cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Ocean Wave Measurements by the Jason and Topex Satellites, With Buoy and Model Comparisons

The verification phase of the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission presents a unique opportunity for comparing near-simultaneous, independent satellite measurements. We here examine simultaneous significant wave height measurements by the Jason-1 and Topex/Poseidon altimeters. These data are also compared with in-situ measurements from deep-ocean buoys and with predicted wave heights from the Wave Watch 111 operational model. The rms difference between Jason and Topex wave heights is 21 cm, and this can be further lowered by application of median filters to reduce high-frequency noise. This noise is slightly larger in the Jason dataset, amounting to about 7 cm rms for frequencies above 0.05 Hz, which is the frequency at which the coherence between Topex and Jason measurements drops to zero. The probability density function for Jason shows a dearth of small waves relative to Topex. Buoy comparisons confirm that this problem lies with the Jason measurements. The buoy comparisons confirm previous reports that Topex wave heights are roughly 5% smaller than buoy measurements for waves between 2 and 5m; Jason heights in general are 2.7% smaller than Topex. Spurious dips in the Topex density function for 3- and 6-meter waves, a problem that has existed since the beginning of the mission, can be solved by waveform retracking..
THE EFFECT ON SOIL CONDITION OF HERBICIDE USE IN FRUIT PLANTATIONS

In the United Kingdom apple trees are now commonly grown with a herbicided strip in the tree row and with grass between the rows (the grass alley). Soil conditions beneath bare herbicide-treated surface were compared with those under grass cover maintained either from the time of planting or following modification in the system of herbicide use in established orchards.
Identification of older patients with heart failure who may be candidates for hospice care: development of a simple four-item risk score.

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of 6-month mortality in older patients with heart failure (HF) and to develop a risk score for identifying potential candidates for hospice care. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of a previously conducted randomized, clinical trial. SETTING: Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred eighty-two patients with HF aged 70 and older. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to conventional care or a multidisciplinary intervention designed to reduce rehospitalization. MEASUREMENTS: All-cause 6-month mortality. RESULTS: Patients were followed for up to 14 years; 43 (15.2%) died within 6 months of hospital discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four independent predictors of 6-month mortality: serum urea nitrogen of 30 mg/dL or greater (odds ratio (OR)=5.78, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.65\u201312.66), systolic blood pressure less than 120 mmHg (OR=4.81, 95% CI=1.94\u201311.91), peripheral arterial disease (OR=3.09, 95% CI=1.26\u20137.58), and serum sodium less than 135 mEq/L (OR=2.27, 95% CI=0.98\u20135.27). Patients were stratified into four risk groups based on the presence or absence of these four risk factors. Six-month mortality rates for patients with zero, one, two, or three or more risk factors were 3.7%, 16.3%, 41.0%, and 66.7%, respectively (P<.05). The presence of three or more risk factors was associated with a positive predictive value of 66.7% and a negative predictive value of 86.4%. CONCLUSION: Although additional studies are needed, these findings suggest that a simple four-item risk score can identify older patients with HF at high risk of dying within 6 months. This may enable clinicians to better advise patients about prognosis, adjust management accordingly, and if appropriate, facilitate referral for hospice care. Conversely, patients with a more-favorable prognosis may be suitable candidates for more-aggressive interventions.
The Geometry of Evolution: Adaptive Landscapes and Theoretical Morphospaces

Preface 1. The concept of the adaptive landscape 2. Modelling natural selection in adaptive landscapes 3. Modelling evolutionary phenomena in adaptive landscapes 4. The concept of the theoretical morphospace 5. Analysing the role of adaptive evolution in theoretical morphospaces 6. Analysing evolutionary phenomena in theoretical morphospaces 7. Evolutionary constraint in theoretical morphospace 8. Evolutionary development in theoretical morphospace 9. There is much to be done ... References Index.
Dirac structure, RVB, and Goldstone modes in the kagomé antiferromagnet

We show that there exists a long-range resonating valence bond (RVB) state for the kagom\'e lattice spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet for which the spinons have a massless Dirac spectrum. By considering various perturbations of the RVB state which give mass to the fermions by breaking a symmetry, we are able to describe a wide-ranging class of known states on the kagom\'e lattice, including spin-Peierls solid and chiral spin-liquid states. Using a renormalization group treatment of fluctuations about the RVB state, we propose yet a different symmetry breaking pattern and show how collective excitations about this state account for the gapless singlet modes seen experimentally and numerically. We make a further comparison with numerics for Chern numbers, dimer-dimer correlation functions, the triplet gap, and other quantities. To accomplish these calculations, we propose a variant of the SU(N) theory which enables us to include many of the effects of Gutzwiller projection at the mean-field level.
Hel-N1/Hel-N2 proteins are bound to poly(A)+ mRNA in granular RNP structures and are implicated in neuronal differentiation

