cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of the dark current in amorphous poly(N-vinylcarbazole) films

Abstract The dependence of the dark current in metal-PVK-SnO 2 systems on applied voltage and temperature has been investigated. The current-voltage-temperature characteristics in the temperature range 298–398 K provide support for a Richardson-Schottky (RS) field-assisted hole injection mechanism in the case of high work function metal electrodes (Pt, Au, Ag) at positive bias. A diffusion-limited process is operative over the temperature range studied. Departures from this mechanism, observed at the highest temperature studied, are attributed to the increasing contribution of carriers from other mechanisms to the measured conductivity.
An Experimental Analysis of Memory Processing.

Rhesus monkeys were trained and tested in visual and auditory list-memory tasks with sequences of four travel pictures or four natural/environmental sounds followed by single test items. Acquisitions of the visual list-memory task are presented. Visual recency (last item) memory diminished with retention delay, and primacy (first item) memory strengthened. Capuchin monkeys, pigeons, and humans showed similar visual-memory changes. Rhesus learned an auditory memory task and showed octave generalization for some lists of notes—tonal, but not atonal, musical passages. In contrast with visual list memory, auditory primacy memory diminished with delay and auditory recency memory strengthened. Manipulations of interitem intervals, list length, and item presentation frequency revealed proactive and retroactive inhibition among items of individual auditory lists. Repeating visual items from prior lists produced interference (on nonmatching tests) revealing how far back memory extended. The possibility of using the interference function to separate familiarity vs. recollective memory processing is discussed.
Arguing about representation

The question of whether cognition requires representations has engendered heated discussion during the last two decades. I shall argue that the question is, in all likelihood, a spurious one. There may or may not be a fact of the matter concerning whether a given item qualifies as a representation. However, even if there is, attempts to establish whether cognition requires representation have neither practical nor theoretical utility.
Testing for Causality in Regional Econometric Models

One of the most common features of regional econometric models is the specification of national variables as exogenous to the regional model. Often these variables appear as distributed lags in the structural equations. Concepts and tests for statistical causality can be used to determine whether this procedure is appropriate in a particular case. This paper discusses these tests and illustrates them with an example from a model being developed of the state of Indiana. It is our view that such tests can be a useful step in the specification of a regional econometric model.
Telling the truth: why disclosure matters in chronic kidney disease.

Your editorial in the April BJGP is very thought provoking but unfortunately misses the mark.1 Primary care workers are considerably more sophisticated and well trained in the art of evidence than they were in 1960s. It was at this time that mild hypertension and its risks began to surface. In some ways hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are similar. Neither makes people feel sick and both are risk factors for heart disease and organ …
From Victim to Perpetrator: Evolution of Risk Frames Related to Human–Cormorant Conflict in the Great Lakes

To better understand media coverage and perceptions of risk associated with human–cormorant conflicts, we adapted the notions of “victim” and “perpetrator” to the context of cormorant-related risks...
Congenital pulmonary stenosis without cyanosis

Summary 1. Twenty-three acyanotic patients with isolated pulmonary stenosis have been presented. 2. The diagnosis was confirmed bycardiac catheterization in seventeen patients, by surgery in three patients, and by clinical, roentgen, and electrocardiographic findings in three patients. 3. The clinical histories, physicalfindings, roentgen studies, electrocardiographic results, and physiological studies have been presented. 4. The frequency, course, prognosis, cause of death, and type of stenosis have been reviewed. 5. The results have been presented of a six-month follow-up on five of the patients who had a valvulotomy.
THE HEART RATE RESPONSE TO A BRIEF AUDITORY AND VISUAL STIMULUS

The adult heart rate (HR) response was studied in 18 male subjects following a series of 10 tones and 10 light flashes. Both stimuli were of moderate intensity (54 db and 8.0 ml) and had rise times of 30 milliseconds. The tone evoked a predominantly acceleratory response and no decrement with repetition. Initially, the light flash evoked a predominantly deceleratory response which changed to one of acceleration as the stimulus was repeated. Analysis of respiration revealed that an increase in rate and amplitude followed both stimuli and that the magnitude of respiratory changes did not diminish with stimulus repetition. Viewed according to Sokolov's criteria for identifying orienting, defensive, and adaptive responses the results support the conclusions that: (1) HR deceleration is a component of the orienting response; and (2) HR acceleration is neither an orienting, defensive, nor adaptive response but is largely secondary to respiratory changes. On the basis of the evidence, a tentative model of the HR response to simple auditory and visual stimuli is offered.
Metabolism of Maleic Hydrazide in Tea, Camellia sinensis

