cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for the Concepts and Form of Healthy People 2020

Abstract Since 1980, Healthy People, a comprehensive set of ten-year national public health objectives, has been used by the public health and healthcare communities to guide health planning and motivate action. The USDHHS began developing Healthy People 2020 in 2007. In 2008, USDHHS convened an external advisory committee composed of 13 experts in the fields of public health, healthcare delivery, and other health-related disciplines to advise the USDHHS Secretary on the development of Healthy People 2020, including its vision, mission, goals, objectives, and implementation strategies. In 2008, the committee considered how to improve the Healthy People initiative by building on past efforts. Its members reflected on the purpose of Healthy People and discussed questions such as: What is and is not working well in the initiative, and what else should Healthy People provide to its users? These discussions were informed by public testimony and written comments, as well as expert presentations. The end product of the committee's 2008 work is a report to the USDHHS Secretary that recommends the underlying ideas, concrete form, and implementation of Healthy People 2020. These include a mission statement, vision statement, overarching goals, and an action model for achieving the goals. It was concluded that Healthy People should no longer be known primarily as a print-based reference book. It should also be a user-friendly, Internet-accessible database that is searchable, interactive, and updatable.
Melatonin inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced vasodilation and increase in cAMP in rat middle cerebral arteries.

Abstract The action of melatonin to alter calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-mediated vasodilation and stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in middle cerebral arteries of rats was investigated. Concentration-dependent dilation of the rat middle cerebral artery produced by CGRP (EC50 of 9.4×10−10 M) was significantly inhibited in the presence of 10−8 M melatonin (EC50 of 3.4×10−9 M). In addition, CGRP (10−7 M)-mediated increase in adenylate cyclase activity was also significantly attenuated by the receptor mediated action of melatonin. These results indicate that melatonin may interact with CGRP to regulate cerebral arterial tone.
Comparative analysis of microbiome measurement platforms using latent variable structural equation modeling.

Background Culture-independent phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences has emerged as an incisive method of profiling bacteria present in a specimen. Currently, multiple techniques are available to enumerate the abundance of bacterial taxa in specimens, including the Sanger sequencing, the ‘next generation’ pyrosequencing, microarrays, quantitative PCR, and the rapidly emerging, third generation sequencing, and fourth generation sequencing methods. An efficient statistical tool is in urgent need for the followings tasks: (1) to compare the agreement between these measurement platforms, (2) to select the most reliable platform(s), and (3) to combine different platforms of complementary strengths, for a unified analysis.
Galanin-Like peptide elicits a robust discharge of growth hormone in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) stimulates the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in rodent and primate species. The widespread distribution of GALP fibers in the hypothalamus suggests that this neuropeptide may influence hypophysiotropic factors that control other aspects of adenohypophysial function. Here we studied the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of GALP on serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in adult male monkeys. The animals (n = 5) were orchidectomized and implanted with testosterone-containing Silastic capsules to maintain the circulating testosterone levels (∼9 ng/ml) within the physiological range. The animals were implanted with an intracerebroventricular cannula and venous catheter for continuous access to the cerebroventricular and the venous circulation, respectively. GALP (500 µg), or vehicle alone, was administered as a bolus intracerebroventricular injection, and sequential blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals for 3 h before and after the injections. Within 20 min following GALP injection, the GH concentrations increased 3.5-fold, and a peak level (12.9 ± 2.7 ng/ml) was observed 40 min after injection. The GH levels remained elevated until 60 min after injection and thereafter declined to values similar to those observed at 0 min. The GH concentrations were not changed by vehicle alone. A decline in PRL levels was observed following GALP administration, with significantly reduced concentrations occurring between 60 and120 min following the injection of the neuropeptide. We conclude that in the monkey GALP is a potent secretagogue for GH and an inhibitor of PRL secretion and that GALP may, therefore, interact with the hypothalamic circuitry involved in the regulation of these pituitary hormones.
Promising results for dexamethasome ointment for treatment of recurrent aphthae

Randomised controlled trial. Patients were randomised to receive either a 5g tube of dexamethasone ointment (containing 5 mg dexamethasone) [n=120] or placebo ointment [n=120]. Participants were instructed to apply the given agents to the ulcer three times a day (after meals) for five days. The initial application of the medication was performed under observation for >30 minutes for any signs of adverse effects. Patients kept a daily log and were reviewed clinically on day 6 ± 2. The size, pain level, healing ratio, average duration of ulcers and the safety of the agents were evaluated. The serum concentration of dexamethasone was monitored. After 6 ± 2 days of treatment, there was significant difference in the ulcer size between the treatment group (7.167± 6.3415 mm2) and the control group (4.346 ± 7.0666 mm2; P=.000), and in the variation of pain level between the treatment group (5.623± 1.9570) and the control group (4.940± 2.2449; P=.001). The healing ratio was 83.33% in the treatment group and 54.70% in the control group (P=.000). No severe adverse reactions were observed. No serum dexamethasone was detected before or after the use of the agents (<0.502 ng/mL). The current study revealed that dexamethasone ointment was safe and efficient in reducing ulcer size, alleviating ulcer pain and hastening ulcer healing in patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration. In addition, the patients had a good overall assessment of the agents. We could not detect dexamethasone in the serum of patients, which illustrated further the safety of dexamethasone ointment.
Early tissue 65Zn distribution after duodenal dosing in calves fed zinc-deficient and control diets.

