cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase and Kinase Specificity in Regulation of SRC and Breast Tumor Kinase

Despite significant evidence to the contrary, the view that phosphatases are "nonspecific" still pervades the field. Systems biology approaches to defining how signal transduction pathways are integrated at the level of whole organisms also often downplay the contribution of phosphatases, defining them as "erasers" that serve merely to restore the system to its basal state. Here, we present a study that counteracts the idea of "nonspecific phosphatases." We have characterized two structurally similar and functionally related kinases, BRK and SRC, which are regulated by combinations of activating autophosphorylation and inhibitory C-terminal sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. We demonstrated specificity at the level of the kinases in that SRMS phosphorylated the C terminus of BRK, but not SRC; in contrast, CSK is the kinase responsible for C-terminal phosphorylation of SRC, but not BRK. For the phosphatases, we observed that RNAi-mediated suppression of PTP1B resulted in opposing effects on the activity of BRK and SRC and have defined the mechanisms underlying this specificity. PTP1B inhibited BRK by directly dephosphorylating the Tyr-342 autophosphorylation site. In contrast, PTP1B potentiated SRC activity, but not by dephosphorylating SRC itself directly; instead, PTP1B regulated the interaction between CBP/PAG and CSK. SRC associated with, and phosphorylated, the transmembrane protein CBP/PAG at Tyr-317, resulting in CSK recruitment. We identified PAG as a substrate of PTP1B, and dephosphorylation abolished recruitment of the inhibitory kinase CSK. Overall, these findings illustrate how the combinatorial effects of PTKs and PTPs may be integrated to regulate signaling, with both classes of enzymes displaying exquisite specificity.
Physiological Effects of Saline Drinking Water on High Producing Dairy Cows

Abstract Twelve Holstein cows averaging 37.3 kg of milk daily were placed randomly in two groups and given either tap water (196 ppm dissolved salts) or saline water (tap water plus 2500 ppm sodium chloride) in a 28-day changeover experimental design. Cows were group-fed free choice a ration of 60% alfalfa hay and 40% concentrate containing 1% salt and 2% dicalcium phosphate. Salt and dicalcium phosphate also were provided free choice. Mean daily intake of saline water was 9.3 liters/head per day greater than for cows on tap water. A depression in milk yield of 1.9 kg/head per day and a decline in persistency of milk production were associated with consumption of saline water. Weekly milk production was correlated with saline (.90) but less (.39) with tap water consumption. Minerals in milk, blood electrolytes, feed intake, and digestibility were similar between treatments. Urine and fecal sodium and urine chloride were higher in the saline group.
Ultrasimple FROG device for measuring ultrashort pulses at /spl sim/1.5-micron wavelengths

A GRENOUILLE (grating eliminated no-nonsense observation of ultrafast incident laser light E-fields) using a SHG Proustite crystal for measuring 100-fs to /spl sim/1-ps pulses at /spl sim/1.5 /spl mu/m wavelengths is demonstrated. Coupled with commercial real time FROG (frequency-resolved-optical-gating) code, it is ideal for measuring commercial fiber-laser pulses. The need for alignment is eliminated because of its compact and easy to use design. It also yields the complete pulse intensity, phase and spatio-temporal distortions, spatial chirp and pulse-front tilt.
Histochemical observations on Posthodiplostomum minimum

Abstract At least three phosphatases reacting in the alkaline pH range are associated with adults and encysted metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum minimum. These enzymes can be differentiated on the basis of their activity with inhibitors and activators. Two phosphatases are endogenous to the parasite. The first is a myosin-like ATPase that is associated with the musculature of the parasite. This enzyme is activated by calcium ions and is inhibited by magnesium. The second is a sulfhydryl-independent polyphosphatase that hydrolyzes a wide variety of nucleoside polyphosphates. This enzyme is found in the glands of the holdfast organ and at the interface between the inner and outer cyst walls surrounding the metacercariae. The third enzyme is a nonspecific phosphatase that is exogenous and is apparently associated with the tegument of the adult forms. It is believed that this enzyme is produced by the intestinal epithelium of the host.
Knowledge, firm boundaries, and innovation: Mitigating the incumbent's curse during radical technological change

