cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Calcium Absorption: Mechanisms and Applications

Calcium absorption from the intestine involves two sets of events. One, a saturable transcellular process is regulated by vitamin D via its molecular product, the calcium-binding protein (CaBP, MW = 8800). This transcellular movement is largely confined to the proximal portion of the intestine. The second process is nonsaturable, occurs throughout the length of the intestine and is paracellular. Evidence in support of these statements is discussed, with emphasis on kinetic considerations. It is proposed that CaBP acts as a ferry, amplifying the intracellular movement of calcium by a factor of about 60, thereby enabling transcellular calcium transport to reach the measured values of Vm = 22 mumol/h per gram (wet) duodenum, with Km = 3.9 mM. The transcellular process is subject to down-regulation and is influenced by functional or nutritional factors such as age or calcium intake. The nonsaturable process, on the other hand, is not directly influenced by these or related events. Vitamin D therapy alters active calcium transport, but may lead to undesirable effects at other target organs, e.g., kidney or bone. An increase in calcium intake is the simplest method for increasing the amount absorbed. Future research may show whether paracellular pathway alterations are a practical approach to changing the amount of calcium absorbed by the nonsaturable process.
A modified Thomas-Fermi treatment of nuclei

Abstract An improved nuclear Thomas-Fermi theory is studied in which, rather than adding density-gradient corrections to the standard expression for the kinetic energy density (proportional to ϱ 5 3 , where ϱ is the density) one simply modifies this ϱ 5 3 function to reflect the fact that the kinetic energy density becomes negative for small values of ϱ when, in a typical nuclear problem, one is dealing with the outer fringes of the surface region. The net result of this study is simply stated: in order to find the density associated with a given nuclear potential, one exponentiates this potential instead of raising its depth with respect to the chemical potential to the three-halves power, as in the standard treatment. An improved description of the nuclear surface profile is obtained, including the quantal halo in the classically forbidden region. But since density derivatives are not involved, there is no need to solve a partial differential equation in order to find the density.
The Great Recession and Free Market Capitalist Hegemony: A Critical Discourse Analysis of U.S. Newspaper Coverage of the Economy, 2008–2010

This study examines the role of discourse in re-establishing the hegemony of free market capitalism during and immediately after the global financial crisis in the United States, colloquially referred to as the Great Recession. Theoretically, we employ post-Marxism and particularly the work of Ernesto Laclau, but also draw insights from poststructural feminism and critical theory. Methodologically, we use a corpus linguistics approach to critical discourse analysis. This methodology allows us to examine, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the discursive strategies used during 2008–2010 in a random sample of daily newspapers throughout the United States. Our findings include identifying the discursive chains of equivalence used to obscure counter-hegemonic discourses of alternative forms of economic relations that are locally based. Contributions of this study include furthering our understanding of the role discourse plays in current economic relations and demonstrating how a corpus linguistics approa...
Does the UNOS Heart Transplant Allocation System Favor Men Over Women

Abstract Objectives The aim of this paper was to identify sex differences in survival of patients awaiting orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Background Women have a higher mortality rate while awaiting OHT than men, and the reason has not been fully determined. Methods We included all adult patients in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) placed on the OHT waiting list from 2000 to 2010. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality before receiving OHT, analyzed using time-to-event analysis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate sex differences in survival, with data stratified by United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status at time of listing. Results There were 28,852 patients (24% women) awaiting OHT. This cohort included 6,163 UNOS status 1A (25% women), 9,168 UNOS status 1B (25% women), and 13,521 UNOS status 2 (24% women) patients. During a median follow-up of 3.7 years, 1,290 women and 4,286 men died. Female sex was associated with a significant risk of death among UNOS status 1A (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05 to 1.37, p = 0.01) after adjusting for more than 30 baseline variables. In contrast, female sex was significantly protective for time to death among UNOS status 2 patients (adjusted HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.84, p Conclusions There are sex differences in survival between women and men awaiting heart transplantation, and the current UNOS transplant criteria do not account for this disparity.
Transforming Fabry-Pérot resonances into a Tamm mode

We propose an optical structure composed of two metal nanolayers enclosing a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror. The structure is an open photonic system whose bound modes are coupled to external radiation. We apply the special theoretical treatment based on inversion symmetry of the structure to classify its resonances. We show that the structure supports resonances transitional between Fabry-P\'erot modes and Tamm plasmons. When the dielectric contrast of the DBR is removed these modes are a pair of conventional Fabry-P\'erot resonances. They spectrally merge into a Tamm mode at high contrast. The optical properties of the structure in the frequency range of the DBR stop band, including highly beneficial $50%$ transmittivity through thick structures with sub-skin-depth metal films, are determined by the hybrid quasinormal modes of the open nonconservative structure under consideration. The results can find a broad range of applications in photonics and optoelectronics, including the possibility of coherent control over optical fields in the class of structures similar to the one proposed here.
Measurement of tritiated norepinephrine metabolism in intact rat brain

