cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iatrogenic Spinal Epidural Hematoma in the Acute Postoperative Period.

Background: Spinal epidural hematomas (SEHs) are a rare but serious complication associated with spinal surgery, with an incidence estimated to be as high as 3%. Patients present with back pain and neurologic symptoms, with a typical onset time of several hours to days following surgery. Case Report: A 60-year-old female who underwent cervical spine surgery had negative intraoperative neuromonitoring and no apparent neurologic deficits of the upper extremities immediately postsurgery. On arrival in the postanesthesia care unit, the patient reported a loss of sensation in her lower extremities, prompting the anesthesiology resident to perform a focused neurologic examination. The patient demonstrated 0/5 motor strength in the lower extremities and total loss of sensation to touch and temperature up to the level of T10 bilaterally. She was returned to the operating room, and surgical exploration revealed a cervical SEH. Decompression yielded abrupt return of motor evoked potentials and improvement in somatosensory evoked potentials. Conclusion: As the primary clinician in the perioperative period, the anesthesiologist is ideally positioned to be the first to detect any deterioration in a patient9s condition. Anesthesiologists should be cognizant of the potential for acute presentation of SEH so that it can be considered in the differential diagnosis.
A2 to B Kidney Transplantation in the Post-Kidney Allocation System Era: A 3-year Experience with Anti-A Titers, Outcomes, and Cost

Background The new kidney allocation systems (KAS) instituted December 2014 permitted A2 to B deceased donor kidney transplantation (DDKTx) to improve access and reduce disparities in wait time for minorities. A recent United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) analysis, however, indicated only 4.5% of B candidates were registered for A2 kidneys. Cited barriers to A2 to B DDKTx include titer thresholds, patient eligibility, and increased costs. There are little published data on post-transplantation anti-A titers or outcomes of A2 to B DDKTx since this allocation change. Study Design We conducted a retrospective, single center, cohort analysis of 29 consecutive A2 to B and 50 B to B DDKTx from December 2014 to December 2017. Pre- and postoperative anti-A titers were monitored prospectively. Outcomes included post-transplant anti-A titers, patient and graft survival, renal function, and hospital costs. Results African Americans comprised 72% of the A2 to B and 60% of the B to B group. There was no difference in mean wait time (58.8 vs 70.8 months). Paired tests indicated that anti-A IgG titers in A2 to B DDKTx were increased at discharge (p = 0.001) and at 4 weeks (p = 0.037). There were no significant differences in patient or graft survival, serum creatinine (SCr), or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but the trajectories of SCr and eGFR differed between groups over the follow-up period. A2 to B had significantly higher mean transplant total hospital costs ($114,638 vs $91,697, p Conclusions Initial experience under KAS shows comparable outcomes for A2 to B vs B to B DDKTx. Anti-A titers increased significantly post-transplantation, but did not adversely affect outcomes. Hospital costs were significantly higher with A2 to B DDKTx. Transplant programs, regulators, and payors will need to weigh improved access for minorities with increased costs.
Common Statistical Tests

Knowledge of research methods and common statistical tests for biomedical research is vital for the evaluating the scientific literature and interpreting the clinical applications of research findings. Conducting impactful research starts with a well-defined question relevant to a patient population and testing outcomes of interest. Data collected in the clinical or basic sciences are analyzed through statistical methods that match the research design and answer specific research questions.
THERMAL NEUTRON ABSORPTION CROSS SECTIONS BY THE PULSED SOURCE METHOD

S>The thermal neutron absorption cross sections of 21 raturally occurring elements and B/sup 10/ were determined by companing the time deperdence of the neutron flux in water with the time dependence of the neutron flux in a water solution of the sample with the same geometric buckling. After making some small corrections anising largely from the change in the number of hydrogen atoms per cm/sup 3/ in the solution, the decay constant of the ratio curve gave the macroscopic absorption cross section averaged over the neutron flux spectrum. For a 1/ nu cross section, the 2200 m/sec cross section could be directly computed. For nonl/ mu cross sections, the effective 2200 m/sec cross section was obtained. (auth)
Lithium Insertion Mechanism in Iron Fluoride Nanoparticles Prepared by Catalytic Decomposition of Fluoropolymer

Metal fluorides with high redox potential and capacity from strong metal–fluoride bond and conversion reaction make them promising cathodic materials. However, detailed lithium insertion and extraction mechanisms have not yet been clearly understood and explained. Here we report low-temperature synthesis of electrochemically active FeF3/FeF2 nanoparticles by catalytic decomposition of a fluoropolymer [perfluoropolyether (PFPE)] using a hydrated iron oxalate precursor both in air and in inert atmosphere. Freshly synthesized FeF3 nanoparticle delivered specific capacity above 210 mAh/g with decent cycling performance as a Li-ion battery cathode. Both in situ and ex situ characterization techniques were used to investigate the detailed PFPE decomposition and fluorination mechanisms leading to FeF3/FeF2 formation as well as the lithium insertion mechanism in a FeF3 cathode. Specifically, a detailed understanding was investigated using thermogravimetry–mass spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform in...
No Failure, Just Feedback: A Reflection on Experiential Space Assessment in an Academic Library

Graduate students at the University of Tennessee Knoxville, funded by an Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS) grant (Experience Assessment: UX-A), were tasked with conducting two space ...
Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban.

