cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Sound Patterns: An Introduction to Phonology

Introduction Part I. Distribution: 1. Patterns of sounds: vowel co-occurrence in Kikuyu 2. The distribution of English nasals 3. Luganda liquids and the analysis of complementary distribution 4. Contrast and complementarity: multiple complementation in Thai Part II. Alternation: 5. Alternation and the case of English nasals 6. Tibetan numerals and underlying representation 7. Tonkawa stem alternation 8. Yawelmani and interacting processes Part III. Syllable: 9. The distribution of syllable in Ponapean 10. Syllable and vowel epenthesis in Ponapean 11. Ponapean syllable and vowel epenthesis an optimal-theoretic analysis 12. Syllable and segmental processes in Diola-Fogny Part IV. Tone: 13. Tonal distribution in Mende and autosegmental representation 14. Tonal alternation in Mende 15. Yoruba tone asymmetry and derivational accounts of asymmetry 16. Yoruba tone asymmetry and optimality theory Part V. Stress: 17. Pintupi, Wargamay and Choctaw stress and metrical theory 18. Pintupi, Wargamay and Choctaw stress and optimality theory 19. To stress or not to stress: stress-epenthesis interactions in Yimas Part VI. Prosodic Morphology: 20. Templatic morphology and Arabic broken plurals 21. The emergence of the unmarked and Swati verb reduplication 22. Prosodic misalignment: LuGanda glide epenthesis.and Swati reduplication Appendix A. Sample instructions for the reading response assignment Appendix B. Sample instructions for a problem: vowel co-occurrence in Kikuyu bi-syllabic roots and root-suffix forms Index of constraints and rules Language index Subject Index.
What Has Athens to Do With Philadelphia

Lee Strang’s Originalism’s Promise: A Natural Law Account of the American Constitution gives a smooth, integrated account of all of the major issues of constitutional theory. He promises an account of the Constitution that simultaneously fits (a) the law of the early republic, (b) the precedentially-governed law of today, and (c) the moral principles of the natural law. While I agree with Strang that the meaning expressed by the text according to its original legal conventions morally binds officeholders today, there are problems if we too-tightly integrate the three realms of moral reality, the Constitution itself, and precedent. We can sharply distinguish them based on necessity and time. Moral reality and the nature of human flourishing — i.e., the sorts of things investigated by the philosophers of Athens and their intellectual descendants — are necessary, the same in every possible world that humans might inhabit. Our Constitution, by contrast, while it is fixed and unchanging, has the nature it has only because of the historically contingent events in Philadelphia in 1787, and it remains our Constitution today only because of the contingent practices of those who claim fidelity to it. Finally, the precedentially-embodied law of today is not just contingent, but properly changes; officeholders at different times and with different roles will properly apply different evidentiary standards to different evidence. Making this three-fold distinction would promote both moral candor and constitutional fidelity. The Constitution of the Founding obviously did a very poor job of coordinating enslaved Americans’ interests in human flourishing with others’ needs. But officeholders today still swear to defend that same Constitution. Instead of an explanation of why the Constitution has always promoted human flourishing, we need the moral norm against oath-breaking. Instead of filtering precedent morally, we need a moral requirement that officeholders stay silent about the Constitution unless they know whereof they speak, i.e., with enough evidence given their particular roles and stakes.
Population-Based Estimates of Associations Between Child Maltreatment Types: A Meta-Analysis:

Although it is accepted that experiences of child maltreatment are multidimensional and often include several correlated but distinct experiences, many clinical and research decisions regarding exp...
How Instructional Designers Work and Think in Online Higher Education: A Review of The Learner-Centered Instructional Designer: Purposes, Processes, and Practicalities edited by Jerod Quinn

This article summarizes the main themes and chapters for The Learner-Centered Instructional Designer (Stylus Publishing, 2021) and provides a critical evaluation and recommendations for prospective readers. The book consists of 19 short essay-like chapters where 20 experienced instructional designers cover a range of topics related to instructional design consulting in higher education. The various authors share practical strategies and best practices about working with instructors to create online courses.
Study of MHD Corrosion of RAFM Steel in Laminar and Turbulent PbLi Flows in a Wall-Normal Magnetic Field

The present study addresses corrosion of RAFM steel in the flowing eutectic alloy PbLi in a special case of the 1-D magnetohydrodynamic Hartmann flow, where the liquid metal flows in a wall-normal ...
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Role of Polyphosphoinositides in Stimulation of Prolactin Secretion

Publisher Summary Proximal events after thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-receptor interaction have helped establish a biochemical basis for the transduction of the hormonal signal at the cell surface into prolactin secretion from rat mammotropic (GH)' pituitary cells. However, the observation that the removal of medium calcium prevented TRH-stimulated secretion was not sufficient to ascribe a role for enhanced influx of extracellular calcium as mediator of stimulates secretion, as it became evident that such manipulation dramatically depressed cellular calcium levels in GH cells. Thus, it was possible that the depletion of extracellular calcium led to loss of Ca 2+ from critical intracellular pools. The association of TRH-induced Ca 2+ -dependent action potentials and stimulation of secretion only suggested but did not prove a cause and effect relationship between these events. Further evidence to support the hypothesis that acute alterations in calcium metabolism were involved in stimulated prolactin secretion was derived from experiments in which the intracellular calcium pools of GH cells were labeled with radiocalcium ( 45 Ca).
A New Era of Water Quality Management in Agriculture: From Best Management Practices to Watershed-based Whole Farm Approaches

