cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing Perspectives in Advertising: The Use of "LIBERATED" Feminine Life-Style Themes

The sex role of women, as expressed in magazine advertising, was researched. Life-style themes were found to be undesireable by women as the degree of role reversal was increased. The current trend in promotions, therefore, toward more "liberated" life-style themes is in direct contradiction to these results.
Minimization of Acoustic Radiation from Composite Sandwich Structures

This paper presents a study of structural-acoustic optimizations of sandwich structures for minimal sound radiation. A sublaminate modeling approach of sandwich structures with a proper balance of accuracy and computational efficiency is adopted in this work. Finite elements are used to compute the vibration response and acoustic radiation of the structure. The material and geometric properties of an anisotropic sandwich are treated as design parameters. The objective of optimization is to minimize the acoustic power radiated by the structure. A piecewise objective function is studied that includes nonlinear constraints of the optimization problem in a nature way by taking advantages of the pattern search algorithm. Numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the structural-acoustic optimization in terms of the reduction of the radiated sound power.
Do leaf domatia mediate intraguild predation and host plant resistance to Oligonychus aceris (Shimer) on Red Sunset Maple (Acer rubrum)

Abstract The predatory mites Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) and Zetzellia mali (Ewing) (Acarina: Stigmaeidae) have the potential to suppress populations of Oligonychus aceris (Shimer) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on maple cultivars under field conditions. Red Sunset red maples (Acer rubrum) are more resistant to O. aceris than ‘Autumn Blaze’ Freeman maple (Acer × fremanii). Examination of leaves indicated that the mite resistant Red Sunset trees had more leaf domatia than those from Autumn Blaze. Laboratory assays found that maple cultivars did not affect rates of O. aceris consumption by N. fallacis or Z. mali in a 24 h period. Each predator exhibited distinct preferences for O. aceris life stages. N. fallacis consumed significantly more protonymphs and adults of O. aceris, whereas Z. mali consumed more eggs. In contrast, maple cultivars significantly influenced rates of intraguild predation between phytoseiids and stigmaeids. Adult N. fallacis consumed more immature stages of Z. mali on Autumn Blaze than on Red Sunset maple, but adult Z. mali consumed the same numbers of N. fallacis nymphs on both cultivars. These findings provide a potential mechanism to explain the resistance of Red Sunset maples to O. aceris. On Red Sunset maples, where domatia provide Z. mali with refugia from predation by N. fallacis, both predators can contribute to the mortality of O. aceris. In contrast on Autumn Blaze maples Z. mali have no place to hide from N. fallacis, so the contribution of this stigmaeid to O. aceris mortality is greatly diminished. Thus, differential susceptibility of these cultivars to spider mites may be mediated by the capacity of leaf domatia to influence rates of intraguild predation among phytoseiid and stigmaeid predators.
Visual cueing strategies: Pictorial, textual and combinational effects

This study examined visual cueing methods via reading aptitudes based on a sample of 256 fourth-grade subjects. The methods, based on displays of 12 pictures and accompanying passages, included: (a) noncues; (b) pictorial cues (i.e., arrows and labels]; (c) textual cues (i.e., underlined type and colored type); and (d) a combination of pictorial and textual cues. Subjects were of average reading ability (ARA) and low reading ability (LRA). One major finding indicated that ARA and LRA subjects achieved significantly higher scores on the combinational cues than on the noncues. The results also revealed that ARA subjects outscored LRA subjects on all four methods. In regard to the pictorial cues, the ARA and LRA groups scored higher on the label cues than on the arrow cues, and the ARA group surpassed the LRA group on the label and arrow cues.
Agency, Structure, and Power: An Inquiry into Racism and Resistance for Education

This paper argues that the agency/structure dichotomy thatpredominates in racism discourse is problematic because itobscures how racism is produced and resisted at the local sitesof relations between individuals and between individualsand institutions. Racism permeates social relations,ensured by `knowledge' and guaranteed through self-regulation. Resistance to racism requires arecognition of racism's `local' character. As aresult, educators, particularly in classrooms,play important roles in resistance-practices.
Comparison of the Envelope Protein Compositions of Several Gram-Negative Bacteria

Five gram-negative species contained one or two major protein species with electrophoretic mobilities similar to the major protein of the Escherichia coli cell wall.
Cluster-Classification Bayesian Networks for head pose estimation

Head pose estimation is critical in many applications such as face recognition and human-computer interaction. Various classifiers such as LDA, SVM, or nearest neighbor are widely used for this purpose; however, the recognition rates are limited due to the limited discriminative power of these classifiers for discretized pose estimation. In this paper, we propose a head pose estimation method using a Cluster-Classification Bayesian Network (CCBN), specifically designed for classification after clustering. A pose layout is defined where similar poses are assigned to the same block. This increases the discriminative power within the same block when similar yet different poses are present. We achieve the highest recognition accuracy on two public databases (CAS-PEAL and FEI) compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Nonpolar a-Plane GaN Grown by Pendeo-Epitaxy on (1120) 4H-SiC.

