cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Everything but the kitchen sink: how (not) to give a plenitudinarian solution to the paradox of flexible origin essentialism

I explore options for a plenitudinarian solution to the Paradox of Flexible Origin Essentialism, taking as my unlikely starting point the views of Sarah-Jane Leslie, who holds that if plenitudinarianism is true, then there is in fact no paradox to be solved, only the illusion of one. The first three sections are expository: Sect. 1 on plenitudinarianism, Sect. 2 on the paradox, and Sect. 3 on Leslie’s views about how plenitudinarianism bears on the paradox. In Sect. 4, I reject the contention that there is no paradox and critically explore three options for a plenitudinarian solution. In Sect. 5, I argue that the plenitudinarian ought to endorse a fourth option. In Sect. 6, I consider an objection. I endorse neither plenitudinarianism nor its denial; the main aim of the paper is to argue that for one who does endorse plenitudinarianism, the best solution to the Paradox of Flexible Origin Essentialism is clear.
Large-scale photonic circuits for quantum information processing

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have become increasingly important in classical communications applications over the past decades, including as transmitters and receivers in long-haul, metro and datacenter interconnects. Many of the same attributes that make PICs attractive for these applications — compactness, high bandwidth, and the ability to control large numbers of optical modes with high phase stability — also make them appealing for quantum information processing. Here we review our recent progress in developing PICs for quantum information processing. The first part of the talk will describe architectures for programmable PIC that can be programmed to implement arbitrary unitary linear-optics transformations. We recently applied these chips to applications ranging from deep neural networks1 to quantum transport simulations2, but this talk will focus on recent advances in entangled photon sources3 and proposals for on-demand single photon sources4, photon-photon nonlinear interactions, and neural neural network processors5. The second part of the talk will consider new PIC platforms that can be integrated directly with atom-like quantum memories. In particular, we will discuss PICs based on the AlGaN-sapphire material system that are transparent in the UV-VIS spectrum, for applications in multiplexed quantum repeaters. This PIC platform now allows quality factors in excess of 20,000 for wavelengths as short as 369nm6 and the integration of diamond nitrogen vacancy color centers and superconducting single-photon resolving detectors7. Finally, we describe a blueprint for scalable cluster-state quantum computing that builds on large numbers of cavity-coupled diamond color centers networked by photonic switches and waveguides8.
Digital Divides: K-12 Student Profiles and Online Learning

Online learning for primary and secondary students has expanded significantly in the United States during the last two decades. In addition to the sustained growth of online learning, many schools and districts used online learning to respond to the coronavirus pandemic. As school leaders and policymakers move more students into online courses, they need information about which students succeed and struggle online. We examine the relationship between student traits and academic success in a statewide online learning program. We find that students identified with specific exceptionalities, students who identify as male, students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, and students from cities or fringe rural areas were more likely to struggle in their online courses. This information comes at a vital time as school leaders seek to determine the effects of widespread online learning, make decisions about the support students will need after the pandemic ends, and develop the best online learning approaches when in-person schooling returns.
Nano-Based Drug Delivery and Targeting to Overcome Drug Resistance of Ovarian Cancers

Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is a destructive malignancy due to difficulties in early detection and late advanced-stage diagnoses, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates for women. Currently, the quality treatment for OvCa includes tumor debulking surgery and intravenous platinum-based chemotherapy. However, numerous patients either succumb to the disease or undergo relapse due to drug resistance, such as to platinum drugs. There are several mechanisms that cause cancer cells' resistance to chemotherapy, such as inactivation of the drug, alteration of the drug targets, enhancement of DNA repair of drug-induced damage, and multidrug resistance (MDR). Some targeted therapies, such as nanoparticles, and some non-targeted therapies, such as natural products, reverse MDR. Nanoparticle targeting can lead to the reversal of MDR by allowing direct access for agents to specific tumor sites. Natural products have many anti-cancer properties that adversely regulate the factors contributing to MDR. The present review displays the current problems in OvCa treatments that lead to resistance and proposes using nanotechnology and natural products to overcome drug resistance.
Women's and men's experiences in group therapy for substance use disorders: A qualitative analysis.