A procedure for the study of NE metabolism in the intact rat brain is described. The method involves ventriculocisternal perfusion of the adult male rat with artificial CSF containing [3H]NE. Radioactivity in the perfusate associated with NE and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DOMA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), and normetanephrine (NMN) is separated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After 80 min the radioactivity in the perfusate reaches an apparent steady-state. Analysis of the steady-state samples shows higher activity in the fractions corresponding to DHPG and MHPG than in those corresponding to DOMA and VMA, confirming glycol formation as the major pathway of NE metabolism in rat brain. Pretreatment with an MAO inhibitor (tranylcypromine) results in a marked decrease in the deaminated metabolites DHPG and MHPG and a concurrent increase in NMN. The results indicate this to be a sensitive procedure for the in vivo determination of changes in NE metabolism.
Approximate solutions to the Stefan problem with internal heat generation

Using a quasi-static approach valid for Stefan numbers less than one, we derive approximate equations governing the movement of a phase change front for materials which generate internal heat. These models are applied for both constant surface temperature and constant surface heat flux boundary conditions, in cylindrical, spherical, plane wall and semi-infinite geometries. Exact solutions with the constant surface temperature condition are obtained for the steady-state solidification thickness using the cylinder, sphere, and plane wall geometries which show that the thickness depends on the inverse square root of the internal heat generation. Under constant surface heat flux conditions, closed form equations can be obtained for the three geometries. In the case of the semi-infinite wall, we show that for constant temperature and constant heat flux out of the wall conditions, the solidification layer grows then remelts.
The effect of iteration frequency on a numerical model of near-surface ice segregation

Abstract It is possible to construct numerical models of the ice segregation process. However, the model is a discrete approximation of a nonlinear continuous process and thus is subject to somewhat more pronounced effects of node geometry and calculation frequency than linear models. The model more closely simulates natural frozen soil structure when vapor phase transport is included in the model structure. An iteration frequency of 10 s appeared sufficient to yield realistic results with the exponentially spaced node geometry employed in these tests.
An MS-DOS program for certain computations for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale — Revised

Abstract A compiled program for MS-DOS computers is described. The program computes four useful measures for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale — Revised (WAIS-R). It will estimate the subject's premorbid Verbal, Performance, and Full-Scale IQs from demographic data. It will prorate the sum of the Verbal or Performance scaled scores when less than the full number of subtests are administered. It will compute the deviation of each age-scaled score from either the Verbal or Performance mean, indicating the reliability and abnormality of all differences. For those subtests which differ significantly from the appropriate mean score, the program briefly describes the subject's relative strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the program will compute the difference between the Verbal and Performance IQs, indicating the reliability and abnormality of the difference.
Abstract 3058: Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell niche activation and mobilization fosters the metastatic niche

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Metastasis remains the main cause of mortality for patients with cancer. The process whereby a localized tumor becomes metastatic remains poorly understood. Metastasis was previously thought to be a late-stage, unidirectional migration of cells from the primary tumor to a distant site, due to acquired genetic mutations that conferred necessary metastatic attributes to the cell. However, current research demonstrates that dissemination is not a late phenomenon and although loss of metastasis suppressor genes or gain of acquired mutations can contribute to the metastatic phenotype, the cross-talk between the tumor and its microenvironment has proven to be a major driver of this process. We have found that recruited bone marrow-derived cells and changes in resident stromal cells form a microenvironment that is conducive to metastatic progression, termed the pre-metastatic niche. The recruited and resident cells that form this microenvironment are active areas of investigation. Because the bone marrow is the source for most of the recruited cell types in these distant tissue sites, we postulated that activation of the bone marrow's hematopoietic compartment plays a key role in metastatic progression. We sought to profile the changes that occur within the hematopoietic stem cell niche of the bone marrow and subsequent changes in hematopoiesis in the setting of tumor development. Within the bone marrow of tumor bearing mice we found increased proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. These cells are also increased in the circulation of both tumor bearing mice and patients with malignancy. Furthermore, we have determined that elevated levels of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells can be predictive of metastatic risk, as those patients with the highest levels at diagnosis developed metastases. This biomarker may be useful in stratifying therapy for patients with localized disease who have the highest metastatic risk. Better understanding of the steps and individual factors required to establish a metastatic microenvironment can lead to novel adjuvant therapies to target this process. Citation Format: Amber J. Giles, Meera Murgai, Yorleny Vicioso, Steven Highfil, Crystal Mackall, Leonard Wexler, David Lyden, Rosandra Natasha Kaplan. Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell niche activation and mobilization fosters the metastatic niche. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3058. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3058
Effects of aging and caloric restriction on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in the Fischer 344 rat. II: Effects on conjugating enzymes.

