cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational Ingenuity in Nascent Innovations: Gaining Resources and Legitimacy through Unconventional Actions

How do innovators in large organizations acquire resources for their early-stage, untested, unproven innovations? Multiple established projects compete for scarce resources in large organizations. Innovators pursuing early-stage, untested innovations face considerable constraints in accessing scarce resources. Literature enumerates various sanctioned and unsanctioned methods by which innovators acquire resources, such as borrowing, begging, scavenging, amplifying, bootlegging, and finagling – defined as obtaining resources through deceitful or underhanded methods. However, few theories explain how innovators act unconventionally, elude constraints to acquire resources, and yet gain acceptance for their innovations. To address this question, this study uses field data from nine organizations based primarily in Silicon Valley. Successful innovators employ organizational ingenuity or creative solutions to gain resources in the face of constraints. They employ two types of ingenuity: material ingenuity, creat...
No Neutral Ground: Standing By the Values We Prize in Higher Education

1. Who Are We? Finding Our Identity in Values Part One: Values We Prize 2. Service: The Value of Altruism 3. Truth: Not an End in Itself 4. Freedom: Choice with Responsibility 5. Equality: Ensuring a Fair Start for All 6. Individuation: Human Dignity Growing 7. Justice: Balancing Freedom with Duty 8. Community: Mutual Empowerment 9. How the Values Promote Scholarship and Democracy Part Two: Challenges to Our Values 10. Capitalism: The Challenges of the Material 11. Spirituality: The Challenges of Ultimate Meaning 12. Aesthetics: The Challenges Linking of Emotion with Intellect 13. Relating the Values to Changing Times Part Three: Advancing the Values We Prize 14. Building an Identity Based on Values 15. Using Values with Integrity
Hypothalamic amenorrhea: Clinical perspectives, pathophysiology, and management

The development of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea reflects an individual's response to environmental stressors and life-style variables. In this disorder there are no detectable anatomic abnormalities with respect to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-endometrial axis. Current evidence suggests that the common underlying defect is a decrease in the activity of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator. Of the neuroendocrine factors that appear to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone activity, the opiate and dopamine neuronal systems have been implicated as factors that are responsible in part for the decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Because of the functional nature of this disorder, reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit would be expected to take place in most women after accommodation to environmental stressors or modification in life-style. For women with persistent anovulation, treatment with estrogen-replacement therapy should be offered. In those desiring fertility, ovulation induction with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone would be the most effective modality. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1990;163:1732–6.)
Non-intentional Invention: The Promethean, Trickster, and Improvisational Invention Heuristics of Academic Writers and Poets

This essay introduces a novel way to conceptualize writerly invention – invention as adopting a non-intentional intellectual stance wherein heuristics are experienced as acting upon the writer as opposed to being enacted by the writer. This view of invention complicates and extends the traditional, Aristotelian view of invention as discreet heuristic aids chosen by the writer to develop a topic or position. The non-intentional invention heuristics explored in this essay include promethean, trickster, and improvisational.
MiniBooNE overview and status

Recent discoveries in the neutrino sector have opened a new frontier in highenergy physics and cosmology. Evidence from neutrino oscillation experiments from around the world indicate that neutrinos oscillate between their different flavours and therefore may have mass. In addition, results from solar and atmospheric neutrino experiments as well as the accelerator neutrino experiment, LSND, cannot all be explained with the three standard model neutrinos. Is this new physics or is there some other explanation? The MiniBooNE experiment presently taking data at Fermilab is designed to address the LSND signal and answer this question. Progress on the MiniBooNE experiment will be presented and prospects for the future will be discussed.
Seeing Inside a Hot Plasma: Photoionization of Ions

Photoionization of ions is an important atomic process in very hot extended plasmas, for example, in objects of astrophysical interest. Planetary nebulae as a stage in the evolution of stars are one significant example. Modeling of their formation and composition requires detailed information about atomic processes in a very highly ionized plasma, including cross sections for photoionization of ions.
Locating Errors in Questionnaire Style Data: A Fortran Program:

Data collected and coded from questionnaire style research tools usually contains transcription errors. A FORTRAN program which searches the data file for specific error codes is given. The two controlling features, number of variables with errors and the number of errors per variable, are set by a parameter statement. Since records are evaluated sequentially, memory requirements are minimal.
Visual processing of simple two-dimensional sine-wave luminance gratings

Abstract Threshold contrast sensitivity measurement results are given for both one- and two-dimensional sinusoidal luminance gratings at spatial frequencies between 0.2 and 20 c/deg of vision and for mean display luminances from 0.034 to 34 mL. The results obtained for the two-dimensional gratings are in good agreement for all conditions with the predictions based on the one-dimensional results and on linear analysis. Furthermore, a quantitative comparison of the results for one- and two-dimensional gratings provides psychophysical evidence which is consistent with the existence of orientationspecific channels in the human visual system.
Immune modulation within the brain: recruitment of inflammatory cells and increased major histocompatibility antigen expression following intracerebral injection of interferon-γ

