cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of lamellar bodies from human amniotic fluid

Lamellar bodies were purified from human amniotic fluid obtained from pregnancies at 17, 31, and 40 weeks' gestation by means of Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. Fractions were labeled with diphenylhexatriene and two peaks of phospholipid were identified at each gestational age. The size of peak I increased relative to that of peak II with advancing gestational age. Further study of the two peaks from 40-week pregnancies showed that peak I contained lamellar bodies that could be identified by electron microscopy. The ratio of the concentration of protein to phospholipid for peak I varied from 0.2 to 1.1. There were four proteins which could be identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (130K, 80K, 50K, and 20K), and there was 90-degree scattering of 400 nm light. Peak II also contained phospholipid. However, bilayer structures could not be visualized by electron microscopy, and there was no 90-degree scattering of 400 nm light. Peak II had a much higher ratio of protein to phospholipid (approximately 100) and two broad bands of protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis (80K, 50K). The anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene in both peaks decreased with advancing gestational age. The anisotropy in peak I was always lower than that in peak II, indicating that the microenvironment in peak I was more fluid. Peak I may represent mature surfactant and peak II, precursors of surfactant.
Enhanced humoral HIV-1-specifc immune responses generated from recombinant rhabdoviral-based vaccine vectors co-expressing HIV-1 proteins and IL-2

Recombinant rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors expressing HIV-1 antigens have been shown to induce strong and long-lasting cellular but modest humoral responses against the expressed antigens in mice. However, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 may require stronger responses, and the development of such an immune response may depend on the presence of certain cytokines at the time of the inoculation. Here, we describe several new RV-based vaccine vehicles expressing HIV-1 Gag or envelope (Env) and murine IL-2 or IL-4. Cells infected with recombinant RVs expressed high levels of functional IL-2 or IL-4 in culture supernatants in addition to HIV-1 proteins. The recombinant RV expressing IL-4 was highly attenuated in a cytokine-independent manner, indicating that the insertion of two foreign genes into the RV genome is mainly responsible for the attenuation observed. The expression of IL-4 resulted in a decrease in the cellular immune response against HIV-1 Gag and Env when compared with the parental virus not expressing IL-4 and only 2 of 20 mice seroconverted to HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. The IL-2-expressing RV was completely apathogenic after direct intracranial inoculation of mice. In addition, mice immunized with IL-2 maintained strong anti-HIV-1 Gag and Env cellular responses and consistently induced seroconversion against HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. This suggests the potential use of IL-2 in RV-based HIV-1 vaccine strategies, which may require the induction of both arms of the immune response.
Phonetic factors in the perception and recall of spelling errors

Abstract Eleven Ss were instructed to read sentences containing spelling errors and then indicate the words in which they perceived a misspelling. We estimated the probability of perception of two types of spelling errors: phonetically compatible misspellings, which would be pronounced in the same way as the original word, e.g. the misspelling of WORK as WERK; and phonetically incompatible misspellings, e.g. WARK for WORK. Phonetically incompatible errors were noticed more frequently than phonetically compatible ones. This finding was discussed in terms of a mismatch model of perception. Phonetically incompatible misspellings were harder to recall than phonetically compatible ones, suggesting that different processes are involved in perception and recall.
Relationship of Pharmacokinetics to Pharmacological Response for Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide concentration values derived from a nonlinear model system were related to two pharmacological responses in the rabbit. Kidney response was measured by monitoring urine flow and sodium elimination. Ocular response was followed using an applanation tonometer. Maximum urine flow and sodium elimination occurring immediately after injection correlated with log dose. Urine flow dropped below control values along with a rise in osmolality, suggesting the involvement of antidiuretic hormone. Sodium elimination was correlated with plasma levels. Urine pH is thought to be involved in reducing accessibility of drug to carbonic anhydrase in the kidney. Maximum ocular response also was correlated with log dose. Ocular response was related to a protein fraction, which is believed to be mainly carbonic anhydrase. However, the duration of ocular response was related to the red blood cell protein fraction. Thus, drug activity could conceivably be regulated by monitoring a tissue that is not the site of action and can be sampled readily.
Phenotypic Profiles of Broiler Stocks Fed Two Levels of Methionine and Lysine

Abstract A phenotypic profile was compiled for eight commercial broiler stocks fed diets containing two levels of methionine and lysine. Stock by diet interactions were unimportant for most traits, although differences among stocks were somewhat magnified when they were fed the lower levels of methionine and lysine. Feed efficiency (body weight/feed consumption) to a fixed age was negatively associated with body weight, feed intake, frequency of leg disorders, and size of the abdominal fat pad. Its association with immunological and physiological traits varied with the environment. Apparent improvements in performance may be partially attributed to increases in growth rate, which have enabled broilers to reach market age at earlier ages.
Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool

A study aimed at examining the size distributions of cloud clusters and the temperature distributions within them as functions of location, year, phase of the ISV, and time of day is considered. IR satellite images of tropical convection over the oceanic warm pool were processed to reveal cloud clusters, connected areas with cloud-top temperatures lower than a given threshold value. Results were obtained for a very cold threshold (208 K), corresponding roughly to the radar echo area within Australian monsoon cloud clusters, and for a moderately cold threshold (235 K) frequently used in climatic rainfall estimation.
177 PARADOXICAL EFFECT OF PROTEIN-BINDING ON PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF STEROIDS

The relation of protein-binding to the transfer rates of a series of polar and non-polar steroids has been studied in an in vitro perfusion system of human placenta. The clearance indices (C.I. = clearance substrate:clearance antipyrine) for the polar steroids (dexamethasone, betamethasone, prednisolone, cortisol, estriol) from buffer solutions ranged from 0.36 to 0.74. The addition of serum albumin, lg/dl, to maternal and fetal perfusates had relatively little effect (C.I. 0.25 - 0.51). The C.I. of the non-polar steroids (ethynilestradiol, progesterone, estrone, diethylstilbesterol) from buffer solutions ranged from 0.11 to 0.26. The addition of lg/dl of serum albumin to the perfusates caused a sharp increase in C.I. (0.52 - 0.83). Percent binding to serum albumin measured by equilibrium dialysis for the polar steroids were 35 to 60; for the non-polar steroids, 89 to 94. Binding to 20% placental homogenate were 12 to 31 and 60 to 96, respectively. The transfer of lipid-soluble materials between maternal and etal plasma is best understood as a series of equilibria in which binding to placenta plays a pivotal role.
Laboratory Testing for Building Failure Investigations

Failure of a building or its components usually means that it is performing in an unsatisfactory way. Investigation of such a failure often uncovers deterioration or other problems with the building or component materials. Deterioration can mean loss of strength, disintegration, or corrosion of some part of the structure. Discovering the cause of such deterioration may involve removing representative samples or complete systems and testing them in the laboratory. There are a wide variety of laboratory tests available to the investigator. This forum summarizes some of the more common ones used as part of a failure investigation.
Toxicity of arsenate and DDT to the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris.

Confronted with the increasing array of environmental contaminants being detected in the Great Lakes and the need to rapidly evaluate their potential harm to the aquatic biota, the authors have been investigating the suitability of native fresh water zooplankton species for bioassay of these contaminants. Although Daphnia mayna and D. pulex are commonly accepted as standard organisms for such tests they are not particularly common in large, freshwater systems such as the Great Lakes. Recently they developed culturing and testing methods for the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris, a widespread, ecologically significant food organism for larval fish of the Great Lakes. Their objectives were to measure the acute toxicity to B. longirostris of arsenate and DDT, which are representative inorganic and organic contaminants of the Great Lakes, and to determine the relative sensitivity of B. longirostris and D. pulex to these contaminants.
3522 TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES ON BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS, THE VARIABILITY OF ROUTINE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL REPORTING ON BIOPSIES IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED BARRETT'S REQUIRES A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FOR CONSISTENT DATA COLLECTION.

INTRO The malignant potential of Barrett's esophagus (BE) urges highly consistent reporting. In addition, the accuracy of epidemiological research is dependent on the quality of the diagnostic data entered. Inconsistency of histopathological reporting on dysplasia in BE is well documented in the literature. However, few data are available on the diagnostic accuracy of histopathological reporting on tissue samples from gastric appearing mucosa in the esophagus to confirm the presence of BE. METHODS The study consisted of 160 patients (median 52 y, range 26-89, 82 male) with endoscopic features of Barrett's esophagus over a 6 yr period. 160 sample collections were retrieved and systematically reviewed by a single experienced gastrointestinal pathologist. Specific features in glandular (columnar lined) mucosa reviewed: presence of goblet cells- called BE, columnar lined mucosa without description of goblet cells- called probable Barrett's esophagus (PBE), dysplasia, and acute/chronic inflammation. Review results were compared with routine reporting results using the kappa statistic. RESULTS Of the 160 patients with endoscopic Barrett's (52 questionable BE, 63 short and 35 long segment BE) the initial histopathological reports confirmed BE in 41.9 %, suggested PBE in 22.5 %, and rejected Barrett's in 35.6 %. Overall for clinical purpose there was fair to good agreement between the initial reports and the comprehensive review (kappa = 0.46; p
Traumatic high-grade cervical dislocation: treatment strategies and outcomes.