The effects of long-term caloric restriction on the hepatic phase II drug metabolizing enzymes were investigated in the male Fischer 344 rat. Rats that had been restricted to 60% of their pair-fed control's consumption from 14 weeks post-partum exhibited altered conjugating enzyme activities at 22 months. Caloric restriction significantly reduced the age-related decrease in glutathiones-S-transferase activity towards 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, but did not significantly alter the age-related changes in UDP-glucuronyltransferase or sulfotransferase activities towards hydroxysteroids. Caloric restriction appeared to increase hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity toward bilirubin and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activites. These observations suggest that caloric restriction has multiple effects on the hepatic phase II drug metabolizing enzymes in the rat. Such effects may alter hepatic metabolism and activatin or detoxification of drugs and carcinogens.
The Convergent Validity of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children for a Sample of Sexually Abused Outpatients

The convergent validity of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) was examined with a sample of 172 sexually abused outpatient treatment-seeking children and their caregivers. The TSCYC evidenced good convergent validity with other parent ratings (e.g., the Child Behavior Checklist, Child Sexual Behavior Inventory, and the University of California at Los Angeles Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index [UCLA PTSD Index]). The convergent validity of the TSCYC and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children was weak, perhaps illustrating the lack of agreement often found between children and caregivers and illustrating the need for a multi-informant approach to screening and assessment of sexually abused children. The TSCYC seems to hold promise based on the emerging evidence for its convergent validity.
Nortriptyline and atenolol for the treatment of bulimia in a diabetic woman

A case of bulimia in a young diabetic woman is presented. The patient was successfully treated with nortriptyline and atenolol.
Effect of disorder on the transition of CeAl3 into its ground state

Abstract The change in resistivity Δϱ of CeAl 3 caused by disordering the material by neutron irradiation or by allowing with La shows a large increase at low temperatures. In the former case Δϱ ∝ 1n T for 2 K ⩽ T ⩽ 10 K. The most likely explanation for these effects and those on the magneto-resistivity is that disorder tends to inhibit the transition of CeAl 3 into a narrow band coherent state and that displaced Ce atoms and La and Al atoms at Ce sites are resonant scattering centers.
Seismic Applications of Nonlinear Response Spectra Based on the Theory of Modal Analysis

Abstract A fast nonlinear response spectra analysis algorithm based on the theory of modal analysis and superposition is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of using the time-consuming nonlinear response history analysis in seismic design. Because linear modal analysis has found great acceptance in performance-based seismic engineering, it is here extended to the nonlinear domain by using the force analogy method that links the global responses with local inelasticity of the structure. Geometric nonlinearity is incorporated into the analysis by modifying the initial stiffness matrices to consider gravity load effects. By ignoring geometric stiffness update, the theory of modal analysis and superposition is easily incorporated into the proposed algorithm. Numerical simulation is performed to demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm in capturing both the maximum global and local responses.
Surface Wind Comparisons with Radar Wind Profiler Observations near Tropical Cyclones

Abstract A special set of radar wind profiler observations during the Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-90) field experiment is used to relate lower-tropospheric winds to surface sustained winds and gusts on the west coast of Okinawa. Owing to the passage of four typhoons at various separation distances, hourly comparisons are possible for lower-tropospheric wind speeds ranging from 0 to 40 m s−1. Regressions with nonzero intercepts provide more accurate estimates than simple ratios between lower-tropospheric winds and surface sustained winds and gusts. Little difference is found in use of a layer-average wind between 600 and 1800 m compared to regressions for individual levels. Stratification of the data into daytime and nighttime regression equations markedly improves surface sustained wind and gust predictions for wind speeds below 30 m s−1. It is recommended that these daytime and nighttime regression equations he used to estimate surface winds over coastal regions when lower-tropospheric wind observations...
Medical Care Evaluation Studies in Long-Term Care Facilities*

: This report describes the selection, design, conduct, analysis, and application of medical care evaluation studies in long-term care facilities (skilled nursing homes) in a regional program in the Rochester region of upstate New York. Eight examples are presented to highlight methodologic approaches and problems. They are classified under four general headings: Administration Audits, Diagnosis-specific Studies, Care Modality-specific Studies, and General Outcome Indicators. The implementation of results and recommendations from the studies is discussed and an application of “tracer” methodology for assessing the components of care activities in long-term facilities is described. Problems and challenges in long-term quality care are outlined.
Equations on monotone graphs