The prevalence of electronic cigarette use is increasing, particularly among youth. This recent trend is troubling given that electronic cigarette use is associated with future cigarette smoking. H...
Dose-dependent effects of exogenous porcine somatotropin on the yield, distribution, and proximate composition of carcass tissues in growing pigs.

Dose-dependent effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) on mass, distribution, and proximate composition of carcass tissues were investigated in 46 growing pigs. Barrows, weighing 30 +/- 1 kg, were assigned to five treatment groups to receive 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 micrograms of recombinant pST/kg BW per day until pigs individually reached the 90-kg slaughter weight. Left carcass sides were fabricated into whole-sale cuts that were separated into muscle, adipose tissue, bone, and skin. Despite the reduction in dressing percentage, total muscle mass of the side was significantly increased by 3.9 to 5.7 kg (28 to 36%) by the lowest and highest doses of pST, respectively, whereas adipose tissue mass was decreased by 4.4 to 8.6 kg (38 to 74%). Bone mass was increased by 8 to 27% (P 50 micrograms/kg BW was less than the associated decrease in adipose tissue mass, indicating that a dose range of 50 to 100 micrograms/kg BW per day may be optimum for improving carcass value.
A New Recall of Alcohol Marketing Scale for Youth: Measurement Properties and Associations With Youth Drinking Status

Objective:Adolescents are exposed to alcohol marketing through traditional advertising and through newer digital media channels. Cumulative marketing exposure across channels is of concern but has ...
Experimental Investigation of Base Conditions Affecting Seismic Performance of Mass Plywood Panel Shear Walls

AbstractMass plywood panels (MPP) are a new engineered wood material produced by Freres Lumber Company, Inc. in Lyons, Oregon. This paper presents a study of the lateral-load response of MPP walls ...
Sexual dimorphism variation in Fordisc samples

Abstract Sexual dimorphism, the differences between males and females, is seen in many mammalian species and is expressed in varying degrees. Within humans, there is considerable variation in the levels of sexual dimorphism among different groups in cranial and postcranial measurements. In a forensic context, the different levels of sexual dimorphism affect sex classification accuracy, and we investigated their impact through linear discriminant function analysis and stepwise selection of variables from many groups using Fordisc 3 ( Jantz & Ousley, 2005 ). We found that size and shape are factors in sexual dimorphism, and both should be used for the best classifications, but postcranial measurements showed greater shape dimorphism than did cranial measurements, both individually and in combination. As a general rule, forensic anthropologists should analyze unknown remains in comparison to the most appropriate reference groups available, and use postcranial measurements for sex estimation when possible.
Approach to the Treatment of Patients with Serious Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

Multidrug resistance(MDR) among Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) isolates presents a significant clinical challenge and can substantially complicate the approach to selection of optimal antibiotic therapy. This review addresses major considerations in antibiotic selection for patients with suspected or documented serious MDR-PSA infections. Common mechanisms contributing to MDR among clinical PSA isolates are summarized. Empiric and definitive therapy considerations are addressed including the potential role of combination therapy. Newer agents with in vitro activity against MDR-PSA (e.g., ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, imipenem-relebactam, and cefiderocol) and their potential roles in clinical settings are discussed. Although these newer agents are promising options for the treatment of MDR-PSA, clinical data remain generally limited. Future studies are needed to determine optimal agents for the empiric and definitive treatment of MDR-PSA.
Breaking the Golden Handcuffs: Recreating Markets for Tenured Faculty

The present system of tenure in American colleges – combined with a dramatic rise in the proportion of non-tenure-track faculty – has led to a near-closure of active markets for most tenured faculty. In turn, this produces two types of mismatches: some departments/colleges have faculty they do not want; and some faculty would much prefer to relocate to another department/college. These mismatches are not without costs for professors and departments/colleges. Without abolishing or diluting tenure, colleges can alleviate these inefficiencies by initiating reforms to recreate markets for tenured faculty. This can be accomplished by establishing computerized job ex-changes that allow departments/colleges to engage in mutually beneficial trades – within and across disciplines and across colleges – of tenured professors who are currently mismatched.
Autonomous Plankton Classification from Reconstructed Holographic Imagery by L1- PCA-assisted Convolutional Neural Networks

