cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel Aspects of CPAP Treatment and Interventions to Improve CPAP Adherence.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. However, the success of this treatment is hampered by nonadherence in half of the treated patients. Moreover, in clinical trials, poor adherence reduces adequate exposure required to determine its true effect. There is growing evidence that behavioral interventions, in addition to education, are a promising approach to improving adherence. Behavioral interventions include the use of cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy designed to elevate a patient’s self-efficacy. The abundance of data obtained by CPAP tracking systems enables daily surveillance of use, and this telemonitoring along with telehealth allows the provider to quickly intervene when nightly CPAP use falls below thresholds or mask leaks are present. Telehealth reaches a large number of patients who may not be able to regularly attend a clinic, providing support and reinforcement. Peer support may also be useful in improving adherence. Not all obstructive sleep apnea patients present with the same phenotype, and can, therefore, be clustered into several groupings. Which intervention is most successful with a given phenotype or cluster remains unexplored. Comprehensive adherence management requires a team approach with the unique contribution of different professionals.
Double agents of cell death: novel emerging functions of apoptotic regulators

Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of cell death that is required for many homeostatic and pathological processes. Recently, alternative cell death pathways have emerged whose regulation is dependent on proteins with canonical functions in apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptotic signaling frequently underlies the pathogenesis of many cancers, reinforcing the need to develop therapies that initiate alternative cell death processes. This review outlines the convergence points between apoptosis and other death pathways with the purpose of identifying novel strategies for the treatment of apoptosis-refractory cancers. Apoptosis proteins can play key roles in the initiation, regulation, and execution of nonapoptotic death processes that include necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, mPTP-mediated necrosis, and ferroptosis. Notably, recent evidence illustrates that dying cells can exhibit biochemical and molecular characteristics of more than one different type of regulated cell death. Thus, this review highlights the amazing complexity and interconnectivity of cell death processes and also raises the idea that a top-to-bottom approach to describing cell death mechanisms may be inadequate for fully understanding the means by which cells die.
Influences of claywater and greenwater on the skin microbiome of cultured larval sablefish ( Anoplopoma fimbria )

The skin microbiome of marine fish is thought to come from bacteria in the surrounding water during the larval stages, although it is not clear how different water conditions affect the microbial communities in the water and, in turn, the composition and development of the larval skin microbiome. In aquaculture, water conditions are especially important; claywater and greenwater are often used in larval rearing tanks to increase water turbidity. Here, we explored the effects of these water additives on microbial communities in rearing water and on the skin of first-feeding sablefish larvae using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We evaluated three treatments: greenwater, claywater, and greenwater with a switch to claywater after 1 week. We observed additive-specific effects on rearing water microbial communities that coincided with the addition of larvae and rotifer feed to the tanks, such as an increase in Vibrionaceae in greenwater tanks. Additionally, microbial communities from experimental tank water, especially those in claywater, began to resemble larval skin microbiomes by the end of the experiment. The differential effects of the additives on larval sablefish skin microbiomes were largest during the first week, post-first feed. Bacteria associated with greenwater, including Vibrionaceae and Pseudoalteromonas spp., were found on larval skin a week after the switch to claywater. In addition to additive-specific effects, larval skin microbiomes also retained bacterial families likely acquired from their hatchery silos. Our results suggest that larval sablefish skin microbiomes are most sensitive to the surrounding seawater up to 1 week following the yolk-sac stage and that claywater substituted for greenwater after 1 week post-first feed does not significantly impact skin-associated microbial communities. However, the larval skin microbiome changes over time under all experimental conditions. Furthermore, our findings suggest a potential two-way interaction between microbial communities on the host and the surrounding environment. To our knowledge, this is one of the few studies to suggest that fish might influence the microbial community of the seawater.
Complex drivers of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) regeneration reveal challenges to long-term sustainability of managed northern hardwood forests

Abstract Single-tree selection silviculture management of northern hardwood forests relies on natural tree regeneration for long-term sustainability, yet current trends in tree regeneration and recruitment elicit concern. Low densities of economically valuable sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in understories are often common, likely driven by many factors, including deer browsing, management-dictated stand structure, and site fertility/moisture regimes. However, landscape sugar maple regeneration patterns and relationships with underlying factors are largely unknown. We quantified associations of spatially varying factors with sugar maple regeneration using detailed vegetation and white-tailed deer winter fecal pellet surveys from 141 northern hardwood stands in Michigan, managed for decades with single-tree selection silviculture. We developed models of plot-level sugar maple regeneration counts for three key size classes as a function of plot- and stand-level predictors, including deer use, forest structure, and site quality. Among our 141 stands, sugar maple seedlings ( 137 cm tall and 2,500 small sugar maple sapling stems ha−1 and 35% of stands had > 1,000 large sapling stems ha−1. Based on our models, sapling densities negatively associated with deer use and were more abundant on medium than high quality sites. Across all size classes, negative associations with subcanopy trees and/or shrub densities suggest light limitation, whereas positive associations with sugar maple canopy trees > 25 cm DBH suggest persistent seed limitations. Overall, our study supports need for alternative forest and/or deer management strategies over much of the range of northern hardwood forests in Michigan to promote higher densities of large sugar maple regeneration for canopy recruitment. Medium quality sites with abundant large sugar maple canopy trees and low deer browsing pressure (for example, the deep snow region in the north western Upper Peninsula) are the exception; high sugar maple sapling densities suggest forests in this region are thriving under single-tree selection management.
Recent Trends in U.S. Childbearing Intentions

