cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of Allospecific Cytotoxic T Cells by Virus Infections In Vivo

Rejection of implanted tissue grafts is due to T cell responses against allogeneic histocompatibility antigens. Graft rejection was for some time thought to be mediated by helper T cells, but more recent evidence indicates that cytotoxic T cells infiltrate grafts and probably play a major role in rejection (Ascher et al. 1981; Tyler et al. 1984). Graft rejection in transplant patients sometimes occurs following infections with viruses, most notably human cytomegalovirus (Simmons et al. 1974; May et al. 1978) (HCMV) and influenza virus (Briggs et al. 1972), and it has been suggested that these virus infections might help to stimulate immune responsiveness against the foreign tissue (Gaston and Waer 1985). Recently, several T cell lines bearing cross-reactivity between virus-modified syngeneic MHC antigens and allogeneic MHC antigens have been isolated, leading to the hypothesis that virus-specific T cells bearing cross-reactivity with alloantigens may provide the mechanism for the virus-induced graft rejection (Gaston and Waer 1985; Braciale et al. 1981; Sheil et al. 1987). This hypothesis invokes specific cross-reactive clones as mediators of graft rejection, in contrast to a more generalized less specific biological response modifier effect.
Cystoplasty in Bladder Exstrophy

Despite our institutional preference for functional reconstruction of the child with bladder exstrophy,1 the need for bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion is not infrequent. Techniques for augmentation have not changed tremendously in the past twenty years, although there are some variations and perhaps some completely new techniques on the horizon.2 The decision to augment the bladder in a patient with exstrophy may allow for urinary continence, but it will also cause significant changes in the patient’s lifestyle. These changes are due to techniques of emptying the augmented bladder, potential complications of the augmented bladder, cosmetic implications of augmentation surgery and potential long-term metabolic and neoplastic consequences of bladder augmentation. Because these operations are generally performed in young children, these considerations must weigh heavily on reconstructive decision making.
Relations Between Surface and Volume Integrals

The multiple integrals discussed in the previous chapter are not the only possible extension of the concept of integral to more than one independent variable. Other generalizations arise from the fact that regions of several dimensions may contain manifolds of fewer dimensions and that we can consider integrals over such manifolds. Thus, for two independent variables, we considered not only the integrals over two-dimensional regions but also integrals along curves, which are one-dimensional manifolds. With three independent variables, besides integrals over three-dimensional regions and integrals along curves, we encounter integrals over curved surfaces. In the present chapter we shall introduce surface integrals and discuss the mutual relations between integrals over manifolds of varying dimensions1.
Targeted Protein Capture for Analysis of Electrophile-Protein Adducts

Proteomic analyses of protein-electrophile adducts generally employ affinity capture of the adduct moiety, which enables global analyses, but is poorly suited to targeted studies of specific proteins. We describe a targeted molecular probe approach to study modifications of the molecular chaperone heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which regulates diverse client proteins. Noncovalent affinity capture with a biotinyl analog of the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin enables detection of the native protein isoforms Hsp90α and Hsp90β and their phosphorylated forms. We applied this probe to map and quantify adducts formed on Hsp90 by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in RKO cells. This approach was also applied to measure the kinetics of site-specific adduction of selected Hsp90 residues. A protein-selective affinity capture approach is broadly applicable for targeted analysis of electrophile adducts and their biological effects.
Technology intensity and agglomeration economies

Abstract This article investigates the relationship between industry technology intensity and the impacts of agglomeration economies on industrial growth. Many recent studies suggest the actual economic impacts of different forms of agglomeration economies depend on industrial characteristics such as technology intensity, but systematic empirical evidence is still lacking. To fill this gap, we analyze employment data covering all 3-digit NAICS industries of U.S. counties. The results confirm that technology-intensive industries are more likely to benefit from Jacobs spillovers as measured by related variety, while sectors with low technology intensities can better benefit from MAR spillovers as measured by regional specialization.
Boundary Work and Early Careers in Design and Media

Abstract This article examines how emerging professionals navigate uncertain conditions in creative fields. Using data from in-depth work history interviews with 55 graphic designers and digital media artists, the findings demonstrate how those doing creative work in commercial settings use boundary work as a narrative strategy that brings order to discordant work experiences. Interviewees engage in two forms of boundary work—segmentation and integration—both of which rely on shared meanings of the value and rewards of creative work. Segmentation refers to rhetorical strategies that combine the competing motivations of work—artistic and commercial—in order to explain combinations of different job types. Integration refers to efforts to merge these motivations, justifying work in a single full-time job that combines artistic and commercial logics. Interviewees in both groups draw on the concept of creativity to evaluate the risks and rewards of work and to justify commercial engagement while bolstering artistic identities. The analysis suggests new directions for sociological research on cultural production, artistic careers, and labor market uncertainty.
Child maltreatment, adaptive functioning, and polygenic risk: A structural equation mixture model

