cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel role for STIM1 as a trigger for calcium influx factor production.

STIM1 has been recently identified as a Ca2+ sensor in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and an initiator of the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) pathway, but the mechanism of SOCE activation remains controversial. Here we focus on the early ER-delimited steps of the SOCE pathway and demonstrate that STIM1 is critically involved in initiating of production of calcium influx factor (CIF), a diffusible messenger that can deliver the signal from the stores to plasma membrane and activate SOCE. We discovered that CIF production is tightly coupled with STIM1 expression and requires functional integrity of its intraluminal sterile α-motif (SAM) domain. We demonstrate that 1) molecular knockdown or overexpression of STIM1 results in corresponding impairment or amplification of CIF production and 2) inherent deficiency in the ER-delimited CIF production and SOCE activation in some cell types can be a result of their deficiency in STIM1 protein; expression of a wild-type STIM1 in such cells was sufficient to fully rescue their ability to produce CIF and SOCE. We found that glycosylation sites in the ER-resident SAM domain of STIM1 are essential for initiation of CIF production. We propose that after STIM1 loses Ca2+ from EF hand, its intraluminal SAM domain may change conformation, and via glycosylation sites it can interact with and activate CIF-producing machinery. Thus, CIF production appears to be one of the earliest STIM1-dependent events in the ER lumen, and impairment of this process results in impaired SOCE response.
Controlled-NOT logic with nonresonant Josephson phase qubits

We establish theoretical bounds on qubit detuning for high fidelity controlled-NOT logic gate implementations with weakly coupled Josephson phase qubits. It is found that the value of qubit detuning during the entangling pulses must not exceed 2g for two-step, and g for single-step control sequences, where g is the relevant coupling constant.
Managerial ratings of written compositions: impact of information technology on the persuasiveness of communications

Abstract Managers spend about two-thirds of their time communicating, but little IS research has considered technology's effect on the communication process. Earlier findings indicated that communications composed at a keyboard differ structurally and stylistically from traditionally produced communications. Measuring eleven communication dimensions, the experimental study found that managers rated keyboard composed documents more positively than traditionally produced communications (using paper and pencil). Importantly, managers expressed more confidence in conclusions presented by writers using word processing tools than from those composed by traditional means. Thus, communication persuasiveness and effectiveness (from the writer's perspective) was enhanced by using the technology.
A Job Club for Older Job Seekers: An Experimental Evaluation

Labor market trends and expert opinion have recently highlighted the existence of an "older worker problem" that will require policy and programmatic remedies. This study details the findings of a longitudinal field experiment on the effectiveness of a promising behavioral/self-help job-finding program --the job club. Employment service clients (N = 46) were randomly assigned to receive the job club program or normally available (control) services. Twelve week follow-up data revealed a 74% employment rate for job club participants versus 22% for controls. Both groups obtained comparable placements. Study findings indicate the job club is an effective employment service for older job seekers.
Early pellucid marginal corneal degeneration: case reports of two refractive surgery candidates.

Purpose. To report two refractive surgery candidates who demonstrated early corneal topographic findings of pellucid marginal degeneration. Methods. Case reports. Results. Two candidate patients for corneal laser surgery were examined. The patients had normal examinations, including normal slit lamp biomicroscopy results and corrected visual acuity that was 20/20 or better in each eye. The corneal topography in one eye of patient 1 and both eyes of patient 2 was characterized by the presence of irregular astigmatism and inferior corneal steepening with a pattern consistent with pellucid marginal degeneration. Marked asymmetry between the eyes was noted. The inferior cornea was thinner than the central cornea in both eyes of each patient. Conclusion. Patients with early corneal ectasia often present as refractive surgery candidates with normal corrected visual acuity and normal pachymetry of the central cornea. Corneal topography and regional pachymetry measurements can be used to identify these patients. Patients with pellucid marginal degeneration are not good candidates for refractive surgery because of the potential for poor outcomes and the possibility that iatrogenic thinning of the cornea could lead to progression of the disease.
Identification of Amino Acid Residues in the Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C Motif Important for Actin Binding

N-terminal domains of cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) can activate actomyosin interactions in the absence of Ca2+ and bind to actin in a phosphorylation dependent manner. We have previously shown that two N-terminal domains, C1 and the MyBP-C motif (“M”) domain, bind specifically to actin and to thin filaments; however, the sequences or residues that mediate actin binding have not been identified. The goal of this study was to identify residues in the M-domain that contribute to actin binding and to investigate whether interactions between the M-domain and actin mediate the activating properties of cMyBP-C. We therefore used alanine-scanning mutagenesis to target candidate actin binding sites in the M-domain that bear homology to the actin binding motifs in other known actin binding proteins and to assess the effects of mutations on the ability of recombinant proteins to bind actin and activate actomyosin interactions in motility assays. Results demonstrate that mutation of select positively-charged amino acids in the M-domain that are homologous to binding motifs in known actin binding proteins reduced binding of cMyBP-C to actin. The mutations also reduced or eliminated the activating properties of recombinant cMyBP-C in in vitro motility assays. However, mutation of other positively-charged amino acids did not affect actin binding or protein functional properties. These results indicate that specific residues within the M-domain confer actin binding and that interactions with actin contribute to the functional effects of recombinant cMyBP-C N-terminal proteins. Supported by NIH HL080367 to SPH and a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to JFS.
Trends in environmental lead exposure and troubled youth, 1960-1995: an age-period-cohort-characteristic analysis.

