cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of calcineurin signaling between Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans.

Candida dubliniensis, an emerging fungal pathogen, is the closest known species to the established pathogenic species Candida albicans. Despite the fact that these two species share > 80% genome sequence identity, they exhibit distinct properties such as less hyphal growth, reduced pathogenicity and increased sensitivity to sodium stress and elevated temperatures in C. dubliniensis compared with C. albicans. It is, however, largely unknown whether signaling pathways are conserved in the two Candida species. Calcineurin signaling is known to be required for hyphal growth in Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus but remains elusive in C. albicans. Our recent study showed that calcineurin plays a clearly demonstrable role in controlling hyphal growth, drug tolerance and virulence in C. dubliniensis. Here, we extend our studies and show that calcineurin is conserved in controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress but distinct in governing pH homeostasis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that azole or echin...
Structural characteristics of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/poly(ethylene–vinyl alcohol) blends

To establish relationships among the blend composition, processing history, and the resultant properties of starch-based thermoplastics, three varieties of corn starch: (1) Waxy Maize, (2) Native Corn, and (3) high-amylose Hylon VII were extrusion-blended with poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) containing 56 mol % VOH. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the structural characteristics of the blends. All starches were destructurized upon compounding and a fine dispersion was achieved with EVOH. The Native Corn and Hylon VII blends were phase-separated and exhibited some miscibility between the polymer components as evident in EVOH melting-point depression, smaller domain sizes, lower contrast between phases in TEM, and increased resistance to moisture and enzyme-etching treatments. Starches containing amylose exhibited complexation and crystallinity in the starch fraction, although most of the crystallinity in the blends was due to the EVOH component. Waxy Maize blends were well phase-separated with larger domain sizes and underwent phase coarsening as a function of time in the melt. When subjecting the blends to capillary flow, orientation of both starch-rich and EVOH-rich domains was observed at various compositions, with the EVOH component undergoing significantly more orientation relative to starch as evident by the presence of EVOH-rich fibrils. Finally, EVOH was found to coat the surfaces of filaments produced from the blends even at rather high levels of starch (70%), which is expected to improve moisture sensitivity and slow down the initial rate of biodegradation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of interferometric strain rosette to residual stress measurements

An interferometric strain rosette (ISR) technique is extended to residual stress measurements. The ISR technique is based on diffraction and interference of laser light reflected from three micro-indentations depressed in a specimen surface. Three in-plane strain components between the three micro-indentations can be measured simultaneously. Therefore the ISR enables a determination of two normal and one shear strain components. For many applications, the ISR is superior to a resistance strain rosette due to its short gage length and non-contacting nature. By applying an ISR to a material surface, residual stresses at the location of the ISR can be obtained through measurement of residual strains relieved via hole-drilling. Since the gage length can be as short as 50 μm, the ISR is capable of recording high strain gradients and it allows the strains close to the hole to be measured. The size of the hole can be small and precise location is not required. Since the ISR technique is non-contacting, it may be used to measure residual stresses in hostile environments.
Internal rotation and pyramidal inversion in triacylphosphines

Abstract MO calculations predict a P-C rotation barrier in triformylphosphine of less than 6 kcal/mol, and an inversion barrier of ca 14 kcal/mol.
Protein kinase C μ is down-regulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer

Progression to androgen independence (AI) is the main cause of death in prostate cancer. Our prior differential gene expression studies by microarray analysis in progressive prostate cancer cell line model identified dysregulation of protein kinase C mu (PKCmu) expression in prostate cancer. In this study, quantitative ribonuclease protection assay and immunoblot analysis demonstrate down regulation of PKCmu at transcription and translational level, respectively, in AI C4-2 cells compared to its parental androgen dependent (AD) LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Significantly lower PKCmu kinase activity was confirmed in C4-2 cells by in vitro kinase assay. Immunohistochemical studies of prostate cancer tissue from patient progressing to AI prostate cancer demonstrated that PKCmu expression is decreased in 100% of AI human prostate cancers. The consistent down regulation of PKCmu in cell line models and human prostate cancer tissues suggests a possible functionally significant role for PKCmu in progression to AI in prostate cancer.
A Portable Slurry Packing Apparatus for High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A portable apparatus for slurry packing high performance microparticulate liquid chromatographic columns is described. The packer offers lab to lab portability and ease of operations. Columns up to 50 cm in length can be accommodated with the described configuration. Material costs per column are $40 – $70, offering a substantial saving over commercially prepared columns, in situations where labor costs are minimal. Efficiencies of columns packed with this apparatus have been equivalent to or better than those obtained with commercially available columns. Columns are packed using a staged pressurization/depressurization method. This method also leads to longer column life. Evaluation of relative column efficiency is also discussed.
Research networks in data repositories

This paper reports our ongoing work investigating the structural features of scientific collaboration based on metadata collected from a scientific data repository (SDR). The background literature is reviewed in supporting our claim that metadata collected from SDRs offer a complimentary data source to traditional publication metadata collected from digital libraries. Methodological considerations are discussed in association with using metadata from SDRs, including author name disambiguation and data parsing. Initial findings show that the network has some unique macro-level structural features while also in agreement with existing networks theories. Challenges due to inconsistent metadata quality control procedures are also discussed in an attempt to reinforce claims that metadata should be designed to support both domain specific retrieval and evaluation and assessment needs.
Risk factors for initial acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis identified by newborn screening.

