cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent injection site nodules from exenatide: Successful treatment with intralesional triamcinolone

Exenatide extended release is a once-weekly injectable medication used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. The long-acting formulation consists of the original twice-daily formulation encapsulated in 0.06-mm-diameter microspheres.1 The subcutaneously injected exenatide microspheres then diffuse the medication slowly over time, reaching therapeutic range by 2 weeks and steady state by 6 to 7 weeks.1 Pharmacologically, it acts as an incretin analogue that activates glucagonlike peptide 1 receptors causing a glucose-dependent insulin secretion.2 Exenatide reduces Hgb-A1C, fasting and postprandial glucose, and bodyweight.2 The most commonly reported adverse events include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache.2 Common adverse reactions at the injection site include pruritus, erythema, and subcutaneous nodules, which have reportedly resolved without intervention or limiting treatment.1, 3 These reactions are thought to be either an inflammatory foreign body reaction or an antiexenatide antibody response.1, 4 A handful of cases have also identified eosinophil-rich granulomatous panniculitis at the exenatide injection site, along with more persistent, nonresolving nodules.5, 6, 7, 8 For these rarer, persistent nodules, hospitalization and surgical intervention have been reported.8 We report a case of persistent exenatide extended release panniculitis nodules successfully treated with serial intralesional triamcinolone injections.
Prevalence of Arnold nerve reflex in subjects with and without chronic cough: Relevance to Cough Hypersensitivity Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Cough is induced by stimulation of structures innervated by the vagus nerve , including the upper and lower airways and distal esophagus. The Arnold nerve reflex describes cough resulting from stimulation of the external auditory canal , which is innervated by the auricular branch of the vagus. We have recently reported the increased prevalence of this reflex in adults, but not children, with chronic cough , relative to healthy adult and pediatric subjects. The prevalence of the Arnold nerve reflex in patients with pulmonary disease but without chronic cough has not been investigated previously. Methods Three hundred adults and 100 children with chronic cough, 50 adults with stable pulmonary disease but without chronic cough, as well as 100 adult and 100 pediatric volunteers, underwent evaluation consisting of stimulation of the external auditory canal of each ear with a cotton-tipped applicator. Cough occurring within 10 s of stimulation was considered induced by the intervention. Results Arnold's nerve reflex was present in 23.3% of adults and 3% of children with chronic cough. The prevalence of the reflex was 2% among healthy adults and children. In adults with chronic cough, Arnold's nerve reflex was observed more commonly in women (29.3%) than men (10.5%), and was unilateral in the majority of patients (88.6%). In patients with respiratory disease but without chronic cough, Arnold nerve reflex was present in 2%. Conclusions The greater than 11-fold prevalence of the Arnold nerve reflex in adults with chronic cough compared with healthy volunteers and adults with respiratory disease but without chronic cough, supports the concept of the Cough Hypersensitivity Syndrome (CHS), in which vagal hypersensitivity is proposed to underlie chronic refractory cough. The absence of increased prevalence among children with chronic cough suggests that CHS is an acquired condition, perhaps triggered by viral respiratory infection or other environmental factor.
Novel in vitro comparative model of osteogenic and inflammatory cell response to dental implants.

Abstract Objectives Roughened dental implants promote mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) osteoblastic differentiation, and hydrophilic modifications induce anti-inflammatory macrophages activation. While the effect of different surface modifications on osseointegration of commercial dental implants have been compared in vivo and clinically, the initial cellular response to these modifications often overlooked. We aimed to characterize the macrophage inflammatory response and MSC osteogenesis across different commercially available implants in vitro. Methods Six commercially available rough implants [OsseoSpeed™ (Astra-Tech™, Implant A); Osseotite® (Biomet 3i™, Implant B); TiUnite™ (Nobel-Biocare®, Implant C); Ti-SLA®, (Implant D), Roxolid® (RXD-SLA, Implant E), RXD-SLActive® (Implant F) (Straumann®)] were examined. Macrophages and MSCs were seeded directly on implants and cultured in custom vials. mRNA and protein levels of pro- (IL1B, IL6, IL17A, CXCL10, TNFa) and anti- (IL4, IL10, TGFB1) inflammatory markers were measured after 24 and 48 h in macrophages. Osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs was assessed after seven days by alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, and angiogenic, osteogenic, and inflammatory markers by ELISA and qPCR (n = 6/variable, ANOVA, post hoc Tukey HSD with α = 0.05). Results Hydrophilic implant F induced the highest level of osteogenic factor released from MSCs and anti-inflammatory factors from macrophages with the lowest level of pro-inflammatory factors. Alternatively, implants A and C supported lower levels of osteogenesis and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Significance In this study, we successfully evaluated differences in cell response to commercially available clinical implants using an in vitro model. Data from this model suggest that not all surface modification procedures generate the same cell response.
Bayesian classification

