cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Employability Gap and the Community College Role in Workforce Development

In the first chapter of this sourcebook, one of the scenarios presented for the future urban community college was that of a 'workforce development college'. In this scenario, the college of the future is the primary provider of a highly educated and talented community workforce in alignment with regional employment and economic development needs. A second scenario was that of a 'social equity college' serving as a primary leader, advocate, and implementer of community-wide efforts to shape a multi-racial democracy. The chapter concludes by stating that the best future will be created by linking the two scenarios, expanded upon here by exploring ways to close employability and wealth gaps.
REVERSIBILITY OF THE NECKER CUBE. VI. EFFECTS OF INTERPOLATING A NON-REVERSING CUBE.

The Necker cube was presented tachistoscopically and repetitively so that growth of satiation would be interrupted repeatedly and a critical level for reversals would not be reached. The preferred orientation under these circumstances was markedly altered when a non-reversing cube was interpolated for 4 sec. between successive presentations of the test Necker cube.
Transfer with bilinguals

Transfer was investigated in a group of 48 bilingual high school juniors. Each S learned two serial lists-one in English, the other in Spanish. Half the Ss learned the English list first; the second half learned the Spanish list first. Within both of these groups three transfer paradigms were employed. In the Same Order condition the second list was a translation of the first with the items arranged in the same order, in the Random Order condition the second-list items were translated from the first but were rearranged in a random order and the third condition was a control. The results indicated that amount of transfer was approximately the same from English to Spanish as from Spanish to English. About 50% positive transfer was obtained in the Same Order condition and about 13% negative transfer was obtained in the Random Order condition.
Structural studies of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen and capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio anguillarum serotype O:2

Vibriosis caused by Vibrio anguillarum affects salmonid and marine fish species worldwide and is considered to be one of the most serious threats to the success of commercial fish farming. In the course of this study, it was found that V. anguillarum serotype O:2 strains produce an acidic capsular polysaccharide having the identical structure to that of the O-chain polysaccharide. One-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, together with partial hydrolysis and various specific modifications, were used to determine the structure of these polysaccharides. It is proposed that both O-chain and capsular polysaccharide of V. anguillarum serotype O:2 are composed of linear tetrasaccharide repeating units having the following structure, in which Glc2NAc3NAN represents 2-acetamido-3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucuronamide, Man2NAc3AmA is 3-acetamidino-2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-mannuronic acid. Am represents an acetamidino group, Gal(NAc)2A is 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-L-galacturonic acid, Bac(NAc)2 is 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose (N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine) and Fo is formyl.
Variation in the accuracy of thermal remote sensing

Thermal infrared TIR remote-sensing techniques have been used to estimate land surface temperatures LSTs and to study the relationship between land uses and LSTs. Remotely sensed thermal data provide a time-synchronized dense grid of temperature data, and there has been a growing interest on LSTs in various fields, such as urban climatology and global environmental change. It is also important for urban planning and management practices to maintain thermally efficient urban structures. This article focuses on differences between the estimated LSTs and the measured temperatures. Three different methods, the Black Body method, the normalized difference vegetation index NDVI Threshold method, and the US Geological Survey USGS method, are used to retrieve LSTs; how various land uses affect the accuracy of LSTs is also discussed. Landsat-5 data sets covering the Columbus Metropolitan Area CMA are used to obtain LSTs for six different dates between January 2005 and February 2006. The land-use map is derived from Landsat-5 data, dated 1 August 2005. Measured temperatures derived from the five measuring stations, located in or near the CMA, are used to compare with LSTs. The USGS method has the estimated temperatures that are close to the measured temperatures for most cases, and the LSTs in homogeneous areas, including green and agricultural areas, have temperatures closer to the measured temperatures. Statistical results of LSTs in six land uses for seven different dates are also displayed.
Metabolic and Hormonal Changes of Severely Burned Children Receiving Long-Term Oxandrolone Treatment

Severe burns represent a major physical and psychologic event in a child's life. Progress in the treatment of burns, such as fluid resuscitation, early burn wound excision, new antibiotics, and nutritional support has reduced burn mortality.1 A major determination of morbidity in burn patients is the extent and duration of the hypermetabolic and catabolic response to injury. These responses are characterized by tachycardia, increased resting energy expenditure, peripheral insulin resistance, fat and protein catabolism, and muscle and bone wasting, which last for 1 to 2 years after burn and lead to growth retardation.1,2 These posttraumatic responses delay recovery, rehabilitation, and social and psychologic integration back into society.3–6 Various therapeutic approaches have been introduced to ameliorate these adverse effects.7,8 We and others have hypothesized that the use of anabolic agents may attenuate the posttraumatic response and improve long-term outcomes.1,8 Oxandrolone, a synthetic analog of testosterone with minimal virilizing activity and liver toxicity, attenuates muscle wasting after severe trauma, malnutrition, or acquired immunodeficiency virus.9,10 In severely burned children treated during acute hospitalization, oxandrolone significantly improved net protein synthesis, lean body mass, bone mineral content, synthesis of the hepatic constitutive proteins such as albumin and prealbumin, and attenuated the acute phase reactive protein levels.11–13 The aim of this study was to determine whether oxandrolone, administered for 1 year after injury to severely burned children, would attenuate catabolism and growth arrest and whether these positive attributes would persist after the drug is discontinued.
Anti-c-myc DNA increases differentiation and decreases colony formation by HL-60 cells.