The U.S. period total fertility rate has declined steadily since the Great Recession, reaching 1.73 children in 2018, the lowest level since the 1970s. This pattern could mean that current childbearing cohorts will end up with fewer children than previous cohorts, or this same pattern could be an artifact of a tempo distortion if individuals are simply postponing births they plan to eventually have. In this research note, we use data on current parity and future intended births from the 2006-2017 National Survey of Family Growth to shed light on this issue. We find that total intended parity declined (from 2.26 in 2006-2010 to 2.16 children in 2013-2017), and the proportion intending to remain childless increased slightly. Decomposition indicates that the decline was not due to changes in population composition but rather changes in the subgroups' rates themselves. The decline in intended parity is particularly notable at young ages and among those who are Hispanic. These results indicate that although tempo distortion is likely an important contributor to the decline in TFR, it is not the sole explanation: U.S. individuals are intending to have fewer children than their immediate predecessors, which may translate into a decline in cohort completed parity. However, the change in intended parity is modest, and average intended parity remains above two children.
Integrating Mental Practice into a COVID-19 Appropriate Virtual Reality Cataract Surgery Course for Ophthalmology Residents

To present a revised, publicly available virtual reality cataract surgery course for ophthalmology residents that integrates a novel mental practice program into the curriculum, fulfills the six core competencies of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, and adheres to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention educational recommendations for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Maternal HIV Stigma and Child Adjustment: Qualitative and Quantitative Perspectives

Globally, over 36 million people are living with HIV, and 51% are women, most of whom are of childbearing age. Children of mothers with HIV exhibit more adjustment problems than their demographically similar peers. Using mixed methods, this study examined associations between mothers’ HIV stigma and their children’s functioning. As part of a multi-site study in Georgia and California, participants included 181 HIV-positive mothers and one of their 6- to 14-year-old children. Mothers reported on children’s psychological adjustment, their own anxiety, and their perceived HIV stigma. Children reported on parent-child relationship quality. Following the quantitative portion of the study, 14 mothers and 13 children who knew their mothers were HIV positive completed in-depth qualitative interviews addressing the impact of HIV disclosure on family relationships. Hierarchical regression analyses found that parent-child relationship quality, maternal anxiety, and HIV stigma were significantly associated with child adjustment difficulties. HIV stigma predicted child adjustment problems after accounting for the role of parent-child relationship and maternal anxiety. Most mothers and some children in the qualitative portion of the study discussed the impact HIV stigma on their lives. In all, despite efforts to decrease HIV stigma, it continues to affect the lives of those with the virus and their families. Interventions, then, should not only focus on the parent-child relationship and maternal anxiety when attending to child functioning in families affected by HIV, but should also target coping skills for mitigating the impact of stigma while continuing efforts to reduce HIV-related stigma.
International Survey on the Use of Arginine Vasopressin in the Postoperative Management of Single Ventricle Patients

Management of patients with single ventricle physiology after surgical palliation is challenging. Arginine vasopressin has gained popularity in recent years as a non-catecholamine vasoactive medication due to its unique properties. However, data regarding its use in the pediatric population is limited. Therefore, we designed a survey to explore whether and how clinicians use this medication in intensive care units for the postoperative management of single ventricle patients. This international survey aimed to assess usage, practices, and concepts related to arginine vasopressin in pediatric intensive care units worldwide. Directors of pediatric intensive care units who are members of the following international professional societies: European Society of Pediatric Neonatal Intensive Care, Association for European Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, and Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society were invited to participate in this survey. Of the sixty-two intensive care unit directors who responded, nearly half use arginine vasopressin in the postoperative management of neonatal single ventricle patients, and 90% also use the drug in subsequent surgical palliation. The primary indications are vasoplegia, hemodynamic instability, and refractory shock, although it is still considered a second-line medication. Conceptual benefits include improved hemodynamics and end-organ perfusion and decreased incidence of low cardiac output syndrome. Those practitioners who do not use arginine vasopressin cite lack of availability, fear of potential adverse effects, unclear indication for use, and lack of evidence suggesting improved outcomes. Both users and non-users described increased myocardial afterload and extreme vasoconstriction as potential disadvantages of the medication. Despite the lack of conclusive data demonstrating enhanced clinical outcomes, our study found arginine vasopressin is used widely in the care of infants and children with single ventricle physiology after the first stage and subsequent palliative surgeries. While many intensive care units use this medication, few had protocols, offering an area for further growth and development.
Role of quantum technologies in reshaping the future of temperature metrology

