cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal conductivity of superconducting UPt3 at low temperatures

We study the thermal conductivity within the E1g and E2u models for superconductivity in UPt3 and compare the theoretical results for electronic heat transport with recently measured results reported by Lussier, Ellman and Taillefer. The existing data down to T/Tc ≈ 0.1 provides convincing evidence for the presence of both line and point nodes in the gap, but the data can be accounted for either by an E1g or E2u order parameter. We discuss the features of the pairing symmetry, Fermi surface, and excitation spectrum that are reflected in the thermal conductivity at very low temperatures. Significant differences between the E1g and E2u models are predicted to develop at excitation energies below the bandwidth of the impurity-induced Andreev bound states. The zero-temperature limit of the ĉ axis thermal conductivity, limT→0 kc/T, isuniversal for the E2u model, but non-universal for the E1g model. Thus, impurity concentration studies at very low temperatures should differentiate between the nodal structures of the E2u and E1g models.
Aneuploidy Causes Non-genetic Individuality

Phenotypic variability is a hallmark of diseases involving chromosome gains and losses, such as Down syndrome and cancer. Allelic variances have been thought to be the sole cause of this heterogeneity. Here, we systematically examine the consequences of gaining and losing single or multiple chromosomes to show that the aneuploid state causes non-genetic phenotypic variability. Yeast cell populations harboring the same defined aneuploidy exhibit heterogeneity in cell-cycle progression and response to environmental perturbations. Variability increases with degree of aneuploidy and is partly due to gene copy number imbalances, suggesting that subtle changes in gene expression impact the robustness of biological networks and cause alternate behaviors when they occur across many genes. As inbred trisomic mice also exhibit variable phenotypes, we further propose that non-genetic individuality is a universal characteristic of the aneuploid state that may contribute to variability in presentation and treatment responses of diseases caused by aneuploidy.
Cholesterol and Related Sterols: Roles in Membrane Structure and Function

Consideration of a long record of research, including recent results, on the behavior and influences of cholesterol in the membranes of mammalian cells focuses attention on a new model for the required roles of cholesterol in mammalian cell biology. Most cellular cholesterol is found in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Cholesterol decreases membrane permeability through an ordering of the lipid hydrocarbon chains. Membrane cholesterol modulates the activity of integral membrane enzymes. Stimulation of membrane protein activity likely occurs through structurally specific sterol–protein binding, stabilizing the active conformation of the protein. Inhibition of membrane enzyme activity can occur through an analogous mechanism. Inhibition can also be promoted by a cholesterol-driven reduction in free volume within the bilayer, inhibiting protein conformational changes necessary for protein function. The same model can be applied to understand the essential roles of ergosterol in yeast and of plant sterols in plants. While mammalian cells specifically require cholesterol, yeast specifically requires ergosterol, and plants specifically require plant sterols for growth.
Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes of Patients with Iliac Aneurysms Treated by Open Surgery or Endovascular Repair with Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis

Background Treatment of common and internal iliac aneurysms is usually done by open surgery. A novel iliac branch endoprosthesis (IBE) is commercially available with encouraging initial results. Our objective is to compare perioperative outcomes of patients with iliac aneurysms treated by open surgery (OS) versus endovascular repair with IBE. Methods The study was a retrospective, single-center review of patients who were treated for aortoiliac or isolated common and/or internal iliac artery aneurysms from 2014 to 2017. Patients with connective tissue disorders, infected grafts, or thoracoabdominal aneurysms were excluded. Primary outcomes were perioperative mortality, length of hospital (LOS) and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, estimated blood loss, need for red blood cell transfusion (RBC), and perioperative reinterventions. Results Sixty-seven patients (96% male) were treated with OS (n = 25, mean age 68 ± 8 years) or IBE (n = 42, mean age 73 ± 8 years; P = 0.02) with 1 symptomatic patient in each group. Perioperative mortality occurred in 1 patient in the OS group (4%), with no mortality in the IBE group (P = 0.37) Total LOS and ICU stay was higher for OS compared to IBE (total stay 7.5 ± 3.4 vs. 1.7 ± 1.4 days for IBE, P Conclusions Endovascular repair of iliac aneurysms with IBE is feasible and is associated with lower blood loss, LOS and ICU stay, and had lower RBC transfusion requirements. Cost analysis and long-term follow-up will be needed to define the value of this modality for iliac artery aneurysm repair.
Learning from peers: Beyond the rhetoric of positive results

This paper extends previous efforts to provide clarity to the field of cooperative learning. Various theoretical approaches to learning from peers are described, and the implications of these approaches for key instructional choices by teachers are delineated. The primary perspectives of interest in this paper were social-behavioral approaches and cognitive approaches. Potential sources of problems are identified, and suggestions for averting such problems are provided. The role of the teacher within the cooperative classroom is also discussed.
Stabilization Energies of Protein Conformation