Background and objectives This thematic analysis of qualitative interviews from participants in Stage II randomized controlled trial examined women's and men's experiences in group therapy for substance use disorders (SUDs). Methods Interviews were conducted with 77 women and 38 men after completion of either the gender-specific Women's Recovery Group (WRG) or mixed-gender Group Drug Counseling (GDC). Interviews were coded for themes using a deductive approach with a coding scheme modified from the Stage I trial. Satisfaction was measured quantitatively posttreatment. Results Participants had high satisfaction scores with no significant differences between groups. Women in GDC rated group gender composition as less helpful than those in WRG. In the GDC group, women more frequently discussed the theme of self-perception (e.g., feelings of comfort, safety, shame) compared with men. Men overwhelmingly expressed the benefits of having women in the group, whereas women expressed advantages and disadvantages of mixed-gender groups and preference for single-gender groups. Guilt and shame were discussed by women and men; however, only women discussed stigma and its important role in their addiction and recovery. Discussion and conclusion Men more frequently endorsed the helpfulness of mixed-gender groups than did women while women appreciated the enhanced support in single-gender SUD groups. Issues of stigma are especially salient for women. Scientific significance Men and women express differences in their experiences of SUD group therapy. Only women endorse stigma as an obstacle to their treatment and recovery. Tailoring treatment to meet women's and men's needs may enhance engagement, retention, and clinical outcomes.
Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals: Plane wave propagation

Introduction We have stated a this in Chapter 7 and we state it again: Maxwell's equations contain all the information necessary to characterize the electromagnetic fields at any point in a medium. For the electromagnetic (EM) fields to exist they must satisfy the four Maxwell equations at the source where they are generated, at any point in a medium through which they propagate, and at the load where they are received or absorbed. In this chapter, we concentrate mainly on the propagation of EM fields in a source-free medium. As the fields must satisfy the four coupled Maxwell equations involving four unknown variables, we first obtain an equation in terms of one unknown variable. Similar equations can then be obtained for the other variables. We refer to these equations as the general wave equations. We will show in Chapter 11 that the fields generated by time-varying sources propagate as spherical waves. However, in a small region far away from the radiating source, the spherical wave may be approximated as a plane wave, that is, one in which all the field quantities are in a plane normal to the direction of its propagation (the transverse plane). Consequently, a plane wave does not have any field component in its direction of propagation (the longitudinal direction). We first seek the solution of a plane wave in an unbounded dielectric medium and show that the wave travels with the speed of light in free space.
Ethical Pain Care in a Complex Case

Drs. Bunt and Carter not only take highly disparate stances in regard to the question of whether medical marijuana should be authorized for this patient but also are in disagreement regarding the evidence bases for clinical efficacy and safety of the drug. While an addictionologist and a pain specialist are likely to have different opinions regarding the cost-risk ratio of medical marijuana, perhaps much of their disagreement relates to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes “medical marijuana.” In 2008, the American College of Physicians released a position paper on medical cannabis ⇓. In this paper, the authors wrote of the variance of the composition of cannabinoids in marijuana, “This variability in composition has hindered research on and evaluation of the drug's medical value” (p. 2), and “While studies indicate that …
Scope and Extent

Scope refers to the way in which named entities such as variables, labels, types and procedures are controlled in their ability to have an effect in a program. To be more specific, the scope of a name is that part of the program text where all uses of the name are the same. This concept should not be confused with the related but distinct concept called extent which is the time during execution that the storage used to hold a variable’s value is bound to its name. In this chapter we study both of these notions. As scope and extent have long been recognized as essential issues of programming languages, they have been discussed in many texts before. Similar and more detailed treatments can be found in [Wulf 81 and Tennent 81].
Tabling for non-monotonic programming

Nondmonotonic extensions add power to logic programs. However, the main logic programming language, Prolog, is widely recognized as inadequate to implement these extensions due to its weak termination and complexity properties. By extending Prolog’s SLD resolution with tabling, Prolog can be improved in several ways. Tabling can allow a logic programming system to compute the welldfounded semantics for programs with bounded term depth, and to do so with polynomial data complexity. By exploiting these properties, tabling allows a variety of nondmonotonic extensions to be efficiently implemented, and used to solve practical problems. In this paper we describe tabling as it is implemented in the XSB system and show how it can be used to construct metadinterpreters (or preprocessors) for two sample formalisms: the WelldFounded Semantics with Explicit Negation, and Generalized Annotated Logic Programs. We also describe how nondmonotonic extensions are used in practical applications such as psychiatric diagnosis, extraction of information from poorly structured textual data, and model checking.
Fibronectin Binding Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus Can Mediate Human T Lymphocyte Adhesion and Coactivation

The extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) mediates the adhesion of bacteria as well as T lymphocytes. Mammalian cells express integrins α4β1 and α5β1 as the major FN-binding cell surface receptors. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, also express FN-binding receptors that are important for adherence to host tissue and initiation of infection. The S. aureus FN-binding protein, FnbpA, has been previously identified, and recombinant proteins that correspond to distinct functional regions of this protein have been made. Three recombinant truncated forms of FnbpA, rFnbpA(37-881), rFnbpA(37-605), and rFnbpA(620-881), were examined for effects on in vitro adhesion and coactivation of human T lymphocytes. These proteins, when coimmobilized with anti-CD3 mAb, activated T lymphocyte proliferation. The coactivation signal generated by the rFnbpA proteins required medium containing serum with FN. Furthermore, the costimulatory signal could be restored in FN-depleted serum when the rFnbpAs were preloaded with soluble FN. Monoclonal Ab blocking studies revealed that integrin α5β1 is the major receptor responsible for the rFnbpA costimulatory signal. Shear flow cell detachment assays confirmed that lymphocytes can bind to FN captured by the rFnbpA proteins. These results suggest that the S. aureus rFnbpA can interact with integrin α5β1 via an FN bridge to mediate adhesion and costimulatory signals to T lymphocytes.
Crime, War, and Global Trafficking: Money laundering: the Financial Action Task Force and its Forty Recommendations