Studying and monitoring plankton distribution is vital for global climate and environment protection as they are the most elementary part of oceanic eco-systems. However, the conventional methods and techniques used for understanding the planktons are slow and lacks precision and therefore, in modern day scientific and engineering implementations, Convolutional Neural Networks is extensively used in deep learning and machine learning applications as it outperforms traditional manual approach. Dynamic nature of oceans make it very challenging to monitor these microscopic organisms. Our approach here is to generate a powerful automated plankton recognition system to autonomously identify them and improve the D-CNN for classification of the Plankton holographic imagery curated with the method of Data Conformity Evaluation. The performance of D-CNN classifier is improved by various hyper-parameter tuning, regularization techniques and appending meta-data. Conformity evaluation is based on a matric that's calculated on a continuously refined sequence of calculated $L_{1}$ -norm tensor subspaces of the Plankton images. We note that our classifier performs accurately where our results improve performances from contemporary Deep Learning classifier alone.
Subjective value, not a gridlike code, describes neural activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex during value-based decision-making.

Abstract Across many studies, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activity has been found to correlate with subjective value during value-based decision-making. Recently, however, vmPFC has also been shown to reflect a hexagonal gridlike code during navigation through physical and conceptual space, and such gridlike codes have been proposed to enable value-based choices between novel options. Here, we first show that, in theory, a hexagonal gridlike code can in some cases mimic vmPFC activity previously attributed to subjective value, raising the possibility that the subjective value correlates previously observed in vmPFC may have actually been a misconstrued gridlike signal. We then compare the two accounts empirically, using fMRI data from a large number of subjects performing an intertemporal choice task. We find clear and unambiguous evidence that subjective value is a better description of vmPFC activity in this task than a hexagonal gridlike code. In fact, we find no significant evidence at all for a hexagonal gridlike code in vmPFC activity during intertemporal choice. This result limits the generality of gridlike modulation as description of vmPFC activity. We suggest that vmPFC may flexibly switch representational schemes so as to encode the most relevant information for the current task.
Ultrasound in Medical Education: Can Students Teach Themselves?

A new technology in medical education is ultrasound simulation, which has been shown to help students learn while reducing load on clinical instructors. The goal of this study is to compare the efficacy of teaching using ultrasound simulators versus more traditional instructor-led sessions with ultrasound machines. Ultrasound was used to teach cardiac anatomy and physiology to medical students. Volunteers in one group were instructed using an ultrasound simulator (SonoSim) with built-in lessons; the other group received a traditional instructor-led session with an ultrasound machine. Efficacy of each type of teaching was assessed by measuring improvement from a pre-session test to a post-session test, using a one-sample paired t-test to compare averages between groups. Participants were given a survey to solicit opinions of the lessons. Twenty-one medical students participated, with 12 in the instructor-led group and 9 in the simulator group. Both groups increased their test scores from pre-session to post-session; the average increase was 5% in the instructor-led and 10% in the simulator group (p = 0.437). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in how effective or enjoyable the lesson felt. Participants from either group who tried both methods were likely to prefer the traditional ultrasound teaching. Self-guided learning with simulators and traditional instructor-led lectures are both effective for teaching basic cardiac anatomy and physiology via ultrasound. However, most students prefer learning with instructors if given the opportunity. Self-guided ultrasound simulators may serve as an effective standalone learning method or an adjunct to instructor-led sessions.
Mixed Tin-Titanium Oxides by Atomic Layer Deposition on Planar Substrates: Physical and Electronic Structure

Abstract Ternary atomic layer deposition of Sn-doped TiOx (Sn:TiOx) and Ti-doped SnOx (Ti:SnOx) was performed using tetrakisdimethylamidotitanium (IV) and tin(IV) with water at 150 °C on (1 0 0) Si and quartz substrates. The physical structure of the films was investigated using scanning electron, atomic force, and Kelvin probe force microscopies as well as spectroscopic ellipsometry, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. All as-deposited films are amorphous and possessed flat and conformal topographies with low surface roughness (
a satellite method for pressure and temperature below 24 km

Atmospheric pressure and temperature below 24 km using satellite measurements of atmospheric light refraction from given stars
Chapter 37 – Eosinophils

Eosinophils are well known as proinflammatory leukocytes that account for a small subset of circulating blood cells. Under baseline (healthy) conditions, gastrointestinal eosinophils predominantly reside in the lamina propria in the stomach and intestine, and their numbers in these organs are substantially higher than in hematopoietic tissues. Eosinophils migrate to the gastrointestinal tract during embryonic development, and their concentrations in perinatal mice are comparable to those in adults, indicating that eosinophil homing occurs independent of intestinal flora. The chemokine eotaxin-1, an eosinophil-selective chemoattractant, is constitutively expressed throughout all segments of the gastrointestinal tract and is required for eosinophil homing to the lamina propria. During inflammatory conditions, eosinophils accumulate in their normal locations and in numerous other tissues, including the respiratory tract and secondary lymphoid organs. In the lung, the α4, β1, and β2 integrins are critically important for eosinophil homing, whereas in the gastrointestinal tract the α4 and β7 integrins appear to be important, suggesting that future therapeutics may include inhibitors of these integrins. The processes associated with eosinophil accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract during inflammatory conditions are summarized in the chapter.
Nonlinear Buckling Analysis of Sandwich Arches