The proto-oncogene c-myc, whose gene product has a role in replication, is overexpressed in the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line. Treatment of HL-60 cells with an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide complementary to the start codon and the next four codons of c-myc mRNA has previously been observed to inhibit c-myc protein expression and cell proliferation in a sequence-specific, dose-dependent manner. Comparable effects are seen upon treatment of HL-60 cells with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO), which is also know to induce granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Hence, the effects of antisense oligomers on cellular differentiation were examine and compared with Me2SO. Differentiation of HL-60 cells into forms with granulocytic characteristics was found to be enhanced in a sequence-specific manner by the anti-c-myc oligomer. No synergism was observed between the anti-c-myc oligomer and Me2SO in stimulating cellular differentiation. In contrast, synergism did appear in the inhibition of cell proliferation. Finally, the anti-c-myc oligomer uniformly inhibited colony formation in semisolid medium. It is possible that further reduction in the level of c-myc expression by antisense oligomer inhibition may be sufficient to allow terminal granulocytic differentiation and reverse transformation.
On algebraic models of dynamical systems

We describe a universal algebraic model which, being read appropriately, yields (periodic and infinite) discrete dynamical systems, as well as their ‘continuous limits’, which cover all differential scalar Lax systems. For this model we give: Two different constructions of an infinity of integrals; modified equations; deformations; infinitesimal automorphisms. The basic tools are supplied by symbolic calculus and the abstract Hamiltonian formalism.
Functional Schrödinger equation approach to high-energy multileg amplitudes.

We use functional Schroedinger equation techniques, both for [lambda][phi][sup 4] theory (no tunneling) and for [ital B]+[ital L] violation in SU(2) gauge theory, to estimate amplitudes for the decay of one off-shell particle into [ital N] on-shell particles, in the fixed-angle regime, when [ital N][lambda][ge]1 ([lambda][phi][sup 4]) or at the sphaleron energy [similar to][ital M][sub [ital W]]/[alpha][sub [ital W]] for gauge theory. The results, based for [lambda][phi][sup 4] theory on a mean-gradient approach approximate for large [ital N] (small [lambda]) and for gauge theory on an accurate picture of the ground-state wave functional for large potentials, are that in [lambda][phi][sup 4] theory the leading behavior of such an amplitude is [ital e][sup [minus][beta][ital N]], [beta][similar to]1, while in gauge theory the ([ital B]+[ital L])-violating cross section is suppressed by [ital e][sup [minus]2[pi]/[alpha]][sub [ital W]], with an exponent 1/2 the 't Hooft exponent.
the structure of decision making in Paso

Changing land use patterns in a Costa Rican peasant community are analyzed to reveal the structure of agricultural decision making. Both emic and etic data are presented to clarify the utility of four crop options available to Pasanos. The internal differentiation in the community is shown to be an important determinant of the patterns of land use, which are then clarified in a flow chart of decision making. Access to land varies the criteria of crop utility for Pasano households, and the two outstanding changes in land use, increases in tobacco and pasture, are thereby explained.
Some examples of multivariate analysis in educational and psychological research

This paper provides the formulas necessary for testing the significance of the differences between mean values of different multivariate normal populations by Hotelling's generalization of “Student's” ratio. It also indicates the methods, proposed by Mahalanobis, and by Rao, of classifying different multivariate populations and individuals. The methods are illustrated by means of personality test data obtained from students preparing for the General Elementary and the General Secondary Teaching Credentials.
Dimensions of Fundamental Units

PROF. CRAMP has proposed1 that the dimensional expressions for the electrostatic and electromagnetic units may be simplified by regarding quantity of electricity Q as fundamental. To my reply2, that including Q would cause confusion because, whereas M, L and T are quantities which vary with the velocity of the observer, Q is invariant, Prof. Cramp's2 rejoinder is the question: How it is known that Q is invariant? The invariance of the charge carried by a moving particle is, I believe, generally accepted. A simple proof of the consistency of this invariance with the special principle of relativity is given in N. R. Campbell's “Modern Electrical Theory”, p. 361.
Sign Perception and Recognition in Non-Native Signers of ASL

