cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgery and Irradiation in the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer

Too often definitive diagnosis is delayed until treatment, by surgery, x-ray, or a combination of both, can offer relatively little; cure is not common and in many cases even the opportunity for palliation is minimal. A plea is made for earlier referral and more complete work-up of all patients over 40 who present with dysphagia. This would permit more effective use of the several modalities now available.
Decreases in Electric Thoracic Impedance During transurethral Resection of the Prostate: an Index of Early Water Intoxication

AbstractToracic impedance of 18 patiennts undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate was measured 15 minutes preoperatively, and 30 and 60 minutes after the start of the operation. Impedance variations were compared to variation in 1) cardiac output, 2) serum sodium osmolality and 3) alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference. Thoracic impedance, initially 24.6 plus or minus 0.3, decreased to 23.8 plus or minus 0.5, 30 minutes after the onset of the operation (p less than 0.0005) and 22.9 plus or minus 0.5, 30 minutes later (p less than 0.01 from previous reading and 0.0005 from control). Patients in whom impedance had decreased 10 per cent or more from control values received 10mg. furosemide intravenously 60 minutes after the onset of the operation. This therapy permitted the restoration of impedance values, cardiac output, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference and serum sodium osmolality to values statistically similar to those found in the 10 patients who had not sustained such precipit...
Algorithm-Directed Data Placement in Explicitly Managed Non-Volatile Memory

The emergence of many non-volatile memory (NVM) techniques is poised to revolutionize main memory systems because of the relatively high capacity and low lifetime power consumption of NVM. However, to avoid the typical limitation of NVM as the main memory, NVM is usually combined with DRAM to form a hybrid NVM/DRAM system to gain the benefits of each. However, this integrated memory system raises a question on how to manage data placement and movement across NVM and DRAM, which is critical for maximizing the benefits of this integration. The existing solutions have several limitations, which obstruct adoption of these solutions in the high performance computing (HPC) domain. In particular, they cannot take advantage of application semantics, thus losing critical optimization opportunities and demanding extensive hardware extensions; they implement persistent semantics for resilience purpose while suffering large performance and energy overhead. In this paper, we re-examine the current hybrid memory designs from the HPC perspective, and aim to leverage the knowledge of numerical algorithms to direct data placement. With explicit algorithm management and limited hardware support, we optimize data movement between NVM and DRAM, improve data locality, and implement a relaxed memory persistency scheme in NVM. Our work demonstrates significant benefits of integrating algorithm knowledge into the hybrid memory design to achieve multi-dimensional optimization (performance, energy, and resilience) in HPC.
Communication and Information: Their Relationship to Marketing Decision Support Systems

Information and communication are two of the most critical ingredients for any organization. Without them the invisible ties which hold an organization together will disintegrate and it will not survive. Because of their essential value in organizational survival, information and communication are used by scientists, social scientists, business owners, administrators, managers, and teachers to maintain organizational structures and improve their growth. Very basically, information and communication are used to 1) keep informed, 2) make decisions for control, and 3) predict possible future outcomes and their likelihood of occurrence.
Ankle and subtalar arthrography.

An arthrogram involves the intra-articular injection of positive contrast and/or air combined with various radiographic projections. The type, technique, and normal and abnormal findings for arthrography of the ankle and the talonavicular and posterior subtalar joints are discussed.
Union of phylogeography and landscape genetics

Phylogeography and landscape genetics have arisen within the past 30 y. Phylogeography is said to be the bridge between population genetics and systematics, and landscape genetics the bridge between landscape ecology and population genetics. Both fields can be considered as simply the amalgamation of classic biogeography with genetics and genomics; however, they differ in the temporal, spatial, and organismal scales addressed and the methodology used. I begin by briefly summarizing the history and purview of each field and suggest that, even though landscape genetics is a younger field (coined in 2003) than phylogeography (coined in 1987), early studies by Dobzhansky on the “microgeographic races” of Linanthus parryae in the Mojave Desert of California and Drosophila pseudoobscura across the western United States presaged the fields by over 40 y. Recent advances in theory, models, and methods have allowed researchers to better synthesize ecological and evolutionary processes in their quest to answer some of the most basic questions in biology. I highlight a few of these novel studies and emphasize three major areas ripe for investigation using spatially explicit genomic-scale data: the biogeography of speciation, lineage divergence and species delimitation, and understanding adaptation through time and space. Examples of areas in need of study are highlighted, and I end by advocating a union of phylogeography and landscape genetics under the more general field: biogeography.
Using resolution enhancement compression to reduce variance of scatterer size estimates from ultrasonic backscattered signals

