cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clusters of Alcohol Use Disorders Diagnostic Criteria and Predictors of Alcohol Use After Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Liver Disease

Background Establishing the correct alcohol use disorder diagnosis is clinically relevant because several reports of post-transplant alcohol use suggest that a pre-transplant diagnosis of alcohol dependence (rather than abuse) predicts relapse to alcohol use. Numerous combinations of specific symptoms are possible to achieve diagnostic significance. Objective The authors hypothesized that there would be distinct clusters of liver transplant recipients who showed specific combinations of alcohol-related symptoms and that these clusters would be predictive of alcoholabuse outcome after transplant. Method A group of 120 ALD liver transplant recipients received the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV (SCID) module for alcohol abuse/dependence, and a cluster analysis was performed. Results Within the clusters of those with alcohol dependence, cluster assignment did not predict those more likely to drink. However, those assigned to the alcohol abuse cluster were significantly less likely to drink than those with alcohol dependence. Conclusion Results therefore suggest that the prognosis regarding continued abstinence posttransplant is much more positive for individuals with a diagnosis of abuse than for those who meet criteria for alcohol dependence.
Application of semi-automatic metadata generation in libraries: Types, tools, and techniques

Abstract Analysis of a survey of the types and extent of tools and techniques related to semi-automatic metadata generation applied in real-world library settings indicates that practical applications in libraries seem to be at an incipient stage. More than half ( n = 149, 52.5%) of the survey participants ( n = 285) specify that semi-automatic metadata generation has not been utilized for metadata creation and management in their libraries. This figure becomes even higher when adding the response “don't know,” constituting an additional 13.7%. The results of the survey also show that the semi-automatic metadata generation tools described by participants mostly concern metadata format conversion (38.6%) and metadata templates and forms (27%) for populating certain metadata values. Complex tools and the generation and extraction of metadata directly from the content and context of the digital objects are rarely applied in libraries. This indicates that more research is needed on the development of automatic metadata generation for semantic metadata in usable and practical settings.
Point pattern analysis utilizing controlled randomization for police tactical planning

Law enforcement agencies often rely on crime pattern identification techniques to support their tactical planning. K-function analysis has been one of the most popular crime pattern identification approaches. It has been integrated with point randomization procedures to identify the level of clustering in crimes. One limitation of this integration is that it can only differentiate between a complete random pattern and a clustered point pattern. It is well known that crimes only occur in populated area and the distribution of human population is spatially heterogeneous. A complete random pattern of crimes rarely occurs. The current K-function offers little insights on the clustering levels of crimes given our prior knowledge on the distribution of processes that may have influenced the occurrence of crimes. This study integrates two controlled point randomization procedures with K-function analysis to analyze crime patterns. These two approaches are compared against the complete random pattern and results indicate that the controlled point randomization procedures can reveal detailed information on the underlying processes for point patterns. It can also take into account the underlying processes for the crimes.
Investigation of Polyurea-Crosslinked Silica Aerogels as a Neuronal Scaffold: A Pilot Study

Background Polymer crosslinked aerogels are an attractive class of materials for future implant applications particularly as a biomaterial for the support of nerve growth. The low density and nano-porous structure of this material combined with large surface area, high mechanical strength, and tunable surface properties, make aerogels materials with a high potential in aiding repair of injuries of the peripheral nervous system. However, the interaction of neurons with aerogels remains to be investigated. Methodology In this work the attachment and growth of neurons on clear polyurea crosslinked silica aerogels (PCSA) coated with: poly-L-lysine, basement membrane extract (BME), and laminin1 was investigated by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy. After comparing the attachment and growth capability of neurons on these different coatings, laminin1 and BME were chosen for nerve cell attachment and growth on PCSA surfaces. The behavior of neurons on treated petri dish surfaces was used as the control and behavior of neurons on treated PCSA discs was compared against it. Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates that: 1) untreated PCSA surfaces do not support attachment and growth of nerve cells, 2) a thin application of laminin1 layer onto the PCSA discs adhered well to the PCSA surface while also supporting growth and differentiation of neurons as evidenced by the number of processes extended and b3-tubulin expression, 3) three dimensional porous structure of PCSA remains intact after fixing protocols necessary for preservation of biological samples and 4) laminin1 coating proved to be the most effective method for attaching neurons to the desired regions on PCSA discs. This work provides the basis for potential use of PCSA as a biomaterial scaffold for neural regeneration.
Electrodeposition mechanism of polypyrrole coatings on steel substrates from aqueous oxalate solutions

