cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault detection for batch monitoring and discrete wavelet transforms

Batch operations are encountered in many industries and measurements are often recorded from automated sensors. It is important to determine whether an unknown batch is normal or unusual given a set of reference batches from normal operations. The measurements from a single batch can contain temporal readings that comprise a large time series. A discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) is applied to use the time and frequency localization of wavelets to extract features. A large number of coefficients can result and several methods to create summary features from the denoised coefficients obtained from DWT are compared. Also, a new summary feature incorporates information from denoised wavelet coefficients. The proposed study considers discrete wavelet-decompositions combined with principal component analyses to summarize batch characteristics. Results were validated on an industry data set. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi-modularity and testability of speed-independent circuits

Abstract In this paper, we relate the property of semi-modularity to the testability of speed-independent circuits. We show that, under the pure chaos delay model, live speed-independent circuits that are strongly connected and composed of ANDs, ORs, and C-elements (with a possible inverter on each gate input) can be decomposed into a set of semi-modular circuits and therefore fully testable for certain classes of output stuck-at-faults (OSAFs). In addition, we show that a subclass of such speed-independent circuits are fully testable for all multiple OSAFs and for certain input SAFs (ISAFs) as well. Specifically, we qualify the kind of SAFs that are detectable during the normal operation of speed-independent circuits regardless of individual gate delays. These results demonstrate the inherent self-checking property of speed-independent circuits and indicate the kind of faults for which speed-independent circuits can be easily tested. We also present a CAD tool that checks the testability of a speed-independent circuit.
The effect of bepridil, verapamil, and quinidine in the prevention of ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed electrical stimulation in the digitalized dog

Bepridil, a new antianginal agent, has calcium channel-blocking activity and antiarrhythmic properties. To test the efficacy of bepridil as an antidysrhythmic agent, we looked at its effect on the induction of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in dogs, utilizing programmed electrical stimulation (PES). Incremental doses of bepridil up to 20 mg/kg were given to five nondigitalized dogs and verapamil up to 20 mg, and PES was performed at each dose. Both drugs were not found to facilitate arrhythmia induction. Seventeen dogs were chronically digitalized and following digitalization, VT could be induced in all animals by PES. Six dogs were given bepridil and PES was reperformed at each dose. An average of 1.8 mg/kg was found to protect against induction of VT. Five dogs received verapamil and none was protected (all had VT induced), while five of six dogs given quinidine were protected at an average dose of 15.4 mg/kg. Bepridil produced a significant decrease in heart rate. A significant correlation was found at the effective antiarrhythmic dose of bepridil between percentage change in the effective refractory period for the first extrastimulus (ERP S2) and QTc (r = 0.96), suggesting that a parallel and homogeneous prolongation in repolarization and refractoriness is essential for the antiarrhythmic effect of bepridil. Bepridil is thus an effective antiarrhythmic agent that affords protection against induction of VT, and this action is similar to the conventional class I antiarrhythmic agent, quinidine, while lacking in another calcium channel blocker, verapamil.
A randomized prospective study of laser ablation of the prostate versus transurethral resection of the prostate in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Abstract Objectives. To compare the safety and efficacy of laser ablation of the prostate, one of the minimally invasive treatments available for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Methods. A prospective randomized study of 100 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, with 50 patients in each treatment arm, was conducted. All patients met the entry criteria: age older than 45 years, no history of carcinoma of the prostate, a peak flow rate less than 15 mL/s, medical therapy failure, and the ability to undergo regional or general anesthesia. All patients underwent a preoperative evaluation consisting of the American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score, uroflowmetry, pressure-flow study, transrectal ultrasound for prostate volume, and serum prostate-specific antigen determination. Patients underwent either TURP or laser ablation of the prostate using the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP)/neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. Patients were seen for follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results. The mean age was 68.2 years (range 45 to 90) for the laser group and 67.4 years (range 54 to 82) for the TURP group. The mean AUA symptom score was 22 for the laser group and 21 for the TURP group. The mean peak uroflow rate was 7.6 ± 3.4 mL/s for the laser group and 6.5 ± 4.0 mL/s for the TURP group. At 12 months of follow-up, the mean AUA symptom score had decreased to 7 (−69.5%) for the laser group and to 3 (−80.9%) for the TURP group. The mean peak uroflow rate increased to 15.4 mL/s (+107.8%) for the laser group and to 16.7 mL/s (+150.7%) for the TURP cohort. Seventy-five percent of the laser group had a 50% or greater decrease in their individual AUA symptom score compared with 93% of the TURP group. Sixty-five percent of the laser cohort had a 50% or greater increase in their peak uroflow rate compared with 75% of the TURP cohort. Conclusions. Laser prostatectomy produced improvements in the peak flow rate and symptom score similar to those produced by TURP. The patients who underwent laser treatment required a longer period to reach maximum improvement, which probably reflects the lack of tissue debulking at the time of surgery. Further improvement in laser technology will be required to produce more immediate results.
Continued fractions and modular functions

