cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WARP: a web-based dynamic spatial hypertext

WARP is a Web-based dynamic spatial hypertext that runs in a Web browser. WARP includes the ability to transclude other spatial hypertexts as collections. WARP also enables annotation and other content manipulation to be preserved in personal reading sessions. WARP uses a variety of presentation adaptations to contextualize the spatial hypertext's display. In particular WARP uses a variable number of models to guide adaptation in response to multiple relevant factors. Behaviors in WARP help preserve perceptual structures that may be lost due to adaptation and user interaction.
Real-time traffic estimation using data expansion

This paper presents a method for estimating missing real-time traffic volumes on a road network using both historical and real-time traffic data. The method was developed to address urban transportation networks where a non-negligible subset of the network links do not have real-time link volumes, and where that data is needed to populate other real-time traffic analytics. Computation is split between an offline calibration and a real-time estimation phase. The offline phase determines link-to-link splitting probabilities for traffic flow propagation that are subsequently used in real-time estimation. The real-time procedure uses current traffic data and is efficient enough to scale to full city-wide deployments. Simulation results on a medium-sized test network demonstrate the accuracy of the method and its robustness to missing data and variability in the data that is available. For traffic demands with a coefficient of variation as high as 40%, and a real-time feed in which as much as 60% of links lack data, we find the percentage root mean square error of link volume estimates ranges from 3.9% to 18.6%. We observe that the use of real-time data can reduce this error by as much as 20%.
Internet resources for end-of-life care.

Numerous publications highlight the need for critically evaluating medical information on the Internet. This review identifies Internet resources specifically dedicated to end-of-life care. An annotated review of key webbased resources is presented. The Internet has the potential to catalyze the doctor-patient relationship toward true “partnership.” Physicians and patients will benefit from using a focused research strategy.
Assessing Changes in Employees' Perceptions of Leadership Behavior, Job Design, and Organizational Arrangements and Their Job Satisfaction and Commitment

Abstract This exploratory study sought to contribute to a better understanding of organizational change in human service organizations. Employees' perceptions constituted the central features of a model underlying the study, as they were believed to be related to individual level change outcomes. It was hypothesized that employees' perceptions of organizational arrangements, job characteristics, and leadership behavior would be related to their job satisfaction and commitment. Data were collected from 41 employees representing all organizational levels of a human service organization under the study. Results showed that employees' perceptions of leadership behavior were important predictors of job satisfaction and commitment. Additional post-hoc analysis demonstrated that participation and production orientation components of leadership behavior were significant predictors of job satisfaction, explaining 64.3% of its variance. For the commitment variable, the combination of leadership behaviors-participat...
Mean flow generation in the Earth's outer core via weakly nonlinear hydromagnetic waves

Abstract The Earth's outer core is modelled as thin layer of incompressible, inviscid, perfectly conducting fluid of constant density on a rotating plane in the presence of a variable ambient magnetic field. The fluid is bounded above by a spatially varying rigid lid. The interaction of the weak nonlinearities of the governing equations with the geometry of the model and its ambient magnetic field lead to positive feedback mechanisms for the generation of westward drift via the basic waves and the associated mean flows. The relevance of these results to the real core is discussed.
The Role of Work Passion on Personal and Organizational Outcomes

Although employee passion has both scholarly and practical merit, there is very little theory and research in this area of scientific inquiry. In an effort to address this lack of scholarship, a tw...
The surface diffusion of silver under high resolution imaging conditions

Abstract Under the conditions of intense electron irradiation required for the recording of high resolution images, thin films of silver and small particles of silver grown epitaxially on MgO smoke particles show considerable mobility. The evidence suggests rapid variations in the shapes of the particles and in the contact angles made with the MgO surface and transport of material across the surfaces of the MgO crystals and silver films. From measurements of lattice fringe spacings and from microdiffraction patterns obtained in a STEM instrument it is shown that the electron irradiation leads to the formation of silver oxide, Ag 2 O, which is mobile under the electron beam. Indications from microdiffraction patterns suggest the presence of a disordered intermediate material in very thin layers on MgO surfaces.
The Juvenile Court and Dependency Cases

Most child abuse and neglect reports do not reach the juvenile court. However, those that do constitute a significant and demanding portion of the court's workload. These cases are often the most serious and require intense efforts at preserving the family and a temporary or permanent change in custody for the child. The children involved are increasingly very young and have histories of repeated contact with the child welfare system. The limited available data about the effectiveness of the court and child welfare system's response to these cases are reviewed in this article and show that improvement is needed in protecting children and ensuring safe and stable placements for them.
Semiprime ideals in rings with finite group actions

