cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oscillations Among Three Neutrino Types and CP Violation

If ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ are treated symmetrically in a $\mathrm{CP}$-invariant theory, it is impossible to have vacuum neutrino oscillations in which on the average each of the three neutrino types becomes an equal mixture of all three. It is shown how this becomes possible for a $\mathrm{CP}$-noninvariant theory.
Nominal resistance of a complex impedance

The theoretical relationships between broadband electrical input impedance and maximum instantaneous input current are given for classes of input voltage signals with or without bandwidth limitations. A nominal resistance associated with a complex impedance is defined, and this quantity can be used in circuit analysis or design to predict maximum possible transient current. Results from several experimental measurements are presented.
Single-Tube Single-Enzyme Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Pooled Bovine Serum

A reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was developed for use as a diagnostic screening test for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in pooled bovine serum samples. Individual serum samples from 60 dairy cattle herds located in Pennsylvania were evaluated by the microplate virus isolation method, and pooled sera were analyzed by RT-PCR. RT-PCR was sensitive and specific and detected a single viremic serum sample in up to 100 pooled serum samples. RT-PCR analysis of pooled sera provides a rapid and cost-effective method for the screening of cattle herds for the presence of animals persistently infected with BVDV.
Characterization of the RpoN regulon reveals differential regulation of T6SS and new flagellar operons in Vibrio cholerae O37 strain V52

The alternative sigma factor RpoN is an essential colonization factor of Vibrio cholerae and controls important cellular functions including motility and type VI secretion (T6SS). The RpoN regulon has yet to be clearly defined in T6SS-active V. cholerae isolates, which use T6SS to target both bacterial competitors and eukaryotic cells. We hypothesize that T6SS-dependent secreted effectors are co-regulated by RpoN. To systemically identify RpoN-controlled genes, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) to determine RpoN-binding sites and RpoNcontrolled gene expression. There were 68 RpoNbinding sites and 82 operons positively controlled by RpoN, among which 37 operons had ChIPidentified binding sites. A consensus RpoN-binding motif was identified with a highly conserved thymine (14) and an AT-rich region in the middle between the hallmark RpoN-recognized motif GG(24)/ GC(12). There were seven new RpoN-dependent promoters in the flagellar regions. We identified a small RNA, flaX, downstream of the major flagellin gene flaA. Mutation of flaX substantially reduced motility. In contrast to previous results, we report that RpoN positively regulates the expression of hcp operons and vgrG3 that encode T6SS secreted proteins but has no effect on the expression of the main T6SS cluster encoding sheath and other structural components.
Abstractionist versus exemplar-based theories of visual word priming: A subsystems resolution

Three experiments addressed abstractionist versus exemplar‐based theories of the visual representations underlying word priming. Participants first read centrally presented whole words (each displayed in all lowercase or in all uppercase letters), and then they completed laterally presented word stems (each displayed in all lowercase or in all uppercase letters). Word stem completion priming was letter‐case specific (greater for same‐case primed items than for different‐case primed items) when stems were presented directly to the right cerebral hemisphere but not when stems were presented directly to the left cerebral hemisphere. This interaction was not influenced by the typicality of the test stems, but it was observed only for stems composed of letters with visually dissimilar lowercase and uppercase structures (e.g., bea/BEA) and not for stems composed of letters with visually similar lowercase and uppercase structures (e.g., sco/SCO). In contrast, cued recall was letter‐case specific when similar‐cas...
Light Control of Plant Development: A Role of the Ubiquitin/Proteasome-Mediated Proteolysis

The relationship between light environment and plant development is most dramatically illustrated by seedling development in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis seedlings exhibit two different phenotypes: photomorphogenesis in the light and skotomorphogenesis (or etiolation) in darkness, respectively. Light-grown seedlings have short hypocotyls, and open and expanded cotyledons, while skotomorphogenic seedlings have long hypocotyls and apical hooks (closed and unexpanded cotyledons) (for review, see [von Arnim and Deng 1996]). Recently, a major regulatory switch for the light control of seedling development was shown to be the ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of photomorphogenesis-promoting transcription factors ([Osterlund et al 2000], [Seo et al 2003], [Saijo et al 2003]). The pleiotropic COP (constitutive photomorphogenic)/DET (de-etiolated)/FUS (fusca) genes were initially identified to encode negative regulators of photomorphogenesis by genetic analysis, and recently they have been shown to play important roles in the protein ubiquitination processes.This review briefly summarizes our current understanding of the role of the COP/DET/FUS proteins and the ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated proteolysis in the light control of Arabidopsis seedling development.
Role of the Na/H antiport in pH-dependent cell death in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

