cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasons for Political Involvement: a Study of Contributors To the 1972 Presidential Campaign

SINCE the publication of Clark and Wilson's classic description of the motivations for participation in group activity, much attention has been given to this important area of investigation, and especially to the motives for participation in political organizations (Clark and Wilson 1961; Bowman, Ippolito, and Donaldson 1969; Browder and Ippolito 1972; Burrell 1982; Conway and Fiegert 1974; Defelice, 1981; Hitlin and Jackson 1977; Hofstetter 1971; Ippolito 1969; Nakamura and Sullivan 1981; Salisbury 1965-1966; Soule and Clarke 1970; and Wilson 1973). Clark and Wilson (1961) identified three broad categories of motivation: material, purposive, and solidary (Wilson 1973). Material motives are basically those involving pecuniary gain. The hope of garnering a government contract, getting a job, obtaining discounts on services, and improving in tax circumstances are all examples of material motives. Purposive motives are "intangible"; they "derive from the sense of satisfaction of having contributed to the attainment of a worthwhile cause" (Wilson 1973: 34). A desire to help others, to improve the environment, or to end a corrupt practice, each for the benefit of a public larger than oneself, are purposive motives. Solidary motives are fundamentally social motives. Within this broad category of motives are two variants, specific and collective. Specific solidary motives are those which arise "out of the act of associating" and which "can be given to, or withheld from, specific individuals" (Wilson 1973: 33-34). Deference, receiving an honor, and office-holding are typically specific solidary motives. Collective solidary incentives are "intangible rewards created by the act of associating that must be enjoyed by a group if they are to be enjoyed by anyone" (Wilson 1973: 34). Friendship, fun, and conviviality are examples of collective solidary motives. It should go without saying that the motivations of political activists are critical for our understanding of any modestly responsive political system (Verba and Nie 1972, and Kessel 1980). For example, many students of the motivations of political activists argue that political organization activists begin with a concern for task-oriented civic purposes only to become disillusioned and change their orientations toward the material and solidary dimensions (Elderveld 1964, Conway and Fiegert 1968, and Roback 1980). Verba and Nie argue that the election-oriented modes of
‘Blame it on the Weeds’: Politics, Poverty, and Ecology in the New South Africa

In January of 2000, spectacular fires burned in the natural veld of Cape Town, South Africa. As the fire-fighting effort finished, a theory emerged: invasive alien species, trees from other countries, such as Australia and the United States, were to blame for the fires. While the invasive alien hypothesis captured the attention of media and policy makers alike, there was little ecological evidence to support it. This article places the fires of 2000 in a longer history of post-apartheid policy and science surrounding invasive alien floral species, arguing that the fires allowed for a synergy between concerns over poverty relief, nature conservation, and scientific research. The most visible example of this synergy was an increased commitment to the Working for Water programme on the Cape Peninsula, a large-scale employment programme utilising unskilled labour to clear invasive alien species in order to conserve South African water resources. In addition to providing employment for South Africa's poorest citizens, Working for Water provided funding for ecological research about invasive alien species. The studies that resulted from this funding focused on gathering information to make practical suggestions for invasive species control. Although the focus of these studies was on management, the science used was itself as rigorous as it had ever been. In the post-apartheid era, as poverty relief and nature conservation came together, scientists ensured that they would continue to play a role in nature conservation by making their research relevant to both invasive species control and to poverty relief.
Synthesis of [18F]‐labeled adenosine analogues as potential PET imaging agents

The syntheses of adenosine analogues, 2′-deoxy-2′-[18F]fluoro-9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine ([18F]-FAA) and 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluoro-9-β-D-xylofuranosyladenine ([18F]-FXA) are reported. Adenosine (1) was converted to its methoxytrityl derivatives 2 and 3 as a mixture. After separation, these derivatives were converted to their respective triflates 4 and 5. Each triflate was reacted with tetrabutylammonium[18F]fluoride to produce 6b or 7b, which by acidic hydrolysis yielded compounds 8b and 9b. Crude preparations were purified by HPLC to obtain the desired pure products. The radiochemical yields were 10-18% decay corrected (d. c.) for 8b and 30-40% (d. c.) for 9b in 4 and 3 runs, respectively. Radiochemical purity was >99% and specific activity was >74 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis (EOS). The synthesis time was 90-95 min from the end of bombardment (EOB). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in the effects of environmental stimuli on cocaine choice in socially housed male cynomolgus monkeys

Rationale Studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated an influence of environmentally derived stress and enrichment on the reinforcing effects of stimulants.
Regulation of Growth and Somatic Embryogenesis by Proline and Serine in Suspension Cultures of Dactylis glomerata

