cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical period for LAAM in the chick embryo: Toxicity and altered opiate receptor binding

Abstract The toxicity of 1-α-acetylmethadol (LAAM) on the developing chick embryo and the effects of LAAM on opiate receptor binding during development were investigated. Chick eggs were injected with LAAM and its metabolites, N-LAAM and DN-LAAM, methadone, and morphine, and toxicity was determined by viability and hatchability. Binding properties of [ 3 H]etorphine to brain tissue from embryos treated with LAAM, methadone, or morphine at various ages were determined by Scatchard analysis. The chick embryos were most sensitive to LAAM between days 3 and 6 of incubation, suggesting the period prior to neurogenesis is a critical period. The young embryos were more sensitive to LAAM and N-LAAM than methadone or morphine; DN-LAAM was not toxic at the lowest dose tested. LAAM decreased B max values and increased K d values for [ 3 H]etorphine at all ages investigated, in contrast to methadone and morphine treatment which had no effect on [ 3 H]etorphine binding. Although LAAM has been shown to be an effective substitute for methadone in the treatment of heroin addiction, our data indicate LAAM may not be a suitable therapeutic narcotic for addicted pregnant women.
New Governance and Legal Regulation: Complementarity, Rivalry or Transformation

New approaches to regulation have emerged to deal with inadequacies of traditional command and control systems. Such new governance mechanisms are designed to increase flexibility, improve participation, foster experimentation and deliberation, and accommodate complex multi-level systems. In many cases these mechanisms co-exist with conventional forms of regulation. As new forms of governance emerge in arenas regulated by conventional legal processes, a wide range of configurations is possible. The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary mapping of such relationships using examples drawn from the European Union and the United States. When the two processes are consciously yoked together in a hybrid form, we might speak of a real transformation in the law. In other cases, the two systems may exist in parallel but not fuse together in a single system. Where both systems co-exist, there are numerous possible configurations and relationships among them. Thus, one might simply be used to launch the other, as when formal law is used to mandate a new approach. Or, they might operate independently yet both may have an effect on the same policy domain. Finally, in some areas one system may take over the field, ether because new governance methods replace traditional law altogether, or because opposition to innovation halts efforts to employ new approaches.
Determining Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Fresh Compost by Simulating Early Phases of the Composting Process

ABSTRACT A three-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was inoculated into fresh dairy compost (ca. 107 CFU/g) with 40 or 50% moisture and was placed in an environmental chamber (ca. 70% humidity) that was programmed to ramp from room temperature to selected composting temperatures in 2 and 5 days to simulate the early composting phase. The surviving E. coli O157:H7 population was analyzed by direct plating and enrichment. Optimal and suboptimal compost mixes, with carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 25:1 and 16:1, respectively, were compared in this study. In the optimal compost mix, E. coli O157:H7 survived for 72, 48, and 24 h in compost with 40% moisture and for 72, 24, and 24 h with 50% moisture at 50, 55, and 60°C, respectively, following 2 days of come-up time (rate of heating up). However, in the suboptimal compost mix, the pathogen survived for 288, 72, and 48 h in compost with 40% moisture and for 240, 72, 24 h in compost with 50% moisture at the same temperatures, respectively. Pathogen survival was longer, with 5 days of come-up time compared with 2 days of come-up. Overall, E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated faster in the compost with 50% moisture than in the compost with 40% at 55 and 60°C. Both moisture and come-up time were significant factors affecting Weibull model parameters. Our results suggest that slow come-up time at the beginning of composting can extend pathogen survival during composting. Additionally, both the C/N ratio and the initial moisture level in the compost mix affect the rate of pathogen inactivation as well.
Gastrointestinal bleeding after left ventricular assist device implantation: It is all about the platelets

From the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio. Disclosures: Author has nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Sept 15, 2015; accepted for publication Sept 17, 2015; available ahead of print Oct 28, 2015. Address for reprints: Juan A. Crestanello, MD, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital, 410 W 10 Ave, Doan N 816, Columbus, OH 43210 (E-mail: juan.crestanello@osumc.edu). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:228-9 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.09.065
An Experimental Model-Based Rapid Prototyping Environment for High-Confidence Embedded Software

The development of embedded software for high confidencesystems is a challenging task that must be supportedby a deep integration of control theoretical and computational aspects. Model-based development of embeddedsoftware has been practiced for more than a decade now,but very few integrated approaches have emerged to provideend-to-end support for the process, and integrate platformaspects as well as verification. The paper describes anearly version of a model-based prototyping toolchain thatprovides such support and covers most engineering steps.The toolchain is coupled with a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system, allowing quick experimental evaluation ofdesigns.
Lack of response after initial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: does it predict failure of subsequent treatment?