LetR be a ring, G a finite group of automorphisms acting on R, and RG the-fixed subring of R. We prove that if R is semiprime with no additive ¦ G¦-torsion, then R is left Goldie if and only if RG is left Goldie. By coupling this with an examination of the prime ideal structures of RG and R, we are able to prove that if ¦G ¦ is invertible in R and RG is left Noetherian, then R satisfies the-ascending chain condition on semiprime ideals, every semiprime factor ring of R is left Goldie, and nil subrings of R are nilpotent. For the pair RG and R, we also consider various other properties of prime and maximal ideals such as lying over, going up, going down, and incomparability.
A practical synthesis of pyoluteorin

A convenient, large-scale synthesis of the antibiotic pyoluteorin, 2,3-dichloro-5-(2′,6′-dihydroxybenzoyl)-pyrrole (1), is described. A key step in the synthesis involved a Friedel-Crafts aroylation of pyrrole with 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride (3) in methylene chloride. The desired intermediate, 2-(2′,6′-dimethoxybenzoyl)pyrrole (4), was obtained as the major product, along with a product of beta substitution (6). Compound 4 was converted to pyoluteroin (1) in four steps in an overall yield of 51%.
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of several dinuclear ruthenium cymene complexes based on the tetradentate ligand, 2,2′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)bis(6-methylpyridine) (Me2DppzH)

Abstract The complexes [Ru2(6,6′-Me2dppz)(η6-p-cymene)2Cl2]+ (1), [Ru2(6,6′-Me2dppz)(η6-p-cymene)2(NO3)2]+ (2), [Ru2(6,6′-Me2dppz)(η6-p-cymene)2(OH2)2]3+ (3), [Ru2(6,6′-Me2dppz)(η6-p-cymene)2(NO2)2]+ (4), [Ru2(6,6′-Me2dppz)(η6-p-cymene)2(CH3CN)2]3+ (5) and [Ru2(NO2-6,6′-Me2dppz)(η6-p-cymene)2Cl2]+ (6), where 6,6′-Me2dppzH is 2,2′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)bis(6-methylpyridine) and NO2-6,6′-Me2dppzH is 2,2′-(1H-4-nitropyrazole-3,5-diyl)bis(6-methylpyridine), were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and elemental analysis. Compounds 2 and 4 were additionally characterized by IR spectroscopy. Reaction of compound 1 with an aqueous silver ion produces the corresponding aquo complex 3. Complex 3 can be isolated or further reacted with NaNO2 to form the N-bound nitrite complex 4. Complex 1 can also be reacted with an acetonitrile solution of HPF6 to produce the acetonitrile species (5). Reaction of compound 1 with an excess of NOBF4 produces the corresponding chloro complex with nitration at the pyrazole carbon atom. Attempts to isomerize the geometry of complex 1 from the ‘anti-facial’ geometry to the ‘syn’ geometry were unsuccessful using either chemical or photochemical means. All efforts to convert the bound nitro group to the nitrosyl were futile, resulting in either ligand substitution or alteration of the ligand backbone.
Blockade of the leptin-sensitive pathway markedly reduces alcohol consumption in mice.

Background: The neuropeptide leptin links adipose stores with hypothalamic centers and serves as an endocrine signal involved in the regulation of appetite (and possibly in the endorphinergic modulation of the drug reward system). Increased plasma leptin has been observed at the onset of alcohol withdrawal in humans, and ethanol consumption after withdrawal was increased by injection of leptin in mice. We addressed the role of leptin in alcohol-related behaviors by studying ethanol consumption in two strains of spontaneously mutant mice that lack leptin (ob/ob) or the leptin receptor (db/db). Methods: Two strains of mutant leptin-deficient (ob/ob) or leptin-resistant (db/db) mice were tested in a two-bottle-choice paradigm and were compared with wild-type (C57BL/6 inbred strain) mice. The effects of leptin injection on voluntary ethanol intake have been investigated in ob/ob and C57BL/6 mice. Results: Males and females of both mutant strains showed a significantly lower preference for alcohol in a two-bottle-choice paradigm compared with wild-type mice. Male ob/ob mice demonstrated slightly higher avoidance of bitter taste, and females of the both mutant strains showed a reduced preference for saccharin solutions. Administration of leptin (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, daily for 8 days) altered body weight but failed to increase the preference for ethanol in ob/ob mice; i.e., we could not correct the effects of leptin deficiency on alcohol consumption by the injection of leptin. Also, there were no differences between the effects of leptin (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, daily for 8 days) and saline injections on alcohol consumption in C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: These data show that blockade of the leptin pathway markedly decreases the preference for alcohol intake, but this decrease may be the result of compensatory or developmental changes in other systems rather than a more direct effect of leptin on alcohol consumption.
A caveat on the use of a revised bootstrap algorithm