Abstract Beginning in the mid-1980s and extending into the early 1990s, the United States experienced a wave of increased youth violence and teenage pregnancy. Nevin (2000) proffers a cohort-based explanation that these trends can be attributed to corresponding trends in gasoline lead exposure during the youths’ early years. He contends that the increased consumption of leaded gasoline in the 1960s and 1970s exposed children born during that period to toxins that adversely impacted their intelligence levels (IQs). This decreased their intellectual ability, resulted in poor decisions made during their teen and young adult years, and in turn, led to a disproportionally high level of criminal involvement and unwed pregnancies among this cohort. The present study evaluates Nevin’s causal model by testing the connection between trends in lead exposure and youthful problem behavior with age-period-cohort-characteristic (APCC) models. Our research finds no support for this cohort explanation.
Ionic electrets: electrostatic charging of surfaces by transferring mobile ions upon contact.

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of ionic electretsmaterials that bear a long-lived electrostatic charge because of an imbalance between the number of cationic and anionic charges in the material. Crosslinked polystyrene microspheres that contain covalently bound ions and mobile counterions transfer some of their mobile ions in air, in the absence of bulk liquid, to another material upon contact. According to the ion-transfer model of contact electrification, this selective transfer of mobile ions yields microspheres that have a net electrostatic charge. A tool that operates on the principle of electrostatic induction measures the charge on individual microspheres (50−450 μm in diameter). Microspheres with a variety of covalently bound ionic functional groups (tetraalkylammonium, alkyltriphenylphosphonium, alkylsulfonate, and arylsulfonate) acquire charges consistent with this ion-transfer mechanism. The charge on a microsphere is proportional to its surface area (ca. 1 elementary...
Racial differences in the use of extracorporeal photopheresis for mycosis fungoides

Background: Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an effective treatment option for mycosis fungoides (MF) and associated with few systemic side effects.Objective: We sought to investigate whether ...
Threatened fishes of the world : Eucyclogobius newberryi Girard, 1857 (Gobiidae)

Distribution:Tidewater gobies are confined to shallow, brackish portions of coastal streams, marshes, lagoons and estuaries between the Smith River to the north and Agua Hedionda Lagoon to the south California (Swift et al. 1989). Abundance: Where found, they are often one of the most abundant fish species (densities peak in summer). Habitat and ecology: They feed on benthic invertebrates such as ostracods, amphipods, and insect larvae. Potential predators include birds and other fishes. Wading and diving birds often forage in areas where tidewater gobies are abundant. Larger native fishes such as Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cotfus aspeu, Leptocotrus armatus and Gil/ichthys mirabilis may be important predators. Introduced fishes such as Tridentiger trigonocephalus, 7: bifasciatus, Acanthogobiusflavimanus, Morone saxatilis, Micropterous salmoides and other centrarchids may also adversely affect goby populations. Tidewater gobies rarely occur where predatory fishes are abundant. In addition, trematode metacercariae (probably Cryptocotyle lingua) infect some populations. Reproduction: Males excavate 10-20 cm mucus lined burrows in coarse sand and care for one clutch of 300-500 eggs. Embryos hatch in about 10 days. Females, which are more strikingly patterned, aggressively compete with other females for breeding males. Both sexes spawn several times. Spawning occurs almost year-round, with spring and fall peaks (Brown & Swenson 1994). Mortality appears to increase after spawning, and fish typically live only one year. Some may overwinter upstream. Threats: Habitat loss and degradation is associated with land use practices such as conversion of coastal wetlands to marinas, highway and railroad construction. freshwater diversions, grazing, breaching of coastal lagoons, and flood control practices. Drought conditions in recent years have compounded these effects. The number of known populations has declined by half since 1900 (less than 50 populations currently exist) (Swift et al. 1989). Reductions have been most striking in Southern California and San Francisco Bay. The loss of this many populations is impressive in light of the broad physical tolerance of this species. The lack of a marine phase has led to genetically divergent populations with limited capacity for re-colonization following local extinctions (Crabtree 1985). Small populations continue to be found, suggesting that the total number of populations lost might be higher than presently estimated. Conservation action: Gobies were successfully re-introduced into Malibu Lagoon (Swift et al. 1993) and Waddell Creek in 1991 (Brown & Swenson 1994). Its recent listing as a federally endangered species (7 March 1994) should increase protection. Conservation recommendations: Reducing eutrophication, maintaining the quality of freshwater flows, and allowing the natural development of barrier sand berms which close stream mouths and enhance lagoon formation will help protect habitats. In addition, introductions of exotic species to goby habitats should be prevented.
Thermodynamic transition properties of highly ordered smectic phases