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for initial detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) identified by newborn screening. Life history data on 180 patients, collected prospectively in a follow-up study of infants and children diagnosed with CF, were examined for factors associated with the initial detection of P. aeruginosa ascertained by oropharyngeal cultures. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the effect of baseline and time-varying covariates on age at first positive culture for P. aeruginosa. Seventy-nine patients (44%) had at least one culture positive for P. aeruginosa during the study. The median age of detection was 8.1 years (95% CI, 7.0, 10.0). Median length of follow-up was 4.1 years, ranging from 0.2-15.5 years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified female gender (RR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.14, 3.01), the DeltaF508 homozygous genotype (RR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.30, 3.80), and S. aureus isolations (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11, 1.52) to be independently associated with acquisition of P. aeruginosa. Other marginally independent associations were found with days hospitalized and increased height. We conclude that female gender, homozygous DeltaF508 mutation, and S. aureus isolations are important risk factors for early P. aeruginosa detection in children with CF identified through newborn screening.
Representation of the hand in the cerebral cortex

In this brief review, the body of work on hand use and cortical plasticity is reviewed. The hand movements and sensory inputs are represented in the mammalian primary motor cortex and the anterior parietal strip. The dominant organizational rules are that representational area is proportional to peripheral innervation, and that cortical architecture is columnar with limited horizontal spread. The representational area and columnar structure can be shaped by behavior and other input manipulations. The central core systems, and especially cholinergic inputs, act as teachers of the cerebral cortex by marking behavioral reinforcers with the release of acetylcholine. This marking is both necessary and sufficient for plasticity to occur in sensory cortex. As a result of this temporal marking of reinforcing events, nearly coincident inputs over restricted sensory, or motor, segments form coherent representations in primary sensory or motor cortex. Focal dystonia is a problem in which overuse of the hand leads to a lack of motor control, and especially inappropriate use of sensory feedback for motor control. Receptive field size, and columnar architecture, are highly abnormal in this disorder. The deficiencies in focal dystonia, and their appropriate treatment, can be understood by applying the principles of cortical plasticity to the behavioural manipulations that cause focal dystonia.
Aberrant activity of the DNA repair enzyme AlkB.

Escherichia coli AlkB is a DNA/RNA repair enzyme containing a mononuclear Fe(II) site that couples the oxidative decomposition of α-ketoglutarate (αKG) to the hydroxylation of 1-methyladenine or 3-methylcytosine lesions in DNA or RNA, resulting in release of formaldehyde and restoration of the normal bases. In the presence of Fe(II), αKG, and oxygen, but the absence of methylated DNA, AlkB was found to catalyze an aberrant reaction that generates a blue chromophore. The color is proposed to derive from Fe(III) coordinated by a hydroxytryptophan at position 178 as revealed by mass spectrometric analysis. Protein structural modeling confirms that Trp 178 is reasonably positioned to react with the Fe(IV)-oxo intermediate proposed to form at the active site.
Thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators

Thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators use gas inertia and compressibility to eliminate many of the mechanical contrivances required by traditional engines and refrigerators while providing potentially attractive options that might reduce environmental impacts. The operation of both standing-wave and traveling-wave devices will be described and illustrated with thermoacoustic devices that have been used outside the laboratory.
Debugging non-deadlock concurrency bugs

Concurrency bugs are difficult to debug because of nondeterministic behaviors of concurrent programs. Existing fault-localization techniques for non-deadlock concurrency bugs do not provide the comprehensive information to identify and understand the bugs. Existing automatic fault-fix techniques for concurrency bugs do not provide confidence that the fault has been fixed. To address the limitations of existing techniques, this research will develop techniques that will assist developers in several aspects of debugging, from finding the locations of concurrency bugs to providing confidence after the fix. The expected contributions of this research include a fault-localization technique that locates concurrency bugs, a fault-comprehension technique that assists understanding of bugs, a fix-confidence technique that provides confidence of fixes, and a framework that implements the techniques and that is used to perform empirical studies to evaluate the techniques.
Gd2SiO5(Ce3+) and BaF2 measured electron and photon responses