Why is reducing water pollution from agriculture such a stubbornly slow process? Despite several policy initiatives since the 1970s, farms and ranches rank as the primary contributors to impairments of the nation's surface waters [U.S.EPA, 1994b]. Emerging research also points to agricultural chemicals in many cases of groundwater contamination [Barbash and Resek; Mueller, et al.]. After a little reflection, the industry's negative distinction may not be surprising. Covering nearly half the U.S. land base, crop and livestock production inevitably alter natural vegetative cover, apply fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water, and involve animal wastes. All of these processes can degrade water quality.
Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies within neurons of the thalamus in myotonic dystrophy. A light and electron microscope study.

Abstract Abundant inclusion bodies were found within the cytoplasm of thalamic neurons in 6 patients with myotonic dystrophy, 4 of whom had mental defect. Electron microscopy studies revealed that these bodies contain a proteinacious fibrillar material surrounded by a ribosome-bearing membrane and result from coalescence of dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cytoplasmic bodies represent a structural alteration of thalamic neurons very likely related to progressive dementia, behavioral changes, hypersomnia and slow dominant posterior EEG rhythms which are manifestations of CNS dysfunction frequently encountered in patients with myotonic dystrophy.
Class Gifts under the Restatement (Third) of Property

This article updates and expands on an article originally published under the same title in the Ohio Northern University Law Review, Vol. 33, p. 993, 2007. The original article was published as part of a symposium issue on Frontiers of Estate Planning: Changing Laws for Changing Times. The symposium was held in March 2007 at Ohio Northern University Claude W. Pettit College of Law.The article deals with the treatment of class gifts in the new Restatement (Third) of Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers. The original article was based on a 2004 Tentative Draft of the Restatement that was not final. The update reports on the final version as it appears in the hard cover volume that was published in late 2011. The final version differs somewhat from the Tentative Draft version.The Restatement deals comprehensively with class gifts — general characteristics of a class gift, presumptive meaning of class-gift terms, questions of status, increase and decrease in class membership, and class gifts to heirs.
Temporal Stucture in the Input to Vision Can Promote Spatial Grouping

This familiar “Mother Goose” nursery rhyme captures the essence of what has become a central problem in the field of visual science: how can an aggregate of individuals working together reassemble a complex object that has been broken into countless parts? In the case of vision, the “horses and men” comprise the many millions of brain neurons devoted to the analysis of visual information, neurons distributed over multiple areas of the brain (Van Essen et al. 1992; Logothetis, 1998). And, in the case of vision, the source to be reassembled corresponds to the panorama of objects and events we experience upon looking around our visual world. In contemporary parlance, this “reassembly” process has been dubbed the binding problem, and it has become a major focus of interest in neuroscience (Gray, 1999) and cognitive science (Treisman 1999).
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Counting in a Computerized Testing Paradigm

Using computer-mediated joystick manipulation, the ability of a common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) to select arrays of items equal to a given target number was examined. A random dot condition was included in which all sequence cues were eliminated as a means to reach the target numbers 1 to 4. The participant, Austin, had only the quantity of items already selected as a record of how high the count had progressed. Performance on the random dot trials was found to be significantly above chance and improvement over time was also statistically significant. Results of this experiment provide evidence that Austin behaved with a knowledge that the quantity of items selected was the objective of the task rather than adhering rigidly to any specific pattern of selection. The results indicate that Austin had the ability to discriminate the number of items needed to reach the target number and then select items individually to reach that target quantity.
On capacity of relay-assisted communication

In this paper, we study communication in wireless networks where there is no central control available, like wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. We derive the outage probability of multi-hop communication and study it in detail for a simple linear topology. The results indicate that an appropriate choice of route can lead to large performance gains over alternate routes. In the second part of the paper, we consider the problem of estimating outage-minimizing routes using channel measurements. We show that finding the optimal routes reliably requires many independent channel measurements, which is equivalent to sending multiple route discovery requests. The large overhead in route discovery can prove to be counter-productive in networks which transmit information at the same time-scale as the mobility of nodes.
Do You Have Another Good Western? Westerns in the ContemporaryAmerican Public Library

Western fiction, in the view of many authors and publishers affiliated with that genre as well as librarians, feel that the Western has become severely marginalized and, as a result, is more difficult to select to ensure well rounded collections. This study examines the collections of 45 select American public libraries to determine the degree to which 40 non-Spur Award-winning titles are found in their popular fiction collections.
A presynaptic mechanism accounts for the differential block of nicotinic synapses on sympathetic B and C neurons by d-tubocurarine.

