cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitation of iron, manganese, zinc, and copper on clean, ceramic surfaces in a stream draining a polymetallic sulfide deposit

Abstract Acid-cleaned ceramic plates placed upstream and downstream from a Cu-Zn-Pb sulfide deposit (Magruder mine) developed a precipitate of Fe-Mn oxides in a 36-day period. Copper and Zn concentrations on the coated surface, normalized to surface area and ratios with Fe and/or Mn, are distinctly anomalous for a distance of 2 km downstream from the mine. The major source of metals in the coatings is interpreted to be groundwater percolating into the stream bed. Anomalous concentrations of Cu and Zn in groundwater from the Magruder mine area, due to oxidation of sulfide minerals, probably accounts for the anomaly identified on the ceramic plates.
Computational simulation of explosively generated pulsed power devices

Summary form only given. Technology and size constraints have limited the development of the end game mechanisms of today's modern military weapons. A smaller, more efficient means of powering these devices is needed, and explosive pulsed power devices could be that answer. Potential advancement opportunities exist with the growing field of research that surrounds explosive pulsed power devices. While most of the research to date has been in the experimental field, if these devices are going to be a viable option for use in future weapon development, there is a genuine need for more theory-based research and an accurate computer modeling capability. One of the programs that has done much experimental work with ferroelectric generators (FEG) is the US Army at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. The objective of this research was to use the Redstone experimental data collected from an FEG of their own design in combination with the ALEGRA-EMMA code, a hydrodynamic code developed by Sandia National Laboratories, to develop a computer model that can accurately represent an FEG and that can be verified against existing experimental data and eventually used to predict future experiments. Three experimental scenarios were used from the existing collected data: an FEG wired into an open circuit, an FEG wired into an 8-blasting cap circuit, and an FEG wired into a 64-blasting cap circuit. The three areas of this research that had to be explored simultaneously were developing an accurate model for the ferroelectric material, developing an accurate model to represent the external circuit load, and recreating the Redstone FEG design in the ALEGRA computer environment. Once these three aspects were covered and the overall model was developed, the individual cases for each scenario were run in the simulation model. The simulation results were compared to the respective experimental data, both current and voltage, and the model was evaluated. While the ALEGRA code is not capable of simulating the breakdown phenomenon seen in the open circuit cases, the model can accurately reproduce the peak values for the current but has problems reproducing the peak values for the voltage for both the 8-blasting cap and 64-blasting cap scenarios. The model also fairly accurately reproduces the general shape of the current and voltage data in both scenarios as well, though the time scale of the simulation reaction is slightly shortened from the time scale seen in the experimental data. Overall, the developed model provides a good baseline simulation capability that can be used as a springboard for future development with further research.
BIRTH ORDER AND RELIGIOSITY

The relationship between birth order and religiosity was studied using specific questions concerning birth order, sex, and frequency of church attendance. Subjects were 68 male and 69 female college students at a small, southern, private, church college. Due to high need affiliation, dependency, and conformity noted in firstborns, it was hypothesized that they would be more religious than laterborn individuals but results did not support the hypothesis statistically (P > .05). The homogeneity of the students was a critical factor.
Facilitating Literacy Using Experience Books: A Case Study of Two Children With Hearing Loss

Children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) are particularly vulnerable for later reading problems. This article describes the use of experience books, associated with the Language Experience Approach (LEA), as a motivating and linguistically appropriate literacy tool for young children who are DHH. The authors explain how remediation strategies enhance early literacy interactions with children who are DHH and demonstrate how experience books can be used in a way that mitigates potential weaknesses of LEA. A case study is presented that demonstrates how experience books provided opportunities for implicit and explicit language and literacy teaching and learning in one family with children who are DHH.
Voluntary imitative convulsive attacks observed in a convulsive clinic.

Summary In the two cases presented, there is definite evidence of true convulsive state of the petit mal type and, in addition, voluntary attacks representing emotional complications. In both cases, the necessity for voluntary attacks has disappeared, as both patients and parents have accepted their own and the other individual's rights and feelings. Dawley8 has clearly demonstrated the interrelated movement that exists between parent and child in therapy. In the endeavor to practice good medicine, it is necessary and worth while to strive for the optimum in therapy. This goal calls for consideration of the psychologic as well as neurophysiologic aspects of the problem. In pediatrics this not only involves the patient, but also his family.
Conformation of monomers and dimers of 2,3-trans and 2,3-cisflavan-3-ols with differing hydroxylation patterns in the B-ring