This study used a structural equation mixture model to examine associations between child maltreatment, polygenic risk, and indices of adaptive functioning. Children aged 6 to 13 years (N = 1,004), half maltreated, half nonmaltreated, were recruited to attend a research day camp. Multi-informant indicators of prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior, withdrawn behavior, and depression were collected and used in a latent class analysis. Four classes emerged, characterizing "well-adjusted," "externalizing," "internalizing," and "socially dominant" groups. Twelve genetic variants, previously reported in the Gene × Environment literature, were modeled as one weighted polygenic risk score. Large main effects between maltreatment and adaptive functioning were observed (Wald = 35.3, df = 3, p < .0001), along with evidence of a small Gene × Environment effect (Wald = 13.5, df = 3, p = .004), adjusting for sex, age, and covariate interaction effects.
Building connections and slaying basilisks: fostering support, resilience, and positive adjustment for sexual and gender minority youth in online fandom communities

ABSTRACTSexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) disproportionately experience risks including discrimination and victimization, as well as psycho-social and behavioral concerns. There remains a rel...
De-commoditizing Ethiopian coffees after the establishment of the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange: an empirical investigation of smallholder coffee producers in Ethiopia

The repercussions of reforming an agricultural market are mainly observed at the most vulnerable segment of the value chain, namely, the producers. In the current commodity market created with trad...
Redox-Driven Chelation and Kinetic Separation of Select Rare Earths Using a Tripodal Nitroxide Proligand

Separation of the rare-earth (RE) elements (Sc, Y, La-Lu) is challenging because of their similar chemical properties, but is necessary for their applications in renewable energy and electronic device technologies. The development of separation processes driven by kinetic factors represents a new area for this field. Herein, we disclose a novel method of separating select rare earths by reacting RE cyclopentadienides with the triradical species tris(2-tert-butylnitroxyl)benzylamine (1). The key proligand 1 was characterized using a variety of techniques including X-ray crystallography, magnetometry, and EPR spectroscopy. When applied to an equimolar mixture of La:Y cyclopentadienide complexes, different rates of chelation of these organometallic precursors by 1 were observed, affording a separation factor of 26 under the reported conditions.
Associations among Trauma Exposure, Callous-Unemotionality, Race or Ethnicity, and Gang Involvement in Justice-Involved Youth:

The current study examined the association between trauma exposure and gang involvement and whether these interrelations were explained by callous-unemotionality (CU). In addition, the current stud...
Opportunities for machine learning to improve surgical ward safety.

Abstract Background Delayed recognition of decompensation and failure-to-rescue on surgical wards are major sources of preventable harm. This review assimilates and critically evaluates available evidence and identifies opportunities to improve surgical ward safety. Data sources Fifty-eight articles from Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed databases were included. Conclusions Only 15–20% of patients suffering ward arrest survive. In most cases, subtle signs of instability often occur prior to critical illness and arrest, and underlying pathology is reversible. Coarse risk assessments lead to under-triage of high-risk patients to wards, where surveillance for complications depends on time-consuming manual review of health records, infrequent patient assessments, prediction models that lack accuracy and autonomy, and biased, error-prone decision-making. Streaming electronic heath record data, wearable continuous monitors, and recent advances in deep learning and reinforcement learning can promote efficient and accurate risk assessments, earlier recognition of instability, and better decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment of reversible underlying pathology.
“We Have a Black Professor?” Rejecting African Americans as Disseminators of Knowledge:

Black students at predominantly Black institutions (PBIs) often do not perceive Black faculty as disseminators of knowledge. Instead, Black students view Black faculty through a racialized lens, ig...
Community Susceptibility and Resiliency to COVID-19 Across the Rural-Urban Continuum in the United States.

PURPOSE: This study creates a COVID-19 susceptibility scale at the county level, describes its components, and then assesses the health and socioeconomic resiliency of susceptible places across the rural-urban continuum. METHODS: Factor analysis grouped 11 indicators into 7 distinct susceptibility factors for 3,079 counties in the conterminous United States. Unconditional mean differences are assessed using a multivariate general linear model. Data from 2018 are primarily taken from the US Census Bureau and CDC. RESULTS: About 33% of rural counties are highly susceptible to COVID-19, driven by older and health-compromised populations, and care facilities for the elderly. Major vulnerabilities in rural counties include fewer physicians, lack of mental health services, higher disability, and more uninsured. Poor Internet access limits telemedicine. Lack of social capital and social services may hinder local pandemic recovery. Meat processing facilities drive risk in micropolitan counties. Although metropolitan counties are less susceptible due to healthier and younger populations, about 6% are at risk due to community spread from dense populations. Metropolitan vulnerabilities include minorities at higher health and diabetes risk, language barriers, being a transportation hub that helps spread infection, and acute housing distress. CONCLUSIONS: There is an immediate need to know specific types of susceptibilities and vulnerabilities ahead of time to allow local and state health officials to plan and allocate resources accordingly. In rural areas it is essential to shelter-in-place vulnerable populations, whereas in large metropolitan areas general closure orders are needed to stop community spread. Pandemic response plans should address vulnerabilities.
Interstate-24 MOTION: Closing the Loop on Smart Mobility

