cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topology and dimensional synthesis of compliant mechanisms using discrete optimization

A unified approach to topology and dimensional synthesis of compliant mechanisms is presented in this paper as a discrete optimization problem employing both discrete (topology) and continuous (size) variables. The synthesis scheme features a design parameterization method that treats load paths as discrete design variables to represent various topologies, thereby ensuring structural connectivity among the input, output, and ground supports. The load path synthesis approach overcomes certain design issues, such as "gray areas" and disconnected structures, inherent in previous design schemes. Additionally, multiple gradations of structural resolution and a variety of configurations can be generated without increasing the number of design variables. By treating topology synthesis as a discrete optimization problem, the synthesis approach is incorporated in a genetic algorithm to search for feasible topologies for single-input single-output compliant mechanisms. Two design examples, commonly seen in the compliant mechanisms literature, are included to illustrate the synthesis procedure and to benchmark the performance. The results show that the load path synthesis approach can effectively generate well-connected compliant mechanism designs that are free of gray areas.
Application of synchronous dynamic encryption system in mobile wireless domains

Motivated by the tradeoff between security and efficiency performance parameters that has been imposed on all modern wireless security protocols, we designed a novel security system that gained in both parameters. Our system is based on stream ciphers for their speed, but maintaining a much more solid and proven security. Such security strength stems from the novel deployment of permutation vectors and the data records in the regeneration of the secret key. Moreover, the involvement of the former results in an adaptive and efficient data integrity mechanism that relies on error propagations in the data stream. Simulation results show that our security protocol is much faster than peer mechanisms such as WEP and CCMP. Hence, we anticipate a great opportunity to deploy our system in environments with scarce bandwidth, which are the most vulnerable; specifically the wireless domain.
Five paederine species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) new to Korea

Abstract Five Paederine species [Astenus chloroticus ( Sharp, 1874 ), A. setifer Cameron, 1930 , Medon submaculatus Sharp, 1889 , Thinocharis japonica Bernhauer, 1909 and Scopaeus curraxoides Adachi, 1955 ] are reported for the first time from Korea. The genus Thinocharis Kraatz, 1859 is also first reported for the Korean fauna. The photographs of adult habitus and illustrations of male genitalia of them are provided here.
Identification and characterization of two promoters of rat kallikrein-binding protein gene

Abstract Rat kallikrein-binding protein (RKBP) is a serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) which binds to and inhibits tissue kallikrein activity [1,2]. In this study, we have sequenced and identified two promoter regions of the RKBP gene ( RKBP ). One promoter is located in the 5′ flanking region (P 2 ) of the gene and the other is located in the first intron (P 2 ). Both promoters contain a consensus TATA and CAAT box. These RKBP promoters were fused with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and their promoter activities were determined by measuring CAT levels using a specific ELISA. The P 1 promoter exhibited high promoter activities in Hep3B hepatoma cells but not in La-fibroblastoma cells, indicating its tissue-specificity. By deletion analysis, we have identified a negative regulatory element of the P, promoter between −739 and −472, and defined a minimal sequence between − 183 and −2 for maintaining the intact promoter activity. The P 2 promoter showed a strong activity only when linked to an SV40 enhancer. Activity of the P 1 promoter can be induced by growth hormone in Hep3B cells. Gel retardation assay has identified 5 DNA fragments which were bound by nuclear proteins from rat liver. Two DNA fragments are in the 5′ flanking region, one contains a putative glucocorticoid and growth hormone response element and the other one contains a CAAT box and two putative AP-1 binding sites. The remaining three are in the first intron and contain a putative thyroid hormone response element, a putative GATA site and three consensus CAAT boxes, respectively. Nuclear proteins from the kidney showed that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have a distinct trans -acting factor which binds with the DNA fragment containing the glucocorticoid and growth hormone response elements, as compared with normotensive rats. This result indicates that different trans -acting factors in the kidney of SHR may contribute to the decreased RKBP expression in these hypertensive rats.
Policy Salience and the Causal Structure of Representation

In earlier research, Cnudde and McCrone (1966) presented a revised version of the Miller and Stokes model of representation, which they contend to be an accurate portrait of the causal processes by...
Expert system technology in organisational process domain modelling

: Organisational processes are repetitive, time-consuming and interdependent, requiring several members to interact for successful completion. Moreover, when organisations change their operating procedures it becomes difficult to carry out even routine tasks because of the confusion and lack of communication. By studying the organisational processes and the knowledge required to execute them, we can create generic process models that could be stored persistently in a repository. This process repository can serve as a corporate knowledge base, which could be accessed by intelligent computer assistants for automating organisational processes. This paper presents a framework of intelligent assistants that can emulate the behaviour of human agents in organisational problem-solving. The generic process models can also be customised to meet the changing needs of the organisation. We present a domain modelling approach to organisational process modelling and an expert system for customising process models. The paper also describes the architecture and design of the proof-of-concept prototype that supports organisational process modelling, as well as process execution through intelligent computer assistants.
Intestinal electrolyte secretion. History of a paradigm.