Human proteins Hel-N1 and Hel-N2 contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), and are members of a family of proteins highly homologous to Drosophila ELAV, which is essential for neuronal differentiation. Both proteins bind to A+U-rich 3' untranslated regions of a variety of growth-related mRNAs in vitro. Here we demonstrate that in medulloblastoma cells derived from childhood brain tumors, Hel-N1 and Hel-N2 are mainly expressed in the cytoplasm, but are detectable in the nucleus. Both proteins are associated with polysomes and can be UV-crosslinked to poly(A)+ mRNA in cell extracts. In the cytoplasm the Hel-N1 protein family resides in granular structures that may contain multiple protein molecules bound to each mRNA. Evidence supporting this multimeric ribonucleoprotein (RNP) model includes in vitro reconstitution and competition experiments in which addition of a single RRM (RRM3) can alter complex formation. As in medulloblastoma cells, the Hel-N1 protein family is present in granular particles in the soma and the proximal regions of dendrites of cultured neurons, and colocalizes with ribosomes. In addition, we demonstrate that expression of the Hel-N1 protein family is up-regulated during neuronal differentiation of embryonic carcinoma P19 cells. Our data suggest that the Hel-N1 protein family is associated with the translational apparatus and implicated in both mRNA metabolism and neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, our findings open the possibility that these proteins participate in mRNA homeostasis in the dendrites and soma of mature neurons.
Analysis of large-scale data from human activities on the web

This work focuses on data mining and machine learning using large-scale datasets, with an emphasis on Web information, social computing, and on-line social networks. These datasets are becoming more numerous, and as the Web's reach grows, it is important to understand these datasets for two reasons. First, better understanding of the systems generating the data allows us to improve the systems. For example, by looking at where search queries come from, we can better select what results and advertisements to display. Second, an in-depth understanding of the data allows us to leverage it for a variety of purposes. For instance, by looking at the geographic sources of queries we can discover the reach of various ideas. In particular we will develop new algorithms to deal with these large datasets, answering the subtle and nuanced questions that require a huge amount of data and novel methodology. We will examine large social networks, and processes related to these networks such as group formation and network evolution. We will also look at data from web search, showing that it is a rich source of information which, when combined with IP address geolocation can tell us a great deal about the geographic extent of various terms. In addition to learning about these systems, we will also design algorithms for improving them. Through the use of server logs, we will show how changing content can be scheduled more optimally on web pages. Finally, we will examine some of the privacy implications of this style of research, showing a negative result which illustrates how careful we must be with our data.
Magnetic phase transitions in intercalated graphite

Abstract The stage 2 CoCl2-GIC shows two magnetic phase transitions at Tcl (=8.0 K) and Tcu (=9.1 K). The intermediate phase between Tcl and Tcu has a purely 2D ordering with easy-plane type anisotropy. Below Tcl the CoCl2 layers couple antiferromagnetically. The stage 2 MnCl2-GIC shows a magnetic phase transition at Tc (=1.20 K). The spin in-plane structure below Tc has a 2√3×2√3 periodicity which is different from a 120° spin structure implying a (√3×√3)R30° structure.
A New Class of Low Bake Resists for 193-nm Immersion Lithography

We report here, new non-acetal containing low bake (PEB < 100° C ) resists that are suitable for immersion lithography. These resists are based on novel low activation energy (low-E a ) tertiary ester protecting groups. One major obstacle to imaging in the sub-50 nm regime using chemically amplified resists is the diminished image integrity in the pattern ("image blur") due to photo-generated acid diffusion into unexposed regions. Low processing temperatures are predicted to decrease the degree of photoacid diffusion and, in turn, decrease the image blur. Even though many low bake resist compositions have previously been reported, they are all based on acetal/ketal protecting groups. Unfortunately, these materials require a stoichiometric amount of water for the photoacid-catalyzed deprotection reaction to proceed. It is usually assumed that the water for the reaction comes from the environment in the bake station. However, fluctuations in humidity could affect the performance of the resist. Furthermore, acetal/ketal-based resists generally lack storage stability. For these reasons, acetal/ketal-based resists did not receive widespread acceptance in the lithography community. With the introduction of water based immersion lithography, acetal/ketal-based resists are expected to have further performance difficulties. Therefore, we targeted the development of new "low blur" resists for 193nm lithography that do not contain acetal/ketal protecting groups.
THE ORGANISM ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS OF COWS

A Gram-positive diphtheroid isolated from spontaneous cases of cystitis and pyelonephritis of cows on five farms has been studied. All the strains obtained were of the same general morphology. They possess similar cultural characteristics and to a great degree similar agglutination affinities. The organism is not pathogenic for the ordinary laboratory animals. It produces no toxin. Cows injected intravenously with broth cultures failed to develop the disease. On the other hand, small quantities of cultures introduced into the bladder by way of the urethra gave rise to a typical persistent cystitis. There is evidence for a transmission of the disease by contact infection, as when the same individual curries both normal and infected cows.
Fracture Permeability and High Initial Water Cut in a Carbonate Gas Reservoir: ABSTRACT

