cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of Regional Conferences in Promoting Scholarship Keynote Address for Southern Criminal Justice Association

This manuscript was presented as the keynote address of the Southern Criminal Justice Association annual conference. The keynote addressed several concepts argued to promote successful scholarship in criminal justice and criminology; specifically networking and mentoring. Further, the keynote details the benefit of participation in regional conferences for both academics and students. Finally, it challenges academics and students of all ranks to continue to participate and support regional conferences.
The Ancient Critic at Work: Terms and Concepts of Literary Criticism in Greek Scholia

Introduction Part I: 1. Plot 2. Time 3. Narrative and speech 4. Focalisation 5. Effects on the reader 6. Gaps and omissions 7. Poetic licence 8. Authentication 9. Style 10. Allusions, hints, hidden meanings 11. Characters 12. Mythography Part II: 13. The gods in Homer 14. Homeric similes 15. Epithets 16. Type scenes 17. Homeric speeches 18. Reverse order 19. Staging, performance and dramaturgy Epilogue Glossary of Greek terms.
Functional units based Fuzzy model framework for construction organizations performance

Organizational performance is one of the most important aspects of today's project management research. Many factors can be indicators for organizational performance beyond the financial measures. Predicting the performance will allow the organization to identify the areas with the highest improvement potentials, thus leading to better performance and profit increasing. The fragmented and unique nature of the construction industry was one of the main factors that contributed to the difficulty of the performance assessment. Most of research works have identified the success of organizations in terms of multiple dependent factors that impact organizations' performance and neglected non-financial performance indicators and different functional units based perspectives (e.g. project managers, administrators, and engineers). Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify and analysis the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) to develop a comprehensive performance assessment model(s) based on the values perceived from different function units within the organization. A questionnaire was administered to the organizations' individuals to evaluate these potential CSFs on the organizational performance. The data is categorized into four main response categories based on the function rules responses. A framework for analyzing the data using Fuzzy modeling approach is developed to build a performance prediction model. The model will benefit organizations to predict an accurate performance based on the different organizations' individuals perspective.
Microstructural origins of gadolinium-enhanced susceptibility contrast and anisotropy

Purpose MR histology based on magnetic susceptibility can be used to visualize diamagnetic myelin (and its deterioration) in the central nervous system and is facilitated by the application of high magnetic field strengths and paramagnetic contrast agents. Characterizing the effect of these tools will aid in assessing white matter myelin content and microstructure. Methods Image data from six gadolinium-perfused mouse brain specimens were acquired at 2.0, 7.0, and 9.4 Tesla. Magnetic susceptibility contrast was analyzed for its dependence on field strength, gadolinium concentration, and white matter fiber orientation. A model for this contrast is presented based on the three-pool model for white matter. Results The specimen data illustrate that white–gray matter susceptibility contrast is field strength independent. White–gray matter contrast improves significantly as a function of gadolinium contrast agent in the tissue, i.e., white matter appears increasingly more diamagnetic relative to gray matter. The simulated data from the model suggest that susceptibility anisotropy of white matter fiber bundles increases nonlinearly as a function of gadolinium concentration due to contrast agent compartmentalization into the extracellular white matter water pool. Conclusion Using contrast agents in MR histology facilitates white–gray matter susceptibility contrast modulation and the probing of white matter microstructure and orientation. Magn Reson Med 72:1702–1711, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring Outcomes in Adult Outpatient Psychiatry

Despite growing pressure for accountability, mental health professionals continue to debate the value of routinely measuring treatment outcomes. This paper sought to move the outcomes measurement debate forward by reviewing some of the current limitations in outcomes methodology and by providing initial strategies to address them. Using these strategies, we evaluated outcomes for a large diagnostically diverse group of adult outpatients receiving treatment as usual (TAU) within an academic medical centre. Initial self-report and clinician-rated assessments were obtained from 5546 patients, and follow-up data were obtained from 1572 (28%) patients. Using the subset of patients with the follow-up data, we determined treatment effect sizes, rates of reliable improvement (and deterioration) and rates of clinically significant improvement for all patients and for specific diagnostic groups (depression, anxiety, substance abuse, mood disorders not otherwise specified, bipolar and psychotic conditions). TAU outcomes for depression and anxiety were also compared with benchmarks derived from the randomized controlled trial literature. Lastly, the impact of patient or sample characteristics on outcome was explored. Overall, these findings generally support the benefit of TAU over no treatment while also highlighting both the utility and limitations inherent in the current approaches to evaluating treatment outcomes. Suggestions for improving outcomes measurement are provided.
Enhanced somatic embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao using the homologous BABY BOOM transcription factor