SummaryFollowing duodenal dosing, 65Zn was rapidly accumulated by several calf tissues, with a considerable amount in the liver and other tissues within 1 hr. With adequate dietary zinc, liver contained a substantial quantity of labile zinc which was greatly depleted in calves fed a zinc-deficient diet for 2 weeks. Other soft tissues had a very limited amount of labile zinc. Zinc turnover rate was much slower in muscle than in the softer tissues, and was not greatly affected by dietary zinc level. Transfer of zinc from the intestinal mucosa to the blood appeared to be the rate-limiting step in zinc absorption. This step was accelerated by feeding a zinc-deficient diet for 2 weeks. However, 65Zn uptake by the mucosa from the intestinal contents was vastly increased by the zinc-deficient diet.
Cognitive biasing effects in information systems: implications for linking real world information with human judgment

A model is presented of cognitive analysis of information in IS (information systems). Portraying the decision maker (DM) as an active component in an information analysis loop, the model identifies a set of biasing factors in decision making including characteristics of the DM, characteristics of the information available to the DM, cognitive strategies and attributions, and the context of the decision-making process. Linkages among different phases of the process are delineated. Implications, examples, and suggestions are provided for IS design. >
HEK‐293 cells expressing the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR): a model for studying regulation of Cl− transport

The Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cell line (HEK-293) readily lends itself to genetic manipulation and is a common tool for biologists to overexpress proteins of interest and study their function and molecular regulation. Although these cells have some limitations, such as an inability to form resistive monolayers necessary for studying transepithelial ion transport, they are nevertheless valuable in studying individual epithelial ion transporters. We report the use of HEK-293 cells to study the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel. While HEK-293 cells endogenously express mRNA for the Cl− channels, ClC-2 and TMEM16A, they neither express CFTR mRNA nor protein. Therefore, we stably transfected HEK-293 cells with EGFP-CFTR (HEK-CFTR) and demonstrated CFTR function by measuring forskolin-stimulated iodide efflux. This efflux was inhibited by CFTRinh172, and the protein kinase A inhibitor H89, but not by Ca2+ chelation. In contrast to intestinal epithelia, forskolin stimulation does not increase surface CFTR expression and does not require intact microtubules in HEK-CFTR. To investigate the role of an endogenous GαS-coupled receptor, we examined the bile acid receptor, TGR5. Although HEK-CFTR cells express TGR5, the potent TGR5 agonist lithocholic acid (LCA; 5–500 μmol/L) did not activate CFTR. Furthermore, forskolin, but not LCA, increased [cAMP]i in HEK-CFTR suggesting that endogenous TGR5 may not be functionally linked to GαS. However, LCA did increase [Ca2+]i and interestingly, abolished forskolin-stimulated iodide efflux. Thus, we propose that the stable HEK-CFTR cell line is a useful model to study the multiple signaling pathways that regulate CFTR.
The association between sickle cell disease and dental caries in African Americans

This study sought to determine whether there was an association between sickle cell disease (SCD) and dental caries in African-American adults. A sample of 102 African-American adult patients with SCD from Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland, were matched to 103 African-American adult subjects, who did not have SCD. The match was by age, gender and recruitment location. Each subject underwent a standardized oral examination as well as an interview to ascertain risk factors for dental caries. For individuals with incomes of less than dollars 15,000, subjects with SCD had more decayed (10.36 versus 1.58) and fewer filled (2.86 versus 8.45) surfaces compared to subjects without SCD with both differences being statistically significant (p<0.05) after adjusting for age and gender. The results suggest that low-income African Americans with SCD may be at increased risk for dental caries and are less likely to receive treatment with a restoration.
High resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide (DEET) in man

Studies of the pharmacology and toxicology of the popular insect repellant, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), have largely been done in animal models using radioactive tracing without the structural elucidation of its metabolites. This paper describes a high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique and reports the results of the preliminary characterization of the metabolites of DEET in the urine of a 30-year-old man who had been exposed to DEET contained in a commercial product. The metabolites were extracted and separated with an OV-101 glass capillary column, 30 m × 0.3 mm, and mass spectrometric elucidations were carried out with both Electron Impact (EI) and Chemical Ionization-Methane (MCI) modes. Oxidation of the benzylic moiety and hydroxylation of the sidechain of DEET molecules appeared to be the predominate routes of metabolism in man. The artifacts were also proposed.
Local minima-based exploration for off-lattice protein folding