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging techniques based on ultrasonic backscatter have been used successfully to diagnose and monitor disease. A method for improving the contrast and axial resolution of QUS parametric images by using the resolution enhancement compression (REC) technique is proposed. REC is a coded excitation and pulse compression technique that improves the axial resolution and enhances the -6-dB bandwidth of an ultrasonic imaging system. In this study, the improvements in variance of average scatterer diameter (ASD) estimates by using REC-QUS were quantified. Furthermore, RECQUS was used to extend the tradeoff between estimate variance and the spatial resolution of QUS parametric imaging using ASD estimates. Simulations and experimental measurements were conducted with a single-element transducer (f/4) having a center frequency of 10 MHz and a -6-dB bandwidth of 80%. Using REC, the -6-dB bandwidth was enhanced to 155%. In simulations, to monitor the improvements in contrast a software phantom with a cylindrical lesion was evaluated. In experimental measurements, a tissue mimicking phantom that contained glass spheres with different scatterer diameters was evaluated. Estimates of ASD in the simulations and experiments were obtained by comparing the normalized backscattered power spectra to theory. Improvements in REC-QUS over conventional QUS were quantified through estimate bias and variance, contrast-to-noise ratio and histogram analysis of QUS parametric images. Overall, a 51% increase in contrast and an 80% decrease in the variance of ASD estimates were obtained during simulations, while a reduction 93% was obtained in the variance of ASD for the experimental results.
The ancient roots of humor theory

Many modern humor scholars have oversimplified their summaries of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian's views on humor, focusing on the philosophers' cautionary warnings about the rhetorical efficacy and ethics of humor Although the philosophers did write much on the offensive nature of jests, which can be considered illustrative of superiority theory, I describe elements of the incongruity and relief theories of humor motivation in their work. There is evidence to suggest that all four philosophers found humor to be a fitting and effective response to certain exigencies. It is more accurate to summarize their views thus: Humor has the potential to be a powerful tool of persuasion, but like any potent weapon (discursive or non-discursive) it should be used with
Computational Modeling of Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) and Phenytoin Interactions: A Systematic Coarse-Graining Approach

We present coarse-grained (CG) force fields for hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymers and the drug molecule phenytoin using a bead/stiff spring model, with each bead representing a HPMCAS monomer or monomer side group (hydroxypropyl acetyl, acetyl, or succinyl) or a single phenytoin ring. We obtain the bonded and nonbonded interaction parameters in our CG model using the RDFs from atomistic simulations of short HPMCAS model oligomers (20-mer) and atomistic simulations of phenytoin molecules. The nonbonded interactions are modeled using a LJ 12–6 potential, with separate parameters for each monomer substitution type, which allows heterogeneous polymer chains to be modeled. The cross interaction terms between the polymer and phenytoin CG beads are obtained explicitly from atomistic level polymer–phenytoin simulations, rather than from mixing rules. We study the solvation behavior of 50-mer and 100-mer polymer chains and find chain-length-dependent aggregation. We also compare the...
EFFECT OF SUPERIOR AND SUPEROLATERAL RELOCATIONS OF THE HIP CENTER ON HIP JOINT FORCES : AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS

With the extensive use of uncemented acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty, relocation of the hip center has become increasingly necessary to avoid bulk grafts and to promote contact between the porous prosthetic surface and bone. Compared with the anatomic hip center, superolateral relocation theoretically results in higher hip joint forces and has been shown in cemented acetabular components to result in an increased clinical failure rate. This study experimentally and analytically compared the hip joint forces in normal, superior, and superolateral hip center locations during both single-leg stance and stairclimbing, performing this comparison over a wide range of hip joint applied flexion moments. An advanced loading fixture was designed to allow any applied moment to be set independently of femoral position, incorporating all three major muscle groups active in stairclimbing position: extensors, abductors, and adductors. For all positions and moments tested, it was found that superolateral relocation caused significant increases in the total hip joint force, but did not affect the nonsagittal force component. Also, superior-only hip center relocation did not significantly affect the total joint force magnitudes or directions. The force increase on hip center lateralization can be attributed to a corresponding increase in the adduction moment. Results from the static analytical model developed supported these findings. The results of this study suggest that superolateral hip center relocation should be avoided and that superior-only relocation may be mechanically acceptable within the confines of the osseous anatomy of the acetabulum.
Students’ Concept-Building Approaches: A Novel Predictor of Success in Chemistry Courses

One primary goal of many science courses is for students to learn creative problem-solving skills; that is, integrating concepts, explaining concepts in a problem context, and using concepts to solve problems. However, what science instructors see is that many students, even those having excellent SAT/ACT and Advanced Placement scores, struggle in the introductory science courses. As faculty work to adopt more evidence-based teaching methods, the question arises of how to determine early on who may have difficulty in these introductory courses. Recent basic cognitive science research suggests that there are individual differences in how learners approach conceptual tasks: some learners tend toward rote concept-learning (exemplar learners), whereas other learners tend to use abstraction concept-learning. We explored the possibility that this individual difference in concept-building might have consequences for classroom learning. In the current study, using an online concept-building task, we differentiate...
High-Risk Pools: An Illusion of Coverage That May Increase Costs for All in the Long Term

