cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ischemia-induced impairment of left ventricular relaxation: relation to reduced diastolic filling rates of the left ventricle.

An investigation was performed in order to better define the cause of reduced diastolic filling rates of the left ventricle (LV) observed in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia. Seven closed chest, anesthetized pigs were instrumented by placing a micromanometer-tip catheter in the LV and a balloon tip catheter in the midportion of the left anterior descending coronary (LAD) artery. The animal's red blood cells were labeled with technetium-99m and LV time-activity curves obtained by means of a computer-controlled, nonimaging cardiac probe (collimated, 3.5 cm DIA, sodium iodide crystal). Nuclear data obtained simultaneously with LV pressure data were used to evaluate diastolic pressure-count rate (i.e., volume) relations of the LV under control conditions and at 5 and 10 minutes after balloon occlusion of the animal's LAD. Diastolic filling rates, the time constant (“T”) of ventricular relaxation, the chamber passive stiffness constant (“K”), and maximum negative left ventricular DPDT were computed for each experimental condition. Maximum negative DPDT decreased compared with control (1690 + 699 mm Hg/sec; mean ± 1 SD) at both 5 minutes (1040 ± 493, p < 0.01) and 10 minutes (1360 ± 588, p < 0.05) after occlusion. Likewise “T” was prolonged versus control (45.3 ± 6.4) at both 5 minutes (56.8 ± 12.8, p < 0.01) and 10 minutes (54.0 ± 8.7, p < 0.05) after occlusion. In contrast both “K” and calculated left ventricular pressure at zero counts (i.e., volume) remained constant throughout the study. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure also did not change significantly during the study. The mean, maximal, and mid to late LV diastolic filling rates all were prolonged significantly (p < 0.05) versus control at 5 minutes and 10 minutes after occlusion. The rate of early diastolic filling of the LV did not change significantly during the study, although it tended to decline along with the other rates. Thus, ischemia-induced changes in diastolic filling rates may be seen in the absence of changes in left ventricular chamber stiffness, and ischemia-induced impairment of left ventricular relaxation alone is sufficient to reduce the rate of diastolic filling of the LV.
Mergers and Acquisitions: A Means of Harvesting the Venture

The harvesting of a venture is one of the more significant events in the life of an entrepreneurial firm and its owner. Little is known about this process beyond anecdotal information. This study is an exploratory effort to investigate this part of the entrepreneurial process when it is accomplished by selling the firm.
Onset and offset responses from inferior colliculus and auditory cortex to paired noisebursts: inner hair cell loss.

Abstract Thirteen adult chinchillas were anesthetized with ketamine/acepromazine and tungsten electrodes were placed in the right inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex (AC). A reference electrode was implanted in the anterior cranium. Following a recovery period, AC and IC responses to left ear stimulation were obtained from unanesthetized animals resting in a passive restraint inside a sound-attenuating booth. After the first recording, the animals were injected with carboplatin (75 mg/kg). Four to five weeks later, a second recording was made. Stimuli were 50 ms duration (0 ms rise and fall time), 80 dB SPL noiseburst pairs. In one group of seven animals, the gap time varied from 1 to 64 ms. In a second group of six animals, the gap time ranged from 0.25 to 64 ms in order to determine gap threshold. The responses were amplified (10 000×) and filtered from 10 to 3000 Hz. Each response was the average of 100 stimulus presentations. The dependent variables were the latency of the initial positive peak and the amplitude of the response from initial positive peak to the following negativity. Following the second recording, all animals were sacrificed, the cochleas harvested, and cochleograms were obtained by counting outer hair cells (OHCs) and inner hair cells (IHCs). For the onset response to the second noiseburst of each pair, response amplitudes decreased and latencies increased with decreasing gap time. For a 64 ms gap time, the IC response approached the latencies and amplitudes seen for the onset response to the single noiseburst or first noiseburst in the pair (herein called ‘baseline’ values), while the AC response latency approached baseline values, but AC amplitude did not. Interestingly, the offset responses to the first noiseburst were not present at gaps of less than 8 ms, while the onset responses to the second noiseburst were typically present at gaps of 1–2 ms. Cochleograms revealed a normal (or near-normal) complement of OHCs, and IHC loss averaging roughly 30–40% in apical regions and increasing to 60–70% in more basal regions (compared to normative data). Following carboplatin, the latencies of IC onset responses were delayed by several tenths of a millisecond, with the greatest pre- versus post-carboplatin latency shift occurring at short noiseburst gaps. AC response latencies were largely unaffected by carboplatin. IC onset response amplitudes were reduced following carboplatin, while AC onset responses were similar to pre-carboplatin values. IC offset response latencies to the first noiseburst were increased post-carboplatin, while AC offset response latencies varied little from pre-carboplatin values. IC and AC offset response amplitudes to the first noiseburst were decreased post-carboplatin.
Synthesis and Enantioselective Diels−Alder Reactions of Optically Active Cobalt(III) Salen-1,3-butadien-2-yl Complexes