The results obtained with tea plants treated with 14C-maleic hydrazide indicate that tea plants can metabolize maleic hydrazide to some extent. According to autoradiographic studies, two radioactive spots were found on X-ray films after exposure and development. Based on two-dimensional paper chromatography, possible ring cleavage, and infrared spectroscopic techniques, the possible metabolic products are lactic acid, succinic acid, maleimide and hydrazine. The biological activity of the metabolic products was tested by utilizing the Avena first internode test. Based on this investigation, it was noted that each radioactive area contained compound(s) that possess(es) some growth promoting properties. However, the results obtained with unknown number one (U1) indicate that it possesses greater growth-promoting properties than unknown two (U2). finally, the approximate concentrations of U1 and U2 were determined by comparison with known concentrations of IAA and in relation to the amount of growth produced during the 19½-hour period of incubation.
Multilevel integration of patternable low-κ material into advanced Cu BEOL

In this paper, we wish to report, for the first time, on a simple, low-cost, novel way to form dual-damascene copper (Cu) on-chip interconnect or Back-End-Of-the-Line (BEOL) structures using a patternable low dielectric constant (low-κ) dielectric material concept. A patternable low-κ dielectric material combines the functions of a traditional resist and a dielectric material into one single material. It acts as a traditional resist during patterning and is subsequently converted to a low-κ dielectric material during a post-patterning curing process. No sacrificial materials (separate resists or hardmasks) and their related deposition, pattern transfer (etch) and removal (strip) are required to form dual-damascene BEOL patterns. We have successfully demonstrated multi-level dual-damascene integration of a novel patternable low-κ dielectric material into advanced Cu BEOL. This κ=2.7 patternable low-κ material is based on the industry standard SiCOH-based (silsesquioxane polymer) material platform and is compatible with 248 nm optical lithography. Multilevel integration of this patternable low-κ material at 45 nm node Cu BEOL fatwire levels has been demonstrated with very high electrical yields using the current manufacturing infrastructure.
The effect of tonicity of intraluminal duodenal solutions upon thoracic duct lymph.

The many physiologic reactions following intraluminal instillation of hypertonic solutions into the duodenum, in both patients and experimental animals, have been well studied and documented. There is hardly a system that is not affected in the acute “dumping” syndrome following gastrectomy in patients or the experimental duodenal instillation of hypertonic solutions. The effect of hypertonic intestinal solutions upon thoracic ductlymph, however, has not been previously described. It is the purpose of this paper to document the changes in thoracic duct lymph flow and protein composition following the instillation of hypertonic glucose and saline solutions, physiologic saline, water and air into the duodenum of the dog.
New soil abrasion testing method for soft ground tunneling applications

Prediction of the tool wear and life, as well as secondary wear on machine components, in soft ground tunneling using shielded machines with a pressurized face has been a difficult task due to the lack of a universally accepted measurement system for soil abrasion. While some existing abrasion tests have been adopted in recent years to measure soil abrasion, these systems have inherent mismatches with the actual working conditions at the tunnel face. This paper reviews some of the background studies in this area and introduces the initial steps towards the development of a new soil abrasion testing system. The design and operational parameters for a proposed device that is under development for measuring a soil abrasion index are discussed and the preliminary results of testing on various soil samples are presented.
Functional Properties of SR Cl- and K+ Channels during Postnatal Development of Cardiac Muscle

In adult (AD) heart, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) contains Cl- & K+ channels presumably involved in controlling RyR-mediated SR Ca2+ release. These channels provide a countercurrent mechanism that attenuates the drop in Ca2+ driving force across the SR membrane, thereby preventing early termination of Ca2+ release. We showed that in newborn (NB), Ca2+ sparks occur with similar frequency than in AD but have shorter duration and smaller amplitude, implying an early termination of Ca2+ release. Although the functional properties of SR Cl- & K+ channels have been thoroughly described in AD, little is known about their presence and their role in NB. Consequently, we first tested the hypothesis that the early termination of Ca2+ release in NB coincides with absence/low density of SR Cl- & K+ channels at this stage. To this end, the heavy microsomal fraction was obtained from 5-days-old NB and AD rat hearts and SR Cl- & K+ channels were reconstituted into artificial planar lipid bilayers. Our results indicate that Cl- & K+ channels can be reconstituted from NB heavy SR microsomes with a similar success rate (number of SR channel incorporations / total number of bilayers) than in AD (∼0.2 for Cl- channels & ∼0.1 for K+ channels). Thus, an alternative mechanism would imply that in NB, smaller counterion fluxes result from different functional properties of SR Cl- & K+ channels. This assumption was tested by measuring their unitary conductance, open probability, and voltage dependence. The results in NB channels revealed no significant differences in any of these parameters in comparison to AD. Thus, we concluded that SR Cl- & K+ channels do not contribute to the developmental changes of Ca2+ release in NB cardiomyocytes. Supported by AHA-0655656Z to RMA.
Multi-core fixed-priority scheduling of real-time tasks with statistical deadline guarantee

The rising performance variance of IC chips and increased resource sharing in multi-core platforms have significantly degraded the predictability of real-time systems. The traditional deterministic approaches can be extremely pessimistic, if not infeasible at all. In this paper, we adopt a probabilistic approach for fixed-priority preemptive scheduling of real-time tasks on multi-core platforms with statistical deadline miss probability guarantee. Rather than a single-valued worst-case execution time (WCET), we formulate the task execution time as a probabilistic distribution. We develop a novel algorithm to partition real-time tasks on multiple homogenous cores, which takes not only task execution time distributions but their period relationships into considerations. Our extensive experimental results show that our proposed methods can greatly improve the schedulability of real-time tasks when compared with the traditional bin packing approaches.
Aged PROP1 deficient dwarf mice maintain ACTH production.

