient light in the majority of the 32 dental private practices measured was not ideal for visual shade matching.
Identifying Regulators of Morphogenesis Common to Vertebrate Neural Tube Closure and Caenorhabditis elegans Gastrulation

Neural tube defects including spina bifida are common and severe congenital disorders. In mice, mutations in more than 200 genes can result in neural tube defects. We hypothesized that this large gene set might include genes whose homologs contribute to morphogenesis in diverse animals. To test this hypothesis, we screened a set of Caenorhabditis elegans homologs for roles in gastrulation, a topologically similar process to vertebrate neural tube closure. Both C. elegans gastrulation and vertebrate neural tube closure involve the internalization of surface cells, requiring tissue-specific gene regulation, actomyosin-driven apical constriction, and establishment and maintenance of adhesions between specific cells. Our screen identified several neural tube defect gene homologs that are required for gastrulation in C. elegans, including the transcription factor sptf-3. Disruption of sptf-3 in C. elegans reduced the expression of early endodermally expressed genes as well as genes expressed in other early cell lineages, establishing sptf-3 as a key contributor to multiple well-studied C. elegans cell fate specification pathways. We also identified members of the actin regulatory WAVE complex (wve-1, gex-2, gex-3, abi-1, and nuo-3a). Disruption of WAVE complex members reduced the narrowing of endodermal cells' apical surfaces. Although WAVE complex members are expressed broadly in C. elegans, we found that expression of a vertebrate WAVE complex member, nckap1, is enriched in the developing neural tube of Xenopus. We show that nckap1 contributes to neural tube closure in Xenopus. This work identifies in vivo roles for homologs of mammalian neural tube defect genes in two manipulable genetic model systems.
Establishing the State, Preparing Occupation

The history of the early national period in Israel, like the one before it, is shaped by the interactions of three parties: the Israelis, the Palestinians, and ambitious outside powers, each with constant and self-interested motives. As in the previous period, the conflicts of interest that arose among them ended in a war whose results brought great losses to the Palestinians and to some of the great or aspiring-to-be great powers and only a Pyrrhic victory to Israelis.
Penelope Fitzgerald’s At Freddie’s, or “All My Pretty Ones”

ABSTRACTThe author of nine novels, three biographies, and a body of literary criticism, Penelope Fitzgerald (1916–2000) is judged to be among Britain’s most respected authors. This essay examines her fifth novel, the 1982 At Freddie’s, set in an early 1960s London Stage school. Throughout her fiction, Fitzgerald has always been alive to the ways in which children find themselves discounted; and this essay is especially attentive to this theme.
A Pyrimidine Sporulation Medium for Filobasidiella

(1981). A Pyrimidine Sporulation Medium for Filobasidiella. Mycologia: Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 343-345.
Analysis of influenza surveillance in Minhang district during 2007-2009

Objective:To understand the influenz epidemic characteristics of population in Minhang from 2007 to 2009,to provide scientific bases for the prevention of influenz.Methods: Collecting surveillance data of influenza-like illness(ILI) in monitored hospital of Minhang.All taking specimens were processed to culture and isolate the influenz virus in MDCK cell,and identified type and subtypes using the haemagglutination inhibition test(HI).Results: Totally 7938 cases ILI were reported in monitored hospital from 2007 to 2009,the doctor ratio of cases ILI were 0.52%.Taking specimens were 1277,406 strains of influenz virus were isolated.The dominant epidemic strain of influenz virus was seasonal H3N2 in 2007,seasonal H1N1 and B co-circulated in 2008.Both of influenz surveillance and identification of influenz virus showed that the high incidence of influenz was in winter-spring and summer from 2007-2008.The two seasonal influenza peaks of winter-spring and summer were obvious in 2009,but the epidemic peak of influenz was apparent in November and December,The seasonal influenza H1N1 and H3N2 co-circulated in the winter-spring.In summer-autumn,influenza A(H1N1) and the seasonal H3N2 co-circulated in Minhang,then influenza A(H1N1) became dominating.Conclusion: The epidemic peaks of influenza were winter-spring and summer-autumn in Minhang Area from 2007 to 2008,the dominant strains was alternation between H3N2,B and H1N1.The outbreak caused by influenza A(H1N1) was reported in autumn-winter in 2009,the detection ratioe of Influenza A(H1N1) virus was 50%.
Brains in bodies, persons in groups, and religion in nature: an integrative interpretation of religious and spiritual experiences

INTRODUCTION We have come to the end of a long journey of exploration, filled with rich disciplinary vistas. The journey has been complicated by the recurring challenges of absorption and synthesis forced upon us by the multidisciplinary framework of the inquiry. In this concluding chapter, having arrived back home, so to speak, I attempt to fulfill the obligations of an integrative interpreter of many disciplinary perspectives on RSEs by weaving together the main strands of the inquiry into the theoretical equivalent of a tapestry that recalls where we have traveled. The tapestry records the many ways the interpretation has been knotted tightly to relevant data, and illustrates the affiliations among valid insights that might otherwise seem unrelated or even opposed. In fact, most of the tapestry was finished on the journey, but it is important to pause at the end, step back, and see what we have wrought. I proceed first by crystallizing five controversies that the unfolding argument has held in suspension and indicating their bearing on my conclusions. Subsequently, I shall summarize the argument by restating the five affirmations that express in the most substantive way the interpretative conclusion of the book about the nature, functions, and value of RSEs. FIVE KEY CONTROVERSIES Five controversial themes run through the argument of this book. These are: Definitive proof versus hypothesis correction; Ideological extremity versus multidisciplinary balance; Supernaturalism versus naturalism; Instinctive innocence versus self-critical responsibility; and Natural law versus social engineering.
Cranial Nerve Schwannomas: Diagnostic Imaging Approach

