cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pituitary adenoma and bilateral male breast cancer: An unusual association

An unusual case is presented of bilateral breast cancer in a male patient with a long history of endocrine dysfunction due to a prolactinoma. The role of abnormal endocrine function in the development of male breast cancer is reviewed. The strongest association between aberrant endocrine function and male breast cancer occurs in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, who have an approximate 3% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Retrospective case-control studies indicate that both estrogen excess and androgen deficiency may be involved in male breast cancer. Clinical studies of estrogen, androgen, and prolactin levels in male breast cancer patients have yielded conflicting results, and the precise nature of the hormonal mechanisms involved in the development of male breast cancer remains to be defined.
Activation of p38, ERK1/2 and NIK Pathways is Required for IL-1β and TNF-α-induced Chemokine Expression in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Chemokine secretion by human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) in response to IL-1beta and TNF-alpha occurs in infectious and noninfectious retinal diseases. In this study, the roles of p38 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways were investigated for IL-1beta- or TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion by hRPE cells. Treatment of hRPE cells with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha caused increased steady-state IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA levels and protein secretion. Stimulation of hRPE with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha resulted in degradation of IkappaB-alpha, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, and prominent increases in p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation for as little as 3 min. The induced IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA and proteins were partially suppressed by U0126, a specific MEK inhibitor, and by SB202190, a selective p38 inhibitor. This induction was completely blocked by simultaneous administration of the two drugs or by incubation with inhibitors for activation of NF-kappaB such as BAY11-7085, CAPE, and parthenolide. These results suggest that co-activation of MEK/ERK and p38 pathways as well as activation of NIK pathway are essential for IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha-stimulation of IL-8 and MCP-1 gene expression in hRPE cells. Furthermore, co-administration of U0126 and SB202190 did not affect the induced degradation of IkappaB-alpha and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, indicating that NF-kappaB is activated by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha independently of activation of MEK/MAPK and p38 pathways in hRPE cells.
Modeling Ecological Constraints on Tropical Forest Management: Reply

Abstract This Reply discusses four issues concerning “Modeling Ecological Constraints on Tropical Forest Management: A Comment.” First, the Comment ignores the original article's emphasis on ecological characteristics of tropical forest management. Second, two of the three structural biases toward preservation which the Comment asserts in the article's model actually behave in the opposite direction. Third, the Comment contains confusion about specific parameter values and the use of numerical sensitivity analysis. Last, the Comment's proposed extensions to the original model do not overturn the original article's premise about the importance of spatial–intertemporal modeling in tropical forest management.
Hyaline membrane disease and surfactant protein, SAP-35, in diabetes in pregnancy.

Surfactant-associated protein of Mr 28,000 to 35,000 (SAP-35) is an abundant glycoprotein present in the alveolus of the lung, which imparts both structural organization to surfactant phospholipids and provides regulatory information controlling surfactant phospholipid secretion and metabolism. SAP-35 expression is enhanced by 3′-5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and epidermal growth factor during perinatal differentiation of type II epithelial cells. Its synthesis and RNA are also controlled by a variety of inhibitory factors, which include transforming growth factor and insulin. Glucocorticoids both enhance and inhibit SAP-35 expression in fetal lung explants. There is evidence that fetal hyperinsulinemiaor hyperglycemia, or both, inhibit the morphologic differentiation of the type II epithelial cell in association with decreased phospholipid surfactant synthesis or secretion. Insulin is also a potent inhibitor of SAP-35 expression in fetal lung tissue, and decreased SAP-35 was previously noted in amniotic fluid of patients with diabetes during pregnancy. Recent progress in the management of diabetes in pregnancy, characterized by more rigorous metabolic control, has decreased the risk of hyaline membrane disease for the infant of the diabetic mother and is associated with normal levels of SAP-35 in amniotic fluid. Hyaline membrane disease remains a major cause of morbidity in infants of diabetic mothers but may also reflect a higher incidence of premature delivery, cesarean section, and asphyxia at delivery as well as inhibition of pulmonary surfactant phospholipid synthesis or expression of the surfactant protein SAP-35.
The transmission of potato virus S by the cutting knife and retention time of infectious PVS on common surfaces

The transmission of PVS by the cutting knife in potato cvs Norland, Kennebec and Russet Burbank was studied in the field and greenhouse. Field studies showed transmission to Norland via tuber infection was significantly less than for Kennebec and Russet Burbank (P = 0.01). However, significant cultivar differences were not found in the greenhouse (P = 0.05). Contamination of the cutting knife by cutting through sprouts resulted in significantly greater numbers of plants infected for cv Kennebec than when sprout contact was avoided (P = 0.05). Although the same trends were observed for cv Norland and Russet Burbank the differences were not significant (P = 0.05). Infectious PVS particles were readily recovered from materials commonly contacted during potato cultivation, storage and processing. Retention time of infectious PVS was usually greater when materials were held at 4°C and 100% relative humidity than at ambient greenhouse conditions. Retention times ranged from 0 hr (PVS not recovered) to 180 hr on unpainted wood. Results demonstrated the need for strict indexing and sanitation procedures during the production of PVS-free potato seed.
Community-Based Settings for Training in Geriatric Medicine.