Abstract Polypyrrole coatings have been successfully electrodeposited on steel substrates from aqueous oxalate solutions. In acidic solutions, the electrodeposition process was characterized by three distinct stages. In this work the electrodeposition mechanism in acidic solutions was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR). Our results reveal that deposition of a thin layer of FeC2O4·2H2O crystal layer first established the passivation of the steel substrate at the end of the second stage, but the FeC2O4·2H2O formed was subsequently decomposed in the initial part of the third stage and electropolymerization of pyrrole occurred directly on the steel surface. The proposed electrodeposition mechanism is also consistent with the results of lap shear tests.
Human multiple myeloma cells express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and undergo apoptosis upon exposure to PPARγ ligands

Multiple myeloma is essentially an incurable malignancy and it is therefore of great interest to develop new therapeutic approaches. We previously reported that human B cell-lymphomas express the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and are killed by PPARγ ligands. Herein, we investigate the therapeutic potential of PPARγ ligands for multiple myeloma. The human multiple myeloma cell lines ANBL6 and 8226 express PPARγ mRNA and protein. The PPARγ ligands, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and ciglitazone, induced multiple myeloma cell apoptosis as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase activation. Importantly, the ability of PPARγ ligands to kill both multiple myeloma cell lines was not abrogated by Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multiple myeloma growth survival factor. Finally, the RXR ligand 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis RA) in combination with PPARγ ligands greatly enhanced multiple myeloma cell killing. These new findings support that PPARγ ligands may represent a novel therapy for multiple myeloma.
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: HELP OR HINDRANCE?

Scientists routinely employ metatheoretic principles, explicit discussion of which typically occurs in times of intense controversy, theoretical crisis, scientific revolution, and entry into a new domain. The writings of philosophers, including their disagreements, are often helpful in such circumstances. Whether knowledge of formal metatheory helps us in doing “normal science” is researchable. Much scientific thinking is of poor quality, and it could be improved by explicit metatheoretical education. Clinical practice and training programs should emphasize rational skepticism, respect for evidence, objectivity, and quantitative thinking. Because the relation between principles and success is probabilistic, metatheoretical research should implement the case study method by formal actuarial procedures.
Review: insufficient evidence exists on the benefit of vitamin D in patients with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis.

Source Citation Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Craig JC, et al. Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD008175. 19821446
Reduction of T2* dephasing in gradient field-echo imaging

Fast gradient field-echo imaging is becoming more common in morphologic studies but is not as widespread as might be hoped because of its susceptibility to local field inhomogeneities that lead to spin dephasing (reducing T2 to T2*) and geometric distortion (frequency misregistration). These problems are manifested in both the in-plane and section-select directions. The authors show that reversal of many of these adverse effects is possible through the acquisition of the gradient field echo in a three- and four-dimensional mode for a fixed echo time (TE), since phase-encoding leads to the capture of the echo within the sampling window. This echo centering is shown to be equivalent to the reduction of dephasing across a pixel. Improvements are also obtained by reducing TE to as short a value as possible.
Knock-out mice reveal tissue-specific roles of P2Y receptor subtypes in different epithelia.

ATP, UTP, and their corresponding disphosphates function as intercellular signaling molecules when released to, or generated within, extracellular compartments. Genes encoding eight G protein-coupled P2Y nucleotide receptor subtypes ([von Kugelgen and Wetter, 2000][1]), seven ionotropic P2X
A subdirectly irreducible band accepting a = a

Subdirectly irreducible bands which generate all proper subvarieties of bands (idempotent semigroups) were exhibited in [7]. In this paper a very general construction is presented which can be used to produce subdirectly irreducible bands which generate the variety of bands.
An evaluation of the network simulators in large-scale distributed simulations

Networks for the smart grids are characterized by millions of sensor nodes exchanging information about the status of the grid. This information exchange must be realized reliably and efficiently due to the mission critical nature of the power grid. Hence, the applications and the network protocols developed for the smart grid need go through rigorous testing and analysis before deployment. Developers usually do not have access to such a large-scale network that can be used as a controlled test-bed; therefore, network simulation becomes an essential tool for testing.Network simulation is a well studied problem in the literature and there are various widely used network simulators. These simulators can be adopted for testing applications and protocols of the smart grid. Due to the scale of these networks, parallel/distributed simulations need to be conducted. Even though most network simulators support distributed simulations, generating a large-scale network model to simulate can still be a cumbersome task. In this survey, we describe a selection of commonly used network simulators and evaluate them with respect to the following features that can aid users in distributed simulations of large-scale networks: transparency of setting up distributed simulation, automated topology generation, information hiding, lightweight routing protocols, network error simulation, evaluation of the network model during simulation and trace analysis tools. As a complementary result, we identify two issues with network simulators that can be addressed with runtime steering methods.
Reoxygenating microvascular endothelium exhibits temporal dissociation of NF-κB and AP-1 activation