• The contemporary paradigm for active chloride secretion by vertebrate epithelial cells evolved, at least in part, from experiments that began in the laboratory of Dr William Silen at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, Mass. It was first shown there that cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cholera toxin stimulate active chloride secretion when added to intestinal mucosa in vitro. The paradigm, which evolved further from experiments on shark rectal gland and flounder intestine at the Mt Desert Island Biological Laboratory in Salsbury Cove, Maine, is as follows: Chloride enters some epithelial cells by sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport with a stoichiometry of 1:1:2 and accumulates intracellularly because of the sodium gradient maintained by sodium-potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase in the basolateral membrane; the chloride is then released from the cell through chloride channels in the membrane opposite that of the cotransporter. If the cotransporter is basolateral and the channel is apical, chloride is secreted; if it is the other way around, chloride is absorbed. In a number of secretory epithelial cells, cyclic adenosine monophosphate activates these channels, thereby initiating secretion. A defect in the activation of these channels by cyclic adenosine monophosphate is the root cause of cystic fibrosis. (Arch Surg.1993;128:273-278)
Amorphous Manganese Dioxide: A High Capacity Lithium Intercalation Host

Amorphous manganese dioxide has been synthesized via a room‐temperature sol‐gel route. The material is a stable intercalation host for lithium and the intercalation capacity is greater than . The host remains amorphous in the entire intercalation range and the insertion process is reversible. When used as an intercalation electrode, the material stores energy at the level of . The latter represents an improvement over crystalline manganese oxide materials by factors of two to three. ©1998 The Electrochemical Society
The Effects of Coaching on the Standardized Test Performance of Learning Disabled and Behaviorally Disordered Students

Eighty-five mildly handicapped (learning disabled or behaviorally disordered) students were assigned at random to either a control condition or a condition in which students received training for 5 days on test-taking skills relevant to the Stanford Achievement Test. Results of test scores indicated that trained students scored significantly higher on tests of reading decoding and math concepts. A significant univariate interaction between experimental group and handicapping condition suggested that students classified as behavioraily disordered had differentially benefited on the math concepts subtest. Finally, a descriptive but nonsignificant difference favoring trained students was found on the math computation subtest. Implications for special education are given.
Tetralichine Trilobites from the Upper Ordovician of Oklahoma and Virginia and Phylogenetic Systematics of the Tetralichini

New material, including a complete exoskeleton, from the Bromide Formation of Oklahoma, allows a complete evaluation of Probolichas Phleger, 1936 and necessitates a quantitative revision of the lichid tribe Tetralichini Phleger, 1936. A strict consensus tree of nine equally parsimonious trees generated from a branch and bound analysis indicates that the genus Probolichas is monophyletic, and should no longer be restricted as synonymous with, or as a sub-clade of Amphilichas Raymond, 1905. The genus Apatolichas Whittington, 1963 is revised as a synonym of Amphilichas, and the Tetralichini is defined as clade with three genera: Amphilichas, Probolichas, and Lyralichas Weber, 1948. Probolichas kristiae from the Bromide Formation and Amphilichas effnensis from the Effna Formation of Virginia are new species.
Understanding the role of the tumour vasculature in the transport of drugs to solid cancer tumours

Objectives : The vasculature of tumours imposes certain barriers that transport of anti-cancer drugs must overcome. Here follows an account of development of a general computational model that describes the mechanisms of drug transport to a solid tumour, with an emphasis on modelling the vasculature using solute transport concepts. Materials and methods : Investigation into the biological parameters that enhance/pre- vent anticancer drug transport to the tumour provides a means to evaluate the effects of these parameters on the treatment process. Sensitivity analysis of these provides useful insights concerning anticancer drug transport mechanisms from the vasculature to the solid tumour for a non-specified drug and non-specified solid tumour by revealing the conditions that promote or prevent effective drug transport. The effect of the vasculature on transport efficiency is studied using a parametric analysis of some of the transport and biological parameters. Understanding the various transport mechanisms provides a basis to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug treatment a priori. Results : It was found that increases in the capillary hydrostatic pressure, diffusive permeability coefficient and hydraulic conductivity all result in a decrease in tumour size. Similarly, decreases in the interstitium hydrostatic pressure and filtration constant result in a decrease in tumour size. Dependence of the change in the tumour size to changes in these parameters is non-linear. These results demonstrate the potential of the integrated computational model of the tumour and its vasculature to estimate efficacy of a particular treatment process. Regardless of the dependency of the outcome on the assumed model parameters and the assumed kinetics, mathematical models of this type can provide more expla- nation on the issues related to the transport barriers, the efficacy of the treatment, and the development of effective anticancer drugs. A case study also is presented to demonstrate the model's flexibility to accommodate a two-cell-glioma population.
New Insights Into the Developmental Biomechanics of the Atrioventricular Valves