Abstract Gd2SiO5(Ce3+) (GSO) and BaF2 electron responses were measured using the Compton Coincidence Technique (CCT). The CCT has previously been used to characterize several scintillators and has proven to be an accurate and reliable technique. The measured GSO electron response was observed to increase by 28% as the electron energy increased from 5 to 445 keV. The measured BaF2 electron response increased 23% as the electron energy increased from 18 to 436 keV. Both electron responses become linear at higher electron energies (above about 200 keV). These observations made with GSO and BaF2 in this study are consistent with the general trend reported for previous CCT characterized non-alkali halide scintillators. To validate the GSO and BaF2 measured electron responses, respective photon responses were calculated and subsequently compared to measured photon response data. MCNP4C together with simplified electron cascade sequences for GSO and BaF2 were used in these photon responses calculations. Calculated photon responses for both crystals are in good agreement (within 10%) with measured photon responses. This agreement confirms the accuracy of the GSO and BaF2 measured electron responses.
Myopodin has a Nucleolar Localization in Several Mammalian Cell Lines

Synaptopodin 2 is a natively unfolded actin binding protein that stimulates actin polymerization in a Ca2+-calmodulin dependent manner, has multiple binding partners and is rich in smooth muscle dense bodies. Various synaptopodin 2 isoforms have cytoplasmic and nuclear localizations in non-muscle cells and the distribution changes in certain cancers. We prepared an antibody against the C-terminus that recognizes isoform B and myopodin, the truncated form. Immunological staining showed a nuclear location in several cell lines. In further studies with the colon cancer cell line, HT-29 and African green monkey kidney cells, CV1, we observed intense staining in irregular areas within the nucleus. Staining was also observed at the nuclear periphery of HT-29 cells. The strong synaptopodin 2 staining pattern was 90% correlated with markers of nucleoli including a commercial antibody against nucleolin and a counter stain with DAPI. Furthermore, when Actinomycin D was used to inhibit transcription the nuclear stain disappeared. When HT-29 cells were forced to differentiate with sodium butyrate, the synaptopodin 2 antibody revealed a re-localization of the protein into the cytoplasm. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that HT-29 cells lacked Synaptopodin2B, but contained the smaller isoform, myopodin. These studies were performed using cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. Further analysis showed that the nuclear fraction contained a smaller cross-reactive protein with an apparent mass of 55-60 kDa. Both myopodin and the 60 kDa protein were immunoprecipitated along with proteins tentatively identified as actin and α-actinin. These results show that myopodin and a smaller synaptopodin-like protein are present in nucleoli along with actin and other actin binding proteins.
Preparation and characterization of ytterbium diiodide hydrates: YbI2·H2O and YbI2·2H2O

Abstract The preparation of and X-ray powder diffraction data for the hydrates, YbI2·H2O and YbI2·2H2O, are reported. Orthorhombic lattice parameters for YbI2·H2O are a = 16.012(5), b = 8.140(2), and c = 4.5080(9) A; those for YbI2·2H2O are a = 13.037(3), b = 10.467(2), and c = 4.513(1) A. Selected DTA-TGA and IR data are presented. These hydrates are contrasted with those of related lanthanoid(II) and alkaline earth halides.
Quantifying the Pore Size Spectrum of Macropore-Type Preferential Pathways under Transient Flow

It is well known that there is a spectrum of pores in a soil profile. The conventional use of a single lumped value of soil hydraulic conductivity to describe a spectrum of hydraulically active pores may have unintentionally impeded the development of field-scale chemical transport theoryandperhapsindirectlyhinderedthedevelopmentofmanagement protocolsforchemicalapplicationandwastedisposal.Inthisstudy,three sets of four field-scale tracer mass flux breakthrough patterns measured under transient unsaturated flow conditions were used to evaluate the validity of an indirect method to quantify equivalent pore spectra of macropore-typepreferentialflow pathways. Results indicated thatthere were distinct trends in how pore spectra of macropore-type preferential flow pathways changed when a soil profile became wetter during a precipitationevent.Thissuggeststhattheindirectmethodhaspredictive value and is perhaps a better alternative to the lumped soil hydraulic conductivity approach in accurately determining the impact of macropore-type preferential flow pathways on water movement and solute transport under transient unsaturated flow conditions.
Body Mass and Risk