Intracerebral injections of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) have multiple immunological effects on rat brain, affecting all anatomic compartments. Lymphocytes and other inflammatory cells are recruited to the injection site: CD4+ T-cells into the perivascular space, OX42+ monocytes/macrophages into brain parenchyma. IFN-gamma also recruits OX8+ cells into brain parenchyma. These OX8+ cells are not stained by 'pan' T-cell antibodies, however, suggesting that they may be natural killer cells. IFN-gamma also causes increased major histocompatibility complex expression on brain cells: class I antigen on local endothelial and ependymal cells, and class II antigen on microglial, ependymal, and perivascular cells throughout both hemispheres of the brain.
An evaluation of typing procedures for quantitative data: results of a Monte Carlo study.

Abstract The accuracy of clustering as a method for typing is considered. Clustering is compared to a method which uses maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs), the criteria for comparison being the specificity and the sensitivity of the methods. In general, the clustering procedure is more sensitive (fewer false negatives) and less specific (more false positives) than the method using MLEs. Both procedures work equally well if the positives make up between 20 to 80% of the population and there is a considerable difference between positive and negative responses. Both methods work poorly when there is a considerable overlap in response. For attributes having a prevalence of less than 0.1 and a spacing of 3.0 or more standard deviationns, it is worthwhile to compute maximum likelihood estimates and use a Bayes method for typing. Also considered are the implications of these results with respect to MHC typing. In particular we present methods for determining whether clustering is in order and a discussion of the possibility of using the MLEs along with Bayes method for considering other models for the MHC data and for typing with selected panels.
The death of homo economicus: is there life after welfare economics?

Purpose – This paper draws upon the work of Georgescu‐Roegen to outline some theoretical alternatives to standard welfare theory, and to examine the policy implications of discarding the Walrasian core of neoclassical economics.Design/methodology/approach – Current work in behavioral economics and game theory shows that economic behavior depends on social context, a point understood by social economists for a hundred years or more. This work is related to Georgescu's contributions to utility theory and bioeconomics.Findings – Neoclassical welfare economics continues to dominate economic theory and policy even though its theoretical foundations, economic man and perfect competition, have been discredited by mainstream theorists. Economic processes take place in specific social contexts and also coevolve with the biophysical universe.Practical implications – Although modern economics is incorporating many of Georgescu's insights about human preferences it has yet to come to grips with the fact that human ec...
UMLAnT: an Eclipse plugin for animating and testing UML designs

We describe the UML Animator and Tester (UMLAnT), which is an Eclipse plug-in for animating and testing UML models. UMLAnT can be used both by developers in the software industry and students who are learning concepts in object-oriented modeling. UMLAnT helps designers visualize the behavior specified in a UML model by displaying animated object diagrams and sequence diagrams. UMLAnT allows testers to specify test cases and notifies them about failures during test execution.
Oral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis.

Abstract The term focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD) was introduced by Ackerman to denote a group of clinically heterogeneous skin lesions having a similar histologic appearance. The only oral lesions of FAD previously reported in the literature are those consistent with Darier's disease or warty dyskeratoma. We describe a case of oral FAD of the papular type. A discussion of FAD, with a review of the literature, is also presented.
Interferon-γ Axis in Graft Arteriosclerosis

Cardiac transplantation is the most effective treatment for advanced heart failure. Despite improvements in immunosuppression therapy that prevent acute rejection, cardiac allografts fail at rates of 3% to 5% per posttransplant year. The hallmark morphological lesion of chronically failing cardiac allografts, also seen in chronic renal and liver graft failure, is luminal stenosis of blood vessels, especially of conduit arteries. Late graft failure results from widespread secondary ischemic injury to the graft parenchyma rather than direct immune-mediated damage. Although this process affects the entire graft vasculature, graft arteriosclerosis is a suitable term to describe the problem because it applies to different types of failing organs and because it emphasizes the central feature, namely an accelerated form of arterial injury and remodeling. The precise pathogenesis of graft arteriosclerosis is unknown. In this review, we make the case that the signature T-helper type 1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ,...
Material and Meaning in Tangible Interactions

Tangible interactions have incorporated new materials into interaction design as well as new perspectives on how those materials can be made useful. The dissertation research I discuss here examines materials and forms in terms of how they both mediate information but also can represent meanings in their own right. My work emphasizes these meanings as an important aspect of the experience of tangible interactions.
Th1/Th2 effector choice in parasitic infection: decision making by committee.