We explore the relationship between a firm's organization and its ability to face a radical technological change. We suggest that, during such a change, the presence of both in-house upstream knowledge and downstream market linkages, within a firm's boundary, has its advantages. We test our predictions in the context of the robotics industry where manufacturers of mechanically controlled “brawny” robots, which were valued mainly for their payload capacity, faced the advent of electrically controlled “brainy” robots that emphasized accuracy and repeatability. We find that “preadapted” firms—the ones with prior relevant technological knowledge and with access to internal users of “brainy” robots—were the innovation leaders in the emerging new technology but were laggards in the old technology.
Abstract 1761: PDE10, a novel therapeutic target for lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10) is a relatively new PDE isozyme that has been mostly studied in the brain as a therapeutic target for certain psychiatric and neurological conditions, but has not been associated with tumorigenesis. While other investigators have reported low levels of PDE10 in most adult peripheral tissues, we found a large percentage of human lung tumors express high levels of PDE10 compared with normal lung tissue as determined by real-time PCR analysis of cDNA arrays. Statistical analysis revealed that 68% of lung tumors (n=19) displayed more than two-fold increase compared with normal lung tissue, while 26% showed greater than a 10-fold difference. High levels of PDE10 mRNA and protein were also found in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines compared with normal airway epithelial cells. PDE10 knockdown by small interference RNA significantly suppressed lung tumor cell growth, as did PDE10 selective inhibitors, papaverine, PQ-10 and Pf-2545920. A novel PDE10 inhibitor, MCI-020 also inhibited the growth of NSCLC cells with a high degree of selectivity for tumor cells. Consistent with a mechanism involving PDE10 inhibition, PQ-10 and MCI-020 increased cGMP levels in a concentration-dependent manner as determined using a cGMP biosensor assay. MCI-020 also activated cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in NSCLCs as evident by increased phosphorylation of VASP-Serine239. With attractive pharmacokinetic properties, MCI-020 was studied further and found to display an unusual characteristic of achieving high concentrations in lung tissue compared with other tissues and plasma following oral administration. MCI-020 was well tolerated in mice at a dose of 250 mg/kg bid and strongly inhibited tumor formation in an orthotopic model of lung cancer at a dose of 150 mg/kg bid. These observations suggest that PDE10 is essential for lung tumor cell growth and represents a novel therapeutic target for lung cancer. Citation Format: Bing Zhu, Nan Li, Veronica Ramirez-Alcantara, Joshua Canzoneri, Evrim Gurpinar, Alexandra Fajardo, Kevin Lee, Sara Sigler, Bernard Gary, Meagan Thomas, Adam Keeton, Xi Chen, William Grizzle, Gary Piazza. PDE10, a novel therapeutic target for lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1761. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1761
The effect of interleukin 4 (BSF-1) on infection of peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages with HIV-1.

The effects of various cytokines were examined in an in vitro model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Monocytes were obtained from blood of normal donors by Ficoll/hypaque gradient centrifugation and adherence. These cells were allowed to mature in the presence of varying concentrations of cytokines. After five days in culture, cells were harvested, counted, and inoculated with S5G7, an HTLV-IIIB subclone. The cells were replated in the presence of the same concentrations of cytokines. Culture supernatants were sampled over 28 days for p24 antigen (Ag) as measured by Ag capture assay. In repeat experiments, the following observations were made: 1. MDM from some donors could be infected only in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin 4 (IL-4); 2. The effect of GM-CSF was variable; TNFα also enhanced HIV replication above controls; 3. IL-4...
Z(2) vortex solution in a field theory

We present a finite energy topological Z(2) vortex solution in a 2+1 dimensional SO(3) gauge field theory minimally coupled to a matrix valued Higgs field. The vortex carries a Z(2) magnetic charge and obeys a modulo two addition property. The core of this vortex has a structure similar to that of the Abrikosov vortex appearing in a type II superconductor. The implications of this solution for Wilson loops are quite interesting. In two Euclidean dimensions these vortices are instantons and a dilute gas of such vortices disorders Wilson loops producing an area law behaviour with an exponentially small string tension. In 2+1 dimensions the vortices are loops and they affect the same disordering in the phase having large loops.
Exposure to Community Violence and Political Socialization among Adolescents in Northern Ireland

This study evaluates the effects of adolescent exposure to cross-community violence, intense paramilitary operations, aggression, and intimidation in Northern Ireland. Using publicly available survey data gathered by agencies in Northern Ireland, the research examines the effects of exposure to political violence with focus upon the manner by which adolescents have become politically socialized, the development of political attitudes, and the presence and level of psychological responses to this environment. Special attention is paid to cultural context, gender, and religious differences.
Congenital anomalies in the context of global surgery

Surgery is increasingly recognized as an essential component of global health development. This article will review the state of global pediatric surgery, utilizing congenital anomalies as a framework in which to discuss the promise of pediatric surgery in reducing the global burden of disease. Congenital anomalies are responsible for a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as significant emotional and economic harms to the families of children with congenital anomalies. Limited pediatric surgical capacity in many LMICs has culminated in a devastating burden of avertable disability and death. Pediatric surgery is an effective and cost-effective means to reduce this burden. Pediatric surgeons must continue to drive the growth of global pediatric surgery by engaging in clinical practice, educational partnerships, and research initiatives.
131I Treatment of 131I Negative Whole Body Scan, and Positive Thyroglobulin in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: What Is Being Treated?

