cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motor learning transfer from isometric to dynamic reaching

After unilateral stroke, physical impairment commonly appears on one side of the body. As the unaffected side is the non-dominant side for some patients, we investigated whether human motor learning can transfer from a non-dominant arm to the dominant, with a 2-dof manipulandum that allows both isometric and dynamic reaching. The goal of our study was to assess the transfer of visuomotor adaptation from a non-dominant arm, trained in an isometric condition, to a dominant arm, freely moving in a dynamic condition. Previous studies have found how the human motor system adapts to visual rotation, after which hand paths curve even in the absence of rotation. Some of the studies have shown how interlimb transfer of adaptation occurs for a dynamic condition. We observed that participants could adapt to visual rotation in an isometric condition with velocity control and show aftereffect in the dynamic condition with the opposite arm. Our result confirms previous research that environmental information is stored and can be accessed by both limbs. In addition, we found evidence that such information can be learned in an isometric condition and accessed in a dynamic condition.
Whose Child Is This? Reflections on the Speaking Voice in Isaiah 9:5

In his 1947 article, “Das judaische Konigsritual,” Gerhard von Rad argued that the Judean enthronement ritual was heavily dependent on the corresponding Egyptian ritual. He argued persuasively that the of Ps 2:7, the of 2 Kgs 11:12, and the of Ps 89:40 were all simply different designations of the same reality, the Judean counterpart of the Egyptian nḫb.t, the royal protocol that the deity writes and presents to the new king along with the crown at the time of the latter's coronation. The Egyptian protocol contained the five names of the new pharaoh's titulary and the legitimation of his rule by the deity's acknowledgment of the king as the deity's child. Von Rad argued that both of these elements also appeared in the Judean ritual. Ps 2:7 quotes from the protocol marking Yahweh's legitimation of the new Davidic king as God's son, while Isa 9:5 reflects the king's divine sonship as well as his five-fold royal titulary.
Tillage and rainfall effects on random roughness: A review

Soil microrelief, or roughness, as a result of tillage can have considerable impact on the rate and amount of wind and water erosion. This study is a review and analtsis of previous studies dealing with factors associated with the formation of tillage-induced random (non-oriented) roughness of the soil surface. Random roughness (RR) has been defined as the standard error of individual elevations after oriented roughness has been removed. In addition to being a function of the soil and its properties, RR is affected by many other factors. Tillage, rainfall amount and kinetic energy, runoff and soil texture effects on random roughness are discussed. Tillage and rainfall had the greatest effect on random roughness. A model predicting changes in random roughness with changes in tillage and rainfall amount is proposed. Random roughness varied from 5.0 cm for a large offset disk operation to 0.7 cm for no-till systems and decreased exponentially with increasing rainfall. The proposed model will make a significant contribution to new models, currently under development, to predict the effects of wind and water erosion on soil movement.
Silica supported allylmetals as hydrosilylation catalysts

The use of metal complexes on supports such as silica and alumina provides a method for heterogenizing homogeneous catalysts, allows easy recovery of catalysts from the product mixture, and also facilitates recovery of such systems in fixed bed reactors. Furthermore, novel enhanced catalytic activity is exhibited by these supported catalysts. Allyl-metals and benzyl-metals supported on silica and alumina are known to be active catalysts for carbonylation, hydrogenation and polymerization of a wide variety of substrates(1). We report our preliminary results using such systems as hydrosilylation catalysts.
Isotope‐edited nuclear magnetic resonance: novel methodologies for investigating metabolism

While the use of NMR and stable isotopes in metabolism studies is hardly new, it is only recently that isotope-edited NMR spectroscopy has been applied in kinetic studies of glyphosate metabolism of soil microbes. NMR can detect multiple species simultaneously and non-destructively, yielding valuable information on structural identification of metabolites. Triple Resonance Isotope EDited spectroscopy (TRIED), [2H]NMR, and [2H–13C] INEPT (Insensitive Nucleus Enhancement through Polarization Transfer) are three isotope-edited techniques which have been used in combination to examine the microbial degradation of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine). Using 13C- and 15N-labeled glyphosate, TRIED can detect multiple metabolites in crude matrices at submicrogram levels, an improvement over earlier techniques where milligrams were needed. It can detect 500 nanograms of 13C–15N-labeled compound in a crude sample (1 : 1400 mass ratio), only a few hours work being required. [2H]NMR and [2H–13C]INEPT were also used as complementary techniques to further examine metabolites whose 13C–15N bond has been cleaved. The three-isotope-edited methods produced results consistent with both radioactivity and HPLC analyses. Accordingly, we are able to detect minute levels of metabolites in the presence of complex mixtures, minimizing the costs and time of sample purification. ©1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Relation of Sea Beam echo peak statistics to the character of bottom topography

