cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent pseudomonad populations in modified rhizosphere atmospheres

Populations of four isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Earlypak) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Straight 8) seedlings were measured 48 h after exposure of roots to four soil atmospheres containing O2-to-CO2 concentrations of 210-to-0.3 (210 ml 1−1 O2, 0.3 ml 1−1 CO2, ambient concentrations), 180-to-30, 150-to-60 or 120-to-90. While populations varied depending on the bacterial isolate, the plant genus and the composition of the soil atmosphere, they were generally greater under modified soil atmospheres (atmospheres containing lower-than-ambient concentrations of O2 and higher-than-ambient concentrations of CO2) than under a soil atmosphere containing the ambient concentration of O2 and CO2. The populations of three of four test isolates in tomato rhizosphere and of two of three isolates in cucumber rhizosphere were between 0.44 and 1.38-fold higher under test modified soil atmospheres than under the ambient atmosphere. The differences were significant (P < 0.05). Populations of indigenous fluorescent pseudomonads were also significantly (P < 0.05) greater under modified soil atmospheres than under the ambient atmosphere. These results suggest that the reported inconsistency in biocontrol activity of several fluorescent pseudomonad isolates may in part be due to the effect of soil atmospheric composition on the ability of these bacteria to establish in the rhizosphere.
"Squaring the circle": molecular squares and rectangles from chelate-induced structural transformations of known Fe10 and new Fe12 ferric wheels.

A diolate-bridged Fe12 member of the “ferric wheel” class of molecular wheels has been obtained to complement the known MeO--bridged members such as the prototypical Fe10 wheel; reaction of these Fe10 and Fe12 ferric wheels with N-based chelates has given Fe4 and Fe12 molecular rectangles and squares, respectively.
Differentiation of malignant to benign cells.

Abstract Jacob & Monod, and Pitot & Heidelberger have suggested that stable misbehavior of genetic control systems might underlie cancer. Since their papers, considerable insight into the behavior of complex gene control nets has accumulated, and suggests the following. The genome is to be considered a complex dynamic system with a finite number of distinct stable modes of behavior, each of which corresponds to a distinct cell type. Differentiation involves passing among these stable modes of behavior. Regardless of whether higher cells have evolved precise control mechanisms to pass among the stable dynamic modes of behavior, cells are continuously oerturbed by biochemical fluctuations which also cause the system to pass among its stable modes of behavior. Such fluctuations are likely to underlie aberrant differentiation. Global features of “aberrant differentiation” in model genetic nets predicts global features of transdetermination experiments. Models and experiments jointly suggest that the normal organism utilizes only a subset of the cell types of which its genome is capable without mutation, thus epigenetic cancer is at least possible. Pathways of differentiation among these normally unutilized cell types exist, and cancer cells might be induced to differentiate along them. Mutation may alter only the pathways of differentiation among cell types, or the cell types themselves. The former case is similar to epigenetic cancer, for cells would follow mutated pathways to reach normally nonutilized cell types of which the non-mutated genome was capable. Such neoplasia might also be induced to differentiate to non-malignant behavior. Even if all cell types are altered by a somatic mutation, not all of them are necessarily malignant-controlled differentiation to such non-harmful cell types might be possible. Where available, experimental evidence supporting these predictions is examined.
Comments on the computation of Liapunov exponents for the Mixmaster universe

To explain the discrepancy between recently computed vanishing Liapunov exponents for the evolution of Mixmaster universes and the positive Liapunov exponent for the associated 1-dimensional map first discussed by Belinskii, Khalatnikov, and Lifshitz, the Liapunov exponents computed from a numerical universe evolution are compared using several time variables. Previous numerical results of vanishing Liapunov exponents were obtained with time variables which increased roughly exponentially in each epoch. Here it is found that minisuperspace proper time, which increases by a fixed amount during each epoch, yields nonvanishing Liapunov exponents within the limited number of epochs numerically accessible. The map parameteru as measured along the trajectory attains the values predicted by the map to very high accuracy (except near the maximum of expansion) even though the metric coefficients deviate in some cases from idealized Mixmaster behavior. The number of consecutive single epoch eras is shown to be related to the presence of u in an interval bounded by ratios of Fibonacci numbers.
Endotoxaemia in dairy cattle: mechanism of reticulorumen stasis.

