cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-Varying Risk, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates in General Equilibrium

Under mild assumptions, the data indicate that time-varying risk is the primary force driving nominal interest rate differentials on currency-denominated bonds. This finding is an immediate implication of the fact that exchange rates are roughly random walks. A general equilibrium monetary model with an endogenous source of risk variation–a variable degree of asset market segmentation– can produce key features of actual interest rates and exchange rates. In this model, the endogenous segmentation arises from a fixed cost for agents to exchange money for assets. As inflation varies, so does the benefit of asset market participation, and that changes the fraction of agents participating. These effects lead the risk premium to vary systematically with the level of inflation. This model produces variation in the risk premium even though the fundamental shocks have constant conditional variances.
Vicinal epoxymesylates: substrates for iterative organocuprate Chemistry

Abstract Reacting vicinal epoxymesylates of general structure i with higher order and mixed higher order organocuprate reagents is shown to be very selective for attack at the least hindered epoxide center. The iterative application of this reaction - a sequence which consists of cuprate opening of epoxide i, reformation of an epoxide (I→ii), and subsequent cuprate opening of this intermediate epoxide (ii→iii) - provides ready access to acyclic carbon frameworks with up to three contiguous stereogenic centers.
A New Length Estimate for Curve Shortening Flow and Low Regularity Initial Data

In this paper we introduce a geometric quantity, the r-multiplicity, that controls the length of a smooth curve as it evolves by curve shortening flow (CSF). The length estimates we obtain are used to prove results about the level set flow in the plane. If K is locally-connected, connected and compact, then the level set flow of K either vanishes instantly, fattens instantly or instantly becomes a smooth closed curve. If the compact set in question is a Jordan curve J, then the proof proceeds by using the r-multiplicity to show that if γ n is a sequence of smooth curves converging uniformly to J, then the lengths $${\fancyscript{L}({\gamma_n}_t)}$$ , where γ n t denotes the result of applying CSF to γ n for time t, are uniformly bounded for each t > 0. Once the level set flow has been shown to be smooth we prove that the Cauchy problem for CSF has a unique solution if the initial data is a finite length Jordan curve.
Vinyl Fluorides from Vinyl Stannanes

Abstract Fluorination of vinyl stannanes takes place in moderate yields with xenon difluoride in the presence of silver hexafluorophosphate. An electrophilic fluorination mechanism is assumed.
A problem on spreading models

It is proved that if a Banach spaceXhas a basis (en) satisfying every spreading model of a normalized block basis of (en) is 1-equivalent to the unit vector basis of l1 (respectively,c0) thenXcontains l1(respectively,c0). Furthermore, Tsirelson's spaceTis shown to have the property that every infinite dimensional subspace contains a sequence having spreading model 1-equivalent to the unit vector basis of l1. An equivalent norm is constructed onTso that ‖s1+s2‖<2 whenever (sn) is a spreading model of a normalized basic sequence inT.
Effects of interfacial friction on flaw tolerant adhesion between two dissimilar elastic solids

Flaw tolerance refers to a state in which a pre-existing crack-like flaw does not propagate even as the material is stretched to failure near its theoretical strength. Such an optimal scenario can be achieved when the characteristic length scale is reduced to below a critical value. So far, the critical conditions to achieve flaw tolerance have been discussed mostly for homogeneous materials or for two dissimilar materials in frictionless or perfectly bonded adhesion. In this paper, we consider the role of friction in flaw tolerant adhesion between two dissimilar elastic solids. We adopt a frictional contact model in which slip is allowed wherever the shear stress along the interface reaches a threshold value defined as the friction strength. The critical length scale for flaw tolerance is derived analytically for a penny-shaped crack and for an external circular crack. Compared to the cases of frictionless contact, we find that interfacial friction can reduce the critical length scales for flaw tolerance by up to 12.5%.
Ab initio analysis of sulfur tolerance of Ni, Cu, and Ni-Cu alloys for solid oxide fuel cells

Interactions between sulfur and Ni1−xCux (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) were examined by a first-principles analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to provide a scientific basis for intelligent design of sulfur-tolerant anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Examination of slab models with three and five atomic layers for Ni and Cu (1 1 1) surfaces indicates that sulfur species may adsorb on four types of sites: atop, bridge, hcp hollow, and fcc hollow, among which the fcc-hollow centers are the most energetically favorable. The adsorption energy of sulfur on Ni is approximately 20% higher than that on Cu for both unrelaxed and relaxed five-layer surface models, which is qualitatively in good agreement with experimental observations. Using two active sites at three-fold hollow sites, the adsorption energy for sulfur on Ni1−xCux is predicted as a function of the alloy composition. Alloying Ni with Cu improves sulfur tolerance, however not to the degree of pure Cu.
Temporomandibular disorders and science: a response to the critics.

