cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fatherland Museum

How do we make sense out of the lives of our fathers? Do we rely on a well-worn family narrative that omits complications or unresolved tensions or deeper mysteries, or do we question what we claim to know and dig deeper for details? If we choose to reenter the past with new questions, what might we find there? What artifacts, stories, secrets, and memories do we bring into the revised narrative? And what might be the longer term effects of revising that narrative on how we understand our own lives as well as the lives and understandings of those family members who come after us? This narrative essay explores those issues in relation to the life of my father, Harold Lloyd Goodall, Sr.
Interatomic potentials and dislocation simulation for the ternary B2 Ni-35A1–12Fe alloy

Abstract Interatomic potentials of the embedded atom type were developed for the Fe-Ni-Al system. The Fe-Ni pair potential was obtained by empirical fitting to the properties of FCC Fe-Ni alloys. The Fe-Al and Ni-Al potentials required for the ternary simulations were derived in our previous work from lattice and elastic properties of B2 FeAl and NiAl. The Fe-Ni potentials predict the stability of the Fe-Ni FCC disordered equiatomic phase with respect to the L10 and BCC phases. Shear fault energies along the {110} type planes in FeAl were computed showing stable planar faults deviated from the exact APB fault. Core structures were simulated for the (100) dislocations. These dislocations dissociate into superpartials that were not exactly of the 1/2(111) type but 1/8(334) in agreement with the calculated stable planar fault for {110} planes. The ternary potentials were used for the simulation the B2 ternary alloy Ni-35Al-12Fe. The (100) screw dislocation was simulated in Ni-35Al-12Fe for comparison with the previously reported results on the same dislocation in NiAl and FeAl. This study shows that the behavior of the (100) screw dislocation in the ternary alloy can be considered as an intermediate between NiAl and FeAl. The dislocation always dissociates into two superpartials along a {110} plane as observed in FeAl. However, the distance between these superpartials depends on the actual distribution of the atoms in the simulation. The separation distances computed range from a complete dissociation, as in FeAl, to a very closely dissociated configuration more similar to that in NiAl. This suggests an important interaction between the dislocation and point defects present in the structure. The superpartials appeared to be highly mobile along the {110} plane in order to reach energetically stable regions within the crystal.
Nano materials for microelectronic and photonic packaging

This paper addresses the state of art nano science and technology regarding next generation high density microelectronics and photonics packaging applications, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for electrical/thermal devices, nano lead-free alloy, molecular wires for electrical interconnects, etc.
Failure to delay gratification following septal lesions in rats: Implications for an animal model of disinhibitory psychopathology

Abstract It has been proposed that dysfunction within a neural system composed of the medial septum, the posterior hippocampus and the orbito-frontal cortex (SHF system) may constitute the physiological basis of several disinhibitory syndromes in humans—psychopathy, hyperkinesis, alcoholism and extraversion. Consequently, the syndrome produced by lesions of the SHF system in animals is offered as a tentative behavioral model that may elucidate basic psychological components of human disinhibitory psychopathology. As predicted from this model, rats with septal lesions, like disinhibited humans, were less likely to delay gratification than controls when given a choice between waiting 10 sec for an assured reinforcement and an immediately available, though infrequently delivered, reinforcement. Inquiry into the nature of this deficit suggested that these rats are subject to an interference effect, such that the influence of future rewards on behavior could be disrupted or ‘eclipsed’ by the presence of more immediate, prominent, motivationally significant cues. The possibility that various disinhibitory syndromes in humans may also be due to a similar rigid focus of attention upon the most immediate or prominent motivationally significant event was briefly discussed.
Intrusion detection in a K-Gaussian distributed wireless sensor network

Random sensor deployment is of crucial importance for intrusion detection applications using a wireless sensor network (WSN) in hostile and dangerous environments. A uniform random WSN fails to detect a moving intruder if it starts inside the network domain and close to the target. A Gaussian distributed WSN cannot effectively detect the intruder if it starts from the network boundary. In view of this, this paper introduces a novel k-Gaussian deployment strategy to leverage the advantages of both uniform and Gaussian random sensor deployment for efficient and effective intrusion detection. The key idea is to employ multiple deployment points in the area of interest and a subset of the total sensors are deployed around each deployment point following a Gaussian distribution and form a k-Gaussian distributed WSN. Is the k-Gaussian deployment strategy always better than the uniform and Gaussian deployment strategy and how much better for intrusion detection in WSNs is therefore a must-answer question. This work explores the intrusion detection problem in a k-Gaussian distributed WSN under the multi-level probabilistic sensing models theoretically and by simulations. Matching between the analytical results and simulation outcomes validates the correctness of the modeling and analysis, and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by comparing with the counterpart uniform and Gaussian sensor deployment strategies under the considered scenarios. This work provides insights into random sensor deployment for efficient intrusion detection.
Theatrical storytelling in a virtual space