The study of protein stability is currently undergoing a dramatic change. Early work, especially after Kauzmann (1959), centered on the analysis of simple chemical model systems to determine the contributions of different types of interactions to stability. Amino acids that are sequestered from solvent in the folded protein were emphasized, since these groups presumably undergo the largest changes in environment during folding (Tanford, 1968, 1970; Pace, 1975; Privalov, 1979). From an inventory of interactions derived from the x-ray crystal structure of a protein, the stabilizing contribution of each amino acid be calculated using the free energies determined from thermodynamic studies of model systems. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that each interaction of specific type—each hydrogen bond, for example, or each square angstrom of buried hydrophobic surface area—contributes equally to stability regardless of its unique structural context.
Neural-wavelet Methodology for Load Forecasting

Intelligent demand-side management represents a future trend of power system regulation. A key issue in intelligent demand-side management is accurate prediction of load within a local area grid (LAG), which is defined as a set of customers with an appropriate residential, commercial and industrial mix. Power consumption is deemed to be unpredictable in some sense due to the idiosyncratic behaviors of individual customers. However, the overall pattern of a group of consumers is possible to predict. The developed neural-wavelet approach is shown capable of handling the nonlinearities involved and provides a unique tool for intelligent demand-side management. The paper presents the neural-wavelet approach and its implementation to load identification and forecasting.
Barriers and Facilitators to Compliance with a State Healthy Eating Policy in Early Care and Education Centers.

Abstract Background: Early care and education (ECE) policies can improve childhood obesity risk factors. We evaluated barriers and facilitators to implementing mandatory nutrition standards for foo...
Ultra-Rapid Sintering of Ceramics

While most ceramics are sintered slowly in batch or pass-through procedures with processing times measured in hours, simple shapes can be fired in minutes or even seconds. Early work by Morgan et al.1–3 and Vergnon et al.4–5 involved rapid heating of small low density, high surface area powder compacts, using a low thermal mass furnace or rapid insertion into a preheated furnace, respectively. Maximum heating rates of 30 K/S and 100 K/s were reported. High densities were not attained in either work. Wynn-Jones and Miles6 sintered β-alumina tubes by passing them through an induction heated alumina muffle tube at 12.5 mm/min with a maximum heating rate of about 3 K/s, resulting in good densification. Harmer et al.7 used a similar scheme to sinter MgO-doped α-alumina at heating rates up to 40 K/s, obtaining high densities and grain sizes that were significantly smaller than those attainable by conventional sintering schedules. They attributed the high densification rates and fine fired grain size to the suppression of surface diffusion, which dominates sintering at the lowest temperatures.
Humanistic/Object Relations Counseling: A Personal Integration

This article presents one counselor educator's perspective that is an eclectic blend of object relations and humanistic theory. A history of the author's evolution of her theory as well as personal...
Comparative Fracture Risks Among United States Medicaid Enrollees With and Those Without Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE Poor bone health is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate fracture risks among low-income SLE and lupus nephritis patients compared to those without SLE. METHODS We performed a cohort study among SLE patients for whom there were Medicaid claims in 2007-2010, and age- and sex-matched non-SLE comparators. SLE was defined by the presence of ≥3 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for SLE. Patients with lupus nephritis additionally had ≥2 codes for renal disease. The primary outcome measure was fracture of the pelvis, wrist, hip, or humerus. Demographics, prescriptions, and comorbidities were assessed during the 180-day baseline period. We calculated fracture incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in SLE, lupus nephritis, and non-SLE comparator cohorts, and estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for fractures. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of glucocorticoids and comorbidities. We compared subsets of SLE patients with and those without lupus nephritis. RESULTS Among 47,709 SLE patients (19.8% with lupus nephritis) matched to 190,836 non-SLE comparators, the mean age was 41.4 years and 92.6% were female. The fracture incidence rate was highest among SLE patients with lupus nephritis (4.60 per 1,000 person-years). SLE patients had 2-fold higher fracture risks than matched comparators (HR 2.09 [95% CI 1.85-2.37]; P < 0.01). Lupus nephritis patients had the greatest fracture risks versus matched comparators (HR 3.06 [95% CI 2.24-4.17]; P < 0.01), and had a 1.6 times higher fracture risk than SLE patients without nephritis (HR 1.58 [95% CI 1.20-2.07]; P < 0.01). Adjustment for glucocorticoid use and comorbidities slightly attenuated risks. CONCLUSION Fracture risks were increased in SLE patients, particularly those with lupus nephritis, compared to matched non-SLE Medicaid recipients. Increased risks persisted after adjustment for baseline glucocorticoid treatment and comorbidities.
Efficacy of a recombinant-derived phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in corn-soybean meal diets for pigs.