Theobroma cacao, the chocolate tree, is an important economic crop in East Africa, South East Asia, and South and Central America. Propagation of elite varieties has been achieved through somatic embryogenesis (SE) but low efficiencies and genotype dependence still presents a significant limitation for its propagation at commercial scales. Manipulation of transcription factors has been used to enhance the formation of SEs in several other plant species. This work describes the use of the transcription factor Baby Boom (BBM) to promote the transition of somatic cacao cells from the vegetative to embryonic state. An ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana BBM gene (AtBBM) was characterized in T. cacao (TcBBM). TcBBM expression was observed throughout embryo development and was expressed at higher levels during SE as compared to zygotic embryogenesis (ZE). TcBBM overexpression in A. thaliana and T. cacao led to phenotypes associated with SE that did not require exogenous hormones. While transient ectopic expression of TcBBM provided only moderate enhancements in embryogenic potential, constitutive overexpression dramatically increased SE proliferation but also appeared to inhibit subsequent development. Our work provides validation that TcBBM is an ortholog to AtBBM and has a specific role in both somatic and zygotic embryogenesis. Furthermore, our studies revealed that TcBBM transcript levels could serve as a biomarker for embryogenesis in cacao tissue. Results from transient expression of TcBBM provide confirmation that transcription factors can be used to enhance SE without compromising plant development and avoiding GMO plant production. This strategy could compliment a hormone-based method of reprogramming somatic cells and lead to more precise manipulation of SE at the regulatory level of transcription factors. The technology would benefit the propagation of elite varieties with low regeneration potential as well as the production of transgenic plants, which similarly requires somatic cell reprogramming.
PAS, Present, and Future: Clues to the Origins of Circadian Clocks

Circadian clocks are everywhere. These molecular time-keeping devices are found in the cells and tissues of all organisms, including single-cell life forms and plants. In this issue Crosthwaite et al . (p. [763][1]) report a key molecular component, WC-2, of the circadian clock from the fungus Neurospora , which contains one of the best understood clocks. In his Perspective Kay discusses the fact that WC-2 is also a light-receiving molecule and how this lets us understand for the first time the evolutionary origins of circadian clocks. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5313/763
Prevention and Therapy of Cancer by Dietary Monoterpenes

Monoterpenes are nonnutritive dietary components found in the essential oils of citrus fruits and other plants. A number of these dietary monoterpenes have antitumor activity. For example, d-limonene, which comprises >90% of orange peel oil, has chemopreventive activity against rodent mammary, skin, liver, lung and forestomach cancers. Similarly, other dietary monoterpenes have chemopreventive activity against rat mammary, lung and forestomach cancers when fed during the initiation phase. In addition, perillyl alcohol has promotion phase chemopreventive activity against rat liver cancer, and geraniol has in vivo antitumor activity against murine leukemia cells. Perillyl alcohol and d-limonene also have chemotherapeutic activity against rodent mammary and pancreatic tumors. As a result, their cancer chemotherapeutic activities are under evaluation in Phase I clinical trials. Several mechanisms of action may account for the antitumor activities of monoterpenes. The blocking chemopreventive effects of limonene and other monoterpenes during the initiation phase of mammary carcinogenesis are likely due to the induction of Phase II carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, resulting in carcinogen detoxification. The post-initiation phase, tumor suppressive chemopreventive activity of monoterpenes may be due to the induction of apoptosis and/or to inhibition of the post-translational isoprenylation of cell growth-regulating proteins. Chemotherapy of chemically induced mammary tumors with monoterpenes results in tumor redifferentiation concomitant with increased expression of the mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and transforming growth factor beta1. Thus, monoterpenes would appear to act through multiple mechanisms in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancer.
Calf swelling associated with a long-standing total knee arthroplasty.

Differential diagnoses for a soft tissue mass or swelling around the knee joint after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) include popliteal cyst, aneurysm, tumor, thrombophlebitis, and deep vein thrombosis. However, a periarticular soft tissue mass can also be a rare symptom that presents because of failed TKA without the presence of knee complaints. We report a case of failed TKA that presented as a painful paratibial soft tissue mass that deteriorated the patient’s daily life 11 years after primary TKA.
Organic vapor excitation by electron beam pumping of rare-gas—Organic vapor mixtures

Abstract Broad-band fluorescence at 4000 A has been observed from gas phase mixtures of the dyes POPOP and α-NPO in Xe and Ar. The photon yields have been measured at 3 atm total pressure and are found to reach the following maximum values: α-NPO/Xe: 2%, α-NPO/Ar: 5%, POPOP/Xe: 9%, POPOP/Ar: 20%.
Examination of the signal peptide region of human biotinidase using a baculovirus expression system.

Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of biotin recycling. Biotinidase cleaves the biotin from biocytin or short biotinyl-peptides to replenish the free biotin pool, or it can transfer the vitamin to specific proteins. The cDNA for human serum biotinidase has two in-frame start codons, potentially allowing for the synthesis of an enzyme with a signal peptide (SP) consisting of either 21 or 41 amino acids. In order to examine the requirements of the signal peptide region for the production and secretion of biotinidase, three different forms of the normal human serum biotinidase gene were constructed that encode either the 21-amino-acid SP (SP21-NL) or the 41-amino-acid SP (SP41-NL) or without a SP (NoSP-NL). These constructs were expressed in insect cells via a baculovirus expression system. Biotinidase from cells with SP41-NL and SP21-NL had immunoreactive and biotinyl-hydrolase-active enzyme in lysates and expression media. Cells with NoSP-NL had about 3% of the immunoreactive material and no enzyme activity in lysates and no immunoreactive protein or enzymatic activity in the expression medium. Lack of biotinidase from cells with NoSP-NL may be due to translation inefficiency or increased susceptibility of this species to protease degradation than the secreted forms. We have demonstrated that the 21-amino-acid signal peptide is sufficient to result in glycosylated, secreted biotinidase, but we cannot determine if the glycosylated biotinidase in the lysates or secreted in the medium of cells with SP41-NL use the first, second, or both ATGs in the SP region. Because this particular expression system has no mechanism for timing the movement of newly translated biotinidase protein, we cannot draw conclusions about the relative efficiency of SP41-NL versus SP21-NL, but it is possible that either is used in vivo depending on particular cellular conditions.
The Origin of Antimicrobial Resistance and Fluidity Dependent Membrane Structural Transformation by Antimicrobial Peptide Protegrin-1

In order to kill bacteria, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) need to intercalate into bacterial membranes, diffuse laterally, and forms pore. Membrane fluidity is thus a critical aspect in AMP-mediated killing. We studied the proposition in this work by systematically examining the effect of membrane fluidity on the disruption of lipid bilayer by AMP protegrin-1 (PG-1). In a fluid supported bilayer patch, PG-1 induces edge instability, then pore-like surface defects at low concentration, and finally wormlike micelles at higher concentrations. We show that the lipid in fluid phase is more susceptible to the formation of pore and wormlike micelle. The progress of destabilizing gel phase to structural transformations occurred along with crack formation and disordering of the gel phase into fluid phase. In addition, we found that, even with the same phase, longer chain length contributed to the PG-1 resistance. Lastly, we provide clear evidence that altering the fluidity of the bilayer can give rise to AMP resistance. These results agree with other studies in which membrane lysis by antimicrobial peptide occurs preferentially at temperatures above the liquid crystal-gel phase transition of the lipid bilayers. Our works provide possible explanation to one of the physical mechanisms of AMP resistance developed by bacteria in the nature.
Dose Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Biodegradable Polymeric Microfiber Scaffolds

This study presents a first step in the development of a bone tissue engineering strategy to trigger enhanced osteogenesis by modulating inflammation. This work focused on characterizing the effects of the concentration of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grown in a 3D culture system. MSC osteogenic differentiation is typically achieved in vitro through a combination of osteogenic supplements that include the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid dexamethasone. Although simple, the use of dexamethasone is not clinically realistic, and also hampers in vitro studies of the role of inflammatory mediators in wound healing. In this study, MSCs were pre-treated with dexamethasone to induce osteogenic differentiation, and then cultured in biodegradable electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds, which supported continued MSC osteogenic differentiation in the absence of dexamethasone. Continuous delivery of 0.1 ng/mL of recombinant rat TNF-alpha suppressed osteogenic differentiation of rat MSCs over 16 days, which was likely the result of residual dexamethasone antagonizing TNF-alpha signaling. Continuous delivery of a higher dose, 5 ng/mL TNF-alpha, stimulated osteogenic differentiation for a few days, and 50 ng/mL TNF-alpha resulted in significant mineralized matrix deposition over the course of the study. These findings suggest that the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha stimulates osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, an effect that can be blocked by the presence of anti-inflammatory agents like dexamethasone, with significant implications on the interplay between inflammation and tissue regeneration.
Network coherence and imperfect superfluidity in the quantum Hall bilayer

Abstract Recently, superfluid-like properties have been observed in bilayer quantum Hall systems, in which the effective bosonic particles are understood to be electron–hole pairs. While experimental results are highly suggestive of superfluidity, the linear response of this system remains dissipative down to the lowest available temperatures. We demonstrate that these results may be understood in terms of a unique disorder-dominated state, in which the system organizes into a coherence network , with large incoherent regions separated by quasi-one-dimensional coherent strips with vortices and antivortices at their edges. We demonstrate that this novel state supports nearly dissipationless response at non-vanishing temperatures which can explain a number of puzzling experimental results.
Manipulation of Individual Electronic Spins in Semiconductors