This paper describes a Bayesian technique for unsupervised classification of data and its computer implementation, AutoClass. Given real valued or discrete data, AutoClass determines the most probable number of classes present in the data, the most probable descriptions of those classes, and each object's probability of membership in each class. The program performs as well as or better than other automatic classification systems when run on the same data and contains no ad hoc similarity measures or stopping criteria. AutoClass has been applied to several databases in which it has discovered classes representing previously unsuspected phenomena.
Understanding the Knowledge Gap and Assessing Comfort Level among Healthcare Professionals Who Provide Inhaler Education

Inhaled medications play a pivotal role in the management of COPD and asthma. Provider knowledge and ability to teach various devices is paramount as poor inhaler technique directly correlates with...
An Analysis of Changing Trends in the International System of Capitalism Emphasizing the Role of Sovereign Wealth Funds

This paper will examine some fundamental shifts that have taken place in the international system of capitalism beginning with the Bretton Woods agreement and address the consequences these changes have had for both proactive and reactive governmental action, global trade, and economic integration. The analysis will utilize an interdisciplinary approach drawing upon the academic fields of Economics, Political Science, History, and Sociology. Additionally, I will draw selectively from portions of Regulation Theory and Social Structures of Accumulation Theory in order to show how crises of capital accumulation necessitate innovation in the global capitalistic system. Assumptions fundamental to structure of this paper include the premises that markets are institutions embedded in society, that global trade increases the interdependence of nations, that trade necessarily creates imbalances and those imbalances strain the interdependent relations between nations, and that globalization creates expected adherence to political and economic policies that potentially damage governmental legitimacy.I will demonstrate that the global capitalistic system creates antonymous pressures for nation states most readily identified by the competing ideological vantages points known commonly as Neo-liberalism and Keynesianism. The contradistinction underlying this supply-side/demand-side debate is evinced, in this paper, most poignantly in the financial system. This academic investigation hypothesizes that Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are instruments possessing the capabilities to alleviate these antithetic pressures. Although any determinative effects related to SWF proliferation concerning the stability of the international financial system remain ambiguous, this paper will conclude with normative suggestions as to how SWF investment activity can become a stabilizing force while warning of potential threats they hold inherent that can undermine the stability of the international financial system.
Hydra as a unique model for the study of regenerative mechanisms in metazoans

The study of regeneration has led to remarkable contributions to medicine with the advent of stem cell biology and the application of stem cells in the treatment of human trauma and disease Along with a number of other animals Hydra represents a premier organism for the study of stem cells and regeneration in general Initiated by the studies of Trembley in the hundreds Hydra has allowed for the basis of biochemical cellular mechanical and molecular studies on the underlying mechanisms of regeneration By using new molecular techniques one is able to take advantage of the fact that Hydra is under constant renewal and this allows one to thereby dissect details of the renewal process as will be discussed in this review
New Approaches to Age Estimation Using Palatal Suture Fusion

Palatal suture fusion has seen little testing and/or application due in part to an inadequately described relationship to formal age ranges. This study presents a modified scoring method that examines fusion on samples of modern documented adult males and compares two Bayesian approaches to age estimation. In the first analysis, American and Portuguese collections were used to derive univariate and multivariate transition analysis (TA) parameters, which combined with an informative prior, estimated age in a sample of modern Americans and Portuguese. For the second analysis, a Bayesian multiple linear regression (BMLR) used indicator statuses as the independent variables with age as the dependent variable. Highest posterior density regions (HPDRs) and highest posterior density intervals (HDI) were calculated for a holdout sample. Final age estimates for the methods were tested for accuracy using cumulative binomial tests at 75% and 90% coverages. The HPDRs from multivariate TA captured age better for younger individuals, but consistently underaged. The cumulative binomial tests on the BMLR results indicated the prediction intervals performed as expected, and we show they are narrower (more precise) and/or more accurate than the corresponding HPDR. The modified method presented here formally links palatal suture obliteration to age using two different approaches, one of which (BMLR) is new to the aging literature. The BMLR provided results free from bias and more reasonable age ranges while maintaining accuracy. We present a look-up table and a free, simple R file for users to download and run their own estimates with BMLR.
P3b as an electroencephalographic index of automatic associations of exercise-related images.

