cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To be or to be: Use and acquisition of the Spanish copulas☆

Abstract Four studies investigated adults' uses and children's acquisition of the two Spanish synonyms of to be, ser and estar. The first study consisted of a distributional analysis of ser and estar in Spanish spoken by children and adults. The results revealed that the copulas were used contrastively across different syntactic contexts. Forms of ser were used exclusively with nominals, forms of estar were used as auxiliaries and with locations, and both forms were used with adjectives. Study 2 documented a semantic difference between ser and estar with adjectives for adults such that adjectives that were labelled with ser were weighed more heavily than attributes that were labelled with estar in a categorization task. In Study 3, a semantic contrast between objects and events with locations in adults was empirically demonstrated. Study 4 examined the use of the Spanish copulas with adjectives and locations by Spanish-speaking children from 3 to 11 years of age. The findings from Study 4 suggest that Spanish-speaking children honored fewer semantic contrasts than adults, and that their uses have a more syntactic basis. The study's implications for the structure of language and its acquisition are discussed.
Academic Research Guides: Aids to the Dissertation Writer

Doctored students of psychology frequently rely on oral transmission from their major professor, instructors, and fellow students in learning how to plan, execute, and document the dissertation project. This article describes and evaluates several academic research guides and highlights their unique contributions to the dissertation writer.
Plant defenses: Chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase enhance toxicity ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki toHeliothis zea.

Two chemicals implicated in resistance of the tomato plant, chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase, are known to form orthoquinones in damaged plant tissue. Orthoquinones have been reported to alkylate -NH2 and -SH groups of proteins and amino acids, altering solubility, digestibility, and, for some pathogenic viruses, infectivity. Here we explore effects of quinone alkylation on toxicity of an important microbial insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki (BTk), to larvalHeliothis zea. BTk incubated with these phytochemicals and fed to larvae was more toxic than untreated BTk. Similar but less dramatic results arose when BTk was incubated with polyphenol oxidase alone. Digestibility experiments suggest that alkylation enhanced the solubilization and/or proteolysis of crystal protein in vivo. Implications of our results for compatibility of BTk with host-plant resistance and biological control are discussed.
Inventing ourselves: an informed essay for Black female scholars in educational leadership

Black women and men often work in academic spaces that were not made for them, where they are often viewed as outsiders and in many cases where they find little support for their efforts. But being a Black female professor in a predominantly white institution can sometimes be especially challenging. The purpose of this essay is to provide a brief recounting of some of the author’s experiences as a Black female graduate student and professor, and discuss the imperative for: (a) developing a strategic plan that will lead to a successful career in the academy; and (b) building and sustaining mentoring relationships. The article concludes with some thoughts about getting over and keeping our eyes on the prize.
Dietary Free and Esterified Cholesterol Absorption in Cholesterol Esterase (Bile Salt-stimulated Lipase) Gene-targeted Mice

The involvement of pancreatic cholesterol esterase (bile salt-stimulated lipase) in cholesterol absorption through the intestine has been controversial. We have addressed this issue by using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to produce mice lacking a functional cholesterol esterase gene. Cholesterol esterase knockout mice and their wild type counterparts were fed a bolus dose of [3H]cholesterol and a trace amount of [β-14C]sitosterol by gavage. The ratio of the two radiolabels excreted in the feces over a 24-h period was found to be similar in the control and cholesterol esterase-null mice. Similar results were observed when the radiolabeled sterols were supplied in an emulsion with phospholipid and triolein or in lipid vesicles with phosphatidylcholine. Cholesterol absorption results were similar between the control and cholesterol esterase-null mice regardless of whether the animals were fed a low fat diet or a high fat/high cholesterol diet. The rate of [3H]cholesterol appearance in the serum of the gene-targeted mice paralleled that observed in control animals. In contrast to these results, when experiments were performed with [3H]cholesteryl oleate instead of [3H]cholesterol, a higher amount of the 3H radiolabel was found excreted in feces and dramatically less of the radiolabel was detected in the serum of the cholesterol esterase-null mice in comparison with that detected in control animals. Serum cholesterol levels were not significantly different between control and cholesterol esterase-null mice fed either control or an atherogenic diet. These results indicate that cholesterol esterase is responsible for mediating intestinal absorption of cholesteryl esters but does not play a primary role in free cholesterol absorption.
Synthesis and structures of trinuclear and μ-hydroxo pentanuclear iron(II) carboxylates as models of reduced ferritin and white rust