Unknown as a legal concept until the 1980s, money laundering developed from “one of the buzz phrases . . . in the 1990s” (Gold and Levi 1994: 7) into a veritable “roar” in this decade (Beare 2001). Policymakers' growing interest in this phenomenon reflects their increasing disillusionment with the war against drug trafficking and other forms of organized crime and their hope that confiscation and anti-money laundering policies could provide them more effective – possibly even self-financing – tools for attacking the financial “soft belly” of criminal networks. It was immediately clear to policymakers that they had to join forces across borders to counter the fast advancing integration of financial markets and the many new and truly global opportunities this trend offered for criminals and terrorists to create a legitimate appearance for their “dirty” money. Less than a year after money laundering was first addressed in a legally binding international agreement – namely in the Vienna Convention studied in the previous chapter – the leaders of the then G-7 countries agreed to establish the so-called Financial Action Task Force as a platform for coordinating and strengthening their efforts to “follow the money” (Wechsler 2001) and to “take profit out of crime.” I will argue in the following that these cooperative anti-money laundering (AML) efforts are fraught with a paradoxical problem constellation, resulting in contradictory design expectations. On the one hand, the level of asset specificity is high, stemming from a rather asymmetric distribution of costs and benefits among states.
Printed Flexible Plastic Microchip for Viral Load Measurement through Quantitative Detection of Viruses in Plasma and Saliva

We report a biosensing platform for viral load measurement through electrical sensing of viruses on a flexible plastic microchip with printed electrodes. Point-of-care (POC) viral load measurement is of paramount importance with significant impact on a broad range of applications, including infectious disease diagnostics and treatment monitoring specifically in resource-constrained settings. Here, we present a broadly applicable and inexpensive biosensing technology for accurate quantification of bioagents, including viruses in biological samples, such as plasma and artificial saliva, at clinically relevant concentrations. Our microchip fabrication is simple and mass-producible as we print microelectrodes on flexible plastic substrates using conductive inks. We evaluated the microchip technology by detecting and quantifying multiple Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, G, and panel), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) in a fingerprick volume (50 µL) of PBS, plasma, and artificial saliva samples for a broad range of virus concentrations between 102 copies/mL and 107 copies/mL. We have also evaluated the microchip platform with discarded, de-identified HIV-infected patient samples by comparing our microchip viral load measurement results with reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) as the gold standard method using Bland-Altman Analysis.
Correcting oceanic O2/Ar-net community production estimates for vertical mixing using N2O observations

The O2/Ar approach has become a key method to estimate oceanic net community production (NCP). However, in some seasons and regions of the ocean, strong vertical mixing of O2-depleted deepwater introduces a large error into O2/Ar-derived NCP estimates. In these cases, undersaturated-O2/Ar observations have for all intents and purposes been ignored. We propose to combine underway O2/Ar and N2O observations into a composite tracer that is conservative with respect to the influence of vertical mixing on the surface biological O2 inventory. We test the proposed method with an ocean observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) in which we compare N2O-O2/Ar and O2/Ar-only gas flux estimates of NCP to the model-simulated true NCP in the Southern Ocean. Our proof-of-concept simulations show that the N2O-O2/Ar tracer significantly improves NCP estimates when/where vertical mixing is important.
Estimation of the coefficient of variation from laboratory analysis of split specimens for quality control in clinical trials

An explicit statistical model is proposed for the coefficient of variation for laboratory analyses of constituents of blood, serum, saliva, or other specimens. A method for computing the maximum likelihood estimate of the key parameter is described, and compared with two simpler noniterative estimates. Validity of the model is explored by analysis of data from the central laboratory of a large cooperative clinical trial. Simulation studies are employed to compare the accuracy of the three estimators of the coefficient of variation. For most laboratory measurements for which the model is valid, one of the two noniterative estimates is nearly as accurate and unbiased as the maximum likelihood estimate.
A comprehensive agricultural drought stress monitoring method integrating MODIS and weather data (A case study of Iowa)