An incremental displacement formulation for the nonlinear finite element analysis of sandwich arches is presented. The formulation permits the analysis of geometrically nonlinear problems with finite rotations but infinitesimal strains. The finite element model employed is a straight beam-column type, and has a three-layered sandwich construction with similar facings. Homogeneous and isotropic material properties are assumed; and flexural, extensional and shear deformations of all three layers are considered. Therefore, it is possible to analyze homogeneous structures by simply assigning the same material properties to all three layers. The method is applicable to investigation of symmetrical and asymmetrical buckling and post-buckling behavior of arches. For the latter, an augmentation scheme has been used to give a positive definite stiffness matrix in the descending branch of the load-deflection curve. Results compare favorably with analytical solutions available in the literature.
Persistence in government spending fluctuations: New evidence on the displacement effect

In spite of Peacock and Wiseman's 1961 NBER study demonstrating the “displacement effect”, simplistic theoretical and empirical distinctions between temporary and permanent spending are common. In this paper, impulse response functions from ARMA models as well as Cochrane's non-parametric method support Peacock and Wiseman's conclusion by showing 1) government spending in the aggregate displays strong persistence to temporary shocks, 2) simple decomposition methods intended to yield a “temporary” spending series have a weak statitistical foundation, and 3) persistence in spending has increased during this century. Also, as a basic “fact” of government spending behavior, the displacement effect lends support to interest group and bureaucracy models of government spending growth.
Performance in the 9D5 Multi-Place Universal Underwater Egress Trainer: Physiological and Behavioral Correlates

Abstract : From 1969 through 1972, 78 Navy helicopters crashed at sea with a loss of 63 lives (10 due to injuries; the remaining 53 persons either drowned or were lost at sea). To reverse the trend toward fatalities following aircraft crashes at sea, the Navy has begun training all flight personnel in the 9D5 Multi-Place Universal Underwater Egress Trainer. This thesis examined the relationship between performance (n=267) in the 9D5 device, swimming test scores and subjective anxiety scores. Mile-swim times were predictive of group (but not individual) performance in the 9D5 device with faster swimmers performing better. Poor egress performance when blindfolded was attributed to egress path difficulty and disorientation. Findings can be applied to the design of egress aids, training and motivation of subjects and the effects of anxiety upon subject performance in carrying out sequential tasks while totally immersed in water. (Author)
Respiratory Failure in an Adolescent with Primary Cardiac Sarcoma

We report a case of progressive respiratory failure secondary to primary cardiac sarcoma masquerading as primary lung disease. An 18-year-old female presented to our hospital emergency department with progressive cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. She was treated for primary lung infection without improvement and had respiratory failure with endotracheal intubation by the third hospital day. An “intermediate” plasma brain natriuretic protein (BNP) of 216 pg/mL did not raise concerns about a heart failure diagnosis and may have delayed the correct diagnosis. Computed tomography of the chest with intravenous contrast was performed on the fifth hospital day and revealed a cardiac mass. A transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed a large left atrial mass that was obstructing mitral inflow. She was transferred to a tertiary center for emergency cardiac surgery. Primary cardiac tumors are a rare and treatable cause of heart failure in adolescent and young adult patients. Presentation can be confused with primary lung disease and must be suspected early. Plasma BNP cutoff levels used in the adult population should not be extrapolated to adolescents, as levels, both normal and abnormal, are significantly lower in this group of patients.
A CW ultrasonic bolt-strain monitor

There exists a need for a relatively inexpensive system for measuring strain in bolts. The torque wrench is one technique for straining bolts which has been widely applied. Unfortunately, friction in the bolt threads and between the nut and the work tend to make such a simple system inaccurate. In practice, a torque wrench is unacceptable for many situations where strain is critical. In this article, an ultrasonic technique is described which can indicate changes in bolt strain to better than one part in 104. The technique is based on the one-dimensional propagating-ultrasonic-wave model and uses a new ultrasonic instrument called a Reflection Oscillator Ultrasonic Spectrometer which is a closed-loop feedback marginal-oscillator system that frequency locks the device to the peak of a mechanical resonance in the bolt. The instrument indicates a shift in the bolt resonance frequency due to elongation and changes in velocity of sound due to strain. Data are presented comparing a standard torque wrench to the ultrasonic monitor for different measured stresses on the bolt as well as for different bolt conditions. The strain instrument can be used to monitor changing stresses, to measure material properties and may be applied as a strain gage or load cell.
Feedback control approaches for quality of service guarantees in Web servers

