cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frontal joint dynamics when initiating stair ascent from a walk versus a stand

Ascending stairs is a challenging activity of daily living for many populations. Frontal plane joint dynamics are critical to understand the mechanisms involved in stair ascension as they contribute to both propulsion and medio-lateral stability. However, previous research is limited to understanding these dynamics while initiating stair ascent from a stand. We investigated if initiating stair ascent from a walk with a comfortable self-selected speed could affect the frontal plane lower-extremity joint moments and powers as compared to initiating stair ascent from a stand and if this difference would exist at consecutive ipsilateral steps on the stairs. Kinematics data using a 3-D motion capture system and kinetics data using two force platforms on the first and third stair treads were recorded simultaneously as ten healthy young adults ascended a custom-built staircase. Data were collected from two starting conditions of stair ascent, from a walk (speed: 1.42 ± 0.21 m/s) and from a stand. Results showed that subjects generated greater peak knee abductor moment and greater peak hip abductor moment when initiating stair ascent from a walk. Greater peak joint moments and powers at all joints were also seen while ascending the second ipsilateral step. Particularly, greater peak hip abductor moment was needed to avoid contact of the contralateral limb with the intermediate step by counteracting the pelvic drop on the contralateral side. This could be important for therapists using stair climbing as a testing/training tool to evaluate hip strength in individuals with documented frontal plane abnormalities (i.e. knee and hip osteoarthritis, ACL injury).
Has man increased stratospheric ozone

MANY anthropogenic threats to the ozone layer have surfaced (eight so far) since McDonald first suggested that supersonic transport aircraft would lead to increased skin cancer. It should be comforting, therefore, that agricultural modifications to the Earth (increased oxygenation, drainage, and pH of the soil and destruction of bacteria culturing humus) are suggested here to be more important than addition of fixed nitrogen in modifying N2O production by denitrifying bacteria. If true, man should have caused an increase in total global ozone.
Congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase East Harlem: a new deficient variant.

4. Granoff DM, and Roskes S: Urinary tract infection due to Haemophilus influenzae type b, J PEDIATR 84:414, 1974. 5. Doolittle KH, et al: Epididymitis in the prepubertal boy, J Urol 96:364, 1966. 6. Haahr J, et al: Epididymitis in children, Acta Paediatr Scand 60:16, 248, 1971. 7. McDonald JH, et al: Acute pneumococcal epididymitis, Ill Med J 95:304, 1949. 8. Davis WH, and Scardino PL: Meningitis presenting as epididymitis, Southern Med J 65:9360, 1972. 9. DeLeon W: Report of a case of meningitis, arthritis, and epididymitis due to mixed Pfeiffer bacillus and pneumococcus infection, J Phillipine Islands Med Assn 1:195, 1921. 10. Samellas W: Acute epididymo-orchitis associated with bacteremic shock, J Urol 89:370, 1963.
SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION AND THE PROBLEM OF PREDICTION

Recent innovations in sentencing policy across the United States reveal a renewed interest in the idea of selective incapacitation of criminal offenders. This is perhaps most evident in the proliferation of “Three Strikes and You're Out” habitual-offender statutes across the nation. Although the term was first introduced by David Greenberg in 1975, Peter Greenwood and Allan Abrahamse's eponymous 1982 Rand report represents the most fully articulated plan for implementing such a strategy. The report's release stimulated much discussion, because of the AUTHOR'S claims that selective incapacitation could simultaneously reduce crime rates and prison populations. Ethical problems inherent in such proposals as well as methodological inconsistencies in the original research warrant a reexamination of the proposal and of the empirical basis for the conclusions offered therein. Greenwood and Abrahamse's original research is replicated with a representative sample of California state prison inmates (N = 2, 188) in light of these limitations, with specific focus on the methodological issues concerning the construction of the predictive scale. The selective incapacitation scheme advocated by Greenwood and Abrahamse performs extremely poorly in terms of both reliability and validity, thus precluding the implementation of such schemes. The article contains a discussion of other, more ethically acceptable uses of an instrument that identifies “high-rate” or “dangerous” offenders. In conclusion, some observations on the limitations of incarceration-based strategies of crime control are offered.
Heat shock produces periodic somitic disturbances in the zebrafish embryo.