Pendeo-epitaxy has been applied to nonpolar a-plane GaN layers in order to observe if such process will lead to defect reduction in comparison with direct growth on this plane. Uncoalesced and coalesced a-plane GaN layers with thicknesses 2μm and 12μm, respectively, have been studied by conventional and high resolution electron microscopy. The following structural defects have been observed in pendeo-epitaxial layers: (1) basal stacking faults, (2) threading dislocations, and (3) prismatic stacking faults. A drastic decrease in the density of threading dislocations and stacking faults was observed in ‘wing’ areas with respect to ‘seed’ areas. Cross-section images reveal cracks and voids at the areas where two coalesced wings meet each other. High resolution electron microscopy shows that the majority of stacking faults are low-energy planar defects of the types I1, I2 and I3. The I3 type basal stacking fault, predicted theoretically, was observed experimentally for the first time.
Environmental Sampling Today: Advances since the 2001 Anthrax Attacks

Environmental sampling for Bacillus anthracis spores has evolved significantly since the 2001 anthrax attacks. In the sampling efforts immediately after the attacks, dry swabs were often used; as experience and expertise increased, significant changes took place in sampling techniques, which were incorporated into sampling guidance. This chapter discusses the state of environmental sampling prior to the attacks, the advances since then, existing guidance, current research needs, and the lessons learned since the fall of 2001. Following the anthrax attacks, environmental sampling was key in identifying sites with contamination (screening sampling), in ascertaining the nature and extent of contamination at affected sites (characterization sampling), and in determining the effectiveness of the remediations of those sites (clearance sampling). The experience and expertise gained from conducting the cleanups and working with peers on the advisory committees contributed significantly to the current understanding of and approach to environmental sampling for B. anthracis spores and biological-threat agents in general. The responses to the 2001 anthrax attacks entailed a steep learning curve in the public health, environmental sampling, and decontamination arenas. The majority of the lessons apply to environmental sampling following attacks with any microbiological agent of terrorism; however, some are specific to B. anthracis spores, given their highly pathogenic nature and the fact that spores are considered the most difficult microorganisms to destroy.
A boosting method for direct AUC optimization

We present a boosting method for classification problems with optimal AUC value as a performance measure. The proposed technique first minimizes the empirical pairwise classification error. Once the pairwise classification error is reduced to a coordinatewise local minimum, then it switches to maximize the average pairwise margin of a small set of bottom sample pairs. Experimental results on real-world data sets show that the proposed non-convex optimization method achieves competitive or better results than the convex relaxation methods, and it is very robust in the noisy datasets.
THE ACE MAGNETIC FIELDS EXPERIMENT

The magnetic field experiment on ACE provides continuous measurements of the local magnetic field in the interplanetary medium. These measurements are essential in the interpretation of simultaneous ACE observations of energetic and thermal particles distributions. The experiment consists of a pair of twin, boom-mounted, triaxial fluxgate sensors which are located 165 inches (= 4.19 m) from the center of the spacecraft on opposing solar panels. The electronics and digital processing unit (DPU) is mounted on the top deck of the spacecraft. The two triaxial sensors provide a balanced, fully redundant vector instrument and permit some enhanced assessment of the spacecraft’s magnetic field. The instrument provides data for Browse and high-level products with between 3 and 6 vector s-1 resolution for continuous coverage of the interplanetary magnetic field. Two high-resolution snapshot buffers each hold 297 s of 24 vector s-1 data while on-board Fast Fourier Transforms extend the continuous data to 12 Hz resolution. Real-time observations with 1-s resolution are provided continuously to the Space Environmental Center (SEC) of the National Oceanographie and Atmospheric Association (NO A A) for near-instantaneous, world-wide dissemination in service to space weather studies. As has been our team’s tradition, high instrument reliability is obtained by the use of fully redundant systems and extremely conservative designs. We plan studies of the interplanetary medium in support of the fundamental goals of the ACE mission and cooperative studies with other ACE investigators using the combined ACE dataset as well as other ISTP spacecraft involved in the general program of Sun—Earth Connections.
CHAPTER 18 – FETs and Tubes

This chapter explains the difference between FETs and Vacuum Tubes. Modem electronics would not be practical without amplification because this allows a large number of operations to be performed in series, without any total loss of signal strength from various resistances. Instead of making a transistor that conducts across both PN junctions when it is turned on, a transistor can be made with just a single PN junction that participates in the action. One such device is illustrated in the chapter. Modem integrated circuits (ICs) have millions of transistors attached in parallel, and even if only a microamp of leakage current flowed through each one that was not being used, an ampere or so would still be drawn from the power supply or battery at all times. This would generate a lot of heat and also drain batteries too fast for portable devices to be practical. Therefore, almost all modem calculators, laptop computers, cellular phones, etc. use complementary MOS (CMOS) circuits whenever possible.
Is Contributory Cybersquatting the Next Front in Domain Name Litigation