Abstract Alterations of cellular redox balance in microvascular endothelium results in changes of essential cell functions. These alterations may arise, in part, due to modifications in the pattern of gene expression produced by transcription factor activation. Endothelium subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation becomes redox imbalanced, thereby leading to activation and perhaps production of a proinflammatory state. A human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) was exposed to 6 h of hypoxia (3% O2) followed by return to normoxia atmospheric conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (dichlorofluoroscein epifluorescence) was immediate and significant following reoxygenation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed activation of the oxidant sensitive transcription factors NFκB and AP-1, though importantly, peak activation of each factor was separated temporally by greater than 60 min. NFκB activation occurred without degradation of the inhibitory protein IκBα. Reoxygenating HMEC-1 exhibited a greater than 500-fold increase in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) adhesion when compared to normoxic controls. Exposure of reoxygenating HMEC-1 to the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate produced complete abrogation of NFκB activation and the intensive PMN adhesion observed in untreated, posthypoxic HMEC-1. Though rexoygenation stress induced significant upregulation of PMN adhesion, no upregulation of interleukin-8 production was observed. Our results suggest that ROS generation occurring in endothelium following onset of reoxygenation stress signals activation of key transcription factors and that their activation takes place in a temporal fashion. The temporal feature of transcription factor activation may be key to production of a postischemic proinflammatory state.
Prognostic factors predicting control of chronic asthma symptoms in children receiving prophylactic bronchodilator therapy.

Abstract The factors predicting the control of asthma symptoms were studied in 312 consecutive children with chronic asthma who were receiving chronic prophylactic bronchodilator therapy. Asthma symptoms were controlled in 232 (74.4%) patients but not in 80 (25.6%) patients after 18 months of therapy. The cumulative percentage of patients in whom asthma symptoms were controlled increased with the duration of therapy. During the first 6 months of therapy, children who had a history of exacerbation of symptoms by fear stimulus or by dust had respectively an 83.3% ( p = 0.0001) and a 35.4% ( p = 0.003) lower rate of control of asthma symptoms than children without such a history. Similarly, children wiht a history of worsening asthma symptoms following ingestion of cold foods or drinks had a 71.4% ( p = 0.002) lower rate of control of asthma symptoms after 6–12 months of therapy than children without such a history. Certain factors are important for predicting control of asthma symptoms at different times following the initiation of therapy and may relate to the lability of the airways to these stimuli.
Cloning and characterization of human and mouse homologs of the Drosophila calcium-activated potassium channel gene, slowpoke

Potassium channels play important roles in a wide variety of physiological processes. Although several genes encoding voltage-activated potassium channels have been analyzed at the molecular level, no calcium-activated potassium channel gene has yet been characterized in humans. In an effort to provide the foundation for functional analysis of such polypeptides we report the cloning of mouse and human homologs of the Drosophila melanogaster calcium-activated potassium channel gene, slowpoke. Both the human and mouse genes encode polypeptides that have more than 50% amino acid identifies with their Drosophila counterpart. In addition, like the Drosophila slowpoke gene, both the mouse and human genes generate multiple transcripts by alternative splicing. The human gene maps to chromosome 10 based on the results of polymerase chain reaction analysis of genomic DNA from human-hamster hybrid cell lines. Because calcium-activated potassium channels participate in wide variety of cellular functions including neuromuscular communication, secretion and cellular immunity, their continued analysis promises to have broad biological and medical significance.
ON THE POSITIONAL ENHANCEMENT OF DIGITAL CADASTRAL MAPS

AbstractIn recent years, there is a renewed interest in the development and enhancement of legal digital cadastral databases. These databases usually are derived from paper parcel maps by manual or automatic conversion processes. Nevertheless, the converted cadastral data should be further processed to minimize inherent errors in the data conversion procedure, to resolve inaccuracies in the original parcel maps, and to fit them to the new GPS-based coordinate system with high precision. This paper describes a workflow of steps used to enhance and improve the spatial accuracy of digital cadastral maps. Every step in this workflow is analyzed and various problems are uniquely addressed. First, the problem of determining the correct coordinate transformation model is investigated using the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). Second, the problem of modifying boundary corners to fit existing ground features is solved by using a unique rubber sheeting procedure that takes into account linear features. Last, a...
Isolation of measles virus from brain cell cultures of two patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

SummaryMeasles virus was isolated from brain cell tissue cultures derived from two SSPE patients. These cultures proved to contain intracellular measles antigen which was not released in the fluid phase. Infectious, complete virus was obtained when mixed cultures containing the brain cells and HeLa cells were prepared. It appears that SSPE is due to suppressed measles virus infection. Once “rescued” through the mixed culture technique, the virus recovered from SSPE patients proved indistinguishable from measles virus.Note added in proof: At the time of galley review of this paper, confirmation of our previous isolation of complete infectious measles virus was reported by Payne, F. E., Baublis, J. V. and Itabashi, H. H. (Isolation of Measles Virus from Cell Cultures of Brain from a Patient with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, New England Journal of Medicine 281, 585, 1969). These authors used the mixed culture technique which we reported for this purpose (Horta-Barbosa, L., Fuccillo, D. A., Sever, J. ...
A comparative study of the properties of rat and human

