cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The quantum Hamilton–Jacobi formalism in complex space

Quantum mechanics in complex space is introduced using the Hamilton–Jacobi theory. A significant consequence of doing so is that a quantum potential function must be admitted to the complex Hamiltonian to obtain compatibility with the Schrodinger equation. The Hamilton–Jacobi equations are studied in detail on a general Riemannian space with a general metric. Then the metric is restricted to the case of spherical coordinates. The Hamilton–Jacobi system is worked out in several ways for the central force problem and results are found to be completely consistent. The theory is extended to include interaction of matter with an electromagnetic field.
Transfer of agammaglobulinemia in the chicken: II. Characterization of the target of suppression

Abstract The T-independent adoptive primary and secondary responses of FP chicken spleen cells to B. abortus (BA) were suppressed by simultaneously transferred histocompatible spleen cells from agammaglobulinemic (Aγ) chickens previously injected with bursa cells. The response of spleen cells transferred with BA 2 days prior to suppressor cells was partially inhibited. Highly significant suppression of both 19 S and 7 S antibody formation was seen during the second week after memory cell transfer. When suppressor cells and primed spleen cells were transferred together and challenged with BA 2 weeks later the secondary responses were more inhibited in recipients that showed persistently decreased serum IgM than in those showing recovery toward normal IgM levels. Transfer of histocompatible suppressor cells into surgically bursectomized (SBX). irradiated, 4-week-old SC and FP strain recipients caused reduction or complete disappearance of serum IgM and lowered IgG levels, which correlated well with a decrease in plasma cell numbers in spleen and trident. Many recipients of both strains, examined 1 to 2 weeks after transfer, completely lacked plasma cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissues and from spleen. When such animals had been sensitized to BA prior to transfer and were challenged after recovery from suppression, they showed good secondary responses. Experiments with serially transferred memory cells using suppressed intermediate hosts also indicated survival of such cells in the face of marked suppression of antibody synthesis. Bursa follicles that were not destroyed by irradiation did not show any effect of the suppressor cells, although plasma cells often disappeared from the interfollicular areas. Intact irradiated recipients showed a greater tendency toward recovery from suppression than did SBX recipients. Although Ig-bearing cells in spleen and peripheral blood of suppressed animals were significantly lower than in irradiated SBX controls, they never disappeared as completely as did plasma cells and serum IgM. The results suggest a direct effect of suppressor cells on antibody-forming cells with a less marked effect on their precursors.
A wavelet based method for the extraction of sea wave orientation

In this paper, a method for determining sea wave orientation from image data is presented. Instead of focusing on images that cover vast distances such as those obtained from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR), this research is concerned with images acquired on a local level such as those obtained from a ship based, mast mounted camera. The developed method is based on the two-dimensional wavelet transform and its ability to isolate (or preserve) directional features contained in the root image. Another important property associated with wavelets is the notion of scale or resolution. The dominant wave features of the image are extracted through the use of a multi-scale wavelet analysis. These features are then used to determine the overall wave orientation for the image. Results are shown for images taken from both traditional visual cameras and forward-looking infrared (FLIR) based cameras.
Investigation of perpendicular write head with side shields using a hybrid recording system model

In this work the write head fields are generated by three dimensional finite element modeling and then supplied to the recording model. The dynamic write process is simulated by using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of motion for each magnetic grain within the media.
The U.S. Foreign Language Deficit, the Language Enterprise, and the Campaign for Foreign Languages

Americans are among the least likely in the world to speak another language, and this lack of foreign language skills has a negative impact on the economic and national security of the U.S. and on the careers of individuals. In the U.S. the need for foreign language skills in the workforce is predicted to increase, and many positions requiring foreign language skills cannot always be filled. The need for an increase in foreign language skills in the U.S. and across the Anglophone world has been clearly demonstrated by a series of reports. A strategic social marketing campaign is needed, and in order for the campaign to be effective, the Language Enterprise, defined as the partnership of academe, government, and private enterprise, must play an active role. The "Many Languages One World" Essay Contest and Global Youth Forum is a noteworthy example of a high-profile event made possible by a Language Enterprise collaborative partnership. Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), especially Business Language Studies (BLS) represent an approach to foreign language education with the potential to transform both our classrooms and the future professional lives of our students
Ti(3+) in meteoritic and synthetic hibonite