Three experiments involving 162 pigs were conducted to assess the efficacy of phytase (Natuphos TM ; BASF, Mount Olive, NJ) in low-P, corn-soybean meal-based diets. The phytase was produced by a recombinant Aspergillus niger. The phytase supplement contained 5,000 phytase units (PTU)/g. In Exp. 1 (66 pigs) and 2 (60 pigs), growing-finishing pigs were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets formulated to be adequate (.50%), marginal (.425%), or inadequate (.35%) in P during the growing phase (23 to 60 kg BW) followed by adequate (.40%), marginal (.35%), or inadequate (.30%) P, respectively, during the finishing phase (to 104 kg BW). Dicalcium phosphate was the source of supplemental P. In addition, the low-P sequence (.35/.30% P) was supplemented with phytase at 250, 500, or 1,000 PTU/kg. Rate and efficiency of gain decreased linearly (P < .01) and bone breaking strength decreased quadratically (P <.01) as the concentration of P was decreased in the diets. Responses in growth and bone traits to increasing levels of phytase activity in the low-P diet were linear (P <.01). The highest level of phytase in the low-P diet restored growth rate and bone breaking strength to levels that approached or met those of pigs fed the adequate P diet. In Exp. 3, 36 growing pigs (15 kg BW) were fed a low-P (.32% total P ;.05% available P) basal diet supplemented with graded levels of monosodium phosphate (MSP) to provide 0,.075, and.15% added P or with phytase to supply 240, 420, or 830 PTU/kg for 36 d. Performance and bone strength increased linearly with increasing levels of MSP and with increasing levels of supplemental phytase (P <.01). However, the highest level of phytase (830 PTU/kg) did not bring performance or bone mineralization up to that achieved by pigs fed the highest level of inorganic P. Based on bone strength and total and available P intakes, the three levels of phytase increased the bioavailability of the P from 15% in the corn-soybean meal mixture to 20, 27, and 39% in the diets containing 240, 420, and 830 PTU/kg, respectively. Approximately 29% of the unavailable P was made available by the highest level of phytase addition. Phytase improved the absorption of P from corn and soybean meal and decreased the amount of P excreted. These results indicate that the phytase was effective in improving the bioavailability of phytate P for pigs. Based on a comparison of the linear responses to inorganic P and to phytase supplementation, the data indicated that for every 100 phytase units included per kilogram of diet, the level of inorganic P can be reduced by.0085 percentage units.
Analytical Solutions for a Wellbore Subjected to a Non-isothermal Fluid Flux: Implications for Optimizing Injection Rates, Fracture Reactivation, and EGS Hydraulic Stimulation

Hydraulic stimulation in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) involves massive injection of cold fluid into target hot geothermal reservoir through a long open hole section to trigger slip on preexisting fractures and enhance permeability. Fluid injection is typically conducted at a specified rate in a step-increasing manner until the pore pressure exceeds the minimum principal stress. During each step, the injection rate is kept constant. This paper presents analytical solutions for a wellbore subjected to cooling and a constant fluid flux on borehole wall and far field in situ stress in a thermoporoelastic medium with applications to hydraulic stimulations in EGS. The temporal-spatial distribution of temperature, pore pressure and stress are obtained by means of Laplace transform and load decomposition. The results show that for granite and a typical fluid injection scenario, thermal effect is pronounced in the vicinity of the wellbore. At early time, cooling-induced pore pressure/hoop stress counteract the injection induced pore pressure/hoop stress. With increasing time, the induced pore pressure and hoop stress result predominantly from fluid injection, and cooling plays a marginal role.
Wildfire Exposure Increases Pro-Climate Political Behaviors

Despite the climate threat's severity, global policy responses remain anemic. One political challenge has been the temporal mismatch between short-term climate policy costs and long-term climate policy benefits. Will this policymaking obstacle weaken as the impacts of climate change begin to realize? Here we analyze the impact of a climate-related hazard on public support for costly climate reforms. Using a natural experiment based on randomness in the timing of California wildfires we link, for the first time, threat exposure to realized political behavior rather than self-reported attitudes or behavioral intentions. We find that census block groups within 15 km of a wildfire have approximately 4 to 6 percentage points higher support for costly pro-climate ballot measures. The effects are stronger for block groups closest to wildfires, dropping by approximately 1.7 percentage points for every 10km of distance. Moreover, the effect is concentrated among census block groups with a large or medium concentrations of Democratic voters; by contrast, voters in Republican-dominated census block groups are largely unresponsive to wildfires. Our results suggest that experienced climate threats may only enhance willingness-to-act in areas where the public already holds pro-climate identities.
Passive Dyeing Bacterial Cellulose: Results of a Contact and Low Heat Method

Cotton is the most popular cellulosic fiber in the world but suffers from sustainability issue in both the cultivation and dyeing processes. Bacterial Cellulose (BC) lacks hemicellulose and lignin, making it require less processing than cotton. Few studies have investigated the dyeing potential of this material, although the hand of the material indicates that gentle drying will be needed. Pure BC was cultivated for 21 days in a modified Molasses Mannitol Media. Material was laid on colored fabric with no absorption. When colored paper was substituted, all colors (blue, red and yellow) were absorbed. The back side having direct contact with the coloration source absorbed more color. Dry crocking results indicated little to no color change while wet crocking showed moderate to little change. Continuous light exposure yielded significant to moderate color change after 1 week. These preliminary results indicate moderate to good colorfastness using a low temperature passive method.
Implementation and Sustainability of a Pharmacy-Led, Hospital-Wide Bedside Medication Delivery Program: A Qualitative Process Evaluation Using RE-AIM