Abstract 1. 1. There are four hexosaminidase isozymes in rat serum. One is thermostable and the remaining three are thermolabile. Human serum contains three isozymes; two are thermostable and one is thermolabile. In general, the hexosaminidase isozymes in rat serum are more thermolabile than those in human serum. In contrast, the kinetic properties of the hexosaminidase isozymes in serum from the two species are similar. 2. 2. Rat liver and human placenta contain two hexosaminidase isozymes one of which is thermolabile and the other thermostable. These tissue isozymes from the two species have similar physical and kinetic properties.
Frostbite: experimental and clinical evaluations of treatment

Based on experimental and clinical data, this review emphasizes the need for proper treatment of frostbite injuries. Experimentally employed anti-eicosanoid therapy in the modified Weatherly White model enhanced tissue survival, as each agent's inhibitory properties became more specific, when compared to controls. Topical methylprednisolone had a 17.5% tissue survival, while aspirin, Aloe vera cream and methimazole had 22.5%, 28.2% and 34.3% survival, respectively (p
Influence of integrator parameters on estimates calculated with the statistical model of overlap

The effect of the slope and area thresholds of a digital integrator on the calculation of component numbers with the statistical model of overlap (SMO) is critiqued. As these thresholds increase, the numbers of maxima recognized by the integrator and components calculated with the SMO both decrease. With modest changes in threshold, the maxima and component numbers decrease proportionally, such that their ratio remains constant. For larger changes in threshold, the number of components usually decreases more rapidly than the number of maxima. Computer simulations are developed that confirm the general trend of these observations. The implications of these variations are discussed.
Psychiatric patients and families: Moving from a catastrophic event to long-term coping

The families of psychiatric patients struggle throughout their member's illness with the change it brings and their own feelings about the illness. In the past, families were blamed for many of the problems that mentally ill people experienced, and although this perception of fault has changed, families still experience a catastrophic event when mental illness occurs. Coping will vary among families, and all experience grief as a result of their losses. Psychiatric home care can help families learn new and adaptive coping skills. Careful family assessment can be an important part of the patient's treatment, forming a partnership to reintegrate the ill person into the family and home.
Scattering matrix theory for stochastic scalar fields

We consider scattering of stochastic scalar fields on deterministic as well as on random media, occupying a finite domain. The scattering is characterized by a generalized scattering matrix which transforms the angular correlation function of the incident field into the angular correlation function of the scattered field. Within the accuracy of the first Born approximation this matrix can be expressed in a simple manner in terms of the scattering potential of the scatterer. Apart from determining the angular distribution of the spectral intensity of the scattered field, the scattering matrix makes it possible also to determine the changes in the state of coherence of the field produced on scattering.
Pseudomonas pelvic osteomyelitis in a healthy child

Pediatric pelvic osteomyelitis is a rare entity. The diagnosis is frequently delayed due to difficulty in confirming the diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of Pseudomonas pelvic osteomyelitis in a previously healthy adolescent boy. The diagnosis was made radiographically and confirmed by culture. The patient was treated with Levofloxacin and Gentamicin resulting in a complete recovery.
Energy density and rate limitations in structural composite supercapacitors

The weight and volume of conventional energy storage technologies greatly limits their performance in mobile platforms. Traditional research efforts target improvements in energy density to reduce device size and mass. Enabling a device to perform additional functions, such as bearing mechanical load, is an alternative approach as long as the total mass efficiency exceeds that of the individual materials it replaces. Our research focuses on structural composites that function as batteries and supercapacitors. These multifunctional devices could be used to replace conventional structural components, such as vehicle frame elements, to provide significant system-level weight reductions and extend mission times. Our approach is to design structural properties directly into the electrolyte and electrode materials. Solid polymer electrolyte materials bind the system and transfer load to the fibers while conducting ions between the electrodes. Carbon fiber electrodes provide a route towards optimizing both energy storage and load-bearing capabilities, and may also obviate the need for a separate current collector. The components are being integrated using scalable, cost-effective composite processing techniques that are amenable to complex part shapes. Practical considerations of energy density and rate behavior are described here as they relate to materials used. Our results highlight the viability as well as the challenges of this multifunctional approach towards energy storage.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICIUM BETWEEN LIQUID PLUTONIUM AND A FUSED SALT. EVIDENCE FOR DIVALENT AMERICIUM.