This article aims to propose a new method that detects the occurrence and severity of agricultural drought by evaluating and investigating vegetation performance of and drought stress upon croplands using remote sensing techniques combined with station based observations. It is based on the assumption that crops suffer from agricultural drought stress only when vegetation and water stresses exist at the same time. Merely using NDVI or VCI can hardly determine whether a vegetation stress is drought related, because a lower NDVI/VCI could mean that the crop land is suffering from vegetation stress due to many reasons - drought, flood, extreme temperature, wild fire, pesticides or lack of fertilizers, etc. In conclusion, this research is designed to combine visible/near-infrared/shortwave-infrared remote sensing approaches (namely, from MODIS products) for vegetation drought stress estimation, based on a pre-knowledge of the crop type per pixel, and to validate the estimated result with the observed temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture levels. The new approach is to provide more accurate result than a single vegetation index used alone.
The association of childhood trauma with perceptions of self and the partner in adult romantic relationships

In this study, the association of childhood trauma with perceptions of self and the partner was explored. Using a large sample of more than 5,400 couples who completed the RELATE inventory, couples in which neither partner experienced childhood physical abuse were compared on personality and communication scales with couples where only the female experienced abuse, only the male experienced abuse, and both partners experienced abuse. The primary question of interest was to evaluate whether childhood trauma was associated with selection effects of romantic partners, perceptual effects of partners, or reciprocal negativity with partners. The evidence from the analysis of variance and path analysis indicates that trauma is more likely to be associated with perceptual effects than selection effects. Individuals who were traumatized rated both themselves and their partners as more neurotic and conflictual, even when controlling for overall levels of relationship satisfaction. However, the partners of traumatized persons do not consider themselves more neurotic or conflictual than partners in relationships where neither partner was abused.
Ostwald ripening of oil drops in a micellar solution

A model for Ostwald ripening of oil-in-water emulsion in the presence of small amount of surfactants is presented. It accounts for the transfer of oil from small to larger drops when the interfacial resistance is rate controlling. In this case, the continuous breakdown and reformation of the micellar structure during mass transfer through the interface, is assumed to be the rate-controlling step. A discretized population balance equation for the change in the number concentration of drops due to Ostwald ripening is solved using the method of characteristics. The third moment of the distribution (average volume) is found to increase linearly with time, consistent with available experimental observations, before reaching an abrupt equilibrium. The rate of change of drop volume is found to be strongly dependent on the solubility and is fairly insensitive to the volume fraction. The transients of the drop size distributions indicate an initial rapid decrease in the small droplets with a corresponding increase in the larger drops followed by a very slow change in the number distributions at longer times. The rate constants involved can be roughly correlated with the components of several experimental measurements, and allow comparison with the data of Kabalnov (Langmuir 10 (1994) 680), but only at small surfactant concentrations. The numerical agreement is not good but it is able to predict the anomalous direction of change with increased surfactant concentrations. The basis of the lack of numerical agreement is discussed.
Mutational and haplotype analyses of families with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety) reveal recurrent missense mutations in the globular C-terminal domain of lamin A/C.

Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), Dunnigan variety, is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue from the extremities and trunk but by excess fat deposition in the head and neck. The disease is frequently associated with profound insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. We have localized a gene for FPLD to chromosome 1q21-q23, and it has recently been proposed that nuclear lamin A/C is altered in FPLD, on the basis of a novel missense mutation (R482Q) in five Canadian probands. This gene had previously been shown to be altered in autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD-AD) and in dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction-system disease. We examined 15 families with FPLD for mutations in lamin A/C. Five families harbored the R482Q alteration that segregated with the disease phenotype. Seven families harbored an R482W alteration, and one family harbored a G465D alteration. All these mutations lie within exon 8 of the lamin A/C gene—an exon that has also been shown to harbor different missense mutations that are responsible for EDMD-AD. Mutations could not be detected in lamin A/C in one FPLD family in which there was linkage to chromosome 1q21-q23. One family with atypical FPLD harbored an R582H alteration in exon 11 of lamin A. This exon does not comprise part of the lamin C coding region. All mutations in FPLD affect the globular C-terminal domain of the lamin A/C protein. In contrast, mutations responsible for dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction-system disease are observed in the rod domain of the protein. The FPLD mutations R482Q and R482W occurred on different haplotypes, indicating that they are likely to have arisen more than once.
Clinical Decision Support in the Pediatric Hospital Setting

The electronic health record (EHR) is a key component in the delivery of healthcare in most hospitals in the USA today. Current EHR systems have evolved from simple databases for basic administrative and patient information to complex systems that are also capable of storing clinical documentation, laboratory results, and radiologic images, as well as transmitting patient care orders throughout a hospital’s various departments and systems. Within the EHR, clinical decision support (CDS) tools have the potential to help improve patient care by standardizing practice, reducing errors, and aiding diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. In the pediatric hospital setting, CDS tools can deliver pediatric-specific information and guidance on disease management through alerts, computerized provider order entry and order sets, and clinical practice guidelines. These various CDS functions are of great importance to the practice of safe, high-quality patient care and learning to maximize their potential is of great benefit to clinicians. At the same time, these tools must be implemented in a manner consistent with established CDS best practices to prevent potential unintended consequences that introduce new sources of error and potential harm.
Hydrodynamics of a lamella electrosettler