It is important to guarantee quality of service (QoS) in heavy-loaded Web servers. In this paper, we present a framework eQoS that monitors and controls the service quality delivered to clients in Web servers. Because existing approaches have weak control over delivered service quality, we present two control approaches to manage server resources: a model-based approach based on queuing theory and feedback control theory; and a model-free control approach that based on fuzzy control theory within the framework. The model-based approach is desirable when Web servers can be characterized as an M/G/1 queuing system. Otherwise, the model-free approach is appropriate. Experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of these two control approaches. We compared the model-free approach with queuing-theoretic approach. We also carried out experiments to compare the model-free approach with static and adaptive feedback control approaches and static fuzzy control approach. Experimental results show that the model-based and model-free approaches outperform their competitors with smaller variance.
Aristotle and the Graces

This paper is a reading of Aristotle's book on justice (Book V of the Ethics) as what he says it is, a study of the disposition or inclination towards doing just (or unjust) acts. In that light, the content of Aristotle's famous treatments of distributive and corrective justice are only incidental, for their true role is as clues to a meaningful picture of the Just and the Unjust person. Aristotle's treatment of Being Just as a specific virtue is the most detailed treatment he offers of any moral virtue. Being Just as distributive justice emerges as a commitment to the equal treatment of all citizens, but to an equality tempered by always contentious considerations of merited reward. Being Just as corrective justice is a commitment to protecting and repairing the sphere of each person's dignity and opportunity from damaging and sometimes malicious interactions. But more is required. For Being Just means overcoming the disordered and misdirected desire that both Aristotle and Plato call "pleonexia", wanting - tyrant-like - more-of-and-more-than. If that is overcome by re-directed libido, the virtuous will then have to integrate more subtle elements if they are to achieve an inclination to this tempered, but real equality. These elements are two. One is present only implicitly, the passion Aristotle calls nemesis, a demand that the world - and justice within the world - must never permit an evil person to go unpunished or a good one, to suffer harm. That passion cannot be admitted, but at best can only be temporarily stilled. The second impediment arises from the dynamic of human communities that are made up of diverse and actively striving individuals: such citizens, haunted by suspicion grounded in their own pleonexia, demand that the community be one of laws. That creates a true dilemma, for in Aristotle's estimation, no set of rules can cabin any virtue. The Rule of Law is in tension with the particularity of justice in real life, and that tension is ultimately only bearable through the invention of equity, the trusted deviation from the law to preserve the law. In making this abstract I have had to leave untouched the subject matter of the first and two last chapters, but in my paper I do treat these. More importantly, I also show how all political community and the inclination to seek to be a Just Person rests on a gracious act of reciprocal commitment.
Non Invasive Blood Flow Monitoring with Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Correlation with Pain Self-Assessment in Subjects Receiving Infusions for Chronic Migrain (P1.264)

Objective To determine if fNIRS can demonstrate changes in frontal cortical blood flow during pharmacological infusions for migraine Background Acute migraine pain might result in part from the increase in cerebral blood flow to meningeal arteries. The most commonly used infusions to treat migraine at our institution include Magnesium, valproic acid, and dihydroergotamine and lacosamide. To date no study has been made to investigate the link between changes in blood flow in response to infusions for migraine versus changes in pain experienced. Design/methods Functional near-infrared spectroscopy system (fNIRS) is a relatively inexpensive, rapid, non-invasive and safe technique to monitor frontal cerebrovascular dynamics. We studied 36 consecutive patients who were given 4 of the most commonly used infusions as listed above. Patients were being treated for chronic migraine. We used a multisource detector fNIR device, measuring each patient’s cerebral blood flow for a period of 10 minutes at the start of their infusion. The device contained 2 probes, each with 1 source and 3 detectors. It had one near channel to measure superficial blood flow and two far channels to measure frontal cortical blood flow. This multi-distance approach provided separate measurements of the autonomic response and cortical blood flow. Patients scored their pain on a 1-10 scale, before and after the infusion. Results Medications that caused the largest change in blood flow also improved the pain the most significantly. Conclusion fNIR can be a cost-effective and reliable tool to document changes in blood flow in response to intravenous medication. Cerebral blood flow increases correlated with pain improvement. Disclosure: Dr. Tabby has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as a speaker. Dr. Tabby has received research support from Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corp. Dr. Danesh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pourshoghi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pourrezaei has nothing to disclose.
Review of Genetic Variation in Marine Phytoplankton Species and the Ecological Implications