This paper studies the local analysis of equations on a product U × U of Banach spaces, whose variables lie in a subset having the special property that it is locally Lipschitz-homeomorphic to an open subset of U. A prominent example, to which we devote most of the paper, is a system of equations whose variables lie in the graph of a maximal monotone operator. This general formulation covers many specific problems of interest, and our objective is to understand the local behavior of solutions of such equations when they depend on parameters. We analyze this local behavior in stages, the first stage being to apply a tailored implicit-function theorem to an abstract formulation of the problem, thereby producing a set of results applicable to any particular problem instance. The second stage is to specialize the analysis to a Hilbert space H, with the subset mentioned above being the graph of a maximal monotone operator on H. This makes the results of the first stage applicable to many variational problems of practical importance. We then develop in detail the analytical steps to apply these results to finite-dimensional variational conditions with constraints of generalized nonlinear-programming type. The conditions thus identified generalize the strong second-order sufficient condition and linear-independence constraint qualification of nonlinear programming. A detailed example brings out some of the issues involved in practical implementation of this method. It also shows that aspects of representation (problem formulation) can strongly influence the feasibility of local analysis. This sensitivity to representation does not seem to be well known.
Localization of Spin Waves in the Quantum Hall Ferromagnet

The topological nature of the quantized Hall plateau has a number of remarkable consequences. For the quantum Hall ferromagnet (QHF), it leads to the identification of the topological charge density of a spin distortion with the associated electrical charge density. Spin waves may couple to a scalar disorder potential via their topological density. This interaction is very similar to minimal coupling of quantum particles to a random fur. It leads to the localization of spin waves in the QHF. We derive a low-energy description of the system in terms of a nonlinear sigma-model of unitary supermatrices. A possible experimental signature of these effects in photoemission is suggested.
Secure Split-Test for preventing IC piracy by untrusted foundry and assembly

Counterfeit ICs can have a major impact on the security and reliability of critical applications. This paper presents a method called Secure Split-Test (SST) for securing the manufacturing process to prevent counterfeits, allowing intellectual property (IP) owners to protect and meter their IPs. This is done by requiring test results to be verified by the IP owner and by requiring the IP owner to provide a “key” to unlock the IPs correct functionality. The results and analysis demonstrate that SST can effectively prevent counterfeited ICs from untrusted foundries or assemblies as well as its resilience to attacks and circumvention.
The elastic properties of metals and the resonating valence bond theory

Abstract The elastic properties of metals with cubic close-packed and hexagonal close-packed structures are derived on the basis of the resonating valence bond theory of metals developed by Pauling. It is found that reasonable agreement between calculated and observed elastic moduli cannot be obtained on the basis of the Pauling theory in its simplest form. In this form the theory requires that the lengths of the bonds formed by a given atom are in a definite relationship to each other. It is found, however, that quite good agreement can be obtained if the theory is supplemented by the reasonable assumption that the individual bonds can also undergo deformations that are not interrelated. The supplementary assumption in effect allows the strong bond-bond interactions in the Pauling theory to be weakened.
Focusing and negative refraction in anisotropic indefinite permittivity media

Materials that exhibit negative refraction demonstrate physical phenomena that may be used for novel applications. This work serves to evaluate the possibility of hyperbolic focusing due to an indefinite anisotropic permittivity tensor. Two single-loop antennas were used to approximately achieve a transverse magnetic (TM) point source and detector. Using an Agilent 8510C Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), the frequency spectrum was scanned between 7 and 9 GHz. Relative gain or loss measurements were taken at equal spatial steps around the center of the sample. A scanning robot allowed for the automatic scanning of the space behind the sample in the x, y, and z directions, to establish the focusing patterns, and to compare the signal amplitudes in the presence and absence of the sample. The robot was controlled using LabVIEW, which also collected the data from the VNA and passed it to Matlab for processing. A soft focusing spot was observed when the antennas were placed in a symmetric configuration with respect to the sample. These results suggest a method of focusing electromagnetic waves using negative refraction in indefinite materials.
Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Tree Ring Evidence for Growth Enhancement in Natural Vegetation

A response of plant growth to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has been anticipated from laboratory data, may now have been detected in the annual rings of subalpine conifers growing in the western United States. Experimental evidence shows that carbon dioxide can be an important limiting factor in the growth of plants in this high-altitude environment. The greatly increased tree growth rates observed since the mid-l9th century exceed those expected from climatic trends but are consistent in magnitude with global trends in carbon dioxide, especially in recent decades. If correctly interpreted, these findings have important implications for climate studies involving tree ring observations and for models of the global carbon dioxide budget.
The crystal and molecular structure of an oxodipyrromethene related to bilirubin

Abstract The structure of 5′-oxo-3′,4,4′-triethyl-3,5-dimethyl-1′,5′-dihydro[2.2′]-dipyrromethene 1, a model for bilirubin, has been determined from three dimensional counter data. The oxodipyrromethene skeleton shows only small deviations from planarity, and the structure assumes the Z-configuration with the nitrogen atoms syn. Bond lengths in the two rings are quite different. No intramolecular H-bonding is observed, but intermolecular H-bonded dimers are formed through the lactam oxygen with the lactam and pyrrole N-H groups. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic space group C2/c with cell dimensions a=25.106(10)A, b=7.132(7)A, c=19.144(10)A, β=112.87(3)°. There are eight molecules in the unit cell. 1423 independent reflections were measured. Of these, 600 had I>3 σ1 and were used in the analysis. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares techniques to R=0.056.
Discrete-Time Optimal Control for Water Resources Engineering and Management

