cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Period of susceptibility of almonds to aflatoxin contamination during development in the orchard

Almonds can be contaminated with aflatoxins, produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Infection can be facilitated by insect injuries during hull split, which begins four to six weeks before harvest. Within this period, it is unknown which kernel stages are most susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Developing almonds of the Nonpareil cultivar were inoculated weekly with a spore suspension of A. flavus or A. parasiticus for five weeks after hull split in 2013. The almonds were infested with eggs of the lepidopteron navel orangeworm (NOW) (Amyelois transitella) before each spore inoculation. Aflatoxin levels were quantified at harvest using HPLC. Aflatoxin contamination was consistently higher in NOW-damaged kernels, although aflatoxins were also detected in undamaged kernels at each inoculation date. Insect injury is not required for kernel infection but it is a key risk factor for high aflatoxin contamination. Laboratory inoculations were also performed on Nonpareil almond kernels collected during the summers of 2013 and 2015. Aflatoxin levels were significantly lower on dried almonds but the ability to produce aflatoxins was restored when almonds were incubated with high humidity or when the Aspergillus species were inoculated on almond meal agar amended with ground kernels. Therefore, aflatoxins can accumulate in kernels with low aw, should sufficient moisture favors aflatoxin production. In our field experiment, the orchard micro-climate had sufficient humidity to enable aflatoxin production in both damaged and undamaged dried kernels.
Immune Phenotyping and Naive T Cells as a Predictor of Response to Therapy In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Abstract 1362 The role of anti-tumor immunity is not well understood in CLL but does have the potential to be manipulated to improve treatment responses. We studied the predictive values of 43 immune phenotypes in patients enrolled in a clinical trial of early treatment of high risk CLL. The study enrolled 33 patients with CLL diagnosed using standard NCI-WG96 criteria who had previously untreated early - intermediate stage disease and did not meet NCI-WG96 guidelines for conventional treatment. High risk disease was defined as at least one of the following: 17p13 deletion; 11q22 deletion or unmutated IGHV together with either expression of ZAP-70 (>20%) or CD38 (>30%). Patients were treated with GM-CSF 250 mcg sc 3 × week × 5 weeks, alemtuzumab sc with dose escalation over 3 days then 30 mg/d 3 × week × 4 weeks, and rituximab 375 mg/m 2 weekly × 4 weeks for a total duration of therapy of 5 weeks. We measured immune phenotypes (representing Tregs, naive, effector memory, central memory T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes, among others) at the time of enrollment, through treatment and at 1 year after enrollment in 28 patients. We identified pre-treatment immune phenotypes that correlated with disease burden (as measured by the number of circulating B cells). Increased disease burden was correlated with increased absolute numbers of CD3+, CD8+, CD4+ T cells, NK (CD56+CD16+), Dr+CD8+ T cells, and Tregs (CD4+CD25+CD127+); p Disclosures: Zent: Genzyme: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; G.S.K.: Research Funding.
Galileo as a Symbol of Science Versus Religion

Ever since the condemnation of Galileo in 1633, his trial has commonly been viewed as epitomizing the conflict between science and religion. In the twentieth century, some Catholic officials have gone to the other extreme of claiming that instead the trial really exemplifies the harmony between science and religion. Each view yields both pro-Galilean and anti-Galilean conclusions, when combined with other appropriate assumptions. For example, from the conflict thesis one can easily derive the conclusion that Galileo is one of the supremely instructive examples in the struggle for individual freedom and civil liberties against religious oppression, as well as the conclusion that Galileo is one of the major figures to be blamed for the disastrous separation in modern Western culture between scientific knowledge and cultural values, or more generally, between facts and values. Similarly, the harmony thesis could be used to infer that Galileo is first and foremost a religious hero, who understood theoretically and practiced in his actual life the proper harmonious relationship between science and religion; and also to infer that Galileo’s religiosity and piety constitute just one more example of his many scientific, philosophical, and practical errors. Obviously such theses and conclusions presuppose different conceptions of science, religion, and their interaction, and they are based on different limited portions of the available historical evidence and documentation. This chapter aims primarily to bring some order into this tangle of issues, and secondarily to lay the foundations for an approach that would give Galileo neither undue blame nor undeserved praise.
From Bootleggers to Big Data: Wiretapping in America

Telephones were a mobster's dream. The development of their networks in the 1870s didn't just let people chat remotely with friends and family - they enabled criminals to conduct illicit business across state lines with unprecedented ease. Since then, police and private investigators have taken to the wires in attempts to identify and eavesdrop on criminals. Today's debates around NSA surveillance, wiretapping and privacy of information have deep roots, and the tension between privacy and security has always led to a game of cat and mouse.
Nobel lecture: Topological quantum matter

The 2016 Nobel Prize for Physics was shared by David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane, and John Michael Kosterlitz. These papers are the text of the address given in conjunction with the award.
Intraoperative Management of Liver Transplant Patients Without the Routine Use of Renal Replacement Therapy.