Background: Few studies of hospital-based implementation assess sustainability or collect formal implementation outcomes, in part because the emphasis is often on initial adoption and rapid cycles of improvement. The purpose of this process evaluation was to assess the implementation of a pharmacy-led, hospital-wide program and contribute to the literature by collecting formal implementation outcomes, including sustainability. Methods: This was a qualitative process evaluation of a program that delivers discharge medications and related education to hospitalized patients' bedside prior to discharge. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the program's key stakeholders to assess the program's implementation barriers and facilitators as well as its potential for sustainability. An interview guide was created based on the RE-AIM constructs of Reach, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance. Effectiveness was not assessed due to an ongoing effectiveness evaluation by another team. Each interview was coded by two independent coders and any discrepancy was adjudicated by a third, independent coder. Results: Twelve stakeholders were approached and all agreed to be interviewed. Related to providers' decisions to adopt the program, key themes emerged around the different priorities of nurses and physicians, which has implications for how program leadership promoted the program to these different stakeholder groups. Key implementation barriers included the nature of hospital provider rotations and turnover, which led to confusion on who could use the program and to whom providers should direct program-related questions. Key implementation facilitators included the enthusiasm of program staff and identified champions on the units. Themes related to maintenance or sustainability included the need to continually generate buy-in and educate providers about the program and allowing program staff and leadership to remain nimble and adapt their operations to meet evolving needs. Conclusions: The results suggest that in an environment in which rapidly achieving improvement is often the focus more than maintaining that improvement, strategies to achieve successful implementation may not be sufficient to achieve successful sustainment. New strategies are likely needed to address the unique barriers to sustaining a program once initial adoption and implementation is complete.
Robust Outlier-Adaptive Filtering for Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation.

With the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a major area of interest in the research field of UAVs has been vision-aided inertial navigation systems (V-INS). In the front-end of V-INS, image processing extracts information about the surrounding environment and determines features or points of interest. With the extracted vision data and inertial measurement unit (IMU) dead reckoning, the most widely used algorithm for estimating vehicle and feature states in the back-end of V-INS is an extended Kalman filter (EKF). An important assumption of the EKF is Gaussian white noise. In fact, measurement outliers that arise in various realistic conditions are often non-Gaussian. A lack of compensation for unknown noise parameters often leads to a serious impact on the reliability and robustness of these navigation systems. To compensate for uncertainties of the outliers, we require modified versions of the estimator or the incorporation of other techniques into the filter. The main purpose of this paper is to develop accurate and robust V-INS for UAVs, in particular, those for situations pertaining to such unknown outliers. Feature correspondence in image processing front-end rejects vision outliers, and then a statistic test in filtering back-end detects the remaining outliers of the vision data. For frequent outliers occurrence, variational approximation for Bayesian inference derives a way to compute the optimal noise precision matrices of the measurement outliers. The overall process of outlier removal and adaptation is referred to here as “outlier-adaptive filtering”. Even though almost all approaches of V-INS remove outliers by some method, few researchers have treated outlier adaptation in V-INS in much detail. Here, results from flight datasets validate the improved accuracy of V-INS employing the proposed outlier-adaptive filtering framework.
Chapter 5 – Anxiolytics (Tranquilizers)

Anxiety disorders, like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, are the most common mental health conditions of modern life. Historically, the primary drugs used for correcting psychoemotional disorders were barbiturates and hypnotic drugs. Because barbiturates are now practically absent from the doctor’s armamentarium, benzodiazepines dominate the treatment picture. The tricyclic antidepressants and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and antihistamines are frequently used as hypnotics and anxiolytics. Second-generation antipsychotics, which are typically used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are frequently used for agitation associated with anxiety disorder. This chapter describes the syntheses of anxiolytics that are included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s are described.
Deep-learning-enabled virtual immunofluorescence staining based on reflectance microscopy

To circumvent the limitations of conventional immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy, a deep learning approach is proposed for transforming morphological information contained in reflectance microscopy to specific and accurate IF prediction with high multiplexing capability.
Acceleration of generalized adaptive pulse compression with parallel GPUs

Super-computing based on Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) has become a booming field both in research and industry. In this paper, GPU is applied as the main computing device on traditional RADAR super resolution algorithms. Comparison is provided between GPU and CPU as computing architecture and MATLAB, as a widely used scientific implementation, is also included as well as C++ implementation in demonstrations of CPU part in the comparison. Fundamental RADAR algorithms as matched filter and least square estimation (LSE) are used as standard procedure to measure the efficiency of each implementation. Based on the result in this paper, GPU shows an enormous potential to expedite the traditional process of RADAR super-resolution applications.
Information Design in Operations