Abstract Objective Interest in automatic associations of exercise and physical activity as potential contributors to behavior is rising. However, the measurement of these associations presents a challenge, since the reliability and validity of behavioral tests (despite their widespread usage) is unsatisfactory by most accounts. As a possible alternative, an electroencephalographic (EEG) index (i.e., P3b amplitude) was examined in the present study. Design We used a mixed-factor design, with one group of insufficiently and one group of sufficiently physically active participants being compared across different experimental conditions. Methods Thirty-seven insufficiently and thirty-six sufficiently active participants viewed exercise-related images presented within series of negative, neutral, or positive images and rated all images as negative (unpleasant) or positive (pleasant) while EEG recordings were obtained. The amplitude of the P3b component of the EEG-derived event-related potential, time-locked to the onset of exercise images in each context (series), was extracted as the dependent variable. Results Insufficiently active participants rated the exercise-related images as neutral-to-positive, whereas sufficiently active participants rated the images as positive. However, all participants exhibited the smallest P3b amplitude when the images were presented in the neutral context, suggesting that the images were registering as neutral. Conclusion Exercise-related images may evoke neutral automatic associations, but these associations may differ from how individuals reflectively rate the same images. P3b amplitude may be useful in detecting such discrepancies and potentially a promising (evidence-based) option for assessing automatic associations of exercise stimuli.
Elections Policy: Voting Is Not Only About Self-Interest

Voting behavior has always been a puzzle. Metaeconomics solves the puzzle, making it clear that voting always involves a bit of sacrifice in Self-interest in order to achieve gains from the shared other-interest in political outcomes. Intriguingly, it also involves a bit of sacrifice in Other-interest in order to not sacrifice too much in the realm of self-interest. So, voting, just like all other Metaeconomics choices, involves maximizing Own-interest while sacrificing a bit in both domains of the dual interest. It is also clarified that Government, composed of elected politicians, appointed officials, bureaucrats, and staff need to be careful to serve the other-interest shared with every person, avoiding the primal tendency to self-interest only choices, which can especially lead to crony capitalism.
Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Cleft Care After Implementing a Cleft Nurse Navigator Program

Objective:To evaluate the impact of a Cleft Nurse Navigator (CNN) program on care for patients with cleft lip and cleft palate and assess the programs efficacy to reduce existing socioeconomic disp...
Aged platelets have an impaired response to thrombin as quantitated by P-selectin expression.

After the intravenous infusion of N-hydroxysuccinimido biotin into dogs, 80.6% +/- 9.7% (n = 5) of platelets were covalently labeled with biotin. The in vivo survival of the biotinylated platelets was monitored by flow cytometry and was normal as compared with previous reports for dog platelets. The ability of the biotinylated platelets to be activated was analyzed by measuring the expression of cell-surface P- selectin after incubation with graded concentrations of thrombin. When P-selectin expression was examined 3 hours after labeling, biotinylated platelets were indistinguishable from the nonlabeled population of platelets, indicating that biotinylation did not adversely affect the cells. On consecutive days after biotinylation, the thrombin dose- response curves for biotinylated and nonbiotinylated platelets were repeated, and as the biotinylated-platelets aged, they became less responsive to thrombin. On days 3, 4, and 5, the thrombin EC50 for the aged, biotinylated platelets as compared with the total population of platelets was 136%, 150%, and 178%, respectively. Increasing age clearly impairs the reactivity of platelets towards thrombin as quantitated by the expression of cell-surface P-selectin.
A REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

The author begins with an Introduction in which he discusses basic concepts, recent developments, potential advantages offered by TPV systems and a historical background. He then provides a background in blackbody radiators and examines selective and rare-earth oxide radiators. He discusses modelling, fabrication and characterization of TPV convertors, particularly those based on GaSb and InGaAs. He examines the several approaches to recirculating the sub-bandgap photons and ends with a section on modelling of TPV system performance, and conceptual designs and demonstration of TPV systems, including solar powered, biofueled nuclear-fueled, liquid hydrocarbon-fueled, diesel-fueled, propane fueled, and natural gas fueled TPV systems.
Information Technology as an Enabler of Growth in Firms: An Empirical Assessment

This research provides empirical evidence of the role of information technology (IT) as an enabler of growth in firms. We postulate that as a firm grows larger, a superior IT infrastructure increases the productivity of other inputs by controlling the complexity-related costs that the firm incurs as it increases in size. In the empirical analysis to support this view, we find that firms with high-growth expectations increase their IT spending as their free cash flow increases, whereas low-growth firms maintain a constant level of IT spending, irrespective of their free cash flow. Further, we analyze the effect of IT investments in one period on growth-related metrics in subsequent periods. We find that a superior IT infrastructure significantly reduces the cost of operations for high-growth firms in subsequent periods. In summary, the theory and empirical evidence presented in this paper point to an indirect but important contribution of the IT infrastructure to a firm's growth.
Perspectives on Corporate Criminal Liability

The principle that corporations can be held criminally responsible for crimes committed on their behalf has been well established in Anglo-American law for more than a century. After exploring the historical and theoretical underpinnings of this phenomenon together with the deterrent and retributive rationales for imposing criminal liability on corporations, this article examines Justice Department policies regarding the prosecution and punishment of corporate crime and how those policies are implemented in practice.
Polarization-selective emission from quantum wells in a photonic wire with rectangular cross section