Abstract The synthesis of a trinuclear iron(II) complex and the syntheses and X-ray structural characterization of three pentanuclear complexes [Fe5(μ3-OH)2(O2CPh)6(L)x(L′)x′](CF3SO3)2 (8en: L = en, x = 4, x′ = 0; 8py: L = py, x = 8, x′ = 0; 8pyPrCN: L, L′; L = py, x = 6, L′ = PrCN, x′ = 2) are described. The structures are examples of the growth of clusters when the bulky multidentate terminal ligands of the water bridged complex, Fe2(OH2)(O2CPh)4(tmen)2, or hydroxy bridged complex, [Fe2(OH)(O2CPh)2(Me3tacn)2]+, are replaced by smaller ligands. These cores contain the first examples of μ3OH in an iron(II) complex. The centrosymmetric core consists of a central octahedral iron ligated solely by oxygen surrounded by four additional iron octahedra which each share an edge with the central Fe. The planar arrangement of Fe5 atoms resembles a fragment of a layered structure of white rust.
VARIATIONS IN X-RAY RESPONSE DURING THE DIVISION CYCLE OF PARTIALLY SYNCHRONIZED CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS IN CULTURE.

Variations in X-Ray Response during the Division Cycle of Partially Synchronized Chinese Hamster Cells in Culture
On methods for generating random partial orders

Three parametric methods for generating random partial orders on a fixed set are presented. Simulation is used to examine the relationship between the method parameters and the describes of the partial orders that are generated by the methods. Regression analysis is used to develop equations to estimate the parameters that should be used to obtain desired densities.
Xenotransplanting hepatocytes: the triumph of a cup half full.

Treatment of hypercholesterolemia by transplantation of xenogeneic hepatocytes presents new challenges and opportunities to immunologists (pages 48–53).
Solving regularly and singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations in three space dimensions

In P.K. Moore, Effects of basis selection and h-refinement on error estimator reliability and solution efficiency for higher-order methods in three space dimensions, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Mod. 3 (2006) 21-51] a fixed, high-order h-refinement finite element algorithm, Href, was introduced for solving reaction-diffusion equations in three space dimensions. In this paper Href is coupled with continuation creating an automatic method for solving regularly and singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion equations. The simple quasilinear Newton solver of Moore, (2006) is replaced by the nonlinear solver NITSOL M. Pernice, H.F. Walker, NITSOL: a Newton iterative solver for nonlinear systems, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 19 (1998) 302-318]. Good initial guesses for the nonlinear solver are obtained using continuation in the small parameter ?. Two strategies allow adaptive selection of ?. The first depends on the rate of convergence of the nonlinear solver and the second implements backtracking in ?. Finally a simple method is used to select the initial ?. Several examples illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Location-based trust for mobile user-generated content: applications, challenges and implementations

The recent explosion in shared media content and sensed data produced by mobile end-users is challenging well-established principles and assumptions in data trust models. A fundamental issue we address in this paper is how to establish some trust level in the authenticity of content created by untrusted mobile users. We advocate a secure localization and certification service that allows content producers to tag their content with with a spatial times-tamp indicating its physical location. At the same time, however, our approach preserves the privacy of producers by not exposing their identity to the potential content consumers. We provide a list of existing and possible applications that would profit from such a secure localization service and sketch possible implementations of the service, highlighting advantages and drawbacks.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm—2003: What We Know, What We Don’t Know—A Review

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Although descriptions of aneurysmal disease date back to 2000 BC, scientific approaches to understanding the pathogenesis and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms date back less than 200 years. Abdominal aortic aneurysms account for two-thirds of large series of aneurysmal disease. The incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm ranges from 1–16%. The highest incidences occur in the first-degree relatives of individuals with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Higher incidences are identified in white males, in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, and in smokers. Pathologically identified is the destruction of medial and adventitial elastin and collagen as well as destruction of medial smooth muscle cells. The infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages leads to release of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Inherited aspects that have been identified involve antitrypsin deficiency. The role of simple screening by ultrasound or CT has proved cost effective to identify patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and to follow progression. In an effort to prevent the high morbidity and mortality costs associated with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, several management routes have emerged. The indications for management include size as well as associated conditions that increase risk of rupture. The risks and complications of any management approach are balanced against the risks of rupture and against the risks of management at a stage of increased physiological risks with increasing age. Improvements in mortality and morbidity with open surgical repair are the result of improved surgical and anesthetic techniques. Beginning in 1990 the endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms has proceeded. The key factors involved in successful use have included efforts to achieve proximal and distal endograft fixation and sealing with the aortic wall at the proximal neck and distally within the aorta or iliac arteries. The experience and attributes of available prostheses are presented. The nature of endoleaks and their management are reviewed. The possible pharmacologic approaches to prevent aneurysm progression include the use of tetracyclines and COX-2 inhibitors to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase 9, the use of ACE inhibitors to suppress elastase activity and statins to decrease the inflammatory process. Although many questions regarding abdominal aortic aneurysms have answers, many more await answers.
Photometry of the Optical Pyrometer and Its Use below 800°C

The standard deviation of temperature measurements due to uncertainty in photometric matching has been determined for the disappearing filament optical pyrometer, with and without a red filter, for exit pupils of 0.7-mm and 1.4-mm diameter and for filament apparent angular widths of 10 min and 7 min. It is shown that the results are in quantitative agreement with the direct measurements of contrast limens reported by Blackwell. With a good commercial pyrometer in which the red filter has been removed it is possible to make measurements with a standard deviation for a single pair of observations of 6°C at 600°C.
HIPAA privacy and DICOM anonymization for research.