Objective Traumatic high-grade cervical spinal dislocations are rare injuries, generally associated with severe neurological compromise. In particular, cervical spondyloptosis (>100% subluxation) is rarely reported. The object of our study is to present a case series describing presentation, management, and outcome in traumatic high-grade cervical spinal dislocations. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed involving two level 1 trauma centers. Patients with a high-grade traumatic cervical subluxation were selected from a database, and these patients were admitted between August 2007 and July 2011. Results Fifteen patients were identified; three had spondyloptosis. The admission American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade varied (A = 9; B = 2; C = 1; D = 2; E = 1). Fourteen patients underwent attempted closed reduction with six (43%) failing closed reduction. High-dose methylprednisolone was administered in nine patients (60%). All patients underwent surgical stabilization: three underwent anterior only, three underwent posterior only, and nine underwent a combined anterior-posterior approach. Postoperatively, one patient improved two AIS grades, three improved one AIS grade, nine maintained their preoperative score, and two patients worsened. Conclusions In this series, 26.7% of patients had improvement in their AIS grade postoperatively, and the majority of patients (60%) maintained their preoperative AIS grade. In 57% of patients placed in traction, reduction was possible. Likely due to the severity of these injuries, there was a high incidence of complications. However, review of patient outcomes reveals that these patients can have improvement of neurological function. We recommend aggressive reduction and surgical stabilization. Our preference is either a combined anterior-posterior approach or a posterior-only approach.
Pan-Genome and Comparative Genome Analyses of Propionibacterium acnes Reveal Its Genomic Diversity in the Healthy and Diseased Human Skin Microbiome

ABSTRACT Propionibacterium acnes constitutes a major part of the skin microbiome and contributes to human health. However, it has also been implicated as a pathogenic factor in several diseases, including acne, one of the most common skin diseases. Its pathogenic role, however, remains elusive. To better understand the genetic landscape and diversity of the organism and its role in human health and disease, we performed a comparative genome analysis of 82 P. acnes strains, 69 of which were sequenced by our group. This collection covers all known P. acnes lineages, including types IA, IB, II, and III. Our analysis demonstrated that although the P. acnes pan-genome is open, it is relatively small and expands slowly. The core regions, shared by all the sequenced genomes, accounted for 88% of the average genome. Comparative genome analysis showed that within each lineage, the strains isolated from the same individuals were more closely related than the ones isolated from different individuals, suggesting that clonal expansions occurred within each individual microbiome. We also identified the genetic elements specific to each lineage. Differences in harboring these elements may explain the phenotypic and functional differences of P. acnes in functioning as a commensal in healthy skin and as a pathogen in diseases. Our findings of the differences among P. acnes strains at the genome level underscore the importance of identifying the human microbiome variations at the strain level in understanding its association with diseases and provide insight into novel and personalized therapeutic approaches for P. acnes-related diseases. IMPORTANCE Propionibacterium acnes is a major human skin bacterium. It plays an important role in maintaining skin health. However, it has also been hypothesized to be a pathogenic factor in several diseases, including acne, a common skin disease affecting 85% of teenagers. To understand whether different strains have different virulent properties and thus play different roles in health and diseases, we compared the genomes of 82 P. acnes strains, most of which were isolated from acne or healthy skin. We identified lineage-specific genetic elements that may explain the phenotypic and functional differences of P. acnes as a commensal in health and as a pathogen in diseases. By analyzing a large number of sequenced strains, we provided an improved understanding of the genetic landscape and diversity of the organism at the strain level and at the molecular level that can be further applied in the development of new and personalized therapies.
Characterization of drosophilin C as a polyacetylene.

Abstract The antibiotic material “drosophilin C” has been further purified, using the reported ultraviolet absorption spectrum as a guide. The purified compound has been found not to be responsible for the high activity ascribed to the fraction previously referred to as “drosophilin C.” Drosophilin C, as defined by its spectrum, has been characterized as a polyacetylene. The spectra of both drosophilin C and D undergo changes, when the compounds are treated with alkali, which closely resemble the changes previously described for nemotin and for mycomycin. The conversion products have antibacterial activity of a somewhat lower order than, but distinct from, that of the parent compounds.
An airtight Dutch book

your subjective probability function is concentrated at finitely many points, you can be enticed into an infinite sequence of simple and conditional bets whose cumulative effect will be that you sustain a net loss in every possible situation. Now it is surely unreasonable to suppose that our degrees of rational belief are concentrated at finitely many points, for it would be foolhardy to imagine that we know so very much that we are able to rule out, with probability one, all but finitely many possible ways the world might be. Assuming, as is often done, that vulnerability to a Dutch book2 is a sure sign of irrationality, we find ourselves driven to the cheerless conclusion that, in situations in which there can be infinitely many bets over an unbounded utility scale, no rational plan of action is available. Let me emphasize that the system of bets we shall examine provides more than just an arrangement in which you sustain a net loss with probability one. The change in your utility will be defined and negative in every possible situation, where 'possible situation' is understood as liberally as possible: A set of sentences describes a possible situation if it is consistent by the sentential calculus. There is no failure of compactness here,3 no use of infinitary logic - the conjunctions and disjunctions we employ are all 1 An equivalent condition is that the range of the probability function is a finite set of numbers Another equivalent is that there is a finite set of sentences such that every sentence is equivalent, with probability one, to a member of the finite set.
Texture classification using principle-component analysis techniques