Several aspects of the management of differentiated thyroid cancer cause considerable controversy. Among these is the role of 131I therapy in patients after thyroidectomy. There is no controlled study to demonstrate whether this treatment reduces the recurrence rate or improves mortality. Because of the overall excellent prognosis, it is unlikely that a controlled study will ever be conducted. Most frequently, patients have a diagnostic scan with 131I to determine whether radioiodine would be an appropriate therapy and to judge much to be prescribed, based on the extent of abnormalities seen on the scintiscan. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) has been found to be a valuable tumor marker, with very good sensitivity and specificity. In most patients, the result of whole-body 131I scintiscan and Tg measurement give concordant results. However, in some patients, Tg is measurable, but the diagnostic scan with 131 is normal. There has been data published about treatment of these patients with therapeutic doses of 131I. The author questions whether this treatment is appropriate, prompted by seeing and hearing of patients who were treated with therapeutic doses of 131I, but had no abnormal uptake of the therapeutic doses and who had no improvement in serum Tg level. These patients have no clinical evidence of disease, and the only abnormality is measurable Tg. Since large doses of radioiodine are not without problems, a controlled clinical trial should be developed to evaluate efficacy in this situation.
Gossip, Humor, and the Art of Becoming an Intimate of Jesus

In Living Stories (Capps 1997) I addressed the rather broad consensus among clergy and laity alike that gossip is destructive of congregational life, a consensus based on the view that gossip invariably involves negatively critical conversations about other individuals and groups. However, this view is not supported by social scientific research and literary studies on gossip, which present a more complex picture of this form of human communication. On the other hand, the claim that gossip is trivial is more difficult to challenge, so I made a case for the importance of the trivial through consideration of the formal similarities between gossip and the narratives that comprise the Gospels, including the fact that both employ an “esthetic of surfaces” that focuses on specific personal particulars and that the stories that are told derive their power from the freedom that the participants in the conversation gain from entering imaginatively into the life of other persons. The present article furthers the exploration of the affinities between gossip and Gospel narratives by noting the role of humor in fostering good gossip and the mutually supportive role of gossip and humor in the art of becoming an intimate of Jesus.
Mapping the global digital divide

The global digital divide as a concept is intuitively understood by most academicians, politicians and public policy makers. However, to date little empirical work exists to explain differences in per country access to information and communication technologies (ICTs). The research that does exist places heavy influence on the impact of country wealth, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, on the diffusion of ICTs. While GDP per capita certainly influences the diffusion of ICTs within a country, it is not the sole determinant of a country's location versus other countries vis-a-vis the global digital divide. To investigate and map the global digital divide, as it currently exists, the authors utilise model-based cluster analysis to determine cohorts of countries based on three variables: personal computers per 100 population, internet users per 100 population and internet bandwidth per person. The results indicate that the global digital divide consists of four tiers. And although all of the developed countries are included in the first tier, some surprising results are obtained. Implications of the results are discussed and directions for future research are provided.
Low Power Loadless 4T SRAM cell based on degenerately doped source (DDS) In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As Tunnel FETs

We propose a Loadless 4T SRAM cell using degenerately doped source (DDS) p-channel In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As Tunnel FETs (TFETs) as dual purpose access/load devices and low leakage steep sub-threshold n-channel TFETs as drive devices. A Loadless 4T CMOS SRAM cell [1] has the requirement that the leakage current of the PMOS access transistors should be larger than the leakage current of the NMOS drive transistors to maintain state. In this paper, we introduce a p-type TFET with a degenerately doped source, which has a kT/q sub-threshold slope, compared to an n-type TFET which has a sub-kT/q slope. This difference in sub-threshold behaviour of the DDS PTFET and DDS NTFET helps to maintain the I OFF ratio which is required for cell stability. We explain the temperature dependent sub-threshold characteristics of the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As (DDS) p-TFET by analyzing the position of the Fermi level in the source of the p-TFET as a function of source doping. Further, the asymmetric source drain architecture of the TFETs is exploited to solve the adjacent bit flip problem of unselected Loadless 4T SRAM cells during a column write operation. Finally, we include a comparison of the leakage energy and cell access time of the TFET based SRAM cell and benchmark its performance relative to state-of-the-art CMOS based 6T SRAM cells.
pH sensitivity of type III secretion system tip proteins.