Abstract Service‐learning clinical experiences in community‐based sites are an important approach to providing medical, nurse practitioner, allied health and other professional students with an opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes and skills necessary for working effectively with the elderly. Such experiences provide a balance to the clinical experiences more traditionally provided to students in nursing homes and chronic care hospitals. In community‐based settings, students gain knowledge and skills in working with older people, develop a more balanced view about growing old, and learn about community resources and effective teamwork. The experiences of the George Washington University Medical School in providing these learning experiences has led to student enthusiasm for work with the elderly and has improved access to medical care for elderly persons who participate in programs in community‐based settings.
Ring polymer dynamics for rigid tops with an improved integrator.

When working in curved spaces, such as those created with the introduction of holonomic constraints, or those generated from the parameters of Lie groups, the presence of a non-uniform metric significantly alters the Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics from its Cartesian space counterpart. The presence of a nonuniform metric causes difficulties manifested in significant long-time energy drift for the common integrators, which should be absent in a good algorithm. Using a new integrator developed with the aid of the variational principle, we implement a version of Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics adapted to curved spaces [S. Wolf and E. Curotto, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 014109 (2012)], specifically testing a symmetric ellipsoid of inertia mapped by stereographic projection coordinates. We find that the algorithm conserves the energy without long-term energy drift and converges quadratically in the time step. To test this implementation of Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics, we compute the position-position autocorrelat...
Characteristics of Insoluble Pepsin Used in a Continuous Milk-Clotting System

Abstract Skimmilk acidified to pH 5.6 or 5.9 was passed through a column of pepsin-glass at 15C, warmed to 30C and allowed to coagulate. A typical skimmilk curd was formed. No soluble pepsin was detected in whey from such milk or in Jenness and Koops' salts solution after passage through the column. Passage of skimmilk through the column slowly inactivated the insoluble enzyme. flowing whey at pH 5.9 inactivated the enzyme at more than twice the rate of skimmilk at pH 5.9 but Jenness and Koops' solution at pH 5.9 caused no inactivation. Nitrogen bound to pepsin-glass increased markedly when skimmilk was passed through the enzyme bed. Passage of skimmilk through 5.5-cm columns at 6.0ml per minute or through 50-cm columns of enzyme at 50ml per minute resulted in the same rate of inactivation of pepsin-glass. Dilute HC1, but not 4M urea, fully reactivated pepsin-glass which had been previously inactivated with skimmilk. However, pepsin-glass reactivated or pretreated with dilute HC1 lost its enzymic activity much more rapidly than untreated pepsin-glass. Treatment with .05M H 2 o 2 sterilized pepsin-glass with no significant loss in enzymic activity.
Rhesus Monkey Copulation Calls: Honest Signals for Female Choice?

In a wide variety of mating systems, female choice is based on the assessment of male signals, both morphological and behavioural, presumed to correlate with fitness. A crucial problem, therefore, is for females to determine whether the signal represents an `honest9 reflection of male fitness. A dominant theoretical perspective in evolutionary biology suggests that signals are honest if and only if they are costly to produce. At present, there are relatively few empirical studies of the costs and benefits of signalling in the mating context, and this is especially the case for Primates. In this paper, I examine the possibility that copulations calls-vocalizations that often elicit aggressive competition within the mating arena - are honest signals of male quality. Observations of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) mating behaviour reveal that the proportion of copulating males who call decreases as competition for oestrous females increases. Males who call during copulation are more likely to be aggressively attacked than males who are silent during copulation. However, males who give copulation calls obtain more matings than males who do not, and this is true for high- and low-ranking males. Because of the cost-benefit tradeoffs, copulation calls are interpreted as honest indicators of quality that may serve an important function in female mate choice.
Temperature and salinity effects on the intracapsular development, metabolic rates, and survival to hatching of Thais haemastoma canaliculata (Gray) (Prosobranchia:Muricidae) under laboratory conditions

Adult oyster drills Thais haemastoma canaliculata (Gray) were acclimated to 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40%. S at 20, 22, 28, and 30°C. Snails deposited capsules when acclimated to 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35%. S at 22 and 28° C. The osmolality of the intracapsular fluid was within 13 mOsm (higher/lower) of the ambient culture water in all experimental treatments. Optimal intracapsular survival and development to hatching occurred at 20 and 25%. S at 22 and 28°C. Survival to hatching was higher and development was faster at 28 than 22°C for all salinities (Q10 values for hatching = 1.60−2.64). Very high mortality at 12.5%. S and the presence of abnormal veligers at 12.5 and 15%. S limit larval tolerance to above 15%. S. There was a significant (P < 0.05) temperature and salinity effect and a significant interaction of the two on oxygen consumption rates, ammonium excretion rates, and the oxygen:nitrogen ratio of post-hatching veligers. Weight specific oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion rates, and O:N ratios were higher at 28 than at 22°C for all salinities. Respiration rates and excretion rates varied indirectly with salinity at both 22 and 28°C. O:N ratios were depressed at the lower salinities for both of these temperatures, indicating greater protein catabolism. Data on survival, developmental rates, and O:N ratios indicate that the stenohalinity of larval T. haemastoma canaliculata below 20%. S may contribute to the low salinity distributional limit of this species to greater than 15‰.
Progesterone suppresses an oxytocin-stimulated signal pathway in COS-7 cells transfected with the oxytocin receptor.