PURPOSE To (a) evaluate the response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to chemoembolization after initial nonresponse, as determined with European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST), and (b) compare posttreatment survival of initial nonresponders versus that of initial responders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review board approved this retrospective study, which was compliant with HIPAA. A total of 116 consecutive patients (96 men, 20 women; mean age, 63 years) with unresectable HCC who underwent at least two chemoembolization procedures were included. The chemoembolization mixture consisted of 100 mg of cisplatin, 50 mg of doxorubicin, and 10 mg of mitomycin C mixed 1:1 with iodized oil. Tumor response at magnetic resonance imaging was evaluated after each chemoembolization procedure according to EASL criteria and mRECIST. The survival rate in each subgroup was calculated and correlated with response. The Wilcoxon test was used to test group comparability. Kaplan-Meier estimators were used to generate survival curves and compared by using the log-rank test. RESULTS No response to initial chemoembolization was seen in 43% and 50% of patients according to EASL criteria and mRECIST, respectively. After a second chemoembolization procedure, 44% (EASL) and 47% (mRECIST) of initial nonresponders showed a significant response. With EASL criteria, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates (±standard error of the mean) after two chemoembolization procedures were 39%±10, 14%±7, and 0%, respectively, for nonresponders and 68%±10, 50%±11, and 37%±11 for responders (P=.036, P=.006, and P<.005 at 1, 2, and 3 years). With mRECIST, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates after two chemoembolization procedures were 49%±9, 20%±8, and 7%±6 for nonresponders and 67%±9, 44%±10, and 36%±9 for responders (P=.174, P=.046, and P=.011 at 1, 2, and 3 years). CONCLUSION Patients who underwent chemoembolization for HCC showed a response (with both EASL criteria and mRECIST) and improved survival after the second chemoembolization treatment. At least two chemoembolization procedures should be performed in the same targeted lesions before further treatment is abandoned.
From Tristram Shandy to Bertrand Russell: fiction and mathematics

In an essay called A defence of poetry (1821) Percy Shelley wrote, ‘We have more moral, political, and historical wisdom than we know how to reduce into practice; we have more scientific and econom...
Comparing the Human and Sea Urchin Genomes

To compare the genomes of humans and sea urchins seems, at first glance, awkward. The human body is bilaterally symmetrical with a complex head containing many sensory structures, whereas the sea urchin has radial symmetry and a globose form with no suggestion of a head. However, sea urchins belong to a group of animals (the echinoderms) that lies on the same major branch of the tree of life (the deuterostomes) to which humans belong. As echinoderms diverged very early from the major lineage of the deuterostomes, their genomes reflect the basic qualities of this lineage and inform to a deep reach of time the evolutionary changes leading to the human genome. Even though the sea urchin form differs radically from that of vertebrates, they share many of the same gene families. Indeed, the invention of new genes in this evolutionary path is subordinate to the diverse changes in the abundance of genes in existing families. Key Concepts: The relative proximity of sea urchins to humans on the deuterostome branch of the evolutionary tree renders them a good comparison to humans for gene and genome evolution. The sea urchin genome is one-quarter the size of the human but has about the same number of genes. Gene comparisons between these distantly related species show that differences in body plans result from spatial and temporal differences in gene activity rather than the possession of different genes. The sea urchin HOX gene cluster is modified from the linear arrangement found in humans. Without an adaptive immune system, the sea urchin appears to use a huge expansion in innate immune genes. Keywords: deuterostomes; echinoderms; phylogeny; protein family evolution; biomineralisation; innate immunity
The bootstrap and identification of prognostic factors via Cox's proportional hazards regression model.

This paper describes the use of the bootstrap,1,2 a new computer-based statistical methodology, to help validate a regression model resulting from the fitting of Cox's proportional hazards model3 to a set of censored survival data. As an example, we define a prognostic model for outcome in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with the Cox model and use of a training set of 224 patients. To validate the accuracy of the model, we use a bootstrap resampling technique to mimic the population under study in two stages. First, we select the important prognostic factors via a stepwise regression procedure with 100 bootstrap samples. Secondly we estimate the corresponding regression parameters for these important factors with 400 bootstrap samples. The bootstrap result suggests that the model constructed from the training set is reasonable.
Evaluation and Management of the Critically Ill Neonate in the Emergency Department

