cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The active structure of hemicholinium inhibiting the biosynthesis of acetylcholine.

Abstract Four methyl analogs of hemicholinium (HC-3) were shown to undergo hemiacetalization, as was previously shown for the parent compound. These analogs produced hemicholinium-like responses with relative activities either equal to or lower than those of HC-3. Hemiacetalization was found to be restrained in one analog, which consisted of a mixture of opened-ring (seco) and closed-ring (hemiacetal) tautomers (desmotropes). The preparative separation of the seco-hemiacetal desmotropes was accomplished by counter current distribution of column chromatography. The isolated seco desmotrope had a λ max at 292 mμ (log ϵ 4.49) in the ultraviolet spectrum; the isolated hemiacetal desmotrope had a λ max at 257 mμ (log ϵ 4.42) equal to that of HC-3. Findings of paper and thin-layer chromatograms were in agreement with the presence of two components of the unseparated desmotropic mixture. The lack of spontaneous ring closure of the seco material in aqueous solutions to form the hemiacetal, and vice versa , made possible a comparison of the pharmacology of these compounds. Only the hemiacetal desmotrope qualified in all evaluations as a hemicholinium type of compound. The results maintain the thesis that for HC-3 per se the hemiacetal structure is requisite for inhibition of acetylcholine biosynthesis and that any restraint on hemi-acetalization will lead to a reduction in activity.
Digitally processed satellite data as a tool in detecting potential groundwater flow systems

Abstract Recent hydrologic research provides support for the regional groundwater flow systems concept. The fundamental unit of such a concept is a vertical section in which three groundwater regions are distinguished, namely: recharge, transition, and discharge regions. Simulation of regional groundwater flow models has been devised using this concept. This paper presents an investigation into the use of digital satellite data as a tool in identifying the potential of groundwater flow system areas. Digital radiance data collected by LANDSAT over Big Creek and Big Otter Creek basins in southern Ontario, Canada, have been utilized to delineate the principal groundwater regimes according to the proximity of the water table to the surface, i.e. discharge, recharge, and transition areas. During the spring, the modulating influence of ground water on the near-surface temperature enables such a classification to be performed using only the near-infrared energy band of the satellite. Such classification is directly comparable with thermal data collected by aircraft overflights of the watersheds. During the summer months, however, the presence of phreatophytic vegetation throughout the watershed requires that the visible energy band data be used in conjunction with the near-infrared data to effect such a classification scheme. The location of such groundwater flow systems provides valuable input to the hydrological modeling, the selection of sites for solid waste disposal and non-point-source modeling.
Active Learning Projects in Service Operations Management

Today’s students have grown up in the Internet era, where they actively participate in the generation and consumption of information. To create and promote student interest in the classroom, business school faculty therefore have to actively engage them as part of the learning process. This article presents ways in which to incorporate active learning as part of a service operations management (SOM) course at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. We identify specific action learning projects for both levels, based on student maturity and business experience. These projects align with specific topics that are typically presented in a service operations management course. We also present a framework that provides insights for aligning the types of action learning projects with the nature of the data used and the types of intended outcomes. Student feedback suggests that there is significant value in these projects for both the students and faculty.
Chromosome Pairing in Yucca flaccida

In Yucca flaccida there are thirty chromosomes, five “megachromosomes” and twenty-five “microchromosomes.” The length of the large chromosomes is approximately three microns and that of the small chromosomes four-tenths microns. The large chromosomes have a chiasma frequency of 3.00 or one chiasma for each micron of chromosome length. Chiasma formation is perfectly random. On this basis, the small chromosomes should be frequently unpaired if chiasmata alone hold the chromosomes together. All the chromosomes were found to be paired, however, and examinations of metaphase and anaphase plates revealed normal meiotic divisions. An hypothesis to account for the pairing of small chromosomes is presented and pairing of the fourth chromosome of Drosophila in relation to chiasma formation is discussed. Both the cytological and genetical evidence indicate that DARLINGTON'S theory of chromosome pairing at meiosis is invalid.
Social services in interim housing programs and shelters

This study investigates the effectiveness in delivering social services of interim housing programs compared to shelters. Interim housing programs represent a new approach to housing and serving homeless adults, one which provides emergency housing in apartment-like units, and in which use of services is voluntary. Shelters tend to provide congregate care and to expect or rely on clients to access needed services in order to secure resources required to obtain housing. Analyses of original survey data, which correct for sample selection utilizing propensity scores, suggest that clients in interim housing programs obtain more professional, advocacy, and employment services than do clients in shelters. This differential service use is found to reflect not client incentives, but the service offerings and referrals made by the programs. In general, the findings suggest that interim housing programs hold particular promise in service rich environments. They also suggest that program contingencies are more impo...
Preparing Psychiatrists to do Educational Research