The effects of d-tubocurarine (dTC) on nicotinic synapses on sympathetic B and C neurons in the bullfrog were compared by recording trains of postganglionic compound action potentials (CAPs) at 0.5–20 Hz. Block by dTC was strongly use dependent in that the IC50 shifted almost 10-fold with increasing stimulus frequency. Maximum sensitivity to dTC occurred at 5 Hz in the B system and at 20 Hz in the C system. Recovery during posttrain periods was characterized by transient reduction of CAP amplitude in the B system and by transient enhancement of CAP amplitude in the C system. Thus, dTC distinguished between nicotinic synapses on the two cell types. The cell-specific effects of dTC could arise from differences in postsynaptic or presynaptic nicotinic receptors, or from differences in acetylcholine (ACh) release. We tested these possibilities using intracellular recording. Based on comparison with iontophoretic responses to ACh, changes in EPSP amplitude during repetitive stimulation in dTC could not be explained by altered postsynaptic sensitivity. The block of nicotinic receptors was further analyzed by recording synaptic currents. In B and C cells, 3 microM dTC competitively antagonized EPSC amplitude by 54% without any sign of open-channel block. In B cells, comparison of trains in normal Ringer and dTC revealed a constant fractional reduction in EPSC amplitude, thereby indicating that presynaptic nicotinic receptors do not influence release. In the C system, dTC had no effect on peptidergic EPSPs, thereby suggesting that presynaptic nicotinic receptors also do not influence peptide release. We conclude that the differential effects of dTC on nicotinic transmission are indirect consequences of differences in ACh release by preganglionic B and C neurons.
Effects of a flooding event on a threatened black bear population in Louisiana

The Louisiana black bear, Ursus americanus luteolus, is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act as a result of habitat loss and human-related mortality. Information on population-level responses of large mammals to flooding events is scarce, and we had a unique opportunity to evaluate the viability of the Upper Atchafalaya River Basin (UARB) black bear population before and after a significant flooding event. We began collecting black bear hair samples in 2007 for a DNA mark-recapture study to estimate abundance (N) and apparent survival (φ). In 2011, the Morganza Spillway was opened to divert floodwaters from the Mississippi River through the UARB, inundating > 50% of our study area, potentially impacting recovery of this important bear population. To evaluate the effects of this flooding event on bear population dynamics, we used a robust design multistate model to estimate changes in transition rates from the flooded area to non-flooded area (ψFNF) before (2007–2010), during (2010–2011) and after (2011–2012) the flood. Average N across all years of study was 63.2 (se = 5.2), excluding the year of the flooding event. Estimates of ψFNF increased from 0.014 (se = 0.010; meaning that 1.4% of the bears moved from the flooded area to non-flooded areas) before flooding to 0.113 (se = 0.045) during the flood year, and then decreased to 0.028 (se = 0.035) after the flood. Although we demonstrated a flood effect on transition rates as hypothesized, the effect was small (88.7% of the bears remained in the flooded area during flooding) and φ was unchanged, suggesting that the 2011 flooding event had minimal impact on survival and site fidelity.
Analysis of the aliphatic monomer composition of polyesters associated with Arabidopsis epidermis: occurrence of octadeca-cis-6, cis-9-diene-1,18-dioate as the major component

Although the surface waxes from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and stems have been thoroughly characterized, the monomer composition of the polyesters of the cuticular membrane has not been analyzed. Delipidated Arabidopsis leaves or stems, when depolymerized under conditions to cleave polyesters, produced typical omega-hydroxy fatty acid cutin monomers such as 16-hydroxy-palmitate, 10,16-dihydroxy-palmitate and 18-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy-stearate. However, the major monomer was octadeca-cis-6, cis-9-diene-1,18-dioate, with lesser amounts of octadec-cis-9-ene-1,18-dioate and hexadeca-1,16-dioate. These dicarboxylates were found predominantly in epidermal peels from Arabidopsis stems and are therefore likely to be associated with the cuticular membrane. They were also found in analyses of canola leaves but were absent in tomato and apple fruit cutins. In the fad2-1 mutant line of Arabidopsis, which has reduced levels of linoleate and linolenate and elevated oleate in cytosolic phospholipids, the amount of octadeca-cis-6, cis-9-diene-1,18-dioate was 50% reduced, with a concomitant increase in octadec-cis-9-ene-1,18-dioate. In a fatb-ko line of Arabidopsis, where the availability of cytosolic palmitate is impaired, there was an 80% loss of C16 monomers and a compensating increase in C18 monomers. The presence of substantial amounts of dicarboxylates in cuticular membranes is unexpected. High amounts of aliphatic dicarboxylates are usually considered as an indicator of suberin, and are reported only as very minor components of cutin. The high level of polyunsaturation is also unusual in cuticles; saturated fatty acid monomers usually predominate, with lesser amounts of monounsaturates. These novel findings for Arabidopsis demonstrate that a broad range of monomer compositions are possible for polyesters of the epidermis.
Estimating Atmospheric Visibility Using General-Purpose Cameras

