cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Officer Down: Implications of Three Strikes for Public Safety:

This article examines the impact of California’s 1994 Three Strikes law on front line law enforcement personnel—specifically whether there is a greater risk of injury by criminal suspects resisting arrest and contact with law enforcement due to Three Strikes. The authors evaluated data collected from six major police agencies and district attorney offices in California between 1990 and 2001, including total arrests, resisting arrest charges, assault on a peace officer, officer injuries or deaths, use of force incidents, officer-involved shootings, vehicle pursuits, and three-strike case filings. Although the resulting analysis did not evidence a statewide increase or trend, in the Los Angeles area (where there is a higher concentration of repeat offenders and three-strikes prosecution has been more actively pursued), there is a notable increase in arrest rates, resisting and assaulting officers, and a significant increase (113% between 1996 and 2001) in two- and three-strikes crimes with a police officer victim.
Overweight/obesity and weight-related treatment among patients in U.S. federally supported health centers.

Summary Background We obtained the prevalence of overweight/obesity, weight-loss attempts, and weight-related counseling and treatment among U.S. adults who sought care in federally funded community health centers. We investigated whether racial/ethnic and gender disparities existed for these measures. Methods Data came from the 2009 Health Center Patient Survey. Measures included body mass index (BMI), self-perceived weight, weight-loss attempts, being told of a weight problem, receipt of weight-related counseling, nutritionist referrals, weight-loss prescriptions, and cholesterol checks. We conducted bivariate analyses to determine distributions by race/ethnicity and gender, then ran logistic regressions to examine the effects of several sociodemographic factors on weight-loss attempts and on being told of a weight problem. Results Overall, 76% of adult patients seen in health centers were overweight or obese (BMI≥25.0kg/m 2 ); 55% of overweight patients, and 87% of obese patients correctly perceived themselves as overweight. There were no racial/ethnic differences in BMI categories or self-perceptions of weight. Females were more likely than males to be obese and also more likely to perceive themselves as overweight. About 60% of overweight/obese patients reported trying to lose weight in the past year. There were no racial/ethnic disparities favoring non-Hispanic White patients in weight-related treatment. Women were more likely than men to receive referrals to a nutritionist or weight-loss prescriptions. Overweight/obese patients had higher adjusted odds of a past-year weight-loss attempt if they perceived themselves as overweight (OR=3.30, p p p p p p Conclusions Patients seen in community health centers have high rates of overweight and obesity, even higher than the general U.S. population. Efforts to address weight problems during primary care visits are needed to reduce the burden of obesity and its sequellae among health center patients.
DIVERSITY AMONG TETRASPORALEAN TAXA: EVIDENCE FROM ULTRASTRUCTURE AND MOLECULES

Recent phylogenetic studies of tetrasporalean exemplars using 18S rDNA revealed the extent of diversity among taxa in this non-monophyletic group (Booton et al. 1998). In particular, two distinct tetrasporalean lineages were identified; one group allied with chlamydomonadalean taxa and the other group comprising taxa now placed in a separate order, the Chaetopeltidales. Using these observations as a framework, a new investigation of diversity among a broader sampling of putative tetrasporalean genera (e.g. Asterococcus, Chloranomala, Chlorophysema, Gloeocystis, Gloeodendron, Palmella, Paulschulzia, Physocytium, Schizochlamys and Tetraspora) was undertaken. Phylogenetic studies of both 18S and 26S rDNA were compared with ultrastructural investigations of vegetative cells. Molecular phylogenetic analyses corroborate the earlier 18S rDNA results, but also reveal additional diversity. The new data raise doubts regarding the monophyly of two genera, Palmella and Tetraspora. The new data also link two enigmatic green algal genera, Physocytium and Heterochlamydomonas, in a long-branch lineage within the Chlamydomonadales. Another enigmatic genus, Schizochlamys, is allied with Bracteacoccus in the Sphaeropleales. Lastly, Chloranomala is resolved as an ally of Paulschulzia, Tetraspora sp., and the green flagellate, Lobomonas. Comparison of pyrenoid ultrastructure generally supports the molecular phylogenetic analyses, suggesting that this non-molecular character will be a useful marker for broad phylogenetic studies of chlamydomonadalean taxa. (Supported by NSF grant, DEB 9726588)
Transcriptional Response of the Sulfur Chemolithoautotroph Thiomicrospira crunogena to Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Limitation

