cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nursing Facility and Home and Community Based Service Need Criteria in the United States

Over the past two decades states have expanded the delivery of long term care from institutions to the home and community. Although state Medicaid need criteria for the home and community based services (HCBS) waiver program must be equivalent to those for nursing facility (NF) criteria, other screening procedures for these services are not specified. This study examined variations in need criteria, methods for determining need, and assessment forms for NF and HCBS across the states, and identified whether these procedures were more stringent for HCBS than for NFs. The NF minimum need criteria was most often (31 states) based on a combination of nursing, medical, functional, or other psychosocial criteria, 10 states used nursing criteria, and 10 states used limitations in functional activities criteria. The method used for determining need for NF was based on explicit criteria in 25 states, point systems in seven states, and 19 states used guidelines that allowed for judgment by those conducting the assessment. The average length of a NF assessment form was six and one-half pages, which was four pages shorter than the average HCBS form. Within some states the HCBS waivers have higher need criteria, more comprehensive need determination, and longer assessment forms than NFs. Wide variability in screening procedures creates potential inequities to LTC services across the states. Within states, more restrictive screening procedures for HCBS than for NF may limit access to community based long term care.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SELF-LOOSENING BEHAVIOR OF BOLTS UNDER TRANSVERSE VIBRATION

Although a great deal of research has focused on the reliability of bolts, self-loosening, which is a main cause of failure of bolted connections, is still not fully understood. To develop a complete model of the self-loosening behavior of a transversely excited bolted connection, an extensive study of the mechanisms of bolt self-loosening is presented here. In this work, the theory of Hertz contact stress is employed to find a contact stiffness. Using this stiffness with a two-degree-of-freedom dynamic model gives the transverse force applied to the bolt when the bolted connection is subjected to dynamic excitation. This transverse force is found to be an important factor in self-loosening. Based on the results from static and dynamic models, a main cause of bolt self-loosening is found to be impacting between the clamped mass and the clamping bolt, and the process of bolt self-loosening is predicted. This prediction can be favorably compared to experimental results.
Expert system techniques applied to grain marketing analysis.

Abstract Grain marketing problems are often relegated to human experts because they involve the integration of objective and subjective information with experiental knowledge. An expert system was developed that incorporates this knowledge to assist grain producers in marketing their crop. The methods used to develop the rule-based system are discussed. Expert system technology was found to be useful for representing the human expertise necessary to make grain marketing decisions. The program guarantees a systematic analysis of marketing alternatives, provides consistent conclusions, and successfully incorporates the diverse information needed to make marketing recommendations. In addition, the human expert's decision-making process was improved through the formalization of his grain marketing expertise.
Photochemical Study of Tris(benzotriazol-1-yl)methane

Photodecomposition of tris(benzotrizol-1-yl)methane (1) in benzene gives [1-benzotryazol-1-yl-methylidene]-biphenyl-2-ylamine (2) resulting from the loss of the benzotriazolyl radical and nitrogen followed by addition of benzene. Elimination of the second benzotriazolyl radical from 2 provides the biphenyl-2-ylmethyleneamine radical, which affords phenantridine (3) after ring closure. In contrast, the photolysis of 1 in methanol gives a high yield of benzotriazole (4).
Partial-wave unitarity and closed-string amplitudes

Abstract The high-energy unitarity of a closed-string four-scalar free amplitude is investigated using partial-wave analysis. A general argument is presented that such an amplitude in any known string theory will violate unitarity at sufficiently large s when perturbating around flat space-time of dimension six or more. The claim is checked explicitly on the four-dilaton tree amplitude of the superstring SST II in ten dimensions. The troublesome domain of interactions is the Regge region, effectively with one-graviton exchange in the t channel. It appears to be challenging to demonstrate explicitly the unitarity of string theories at high energies.
The effect of overtraining on reversal shift behavior in rats reinforced with electrical brain stimulation

Ten naive male Long-Evans rats were reinforced with intracranial stimulation (ICS) during a brightness discrimination reversal problem. Half of these animals were trained to criterion prior to receiving a reversal shift, while the other half were given an additional 100 postcriterion (overtraining) trials before being presented with the reversal shift. Rats in the overtraining group required significantly more trials to master the reversal shift than those in the nonovertraining group. These findings are discussed within the context of the selective attention model of discrimination learning. Related ICS studies are also considered.
Tracing memory-structure activation during person judgments