The care of a critically ill neonate in the emergency department setting presents a special challenge for practitioners who do not routinely encounter compromised neonates. This review will provide guidelines for the initial stabilization of these infants as well as identify differential diagnoses that should be considered. As with any critically ill patient, achieving physiologic stability of the neonate is the first priority. However, in addition to maintaining the airway, breathing, and circulation, thermoneutrality must be achieved for a successful outcome. Obtaining the history and initiating diagnostic evaluations should occur during or shortly after the course of stabilization to promptly initiate disease-specific therapies. The mnemonic NEO SECRETS may help focus the care and promote early identification of the cause of the infant’s deterioration.
Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos

OBJECTIVES: This study reports on the prevalence and correlates of perceived discrimination among a national sample of Latinos in the U.S. Understanding the prevalence and correlates of discrimination can help us better address disparities in the healthcare system. We define perceived discrimination as self-reported everyday experiences of unfair treatment. METHODS: Logistic regression analyses were used to assess rates of perceived discrimination among Latinos and identify correlates of discrimination. Data came from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). RESULTS: The prevalence of perceived discrimination among Latinos was 30%. Cubans and Latinos with high ethnic identity were less likely to perceive discrimination compared to other Latino subgroups or Latinos with low ethnic identity. U.S.-born Latinos and Latinos arriving to the U.S. at younger ages were more likely to perceive discrimination compared to immigrants arriving at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived discrimination among Latinos is less prevalent than what has been reported for other minorities. Variations in perceived discrimination are related to sociodemographic and cultural differences across ethnic subgroups.
A Morphometric analysis of the glomerular capillary wall of a new strain of genetically hypertensive mice

An investigation was performed on a new strain of genetically hypertensive mice to study those aspects of the renal glomerulus which have in the past been implicated in the etiology of renal parenchymal hypertension. Morphometric analyses were carried out utilizing a computerized graphic data analysing system on information obtained through transmission electron microscopy. Chronically hypertensive animals exhibited thinner basement membranes with numerous sub-epithelial focal thickenings, which were largely absent from the normotensive controls. No difference was noted in the width of the epithelial slit pores (interpedicelar spaces). The glomerular capillary loops of the hypertensive animals appeared otherwise unremarkable, as did the urinary space and parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule. No evidence of renal parenchymal pathologies implicated in the etiology of systemic hypertension was observed, therefore, these animals would seem to be suitable models for human essential hypertension.
Parental Education Moderates Genetic Influences on Reading Disability

Environmental moderation of the level of genetic influence on children's reading disabilities was explored in a sample of 545 identical and fraternal twins (mean age = 11.5 years). Parents' number of years of education, which is correlated with a broad range of environmental factors related to reading development, was significantly related to the level of genetic influence on reading disability. Genetic influence was higher and environmental influence was lower among children whose parents had a high level of education, compared with children whose parents had a lower level of education. We discuss the implications of these results for behavior genetic and molecular genetic research, for the diagnosis and remediation of reading disabilities, and for policy in public education.
Charles E. Rosenberg. Our Present Complaint: American Medicine, Then and Now

Charles Rosenberg’s latest book is a collection of ten essays spanning twelve years’ work on the history of American medicine, and seeks to provide both the historian and the practicing physician with an understanding of the framework that lies beneath our modern medical system. He states his cause explicitly in the opening chapter: “Insofar as I have a personal agenda, it is a desire to underline the need...for physicians to think and act on an understanding of [their] unique social and moral identity. It means thinking critically about...the world that informs and constrains clinical choices” (p. 11).
The effect of surface topography on the soft magnetic properties of FeAlN films

FeAlN films were deposited on patterned lines of photoresist, hardcured before deposition, as well as on bare, flat substrates inclined at an angle to the sputter source. Both of these geometries were intended to examine the effect of oblique incidence deposition on the anisotropy of reactively sputtered FeAlN films. Films on topographic substrates showed anisotropy fields of up to 75 Oe, while films on bare tilted substrates showed anisotropy fields up to 100 Oe, presenting the possibility of low permeability in the sloping regions of thin film recording heads which utilize these materials for inductive head poles.
Remote Magnetic Navigation to Guide Endocardial and Epicardial Catheter Mapping of Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia

Background— The present study examines the safety and feasibility of using a remote magnetic navigation system to perform endocardial and epicardial substrate-based mapping and radiofrequency ablation in patients with scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT). Methods and Results— Using the magnetic navigation system, we performed 27 procedures on 24 consecutive patients with a history of VT related to myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or sarcoidosis. Electroanatomic mapping of the left ventricular, right ventricular, and ventricular epicardial surfaces was constructed in 24, 10, and 12 patients, respectively. Complete-chamber VT activation maps were created in 4 patients. A total of 77 VTs were inducible, of which 21 were targeted during VT with the remotely navigated radiofrequency ablation catheter alone. With a combination of entrainment and activation mapping, 17 of 21 VTs (81%) were successfully terminated in ...
VALIDATION IN LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT: SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE 17TH LANGUAGE TESTING RESEARCH COLLOQUIUM, LONG BEACH.Antony John Kunnan (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xii + 290. $59.95 cloth, $32.50 paper.