The syntheses of two optically active Co(salen)-1,3-butadien-2-yl complexes are reported. One of the dienyl complexes was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The dienyl complexes underwent Diels−Alder reactions with high enantioselectivity with dimethyl fumarate. A highlight of this chemistry is that Diels−Alder cycloadduct cobalt complexes were cleanly cleaved at the cobalt−carbon bond with concomitant optically active cobalt complex starting material and optically active cyclohexene cycloadduct recovery.
El opio de los campesinos: la cruzada contra la intoxicación alcohólica y religiosa en La bodega, de Vicente Blasco Ibáñez

Abstract Alcohol and, in particular, the consumption of alcoholic drinks by the rural working classes are key themes in Vicente Blasco Ibanez's La bodega (1905). The novel revolves around the thesis that the ‘bodega’ owners use alcohol to weaken workers’ political consciousness and keep them enslaved. In this connection, this article examines the paradox that alcoholism, perceived in bourgeois medical discourses of the time as a major vice amongst the working classes, provided the rural bourgeoisie with a powerful vehicle for the exploitation and control of the peasants. But alcohol is not the only instrument used by the bourgeoisie to control the workers. In the novel, religion is presented, along with alcohol, as a main cause of resignation, submission and political apathy amongst the rural working classes and as the best ally of the bourgeoisie. Through Fernando Salvatierra—the prophet of anarchism—and the crusade he undertakes against alcoholic and religious ‘intoxication’, La bodega denounces a decad...
Crop production strategies for managing greenbug (Homoptera : Aphididae) in sorghum

Grain sorghum for these studies was grown in a wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping system. Early greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), populations were greatly reduced by no tillage (NT) compared with conventional tillage (CT). In the CT plots, a hybrid resistant to greenbug had only half as many greenbugs per plant as a susceptible hybrid. Aphid densities on the resistant and susceptible hybrids were reduced to an even lower level by the NT treatment. This result indicates that during early stages of a greenbug infestation, NT can be more effective than plant resistance in reducing greenbug numbers. when either a NT, a late planting date, or a resistant-hybrid treatment was included as part of the cropping system, greenbug damage was reduced. The effect of these management components was complementary. The combination of NT and a resistant hybrid was most effective in reducing damage, decreasing it considerably below the economic level. Use of a resistant hybrid ameliorated the effect of the late planting date. Because cropping practices can reduce greenbug damage on grain sorghum to below economic levels without insecticides, these techniques should provide valuable alternatives for management of greenbug.
Resonance broadening measurements of atomic oxygen at 130 nm

Abstract Absorption line profiles have been measured for atomic oxygen at 130.49 nm under conditions dominated by resonance broadening. Atomic samples are prepared by dissociating oxygen in a shock tube, and are probed by tunable vacuum u.v. light generated with a Raman-shifted excimer laser. Linewidths calculated with approximate theoretical models are consistent with the current measurements, and limitations of these models are discussed by references to previously reported measurements in noble gases and metallic vapors. To our knowledge, these are the first resonance broadening measurements of atoms which are normally found in diatomics, and thus, have different electron configurations from those studied previously.
Chinese bourgeois nationalism in Hong Kong and Singapore in the 1930s