We present a new and simple algorithmic approach to help predict protein structures from amino acid sequences based on energy minimization. In the search for the minimal energy conformation, we analyze and exploit the protein structures found at the various local minima to direct the search the global minimum. As such, we explore the energy landscape efficiently by considering only the space of local minima instead of the whole feasible space of conformations. Our specific algorithmic approach is comprised of two different elements: local minimization and operators from genetic algorithms. Unlike existing hybrid approaches where the local optimization is used to fine-tune the solutions, we focus primarily on the local optimization and employ stochastic sampling through genetic operators for diversification. Our empirical results indicate that each local minimum is representative of the substructures contained in the set of solutions surrounding the local minima. We applied our approach to determining the minimal energy conformation of proteins from the protein data bank (PDB) using the CHARMM and UNRES energy model. We compared against standard genetic algorithms and Monte Carlo approaches as well as the conformations found in the PDB as the baseline. In all cases, our new approach computed the lowest energy conformation.
Application of Orthotropic Thin Plate Theory to Filled Steel Grid Decks for Bridges

Although AASHTO LRFD specifications provide moment capacity equations as an approximate design method and recommend an orthotropic plate model as the refined method for the analysis of filled grid decks, no guidelines are provided for the determination of the flexural rigidities associated with the plate analysis. This technical note briefly reviews orthotropic thin plate theory, discusses the determination of the flexural rigidities using Huber’s assumption, and applies the theory to concrete-filled steel grid decks. The accuracy of the orthotropic plate analysis is assessed by comparing it to results of an earlier finite-element analysis.
The effects of dialect variation on speech intelligibility in a multitalker background

Speech intelligibility in a multitalker background can be affected by the language of both the talker and the interfering speech. This study investigated whether this interaction is modulated by dialect variations of the same language. American English listeners were presented with target sentences in either their own General American English (GAE) or a different accent (Southern American English [SAE]) masked by either GAE or SAE two-talker babble at three sound to noise ratios (SNRs): +3, 0, and –3 dB. All speech materials were produced by male talkers. Across all conditions, SAE target was more intelligible than GAE. Intelligibility of either target decreased as the level of the interfering babble noise increased. Target accent interacted with masking accent: at +3 dB SNR, GAE (and not SAE) was the more effective masker. The target-masker interaction was different as listening conditions deteriorated: at 0 and –3 dB SNR, masking accent did not affect GAE target, but when the target was SAE, the SAE masker (and not GAE) was more effective. Thus, at increased noise levels, listeners benefited from the mismatch between the target and masking accents only when the target was in a nonnative accent. These results demonstrate that dialect variation can influence listeners’ performance in a multitalker environment. The apparent asymmetry in intelligibility of accents may be in part related to dialect-specific prosodic and phonetic features.
Vantage: scalable and efficient fine-grain cache partitioning

Cache partitioning has a wide range of uses in CMPs, from guaranteeing quality of service and controlled sharing to security-related techniques. However, existing cache partitioning schemes (such as way-partitioning) are limited to coarse-grain allocations, can only support few partitions, and reduce cache associativity, hurting performance. Hence, these techniques can only be applied to CMPs with 2-4 cores, but fail to scale to tens of cores. We present Vantage, a novel cache partitioning technique that overcomes the limitations of existing schemes: caches can have tens of partitions with sizes specified at cache line granularity, while maintaining high associativity and strong isolation among partitions. Vantage leverages cache arrays with good hashing and associativity, which enable soft-pinning a large portion of cache lines. It enforces capacity allocations by controlling the replacement process. Unlike prior schemes, Vantage provides strict isolation guarantees by partitioning most (e.g. 90%) of the cache instead of all of it. Vantage is derived from analytical models, which allow us to provide strong guarantees and bounds on associativity and sizing independent of the number of partitions and their behaviors. It is simple to implement, requiring around 1.5% state overhead and simple changes to the cache controller. We evaluate Vantage using extensive simulations. On a 32-core system, using 350 multiprogrammed workloads and one partition per core, partitioning the last-level cache with conventional techniques degrades throughput for 71% of the workloads versus an unpartitioned cache (by 7% average, 25% maximum degradation), even when using 64-way caches. In contrast, Vantage improves throughput for 98% of the workloads, by 8% on average (up to 20%), using a 4-way cache.
Human fibroblast interferon: amino acid analysis and amino terminal amino acid sequence

