cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ATP, uncomplexed by divalent cations, and the LC2 light chain are interdependent modifiers of the skeletal actomyosin MgATPase activity.

Abstract In the absence of troponin and tropomyosin, skeletal actomyosin MgATPase activity can be altered by 2-3-fold by divalent cations. The 'sign' of this effect (i.e. inhibition or activation) varies with ionic strength. To investigate the mechanism, P(i) liberation was analysed at both low and high ionic strength with three concentrations of MgATP and over a wide range of Mg2+ concentrations. This procedure separated the effects of two dependent variables, Mg2+ and ATP4-/3- (ATPfree), to provide the following observations. (1) ATPfree, not Mg2+ (nor Ca2+), was the modifier. (2) ATPfree was an activator at low ionic strength and an inhibitor at high ionic strength, with half-maximal activation/inhibition occurring between 0.75 and 0.8 mM-ATPfree. (3) The rate constants controlling Vmax. with respect to actin were increased up to 3-fold by ATPfree at low ionic strength, and decreased up to 3-fold by ATPfree at high ionic strength. (4) The effect of ATPfree required near-native levels of the LC2 light chain bound to myosin (i.e. 2 mol of LC2/mol of myosin). (5) Sensitivity of P(i) liberation to a 50% decrease in the LC2 content of myosin required high ATPfree concentrations. It is concluded that LC2 and ATPfree are interdependent, non-additive, modifiers of MgATPase. These results are consistent with thin filament regulation of skeletal muscle contraction, and begin to explain why both positive and negative effects on MgATPase have been attributed to LC2.
The European teachers of Dr. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann.

This brief analysis of the contributions of Dr. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann's European teachers to her work traces parallel developments in Europe and America that led Fromm-Reichmann and Harry Stack Sullivan to a similar understanding of the treatment of schizophrenia. Fromm-Reichmann was prepared by Kurt Goldstein's insights into the patient's security operations; Goldstein, Johannes H. Schultz, and Georg Groddeck's holistic views; Groddeck's focus on early mothering; the Frankfurt sociological school's stress on the influence of socioeconomic factors; and her own clinical experience to be receptive to Sullivan's interpersonal theories.
Noninvasive indexes of cardiac systolic and diastolic function in hyperthyroid and senescent mouse

The mouse is a common model for transgenic manipulation, however, their small size has made hemodynamic study difficult. A noninvasive 10-MHz pulsed Doppler probe was used to measure aortic and mitral flow velocities in anesthetized, intact mice to study the effects of aging and hypethyroidism (induced by thyroxine) one systolic and diastolic cardiac function. In 10 hyperthyroid mice peak aortic velocity (PAV, an index of systolic function) was 34% higher than in 10 control mice (108 +/- 2 vs. 80 +/- 3 cm/s, P < 0.05). The ratio of early to late mitral filling velocity (E/A ratio, an index of diastolic function) was 47% higher (5.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05) in the hyperthyroid mice. In six old (30 mo) mice PAV was similar to eight young (4 mo) mice (73 +/- 3 vs. 75 +/- 3 cm/s), but the E/A ratio was 59% lower (1.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.4 +/- 0.4, P < 0.05). Despite a wide range of observed heart rates, the systolic and diastolic parameters of the groups were clearly separated. We conclude that cardiac systolic and diastolic function in mice, measured by pulsed Doppler ultrasound, are similar to larger species both in magnitude and in their response to hyperthyroidism and aging.
The Doppler Ultrasonic Cerebrovascular Examination: Improved Accuracy by Refinement of Technique

Although strokes take the lives of more than 200,000 people annually, 25% of stroke prone patients have occlusive disease amenable to extracranial surgical techniques. Therefore, the diagnosis of extracranial carotid occlusive disease becomes an important priority in health care. One of the simplest, safest and most accurate techniques for evaluating extracranial occlusive vascular disease is the determination of directional flow in the supraorbital artery using the Doppler ultrasonic velocity detector. The 10 megahertz Doppler probe permits detection of flow in the supraorbital artery which is normally out of the orbit and augmented by compression of the ipsilateral temporal artery. In the presence of significant stenosis (>70%) or occlusion of the internal carotid artery, the flow may be reversed and ipsilateral temporal artery compression may diminish or obliterate flow in the supraorbital artery. This technique may detect significant internal carotid disease with 90% accuracy but is associated with both false positive and false negative results. The present study presents the improved results of a modified Doppler cerebrovascular examination of 50 patients who underwent cerebral angiography for suspected arterial occlusive disease.
Causality: Epilogue: The Art and Science of Cause and Effect