Electron spin resonance has been used to make the first direct determination of Ti^(3+) in synthetic hibonite and hibonite from inclusion SH-7 of the Murchison C2 chondrite. Ti^(3+) concentrations range from 0.02 to 0.64 wt% in synthetic blue hibonite and 0.35–0.44 wt% in hibonite from SH-7. No Ti^(3+) could be detected in orange hibonite, supporting the earlier conclusion that the orange-to-blue transition is associated with the presence of Ti^(3+). At constant temperature and oxygen fugacity, Ti^(3+)/Ti^(4+) in synthetic hibonite increases with decreasing V but is not strongly dependent on bulk Ti. At the concentration levels encountered in meteoritic hibonite, Fe and Cr contents do not have a significant effect on the amount of Ti^(3+). In both synthetic and meteoritic hibonite, Ti^(3+) occupies a 5-coordinated crystallographic site, which is consistent with the formation of doubly ionized oxygen vacancies. At low oxygen fugacities, essentially all Ti^(4+) on the five-fold Al-site has been reduced to Ti^(3+). Hibonite from SH-7 equilibrated with a gas that could have been as reducing as a gas of solar composition. This is consistent with other estimates based on mineral equilibria of high temperature oxygen fugacities in Ca-Al-rich inclusions. With the possible exception of Mo-W depletions, indicators based on bulk trace element concentrations in CAIs are inconclusive. There is considerable evidence that as CAIs cooled to lower temperatures, they experienced conditions significantly more oxidizing than those of a solar gas, perhaps in planetary environments.
A New Approach to the Question of Nietzsche's Political Philosophy: A Review of Tamsin Shaw's Nietzsche's Political Skepticism (2007)

Against the two dominant strands in the secondary literature on Nietzsche's political philosophy - one attributing to Nietzsche a kind of flat-footed commitment to aristocratic forms of social ordering, the other denying that Nietzsche has any political philosophy at all-Tamsin Shaw stakes out a new and surprising position: namely, that Nietzsche was very much concerned with the familiar question of the moral or normative legitimacy of state power, but was skeptical that with the demise of religion, it would be possible to achieve a practically effective normative consensus about such legitimacy that was untainted by the exercise of state power itself. Although, as I will argue, there are reasons to be quite skeptical that Nietzsche was interested in anything like these questions, Shaw has laid down a clear and invigorating challenge to existing scholarship on Nietzsche's politics, and it is one worth meeting.
Problem Posing: A Neglected Component in Mathematics Courses for Prospective Elementary and Middle School Teachers.

The purpose of this article is to describe a scheme which is designed to guide the prospective teacher beyond the point of proficiency as a student solving given problems. By experiencing several stages of inquiry, the scheme provides a mechanism where by the prospective teacher advances toward assuming the role of a teacher posing his or her own problems. Although the scheme has been developed within the context of a standard mathematics course for preservice teachers, the ideas set forth are equally appropriate for incorporation within a science course for prospective teachers.
Nest Predation and Nest-Site Selection of a Western Population of the Hermit Thrush

Audubon's Hermit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus auduboni) in central Arizona have a low nesting success (7 to 20%) due almost exclusively to nest predation. We examine the sites chosen for nesting and compare them to nonuse sites randomly selected within the vegetation types associated with nests. Hermit Thrush nest sites differ from nonuse sites primarily in that nest sites have more small (1to 3-m tall) white firs (Abies concolor) in the patch (5-m radius circle) surrounding the nest. Hermit Thrushes nest almost exclusively in small white firs and they do not forage in or near them. Hermit Thrushes may select nest sites that have a large number of other potential nest sites (i.e., small white firs) near the nest because predation risk is thereby reduced. Indeed, nests with a high probability of predation were surrounded by a lower density of small white firs than more successful nests. However, low predation nests also were more concealed than high predation nests. Nestsite selection appears to be a function of characteristics in the immediate vicinity of the nest (concealment, overhead cover, nest orientation), but also on a larger scale surrounding the nest. Consideration of nest-site selection on this larger scale may cast light on the question of whether nest sites limit territory and habitat selection by birds.
Antibody in Hepatitis Patients Against a Newly Isolated Virus

Summary1. A virus has been recovered in tissue cultures inoculated with the 1951 NIH icterogenic plasma pool. 2. This agent produces cytopathogenic effects in a wide variety of cell cultures, but induces no overt disease in common laboratory animals. It produces inapparent infection in embryonated eggs. 3. Serologic studies have failed to show any relation between the A-l virus and a number of recognized viruses. 4. Heat inactivated sera from normal human beings and animals did not neutralize the virus. 5. Volunteers infected with serum hepatitis virus from 6 different sources have, with a high degree of consistency, developed antibodies against the A-l agent. 6. Sera from patients with infectious hepatitis have not neutralized the virus with comparable regularity.
Evaluation of two spike-and-recovery controls for assessment of extraction efficiency in microbial source tracking studies