Fetzer and West ( 1) have provided us, in this issue, with superb relatively nontechnical summary of privacy issues any medical research arena, which includes images from Picture Archival and Communication System (PACS). Th well-developed premise is that confidentiality is an impor principle of the clinical patient record, and that the same protection is required in the research environment and to slightly lesser extent in the education environment. Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICO has provided the ability for relatively easy interinstitution sh ing of medical imaging data, which powers large-scale stud witness cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid (caBIG) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The three key issues that the authors elaborate upon 1) every image from PACS in DICOM format contains data “header” that includes sensitive and identifying protected health information (PHI) in addition to the technic information describing the imaging study; 2) software is available for anonymizing or de-identifying these digital ages while maintaining a secure unique “key” for tracing back to the specific patient when necessary; and 3) that identifying DICOM data can be more difficult than it ap pears at first glance; significant problems can remain if is not vigilant. Some of the “scrubbing” software tools that the autho review are configurable. This is important because occasi ally DICOM data elements are misused or inappropriatel stored in the header. Occasionally, they are deliberately “mapped” to another element for device/system communicat compatibility. Another issue that arises is the occurrence o DICOM private tags for vendor or site modification and
The differential effects of surgical harm in elderly populations. Does the adage: "they tolerate the operation, but not the complications" hold true?

Abstract Background Elderly patients are thought to tolerate surgical complications poorly because of low physiologic reserve. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the differential effects of surgical harm in patients over 80 years old. Methods Three years of data from a harm-reduction campaign were used to identify inpatient surgeries performed on patients older than 50. The rates of harm, death, cost, and length of stay (LOS) were analyzed using SPSS 21 (IBM, New York, NY). Results A total of 22,710 patients were identified. Rates of harm and mortality increased with increasing age. Harmed patients over age 80 had increased mortality (9.5% vs 7%), but lower cost, intensive care unit days, and LOS versus those aged 50 to 80. Linear regression showed increased cost with harm ($24,000) and decreased cost with age above 80 (−$7,000). Conclusions In the elderly surgical population, there is more harm and harm events are associated with higher mortality rates, but less additional cost and LOS. Differing goals or aggressiveness of care may explain cost avoidance in the elderly.
The structure of charged interfaces

In this mtroductory lecture I will give you an overview of some of the specml aspects of charged interfaces At the outset I should confess that I know very little about the mterface between semiconductors and aqueous solutions which will be the focus of this meeting, so I will have to talk ‘“around it” You can take that farrly literally, smce I will discuss two types of interfaces with which I am better aquamted, namely, those between aqueous solutions and either a near-perfect conductor such as mercury, or a near-perfect insulator such as a hpld bllayer In so doing, we will encounter many phenomena which also play a role at the water-semiconductor mterface Many, but certamly not all neither the metal-solution nor the lipidsolution interface presents a crystal surface, with surface states and with energetlcs depending on crystal plane, or edge or dlslocatlon den&y At any rate, on the assumption that the metal-water and msulator-water interfaces m many respects bracket the semiconductor-water interface, let me try to highlight for you some of the concepts which have evolved from their study
Influence of barrier design on current collapse in high voltage AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Simultaneous measurements of surface potential and drain current detrapping transients in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, performed on devices with two different epitaxial structures, show that the predominant location of charge trapping is affected more strongly by device design than by surface passivation or buffer defects. Experiments also show that AlGaN traps dominate current collapse in devices with thick AlGaN barrier layers.
Regulation of 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels and binding sites in rat frontal cortex by the agonist DOI and the antagonist mianserin