Summary The objective of this study was to determine whether blockade of α −2 adrenergic receptors would restorereticulorumen motility during toxaemia in cows. Reticulorumen contractions were measured via a water-filled balloon connected to a pressure transducer. Intravenous infusion of endotoxin (100 ng kg −1 over 30 min) significantly decreased the number of reticulorumen contractions. Intravenous infusion of yohimbine (125 μg kg −1 over 30 min) alone did not affect reticulorumen contractions. However, when yohimbine (125 μg kg −1 over 30 min) was infused concurrently with endotoxin (100 ng kg −1 over 30 min), the effects of endotoxin on reticulorumen contraction frequency decreased, suggesting that endotoxaemia causes reticulorumen stasis via a mechanism that involves α −2 adrenergic receptors.
Early Clinical Features of Bronchogenic Carcinoma: Illustrative Cases

1) Cases illustrating the various early clinical and roentgenologic manifestations of bronchogenic carcinoma have been presented. 2) The early manifestations of a bronchogenic carcinoma depend chiefly on its point of origin, so that an arbitrary classification based on location offers a logical basis for understanding the mechanism by which the early symptoms, signs and roentgen abnormalities are produced. 3) To avoid confusion with the other common lower respiratory diseases, thorough clinical study appears advisable in the following groups of cases: (a) Those in which chronic pulmonary symptoms (notably cough, blood-streaking or hemoptysis, wheezing) are not adequately explained, (b) Those in which symptoms or abnormal physical findings persist after what has appeared to be one of the common acute lower respiratory infections, (c) Those in which the roentgen examination shows evidence of impaired bronchial drainage (abnormal density of unilateral, lobar or segmental distribution, unless obviously tuberculous in origin with positive sputum) or impaired aeration (obstructive emphysema, atelectasis of a lung, a lobe or a bronchopulmonary segment). In cases where a tumor-like lesion is evident on the roentgenogram, the need for complete study is apparent. The finding of cavitation not clearly tuberculous in origin should of course call for further investigation. 4) Complete study should include, in addition to the roentgen examination, a bronchoscopy, with bacteriologic study of bronchial secretions; cytologic examination is indicated in those cases in which tissue for biopsy is not obtainable at bronchoscopy. In cases where the differential diagnosis includes tuberculosis, examination of sputa or gastric washings and skin-testing are in order. Additional procedures which may be indicated in a given case include bronchography, planigraphic study, bacteriologic and cytologic examination of pleural fluid, aspiration biopsy and occasionally thoracoscopy. 5) Exploratory operation is indicated in cases where there is convincing clinical evidence of bronchogenic carcinoma, even though a proven histologic diagnosis is not obtainable, provided there is no evidence of extrapulmonary invasion or metastasis, and provided the operative risk is not disproportionate.
Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Under Floor Blockages on Flow Distribution in a Data Center Cell

Due to the increase in the rack power of computer equipment, in recent years, thermal management of data centers has become a challenging problem. Data center facilities with raised floor plenums are the most popular configuration from a ducting configuration perspective. The under floor plenum serves as a distribution chamber for the cooling air. Plenums are also used to route piping, conduits and cables that bring power, server network connections, and supply coolant to the air conditioning units. Computational modeling studies have shown that, these under floor blockages impede the flow of cold air from the air conditioning units and yield unpredictable air flow patterns. In this paper, the impact of under floor blockages on flow distribution in a data center is experimentally investigated. A data center experimental cell with one server rack and one air conditioning unit is examined. A number of perforated tiles and their resistances are altered to achieve variable flow patterns under the raised floor. Using previously established guidelines for the placement of under floor structures (piping, etc.) three different scenarios are studied, i.e. no blockages, blockages in critical flow path and blockages in safe flow path are considered. Experiments were carried out for two different tile designs, with free area ratios of 16% and 30%, respectively, and three tile configurations. A detailed comparison between the experimental and CFD model results are presented for several different cases, showing good agreement. Blockages if placed in critical path are shown to significantly reduce the supply tile flow rates which directly affects the thermal performance of the corresponding server. Blockages are shown to have minimal impact when they are placed in safe path. Based on CFD model and experimental results, guidelines on managing under floor blockages are verified. Emphasis has been given to the routing the blockages from safe paths and to keeping critical paths blockage free.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Benefits, barriers, and bridges to effective supply chain management

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide academics and practitioners a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the benefits, barriers, and bridges to successful collaboration in strategic supply chains. Design/methodology/approach – A triangulation method consisting of a literature review, a cross‐functional mail survey, and 51 in‐depth case analyses was implemented. Senior managers from purchasing, manufacturing, and logistics were targeted in the mail survey. The break down by channel category interviews is as follows: 14 retailers, 13 finished goods assemblers, 12 first‐tier suppliers, three lower‐tier suppliers, and nine service providers. Findings – Customer satisfaction and service is perceived as more enduring than cost savings. All managers recognize technology, information, and measurement systems as major barriers to successful supply chain collaboration. However, the people issues – such as culture, trust, aversion to change, and willingness to collaborate – are more intractable. People are the key bridge to successful collaborative innovation and should therefore not be overlooked as companies invest in supply chain enablers such as technology, information, and measurement systems. Research limitations/implications – The average mail‐survey response rate was relatively low: 23.5 percent. The case study analyses were not consistent in frequency across channel functions. Although the majority of companies interviewed and surveyed were international, all surveys and interviews were managers based in the US. Practical implications – This study provides new insight into understanding the success and hindering factors of supply chain management. The extensive literature review, the cross‐channel analysis, and case studies provide academics and managers a macro picture of the goals, challenges, and strategies for implementing supply chain management. Originality/value – This paper uses triangulation methodology for examining key issues of supply chain management at multiple levels within the supply chain.
Amplified output of a frequency chirped diode source via injection locking