Background: Most studies that have evaluated the association between the body-mass index (BMI) and the risks of death from any cause and from specific causes have been conducted in populations of European origin. Methods: We performed pooled analyses to evaluate the association between BMI and the risk of death among more than 1.1 million persons recruited in 19 cohorts in Asia. The analyses included approximately 120,700 deaths that occurred during a mean follow-up period of 9.2 years. Cox regression models were used to adjust for confounding factors. Results: In the cohorts of East Asians, including Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans, the lowest risk of death was seen among persons with a BMI (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) in the range of 22.6 to 27.5. The risk was elevated among persons with BMI levels either higher or lower than that range—by a factor of up to 1.5 among those with a BMI of more than 35.0 and by a factor of 2.8 among those with a BMI of 15.0 or less. A similar U-shaped association was seen between BMI and the risks of death from cancer, from cardiovascular diseases, and from other causes. In the cohorts comprising Indians and Bangladeshis, the risks of death from any cause and from causes other than cancer or cardiovascular disease were increased among persons with a BMI of 20.0 or less, as compared with those with a BMI of 22.6 to 25.0, whereas there was no excess risk of either death from any cause or cause-specific death associated with a high BMI. Conclusions: Underweight was associated with a substantially increased risk of death in all Asian populations. The excess risk of death associated with a high BMI, however, was seen among East Asians but not among Indians and Bangladeshis.
Now that you want to take your HIV/AIDS vaccine/biological product research concept into the clinic: What are the “cGMP”?

The Division of AIDS Vaccine Research Program funds the discovery and development of HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates. Basic researchers, having discovered a potential vaccine in the laboratory, next want to take that candidate into the clinic to test the concept in humans, to see if it translates. Many of them have heard of “cGMP” and know that they are supposed to make a “GMP product” to take into the clinic, but often they are not very familiar with what “cGMP” means and why these good practices are so important. As members of the Vaccine Translational Research Branch, we frequently get asked “can’t we use the material we made in the lab in the clinic?” or “aren’t Phase 1 studies exempt from cGMP?” Over the years, we have had many experiences where researchers or their selected contract manufacturing organizations have not applied an appropriate degree of compliance with cGMP suitable for the clinical phase of development. We share some of these experiences and the lessons learned, along with explaining the importance of cGMP, just what cGMP means, and what they can assure, in an effort to de-mystify this subject and facilitate the rapid and safe translational development of HIV vaccines.
The Leptin Connection: Regulatory T Cells and Autoimmunity

Leptin is a cytokine-like hormone with proinflammatory properties linked to autoimmune diseases. In this issue of Immunity, De Rosa et al. (2007) elucidate an important new role for leptin in the anergy and hyporesponsiveness of regulatory T cells.
Nanocomposite-based lignocellulosic fibers 3: polyelectrolyte adsorption onto heterogeneous fiber surfaces

Wood and natural fibers are composed of multiple polymeric components. Lignin, one primary component, is typically removed to various degrees during paper-making, but is present on thermomechanically isolated fibers. The effect of the residual lignin on the adsorption of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) onto lignocellulosic fibers was investigated under varying solution conditions (electrolyte concentration and pH). Using nitrogen elemental analysis it was shown for the samples containing the highest concentration of lignin, PDDA adsorption to the fibers was reduced for all solution conditions. Upon extracting the alkali-soluble lignin, the samples showed the greatest amount of PDDA adsorption, achieving ~1.6% (w/w), under neutral solution conditions without the presence of added electrolyte. Furthermore, the influence of polyelectrolyte loading and electrokinetic potential on subsequent multilayer formation of PDDA and montmorillonite clay was quantified. It was revealed that electrokinetic potential of fiber after PDDA adsorption, rather than the amount of adsorbed PDDA layer, controlled the subsequent clay adsorption. Significant mass of PDDA/clay (up to ~75% of starting dry fiber mass for only 4 bi-layers) can be adsorbed onto steam-exploded wood fibers through the multilayer assembly process. This paper provides insight into how non-covalent modification of heterogeneous fibrous substrates offers a novel route for the creation of organic/inorganic fiber materials.
Failure of triiodothyronine to inhibit TSH-mediated thyroid hormone release in man.

We studied the effect of short-term triiodothyronine administration on thyroid gland responsivity to exogenous thyrotropin in four euthyroid human subjects. Thyroidal iodine release and serum thyroxine during daily im injections of bovine TSH were not significantly inhibited, despite a fourfold elevation in serum TMs3 concentrations. This negative finding contrasts with earlier positive reports of a regulatory “short-loop” effect of elevated circulating T3 on the thyroid gland. This difference may be due either to the use in previous murine or in vitro studies of non-physiologic, high doses of exogenous T3, or failure to control the withdrawal of the trophic effect of endogenous TSH in man on the subsequent glandular response.
Hostility and Anger In: Cardiovascular Reactivity and Recovery to Mental Arithmetic Stress