Abstract Environmental influences are known to produce segmental defects in a variety of organisms. In this paper we report upon segmental aberrations produced by brief heat shocks delivered to developing zebrafish embryos. The initial defects in the segmental pattern of somitic boundaries and motoneuron axon outgrowth were usually observed five somites caudal to the somite which was forming at the time of heat shock application. Segmental defects in zebrafish embryos exposed to a single heat shock treatment can occur in a periodic pattern similar to the multiple disturbances observed to occur in chick embryos. These data are discussed with regard to models involving cell cycle synchrony or ‘clock and wavefront’ schemes in the process of somitogenesis.
Coulomb excitation of 81Br

Abstract Coulomb excitation of the low-lying levels in 81Br was effected with 2.5 to 8.2 MeV α-particles and 33 MeV 16O ions. Gamma-ray energies and yields, γ-ray angular distributions, in one instance a γ-γ angular correlation, and Doppler-broadened γ-ray peaks were obtained. Level energies, spins, B(E2) and B(M1) transition probabilities and half-lives were deduced from these data for states at 275.9, 538.2, 566.0, 650.0, 767.1, 828.5, 836.5 and 1322.7 keV. The level properties are compared to those calculated by Stewart and Castel using an intermediate-coupling unified model.
When Perth Amboy was a Seaport Town

This article is based on a collection of six hundred letters in the Library composed between 1823 and 1839 in a remarkably legible hand by Rev. James Chapman, a clergyman of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Perth Amboy.
Origin and Functions of Tissue Macrophages

Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease. Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes. Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state. This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes. Classical Ly6chi monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6clo nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature. Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear. Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation.
Development of a FRET-based Reconstitution Assay to Probe the Interaction Between the Rho Family GTPases and Defined Synthetic Lipid Membranes

The Rho Family GTPases are a tightly regulated class of signaling proteins that control a number of important cellular processes. Known most prominently for their ability to remodel the actin cytoskeleton in mammalian cells, this family has been shown to play essential roles in cell migration, epithelial cell polarization, phagocytosis, secretion, and cell cycle progression. These outcomes occur in many different subcellular locations and, as such, they require the GTPase to be able to quickly access them. Rho Guanine nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor (Rho-GDI) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that stimulates the removal of Rho family GTPases from membranes and has been shown to be important in regulating their localization. This study employs a novel FRET assay to reconstitute Rho family GTPase interactions with GDI at the membrane surface. Cdc42 was loaded with fluorescently labeled guanine nucleotides (Mant-nucleotides) and inserted into fluorescein labeled membranes that can quench Mant fluorescence by FRET. GDI's removal of Cdc42-bound Mant-nucleotide from the proximity of acceptor labeled lipids was demonstrated by the complete restoration of Mant fluorescence upon GDI addition. This assay is able to provide detailed kinetic information and shed light on the molecular basis of the Cdc42's interaction with GDI. Additionally, we are able to probe the nature of the interaction between Cdc42 and the membrane surface, using liposomes of variable lipid composition. Here, we demonstrate a direct role for PIP2 on Cdc42's affinity for membranes and we identify the residues of Cdc42 that are receptive to this lipid, providing a more detailed understanding of Cdc42's behavior at the membrane surface in living cells.
Optical imaging of odorant representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb.

Abstract We adapted the technique of intrinsic signal imaging to visualize how odorant concentration and structure are represented spatially in the rat olfactory bulb. Most odorants activated one or more glomeruli in the imaged region of the bulb; these optically imaged responses reflected the excitation of underlying neurons. Odorant-evoked patterns were similar across animals and symmetrical in the two bulbs of the same animal. The variable sensitivity of individual glomeruli produced distinct maps for different odorant concentrations. Using a series of homologous aldehydes, we found that glomeruli were tuned to detect particular molecular features and that maps of similar molecules were highly correlated. These characterisitcs suggest that odorants and their concentrations can be encoded by distinct spatial patterns of glomerular activation.
Energy storage is the core of renewable technologies

The article is about nanotechnology energy storage, focusing on solar energy harvest and utilization strategies. A review of the general features of the variety of energy storage, their development, technical and economical feasibility are discussed.
Eicosanoids mediate insect hemocyte migration

Hemocyte migration toward infection and wound sites is an essential component of insect defense reactions, although the biochemical signal mechanisms responsible for mediating migration in insect cells are not well understood. Here we report on the outcomes of experiments designed to test the hypotheses that (1) insect hemocytes are able to detect and migrate toward a source of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), the major chemotactic peptide from Escherichia coli and (2) that pharmaceutical modulation of eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibits hemocyte migration. We used primary hemocyte cultures prepared from fifth-instar tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta in Boyden chambers to assess hemocyte migration toward buffer (negative control) and toward buffer amended with fMLP (positive control). Approximately 42% of negative control hemocytes migrated toward buffer and about 64% of positive control hemocytes migrated toward fMLP. Hemocyte migration was inhibited (by >40%) by treating hornworms with pharmaceutical modulators of cycloxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) before preparing primary hemocyte cultures. The influence of the COX inhibitor, indomethacin, and the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, which leads to inhibition of PLA2, was expressed in a dose-dependent way. The influence of dexamethasone was reversed by injecting arachidonic acid (precursor to eicosanoid biosynthesis) into hornworms before preparing primary hemocyte cultures. The saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, did not reverse the inhibitor effect. These findings support both our hypotheses, first that insect hemocytes can detect and respond to fMLP, and second, that insect hemocyte migration is mediated by eicosanoids.
Extremely Lightweight Space Telescope Mirrors With Integrated Active Figure Control