Creative and curious psychiatric teachers who desire to improve the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of educational and training experiences do psychiatric educational research. Researchable questions arise daily concerning students, teachers, instructional variables, the context of education, and outcomes. Worthwhile questions are stimulating, address important gaps in theoretical and/or practical literature, are feasible to study, and are likely to have meaningful impact. Those preparing to be educational researchers require proficiency in research design, writing, and conducting protocols, and in acquiring necessary resources to carry out their studies successfully. Professional development may take place via informal pathways as well as formal programs available locally, by means of distance-learning, and through nationally sponsored fellowships.
Mapping the interoperability landscape for networked information retrieval

Interoperability is a fundamental challenge for networked information discovery and retrieval. Often treated monolithically in the literature, interoperability is multifaceted and can be analyzed into different types and levels. This paper discusses an approach to map the interoperability landscape for networked information retrieval as part of an interoperability assessment research project.
A role for BDNF in cocaine reward and relapse.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is important in regulating synaptic plasticity in the brain areas that process reward information. A new study reports that BDNF in the nucleus accumbens, a brain area critical for the rewarding effects of cocaine, promotes persistent cocaine-seeking behaviors and heightens relapse vulnerability.
STRUCTURE-REACTIVITY RELATION FOR THE COMPLEXATION OF Ni, Cd, Zn, AND Fe

Abstract A structure-reactivity relationship is presented which predicts formation constants based solely on the structure of the organic ligand. This relationship has been evaluated using literature values of formation constants for Ni, Cd, Zn, and Fe. In most cases the root-mean-square deviation between observed and calculated log KML values is less than 0.8 log units. The relationship includes an adjustable parameter for each type of donor group coordinated to the metal ion, and the contribution of each donor atom is assumed to be independent of the other ligating groups. A separate term is included to account for the added stability due to the formation of chelate rings.
Validation of the complexity and treatment outcome components of the index of complexity, outcome, and need (ICON)

Abstract Occlusal indexes objectively quantify malocclusions. The index of complexity, outcome and treatment need (ICON) is a new index developed to measure several aspects of occlusion and treatment outcome. The purpose of this study was to test the validity of the ICON in measuring orthodontic complexity, outcome, and degree of improvement. Fifteen orthodontists evaluated 100 pairs of pretreatment and posttreatment study models for complexity, outcome, and degree of improvement. A calibrated examiner used ICON to score the casts. One month later, a random subset of 40 study casts was rescored by raters and the examiner for reliability testing. A simple kappa statistic was used to assess agreement between the scores from the expert panel and from the ICON examiner. Interrater agreement was moderate for complexity (κ = .50), slight for outcome (κ = .18), and poor for degree of improvement (κ = .04). Reliability of the calibrated examiner was κ = .90 for pretreatment and κ = .83 for posttreatment casts. Agreement between the raters and the ICON scores was moderate for complexity (κ = .52) and outcome (κ = .50) and fair for degree of improvement (κ = .27). ICON is valid for assessing cases for complexity and outcome. However, lack of agreement among the raters for degree of improvement and between the ICON-based evaluations and the orthodontists’ evaluation of degree of improvement suggests that this component should be reexamined.
Natural killer cells are polarized toward cytotoxicity in chronic hepatitis C in an interferon-alfa-dependent manner.

Background & Aims Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection display great variability in disease activity and progression. Although virus-specific adaptive immune responses have been characterized extensively and found to be impaired in chronic hepatitis C, the role of innate immune responses in disease activity and progression of chronic hepatitis C is not well understood. Methods We studied 42 HCV-infected patients and 12 healthy uninfected controls. Results We found an increased frequency of natural killer (NK) cells expressing tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), NKp44, NKG2C, and CD122 in chronic hepatitis C as compared with healthy controls ( P P dim NK cells. The polarized NK cell phenotype correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels (r 2 = 0.312, P = .03). To investigate whether in vivo exposure of NK cells to HCV-induced type I IFN was causing this NK cell phenotype, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy controls and 8 HCV-infected patients were stimulated in the presence of IFN-alfa, which resulted in increased NK cell expression of TRAIL and CD107a ( P Conclusions Collectively, these results describe a polarized NK cell phenotype induced by chronic exposure to HCV-induced IFN-alfa. This phenotype may contribute to liver injury through TRAIL expression and cytotoxicity, whereas the lacking increase in IFN-γ production may facilitate the inability to clear HCV.
Orthogonality of Milne's polynomials and raising operations