Histograms of echo peaks from three different topographic regions in the outer beams of a Sea Beam sonar show distinct variation as the topography changes from the North Cleft ridge to the Cascadia abyssal plain in the Pacific Ocean. Parameter estimation of probability density functions (pdfs) shows significant departure from Rayleigh pdf for the nonabyssal plain sites. The spectral character of the sea-floor roughness from an acoustic backscatter model suggests that the ridge area is dominated by large-scale roughness and the abyssal plain by small scale. It appears that change in roughness magnitude effects the observed histogram characteristics.
Curation roles and perceived priorities for data quality dimensions and skills in genome curation work

Genome curation work included users with different curation roles as end-users, curators and dual-role users. Genomics scientists with certain role might focus on different data quality aspects and skills requirements. There is a lack of understanding of scientists' perceptions and requirements which hampers the development of systematic and tailed approaches to genome data curation. This research surveyed 158 genomics scientists on their perception and priorities for data quality dimensions and quality sills. The study's findings show that depending on the roles played in scientific data sharing and curation process, genome scientists may have different priorities for and ways of assessing data quality. Curators valued higher the direct quality assessment criteria, while end-users preferred the quality criteria that could be assessed indirectly. Likewise, end-users assigned higher priorities to the data quality assessment skills and the skills needed to identify useful information, while curators valued higher the skills needed to make data useful.
Performance study of MPLS and DS techniques to improve QoS routing for critical applications on IP networks

This paper aims to analyze the QoS performance of two main technology mechanisms, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Differentiated Services (DS). The introduction of both mechanisms to support throughput and delay sensitive real-time media traffic will have an impact on critical applications with respect to QoS and traffic engineering. MPLS is a traffic forwarding mechanism that allows traffic to use multiple paths and DS is a mechanism that provides for aggregate traffic to be classified and conditioned at the edge of the network routers. The two modeled techniques and their performance will be evaluated with respect to their end-to-end delay. The QoS will be incorporated in both the MPLS and DS mechanisms while preserving the efficiencies of the backbone structure of the Internet, and also the performance is compared with the existing IP routing algorithms.
Dietary enhancement of intestinal carcinogenesis by dimethylhydrazine in rats.

WHILE investigating the effect of marginal lipotrope deficiency in rats on chemical carcinogenesis, we have found an effect in an organ other than liver. We have already reported the enhancement of aflatoxin B1-induction of hepatocarcinoma by lipotrope deficiency and recently found that N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosodibutylamine induce hepatocarcinoma earlier and in higher incidence in lipotrope-deficient rats than in normal rats1,8. In the study reported here, induction of tumours of large and small intestine by symmetrical dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was examined in normal or lipotrope-deficient rats and was found to be enhanced in deficient rats.
Escape or switching at short times.

In the standard Arrhenius picture [S. Arrhenius, Z. Phys. Chem., Stoechiom. Verwandtschaftsl. 4, 226 (1889); L. N\'eel, Ann. Geophys. (C.N.R.S.) 5, 99 (1949)] of thermal switching or escape from a metastable to a stable state, the escape probability per unit time ${P}_{s}(t)$ decreases monotonically with time $t$ as ${P}_{s}(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}t∕{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D}}$, where the decay time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D}={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}{e}^{U∕{k}_{B}T}$, with $U$ the energy barrier, ${k}_{B}T$ the thermal energy, and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}$ the time between escape attempts. Here, we extend the Arrhenius picture to shorter times by deriving general conditions under which ${P}_{s}(t)$ is peaked rather than monotonic, and showing that in the simplest scenario the peak time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{P}$ diverges with ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D}$ as $\mathrm{ln}({\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D})$.
MONOSPECIFIC ANTIGRANULOCYTE SERA AGAINST HUMAN NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS, AND MYELOBLASTS

Abstract The immunological character of the three major groups of granulocytes and their immature precursor cells is largely unknown, partly because there were no methods suitable for the isolation and purification of the individual cell types. The development of techniques for purifying white blood-cells has made possible the production of monospecific antisera against human neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and myeloblasts. The antisera raised against neutrophils or eosinophils had specific agglutinating and cytotoxic activity which could be absorbed out by only the corresponding cells. The anti-basophil serum, but not the other sera, degranulated human basophils; its activity was neutralised by the prior addition of purified human IgE. None of the antisera prepared against mature cells had an effect on myeloblasts, however; these immature cells were agglutinated and killed by the anti-myeloblast serum. Conversely, the anti-myeloblast serum had no effect on any of the mature granulocytes. These data indicate that each granulocyte cell type stimulates the development of antibodies with specific agglutinating and cytotoxic properties.
Use of transdermal amitriptyline gel in a patient with chronic pain and depression.