Abstract This article was prepared by the above authors and submitted to members of the TMD academic community for their endorsement. A total of 120 people signed an endorsement; their names are available on request. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;116:430-1)
Perturbative solution of the chiral Schwinger model

Abstract The anomalous chiral Schwinger model is solved by summing the perturbation series. A gauge invariant spectrum is obtained if a Wess-Zumino term is appended to the original action. The resulting spectrum depends on ambiguities in the specification of the anomaly and is singular at the value corresponding to the minimal anomaly.
Stability and linearization: discrete-time systems

A theorem by Hadamard gives a two-part condition under which a map from one Banach space to another is a homeomorphism. The theorem, while often very useful, is incomplete in the sense that it does not explicitly specify the family of maps for which the condition is met. Recently, under a typically weak additional assumption on the map, it was shown that Hadamard's condition is met if and only if the map is a homeomorphism with a Lipschitz continuous inverse. Here an application is given concerning the relation between the stability of a discrete-time non-linear system and the stability of related linear systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3-Amino-2,2-dimethyl-8-thia-1-azaspiro[4.5]decane

The synthesis of 3-amino-2,2-dimethyl-8-thia-1-azaspiro[4.5]decane is described. Key steps include the addition of prenyl magnesium bromide to a 4-methoxybenzylimine without reversal of stereochemistry and the iodine-initiated aminocyclization to form the azaspirocycle.
A bound on heat flow below a double crossing of the perovskite-postperovskite phase transition

[1] A double crossing of the perovskite-postperovskite phase transition in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 has been proposed to explain seismic reflections from structures near the base of the mantle. Estimates of temperature inferred from the phase transitions can be extrapolated to the core-mantle boundary (CMB) using a simple model for the thermal boundary layer. However, a complication arises when flow is driven by the (negative) buoyancy of the postperovskite phase. Latent heat release and advective transport increase the temperature gradient and heat flow below the region of postperovskite. A minimum bound on the temperature gradient at the CMB is obtained by noting that the temperature gradient at the base of the postperovskite region must be at least as steep as the transition temperature with depth. Both the temperature and heat flow at the CMB depend on the vertical velocity at the phase transition. A representative velocity of 1 mm/yr gives a local heat flux of 160 m W m−2. Increasing the velocity by a factor of two yields a substantially higher heat flow and an unreasonably hot temperature at the top of the core.
NMR Studies of the Dynamic Motion of Encapsulated Ions and Clusters in Fullerene Cages: A Wheel Within a Wheel

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has provided an important approach to investigate the structure and dynamics of encapsulated metal ions and clusters in endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). In this paper, we review NMR studies of the environment and dynamics of dimetallic, trimetallic nitride, metal carbide and metal cyanide clusters encapsulated in EMFs. The NMR chemical shielding parameter is a sensitive probe for monitoring the carbon cage (13C) and encapsulated clusters (13C, 14N, 139La, 45Sc, and 89Y). Future NMR EMF studies could be very fruitful and help elucidate coupled motion between the carbon cage and encapsulated cluster or other “wheel within a wheel” motional processes.
Catalytic enantioselective allylic oxidation of olefins with copper(I) catalysts and new perester oxidants

Asymmetric allylic oxidation of cyclic olefins using a catalytic amount of copper(I) bisoxazoline complexes and new peresters was investigated to give allylic benzoate esters in high selectivity (∼80%ee), yield (70–80%), and at reasonable rates (5–7 d) at −20 °C in acetonitrile. Cyclohexene reacted with para-chloro tert-butylperbenzoate and 15 mol% diphenylbisoxazoline-copper(I) hexafluorophosphate to give benzoate product in 83% yield and 75% ee.
Spectroscopic Observations of the Mass Donor Star in SS 433

The microquasar SS 433 is an interacting massive binary consisting of an evolved mass donor and a compact companion that ejects relativistic jets. The mass donor was previously identified through spectroscopic observations of absorption lines in the blue part of the spectrum that showed Doppler shifts associated with orbital motion and strength variations related to the orbital modulation of the star-to-disk flux ratio and to disk obscuration. However, subsequent observations revealed other absorption features that lacked these properties and that were probably formed in the disk gas outflow. We present follow-up observations of SS 433 at orbital and precession phases identical to those from several previous studies, with the goals of confirming the detection of the mass donor spectrum and providing more reliable masses for the two system components. We show that the absorption features present as well as those previously observed almost certainly belong to the mass donor star, and find revised masses of 12.3 ± 3.3 and 4.3 ± 0.8 M☉ for the mass donor and compact object, respectively.
Toward a comprehensive mechanism for methanol pyrolysis