In this paper, we explore the uniqueness of storytelling in a theatrical context. From this exploration, we present a theoretical structure for classifying theatrical performance and describe a technical framework for creating such performances in a virtual space. The framework allows for interplay between human actors, virtual performers and live audience members cohabitating both physical and virtual spaces. We describe a prototype implementation of the framework and provide the details of a distributed performance given in the spring of 2004 as a proof of concept for the system.
Sampling considerations for modal analysis with damping

Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are critical for monitoring aging infrastructure (such as buildings or bridges) in a cost-effective manner. Wireless sensor networks that sample vibration data over time are particularly appealing for SHM applications due to their flexibility and low cost. However, in order to extend the battery life of wireless sensor nodes, it is essential to minimize the amount of vibration data these sensors must collect and transmit. In recent work, we have studied the performance of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) applied to the collection of data and provided new finite sample analysis characterizing conditions under which this simple technique{also known as the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD){can correctly estimate the mode shapes of the structure. Specifically, we provided theoretical guarantees on the number and duration of samples required in order to estimate a structure's mode shapes to a desired level of accuracy. In that previous work, however, we considered simplified Multiple-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) systems with no damping. In this paper we consider MDOF systems with proportional damping and show that, with sufficiently light damping, the POD can continue to provide accurate estimates of a structure's mode shapes. We support our discussion with new analytical insight and experimental demonstrations. In particular, we study the tradeoffs between the level of damping, the sampling rate and duration, and the accuracy to which the structure's mode shapes can be estimated.
Looking at old tools in new ways: using knockouts as congenics to study QTLs.

It is safe to say that no one has ever entirely removed the flanking genes from an introgressed region by simple backcrossing — even 100 generations yields only an average introgressed segment length of 2 cM (Silver 1995). The problem of flanking regions has complicated analysis of introgressed genes for some time and is of particular concern for the analysis of complex traits using knockouts, (Gerlai 1996) so it is particularly satisfying to see this slightly vexing phenomenon turned to an advantage in QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) analysis. In this issue, Bolivar et al. (2001) take advantage of the fact that knockouts are typically generated using ES embryonic stem cells derived from 129 inbred strain and are often backcrossed to C57Bl6 (B6) animals when archived. This convention provides a convenient and growing source of available animals with a small region of 129 chromosome on an otherwise B6 background. The method demonstrated by Bolivar et al. compares the phenotype of B6 animals with the phenotype of B6 animals containing the introgressed 129 region and knockout (B6.129-KO). If there is a difference, the result is followed up with a simple two-part breeding scheme, described in the paper, that separates the effects of the knockout from the effects of the flanking region.
Acoustic Phonons and Phonon Bottleneck in Single Wall Nanotubes

Acoustic phonons are modeled by applying the elastic continuum model to single wall nanotubes (SWNTs) with the nanotube approximated as an elastic membrane with cylindrical symmetry. Donnell’s equations of motion for a cylindrical membrane are solved using the Rayleigh-Ritz method to give the acoustic vibrational modes of SWNTs. The dispersion relations are compared for various diameter nanotubes. These calculations provide the full set of phonon modes for the SWNTs; this is in contrast to most calculations that consider a subset of these modes. The allowed phonon assisted electronic transitions are considered for intravalley-intrasubband and intravalley-intersubband transitions. Finally, these results indicate that phonon-bottleneck effects should be important for the short nanotubes being considered for nanotube-based devices exhibiting quasi-ballistic transport.
The Five Steps of Comprehensive Psychosocial Distress Screening

Despite the growing recognition of the impact psychosocial distress has on the quality of life of patients with cancer, the implementation of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Distress Management Guidelines and the mandate of evidence-based policy for routine distress screening continue to lag. To speed adoption of the guideline, the American Psychosocial Oncology Society (APOS) and Yale School of Nursing (YSN) launched the Screening for Psychosocial Distress Program in 2014. The program resulted in the development of five steps necessary to carry out routine psychosocial distress screening. The steps are consistent with the NCCN Distress Management Guidelines and the new criterion for accreditation by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Commission on Cancer as of 2015. These five steps are as follows: (1) screening, (2) evaluating, (3) referring, (4) following up, and (5) documenting and quality improvement. The purpose of this article is to summarize the detailed procedure of the five steps for cancer care professionals—including oncologists, nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers—so they can manage psychosocial distress efficiently in their own clinical environments.
Adrenergic activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius potentiates amygdala norepinephrine release and enhances retention performance in emotionally arousing and spatial memory tasks