Past research has established that delayed first language exposure is associated with comprehension difficulties in nonnative signers of American Sign Language (ASL) relative to native signers. The goal of the current study was to investigate potential explanations of this disparity: Do nonnative signers have difficulty with all aspects of comprehension, or are their comprehension difficulties restricted to some aspects of processing? We compared the performance of deaf nonnative, hearing L2, and deaf native signers on a handshape and location monitoring and a sign recognition task. The results indicate that deaf nonnative signers are as rapid and accurate on the monitoring task as native signers, with differences in the pattern of relative performance across handshape and location parameters. By contrast, nonnative signers differ significantly from native signers during sign recognition. Hearing L2 signers, who performed almost as well as the two groups of deaf signers on the monitoring task, resembled t...
Vibrational spectra and molecular symmetry of tetrasilylhydrazine and tetrasilylhydrazine-d/12/

Abstract The Raman spectra of tetrasilylhydrazine and tetrasilylhydrazine- d 12 have been recorded for the gas, liquid and solid phases from 25 to 2500 cm −1 . The infrared spectra of N 2 (SiH 3 ) 4 and N 2 (SiD 3 ) 4 have been recorded for the gas and solid phases from 40 to 2500 cm −1 . The vibrational data have been interpreted on the basis of a twisted ( D 2d ) molecular configuration for both the fluid and solid states.
SU‐E‐J‐46: Evaluation of Inter‐Fraction Deformable Registration of 4DCT Scans: Direct vs. Composed Registration

Purpose: To evaluate the direct versus composed registration in inter‐fraction deformable image registration of 4D CT scans of thoracic cancer patients. Methods: Lungcancer patients treated under an institutional IRB protocol were selected for this study. Each patient had a planning and subsequent weekly 4D CTimages that were acquired at ten discrete respiratory phases during their treatment course. GTV, lungs,heart, cord, and esophagus were manually delineated for all ten phases on each image set. A Small Deformation Inverse Consistent Linear Elastic (SICLE) non‐rigid‐registration algorithm was utilized for the generation of displacement vector fields (DVFs). The end of inhalation phase images from the weekly on‐treatment 4DCTs were deformably‐registered to the end of inhalation phase image from the planning 4DCT using two different registration permutations. In the ‘Composed’ method, each end of inhalation phase image was registered to the subsequent weekly image, and the resulting DVFs were composed or ‘chained’ to create the mapping from any weekly image to the planning image. For evaluation, contours on different image sets were mapped back to the planning 4D CT. Deformation maps generated by “Direct” versus “Composed” registration methods were evaluated using “volume histograms of the vector difference length for each structure”, “Jacobian”, “Dice similarity coefficient (DSC)” and Center of Mass (COM). Results: The average spatial discrepancy for all structures was less then 1mm using “direct” vs. “composed” registration. The differences in the average Jacobian for all structures obtained with “direct” vs. “composed” DVFs were also negligible. Differences between deformably‐mapped GTV, lung and esophagus contours obtained with “direct” and “composed” registration DVFs were <0.5mm. Conclusions: The evaluation of the “direct” versus “composed” registration of weekly 4D CT scans showed that there are very small differences in “Direct” vs. “Composed” registration DVFs although there are numerically noticeable differences. Supported by NIHgrant‐P01CA11602
Differences in Generalist and Specialist Physicians’ Knowledge and Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors for Congestive Heart Failure

To quantify the extent and determinants of underutilization of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for patients with congestive heart failure, especially with respect to physician specialty and clinical indication. Survey of a national systematic sample of physicians. Five hundred family practitioners, 500 general internists, and 500 cardiologists. Physicians’ choice of medications were determined for four hypothetical patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: (1) new-onset, symptomatic; (2) asymptomatic; (3) chronic heart failure, on digitalis and diuretic; and (4) asymptomatic, post-myocardial infarction. For each patient, randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that ACE inhibitors decrease mortality or the progression of symptoms. Among the 727 eligible physicians returning surveys (adjusted response rate 58%), approximately 90% used ACE inhibitors for patients with chronic heart failure who were already taking digitalis and a diuretic. However, family practitioners and general internists chose ACE inhibitors less frequently (p≤.01) than cardiologists for the other indications. Respective rates of ACE inhibitor use for each simulated patient were new-onset, symptomatic (family practitioners 72%, general internists 76%, cardiologists 86%); asymptomatic (family practitioners 68%, general internists 78%, cardiologists 93%); and asymptomatic, post-myocardial infarction (family practitioners 58%, general internists 70%, cardiologists 94%). Compared with generalists, cardiologists were more likely (p≤.05) to increase ACE inhibitors to a target dosage (45% vs 26%) and to tolerate systolic blood pressures of 90 mm Hg or less (43% vs 15%). Compared with cardiologists, family practitioners and general internists probably underutilize ACE inhibitors, particularly among patients with decreased ejection fraction who are either asymptomatic or post-myocardial infarction. Educational efforts should focus on these indications and emphasize the dosages demonstrated to lower mortality and morbidity in the trials.
PARATHYROID HORMONE, BLOOD PHOSPHORUS, AND ACID-BASE METABOLISM