Abstract Rapid population growth and a rising public awareness concerning environmental issues over the last few decades have caused a demand for improved performance in water resources management. These demands will likely grow and evolve into increasingly severe constraints for managers throughout the 21st century. Unfortunately, decision makers will be less able to rely on previous experiences in adapting to these new constraints. Research efforts have demonstrated that optimization can be a valuable component of improving performance, but it has not been widely accepted in practice. This paper explains the foreseen evolution of optimization as we progress into the next century and discusses methods to overcome the apparent gap between theoretical developments in optimization and implementation for solving real problems. These methods are based on encouraging transfer of a combined optimization-simulation technique into practice, providing improved graphical user interfaces, and improving the relations...
Temperature dependence of the Si and Ge (111)2 x 1 surface-state optical absorption

The temperature dependence of the dangling-bond optical absorption of cleaved silicon and germanium (111)2 x 1 surfaces has been studied using photothermal displacement spectroscopy. The polarization-dependent surface-state absorption was utilized as an order parameter to monitor the Ge(111)2 x 1 c-2 x 8 phase transition in real time. The temperature dependence of the Si(111)2 x 1 surface optical gap in the range 300--450 K was also measured. Unlike the corresponding bulk case, no shift of the surface gap was observed. Reasons for this temperature independence are discussed.
Experimental issues in atmospheric boundary layer simulations: roughness length and integral length scale determination

Abstract Wall shear stress was measured directly in three atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) simulations using a specially constructed force balance. The roughness length of the simulations were determined using: (a) balance measured shear velocities; (b) shear velocities computed from X-wire Reynolds stress measurements; and (c) indirect procedures where accepted forms of turbulent boundary layer mean velocity profiles are fitted to the measured mean-velocity profiles. Comparison of balance measured shear velocities with those computed from the Reynolds stress measurements showed that the latter may be off by more than 15%, leading to large errors in roughness length values. The significant uncertainties associated with roughness length estimates obtained using indirect velocity-profile-fitting techniques in ABL simulations are documented. It is shown that the roughness length estimates computed from indirect procedures can be in error by factors of two or more. Experimental uncertainties associated with the determination of integral length scale are also presented.
A multi-proxy palaeoecological record of late-Holocene forest expansion in lowland Bolivia

Abstract Pollen, charcoal, and bulk sediment stable carbon isotope analysis of a 2.4 m sediment core from Laguna Yaguaru in eastern Bolivia, located near the modern ecotone between the humid, evergreen Amazon rainforest and the seasonally-dry, semi-deciduous Chiquitano dry forest, provides a > 5600 year record of environmental change in an area sensitive to changes in the strength of the South American monsoon. The core consists of organic sediment interrupted by a 15 cm mineral facies deposited ∼ 5270 yr BP in a low-energy flood event in the Yaguaru basin. Pollen data indicate that the basin contained a cattail ( Typha ) marsh prior to the flood. Some dry forest elements were present, probably growing within small patches of forest within a matrix of generally open vegetation including marsh, savanna, and savanna woodland. Above the flood-layer, Typha pollen is absent, indicating open-water conditions, and pollen assemblages are similar to modern pollen spectra from Bolivian dry forests. Around 1200 BP charcoal concentrations decrease, carbon isotope ratios become more negative, and Celtis pollen rises dramatically, signaling forest expansion and the development of the modern closed-canopy dry forest at Laguna Yaguaru. The wetter conditions implied by this forest expansion suggest the region was affected by the strengthening South American monsoon at this time. The timing of the arrival of monsoon moisture at Yaguaru is consistent with nearby records, allowing a ∼ 700 year delay for the migration of the monsoon to reach the more southerly location of Yaguaru.
The roller coaster of class conflict : Class segments, mass mobilization, and voter turnout in the U.S., 1840-1996

Most attempts to explain voter turnout in presidential elections focus on either of two general types of factors: individual characteristics of voters or the shape of political institutions. This article moves beyond such analyses by applying insights of class segment and social movement analyses to U.S. voter turnout from 1840 to 1996. Beginning with political changes in the late 1800s, I isolate four periods during which turnout rates changed significantly: 1896-1924, 1928-40, 1948-68, and 1960-96. I demonstrate how (1) conflict or consolidation between dominant class segments and (2) the presence or absence of mass social movements combine to influence the amount of mobilization by political parties, which is crucial to voter turnout. When social movements challenge conflicting dominant segments, party mobilization often increases to channel protest into electoral politics, thereby increasing turnout
Temperature-induced phase development in titanium-implanted silicon carbide