Abstract Parasitic infections frequently result in highly polarized CD4+ T cell responses characterized by dominant Th1 or Th2 cytokine production profiles. Although previously thought to be strictly dependent on signaling by the differentiative cytokines, IL-12 and IL-4, recent data indicate that this polarization may be primarily decided instead by a series of different factors intrinsic to the pathogen–antigen-presenting-cell interaction that influence T cell priming.
Sodium hypochlorite perturbation of a graywater treatment system

A novel graywater treatment system consisting of an aerated batch reactor and biomass-retaining ultrafiltration unit was evaluated for treatment of shipboard wastes. The focus of this study was to determine the resilience of the biomass recycle reactor to perturbations of sodium hypochlorite, the major component of bleach. A bench-scale reactor was perturbed with 50, 190, and 1000 mg L -1 sodium hypochlorite and monitored for changes in respiration, substrate utilization, viable plate counts, fatty acid methyl ester profiles, and Biolog-GN patterns. Following the addition of hypochlorite, respiration and substrate utilization were not detected, and viable biomass decreased. Recovery times following perturbations were longer with higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Community composition (determined by fatty acid methyl ester analysis) changed during the recovery from hypochlorite perturbations. However, more significant differences in community composition were noted between different perturbations and were a function of time. Irrespective of initial community composition, the reactor communities recovered from hypochlorite perturbations. Biolog patterns showed no notable change in the overall metabolic capacity of the community. The biomass recycle reactor’s resistance to sodium hypochlorite perturbations contributes to its usefulness in treatment of shipboard wastes. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 191‐197.
Effect of Structure in the Electronic Density of States on the Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Resistivity

I discuss the effect of sharp structure in the electronic density of states on the temperature dependence of the interband-$s\ensuremath{-}d$-phonon-scattering resistivity. The a priori density of states of Pd is used to calculate the resistivity, which is found to be in excellent agreement with experimental high-temperature results.
Absence of CuZn superoxide dismutase leads to elevated oxidative stress and acceleration of age-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy

We describe a novel phenotype in mice lacking the major antioxidant enzyme, CuZn-superoxide dismutase (Sod1−/− mice), namely a dramatic acceleration of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass. Sod1−/− mice are 17 to 20% smaller and have a significantly lower muscle mass than wild-type mice as early as 3 to 4 months of age. Muscle mass in the Sod1−/− mice is further reduced with age and by 20 months, the hind-limb muscle mass in Sod1−/− mice is nearly 50% lower than in age-matched wild-type mice. Skeletal muscle tissue from young Sod1−/− mice has elevated oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA compared to muscle from young wild-type mice. The reduction in muscle mass and elevated oxidative damage are accompanied by a 40% decrease in voluntary wheel running by 6 months of age and decreased performance on the Rota-rod test at 13 months of age, but are not associated with a decline in overall spontaneous activity. In some of the old Sod1−/− mice, the loss in muscle mass is also associated with the presence of tremors and gait disturbances. Thus, the absence of CuZnSOD imposes elevated oxidative stress, loss of muscle mass, and physiological consequences that resemble an acceleration of normal age-related sarcopenia.
The new paradigm for American broadcasting-changing the content regulation regimen in the age of new media

American radio and television broadcasting is at a crossroad, caught in the midst of a realignment of the media landscape. No longer the dominant medium, radio and television broadcasting has become a cog in a vast cornucopia of delivery systems, such as cable, satellite, Internet and wireless. Licensed to a specific radiomagnetic spectrum through the Federal Communications Commission, broadcasters were subject to greater content regulation than those in other media. In the past the courts have upheld such regulations-including those which mandated stations to provide reply time for those attacked in editorials and others which restricted communications deemed to be 'indecent'-have survived First Amendment attack for one or two rationales: first, that the medium is inherently scarce and second, that it is 'pervasive'. In the last 10 years, some judges have cast doubts about this argument and in so doing, feel that American (US) broadcasting should be freed from such regulatory restrictions. This article presents the arguments in favor of treating radio and television licensees as full-fledged members of the free speech sphere. It further argues that in the broadband era, distinctions between broadcasters and other content providers are increasingly irrelevant and that radio and television are no longer as dominant.
Descendence, Ascendence, Transcendence: Critiquing Popular Films

In an essay published twenty years ago, Janice Hocker Rushing observed that “as we respond to death [with eulogies],…we are moved to speak, [even] knowing that our speech is in itself inadequate” (...
Impact of positron emission tomography/computed tomography surveillance at 12 and 24 months for detecting head and neck cancer recurrence.