Abstract A strong correlation has been found between arterial plasma phosphorus and arterial Pco, and carbon-dioxide content in a series of hypoparathyroid, normal, and hyperparathyroid subjects. It is suggested that the parathyroid hormone functions by increasing systemic hydrogen-ion load and decreasing systemic buffer capacity. Calcium homœostasis is achieved in part by this perturbation of the acid-base balance.
Neighborhood Development and Local Credit Markets

The author reconsiders the relationship between race and geographic location with the allocation of home credit by private sector lending institutions. Using a national data set for the years 1981 through 1987, the author tests the relative explanatory power of race, location, and a number of market variables. The initial analysis suggests that race is less important than is sometimes asserted in the literature. Several alternative explanations for this weak relationship are discussed.
Volume integrals of ellipsoids associated with the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation

Problems of wave phenomena in the fields of acoustics, electromagnetics and elasticity are often reduced to an integration of the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation. Results are presented for volume integrals associated with the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation, for an ellipsoidal region. By using appropriate Taylor series expansions and the multinomial theorem, these volume integrals are obtained in series form for regions r greater than r-prime and r less than r-prime, where r and r-prime are the distances from the origin to the point of observation and the source. Derivatives of these integrals are easily evaluated. When the wavenumber approaches zero the results reduce directly to the potentials of ellipsoids of variable densities.
A Quantitative Measure to Evaluate Competing Designs for Non‐linear Dynamic Process Identification

The strategy for the collection of information (i.e., data) for model development is called experimental design. Optimal design seeks to maximize the information content under constraints of time and sampling. In the system identification literature the dominant strategy has been the method of pseudo random sequences (PRS). However, this work demonstrates that statistical design of experiments (SDOE) can provide greater information content as quantitatively measured by the D-optimal criterion.
Neuroscience: chemical ecology of pain.

The venom of the Texas coral snake causes excruciating pain. The discovery of the venom's pain-inducing component opens up opportunities for studying predator–prey interactions and for pain research. See Letter p.410 The bite of the Texas coral snake, although not fatal, causes excruciating and long-lasting pain. The toxin involved has now been characterized. The purified active component (MitTx) results from an unusual combination of two housekeeping enzymes, the dimerization of which produces a potent and selective activator of the acid-sensing ion channel ASIC1. Activation of ASIC1 recruits primary afferent nociceptors that detect thermal and inflammatory pain. The identification of MitTx, and the unexpected involvement of ASIC1 channels in nociception, open new routes for the study of these ion channels in particular, and pain research in general.
Phase development in Al-rich U–Mo–Al alloys

Abstract Al-rich U–Mo–Al alloys have been cast and heat-treated to study the development of Al-rich phases in the U–Mo–Al system. An Al-rich phase developed that is not expected based on the binary U–Al phase diagram. This phase is identical to one that reportedly develops in U–Mo alloy versus Al diffusion couples.
NUTRITIVE AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NONDAIRY IMITATION MILKS

SUMMARY –13 nondairy imitation milk powders, concentrates and bottled beverages were analyzed for general composition, nutrients and organoleptic properties. These products were obtained from 11 domestic sources, which decreased to eight by the end of the study. Nondairy imitation milks were characterized by wide fluctuations in riboflavin (1.9–418.0 μ per 100 ml) and thiamine (0.2–54.7 μ per 100 ml), protein (0.76–3.67%) and amino acids like lysine (4.7–13.6 μmole per ml). Calcium and magnesium in all imitation milks were well below levels of the same elements in cow's milk reconstituted from whole milk powder, whereas sodium generally was much higher, almost threefold in several instances. The appearance of most nondairy imitation milks closely resembled fresh, pasteurized cow's milk, but the flavor, ascertained by three milk judges, was not similar nor as acceptable to them. Several imitation milks scored in flavor as well as or slightly better than cow's milk reconstituted from whole milk powder, but in all these instances, including the cow's milk, the flavor quality was only fair. Most imitation milks contained less protein than reconstituted cow's milk, but two contained concentrations of 3.26 and 3.67%, comparable to cow's milk. A number of nondairy imitation milks showed very low levels of calcium, riboflavin, thiamine and essential amino acids, lysine and methionine, in relation to cow's milk.
Well‐defined polymers with acetal side chains as reactive scaffolds synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization

The synthesis of a polymer with acetal functionalized side chains, deprotection to aldehydes, and conjugation of aminooxy-modified molecules is reported. Poly(3,3'-diethoxypropyl methacrylate) (PDEPMA) was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Kinetic investigation of the ATRP of DEPMA from ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate in methanol with copper (I) bromide and 2,2'-bipyridine (BIPY) at ambient temperature revealed a controlled polymerization. Altering the initial monomer to initiator ratios resulted in 75-93% conversion to polymers with different molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (PDIs < 1.3). Reactive aldehyde groups were produced by hydrolysis of the acetals in dilute acid. Aminooxy-functionalized oligo(ethylene glycol) and O-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylamine were conjugated to the side chains via oxime linkages.
“Derived spectra” software tools for detecting spatial and spectral features in spectrum images