A man with severe inflammatory bowel disease suffered from chronic abdominal pain and depression. A transdermal amitriptyline gel preparation was compounded since he was unable to take drugs orally. Serum concentrations of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline were measured over 24 hours. Symptoms of depression were monitored before starting transdermal therapy and at the end of 6 weeks. Pain symptoms and amitriptyline adverse drug events were monitored daily. Steady-state serum concentrations of drug and metabolite were within the therapeutic range over 24 hours. The patient reported that his mood was improved but his abdominal pain remained unchanged. Transdermal amitriptyline gel was well tolerated and is an alternative delivery system in patients unable to take drugs orally.
Can the future influence the present

One widely accepted model of classical electrodynamics assumes that a moving charged particle produces both retarded and advanced fields. This formulation first appeared at least 75 years ago. It was popularized in the 1940's by work of Wheeler and Feynman. But the most fundamental question associated with the model has remained unanswered: When (if ever) does the two-body problem have a unique solution? The present paper gives an answer in one special case. Imagine two identical charged particles alone in the universe moving symmetrically along the $x$ axis. One is at $x(t)$ and the other is at $\ensuremath{-}x(t)$. Their motion is then governed by a system of functional differential equations involving both retarded and advanced arguments. This system together with the Newtonian "initial" data $x(0)={x}_{0}g0$ and ${x}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)=0$ has a unique solution for all time provided ${x}_{0}$ is sufficiently large. Perhaps the existence and uniqueness proof given for this special case will pave the way for more general results on this curious two-body problem.
Regulation of the Oncogenic Activity of BCR-ABL by a Tightly Bound Substrate Protein RIN1

Abstract RIN1 was originally identified by its ability to physically bind to and interfere with activated Ras in yeast. Paradoxically, RIN1 potentiates the oncogenic activity of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in hematopoietic cells and dramatically accelerates BCR-ABL–induced leukemias in mice. RIN1 rescues BCR-ABL mutants for transformation in a manner distinguishable from the cell cycle regulators c-Myc and cyclin D1 and the Ras connector Shc. These biological effects require tyrosine phosphorylation of RIN1 and binding of RIN1 to the Abl-SH2 and SH3 domains. RIN1 is tyrosine phosphorylated and is associated with BCR-ABL in human and murine leukemic cells. RIN1 exemplifies a new class of effector molecules dependent on the concerted action of the SH3, SH2, and catalytic domains of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase.
Adaptive Discriminant Function Analysis and Reranking of MS/MS Database Search Results for Improved Peptide Identification in Shotgun Proteomics

Robust statistical validation of peptide identifications obtained by tandem mass spectrometry and sequence database searching is an important task in shotgun proteomics. PeptideProphet is a commonly used computational tool that computes confidence measures for peptide identifications. In this paper, we investigate several limitations of the PeptideProphet modeling approach, including the use of fixed coefficients in computing the discriminant search score and selection of the top scoring peptide assignment per spectrum only. To address these limitations, we describe an adaptive method in which a new discriminant function is learned from the data in an iterative fashion. We extend the modeling framework to go beyond the top scoring peptide assignment per spectrum. We also investigate the effect of clustering the spectra according to their spectrum quality score followed by cluster-specific mixture modeling. The analysis is carried out using data acquired from a mixture of purified proteins on four differen...
Calcool: A multi-layer Asphalt Pavement Cooling Tool for Temperature Prediction During Construction

The temperature at which compaction takes place is an important factor in the construction of asphalt concrete pavements. In cold climates, rapidly cooling mats can contribute to poor compaction. Under warm paving and high traffic demand conditions, time of construction is a greater concern, and the compaction schedule should minimize the required time for construction. This research created a computer tool (CalCool), based on theoretical heat transfer considerations, for use by pavement designers and on-site construction crews to predict the pavement temperature during construction and modify designs or compaction procedures accordingly. A model validation study compared CalCool to several construction scenarios. The comparisons were favorable in the single-layer cases, but increased discrepancies were observed Fin the multi-layer cases. Future validation studies are needed to expand the data set beyond the two sites examined in this paper.
Exploring software supply chains from a technical debt perspective

Software development has evolved from software development organizations building custom solutions for every need and creating a backlog of applications needed by users to specialized organizations producing components that are supplied to other software development organizations to speed the development of their software products. Our objective is to illustrate how a manager might use supply chain information to evaluate software being considered for inclusion in a product. We investigated the Eclipse platform code to illustrate analysis methods that produce information of use to decision makers. The technical debt of the software pieces was measured using the Technical Debt plug-in to Sonar as one input into the evaluation of supply chain quality. The dependency graphs of "uses" relationships among files were analyzed using graph metrics such as betweenness centrality. There was a statistically significant moderate correlation between the technical debt for a file and the betweenness centrality for that file. This relationship is used as the basis for a heuristic approach to forming advice to a development manager regarding which assets to acquire.
A first-generation X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome

In females, most genes on the X chromosome are generally assumed to be transcriptionally silenced on the inactive X as a result of X inactivation. However, particularly in humans, an increasing number of genes are known to “escape” X inactivation and are expressed from both the active (Xa) and inactive (Xi) X chromosomes; such genes reflect different molecular and epigenetic responses to X inactivation and are candidates for phenotypes associated with X aneuploidy. To identify genes that escape X inactivation and to generate a first-generation X-inactivation profile of the X, we have evaluated the expression of 224 X-linked genes and expressed sequence tags by reverse-transcription–PCR analysis of a panel of multiple independent mouse/human somatic cell hybrids containing a normal human Xi but no Xa. The resulting survey yields an initial X-inactivation profile that is estimated to represent ≈10% of all X-linked transcripts. Of the 224 transcripts tested here, 34 (three of which are pseudoautosomal) were expressed in as many as nine Xi hybrids and thus appear to escape inactivation. The genes that escape inactivation are distributed nonrandomly along the X; 31 of 34 such transcripts map to Xp, implying that the two arms of the X are epigenetically and/or evolutionarily distinct and suggesting that genetic imbalance of Xp may be more severe clinically than imbalance of Xq. A complete X-inactivation profile will provide information relevant to clinical genetics and genetic counseling and should yield insight into the genomic and epigenetic organization of the X chromosome.
On the equivalence of three potential principles for right Markov processes

We examine three of the principles of probabilistic potential theory in a nonclassical setting. These are: (i) the bounded maximum principle, (ii) the positive definiteness of the energy (of measures of bounded potential), and (iii) the condition that each semipolar set is polar. These principles are known to be equivalent in the context of two Markov processes in strong duality, when excessive functions are lower semicontinuous. We show that when the principles are appropriately formulated their equivalence persists in the wider context of a Borel right Markov processX with distinguished excessive measurem. We make no duality hypotheses andm need not be a reference measure. Our main tools are the stationary process (Y, Qm) associated withX andm, and a correspondence between potentials μU and certain random measures over (Y, Qm).
Multi-cultural association of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) with substance use disorder

A number of studies have reported associations between the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or methamphetamine abuse. Other studies have yielded contrary results. There are a number of reasons for non-replication, including inadequate statistical power, population stratification, and poor phenotype definition. This study was to test the association using a meta-analytic approach across a variety of racial and ethnic populations. Using the genotype data of 55 studies (7999 cases, 8264 controls, and 676 families or parent-offspring trios) published in the past 15 years, we have conducted comprehensive meta-analyses to examine the associations of the 5-HTTLPR and STin2 polymorphisms with substance use disorder. The meta-analyses support the associations of 5-HTTLPR with alcohol, heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine dependence and abuse (eg, the smallest P-values were 0.0058 with odds ratio (OR)=0.54 (0.35, 0.84); 0.0024 with OR=0.77 (0.66, 0.91); 0.018 with OR=1.38 (1.06, 1.81); and 0.028 with OR=0.46 (0.23, 0.92) for alcohol, heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine dependence/abuse, respectively). When all the phenotypes are combined, the P-value was 0.0006 with OR=0.86 (0.78, 0.94) in the combined European, Asian, and Mexican populations and P-value was 0.0028 with OR=1.41 (1.13, 1.78) in the African populations. Evidence of significant associations was also identified in other subgroup analyses regarding differently combined substance and populations. The effect sizes of 5-HTTLPR were comparable among the European, Asian, and Mexican populations, however, the risk allele was more frequent in Asians than in Europeans and Mexicans. The opposite directions of risk allele in African population might be driven by the opposite directions of risk allele in cocaine dependence. This meta-analysis supports that the association of the SLC6A4 gene with substance use disorder varies depending on substances with different risk allele frequencies in the multi-cultural populations. Further studies using larger sample size are warranted.
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the incommensurate graphite-bromine compound: Change in the c-axis repeat distance during the incommensurate-commensurate transition

Abstract Synchrotron X-ray diffraction showed that the incommensurate-commensurate transition of stage-2 graphite-bromine at 319 K involved a change of the c-axis repeat distance from 10.40 ± 0.01 A to 10.22 ± 0.01 A . This suggests that the transition is three-dimensional in nature and that the bromine atoms between two carbon layers in the incommensurate phase are not confined to a plane.
Light‐microscopic immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in prenatal rat brain. II. Late ontogeny

The immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase is examined at embryonic (E) days 18 and 21 in rat brain in order to determine changes in the distribution and cytology of neurons showing immunoreactivity for the enzyme during late prenatal development. As compared with earlier stages of development, the distribution and morphology of the tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons at E18 and E21 more closely resemble catecholaminergic neurons in the adult brain. The changes occurring from the early to the late prenatal stages of development appear to be the result of an increase in number of cells and continued aggregation and migration of the labeled neurons. The major differences in the distribution of labeled perikarya between E18 and E21 are in the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex. In the olfactory bulb, tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons are not detected until E21. In contrast in the cerebral cortex, a few neurons are transiently labeled for the enzyme at E18, but are not detected at E21 and have not been reported in the adult brain. The most striking change in the tyrosine-hydroxylase labeled structures in the late prenatal period is the increase in detectable immunoreactivity in bundles of axons and in terminal aborizations. The orderly appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-labeled axons in the neostriatum and cortex are discussed in relation to the formation of these two contrasting regions innervated by catecholaminergic neurons.
Studies in the Cyperaceae of Thailand I. New and otherwise noteworthy species of Fimbristylis

Six Thai species ofFimbristylis, including two new ones, are taxonomically discussed, and some range extensions into Burma are reported. Described as new areFimbristylis kernii from the neighborhood ofF. hookeriana, andF. smitinandii, a clearcut species of the sectionAbildgaardia.
Metabolism of polar lipids in green and senescent squash leaves

Abstract The rates of turnover of the various moieties of the lipids of green leaf tissue and of senescent leaf tissue were determined with pulse labeling experiments.
Control of plastid gene expression during development: The limited role of transcriptional regulation

We have analyzed the transcriptional regulation of plastid genes during chloroplast development in illuminated spinach cotyledons and during leaf formation. The RNAs encoded by plastid genes accumulate with different kinetics during the developmental transitions. Using a novel plastid run-on transcription assay we demonstrate that the transcriptional regulation of a large, diverse group of chloroplast genes is of relatively minor importance for the control of their expression. The general transcriptional activity of the plastid genome increases after illumination and decreases during leaf development. This modulation of general transcriptional activity affects most plastid genes simultaneously and is not correlated with adjustments of the plastid DNA copy number. There are no major changes in the relative transcriptional activities of different genes, although their steady-state mRNA levels change dramatically. The analysis of ten specific plastid genes shows that their relative transcriptional activities are largely maintained throughout the developmental program. This limited transcriptional regulation suggests that plastid gene expression in higher plants is effectively controlled at the posttranscriptional level.
Phylogenetic origin of xenogeneic recognition

SINCE Metchnikoff (quoted in ref. 1) showed that amoebocytes, the circulating cells in invertebrates, are capable of phagocytosis1, it has become increasingly apparent that they have various immunological functions. For example, amoebocytes mediate resistance to infection2,3 and rejection of xenogeneic grafts4,5.
Object-based classification of semi-arid wetlands

Wetlands are valuable ecosystems that benefit society. However, throughout history wetlands have been converted to other land uses. For this reason, timely wetland maps are necessary for developing strategies to protect wetland habitat. The goal of this research was to develop a time-efficient, automated, low-cost method to map wetlands in a semi-arid landscape that could be scaled up for use at a county or state level, and could lay the groundwork for expanding to forested areas. Therefore, it was critical that the research project contain two components: accurate automated feature extraction and the use of low-cost imagery. For that reason, we tested the effectiveness of geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) to delineate and classify wetlands using freely available true color aerial photographs provided through the National Agriculture Inventory Program. The GEOBIA method produced an overall accuracy of 89% (khat = 0.81), despite the absence of infrared spectral data. GEOBIA provides the automation that can save significant resources when scaled up while still providing sufficient spatial resolution and accuracy to be useful to state and local resource managers and policymakers.
Drama grammar: towards a performative postmethod pedagogy

This article presents the original concept of drama grammar, the synthesis of grammar instruction and drama pedagogy, which integrates both structural and communicative paradigms through a dialectic combination of acting and linguistic analysis. Based on the principles of drama pedagogy, drama grammar makes use of techniques from the performing arts, encompassing cognitive, emotional, social, practical and kinesthetic learning dimensions. Both the failed quest for the ultimate foreign language teaching method and inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of different approaches to grammar instruction highlight the necessity for postmethod approaches to grammar teaching and learning. An introduction of common drama pedagogy techniques provides an insight into drama-based forms of learning for the foreign language classroom, and a prototypical drama grammar lesson shows how the teaching and learning of grammar can be operationalized within the performative paradigm. Drama grammar can thus be underst...
A simple, inexpensive in situ method for assessing acute toxicity of effluents to fish

Test chambers for conducting in situ fish bioassays were constructed from 8L polyethylene bottles. Yearling fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and young-of-the-year bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) demonstrated greater than 50 percent survival in the chambers after 65 days of exposure in a reservoir, river, and creek. Fathead minnow survival was substantially greater than that of bluegills. The chambers provide a simple, inexpensive, sensitive technique to screen effluents for toxicity.
Evolución y desarrollo del conocimiento intuitivo : implicaciones para el aprendizaje infantil