A recently suggested revision of Efron's bootstrap algorithm for small bivariate samples discards bootstrap samples having fewer than 3 distinct points in order to prevent degeneracies in Pearson'sr. Examples are given showing that this approach may severely underestimate the variance of sample moments when sample sizes are very small.
Streptococcal Infections in Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Streptococcus intermedius caused a liver abscess in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). In contrast to typical staphylococcal abscesses in CGD, this abscess was liquid, easily drained, and resolved without surgery or steroids. This case and literature review provide insight into this organism’s pathogenesis, including in CGD.
Stimulation of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1β, and RANTES by Candida albicans and Cvyptococcus neofovmans in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Persons with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

The beta-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES are critical for recruitment of inflammatory cells into infected tissue. Moreover, by binding to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coreceptor CCR5, release of these chemokines could influence the course of HIV infection. beta-chemokine gene expression and release was determined by ELISA and RNase protection assay, respectively, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-negative and -positive persons stimulated with Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, 2 fungi common in HIV-infected persons. Gene expression and/or release of all 3 chemokines was seen in response to both fungi although C. albicans was more potent than C. neoformans. Fungal stimulated chemokine production by HIV-positive PBMC was similar to that in HIV-negative PBMC, suggesting that the scant inflammatory response often seen in AIDS patients with cryptococcosis and candidiasis is not secondary to suboptimal beta-chemokine release.
Therapy with Erwinia L-asparaginase in children with acute leukemia after anaphylaxis to E. coli L-asparaginase.

Five pediatric leukemia patients being treated with 1-asparaginase derived from E. coli developed anaphylactic reactions to this enzyme which necessitated discontinuance of the drug. However, further therapy with Erwinia 1-asparaginase was well tolerated without untoward reactions or toxicities. Three patients achieved complete bone marrow remission (M1) on the 14th day of therapy, one patient achieved partial bone marrow remission (M2), and one had progressive disease. The availability of another active 1-asparaginase from a different microbiological source without immunologic cross reaction to E. coli-derived 1-asparaginase may help to alleviate the problem of anaphylactic reactions to E. coli 1-asparaginase.
Serum Growth Hormone and Prolactin During and After the Development of the Obese-Hyperglycemic Syndrome in Mice

Mice with the recessively inherited obese-hyperglycemic syndrome (ob/ob) and their nonobese litter mates were studied over a 26-week period. The body weights and serum glucose levels of ob/ob mice began to rise markedly at 5-6 weeks of age and remained elevated throughout the period of study. Obese mice were significantly heavier (P less than .001) and had higher serum glucose levels (P less than .001) than lean mice, but obese mice had variably lower serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels (P less than .001) than lean litter mate controls after 4-5 weeks of life. A 24 h rhythm study performed on 15-week-old mice revealed a relatively unaltered but attenuated pattern of GH and PRL secretion in ob/ob mice. During and after the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, the low levels of these two hormones probably indicates an altered hypothalamic regulation of pituitary function.
Baby Boomers and Home Equity Borrowing

Using data from the 2001 American Housing Survey, this study examines how Baby Boomers utilize home equity loans and identifies the correlates of home equity usage among Baby Boomer homeowners. This study found that higher incomes, investment incomes, greater numbers of mortgages, higher amount of mortgages borrowed, more expensive homes, and longer years lived in the unit were positively associated with home equity borrowing. Moreover, Baby Boomers that were more highly educated, Caucasian, and resided in the Midwest or West were more likely to borrow against their homes than other individuals. Implications for borrowing against the value of their home among the Baby Boomer population are presented.
Disruption of transforming growth factor β-Smad signaling pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as evidenced by mutations of SMAD2 and SMAD4

The role of the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway in the carcinogenesis of head and neck cancer has not been fully evaluated genetically. In this study, we screened for mutation in the five main members of the TGF-beta -Smad signaling pathway, TGF-beta type I receptor (TGFBRI), TGF-beta type II receptor (TGFBRII), SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD4, in eight human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. Two mutations with presumed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were identified. A novel missense mutation of SMAD2, located in exon 8 at codon 276 TCG (ser) -->TTG (leu), was identified in cell line SCC-15. This is the first report of a biallelic mutation of the SMAD2 gene in HNSCC. A nonsense mutation of the SMAD4 gene in exon 5 codon 245 CAG (glut) -->TAG (stop) was found in cell line CAL27. Western blotting verified that this nonsense mutation gives rise to the complete loss of the Smad4 protein in the cells. While the down-regulation and loss of expressions of the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway have been described frequently in HNSCC, here we offer further genetic evidence that the pathway is directly targeted for mutation during the HNSCC tumorigenesis.
Melanogenesis in amphibians: II. Electron microscope studies of the normal and PTU-treated pigmented epithelium of developing Notophthalmus viridescens eyes