Abstract In the present study we have characterized the time course of effect of administration of the serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor antagonist mianserin, or the 5-HT2 receptor agonist (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI), on 5-HT2A receptor binding sites and mRNA levels in rat frontal cortex. Radioligand binding and ribonuclease protection assays were performed with separate hemispheres of frontal cortex from each animal to examine concomitant changes in 5-HT2A receptor sites and mRNA levels. The decrease in cortical 5-HT2A receptor sites in response to chronic DOI administration was not accompanied by changes in 5-HT2A receptor mRNA. A single injection of DOI produced a transient decrease in 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels detected 1 h post-injection. The density of 5-HT2A receptor sites, however, was not significantly reduced following a single injection of DOI. The down-regulation of cortical 5-HT2A receptor sites in response to a single injection of mianserin was accompanied by reductions in 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels. Following 4 days of mianserin administration, however, we did not observe a change in 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels, although 5-HT2A receptor density was decreased. Thus, changes in receptor mRNA may initially contribute to the down-regulation of 5-HT2A receptors in response to acute mianserin administration. Sustained changes in 5-HT2A receptor mRNA, however, appear not to be involved in maintaining the down-regulation of 5-HT2A receptor number with chronic mianserin administration. Mechanisms other than the regulation of receptor mRNA levels appear to underlie the down-regulation of 5-HT2A receptor sites in response to chronic administration of the agonist DOI.
Product-form Cholesky factorization in interior point methods for second-order cone programming

Second-order cone programming (SOCP) problems are typically solved by interior point methods. As in linear programming (LP), interior point methods can, in theory, solve SOCPs in polynomial time and can, in practice, exploit sparsity in the problem data. Specifically, when cones of large dimension are present, the density that results in the normal equations that are solved at each iteration can be remedied in a manner similar to the treatment of dense columns in an LP. Here we propose a product-form Cholesky factorization (PFCF) approach, and show that it is more numerically stable than the alternative Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury approach. We derive several PFCF variants and compare their theoretical perfomance. Finally, we prove that the elements of L in the Cholesky factorizations LDLT that arise in interior point methods for SOCP are uniformly bounded as the duality gap tends to zero as long as the iterates remain is some conic neighborhood of the cental path.
The directional solidification of Pb-Sn-Cd alloys

The growing interest in composite structures for new material applications makes it necessary to determine just how generally we can apply existing solidification theory to controlled three-phase ternary solidification. The Pb-Sn-Cd ternary eutectic system was used as a suitable model system to completely map the phase morphology as a function of G/R and compositions. By carefully controlling the freezing rate and the thermal gradient in the liquid ahead of the solid-liquid interface (in the range 400 to 500 C/cm) the following areas of interest were investigated: 1) the effect of growth velocity and composition on coupled structures, 2) ternary impurities and their effect on the minimum G/R for coupled growth in a binary system, 3) the effect of growth velocity and composition on the nonplanar interface structures, and 4) the adaptability of present theories (the constitutional supercooling criterion and Cline’s binary analysis) in predicting the region of coupled growth in a three-component eutectic system growing at steady-state. It was found that much of the one and two-phase directional solidification theory and terminology can be directly extended to a ternary eutectic system. This suggests a further extension to n-phase, m-component systems (m ≥ n) with at least a qualitative understanding of the solidification process.
First report of pathogenicity of Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium acuminatum on sunflowers in the United States.

Widespread infection of charcoal rot was observed in a commercial sunflower field in Minnesota in September 2009. Based on morphology, isolates were identified as F. sporotrichioides and F. acumina...
Technical Change, Accumulation and the Rate of Profit

The effect of technical change and accumulation on the profit rate depends on their effect on the real wage rate. Employing a standard one-sector "circulating-capital" model, it is assumed that the wage rate is at least non-decreasing in labor demand. Then, ceteris paribus, capital-using labor-saving technical change does not increase the real wage rate. Depending on parameters, there are then cases of viable capital-saving technical change, possibly labor-saving as well, in which the rate of profit falls, as well as other cases in which it rises. But, in the absence of sufficient accumulation, capital-using labor-saving technical change, and, further, technical change in which the organic composition of capital rises, induces a rise in the rate of profit.
Cell killing by ultraviolet-inactivated human immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract Extensive cell killing and cytopathology were observed within 24 hr after exposure of a clonal cell line of human T-4 lymphocytes (RH9) to culture supernatants containing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ultraviolet-irradiated HIV-containing culture fluids were also capable of killing RH9 cells and of inducing specific cytopathic effects which were indistinguishable from those induced by unirradiated virus-containing preparations. The uv-irradiated HIV was incapable of forming proviral DNA using the endogenous virion genomic RNA as a template. The RH9 cells persistently infected with HIV did not release soluble cytotoxic factors to account for the cell killing observed when culture supernatants were added to unifected RH9 cells. The fraction involved in cell killing had the hydrodynamic properties of a retrovirus. These results suggest that a virion component is responsible for cell killing by HIV.
Quincy Tahoma: The Life and Legacy of a Navajo Artist

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Charnell Havens and Vera Marie Badertscher Year: 2011 Pages: 240 Publisher: Schiffer LTD ISBN: 978-0-7643-3708-6 (hard cover).
Social Skills Training for Adults with Mental Retardation in Job-Related Settings