Abstract Background Hostility and anger have been attributed as psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease. Heightened cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), and poor recovery, to provocative stressors are thought to hasten this risk. Purpose To examine the relationship between hostility and anger inhibition (AI), and the moderating situational influences of harassment and evaluation, in predicting CVR and recovery to mental arithmetic (MA) stress using a multiple regression approach. Methods 48 male undergraduate students engaged in the following 3 minute tasks during recording of the electrocardiogram, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure: baseline, MA, and evaluation. Hostility and AI were assessed with the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and the Speilberger Anger In subscale, respectively. Results An interaction between hostility and AI showed high diastolic blood pressure reactivity to the MA task among hostile anger inhibitors. Harassment did not modify this effect. However, harasser evaluation predicted prolonged systolic blood pressure (SBP) responding among men scoring high in AI, and facilitated SBP recovery among those scoring low on AI. Conclusions The findings highlight the interactive influences of AI and hostility in predicting CVR to stress and underscore the importance of recovery assessments in understanding the potentially pathogenic associations of these constructs.
Endocrine and paracrine hormones in the promotion, progression and recurrence of breast cancer

Both normal and neoplastic breast tissues are stimulated by endocrine and paracrine hormones. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the significant role that hormones, growth factors and cytokines have in the promotion, progression and recurrence of breast cancer. Significant variations in the hormonal environment occur based on age, the cyclical changes occurring during the menstrual cycle and (mammographically determined) variations in breast composition. These variations have a significant influence on rates of local recurrence of breast cancer and survival. This review analyses data relevant to these issues and suggests means by which operative results may be improved.
Melting relationships in CaO-CO2 and MgO-CO2 to 36 kilobars with comments on CO2 in the mantle

The melting curves of CaCO_3 and MgCO_3 have been extended to pressures of 36 kb by experiments in piston-cylinder apparatus. At 30 kb, the melting temperatures of calcite and magnesite are 1610°C and 1585°C, respectively. New data for the magnesite dissociation reaction permit the location of an invariant point for the assemblage magnesite + periclase + liquid + vapor near 26 kb-1550°C. New data are also presented for the calcite-aragonite transition at 800°C, 950°C and 1100°C. At pressures above 36–50 kb, calcite and magnesite melt at temperatures lower than the solidus of dry mantle peridotite. Natural and experimental evidence suggests that carbon dioxide in the Earth's mantle could be present in a variety of forms: (a) a free vapor phase, (b) vapor dissolved in silicate magma, (c) crystalline carbonate, (d) carbonatite liquid, (e) carbon-bearing silicate analogs, or (f) carbonato-silicates (such as scapolite, spurrite, tilleyite, and related compounds).
Modeling π–π Interactions with the Effective Fragment Potential Method: The Benzene Dimer and Substituents

This study compares the results of the general effective fragment potential (EFP2) method to the results of a previous combined coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) study [Sinnokrot and Sherrill, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 7690] on substituent effects in π−π interactions. EFP2 is found to accurately model the binding energies of the benzene−benzene, benzene−phenol, benzene−toluene, benzene−fluorobenzene, and benzene−benzonitrile dimers, as compared with high-level methods [Sinnokrot and Sherrill, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 7690], but at a fraction of the computational cost of CCSD(T). In addition, an EFP-based Monte Carlo/simulated annealing study was undertaken to examine the potential energy surface of the substituted dimers.
Evidence from lesion studies for epileptogenic and non-epileptogenic neurotoxic interactions between kainic acid and excitatory innervation

The toxicity of kainic acid toward rat hippocampal neurons depends on the presence of specific excitatory afferents. Acute destruction of the critical pathway essentially abolishes the neurotoxicity of intraventricular kainic acid, but some or all hippocampal neurons continue to be destroyed by locally-injected kainic acid until the critical pathway(s) degenerates. These results support the view that kainic acid destroys hippocampal neurons in two ways: (1) by initiating a lethal status epilepticus; and (2) by interacting with certain pathways independently of on-going electrical activity within those pathways.
FAM83A and FAM83B: candidate oncogenes and TKI resistance mediators

The growth and survival of tumor cells can depend upon the expression of a single oncogene, and therapeutically targeting this oncogene addiction has already proven to be an effective approach in fighting cancer. However, it is also clear that cancer cells can adapt and become resistant to therapy through compensatory activation of downstream pathways that relieve the cell of its addicted phenotype. In this issue of the JCI, two groups — Lee et al. and Cipriano et al. — identify two related candidate oncogenes that might both contribute to therapeutic resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). If validated, this information could help to identify new targets for therapeutic interventions in breast cancer and possibly other cancers and may also assist in the development of strategies designed to overcome resistance to currently available TKIs.
Interaction between eddies and mean flow in Jupiter's atmosphere: Analysis of Cassini imaging data