Abstract The purpose of the reported research was twofold: (a) to introduce a procedure for measuring concept activation during memory-based decisions and (b) to employ the procedure to investigate memory-activation processes in social judgments. Recent research has focused on subjects' reliance on memory for earlier inferred categorizations as the basis for judgments about persons. However, subjects have also been shown to rely on memory for factual information when making such decisions. To more fully understand how social judgments are made, methods are needed that are capable of tracing concept activation during the judgment process. The present study introduces a procedure that relies on probe recognition speed as a measure of concept activation. The procedure is used to examine alternative models of how subjects activate categorical and event memory when making contemplative impression judgments (i.e., judgments that they have to justify). The results favor a dependent memory-activation model that hypothesizes subjects activate both facts and earlier categorizations that they have made about a person when making subsequent memory-based judgments. Memory-structure activation was dependent in that facts relevant to forming the early categorizations were more likely to be activated in the service of a judgment than category-irrelevant facts. Advantages and limitations of the probe procedure as a measure of memory-structure activation during decisions are discussed.
Protection Policy for Hawaii's Native Wildlife during Geothermal Energy Development

Hawaii possesses abundant geothermal resources and rare native wildlife. Geothermal energy development has not posed a threat to native wildlife in the past, but development potential has recently reached a level at which concern for native wildlife is warranted.
Thermal ion composition measurements of the formation of the new outer plasmasphere and double plasmapause during storm recovery phase

Thermal ion composition measurements from several successive dusk sector passes by the DE-1 satellite show the formation of the new outer plasmasphere and double plasmapause following a sharp decrease in geomagnetic activity. In less than one day after the magnetic activity decrease, the outer plasmasphere formed and consisted of cold, essentially Maxwellian plasma with ion composition and thermal energy characteristics generally similar to those of the inner plasmasphere, albeit at significantly lower densities. There is also evidence that at times the thermal O(+) density is comparable to the H(+) density within the plasmasphere.
Comparative biochemistry of mycophagous and non-mycophagous grain beetles. Chitinolytic activities of foreign and sawtoothed grain beetles

Abstract 1. 1. The chitinolytic enzymes in a mycophagous insect, the foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena , and a non-mycophagous insect, the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis , were measured. 2. 2. Larvae and adults of A. advena exhibit three-fold higher chitinase levels than do the same stages of O. surinamensis . 3. 3. The foreign grain beetle adult contains more than two-fold higher β - N -acetylglucosaminidase than the sawtoothed grain beetle adult. 4. 4. The results suggest that feeding stages of the mycophagous beetle have elevated levels of chitinolytic enzymes so that fungal chitin can be utilized as a food source.
MHC2 Medical And Economic Outcomes of Noncompliance with Dilantin in Adult Medicaid Epileptics

Noncompliance with medication may be the biggest cause of epileptic seizures. Compliance enhancement programs can be expensive. Decision makers need data on the outcomes and cost due to noncompliance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the medical and economic consequences of noncompliance in Medicaid adults whose epilepsy is under control when taking medication. METHODS: Ohio Medicaid claims files for 1994–1995 were used. Patients were ages 25–59, continuously enrolled, ≥1 diagnosis of epilepsy in 1994. Missed prescriptions (Rx's) were defined as the number of calendar months with no prescriptions. We included patients with Rx's for 100 mg extended release dilantin in each month of 1994, with no ED/hospitalizations in 1994. ED visits and hospitalizations were counted if the primary dx was epilepsy or convulsions. Patients were excluded if they filled a Rx for any other anticonvulsant, or if they had >6 missed Rx's in 1995. Ordinary, logistic, ordinal logistic and Poisson regression models were fit to relate missed Rx's in 1995 to the number of ED/hospitalizations. Adjustors included age, sex, race, and average dose. Medicaid reimbursements associated with acute care episodes were tallied. Net cost (to Medicaid) of missed Rx's was computed. RESULTS: 22/193 patients accounted for 38 ED/hospitalizations. All models produced similar results, with missed Rx's being statistically significant (p < .01). Each missed Rx was associated with an increase of .144 (CI, .033–.255) acute care episodes (odds ratio across models ranged 1.83–2.00). Mean reimbursement per monthly Rx was $44.94. Mean reimbursement per episode was $1424.81. Net cost to Medicaid per missed Rx was $160.23, or $5.27 per missed day. CONCLUSIONS: Noncompliance in medication controlled epilepsy is costly to Medicaid. Compliance enhancement programs in this population may be cost saving, as well as efficacious.
Kinship asymmetry in diploids

THE relatedness of one individual to another is an important variable in kin selection theory. An unusual property of relatedness is its asymmetry. For haplo-diploids, this asymmetry has been discussed1. We show here that, surprisingly, there may also be asymmetry in relatedness between two diploids. One may in fact be more related to a person than they are to you.
132. Inflammatory markers and depression in pregnancy: Results of the viral immunity in pregnancy study