AbstractA central theoretical issue in evolutionary developmental psychology concerns the relation between evolved systems of folk knowledge and academic learning in modern schools. A model for conceptualizing motivational biases, cognitive competencies (e.g., language), and children's inherent developmental activities that compose these systems of folk knowledge is presented. Implications for children's learning of culture-specific academic competencies, such as reading, and associated motivational and instructional issues are then discussed. The thesis is that the motivational, cognitive, and developmental systems that compose folk knowledge are not sufficient for academic learning, but are the foundation from which academic competencies are built. Implications for educational theory and research are profound
Headspace microdrop analysis: an alternative test method for gasoline diluent and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in used engine oils

The primary standard test method used for the determination of gasoline diluent in used engine oils is method D 3525-93 of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), which involves direct injection of used oil onto a packed GC column and flame ionization detection. Recently, we have utilized a new headspace sampling method: headspace solvent microextraction (HSM), for GC and GC-MS analysis of gasoline diluent in used engine oils. High resolution capillary columns can be used without the necessity for the use of inlet cryogenic cooling or expensive sampling interfaces. This analytical method, which we generically refer to as headspace microdrop analysis yields results comparable to those obtained using the ASTM method, with the added benefit that it allows the quantification of individual volatile diluent components, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylenes.
Primary aortoduodenal fistulas in minimally aneurysmal aortas: imaging diagnosis

We report on the utility of computed tomography (CT) in making the diagnosis of primary aortoduodenal fistulas in two cases presenting with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In both cases, the clinical presentation was insidious, no pulsatile abdominal mass was palpated, and endoscopy findings were inconclusive. CT showed minimally aneurysmal aortas communicating with larger areas of contained rupture and pseudoaneurysm stretching adjacent small bowel.
Magnetic properties of nanostructured CoSm/FeCo films

Co{sub 80}Sm{sub 20}/Fe{sub 65}Co{sub 35} bilayer and multilayer films with Cr underlayers and overlayers have been fabricated and studied. All the samples prepared have in-plane anisotropy and the hysteresis loops were simple single loops for {ital t}{sub FeCo}{le}300 A indicating that the two phases are strongly exchange coupled. The magnetization of these samples is found to increase with increasing FeCo layer thickness for a fixed CoSm layer thickness. The coercivity, anisotropy constant, and anisotropy field for films with fixed CoSm layer thickness were found to decrease with increasing FeCo layer thickness. The magnetization squareness values of the hysteresis loops in the direction parallel to the film plane, for different CoSm and FeCo layer thicknesses, were found to be close to {ital S}{approx}0.75. The energy products for these samples vary from about 6 MG Oe at room temperature to 26 MG Oe at 30 K. The shape and the behavior of the initial loops and the minor loops suggest that wall pinning is the dominant coercivity mechanism in these films. Reversible demagnetization curves were measured and found to be consistent with the behavior expected for ``exchange-spring`` magnets.
THINKING THROUGH KIERKEGAARD'S ANTI-CLIMACUS: ART, IMAGINATION, AND IMITATION

What place do imagination and art have in Christian existence? This paper examines this question through the writings of Kierkegaard's pseudonym Anti-Climacus: The Sickness Unto Death and Practice in Christianity. I focus on the latter work in particular because it best illustrates the importance of imagination in following after (Efterfolgelse) Christ in imitation, which Anti-Climacus presents as the proper task of faithful Christian existence. After outlining both his critique and his affirmation of the imagination, I then consider what role the notion of ‘Christian art’ might play in his account of the imitation of Christ. Anti-Climacus gives a severe critique of Christian art, insofar as it disposes the viewer to detached observation and admiration – rather than imitation – of Christ. However, an earlier passage in the same text gives a provocative yet cryptic indication of the sort of art that would not succumb to this danger. Taking a cue from the phenomenology of Jean-Luc Marion, I draw out this suggestion and argue for the important role that visual art can play in imitating Christ. The final section illustrates this point briefly with three paintings: Matthias Grunewald's Crucifixion, Hans Holbein's The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb, and Albrecht Durer's Self-Portrait (1500).
Seismic Design and Viability of Hybrid Masonry Building Systems

AbstractHybrid masonry is an innovative technology for seismic design of buildings. The system uses reinforced masonry panels within a steel-framed structure, where steel connector plates link the steel frame to the masonry panels. The system has been used for construction of low-rise buildings in the low-seismic regions of the eastern and midwestern United States but has not been implemented in regions of moderate or high seismicity yet. Current research is underway to extend the application of hybrid masonry for use in high-seismic regions. In this paper, the overall approach for seismic design of one type of hybrid masonry systems is studied, and the steps of a capacity design process are presented, where two favorable ductile modes of behavior may be exploited: steel connector plates behaving as fuses or flexural yielding of the masonry panels. Moreover, this research applies the two design options for 3-, 6-, and 9-story prototype buildings located in a high seismic region and evaluates viability of ...
Comparative analysis of hemostatic agents in a swine model of lethal groin injury.