Summary The regulatory effects of L-proline and L-serine on growth and somatic embryogenesis of Dactylis glomerata were studied using suspension cultures. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 4 levels of proline (0-to-50 mM) and 3 levels of serine (0-to-25 mM) in a modified Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 30 αM dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) (SH-30). Proline amended SH-30 medium resulted in a slight increase in dry weight; however, SH-30 supplemented with serine only dramatically inhibited growth. Growth in media containing mixtures of proline and serine was statistically similar to or less than growth in proline alone or SH-30. Significantly fewer somatic embryos were observed in treatments containing proline or serine alone. Most mixtures of proline and serine stimulated embryogenesis with the optimum response observed with 12.5 mM of each amino acid. Embryos were formed in cultures composed of individual cells and small cell masses. Very little precocious germination was evident. Approximately 70% of the embryos formed in proline-serine treatments germinated and produced seedlings on solidified SH medium without dicamba. The final pH of the media was significantly influenced by the interaction of the amino acids. Treatments with serine alone lowered pH; whereas, proline elevated pH after 6 weeks. Initiation of suspension cultures from somatic embryos was inhibited by media containing serine; whereas, media amended with either proline, casein hydrolysate or SH-30 alone supported good growth of suspension cultures.
Disability Identity of Leaders in the Self-Advocacy Movement

Life stories and perspectives of leaders in the self-advocacy movement were explored to enhance knowledge about disability identity formation. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 leaders in the self-advocacy movement. Five major themes emerged: (a) resistance--claiming personhood and voice; (b) connection with disability community; (c) reclaiming disability and personal transformation; (d) interconnection with broader disability rights movement; and (e) bond with social justice and interdependency.
Effects of dietary α-lipoic acid on glycolysis of postmortem muscle

The effects of dietary α-lipoic acid (α-LA) on the pH value, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and the activities of glycogen phosphorylase and pyruvate kinase in postmortem muscle were investigated. Eighteen C57BL/6J mice were fed diets containing 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% α-LA. At the end of 2-week feeding trial, the mice were killed and longissimus muscles were sampled at 0-, 1-, and 24-h postmortem for pH determination and enzyme assay. The results showed that dietary α-LA treatment significantly slowed down the decrease of pH values in postmortem muscle. The ultimate pH values in postmortem muscle of mice receiving 0.5% and 1.0% α-LA treatments were 6.40 and 6.63, respectively, significantly higher than that (6.21) of no α-LA treatment (p<0.05). AMPK was activated at the early postmortem stage. Dietary α-LA can suppress the activation of AMPK in postmortem muscle. At 1- and 24-h postmortem, activities of AMPK were much lower in postmortem muscle of mice receiving 0.5% and 1.0% α-LA treatments than that with no α-LA treatment. Between these two dietary α-LA treatments, however, no difference in AMPK activity was observed, indicating that 0.5% dietary α-LA is enough to suppress AMPK in postmortem muscle. Similar to AMPK, glycogen phosphorylase activity was higher in the treatment without dietary α-LA than those with 0.5% and 1.0% dietary α-LA supplements. No difference in the activity of glycogen phosphorylase was observed between the 0.5% and 1.0% dietary α-LA treatments. Dietary α-LA had no significant influence on the activity of pyruvate kinase in postmortem muscle. All these results indicate that AMPK plays a role in glycolysis in postmortem muscle. Dietary α-LA supplementation can suppress the activation of AMPK in postmortem muscle, down-regulate the activity of glycogen phosphorylase, resulting in a higher ultimate pH values in postmortem muscle. Therefore, dietary α-LA supplementation is a potential way to reduce the incidence of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat.
The valve-incompetent foramen ovale

This is a report on 7 patients, 3 days to 9 weeks of age, who had severe congestiveheart failure and demonstrated a large left-to-right shunt at the atrial level by catheterization and angiocardiography. The severe failure was caused by a variety of congenital left-sided cardiac malformations. In 1 infant the shunt disappeared 3 years after surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta. Six patients died and upon autopsy were found to have a patent foramen ovale with an incompetent valve. This was the only finding which could explain the left-to-right interatrial shunt observed during life. This phenomenon should be considered in the evaluation of data in patients presumed to have experienced spontaneous closure of an atrial septal defect
The visual evoked response obtained with an alternating barred pattern: Rate, spatial frequency and wave length

Abstract The amplitude and latency of the averaged visual evoked response (VER) recorded from the area of the occiput in man was found to be related to the rate of alternation and the spatial frequency of the alternating barred pattern used to elicit the responses. The amplitude of the VER was determined, to a large extent, by the background illumination, but VER latency was unaffected by this variable. Changes in the area of the pattern resulted in amplitude decrements and latency increments, especially between 5° and 2° of visual angle subtended. Differences in the wave length of patterns photometrically equated for brightness did not result in significant differences in amplitude or latency. The results are related to the findings of previous studies using patterned stimulation.
Cooperative Courses-Their Development and Operating Principles

The Cooperative Idea has been the motivating spirit in the various attempts to bring together the educational and industrial elements in engineering. The outstanding milestones of progress in this undertaking are the ``Sandwich System'' of Scotland, the establishment of shops in schools, the rise of educational opportunities in industrial concerns, the report of Sir William White's committee of practising engineers and educators in England, and finally, the conception and inception of the cooperative courses at the University of Cincinnati and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. These courses are taken as examples of two types of cooperative course called respectively the ``Cincinnati Plan'' and the ``M. I. T. Plan.'' Each of these possesses a structure and a set of operating principles determined by the purpose for which it was instituted and the conditions under which it is carried out. The operating principles of the M. I. T. Plan are discussed in detail in this paper. The graduates of both these plans are demonstrating that the results sought are being accomplished.
Development of anomalous retinal projections to nonvisual thalamic nuclei in Syrian hamsters: a quantitative study.