A concept for an extremely lightweight primary mirror for a large space telescope is proposed. The mirror uses a sandwich structure composed of aluminum faceplates with an aluminum foam core. Modal analysis indicates that a fundamental frequency of 100 Hz can be obtained for a 6 meter diameter mirror with a tapered back and having a total mass of about 3500 kg. An array of thermal actuators embedded in the mirror corrects for figure errors. Such an active thermal figure control system does not have a quick response, but is well suited to space applications where disturbances have relatively long time constants. The advantage of thermal actuators is very high reliability, a primary concern in any space system requiring a large number of actuators.
Orthostatic hypotension following bilateral percutaneous cordotomy. A case report of treatment with anti-G suit.

We have described a case of orthostatic hypotension following bilateral percutaneous cordotomy for relief of severe, chrome back and leg pain. The blood pressure of 40/0 mm Hg with the patient standing was corrected to normal levels by the use of an anti-G flight suit with minor modifications.
Variability in Bone Assemblage Formation from Hadza Hunting, Scavenging, and Carcass Processing

Presentation des techniques de chasse et de recuperation du gibier, comparaison des strategies adoptees par les Hadza (Tanzanie) quant au transport, a la transformation et la consommation des carcasses| discussion des interpretations archeologiques des strategies de subsistance des chasseurs-cueilleurs a partir des seuls gisements d'os decouverts
Petrogenesis of Mount St. HElens dacitic magmas

The most frequent and voluminous eruptive products at Mount St. Helens are dacitic in composition, although a wide variety of magma types (basalt to rhyodacite) is represented. To address the petrogenesis of the dacites, we present major and trace element analyses of samples of pumice clasts and dome or flow lavas erupted during the past ∼40,000 years. The dacites have similar (in some cases even lower) contents of many incompatible elements (e.g., Zr, Hf, REE, U, Be, Ta, Nb) compared with those in associated basalts and andesites, whereas Ba, Rb, K, Cs, and Sr are relatively enriched. The unusual depleted nature of the dacites and generally low bulk distribution coefficients (estimated from glass/whole-rock pairs) for numerous trace elements preclude an origin of these magmas principally by crystal fractionation of associated mafic magmas. A more plausible model for their origin involves melting of metabasaltic crustal rocks that have been enriched in Ba, Rb, Cs, and Sr by either intercalation of sediments with depleted basalt or selective metasomatic enrichment of the source region. Melting at crustal levels presumably is related to intrusion of mantle-derived basaltic magmas. Compositional diversity among the erupted dacites can be attributed to spatial or temporal heterogeneity of the magma sources or, in some specific cases, to such processes as crystal fractionation, assimilation, and magma mixing.
Computer color reproduction

Computer based color imaging is rapidly moving from the realm of the specialist to the general public. To enable users the greatest benefit from advances in color image reproduction technology, the computer systems have to modify to incorporate this new technology. Two possible approaches are described - by the adoption of color management system software, and by the adoption of device independent color variables. Although both systems are likely to perform equally well when properly configured, the later is likely to be the long term choice as it will yield the most robust, lower cost and transparent system.
Issues and Institutions: “Winnowing” in the U.S. Congress

“Winnowing” is the pre-floor process by which Congress determines the small percentage of bills that will receive committee attention. The vast majority of proposals languish in this vital agenda-setting stage, yet our understanding of winnowing is nascent. Why do some bills move forward while most fail? I examine that question here by developing and testing a theoretical framework of winnowing grounded in bounded rationality, which includes institutional and sponsor cues and also incorporates the unique issue milieu. A heteroskedastic probit model is utilized to analyze the winnowing fate of all bills introduced across five issue areas in the House and Senate from 1991 to 1998. The findings counter much received wisdom and suggest that the process is indeed cue based. The majority party helps structure this critical process in both chambers, though party effects appear stronger in the House. Contrary to recent work on the rise of Senate individualism, the seniority of the sponsor has significant effects in both the Senate and House, but again exhibits a stronger effect in the House. Surprisingly, presidential proposals are no more likely to survive than typical bills. The findings further suggest that the entrepreneurial efforts of bill sponsors breathe life into this process.
APOBEC3A deaminates transiently exposed single-strand DNA during LINE-1 retrotransposition

Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposition poses a mutagenic threat to human genomes. Human cells have therefore evolved strategies to regulate L1 retrotransposition. The APOBEC3 (A3) gene family consists of seven enzymes that catalyze deamination of cytidine nucleotides to uridine nucleotides (C-to-U) in single-strand DNA substrates. Among these enzymes, APOBEC3A (A3A) is the most potent inhibitor of L1 retrotransposition in cultured cell assays. However, previous characterization of L1 retrotransposition events generated in the presence of A3A did not yield evidence of deamination. Thus, the molecular mechanism by which A3A inhibits L1 retrotransposition has remained enigmatic. Here, we have used in vitro and in vivo assays to demonstrate that A3A can inhibit L1 retrotransposition by deaminating transiently exposed single-strand DNA that arises during the process of L1 integration. These data provide a mechanistic explanation of how the A3A cytidine deaminase protein can inhibit L1 retrotransposition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02008.001.
Validity of the kinematical approximation in transmission electron diffraction for surfaces, revisited

Abstract It has previously been suggested, based upon multislice calculations, that electron diffraction from a surface reconstruction can be interpreted kinematically with a pseudo-kinematical condition setup for the underlying crystal. These calculations were carried out under conditions where the numerical multislice integration would not have fully converged. The intention of this note is to provide direct experimental evidence from the boron-doped Si(111)√3×√3 R30° surface that the kinematical assertion is valid.
The subarachnoid angle: an area of transition in peripheral nerve.

The lateral limit of the subarachnoid space, where nerve roots enter and leave, forms the subarachnoid angle. This is an important site of transition for nerve sheaths. Here the perineurium of peripheral nerve leaves the surface of the nerve and extends between the dura mater and the arachnoid. The perineurium is therefore open-ended with respect to the subarachnoid space. The central perineurial extension is histologically the same as perineurium in some areas but in others forms a layer of hydrated cells without basement membranes. These lie in close apposition with the outermost cells of the arachnoid membrane. At the subarachnoid angle the arachnoid membrane may either reflect onto the root sheath or be attached to it by punctate junctions. The root sheath covers the nerve roots as they pass through the subarachnoid space. It is composed of loosely arranged cells bound by punctate junctions. Its intercellular spaces may contain connective tissue fibrils. A single basement membrane separates it from the endoneurium. The histological structure in the region of the subarachnoid angle is consistent with clinical evidence implicating the endoneurium of nerve trunks as a pathway for the transmission of infection from the periphery to the central nervous system.
Vicarious traumatization: Concept analysis

There is growing knowledge of the effects of stress on professionals, including various negative symptoms that may mirror the biopsychosocial effects exhibited by the victims of trauma. Multiple concepts including burn out, compassion fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and secondary traumatic stress, are terms that have been incorrectly interchanged with the term vicarious traumatization (VT). Clarity of vicarious victimization and understanding contributing factors is imperative in order to facilitate future research and implement timely and effective interventions, as well as sculpt evidence based practice. This concept anaylsis, complete with a concept map, discusses VT; related terminology; symptomology; prevention and relevant interventions; and discusses opportunities for personal/professional growth for nurses and especially forensic nurses working with victims of violence.
Effectiveness of a Board Game in Fostering a Customer Relationship Orientation Among Business Students

ABSTRACT Proponents of active learning methods suggest that innovative instructional techniques would enhance student motivation and achievement. The present research examines the effectiveness of a board game in fostering a relationship orientation among business students. An experimental study was designed to test the effectiveness of a customer relationship game toward this end. The study found evidence for the effectiveness of the game. The results are discussed and directions offered for future research.
A longitudinal analysis of parent and teacher ratings of problem behavior in boys with and without developmental delays

This study investigated parent and teacher ratings of behavior problems in children with and without intellectual disabilities at three time points over the course of 9 years. The group of children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) had higher behavior problem ratings than the group of children with no IDs (NIDs) across the three time points. Parents and teachers generally agreed on behavior, with the exception of attention problems and externalizing problems. The ratings of problem behavior remained stable over the three time points. Our findings imply that children with ID may be more likely to be perceived as having greater externalizing behaviors by teachers than by parents and that parents may perceive children as having greater attention problems than teachers. For the majority of the subscales, the lack of differences between parent and teacher ratings over time implies relative stability of ratings over a 9-year period from young childhood through adolescence for individuals with and without ID.
Scaling solution for small cosmic string loops

The equation governing the time evolution of the number density of loops in a cosmic string network is a detailed balance determined by energy conservation. We solve this equation with the inclusion of the gravitational radiation effect, which causes the loops to shrink (and eventually decay) as time elapses. The solution approaches a scaling regime in which the total energy density in loops remains finite, converging both in the infrared and in the ultraviolet.
Gender Difference in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the principal cause of irreversible blindness in the world, the second leading cause of blindness in the United States, and it results in optic nerve head axonal degeneration and corresponding visual field deficits. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only known modifiable risk factor in glaucoma. Non-modifiable risk factors for glaucoma include age, ethnicity, central corneal thickness, and family history. While our understanding of the role of gender as a risk factor in glaucoma development and progression remains nascent, multiple observations have shown gender differences in the incidence and prevalence of glaucoma. Depending on the type of glaucoma, hormone therapy, oral contraceptive use and menopausal status have also been associated with glaucoma. In addition, pregnancy leads to changes in IOP, while the treatment of glaucoma must be tailored based on the systemic effects of topical therapeutics on the mother and fetus. This review will focus on the epidemiologic, anatomic and endocrinologic differences in male and female glaucoma patients. In addition, this review will discuss treatment modalities that may be more appropriate for one gender than the other, especially with respect to a woman's pregnancy status.
Large enhancements of magnetic anisotropy in oxide-free iron nanoparticles