It is well documented that noradrenergic systems in the amygdala modulate memory formation, however, less research has examined how sources of limbic norepinephrine contribute to this process. The amygdala receives a dense supply of norepinephrine from neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The present experiments examined whether adrenergic activation of these NTS neurons affects memory in learning tasks that are sensitive to amygdala norepinephrine release. Separate groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in either an emotionally arousing or spatial memory task. They then received vehicle or the adrenergic agonist epinephrine (50, 125, or 250 ng/0.5 microl) into the NTS. Rats given the 125 ng dose had significantly longer retention latencies on a 48 h inhibitory avoidance retention test and made a significantly higher percentage of correct responses on an 18 h delayed radial maze retention test. A third experiment using in vivo microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that intra-NTS infusion of a memory-enhancing dose of epinephrine potentiated amygdala norepinephrine release. Collectively, these results suggest that stimulation of the NTS contributes to memory processing by influencing noradrenergic systems in the amygdala.
Stimulatory effects of interleukin-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis on gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized monkeys replaced with estradiol.

In a previous report, we have shown that acute activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by the cytokine interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) in the ovariectomized (OVX) rhesus monkey results in an inhibition of LH secretion. Here, we study whether estradiol (E) replacement therapy, at a level that reproduces E concentrations typical of the late follicular phase, modifies the gonadotropin and cortisol responses to IL-1 alpha administration. For E replacement, two Silastic capsules containing E were implanted sc 5 days before the experiment. The serum E concentration increased from less than 5 in OVX to 103.0 +/- 5.2 pg/ml in OVX and E-replaced monkeys. The experimental protocols were carried out 24 h or more after the LH surge that had been induced by E. In Exp 1, the effects of an intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of physiological saline (group 1) or IL-1 alpha (2.1 or 4.2 micrograms/30 min; group 2) on LH, FSH, and cortisol were compared. IL-1 alpha administration resulted in a progres...
Respecting the circle of life: one year outcomes from a randomized controlled comparison of an HIV risk reduction intervention for American Indian adolescents

Potential for widespread transmission of HIV/AIDS among American Indian (AI) adolescents exists, yet no evidence-based interventions (EBIs) have been adapted and evaluated with this population. Intensive psychoeducation may improve knowledge and decision-making which could potentially translate to reductions in HIV risk behaviors. A peer group randomized controlled comparison of an adapted EBI vs. control was delivered over an eight-day summer basketball camp in one reservation-based tribal community to adolescents ages 13-19. Outcome data were gathered immediately post-camp and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. Self-selected peer groups were randomized to intervention (n = 138) or control (n = 129) conditions for a total sample of 267 participants (56.2% female), mean age 15.1 years (SD = 1.7). Intervention participants had better condom use self-efficacy post-camp (Adjusted Mean Difference [AMD] = -0.75, p < 0.005) and at 6 (AMD = -0.44, p < 0.005) and 12 months (AMD = -0.23, p < 0.05) follow-up. Intervention participants also had higher HIV prevention and transmission knowledge (post-camp: AMD = 0.07, p < 0.01; 6 months: AMD = 0.06, p < 0.01) were more likely to believe condoms prevent sexually transmitted infections (post-camp: RR = 1.41, p < 0.005; 6 months: RR = 1.34, p < 0.05), to talk with an adult about HIV/AIDS (post-camp: RR=1.78, p < 0.005; 6 months: RR = 1.14, p < 0.005), had higher partner negotiation efficacy related to substance use during sex (post-camp: AMD = 0.37, p < 0.01), and were more likely to intend to use a condom (post-camp: RR = 1.39, p < 0.01). The adapted intervention had short- and medium-term impacts on AI adolescent risk for HIV/AIDS, but attenuated at 12 months. Intervention delivery through a community-based camp is feasible and acceptable with strong retention. Additional study is needed to evaluate the adapted intervention's impact on sexual risk behaviors and if booster sessions and parent involvement translate to long-term impacts.
Genetic Heterogeneity Between the Three Components of the Autism Spectrum: A Twin Study

ABSTRACT Objective This study investigated the etiology of autistic-like traits in the general population and the etiological overlap between the three aspects of the triad of impairments (social impairments, communication impairments, restricted repetitive behaviors and interests) that together define autism spectrum disorders. Method Parents of 3,400 8-year-old twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study completed the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test, a screening instrument for autism spectrum symptoms in mainstream samples. Genetic model-fitting of categorical and continuous data is reported. Results High heritability was found for extreme autistic-like traits (0.64-0.92 for various cutoffs) and autistic-like traits as measured on a continuum (0.78-0.81), with no significant shared environmental influences. All three subscales were highly heritable but showed low covariation. In the genetic modeling, distinct genetic influences were identified for the three components. Conclusions These results suggest the triad of impairments that define autism spectrum disorders is heterogeneous genetically. Molecular genetic research examining the three components separately may identify different causal pathways for the three components. The analyses give no indication that different genetic processes affect extreme autistic impairments and autistic impairments as measured on a continuum, but this can only be directly tested once genes are identified.
From Finger Pricks to Point-and-Click

In this issue of Immunity, Obermoser et al. (2013) systematically analyze and compare the blood-transcriptomic response of the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines in humans over multiple time points spanning hours to tens of days. They then present web-based interactive figures that facilitate exploration of this large, complex data set.
Differences in cortisol, a stress hormone, in women with turmoil-type premenstrual symptoms.