Abstract The preceding paper by Milne deals with a number of issues in the theory of symmetric polynomials which are of great present interest. In this writing we show that certain identities established in the paper are connected to several recent developments. In particular, we show a connection between some specializations of Milne's polynomials F λ ( Z , γ ; q , t ) with corresponding specializations of the polynomials P ( X ; q , t ) recently introduced by Macdonald (1988). We shall also show that Milne's polynomials may be given a Vertex operator setting which extends that given by Jing to the Hall-Littlewood polynomials in a recent Yale doctoral thesis. We should note that the considerations that follow also contain a new proof of the basic duality result of Macdonald (1988) for the polynomials P ( X ; q , t ) a more transparent way to deal with the ubiquitous raising operators of Littlewood.
The biological assessment of vitamin D3 metabolites produced by rumen bacteria

Biological assays were performed to evaluate 10-oxo-19-nor-vitamin D3 (10-oxo-D3) and 5(E) 25-hydroxy-10-oxo-19-nor-vitamin D3 (25-OH-10-oxo-D3) two bacterial products of vitamin D3 (D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) metabolism, respectively. The 5(Z) and 5(E) isomers of 10-oxo-D3 were, respectively, 40- and 80-fold less active than D3 in stimulating Ca+2 absorption from the gut. 25-Hydroxy-10-oxo-D3 did not stimulate Ca+2 absorption. Only 5(Z) 10-oxo-D3 induced mobilization of bone Ca+2. In addition, both 10-oxo-D3 and 25-OH-10-oxo-D3 showed poor affinities for either the plasma D3-binding protein or the thymus 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] receptor. 10-Keto-D3 exhibited a plasma half-life of only 6 min. This was a much shorter half-life than that exhibited by other vitamin D metabolites and was expected because of the poor affinity 10-oxo-D3 has for the plasma vitamin D binding protein. Bacterial metabolism of D3 deactivates the vitamin, which allows ruminants to tolerate relatively large oral doses of D3.
Dual Relationships: A Continuum Ranging From the Destructive to the Therapeutic

This article is a review of the literature regarding the nature, scope, and complexity of dual relationships, which range from the destructive to the therapeutic. The dynamics, consequences, standards of practice, and ethical dilemmas regarding sexual and nonsexual counselor–client dual relationships are discussed. Common elements of concern pertaining to both types of relationships are identified, and the potential benefits of some forms of nonsexual dual relationships are explored.
The Low Frequency Performance of Metamaterial Barriers Based on Cellular Structures

Abstract The high sound transmission loss (STL) metamaterials that have been suggested to-date commonly require the introduction of relatively heavy resonating or constraining components which limit the applicability of these solutions in typical noise control applications where it is desirable to minimize the treatment mass at a given STL. Here it is proposed that a panel consisting of an array of cellular unit structures can possess a high STL within a specified low frequency range without an undue mass penalty. The cellular acoustical metamaterial considered comprises a periodic arrangement of unit cells consisting of plates held in a grid-like frame (which itself is unsupported). It is suggested here that such a cellular panel can yield enhanced STL if the unit cell mass is apportioned appropriately between the unit cell plate and the surrounding grid-like frame, the effect being similar to the high STL observed in the low frequency range for a plate clamped along its edges. A finite element-model of a single unit cell was used to predict the normal incidence transmission loss of the periodic array by imposing boundary conditions that enforce spatial periodicity. Two material designs were compared: one in which the densities of the materials used for the unit plate panel and the grid were changed relative to each other, and a second where the relative thicknesses of the unit plate panel and the grid frame were varied. The numerical simulations indicate that benefits can be achieved in either case. However, the design based on density variations appears to be more effective than the approach based on geometry alteration in creating a relatively broad range of low frequency transmission loss enhancement.
Differences in egg wastage by superparasitism, contrastingVenturia (=Nemeritis) canescens searching singly versus searching in groups

A statistical and graphic study is presented of the wastage of eggs byVenturia (=Nemeritis) canescens when searching singly and in groups of 10 among hosts at four different host densities in laboratory universes as described byHuffaker andMatsumoto (preceding paper of this journal). The host insect was the fluour mothAnagasta kuhniella and the host densities used were 10, 30, 100 and 200 per universe. Intensity of egg wastage due to superparasitim varied significantly according to host density, and between the two parasite densities employed, 1 and 10, using bothF-tests and chi-square tests. Plots ofk-factor analysis on this egg wastage showed high negative correlations with host density, and the raw data for single parasites was well represented by a parabola while that for the grouped parasites departed from this relationship only at the lowest host density.
Biomechanical loading of the shoulder complex and lumbosacral joints during dynamic cart pushing task

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to quantify the effect of dynamic cart pushing exertions on the biomechanical loading of shoulder and low back. Ten participants performed cart pushing tasks on flat (0°), 5°, and 10° ramped walkways at 20 kg, 30 kg, and 40 kg weight conditions. An optoelectronic motion capturing system configured with two force plates was used for the kinematic and ground reaction force data collection. The experimental data was modeled using AnyBody modeling system to compute three-dimensional peak reaction forces at the shoulder complex (sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral) and low back (lumbosacral) joints. The main effect of walkway gradient and cart weight, and gradient by weight interaction on the biomechanical loading of shoulder complex and low back joints was statistically significant (all p
Hot flashes in postmenopausal women treated for breast carcinoma: prevalence, severity, correlates, management, and relation to quality of life.