See related article, pages 1503–1511 In this issue, Butcher et al,1 provide elegant data on the mechanical performance and material properties of stage 17, 21, and 25 chick embryonic atrioventricular (AV) cushions during normal development and following the selective digestion of AV cushion constituents. These data are then interpreted using a strain-energy based pseudoelasticity theory to determine maturational changes in AV cushion material coefficients and effective modulus. The experimental approach developed by Butcher and colleagues and their observation that developmental changes in AV cushion function are because of changes in cushion constituents and material properties represent an important advance in our understanding of the role of tissue composition on valve morphogenesis. Further, this study represents the first direct correlation of in vivo AV cushion kinematics and blood velocity with biomechanical properties during AV valve morphogenesis that includes experimental validation via the selective enzymatic digestion of either glycosaminoglycans or collagens to alter cushion properties. As the first functioning organ, experimental data from numerous animal model systems show that the embryonic heart generates forward blood flow while transforming from a contracting linear tube into the multi-chambered heart.2–6 From the onset of the heart …
Changes in Cardiac Output with Age

In the first of two papers, the details and results of a systematic, carefully standardized application of dye dilution technic to the measurement of cardiac output are reported. A substantially reduced output was a consistent finding in older subjects. Factors responsible for this are analyzed in this article, and further interpretations are made in the succeeding article. One result of the analysis of time-concentration curves of dye provides an interesting relationship to clinical estimates of circulation time.
Association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and DDT with diabetes in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

The association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and p,p'-DDT with diabetes was evaluated using the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Persons 20 years old and older were included. Relationships with diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes (glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) >6.1%), and total diabetes (diagnosed plus undiagnosed) were tested. When all three chemicals were evaluated together for total diabetes, the unweighted number of participants was 1830. All three compounds were significantly associated with diagnosed diabetes. PCB 126 and p,p'-DDT were significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes. 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD) was not associated with undiagnosed diabetes. When the three chemicals were included in a combined model for total diabetes, PCB 126>83.8pg/g lipid adjusted had an odds ratio of 2.57 (95% CI 1.33-4.95) compared to PCB 126 26.6ng/g lipid adjusted with an odds ratio of 2.74 (95% CI 1.44-5.23) both compared to p,p'-DDT < or = 20.7ng/g lipid adjusted. HxCDD was not associated with total diabetes in a combined model. When participants with poor liver function and poor kidney function were removed from the analysis, the combined model for total diabetes produced similar results with PCB 126 and p,p'-DDT having been significantly associated, and HxCDD not having been associated. These findings add to the list of chemicals found to be associated with diabetes in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Time to Abandon the Self-Medication Hypothesis in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders

Background: The Self-Medication Hypothesis (SMH) of addictive disorders as articulated by Edward Khantzian in his seminal 1985 paper postulates that individuals with psychiatric disorders use substances to relieve psychiatric symptoms and that this pattern of usage predisposes them to addiction. Khantzian’s SMH also postulates that the preferred substance is not random, but is based on the unique pharmacological properties of the substance. For example, an individual with attention deficit disorder would prefer amphetamines to alcohol, due to its stimulating properties, whereas an individual with anxiety would prefer alcohol to amphetamines, due to its anxiolytic properties. Finally, Khantzian’s SMH implies that treating the underlying psychiatric disorder will improve or resolve the problems of addiction. Aims and Results: A review of the scientific literature demonstrates a striking lack of robust evidence in support of the SMH as put forth by Khantzian. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Nonethel...
Laser-ablated resist via inspection

193 run excimer laser photo-ablation of kerf patterns offers a non-destructive Method of characterizing high-aspect-ratio vias in resist and polymer stacks, for process control and potential rework decisions. Current optical and SEM approaches, including tilt-stage, do not offer sufficient information as diameters approach 0.5 urn in 1 urn thick stacks. Unlike the double-exposed photo-cleave method described by Yang, et al, this technique sections isolated vias after developing, representing actual product structures. Tilt-stage SEN inspection is then used to observe the details of the contour, to assure complete opening and proper dimensions.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DNA repair gene polymorphisms and tobacco smoking in the risk for colorectal adenomas