BACKGROUND A significant number of American women of childbearing age are troubled by premenstrual symptoms, but the underlying cause is not understood, resulting in inadequate therapy. OBJECTIVES To use basal levels of cortisol to differentiate women with low symptom (LS) patterns of turmoil-type premenstrual symptoms from women with premenstrual symptom (PMS) patterns and from women with premenstrual magnification (PMM) patterns of turmoil-type premenstrual symptoms. METHOD Symptom and cortisol patterns of women were monitored for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Three distinct groups of women were identified based on symptom patterns and types. RESULTS Significant differences in symptom severity among groups were observed during the follicular (F = 203; df= 2, 24; p < .0001) and luteal phases (F= 51.3; df= 2, 24; p< .0001) of the cycle. There were no statistically significant differences in cortisol among groups for the follicular phase, but there were during the luteal phase (F= 4.0; df= 2, 24; p= .03). CONCLUSIONS Altered regulation of the stress axis may be involved in mediating turmoil-type PMS.
Distribution of glycogen resulting from degradation of 14C-labelled bacteria in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica.

Abstract Specimens of Crassostrea virginica were injected with 14C-labelled Bacillus megaterium, and glycogen was extracted from their hemolymph cells, sera, and body tissues at 6, 16, 24, and 72 hr postinjection. 14C was first detected in glycogen extracted from the hemolymph cells and body tissues at 16 hr postinjection and at 24 postinjection in the case of serum glycogen. The data presented support earlier observations that the degradation of phagocytosed bacteria in molluscan hemolymph cells leads to the synthesis of glycogen from sugar of bactirial origin and its eventual release from phagocytes.
Selective interruption of axonal transport of neurofilament proteins in the visual system by β,β′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) intoxication

Abstract β,β′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is an agent that produces a marked impairment in the transport of neurofilaments. Its effect on other slowly transported cytoskeletal components sucas tubulin and actin is variable. Previous studies have evaluated transport of neurofilaments after IDPN intoxication in a neurofilament-ricsystem (sciatic motor nerves) and in a system devoid of neurofilaments (axons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus). In the former, IDPN impairs the transport of tubulin and actin but to a lesser degree than it does neurofilament proteins. In the latter, tubulin and actin transport were not impaired, and neurofilament proteins were not present. In this study we evaluated the transport of the cytoskeletal components in a system witan intermediate amount of neurofilaments (the visual system). In the visual system, there is a selective and marked (50%) impairment in the transport of neurofilaments witno impairment in transport of tubulin or microtubule-associated proteins (tau group). We conclude that these different patterns of impairment in transport reflect the differences in pre-intoxication neurofilament content of the nerves examined, the effect of IDPN on the transport of the other components of slow transport being secondary to the presence of stagnated neurofilaments. This model also suggests that transport of neurofilaments can be selectively impaired without producing an effect on other major slow transport components.
Middle school behavioral profiles of antisocial and at‐risk control boys: Descriptive and predictive outcomes

Abstract In this investigation we report two studies of the school behavior adjustment status of two groups of middle school‐age boys—an antisocial group (N = 39) and an at‐risk control group (N = 41). In study one, we compared the two groups on a series of behavioral measures across grades five, six, and seven that included (1) teacher ratings of social skills, (2) classroom observations, (3) playground observations, and (4) school archival records. Results indicated extremely problematic behavioral profiles for the antisocial subjects and much more favorable profiles for the at‐risk control students. The behavioral profiles for the two groups appeared to be quite consistent and stable across the middle school years with the exception that several variables (social skills ratings, attendance, math achievement, and school discipline contacts) tended to show gradually increasing negative trends for the antisocial subjects. In the second study, we used a series of selected fifth‐grade variables, derived fro...
Self‐Representation in the Arms of Defeat: Fatal Nostalgia and Surviving Comrades in French New Caledonia, 1871–1880