When two of the principal targets of retinofugal axons, the superior colliculus and dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body, are ablated in newborn hamsters and the somatosensory (ventrobasal) or auditory (medial geniculate) thalamic nuclei are partially deafferented, the optic axons form permanent, abnormal connections in the latter nuclei. The lateral posterior nucleus of the operated hamsters also receives an anomalously large retinal projection. Here, we report on the results of a quantitative study that was undertaken in order to elucidate how these abnormal connections are formed. In normal, newborn hamsters, there is a transient retinal projection to the ventrobasal nucleus that disappears 3--4 days postnatally. Our quantitative data show that postoperatively, the volume of the retino-ventrobasal projection increases proportionately more than the volume of the ventrobasal nucleus so that the retino-ventrobasal projection in operated adult hamsters is due both to the stabilization of the normally transient projection and to a reactive sprouting that increases the size of the projection. The retino-medial geniculate projection arises de novo by reactive sprouting of optic tract fibers that normally pass over and through the nucleus; in unoperated hamsters, terminating projections are never seen at any age. The quantitative data also show that the anomalously large retino-lateral posterior projection is due almost entirely to the reactive sprouting of the normal projection and/or normal fibers of passage that are already present on the day of birth, although it is possible that a minor component can be attributed to the stabilization of a small population of normally transient retino-lateral posterior axons. The present results demonstrate that the transient retino-ventrobasal axons in normal, newborn hamsters are capable of making permanent connections with ventrobasal neurons. This finding raises the important question of the cellular mechanisms that determine whether immature neuronal connections are stabilized or eliminated. The results also suggest that during both normal and abnormal development, the choice of a target by growing axons may depend upon the axons being in proximity to a potential terminal site just at the time when that site is capable of receiving afferents.
Functionally Similar Vanadate-induced 8-Azidoadenosine 5′-[α-32P]Diphosphate-trapped Transition State Intermediates of Human P-glycoprotein Are Generated in the Absence and Presence of ATP Hydrolysis

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump whose overexpression confers multidrug resistance to cancer cells. Pgp exhibits a robust drug substrate-stimulable ATPase activity, and vanadate (Vi) blocks this activity effectively by trapping Pgp nucleotide in a non-covalent stable transition state conformation. In this study we compare Vi-induced [α-32P]8-azido-ADP trapping into Pgp in the presence of [α-32P]8-azido-ATP (with ATP hydrolysis) or [α-32P]8-azido-ADP (without ATP hydrolysis). Vi mimics Pi to trap the nucleotide tenaciously in the Pgp·[α-32P]8-azido-ADP·Vi conformation in either condition. Thus, by using [α-32P]8-azido-ADP we show that the Vi-induced transition state of Pgp can be generated even in the absence of ATP hydrolysis. Furthermore, half-maximal trapping of nucleotide into Pgp in the presence of Vi occurs at similar concentrations of [α-32P]8-azido-ATP or [α-32P]8-azido-ADP. The trapped [α-32P]8-azido-ADP is almost equally distributed between the N- and the C-terminal ATP sites of Pgp in both conditions. Additionally, point mutations in the Walker B domain of either the N- (D555N) or C (D1200N)-terminal ATP sites that arrest ATP hydrolysis and Vi-induced trapping also show abrogation of [α-32P]8-azido-ADP trapping into Pgp in the absence of hydrolysis. These data suggest that both ATP sites are dependent on each other for function and that each site exhibits similar affinity for 8-azido-ATP (ATP) or 8-azido-ADP (ADP). Similarly, Pgp in the transition state conformation generated with either ADP or ATP exhibits drastically reduced affinity for the binding of analogues of drug substrate ([125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin) as well as nucleotide (2′(3′)-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5′-triphosphate). Analyses of Arrhenius plots show that trapping of Pgp with [α-32P]8-azido-ADP (in the absence of hydrolysis) displays an ∼2.5-fold higher energy of activation (152 kJ/mol) compared with that observed when the transition state intermediate is generated through hydrolysis of [α-32P]8-azido-ATP (62 kJ/mol). In aggregate, these results demonstrate that the Pgp·[α-32P]8-azido-ADP (or ADP)·Vi transition state complexes generated either in the absence of or accompanying [α-32P]8-azido-ATP hydrolysis are functionally indistinguishable.
Decompressive hemicraniectomy: dissociation between clinical and radiological findings

Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is performed to treat a variety of conditions, such as traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and brain swelling following middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. The rationale for this treatment is to remove a portion of bone and open the dura mater in order to decrease intracranial pressure (ICP) and prevent brain shift. However, the usefulness of routine hemicraniectomy for MCA infarction is still unclear because some patients may not progress to cerebral herniation [1]. We report on a man submitted to DHC for brain swelling and midline shift following right MCA infarction, whose clinical conditions rapidly ameliorated, despite an increase of cerebral herniation on post-operative CT scan. We, also, review the pertinent literature.
Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)☆

Abstract The effects of various anti-oxidants on the activities of the mitochondrial NADH-oxidase and succinoxidase systems were determined. It was concluded that nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid (2,3-dimethyl-1, 4-di [3,4-dihydroxyphenyl] butane) (NDGA) was a potent inhibitor of both mitochondrial electron transport systems. NDGA did not inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity or the coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase system. The probable sites of inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport are complexes I and II (NADH-coenzyme Q reductase and succinate-coenzyme Q reductase systems).
Resonance Raman effect in matrix isolated photolytically produced monomeric iodine: An investigation of the excitation profiles of the overtones

High intensity resonance Raman overtone progressions out to ν = 3, 14, 23, 24, 25, 17, and 3 have been observed with 457.9 nm, 476.5 nm, 488.0 nm, 514.5 nm, 530.9 nm, 568.2 nm, and 647.1 nm excitation respectively, for monomeric iodine isolated in an argon matrix. The normalised intensities have been determined and plotted as excitation profiles for the overtones. There is substantial evidence indicating a resonance coupling not only with the 3∏Ou+ electronic state of I2, but also with the 1∏1u state. The following spectroscopic constants for matrix-isolated iodine have been calculated from the wavenumber data: ωe = (213.70±0.22) cm−1, ωeXe = (0.60±0.01) cm−1, and ωeYe = (−0.019±0.002) cm−1.
AIDS, religious enthusiasm and spiritual insecurity in Africa

The connection between the AIDS epidemic and the efflorescence of religious 'enthusiasm' (construed in both classical and contemporary senses) in Africa in recent decades is best understood, this paper argues, by reference to a concept of 'spiritual insecurity'. The article offers a general description of the condition of spiritual insecurity and argues that it is best studied within a relational realist paradigm. The article presents a critique of the concept of 'belief' as commonly used in the social science of religion, arguing instead for an opening of the study of social relations to include the universe of relations within which people experience the world, including their relations with entities such as spiritual beings that might otherwise be considered virtual.
Fostering entrepreneurship: impact of specialization and diversity in education

The present research aims to enhance our understanding of how prospective entrepreneurs benefit from specialized entrepreneurship education combined with a diversified educational experience. We find intriguing evidence that depth or specialization of entrepreneurship education is not enough for wealth creation from future entrepreneurial activities. Instead, it is breadth or diversity of educational experiences that positively influences future wealth creation, in terms of both the entrepreneur’s personal income as well as personal net worth. The results of the study have important implications for entrepreneurship educators and their students, researchers, policy makers, as well as nascent entrepreneurs.
Self-Perceived Competence among Preschool Children in Relation to Teacher-Perceived Competence

The aims of this study were to examine the utility of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (PSPCSC; Harter & Pike, 1984) with preschoolers and to explore correspondence between children's and teacher's perceptions of child competence. Children's self-perceptions of competence were not internally consistent within the physical, maternal acceptance, or cognitive domains. Children's ratings of their competence were significantly higher than teacher ratings only for the domain of physical competence. Contrary to expectations, teachers' perceptions of children's peer acceptance and cognitive competence were significantly higher than children's self-perceptions. Associations between children's self-perceptions and teacher ratings were nonexistent. Overall, findings suggest that the PSPCSC may not be an appropriate measure of self-perceived competence in preschool children. It may be that teacher and child reports of perceived competence tap different constructs. A...
Multiple-Actuator Control of Vortex Breakdown on a Pitching Delta Wing

The present study focuses on the combined effect of leading- and trailing-edge controls on vortex breakdown while the wing is undergoing harmonic pitching motion.The major objective is to exert the maximum influence on vortex breakdown with minimum energy input from the applied controls
Maternal behavior in the mouse: effect of estrogen and progesterone.

Abstract The administration of 100 μg and 50 μg of estradiol benzoate for 5 consecutive days to adult, nulliparous. Rockland-Swiss mice that previously exhibited maternal behavior resulted in a loss of such behavior. The effect of estradiol was temporary since normal maternal activities were exhibited when the animals were retested two weeks after the termination of hormone treatment. Treatment with 5 μg and 0.5 μg estradiol benzoate did not significantly affect maternal behavior. Progesterone treatment at dosages of 1000 μg and 500 μg was without affect.
Time-Dependent viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations: the finite difference Galerkin formulation and streamfunction algorithms

Numerical techniques are developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady incompressible flow. The extension of the finite-difference Galerkin (FDG) method of Stephens et al. (1984) to the continuous-time case in two or three space dimensions is explained, and the numerical implementation of the method is discussed with particular attention to the staggered-MAC-grid primitive-variable discretization, the application of discrete mass balance to avoid problems inherent in FDG schemes, the direct interpretation of the FDG expansion variables as a discrete streamfunction, and a mass-balance approach to two-dimensional problems with throughflow or obstacles. Numerical results are presented graphically for the evolution of asymptotic steady flow in a driven cavity at Reynolds number 400, 1000, or 3200; good agreement with published experimental data is demonstrated, with accurate predictions of secondary-vortex formation from wall bubble recirculations at Reynolds number 1000.
Structure and dynamics of phospholamban in solution and in membrane bilayer: computer simulations.