Abstract Today's resistance thermometers can routinely measure temperatures with uncertainties of >1 mK–100 mK over multiple decades of temperatures. As the modern economy continues to evolve, so does the measurement infrastructure. In recent years, there has been a considerable progress in the development of novel temperature sensing technologies driven by advances in quantum information science and nano-photonics. Quantum technologies in particular hold the promise of field-deployable primary thermometry whilst ultra-stable nanophotonic thermometers could displace resistance thermometers as commodity sensors.
Chapter 25. Pharmaceutics

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes factors affecting the permeability of membranes to solutes, which are crucial to the development of theoretical models to describe a variety of processes of interest to pharmaceutical scientists. A number of studies have been undertaken to establish an experimental model for investigating the influence of various barriers on the rate of drug transport. Herzog and Swarbrick constructed a polymeric, nonporous, model membrane consisting of 44% ethytcellulose, 44% biological materials including lecithin, cephajin and cholesterol, and 12% mineral oil. Nakano and Patel observed that the permeability of a diffusate through a nonpolar (dimethyl polysiloxane) membrane is increased in the presence of complexing agents that interact with the diffusate in nonpolar environments, but is decreased in the presence of those agents which complex with the diffusate mainly in aqueous solution. Ghanem and coworkers examined the influence of surfactants, electrolyte type, and concentration upon the permeability coefficient of the interfacial barrier formed when gelatin is adsorbed at the hexadecane–water interface. Using diethyl phthalate as the solute, they found that ionic surfactants increase the permeability of the barrier.
Ethical Tasks in a Free Market Economy According to Classical and Neo-Liberal Economists

In this paper I challenge the implicit (and sometimes explicit) claim of Adam Smith that the free market is a natural system which would emerge on its own if governments did not interfere. I argue instead that the free market is a tenuous human institution which needs support and protection. I build my claim upon Adam Smith's open avowal that property rights are necessary for the free market and upon the neo-liberal demand that governments must intervene in order to maintain the competitive nature of the free market so as to guarantee its efficiency. Hegel incorporates both claims that property rights and economic efficiency are necessary. For Hegel both are necessary for achieving freedom. I then point out that defending the above two claims with the philosophical argument that they contribute to freedom implies that both property rights and economic efficiency must not be allowed to undermine freedom. This provides the philosophical foundation for minimal welfare measures: society must make it possible for all to acquire the property necessary for exercising freedom or to enjoy the fruits of socially enforced efficiency. Hegel thereby teaches us that a philosophical reflection upon the writings of Adam Smith and the doctrines of neo-liberalism provide an argument in favor of some form of welfare state. Borrowing from Hegel, I then point out that any welfare state contradicts a basic principle of the free market: no one gets something for nothing. For this reason, I believe that alleviating poverty in a free market system is always going to be a tenuous affair.
Analyzing the language of therapist empathy in Motivational Interview based psychotherapy

Empathy is an important aspect of social communication, especially in medical and psychotherapy applications. Measures of empathy can offer insights into the quality of therapy. We use an N-gram language model based maximum likelihood strategy to classify empathic versus non-empathic utterances and report the precision and recall of classification for various parameters. High recall is obtained with unigram while bigram features achieved the highest F1-score. Based on the utterance level models, a group of lexical features are extracted at the therapy session level. The effectiveness of these features in modeling session level annotator perceptions of empathy is evaluated through correlation with expert-coded session level empathy scores. Our combined feature set achieved a correlation of 0.56 between predicted and expert-coded empathy scores. Results also suggest that the longer term empathy perception process may be more related to isolated empathic salient events.
Partitioning contact-state space using the theory of polyhedral convex cones

The assembly plan from observation (APO) system observes a human operator perform an assembly task, analyzes the observations, models the task and generates the programs for the robot to perform the same task. A major component of the APO system is the task recognition module, which models the observed task. The task model in the APO context is defined as a sequence of assembly states of the part being assembled and the actions which cause the transition between the states. The state of the assembled part is based on its freedom, which can be computed from the geometry of the contacts between the part and its environment. This freedom can be represented as a polyhedral convex cone (PCC) in screw space. We show that any contact configuration can be classed into a finite number of contact states. These contact states correspond to typologically distinct intersections of the PCC with a linear subspace T in screw space. The models of any observed task can be represented as a path in a transition graph obtained from these contact states. We illustrate the theory by implementing the APO system for polygonal objects assembled in a plane using rotation and translation.
Gastrointestinal lesions in acute bulbar poliomyelitis. Report of five cases with recovery in one.