The bitter end to the Paris Commune in May of 1871 resulted in the massacre of some 25,000 to 30,000 Parisians by the forces of the central government of France, known as the Versaillais. Those who escaped the slaughter faced arrest, military trials, and, if convicted, deportation to a penal colony in New Caledonia. Out of some 35,000 military trials of the Communards, there were 4,500 sentences of deportation (Rougerie 1964:20-21). This exile persisted for the vast majority until the partial amnesty in 1879, followed by a general amnesty of all political convicts in 1880. The fate of Albert Grandier, a Communard journalist and editor of Le Rappel, is emblematic of the worst fate of the deportes.' Grandier, exhausted by the two-month siege and the final battles of "Bloody Week" that marked the Paris Commune, and sick even prior to his departure from France, proved incapable of sustaining the privations of the deportation. In New Caledonia, he and a comrade built a rude hut for shelter and attempted, without success, to establish a small garden in the infertile soil. But "his heart" had remained in France with his adored sister, and "disgust" soon seized him entirely. "We watched as little by little his live and nervous intelligence weakened," wrote a friend. "Finally, he left his hut and comrade to go live in the woods, and to meditate in solitude on the fixed idea that had seized him" (Grousset and Jourde 1876:35). "Fixed idea," or ideefixe in 19th-century French medical language, was "a single pathological preoccupation in an otherwise sound mind" (Goldstein 1987:155-156). The id6e fixe that drove
Treatment of Canine Hemangiosarcoma: 2000 and Beyond

Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an aggressive and malignant neoplasia with a grave prognosis. Surgery and chemotherapy have limited success in prolonging survival times and increasing quality of life in dogs with HSA. Advances in medical oncology are resulting in increased survival rates and a better quality of life for veterinary cancer patients. An understanding of mechanisms of metastasis has led to the development of new treatments designed to delay or inhibit tumor spread. Promising new treatment options include novel delivery systems (inhalation or intracavitary chemotherapy); use of immunomodulators such as liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide-phosphatidylethanolamine; antimetastatic agents such as inhibitors of angiogenesis (interferons, thalidomide), matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and minocycline; dietary modifications; and gene therapy. Inhibitors of angiogenesis seem to be safe and, unlike conventional chemotherapy, do not induce drug resistance. Although many of the newer approaches are still under development and review, the use of multimodality therapy incorporating innovative treatment modalities may offer the best therapeutic option for dogs affected with HSA.
Modified subspace identification for long-range prediction model for inferential control

In a chemical plant containing a series of processing units, a model that can be used to forecast the behavior of downstream variables based on upstream measurements can be useful for feedforward and inferential control. With such, various upstream disturbances can be rejected well before they influence the downstream units. However, creating such a dynamic model can be a challenge. The conventional multivariable system identification approach, which minimizes single-step-ahead prediction error, can result in models leading to poor prediction and control in the described context. To alleviate this difficulty, a modification is proposed to the conventional subspace identification (SSID) method to emphasize the accuracy of k-step-ahead prediction, where k is a general integer. It is shown that the modified SSID method can be used in conjunction with the k-step prediction error minimization (PEM). Using illustrative examples of mixing units with a recycle loop and an industrial-relevant pulp digester, improvement from adopting the suggested modification is demonstrated.
Primary Pulmonary Hodgkin's Disease A Case Report

• A case of Hodgkin's disease occurred with pulmonary Involvement as the Initial feature. The disease was initially seen clinically and roentgenographically as a diffuse pulmonary infiltrate. To our knowledge, the pattern of diffuse pneumonic involvement without intrathoracic lymphadenopathy at presentation has been reported only In one other case. Differentiation of this diffuse pneumonic pattern of primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease from the more common pattern of a focal mass or infiltrate Is important in considering appropriate therapy. ( Arch Intern Med 1982;142:1941-1943)
Indoleamine metabolism in maturing mouse brain following extended uptake inhibition with citalopram

1. At various ages between birth and adulthood mice were exposed to the specific uptake inhibitor citalopram (Lu 10-171) once a day for 5 days. 2. Their brains were assayed for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) as well as indoleamine turnover at selected times after termination of the drug. 3. Younger brain differed from older brain in both stores and turnover. 4. Younger brain demonstrated the effects of citalopram action as much as 3 weeks later with continued elevation of 5-HIAA stores. 5. The possibility that 5-HIAA is an active agent in serotonergic neurogenesis is discussed.
Dry and F-doped fused silica for photomask substrate in 157-nm lithography

In this paper, Dry & F doped fused silica (modified fused silica) expected as material of photo-mask substrate in the 157 nm (F2 laser) lithography has been evaluated with respect to the optical properties of transmittance, internal loss, F2 laser durability, index homogeneity and stress birefringence, etc. Obtained internal loss coefficient at 157.6 nm was approximately 0.015/cm (base 10), which was measured by several samples with different thickness. From this coefficient, internal loss was calculated as approximately 3% per 1 cm, 2% per quarter-inch. The uniformity in transmittance inside the sample diameter (120 mm) was nearly less than plus or minus 0.5% per 1 cm, plus or minus 0.3% per quarter-inch. Laser durability test was made by MIT/LL. The samples (3 mm, 20 mm and 40 mm thickness) were exposed to F2 laser light up to 80 - 520 million pulses with energy density of 0.1 to 1.4 mJ/cm2/pulse. No significant transmittance change was observed (change was less than 1.0% per quarter-inch at 0.1 to 1.4 mJ/cm2/pulse, 520 million pulses). We measured the index homogeneity by using interferometer and the stress birefringence by using phase modulation method. Inside the sample diameter (120 mm), index homogeneity was 150 ppm at 632.8 nm, the distribution configuration of relative refractive index has a central symmetry property. The stress birefringence was less than 5 nm per quarter-inch at 632.8 nm. As the result, we concluded that this new material had enough capability for the mask substrate of 157 nm lithography.
An improved intermolecular potential function for simulations of liquid hydrogen fluoride