Abstract A conformational analysis of derivatives of 2,3- trans and 2,3-cisflavan-3-ols with different numbers of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the B-ring (the aromatic substituent at C(2)) has been performed using the MM2 algorithm. The equatorial-axial equilibrium (defined by the orientation of the B-ring) of the heterocyclic ring is nearly independent of the oxidation pattern in the 2,3- trans derivatives. The axial conformation becomes more competitive with the equatorial conformation upon increasing oxidation of the B-ring in the 2,3- cis series that includes (−)-epicatechin. Detailed analysis has been performed of the C(4)–C(6) and C(4)–C(8) linked prodelphinidin dimers (trihydroxy phenyl substituents at C(2)) in both axial and equatorial orientations with respect to the fused ring system. In dimers, the conformation of the heterocyclic ring and the value of the linkage torsion are not very sensitive to the oxidation pattern of the B-ring, indicating that the unperturbed dimensions of the polymers are probably not sensitive to the oxidation pattern of the aryl substituent.
Mississippi Public Health Nurses and Midwives: A Partnership That Worked

At the turn of the century maternal and infant mortality rates were high in this southern state. Untrained midwives conducted many of the deliveries. Initial support for locating and training midwives by public health nurses was provided by the American Red Cross and the United States Public Health Services. Later, funding from a philanthropic organization (Rockefeller International Foundation) provided a mechanism that brought Mississippi public health nurses and midwives to a partnership that endured for over a half a century, and contributed to better maternal-infant health care outcomes for that state.
Synthesis of highly branched perfluoroethers by direct fluorination, promising new materials based on the hexafluoroacetone–ethylene copolymer

Direct fluorination of the hexafluoroacetone-ethylene copolymer, [CH2CH2OC(CF3)2]n, under conditions designed to promote fragmentation of the polymer chain has led to the synthesis of a number of structurally unusual branched perfluoropolyethers [CF2CF2O-C(CF3)2]n. These new perfluoropolyethers have been characterized by 19F-NMR, and their physical properties are reported. Direct fluorination under milder conditions yields a high-molecular-weight perfluoropolyether.
Condensation of carbon in radioactive supernova gas

Chemistry resulting in the formation of large carbon-bearing molecules and dust in the interior of an expanding supernova was explored, and the equations governing their abundances were solved numerically. Carbon dust condenses from initially gaseous carbon and oxygen atoms because energetic electrons produced by radioactivity in the supernova cause dissociation of the carbon monoxide molecules, which would otherwise form and limit the supply of carbon atoms. The resulting free carbon atoms enable carbon dust to grow faster by carbon association than the rate at which the dust can be destroyed by oxidation. The origin of presolar micrometer-sized carbon solids that are found in meteorites is thereby altered.
The Effect of Viscosity and Filler on Electrospun Fiber Morphology

Abstract Electrospinning is a simple technique to create nanometer‐scale polymer fibers by application of a large static voltage to a viscous polymer solution, or spin‐dope. At polymer concentrations higher than the critical concentration, above which polymer entanglement can occur, it was found polymer fibers could be electrospun, provided the spin‐dope solution was sufficiently viscous. The requisite viscosity could be obtained by increased polymer concentration or by inclusion of insoluble filler, titanium dioxide in this case. Electrospun fibers of polyethylene oxide (PEO) were successfully fabricated that consisted of as little as 25 wt.% polymer. The remainder of the fiber weight consisted of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles that could not be electrospun alone. We demonstrate that it is possible to create a high‐surface area structure of a material that cannot be electrospun by the inclusion of a small amount of polymer.
On the Universal Scaling Behavior of the Distance Decay of Plasmon Coupling in Metal Nanoparticle Pairs: A Plasmon Ruler Equation

Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) in lithographically fabricated gold (Au) nanodisc pairs are investigated using microabsorption spectroscopy and electrodynamic simulations. In agreement with previous work, we find that the fractional plasmon wavelength shift for polarization along the interparticle axis decays nearly exponentially with the interparticle gap. In addition, we find that the decay length is roughly about 0.2 in units of the particle size for different nanoparticle size, shape, metal type, or medium dielectric constant. The near-exponential distance decay and the interesting “universal” scaling behavior of interparticle plasmon coupling can be qualitatively explained on the basis of a dipolar-coupling model as being due to the interplay of two factors: the direct dependence of the single-particle polarizability on the cubic power of the particle dimension and the decay of the plasmonic near-field as the cubic power of the inverse distance. Using this universal scaling behavior, we ...
Prevalence of cystic macular lesions in patients with Usher II syndrome