Waveland field in Hancock County, Mississippi, produces gas and condensate from the Lower Cretaceous Mooringsport Formation at approximately 13,400 ft. Total gas reserves have been estimated at 256 bcf. The reservoir is a fractured lime packstone, containing milliolid and orbitolinid foraminifers, mollusk fragments, and echinoderms. Core plug permeability is low, commonly below 1 md, yet productive wells flow at rates of as much as 8,000 MCFGD. Thus, fracture permeability is an important reservoir property. Short-term flow tests can be misleading, as productive wells may initially produce an uneconomically high water cut for several days. The trap is a south-southwest-plunging anticline with no apparent structural closure to the north. A map of averaged, thickness-weighted porosity values for productive stratigraphic intervals indicates that porosity does not decrease across the northern limit of production. In order to compare the productivity potential of zones with varying porosity and water saturation, Buckles Numbers (product of porosity and water saturation) were mapped for zones within the productive stratigraphic interval. Averaged, thickness-weighted Buckles Numbers indicate that productivity potential does not decline across the northern limit of the field. Thus, it is concluded that the northern (updip) extent of effective fracture permeability controls the northern limit of production at Waveland field. High initial water cut indicates that water is in the fractures and gas and water are in the matrix. The presence of water in fractures adjacent to rock with much narrower effective pore-throat radii is a normally unstable situation, as capillary pressure would be expected to result in the matrix imbibing water and releasing gas to the fractures. It is proposed that fracturing occurred after hydrocarbon migration and that there is little or no fluid exchange between fractures and matrix prior to wellbore drawdown. Waveland is an example of a field where limits of productivity are controlled by permeability rather than by porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, or trap geometry. Buckles Numbers maps are a useful tool for describing productivity potential of similar fields. End_of_Article - Last_Page 282------------
A guide to charitable investing

This article delineates guidelines to clarify the legal haze that seems to dissuade many tax-exempt organizations (TEOs) from engaging in programmerelated investments (PRIs) in the USA. In specific, this article analyses the legal constraints on investments in private commercial ventures by private foundations and public charities. The article reaches the following main conclusions: TEOs may purchase debt or equity securities in a private commercial venture if its activities further the mission of the charity. PRIs may count towards the distribution requirement of a private foundation under certain conditions. PRIs are not subject to the limits in the excess business holdings rule, but must be consistent with diversification requirements. Investment income from a PRI will generally not be subject to unrelated business income tax. TEOs should not invest in ventures controlled or managed by officials closely related to the
Cold‐reactive rheumatoid factors in infectious mononucleosis and other diseases

A high percentage of patients with infectious mononucleosis showed in their sera a special type of rheumatoid factor that reacts at 4°C but not at 22°C with cells or other particles coated with γ globulin. This differed from the usual types of rheumatoid factor found in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, where no such temperature dependence was evident. The potentiation of the Rh agglutination test at 4°C provided a sensitive method for the detection of this unusual rheumatoid factor. Similar cold-reactive rheumatoid factors were also found in the sera of patients with reticulum cell sarcoma and certain other disorders. They precipitated with γ globulin in the cold and resembled the well-known γM-γG mixed cryoglobulins. Whether routine screening tests for rheumatoid factor will or will not detect these cold-reactive rheumatoid factors depends upon the temperature at which the tests are performed.
Social sanction and threat explanations of gender effects on direct and indirect aggression

The present study examined two explanations for gender differences in expression of direct and indirect aggression. The social sanction model suggests that aggressor and target gender effects may be accounted for in terms of social sanctions against behaving aggressively; indirect aggression is the likely outcome of inhibitions against expression of direct aggression. The threat argument suggests that high levels of direct aggression in male-male dyads as well as apparent inhibitions against harming females might be accounted for by the fact that males are more threatening targets than are females. Research participants completed a questionnaire measure of direct and indirect aggression twice, once with reference to their behavior toward a same-gender target and once with reference to their behavior toward an other-gender target. Although most direct aggression was reported by male aggressors toward male targets, gender of target did not relate to indirect aggression. Males reported approximately equal levels of indirect and direct aggression. Although females reported using more indirect than direct aggression, they did not differ from males in their reports of the frequency of use of indirect aggression. These results provided some support for both models of gender effects on human aggression and suggest the appropriateness of a relatively complex model of gender effects on aggression. Aggr. Behav. 25:425–434, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Value of Electrocardiography