We investigated the role of intracellular pH (pHi) and Na/H exchange in cell death in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC) following a metabolic insult (inhibition-oxidative phosphoryla...
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Chemical-Based Mollusciciding for Control of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium Transmission

Background Programs for schistosomiasis control are advancing worldwide, with many benefits noted in terms of disease reduction. Yet risk of reinfection and recurrent disease remain, even in areas with high treatment coverage. In the search for means to better prevent new Schistosoma infections, attention has returned to an older strategy for transmission control, i.e., chemical mollusciciding, to suppress intermediate host snail species responsible for S. mansoni and S. haematobium transmission. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize prior experience in molluscicide-based control of Bulinus and Biomphalaria spp. snails, and estimate its impact on local human Schistosoma infection. Methodology/Principal Findings The review was registered at inception with PROSPERO (CRD42013006869). Studies were identified by online database searches and hand searches of private archives. Eligible studies included published or unpublished mollusciciding field trials performed before January 2014 involving host snails for S. mansoni or S. haematobium, with a primary focus on the use of niclosamide. Among 63 included papers, there was large variability in terms of molluscicide dosing, and treatment intervals varied from 3–52 weeks depending on location, water source, and type of application. Among 35 studies reporting on prevalence, random effects meta-analysis indicated that, on average, odds of infection were reduced 77% (OR 0.23, CI95% 0.17, 0.31) during the course of mollusciciding, with increased impact if combined with drug therapy, and progressively greater impact over time. In 17 studies reporting local incidence, risk of new infection was reduced 64% (RR 0.36 CI95% 0.25, 0.5), but additional drug treatment did not appear to influence incidence effects. Conclusion/Significance While there are hurdles to implementing molluscicide control, its impact on local transmission is typically strong, albeit incomplete. Based on past experience, regular focal mollusciciding is likely to contribute significantly to the move toward elimination of schistosomiasis in high risk areas.
Estrogen Receptor Status and the Disease-Free Interval in Breast Cancer

Most patients with breast cancer initially present with locally resectable disease. Unfortunately, at least half these patients will eventually die of disseminated disease, proving that clinical resectability and cure are far from synonymous terms. Obviously many patients have clinically occult or microscopic metastases at the time of initial surgical intervention. Aside from suggesting the eventual clinical outcome there has been little need for accurate prediction of which patients would eventually have recurrences. With the recent exciting development of effective adjuvant regimens the need for careful and precise patient selection for systemic therapy has become mandatory. While several factors, such as tumor size, tumor location, histologic grade, local lymphatic invasion, and patient weight are of some value, axillary lymph node status has provided the best estimate of tumor recurrence rate, ranging to over 90% if four or more axillary lymph nodes are involved by tumor. Unfortunately, this is an insufficiently accurate guide to which patients have recurrences. Up to one-third of axillary lymph node-negative patients will eventually die of disseminated disease, while only one-half of patients with one node involved with the tumor will succumb to their disease.
Electric Field Control of Bacteria-Powered Microrobots Using a Static Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm

A bacteria-powered microrobot (BPM) is a hybrid robotic system consisting of an SU-8 microstructure with active surfaces or bacterial carpets, in which massive arrays of biomolecular flagellar motors work cooperatively. This paper suggests an obstacle-avoidance method based on a BPM's response to electric fields. The negatively charged bacteria enable the BPM to follow electric fields. In our previous demonstration of the single BPM controllability, we observed a vast change in the control dynamics when obstructions distorted the applied electric field and affected BPM steering and control. In this paper, we demonstrate an obstacle avoidance method that takes the electric field distortion into account to navigate a BPM through multiple static obstacles in real time. We used an artificial potential field and configuration space in our algorithm to generate an objective function for the electric field distortion and collision around/with obstacles, respectively. In addition, finite-element modeling through COMSOL Multiphysics engineering software was used to simulate charged-particle trajectories in a distorted electric field. Finally, we describe the feasibility of our proposed obstacle avoidance approach through experiments and compared these data with simulation results.
Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel)

The male karyotype came from lymphocyte cultures and was donated by Dr. Lucien Koulischer, Belgium, and the female karyotype came from lung cultures donated by Dr. David A. Hungerford, Philadelphia. Pairing is arbitrary and classification of the chromosomes is difficult as in other camelids. Many acrocentrics possess short arms and many have satellites. The Y has not been unequivocally identified.
SPECIATION IN THE FIELD CRICKET