BACKGROUND: In head and neck cancer (HNC), 3-month post-treatment positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) reliably identifies persistent/recurrent disease. However, further PET/CT surveillance has unclear benefit. The impact of post-treatment PET/CT surveillance on outcomes is assessed at 12 and 24 months. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective analysis of HNC patients was carried out with long-term serial imaging. Imaging at 3 months included either PET/CT or magnetic resonance imaging, with all subsequent imaging comprised of PET/CT. PET/CT scans at 12 and 24 months were evaluated only if preceding interval scans were negative. Of 1114 identified patients, 284 had 3-month scans, 175 had 3- and 12-month scans, and 77 had 3-, 12-, and 24-month scans. RESULTS: PET/CT detection rates in clinically occult patients were 9% (15 of 175) at 12 months, and 4% (3 of 77) at 24 months. No difference in outcomes was identified between PET/CT-detected and clinically detected recurrences, with similar 3-year disease-free survival (41% vs 46%, P = .91) and 3-year overall survival (60% vs 54%, P = .70) rates. Compared with 3-month PET/CT, 12-month PET/CT demonstrated fewer equivocal reads (26% vs 10%, P < .001). Of scans deemed equivocal, 6% (5 of 89) were ultimately found to be positive. CONCLUSIONS: HNC patients with negative 3-month imaging appear to derive limited benefit from subsequent PET/CT surveillance. No survival differences were observed between PET/CT-detected and clinically detected recurrences, although larger prospective studies are needed for further investigation. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Regional Localization of 32 NotI-HindIII Fragments from a Human Chromosome 13 Library by a Somatic Cell Hybrid Panel and in Situ Hybridization

Relatively few DNA probes have been regionally assigned to chromosome 13 bands, and these tend to be clustered in the proximal end of the chromosome in the regions where intensive mapping efforts have been focused because of the retinoblastoma and Wilson disease genes. We have developed a chromosome 13-specific half-linking library of NotI-HindIII fragments and regionally mapped 32 of these on chromosome 13, using a somatic cell hybrid panel that subdivides chromosome 13 into 11 regions and nonisotopic in situ hybridization with silver amplification of a digoxigenin-labeled probe.
Carbon monoxide hydrogenation over na-mn-ni catalysts: Effects of catalyst preparation methods on the c2+ oxygenate selectivity

Abstract The effect of catalyst preparation methods on carbon monoxide hydrogenation selectivity over na-mn-ni catalysts has been studied. the sio2-supported ni and mn-ni catalysts prepared from impregnation exhibited high methanation and hydrocarbon synthesis selectivity. the mn-ni catalysts prepared from coprecipitation of manganese and nickel nitrates with sodium carbonate showed high selectivity for c2+ oxygenate synthesis. temperature-programmed desorption studies revealed that hydrogen chemisorption on the coprecipitated catalysts was highly activated. the results suggest that highly activated hydrogen chemisorption may lead to a hydrogen-deficient surface which would favor carbon monoxide insertion relative to hydrogenation.
Conditions for the equivalence of the "surface hopping" and complex-valued time methods to affect nonadiabatic transitions

Abstract In this paper we examine two semiclassical theories used to describe collision induced electronic transitions, namely the surface hopping method of Tully and Preston and the “exact” semiclassical method of Miller and George, and give conditions such that the two methods are equivalent. An example using a DIM potential energy for H + 3 is discussed.
Receptor-mediated gonadotropin action in the ovary Demonstration of acute dependence of rat luteal cells on exogenously supplied steroid precursor (sterols) for gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis

Incubation of luteal cells with human, horse and rat sera, but not bovine sera resulted in enhanced basal and hCG-stimulated progesterone accumulation. The stimulatory effect of human or rat sera on basal, hCG- or 8 Br-cyclic AMP-induced progesterone synthesis in luteal cells was evident within 15-30 min after incubation, reaching a maximum after 3-4 h. The stimulatory effects of hCG and/or sera were blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Similarly, lysosomotropic agents, chloroquine (100 microM) and ammonium chloride (10 mM), partly blocked the steroidogenic response of luteal cells to hCG and/or human or rat sera. Incubation of cells in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose, sodium azide and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride resulted in partial inhibition of progesterone secretion in response to hCG or sera. Fractionation of human or rat sera into various lipoprotein fractions demonstrated that LDL and HDL most effectively supported and potentiated the steroidogenic response to hCG. Lipoprotein-deficient serum, however, did not alter gonadotropin-induced steroid production. Incubation of luteal cells with increasing concentrations of h-LDL and h-HDL enhanced both basal and hCG-mediated steroidogenesis in a dose-related manner, although very high concentrations of these lipoproteins were inhibitory. Further, [3H]cholesterol from [3H]cholesteryl linoleate-LDL was incorporated into luteal cell progesterone and the extent of this incorporation was enhanced by hCG. Addition of excess unlabeled h-LDL, h-HDL, as well as r-HDL, drastically reduced the incorporation of radioactive label into progesterone. These studies suggest that (a) serum potentiation of steroidogenesis was due to presence of lipoproteins, mainly LDL and HDL, and (b) the lipoprotein-bound cholesterol is delivered into the luteal cells and utilized for steroidogenesis.
Economic and psychological explanations for strategic persistence