Electron microscopy of 11-day-old Notophthalmus viridescens retinal pigmented epithelium reveals particulate premelanosomes which are identical to the melanosomes found in the oocyte. These organelles, when found in the pigmented epithelium, are called premelanosomes because they undergo further maturation to form relatively homogeneous, spherical melanosomes. At this stage, oocyte melanosomes found in cells other than melanocytes have not undergone this subsequent maturation. Elongated melanosomes which develop from fibrillar premelanosomes are also found in the pigmented epithelial cells. Treatment with phenylthiourea blocks the maturation of both the fibrillar and particulate premelanosomes.
Low power 3-axis Lorentz force navigation magnetometer

Demonstrated here is a MEMS magnetometer fabricated with the ST Microelectronics THELMA process that uses a single MEMS structure to detect magnetic flux in two axes. The device is comprised of a single Lorentz force actuator where the resulting shuttle motion is detected in two axes using differential in-plane capacitive sensing electrodes and a single-ended out-of-plane electrode. Three axis magnetic flux sensing is achieved using two perpendicular structures on the same die. The device is intended for electronic compass navigation applications and using a total of 300 µW of drive power has a 3-axis angular resolution of 0.8 degrees/rt-Hz in California, USA.
CRCView: a web server for analyzing and visualizing microarray gene expression data using model-based clustering.

Summary: CRCView is a user-friendly point-and-click web server for analyzing and visualizing microarray gene expression data using a Dirichlet process mixture model-based clustering algorithm. CRCView is designed to clustering genes based on their expression profiles. It allows flexible input data format, rich graphical illustration as well as integrated GO term based annotation/interpretation of clustering results.
Teaching Operant Conditioning at the Zoo.

Psychology instructors often visit zoos with their classes to teach about observational data collection methods and animal behavior. Unfortunately, they do not generally introduce the positive rein...
Urinary 17-Ketosteroid Assays in Clinical Medicine1

The present communication surveys the practical usefulness of 17-ketosteroid assays in clinical medicine. In adhering strictly to this subject, many of the interesting and fundamentally important observations on the chemistry and physiology of the urinary 17-ketosteroids are not discussed. However, references to papers which give this type of information are given whenever possible. Because the usefulness of any laboratory determination depends upon its accuracy and availability a word concerning each of these aspects of assay is pertinent to our subject. Reliable evidence indicates that there are interfering chromogens in urine which, when present in large quantities, may give rise to errors in the commonly used colorimetric assay (Zimmerman reaction). Unless steps are taken to eliminate these errors, they lead to an overestimation of the 17-ketosteroid content. Fortunately, simple procedures for detecting the presence of and for eliminating most of the errors due to these interfering substances have pro...
Routine Ultrasound Studies of the Vascular Access in a Dialysis Center: A Review

The establishment and maintenance of vascular access in end-stage renal disease provides a greater challenge. Adequate dialytic therapy requires reliable, long-term access to the blood circulation. Vascular access remains the Achilles' heel of chronic hemodialysis; complications are costly for the patient and society. Vascular access failure is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for patients with chronic renal disease. The general goal was to prevent thrombectomies, thus preventing hospitalizations and reducing cost, and most importantly, saving the patient's access and increasing the survival rate of the graft or fistula. A protocol to evaluate the vascular accesses at the dialysis centers where our patients are dialyzing was implemented. The patients are evaluated before their dialysis treatments, every 2 months if they have a graft and every other visit (4 months) if they have a fistula. New patients will be evaluated every visit by the vascular technician. The protocol (US Vascular Access Protocol) also has attention parameters and depth considerations. The attention parameters refers to blood flows and reductions in size. For example, for a fistula, a normal flow will be 400 mL/min or above, an alert value will be 390 mL/min or below, and a reduction in size of 1.9 mm or below will also be an alert value for the fistula (Table I). Depth considerations relate to how deep the access is, for example 2–3 mm is ideal to cannulate, 8 mm and above make cannulation impossible (Table II). Patients with vascular problems are then referred to the vascular surgeon or, as mostly, are referred to interventional radiology. We have found that these Doppler reports are very accurate, and after almost a year, doing these tests at the dialysis center, many accesses have been saved, and dialysis quality has improved in those patients by resolving issues causing re-circulation, stenosis, etc. In conclusion, we need to continue evaluating this program, but the preliminary reports show that by using the Doppler studies prophylactically, dialysis accesses can be saved or their use prolonged, thereby saving costs and reducing the need for future sites for the patient. And, in some cases, improving dialysis adequacy. Table 1. Attention parameters Normal values Alert values Fistula Access volume flow (mL/min) ≥400 0–390 Reductions (mm) ≥2.0 0–1.9 Graft Access volume flow (mL/min) ≥600 0–590 Reductions (%) 0–49 50–100 Table 2. Depth considerations 2–3 mm Ideal and easy to cannulate 4–5 mm Is acceptable 6–7 mm Increases difficulty of cannulation and increases vessel wall damage ≥8 mm Makes cannulation difficult-to-impossible, causes significant wall damage and infiltrations, requires longer cannula
Evaluation of the potential of the GER airborne imaging spectrometer for marine application