Five patients with severe bulbar poliomyelitis complicated by gastrointestinal perforation and/or hemorrhage are presented. A detailed case report is given in the one patient who recovered. The electrophrenic respirator was instrumental in maintaining this patient9s respiration and massive blood transfusions in preventing shock from intestinal hemorrhage. The gastrointestinal complications of bulbar poliomyelitis appear to be more frequent than previously realized. A relationship between midbrain damage and gastrointestinal lesions, as emphasized by Cushing, occurring during the course of acute bulbar poliomyelitis, is postulated.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE TOXIN OF BACILLUS ANTHRACIS II. Alkaline Phosphatasemia Produced by Culture Filtrates of Various Bacilli

Abstract Slein, Milton W. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and Gerald F. Logan, Jr. Mechanism of action of the toxin of Bacillus anthracis. II. Alkaline phosphatasemia produced by culture filtrates of various bacilli. J. Bacteriol. 83:359–369. 1962.—A factor which produces hyperphosphatasemia after intravenous injection into animals has been found in culture filtrates of several bacilli. The factor appears not to be lecithinase, although it has been found only in culture filtrates of microorganisms, such as Bacillus cereus variants and B. thuringiensis, which are known to produce lecithinase. The factor has been shown to be different from the protective antigen fraction of the toxin of B. anthracis. The phosphatasemic response can be prevented by mixing the factor with antiserum before injection. Immunological tests indicate that the centers of ossification may be a principal source of the excess alkaline phosphatase which is liberated into the bloodstream. However, moderate changes in bone alkaline phosphatase activity levels, brought about by the development of scurvy in guinea pigs or by treatment of scorbutic guinea pigs with ascorbic acid, did not seem to affect the phosphatasemic response of the animals. Marked release of alkaline phosphatase occurs when slices of rabbit epiphyseal bone or kidney cortex, or suspensions of leukocytes, are incubated with small amounts of the phosphatasemia factor.
Cuticular Anatomy of Angiosperm Leaves from the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group I. Zone I Leaves

Angiosperm leaf cuticles from the oldest part of the Potomac Group reinforce previous paleobotanical evidence for a Cretaceous flowering plant diversification. Dated palynologically as Zone I of Brenner (Aptian?), these remains show a low structural diversity compared to later Potomac Group and modern angiosperms. All cuticle types conform to a single plan of stomatal construction that is unusual in its extraordinary plasticity: both the number of subsidiary cells and their arrangement vary greatly on a single epidermis, such that the stomata might be classified as paracytic, anomocytic, laterocytic, and intermediate. Such stomatal diversity is uncommon in extant angiosperms but is known from a few Magnoliidae. Many species possess secretory cells comparable to the oil cells of modern Magnoliidae, and a few show the bases of probable uniseriate hairs. None of the cuticle types can be assigned to a single modern family, but several show similarities with Chloranthaceae and Illiciales. These results support the concept that subclass Magnoliidae includes some of the most primitive living angiosperms.
Feasibility of Universal Screening Mammography: Lessons From a Community Intervention

It is estimated that 44 500 American women will die of breast cancer in 1991. The breast cancer screening guidelines of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute calling for annual mammography for all women older than 50 years have been endorsed by numerous professional groups. Third-party reimbursement for screening mammography is becoming more prevalent, and payment for screening mammography is now a Medicare benefit. Our studies, conducted as part of a National Cancer Institute grant to increase the routine use of screening mammography and clinical breast examination in women 50 to 75 years of age, have uncovered a number of significant barriers to the implementation of screening guidelines among women, primary care physicians, and providers of mammography services. These barriers, as well as methods to assure the quality of mammography, need to be addressed before universal screening is feasible. ( Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:1851-1856)
Estimation of confidence limits for the cumulative probability of survival in life table analysis.

LIFE TABLE analysis is an efficient method for estimating survival or other end-points in follow-up studies. For example, Cutler and Ederer [l] illustrated how the life table approach could provide considerably more information on 5-yr survival than would be available from only those subjects followed for at least 5 yr. In their example, 126 people diagnosed in Connecticut with kidney cancer during the interval 19461951 were followed until the end of 195 1. Though only nine subjects were followed for at least 5 yr, Cutler and Ederer showed that a life table analysis of the 126 people was equivalent to a follow-up of 68 people for 5 yr, that is, the “effective” sample size was 68. They computed the “effective” sample size from Greenwood’s formula [2] for the variance of the cumulative survival probability,
Stress echocardiography for risk stratification in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing renal transplantation.