DNA damage is thought to play a critical role in the development of colorectal adenoma. Variation in DNA repair genes may alter their capacity to correct endogenous and exogenous DNA damage. We explored the association between common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes and adenoma risk with a case―control study nested in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. A total of 1338 left sided, advanced colorectal adenoma cases and 1503 matched controls free of left-sided polyps were included in the study. Using DNA extracted from blood, 3144 tag SNPs in 149 DNA repair genes were successfully genotyped. Among Caucasians, 30 SNPs were associated with adenoma risk at P < 0.01, with four SNPs remaining significant after gene-based adjustment for multiple testing. The most significant finding was for a non-synonymous SNP (rs9350) in Exonuclease-1 (EXO1) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11―1.51, P = 0.001)], which was predicted to be damaging using bioinformatics methods. However, the association was limited to smokers with a strong risk for current smokers (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.27―3.65) and an intermediate risk for former smokers (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.14―1.82) and no association for never smokers (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.76―1.25) (P interaction = 0.002). Among the top findings, an SNP (rs17503908) in ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) was inversely related to adenoma risk (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.63― 0.91). The association was restricted to never smokers (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.40―0.76) with no increased risk observed among smokers (OR = 0 . 89 , 95% CI = 0.70―1.13) (P interaction = 0.006). This large comprehensive study, which evaluated all presently known DNA repair genes, suggests that polymorphisms in EXO1 and ATM may be associated with risk for advanced colorectal adenoma with the associations modified by tobacco-smoking status.
Efficient search for correct and useful topological maps

We present an algorithm for probabilistic topological mapping that heuristically searches a tree of map hypotheses to provide a usable topological map hypothesis online, while still guaranteeing the correct map can always be found. Our algorithm annotates each leaf of the tree with a posterior probability. When a new place is encountered, we expand hypotheses based on their posterior probability, which means only the most probable hypotheses are expanded. By focusing on the most probable hypotheses, we dramatically reduce the number of hypotheses evaluated allowing real-time operation. Additionally, our approach never prunes consistent hypotheses from the tree, which means the correct hypothesis always exists within the tree.
The influence of a power law drift on the exit time of Brownian motion from a half-line

Abstract The addition of a Bessel drift 1 x to a Brownian motion affects the lifetime of the process in the interval ( 0 , ∞ ) in a well-understood way. We study the corresponding effect of a power − β x p ( β ≠ 0 , p > 0 ) of the Bessel drift. The most interesting case occurs when β > 0 . If p > 1 then the effect of the drift is not too great in the sense that the exit time has the same critical value q 0 for the existence of q th moments ( q > 0 ) as the exit time of Brownian motion. When p 1 , the influence is much greater: the exit time has exponential moments.
The task graph pattern

This paper presents the Task Graph pattern. Examples of the pattern are presented using the continuation tasks feature of the Task Parallel Library (6), which ships as part of the Microsoft .NET 4 Framework. This pattern is intended to be read in the context of the existing pattern languages for parallel programming; Patterns for Parallel Programming (5) and Our Pattern Language (4).
Prediction of Molecular Targets of Cancer Preventing Flavonoid Compounds Using Computational Methods

Plant-based polyphenols (i.e., phytochemicals) have been used as treatments for human ailments for centuries. The mechanisms of action of these plant-derived compounds are now a major area of investigation. Thousands of phytochemicals have been isolated, and a large number of them have shown protective activities or effects in different disease models. Using conventional approaches to select the best single or group of best chemicals for studying the effectiveness in treating or preventing disease is extremely challenging. We have developed and used computational-based methodologies that provide efficient and inexpensive tools to gain further understanding of the anticancer and therapeutic effects exerted by phytochemicals. Computational methods involving virtual screening, shape and pharmacophore analysis and molecular docking have been used to select chemicals that target a particular protein or enzyme and to determine potential protein targets for well-characterized as well as for novel phytochemicals.
Fund Management Changes and Equity Style Shifts

We examined changes in performance, risk, and investment style for mutual funds that changed managers during the 1983–91 period. Results show that funds experiencing a managerial change performed poorly before the change, primarily as a result of inferior security selection. Risk-adjusted performance, on average, improved 200 basis points annually and systematic risk increased significantly after the management change. We also classified funds according to their equity “effective mix” of company sizes and value versus growth. More than 65 percent of the funds experienced a shift in investment style after the management change.
Electrical impedance tomography based sensors for semiconductor manufacturing

This paper explores the feasibility of a class of sensors for semiconductor manufacturing based on Electrical Impedance Tomography. We briefly summarize the role of sensors in semiconductor manufacturing and the essential principles of Electrical Impedance Tomography. We then discuss numerical aspects of the EIT problem that arise in the context of our specific application. We have built a prototype etch rate sensor based on these ideas. We discuss both experimental and simulation results from this sensor.
Behavioral training and predisposed coping strategies interact to influence resilience in male Long-Evans rats: implications for depression.