BACKGROUND Research on hot flashes (HFs) after the diagnosis and treatment of breast carcinoma (BC) is scarce. To our knowledge, this research represents the second study of HF prevalence and severity in women with BC and the first study of 1) correlates of HF prevalence and severity, 2) use of HF management strategies, and 3) the relation between HFs and quality of life (QOL) among women with BC. METHODS Eligible women (n = 136) participated in structured telephone interviews. RESULTS Of the 114 postmenopausal women interviewed, 65% reported HFs, with 59% of women with HFs (n = 74) rating the symptom as severe. Multivariate analysis revealed that 1) HFs were most common in women with a high school education or less and those who were younger at diagnosis and 2) HFs were most severe in women with a higher body mass index, those who were younger at diagnosis, and those receiving tamoxifen. Among women with HFs, 37% were not using any HF management strategies and 63% expressed interest in learning more regarding ≥1 strategy. HFs marginally were related to decreased mental and physical QOL using the SF-12 Health Survey (P < 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study significantly contribute to knowledge regarding HFs in women with BC and support the need for carefully controlled clinical trials evaluating interventions for relieving HFs in this population. Cancer 1998;82:1682-91. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Interior-point algorithms for a generalization of linear programming and weighted centring

In this paper, we consider an extension of ordinary linear programming LP that adds weighted logarithmic barrier terms for some variables. The resulting problem generalizes both LP and the problem of finding the weighted analytic centre of a polytope. We show that the problem has a dual of the same form and give complexity results for several different interior-point algorithms. We obtain an improved complexity result for certain cases by utilizing a combination of the volumetric and logarithmic barriers. As an application, we consider the complexity of solving the Eisenberg–Gale formulation of a Fisher equilibrium problem with linear utility functions.
Reactions of Fluorine-Containing Compounds on Thermal SiO2

The reactivity of XeF2 and CF3 on thermally grown SiO2 surfaces has been investigated. CF3 radicals were generated by infrared multiple-photon dissociation of C2F6 using a pulsed CO2 laser. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the chemical state of the surface after exposure to the gases. Both CF3 and XeF2 are relatively inert to annealed SiO2 surfaces. Ion damaged surfaces are much more reactive. Implications for ion enhancement of etching are discussed. XPS spectra reveal fluorine, from XeF2 bonded to both silicon and oxygen. The CF3 radical appears to undergo little dissociation upon chemisorption on SiO2.
Pyridine Immersion: A Technique For Measuring The Refractive Index Of Marine Particles

The refractive index of marine diatoms is measured by immersing them in a solution of pyridine and water. As the refractive index of the solution approaches that of the diatoms, the diatoms tend to disappear. Using this method, the refractive index of Skeletonema !R. was measured to be 1.457 * 0.005© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on rat carotid body chief cells.

Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in concentrations high enough to cause degeneration of perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals has no morphological effect on the catecholamine-storing cells of the rat carotid body. Uptake of 6-OHDA by carotid body chief cells may be more selective than that exhibited by small-intenselyfluorescent cells and other catecholamine-storing cells which are affected by 6-OHDA. Alternatively, the sustentacular cells which envelope the chief cells may provide an effective barrier against the uptake of 6-OHDA.
Serotype Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections among Preschool Children in the United States, 1978–1994: Implications for Development of a Conjugate Vaccine

Conjugation of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens to a protein carrier may improve protective immunity after vaccination of young children, an age group with high incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection and poor immune responses to polysaccharide vaccines. To identify serotypes most commonly associated with infection in young children, pneumococcal isolates were serotyped from 3884 children < 6 years old (including 3007 < 2 years old) with pneumococcal bacteremia (n = 3169), meningitis (n = 401), or otitis media (n = 314). The isolates were submitted as part of a national surveillance during 1978-1994. Seven serotypes (14, 6B, 19F, 18C, 23F, 4, and 9V) accounted for 3045 isolates (78%). A conjugate pneumococcal vaccine protecting against these seven serotypes and serologically cross-reactive serotypes could potentially prevent 86% of bacteremia and 83% of meningitis but only 65% of otitis media cases. The proportion of isolates covered by such a vaccine increased from 78% to 87% during 1978-1994. Surveillance for pneumococcal serotypes causing infection is needed to detect shifts in serotype distribution over time.
The Relationship of Creative and Convergent Thinking to Literal and Critical Reading Ability of Children in the Upper Grades