A simple, intermolecular potential function has been derived empirically to yield good thermodynamic and structural results for liquid hydrogen fluoride. The function was tested in Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations for the liquid at temperatures of 0°C and -70°C at 1 atm. The average errors in the computed densities and energies are 1 and 5 per cent, respectively. The temperature dependence of the structural results is also analysed by means of radial distribution functions and hydrogen bond distributions. As expected, hydrogen bonded chains dominate the liquid's structure. Enhanced structure and hydrogen bonding are evident as the temperature is lowered. In view of the simplicity of the potential function and the quality of the results, the potential is well suited for simulations of dilute solutions including studies of the solvation of carbonium ions in a model superacid solvent.
Conformity of two sociometric relations

The problem of comparing two sociometric relations or measurements (A andB) recorded in distinct sociomatrices was originally discussed by Katz and Powell in the early 1950's and Hubert and Baker in the late 1970's. The problem is considered again using a probabilistic model designed specifically for discrete-valued network measurements. The model allows for the presence of various structural tendencies, such as reciprocity and differential popularity. A parameter that isolates the tendency for actors to choose other actors on both relations simultaneously is introduced, and estimated conditional on the presence of other parameters that reflect additional important network properties. The parameter is presented as a symmetric index but is also generalized to the predictive (A onB orB onA) situation. This approach to the problem is illustrated with the same data used by the earlier solutions, and the unique nature of the two relations in the data set (A = received choices,B = perceived choices), as it affects the modeling, is discussed. Significance tests for the parameter and related parameters are described, as well as an extension to more than two relations.
An immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study of insulin-like growth factor I within fetal neuron cell cultures.

Abstract Fetal neuron cell cultures (NCC) from 22 day gestation and 18 day gestation fetal rabbit brain were studied for the presence of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I). The 22 day gestation NCC were incubated in an IGF I free/insulin free/serum free medium. The 18 day gestation NCC were incubated in: (1) IGF I free/insulin free/serum free medium, (2) IGF I containing medium (100 ng)/serum free medium, and (3) serum containing medium. The 22 day gestation NCC survived in the IGF I free/insulin free/serum free medium. Furthermore, IGF I was detected in the medium by RIA from day one to day ten of incubation. In contrast, the 18 day gestation NCC did not survive in the IGF I free/insulin free/serum medium, but survived in the serum medium. When the 18 day gestation NCC were incubated in the serum free medium containing 100 ng IGF I the cells survived for a period of 2–3 days. Immunoreactive IGF I was found within the 22 day gestation NCC incubated in the IGF I free/insulin free/serum free medium and 18 day gestation NCC in serum medium. Likewise, IGF I mRNA was found only within the 22 day gestation NCC. Internalization studies of IGF I have shown that the peptide was internalized from the medium by the two different gestational age NCC's studied. IGF I receptors were found in both 22 day gestation and 18 day gestation NCC. In conclusion IGF I may promote cell survival in early stages of brain development, and may be of exogenous origin. In contrast the 22 day gestation NCC are capable of producing and secreting IGF I, and indeed appear to respond to this growth factor in an autocrine fashion.
Computation of Vortex Shedding and Radiated Sound for a Circular Cylinder: Subcritical to Transcritical Reynolds Numbers

The Lighthill acoustic analogy combined with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow computations are used to investigate the ability of existing technology to predict the tonal noise generated by vortex shedding from a circular cylinder for a range of Reynolds numbers (100 < Re < 5 million). Computed mean drag, mean coefficient of pressure, Strouhal number, and fluctuating lift are compared with experiment. Two-dimensional calculations produce a Reynolds number trend similar to experiment but incorrectly predict many of the flow quantities. Different turbulence models give inconsistent results in the critical Reynolds number range (Re≈ 100000). The computed flow field is used as input for noise prediction. Two-dimensional inputs overpredict both noise amplitude and frequency; however, if an appropriate correlation length is used, predicted noise amplitudes agree with experiment. Noise levels and frequency content agree much better with experiment when three-dimensional flow computations are used as input data.
Setting A Standard Of Affordability For Health Insurance Coverage