Abstract Strategic management researchers are showing increasing interest in the question of why companies persist in questionable strategies. In this paper, two types of explanations for strategic persistence are discussed. Specific explanations from the economic and psychological perspectives are reviewed. An integrated approach is developed which shows how economic and psychological factors may interact to encourage this type of persistence.
Real time forecasting of near-future evolution

A metaphor for adaptation that informs much evolutionary thinking today is that of mountain climbing, where horizontal displacement represents change in genotype, and vertical displacement represents change in fitness. If it were known a priori what the ‘fitness landscape’ looked like, that is, how the myriad possible genotypes mapped onto fitness, then the possible paths up the fitness mountain could each be assigned a probability, thus providing a dynamical theory with long-term predictive power. Such detailed genotype–fitness data, however, are rarely available and are subject to change with each change in the organism or in the environment. Here, we take a very different approach that depends only on fitness or phenotype–fitness data obtained in real time and requires no a priori information about the fitness landscape. Our general statistical model of adaptive evolution builds on classical theory and gives reasonable predictions of fitness and phenotype evolution many generations into the future.
c-fos and cleaved caspase-3 expression after perinatal exposure to ethanol, cocaine, or the combination of both drugs

Poly-drug abuse during pregnancy is a major public health concern. The combined effects of cocaine and ethanol may be more injurious to the fetal nervous system than either drug alone. In order to identify areas of the brain vulnerable to concurrent exposure, we examined the expression of the immediate-early gene (IEG), c-fos, and cleaved caspase-3, the 'executioner' caspase in apoptosis. Pregnant rats were treated with either ethanol diet, cocaine binge, or both. At birth, the brains of fetuses exposed to cocaine exhibited an increase in Fos immunoreactivity in many brain regions. Prenatal exposure to ethanol did not increase Fos expression above that observed in control rats at early points after birth. However, Fos expression at 24 h after birth was higher after ethanol diet treatment in several brain regions, such as the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus, and medial thalamus. Only in the striatum did the combination of ethanol and cocaine cause greater Fos expression than either prenatal cocaine or ethanol alone. Increased cleaved caspase-3 expression was observed at the 24-h time point for both ethanol- and cocaine-exposed brains, most notably in the septum, retrosplenial cortex, and the hippocampus. Concurrent ethanol and cocaine exposure did not elevate cleaved caspase-3 expression beyond that of either drug alone. Analysis of the extent of c-fos and caspase-3 induction did not indicate a consistent relationship of expression in any of the drug treatment groups nor in any brain region. These results indicate that both prenatal cocaine and prenatal ethanol exposure increase Fos and cleaved caspase-3 expression in the developing brain in a time- and region-dependent manner, but that the combination of low-dose, chronic ethanol, and binge cocaine does not cause greater apoptosis.
Survival differences between adolescents/young adults and children with B precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Abstract Risk-adapted therapy has been the cornerstone of treatment for pediatric B precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Recently, age ≥13 years at diagnosis has been identified as a very high-risk feature for chemotherapy treated pediatric patients with B-ALL. Whether age at time of transplantation is associated with poor outcomes in adolescents and young adults (AYA) is unknown. We hypothesized that AYA receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) would have greater relapse and inferior survival compared with children age
Crystallization of sickle hemoglobin from gently agitated solutions--an alternative to gelation.

A new, crystalline state of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin is described which is formed spontaneously in agitated concentrated hemoglobin S solutions under conditions otherwise favoring the well-known transition to the gel state. The birefringent, needle-like sickle hemoglobin crystals, which may subsequently grow to exceed 1 mm in length, are completely dissolved upon dropping the temperature to 0°C. Gelation can thereafter be induced by raising the temperature again without agitating the solution. It is shown by means of solubility and crystal-seeding experiments that hemoglobin S gels are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the crystalline form near the physiological values of pH and ionic strength. The rigid Hb S‡ gel is slowly transformed into a free-flowing crystal suspension after being “seeded” with a minute amount of crystalline sickle hemoglobin. The kinetics of crystallization, as a function of concentration and temperature, together with the enthalpy of crystallization, are compared with the corresponding quantities for gelation.
Self-Referencing Wavefront Sensor

A modified Smartt point-diffraction interferometer employing phase-shifting electronic phase measurement techniques is described. Special techniques making it possible for the interferometer to give good visibility interference fringes for a large range of input wavefront tilts are discussed. A trade-off between acceptable values of wavefront tilt and light efficiency is presented.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regulation of Appetite and Insulin Signaling in Inflammatory States

Inflammatory states are characterized by decreased food intake, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. The contribution of cytokines in this phenotype is important and is exerted through activation of SOCS proteins and inhibition of insulin signaling, as well as through direct stimulation of the ob gene. Obesity, a condition that has reached epidemic rates, is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and increased food intake, and body weight. In the following article we summarize the current views of the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in obesity and the other inflammatory states. We also discuss the regulation of appetite in inflammatory states, and we provide evidence on the cytokine-independent induction of anorexia following immune activation in mice. Understanding of the exact mechanisms regulating these processes may provide important insights for the control of this group of diseases that compromise to a great extent the quality of life and are associated with high mortality.
The natural history of isolated fetal hydrothorax.