Trademark owners have pursued cybersquatters for, in the early years of the Internet, claims of trademark infringement and dilution and, later, for claims under the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act. However, a recent trio of cases has opened the door to a potential cause of action against domain name registrars based on contributory liability for cybersquatting. The decisions in these cases are broadly consistent with a recent trend that has seen trademark owners suing online markets and service providers for the wrongdoing of their clients.
Effects of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces on nodulation and leaf spot in alfalfa

Abstract The ability of antibiotic-producing streptomycetes to colonize alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants and influence the activities of a fungal plant pathogen (Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis) and a mutualistic symbiont (Sinorhizobium meliloti) was investigated. Streptomyces strains were introduced around seeds at the time of planting. Hyphal filaments and spore chains were observed by scanning electron microscopy on roots of alfalfa seedlings receiving the streptomycete amendment. Streptomyces strain densities on leaves decreased 10–100-fold over an 8-week period, while densities on roots remained constant over time. The Streptomyces strains also colonized alfalfa root nodules. We then tested the ability of 15 antibiotic-producing strains of Streptomyces to inhibit in vitro growth of Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis Malbr. & Roum., the causal agent of spring blackstem and leaf spot of alfalfa. The majority of the Streptomyces strains inhibited growth of three diverse strains of P. medicaginis. In a detached leaf assay, one Streptomyces strain decreased leaf spot symptoms caused by P. medicaginis when inoculated onto leaves 24 h before the pathogen. Two Streptomyces strains decreased defoliation caused by P. medicaginis when the streptomycetes were introduced around seeds at the time of planting. We also examined inhibitory activity of Streptomyces strains against 11 strains of S. meliloti. Eight of the 15 Streptomyces strains inhibited in vitro growth of five or more of the S. meliloti strains, while four Streptomyces strains had no effect on growth of any test strains. In a growth chamber assay, two of six Streptomyces strains, when inoculated into the planting mix, significantly reduced plant dry weight compared to the treatment with S. meliloti alone, but did not significantly reduce the number of nodules. These results suggest that careful selection of Streptomyces isolates for use in biological control of plant diseases will limit the potential negative impacts on rhizobia.
Electron-impact ionization of the Fe atom.

The electron-impact ionization of the Fe atom is calculated in a distorted-wave approximation. A prior form of the scattering amplitude, containing a mixture of atomc and ionic potentials, produces a giant resonance in the cross section. A post form of the scattering amplitude, containing only ionic potentials, produces a cross section devoid of shape resonances. Further calculations using both forms are made for various single-, double-, and triple-differential cross sections.
Evidence for a relationship between certain soil arthropods and acid scab development

Springtails and mites have been found consistently in acid scab lesions and studies have shown that these arthropods carryStreptomyces spp. both on and in their bodies. Tests with several soil-applied, systemic insecticides have shown significant control of acid scab despite having little effect on the acid scab pathogen in culture. Diazinon, a long residual insecticide, gave acid scab control as good as the best fungicides thus far tested as seed or soil treatments. This insecticide also was found to be almost nontoxic to the acid scab pathogen. We suggest that soil arthropods appear to be a factor in acid scab development and present circumstantial evidence suggestive of their involvement in all potato scab development.
Roads and Ruins: The Symbolic Landscape of Fascist Rome. Paul Baxa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010. xvi + 232 pp., notes, bibliog., index. $55.00 cloth, (978-0-8020-9995-2)

How easily we forget. Europe's fascist past has long been seen as an anomaly in an otherwise progressive march to democracy. Yet, right-wing movements of similar ilk are achieving popular support o...
Surfactant effects on gas hydrate formation

Abstract Micellar solutions were found to increase gas hydrate formation rate and alter formation mechanism for ethane and natural gas hydrates. A critical micellar concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate water solution was found to be 242 ppm at hydrate-forming conditions, where CMC was best determined by hydrate induction time. At surfactant concentrations above the CMC, hydrate formation rates in a quiescent system increased by a factor greater than 700. Above the CMC, hydrates initiated subsurface around the micelle-solubilized hydrocarbon gas. Developing hydrate particles migrated and adsorbed on the water-wet cell walls at the water–gas interface, where interstitial water–surfactant solution of the packed hydrate particles continued to react at the high rate. The development overcomes major limitations of future hydrate use in an industrial-scale natural gas storage process.
Evaluation of tenderness in prawns (Machrobrachium rosenbergii) marinated in various salt and acid solutions