Many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria employ type III secretion systems to transport proteins into the host cell membrane and cytoplasm to subvert normal cellular functions. The type III secretion apparatus consists of a basal body spanning the inner and outer bacterial membranes and a needle which extends away from the bacterium. Recent work has found that a special class of proteins localizes to the tip of the needle to control secretion of effector proteins. Five of these tip proteins are IpaD (Shigella flexneri), BipD (Burkholderia pseudomallei), SipD (Salmonella spp.), LcrV (Yersinia spp.), and PcrV (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). In this study, the conformational stability of these proteins was characterized as a function of pH and temperature. Understanding the stability of the proteins in different pH environments is particularly important since they are expected to encounter different pH environments in their passage through the gastrointestinal tract and are exposed to low pH microenvironments near the surface of target cell membranes. Secondary and tertiary structural changes were monitored using the spectroscopic techniques of far-UV circular dichroism, Trp fluorescence, ANS fluorescence, and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. Optical density and right angle scattering measurements were also used to evaluate protein association/dissociation. Empirical phase diagrams were then applied to mathematically combine data from the various spectroscopic techniques to provide a global picture of the proteins' structural behavior in solution. The responses of the proteins to changes in temperature and pH conditions reveal two distinct subfamilies in terms of stability. The first is that of IpaD, BipD, and SipD whose corresponding phase diagrams show conformational differences at pH 5–6. The conserved pH dependence in this subfamily suggests possible common mechanistic function. In the second subfamily (LcrV and PcrV), conformational stability is directly related to pH, also indicating mechanistic similarities. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Design and Analysis of a Mathematical Microworld

Educational computing has much to offer mathematics education, particularly when software is designed which provides students with the opportunity to go beyond practicing basic skills and solving routine problems, and instead supports mathematical discovery and exploration. Although drill and practice is still the category of software employed most frequently by mathematics and science teachers who use computers [1], software which functions as a cognitive tool for exploration and sense-making is becoming more evident in both classroom and research environments [2, 3]. The purpose of this article is to report on the results of a research study involving an exploratory learning environment, or mathematical microworld, for transformation geometry. The goal is to outline the principles underlying the design of the environment as well as to present an analysis of the learning of a group of middle school students who interacted with the microworld over a period of several weeks.
Is fast fiber innervation responsible for increased acetylcholinesterase activity in reinnervating soleus muscles

During reinnervation of the completely denervated rat hind limb we observed previously a temporary overproduction of acetylcholinesterases in the soleus but not in the extensor digitorum longus muscle. In the present study, we investigated whether the predominantly slow soleus, which is low in AChE activity, is initially reinnervated by axons that originally innervated fast muscle fibers with high AChE activity, such as those of the extensor digitorum longus. Local denervation of the rat soleus was carried out to eliminate reinnervation by axons destined for other muscles. This produced an overshoot in AChE activity that was qualitatively similar to that observed with high sciatic crush. Local denervation of the soleus in the guinea pig was done because this muscle is composed solely of slow (type I) fibers, thereby virtually eliminating the possibility of homologous muscle fast fiber innervation. The overshoot in this preparation was qualitatively similar to that seen with distal denervation in the guinea pig and local and distal denervation in the rat. Thus, initial fast fiber innervation is not responsible for the patterns of change in AChE activity seen with reinnervation in the soleus. We concluded that the neural control of AChE is different in these two muscles and may reflect specific differences in the characteristics of AChE regulation in fast and slow muscle. How these neural influences are translated into muscle synthesis and degradation remains unknown.
Knowing and Teaching Middle School Mathematics: A Professional Development Course for In‐Service Teachers

This article describes a professional development course intended to improve the content understanding of middle school mathematics teachers. The design of the course included three professional learning strategies: problem solving, examination of student thinking, and discussion of research. The concepts studied in the course included multi-digit subtraction, multi-digit multiplication, operations with fractions, and concepts of area and perimeter. Results from pre- and post-tests administered to the nineteen participants indicate a significant increase in the mean score for each concept and document growth in the teachers' content understanding. In particular, their solutions moved from primarily procedural to more conceptual. Responses to an open-ended survey indicate other important aspects of the professional development. Examples of teachers' work and comments are included.
Alterations in intracellular calcium chelation reproduce developmental differences in repetitive firing and afterhyperpolarizations in rat neocortical neurons

Abstract Many 1-week-old rat sensorimotor cortical neurons exhibit extreme spike-frequency adaptation (neurons only fire for the first 100–250 ms of a 1 s current injection) accompanied by a large, prolonged afterhyperpolarization (AHP). Relatively greater expression of a Ca-dependent K + current appears to underlie the extreme adaptation observed in immature cells. In the present study, we examined whether altering intracellular Ca 2+ buffering by introducing Ca 2+ chelators via the recording electrode could reproduce the age-related differences in firing and AHPs. We studied firing behavior and AHPs in 1-week-old and adult neocortical neurons with sharp microelectrodes, under three recording conditions: no chelator, 2 mM BAPTA, or 100–200 mM BAPTA. Our principal findings in regard to firing behavior and AHPs were that (1) adult-low BAPTA neurons mimicked 1 week-control cells, (2) 1 week-high BAPTA neurons were similar to adult-control cells, (3) a greater percentage of 1 week-low BAPTA neurons showed complete adaptation, and (4) adult neurons impaled with high BAPTA electrodes fired in a burst-spiking mode. These data suggest that Ca 2+ regulation is qualitatively different in immature and adult neurons.
Significant support for DAO as a schizophrenia susceptibility locus: examination of five genes putatively associated with schizophrenia.