There is a growing interest in using general-purpose cameras to monitor a variety of physical phenomenon. In particular, a number of visibility camera networks have recently been deployed to complement traditional means for estimating atmospheric visibility. However, the images from these cameras have so far only been used to perform qualitative analysis. This work investigates image processing techniques for deriving quantitative measures of visibility from digital images in an automated fashion. Two methods are described, one which uses image contrast computed in the spatial domain and another which uses spectral energy computed in the frequency domain. Our quantitative measures are shown to correlate well with traditional measures of visibility from specialized equipment when evaluated using a ground-truth dataset from the Phoenix region.
Leucaena toxicosis and its control in ruminants

Leucaena (Leucaena spp., especially L. leucocephala) is an arboreal, tropical legume that ranges into the cool subtropics and equatorial elevations up to 1,000 m. One of its uses includes forage for livestock, but introduction of leucaena outside its indigenous range often has led to acute and chronic toxicosis. The major toxic constituents of leucaena are the nonprotein free amino acid mimosine and its ruminal degradation product, 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (3,4-dihydroxypyridine; 3,4-DHP). Leucaena also contains appreciable quantities of condensed tannins. In ruminants, mimosine is a depilatory agent and 3,4-DHP is a potent goitrogen. In the 1980s, Australian workers demonstrated that the geographical limits of leucaena toxicosis were due to the absence of ruminal bacteria capable of degrading 3,4-DHP, and successfully introduced 3,4-DHP degrading ruminal bacteria from a Hawaiian goat into goats and cattle in Australia. Simple in vitro screening methods have been developed for detection of 3,4-DHP degraders in ruminal samples and feces. Also, several strains of 3,4-DHP degrading ruminal bacteria have been characterized and have been given the genus and species designation, Synergistes jonesii. Ruminal inoculation with ruminal contents from adapted animals, enriched cultures of 3,4-DHP-degrading ruminal bacteria, and pure cultures of S. jonesii have all been used successfully to establish ruminal populations that are capable of degrading 3,4-DHP and preventing leucaena toxicosis. Once established in only a few animals, 3,4-DHP degraders easily distribute themselves throughout a herd of cattle and persist while leucaena is a component of the diet. After leucaena is removed from the diet, 3,4-DHP degraders continue to persist at reduced numbers for several months. With the availability of viable approaches to the control of leucaena toxicosis in ruminants, leucaena's potential as a high-quality perennial legume for the tropics and subtropics can be more fully exploited
Overview of the Earth Observing One (EO-1) Mission

As reported at the IGARSS-2001 Symposium, the first 120 days of the EO-1 mission, constituting the Accelerated Mission, far exceeded the goal of acquiring sufficient data to insure meeting minimal EO-1 validation requirements. The strategy of using Southern Hemisphere test sites during the Northern Hemisphere winter solstice left EO-1 with data for a variety of ecosystems under varying conditions. These data, collected primarily in Argentina and Australia, have been extensively analyzed by the EO-1 Science Validation Team (SVT). Additionally, during the remainder of the first year of operation, EO-1 accumulated a rich legacy of data for a global variety of ecosystems under varying conditions to complete the Base Mission. The SVT will continue to analyze these data through September of 2002. EO-1 data became public in December of 2001 at the onset of the EO-1 Extended Mission. This Extended Mission opened opportunities for the public to commission EO-1 data collects. Data from both the Base Mission and Extended Mission are publically available from the EROS Data Center. Results of both phases of the EO-1 Base Mission as well as early findings from the Extended Mission are summarized.
Salvage surgery after energy ablation for renal masses

Objectives To evaluate the feasibility, safety, pathological, radiological and functional outcomes of salvage surgery after previous renal mass ablation therapy. Patients and Methods After institutional review board approval, we reviewed our renal tumour database, and described the characteristics and outcomes of patients who experienced a local recurrence after energy ablation for renal masses and underwent salvage surgical therapy. Results A total of 14 patients fit the inclusion criteria. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 65 (59–77) years, with a median (IQR) Charlson comorbidity index score of 2 (0.75–3.00). Three patients had a solitary kidney. Seven patients received their ablation therapies at an outside institution. Ten patients had undergone percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, three percutaneous cryoablation and one laparoscopic cryoablation. The median (IQR) R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score at time of surgery was 7 (5–9), while the median (IQR) time from ablation to surgery was 26.5 (16.3–39.3) months. Of the 14 patients, 11 underwent partial nephrectomy and three underwent planned radical nephrectomy. The median (IQR) surgery time was 203 (177–265) min and the median length of stay was 5.5 days. There was one microscopic positive surgical margin. The median tumour size at final pathology was 3.1 cm. In all, 13 patients had renal cell carcinoma and one had no tumour present. Nine were pT1a, 1 pT1b, 2 pT3a, and 1 pT3b tumours. There were four Clavien grade III complications in four patients. The median preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the eGFR at last follow-up were 66 and 66 mL/min/1.73 m2. There had been no deaths by the median (IQR) follow-up of 26.5 (10.5–49.5) months. Conclusions Patients who have undergone previous renal ablation therapy can be salvaged with partial or radical nephrectomy with good intermediate-term outcomes. These procedures may be associated with a high rate of adverse events. Longer follow-up is necessary.
1,3,2‐Dioxaborolane, 4,4,5,5‐Tetramethyl‐2‐(2‐propen‐1‐yl)