We introduce the I-24 Mobility Technology Interstate Observation Network (MOTION), a transportation cyber-physical systems testbed under development in Tennessee. It consists of a six-mile freeway segment instrumented with 400 4K resolution cameras, processed by a real-time compute system to enable continuous performance monitoring of freeway traffic. The testbed is being developed to support next generation connected and autonomous vehicle technologies and advanced traffic management. When complete, the testbed will be the longest continuously observed freeway segment in the world. This article introduces the testbed, discusses the core design choices, and outlines the preliminary work conducted to support the design.
In Search of Ethnic Identity.

Sensitivity to cultural differences, interest in a client's ethnic background, and understanding its meaning to him are important tools in therapy
Persian Historiography across Empires: The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

Persian served as one of the primary languages of historical writing over the period of the early modern Islamic empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals. Historians writing under these empires read and cited each other's work, some moving from one empire to another, writing under different rival dynasties at various points in time. Emphasising the importance of looking beyond the confines of political boundaries in studying this phenomenon, Sholeh A. Quinn employs a variety of historiographical approaches to draw attention to the importance of placing these histories not only within their historical context, but also historiographical context. This comparative study of Persian historiography from the 16th-17th centuries presents in-depth case analyses alongside a wide array of primary sources written under the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals to illustrate that Persian historiography during this era was part of an extensive universe of literary-historical writing.
Examining Maternal Elaborative Reminiscing as a Protective Factor in the Intergenerational Transmission of Psychopathology.

Most research examining the impact of early parental depression on the developing child has focused on the nature of parenting practices observed in depressed adults. Maternal elaborative reminiscing, or the extent to which mothers elaboratively discuss past shared experiences with their children, has a considerable influence on children’s emotional and social development and is understudied within the context of maternal depression. The current study is the first to examine whether maternal elaborative reminiscing in middle childhood mediates the association between exposure to maternal depressive symptoms in infancy and later internalizing and externalizing problems. The study included 206 mother–child dyads recruited from the community who participated in a prospective longitudinal study. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed when offspring were 6-months old. At 5-years old, dyads were observed during a free play task to measure sensitive and harsh-intrusive parenting and during a reminiscing task to measure maternal elaboration. Teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing problems were collected at age 7. A saturated path model revealed that maternal elaborative reminiscing, but not sensitive or harsh-intrusive parenting, fully mediated the association between maternal depression in infancy and externalizing, but not internalizing, problems. Reduced maternal elaboration during parent–child reminiscing constitutes one way in which risk from early maternal depression is associated with later externalizing problems.
Nation’s Business and the Environment: the U.S. Chamber’s Changing Relationships with DDT, “Ecologists,” Regulations, and Renewable Energy

Nation’s Business was a monthly business magazine published by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, with a subscription list larger than Business Week, Forbes, or Fortune. This study explores how the magazine responded and adapted to the rise of environmentalism, and environmental regulation of business, by exploring its treatment of four topics: DDT, environmentalists, government regulation, and renewable energy. It is built on a full-text review of all issues of Nation’s Business published between 1945 and 1981. It reveals the development of a variety of anti-environmental logics and discourses, including the delegitimization of environmentalism as emotional and irrational, the undermining of scientific conclusions as uncertain, the monetization of decision-making using cost-benefit analysis, and the problematization of government overregulation. The study thus traces the origins of the anti-environmental policies of the Reagan Administration to the business community of the preceding decade.
Boundary Crossing Between Academia and Law: Understanding Researchers’ Participation in Legal Cases Pertaining to Educational Equity

Social scientists’ involvement with the legal system is critical for tackling inequities in education and informing legal developments in ways that are grounded in empirical realities that document...
User interface design for a wearable field computer

Project Battuta, a joint Digital Government Initiative project being conducted by Iowa State University and the University of California, Santa Barbara, has been working on integrating heterogeneous geospatial information resources using flexible architectures for adaptive data collection in mobile environments (Nusser et al., 1999). One of our mobile computing environment is a prototype wearable computer, under development at UCSB. Version 2 of this system is now being developed, including two new components: (1) a mobile internet connection and (2) a prototype graphical user interface. It is our goal to implement the GUI, and then conduct users tests to investigate the preferred display types, modes, and interactions necessary for effective use the system in the field. This poster presents some early results and design decisions.
The Incidence, Nature, and Implications of Price-Fixing Litigation in U.S. Food Industries

