cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task Performance and Electromyopotential as Functions of Task Difficulty and EMG Feedback

The dearth of empirical research in the application of biofeedback is discussed. Exp. 1 assessed relationships among biofeedback EMG training, EMG levels, cognitive task performance, and task difficulty. 72 subjects (male or female college students) were administered 1 trial on an iconic memory task with either EMG audio feedback, sham EMG audio feedback, or no feedback. Three levels of task difficulty were used. One 20-min. training session significantly lowered EMG responses, and task performance was inversely related to task difficulty. No relationship between EMG level and task performance was observed. Exp. 2 investigated the effect of increased EMG responses on cognitive task performance for one level of difficulty. One biofeedback training session did not significantly increase frontalis EMG, and there was no relationship between increased EMG and task performance.
Catastrophes of Abdominal Aorta: Sonographic Evaluation

Although ultrasound has a limited role in the emergent evaluation of the aorta, it still has a significant role in screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and for monitoring after endovascular repair. Awareness of the sonographic features of AAA, AAA rupture, and aortic dissection helps identify the problem and enables timely follow-up and management in these emergent cases. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound potentially has a significant role in assessment of these emergent conditions of the abdominal aorta, but because of the urgency involved, CT often is preferred over ultrasound.
Structures of sulfur on TiO2(1 1 0) determined by scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract The temperature dependent adsorption of sulfur on TiO2(1 1 0) has been studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Sulfur adsorbs dissociatively at room temperature and binds to fivefold coordinated Ti atoms. Upon heating to ∼120°C, 80% of the sulfur desorbs and the S 2p peak position changes from 164.3±0.1 to 162.5±0.1 eV. This peak shift corresponds to a change of the adsorption site to the position of the bridging oxygen atoms of TiO2(1 1 0). Further heating causes little change in S coverage and XPS binding energies, up to a temperature of ∼430°C where most of the S desorbs and the S 2p peak shifts back to higher binding energy. Sulfur adsorption at 150°C, 200°C, and 300°C leads to a rich variety of structures and adsorption sites as observed with LEED and STM. At low coverages, sulfur occupies the position of the bridging oxygen atoms. At 200°C these S atoms arrange in a (3×1) superstructure. For adsorption between 300°C and 400°C a (3×3) and (4×1) LEED pattern is observed for intermediate and saturation coverage, respectively. Adsorption at elevated temperature reduces the substrate as indicated by a strong Ti3+ shoulder in the XPS Ti 2p3/2 peak, with up to 15.6% of the total peak area for the (4×1) structure. STM of different coverages adsorbed at 400°C indicates structural features consisting of two single S atoms placed next to each other along the [0 0 1] direction at the position of the in-plane oxygen atoms. The (3×3) and the (4×1) structure are formed by different arrangements of these S pairs.
Evidential reasoning compared in a network usage prediction testbed: preliminary report

Publisher Summary This chapter reports on empirical work aimed at comparing evidential reasoning techniques. While there is prima facie evidence for some conclusions, this is work in progress. The domain is a network of UNIX* cycle servers and the task is to predict the properties of the state of the network from partial descriptions of the state. Actual data from the network are taken and used for blindfold testing in a betting game that allows abstention. The focal technique has been Kyburg's method for reasoning with data of varying relevance to a particular query, though the aim is to be able eventually to compare various uncertainty calculi. The conclusions are not novel but are instructive. (1) All of the calculi performed better than human subjects; therefore, unbiased access to sample experience is apparently of value. (2) Performance depends on metric: (a) when trials are repeated, net = gains − losses favors methods that place many bets, if the probability of placing a correct bet is sufficiently high; that is, it favors point-valued formalisms; (b) yield = gains /(gains + losses) favors methods that bet only when sure to bet correctly; that is, it favors interval-valued formalisms. (3) Among the calculi, there were no clear winners or losers. Methods are identified for eliminating the bias of the net as a performance criterion and for separating the calculi effectively: in both cases by posting odds for the betting game in the appropriate way.
Chapter 2 – Transport and Deposition of Aerosol Particles

This chapter reviews the theoretical models available to describe particle transport in typical semiconductor processing environments. Particle concentrations are assumed to be low enough so that the influence of the particle on fluid transport can be neglected; particle-particle interactions are also neglected. Under this assumption, the fluid and thermal fields are calculated first (in the absence of particles), and then used as input for subsequent particle transport calculations. The theoretical underpinnings for both the Lagrangian approach (where individual particle trajectories are calculated) and the Eulerian approach (where the particle concentration field is modeled as a continuum) are presented in the chapter. The strength of the Lagrangian formulation is in predicting particle transport resulting from external forces including particle inertia; but the current implementation cannot describe the chaotic effect of particle Brownian motion (i.e., particle diffusion) on particle transport. On the other hand, the Eulerian formulation can describe particle transport resulting from applied forces and particle diffusion, but the current implementation cannot account for particle inertia.
Vasopressin and PGE2 regulate activity of apical 70 pS K+ channel in thick ascending limb of rat kidney