Using the principles of conservation of mass and momenturn for each phase, a theory is developed for describing quantitatively the sedimentation of colloidal particles in vessels having electrodes that are inclined to the vertical. As a limiting case, a kinematic settling formula was derived that describes the motion of settling fronts of colloidal alumina particles suspended in tetralin as a function of angle of inclination and strength of applied electric field in terms of electrophoretic mobilities. A hydrodynamic computer model shows the flow patterns and settling behavior of such lamella settlers with and without an applied electric field. The predicted motions of the settling fronts and the thicknesses of the clear boundary layers above the upper wall of the inclined vessels globally agreed with the experimental observations.
Trends in Asset Structure between Not-for-Profit and Investor Owned Hospitals

The delivery of health care is a capital-intensive industry, and thus, hospital investment strategy continues to be an important area of interest for both health policy and research. Much attention has been given to hospitals' capital investment policies with relatively little attention to investments in financial assets, which serve an important role in not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals. This study describes and analyzes trends in aggregate asset structure between NFP and investor-owned (IO) hospitals during the post-capital-based prospective payment system implementation period, providing the first documentation of long-term trends in hospital investment. The authors find hospitals' aggregate asset structure differs significantly based on ownership, size, and profitability. For both NFP and IO hospitals, financial securities have remained consistent over time, while fixed asset representation has declined in IO hospitals.
Conditioning on ancillary statistics and loss of information in the presence of nuisance parameters

Abstract The results by Godambe (1980, 1984) and Liang (1983) concerning ancillarity of statistic T for parameter of interest θ1 in the presence of parameter θ2, and the loss of information in using the conditional distribution for inference concerning θ1, are extended to the general multiparametric case of θ1 and θ2. Also, relationships are examined concerning the appropriate information matrices.
The noise cross‐correlation approach for Apollo 17 LSPE data: Diurnal change in seismic parameters in shallow lunar crust

By applying the noise cross-correlation technique to Apollo 17 Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment (LSPE) data, we discovered temporal changes in Rayleigh-wave group velocity within a diurnal cycle (29.53 d). Assuming that this phenomenon is caused by density and seismic parameter changes due to temperature, we formulated an inverse problem. Thermal diffusivity serves as the key parameter for this problem because it controls the depth penetration of temperature change. The results of inversion indicate that a typical number for the thermal diffusivity of terrestrial rocks (κ ≈ 10 -6 m 2 /s) is too large to fit the data. Our preferred value is about κ ≈ 10 -7 (m 2 /s), although the inversion alone cannot discriminate among the values below this number. Differences between this estimate and a lower estimate (κ ≈ 10 -8 m 2 /s) by Langseth et al. may indicate the significance of radiation for thermal transfer in the upper-most lunar crust. We also find a direct correlation between the Rayleigh-wave amplitudes and the statistics of thermal moonquakes, both of which change with the diurnal periodicity and peak at sunset. This implies that thermal moonquakes are the source of valuable seismic noise, lending strong support to an idea proposed by Larose et al. This is in contrast to the terrestrial situation where the ocean-generated noise plays a critical role in the cross-correlation approach. The noise correlation approach is potentially useful for many planets which undergo wide swings in surface temperature and thus potentially have thermal quakes.
Axial liquid mixing in high‐pressure bubble columns

Axial dispersion coefficients of the liquid phase in bubble columns at high pressure are investigated using the thermal dispersion technique. Water and hydrocarbon liquids are used as the liquid phase. The system pressure varies up to 10.3 MPa and the superficial gas velocity varies up to 0.4 cm/s, which covers both the homogeneous bubbling and churn-turbulent flow regimes. Experimental results show that flow regime, system pressure, liquid properties, liquid-phase motion, and column size are the main factors affecting liquid mixing. The axial dispersion coefficient of the liquid phase increases with an increase in gas velocity and decreases with increasing pressure. The effects of gas velocity and pressure on liquid mixing can be explained based on the combined mechanism of global liquid internal circulation and local turbulent fluctuations. The axial liquid dispersion coefficient also increases with increasing liquid velocity due to enhanced liquid-phase turbulence. The scale-up effect on liquid mixing reduces as the pressure increases.
Skeletal muscle: microcirculatory adaptation to metabolic demand