The distribution of Am between liquid Pu metal and a fused salt of NaClKCl containing PuCl3 has been studied at 698, 730 and 775°C over a PuCl3 mole fraction range of 6 × 10−3 to 2 × 10−2. The distribution data are consistent with the following equation From the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant, a value of −3.5 kcal is estimated for ΔH° for the above reaction.
Phosphoproteins localized to presynaptic terminal linked to persistence of long-term potentiation (LTP): quantitative analysis of two-dimensional gels

Previous findings suggest: (1) that altering protein kinase C (PKC) activity alters the persistence of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the intact hippocampal formation; and (2) that PKC activity is directly correlated with persistence of LTP in vivo as measured by the in vitro phosphorylation of two major PKC substrates in adult hippocampus, protein F1 and 80k. Using quantitative analysis of two-dimensional gels, we report here two additional phosphoproteins of 72 and 55 kDa which were directly correlated to persistence of LTP induced in the intact dorsal hippocampal formation. The phosphorylation of both proteins in response to addition of different kinase stimulators was distinct from that of protein F1 and 80k. Moreover, neither protein was a substrate for exogenous PKC. The physicochemical properties of these phosphoproteins suggest they are identical to the previously described synaptic vesicle proteins IIIa and IIIb, and as such are immunologically indistinguishable. Because proteins IIIa and IIIb are known to be phosphorylated by a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-stimulated kinase, and protein F1 is known to be a plasma membrane-associated protein (P-57) which releases bound CaM in response to phosphorylation by PKC, the present findings suggest a potential mechanism in which PKC-mediated changes in plasma membrane proteins produce CaM kinase-mediated changes in synaptic vesicle proteins through a phosphorylation cascade. These membrane/vesicle alterations are postulated to underlie the increased synaptic efficacy which marks persistent LTP.
Effects of carbohydrates on satiety: differences between liquid and solid food.

Purpose of reviewTo examine the satiety effect of carbohydrates with a focus on the comparison of liquid and solid food and their implications for energy balance and weight management.Recent findingsA number of studies have examined the role of dietary fiber, whole grains, and glycemic index or glyc
Deceiver's Distrust: Denigration as a Consequence of Undiscovered Deception

Although psychologists have long recognized the havoc that a discovered lie can wreak on a relationship, this study indicates that even an undiscovered deception can bring about negative consequences. An experiment explored one such consequence by examining the hypothesis that in a dyadic relationship, if one partner lies to the other, the liar will begin to perceive the recipient as less honest. Participants who were induced to lie to a partner in a believable and, in some conditions, damaging manner then rated the partner on a variety of traits, including honesty. The results indicated a significant reduction in perceived honesty of the recipient of the lie, particularly by participants who told damaging lies. An exploration into the underlying mechanisms of the effect suggested that deceiver's distrust operates through affective means, with the liars justifying their actions in a self-protection motivated version of the false consensus effect.
A New Mindset for Restructuring Schools

The suggestions this writer offers are designed to help the principal develop a supportive climate for inquiry and change.
An Electromagnetically-Actuated All-PDMS Valveless Micropump for Drug Delivery

This paper presents the fabrication process of a single-chamber planar valveless micropump driven by an external electromagnetic actuator. This micropump features a pair of micro diffuser and nozzle elements used to rectify the fluid flow, and an elastic magnetic membrane used to regulate the pressure in the enclosed fluid chamber. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as the main construction material of this proposed micropump, including the structural substrate and the planar actuation membrane embedded with a thin micro magnet. Both the Finite Element Method and experimental analysis are used to assess the PDMS-membrane actuation under the applied electromagnetic forces and characterize the pump performance at variable working conditions. The resonant frequency of this micropump is identified experimentally and de-ionized (DI) water is loaded to account for the coupling effects of the working fluid. The experimental data was used to demonstrate the reliability of flow rates and how it can be controlled by consistently adjusting the driving frequencies and currents. The proposed micropump is capable of delivering a maximum flow rate of 319.6 μL/min and a maximum hydrostatic backpressure of 950 Pa (9.5 cm H2O). The planar design feature of the pump allows for potential integration of the pump with other PDMS-based microfluidic systems for biomedical applications.
The Interaction between NO and CO on Rh-Loaded CeOx(111)

Abstract We have used SXPS and TPD to probe the interactions between CO and NO on ceria-supported Rh model catalysts (Rh/CeO x ). On a highly reduced ceria substrate the only desorption products were CO and N 2 . No NO or CO 2 were observed, as have been seen on Rh single-crystal surfaces. The desorption profiles of the CO and N 2 were much different than the desorption spectra from CO or NO adsorbed alone, suggesting a strong interaction between the CO and NO. C 1 s , N 1 s , and O 1 s photoemission spectra were recorded to determine the surface intermediates. There is little interaction between the CO and NO below 400 K. Near 400 K the CO reacts with atomic N from dissociated NO to form OCN. The isocyanate dissociates near 600 K, producing desorbed CO and carbon–nitrogen species, C X N Y , on the surface. The C X N Y decomposes above 700 K to produce CO and N 2 . The reduced ceria substrate introduces several reaction paths that help promote reactions not ordinarily observed on pure Rh. The reduced ceria removes O from the Rh. This inhibits the formation of CO 2 and promotes OCN formation. The reduced ceria also promotes the dissociation of CO. After dissociation, the O is removed by the ceria and the atomic C and N react, forming C X N Y .
Effects of Mitomycin C on Macromolecular Synthesis in Escherichia coli