ABSTRACT: Recently, Massachusetts passed landmark legislation designed to expand health insurance coverage. This legislation includes a requirement that all adults enroll in a health insurance plan...
Deviation Forces Arising From Single Bit Tooth Indentation of an Anisotropic Porous Media

The effect of formation anisotropy on the hole deviation force acting on a single bit tooth is analyzed for a plastically deforming rock. A yield condition which allows a nonlinear dependence of strength on confining pressure is used in a numerical analysis of the plane strain indentation of a porous rock by a single bit tooth. The hole deviation force was approximately 50 percent of the vertical indentation force for the example calculation.
Regulatory Elements of the Staphylococcus aureus Protein A (Spa) Promoter

Staphylococcal protein A (Spa) is an important virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. Transcription of the spa determinant occurs during the exponential growth phase and is repressed when the cells enter the postexponential growth phase. Regulation of spa expression has been found to be complicated, with regulation involving multiple factors, including Agr, SarA, SarS, SarT, Rot, and MgrA. Our understanding of how these factors work on the spa promoter to regulate spa expression is incomplete. To identify regulatory sites within the spa promoter, analysis of deletion derivatives of the promoter in host strains deficient in one or more of the regulatory factors was undertaken, and several critical features of spa regulation were revealed. The transcriptional start sites of spa were determined by primer extension. The spa promoter sequences were subcloned in front of a promoterless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Various lengths of spa truncations with the same 3' end were constructed, and the resultant plasmids were transduced into strains with different regulatory genetic backgrounds. Our results identified upstream promoter sequences necessary for Agr system regulation of spa expression. The cis elements for SarS activity, an activator of spa expression, and for SarA activity, a repressor of spa expression, were identified. The well-characterized SarA consensus sequence on the spa promoter was found to be insufficient for SarA repression of the spa promoter. Full repression required the presence of a second consensus site adjacent to the SarS binding site. Sequences directly upstream of the core promoter sequence were found to stimulate transcription.
Association of porcine heparanase and hyaluronidase 1 and 2 with reproductive and production traits in a landrace-duroc-yorkshire population.

The ovary and placenta are dynamic structures requiring constant modification both structurally and through cell-cell communication capabilities. The extracellular matrix and basement membranes are primarily composed of a milieu of glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulfate and hyaluronan. Heparanase (HPSE) and hyaluronidases (HYAL) are responsible for degrading heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, respectively. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of SNPs distinct to HPSE, HYAL1, and HYAL2 with measurements of reproduction and production traits in swine. Single trait associations were performed on a Landrace-Duroc-Yorkshire population using SNPs discovered and identified in HPSE, HYAL1, and HYAL2. Analyses were conducted on an extended pedigree and SNPs were found to be associated with reproductive and production traits. Prior to multiple-testing corrections, SNPs within HPSE were weakly associated (P < 0.03) having additive effects with age at puberty (-2.5d + 1.08), ovulation rate (0.5 corpora lutea + 0.24), and number of piglets born alive (0.9 piglets + 0.44). A HYAL1 and two HYAL2 SNP were nominally associated (P < 0.0063) with number of piglets born alive after multiple-testing corrections (effects between 1.02 and 1.44 piglets), while one of the same HYAL2 markers maintained a modest association (P = 0.0043) having a dominant effect with number of piglets weaned (1.2 piglets + 0.41) after multiple-testing correction. Functionally, HPSE and HYAL1 and 2 have been shown to participate in events related to ovarian and placental activity. SNPs from these studies could potentially assist with understanding genetic components underlying sow lifetime productivity as measured by piglet survivability based on number born alive and number weaned, thereby contributing to a greater number of pigs/sow/year.
Probabilistically robust nonlinear design of control systems for base‐isolated structures

A stochastic-simulation-based nonlinear controller design for base-isolation systems is discussed in this study. The performance objective is the maximization of structural reliability, quantified as the probability, based on the available information, that the structural response trajectory will not exceed acceptable thresholds. A simulation-based approach is implemented for evaluation of the performance of the controlled system. This approach explicitly takes into account nonlinear characteristics of the structural response and the control law in the design process. A realistic probabilistic model for representation of near-fault ground motions is adopted in the design stage. The variability of future earthquake events is addressed by incorporating a probabilistic description for the ground-motion model parameters, leading to a design approach that is robust to probabilistic uncertainty. The methodology is illustrated through application to the base-isolated benchmark building with elastomeric and friction pendulum isolators and an array of regenerative force actuators. Skyhook control implementation is considered and an efficient scheme is presented for the clipping of the control forces in order to satisfy the actuator force constraints. The performance of the controlled system is evaluated under seven earthquake records using a number of metrics. Comparison with the performance of a similar network of viscous dampers is also discussed.
Processing of polyurethane/polyester interpenetrating polymer networks by reaction injection molding (RIM). Part I: Design of a high pressure RIM system