Injection locking is a useful technique for amplifying the output power of a tunable external cavity diode laser. The injection-locked output retains the spectral properties of the injected signal while offering high powers. A self-aligning injection-locked system is demonstrated that uses a chirped external cavity diode laser as the master laser. A gain of 51.8 dB is demonstrated with injection-locked output powers greater than 62 mW The amplified linear frequency chirp of 800 MHz in 4 ?s is measured and shows no deviation from the frequency chirp of the master laser. The high gain and ability of the injection-locked output to follow the rapid tuning of the injected source make it an excellent amplification technique for applications requiring higher powers with fast tuning.
Organogenesis in C. elegans: positioning of neurons and muscles in the egg-laying system.

Abstract One of the final stages in the development of egg-laying behavior in the nematode C. elegans is the organization of 8 motor neurons (2 HSN and 6 VC cells) and 8 muscles into a motor system to control the opening of the vulva. Using mutations that disrupt the development of specific components of the egg-laying system and laser microsurgery to ablate selected precursor cells, we have determined that the guidance of the egg-laying neurons and muscles, and in particular the VC neurons and vulval muscles, into the vulval region is dependent on interactions with surrounding epithelial and gonadal tissue and appears to be independent of neuron-neuron and neuron-muscle interactions. The development of the egglaying system can be described as a series of cell interactions in which certain cells arise through induction and subsequently provide inductive cues themselves.
Acquisition of the alphabetic principle in deaf and hard-of-hearing preschoolers: the role of phonology in letter-sound learning

Mastery of the alphabetic principle necessitates learning letter–sound correspondences. In this study, we found evidence of the importance of spoken phonology in the letter–sound learning of 89 deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) preschoolers. Only DHH children with at least some ability to perceive speech were included in the study. DHH children were more likely to know letter sounds for which the corresponding letter name contains a phonological cue (e.g., d as opposed to h), a phenomenon robustly observed in hearing children (e.g., Treiman, Weatherston, & Berch, 1994). However, unlike the pattern observed in hearing children, DHH children benefited more from phonological cues that are at the end of letter names (e.g., m) rather than the beginning (e.g., b). DHH children’s letter-sound knowledge was strongly associated with phonological awareness—and phoneme-level skills in particular. Despite less differentiated phonological representations, DHH children seem to rely on similar processes to hearing children as they begin to acquire the alphabetic principle, with spoken phonology playing an important role.
Face burn reconstruction—does early excision and autografting improve aesthetic appearance?

Despite improvements in functional rehabilitation secondary to better control of scar and contractures, aesthetic rehabilitation of the extensively burned face has remained a difficult problem. This study was undertaken to evaluate both technique and aesthetic results of early excision and split thickness autografting (STAG) of full skin thickness face burns. Twenty-five patients with full skin thickness face burns were operated on between days 4 and 14 post-burn. Thirteen patients had excision and STAG in one stage. Twelve patients had a two-stage procedure-excision and coverage with a biological dressing followed 24-72 h later by STAG. Seven of these patients had a pressure dressing in the form of a silicone face mask applied at the second stage. Early cosmetic results were encouraging in all patients. Twenty-five per cent of patients later required either contracture release or skin resurfacing. Preliminary results are encouraging and warrant evaluation by surgeons at other centres. When early excision of full skin thickness face burns is undertaken, cautious optimism as to the ultimate aesthetic result, both by the surgeon and the patient, is advisable.
Performance of a FSO augmented RF mesh network

Combined RF and optical communication within a heavily scintillated atmosphere requires special modems that can accommodate significant signal fading. A hybrid network (10 Gbps 1550 nm FSO and RF transmission) has been developed and a link quality parameter is used to assist the network routers with the path cost calculation algorithm. Fading statistics, determined by field experiments, are emulated in the laboratory network by a statistically-driven VOA. COTS hardware (FEC and a special amplifier) enable a 35 dB dynamic range. The special modem and its performance within a multi-node network are presented.
Production efficiency and optimal pricing in intermediate-good regulated industries