A spectrum image is recorded as an x-y array of beam locations at each of which a spectrum of radiation is recorded as stimulated by the beam. The large database or "datacube" that results from a single image presents a significant challenge to the analyst to recover information efficiently, especially in the case where a true unknown is examined. This paper describes a class of "derived spectra" software tools that can aid the analyst in recognizing both common and rare features within the datacube. A derived spectrum tool creates a spectrum-like display (intensity vs. channel number) in which the intensity (e.g., x-ray counts) at a particular channel (e.g., x-ray photon energy) is calculated from all of or a subset of the pixel intensities measured for that channel. Derived spectra tools considered include the SUM, MAXIMUM PIXEL, RUNNING SUM, and RUNNING MAXIMUM. The SUM-derived spectrum is useful for recognizing common features of the datacube, while the MAXIMUM PIXEL-and RUNNING MAXIMUM-derived spectra can locate rare, unanticipated features, which may occur as infrequently as being present at a single pixel in the original datacube.
SPALLING FAILURE OF A THERMAL BARRIER COATING ASSOCIATED WITH ALUMINUM DEPLETION IN THE BOND-COAT

Abstract A plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating is observed to spall after oxidation at 1121°C from a CoNiCrAlY bond-coated superalloy at the interface between the thermally grown oxide (TGO) and the zirconia thermal barrier coating (TBC). Phase characterization by photostimulated luminescence and X-ray diffraction, as well as microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy, indicates that the spalling is associated with the conversion of the initially formed α -alumina thermally grown oxide to α -chromia and a (Co,Ni)(Cr,Al) spinel. It is proposed that the phase conversion occurs after the alumina TGO has cracked on thermal cycling and the underlying bond-coat alloy is depleted of aluminum with concurrent enrichment of the oxide by Cr, Co and Ni. The observations suggest that monitoring the luminescence intensity as a function of oxidation time might form the basis of a nondestructive tool for detecting the onset of failure based on the disappearance of α -alumina.
On the Increase of Convergence Rates of Relaxation Procedures for Elliptic Partial Difference Equations

Occasionally in the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential equations the rate of convergence of relaxation methods to the solution is adversely affected by the relative proximity of certain points in the grid. It has been proposed that the removal of the unknown functional values at these points by Gaussian elimination may accelerate the convergence.By application of the Perron-Frobenius theory of non-negative matrices it is shown that the rates of convergence of the Jacobi-Richardson and Gauss-Seidel iterations are not decreased and could be increased by this elimination. Although this may indicate that the elimination could improve the convergence rate for overrelaxation, it is still strictly an unsolved problem.
Orthodontic management of selected medically compromised patients: Cardiac disease, bleeding disorders, and asthma

Orthodontic therapy is no longer reserved for only healthy patients. With better management of serious medical problems, increased quality of life expectations, and greater ambulation, medically compromised individuals are now regular visitors to orthodontic practices. While orthodontic therapy has been historically considered to be completely noninvasive, specific orthodontic procedures may place some patients at risk for serious sequelae. Among the most common of these conditions are those associated with cardiac disease, bleeding disorders and asthma. Aggressive risk assessment is the key factor in the identification and prevention of medically-associated problems. Assessment and management of patients at risk for endocarditis, bleeding and asthmatic attacks are discussed.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of tantalum after equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE)

We have investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of equal channel angular extruded (ECAE) Ta. Mechanical properties were measured both under quasi-static loading and dynamic loading (in the latter case, the compression Kolsky bar technique was employed to attain strain rates of ∼10 3 s −1 ). It is shown that four passes of ECAE with route C at room temperature, which results in an equivalent strain of ∼4.64, increases the strength of Ta by a factor of 2–3 under quasi-static loading, and by a factor of more than 1.5 under dynamic loading. Under quasi-static loading, the ECAE processed samples exhibit almost elastic-perfect plastic behavior; under dynamic loading, slight softening is observed, presumably due to adiabatic heating. It is found that ECAE decreases the strain rate sensitivity. Comparison of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) between the un-processed and ECAE processed Ta indicates significant broadening of the XRD peaks in the ECAE processed sample. Transmission electron microscopy reveals textured, elongated substructures with an average size of about 200 nm, and the substructures are separated by small angle grain boundaries. This work shows the potential for the production of ultra-fine grained or even nano-structured refractory metals with high melting points by using severe plastic deformation. Signs indicating increased shear localization tendancy were observed at high strain rates.
A tritan Waldo would be easier to detect in the periphery than a red/green one: evidence from visual search