The purification of human fibroblast interferon has been simplified to a two-step procedure consisting of affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrlamide gel electrophoresis. A preliminary amino acid composition and the sequence of the 13 amino-terminal residues of homogeneous interferon prepared by this method is reported.
Large angle reflection from a dipping structure recorded as a PKIKP precursor: Evidence for a low velocity zone at the core-mantle boundary beneath the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract We observed a clear phase-like arrival prior to the PKIKP wave at a broadband seismic array in eastern Tibet from an intermediate depth earthquake occurring in Guatemala. The measured incident angle and back azimuth of this phase indicate that it originates from scattering near the core–mantle boundary (CMB) of the source side. This phase, however, was not observed from another earthquake that is only 60 km away, suggesting that scattering depends strongly on the angles of the incident waves. Ray tracing and diffraction migration indicates that the precursor is a large-angle reflection from a dipping structure in the lowermost mantle east of Mexico. The seismic reflector dips northward by ∼ 52o and is centered at ∼ 93.31oW and 23.89oN with an east–west extension of ∼ 100 km. A decrease of P-wave velocity by a few to 10% is required to explain the amplitude and polarity of the phase. It is unlikely to explain the large P-wave velocity contrast and the large dipping feature with the post-perovskite phase transition. The reflector is located in a region where the lowermost mantle is marked by a high velocity anomaly related to the subducted Farallon slab. Previous numerical modeling suggested that a substantial amount of hot mantle could be trapped beneath a slab over long periods of time, leading to the formation of a mega-plume. Thus, the observed sharp dipping boundary here might correspond to the edge of a low velocity zone below the subducted Farallon slab. Mixed results on the presence of an ultra low velocity zone in the region have been reported by previous seismic studies. We speculated that the low velocity zone below the cold slab was developed as a consequence of long-term heating from core.
Randomized controlled trial for behavioral smoking and weight control treatment: effect of concurrent versus sequential intervention

Prospects for changing multiple health behaviors conjointly remain controversial. We compared effects on tobacco abstinence and weight gain of adding diet and exercise concurrently or after smoking treatment. Female regular smokers (n=315) randomized to 3 conditions received 16 weeks of behavioral smoking treatment, quit at week 5, and were followed for 9 months after the quit date. Weight management was added to the first 8 weeks for Early Diet (ED), the final 8 weeks for Late Diet (LD), and omitted for Control. Both Diet groups tended to show greater bio-verified abstinence than Control although differences were nonsignificant. Compared to Control, ED initially suppressed weight gain but lost that effect over time, whereas LD initially lacked but gradually acquired a weight suppression effect that stabilized [p = .004]. Behavioral weight control did not undermine smoking cessation and slowed the rate of weight gain when initiated after the smoking quit date, supporting a sequential approach to multiple behavior change.
Simulation of FCC particles flow behavior in a CFB using modified kinetic theory

FCC particles, known as Geldart's group A particles, are slightly cohesive and have a wide range of particle size averaging 70 μm FCC particles have a tendency to form clusters or agglomerates in a gas/particles flow system. In order to understand the effect of cluster formations or agglomerations on the FCC particles flow behavior, a numerical simulation using our modified kinetic theory model for gas/FCC particles flow in a circulating fluidized bed was performed. The simulation results compared reasonably well with the experimental data of Miller and Gidaspow (1992). Les particules de craquage a catalyseur fluide (CCF), connues comme les particules A du groupe de Geldart, sont legerement cohesives et presentent une vaste gamme de taille de particules, qui sont de 70 μm en moyenne. Les particules CCF ont tendance a former des grappes ou des agglomerats dans les systemes d'ecoulement gaz/particules. Afin de comprendre l'effet de la formation des grappes ou des agglomerats sur le comportement en ecoulement des particules CFF, on a effectue une simulation numerique en utilisant notre modele theorique cinetique modife pour l'ecoulement gaz/particules CFF dans un lit fluidise circulant. Les resultats de la simulation se comparent raisonnablement bien aux donnees experimentales de Miller et Gidaspow (1992).
Empty-handed beauty: Juliette Récamier as pseudo-event

In her lifetime the French socialite and salonniere Juliette Recamier (1777–1849) was known as the most beautiful woman in all of Europe. With the help of her husband’s wealth, she managed to fashion a star persona that resonated powerfully within the context of a nascent Parisian celebrity culture at the close of the eighteenth century. Lacking discernible talents yet a popular trendsetter in fashion, art, and interior design, I claim that Recamier is best understood as a ‘human pseudo-event’ in need of deconstruction. By paying close attention to the socio-economic and cultural factors that enabled her emergence into the limelight, I make a case for the importance of historicising celebrity formations and performances.
A Review of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Factors that Affect its Decline and Opportunities for Intervention

Childhood cancer incidence and survivorship rates are increasing, leading to a growing population of survivors that are at risk for competing causes of death, most notably cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), a key modifiable CVD risk factor, is lower than expected among childhood survivors 5-20 years post-diagnosis. This review discusses the studies that demonstrate lower CRF in survivors of childhood cancer and the potential mechanisms and factors contributing to lower CRF in this population. Both exercise interventions and strategies to improve CRF are considered. The review advocates for more robust clinical research and exercise interventions to improve CRF with the goal of reducing comorbidities and competing CVD risk among childhood cancer survivors into adolescence and young adulthood.
Concomitant lung and brain abscesses: a rare presentation of a common bacteria.