This is the first of a three-part paper investigating the feasibility of processing polyurethane/polyester Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN) by Reaction Injection Molding (RIM). The fundamental mixing process is discussed. Various approaches reported to analyze mixing are also critically reviewed. Good part quality in RIM mixing activated systems suggests the need for the creation of a rapid and intense turbulent state within the small impingement chamber. In order to generate the conditions of reactive components intermingling down to submicron dimensions, a high pressure RIM unit was built and tested. The device can inject reactants at high stream Reynolds numbers (around 10,000) and impingement pressures (up to 100,000 psi, 6,895 bar.).
Marriage and Revolution: Monsieur and Madame RolandSIÂN REYNOLDS

The intentions of this book are clear, and Siân Reynolds successfully fulfills them. Her goal is to write a dual biography that is also a history of a marriage in revolution. That is, the marriage ...
Causal reasoning on biological networks

Motivation: The interpretation of high-throughput datasets has remained one of the central challenges of computational biology over the past decade. Furthermore, as the amount of biological knowledge increases, it becomes more and more difficult to integrate this large body of knowledge in a meaningful manner. In this article, we propose a particular solution to both of these challenges. Methods: We integrate available biological knowledge by constructing a network of molecular interactions of a specific kind: causal interactions. The resulting causal graph can be queried to suggest molecular hypotheses that explain the variations observed in a high-throughput gene expression experiment. We show that a simple scoring function can discriminate between a large number of competing molecular hypotheses about the upstream cause of the changes observed in a gene expression profile. We then develop an analytical method for computing the statistical significance of each score. This analytical method also helps assess the effects of random or adversarial noise on the predictive power of our model. Results: Our results show that the causal graph we constructed from known biological literature is extremely robust to random noise and to missing or spurious information. We demonstrate the power of our causal reasoning model on two specific examples, one from a cancer dataset and the other from a cardiac hypertrophy experiment. We conclude that causal reasoning models provide a valuable addition to the biologist's toolkit for the interpretation of gene expression data. Availability and implementation: R source code for the method is available upon request. Contact: daniel.ziemek@pfizer.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Low-threshold continuous-wave 1.5-/spl mu/m GaInNAsSb lasers grown on GaAs

We present the first continuous-wave (CW) edge-emitting lasers at 1.5 /spl mu/m grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). These single quantum well (QW) devices show dramatic improvement in all areas of device performance as compared to previous reports. CW output powers as high as 140 mW (both facets) were obtained from 20 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 2450 /spl mu/m ridge-waveguide lasers possessing a threshold current density of 1.06 kA/cm/sup 2/, external quantum efficiency of 31%, and characteristic temperature T/sub 0/ of 139 K from 10/spl deg/C-60/spl deg/C. The lasing wavelength shifted 0.58 nm/K, resulting in CW laser action at 1.52 /spl mu/m at 70/spl deg/C. This is the first report of CW GaAs-based laser operation beyond 1.5 /spl mu/m. Evidence of Auger recombination and intervalence band absorption was found over the range of operation and prevented CW operation above 70/spl deg/C. Maximum CW output power was limited by insufficient thermal heatsinking; however, devices with a highly reflective (HR) coating applied to one facet produced 707 mW of pulsed output power limited by the laser driver. Similar CW output powers are expected with more sophisticated packaging and further optimization of the gain region. It is expected that such lasers will find application in next-generation optical networks as pump lasers for Raman amplifiers or doped fiber amplifiers, and could displace InP-based lasers for applications from 1.2 to 1.6 /spl mu/m.
The efficacy of medical abortion: a meta-analysis.

Multiple clinical studies demonstrate the efficacy of medical abortion with mifepristone or methotrexate followed by a prostaglandin analogue. However, assessing predictors of success, including regimen, is difficult because of regimen variability and a lack of direct comparisons. This meta-analysis estimates rates of primary clinical outcomes of medical abortion (successful abortion, incomplete abortion, and viable pregnancy) and compares them by regimen and gestational age. We identified 54 studies published from 1991 to 1998 using mifepristone with misoprostol (18), mifepristone with other prostaglandin analogues (23), and methotrexate with misoprostol (13). Data abstracted from studies included regimen details and clinical outcomes by gestational age. We found that efficacy decreases with increasing gestational age (p or =57 days. For gestations or =57 days, success was lower for mifepristone/misoprostol (85%, 95% confidence interval 78-91%) than for mifepristone/other prostaglandin analogues 95% (CI 91-98%, p = 0.006). For mifepristone/misoprostol, using > or =2 prostaglandin analogue doses seems to be better than a single dose for certain outcomes and gestational ages. We conclude that both mifepristone and methotrexate, when administered with misoprostol, have high levels of success at < or =49 days gestation but may have lower efficacy at longer gestation.