The common American field crickets have had the generic names Acheta, Gryllus and Gryllulus. The name now accepted is Acheta. The reasons for these changes of name are explained by Gurney (1951). But by whatever scientific name we call the crickets, they are still the common field crickets and very easily recognized as a genus. Splitting the genus into species, however, has been one of the greatest stumbling blocks to taxonomists working on the Orthoptera. From 1775 to 1903, forty-seven species were described from North and South America and the West Indies. Seventeen names were applied to species occurringwithin the United States. The diagnostic characters used to separate the species were coloration, size, wing venation and length of such parts as tegmina, wings and ovipositor. All of these characters are extremely variable. As this fact came to be realized a number of the species names were reduced to synonyms. Lutz (1908) published a biometrical study of some large series of specimens from several parts of the United States. He used the length of body, hind femora, ovipositor, tegmina and wings. He found that, with respect to any of these measurements, all specimens fell into one continuous series, except that for length of tegmina and wings they exhibited dimorphism. The species as they had been described and defined by these characters were shown to be mere arbitrary areas in a wide field of variation. Lutz also studied the collection of the British Museum which included specimens of the genus from many parts of the world.
Stability and Control of Ground Tethered Energy Systems

The combustion of fossil fuels is currently used to meet the majority of global energy needs. Given the anticipated future shortages of fossil fuels, and their contribution to greenhouse gas production and global warming, sustainable methods for energy production
Comparative Studies on the Genetic Diversity between Conserved and Non-conserved Oryza rufipogon Populations

The genetic diversity of the in situ conserved populations of Oryza rufipogon in comparisons with the populations without conservations were estimated by using 24 SSR loci.The samples included 356 individuals from 5 conserved populations located in Dongxiang county,Jiangxi province(JXD),Chaling county and Jiangyong county,Hunan province(HNC and HNJ),Gaozhou city,Guangdong province(GDD),and Danzhou city,Hainan province(HND),and 3 non-conserved populations in Wuxuan county and Laibin city,Guanxi(GXW and GXL) Autonomous Region and Gaozhou city,Guandong province(GDP).All the 24 loci were polymorphic,among which,18 loci exhibited heterozygosity deficit.The highest observed heterozygosity(Ho) was generated by RM339,while the highest expected heterozygosity(He) appeared at RM336.In General,all these wild populations showed a high level of genetic diversity.Among the 5 conserved populations,the mean effective number of alleles(Ae) ranged from 1.780(JXD)to 2.504(HNJ),He ranged from 0.397(JXD)to 0.555(HNJ).For the 3 populations without conservations,Ae varied from 2.153(GDP)to 3.226(GXL),He from 0.492(GDP)to 0.640(GXL),respectively.Nei's genetic distance was 0.6585 between 5 conserved populations and 3 non-conserved populations.It demonstrated that the populations without conservations had great value of conservation and collection in spite of some populations conserved.The evaluation of genetic differentiation showed that 39.9% SSR variation was distributed among populations(Fst=0.399).F-statistics showed that these populations presented a slight deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(Fis=0.147).The population GDD,GDP and HND showed slight heterozygosity excesses with Fis ranged from-0.03(GDP) to-0.186(HND).The population JXD showed slight heterozygosity deficits with Fis= 0.109,and the population HNC,HNJ,GXW and GXL showed significant heterozygote deficits in tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and significantly positive Fis values ranged from 0.315(GXW)to 0.473(HNJ),such pattern might be related to the relatively higher inbreeding in these wild populations.
Size and distance are perceived independently in an optical tunnel: Evidence for direct perception

The historical but questionable size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) features computation over geometric, oculomotor, and binocular cues and the coupling of percepts-perceived size, S', is mediated by perceived distance, D'. A contemporary non-mediational hypothesis holds that S' and D' are specific to distinct optical variables. We report two experiments with an optical tunnel, an arrangement of alternating black and white concentric rings, that allows systematic manipulation of the optic array at a point of observation while controlling a variety of size and depth cues. Participants viewed targets of different sizes at different distances monocularly, reporting S' and D' via magnitude production. In Experiment 1, the target was either placed in a continuous tunnel (extending 164cm) or in a tunnel that truncated at the target's location. Experiment 2 included a third tunnel, one that was truncated with a flat depiction of the posterior surface structure that would have been visible in the continuous tunnel. In both experiments, S' decreased with D but D' was unaffected by S. Partial correlation analyses showed that the relationship between S' and D' was not significant when the contributions of other variables were removed. Importantly, S' and D' were affected differently by manipulations of the optical tunnel's continuity while computationally obvious visual cues were controlled. These outcomes suggest that D' is not a mediator of S'. Rather S' and D' are independently determined with correlated but different optical bases, results that support the direct model.
UDKOSC: An immersive musical environment