To evaluate the prevalence of cystic macular lesions in patients with Usher II syndrome. All Usher type II patients seen in the inherited eye disease clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago between January 2002 and December 2007 were included (n=76). Each participating patient underwent a detailed clinical examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy and dilated fundus examination. The presence of cystoid lesions was determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus fluorescein angiogram (FFA), fundus photographs and/or clinical examination. A cystic-appearing macular change was observed in at least one eye in 19 out of the 76 patients (25%), 13 on the basis of OCT, five using FFA (two solely with the use of FFA and three based on clinical notes and FFA findings) and one based solely on clinical notes. Of the 18 patients with CME, determined by OCT or FFA, five (27.8%) showed either a funduscopically normal-appearing macula (n=4) or an atrophic appearing macular change (n=1). One-fourth of our total cohort of Usher II patients had cystic macular lesions. Moreover, a funduscopically normal-appearing macula was observed in 22% (n=4) of our 18 patients with cystic-appearing macular lesions on OCT and/or FFA testing. On the basis of the reasonably high prevalence of cystic macular lesions in our cohort, it would seem prudent to evaluate Usher II patients for the presence of cystoid macular oedema.
Cyclotron Produced 44gSc from Natural Calcium

Abstract 44gSc was produced by 16 MeV proton irradiation of unenriched calcium metal with radionuclidic purity greater than 95%. The thick target yield at saturation for 44gSc was 213 MBq / μ A , dwarfing the yields of contaminants 43Sc,44mSc, 47Sc and 48Sc for practical bombardment times of 1–2 h. Scandium was isolated from the dissolved calcium target by filtration, and reconstituted in small volumes of dilute HCl. Reactions with the chelate 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) indicated a reactivity of 54 ± 14 Gbq / μ mol at end-of-bombardment.
Epithelial neoplasms of salivary gland: acinic-cell, mucous-cell, and duct-cell tumors.

Abstract 1. 1. Sixteen neoplasms arising in salivary glands and designated as serous- or acinic-cell tumors are reported. Nine pursued a relatively benign course, while seven were malignant and produced metastases. Six of the benign neoplasms did not recur after therapy, whereas three did recur. No conclusive evidence of difference in response following radiation therapy could be deduced in this small group. All of the seven patients with malignant neoplasms were females. 2. 2. Five acidophilic (eosinophilic, onocytic “Hurthle” cell neoplasms) were included, and two of these were malignant. All of the acidophilic-cell tumors occurred in men. 3. 3. There were only two mucous-cell tumors in the series, and both of them were malignant.
Experiential and Cooperative Learning: Using a Situation Analysis Project in Principles of Marketing

In this article, the authors propose a semester-long experiential-learning project for introductory marketing students. The project requires an analysis of a product category, competition, and consumer base to support a new product proposal. The purpose is to (a) put into practice the concepts and definitions taught in an introductory marketing course, (b) create a foundation for doing an undergraduate business plan, (c) improve research, analysis, communication, and teamwork skills, and (d) provide an opportunity for creative thinking. The authors provide a description of the situation analysis project and supplemental preliminary assignments. They also provide an outcomes assessment with current and former college students.
Bending analysis of laminated composite box beams

Box beams are widely used in weight reduction structures such as aircraft wings. The use of composite box beams further reduces the weight factor for such structures with the same deflection and stress as that of isotropic box beams. The difference in the behavior of composite box beam with different fiber orientation, number of plies, and number of stringers also provides a wide range of designing parameters to achieve the required performance for a given problem. A bending analysis has been carried out for the study of deflections and stresses for box beams of different material (isotropic and laminated composites), size, and number of stringers subjected to different kinds of loading conditions. A finite element model has been developed based on the strain energy principle, and the results are compared with an available commercial code COSMOS/M.'' Experiments using aluminum and scotchply composite laminates were conducted to verify the results. An optimal design for size and number of stiffeners for a given loading condition has been achieved. Investigations have also been carried out to find the effect of transverse shear on the span-wise normal stress.
Assessment by flow cytometry of intracellular cytokine production in the peripheral blood cells of renal transplant recipients.

: Introduction: There is accumulating evidence that non-invasive immune monitoring may be useful in the early period after renal transplant, particularly with regard to predicting the presence of acute rejection. It is less clear whether chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is also associated with consistent changes in peripheral blood or urine cells. We hypothesized that patients with CAN would manifest different patterns of cytokine production (compared with non-CAN controls), detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods: Flow cytometry was used to quantify production within PBMCs of multiple cytokines. Results: A pilot study showed significant differences in cytokine production between healthy controls and transplanted subjects. However, differences between transplanted patients with and without CAN were small and non-significant. Discussion: Flow cytometry is a potentially useful method for quantifying cytokine production by PBMCs of renal transplant recipients. The technique is sensitive enough to detect differences between distinct test groups but could not find differences between recipients with and without CAN. This probably reflects the lack of a true difference because pathological changes within the long-term allograft may simply not be reflected or detected in the total population of PBMCs. Further studies should explore the usefulness of this technique in assaying more defined populations of PBMCs (such as those activated by donor allopeptides) and in serial monitoring of individual patients.
A Citation-Based Reflection on Toulmin and Argument