Perinatal depression affects up to 15% of women in the developed world. Recent research indicates that immune dysregulation may play a role in its etiology, though many studies are based on one-time assessments of a few markers. We undertook a secondary data analysis of the Viral Immunity in Pregnancy Study (serial assays of 24 cytokines, n = 49). Forty-four percent of subjects were African American, 50% Latina; 57% overweight or obese; and 25% depressed at entry (Beck Depression Inventory 1A (BDI) score ⩾10). Pearson correlation coefficients between BDI scores and those cytokine levels that were at or approaching significance were: 1st trimester, IL4 0.24 (p = 0.09), IL6 0.27 (p = 0.06); 2nd trimester, GMCSF 0.32 (p = 0.04), IL10 0.36 (p = 0.02); 3rd trimester, IL1-β 0.36 (p = 0.02), IL6 0.50 (p = 0.001), IL8 0.34 (p = 0.03). Mixed linear models were built to account for the repeated measures over time of this longitudinal study. The positive correlation between IL6 and BDI score remained significant over time (p = 0.02), even after controlling for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and asthma status. These results support past research showing an association between inflammatory markers and mild to moderate depression in pregnancy, with particular evidence in this sample for IL6.
Natural regeneration in oak wilt centers

Abstract Openings, 0.2 ha and less, and 3–12 years old, caused by the oak wilt fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum had abundant oak reproduction, averaging 4700 stems per ha. Species of other woody reproduction made up over 27 000 stems per ha. Seedling sprouts comprised 54%, seedlings 30%, and stumps sprouts the remainder of the reproduction. No infections were found except a few on stump sprouts of diseased oak stumps. Oakhickory reproduction was abundant on all site qualities, but especially so on the poorer sites with over 8000 stems per ha. Sugar maple reproduction was much more abundant on high quality sites, also with over 8000 stems per ha. The reproduction in the oak wilt openings was judged to be similar to that of selection cuttings in disease-free but otherwise similar stands, and should respond in like manner.
Calculation of proteins' total side-chain torsional entropy and its influence on protein-ligand interactions.

Abstract Despite the high density within a typical protein fold, the ensemble of sterically permissible side-chain repackings is vast. Here, we examine the extent of this variability that survives energetic biases due to van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and solvation. Monte Carlo simulations of an atomistic model exhibit thermal fluctuations among a diverse set of side-chain arrangements, even with the peptide backbone fixed in its crystallographic conformation. We have quantified the torsional entropy of this native-state ensemble, relative to that of a noninteracting reference system, for 12 small proteins. The reduction in entropy per rotatable bond due to each kind of interaction is remarkably consistent across this set of molecules. To assess the biophysical importance of these fluctuations, we have estimated side-chain entropy contributions to the binding affinity of several peptide ligands with calmodulin. Calculations for our fixed-backbone model correlate very well with experimentally determined binding entropies over a range spanning more than 80 kJ/(mol·308 K).
Lersivirine: a new NNRTI active across HIV-1 subtypes with a unique resistance profile

Purpose of the study: Lersivirine (UK-453,051), a new potent NNRTI, displays novel binding with a unique in vitro resistance profile, and shows potential for use against transmitted NNRTI resistant virus and as a candidate for sequential NNRTI therapy. Further in vitro analyses have been performed to establish the breadth of activity and identify potential populations that might benefit from lersivirine therapy. Lersivirine activity against various HIV-1 subtypes and viruses with decreased susceptibility to etravirine (ETR) were characterised. Methods: The PhenoSense™ assay was used to assess the antiviral activity of lersivirine against different HIV-1 subtypes (A, A1, B, BF, C, C/H, D, F, F1, G and H), and the circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG. All were obtained from treatment-naive patients. Nineteen additional clinical viruses with NNRTI resistance associated mutations (RAMs) were selected based on their reduced susceptibility to ETR. Summary of results: Lersivirine was active against a panel of 80 clinically- derived viruses representing subtypes A to H, including several CRFs, from a range of geographical origins (geometric mean IC 50 fold change [FC] to reference virus was 0.92). IC 50 FC were 2.9 FC IC 50 , lower clinical cut-off). Overall, a direct correlation between lersivirine and ETR susceptibility was not found (R 2 = 0.002). This is consistent with different genotypic resistance profiles. Indeed to date, reduced susceptibility to lersivirine and ETR is associated with the presence of different specific NNRTI RAMs. Conclusions: Lersivirine showed comparable activity across a range of viruses representing subtypes A to H. The activity of lersivirine against ETR- resistant viruses reflects significant differences in the resistance profiles of lersivirine and ETR consistent with the unique binding of lersivirine in the NNRTI binding pocket. Lersivirine has a distinctive in vitro resistance profile and may provide an additional therapy choice for patients with evidence of NNRTI resistance. Supplement: Abstracts of the Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1758-2652-13-S4-info.pdf Conference: Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection 7-11 November 2010 Glasgow, UK (Published: 8 November 2010) doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-S4-O49 Cite this article as: Mori et al.: Lersivirine: a new NNRTI active across HIV-1 subtypes with a unique resistance profile. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2010 13(Suppl 4):O49. Full text: PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3112864/
Stoichiometric LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers for nonlinear optical applications