From time to time, the annual Language Testing Research Colloquium (LTRC) publishes its papers. Kunnan, his contributors, and Erlbaum are to be commended for a rich, well edited, and thematically unified offering. Some wise decisions were made: author-provided abstracts, references following each paper, author-provided annotated bibliographies, and a rich index. This is more than a collection of conference papers. It is a book in its own right with the potential to become a textbook on language test validation.
How do college students choose mobile health/wellness applications?

This poster reports on the findings from interviews with fifty college students regarding what mobile health and wellness applications students used and how they choose those applications. In terms of application types, calorie and daily activity counters, such as MyFitnessPal and Lose It!, were most popular for the participants in the study, followed by running trackers, such as Nike+ Running and MapMyRun, and exercise/workout trackers, such as Fitness Buddy and Ab Workouts. Students seemed to prefer free applications and they evaluated and chose applications both indirectly (i.e., based on third party information and recommendations) and directly (i.e., through use).
Automated approaches for detecting integration in student essays

Integrating information across multiple sources is an important literacy skill, yet there has been little research into automated methods for measuring integration in written text. This study investigated the efficacy of three different algorithms at classifying student essays according to an expert model of the essay topic which categorized statements by argument function, including claims and integration. A novel classification algorithm is presented which uses multi-word regular expressions. Its performance is compared to that of Latent Semantic Analysis and several variants of the Support Vector Machine algorithm at the same classification task. One variant of the SVM approach worked best overall, but another proved more successful at detecting integration within and across texts. This research has important implications for systems that can gauge the level of integration in written essays.
International Government Debt Denominated in Local Currency: Recent Developments in Latin America

Governments in Latin America have traditionally faced significant difficulties in issuing debt denominated in local currency in international markets. However, three countries in the region have recently issued this type of debt, perhaps signaling a permanent change in the manner in which Latin American borrowers tap international bond markets. Nonetheless, the degree to which issuing international debt in local currency complements the development of domestic debt markets remains to be seen.
Measurement of (p,n) and (n,p) reactions on 6Li and 7Li at 800 MeV☆

Abstract The measured 7 Li(p,n), and 6 Li(n,p) cross sections at 0° show a high-energy peak (≈25 MeV/ c FWHM) which we attribute primarily to nuclear charge exchange leading to final states in 7 Be, 6 Be, and 6 He, respectively. By contrast, the 7 Li(n,p) cross section at O° shows a broad weak high-energy peak believed due mostly to break-up processes. At 16°, the 6,7 Li(n,p) cross sections are dominated by quasi-elastic scattering.
Acute and chronic effects of oral physostigmine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Thal Leon J., David M. Masur, Nansie S. Sharpless, Paula A. Fuld, and Peter Davies: Acute and chronic effects of oral physostigmine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1986, 10 (3–5): 627–636. 1. 1. Alzheimer patients were treated with lecithin and gradually increasing doses of oral physostigmine during a drug trial to determine if these compounds would improve memory. 2. 2. Memory was measured using a selective reminding task. 3. 3. Of 16 patients, 10 showed improvement In total recall, retrieval from long-term storage and a decrease in intrusions. The optimal dose was 2.0 mg or 2.5 mg of physostigmine per dose for most patients. During a replication study, all 10 patients again responded. During long-term (4 to 20 months) treatment of five patients, most demonstrated continued drug response initially but then lost responsiveness to physostigmine and their dementia progressed. 4. 4. Physostigmine treatment appeared to improve memory with or without concomitant lecithin therapy. However, progressive dementia ensued despite physostigmine therapy. The degree of memory improvement correlated with increasing cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase inhibition suggesting that memory improvement is associated with entry of physostigmine into the brain.
Self-Identification and Preferences A Comparison of White and Mexican-American First and Third Graders