In conclusion, it may be stated that the electrocardiogram is a very valuable instrument to aid in the diagnosis and management of patients with heart disease. Its value depends upon a skilled interpretation of the record as well as a careful and proper correlation of this interpretation with the clinical course of the patient being investigated. The instrument is not at any time a substitute for a well taken history, nor for a well made physical examination, and certainly it is not a substitute for other forms of laboratory procedure in the study of heart disease. It cannot replace clinical experience and clinical judgment. Further, it must be emphasized that electrocardiographic heart disease is not synonymous with clinical heart disease, and also that very severe clinical heart disease can exist in the presence of a perfectly normal electrocardiographic tracing. Although the electrocardiogram may be of inestimable value in the study of cardiac disease, it must still remain as an adjunct to the clinical study of such phenomena.
Multicore programming in pMatlab using distributed arrays

Matlab is one of the most commonly used languages for scientific computing with approximately one million users worldwide. Many of the programs written in matlab can benefit from the increased performance offered by multicore processors and parallel computing clusters. The Lincoln pMatlab library (http://www.ll.mit.edu/pMatlab) allows high performance parallel programs to be written quickly using the distributed arrays programming paradigm. This talk provides an introduction to distributed arrays programming and will describe the best programming practices for using distributed arrays to produce programs that perform well on multicore processors and parallel computing clusters. These practices include understanding the concepts of parallel concurrency vs. parallel data locality, using Amdahl's Law, and a well defined design-code-debug-test process for parallel codes.
Guest Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Bioinformatics Research and Applications

This special section includes a selection of papers presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Bioinformatics Research and Application (ISBRA), which was held in Dallas, Texas, on 21-23 May 2012. The ISBRA symposium provides a forum for the exchange of ideas and results among researchers, developers, and practitioners working on all aspects of bioinformatics and computational biology and their applications. In 2012, 66 papers were submitted in response to the call for papers, out of which 26 papers appeared in the ISBRA proceedings published as volume 7292 of Springer Verlag's Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics series. Extended versions of nine symposium papers were invited and accepted for publication in this special section following a rigorous review process. The selected papers cover a broad range of bioinformatics topics, including biological networks, computational complexity of problems in structural biology and genomics, and phylogenetic inference and analysis. Herein, we briefly introduce each of them.
An information-processing explanation of one-trial and incremental learning

This paper is concerned with identifying conditions under which verbal learning exhibits an all-or-none or an incremental character, respectively, and showing that the EPAM model of verbal learning predicts correctly the learning rates under a number of these conditions. Reanalysis of data from a previous experiment removes apparent discrepancies with the theory. The EPAM model predicts, and the data support, these generalizations: Whether learning will be all-or-none or incremental depends on S 's learning strategy. Under nonreplacement conditions, learning will be all-or-none if S adopts a one-at-a-time strategy. Under replacement conditions with rapid presentation, there will be little learning with an all-at-once strategy, but S s who adopt one-at-a-time strategy will learn nearly as rapidly under replacement as under nonreplacement conditions.
Abolition of oxygenase function, retention of NADPH oxidase activity, and emergence of peroxidase activity upon replacement of the axial cysteine-436 ligand by histidine in cytochrome P450 2B4

A fundamental aspect of cytochrome P450 function is the role of the strictly conserved axial cysteine ligand, replacement of which by histidine has invariably resulted in mammalian and bacterial preparations devoid of heme. Isolation of the His-436 variant of NH2-truncated P450 2B4 partly as the holoenzyme was achieved in the present study by mutagenesis of the I-helix Ala-298 residue to Glu and subsequent conversion of the axial Cys-436 to His. The expressed A298E/C436H double mutant, cloned with a hexahistidine tag, had a molecular mass equivalent to that of the primary structure of His-tagged truncated 2B4 and the sum of the two mutated residues, and contained a heme group which, when released on HPLC, showed a retention time and spectrum identical to those of iron protoporphyrin IX. The absolute spectra of A298E/C436H indicate a change in heme coordination structure from low- to high-spin, and, as expected for a His-ligated hemeprotein, the Soret maximum of the ferrous CO complex is at 422 nm. The double mutant has no oxygenase activity with representative substrates known to undergo transformation by the oxene [(FeO)3+] or peroxo activated oxygen species, but catalyzes significant H2O2 formation that is NADPH- and time-dependent, and directly proportional to the concentration of A298E/C436H in the presence of saturating reductase. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of A298E/C436H in the H2O2-supported peroxidation of pyrogallol is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of wild-type 2B4 or the A298E variant. The results unambiguously demonstrate that the proximal thiolate ligand is essential for substrate oxygenation by P450.
pitx2 Deficiency Results in Abnormal Ocular and Craniofacial Development in Zebrafish