Abstract Streptococcusanginosusis a member of the Streptococcus millerigroup, known to cause suppurative infections of the deep tissues. There have been very few case reports of the bacteria presenting with concomitant lung and brain abscesses. We describe a patient with new, onset seizures, subsequently diagnosed with S. anginosuslungandbrain abscesses.
Newborn screening for homocystinuria

It is becoming increasingly apparent that pyridoxine responsive homocystinuria patients are being missed by newborn screening programs. The possibility that screening for homocystine, rather than the methionine, might be more effective was investigated by comparing homocystine and methionine levels of non-responsive patients at diagnosis. The plasma methionine levels of 11 infants were much more abnormal than the homocystine levels. Urine homocystine was low or not detectable and always less than methionine. Therefore, methionine determination is much more effective than homocystine determination for newborn screening for homocystinuria. It seems that a second blood specimen at a later age may be required to find the pyridoxine responsive infants.
A Progressive View on Religion and Modern Art

This article examines the Religious Art of Today exhibition, originally held in 1944 at Boston’s Institute of Modern Art and then reformulated for the Dayton Art Institute in Ohio. The exhibition was eclectic in that it included a wide range of artists and a diversity of faiths, and engaged the debate held among museum professionals about the relationship between religion and modern art. The article focuses closely on Catholic, Jewish, and Navajo art included in the exhibition. The IMA ’s commitment to the figurative tradition afforded artists the opportunity to explore their identities—as Jews, as Catholics, as Navajos—using recognizable religious subjects. That the works in the exhibition were selected as representative of modern art resulted in a convergence of discourses related to modern art with those of religious/cultural identity.
Analytical and Experimental Methods for High-Performance Network Testing

There has been an increasing number of large-scale science and commercial applications that produce large amounts of data, in the range of petabytes to exabytes, which has to be transported over wide area networks. Such data transport capability requires high performance protocols together with complex end systems and network connections. A systematic analysis and comparison of such data transport methods involves the generation of the throughput profiles from measurements collected over connections of different lengths. For such testing, the connections provided by production networks and testbeds are limited by the infrastructures, which are typically quite expensive. On the other hand, network emulators provide connections of arbitrary lengths at much lower costs, but their measurements only approximate those on physical connections. We present a differential regression method to estimate the differences between the performance profiles of physical and emulated connections, and then to estimate “physical” profiles from emulated measurements. This method is more general and enables: (i) an objective comparison of profiles of different connection modalities, including emulated and physical connections, and (ii) estimation of a profile of one modality from measurements of a different modality by applying a differential regression function. This method is based on statistical finite sample theory and exploits the monotonicity of parameters to provide distribution-free probabilistic guarantees on error bounds. We present an efficient polynomial-time dynamic programming algorithm to compute the underlying differential regression function. We provide a systematic analysis of long-haul InfiniBand and TCP throughput measurements over dedicated 10Gbps connections of several thousands of miles. These results establish the closeness of throughput profiles generated over plain, encrypted, physical and emulated connections. In particular, our results show that robust physical throughput profiles can be derived using much less expensive emulations, thereby leading to significant savings in cost and effort.
Memory Development, Emotion Regulation, and Trauma‐Related Psychopathology

Individuals with a history of trauma, particularly maltreatment, often have accurate memories for trauma-related events. This does not mean that trauma never adversely affects autobiographical memory performance; indeed, some individuals with a trauma history reveal deficits in their memory performance while others at times show memory advantages over individuals without a trauma history. We posit here that individual differences in memory may be related in part to the emotion dysregulation and psychopathology resulting from the trauma and in part to the nature of the event to be recalled. In this chapter, we focus on the scientific literature on child maltreatment, trauma-related psychopathology, and memory from a developmental psychopathology perspective. We summarize relevant theory and research on memory development, trauma-related psychopathology symptoms, and psychophysiological and neuroscience processes relevant to child maltreatment. We also review behavioral studies on childhood trauma and autobiographical memory development. We discuss the translation of such research into clinical and legal practice. We conclude with future directions for research, with the hope of moving this crucial area of study forward to spawn new insights. Keywords: memory development; trauma-related psychopathology; emotion regulation; child maltreatment; attachment; children; individual differences
Abstract 141: Stroke Trends in Mexican Americans and non Hispanic Whites

Objective: As a primary, pre-specified objective of the population-based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project we studied trends in stroke occurrence among Mexican Americans (MAs) and non Hispanic whites (NHWs) in Corpus Christi, Texas. Previous work suggested higher stroke rates in MAs compared with NHWs. Methods: We performed active and passive surveillance, and using source documentation, validated all stroke cases from January, 2000-December, 2010 in this community. Yearly population counts were obtained from the 2000, 2010 US Census and intercensal estimates. Incidence rates of total stroke (completed ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhage) were calculated per 10,000 population. Poisson regression models using the stroke counts within categories of race/ethnicity, age (45-59; 60-74, and 75+) and sex as the outcome and (log) population counts as the offset were used to estimate adjusted rates, rate ratios and time trends. Time trends were modeled as a linear term of years since 2000. The models used data from the entire study period to estimate incidence rates in 2000 and 2010. Results: There were 3,086 strokes in MAs and 2,328 in NHWs. Between 2000 and 2010 stroke incidence declined by 3.8% per year (95%CI: 3.0%, 4.6%) (see Figure). In 2000 the incidence rate was 54.2/10,000, it was 35.9/10,000 in 2010. For those aged 45-59; 60-74, and 75+, the yearly declines were 0.6% (95%CI: 1.2%, 2.3%); 6.1% (95%CI: 4.8%, 7.5%); and 3.9% (95%CI: 2.6%, 5.1%) per year, respectively. The decline in stroke incidence was not significantly different by ethnicity in any age group. Within each age category, the ethnicity rate ratios in 2000 vs. 2010 were: 45-59, 2.23 vs 2.15 (p=0.87); 60-74, 1.58 vs 1.77 (p=0.45); and 75 or older, 1.17 vs 1.02 (p=0.29). Conclusions: Stroke occurrence rates have declined dramatically in the last decade in both MAs and NHWs, particularly in those 60 and older. However, the disparity between MA and NHW stroke rates persists among those
A Review of “Manning, Richard. Rewilding the West: Restoration in a Prairie Landscape.”