Background Renal failure is common among patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver allocation based on the model for end-stage liver disease score has increased the number of recipients who require perioperative renal replacement therapy (RRT). Although RRT can be continued intraoperatively, the risks and benefits of intraoperative RRT are not well defined. The aim of this study is to report the intraoperative management of patients with pretransplant renal failure at a transplant center with extremely infrequent utilization of intraoperative RRT. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver or simultaneous liver-kidney (SLK) transplantation between June 2009 and December 2015. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on their need for pretransplant RRT. Results A total of 785 patients underwent liver or SLK transplant during the study period. One hundred and seventy-four patients (22.2%) required preoperative dialysis. Only 2 patients required intraoperative RRT. There was no difference in the incidence of acidosis or hyperkalemia between patients who required preoperative dialysis and those who did not. Conclusions We describe the successful management of patients undergoing liver or SLK transplantation almost entirely without the need for intraoperative RRT.
Cytochrome c mRNA in skeletal muscles of immobilized limbs.

Booth, Frank W., Wei Lou, Marc T. Hamilton, and Zhen Yan.Cytochrome c mRNA in skeletal muscles of immobilized limbs. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1941–1945, 1996.—Even though immobilization of a slow s...
Improving Radiology Peer Learning: Comparing a Novel Electronic Peer Learning Tool and a Traditional Score-Based Peer Review System

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the yields of peer learning between a radiology electronic peer learning tool (PLT) and a score-based peer review (SBPR) system. MATERIALS AND ME...
Metastatic lung cancer induced by the cooperation ofp53 and K-ras mutations in mice

5568 Lung cancer is a worldwide devastating disease with a five-year survival of only 5-10%. Many mouse models have been developed to study the pathophysiology of lung cancer. A recently developed mouse model is that the proto-oncogene K-ras is spontaneously activated at codon 12 due to a latent allele placed at the endogenous locus ( K-rasLA1). All K-rasLA1/+ mice develop lung cancer at about one year of age. K-rasLA1/+ mice on a 129/Sv background have a slightly better survival. This somatic activation of K-ras mimics the spontaneous mutation of K-ras occurring in human cancer, but its infrequent metastasis does not manifest human lung cancer well. A mouse model for hereditary Li-Fraumeni syndrome harbors a mutant p53 with a missense mutation at codon 172 generated by homologous recombination (p53R172HΔg). This mutant p53 allele induces highly metastatic osteosarcomas and carcinomas in heterozygous mice, representing a gain-of-function allele. Given that K-ras mutations are frequently associated with p53 mutations in lung cancer, we hypothesized that mice with both p53 and ras mutations might develop metastatic lung cancer. 129/SvEv inbred p53R172HΔg/+ mice were crossed with K-rasLA1/+ mice to generate double heterozygous mice and three groups of control mice. Mice were monitored for survival and tumor formation. All animals showing obvious tumors or other signs of distress were sacrificed and subjected to full necropsy. Tumors and metastases were morphologically diagnosed by a pathologist. At one year of age, about 90% of double heterozygous mice had died while only 50% of K-rasLA1/+ or 20% of p53R172HΔg/+ mice had died. Double heterozygous mice had a significantly reduced life span and all developed lung tumors, which could be diagnosed by micro-CT scanning in live mice. Since many mice developed multiple primary tumors, immunohistochemical staining of surfactant protein C further identified and confirmed the diagnosis of metastases from lung cancer. Metastases were found in about 30% of lung carcinomas and about 35% of all types of carcinomas. Moreover, double heterozygous mice had a broader tumor spectrum and different tumor frequencies when compared with parental strains. This mouse model has two major molecular alterations common in lung cancer and develops lung cancer with metastasis. The occurrence of metastases and change of tumor incidences demonstrate the cooperation of mutant p53 and K-ras in vivo. This mouse model better recapitulates human lung cancer and will be very useful for testing novel therapeutic interventions.
Multiscale Habitat Selection of Lesser Prairie-Chickens in a Row-Crop and Conservation Reserve Program Land Matrix

Abstract The lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus has received considerable attention in recent years, as a result of population decline and the uncertainty of its status under the 197...
The meanings of medicating: pills and play.

The author uses Winnicott’s theory involving transitional objects, the therapeutic value of play, and the vital role of danger to elucidate the psychotherapeutic aspects of medication visits. A cas...
Delamination Mechanics of Carbon Nanotube Micropillars.

The adhesion of carbon nanotube (CNT) forests to their growth substrate is a critical concern for many applications. Here, we measured the delamination force of CNT forest micropillars using in sit...
The lure of Chinese state capitalism in Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper examines the attractiveness of contemporary China's state-directed economic system beyond China's borders. It considers the political and economic affinities between China and Latin Amer...
Overcoming Multidrug Resistance and Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a Single Dual-Function Potentiator of β-Lactams.