High-risk pools are included as a state option in the American Health Care Act recently passed by the U.S. House of Representatives. This commentary discusses what we know about the past performanc...
Daily self-weighing and weight gain prevention: a longitudinal study of college-aged women

Daily self-weighing has been suggested as an important factor for weight loss maintenance among samples with obesity. This study is a secondary analysis that examined daily self-weighing in association with weight and body composition outcomes over 2 years among young women with vulnerability for weight gain. Women (N = 294) of varying weight status completed self-weighing frequency questionnaires and weight was measured in the clinic at baseline, 6 months, 1, and 2 years; DXA scans were completed at baseline, 6 months and 2 years. Multilevel models examined the relationship between daily self-weighing (at any point in the study) and trajectories of BMI and body fat percentage. Daily self-weighing was associated with significant declines in BMI and body fat percent over time. Future research is needed to examine causal relations between daily self-weighing and weight gain prevention. Nonetheless, these data extend the possibility that daily self-weighing may be important for prevention of unwanted weight gain.
Human health risk assessment and riskiest heavy metal origin identification in urban soils of Yerevan, Armenia.

The pollution of urban soils by heavy metals remains a topical issue because of the risks it represents to human health. Heavy metal pollution levels of Yerevan's soils were evaluated using Pollution index and Enrichment factor, while associated health risk was assessed by US EPA model. The heavy metals with significant amount of PI > 1 values were observed for V (100%), Cr (95.4%), Ni (92.5%), Cu (95.6%), Zn (92.9%), Hg (89.0%), Pb (99.9%), As (72.0%), and Ba (61.6% of samples). EF showed that Yerevan topsoils were significantly contaminated with Hg, and moderately contaminated with V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, and As. Topsoils near the smelting plants of molybdenum concentrate have moderately to extremely high contamination levels for Mo. Topsoils were moderate to extremely highly contaminated with Pb, too. The high amounts of samples with heavy metal contents greater than Maximum Acceptable Concentrations were observed for Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, and Cu. Pb and Cr exceeded corresponding Soil Screening Levels in 3.39% and 2.43% of samples, correspondingly. The risk assessment showed children's multi-elemental non-carcinogenic risk and low level of arsenic carcinogenic risk in the whole Yerevan. The riskiest element was Pb which high contents in 72 risky sites correlate only with the metals having a natural origin. Moreover, its main source is historically polluted soils and Pb supposed to be redistributed in the city environment linked to the sorption complexes of Fe and Mn oxides.
HUE: A hybrid ultrasonic and electrostatic variable friction touchscreen

The HUE tablet, presented in this work, leverages ultrasonic friction reduction and electrovibration to enhance the dynamic friction range of its surface. Prototypes using a single friction-modulation approach are numerous, but none offer the option to perform friction-switching above and below a base level on a single platform. In applications involving active touch, the ability to dynamically change between high and low friction states may allow for more discernible haptic interactions. In this paper we present the design of a hybrid touchscreen and perform a frequency analysis of friction force measurements taken along its surface to assess the efficacy of hybrid texturerendering using alternating ultrasonic and electrostatic signals.
CHAPTER 76 – Inhibitors of Aromatic Acid Biosynthesis

This chapter reviews the glyphosate. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, post-emergent systemic herbicide with activity on essentially all annual and perennial plants. Glyphosate is poorly absorbed both dermally and via oral exposure, and it is not biotransformed. It has been shown that glyphosate does not bioaccumulate. Animal studies indicate that glyphosate is essentially nontoxic via acute oral and dermal exposure, and that glyphosate salts are nonirritating to the eyes and skin. Glyphosate does not produce dermal sensitization in guinea pigs. In repeated dose studies in laboratory animals, treatment-related effects included reduced body weight gain, increased liver weights, degenerative ocular lens changes, and microscopic liver changes, but only at very high dose levels. Glyphosate-based formulations are used worldwide in virtually every phase of agricultural, industrial, silvicultural, and residential weed control. Due to low solubility in water, glyphosate is typically formulated into commercial products in the form of a salt. Large amounts of glyphosate-based herbicides are occasionally deliberately ingested to attempt suicide and may result in serious gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and possibly death. Glyphosate has very low acute toxicity and is not mutagenic.
A regional, size-dependent, and causal effective medium model for Asian and Saharan mineral dust refractive index spectra