Consider a set of agents (receivers) whose payoffs depend on an underlying state of the world as well as each other’s actions. Suppose that a designer (sender) commits to a signaling mechanism which reveals payoff-relevant signals to agents when the state is realized. The availability of such signals influences the agents’ actions, and by choosing the signaling mechanism appropriately the designer can induce a desired outcome. Information design studies signaling mechanisms that maximize the pay- off of the designer. In this paper, we first present the classical information design framework and discuss different approaches for characterizing the optimal information structures. We then discuss various applications in the recent operations literature. The applications include signaling (i) content/product quality in networked systems, (ii) product availability in revenue management settings, and (iii) seller quality in two- sided markets. Finally, we present recent work that discusses the design of optimal information structures when some of the key assumptions in the classical information design problems (which may not hold in operational settings of interest) are relaxed.
Effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gynecologic cancer associated with defective mismatch repair and a rare immunotherapy-related adverse event

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved the outcome and overall survival of patients with cancer. However, predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy remains difficult. The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is vital for identifying and repairing mismatched nucleotides during genetic recombination. Cancers with defective MMR involve thousands of mutations and are defined as having microsatellite instability (MSI) and demonstrate a high immunotherapy response rate. Therefore, MSI could be a biomarker for predicting the response to ICIs. Herein, we present two patients with MSI-high gynecologic malignancies who demonstrated a complete response to ICI treatment, but along with panuveitis, a rare immunotherapy-related adverse event in one of the cases.
A Survey in Localization Techniques Used in Location-based Access Control

There has been a huge growth in the number of mobile devices in the last few years. These mobile devices are equipped with various hardware that allows them to sense and receive different types of wireless signals such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and others. Today, a mobile device is capable of obtaining its location in various ways. Location-enabled mobile devices enable applications to utilize and verify users' location to allow them to access location-based resources, which is known as Location-based access control (LBAC). The implementation of LBAC has grown rapidly with the increase in the number of mobile devices and location-based services (LBS) and is expected to grow more in the future. LBAC verifies the user's location is required. User location can be obtained using different localization techniques. In this paper, we survey the localization techniques used in LBAC. Consequently, we examine and review the strength and weaknesses of each of the localization techniques. Finally, we discuss the nature of applications that suits each localization technique the most.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Abstract From the first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty performed by Andreas Gruntzig in 1977 to the current era of bioabsorbable stents and drug-eluting balloons, interventional cardiology has seen tremendous growth in technical as well as procedural skill. Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are the most common invasive cardiovascular procedures performed worldwide. PCI offers survival benefit in patients with acute coronary syndromes and in cardiac arrest patients in whom ischemia-mediated arrhythmia due to significant stenosis (≥70%) of an epicardial coronary artery is likely. PCI is also recommended to improve symptoms in patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease who are symptomatic (despite maximally tolerated goal-directed medical therapy) and have significant stenosis of the epicardial vessels. This chapter discusses the indications for PCI, vascular access, intracoronary devices, recent data on antiplatelet therapy, current controversies, and future directions.
INFLUENCE OF SILICON AND ALUMINUM ON THE PROPERTIES OF HOT-ROLLED STEEL

Small amounts of silicon added to steel act as a deoxidizer and lower the ductile-brittle transition temperature of the steel plate. Larger amounts, depending on the amounts of other deoxidizers already present, become an alloying addition and raise the transition temperature. Increasing aluminum contents up to 0.20 pet lowered the transition temperature at a rate depending on the amount of silicon and manganese present.
Phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase and protein kinase A pathways mediate the anti-apoptotic effect of pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide in cultured cerebellar granule neurons: modulation by ethanol.

Cerebellar granule neurons cultured in the presence of 5 mm KCl undergo spontaneous apoptosis, which is reduced by exposure to pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Previous work has suggested roles for the cyclic AMP/PKA and MAP kinase signaling pathways in the anti-apoptotic effect of PACAP. In the present study, the use of specific inhibitors confirmed the role of the cyclic AMP/PKA pathway, and also demonstrated a role for the phosphatidylinositol 3′-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase) neuroprotective pathway in the action of PACAP. Ethanol exposure accelerates the anti-apoptotic effect of PACAP by a mechanism that involves the PKA and PI-3 kinase pathways. The results demonstrate that ethanol can increase neuroprotection induced by PACAP. As previous work has shown that ethanol can increase apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons by inhibiting the protective effect of agents such as NMDA or IGF-1, the overall effect of ethanol on cerebellar neuron apoptosis during development may reflect the balance between inhibition and enhancement of the actions of various endogenous neuroprotective agents.
Light increases the gap junctional coupling of retinal ganglion cells