The hydrothermal vent gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena inhabits an unstable environment and must endure dramatic changes in habitat chemistry. This sulfur chemolithoautotroph responds to changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (DIC = CO(2) + HCO(3)(-) + CO(3)(-2)) availability with a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in which whole-cell affinity for DIC, as well as the intracellular DIC concentration, increases substantially under DIC limitation. To determine whether this CCM is regulated at the level of transcription, we resuspended cells that were cultivated under high-DIC conditions in chemostats in growth medium with low concentrations of DIC and tracked CCM development in the presence and absence of the RNA polymerase inhibitor rifampin. Induction of the CCM, as measured by silicone oil centrifugation, was hindered in the presence of rifampin. Similar results were observed for carboxysome gene transcription and assembly, as assayed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Genome-wide transcription patterns for cells grown under DIC limitation and those grown under ammonia limitation were assayed via microarrays and compared. In addition to carboxysome genes, two novel genes (Tcr_1019 and Tcr_1315) present in other organisms, including chemolithoautotrophs, but whose function(s) has not been elucidated in any organism were found to be upregulated under low-DIC conditions. Likewise, under ammonia limitation, in addition to the expected enhancement of ammonia transporter and P(II) gene transcription, the transcription of two novel genes (Tcr_0466 and Tcr_2018) was measurably enhanced. Upregulation of all four genes (Tcr_1019, 4-fold; Tcr_131, ∼7-fold; Tcr_0466, >200-fold; Tcr_2018, 7-fold), which suggests that novel components are part of the response to nutrient limitation by this organism, was verified via qRT-PCR.
The reconfigurable arithmetic processor

The Reconfigurable Arithmetic Processor (RAP) is an arithmetic processing node for a message-passing, MIMD concurrent computer. It incorporates on one chip several serial, 64 bit floating point arithmetic units connected by a switching network. By sequencing the switch through different patterns, the RAP chip calculates complete arithmetic formulas. By chaining together its arithmetic units the RAP reduces the amount of off chip data transfer: in the examples we have simulated off chip I/O can often be reduced to 30% or 40% of that required by a conventional arithmetic chip. Simulations predict a peak performance of 20M Flops with 800Mbit/sec off chip bandwidth in a 2mm CMOS process.
Growth and Photosynthesis under High and Low Irradiance of Arabidopsis thaliana Antisense Mutants with Reduced Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Activase Content

Photosynthesis and growth to maturity of antisense ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase Arabidopsis thaliana with reduced concentrations of activase relative to wild-type (Wt) plants were measured under low (200 mumol m-2 s-1) and high (600 mumol m-2 s-1) photosynthetic photon flux density growing conditions. Both growth and photosynthesis were significantly reduced in an Arabidopsis clone (R100) with 30 to 40% Wt activase, an effect that was more pronounced in high light. The aboveground biomass of the antisense clone R100 reached 80% of Wt under low light and 65% of Wt under high light. Decreased growth in the antisense plants was attributed to reduced relative rates of growth and leaf area expansion early in development; all plants attained similar values of relative rates of growth and leaf elongation by 21 d after planting. Reductions in photosynthesis were attributed to decreased Rubisco activation in the antisense plants. Rubisco constituted about 40% of total soluble protein in both Wt and clone R100 under both light regimes. Activase content was 5% and 1.4% of total soluble protein in Wt and clone R100, respectively, and also was unaffected by growth irradiance. The stoichiometry of Rubisco to activase was estimated at 20 Rubisco active sites per activase tetramer in Wt Arabidopsis and 60 to 80 in the transgenic clone R100. We conclude that Wt Arabidopsis does not contain Rubisco activase in great excess of the amount required for optimal growth.
SANTERÍA COPRESENCE AND THE MAKING OF AFRICAN DIASPORA BODIES

In Santeria priesthoods, practitioners are “made” into African diaspora bodies in what is called “making santo.” These embodied epistemologies reveal not only the complex historical practices that have emerged through processes of racialization and enslavement but also how a body logic resituates the formations of diasporic feeling and sensing. I argue that practitioners’ everyday acts redefine the capacities of and for action as part of a spiritual habitus. The various rituals, works, and spiritual acts in Santeria thus culminate in a different form of bodily engagement with the world, operating in racial space. This article examines Santeria body logics, showing how what I call copresences are activated in somatic racial ontologies. I suggest that these diasporic sensings resituate anthropological universalisms, arguing for a disruption in the debate between mediation and practice in the anthropology of religion. Rather than assuming notions of presence, copresence allows for an intervention that hails Santeria's embodied epistemology as a form of diasporic sensing.
Patterns of Distant Failure and Second Primary Cancers in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Surveillance Methodology

Background: We analyzed the pattern of distant metastasis (DM) and secondary primary cancers (SPC) in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) to develop surveillance guidelines. Methods: A retrospective review of 177 patients with OPSCC treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy ± chemotherapy between 2002 and 2012 was performed to characterize the rate, pattern, and timing of DM and SPC. Results: Sixteen patients (9.0%) developed DM and 9 patients (5.1%) developed a SPC. Overall, 24/177 patients (13.6%) developed a DM and/or SPC for a total of 27 events. 92.6% (25/27) of events were detectable on physical exam and/or chest CT. p16+ patients developed DM later than p16- tumors (23.4 months versus 8.7 months). Conclusions: Chest CT with physical examination detects the majority of DM and SPC in patients with OPSCC and would provide effective surveillance in these patients. A risk adapted surveillance strategy is proposed.
Organization of cytochrome oxidase staining in the visual cortex of nocturnal primates (Galago crassicaudatus and Galago senegalensis): I. Adult patterns.