Abstract This paper reconsiders the relationship that exists between the production efficiency result of Diamond and Mirrlees and the Ramsey Rule. Specifically, the paper considers a general equilibrium hierarchical structure of production. One industry sells at least some of its output to another regulated industry. A single regulatory agency must balance the budgets of all regulated industries in the aggregate so as to maximize the utility of a representative individual. The Ramsey Rule always holds. Pricing rules, however, are far more complex. The optimum may have some negative price-cost margins and may not involve production efficiency.
Consistency across the hierarchies of the UMLS semantic network and metathesaurus

Objective. To develop and test a method for automatically detecting inconsistencies between the parent-child is-a relationships in the Metathesaurus and the ancestor-descendant relationships in the Semantic Network of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).Methods. We exploited the fact that each Metathesaurus concept is assigned one or more semantic types from the UMLS Semantic Network and that the semantic types are arranged in a hierarchy. We compared the semantic types of each pair of parent and child concepts to determine if the types "explained" the Metathesaurus is-a relationships. We considered cases where the semantic type of the parent was neither the same as, nor an ancestor of, the semantic type of the child to be "unexplained." We applied this method to the January 2002 release of the UMLS and examined the unexplained cases we discovered to determine their causes.Results. We found that 17,022 (24.3%) of the parent--child is-a relationships in the UMLS Metathesaurus could not be explained based on the semantic types of the concepts. Causes for these discrepancies included cases where the parent or child was missing a semantic type, cases where the semantic type of the child was too general or the semantic type of the parent was too specific, cases where the parent-child relationship was incorrect, and cases where an ancestor-descendant relationship should be added to the UMLS Semantic network. In many cases, the specific cause of the discrepancy cannot be resolved without authoritative judgment by the UMLS developers.Conclusions. Our method successfully detects inconsistencies between the hierarchies of the UMLS Metathesaurus and Semantic Network. We believe that our method should be added to the set of tools that the UMLS developers use to maintain and audit the UMLS knowledge sources.
Orphan G protein-coupled receptors MrgA1 and MrgC11 are distinctively activated by RF-amide-related peptides through the Gαq/11 pathway

MrgA1 and MrgC11 belong to a recently identified family of orphan G-protein coupled receptors, called mrgs (mas-related genes). They are only expressed in a specific subset of sensory neurons that are known to detect painful stimuli. However, the precise physiological function of Mrg receptors and their underlying mechanisms of signal transduction are not known. We therefore have screened a series of neuropeptides against human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells that stably express either MrgA1 or MrgC11 to identify ligands and/or agonists. MrgA1- or MrgC11-specific agonists stimulated dose-dependent increases in intracellular free Ca2+ in a pertussis toxin-insensitive manner, but failed to alter basal or forskolin-stimulated levels of intracellular cAMP. Furthermore, studies using embryonic fibroblasts derived from various Gα protein knockout mice demonstrated that both the MrgA1 and MrgC11 receptors are coupled to the Gαq/11 signaling pathway. Screening of neuropeptides identified surrogate agonists, most of these peptides included a common C-terminal -RF(Y)G or -RF(Y) amide motif. Structure-function studies suggest that endogenous ligands of Mrg receptors are likely to be RF(Y)G and/or RF(Y) amide-related peptides and that postprocessing of these peptides may serve to determine Mrg receptor-ligand specificity. The differences in ligand specificity also suggest functional diversity amongst the Mrg receptors.
Poly(N-vinylformamide)-A drag-reducing polymer for biomedical applications.

Water-soluble drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) were previously demonstrated to significantly increase blood flow, tissue perfusion, and tissue oxygenation when injected intravenously at nanomolar concentrations in various animal models. Turbulent flow drag-reducing ability was proven to be the most important factor defining the potential of polymers to favorably affect blood circulation. Several DRPs were applied in previous in vivo tests, but the search continues for suitable DRPs for biomedical applications. We demonstrated that poly(N-vinylformamide) (PNVF) with a molecular weight of 4.5 × 106 Da significantly reduced resistance to turbulent flow in a pipe and thus presents a DRP. We also found that the PNVF mechanical degradation is much slower than that of the most commonly used DRP, poly(ethylene oxide). PNVF is known to have low toxicity. Furthermore, our pilot in vivo study showed that PNVF had acceptable biocompatibility and hemodynamic effectiveness and thus could be considered as a DRP candidate f...
A method for evaluating health care workers' personal protective equipment technique.