We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of phospholamban (PLB), a 52-residue integral membrane protein that inhibits calcium ATPase in the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. We present a microscopic description of the structure and dynamics of PLB in solution and membrane environments, based on 10 ns molecular dynamics simulations of PLB in lipid bilayer and 5 ns simulations in methanol and water, and a water-soluble model of PLB in water. Throughout the simulations, PLB retains its “L” shape, with two well-defined helical domains at the N- and C-termini. In the simulations of PLB in methanol and water, the helices were almost perpendicular, with average interhelix angles of 54 ± 13° and 63 ± 15°, respectively. In the lipid bilayer trajectory, both the interhelix angle and its fluctuations were larger, with an average of 130 ± 19° and with the transmembrane C-terminal approximately perpendicular to the bilayer plane. The internal dynamics of phospholamban is characterized by large amplitude collecti...
Multiple pulse relativistic electron beam energy loss by photometric observation of fluorescence from atmospheric propagation

Optical observations of the air fluorescence show that the rate of energy deposition of a repetitively pulsed high-current-density relativistic electron beam increases with pulse number. The data suggest that the high electric fields of the second and later pulses accelerate the unrecombined electrons from previous pulses and create additional ionization and energy deposition by electron avalanche. As expected, this optical fluorescence enhancement is seen to increase as the air pressure is decreased, because the increased electron lifetime at lower pressures leaves a higher electron density when subsequent pulses arrive. Absolute calibration of electron beam current and optical intensities has permitted determination of the fluorescence efficiencies for each pulse as a function of atmospheric pressure. The fluorescence efficiencies for the first electron pulse reproduce previous observations of optical efficiency for ionizing radiation in air.
Autocrine activation of the pheromone response pathway in matα2- cells is attenuated by SST2- and ASG7-dependent mechanisms

Yeast mat α2 mutants express both mating pheromones and both mating pheromone receptors. They show modest signaling in the pheromone response pathway, as revealed by increased levels of FUS1 transcript, yet are resistant to pheromone treatment. Together, these phenotypes suggest that α2- cells undergo autocrine activation of the pheromone response pathway, which is subsequently attenuated. We constructed a regulatable version of the α2 gene (GALα2) and showed that, upon loss of α2 activity, cells exhibit an initial robust response to pheromone that is attenuated within 3 h. We reasoned that the viability of α2- cells might be due to attenuation, and therefore performed a genome-wide synthetic lethal screen to identify potential adaptation components. We identified two genes, SST2 and ASG7. Loss of either of these attenuation components results in activation of the pheromone pathway in α2- cells. Loss of both proteins causes a more severe phenotype. Sst2 functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the G α subunit of the trimeric G protein. Asg7 is an a -cell specific protein that acts in concert with the α-cell specific a -factor receptor, Ste3, to inhibit signaling by Gβγ. Hence, our results suggest that mat α2 mutants mimic the intracellular signaling events that occur in newly fused zygotes.
Characterization of Photoluminescence From Anodically Etched SiC/Si Heterostructures

Patterned SiC/Si heterostructures have been treated by anodic etching in HF/ethanol solutions at 25°C. The anodic process used a current density ranging from 2-10 mA/cm 2 and times from 2-5 min. The SiC/Si samples had SiC regions and exposed Si regions of dimensions from 2.5 μm to ∼500 gm. For μm substrates, short etching times (≥3 min) result in selectivcarea UV-induced visible photoluminescence (PL) being observed at 25°C from only the SiC regions. Longer etching times (≥3 min) render both the SiC-protected and the exposed Si regions photoluminescent, with nearly identical spectral characteristics and with a peak located at 660-670 nm. The selective-area PL is based on the rapid lateral etching of the n-Si surface under the SiC layer due to either high surface stress caused by the lattice mismatch between SiC and Si and/or to a higher SiC conductance. This is confirmed by the time progression of the PL images in the SiC regions. The PL degradation with UV exposure time has been shown to be substantially reduced by a passivation procedure involving HNO 3 /H 2 O. For SiC/p-Si structures, the exposed Si regions become photoluminescent upon very short anodization time, while the SiC regions did not luminesce at all for even the longest anodization times used (5 min).
Alternate pathways of succession on the Lake Erie Islands