The distribution and differential staining patterns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in visual cortical areas have provided useful anatomical markers for the modular organization of area 17 (striate cortex) and area 18 in primates. In macaque and squirrel monkeys, previous studies have shown that the majority of cells that lie in areas of high CO activity are color selective, are nonoriented, and project to adjacent zones of high CO activity in area 17 and to stripes of high CO activity in area 18. By contrast, most cells in zones with weak CO activity in area 17 have relatively narrow orientation tuning and are not color selective (Livingstone and Hubel:J. Neurosci. 4:309-356, 2830-2835, '84; 7:3371-3377, '87). The periodic organization of CO activity in area 17, the „blobs,” and the stripe-like organization in area 18 thus seem to define visual cortical processing modules and/or channels in primates. We have investigated the organization of CO activity in areas 17 and 18 in two species of nocturnal prosimian primates[Galago crassicaudatus (GCC) and Galago senegalensis (GSS)] in order to evaluate CO staining patterns in primates that have been reported to possess almost exclusively rod retinae and no color vision. In area 17 of both species, our results show that, as in diurnal and nocturnal simian primates, the darkest CO staining occurs in layers III and IV, with clear periodicity in layer III (i.e., CO blobs) and homogeneous staining in layer IVβ, the cortical recipient sublayer of the geniculate parvocellular layers. In GCC, individual blobs in layer III appear to be larger and less frequent than has been reported for the macaque monkey. Unlike simian primates, both galago species exhibit clear CO periodicities within layer IVα, the cortical recipient sublayer of the magnocellular geniculate layers. In addition, faint CO periodicities are apparent in layer VI and scattered large darkly CO stained pyramidal cells are visible throughout layer V. Quantitative analysis suggests that CO periodicities are more frequent in GSS than in GCC, suggesting that there may be evolutionary pressure to maintain the same number of CO modules within the smaller striate cortex of the lesser galago, although this is not the trend found across distantly related species. CO activity in area 18 is less well-developed than reported in other primates. In fact, we could not reliably identify discontinuities in CO staining in area 18 of GSS. Instead, where present, discontinuities in CO staining in area 18 of GCC appear as faint regularly spaced patches. Taken together, these results suggest underlying similarities in the basic features of primate cortical organization as revealed by CO staining. There are nonetheless some differences in the distribution of CO activity in visual cortex acros primate species. Thus, given species variation in visual niche requirements including differential dependence on color vision, it seems unlikely that CO blobs have evolved as a strictly color channel in all primates.
On the latency in client/server networks

We formalize the notions of latency, effective throughput, fairness, and transient period in a complexity theoretic framework. This new framework allows us to prove the first known complexity results and tight bounds on the latency in a client/server distributed computing system. Using this formal complexity model, we study a general class of fair and maximally efficient control algorithms that maximizes the effective throughput and minimizes the transient period. We show that any fair and maximally efficient algorithm will result in at least cNlogN+O(N) latency, where N is the number of greedy clients in the network and the constant c is a parameter of the chosen algorithm. This lower bound is also shown to be tight.
Predicting CD137 upregulation on NK cells in patients receiving monoclonal antibody therapy

Meeting abstracts Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy-has changed the natural history of patients with B cell lymphomas, breast cancer, and head and neck cancers. However, response rates are suboptimal, highlighting the need to enhance mAb activity. Combining a tumor targeting mAb with a second
Asymmetric Risk Loadings in the Cross Section of Stock Returns

Time-varying factor loadings exhibit pronounced asymmetry in the cross section of stock returns. To capture this asymmetry, we develop regime-switching versions of the CAPM and the Fama French three-factor model, allowing both factor loadings and predictable risk premiums to switch across regimes. We estimate the models jointly on the decile book-to-market portfolios, together with the market portfolio to investigate the role of asymmetric risk in the book-to-market premium. We find that betas of value stocks increase significantly during bear market episodes. However, we still reject that the book-to-market premium is equal to zero for both the regime-switching conditional CAPM and the Fama-French model, even in the presence of regimes.
Understanding the Role of Water Phase Continuity on the Relationship Between Drainage Rate and Apparent Residual Saturation: A Dynamic Network Model Study