A public lecture delivered November 1996 as part of the UCLA Faculty Research Lectureship Program The topic of this lecture is causality – namely, our awareness of what causes what in the world and why it matters. Though it is basic to human thought, causality is a notion shrouded in mystery, controversy, and caution, because scientists and philosophers have had difficulties defining when one event truly causes another. We all understand that the rooster's crow does not cause the sun to rise, but even this simple fact cannot easily be translated into a mathematical equation. Today, I would like to share with you a set of ideas which I have found very useful in studying phenomena of this kind. These ideas have led to practical tools that I hope you will find useful on your next encounter with cause and effect. It is hard to imagine anyone here who is not dealing with cause and effect. Whether you are evaluating the impact of bilingual education programs or running an experiment on how mice distinguish food from danger or speculating about why Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon or diagnosing a patient or predicting who will win the presidential election, you are dealing with a tangled web of cause–effect considerations. The story that I am about to tell is aimed at helping researchers deal with the complexities of such considerations, and to clarify their meaning.
Formal Derivation of Lotka–Volterra–Haken Amplitude Equations of Task-Related Brain Activity in Multiple, Consecutively Performed Tasks

The Lotka–Volterra–Haken equations have been frequently used in ecology and pattern formation. Recently, the equations have been proposed by several research groups as amplitude equations for task-related patterns of brain activity. In this theoretical study, the focus is on the circular causality aspect of pattern formation systems as formulated within the framework of synergetics. Accordingly, the stable modes of a pattern formation system inhibit the unstable modes, whereas the unstable modes excite the stable modes. Using this circular causality principle it is shown that under certain conditions the Lotka–Volterra–Haken amplitude equations can be derived from a general model of brain activity akin to the Wilson–Cowan model. The model captures the amplitude dynamics for brain activity patterns in experiments involving several consecutively performed multiple-choice tasks. This is explicitly demonstrated for two-choice tasks involving grasping and walking. A comment on the relevance of the theoretical framework for clinical psychology and schizophrenia is given as well.
Chemical warfare agent identification by PGNAA: A comparison of Gamma-ray excitation by neutrons from a Cf-252 source, a DD neutron generator, and a DT Neutron generator

The PINS Chemical Assay System, developed by Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is a field-portable Prompt Gamma-ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) system. [1] For over 20 years, the U.S. military has used the PINS to nondestructively identify the fill chemical inside thousands of suspect chemical warfare munitions. First- and second-generation PINS systems use a 252Cf neutron source to induce capture reactions and inelastic-scattering reactions in the object under test. Currently, we are testing two third-generation PINS systems, using neutron generators in lieu of a 252Cf radioisotopic source, to simplify PINS shipping and storage logistics. We present here a comparison of the spectra collected during a series of blind tests performed with actual chemical warfare agents, using all three neutron source types. To our knowledge, this is the first test directly comparing the gamma-ray response of live-chemical warfare agents to neutrons from a 252Cf source, a DD neutron generator, and a DT neutron generator.
Competing magnetic orders in the superconducting state of heavy-fermion CeRhIn5

Applied pressure drives the heavy-fermion antiferromagnet CeRhIn5 toward a quantum critical point that becomes hidden by a dome of unconventional superconductivity. Magnetic fields suppress this superconducting dome, unveiling the quantum phase transition of local character. Here, we show that [Formula: see text] magnetic substitution at the Ce site in CeRhIn5, either by Nd or Gd, induces a zero-field magnetic instability inside the superconducting state. This magnetic state not only should have a different ordering vector than the high-field local-moment magnetic state, but it also competes with the latter, suggesting that a spin-density-wave phase is stabilized in zero field by Nd and Gd impurities, similarly to the case of Ce0.95Nd0.05CoIn5 Supported by model calculations, we attribute this spin-density wave instability to a magnetic-impurity-driven condensation of the spin excitons that form inside the unconventional superconducting state.
Nuclear quantum effect with pure anharmonicity and the anomalous thermal expansion of silicon

Despite the widespread use of silicon in modern technology, its peculiar thermal expansion is not well understood. Adapting harmonic phonons to the specific volume at temperature, the quasiharmonic approximation, has become accepted for simulating the thermal expansion, but has given ambiguous interpretations for microscopic mechanisms. To test atomistic mechanisms, we performed inelastic neutron scattering experiments from 100 K to 1,500 K on a single crystal of silicon to measure the changes in phonon frequencies. Our state-of-the-art ab initio calculations, which fully account for phonon anharmonicity and nuclear quantum effects, reproduced the measured shifts of individual phonons with temperature, whereas quasiharmonic shifts were mostly of the wrong sign. Surprisingly, the accepted quasiharmonic model was found to predict the thermal expansion owing to a large cancellation of contributions from individual phonons.
Measures of greatness: A Lotkaian approach to literary authors using OCLC WorldCat