Abstract Magnetic characterization of spherical, oxide-free, bcc iron nanoparticles synthesized with β-diketone surfactants has been performed. The results of this characterization, which included particles with diameters ranging between 2 and 5 nm show that the nanoparticles have an average anisotropy of 1.9×106±0.3×106 J/m3, which is more than an order of magnitude greater than the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bulk iron. Despite their unusually large anisotropy, these particles can have saturation magnetizations of up to 210 A m2/kg (slightly lower than bulk iron). High-energy X-ray diffraction data indicates that the Fe particles have a distorted bcc lattice, which could, at least in part, explain the magnetic behavior of these nanoparticles. Dipolar coupling between particles, while present, is weak and cannot account for the high anisotropy of these nanoparticles.
Carbon nanotubes improve the adhesion strength of a ceramic splat to the steel substrate

Abstract A scratch technique was used to measure the adhesion strength of plasma sprayed carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced aluminum oxide (Al2O3) splat on the steel substrate. The effect of adding carbon nanotube on the adhesion strength of a single splat was studied by varying the CNT content as 0, 4 and 8 wt.% in the Al2O3 matrix. Higher lateral force was required by the nanoindenter tip to detach CNT reinforced Al2O3 splats as compared to Al2O3 splat. The adhesion strength increased significantly from 0.52 ± 0.05 MPa for Al2O3 splat to 4.21 ± 0.49 MPa for Al2O3-4 wt.% CNT splat and 7.36 ± 3.96 MPa for Al2O3-8 wt.% CNT splat. A high variation in the adhesion strength of Al2O3-8 wt.% CNT splat was due to varying degree of CNT dispersion in the matrix. A significant increase in the adhesion strength of Al2O3-CNT splat was attributed to its better mechanical interlocking with the substrate as a result of enhanced melting and spreading caused by the higher thermal conductivity of nanotubes. CNTs also form anchors between the splat and the substrate resulting in higher adhesion strength.
Dedicated Stereophotogrammetric X-Ray System For Craniofacial Research And Treatment Planning

We have constructed and brought into use what we believe to be the first dedicated coplanar craniofacial stereometric x-ray system for clinical use. Paired Machlett Dynamax 50/58 x-ray tubes with 0.3 mm focal spots are employed. Displacement between emitters is 16 inches. The focus film distance for both emitters is 66.5 inches. The mid-sagittal plane to focus distance is 60 inches. One film of each stereo pair conforms with the standards of the Second Roentgenocephalometric Workshop and can be used to make all standard two-dimensional orthodontic and cephalometric measurements. When supplemented by data from the conjugate film, a three-dimensional coordinate map can be generated as a machine operation. Specialized complementary software has been developed to increase the reliability of landmark location both in two and in three dimensions.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cd11c+B220+Gr-1+ Cells in Mouse Lymph Nodes and Spleen Display Characteristics of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are major producers of IFNα, are activated by CpG motifs, and are believed to enter lymph nodes (LNs) via L-selectin dependent extravasation across high endothelial venules. To identify a similar murine DC type, CD11c+ cells in the LNs of L-selectin–deficient and control BALB/c mice were compared, revealing a population of CD11c+CD11b− cells that is reduced 85% in the LNs of L-selectin–deficient mice. These cells are Gr-1+B220+CD19−, either CD4+ or CD8+, and localize within T cell zones of LNs. Freshly isolated CD11c+Gr-1+ cells express major histocompatibility complex class II at low levels, display a plasmacytoid morphology, and survive poorly in culture. Their survival is increased and they develop a DC-like morphology in interleukin 3 and CpG. Like human pDCs, CD11c+Gr-1+ cells stimulate T cell proliferation after activation with CpG and produce IFNα after stimulation with influenza virus. These cells also display a strain-specific variation in frequency, being fivefold increased in the LNs of BALB/c relative to C57BL/6 mice. These CD11c+CD11b−B220+Gr-1+ cells appear to be the murine equivalent of human pDCs.
Observation of Wave Energy Evolution in Coastal Areas Using HF Radar