HEPPLE, R. T. Skeletal muscle: microcirculatory adaptation to metabolic demand. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 117–123, 2000. The issue of whether skeletal muscle is master or slave of the cardiovascular system depends on frame of reference. Acute manipulations of convective O2 deliver
Scale-Free Intermittent Flow in Crystal Plasticity

Under stress, crystals irreversibly deform through complex dislocation processes that intermittently change the microscopic material shape through isolated slip events. These underlying processes can be revealed in the statistics of the discrete changes. Through ultraprecise nanoscale measurements on nickel microcrystals, we directly determined the size of discrete slip events. The sizes ranged over nearly three orders of magnitude and exhibited a shock-and-aftershock, earthquake-like behavior over time. Analysis of the events reveals power-law scaling between the number of events and their magnitude, or scale-free flow. We show that dislocated crystals are a model system for studying scale-free behavior as observed in many macroscopic systems. In analogy to plate tectonics, smooth macroscopic-scale crystalline glide arises from the spatial and time averages of disruptive earthquake-like events at the nanometer scale.
The interaction of radiation and cyclophosphamide in intestinal crypt cells.

Abstract LAF 1 mice were used to study the interaction of radiation and cyclophosphamide using the intestinal crypt survival technique. The LD 50/60 for cyclophosphamide was 340 mg/kg and the MTD (LD 01 ) was 250 mg/kg. The MTD dose caused only 35% kill of intestinal crypt cells when given 3 hr after 1100 rad. The results were the same when drug was given 2 hr before irradiation. MTD doses given from -48 to +48 hr relative to a radiation dose of 1100 rad caused survival fluctuations from 10–50 crypt cells with minima at -18 and +12 hr and maxima at -36 and +24 hr, suggesting a periodicity of about 30 hr. Radiation survival curves determined 2 hr after administration of the MTD have the same slope as controls and the extrapolated curve yields a D 4 of 400 rad. A 3 hr interval, 2-dose experiment yielded a survival ratio of 6 for control and 15 for cyclophosphamide treated animals. Cyciophosphamide appears to have minimal activity in intestinal crypt cells and there does not appear to be any interaction between the drug and radiation lesions.
Effect of cutting storage conditions during planting operations on the survival and biomass production of four willow (Salix L.) clones

Planting vigorous cuttings that quickly develop shoots and roots is essential to the biological and economic success of willow biomass crops. Current recommendations are that cuttings should be planted within 2–4 days of being removed from long-term cold storage at −4 °C. However, maintaining this short time period is not always feasible. Results from greenhouse and field experiments indicated that leaving cuttings out of −4 °C long-term cold storage for up to 12 days before planting did not have a significant impact on survival or biomass production. For cuttings removed from long-term cold storage 23 days before planting, survival and per tree biomass production were lower for three of the four clones tested in a field trial. Returning cuttings to a −20 °C freezer 5–9 days after removal from −4 °C long-term cold storage, reduced the proportion of cuttings that developed roots or shoots, and shoot biomass of all clones. However, returning cuttings to either a +2 °C cooler or a −4 °C freezer had no effect on shoot biomass after 3 weeks of growth. Returning cuttings to supplemental cold storage at +2 to −4 °C may extend the time that cutting viability can be maintained after being removed from long-term cold storage and thawed. Returning cuttings to a −20 °C freezer for supplemental storage is not recommended.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymethacrylates, Polyacrylates, and Poly(Methylsiloxane)S Containing 4-[S(-)-2-Methyl-1-Butoxy]-4′-(ω-Alkanyl-1-OXY)-α-Methylstilbene Side Groups

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, and poly(methylsiloxane)s containing 4-[S(-)-2-methyl-1-butoxy]-4′-(ω-alkanyl-1-oxy)-α-methylstilbene side groups with ω-alkanyl from 11-undecanyl to 2-ethyl are presented. According to both differential scanning calorimetry and thermal optical polarized microscopy analyses, the poly(methylsiloxane)s containing 1-octyl and 1-hexyl as ω-alkanyl groups exhibit enantiotropic S A and S C* mesophases. All other polymers display only an enantiotropic S A mesophase.
Production as Social Process

The different ways that the authors of the chapters in this volume have reconsidered production serve as examples of the application of theories of production and practice to specific bodies of archaeological data. Two themes that inform many of the chapters are considered in greater depth in this commentary. The first is the question of scale and the social subject. It is argued that the authors have attempted, within the limits of their data, to demonstrate what may be learned through consideration of particular social subjects in particular social settings, paying close attention to how what is produced, where, and by whom create possibilities for social identity. The second theme is the role of ideology and the construction of moral frameworks of value. All the chapters emphasize ideological or symbolic aspects of production that allow the authors to consider the relationship between production and social difference. It is concluded that approaching production as socially embedded action should spark new ideas or directions for research on the part of authors and readers alike.
Protein sequence and structural studies employing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-high energy collision-induced dissociation