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine if progesterone (P4) would inhibit oxytocin-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in COS-7 cells expressing transfected ovine oxytocin receptor (OTR) with little or no nuclear P4 receptor (nPR) protein present. The relative absence of nPR in these cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. To investigate the effects of P4 on oxytocin (OT) signaling, cells were transiently transfected with the ovine OTR. Radioreceptor assay for [ 3 H]-OT binding confirmed the presence of a high affinity binding site for OT in transfected cells, while treatment with P4 and GTPγS (which uncouples the OTR from the heterotrimeric G-protein) increased the K d for OT binding slightly. Cells were then assayed for inositol phosphate hydrolysis 48 h post-transfection. Pre-treatment of cells with P4 for 10 min significantly interfered with rapid (20 min) OT-stimulated inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) production. This inhibition was specific to P4, because pre-treatment of cells with promegestone (R5020), testosterone, mifepristone (RU 486), or cortisol did not decrease OT-stimulated IP 3 levels. By radioreceptor assay for PR, no measurable specific binding of R5020 was observed for either transfected or non-transfected cells. We conclude that P4 can inhibit OTR-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in COS-7 cells that express little or no nPR protein. These data support a role for a non-genomic action for P4 in OTR signaling via some mechanism other than by binding to a membrane progestin receptor in an immortalized, transfected cell.
The nature of the nitric oxide complexes of lipoxygenase.

Abstract The NO complex of lipoxygenase with EPR signals near g = 4.0 is an S = 3/2 system with D ≈ 15 cm −1 similar to Fe 2+ -EDTA-NO. This may result from antiferromagnetic coupling of axial ( D ⪢ E ) high spin ferrous iron to NO. The other NO complex of lipoxygenase, with EPR signals below g e , may result from rhombic high spin ferrous iron coupled to NO with D > J . The quenching of both signals by a hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid probably represents replacement of NO by an oxygen ligand.
Etiology and therapeutic management of erythema nodosum during pregnancy: an update.

Erythema nodosum (EN) is the most common form of panniculitis. It is characterized by erythematous, raised, tender nodules that usually occur bilaterally on the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities. EN is associated with many underlying conditions including infection, sarcoidosis, malignancy, and pregnancy. Its underlying etiology, however, is unknown in up to half of cases. Pregnancy is thought to create an optimal background for EN to develop, although the exact mechanisms are unclear. Immune complexes may play a role in the pathogenesis of EN during pregnancy, or EN may be a hypersensitivity reaction to either estrogens or progesterone. EN is a self-limiting process, and non-pharmacologic means such as bed rest and elastic web bandages may be sufficient to control the symptoms. Potassium iodide, systemic and intralesional corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, salicylates, tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, hydroxychloroquine, colchicine, and dapsone are other treatment options available, but some of these drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy while others are considered safe. Before prescribing one of these treatments to a pregnant patient, the patient’s obstetrician should be consulted, and a careful risk-benefit analysis should be performed.
Application of the Gillette Gait Index, Gait Deviation Index and Gait Profile Score to multiple clinical pediatric populations

Gait indices are now commonly used to assess overall pathology and outcomes from studies with instrumented gait analyses. There are differences in how these indices are calculated and therefore inherent differences in their sensitivities to detect changes or differences between groups. The purpose of the current study was to examine the three most commonly used gait indices, Gillette Gait Index (GGI), Gait Deviation Index (GDI), and Gait Profile Score (GPS), comparing the statistical sensitivity and the ability to make meaningful interpretations of the clinical results. In addition, the GDI*, a log transformed and scaled version of the GPS score which closely matches the GDI was examined. For seven previous or ongoing studies representing varying gait pathologies seen in clinical laboratories, the GGI, GDI, and GPS/GDI* were calculated retrospectively. The GDI and GPS/GDI* proved to be the most sensitive measures in assessing differences pre/post-treatment or from a control population. A power analysis revealed the GDI and GDI* to be the most sensitive statistical measures (lowest sample sizes required). Subjectively, the GDI and GDI* interpretation seemed to be the most intuitive measure for assessing clinical changes. However, the gait variable sub-scores of the GPS determined several statistical differences which were not previously noted and was the only index tool for quantifying the relative contributions of specific joints or planes of motion. The GGI did not offer any advantages over the other two indices.
Markedly different rates of incident insulin treatment based on universal gestational diabetes mellitus screening in a diverse HMO population.