The GER Imaging Spectrometer data is evaluated for remote measurement of optical properties of turbid (case 2) waters of coastal New Jersey. The spectral characterization of these waters is mainly produced by the organic, inorganic and dissolved organic matter. Measuring the spatial distributions of these components will provide an important tool to safeguard the water quality and ecosystem health of the estuarine/nearshore environment. Spectral absorption and scattering estimated through analysis of the airborne hyperspectral data will be used for water quality model development. Such developmental use will aid the forthcoming transition to the next generation of spaceborne systems (i.e. MODIS) for oceanic and global measurements of primary productivity. This is considered to be a major pathway of carbon cycling in the ocean and thus essential to global change studies. >
Second messenger mechanisms governing opiate peptide transmitter regulation in the rat adrenal medulla.

Abstract Decreasing transsynaptic activity through surgical adrenal denervation or by medullary explantation, increases Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity (Leu-Enk) and preproenkephalin mRNA (prepro-EK). Membrane depolarization prevents this rise. To determine whether depolarizing effects are mediated by intracellular movement of calcium ions, explanted medullae were depolarized in the presence of EGTA or the calcium ion ‘channel’ blockers D600 or verapamil. Inhibition of Ca 2+ influx prevented the effects of KCl-induced depolarization on the rise in Leu-Enk and on prepro-EK. Increasing intracellular Ca 2+ with the ionophore A23187, in the absence of depolarizing agents, reproduced the effects of depolarization. By contrast, medullae grown in the presence of A23187, but in Ca 2+ -free medium, showed similar increases in prepro-EK mRNA and Leu-Enk, indicating an absolute requirement for Ca 2+ . In addition, KCl-inhibitory effects could be partially blocked by the calmodulin and protein kinase-C antagonist, trifluoperazine. However, KCl effects were not antagonized by the preferential calmodulin inhibitors W7, W13 or calmidizolium even at doses 10-fold higher than required to prevent calmodulin-dependent effects. Thus, these data suggest that inhibitory effects of transsynaptic activity and membrane depolarization on adrenal enkephalin occurs through Ca 2+ and perhaps through a protein kinase-C dependent pathway, mechanisms known to augment catecholamine biosynthesis. It appears then that the same or similar molecular mechanisms can result in differential regulation of these co-localized transmitter systems.
Exogenous Shocks, Foreign Aid, and Civil War

The recent civil war literature suggests that negative economic shocks in low-income countries increase the risk of civil war. Foreign aid can be an effective conflict-prevention tool in times of severe economic conditions. Aid cushions government spending from the downward pressures of economic shocks, providing recipient governments with resources they can use to make rebellion a less attractive option for aggrieved domestic groups. Using Official Development Assistance (ODA) data covering 1990 through 2004, we find that foreign aid appears to be a useful tool for preventing civil wars in the wake of negative economic shocks, and as such aid should be assessed by donors with these conflict-suppressing aspects in mind.
Modulation of Expression of Delayed Hypersensitivity by Mycobacterial Antigen 85 Fibronectin-binding Proteins

Although demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) is an important element in the diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, many patients with tuberculosis are anergic. Several possible mechanisms for this specific lack of response have been described. We have now uncovered an additional one. T-cell fibronectin (FN), a lymphokine secreted by activated T cells, is closely associated with the initiation of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Mycobacterial antigen 85 (Ag85) proteins have been shown to bind to plasma FN. The ability of Ag85 to bind to T-cell FN and modulate expression of delayed hypersensitivity was therefore studied. Purified Ag85 proteins from M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, or Mycobacterium kansasii bound to T-cell FN, fibroblast FN, and plasma FN in vitro. Purified 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp65) from M. bovis BCG did not bind to any FN. Ag85, but not hsp65, inhibited the ability of T-cell FN to agglutinate monocytes in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, mixtures of PPD or dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin and purified M. tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG Ag85 proteins elicited significantly smaller delayed hypersensitivity inflammatory reactions in sensitized guinea pigs than did PPD or dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin alone. Purified hsp65 did not inhibit expression of delayed hypersensitivity to PPD or dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin. We suggest that Ag85 proteins could inhibit in vivo expression of delayed hypersensitivity during mycobacterial infections because of their interaction with T-cell FN.
Practical considerations in permanent brachytherapy for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Prostate brachytherapy has become an accepted modality for treating localized prostate cancer. There have been significant advances in the ultrasound-guided transperineal technique since it was first described by Holm [1] and introduced in the United States by Ragde [2]. Most urologists who practice prostate brachytherapy may not be aware of these changes and the implications they may have for their patients. In contrast, urologic surgeons are more likely to be acquainted with many of the improvements in radical prostatectomy technique, such as the nerve-sparing anatomical approach, bladder tube preservation, and the laparoscopic method, and the positive results these improvements have had on potency, continence, and quality of life. Progress in prostate brachytherapy includes changes in imaging technology and hardware, improvements in software capabilities, refinement in treatment indications, and identification of treatment variables affecting disease-related and quality-of-life outcomes.
Modulation of neuronal firing mode in cat and guinea pig LGNd by histamine: possible cellular mechanisms of histaminergic control of arousal