A series of polyethers have been synthesized from 1-(4-hydroxy-4′-biphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and α, Ω-dibromoalkanes having different numbers of methylene units [TPPs]. Both odd- and even-numbered TPPs [TPP(n=odd)s and TPP(n=even)s) exhibit multiple transitions during cooling and heating and they show little supercooling dependence, indicating close-to-equilibrium nature of these transitions. Combining the structural characterization obtainedvia wide angle X-ray diffraction powder and fiber patterns at different temperatures and the morphological observations from microscopy techniques, not only the nematic liquid crystalline phase but also highly ordered smecticF, smectic crystalG andH phases have been identified. The phase diagrams for both TPP(n=odd)s and TPP(n=even)s have been constructed [1–3]. Thermodynamic properties (enthalpy and entropy changes) during these transitions are studied based on differential scanning calorimetry experiments. The contributions of the mesogenic groups and methylene units to each ordering process can be separated and they indicate the characteristics of these processes thereby providing estimations of the transition types.
Low-Pressure Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy with Flame Atomization

A combination of degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy and a low-pressure sampling technique has been studied for isotopic analysis in an air-acetylene flame. Hyperfine spectra of D lines of sodium and several mixtures of lithium isotopes obtained in this way are presented.
The effects of anoxia upon energy sources and selected metabolic intermediates in the brains of fish, frog and turtle.

— The levels of the main cerebral energy reserves, ATP, P-creatine, glycogen and glucose, and of several glycolytic intermediates and lactate, were measured in the brains of fish (Carassius auratus), turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) and frog (Rana pipiens). The levels of glycogen in these brains were 2-9 times higher than those reported for mammals. In frog, cerebral glycogen levels were 35 per cent higher during the winter than in spring. The P-creatine: ATP ratios were 3 instead of the more usual (mammalian) value of 1. The levels of other intermediates were similar to those found in mammalian brain. When anoxia was produced by decapitation, changes in the various substances measured were similar to those in mammalian brain, but were much slower. The initial rate at which high-energy phosphate was used could be calculated from these changes. Values of 1.1 m-equiv./kg/min for fish and frog and of 0.46 m-equiv./kg/min for turtle were found, which are 1/20 and 1/50, respectively, of the rate in mouse brain. The rate of disappearance of high-energy phosphate reserves followed first-order kinetics for 4 hr in turtle and for at least an hour in the other species. Changes in metabolites as the experiment progressed were interpreted to indicate a progressively falling intracellular pH, prolonged inhibition of phosphofructokinase, and a long period of hexokinase inhibition.
Targeting paretic propulsion to improve poststroke walking function: a preliminary study.

Abstract Objectives To determine the feasibility and safety of implementing a 12-week locomotor intervention targeting paretic propulsion deficits during walking through the joining of 2 independent interventions, walking at maximal speed on a treadmill and functional electrical stimulation of the paretic ankle musculature (FastFES); to determine the effects of FastFES training on individual subjects; and to determine the influence of baseline impairment severity on treatment outcomes. Design Single group pre-post preliminary study investigating a novel locomotor intervention. Setting Research laboratory. Participants Individuals (N=13) with locomotor deficits after stroke. Intervention FastFES training was provided for 12 weeks at a frequency of 3 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session. Main Outcome Measures Measures of gait mechanics, functional balance, short- and long-distance walking function, and self-perceived participation were collected at baseline, posttraining, and 3-month follow-up evaluations. Changes after treatment were assessed using pairwise comparisons and compared with known minimal clinically important differences or minimal detectable changes. Correlation analyses were run to determine the correlation between baseline clinical and biomechanical performance versus improvements in walking speed. Results Twelve of the 13 subjects that were recruited completed the training. Improvements in paretic propulsion were accompanied by improvements in functional balance, walking function, and self-perceived participation (each P Conclusions This report demonstrates the safety and feasibility of the FastFES intervention and supports further study of this promising locomotor intervention for persons poststroke.
Utility of the N-back task in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The N-back task is often used in functional brain imaging studies to activate working memory networks; however, limited information is available on its association to clinical outcomes in children or cancer survivors. A total of 137 survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; mean current age = 14.3 years, SD = 4.8; time since diagnosis = 7.6 years, SD = 1.6) completed the N-back task and comprehensive neurocognitive testing, including standardized measures of attention, processing speed, and working memory. Results indicated that females demonstrated significantly slower reaction times (0-back p = .02; 1-back p = .03) than males. Survivors <15 years old at the time of testing demonstrated a significant decrease in accuracy as working memory load increased compared to survivors ≥15 years old (p < .001). Performance on the N-back task was associated with nonverbal working memory (rs = .56, p < .001) in survivors ≥15 years of age. For younger survivors, N-back performance was more strongly associated wi...
Factors associated with responses to sexual harassment and satisfaction with outcome