When water drains from a porous medium, a small quantity of residual water typically remains trapped in the medium. The residual water saturation, $$S_{\mathrm{wr}}$$ , is a measure of the ratio of the volume of residual water to the volume of voids in the porous medium. While conventional multiphase flow concepts suggest that $$S_{\mathrm{wr}}$$ has a single value that is a property of the fluids and medium, significant evidence exists that $$S_{\mathrm{wr}}$$ may actually have a dynamic component, exhibiting different observed values when drainage takes place at different rates. Previous work by the authors used experimental measurements to explore this phenomenon. The work described here further explores the phenomenon through the use of a dynamic pore network model specifically designed to study the effects of changing fluid continuity in porous media resulting from dynamic drainage. The model is based on cylindrical pore throats and volumeless pore bodies. The relatively simple structure of the model makes it well suited to the purposes of the work, in that it provides a mechanism to simulate the effect of fluid continuity on drainage from a spatially random porous medium defined by a minimal number of parameters. Results suggest that the phenomenon may occur as a result of pore-scale preferential flow causing desaturation of the porous medium at the water-wet boundary. Significant sensitivity is observed to both porous medium configuration and resistance to water flow across the water-wet boundary.
The Diversity of School and Community Contexts and Implications for Special Education Classifications

This chapter examines the extent to which socioeconomic and racial demographics are related to special education disproportionality and in so doing adds to the existing research on the impact of segregation and desegregation on student outcomes. Using district-level special education classification data, student racial demographic data, community socioeconomic data, and student academic achievement data, regression models were structured to analyze the relationship between the socioeconomic and racial composition of a school district and the likelihood that Black students would be disproportionately classified as disabled. The analysis shows that as the percentage of Black students in a school district decreased, the likelihood that Black students would be disproportionately classified as disabled and the likelihood that Black students would be classified as disabled in general both increased. This demonstrates that racial demographic characteristics of a school district are related to the overrepresentation of Black students in special education.
The Use of a Cognitive Strategy to Support Argument-Based Writing in a Ninth Grade Social Studies Classroom

ABSTRACTThis study examined the impact of teaching a planning strategy for planning argument-based written responses on the writing performance of ninth grade students in the context of social studies. The Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model was used as an instructional framework to teach the planning strategy. Pre- and posttest writing samples from students who learned the strategy (n = 51) were collected and compared with writing samples from a comparison group (n = 39) who did not learn the strategy. Writing samples were analyzed for overall writing quality, argument-based components, and length. Analysis revealed that students who learned the planning strategy, on average, wrote longer responses and had higher scores on a measure of argument-based writing than students who were not taught the strategy. The results of this study support the use of teaching a planning strategy and SRSD for argument-based writing in social studies.
Statistics in the Classroom on Touch-based Smart Phones

Smart phones have become truly ubiquitous and are used by students to communicate and network almost continuously. However, despite their potential, computational power, and ease of use they have not become commonplace in the classroom. The statistical package StatCrunch Mobile (Integrated analytics LLC, http://www.statcrunch.com/mobile), which runs on any touch-enabled smart phone with an HTML5-compatible web browser, was used to support a college-level introductory Statistics class. This paper investigates the advantages and disadvantages of this combination over a more standard setup such as a laptop/tablet with suitable software.
Phase III randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of rhGM-CSF following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Preliminary studies in allogeneic BMT suggest that recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) is well tolerated. This is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Yeast-derived rhGM-CSF 250 micrograms/m2/day or placebo was administered by 4-hour i.v. infusion starting on the day of marrow infusion (day 0) to day 20. All patients received HLA-identical sibling marrow and cyclosporine and prednisone for GVHD prophylaxis. Fifty three patients received rhGM-CSF and 56 received placebo. Comparison of demographics revealed no differences. The time to achieve an absolute neutrophil count of > 0.5 x 10(9) cells/l was shortened in rhGM-CSF treated patients (day 13 vs. 17, P = 0.0001). The incidences of grade III-IV mucositis and infection were significantly reduced (P = 0.005, P = 0.001, respectively) and duration of hospitalization was modestly shortened by 1 day (P = 0.02) in rhGM-CSF treated patients. No differences in platelet recovery, erythrocyte recovery, incidence of veno-occlusive disease, GVHD severity, relapse or survival were observed. In conclusion, rhGM-CSF is well tolerated and reduces post-transplant morbidity in patients undergoing HLA-identical allogeneic BMT.
Understanding and Synonymy

Having discussed the concept of comprehension in the last chapter, I will now try to relate it to the understanding of sentences. The term “understanding” is used in two quite different ways. We can speak of understanding what someone says, and we can also speak of understanding a sentence apart from any particular person who may utter it. The first usage takes account of the possibility that while the person who utters the sentence may not attach the conventional meaning to it, still we may speak of understanding him. In the second case we speak of understanding the sentence out of context and apart from any particular user; this will then amount to knowing its conventional meaning, which may vary from context to context and from user to user.
Tyrosine Kinase and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors in the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Practical Clinical Implications of Pharmacologic Features