Manipulating individual spins in a solid, such as for quantum information processing or a spintronic device, requires the ability to quickly and coherently reorient a spin while leaving its neighbors unaffected. Using traditional electron spin resonance methods is problematic because of the difficulty of confining oscillating magnetic fields to small volumes. In contrast, g-tensor modulation resonance, which has been demonstrated in quantum wells, uses the electric field to exploit differences in the spin-orbit interaction in and around the confining structure and should be scalable. I will present theoretical calculations of g-tensor modulation resonance spin manipulation in quantum dots and donors and show that such schemes are feasible for manipulation of single spins. For InAs/GaAs quantum dots it is possible to rapidly reorient the spin in an arbitrary direction with only the application of a static magnetic field and the application of pulsed electric fields from a gate. Donors behave much like quantum dots, with the advantage that they do not suffer from variations in composition and size.
A Former Editor Reflects on the Journal for Specialists in Group Work and the Association for Specialists in Group Work

The editorial process for the Journal for Specialists in GroupWork (JSGW) over a 4-year period is described, including the importance of two main goals of the editor: an increase in articles focusing on diversity and an enhanced focus on qualitative and quantitative analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of group work.
Modeling Thermal Residual Stresses in Composite Patch Repairs During Multitemperature Bonding Cycles

Generally, thermal residual stresses in composite patch repairs can be reduced by lowering the cure temperature of the adhesive used. However, lowering the cure temperature requires a longer curing time to achieve the fully developed performance of the repair. The total curing time can be shortened by using a multistep cure-temperature cycle. In modeling of the cure cycle, a cure kinetic model was established first based on the result of differential scanning calorimetry tests that were performed to estimate the development of the degree of cure of the adhesive. Because stress relaxation depends on the degree of cure of the adhesive, this kinetic model was used in conjunction with the Maxwell viscous model to estimate stress relaxation in the adhesive during the curing cycle. Thus, the model has the capability of estimating the thermal residual stresses in a composite patch repair undergoing a multistep curing schedule. Thermal residual stresses induced by a cure cycle were quantified by ΔT eff defined as the temperature difference between the stress-free temperature and room temperature. This model was used to establish a guide for selecting an efficient two-step cure cycle, which yields a ΔT eff lower than that of the cure cycle recommended by the adhesive manufacturer.
THE EFFECTS OF ORAL PRESENTATION PREVIEWING RATES ON READING PERFORMANCE

A multielement design was used to compare the effects of rapid oral presentation and slow oral presentation during listening previewing on rates of accurate oral rereading. The participants were 2 elementary students with reading skills deficits. For both students, rates of accurate oral rereading were higher when adults reduced their oral reading rates as students read silently.
Simultaneous Endovascular Repair of Traumatic Rupture of the Right Subclavian Artery and Thoracic Aorta

A patient with concomitant rupture of the thoracic aorta and right subclavian artery at its origin was managed with endovascular stents. Due to the patient's hypovolemic shock, kissing stents in the brachiocephalic artery were undersized, requiring repeat intervention with coils and cement. The technical and judgment aspects of this case are reviewed.
In vivo imaging in a murine model of glioblastoma.

OBJECTIVE: To use in vivo imaging methods in mice to quantify intracranial glioma growth, to correlate images and histopathological findings, to explore tumor marker specificity, to assess effects on cortical function, and to monitor effects of chemotherapy. METHODS: Mice with DBT glioma cell tumors implanted intracranially were imaged serially with a 4.7-T small-animal magnetic resonance imaging (MR1) scanner. MRI tumor volumes were measured and correlated with postmortem histological findings. Different nonspecific and specific positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals, [ 18 F]2 -fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose, [ 18 F]3 '-deoxy-3'- -fluorothymidine, or [ 11 C]RHM-1, a σ 2 -receptor ligand, were visualized with microPET (CTI-Concorde Microsystems LLC, Knoxville, TN). Intrinsic optical signals were imaged serially during contralateral whisker stimulation to study the impact of tumor growth on cortical function. Other groups of mice were imaged serially with MRI after one or two doses of the antimitotic N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea(BCNU). RESULTS: MRI and histological tumor volumes were highly correlated (r 2 = 0.85). Significant binding of [ 11 C]RHM-1 was observed in growing tumors. Over time, tumors reduced and displaced (P≤ 0.001) whisker-activated intrinsic optical signals but did not change intrinsic optical signals in the contralateral hemisphere. Tumor growth was delayed 7 days after a single dose of BCNU and 18 days after two doses of BCNU. Mean tumor volume 15 days after DBT implantation was significantly smaller for treated mice (1- and 2-dose BCNU) compared with controls (P= 0.0026). CONCLUSION: Mouse MRI, positron emission tomography, and optical imaging provide quantitative and qualitative in vivo assessments of intracranial tumors that correlate directly with tumor histological findings. The combined imaging approach provides powerful multimodality assessments of tumor progression, effects on brain function, and responses to therapy.
2-Deoxyglucose stimulates the release of insulin and somatostatin from the perfused catfish pancreas