The ethnic identification skills and ethnic preferences of white and Mexican-American first- and third-grade males and females were investigated. Subjects were asked a series of identification questions and responded to each item by selecting a photograph of a male or female white, Mexican-American, or black child. Preferences for ethnic groups were indicated by the selection of a classmate in response to each of a series of preference questions. Both white and Mexican-American subjects made accurate self-identifications. All subjects were able to identify other persons along an ethnic dimension. All white subjects indicated strong preferences for white classmates. With one exception, preferences of Mexican-American groups for white versus Mexican-American classmates did not significantly differ from chance.
Investigating the Influence of HUVECs in the Formation of Glioblastoma Spheroids in High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Microwells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain tumor with a high infiltrative capacity, increased vascularity, and largely elusive tumor progression mechanism. The current GBM treatment methods do not increase the patient survival rate and studies using two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and in vivo animal models to investigate GBM behavior and mechanism have limitations. Therefore, there is an increasing need for in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models that closely mimic in vivo microenvironment of the GBM tumors to understand the underlying mechanisms of the tumor progression. In this study we propose to use a 3D in vitro model to overcome these limitations, using poly (ethylene glycol) dimethyl acrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel-based microwells and co-culture GBM (U87) cells and endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the 3D microwells to provide a 3D in vitro simulation of the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we investigated the gene expression differences of co-cultures by quantitative real-time PCR. Our results suggested that the relative expression profiles of tumor angiogenesis markers, PECAM1/CD31, and VEGFR2, in co-cultures are consistent with in vivo GBM studies. Furthermore, we suggest that our microwell platform could provide robust and useful 3D co-culture models for high-throughput drug screening and treatment of the GBM.
Kinetic Behavior of Enzyme Inhibitors

This chapter describes the modes of action of various reversible and irreversible enzyme inhibitors as well as the approaches for rationally designing high-affinity inhibitors, based on the inferred structures and properties of catalytic reaction cycle intermediates. This chapter considers inhibitor types, their distinguishing chemical features, their predicted and observed kinetic behavior, and other practical aspects of interest to those conducting experiments with enzyme inhibitors. Presentation of these topics provides the reader with a convenient opportunity to compare and contrast their various modes of inhibitor action. Numerous examples illustrate the essential role of enzyme kinetics in defining and improving the effectiveness of enzyme inhibitors. Every living organism relies on enzyme inhibitors as feedback signals that coordinate metabolic pathway activity: by reducing the catalytic activity of their respective enzyme targets, inhibitors throttle the flux of intermediates through a pathway. Inhibitors have also proven to be invaluable tools in countless efforts to discover, understand, and manipulate enzymes or their respective metabolic pathways. Genetic mutations and specific inhibitors are functionally equivalent tools for investigating the order of reactions within metabolic pathways, especially when a highly potent inhibitor causes pathway intermediates to accumulate to levels where they can be chemically or spectroscopically analyzed. Inhibitors offer the added advantage that intermediate degrees of enzyme activity are often attained by adjusting inhibitor concentration, and, unlike a mutation, a reversible inhibitor's effect can easily be reversed by dilution.
Token Economy Programs in Closed Institutions

The majority of the behavioral programs conducted in closed institutions for delinquent youth and adult offenders have involved the use of basic procedures to achieve circumscribed goals, as exemplified in the literature reviewed in the previous chapter. Because of the limited scope of those efforts, they cannot be considered true rehabilitation programs nor evaluated as such. Nevertheless, much of that work suggests ways in which rehabilitative goals may be achieved in more comprehensive programs. This chapter will review token economies (Ayllon & Azrin, 1968; Kazdin, 1977) that serve as models of how more comprehensive behavioral programs may be designed and operated within the institution to achieve meaningful rehabilitation and management goals while fostering a humane environment. The chapter will first describe token economies conducted in closed institutions for delinquent youths and adult offenders. It will then examine inmate reactions to token economy programs and the results of follow-up studies of the postrelease effects of such programs. The chapter will conclude with a consideration of barriers to the operation of behavioral programs and a discussion of the legal and professional acceptability of such programs.
Image-guided Percutaneous Drainage for Treatment of Post-Surgical Anastomotic Leak in Patients with Crohn's Disease.

Background and Aims: Anastomotic leaks with abscess formation are a common complication after bowel surgery in Crohn’s disease patients. Image-guided percutaneous drainage is an attractive alternative to reoperation because of decreased morbidity and length of hospital stay. Because data for this specific population are scarce, the purpose of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of image-guided percutaneous drainage in the management of post-surgical anastomotic leak in patients with Crohn’s disease. Methods: A total of 41 patients who underwent percutaneous drain placement for the treatment of fluid collections due to anastomotic leak from September 2004 to November 2013 were retrospectively identified from the electronic medical record and picture archiving and communication system. Data recorded included number, size, and location of anastomotic leaks, number of drains placed, number of follow-up visits, post-drainage complications, abscess resolution, and subsequent surgeries. Results: In all, 41 patients with 76 fluid collections were identified as having received percutaneous drains. The mean number of targeted fluid collections per patient was 1.5, and the mean duration between surgery and percutaneous drain placement was 18.5 days. The mean number of drains placed was 1.6, and the median drain size was 10 French [range 8–16 French]. One of 41 [2.4%] patients experienced a minor complication from drain placement [injury to a superficial abdominal artery] and no major complications occurred. Two of 41 [4.9%] patients required repeat surgeries. Conclusions: Image-guided percutaneous drainage for the treatment of post-surgical anastomotic leaks in Crohn’s patients is effective and safe, with low rates of complications and reoperations.
Endogenous opioids and prenatal determinants of neuroplasticity.