Background The predictive accuracy of stress echocardiography (SE) for adverse cardiac events has been variable in the population with end-stage renal disease undergoing renal transplantation (RT). Methods We performed a retrospective study of 149 patients who had pretransplant SE before RT between 1997 and 2003. Patients were followed up for a mean of 2.85 years for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results Of 149 patients studied, 139 had a negative SE, 65% were African American; 12 underwent cardiac catheterization. Only 1 patient required pre-RT revascularization. Sixteen MACE occurred over the follow-up period. SE had 37.5% sensitivity, 95.3% specificity, 33.3% positive predictive value, and 96.1% negative predictive value for MACE in the first year post-RT. First-year posttransplant event rates were 4.0% versus 30% ( P Conclusions A negative SE has low incidence of MACE in this intermediate- to high-risk patient subset. A positive SE predicts a sevenfold higher risk of cardiovascular events regardless of the need for revascularization before the transplant.
Contemporary Constraints on Academic Freedom

Summary The basic argument in this article is that we need to view academic freedom in positive as well as negative terms, as freedom to as well as freedom from. And academic freedom as freedom to, it has been argued, is reduced or threatened by a number of contemporary changes in the way we plan, organize, finance, and implement teaching and research in colleges and universities.
Lessons learned from conducting interdisciplinary IT workforce research

The purpose of this panel is to share lessons that four female researchers have learned over several years working together on numerous IT workforce research projects. The advantages, disadvantages, and risks of conducting research in interdisciplinary settings that we have experienced will be shared. The panel will address issues that we believe could help others to derive greater benefits and possibly minimize the risks of collaborative, interdisciplinary work.
Generalized Langevin theory for many‐body problems in chemical dynamics: Explicit coordinate motion in molecular solvents

A practically useful and physically realistic generalized Langevin equation of motion that governs the dynamics of a small number of chemically relevant explicit solute generalized coordinates, e.g., a reaction coordinate or a normal mode coordinate, in a molecular solvent is developed. This equation of motion, which can be made the basis of analytical treatments of spectra and rate constants in molecular solvents, naturally represents the physics of the ultrafast relaxation regime in which cage effects governed by the instantaneous cage restoring force exerted on the explicit coordinates play a dominant role. This equation of motion realistically describes both indirect (explicit coordinate implicit coordinate solvent) and direct (explicit coordinate solvent) energy exchange processes as well as frequency modulation (dephasing) processes. This equation of motion also describes energy exchange with solvent vibrational as well as solvent translational-rotational degrees of freedom in a useful manner. The generalized Langevin equation for explicit coordinate motion in molecular solvents is based on the partial clamping model, which in turn assumes that (1) the liquid state motion of the explicit coordinates may be realistically approximated by small amplitude excursions from an initial point, and (2) the fluctuations in the local solvent density field are sufficiently small that the fluctuations of the perturbation density field induced by the small amplitude excursions may be ignored.
Renormalisation group calculations for reggeon field theory on a transverse lattice

Abstract We describe a numerical investigation of an analogue quantum spin lattice model for reggeon field theory, when the bare pomeron intercept α 0 is close to its critical value α 0c . For α 0 ⩽ α 0c we derive the usual laws and calculate approximate values for the critical exponents. When α 0 > α 0c , the reggeon field ψ does not gain a non-zero vacuum expectation value, and there is no spontaneous symmetry breaking. Instead, there appears a state ∣1〉 which is degenerate with the ground state ∣0〉. The order parameter, σ, is proportional to the transition matrix element 〈0∣ψ∣1〉. As α 0 → α 0c from above, α vanishes like ( α 0 − α 0c ) β , where β is a new exponent. The opacity of hadronic matter at infinite energy is roughly proportional to σ 2 .
Orthogonal arrays and ordered designs

Abstract In the first part of this paper, we give a short and direct construction of signed orthogonal array SOA( λ , t , k , v ), for any set of parameters λ , t , k , v , t ⩽ k . We also construct a specific basis of the Z -module generated by any SOA(0, t , k , v ), for any t , k , v , t ⩽ k . We will then construct an inite family of large set of disjoint ordered designs by applying G.B. Khosrovshahi and S. Ajoodani-Namini's method to Luc. Teirlinck's construction.
Are Gender Differences in Self-Reported Rumination Explained by Women’s Stereotyping?