Abstract This study examines the productivity, eminence, and impact of literary authors using Lotka's law, a bibliometric approach developed for studying the published output of scientists. Data on literary authors were drawn from two recent surveys that identified and ranked authors who had made the greatest contributions to world literature. Data on the number of records of works by and about selected authors were drawn from OCLC WorldCat in 2007 and 2014. Findings show that the distribution of literary authors followed a pattern consistent with Lotka's law and show that these studies enable one to empirically test subjective rankings of eminent authors. Future examination of distribution of author productivity might include studies based on language, location, and culture.
Despite disorganized synapse structure, Th2 cells maintain directional delivery of CD40L to antigen-presenting B cells

Upon recognition of peptide displayed on MHC molecules, Th1 and Th2 cells form distinct immunological synapse structures. Th1 cells have a bull's eye synapse structure with TCR/ MHC-peptide interactions occurring central to a ring of adhesion molecules, while Th2 cells have a multifocal synapse with small clusters of TCR/MHC interactions throughout the area of T cell/antigen-presenting cell interaction. In this study, we investigated whether this structural difference in the immunological synapse affects delivery of T cell help. The immunological synapse is thought to ensure antigen-specific delivery of cytolytic granules and killing of target cells by NK cells and cytolytic T cells. In helper T cells, it has been proposed that the immunological synapse may direct delivery of other effector molecules including cytokines. CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a membrane-bound cytokine essential for antigen-specific T cell help for B cells in the antibody response. We incubated Th1 and Th2 cells overnight with a mixture of antigen-presenting and bystander B cells, and the delivery of CD40L to B cells and subsequent B cell responses were compared. Despite distinct immunological synapse structures, Th1 and Th2 cell do not differ in their ability to deliver CD40L and T cell help in an antigen-specific fashion, or in their susceptibility to inhibition of help by a blocking anti-CD40L antibody.
Optics demystified: A fiber-optic link test primer

Electronics communications standards demand higher bandwidth and density every year. As serial data communication bit rates begin to exceed 10Gbps and approach 40Gbps and greater, current copper interface performance erodes quickly. The solution is to use an optical interface that reduces loss, space, and weight. Optical interfaces bring with them new terminology, concepts, and challenges that did not exist with electrical interfaces. One of these challenges is how to properly test the functionality of optical UUTs as well as their parameters. One solution is an optical tester that enables the test engineer to measure and exercise parameters associated with the optics such as receiver sensitivity, transmit power levels, bandwidth, extinction ratio, and data link integrity.
T-Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticles Can Neutralize HIV Infectivity

To improve human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention, therapeutic strategies that can provide effective and broad-spectrum neutralization against viral infection are highly desirable. Inspired by recent advances of cell-membrane coating technology, herein, plasma membranes of CD4+ T cells are collected and coated onto polymeric cores. The resulting T-cell-membrane-coated nanoparticles (denoted as "TNPs") inherit T cell surface antigens critical for HIV binding, such as CD4 receptor and CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors. The TNPs act as decoys for viral attack and neutralize HIV by diverting the viruses away from their intended host targets. This decoy strategy, which simulates host cell functions for viral neutralization rather than directly suppressing viral replication machinery, has the potential to overcome HIV genetic diversity while not eliciting high selective pressure. In this study, it is demonstrated that TNPs selectively bind with gp120, a key envelope glycoprotein of HIV, and inhibit gp120-induced killing of bystander CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, when added to HIV viruses, TNPs effectively neutralize the viral infection of peripheral mononuclear blood cells and human-monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, by leveraging natural T cell functions, TNPs show great potential as a new therapeutic agent against HIV infection.
Saltwater intrusion and soil carbon loss: Testing effects of salinity and phosphorus loading on microbial functions in experimental freshwater wetlands

Abstract Wetlands can store significant amounts of carbon (C), but climate and land-use change increasingly threaten wetland C storage potential. Carbon stored in soils of freshwater coastal wetlands is vulnerable to rapid saltwater intrusion associated with sea-level rise and reduced freshwater flows. In the Florida Everglades, unprecedented saltwater intrusion is simultaneously exposing wetlands soils to elevated salinity and phosphorus (P), in areas where C-rich peat soils are collapsing. To determine how elevated salinity and P interact to influence microbial contributions to C loss, we continuously added P (~0.5 mg P d−1) and salinity (~6.9 g salt d−1) to freshwater Cladium jamaicense (sawgrass) peat monoliths for two years. We measured changes in porewater chemistry, microbial extracellular enzyme activities, respiration rates, microbial biomass, root litter breakdown rates (k), and soil elemental composition after short (57 d), intermediate- (392 d), and long-term (741 d) exposure. After 741 days, both β-1,4-glucosidase activity (P 0.05) with added salinity and was unaffected by added P. Soil respiration rates decreased after 372 d exposure to salinity (P = 0.05) and did not change with P exposure. Root litter k increased by 1.5× with added P and was unaffected by salinity exposure (P > 0.01). Soil %C decreased by approximately 1.3× after 741 days of salinity exposure compared to freshwater controls (P
Comparative Evaluation of Volumetric Current Measurements in a Tidally Dominated Coastal Setting: A Virtual Field Experiment