In order to determine the effect of prior land use on secondary succession, woody plant species abundances were determined on the Lake Erie Islands in 21 sites 20–90 yr post-abandonment: 11 former vineyards, 8 former orchards, and 2 former quarries. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination was used to compare the relative abundances of woody plants in the 21 successional sites to each other and to 5 mature upland forests and 3 mature lowland forests. Vineyards 20–45 yr post-abandonment had closed canopies 2–4 m tall and were dominated by the same mix of species dominating mature forests at similar elevations. Abandoned orchards 20–45 yr post-abandonment supported species common in mature forest floras as well as many shade-intolerant, pioneer tree and shrub species not found in mature stands. These differences in successional patterns seem to be related to differences in the suite of colonization sites presented upon abandonment, with orchards being dominated by open, bare ground, and vineyards by shaded ground receiving ca. 20% of full sunlight. Newly abandoned vineyards had appreciable ‘advanced regeneration’ of saplings of shade-tolerant species 3–7 yr old growing among the grapes. While former quarries remained open, marginal habitats with sparse, open canopies dominated by species typical of rocky cliff edges, the community structure of former vineyards and orchards converged toward each other and toward the composition of mature forests at similar elevations. Thus patterns of secondary succession varied with prior land use and were determined by the suite of colonization sites available at the time of abandonment.
Iterative computation procedures for an optimum control problem

The control problem treated here may be stated as follows: Given \dot{x} = A(t)x+b(t)u(t) and an initial condition x(0) find a control function u(t) such that |u(t)|\leq 1 for 0 \leq t\leq T and such that the inner product [x(T), x(T)] is a minimum. A theoretical basis for describing iterative procedures used for computing the solution to this problem is developed. A new computational procedure which does not require storing the control function from one iteration to the next is specified. The hybrid computer mechanization of this procedure is described and analog computer results illustrating the practicality of the method are presented.
Poly[4-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)-2-hydroxylbenzaldehyde] for Rapid Removal of Low Concentrations of Pb(II)

Poly[4-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)-2-hydroxylbenzaldehyde] was evaluated for removing low concentrations of lead(II) in ppb levels from aqueous media. The effects of the pH condition and the initial lead concentrations on removal were examined. It was found that the metal absorption is best described with the Langmuir model. The RL values obtained between 0.01 and 0.23 indicate that favorable absorption occurs in the studied concentration ranges. The kinetic study revealed that the metal removal proceeds at a very fast pace—less than 30 s—to reach the maximum capacity. The data fit the description of pseudo–second-order rate. The dynamic column study for real-time practical absorption also was investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Growth Hormone Secretion, Serum, and Cerebral Spinal Fluid Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-l Concentrations in Pigs with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus was induced using streptozotocin in five gilts between 8 and 12 weeks of age. Gilts were maintained with exogenous insulin (INS) except during experimental periods. Four litter-mate gilts served as controls. At 9 months of age, all gilts were ovariectomized, and 30 days after ovariectomy, Experiment (Exp) 1 was conducted. Jugular vein catheters were inserted and blood samples were collected every 10 min for 8 hr. Experiment 2 was conducted when gilts were 11 months of age. Venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected in the absence (Phase I) or presence (Phase II) of INS therapy. In Experiment 1, plasma glucose concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in diabetic (465 +/- 17 mg/100 ml) than in control (82 mg +/- 17 mg/100 ml) gilts, whereas serum INS was lower (P < 0.0001) in diabetic gilts (0.3 +/- 0.02 vs 0.9 +/- 0.05 ng/ml) and insulin-like growth factor-I was similar in diabetic and control gilts (32 +/- 3 vs 43 +/- 4 ng/ml, respectively). Mean serum GH concentration was 2-fold greater (P < 0.02) in diabetics (2.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml) than in control gilts (1.2 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). Diabetic gilts exhibited a greater (P < 0.05) number of GH pulses than control gilts (3.2 +/- 0.4 vs 1.5 +/- 0.3/8 hr, respectively). In addition, GH pulse magnitude was markedly elevated (P < 0.02) in diabetic (5.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml) compared with control gilts (3.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml). Mean basal serum GH concentrations were greater (P < 0.07) in diabetic (2.2 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) compared with control gilts (1.0 +/- .1 ng/ml). In Experiment 2, CSF concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, INS, GH, and protein were similar for diabetic and control gilts in both phases. Serum GH levels were similar for diabetics and controls in Phase I, but were greater (P < 0.05) in diabetics than in controls in Phase II. CSF glucose levels were greater in diabetic than in control gilts in both the presence (P < 0.003) and absence (P < 0.0002) of INS therapy, whereas plasma glucose was greater (P < 0.003) in diabetic than in control gilts in the absence of INS, but returned to control concentrations in the presence of INS. However, serum GH levels were unchanged after INS therapy in the diabetic gilts. In conclusion, altered GH secretion in the diabetic gilt may, in part, be due to elevated CSF glucose concentrations, which may alter GH-releasing hormone and/or somatostatin secretion from the hypothalamus.
The rate of spontaneous cleavage of the glycosidic bond of adenosine.