Abstract When cells of Escherichia coli B growing in a glucose-synthetic medium were treated with mitomycin C, the effects produced by the antibiotic varied, depending on the concentration. When the concentration was reduced to less than 0.1 μg/ml, the action of the antibiotic was bacteriostatic; cell elongation resulted, but no effect on the synthesis of cellular macromolecules was apparent. At higher levels (more than 5 μg/ml), mitomycin C was highly bactericidal and inhibited deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis almost completely. The exposure of growing cells to a bactericidal level of mitomycin C resulted also in a delayed inhibition of the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. The capacity of the treated cells to synthesize β-galactosidase inducibly in a medium free from a carbon source remained constant for the first 30 min and then was destroyed progressively with time. Prolonged incubation with the bactericidal level of mitomycin C caused a degradation of cellular nucleic acids, particularly RNA. The degraded nucleic acid components were eventually released into the medium.
Unusual Thermal Stability of Soybean Peroxidase

Soybean peroxidase (SBP) has an extremely high melting temperature of 90.5 °C at pH 8.0 in the presence of 1 mM CaCl 2 . The enzyme is substantially more thermostable than the peroxidases from horseradish (HRP) and Coprinus cinereus (CIP). SBP denaturation does not precisely fit the two-state denaturation model due to the formation of the apoenzyme upon initial melting. A pseudo-two-state denaturation can be assumed, however, and this gives rise to apparent kinetics for irreversible inactivation. The apparent kinetics indicate that irreversible deactivation is comprised primarily of enthalpic contributions, with ΔH ? deact = 22.4 kcal/mol and TΔS ? deact = 0.2 kcal/mol at 95 °C. Heme transfer studies from the peroxidases to apomyoglobin indicate that SBP holds onto its heme much more tightly than does HRP, and this is consistent with a thermodynamically more stable enzyme.
Sparse deep belief net model for visual area V2

Motivated in part by the hierarchical organization of the cortex, a number of algorithms have recently been proposed that try to learn hierarchical, or "deep," structure from unlabeled data. While several authors have formally or informally compared their algorithms to computations performed in visual area V1 (and the cochlea), little attempt has been made thus far to evaluate these algorithms in terms of their fidelity for mimicking computations at deeper levels in the cortical hierarchy. This paper presents an unsupervised learning model that faithfully mimics certain properties of visual area V2. Specifically, we develop a sparse variant of the deep belief networks of Hinton et al. (2006). We learn two layers of nodes in the network, and demonstrate that the first layer, similar to prior work on sparse coding and ICA, results in localized, oriented, edge filters, similar to the Gabor functions known to model V1 cell receptive fields. Further, the second layer in our model encodes correlations of the first layer responses in the data. Specifically, it picks up both colinear ("contour") features as well as corners and junctions. More interestingly, in a quantitative comparison, the encoding of these more complex "corner" features matches well with the results from the Ito & Komatsu's study of biological V2 responses. This suggests that our sparse variant of deep belief networks holds promise for modeling more higher-order features.
A quality control program for MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation therapy

In this study, we propose a quality control program for MR-guided focused ultrasound (FUS) ablation treatment to assess FUS beam positioning accuracy, FUS power delivery accuracy, MR imaging quality, and FUS ablation system safety. A total of 353 sonication points in Lucite cards were measured, the average placement errors were 0.06 mm in the SI direction and 0.04 mm in the LR direction. Temperature elevation was calculated from MR phase difference images and the measured water proton chemical shift (WPCS) temperature coefficient. WPCS temperature calibration for phantoms yielded a temperature coefficient of 0.011 ppm/C. Sixteen experiments were conducted using six different phantoms to test the reliability of FUS power delivery. SNR and RF power calculated from phantom images were analyzed and stored at the MR console. A computer program was developed to integrate the system power delivery and the MR image quality control into one automated process. In the clinical trial at our institution, we expect this quality control program to be carried out before each patient treatment. If measured quality control values exceeds or below the preset values, a system service and retest should be conducted before the treatment. 2002 American College of Medical Physics.
An Approach to the Study of Income, Utility, and Horizontal Equity

I. Introduction, 307.—II. Utility functions and differences in tastes, 308.—III. Measuring horizontal equity, 313.—IV. Qualifications, 318.
UAV Swarm Mission Planning and Routing using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms

The purpose of this research is to design and implement a comprehensive mission planning system for swarms of autonomous aerial vehicles (UAV). The system integrates several problem domains including path planning, vehicle routing, and swarm behavior as based upon a hierarchical architecture. The developed system consists of a parallel, multi-objective evolutionary algorithm-based terrain-following parallel path planner and an evolutionary algorithm-based vehicle router. Objectives include minimizing cost and risk generally associated with a three dimensional vehicle routing problem (VRP). The culmination of this effort is the development of an extensible developmental path planning model integrated with swarm behavior and tested with a parallel UAV simulation. Discussions on the system's capabilities are presented along with recommendations for further development.
Novel low-complexity DS-CDMA multiuser detector based on ant colony optimization

We present a novel multiuser detection (MUD) technique, based on ant colony optimization (ACO), for synchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. ACO algorithms are based on the cooperative foraging strategy of real ants. While an optimal MUD design using an exhaustive search method is prohibitively complex, we show that the ACO based MUD converges to the optimal BER performance in relatively few iterations, providing 9.5% saving in computational complexity.
Variable Impact of Diverse Insect Herbivores on Dimorphic Datura wrightii

Traits that confer plant resistance to some herbivore species but increase plant susceptibility to other herbivore species are said to carry an ''ecological cost'' of herbivore resistance. The native perennial, Datura wrightii, is dimorphic for leaf trichome type, and the production of glandular trichomes carries a potential ecological cost over the production of nonglandular trichomes. Glandular trichomes provide resistance to at least six herbivore species, but they also confer susceptibility to Tupiocoris notatus, an abundant mirid bug with special adaptations to glandular trichomes. We estimated herbivore-specific damage to plants of each trichome type and measured plant seed production, a component of fitness, in a common garden over three years. Plant seed production increased with the size and persistence of leaf canopies and occasionally declined with increasing damage caused by some of the defoliating insects. Plant seed production was never reduced by T. notatus damage, however. Even though the ecological cost of glandular trichome production was not apparent in D. wrightii, the trait still was not beneficial. The fitness of plants with glandular trichomes never exceeded that of plants with nonglandular trichomes despite variation in both the composition of the herbivore community and the total level of damage inflicted by herbivores over three years of study. The persistence of the allele coding for glandular trichomes cannot be explained solely on the basis of the herbivore resistance that those trichomes provide.
Identification of neurotransmitters by selective protection of postjunctional receptors

The neurotransmitter responsible for relaxation of gastric smooth muscle was identified by a technique involving the use of selective ligands to protect postjunctional receptors combined with inactivation of all other receptors with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Relaxation in response to field stimulation (80 V, 1 ms, 0.5-8 Hz) and to maximally effective concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 1 microM), ATP (1 mM), isoproterenol (1 mM), dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP; 1 mM), and forskolin (1 microM) was measured in muscle strips from guinea pig gastric fundus before and after treatment with NEM (5 microM) for 1 h. Protection of VIP receptors with VIP or the VIP antagonist VIP10-28 fully protected relaxation induced by VIP and by field stimulation, but did not protect relaxation induced by ATP or isoproterenol. Protection of ATP receptors with ATP protected only the response to ATP, but did not protect the response to field stimulation, VIP, or isoproterenol. Relaxation induced by either forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP was not altered by treatment with NEM alone or in the presence of protective ligands, indicating that at the concentrations used NEM inactivated membrane receptors without affecting intracellular relaxation mechanisms. These studies indicate that VIP but not ATP is the neurotransmitter responsible for neurally induced relaxation in the gastric fundus.
Interactive Visualization and Analysis of Network and Sensor Data on Mobile Devices

Mobile devices are rapidly gaining popularity due to their small size and their wide range of functionality. With the constant improvement in wireless network access, they are an attractive option not only for day to day use, but also for in-field analytics by first responders in wide spread areas. However, their limited processing, display, graphics and power resources pose a major challenge in developing effective applications. Nevertheless, they are vital for rapid decision making in emergencies when combined with appropriate analysis tools. In this paper, we present an efficient, interactive visual analytic system using a PDA to visualize network information from Purdue's Ross-Ade Stadium during football games as an example of in-field data analytics combined with text and video analysis. With our system, we can monitor the distribution of attendees with mobile devices throughout the stadium through their access of information and association/disassociation from wireless access points, enabling the detection of crowd movement and event activity. Through correlative visualization and analysis of synchronized video (instant replay video) and text information (play statistics) with the network activity, we can provide insightful information to network monitoring personnel, safety personnel and analysts. This work provides a demonstration and testbed for mobile sensor analytics that will help to improve network performance and provide safety personnel with information for better emergency planning and guidance.
The Significance of Adolescents’ Relationships with Significant Others and School Failure

This article demonstrates the importance of social support from students’ significant others (parents, peers and teachers) in the process of doing well at school. The main focus of the research pro...
Gravitational coupling of negative matter