It is widely recognized that the work of Ramanujan deeply influenced the direction of modern number theory. This influence resonates clearly in the “Ramanujan conjectures.” Here I will explore another part of his work whose position within number theory seems to be less well understood, even though it is more elementary, namely that related to continued fractions. I will concentrate on the special values of continued fractions that represent modular functions, especially the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction. These give analogues of the simple continued fraction expansions of units in real quadratic fields. My primary motivation is to furnish a coherent treatment of this topic, around which an air of mystery seems to linger. Another is to provide an inviting and non-standard introduction to the classical theory of modular functions. This is largely an expository paper; most of the ideas I discuss are well known. Yet it is hoped that the elaboration given here combines these ideas in a novel way. Although this paper is not intended to be comprehensive, its later sections contain more material than is likely needed to gain a clear impression of the main themes, which the first six sections should provide. These will take the general reader through a proof of the first main result, Theorem 1, introducing the needed concepts along the way. The sections that follow these assume a somewhat greater background in number theory.
Comparison of compliance for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance by colonoscopy based on risk.

Purpose: To compare colonoscopy screening/surveillance rates by level of risk for colorectal cancer based on age, personal history of adenomatous polyps or colorectal cancer, or family history of colorectal cancer. Methods: Participants were aged 30–90 years, were seen within 5 years at Intermountain Healthcare, and had family history in the Utah Population Database. Colonoscopy rates were measured for those with/without risk factors. Results: Among those aged 60–69 years, 48.4% had colonoscopy in the last 10 years, with rates declining after age 70 years. Percentages of those having had a colonoscopy in the last 10 years generally increased by risk level from 38.5% in those with a familial relative risk 3.0. Compared with those with no family history, the odds ratio for being screened according to guidelines was higher for those with one first-degree relative diagnosed with colorectal cancer ≥ 60 years or two affected second-degree relatives (1.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.46–1.61) than those with one affected first-degree relative diagnosed <60 years or ≥2 affected first-degree relatives (1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.14–1.37). Conclusions: Compliance with colonoscopy guidelines was higher for those with familial risk but did not correspond with the degree of risk.
Dexmedetomidine: a safe alternative to general anesthesia for endovascular stroke treatment

Background and purpose There have been reports that general anesthesia (GA) is associated with worse clinical outcomes during intra-arterial treatment (IAT) for stroke. Since traditional sedatives carry the risk of respiratory depression, this retrospective study was designed to compare sedation with the α 2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (DEX) and with GA for IAT procedures. Methods We reviewed our institutional endovascular database of 216 consecutive patients who received DEX or GA for IAT of anterior circulation strokes between September 2010 and July 2012. The demographic, radiographic and angiographic variables between the GA and DEX groups were compared, as well as hemodynamic changes during the procedure. Binary logistic regression models were generated to determine the independent predictors of a favorable outcome (defined as a modified Rankin Score at 90 days of 0–2). Results 83 patients had IAT performed under DEX sedation. Their demographic characteristics were similar to those given GA except that they were older and had less severe strokes. The GA group experienced greater variations in blood pressure, more hypotension with induction (54% vs 28%, p Conclusions DEX can be safely administered in patients undergoing endovascular reperfusion therapies. Further study is required to determine if outcomes are different among sedatives used during such procedures.
Learning to Disambiguate.

Abstract Ambiguous words are a problem in information retrieval and natural language analysis in general This paper investigates automatic resolution of ambiguities from natural language text. Two classes of experiments are presented. In the first, disambiguation is performed with the aid of a manually defined set of resolution rules. In the second the need for these hand made rules is eliminated by means of a learning process. By learning from a series of inputs and its own errors, the system is able to construct resolution rules automatically. Results show that both processes are highly successful in disambiguation and, by use of the learning technique, disambiguation may be achieved with virtually no a priori decisions.
Variability of tall building response to earthquakes with changing epicentre direction

Using a 40-storey building as an example, the structural response under the excitation of horizontal earthquake ground motion is shown to vary greatly with the direction from the building site to the epicentre. Two mathematical models are used to represent the ground motion: the stationary random process model and the evolutionary-type non-stationary random process model. The former model is suitable if the duration of the most intense portion of an earthquake is much longer than the fundamental natural period of the structure. The maximum standard deviations of selected structural response quantities are computed and plotted for all possible epicentre directions, and the information is believed to be useful for design purposes.
Erythropoietin in Children I. Findings in Various Types of Anemia