Background Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with a strong genetic component. Past linkage studies have implicated several chromosomal regions in the etiology of schizophrenia. Within these regions, several genes have been identified via candidate gene association studies as strong schizophrenia susceptibility loci, including DAO, DAOA, DISC1, DTNBP1, and RGS4. Methods The present study attempted to replicate these association findings by analyzing a total of 120 markers across these genes in 311 schizophrenia subjects, 140 schizoaffective subjects, and 291 control subjects. Results Our study found no association for DAOA and DTNBP1 with schizophrenia. Although no association was seen with DAOA and DTNBP1, several other markers in the other genes resulted in significant association with schizophrenia ( p p = 4 × 10 −5 ). This significant association was concordant with previous DAO genetic findings. Conclusions Our results significantly support DAO as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and offer some support for the implication of both RGS4 and DISC1 in the etiology of schizophrenia. However, we see no evidence to support either DAOA or DTNBP1 as schizophrenia disease loci.
Recent advances in NiMH battery technology

Abstract Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) is a commercially important rechargeable battery technology for both consumer and industrial applications due to design flexibility, excellent energy and power, environmental acceptability and cost. [1] From the initial product introduction in 1991 of cylindrical cells having an energy of 54 Wh kg −1 , today's small consumer cells have a specific energy over 100 Wh kg −1 . Numerous licensed manufacturers produce a myriad of NiMH products ranging from 30 mAh button cells to a wide variety of consumer cylindrical products, prismatic cells up to 250 Ah for electric buses and 6 Ah multicell modules for hybrid electric vehicles. Power has increased from under 200 to 1200 W kg −1 commercially and up to 2000 W kg −1 at a development level [2] . Early NiMH batteries had limited operating temperatures while today's batteries can provide excellent power at cold temperatures of −30 °C and provide over 90% capacity at 70 °C. Many of these product performance advances are a result of innovations to the metal hydride and nickel hydroxide materials. We will report on some of these key material advances which provide today's NiMH performance and new materials to allow higher energy, power and significant cost reduction.
The lithium information center: An efficient information service

The Lithium Information Center is described as a response to the accelerated growth of information regarding a specific health care topic. The authors describe the body of literature that is managed by the Lithium Information Center, discuss how that information is stored and retrieved, indicate the advantages of this kind of information management compared to other health care information services, and note extraordinary peripheral ways in which the Center contributes to the continued growth of useful information about lithium and its therapeutic uses. It is concluded that the Center might be used as a model for others who wish to manage literature of content areas in which interest is increasing rapidly.
Non-commutative morphology: Shapes, filters, and convolutions

Group morphology is a generalization of mathematical morphology which makes an explicit distinction between shapes and filters. Shapes are modeled as point sets, for example binary images or 3D solid objects, while filters are collections of transformations (such as translations, rotations or scalings). The action of a filter on a shape generalizes the basic morphological operations of dilation and erosion. This shift in perspective allows us to compose filters independent of shapes, and leads to a non-commutative generalization of the Minkowski sum and difference which we call the Minkowski product and quotient respectively. We show that these operators are useful for unifying, formulating and solving a number of important problems, including translational and rotational configuration space problems, mechanism workspace computation, and symmetry detection. To compute these new operators, we propose the use of group convolution algebras, which extend classical convolution and the Fourier transform to non-commutative groups. In particular, we show that all Minkowski product and quotient operations may be represented implicitly as sublevel sets of the same real-valued convolution function.
Absence of correlation between built-in electric dipole moment and quantum Stark effect in single InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots

We report significant deviations from the usual quadratic dependence of the ground-state interband transition energy on applied electric fields in single InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots. While earlier works have used conventional second-order perturbation theory to claim a negative dipole moment in the presence of external electric field, we show that this theory fails to correctly describe the Stark shift for electric field below $F=10\mathrm{k}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}$ in high dots. Eight-band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ calculations demonstrate that this effect is predominantly due to the three-dimensional strain field distribution which for various dot shapes and stoichiometric compositions drastically affect the hole ground state.
Design of a high-speed, high-resolution teleradiology network