Clinicians prescribe hundreds of millions of β-lactam antibiotics to treat the majority of patients presenting with bacterial infections. Patient outcomes are positive unless resistant bacteria, su...
Low-dose dual energy CT image reconstruction using non-local deep image prior

For low-dose dual energy CT (DECT) scans, the difference image between the low and high energy images are noisy and always post-smoothed to achieve diagnosis value. Recently the deep image prior framework shows that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can learn intrinsic structural information from the corrupted images, without pre-training or high-quality training labels. Inspired by this concept, we represented the low-energy and the difference images as the two-channel output of a CNN and embedded this representation into the DECT system model. Summation of low and high energy CT images reconstructed using FBP was treated as the prior image and supplied as the network input. A non-local layer calculated based on the prior image was integrated into the network structure as additional constraints. Through this CNN representation, the low and high energy images are reconstructed jointly and benefit from the features extracted from the prior image. We formulated the proposed DECT joint reconstruction framework as a constrained optimization problem and solved it using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. Experimental evaluation based on a low-dose DECT dataset shows that the proposed method can outperform the reference denoising methods.
Characterization and clinical course of 1000 Patients with COVID-19 in New York: retrospective case series.

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a large New York City (NYC) medical center and describe their clinical course across the emergency department (ED), inpatient floors, and intensive care units (ICUs). Design Retrospective manual medical record review. Setting NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (NYP/CUIMC), a quaternary care academic medical center in NYC. Participants The first 1000 consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Methods We identified patients with a positive RT-SARS-CoV-2 PCR receiving care at NYP/CUIMC from March 1 through April 15. Patient data was manually abstracted from the electronic medical record. Main outcome measures We describe patient characteristics including demographics, presenting symptoms, comorbidities on presentation, hospital course, time to intubation, complications, outcomes, and disposition. Results Among the first 1000 patients with confirmed COVID-19, 151 patients were discharged from or died in the ED, 618 were admitted to the floor, and 231 were admitted or transferred to the ICU; 195 remained hospitalized and 172 had died in the hospital. The most common presenting symptoms were cough (73.2%), fever (72.8%), and dyspnea (62.9%). Compared to Chinese and Italian cohorts, hospitalized patients and ICU patients in particular had more baseline comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity and higher rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) and dialysis. ICU patients were older and predominantly male (67.5%); 75.3% developed AKI and 31.2% required dialysis. Notably, of patients who required mechanical ventilation, only 5.9% were first intubated more than 14 days after symptom onset. Time to intubation from symptom onset had a bimodal distribution, with modes at 3-4 and 9 days. Conclusions Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 illness at this medical center faced significant morbidity and mortality, with high rates of AKI, dialysis, and a bimodal distribution in time to intubation from symptom onset. Patients in this large sample had more baseline comorbidities and developed more complications than previous Italian and Chinese cohorts.
Predictive value of computed tomography in identifying extranodal extension in human papillomavirus‐positive versus human papillomavirus‐negative head and neck cancer

Pathologic extranodal extension (pENE) impacts treatment planning and is an important prognostic indicator for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Computed tomography (CT) is a commonly used modality for assessment of radiographic ENE (rENE). To determine the predictive value of CT-identified rENE in predicting pENE, we performed a systematic review through a search of 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and OVID). Meta-analysis of diagnostic performance based on human papillomavirus (HPV) status was conducted. For HPV-negative HNSCC, pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 60.6%, 93.3%, and 82.6%, respectively. Overall positive predictive value (PPV) was 82.7%. For HPV-positive HNSCC, pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 77.7%, 72.2%, and 63.8%, respectively. Overall PPV was 68.6%. Significant differences were observed in diagnostic performance parameters between the two cohorts. The radiographic characteristics of HPV-positive and HPV-negative nodal metastases in HNSCC differ and radiographic evaluation of ENE in HPV-positive nodes is challenging. Development of refined imaging characteristics of HPV-positive nodes is needed to improve diagnostic performance.
Group 3 PH: Clinical Features and Treatment

Abstract Group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a broad category of PH caused by chronic lung diseases (CLD) including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD), sleep disordered breathing, chronic exposure to high altitudes and developmental abnormalities. It is the second most common type after group 2 PH which is secondary to left heart disease or pulmonary venous hypertension. Clinical features of group 3 PH are often difficult to discern from the signs and symptoms of the primary lung disease and most of the time, symptoms out of proportion to the severity of lung disease prompts evaluation for group 3 PH. In most patients with group 3 PH, the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) is usually mildly elevated. However, it is invariably associated with reduced functional ability, impaired quality of life, greater oxygen requirements and an increased risk of mortality. Transthoracic echocardiography is the best screening test to evaluate for underlying PH. Right heart catheterization (RHC) is the gold standard test for confirmation and is performed when significant PH is suspected and the patient's management will likely be influenced by the RHC results. Treatment of group 3 PH can be divided into four major categories- primary, adjunctive, PH-specific and treatment of refractory disease. Treatment of the primary lung disease is the most important aspect but supportive therapy including supplemental oxygen and pulmonary rehabilitation are also very essential. The role of pulmonary vasodilators in group 3 PH is still unclear and large, randomized controlled trials are in dire need.
Prevalence of Chronic Disease in Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Cases and U.S. Adults (2017-2018).