Vasopressin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are involved in regulating NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the rat kidney. In the present study, we used the patch-clamp technique to ...
The path to the machine: affect studies, technology, and the question of ineffability

ABSTRACTFrom the 1990s to the early twenty-first century, a range of writers in sociology, history, and cultural studies would increasingly see emotion as an important area of study. This “affective turn” has offered an important corrective to standard scientific conceptions of emotion, highlighting the mysteries of embodiment that are ignored by a narrowly empirical approach. While celebrating this development, this paper offers a series of cautions drawn from a comparative history of scholarly attention to emotion. Similarly to the early twenty-first century understanding of affect, the social sciences of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century employed a neo-romantic conception of emotion. By the 1920s, this idea would be subsumed into a new scientific paradigm that saw the new recording technologies as perfect vehicles for taming the mysteries of emotion. I discuss strategies for avoiding this scientizing of emotion in our own period, which is similarly taken with a series of “new technologies.”
Open problems and conjectures: On the recursive sequence

In this section we present some open problems and conjectures about some interesting types of difference equations. Please submit your problems and conjectures with all relevant information to G. Ladas.
Standing Posts and Special Substances: Gathering and Ritual Deposition at Feltus (22Je500), Jefferson County, Mississippi

Because it immediately precedes the Mississippi period, Coles Creek (A.D. 700–1200) culture is often viewed through the lens of Mississippian social organization. In particular, early platform mound-and-plaza complexes have long been understood as elite compounds due to their physical similarities with later sites. However, evidence regarding the construction and use of the monumental landscape at the Feltus site (22JE500) in Jefferson County, MS, suggests that platform mound construction was but one aspect of a broader ritual sequence aimed at gathering the dispersed Coles Creek community. In addition to mound building, this sequence included the setting and removal of freestanding posts, ritual feasting, and burial of the dead and focused on explicit deposition of meaningful objects and substances. Archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic analyses of the objects and substances included in the ritual deposits at Feltus suggest that they helped forge relationships between an extended kin network, i...
Responses of patients to nutrition counseling by family physicians.

This paper examines patient responses to nutrition counseling activities of their family physicians. Two hundred-six patients (seen by one of nine family physicians) were asked whether the physician inquired about their dietary practices and whether they were asked to change any of these practices. Patients were also asked whether they understood, agreed with, and changed any of their dietary practices as a result of the consultation. Responses are examined in light of the self-reported physical condition of the patient. Patients without nutrition-related conditions were just as likely to be asked about their eating habits as patients with nutrition-related conditions. Patients with nutrition-related conditions were far more likely to report being asked to change their practices than patients with no nutrition-related conditions (p less than .001). However, self-reported change in dietary practices as a result of physician counseling did not vary by nutrition related condition.
Fluid Resuscitation in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock

Fluid resuscitation from traumatic hemorrhagic shock is a critical component of therapy for the critically injured patient. Therapy is aimed at restoring hemodynamic stability and oxygen delivery to tissues. The route and rate of fluid infusion, the temperature of the fluid infused, the type of asanguineous fluids chosen, and the timing of red cell transfusion may all impact substantially on the patient outcome. Complications of fluid therapy, especially edema, may be related to the choice of fluid infused. Identification of hypovolemia and methods to monitor tissue are important aspects of patient care.
Lifespan, growth rate, and body size across latitude in marine Bivalvia, with implications for Phanerozoic evolution

Mean body size in marine animals has increased more than 100-fold since the Cambrian, a discovery that brings to attention the key life-history parameters of lifespan and growth rate that ultimately determine size. Variation in these parameters is not well understood on the planet today, much less in deep time. Here, we present a new global database of maximum reported lifespan and shell growth coupled with body size data for 1 148 populations of marine bivalves and show that (i) lifespan increases, and growth rate decreases, with latitude, both across the group as a whole and within well-sampled species, (ii) growth rate, and hence metabolic rate, correlates inversely with lifespan, and (iii) opposing trends in lifespan and growth combined with high variance obviate any demonstrable pattern in body size with latitude. Our observations suggest that the proposed increase in metabolic activity and demonstrated increase in body size of organisms over the Phanerozoic should be accompanied by a concomitant shift towards faster growth and/or shorter lifespan in marine bivalves. This prediction, testable from the fossil record, may help to explain one of the more fundamental patterns in the evolutionary and ecological history of animal life on this planet.
Catalyst Selection, Creep, and Stress Relaxation in High-Performance Epoxy Vitrimers