The authors discuss the rationale for social skills training for workers with mental retardation, definitions and behavioral standards of these skills, and differences in the interaction patterns between workers with and without mental retardation. Various intervention strategies were reviewed critically, and their strengths and limitations were examined. Based on these analyses, the following recommendations are made. First, trainees' environments of ultimate functioning should be considered and contextual variables assessed and used. Second, social validation should be conducted to identify the social behavior that needs to be trained. Third, some procedures that have been found effective in other areas might be used for social skills training for persons with mental retardation in job-related settings. Fourth, active programming should be included in the intervention package for trainees to generalize and maintain the acquired social skills.
Mutation of a single residue in the S2-S3 loop of CNG channels alters the gating properties and sensitivity to inhibitors.

We previously found that native cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) cation channels from amphibian rod cells are directly and reversibly inhibited by analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG), but little is known about the mechanism of this inhibition. We recently determined that, at saturating cGMP concentrations, DAG completely inhibits cloned bovine rod (Brod) CNG channels while only partially inhibiting cloned rat olfactory (Rolf) channels (Crary, J.I., D.M. Dean, W. Nguitragool, P.T. Kurshan, and A.L. Zimmerman. 2000. J. Gen. Phys. 116:755–768; in this issue). Here, we report that a point mutation at position 204 in the S2–S3 loop of Rolf and a mouse CNG channel (Molf) found in olfactory epithelium and heart, increased DAG sensitivity to that of the Brod channel. Mutation of this residue from the wild-type glycine to a glutamate (Molf G204E) or aspartate (Molf G204D) gave dramatic increases in DAG sensitivity without changing the apparent cGMP or cAMP affinities or efficacies. However, unlike the wild-type olfactory channels, these mutants demonstrated voltage-dependent gating with obvious activation and deactivation kinetics. Interestingly, the mutants were also more sensitive to inhibition by the local anesthetic, tetracaine. Replacement of the position 204 glycine with a tryptophan residue (Rolf G204W) not only gave voltage-dependent gating and an increased sensitivity to DAG and tetracaine, but also showed reduced apparent agonist affinity and cAMP efficacy. Sequence comparisons show that the glycine at position 204 in the S2–S3 loop is highly conserved, and our findings indicate that its alteration can have critical consequences for channel gating and inhibition.
The 2μm Plasmid Stability System: Analyses of the Interactions among Plasmid- and Host-Encoded Components

The stable inheritance of the 2μm plasmid in a growing population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on two plasmid-encoded proteins (Rep1p and Rep2p), together with the cis-acting locus REP3 (STB). In this study we demonstrate that short carboxy-terminal deletions of Rep1p and Rep2p severely diminish their normal capacity to localize to the yeast nucleus. The nuclear targeting, as well as their functional role in plasmid partitioning, can be restored by the addition of a nuclear localization sequence to the amino or the carboxy terminus of the shortened Rep proteins. Analyses of deletion derivatives of the Rep proteins by using the in vivo dihybrid genetic test in yeast, as well as by glutathione S-transferase fusion trapping assays in vitro demonstrate that the amino-terminal portion of Rep1p (ca. 150 amino acids long) is responsible for its interactions with Rep2p. In a monohybrid in vivo assay, we have identified Rep1p, Rep2p, and a host-encoded protein, Shf1p, as being capable of interacting with the STB locus. The Shf1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli can bind with high specificity to the STB sequence in vitro. In a yeast strain deleted for the SHF1 locus, a 2μm circle-derived plasmid shows relatively poor stability.
Biogenesis and function of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles

Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the keystone pathogens associated with chronic periodontitis. All P. gingivalis strains examined thus far produce outer membrane vesicles. Recent studies have found that vesicles possess some well-known virulence factors of P. gingivalis such as adhesins, toxins and proteolytic enzymes. Carrying most of the characteristic features of their parent P. gingivalis cells, vesicles communicate with host cells and other members of microbial biofilms, resulting in the transmission of virulence factors into these host cells and the formation of pathogenic bacteria-dominated microbial communities. An in-depth understanding of both the nature and role of vesicles in the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis is both important and timely, particularly when speaking of periodontitis and its related systemic effects.
Capital movements, growth, and balance of payments☆

Abstract This paper develops a stylized model to examine how the adjustments of balance-of-payments accounts along with the growth path depend on capital mobility, investment behavior, saving behavior, and the magnitude of stock variables. The dynamic investment theory developed by Uzawa and the dynamic portfolio behavior model developed by Metzler are the two building blocks of our model. A two-panel diagram is developed to illustrate the flow and stock aspects of short-run equilibrium. To analyze the pattern of economic growth, we employ dynamic phase diagrams.
Tilting table: a movable screen