Background Given the potential for the transfer of infectious diseases among patients in isolation, health care workers (HCWs), and other patients in the hospital environment, the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is paramount. The literature is limited regarding studies of HCWs’ use of PPE in patient care tasks. Methods A pilot study was conducted to examine the feasibility of using a simulated health care environment to assess HCWs’ technique when implementing standard airborne and contact isolation precautions. The participants (n = 10) were assigned patient care tasks based on their specific professional roles. The encounters were digitally recorded during donning and doffing of PPE, as well as during interactions with the simulated patient. Powdered fluorescent marker was used as a measure of contamination. Results The pilot data show various inconsistencies in the HCWs’ PPE technique. Each of the 10 participants committed at least one breach of standard airborne and contact isolation precautions. Conclusion An expanded research study of HCW behaviors is needed to properly examine these contamination and exposure pathways. Training programs should be developed that emphasize the common errors in HCWs’ PPE technique.
Does combining stimulants combine stimulation

The effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate singly and in combination were compared. While a dose-related increase in activity was observed with both drugs, a combination of the drugs showed only the effect of d-amphetamine.
Biogeography of two species of Symbiodinium (Freudenthal) inhabiting the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt).

We have analyzed the genetic profiles of dinoflagellate populations obtained from the Pacific coast sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt) at collection sites from Washington to California. Genetic differences within the symbiont populations of California anemones have been uncovered by restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA genes, and by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS 2). The existence of two Symbiodinium species is substantiated by sequence analysis of the variable regions V1, V2, and V3 of the SSUrDNA, which also establishes their phylogenetic relatedness to other members of the genus Symbiodinium. Anemones from Washington and Oregon harbor a single dinoflagellate species, for which we propose the name S. muscatinei sp. nov. At these northern locations, S. muscatinei either exists alone or co-occurs with the Chlorella-like green algal symbiont. Our results i...
New Goldstone multiplet for partially broken supersymmetry

The partial spontaneous breaking of rigid $N=2$ supersymmetry implies the existence of a massless $N=1$ Goldstone multiplet. In this paper we show that the spin-$(1/2,1)$ Maxwell multiplet can play this role. We construct its full nonlinear transformation law and find the invariant Goldstone action. The spin-$1$ piece of the action turns out to be of Born-Infeld-type, and the full superfield action is duality invariant. This leads us to conclude that the Goldstone multiplet can be associated with a D-brane solution of superstring theory for $p=3$. In addition, we find that $N=1$ chirality is preserved in the presence of the Goldstone-Maxwell multiplet. This allows us to couple it to $N=1$ chiral and gauge field multiplets. We find that arbitrary K\"ahler and superpotentials are consistent with partially broken $N=2$ supersymmetry.
Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Among Breast Cancer Patients in Response to Various Oncogenic Viruses

The direct leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test was done with leukocytes from healthy women and from patients with primary operable breast cancer, benign breast disease, or head and neck cancer. Purified preparations of murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), and murine leukemia virus (MuLV) were used. For each virus, the lowest 10th percentile of the LMI responses of controls was used to discriminate positive from negative responses. Leukocytes from 46 of 94 (49%) breast cancer patients responded to MuMTV, which was significantly different from each of the other test groups: Positive reactions were observed in only 9 of 67 (13%) healthy persons, 2 of 32 (6%) patients with benign breast tumors, and 2 of 20 (10%) patients with head and neck cancer. Although leukocytes from 29% of the breast cancer patients responded to MPMV, this response did not significantly differ from that observed in healthy women (14%), in patients with benign disease (20%), or in patients with head and neck cancer (20%). The leukocytes from the breast cancer patients were not reactive to MuLV. LMI tests to both MuMTV and extracts of MCF-7 cultured breast cancer cells were done in 36 breast cancer patients and 40 healthy women simultaneously. Of the breast cancer patients, 75% responded to MuMTV and/or MCF-7 antigen as compared to 18% of the controls (P less than 0.005). These data suggest that leukocytes from breast cancer patients are presensitized to MuMTV and antigen(s) present in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, but not to MPMV or MuLV.
Adaptive estimation over distributed sensor networks with a hybrid algorithm

Estimation of unknown parameters associated with a distributed sensor network using its noisy measurements has been an active research area recently. Several estimation algorithms, such as the incremental and diffusion algorithms, have been proposed to address this problem. Incremental algorithms require less communication among nodes of the networks while diffusion algorithms are more robust and require large amounts of energy for communication. In this study, we have proposed a hybrid methodology that combines incremental and diffusion algorithms based on the property of a priori error, where is the difference of output error and noise variance of each sensor. The proposed network started with an incremental communication scheme and switched to diffusion scheme to complete the rest of the estimation. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm largely improved the convergence rate as well as the estimation accuracy.
States of Exception on the Mexico–U.S. Border: Security, “Decisions,” and Civilian Border Patrols