Abstract A model is developed for the refractive index spectra of desert mineral dust. This model is applicable regionally to both Asian and Saharan dust as the largest global aerosol sources. The capability of the model further aims at representing important local features through a subdivision into northern and southern Sahara, as well as western and eastern Asia. Machine learning techniques for accelerated literature data acquisition are presented. Available refractive index spectra for individual minerals and chemical species are combined based on the Bruggeman effective medium formula. A numerical procedure for effectively solving the resulting higher-order polynomial expression is presented. The present results of the effective refractive indices are validated through the Kramers-Kronig relation; in particular, a Hilbert transform is applied to the imaginary part of the refractive index spectra.
Chapter 14 – Reward and drugs of abuse

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on drug addiction in terms of its pathological relationship with learning and memory systems. Both natural rewards and drugs of abuse appear to use the same systems within the brain to influence and reinforce behavior, and these systems are involved in learning and memory, particularly in connecting motivations and memories with behaviors. The chapter examines drug addiction in a manner based loosely on the stages of memory, namely, acquisition, consolidation, and storage/retrieval. It presents some of the important findings regarding drug reward and addiction as part of the stages of memory. Initially, learning about natural rewards and drugs of abuse utilizes the same pathways in the brain. However, repeated use of drugs produces changes in the brain, not normally found with repeated natural rewards, because of the ability of drugs to go directly to the brain and produce their pharmacological effects. In doing so, the drugs alter the functioning of a number of structures in the brain. These alterations include changes in gene and protein expression, morphological changes in the neurons, and changes in glutamatergic signaling. The process of drug addiction is similar to the stages of memory in many ways, like from acquisition to consolidation and finally retrieval. But in drug addiction, the changes induced by the drugs are detrimental to people in terms of their ability to resist future consumption of the drug. Chronic drug use exhibit several long-term changes: difficulty in examining consolidation, changes in gene and protein expression, decrease in glutamatergic tone, a potentiated increase in glutamate release following an acute cocaine injection, changes in proteins that regulate postsynaptic glutamate signaling, and structural changes in the neurons.
Dexamethasone and Critical Effect of Timing on Retinopathy

PURPOSE Administration of corticosteroids soon after birth has been reported to have deleterious, protective, and no effect on retinopathy of prematurity. Conflicting results may be due to timing of corticosteroid administration. The goal of this study was to determine effects of pretreatment and late dexamethasone on retinopathy in a mouse model. METHODS The C57BL6 mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (by placing animals in 75% oxygen from postnatal days 7 through 12) was used to create retinal neovascularization. Dexamethasone at 0.5 mg/kg per day was administered from day 1 through day 5 in the pretreatment group. The late-treatment group received 5 days of dexamethasone at the same dose beginning on day 12. Mice were killed at days 17 through 20, and retinal vasculature was assessed by a retinal scoring system of wholemount preparation after high-molecular-weight fluorescein-labeled dextran perfusion. In addition, retinal neovascularization was assessed by quantification of extraretinal neovascular nuclei in retinal sections. Statistical significance was defined as P: < 0.05 and was determined by the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Student's t-test. RESULTS Oxygen-exposed animals that received treatment with dexamethasone before oxygen exposure had an improvement in retinopathy, with a median score of 6 (5,7; 25th,75th quartiles) compared with 10 (8,11) in the untreated oxygen-exposed (P: < 0.05). The group treated late (after oxygen exposure) with dexamethasone had a median score of 10 (9,11). Pretreatment reduced extraretinal vascularization, when assessed by quantification of neovascular nuclei, to a mean +/- SEM of 19 +/- 9, significantly less than in the untreated oxygen-exposed group (55 +/- 12; P: < 0.05). No difference was observed in the late-treatment group when compared with the untreated oxygen-exposed group. Significant growth retardation, indicated by body weight, was observed in the pretreatment (P: < 0.01) and late-treatment (P: < 0. 05) groups when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Timing of dexamethasone administration was critical to the inhibition of development of retinopathy in the mouse model. Degree of growth retardation, measured by body weight, also appeared to be time dependent. These data may explain the different results of clinical observations with respect to corticosteroid treatment, timing, and development of retinopathy.
Evaluate the fracture and fatigue resistances of hot mix asphalt containing high percentage reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials at low and intermediate temperatures

x CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. RECONSIDERATION OF THE SEMI CIRCULAR BENDING FRACTURE ENERGY TEST FOR EVALUATING ASPHALT MIXTURES 6 Background 1 Objective and Scope of Research 2 Organization of Dissertation 4 References 5 Abstract 6 Introduction 7 Elements of Fracture Mechanics 8 Fracture Mechanics Applied to Asphalt Mixtures 21 Reconsideration of SCB Fracture Energy Test Practice 24 Conclusions and Recommendations 35 References 38 6 Introduction 7 Elements of Fracture Mechanics 8 Fracture Mechanics Applied to Asphalt Mixtures 21 Reconsideration of SCB Fracture Energy Test Practice 24 Conclusions and Recommendations 35 References 38
Type 2 diabetes familial risk personalization process profiles: Implications for patient-provider communication.