Objective We sought to evaluate population gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening results and risk for incident insulin treatment. Study Design Among 64,687 pregnant women universally screened for GDM from 1995 through 2010 in 2 regions of a large US health plan, we stratified women requiring insulin treatment during their pregnancy by GDM screening results (50-g glucose challenge test [GCT]), followed by a 3-hour, 100-g oral glucose tolerance test if GCT was positive. Women with GCT >200 mg/dL were evaluated separately. Results Overall, 2% of all pregnant women required insulin treatment, ranging from 0.1% (normal GCT) to 49.9% (GCT >200 mg/dL; P for trend 200 mg/dL had a much higher rate of insulin treatment than women with GDM (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.1–4.4). Risk factors for higher insulin treatment rates with GDM or GCT >200 mg/dL included obesity, race/ethnicity, and diagnosed ≤16 weeks' gestation. Conclusion Our results indicate women with GCT >200 mg/dL could be reasonably treated as GDM without requiring additional oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosis.
The range of pulmonary artery catheter balloon inflation pressures

Abstract Pulmonary artery catheters are frequently used and may be the cause of pulmonary artery rupture. The “feel” of balloon inflation, a clinical sign of a “wedged” catheter, was noted to vary among different manufacturers' catheters. The inflation pressures of five catheters from four manufacturers were examined in the laboratory. Peak pressures ranged from 475 ± 10 mm Hg to 1,037 ± 36.8 mm Hg. Plateau pressures ranged from 220 ± 4 mm Hg to 495 ± 2.9 mm Hg. Catheters with high inflation pressures may make detection of a wedged catheter by feel impossible and, thus, may increase the risk of a pulmonary artery rupture.
Gauss or Bernoulli?: A Monte Carlo Comparison of the Performance of the Linear Mixed-Model and the Logistic Mixed-Model Analyses in Simulated Community Trials With a Dichotomous Outcome Variable at the Individual Level

This Monte Carlo study compares performance of the linear and the logistic mixed-model analyses of simulated community trials having event rates of 37%, 13%, or 5%, intraclass correlations between 0.01 and 0.05, and 17 or 5 denominator degrees of freedom. Type I or Type II error rates showed no essential difference between the two analysis methods. They showed depressed error rates when the event rate or the denominator degrees of freedom were small. The authors conclude that in studies with adequate denominator degrees of freedom, the researcher may use either method of analysis but should accept negative estimates of components of variance to avoid depression of error rates.
Democratizing France: The Political and Administrative History of Decentralization

Preface Part I. The Political History of Decentralization from the French Revolution to the Present: Introduction: when political interest leads to disinterested politics 1. The legislative history of recurring centralization from the French Revolution to the Third Republic 2. The triumph of decentralization during the Third Republic 3. The unsuccessful push for decentralization from the Fourth Republic through the conservative Fifth Republic 4. Legislating decentralization in the administration of local government: the reforms of the socialist Fifth Republic 5. Legislating decentralization in the politics of local government Part II. The Impact of Decentralization on Local Politics and Administration: Introduction: when informal rules become formal roles 6. When informal rules counter formal roles: local government before the socialist reforms of the Fifth Republic 7. Rhetoric versus reality in local government: local politics and administration before the socialist Fifth Republic 8. When informal rules become formal roles: the new pluralism in the institutions and processes of local government 9. Unblocking society by decree: the transformation of the politico-administrative system 10. A new rhetoric and a new reality in local government: local politics and administration in the socialist Fifth Republic and beyond Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Does lean mean green

Abstract This Special Volume of the Journal of Cleaner Production is dedicated to examining the interrelationships among lean, green, and sustainability. With the overarching goal of accelerating progress towards sustainability, the articles contained in this volume focus on various aspects of the connections between the application of lean methods and tools, and the adoption of green initiatives. In that context, are there synergistic benefits of simultaneously adopting both, or does adoption of one lead to rapid adoption of the other? Some authors proposed new frameworks and methodologies that will facilitate further studies and assessments in the swiftly developing field of lean and green integration, while others focused upon conducting literature reviews and drawing interpretations. Additionally, several authors dealt with the application of lean and green tools and methodologies. Covering a diverse array of topics, ranging from airline mergers, eco-design, nuclear waste management, and aged care, to the demand for e-bikes, the articles included in this Special Volume offer stimulating and thought-provoking material for practitioners, managers and researchers in actual and potential applications of Lean and Green to help society make the transition to more sustainable societal patterns.
Plume capture by divergent plate motions: implications for the distribution of hotspots, geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts, and estimates of the heat flux at the core-mantle boundary