Abstract Silicon carbide has been implated with titanium at three different doses. Transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford back-scattering (RBS) have been used to follow changes resulting from post-implantation heat treatment. The as-implanted layer is amorphous, and after a low temperature anneal a fine, non-equilibrium titanium carbide precipitate appears in the amorphous matrix. At higher temperatures, first the ternary phase Ti3SiC3 and the SiC crystallizes. RBS measurements show that the initial Gaussian titanium concentration profile changes near the ternary phase precipitation temperature, developing side peaks at the area of maximum initial concentration gradient. Thermodynamic and kinetic factors in the observed phase development are discussed, and the need for a metastable phase diagram is considered.
Large-scale stochastic singularly perturbed systems

Abstract By employing the diagonalization process, a generalized variation of the constants formula and the theory of differential inequalities, the mean square convergence of the solution process of a large-scale singularly perturbed linear stochastic systems is investigated. Moreover, slow and fast mode decomposition provides an auxiliary decoupled system whose solution processes are incorporated in approximating the solution processes of the given system.
Update in pulmonary medicine

Pulmonary medicine encompasses many disorders of the lung that can progress to end-stage disease. Early identification and institution of appropriate treatment can slow the disease process and potentially prevent irreversible damage. Many pulmonary disease processes are characterized by chronic inflammation. If left unabated, inflammation can progress to fibrosis and scar formation or honeycomb lung. Severe derangements in gas exchange, as a consequence of fibrosis, result in hypoxemia. Chronic hypoxemia, in turn, elevates pulmonary artery pressure and eventually leads to the development of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Cor pulmonale is the specific term used to describe pulmonary hypertension associated with end-stage lung disease. Prevention of these final pathways is key to improving morbidity and mortality associated with chronic lung disease. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of pulmonary disorders have lead to novel therapies. This article focuses on the more common diseases in pulmonary medicine: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) interstitial lung disease, and venous thromboembolic disease. It reviews the latest insights into the origin, diagnostic testing, and innovative treatments of these common pulmonary disorders.
The Diffusion of a Process Innovation with Gently Declining Production Cost

This paper develops a model to investigate the diffusion process of a cost-reducing process innovation within an industry. Two factors drive the diffusion process. First, the gradually declining production cost with the innovation makes the adoption of the innovation more profitable, and consequently motivates more firms to adopt it over time. Second, the switching from old technology to new technology requires suitable organizational knowledge, which is costly to acquire. This tends to slow down the diffusion. The interaction between the two factors determines the path and the speed of the diffusion process. The model is able to explain three observations in technology diffusion, including (1) the S-shaped diffusion path; (2) the rejection of an innovation by some firms; and (3) unprofitable technology adoption. A policy implication of the model is that, through subsidizing the transfer of relevant knowledge from adopters to non-adopters, government can facilitate the diffusion of innovations and improve social welfare.
Thermal treatment parameters are most predictive of outcome in patients with single tumor nodules per treatment field in recurrent adenocarcinoma of the breast

Purpose: In previously reported studies using radiation therapy (XRT) and hyperthermia (HT) for treatment of superficial metastases from adenocarcinoma of the breast, we have identified several pretreatment and treatment parameters that correlated with rate of initial complete response (ICR) recorded at 3 weeks and duration of local control (DLC). These parameters include minimal intratumoral temperature, T,,,in, and the temperature exceeded by 90% of the measured intratumoral temperatures, Tw. Recently, others have shown that thermal dose defined as the cumulative time of isoeffective treatments with Tw = 43°C (CUM EQ MZN Tm 43) was predictive of complete response in superkial tumors. We have assessed the prognostic value of several formulations of this parameter for both ICR and DLC in a relatively uniform patient population treated with XRT-HT. Methods and Materials: The corresponding EQ MZN Tw 43 were calculated for 332 HT treatments in 111 HT fields in 83 patients who started treatment between October 1982 and May 1992. Each field contained only one measurable superkially located nodular tumor recurrence or metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the breast that was treated with XRT-HT, had mapped or multiple point temperatures recorded, and had at least one posttreatment follow-up evaluation. The thermal doses from all treatments delivered to a field were added to obtain the total thermal dose, SUM EQ MZN Tw 43. Logistic and life-table multivariate analyses were performed to determine which pretreatment parameters (including initial T-stage, prior XRT, and tumor volume at the time of HT) and treatment parameters (including XRT dose, T,,,,,,, T,, thermal dose, and hormonal therapy) best correlated with ICR and DLC. Results: Of the treatment parameters tested, SUM EQ MZN Tw 43 had the strongest correlation with both ICR (p = 0.0002) and DLC (p = 0.0014). Also, SUM EQ MZN Tw 43 contributed to the best multivariate modeIs predictive of ICR and DLC. Conclusion: For this relatively uniform patient population, we have confirmed that SUM EQ MZN Tw 43 is the treatment parameter most strongly correlated with not only response following XRT-HT, but also duration of local control. This formulation of thermal dose should permit prescriptions to be written for HT treatments. Prospective trials designed to confirm this thermal dose relationship are to be encouraged. Hyperthermia, Thermal dosimetry, Prognostic parameters, Recurrent breast cancer, Tumor control, Radiation therapy.
Balloon observations of stratospheric electricity above the South Pole: vertical electric field, conductivity, and conduction current