Humans with PROP1 mutations have multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD) that typically advance from growth insufficiency diagnosed in infancy to include more severe growth hormone (GH) deficiency and progressive reduction in other anterior pituitary hormones, eventually including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency and hypocortisolism. Congenital deficiencies of GH, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone have been reported in the Prop1null (Prop1-/-) and the Ames dwarf (Prop1df/df) mouse models, but corticotroph and pituitary adrenal axis function have not been thoroughly investigated. Here we report that the C57BL6 background sensitizes mutants to a wasting phenotype that causes approximately one third to die precipitously between weaning and adulthood, while remaining homozygotes live with no signs of illness. The wasting phenotype is associated with severe hypoglycemia. Circulating ACTH and corticosterone levels are elevated in juvenile and aged Prop1 mutants, indicating activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis. Despite this, young adult Prop1 deficient mice are capable of responding to restraint stress with further elevation of ACTH and corticosterone. Low blood glucose, an expected side effect of GH deficiency, is likely responsible for the elevated corticosterone level. These studies suggest that the mouse model differs from the human patients who display progressive hormone loss and hypocortisolism.
Relative influence of vegetation on urban energy budgets and surface temperatures

Two deterministic models were combined: one for canopy leaf energy budgets and one for street canyon energy budgets. The effects of street parks and roof gardens in contrast to non-vegetated city blocks were examined by the use of four typical urban morphologies, which were exposed latitudinally to summer and winter simulations. A variety of increases and decreases in shortwave radiation, net radiation, sensible heat flux, and system reradiation resulted. These changes appear to represent the generalized limits of the possible responses to the addition of vegetation to non-vegetated city blocks.
Transcendent counseling: A multimodal model for multicultural counseling

Transcendent counseling is a multimodular, multimodal, and multicultural approach to counseling clients for a change in lifestyle. Its modules (areas of change) of eating orientation, exercise, human relations, information, meaningful work and self-management are applicable and generalizable across cultures and employ various modalities (training strategies for change) that influence lifestyle modification. Lifestyle modification is posited as the primary goal of counseling and as the modus operandi to multiple behavioral outcomes and ultimate transcendence. Steps of counseling and developmental phases for cultural transcendence are presented, along with counseling techniques and training modalities that are appropriate for cross-cultural efforts with various ethnic groups.
The Overall Pattern of Cardiac Contraction Depends on a Spatial Gradient of Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation

Evolution of the human heart has incorporated a variety of successful strategies for motion used throughout the animal kingdom. One such strategy is to add the efficiency of torsion to compression so that blood is wrung, as well as pumped, out of the heart. Models of cardiac torsion have assumed uniform contractile properties of muscle fibers throughout the heart. Here, we show how a spatial gradient of myosin light chain phosphorylation across the heart facilitates torsion by inversely altering tension production and the stretch activation response. To demonstrate the importance of cardiac light chain phosphorylation, we cloned a myosin light chain kinase from a human heart and have identified a gain-in-function mutation in two individuals with cardiac hypertrophy.
(Un)Safe! Fighting the Po-lice in Quasi-educational Spaces of Bathrooms: A Betweener’s Reflection on the Researcher’s Body in Three Intercalated Acts

Who gives ethnographers the authority to do research? Whose bodies are in and/or out of researchers' practices or roles? In this performance autoethnography, I explore the (im)possibilities of these questions, pressing concerns that remain interconnected with discussions of ethnographic reflexivity. I convey how, despite the rise of conscientization resulting from the Crisis of Representation in the 1980s, knowledge production about the Other still tends to reify the very oppression it intends to challenge. Can a janitor become an ethnographer without having to bury experiences under layers of theory and other technologies of justification? Or are marginalized humans still relegated to a subordinate position of "research subject" in this process? I attempt to further promote narrative space about the struggles to move from researched to researcher, from honorable subject to street knowledge producer. Inspired by Dwight Conquergood's suggestion that we do not write about them--the Others--but with and for them, I perform to better understand and explore issues of reflexivity in terms of privilege and authority, as they still dwell in current ethnographic research.
Determinants of Leukocyte Margination in Rectangular Microchannels

Microfabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices has provided a new set of tools for studying fluid dynamics of blood at the scale of real microvessels. However, we are only starting to understand the power and limitations of this technology. To determine the applicability of PDMS microchannels for blood flow analysis, we studied white blood cell (WBC) margination in channels of various geometries and blood compositions. We found that WBCs prefer to marginate downstream of sudden expansions, and that red blood cell (RBC) aggregation facilitates the process. In contrast to tubes, WBC margination was restricted to the sidewalls in our low aspect ratio, pseudo-2D rectangular channels and consequently, margination efficiencies of more than 95% were achieved in a variety of channel geometries. In these pseudo-2D channels blood rheology and cell integrity were preserved over a range of flow rates, with the upper range limited by the shear in the vertical direction. We conclude that, with certain limitations, rectangular PDMS microfluidic channels are useful tools for quantitative studies of blood rheology.
Euler–Poisson Systems as Action-Minimizing Paths in the Wasserstein Space

This paper uses a variational approach to establish existence of solutions (σt, vt) for the 1-d Euler–Poisson system by minimizing an action. We assume that the initial and terminal points σ0, σT are prescribed in \({\mathcal {P}_2(\mathbb {R})}\) , the set of Borel probability measures on the real line, of finite second-order moments. We show existence of a unique minimizer of the action when the time interval [0,T] satisfies T < π. These solutions conserve the Hamiltonian and they yield a path t → σt in \({\mathcal {P}_2(\mathbb {R})}\) . When σt = δy(t) is a Dirac mass, the Euler–Poisson system reduces to \({\ddot {y} + y=0}\) . The kinetic version of the Euler–Poisson, that is the Vlasov–Poisson system was studied in Ambrosio and Gangbo (Comm Pure Appl Math, to appear) as a Hamiltonian system.
Quantitation of mitochondrial injury in cultured rat heart endothelioid cells with nitroblue tetrazolium

A sensitive method is presented for measurement of changes in the permeability of mitchondria in cultured cells. Rat heart endothelioid cells were used to determine the penetration rate of nitroblue tetrazolium (NitroBT) or other reactants into mitochondriain situ. Nitroblue formazan, produced as a consequence of succinate dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria, was eluted and measured with a spectrophotometer. Prior injury of cells with hypo-osmolar solutions increased the rate of formazan production. Several methods are described or suggested for the statistical analysis of the data.
Immunization of rats with irradiated Trypanosoma lewisi.

Abstract Trypanosoma lewisi that had been exposed to an X-ray dosage of 49,600 roentgens remained motile and multiplied in culture but did not produce infection in rats. Rats that had been given 3 × 10 6 or more irradiated trypanosomes were immune to a challenge inoculation with normal trypanosomes 15–28 days later.
Self-organizational capacity of distally transplanted limb regeneration blastemas in larval salamanders.

Previous autografting and homografting experiments (Iten and Bryant, '75; Stocum, '75b) showed that, when progressively later stages of upper arm blastemas were transplanted to either the distal radio-ulna or the wrist, surviving grafts of each stage formed wrist and hand parts in 100% of the cases. However, the earliest stages transplanted formed the humerus and radio-ulna at a low frequency, with an increase in this frequency when later stages were transplanted. These results can be interpreted in two ways: (1) The proximal-distal organization of the blastema is stable at the earliest stages with the low frequency of humeral and radio-ulnar formation being attributable to artifacts introduced by surgical trauma, artifacts which would not have as much effect on later stages; (2) The proximal-distal organization of the early blastema is initially labile and can interact with the stump to conform to the level of transplantation. This lability would decrease in later stages. The present study describes the results of new experiments which argue against the latter alternative. In addition, differences between autograft and homograft development are described which could be attributable to an immune response directed at homografts.
Outcomes of a Multi-Component Intervention for Preschool Children At-Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to investigate a comprehensive, multi-component approach to the treatment of preschool children at-risk for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in home and school settings. The treatment program included school-based consultation, parent training, and if necessary, pharmacological treatment. A sample of 57 children identified as at-risk for AD/HD between 3 and 5 years of age were randomly assigned to an early intervention group (n = 30) or a community treatment control group (n = 27). Effect sizes were utilized to examine treatment outcomes. Results indicated mixed effects of early intervention on child behavior, parent-child interactions, family functioning, and pre-academic skills. Implications of these results for the implementation and further study of multi-component, early interventions for this population are discussed.
Multivariate statistical modeling for image denoising using wavelet transforms