Abstract The capability of phased-array HF radar systems to sample the spatial distribution of wave energy is investigated in different storm scenarios and coastal configurations. First, a formulation introduced by D. E. Barrick to extract significant wave height Hs from backscatter Doppler spectra was calibrated and subsequently tested (to assess bias and uncertainty) with data from seven different buoy/gauge stations collected during three different field experiments. Afterward, Hs observations were obtained for selected sampling locations within the radar effective domain (in all experiments), and a filtering technique based on wavelet transform characterization and decomposition was applied. The accuracy of the filtered radar-derived observations was assessed by comparing these estimates to results from independently calibrated wave propagation models. It was found that the HF radar accurately measured the energy field induced by different storm events. The filtering technique minimized the contributi...
Mediated Intra-Audience Effects in the Appreciation of Broadcast Sports

Despite its ubiquitous presence in mediated sports, the influence of in-stadium crowd response on media audiences has escaped inquiry. Considerable evidence from both within and beyond the context of sports suggests that a co-spectator’s behavior can generate “intra-audience effects” that enhance perceptions of and response to game events. To test this in the context of broadcast sports, an experiment was conducted whereby participants provided moment-to-moment evaluations of radio broadcasts of soccer where mediated spectator response was systematically altered. Results demonstrate mediated intra-audience effects that yielded both inflated perceptions of the exiting nature of play and increased sense of spatial immersion in the mediated environment. The effect was most pronounced when game events were not intrinsically exciting.
Losing our taste for diversity

Our modern food system is not driven by taste but instead by factors like consistency, predictability, low cost, and high yield. In Bread Wine Chocolate, Simran Sethi explores how the same features that enabled the worldwide distribution of once-exotic foods like coffee and chocolate have now so drastically altered how those products are made that we risk losing them altogether.
RESPIRATORY ACTIVITIES OF HYPO- AND HYPERVITAMINOTIC-A RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES.

SummaryThe rates of oxidation of several Krebs cycle acids by rat liver homoge-nates were similarly affected by either a vit. A deficiency or a vit. A excess. In both conditions the initial increases of about 40% were followed by marked respiratory declines. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate in vivo or in vitro prevented the initial increase with subsequent decline in respiration of livers from abnormal vit. A-nurtured rats. However, this chemical in the diet (0.1%) reduced the liver vit. A level by 50%, decreased liver protein and markedly increased liver fat.
Performance of a Rooftop Wind Turbine System Having a Wind Deflecting Structure, Experimental Results

This work presents the results of an experimental work on a novel design for wind tower system. The system is intended for areas of low wind speeds. The wind tower consists of four rooftop turbines mounted alongside a cylindrical structure that acts as a Wind Deflecting Structure (WDS). This arrangement results in lowering of the cut-in wind speed for the turbine; the system allows the turbine rotors to operate in the areas that have normally low wind speeds, as low as 3 m/s. The nameplate rating of each of the turbines is 1.65. The four-turbine system was installed on the rooftop of a five story building in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. A fifth stand-alone wind turbine was installed on the rooftop of the same building as the reference in order to examine. Orientation of the four wind turbines is controlled by a close-loop active direction control sub-system using a double worm-gear reduction as its actuator. The output of the worm-gear unit has a spur gear pinion that meshes with an external gear that is an integral part of the outer race of the bearing that in turn supports the arm to which the four turbines are attached to. The wind power data from five turbines (four turbines on the tower & one reference turbine) were recorded by PLC’s. The data was updated and recorded every 10 seconds. This means that in every hour there were 360 data points for each of the turbines. For each day the number of data points for each turbine is 24 × 360 = 8640. The other information that is recorded every 1 second includes: the wind direction, wind speed, time, date and an index number. The experimental results show that the power output of the each of the turbines installed on the proposed system may be increased by an average factor of about 4 times compared to the power generated by the stand-alone turbine under the same wind flow condition.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Do multivitamin supplements reduce the risk for congenital heart defects? Evidence and gaps.

Progress in the primary prevention of heart defects has been slow. Some findings suggest that multivitamin supplementation might reduce the risk for some heart defects. This review of the literature shows that two studies, one of which is a randomized clinical trial, provide data supporting a possible protective effect of multivitamins for all heart defects combined (a 25 to 50% reduction). Three of five studies support a protective effect for outflow tract defects, whereas two studies do not.More studies are clearly needed to elucidate the relation between multivitamin use and occurrence of heart defects. Such studies must take into account intake from multiple sources (diet and supplements), as well as genetic background and potential confounders. From a practical perspective, all health-care providers, including pediatric cardiologists, should ensure that women of childbearing age, regardless of whether they had a previous child with a heart defect, take a multivitamin containing 400 micrograms of folic acid, to reduce their risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect. Should such supplements eventually be proven to reduce the risk also for heart defects, this would be an important additional benefit of such supplement use.
Electrophysiological effects of nitric oxide in mouse superior mesenteric ganglion