We reviewed the prenatal course and outcome of 11 fetuses with isolated unilateral or bilateral hydro thoraces identified between 14 and 34 weeks' gestation, in the absence of invasive fetal intervention. Four of these fetuses died, three in utero and one in the newborn period. Six of seven survivors had resolution of hydrothorax before birth. Eight of the 11 fetuses had unilateral and three bilateral hydrothoraces. Six of the eight fetuses with unilateral hydrothorax survived, whereas one of the three with bilateral hydrothoraces lived. Six of the 11 pregnancies were complicated by polyhydramnios; four of these six fetuses died. One fetus was found to have trisomy 21. It is difficult to draw firm conclusions from the small number of patients in this report because of the wide range of outcomes found for the sonographic variables described. This series shows, however, a tendency to complete resolution of primary unilateral fetal hydrothorax, with good outcome, particularly in second-trimester fetuses without polyhydramnios. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Psychosocial correlates of PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault survivors

This study's goal was to assess the effects of preassault, assault, and postassault psychosocial factors on current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of sexual assault survivors. An ethnically diverse sample of over 600 female sexual assault survivors was recruited from college, community, and mental health agency sources (response rate = 90%). Regression analyses tested the hypothesis that postassault psychosocial variables, including survivors' responses to rape and social reactions from support providers, would be stronger correlates of PTSD symptom severity than preassault or assault characteristics. As expected, few demographic or assault characteristics predicted symptoms, whereas trauma histories, perceived life threat during the assault, postassault characterological self-blame, avoidance coping, and negative social reactions from others were all related to greater PTSD symptom severity. The only protective factor was survivors' perception that they had greater control over their recovery process in the present, which predicted fewer symptoms. Recommendations for intervention and treatment with sexual assault survivors are discussed.
Behavior and physiology of the macaque vestibulo-ocular reflex response to sudden off-axis rotation: computing eye translation

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) has historically been considered a computationally simple reflex: to stabilize images on the retina against imposed head rotation, the eyes must be counterrotated by an equal amount in the opposite direction. During almost any head rotation, however, the eyes are also translated. We show that the VOR compensates for 90% of this translation, and suggest a computational scheme by which this is done, based on a temporal dissection of the VOR response to sudden head rotation. An initial response that corrects only for imposed rotation is refined by a series of three temporally delayed corrections of increasing complexity. The first correction takes only head rotation and viewing distance into account; the second, head rotation, viewing distance, and otolith translation; and the third, head rotation, viewing distance, otolith translation, and translation of the eyes relative to the otoliths. Responses of type I gaze velocity Purkinje (GVP) cells in the cerebellar flocculus and ventral paraflocculus of rhesus monkeys were recorded during sudden head rotation. We show that cell discharge was modulated both by axis location and by viewing distance, suggesting that GVP cells play a role in the VOR response to rotation-induced eye translation.
Personalising organisational knowledge and organisationalising personal knowledge

Purpose – This paper aims to study the relationship between personal knowledge management (PKM) and organisational knowledge management (OKM).Design/methodology/approach – Based on the proposed framework of PKM and OKM, the author has analytically modelled and studied the strategies of linking the two to manage personal knowledge for organisational purposes.Findings – Applying a framework categorising PKM and OKM from two dimensions – knowledge properties and management perspectives – the author proposes the strategies of personalising organisational knowledge (POK) and organisationalising personal knowledge (OPK) as the effective linkage between PKM and OKM. Integrating a knowledge management system (KMS) into the framework, the author determines the optimal level of KMS in facilitating the implementation of POK and OPK strategies.Research limitations/implications – Future research may relax some of the assumptions and empirically verify the analytical results.Practical implications – The research provid...
A response surface methodology approach to optimize potato dehydration process.