AbstractIt is the purpose of this study to show the relationship of arithmetic reasoning, critical thinking, fluency of words, fluency of ideas, sensitivity to problems, and general intelligence to literal and critical reading of sixth and eighth grade pupils. Six tests of intellectual abilities in addition to the STEP Reading Test, Level 3, Form A, were administered to 250 sixth-grade pupils and 276 eighth-grade pupils. Results showed that intercorrelations between two reading measures and general intelligence and the five intellectual abilities ranged from .15 to .70. General intelligence and arithmetic reasoning accounted for more than 90 percent of the explained variance of literal and critical reading at both grade levels. Results imply, first, that further studies measure the effects of arithmetic reasoning exercises upon improving reading comprehension; secondly, that standardized tests be developed which tap creative thinking abilities.
The Distribution of Error Probability for Rayleigh Fading and Gaussian Noise

The distribution function of the probability of error in the presence of Rayleigh fading and Gaussian noise is determined for the basic binary modulation schemes of coherent frequencyshift keying (CFSK), noncoherent frequency-shift keying (NCFSK), differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), and coherent phase-shift keying (CPSK). General expressions for the distribution function of error probability are also derived when linear maximal-ratio diversity combining is employed. Results are given for various values of average error probability and various orders of diversity.
Signature Versus Perceptual Adaptations for Individual Vocal Recognition in Swallows

Field experiments have shown that parents in the colonially-nesting cliff swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota) discriminate between their offspring and unrelated young whereas parents in the closely-related but noncolonial barn swallow (H. rustica) do not, and that discrimination is based on the chick begging call. In a laboratory experiment, we trained three cliff swallows, two barn swallows and a European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) to discriminate among chick begging calls of the two swallow species. All birds discriminated more easily among the calls of different cliff swallows than among the calls of different barn swallows, suggesting that cliff swallow calls are more individually distinctive, and may be adapted for a signature function. Moreover, cliff swallows discriminated among both cliff swallow and barn swallow calls faster than did the other birds, which is consistent with a perceptual adaptation for conspecific calls that incidentally facilitates the discrimination of similarly-structured heterospecific calls.
Quantitative methods for reconstructing tissue biomechanical properties in optical coherence elastography: a comparison study

We present a systematic analysis of the accuracy of five different methods for extracting the biomechanical properties of soft samples using optical coherence elastography (OCE). OCE is an emerging noninvasive technique, which allows assessment of biomechanical properties of tissues with micrometer spatial resolution. However, in order to accurately extract biomechanical properties from OCE measurements, application of a proper mechanical model is required. In this study, we utilize tissue-mimicking phantoms with controlled elastic properties and investigate the feasibilities of four available methods for reconstructing elasticity (Young's modulus) based on OCE measurements of an air-pulse induced elastic wave. The approaches are based on the shear wave equation (SWE), the surface wave equation (SuWE), Rayleigh-Lamb frequency equation (RLFE), and finite element method (FEM), Elasticity values were compared with uniaxial mechanical testing. The results show that the RLFE and the FEM are more robust in quantitatively assessing elasticity than the other simplified models. This study provides a foundation and reference for reconstructing the biomechanical properties of tissues from OCE data, which is important for the further development of noninvasive elastography methods.
Transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome caused by abrupt metoprolol withdrawal

Transient Left Ventricular Apical Ballooning Syndrome (TLVABS) has been described to occur in response to number of stressful events, drug effects or drug withdrawal. Withdrawal of beta blockade has not been described to precipitate TLVABS. We are describing a case of TLVABS developing after abrupt withdrawal of metoprolol.
Food Insecurity and Medication Adherence in Low-Income Older Medicare Beneficiaries With Type 2 Diabetes

Little is known about diabetes management among low-income older Americans. This study used statewide self-administered survey and Medicare claims data to examine the relationships of food insecurity and medication (re)fill adherence in a sample of Medicare Part D beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes in need of food assistance in Georgia in 2008 (n = 243, mean age 74.2 ± 7.8 years, 27.2% African American, 77.4% female). (Re)fill adherence to oral hypoglycemics was measured as Proportion of Days Covered. Food insecurity was assessed using a six-item validated standard measure. About 54% of the sample were food insecure. About 28% of the diabetic sample did not (re)fill any diabetes medication and over 80% had at least one diabetes complication. Food insecure participants showed comparable (re)fill adherence to food secure participants. However, 57% of food insecure participants were nonadherent to oral hypoglycemics. Underlying basic needs must be addressed to improve diabetes management in this population.
Clinical utility of cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping for acute myocardial edema.