Civilian border patrol groups, like the much publicized Minutemen, who engage in the unofficial and unauthorized patrolling of U.S. borders, have proliferated in recent years. They have received an overwhelming amount of press, both national and international, but have garnered very little scholarly attention. In this article, I explore this phenomenon with an eye toward addressing conceptual and theoretical issues raised by the existence and practices of these groups. Specifically, how do we conceptualize civilian border patrol groups in terms of their relationship to statecraft, identity, and security? Do they have implications for the ways in which sovereignty and the political can be understood? I argue that while Carl Schmitt's theory of the political and the Copenhagen School's securitization theory are useful in attempting to understand and theorize the practices of these groups, the case ultimately points to the need for a reexamination of some of Schmitt's concepts including sovereignty and the political. Evidence from this case suggests that we should not limit our understanding of decisions that result in contemporary manifestations of exceptionalism to those controlled by the state or elites. Rather, decisions can arise in numerous locales and can be made by seemingly insignificant agents. This has implications for how we understand the practices that can lead to exceptionalism as well as how we understand sovereignty and the political.
Best practices for an insecticide-treated bed net distribution programme in sub-Saharan eastern Africa

Insecticide-treated bed nets are the preeminent malaria control means; though there is no consensus as to a best practice for large-scale insecticide-treated bed net distribution. In order to determine the paramount distribution method, this review assessed literature on recent insecticide treated bed net distribution programmes throughout sub-Saharan Eastern Africa. Inclusion criteria were that the study had taken place in sub-Saharan Eastern Africa, targeted malaria prevention and control, and occurred between 1996 and 2007. Forty-two studies were identified and reviewed. The results indicate that distribution frameworks varied greatly; and consequently so did outcomes of insecticide-treated bed net use. Studies revealed consistent inequities between urban and rural populations; which were most effectively alleviated through a free insecticide-treated bed net delivery and distribution framework. However, cost sharing through subsidies was shown to increase programme sustainability, which may lead to more long-term coverage. Thus, distribution should employ a catch up/keep up programme strategy. The catch-up programme rapidly scales up coverage, while the keep-up programme maintains coverage levels. Future directions for malaria should include progress toward distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets.
An etiological investigation of micro- and macroergonomic factors in the bhopal disaster: Lessons for industries of both industrialized and developing countries

The catastrophic accident at the Union Carbide Corporation's pesticide plant in Bhopal, India (1984) is investigated and its micro- and macroergonomic causes are identified. It is demonstrated that this accident was not prototypical, and there were numerous similarities with respect to the of lack of human factors considerations between the Bhopal plant and other industrial facilities which have had major accidents, including the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant (1979). This analysis can, by extrapolation, be applied as well to many other comparable plants around the world which because of sheer luck and/or coincidence, fortunately, have not had a major accident, yet. It is concluded that only through a proactive, systematic, and integrated micro- and macroergonomically-based policy can one control the safety and ensure the efficiency of the operations of industrial plants and facilities, both in industrialized and developing countries.
Getting Past the RNA World: The Initial Darwinian Ancestor

SUMMARY A little-noted result of the confirmation of multiple premises of the RNA-world hypothesis is that we now know something about the dawn organisms that followed the origin of life, perhaps over 4 billion years ago. We are therefore in an improved position to reason about the biota just before RNA times, during the era of the first replicators, the first Darwinian creatures on Earth. An RNA congener still prominent in modern biology is a plausible descendent of these first replicators.
Prevalence, distribution, and correlates of math anxiety in college students.

While counseling psychologists are becoming increasingly involved in the treatment of math anxiety, little is yet known about its prevalence, nature, or effects. The present study, an investigation of factors related to the prevalence and intensity of math anxiety in college students, utilized 652 subjects obtained from two math courses and one psychology course at a large midwestern university. Results indicated that math anxiety occurs frequently among college students and that it is more likely to occur among women than among men arid among students with inadequate high school math backgrounds. Higher levels of math anxiety were related to lower mathematics achievement test scores, higher levels of test anxiety, and higher levels of trait anxiety. Implications for the identification and treatment of math-anxious students and for the process of educational/vocational counseling are discussed.
Nitration of Tyrosyl Residues in κ- and αsl-Caseins

Abstract Tyrosyl residues in κ- and (α s1 -casein were nitrated with tetranitromethane and its effect on their properties determined. Nitration of up to four of the eight tyrosines in κ-casein did not affect its (α s1 -casein-stabilizing ability; additional nitration progressively decreased the stabilizing ability and this was totally absent after all eight tyrosyl residues were nitrated. Nitrated (α s1 -casein retained its calcium sensitivity but was unable to form a protective complex with κ-casein after nitration of four of its 12 tyrosyl residues. A complete tyrosyl nitration of κ- and (α s1 -caseins and of a 1:10 κ-/(α s1 -complex was achieved at low molar ratios of tetranitromethane. This suggests that these proteins are devoid of major secondary or tertiary structures.
Arbovirus studies in Houston, Texas, 1968-1970.