Summary Erythropoietin assays were carried out on the plasma of 39 children with various blood dyscrasias. Increased erythropoietin activity was found primarily in those patients with depressed bone marrow function and severe anemia. No direct relationship could be found between the severity of the anemia and the erythropoietin level. No erythropoietin was found in the plasma of patients with hemolytic anemia or renal disease with the exception of one patient with bilateral Wilm's tumor.
Chronostratigraphy and tectonostratigraphy of the Columbus Basin, eastern offshore Trinidad

The Columbus Basin, forming the easternmost part of the Eastern Venezuela Basin, is situated along the obliquely converging margins of the Caribbean and South American plates. The two primary structural elements that characterize the basin are (1) transpressional northeast-southwest-trending anticlines and (2) northwest-southeast-oriented, down-to-the-northeast, extension normal faults. The basin was filled throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene by more than 40,000 ft (>12,200 m) of clastic sediment supplied primarily by the Paleo-Orinoco Delta system. The delta prograded eastward over a storm-influenced and current-influenced shelf during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, depositing marine and terrestrial clastic megasequences as a series of prograding wedges atop a lower Pliocene to pre-Pliocene mobile shale facies. Biostratigraphic and well log data from 41 wells were integrated with thousands of kilometers of interpreted two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic data to construct a chronostratigraphic framework for the basin. As a result, several observations were made regarding the basin's geology that have a bearing on exploration risk and success: (1) megasequences wedge bidirectionally; (2) consideration of hydrocarbon-system risk across any area requires looking at these sequences as complete paleofeatures; (3) reservoir location is influenced by structural elements in the basin; (4) the lower limit of a good-quality reservoir in any megasequence deepens the closer it comes to the normal fault bounding the wedge in a proximal location; (5) reservoir quality of deep-marine strata is strongly influenced by both the type of shelf system developed (bypass or aggradational) and the location of both subaerial and submarine highs; and (6) submarine surfaces of erosion partition the megasequences and influence hydrostatic pressure, migration, and trapping of hydrocarbons and the distribution of hydrocarbon type. (Begin page 1906)
PLS-Based Robust Inferential Control for a Packed-Bed Reactor

This paper compares the performance of two different inferential schemes when applied to an experimental packed-bed reactor. The first scheme, proposed initially by Brosilow, is designed based on Kalman filter estimation. The second less traditional design uses an estimator computed from the Partial Least Squares regression method (PLS). The second approach was found to give superior performance when the nonlinear system under study is operated is a wide range of operating points. Due to the nonlinearity of the system it is essential to address the issue of robustness of the proposed schemes. This is formally done in this work using Structured Singular Value Theory. For the robustness analysis it is crucial to develop a realistic but not overly conservative uncertainty description. Since the PLS estimator uses a large number of measurements, a robust design based on the uncertainty associated with each one of the measurements would be very conservative. To overcome this problem a lumped uncertainty description is proposed which is identified directly from experiments.
A General Convergence Method for Reinforcement Learning in the Continuous Case

In this paper, we propose a general method for designing convergent Reinforcement Learning algorithms in the case of continuous state-space and time variables. The method is based on the discretization of the continuous process by convergent approximation schemes: the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation is replaced by a Dynamic Programming (DP) equation for some Markovian Decision Process (MDP). If the data of the MDP were known, we could compute the value of the DP equation by using some DP updating rules. However, in the Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach, the state dynamics as well as the reinforcement functions are a priori unknown, leading impossible to use DP rules.
Keratinocyte-specific Smad2 ablation results in increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition during skin cancer formation and progression

TGF-β and its signaling mediators, Smad2, -3, and -4, are involved with tumor suppression and promotion functions. Smad4–/– mouse epidermis develops spontaneous skin squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and Smad3–/– mice are resistant to carcinogen-induced skin cancer; however, the role of Smad2 in skin carcinogenesis has not been explored. In the present study, we found that Smad2 and Smad4, but not Smad3, were frequently lost in human SCCs. Mice with keratinocyte-specific Smad2 deletion exhibited accelerated formation and malignant progression of chemically induced skin tumors compared with WT mice. Consistent with the loss of Smad2 in poorly differentiated human SCCs, Smad2–/– tumors were poorly differentiated and underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) prior to spontaneous Smad4 loss. Reduced E-cadherin and activation of its transcriptional repressor Snail were also found in Smad2–/– mouse epidermis and occurred more frequently in Smad2-negative human SCCs than in Smad2-positive SCCs. Knocking down Snail abrogated Smad2 loss–associated EMT, suggesting that Snail upregulation is a major mediator of Smad2 loss–associated EMT. Furthermore, Smad2 loss led to a significant increase in Smad4 binding to the Snail promoter, and knocking down either Smad3 or Smad4 in keratinocytes abrogated Smad2 loss–associated Snail overexpression. Our data suggest that enhanced Smad3/Smad4-mediated Snail transcription contributed to Smad2 loss–associated EMT during skin carcinogenesis.
Paradox of Shortest Path Routing for Large Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