Summary form only given. We show that with an appropriate choice of the rectangular waveguide dimensions, the spontaneous emission from quantum wells in a photonic wire can be highly polarization selective and a large amount of emission can be channeled into the lowest order guided mode. This gives rise to a large spontaneous emission coupling factor for photonic wire lasers.
A DSP Microprocessor Based Workstation for Expert Control

In this paper a tightly coupled multiprocessor system consisting of a state of the art digital signal processing (DSP) microprocessor (TMS32020) and a 16 bit personal computer (PC), which is useful for the development of real-time expert control, is described. A brief description of the use of expert system techniques in control systems is also presented. The expert system can be introduced in the feedback loop to improve the control function or the expert system can be used to supervise the multiple feedback loop control system to perform intelligent control/alarm operations. The use of multiprocessor system introduces concurrent operation of expert system/man-machine communication by 8088 processor, and the numerical calculation or execution of control/identification or supervision algorithms by TMS 32025 processor.
Getting a Few Things Right and Many Things Wrong

The history of cryptography from ancient times to the present is full of tales of blunders and oversights, typically occurring when an over-confident encryptor is outwitted by a patient and clever cryptanalyst. In contrast, mathematics (if properly peer-reviewed) is perfect. There is never error, because by definition one cannot prove a theorem if it is false. So in order to remove the contingent and subjective elements from cryptography there have been concerted efforts in recent years to transform the field into a branch of mathematics, or at least a branch of the exact sciences. In my view, this hope is misguided, because in its essence cryptography is as much an art as a science.
Summary report on enterprise security workshop

This report summarizes the presentations of the 7th IEEE Workshops on enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WETICE 2002), Enterprise Security (ES) Workshop.The ES Workshop had 13 papers, 2 poster papers and 1 specialty paper presented. The topics covered the following: Anonymity and Cryptography, Authentication and Access Control, Communication Security, Intrusion Detection, and Software and Network Security.Professor Jeannette Wing of Carnegie Mellon University, gave the Plenary Address on the topic of "Vulnerability Analysis of Networked Systems." At the joint WETICE session, the ES Workshop Summary Report was presented describing the activities and discussions.
hnRNP: Methods for Preparation

During transcription in higher eukaryotes, the elongating pre-messenger RNA is bound by a unique set of abundant nuclear proteins to form a repeating array of 20–22-nm particles termed 30–40S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) particles. A variety of methods exist for the isolation and purification of hnRNP complexes and for the in vitro assembly of hnRNP assembly intermediates. Keywords: ribonucleoprotein; hnRNA; hnRNP; pre-mRNA; RNA-binding protein
Interference Screw Fixation Strength of a Quadrupled Hamstring Tendon Graft Is Directly Related to Bone Mineral Density and Insertion Torque

The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone mineral density of the host bone, measured using conventional dual photon absorptiometry techniques, and insertion torque can predict part of the ultimate failure strength of interference screw fixation of quadrupled hamstring tendon grafts. The semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were harvested from 10 human cadaveric knees, mean age 66.5 years (range, 53 to 81). The bone tunnel was sized within 0.5 mm of the graft. The graft was fixed with a biodegradable screw (7 x 25 mm for the femur, and 9 x 25 mm for the tibia) directly against the tendon and at the joint surfaces. Tibial fixation and femoral fixation were tested to failure using a materials testing system. Bone mineral density was measured in the metaphyseal region of the tibia and femur. The results of multiple regression analyses showed that both insertion torque and bone mineral density were related to the maximum load the graft withstood. These two variables explained 77.1% of the maximum load observed. We concluded that bone mineral density measurements of the host bone site are an important determinant of postoperative graft strength and thus have an important, but previously unrecognized, clinical role in establishing individual postsurgery rehabilitation protocols. Insertion torque in this study was a useful predictor of graft fixation strength.
Electronic and Structural Aspects of Rectangular Pyramidal Hypervalent 10-P-5 Compounds

Abstract New examples of cationic and neutral trigonal bipyramidal and rectangular pyramidal 10-P-5 species are presented. Their spectral properties (especially their NMR characteristics) and the factors stabilizing them are discussed.
Inter- and Intraspecific Encounters of Southern Pine Beetle Parasites Under Field Conditions

Heydenia unica Cook and Davis, Eurytoma spp., and 5 other hymenopterous parasites of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, interact in varying degrees, both inter- and intraspecifically. In the field this interaction, which we will term aggressivenes, is displayed by female H. unica and Eurytoma spp. during surveying and probing. Inter- and intraspecific aggressiveness are similar but differ in intensity. The activity, size, and species of both the attacking and attacked female parasite determine the degree of aggressiveness that the attacking parasites uses. This type of interference may lower the reproductive efficiency of both the attacked and attacking insect through time loss in surveying, probing, drilling, oviposition, and reduced parasitism.
The somatosensory system, with emphasis on structures important for pain.