We use a traditional principle component analysis approach, i.e. the Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT), to evaluate texture features in three feature spaces. The first space is the spatial space with feature vectors formed by raster scan ordering the rows of the texture image into long vectors. The second space is a transformation of the image, such as the DFT. The base of the third feature space is formed by the traditional feature vectors, whose components are the feature values extracted from commonly used algorithms, such as, spatial gray level dependence method (SGLDM), the gray level run length method (GLRLM), and the power spectral method (PSM). We apply the algorithms on sidescan sonar image classification and give a performance comparison of the three approaches.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transition from single- to multi-layered structures in nanoporous gold–palladium ultrathin films

Abstract The transition from single- to multi-layered structures in nanoporous films was investigated in nanoporous gold–palladium (np-AuPd) ultrathin films. Configuration and contact behavior of AuPd ligaments in porous layers were characterized with patterned or curved np-AuPd films. In a multi-layered structure, AuPd ligaments in the layer closest to the substrate exhibit a different configuration than in a single-layered structure. This transition is discussed in relation to film thickness, volume contraction and bonding with the substrate.
Malignant leiomyoma (leiomyosarcoma) of the retro-peritoneum simulating sarcoma of the pancreas

A case of malignant leiomyoma, also called leiomyosarcoma of the retroperitoneum is reported occurring in a 54 year old white woman. Clinically the tumor was identified with the pancreas pre-operatively and pathologically it was found to be embedded in the pancreas. It cannot be stated with certainty whether the tumor arose primarily in the retroperitoneum and then spread to involve the pancreas, or whether it rose primarily in the pancreas. The research of Golden and Stout would seem to indicate that it rose primarily in the retroperitoneum and then invaded the .pancreas secondarily. This tumor is generally regarded as originating in the smooth muscle fibers of the vascular system of the affected organs. It is a rare type of tumor. The treatment is surgical.
A comparison of analytical results for 20 K LOX/hydrogen instabilities

Test data from NASA Lewis' Effect of Thrust Per Element on Combustion Stability Characteristics of Hydrogen-Oxygen Rocket Engines test program are used to validate two recently released stability analysis tools. The first tool is a design methodology called ROCCID (ROCket Combustor Interactive Design). ROCCID is an interactive design and analysis methodology that uses existing performance and combustion stability analysis codes. The second tool is HICCIP (High frequency Injection Coupled Combustion Instability Program). HICCIP is a recently developed combustion stability analysis model. Using a matrix of models, results from analytic comparisons with 20 K LOX/H2 experimental data are presented.
Effects of a single administration of morphine or footshock stress on natural killer cell cytotoxicity

We previously reported that daily exposure for 4 days to an inescapable form of footshock stress, known to cause opioid-mediated analgesia, suppressed the cytotoxic activity of splenic natural killer (NK) cells in rats. Similarly, daily injection of high doses of morphine (greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg) for 4 days also suppressed splenic NK cell activity. We now report that a single exposure to the opioid form of footshock stress or a single high dose of morphine induces suppression of splenic NK cell cytotoxicity. This effect is evident 3 h after treatment, returning to normal by 24 h. Morphine-induced NK suppression is evident in both male and female rats, is blocked by the opiate antagonist naltrexone, and develops tolerance. Morphine-induced NK suppression is seen in cells derived simultaneously from the spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood, suggesting that this suppression does not result from a selective egress of NK cells from the spleen.
Cryptographic Relational Algebra

Data protection in computer systems is a rather complex problem. Data has to be protected while it is in memory, during communication and while it is stored on mass storage devices. During computation the central processor executes instructions and operates on data that are in readable form. The problem of operating on encrypted data was first considered by Rivest et al [4]. However, notrivial privacy homomorphisms do not exist. Thus it seems that isolation of users is the only alternative if security and privacy is to be achieved. However, in practice isolation is difficult to enforce. Worse, when user to user communication is allowed, more serious loopholes develop. Even though the problems of protection in Operating Systems in general are difficult, one does not have to settle for no security. Encryption allows the protection of data even when good security measures are lacking in an Operating System. In fact it is possible to design operating systems with improved protection using encryption [3]. In this paper we shall consider the problems of encrypted relational datsbases and show that it is possible under some circumstances to perform relational operations without decrypting an entire record.
The characterization of optimal saving programs in a quadratic model

This paper applies the theory of Toeplitz forms to the optimal saving problem in a quadratic programming setting. Toeplitz matrices used to arise in theories of probability, statistics and statistical physics. Applications to deterministic economics represents a new direction. Mathematical programming usually searches for an optimal vector, the ordering of whose components e.g., quantities of apples, bananas, cherries, etc. -being inconsequential. We focus upon the time pattern of the optimal solution -e.g., the annual steel outputs 1975-95. The optimal saving problem of Ramsey (1928) studies the allocation of resources qt between consumption x, and investment qt-x, at each instant f. Satisfaction (‘utility’) 24 arises from consumption,
Adjustable, broadband, selective excitation with uniform phase.