In this paper, we analyze the impact of straight line routing in large homogeneous multi-hop wireless networks. We estimate the nodal load, which is defined as the number of packets served at a node, induced by straight line routing. For a given total offered load on the network, our analysis shows that the nodal load at each node is a function of the node's Voronoi cell, the node's location in the network, and the traffic pattern specified by the source and destination randomness and straight line routing. The traffic pattern determines where the hot spot is created in the network, and straight line routing itself can balance the relay load in certain cases. In the asymptotic regime, each node's probability that the node serves a packet arriving to the network can be approximated as the multiplication of a half length of its Voronoi cell perimeter and the probability density function that a packet goes through the node's location. Both simulations and analysis confirm that this approximation converges to the exact value. The scaling order of network performance in our analysis is independent of traffic patterns generated by source-destination pair randomness, but for a given node the performance of each node is strongly related to the source-destination pair randomness.
Wegener's Granulomatosis

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a rare systemic disease associated with necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in the upper and lower respiratory tract, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. Generalized and limited forms are recognized, and both may present with nonspecific symptoms early in the process. Oral, sinus, and cutaneous findings commonly are seen at initial presentation and/or during the course of the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to limit the potentially serious complications associated with WG. This article includes information pertaining to recognition, diagnosis, and management of WG to aid the clinician in early diagnosis and institution of therapy to limit these complications.
Geomorphic evidence of late Holocene vertical stability in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.

abstract Reconnaissance studies of Holocene coastal geomorphic features of the Aleutian Islands and the western part of the Alaska Peninsula indicate that, despite the high seismicity of the Aleutian Arc, most of the Aleutian Ridge has been vertically stable since at least the time sea level reached about its present position 2,000 to 4,000 years ago. Lack of youthful raised marine terraces, the presence of prograded beach ridges at the same general level as the modern ridge, and the widespread occurrence of a horizontal intertidal platform as much as 400 m wide are the primary lines of evidence for vertical stability. Detection of vertical movement is restricted by the natural vertical range inherent in the various coastal features, but it is believed that uplift of more than the local tidal fluctuation (≈ 2m) would be recognizable. Clear-cut evidence of uplift of coastal features that are thought to date subsequent to the time when sea level reached about its present position has so far been recognized only in a few areas in the Aleutians, and the amount of uplift in those localities is generally only several meters. The evidence of vertical stability of the Aleutian Ridge in areas near the epicenters of earthquakes associated with destructive tsunamis indicates that large vertical displacements thought to produce tsunamis do not extend to the subaerial part of the ridge. A dislocation model for an underthrusting Pacific plate suggests to us that vertical displacements at the Aleutian Ridge may be only a small fraction of those in the vicinity of the Aleutian Terrace and Trench.
Genome Sequences of Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Isolates Isolated in the United States from a Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica is recognized as one of the most common bacterial agents of foodborne illness. We report draft genomes of four Salmonella serovar Heidelberg isolates associated with the recent multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Heidelberg infections linked to kosher broiled chicken livers in the United States in 2011. Isolates 2011K-1259 and 2011K-1232 were recovered from humans, whereas 2011K-1724 and 2011K-1726 were isolated from chicken liver. Whole genome sequence analysis of these isolates provides a tool for studying the short-term evolution of these epidemic clones and can be used for characterizing potentially new virulence factors.
Buying into healthy blood vessels: exercise and aging

imagine for a moment you are the chief executive of a major pharmaceutical company. You know that: 1 ) cardiovascular disease is a major killer, and 2 ) worldwide increases in longevity and adoption of “Western” diets in the developing world will likely increase the number of individuals needing
Molecular Interactions with Mercury in the Kidney