Beebe et al. [Beebe, R.F., et al., 1980. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1–4] and Ingersoll et al. [Ingersoll, A.P., et al., 1981. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8733–8743] used images from Voyagers 1 and 2 to analyze the interaction between zonal winds and eddies in Jupiter's atmosphere. They reported a high positive correlation between Jupiter's eddy momentum flux, pu'v', and the variation of zonal velocity with latitude, du/dy. This correlation implied a surprisingly high rate of conversion of energy from eddies to zonal flow: ~1.5-3.0 Wm^(-2), a value more than 10% of Jupiter's thermal flux emission. However, Sromovsky et al. [Sromovsky, L.A., et al., 1982. J. Atmos. Sci. 39, 1413–1432] argued that possible biases in the analysis could have caused an artificially high correlation. In addition, significant differences in the derived eddy flux between datasets put into question the robustness of any one result. We return to this long-standing puzzle using images of Jupiter from the Cassini flyby of December 2000. Our method is similar to previous analyses, but utilizes an automatic feature tracker instead of the human eye. The number of velocity vectors used in this analysis is over 200,000, compared to the 14,000 vectors used by Ingersoll et al. We also find a positive correlation between u'v' and du/dy and derive a global average power per unit mass, u'v'du/dy, ranging from (7.1-12.3 x 10^(-5) Wkg^(-1). Utilizing Ingersoll et al.'s estimate of the mass per unit area involved in the transport, this would imply a rate of energy conversion of ~0.7-1.2 Wm^(-2). We discuss the implications of this result and employ several tests to demonstrate its robustness.
Cyber-Physical Systems Attestation

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are monitored and controlled by a wide variety of sensors and controllers. However, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that most of the devices interacting with the physical world (sensors and controllers) are extremely fragile to security incidents. One particular technology that can help us improve the trustworthiness of these devices is software attestation. While software attestation can help a verifier check the integrity of devices, it still has several drawbacks that have limited their application in the field, like establishing an authenticated channel, the inability to provide continuous attestation, and the need to modify devices to implement the attestation procedure. To overcome these limitations, we propose CPS-attestation as an attestation technique for control systems to attest their state to an external verifier. CPS-attestation enables a verifier to continuously monitor the dynamics of the control system over time and detect whether a component is not behaving as expected or if it is driving the system to an unsafe state. Our goal in this position paper is to initiate the discussion on the suitability of applying attestation techniques to control systems and the associated research challenges.
Milieu Management of a Child with Bipolar Illness

During inpatient psychiatric treatment, children with bipolar disorder may present particular management issues. They may experience intense periods of affect regulation that can spiral into frenetic, aggressive behaviors that are difficult to interrupt with de-escalation techniques. This case study presents such a child and the behavior patterns that resulted in seclusion and PRN medication. Also presented is the plan that staff derived which eventually helped this young boy regulate his behavior.
Facilitative glucose transporter Glut1 is actively excluded from rod outer segments

Photoreceptors are among the most metabolically active cells in the body, relying on both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis to satisfy their high energy needs. Local glycolysis is thought to be particularly crucial in supporting the function of the photoreceptor's light-sensitive outer segment compartment, which is devoid of mitochondria. Accordingly, it has been commonly accepted that the facilitative glucose transporter Glut1 responsible for glucose entry into photoreceptors is localized in part to the outer segment plasma membrane. However, we now demonstrate that Glut1 is entirely absent from the rod outer segment and is actively excluded from this compartment by targeting information present in its cytosolic C-terminal tail. Our data indicate that glucose metabolized in the outer segment must first enter through other parts of the photoreceptor cell. Consequently, the entire energy supply of the outer segment is dependent on diffusion of energy-rich substrates through the thin connecting cilium that links this compartment to the rest of the cell.
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Relations between Working Memory Performance and Worry

Whereas past theorizing has posited that worrying disrupts working memory, the present study aimed to explore the idea that working memory deficits may contribute to the tendency to worry, and perh...
Towards extended virtual presence of the therapist in stroke rehabilitation

This paper considers the use of humanoid robots in residential stroke care to facilitate both direct and indirect interaction between clients and therapists. Direct interaction is realized through a humanoid-mediated teletherapy where a therapist assesses the motor function of a patient and provides therapy customized to the individual. During the teletherapy sessions, the therapist uses a simple speech interface to program therapeutic behavior and activity. Indirect interaction is implemented by the therapist-programmed artifact where a humanoid robot delivers therapeutic activities to the stroke patient in the absence of the therapist. We propose that such an approach can amplify the outcome per hour of therapist time. Outcome data from the current study indicate that the therapist can successfully provide customized therapy to individuals in residential settings and warrant further study.
Die Kreditgeschäfte der Kreditinstitute

Kredit ist ein mehrdeutiger Begriff. Darunter wird verstanden: 1. die befristete Uberlassung von Kaufkraft, 2. das Vertrauen in die Fahigkeit, Schulden termingemas zuruckzuzahlen (credere = glauben, vertrauen), 3. die als Kapital uberlassenen Geld- oder Sachwerte.
Techniques for evaluating collaboration toolkits