Quantitative PCR (qPCR), applied to complex environmental samples such as water, wastewater, and feces, is susceptible to methodological and sample related biases. In this study, we evaluated two exogenous DNA spike-and-recovery controls as proxies for recovery efficiency of Bacteroidales 16S rDNA gene sequences (AllBac and qHF183) that are used for microbial source tracking (MST) in river water. Two controls--(1) the plant pathogen Pantoea stewartii, carrying the chromosomal target gene cpsD, and (2) Escherichia coli, carrying the plasmid-borne target gene DsRed2--were added to raw water samples immediately prior to concentration and DNA extraction for qPCR. When applied to samples processed in replicate, recovery of each control was positively correlated with the observed concentration of each MST marker. Adjustment of MST marker concentrations according to recovery efficiency reduced variability in replicate analyses when consistent processing and extraction methodologies were applied. Although the effects of this procedure on accuracy could not be tested due to uncertainties in control DNA concentrations, the observed reduction in variability should improve the strength of statistical comparisons. These findings suggest that either of the tested spike-and-recovery controls can be useful to measure efficiency of extraction and recovery in routine laboratory processing.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 modulates cellular growth and promotes tumorigenesis

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the prostaglandins resulting from its enzymatic activity have been shown to play a role in modulating cell growth and development of human neoplasia. Evidence includes a direct relationship between COX-2 expression and cancer incidence in humans and animal models, increased tumorigenesis after genetic manipulation of COX-2, and significant anti-tumor properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in animal models and in some human cancers. Recent data showed that COX-2 and the derived prostaglandins are involved in control of cellular growth, apoptosis, and signal through a group of nuclear receptors named peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). In this article we will review some of the findings suggesting that COX-2 is involved in multiple cellular mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis.
Hemoglobin and hip fracture risk in older non-Hispanic white adults.

The relationship between hemoglobin and hip fracture was examined in older non-Hispanic white adults from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Both low and high hemoglobin values were associated with increased hip fracture risk before and after adjusting for selected risk factors. The few studies to date that have examined the relationship between hemoglobin and fracture risk have focused on low hemoglobin values. The present study examined hip fracture risk across the hemoglobin distribution in older non-Hispanic white adults from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). Hemoglobin was measured using a Coulter S-plus Jr.® (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL) in 2,122 non-Hispanic whites age 65 years and older. Hip fracture cases were identified using linked Medicare and mortality records obtained through 2007. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the best-fitting model and to estimate the hazards ratio (HR) for hip fracture by hemoglobin decile before and after adjusting for selected confounders. There were 239 hip fracture cases in the analytic sample. The best fitting model was quadratic. When compared to values in the middle of the distribution, those with hemoglobin in the lowest and highest deciles had increased hip fracture risk (HRlowest decile = 2.96, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.44–6.08; HRhighest decile = 2.06, 95 % CI 1.09–3.92) after adjusting for age and sex. Both HRs remained significant after adjusting for additional confounders (HRlowest decile = 2.24, 95 % CI 1.09–3.92; HRhighest decile = 2.37, 95 % CI 1.35–4.16). Both low and high hemoglobin values were associated with increased hip fracture risk. The mechanism underlying the relationship is not clear, but there were some suggestions that it may differ for low versus high hemoglobin.
Source-level debugging with the whyline

The visualizations of the Whyline are presented, which focus on supporting the exploration a source code and how it executes. The visualization is concise, simple to navigate, and mimics syntactic features of its target programming language for consistency. Two studies showed that users with the visualization completed a debugging task twice as fast as users without the visualization, partly due to features of the visualization. Applications of the visualizations to tasks other than debugging are discussed.
Direct thrombus aspiration using the Penumbra system for the treatment of pediatric intracranial dissection

We describe a case of a 15-year-old girl who developed a spontaneous intracranial arterial dissection with distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusions. From the digital subtraction angiography provided, the dissection flap appeared to originate at the internal carotid artery terminus with extension into the right M1 segment and occluding the right anterior cerebral artery, A1 segment. CT perfusion study showed salvageable tissue in the posterior MCA territory, including the motor cortex. In order to avoid further injury to the dissection, clot retrieval systems were not a treatment option. We therefore performed selective thrombus aspiration with the Penumbra system for the occluded central and precentral arteries distal to the non-occlusive dissecting lesion. Sufficient recanalization was achieved and the patient made a marked recovery. Although mechanical thrombectomy with the use of retrieval intracranial stent systems has demonstrated satisfactory recanalization rates, the aspiration methodology remains useful for patients with an accompanying proximal vascular lesion.
Chronic cold stress sensitizes brain noradrenergic reactivity and noradrenergic facilitation of the HPA stress response in Wistar Kyoto rats