This report describes field and laboratory studies on arboviruses in the metropolitan area of Houston, Texas. Mosquitoes were collected from a large number of sites in the metropolitan Houston area by the following methods: CDC light traps, resting from diurnal shelters, and biting man. Most effort was devoted to Culex quinquefasciatus , the urban vector SLE virus. Over 120,000 females of this species were processed for virus isolation in suckling Swiss mice and 92 strains of Flanders virus were isolated. No SLE virus was detected. Eleven strains of Flanders virus were isolated from 3 other mosquito species. Eighty-five strains belonging to the California encephalitis virus group were isolated from Aedes atlanticustarmentor complex females. Two strains of Cache Valley-like virus were isolated from Culiseta inornate and 1 strain of apparently identical agent from Anopheles quadrimaculatus .
Effects of Preventative Tutoring on the Mathematical Problem Solving of Third-Grade Students with Math and Reading Difficulties

This study assessed the effects of preventative tutoring on the math problem solving of third-grade students with math and reading difficulties. Students (n = 35) were assigned randomly to continue in their general education math program or to receive secondary preventative tutoring 3 times per week, 30 min per session, for 12 weeks. Schema-broadening tutoring taught students to (a) focus on the mathematical structure of 3 problem types; (b) recognize problems as belonging to those 3 problem-type schemas; (c) solve the 3 word-problem types; and (d) transfer solution methods to problems that include irrelevant information, 2-digit operands, missing information in the first or second positions in the algebraic equation, or relevant information in charts, graphs, and pictures. Also, students were taught to perform the calculation and algebraic skills foundational for problem solving. Analyses of variance revealed statistically significant effects on a wide range of word problems, with large effect sizes. Fin...
Method: Six Poems

These six poems re-present, query, and interpret the research process/method in a narrative study on Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender/Queer (LGBTQ) Jewish identity by showing the research story. They demonstrate my research/personal perspective, the integration of the scientist and the poet, and participants’ perspectives before, during, and after the “formal” interview periods. These poems highlight the difficulties of identity in the field, conducting interviews, and being reflexive and conscious as well as the joy and confusion in connecting to those we study.
Deformation and structural stability of layered plate microstructures subjected to thermal loading

We study the deformation and stability of gold-polysilicon MEMS plate microstructures fabricated by the MUMPS surface micromachining process and subjected to uniform temperature changes. We measured, using an interferometric microscope, full-field deformed shapes of a series of square and circular gold (0.5 /spl mu/m thick)/polysilicon (1.5 /spl mu/m thick) plate microstructures with characteristic lengths l (square side length and circle diameter) ranging from l=150 to 300 /spl mu/m. From these measurements we determined the pointwise and average curvature of the deformed plates. Although the curvature generally varies with position, the deformation response of the plates can be broadly characterized in terms of the spatial average curvature as a function of temperature change. In terms of this, three deformation regimes were observed: (i) linear thermoelastic response independent of plate size; (ii) geometrically nonlinear thermoelastic response that depends on plate size; and (iii) bifurcations in the curvature-temperature response that also depend on plate size. We modeled the deformation response both analytically and with the finite element method; in the former we assume spatially constant curvature, while in the latter, we relax this assumption. Good qualitative and quantitative agreement is obtained between predictions and measurements in all three deformation regimes, although the details of bifurcation are less accurately predicted than the linear and nonlinear response. This is attributed to their strong sensitivity to slight imperfections, which is discussed in some detail. Good agreement is also obtained between measurements and predictions of the spatial nonuniformity of the curvature across the plate. Although it is not the focus of this study, the predictions, when coupled with curvature measurements, can be used inversely to determine elastic and thermal expansion properties of the materials in a layered plate microstructure.
A reliable multicast framework for light-weight sessions and application level framing

This paper describes scalable reliable multicast (SRM), a reliable multicast framework for light-weight sessions and application level framing. The algorithms of this framework are efficient, robust, and scale well to both very large networks and very large sessions. The SRM framework has been prototyped in wb, a distributed whiteboard application, which has been used on a global scale with sessions ranging from a few to a few hundred participants. The paper describes the principles that have guided the SRM design, including the IP multicast group delivery model, an end-to-end, receiver-based model of reliability, and the application level framing protocol model. As with unicast communications, the performance of a reliable multicast delivery algorithm depends on the underlying topology and operational environment. We investigate that dependence via analysis and simulation, and demonstrate an adaptive algorithm that uses the results of previous loss recovery events to adapt the control parameters used for future loss recovery. With the adaptive algorithm, our reliable multicast delivery algorithm provides good performance over a wide range of underlying topologies.
Mechanisms in the pressor effects of hepatic portal venous fatty acid infusion.