Intellectual history has always appealed to certain kinds of scholars. The prospect of being vindicated by future thinkers can compensate for the difficult struggle that many original thinkers experience when they take risks, attempt fundamental change, or simply have difficulty communicating their ideas to contemporaries. Especially in today’s intellectual din, where the fast pace of technology and science and the rise of new disciplines can make it hard to hear traditional voices, where scholars are under pressure to produce short-term and conventionally valuable thoughts, there is merit in what the intellectual historian does.
Making the transition from oral to insulin therapy

The typically long delay in starting insulin for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may be due in part to uncertainty about how best to make the transition from oral therapy to insulin. Recent studies show that when appropriate glycemic targets are sought, with systematic titration of insulin dosage, several methods of beginning insulin may be successful. Notably, either starting with a single injection of basal insulin or starting with 3 injections of short-acting insulin at mealtimes can be effective. Studies also suggest that continuing oral therapies and using insulin analogues rather than human insulins may improve the effectiveness of insulin treatment relative to the rate of hypoglycemia and gain of weight typically seen in this setting. Starting with a single injection of insulin to control basal glycemia while continuing oral therapy is the simplest approach, and lends itself to stepwise addition of mealtime injections as needed to bring most patients to glycemic targets in a logical and practical way. Future studies should consider not only the ability of regimens to reach hemoglobin A 1c targets but also the burden of adverse effects accompanying this effort with a given method.
Improvement in insulin sensitivity followed by ovulation and pregnancy in a woman with polycystic ovary syndrome who was treated with rosiglitazone

Abstract Objective: To determine the metabolic and reproductive effectiveness of rosiglitazone in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Case report. Setting: Academic clinical practice and General Clinical Research Center. Patient(s): A 25-year-old woman with PCOS. Intervention(s): Rosiglitazone maleate, 4 mg daily for 5 months until conception. Main Outcome Measure(s): Insulin sensitivity by steady-state plasma glucose technique; serum androgens, progesterone, and hCG; and pelvic ultrasound images. Result(s): Rosiglitazone treatment for 5 months improved insulin sensitivity, lowered serum free testosterone, and resulted in spontaneous ovulation and conception. Conclusion(s): Rosiglitazone is a promising insulin sensitizer for treatment of PCOS. Clinical trials are warranted.
A simple method for decomposing fracture-induced anisotropy

A heterogeneous mixture of isotropic elements may appear homogeneous and anisotropic when the scale of its fabric is smaller than the seismic wavelengths that measure it (Backus, 1962). These fabrics can result from thin layering or from oriented microcracks or fractures. In many situations the anisotropy is quite complex, resulting, for example, from fractures in previously anisotropic media. Since these anisotropies combine, the effect of each must be separated to permit the study of either the fractures or the preexisting anisotropy.
THE CONDUCTIVITY OF A LONGITUDINAL-SHOCK-WAVE-COMPRESSED Nd2Fe14B HARD FERROMAGNETICS

The conductivity of Nd2Fe14B hard ferromagnetic subjected to compression by a longitudinal shock wave (the shock wave propagates along the magnetization vector M) with a pressure of 35 GPa is measured. The results of the experiments show that the conductivity of the longitudinal-shock-wave-compressed Nd2Fe14B is σsw = (2.83 ± 0.24) × 102 (Ω cm)-1, which is 22 times lower than the conductivity of Nd2Fe14B under normal conditions.
(R)-roscovitine prolongs the mean open time of unitary N-type calcium channel currents.

Abstract (R)-roscovitine (Ros) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that also has been shown to have direct agonist and antagonist actions on Ca v 2.1 (P/Q-type) and Ca v 2.2 (N-type) families of voltage-gated calcium channels. These kinase-independent effects represent a novel opportunity to advance our understanding of calcium channel function and calcium-triggered neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, such actions on calcium channels may direct the development of Ros derivatives as new therapeutic agents. We used patch clamp recordings to characterize mechanisms that underlie the agonist effects of Ros on unitary N-type calcium channel gating. We found that N-type channels normally gate with either a short or long mean open time, that Ros significantly prolonged the mean open time of the long gating component and increased the probability of observing channels that gated with a long open time, but had no effect on single channel conductance. Using Monte Carlo simulations of a single channel kinetic model and Ros interactions, we were able to reproduce our experimental results and investigate the model's microscopic dynamics. In particular, our simulations predicted that the longer open times generated by Ros were due to the appearance of a long open state combined with an increased amount of time spent in transitions between open states. Our results suggest a mechanism for agonist effects of Ros at the level of single channels, and provide a mechanistic explanation for previously reported agonist effects on whole cell calcium currents.
Autoperf: Workflow Support for Performance Experiments

Many excellent open-source and commercial tools enable the detailed measurement of the performance attributes of applications. However, the process of collecting measurement data and analyzing it remains effort-intensive because of differences in tool interfaces and architectures. Furthermore, insufficient standards and automation may result in losing information about experiments, which may in turn lead to misinterpretation of the data and analysis results. Autoperf aims to support the entire workflow in performance measurement and analysis in a uniform and portable fashion, enabling both better productivity through automation of data collection and analysis and experiment reproducibility.
Spectrally efficient 3.4b/s/Hz waveband switching over wavelength-selective switch-based ROADM on 114 Gb/s PolMux-RZ-8PSK DWDM system