Recently a variety of efficient image denoising methods using wavelet transforms have been proposed by many researchers. In this paper, we derive the general estimation rule in the wavelet domain to obtain the denoised coefficients from the noisy image based on the multivariate statistical theory. The multivariate distributions of the original clean image can be estimated empirically from a sample image set. We define a parametric multivariate generalized Gaussian distribution (MGGD) model which closely fits the sample distribution. Multivariate model makes it possible to exploit the dependency between the estimated wavelet coefficients and their neighbours or other coefficients in different subbands. Also it can be shown that some of the existing methods based on statistical modeling are subsets of our multivariate approach. Our method could achieve high quality image denoising. Among the existing image denoising methods using the same type of wavelet (Daubechies 8) filter, our results produce the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
Lactic acidosis: a metabolic complication of hematologic malignancies: case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Lactic acidosis (LA) associated with hematologic malignancies is rare, ominous, and generally occurs in adults. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood. METHODS The authors present one case of childhood lymphoma and two cases of childhood leukemia associated with LA, and they review the available literature. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were retrospectively measured to elucidate the pathogenesis of LA. RESULTS Lactic acidosis has been reported to date in 28 cases of lymphoma and 25 cases of leukemia, including the authors' cases. Ongoing rapid cellular proliferation was indicated in all leukemia cases. The liver was involved in 43 of the 53 cases, and hypoglycemia was present in 20. The acidosis improved only if the disease responded to chemotherapy. Remission was achieved in only five of the reported cases. In the authors' three cases, LA was associated with altered concentrations of IGFs, IGFBPs, and TNF-α, although causality was not established. CONCLUSIONS Lactic acidosis in association with hematologic malignancies carries an extremely poor prognosis. Because cancer cells have a high rate of glycolysis and produce a large quantity of lactate, this condition may result from an imbalance between lactate production and hepatic lactate utilization. The authors speculate that the IGF system is involved in the pathophysiology of LA in these patients. Only chemotherapy so far has been effective in correcting the acute acidosis in a few patients; however, it has not necessarily improved ultimate outcome. Cancer 2001;92:2237–46. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Conflict resolution and reconciliation in disconnected databases

As mobile computing devices become more and more popular, mobile databases have started gaining popularity. An important feature of these database systems is their ability to allow optimistic replication of data by providing disconnected mobile devices with the ability to perform local updates. The key problem to this approach is the reconciliation problem, i.e. the problem of serializing potentially conflicting updates from disconnected clients on all replicas of the database. Reconciliation of conflicting updates is a fundamental problem for mobile databases where disconnected updates are allowed. We examine some choices for providing solutions to the reconciliation problem. We also describe a simple but illustrative sample application. Finally we present our conclusions.
A clinical evaluation of tazarotene 0.1% gel, with and without a high- or mid-high-potency corticosteroid, in patients with stable plaque psoriasis

Several clinical trials have established the benefit of using a topical corticosteroid in conjunction with tazarotene gel in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. However, there is little information comparing the relative benefits of different corticosteroids, or different formulations of corticosteroids, when used adjunctively with tazarotene. This study was designed to compare the clinical benefits achieved with each of six commonly prescribed highor mid-high-potency corticosteroid creams and ointments applied in conjunction with tazarotene 0.1% gel in the treatment of patients with stable plaque psoriasis. A 12-week, multicenter, investigator-masked, randomized, parallel-group study was performed with more than 200 patients who were randomly assigned to regimens of tazarotene 0.1% gel alone, tazarotene plus a high-potency topical corticosteroid (fluocinonide 0.05% ointment, mometasone furoate 0.1% ointment, or diflorasone diacetate 0.05% ointment), or tazarotene plus a mid-high-potency topical corticosteroid (betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream, fluticasone propionate 0.005% ointment, or diflorasone diacetate 0.05% cream). All medications were to be applied once daily: corticosteroids in the morning, tazarotene gel in the evening. At assessment visits, physicians made an overall evaluation of the patient’s psoriasis and graded global improvement, plaque elevation, scaling, erythema, and pruritus. Patients also rated their treatment in terms of efficacy, tolerability, and satisfaction. The best-performing steroid was betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream (a mid-high-potency steroid), followed by mometasone furoate 0.1% ointment (a highpotency steroid) and diflorasone diacetate 0.05% ointment (a high-potency steroid). Maximum improvements were achieved within 8 weeks. The best-tolerated regimen was tazarotene plus mometasone furoate 0.1% ointment and the optimal balance between efficacy and tolerability was achieved with this regimen. Some steroids are considerably more effective than others in optimizing the efficacy and tolerability of tazarotene therapy. With a suitable combination regimen, the duration of initial therapy (before maintenance therapy is started) need not be prolonged.
Foot pain in later life: some psychosocial correlates

Abstract What we have just described is a collection of problems that mark our aged of today and clearly indicate that primary foot care should be provided as a primary health service for the elderly, the mentally ill, the emotionally ill, the retarded, the blind, and others with chronic diseases. For if any of the primary problems were present on any other part of the body, except the foot, they would be provided as a covered service under the current Medicare regulations. One might ask if the foot is not a part of the anatomy and if perhaps we have forgotten the words of the classic song, which proclaims that the foot bone is connected to the head bone. The author might add a "footnote" ... in so many ways. To achieve the desired outcome of having podiatric services available to all aging patients, foot care must be integrated into all comprehensive forms of health care delivery, so that podiatric care becomes a primary service, thus permitting patients to maintain an optimal level of foot health and general health. The ability to walk requires a catalyst--foot health. Keeping patients walking is a goal that has been a part of the podiatric profession since its inception over a century ago. With the high prevalence of foot problems in the elderly, and especially in those with chronic disease and mental impairment, the needs for the future are significant. It has been projected that we as a nation and society cannot afford to deliver a maximum level of health care for the elderly. In truth, we cannot afford not to provide these basic and needed services. For it is our society that has prolonged life. It is now our responsibility to provide life for these precious given years and to assure dignity for those who have made life better for all of us.
Coherent grating X‐ray diffraction from nanofabricated crystalline structures