People who have a single first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at increased risk for developing T2D over their lifetime. A positive family history of T2D is also associated with developing risk awareness and engaging in risk-reducing behaviors among the unaffected relatives. Yet, little is known about how people with a positive family history for disease personalize and process their familial risk to form perceptions about their own risk. In this mixed method study, we explored risk personalization among a diverse group of people between the ages of 18 and 60, with a positive family history of T2D, who were themselves unaffected (n = 109). We collected interview and survey data with respect to the familial risk perception personalization model. Using cluster analysis, qualitative and quantitative data were combined to inductively derive three distinct clusters representing three different familial risk perception personalization processes. These results can serve as a basis for tailored interventions aimed at reducing risk for T2D among people with increased risk due to familial history.
How Do We Know What Students Have Learned

This chapter delves into the enduring question how should we assess students? Starting with the initial introduction of grades into American schooling in the late-eighteenth century, the chapter explores how educators have continually questioned grading and assessment practices, experimented with alternatives, and tailored approaches in their own classrooms to balance the needs of students with institutional requirements. The first source, from 1918, is an article written by the superintendent of Hot Springs, Arkansas schools on his efforts to install a new grading system and teachers’ reactions to it. The following source is a report collecting short descriptions of the various ways teachers across Michigan were experimenting with grades in 1941. The third source is a contemporary teacher’s description of how he has come to implement standards-based grading in his classroom.
Exciton-phonon polaritons in organic microcavities: Testing a simple ansatz for treating a large number of chromophores.

Polaritons in an ensemble of permutationally symmetric chromophores confined to an optical microcavity are investigated numerically. The analysis is based on the Holstein–Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian which accounts for the coupling between an electronic excitation on each chromophore and a single cavity mode, as well as the coupling between the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom on each chromophore. A straightforward ensemble partitioning scheme is introduced, which, along with an intuitive ansatz, allows one to obtain accurate evaluations of the lowest-energy polaritons using a subset of collective states. The polaritons include all three degrees of freedom—electronic, vibronic, and photonic—and can therefore be described as exciton–phonon polaritons. Applications focus on the limiting regimes where the Rabi frequency is small or large compared to the nuclear relaxation energy subsequent to optical excitation, with relaxation occurring mainly along the vinyl stretching coordinate in conjugated organic chromophores. Comparisons are also made to the more conventional vibronic polariton approach, which does not take into account two-particle excitations and vibration–photon states.
Capital Controls as Migrant Controls

The disparate treatment of capital and labor reflects one of globalization’s central asymmetries: the law often allows financial capital, but not people, to move freely across borders. Yet scholars have largely neglected the intersection of these two regimes, the legal restrictions on migrants’ capital, particularly when the migrants themselves are deemed illegal. These restrictions on migrants’ capital abound even while migratory capital generally faces few such restrictions. As such, capital controls may operate as migrant controls. This Article canvasses established and emerging examples of capital controls as migrant controls and the pressing legal questions these controls raise. Capital is guarded when remittances are taxed, particularly when the taxation is explicitly conditioned on immigration status. Capital is expelled when capital receipts, such as Social Security benefits, are made contingent on departure and non-residency. And capital is marginalized when financial laws require particular identity and immigration documents on penalty of exclusion from key financial services. As I describe, such taxation, receipt contingencies, and identity requirements often distinguish on the basis of immigration status and implicate core questions in constitutional and immigration law. These questions include the scope of traditional state powers such as taxation; how such controls create unconstitutional choices and conditions; and how statutory and administrative ambiguities in banking law may marginalize migrants. More generally, these controls contribute to our understanding of who—Congress, federal agencies, municipalities and states, or social movements outside the law—controls, and who may legally control, American migration.
The potentiating effect of disgust sensitivity on the relationship between disgust propensity and mental contamination

Abstract Disgust is important to mental contamination, a contamination fear that arises in the absence of physical contact with a perceived contaminant. Researchers have distinguished between disgust propensity, defined as one's general tendency to experience disgust, and disgust sensitivity, defined as one's negative appraisal of the experience of disgust. Based upon speculations that disgust sensitivity may amplify the experience of disgust propensity on disgust-relevant outcomes, this study examined the interaction of disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity in relation to mental contamination among a community sample of adults located in the United States recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N=478). The results suggest that disgust sensitivity potentiates the effect of disgust propensity on mental contamination. The interactive effect was robust to the effects of negative affect and broader contamination fears. These results indicate that mental contamination is particularly strong among individuals with concurrently high disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity. Implications and future directions are explored.
The soil production function and landscape equilibrium

). The linear increase of detected photons as a function of laser intensity (100-2,000 W cm -2 ) indicated that saturation and multiphoton processes were negligible in these studies. Typical detected count rates of 5,000-6,000 photons s -1 at 2,000 W cm -2 pumping intensity (,150,000 excitations s -1 ) were achieved, with most of the molecules emitting several
Widespread Psychosocial Difficulties in Men and Women With Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes: Case-control Findings From the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network.