We examined the effect of light adaptation on the gap junctional coupling of α-ganglion cells (α-GCs) in rabbit and mouse retinas. We assayed changes in coupling by measuring parameters of tracer coupling following injection of α-GCs with Neurobiotin and the concerted spike activity of α-GC neighbours under dark- and light-adapted conditions. We found that light adaptation using mesopic or photopic background lights resulted in a dramatic increase in the labelling intensity, number, and spatial extent of ganglion and amacrine cells coupled to OFF α-GCs when compared to levels seen under dark adaptation. While this augmentation of coupling by light did not produce an increase in the concerted spontaneous activity of OFF α-GC neighbours, it did significantly increase correlated light-evoked spiking. This was seen as an increase in the number of correlated spikes for α-GC neighbours and an extension of correlations to second-tier neighbours that was not seen under dark-adapted conditions. Pharmacological studies in the rabbit retina indicated that dopamine mediates the observed changes in coupling by differentially activating D1 and D2 receptors under different adaptation states. In this scheme, activation of dopamine D1 receptors following light exposure triggers cAMP-mediated intracellular pathways resulting in an increase in gap junctional conductance. Overall, our results indicate that as we move from night to day there is an enhanced electrical coupling between α-GCs, thereby increasing the concerted activity believed to strengthen the capacity and efficiency of information flow across the optic nerve.
“New” educational injustices in the “new” South Africa: A call for justice in the form of vertical equity

Purpose – Outlines a framework for social justice, describes both the social and educational context of South Africa, highlights inequitable funding practices, and then advocates for policy changes in the form of vertical equity.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a retrospective review of mandated segregation by race to hypothetical de‐segregation by post‐apartheid policies to de facto re‐segregation by class, in the “new” South Africa.Findings – Describes how overt racism in the form of apartheid laws has been replaced by covert racism and class domination in the form of school fees.Originality/value – Reveals how “new” educational injustices are preventing poor and marginalized groups from getting universal access to high‐quality education in the “new” South Africa.
Ether lipid metabolism: Incorporation of O-hexadecyl ethanediol into rat brain lipids☆

Abstract 1-O-[1'-14C]Hexadecyl ethanediol was administered intracerebrally to myelinating rat brain, and incorporation of radioactivity into brain lipids was followed over a 48-h period: 1. (1) O-Hexadecyl ethanediol was metabolized primarily through oxidative ether bond cleavage, and much of the label was recovered in phospholipid acyl groups. 2. (2) Substantial amounts of radioactivity were also found in choline and ethanolamine phospholipids having an O-hexadecyloxyethyl glycerol backbone. This means that alkyl ethanediol was used in glycerol ether biosynthesis as are long-chain primary alcohols. 3. (3) Acidic hydrolysis of the ethanolamine glycerophosphatide fraction yielded also labeled hexadecanol which may indicate desaturation of 1-O-hexadecyloxyethyl 2-acyl glycerophosphoryl ethanolamine to the plasm alogen analogue. 4. (4) Small amounts of the substrate were oxidized to O-hexadecyl glycolic acid and incorporated into the phospholipids. The substrate did not serve as precursor of O-hexadecyl ethanediol phosphorylcholine or phosphorylethanolamine in the brain.
Studies on cytochrome oxidase. IV. Optical rotatory dispersion of hematin a.

Abstract Oxidized and reduced hematin a in aqueous solution exhibited anomalous optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) in the wave length range 500 to 220 mµ. Dispersion curves of two distinct types were observed depending on the initial mode of solubilization of hematin a. Type I hematin solution exhibited a complex ORD spectrum for the oxidized form (amplitude in molar rotation per dm, 14,000°; apparent cross-over point, 410 mµ) but a relatively simple Cotton effect for the reduced (amplitude, 59,000°; cross-over point, 397 mµ). Analysis of the experimental dispersion curves showed that the oxidized form is composed of at least four Cotton effects and the reduced, three Cotton effects. Type II hematin solution gave complex ORD profiles for both the oxidized and reduced forms. The magnitude of rotation was several-fold greater than that of type I. The ORD of the carbon monoxide compound showed a broad unsymmetrical Cotton effect with molar amplitude of 27,000° and a cross-over point at 442.5 mµ for the type I solution; a molar amplitude of 32,000° and a cross-over point at 435 mµ for type II. Results from sedimentation experiments showed that type II was in much larger aggregated form than type I. In both types, the concentration of hematin a did not significantly affect the amplitude of the observed Soret-Cotton effect of the oxidized form whereas, in the reduced form, the amplitude was found to be greatly dependent upon the concentration. No optical activity was observed in the oxidized, reduced, and carbon monoxide-treated reduced form of protohematin.
Modeling scientific experiments with an object data model

We examine the main requirements for modeling scientific experiments and propose constructs that fulfil these requirements. We show that existing object-oriented and semantic data models do not provide such constructs. Experiment (protocol) and object constructs can be combined in order to provide seamless object and experiment modeling. We present an example of combining protocol and object constructs into a unified framework, the Object-Protocol Model (OPM), and briefly describe the implementation of an OPM interface on top of commercial relational database management systems (DBMSs). >
The spliceosome assembly pathway in mammalian extracts.