Chronic conditions such as diabetes have been implicated as risk factors for poor prognosis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1–3). A 19 June 2020 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found a significant burden of chronic conditions in reported cases of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (4). Most case subjects identified from the CDC COVID-19 surveillance reporting were not hospitalized. The current study compares the prevalence of comorbid conditions in the CDC report to population-representative data. Our objective was to examine the extent to which the prevalence of underlying conditions in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 exceeded what would be expected in similarly aged adults in the general U.S. population. We estimated the prevalence of four conditions—diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—in the general U.S. adult population (aged ≥20 years) using the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle (2017–2018, n = 4,757). We compared these estimates to those reported among patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the CDC’s June 2020 report. We used definitions of comorbidities designed to most closely approximate those used in the CDC report. We defined cardiovascular disease as a self-reported history of coronary heart disease, heart failure, heart attack, stroke, or hypertension (mean blood pressure …
Impact of Obesity on Warfarin Reversal With Fixed-Dose Factor VIII Inhibitor Bypassing Activity (aPCC).

Background:Data are limited addressing anticoagulant reversal in obese patients using activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC).Objective:Assess the impact of obesity on INR reversal with fi...
No Center Other Than Ourselves: Istanbul, Hüzün, and the Heterotopic Portal Between Civilizations and Time in the Works of Orhan Pamuk

As an East-West city, Istanbul functions as a heterotopia in design, culture, and ideology, which has been marked with ‘huzun,’ a deep and collective spiritual anguish denizens of Istanbul experience from living in a post-imperial location. This chapter explores how Orhan Pamuk’s novels My Name Is Red (2001), A Strangeness in My Mind (2015), and memoir Istanbul: Memories and the City (2004) chart how varied spatio-temporal constructions reveal the city’s ability to reassemble the disparate ideologies and practices of the East and West into its own timeless, heterotopic marketplace of culture, memory, and identity. As a heterotopia, the city operates as a site of exigency or crisis, one that collapses conventional perceptions of time and space, while splintering its features into new epistemological and ontological layers with which to generate emerging identities.
mGlu5 function in the nucleus accumbens core during the incubation of methamphetamine craving

Many studies have demonstrated that negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) reduce cocaine and methamphetamine seeking in extinction-reinstatement animal models of addiction. Less is known about effects of mGlu5 NAMs in abstinence models, particularly for methamphetamine. We used the incubation of drug craving model, in which cue-induced craving progressively intensifies after withdrawal from drug self-administration, to conduct the first studies of the following aspects of mGlu5 function in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) core during abstinence from methamphetamine self-administration: 1) functionality of the major form of synaptic depression in NAc medium spiny neurons, which is induced postsynaptically via mGlu5 and expressed presynaptically via cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs), 2) mGlu5 surface expression and physical associations between mGlu5, Homer proteins, and diacylglycerol lipase-α, and 3) the effect of systemic and intra-NAc core administration of the mGlu5 NAM 3-((2-methyl-4-)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP) on expression of incubated methamphetamine craving. We found that mGlu5/CB1R-dependent synaptic depression was lost during the rising phase of methamphetamine incubation but then recovered, in contrast to its persistent impairment during the plateau phase of incubation of cocaine craving. Furthermore, whereas the cocaine-induced impairment was accompanied by reduced mGlu5 levels and mGlu5-Homer associations, this was not the case for methamphetamine. Systemic MTEP reduced incubated methamphetamine seeking, but also reduced inactive hole nose-pokes and locomotion, while intra-NAc core MTEP had no significant effects. These findings provide the first insight into the role of mGlu5 in the incubation of methamphetamine craving and reveal differences from incubation of cocaine craving.
A Shock-patching Code for Ultrarelativistic Fluid Flows

We have developed a one-dimensional code to solve ultrarelativistic hydrodynamic problems, using the Glimm method for an accurate treatment of shocks and contact discontinuities. The implementation of the Glimm method is based on an exact Riemann solver and van der Corput sampling sequence. In order to improve computational efficiency, the Glimm method is replaced by a finite differencing scheme in those regions where the fluid flow is sufficiently smooth. The accuracy and convergence of this hybrid method is investigated in tests involving planar, cylindrically, and spherically symmetric flows that exhibit strong shocks and Lorentz factors of up to ~2000. This hybrid code has proven to be successful in simulating the interaction between a thin, ultrarelativistic, spherical shell and a low-density stationary medium, which is a situation likely to arise in gamma-ray bursters, supernovae explosions, pulsar winds, and active galactic nuclei.
The role of mindfulness in associations among depression symptoms, sleep duration, and insulin resistance in adolescents.