For the first time, we experimentally investigated and demonstrated waveband switching for 100 Gb/s DWDM system with high spectral efficiency of 3.4 b/s/Hz. 3 adjacent 25 GHz-spaced 114 Gb/s PolMux-RZ-8PSK channels are grouped as a waveband to be switched and transmitted through 4 WSS-based ROADM nodes. Error free transmission is achieved with little filtering effect observed even after 4 ROADM nodes. The transmission performance shows that waveband switching based on WSS can be used in high spectral efficiency DWDM systems. This can reduce the switching hardware cost and operation expense in highly dense WDM systems.
Role of propionibacteria in split defect of Swiss cheese.

Abstract Swiss cheese was manufactured with single strains of Propionibacterium shermanii and Propionibacterium arabinosum . These strains grew well and poorly, respectively, at 7.2C, a temperature at which Swiss cheese is often stored commercially. Cheese made with the P. shermanii strain showed a much greater tendency to split and had a larger eye volume than cheese made with P. arabinosum . It was not possible to relate the greater tendency to splitting with greater gas production or proteolysis by the P. shermanii .
A randomized comparison of the nephrotoxicity of iopamidol and diatrizoate in high risk patients undergoing cardiac angiography

Three hundred seven high risk patients with renal impairment (serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl) were randomized in a double-blind manner to either iopamidol (a nonionic, low osmolar radiocontrast agent) or diatrizoate (a conventional radiocontrast agent) at cardiac angiography with subsequent follow-up study of renal function. Baseline clinical and angiographic variables were similar in the iopamidol (n = 155) and diatrizoate (n = 152) groups. Change in renal function after angiography was less pronounced with iopamidol compared with diatrizoate as measured by mean (± SD) increase in 24 h serum creatinine (0.11 ± 0.2 versus 0.22 ± 0.26 mg/dl, p 0.5 mg/dl (8% versus 19%, p It is concluded that iopamidol is less nephrotoxic than diatrizoate in high risk patients at cardiac angiography. However, the difference in nephrotoxicity is small, of no major clinical significance in the majority of high risk patients and could not be documented in insulin-using diabetic patients. Iopamidol may be the preferred agent in certain patients with advanced renal impairment, but further study is warranted.
The role of extracellular cysteine proteinases in pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica invasion

The extracellular cysteine proteinases of Entamoeba histolytica have been implicated as important virulence factors in the pathogenesis of amebiasis and play a key role in tissue invasion and disruption of host defenses. These proteinases have attracted considerable interest as targets for novel therapeutic agents and as vaccine candidates. Here, Xuchu Que and Sharon Reed highlight some of the more recent findings, focusing in particular on functional and structural features of the extracellular cysteine proteinases of E. histolytica.
The effect of shoulder magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decision making

One hundred cases were prospectively evaluated to determine the impact of magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decision making in an orthopaedic practice devoted to the treatment of disorders about the shoulder. Each was analyzed for changes in the clinical diagnosis or treatment. A change that either changed the primary diagnosis or type of treatment (operative versus nonoperative) was classified as category one. If additional clinically relevant findings were noted on the imaging studies without altering the primary diagnosis, or if the form of treatment was modified but not changed from operative or nonoperative, it was considered category two. Among the 100 imaging studies reviewed, category one and two changes were observed in 11 and 7 cases, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging was particularly helpful in diagnosing ganglion cysts about the shoulder, a category one change in three out of three cases. For specific diagnoses a category one or two change was observed in 17% (10 of 59), 29% (4 of 14), 8% (1 of 13), and 100% (2 of 2) for rotator cuff disease, glenohumeral instability, adhesive capsulitis, and biceps disease, respectively. In 35 cases magnetic resonance imaging was considered to be unnecessary for the diagnosis or treatment of the patient. For the 65 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging, category one and two changes were noted in 10 and 5 patients, respectively. Statistical significance was demonstrated for category one changes in the entire group (100 cases) and the in subgroup recommended for magnetic resonance imaging (65 cases) (p < 0.05), indicating that the judicious use of magnetic resonance imaging can have a significant increase its impact on clinical decision making. Magnetic resonance imaging was found to be of limited diagnostic value in patients with an isolated primary clinical diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis, glenohumeral or acromioclavicular arthritis, brachial plexopathy, and cervical degenerative disk disease. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998;7:205-9.)
Toward the Idea of a Cultural Psychology A Superordinate Theme for Study