Background:Techniques for better hemorrhage control after injury could change outcome. A large-animal model of lethal, uncontrolled hemorrhage was developed to test whether the use of various hemostatic agents would decrease bleeding and improve early survival.Methods:A complex groin injury was crea
Fairly-long water waves

Abstract Water waves have fascinated artists and poets, fishermen and surfers, as well as mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. Recent developments in the understanding of some types of water waves are cast in terms sufficiently general that they can be applied to waves in media other than water, for example, in high temperature plasmas, in gases, and in solids, as well. Historically, many important advances in wave theory have been made with water waves motivating the research. For example, the work of Airy (1845) on long nonlinear water waves preceded the partially analogous work on nonlinear sound waves of Riemann (1858–9) and Earnshaw (1858). The research of Kelvin (Thomson, 1887) leading to the enunciation of the method of stationary phase, which has found wide application to problems of wave propagation in any dispersive media, is entitled, On the Waves Produced by a Single Impulse in Water of any Depth, or in a Dispersive Medium. More recently, the properties of resonant interactions among wav...
The use of oral rehydration solutions in children and adults.

The observation that the intestinal Na+-glucose cotransporter remains intact in most diarrheal illnesses led to development of the life-saving, low-cost technology of oral rehydration salt (ORS) solutions. The primary therapeutic role of ORS solutions is in prevention and treatment of dehydration during management of acute gastroenteritis. Successful oral rehydration therapy involves early use of ORS with maintenance or timely resumption of regular feeding. Since the inception of the oral rehydration approach more than three decades ago, the widespread use of ORS solutions has revolutionized the management and outcomes of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. The efficacy of the World Health Organization ORS solution and of commercial ORS formulations has been enhanced by reducing osmolarity. Newer formulations of ORS are under active investigation, with promise of added benefits, including promotion of intestinal healing. This article reviews fluid and electrolyte transport in the gastrointestinal tract, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute diarrhea, and the basis and formulation of current and newer ORS solutions. Guidelines for efficacious use of ORS in the management of acute gastroenteritis and short gut syndrome are also provided.
Structural integrity of cracks in the head of Washington on Mount Rushmore

Preliminary studies of the stability of Mt Rushmore shows a tendency for permanent crack deformation resulting from seasonal opening and closing of cracks in the structure.
The relationship between helplessness and the child’s asthma symptoms: the role of social support

AbstractObjective: Objectives of this study were to survey parents and children independently regarding feelings of helplessness specific to asthma and to examine the relationship between helplessness and the child's symptom-free days. Methods: Parent–child dyads (children 7–12 years) from Rochester, NY were enrolled (November 2011–August 2012) from general pediatric clinics, pulmonary clinics, an Emergency Department, and area youth and asthma programs. Assessments included demographics, symptoms, ratings of helplessness related to asthma and parent social support. A multivariate linear regression was conducted to examine the relationship between feelings of helplessness and symptoms-free days: post hoc analysis assessed the moderating role of social support. Results: Overall, 107 parent–child dyads enrolled (participation rate: 72%); 104 were included in analysis. Most children were male (58%), 7–9 years (58%) and White (46%). The child's feelings of helplessness scores were positively correlated with s...
Comparison of intraocular acetylcholine and carbachol

Commercially available 1% acetylcholine chloride and 0.01% carbachol chloride, which are commonly used as miotics in intraocular surgery, have recently been reformulated. Comparative studies of these agents show similar miotic activity. However, in vitro perfusion of human corneas demonstrated that 1% acetylcholine chloride causes marked changes in endothelial function and ultrastructure as compared to carbachol or BSS Plus. This study showed that 0.01% carbachol chloride was less toxic to the corneal endothelium than 1% acetylcholine chloride and suggests that 1% acetylcholine should not be used in corneas with compromised endothelium as in primary corneal endotheliopathies.
Hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy under cervical block and general anesthesia.