Effective coping strategies and adaptive behavioral training build resilience against stress-induced pathology. Both predisposed and acquired coping strategies were investigated in rats to determine their impact on stress responsiveness and emotional resilience. Male Long-Evans rats were assigned to one of the three coping groups: passive, active, or variable copers. Rats were then randomly assigned to either an effort-based reward (EBR) contingent training group or a non-contingent training group. Following EBR training, rats were tested in appetitive and stressful challenge tasks. Physiological responses included changes in fecal corticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) metabolites as well as neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactivity in the hippocampus and amygdala. Regardless of a rat's predisposed coping strategy, EBR rats persisted longer than non-contingent rats in the appetitive problem-solving task. Furthermore, training and coping styles interacted to yield the seemingly most adaptive DHEA/co...
Subgrid-Scale Parameterizations of Eddy-Topographic Force, Eddy Viscosity, and Stochastic Backscatter for Flow over Topography

Abstract General expressions for the eddy-topographic force, eddy viscosity, and stochastic backscatter, as well as a residual Jacobian term, are derived for barotopic flow over mean (single realization) topography. These subgrid-scale parameterizations are established on the basis of a quasi-diagonal direct interaction closure model, incorporating equations for the mean vorticity, vorticity covariance, and response functions. In general, the subgrid-scale parameterizations have a time–history integral representation, which reflects memory effects associated with turbulent eddies. In the Markov limit, the truncated equations for the ensemble mean and fluctuating parts of the vorticity have the same form as the full resolution equations but with the original “bare” viscosity and bare mean and fluctuating forcings renormalized by eddy drain viscosities, eddy-topographic force, and stochastic backscatter terms. The parameterizations are evaluated at canonical equilibrium states for comparison with G. Hollowa...
OEIS sequence—a rare congenital anomaly with prenatal evaluation and postnatal outcome in six cases

Objective To describe the outcome of children prenatally diagnosed with omphalocele, exstrophy of the cloaca, imperforate anus and spinal defects (OEIS). Method A retrospective study identified six fetuses diagnosed with OEIS from 2001 to 2007 and data were collected from pre- and postnatal charts. Results Prenatal findings included an infraumbilical wall defect, omphalocele, no visible bladder and spinal defects. Abnormalities of the upper urinary tract were seen in all cases and ambiguous genitalia in four. Four women continued the pregnancy after prenatal counseling and these fetuses were liveborn at a mean gestational age of 36 weeks. Postnatal evaluation confirmed the prenatal findings in the neonates. The children have required multiple surgeries. Common complications are recurrent urinary tract infections and failure to thrive. Neurodevelopment and motor function are normal in all children, except for one child with lower extremity paralysis and global developmental delay. Conclusion Prenatal diagnosis of OEIS is reliable and no significant differences in pre- and postnatal findings in the children were found. Correct diagnosis of abnormalities of external and internal genitalia remains a challenge and abnormalities of the upper urinary tract are common. Postnatal survival is good but associated with considerable morbidity and psychosocial consequences. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Telepsychiatry in Psychodynamic Psychiatry

This article reviews the organization, infrastructure basics, applications, effectiveness, outreach, and implementation barriers related to telepsychiatry. We highlight the tremendous potential and promise that this technology holds and also discuss the importance that telepsychiatry may play in the field of psychodynamic psychiatry. Given the growing effectiveness evidence base for therapy delivered over the Internet, telepsychiatry holds a large unexplored territory to help psychodynamically minded patients connect with psychodynamically oriented psychiatrists. This economically advantageous medium can be utilized to deliver psychodynamically guided approaches to the patient, alone or in combination with pharmacological and other psychosocial interventions. We hope, this article will help psychodynamically trained psychiatrists to consider bridging the gap with the remotely located, chronically mentally ill population which oftentimes has scarcity of resources.
RESPONSES OF SALIX GOODDINGII AND TAMARIX RAMOSISSIMA TO FLOODING