An advance in the problem of achieving broadband, selective, and uniform-phase excitation in NMR spectroscopy of liquids is outlined. Broadband means that, neglecting relaxation, any frequency bandwidth may be excited even when the available radiofrequency (RF) field strength is strictly limited. Selective means that sharp transition edges can be created between pure-phase excitation and no excitation at all. Uniform phase means that, neglecting spin-spin coupling, all resonance lines have nearly the same phase. Conventional uniform-phase excitation pulses (e.g., E-BURP), mostly based on amplitude modulation of the RF field, are not broadband: they have an achievable bandwidth that is strictly limited by the peak power available. Other compensated pulses based on adiabatic half-passage, like BIR-4, are not selective. By contrast, inversion pulses based on adiabatic fast passage can be broadband (and selective) in the sense above. The advance outlined is a way to reformulate these frequency modulated (FM) pulses for excitation, rather than just inversion.
Trainspotters and bullet boys: Race and class in British underclass movies, 1980–the present☆

Abstract Since 1980, the rediscovery of the urban underclass has dominated a good deal of the British public discourse on cities. British movies, which had begun to depict the working class realistically a few years earlier, at first focused on poor, alienated whites, usually with an emphatic class analysis. As non-white immigrants, particularly Afro-Caribbeans, achieved a certain notoriety among the public and the media, they began to be featured in underclass films that were often derivative of African American films; here, the explanatory variable of class was mixed with race. Notwithstanding their differences, both types of underclass movies adhere to the culture of poverty thesis, assume that the underclass is an urban phenomenon, and view the state as ordinarily indifferent to the poor when it is not actually hostile.
Involvement of the amygdala in the memory-enhancing effects of clenbuterol.

Male Sprague Dawley rats with stria terminalis (ST) or sham lesions were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task, injected immediately post-training with clenbuterol hydrochloride (0.03 mg/kg; IP), and tested for retention 48 h later. Clenbuterol enhanced retention of the sham-lesioned animals but did not affect retention of the ST-lesioned animals. Clenbuterol injected intra-amygdally immediately after training also enhanced retention of the inhibitory avoidance task. These results agree with other evidence suggesting the participation ofβ-noradrenergic mechanisms in the amygdala in the modulation of memory storage.
Computational method for the design of enzymes with altered substrate specificity.

Abstract A combination of enzyme kinetics and X-ray crystallographic analysis of site-specific mutants has been used to probe the determinants of substrate specificity for the enzyme α-lytic protease. We now present a generalized model for understanding the effects of mutagenesis on enzyme substrate specificity. This algorithm uses a library of side-chain rotamers to sample conformation space within the binding site for the enzyme—substrate complex. The free energy of each conformation is evaluated with a standard molecular mechanics force field, modified to include a solvation energy term. This rapid energy calculation based on coarse conformation sampling quite accurately predicts the relative catalytic efficiency of over 40 different α-lytic protease—substrate combinations. Unlike other computational approaches, with this method it is feasible to evaluate all possible mutations within the binding site. Using this algorithm, we have successfully designed a protease that is both highly active and selective for a non-natural substrate. These encouraging results indicate that it is possible to design altered enzymes solely on the basis of empirical energy calculations.
Integrating guidance, counselling, and counsellor education in Botswana: A consultation model

This paper reflects the work of the authors as consultants to the Ministry of Education and the University of Botswana on a project sponsored by the USAID. The mission of the consultants was to assist the educational leaders of the country of Botswana, Africa, in determining the next major step in developing country-wide guidance and counselling services in responding to significant boundary shifts, both economically and intellectually. The paper discusses background of Education and Guidance in Botswana along with recommendations to our respective agencies. We further review the procedure used to reach our conclusions, impediments to implementation, and recommendations for future consultancies.
Using Hospital Antibiogram Data To Assess Regional Pneumococcal Resistance to Antibiotics