Abstract The development of multiple vascular endothelial growth factor- and mammalian target of rapamycin-targeted therapies in advanced renal cell carcinoma has resulted in significant clinical benefit. However, the availability of multiple treatment options has led to a more complicated clinical decision-making process. Prognostic factors have been incorporated into the inclusion criteria for pivotal clinical trials and have thus provided some guidance regarding the selection and sequencing of therapy. Even within a given patient risk group and particular line of therapy, questions remain regarding the optimal choice of a targeted agent. The present review provides a practical, clinician-oriented assessment of pharmacologic factors that should be considered when a receptor tyrosine kinase or mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor is used to treat patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Although these 2 classes of agents have different mechanisms of action, they are metabolized by similar pathways, resulting in broadly similar pharmacokinetic and drug–drug interaction profiles. To further individualize therapy and optimize clinical benefit, an enhanced understanding of the key pharmacologic features that differentiate these agents is important.
Control without controllers: Towards a distributed neuroscience of executive control

Executive control refers to the regulation of cognition and behavior by mental processes and is a hallmark of higher cognition. Most approaches to understanding its mechanisms begin with the assumption that our brains have anatomically segregated and functionally specialized control modules. The modular approach is intuitive: control is conceptually distinct from basic mental processing, so an organization that reifies that distinction makes sense. An alternative approach sees executive control as self-organizing principles of a distributed organization. In distributed systems, control and controlled processes are co-localized within large numbers of dispersed computational agents. Control then is often an emergent consequence of simple rules governing the interaction between agents. Because these systems are unfamiliar and unintuitive, here we review several well-understood examples of distributed control systems, group living insects and social animals, and emphasize their parallels with neural systems. We then re-examine the cognitive neuroscience literature on executive control for evidence that its neural control systems may be distributed.
The Role of Hormones in Women's Stroke Risk

Although often overshadowed by breast cancer and other women’s health issues, stroke is a primary cause of mortality and morbidity among women in the United States today. This article explores three major populations of women: postmenopausal women who are taking hormone-replacement therapy, women ingesting estrogen-containing oralcontraceptive pills, and women who are currently pregnant. It compiles recent research and physiologic information that can aid in assessing these women’s risk for stroke. This review can help healthcare providers evaluate and manage these populations, and assess the health risks and benefits of certain estrogen-containing therapies.
Ultra broadband optical amplifiers

Multiple optical amplifier technologies now exist that can be used to provide bandwidths exceeding 40 nm. Performance trade-offs as well as the economics of transmission systems and optical networks will determine the choice among these options.
Anatomic variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: Value of 3T MRI in identifying anomaly for surgical intervention

The anatomic variability of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFC) creates diagnostic as well as therapeutic problems. A case is reported in which a woman with complaints of pain in the anterior and lateral thigh was referred for evaluation. Symptoms arose after an abdominal hysterectomy. Her symptoms were the territory of the LFC and not of the L2/L3 dermatome. She had a Tinel sign that was positive for the LFC skin territory, but this was located over the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), instead of medial to it. For this reason, a 3-Tesla MR neurography imaging was obtained. This showed the LFC as crossing over the ASIS, instead of being located either within or beneath the inguinal ligament. MRI imaging facilitated successful surgical treatment. This is the first report of the MR neurography and intraoperative appearance of this least common anatomic course for the LFC.
Second and Thirdhand Smoke Exposure, Attitudes and Protective Practices: Results from a Survey of Hispanic Residents in Multi-unit Housing

Secondhand and third hand smoke (SHS, THS) exposure is prevalent in multi-unit housing (MUH). Minorities and low-income MUH residents are disproportionally exposed to SHS and THS compared to other populations. This study describes the characteristics, attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors related to SHS, THS and marijuana smoke exposure (MSHS) of a sample of Hispanic tenants in randomly selected MUH units in eastern metro Los Angeles (n = 402). Although most participants (97%) banned smoking inside their homes, 80% reported infiltration of SHS inside their apartments within the last year. Most (85%) favored a complete ban on smoking in apartment buildings. Twenty-eight percent did not know that marijuana (MSHS) smoke exposure is also harmful to their health. Knowledge scores were higher among Spanish-speakers (p < 0.05). Given the interpersonal barriers to advocating for change, widespread policy and communication interventions are also necessary to protect Hispanic MUH residents’ rights to clean air in their living space.
Reactive transport modeling of arsenic mobilization in shallow groundwater: impacts of CO2 and brine leakage

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and saline water leakage from deep sequestration reservoirs to overlying shallow drinking water aquifers is a major concern for geologic CO2 sequestration. In this study, a field-scale reactive transport model of a natural CO2 analog, the Chimayo site in New Mexico, was created to quantify water–rock–CO2 interactions and arsenic (As) mobilization responses to CO2 and saline water leakage. This study provides analyses and forecasts of the site following field observations of hydrogeological and geochemical data, and integrated calculations with combined batch experiments and reactive transport simulations of geochemical reaction kinetic parameters. The results of this study suggest that: (1) with the regional groundwater flow of 1% hydraulic gradient, the leakage of CO2 could reach to 3000 m downstream in 1000-year time scale; (2) clay minerals of the aquifer show a strong capacity to mitigate As mobilization with adsorption reactions, and within 1000-year simulation time, the aquifer sediments stabilize almost 100% leaked As; (3) the deeper brackish water is the source of As contamination of the Chimayo groundwater, and As concentration increase only appears along the fault.
Assessment of concurrent stereotactic radiosurgery and bevacizumab treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas using multi-modality MRI imaging and radiomics analysis.