Freshly harvested prawns (Machrobrachium rosenbergii), with shell removed, were marinated in salt (NaCl, CaCl 2 ) and acid (lemon juice, citric acid, tripolyphosphate) solutions to determine the effects of marination on properties related to the texture of raw and cooked muscle. Sodium chloride and citrate solutions (pH 7.0) slightly increased (P < 0.05) the tenderness of cooked prawn, when compared with water-marination control. Tripolyphosphate (pH 7.0) showed no effect, while CaCl 2 (pH 7.0), citric acid (pH 3.0), and lemon juice (pH 3.0) increased (P < 0.05) the muscle toughness. The decrease of meat tenderness by some of the marinade treatments was attributed to decreases in protein solubility during marination and to cooking losses.
The School Breakfast Program: A View of the Present and Preparing for the Future—A Commentary

Eating breakfast has been linked to positive outcomes for children, including improved cognitive function and academic performance1,2 and better diet quality, possibly leading to obesity prevention.3,4 Still, 10–25% of children aged 5–14 do not eat breakfast.5 Given the benefits of eating breakfast, and considering that an average of 35% of children’s daily calories are consumed at school,6 school breakfasts have potential to provide nutritionally balanced meals to the estimated 50 million children attending US elementary and secondary schools.7 The School Breakfast Program (SBP) is a federal effort to increase regular consumption of a healthful breakfast among school-aged children in the United States. This report reviews the status of the SBP and summarizes discussions about possible expansions and improvements.
Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Novel Pyridine Methanesulfonates

A model has been developed which has led to the design and synthesis of novel 6-methanesulfonyloxypyridine-2-carboxamides with insecticidal activity, low mammalian toxicity and safety to aquatic organisms. The amides formed from amines with α branching (e.g. isopropyl and sec-butyl) demonstrated the highest level of activity. Rice nursery box field test results on laboratory raised insects gave insufficient control of the entire Japanese hopper spectrum to warrant further development of these compounds.
Interactive software usage for e‐learning of business statistics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine students' academic progress in a course of business statistics through interactive software usage, which helps these students to build their e‐learning during basic competences: solving problems and interpreting results.Design/methodology/approach – A random sample of 278 students is used to contrast two research hypotheses through the χ2‐test. The sample data correspond to the students' final grades reported during the academic period from Spring‐2004 to 2008 at an American State University.Findings – The population proportion of students that got passing or better final grades in a course of Business Statistics depends on how these students are classified as users or not users of interactive software (p‐value=0.029); for the students that got passing or better grades: the proportion (86.8 percent) of students using interactive software is greater than the proportion (76.4 percent) of students that do not use interactive software. Confirmation of this con...
Identification of essential anatomic landmarks in performing arthroscopic single- and double-interval slides

Contracted and immobile massive rotator cuff tears, which represent a small percentage of all massive tears, are believed by many to be irreparable. The development of arthroscopic single- and double-interval slides has allowed for the successful anatomic and tension-free repair of the majority of contracted and immobile massive rotator cuff tears. However, the safe and effective performance of interval slides requires clear and precise identification of certain anatomic landmarks, specifically the scapular spine and the base of the coracoid. This report describes how to arthroscopically identify and expose these anatomic landmarks.
Endorphin-partial purification and demonstration of multiple components

Abstract 1. 1. Partially purified endorphin extracted from C57BL/6J mice competitively inhibits 3 H-dihydromorphine (DHM) and 3 H-naltrexone binding to C57BL/6J mouse brain homogenates. 2. 2. The inhibition of binding as a function of endorphin concentration yields a linear double reciprocal plot which extrapolates to displacement of 100% of the bound opiate. 3. 3. Gel filtration of partially purified endorphin indicates multiple components.
High order sensitivity analysis of complex, coupled systems

The Sobieszczanski-Sobieski (1988) algorithm is extended to include second- and higher-order derivatives while retaining the obviation of finite-differencing of the system analysis. This is accomplished by means of a recursive application of the same implicit function theorem as in the original algorithm. In optimization, the computational cost of the higher-order derivatives is relative to the aggregate cost of analysis together with a repetition of the first-order sensitivity analysis as often as is required to produce the equivalent information by successive linearizations within move limits.
Folding and interpolation ADC design methodology

High-speed low-power ADCs with medium resolution (8 to 10 bits) are important building blocks for high performance systems, such as wide band communication data links and electrical testers. Folding and interpolation ADC balances power consumption with accuracy, which makes it a good candidate for such applications. With reduced power supply voltage in advanced IC processes, device random offset induced error becomes the main limit to performance of folding and interpolation ADCs. A key design challenge is to improve linearity by suppressing the device random offset without significantly increasing area and power. This paper presents operation principle of folding and interpolation ADCs and a design method for reducing random offset introduced errors, which is validated by an ADC of 57dB SNDR at 500Msps designed in a 0.18µ BiCMOS.
Parental Mental and Pain-Related Health and Pediatric Ambulatory Care Sensitive Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations

Objective To investigate the types of parental psychiatric and pain-related (PR) conditions that are associated with inadequate management of children's health and medical needs.
Homocysteine, B vitamins, and vascular-access thrombosis in patients treated with hemodialysis