Abstract The coexistence of stationary mantle plumes with plate-scale flow is problematic in geodynamics. We present results from laboratory experiments aimed at understanding the effects of an imposed large-scale circulation on thermal convection at high Rayleigh number (106≤Ra≤109) in a fluid with a temperature-dependent viscosity. In a large tank, a layer of corn syrup is heated from below while being stirred by large-scale flow due to the opposing motions of a pair of conveyor belts immersed in the syrup at the top of the tank. Three regimes are observed, depending on the ratio V of the imposed horizontal flow velocity to the rise velocity of plumes ascending from the hot boundary, and on the ratio λ of the viscosity of the interior fluid to the viscosity of the hottest fluid in contact with the bottom boundary. When V≪1 and λ≥1, large-scale circulation has a negligible effect on convection and the heat flux is due to the formation and rise of randomly spaced plumes. When V>10 and λ>100, plume formation is suppressed entirely, and the heat flux is carried by a sheet-like upwelling located in the center of the tank. At intermediate V, and depending on λ, established plume conduits are advected along the bottom boundary and ascending plumes are focused towards the central upwelling. Heat transfer across the layer occurs through a combination of ascending plumes and large-scale flow. Scaling analyses show that the bottom boundary layer thickness and, in turn, the basal heat flux q depend on the Peclet number, Pe, and λ. When λ>10, q∝Pe1/2 and when λ→1, q∝(Peλ)1/3, consistent with classical scalings. When applied to the Earth, our results suggest that plate-driven mantle flow focuses ascending plumes towards upwellings in the central Pacific and Africa as well as into mid-ocean ridges. Furthermore, plumes may be captured by strong upwelling flow beneath fast-spreading ridges. This behavior may explain why hotspots are more abundant near slow-spreading ridges than fast-spreading ridges and may also explain some observed variations of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) geochemistry with spreading rate. Moreover, our results suggest that a potentially significant fraction of the core heat flux is due to plumes that are drawn into upwelling flows beneath ridges and not observed as hotspots.
Hydroxylation and demethylation by gut microsomes of gypsy moth larvae

Abstract 1. 1. Biotransformations of certain aromatic xenobiotics by microsomes from the gut of gypsy moth Porthctria dispar L. larvae were studied. 2. 2. The specific activities for hydroxylation (aniline), N-demethylation (N,N-dimethyl-p-nitrophenyl carbamate) and O-demethylation (p-nitroanisole) were 11.3, 8.0, and 7.0 nmoles product per hour, respectively. Bovine serum albumin enhanced these rates by 11.9, 50.9, and 24.5 per cent, indicating the presence of some inhibitory material in the microsomal preparation. 3. 3. Maximal N-demethylase activity was observed at 37°C., and at higher temperatures enzymic activity declined rapidly, probably through thermal deactivation. Highest activity was observed between pH 7.0 and 7.8. 4. 4. All three reactions were inhibited by mixed-function oxidase inhibitor, SKF525-A. The addition of Mg3+ did not improve enzymic activity.
Effects of a Low Octane Gasoline Blended Fuel on NVO Enabled HCCI Load Limit, Combustion Phasing and Burn Duration

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion allows for the use of fuels with octane requirements below that of spark-ignited engines. A reference gasoline was compared with iso-octane and a low octane blend of gasoline and 40% n-heptane, NH40. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder engine operating with negative valve overlap (NVO). The fuel flow rate per cycle was compensated based on the lower heating value to maintain a constant energy addition across fuels.Iso-octane and gasoline demonstrated similar maximum load, achieving a gross IMEPg of ∼430 kPa, whereas the NH40 demonstrated an increased IMEPg of ∼ 460kPa. The NH40 could be operated at a later phasing compared with the higher octane fuels, and exhibited a shorter burn duration at a given fueling rate and phasing. These results could be due to compositional differences, as NH40 required less NVO compared to iso-octane and gasoline, leading to less thermal and compositional stratification, as well as a higher O2 concentration and less residual gas. Additionally, the NH40 fuel demonstrated a higher intermediate temperature heat release than the higher octane fuels, potentially contributing to the shorter burn duration. Overall, these results demonstrate clear benefits to NVO enabled HCCI combustion with low octane fuels.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Scholarly productivity of U.S. LIS faculty : An update

This study is the third in a series that examines some measures of productivity applied to faculty in Library and Information Science (LIS) programs in the United States accredited by the American Library Association. The Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) is used to generate publication and citation data. The time period covered is 1993-98. The data are analyzed according to both individual productivity and program productivity. Tables are presented to list the individuals ranked by the measures. Additional tables present ranked lists of programs according to total and per capita publications and total and per capita citations. Programs are then ranked by the criteria just mentioned along with the perceptions of programs as reported in the most recent U.S. News and World Report survey.
A Note on the Existence of a Solution for Two-Phase Slug Flow in Vertical Pipes

This paper discusses the existence of a solution for gas-liquid slug flow in vertical pipes. The analysis presented here is based on the slug model. An iterative scheme is presented which not only is convenient numerically, but also provides an analytical criterion for the existence of a solution for a given set of input flow conditions.
Visual pattern discrimination in cats after removal of the superior colliculi