AbstractGenetic variation within marine phytoplankton species is now well established within local populations: individual cells have different reproduction rates and various biochemical and physiological characteristics that are the result of genetic variability. In general, however, differences among cells within a population are relatively small. In some species that live in more than one habitat or water mass, genetic differentiation has developed. This leads to much larger genetic differences between populations, often as large as the differences between species. Although less information is available on seasonal genetic changes in phytoplankton populations, it appears that significant genetic changes occur in highly seasonal coastal waters but not in the more constant oceanic waters. In addition to individual physiological tolerance, genetic variation is a mechanism by which many marine phytoplankton species have expanded their ecological distribution in time and space and phytoplankton ecological s...
Early evolutionary history and genomic features of gene duplicates in the human genome

Human gene duplicates have been the focus of intense research since the development of array-based and targeted next-generation sequencing approaches in the last decade. These studies have primarily concentrated on determining the extant copy-number variation from a population-genomic perspective but lack a robust evolutionary framework to elucidate the early structural and genomic characteristics of gene duplicates at emergence and their subsequent evolution with increasing age. We analyzed 184 gene duplicate pairs comprising small gene families in the draft human genome with 10 % or less synonymous sequence divergence. Human gene duplicates primarily originate from DNA-mediated events, taking up genomic residence as intrachromosomal copies in direct or inverse orientation. The distribution of paralogs on autosomes follows random expectations in contrast to their significant enrichment on the sex chromosomes. Furthermore, human gene duplicates exhibit a skewed gradient of distribution along the chromosomal length with significant clustering in pericentromeric regions. Surprisingly, despite the large average length of human genes, the majority of extant duplicates (83 %) are complete duplicates, wherein the entire ORF of the ancestral copy was duplicated. The preponderance of complete duplicates is in accord with an extremely large median duplication span of 36 kb, which enhances the probability of capturing ancestral ORFs in their entirety. With increasing evolutionary age, human paralogs exhibit declines in (i) the frequency of intrachromosomal paralogs, and (ii) the proportion of complete duplicates. These changes may reflect lower survival rates of certain classes of duplicates and/or the role of purifying selection. Duplications arising from RNA-mediated events comprise a small fraction (11.4 %) of all human paralogs and are more numerous in older evolutionary cohorts of duplicates. The degree of structural resemblance, genomic location and duplication span appear to influence the long-term maintenance of paralogs in the human genome. The median duplication span in the human genome far exceeds that in C. elegans and yeast and likely contributes to the high prevalence of complete duplicates relative to structurally heterogeneous duplicates (partial and chimeric). The relative roles of regulatory sequence versus exon-intron structure changes in the acquisition of novel function by human paralogs remains to be determined.
A mathematical model for human nucleotide excision repair: Damage recognition by random order assembly and kinetic proofreading

A mathematical model of human nucleotide excision repair was constructed and validated. The model incorporates cooperative damage recognition by RPA, XPA, and XPC followed by three kinetic proofreading steps by the TFIIH transcription/repair factor. The model yields results consistent with experimental data regarding excision rates of UV photoproducts by the reconstituted human excision nuclease system as well as the excision of oligonucleotides from undamaged DNA. The model predicts the effect that changes in the initial concentrations of repair factors have on the excision rate of damaged DNA and provides a testable hypothesis on the biochemical mechanism of cooperativity in protein assembly, suggesting experiments to determine if cooperativity in protein assembly results from an increased association rate or a decreased dissociation rate. Finally, a comparison between the random order assembly with kinetic proofreading model and a sequential assembly model is made. This investigation reveals the advantages of the random order assembly/kinetic proofreading model.
Intermolecular association in organic nitriles; the CN dipole‐pair bond

The nature of the intermolecular interactions involving the CN groups in organic nitriles has been investigated through comparison of the physical properties of nitriles and other organic liquids. Evidence is presented that hydrogen bonding is not a significant factor in these interactions. The CN groups tend to associate in pairs by dipole interaction, leading to partial dimerization in mononitriles and to longer-range association in dinitriles. The energy of interaction between two CN groups is high, about 8 kcal./mole; it is proposed to call this interaction a CN dipole-pair bond, by analogy with the hydrogen bond. Equations are derived for energies of interaction between dipoles separated by relatively short distances.
Elimination of proliferating cells unmasks the shift from senescence to quiescence caused by rapamycin.