AbstractHigh-resolution, four-dimensional mapping of currents in tidally dominated coastal settings can be conducted with a range of instrumentation. Here, we assess four approaches to data collect...
Goals as identities: Boosting perceptions of healthy-eater identity for easier goal pursuit

People who think of their personal goals as identities are more likely to engage in goal-consistent behavior. However, no research has explored whether learning to frame goals as identities can be an effective strategy for pursuing goals in daily life. Across a series of studies, we assessed how incorporating a goal as part of one’s identity impacts goal-consistent choices. In a pilot study, we established a positive correlational relationship between natural goal identification and goal-consistent decision-making. Individuals with stronger healthy-eater identities made healthier food choices in a behavioral choice task. In Studies 1 and 2, we employed longitudinal interventions to teach people to frame their healthy eating goals as identities. We found that people who learned to frame their goals as identities made healthier choices, felt their goals were easier to pursue, reported greater success at managing goals, and made food choices that they both perceived to be healthier and that were rated as healthier by independent evaluators. Across studies, our findings suggest that thinking of goals as identities makes it easier to engage in goal-consistent choices.
Seaweed Reproduction and Harvest Rebound in Southcentral Alaska: Implications for Wild Stock Management

In Alaska, interest in harvesting seaweeds for personal use is growing and information on potential impacts of this activity on sustainability of wild populations is lacking. This study provides information on reproductive timing and size, standing crop, and harvest rebound of three commonly harvested seaweeds in Southcentral Alaska: the rockweed, Fucus distichus; the sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima; and the bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana. From March through October 2018, seaweeds were surveyed for reproductive status and harvested to determine how much biomass was available. From the harvests, individuals were measured to determine the size when they first become reproductive. Harvested plots were re-harvested to determine biomass regrowth after 2, 4, and 6 months. Fucus and Nereocystis were broadly reproductive over the summer, while Saccharina was not. The presence of reproductive Fucus and Nereocystis throughout the summer could buffer the impacts of late season harvesting. Depending on the species (e.g., Fucus), individuals that became reproductive at a larger size were associated with lower density and lower biomass areas with slower recovery. The amount of biomass available for harvest and the amount that regrew following a harvest were temporally variable but had spatial differences that were consistent throughout the summer. Regrowth following harvesting for all three species was generally low after only 2 months, but the amount of biomass after 6 months post-harvesting was sometimes comparable to non-harvested areas. This study demonstrated that to varying extents, seaweed harvesting may be sustainable if timing of reproduction, available biomass, and regrowth are all considered.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Inverse Reinforcement Learning in Advancing Cancer Research.

The “No Free Lunch” theorem states that for any algorithm, elevated performance over one class of problems is offset by its performance over another. Stated differently, no algorithm works for everything. Instead, designing effective algorithms often means exploiting prior knowledge of data relationships specific to a given problem. This “unreasonable efficacy” is especially desirable for complex and seemingly intractable problems in the natural sciences. One such area that is rife with the need for better algorithms is cancer biology—a field where relatively few insights are being generated from relatively large amounts of data. In part, this is due to the inability of mere statistics to reflect cancer as a genetic evolutionary process—one that involves cells actively mutating in order to navigate host barriers, outcompete neighboring cells, and expand spatially.Our work is built upon the central proposition that the Markov Decision Process (MDP) can better represent the process by which cancer arises and progresses. More specifically, by encoding a cancer cell's complex behavior as a MDP, we seek to model the series of genetic changes, or evolutionary trajectory, that leads to cancer as an optimal decision process. We posit that using an Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) approach will enable us to reverse engineer an optimal policy and reward function based on a set of “expert demonstrations” extracted from the DNA of patient tumors. The inferred reward function and optimal policy can subsequently be used to extrapolate the evolutionary trajectory of any tumor. Here, we introduce a Bayesian nonparametric IRL model (PUR-IRL) where the number of reward functions is a priori unbounded in order to account for uncertainty in cancer data, i.e., the existence of latent trajectories and non-uniform sampling. We show that PUR-IRL is “unreasonably effective” in gaining interpretable and intuitive insights about cancer progression from high-dimensional genome data.
Examining unique and prospective relationships among self-injurious thoughts and behaviors and posttraumatic stress disorder: a network analysis in two trauma-exposed samples.