Vitrimers were created from a commercial high-performance anhydride-cured epoxy in the presence of various metal transesterification catalysts. Compressive creep strains greater than 50% were observed in samples containing dibutyltin diacetate or dibutyltin bis(2,4-pentanedionate) via a compression set experiment. Stress relaxation experiments were carried out in a parallel plate geometry and analyzed with a newly modified exponential model proposed to better describe the relaxation process. The results demonstrate that it is not only possible to realize reworkability on relatively short time scales (hundreds of seconds) without compromising the mechanical properties of these networks at elevated temperatures but that, with proper catalyst selection, this may be accomplished with negligible activity under curing conditions. This effort also highlights differences in the behavior of different transesterification catalysts in this context. The approach to the selection and analysis of the materials reported...
Addition of Color Doppler Sonography for Detection of Amniotic Fluid Disturbances and Its Implications on Perinatal Outcomes

Objectives To determine whether color Doppler sonography increases the detection of pregnancies at risk for adverse outcomes. Methods Participants admitted to labor and delivery with the anticipation of a vaginal delivery underwent measurements of amniotic fluid volume (AFV) using amniotic fluid index (AFI) and single deepest pocket (SDP) techniques by grayscale followed by color Doppler sonography. Oligohydramnios was defined as an AFI of less than 5 cm or an SDP of less than 2 cm. Intrapartum and perinatal outcomes were compared between participants with a diagnosis of a low AFV by grayscale and color Doppler sonography. Results Over 42 months, 428 women were enrolled in the study. Color Doppler sonography resulted in lower AFV estimates (mean ± SD by the AFI, 10.7 ± 3.7 cm by grayscale sonography and 8.6 ± 3.6cm by color Doppler sonography; P < .0001). For the SDP, the mean AFVs were 4.6 ± 2.0 cm by grayscale sonography and 3.4 ± 1.4 cm by color Doppler sonography (P < .0001). The level of agreement between grayscale and color Doppler sonography in estimating the AFV was fair, with κ = 0.32 for the AFI and 0.28 for the SDP. Outcome measures of AFVs classified as low based on color Doppler sonography (normal by grayscale sonography) and those classified as low by grayscale sonography (low by color Doppler sonography) were compared. There was no difference in composite perinatal complications, mode of delivery, or composite neonatal complications. Conclusions The use of color Doppler sonography leads to the overdiagnosis of low AFVs and does not appear to increase the detection of pregnancies destined for adverse intrapartum or perinatal outcomes.
Quickest change detection in structured data with incomplete information

This paper considers a network of agents generating correlated data according to a known kernel. The correlation structure might undergo a change at an unknown time instant, where the post-change kernel is not fully known. Moreover, due to the data processing and communication costs, only a subset of agents can be observed at any time instant. The objective is to detect the change-point with minimum average delay, while the rate of false alarms is controlled. This paper proposes a coupled data acquisition and decision-making process for change detection and establishes its optimality properties.
Fetal overnutrition and offspring insulin resistance and β-cell function: the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children (EPOCH) study.

Aims To examine the associations of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with offspring insulin resistance, β-cell function and oral disposition index in a longitudinal observational study of ethnically diverse offspring. Methods A total of 445 offspring who were exposed (n=81) or not exposed (n=364) to maternal diabetes in utero completed two fasting blood measurements at mean (sd) ages of 10.5 (1.5) and 16.5 (1.2) years, respectively, and an oral glucose tolerance test at the second visit. We used linear mixed models and general linear univariate models to evaluate the associations of maternal diabetes and pre-pregnancy BMI with offspring outcomes. Results Maternal diabetes in utero predicted increased insulin resistance [18% higher updated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), P=0.01; 19% lower Matsuda index, P=0.01 and 9% greater updated homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA2-β), P=0.04]. Each 5-kg/m2 increase in pre-pregnancy BMI predicted increased insulin resistance (11% greater HOMA2-IR, P<0.001; 10% lower Matsuda index, P<0.001; 6% greater HOMA2-β, P<0.001). Similar results were obtained in a combined model with both exposures. After adjustment for offspring BMI, only maternal diabetes was associated with higher HOMA2-IR (β=1.12, P=0.03) and lower Matsuda index (β=0.83, P=0.01). Neither exposure was associated with early insulin response or oral disposition index. Conclusions Intrauterine exposure to diabetes or obesity is associated with greater offspring insulin resistance than non-exposure, supporting the hypothesis that fetal overnutrition results in metabolic abnormalities during childhood and adolescence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Complement factor P: promoting the antibacterial activity of natural killer cells.

Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and other subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Three NCRs, NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46, are expressed on human NK cells.1 NKp46 is the only NCR shared by primates and rodents, suggesting an essential role for this receptor during evolution.2 While cellular ligands for NKp30 and NKp44 have been identified, a well-characterized non-microbial ligand for NKp46 is still lacking. However, in a recent paper in Science Immunology, Narni-Mancinelli et al.3 reported the identification of complement factor P (CFP, also known as properdin) as a ligand of NKp46. As CFP-deficient individuals are highly vulnerable to Neisseria meningitides (N.m.) infection,4 the authors used mice to show that the CFP-dependent protection from N.m. infection is largely dependent on NKp46 and NKp46+ ILC. Furthermore, these authors showed that the stimulation of NK cells by CFP resulted in the transcription of a chemokine gene rather than the expected cytotoxic response of an NCR. These findings revealed an unexpected role for the complement system in the NKp46-mediated antibacterial activity of NK cells.
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis and the New ACR Guideline

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) continues to be the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis because at any time about 1% of the adult population has been prescribed oral glucocorticoids. Surprisingly, there are relatively few treatment studies of GIOP, particularly of younger individuals including women of child bearing potential and children. Thus, recommendations for management of patients at risk for fracture or who have already suffered an osteoporotic fracture are often based more on clinical experience than randomized controlled trials. Nonetheless, organizations such as the American College of Rheumatology have provided guidance on management of GIOP. In this review, the treatment of GIOP is discussed in light of the specific pathophysiology of this disorder. What separates GIOP from other types of osteoporosis is the profound decrease in osteoblastic function and fact that 3 months (or less) of glucocorticoid therapy leads to a demonstrable increase in fracture incidence. The new ACR Guideline uses FRAX and bone mineral density to categorize fracture risks in GIOP and advocates use of oral bisphosphonates for most patients. Other new findings and alternative management approaches are also discussed.
Nicotine drug discrimination and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in differentially reared rats.

Individuals vary in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of nicotine, resulting in differences in vulnerability to nicotine addiction. The role of rearing environment in determining individual sensitivity to nicotine is unclear. The neuropharmacological mechanisms mediating the effect of rearing environment on the behavioral actions of nicotine are also poorly understood. The contribution of rearing environment in determining the sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of nicotine was determined in rats reared in isolated conditions (IC) or enriched conditions (EC). The role of dopamine receptors and α4β2*-nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors in mediating the differential effect of IC and EC on the interoceptive action of nicotine was determined. The interoceptive action of nicotine was measured as the discriminative stimulus effect of nicotine. Mecamylamine- and eticlopride-inhibition of the nicotine stimulus were used to examine nACh and dopamine receptors, respectively. α4β2*-nACh receptor expression in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway was determined by quantitative autoradiography of [125I]-epibatidine binding. EC-reared rats are less sensitive than IC-reared rats to the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine at all but maximally effective doses. Mecamylamine inhibited the nicotine stimulus threefold more potently in EC-reared rats (IC50 = 0.25 mg/kg) compared to IC-reared rats (IC50 = 0.75 mg/kg); eticlopride inhibition was not different. [125I]-epibatidine binding in the ventral tegmental area of EC-reared rats was reduced (2.8 ± 0.3 fmol) compared to that of IC-reared rats (4.0 ± 0.4 fmol); there was no difference in the nucleus accumbens. Rearing environment regulates the sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of nicotine and α4β2*-nACh receptor expression in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.
The effect of prosody on decision making: Speech rate influences speed and quality of decisions

This study examined the effects of speech rate on decision making across two age groups. Prior research has found that listening to fast speech can lead to subsequent rate changes on other tasks. The present study sought to examine if different speech rates (slow and fast) could alter decision making speed and performance accuracy in college students (ages 18–20) and preschool-aged children (ages 3–5). Participants listened to a recording (fast or slow) and then completed the Hungry Donkey Task to assess risky decision making. The results suggest that speech rate priming relates to response latencies and performance on a subsequent task. Participants in the slow condition had longer response times and made more advantageous decisions than those in the fast condition. College student participants’ performance was more accurate than the children’s performance following the slow prime, but there was no difference following the fast prime. These findings suggest that there is a shared timing mechanism across domains, and we may be able to capitalize on this to improve decision making.
Simple Cysts of the Kidney in Children

We discuss 5 children with simple renal cysts, 2 of whom were diagnosed initially as having a Wilms tumor or mesoblastic nephroma. The most common presenting feature of this lesion is a palpable mass, especially in the infant or younger child. In older children characteristic radiographic features can suggest a correct preoperative diagnosis. However, distinguishing a simple cyst and a solid tumor with necrotic degeneration may not be possible in the infant and younger child, and surgical exploration is indicated.
Empirical study of tolerating denial-of-service attacks with a proxy network