An endogenous opioid system involved in the growth of developing, neoplastic, renewing, and healing cells and tissues was first postulated in the early 1980’s. This concept arose from the demonstration that blockade of native opioids (i.e., enkephalins, endorphins) from opioid receptors in developing animals (Zagon and McLaughlin, 1983a,c) or tumors transplanted into mice (1983b) accelerated growth when the opioid antagonist utilized was continuously available. Such observations gave rise to the hypothesis that endogenous opioids serve as growth inhibitory molecules and function in an active, tonic fashion. At this time it also was learned that if opioids were disrupted from opioid receptors for only a short time each day, growth could be delayed. The explanation for this latter observation resided in knowledge that during the time of opioid receptor blockade there is a compensatory production of opioid peptides and receptors. During the interval when the opioid antagonist is not available, an increased concentration of peptide can interact with cells containing more receptors, and the functional sensitivity is heightened. Since opioids are growth inhibitory, the finding of suppression of development or oncogenesis was in keeping with this thesis. These defining principles set forth the hypothesis that native opioid peptides are associated with growth, in addition to the function of opioids/opioid receptors in neuromodulatory events (Akil et al., 1984).
Hormones for control of livestock arthropods. Effectiveness of three juvenile hormone analogues for control of stable flies.

when 1% concentrations of 2 juvenile hormone analogues ( E )-4[(6,7-epoxy-3-ethyl-7-methyl-2-nonenyl) oxy]-1,2-(methylenedioxy) benzene and ( E )-6,7-epoxy-1-(p-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene, were sprayed on the artificial medium used to rear larvae of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (both indoor and outdoor tests), adults did not emerge. Dissection revealed that the juvenilizing produced a gradient of pupal-adult intermediates within the puparia with resulting inhibition of adult eclosion. The third analogue, ( E )-[4-(6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-nonenyl) oxy]-1,2-(methylenedioxy) benzene, was not so effective as the other two at the same conditions.
The Analysis of the Technology Points and the Prospects for the MPEG4 Applications

MPEG4 is the International Organization for Standardization is developing multimedia communications standards. This paper presents an overview of the background MPEG4,MPEG4 with the previous MPEG1 and MPEG2 and the main distinction of the main technologies. Finally, This paper presents the prospects for the MPEG4 applications.
Radionuclide scintigraphy in the evaluation of ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction

A 67-year-old man with an autopsy-proven ventricular septal defect (VSD) following an acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction underwent bedside evaluation by radionuclide imaging techniques. The presence of the VSD was confirmed, and the size of the shunt determined by qualitative and quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. In addition, radionuclide ventriculography permitted assessment of global as well as regional left ventricular function.
Drugs for Life: How Pharmaceutical Companies Define Our Health

What Joseph Dumit calls “drugs for life” is our contemporary state of affairs wherein “the vast majority of illnesses today are treated as chronic and . . . being at risk for illness is often treat...
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills for Families of Individuals With Behavioral Disorders: Initial Feasibility and Outcomes

Abstract Family members of individuals with behavioral disorders are a valuable source of logistical and emotional support for patients. Family members may take on tremendous financial and/or psychological responsibility to care for their loved ones, which can result in poor psychological outcomes for the family and, in turn, impede the recovery of the patient. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) skills training is an effective treatment that has been utilized with numerous populations, including family members of individuals with behavioral problems, and has shown efficacy in improving various interpersonal outcomes; however, no study has examined feasibility and outcomes of delivering all four unabridged DBT skills modules to this population. Twenty participants attended weekly DBT skills classes for 6 months, where they acquired skills in mindfulness, emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance. There were significant pre-post improvements for emotion dysregulation, stress reactivity, and various interpersonal outcomes; there were no significant changes in depression or anxiety. These results suggest that DBT skills may be effective at improving broad clinical domains in a sample of family members of individuals with behavioral problems. This research is the first step in demonstrating that DBT skills might benefit family members of patients with heterogeneous mental health problems and, therefore, fits in to the field’s growing interest in cost-effective transdiagnostic interventions.
Pragmatic assessment of exercise in routine care using an MDHAQ: associations with changes in RAPID3 and other clinical variables.