Human PITX2 mutations are associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, an autosomal-dominant developmental disorder that involves ocular anterior segment defects, dental hypoplasia, craniofacial dysmorphism and umbilical abnormalities. Characterization of the PITX2 pathway and identification of the mechanisms underlying the anomalies associated with PITX2 deficiency is important for better understanding of normal development and disease; studies of pitx2 function in animal models can facilitate these analyses. A knockdown of pitx2 in zebrafish was generated using a morpholino that targeted all known alternative transcripts of the pitx2 gene; morphant embryos generated with the pitx2ex4/5 splicing-blocking oligomer produced abnormal transcripts predicted to encode truncated pitx2 proteins lacking the third (recognition) helix of the DNA-binding homeodomain. The morphological phenotype of pitx2ex4/5 morphants included small head and eyes, jaw abnormalities and pericardial edema; lethality was observed at ∼6–8-dpf. Cartilage staining revealed a reduction in size and an abnormal shape/position of the elements of the mandibular and hyoid pharyngeal arches; the ceratobranchial arches were also decreased in size. Histological and marker analyses of the misshapen eyes of the pitx2ex4/5 morphants identified anterior segment dysgenesis and disordered hyaloid vasculature. In summary, we demonstrate that pitx2 is essential for proper eye and craniofacial development in zebrafish and, therefore, that PITX2/pitx2 function is conserved in vertebrates.
Transtensional deformation in the Lake Tahoe region, California and Nevada, USA

Dextral transtensional deformation is occurring along the Sierra Nevada–Great Basin boundary zone (SNGBBZ) at the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada microplate. In the Lake Tahoe region of the SNGBBZ, transtension is partitioned spatially and temporally into domains of north–south striking normal faults and transitional domains with conjugate strike-slip faults. The normal fault domains, which have had large Holocene earthquakes but account only for background seismicity in the historic period, primarily accommodate east–west extension, while the transitional domains, which have had moderate Holocene and historic earthquakes and are currently seismically active, primarily record north–south shortening. Through partitioned slip, the upper crust in this region undergoes overall constrictional strain. Major fault zones within the Lake Tahoe basin include two normal fault zones: the northwest-trending Tahoe–Sierra frontal fault zone (TSFFZ) and the north-trending West Tahoe–Dollar Point fault zone. Most faults in these zones show eastside down displacements. Both of these fault zones show evidence of Holocene earthquakes but are relatively quiet seismically through the historic record. The northeast-trending North Tahoe–Incline Village fault zone is a major normal to sinistral-oblique fault zone. This fault zone shows evidence for large Holocene earthquakes and based on the historic record is seismically active at the microearthquake level. The zone forms the boundary between the Lake Tahoe normal fault domain to the south and the Truckee transition zone to the north. Several lines of evidence, including both geology and historic seismicity, indicate that the seismically active Truckee and Gardnerville transition zones, north and southeast of Lake Tahoe basin, respectively, are undergoing north–south shortening. In addition, the central Carson Range, a major north-trending range block between two large normal fault zones, shows internal fault patterns that suggest the range is undergoing north–south shortening in addition to east–west extension. A model capable of explaining the spatial and temporal partitioning of slip suggests that seismic behavior in the region alternates between two modes, one mode characterized by an east–west minimum principal stress and a north–south maximum principal stress as at present. In this mode, seismicity and small-scale faulting reflecting north–south shortening concentrate in mechanically weak transition zones with primarily strike-slip faulting in relatively small-magnitude events, and domains with major normal faults are relatively quiet. A second mode occurs after sufficient north–south shortening reduces the north–south Shmax in magnitude until it is less than Sv, at which point Sv becomes the maximum principal stress. This second mode is then characterized by large earthquakes on major normal faults in the large normal fault domains, which dominate the overall moment release in the region, producing significant east–west extension.
Crystal structure of a rigid four spectrin repeat fragment of the human desmoplakin plakin domain

Abstract The plakin protein family serves to connect cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion molecules to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Desmoplakin (DP) is an integral part of desmosomes, where it links desmosomal cadherins to the intermediate filaments. The 1056-amino-acid N-terminal region of DP contains a plakin domain common to members of the plakin family. Plakin domains contain multiple copies of spectrin repeats (SRs). We determined the crystal structure of a fragment of DP, residues 175–630, consisting of four SRs and an inserted SH3 domain. The four repeats form an elongated, rigid structure. The SH3 domain is present in a loop between two helices of an SR and interacts extensively with the preceding SR in a manner that appears to limit inter-repeat flexibility. The intimate intramolecular association of the SH3 domain with the preceding SR is also observed in plectin, another plakin protein, but not in α-spectrin, suggesting that the SH3 domain of plakins contributes to the stability and rigidity of this subfamily of SR-containing proteins.
SU-E-T-24: Remote, Automated Daily Delivery Verification of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Treatments Using a Commercial Record and Verify System