Glucokinase was proposed to function as a glucose sensor in pancreatic B-cells, acting possibly as a pacemaker of the rate of glycolysis. Glucose, mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose are good substrates of glucokinase which are easily taken up into B-cells. Glucose and mannose are well-known stimuli of insulin release in mammals and fish. I report here that 2-deoxyglucose is also a strong stimulus of insulin and somatostatin release from the in vitro perfused pancreas (i.e., splenic Brockmann body) of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). This is surprising because the product of the glucokinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose. 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, cannot be metabolized further at an appreciable rate. 3-O-Methylglucose, which does not bind appreciably to mammalian glucokinase, stimulated neither insulin nor somatostatin release. Glucosamine, which binds tightly to glucokinase but is phosphorylated only at a very low rate, did not stimulate insulin release either, but did cause a small amount of somatostatin to be released. The results suggest that glucose-activated glucokinase itself may serve as a signal molecule in glucose recognition by B- and D-cells.
Archaic Athens and the topography of the Kylon affair

Working from an inscription discovered in Athens nearly 20 years ago, suggestions have been recently made by Robertson, Shear, and Dontas for the proper placement of the Archaic agora and for the Aglaurion, Prytaneion, Theseion, and Anakeion. Based upon these recent suggestions, we may now propose a location for the Archaic Altars of the Dread Goddesses (Semnai Theai) and for the route that Kylon's followers took down from the Akropolis before they were murdered in the aftermath of their conspiracy c. 632 BC.
Serum insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in women who develop preeclampsia

Abstract Objective: To determine whether second-trimester serum concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) were altered in women before they developed clinical signs of preeclampsia. Methods: A nested case-control study used serum obtained during second-trimester pregnancies from 12 women who developed preeclampsia matched with 24 controls who remained normotensive. Nine preeclamptic subjects and 18 controls were necessary to have 80% power to discern a 20% difference between groups with regard to the analytes under consideration. Results: There were no significant differences between cases and controls with respect to many demographic factors. Women who developed preeclampsia had insulin concentrations that were not significantly different from controls, but serum concentrations of IGF-I were significantly higher and IGFBP-1 were significantly lower than those of the controls. The IGF-I/IGFBP-1 ratio helped to identify those at risk for developing preeclampsia. Conclusions: Serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-1 were abnormal long before women manifested clinical evidence of preeclampsia in this study. These alterations might be related to abnormalities in trophoblastic invasion and prove useful as potential markers for the identification of women who are at high risk of developing preeclampsia.
Stratification in consumer behavior research: A re-examination

The role of the stratification concept in consumer behavior research is examined and compared to its sociological foundations. Misapplications of the concept in consumer research along with weaknesses in methodology, hypothesis formulation and criterion variable selection are identified and remedies suggested. Strengths and weaknesses of different stratification scales for consumer research are assessed and the key issues involved in stratification research are illustrated by reviewing the stream of stratification and consumer research in the area of banking behavior.
Visual improvement after surgical manipulation of dolichoectatic anterior cerebral arteries

A case is presented of notching of the optic nerve and chiasm by a dolichoectatic anterior cerebral artery. Visual improvement followed surgical decompression of the visual pathways by moving the ectatic vessel.
Cloud-Cluster-Scale Circulations and the Vorticity Budget of Synoptic-Scale Waves Over the Eastern Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone

Abstract Objectively analyzed upper-air winds over the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern tropical Atlantic are separated into components representing the mean flow, westward moving synoptic-scale waves and cloud-cluster-scale motions during the third observational period of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. Vorticity budget analysis is performed for the three components of the flow. At the scale of cloud clusters, the vorticity budgets show variability that is the same order of magnitude as the vorticity field changes caused by the passage of the easterly waves. The variability patterns appear to be closely related to the phase of the wave and to cloud-cluster activity. It is concluded that the nonlinear contributions of cloud-cluster-scale motions to the average wave structure are small in the lower troposphere, but are as large as any of the vorticity budget terms involving wave divergence or vertical motion in the middle and upper troposphere. The implications of the results for numeri...
Localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide binding sites in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chick

The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of VIP binding sites in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius using receptor binding and autoradiographic techniques. Biochemical characterization of 125I-VIP binding sites determined two classes of specific binding sites in both tissues. The dissociation constants determined in the thymus were 1.12 nM and 88.5 nM, and in the bursa were 0.459 nM and 70.8 nM. Autoradiographic localization of 125I-VIP binding sites within the thymus demonstrated specific binding associated with the medullary region of the thymic lobule and the blood vessels in the interlobular and trabecular areas. Within the bursa of Fabricius, high densities of silver grains corresponded with vascular elements in the interfollicular regions, the epithelial border of the plicae, the muscular layer surrounding the organ, and the diffusely infiltrated area near the burso-cloacal duct.
Non-cross-linked porcine acellular dermal matrix in revision breast surgery: long-term outcomes and safety with neopectoral pockets.