In Rewilding the West, author Richard Manning revisits the political ecological history of the northern plains to set the stage for examining an envisioned 3.5-million-acre wildlife preserve to be ...
Multisite ion model in concentrated solutions of divalent cations (MgCl2 and CaCl2): osmotic pressure calculations.

Accurate force field parameters for ions are essential for meaningful simulation studies of proteins and nucleic acids. Currently accepted models of ions, especially for divalent ions, do not necessarily reproduce the right physiological behavior of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Saxena and Sept (J. Chem. Theor. Comput. 2013, 9, 3538–3542) described a model, called the multisite-ion model, where instead of treating the ions as an isolated sphere, the charge was split into multiple sites with partial charge. This model provided accurate inner shell coordination of the ion with biomolecules and predicted better free energies for proteins and nucleic acids. Here, we expand and refine the multisite model to describe the behavior of divalent ions in concentrated MgCl2 and CaCl2 electrolyte solutions, eliminating the unusual ion–ion pairing and clustering of ions which occurred in the original model. We calibrate and improve the parameters of the multisite model by matching the osmotic pressure of concentrated solutions o...
The Discount House

1F. W. Gilchrist: "The Discount House," THE JOURNAL OF MARKETING, January, 1953. 2Agnew, Connor & Doremus, Outlines of Marketing, 3rd edition; Alexander, Surface & Alderson, Marketing, revised edition; Converse, Huegy & Mitchell, The Elements of Marketing, 5th edition; Converse & Jones, Introduction to Marketing; Duddy & Revzan, Marketing; Maynard & Beckman, Principles of Marketing, 5th edition; Phillips & Duncan, Marketing, Principles and Methods, revised edition; Vaile, Grether & Cox; Marketing in the American Economy. The last named is the only one of these texts indexing this term. Certainly many manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers seem to feel that the
An eimeriid species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) that parasitises the gallbladder and bile-duct of three species of Takydromus (Sauria: Lacertidae) in eastern and southeastern Asia

Eimeria takydromi n. sp., a coccidian infecting the gall-bladder epithelium and bile-ducts, was found to parasitise three Takydromus species: T. tachydromoides of Honshu, Japan; T. smaragdinus of Amami Oshima, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; and T. sexlineatus of Thailand. Although differences were found in the mean oocyst and sporocyst indices among the different hosts, the considerable overlap in morphometric characters demonstrated conspecificity. Eimeria takydromi is an addition to the symbiotic complex associated with Takydromus spp. in eastern and southeastern Asia that includes Plasmodium sasai, Trypanosoma takydromi, Schellackia sp. and Lizard Erythrocytic Virus. These host-symbiote associations may have persisted since a lacertid ancestral to the modern species of Takydromus dispersed throughout the region from the late Pliocene.
Personal characteristics and self-assessed health.

Although research has been conducted on the relation between personal characteristics (ie, demographics, socioeconomic status, health practices, and access to care) and health status,1-15 few studies have examined the joint impact of these individual characteristics on personal health status. The assessment of the association between a particular individual characteristic and health status is incomplete without simultaneously controlling for the influence of other characteristics known to influence health status. Further, researchers tend to focus on measures of general health status such as respondents' self-perceived health in general, rather than on other dimensions of health such as mental and physical wellbeing. This study aims at advancing the literature by examining the joint association of various individual characteristics with dif-
A symptomatic acute hepatitis C infection in a chronic hemodialysis patient and traceable source of infection by viral RNA analysis