UDKOSC is a visually and aurally immersive rendered multi-user musical performance environment built in the Unreal Development Kit (UDK), a freely-available commercial gaming engine. Control data generated by avatar motion, gesture and location is routed through a bi-directional Open Sound Control implementation and used to drive virtual instruments within a multi-channel ambisonic sound-server. This paper describes the technical infrastructure of UDKOSC and details design and musical decisions made during the composition and creation of Tele-harmonium, a n interactive mixedreality musical work created in the environment.
Central Amygdala Neuroplasticity in Alcohol Dependence

This chapter will review our findings on acute alcohol effects in the CeA on both inhibitory (GABAergic) and excitatory (glutamatergic) transmission, the intracellular pathways involved in these effects, and the modulatory role of pro- and antistress neuropeptides on synaptic transmission in the central amygdala (CeA). This chapter will also address neuroadaptive changes in glutamate, GABA, and neuropeptide systems produced by alcohol dependence. The CeA is the final output pathway of the amygdala, responsible for translating sensory information into appropriate behavioral and physiological responses. Therefore, this chapter will integrate the effects of stress-related neuropeptides on synaptic transmission in CeA and alcohol-related behaviors.
Prognosis of Infantile Spasms (West Syndrome)

Investigators at the Instituto di Neuropsychiatria Infantile, University of Rome, Italy, followed 58 cases of West syndrome for 3 years or more (mean 5 yr 5 mo).
The Locational Determinants of International Student Enrollments by State, 2009–2013

This article examines the observed geography of international student enrollments by state to understand the sociospatial implications for universities and colleges, as well as the U.S. and state e...
Walter A. Berendsohn, Thomas Mann, Künstler und Kämpfer in bewegter Zeit: Herbert Lehnert, Thomas Mann—Fiktion, Mythos, Religion, Sprache und Literatur 27. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1965. Pp. 267.

(1967). Walter A. Berendsohn, Thomas Mann, Kunstler und Kampfer in bewegter Zeit. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 153-156.
Learning by design: creating knowledge through library storytime production

Librarianship has not traditionally been considered a design practice. However, children's librarians plan, deliver, and reflect on storytimes in implicit ways that seem to align with design principles. Drawing on empirical data from the VIEWS2 study, this poster explores the premise that design principles implicitly inform the creation of these library programs for young children. Comparing models of storytime production and models of design reveals that key design principles---especially iteration and reflection---are present throughout storytime production. The reciprocal and influential nature of these design concepts combined with the model of storytime production lead to a new model of storytime design, with implications for library research, practice, and pedagogy as well as models of design.
Handedness and lower face variability: Findings in three national surveys.

ABSTRACTLower face variability in modern humans has been associated with a series of phenotypic characteristics including body architecture and handedness. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review of lower face variability and handedness in national health surveys conducted in the United States. Three informative surveys with a total of 13,663 participants were identified. Lower face variability was described as one of six facial phenotypes and related to handedness using logistic regression models while adjusting for sex, ancestry, geography, and income. The results on 13,536 participants with complete information showed that bilateral retrognathism—a marker for a lower face phenotype characterized by a convex facial profile and slender jaws—was associated with a 25% increased odds for non-right-handedness (odds ratio, 1.250; 95% confidence interval: 1.076–1.453, p-value < .004). This association between non-right-handedness and a convex facial profile may unexpectedly find its origin in ...
Status of State Registration Laws

The course of registration laws in the United States is traced in this paper. The need for such laws is emphasized in telling the story of their growth. The degree of responsibility and position of national organizations toward registration laws and registrants is examined against the background of the individual states' own regulatory policies. The problems involved in not having a central national registration organization are presented. A plea is made for making registration the bade of recognition of the professional engineer, and a means of maintaining the high standards of practice that are the personal obligation and duty of the engineer toward his profession.
The impact of fellowship surgical training on operative time and patient morbidity during robotics-assisted sacrocolpopexy