Impoundments create unnatural shorelines that differ from lake shorelines in patterns of waterlevel fluctuations, flow, sediment transport, and shoreline vegetation dynamics. Shoreline plant communities of impoundments in the American Southwest often become dominated by mature, senescent Populus and Salix, with few if any seedlings. The failure of native plant community replacement is exacerbated by the fact that Tamarix, a prolific invader, is abundant on regulated rivers and occupies extensive areas along the shores of impoundments. Efforts to replant natives within the drawdown zone surrounding Lake Mohave, a lower Colorado River impoundment bordering Nevada and Arizona, have not been successful. A greenhouse experiment was designed to examine the responses of cuttings of a native species, Salix gooddingii (Goodding willow), and the invasive species, Tamarix ramosissima (salt cedar), to different hydroperiods comparable to those influencing Lake Mohave riparian plant communities. Higher survival and greater biomass under saturated but not flooded soil conditions demonstrated that both Salix and Tamarix cuttings can prosper in soils within the exposed drawdown zone, provided that the shoots are not submerged. However, greater biomass of Tamarix under conditions favorable to the native Salix also indicates that Tamarix colonization will have to be controlled. This research substantiates that the physiological tolerances of native and invasive riparian plant species and the prevailing hydrodynamics of a waterway must be considered when attempting to restore native vegetation.
The Regulation Of Non-Profit Organizations

The absence of governmental oversight and regulation of Not-For-Profit corporations has resulted in these entities performing their stated purposes inadequately and inefficiently and has enabled financial indiscretions which have tarnished their reputations. Enhanced oversight and regulation is needed to prevent recurrences of these failures.
A metadata framework for interoperating heterogeneous genome data using XML.

Abstract The rapid advances in the Human Genome Project and genomic technologies have produced massive amounts of data populated in a large number of network-accessible databases. These technological advances and the associated data can have a great impact on biomedicine and healthcare. To answer many of the biologically or medically important questions, researchers often need to integrate data from a number of independent but related genome databases. One common practice is to download data sets (text files) from various genome Web sites and process them by some local programs. One main problem with this approach is that these programs are written on a case-by-case basis because the data sets involved are heterogeneous in structure. To address this problem, we define metadata that maps these heterogeneously structured files into a common eXtensible Markup Language (XML) structure to facilitate data interoperation. We illustrate this approach by interoperating two sets of essential yeast genes that are stored in two yeast genome databases (MIPS and YPD).
The Species of Nautilus

During the past three centuries, a total of 11 species and 7 variants of living Nautilus have been proposed (Table I). It is notable that only one of these, N. belauensis, was based on live specimens; the rest were defined solely from drifted shells, the origins of which were either unknown or poorly documented by their authors. Considering this sparsity of data, it is remarkable that the species-level taxonomy of the genus recognized herein remains largely unchanged from that used by such masters as George Sowerby (1849). Nevertheless, there is still considerable confusion regarding the number, the names, and the validity of the variously named species, subspecies, and variants of Nautilus.
Gender- and Species-Specific Characteristics of Bacteriomes from Three Psyllid Species (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)

Psyllids (Hemiptera: Pyslloidea) harbor bacterial symbionts in specialized organs called bacteriomes. Bacteriomes may be subject to manipulation to control psyllid pests including Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) if the biological and ecological functions of bacteriomes and symbionts were better understood. To support research on psyllid bacteriomes and symbionts, this report provides descriptions of bacteriomes from B. cockerelli, C. pyricola, and Aphalara calthae L. (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae). In each species, bacteriomes were situated between the reproductive organs and the posterior midgut appendages. Tracheae attached to, and deeply penetrated the lateral margins of the bacteriome lobes. The shape of the bacteriome of A. calthae differed from those of B. cockerelli and C. pyricola, which were similar in appearance. Bacteriomes of females were larger and more darkly pigmented compared with those of males, regardless of psyllid species. Bacteriocytes of females also stained more intensely with hemotoxylin-eosin compared with those of males. These descriptions will be useful in future studies on the roles of bacteriomes and symbionts in interactions between psyllids, host-plants, and psyllid-vectored plant pathogens.
Factors Affecting Axle Lubricant Stability

There are many factors that can affect the service lifetime of a lubricant. In automobiles, one lubricant that has been heavily tested in recent years for fuel efficiency improvement and durability is axle lubricant. While a substantial amount of testing has been performed toward developing new axle lubricants to aid original equipment manufacturers to reduce warranty costs, improve Corporate Average Fuel Economy, and provide extended drain intervals, not as much testing has been documented to show some of the effects that different operating conditions have on these lubricants. The scope of this work is to bring to light some of the different parameters that affect axle lubricant.
Some numerical solutions for Lamb's problem