Amplification of the key term `culture" is advocated for the field of cross-cultural psychology. A model drawn from the study of semiotics suggests the way in which this can be done in cross-cultural psychology. The pursuit of what is meant by culture helps us to merge with the parent discipline, and goes beyond the aspect of comparison into the notion of a cultural psychology. Various tendencies within the mainstream of psychology itself are discussed, which would point to the direction of a meeting ground in which cross-cultural psychology could find more breadth and depth of meaning.
Salmonella enterica Infections in Market Swine with and without Transport and Holding

The objective of this study was to compare, by using identical sample types, the Salmonella enterica prevalences and serovar diversities between pigs necropsied on the farm and those necropsied at the abattoir after transport and holding. We necropsied 567 market weight pigs (>70 kg) from six herds. Pigs were alternately assigned to be necropsied on the farm or at the abattoir. One-half of the group was sent in clean, disinfected trailers to slaughter at a commercial abattoir. After transport (mean distance, 169 km) and 2 to 3 h of holding in antemortem pens, these pigs were necropsied. The 50 pigs remaining on the farm were necropsied the following day. The same sample types and amounts were collected for S. enterica culture at both locations. Results show a sevenfold-higher (P < 0.001) S. enterica isolation rate from pigs necropsied at the abattoir (39.9%; 114 of 286) than from those necropsied on the farm (5.3%; 15 of 281). This difference was also observed for each individual herd. All sample types showed a significantly higher prevalence when comparing abattoir to on-farm collection, respectively: lymph nodes, 9.15 versus 3.6%; cecal contents, 13.6 versus 1.8%; 1 g of fecal matter, 25.2 versus 0.7%. Recovery of additional serovars at the abattoir suggests the pigs are receiving S. enterica from extra-farm sources. This study demonstrates that rapid infection during transport, and particularly during holding, is a major reason for increased S. enterica prevalence in swine. This finding identifies the holding pen as an important S. enterica control point in the pork production chain.
Krauklis wave in a stack of alternating fluid-elastic layers

The Krauklis wave is a slow dispersive wave mode that propagates in a fluid layer bounded by elastic media. In a model of alternating fluid and elastic layers, two interface waves can exist at low frequencies: The first wave propagates mostly in the elastic layer and has little dispersion, while the second wave can have strong dispersion and propagates as a Krauklis wave for some parameter combinations. Analytical conditions predict appearance of the Krauklis wave for higher frequencies and low porosities. Interface-wave velocities depend on model porosity, which potentially can be used for fracture mapping.
SIDE EFFECTS OF EXTINCTION: PREVALENCE OF BURSTING AND AGGRESSION DURING THE TREATMENT OF SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR

Findings from basic and applied research suggest that treatment with operant extinction may produce adverse side effects; two of these commonly noted are an increase in the frequency of the target response (extinction burst) and an increase in aggression (extinction-induced aggression). Although extinction is often used to treat problem behavior in clinical settings, few applied studies have examined the prevalence of these side effects or their possible attenuation with other operant procedures. An analysis of 41 data sets for individuals who received treatment for self-injurious behavior indicated that extinction bursts or increases in aggression occurred in nearly one half of the cases. The prevalence of bursting and aggression was substantially lower when extinction was implemented as part of a treatment package rather than as the sole intervention.
Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel

Nanomaterials are engineered structures with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less. These materials are increasingly being used for commercial purposes such as fillers, opacifiers, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, microelectronics, and drug carriers. Materials in this size range may approach the length scale at which some specific physical or chemical interactions with their environment can occur. As a result, their properties differ substantially from those bulk materials of the same composition, allowing them to perform exceptional feats of conductivity, reactivity, and optical sensitivity. Possible undesirable results of these capabilities are harmful interactions with biological systems and the environment, with the potential to generate toxicity. The establishment of principles and test procedures to ensure safe manufacture and use of nanomaterials in the marketplace is urgently required and achievable.
Pulmonary Retention and Clearance of Inhaled Biopersistent Aerosol Particles: Data-Reducing Interpolation Models and Models of Physiologically Based Systems: - A Review of Recent Progress and Remaining Problems

During the last 40 years, most models of long-term clearance and retention of biopersistent particles in the pulmonary region of the lung were phenomenologically oriented and accounted for only a small portion of the growing insight into lung dynamics by pulmologists, histologists, and biochemists. In this review, theoretical developments of modeling pulmonary dynamics for biopersistent particles during or after inhalation exposure are discussed. Several characteristic examples are given of the present state of the art. Most of the models presently in use are pragmatical compartmental models with a single compartment for the pulmonary region. They relate to observed data and facilitate an interpolation within the range covered by observation. Occasionally, these models are unjustifiably used for extrapolations in efforts to derive hypothetical risk assessments. Modeling efforts aiming at models of physiologically based pulmonary systems with a potential for extrapolations are not common and were published...
3D ultrasound image segmentation using wavelet support vector machines.