The thalamus is innervated by histaminergic fibers presumably arising from neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. The possible function of this histaminergic projection was addressed through investigation of the cellular actions of histamine on guinea pig and cat dorsal lateral geniculate (LGNd) relay neurons maintained as a slice in vitro. Local application of histamine to LGNd relay neurons resulted in a slow depolarization that was associated with a decrease in membrane conductance and was blocked by the H1-antagonists pyrilamine, triprolidine, or diphenhydramine. Current versus voltage relationships revealed that the slow depolarization was associated with an inward current that reversed near EK, indicating that it was due to a decrease in a potassium current. The slow depolarizing response to histamine was occluded by maximal activation of the slow depolarizing responses resulting from stimulation of alpha 1-adrenergic or muscarinic receptors, suggesting that they are all mediated by reduction in the same potassium current and/or alteration of a common second messenger. In the presence of H1-receptor antagonists, application of histamine resulted in a small depolarization that was associated with a marked increase in apparent membrane conductance. Voltage-clamp recordings revealed that this response was associated with enhancement of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current Ih. This response to histamine was blocked by local or bath application of the H2-antagonists cimetidine or tiotidine. The functional consequences of these actions of histamine were addressed with extracellular and intracellular recordings in guinea pig and cat LGNd relay neurons. Extracellular recordings in cat LGNd revealed the occurrence of highly regular 1-4 Hz rhythmic burst discharges. Application of histamine halted rhythmic bursting and replaced it with a prolonged period of single-spike activity. Intracellular recordings indicate that the histamine-induced switch in firing mode is due largely to the slow depolarizing response mediated by H1-receptors, but is also facilitated by the enhancement of Ih mediated by H2-receptors. These postsynaptic actions indicate that increased activity in the tuberomammillary histaminergic system may result in a switch of thalamic neuronal activity from rhythmic burst firing to single-spike activity and thereby promote the accurate transmission and processing of sensory information and cognition.
Long Memory and Structural Change

The huge theoretical and empirical econometric literatures on long memory and on structural change have evolved largely independently, as the phenomena appear distinct. We argue, in contrast, that they are intimately related. In particular, we show analytically that stochastic regime switching is easily confused with long memory, so long as only a "small" amount of regime switching occurs (in a sense that we make precise). A Monte Carlo analysis supports the relevance of the asymptotic theory in finite samples and produces additional insights.
Using Online Social Networks, Podcasting, and a Blog to Enhance Access to Stony Brook University Health Sciences Library Resources and Services

Recent studies show that few online users begin their information searching on library Web sites and that an overwhelming percentage of users access social networks such as Facebook and MySpace. This article describes methods used by Stony Brook University Health Sciences Library (SBUHSL) staff to build user communities and share library resources in online destinations widely visited by college students. Approaches include tagging and sharing selected links on del.icio.us, developing a WordPress blog to share online tutorials and podcasts, and establishing a Facebook presence.
Labouring in the Fields of the Past: Geographic Variation in New Deal Archaeology Across the Lower 48 United States

New Deal archaeology survey and excavation projects across the lower 48 states exhibit considerable geographic variation in their nature and extent. Part of this variation can be linked to strong regional personalities, while other variation depended on local political acceptance of or resistance to New Deal programs. The nature of the archaeological record itself influenced the amount of New Deal archaeology within a region. These factors are considered in the discussion of when and where work relief archaeological projects were conducted in the United States during the Great Depression.
Cephalexin compared to ampicillin treatment of otitis media.

Cephalexin was compared to ampicillin for the treatment of otitis media in a randomized study. Bacteriologic diagnosis was sought by needle tympanocentesis in 179 children. No overall statistically significant differences were noted between the two groups; however, 20 patients who received cephalexin had a poor response to therapy whereas only five recipients of ampicillin responded poorly. A significant difference (P less than .05) between the two regimens was noted when Hemophilus influenzae was recovered. Fifty per cent of the children with H. influenzae otitis media who were treated with cephalexin responded poorly; no patients receiving ampicillin had a poor response. Our data suggest that the use of cephalexin monohydrate is not warranted for treatment of otitis media due to H. influenzae even when the isolate proves sensitive to this drug in vitro. In selected patients with otitis media caused by Staphylococcus aureus which is resistant to penicillin, cephalexin may provide effective treatment.
Catalysis on Single Supported Atoms