Abdominal sacrocolpopexy is commonly performed for the surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in the USA. Over the last decade, fellowship programs have increased the number of these procedures performed robotically. Currently, there is a paucity of literature exploring the impact of fellowship training on outcomes of robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy (RASC). We sought to explore the impact of an expert surgeon operating alone versus with a fellow on operative time and perioperative morbidity associated with RASC. This is an analysis of a retrospectively collected cohort of all RASCs performed to treat POP from June 2010 to August 2015 by a single attending surgeon. Outcomes were compared by expert surgeon alone and with a fellow. We identified 208 RASCs, of which 124 (59.6%) were performed by an expert surgeon alone and 84 (40.4%) with a fellow. Eight fellows were included, with a median of 7 cases (interquartile range 5–13.5). Cases with fellows were 31.1 min longer than an expert surgeon alone (155.6 vs 124.5 min, p < 0.001), a 25% increase. Increased operative time for fellows remained significant on multivariate regression (34.2 min, p < 0.001) after adjusting for case order postmenopausal status, hysterectomy, mid-urethral sling, and bowel injury. Years in fellowship did not have an impact on operative time (p = 0.80). Complications were seen in 34 women (16.4%). On univariate regression, fellows did not have an impact on complications (OR 1.49, 95% CI [0.65–3.43]), which was unchanged on multivariate regression (OR 0.628, 95% CI [0.26–1.54]). Prolapse recurrence was seen in 19 women (9.5%). Fellows had no impact on prolapse recurrence (OR 0.478, 95% CI [0.17–1.38]), which was unchanged on multivariate regression (OR 0.266, 95% CI [0.17–1.49]). When an expert surgeon operated together with a fellow, operative time increased by 34 min without increasing prolapse recurrence or complications.
Approaches to regional lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma.

Background Mucosal melanomas in the head and neck region are most often located in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. To the authors' knowledge, the prognostic effects of lymph node metastasis in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) have not been established. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of lymph node metastasis on survival. Methods The current study included 198 patients with SNMM who had been treated between 1985 and 2016 at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Patients' clinical and pathologic lymph node statuses were evaluated and characterized. A multivariate analysis was used to assess the associations between regional spread and survival outcomes. Results Therapeutic neck dissection was performed in 23 patients with SNMM (11.6%). Regional disease recurrence occurred in 7 of the patients who had lymph node metastasis at the time of presentation (30.4%) and in 30 of those who had N0 disease at the time of presentation (17.1%) (P = .15). Metastasis to the contralateral lymph nodes was present in 7 patients (3.5%). The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 66% in patients with lymph node spread compared with 45% in patients with N0 status (P = .04, log-rank test). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that distant metastasis was the only variable found to be independently associated with both overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-6.95 [P = .01]) and disease-specific survival (hazard ratio, 3.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.79-7.14 [P = 0.01]). Conclusions The results of the current study demonstrated that lymph node status in patients with SNMM was not a significant predictor of outcome. This finding, together with the low incidence of lymph node metastases in patients with SNMM, suggests that elective treatment of the neck should be highly selective in this patient population. Cancer 2018;124:514-20. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Legal Shock or False Start: The Uncertain Future of India's New Personal Insolvency and Bankruptcy Regime

In May of last year, India adopted a regime for personal insolvencies and bankruptcies as part of a comprehensive new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. The Code was drafted and enacted in a very short amount of time, and the personal insolvency and bankruptcy provisions received considerably less attention during the lawmaking process than the provisions that relate to corporate debtors. Therefore, many fundamental questions about the purpose and likely impact of these provisions remain largely unaddressed. The Code’s provisions for individual debtors have not yet gone into force, and the regulatory agency charged with implementing it has recently constituted an advisory committee, which has drafted some proposed regulations and rules and will presumably advise the agency on potential reforms. The advisory group’s project of review and counsel will inevitably spur more public discussion and debate about the purpose and function of personal insolvency and bankruptcy law in India. This Article contributes to that discussion by describing India’s new personal insolvency and bankruptcy regime in some detail; analyzing the likely goals of policymakers who drafted and enacted the regime; assessing the design of the regime in light of those goals; and anticipating the function and impact of the law as enacted. It observes that the regime represents something of a legal shock, providing heretofore unavailable tools to both creditors and debtors in India. On paper, it significantly expands the availability of relief and protection available to individuals and households. It has the potential to transform aspects of Indian society related to consumer and household borrowing, especially regarding the stigma associated with financial distress and debt relief. Yet, there is a significant possibility that the regime will, at least initially, function primarily as a creditor’s remedy and provide suboptimal insurance for individual and household debtors. If so, this would reduce the regime’s utility in helping individual debtors – including entrepreneurs – recover from financial distress and would exacerbate some of the social costs of consumer over-indebtedness. It could also distort the development of consumer financial markets in India by promoting the expansion of lending without effectively insuring against systemic household over-indebtedness.
El Español de los Estados Unidos