Antitrust laws generally seek to promote competition in U.S. markets. Alternatively, these laws attempt to correct the type of market failure that occurs when the market does not sustain price competition or embodies undesirable features, such as prices fixed and agreed upon by rival sellers. It is well known that the federal policy to curb price-fixing agreements was central to the enactment of the Sherman Act of 1890. Formal cartels of the 19th and early 20th centuries, with their sales quotas, exclusive sales agencies, price-fixing committees, and customer and geographic sales allocations, apparently have been eliminated from the contemporary scene. Despite the disappearance of United States based formal cartels, there has been considerable litigation in recent years over pricing behavior of individual firms. A wide array of agricultural and food industries have been involved in these actions.
Modeling Species and Ecosystem Response

Climate change biology has emerged as a field because of the likely impacts of human-driven changes in the atmosphere. The historical record of these changes is very short, and they can be difficult to distinguish from the effects of short-term natural variation. As a result, modeling of the future is a major tool for understanding climate effects on species and ecosystems. Species Distribution Models (SDM), Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVM) and EarthSystem Models explore shifts in species, vegetation types and their interactions with climate, respectively. Major findings are that species shift individualistically in response to climate change and that climate and ecosystems have important feedbacks that influence global and regional climate.
Recent Work in Seventeenth‐Century Economic Thought

During the Stuart era, theorists, merchants, government officials, and everyday Englishmen and women tried to understand the rapid shifts in their economy. Such inquiry changed perceptions of how the economy worked. This article explores recent scholarship on economic thought in the Stuart era. It begins with Joyce Appleby's seminal book which sees economic events as the prime mover behind shifts in economic theory, and then considers Andrea Finkelstein's recent assertions that scientific and medical discoveries strongly influenced economic thinkers like William Petty and Thomas Mun. The article then examines a series of works that analyze the impact of politics on economic thought, how economic thought inspired literature, the interplay of economic thought and religion, and how those who were not economic literati viewed the economy.
Impaired Processing and Presentation by MHC Class II Proteins in Human Diabetic Cells

The biochemical processing of and Ag presentation by MHC class II molecules were examined in B cell lines derived from pairs of identical twins discordant for type 1 diabetes. MHC class II defects detected exclusively in cells derived from the twins with autoimmunity included increased rates of transport to and subsequent turnover at the cell surface, inadequate glycosylation, and a reduced display at the cell surface of antigenic peptides. These defects appeared to be secondary to a decreased abundance of the p35 isoform of the invariant chain (Ii), a human-specific chaperone protein for MHC class II normally generated by use of an alternative translation start site. Stable transfection of diabetic B cell lines with an Ii p35 expression vector corrected the defects in MHC class II processing and peptide presentation. A defect in the expression of Ii p35 may thus result in impairment of Ag presentation by MHC class II molecules and thereby contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes in at-risk genotypes.
Retention of Very High Levels of Helium and Hydrogen Generated in Various Structural Alloys by 800 MeV Protons and Spallation Neutrons

A series of irradiations were conducted in the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) as part of the test program supporting the Accelerator Production of Tritium Program sponsored by US-DOE. In this irradiation campaign, a variety of candidate structural alloys were placed in various particle spectra, ranging from 800 MeV protons to mixed energy distributions of both protons and spallation neutrons and to primarily high energy neutrons. At proton energies on the order of hundreds of MeV, exceptionally high levels of gas atoms are generated in all elemental constituents of typical structural alloys, with helium typically at {approx}150 appm per dpa and hydrogen at approximately an order of magnitude greater. Since neither of these gases are considered to have a good effect on structural properties of interest, their retention after both recoil and diffusional losses is of strong interest. Helium is essentially immobile at all temperatures involved in the present work, but hydrogen has some limited temperature-dependent mobility. To assess the degree of retention, each gas was measured in a number of highly irradiated specimens of different alloy compositions and dpa levels. The results show that helium production is relatively insensitive to composition and its retention is nearly total. Themore » retained hydrogen levels, however, are somewhat sensitive to composition, reflecting different levels of diffusional loss, but are still at very large concentrations. There is some speculation that co-generation of helium and hydrogen assists in the trapping of hydrogen and results in relatively high levels of hydrogen retention even at higher irradiation temperatures. The potential implications of these findings on the anticipated performance of structural alloys, especially at higher benchmarks for determination of gas production cross sections is also examined.« less
A neuro-mimetic dynamic scheduling algorithm for control: analysis and applications