Background The objective of this study was to assess differences in hemodynamic stability for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) under general anesthesia (GA) as compared with cervical block anesthesia (CBA). Methods An institutional review board–approved, retrospective review of 651 patients from 1998 to 2012 undergoing CEA was performed: 254 patients underwent CEA under CBA and 397 under GA. Comprehensive chart review including preoperative, postoperative, and 30-day follow-up was conducted. Patients were monitored continuously intraoperatively and for 24 hr after surgery. All intraoperative vasoactive and antihypertensive medications administered were recorded. Results Both groups were similar in age, incidence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and renal failure. There was a preponderance of female patients, with a high incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and nicotine abuse in the GA group. Symptomatic patients predominated the GA group (54% vs. 41%; P = 0.0018). Of the symptomatic patients, 78% experienced transient ischemic attacks in the GA group vs. 64% in the CBA group. Evaluation of hemodynamic stability under GA versus CBA revealed that no significant hemodynamic changes occurred in 34.5% of CBA patients vs. only 14.4% in the GA group. Under GA, incidence of hypotension was 17.84% as compared with 0.52% under CBA (P 3 intraoperative fluctuations in mean arterial pressure of >20% vs. 20% in the CBA group (P Conclusions For patients undergoing CEA, CBA resulted in less hemodynamic fluctuations and fewer intraoperative vasoactive medication requirements as compared with GA.
Semi-Asymptotic Evaluation of Certain Three-Center Two-Electron Integrals*

Two-electron repulsion integrals between a two-center charge distribution and a charge distribution about a third center, which do not appreciably interpenetrate, are shown to be given to useful accuracy by numerical differentiation of certain three-center one-electron integrals. This method also may be used to evaluate integrals of this type for which the Mulliken or Sklar approximations are inapplicable.
Therapeutic options in development for management of diabetes: pharmacologic agents and new technologies.

ABSTRACT Objective To review new pharmacologic therapies and technologies relevant to the management of diabetes and its complications. Methods New treatment options for diabetes, made available through research efforts during the past 2 decades, are discussed. Results Several new drugs and drug classes for the management of diabetes are under development, including the incretin mimetic agents (exenatide, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues), the amylin analogue pramlintide, the cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist rimonabant, the mixed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists muraglitazar and tesaglitazar, the inhaled insulin preparation Exubera, and the insulin analogues (insulin glulisine and insulin detemir). Conclusion New drugs and technologic advances being made available will help achieve the goals of treating patients with diabetes to all the appropriate metabolic targets. Many other agents that act on fundamental abnormalities such as energy imbalance, inflammation, and vascular biologic conditions are in very early stages of development but are likely to become available during the next 5 to 10 years. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12[Suppl 1]: 142147)
On the absence of convective stability in materials preparation on earth

The yield in the production and the performance of electronic and optical solid state devices is frequently limited by nonuniformities in the composition and structure of the underlying crystalline material. The formation of such inhomogeneities can be favored by convective heat and mass transfer during the preparation. Hence, it is often desirable to establish purely diffusive conditions in materials preparation. It has been thought that buoyancy-driven convection can be readily excluded by appropriate orientation of the density gradient with respect to the gravity vector. Such expectations overlook, however, that materials preparation processes are inherently associated with multidimensional density gradients. Hence, it is concluded, there will always be convective contributions to transport in materials processing on earth.
Influence of potassium and sodium on uptake and retention of cesium-134 in rats.

Abstract The decrease in retention and increase in excretion of cesium when the dietary potassium is increased demonstrate that these two minerals might play a similar role. Dietary potassium increased the rate of excretion of body cesium. Cesium is probably present in bound forms in the soft tissues such as muscle and kidney and is freed chiefly after catabolism and not by ionic exchange. Sodium increases excretion of cesium when the diet is adequate in potassium. This increased excretion may involve extracellular more than intracellular cesium.
71 THE EXPANDED FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (EFAS)- BEHAVIORAL AND LEARING DEFICITS IN CHILDREN WITH NORMAL INTELLIGENCE

Prenatal exposure to ethanol may result in a profound morphologic disorder, FAS. We now report that maternal alcoholism may be central to the pathogenesis of those subtle yet more frequently encountered abnormalities of attention, behavior, activity and learning that comprise the minimal brain dysfunction symptom complex. The 9 boys and 2 girls, ages 9-18 years referred to the YNHH Learning Disorders Unit were born to heavy drinking mothers. They exhibited many of the features of FAS: prenatal growth defiency (70% SFGA, median b.w. 2270g), postnatal growth deficits in 73%, and microcephaly in 63%. Facial stigmata were noted in 73% and mild limb abnormalities in 50%. Each had average intelligence (WISC) with median Full Scale I.Q. 96, (range 86-113), Verbal I.Q. 101, (82-123) and Performance I.Q. 94, (81-120). Poorest performance on psychometric testing (Coding, Arithmetic, Digit Span, Information) reflected deficits in attention, concentration, memory and learning common to all. Each manifest hyperactivity during early school years and impulsivity and fidgetiness which remained with them as adolescents. All exhibited school difficulties requiring retention of at least one year and special education services. We suggest that the pattern of hyperactivity, attentional deficits and school learning difficulties despite average intelligence associated with subtle morphologic anomalies may represent a symptom complex that more accurately reflects the full and perhaps often overlooked teratogenic spectrum of ethanol.