(1996). Coherent grating X‐ray diffraction from nanofabricated crystalline structures. Synchrotron Radiation News: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 24-29.
High- n ideal and resistive shear Alfvén waves in tokamaks

Abstract Ideal and resistive MHD equations for the shear Alfven waves are studied in a low-β toroidal model by employing the high-n ballooning formalism. The ion sound effects are neglected. For an infinite shear slab, the ideal MHD model gives rise to acontinuous spectrum of real frequencies and discrete eigenmodes (Alfven-Landau modes) with complex frequencies. With toroidal coupling effects due to nonuniform toroidal magnetic field, the continuum is broken up into small continuum bands and new discrete toroidal eigenmodes can exist inside the continuum gaps. Unstable ballooning eigenmodes are also introduced by the bad curvature when β > βc. The resistivity (η) can be considered perturbatively for the ideal modes. In addition, four branches of resistive modes are induced by the resistivity: (1) resistive entropy modes which are stable with frequencies going to zero with resistivity as η 1 3 ; (2) tearing modes which are stable (Δ′ η 3 5 ; (3) resistive periodic shear Alfven waves which approach the finite frequency end points of the continuum bands as η 1 2 ; and (4) resistive ballooning modes which are purely growing with growth rate proportional to η 1 3 β 2 3 as η → 0 and β → 0.
Orientational correlations in polyisoprene/poly(vinylethylene) mixtures

Abstract I.r. dichroism measurements were used to study the orientation in stretched networks of cis-1,4-polyisoprene (PIP) containing atactic poly(vinylethylene) (PVE). When both components are part of a network, their relaxation behaviour and equilibrium orientation are essentially identical. In blends of crosslinked PIP with linear PVE, the orientation of the latter is reduced relative to that of the former; however, the PVE retains an equilibrium orientation by virtue of its presence in the strained network. Consistent with earlier results on isotropic crystallization of PIP in this blend, strain induced crystallization evidently entraps some of the amorphous PVE when it is high in molecular weight, thus enhancing the extent of orientational coupling. In amorphous networks, the coupling is dependent on the degree to which the PVE chains can be accommodated within the network mesh; hence, coupling is enhanced for lower molecular weight PVE in less crosslinked PIP. The addition of diluent weakens the coupling in a manner consistent with the excluded volume origin of the interchain interactions.
The great revival of 1800

The religious revival that began on the frontier about 1800 was the West's first mass‐audience situation, and did much to fashion popular taste in public address. Public speaking played a distinctive role in the revivals and their spread.
Chronostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of Paleogene Formations in Eastern Gulf Coastal Province: ABSTRACT

Paleogene formations extending from eastern Alabama to Arkansas have been assigned to internationally recognized biostratigraphic zones based on calcareous nannoplankton fossils. All zones from NP 1 to NP 24 are present in the study area, with the exception of NP 11 (within the early Eocene) and NP 23 (within the early Oligocene). Gulf Coast formations correlate to international standard chronostratigraphic stages as follows. The Clayton and Porters Creek formations correlate to the Danian Stage. The Naheola Formation, Salt Mountain Limestone, Nanafalia Formation, Tuscahoma Sand, and lower Hatchetigbee Formation (in part) correlate to the Selandian Stage. The Hatchetigbee (in part) and lower Tallahatta correlate to the Ypresian Stage; the upper Tallahatta and most of the Lisbon and Cook Mountain Formations correlate to the Lutetian Stage. The upper Lisbon and Cook Mountain formations, the Gosport Sand, Moodys Branch, and lowermost Yazoo formations correlate to the Bartonian Stage. The Crystal River and most of the Yazoo Formation correlate to the Priabonian Stage. The uppermost Yazoo Formation, the Bumpnose Lim stone, Red Bluff, Forest Hill, and Mint Spring Formations, Marianna and Glendon Limestones, and Byram and Bucatunna Formations correlate to the Rupelian Stage. The Chickasawhay Limestone and Paynes Hammock Formation span the Rupelian-Chattian boundary. The Paleocene-Eocene boundary (approximately the NP 9-NP 10 boundary) is therefore within the lower Hatchetigbee Formation (Bashi Marl Member). The Eocene-Oligocene boundary (within lowermost NP 21) is within the uppermost Yazoo Formation (Shubuta Clay Member) in places, and within the lowermost Bumpnose, Red Bluff, and Forest Hill Formations and Marianna Limestone elsewhere in the region. End_of_Article - Last_Page 307------------
Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy of jet-cooled DCO☆