How long has Spanish been spoken in the US and how many people speak it today? Is Spanish being passed down through generations? What role does Spanish play in US Latino identity? Analysing and synthesising data from a wide variety of sources, Escobar and Potowski explore these questions and more in this up-to-date textbook for students of Spanish language, linguistics, bilingualism, sociolinguistics, culture, and history.Over 150 exercises help students engage with the linguistic characteristics of Spanish, Spanish-dialect contact, bilingualism, and Spanish communities in the USExercises and examples refer students to external, online sources so they can experience Spanish through a range of mediaConcepts are clearly defined with detailed examples for readers who may not have a background in linguisticsMisconceptions about Spanish varieties and Latino communities are addressed, ensuring readers will emerge with a clear understanding of how Latino communities vary linguistically and socioculturally.
Molecular profiling of striatonigral and striatopallidal medium spiny neurons past, present, and future

Defining distinct molecular properties of the two striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) has been a challenging task for basal ganglia (BG) neuroscientists. Identifying differential molecular components in each MSN subtype is crucial for BG researchers to understand functional properties of these two neurons. The two MSN populations are morphologically identical except in their projections through the direct verses indirect BG pathways and they are heterogeneously dispersed throughout the dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). These characteristics have made it difficult for researchers to distinguish and isolate these two neuronal populations thereby hindering progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of their differential molecular properties. Researchers began to investigate molecular differences in the striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons using in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques and single cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (scRT-PCR). Currently the field is utilizing more advanced techniques for large-scale gene expression studies including fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of MSNs, from which RNA is purified, from fluorescent reporter transgenic mice or use of transgenic mice in which ribosomes from each MSN are tagged and can be immunoprecipitated followed by RNA isolation, a technique termed translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP). Additionally, the availability of fluorescent reporter mice for each MSN subtype is allowing, scientists to perform more accurate histology studies evaluating differential protein expression and signaling changes in each cell subtype. Finally, researchers are able to evaluate the role of specific genes in vivo by utilizing cell type-specific mouse models including Cre driver lines that can be crossed with conditional overexpression or knockout systems. This is a very exciting time in the BG field because researchers are well equipped with the most progressive tools to comprehensively evaluate molecular components in the two MSNs and their consequence on BG functional output in the normal, diseased, and developing brain.
Effect of starter feeding program on growth performance and gains of body components from weaning to market weight in swine.

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that different starter feeding programs (High, high quality; Low, low quality) will affect growth performance and body composition of pigs from weaning to market weight and that this effect may be influenced by gender (barrows or gilts) and breed (F, Yorkshire-Duroc x Hampshire; P, PIC Camborough 15 x PIC line 405). In Exp. 1, 21 +/- 4-d-weaned F pigs (n = 90) were used in a 2 (High or Low) x 2 (barrows or gilts) factorial design. In Exp. 2, 21 +/- 3-d-weaned pigs (n = 184) were used in a 2 (F or P) x 2 (High or Low) x 2 (barrows or gilts) factorial design. In Exp. 3, 21 F pigs from each gender and feeding program treatment were killed at d 0, 3, 7, 14, 42, 82, or 152 postweaning for evaluating body composition. Two starter feeding programs (High or Low) were applied to pigs for 6 wk postweaning. Pigs from both High and Low treatments were provided the same corn-soybean meal-based diets for the growing and finishing periods. Although the ADG of all pigs receiving the High treatment during the early starter period were higher (P .80). However, the BW of P pigs receiving the High treatment, regardless of gender, tended to be heavier than those receiving the Low (Exp. 2) and F barrows receiving the High treatment tended to be heavier than those receiving the Low (Exp. 1). For the first 7 d postweaning, the High-fed pigs gained more protein (P < .05) and lost less fat (P < .05) than Low-fed pigs. During the growing-finishing period, the Low-fed pigs exhibited compensatory protein gain and achieved a body protein content similar (P < .60) to High-fed pigs by termination. Protein gains from weaning to termination between High- and Low-fed pigs were not different in Exp. 2 and 3. The protein gain of gilts was higher (P < .05) than that of barrows. Similarly, fat gain within genders was not affected by starter feeding program. Fat gain of gilts, however, was lower (P < .08) than that of barrows in Exp. 3. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of the starter feeding program affected growth performance immediately after weaning but did not affect protein gain over the entire production period.
Recent Advances in the Deformation Processing of Ceramics

The deformation processing of crystalline ceramics is briefly reviewed to the stage that it had reached by 1970, then several significant recent developments are treated in more detail. Advances in the hot forging of alumina, the deformation texturing of magnetic hexaferrites, and the deformation processing of single crystals for laser windows are discussed. Special property developments in these three areas are emphasized.
$W$ -Band Micromachined Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Using SIW and CPW Structures