Although Response Styles Theory posits gender differences in ruminative thought related to depression, evidence of these differences resides largely in self-report data, leading us to hypothesize that stereotyping may influence women’s perceived rumination. In an online survey with 94 U.S. Midwestern college women and 74 men, the re-affirmed relationship between gender and rumination (such that women reported higher levels than men) was moderated by general stereotype acceptance and endorsement of traditional roles for women (benevolent sexism). Only for women were stereotype acceptance and benevolent sexism positively related to perceived rumination, suggesting that rumination may be reported most by women who believe it to be a gender-appropriate response and raising questions about the robustness of gender differences in actual rumination.
POWERBOAT ENGINE DISCHARGES AS A NUTRIENT SOURCE IN HIGH-USE LAKES

ABSTRACT Fuels for modern internal combustion engines contain nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as additives (e.g., alkyl phosphate, amine phosphate, etc.). In addition, nitrogen oxides are formed from atmospheric gases during combustion. In the case of marine engines, exhaust gases and incompletely burned fuel and oil are discharged directly into the water. In situ enclosure experiments were conducted to quantify nitrogen and phosphorus additions from two- and four-cycle outboard engines per liter of fuel consumed. The modern two-cycle outboard engine added to test tanks 8,600 mg carbon dioxide, 300 mg total nitrogen, and 1.0 mg total phosphorus per liter fuel consumed. A motorboat census was conducted on Twin Lakes, Kootenai County, Idaho, throughout the 1986 boating season and annual fuel consumption was estimated. Phosphorus and nitrogen loading to Twin Lakes from motorboat engine discharges were calculated and are low when compared to loading from other sources.
Structure and identity of 4,4′-thiobisbenzenethiol self-assembled monolayers

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4,4‘-thiobisbenzenethiol (TBBT) can be formed on Au surface spontaneously. The structural characteristics and adsorption behavior of TBBT SAMs on Au have been investigated by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV), ac impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is demonstrated that TBBT adsorbed on Au by losing a H atom, forming one Au−S bond, and the other mercapto group is free at the surface of the monolayer owing to the presence of the νS-H at 2513 cm-1 and the δC-S-H at 910 cm-1 in SERS. The enhancement of the vibration of C−S (1064 cm-1), the aromatic C−H vibration (3044 cm-1), and the absence of the vibration of S−S illustrate TBBT adsorbed on Au forming a monolayer with one benzene ring tilted with respect to the Au surface. The interpretation of the observed frequencies is aided by ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations at the HF/6-31G* level of theory. Electrochemical CV and EIS indicate...
In vitro lipid peroxidation of human serum catalyzed by cupric ion: antioxidant rather than prooxidant role of ascorbate.

Abstract The dual role of ascorbate as an antioxidant and a prooxidant has been clearly documented in the literature. Ascorbate acts as an antioxidant by protecting human serum from lipid peroxidation induced by azo dye-generated free radicals. On the other hand, ascorbate is readily oxidized in the presence of transition metal ions, (especially cupric ion) and accelerates lipid peroxidation in tissue homogenates by producing free radicals. Interestingly, we observed an antioxidant rather than an expected prooxidant role of ascorbate when human serum supplemented with 1.2mmol/L ascorbate underwent lipid peroxidations initiated by 2mmol/L copper sulfate. The antioxidant role of ascorbate was confirmed by studying the conventional thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as well as by observing the protective effect of ascorbate on the copper-induced peroxidation of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The antioxidation protection provided by ascorbate was comparable to that of equimolar α-tocopherol when incubated for 24h. However, lipid peroxidation products were lower in serum supplemented with α-tocopherol after 48h of incubation. This effect may be attributed to the binding of copper by serum proteins, thus preventing direct interaction between curpic ions and ascorbate. This proposed mechanism is based on the observation that the concentration of ascorbate decreased more slowly in serum than in phosphate buffer at physiological. pH. Our results also indicate an outstanding anti-oxidant property of human serum due to the chelation of transition metal ions (even at high concentrations) by various serum proteins.
Activation of the p21 Pathway of Growth Arrest and Apoptosis by the β4 Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain

The integrin α6β4, a receptor for members of the laminin family of basement membrane components, contributes to the function of epithelial cells and their oncogenically transformed derivatives. In our efforts to study α6β4-mediated functions in more detail and to assess the contribution of the β4 cytoplasmic domain in such functions, we identified a rectal carcinoma cell line that lacks expression of the β4 integrin subunit. This cell line, termed RKO, expresses α6β1 but not α6β4, and it interacts with laminin-1 less avidly than similar cell lines that express α6β4. We expressed a full-length β4 cDNA, as well as a mutant cDNA that lacks the β4 cytoplasmic domain, in RKO cells and isolated stable subclones of these transfectants. In this study, we report that subclones that expressed the full-length β4 cDNA in association with endogenous α6 exhibited partial G1 arrest and apoptosis, properties that were not evident in RKO cells transfected with either the cytoplasmic domain mutant or the expression vector alone. In an effort to define a mechanism for these observed changes in growth, we observed that expression of the α6β4 integrin induced expression of the p21 (WAF1; CiP1) protein, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. These data suggest that the β4 integrin cytoplasmic domain is linked to a signaling pathway involved in cell cycle regulation in the β4 transfected RKO cells.
Kinetics and mechanisms of hydroxyl radical-induced crosslinks between phenylalanine peptides

Abstract Reactions of ·OH radicals with phenylalanine (Phe) and its homopeptides, i.e. L-Phe-L-Phe and L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Phe, in N2O-saturated aqueous solutions were investigated by pulse radiolysis, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. For identification of radiation-induced products, samples of irradiated Phe and HCl-hydrolyzates of its irradiated homopeptides were trimethylsilylated and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mass spectra of the trimethylsilylated products revealed the formation of o-, m-, and p-tyrosines and biphenyl type dimers. G-Values of these products were also determined by gas chromatography. Mechanisms of product formation were discussed.
Early and late complications of robot-assisted radical cystectomy: a standardized analysis by urinary diversion type.