Purpose: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) imaging is clinically used in prostate biopsy and therapy. Segmentation of the prostate on TRUS images has many applications. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) segmentation method for TRUS images of the prostate is presented for 3D ultrasound-guided biopsy. Methods: This segmentation method utilizes a statistical shape, texture information, and intensity profiles. A set of wavelet support vector machines (W-SVMs) is applied to the images at various subregions of the prostate. The W-SVMs are trained to adaptively capture the features of the ultrasound images in order to differentiate the prostate and nonprostate tissue. This method consists of a set of wavelet transforms for extraction of prostate texture features and a kernel-based support vector machine to classify the textures. The voxels around the surface of the prostate are labeled in sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. The weight functions are defined for each labeled voxel on each plane and on the model at each region. In the 3D segmentation procedure, the intensity profiles around the boundary between the tentatively labeled prostate and nonprostate tissue are compared to the prostate model. Consequently, the surfaces are modified based on the model intensity profiles. The segmented prostate is updated and compared to the shape model. These two steps are repeated until they converge. Manual segmentation of the prostate serves as the gold standard and a variety of methods are used to evaluate the performance of the segmentation method. Results: The results from 40 TRUS image volumes of 20 patients show that the Dice overlap ratio is 90.3% ± 2.3% and that the sensitivity is 87.7% ± 4.9%. Conclusions: The proposed method provides a useful tool in our 3D ultrasound image-guided prostate biopsy and can also be applied to other applications in the prostate.
Total Knee Arthroplasty in Limbs Affected by Poliomyelitis

Background: Little information is available regarding the results and complications of total knee arthroplasty in limbs affected by poliomyelitis with severe knee degeneration. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart and radiograph review of patients with a history of poliomyelitis involving a limb that subsequently underwent primary total knee arthroplasty between 1970 and 2000. Sixteen total knee arthroplasties were performed in limbs affected by poliomyelitis in fifteen patients. Eleven patients were followed for a minimum of two years, one (two knees) died before the minimum two-year follow-up could be completed, and three were followed for less than two years. No patient was lost to follow-up. Results: There were two periprosthetic fractures, one peroneal nerve palsy, one avulsion of the patellar tendon, and four cases of recurrent instability. These complications were related to the poor bone quality, valgus deformity, patella baja, poor musculature, and attenuated soft tissues commonly found in knees affected by poliomyelitis. Knee Society pain and knee scores were improved postoperatively for all nine knees with a two-year follow-up that had had at least antigravity quadriceps strength prior to surgery. However, Knee Society function scores remained at 0 or worsened for six of the eleven knees followed for at least two years, including those with less than antigravity strength, and four of the nine knees with at least antigravity strength. None of the prostheses loosened. Conclusions: Pain and knee scores improved following total knee arthroplasty in patients with a history of poliomyelitis and antigravity quadriceps strength, but there was less pain relief in patients with less than antigravity quadriceps strength. Recurrence of instability and progressive functional deterioration is possible in all knees affected by poliomyelitis that have undergone total knee replacement, but they appear to occur more commonly in more severely affected knees.
The relationship between the discourse knowledge and the writing performance of elementary-grade students.

This study examined whether discourse knowledge about various forms of writing predicted young developing writers' (Grade 2 and Grade 4 students) story writing performance once 4 writing (handwriting fluency, spelling, attitude toward writing, advanced planning) and 3 non writing (grade, gender, basic reading skills) variables were controlled. It also examined whether Grade 4 students (18 boys, 14 girls) possessed more discourse knowledge than Grade 2 students (18 boys, 14 girls). Students wrote a story and responded to a series of questions designed to elicit their declarative and procedural knowledge about the characteristics of good writing in general and stories in particular as well as their knowledge about how to write. Five aspects of this discourse knowledge (substantive, production, motivation, story elements, and irrelevant) together made a unique and significant contribution to the prediction of story quality, length, and vocabulary diversity beyond the 7 control variables. In addition, older students possessed greater knowledge about the role of substantive processes, motivation, and abilities in writing. Findings support the theoretical propositions that discourse knowledge is an important element in early writing development and that such knowledge is an integral part of the knowledge-telling approach to writing.
Edge cross-section features for detection of appendiceal orifice appearance in colonoscopy videos

Colonoscopy is an endoscopic technique that allows a physician to inspect the inside of the human colon. The appearance of the appendiceal orifice during colonoscopy indicates a complete traversal of the colon, which is one of important quality indicators of examination of the colon. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that detects appendix images—images showing the appendiceal orifice. We introduce new features based on geometric shape, saturation and intensity changes along the norm direction (cross-section) of an edge to discriminate appendix images. Our experimental results on real colonoscopic images show the average sensitivity and specificity of 88.12% and 94.25%, respectively.
Synergistic effects of epidermal growth factor and thrombin on the growth stimulation of diploid Chinese hamster fibroblasts.