Abstract A vapor transport equilibration technique has been used to improve the homogeneity and adjust the Li/Nb ratio in small LiNbO 3 single crystal rods and fibers grown by the laser heated pedestal growth method. When equilibrated with a Li-rich powder, containing a mixture of LiNbO 3 and Li 3 NbO 4 , crystal of stoichiometric composition can be obtained. This treatment was used to raise the phase-matching temperature of congruent LiNbO 3 for second harmonic generation of 1064 nm radiation from 4 to 238°C. The 238°C phase-matching temperature is above the annealing temperature for photorefractive damage. This property, along with the good optical homogeneity, should allow efficient conversion of CW laser sources. We also, for the first time, demonstrated the doubling of 954 nm radiation in a LiNbO 3 crystal.
Focal adhesion assembly

The GTP-binding protein Rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and their associated bundles of actin filaments. Two different lines of research have converged to reveal how Rho might regulate assembly of these structures. One approach has been the identification of downstream effectors of Rho, whereas the other has been the exploration of the role of contractility in promoting assembly. It is now apparent that Rho is a key regulator of actomyosin-based contractility in nonmuscle cells and that contractility, combined with adhesion to a rigid substrate, leads to the formation of both stress fibres and focal adhesions.
Pose estimation in automatic object recognition

Significant problems with a standard shape based approach to object pose estimation are the size of the database needed and the time it takes to search this database. The problems are compounded with highly symmetric objects whose internal detail must be considered for accurate pose determination. Our approach to object pose estimation is based on the reciprocal basis image set. The method is related to the one that uses a suite of gray-scale images of object for analytical object model representation. By representing the object as a Fourier series using a finite sample set of poses, the object model consisting of a reciprocal basis image set can be determined. When an input image is projected onto the reciprocal image basis, an estimate for the object pose can be obtained from the phase of a complex exponential. This allows a suite of images rotated about an axis to be represented by a reciprocal basis image set. Pose estimation about this axis can then be determined by a linear projection of the input object onto this reciprocal basis. The internal detail of the image is thus maintained through a finite reciprocal basis image set, allowing for accurate post estimation of highly symmetric objects. This method can decrease both computation time and disk space from many standard shape based approaches. Examples illustrating the highly accurate performance of object pose estimation using synthetic armor images based on the reciprocal basis approach are given.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rat pancreatic islet and skin xenograft survival in CD4 and CD8 knockout mice.

Abstract The relative contributions of the CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subpopulations in xenotransplant rejection were studied using CD4 and CD8 knockout (KO) mice. Wistar Furth (WF, RT1 a ) rat pancreatic islet or skin xenografts were transplanted into either CD4 or CD8 KO recipients and compared to wild-type controls. Long-term survival of WF islet xenografts was observed in the CD4 KO mice (MST, >66±8 days) whereas CD8 KO mice rejected their islet xenografts within 8 days, similar to controls (MST, 7±0.2 days). In contrast, WF skin xenografts were rejected in both CD4 and CD8 KO recipients within 8 days. CD4 KO recipients which maintained xenoislets >90 days post-transplant rejected WF skin grafts within 9 days, without rejecting their original islet xenografts. These results suggest that CD4 + cells are essential for mediating islet xenograft rejection. These data also suggest that the absence of either CD4 + or CD8 + T cells is not sufficient to prevent rejection of skin xenografts.
Improvements in CaF 2 material properties for next-generation microlithography applications

ABSTRACT The keyrequirements of CaF 2 lens blanks are transmission, birefringence and optical homogeneity. While it is obviousthat high transmission and resistance to fluence- and time-dependent darkening is critical, the subtleties of singlecrystals, compared to isotropic glasses, play an important role in the implementation of CaF 2 in microlithographysteppers. The existence of intrinsic birefringence has caused stepper manufacturers to employ various crystallographicorientations in their lens designs. This fact means that crystal growth and annealing processes must be optimizedaccordingly. Small-scale defects, known as dislocations and s ub-grain mis-orientation, manifest themselves as larger-scale defects known as slip and mosaic. These imperfections may impact birefringence and a critical homogeneityparameter known as residual rms. Residual rms is directly related to the concentration of asymmetric defects in CaF 2 crystals, such as those aforementioned. In the present paper, the author will report on progress made at Corning to meetthe stringent requirements of both 193nm and 157nm systems.Keywords: calcium fluoride, homogeneity, birefringence, crystal defects, dislocations, slip, mosaic
High-precision laser beam shaping using binary-amplitude DLP spatial light modulators

Laser beams with precisely controlled intensity profiles are essential for many areas of optics and optical physics. We create such beams from real-world lasers: quasi-Gaussian beams obtained directly from a laser and beam-expanding telescope without spatial filtering. Our application is to form optical standing-wave lattices for Bose-Einstein condensates in quantum emulators. This requires controlled amplitude and flat phase, and that the beam be free of temporal modulation from either pixel dithering or refresh cycles. We describe the development of the pattern design algorithms and demonstrate the performance of a high precision beam shaper to make flattop beams and other spatial profiles with similarly low spatial frequency content. The digital micromirror device (DMD) was imaged through a telescope containing a pinhole low-pass filter. An error diffusion algorithm was used to design the initial DMD pixel pattern based on the input beam profile. This pattern was iteratively refined based on output image measurements. We demonstrate forming a variety of beam profiles including flattop beams and beams with 1-D linear intensity variation, both with square and circular cross-sections. Produced beams had less than 0.25% root-mean-square (RMS) error with respect to the target profile and nearly flat phase.
Bioherbicidal activity from washed spores of Myrothecium verrucaria