A simple neuronal network model of the baroreceptor reflex is analyzed. From a control perspective, the analysis suggests a dynamic scheduled control mechanism by which the baroreflex may perform regulation of the blood pressure. The main objectives of this work are to investigate the static and dynamic response characteristics of the single neurons and the network, to analyze the neuromimetic dynamic scheduled control function of the model, and to apply the algorithm to nonlinear process control problems. The dynamic scheduling activity of the network is exploited in two control architectures. Control structure I is drawn directly from the present model of the baroreceptor reflex. An application of this structure for level control in a conical tank is described. Control structure II employs an explicit set point to determine the feedback error. The performance of this control structure is illustrated on a nonlinear continuous stirred tank reactor with van de Vusse kinetics. The two case studies validate the dynamic scheduled control approach for nonlinear process control applications.
Septal lesions increase bar pressing for heat in animals maintained in the cold.

Abstract Unshaven albino rats in a cold chamber were allowed to bar press for heat. Septal lesions increased the number of bar presses and the relative number of reinforcements per bar press relative to operated control rat levels. These differences could not be attributed to differential surgical effects on operant levels since unshaven control and septal lesioned rats did not differ in total bar presses in the absence of reinforcement. Results were interpreted as another specific example of the septal lesioned rat's increased reactivity to stimuli of positive hedonic value.
Recent developments in deciduous orchard pest management in the United States.

A realistic appraisal of insect and mite control on apple suggests that the existing status of almost total reliance on chemicals is very precarious. During the past 10 to 15 years integrated systems of biological control of mites and chemical control of insects have been developed. The most common integrated system makes use of predacious phytoseiid mites resistant to insecticides used for the control of major pests. In the United States, there are currently 4 federally funded apple pest management projects (Washington, Pennsylvania, Michigan and New York). While there are differences among these in their scope and structure, they all aim at implementing new pest management systems on a commercial level and to train fruit pest managers. Summary The pest problems on apples in North America, which include insects, mites, fungal, virus and bacterial disease organisms, weeds and mammals, are very complex and difficult to solve. Chemical control of insects has been practised on this fruit since before 1900 with considerable success but there have been problems of acquired resistance and destruction of parasites and predators by certain insecticides and fungicides. As a result mites and a few insects have become greater problems than formerly. Currently organophosphates are being used as the basic control agents for most insects. Phytophagous and some predacious mite species are now resistant to these materials. Chemical control is needed in all commercial apple planting to prevent severe fruit damage. During the past 10 to 15 years successful integrated systems of biological control of mites and chemical control of insects have been developed in several widely scattered apple-growing areas. Fruit growers are using these more or less depending upon the severity of mite problems and the availability of effective acaricides. The most common integrated system makes use of predacious phytoseiid mites which have developed resistance to insecticides essential to controlling major insect pests of apple. All pesticides known to be harmful to these mites are avoided during critical periods. In Pennsylvania an integrated system employing the chrysomelid beetle, Stethorus punctum, is used. In this case, the predator is preserved by using reduced dosages and limited spray coverage. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in reducing the quantity of insecticide used on apple. The basis for the reduction has been the use of very effective insecticides which essentially eliminate major pests from orchards. This level can be maintained by reduced schedules, i.e., applying treatments only when pests are present as indicated by monitoring and inspections. The development of sex pheromone traps has enabled excellent progress in this direction. Currently there are 4 federally funded pest management projects in important apple-producing regions. The objectives are to implement new pest management systems on a commercial level and to train fruit pest managers.
Rapid Increase in the Insulin Sensitivity of Rat Adipocytes after Intravenous Glucose Administration

To study the mechanism underlying the enhancement of insulin action after carbohydrate challenge, rats were given an iv infusion of 100 mg glucose or saline. Adipocytes were isolated 1, 2, and 3 h after the infusions, and their ability to respond to insulin was examined. Two and 3 h postglucose, the cells showed a 50% increase in insulin sensitivity, as measured by glucose incorporation into total lipid and 2-deoxyglucose uptake. The effect was characterized by a leftward shift in the insulin dose-response curve. There was no change in maximum insulin stimulation. Insulin binding by the fat cells and by liver plasma membranes was not altered by glucose administration. These results demonstrate the presence of a physiological process that acutely enhances the insulin sensitivity of rat adipocytes after iv glucose infusion. (Endocrinology 115: 55-59, 1984)
The Michigan gender identity test (MIGIT)