Abstract We obtain dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectra of jet-cooled DCO from three excited-state levels in the B 2 A′-X 2 A′ system. These spectra yield term energies and relative fluorescence intensities for 112 levels (mostly quasibound resonances) of DCO (X) over an energy range of 0–19000 cm −1 . We make zeroth-order, normal-mode vibrational assignments to 99 levels; however, their term energies are not well described by the customary (Dunham) expression due to extensive vibrational mixing and the weak CD bond. The use of an improved spectroscopic Hamiltonian that includes Fermi resonance and Darling-Dennison coupling terms is discussed.
Upregulation of RAGE and its ligands in proliferative retinal disease

We sought to study the presence of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and its ligands, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), S100/calgranulins and amphoterin (high mobility group box 1 protein; HMGB1), in the vitreous cavity and epiretinal membranes (ERMs) of eyes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Undiluted vitreous specimens were collected from 30 eyes of 30 patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for repair of retinal detachment (RD) secondary to PDR (n = 15) or PVR (n = 15). The vitreous samples obtained from 10 eyes undergoing macular hole repair were used as controls. Epiretinal membranes were obtained from eight eyes with PDR and from 10 eyes with PVR. The levels of AGEs in the vitreous were measured using ELISA. The vitreous levels of soluble RAGE (sRAGE), S100/calgranulins and amphoterin were measured using Western blot analyses. The localization of RAGE and its ligands in ERMs was determined with immunohistochemistry. The vitreous levels of sRAGE were significantly increased in both PDR and PVR (p < or = 0.05) compared to control vitreous. In both PDR and PVR, the vitreous levels of AGEs (p < or = 0.01), S100/calgranulins (p < or = 0.05), and amphoterin (p < or = 0.01) were also elevated compared to control eyes. Expression of RAGE was detected in six of eight ERMs from eyes with PDR and eight of 10 ERMs from eyes with PVR. Many cells expressing RAGE also expressed vimentin, suggesting a glial cell origin. Ligands for RAGE were also detected in ERMs, with AGEs detected in five eyes with PDR and eight eyes with PVR. Similarly, S100 and amphoterin ERM expression was observed in six eyes with PDR; these ligands were also expressed in ERMs from eyes with PVR (8 and 7 cases, respectively). We conclude that RAGE and its ligands are increased in the vitreous cavity of eyes with PDR and PVR and are present in ERMs of eyes with these proliferative retinal disorders. These findings suggest a role for the proinflammatory RAGE axis in the pathogenesis of proliferative retinal diseases.
An electret model of the nerve membrane.

Abstract Mathematical models of the nerve membrane are investigated in which the individual layers of a bilayer are assumed to have the properties of an electret or ferroelectric. Associated with the electric field induced co-operative dipole realignment are postulated changes in ion permeability and polarization. With certain choices of parameters, the simple single domain model displays the major features of the nerve action potential, including initiation by a reduction in the magnitude of the resting potential and the automatic return to the resting state. A more elaborate multiple-domain model predicts the shapes of the action potential and time-dependent Na+ and K+ conduction curves. A qualitative explanation for inactivation is provided.
Pain intensity assessment: a comparison of selected pain intensity scales for use in cognitively intact and cognitively impaired African American older adults

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of selected pain intensity scales including the Faces Pain Scale (FPS), the Verbal Description Scale, the Numeric Rating Scale, and the Iowa Pain Thermometer to assess pain in cognitively impaired minority older adults. A descriptive correlational design was used, and a convenience sample of 57 volunteers age 58 and older residing in the South was recruited for this study. The sample consisted of 8 males and 49 females with a mean age of 76. Fifty-nine percent of the sample completed an 11th grade education or less, and 59% completed high school or college. Seventy-seven percent (n = 44) of the sample scored 24 or less on the mental status exam, indicating some degree of cognitive impairment. The remaining 23% (n = 13) were cognitively intact. All of the participants were able to use each of the scales to rate their pain. Concurrent validity of the scales was supported with Spearman rank correlation coefficients ranging from.74 to.83 in the cognitively impaired group and.81 to.96 in the cognitively intact group. Test-retest reliability at a 2-week interval was acceptable in the cognitively intact group (Spearman rank correlations ranged from.73 to.83) and to a lesser degree in the cognitively impaired group (correlations ranged from.52 to.79). When asked about scale preference, both the cognitively impaired and the intact group indicated a preference for the FPS. Findings from this study suggest that cognitive impairment did not inhibit older minority participants' ability to use a variety of pain intensity scales. Additionally, options should be provided that address individual needs of older adults considering specific cognitive level and disability, education, gender, ethnicity, and cultural influences concerning perceptions of the various pain intensity scales.
WHAT DO PROGRAMMERS REALLY LOOK AT IN A PROGRAM: A PILOT STUDY