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of measurements of the electrical conductivity σ and vertical component of the vector electric field Ez acquired from eight stratospheric balloon flights launched from Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole, in the austral summer of 1985–1986. The major findings of this research are as follows 1. (1) The data contribute to the set of global atmospheric electricity measurements and extend the work of COBB [(1977), Atmospheric electric measurements at the South Pole. In Electrical Processes in Atmospheres, Dolezalek H. and Reiter R. (eds), pp. 161–167. Steinkopf, Darmstadt, F.R.G.] to determine the electrical environment of the south polar region 2. (2) The average vertical profile of the conductivity at the South Pole, when compared with profiles obtained at other Antarctic locations, suggests that the conductivity scale height may increase with increasing geomagnetic latitude across the polar cap. 3. (3) The conductivity profiles measured at the South Pole and other Antarctic locations differ significantly from polar cap model profiles. On the basis of these measurements, the model profiles appear to require modification 4. (4) The magnitudes of the Ez profiles were observed to vary from day-to-day by a factor of > 2 5. (5) In all of the flights the air-Earth conduction current Jz, calculated as the product of Ez and σ, decreased with altitude in agreement with previous direct measurements of the air-Earth current by Cobb [( 1977), Atmospheric electric measurements at the South Pole. In Electrical Processes in Atmospheres, Dolezalek H. and Reiter R. (eds), pp. 161–167. Steinkopf, Darmstadt, F.R.G.] 6. (6) The magnitude of Jz was 2–3 times larger than the global average, which can be attributed to the lower columnar resistance of the atmosphere above the high-elevation Antarctic plateau. The magnitude of Jz agrees with that observed by Cobb, if the Cobb measurements are multiplied by the Few and Weinheimer [(1986), Factor of 2 error in balloon-borne atmospheric conduction current measurements. J. geophys. Res.91, 10937] correction factor of 2 7. (7) Ez from all of the flights during times of balloon float demonstrates characteristics of the classical ‘Carnegie’ diurnal variation, which is indicative of global influences on the ionospheric potential 8. (8) The influence of geomagnetic activity was observed as a decrease in the amplitude of the diurnal variation of Ez with increasing geomagnetic activity index Kp, which is the predicted effect at the South Pole of the magnetospheric polar-cap potential superimposed on the ‘Carnegie’ potential variation.
Complementary adhesive responses of human skin fibroblasts to the cell-binding domain of fibronectin and the heparan sulfate-binding protein, platelet factor-4

Plasma fibronectin (pFN) contains binding domains for an unidentified receptor on the surface of fibroblasts and for heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans on these same cells. A series of experiments were designed to assess the relative importance of these activities in mediating substratum adhesion of human skin fibroblasts (strain 4449) grown in the absence of ascorbate (asc-) or in its presence (asc+) to minimize or maximize collagen production-maturation, respectively. The cell-binding fragment (CBF) of pFN was purified from chymotryptic digests free of any heparan sulfate-binding activity. The responses of cells to CBF were then compared with those mediated by the heparan sulfate-binding protein, platelet factor-4 (PF4). At early time points when cells had spread effectively on pFN, both asc- or asc+ cells extended spiky projections on PF4 and long projections on CBF with actively ruffling membranes at their tips. By 4 h, asc+ cells had spread much more effectively on CBF than asc+ cells on PF4 or asc- cells on either binding activity. Mixtures (w/w) of CBF:PF4 between 1:1 and 9:1 generated a more physiologically normal response than to either of the binding proteins alone, particularly for asc+ cells. Examination of cytoskeletal reorganization by fluorescence analysis with an antibody to 7S tubulin (for microtubules) and NBD-phallacidin (for F-actin) revealed condensations of microfilaments at the ruffling edges of asc- cells on CBF or on PF4 and for asc+ cells on PF4; in contrast, asc+ cells on CBF generated long bundles of microfilaments in their spreading lamellae within 4 h. Microtubule networks reorganized very well on CBF but only partially on PF4 with either cell type. Microfilament reorganization was comparable to that on intact pFN with CBF:PF4 mixtures of 1:1 and 9:1 for asc+ cells, whereas asc- cells generated condensations of microfilaments but little bundling. These studies reveal that the adhesive responses to mixtures of these two binding activities are significantly greater than to the individual activities and that the responses of asc+ cells approach the properties of cells on intact pFN, whereas asc- cells remain incapable of forming stress fiber-like bundles of microfilaments under all conditions.
Sociologists on trial: Theoretical competition and juror reasoning