A single kinetic mechanism for methanol pyrolysis is tested against multiple sets of experimental data for the first time. Data are considered from static, flow, and shock tube reactors, covering temperatures of 973 to 2000 K and pressures of 0.3 to 1 atmosphere. The model results are highly sensitive to the rates of unimolecular fuel decomposition and of various chain termination reactions that remove CH2OH and H radicals, as well as to experimental temperature uncertainties. The secondary fuel decomposition reaction CH3OH = CH2OH + H, which has previously been included only in mechanisms for high temperature conditions, is found to have a significant effect at low temperatures as well, through radical recombination. The reaction CH3O + C = CH3 + CO2, rather than CH3OH + H = CH3 + H2O, is found to be the dominant source of CH3 at low temperatures. The reverse of CH3 + OH = CH2OH + H is important to CH3 production at high temperatures.
Evidence That Investors Trade on Private Event‐Period Information around Earnings Announcements

Holthausen and Verrecchia's (1990) and Kim and Verrecchia's (1997) theoretical models predict that private information inferred at the time of an earnings announcement (private event‐period information) is associated with greater trading volume. We provide empirical evidence consistent with these theories. Specifically, announcements that increase analysts' private information (as measured by Barron et al.'s [1998] empirical proxies) are associated with increased trading volume, consistent with some investors similarly acquiring private event‐period information. In addition, announcements that decrease analysts' consensus are associated with more trading volume. Because consensus declines when private information increases, this finding provides reinforcing evidence that investors trade following earnings announcements because of private information that becomes useful only in conjunction with the information in the announcement and that this information is important enough to spur trading.
Crystal structure of a new compound Bi2NdNi

Abstract The crystal structure of the new ternary compound Bi 2 NdNi has been determined from single-crystal X-ray data. The compound crystallizes in tetragonal, space group P 4/ nmm , (No. 129) with a =4.525(2) A, c =9.546(4) A, V =195.5(1) A 3 , and Z =2 at room temperature. The structure refinement ( R =0.053, R w =0.052) showed the compound has a defect AsCuSiZr structure.
Effective action and renormalization group flow of anisotropic superconductors

Abstract We show the usefulness in the theory of superconductivity of certain methods of quantum field theory. The effective action of a superconductor is calculated, without assuming that either the electron-electron potential or the Fermi surface obey rotational invariance. This approach leads to the same gap equation and equilibrium free energy as more conventional methods. The results are used to obtain the Gell-Mann-Low renormalization group equations for the electron-electron potential. The Goldstone mode is introduced by a gauge transformation, without having to make the approximations of the Landau-Ginzburg theory.
Star clusters around recoiled black holes in the Milky Way halo

Gravitational wave emission by coalescing black holes (BHs) kicks the remnant BH with a typical velocity of hundreds of km s -1 . This velocity is sufficiently large to remove the remnant BH from a low-mass galaxy but is below the escape velocity from the Milky Way (MW) galaxy. If central BHs were common in the galactic building blocks that merged to make the MW, then numerous BHs that were kicked out of low-mass galaxies should be freely floating in the MW halo today. We use a large statistical sample of possible merger tree histories for the MW to estimate the expected number of recoiled BH remnants present in the MW halo today. We find that hundreds of BHs should remain bound to the MW halo after leaving their parent low-mass galaxies. Each BH carries a compact cluster of old stars that populated the core of its original host galaxy. Using the time-dependent Fokker-Planck equation, we find that the present-day clusters are ≤ 1 pc in size, and their central bright regions should be unresolved in most existing sky surveys. These compact systems are distinguishable from globular clusters by their internal (Keplerian) velocity dispersion greater than 100 km s -1 and their high mass-to-light ratio owing to the central BH. An observational discovery of this relic population of star clusters in the MW halo would constrain the formation history of the MW and the dynamics of BH mergers in the early Universe. A similar population should exist around other galaxies and may potentially be detectable in M31 and M33.
Quantum cohomology of flag manifolds

Abstract We study two aspects of quantum Schubert calculus: a presentation of the (small) quantum cohomology ring of partial flag manifolds and a quantum Giambelli formula. Our proof gives a relationship between universal Schubert polynomials as defined by Fulton and quantum Schubert polynomials, as defined by Fomin, Gelfand, and Postnikov, and later extended by Ciocan-Fontanine. Intersection theory on hyperquot schemes is an essential element of the proof.
Detection of bacterial pathogen DNA using an integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor microchip system with capillary array electrophoresis

In this paper, we show an integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based microchip system with capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) for the detection of bacterial pathogen amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to demonstrate the efficacy of PCR reaction for the heat-labile toxin producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), which causes cholera-like diarrhea, 100 bp DNA ladders were injected along with the PCR product. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was used as the separation medium and provided separation resolution which was adequate for the identification of PCR product. The miniaturized integrated CMOS microchip system with CAE has excellent advantages over conventional instrumental systems for analysis of bacterial pathogens such as compactness, low cost, high speed, and multiplex capability. Furthermore, the miniaturized integrated CMOS microchip system should be compatible with a variety of microfabricated devices that aim at more rapid and high-throughput analysis.
On the differentiability of the solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi equation with critical fractional diffusion