Santiago Ramon y Cajal described a number of somatosensory structures, including several associated with pain, in his major work on the Histology of the Nervous System of Man and Vertebrates. Our knowledge of such structures has been considerably expanded since Cajal because of the introduction of a number of experimental approaches that were not available in his time. For example, Cajal made several drawings of peripheral mechanoreceptors, as well as of bare nerve endings, but later work by others described additional somatosensory receptors and investigated the ultrastructure of bare nerve endings. Furthermore, the transducer molecules responsible for responses to nociceptive, thermal or chemical stimuli are now becoming known, including a series of TRP (transient receptor potential) receptor molecules, such as TRPV1 (the capsaicin receptor). Cajal described the development of dorsal root and other sensory ganglion cells and related the disposition of their somata and neurites to his theory of the functional polarity of neurons. He described the entry of both large and small afferent fibers into the spinal cord, including the projections of their collaterals into different parts of the gray matter and into different white matter tracts. He described a number of types of neurons in the gray matter, including ones in the marginal zone, substantia gelatinosa and head and neck of the dorsal horn. He found neurons in the deep dorsal horn whose dendrites extend dorsally into the superficial dorsal horn. Some of these neurons have since been shown by retrograde labeling to be spinothalamic tract cells. Cajal clearly described the dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway, but the presence and course of the spinothalamic tract was unknown at the time.
Sequential Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Brain Scans Using PET with H215O Demonstrate Ketamine Actions in CNS Dynamically

The aim of this study was to examine the potential of serial rCBF studies to directly characterize the regional effects and dynamic time course of the centrally active drug ketamine. The value of a broader application of this technique to other neurally active drugs to characterize the pharmacodynamics of CNS compounds is suggested by these data. Thirteen normal subjects received a 0.3 mg/kg intravenous dose of ketamine over 60 seconds; ten other individuals received placebo in the same manner. For each subject, three baseline PET rCBF scans and seven sequential post-ketamine scans at 10-minute intervals were obtained using H215O water. SPM techniques were employed to identify the maxima of any cluster significant by spatial extent analysis at any post-ketamine time point between 0 and 36 min. These extremes from the ketamine group, were identified in placebo scans similarly and grown to a 6x6x12 mm voxel set. The average rCBF values of the ketamine-defined clusters were determined in the drug and placebo conditions at all time points. rCBF across time was plotted for each cluster and compared between drug and placebo. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated between baseline and 36 minutes. The kinetic characteristics of the ketamine-induced rCBF curves were compared to induced behaviors in each maxima. Ketamine produced distinct patterns of rCBF change over time in different brain regions; maxima within an anatomically defined region responded similarly. Ketamine induced rCBF activations in anterior cingulate, medial frontal and inferior frontal cortices. All maxima with a relative flow reduction with ketamine were in the cerebellum. The pattern of all activations and suppressions was monophasic with the peak changes at 6–16 minutes. In preliminary analysis, individual Cmax and AUC of maxima in the anterior cingulate/medial frontal region tended to correlate with the mild psychotomimetic action of ketamine; whereas, there was no tendency toward correlation with this psychological change in cerebellar maxima. The direct action of a centrally active drug can be assessed regionally and dynamically in brain using rCBF and a scan sequence optimally timed to complement the drug's time course. Ketamine pharmacodynamic response can be related to concurrent behavioral changes, tending to link the behavior with a brain region. This experimental design provides direct characterization of drug action in the CNS in ways heretofore unavailable.
Fabrication of nitrogen-incorporated nanodiamond ultra-microelectrode array for Dopamine detection

Abstract Well established silicon microfabrication technology and PECVD nanodiamond growth process enabled us to fabricate an ultra-microelectrode array (UMEA) for biosensing applications. The UMEA consists of 2500 nanodiamond elements in a square array surrounded by a layer of thermally grown SiO2 on a highly doped silicon substrate. Fe(CN)63−/4− redox couple was used for electrochemical characterization of the UMEA using cyclic voltammetry and gave us a steady state response consistent with hemispherical diffusion limited mass transport mechanism. Using the nanodiamond UMEA, we were also able to detect different concentrations of Dopamine in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) without any surface functionalization. The cyclic voltammograms show a steady state response and a linear relationship between the limiting current and Dopamine concentration.
Abstract 2130: Overcoming chemotherapy resistance by targeting LDHA mediated glycolysis