[72824-04-5] C9H17BO2 (MW 168.05) InChI = 1S/C9H17BO2/c1-6-7-10-11-8(2,3)9(4,5)12-10/h6H,1,7H2,2-5H3 InChIKey = YMHIEPNFCBNQQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N (allylating reagent for the preparation of homoallylic alcohols and amines) Alternate Names: 1,3,2-dioxaborolane, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-propenyl)-; 2-allyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane; 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-propenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane; pinacol allylboronate; pinacolyl 2-propenylboronate. Physical Data: bp 30–35 °C (0.1 mmHg).1 Analysis of Reagent Purity: pinacol allylboronate is characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR.1, 2 Purification: can be purified by distillation. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents (CH2Cl2, THF, diethyl ether, toluene, etc.). Form Supplied in: commercially available as colorless clear liquid. For the preparation of the title reagent, see below. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable to air and water. May be stored as neat or as a solution in anhydrous solvents such as CH2Cl2 or toluene. Causes eye, respiratory system, and skin irritation.
The impact of programming methodology on program complexity

The rising demand and cost of software have prompted researchers to investigate factors associated with program changes in software systems. Numerous program complexity measures and statistical techniques have been used to study the effects of program complexity on program changes. The effects of programming methodology on the relationship of complexity to program changes were measured in this study. The results suggest that the relationship of length and structure complexity characteristics to program changes is consistent for different programming methodologies, while the relationship of program changes and characteristics that relate to the use of data and procedure names is not consistent for different programming methodologies.
Acoustic attenuation in self-affine porous structures.

As acoustic waves propagate through fluid-filled porous materials possessing heterogeneity in the elastic compressibility at scales less than wavelengths, the local wave-induced fluid-pressure response will also possess spatial heterogeneity that correlates with the compressibility structure. Such induced fluid-pressure gradients equilibrate via fluid-pressure diffusion causing wave energy to attenuate. This process is numerically simulated using finite-difference modeling. It is shown here, both numerically and analytically, that in the special case where the compressibility structure is a self-affine fractal characterized by a Hurst exponent $H$, the wave's quality factor $Q$ (where ${Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is a measure of acoustic attenuation) is a power law in the wave's frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ given by $Q\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{H}$ when $|H|\ensuremath{\ll}1$, and given by $Q\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\mathrm{tanh}﻿H}$ in general.
Hypnotherapy for the Management of Chronic Pain

This article reviews controlled prospective trials of hypnosis for the treatment of chronic pain. Thirteen studies, excluding studies of headaches, were identified that compared outcomes from hypnosis for the treatment of chronic pain to either baseline data or a control condition. The findings indicate that hypnosis interventions consistently produce significant decreases in pain associated with a variety of chronic-pain problems. Also, hypnosis was generally found to be more effective than nonhypnotic interventions such as attention, physical therapy, and education. Most of the hypnosis interventions for chronic pain include instructions in self-hypnosis. However, there is a lack of standardization of the hypnotic interventions examined in clinical trials, and the number of patients enrolled in the studies has tended to be low and lacking long-term follow-up. Implications of the findings for future clinical research and applications are discussed.
Experimental confirmation of strong fluorescence enhancement using one-dimensional GaP/SiO 2 photonic band gap structure

In this paper we report the experimental confirmation of the fluorescence enhancement effect using a one-dimensional photonic band gap (1D PBG) structure. This 1D PBG structure consists of periodic multilayer thin films with gallium phosphide (GaP) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the alternating high and low index materials. Strong evanescent field enhancement can be generated at the last interface due to the combination of total internal reflection and photonic crystal resonance for the excitation wavelength. In addition, the 1D PBG structure is designed as an omnidirectional reflector for the red-shifted fluorescent signal emitted from the surface bounded molecules. This omnidirectional reflection function helps to improve the collection efficiency of the objective lens and further increase the detected fluorescent signal. Compared with the commonly used bare glass substrate, an average enhancement factor of 69 times has been experimentally verified with quantum dots as the fluorescent markers. This fluorescence enhancer may find broad applications in single molecular optical sensing and imaging.
A message passing algorithm for reference-guided sequence assembly from high-throughput sequencing data

ABSTRACT Recent development of next-generation DNA sequencing platforms has dramatically increased the efficiency of sequencing genomes or targeted regions of interest within genomes. Identification of genetic variants is an important downstream application of such platforms. In this paper, we present a novel framework for processing short reads generated by next-generation sequencing platforms, and apply it to the problem of detecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the target genome. The framework relies on a bipartite graphical model and message-passing techniques to unify the quality score recalibration and variant calling steps in the downstream data processing pipeline. This technique computes posteriori probabilities of the bases in the reconstructed sequence. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique can improve the variant calling accuracy compared to broadly used alternative method.
Proximal sesamoid bone fracture following cast removal in two horses