Background: Revision breast surgery represents a significant problem among patients who have undergone augmentation mammaplasty. Current techniques do not adequately prevent recurrence, thus requiring novel approaches, including placement of Strattice (LifeCell, Branchburg, New Jersey), a non–cross-linked porcine acellular dermal matrix, to minimize recurrence. Objective: The authors review their experience and long-term outcomes with placement of Strattice in revision breast surgery patients who underwent previous augmentation mammaplasty. Methods: All patients in the authors' practice with a previous history of augmentation mammaplasty who underwent revision breast surgery with placement of Strattice between January 2007 and December 2011, and who had a minimum of 12 months of follow-up, were included in this retrospective study. A total of 106 patients met the study's inclusion criteria. Results: Average patient age was 42.3 years and average follow-up time was 3.1 years. Indications for revision surgery included capsular contracture (51.9%), implant malposition (38.7%), and ptosis (8.5%); approximately 40% had ≥1 previous attempts to correct the presenting complaint. Revision surgery included creation of neosubpectoral pockets with retention of previous noncalcified capsules in 81% of patients with subpectoral implants. Presenting complaints were successfully resolved in all patients. The overall complication rate was 0.9%. Conclusions: Adding Strattice to traditional revision surgery procedures results in reliable, durable repair of the presenting complaint with minimal associated complications. Treatment with Strattice in conjunction with noncalcified capsules retained during site change also appears to be safe. The data support a role for Strattice in revision breast surgery for patients who have undergone previous augmentation mammaplasty. Level of Evidence: 4 ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Experience with the MicroSeq D2 Large-Subunit Ribosomal DNA Sequencing Kit for Identification of Commonly Encountered, Clinically Important Yeast Species

Experience with a MicroSeq D2 large-subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing kit for identification of yeast species commonly encountered in the mycology laboratory at Mayo Clinic is described here. A total of 131 isolates of yeasts recovered from clinical specimens were included in the study. Phenotypic methods used for initial identification included germ tube formation, urease production, microscopic morphological features on cornmeal agar, and an API 20C AUX system; all isolates were sequenced using a MicroSeq D2 LSU rDNA sequencing kit. Nucleic acid sequencing identified 93.9% of the isolates to the correct genus and species. A total of 100 of the isolates (representing 19 species of Candida) were sequenced, and 98% gave results concordant with identifications made by the API 20C AUX system; distance scores ranged from 0 to 1.88%, with an average value of 0.23%. Candida dubliniensis was not included in the MicroSeq database and was identified as Candida albicans. A total of 32 isolates representing 9 other genera (including Cryptococcus, Filobasidium, Kloeckera, Malassezia, Pichia, Sporidiobolus, Rhodotorula, Zygosaccharomyces, and Trichosporon) were included, and 81.3% showed concordant results when phenotypic and sequencing results were compared. Most discrepancies were attributed to the lack of inclusion of the species in the MicroSeq or API 20C AUX database. The MicroSeq D2 LSU rDNA sequencing kit appears to be accurate and useful for the identification of yeasts that might be seen in a clinical laboratory.
Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced induction of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in Raji cells by some inhibitors of tumor promotion.

Abstract The effects of some compounds, which have been reported to inhibit tumor promotion in vivo, on the induction of the early antigen (EA) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells were examined. The inhibitors of the cascade process involving arachidonic acid, indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, phenidone and p-bromophenacyl bromide, effectively inhibited EBV-EA induction by TPA. Two flavonoids, morin and kaempferol also inhibited EA induction. Among antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene effectively inhibited EA induction, though α-tocopherol did not show any inhibition of EA induction at concentrations of up to 150 μg/ml. N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesul-fonamide, a calmodulin antagonist, and esculetin showed inhibitory effects on EA induction, though slight cytotoxicity was observed. l -1-p-Tosylamino-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, a protease inhibitor, showed cytotoxicity and no specific inhibition of EA induction. Five kinds of steroids, cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone and fluocinolone acetonide showed no inhibitory effect on EA induction at concentrations of up to 100 μg/ml. In addition, the relationship between the inhibition of EBV-EA induction and that of tumor promotion is discussed.
Gene Therapy and Muscles: The Use of Adeno-associated Virus—Where are We Today?