Mercury is unique among the heavy metals in that it can exist in several physical and chemical forms, including elemental mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. All forms of mercury have toxic effects in a number of organs, especially in the kidneys. Within the kidney, the pars recta of the proximal tubule is the most vulnerable segment of the nephron to the toxic effects of mercury. The biological and toxicological activity of mercurous and mercuric ions in the kidney can be defined largely by the molecular interactions that occur at critical nucleophilic sites in and around target cells. Because of the high bonding affinity between mercury and sulfur, there is particular interest in the interactions that occur between mercuric ions and the thiol group(s) of proteins, peptides and amino acids. Molecular interactions with sulfhydryl groups in molecules of albumin, metallothionein, glutathione, and cysteine have been implicated in mechanisms involved in the proximal tubular uptake, accumulation, transport, and toxicity of mercuric ions. In addition, the susceptibility of target cells in the kidneys to the injurious effects of mercury is modified by a number of intracellular and extracellular factors relating to several thiol-containing molecules. These very factors are the theoretical basis for most of the currently employed therapeutic strategies. This review provides an update on the current body of knowledge regarding the molecular interactions that occur between mercury and various thiol-containing molecules with respect to the mechanisms involved in the renal cellular uptake, accumulation, elimination, and toxicity of mercury.
Influence of Hairy Nightshade Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) and Potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae: Polerovirus) on the Host Preference of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner), is one of the preferred host plants for the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the most efficient vector of potato leafroll virus. Recent studies have also shown the ability of S. sarrachoides to act as a reservoir of potato leafroll virus. Our previous field studies have revealed a greater number of winged and wingless green peach aphids on S. sarrachoides than on adjacent potato, Solanum tuberosum (Linnaeus), plants indicating a preference for S. sarrachoides. This apparent preference for S. sarrachoides was further studied in the laboratory through a series of settling and emigration bioassays. The settling bioassays were conducted under light and dark conditions to study the influence of visual cues on green peach aphid host-plant preference. Settling bioassays with both winged and wingless green peach aphid revealed a preference for S. sarrachoides over potato and for potato leafroll virus–infected plants over noninfected plants of ...
“‘Need a Minister? How About Your Brother?’: The Universal Life Church between Religion and Non-Religion”

National media outlets have observed that weddings in the United States, especially for young educated people, are increasingly performed by ministers who are friends or relatives of the couple and who become ordained online just for that purpose. The primary organization licensing these ministers, and thus authorizing these weddings as legally valid, is the Universal Life Church (ULC), which has ordained over 20 million people since 1962. To date, there has been no focused study of the ULC or lifecycle rituals conducted under its auspices. According to my original survey, interview, and participant observation data, both ULC ministers and the couples who engage them typically self-describe as non-religious, usually as spiritual, seekers, humanist, or generically “not religious.” Similarly, they describe their weddings in “non-religious” terms, emphasizing the personalization of the ceremony to match their particular beliefs and tastes as well as the conscious exclusion of most “religious” language. These “secular” or “spiritual” wedding ceremonies reveal non-religious couples’ desires for an alternative apart from bureaucratic civil ceremonies or traditional religious rites. This article explains why “secular” people select ULC ministers for their weddings, how ULC ministers see themselves as “non-religious” while being members of a legally-recognized religion, and how ULC ministers and couples married by them label and valuate their “non-religious,” personalized wedding ceremonies. My examination of ULC membership and weddings reveals not only the diversity of non-theistic self-identification and lifecycle ritualization, but also how constructs such as “religious” and “secular” can be co-constitutive rather than purely oppositional.
Perceptual, Attentional, and Cognitive Heuristics That Interact with the Nature of Science to Complicate Public Understanding of Science

Increasingly science is conducted in the public eye and research findings are made available to the public as they are being discovered—affording the opportunity to more quickly take advantage of new findings in our everyday lives. However, along with this “opportunity” come significant challenges and potential costs. A substantial body of research reveals patterns of perception, attention, and reasoning that interact with how we interpret and attach salience to research findings, and that work against public attention and understanding. Further, the epistemology of science—how scientific knowledge is vetted over time and through the discourse of many different scientists—makes it problematic to take the public “along for the ride.” This chapter considers a set of perceptual and attentional patterns, cognitive heuristics for causal reasoning, and assumptions about the nature of science that interact with people’s understanding of research findings. It argues that advancing a scientific research agenda increasingly calls for knowledge of how the public is inclined to interact with research findings and with the nature of science more generally.
Sources and control of volatile gases hazardous to hermetic electronic enclosures

Four gases that threaten operating reliability may be present in hermetic electronic enclosures. Condensates of moisture and/or ammonia can cause metallization corrosion. Hydrogen is a rapid diffuser that can degrade metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) device operation. Oxygen can cause oxidation and ensuing failure of solder attachment materials within the sealed package. Other gases, such as carbon dioxide, helium, argon, and organic volatiles are not threats to reliability, but do provide clues to package materials behavior. Knowing sealed package ambient gas composition helps improve materials and processes for hermetic sealing and enables process control to assure reliable products. This paper describes the analysis method for hermetic microelectronics, residual gas analysis (RGA), available at only a few laboratories worldwide. It discusses sealing processes and package piece part materials that are sources of volatiles hazardous to product reliability. It presents materials selection and improvement considerations to reduce and control dangerous volatiles in hermetic packages.
Nanophotodetector array for near-field imaging

A novel near-field nano-imager based on channelized nanoscale-pixel photodetector (NPD) array is presented. Simulation shows ?/10 resolutions could be obtained by NPD array. Initially realized channelized NPD devices have the smallest pixel size of 50nm.
Studies on Identity of Prothrombin