Objective To evaluate the potential clinical utility of T2 quantitative mapping for myocardial edema in acute disease pathology - myocarditis, myocardial infarction, TakoTsubo cardiomyopathy, and transplant rejection. Background Edema is ag eneric tissue response to acute myocardial injury and, therefore; a potential marker of impending tissue damage. Currently in clinical use, T2 weighted imaging provides a qualitative technique in assessing myocardial edema. We hypothesize that quantitative T2 mapping in patients with suspected cases of myocarditis, myocardial infarction (AMI), and cardiac transplant rejection will provide a more sensitive and specific diagnostic prediction than with T2W imaging, and add to other imaging techniques. Method
Building Experiential Learning About Quality Improvement Into A Medical School Curriculum: The Dartmouth Experience

Educators have struggled with the best ways to teach the knowledge and skills of quality improvement to medical students. Dartmouth Medical School has a decade of experience incorporating this material into its curriculum. Working with faculty coaches, twenty-two second-year students have completed nine clinical improvement projects over the past four years. Students’ input has improved processes in our clinics for the collection of samples and scheduling of appointments. Instituting these changes is complex and requires a careful evaluation that describes and understands the educational context in order to establish successful and enduring curricular reform.
Photoperiodic regulation of prolactin release in male hamsters with hypothalamic knife cuts.

Abstract Horizontal knife cuts placed dorsal to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus prevent testicular regression in hamsters kept in short days. We examined the effects of these cuts on the photoperiodic modulation of the postcastration rise in gonadotropins, as well as on the release of prolactin in castrated and gonadally intact animals. The cuts blocked the inhibitory effects of short daylengths on the postcastration rise in circulating levels of gonadotropins. However, the cuts did not prevent the reduction in prolactin levels induced by short daylengths in castrated and gonadally intact animals. We conclude that dorsal connections of the PVN are not required for transduction of photoperiodic information used to regulate prolactin release. The knife cuts may remove tonic inhibitory influences on the release of folliclestimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and thus produce elevated gonadotropin levels that mask the effects of nonstimulatory photoperiods on testicular size.
Noninformative priors and nuisance parameters

Abstract We study the conflict between priors that are noninformative for a parameter of interest versus priors that are noninformative for the whole parameter. Our investigation leads us to maximize a functional that has two terms: an asymptotic approximation to a standardized expected Kullback-Leibler distance between the marginal prior and marginal posterior for a parameter of interest, and a penalty term measuring the distance of the prior from the Jeffreys prior. A positive constant multiplying the second terms determines the tradeoff between noninformativity for the parameter of interest and noninformativity for the entire parameter. As the constant increases, the prior tends to the Jeffreys prior. When the constant tends to 0, the prior becomes degenerate except in special cases. This prior does not have a closed-form solution, but we present a simple, numerical algorithm for finding the prior. We compare this prior to the Berger-Bernardo prior.
The photolysis of sulphur dioxide in the presence of foreign gases XI: photolysis of SO2 at 313.0 nm in the presence of both acetylene and oxygen

Abstract SO2 was photoexcited at 25 °C and 313.0 nm in the presence of acetylene and oxygen. The quantum yield of the sole gas phase product, CO, was determined at several [acetylene]/[SO2] ratios for a wide range of O2 pressures both in the presence and absence of 600 Torr of CO2. The quantum yield Φ {CO} of CO increased at constant [acetylene]/[SO2] ratios with the addition of O2 up to pressures of about 1 Torr of O2. With further increases in O2 pressure, Φ {CO} is quickly quenched. The addition of 600 Torr of CO2 appears to have little effect upon either the enhancement or quenching of Φ {CO}. Both of the two non-emitting triplet states as well as the emitting triplet state of SO2 previously proposed to be important in the photochemistry of SO2 are necessary to interpret the results of this study. A relatively complete mechanism is proposed, all of the pertinent rate coefficients are derived and tabulated and from these values Φ {CO} values are computed which agree well with the observed values.
A New Species of Pristimantis (Amphibia: Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Río Abiseo National Park, Peru

We describe a new species of Pristimantis from the Rio Abiseo National Park in the Andes of northern Peru. Specimens were collected from 2650 to 3000 m elevation. The new species has a snout–vent length of 24.9–34.2 mm (n = 7) in adult females, and 15.3–23.5 mm (n = 29) in adult males. It differs from other species of Pristimantis in having the snout with a broad, slightly upwards curved, fleshy process. The most similar species, P. phoxocephalus has the snout with a vertical fleshy keel, but differs from the new species by being larger (female SVL up to 38.4 mm vs. 34.2 mm), by having prominent dentigerous processes of vomers (minute in the new species), by lacking an inner tarsal fold (present), by lacking heel tubercles (present), and by having the dorsum in life grey, red or brown and the groin with black and orange or yellow mottling, whereas in the new species the dorsum is rusty reddish-brown with lighter blotches or tannish-brown chevrons, and the groin tan with pale brown flecks.
The Roof Broken Mechanism of Fully Mechanized Coal Face with Super Thick and Loose Layer