Unlike most conventional medicines to treat musculoskeletal disorders, gene therapy focuses on replacing and correcting defective gene. On the basis of evidences of the long-term efficient therapeutic gene expression in the muscle, the recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are used in the treatment of many life-threatening diseases, especially muscle diseases. The clinical trials for muscle diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy began 3 years ago. However, the challenges, such as host cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to the vector caspid or/and transgene product are found to interfere with the successful outcome of the rAAV-mediated gene therapy. Further investigation in mechanism and risks associated with immune responses in human as well as a well-designed monitoring plan in clinical trials are essential to achieve the goal of efficacy and safety of the rAAV vectors in clinical trials. Scientists are looking to the novel strategies to optimize the rAAV vectors as a treatment option for human muscle diseases. This review summarizes the development of the rAAV vectors and the treatment of muscular dystrophy by using the rAAV vectors.
Dose-response Curve Slope Sets Class-Specific Limits on Inhibitory Potential of Anti-HIV Drugs

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can control HIV-1 replication, but suboptimal treatment allows for the evolution of resistance and rebound viremia. A comparative measure of antiviral activity under clinically relevant conditions would guide drug development and the selection of regimens that maximally suppress replication. Here we show that current measures of antiviral activity, including IC(50) and inhibitory quotient, neglect a key dimension, the dose-response curve slope. Using infectivity assays with wide dynamic range, we show that this slope has noteworthy effects on antiviral activity. Slope values are class specific for antiviral drugs and define intrinsic limitations on antiviral activity for some classes. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and integrase inhibitors have slopes of approximately 1, characteristic of noncooperative reactions, whereas non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors and fusion inhibitors unexpectedly show slopes >1. Instantaneous inhibitory potential (IIP), the log reduction in single-round infectivity at clinical drug concentrations, is strongly influenced by slope and varies by >8 logs for anti-HIV drugs. IIP provides a more accurate measure of antiviral activity and in general correlates with clinical outcomes. Only agents with slopes >1 achieve high-level inhibition of single-round infectivity, a finding with profound implications for drug and vaccine development.
Bell inequalities with communication assistance

In this paper we consider the possible correlations between two parties using local machines and shared randomness with an additional amount of classical communication. This is a continuation of the work initiated by Bacon and Toner in Ref. [\textit{Phys. Rev. Lett.} \textbf{90}, 157904 (2003)] who characterized the correlation polytope for $2\times 2$ measurement settings with binary outcomes plus one bit of communication. Here, we derive a complete set of Bell Inequalities for $3\times 2$ measurement settings and a shared bit of communication. When the communication direction is fixed, nine Bell Inequalities characterize the correlation polytope, whereas when the communication direction is bi-directional, 143 inequalities describe the correlations. We then prove a tight lower bound on the amount of communication needed to simulate all no-signaling correlations for a given number of measurement settings.
Transformative learning theory: facilitating mammography screening in rural women.

Purpose/objectives To use transformative learning to investigate what experiences serve as catalysts for mammography screening, the cognitive and affective responses that result from the catalyst, and how screening behavior is impacted. Research approach A descriptive qualitative study. Setting Southeastern Wyoming. Participants 25 low-income, rural women aged 40 years and older. Methodologic approach Four focus group interviews. Findings Cancer experiences triggered universal responses of fear by screeners and nonscreeners. The manner in which that fear response was interpreted was a critical factor in the facilitation of, or impedance to, screening. Dichotomous interpretations of fear responses provided the context for screening behavior. Immobilizing and isolating experiences were associated with nonscreening behavior, whereas motivation and self-efficacy were associated with screening behavior. Conclusions Transformative learning theory is a useful framework from which to explain differences in mammography screening behavior. Creating opportunities that facilitate dialogue and critical reflection hold the potential to change immobilizing and isolating frames of reference in nonscreening women. Interpretation To help women transcend their fear and become self-efficacious, nurses can assess how cancer and the screening experience is viewed and, if indicated, move beyond standard education and offer opportunities for dialogue and critical reflection.
Earth Sciences Push Radiative Transfer Theory: 2009 International Conference on Advances in Mathematics, Computational Methods, and Reactor Physics; Saratoga Springs, New York, 4–7 May 2009

The theories of radiative transfer and particle—particularly neutron—transport are grounded in distinctive microscale physics that deals with either optics or particle dynamics. However, it is not practical to track every wave or particle in macroscopic systems, nor do all of these details matter. That is why Newton's laws, which describe individual particles, are replaced by those of Euler, Navier-Stokes, Maxwell, Boltzmann, Gibbs, and others, which describe the collective behavior of vast numbers of particles. And that is why the radiative transfer (RT) equation is used to describe the flow of radiation through geophysical-scale systems, leaving to Maxwell's wave equations only the task of providing the optical properties of the medium, be it air, water, snow, ice, or biomass. Interestingly, particle transport is determined by the linear transport equation, which is mathematically identical to the RT equation, so geophysicists and nuclear scientists are interested in the same mathematics and computational techniques.
Evidence for mating between isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with different host specificities.