Proxy networks have been proposed to protect applications from Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. However, since large-scale study in real networks is infeasible and most previous simulations have failed to capture detailed network behavior, the DoS resilience and performance implications of such use are not well understood in large networks. While post-mortems of actual large-scale attacks are useful, only limited dynamic behavior can be understood from these single instances. Our work provides the first detailed and broad study of this problem in large-scale realistic networks. The key is that we use an online network simulator to simulate a realistic large-scale network (comparable to several large ISPs). We use a generic proxy network, and deploy it in a large simulated network using typical real applications and DoS tools directly. We study detailed system dynamics under various attack scenarios and proxy network configurations. Specific results are as follows. First, rather than incurring a performance penalty, proxy networks can improve users' experienced performance. Second, proxy networks can effectively mitigate the impact of both spread and concentrated large-scale DoS attacks in large networks. Third, proxy networks provide scalable DoS-resilience - resilience can be scaled up to meet the size of the attack, enabling application performance to be protected. Resilience increases almost linearly with the size of a proxy network; that is, the attack traffic that a given proxy network can resist, while preserving a particular level of application performance, grows almost linearly with proxy network size. These results provide empirical evidence that proxy networks can be used to tolerate DoS attacks and quantitative guidelines for designing a proxy network to meet a resilience goal.
Subjective Versus Objective Measures of Medication Adherence in Adolescents/Young Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVE To examine the frequency of medication nonadherence using both objective and subjective data and to compare the differences between these measures in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Fifty-four participants enrolled. Frequency (mean percent of prescribed doses not taken) of nonadherence was measured using subjective (visual analog scale) and objective (pill count and electronic monitoring) methods. Differences between measures were compared using t tests and analysis of variances. RESULTS Objective measures showed that participants missed 40% to 43% of their prescribed doses. Contrastingly, subjective measures indicated that participants missed 25% of their prescribed doses. Frequency of nonadherence was significantly higher when relying on objective measures rather than on subjective measures (t[46] = -4.51, p < 0.01 for pill counts, and t[47] = -4.81, p < 0.01 for electronic monitoring). CONCLUSION Nonadherence is high in AYAs with ADHD. These individuals tend to overestimate their adherence when self-reporting. Physicians should exercise caution when prescribing based on patient report of adherence and use objective measures when possible.
Comparison of Invasive and Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurements for Assessing Signal Complexity and Surgical Risk in Cardiac Surgical Patients

BACKGROUND:Continuous arterial blood pressure (ABP) is typically recorded by placement of an intraarterial catheter. Recently, noninvasive ABP monitors have been shown to be comparable in accuracy to invasive measurements. In a previous study, we showed that the fluctuations in beat-to-beat ABP meas
Correction to: Alison Butler: papers in celebration of her 2018 ACS Alfred Bader Award in Bioorganic or Bioinorganic Chemistry.

“In the original online publication, the Foreword was incorrectly attributed. The correct author is Lawrence Que, Jr.”
Noninvasive Activation Imaging of Ventricular Arrhythmias by Spatial Gradient Sparse in Frequency Domain—Application to Mapping Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia

The aim of this paper is to develop and evaluate a novel imaging method [spatial gradient sparse in frequency domain (SSF)] for the reconstruction of activation sequences of ventricular arrhythmia from noninvasive body surface potential map (BSPM) measurements. We formulated and solved the electrocardiographic inverse problem in the frequency domain, and the activation time was encoded in the phase information of the imaging solution. A cellular automaton heart model was used to generate focal ventricular tachycardia (VT). Different levels of Gaussian white noise were added to simulate noise-contaminated BSPM. The performance of SSF was compared with that of weighted minimum norm inverse solution. We also evaluated the method in a swine model with simultaneous intracardiac and body surface recordings. Four reentrant VTs were observed in pigs with myocardial infarction generated by left anterior descending artery occlusion. The imaged activation sequences of reentrant VTs were compared with those obtained from intracardiac electrograms. In focal VT simulation, SSF has increased the correlation coefficient (CC) by 5% and decreased localization errors (LEs) by 2.7 mm on average under different noise levels. In the animal validation with reentrant VT, SSF has achieved an average CC of 88% and an average LE of 6.3 mm in localizing the earliest and latest activation site in the reentry circuit. Our promising results suggest that the SSF provides noninvasive imaging capability of detecting and mapping macro-reentrant circuits in 3-D ventricular space. The SSF may become a useful imaging tool of identifying and localizing the potential targets for ablation of focal and reentrant VT.
Auto-Map: Synthesizing Mapping Relationships Using Table Corpus

Mapping relationships, such as (country, country-code) or (company, stock-ticker), are valuable data assets for an array of applications in data cleaning and data integration like auto-correction and auto-join. However, today there are no good repositories of mapping tables that can enable these intelligent applications. Given a corpus of tables such as web tables or spreadsheet tables, we observe that values of these mappings often exist in pairs of columns in same tables. Motivated by their broad applicability, we study the problem of synthesizing mapping relationships using a large table corpus. Our synthesis process leverages compatibility of tables based on co-occurrence statistics, as well as constraints such as functional dependency. Experiment results using web tables and enterprise spreadsheets suggest that the proposed approach can produce high quality mapping relationships.
Longitudinal flortaucipir ([18F]AV-1451) PET uptake in semantic dementia