In view of the study insufficient of the broken rule and mechanism and feature of coal face with super thick and loose layer that crushed coal face hydraulic support, The broken rule and mechanism and feature of coal face with super thick and loose layer in LONGDONG Mine are studied and the fracture development and abscission layer growth and caving characteristics in the process of are analysed by use of theoretical analysis and physical simulation experiment and numerical simulation analysis. The study comes to the conclusion that super thick and loose layer are with caving arch structure that are different from conventional roof broken feature.the broken mechanical model of super thick and loose layer are established and the coal face caving arch parameters of super thick and loose layer are determined by use of mining rock mechanics theory.
Concepts for pilot interaction with an automated NOE obstacle-avoidance system

The problem of providing an appropriate method by which a human pilot interacts with an automated nap-of-the-Earth rotorcraft guidance and control system is addressed. This problem is closely related to the broader question of what level and degree of automation is effective at reducing pilot workload during low-altitude flight missions requiring obstacle avoidance. A systematic approach for establishing the possible combinations of manual versus automatic authority over relevant guidance and control functions is first presented. From these possibilities, three candidate concepts are selected; selection is based upon their potential for practical implementation and reduction in pilot workload. This paper describes the selection of these three pilot-interaction concepts and the mathematical models for their implementation.
The search for a pure visual memory test : pursuit of perfection?

Abstract Factor analyses of clinical memory tests have demonstrated that scores on tests purported to measure “visual memory” load highly on visuoperceptual and visuoconstructional factors with modest loadings on measures that define general learning and memory. This may reflect the multifactorial nature of visual-spatial memory and a multitude of methodological and test construction issues. This paper is intended to provide the clinical neuropsychologist with an explanation as to why the search for a pure measure of visual memory has been an arduous one and identifies five reasons for this apparent difficulty. Suggested directions for future nonverbal memory test development are offered.
Two-stage multiple-comparison procedures for steady-state simulations

Procedures for multiple comparisons with the best are investigated in the context of steady-state simulation, whereby a number k of different systems (stochastic processes) are compared based upon their (asymptotic) means μi (i = 1,2,…, k). The variances of these (asymptotically stationary) processes are assumed to be unknown and possibly unequal. We consider the problem of constructing simultaneous confidence intervals for μi-maxj≠iμj ( i=1,2,…,k) which is known as multiple comparisons with the best (MCB). Our intervals are constrained to contain 0, and so are called constrained MCB intervals. In particular, two-stage procedures for construction of absolute- and relative-width confidence intervals are presented. Their validity is addressed by showing that the confidence intervals cover the parameters with probability of at least some user-specified threshold value, as the confidence intervals' width parameter shrinks to 0. The general assumption about the processes is that they satisfy a functional central limit theorem. The simulation output analysis procedures are based on the method of standardized time series (the batch means method is a special case). The techniques developed here extend to other multiple-comparison procedures such as unconstrained MCB, multiple comparisons with a control, and all-pairwise comparisons. Although simulation is the context in this paper, the results naturally apply to (asymptotically) stationary time series.
High school athletes and the use of ergogenic aid.

• To determine high school athletes' attitudes toward and use of ergogenic aids, we surveyed 295 students presenting for preparticipation examinations. In general, young athletes believed that steroids and amphetamines were not efficacious in enhancing sports performance and that their use was potentially harmful. Subjects reported minimal use of steroids (1%) and amphetamines (2%), and only a minority would consider their use. As a group, however, male athletes were more likely to believe that steroids were effective (32% vs 13%) and to consider the future use of these agents (14% vs 0) compared with female athletes. The majority of high school athletes believed that supplemental protein or vitamins could improve performance and that their use caused little or no health risk. These data suggest that young athletes may require information regarding the limited benefits and potential risks associated with the use of ergogenic aids. ( AJDC . 1989;143:486-489)
Laser beam analysis, propagation, and spatial shaping techniques

The propagation and focusing properties of real laser beams are greatly influenced by beam shape, phase distortions, degree of coherence, and aperture truncation effects. The ability to understand, predict, and correct these real-world effects is essential in optical engineering. This short course develops the analytical tools for measuring and quantifying the important characteristics of a real laser beam, allowing the optical engineer to calculate the performance of the beam in a given optical system. In addition, the intensity, phase, and polarization of laser beams can often be engineered to enhance system performance. The course explores a wide variety of engineering approaches to beam optimization using intuitive design methods coupled with a rigorous mathematical treatment of fundamental limits.
A nonscarring sublamina densa bullous drug eruption