Summary This paper provides in detail the rationale, administration procedure, coding, and scoring of the Michigan Gender Identity Test (MIGIT). Included are instructions and scoring sheets to be used in administering the test. It is believed the MIGIT fills the need for an age-appropriate test for the assessment of gender identity in children over 18 months of age. The experimental use of the MIGIT is encouraged, with the view of further refining it and enhancing its potential as a research and clinical instrument.
The change of pressure drop during large-scale chromatography of viscous samples

The variation of the inlet pressure during the injection and the elution of a band of a viscous compound, or pressure-drop profile, was calculated in overloaded elution chromatography, assuming a significant difference between the viscosities of the solvent and the pure solute. The viscosity of the mixture was calculated using the Grunberg-Nissan equation. By means of the numerical integration of the mass balance equation, the concentration profile along the length of the column was calculated. Then, using the instantaneous concentration profile to derive the local viscosity, hence the local pressure gradient, the pressure drop was determined by integrating the local pressure gradient along the column. The change of pressure drop calculated is significant only when the concentration of the injected sample is very high. If a dilute sample is injected, even large sample volumes will not really change the pressure drop. The maximum pressure drop observed in each case is practically independent of the absorption isotherm. The only determining factors are the solute concentration in the sample, the amount of sample injected, and the solute diffusivity.
The chronology of intermontane-basin development in the northwestern Himalaya and the evolution of the Northwest Syntaxis

Abstract The Northwest Syntaxis delineates a complex zone where the northwesterly trending Himalayan Ranges meet the northeasterly trending Hindu Kush and Indus Kohistan Ranges. The southern margin of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan collisional belt is delineated by a series of imbricate thrusts that transect the northern edge of the modern Indo-Gangetic foredeep. The Kashmir and Peshawar Basins are embedded in this still-developing thrust belt and are symmetrically oriented about the Northwest Syntaxis. Consideration of chronologic, stratigraphic, structural, and geophysical data from the syntaxial zone permits the construction of a model for intermontane-basin development and the evolution of the Northwest Syntaxis during the Late Cenozoic. The formation of the Kashmir and Peshawar Basins results from the transfer from the north of the locus of thrusting and uplift to the southern margins of the basins. During the Pliocene, the morphotectonic emergence of the ancestral Pir Panjal and Attock Ranges along the southern margins of the two basins coincides with changes in the patterns of sedimentation and deformation both within the basins and in the bounding foredeep to the south. Contrasting styles of tectonic deformation on opposite sides of the Syntaxis are interpreted as a response to differences in the strength of sediment-basement coupling across the Syntaxis.
Procedural discourse of men and women with Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study with clinical implications:

Measures of procedural discourse, verbal instructions that tell how a task is accomplished, in 60 persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (29 men, 31 women) and 50 non demented elderly persons (21 men, 29 women) were compared at entry and 18 months later The measures included seven linguistic elements (statements, abandoned utterances, mazes, number of different words used in relation to total words, length of utterances, questions, and interrupted utterances) and four procedural elements (essential steps, optional steps, off topic utterances, and repetitions of steps). Gender patterns were examined in both groups over time. Results showed that AD subjects used fewer statements and produced longer utterances; AD subjects provided fewer essential and optional steps; AD subjects showed a sharp decline over time with fewer statements, more questions, and fewer essential steps. AD men and women performed similarly. Clinicians can gain significant information about language and cognitive function of persons with...
The Effect of Preslaughter Environmental Temperature in the Presence of Electrolyte Treatment on Turkey Meat Quality

Abstract Ninety torn turkeys at 26 weeks of age, given Dawelyte electrolyte at .10% level in the drinking water 3 days prior to slaughter, were equally randomized into three preslaughter temperature environments for 4 hr: 1) control chamber at 21 C, 2) heat chamber at 38 C, and 3) cold chamber at 5 C. The birds were then processed using standard processing procedures and kept at −29 C until needed for further analyses. Carcass yield, quality attributes, chemical composition, and color of the breast muscles were evaluated. Under the conditions of this study, preslaughter administering of electrolytes did not prevent changes in muscle characteristics after exposure to preslaughter stress. Holding birds at high temperature (38 C) prior to slaughter resulted in meat with a lower pH, water holding capacity, cooking yield, and a higher shear value. Meat color from heat stressed birds was also pale compared to the control or cold preslaughter treatments. A cool preslaughter environment seems to produce meat with better carcass quality characteristics. Chemical composition was not significantly affected by the short-term preslaughter environmental temperature stress.
Wnt-frizzled signaling to G-protein-coupled effectors.