Abstract To evaluate whether increased plasma homocysteine concentrations (hyperhomocysteinemia) are associated with thrombosis of arteriovenous (AV) grafts, we determined plasma homocysteine, plasma and erythrocyte folate, plasma vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate [PLP]) in 48 patients (45 black patients and three white patients) with end-stage renal disease who received hemodialysis. 5,10- Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotypes were also analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups, including a thrombosis-prone group with frequent graft loss (n = 24) and a control group with prolonged graft survival who were matched by age and duration of dialysis (n = 24). Hyperhomocysteinemia (>15 micromol/L) was found in 42 patients. There were no significant differences in all values, including the concentrations of homocysteine and vitamins between the two groups. Based on plasma folate and PLP concentrations, over 70% of patients appeared to have inadequate folate and/or vitamin B6 nutriture. Plasma homocysteine concentrations showed significant negative correlations with plasma and erythrocyte folate, and plasma vitamin B12 in all patients combined, whereas no significant correlation was found between plasma PLP and homocysteine concentrations. Among 48 patients, the heterozygous mutation (Val/Ala) of MTHFR was found only in three patients, two of whom belonged to the thrombosis-prone group and one to the control group, and there were no individuals with homozygous thermolabile mutation (Val/Val). All three white patients had Ala/Ala genotype, and 3 in 45 black patients (6.7%) were heterozygotes (Val/Ala). (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Sep;32(3):475-81)
Simulating Past and Forecasting Future Climates

Climatic change is not a new phenomenon, nor is it random, as most of the variation can be explained in terms of variations in the sunlight reaching the surface of the Earth. The solar energy reaching the surface is modified by the aerosols in the atmosphere, however, and that means primarily aerosols of volcanic origin.The climatic history of the Earth is divided up into episodes with abrupt beginnings and ends. Rapid changes from one climatic state to another are normal. The fluctuations within this century do not appear to be unusual in any respect.To the Author's knowledge there is no evidence that past climatic changes, including those of the last decades, are related to changes in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere—except perhaps for warmer nights in the North American mid-west. It is not possible to simulate past climates using carbon dioxide content as the main variable, but it is possible to do so using calculated solar radiation as modified by volcanic aerosols. This strongly suggests that forecasts of the climatic future based on carbon dioxide increases are suspect.Computerized models of the climate that can simulate decadal and century-long variations of climate as well as variations on the millennium scale, suggest that the climate will not warm dramatically in the next fifty years, but will, rather soon after that, begin a rather rapid change towards the next glacial climate.Changes in our global array of cultures, sufficient to affect the global climate in a way which we perceive as beneficial, probably are not possible within centuries without massive physical conflict. There are both winners and losers when the climate changes in a non-uniform pattern, as it always does. It is a well-known fact that a global change of 0.5°C in mean temperature, such as has happened in recent years, might produce some regions of 10°C change in either direction and some regions with no change at all, and additionally an array of rainfall changes of various magnitudes. Russians would welcome warming of their climate!The problems with attempting to modify the global climate in a particular direction are enormous and would be incredibly costly. This is compounded by our not knowing what the climate would do without intervention. Only one thing is truly clear, and it is that the present knowledge of the climatic effect of changing carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is totally inadequate as a basis for initiating any global attempt to change the climate.The indicated action would appear to be to engage in some high-quality climatic research based on sound science before taking global risks greater than those that might arise from the putative ‘global warming’.
Aromatic polyamides. XIII. effect of the halogen position on the thermal and flammability behavior of halogenated poly (1,3-phenylene-isophthalamide)

Various halogen substituted poly (1,3-phenylene-isophthalamide)s have been prepared. Their glass transition temperature Tg (DSC), thermal decomposition courses (TGA), and flame resistance (oxygen index) are discussed. The polyamides substituted with halogen in the meta position to NH group showed higher Tg and better thermal stability than those substituted with the same halogen in the ortho position. All halogenated polyamides studied had fairly good flame resistance characteristics: high oxygen indices and high char yields. Halogenated aromatic polyamides with nitrogen ortho to halogen showed the flammability characteristic: limiting oxygen index = 38 + 61 × (weight loss at initial plateau temperature).
EEG and heart rate changes elicited by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.