Many psychiatric disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders, result from an interaction between genetic factors and exposure to a sufficiently sensitizing environmental stressor. The inbred Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat strain has been proposed as a model of stress vulnerability, exhibiting an exaggerated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to stress and susceptibility to gastric ulceration. Previously, we showed that stress-activation of the brain noradrenergic system was deficient in WKY rats, and they lacked noradrenergic facilitation of the HPA response in the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL), compared to outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) controls. Deficient modulatory function of the noradrenergic system may contribute to the stress susceptibility of WKY rats. Thus, we investigated the influence of a sensitizing stimulus, chronic intermittent cold exposure, on neuroendocrine and noradrenergic stress reactivity, and on noradrenergic facilitation of the HPA response in these two strains. Chronic cold exposure (7 days, 4 h/day, 4 degrees C) potentiated activation of the HPA axis by acute immobilization stress, assessed by measuring plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), in both strains, although to a greater extent in WKY rats, and enhanced stress-induced norepinephrine (NE) release in BSTL of WKY but not SD rats. We then compared the influence of chronic cold exposure on noradrenergic modulation of the HPA stress response in BSTL, by measuring changes in acute stress-induced elevation of plasma ACTH after microinjecting the alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor antagonist benoxathian into the BSTL. As shown previously, benoxathian attenuated stress-induced ACTH secretion in control SD but not control WKY rats. After chronic cold, the ACTH response to acute stress was attenuated by benoxathian administration into BSTL of both strains, such that the WKY response was not different from that of SD rats. Thus, chronic cold not only sensitized the release of NE in BSTL of WKY rats, but also restored noradrenergic facilitation of their already-elevated HPA response. Such functional sensitization of a previously-deficient facilitatory system may be one mechanism whereby exposure to repeated or severe stress may induce pathologic dysregulation of the stress response in susceptible individuals, resulting in psychiatric illness.
Hydrolytic and transglucosylation activities of a purified calf spleen β-glucosidase

Abstract Certain properties of the transglucosylitic activity and the hydrolytic activity of a purified calf spleen β-glucosidase (β- d -glucoside glucohydrolase EC 3.2.1.21) were investigated. There was a stimulation of both activities by sodium taurocholate and “Gaucher's factor”. The Km values for 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- d -glucoside and glucosylceramide as donors in the transglucosylation reaction were 2 mM and 0.075 mM, respectively. The Km for ceramide as acceptor was 0.149 mM with both of these compounds. The ability of several glucoside to act as donors was examined. The capacity of catalyze this “transglucosylation” reaction is greatly diminished in spleen tissue samples from Gaucher's patients. The enzyme possesses the capacity to hydrolyze 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- d -glucoside, p- nitrophenyl-β- d -glucoside , glucosylsphingosine, glucosylceramide and deoxycorticosterol-β- d -glucoside. It is postulated that a single enzyme protein may be responsible for both the hydrolytic and the transglucosylitic activities.
Zonation of Mayfly Nymphs and Caddisfly Larvae in the St. Marys River

Sampling of benthos at 166 stations in the lower two-thirds of the St. Marys River in 1974 and 1975 yielded a total of 9 mayfly and 20 caddisfly genera. Densities of mayflies (primarily the pollution sensitive Hexagenia) ranged from 0 to more than 2,000/m2 and caddisflies (primarily Polycentropus) from 0 to 744/m2 in individual samples. No mayflies were collected in a 20 km section of the river extending from below Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, to the head of Lake George – an area previously identified by the International Joint Commission as having been “degraded” by industrial wastes. In three sections of the river progressively farther downstream from the degraded section, the average numbers of mayfly nymphs increased from 36 to 264 to 457/m2; and in three other non-degraded sections of the river, the range was 127 to 341/m2. Densities of caddisfly larvae were low (4/m2) in the degraded section of the river that was devoid of mayflies and ranged from 7 to 1017m2 in non-degraded sections. Average densities for all stations combined were 220/m2 for mayflies and 34/m2 for caddisflies.
Intestinal calcium transport in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their genetically matched WKY rats.

AbstractCalcium transport across the basolateral membranes of the enterocyte represents the active step in calcium translocation. This step occurs by two mechanisms, an ATP-dependent pump and a Ca2+/Na+ exchange process. These studies were designed to investigate these two processes in jejunal basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) of the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their genetically matched controls, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats.The ATP-dependent calcium uptake was stimulated several-fold compared with no ATP condition in both SHR and WKY, but no differences were noted between rate of calcium uptake in SHR and WKY. Kinetics of ATP-dependent calcium uptake at concentrations between 0.01 and 1.0 μM revealed a Vmax of 0.67 ± 0.03 nmol/mg protein/20 sec and a Km of 0.2 ± 0.03 μM in SHR and Vmax of 0.69 ± 0.12 and a Km of 0.32 ± 0.14 μM in WKY rats.Ca2+/Na+ exchange in jejunal BLMV of SHR and WKY was investigated in two ways. First, sodium was added to the incubation medium (cis-Na+). Second, Ca2+ effl...
Increased muscular β‐hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase with McArdle's disease