This paper examines the work of sociologists as expert witnesses and how sociological theory is used in criminal trials. The study describes how alternative sociological theories were propounded by sociologist expert witnesses and used by competing lawyers to establish the correct understanding of the case. The paper indicates that the sociological testimony was relevant to the deliberations and verdicts and details how the judge’s and jurors’ practical treatment of the law and evidence reconciled the adversaries’ mutually exclusive, partisan positions and the theoretical bases for those positions.
Relative hepatotoxicity of substituted thiobenzamides and thiobenzamide-S-oxides in the rat☆

The effect of substituents on the relative hepatotoxicity of various derivatives of thiobenzamide (TB) and thiobenzamide-S-oxide (TBSO) has been investigated in the rat. For five para-substituted thiobenzamides (p-XC6H4CSNH2; X = CH3O, CH3, H, Cl, CF3) hepatotoxicity estimated by plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) or plasma bilirubin responses followed a strict Hammett-type dependence on the electronic properties of the substituent, toxicity increasing dramatically with increasing electron donation (ϱ = −3.4 −1.4, respectively). This observation is consistent with the possible involvement of a critical S-oxidative biotransformation in the production of hepatic injury by these compounds. p-Hydroxythiobenzamide was not hepatotoxic at the highest dose studied, possibly because routes of biotransformation other than S-oxidation (e.g., conjugation) supervened. 2,6-Disubstituted thiobenzamides bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents also failed to produce hepatic injury. This was suggested to result from the steric effect of the substituents forcing the thioamide group out of conjugation with the aromatic ring. TBSO was significantly more hepatotoxic than TB, as indicated by earlier and/or larger increases in plasma GPT, plasma bilirubin, and hepatic triglycerides. The hepatotoxicity of TBSO was partially blocked by SKF-525A or N-octylimidazole, but was not affected by pretreatment of the rats with phenobarbital. For para-substituted TBSO derivatives (p-XC6H4C(SO)NH2; X = CH3, H, Cl) the slope of the Hammett correlation for the plasma GPT response was essentially identical to that for the parent TB derivatives. In contrast, the plasma bilirubin response to TBSO was not altered by substituents. The above findings show that the hepatotoxicity of TB derivatives depends strongly on chemical factors in a manner consistent with S-oxidation as a critical step leading to liver injury. However neither the toxic responses to TB nor those to TBSO are uniformly affected in a simple direct manner by induction or inhibition of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. This may indicate that other enzyme systems, oxidative, reductive, or both, may also play a role in governing the toxic responses to TB and TBSO.
Biscyclopentadienylzirconium(IV) η3-propargyl/allenyl complexes

Abstract Reactions of each Cp2Zr(Me)Cl and Cp2ZrCl2 with PhCCCH2MgBr afford the η3-propargyl/allenyl complexes Cp2Zr(Me)(η3-CH2CCPh) (1) and Cp2Zr(CH2CCPh)2 (2), respectively. Both products were characterized by a combination of EI mass spectrometry and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the structure of 1 was elucidated by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. Molecules of 1 contain an unsymmetrically ligated η3-propargyl/allenyl group C(1)H2C(2)C(3)Ph with ZrC(1)=2.658(4), ZrC(2)=2.438(3) and ZrC(3)=2.361(3) A. Within the CH2CCPh ligand, C(1)C(2)=1.344(5), C(2)C(3)=1.259(4) A and C(1)C(2)C(3)=155.4(3)°. The latter set of data indicates that a σ, π-allenyl resonance structure makes a relatively large contribution to the bonding description in 1 compared to a σ, π-propargyl resonance structure. The fragment ZrC(10)C(1)C(2)C(3) (C(10)=C of Me) is contained essentially in the mirror plane that reflects the two Cp rings. Complex 1 shows no fluxional behavior in its 1H-NMR spectra over the temperature range 303–223 K. In contrast, 2 is fluxional, and its dynamic behavior persists on cooling even to 180 K. The 1H-NMR spectra suggest that a rapid exchange of the modes of bonding of η3-propargyl/allenyl and η1-propargyl ligands may occur, with a probable participation of another ZrC3H2Ph bonding mode, possibly η1-allenyl.
Baptism, Miracles, and Boundary Jumping in Mark:

Several scholars have suggested that Mark was written for baptizandi, that is, for people about to be inducted into the Christian community. This article assumes that such is the case, and, borrowing from symbolic anthropologist Victor Turner, discusses baptism as a ritual of status transformation. The structures of the gospel and the ritual of baptism are compared and found to be parallel. The article concludes with a discussion of the imagery in the sea-cycle (Mark 4:35-5:43) as being strongly baptismal in character.
Deformation behavior of an ultrafine-grained Al¿Mg alloy at different strain rates

Abstract An ultrafine-grained Al–Mg alloy was synthesized by the consolidation of cryomilled powders and subsequent hot extrusion. At strain rates of 10−4 and 10−3 s−1, the stress–strain curves show the serrated-flow behavior. At strain rates of 10−2 and 10−1 s−1, instead of the serrated flow, the shear band formation was observed.