Abstract Male rats with a permanently implanted cannula in the feeding area of the hypothalamus were tested for a reliable eating response to adrenergic and a reliable drinking response to cholinergic stimulation. Later on the rats were curarized and assigned at random to one of two groups in which the effects of the intrahypothalamic administration of drugs upon EEG cortical activity and upon cardiac activity were investigated. A reliable increase in the voltage of the EEGs and a decrease in the EEG frequency were elicited by injecting 1 μl of norepinephrine (40 × 10 −9 moles). Increase in the EEG frequency and no change in the amplitude of the EEG's were observed after the injection of 1 μl of carbachol (2.4 × 10 −9 moles). Both drugs decreased cardiac frequency but larger effects were elicited by carbachol. The results support the hypothesis that carbachol activated a complex parasympathetic centre while norepinephrine activated an hypothalamic sympathetic-inhibitory pathway.
The Virtue in Vice: Short-Sightedness in the Study of Moral Emotions

Emotions that are motivated by self-interest, such as jealousy, pride, and revenge, are considered to be vices. We examine the long-term consequences of such states, and suggest that, in addition to promoting immediate individual rewards, they may ultimately function to enhance collective well-being and, as such, contribute importantly to the stability of moral systems.
BROADBAND OPTICAL FREQUENCY COMB GENERATION WITH A PHASE-MODULATED PARAMETRIC OSCILLATOR

We introduce a novel broadband optical frequency comb generator consisting of a parametric oscillator with an intracavity electro-optic phase modulator. The parametric oscillator is pumped by 532-nm light and produces near-degenerate signal and idler fields. The modulator generates a comb structure about both the signal and the idler. Coupling between the two families of modes results in a dispersion-limited comb that spans 20 nm (5.3 THz). A signal-to-noise ratio of >30 dB in a 300-kHz bandwidth is observed in the beat frequency between individual comb elements and a reference laser.
SU‐GG‐T‐93: Investigation of Various Phantom Materials for Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) Beams 150‐250 MeV: A Monte Carlo Study

Purpose: Very high energy electrons (150–250 MeV) is a new possible modality for radiation therapy. It is important to establish accurate dosimetry for this range of energies. In this study we evaluated the properties of dosedeposition in various phantom materials for very high energy electron (VHEE) beams.Methods and Materials: A general purpose Monte Carlo code PENELOPE (2003) was used to generate phantom geometries modeling solid water, liquid water, polystyrene, and soft tissue (ICRP). A 10×10 cm2electron beam was modeled for 50×50×50 cm3 phantoms for energies of 150, 180, and 200 MeV. A 10×10 cm2electron beam was modeled for 50×50×12 cm3 for current clinical energy of 18 MeV. For all simulations 2E7 incident primary particles were used. Results: For the 200MeV beam, the max dose is as follows: Solid Water 4.15E‐12Gy; Liquid Water 4.31E‐12Gy; Polystyrene 4.04E‐12Gy; Soft Tissue (ICRP) 4.26E‐12Gy. Standard calibration procedures compare measurements taken in a medium and compare to measurements made in water, for the same geometries. The dose at dmax is consistently less in the phantom and other materials than for water: Solid Water 96.3%; Polystyrene 93.7%; Soft Tissue (ICRP) 98.8%. Similar and consistent results are seen at the lower energies. Conclusions: Given the consistency of dmax and dose at dmax for the energies and materials studied, it would seem appropriate to use water equivalent phantoms to quantify output of a VHEE beam when scaled appropriately. Measurements made in solid water are most close to the measurements in water.
Role of postsynaptic density protein-95 in the maintenance of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats.

Our previous work has demonstrated that postsynaptic density protein-95, a molecular scaffolding protein that binds and clusters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at neuronal synapses, plays an important role in the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. The current study further investigated the possible involvement of postsynaptic density protein-95 in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were induced within 3 days and maintained for 15 days or longer after unilateral injury to the fifth lumbar spinal nerve. The rats injected intrathecally with postsynaptic density protein-95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide every 24 h for 4 days from day 7 to day 10 post-surgery exhibited not only a marked decrease in spinal cord postsynaptic density protein-95 protein expression but also a significant reduction in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia on day 11 post-surgery. The rats injected with sense oligodeoxynucleotide did not display these changes. However, in the rats without nerve injury, postsynaptic density protein-95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide given intrathecally every 24 h for 4 days did not affect responses to mechanical and thermal stimulation. In addition, postsynaptic density protein-95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide did not change locomotor activity of experimental animals. Our results indicate that the deficiency of postsynaptic density protein-95 protein in the spinal cord significantly attenuates nerve injury-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia during both the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain. These results suggest that postsynaptic density protein-95 might be involved in the central mechanisms of chronic neuropathic pain and provide a novel target for development of new pain therapies.
Optimal cost-effective design of triple-modular-redundancy-with-spares systems

The design issue for the optimal number of spare units in a triple-modular-redundancy system with spare units, including fault coverage and common-cause failure, is addressed. Two aspects of the problem are shown: (1) how to minimize the average total system cost, and how to minimize the average total system cost subject to an acceptance designed reliability level; and (2) how to maximize the system reliability with imperfect coverage, including common-cause failures. Application and numerical examples illustrate the results. >
William M. Sackett: New Field Fellow