Purpose: Minimally invasive surgical treatment for bladder cancer has gained popularity but standardized data on complications are lacking. Urinary diversion type contributes to complications and to our knowledge diversion types after minimally invasive cystectomy have not yet been compared. We evaluated perioperative complications stratified by urinary diversion type in patients treated with robot-assisted radical cystectomy.Materials and Methods: We analyzed the records of 209 consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy at our institution from 2003 to 2012 with respect to perioperative complications, including severity, time period (early and late) and diversion type. All complications were reviewed by academic urologists. Urinary diversion was also done. As outcome measurements and statistical analysis, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of various complications.Results: The American Society of Anesthesiologists® (ASA) score...
Proteasome inhibitors alter the orderly progression of DNA synthesis during S-phase in HeLa cells and lead to rereplication of DNA.

Replication of the mammalian genome occurs only once per cell cycle and is under strict spatiotemporal control. DNA synthesis first takes place in the inner nucleus and moves gradually to the area subjacent to the nuclear membrane as S-phase progresses. We found that proteasome inhibitors specifically reduce DNA synthesis from later replicating origins but not that from earlier replicating origins. When MG132 was added in mid S-phase and washed off in late S-phase, however, DNA synthesis resumed not at the nuclear periphery, where it was last seen, but back in the inner nucleus. Analysis of DNA from these cells showed that mid to late replicating genes were rereplicated resulting in the overreplication of DNA. Our results suggest the existence of proteasome-dependent mechanisms regulating the orderly progression of S-phase. The transient treatment of mid S-phase cells with MG132 resulted in overreplication of DNA providing an easy experimental method to perturb the "once per cell cycle" control of genome replication in mammalian cells.
A Media Agent for Automatically Building a Personalized Semantic Index of Web Media Objects.

A novel idea of media agent is briefly presented, which can automatically build a personalized semantic index of Web media objects for each particular user. Because the Web is a rich source of multimedia data and the text content on the Web pages is usually semantically related to those media objects on the same pages, the media agent can automatically collect the URLs and related text, and then build the index of the multimedia data, on behalf of the user whenever and wherever she accesses these multimedia data or their container Web pages. Moreover, the media agent can also use an off-line crawler to build the index for those multimedia objects that are relevant to the user's favorites but have not been accessed by the user yet. When the user wants to find these multimedia data once again, the semantic index facilitates text-based search for her.
Transaction cost economics and its uses in marketing

Scholarship at the intersection of transaction cost economics (TCE) and marketing has enjoyed an impressive record of growth over the past three decades, and the future promises more of the same. Following Erin Anderson’s perceptive uses of TCE in her 1982 dissertation, the field of marketing has made many constructive uses of and contributions to TCE, where the latter include broadening the reach of TCE, posing important challenges, and identifying opportunities still to be addressed. Given this history, we advance the proposition that the relation between TCE and marketing has been and should be a two-way street. In considering the scope for future research, we give special attention to issues of asymmetric costs, the dynamics of governance, and disequilibrium contracting. We also discuss the four precepts of pragmatic methodology, with special emphasis on prediction and empirical testing. The Appendix provides added perspective on the evolving “science of organization” of which TCE is a part.
Secondary flow morphologies due to model stent-induced perturbations in a 180° curved tube during systolic deceleration

Morphological changes in secondary flow structures due to a stent model were investigated under physiological inflow conditions. The stent model was inserted upstream of a 180° curved tube artery model. A carotid artery flow rate with its characteristic systolic and diastolic phases was supplied by a pump to drive a blood-analog working fluid. Phase-averaged, two-component, two-dimensional (2C-2D) particle image velocimeter measurements revealed the changing morphologies of these secondary flow structures. Continuous wavelet transforms provided an enhanced means to detect coherent secondary flow structures in this bio-inspired experimental study. A two-dimensional Ricker wavelet was used, and the optimal wavelet scale was determined using Shannon entropy as a measure of randomness in the wavelet-transformed vorticity fields. Planar secondary flow vortical structures at the 90° location in the curved tube were observed to exhibit distinct spatio-temporal characteristics different than the baseline flow without the stent. Flow patterns observed at the systolic peak comprised of early Lyne-type, along with a deformed Dean-type pair of ordered, coherent, high-circulation and counter-rotating vortical structures. Systolic deceleration was marked by the breakdown of large-scale coherent vortices into multiple, disordered, low-circulation, coherent vortical structures, indicating new transitional secondary flow morphologies. These multi-scale secondary flow morphologies arise due to the combination of imbalances in centrifugal and pressure forces, and stent-induced flow perturbations. The detailed flow physics associated with the formation of Dean and Lyne vortices are described in previous publications that have been cited in the manuscript. The secondary flow structures reported here are driven by similar fundamental mechanisms, but additionally contain more complicated effects, such as asymmetry and multiple strengths, that cannot be predicted from simple theories.
Mechanoregulation of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