A process for the production of high quality dehydrated potato cubes by high temperature fluidized bed (HTFB) initial drying followed by tunnel drying was optimized by response surface methodology. Drying temperature (T), exposure time in HTFB drier (t) and concentration of biopolymers (C) as pretreatment were determined as the most important factors affecting rehydration ratio, puffing, nonenzymatic browning and water holding capacity in the finished product. Optimum conditions for 0.95 cm potato cubes were: T = 145°C; t = 10 min; C = 1.2% and blanching time (b) = 4.5 min. Values predicted by the surface response model for rehydration ratio, bulk density, nonenzymatic browning and expressible fluid at the optimum were 5.75, 0.156, 0.20 and 4.8%, respectively. These values were experimentally varified and very close agreement between experimental and predicted values were obtained.
Phonon structure inSrTiO3under finite electric fields: First-principles density functional approach

A first-principles approach within the density-functional theory is proposed to determine the phonon structure of infinite solids under finite electric fields. The approach is applied to perovskite $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, confirming the existence of giant field-induced frequency shifts. Our theory further predicts a striking piezoelectric response as well as a wide-range dielectric tunability. A microscopic understanding for individual phonon modes under finite electric fields is also provided.
The morphology of murine cerebral ventriculosubarachnoid space I. Light microscopy

Abstract A new method is described for producing plastic casts of murine Ventriculosubarachnoid space. Photographs of a representative cast demonstrate the highly detailed tridimensional anatomy obtainable with this method.
The Post-9/11 World and Change in Law, Ethics and Armed Conflict

If the post-cold war security environment is associated with the introduction of 'distinctively ethical language' into debates concerning states' international obligations,1 the post-9/11 world is the introduction of a high degree of complexity and uncertainty into those debates. The adoption of the post-9/11 label carries with it an assumption of change, and the balance between military necessity and legal and normative accountability is one area where this change has been rigorously contested. Two of the three books under review here highlight how states have stretched the boundaries of permissible behaviour in armed conflict since 11 September 2001. Bergman-Rosamond and Phythian's collection and Monshipouri's book explore how confrontations tied to the United States' Global War on Terror have exposed multiple fault lines between security and ethical concerns, including debates over state security versus human security, international humanitarian law versus human rights law, and humanitarian intervention versus military invasion. The post-9/11 world questions whether or not international laws and norms can keep up with states' perceptions of a changing security environment, or whether these constraints on state behaviour will become decreasingly effective. Each of the three books under review contributes to one possible answer: the interdependence of laws, ethics and security. To that end, Inal's work provides a theoretical basis for understanding why and how change in the law of war occurs. Inal emphasises the role of normative shocks which alter the political environment and thus invite the possibility of institutional change. The focus of Bergman-Rosamond and Phythian's collection and Monshipouri's book then invites us to ask whether or not September 11th constitutes such a shock, and what sort of changes we can expect as a result. In answer, Bergman-Rosamond and Phythian's collection demonstrates the importance of ethical reasoning in public debates about armed conflict, and Monshipouri's work stresses the need …
Screening for total cholesterol. Do the National Cholesterol Education Program's recommendations detect individuals at high risk of coronary heart disease?

BACKGROUNDThe National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) has provided guidelines for identification of persons at high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) because of lipid abnormalities. These recommendations are based on total cholesterol as the initial screening tool and have become the stimulus for clinic- and community-based screening programs nationwide. However, the use of the guidelines may be problematic because individuals may have total cholesterol levels in the desirable range but low density lipoprotein (LDL) or high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels considered at high risk. This study evaluates the ability of the NCEP screening recommendations to identify correctly persons at high risk of CHD because of lipid abnormalities.METHODS AND RESULTSUsing the NCEP guidelines, we simulated a population-based screening program with data from visits 1 and 2 of the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Individuals were considered to be at high risk of CHD if they had LDL levels greater than...
Quantum optimal quantum control field design using logarithmic maps

A mapping technique is introduced to expand the capabilities of current control field design procedures. The maps relate the control field to the logarithm of the time evolution operator. Over the dynamic range of the maps, which begins at the sudden limit and extends beyond, they are found to be more accurate than field → observable maps. The maps may be used as part of an iterative computational algorithm for field design. This process is illustrated for the design of a field to meet a population transfer objective.
Recent advances in high-growth rate single-crystal CVD diamond

There have been important advances in microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) of large single-crystal CVD diamond at high growth rates and applications of this diamond. The types of gas chemistry and growth conditions, including microwave power, pressure, and substrate surface temperatures, have been varied to optimize diamond quality and growth rates. The diamond has been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic and diffraction techniques. We have grown single-crystal CVD diamond over ten carats and above 1 cm in thickness at growth rates of 50-100 {micro}m/h. Colorless and near colorless single crystals up to two carats have been produced by further optimizing the process. The nominal Vickers fracture toughness of this high-growth rate diamond can be tuned to exceed 20 MPa m{sup 1/2} in comparison to 5-10 MPa m{sup 1/2} for conventional natural and CVD diamond. Post-growth high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) and low-pressure/high-temperature (LPHT) annealing have been carried out to alter the optical, mechanical, and electronic properties. Most recently, single-crystal CVD diamond has been successfully annealed by LPHT methods without graphitization up to 2200 C and < 300 Torr for periods of time ranging from a fraction of minute to a few hours. Significant changes observed in UV, visible, infrared, and photoluminescencemore » spectra are attributed to changes in various vacancy centers and extended defects.« less
Effect of host age upon interleukin-2-mediated anti-tumor responses in a murine fibrosarcoma model