This report concerns 2 mares treated at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital for hindlimb lacerations using cast application. Following cast removal both mares developed acute lameness and were diagnosed as having bilateral proximal sesamoid bone fractures of the casted limb.
Reducing the risk of laser damage in a focal plane array using linear pupil-plane phase elements

A compact imaging system with reduced risk of damage owing to intense laser radiation is presented. We find that a pupil phase element may reduce the peak image plane irradiance from an undesirable laser source by two orders of magnitude, thereby protecting the detector from damage. The desired scene is reconstructed in postprocessing. The general image quality equation (GIQE) [Appl. Opt.36, 8322 (1997)10.1364/AO.36.008322APOPAI1559-128X] is used to estimate the interpretability of the resulting images. A localized loss of information caused by laser light is also described. This system may be advantageous over other radiation protection approaches because accurate pointing and nonlinear materials are not required.
A non-foster monopole array

Antenna arrays enable beamforming and multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) communication schemes, but performance suffers as the element size and spacing is reduced. A non-Foster matching network for an electrically-small 2-element monopole array is proposed to overcome the performance limitations of passive matching. Full-wave simulation and stability analysis show that the proposed network is stable and the reactance of both the even and odd modes can be cancelled simultaneously over a wide bandwidth using ideal negative capacitors and negative resistors.
Improvement of Learning in the Aged by Modification of Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Partial blockade of beta-adrenergic end-organ response to the autonomic nervous system was effected in a group of older men by administration of propranolol. The result was improved performance in a learning task. The data support the hypothesis that the learning decrement found among older men is not simply a manifestation of structural change in the central nervous system but is, at least in part, associated with the heightened arousal of the autonomic nervous system that accompanies the learning task.
A quantitative cytochemical study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the membrana granulosa of the ovulable type of follicle of the rat.

During the last four days of follicular development prior to ovulation, the activities of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βOHD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) were quantified in cryostat sections of the rat ovary. The product of the enzyme reactions were measured using a scanning and integrating microdensitometer. The enzyme activity was measured in the peripheral region, the antral region and the cumulus of the membrana granulosa (MG) of these follicles on the morning of each of the four days of the estrous cycle. G-6-PD activity was measured in the presence and absence of an intermediate hydrogen acceptor, phenazine methosulphate, to provide a measure of the quantity of Type I and Type II Hydrogen (H) generated: Type I H is considered to be related to hydroxylating reactions such as those of steroids and Type II H to other general biosynthetic activities of cells.
Differential amplification of hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus by partially mismatched primers.

Abstract The quasispecies nature of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been well documented over its whole genome and the most variable domain is located at the 5′ end of the second envelope region, the so-called hypervariable region 1 (HVR1). HVR1 has therefore been extensively used as the target for characterizing HCV quasispecies profiles. In this study, we reported our finding that partially mismatched primers preferentially amplify different HVR1 sequences in a heterogeneous virus population. This finding suggests a possible mechanism of bias during the amplification of HVR1 sequences and may be responsible for some conflicting data regarding evolutionary or clinical implications of HCV quasispecies.
The relationship between teacher management communication style and affective learning

An examination of the relationship between Teacher Management Communication Style (TMCS) and affective learning revealed that TMCS and affective learning were significantly positively correlated. TMCS and nonverbal immediacy were also positively correlated, as were nonverbal immediacy and affective learning. A multiple linear regression analysis performed on these data showed a substantial multiple correlation (R = .45, F (2, 94) = 11.63, p < .05) between affective learning and both TMCS and nonverbal immediacy. While nonverbal immediacy had a substantial impact on affective learning when controlling for the effect of TMCS, TMCS did not impact affective learning when controlling for the effect of nonverbal immediacy. Finally, higher frequencies of a student's class attendance was associated with increased affective learning, while the number of students enrolled in the class, teacher type, and student age did not impact affective learning.
Scaling surface velocities in rotating cylinders as a function of vessel radius, rotation rate, and particle size

Abstract In industrial practice, scale-up of granular flows in tumbling devices has been largely attempted using one of two parameters, either the vessel tangential speed (ω) or the Froude (Fr) number. In this communication, we measure surface velocities of 1.6-mm particles in half-filled rotating cylinders and find that neither ω nor Fr accurately scales changes in particle velocity with changes in vessel rotation rate, diameter, or particle size. New non-dimensional scaling criteria using a simplified model produce agreement in both the magnitude and shape of the velocity profiles. A strong dependence on both rotation rate and vessel radius is found and a small but measurable effect of particle size is also demonstrated. We find that there are two different scaling regimes that depend on whether or not the cascading layer reaches a symmetric equilibrium state. At lower rotation rates, Ω, cascading particles can reach equilibrium, and granular surface speeds scale as Ω2/3; at higher rotation rates, particle velocities scale as Ω1/2. New effects of relative particle size with respect to the cylinder diameter are also reported.
Permeability of Dormant Bacterial Spores