Background Depending on cellular context, p53-inducing agents (such as nutlin-3a) cause different outcomes including reversible quiescence and irreversible senescence. Inhibition of mTOR shifts the balance from senescence to quiescence. In cell lines with incomplete responses to p53, this shift may be difficult to document because of a high proportion of proliferating cells contaminating arrested (quiescent and senescent) cells. This problem also complicates the study of senescence caused by minimal levels of p21 that are capable to arrest a few cells.
Knowledge mapping: The consolidation of the technology management discipline

The paper presents a method of conceptual mapping of knowledge during the consolidation process of an interdisciplinary domain into an emerging discipline. This approach allows tracking the evolution of an emerging discipline of technology management. Knowledge consolidation is the result of colliding source disciplines and the simultaneous influence of changing paradigms. Three paradigms have played major role in recent development of the emerging discipline: (1) engineering management paradigm, (2) management of technology paradigm, and (3) technological entrepreneurship paradigm. The changing needs of practice drive the process. Knowledge mapping approach identifies elements of that process. Those elements (concepts) are identified and used for building a map of knowledge. The impact of different source disciplines (such as economics, management science, psychology, engineering sciences, systems science, and sociology) is characterized by affinities they have with concepts developed and applied in the emerging discipline. Linkages among those concepts are graphically interpreted in the map of knowledge.
Effect of Obesity on Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics

The effect of obesity on gentamicin disposition was studied in 60 obstetric and gynecologic patients receiving treatment for Gram-negative infections. Thirty patients whose body weights were within 20 per cent of their ideal body weight were the control group. Thirty additional patients had body weights at least 30 per cent greater than ideal body weight and were the obese group. The two groups had similar ages, heights, ideal body weights (IBW), lean body weights (LBW), and elimination rates of gentamicin. The distribution volumes, expressed as liters or standardized to ideal body weight, lean body weight, or total body weight, were significantly different in the controls from those in obese patients. The distribution volume averaged (+/- S.D.) 0.19 +/- 0.06 1./kg in controls. The contribution of excess weight to additional drug volume averaged (+/- S.D.) 0.05 +/- 0.161./kg. Excess weight thus contributes less volume per kilogram than ideal body weight or lean body weight. A substantial interpatient variability existed in the measured distribution volume for all groups. Measuring serum concentrations and adjusting a patient's dosage regimen are imperative to ensure therapeutic serum concentrations.
A simplified technique of lymphography for the small laboratory animal.

Abstract The details of a simple method for lymphography in the laboratory animal are described. Photographs and drawings illustrating the procedure and results are presented. Standard materials are utilized, but the need for indicator dye, special needles, or excessive waiting periods is obviated. This method cannot be used to visualize the lymphatics of the extremitics, but it is very useful for studies of the pelvic, abdominal, and thoracic lymphatic systems. Studies can be performed on animals as small as guinea pigs. Large animals can also be studied, with considerable saving of time.
THE DESIGN OF JACKET APPURTENANCES TO WITHSTAND PILE-DRIVING VIBRATIONS

A procedure for analysing and designing jacket appurtenances which are subjected to pile driving vibrations is presented. This procedure is based on having a known (either measured or simulated) acceleration in the jacket structure and exciting the appurtenance at its attachment point to the structure in a manner similar to a seismic analysis. Resulting dynamic stresses are used to estimate fatigue life of the appurtenance expressed in number of hammer blows. Mobil's Beryl B pile driving data, as described in OTC paper 4879, is used as an example input acceleration. Analytical fatigue life predictions are consistent with field reports that pile driving can cause appurtenance damage. Results also show that, in many cases, fatigue life can be significantly improved by changes in appurtenance detailing. General recommendations for improving piping and anode details are also presented.
A review of research on aesthetic measure

Abstract This paper reviews two groups of studies in the general area of figure preference and aesthetic measure done between 1927 and 1966. One group of studies found that the visual elements of simplicity and symmetry were characteristic of aesthetic objects preferred by artists; whereas the other group of studies found that the visual elements of complexity and asymmetry were characteristic of the aesthetic objects so preferred. Many of the studies attributed these differences in figure preference to differences in personality. The present writer has suggested an alternative hypothesis that might account for the divergent results. He has reviewed research from outside the general area of experimental aesthetics which suggest that the specific characteristics of training in art could account for the discrepancies noted in the review of the research. Future research in aesthetic measure would need to consider the various learning variables involved in both aesthetic preference and aesthetic judgement. This area of learning is critical to new developments in aesthetic education which are concerned with developing aesthetic awareness in children.
Laboratory Detection and Pure Rotational Spectrum of the CaC Radical (X 3Σ

The calcium carbide radical, CaC, has been observed in the laboratory for the first time using millimeter/submillimeter direct absorption spectroscopy. The species was created in the gas phase by the reaction of calcium vapor and methane under extreme DC discharge conditions. Eleven rotational transitions of CaC in its X 3Σ- ground state were recorded in the frequency range 247-536 GHz. Each transition of CaC was found to consist of triplets due to fine-structure interactions that indicate that the ground state is 3Σ-, as opposed to 5Σ-, both of which have been suggested by theory. The data were analyzed in a Hund's case (b) basis, and rotational, spin-spin, and spin-rotation constants have been accurately determined. CaC may be detectable in circumstellar envelopes of asymptotic giant branch stars, in particular those that are carbon-rich.
Monitoring supported-nanocluster heterogeneous catalyst formation: product and kinetic evidence for a 2-step, nucleation and autocatalytic growth mechanism of Pt(0)n formation from H2PtCl6 on Al2O3 or TiO2.