Abstract To assess volume loss and flortaucipir uptake in patients with semantic dementia (SD) over time. Eight SD patients (3 female) underwent clinical evaluations, flortaucipir positron emission tomography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging at 2 visits. Voxel-level comparisons of magnetic resonance imaging gray and white matter volume loss and flortaucipir positron emission tomography uptake were performed in SPM12, comparing SD patients to controls at each visit. T-tests on difference images and paired t-tests of flortaucipir uptake were also performed. At the voxel level, SD patients showed asymmetric, bilateral gray volume loss in the temporal lobes, which, via visual inspection, extended posteriorly at follow-up. White matter loss and flortaucipir uptake were noted in SD patients in the left temporal lobe only, which appeared to extend posteriorly, without involvement of the right hemisphere at follow-up. Longitudinal analyses did not support significant changes in flortaucipir uptake between visits. The biological mechanisms of flortaucipir signal in suspected underlying TAR-DNA binding protein 43 pathology are unknown. A 1-year interval is not sufficient time to demonstrate significant longitudinal flortaucipir uptake changes in SD.
Role of FNA with core biopsy or cell block in patients with nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma

BACKGROUND Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) represents a diagnostic challenge on surgical excisional or incisional biopsy. Classification is further challenging on fine needle aspiration (FNA) material accompanied by needle core and/or cell block biopsy (FNA+core/CB). METHODS The authors studied all FNA+core/CB and surgical excisional or incisional biopsies to evaluate for lymphoma in patients who had a prior history of NLPHL or subsequent diagnosis of NLPHL over a 5-year period from 2012 through 2016. RESULTS Patients who ultimately were diagnosed with NLPHL represented <0.5% of those who underwent FNA+core/CB for an initial suspicion of lymphoma. FNA+core/CB resulted in a definitive diagnosis in 7 of 13 cases, and surgical excisional or incisional biopsy specimens resulted in a definitive diagnosis in 13 of 13 cases (chi-square statistic, 9.6; P = .002). At initial diagnosis, FNA+core/CB was negative in 2 cases and atypical or suspicious in 3 cases; all 5 of those patients required surgical excisional or incisional biopsy for a definitive lymphoma diagnosis. By contrast, patients who underwent FNA+core/CB for recurrent lymphoma required surgical excisional or incisional biopsy in only 1 of 8 cases (chi-square statistic, 9.5; P = .002). Flow cytometry was positive for a light-chain-restricted B-cell population in only 1 of 11 biopsies that were involved by lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS Surgical excisional or incisional biopsy remains the gold standard for NLPHL diagnosis and for distinguishing progression to a T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma pattern. At a tertiary cancer center with routine collaborative diagnosis of lymphoma on FNA+core/CB by cytopathologists and hematopathologists, FNA+core/CB performs well to assess for recurrent or transformed NLPHL, rarely requiring subsequent surgical excisional or incisional biopsy. FNA+core/CB has limited sensitivity in the initial diagnosis setting.
‘Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!’: Sport as a site for political activism and social change:

Is sport an appropriate forum for activists to engage in political protest? In recent years, this question has been the subject of conversations in households, public spaces such as barbershops and...
Communication Avoiding 2D Stencil Implementations over PaRSEC Task-Based Runtime

Stencil computation or general sparse matrix-vector product (SpMV) are key components in many algorithms like geometric multigrid or Krylov solvers. But their low arithmetic intensity means that memory bandwidth and network latency will be the performance limiting factors. The current architectural trend favors computations over bandwidth, worsening the already unfavorable imbalance. Previous work approached stencil kernel optimization either by improving memory bandwidth usage or by providing a Communication Avoiding (CA) scheme to minimize network latency in repeated sparse vector multiplication by replicating remote work in order to delay communications on the critical path. Focusing on minimizing communication bottleneck in distributed stencil computation, in this study we combine a CA scheme with the computation and communication overlapping that is inherent in a dataflow task-based runtime system such as PaRSEC to demonstrate their combined benefits. We implemented the 2D five point stencil (Jacobi iteration) in PETSc, and over PaRSEC in two flavors, full communications (base-PaRSEC) and CA-PaRSEC which operate directly on a 2D compute grid. Our results running on two clusters, NaCL and Stampede2 indicate that we can achieve 2X speedup over the standard SpMV solution implemented in PETSc, and in certain cases when kernel execution is not dominating the execution time, the CA-PaRSEC version achieved up to 57% and 33% speedup over base-PaRSEC implementation on NaCL and Stampede2 respectively.
Simulation of sympathetic cooling an optically levitated magnetic nanoparticle via coupling to a cold atomic gas