Abstract Previous estimates of the rate of spontaneous cleavage of the glycosidic bond of adenosine were determined by extrapolating the rates of the acid- and base-catalyzed reactions to neutral pH. Here we show that cleavage also proceeds through a pH-independent mechanism. Rate constants were determined as a function of temperature at pH 7 and a linear Arrhenius plot was constructed. Uncatalyzed cleavage occurs with a rate constant of 3.7 × 10−12 s−1 at 25 °C, and the rate enhancement generated by the corresponding glycoside hydrolase is ∼5 × 1012-fold.
Magneto-rheological fluid shock absorber for suspension of an off-road motorcycle: a theoretical study

This work presents a theoretical model for the damping force of a magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) shock absorber of an off-road motorcycle. The Bingham plastic model and a 3D electromagnetic finite-element analysis are employed to develop a theoretical model to estimate the damping force of a MRF shock absorber. The mode is based on the physical parameters of the device as well as the properties of the fluid, making a valuable tool in shock absorber design for a particular application. By comparing the theoretical and experimental results, it is demonstrated that the model accurately predicts the damping force.
ISAR Image Formation Using Bistatic Data Computed from the Shooting and Bouncing Ray Technique

The feasibility of utilizing bistatic scattered field data to obtain the microwave ISAR image of a target is investigated. The principle and results of the bistatic imaging algorithm are presented. It is shown that the ISAR image can be reconstructed by Fourier inversion of the bistatic scattered field data under the physical optics approximation. Bistatic scattered field data is faster to simulate using the shooting and bouncing ray technique than monostatic scattered field data hence the bistatic scheme results in time savings. Monostatic and bistatic ISAR images are presented for different targets. The tradeoff between time savings and image fidelity for the two schemes is discussed.
Programmed interactions in higher-order neural networks: Maximal capacity

Abstract The focus of the paper is the estimation of the maximum number of states that can be made stable in higher-order extensions of neural network models. Each higher-order neuron in a network of n elements is modeled as a polynomial threshold element of degree d . It is shown that regardless of the manner of operation, or the algorithm used, the storage capacity of the higher-order network is of the order of one bit per interaction weight. In particular, the maximal (algorithm independent) storage capacity realizable in a recurrent network of n higher-order neurons of degree d is of the order of n d d! . A generalization of a spectral algorithm for information storage is introduced and arguments adducing near optimal capacity for the algorithm are presented.
Composition of raw and cooked potato peel and flesh: Amino acid content.

The nitrogen and total amino acid contents of Katahdin and Pontiac varieties of potatoes are reported for the peel and flesh, before and after cooking. With the exception of glutamic acid and 7-amino-butyric acid, all of the contents were higher in the peel. Losses of nitrogen and amino acids were minor in boiling whole potatoes but greater in oven baking in the peel or in boiling the peeled potato. Microwave cooking losses were less than in oven baking.
Correlation among the laser-induced breakdown thresholds in solids, liquids, and gases

A simple expression is developed that permits a correlation among laser-induced breakdown thresholds in solids, liquids, and gases. It is shown that the breakdown thresholds for the bulk of solid dielectrics, linear liquids, and gases all follow a linear fit to the expression N2/3/(n2 − 1), where N is the atomic number density and n is the refractive index. The gas breakdown threshold versus pressure is compared with the predicted dependence.
Workflow management for ETL development

The management of data, including collection, control, movement, transformation and storage, has moved from a background consideration to the forefront of maintaining and increasing a business’ competitive edge. Accordingly, the processes, technologies, activities, stakeholders and governance around developing Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) applications have increased in number and complexity. To ensure ETL solutions can be delivered at the speed of business while maintaining quality, availability and stability of the live environment, these constraints must be dealt with as efficiently as possible. Simply removing steps is often not possible due to separation of duty, legal or business/project/information technology (IT) process best-practices requirements. Therefore, taking action to improve and then manage the process touch-points, workflows and inputs/outputs becomes critical to success. This article proposes a Project Lifecycle Integration Tool (PLIT) which centralizes processes and information, m...
Comparison of the effects of the ionophore salinomycin and adrenaline on the haemodynamics and work efficiency of the dog heart

The positive inotropic, chronotropic, pressor, and coronary vasodilative effects of infused adrenaline (1 μg.kg−1·min−1) were compared with those of an intravenous injection of the carboxylic ionophore salinomycin (150 μg·kg−l) in 10 dogs anaesthetised with pentobarbital. At doses normalised to produce a doubling of left ventricular dP/dtmax both drugs produced pronounced increases in blood pressure, cardiac output, and plasma catecholamine concentration and a small increase in heart rate. After 10 minutes of adrenaline infusion coronary artery blood flow doubled whereas salinomycin produced a sixfold increase, reflecting its specific coronary vasodilative properties. The increases in cardiac output and pressor, chronotropic, and inotropic actions of salinomycin were related to the release of endogenous catecholamines into the plasma by the ionophore, whereas the increase in coronary blood flow indicated a non-adrenergic relaxation of the coronary blood vessels. Calculated values of left ventricular hydraulic work appreciably increased with both drugs, but left ventricular oxygen consumption was much higher during adrenaline infusion than the peak effect obtained with salinomycin. Accordingly, the mechanical efficiency of the left ventricle was slightly decreased by adrenaline and doubled by salinomycin. Because of its favourable haemodynamic profile, salinomycin has potential as a drug for increasing cardiac output, blood pressure, and left ventricular force of contraction and for improving the myocardial blood perfusion and mechanical efficiency of the heart.
A comparison of two neurologic scoring instruments for multiple sclerosis