Purpose: Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is an effective but complex technique for deliveringradiation therapy. VMAT relies on precise combinations of dose rate, gantry speed, and multi‐leaf collimator(MLC) shapes to deliver intensity modulated patterns. Such complexity warrants the development of correspondingly robust performance verification systems. In this work, we report on the feasibility of using data collected from a commercial record and verify system to perform remote, automated daily delivery verification of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments. Methods: The performance verification software system consists of 3 main components: (1) a query module to retrieve daily MLC, gantry, and jaw positions reported by the linear acceleratorcontrol system (Elekta, Crawley, UK) to the record and verify system (Mosaiq, Elekta, Mountain View, CA, USA), (2) an analysis module to read the daily delivery report generated from the database query module, compare the reported treatment positions against the planned positions, and compile delivery position error reports, and (3) a reporting module to display graphical reports initiated by a user or to automatically alert authorized users when pre‐defined tolerance values are exceeded. The utility of the system was investigated through analysis of patient data collected at our clinic. Results: Nearly 2,500 VMAT fractions have been analyzed with the delivery verification system at our institution. The average percentage of reported MLC leaf positions within 3 mm, gantry positions within 2 degrees and jaw positions within 3 mm of their planned positions was 92.9 +/− 5.5%, 95.9 +/− 2.9%, and 99.7 +/− 0.6%, respectively. The level of agreement between planned and reported MLC positions decreased for treatment plans requiring larger MLC leaf movements between control points. Conclusions: The delivery verification system holds the potential to provide an effective and low‐cost quality assurance tool that improves patient safety.
REVERSAL OF ACUTE POLYHYDRAMNIOS AFTER FETAL RENAL DECOMPRESSION

Polyhydramnios and premature labor at twenty-seven weeks secondary to an intrafetal renal cyst are described. Antenatal fetal cyst decompression successfully reversed the polyhydramnios and prevented premature delivery, resulting in a full-term healthy infant delivered vaginally at thirty-nine weeks. Urologic investigation postpartum revealed a probable congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
Atomic force microscopy for the analysis of environmental particles

Abstract In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was evaluated as an alternative to electron microscopy for analysis of nano- to micron-sized environmental particles, such as atmospheric aerosols. The wide range of conditions under which AFM can be conducted allows for “reactive” imaging. For example, collected particles can be imaged under ambient conditions and re-imaged as a function of time in order to evaluate changes. Chemical information about individual particles can be obtained in two ways: (1) by monitoring relative reaction rates when the sample is exposed to a reactive gas, and (2) by determination of the magnitude of interaction forces between the AFM tip and individual particles. The combined advantages of digital, three-dimensional morphological information, no vacuum requirements, virtually no sample preparation, and real-time imaging during reaction, make AFM an excellent technique for analysis of environmental particles.
Parathyroid Hormone Regulates the Rat Collagenase-3 Promoter in Osteoblastic Cells through the Cooperative Interaction of the Activator Protein-1 Site and the runt Domain Binding Sequence

Parathyroid hormone induces collagenase-3 gene transcription in rat osteoblastic cells. Here, we characterized the basal, parathyroid hormone regulatory regions of the rat collagenase-3 gene and the proteins involved in this regulation. The minimal parathyroid hormone-responsive region was observed to be between base pairs -38 and -148. Deleted and mutated constructs showed that the activator protein-1 and the runt domain binding sites are both required for basal expression and parathyroid hormone activation of this gene. The runt domain site is identical to an osteoblast-specific element-2 or acute myelogenous leukemia binding sequence in the mouse and rat osteocalcin genes, respectively. Overexpression of an acute myelogenous leukemia-1 repressor protein inhibited parathyroid hormone activation of the promoter, indicating a requirement of acute myelogenous leukemia-related factor(s) for this activity. Overexpression of c-Fos, c-Jun, osteoblast-specific factor-2, and core binding factor-beta increased the response to parathyroid hormone of the wild type (-148) promoter but not with mutation of either or both the activator protein-1 and runt domain binding sites. In summary, we conclude that there is a cooperative interaction of acute myelogenous leukemia/polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein-2-related factor(s) binding to the runt domain binding site with members of the activator protein-1 transcription factor family binding to the activator protein-1 site in the rat collagenase-3 gene in response to parathyroid hormone in osteoblastic cells.
A Place of Her Own: The Case for University-Based Centers for Women Entrepreneurs.

The author describes the benefits of university-based women entrepreneur centers as an educational and outreach strategy and argues for their establishment and support by universities interested in educating women entrepreneurs and advancing women-owned businesses. Based on extensive research on women business owners and firsthand experience with two such U.S. university-based centers, the author describes their several advantages in meeting the distinctive needs of women as entrepreneurs and learners. Providing examples of and rationales for the effectiveness of these programs, the author also makes a case for their potential economic development benefits for the larger economy and community and contributions to their sponsoring universities.
Comparative desiccation tolerance of two Sphagnum mosses