血液透析 (HD) 患者のHCV感染率は高率で, 輸血のほか透析医療行為による感染の可能性がある. 維持透析中にC型肝炎を急性発症したため, 感染源を特定し感染経路を推測し得た症例を報告する.症例は52歳女性. 半月体形成性腎炎により持続携行式腹膜透析 (CAPD) 導入となり8年を超えたため, 2001年8月より計画的にHDに移行し間歌的腹腔洗浄のみ行っていた. 2002年1月GOT 894U/L, GPT 1,254U/Lと著しい肝機能障害を認め, 精査加療目的に入院. HCV抗体が陰性で, HCV-RNAが陽性であったため急性C型肝炎と診断した. トランスアミナーゼは順調に低下したが, T-Bilが第9病日となっても10.3mg/dLと上昇を続けたため強力ネオミノファーゲンの投与を行い退院した.本症例では透析医療行為による感染を疑い, 2001年9月-2002年1月に当院でHDを行ったHCV抗体陽性患者全員のHCV genotypeを検索し, 本症例と同じ1bの患者9例を抽出した. 次いで本症例を含めた10例で, HCV RNA E1領域中の400の塩基配列を調査した. その結果, 2001年12月に5回の透析を本例と同一日に行った1患者の塩基配列が, 本症例と98.8%の相同性をもっており, 感染源であると判明した. 5回のうち, 同一ベッドで前後して透析を行ったことはなく, 5回とも本例は感染源例より約1時間遅れて透析を開始し終了していた. また, 5回のうち1回で透析ベッドが隣り合っていた. 明らかな血液の汚染事故はなかったので, その際に行われた透析手技を再度見直したところ, 穿刺時および終了・返血時の手技, さらに注射薬のポート注入などの際に手袋やアルコール綿の汚染を介して発生した可能性が考えられた. そのためそれらに対して具体的な防御策を検討し実行した.本例は血液透析患者におけるHCV感染防御手段を検討し, 今後の感染を防ぐために非常に重要な症例であった.
Physical Parameters in High-Accuracy Spectrophotometry.

The measured apparent transmittance TA of a filter or liquid sample depends on the beam geometry in the spectrophotometer. For focused light incident upon the sample, TA is different for systems having different f-numbers, and also depends on the state of polarization of the light. These effects are eliminated when the incident light is collimated; in this case TA approaches the "true" transmittance τ of the sample. Both modes of operation suffer from stray light and interference effects. The former may be reduced significantly by using mirror rather than lens optics, and the latter by suitable choice of the monochromator slit width. A new spectrophotometer based upon the above-mentioned design principles is described. The photometric precision of this instrument is shot-noise limited, permitting measurements to better than 10-4 transmittance units. The double-aperture method of testing detector linearity to this level of precision is discussed. The conventional method of finding the nonlinearity correction can be replaced by a curve-fitting procedure giving better precision. Data on detector nonlinearity, and its dependence on wavelength, are presented.
Application of the materials-by-design approach to armor-grade polymer-matrix composites for enhancement of ballistic-penetration resistance

Purpose – Fiber-reinforced armor-grade polymer-matrix composite materials with a superior penetration resistance are traditionally developed using legacy knowledge and trial-and-error empiricism. This approach is generally quite costly and time-consuming and, hence, new (faster and more economical) approaches are needed for the development of high-performance armor-grade composite materials. One of these new approaches is the so-called materials-by-design approach. Within this approach, extensive use is made of the computer-aided engineering (CAE) analyses and of the empirically/theoretically established functional relationships between an armor-grade composite-protected structure, the properties of the composite materials, material microstructure (as characterized at different length-scales) and the material/structure synthesis and fabrication processes. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In the present work, a first step is made toward applying the materials-by-design ...
Reactions of glycine-containing peptides with cupric ions and with p-nitrophenyl acetate.

The reactivity of groups in proteins may be studied in terms of their rates of reaction to form stable or unstable products or in terms of equilibria with small molecules or ions (2). The equilibria between cupric ions and peptides are of particular interest because of the stability and spectral properties of the complexes formed and the biological importance of the copper proteins. It has been found not only that Cu(I1) ion combines with the terminal amino group in dipeptides but that it may combine with the amide nitrogen at the same time with displacement of the proton from the amide nitrogen. The latter step is complete for dipeptides by pH 7, and very stable structures are formed (1, 3-6). Potentially, therefore, the NH2 terminus of a peptide chain in a protein may be a very strong binding site for Cu(I1) ion, probably surpassing the individual imidazole group or amino group (7). Titrations of mixtures of Cu(I1) ions with diglycylglycine and triglycylglycine have also indicated that the process of formation of Cu(II)-N bonds with displacement of the amide proton may continue through a second and even third peptide linkage, making possible an even more elaborate and stable complex between Cu(I1) and the first 3 or 4 residues in a peptide chain (8). The present report confirms the titration studies under the conditions of temperature and ionic strength used previously for the dipeptide studies and confirms directly the role of the second amide N atom by showing the effect of substitution of sarcosine residues in glycylglycylsarcosine and glycylsarcosylglycine. The ability of a Cu(II)-dipeptide complex bearing an additional hydroxyl ion coordinated to the Cu(I1) to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (1) has prompted the use of this catalytic test to confirm the displacement of amide protons instead of the additional coordination of hydroxyl ions in the Cu(II)-tripeptide and tetrapeptide systems. Last, the characteristics of the visible absorption spectra of the various complexes are tabulated, and a band in the ultraviolet region is described.
Investigation of Consumer Motivations for Conserving Energy

The purpose of this research is to compare motivations for conserving energy across levels of the following demographic variables: 1) income, 2) education, 3) age, 4) occupation, and 5) sex. Using a representative sample of Florida homeowners (n=734), it was found that motivations to conserve energy differed across levels of all demographic variables tested with the exception of sex. The results indicate that certain segmentation strategies would be appropriate in making energy conservation appeals to various demographic segments.
Theoretical analysis of resonant effect in ion-enhanced field emission on microplasma cathode surface