The most reliable approach to evaluating a collaboration toolkit is to carry out field studies. This approach has the problem that it requires each project to be interdisciplinary and create a complete, working system, which seems too costly given the budget for a typical research project and the complexity of a collaboration toolkit; and more important, does not allow a project to converge incrementally towards a complete solution. Based on the lessons learned from our work and that of others on collaboration toolkits, we have identified several lower-cost techniques for evaluating collaboration toolkits including inspecting the design to see if requirements have been met, simulating other systems, implementing complete solutions to standard problems, and performing self and lab studies. This paper discusses these techniques, points out their pros and cons, identifies the influential projects in which they have been used, and shows how they fit together.
Initial genome screen for bipolar disorder in the NIMH genetics initiative pedigrees: Chromosomes 2, 11, 13, 14, and x

We report on an initial genome screen of 540 individuals from 97 families collected as part of the NIMH Genetics Initiative Bipolar Group. Among the individuals studied, 232 were diagnosed with bipolar (BP) I, 72 with BPII, 88 with major depressive disorder-recurrent type (UPR), and 32 with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type (SA/BP). A total of 53 markers on chromosomes 2, 11, 13, 14, and X (average spacing: 11.5 cM) were studied at Johns Hopkins University. Tests for linkage were performed using nonparametric affected sib-pair and whole pedigree methods with three definitions of affected status. Three regions of interest were identified (13q14-32, Xp22, and Xq26-28). On chromosomes 2, 11, and 14, a disease locus with relative risk lambda(i) = 1.5 could be excluded in 1.9 in affected sister-sister pairs. The results on 13q14-32, Xp22, and Xq26-28 suggest areas of interest for further studies.
Comparison of Measles Virus-Specific Antibodies with Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Neutralizing Functions

Measles virus-specific antibodies with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and neutralizing functions were compared in 25 healthy women. ADCC antibody was measured in a 12-h 51Cr release assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells as effectors and Raji cells persistently infected with measles as targets. Neutralizing antibody was determined by the plaque neutralization test (PNT). ADCC and PNT titers correlated well (r = .80, P 10(6) and averaged 1.3 logs higher than PNT titers. Three sera with PNT titers of or = 10(2.5). Among subjects born in the United States, ADCC titers, but not PNT titers, correlated inversely with the year of birth, suggesting that ADCC antibody may be more indicative than neutralizing antibody of differences between naturally and vaccine-acquired immunity. These data suggest a possible role for ADCC in protection or recovery from measles.
Mohs surgery: Commentaries and controversies

There is an enormous amount of literature pertaining to the subject of Mohs surgery, ranging from its various indications to therapeutic results. One constant limiting factor in this body of knowledge, however, is the scarcity of randomized, controlled studies comparing Mohs surgery with other effective therapeutic modalities. Obviously, it is hard to gather solid scientific evidence in favor or against this technique without comprehensive controlled studies, but evidence in its favor abounds in the form of the personal experience of practitioners, several excellent comparative retrospective evaluations, and the outcomes of thousands of patients treated over the years. In our opinion, there is sufficient evidence to support the use of Mohs surgery for treatment of selected skin cancers, and yet the medical community in general and dermatologists in particular are divided in their opinions concerning this therapeutic modality. As a matter of fact, Mohs surgery is frankly controversial among many of our colleagues, both in the academic and private sectors. It is not rare for a Mohs surgeon to be constantly antagonized by other specialists in different forums including tumor boards or scientific presentations, always with the complaint of using Mohs surgery without solid evidence of its effectiveness. Herein, we present our views on the available literature on Mohs micrographic surgery as regards its indications, advantages, disadvantages, and therapeutic results. Also, we explore the reasons for controversy and present some of our therapeutic failures to reflect on the nature and limitations of this fascinating technique. Indications for Mohs Surgery
Paging as a "language processing" task

This paper examines "language processing" approach to paging where the of the programming language compiler or interpreter is responsible for generating the necessary control code for the page management of a program. We explore this idea for APL and describe an approach to incorporating in a program the necessary paging functions. The semantics of APL computation are examined to observe how paging operations can be incorporated into the computation. We discuss a model of data access in APL that exhibits storage use for both scalar and page references. A data structure that encodes the logical use of data from an array is introduced. We find that ordering computations efficiently and computing paging needs can be determined by simple transformations on this structure. This analysis leads us to an efficient method for paging an APL computation. Our approach builds on previous studies for efficiently executing APL.
A laboratory study of the compaction characteristics of disposable diapers in a landfill