BACKGROUND As self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) remain a pressing public health concern, research continues to focus on risk factors, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Network analysis provides a novel approach to examining the PTSD-SITB relationship. This study utilized the network approach to elucidate how individual PTSD symptoms may drive and maintain SITB. METHODS We estimated cross-sectional networks in two samples of trauma-exposed adults (Sample 1: N = 349 adults; Sample 2: N = 1307 Veterans) to identify PTSD symptoms that may act as bridges to SITB. Additionally, we conducted a cross-lagged panel network in Sample 2 to further clarify the temporal relationship between PTSD symptoms and SITB during a 2-year follow-up. Finally, in both samples, we conducted logistic regressions to examine the utility of PTSD symptoms in prospectively predicting SITB, over a 15-day period (Sample 1) and over a 2-year period (Sample 2), allowing us to examine both short- and long-term prediction. RESULTS Two PTSD symptoms (i.e. negative beliefs and risky behaviors) emerged as highly influential on SITB in both cross-sectional networks. In the cross-lagged panel network, distorted blame emerged as highly influential on SITB over time. Finally, risky behaviors, unwanted memories, and psychological distress served as the strongest predictors of SITB across the two samples. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that treatments targeting negative beliefs and risky behaviors may prevent SITB in community and Veteran populations, whereas treatments targeting distorted blame and unwanted memories may help reduce SITB for individuals with a history of combat trauma.
Designing Interactive Scaffolds to Encourage Reflection on Peer Feedback

Feedback is a key element of project-based learning, but only if students reflect on and learn from the feedback they receive. Students often struggle to deeply engage with feedback, whether due to lack of confidence, time, or skill. This work seeks to identify challenges that make reflecting on feedback difficult for students, and to design possible solutions for supporting reflection. Through observing two university game design courses, our research found that without concrete reflection strategies, students tended to be attracted to feedback that looks useful, but does not necessarily them move forward. When we introduced three different reflection scaffolds to support students, we found that the most effective approach promoted interactive learning by allowing time for self-reflection before team reflection, offering time limits, providing activities for feedback prioritization, helping teams align their goals, and equalizing team member participation. We present design guidelines for future systems to support reflection on feedback.
Measurement of wave-particle interaction and metastable lifetime using laser-induced fluorescence

Extensive information, such as ion temperature and wave-particle interactions, can be obtained by the direct measurement of ion distribution functions using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). This nonintrusive plasma diagnostics provides an important window into the ion motions in phase-space. Previous simulation results suggest that LIF measurements, which are performed on metastable ions produced directly from neutral gas particles and also from ions in other electronic states, place restrictions on the metastable lifetime. In the case where metastable population is produced from direct ionization of neutral atoms, the velocity distribution measured using LIF will only faithfully represent processes which act on the ion dynamics in a time shorter than the metastable lifetime. In this paper, the metastable lifetime effects are explored experimentally for the first time using wave-particle interaction in an Argon multidipole plasma. We demonstrate that this systematic effect can be corrected using the theory addressed in this paper based on the metastable lifetime and relative fraction of metastables produced from pre-existing ions.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache

Summary Selective criteria have been established to aid in the diagnosis (Table 8) of headache. Early diagnosis and treatment of headaches are critical factors in the overall treatment and management of headache pain. Clinicians should be familiar with the characteristics of major headache types so that they can initiate timely therapy. Preventive treatment and prophylactic care are alternative approaches that can be helpful in certain types of headaches and can improve dramatically the quality of life for a chronic headache sufferer. Once a full blown headache has occurred, certain algorithms for treatment and diagnosis do exist and are helpful in treatment (Figs. 1 and 2).
Preparation of E. coli RNA polymerase transcription elongation complexes for systematic RNA assays

Abstract RNA folds into secondary and tertiary structures that can mediate diverse cellular functions. Understanding how RNA sequence directs the formation of biologically active structures requires approaches that can comprehensively assess how changes in an RNA sequence affect its structure and function. Towards this goal, I have developed a general method for purifying E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcription elongation complexes (TECs) for use in systematic RNA assays. My approach depends on two constituent technologies: First, I have designed an E. coli σ 70 promoter that can be efficiently barcoded using a one-pot series of enzymatic reactions. Second, I have developed a strategy for purifying promoter-initiated E. coli RNAP TECs by selective photo-elution from streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. Together, these methods establish a platform for the development of TEC Display assays in which the functional properties of RNA sequence variants can be recorded by fractionating and quantitatively barcoding a TEC library.
Recent Development of Genetic Studies of Varietal Resistance to Insect Pests in Rice

The fundamental methods of genetic studies on the varietal resistance to insect pests of rice are described, and the recent development of inheritance of varietal resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvatalugens ), white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera ), green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens ), gallmidge (Orseolia oryza ), zigzag leafhopper (Recilla dorsalis ), striped stemborer (Chilo suppressalis ) and yeLlow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas ) in rice are summarized. The present problems and prospects of geneticstudies were also discussed.
How Independent Contractors Respond to Sexual Harassment: The Case of the Modeling Industry