Portal venous infusion of oleate solution has pressor effects. We have examined efferent mechanisms, measured the response to sustained infusion, and determined the effect of linoleate. Eight conscious animals received concurrent infusions of prazosin or vehicle with portal venous infusion of oleate. Oleate alone increased mean arterial pressure from 109.0 +/- 4.1 to 123.0 +/- 5.8 mmHg (P = 0.02), whereas no increase in blood pressure occurred when oleate was infused with prazosin. In 10 rats, concurrent infusion of losartan had no effect on the pressor activity of portal oleate infusion. Twenty-two animals received portal oleate or vehicle as a continuous infusion for 7 days. Mean arterial pressure (126.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 107.8 +/- 2.6 mmHg, P
The Final Grat Regulations: Schott Shot Down

The problem, here, with accepting successive spousal interests is not that a dual life interest is any more contingent or unreliable a term measurement than a single life interest, which is acceptable under the regulations. Rather, the difficulty is produced by the fact that the spousal interest is contingent on the grantor's power to revoke, which, controllable by the grantor, may make that interest an illusionary one. The regulations treat a revocable spousal interest as the grantor's interest as if it were identical to the grantor's life interest. While one can reason that because a grantor's revocable power becomes irrevocable at his death, the term is actually for the grantor's life; inevitably, however, it is that departure from the general rule against contingencies that undermines the rationale for the prohibition against contingencies and causes the distinctions later drawn to be somewhat capricious.
Expression and Purification of Secreted Forms of HSV Glycoproteins from Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) remains a major human pathogen worldwide (25 causing cold sores, eye and genital infections, blindness, encephalitis, and neonatal infections. Most adults have antibodies against the oral form of the virus HSV-1 (9), and a significant number are infected with the genital form, HSV-2. Both serotypes establish lifelong latent infections and reactivate periodically to produce recurrent disease (25). After infection, virus-encoded glycoproteins are expressed on all cellular membranes and are major targets of the host's immune response. The virion envelope contains 10 glycoproteins that are important for infection and pathogenesis of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Because HSV contains so many glycoproteins, sorting out their functions in virus entry remains a difficult task. Our approach has focused on establishing structure-function relationships of the individual glycoproteins with particular emphasis on gC and gD. After many years of studying the properties of these proteins in HSV-infected and plasmid-transfected mammalian cells, we have now begun to overexpress the proteins using a baculovirus expression system.
A New Method to Infer Advancement of Saline Front in Coastal Groundwater Systems by 3D: The Case of Bari (Southern Italy) Fractured Aquifer

A new method to study 3D saline front advancement in coastal fractured aquifers has been presented. Field groundwater salinity was measured in boreholes of the Bari (Southern Italy) coastal aquifer with depth below water table. Then, the Ghyben-Herzberg freshwater/saltwater (50%) sharp interface and saline front position were determined by model simulations of the freshwater flow in groundwater. Afterward, the best-fit procedure between groundwater salinity measurements, at assigned water depth of 1.0 m in boreholes, and distances of each borehole from the modelled freshwater/saltwater saline front was used to convert each position (x, y) in groundwater to the water salinity concentration at depth of 1.0 m. Moreover, a second best-fit procedure was applied to the salinity measurements in boreholes with depth z. These results provided a grid file (x, y, z, salinity) suitable for plotting the actual Bari aquifer salinity by 3D maps. Subsequently, in order to assess effects of pumping on the saltwater-freshwater transition zone in the coastal aquifer, the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations were applied to study transient density-driven flow and salt mass transport into freshwater of a single fracture. The rate of seawater/freshwater interface advancement given by the N-S solution was used to define the progression of saline front in Bari groundwater, starting from the actual salinity 3D map. The impact of pumping of 335 L·s−1 during the transition period of 112.8 days was easily highlighted on 3D salinity maps of Bari aquifer.
A Formula for the Sum of a Certain Type of Infinite Power Series

(1914). A Formula for the Sum of a Certain Type of Infinite Power Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 292-296.
Quantifying Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) Preference for Apples to Optimize the Distribution of Traps Among Trees

Environ. Entomol. 20(4): 981-987 (1991) ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal distribution pattern of apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), fly captures was monitored among trees within an unmanaged apple orchard. Each tree within the orchard was monitored weekly for the presence of flies using sticky traps. Fruit maturity was monitored weekly to determine percentage soluble solids. Significantly more apple maggot were captured on trees with mature fruit than on trees with immature fruit. A selective predation model was used to quantify the effect of fruit preference on apple maggot captures. Two hypotheses were evaluated. The first hypothesis was that fly capture among trees is a function of the relative sequence or phenology of fruit maturation (tree category hypothesis). The second hypothesis was that fly capture among trees is a function of apple maturity among trees, r6gardless of the phenology of fruit maturation (fruit maturity hypothesis). Both models explained the distribution of fly capture among trees early in the growing season, but the fruit maturity hypothesis best explained the entire season. The use of the model for predicting the distribution pattern of apple maggot captures and the optimum placement of traps for apple maggot detection are discussed.