Abstract This article explains the diverse responses among the Chinese bourgeoisie in Hong Kong and Singapore to Chinese nationalist movements in the 1930s. In Singapore, the slogan of “Chinese buy Chinese goods” boosted the Chinese bourgeoisie in their business competition with Japan. The same slogan was used by the Chinese bourgeoisie in Hong Kong to emphasize increased sales of Chinese goods while Japanese imports were used by Chinese manufacturers in Hong Kong. I also interpret Chinese bourgeois nationalism in Hong Kong and Singapore as a move toward transnational economic citizenship. Emphasising their Chinese ethnicity, the bourgeoisie in Hong Kong and Singapore asked the Chinese government for favourable import tariffs. At the same time, the bourgeoisie requested the British for favourable tariffs, when they wished to export goods to markets in Britain and its colonies.
True differential microcalorimetric study of the structure of bimetallic catalyst particles

Abstract A Calvet-type true differential microcalorimeter was used to study the surface chemistry of graphite-supported Fe/Rh catalyst particles. The calorimeter has some novel features, including the capability of measuring the kinetics of adsorption of each “differential” gas dose. Previous work indicates that the structure of Fe/Rh particles changes dramatically as a function of treatment. Indeed, recently it was suggested that; (i) following oxidation (200°C) metal segregation takes place within the particles such that iron-oxide and rhodium-oxide zones exist within each particle; (ii) hydrogen treatment at low temperature (100°C) results in the reduction of these zones without alloy formation; and (iii) only hydrogen treatment at high temperature (400°C) leads to alloy formation. In this study, the calorimeter was used to measure the adsorption of oxygen on the supported metal particles in each of the reduced-metal “structures” described above. The data strongly supports the above model.
A Subset of Signal Transduction Pathways Is Required for Hippocampal Growth Cone Collapse Induced by Ephrin-A5

The Eph family tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands, ephrins, play key roles in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes including tissue patterning, angiogenesis, bone development, carcinogenesis, axon guidance, and neural plasticity. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying these diverse functions of Eph receptors have not been well understood. In this study, effects of Eph receptor activation on several important signal transduction pathways are examined. In addition, the roles of these pathways in ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse were assessed with a combination of biochemical analyses, pharmacological inhibition, and overexpression of dominant-negative and constitutively active mutants. These analyses showed that ephrin-A5 inhibits Erk activity while activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase. However, regulation of these two pathways is not required for ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse in hippocampal neurons. Artificial Erk activation by expression of constitutively active Mek1 and B-Raf failed to block ephrin-A5 effects on growth cones, and inhibitors of the Erk pathway also failed to inhibit collapse by ephrin-A5. Inhibition of JNK had no effects on ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse either. In addition, inhibitors to PKA and PI3-K showed no effects on ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse. However, pharmacological blockade of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity, the Src family kinases, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and myosin light chain kinase significantly inhibited ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse. These observations indicate that only a subset of signal transduction pathways is required for ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse.
Guidelines for psychologists working with dementia care nursing staff

There is an increasing emphasis on the use of behavioral techniques to manage problem behaviors in people suffering from a dementing illness. The need to involve psychologists with an expertise in ...
Quantum cryptography in free space with coherent-state light

In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept experimental demonstration of the secret key quantum cryptographic scheme. A tabletop communication link was set up in the free-space channel using ordinary lasers as transmitters, which emit coherent states of light, and quantum-limited direct detection was employed in the receivers. In the secret key scheme, one needs a supply of M possible quantum states that are uniformly distributed over some random variable. In the free-space case, we used polarization angle as the variable determining the state. In the proof-of-concept emonstration, we aimed towards sending data messages encrypted with a short secret key from the transmitter to the receiver. The messages could be successfully deciphered by the receiver by its knowledge of the secret key. However, when the secret key was taken away, in order to mimic an eavesdropper, the messages could not be deciphered.
The Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS) experiment

The Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS) experiment is described. The SILTS experiment will obtain high-spatial-resolution measurements of the temperatures of Shuttle orbiter leeside surfaces during atmospheric entry. The data will be obtained by means of an imaging, infrared radiometer, located atop the orbiter's vertical tail, which will view the orbiter fuselage and left wing. Implementation of the SILTS experiment required a significant change to the configuration of the orbiter's vertical tail fintip. The orbiter Columbia has been modified to carry the SILTS experiment which will be active on Columbia's next flight, currently scheduled for mid-1985.
Oxidation of pentachlorophenol in manganese oxide suspensions under controlled Eh and pH environments.