Purpose To assess the response and predict the overall survival (OS) of recurrent malignant gliomas (MG) patients treated with concurrent BVZ/SRS using multi-modality MRI imaging and radiomics analysis.Methods and materials: SRS was delivered in a single fraction (18/24Gy) or 25Gy in 5 fractions. BVZ was administered immediately before SRS and 2 weeks after. MRI scans were performed before SRS, 1 week and 2 months after SRS. The MR protocol included 2 anatomical (T1w and T2w) and 2 functional (dynamic contrast-enhanced DCE-MRI and diffusion weighted DW-MRI) modalities. Functional biomarkers including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), micro-vascular transfer constant Ktrans, brain blood flow FB, and blood volume VB were analyzed. Radiomics analysis was performed to extract imaging features from anatomical MRI images and functional biomarker maps. Wicoxon signed rank tests were performed to evaluate treatment-induced changes, and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare the differences of treatment-induced changes between different patient groups. Selected biomarkers and radiomics features were used to predict the OS after treatment using Support Vector Regression (SVR) with leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV). Results Twelve patients with recurrent MG were studied. The median OS was 13.8 months post SRS. DCE results showed that Ktrans (p=0.035) and VB (p=0.035) showed significant decrease 2 months after SRS, and FB showed significant decrease as early as 1 week (p=0.017) after SRS. No functional parameters reflected statistically significant treatment response 1 week after SRS. A total of 888 radiomics features were extracted. 31/126 features demonstrated significant changes 1 week/2 months after SRS, respectively. 9 features' changes were significantly different between WHO Grade III vs IV patient groups, and 6 features' changes were found to be linearly correlated with OS. Using 5 selected features, 9 patients' survival time could be accurately predicted (Mean absolute error = 1.47 months, RMSE = 2.10 months). Conclusion The results of this work demonstrate the potential of combined radiomics analysis and functional MR imaging in quantitatively identifying early treatment response of concurrent SRS/BVZ.
Ventricular Remodeling for Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Ventricular Asynergy Post Myocardial Infarction

Post myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling contributes to diminished ventricular function and congestive heart failure. Surgical ventricular remodeling (SVR) is an approach to restore the left ventricle to a more normal size and shape thereby improving ventricular function. This chapter reviews the pathophysiology of postinfarction ventricular remodeling, the improvements seen after successful SVR operations, and the various unique surgical approaches to accomplishing ventricular restoration.
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases

The nervous system has multiple intrinsic defenses against viral infection, including the blood–brain barrier. Yet, the postmitotic nature of neurons creates a uniquely vulnerable environment susceptible to irreversible damage. Various viruses can infect the different cell types within the central nervous system, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Infections can cause acute and chronic infections. While there are a large number of well-defined viral-mediated diseases of the nervous system, there are an equal number of diseases that may have an as of yet unproven viral etiology. Damage to the cells can happen via cytopathic and nonlytic mechanisms. Clearance of viruses can occur via cell-mediated and antibody-mediated processes. In some cases, viruses are never cleared from the nervous system completely, and can episodically reactivate. Understanding the potential pathways and outcomes of viral infections is necessary for determining the possible role viruses may play in a variety of diseases.
The Right Issue, the Wrong Branch: Arguments against Adjudicating Climate Change Nuisance Claims

Climate change is probably today's greatest global environmental threat, posing dire ecological, economic, and humanitarian conse quences. In the absence of a comprehensive regulatory scheme to address the problem, some aggrieved Americans have sought relief from climate-related injuries by suing significant emitters of green house gases under a public nuisance theory. Federal district courts have dismissed four such claims, with each court relying at least in part on the political question doctrine of nonjusticiability. However, one circuit court of appeals has reversed to date, finding that the common law cognizes such claims and that the judiciary is compe tent and compelled to adjudicate them.
Isobaric Mass Quartets