Two groups of cats were trained to make a visual discrimination between two patterns in a standard discrimination apparatus. Animals in Group I were trained until they reached a criterion level of 90% correct responding, had bilateral lesions made in the superior colliculi (SC), and were retrained. Animals in Group II had bilateral lesions made in the SC and were then trained on the visual discrimination task. While all animals in Group I relearned the discrimination to criterion in 60 trials or less, animals in Group II either failed to learn the problem or required more than 380 trials to reach criterion.
A novel vicious cycle in rheumatoid arthritis

Comment on Valencia et al, page [253][1] In an article published in this issue of Blood, Valencia and colleagues provide strong evidence for a direct mechanistic link between 2 pathways, demonstrating that TNF can directly inhibit in vitro suppressive function of human Tregs via signaling through
Sequence- or Position-Specific Mutations in the Carboxyl-Terminal FL Motif of the Kidney Sodium Bicarbonate Cotransporter (NBC1) Disrupt Its Basolateral Targeting and α-Helical Structure

The sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter NBC1 is targeted exclusively at the basolateral membrane. Mutagenesis of a dihydrophobic FL motif (residues 1013–1014) in the C-terminal domain disrupts the targeting of NBC1. In the present study, we determined the precise constraints of the FL motif required for basolateral targeting of NBC1 by expressing epitope-tagged wild-type and mutant NBC1 in MDCK cells and RNA-injected Xenopus oocytes and examining their subcellular localization. We assayed the functional activity of the mutants by measuring bicarbonate-induced currents in oocytes. Wild-type NBC1 (containing PFLS) was expressed exclusively on the basolateral membrane in MDCK cells. Reversal of the FL motif (PLFS) had no effect on basolateral targeting or activity. Shifting the FL motif one residue upstream (FLPS) resulted in mistargeting of the apical membrane but the FLPS mutant retained its functional activity in oocytes. Shifting the FL motif one residue downstream resulted in a mutant (PSFL) that did not efficiently translocate to the plasma membrane and was instead colocalized with the ER marker, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Analysis of circular dichroism (CD) revealed that a short peptide, 20 amino acid residues, of wild-type NBC1 contained a significant α-helical structure, whereas peptides in which the FL motif was reversed or C-terminally shifted were disordered. We therefore propose that the specific orientation and the precise location of the FL motif in the primary sequence of NBC1 are strict requirements for the α-helical structure of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain and for targeting of NBC1 to the basolateral membrane.
Increased galanin expression in the celiac ganglion of BB diabetic rats

BB rats lose >50% of their islet sympathetic nerve terminals soon after diabetes onset, markedly impairing the glucagon response to activation of these nerves. In this study, we sought evidence that this degree of disease-induced nerve terminal damage affected their neuronal cell bodies. Increased galanin expression was used as a marker of the change of phenotype that occurs in neuronal cell bodies when their axons are severely damaged. The celiac ganglion (CG) was analyzed because it is a major source of the sympathetic nerves that project to the pancreatic islets. But we first needed to determine if damaging nerve terminals could increase galanin expression in this ganglion and, if so, when that expression was maximal. Severe, global nerve terminal damage produced a dramatic increase of CG galanin expression which was maximal 5 days later. We next determined if a global, but partial, nerve terminal loss would also increase galanin expression and found a significant increase of galanin mRNA and its peptide in the CG. Finally, we determined if the disease-induced, partial and islet-selective loss of nerve terminals seen in BB diabetic rats was sufficient to increase galanin: we, again, found a significant increase of galanin mRNA and its peptide in their CG. These increases did not occur in their superior cervical ganglia. We conclude that the selective damage to islet sympathetic nerve terminals seen in BB diabetic rats, rather than the systemic factors of diabetic hyperglycemia or insulin deficiency, causes the increased galanin expression observed in the CG of this animal model of type 1 diabetes.
Correlation between acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III score and immunological parameters in critically ill patients with sepsis.

A relationship between physiological parameters of severe sepsis and immunological function has not been established. In ten severely ill patients with sepsis physiological risk was assessed by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III score, while one component of immunological function was evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine production after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. Five of the ten patients died. Mean (s.e.m.) APACHE III scores at admission were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors (82(13) versus 95(13)) but after 72 h they were lower in survivors (51(13) versus 111(15), P < 0.05). Downregulation of cytokine production by PBMC on LPS stimulation was a transient event in survivors. Survivors had a three-fold increase in tumour necrosis factor alpha bioactivity within 72 h, but there was no increase in non-survivors. A similar pattern was demonstrated for interleukin (IL) 1 beta (P < 0.05 between survivors and non-survivors) and IL-6 (P = 0.06) immunoactivity. Physiological as well as immunological parameters in critically ill patients with sepsis independently predicted hospital survival (r2 = 0.2). These data demonstrate a relationship between the pattern of cytokine production in vitro and survival.
Dynamics of job evaluation and the dilemma of wage disparity in the United States

There is substantial evidence to indicate that women have not been compensated fairly for their work when compared to men in similar positions. This article explores the gender biases built into the job evaluation process and the role this might play in explaining the wage gap. This exploration is also based on the review of the relevant literature on both sides of the comparable worth debate. In addition, the effects of market forces and organizational values in determining both wages and job structure is investigated.
Seizure-Induced Increases in NGF mRNA Exhibit Different Time Courses across Forebrain Regions and Are Biphasic in Hippocampus