Summary1. With Butler's phosphate buffer as a salting solution, prothrombin precipitates between 1.7 and 2.0 molar strength, which places it in the upper globulin fraction. 2. The bulk of proteins of solubility similar to prothrombin migrates electrophoretically as alpha globulin. 3. On the electrophoresis of whole plasma, prothrombin migrates with the albumin fraction.
In vivo Three-photon Imaging of Brain Activity from Cortical and Subcortical Neurons in Intact Mouse Brain

We demonstrate three-photon microscopy (3PM) at 1300-nm-excitation for imaging neuronal activity through the entire neocortex and as deep as the hippocampal stratum pyramidale (SP) layer of the living adult mouse brain using genetically-encoded calcium indicators.
Effect of Population Size on Brood Production, Worker Survival and Honey Gain in Colonies of Honeybees

SummaryThe effect of population size on brood production, worker survival and gain or loss of honey was studied in colonies of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Louisiana, USA. About 11 kg of bees were caged, stored for two days and subdivided into five populations numbering 2300, 4500, 9000, 17 000 and 35 000 bees. Each colony was started with a laying queen, no brood, and 230 bees per 1000 cm3 of hive space. The test ended 19 days after queen release, just before adult bees began to emerge. The test was conducted 10 times (two replicates being used in each of February, April, June, August and October). The two largest populations produced more honey per bee and in dearth times and winter consumed less honey per bee. Colonies of 4500 bees produced the most brood per bee; as population increased above that number brood production per bee decreased. However, during summer dearth, the colonies of 9000 bees produced the most brood per bee. Overall, the optimal colony size was 9000 bees; the rate of weight gain i...
Development and application of supporting platform for dynamic security supervisory control system based on SOA

The security supervision of current control center faces serious challenge while interconnected power system network is becoming larger.It is urgent to integrate all kinds of systems concerned with different aspects of power system operations in control centers,and to research and develop advanced techniques about dynamic security assessment,security supervision,preventive control applications and supported platform,etc.Integrated framework and integrated technique of dynamic security application based on SOA was described.Relative technology about integrated bus,data bus,man machine interface were designed and developed.Main functions and characteristics of the supporting platform was introduced.The system has characters in easy way to integrating applications,supporting for static and dynamic applications,template-based graphics and library model generation,visualization data display and so on.Most functions of this system have been put into operation in Dynamic Security Analysis System in State Grid.
The use of estrogens as postcoital contraceptive agents.

Sufficient evidence has accrued to indicate that daily administration of 50 mg. of diethylstilbestrol, 30 mg. of conjugated equine estrogens, or 5 mg. of ethinyl estradiol for 5 consecutive days is probably effective in preventing pregnancy if instituted within 72 hours of unprotected midcycle coital exposure.
Cyclopentadienone Oxidation Reaction Kinetics and Thermochemistry for the Alcohols, Hydroperoxides, and Vinylic, Alkoxy, and Alkylperoxy Radicals

Cyclopentadienone has one carbonyl and two olefin groups resulting in 4n + 2 π-electrons in a cyclic five-membered ring structure. Thermochemical and kinetic parameters for the initial reactions of cyclopentadienone radicals with O2 and the thermochemical properties for cyclopentadienone-hydroperoxides, alcohols, and alkenyl, alkoxy, and peroxy radicals were determined by use of computational chemistry. The CBS-QB3 composite and B3LYP density functional theory methods were used to determine the enthalpies of formation (ΔfH°298) using the isodesmic reaction schemes with several work reactions for each species. Entropy and heat capacity, S°(T) and Cp°(T) (50 K ≤ T ≤ 5000 K) are determined using geometric parameters, internal rotor potentials, and frequencies from B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations. Standard enthalpies of formation are reported for parent molecules as cyclopentadienone, cyclopentadienone with alcohol, hydroperoxide substituents, and the cyclopentadienone-yl vinylic, alkoxy, and peroxy radicals co...
Limitations of Reorientation of a LASIK Free Cap

Refractive surgeons performing LASIK should be aware of the importance of the proper orientation and management of a free cap during flap creation. Although increased use of the femtosecond laser has decreased the incidence of free cap formation, knowledge of its management is important.
Stimulation of basolateral Na(+)-HCO3- cotransporter by angiotensin II in rabbit renal cortex.