AGU's second Richard Montgomery Field Fellow has begun his 10-month tenure at AGU headquarters in Washington, D.C. William M. Sackett is a graduate research professor in marine science at the University of South Florida (St. Petersburg, Fla.). After just a few days at AGU, Sackett told Eos that he is now involved with helping to launch AGU's newest journal, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, and to organize sessions for the 1987 AGU Spring Meeting. Although it was too soon to say on which projects he will ultimately concentrate, Sackett said that he “would like to make some solid contributions to advancing AGU's goals.” He added that he is very much looking forward to getting to know the city of Washington during the coming year.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in DSM-V: Differential Diagnosis and Boundary Conditions

This article examines the diagnosis of autism as it has been presented in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and is expected to be presented in the next revision of the DSM. Then I look at the relationship of autism and other labels and conditions, including Asperger's disorder, sensory processing disorder, social communication disorder, mental retardation, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, narcissistic disorder of childhood, and psychosis. I consider how to describe these relationships, looking at concepts of co-morbidity, overlapping borders, a range of functioning, and changes over time due to therapy, maturation, and other influences. Two vignettes illustrate these ideas.
REDUCTION DIVISIONS IN TRIPLOID IMPATIENS

THE AUTHOR recently reported that certain species of Impatiens invariably show prochomosomes in metabolic nuclei, but that in the nuclei of other species of this genus these structures are absent (Smith, 1934). Following this study, attempts were made to cross species showing prochromosomes with species not possessing such structures in order to determine the mode of inheritance of this nuclear character. Four species in which prochromosomes occur (I. pallida, I. biflora, I. Balsamina, and I. Roylei) were used first as female parents, and each of these was pollinated successively with pollen from three species (I. scabrida, I. sultani, and I. Holstii) in which prochromosomes are absent. Reciprocal crosses. between these species were also attempted. No hybrids were obtained, however, with any of these cross-pollinations. At least twenty pollinations were completed for each of the above-mentioned crosses. Hence it would appear that these species can be hybridized only with difficulty or not at all. It must be admitted that the technique used in pollinating the stigma was not perfect. It is necessary in Impatiens to emasculate the flowers some time before they open because of the early maturation of the anthers. This almost invariably results in so much injury to the tightly folded corolla that it withers and soon falls, and frequently the entire flower dies soon after emasculation. Also it is very difficult to remove the anthers intact, since they are united around the ovary and during the earlier stages are united with the style. From a few pollinations seeds were obtained which were germinated, and the chromosomes were examined in the seedling root tips. All the seedlings, with one exception, had the diploid complement of chromosomes of the female parent. Obviously the seeds were produced by self-pollination resulting from the rupturing of the anthers while removing them from the flower. One seedling was found to be a triploid form of Impatiens Balsamina. The seed which produced this triploid plant was formed as a result of an attempted cross between I. Balsamina and I. sultani, the latter species supplying the pollen. I. Balsamina has fourteen comparatively small chromosomes in the root tips (fig. 1), while I. sultani has sixteen chromosomes which are considerably larger (fig. 2). The satellite chromosomes in the latter species have an almost median spindle-fiber constriction, whereas in I. Balsamnina the constriction is considerably closer to the end of the chromosome bearing the satellite. In the ovary involved in this particular pollination five seeds were produced, all of which appeared to be typical seeds of the female parent. When the seedling root tips were examined, four of the plants proved to be diploid I. Balsamina, while the fifth was obviously a triploid form of the same species. The cells con-
Vertebral Grand Larceny

A case is presented of atresia of the aortic arch between the left common carotid artery proximally and the left subclavian artery and a patent ductus arteriosus distally. Collateral circulation including a pathway via the vertebral arteries maintained an adequate mean pressure in the descending aorta to produce a left-to-right shunt in the patent ductus, despite an elevated pulmonary arterial pressure.
Treatment of Peyronie’s Disease: 2012 Update

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is the occurrence of a fibrous inelastic scar of the tunica albuginea of the penis. It is a relatively common disorder among men, with a reported prevalence of 3% to 8%. It is often associated with penile pain, anatomical deformities in the erect state, and difficulty with intromission. Because the exact pathophysiology of PD remains unknown and standards for evaluating or reporting treatment outcomes are unclear, research on effective therapies has been limited. The benefits of nonsurgical treatment options are conflicting and further controlled studies are required before any therapy can be fully recommended. The success of surgery has been well documented; however, surgery is invasive and costly and carries potential side effects. Patients who report stable disease that has been present for longer than 12 months and who experience penile deformity preventing satisfactory sexual intercourse are best suited for surgery. Additionally, failed conservative management and a patient’s preference for definitive correction are important additional indications for surgical treatment.
Fault patterns on the outer wall of the Peru-Chile trench

Faults on the outer wall of the northern Peru—Chile trench, seaward of the Lima Basin, Arica Bight, and Iquique Basin, parallel the trend of Nazca plate magnetic anomalies. Where the Nazca Ridge enters the subduction zone, faulting parallels the trench, probably reflecting a lack of spreading fabric on the ridge. Seaward of the Yaquina Basin, faulting does not parallel the trench or the spreading fabric, possibly reflecting stress changes caused by N—S extension across the nearby Mendana fracture zone. These results generally agree with a previous review of subduction-related faulting, which concluded that faults parallel the spreading fabric where it differs from the strike of the dipping slab by less than 30°.
The past, present and future of customer access centers