Sexual harassment continues to be a problem that most commonly affects women in the United States workforce today. While there are legal and organizational remedies available, most of these mechanisms for redress only exist for workers in traditional employer-employee contexts. Independent contractors, self-employed workers who represent a growing number of labor force participants in this economy, can therefore only use informal means of addressing sexual harassment. This study used grounded theory methods to analyze 88 separate narratives of sexual harassment from 70 fashion models, an overwhelmingly female set of independent contractors currently operating in the American economy. The aim of the analysis was to understand the mix and meaning behind the use of informal strategies—more specifically confrontation versus non-confrontation—in response to this sexual harassment. Notably, models most often confronted the perpetrators of harassment. Critically, however, those models who chose non-confrontation did not minimize the abuse that they faced. Instead, they either saw themselves as powerless or engaged in self-blame when faced with harassment on the job.
Abstract 12229: Health Literacy, Adherence to Self-Care Behaviors, and Ten-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Central Appalachian Residents

Background: Appalachian Kentucky has disproportionately higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors than the rest of the U.S. Health literacy and adherence to CVD risk reduction self-care behaviors are important predictors of health outcomes and may play a major role in modifying CVD risk. Objective: To examine the relationships among health literacy, adherence to self-care behaviors and 10-year CVD risk in Central Appalachian residents. Method: This was a sub-analysis of baseline data of a randomized control trial in 844 Central Appalachian residents (male 25%, age 51± 14, Caucasian 95%) without major CVD (e.g., coronary artery disease, stroke). Health literacy was assessed by the Newest Vital Sign (NVS), and adherence to self-care behaviors by the Medical Outcomes Study Specific Adherence Scale. Ten-year CVD risk points were calculated from the Framingham formula based on age, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (treated & untreated), smoking...
Windfall and Probability: A Study of Cause in Negligence Law--Part I--Uses of Casual Language

characterizations of behavioral events, are the subjects. In the third, "conduct," a concrete denotation of behavioral events, is the subject. Since the first two formulations are equivalent to the third, it follows that "cause in fact" in the first two formulations is not an irreducible criterion of liability. Nor is it a useful one. That it is readily reducible to another verbalization (e.g., the third formulation) suggests that it is unlikely to be used. Moreover, it seems to have almost no reliable meaning unless it is reduced to other terms. It is one thing to say that "conduct" is a "cause in fact.' But in what sense does one say "negligence" or an "aspect" is a "cause in fact" of injury? "Negligence" refers to a legal conclusion, a characterization of conduct as involving unreasonable risks of harm. Keeton emphasizes that he is using "negligence" and "aspect" as characterizations. Id. at 126 n.11. In some circumstances given behavior may be negligent and in others not. Suppose defendant drives 30 miles per hour and runs down the plaintiff. 1964] CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW Moreover, in the exercise of judgment that the relationship of wrongdoing to injury justifies liability, one may be persuaded that liability is appropriate in the circumstances on the basis of other relevant considerations, apart from comparison of the two predicted classes of injuries. The implication of a balanced assessment of the above policies may well conflict with important differences between the prospective and retrospective classes of injury that seem fairly implied in the predictions. If so, the predictions are often disregarded in favor of the other policies supporting liability.184 Determining similarity of the predicted classes is thus a special case of the more general function of relating wrongdoing to injury. In summary, causal propositions stating patterns of association of injuries with conduct are involved in sanctioning wrongdoing with injury. These propositions are in the nature of predictions and they may be better understood in terms of "foresight" or "risk." When the ambiguities in those terms are avoided, the propositions are seen as factual ingredients in a large judgment of policy to the effect that liability for injuries similar to those the prospect of which would call for alteration of behavior is an appropriate sanction for not having altered the beThe operational characteristics of a description of defendant's involvement in the injury that entitle the description to be characterized as a matter of "fact" would not be affected by whether the speed limit was 25 miles per hour or whether defendant should have known that. Characterizations do not normally "cause" events, at least not "in fact." When we say our host is killing us with kindness, we take that only for what it is grammatically, an ironic conceit, a telescoping of propositions describing events and characterizing the situation so described. However it may differ in spirit, being killed by negligence seems no different in
Phase effects in the radiation chemistry of orientationally disordered crystals—I. 1-Bromoadamantane

Abstract In the investigation of the radiolysis of 1-bromoadamantane, three gaseous and six solid products were observed as a function of total dose. Although the same products were found in both the α- and β-phases of solid 1-bromo-adamantane, the G -values of these products were markedly different in the two phases, e.g. an efficient abstraction reaction for the formation of HBr in the β-phase was found to be absent in the α-phase. The results obtained in this study are discussed in terms of mechanisms based on the diffusional mobility of the reactive intermediates in the two mesophases, with the diffusional mobility of the reactive intermediates in the two mesophases being related to the entropy release in the formation of each mesophase.
JOB TYPES IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PROFESSION