The term bullous drug eruption connotes several heterogeneous diseases in which blisters occur as a complication of the administration of drugs. Blisters may occur in bullous erythema multiforme, fixed drug eruption, or severe dermatitis medicamentosa with blisters. The common denominator is thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction to a systemic medication. Nevertheless, little has been written about the blisters in these disorders, and neither common nor distinct pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed. We describe a patient who had a rapidly progressive bullous eruption that occurred within hours of receiving intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Routine histologic study of lesional skin demonstrated subepidermal blisters. Transmission electron microscopy and immunomapping of various basement components revealed that the cleavage plane of the blister was well below the lamina densa. After healing of the blistering process, no scarring or milia formation was observed.
AES study of the reaction of oxygen with T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf)

Abstract Reactions of oxygen with T-111, the kinetics of the reaction, the role of hafnium, and the rate controlling step of such reactions at elevated temperatures were evaluated using polished and etched specimens whose surfaces were monitored from optical and secondary electron images. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), and Auger mapping were essential in obtaining a comprehensive assessment and understanding of the surface reactions and kinetics. Oxygen was found to preferentially associate with hafnium. The concentrations of HfO2 decreased and that of Hf increased at elevated temperatures, indicating thermally activated transport of HfO2 into the bulk accompanied by Hf enrichment. The percent increase in surface enrichment, the activation energy, and the surface tension of pure hafnium were determined. A general theory regarding surface protection at elevated temperatures is proposed.
Evidence for role of acid-sensing ion channels in nucleus ambiguus neurons: essential differences in anesthetized versus awake rats

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) are widely expressed in several brain regions including medulla; their role in physiology and pathophysiology is incompletely understood. We examined the effect of acidic pH of 6.2 on the medullary neurons involved in parasympathetic cardiac control. Our results indicate that retrogradely labeled cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus are depolarized by acidic pH. In addition, acidic saline of pH 6.2 increases cytosolic Ca2+ concentration by promoting Ca2+ influx in nucleus ambiguus neurons. In vivo studies indicate that microinjection of acidic artificial cerebrospinal fluid (pH 6.2) into the nucleus ambiguus decreases the heart rate in conscious rats, whereas it has no effect in anesthetized animals. Pretreatment with either amiloride or benzamil, two widely used ASIC blockers, abolishes both the in vitro and in vivo effects elicited by pH 6.2. Our findings support a critical role for ASIC in modulation of cardiac vagal tone and provide a potential mechanism for acidosis-induced bradycardia, while identifying important differences in the response to acidic pH between anesthetized and conscious rats.
The assessment of plastic deformation in metal cutting

Abstract Because plastic deformation is a nuisance in the metal cutting process, its proper account is of high interest. A new meaning for the chip compression ratio is discussed showing that, on the contrary to shear strain, this parameter represents the true plastic deformation in metal cutting. The chip compression ratio can be used to calculate the total work done by the external force applied to the tool and then might be used for optimization of the cutting process. It is demonstrated that the cutting speed influences the energy spent on the deformation of the chip through temperature, dimensions of the deformation zone adjacent to the cutting edge and velocity of deformation. The separate impacts of these factors have been analyzed and the physical background behind the known experimental dependence of the chip compression ratio on the cutting speed is revealed. The influence of the cutting feed, tool cutting edge angle, cutting edge inclination angle and tool rake angle have also been analyzed.
Hemodynamic information obtained by statistical analysis of near-IR spectroscopic images

The probability of transplanted skin remaining viable is often difficult to assess visually. The adverse circulatory changes following the surgical elevation of a skin flap limits the supply of oxygen to the flap tissue. Regions of tissue which experience prolonged and severe deprivation of oxygen will not survive. A dorsal rat skin flap model was used to demonstrate the potential of visible/near IR multispectral imaging to detect tissues under hypoxic stress. Images were acquired before and immediately after surgery. Image pre-processing methods were used to enhance tissue contrast and eliminate image artifacts. Principal component analysis of these images further enhanced contrast along the length of the flap while varimax rotation simplified data interpretation. Significant hemodynamic changes were detected (i) between pre- and post-operative images, and (ii) within the post-elevation flap image itself. K-means and fuzzy C-means image segmentation methods were applied to the post-operative multispectral images and proved to be reliable means of predicting regions of tissue that would go on to become visibly necrotic after a 72 h monitoring period. The result suggest that statistical analysis of visible/near IR multispectral images can be used to extract clinically relevant information pertaining to tissue hemodynamics following reconstructive surgery.