Abstract We prove that the Hamilton–Jacobi equation for an arbitrary Hamiltonian H (locally Lipschitz but not necessarily convex) and fractional diffusion of order one (critical) has classical C 1 , α solutions. The proof is achieved using a new Holder estimate for solutions of advection–diffusion equations of order one with bounded vector fields that are not necessarily divergence free.
New Compounds from Tellurocyanide Rhenium Cluster Anions and 3d-Transition Metal Cations Coordinated with Ethylenediamine

The compounds [Ni(en)3]2[Re6Te8(CN)6]·10H2O (1), [Ni(NH3)4(en)]2[Re6Te8(CN)6]·2H2O (2), [Ni(NH3)2(en)2][{Ni(en)2}3{Re4Te4(CN)12}2]·38H2O (3), [Co(NH3)2(en)2]2[{Co(en)2}Re6Te8(CN)6]Cl2·H2O (4),and [...
Mixed convection in horizontal porous layers heated from below

Numerical studies are reported for steady, mixed convection in two-dimensional horizontal porous layer with localized heating from below. The interaction mechanism between the forced flow and the buoyant effects is examined for wide ranges of Rayleigh number Ra* and Peclet number Pe*. The external flow significantly perturbs the buoyancy-induced temperature and flow fields when Pe* is increased beyond unity. For a fixed Peclet number, an increase in Rayleigh number produces multicellular recirculating flows in a domain close to the heat source. This enhances heat transfer by free convection. However, for a fixed Ra*, an increase in forced flow or Peclet number does not necessarily increase the heat transfer rate. Hence, there exists a critical Peclet number as a function of Ra* for which the overall Nusselt number is minimum. The heat transfer is, generally, dominated by the buoyant flows for Pe* < 1 whereas the contribution of free convection is small for Pe* 10 when Ra* {le} 10.
On the Threshold of the Reionization Epoch

Discovery of the cosmic reionization epoch would represent a significant milestone in cosmology. We present Keck spectroscopy of the quasar SDSS 1044-0125, at z = 5.73. The spectrum shows a dramatic increase in the optical depth at observed wavelengths λ 7550 A, corresponding to zabs 5.2. Only a few small, narrow transmission regions are present in the spectrum beyond that point and out to the redshifts where the quasar signal begins. We interpret this result as a signature of the trailing edge of the cosmic reionization epoch, which we estimate to occur around z ~ 6 (as indeed confirmed by subsequent observations by Becker et al.) and extending down to z ~ 5.2. This behavior is expected in the modern theoretical models of the reionization era, which predict a patchy and gradual onset of reionization. The remaining transmission windows we see may correspond to the individual reionization bubbles (Stromgren spheres) embedded in a still largely neutral intergalactic medium, intersected by the line of sight to the quasar. Future spectroscopic observations of quasars at comparable or larger redshifts will provide a more detailed insight into the structure and extent of the reionization era.
The Effect of Accounting Report Structure and Team Structure on Performance in Cross‐Functional Teams

Cross‐functional teams operate in dynamic environments in which it is difficult to properly align incentives. As a result the free‐rider problem can emerge. This paper presents two experiments in which dominant incentives to free ride were held constant. The first experiment examined the question of whether aligning accounting report structure and team structure in such a way as to create a “group frame” helps to mitigate the free‐rider problem. Accounting report structure was found to complement team structure. When properly aligned, accounting and team structures helped to resolve the free‐rider problem interactively by operating as a powerful group framing device. The second experiment provides theory‐consistent evidence that people outside the teams (subjects who acted as management control system designers) fail to appreciate how powerfully the design of accounting and team structures influence performance within teams. Finally, the study provides additional insight into the role that accounting stru...
Field Strength Calibration Techniques at the National Bureau of Standards

The techniques and instrumentation utilized by the National Bureau of Standards to calibrate field strength meters and standards in terms of absolute field strength at frequencies from 10 kHz to 1 GHz are described. Two basic techniques are used: (1) the standard-field method for loop antennas at frequencies from 30 kHz to 30 MHz and (2) the standard-antenna method for horizontally-polarized dipole antennas at frequencies from 30 to 1000 MHz. The accuracy and the limitations of each technique are discussed. Present loop antenna calibration uncertainties vary from 3 to 5 percent depending on the frequency. Dipole antenna uncertainties are presently 12 percent. Various other antenna calibration techniques that have been studied are mentioned, pointing out their limitations. The instrumentation used to calibrate the field strength receiver characteristics is described. These measurements include the calibration of the signal attenuators, calibration of the overall linearity of the receiver, and calibration of the receiver as a two-terminal rf voltmeter. Future plans of the National Bureau of Standards field strength and noise calibration services are discussed. Improved uncertainties and extended services are planned for antennas from 30 Hz to 1000 MHz. New noise calibration services are planned; these include the calibration of random noise generators at selected frequencies from 30 to 1000 MHz, and the calibration of impulse generators in terms of their spectral density.
Surface Characteristics of Metals and Waveguide Attenuation at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies between 25 and 180 GHz

Discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values of the surface resistance of metals observed at millimeter wavelengths are analyzed. Experiments with carefully prepared plane and rough copper surfaces and precision measurements of waveguide losses are described and the results discussed.
Electrophile-induced Berson-Willcott rearrangement of 11-carboxyl-1,6-methano[10]annulene methyl ester

Abstract Attempted electrophilic acylation of bridged annulene 1 leads instead to an efficient Berson-Willcott rearrangement.
A new recovery technique for gas production from Alaskan gas hydrates

Abstract An enormous amount of natural gas is trapped in hydrate form in the North Slope of Alaska. Recently, these gas hydrates have been identified as an alternative natural gas resource. This resource, however, is extremely difficult to exploit. Recent studies have mainly focused on steam and/or hot-brine stimulation of gas hydrate reservoirs. Unfortunately, the presence of permafrost (leading to excessive heat loss to the surrounding) and high reservoir pressure make conventional thermal recovery techniques inadequate. This paper studies the feasibility of electro-magnetic heating for dissociating solid gas hydrates. A series of numerical simulation runs was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed gas recovery technique. For a wide range of reservoir parameters, gas recovery and the energy efficiency ratio (i.e. the ratio of energy of produced gas to heat injected) are computed. The effects of reservoir rock properties, hydrate zone thickness, the amount of the electric energy and the production/heating strategy were studied. Results were compared with those with steam and hot brine stimulation. Significantly higher energy efficiency is observed with electromagnetic heating. It is shown that the radius of heating did not have to be very large in order to develop a continuous stream of gas production. The maximum flow rate, however, was a function of electrical power and the well configuration.
Moduli of Crude Limit Linear Series

Eisenbud and Harris introduced the theory of limit linear series and constructed a space parameterizing their limit linear series. Recently, Osserman introduced a new space which compactifies the Eisenbud-Harris construction. In the Eisenbud-Harris space, the set of refined limit linear series is always dense on a general reducible curve. Osserman asks when the same is true for his space. In this paper, we answer his question by characterizing the situations when the crude limit linear series contain a nonempty open subset of his space. We also show that the exact points are always dense.
Materials design by quantum-chemical and other theoretical/computational means: Applications to energy storage and photoemissive materials

The present article discusses some recent developments in the field of rational design for energy storage and photoemissive materials. Recent and new examples of designer materials for Li-ion and Li-air type batteries with high capacity and energy/power density as well as photoemissive materials with low workfunctions and improved brightness are discussed as illustrative examples of how quantum-chemical and other theoretical computational means can be used for rational materials design. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulatory policy, value of knowledge assets and innovation strategy: The case of the Orphan Drug Act

Abstract The U.S. Orphan Drug Act provides R&D incentives to drug-makers that go beyond statutory patent protection. The study explores the act's effect on financial returns to innovation and on the strategy of orphan drug development. Results indicate that the financial return to orphan drug development is positive. The findings suggest that when market size is small and cumulative innovation is an important phenomenon the policy that extends effective patent duration or subsidizes R&D activity improves incentives to innovate.
Ru(II) catalysts supported by hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate for the hydroarylation of olefins: reaction scope, mechanistic studies, and guides for the development of improved catalysts.

Carbon−carbon bond formation is the central method by which synthetic chemists add complexity, which often represents value, to molecules. Uniting a carbon chain with an aromatic substrate to yield an alkyl arene product is thus a molecular means of creating value-added materials. A traditional method for generating alkyl arenes is Friedel−Crafts catalysis, in which an alkyl halide or olefin is activated to react with an aromatic substrate. Unfortunately, despite the development of new generations of solid-state catalysts, the reaction often requires relatively harsh conditions and frequently gives poor to moderate selectivity. Conversely, a halide can first be incorporated into the aromatic ring, and the aryl halide can subsequently be joined by a variety of catalytic coupling techniques. But generating the aryl halide itself can be problematic, and such methods typically are not atom-economical. The addition of aromatic C−H bonds across the C−C double bonds of olefins (olefin hydroarylation) is therefor...
THE X-RAY AFTERGLOWS OF GRB 020813 AND GRB 021004 WITH CHANDRA HETGS: POSSIBLE EVIDENCE FOR A SUPERNOVA PRIOR TO GRB 020813

We report on the detection of an emission line near 1.3 keV, which we associate with blueshifted hydrogen-like sulfur (S XVI), in a 76.8 ks Chandra HETGS spectrum of the afterglow of GRB 020813. The line is detected at 3.3 σ significance. We also find marginal evidence for a line possibly due to hydrogen-like silicon (Si XIV) with the same blueshift. A line from Fe is not detected, although a very low significance Ni feature may be present. A thermal model fits the data adequately, but a reflection model may provide a better fit. There is marginal evidence that the equivalent width of the S XVI line decreases as the burst fades. We infer from these results that a supernova likely occurred 2 months prior to the γ-ray burst. We find no discrete or variable spectral features in the Chandra HETGS spectrum of the GRB 021004 afterglow.
Output tracking between operating points for nonlinear processes: Van de Vusse example