In screen-based experiences, the screen itself can become the physical device used for interaction. The "move-ability" of the screen affords interactivity between the screen artifact and the viewer, and between the virtual and physical spaces. We have created a movable screen interface, called the tilting table, which provides a display surface via overhead projection. This interface invites user interaction through the action of tilting the tabletop. The degree of tilt affects the displayed visuals and audio output. This simple interaction makes users feel they have a closer connection to the virtual imagery, and the screen thus blurs the boundary between them. In this paper, we introduce four applications that have been implemented for the tilting table. Two use an artistic approach to create expressive and entertaining media interactions, while two have been developed for navigating large information spaces. Each application is described and user feedback is discussed.
Salt Intake Augments Hypotensive Effects of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Functional Significance and Implication

To test the hypothesis that activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel conveys a hypotensive effect that is enhanced during salt load, male Wistar rats fed a normal-sodium (0.5%) or high-sodium (HS; 4%) diet for 3 weeks were given 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4 alpha-PDD), a specific TRPV4 activator, in the presence or absence of capsazepine, a selective TRPV1 blocker, ruthenium red, a TRPV4 blocker, or TRPV4 small hairpin RNA that selectively knockdowns TRPV4. 4 alpha-PDD (1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg IV) dose-dependently decreased mean arterial pressure (P<0.05). HS enhanced 4 alpha-PDD-induced depressor effects as well as 4 alpha-PDD-mediated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P (P<0.001). Ruthenium red markedly blunted (P<0.001), whereas capsazepine slightly attenuated (P<0.05) 4 alpha-PDD-induced depressor effects in HS and normal-sodium diet rats. Ruthenium red alone increased baseline mean arterial pressure in both HS and normal-sodium diet rats with a greater magnitude in the former (P<0.05). Western blot analysis showed that HS increased TRPV4 expression in dorsal root ganglia and mesenteric arteries (P<0.05) but not the renal cortex and medulla. Gene-silencing approach revealed that TRPV4 small hairpin RNA downregulated TRPV4 expression leading to blunted 4 alpha-PDD-induced hypotension (P<0.05). Thus, TRPV4 activation decreases blood pressure in rats given a normal-sodium diet. HS enhances TRPV4 expression in sensory nerves/mesenteric arteries and TRPV4-mediated depressor effects and calcitonin gene-related peptide/substance P release such that HS causes a greater increase in blood pressure when TRPV4 is blocked. Our data indicate that TRPV4 activation may constitute a compensatory mechanism in preventing salt-induced increases in blood pressure.
Implications of movement behavior on mussel dislodgement: exogenous selection in a Mytilus spp. hybrid zone

Rocky intertidal habitats often exhibit high levels of environmental heterogeneity, and the ability of organisms to move between microhabitats is likely to have a profound influence on their rates of mortality and overall fitness. Mussels within the Mytilus edulis complex are morphologically very similar, yet at sites where these species hybridize in southwest England, populations repeatedly show evidence of selection against individuals with alleles specific to M. edulis Linnaeus, in favor of those with alleles specific to M. galloprovincialis Lamarck. Differential movement rates of these two species were examined within simulated mussel beds (gravel substrate) in the winter (February) and summer (July) of 2001. M. edulis-like mussels moved more frequently and more quickly to the exterior of gravel beds than did M. galloprovincialis-like mussels. Coupled with measurements of attachment strength in the field conducted in July 2001, we used a wave force model to examine the probability of dislodgement for each species under a range of water velocities. Results suggest that by preferentially moving to the exterior of beds, M. edulis experiences higher dislodgement rates due to exposure to large hydrodynamic forces than do M. galloprovincialis. As a consequence of lower attachment strengths, M. edulis is also predicted to have higher mortality rates than M. galloprovincialis in interior portions of the bed. Thus, differential movement behavior may contribute to the differential genotype-specific mortality rates observed in the Mytilus spp. hybrid zone in southwest England, and is an example of behavior potentially modifying rates of exogenous selection in an intertidal hybrid zone.
VCI predictors: Voting on classifications from imputed learning sets

We propose VCI (voting on classifications from imputed learning sets) predictors, which generate multiple incomplete learning sets from a complete dataset by randomly deleting values with a small MCAR (missing completely at random) missing ratio, and then apply an imputation technique to fill in the missing values before giving the imputed data to a machine learner. The final prediction of a class is the result of voting on the classifications from the imputed learning sets. Our empirical results show that VCI predictors significantly improve the classification performance on complete data, and perform better than Bagging predictors on binary class data.
Spot test for detection of sickling hemoglobin.