A proposal for cooling the translational motion of optically levitated magnetic nanoparticles is presented. The theoretical cooling scheme involves the sympathetic cooling of a ferromagnetic YIG nanosphere with a spin-polarized atomic gas. The particle–atom cloud coupling is mediated through the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction. When the particle and atom oscillations are small compared to their separation, the interaction potential becomes dominantly linear, which allows the particle to exchange energy with the N atoms. While the atoms are continuously Doppler cooled, energy is able to be removed from the nanoparticle’s motion as it exchanges energy with the atoms. The rate at which energy is removed from the nanoparticle’s motion was studied for three species of atoms (Dy, Cr, Rb) by simulating the full N+1 equations of motion and was found to depend on system parameters with scalings that are consistent with a simplified model. The nanoparticle’s damping rate due to sympathetic cooling is competitive with and has the potential to exceed commonly employed cooling methods.
On Error Exponents of Almost-Fixed-Length Channel Codes and Hypothesis Tests

We examine a new class of channel coding strategies, and hypothesis tests referred to as almost-fixed-length strategies that have little flexibility in the stopping time over fixed-length strategies. The stopping time of these strategies is allowed to be slightly large only on a rare set of sample paths with an exponentially small probability. We show that almost-fixed-length channel coding strategies can achieve Burnashev's optimal error exponent. Similarly, almost-fixed length hypothesis tests are shown to bridge the gap between hypothesis testing with fixed sample size and sequential hypothesis testing and improve the trade-off between type-I and type-II error exponents.
Gain switched hot-pressed Fe:ZnSe ceramic laser

We report the first room temperature gain switched hot-pressed Fe:ZnSe ceramic laser pumped by radiation of 2.94 μm mechanically Q-switched Er:YAG laser. The maximum output energy was 1.5 mJ (90 ns) with 15% slope efficiency.
Beyond structural motifs: the frontier of actinide-containing metal-organic frameworks.

In this perspective, we feature recent advances in the field of actinide-containing metal–organic frameworks (An-MOFs) with a main focus on their electronic, catalytic, photophysical, and sorption properties. This discussion deviates from a strictly crystallographic analysis of An-MOFs, reported in several reviews, or synthesis of novel structural motifs, and instead delves into the remarkable potential of An-MOFs for evolving the nuclear waste administration sector. Currently, the An-MOF field is dominated by thorium- and uranium-containing structures, with only a few reports on transuranic frameworks. However, some of the reported properties in the field of An-MOFs foreshadow potential implementation of these materials and are the main focus of this report. Thus, this perspective intends to provide a glimpse into the challenges, triumphs, and future directions of An-MOFs in sectors ranging from the traditional realm of gas sorption and separation to recently emerging areas such as electronics and photophysics.
Dealing with Factors

This chapter introduces factorial experiments along with a demonstration of how matrices can be used instead. Beginning with two factors, the chapter elaborates the method for planning any number of factors, all at two levels, and further for analyzing the main effects of, and interactions among, the factors. When two or more factors are known to act together as independent variables, one-factor-at-a-time experiments are inadequate. The concept of “experimental space” for three-factor, two-level experiments is demonstrated in the chapter. When more than three factors are involved, the concept requires more than three dimensions. The use of a fractional factorial with five factors, all at two levels, is shown in the chapter with an example of handling a large number of factors. The final part of the chapter summarizes several variations of factors and the forms in which they may prevail in factorial experiments. The chapter also deals with designed factors, which are represented by a vertex of the orthorhombic volume; the space represented by this shape is often referred to as the “experimental space.”
Multiple Comparisons in Induction Algorithms

A single mechanism is responsible for three pathologies of induction algorithms: attribute selection errors, overfitting, and oversearching. In each pathology, induction algorithms compare multiple items based on scores from an evaluation function and select the item with the maximum score. We call this a multiple comparison procedure (MCP). We analyze the statistical properties of MCPs and show how failure to adjust for these properties leads to the pathologies. We also discuss approaches that can control pathological behavior, including Bonferroni adjustment, randomization testing, and cross-validation.
Phenomenological inelastic constitutive equations for SiC and SiC fibers under irradiation

Experimental data on irradiation-induced dimensional changes and creep in beta-silicon carbide (SiC) and SiC fibers are analyzed with the objective of studying the constitutive behavior of these ma...
Parameterizing Case: Evidence from Bantu