Inversion-based approach finds an input that exactly tracks a desired output trajectory-the method has been recently extended to nonlinear nonminimum phase systems using stable-inversion techniques. Exact-output tracking inputs can be found by the stable-inversion method provided the system can be maintained near (local to) an equilibrium point of the system. However, inversion for the nonlocal case is more challenging because inverse solutions may not exist, for example, when the equilibrium point (operating point) is changed. Such changes in operating points are necessary in process control applications, for example, during startups, shutdowns, and grade transitions. Nonlocal transfers of a system from one operating point to another operating point along prespecified output trajectories are studied in this article for the Van de Vusse example, which is a benchmark problem in nonlinear nonminimum-phase process-control.
On the Entropy of Spanning Trees on a Large Triangular Lattice

The double integral representing the entropy Stri of spanning trees on a large triangular lattice is evaluated using two different methods, one algebraic and one graphical. Both methods lead to the same result $$ S_{\rm tri} = (4 \pi^2)^{-1} \int_{0}^{2 \pi} d \theta \int^{2 \pi}_{0}d \phi \ln {[}6-2 \cos \theta-2 \cos \phi-2 \cos (\theta + \phi){]} = (3 \sqrt{3}/\pi)(1-5^{-2} + 7^{-2} - 11^{-2} + 13^{-2}-\ldots).$$
Measuring the Impacts of Teachers I: Evaluating Bias in Teacher Value-Added Estimates

Are teachers’impacts on students’test scores (“value-added”) a good measure of their quality? One reason this question has sparked debate is disagreement about whether value-added (VA) measures provide unbiased estimates of teachers’causal impacts on student achievement. We test for bias in VA using previously unobserved parent characteristics and a quasi-experimental design based on changes in teaching sta¤. Using school district and tax records for more than one million children, we …nd that VA models which control for a student’s prior test scores exhibit little bias in forecasting teachers’impacts on student achievement. Although teachers have substantial impacts,
A Preliminary Detection of Arcminute-Scale Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy with the BIMA Array

We have used the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland-Association (BIMA) array outfitted with sensitive cm-wave receivers to expand our search for minute scale anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The interferometer was placed in a compact configuration to obtain high brightness sensitivity on arcminute scales over its 6.6' FWHM field of view. The sensitivity of this experiment to flat band power peaks at a multipole of 1 = 5530 which corresponds to an angular scale of -2'. We present the analysis of a total of 470 hours of on-source integration time on eleven independent fields which were selected based on their low IR contrast and lack of bright radio sources. Applying a Bayesian analysis to the visibility data, we find CMB anisotropy flat band power Q_flat = 6.1(+2.8/-4.8) microKelvin at 68% confidence. The confidence of a nonzero signal is 76% and we find an upper limit of Q_flat < 12.4 microKelvin at 95% confidence. We have supplemented our BIMA observations with concurrent observations at 4.8 GHz with the VLA to search for and remove point sources. We find the point sources make an insignificant contribution to the observed anisotropy.
Adolescent Women's Daily Academic Behaviors, Sexual Behaviors, and Sexually Related Emotions

Abstract Purpose Emerging literature suggests that the emotional and behavioral experience in young women's romantic/sexual relationships may link to their academic success. However, existing studies' reliance on retrospective and/or global measures prevents detailed understanding of how and when specific academic experiences link to specific relationship experiences and whether these associations could vary over different school days. Methods Adolescent women (N = 387; 14–17 years at enrollment) were recruited from primary care adolescent clinics for a longitudinal cohort study of sexual relationships and sexual behavior. Participants provided daily diary information on academic behaviors, sexual emotions, and sexual behaviors. Chi-square and generalized estimating equation ordinal logistic or linear regression, respectively, assessed prevalence of sexual behaviors or differences in sexual emotions when academic behaviors did and did not occur. Results Young women's weekday reports of skipping school or failing a test were significantly linked to more frequent vaginal sex, less frequent condom use, and different levels of sexual emotions, on that same day. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence that the emotional and behavioral experiences in young women's romantic/sexual relationships may impact young women's reaction to academic events.
First Order Methods for Robust non-negative matrix factorization for large scale noisy data

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has been shown to be identifiable under the separability assumption, under which all the columns(or rows) of the input data matrix belong to the convex cone generated by only a few of these columns(or rows) [1]. In real applications, however, such separability assumption is hard to satisfy. Following [4] and [5], in this paper, we look at the Linear Programming (LP) based reformulation to locate the extreme rays of the convex cone but in a noisy setting. Furthermore, in order to deal with the large scale data, we employ First-Order Methods (FOM) to mitigate the computational complexity of LP, which primarily results from a large number of constraints. We show the performance of the algorithm on real and synthetic data sets.
Dynamic regular registers in systems with churn