There is little academic consensus on a definition of supply chain management (SCM). Education and research could benefit from a better understanding of how practice is defining the profession, in terms of the type of jobs associated with SCM. Existing definitions of SCM suggest two archetypal job functions: functional integrator and process manager. To compare existing definitions to practice, we analyzed job descriptions associated with the field of SCM using computerized text analysis. We find tentative support that industry views a SCM professional as a process manager. In a post hoc analysis, cluster analyses based on similarity of job descriptions indicate eight different types of SCM jobs, differentiated by associated tasks as well as industry characteristics. This second analysis shows that SCM is most closely aligned with Sourcing and Operations Management. These results have important implications for the SCM profession. Pedagogically, our results indicate that SCM is becoming a more analytical field with tight links to information systems. There is also a lack of a common definition of SCM that Human Resource departments use when advertising for SCM positions. This lack of shared definition means that researchers should use caution when identifying key informants for empirical research as tasks and responsibilities vary widely between job descriptions in our sample.
A comparative study of constant-voltage and constant-temperature hot-wire anemometers:Part II – The dynamic response

The dynamic response of the constant-voltage anemometer (CVA) system was investigated both analytically and experimentally and compared to that of the CTA. The frequency response functions of the CVA system for a number of different circuit parameters and flow conditions were determined via laser-based radiative heating of the hot-wire sensor. A 2nd-order linear systems model of the CVA was developed to provide insight to the dynamic response and to interpret the experimental results. The qualitative variations in the frequency response function with changes in circuit parameters are in agreement with the model. The experimentally determined frequency-response functions of the CVA systems used in this study were found to have little dependence on the wire overheat ratio and Reynolds number.
Solving the mystery of booming sand dunes

Desert booming can be heard after a natural slumping event or during a sand avalanche generated by humans sliding down the slip face of a large dune. The sound is remarkable because it is composed of one dominant audible frequency (70 to 105 Hz) plus several higher harmonics. This study challenges earlier reports that the dunes’ frequency is a function of average grain size by demonstrating through extensive field measurements that the booming frequency results from a natural waveguide associated with the dune. The booming frequency is fixed by the depth of the surficial layer of dry loose sand that is sandwiched between two regions of higher compressional body wave velocity. This letter presents measurements of the booming frequencies, compressional wave velocities, depth of surficial layer, along with an analytical prediction of the frequency based on constructive interference of propagating waves generated by avalanching along the dune surface.
Transpedicular N-butyl cyanoacrylate-mediated percutaneous embolization of symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas.

Object The resection of spinal hemangiomas is often challenging because of characteristic high-volume and potentially prohibitive intraoperative blood loss. Although transarterial embolization can mitigate this risk, it can be suboptimal when tumor arterial supply is diffuse or poorly defined. The authors present their experience in the use of preoperative percutaneous direct injection of spinal hemangiomas with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) as an effective preoperative adjunct that may reduce operative blood loss and facilitate resection of these vascular tumors. Methods Four patients with symptomatic spinal hemangiomas were treated using percutaneous transpedicular direct NBCA-Lipiodol injection; 2 patients had undergone prior spinal angiography, with suboptimal transarterial embolization in 1. Each patient underwent percutaneous bilateral transpedicular NBCA-assisted tumor embolization prior to resection. Retrospective analysis of operative times, blood loss, and clinical data is presented. Results Ther...
Making Business Decisions: Real Cases from Real Companies

Unit 1 Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation Adapting to the Japanese Market Product: Fast-Food Restaurants Themes: Franchising Marketing Internationally Writing: Business Proposal (Introductory Lesson) Unit 2 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. Making Ethical Decisions in Business Product: Pharmaceuticals Themes: Crisis Management: Public Relations Ethics in Business Writing: Business Letter (Introductory Lesson) Unit 3 Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Inc. Developing a Compensation Policy Product: Ice Cream Themes: Employer-Employee Relations Socially Responsible Business Writing: Interoffice Letter (Introductory Lesson) Unit 4 Levi Strauss & Co. Applying Market Research to New Product Development Product: Clothing Themes: Market Research Saving a Failing Product Writing: Interoffice Letter Unit 5 Stew Leonard's Dairy Store Satisfying the Supermarket Customer Product: Groceries Themes: Retail Sales Listening to the Customer Writing: Business Letter Suggestions Unit 6 Airbus Industry and the Boeing Company Negotiating International Trade Agreements Product: Airplanes Themes: Government/Industry Relations International Trade Writing: Interoffice Letter Unit 7 Kidselebration, Inc. Expanding a Small Children's Products Business Product: Children's Music Tapes Themes: Copyrights and Trademarks Creating New Products and Markets Writing: Business Letter Unit 8 Akzo n.v. Responding to Environmental Concerns in Europe Product: Chemicals, Paints, Fibers, and Pharmaceuticals Themes: Environmental Regulation Balancing Profits and Environmental Protection Writing: Business Letter Unit 9 Perdue Farms, Inc. Designing an Advertising Campaign Product: Poultry Themes: Cultural Elements in Advertising Designing Effective Advertisements Writing: Storyboard Unit 10 Crosby Valve & Cage Company Choosing a Latin American Manufacturing Base Product: Valves for Steam, Gas, and Liquids Themes: Cultural Elements in Advertising Designing Effective Advertisements Writing: Storyboard Appendix A: Answer Key for Reviewing Background Information and Vocabulary Appendix B: Information for Exercise 5 Paired Activities Appendix C: Negotiating Strategies Tapescript
Effect of aldosterone on active and passive conductance and E Na in the toad bladder