A teleradiology system acquires radiographic images from one location and transmits them to one or more distant sites where they are displayed and/or converted to hard-copy film recordings. The long-term goal of teleradiology research is to show that teleradiology systems can provide diagnostically equivalent results when compared with conventional radiographic film interpretation. If this hypothesis is proven, provision of the following radiology services will be improved: (1) providing for primary interpretation of radiological images for patients in underserved areas as well as in other medical facilities; (2) integration of radiological services for multihospital/clinic health care provider consortiums; (3) improving emergency service and intensive care unit coverage; (4) offering consulting-at-a-distance with subspecialty radiologists; and (5) providing radiologists in the community or in rural areas with immediate access to large academic centers for help in the interpretation of difficult and problematic cases. We are designing a high-speed, high-resolution teleradiology network that will communicate between our level 3 medical center and several outlying medical centers within the metropolitan area. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and screen-film examinations will be digitized to 2,000 × 2,000 or 4,000 × 4,000 pixels at the remote sites, transmitted to the central referral facility, and sent to a laser film printer, replicating the original film. This film may then be used for primary diagnosis, overreading/consultative purposes, or for emergency department preparation. Inherently digital modality data (eg, MR and CT) can be sent without digitization of the multiformat film if desired.
Dynamically maintained steady-state pressure gradients

In a sealed blackbody cavity with gas, pressure gradients commonly take three forms: (a) statistical fluctuations, (b) transients associated with the system relaxing toward equilibrium, and (c) equilibrium pressure gradients associated with potential gradients (such as with gravity). In this paper, it is shown that in the low-density (collisionless) regime, a fourth type of pressure gradient may arise, this due to steady-state differential thermal desorption of surface species from chemically active surfaces. This gas phase is inherently nonequilibrium in character. Numerical simulations using realistic physical parameters support the possibility of this gas phase and indicate that these novel pressure gradients might be observable in the laboratory; candidate chemical systems are suggested.
Genetic Variability of Cultivated Rhizoma Peanut

Rhizoma peanut (RP; Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a vegetatively propagated tropical legume that combines high forage nutritive value and long-term persistence under a wide range of grazing and harvested hay systems. The objectives of this study were to measure the genetic relatedness among 15 RP accessions and assess purity of accessions maintained at different locations. A total of 22 RP clones were tested and included eight duplicate accessions sourced from the national Arachis collections and germplasm collections from Florida, Texas, and Georgia. Fourteen amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations produced a total of 951 bands, with an average of 67.92 ± 6.56 bands per primer combination. Analysis by unweighted pair group mean algorithm found genetic similarity coefficients (GSAs) that ranged from 0.21 to 1.0. STRUCTURE analysis found minimal population structure or admixture for the RP lines in this study. The duplicated accessions showed a range of genetic distances from no genetic drift (GSA 1.0) to a high degree of drift (GSA 0.28). Overall, AFLP markers provided sufficient polymorphism to successfully differentiate RP clones and determine when genetic drift occurred. The AFLPs substantiated genetic dissimilarity of newly released cultivars from standard accessions. Results also indicated the potential for genetic drift occurring from spontaneous crossing among field-grown accessions, which could lead to selection of improved cultivars.
Lower Cretaceous Algae from South Texas: ABSTRACT

Appreciable numbers of algae occur in the Lower Cretaceous limestones of reef and near reef facies. They include red algae belonging to the families Solenoporaceae, Permocalculus, and Corallinaceae, and numerous green algae of the family Dasycladaceae. The flora is quite similar to the Lower Cretaceous flora of the Mediterranean region, with identical or closely related species. A number of the genera are recorded for the first time in the western hemisphere. End_of_Article - Last_Page 345------------
Radon and Hydrocarbons in Soil Gases of Northeast Ohio: ABSTRACT

Radon survey techniques are being used to determine whether significant variations of Rn222 content occur in soil gases of northeastern Ohio and, if so, whether they have hydrocarbon prospecting potential. Radon activities are determined by using electronic detectors for short-term variations and film cups for long-term variations. Preliminary traverses covered more than 300 sites. Three localities were found in which the radon activities are reproducibly higher than regional "background" by a factor of 5 to 10. One case correlates with proximity to the outcrop belt of the uranium-rich Huron Member of Ohio Shale. The others consist of localized anomalies not directly associated with uranium-rich shales. Laboratory experiments of soil samples showed radon in anomalous regions is not produced in situ within the upper 1 to 2 ft (0.3 to 0.6 m) of soil, suggesting a deeper origin for migration of radon to near-surface soil gas. Occasional localized seeps of natural gas occur in northeastern Ohio. Light hydrocarbons C1 to C3 are usually associated with reducing environments causing precipitation of uranium and its products at shallow depths which could conceivably enhance radon activity at the surface. Also, hydrocarbons migrating upward from deeper sources would carry radon to the surface along more permeable and fractured rocks and create a radon anomaly. Light hydrocarbon analyses of shallow soil gases showed greater total hydrocarbon contents and greater C2/C1 and C2/C3 ratios in areas of higher radon activities. Measurements of hydrocarbons at greater soil depth, coupled with additional radon measurements, are in progress to interpret furt er the significance of radon-survey data. End_of_Article - Last_Page 244------------
What Is a Jewish Book