Individual isolates of the ibiquitous plant pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata) can have very restricted host ranges. Isolates that share the same host range are considered to be genetically discrete units, and sexual compatibility has been reported to be limited to individuals that share the same host range. However, we have recently observed that some isolates of C. gloeosporioides that are specifically pathogenic to different, distantly-related hosts are sexually compatible. Ascospore progeny from one such cross were randomly isolated and outcrossing was verified by the reassortment of several RFLP markers among the progeny. In addition, the progeny were analyzed for pathogenicity to parental hosts. The implications of sexual compatibility between C. gloeosporioides isolates with different host specificities on the evolution of Colletotrichum species are discussed.
Enhancing Macroautophagy Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Cardiac Myocytes

Cardiac myocytes undergo programmed cell death as a result of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). One feature of I/R injury is the increased presence of autophagosomes. However, to date it is not known whether macroautophagy functions as a protective pathway, contributes to programmed cell death, or is an irrelevant event during cardiac I/R injury. We employed simulated I/R of cardiac HL-1 cells as an in vitro model of I/R injury to the heart. To assess macroautophagy, we quantified autophagosome generation and degradation (autophagic flux), as determined by steady-state levels of autophagosomes in relation to lysosomal inhibitor-mediated accumulation of autophagosomes. We found that I/R impaired both formation and downstream lysosomal degradation of autophagosomes. Overexpression of Beclin1 enhanced autophagic flux following I/R and significantly reduced activation of pro-apoptotic Bax, whereas RNA interference knockdown of Beclin1 increased Bax activation. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were protective against I/R injury, and expression of a Beclin1 Bcl-2/-xL binding domain mutant resulted in decreased autophagic flux and did not protect against I/R injury. Overexpression of Atg5, a component of the autophagosomal machinery downstream of Beclin1, did not affect cellular injury, whereas expression of a dominant negative mutant of Atg5 increased cellular injury. These results demonstrate that autophagic flux is impaired at the level of both induction and degradation and that enhancing autophagy constitutes a powerful and previously uncharacterized protective mechanism against I/R injury to the heart cell.
What is Nanotechnology: New Properties of Words as Territories in a Cross-Disciplinary, Cross Border Flow

The cultural impacts of tools and technologies have always been of great interest to anthropologists, cognitive scientists, and developmental psychologists. Humans have a long history of inventing and using tools, both material and symbolic, and these have influenced the development of our societies in crucial ways, both cognitively and in terms of the specialization of social roles and relationships. Perhaps never before have technological innovations emerged at the rapid rate we see today. This rate of technological change has already brought major alterations in daily activities, work and family life, knowledge production and knowledge sharing. The emergence of nanotechnologies, for example, are challenging social scientists, including anthropologists, to synthesize new ways of studying and understanding human societies. Social scientists are being asked to respond to questions from natural scientists and the "general public" about how best to continue to innovate while ensuring public welfare, and how...
Contextually Influenced Patterns of Play-Developmental Age Associations for Preschoolers With and Without Mental Retardation

The purpose of this paper is to present data demonstrating the differential pattern of association among play behaviors and developmental age that emerge for children with and without mental retardation across play situations. Seventeen preschool children with mental retardation and 17 preschool children without mental retardation were matched on developmental age and sex and observed during both home-based independent play and classroom-based freeplay. Results are presented for (a) between-group comparisons of home-based and classroom-based categorical–developmental age and sequential play–developmental age correlational patterns, (b) between setting comparisons of home-based and classroom-based categorical–developmental age and sequential play–developmental age correlational patterns within each group, and (c) comparisons of the pattern of categorical play–developmental age and sequential play–developmental age correlations within both setting and group. Results suggest both group and setting variation in the play–developmental age correlational patterns. Implications for multi-contextual understanding of children’s play and the use of play in early childhood assessment are discussed.
Ordered steps on Bi(̃0001) vicinal surfaces by laser pulse anneal

Abstract LEED patterns characteristic of an ordered array of equally spaced steps of minimum height resulted from pulsing disordered Bi(∼0001) vicinal surfaces. Ten XeCl eximer laser pulses at λ=308 nm, of 10 ns duration and 4 mJ/cm 2 each and at 0.5 s intervals optimized ordering on the Bi(10 1 16) surface, but additional exposure degraded the surface crystallinity as did a twentyfold increase in power density.
Axons of orcadian pacemaker neurons in the eye of Bulla project to the central nervous system and the contralateral eye

Abstract 1. 1. Orcadian pacemaker neurons located in the eye of Bulla have optic nerve axons. Their projections in the CNS were labeled with either tritiated leucine or HRP and confirmed by electrical recordings. 2. 2. Axons labeled with tritium or HRP project to the cerebral and pleural ganglia and into the abdominal connective. Many fibers cross to the contralateral ganglia. Labeling with HRP revealed fine fiber terminations within the cerebral neuropil. 3. 3. Electrical recording of autogenous compound action potentials (CAPS) that originated in an eye appeared as small CAPs in the cerebral commissure, the contralateral optic nerve and the ipsi- and contralateral pleural-abdominal connectives.