It has been shown that field emission is an important mechanism in emerging microplasma devices. Ions formed by electron impact ionization that are very close to the cathode may bring significant enhancement to the emission current by both resonant and non-resonant processes. In this work, we numerically solve the one-dimensional Schrodinger's equation in the presence of an ion approaching the surface, and investigate the resonant states using perturbation method. Results show that the resonant process can be a major factor in the augmentation of the overall emission current when the applied field is ∼1–3 V/nm and the ion is ∼1–3 nm away from the cathode. The reason for this is that under these conditions the resonant states are well aligned with occupied levels in the supply function of the cathode. This study suggests that we may be able to maximize/minimize the emission current to control a microplasma by manipulating one factor relative to another: the supply function of the cathode and the operating conditions of the emitter. This idea can be applied to various microplasma science and technologies.
Shock Wave Chemistry in a Metal–Organic Framework

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have potential applications as energy absorbing materials for shock wave energy mitigation due to their nanoporosity. Here we have examined km/s laser-driven flyer plate impacts on a prototypical MOF, ZIF-8. We observed particle fragmentation and morphological changes in microcrystals of ZIF-8 at lower shock pressures (≈2.5 GPa), and amorphization and structural collapse at higher pressures (≈8 GPa). High-speed emission spectroscopy revealed that 50 ns after flyer plate impacts, an emission pulse was generated by ZIF-8 resulting from chemical bonds that were broken and subsequently reformed. MOFs may prove useful in the dissipation of shock wave energy through large structural changes (free volume collapse and endothermic bond breakage).
Energy and Traffic Aware Full-Duplex Communications for 5G Systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of resource allocation in a dense small-cell network. Each small-cell base station is powered by a renewable energy source and operates in the full-duplex mode. We account for the rate-dependent energy term for data decoding into the total energy consumption at the small-cell base station. Owing to this new energy term, the transmitter and receiver operations now draw the energy from a common source. For a new energy consumption model and high interference scenario, which arises due to full-duplex communications, we formulate an energy and load aware resource management optimization problem under the energy causality and total transmit power constraints of the small-cell base station and uplink user equipments. In particular, the problem minimizes the data queue length of each network user equipment by jointly designing the beamformers, power, and sub-carrier allocation and their scheduling. Owing to the non-convexity of the problem, a global solution is inefficient; thus, we opt for the successive parametric convex approximation method to obtain a sub-optimal solution. This method solves for the convex approximate of the non-convex problem in each iteration and leads to faster convergence. For practical implementation, we further develop a distributed algorithm by using the dual decomposition framework, which relies on limited exchange of information between the involved base stations. Numerical simulations compare the network scenario which accounts for uplink channel rate-dependent energy consumption with that which ignores it. Results advocate the need for redesigning of the resource allocation scheme. In addition, numerical simulations also validate the usefulness of full-duplex communications over the half-duplex communications in terms of minimizing the sum data queue length of the users.
Are People Born to be Believers, or are Gods Born to be Believed?

Proposals that god-belief is an innate capacity of all humanity have not been confirmed by empirical studies. Scientific disciplines presently lean against god-belief’s innateness. Perhaps religion should be relieved that belief in gods is not innate. Intuitive cognitive functions supporting god-belief offer little convergence upon any god. Religious pluralism back to the Stone Age displays no consensus either. Any cognition for god-belief can only be deemed as mostly or entirely misleading. Theology has tried to forestall that skeptical judgment, by dictating what counts as authentic religiosity and who enjoys a valid idea of god. Justin Barrett exemplifies this theological interference with scientific inquiry. Contorting the anthropology and cognitive science of religion too far, his quest for a primal natural religion won’t match up with his search for intuitive conceptions of god. His quest for god-belief’s innateness devolves into theological dogmatism, deepening doubts that scientific theories of religion will validate god-belief.
Predictive simulation of non-steady-state transport of gases through rubbery polymer membranes

A multiscale, physically-based, reaction-diffusion kinetics model is developed for non-steady-state transport of simple gases through a rubbery polymer. Experimental data from the literature, new measurements of non-steady-state permeation and a molecular dynamics simulation of a gas-polymer sticking probability for a typical system are used to construct and validate the model framework. Using no adjustable parameters, the model successfully reproduces time-dependent experimental data for two distinct systems: (1) O_2 quenching of a phosphorescent dye embedded in poly(n-butyl(amino) thionylphosphazene), and (2) O_2, N_2, CH_4 and CO_2 transport through poly(dimethyl siloxane). The calculations show that in the pre-steady-state regime, permeation is only correctly described if the sorbed gas concentration in the polymer is dynamically determined by the rise in pressure. The framework is used to predict selectivity targets for two applications involving rubbery membranes: CO_2 capture from air and blocking of methane cross-over in an aged solar fuels device.