Taxol is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. Despite impressive clinical responses initially, the majority of patients eventually develop resistance to Taxol. Lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) is one of the predominant isoforms of LDH expressed in breast tissue, which controls the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and plays an important role in glucose metabolism. In this study we investigated the role of LDH-A in mediating Taxol resistance in human breast cancer cells. Taxol-resistant subclones, derived from the cancer cell line MDA-MB-435, sustained continuous growth in high concentrations of Taxol while the Taxol-sensitive cells could not. The increased expression and activity of LDH-A were detected in Taxol-resistant cells when compared with their parental cells. The downregulation of LDH-A by siRNA significantly increased the sensitivity of Taxol-resistant cells to Taxol. A higher sensitivity to the specific LDH inhibitor, oxamate, was found in the Taxol-resistant cells. Furthermore, treating cells with the combination of Taxol and oxamate showed a synergistical inhibitory effect on Taxol-resistant breast cancer cells by promoting apoptosis in these cells. LDH-A plays an important role in Taxol resistance and inhibition of LDH-A re-sensitizes Taxol-resistant cells to Taxol. This supports that Warburg effect is a property of Taxol resistant cancer cells and may play an important role in the development of Taxol resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that the increased expression of LDH-A plays an important role in Taxol resistance of human breast cancer cells. This study provides valuable information for the future development and use of targeted therapies, such as oxamate, for the treatment of patients with Taxol-resistant breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2130. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2130
PDE-constrained multispectral imaging of tissue chromophores with the equation of radiative transfer

We introduce a transport-theory-based PDE-constrained multispectral model for direct imaging of the spatial distributions of chromophores concentrations in biological tissue. The method solves the forward problem (boundary radiance at each wavelength) and the inverse problem (spatial distribution of chromophores concentrations), in an all-at-once manner in the framework of a reduced Hessian sequential quadratic programming method. To illustrate the code’s performance, we present numerical and experimental studies involving tumor bearing mice. It is shown that the PDE-constrained multispectral method accelerates the reconstruction process by up to 15 times compared to unconstrained reconstruction algorithms and provides more accurate results as compared to the so-called two-step approach to multi-wavelength imaging.
The white pock mutants of rabbit poxvirus II. The early white pock (μ) host range (hr) mutants of rabbit poxvirus uncouple transcription and translation in nonpermissive cells

Abstract A biochemical examination of the white pock (μ) host range (hr) mutants of rabbit poxvirus (RP μhr mutants) on the prototypic nonpermissive pig kidney (PK) cell line allows them to be divided into two groups, “early” or “late,” based on their ability to synthesize viral DNA in these cells. We have studied two early mutants (those unable to synthesize viral DNA) and found that by 8–10 hr after infection of PK cells all translation ceases; however, viral RNA synthesis continues unabated. These data provide evidence for the active control of translation during poxvirus infection. Even though the two mutants both inhibit translation under nonpermissive conditions, they clearly differ biochemically from one another in their total transcriptional capacity. An exmaination of the RNA made by these two RP μhr mutants under nonpermissive conditions further reveals that at times, which would be equivalent to “late” in a normal infection, one mutant has transcribed only 62% and the other 84% of the RNA sequences synthesized in a wild-type infection. Furthermore, transcription continues long after translation has stopped. Both mutants have also been found to be more refractile to uncoating in nonpermissive cells than wild-type virus. We find that the rate of the host-dependent formation of subviral cores is impaired as is the subsequent step of viral-dependent uncoating of the cores. A defective uncoating process might be related to the reduced complexity of transcription observed with these mutants. Despite their similarities, our results suggest that the two mutants are interrupted at different stages within the early phase of infection and that both poxvirus transcription and translation are actively regulated prior to the onset of viral DNA synthesis.
Aristotle's example: The rhetorical induction

The example is an important part of Aristotle's inventional theory, for everyone who persuades through proof uses “either enthymemes or examples: there is no other way” (Rhetoric, 1356b5–7). This essay rejects claims that the example reasons from part to part, without a mediating generalization, and then explicates Aristotle's view of the example.
Classical non-Gaussian state preparation through squeezing in an optoelectromechanical resonator

We demonstrate squeezing of a strongly interacting optoelectromechanical system using a parametric drive. By employing real-time feedback on the phase of the pump at twice the resonance frequency the thermomechanical noise is squeezed beyond the 3 dB instability limit. Surprisingly, this method can also be used to generate highly nonlinear states. We show that using the parametric drive with feedback on, classical numberlike and catlike states can be prepared. This presents a valuable electro-optomechanical state-preparation protocol that is extendable to quantum regime.
Dispersing the Crowd Bonus Plazas and the Creation of Public Space

Research has found that most bonus plazas in front of Manhattan office buildings are barren, uninviting spaces. But there has been little study of why that is so. Existing explanations suggest unusable plazas are unintended consequences of other processes—architects' slavishly reproducing modernist architectural styles, or developers' minimizing costs by neglecting public spaces. Such explanations are found to be unsupported by the facts. This study of 291 Manhattan bonus plazas and the development process in New York—including site observations; analysis of newly available plaza data; and interviews of architects, planners, and building managers-reveals that spaces were intentionally made uninviting, and that developers acted to make the plazas inaccessible. Implications for the study and creation of public space are discussed.
Dissolution of powdered minerals: The effect of polydispersity