The relevance of the sign of mass in general relativity is examined by analysing a simple model universe in which Dirac matter distributes uniformly. Mass reversal, converting a source of positive matter into one of negative matter, gives rise to a concomitant change in sign of the gravitational coupling. The principle of equivalence is invoked in order to generalize the result to all negative-matter sources. The admissibility of a Dirac source in general relativity implies that the sign of mass is irrelevant in gravitational interactions.
Protein Kinase C θ Plays a Fundamental Role in Different Types of Chronic Colitis

Background & Aims: Dysregulated host/microbial interactions induce the development of colitis by activating deleterious acquired immune responses. Activation of CD4 + T cells is mainly induced through signaling machinery associated with immunologic synapse (IS). A key molecule associated with the IS is protein kinase C (PKC) θ. However, the role of PKCθ in the pathogenesis of colitis has not fully been defined. Methods: The role of PKCθ for the acquired-immune responses involved in the development of different types of colitis (CD45RB model, T-cell receptor [TCR] α knockout [KO] mice and interleukin [IL]-2KO mice) was examined by generating double KO mice and by utilizing cell transfer approaches. Results: Adoptive transfer of PKCθ-deficient naive CD4 + T cells failed to induce T helper cell (Th) 1-mediated colitis in the immune-deficient host (CD45RB model). Development of Th2-mediated colitis in TCRαKO mice was also inhibited by the absence of PKCθ. In IL-2KO mice, which develop colitis because of dysregulated T-cell homeostasis, deficiency of PKCθ in CD4 + T cells failed to induce the development of severe colitis. Interestingly, absence of PKCθ led to a remarkable decrease in the proliferation, but not apoptosis, of colonic memory CD4 + T cells. This impaired proliferation resulted in a marked decrease in the colonic CD4 + T cells that are capable of producing IL-17. In addition, deficiency of PKCθ inhibited the production of Th2 cytokines by colonic CD4 + T cells. Conclusions: PKCθ serves as a common and fundamental signaling molecule in the development of different types of colitis and may represent an attractive target for treating inflammatory bowel disease.
WELL-POSEDNESS ISSUES CONCERNING A MAGNETOSTRICTIVE ACTUATOR MODEL

Modeling issues concerning magnetostrictive actuators for structural systems are considered. Such actuators utilize the realignment of magnetic moments in response to applied magnetic fields to generate strains in the material. Strains and forces generated in this manner are significantly larger than those produced by many other smart materials but also exhibit significant nonlinearities and hysteresis. An energy-based model is employed here to characterize the inherent hysteresis and nonlinearities in a manner amenable to structural applications. Well-posedness issues are considered in the context of Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models. This provides a framework which can be directly extended to more complex structures and is adequate for ensuing control applications.
Abstract 1356: Chemotherapy and agonistic CD40 cooperate to regress pancreatic adenocarcinoma independently of TLR4 and MyD88

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive and lethal disease, with current standards of care extending overall survival by only a few months, as observed with the combination of nab-paclitaxel (nP) and gemcitabine (Gem). As such, efforts have begun to focus on the prospect of immune therapy has a new paradigm for patients in PDA. Given the potential synergy between chemotherapy and immune stimulation to create an anti-tumor vaccine, we hypothesized that agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibody with combined Gem/nP chemotherapy can activate the immune response and reverse immunosuppression in the PDA microenvironment. Using the KrasG12D+/-;Trp53R172H+/-;Pdx-1 Cre (KPC) genetically engineered mouse model of PDA, we found that 37.5% of mice treated with Gem/nP/CD40 therapy had tumor regressions or stable disease, compared to only 9% of mice receiving Gem/nP without CD40 (p Citation Format: Katelyn T. Byrne, Robert H. Vonderheide. Chemotherapy and agonistic CD40 cooperate to regress pancreatic adenocarcinoma independently of TLR4 and MyD88. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1356. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1356
Islamic Perspectives on Democracy

On Islam and democracy, the controversy lies with the concept of sovereignty. Under liberal democracy, sovereignty is derived from the people; while in Islam God has the ultimate sovereignty. Muslim scholars have conflicting views on this topic. Conservatives like Sayyid Qutb believed that democracy is a Western institution which is inconsistent with Islam for it transgresses the absolute sovereignty of God. Seeing democracy as a Western concept with secular character led conservative Islamist thinkers to reject the idea of adopting a democratic system under an Islamic state. Those supporting a moderate view on the discourse like Yusuf al-Qaradawi argue that democracy allows Muslims to rule themselves according to their own beliefs and values in countries where they are majorities. In this essay, al-Qaradawi’s thoughts on Islam and democracy are explored to see whether democracy as a system of governance can contribute toward attaining the values of an Islamic social and political order.