Enzymes of energy production were measured in muscle homogenates and in individual muscle fibers from 5 patients with McArdle's disease. Individual fibers were investigated to determine whether fibers of all types were completely devoid of glycogen phosphorylase activity and whether the involved fibers might be biochemically altered in a fiber type dependent manner to enhance the energy-generating capabilities of the cells through other metabolic pathways. Using highly sensitive biochemical assays, a complete absence of glycogen phosphorylase, a and b, activity was found in fibers of all types in the McArdle's patients. Levels of enzymes representing glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and high energy phosphate metabolism were essentially normal in each fiber type, indicating an apparent lack in metabolic adaptation of these energy pathways to the absence of glycogen utilization. However, a key enzyme in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids (beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, beta OAC) was elevated in all patients, and substantially in 4 of the 5. This suggested that lipid substrates can provide support for oxidative endurance capacity in some patients. Individual fiber analyses indicated that the compensation involved fibers of all types.
Biochemical Properties of Mutant and Wild-type Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases Are Consistent with the Coupling of Intra- and Intersubunit Conformational Changes in the T- and R-state Transition

The significance of interactions between AMP domains in recombinant porcine fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is explored by site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic characterization of homogeneous preparations of mutant enzymes. Mutations of Lys42, Ile190, and Gly191 do not perturb the circular dichroism spectra, but have significant effects on ligand binding and mechanisms of cooperativity. The Km for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and the Ki for the competitive inhibitor, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, decreased by as much as 4- and 8-fold, respectively, in the Q32L, K42E, K42T, I190T, and G191A mutants relative to the wild-type enzyme. Q32L, unlike the other four mutants, exhibited a 1.7-fold increase in Kcat. Mg2+ binding is sigmoidal for the five mutants as well as for the wild-type enzyme, but the Mg2+ affinities were decreased (3-22-fold) in mutant FBPases. With the exception of Q32L (8-fold increase), the 50% inhibiting concentrations of AMP for K42E, K42T, I190T, and G191A were increased over 2,000-fold (>10 mM) relative to the wild-type enzyme. Most importantly, a loss of AMP cooperativity was found with K42E, K42T, I190T, and G191A. In addition, the mechanism of AMP inhibition with respect to Mg2+ was changed from competitive to noncompetitive for K42T, I190T, and G191A FBPases. Structural modeling and kinetic studies suggest that Lys42, Ile190, and Gly191 are located at the pivot point of intersubunit conformational changes that energetically couple the Mg2+-binding site to the AMP domain of FBPase.
The effect of language design on time-sharing operational efficiency

The importance of “think time” for operational efficiency of time-sharing systems is re-emphasized. It is pointed out that think time is an experimental dependent parameter of the software-hardware programming system and may be lengthened or shortened as a function of console or programming language design. A simple computational model is used to predict the behavior of response time as a function of think time for different conditions of service loading. The economic implications are considered.
In a drug discrimination procedure isolation-reared rats generalize to lower doses of cocaine and amphetamine than rats reared in an enriched environment.

Rats with different behavioral histories, defined by rearing and housing in either an enriched condition (EC) or an isolation condition (IC), were trained in a two-lever operant procedure to discriminate 5.0 mg/kg cocaine from saline. In cocaine dose-generalization tests, the IC rats exhibited an ED50 (1.01 mg/kg) significantly lower than the EC rats (ED50:1.55 mg/kg). The cocaine-appropriate responding was emitted when the rats were treated withd-amphetamine, and for thed-amphetamine test doses the ED50 (0.19 mg/kg) was again significantly lower for the IC rats compared to the ECs (ED50:0.33 mg/kg). These data suggest that IC rats are more sensitive to the stimulus properties of indirect dopaminergic agonists than EC rats and highlight the importance of environmental variables in governing an organism's response to the stimulus properties of abused drugs.
Head presentation in Indian Chiroptera.

MORE than a century ago, Daniell1 described a head presentation during parturition in Nyctalus noctula. This record has been considered unique among bats, since later investigators have not been able to observe a similar birth. Breech presentation has been considered to be the usual rule in Chiroptera, following the observations of Rollinat and Trouessart2 on Myotis myotis (called by them Vespertilio murinus), Sherman3 on Myotis austroriparius and more recently by Wimsatt4 on Myotis lucifugus among the Vespertilionidae, and Blake5 in a Phyllostomid bat (Erophylla planifrons?).
GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH IN ECHINOCHLOA CRUS‐GALLI VAR. ORYZICOLA UNDER ANOXIC CONDITIONS: STRUCTURAL ASPECTS

The morphological and cellular basis of anoxic germination in Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola is reported. The embryo of E. crus-galli var. oryzicola is typically panicoid in its overall morphology, and is relatively large with a prominent coleoptile and mesocotyl. The response to anoxia is essentially the same in light and dark. Shoot growth occurs in both mesocotyl and coleoptile by cell elongation with no cell division. There is no emergence of the radicle without oxygen. Under anoxia the growth response is not the same as etiolation; there is no plumule elongation within the coleoptile, no protochlorophyll(ide) is found, and limited mesocotyl elongation occurs without oxygen. Air-dark treatment after anoxic germination results in a typical etiolated morphological response, including a resumption of mesocotyl growth, elongation of the plumule within the coleoptile, and initiation of pigment synthesis. These results indicate the effects of anoxia are not permanent but rather limiting and reversible.
The sites of synthesis and the subsequent migration of newly synthesized protein in retina