We designed a simple spot-plate method for detecting sickling hemoglobins and distinguishing hemoglobin SS from AS in samples of dried blood on filter paper. The test depends on the differential solubility of sickling hemoglobins in phosphate solutions with and without 3 molar urea. Paired phosphate and phosphate-urea hemolysates form color combinations that match those from control hemoglobins.
The Bible and Gender Troubles: American Evangelicals Debate Scripture and Submission

: This article surveys the recent debates about gender roles and submissions in American evangelical theology since the 1960's. It argues that the so-called “complementarian” viewpoint, in which women are equal in being but submissive to men in gender roles, is not the same as the traditional Christian patriarchal viewpoint. Both biblical equality and complementarian views are thus revisionist. This article introduces the “return to the Trinity” in this debate as one of the more interesting moves in recent years, and suggests some lessons for mainline Protestants.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection in the Intensive Care Unit

Sophisticated technologies to prolong the lives of severely debilitated patients have become more commonplace. Ironically, as a result of these medical advances, a population of patients more vulnerable to fungal infections has been produced. Individuals who would previously have died from major illnesses now survive in a debilitated state, often requiring intensive care for prolonged periods of time. As a consequence, the incidence of invasive fungal infections among critically-ill patients has increased significantly over the past decade. Most fungal infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) are caused by opportunistic pathogens, principallyCandidaspecies, which are commonly found as normal commensals of the human gastrointestinal tract, skin, and/or mucosa. Less commonly, infections in critically-ill patients are caused by moulds, such asAspergillusspecies, which are ubiquitous in the environment. These fungi do not ordinarily cause invasive infection unless the host is immunocompromised or otherwise debilitated; therefore, the inherently weakened condition of most critically-ill patients, along with the multiplicity of invasive procedures and immunosuppressive drugs used to treat underlying illnesses in this patient population, make them particularly susceptible to invasive fungal diseases.
Shoulder function and 3-dimensional kinematics in people with Shoulder impingement syndrome before and after a 6-week exercise program

Background and Purpose. Shoulder impingement syndrome is a common condition and is often managed with an exercise program. The purpose of this study was to examine an exercise program in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Specifically, the purpose was to identify changes that might occur in 3-dimensional scapular kinematics, physical impairments, and functional limitations. Subjects. Fifty-nine patients with impingement syndrome were recruited, and 39 patients successfully completed the 6-week rehabilitation program and follow-up testing. Impingement was defined as having at least 3 of 6 predefined clinical signs or symptoms. Methods. Subjects were assessed before and after a 6-week rehabilitation program and again at 6 months. Pain, satisfaction, and function were measured using the University of Pennsylvania Shoulder Scale. Range of motion, isometric muscle force, and 3-dimensional scapular kinematic data also were collected. Subjects were given a progressive exercise program that included resistive strengthening, stretching, and postural exercises that were done daily at home. Subjects also were given shoulder education related to anatomy, the basic mechanics of impingement, and strategies for reducing load on the shoulder. Each subject attended one physical therapy session per week for a 6-week period, primarily for monitoring and upgrading the exercise program. Pretest and posttest scores were compared using paired t tests and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results. Passive range of motion increased for both external and internal rotation but not for elevation. Abduction external and internal rotation force all increased. There were no differences in scapular kinematics. Improvements were found for pain, satisfaction, and shoulder function and for Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores related to physical function. At 6-month follow-up, improvements made in pain, satisfaction, and function were maintained. Discussion and Conclusion. The use of this exercise protocol in the management of shoulder impingement syndrome may have a positive impact on patients' impairments and functional limitations. Our findings suggest a relatively simple exercise program combined with patient education may be effective and, therefore, merits study in a larger trial using a control group. Changes in scapular kinematics did not appear to be a primary mechanism underlying improvement in symptoms and function.
Cost-Effectiveness of High-Dose Edoxaban Compared with Adjusted-Dose Warfarin for Stroke Prevention in Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients.

Objective To estimate the quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and cost-effectiveness of high-dose edoxaban compared with adjusted-dose warfarin in patients at risk for stroke who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and a creatinine clearance (Clcr) of 15–95 ml/minute. Methods A Markov model was created to compare the cost-effectiveness of high-dose edoxaban and adjusted-dose warfarin in patients with a Clcr of 15–95 ml/minute. The model was performed from a U.S. societal perspective and assumed patients initiated therapy at 70 years of age, had a mean CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age 75 or older, diabetes, stroke) score of 3, and no contraindications to anticoagulation. The model assumed a cycle length of 1 month and a lifetime horizon (maximum of 30 years/360 cycles). Data sources included renal subgroup analysis of the Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation (ENGAGE-AF) trial and other published studies. Outcomes included lifetime costs (2014 US$), QALYs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The robustness of the model's conclusions was tested using one-way and 10,000-iteration probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Results Patients treated with high-dose edoxaban lived an average of 10.50 QALYs at a lifetime treatment cost of $99,833 compared with 10.11 QALYs and $123,516 for those treated with adjusted-dose warfarin. The model's conclusions were found to be robust upon one-way sensitivity analyses. PSA suggested high-dose edoxaban was economically dominant compared with adjusted-dose warfarin in more than 99% of the 10,000 iterations run. Conclusions High-dose edoxaban appears to be an economically dominant strategy when compared with adjusted-dose warfarin for the prevention of stroke in NVAF patients with a Clcr of 15–95 ml/minute and an appreciable risk of stroke.
House Fly Response to Fluorescent Lamps: Influenced by Fly Age and Nutrition, Air Temperature, and Position of Lamps