Program comprehension requires the programmers to discern program functionality from program code and comments. Different models of program comprehension have appeared in the literature. Regardless of which methodology is used, information must be extracted from the code.
How can we discover the contents of experience

How can we discover the contents of experience? I argue that neither introspection alone nor naturalistic theories of experience content are sufficient to discover these contents. I propose another method of discovery: the method of phenomenal contrast. I defend the method against skeptics who doubt that the contents of experience can be discovered, and I explain how the method may be employed even if one denies that experiences have contents.
Storm-Generated Accumulation of Nummulite Banks in Eocene of Cairo, Egypt: ABSTRACT

Nummulite banks which are common in neritic and shelfedge facies in many parts of the Tethyan Eocene have been mainly regarded as reef-type buildups so far. However, stratification and biofabrics of such banks in the middle Eocene around Cairo demonstrate the importance of physical processes in molding nummulitic sediment bodies. Initiation of a nummulite bank at the Giza Pyramids Plateau is localized by a preexisting paleohigh, inherited from Late Cretaceous tectonism. On this "submarine swell" (about 1 × 1.5 km wide), ecological conditions were optimal for a flourishing Nummulites gizehensis-community, resulting in greater sediment production than in adjacent environments. Growth of the nummulite bank into a sediment body over 30 m (98 ft) in thickness and more than 1 km (.62 mi) in length is strongly enhanced by mechanical concentration of nummulite tests into coquinal packstones. These are interpreted to be a product of storm-generated winnowing. Paleoecological evidence shows that nummulite banks are largely an in-situ lag deposit. Periods of nummulite settlement are episodically disturbed by "catast ophic" storm events, which result in winnowing and local accumulation of the heavier bioclasts. Upward growth of the banks into shallower water is reflected by an increase in winnowed fabrics and by a cap of shoal calcarenites. During shallowing, patch reefs and a back-bank lagoon formed on the landward side of the bank. This facies association may be regarded as a model for hydrocarbon reservoirs. The high intraparticle porosity in nummulite tests (54%) makes the banks a potential reservoir, while adjacent and overlying lagoonal mudstone and wackestone may serve as source and cap rocks. End_of_Article - Last_Page 411------------
Instance Pruning Techniques

The nearest neighbor algorithm and its derivatives are often quite successful at learning a concept from a training set and providing good generalization on subsequent input vectors. However, these techniques often retain the entire training set in memory, resulting in large memory requirements and slow execution speed, as well as a sensitivity to noise. This paper provides a discussion of issues related to reducing the number of instances retained in memory while maintaining (and sometimes improving) generalization accuracy, and mentions algorithms other researchers have used to address this problem. It presents three intuitive noise-tolerant algorithms that can be used to prune instances from the training set. In experiments on 29 applications, the algorithm that achieves the highest reduction in storage also results in the highest generalization accuracy of the three methods.
The dependencies of SAW-transducer equivalent-circuit-model parameters on transducer geometry

A new equivalent-circuit (EC) model for SAW transducers has been developed which incorporates the measured dependencies of model parameters on the number of transducer electrode pairs, N, and the acoustic aperture. W. Three EC parameters that relate the transducer geometry to the circuit-model elements are the electrode-pair capacitance per unit length, C/sub e/, the capacitance ratio, r, and the resonant velocity, V/sub r/, which is proportional to the velocity of the SAW. For conventional transducer EC models these parameters are independent of N and W. Parameter values were extracted from RF waveguide-probe measurements of an array of SAW transducers with resonant frequencies near 900 MHz fabricated on 64/spl deg/ Y-cut X-propagating lithium niobate. The transducers had numbers of electrode pairs ranging from 50 to 150, acoustic apertures ranging from 5 to 20 wavelengths, and bus-bar heights ranging from 5 to 15 wavelengths. Even with a fixed electrode width-to-pitch ratio and thickness-to-wavelength ratio, results showed approximately 25% variation in C/sub e/, 50% variation in r, and 0.4% variation in V/sub r/ due to the variations in N and W. The parameters varied little with bus-bar height. The measured and computer-simulated responses of a SAW ladder filter designed for a GSM receiver application at 947 MHz were compared. The new model which accounts for geometrical variations in the EC parameters shows an improvement in accuracy over previous models.
Using Mixed Methods to Evaluate a Community Intervention for Sexual Assault Survivors: A Methodological Tale

This article reviews current epistemological and design issues in the mixed methods literature and then examines the application of one specific design, a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, in an evaluation of a community-based intervention to improve postassault care for sexual assault survivors. Guided by a pragmatist epistemological framework, this study collected quantitative and qualitative data to understand how the implementation of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program affected prosecution rates of adult sexual assault cases in a large midwestern community. Quantitative results indicated that the program was successful in affecting legal systems change and the qualitative data revealed the mediating mechanisms of the intervention's effectiveness. Challenges of implementing this design are discussed, including epistemological and practical difficulties that developed from blending methodologies into a single project.