Abstract Radioautographs of rabbit retinas fixed immediately after a 1 or 2 min exposure in vitro to 3H leucine revealed high rates of protein synthesis in receptor cell inner segments, perikarya of ganglion cells, and cells of the inner nuclear layer. If these brieflly labelled retinas were returned to unlabelled medium for periods of up to 6 hr, the radioautographs revealed a progressive dispersion of the labelled proteins from their sites of synthesis. This was largely completed by 1 1 2 hr and appeared, in one instance at least, to involve processes other than simple diffusion. Superimposed on the dispersive phenomenon was a process of concentration of the newly formed proteins at two sites quite distant from their synthesis, that was apparent after 1 1 2 hr. One of these sites was the receptor cell outer segments, as has been previously described, the other was the outer plexiform layer.
Genetic recombination through protoplast fusion in Streptomyces.

MEMBERS of the genus Streptomyces yield over 60% of known antibiotics1, including more than 70 commercial products2, as well as at least one very important enzyme (glucose isomerase). Members of the related genera Nocardia and Micromonospora produce some further valuable antibiotics (rifamycins, gentamicins). Recombination through conjugation is widespread in these actinomycetes3 but only to a very limited extent has it been applied to strain improvement. The main reason for its neglect has probably been the necessity to introduce selectable (for example drug resistance) or more generally counter-selectable (auxotrophic) markers into the strains to be crossed in order to identify recombinants occurring at frequencies of 10−6 or lower among predominantly asexual progeny. The marking of strains is time-consuming; moreover it may induce deleterious mutations along with the markers, and these will usually go undetected since auxotrophic mutations themselves often depress antibiotic yield. In certain cases, recombination occurs so rarely that single markers in each parent cannot be used to distinguish it from reverse mutation4, while in some strains no recombination has been detected3. The availability of a simple generally applicable procedure to recombine actinomycete strains at high frequency would therefore greatly facilitate the routine use of recombination in strain improvement. We report here such a procedure for Streptomyces which depends on polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced protoplast fusion and regeneration. Recombination frequencies achieved by this technique are so high that selectable markers could be dispensed with, at least in certain kinds of strain improvement programmes.
THz imaging of skin hydration: motivation for the frequency band

A reflective terahertz (THz) system has been under development for imaging and monitoring of skin hydration, and through consideration of attenuation, scattering, spatial resolution and measurement of sensitivity, the frequency band 0.4 - 0.7 THz has been determined optimal for operation. THz, typically defined as the frequency range between 0.1-10 THz, has been proposed for skin hydration imaging and monitoring primarily due to being non-ionizing radiation and highly sensitivity to water concentrations. While it is important to maximize measurement sensitivity to changes in water concentration, the optimal operational frequency band must simultaneously minimize the scattering from the targets (i.e. skin) and attenuation, as well as maximize the spatial resolution. In terms of atmospheric attenuation, from 0.4 to 1 THz, there are broad absorption lines at 556 GHz and 750 GHz, and large transmission windows centered at 500, 650, and 870 GHz. Scattering of the energy reflected from skin was show, using modeling, that as the frequency increased there was a considerable decrease in the power fraction reflected in the specular direction. For measurement sensitivity, it was shown that a change in reflectivity per change in water volume at 100 GHz was nearly an order of magnitude higher at 1 THz. Finally, as should be expected, higher frequencies were better for spatial resolution. In consideration of the above criteria, the motivation for using the 0.4-0.7 THz band will be presented as well as an overview the developed THz pulse reflective imaging system for imaging of skin hydration.
Control analysis of stationary forced oscillations.

Metabolic control analysis is here extended to stationary dynamic phenomena arising from a steadily oscillating external force. The extension focuses on the form of the oscillations, in terms of the discrete spectrum of the frequencies, as obtained by expansion into a Fourier series. The control of each oscillating metabolite concentration (or reaction rate) by any enzyme in the system is described by (i) periodic control coefficients referring to the control on the time dependence of that concentration and (ii) Fourier control coefficients. One for each Fourier frequency, the latter refer to the control of the waveform (and total amplitude) of the oscillations. It is shown how both types of control coefficient can be expressed in terms of elasticity coefficients (which comprise the relevant enzyme kinetics) and network structure. Importantly, integrals of the elasticity coefficients and reaction rates enter the expressions for the control coefficients; enzyme kinetic information along the entire oscillat...
Mathematical Description of Kinetic Resolution with an Enantiomerically Impure Catalyst and Nonracemic Substrate