THE frequent assumption that bacterial spores are impermeable and thereby metabolically dormant, unstainable and resistant to environmental stress has not heretofore been tested by experiment. We have attempted to examine this problem using clean, dormant, thermostable spores of a common aerobic bacterium, Bacillus cereus strain terminalis.
Overview of reactors for liquid phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Abstract The following overview is divided roughly into three sections. The first section covers the period from the late 1920s when the first liquid phase synthesis was first conducted until about 1960 when the interest in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) declined because of the renewed view of an abundance of petroleum at a low price. The second period includes the activity that resulted from the oil shortage due to the Arab embargo in 1972 and covers from about 1960 to 1985 when the period of gloomy projections for rapidly increasing prices for crude had faded away. The third section covers the period from when the interest in FTS was no longer driven by the projected supply and/or price of petroleum but by the desire to monetize stranded natural gas and/or terminate flaring the gas associated with petroleum production and other environmental concerns (1985 to date). These sections are followed by a brief overview of the current status of the scientific and engineering understanding of slurry bubble column reactors.
A methylation profile of in vitro immortalized human cell lines

Normal human diploid cells have a limited life span and undergo replicative senescence after various limited population doublings. Cells must pass the senescence barrier to become immortal. The exact mechanisms of immortalization are not clear, although inactivation of the RB pathway, and/or the p53 pathway and activation of telomerase has been shown to be necessary for immortalization of certain cell types with DNA viruses or hTERT. Methylation-associated inactivation of tumor suppressor genes plays an important role in tumor progression. To test if gene-specific methylation contributes to the immortalized and transformed phenotype, we analyzed the methylation status of 17 genes in normal cells immortalized with SV40, hTERT, Ad5, Ad12-SV40 or HPV-18. Some of these immortalized lines were progressively transformed and tumorigenic in nude mice. We observed gene-specific methylation in the in vitro immortalized and transformed cells. SV40 and HPV18 immortalization resulted in different methylation spectra. In SV40- and h-TERT-immortalized prostate epithelial cells, the most frequently methylated gene was RASSF1A, while in HPV18-immortalized cell lines, the RAR-beta2 gene was universally methylated. Immortalization with SV40 resulted in methylation of a greater number of genes than immortalization with HPV. Furthermore, in SV40-immortalized cell lines, methylation affected different genes in fibroblasts compared with epithelial cells, suggesting that different mechanisms may be used by SV40 to immortalize cell lines of different origins. In HPV18-immortalized and subsequently transformed cell lines, the most commonly methylated genes were hormone responsive genes, such as AR, ER-beta and RAR-beta2. In general, more genes were methylated in neoplastically-transformed cell lines than in only immortalized cell lines, indicating that accumulation of epigenetic abnormalities may contribute to oncogenesis.
Empirical Analysis Using Advanced Similarity Methods

Traditional dimensional analysis techniques for predicting the performance characteristics of a product can be greatly improved in both accuracy and domain of applicability by the infusion of empirical data, derived from material tests, into the equations that characterize the system parameters of interest. Advanced similarity methods are investigated which overcome the constraints associated with the traditional methods and provide increased analysis capability and improved insight into the phenomenon governing the problem. Such capability greatly increases the design toolbox available to product developers, across a large range of scale and application. It also significantly enhances a developer’s choices for prototype portioning during a development cycle. Solid mechanics and heat transfer applications are used to illustrate the basic utility of the methods.© 2002 ASME
Decreased expression of liver epidermal growth factor receptors in rats with alloxan and streptozotocin diabetes

Abstract Male rats (200 g) were rendered diabetic with one intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg) or streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). In hyperglycemic animals within 3 hours after the injection, the binding of EGF to liver membranes decreased by 43–52%; the maximal drop was by 70% and persisted for the 20 days of the experiment. EGF receptors decreased in number with almost no changes in their affinity. Autophosphorylation of the receptors decreased parallel to the ligand binding. In animals that received lower doses and did not develop diabetes and in animals in whom diabetes was prevented by the injections of glucose (before alloxan) or nicotinamide (before streptozotocin) the binding of EGF to liver receptors remained normal. We conclude that the decreased expression of EGF receptors was caused by diabetes and not by the toxic effects of the diabetogenic compounds on the liver.
Biochemistry of the Elastic Fibers in Normal Connective Tissues and its Alterations in Diseases