Effects of nitric oxide (NO) generated from sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on neurons of mouse superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG) were studied in vitro using intracellular recording techniques. SNP solutions caused a membrane hyperpolarization in the majority (64%) of the neurons tested or a hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization in 8% of the neurons tested. The SNP-induced hyperpolarization persisted in a low-Ca2+ high-Mg2+ solution, indicating a direct effect of NO on the postsynaptic membrane. The hyperpolarizing effect of SNP was reduced or abolished by oxyhemoglobin. Electrical stimulation of the colonic nerves evoked a late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (late sEPSP) in a population of neurons in normal Krebs solution. The amplitude of the late sEPSP was significantly enhanced in the presence of NG-nitroL-arginine, a NO synthase inhibitor. The results, particularly those observed with the NO synthase inhibitor, suggest that endogenous NO was released in the mouse SMG by repetitive nerve stimulation and that it modulated slow synaptic transmission, presumably by a direct action on ganglionic neurons.
Neurotransmitter phenotypic plasticity in the mammalian embryo.

Publisher Summary Transient neurotransmitter phenotypic expression is not a phenomenon limited to unrepresentative or idiosyncratic cell populations. Documented instances of transient neurotransmitter expression have increased dramatically since 1979 and include examples from both peripheral and central nervous systems in a variety of vertebrates. It is not clear, however, the level at which regulation of transient neurotransmitter expression occurs. The loss of specific gene products associated with specific neurotransmitters may involve steps ranging from the extinction of a gene through a host of post-transcriptional or post-translational processes more proximal to the expression of a phenotypic trait. Therefore, it is not clear whether transient expression involves a ualitative change at the genomic level or whether it reflects a quantitative change in transmitter levels. Moreover, it is not clear where or how factors such as NGF or hormones interact with these processes. It is also not clear whether the capacity for reexpression of the transiently appearing neurotransmitter traits remains a latent property of more mature descendants throughout life, allowing the organism increased flexibility in responding to disease or injury. It is clear, however, that neurotransmitter phenotypic plasticity is not restricted to the developing nervous system, but is exhibited by adult neurons as well. This suggests that a certain developmental potential exists throughout the life of the organism. Determination of the factors that restrict that potential may reveal the fundamental processes involved in the maintenance and/or aging of the mature nervous system.
YZ Cas ± 0.5%

I will discuss one of the results of a continuing program to determine accurate masses and radii of stars in eclipsing binaries. This program actually began in 1976 with my work on the faint M-dwarf system CM Dra (Lacy 1977). By faint I mean . I needed high-dispersion spectra to get radial velocities, and an intensified solid state array detector called the Digicon, which had recently been installed on the coude spectrometer of the 2.7m reflector at McDonald Observatory, turned out to be the answer. 30 minute integrations were sufficient to get accurate radial velocities from the Hγ emission lines. The Digicon is very good at getting crumby spectra of faint objects fast. By crumby, I mean signal-to-noise ratio of less than 100.
Picosecond Gain Dynamics in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser: Transient Carrier Heating and Gain Enhancement

Enhancement of resonance frequency up to 87 GHz has been observed in a vertical cavity surface emitting laser. We derive an analytical expression for the intrinsic gain suppression factor based on carrier heating. The theory shows good agreement with the published experimental value of e = 1.5×l017cm3 for in-plane lasers. For the first time, we predict and experimentally observe a negative gain suppression factor for particular laser designs. A negative gain suppression factor can lead to the elimination of damping in semiconductor lasers. Using vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, we observe a negative gain suppression factor of - 2.2×10-17cm3.
Luchas campesinas y reforma agraria: la sierra ecuatoriana y la costa atlántica colombiana en perspectiva comparativa

El autor aborda en este trabajo dos procesos regionales de reforma agraria: el ocurrido en la sierra ecuatoriana en la decada de los sesenta, y el que tuvo lugar en la costa atlantica colombiana en la decada de los sesenta, con objeto de analizar, en primer termino, el papel fundamental que en estos procesos ocuparon las luchas campesinas y realizar, en ultimo termino, una reflexion comparativa (que forma parte de un estudio mas amplio que incluye a Peru), acerca de las modalidades de participacion campesina en la historia reciente de los tres paises mencionados
Unraveling Macrophage Heterogeneity in Erythroblastic Islands.