We examined the degree of association between two neurologic impairment scales, the Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Scripps Neurologic Rating Scale (SNRS), with data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of cladribine as treatment for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). We found that the EDSS and SNRS were not strongly correlated within individual patients, contrary to expectation; moreover, in 9 of the 48 evaluable patients, the directions of their changes from baseline values were not mutually consistent. The scales were differentially sensitive to clinical changes over time, with the EDSS indicating a more abrupt, and the SNRS a more gradual, change in the clinical course of disease. The validity of different impairment scales, and their sensitivity to detect clinical changes, should be formally assessed in future clinical trials using these scales as outcome measures.
Lantern and Apparatus for Testing the Light Sense and for Determining Acuity at Low Illuminations

The apparatus here described, along with the method of using it, furnishes a practical test of light sense and adaptation by the use of the ordinary test cards under accurately known and graded illumination. It seems possible to use a lantern of this kind for ordinary clinical work. Read before the American Ophthalmological Society, June, 1919.
Mechanistic Studies of Pd(II)−α-Diimine-Catalyzed Olefin Polymerizations1

Mechanistic studies of olefin polymerizations catalyzed by aryl-substituted α-diimine−Pd(II) complexes are presented. Syntheses of several cationic catalyst precursors, [(N∧N)Pd(CH3)(OEt2)]BAr‘4 (N∧N = aryl-substituted α-diimine, Ar‘ = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3), are described. X-ray structural analyses of [ArNC(H)C(H)NAr]Pd(CH3)(Cl) and [ArNC(Me)C(Me)NAr]Pd(CH3)2 (Ar = 2,6-(iPr)2C6H3) illustrate that o-aryl substituents crowd axial sites in these square planar complexes. Low-temperature NMR studies show that the alkyl olefin complexes, (N∧N)Pd(R)(olefin)+, are the catalyst resting states and that the barriers to migratory insertions lie in the range 17−19 kcal/mol. Following migratory insertion, the cationic palladium alkyl complexes (N∧N)Pd(alkyl)+ formed are β-agostic species which exhibit facile metal migration along the chain (“chain walking”) via β-hydride elimination/readdition reactions. Model studies using palladium−n-propyl and −isopropyl systems provide mechanistic details of this process, which is respon...
A CCR5/CXCR4-independent coreceptor pathway on human macrophages supports efficient SIV env-mediated fusion but not infection: implications for alternative pathways of viral entry.

Abstract Several coreceptors in addition to CCR5 and CXCR4 support immunodeficiency virus entry in transfected cells, but whether they could play a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis is uncertain. To probe whether human macrophages express potentially functional alternative entry pathways, we analyzed cell–cell fusion and infection of primary macrophage by several SIVmac Envs. All Envs fused with normal macrophages. One, SIVmac316, also fused efficiently with macrophages lacking CCR5. CCR5-independent fusion was not mediated by CXCR4 and was CD4 dependent, while CCR5-mediated fusion was partly independent of CD4. However, pseudotype virions carrying the SIVmac316 Env and HIV-1 core could not infect macrophages through the CCR5-independent pathway, although they did infect wild-type macrophages. Thus, human macrophages possess an alternative coreceptor pathway that mediates SIV Env fusion but does not support infection. Macrophage entry pathways other than CCR5 and CXCR4 may have limited potential in pathogenesis given their restricted capacity for infection despite efficient fusion.
Computing fields in a cyclindrically curved dielectric layered media

The matrix method provides a rapid method of analyzing propagation through layered media in integrated optics, fiber Bragg filters, thin film layers and geophysical oil exploration. In this paper we investigate an extension to analyze a planar layered dielectric media that is bent around a cylinder, causing leaky waves to propagate out radially from the layered waveguide. The intensity of the leaking light is determined by first converting the cylindrical configuration into a Cartesian coordinate system. In the process the dielectric media is altered to provide an equivalent plane layer model. This model is solved using the matrix method to determine how the strength of the radiation depends on the curvature of the waveguide. This problem can arise when determining losses due to the bends in integrated optic circuits mounted on cylindrical forms.
Economical Route to Produce High Seebeck Coefficient Calcium Cobaltate for Bulk Thermoelectric Applications

Phase pure calcium cobaltate (Ca1.24Co1.62O3.86) was prepared by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) followed by a short post heat treatment. Prepared powders were characterized by XRD for phase purity, and SEM for particle size, and distribution. Temperature histories at the center and on the surface of reaction pellet during the SHS process were monitored and recorded. Particle size of synthesized powders was reduced using a planetary mill to increase its specific surface area. Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of the prepared power were measured and figure of merit was reported.