The age-associated decline in immune function may be an important factor in both the pathogenesis of neoplastic diseases and the response to immunopharmacological therapies. With the increased efforts to develop immunotherapy with such agents as interferon and interleukin-2 (IL-2), the question of the effect of host age upon response is of practical importance. Phase I and phase II clinical trials of IL-2 have included primarily young patients, and toxicity and efficacy have not been reported with specific reference to host age. In this study, we examined young and old mice with regard to in vitro natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell functions. We also assessed the effects of exogenously administered recombinant human IL-2 in tumor-bearing mice of various ages. We found that natural killer cell function was demonstrably lower in old mice but that LAK cell function was comparable (young versus old). Furthermore, IL-2 treatment was successful in increasing survival time in old mice, similar to results in young mice. Our observations allow the prediction that immune senescenceper se does not preclude successful anti-neoplastic treatment with IL-2.
Relationship between orthonormal temporal and spatial electrocardiographic generators

Abstract Explicit relationships between orthonormal temporal (e.g., factors) and orthonormal spatial (e.g., multipoles) ECG generators are developed. The development is checked by comparing multipole generator magnitudes calculated from temporal generators with values determined from multipole formulas which utilize integration over a closed spatial surface.
The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV) : Reliability of new psychiatric diagnostic modules and risk factors in a general population sample

This study presents test-retest reliability statistics and information on internal consistency for new diagnostic modules and risk factors for alcohol, drug, and psychiatric disorders from the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV). Test-retest statistics were derived from a random sample of 1899 adults selected from 34,653 respondents who participated in the 2004-2005 Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Internal consistency of continuous scales was assessed using the entire Wave 2 NESARC. Both test and retest interviews were conducted face-to-face. Test-retest and internal consistency results for diagnoses and symptom scales associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and borderline, narcissistic, and schizotypal personality disorders were predominantly good (kappa>0.63; ICC>0.69; alpha>0.75) and reliability for risk factor measures fell within the good to excellent range (intraclass correlations=0.50-0.94; alpha=0.64-0.90). The high degree of reliability found in this study suggests that new AUDADIS-IV diagnostic measures can be useful tools in research settings. The availability of highly reliable measures of risk factors for alcohol, drug, and psychiatric disorders will contribute to the validity of conclusions drawn from future research in the domains of substance use disorder and psychiatric epidemiology.
The Energy Conservation Equation for Living Tissue

The widely used bio-heat transfer equation is examined regarding its term describing the thermal effects of blood perfusion. It is demonstrated, both by physical arguments and numerical results, that the description of thermal convection by blood is inconsistent in this equation, and that results are in error by the same order of magnitude as the convective energy transport itself.
The renminbi as an international currency

The dollar in 1914, like the renminbi today, played a negligible role in international trade and payments. Negotiable trade credits denominated in dollars were nonexistent. Manufacturers and wholesalers from other countries seeking to export and import from the United States and, more strikingly, even U.S. exporters and importers themselves, when seeking to obtain credit for a transaction, did so with the intermediation of an investment bank based in London. Those negotiable credit instruments known as bankers acceptances were denominated in sterling, since this was the currency in which London banks were accustomed to dealing. Smaller markets in negotiable trade credits existed in France (in francs) and Germany (in marks) but not in the United States, this despite the fact that by 1914 the United States was the largest trading nation. The dollar similarly played a negligible role as a currency in which to denominate international bonds, even though the U.S. turned from capital importer to capital exporter after 1890. The dollar accounted for just a tiny sliver of the foreign reserves of central banks and governments; only de facto U.S. dependencies like the Philippines held any of their reserves in dollars.
The pummerer rearrangement with 7‐(trifluoromethyl)dibenzo[b,e] [1,4]‐thiazepine‐5(11H)‐carboxaldehyde 10‐oxide. Formation of a novel 5,11‐bridged tetracycle

13-Ethoxy-7-(trifluoromethyl)-11H-11,5-(epoxymethano)dibenzo[b,e][1,4]thiazepine (3) was formed following the Pummerer Rearrangement of 7-(trifluoromethyl)dibenzo[b,e] [1,4]-thiazepine-5(11H)carboxaldehyde 10-oxide (1), when the work-up involved the use of diethyl ether that contained ethanol as a normal ingredient, i.e., the grade of that solvent employed in anesthesia.