It has been demonstrated previously that aldosterone increases the electrical conductance of the toad bladder in association with the stimulation of active sodium transport. In the present study the concurrent measurement of electrical quantities and ion tracer flux distinguishes effects on active and passive pathways. Lack of an effect on passive Na+ or Cl− tracer flux in hemibladders preselected to eliminate large artefactual leaks indicates that aldosterone has no influence on physiological passive conductance. Thus, the enhancement of electrical conductance is entirely attributable to the active pathway. The magnitude of the increase in the active conductance was estimated. The data permitted also the comparison of effects on the flux ratio of Na+ at short circuit (f 0) and the electrical potential difference adequate to abolish active sodium transport (E Na). Even in membranes with minimal leakage the flux ratio does not reliably reflectE Na. Aldosterone increased meanf 0 from 11 to 22, but did not affectE Na.
A closer look at racial/ethnic disparities in breastfeeding. Commentary on "Breastfeeding advice given to African American and white women by physicians and WIC counselors".

Public Health Reports / July–August 2003 / Volume 118 377 Extensive research documents that human milk is the most beneficial choice for infant feeding.1 Breastfeeding confers many advantages to both infants and mothers. These include social, economic, nutritional, developmental, immunological, and other health benefits.2,3 Although the incidence of breastfeeding has increased since 1990,4 significant disparities exist across racial/ethnic groups. Healthy People 2010 goals for breastfeeding are to increase to 75% the proportion of mothers who breastfeed their infants in the early postpartum period, and to increase to 50% the proportion of mothers who breastfeed their infants through 6 months of age.5,6 The Department of Health and Human Services’ Blueprint for Action on Breastfeeding, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the World Health Organization recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months after birth.1,2,7 In 2001, 69.5% of women in the U.S. breastfed and 46.3% of women exclusively breastfed their infants in the early postpartum period.4 In the same year, only 32% of mothers were still breastfeeding and 17.2% were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum.4 In 2001, only 52.9% African American women breastfed their infants in the early postpartum period, compared with 73% of Hispanic mothers and 72% of white mothers.4 The proportion of African American mothers continuing to nurse 6 months after birth was only 22%, compared with 33% of Hispanic mothers and 34% of white mothers.4 These rates underscore a significant racial/ethnic disparity in breastfeeding rates. Several factors influence a mother’s decision to breastfeed. These include the media, public marketing of formula, hospital policies, work environments, social and personal support networks, cultural and individual beliefs, and breastfeeding advice by clinicians and non–health care professionals.8 The article by Anne Beal and colleagues in this issue of the journal9 uses data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey to provide some insight into factors that may account for the comparatively low breastfeeding rates among African American women. Beal and colleagues found African American women were less likely to recall receiving breastfeeding advice from clinicians and WIC A Closer Look at Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding
Developing the Planck Mission Simulation as a Multi-Platform Immersive Application

Planck is an international mission led by the European Space Agency with significant contribution by NASA, designed to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the oldest radiation of the universe, with the greatest accuracy and precision of any such CMB experiment to date. The present work was completed as part of the Planck Education and Public Outreach (E/PO) effort to communicate the results of Planck science to the public. The Planck Mission Simulation is a multiplatform, interactive visualization of the mission, from launch to orbital insertion to data gathering operations. The simulation was developed for a number of hardware and software configurations. Originally designed for a multi-screen virtual reality system, the scope of project grew to include other systems, including 3D kiosk displays, stereoscopic televisions, and domed-roomed systems. Implementation factors, technical details, and lessons learned from deployment on various platforms are discussed.
Electric field induced domains in twisted nematic liquid crystals

Abstract We have observed stable domains in a nematic liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy for a twisted geometry. Two different structures are found, one of which may be understood by the Helfrich-Carr theory.
Phenomenological consequences of a regge-cut model that satisfies s - u crossing☆

A phenomenological amplitude for the Regge cut arising from two-Reggeon exchange is written down in a form that manifestly satisfies s-u crossing. The recipe, which is a modification of the absorptive prescription, is formulated in terms of s-channel helicity partial-wave amplitudes. Some implications for Regge-cut phenomenology are discussed.