The fungal plant pathogen, Myrothecium verrucaria, is highly virulent to several important weed species and has potential utility as a bioherbicide. However the production of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins by this fungus presents significant safety concerns. It was discovered that trichothecenes are removed from M. verrucaria spores by repeated washes with water. These washed spores retained bioherbicidal efficacy against kudzu when tested in field trials and on sicklepod when tested under greenhouse conditions. Changes in the growth medium combined with washing spores with water resulted in greater than 95% reduction in roridin A and verrucarin A. Washing spores reduced trichothecene concentrations in spore preparations with no significant effect on plant biomass reduction, thus demonstrating the possibility of M. verrucaria formulations with improved safety to researchers, producers and applicators.
Polarized photoluminescence from poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene) via a block copolymer nanotemplate.

A new approach based on a conjugated polymer/block copolymer guest/host system for the generation of polarized photoluminescence is reported. Synthetic modification of a poly(p-phenylene−ethynylene) (PPE) conjugated polymer is used for domain-specific incorporation into a cylindrical morphology block copolymer host matrix. Subsequent ordering of the host nanostructure via roll cast processing templates uniaxial alignment of the guest PPE. The ordered films are optically anisotropic displaying both polarized absorption with a dichroic ratio of 3.0 at 440 nm and polarized emission with a polarization ratio of 7.3 at 472 nm.
Protein kinase C isozyme specific potentiation of expressed Cav 2.3 currents by acetyl-β-methylcholine and phorbol-12-myristate, 13-acetate

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) is implicated in the potentiation of Cav 2.3 currents by acetyl-β-methylcholine (MCh), a muscarinic M1 receptor agonist or phorbol-12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA). The PKC isozymes responsible for the action of MCh and PMA were investigated using translocation as a measure of activation and with isozyme-selective antagonists and siRNA. Cav channels were expressed with α1 2.3, β1b and α2δ subunits and muscarinic M1 receptors in the Xenopus oocytes and the expressed currents (IBa) were studied using Ba2+ as the charge carrier. Translocation of PKC isozymes to the membrane studied by Western blot revealed that all eleven known PKC isozymes are present in the Xenopus oocytes. Exposure of the oocytes to MCh led to the translocation of PKC α whereas PMA activated PKC βII and ɛ isozymes. The action of MCh was inhibited by Go 6976, an inhibitor of cPKC isozymes or PKC α siRNA. PMA-induced potentiation of Cav 2.3 currents was inhibited by CG533 53, a PKC βII antagonist, βIIV5.3, a peptide translocation inhibitor of PKC βII or PKC βII siRNA. Similarly, ɛV1.2, a peptide translocation inhibitor of PKC ɛ or PKC ɛ siRNA inhibited PMA action. The inhibitors of PKC increased the basal IBa slightly. It is possible that some PKC isozymes have negative control over the IBa. Our results implicate PKC α in the potentiation of Cav 2.3 currents by MCh and PKC βII and ɛ in the potentiation of Cav 2.3 currents by PMA.
A bumpy ride on the information superhighway

Privacy management online requires both social and technological skills/behaviors.More than a third of young adults in the sample reported privacy turbulence online.Emotional repercussions were more common than tangible fallouts (e.g., job loss).Those with higher Internet skills are less likely to experience online turbulence.Turbulence online may be more attributable to others' behaviors than one's own. Managing our personal information is becoming increasingly complex as people share more and more about themselves and others online. Beyond the ordinary challenges people face in disclosing information in face-to-face settings, the Internet presents additional demands users must take into account related to the size and diversity of their audience as well as the longevity and accessibility of their communication. Using survey data from a diverse group of young adults, this paper explores turbulence online, that is, the breakdown of privacy expectations that result in information spreading beyond a user's desired audience. More than a third of these young adults reported at least one turbulent encounter online ranging in tangible consequences like ending a friendship or trouble at work or school to emotional trouble like feelings of embarrassment or betrayal. Results suggest that successful privacy management online requires a combination of social and technological skills and behaviors. Findings also bring to light new questions on self- versus other-generated turbulence and broader implications for researchers, designers, and users.
AN INTERVIEW METHOD FOR ASSESSING ALCOHOLISM