Abstract The highly successful application of supported metals as heterogeneous catalysts in automotive catalysts, fuel cells, and a multitudes of other industrial processes has led to extensive efforts to understand catalyst behavior at the nanoscale. Recent discovery of simple wet methods to prepare single supported atoms, the smallest nano-catalyst, has allowed for experimental validation of catalytic activity of a variety of single atom catalysts and potential for large-scale production of such catalysts for industrial processes. This chapter summarizes the synthetic and structural aspects of single supported atoms. Proposed mechanisms are also presented for the activity of single supported catalysts where conventional mechanisms cannot operate due to lack of M–M bonds in the catalysts.
Dislocated imperatives in the Indo-European prayer

AbstractThis study examines correlations between word order in the clause (syntactic order) and discourse arrangement (order between discourse constituents). It is part of a larger effort to understand topic continuity and clause cohesive devices as they affect syntax in the conservative genre, prayer. Using the older IE prayer as a cohesive structural unit for studying word order variation, this study finds that there is a relationship between word order in the clause and patterns of discourse arrangement. The relationship emerges, however, not in the order between clause types (medial and final or initial and medial) in storyline chaining, but in the order between the discourse functions of the prayer, the Basis and the (imperative) Request. This confirms Longacre's findings that discourse order types correlate with word order type.
Growth of anthers in Lilium longiflorum : A kinematic analysis.

The post-initiation growth of 64 anthers (1.1–17.4 mm long) in Lilium longiflorum Thumb. was examined by time-lapse marking experiments in combination with serial sections and the scanning electron microscope. Each anther was characterized by spatial and temporal variation in growth rate. Larger anthers had two, and occasionally three, series of peaks and troughs in local growth rate. Regions of negative growth rate were frequently encountered. When observed over several days, the growth maxima and minima were found to move basipetally as a waveform down the length of the anther. The wavelength was longer in taller anthers; amplitude and frequency were variable, and anthers of the same size were not always synchronous. Distribution patterns of cell division (and elongation, once division has ceased) recapitulate the growth data. Anther growth is a non-steady system, therefore, with growth centers constantly shifting. Implications for future studies in organ growth patterns are discussed.
Factors Influencing Coastal Processes and Engineering Design along the Texas Coast

The Texas coast, a 1,100-mi long system of bays and lagoons, barrier islands, deltas, and coastal plains, fronted by a broad continental shelf, is a complex low energy environment that is occasionally punctuated by severe storms and hurricanes. Site selection, investigation, and project design along this coast require an understanding of the geomorphic processes active in the site region. The shallow continental shelf is a reflection of Pleistocene-Holocene processes. The coastal zone reflects the influence of climatic conditions and sedimentary sources. Sediment transport in the wet climatic areas, such as east Texas, is less than in dry coastal areas, such as south Texas, because the heavy vegetative cover acts to hold the coastal sediments. Surface erosion in wet areas is dominated by rainfall events, while in dry areas it is dominated by wind events. Most Texas rivers end in shallow bays, thereby limiting the amount of sediment delivered directly to the coast. Significant human actions are also important; these include: trapping sand, either in dams and river channels or behind coastal protection structures; adding sand from dredge disposal for renourishment projects; increasing subsidence due to the withdrawal of subsurface fluids; or altering the geo-morphology by dredging. The active coastal processes are either long-term, gradual processes or short-term, intense events.
Epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease in Sujiatun District of Shenyang city 2009-2010

[Objective]To grasp the epidemic trend of hand foot and mouth disease,provide the accurate basis for developing the prevention and control measures. [Methods]The epidemic data of hand foot and mouth disease in Sujiatun District of Shenyang City were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. [Results]During 2009-2010,the average annual reported incidence of hand foot and mouth disease was 113.15/lakh,and there was significant difference in annual reported incidence among different years(P0.01).The incidence in males and females was 135.38/lakh and 90.25/lakh respectively,the difference was significant(P0.01),and the male-to-female ratio was 1.54∶1.83.37% of cases occurred from June to September.The scattered children and kindergarten children respectively accounted for 48.05% and 46.21% of total reported cases.90.76% of cases were children aged 0-5 years old,and 2-4 years old group accounted for 66.25% of total reported cases. [Conclusion]There is a typical summer-autumn peak in incidence of hand foot and mouth disease in Sujiatun district of Shenyang city,the occupational peak is obvious,and infants have high incidence.It is important to implement the infectious disease prevention and control measures in nurseries and kindergartens,carry out the health publicity and education,take the dynamic monitoring of the epidemic situation,detect the high momentum and conduct early warning in time,carry out the emergency treatment,so as to effectively control the epidemic spread.
The Health Education of Emergency Public Health Events:from the Disposal of an Event of Human Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