Angiotensin (ANG) II is now recognized as a powerful direct controller of Na+ reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, a property that predominantly reflects stimulation of the transepithelial NaHCO3 flux. Numerous studies have established that this effect of ANG II represents stimulation of the apical Na+/H+ exchanger, but a single microperfusion study has also suggested direct stimulation of the basolateral Na(+)-HCO3- cotransporter. We have carried out studies in basolateral membrane vesicles from rabbit renal cortex to examine directly whether ANG II exerts an independent effect on the Na(+)-HCO3- cotransporter. Preincubation of vesicles with ANG II (10(-11) to 10(-9) M) for 15 min enhanced the activity of the cotransporter, the greatest effect occurring at 10(-11) M (41 +/- 1.1%, P < 0.005). This stimulation reflected an increase in the maximal enzyme reaction velocity of the cotransporter but no change in the Michaelis constant for Na+. ANG II had no effect on Na(+)-dependent succinate transp...
Narrow spectral width (<1 Å FWHM), 1.1-W cw operation from 100-µm stripe DFB diode lasers (λ = 0.893 µm) with Al-free optical-confinement region

The 0.894-μm diode lasers are of interest for polarizing Cs to be used in magnetic resonance imaging with spin-polarized Xe.1
Standard enthalpies of formation of yttrium alloys, Y-Me (Me = Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt), by high-temperature calorimetry

Les enthalpies standard de formation des alliages d'yttrium Y Me (Me=Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) ont ete determinees par calorimetre de synthese directe a 1473±2 K. Les resultats suivants ont ete obtenus pour ΔH 0 f,m en joules par moles d'atomes: Ru 2 Y 5 , -(27.3±3.1), RhY, -(76.1±3.4); Rh 2 Y, -(65.4±1.3); PdY, -(94.9±3.8); Pd 4 Y 3 , -(92.8±3.7); Pd 3 Y, -(79.0±6.5); Os 2 Y, -(24.8±2.8); IrY, -(65.9±3.8); Ir 2 Y, -(59.4±2.8); PtY, -(104±2.3); Pt 3 Y, -(86.9±2.0)
Acculturation, discrimination, and depression among unauthorized Latinos/as in the United States.

OBJECTIVES In the present study we sought to examine psychosocial factors among undocumented Latinos/as acculturating to and residing in the United States. METHOD A community sample of 122 self-reported undocumented Latino/a immigrants was asked to complete questionnaires measuring components of acculturation (i.e., national and ethnic identity, U.S. heritage-cultural knowledge, English and Spanish competency), everyday discrimination (ED), and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Results indicated that, among acculturation dimensions, only ethnic identity was significantly related to increased ED whereas ED was associated with increased depression. Moreover, experiences of ED mediated the relationship between ethnic identity and depression. CONCLUSIONS Results may indicate ethnic identity as a risk factor for this group through experiences of discrimination. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in terms of advancing theory and from a multicultural counseling perspective, respectively. (PsycINFO Database Record
Seizures, Focal EEG Abnormalities, and CT

The prevalence and nature of abnormalities on CT associated with focal EEG abnormalities were evaluated in 964 consecutive children with epileptic and non-epileptic seizures seen over one year at the Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, England.
Can Brain Natriuretic Peptide Be Used to Guide the Management of Patients With Heart Failure and a Preserved Ejection Fraction? The Wrong Way to Identify New Treatments for a Nonexistent Disease

Physicians make the diagnosis of heart failure when patients present with exercise intolerance that is limited by dyspnea, fatigue, or both and that can be attributed to an identifiable abnormality of cardiac function. Patients with exertional symptoms attributable to severe primary valvular disease respond symptomatically and prognostically to surgical valve repair or replacement. Patients with exertional dyspnea attributable to left ventricular systolic dysfunction exhibit fluid retention and neurohormonal activation and respond both symptomatically and prognostically to the administration of diuretics, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, β-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists. Although circulating levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) can be measured in these 2 groups of patients, there is no reliable or persuasive evidence that such measurement provides a useful guide to the selection of patients to be treated, the medical or surgical interventions to be prescribed, or the timing of surgery or the doses of drugs to be achieved.1 Article see p 569 Many elderly patients experience symptoms of exertional dyspnea or fatigue but have no evidence of valvular disease or left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The majority are elderly women who are physically deconditioned and frequently have hypertension, obesity, atrial fibrillation, anemia, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic renal insufficiency.2 Which of these abnormalities is responsible for these patients' exercise intolerance? Although their symptoms and survival are largely determined by their comorbid conditions,3,4 physicians frequently focus on the heart in their pursuit of a cause of exertional symptoms and poor prognosis. Noninvasive cardiac imaging typically reveals a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, occasionally shows left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement, and often demonstrates changes in echocardiographic variables that suggest an increase in left ventricular filling pressure and a reduced rate of blood flow into the left ventricle during diastole.5 The …
Computational Framework for in-Silico Study of Virtual Cell Biology via Process Simulation and Multiscale Modeling