Abstract In the present study, in situ hybridization and S1 nuclease protection analyses were used to evaluate the temporal and spatial parameters of changes in nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA expression in rat forebrain following hilus lesion-induced recurrent limbic seizures. Seizure-induced increases in NGF mRNA levels were widespread with differences in the temporal parameters of change between brain areas. There were two distinct increases in NGF cRNA hybridization in dentate gyrus stratum granulosum. Hybridization was increased several-fold by 6 h after a seizure-producing hilus lesion (HL), declined to below control values by 12 h post-HL, and then increased again by 24 h post-HL, or 12 h after the termination of seizures. This biphasic increase was corroborated by S1 nuclease protection analysis. In entorhinal cortex, cingulate cortex and neocortex NGF cRNA hybridization was markedly increased first in layers H/III by 6-12 h post-HL and progressed to layers V/VI by 24 h post-HL. Striking increases in NGF mRNA were detected in the majority of amygdaloid nuclei beginning with the cortical nuclei by 12 h postlesion and extending into the more deeply placed nuclei by 24 h postlesion. Labeling was increased in sparsely distributed neurons in the caudate putamen, ventral pallidum, and tenia tecta at 24 h post-HL. In all areas, hybridization declined to control values by 48-96 h post-HL. NGF expression was not changed in some forebrain regions which normally contain NGF mRNA including the diagonal bands of Broca and select thalamic nuclei. These data demonstrate that seizures stimulate NGF expression in many different types of neurons. Moreover, regional differences in the time courses of induction suggest that distinct regulatory mechanisms subserve activity-dependent changes in NGF mRNA expression in different neuronal populations.
Bendamustine and Rituximab for Indolent B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Patients With Compensated Hepatitis C Cirrhosis: A Case Series

Hepatitis C is a risk factor for indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, and clinicians will likely encounter patients with chronic liver disease concurrent with these disorders. A dearth of information exists on use of bendamustine in patients with indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and hepatic impairment, and therefore treatment of these conditions concurrently is a dilemma. We describe 2 patients with indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and hepatitis C-related cirrhosis who were effectively and safely treated with a combination of rituximab and bendamustine.
Performance comparison of cu/low-k, carbon nanotube, and optics for on-chip and off-chip interconnects

In this work, we compare the performance of carbon nanotubes and optical interconnects with the scaled Cu/low-k on-chip and off-chip interconnects for future IC technology . We present these comparisons in terms of both commonly used metrics, such as latency, energy per bit, as well as by demonstrating an explicit relationship between system-relevant metrics such as bandwidth density, power density and latency.
Impact of ozone on winter wheat yield

Abstract Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the more important agricultural crops in the U.S.A., and the major production areas may be subjected to potentially damaging concentrations of ozone (O 3 ). Since no information was available regarding the O 3 sensitivity of winter wheat cultivars grown in the Midwest, plants of three cultivars (‘Abe’, ‘Arthur-71’, and ‘Roland’) were field-grown in open-top chambers and exposed to O 3 daily throughout the spring growing season to determine impact on grain yield. All three cultivars were exposed to 7-hr/day seasonal mean O 3 concentrations of 0.023, 0.041, 0.068, 0.095 and 0.122 ppm for 55 days in 1982, and two cultivats (‘Abe’ and ‘Arthur-71’) were exposed to 0.018, 0.044, 0.062, 0.078 and 0.095 ppm O 3 for 53 days in 1983. The air in the chambers was either charcoal-filtered or nonfiltered with various constant amounts of O 3 added to the ambient O 3 (seasonal means of 0.042 ppm in 1982 and 0.045 ppm in 1983). Also included was a non-chambered ambient air plot. A split-plot randomized complete block design incorporated six O 3 treatments and four replications in 1982 and three replications in 1983. Split-plot analysis of covariance (using number of heads/m as the covariate) indicated significant ( P = 0.05) O 3 , cultivar, O 3 x replication, and O 3 x cultivar effects in 1982, but only significant O 3 and cultivar effects in 1983. As the concentration of O 3 increased, there was a general decrease in all yield variables in 1982, but only the weight yield variables in 1983. About one-third of the overall grain yield reductions in 1982 were accounted for by reduction in seed number/m, but in 1983 seed number/m was not reduced. ‘Roland’ was significantly ( P = 0.05) more sensitive to O 3 than ‘Abe’ and ‘Arthur-71’. There also were indications of significantly ( P = 0.05) greater sensitivity to O 3 in 1982 vs 1983. Exposure-response models were developed for ‘Roland’, ‘Abe’ + ‘Arthur-71’ in each year, and for the combined 1982 + 1983 ‘Abe’ + ‘Arthur-71’ data.
Global Maternal and Child Health