This paper describes the development and application of an interview method for distinguishing alcoholics from nonalcoholics and for determining levels of severity among the former group. Demographic, physical, psychological, family and occupational data provide information for determining interrater reliability and tests of internal consistency.
Proteomic patterns of tumour subsets in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Summary Background Proteomics-based approaches complement the genome initiatives and may be the next step in attempts to understand the biology of cancer. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry directly from 1-mm regions of single frozen tissue sections for profiling of protein expression from surgically resected tissues to classify lung tumours. Methods Proteomic spectra were obtained and aligned from 79 lung tumours and 14 normal lung tissues. We built a class-prediction model with the proteomic patterns in a training cohort of 42 lung tumours and eight normal lung samples, and assessed their statistical significance. We then applied this model to a blinded test cohort, including 37 lung tumours and six normal lung samples, to estimate the misclassification rate. Findings We obtained more than 1600 protein peaks from histologically selected 1 mm diameter regions of single frozen sections from each tissue. Class-prediction models based on differentially expressed peaks enabled us to perfectly classify lung cancer histologies, distinguish primary tumours from metastases to the lung from other sites, and classify nodal involvement with 85% accuracy in the training cohort. This model nearly perfectly classified samples in the independent blinded test cohort. We also obtained a proteomic pattern comprised of 15 distinct mass spectrometry peaks that distinguished between patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer who had poor prognosis (median survival 6 months, n=25) and those who had good prognosis (median survival 33 months, n=41, p Interpretation Proteomic patterns obtained directly from small amounts of fresh frozen lung-tumour tissue could be used to accurately classify and predict histological groups as well as nodal involvement and survival in resected non-small-cell lung cancer.
Synovial sarcoma leading to a paraesophageal abscess in a child

BACKGROUND Synovial sarcoma (SS) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm arising from primitive pluripotential mesenchyme primarily affecting the soft tissues of the extremities. Rarely other locations are involved, including the mediastinum. CASE REPORT After treatment for mediastinal SS by surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, an 11-year-old boy developed an esophageal stricture and fistula, the latter resulting in a paraesophageal abscess. Management of the esophageal stricture and fistula required a multi-disciplinary approach. We report our experience with the management of this difficult complication, as well as a brief review of the literature on SS. CONCLUSIONS Rare conditions, particularly those with unusual complications, present therapeutic challenges requiring a multi-disciplinary team approach. Reporting experiences with difficult cases can benefit providers faced with similar problems in the future.
Development and validation of the Johns Hopkins Disruptive Clinician Behavior Survey.

Although the negative impact of disruptive clinician behavior on quality health care delivery has gained attention recently, little systematic effort to address this issue has been reported. To facilitate empirical research to reduce disruptive clinician behaviors, an assessment tool (Johns Hopkins Disruptive Clinician Behavior Survey [JH-DCBS]) with 5 discrete subscales was developed using a 2-step design. First a pool of items was generated from focus group studies and the literature, and then a psychometric evaluation of the survey was conducted with a sample of clinicians (N = 1198) practicing in a large urban academic medical center. The results indicated that the tool was reliable (Cronbach α = .79-.91), showed high content validity (Content Validity Index = .97), and had significantly high correlations with theoretically selected variables. The study team concluded that the JH-DCBS provides a valid empirical assessment of disruptive behavior. Assessment results may be used to design strategies to i...
Glycoproteins Encoded by Varicella-Zoster Virus: Biosynthesis, Phosphorylation, and Intracellular Trafficking

This article reviews major developments concerning the VZV glycoproteins. Very little was published about these viral products prior to the early 1980s. VZV is now known to encode five glycoproteins that have been designated gpI through gpV. The viral glycoproteins are present within the envelope of the complete virion; in addition, they are inserted in the plasma membrane of the infected cell. Studies of the assembly and processing of three of the VZV glycoproteins have demonstrated that they may contain both N-linked and O-linked glycans, some of which are also sulfated and sialated. A heretofore unappreciated modification of VZV gpI is phosphorylation. The glycoprotein is modified on its serine and threonine residues by at least two cellular protein kinases--casein kinases I and II. Finally, aspects of viral glycoprotein trafficking have been analyzed in VZV-infected cells. The pathway progresses from the trans-Golgi region via cytoplasmic vacuoles to the outer cellular membrane. The virus may acquire part of its glycoprotein-laden envelope from the cytoplasmic vacuoles.
Subshifts of multi-dimensional shifts of finite type

We show that every shift of finite type contains an infinite chain of subshifts of finite type which is strictly decreasing in entropy.
PhyloNet: a software package for analyzing and reconstructing reticulate evolutionary relationships