Mammalian erythropoiesis occurs within erythroblastic islands (EBIs), niches where maturing erythroblasts interact closely with a central macrophage. While it is generally accepted that EBI macrophages play an important role in erythropoiesis, thorough investigation of the mechanisms by which they support erythropoiesis is limited largely by inability to identify and isolate the specific macrophage subpopulation that constitute the EBI. Early studies utilized immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence to study EBI morphology and structure while more recent efforts have used flow cytometry for high-throughput quantitative characterization of EBIs and their central macrophages. However, these approaches based on the expectation that EBI macrophages are a homogeneous population (F4/80+/CD169+/VCAM1+ for example) provide an incomplete picture and potentially overlook critical information about the nature and biology of the islands and their central macrophages. Here, we present a novel method for analysis of EBI macrophages from hematopoietic tissues of mice and rats using multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry, which combines the high-throughput advantage of flow cytometry with the morphological and fluorescence features derived from microscopy. This method provides both quantitative analysis of EBIs, as well as structural and morphological details of the central macrophages and associated cells. Importantly, the images, combined with quantitative software features, can be used to evaluate co-expression of phenotypic markers which is crucial since some antigens used to identify macrophages (e.g. F4/80, CD11b) can be expressed on non-erythroid cells associated with the islands instead of, or in addition to the central macrophage itself. We have used this method to analyze native EBIs from different hematopoietic tissues and evaluated the expression of several markers that have been previously reported to be expressed on EBI macrophages. We found that VCAM1, F4/80, and CD169 are expressed heterogeneously by the central macrophages within the EBIs, while CD11b, although abundantly expressed by cells within the islands, is not expressed on the EBI macrophages. Moreover, differences in the phenotype of EBIs in rats compared to mice point to potential functional differences between these species. These data demonstrate the usefulness of Imaging Flow Cytometry in analysis and characterization of EBIs and more importantly in exploring the heterogeneity and plasticity of EBI macrophages.
Glue Code Synthesis for Distributed Software Programming

In this paper, we propose a method for synthesizing the glue code for distributed programming. The goal of this method is to completely automate the synthesis of code for handling distributed computing issues, such as remote method calls and message passing. By using this method, the software for migrating the objects, synchronizing the communication, and supporting remote method calls can be automatically generated. From the programmer’s point of view, remote accesses to objects are syntactically and semantically indistinguishable from local accesses. The design of the system is discussed and the whole system is based on the Linda notation. A prototype has been developed using JavaSpaces for code synthesis in Java. Experiments show that this method can help developers generate the code for handling distributed message passing and remote procedure calls.
Excitation energy transfer in Photosystem I from oxygenic organisms

This Review discusses energy transfer pathways in Photosystem I (PS I) from oxygenic organisms. In the trimeric PS I core from cyanobacteria, the efficiency of solar energy conversion is largely determined by ultrafast excitation transfer processes in the core chlorophyll a (Chl a) antenna network and efficient photochemical trapping in the reaction center (RC). The role of clusters of Chl a in energy equilibration and photochemical trapping in the PS I core is discussed. Dimers of the longest-wavelength absorbing (red) pigments with strongest excitonic interactions localize the excitation in the PS I core antenna. Those dimers that are located closer to the RC participate in a fast energy equilibration with coupled pigments of the RC. This suggests that the function of the red pigments is to concentrate the excitation near the RC. In the PS I holocomplex from algae and higher plants, in addition to the red pigments of the core antenna, spectrally distinct red pigments are bound to the peripheral Chl a/b-binding light-harvesting antenna (LHC I), specifically to the Lhca4 subunit of the LHC I-730 complex. Intramonomeric energy equilibration between pools of Chl b and Chl a in Lhca1 and Lhca4 monomers of the LHC I-730 heterodimer are as fast as the energy equilibration processes within the PS I core. In contrast to the structural stability of the PS I core, the flexible subunit structure of the LHC I would probably determine the observed slow excitation energy equilibration processes in the range of tens of picoseconds. The red pigments in the LHC I are suggested to function largely as photoprotective excitation sinks in the peripheral antenna of PS I.
Impact of National Cancer Institute (NCI) Community Cancer Centers Program (NCCCP) and NCI Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP) on clinical trial (CT) activities in a community cancer center.

e18500Background: Within past decade NCI has implemented two major initiatives to improve CT participation and quality of cancer care in the community setting. Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) St....
Multimedia for Data Science

In today's digital world, with the exponential growth of data, new approaches to aggregate and analyze data are bringing considerable benefits to many fields, such as healthcare, Internet of Things, social media, business, and public policy. Data science (DS) is considered as an interdisciplinary field that covers how data is prepared, analyzed, interpreted, modeled, and presented. It is a combination of data analytics, machine learning, math, and statistics, as well as domain and business knowledge. One of the main goals of DS is to leverage Big Data technologies with an adept analysis to obtain as much information as possible from the data and facilitate the decision-making process. Many research areas such as medicine and astrophysics have heavily utilized DS, usually focusing on structured scientific data. Using DS, the scientist can obtain a better understanding of the data and conduct a more precise analysis. In addition, DS has become a crucial foundation for artificial intelligence based on the right mix of machine learning and domain knowledge and continued to impact all aspects of life, through the discovery of new knowledge and hidden meaning within the data.