Sleep difficulties may be one explanatory factor in the association between depression and insulin resistance; yet, explicit tests of this hypothesis are lacking. We determined if there was an indirect effect of depression symptoms on insulin resistance through sleep duration in adolescents at risk for excess weight gain. We also investigated whether dispositional mindfulness moderated the interconnections among depression, sleep, and insulin resistance. Ninety adolescents (14.2 ± 1.6y; 50% female) at risk for excess weight gain (body mass index [BMI, kg/m2] z score 1.6 ± 0.6) participated in the cross-sectional, baseline phase of a health behaviors study. Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale, sleep duration with the Sleep Habits Survey, and mindfulness with the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was determined from fasting insulin and glucose. The product-of-coefficients method was used to test the indirect effect of depression on insulin resistance through sleep duration, accounting for age, sex, BMIz, puberty, and socioeconomic status (SES). Dispositional mindfulness was tested as a moderator of the associations among depression, sleep, and insulin resistance. There was a significant indirect effect of depression on insulin resistance through sleep duration, controlling for age, sex, BMIz, puberty, and SES, 95%CI [0.001, 0.05]. Dispositional mindfulness moderated the association between sleep duration and insulin resistance, such that lower sleep duration related to greater insulin resistance only among adolescents with lower mindfulness (p < .001). Short sleep may be one explanatory factor in the depression-insulin resistance connection in adolescents at risk for excess weight gain. Adolescents with poorer mindfulness and short sleep are at highest risk for insulin resistance, whereas higher mindfulness may be protective.
A Novel 5-Cytokine Panel Outperforms Conventional Predictive Markers of Persistent Organ Failure in Acute Pancreatitis.

Introduction Existing laboratory markers and clinical scoring systems have shown suboptimal accuracies for early prediction of persistent organ failure (POF) in acute pancreatitis (AP). We used information theory and machine learning to select the best-performing panel of circulating cytokines for predicting POF early in the disease course and performed verification of the cytokine panel's prognostic accuracy in an independent AP cohort. Methods The derivation cohort included 60 subjects with AP with early serum samples collected between 2007 and 2010. Twenty-five cytokines associated with an acute inflammatory response were ranked by computing the mutual information between their levels and the outcome of POF; 5 high-ranking cytokines were selected. These cytokines were subsequently measured in early serum samples of an independent prospective verification cohort of 133 patients (2012-2016), and the results were trained in a Random Forest classifier. Cross-validated performance metrics were compared with the predictive accuracies of conventional laboratory tests and clinical scores. Results Angiopoietin 2, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin 8, resistin, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1A were the highest-ranking cytokines in the derivation cohort; each reflects a pathologic process relevant to POF. A Random Forest classifier trained the cytokine panel in the verification cohort and achieved a 10-fold cross-validated accuracy of 0.89 (area under the curve 0.91, positive predictive value 0.89, and negative predictive value 0.90), which outperformed individual cytokines, laboratory tests, and clinical scores (all P ≤ 0.006). Discussion We developed a 5-cytokine panel, which accurately predicts POF early in the disease process and significantly outperforms the prognostic accuracy of existing laboratory tests and clinical scores.
Theory of Crystal Growth Morphology

Publisher Summary Crystal growth morphology is derived from an interplay of the crystallographic anisotropy and growth kinetics. The growth kinetics consist of interfacial processes as well as long-range transport. The equilibrium shape results from minimizing the anisotropic surface free energy of a crystal under the constraint of constant volume and serves as the baseline for crystal morphology. The phenomenon of morphological stability is related to the spontaneous change (instability) of shape (morphology) of a surface or interface. The morphological instability concept is related to a well-defined base state, in which the crystal-melt interface evolves in time according to a growth law. This growth law comes from a solution to the appropriate free-boundary problem in such a way that all the transport equations and boundary conditions are satisfied. Then this well-defined base state is tested for stability by introducing a shape perturbation, solving the resulting perturbed problem, and deducing from the solution whether the perturbation will grow or decay in time. If the perturbation is very small, the problem can be linearized in its amplitude, leading to the linear stability theory.
Annular fuel for high-power-density pressurized water reactors : Motivation and overview

Nuclear energy technology has to evolve continuously toward two goals: reduction of the cost of power plants and increasing their safety margins. One approach that can enhance both the economics an...
Agrifood systems for competent, ordinary people. Presidential address: Joint Meetings of the Agricultural, Food and Human Values Society and the Association for the Study of Food and Society, Madison, Wisconsin, June 5–8, 1997