A pressing problem in supported-metal-nanoparticle heterogeneous catalysis—despite the long history and considerable fundamental as well as industrial importance of such heterogeneous catalysts—is how to monitor such catalysts’ formation more routinely, rapidly, and in real time. Such information is needed to better control the size, shape, composition, and thus resultant catalytic activity, selectivity, and lifetime of these important catalysts. To this end, a study is reported of the formation of supported Pt(0)n nanoparticles by H2 reduction of H2PtCl6 on Al2O3 (or TiO2) to give 6 equivalents of HCl plus supported Pt(0)n/Al2O3 (or Pt(0)n/TiO2), all while in contact with a solution of EtOH and cyclohexene. The HCl and Pt(0)n products were confirmed, respectively, by the stoichiometry of HCl formation using pHapparent measurements, appropriate standards, and by TEM and EDX measurements. The hypothesis of this research is that the kinetics of formation of this supported heterogeneous catalyst could be suc...
Sexual dimorphism in sea lion pups: differential maternal investment, or sex*specific differences in energy allocation?

Proximal mechanisms underlying a faster growth rate in male compared to female California sea lion pups were investigated. Males are significantly larger at birth than females. Specifically, we asked if differential maternal investment contributed to enhanced male growth via: (1) larger mothers having disproportionately more male pups, (2) more time and energy put into foraging by mothers of male pups, and (3) greater milk production in mothers of male pups. We also considered four aspects of differential energy utilization and acquisition by male and female pups: (1) male pups attempting to save energy for growth by changes in behavior, (2) longer suckling bouts with mother and more sneak suckling of non-filial females by male pups, (3) lower maintenance costs in males via a lowered resting metabolic rate, and (4) increased assimilation efficiency in males. Our study showed that there are no differences in the size of females or length of foraging trips for mothers of male and female pups. Male pups received more milk from their mothers, but the difference was no longer significant when the larger body size of males was considered. There were no differences in either the activity budgets or suckling behavior of male and female pups. Male pups, however, did have lower resting metabolic rates than females. We conclude that enhanced male perinatal growth is a consequence of a larger size at birth, proportionally more milk from mothers to support the greater demands of larger body size, and lower maintenance costs due to a lower resting metabolic rate.
ACTIVITY DURING REST AND LEARNING A GROSS MOVEMENT TASK.

Although numerous studies have attempted to control and study the effect of activities during the rest interval upon verbal tasks, e.g., nonsense syllable learning, McGeogh (2) it appears, is one of a very few to have studied the effect of interpolated activity upon a motor task (stylus maze performance). In general, learning of the primary task is a function of the intensity and type of secondary activities engaged in. It was proposed here to determine the effect of activities during the rest interval upon the learning of a gross movement task, i.e., a locomotor maze performed while blindfolded ( 1 ). Thirty female university students, randomly assigned to three groups of 10, were required to traverse a maze blindfolded as quickly as possible. Each group received 10 trials, with 3 min. of rest between trials on a locomotor maze 45 yd. long. The maze was formed by plastic tubing, placed at waist height, parallel and 2 ft. apart. Learning measure was traversal speed, timed by a manually operated stopwatch to the nearest 10th of a second. During the rest periods between trials, Group 1 engaged in knot tying, Group 2 in symbol cancellation, while Group 3 engaged in no overt activity. The interpolated activities were selected as representing a motor task and mental task, respectively. It was hypothesized that their dissimilarity to the mate task would lead to no negative transfer to the primary learning task and, in addition, it was felt that they required little learning in themselves. Variance analyses at Trials 1, 6, and 10 revealed no significant differences in the mean traversal speed among the groups (Fs of 60, 1.47, 1.3, respectively). Follow-up research is being carried out with instructions to mentally rehearse the cask between trials as an additional experimental variable.
Comparison of topical fibrin glue, fibrinogen, and thrombin in preventing seroma formation in a rat model

Fibrin glue has been shown to decrease seroma formation in animal models. To further delineate this mechanism, the efficacy of fibrin glue was compared to topical fibrinogen and thrombin in preventing postoperative seromas. A model consistently producing seromas was developed by bilateral neck dissection, lymphadenectomy, and submandibular sialoadenectomy in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Groups of 20 rats underwent this procedure and were blindly treated with either fibrin glue, fibrinogen, thrombin, or saline control. Necropsy on postoperative day 5 revealed a statistically significant (chi-squared) decrease in seroma incidence using fibrin glue (0%) and fibrinogen (15%), while thrombin (95%) and saline (100%) were ineffective in preventing seromas. The use of fibrin glue and fibrinogen in this role merits further investigation