The behavior of biological cells is governed by a myriad of bio-chemical pathways, whose function within the cell is to elicit a specific behavior. Each biological pathway is defined by dozens of interacting molecular species and hundreds of chemical reactions. A computational framework for high-fidelity simulation study of such complex pathways is invaluable to understanding the behavior of cells, effective drug design, studying various pathological ailments, etc. All-molecule stochastic simulation of such pathways is more accurate in reproducing the behavior of biological cells than the simulation tools based on ODE and PDE (Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations) modeling. However, the process is computationally demanding as just a single cell's function may be governed by dozens of biochemical pathways, hundreds of reactions, thousands of chemical species, and millions of molecules. The all-molecule process simulation framework presented in our previous work captures the stochastic and dynamic behavior of biological systems in ways which cannot be studied via traditional ODE/PDE-based simulations and is computational more efficient and scalable compared to Kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) and Chemical Master Equation based approaches. This paper is aimed at studying the framework for the purpose of improving both the over-arching algorithm and implementation. The properties studied include weak and strong scalability, performance analysis on massively parallel platforms (various GPU devices), accuracy of molecular concentrations, and error analysis of the simulation framework. These results demonstrate the computational efficiency as well as help identify the bottlenecks in the pipeline. Lastly, the accuracy of the framework is shown to be in excellent agreement with that of ODE-based simulations, and the error analysis demonstrates the granularity of time step is closely tied with the instantaneous standard deviation of concentration.
Mating system of the hermaphroditic coral-reef fish, Serranus baldwini

The lantern bass, Serranus baldwini, is a small hermaphroditic serranid found adjacent to coral reefs throughout the Caribbean. Data from gonad inspection, spawning behavior, and gamete release from individuals all confirm that populations consist of simultaneous hermaphrodites and males. This gender pattern appears to be sequential, with larger males derived from smaller hermaphrodites. The social system is haremic, with the male defending an area containing 1–7 hermaphrodites. The social system and gender pattern are similar to those of the eastern Pacific serranid, Serranus fasciatus. Males obtain disproportionately high mating success by being nearly the sole mates of hermaphrodites within their harems. Hermaphrodites obtain very low levels of mating success through male function. This pattern may result from “female choice” by hermaphrodites, mate sequestering tactics by males, or both. The serranids that change gender from hermaphrodite to male appear to have a higher environmental potential for polygyny than other simultaneous hermaphrodites in this family. Factors that may maintain male function in hermaphroditic S. baldwini are outlined, but none currently provides clear evidence for why this species has not evolved to protogyny.
Seed Potato Growth and Yield as Affected by Mother Plant Exposure to Herbicides

In a repeated multi-year study, mother potato plants were exposed to herbicides at rates that simulated off-target application, such as through tank contamination. Following exposure of mother plants to herbicides, seed from mother plants was planted in the following growing season and crop growth, yield and tuber quality were quantified. Visual injury from herbicides was observed both in the mother plant and daughter tuber growing seasons and occasional impacts on tuber yield were noted. However, an inconsistent relationship was observed for herbicide related injury and tuber yield reductions of mother potato plants with daughter tuber growth and yield. The lack of consistency in the relationship between visual potato injury in the mother plant production and adverse daughter tuber growth and yield in the following year challenges traditional crop scouting as a tool to predict off-target herbicide risk near seed potato production. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; aminopyralid; cloransulam-methyl; dicamba; flumiclora...
Anatomy of a Dot-Com Failure: The Case of Online Grocer Webvan

In 2008, when CNET published its list of the top ten dot-com flops ever, online grocer Webvan topped the list. This chapter describes the rise and fall of Webvan, and analyzes the reasons for its failure. In particular, this case study demonstrates that Internet companies – contrary to what many entrepreneurs believed during the dot-com boom – are not immune to the basic laws of economics or sound business practice. Issues that are discussed include lack of knowledge of the grocery business, high efficiencies and low profit margins in the traditional grocery business, lack of consumer testing, inability to access a strong supplier market, cost of and problems with innovative and highly automated warehouses, the economics and logistics of home delivery, the “get big fast” philosophy of dot-com entrepreneurs, the failure of other early online grocers such as Kozmo and UrbanFetch, and the growth of successful online grocery businesses by such companies as Peapod and Tesco.
Infrastructure aided networking and traffic management for autonomous transportation

Traffic management mechanisms for autonomous vehicular transportation systems are designed to regulate vehicular topological layouts and mobility patterns to form robust data communication networks while guaranteeing vehicular throughput rates. To enhance the performance of the underlying wireless communications networking operations, this system would be aided by the deployment of an information network infrastructure that consists of Road Side Units (RSUs). In this paper, we study the design of an RSU-aided autonomous vehicular network that incorporates both data networking and traffic management dimensions. We investigate the inter-relationships that characterize the joint design of vehicular ad hoc networking control mechanisms and cost-effective RSU backbone network. We configure vehicles into platoon structures in aiming to guarantee a robust dissemination of data message flows. An efficient algorithm is developed to determine the optimal settings of platoon parameters and RSU locations across a highway. The result is used to demonstrate the fundamental design tradeoffs to be made when considering performance metrics that involve vehicular throughput rates, infrastructure deployment costs, and the reliability of wireless communications networking.