Phylogenies, i.e., the evolutionary histories of groups of taxa, play a major role in representing the interrelationships among biological entities. Many software tools for reconstructing and evaluating such phylogenies have been proposed, almost all of which assume the underlying evolutionary history to be a tree. While trees give a satisfactory first-order approximation for many families of organisms, other families exhibit evolutionary mechanisms that cannot be represented by trees. Processes such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT), hybrid speciation, and interspecific recombination, collectively referred to as reticulate evolutionary events, result in networks, rather than trees, of relationships. Various software tools have been recently developed to analyze reticulate evolutionary relationships, which include SplitsTree4, LatTrans, EEEP, HorizStory, and T-REX. In this paper, we report on the PhyloNet software package, which is a suite of tools for analyzing reticulate evolutionary relationships, or evolutionary networks, which are rooted, directed, acyclic graphs, leaf-labeled by a set of taxa. These tools can be classified into four categories: (1) evolutionary network representation: reading/writing evolutionary networks in a newly devised compact form; (2) evolutionary network characterization: analyzing evolutionary networks in terms of three basic building blocks – trees, clusters, and tripartitions; (3) evolutionary network comparison: comparing two evolutionary networks in terms of topological dissimilarities, as well as fitness to sequence evolution under a maximum parsimony criterion; and (4) evolutionary network reconstruction: reconstructing an evolutionary network from a species tree and a set of gene trees. The software package, PhyloNet, offers an array of utilities to allow for efficient and accurate analysis of evolutionary networks. The software package will help significantly in analyzing large data sets, as well as in studying the performance of evolutionary network reconstruction methods. Further, the software package supports the proposed eNewick format for compact representation of evolutionary networks, a feature that allows for efficient interoperability of evolutionary network software tools. Currently, all utilities in PhyloNet are invoked on the command line.
POSTRACE 101: Teaching and Unteaching Race in America's High Schools

There are some telltale signs that we might really be living in the kind of moment that academic provocateurs have labeled “postracial” (i.e., indifferent to historically self-evident expectations about race relations and racebased identifications): Duke lacrosse players, all of them White, who taunt a Black collegian-cum-stripper with carefully crafted quips better suited for a comedy club than a Klan rally (“Thank your grandpa for my cotton shirt”); a Black Ivy League professor testifying under oath that a baseball bat-wielding White vigilante who begins pummeling a Black man in Brooklyn by calling his victim a “nigger” does not necessarily harbor any race-specific animus; a former Education Secretary seemingly shocked and appalled that African Americans would be shocked and appalled by his comments regarding the hypothetical abortion of African American babies as a technique for lowering crime rates; and any of the dissenting judicial opinions penned by the lone Black justice on the nation's highest court. Race is doing some very strange things these days.
Effects of heat, diet and hormones on total body protein turnover rate in young and old rats.

SummaryThe effects of diet restriction, thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy, and ambient temperature (28 and 34°) on protein turnover rate (K) were studied in young (47–49 days) and old (572–605 days) male rats. The data indicate that thyroidectomy decreased K under all treatments. Adrenalectomized rats supplemented with salt and 300 μg corticosterone every second day had a similar K and growth rate as the control rats. Exposure to heat and restriction of diet decreased K significantly only in the young rats. The effect of heat is suggested to be associated with the voluntary reduced feed intake as a result of hyperthermia and depressed appetite.
Model-based decision support and user modifiability

Problems and relevant technology pertaining to the prospects for developing an expert-system-supported environment for modeling and problem solving are reviewed. Four aspects of research with model-based support systems are examined: (1) computer-assisted modeling; (2) knowledge-based modeling; (3) automated modeling environments; and (4) model-based query systems. An approach to equipping systems with the ability to support rapid domain-specific refinement by appropriate user-experts is explored. >
Incidence of Congenital Rubella Syndrome at a Hospital Serving a Predominantly Hispanic Population, El Paso, Texas

Objective. The current epidemiology of rubella reveals an increase in the number of cases among adult Hispanics and an increase in the number of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases among infants of Hispanic mothers. Recent rubella outbreaks have occurred primarily among adult Hispanics, many of whom are foreign-born natives of countries where rubella vaccination is not routine or has only recently been implemented. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of CRS in a hospital serving a predominantly Hispanic population. Methods. Hospital charts of infants International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) discharge codes consistent with CRS were reviewed; we looked for cataracts, deafness, congenital heart defects, dermal erythropoiesis, microcephaly, meningoencephalitis, and other defects associated with CRS. We abstracted data on maternal and infant ethnicity, maternal age, gestational age, infants9 birth weight, infants9 clinical characteristics, and laboratory evaluation. Cases were categorized according to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists9 case classification for CRS. Results. Of the 182 infants with 1 or more ICD-9 codes consistent with CRS, 6 (3.3%) met either the confirmed or probable case definition for CRS. Two infants met the definition for confirmed CRS. Although laboratory tests for rubella immunoglobulin M antibodies were positive for both of these infants, only 1 of the cases had been reported to the state health department. Four other infants had clinical presentations that met the definition for a probable case. One of these had been tested for rubella immunoglobulin M antibodies, and the test was negative. The other 3 had not been tested. The rate of infants meeting the definition of confirmed and probable CRS was 3.1 per 10 000 hospital births. All confirmed and probable cases were among infants born to Hispanic mothers. Maternal country of origin was Mexico for the 2 confirmed cases and 1 of the probable cases, and unknown for the remaining 3 probable cases. Conclusions. The rate of confirmed and probable CRS among infants in this predominantly Hispanic population is higher than the reported rate in the United States in the vaccine era, which has been reported to range from approximately 0.01–0.08 per 10 000 live births. These findings indicate a need for heightened awareness of CRS among physicians who serve populations at risk for rubella. Physicians should report all confirmed and probable CRS cases to the state health department. The lack of appropriate laboratory testing in 3 infants with probable CRS indicates that physicians should consider a diagnosis of CRS in infants with some signs consistent with CRS, particularly in areas serving high numbers of individuals at risk for rubella.
On the relative conversion of 6,7-3H-estrone to 3H-15α-hydroxyestrogens and 3H-7α-hydroxyestrogens by Glomerella fusarioides