Objective To determine the extent, severity, and sex differences of psychosocial deficits in men and women with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes (UCPPS), which in the past have been considered separate bladder (interstitial cystitis–painful bladder syndrome) and prostate (chronic prostatitis–chronic pelvic pain syndrome) disorders. Evaluations of men and women separately suggest UCPPS is associated with increased anxiety and depression. However, studies directly testing deficits in broader psychosocial domains such as cognitive processes, intimate relationships, and trauma history, or tests of sex differences in the pattern of difficulties associated with UCPPS have not been performed. Methods A total of 233 female and 191 male UCPPS patients and 235 female and 182 male healthy controls (HCs) were recruited from 6 academic medical centers in the United States and evaluated with a comprehensive battery of symptom, psychosocial, and illness impact measures. Primary comparisons of interest were between UCPPS patients and HCs and between men and women with UCPPS. Results In addition to greater negative effect, male and female UCPPS patients show higher levels of current and lifetime stress, poorer illness coping, increased self-report of cognitive deficits, and more widespread pain symptoms compared with sex- and education-matched HCs. Similar problems were found in male and female UCPPS patients although female UCPPS patients showed increased self-report of childhood adversity and more widespread symptoms of pain and discomfort. Conclusion Given the significance of psychosocial variables in prognosis and treatment of chronic pain conditions, the results add substantially to our understanding of the breath of difficulties associated with UCPPS and point to important areas for clinical assessment.
Absolute Magnitudes from Trigonometric and Statistical Parallaxes

The attainable accuracy of photographic trigonometric parallaxes may be improved by the use of modern measuring engines, larger number of exposures, facilitated by increased speed of emulsions, more refined knowledge of reduction to absolute parallax. Systematic errors remain an obstacle both in trigonometric and statistical parallaxes.
p-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde Is the Major Product of L-Tyrosine Oxidation by Activated Human Phagocytes A CHLORIDE-DEPENDENT MECHANISM FOR THE CONVERSION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS INTO REACTIVE ALDEHYDES BY MYELOPEROXIDASE

Reactive aldehydes generated during lipid peroxidation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as well as other inflammatory diseases. A potential catalyst for such reactions is myeloperoxidase, a hemeprotein secreted by activated phagocytes. We now report that activated neutrophils utilize the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system to convert L-tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Production of p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde was nearly quantitative at physiological concentrations of L-tyrosine and chloride. Aldehyde generation required myeloperoxidase, H2O2, L-tyrosine, and chloride ion; it was inhibited by the H2O2 scavenger catalase and by the heme poisons azide and cyanide. Phorbol ester- and calcium ionophore-stimulated human neutrophils likewise generated p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde from L-tyrosine by a pathway inhibited by azide, cyanide, and catalase. Aldehyde production accounted for 75% of H2O2 generated by optimally stimulated neutrophils at plasma concentrations of L-tyrosine and chloride. Collectively, these results indicate that activated phagocytes, under physiological conditions, utilize myeloperoxidase to execute the chloride-dependent conversion of L-tyrosine to the lipid-soluble aldehyde, p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, in near quantitative yield. Moreover, like aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation, amino acid-derived aldehydes may exert potent biological effects in vascular lesions and other sites of inflammation.
Multiple controlled mobile elements (data mules) for data collection in sensor networks

Recent research has shown that using a mobile element to collect and carry data mechanically from a sensor network has many advantages over static multihop routing. We have an implementation as well employing a single mobile element. But the network scalability and traffic may make a single mobile element insufficient. In this paper we investigate the use of multiple mobile elements. In particular, we present load balancing algorithm which tries to balance the number of sensor nodes each mobile element services. We show by simulation the benefits of load balancing.
Ovarian pathology in rhesus macaques: a 12-year retrospective.

Background Ovarian pathology is an important cause of decreased fertility and reproductive capability and may impact multiple systems, particularly in aging rhesus macaques. Methods Retrospective histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 458 female rhesus macaque necropsies over 12 years at the New England Primate Research Center in Southborough, MA. Results Degenerative and inflammatory changes in the ovaries included mineralization, infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, endometriosis, and arteriopathy. Cystic changes included follicular cysts, cystic rete, and mesonephric duct cysts with cystic rete the most common. Neoplasms included granulosa cell tumors, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and teratoma. Conclusions Ovarian lesions of the rhesus macaque are similar to those of cynomolgus macaques and humans. These lesions are frequently incidental findings but may impact metabolic and neurocognitive studies.
Effect of the type of treatment facility on the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia in adolescents and young adults.