Few studies have examined the effect of polydispersity on dissolution processes. A thorough review of the pertinent literature has already been presented (LeBlanc and Fogler, 1987). Mixed regime refers to kinetics in which the mass transfer and intrinsic surface reaction rates are of the same order of magnitude. Polydisperse mineral systems which have some particles dissolving simultaneously in both rate limiting regimes can be analyzed with this method (i.e., for broad initial distributions, the large particle dissolution may be mass transfer limited, while the smaller particles are surface reaction rate limited.
Continuous mass spectrographic measurement of halothane partial pressure in blood.

A method has been devised for the continuous measurement of halothane partial pressure in blood. The technique which was used in 10 dogs employs a silastic covered stainless-steel intra-arterial cannula through which blood gases pass into the analysing portion of a mass spectrometer where they are identified. Halothane produces a spectrographic peak at mass 31 which is proportional to its partial pressure. The peak at 31 results from the splitting of the halothane molecule into an ion composed of an atom of carbon and one of fluorine. The initial response time for the system is 0·4 min. The time from an initial changes to 63% of the final reading (1/e time) is 6·3 min. The calibration of the spectrometer remained stable for up to 7h, the longest test period.
Burning Waste Gas in Oil Fields

I WAS recently amazed by some night-time spacecraft photographs, exemplified by Fig. 1, that present graphic evidence of waste and pollution. These were obtained by the United States Air Force DAPP system which has sensors in the visible 0.4 to 1.1 µm band and an infrared imaging system in the 8 to 13 µm band (ref. 1 and J. L. McLucas, personal communication). The visible band sensor is Capable of responding to very dim light with a controllable threshold (T. O. Haig, personal communication) and it provided these pictures. The lights of cities are clearly visible, as are the aurora, surface features illuminated by moonlight, and fires such as those caused by burning gas from oil fields and refineries. Much power is evidently being generated to light the cities of the world since at the inhabited areas are clearly outlined. It is also apparent that, in the process of extracting liquid petroleum from beneath the surface of the Earth, abundant gas supply has been discovered but is not used. Being unable to contain the gas or to transport it to a user, it is simply burnt.
Plasma factor VIIa: Measurement and potential clinical significance

Factor VIla (FVIIa) is the triggering enzyme of the blood clotting cascade in hemostasis and thrombosis and may play an important role in hypercoagulable states. Indeed, certain epidemiologic studies have found elevated FVII coagulant activity to be an independent risk factor for heart disease. However, FVII circulates as the inert zymogen (FVII), the active enzyme (FVIIa), and possibly other forms as well, obscuring the relationship between any specific form of this enzyme and risk of thrombotic disease. New assay techniques based on soluble mutant tissue factor now permit measurement of FVIIa without interference from the large excess of zymogen FVII in plasma. This in turn has enabled direct examination of the role of plasma FVIIa in disease.
The cerebrovascular response to prolonged hypoxia with carotid artery and jugular vein ligation in the newborn lamb

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ligation of the carotid artery and/or jugular vein, after exposure to prolonged (4 hours) hypoxia, and the effect of acute normalization of Pao 2 after prolonged hypoxia with vessel ligation, on the cerebral circulation. Twelve 1- to 7-day-old lambs were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Catheters were placed in the femoral artery and vein, left ventricle, lingual artery, and sagittal sinus. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined using the radiolabeled microsphere technique. After baseline studies, the animals were made hypoxic with a nitrogen/air mixture, to lower Pao 2 to 36 ± 5 mm Hg for 4 hours, followed by 1 hour of normoxia. After four hours of hypoxia, studies were performed. The animals were divided into two groups to evaluate carotid artery and jugular vein ligation separately. In group I, the carotid artery was ligated first, with studies performed after 5 minutes; this was followed by ligation of the jugular vein, with studies after 5 minutes. In group II, the jugular vein was ligated first, with studies after 5 minutes; this was followed by ligation of the carotid artery, with studies after 5 minutes. With regard to physiological variables, there were no differences between the groups. CBF increased 106% ( P 2 ) and oxygen transport (OT) constant in both groups. Ligation of either the carotid artery or jugular vein after 4 hours of hypoxia, did not alter CBF responses to hypoxia. There were no differences between right and left CBF after ligation with hypoxia. Cerebrovascular responses after the 1-hour recovery from hypoxia with vessel ligation were significant only in the cerebellar region, where CBF (mL/100 g/min) was significantly higher than the baseline value (baseline, 80 ± 21; normoxia, 115 ± 33; P
An automated procedure for the analysis of methylated nucleosides in nuclear RNA and mRNA.