[Objective]To discuss how to carry out the health education of emergency public health events.[Methods]The emergency health education for first confirmed familial clustering event of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus(H5N1) in Nanjing at the end of 2007 was reviewed to summarize the experience and lessons.[Results]Since two cases of human avian influenza had been confirmed in Nanjing,the health education were carried out and implemented at the first time.The society order was stable and the disease did not spread further.[Conclusion]The urgent matters of health education for the emergency public health events are the establishment and improvement of the emergency system of health education,and the measures of three stages which included the periods before,during and after the occurrence of the event should be done well.
Lifestyle changes and the risk of developing endometrial and ovarian cancers: opportunities for prevention and management

Modifiable lifestyle factors, such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and smoking, contribute greatly to cancer and chronic disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review appraises recent evidence on modifiable lifestyle factors in the prevention of endometrial cancer (EC) and ovarian cancer (OC) as well as new evidence for lifestyle management of EC and OC survivors. For EC, obesity continues to be the strongest risk factor, while new evidence suggests that physical activity, oral contraceptive pills, and bariatric surgery may be protective against EC. Other medications, such as metformin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may be protective, and interventional research is ongoing. For OC, we find increasing evidence to support the hypothesis that obesity and hormone replacement therapy increase the risk of developing OC. Oral contraceptive pills are protective against OC but are underutilized. Dietary factors such as the Mediterranean diet and alcohol consumption do not seem to affect the risk of either OC or EC. For EC and OC survivors, physical activity and weight loss are associated with improved quality of life. Small interventional trials show promise in increasing physical activity and weight maintenance for EC and OC survivors, although the impact on long-term health, including cancer recurrence and overall mortality, is unknown. Women's health providers should integrate counseling about these modifiable lifestyle factors into both the discussion of prevention for all women and the management of survivors of gynecologic cancers.
Creating Remote Access and Site-to-Site VPNs with ISA Firewalls

This chapter discusses the ISA 2006 firewall's virtual private networking (VPN) remote access server and VPN gateway features. It is observed that when a VPN remote-access client establishes a connection with the VPN server, the VPN client acts like a machine that is directly connected to the corporate network. This virtual link to the corporate network enables the remote VPN user to access almost every resource on the corporate network limited only by the access controls configured on the servers and workstations. User mapping is a feature that allows you to map virtual private network (VPN) clients connecting to ISA Server using an authentication method that is not based on Windows authentication to the Windows Active Directory namespace. One of the major improvements that the ISA 2004/2006 firewall has over ISA Server 2000 is that it can be configured to use IPSec tunnel mode for site-to-site VPN connections. The ISA firewall can authenticate VPN users with Remote Access Dial-In User Service (RADIUS). The RADIUS Protocol allows the ISA 2006 firewall to forward user credentials of a RADIUS server on the Internal network. It is suggested that one can significantly enhance the security of your ISA firewall's VPN remote access client connections by using Extensible Authentication Protocol user certificate authentication.
The Effects of Water Quality Characteristics on Pollutant Releases from Drainage Materials

The purpose of this study was to investigate heavy metal releases from different pipe, gutter, and storage tank materials under a wide range of environmental c…
A Biofuel Cell Based on Biocatalytic Reactions of Glucose on Both Anode and Cathode Electrodes

Biofuel cells based on electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and reduction of H2O2 have been prepared using carbon fiber electrodes functionalized with graphene nano-flakes. The electrochemical oxidation of NADH was catalyzed by Meldola's blue (MB), while the reduction of H2O2 was catalyzed by hemin, both catalysts were adsorbed on the graphene flakes due to their π-π staking. In the next set of experiments, the MB- and hemin-electrodes were additionally modified with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and glucose oxidase (GOx), respectively. The enzyme catalyzed reactions in the presence of glucose, NAD+ and O2 resulted in the production of NADH and H2O2 in situ. The produced NADH and H2O2 were oxidized and reduced, respectively, at the bioelectrocatalytic electrodes, thus producing voltage and current generated by the biofuel cell. The enzyme-based biofuel cells operated in a human serum solution modelling an implantable device powered from the natural biofluid. Finally, two enzyme-based biofuel cell connected in series and operating in the serum solution produced electrical power sufficient for activation of an electronic watch used as an example device.
Micromechanical shear modulus modeling of activated crumb rubber modified asphalt cements

Abstract The rheological properties of three asphalt cements containing reacted and activated rubber (RAR) are evaluated to quantify the relative effects of swelling, splitting, and absorption. Rheological testing and electron microscopy are used to measure the dynamic shear modulus, |G∗|, and rubber particle changes respectively. It is found that |G∗| increased for all RAR and that particles swell 15.8–49.3% with those in softer asphalt showing the greatest swelling. Micromechanical models are used to predict |G∗| of the materials. The Hashin and Christensen models are found to accurately predict the measured moduli after accounting for the swelling, splitting, and absorption.