A mammalian splicing commitment complex was functionally defined by using a template commitment assay. This complex was partially purified and shown to be a required intermediate for complex A formation. The productive formation of this commitment complex required both splice sites and the polypyrimidine tract. U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) was the only spliceosomal U snRNP required for this formation. A protein factor, very likely U2AF, is probably involved in the formation of the splicing commitment complex. From the kinetics of appearance of complex A and complex B, it was previously postulated that complex A represents a functional intermediate in spliceosome assembly. Complex A was partially purified and shown to be a required intermediate for complex B (spliceosome) formation. Thus, a spliceosome pathway is for the first time supported by direct biochemical evidence: RNA+U1 snRNP+?U2 auxiliary factor+?Y----CC+U2 snRNP+Z----A+U4/6,5 snRNPs+ beta----B.
Götterdämmerung or a Brave New World

In semi-darkness, a group stands clustered around a form. Some try to check vital signsâ€”respiration, circulation, status of vital organsâ€”and discuss the situation in hushed voices tinged with anguish. Others nearby are apparently unconcerned. â€œBreathing seems to be weak,â€ comes the first report, â€œand it's getting shallower and more uneven.â€ â€œPulse! The pulse ... I can't find it.â€ The second voice is anxious, almost frantic. â€œWhat are you so wound up about? There's nothing wrong,â€ a third disdainfully remarks. â€œWhat makes you think it's supposed to have one?â€
False-Positive Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Immunoassay Screen Associated with Fentanyl Medication

The prevalence of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use has steadily increased over the past two decades. The 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (1) estimated that of the population 12 years and older, 3.5% have tried LSD. With the increase in LSD and other illicit drug use, urine drug screening in occupational and clinical settings has likewise increased. In the toxicology laboratory of Hennepin County Medical Center, LSD is one of eight drugs screened in the routine urine immunoassay drugs-of-abuse panel. In this report, we describe several cases involving false-positive urine screens for LSD by either the CEDIA and/or SYVA Emit II immunoassays. In one case, two urine samples that were immunoassay positive for LSD failed to confirm either LSD or its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy LSD by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The case involved a 31-year-old male with severe end-stage cardiomyopathy secondary to rheumatic heart disease and crack cocaine abuse. He called emergency medical services from home with complaints of shortness of breath. He was subsequently diagnosed with cardiogenic shock secondary to sepsis and cardiomyopathy. He was intubated and admitted to the coronary care unit for hemodynamic support including intraaortic balloon pump. His initial urine drug screen on admission was negative. The patient was treated for sepsis and gradually weaned from ventilatory and pressor support. The patient’s condition steadily improved. While in …
Technology modeling for emerging SOI devices

New physical models, algorithms, and parameters are needed to accurately model emerging silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices. We discuss key modeling tools and methodologies used to support research, development, and manufacturing of emerging SOI device technology. Although commercial TCAD tools are available, new physical models, parameters, and algorithms are needed to study these novel device structures.
The View From the Looking Glass: How Are Narcissistic Individuals Perceived by Others?

Previous studies have found that narcissistic individuals are often viewed negatively by those who know them well. The present study sought to extend these previous findings by examining whether normal and pathological aspects of narcissism were associated with perceiver ratings of narcissistic characteristics and aggression. This was accomplished by having each of our undergraduate participants (288 targets) recruit friends or family members to complete ratings of the target who recruited them (1,296 perceivers). Results revealed that perceived entitlement was strongly associated with perceived aggression. Further, self-reported levels of pathological narcissism moderated these results such that vulnerable narcissism exacerbated the association between perceived entitlement and aggression, whereas grandiose narcissism mitigated the association. The discussion will focus on the implications of these results for understanding the various features of narcissism.
Cyclic Dehn surgery and the A-polynomial

Abstract We present a necessary condition for Dehn surgery on a knot in S 3 to be cyclic which is based on the A-polynomial of the knot. The condition involves a width of the Newton polygon of the A-polynomial, and provides a simple method of computing a list of possible cyclic surgery slopes. The width produces a list of at most three slopes for a hyperbolic knot which contains no closed essential surface in its complement (in agreement with the Cyclic Surgery Theorem). We conclude with an application to cyclic surgeries along non-boundary slopes of hyperbolic mutant knots.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results suggest excellent outcomes.