Background Exercise is associated with major benefits in patients with rheumatic diseases for both cardiovascular and rheumatic status. However, information about exercise generally is not collected systematically in routine rheumatology care. A multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ), which was designed for busy clinical settings, includes a query about exercise status. We analyzed possible associations between change in MDHAQ exercise scores and other MDHAQ measures in patients with various rheumatic diseases over one year.
Radon in Groundwater System

The daughter products of 238U, 235U and 232Th have been utilized as tracers in groundwater systems primarily due to strong relative fractionation between a daughter and its immediate parent (generally). Of all the parent and daughter products in the U-Th series, 222Rn activity concentration is found to be the highest (excess radon of 102 to 105 times higher than that of 226Ra), as there is no removal of radon either by precipitation or sorption. Large scale spatial and relatively small scale temporal variations of 222Rn activities in worldwide groundwater systems have been reported. Attempts have been made to date groundwater using the measured 4He/222Rn ratios, although this method involves several key assumptions that need validation from more systematic studies, Radon has been used to investigate stream water-groundwater and surface water (lake, coastal ocean)—groundwater interactions and for the quantification of infiltration of meteoric water. Since almost all of the radon in groundwater is derived by recoil, from a comparison of the measured activities of 222Rn and radium isotopes (223,224,226,228Ra), the rate constants of adsorption/desorption, and retardation factors have been determined for a few groundwater aquifers. One of the most powerful applications of radon as a tracer is in locating and quantifying the amount of non-aqueous phase liquids present in subsurface contaminated or industrial sites. With a sub-decameter spatial resolution, radon serves as a tool for in-situ monitoring of the location of free—phase plumes of LNAPLS.
Prolonged Postictal Encephalopathy

Prolonged postictal confusion lasting from four to ten days is reported in 11 patients (ages 7½ to 40 years) from the Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota and MINCEP Epilepsy Care, P.A., Minneapolis.
Metal Substitution into Metal Organic Nanotubes: Impacts on Solvent Uptake and Stability

Transition metal dopants can be incorporated in metal organic frameworks to change the physical properties of the material. Metal organic nanotubes are a less well studied form of hybrid material, and in this study, transition metals were substituted into U(VI) metal organic nanotubes (UMON) to investigate changes with water uptake, solvent selectivity, and hydrostability. Single-crystal X-ray analysis, UV/vis spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analysis confirmed the substitution of (VO)2+, Co(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), and Cu(II), with the highest amount of incorporation by Cu(II). Water uptake and release by the substituted materials were similar to that of the pure UMON sample, with the exception in the Cu(II)-UMON samples, where less water present in the nanotubular cavities and additional heating were necessary for dehydration. A detailed investigation of the Cu(II)-UMON material indicated that the overall selectivity of the material was maintained and the hydrostability was drastically enhanced with in...
A review of the emergent ecosystem of collaborative geospatial tools for addressing environmental challenges

To solve current environmental challenges such as biodiversity loss, climate change, and rapid conversion of natural areas due to urbanization and agricultural expansion, researchers are increasingly leveraging large, multi-scale, multi-temporal, and multi-dimensional geospatial data. In response, a rapidly expanding array of collaborative geospatial tools is being developed to help collaborators share data, code, and results. Successful navigation of these tools requires users to understand their strengths, synergies, and weaknesses. In this paper, we identify the key components of a collaborative Spatial Data Science workflow to develop a framework for evaluating the various functional aspects of collaborative geospatial tools. Using this framework, we then score thirty-one existing collaborative geospatial tools and apply a cluster analysis to create a typology of these tools. We present this typology as a map of the emergent ecosystem and functional niches of collaborative geospatial tools. We identify three primary clusters of tools composed of eight secondary clusters across which divergence is driven by required infrastructure and user involvement. Overall, our results highlight how environmental collaborations have benefitted from the use of these tools and propose key areas of future tool development for continued support of collaborative geospatial efforts.
ATP-DEPENDENT CALCIUM UPTAKE BY DUODENAL BASOLATERAL MEMBRANES FROM DEVELOPING RATS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the appearance of active calcium absorption at the time of weaning that might reflect a vitamin D-regulated induction of the ATP-dependent calcium pump. In rats prior to weaning, calcium absorption is entirely passive, whereas an active calcium absorption appears at weaning. Recently, vitamin D has been reported to increase the activity of an active, ATP-dependent calcium pump in the basolateral plasma membrane of rat intestine. Basolateral plasma membranes were isolated from washed enterocytes by differential and density gradient centrifugations. Basolateral membranes from preweaned (2-week old) and weaned (5-week old) animals were comparably enriched in marker enzymes including Na, K-ATPase and disaccharide. Calcium uptake by basolateral membranes was unaffected by weaning. The apparent effect of calcitriol on the calcium pump may have reflected a response to increased extracellular calcium. The weanling rat provides a model for study of the intestinal effects of vitamin D. At weaning, despite increases in plasma calcitriol, serum calcium changes little.
A cost-competitiveness analysis of charging infrastructure for electric bus operations