In a color naming task from 0° to 55° eccentricity, we found that red/green performance (n=10 subjects) declines around 40° eccentricity, 5° earlier than does tritan performance (main effect of color, p=0.009; eccentricity, p<0.001; interaction, p=0.005). In a feature visual search task (e.g., red target dot among green distractor dots; twelve 2.5° diameter dots; 0, 20, and 45° eccentricity; 12 subjects), performance was significantly more impaired for red/green than for tritan stimuli, especially in the periphery (main effect of color, p=0.007; eccentricity, p<0.001; interaction, p=0.003). This effect occurred even following a rod bleach. Our results are consistent with influences from both the retina (especially random rather than selective peripheral cone input to midget ganglion cells for red/green perception, and selective cone input to small bistratified cells for tritan perception) and the cortex (differential cortical magnification across the two chromatic axes).
Potential Applications of Free Drug Level Monitoring in Cardiovascular Therapy

Cardiovascular drugs, as a class, have low therapeutic indices, but also have great therapeutic potential. Plasma concentration information is therefore often of value when using these drugs. Unfortunately, the total plasma concentration may not reflect the concentration of pharmacologically active free drug, since a number of factors including disease states, heparin anticoagulation, non-linear binding characteristics, and in vitro artefacts can affect the protein binding of these agents. This may also explain their poor dose-response relationships and great interindividual variability in plasma concentration data. Careful studies relating bound and free drug concentration to pharmacological response may provide the clinician with a better guide to therapy, and enhance the usefulness of these drugs.
Fisheries management: integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment

Abstract Fisheries management is the practice of analyzing and selecting options to maintain or alter the structure, dynamics, and interaction of habitat, aquatic biota, and man to achieve human goals and objectives. The theory of fisheries management is: managers or decision makers attempt to maximize renewable `output' from an aquatic resource by choosing from among a set of decision options and applying a set of actions that generate an array of outputs. Outputs may be defined as a tangible catch, a fishing experience, an existence value, or anything else produced or supported by renewable aquatic resources. Overall output is always a mix of tangible and intangible elements. However defined, management goals and objectives are essential components of fisheries management or any other field of renewable natural resource management. Reaching consensus on management goals and objectives has never been a simple task. Beyond the broad and often conflicting goals of an agency, managers must decide who should set specific management objectives — agency personnel, the public, or a combination of the two. Historically, rhetoric aside, fisheries managers in North America nearly always have consulted with professionals in governmental roles to set management objectives. In a strongly pluralistic society, this often resulted in protracted political and legal conflict. Increasingly, there are calls for use of risk assessment to help solve such ecological policy and management problems commonly encountered in fisheries management. The basic concepts of ecological risk assessment may be simple, but the jargon and details are not. Risk assessment (and similar analytical tools) is a concept that has evoked strong reactions whenever it has been used. In spite of the difficulties of defining problems and setting management objectives for complex ecological policy questions, use of risk assessment to help solve ecological problems is widely supported. Ecological risk assessment will be most useful (and objective) in political deliberations when the policy debate revolves around largely technical concerns. To the extent that risk assessment forces policy debate and disagreement toward fundamental differences rather than superficial ones, it will be useful in decision making.
Intracranial Phycomycosis" A Clinicopathological and Radiological Study

Abstract In 3 patients with diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis and one with uremia from chronic renal disease, phycomycotic infection extended into the intracranial cavity from the paranasal sinuses, leading to death in all 4 cases. Striking angiographic changes occurred in 3 cases, consisting of irregular narrowings of intracranial arteries, at times with stenosis or occlusion, and in 1 case, findings indicative of a mycotic aneurysm. The clinical and radiographic findings could be correlated with the pathological changes in the carotid arteries and their branches, which resulted from invasion and destruction of the arterial wall by the fungus. This in turn led to thrombus formation and infarction of brain tissue, either directly or as a result of embolization; the mycotic aneurysm was a consequence of the distinctive alteration of the wall of the internal carotid artery. In all 4 cases biopsy specimens showed the presence of a fungus of the class Phycomycetes . In 3, the organisms were identified by culture as belonging to the genus Rhizopus of the family Mucoraceae . Treatment with amphotericin B may have inhibited growth of the organisms in 1 case, but was ineffective in controlling the infection in any of the cases.
State Secrets and Redaction: The Interaction Between Silence and Ideographs

The study adds to the understanding of the interplay between ideographs, as well as developing the concept of redaction as a form of silence. This study will explore the tensions between the positive ideographs and in the post-9/11 context of a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review legal opinion. Using Burke's cluster analysis, as well as building on Brummett's notion of strategic silence, the study examines how the FISCR substantially changed the relationship between the two ideographs. The study concludes that the FISCR situated strengthening national security as the purpose of the case it ruled on, which privileged national security over privacy, and used silence to justify its decision.
Role of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDHK4) in glucose homoeostasis during starvation