Mixtures of 6, 7-3 H-estrone and 16-14C-estrone were fermented in media of Glomerella fusarioides. Conversions of each form of estrone to 15α-hydroxyestrone (15α-OHE1) and 7α-hydroxyestrone (7α-OHE1) and in one experiment to 15α-hydroxyestradiol (15α-OHE2) and 7α-hydroxyestradiol (7α-OHE2) were compared. The metabolites were separated and purified by repeated column chromatography on Celite. Similar to results reported for non-isotope studies, 14C-estrone was converted to more 7α-hydroxyestrogens than 15α-hydroxyestrogens. The reverse was true for the tritiated substrate. The difference is attributed to an isotope effect resulting in diminished hydroxylation of the tritiated substrate at C-7 with concomitant enhanced hydroxylation at C-15 where no isotope effect would be expected. Reduction to 17β-hydroxyestrogens also occurred, but quantitative significance for this pathway was confined to the 15α-hydroxy compound.
Signature analysis with non-linear feedback shift registers

The use of nonlinear feedback shift registers (NLFSRs) in the design of signature analyzers (SAs) was investigated. It is shown that SAs with arbitrarily low values of error-escape probability and requiring less hardware than their linear feedback shift register (LFSR) counterparts are feasible and systematically realizable. >
Resection and anastomosis of a cervical vertebral artery aneurysm

A patient with a fusiform aneurysm of the cervical vertebral artery at C-1 presenting with posterior circulation infarctions is reported. Exposure via the posterolateral approach, resection of the aneurysm, and end-to-end anastomosis are described. The authors emphasize the importance of the surgical approach and ability to expose and mobilize a generous portion of the cervical vertebral artery.
Effect of Vitamin A Deprivation on Maintenance of Rat Mammary Tissue and on the Potential of the Epithelium for Hormone-Dependent Milk Protein Synthesis

Mammary tissue from rats severely deficient in vitamin A was compared with that from control animals. Glands from the deficient animals weighed only about 60% as much as those from control rats, a reflection largely of loss of material from the mammary fat pad. By contrast, vitamin A-deficient glands had as much epithelium as control glands. Furthermore, explants from the deficient glands were as responsive to insulin, glucocorticoid, and PRL as explants from control glands, in terms of the induction of casein synthesis and the α-lactalbumin and galactosyltransferase activities. It appears that vitamin A does not have a physiological role either in the maintenance of rat mammary epithelium or in its potential for hormone-dependent phenotypic expression. The results suggest that the anticarcinogenic activity of retinoids on rat mammary gland reported previously may lie outside the purview of these aspects of the mammary cell.
Amblyopia Ex Anopsia

The practice of medicine is composed basically of two aspects—diagnosis and treatment.Treatment may be therapeutic or prophylactic, i.e., preventive.The ounce of prevention, according to Benjamin Franklin, is better than the pound of cure.Blindness is either preventable or unavoidable.
Methoprene interferes with mosquito midgut remodeling during metamorphosis

Many juvenile hormone analogs interfere with insect metamorphosis, a property that makes them useful in insect control and as investigatorial tools with which to study metamorphic mechanisms. We report that one such analog, methoprene, interferes with mosquito metamorphic midgut remodeling. Methoprene treated Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) fourth instars pupate, but the pupal midguts are morphologically similar to larval midguts. The degree of midgut remodeling is affected by the dose of methoprene applied and the extent of fourth instar development when methoprene exposure is initiated. DNA staining indicates that high methoprene concentrations interfere with diploid cell division and programmed death of polytene cells. Lower methoprene concentrations do not interfere with diploid cell division but the removal of polytene cells is incomplete. The effect of methoprene dose on the extent of midgut remodeling correlates well with its effect on pupal and adult survival. Metamorphic midgut remodeling offers a mosquito system with which to study the effect of ecdysone, juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone analogs on metamorphosis. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which methoprene affects mosquito metamorphosis might lead to the development of more effective mosquito control chemicals having fewer deleterious environmental effects and to genetic strategies by which mosquito populations might be controlled.