Abiotic oxidation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) was examined in order to understand the physiochemical environment(s) where PCP oxidation occurs. An Eh−pH potentiostat was used to simulate natural groundwater environments where MnO2 (0.025 g L-1) and PCP (0.020 g L-1) suspensions were incubated from Eh −300 to 300 mV and pH 4.5 to 7.0. The pH−Eh region where maximum PCP sorption occurred corresponded to the same region where the greatest concentrations of soluble Mn(II) where measured (Eh > −100 mV and pH <5.0). Reduced Mn species [Mn(II,III)] released by reductive dissolution were readsorbed and restricted further abiotic oxidation of PCP by the MnO2 surface. A greater transformation of PCP to primarily tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (p-chloranil) and smaller amounts of lesser chlorinated phenols occurred under increasing pH and Eh conditions.
Alternating Multiblock Amphiphilic Copolymers of PEG and Tyrosine-Derived Diphenols. 2. Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution and at Hydrophobic Surfaces

We present an initial study of the surfactant behavior of a new family of strictly alternating multiblock polyethers referred to as poly(DTR-PEG ether)s. These polymers consist of blocks of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine alkyl esters (DTR, where R = ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl). The PEG and DTR units are linked through an ether bond, resulting in a polymer with an amphiphilic backbone and regularly spaced, hydrophobic hydrocarbon pendent chains. The associative behavior of poly(DTR-PEG ether)s in dilute aqueous solutions was investigated spectrophotometrically by the benzoylacetoanilide enolization method and by static light scattering. The critical aggregation concentration for all investigated polymers was found to be lower than the detection limit of the spectrophotometric method used (estimated at 10-5 M of PEG-DTR blocks). The aggregation numbers measured by static light scattering were dependent on polymer composition. The adsorption of two polymers on a model graphite surface fr...
Challenge in Understanding Size and Shape Dependent Toxicity of Gold Nanomaterials in Human Skin Keratinocytes.

As the nanotechnology field continues to develop, assessing nanoparticle toxicity is very important for advancing nanoparticles for biomedical application. Here we report cytotoxicity of gold nanomaterial of different size and shape using MTT test, absorption spectroscopy and TEM. Spherical gold nanoparticles of different sizes are not inherently toxic to human skin cells, but gold nanorods are highly toxic due to the presence of CTAB as coating material. Due to toxicity of CTAB, and aggregation of gold nanomaterials in the presence of cell media, we have demonstrated that it is difficult to understand the cytotoxicity of gold nanomaterials individually.
The total number of retroperitoneal lymph nodes resected impacts clinical outcome after chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer

Objectives To evaluate the prognostic significance of the total number of lymph nodes obtained at postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND). After the multidisciplinary management of metastatic germ cell tumor, approximately 10%-15% of patients with the histologic finding of fibrosis or teratoma will suffer disease recurrence. Methods Between 1989 and 2006, a total of 628 patients underwent PC-RPLND and were found to have either fibrosis or teratoma. After Institutional Review Board approval, complete clinical and pathologic data were obtained from our prospective testis cancer surgical database. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was constructed to evaluate the association of the total number of lymph nodes obtained at PC-RPLND on disease recurrence. Results On pathologic evaluation, 248 (57%) patients had fibrosis and 184 (43%) patients had teratoma. The median number of lymph nodes resected was 25 (interquartile range, 15-37). On multivariable analysis, increasing postchemotherapy nodal size and decreasing lymph node counts were significant predictors of disease recurrence ( P = .01, .04, respectively). For patients with 10 nodes removed, the predicted 2-year relapse free probability was 90%, compared with 97% when 50 nodes were removed. Conclusions Our data suggest that the total number of lymph nodes removed and analyzed is an independent predictor of disease recurrence after PC-RPLND. This has implications both for the urologist to assure completeness of resection and for the pathologist to meticulously assess the pathologic specimens.
Docking features for predicting binding loss due to protein mutation