The authors have previously shown that arterial wall strain mediates the development of vessel wall inflammation in experimental hypertension. The current studies explore the mechanoregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a potent pro-inflammatory chemokine, by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and oxidative stress. Rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells were subjected to cyclic strain on a uniform biaxial strain device. Strain rapidly activated both ERK1/2(MAPK) and p38(MAPK), with peak activation at 5 min. Strain induced a twofold increase in MCP-1 mRNA, which was attenuated by PD 98059, a specific ERK1/2(MAPK) inhibitor, and SB 203580, a specific p38(MAPK) inhibitor. Cyclic strain also increased production of superoxide anion via an NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism. To assess the potential role of reactive oxygen species in MAPK activation, cells were stretched in the presence of N-acetylcysteine, which had no effect on p38(MAPK) activation, but significantly inhibited ERK1/2(MAPK) activation and MCP-1 expression. In conclusion, redox-sensitive activation of ERK1/2(MAPK) and redox-insensitive activation of p38(MAPK) regulate straininduced MCP-1 expression in RASM cells. These findings define a role for MAPK signal transduction in establishing a pro-inflammatory state in the arterial wall, and thus implicate a potential molecular link between arterial wall strain and atherosclerosis.
Changing Patterns of Suburban Racial Composition, 1970-1980.

The question addressed by this study is whether or not the increase in black suburbanization during the 1960s, and especially, during the 1970s, has affected the patterns of suburban racial change described for earlier decades. Patterns of suburban racial change during the 1970-1980 decade are examined for a sample of 1,114 American suburbs. It was found that during the 1970s, racial change in suburbs became more prevalent, with invasion-succession emerging as the dominant type of change in northern suburbs. In southern suburbs, invasion-succession and parallel-development (growing) patterns of racial change also occurred with greater relative frequency than in previous decades.
Buffering Heavy Metal Ions with Photoactive CrownCast Cages

Historically, caged compounds have been used to interrogate the biological activity of organic molecules by using light; however, R. Tsien and others have developed methodologies over the last three decades for using nitrobenzyl-derived caged complexes to study the signaling behavior of Ca 2+ . A series of cation-selective N-phenyl-azamacrocyclic receptors integrated with a 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl (DMNB) photoactive group act as cages for divalent metal ions. The uncaging mechanism of these complexes involves a photoreaction that converts the nitrobenzhydrol, which is para to the aniline nitrogen atom, into the corresponding nitrosobenzophenone. Resonance delocalization of the aniline into the distal carbonyl group of the photoproduct attenuates the ability of the nitrogen atom to interact with the guest. CrownCast-1 (3) utilizes a 13-phenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecane (A15C5, 2) receptor. Binding studies with CrownCast-1 revealed a modest selectivity for Ca 2+ ; however, differences in the measured binding affinity upon photolysis suggest that CrownCast-1 is better suited to cage Mg 2+ . CrownCast-2 (5) is derived from the Hg 2+ -selective 10-phenyl-1,4-dioxa-7,13-dithia-10-azacyclopentadecane (AT 2 15C5, 4) receptor. Aqueous binding studies demonstrate that CrownCast-2 binds tightly to Hg 2+ , but the strong sulfur-mercury interactions in the complex mitigate the release of the metal ion upon photolysis. Based on previous reports of metal selectivity, CrownCast-3 (7), which possesses a 16-phenyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-16-azacyclooctadecane (A18C6, 6) receptor, was designed to act as a Pb 2+ cage. Initial spectroscopic investigations suggest the uncaged ligand binds Pb 2+ with higher affinity than the parent cage. To address this unexpected observation, a turn-on fluorescence sensor for Pb 2+ that couples the A18C6 ligand with a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) fluorophore was synthesized. In contrast to the titration data, photolysis of [Pb(CrownCast-3)] 2+ in the presence of PbSensor-1 (16) demonstrates that the uncaged ligand, CrownUnc-3 (15), binds Pb 2+ with a lower affinity than the caged o-nitrobenzhydrol macrocycle.