Abstract This study investigates the cost competitiveness of different types of charging infrastructure, including charging stations, charging lanes (via charging-while-driving technologies) and battery swapping stations, in support of an electric public transit system. To this end, we first establish mathematical models to investigate the optimal deployment of various charging facilities along the transit line and determine the optimal size of the electric bus fleet, as well as their batteries, to minimize total infrastructure and fleet costs while guaranteeing service frequency and satisfying the charging needs of the transit system. We then conduct an empirical analysis utilizing available real-world data. The results suggest that: (1) the service frequency, circulation length, and operating speed of a transit system may have a great impact on the cost competitiveness of different charging infrastructure; (2) charging lanes enabled by currently available inductive wireless charging technology are cost competitive for most of the existing bus rapid transit corridors; (3) swapping stations can yield a lower total cost than charging lanes and charging stations for transit systems with high operating speed and low service frequency; (4) charging stations are cost competitive only for transit systems with very low service frequency and short circulation; and (5) the key to making charging lanes more competitive for transit systems with low service frequency and high operating speed is to reduce their unit-length construction cost or enhance their charging power.
Cybernetics, Culpability, and Risk: Automatic Launch and Accidental War

In this paper I will pursue an interesting if frightening isomorphism between Aristotelian and Marxian paradigms of deception. The former is intrapersonal: a self-deceived agent devises strategies to prevent himself from knowing either a principle or a consequence of some action that would make it immoral to perform that action.1 The latter paradigm is interpersonal: a political deceiver is one who tries to prevent others from knowing either the principles or consequences of his own actions. Physicist Ray Kidder of Livermore Labs, who resigned their Star Wars project, says of this latter case that ‘the public is getting swindled by one side that has access to classified information and can say whatever it wants..., whereas [skeptics]... would go to jail [because of Reagan’s ‘gag rule’ on research].’2 A political decision structure can be designed to preclude public discussion of the projectible consequences of particular programs or policies. Paradoxically, then, as outsiders we must devise independent means to discover these consequences in order even to raise this question of deception, and thereby to address the issue of culpability in the case of ‘accidental’ war.3 Luckily, such independent means exist, in the accidental war studies conducted by mostly former military personnel who preceded the governmental gag rule on military research.
Role of Anticoagulant Heparan Sulfate in Mammalian Reproduction

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the characterization and the tissue distribution of anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans (aHSPGs) in female reproductive tract. It also discusses the emerging role of aHSPGs in the control of tissue remodeling in reproduction. HSPGs are ubiquitously distributed on the surfaces of animal cells and in the extracellular matrix. They have numerous important biological activities through interactions with diverse proteins. HSPGs are composed of a core protein with covalently attached HS chains formed by repetitive sulfated disaccharides of uronic acid and glucosamine (GlcN). The AT-binding pentasaccharide of heparin (HP) and anticoagulant HS (aHS) is the best characterized biologically active structure of HS. It specifically binds and activates AT by inducing a conformational change in the inhibitor that stabilizes its active conformer. Endothelial aHSPGs are thought to endow the vascular wall with antithrombotic properties, particularly in the subendothelial basement membrane. aHSPG were detected on cell surfaces as well as in soluble form in cell-conditioned medium showing that aHSPGs can be released from the cell surface by secretion or by shedding their extracellular domain.
THEORY AND APPLICATION OF CERENKOV COUNTING

ABSTRACT The production of Cerenkov radiation by charged particles movingthrough a transparent medium (the Cerenkov generator) is a strictly physical process that is virtually independent of the chemistry of the medium. Thus, it is possible to calculate easily all of the important parameters of the Cerenkov process such as excitation threshold, emission intensity, spectral distribution, directional characteristics, and time response. The results of many of these physical effects are unknown in conventional liquid scintillation spectroscopy and, therefore, many unique assay techniques have been developed as a result of their consideration. This paper will discuss the theoretical basis of the Cerenkov process, explore the unusual characteristics of the phenomenon, and demonstrate how these unusual characteristics can be used to develop equally unusual counting methodologies. Particular emphasis will be directed toward an analysis of published data (obtained with conventional liquid scintillation instrumentation) that would be difficult or impossible to obtain with other counting techniques. Also discussed is a new type of sample vial that uses an isolated waveshiftingsystem. The device was specifically designed for Cerenkov counting.