Customers want better access to the companies from which they buy products and services. Reviews how companies have responded to this demand for easy access. Looks at the past, present and future information needs of the customer and how they have been met. Touches on the developments in the communication channels available to customers and provides some simple usage statistics. Forecasts the future technological developments which will once again change the kind of access and information available.
Finite Element Methods for the Frequency Response Prediction of Bonded Composite Structures

The present study examines the effect bonded lap joints have on the frequency response of a given structure. The test article developed consist of carbon fiber composite sections joined with epoxy single-lap joints. The motivation for this study stems from the initial findings of previous works conducted at the Air Force Research Laboratory. This work shows the key factors affecting the influence of bonded lap joints on the system frequency to be: section stiffness, bond configuration and type, boundary conditions, and mass distribution.In addition, sensitivity analyses conducted give direction to the level of detail necessary to model bonded lap joints with adequate efficiency and accuracy. To aid in determining an effective and accurate methodology, the following sensitivity studies are conducted: element formulation, composite ply angle, and mesh discretization. Validation of these studies with experimental data for various configurations allow for an uncertainty assessment of the numerical data presented.
Effect of surface topography on the bond strength of a composite to three different types of ceramic

Abstract Statement of problem Mechanical retention based on the surface topography is critical for the success of chairside repair of chipped or fractured ceramic prostheses with a composite. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the tensile bond strength of a composite to 3 dental ceramics was affected by surface roughening procedures on the ceramics. Material and methods Three ceramics, Eris (ERV), Empress 1 (E1C), and an experimental ceramic (EXC), were used to fabricate 12 rectangular blocks (5 × 5 × 10 mm). After polishing with a series of SiC papers (120 through 1200 grit size), 4 surfaces were created on each ceramic as follows: 1) as-polished (P); 2) airborne-particle abraded with 50 μm Al 2 O 3 (A); 3) etching with 5% hydrofluoric acid gel (E); and 4) a combination of airborne particle abrasion and etching (A/E). An adhesive (Heliobond) was applied on the roughened ceramic surface and a composite (Tetric Ceram) was built-up incrementally. Twelve groups of different ceramic/surface treatment combinations were prepared. Twenty ceramic/composite specimens per group (0.9 × 0.9 × 20 mm) were obtained from each block with a slow speed diamond saw. Each specimen was subjected to a tensile force at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min using a universal testing machine until failure. The mode of failure was determined by scanning electron microscopy. ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (α=.05) were used to analyze the bond strength values. Results Specimens of all as-polished groups and EXC(A) group separated during sectioning. The mean bond strength values (SDs) in MPa for the remaining groups were as follows: ERV(A): 2.6 (0.8); E1C(A): 2.8 (1.1); ERV(E): 3.1 (1.3); ERV(A/E): 9.3 (1.3); E1C(E): 10.5 (1.5); E1C(A/E):13.5 (3.3); EXC(E): 19.2 (4.7); and EXC(A/E): 23.1 (5.4). ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in the bond strength for both ceramics ( P P E1C > ERV by ceramic; A/E > E > A by surface treatment. The mode of failure was a combination of adhesive and cohesive failures. Conclusion The tensile bond strength of a composite to ceramic was significantly different depending on the surface topography of ceramic. Among the surfaces investigated, combined surface roughness was the most effective surface topography in terms of the bond strength increase.
Abdominoperineal resection in the octogenarian.

: Traditionally, abdominoperineal resection has been the accepted surgical therapy for anorectal carcinoma. A review is presented of the experience with this procedure at the University of Iowa Hospitals, involving 52 patients (33 men, 19 women) over the age of 80 (median, 81 years). The most common symptoms were: rectal bleeding in 35 patients, change in character of stool in 35, weight loss in 13, and abdominal pain in 7. A rectal mass was palpable in 45 patients and visible by sigmoidoscopy in 3 others. Of the 52 patients, 23 percent (12/52) died before postoperative discharge from the hospital, and 32 percent of the survivors had significant postoperative complications. The most lethal complications were related to problems of surgical technique. The median survival time for patients discharged from the hospital was 22 months, with causes of death being equally distributed between recurrent carcinoma and other disorders. Abdominoperineal resection remains an acceptable method for treatment of anorectal carcinoma in the aged (80 or older) provided it is carried out with meticulous technique and careful selection of the patients.
A Comparison of Outcomes Associated With Two Key Law-Enforcement Grant Programs

Local Law Enforcement Block Grants (LLEBG) have recently been expanded under a new name to become the central federal funding stream for local law enforcement agencies, whereas programs facilitated...