Effect of the type of treatment facility on the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia in adolescents and young adults
Electron Beam CT and Coronary Calcium Score

To the Editors: I read with enthusiasm the recent article by Secci et al.1 This prospective study using electron beam CT (EBCT) and coronary calcium score was done in 326 mostly elderly (mean age, 66±8 years) men (82%). Hypertension (50%) and family history of coronary disease (44%) were common, but lipids were average (LDL 144±37 mg/dL, HDL 54±14 mg/dL). The 10-year Framingham risk was 19±9%. Each was followed up for 32 months after EBCT or until documentation of a hard (death, infarction) or a soft (need for revascularization) event. Dividing results into quartiles of EBCT calcium score, Secci et al found a clear trend for more total events in those with scores above the median. When hard and soft events were separated, there were still significantly more soft events when the score was above the median. However, despite a greater total number of events for subjects with calcium scores in the highest quartile, especially compared with those with scores in the lowest quartile, there was no significant trend for hard events alone. My comments relate to four important issues not raised in the discussion. First, the amount of calcified plaque correlates, albeit as an underestimation, with the total atherosclerotic plaque burden (lipid-rich, fibrotic, and calcified fibrotic plaques) as shown by histological2 3 and ultrasonic4 5 studies. The …
Organic Synthesis using Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes

Synthetic transformations using transition metal carbonyl carbene, arene, diene, and alkyne complexes are discussed. Reaction of synthetic importance and applications in organic total synthesis are included. Keywords: Fischer carbenes; Pauson–Khand; Nicholas; arene; alkyne; diene metal carbonyl complexes
Cytogenetic studies in ovarian cancer

Abstract Cytogenetic studies of ovarian cancer have been conducted in the Medicine Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health for 5 years. A total of 72 patients were studied by direct preparation and/or 1- to 3-day short-term culture of ascites (86 samples), pleural fluid (4 samples), and tumor (2 samples). Repeat examinations (1–24 months later) were performed in 7 of the 72 patients. Forty-four patients (62%) were successfully analyzed with banding techniques: 6 patients had adenocarcinoma, 7 had serous adenocarcinoma, 13 had serous papillary adenocarcinoma, 7 had serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma, 2 had mucinous adenocarcinoma, 6 had undifferentiated or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 1 had clear cell adenocarcinoma, and 2 were not classified. Of these 44 patients, 29 had received prior chemotherapy, 14 were untreated, and in 1 patient the treatment status was unknown. Aneuploidy was observed in all patients and there was considerable variation in the chromosome numbers (even within single samples), often ranging from diploidy to triploidy to tetraploidy. All 44 patients had numerical abnormalities and 39 had structural abnormalities. The chromosomes most frequently involved in structural abnormalities (in decreasing order according to the number of patients involved) were #1, #3, #2, #4, #9, #10, #15, #19, #6, and #11; the least involved chromosomes were #21 and #5. Clone formation and the number of chromosomes involved in structural abnormalities increased with duration of disease and were more extensive in patients treated with chemotherapy than in patients treated with surgery alone. Our data did not show a deletion of chromosome #6 (6q−) to be specific for ovarian cancer.
Psychopathology in Young Children With Developmental Disabilities

Children and adults with developmental disorders have significantly higher rates of psychopathology than those without developmental disabilities In this report young children presenting to a developmental assessment center were evaluated for psychopathology High rates of psychiatric disorder were found There was a clustering of the more severe psychiatric conditions of childhood in the more cognitively delayed children Recommendations for mental health intervention were made for 70% of children seen at the center.
A cotton kinesin GhKCH2 interacts with both microtubules and microfilaments.

Many biological processes require the co-operative involvement of both microtubules and microfilaments; however, only a few proteins mediating the interaction between microtubules and microfilaments have been identified from plants. In the present study, a cotton kinesin GhKCH2, which contains a CH (calponin homology) domain at the N-terminus, was analysed in vitro and in vivo in order to understand its interaction with the two cytoskeletal elements. A specific antibody against GhKCH2 was prepared and used for immunolabelling experiments. Some GhKCH2 spots appeared along a few microtubules and microfilaments in developing cotton fibres. The His-tagged N-terminus of GhKCH2 (termed GhKCH2-N) could co-precipitate with microfilaments and strongly bind to actin filaments at a ratio of monomeric actin/GhKCH2-N of 1:0.6. The full-length GhKCH2 recombinant protein was shown to bind to and cross-link microtubules and microfilaments in vitro . A GFP-fusion protein GFP–GhKCH2 transiently overexpressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts decorated both microtubules and microfilaments, confirming the binding ability and specificities of GhKCH2 on microtubules and microfilaments in living plant cells. The results of the present study demonstrate that GhKCH2, a plant-specific microtubule-dependent motor protein, not only interacts with microtubules, but also strongly binds to microfilaments. The cytoskeletal dual-binding and cross-linking ability of GhKCH2 may be involved in the interaction between microtubules and microfilaments and the biological processes they co-ordinate together in cotton cells.
The novel purification and biochemical characterization of a reversible CYP24A1:adrenodoxin complex