The PDC (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) is strongly inhibited by phosphorylation during starvation to conserve substrates for gluconeogenesis. The role of PDHK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4) in regulation of PDC by this mechanism was investigated with PDHK4−/− mice (homozygous PDHK4 knockout mice). Starvation lowers blood glucose more in mice lacking PDHK4 than in wild-type mice. The activity state of PDC (percentage dephosphorylated and active) is greater in kidney, gastrocnemius muscle, diaphragm and heart but not in the liver of starved PDHK4−/− mice. Intermediates of the gluconeogenic pathway are lower in concentration in the liver of starved PDHK4−/− mice, consistent with a lower rate of gluconeogenesis due to a substrate supply limitation. The concentration of gluconeogenic substrates is lower in the blood of starved PDHK4−/− mice, consistent with reduced formation in peripheral tissues. Isolated diaphragms from starved PDHK4−/− mice accumulate less lactate and pyruvate because of a faster rate of pyruvate oxidation and a reduced rate of glycolysis. BCAAs (branched chain amino acids) are higher in the blood in starved PDHK4−/− mice, consistent with lower blood alanine levels and the importance of BCAAs as a source of amino groups for alanine formation. Non-esterified fatty acids are also elevated more in the blood of starved PDHK4−/− mice, consistent with lower rates of fatty acid oxidation due to increased rates of glucose and pyruvate oxidation due to greater PDC activity. Up-regulation of PDHK4 in tissues other than the liver is clearly important during starvation for regulation of PDC activity and glucose homoeostasis.
Patient-specific hemodynamic analysis of small internal carotid artery-ophthalmic artery aneurysms

Abstract Background Prophylactic treatment of unruptured small brain aneurysms is still controversial due to the low risk of rupture. Distinguishing which small aneurysms are at risk for rupture has become important for treatment. Previous studies have indicated a variety of hemodynamic properties that may influence aneurysm rupture. This study uses hemodynamic principles to evaluate these in the context of ruptured and unruptured small aneurysms in a single location. Methods Eight small internal carotid artery-ophthalmic artery (ICA-Oph) aneurysms ( Results Most ruptured aneurysms had complicated flow patterns in the aneurysm domes, but all of the unruptured cases showed a simple vortex. A reduction in flow velocity between the parent artery and the aneurysm sac was found in all the cases. Inside the aneurysms, the highest flow velocities were found either at the apex or neck. We also observed a trend of higher and more inhomogeneous WSS distribution within ruptured aneurysms (10.66 ± 5.99 Pa) in comparison with the unruptured ones (6.31 ± 6.47 Pa) (P Conclusion A comparison of hemodynamic properties between ruptured and unruptured small ICA-Oph aneurysms found that some hemodynamic properties vary between small aneurysms although they are similar in size and share the same anatomical location. In particular, WSS may be a useful hemodynamic factor for studying small aneurysm rupture.
TAP2 association with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is secondary to HLA-DQB1.

Abstract IDDM is known to be associated with genes of HLA complex, particularly alleles of HLA-DQ. The 40-kb TAP gene complex is located approximately 150 kb centromeric to the DQB1 locus. The TAP1-TAP2 protein heterodimer is required for normal expression levels of class I molecules on the surface of cells. While present evidence implicates HLA-DQ as the major susceptibility locus in IDDM, as class I expression apparently plays a role in the progression of disease, the possibility exists that the association attributed to HLA-DQ is in fact due to an association with the TAP genes. Several studies have concluded that the alleles of TAP1 are not significantly associated with IDDM; this report concentrates on the more telomeric TAP2 locus. During this investigation, six previously described TAP2 alleles were identified in 208 normal Caucasians and 241 Caucasian diabetics. Sequence analysis of cDNA clones identified a seventh allele of TAP2, TAP2 ∗ F, which contains an ar-ginine-to-cystine interchange at amino acid position 651. Overall, our results indicate only a modest association of IDDM with TAP2; however, the newly described TAP2 ∗ F allele was found to be significantly increased in a modest subset of our large diabetic population. These data, generated from the same population of controls and diabetics we previously studied at all other relevant MHC loci, provide additional evidence that the HLA susceptibility to IDDM maps to HLA-DQ.
Cultures of normal human mammary cells