In this paper we describe the current experimental status of isobaric mass quartets. A mass quartet consists of the states which represent the four projections of isospin T=3/2 on the TZ axis. Two of the states (TZ=±3/2) are mirrors of each other, and the other two are what is called analog states, in this case they are analogs of the two TZ=±3/2 levels. In Fig. 1, we show two illustrative quartets which occur in the A=9 nuclei. From this figure we can see that it is not necessary for the TZ=±3/2 levels to be ground states, and in fact it is possible to have the interesting case of many complete quartets within a given A.
Electron-Transfer Mechanisms in Reaction Centers: Engineering Guidelines

This chapter discusses electron transfer mechanisms in reaction centers. Biological electron transfer has been made possible by the solution of the X-ray diffraction structure of two photosynthetic reaction centers and by extensive measurements on the free-energy dependence of photosynthetic electron transfer reactions. However, a relatively simple form of electron transfer theory is sufficient to define the rate of the majority of intraprotein electron transfer reactions within the uncertainty currently associated with measuring the fundamental parameters of distance, free energy, and reorganization energy. This chapter presents a first-order description of the important parameters of intraprotein electron transfer and presents a list of basic principles of electron transfer protein design. A simple equation derived from quantum mechanical perturbation theory, known as Fermi's Golden Rule, provides a good first-order description of the rate of nonadiabatic electron transfer. The extensive free-energy dependence of the quinone electron transfer reactions in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers provides the best illustration of how the Franck–Condon factors and the optimal rates of intraprotein electron transfer are determined experimentally.
1509. Clinical Significance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriuria

Background The clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria (SABU) is unclear and often presumed to represent hematogenous spread of occult S. aureus bacteremia (SAB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of SABU by assessing factors associated with the development of invasive S. aureus disease and 12-month mortality. We also describe the proportion of patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), asymptomatic bacteriuria, concomitant SAB, and calculate Charlson comorbidity scores.
Electrodeposited Copper–Cobalt–Phosphide: A Stable Bifunctional Catalyst for Both Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions

Developing earth abundant catalysts for clean energy technologies is vital to address the issues related to the use of fossil fuels and associated pollution, which adversely affects human health. H...
Results of randomized phase II trial of neoadjuvant carboplatin plus docetaxel or carboplatin plus paclitaxel followed by AC in stage I-III triple-negative breast cancer (NCT02413320).

516Background: Addition of neoadjuvant carboplatin (Cb) to paclitaxel (T) followed by doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide (AC) improves pathologic complete response (pCR) rate compared to T/AC in TNBC. ...
Crossing colleges: the impact of an engineering design collaboration on early childhood teacher candidate development

In this study, researchers examined the collaborative process that occurred when early childhood teacher candidates and engineering students partnered to design exhibits to be used in an informal l...
Wittgenstein and Redundant Truth

In the Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein is sometimes claimed to hold a redundancy (or deflationary) theory of truth. The main evidence to support this view, however, comes from a single passage, number 136, which has been misinterpreted. In this essay I argue for an alternative interpretation of the critical passage in question. The purpose behind Wittgenstein’s remarks is not to provide a general theory of truth, per se. Rather, Wittgenstein uses the section as a way to introduce his notion of fit, a notion that will play a more substantial role in his later arguments on following rules. Furthermore, if Wittgenstein did hold something close to a redundancy theory of truth, such a view would illuminate remarks from the earlier notebooks about a crucial Tractarian view rather than his later view from the Investigations: the so-called “Picture Theory”.
If You Don’t Know, Now You Know: Utilizing Hip-Hop Pedagogy as a Tool for Promoting Change in Students and Community:

Hip-hop began in the 1970s as an artistic response to social, political, and economic oppression within African American communities in the United States. This artivist movement allowed community m...
Optimal cultivation of Chlamydia requires testing of serum on individual species.

This report is a side product of experiments aimed at identifying serum for culturing obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and C. muridarum in mouse fibroblast L929 cells. Of five commercial serum samples tested, two showed optimal efficiencies at supporting growth of the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis as control fetal bovine serum, whereas two showed modest ~ 40% inhibitions in progeny production, and the remaining one showed a 20% inhibition. Three of the six sera poorly supported growth of the murine pathogen Chlamydia muridarum, resulting in 73–90% reduction in progeny formation. Most significantly, the one with the strongest (90%) C. muridarum inhibition activity showed optimal C. trachomatis-supporting efficiency. These findings indicate that in laboratories that study multiple Chlamydia species, serum samples should be prescreened on a species basis. Considering Chlamydial biology and epidemiology, it may even be necessary to perform serum tests on a serovar- or strain-basis for studying some animal chlamydiae.
Glycemic Control and Infections Among US Hemodialysis Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) on hemodialysis (HD) may be particularly vulnerable to infections. Methods We used merged data from the United States Renal Data System and electronic health records data from a large US dialysis provider to retrospectively examine the association between glycemic control and infections in these patients. Adult patients with DM aged ≥18 years who initiated in-center maintenance HD treatment from 2006 to 2011 and survived >90 days were included. Quarterly mean time-averaged hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values were categorized into <5.5%, 5.5 to <6.5%, 6.5 to <7.5%, 7.5 to <8.5%, and ≥8.5%. We used Medicare claims to ascertain infection-related outcomes and the ESRD Death Notification to identify death from infectious cause. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between time-averaged HbA1c categories and infectious events. Results In a cohort of 33,753 eligible patients, those with higher HbA1c levels had higher rates of diabetic foot infections and skin and soft tissue infections, with patients with HbA1c ≥8.5% having 23% (95% CI, 5%, 45%) and 22% (95% CI, 5%, 42%) higher rates, respectively, compared with HbA1c 5.5 to <6.5%. Patients in the lower HbA1c categories had higher rates of infection-related and all-cause mortality (P-for-trend <0.001). Conclusion This study highlights the need for greater attention to foot evaluation and skin and soft tissue infections among patients on HD with less than optimal diabetes control.
PROMIS CAT forms demonstrate responsiveness in patients following reverse shoulder arthroplasty across numerous health domains