The elastic fibers present in various connective tissues of the body are responsible for physiologic elasticity of the organs. These fibers consist of 2 distinct components, elastin and the elastic fiber microfibrils. Controlled synthesis and balanced interaction of these 2 components are essential for normal fibrillogenesis. The intracellular biosynthesis of elastin by connective tissue cells, such as smooth muscle cells, involves assembly of the polypeptide chains on the membrane-bound ribosomes, hydroxylation of some prolyl residues to hydroxyproline, and secretion of the polypeptides packaged in Golgi vacuoles. In the extracellular space the elastin molecules assemble into fiber structures which are stabilized by the synthesis of complex covalent cross-links, desmosines. Recently, aberrations in the structure or metabolism of elastin have been detected in a variety of heritable and acquired diseases affecting skin and other connective tissues. These conditions include pseudoxanthoma elasticum, cutis laxa, and elastosis perforans serpiginosa, as well as arteriosclerosis and other degenerative changes of the vascular connective tissues.
Modeling the Water−Supercritical CO2 Partition Coefficients of Organic Solutes Using a Linear Solvation Energy Relationship†

A linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) has been developed to predict the water−supercritical CO2 partition coefficients for a published collection of data. The independent variables in the model are empirically determined descriptors of the solute and solvent molecules. The LSER approach provides an average absolute relative deviation of 22% in the prediction of the water−supercritical CO2 partition coefficients for the six solutes considered. Results suggest that other types of equilibrium processes in supercritical fluids may be modeled using a LSER approach.
Photometrische titrationen—I: Allgemeine betrachtungen und die theorie chelometrischer titrationen ohne anwendung eines indicators

Zusammenfassung Es werden Besonderheiten von chelometrischen Titrationen mit photometrischem Endpunkt ohne Indicator aufgezeigt. Formeln zur Berechnung der Titrationskurven werden abgeleitet. Es wird gezeigt, dass im Falle der Titration eines einzelnen Metalles eine wesentlich geringere Stabilitat des Titrationskomplexes toleriert werden kann, als bei anderen Endpunktsmethoden, die nicht auf Extrapolation beruhen. Fur die Titration zweier Metalle hintereinander in ein und derselben Losung ist ein Unterschied (Quotient) in den Stabilitatskonstanten von etwa 100–200 ausreichend. Moglichkeiten der photometrischen Indication ohne Indicator in Kombination mit anderen Endpunktsmethoden werden diskutiert und vom Standpunkt des Selektivitatsproblemes aus betrachtet.
XXI. On the positive ionization from certain hot salts, together with some observations on the electrical properties of molybdenite at high temperatures

It appears from the foregoing experiments that no characteristic positive emissions are given off by the following salts :—AgCl, AgI, PbCl2, PbBr2, PtCl2, CuCl2. The same statement is probably true...
Plasmonic “Diode” for Optical Field Rectification

We propose an idea for a lumped nanocircuit element that can effectively act as a “diode”, rectifying optical field displacement currents. This element can be formed by juxtaposing an epsilon-negative nanostructure with a nonlinear element.
Molecular and supramolecular structure of 4,4'-bipyridinium diiodide

The structure of 4,4'-bipyridinium diiodide has been determined. The diprotonated cation possesses crystallographic inversion symmetry with the pyridyl rings coplanar. The crystal packing is dominated by weak but directional N-H···I (N···I distance of 3.47(2) A) and C-H···I (C···I distances of 3.74(3)3.77(3) A) interactions to give layers of ions. The layers stack parallel to the (101) direction and are linked together by an additional C-H···I interaction (C···I distance of 3.816(5) A). Crystal data: triclinic, P-1 (No. 2), a = 8.2940(13), b = 8.3842(11), c = 5.0978(8) A, a = 93.761(11)°, s = 112.281(12)°, ? = 106.887(11)°, V = 307.63(8) A3, Z = 1, Scalc = 2.22 g/cm3. Final residual values based on 997 observed (I > 2s(I)) reflections: R = 0.026, Rw = 0.034.
Analytic science for geospatial and temporal variability in renewable energy: A case study in estimating photovoltaic output in Arizona

Abstract To assess the electric power grid environment under the high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation, it is important to construct an accurate representation of PV power output for any location in the southwestern United States at resolutions down to 10-min time steps. Existing analyses, however, typically depend on sparsely spaced measurements and often include modeled data as a basis for extrapolation. Consequentially, analysts have been confronted with inaccurate analytic outcomes due to both the quality of the modeled data and the approximations introduced when combining data with differing space/time attributes and resolutions. This study proposes an accurate methodology for 10-min PV estimation based on the self-consistent combination of data with disparate spatial and temporal characteristics. Our Type I estimation uses the nearby locations of temporally detailed PV measurements, whereas our Type II estimation goes beyond the spatial range of the measured PV incorporating alternative data set(s) for areas with no PV measurements; those alternative data sets consist of: (1) modeled PV output and secondary cloud cover information around space/time estimation points, and (2) their associated uncertainty. The Type I estimation identifies a spatial range from existing PV sites (30–40 km), which is used to estimate accurately 10-min PV output performance. Beyond that spatial range, the data-quality-control estimation (Type II) demonstrates increasing improvement over the Type I estimation that does not assimilate the uncertainty of data sources. The methodology developed herein can assist the evaluation of the impact of PV generation on the electric power grid, quantify the value of measured data, and optimize the placement of new measurement sites.