. Bantu languages display a number of constructions that raise serious questions about the universality of the theory of abstract Case as currently realized in the Minimalist Program. Chomsky (2000) claims that positing uninterpretable features (like Case features) is not purely stipulation but that uninterpretable features are justified by their visible effects in the syntax. This paper presents evidence that the syntactic effects predicted by Case theory are not borne out in Bantu languages, which in fact display effects that are only predicted to be possible in the absence of uninterpretable Case features. Evidence includes constructions where Case-checking should require a DP to cease being active, but it does not do so (e.g., compound tenses and raising constructions), as well as instances where Case-checking could not have occurred, but the constructions are nonetheless acceptable (e.g., possible-constructions and locative inversion). It is claimed that uninterpretable Case features are not present in Bantu languages and that it is instead gender features that make a goal active for Agree (following Carstens 2011).
Persistence of 17 β-Estradiol in Water and Sediment-Pore Water from Cave Streams in Central Missouri

Concentrations less than 10 ng/L of 17 β-estradiol (E2), a natural estrogen, have been linked to adverse health effects in fish, including skewed sex distributions, reproductive failure, and organ impairment. The persistence of E2 in carbonate aquifer systems is not well documented. Water and sediment from cave streams within the Ozark Plateau of Missouri, USA, were collected and analyzed for E2. The persistence of E2 in the water was examined in two separate experiments, in which the holding temperatures (20°C vs. 4°C), bottle type, exposure to light, and filtration were varied. During two trials, no statistical difference was observed in the concentration of E2, suggesting that E2 is stable within the water. The fate of E2 was also examined in sediment-pore water collected from the cave streams in two independent trials. In trial 1, a significant decrease in E2 was noted over the 29 days of the experiment. However, in trial 2, no change in E2 concentration was observed. The results indicate that E2 is relatively stable in cave stream water and may persist in the sediment.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XLVIII. T-cell acute leukemia in ataxia telangiectasia

Abstract Cytogenetic and immunologic studies were performed on the cells of an 18-year-old female with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). At the onset of the leukemia 15.4% of peripheral blood cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) contained a tandem translocation of the long arm of chromosome #14, i.e., t(14;14). To ascertain if these karyotypically abnormal cells and the leukemic cells had a common lineage, chromosome analyses were performed on bone marrow cells. Examination of the marrow cells on the seven occasions when leukemic cells were present in the marrow, including times when they were predominant, showed only a normal karyotype without the presence of t(14;14). However, an abnormal clone, which had the karyotype 45,XX,−9,t(9;6)(q12;p13), was identified in the marrow cells on the last examination during the terminal phase of the leukemia. Immunologically, the ALL was classified as an atypical type which had characteristics in common with certain T-cell subsets. We suggest that the malignant cells did not originate from the preexisting cells with a tandem duplication of the 14q.
Relations between Doublets of Stripped Atoms in Five Periods of the Periodic Table

Principal and diffuse doublets of stripped atoms in five periods of the periodic table from Li I to O VI, Na I to Cl VII, K I to Mn VII, Rb I to Zr IV, and Cs I to Pr V.---Combining the data now available for the one-electron systems of the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth periods certain regularities are found to exist between the successive elements in each period and between corresponding elements in successive periods. These regularities are found by the application of the regular and irregular doublet laws. For the long periods which involve more penetrating orbits extrapolations of ${Z}_{i}$ and ${s}_{i}$ (Land\'e's formula) prove to be better guides in identifying doublets of the higher members of a sequence although extrapolation of $s$ (Sommerfeld's formula) is entirely satisfactory for the sequences in the short periods. Using the former we have been led to correct our previous identifications of the principal doublet of Ce IV. The tighter binding of the $d$ electron over both the $s$ and $p$ electrons starting with Sc III, Yt III, and La III in the three long periods is especially well brought out by the Moseley type of diagram. Evidence is presented to indicate that the unexcited state of Ce IV involves a $5d$ rather than a $4f$ electron. New data are given for V V, Cr VI and La III.
Order, Disorder, and Perturbations in Actin-Aldolase Rafts

Actin-aldolase rafts provide insights into the use of rafts as models for three-dimensional actin bundles. Although aldolase has three twofold axes, filaments in actin-aldolase rafts were not strictly related by a twofold axis. Interfilament angles were on average +15° off the expected 180°, and most rafts appeared handed; that is, rows of cross-bridges were tilted in a clockwise direction off the perpendicular. We can account for both the deviation of the angle from 180° and the handedness of the rafts by a steric constraint due to the lipid layer. We further found that the axial spacings of cross-bridges varied significantly from raft to raft. We suggest that this difference arises from variations in the twist of the filaments that nucleate raft formation; that is, filaments added to a raft adopt the symmetry of those in the raft. We conclude that the organization of filaments in rafts can be modulated by outside factors such as the lipid layer and that the variable twist of filaments in the nucleating core of the raft are imposed on all the filaments in the raft. These results provide a measure of the potential for polymorphism in actin assemblies.