Kinetic resolution is an important method in organic chemistry; catalytic kinetic resolution is especially attractive because a smaller amount of the optically active material is required. In principle, a naturally occurring catalyst (enzyme) or a synthetic catalyst can be employed. Possible disadvantages of an enzymatic catalyst include limited scope of reactions and substrates; therefore, there is an increasing effort targeted at the design of chemical catalysts for kinetic resolution. The most useful parameter in comparing different catalysts is the selectivity factor S, which is the ratio of the rate constants for the reaction of the catalyst with the two enantiomers of the substrate (S = (k_1/k_2), see below). Mathematical treatment of kinetic resolution should provide a way to calculate S from experimental observables, and for enantiomerically pure catalysts the equations are well-known from the work of Kagan and others.
Leisure as a cross-cultural concept

Leisure is a complex topic that, at times, appears to defy logical explanation. Research that examines and compares leisure cross-culturally can provide important information to aid our understanding of the phenomenon. With an increasing need for such studies, researchers have recognised that common academic definitions of leisure may not directly translate or be usefully applied in such research. In this paper, we re-examine the concept of leisure to develop an operational definition that is applicable across cultures and ensures comparability across study results. To do this, we review and incorporate theories and research from biology, anthropology, psychology, economics and leisure studies to identify key characteristics and develop a definition of leisure. We also discuss potential methodological and theoretical implications of using the proposed definition.
Factors controlling steroid biosynthesis in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal

The biosynthesis of aldosterone in the adrenal zona glomerulosa is influenced by a number of factors of which the main physiological regulator is the octapeptide, angiotensin II (AII). Sodium restriction increases plasma aldosterone, adrenal glomerulosa AII receptors and the activity of enzymes of the early and late aldosterone biosynthetic pathway. The effects of sodium restriction are mimicked by prolonged administration of low doses of AII, and prevented by blockade of AII formation using converting enzyme inhibitors, indicating that the effects of sodium restriction are mediated by AII. However, the adrenal glomerulotrophic actions of AII are impaired in rats on high sodium diet indicating that other factors are modulating the effects of AII in these conditions. A number of factors are known to influence aldosterone secretion, several of which have been shown to preferentially modulate the effect of AII. While the stimulatory effect of AII is potentiated by serotonin or increases in extracellular potassium, it is inhibited by dopamine, somatostatin and atrial natriuretic peptide. Future investigations will be important to understand the relative role of the individual regulators in the physiological control of adrenal sensitivity to AII, and how activation of various intracellular messenger systems results in changes in activity of the enzymes of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway.
Conservative smoothing stabilizes discrete-numerical instabilities in SPH material dynamics computations

Analysis of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics reveals that SPH: (i) has an instability; (ii) cannot be stabilized with artificial viscosities; (iii) can be stabilized with conservative smoothing.
Gender equity in the academic labor market: an analysis of academic disciplines

This study uses hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to analyze the effect of human capital, structural characteristics of the discipline, and disciplinary labor market conditions on faculty salaries. Faculty in disciplines characterized by relatively low demand, high teaching loads, and low amounts of research funding earn less than do faculty in other disciplines. Additionally, even after controlling for an array of individual and disciplinary characteristics, women faculty members earn less than their male peers.
Effects of androgen deprivation on the histology of adult chimpanzee testis

Until primate sperm are exposed to the unique microenvironment of the epididymis, they are not capable of fertilization or vigorous motility. Many of the proteins that contribute to the unique microenvironment of the primate epididymis, and thus to sperm maturation, are dependent on androgens to induce their synthesis and secretion. GnRH antagonists have proved effective in suppressing LH and testosterone synthesis and secretion, and thus in maintaining a state of androgen deprivation or functional hypogonadotropism. We report here the effects of GnRH antagonist-induced androgen-deprivation on the histology of the testicular interstitium and seminiferous epithelium of the adult male chimpanzee. After only 21 days of androgen-deprivation, chimpanzee testicular tissues exhibit specific atrophic changes, including the loss of contact between developing spermatocytes and between Sertoli cells and their developing spermatids, alterations in cell development resulting in missing maturation steps (elongating Sc and structurally complete Sd2 spermatids) and inappropriate cell associations, varying degrees of cytoplasmic degradation in germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, and a tubular lumen obscured by masses of sloughed primary and secondary spermatocytes and what appear histologically to be Sb1 and Sd1 spermatids.
Two-dimensional 14N HYSCORE spectroscopy of the coordination geometry of ligands in dimanganese di-μ-oxo mimics of the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II

We use two-dimensional hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy to investigate the coordination geometry of the nitrogen ligands of biomimetic models of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. In the 2D HYSCORE spectroscopy study, [(bpy)2MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV(bpy)2](ClO4)3 (bpy, 2,2′-bipyridine) (1) and [H2O(terpy)MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) (2) exhibit electron-nuclear hyperfine interactions that depend on both the oxidation state of the manganese ion and the geometry of the nitrogen ligand. We observe four types of 14N hyperfine interactions corresponding to the Mn(III) and Mn(IV) ion of each mixed-valence complex and the equatorial and axial geometry of the ligand, respectively. The strongest and the weakest hyperfine interactions arise from the axial and equatorial ligands of the Mn(III) ion, respectively. The hyperfine interactions of intermediate strength are due to the axial and equatorial ligands of the Mn(IV) ion. Based on the results of this study, we assign the location and ligand geometry of the Mn(III) ion of the tetranuclear manganese–calcium–oxo cluster in the S2 state of photosystem II.
Preserving consumer privacy on IEEE 802.11s-based smart grid AMI networks using data obfuscation