This study examined contextual and behavioral factors and types of responses to sexual harassment in relation to harassed employees' satisfaction with the outcome of sexual harassment situations. Subjects were 105 male and female faculty and staff members (89.5% Caucasian; 5.7% multiethnic/multicultural; 4.8% unspecified) employed by a midwestern university who reported experiencing unwanted sexual attention on the job. Results undicated that employees responded more strongly to unwanted sexual behavior if they perceived it as sexual harassment and if they perceived their work climate as encouraging the problem. Harassed employees' gender, power, and perceptions of the work climate were all associated with their satisfaction with the situation outcome. Although making a formal or informal complaint was not associated with greater satisfaction, talking to the harasser without using aggressive communication strategies increased the likelihood of a satisfactory outcome for the employee. Talking to family or friends, a response used by women more often than men, was associated with dissatisfaction. Suggestions for further research are discussed.
La maladie d’Alzheimer, un problème de trafic endosomal dans les neurones ?

613 m/s n° 6-7, vol. 30, juin-juillet 2014 DOI : 10.1051/medsci/20143006005 13. Lahouassa H, Dragin L, Transy C, Margottin-Goguet F. SAMHD1 prive le VIH des nucleotides essentiels a la synthese d’ADN viral. Med Sci (Paris) 2012 ; 28 : 909-10. 14. Marquet R, Guerrero S, Bernacchi S, et al. Un facteur de transcription se fait complice du VIH-1 pour detruire les defenses cellulaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2012 ; 28 : 356-8. 15. Lahaye X, Manel N. La capside du VIH determine la detection immunitaire innee de l’ADN viral dans les cellules dendritiques. Virologie 2014 ; 18 : 50-1. 9. Cerboni S, Gentili M, Manel N. Diversity of pathogen sensors in dendritic cells. Adv Immunol 2013 ; 120 : 211-37. 10. Gao D, Wu J, Wu YT, et al. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses. Science 201 ; 341 : 903-6. 11. Malbec M, Mouquet H, Schwartz O. Les anticorps antiVIH-1 et la transmission virale de cellule a cellule. Med Sci (Paris) 2014 ; 30 : 508-10. 12. Peressin M, Holl V, Moog C. Les anticorps anti-VIH. De multiples activites antivirales. Med Sci (Paris) 2014 ; 30 : 69-75. REFERENCES
Anatomy and growth of a Holocene clinothem in the Gulf of Papua

[1] High-resolution seismic profiles and sedimentological data from grab samples and long cores provide an unprecedented picture of the structure, sedimentology, and late Quaternary development of two Gulf of Papua (GoP) clinothems, one probably Stage 3 and 4 in age and one Holocene in age. The older was partially eroded during Stage 2 and partially covered by the younger clinothem during Stage 1. The younger clinothem consists of three stratigraphic units separated by two surfaces of erosion, bypass, or correlative surfaces of lap. The surfaces were formed by changes in accommodation and sediment supply. The underlying physiography of the older clinothem also appears to play an important role in governing the shape of the younger clinothem. In the northern gulf, oblique clinoforms of the younger clinothem suggest that the rate of sediment supply from the northern rivers outstripped the formation of new accommodation, whereas in the south, sigmoidal clinoforms indicate that accommodation increased faster than sediment supply. The origin of the new accommodation remains uncertain because of limited age constraints. On the basis of sediment thickness, stratal geometry, and acoustic character, off-shelf transport appears to be the dominant sediment transport direction, with preferential accumulation on the promontories and bypass in the valleys. Presently, observed and computed modern flows and complex gyres in shallow water coupled with wave- and current-supported gravity flows or river floods can explain the form, internal clinoform shapes, and mineralogy of the younger Gulf of Papua clinothem.
Macroeconomics, financial variables, and computable general equilibrium models

Abstract This paper surveys “micro-macro” computable general equilibrium (CGE) models that incorporate asset markets and product and factor markets. Recent models are designed to analyze the impact on economic performance and the distribution of income in developing economies of structural adjustment and stabilization programs implemented in response to macro shocks. These financial CGE models add a loanable funds market (incorporating a variety of assets) to a CGE model that already incorporates flow equilibria in product and factor markets. These financial models start from tradefocused CGE models and also draw on earlier work with micro- and macrostructuralist models in specifying the interactions between financial variables and the real side of the economy. The paper also compares these models to dynamic macro models, both short-run adaptive models with lagged adjustment mechanisms and longer-run, forward-looking models. The paper discusses the theoretical problems such models face in reconciling micro-focused CGE models with macro models incorporating dynamic behavior.
Percent positive biopsy cores and the risk of death from prostate cancer in men with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer

The addition of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to external beam radiotherapy (RT) decreases prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) in patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer (PCa); however, whether this is true across the spectrum of percent positive biopsy (PPB) values is unknown and was evaluated in the current study. From 1995 to 2001, 206 men with intermediate- or high-risk PCa were randomized to receive RT alone or RT and 6 months of ADT; 149 men with no or minimal comorbidity comprised the study cohort. Fine and Gray competing risk regression was used to ascertain whether an increasing PPB was associated with an increased risk of PCSM adjusting for age, known PCa prognostic factors, and treatment. After a median follow-up of 14.26 years, 88 men died in total (59 %), 20 of prostate cancer (23 %). RT as compared to RT + ADT [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 4.12 (1.10, 15.35), p = 0.04] and an increasing PPB [AHR 1.04 (1.02, 1.06), p 14 years with a PPB of <50 % undergoing RT and ADT argues for a high cure rate, allowing these men the option to avoid a primary surgical approach and its associated morbidity.
Paricalcitol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of both chronic kidney and end-stage renal disease. Vitamin D appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this condition and active vitamin D replacement is usually a necessary component of its treatment. The ability to administer active vitamin D is limited by increases in calcium and phosphorus, predisposing patients to vascular calcifications and cardiovascular disease. Paricalcitol is a new vitamin D analog designed to suppress parathyroid secretion with less effect on serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. The application of paricalcitol in chronic kidney disease may slow the clinical course of secondary hyperparathyroidism and allow more effective suppression of parathyroid hormone while minimizing the concommitant risks of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. This article reviews the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism and the data supporting the role of oral and intravenous paricalcitol in the treatment of secondary hyperp...
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Eszopiclone for the Treatment of Insomnia in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain

Study objectives Insomnia, which is very common in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP), has long been viewed as a pain symptom that did not merit specific treatment. Recent data suggest that adding insomnia therapy to pain-targeted treatment should improve outcome; however, this has not been empirically tested in LBP or in any pain condition treated with a standardized pain medication regimen. We sought to test the hypothesis that adding insomnia therapy to pain-targeted treatment might improve sleep and pain in LBP. Design Double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 1-mo trial. Setting Duke University Medical Center Outpatient Sleep Clinic. Patients Fifty-two adult volunteers with LBP of at least 3 mo duration who met diagnostic criteria for insomnia (mean age: 42.5 y; 63% females). Interventions Subjects were randomized to eszopiclone (ESZ) 3 mg plus naproxen 500 mg BID or matching placebo plus naproxen 500 mg twice a day. Measurements and results ESZ SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED TOTAL SLEEP TIME (MEAN INCREASE: ESZ, 95 min; placebo, 9 min) (primary outcome) and nearly all sleep measures as well as visual analog scale pain (mean decrease: ESZ, 17 mm; placebo, 2 mm) (primary pain outcome), and depression (mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale improvement ESZ, 3.8; placebo, 0.4) compared with placebo. Changes in pain ratings were significantly correlated with changes in sleep. Conclusions The addition of insomnia-specific therapy to a standardized naproxen pain regimen significantly improves sleep, pain, and depression in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). The findings indicate the importance of administering both sleep and pain-directed therapies to patients with LBP in clinical practice and provide strong evidence that improving sleep disturbance may improve pain. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00365976.
Investigation on BIST assisted failure analysis on digital integrated circuits

Abstract Built in self tests (BISTs) on integrated circuits are one approach of maintaining fault coverage and device’s testability without increasing the test time. As an additional benefit, for the purpose of failure analysis fault simulation down to node level can be achieved. However, regarding defect localization common FA techniques are still mandatory. In this paper, we present BIST assisted case studies on functional failing integrated circuits. Starting from a fault simulation, defect localization will be done by using conventional failure analysis techniques. After successfully determining the physical defect, we will compare its effect on the affected nodes to the initial fault simulation.
Impact of Mandatory Price Reporting Requirements on Level, Variability, and Elasticity Parameter Estimations for Retail Beef Prices

Moving to scanner based and quantity-weighted monthly average retail beef price series has changed the price series significantly. Quantity-weighted price levels are lower and more volatile. Perhaps most important, calculated elasticities for the quantity-weighted averages are lower than for the historical simple average data. Elasticity estimates for simple average monthly price data are also larger than for weekly data, raising the possibility that historic demand analyses have significantly overstated own price demand elasticities.
Enhanced G protein-dependent modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the cerebellum of the Ca2+ channel-mutant mouse, tottering