Abstract Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is one of the most sensitive ionization methods currently available for the mass spectrometric investigation of a wide range of structural problems involving macromolecules of biomedical significance. This laboratory has recently reported the use of MALDI with tandem mass spectrometry and high energy collision induced dissociation for the unambiguous de novo sequence analysis of peptides from an unknown P450 protein [K.F. Medzihradszky, G.W. Adams, R.H. Bateman, M.R. Green and A.L. Burlingame, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 7 (1996) 1]. This report describes the characteristics and the advantages now available using high energy collisional activation of MALDI-generated pseudomolecular ions for sequence and structural characterization of proteins and covalently modified proteins that are not accessible under low energy conditions for many types of structures.
A two-stage proxy variable approach to estimating movie box office receipts

This paper advances the ongoing discussion of methods for predicting movie box office revenues with two contributions to the methodology and an out-of-sample test of the model. The first innovation is the development of a two-stage model using publicly available pre-release indicators to predict (1) initial week and (2) subsequent run box office revenues. To incorporate the experience-good nature of movies, the second stage is estimated by incorporating a proxy variable for box office success during the first week relative to predicted first week success. The second contribution is an empirical test of De Vany and Walls’ (J Econ Dyn Control 28:1035–1057, 2004) finding that the distribution of movie revenues has “heavy tails” and follows a non-Gaussian stable distribution with infinite variance. We estimate the two-stage model of a movie’s box office success on all general release movies in 1 year with both the Gaussian and stable distribution with heavy tails and infinite variance and find no evidence for the stable distribution in either stage of the estimation. This two-stage model is validated by comparing all general release movies in 3 future years (out-of-sample data) to the model’s predictions.
The architectural challenges of adding accessibility features to ALICE as a case study of maintenance in educational software

Games take many forms, including educational environments. Alice is an example of an engaging environment that teaches object-oriented programming through the development of animations. The AliceVI project sought to extent Alice to visually impaired users. This paper describes how the architectural of Alice impacted the ability to add accessibility features. The result has been to start a system, named BridgIT, from scratch. The technology and proposed architecture is discussed for the new system, which takes the tenets of Alice to a new group of users.
The Effect of Contour Closure on Shape Recognition

Recent research on the Gestalt principle of closure has focused on how the presence of closure affects the ability to detect contours hidden in cluttered visual arrays. Some of the earliest research on closure, however, dealt with encoding and recognizing closed and open shapes, rather than detection. This research re-addresses the relation between closure and shape memory, focusing on how contour closure affects the ability to learn to recognize novel contour shapes. Of particular interest is whether closed contour shapes are easier to learn to recognize and, if so, whether this benefit is due to better encoding of closed contour shapes or easier comparison of closed contour shapes to already learned shapes. The results show that closed contours are indeed easier to recognize and, further, that this advantage appears to be related to better encoding.
Gas-Steam Power Generation

The combination of a gas turbine with a steam turbine driven by steam produced in a generator heated by the gas-turbine exhaust is studied. The field of application of such a gas-steam power plant is examined, as well as the best operational characteristics of the combination. The special features of closed-cycle gas turbines, particularly of the type used in conjunction with gas-cooled, high-temperature nuclear reactors, are shown to give considerable advantages when combined with a steam turbine.Copyright © 1960 by ASME
Phase relations in K x Fe 2-y Se 2 and the structure of superconducting K x Fe 2 Se 2 via high-resolution synchrotron diffraction

Superconductivity in iron selenides has experienced a rapid growth, but not without major inconsistencies in the reported properties. For alkali-intercalated iron selenides, even the structure of the superconducting phase is a subject of debate, in part because the onset of superconductivity is affected much more delicately by stoichiometry and preparation than in cuprate or pnictide superconductors. If high-quality, pure, superconducting intercalated iron selenides are ever to be made, the intertwined physics and chemistry must be explained by systematic studies of how these materials form and by and identifying the many coexisting phases. To that end, we prepared pure K${}_{2}$Fe${}_{4}$Se${}_{5}$ powder and superconductors in the K${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}$Se${}_{2}$ system, and examined differences in their structures by high-resolution synchrotron and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. We found four distinct phases: semiconducting K${}_{2}$Fe${}_{4}$Se${}_{5}$, a metallic superconducting phase K${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2}$Se${}_{2}$ with $x$ ranging from 0.38 to 0.58, the phase KFe${}_{1.6}$Se${}_{2}$ with full K occupancy and no Fe vacancy ordering, and a oxidized phase K${}_{0.51(5)}$Fe${}_{0.70(2)}$Se that forms the PbClF structure upon exposure to moisture. We find that the vacancy-ordered phase K${}_{2}$Fe${}_{4}$Se${}_{5}$ does not become superconducting by doping, but the distinct iron-rich minority phase K${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2}$Se${}_{2}$ precipitates from single crystals upon cooling from above the vacancy ordering temperature. This coexistence of separate metallic and semiconducting phases explains a broad maximum in resistivity around 100 K. Further studies to understand the solubility of excess Fe in the K${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}$Se${}_{2}$ structure will shed light on the maximum fraction of superconducting K${}_{x}$Fe${}_{2}$Se${}_{2}$ that can be obtained by solid state synthesis.
A new class of intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded dendrons based on a 2-methoxyisophthalamide repeat unit.