Abstract This investigation was undertaken to examine the compaction characteristics of used disposable diapers in a landfill. A standard mixture of solid wastes containing various amounts (between 0 up to 15% by wet weight) of used disposable diapers were compacted in eight randomly ordered tests and the densities of the compacted waste for the applied pressures were noted. Analyses of variance (two-way fixed effects) and simple linear regression were carried out on the data and F -tests were applied. The results showed that the diapers do not take up volume in a landfill which could be taken up by other materials but merely fill in the voids around the more rigid items when the diapers constitute less than 10% (wet weight) of the total mix.
Extracted Fragment Ion Mobility Distributions: A New Method for Complex Mixture Analysis

A new method is presented for constructing ion mobility distributions of precursor ions based upon the extraction of drift time distributions that are monitored for selected fragment ions. The approach is demonstrated with a recently designed instrument that combines ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) with ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) and ion fragmentation, as shown in a recent publication [J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 22 (2011) 1477–1485]. Here, we illustrate the method by examining selected charge states of electrosprayed ubiquitin ions, an extract from diesel fuel, and a mixture of phosphorylated peptide isomers. For ubiquitin ions, extraction of all drift times over small mass-to-charge (m/z) ranges corresponding to unique fragments of a given charge state allows the determination of precursor ion mobility distributions. A second example of the utility of the approach includes the distinguishing of precursor ion mobility distributions for isobaric, basic components from commercially available diesel fuel. Extraction of data for a single fragment ion is sufficient to distinguish the precursor ion mobility distribution of cycloalkyl-pyridine derivatives from pyrindan derivatives. Finally, the method is applied for the analysis of phosphopeptide isomers (LFpTGHPESLER and LFTGHPEpSLER) in a mixture. The approach alleviates several analytical challenges that include separation and characterization of species having similar (or identical) m/z values within complex mixtures.
A case study of scientific application I/O behavior

Characterizing the I/O demands of scientific applications is an integral part of the solution to the I/O bottleneck problem in high performance systems. Knowledge of the type, volume, and frequency of events that occur in common patterns of I/O activity can provide insight into the policies and mechanisms needed at all levels of the memory hierarchy. This paper is a detailed case study of one scientific application's dynamic I/O behavior. Results from this study show that with appropriate measurement tools, dynamic I/O behavior can be characterized and regular, recurring patterns of I/O activity can be isolated. >
Imperforate anus is a rare associated finding in blepharocheilodontic syndrome.

Blepharocheilodontic (BCD) syndrome is a rare autosomal-dominant condition that is characterized by lower eyelid ectropion, upper eyelid distichiasis, euryblepharon, bilateral cleft lip and palate, and conical teeth. It exhibits considerable phenotypic variability among affected individuals. An additional rare associated manifestation is imperforate anus (IA), which has been reported in three cases [Guyuron et al. (1995); J Craniofac Surg 6:392–394; Gorlin et al. (1996); Am J Med Genet 65:109–112; da Silva Lopes et al. (2003); Am J Med Genet Part A 121A:266–270]. Here we report on a family with BCD that includes IA, confirming that anorectal anomalies are a part of BCD syndrome. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Virtual classroom versus physical classroom : An exploratory study of class discussion patterns and student learning in an asynchronous internet-based MBA course

As more business schools develop courses and programs for delivery via the Internet, assessing the quality of student learning and reactions to the medium will become increasingly important and necessary. This exploratory study reports the results of comparing a classroom-based and an Internet-basedMBAclass section at a Midwestern U.S. university. The results showed significantly higher discussion participation patterns for the Internet-based course (both by class section and by gender) and no significant differences in learning in either class section. This article concludes by discussing possible reasons for these findings and suggests implications for Internet-based education.
The Effects of Jobs‐Targeted Development Incentive Programs

In recent years, many states have raised the amount of resources they devote to economic development programs, particularly those providing direct monetary assistance to firms. However, scholarly attention to this topic has not kept pace and, as a result, relatively little is known about such policies' effectiveness. This paper examines the effectiveness of monetary incentives using Ohio's experience with such programs in the 1980s. Empirical results show that incentives are significantly related to employment and income growth at the county level. Grants are found to be more effective than loans, and capital subsidies to businesses more effective than either labor subsidies to businesses or capital subsidies to communities. Finally, resources given to creating jobs are more effective than resources for retaining or training existing workers.
Shaping a Creative Milieu: Creativity, Process, Pedagogy, Leadership, and Place

This paper surveys research in relation to the conditions and processes considered important in fostering creativity in a variety of contexts including cities, organizations, and learning environments. Two established schools of the arts, and their leaders, serve as case studies in the examination of milieu designed to foster creative thinking and work. The paper identifies ten characteristics found to be common in the formation of creative milieu by scholars in psychology, business, economics, anthropology, geography, leadership, urban studies, education, and the arts. Characteristics include exchanges across cultures and domains of knowledge, opportunities for serendipitous interactions and for solitude, risk-taking, stable economic conditions, inclusive leadership, open communication, and the presence of visual stimulants and other creative people and activity.