A novel W-band (75–110 GHz) surface micromachined Vivaldi antenna fed with a new combination of coplanar waveguide and substrate-integrated waveguide is proposed. The design procedure of the feeding structure and the effects of the antenna’s key structural features on its return loss and gain are studied in detail. The selected exponential taper with optimized feeding parameters results in a significantly higher gain (gain > 10 dBi) compared to similar tapered slot antennas reported in the literature over the entire bandwidth of operation. The antenna is fabricated using microfabrication processes, and high correlations between simulation and measurement results confirm its low-loss performance and symmetric and stable radiation pattern over the entire frequency range of 75–110 GHz.
Anatomy for All: Medical Knowledge on the Fairground in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna

Recent scholarship on the history of science and medicine has begun to consider the diversity of sites, markets, and audiences for scientific knowledge. This article investigates a single publicly accessible location: Vienna's Prater park. At a time when the Second Vienna Medical School led the world in anatomy and pathology, two case studies demonstrate how knowledge about human anatomy entered the fin-de-siecle Viennese public sphere in a noninstitutional setting. Josef Hyrtl, an anatomist, and Hermann Prauscher, a showman, employed targeted marketing strategies for their anatomical preparations to facilitate the circulation of anatomical knowledge among the socially diverse audiences that congregated on the fairground. Examining how anatomy was visualized and discursively constructed, alongside questions of site, accessibility, and audience response, sheds light on a pivotal historical moment when the meaning of the human body was undergoing significant transformation in Austrian society.
Constructing diagnostic trees: A stepwise approach to institutional design

Abstract The idea of institutional diagnostics has sparked considerable interest over the last twenty years, especially among those seeking to assess how architectural choices can affect the performance of institutions established to address environmental issues. But so far, this appealing idea has not developed into a practice that is useful in making choices regarding the architecture of regimes addressing needs for governance arising at various levels of social organization. I argue that this is attributable to a dramatic expansion in the range of concerns we now include in thinking about needs for governance and how to respond to them. Diagnosis cannot deal with the full range of these concerns in one step. To make diagnostic procedures useful, we must proceed in stages, identifying the basic nature of a need for governance and then proceeding in a stepwise fashion to identify and evaluate institutional options. I introduce the idea of a diagnostic tree as a tool to guide this process and explore its usefulness in a generalized account of key issues arising in the realm of fisheries management. I conclude with a discussion of points to bear in mind in any effort to use this tool to sort out the complexities of institutional design in a variety of real-world settings.
Anthracnose of Piggyback Plant Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.

Abstract A leaf spotting disease of Tolmiea menziesii Torr. & Gray (piggyback plant) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacco was investigated. The disease requires a moisture period ...
Evaluation of a Workflow to Define Low Specific Absorption Rate MRI Protocols for Patients With Active Implantable Medical Devices.

Background MRI exams for patients with MR-conditional active implantable medical devices (AIMDs) are contraindicated unless specific conditions are met. This limits the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR, W/kg). Currently, there is no general framework to guide meeting a lower SAR limit. Purpose To design and evaluate a workflow for modifying MRI protocols to whole-body SAR (WB-SAR ≤0.1 W/kg) and local-head SAR (LH-SAR ≤0.3 W/kg) limits while mitigating the impact on image quality and exam time. Study type Prospective. Population Twenty healthy volunteers on head (n = 5), C-spine (n = 5), T-spine (n = 5), and L-spine (n = 5) with IRB consent. Assessment Vendor-provided head, C-spine, T-spine, and L-spine protocols (SARRT ) were modified to meet both low SAR targets (SARLOW ) using the proposed workflow. in vitro SNR and CNR were evaluated with a T1 -T2 phantom. in vivo image quality and clinical acceptability were scored using a 5-point Likert scale for two blinded readers. Field strength/sequences 1.5T/spin-echoes, gradient-echoes. Statistical analysis In vitro SNR and CNR values were evaluated with a repeated measures general linear model. in vivo image quality and clinical acceptability were evaluated using a generalized estimating equation analysis (GEE). The two reader's level of agreement was analyzed using Cohen's kappa statistical analysis. Results Using the workflow, SAR limits were met. Lh-sar 0.12 ± 0.02 W/kg, median (SD) values for LH-SAR were 0.12 (0.02) W/kg and WB-SAR: 0.09 (0.01) W/kg. Examination time did not increase ≤2x the initial time. SARRT SNR values were higher and significantly different than SARLOW (P 0.05). Data conclusion The proposed workflow provides guidance for modifying routine MRI exams to achieve low SAR limits. This can benefit patients referred for an MRI exam with low SAR MR-conditional AIMDs. Level of evidence 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:91-102.
Directed Placement for mVLSI Devices