Wnt proteins signal via cell surface receptors termed Frizzleds. Frizzleds display many properties characteristic of members of the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors, including heptihelical hydropathy plots; an exofacial N-terminal region that is glycosylated; a cytoplasmic C-terminal region that includes canonical motifs for phosphorylation by protein kinase A, protein kinase C and casein kinase II; cytoplasmic domains that couple to heterotrimeric G proteins, as evidenced by a GTP-shift in receptor affinity; receptor-mediated responses sensitive to depletion of specific G protein subunits and receptor-mediated responses sensitive to bacterial toxins that target G proteins. Evidence from a variety of developmental systems demonstrates Wnt-Frizzled (Fz) signaling via pathways other than the Wnt/β-catenin pathway linked to transcription controlled by Lef/Tcf. Prominent among these additional pathways is a Wnt-Fz pathway regulating intracellular [Ca++] and cyclic GMP levels. The essential role of heterotrimeric G proteins in Wnt-Fz signaling is highlighted.
Sexual activity, seminal characteristics, and reproductive organs in sexually inexperienced castrate rabbits following testosterone implantation.

SummaryMales castrated at 2.5 mo of age were supplied immediately with testosterone-filled implants (210.5-mm2 vs 421-mm2 inside surface area). Plasma testosterone levels, libido, and sexual development tended to parallel implant size. Other males castrated for 26 days before receiving testosterone implants were delayed in development, but otherwise responded similarly to testosterone therapy. Libido and semen volume were higher in control males than in other groups despite the fact that plasma testosterone in controls averaged 1.52 ng/ml compared to 2.41 ng/ml for bucks with 2-cm implants and 1.33 ng/ml for bucks with 1-cm implants. This result indicates that testicular products, in addition to testosterone in controls, were involved in producing normal sexual development and activity.The authors are grateful to Glenn Coulter, Linda Pierro, Michael Simkin, and Jacqueline VanWie for valuable technical assistance.
Evaluation of the Severity of Organic Occlusive Disease and Comparison of the Effectiveness of Various Procedures in Relaxing Peripheral Vasospasm

Both organic occlusion and vasospasm are usually present in peripheral arterial vascular diseases. The degree of occlusion and the probable effectiveness of treatment designed to relax vasospasm can both be determined by measurement of the maximum increase in cutaneous blood flow produced by suitable vasodilator procedures. These studies included warming the torso and/or injections of tetraethylammonium chloride or benzylimidazoline, and administration of spinal anesthetic. The effects obtained with all three methods were closely comparable. Cutaneous blood flow was estimated from recordings of skin, room and body temperatures.
Business-cycle synchronization in the EMU

This article asks whether the business cycles of the EU countries have become more or less synchronized after the introduction of the euro. Our findings show that all countries in our EU sample are better synchronized with the EMU-wide economy in the post-EMU period than they were before the euro. We also show that this increase in synchronization is present in all components of aggregate demand, as well as two supply-side variables, but it is more pronounced in the trade components (imports and, particularly, exports). It is also shown that the increase in trade within the EMU area is at least partly responsible for the increase in cyclical synchronization.
The Missing Globalization Puzzle: Evidence of the Declining Importance of Distance

Globalization can be characterized as the rapid increase in international trade spurred by advances in technology that have decreased the cost of trade. As costs have declined, so too, it would seem, should the estimated distance coefficient in the gravity model of bilateral trade. But a standard empirical result is that these estimated coefficients have been broadly stable, a result that might be called the “missing globalization puzzle.” In contrast to results from the literature, we find evidence of globalization reflected in the estimated coefficients on distance in both cross-section and panel data. Our estimation procedures fully incorporate the information contained in observations where bilateral trade is zero and hence do not suffer from the potential estimation bias when observations where bilateral trade is zero are arbitrarily excluded from the sample.
External validation of the New Orleans Criteria (NOC), the Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR) and the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study II (NEXUS II) for CT scanning in pediatric patients with minor head injury in a non-trauma center.

Head CT scans are considered the imaging modality of choice to screen patients with head trauma for neurocranial injuries; however, widespread CT imaging is not recommended and much research has been conducted to establish objective clinical predictors of intracranial injury (ICI) in order to optimize the use of neuroimaging in children with minor head trauma. To evaluate whether a strict application of the New Orleans Criteria (NOC), Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR) and National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study II (NEXUS II) in pediatric patients with head trauma presenting to a non-trauma center (level II) could reduce the number of cranial CT scans performed without missing clinically significant ICI. We conducted an IRB-approved retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with head trauma who received a cranial CT scan between Jan. 1, 2001, and Sept. 1, 2008, and identified which patients would have required a scan based on the criteria of the above listed decision instruments. We then determined the sensitivities, specificities and negative predictive values of these aids. In our cohort of 2,101 patients, 92 (4.4%) had positive head CT findings. The sensitivities for the NOC, CCHR and NEXUS II were 96.7% (95%CI 93.1–100), 65.2% (95%CI 55.5–74.9) and 78.3% (95%CI 69.9–86.7), respectively, and their negative predictive values were 98.7%, 97.6% and 97.2%, respectively. In contrast, the specificities for these aids were 11.2% (95%CI 9.8–12.6), 64.2% (95%CI 62.1–66.3) and 34.2% (95%CI 32.1–36.3), respectively. Therefore, in our population it would have been possible to scan at least 10.9% fewer patients. The number of cranial CT scans conducted in our pediatric cohort with head trauma would have been reduced had any of the three clinical decision aids been applied. Therefore, we recommend that further validation and adoption of pediatric head CT decision aids in non-trauma centers be considered to ultimately increase patient safety while reducing medical expense.
The role of specimen thickness in the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance of nanocrystalline platinum films