Imaging approaches to diagnosing schwannomas involving the cisternal, skull base, and extracranial segments of the cranial nerves are reviewed, with a description of associated clinical presentations, imaging features, anatomic considerations, evidence of end-organ compromise, and key differential diagnoses.
TCT-636 Self-Expanding TAVR in Patients with Low-Gradient, Low Output Aortic Stenosis: 12 Month Results from the CoreValve US Expanded Use Study

Self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is superior to medical therapy for patients with severe native valve aortic stenosis unsuitable for surgery. Its use in patients with low-gradient, low output aortic stenosis has not been prospectively studied. The CoreValve US Expanded
Physical, technical, and economic accessibility of resources and reserves need to be distinguished by grade: Application to the case of phosphorus

The amount of phosphorus in the total environment is finite, yet recent estimates suggest that more than enough phosphate ore resources exist in the lithosphere to meet future increases in demand during the next century. Still, it remains unclear how the accessibility of this resource stock - which is heterogeneous in terms of grade and location - will change as currently accessible resources are utilized, as extraction and processing technologies develop, and as the relative economic costs vary. This study uses an economic framework, the World Trade Model with Rectangular Choice-of-Technology, to link estimates of known geological resources of various grades with the technically and economically accessible reserves. Using the most recent public data on phosphate ore stocks and mining and technological capacity, this study estimates that the ~400,000teragrams (Tg) of known apatite ore (>1% P2O5 content) equate to ~110,000Tg when converted to potential reserves (~30% P2O5) using existing technologies, with over half of these remaining potential reserves converted from resources with grades below 20% P2O5. Corresponding global reserves are estimated at ~70,000Tg using the Rectangular Choice-of-Technology model, but since any reserve estimate is contingent on the state of the world economy, a set of five illustrative scenarios are constructed to show how this estimate can vary between ~67,000 and ~98,000Tg with only a small number of changes to the economic and technical parameters and variables. Calculating accessibility using consistent definitions for resources and reserves while distinguishing between grades not only creates a clearer picture of remaining non-renewable resources, but creates a framework that can be used to explore future geopolitical scenarios about ore availability, extraction technologies, supply networks, and global commodity prices.
Quantitative ornithology with a commercial marine radar: standard-target calibration, target detection and tracking, and measurement of echoes from individuals and flocks

Marine surveillance radars are commonly used for radar ornithology, but they are rarely calibrated. This prevents them from measuring the radar cross-sections (RCS) of the birds under study. Furthermore, if the birds are aggregated too closely for the radar to resolve them individually, the bulk volume reflectivity cannot be translated into a numerical density. We calibrated a commercial off-the-shelf marine radar using a standard spherical target of known RCS. Once calibrated, the radar was used to measure the RCS of common and roseate terns (Sterna hirundo L. and Sterna dougallii Montagu) tracked from a land-based installation at their breeding colony on Great Gull Island, NY, USA. We also integrated echoes from flocks of terns, comparing these total flock cross-sections with visual counts from photos taken at the same time as the radar measurements. The radar's calibration parameters were determined with 1% error. RCS measurements made after calibration were expected to be accurate within ±2 dB. Mean tern RCS was estimated at -28 dB relative to one square meter (dBsm), agreeing in magnitude with a simple theoretical model. RCS was 3-4 dB higher when birds’ aspect angles were broadside to the radar beam compared with head- or tail-on. Integrated flock cross-section was linearly related to the number of birds. The slope of this line, an independent estimate of RCS, was -32 dBsm, within an order of magnitude of the estimate from individual birds, and near the middle of the frequency distribution of RCS values. These results indicate that a calibrated marine radar can count the birds in an aggregation via echo integration. Field calibration of marine radars is practical, enables useful measurements, and should be done more often. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Effect of Silver Ion Occupancy on Hollandite Lattice Structure

The effect of tunnel cations on tunnel size in α-MnO2 structured (hollandite, cryptomelane) materials has long been of interest, as the tunnel size effects catalytic and transport properties. Previous research on the tunnel size has focused on potassium cryptomelane (KxMn8O16). This paper uses synthetic control of silver content in AgxMn8O16 to investigate the effect that tunnel silver occupancy has on the lattice parameters. Materials with silver (x) content between 1.14 and 1.66 were synthesized, synchrotron diffraction and Rietveld Refinement was used to determine lattice parameters. The lattice parameters were found to contract as silver content increases (from 9.774 A to 9.738 A), in contrast to previous investigations of other tunnel cations.
Estimating Hedonic Models of Consumer Demand with an Application to Urban Sprawl

In this paper, we describe a method for estimating hedonic models of consumer demand using a methods described in Bajari and Benkard (2005) and Bajari and Kahn (2005). We apply our methods to understanding suburbanization and the associated urban sprawl using a unique data set form Los Angeles in 2000-2003. Urban sprawl has both costs and benefits. One cost of sprawl is that commute times are increased since homes and places of work are more dispersed. A benefit is that sprawl allows consumers to purchase larger homes and lots. This paper uses a new data set on housing transactions in Los Angeles County to compare some costs (increased commuting) and benefits (larger homes) of sprawl. We use new methods in demand estimation to recover how heterogeneous home buyers tradeoff commuting versus larger homes at the margin. Finally, we evaluate the partial equilibrium welfare effects of two anti-sprawl policies.