Antimicrobial resistance to penicillin and macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae has increased in the United States over the past decade. Considerable geographic variation in susceptibility necessitates regional resistance tracking. Traditional active surveillance is labor intensive and costly. We collected antibiogram reports from North Carolina hospitals and assessed pneumococcal susceptibility to multiple agents from 1996 through 2000. Susceptibility in North Carolina was consistently lower than the national average. Aggregating antibiogram data is a feasible and timely method of monitoring regional susceptibility patterns and may also prove beneficial in measuring the effects of interventions to decrease antimicrobial resistance.
Home range and use of diurnal shelters by the Etendeka round-eared sengi, a newly discovered Namibian endemic desert mammal

To understand habitat use by the newly described Etendeka round-eared sengi (Macroscelides micus) in northwestern Namibia, we radio-tracked five individuals for nearly a month. Home ranges (100% convex polygons) in the rocky desert habitat were remarkably large (mean 14.9 ha) when compared to sengi species in more mesic habitats (<1.5 ha). The activity pattern of M. micus was strictly nocturnal, which contrasts to the normal diurnal or crepuscular activity of other sengis. The day shelters of M. micus were under single rocks and they likely were occupied by single sengis. One tagged sengi used 22 different day shelters during the study. On average, only 7% of the day shelters were used more than once by the five tagged sengis. The shelters were also unusual for a small mammal in that they were unmodified in terms of excavation or nesting material. Shelter entrances were significantly oriented to face south by south west (average 193°), away from the angle of the prevailing midday sun. This suggests that solar radiation is probably an important aspect of M. micus thermal ecology, similar to other sengis. Compared to published data on other sengis, M. micus generally conforms to the unique sengi adaptive syndrome, but with modifications related to its hyper-arid habitat.
Free Relatives and "Ever": Identity and Free Choice Readings

This paper explores three questions about the semantics of free relatives (FRs). One, do FRs have a uniform meaning? Two, related to one, what is the contribution of "ever"? And three, perhaps less discussed than the other two, what is the relation between identity and free choice (FC) readings of FRs with "ever"? It claims that FRs are always definite. "Ever" introduces a type of modality that is independent of the verbal system by enforcing universal quantification over epistemic alternatives to the world of evaluation. In so doing, it endows the FR with properties typically associated with universal quantifiers. There is no formal distinction between identity and FC readings of FRs. The crucial distinctions have to do with the interaction of uniqueness requirements typical of definites, NP-internal modality and episodic vs. non-episodic interpretations determined by tense and aspect.
Density variations within the south polar layered deposits of Mars

[1] The south polar layered deposits (SPLD) constitute the largest known reservoir of water on Mars. Previous studies solved for the best fit uniform density of the deposits using a forward approach. Here we invert for the lateral density variations in the layered deposit using gravity data from radio tracking of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, topography from MOLA on board Mars Global Surveyor, and radar sounding data from MARSIS on board Mars Express. We use the gravity anomalies outside the SPLD to construct a Wiener filter, which is applied to the gravitational signature of the SPLD to remove the short-wavelength anomalies over the SPLD that are spectrally consistent with an origin in the crust or mantle. We then use a constrained inversion for the vertically averaged density within the SPLD as a function of position. The results suggest significant density variations within the SPLD. An inverse relationship between the density and thickness of the SPLD suggests that thicker portions of the cap contain less dust. Alternatively, the Dorsa Argentea Formation may extend beneath the SPLD and result in the observed high gravity anomaly in the marginal area of the SPLD. We find these conclusions to be robust against the choice of inversion constraint and perturbations to the applied filter. A synthetic test is also performed to verify the recoverability of the density variation in our approach.
Foreword: Testing the Constitution

Over the last decade, legal scholarship has taken an empirical turn, but Constitutional Law has remained largely aloof from that development. We think that is a mistake, especially in light of the fact that judges – including the justices of the Supreme Court – are looking increasingly for quantitative guidance. In order to spark interest among scholars, the authors of this essay organized a symposium entitled Testing the Constitution. It involved experts in Constitutional Law and experts in quantitative methods pairing off to show how empirical work can assist the twin projects of constitutional law and theory. This Foreword discusses how the legal academy and the legal world have embraced quantitative methods, and how Constitutional Law has failed to do so; it documents interest on the Supreme Court in empirical scholarship; and it uses the doctrine regarding dog sniffs and the Fourth Amendment to show how attention to quantitative methods could improve judicial decisionmaking.
Hand-held force magnifier for surgical instruments

We present a novel and relatively simple method for magnifying forces perceived by an operator using a tool. A sensor measures the force between the tip of a tool and its handle held by the operator's fingers. These measurements are used to create a proportionally greater force between the handle and a brace attached to the operator's hand, providing an enhanced perception of forces between the tip of the tool and a target. We have designed and tested a prototype that is completely hand-held and thus can be easily manipulated to a wide variety of locations and orientations. Preliminary psychophysical evaluation demonstrates that the device improves the ability to detect and differentiate between small forces at the tip of the tool. Magnifying forces in this manner may provide an improved ability to perform delicate surgical procedures, while preserving the flexibility of a hand-held instrument.
iPARAS: incremental construction of parameter space for online association mining