Moritz Steinschneider opened the greatest monument in the study of Hebrew bibliography, his Catalogus Librorum Hebraeorum in Bibliotheca Bodleiana , with the following statement: Our catalog, which we have designated “The Catalog of Hebrew Books in the Bodleian Library” because it is best, contains a concise and detailed overview of the majority of Hebrew books, as well as some that pertain in a way to Jewish literature.
Residue Level Three-dimensional Workspace Maps for Conformational Trajectory Planning of Proteins

The function of a protein macromolecule often requires conformational transitions between two native conformations. Understanding these transitions is essential to the understanding of how proteins function, as well as to the ability to design and manipulate protein-based nanomechanical systems. In this paper we propose a set of 3D Cartesian workspace maps for exploring protein pathways. These 3D maps are constructed in the Euclidean space for triads of chain segments of protein molecules that have been shown to have a high probability of occurrence in naturally observed proteins based on data obtained from more than 38,600 proteins from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We show that the proposed 3D propensity maps are more effective navigation tools than the propensity maps constructed in the angle space. We argue that the main reason for this improved efficiency is the fact that, although there is a one-to-one mapping between the 2D dihedral angle maps and the 3D Cartesian maps, the propensity distributions are significantly different in the two spaces. Hence, the 3D maps allow the pathway planning to be performed directly in the 3D Euclidean space based on propensities computed in the same space, which is where protein molecules change their conformations.
Androgens and estrogens modulate 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonist effects on aggression

Intermale offensive aggressive behavior is facilitated by gonadal steroids and inhibited by serotonin (5-HT), presumably through its effects at 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor sites. To examine the interaction between these neuroendocrine and neurochemical regulatory systems, CF-1 male mice were gonadectomized and implanted with silastic capsules containing either diethylstilbestrol (DES, a synthetic estrogen), the nonaromatizable androgens methyltrienolone (R1881) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or testosterone (T). Two weeks later, they were given 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A agonist; 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg), CGS12066B (a 5-HT1B agonist; 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg), 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT + 4.0 mg/kg CGS12066B, or vehicle, and tested for aggression. In the presence of DES, the higher 8-OH-DPAT dose given in combination with CGS attenuated aggression in comparison to vehicle controls. When given nonaromatizable androgen (R1881 or DHT), all drug treatments except 0.1 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT significantly reduced offensive attack behavior. In the presence of T, which provides estrogenic and androgenic stimulation, aggression scores were significantly reduced when males were given the high dose of 8-OH-DPAT or CGS12066B, as well as in the 1.0 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT + CGS12066B condition. Assessments of changes in motor behavior showed significant impairment when 8.0 mg/kg CGS12066B was administered across all hormonal conditions, indicating that reductions in offensive aggression in these treatment groups were nonspecific. The results demonstrate differential effects of the steroidal environment on the ability of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists to modulate aggression, with estrogens producing a more restrictive environment than androgens for serotonergic inhibition of male-typical aggressive behavior.
Embryonic castration of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella by an endoparasitoid, Ascogaster quadridentata.

Codling moth larvae parasitized by Ascogaster quadridentata are commonly devoid of any internal reproductive organs and exhibit precocious behaviour. It was found that castration could be avoided if host exposure to the parasitoid was delayed until “late” in host embryogenesis. To be effective, the agent causing castration had to be introduced prior to 64h of host embryonic development. If parasitized after 64h, the diminutive host testes underwent a normal maturation sequence. Pseudoparasitized host pupae have external sex characteristics, but no internal sex tissues, indicating a predilection of the castrating agent for mesodermal rather than ectodermal tissue. Host castration was not required for successful parasitoid emergence. The agent causing the castration and its mechanism are unknown. This is the first evidence of host castration occurring during embryogenesis. Speculation is made regarding the benefit of host castration to the parasitoid.
Scale-up of agitated vessels—mass transfer from fixed solute surfaces