Focusing on the notion of competencies, the address explores important dimensions of human infrastructure for negotiating alternative agrifood systems. The analytical competencies emphasized are those of making connections and evaluating contradictions. Farm structure and food system connections with human health and consumer culture are chosen as examples. Examined in the context of social change strategies, relational competencies focus on new forms of food citizenship involving alternative organizational relationships between farmers, retailers, and customers. Ethical competencies are framed in relationship to the entire food system, to the valuing of non-market goods, and to linkages between ethics and emotions. Finally, aesthetic and spiritual competencies are considered as human capacities to connect agriculture and food with beauty and with sacramental living.
Exploration of the giant planets by infrared spectroscopy

The infrared spectrometer and radiometer for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn mission is described. Results of Nimbus and Mariner 9 IR spectroscopy of earth and Mars are used as examples to demonstrate the power and diversity of the technique. Determinations of planetary surface compositions, surface temperatures, vertical temperature profiles, surface pressures, and atmospheric constituents are summarized. Applications to Jupiter and Saturn are briefly mentioned.
Flight crew perspective on the display of 4D information for en route and arrival merging and spacing

This paper introduces and describes a 3D Cockpit Situation Display (CSD) that includes the display of ownship and traffic, flight path intent, terrain and terrain alerting relative to current and proposed flight paths, conflict alerting and 3D weather. The primary function of the 3D CSD is to support the task of flight path management, although it is also designed to promote visual momentum and task awareness across displays. In this paper, we will discuss the approach to the design of the 3D CSD as well as describe the features of the display and their importance to traffic, terrain and general situation awareness. We will also list some of the pilot identified benefits of the 3D display. Finally, we will report on flight crew ratings of the usefulness and usability of the 3D display to support en route and arrival decision making.
Excision repair cross-complementing gene-1, ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1, ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2, and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 expression and prognostic value in biliary tract malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Tumor expression of excision cross-complementing gene-1 (ERCC1), human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1), ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RRM1), and ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2), is associated with the efficacy of platinum and gemcitabine chemotherapy. The authors of this report recently demonstrated that high ERCC1 and RRM2 expression levels are independent negative prognostic markers for survival in early stage pancreas cancer. The differential expression and prognostic value of these biomarkers in biliary tract malignancy (BTM) is unknown. METHODS: In total, 63 patients who had tissue available for analysis were selected from a prospective database of all patients (n = 104) who underwent resection of BTM (intrahepatic, hilar, or distal cholangiocarcinoma; gallbladder carcinoma) between January 2000 and December 2008. Immunohistochemistry for ERCC1, hENT1, RRM1, and RRM2 expression was performed. Staining was scored by a single pathologist who was blinded to patient outcomes. RESULTS: The median patient age was 67 years. The median overall survival (OS) was 16.2 months, and the median follow-up was 32.7 months. Only 3 BTMs (4.8%) had high ERCC1 expression, and 92.1% and 81% of BTMs exhibited high hENT1 and RRM1 expression, respectively. RRM2 expression varied, and 32% of tumors demonstrated high RRM2 expression. ERCC1 and RRM1 were not associated with OS. High RRM2 expression was associated with a trend toward improved OS (30.8 months vs 16.2 months; P = .06), and high hENT1 expression was associated with improved OS (17.7 months vs 9.5 months; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Most BTMs exhibited low ERCC1 expression and high hENT1 and RRM1 expression, whereas RRM2 expression levels varied. High expression of hENT1 was associated with improved OS. These findings may have implications for the selection of chemotherapy agents (gemcitabine vs platinum) and the stratification of patients in chemotherapy trials that assess outcome. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Suppression of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity and Inhibition of Growth of Human Fibroblasts by 7-Ketocholesterol

Of 47 steroid compounds tested for their ability to suppress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in cultured human fibroblasts, 11 were more potent than cholesterol. The only consistent structural requirement for suppression of enzyme activity was the presence of an unesterified oxygen function at position 3 of the sterol nucleus. The presence of a ketone or hydroxyl group at positions 6, 7, or 25 markedly enhanced inhibitory activity. In fibroblasts from a homozygote with familial hypercholesterolemia, which are genetically resistant to physiological enzyme suppression by cholesterol contained in low density lipoproteins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity was suppressed by nonlipoprotein steroids to the same degree as in normal cells. 7-Ketocholesterol, which was 100 times more potent than cholesterol on a weight basis, suppressed enzyme activity in normal cells by more than 90% in 2 hours. This inhibition was reflected in a similarly marked decrease in the rate of incorporation of acetate, but not mevalonate into digitonin-precipitable sterols. When normal cells were cultured in the presence of 7-ketocholesterol but in the absence of lipoproteins, the suppression of endogenous cholesterol synthesis by 7-ketocholesterol resulted in a marked inhibition of cell growth. This inhibition of growth was prevented by the presence in the culture medium of either cholesterol or mevalonate, but not acetate. Thus, the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase became the rate-limiting factor both for cholesterogenesis and for growth of fibroblasts under conditions where exogenous cholesterol was not available to the cells. It is concluded that 7-ketocholesterol may provide a powerful tool for delineation of the mechanism by which cholesterol and other steroids promote the growth of human cells in culture.
The management of transverse presentation.