Novel paradigms for CYP24A1 inhibitor development are needed to circumvent existing efficacy and toxicity issues related to human therapeutics in this class. We hypothesize that improved structural knowledge of CYP24A1 in complex with natural substrates, inhibitors and/or its redox partner protein, adrenodoxin (Adx) is required to facilitate the next generation of CYP24A1 inhibitor design. To this end, we have developed truncated expression constructs for both rat CYP24A1 (Δ51) and bovine Adx (Δ108), which allow us to purify a stable and reversible state of the CYP24A1:Adx complex, for use in ongoing X-ray crystallographic studies. Spectral characterization of the reversible complex revealed that Adx binding enhanced the stability of the enzyme-substrate complex, despite lowering the ligand binding affinity of the free enzyme, for 1,25(OH)2D2, over 9-fold. Truncation of CYP24A1's flexible N-terminus (Δ51) improved the enzyme's ability to recruit substrate, without altering Adx's ability to stabilize the ligand-bound form. We also found that several common crystallization detergents, including CHAPS, inhibit ligand binding to the CYP24A1:Adx complex at concentrations well below their reported critical micelle concentration (CMC) values. Ultimately, this research provides a useful platform and framework for the study of conformationally complex, membrane-protein complexes, in the ligand-bound state.
Review Article: Echocardiography

Summary Echocardiography encompasses a number of specific imaging techniques. The two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram is used to identify lesions of the heart and great vessels, assess myocardial function and provide a template for guiding contrast echocardiography, colour-coded Doppler echocardiography and spectral Doppler studies. M-mode echocardiography is used to measure cardiac size and ventricular function and can be combined with contrast or colour-coded Doppler studies for accurate timing of flow events. Pulsed wave and continuous wave Doppler echocardiography display the direction and velocity of red blood cells within the heart and circulation. Continuous wave Doppler studies are used to calculate pressure gradients in the circulation. Any of the Doppler techniques can be used to identify abnormal or high velocity flow responsible for pathologic heart murmurs. Each Doppler format is complementary to the others: colour-coded Doppler is used to screen large areas for flow disturbances; pulsed wave Doppler can pinpoint regions of abnormal flow; and continuous wave Doppler quantifies the maximal velocities of blood flow across cardiac lesions. Echocardiographic studies are very useful for the diagnosis and assessment of horses with cardiac murmurs, arrhythmias, and poor exercise performance. A number of cardiac disorders can be evaluated by echocardiography, including: cardiac malformation, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, bacterial endocarditis, pericardial effusion, and congestive heart failure. When combined with a careful clinical examination, exercise evaluation and results of electrocardiography, the echocardiogram provides the best overall clinical assessment of the equine heart.
Social Norms in the Aftermath of Ethnic Violence Ethnicity and Fairness in Non-costly Decision Making

This study considers prospects for the revitalization of social norms after ethnic violence using a behavioral experiment in postwar Bosnia. In the experiment, subjects are asked to distribute a te...
Boston HAPPENS Program: A model of health care for HIV-positive, homeless, and at-risk youth

The Boston HAPPENS [Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Adolescent Provider and Peer Education Network for Services] Program is a project supported by Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Program, HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, which provides a network of care for homeless, at-risk, and HIV-positive youth (ages 12-24 years), involving eight agencies. The program has provided services to 1301 youth, including 46 who are HIV-positive. Boston HAPPENS provides a citywide network of culturally and developmentally appropriate adolescent-specific care, including: (a) outreach and risk-reduction counseling through professional and adult-supervised peer staff, (b) access to appropriate HIV counseling and testing support services, (c) life management counseling (mental health intake and visits as part of health care and at times of crisis), (d) health status screening and services needs assessment, (e) client-focused, comprehensive, multidisciplinary care and support, (f) follow-up and outreach to ensure continuing care, and (g) integrated care and communication among providers in the metropolitan Boston area. This innovative network of youth-specific care offers a continuum from street outreach to referral and HIV specialty care that crosses institutional barriers.
Medial portion of M. Temporalis and its potential involvement in facial pain.

We describe the morphology, functional capabilities, and clinical anatomical implications of the medial portion of the temporalis muscle. Although recognized in Brazilian, German, French, and Hispanic American textbooks of anatomy, this portion of the temporalis has been unappreciated in those published in England and the United States. Given its morphology, and functional anatomy as revealed in this paper, we conclude that the medial portion of the temporalis could entrap the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branches inside the pterygopalatine fossa. On these bases we identify this portion of the temporalis as a possible factor in the etiology of some forms of tic douloureux.