The human genome contains a large number of protein polymorphisms due to individual genome variation. How many of these polymorphisms lead to altered protein-protein interaction is unknown. We have developed a method that uses docking simulations to predict whether variants have altered interactions with their binding partners. A novel docking score normalization that compares the docking of mutant-containing protein pairs to that of the wild-type pair is introduced. Using the SKEMPI database and CAPRI, a training set of 167 mutant pairs (87 binders, 80 non-binders) were identified and docked using the docking program, HADDOCK. A random forest classifier that uses the differences in resulting docking scores for the 167 mutant pairs, to distinguish between variants that have either completely or partially lost binding ability, was used. 50% of non-binders were correctly predicted with a false discovery rate of only 2%. This allows for the rapid identification of a large number of protein polymorphisms that are likely to have a physiological consequence. The model was tested on a set of 15 HIV-1 - human, as well as 7 human - human glioblastoma-related, mutant proteins pairs: 50% of combined non-binders were correctly predicted with a false discovery rate of 10%.
Judicial Review of Administrative Agencies: Does the Type of Agency Matter?:

IN EXAMINING the topic of the Supreme Court's review of administrative agencies two broad perspectives can be identified. One perspective, the legal model, suggests that the Court is primarily concerned with an agency's adherence to procedural rules rather than the substantive policies produced by the agency. This view emphasizes the Court's search for neutral standards of review and speaks in terms of the degree of deference owed the agency, the extent to which the agency's actions comport with congressional intent, and whether an agency's findings are based on substantial evidence or could be said to be arbitrary and capricious (Davis 1977). The second perspective, most frequently associated with the schools of political jurisprudence and legal realism, emphasizes the extent to which such determinations are affected by the Court's attitude toward the agency's policy decisions. Although the concepts of procedure and policy are not always easily separated, the political jurisprudence perspective stresses the Court's concern with the policy direction of the agency, not simply whether it made its decisions in a procedurally correct manner (Shapiro 1964). Adherents of political jurisprudence have employed a variety of approaches in seeking to explain judicial behavior with respect to agencies. For instance, some political scientists have adopted a case study methodology and stressed the political context within which the Court and agency, acting as supplementary lawmakers, have sought to shape substantive policy (Shapiro 1968; Fiorino 1976; Crowley 1985). Other scholars, employing aggregate data, have investigated the overall level of Court support for administrative agencies and the degree to which variations in support for individual agencies can be attributed to disagreements on questions of policy (Pritchett 1948; Tanenhaus 1960; Canon and Giles 1972; Handberg 1979). Those who have relied on aggregate data have inevitably found that the level of Court support varies from agency to agency, but there has not been a systematic investigation of whether the level of Court support depends upon the type of regulatory agency before the Court. The failure to do so may reflect the fact that no single typology of regulatory agencies has received widespread acceptance. Nevertheless, in recent years several scholars have noted that "new style" social agencies differ in important ways from "old style" economic agencies. If noticeably different interests
Physical Activity in Aging Changes in Patterns and Their Relationship to Health and Function

Sedentary behavior is an important risk factor for chronic disease morbidity and mortality in aging. However, there is a limited amount of information on the type and amount of activity needed to promote optimal health and function in older people. The purpose of this review is to describe the change in patterns of habitual physical activity in aging and the relationship of these changes to physical function and selected chronic diseases. We undertook a literature review of large population-based studies of physical activity in older people, and there is encouraging evidence that moderate levels of physical activity may provide protection from certain chronic diseases. Additionally, substantial health effects can be accrued independent of the fitness effects achieved through sustained vigorous activity. Thus, regular participation (i.e., 30 minutes/day on most days of the week) in activities of moderate intensity (such as walking, climbing stairs, biking, or yardwork/gardening), which increase accumulated daily energy expenditure and maintain muscular strength, but may not be of sufficient intensity for improving fitness, should be encouraged in older adults. Public policy should focus on ways of increasing volitional and lifestyle activity in older people, as well as on increasing the availability and accessibility of senior and community center programs for promoting physical activity throughout the life span.
The basis-change algorithm for fast finite field transforms

A computational algorithm is developed which involves the change of basis of field elements during the nontrivial evaluation of coset elements. This finite field arithmetic is equipped with cyclic shifting for scaling, simple table lookups for polynomial reduction, and a series of component-wise modular adders. Application of these concepts to the existing fast transform not only serves to simplify the transform, but also leads to the development of a very compact signal processing device which can be implemented as a building block and seamlessly integrated with a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) system. Once the butterfly operation module of a cyclotronic coset based on the algorithm is developed, the integration of the modules leads to an efficient VLSI implementation of the pipeline stages of the fast transform. >
Towards Optimal Resource Utilization in Heterogeneous P2P Streaming