Abstract This study presents an analysis of the methods of treatment of transverse presentation at the University of Virginia Hospital from Jan. 1, 1935, through Dec. 31, 1956. The purpose of presenting this report is to show how a gradual but definite change in management from a policy of vaginal delivery to one of predominant use of cesarean section has favorably affected perinatal mortality in this complication of pregnancy.
A fast state-space algorithm to estimate harmonic distortion in fully differential weakly nonlinear G/sub m/-C filters

In this paper, we present a fast algorithm to derive the harmonic distortion in fully balanced G/sub m/-C filters. It is based on state-space modeling and decomposition of the filter into a cascade of an input stage, a core stage and an output stage. This approach results in compact expressions for the distortion that involve explicitly the structural matrices of the filter and the values of the circuit elements. The algorithm was verified using a third-order low pass Butterworth filter designed in a 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS process. The theoretical results are found to be in good agreement with CADENCE and MATLAB simulations.
Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism.

Background Individuals with a family history of alcoholism are at much greater risk for developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) than youth or adults without such history. A large body of research suggests that there are premorbid differences in brain structure and function in family history positive (FHP) individuals relative to their family history negative (FHN) peers.
NAECTE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

(1999). NAECTE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 75-76.
The Privatization of the Welfare State: A Review

Although the privatization of social services is not new, its purpose, form, and content have changed over time. Under the Reagan Administration, it has meant a greater role for private enterprise in a scaled-down welfare state. Intervention in the economy was historically conceived to modify the market in behalf of social justice. In contrast, privatization channels public dollars into private hands, strengthens the two-class welfare state, and reproduces the inequalities of the free market.
The TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) on the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease.

THE TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) on the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease was created to address the lack of uniformity in atherosclerotic disease management among countries as well as hospitals. This comprehensive consensus document covers all aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), including appropriate indications for treatment, success, and complication rates for interventions. The document was developed by a multidisciplinary working group comprised of experts from 14 professional societies in the U.S., Europe and Canada. Together they prepared a consensus opinion with 107 recommendations that serves as an international medical standard. This document is important in your practice for use in furthering knowledge and developing institutional guidelines for quality improvement, protocols and critical pathways for treatment. Drs. Gary Becker and Curt Bakal represented SIR on the TASC Working Group, and the document was published in the Journal of Vascular Surgery in January 2000. It is available via the SIR Web site at www. practiceguidelines.org or www. sirweb.org located under the section on Consensus Documents, or www. jvir.org. Address correspondence to D.S., The Reading Hospital and Medical Center, 6th and Spruce Sts, West Reading, PA 19603.
Intrahepatic, extramedullary hematopoiesis mimicking hemangioma on technetium-99m red blood cell SPECT examination.

Abstract Cavernous hemangiomas are the most common lesion of the liver. Because of the risk of hemorrhage inherent in percutaneous biopsy of such lesions, noninter-ventional modalities (such as CT, ultrasound, MRI and Technetium-99m red blood cell imaging) have been utilized for differentiating them from other lesions. The sensitivities and specificities of these techniques vary greatly. Technetium-99m red blood cell imaging with planar and SPECT imaging has been shown to have an overall sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 100%, and an overall accuracy of 92%. Despite its high accuracy, rare false positives have been reported with Technetium-99m red blood cell imaging with SPECT. Review of the literature indicates four cases of hepato-cellular carcinoma, one case of hepatic angiosarcoma, and one case of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma as having an appearance identical to hemangioma with this modality. We present an additional false positive of a focal region of intrahepatic extramedullary hematopoiesis in a patient with Gaucher's disease as having an appearance on Technetium-99m red blood cell imaging with SPECT identical to that of hemangioma.
Corrigendum to “Genetic and environmental influences on the size of specific brain regions in midlife: The VETSA MRI study”: [NeuroImage 49 (2010) 1213–1223]

Corrigendum to “Genetic and environmental influences on the size of specific brain regions in midlife: The VETSA MRI study” [NeuroImage 49 (2010) 1213–1223] William S. Kremen ⁎, Elizabeth Prom-Wormley , Matthew S. Panizzon , Lisa T. Eyler , Bruce Fischl , Michael C. Neale , Carol E. Franz , Michael J. Lyons , Jennifer Pacheco , Michele E. Perry , Allison Stevens , J. Eric Schmitt , Michael D. Grant , Larry J. Seidman , Heidi W. Thermenos , Ming T. Tsuang , Seth A. Eisen , Anders M. Dale , Christine Fennema-Notestine a,j
Predicting cardiorespiratory fitness without exercise testing in epidemiologic studies: a concurrent validity study.