Abstract Measurements were made of the water solution rates of benzoic acid pellets fixed at points distributed through the volumes of three agitated tanks of differing size. Circulation patterns were established by noting the directions of movements of spots of a dye injected at the various points-The tanks were nominal 1, 10 and 100-gal units, each fully baffled and geometrically similar—the ratios between vessels of all linear dimensions being 1:2:4:5. Based on the experimental measurements and observation, correlations are developed for mass transfer and velocity gradients. From these, the appropriate scale-up relationship is obtained in terms of vessel dimensions, impeller speed and solute pellet size.
Pentostatin (2'-deoxycoformycin) in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Background: The treatment of patients with advanced or therapy-refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) remains a challenge. Pentostatin is a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase and is selectively toxic to lymphocytes. In a small number of patients with CTCL, it previously has been shown to be effective. Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pentostatin in the treatment of patients with advanced and/or therapy-refractory CTCL. Methods: Eighteen patients with stage I to IVb CTCL were treated with 4 to 5 mg/m 2 of intravenous pentostatin every 1 to 4 weeks. Results: Two patients (11%) had complete responses of 4 months and 6 years, respectively. These patients had stage III and IVa CTCL and had previously received many different external or systemic treatments. Partial remission (50% to 99% clearing) lasting for 1.5 to 6 months occurred in five patients (28%) with stage Ila ( n = 3), stage 11b, and stage IVa CTCL. These patients had received a median of three prior external or systemic treatments. No major side effects were observed, and bone marrow suppression was mild. Conclusion: Single-agent pentostatin in intravenous doses of 4 to 5 mg/m 2 is an effective systemic treatment of CTCL (39% objective response rate) with little toxicity.
The relation between tobacco taxes and youth and young adult smoking: What happened following the 2009 U.S. federal tax increase on cigarettes?

BackgroundOn April 1, 2009, the federal government raised cigarette taxes from $0.39 to $1.01 per pack. This study examines the impact of this increase on a range of smoking behaviors among youth aged 12 to 17 and young adults aged 18 to 25.MethodsData from the 2002–2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were used to estimate the impact of the tax increase on five smoking outcomes: (1) past year smoking initiation, (2) past-month smoking, (3) past year smoking cessation, (4) number of days cigarettes were smoked during the past month, and (5) average number of cigarettes smoked per day. Each model included individual and state-level covariates and other tobacco control policies that coincided with the tax increase. We examined the impact overall and by race and gender.ResultsThe odds of smoking initiation decreased for youth after the tax increase (odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, p < 0.0001). The odds of past-month smoking also decreased (youth: OR = 0.83, p < 0.0001; young adults: OR = 0.92, p < 0.0001), but the odds of smoking cessation remained unchanged. Current smokers smoked on fewer days (youth: coefficient = - 0.97, p = 0.0001; young adults: coefficient = - 0.84, p < 0.0001) and smoked fewer cigarettes per day after the tax increase (youth: coefficient = - 1.02, p = 0.0011; young adults: coefficient = - 0.92, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe 2009 federal cigarette tax increase was associated with a substantial reduction in smoking among youths and young adults. The impact of the tax increase varied across male, female, white and black subpopulations.
Efficacy and potential complications of difluprednate use for pediatric uveitis.

Purpose To evaluate the clinical effect of topical difluprednate in pediatric patients for treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods Twenty-six eyes of 14 pediatric patients with noninfectious uveitis who were treated with topical difluprednate were evaluated. Anterior and posterior cell grade, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and cystoid macular edema (CME) were recorded at each visit. Main outcome measures were changes in anterior segment cell, CME, visual acuity, and IOP and development of a visually significant cataract. Results A significant (≥ 2-grade decrease or decrease to 0 in anterior segment cell) reduction in anterior segment inflammation was observed during treatment with topical difluprednate in 88% of eyes (22/25) when used as an adjuvant to systemic immunomodulatory therapy. In addition, improvement in CME associated with uveitis was seen in response to topical therapy with difluprednate in 78% of eyes with CME (7/9). A significant IOP response (IOP increase of ≥ 10 mm Hg from baseline and IOP ≥ 24 mm Hg) was seen in 50% of eyes (13/26) and in 50% of patients (7/14); 3 eyes of 2 patients required glaucoma surgery. Cataract formation or progression was observed in 39% of eyes (10/26) and in 43% of patients (6/14); 5 eyes of 3 patients required cataract surgery. Conclusions Difluprednate is an effective agent for both control of anterior segment inflammation and reduction of CME in pediatric patients with uveitis when used as an adjuvant to systemic immunomodulatory therapy. A high rate of steroid-induced IOP elevation and cataract formation is seen in this population. Close monitoring of pediatric patients receiving difluprednate is recommended.
Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm

Words varying in length (one, two, and three syllables) and in frequency (high and low) were presented to subjects in isolation, in a short context, and in a long context. Each word was presented repeatedly, and its presentation time (duration from the onset of the word) increased at each successive pass. After each pass, subjects were asked to write down the word being presented and to indicate how confident they were about each guess. In addition to replicating a frequency, a context, and a word-length effect, this “gating” paradigm allowed us to study more closely the narrowing-in process employed by listeners in the isolation and recognition of words: Some delay appears to exist between the moment a word is isolated from other word candidates and the moment it is recognized; word candidates differ in number and in type from one context to the other; and, like syntactic processing, word recognition is strewn with garden paths. The active direct access model proposed by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh is discussed in light of these findings.