The Institute of Medicine defined global health as “health problems issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may be best addressed by cooperative actions (1).” Global health issues are thus common to both developing and industrialized countries. In recent decades populations in developing countries have been undergoing an epidemiologic transition in which dominant disease and mortality patterns shift from primarily infectious diseases to chronic diseases which are a rising cause of morbidity and mortality; these cumulative health threats lead to increasing burdens on health systems. Reproductive health adolescent health and mental health are recognized as priority in both developing and industrialized countries. Several papers of this issue of the Journal illustrate this focus. McCarraher et al. showed that the majority of births were unpredicted in two Bolivian communities and that women frequently experienced violence during pregnancy. Khosnood et al. showed that delayed childbirth is a risk factor for Mexican Americans as it is for other ethnic groups in the United States. Ohene et al. showed that health-compromising behaviors cluster among Caribbean youth as they do in the United States. Baker et al. showed that postpartum depression is very frequent in a predominantly Native American population in North Carolina. Their study is the first of its kind an important reminder of the lack of data about many underrepresented minorities in the United States and in the world. (excerpt)
NMR evidence for tertiary structure base pair in E. coli tRNA involving S4U8.

IN previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of tRNA we observed anomalously low field resonances (14.5–15.0 p.p.m. downfield from the usual standard 2,2-dimethylsilapentane-5-sulphonate (DSS)) in the spectra of many, but not all, Escherichia coli tRNA1–3 but yeast tRNA we examined never exhibited such resonances1,2. The fact that approximately 60% of the E.coli tRNA are class I and have a 4-thiouridine (S4U) residue at position 8 (refs 4 and 5), whereas yeast tRNA do not, raised the possibility that the anomalous low field resonances in E. coli tRNA might be due to ring NH protons of S4U8 in a tertiary structure base pair.
Conceptualizing Social Identity: A New Framework and Evidence for the Impact of Different Dimensions

The authors introduce a framework for organizing conceptualizations of social identity along four dimensions: perception of the intergroup context, in-group attraction, interdependency beliefs, and depersonalization. The authors suggest that the extent to which each dimension is evoked or assessed will have an impact on the consequences attributed to social identity. Two studies test hypotheses derived from the framework and investigate the psychometric properties of several scales. In Study 1, participants completed four social identity scales, two group cohesion scales, and a measure of allocentrism. Interscale commonalities were tested through a secondary factor analysis, and the scales and secondary factors were used to predict in-group pride and intergroup bias. Study 2 included additional predictors (interdependency, conflict, competition) and outcome measures (in-group and out-group evaluations, perceived group homogeneity, and the twenty statements test). Consistent with predictions, two types of ...
Crack damage detection of concrete structures using distributed electrical time domain reflectometry (ETDR) sensors

Electrical time domain reflectometry (ETDR) stress/strain sensing technique has been successfully used in geotechnical applications to detect rock deformation and longwall movement. The ETDR sensing method appears to be practical for health monitoring applications of civil concrete structures since durable sensor media can be used. In this paper, feasibility of using an embedded coaxial ETDR cable to detect crack damages in a structure is investigated. Tension and bending tests were performed on edge-notched photoelastic epoxy specimens with embedded coaxial ETDR sensing cables. The test results show that crack lines passing through the embedded sensing cable can be detected. The TDR signal response of the sensing cable reveals not only the location of the crack damage site but also indicates the relative magnitude of the crack opening. The results of the current study strongly suggest that the ETDR sensing technique possesses a great potential for the application of health monitoring of large civil concrete structures.
Influence of sulfur on growth and nutrient composition of soft red winter wheat

Abstract Sulfur (S) deficiencies in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) result in reduced yields and inferior grain quality. Diagnosis of S deficiency has been unreliable since soil testing does not accurately measure available soil S, and tissue S concentration varies with plant age. In order to establish more reliable guidelines for determining S deficiency in winter wheat we used nutrient solution culture to provide uniform conditions for determining the effect of tissue S content on dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake. The critical level of S for 90% of maximum growth in winter wheat seedlings (Feekes scale 1 with 5 leaves) was calculated at 1.4 g kg‐1 using a modified Mitscherlich model. Root growth was less sensitive to low S levels than top growth which may reduce the effect of S deficiency in the field. Concentrations of N, Mg, Fe, and Cu in the plant tissue increased with increased S concentration. An N/S ratio of greater than 22 was associated with reduced growth. Our results su...
Dimension reduction in a feedback loop using the SVD: Results on controllability and stability

Abstract This paper presents a method to decrease the number of inputs needed to control a system comprised of a large set of subsystems. The method couples the inputs of the subsystems using a row–column structure, thus reducing the number of inputs from m n to m + n . The resulting underactuated system is shown to maintain complete controllability if the subsystems are decoupled. Feedback for the entire system is performed by reducing the dimension of the subspace of the control inputs from a high dimension to one dimension using singular value decomposition. A stability condition for this feedback loop is presented based on the small gain theorem. In addition, the effect of the dimension reduction is explained using a simulation example.