Tottering, a mouse model for absence epilepsy and cerebellar ataxia, carries a mutation in the gene encoding class A (P/Q-type) Ca2+ channels, the dominant exocytotic Ca2+ channel at most synapses in the mammalian central nervous system. Comparing tottering to wild-type mice, we have studied glutamatergic transmission between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices. Results from biochemical assays and electrical field recordings demonstrate that glutamate release from parallel fibre terminals of the tottering mouse is controlled largely by class B Ca2+ channels (N-type), in contrast to the P/Q-channels that dominate release from wild-type terminals. Since N-channels, in a variety of assays, are more effectively inhibited by G proteins than are P/Q-channels, we tested whether synaptic transmission between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells in tottering mice was more susceptible to inhibitory modulation by G protein-coupled receptors than in their wild-type counterparts. GABAB receptors and alpha2-adrenergic receptors (activated by bath application of transmitters) produced a three- to fivefold more potent inhibition of transmission in tottering than in wild-type synapses. This increased modulation is likely to be important for cerebellar transmission in vivo, since heterosynaptic depression, produced by activating GABAergic interneurones, greatly prolonged GABAB receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition in tottering as compared to wild-type slices. We propose that this enhanced modulation shifts the balance of synaptic input to Purkinje cells in favour of inhibition, reducing Purkinje cell output from the cerebellum, and may contribute to the aberrant motor phenotype that is characteristic of this mutant animal.
Overseas fatalities of United States citizen travelers: an analysis of deaths related to international travel.

Study objective: Studies of travel-related mortality and morbidity have been limited to nonfatal events. Causes of travel-related mortality may differ significantly from morbidity and thus have different prevention strategies. Design: We examined the overseas fatalities of US citizen travelers for the years 1975 and 1984. The death certificates were abstracted; all deaths under age 60 and a 20% sample of deaths 60 and older were examined. Setting and type of participants: All overseas travel fatalities of US citizens were examined excluding those occurring in Canada. Interventions: None. Results: Cardiovascular events (including myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents) and injuries accounted for 49% and 25% of the overseas deaths of US citizen travelers, respectively. Infectious diseases other than pneumonia accounted for only 1% of the deaths. Eighty percent of injury deaths occurred outside of hospitals. Injury death rates for male travelers were greater than US age-specific death rates. Conclusions: Greater emphasis on the prevention of fatal events, especially those resulting from injury, must be given by physicians and other individuals and organizations who advise travelers. Further studies are needed to explore the issues of preventable injury deaths, emergency medical services, and overseas travel.
Diversity and abundance of the abnormal chromosome 10 meiotic drive complex in Zea mays

Maize Abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10) contains a classic meiotic drive system that exploits the asymmetry of meiosis to preferentially transmit itself and other chromosomes containing specialized heterochromatic regions called knobs. The structure and diversity of the Ab10 meiotic drive haplotype is poorly understood. We developed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library from an Ab10 line and used the data to develop sequence-based markers, focusing on the proximal portion of the haplotype that shows partial homology to normal chromosome 10. These molecular and additional cytological data demonstrate that two previously identified Ab10 variants (Ab10-I and Ab10-II) share a common origin. Dominant PCR markers were used with fluorescence in situ hybridization to assay 160 diverse teosinte and maize landrace populations from across the Americas, resulting in the identification of a previously unknown but prevalent form of Ab10 (Ab10-III). We find that Ab10 occurs in at least 75% of teosinte populations at a mean frequency of 15%. Ab10 was also found in 13% of the maize landraces, but does not appear to be fixed in any wild or cultivated population. Quantitative analyses suggest that the abundance and distribution of Ab10 is governed by a complex combination of intrinsic fitness effects as well as extrinsic environmental variability.
The fluorescein string test in upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

The fluorescein string test was first described in 1958 as an aid in locating the site of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly in patients with negative X-ray studies. Results obtained in 27 patients have been summarized, with 2 illustrative case reports. In 17 of these, the diagnosis was unknown prior to the test. Twenty-two of the tests were considered adequate, and 17 of these were confirmed by concurrent or subsequent studies. Although the test by its nature is rather time-consuming, it has definite usefulness as an ancillary tool in diagnostic gastroenterology.
An Endotoxin-like Fraction extracted from the Cells of Candida albicans

ENDOTOXINS are incompletely characterized cell surface complexes which account for some of the pathogenic properties of Gram-negative bacteria. Material with similar biological characteristics has been identified in certain Gram-positive bacteria and in several plant and animal tissues1. The existence of a ‘toxic principle’ in virulent strains of Candida albicans has been suspected for about a decade2. A recent report by Hasenclever et al.3 strongly supports the presence of such a fraction. Our studies of surface and subsurface antigens of this yeast suggest that several surface materials contained in the aqueous fraction after ethanol-ethyl ether4 or phenol5 extraction of intact yeast cells included a substance or substances with toxic activity comparable with that observed by Hasenclever et al.3. This communication presents evidence that this is indeed the case.
End versus Side Branching by Arp2/3 Complex