Background Selected 5-year survival results after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported to be 70%. Our hypothesis was that liver transplantation is effective for long-term cancer control for HCC. Study Design A 20-year retrospective review of a prospectively collected database was carried out. Demographic data and patient survival were calculated. Results There were 1,422 liver transplantations performed between January 1990 and April 2011. Of these, 264 had HCC and 157 (59%) were pretreated with transarterial chemoembolization. Recipient age was 55.9 (±7.9) years and 208 (79%) of patients were male. The underlying disease was hepatitis C virus in 155 (58.7%), hepatitis B virus in 16 (6%), alcohol in 21 (8%), and miscellaneous in the remaining 72 cases. The mean number of tumors was 1.8 (±1.7) and the mean largest tumor diameter was 2.3 (±1.3) cm in the explanted liver. One, 5, and 10-year patient survival was 88.5%, 69.1%, and 40.5%, respectively; disease-specific survival was 99.1%, 94.4% and 87.9%; and disease-free survival was 86.0%, 64.6%, and 40.1%. One, 5, and 10-year graft survival was 87.3%, 68.0%, and 41.8%. Nine (3.4%) patients required retransplantation; 75 patients (28.4%) have died, but only 10 of 75 (13.3%) died of recurrent HCC (3.7% of all HCC patients receiving a transplant) and 6 (8%) died of recurrent viral hepatitis. An additional 9 recipients developed recurrence (total HCC recurrence, n=19 [7%]), 4 of whom died of causes other than HCC. The remaining 5 are disease-free post-treatment (mean 5.5 years after orthotopic liver transplantation). Conclusions Orthotopic liver transplantation offers an effective treatment strategy for HCC in the setting of cirrhosis, even in the setting of hepatitis C virus. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence is uncommon in properly selected patients and disease-specific long-term survival approaches 90%.
Response of prisoners to social pressure.

Each of 24 prisoners as one of a group of 8 persons gave 40% conforming judgments on Asch's line-length task. Significant positive rs obtained between educational levels claimed and tested and between IQ and tested educational level. r was negative but significant for educational level and number of conforming responses.
Diphtheria toxin-based targeted toxin therapy for brain tumors

Targeted toxins (TT) are molecules that bind cell surface antigens or receptors such as the transferrin or interleukin-13 receptor that are overexpressed in cancer. After internalization, the toxin component kills the cell. These recombinant proteins consist of an antibody or carrier ligand coupled to a modified plant or bacterial toxin such as diphtheria toxin (DT). These fusion proteins are very effective against brain cancer cells that are resistant to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. TT have shown an acceptable profile for toxicity and safety in animal studies and early clinical trials have demonstrated a therapeutic response. This review summarizes the characteristics of DT-based TT, the animal studies in malignant brain tumors and early clinical trial results. Obstacles to the successful treatment of brain tumors include poor penetration into tumor, the immune response to DT and cancer heterogeneity.
The sensory match effect in recognition memory: Perceptual fluency or episodic trace?

The sensory match effect in recognition memory refers to the finding that recognition is better when the sensory form in which an item is tested is the same as that in which it was studied. This paper examines the basis for the sensory match effect by manipulating whether a studied fragmented picture is tested with the same or a complementary set of fragments in a recognition memory test (Experiment 1) and in a fragment-identification test (Experiment 2). Assuming that fragment identification is a direct measure of perceptual fluency, we expected identical patterns of results across the two tests if perceptual fluency accounted for the sensory match effect in recognition memory. Instead, recognition memory showed a robust overall sensory match effect (the same fragmented image was recognized better than the complementary image), whereas fragment identification showed no overall sensory match effect (the same fragmented image was identified no better than the complementary fragmented image). Experiments 3 and 4 combined the two responses and showed that the basis for the sensory match effect in recognition memory was a subject’s ability to recognize the matching fragments in the absence of conceptual information (when the test stimulus could not be identified), supporting the idea that the episodic trace of the sensory code is responsible for the sensory match effect in recognition memory. Experiment 5 demonstrated that subjects are able to use this sensory code as the sole basis for recognition memory.
Far infrared and low frequency Raman spectra and conformational stability of gaseous chloromethylcyclopropane and bromomethylcyclopropane

Abstract The far-IR (350-50 cm−1) and low frequency Raman spectra (200-70 cm−1) of gaseous chloro- and bromomethylcyclopropane have been recorded. The asymmetric torsion arising from the gauche conformer of the bromide has been observed at 91.8 cm−1 but the corresponding transition for the cis conformer was not observed. However, IR bands for all the skeletal bending modes indicate the presence of a second conformer at ambient temperature. For chloromethylcyclopropane, the asymmetric torsions of both the cis and the gauche conformers have been observed at 99.54 and 96.84 cm−1, respectively, along with two excited state transitions for each conformer. From these data a potential function for the chloromethylcyclopropane molecule has been calculated and the determined potential constants have the following values: V1=200±65, V2=−34±16, and V3=1138±6 cm−1 with the gauche conformer calculated to be more stable by 178±87 cm−1 (510±25 cal mol−1) than the cis conformer. The gauche to cis barrier is 1239 cm−1 (3.54 kcal mol−1) and the gauche to gauche barrier is 1114 cm−1 (3.19 kcal mol−1). A variable temperature Raman study of the gaseous chloride was carried out and the enthalpy difference was found to be ΔH=273±108 cm−1 (782±309 cal mol−1) with the gauche conformer being more stable. The results of this study are compared with previous studies of these and similar molecules.