Though plenty of research has been conducted to improve Internet P2P streaming quality perceived by end-users, little has been known about the upper bounds of achievable performance with available resources so that different designs could compare against. On the other hand, the current practice has shown increasing demand of server capacities in P2P-assisted streaming systems in order to maintain high-quality streaming to end-users. Both research and practice call for a design that can optimally utilize available peer resources. In the paper, we first present a new design, aiming to reveal the best achievable throughput for heterogeneous P2P streaming systems. We measure the performance gaps between various designs and this optimal resource allocation. Through extensive simulations, we find out that several typical existing designs have not fully exploited the potential of system resources. However, the control overhead prohibits the adoption of this optimal approach. Then, we design a hybrid system in trading off the cost of assignment and utilization of resources. This hybrid approach has a proved theoretical bound on efficiency of utilization. Simulation results show that compared with the optimal resource allocation, our proposed hybrid design can achieve near-optimal (up to $90\%$) utilization while only use much less (below $4\%$) control overhead. Our results provide a basis for both server capacity planning in current P2P-assisted streaming practice and future protocol designs.
Measuring parent perceptions of school climate

Parents' attitudes about their children's schools matter. Their views can shape their children's attitudes about school, affect their levels of family-school engagement, and influence their residential and school enrollment decisions. In this article, we describe the development of a survey scale to assess parent perceptions of the climate of their child's school. Our comprehensive scale development process incorporated feedback from academics and potential respondents from the outset of the design process to enhance scale quality. We conducted 3 studies with national samples of parents (n = 385; n = 253; n = 266) to gather evidence of scale score reliability and valid score inferences based on convergent and discriminant validity. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we identified a theoretically grounded factor structure that fit the data well but found no evidence that parental response patterns distinguish between academic and social elements of school climate. Furthermore, we found that parents of younger children, on average, had a more positive perception of the school's climate than did parents of older children. We conclude by discussing how researchers and Pre-K-12 schools and districts can use the scale to aid school improvement efforts.
Modeling and control of underwater robotic vehicles

With the increased utilization of remotely operated vehicles in subsea applications, the development of autonomous vehicles becomes highly desirable to enhance operator efficiency. The dynamic model of an untethered remotely operated underwater vehicle is presented, and an adaptive control strategy for such vehicles is described. The robustness of the control system with respect to nonlinear dynamic behavior and parameter uncertainties is investigated by computer simulation. The results show that the use of the adaptive control system can provide high performance of the vehicle in the presence of unpredictable changes in the dynamics of the vehicle and its environment. >
Teachers of Adult Music Learners: An Assessment of Characteristics and Instructional Practices, Preparation, and Needs

This study investigated characteristics and experiences of teachers of adult music learners, instructional aspects they perceive to be unique to teaching adults, and their self-perceived needs in p...
“POPPIES ARE DEMOCRACY!” A CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS OF OPIUM ERADICATION AND REINTRODUCTION IN TURKEY*

Historical scholarship in traditional geopolitics often relied on documents authored by states and by other influential actors. Although much work in the subfield of critical geopolitics thus far has addressed imbalances constructed in official, academic, and popular media due to a privileging of such narratives, priority might also be given to unearthing and bringing to light alternative geopolitical perspectives from otherwise marginalized populations. Utilizing the early-1970s case of the United States' first “war on drugs,” this article examines the geopolitics of opium-poppy eradication and its consequences within Turkey. Employing not only archival and secondary sources but also oral histories from now-retired poppy farmers, this study examines the diffusion of U.S. antinarcotics policies into the Anatolian countryside and the enduring impressions that the United States and Turkish government created. In doing so, this research gives voice to those farmers targeted by eradication policies and speaks more broadly to matters of narcotics control, sentiments of anti-Americanism, and notions of democracy in Turkey and the region, past and present.
Perceived Happiness of College Students Measured by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