While the newly envisioned Smart(er) Grid (SG) will result in a more efficient and reliable power grid, its use of fine-grained meter data has widely raised concerns of consumer privacy. In this paper, we propose to implement a data obfuscation approach to preserve consumer privacy and assess its feasibility on large-scale Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) network built upon the new IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh standard. We first propose a secure obfuscation value distribution approach on this 802.11s-based wireless mesh network. Using obfuscation values provided via this approach, the meter readings are obfuscated to protect consumer privacy from eavesdroppers and the utility companies while preserving the utility companies’ ability to use the data for state estimation. We assessed the impact of using this privacy approach on the data throughput and delay. Simulation results have shown that the approach does not introduce additional overhead to the network.
Recent developments in Lippman photography

Lippmann photography is an effective tool to study holographic materials. Some attempts to take advantage of modern technology to make Lippmann photographs and to investigate their structure are presented. In this paper we specify some processes and techniques used to record, process, and protect such pictures. The techniques we used to product ultra fine grain emulsions and to analyze Lippmann color photographs are also described.
Inspiratory and Expiratory Steady Flow Analysis in a Model Symmetrically Bifurcating Airway

Steady inspiratory and expiratory flow in a symmetrically bifurcating airway model was studied numerically using the finite element method (FIDAP). Flows of Reynolds number of 500 and 1000 during inspiration and a flow of Reynolds number of 500 during expiration were analyzed. Since the geometry of the bifurcation model used in this study is exactly the same as the model used in the experimental studies, the computed results were compared to the experimental findings. Results show that most of the important flow features that were observed in the experiment, such as the skewed velocity profiles in the daughter branches during inspiration and velocity peak in the parent tube during expiration, were captured in the numerical simulation. Quantitatively, the computed velocity profiles are in good agreement with the measured profiles. This comparison validates the computational simulations.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Ethanol-Induced Hypertension in Rats

The present study investigated the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of ethanol-induced hypertension (ETH) in the rat. Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) as an index of central sympathetic tone was measured directly from the preganglionic fibers of the greater splanchnic nerve. Four weeks after starting ethanol feeding, and prior to the development of hypertension, SNA of the ethanol-fed rats was significantly greater than that of controls. The increase in SNA was also evident at the early stages of EIH, at 8 weeks, and in fully developed EIH, after 12 weeks of ethanol consumption. Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate (HR) but not SNA was impaired prior to the development of EIH at 4 weeks. However, at 8 and 12 weeks, baroreflex control of HR and SNA was normal or slightly greater than that of control rats. Because arterial pressure of ethanol-fed rats was significantly higher than that of controls at 8 and 12 weeks, the data suggest that ethanol feeding caused baroreceptor resetting. Pressor responsiveness to phenylephrine was depressed before the development of EIH but was similar to that of control rats following the development of EIH. The data also shows that blood and plasma volumes of ethanol-fed rats at the times that coincided with the pre- and posthypertensive states were similar to those of control rats which suggests that the development of EIH does not involve an increase in plasma volume. It is concluded that an increase in SNA contributes to the development of EIH and that baroreceptor resetting evoked by ethanol feeding plays a permissive role in maintaining an elevated blood pressure in ethanol-fed rats.
MICROSCOPIC MODEL OF NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS

The collision of two nuclei is treated as a collection of collisions between the nucleons of the projectile and those of the target nucleus. The primary projectile fragments contain only those nucleons that did not undergo a collision. The inclusive and coincidence cross sections result from the decay of the excited primary fragments. 15 refs., 5 figs.
Gas-liquid chromatography of gossypol.

Abstract Extraneous peaks resulting from the gas-liquid chromatography of gossypol thrimethylsilyl derivatives are shown to be the products of incomplete silylation of the gossypol molecule. A comparison of methods for the treatment of cotton root extracts prior to chromatography is presented and the quantitative determination of gossypol as its trimethylsilyl ether is discussed.
Low-energy excitations and phase transitions in the frustrated two-dimensional XY model

We study the critical properties of the two-dimensional (2D) $\mathrm{XY}$ model in a transverse magnetic field with filling factors $f=1/3$ and $2/5.$ To obtain a comparison with recent experiments, we investigate the effect of weak quenched bond disorder for $f=2/5.$ A finite-size scaling analysis of extensive Monte Carlo simulations strongly suggests that the critical exponents of the phase transition for $f=1/3$ and for $f=2/5$ with disorder are those of the pure 2D Ising model. The relevant low-energy excitations are domain walls, and we show that their properties determine the nature of the phase transition.