Sphagnum fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr., a moss growing in hollows close to the water table, is more desiccation tolerant than S. nemoreum Scop., a hummock former distributed high above the hollows. Sphagnum fallax recovered to a greater proportion of its predesiccation photosynthetic rate after one and five days of tissue dryness. Further, a greater percentage of S. fallax plants survived five and ten day periods at low tissue water contents. Longer desiccated periods and lower water contents during these periods decreased both photosynthetic recovery and survival.Water contents measured in Bloomingdale Bog (Adirondack Mountains, NY, USA) showed that S. fallax probably dries more frequently and for longer periods than S. nemoreum. These results support previous findings that the greater ability of S. nemoreum to remain moist in the field is the most important character in its success as a hummock former. Greater tolerance of desiccation helps S. fallax to compensate for its greater tendency to become dry, and is a key physiological feature enabling it to dominate hollows.
Simulation of External Ion Injection, Cooling and Extraction Processes with SIMION 6.0 for the Ion Trap/Reflectron Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometer

In this work we have developed a PC-based simulation to study ion injection, cooling and extraction processes for multiple ions in an ion trap/reflectron time-of-flight (IT/reTOF) system. This simulation is based upon SIMION 6.0 with user written programs in which a 3D collision model is used to describe ion ‐ buffer gas molecule interactions. The results of various simulations describing the relation between the trapping efficiency for external injection of ions into the trap and the RF phase, and the effects of initial kinetic energy and ramp-up rate on dynamic trapping of externally produced ions are discussed. Further, single-pulsing and bipolar-pulsing schemes for ejecting ions from the trap are examined. The simulations show that bipolar pulsing can markedly improve the resolution. In the bipolar ejection mode the relation between resolution and the extraction voltages and RF ramp-off rate are studied. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability-based optimisation of chemical vapour deposition process

In this paper, the process of Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) in a vertical impinging reactor is simulated and optimised using the reliability-based performance measure approach for the deposition of a thin film of silicon from silane. The key focus is on the rate of deposition and on the quality of the thin film produced. Proper control of the governing transport processes results in large area film thickness and composition uniformity. The effect of important design parameters and operating conditions are studied using numerical simulations. Response surfaces are generated for deposition rate and uniformity of the deposited film using compromise response surface method for the range of design variables considered. The resulting response surfaces are used to optimise the CVD system by considering the uncertainty in the design variables.
Acoustical properties of wool

Wool is a natural product which is safe and pleasant to work with and has useful acoustical properties. The acoustical properties have been investigated to find the most suitable applications and to see whether it could be used in some applications in place of man-made mineral fibres. Wool is inherently a low flow resistivity material, practically producible forms having densities between 10 and 100 kg/m3 with flow resistivities from 500 to 15 000 MKS Rayls/m. To achieve useful acoustical performance, wool materials must be used in relatively thick layers — typically more than 50 mm. Measurements have shown that woollen materials can increase the transmission loss of stud walls by up to 6 dB or more. Woollen materials can be used as duct linings, where their low flow resistivity is an advantage. They can achieve high absorption coefficients for control of room reverberation.
A monoclonal antibody recognizing cytoskeletal keratins of stratified epithelia and bladder carcinomas

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing rats with mouse bladder carcinomas, fusing their spleen cells with NS-1 myeloma cells and selecting for antibodies that bound to mouse bladder carcinomas. One of the antibodies, IG5, recognizes an antigenic determinant which is present in mouse bladder carcinoma cytoskeletons and is not detectable in the normal bladder epithelium. Indirect immunofluorescence studies revealed that the antigen is expressed intracellularly and is organized in the form of filamentous arrays. The antigen was detected by peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry in stratified epithelia and glands derived from these, but has not been observed in any tissues of mesenchymal or neuronal origin. Various normal and neoplastic human tissues were subsequently tested for reactivity with antibody IG5. Antigen expression in normal tissues was similar to that in the mouse. Most carcinomas of the bladder and lung were stained, while all of eleven colon carcinomas were negative. Antibody IG5 immunoprecipiated radio-iodinated peptides of 58, 56, 52 and 43 kD molecular weight from mouse bladder carcinomas. Western blotting experiments with antibody IG5 demonstrated bands of 56 and 50 kD in a keratin-enriched fraction of the bladder carcinoma cytoskeleton. Antibody IG5 reacted with molecules which have several properties typical of cytoskeletal keratin peptides. Our findings are discussed in the context of previously described keratin peptides and relevant monoclonal antibodies.
CONTRAST CHANGES OF EASTMAN KODAK SPECTRUM ANALYSIS NO. 1 EMULSION DURING COLD STORAGE, AND THEIR EFFECT ON OBSERVED INTENSITY RATIOS

Abstract This emulsion showed 0–4 per cent decreases in contrast at various wavelengths when stored one year at −17.8°C, and 4–12 per cent increases in contrast when stored for the same period at 4.4°C.
Trade Structure and the Effectiveness of America’s “Aggressively Unilateral” Trade Policy