The synthesis and conformational properties of folded dendrons based on a 2-methoxyisophthalamide (2-OMe-IPA) repeat unit are described. The hydrodynamic properties of dendrons preorganized via the syn-syn conformational preference of 2-methoxyisophthalamide are compared with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide (2,6-pydic) analogues. The effect of subtle differences in the nature of the conformational equilibria that exist within the 2-OMe-IPA and 2,6-pydic repeat units on the global structural properties of the corresponding dendrons was explored computationally, by 1H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA) measurements. Whereas the syn-syn preference of the 2-OMe-IPA branched repeat unit is stabilized entirely by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions, this preference in the 2,6-pydic system is a consequence of both intramolecular hydrogen-bonding and dipole minimization effects. However, nonspecific solvophobic compression is more important in determining hydrodynamic proper...
On the Calculations of the Stored Energy of Cold Work

When a metal deforms plastically, most of the mechanical energy expended in the deformation process is converted into heat and the remainder is stored in the material. A method for the calculation of the stored energy from an experimentally determined load-displacement curve of an elastic-plastic structure is presented. The method is applied to the problem of simple tension of a polycrystalline metal and a simple technique for the calculation of the stored energy from the uniaxial stress-strain curve is presented. When a metal deforms plastically, most of the mechanical energy expended in the deformation process is converted into heat and the remainder is stored in the material. The stored energy is associated with residual stresses generated in the metal after unloading as well as with the creation of lattice imper­ fections. A summary of the experimental and theoretical de­ velopments concerning the stored energy of cold work has been given in two review articles by Titchener and Bever (1958) and Bever et al. (1973). The reported values of the ratio of the stored to the expended energy range from less than 1 to about 90 percent, with the great majority lying under 15 percent. A method for the calculation of the stored energy from an experimentally determined load-displacement curve of an elas­ tic-plastic structure is developed in this paper. The effects of hardening and initial stresses are discussed and several ex­ amples are presented. The method is applied to the problem of simple tension of a polycrystalline metal and a simple tech­ nique for the calculation of the stored energy from the uniaxial stress-strain curve of the metal is developed. The results in­ dicate that the stored energy increases with increasing hard­ ening capacity of the metal and that strain hardening and energy storage cease at the same stage of the deformation process. The paper closes with a comparison of the theoretical predictions with experimental observations. Standard notation is used throughout. Boldface symbols denote tensors, the order of which is indicated by the context. Double dots are used to indicate the following products
Warm glow and charitable giving: Why the wealthy do not give more to charity?

Abstract Attempts to understand the economic and psychological motivations for charitable giving date at least back to Adam Smith (1759) . In his Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith attempts to explain why and how an individual or household will feel sympathy for other less well-off individuals or households. At the heart of Smith’s analysis is the general proposition that sympathy (and presumably discernible actions based on that sympathy) is embodied in the ability of an individual to imagine , from his own perspective , the plight of the less well-off household. In this paper we posit a model of charitable giving that is predicated on this basic proposition that we believe lies at the center of explaining the pattern of charitable giving in the United States. In particular, we suggest that understanding the fundamental human and economic drivers of giving requires us to consider the nature and determinants of the “warm glow” a household experiences when making charitable donations to other households. We borrow from cognitive psychologists’ research into how people judge reward distributions and infer causality of such distributions to explain when households are more and less likely to experience this warm glow. Specifically, we explain how biased perceptions of effort and luck, as the causes of reward distributions, will systematically reduce warm glow of high-income households, which may help explain the essentially flat relationship between income and percentage donations to charity.
Droplet microfluidics for amplification-free genetic detection of single cells

In this article we present a novel droplet microfluidic chip enabling amplification-free detection of single pathogenic cells. The device streamlines multiple functionalities to carry out sample digitization, cell lysis, probe-target hybridization for subsequent fluorescent detection. A peptide nucleic acid fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe (PNA beacon) is used to detect 16S rRNA present in pathogenic cells. Initially the sensitivity and quantification abilities of the platform are tested using a synthetic target mimicking the actual expression level of 16S rRNA in single cells. The capability of the device to perform "sample-to-answer" pathogen detection of single cells is demonstrated using E. coli as a model pathogen.