Association rule mining is known to be computationally intensive, yet real-time decision-making applications are increasingly intolerant to delays. The state-of-the-art PARAS1 solution, a parameter space framework for online association mining, enables efficient rule mining by compactly indexing the final ruleset and providing efficient query-time redundancy resolution. Unfortunately, as many association mining models, PARAS was designed for static data. Modern transaction databases undergo regular data updates that quickly invalidating existing rules or introducing new rules for the PARAS index. While reloading the PARAS index from scratch is impractical, as even upon minor data changes, a complete rule inference and redundancy resolution steps would have to be performed. We now propose to tackle this open problem by designing an incremental parameter space construction approach, called iPARAS, that utilizes the previous mining result to minimally adjust the ruleset and associated redundancy relationships. iPARAS features two innovative techniques. First, iPARAS provides an end-to-end solution, composed of three algorithms, to efficiently update the final ruleset in the parameter space. Second, iPARAS designs a compact data structure to maintain the complex redundancy relationships. Overall, iPARAS achieves several times speed-up on parameter space construction for transaction databases comparing to the state-of-the-art online association rule mining system PARAS.
Enteral arginase II provides ornithine for citrulline synthesis

The synthesis of citrulline from arginine in the small intestine depends on the provision of ornithine. To test the hypothesis that arginase II plays a central role in the supply of ornithine for c...
Forecasting Travel on Congested Urban Transportation Networks: Review and Prospects for Network Equilibrium Models

The historical origins, development and application of traffic network equilibrium models with variable origin–destination flows are examined in this review. The original formulation and analysis of this model during 1952–1955 by Beckmann, McGuire and Winsten at the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics is the starting point for the review. Subsequent research building upon the original formulation is described, and contrasted with urban travel forecasting practice stemming from the same period. Additional model developments through the end of the twentieth century are then summarized, followed by a brief discussion of travel forecasting practice and software development stimulated by the original formulation.
Modeling Induced Master Motion in Force-Reflecting Teleoperation

Providing the user with high-fidelity force feedback has persistently challenged the field of telerobotics. Interaction forces measured at the remote site and displayed to the user cause unintended master device motion. This movement is interpreted as a command for the slave robot and can drive the closed-loop system unstable. This paper builds on a recently proposed approach for achieving stable, high-gain force reflection via cancellation of the master mech anism’s induced motion. Such a strategy hinges on obtaining a good model of the master’s response to force feedback. Herein, we present a thorough modeling approach based on successive isolation of system components, demonstrated on a one-degree-of-freedom testbed. A sixth-order mechanical model, including viscous and Coulomb friction as well as a new method for modeling hysteretic stiffness, describes the testbed’s high-frequency resonant modes. This modeling method’s ability to predict induced master motion should lead to significant improvements in force-reflecting teleoperation via the cancellation approach.
MOLECULAR GAS PROPERTIES OF THE STARBURST NUCLEUS OF IC 342: HIGH-RESOLUTION 13CO (2¨1) IMAGING

We present a map of the J = 2-1 transition of 13CO in the starburst nucleus of IC 342 made with the Owens Valley Millimeter Array. The interferometric 13CO map allows us to directly compare with 12CO (1-0), 12CO (2-1), and 13CO (1-0) maps of nearly identical (~45) resolution. While all four transitions show similar basic morphology, there are spatial differences between the 12CO and 13CO transitions that show up in ratio maps. In particular, the 13CO (2-1)/13CO (1-0) ratio has a markedly different distribution across the nuclear region than does 12CO (2-1)/12CO (1-0), indicating that 12CO and 13CO trace different components of the molecular gas. These differences are explained if 12CO traces the warm, photodissociation region skins of the clouds and 13CO traces the cooler, interior portions constituting the bulk of the molecular gas. We derive excitation temperatures for the bulk of the cloud mass of ~10-20 K and densities of ~103.7 cm-2 along the molecular minispiral.
In-car concepts to support working parents

Working parents are an interesting segment of the population because they have heavy demands in both home and work spheres. In an initial, in-depth study [1], we discovered many different strategies that working parents employ to help them cope with work and family demands whether they are at work, at home or mobile. This research also highlighted working parents’ heavy dependency on the car as a kind of “mobile habitat” in which work and home demands are dealt with. More particularly, we found that the car is the context within which the transition both geographically and mentally between work and home life is managed. Because of this, working parents spoke of a number of particular stresses associated with car travel
A framework for authorship identification of online messages: Writing-style features and classification techniques