A commercial high pressure liquid chromatographic system is used for the rapid analysis of 2′-O-methylnucleosides and pyrophosphate-linked methylated termini of nuclear RNAs and mRNAs. Oligonucleotides or RNA samples were enzymatically hydrolyzed to nucleosides and analyzed automatically by cationexchange chromatography in less than 1 hr using a 0.4 m ammonium formate buffer system at 55° c. This method is sufficiently sensitive to detect the N7-methylguanosine residue in 0.1 mg of Novikoff ascites hepatoma mRNA and may be used for qualitative or quantitative studies on RNA methylation in vivo or in vitro.
Women and climate change: strategies for adaptive capacity in Mwanga District, Tanzania

Abstract This paper highlights the role that women in Mangio Village, Mwanga District, Tanzania play in rural livelihoods in the context of a changing climate. Data were collected in 2011 at community, household and individual levels. Methods of data collection included focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with household members, individuals and key informants. Qualitative data analyses were done using NVIVO software. Results indicate that despite having limited access to livelihood assets compared to men, women play an important role in enhancing the adaptive capacity that Mangio Village has to climate change. Their roles extend from family units to the community level where they contribute in all the major spontaneous and planned strategies that the village has taken up in response to a changing climate among other drivers. Key to women’s contribution is their social networks and in the labor required in new activities that enhance adaptation.
Quantum dynamics within the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree approximation

Abstract A multiconfiguration version of the time-dependent Hartree approximation has been applied to various molecular systems, including direct photodissociation, vibrational predissociation and photodissociation on a solid surface. It is shown that the omission of dynamic correlations by the simple time-dependent Hartree approximation can be corrected by the multiconfiguration formalism and the results converge to the exact solution. Because of a different scaling law with the dimensionality of the problem, this method may find applications in large dimensional systems which are not accessible by conventional exact methods.
Notes on the forward‐scatter approximation

An asymptotic expansion in inverse powers of the wave number is derived for an integral of a type often encountered in the theory of wave propagation in inhomogeneous media. The procedure, which is essentially a forward‐scatter approximation, yields all the terms of the expansion. In contrast, the conventional forward‐scatter approximation is found to yield correctly only the first term of the expansion.
Relationship between NaCl rewarded bar-pressing and duration of sodium deficiency.

Abstract Male albino rats, previously trained to bar-press for water, were made sodium deficient by subcutaneous Formalin injection. The period of sodium deficiency was measured by urinary sodium excretion. The rats began to bar-press for 0.4 M NaCl about 7 hr after injection and continued at a relatively high rate for several hours until urinary excretion of sodium returned to high, preinjection values. Comparison of bar-press behavior with urinary sodium excretion shows that the onset and duration of this NaCl reinforced behavior is closely tied to the period of sodium deficiency.
An Observation of a Field-Flow Fractionation Effect with Polystyrene Samples

Abstract Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a proposed separation method in which some kind of lateral field is coupled with nonuniform axial flow to induce differential migration (1). Fractionation is here illustrated by applying a temperature drop laterally across a narrow tube within which a mixture is flowing. In this case thermal diffusion is responsible for lateral enrichment. This variation of the general concept may be termed thermal field-flow fractionation.
A review of recent immunochemical studies of Blomia tropicalis and Euroglyphus maynei allergens.

Exposure to mites other than Dermatophagoides spp., particularly Blomia tropicalis and Euroglyphus maynei, has been increasingly recognized as a cause of asthma. Positive skin tests and serum IgE antibodies to B. tropicalis have been reported in asthmatic patients from several areas of the world, including Sao Paulo (Brazil), Hong Kong and Tampa (Florida, USA). Analysis of B. tropicalis extracts showed undetectable levels of the major Group I and Group II Dermatophagoides spp. allergens. Immunoabsorption experiments showed that most of the IgE antibodies to B. tropicalis (approximately 70%) reacted with species-specific allergens. Murine monoclonal antibodies to B. tropicalis could present antigens that were recognized by human IgG antibodies. Sensitization to E. maynei has been reported in Europe, North and South America and Australia. Analysis of four different E. maynei extracts by ELISA and RIA showed that E. maynei produces an allergen that is antigenically related to Dermatophagoides Group I allergens. The amino acid sequence of this allergen (Eur m I) has recently been reported. Further identification and purification of B. tropicalis and E. maynei allergens is required to develop specific assays for measuring these allergens in dust samples. This will make it possible to investigate the relationship between exposure to B. tropicalis or E. maynei and the development of sensitization and allergic disease.
Oil Pollution of Marine Organisms

ALTHOUGH much publicity has been given to the harmful effects of oil on bird life, little evidence is available to show how marine organisms are influenced by oil pollution. Recent accidents involving the release of crude oil in Milford Haven afforded an opportunity to commence an assessment of the effects of this substance on the commonest intertidal animals and plants of a rocky coast.