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, because it has traditionally been regarded as a costly, labor-intense measure to obtain, VO2 max assessment has seen only limited use in epidemiological studies. Recently, methods for predicting V02 max have been developed that rely on a combination of self-report variables. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of two multivariable equations for estimating V02 max in a sample of 123 females (M age=38.8+8.4 yrs.). In one equation a sevenitem physical activity index was used and in the other equation a single physical activity question was used. The between-formula relationship for predicted V02 max values was significant (r=0.80, p<0.0001). Predicted V02 max values were also positively related with other indices of physical activity (rs=0.26 to 0.74). Preliminary results suggest there is a high degree of correlation between the two equations studied, as well as other indices of physical activity. These formulas may be of interest to epidemiologists in situations where direct methods of V02 max assessment are not feasible. J Epidemiol, 1996; 6 : 31-35.
Oxidized sterols inhibit the formation of podophyllin-induced metaphase figures in mouse vaginal epithelia

The antimitotic activity of oxidized derivatives of cholesterol was investigated using an assay developed by Van Scott and Bonder. In this assay, a drug that has antimitotic activity and is not a metaphase-blocking agent will inhibit the formation of podophyllin-induced metaphase figures, as counted on histologic specimens. Mouse vaginal epithelia were classified as being estrogen or progesterone predominant on the basis of histologic criteria. Podophyllin-injected mice in the estrogenic phase of the estrus cycle demonstrated high metaphase-figure counts, with an average of 284.86 +/- 132.01. In this group, all intravaginally administered compounds, inhibited the formation of metaphase figures, including a propylene-glycol ethanol vehicle (60% suppression); thus, it is concluded that animals in this phase are not a suitable model for assaying antimitotic activity. Mice in the progesterone-predominant phase of the estrus cycle had lower counts of podophyllin-induced metaphase figures, i.e., 142.13 +/- 39.29. In this group, 25-OH-cholesterol was the most effective inhibitor (59% suppression), followed by 7-ketocholesterol (48% suppression) and methotrexate (40% suppression). Cholesterol (5% suppression) and vehicle (20% suppression) did not have any significant effects. Progesterone-predominant epithelium was only susceptible to methotrexate and oxidized sterols. This suggests that oxidized sterols may have antimitotic activity.
Assessing the impact of varying economic conditions on federal reserve behavior

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of the response by the Federal Reserve to changes in economic conditions. Unlike previous studies, however, the specification of the reaction function for the Federal Reserve employed here will take account of the fact that the marginal response may vary with the severity of economic conditions. Whether or not this is the case is determined by developing a generalized spline estimator. It is found that the Federal Reserve's reaction to economic conditions does indeed vary with the severity of these conditions. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Predictors of Stroke During 9-1-1 Calls: Opportunities for Improving EMS Response

Objective. Only 31%–52% of stroke calls are accurately identified by 9-1-1 dispatchers according to prior studies. Recognizing the time-dependent nature of acute stroke, better identification of stroke patients at the time of their 9-1-1 calls may allow an improved prehospital response. We sought to identify any words/phrases that 9-1-1 dispatchers could use to identify more stroke calls. Methods. Potential stroke calls were identified from emergency medical services run sheets, andthe discharge diagnosis for each of these patients was obtained. The emergency medical services tapes were independently reviewed by two listeners who were blinded to the final diagnosis. Words/phrases previously associated with 9-1-1 stroke calls mentioned by the caller were recorded. Other pertinent words/phrases were also recorded. Using the final diagnosis of stroke as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, andpositive likelihood ratio of each word andphrase were calculated. Cohen's κ was calculated to assess inte...
Emotion-related regulation: Sharpening the definition

Cole, Martin, and Dennis (this issue) considered many important conceptual and methodological issues in their discussion of emotion regulation. Although it may be necessary to develop an integrated definition of the construct of emotion regulation, the definition provided in the Cole et al. article is too encompassing. It is important to differentiate emotion regulation from the effects of emotions on others and to differentiate among (a) regulation that stems from individuals external to the child versus behavior that is accomplished by the child, (b) behavior that is goal oriented versus unintentional, and (c) regulation that is voluntary versus behavior that is less voluntarily controlled. An alternate definition of emotion-related self-regulation is provided.
Passage of cell through membranes of Millipore diffusion chambers.

Abstract Diffusion chambers assembled with Millipore filters previously soaked in water are penetrable by peritoneal exudate cells. Those constructed with dry Millipore filters of porosity 0.1 and 0.22 μm are not penetrable by such cells, but they become penetrable when pore size reaches 0.3 μm.