Blacklight (BL) and blacklight blue (BLB) fluorescent lamps at an elevation of 2 m were more attractive to Musca domestica L. in barns than were lamps at an elevation of 0.6 m, and most attracted flies were males. Males responded best to BL lamps at both 0.6 and 2 m when they were 3 days old, but best to the 0.6-m lamp when 5 to 6 days old. Females responded best and equally to both elevations when they were 5 days old. At 28¼C, fed males preferred BLB lamps at 2 m, but hungry males and fed and hungry females preferred lamps 0.6 m above the floor. At. 19¼C, male flies were more responsive to BLB than were female flies and preferred the 2-m lamp; at 30¼C, they were less responsive than females at both elevations and preferred the 0.6-m lamp.
Effect of inlet air cooling system on gas turbine unit's economy

The output of gas turbine generator can be effectively improved through cooling the inlet air,especially at high ambient temperature.Theoretical model of the effect of inlet air temperature on unit economy was presented,and corresponding calculation was conducted combining with an engineering case.The results show that,the unit output gradually increases as the inlet air temperature decreases.The system construction cost will rise sharply due to the air dehumidification when the inlet air temperature drops below the dew point,so the cost effectiveness goes worse. Therefore,it suggests that the inlet air dehydration pretreatment should be carried out before installation of inlet air cooling system particularly in coastal areas with high air humidity.
Coverage of Hips, Pelvis, and Femur

This article discusses coverage of the posterior and inferior pelvis, coverage of the anterolateral pelvis and hip, and coverage of the femur. Special problems associated with these procedures are addressed also.
Influence of seminal additives and packaging systems on fertility of frozen bovine spermatozoa.

The following recommendations and conclusions are based upon results of fertility and laboratory studies, and general trends from field investigations. Fertility results due to the addition of enzymes have been variable and contradictory. Flushing of ampules with dry, gaseous nitrogen prior to filling has become a routine practice in processing semen to be frozen. For control of Vibrio fetus and Leptospira pomona, 2,000 micrograms of streptomycin and 1,000 u polymyxin B sulfate should be added per milliliter of raw semen immediately after collection. The extender for initial dilution should contain the same concentration of antibiotics used for raw semen plus 500 u penicillin. The glycerol portion of the extender should contain 500 u penicillin per milliliter. The effect of addition of sugars on fertility has been highly variable. The primary beneficial effect is probably due to their cryoprotective properties. A myriad of concoctions have been added to bovine semen and the results have been highly variable with respect to both motility and fertility. Results of subsequent experiments have rarely proven that addition of exotic compounds or mixtures has been of value. Higher mean fertility was obtained with semen in straws in 14 of 21 comparisons with ampules. The differences in favor of straws ranged from 1.1 to 18.9; while the range in favor of ampules was .1 to 4.4 percentage points. Fertility obtained with pellets has ranged from minus 12.8 to plus 11.9 percentage points in nonreturn rate (NR), compared to the corresponding NR with semen in ampules. Fertility of semen in ampules was higher in five of eight studies. Fertility of pelleted semen has ranged from minus 9.5 to plus 6.0 percentage points compared with straws. Fertility was higher for semen in pellets in only one of five investigations. Pellets should not be used until the potential for pathogenic contamination and exchange of spermatozoa among pellets is eliminated. There is a potential for higher fertility with semen in straws as compared to other packaging systems, but the issue of liquid nitrogen (LN) entry and possible contamination of semen should be further investigated. In general, fertility obtained with semen frozen in the .25 ml straw has been equal to or higher than semen in larger packages. However, they cannot be unequivocally recommended due to other considerations. From laboratory studies, it appears that greater spermatozoan survival is obtained when semen frozen in straws is thawed in water at 35 C or above.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Teaching Environmental Scanning: An Experimental Approach

Secondary data analysis in marketing tends to be mainly concerned with literature reviews. The author suggests a teaching approach, using class exercises, which stresses secondary data analysis to conduct environmental scanning. This type of scanning is to help determine marketing opportunities and threats as the first step in the strategic marketing planning process.