We investigate the issue of end versus side branching of actin filaments by Arp2/3 complex, using a combination of analytic theory, polymerization assays, and quantitative modeling. The analytic theory shows that the effect of capping protein on the initial stages of actin polymerization in the presence of Arp2/3 complex depends strongly on whether new Arp2/3 complex-induced branches grow from the sides or ends of existing filaments. Motivated by these results, we measure and quantitatively model the kinetics of actin polymerization in the presence of activated Arp2/3 complex, for a range of concentrations of capping protein. Our model includes the most important types of events involving actin and actin-binding proteins, and can be adjusted to include end branching, side branching, or both. The side-branching model gives a better fit to the experimental data than the end-branching model. An end-plus-side model including both types of branching gives a moderate improvement in the quality of the fit. Another side-branching model, based on aging of subunits' capacity for branch formation, gives a significantly better fit than the end-plus-side model. We discuss implications for actin polymerization in cells.
Effects of Computer Privacy on Help‐Seeking1

Subjects (N= 28) performing a complex disjunctive concept-formation task on a microcomputer were given the opportunity to seek help following failure to correctly identify concepts. The proportion of those seeking help was significantly greater when the source of help was the computer itself (86%) rather than another person (36%). Consistent with past research, those who did not ask for help gave reasons other than the potential negative social consequences of doing so. Self-report data and a systematic test for the presence of experimenter-induced demand ruled out several possible sources of confounding. The results have implications for designers of time-sharing and networked computer systems.
A higher order theory of locality

This short paper outlines a theory for deriving the traditional metrics of miss rate and reuse distance from a single measure called the footprint. It gives the correctness condition and discusses the uses of the new theory in on-line locality analysis and multicore cache management.
Geographies of Care and Responsibility

Abstract Across the decades geographers have been concerned with questions of our ethical responsibilities to care. It would seem that care is nothing new in geography. I argue however, that contemporary societal shifts are extending market relations into caring realms of our lives and that we are witnessing reductions in public provision of social supports. These twin trends have made care a more pressing concern and have simultaneously marginalized care from view. Geographers are well positioned to draw attention to these trends and I urge us to think about our responsibility to care about these issues, and the geographies that they make. I ask us all to think about our responsibilities as geographers to pose questions in the face of (i) market extensions, (ii) currently pervasive discourses of personal responsibility (for poverty, inner city decline, unemployment, etc.), and (iii) the withdrawal of public support from many crucial arenas. Care ethics focuses our attention on the social and how it is co...
Estimation of σ2 in the multiplicative interaction model

Suppose that the model is found to adequately fit two-way cross-classification data with one observation per cell. Johnson and Graybill (1972) proposed an estimator of the error variance σ2. A test procedure was given by Marasinghe and Johnson (1981) which enables one to find rows (or columns) in the data which may be additive. In this paper an improved estimator of σ2 is proposed by making use of his additional information.
Finite element simulation of high-pressure water-jet assisted metal cutting

Abstract Experimental studies have shown that improved metal cutting efficiency can be obtained when a high-pressure water/coolant jet is injected at the tool–chip interface. The pressure exerted on the chip face by the jet is expected to reduce, for example, friction along the tool–chip interface, temperature rise in the chip and the workpiece, the cutting force, and residual stress in the finished workpiece, leading to a longer tool life and a better surface integrity for the finished workpiece. This paper presents the results of finite element simulations of high-pressure water-jet assisted orthogonal metal cutting, in which the water jet is injected directly into the tool–chip interface through a small hole on the rake face of the tool. The mechanical effect of the high-pressure water jet is approximated as a pressure loading at the tool–chip interface. The frictional interaction along the tool–chip interface is modeled by using a modified Coulomb friction law. Chip separation is modeled by a nodal release technique and is based on a critical stress criterion. The effect of temperature, strain rate and large strain is considered. Cooling effect of the high-pressure jet on the temperature distribution is modeled with a convective heat-transfer coefficient. The effect of water jet hole position and pressure is studied. Contour plots showing the distributions of steady-state temperature and stress and the residual stress are presented. The simulation results show a reduction in temperature, the cutting force and residual stresses for water-jet assisted cutting conditions. The mechanical effect of the water jet is found to reduce the contact pressure and shear stress along the tool–chip interface and also the contact zone length for certain water jet hole locations.
New limits on Primakoff production of hybrid mesons

I discuss constraints on properties of isoscalarJ PC =1−+ exotic hybrid mesons, assuming their dominant decay mode is ηπ. This work expands on a similar study by the Rochester-Minnesota-Fermilab collaboration, which excluded ϱπ as the dominant decay channel for such hybrids. The experimental limits are based on Primakoff production of such states and on a VDM argument relating their radiative widths to their ϱπ decay modes. Using data on coherent production of ηπ+ systems in π+ collisions with nuclei, I obtain few percent limits on the ϱπ branching ratios for hybrid masses ≲1.5 GeV.
Contingent reinforcement for reduced breath carbon monoxide levels: target-specific effects on cigarette smoking.