Abstract Background To better optimize the administration and postoperative tracking of patients using PROM, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was established by the National Institutes of Health. PROMIS CAT domains have been since validated in multiple orthopedic interventions of the shoulder. However, no one to date has studied the responsiveness of PROMIS CAT domains in a cohort of patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responsiveness of three PROMIS CAT domains in patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Methods Patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty by a board-certified shoulder and elbow surgeon were included in this study. PROMIS CAT Upper Extremity Physical Function (“PROMIS-UE”), Pain Interference (“PROMIS-PI”), and Depression (“PROMIS-D”) scores were collected preoperatively and at five postoperative timepoints. Patient-centric demographic factors, range of motion, and clinical characteristics were also reviewed and analyzed for association with PROMIS scores. Results 104 patients undergoing primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty were included in this study. The patient cohort consisted of 52 males (50%), with an average age of 70.3 years (standard deviation, 11.2), and a BMI of 30.2 (standard deviation, 6.1). All three PROMIS domains showed significant improvement as early as 6 weeks after surgery, with values of 32.4 ± 6.6, 56.2 ± 7.5, and 44.6 ± 8.6, for PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PI, and PROMIS-D, respectively. Significant improvements were noted for each postoperative timepoint thereafter, with 1-year follow-up values as follows: 42.1 ± 8.7, 52.5 ± 8.6, and 43.6 ± 9.5 for PROMIS-UE, PROMIS-PI, and PROMIS-D, respectively. Moderate correlations were identified with postoperative PROMIS-UE and abduction (r = 0.439, p Conclusions PROMIS CAT forms demonstrate responsiveness in patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Level of Evidence Level II; Retrospective Study
Discretely assembled mechanical metamaterials

Mechanical metamaterials offer exotic properties based on local control of cell geometry and their global configuration into structures and mechanisms. Historically, these have been made as continuous, monolithic structures with additive manufacturing, which affords high resolution and throughput, but is inherently limited by process and machine constraints. To address this issue, we present a construction system for mechanical metamaterials based on discrete assembly of a finite set of parts, which can be spatially composed for a range of properties such as rigidity, compliance, chirality, and auxetic behavior. This system achieves desired continuum properties through design of the parts such that global behavior is governed by local mechanisms. We describe the design methodology, production process, numerical modeling, and experimental characterization of metamaterial behaviors. This approach benefits from incremental assembly, which eliminates scale limitations, best-practice manufacturing for reliable, low-cost part production, and interchangeability through a consistent assembly process across part types.
Time and Space: New Extents for University Indian Ruin, AZ BB:9:33 (ASM)

University Indian Ruin (UIR), located in the eastern Tucson Basin, is a prime example of a Classic period Hohokam platform mound archaeological site. The extent of the UIR site has long been unders...
Overview of Humira® Biosimilars: Current European Landscape and Future Implications.

Abstract Humira® (adalimumab) by AbbVie has been the top-selling biologic drug product for the last few years – reaching nearly $20 billion in annual sales in 2018. Upon the October 2018 release of four adalimumab biosimilars into the European market, those sales began to shrink. By the end of 2019, the annual sales of Humira®, albeit still high, dipped closer to $19 billion as nearly 35% of European patients had been switched from Humira® to a biosimilar. Diminishing sales are expected to continue as the adoption of adalimumab biosimilars increases in Europe and Humira®’s patent protection is lost in the United States come 2023. In this review we discuss how impactful the availability of biosimilars has been to the European adalimumab market approximately two years after their release. We further analyze the marketed biosimilars with regards to differences in their formulation, delivery devices, biological activity, physicochemical properties, clinical trials data, and current financial foothold. More importantly, though, we highlight how “similar” these biosimilars are to Humira®. In doing so, we seek to educate the public on what they may be able to expect once adalimumab biosimilars enter the United States market in 2023.