Continuous-flow microfluidic devices based on integrated channel networks are becoming increasingly prevalent in research in the biological sciences. At present, these devices are physically laid out by hand by domain experts who understand both the underlying technology and the biological functions that will execute on fabricated devices. The lack of a design science that is specific to microfluidic technology creates a substantial barrier to entry. To address this concern, this article introduces Directed Placement, a physical design algorithm that leverages the natural “directedness” in most modern microfluidic designs: fluid enters at designated inputs, flows through a linear or tree-based network of channels and fluidic components, and exits the device at dedicated outputs. Directed placement creates physical layouts that share many principle similarities to those created by domain experts. Directed placement allows components to be placed closer to their neighbors compared to existing layout algorithms based on planar graph embedding or simulated annealing, leading to an average reduction in laid-out fluid channel length of 91% while improving area utilization by 8% on average. Directed placement is compatible with both passive and active microfluidic devices and is compatible with a variety of mainstream manufacturing technologies.
Developing a Spinal CSF Leak Program in a Multihospital Network.

Abstract Objective Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are rare and challenging to diagnose and treat. Patients may present to a variety of physicians, and many patients are often referred to a specialized center with a dedicated spinal CSF leak program and expertise in this condition. To our knowledge, there are no reported publications on how to create such a program. Conclusion In this article, we describe the specific steps we took to develop a spinal CSF leak program, which we have implemented over a multihospital network.
The second ID: critical race counterstories of campus police interactions with Black men at Historically White Institutions

Although campus racial climate on colleges and universities has been scrutinized in research on higher education, scholarship focused on Black male collegians’ interactions with campus police remai...
Developing And Managing Faculty-Driven Innovation: A Continuous Improvement Model With Self-Directed Work Teams

For the next century, graduates of higher educational institutions must possess certain skills and traits to be effective executive leaders in the global environment. Philosophical differences among educators (liberal arts, business school faculty) and practitioners (senior executives, line managers) continue to exist even with increased market competitiveness for students and for products. Often, it appears that each encampment continues to conduct business as usual.
A Competency-Based Approach to Teaching Professional Self-Care: An Ethical Consideration for Social Work Educators

Incorporating material on professional self-care into social work course content is valuable to the education of neophyte social work practitioners. This article presents a review of the literature on professional burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue, including the risk factors associated with the experience of these conditions. The literature suggests that students are particularly vulnerable to these conditions as they enter their field placements due to their lack of professional practice experience. To address this educational need among social work students, this article provides suggestions for incorporating material on professional self-care into both micro and macro course offerings and includes a sample case study that links self-care to the current Council on Social Work Education social work competencies and practice behaviors.
A real-time system for head tracking and pose estimation

Driver's visual attention provides important clues about his/ her activities and awareness. To monitor driver's awareness, this paper proposes a real-time person-independent head tracking and pose estimation system using a monochromatic camera. The tracking and head-pose estimation tasks are formulated as regression problems. Three regression methods are proposed: (i) individual mapping on images for head tracking, (ii) direct mapping to subspace for head tracking, which predicts a subspace from one sample, and (iii) semantic piecewise regression for head-pose estimation. The approaches are evaluated on standard databases, and on several videos collected in vehicle environments.
Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives

Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements through flexible combination of motor primitives1, where each primitive is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the shape of its primitives2. Using a time-series analysis of error patterns, here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations and the subjects’ adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.
Elasticity of Substitution in the U.S. Market with Endogenous Transport Costs: a Sectoral Approach.

En este articulo se presentan estimaciones de la elasticidad de sustitucion de bienes importados al mercado de los EEUU en el periodo 1990 - 2003, siguiendo a Anderson y Wincoop (2004). Estas estimaciones aprovechan la disponibilidad de la informacion sobre costos de transporte de bienes publicada por la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, desagregandola a seis digitos. Se obtienen dos estimaciones diferentes de la elasticidad de sustitucion: una a nivel agregado promedio y otra a nivel sectorial. Como puede esperarse, las estimaciones que tienen en cuenta la endogeneidad de los costos de transporte son estadisticamente diferentes en un punto porcentual a los resultados obtenidos cuando no se contempla la estructura de los costos de transporte. Esta diferencia es incluso superior cuando comparamos los resultados obtenidos utilizando la clasificacion sectorial a nivel de dos digitos de la clasificacion ISIC revision 2.