Abstract This study determined the effects on smoking behavior of providing contingent reinforcement for nonsmoking versus reduced smoking afternoon breath carbon monoxide (CO) target levels. Twenty-eight hired chronic smoker volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions during a 10-day intervention: (a) 8 ppm target CO, $5 per day incentive (n = 11); (b) 16 ppm target CO, $5 per day incentive (n = 8); or (c) 8 ppm target CO, no incentive (n = 9). Both payment groups showed significantly lower CO levels and greater amounts of daytime smoking reduction than the no-pay group. A specific effect of CO target was also seen; 45% of subjects in the 8 ppm group compared with 0% of subjects in the 16 ppm target and no-pay groups produced average afternoon CO levels of 8.5 ppm or lower during the intervention. Average levels of CO and smoking reduction did not differ for the two paid groups, however, because some subjects in the 8 ppm group failed to reduce CO sufficiently to contact the reinforcer. Contingent reinforcement based on expired air CO levels can exercise powerful and precise (target-specific) control over smoking behavior, but there may be individual differences in ability to meet reinforcement contingencies if difficult targets are introduced abruptly.
Absence of Extraterrestrial 3He in Permian–Triassic Age Sedimentary Rocks

Helium concentration and isotopic composition were measured in a suite of samples across the Permian–Triassic boundary at Opal Creek, Canada, to determine whether high extraterrestrial helium concentrations are associated with a possible extinction-inducing impact event at this time. No extraterrestrial ^3He was detected, implying that neither fullerene-hosted nor IDP-hosted He is present at or near the boundary. This observation is consistent with similar studies of some Permian–Triassic sections, but contrasts sharply with reports of both fullerene- and IDP-hosted extraterrestrial ^3He at other sections. Step-heat experiments indicate rapid diffusion of extraterrestrial helium from sediments heated to temperatures above ∼ 70 °C. Given the likelihood of burial and associated heating in Permian–Triassic age rocks, the initially unexpected absence of IDP-hosted ^3He likely indicates thermally induced diffusive loss. Indeed one of the key sections (Graphite Peak, Antarctica) from which extraterrestrial ^3He has been reported at and near the Permian–Triassic boundary has been sufficiently heated that the reported preservation of extraterrestrial helium, in both IDPs and fullerenes, is inexplicable. Recent contamination provides a plausible explanation for extraterrestrial ^3He in these samples. While no extraterrestrial 3He was detected at Opal Creek, there is a sharp increase in nucleogenic ^3He very close to or at the Permian–Triassic boundary. This presumably arises from the major lithologic change at this time, from cherts in the Permian to shales and siltstones in the Triassic. Increased nucleogenic ^3He is associated with increases in both lithium and organic carbon content into the Triassic. Either the production rate or the retention of this ^3He is higher in the shales and siltstones than in the cherts. Care must be taken to eliminate such artifacts before interpreting changes in ^3He concentration in terms of fluctuations in the delivery of ^3He from space.
Cytoprotection - organoprotection by somatostatin: gastric and hepatic lesions.

In rats, the hemorrhagic gastric erosions produced by ethanol, and the fatal hemorrhagic hepatic recrosis induced by phalloidin, were significanlty reduced by regular somatostatin, but not by derivatives devoid of-SH containing cysteines. These effects of the hormone were abolished in animals which received, in a dditiion, the sulfhydryl blocker nethylmaleimide before the toxic chemicals. Thus, somatostain exhibits organoprotection dependent on endogenous sulfhydryls.
Long-term efficacy of nucleoside monotherapy in preventing HBV infection in HBsAg-negative recipients of anti-HBc-positive donor livers.

Background and aim Transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs in up to 87.5% of HBsAg-negative recipients of anti-HBc-positive donor livers in the absence of HBV prophylaxis. There is no standardized prophylactic regimen to prevent HBV infection in this setting. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term efficacy of nucleoside analogue to prevent HBV infection in this setting.
Perceived Influence of Male Sex Role Identity on Female Partner's Life Choices

The relationship between a man's sex role identity and his and his female partner's perceptions of his influence on her life choices was investigated in this study. Sex role identity was measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), and perception of influence was measured by the Interpersonal Influence Survey (IIS). The BSRI and IIS were administered by mail to 131 pairs of female graduate students and their male partners. Male and female perceptions of the man's influence were found to be related to the man's BSRI scores. Masculine men were not found to differ in their perceptions of influence from feminine or un-differentiated men, but they were found to have significantly lower perceptions of their influence than androgynous men. Feminine men were not found to differ in their perceptions of influence from masculine or undifferentiated men, but they were found to be lower in their perceptions of influence than androgynous men. Women with androgynous or feminine male partners perceived the man as being more influential than did female partners of masculine men, but they did not differ in their perceptions of male partner influence from women with undifferentiated male partners. Women with masculine or undifferentiated male partners did not differ in their perceptions of the male partner's influence.