Abstract This paper describes a method of obtaining epithelial cells from large quantities of normal human breast tissue and the response of these cells in culture to lactogenic hormones. Suspensions of single cells and clusters of cells resembling normal ductal and alveolar structures were obtained by mechanical disaggregation and subsequent (3 h) incubation of tissue fragments in 0.5 mg/ml collagenase. Cells rapidly attached to glass or plastic surfaces within 18 h and grew to form large colonies which maintained their epithelial appearance throughout 2 months of observation. Cell cycling as monitored by DNA synthesis was enhanced by insulin, hydrocortisone, or ovine prolactin (in concentrations of 5.0 μg/ml each) at respectively 2, 3 and 5 days of incubation. These results were observed in cultures derived from 3 premenopause samples of mammary tissue maintained in medium with 1% fetal calf serum. Prolactin at a concentration of 5 μg/ml induced phosphoprotein synthesis 8-fold over control values. In addition, prolactin induced morphological changes in cells including the development of distended endoplasmic reticulum, large microvilli, and the deposition of glycogen granules. These initial results led to the tentative conclusion that prolactin was sufficient to initiate some of the characteristics in cultured cells normally associated with lactating tissues.
Mechanical behavior of nylon 66 fibers under monotonic and cyclic loading

The deformation and fracture behavior of partially oriented nylon 66 fibers with a diameter approximately 33 μm exposed to uniaxial monotonic and cyclic loading was studied using a unique test technique. Prior cyclic deformation resulted in a ratchet strain as well as a decrease in residual strength and ductility of the fibers. A description of the fracture process is hypothesized and supported by critical flaw size and energy calculations. The critical flaw size at fracture did not depend on the prior cyclic loading history.
Introduction: When Romanticism Met Theater

It is hard to know how we got where we are today. We find ourselves in a time when romanticism and theater not only can be seen together at a conference, but seem unable to keep their hands off eac...
Resource utilization of total knee arthroplasty patients cared for on specialty orthopedic surgery units.

BACKGROUND: The use of specialized orthopedic surgery (SOS) units in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients is well established. The number and costs of arthoplasty surgeries continue to increase, requiring institutions to reexamine their existing practices for financial sustainability. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether having elective TKA patients in SOS units affects resource utilization and outcomes. DESIGN: The study was designed to retrospectively compare elective TKA patients from 1996 to 2004 admitted directly to SOS units with those admitted to nonorthopedic nursing (NON) units. SETTING: The setting was an academic teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Five thousand five hundred and thirty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 5082 (patients 91.8%) were admitted to SOS units and 452 (8.2%) to NON units. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcomes measured were length of stay (LOS) and costs, adjusted for age, sex, surgical year, comorbidities, and American Society of Anesthesiologists status. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality, readmissions, reoperations, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients in SOS and NON units was 68.3 and 67.9 years, respectively (P = .50). Adjusted LOS was 0.234 days shorter in SOS units (95% CI: 0.083, 0.385). Adjusted total and hospital cost savings in the SOS unit group were $600 (95% CI: $122, $1079) and $594 (95% CI: $141, $1047), respectively. More NON-unit patients required unanticipated transfers to the intensive care unit (ICU) from the general postoperative nursing unit (3.1% vs. 1.63%; P = .023); however, the mean number of ICU days did not differ between groups. NON-unit patients were more likely to be discharged with home health care (P < .001). There were no differences in 30-day outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients on SOS units following elective TKA have a reduced LOS and decreased total and hospital costs. Our results should encourage hospitals to reevaluate postoperative patient flow to optimize resource utilization. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:218–227. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
An Investigation of Total Mercury in Sediments and Interstitial Water in the North Fork Holston River below Saltville, Virginia, USA

ABSTRACT The North Fork Holston River (NFHR) is historically renowned for having one of the most diversity rich unionid populations (Unionidae) worldwide; however, in recent decades, drastic reductions in mussel diversity, abundance, and recruitment have been documented. Unionid declines have been blamed on anthropogenic influences, specifically mercury-contaminated wastewater from a now closed chlorine-alkali plant in Saltville, VA. The objective of this research was to evaluate total mercury (Hg) contamination of sediments and interstitial waters in the NFHR beginning below Saltville and downstream for approximately 50 river miles. Mercury contaminated sediments and interstitial water were found downstream of the closed plant with the highest sediment concentration of 2.82 mg/kg dry weight total Hg found at river mile (rm) 80 and the highest interstitial water value at rm 30.4 with 2.1 μg/l. After 60-d in situ testing, total Hg concentrations in Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) tissues were found to rang...
Tillaux fractures of the tibia in (adolescents)

The juvenile “Tillaux” fracture occurs in a specific age group and may be misinterpreted as a simple sprain if proper examination is not performed. Anatomic reduction is necessary to prevent long term damage to the ankle joint. Computed tomography is of help in the evaluation of adequacy of reduction.
A capacitated general routing problem on mixed networks

Abstract This study addresses the problem of routing vehicles over the specified segments of a mixed network. The routing problem is modeled as a Capacitated General Routing Problem (CGRP). The solution to the problem is a set of routes for the vehicles which are consistent with the capacity and work-hours constraints. For the CGRP, we present a heuristic procedure to solve for large size problems. Both route-first-partition-next (RFPN) and partition-first-and-route-next (PFRN) approaches are discussed. Computational results of the developed procedure are also presented.