abstract We consider a version of Lamb9s Problem in which a vertical time-dependent point force acts on the surface of a uniform half-space. The resulting surface disturbance is computed as vertical and horizontal components of displacement, particle velocity, acceleration, and strain. The goal is to provide numerical solutions appropriate to a comparison with observed wave forms produced by impacts onto granite and onto soil. Solutions for step- and delta-function sources are not physically realistic but represent limiting cases. They show a clear P arrival (larger on horizontal than vertical components) and an obscure S arrival. The Rayleigh pulse includes a singularity at the theoretical arrival time. All of the energy buildup appears on the vertical components and all of the energy decay , on the horizontal components. The effects of Poisson9s ratio upon vertical displacements for a step-function source are shown. For fixed shear velocity, an increase of Poisson9s ratio produces a P pulse which is larger, faster, and more gradually emergent, an S pulse with more clear-cut beginning, and a much narrower Rayleigh pulse. For a source-time function given by cos 2 ( πt / T ), − T /2 ≦ T /2, a × 10 reduction in pulse width at fixed pulse height yields an increase in P and Rayleigh-wave amplitudes by factors of 1, 10, and 100 for displacement, velocity and strain, and acceleration, respectively. The observed wave forms appear somewhat oscillatory, with widths proportional to the source pulse width. The Rayleigh pulse appears as emergent positive on vertical components and as sharp negative on horizontal components. We show a theoretical seismic profile for granite, with source pulse width of 10 µsec and detectors at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. Pulse amplitude decays as r −1 for P wave and r − 1 2 for Rayleigh wave. Pulse width broadens slightly with distance but the wave form character remains essentially unchanged.
A CASE OF RADIATION ENTERITIS WITH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION DUE TO INCARCERATION OF FOREIGN BODY

A 66-year-old woman wals seen at the hospital because of an abdominal pain and vomiting. There were previous histories of undergoing ileocecal resection 30 years and total hysterectomy with irradiation for uterine cancer 29 years earlier. Abdominal CT showed a shadow of foreign body, and balium enema revealed a filling defect in the ileum and stenosis at the anastomosis. In addition to these findings the patient deposed that she had ingested a seed of “ume” (Japanese apricot). The patient was diagnosed as intestinal obstraction due to the foreign body and underwent an operation. The postoperative course is good, however, this patient has many other disorders probable resulting from irradiation, such as stenosis of ureter, cutaneous pigmentation and tumor, adenoma of the rectum. Long term and periodic follow-up is important for the patient entertaining possible occurrence of other disorders and second cancer.
Steric Modifications Tune the Regioselectivity of the Alkane Oxidation Catalyzed by Non-Heme Iron Complexes

Iron complexes with the tetradentate N-donor ligand N,N′-di(phenylmethyl)-N,N′-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (bbpc) are reported. Despite the benzyl groups present on the amines, the iron compounds catalyze the oxygenation of cyclohexane to an extent similar to those employing less sterically encumbered ligands. The catalytic activity is strongly dependent on the counterion, with the highest activity and the strongest preference for alkane hydroxylation correlating to the most weakly coordinating anion, SbF6–. The selectivity for the alcohol product over the ketone is amplified when acetic acid is present as an additive. When hydrocarbon substrates with both secondary and tertiary carbons are oxidized by H2O2, the catalyst directs oxidation toward the secondary carbons to a greater degree than other previously reported iron-containing homogeneous catalysts.
Case Study Of A Rapid Response Underwater Search For A Tow Missile

In Mid July 2006 the USAESCH began searching for a prototype TOW missile using underwater EM61 and magnetometer sensors. The missile was lost in Indian Creek, on Redstone Arsenal in Alabama, and its flight motor was needed to analyze telemetry data. More than three weeks of searching with analog detectors proved fruitless. Believing digital mapping techniques would be easy, we quickly learned that variable current, confined operating areas and bottom obstructions will wreak havoc on the best of plans. Even anomaly marking and recovery proved a challenge in current and zero visibility. Urgency required rapid prototyping of a submersible housing for the EM61 sensor and our initial design placed the coil 0.3m below the water surface while allowing survey speeds of up to three knots. Four conventional missiles and assorted debris were detected using this configuration in shallow waters. In deeper areas we ballasted the housing for bottom-towing but repeated entanglement in sunken trees necessitated a new approach. A dual-sensor magnetometer array was towed at a constant depth of one meter in waters up to 3.5 meters deep and anomalies as small as one-gallon welding rod containers were found. The prototype missile was recovered in early August.
Medico-legal issues in the foot and ankle specialty