Abstract Most empirical studies and numerical simulations of fatigue damage accumulation mechanisms for metals with nanoscale grains usually invoke grain boundary-mediated processes. However, our recent studies of ∼500 nm platinum films showed that when the grain morphology is stable in the presence of high stresses and/or elevated temperatures the slip of dislocations is of primary interest. These thin film metals exhibit low fracture toughness and inferior resistance to fatigue crack growth when compared to conventional microscale grained bulk forms of the materials. In this manuscript we explore how sample form (thickness) contributes to the fracture and fatigue crack growth behavior of platinum thin films. When the thickness of the films was doubled to ∼1 μm the tensile yield and ultimate strengths were slightly depressed (yield strength ∼1.3 GPa, ultimate tensile strength ∼1.45 GPa). However, the fracture toughness markedly improved (Kq value 25.4 MPa √m) and the fatigue crack growth resistance was very similar to bulk forms (power law exponent m ≈ 3.9). The progression and type of damage shows that sample form makes a critical and distinct contribution to the fatigue crack growth mechanisms in nanograined metals.
The interaction of transferin with isolated hepatocytes

Abstract Freshly isolated rat heptocytes display about 36 700 high-affinity sites to which deferric transferrin may bind with an apparent association constant of 1.62·10 7 1·mol −1 . Uptake of iron from diferric transferrin by hepatocytes is linear with time and is accelerated at increased differric transferrin concentrations. Apotransferrin is able to decrease net iron uptake by hepatocytes from diferric transferrin by a process not dependent on the apotransferrin concentrations used or on the rate at which the cells take up iron. Immunoprecipitation of the apotransferrin during these incubations indicates that iron is being released from the cells to apotransferrin at the same time as iron is being taken up from diferric transferrin. The simultaneous uptake and release of iron, and the insensitivity to apotransferrin concentration, suggest that the processes of iron uptake and release occur via separate mechanisms. The effect of apotransferrin on net retention of iron may be one way in which the in vivo distribution of iron between sites of storage and utilization is controlled.
Decomposition and biomass incorporation of 14c-labeled glucose and phenolics in taiga forest floor: effect of substrate quality, successional state, and season

Abstract Forest floor samples from early, intermediate and mature successional sites in the taiga of interior Alaska were exposed to 14 C-labeled glucose and two phenolic acids. Our results indicate that microbes present in the taiga forest floor metabolized phenolics. At all sites, biomass incorporation of glucose as measured by the fumigation-extraction technique was approximately twice that for the phenolics, while respiration of 14 CO 2 was significantly higher for the phenolic compounds. Major differences in 14 C allocation were seen even between phenolic compounds with similar structures. Despite large differences in litter and forest floor composition, the metabolism of our model compounds varied only slightly between successional stages. Seasonal and successional effects were considerably less than those arising from substrate quality with variation greater in the uplands (where succession is firedominated) than in the floodplains (where river erosion and deposition are the controlling factors). Any physiological variation in microbial communities through succession must therefore be in organisms which produce exoenzymes that break down primary polymers, rather than in organisms and pathways that use the monomer breakdown products.
Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by microsomes from tissues of pregnant and fetal hamsters.

Abstract Pretreatment of hamsters with benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) greatly increased the in vitro metabolism of BaP by lung microsomes from pregnant hamsters, and had less effect on the metabolism of BaP by liver microsomes. The production of various metabolites of BaP by lung microsomes was increased to different extents: 3-hydroxy-BaP (3-OH-BaP) was one of the major metabolites; the metabolic yields of 9, 10-dihydrodihydroxy-BaP (9, 10-diol) and 7,8-diol were increased more than that of the 4,5-diol. In the case of liver microsomes, only the yields of 9,10-diol and 7,8-diol were increased over the control levels. The presence of cyclohexene oxide in the incubation mixtures decreased the production of the diols. Basal-level enzyme activities in placental, fetal liver, and fetal skin microsomes in metabolizing BaP were very low. Pretreatment of pregnant hamsters with BaP induced BaP-metabolizing enzymes in fetal tissue 2–3 fold.