Distributed systems with churn, or dynamic distributed systems, allow the processes to join and leave the system at will. In this paper, we present a new consistency condition for shared read-write registers which is based on multi-writer regularity, but allows for the likelihood of the register to lose its state with some probability; we call this a dynamic regular register. We then describe an algorithm for implementing a dynamic regular register using copies of the register distributed among the processes. When a process joins the system, it attempts to obtain an up-to-date copy of the data from other processes. Copies of the register are updated by broadcasting information. To model the dynamicity of the register system with churn, we use a continuous-time birth-death process which is a special case of continuous-time Markov processes. Then, we analyze the probability and the time duration that the dynamic regular register system keeps its state, given the joining rate and the leaving rate of the processes.
Some properties of the kinetic energy flux and dissipation in turbulent stellar convection zones

We investigate simulated turbulent flow within thermally driven stellar convection zones. Different driving sources are studied, including cooling at the top of the convectively unstable region, as occurs in surface convection zones; and heating at the base by nuclear burning. The transport of enthalpy and kinetic energy, and the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation are studied. We emphasize the importance of global constraints on shaping the quasi-steady flow characteristics, and present an analysis of turbulent convection which is posed as a boundary value problem that can be easily incorporated into standard stellar evolution codes for deep, efficient convection. Direct comparison is made between the theoretical analysis and the simulated flow and very good agreement is found. Some common assumptions traditionally used to treat quasi-steady turbulent flow in stellar models are briefly discussed. The importance and proper treatment of convective boundaries are indicated.
A de Novo Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-Laulimalide

An enantioselective total synthesis of the naturally occurring anticancer agent (−)-laulimalide is described. The synthesis is characterized by extensive use of new reaction methodologies based on catalytic asymmetric acyl halide−aldehyde cyclocondensation (AAC) reactions and transformations of the derived enantioenriched β-lactones. The synthesis also incorporates a unique allenylstannane glycal acetate alkylation and chemoselective ring-closing metathesis reaction.
Chemical–biological interactions in human

Chemical-biological interactions in human are currently attracting our attention particularly in the area of QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationships). In the present review, an attempt has been made to collect the data for the effect of chemicals in human and discussed by the formulation of a total number of 37 QSAR.
Organolanthanide-catalyzed hydroboration of olefins

The hydroboration of olefins can be effectively catalyzed by organolanthanides by various mechanisms. Observations on scope, selectivity and mechanism are discussed. 17 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Yukawa hierarchies from extra dimensions with small FCNC

We investigate a class of extra dimensional models where all of the Standard Model fermions are localized to a single fixed point in an S{sub 1}/Z{sub 2} orbifold, and each species is localized with an exponential wavefunction with a different width. We show that this naturally generates Yukawa hierarchies of the size present in the Standard Model, and we find a set of model parameters that reproduces the observed masses and mixings to experimental accuracy. In addition, the dominant constraints, arising from flavor changing neutral currents, are shown to restrict the compactification scale to be 1/R {>=} 2 - 5TeV, which is a much less stringent constraint than in similar extra dimensional models of the Yukawa hierarchy.
A lower bound on the quantum query complexity of read-once functions

We establish a lower bound of Ω(√n) on the bounded-error quantum query complexity of read-once Boolean functions. The result is proved via an inductive argument, together with an extension of a lower bound method of Ambainis. Ambainis' method involves viewing a quantum computation as a mapping from inputs to quantum states (unit vectors in a complex inner-product space) which changes as the computation proceeds. Initially the mapping is constant (the state is independent of the input). If the computation evalutes the function f then at the end of the computation the two states associated with any f-distinguished pair of inputs (having different f values) are nearly orthogonal. Thus the inner product of their associated states must have changed from 1 to nearly 0. For any set of f-distinguished pairs of inputs, the sum of the inner products of the corresponding pairs of states must decrease significantly during the computation, By deriving an upper bound on the decrease in such a sum, during a single step, for a carefully selected set of input pairs, one can obtain a lower bound on the number of steps. We extend Ambainis' bound by considering general weighted sums of f-distinguished pairs. We then prove our result for read-once functions by induction on the number of variables, where the induction step involves a careful choice of weights depending on f to optimize the lower bound attained.
Medical data processing in the United States

In the past few years, there has been a sharp rise in the demand for health care services of all types by a larger and increasingly more well-informed public. At the same time, the cost of delivering high quality care is becoming formidable for hospital and patient alike. The introduction of the computer and information management techniques is considered by many informed health professionals and knowledgeable leaders in the medical computer field to be a solution to some of the major health management problems we are confronted with today.
Solar-hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles

Abstract Hydrogen is an especially attractive transportation fuel. It is the least populating fuel available, and can be produced anywhere there is water and a clean source of electricity. A fuel cycle in which hydrogen is produced by solar-electrolysis of water, or by gasification of renewably grown biomass, and then used in a fuel-cell powered electric-motor vehicle (FCEV), would produce little or no local, regional or global pollution. Hydrogen FCEVs would combine the best features of battery-powered electric vehicles (BPEVS)-zero emissions, high efficiency, quiet operation and long life-with the long range and fast refueling time of internal-combustion-engine vehicles (ICEVs). If fuel-cell technology develops as hoped, then hydrogen FCEVs will be a significant advance over both hydrogen ICEVs and solar BPEVs: they will be cleaner and more efficient than hydrogen ICEVs, have a much shorter refueling time than BPEVs and have a lower life-cycle cost than both. Solar-hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles would be general-purpose zero-emission vehicles, and could be an important component of a strategy for reducing dependence on imported oil, mitigating global warming and improving urban air quality, at an acceptable cost.
Can the speed of light in the fiber be controlled

Nonlinear effects in optical fibers lead to many interesting phenomena including nonlinear wave coupling, optical pulse compression, stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, harmonic generation, optical solitons, etc. In this work we predict that a nonlinear interaction between two copropagating optical modes and an acoustical wave in dual-mode optical fibers can lead to a three- wave envelope soliton (TWES). We also predict that the speed of TWESs can be controlled by adjusting the power of one of the optical modes.
Applications of lanthanide luminescence spectroscopy to solution studies of coordination chemistry

Abstract Luminescence spectroscopy is an important technique for the study of the coordination chemistry of the lanthanide ions in both the solution and solid state. This article concentrates on applications aimed at elucidating the coordination structure in solution phase systems. Luminescence lifetime measurements which allow the examination of the metal ion coordination environment in a wide variety of ligand systems are discussed. In addition, recent developments in the use of Eu(III) 7 F 0 → 5 D 0 excitation spectroscopy are presented. In the final section, the application of luminescence techniques to the examination of ligand sensitized lanthanide luminescence is reviewed briefly.
Accuracy and bias in depressives' judgments for self and other

The inference style of clinical depressives was examined using a proverb interpretation task in which self-generated and other-generated proverb interpretations were judged for their normative adequacy. The correspondence between subjects' judgments of the interpretations and independent ratings based on objective criteria was determined using a profile similarity index. Subject-rater correspondence for depressed and nondepressed subjects was examined to determine whether depressed subjects' judgments could be considered accurate (the depressive realism position; Alloy & Abramson, 1979, 1988) or inaccurate and biased with respect to the self (Beck, 1967, 1976). Results indicated that all subjects were less accurate when judging the self than when judging others. However, this discrepancy was significantly larger for depressed subjects who were more inaccurate in the self condition than the nondepressed subjects. No group differences emerged in the other condition, indicating that depressives were capable of judging the normative adequacy of interpretations. In contrast to Beck's theory, an analysis of error type did not indicate that depressive self-inaccuracy was due to a systematic tendency to distort self-relevant information in a negative direction. However, depressed subjects were less likely than nondepressed subjects to distort other-relevant information in a negative direction. Findings are discussed with respect to issues in the nature and assessment of accuracy and bias, as well as current status of the depressive realism hypothesis.
Addressing data access needs of the long-tail distribution of geoscientists

Data and computation are fundamental to advances in geoscience research and discovery. However, geoscientists currently spend too much time looking for the “right” data, subsequently accessing these data, and then transforming them into a form suitable for analysis. This data management overhead affects a scientists' competitive advantage in making useful contributions. Several cyber-infrastructure (CI) efforts are being undertaken to improve the data management needs of the long-tail geoscientists. In this paper, we highlight characteristics of CI solutions that will form the basis for the successful and widely adopted solutions.
The Martian magnetic field

The paper presents an overview of the Martian magnetic field measurements and the criticisms made of them. The measurements of the Mars 2, 3, and 5 spacecraft were interpreted by Dolginov et al. (1976, 1978) to be consistent with an intrinsic planetary magnetic moment of 2.5 times 10 to the 22nd power gauss cu cm, basing this result on the apparent size of the obstacle responsible for deflecting the solar wind and an apparent encounter of the spacecraft with the planetary field. It is shown that if the dependence of the Martian magnetic moment on the rotation rate was linear, the estimate of the moment would be far larger than reported by Dolginov et al. An upper limit of 250 km is calculated for the dynamo radius using the similarity law, compared with 500 km obtained by Dolginov et al. It is concluded that the possible strength of a Martian dynamo is below expectations, and it is likely that the Mars dynamo is not presently operative.
Tom Morawetz's “Robust Enterprise”: Jurisprudence after Wittgenstein

I examine one theme within Tom Morawetz's complex jurisprudential work (stemming from Wittgenstein): the concept of a practice. After considering this theme in some detail, I then sketch a different jurisprudential approach that still proceeds within the inspiration of Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Here, I summarise Stanley Cavell's elaborate recounting of Wittgenstein's twin concepts, “criteria” and “grammar.” In a third and final section, I employ this alternative method to provide a brief example of how a Wittgensteinian approach might be made towards explicating and understanding Holmes’ classic claim regarding the need in jurisprudence to separate legal and moral concepts.