Like all subspecialty areas within orthopaedic surgery, foot and ankle work carries risks, complications and the potential for litigation. Certain areas of this work have been highlighted for this article to aid the surgeon in appropriately counselling the patient, and improving understanding of major risk areas and knowledge of the outcomes of injury and surgery. Historically, information on litigation claims has been difficult to acquire because it involves obtaining information from a number of different bodies. There is no mechanism for compulsory reporting of complications, coding accuracy is usually found wanting, and most claims are either dismissed or settled without going to court. However, in 2014, Ring1 provided an analysis of 1214 National Health Service Litigation Authority (NHSLA) claims in England, involving foot and ankle surgery, over 17 years. These represented 12.6% of orthopaedic claims. Thirty-four per cent of claims involved the ankle, with 73% resulting from trauma. Twenty-one per cent involved the first ray, of which 98% involved elective surgery. Nineteen per cent of claims involved diagnostic errors, 19% were for alleged incompetent surgery, and a further 13% for mismanagement. The authors recognised that reducing incorrect, delayed and missed diagnoses was a key area for improvement. #### Medico-legal implications: Nerve injury is a common foot and ankle surgical complication, with the most frequent causes being inadvertent laceration, entrapment under metalwork, contusion/soft-tissue swelling and accidental injury from suture needle placement. This may result in diminished sensation, painful neuroma formation, adverse effects on mobility and problems with footwear. The sural, superficial peroneal, deep peroneal, saphenous and tibial nerves can all be injured. Bai2 reported a …
Genetic Variation Among Populations of the Endangered Giant Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys ingens, in the Southern San Joaquin Valley

Abstract Populations of the endangered giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) have decreased because of habitat fragmentation and isolation over the past 100 y. Changes in population structure due to habitat fragmentation can significantly affect the population size and the dispersal of these animals compromising long-term sustainability of each fragmented population. We collected small ear clippings from male and female giant kangaroo rats from six sites in the southern San Joaquin Valley to determine the genetic population structure of this species in this part of their range. Multilocus F-statistics indicated that the six populations of giant kangaroo rat are not composed of randomly mating populations and that genetic drift and inbreeding are major determinants of population structure. Furthermore, F-statistics confirmed a significant decrease in observed heterozygosity. Genetic distance analyses did not support the hypothesis that geographically distant populations would exhibit greater genetic differ...
Design of Information Management System in Banacast Live System

This paper designs and implements a information management system for Banacast based on the characteristic of P2P live media streaming system,the information management system analyses the information of Banacast,and supplies report forms for con-sumer.This paper also presents a solution about information management system for P2P live media system,and the solution divides information management system from P2P live media system.
Comparative Study on Immunogenicity of Domestic Measles-Mumps-Rubella Combined Vaccine and Measles Vaccine

Objective To investigate the immunogenic differences between domestic measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccine(MMR) and measles vaccine,and to provide a scientific basis for using the combined vaccine. Methods Eight-month old babies were randomly divided into the experimental group(vaccinated with the combined vaccine) and the control group(vaccinated with measles vaccine).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the IgG antibody level in both groups before and after the vaccination. Results The GMT of IgG antibody of the experimental group before and after MMR vaccine inoculation was 1.536 and 27.763,respectively,with the antibody positive transfer rate of 85.71%.The GMT of IgG antibody of the control group before and after MMR vaccine inoculation was 1.205 and 30.867,respectively,with the antibody positive transfer rate of 82.14%.No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups.The seroprotective rates of mumps IgG and rubella IgG were both above 80%. Conclusions Domestic MMR vaccine shows good immunogenicity.
Mapping techniques and performance analysis for an interconnection cached multiprocessor network

Many parallel applications exhibit a behavior in which each computation entity communicates with a small set of other entities and the communication pattern changes slowly with respect to time. We call this phenomenon switching locality. The Interconnection Cached Network (ICN) is a reconfigurable network suitable for exploiting such locality. The ICN contains a number of small crossbar switches that connect clusters of processing elements to the input/output ports of a single large crossbar. Technology restrictions impose a trade-off between the size of a switch and its switching speed. By using a large crossbar for topology configuration, and small crossbars for the more frequent task of message switching, the ICN effectively combines the connectivity of the large switch with the speed of the smaller switches. This is analogous to the concept of memory caching. Embedding communication patterns efficiently in an ICN requires finding a special kind of partitioning, called a bounded $\ell$-contraction, of the corresponding communication graph. The problem of identifying whether a graph has a bounded $\ell$-contraction for a given integer $\ell$ is NP-complete for $\ell >$ 2. We extend the class of classical communication graphs that are known to have efficient embeddings in the ICN. For general graphs, we develop a heuristic algorithm based on simulated annealing to solve this partitioning problem. In addition to providing a mapping strategy for assigning processes to processing elements, this partitioning also generates the topology to which the ICN must be configured. For applications with sufficient switching locality, good mappings combined with topology reconfiguration in the ICN ensure that communication path lengths are uniformly short. Conventional networks are less successful in meeting these objectives. Using both analysis and simulations, we show that the ICN outperforms other networks, such as multistage interconnection networks and low degree k-ary n-cubes, in terms of message latency, highest sustainable throughput, processor utilization and application scalability.