When does America's “aggressively unilateral” trade policy work best to open overseas markets? This paper revisits the determinants and effectiveness of Section 301 of U.S. trade law and develops a modified two-level game model for understanding the conditions under which domestic interests and institutions support the use of aggressive negotiation tactics. It argues that a system-level variable, the structure of trade, systematically affects threat effectiveness by influencing both the level of unity among domestic interest groups and the degree of divided government in the sender of threats (the United States). America's sanction threats will enjoy more unified domestic support and hence be more credible when the dispute involves a country having a competitive trade relationship with the U.S. (such as Japan, Canada, and the European Union) rather than one having a complementary trade relationship with the U.S. (such as China, India, and Brazil). Statistical tests based on the universe of Section 301 cases concluded between 1975 and 1995 yield evidence in support of this contention.
A coaxial test fixture for characterizing low-impedance microwave two-terminal devices

A technique using a coaxial diode test fixture for the mount-independent characterization of potentially unstable two-terminal devices is presented. A standard three-terminal calibration procedure using reference packages is used to calibrate to the surface of the packaged device. The test fixture is designed to present a low, nonresonant impedance to the device so that measurement resolution is enhanced. The characterization of an IMPATT diode is presented as an example. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Trends in information categories on costume and textile collection web sites

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to assess trends in information categories featured on costume and textile collection web sites, and to assess differences in the online capabilities of these features between 1997 and 2006.Design/methodology/approach – The instrument was a content analysis of costume and textile collection web sites developed from a study completed in 1997. The previous study identified information categories which included hyperlinks to other sites, events calendars and forms to arrange visits, FAQs, online tours, and discussion group links. Information about education programs, contacting staff, volunteering, membership, and museum purchases was also noted. Data were collected from the 60 web sites used in the original study.Findings – The findings revealed that costume and textile museums were using web sites to stimulate interest in visiting the physical museum. A picture of the artifact does not show all the specific features of an actual costume and textile, and thus the au...
The crystal structure of galactaric acid (mucic acid) at −147°: An unusually dense, hydrogen-bonded structure

Abstract Galactaric acid, C 6 H 10 O 8 , (CAS Reg. No. 526-99-8), is triclinic, P 1 , with cell dimensions at −147° [and 20°], a = 4.900(1) [4.918(1)], b = 5.728(1) [5.816(1)], c = 6.784(1) [6.849(1)] A, α = 92.32(2) [92.31(2)], β = 93.74(2) [94.16(2)], γ = 93.08(2) [93.49(2)]°, V = 189.5 A 3 , Z = 1, D x = 1.831 [1.800], D m = [1.790] g.cm −3 , molecular symmetry I . The structure was solved by the direct method, MULTAN, and refined to R = 0.034, R w = 0.039 for 787 reflections with F Obs > 3σ(F obs ). The crystal structure has a system of strong, intermolecular hydrogen-bonds, which accounts for the high crystal density and low solubility in water.
ATTENUATION OF TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP FORCES IN A COMPLEX TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITY

Carnivore (top-down) and resource (bottom-up) influences in food webs are strong and pervasive, but few studies have investigated their interactive effects in species-rich terrestrial ecosystems. This study focused on arthropods associated with the dominant tree species, Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae), in Hawaiian forests. Severe soil nutrient limitation on a 120-yr-old lava flow was removed by fertilization and combined with bird predator exclusion cages in a randomized block design. Arthropod densities were measured from clipped foliage at the outset and conclusion of a 33-mo experiment, and their biomass was estimated using regression equations. Metrosideros foliar nitrogen, tree growth, and biomass increased directly in response to fertilization but did not change with bird exclusion. Fertilization increased detritivore densities but not biomass, and both density and biomass of herbivores, while bird exclusion increased both density and biomass of carnivores. Fertilization also increased spider density and biomass, but bird exclusion increased spider numbers (15 species) only in high resource plots. Overall, trophic level biomass responses were less pronounced than density because smaller bodied individuals responded more to enrichment. Bottom-up factors controlled basal trophic levels, and detritivores comprised the largest fraction of arthropod density and biomass. Conversely, top-down impacts were apparent but variable, limited to higher order consumers, and did not cascade to the level of primary producers. These experimental results were consistent with the view that complex forest ecosystems are structured on a bottom-up template.
Seeing the whole picture

Much of what we need to plan for our survival is already known, but what we know, how we know, and who knows is divided up between disciplines. Thus much of the problem of ensuring our survival is a matter of learning across the disciplines. We identify four modes through which we bring disciplinary knowledge together: the unity of science, integrated assessment, heuristic models, and distributed learning networks. Although none of them are perfect, we can learn how to put our knowledge together across the disciplines much better than we do.
Fine structure of Trichomonas vaginalis.

Abstract Electron micrographs of thin sections of osmium- and glutaraldehyde-fixed Trichomonas vaginalis cells have confirmed Inoki's original observation that there are no mitochondria in these organisms. By differential lead staining, glycogen deposits were demonstrated. Micrographs also show details of the blepharoplast region, axostyle, costa, parabasal body, endoplasmic reticulum, and chromatic granules. Paracostal and paraxostylar granules have identical fine structure, devoid of internal membranes.