With the rapid proliferation of Internet technologies and applications, misuse of online messages for inappropriate or illegal purposes has become a major concern for society. The anonymous nature of online-message distribution makes identity tracing a critical problem. We developed a framework for authorship identification of online messages to address the identity-tracing problem. In this framework, four types of writing-style features (lexical, syntactic, structural, and content-specific features) are extracted and inductive learning algorithms are used to build feature-based classification models to identify authorship of online messages. To examine this framework, we conducted experiments on English and Chinese online-newsgroup messages. We compared the discriminating power of the four types of features and of three classification techniques: decision trees, backpropagation neural networks, and support vector machines. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach was able to identify authors of online messages with satisfactory accuracy of 70 to 95p. All four types of message features contributed to discriminating authors of online messages. Support vector machines outperformed the other two classification techniques in our experiments. The high performance we achieved for both the English and Chinese datasets showed the potential of this approach in a multiple-language context. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Healthcare Providers Manage Intensive Care Patientsâ€™ Stressors?

Purpose: This manuscript reports the qualitative findings of a mixed methods research study conducted in December.2012. This manuscript focus on describing how health care providers managed their patientâ€™s stressors in the intensive care units (ICU).Background: Approximately 4.4 million patients require intensive care unit (ICU) treatment annually in the United States (National Quality Measures Clearing House, 2012).No specific protocol is present to guide the health care providers in managing their ICU patients' stressors. There is a need to investigate how health care providers manage their patients stress.Methodology:Â Mixed methods research design was used. Phenomenological approach was used for the qualitative section. The sample included 70 ICU health care providers. The researcher developed a paper based tool that asked participants about their demographic data, and asked open ended questions investigated how health care providers managed their patient's stressors. Consent forms were signed voluntarily by all participants; all ethical considerations were guaranteed in this study. This study was conducted in one of the large hospitals in southern California that have 46 ICU beds.Findings: Health care providers reported that they manage their ICU patient's stressors by implementing four themes of practice: Communication, pain management, encouraging the presence of family, and environmental control. Those were the major strategies in health care providers' management of patients' stressors. Study implications: ICU staff can manipulate the ICU environment to be less stressful; the findings of this study could guide the development of ICU patients stress management protocol.
A note on the role of the buoyancy layer in a rotating stratified fluid

In the theory of steady stratified rotating fluid motions developed by Barcilon & Pedlosky (1967) (hereafter referred to as B & P) for flows within a circular, cylindrical container it was asserted that the innermost boundary layer on the vertical side wall was absent to lowest order when the side wall is thermally insulated. That is to say, the buoyancy layer is not required to close the vertical mass flux. This result has been disputed in a recent note by Harrington & Johnson (1969) (hereafter referred to as H & J). It is the purpose of this note to reiterate the earlier result of B & P and to show that H & J is in error. Further the result is placed on firmer ground by using the fundamental dynamical characteristics of the inviscid interior and viscous boundary layers and by avoiding the algebraic snares of manipulating Fourier series.
The design of circularly polarized aperture antennas

By using equivalent circuits, the polarization transmitted from an aperture is analized in terms of the reflection properties of the aperture, the length of the Waveguide, and pertinent parameters of the exciting antenns. The techniques described afford a systematic procedure for designing antennas which are circularly polarized at one frequency or which have a low axial ratio over a band of frequencies, This procedure may be used to solve which have been applicable to lessless antennas are derived. Systems for measuring all pertinent parameters are developed and theoretical predictions are correlated with experimental measurements.
Deregulated messenger RNA expression during T cell apoptosis

The IL-2 dependent murine cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2 undergoes programmed cell death when deprived of its specific cytokine. We analyzed the expression of cell cycle related genes after IL-2 deprivation. Here we show that a generalized decrease and re elevation of the levels of mRNA takes place as part of the apoptotic program. The levels of several mRNAs encoding cell cycle functions, including cyclin D2, cyclin D3, cyclin B1, c-myc and max all declined at 1.5-3 h following IL-2 deprivation. Notably, the maxmRNA, which was shown to be expressed in proliferating, growth arrested and differentiated cells, is down regulated with the same kinetics as the other mRNAs. Surprisingly, the mRNAs whose levels declined at 1.5-3 h rose again at 10-14 h, a time which closely followed the time of the first detection of apoptotic DNA degradation, at 8 h, but which precedes actual loss of viability, at 14 h, as measured by trypan blue exclusion. Of all analyzed genes only the expression of the S-phase specific histone H4 gene resists the initial decrease and declines gradually over the course of cell death. Measurement of c-Myc protein synthesis at a late stage of the apoptotic program revealed that the accumulated reinduced mRNA is not translated into protein. Because transcriptional regulation has been shown to be dependent on the chromatin structure, the reinduction may be triggered by relaxation of the chromatin caused by alterations in the chromatin structure of apoptotic cells.