The serum supplement used in the culture of a variety of mammalian cells can be replaced by known growth factors. Diploid Chinese hamster fibroblasts (CHEF/18) will grow for several days in a medium (4F) supplemented with four growth factors: epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and transferrin. The growth rate is only about 50% as fast as when fetal calf serum is added. This difference is eliminated by thrombin (10–100 ng/ml; 0.3–3 nM). The CHEF/18 cell line is unique in that no other cell line responds to thrombin in this concentration range. Thrombin acts synergistically with other growth factors to stimulate CHEF/18 cell growth. By itself, thrombin is only mitogenic at elevated concentrations. Thrombin can largely compensate for the absence of EGF and partly for the absence of insulin in serum-free media. Chemically and “spontaneously” transformed cell lines related to CHEF/18 have lost requirements for both EGF and thrombin, and have retained requirements for insulin and transferrin expressed by CHEF/18. No CHEF cells in this work required FGF. These results suggest that the mechanisms by which EGF and thrombin stimulate cells to grow are related.
Accessing the keys to life-sustaining treatment.

I wish it were 20 years ago. I wish all this great interest and attention, information and insight, was generated and available then. How many hundreds, thousands, maybe millions of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease would have received better care to reduce their suffering, increase their quality of life and even their length of life? The one thing that affects individuals numerous times each day has been, more often than not, ignored by routine practices of medical care, health insurance, research, and policy makers. The cry for “better pills,” although critical, should not have overpowered provision of basic nutrition intervention, education, and food. Why could it not be even 10 years ago? This issue of Nutrition in Clinical Practice is devoted to a specialized area of care, HIV nutrition, and is an important milestone. It ushers a greater understanding of HIV disease and choices for providing best HIV nutrition. More fundamentally, it further justifies the provision of HIV medical nutrition therapy and nutrition interventions and further presses the need for HIV nutrition research, which is still sadly inadequate and desperately needed. Individuals living with HIV are disenfranchised, especially those in the throes of morbidity or poverty. How many people did not receive aggressive evaluations to identify underlying causes of debilitating side effects? How many heard that side effects were part of HIV disease and they just had live with them? How many did not receive nutrition assessments, intervention, and education by qualified professionals to help manage nutrition-related side effects? How many heard that body composition changes were in their head? In the early days of this disease, faced with poor prognosis and overwhelming challenges and loss, nutrition professionals were rarely included in the core treatment team, and nutritional problems were addressed suboptimally, if at all. Today, even though justification for providing early and ongoing HIV nutrition services seems overwhelming and access to HIV nutrition care is somewhat better, it is still not a standard service for most people living with HIV disease. Lack of will and lack of payment remain major barriers. Medicare, a significant payer for HIV medical
Low-Complexity Optimal Estimation of MIMO ISI Channels With Binary Training Sequences

In this letter, a novel low-complexity optimal channel estimator using uncorrelated periodic complementary sets of binary sequences is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. The estimator is optimal since it attains the minimum possible Crameacuter-Rao lower bound (CRLB). Moreover, it can be implemented with very low complexity via ASIC/FPGA, which makes it suitable and ready for practical MIMO systems
Locomotor Training Using Body-Weight Support on a Treadmill in Conjunction With Ongoing Physical Therapy in a Child With Severe Cerebellar Ataxia

Background and Purpose: This case report describes the effects of locomotor training using body-weight support (BWS) on a treadmill and during overground walking on mobility in a child with severe cerebellar ataxia who was nonambulatory. To date, no studies have examined the efficacy of this intervention in people with cerebellar ataxia. Case Description: The patient was a 13-year-old girl who had a cerebellar/brainstem infarct 16 months before the intervention. Her long-term goal was to walk independently in her home with a walker. Intervention: Locomotor training using a BWS system both on the treadmill and during overground walking was implemented 5 days a week for 4 weeks in a clinic. Locomotor training using BWS on a treadmill was continued 5 days a week for 4 months at home. Outcomes: Prior to training, she was able to take steps on her own with the help of another person, but did not take full weight on her feet or walk on a regular basis. At 6 months, she walked for household distances. Prior to training, her Pediatric Functional Independence Measure scores were 3 (moderate assistance) for all transfers, 2 (maximal assistance) for walking, and 1 (total assistance) for stairs. At 6 months, her scores were 6 (modified independence) for transfers, 5 (supervision) for walking, and 4 (minimal assistance) for stairs. Prior to training, she was unable to take independent steps during treadmill walking; at 6 months, all of her steps were unassisted. Discussion and Conclusion: Locomotor training using BWS on a treadmill in conjunction with overground gait training may be an effective way to improve ambulatory function in individuals with severe cerebellar ataxia, but the intensity and duration of training required for functionally significant improvements may be prolonged.