Broad categories have been suggested for the events which contribute to happiness. In 1943 Maslow might have argued that people are happy when they meet or continue to meet their basic needs in his hierarchy of needs. A survey was given to 150 college students to assess which of Maslow's levels of need is perceived to be most important to happiness. Falling or staying in love was chosen significantly more often than the other choices by undergraduates of both genders. These results suggest that love is considered to be an extremely important contributor to the feeling of happiness among college students.
Analysis of signal-to-noise behavior in cartesian continuous sampling sequences: Predictions and experimental validation of opportunities for improved image SNR

Image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limits many MRI applications. Here we propose a method to improve SNR based on continuous sampling (CS) during each TR without significant increases in acquisition time. The general concept of CS is defined here as sampling the NMR signal immediately after slice excitation including ramp times, both the dephase and rephase lobes, the phase-encoding (PE) gradient application, and the slice refocusing gradient. This study analyzes several cases of CS and demonstrates a specific case where sampling occurs during an isolated and balanced readout gradient in order to increase SNR in a rectilinear Cartesian sequence without significantly increasing overall acquisition time. The noise correlation consequences of rectilinear CS are mathematically derived and proven through simulation. The SNR improvement of up to ∼40% measured in both phantom and asymptomatic human volunteer images is comparable to theoretical prediction of increased SNR proportional to the increase in the square root of the sampling time. Magn Reson Med 58:819–824, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection of atrial fibrillation by implanted devices with wireless data transmission capability.

Remote telemetry may facilitate the management of implantable devices. We tested the reliability of a new automatic, wireless home monitoring (HM) system that archives data every 24 hours. We retrospectively analyzed archival data from 276 consecutive pacing system implants to define temporal atrial fibrillation (AF) patterns and associated ventricular rate. An "AF day" was defined by a >20%/24 hour mode switch (MS) duration, irrespective of the MS number. Management decisions resulting from transmissions were noted. A pilot study confirmed that 89% of 22,356 transmissions were successful, of which >90% were received in /=1 day during which the AF burden was >50% of 24 hours. Ventricular rates during 645 AF days in 29 patients averaged 95.1 +/- 9.9 beats/min (median = 94 beats/min). Ventricular rates were >80 beats/min in 25 +/- 30 AF days (median = 11 days). HM enabled rapid anticoagulation decisions. In recipients of implantable devices, automatic wireless telemetry with HM was efficient and reliable. Its application may overcome some current challenges in AF management by early notification and precise measurement of both AF burden and ventricular rate during AF.
A DSS Design Model for complex problems: Lessons from mission critical infrastructure

This paper presents a new DSS Design Model for complex, mission critical decision-making situations and its technical, conceptual, and partial empirical evaluation. The new model was derived from conceptual design research and through a deep qualitative field research study at an electric power utility control center-a typical arena for ''wicked'' problems. The model suggests an iterative process of theory, simulation, and decision-making interactions. The DSS Design Model is validated using a tool instantiation, microgrid mini-case, and current research of a KMDSS for telecommunications. Main findings suggest that broader and more integrated approaches are necessary to design DSS for complex domains.
Teaching Business Cases Online Through Discussion Boards: Strategies and Best Practices:

What are the most effective and efficient ways to teach business cases online, specifically in asynchronous electronic discussion boards? This article describes several design strategies and approaches used by instructors at Babson College to structure and facilitate online case discussions in our blended Fast Track MBA program.
Phosphatidylserine synthase 2: high efficiency for synthesizing phosphatidylserine containing docosahexaenoic acid

Phosphatidylserine (PS), the major anionic phospholipid in eukaryotic cell membranes, is synthesized by the integral membrane enzymes PS synthase 1 (PSS1) and 2 (PSS2). PSS2 is highly expressed in specific tissues, such as brain and testis, where docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is also highly enriched. The purpose of this work was to characterize the hydrocarbon-chain preference of PSS2 to gain insight on the specialized role of PSS2 in PS accumulation in the DHA-abundant tissues. Flag-tagged PSS2 was expressed in HEK cells and immunopurified in a functionally active form. Purified PSS2 utilized both PE plasmalogen and diacyl PE as substrates. Nevertheless, the latter was six times better utilized, indicating the importance of an ester linkage at the sn-1 position. Although no sn-1 fatty acyl preference was noted, PSS2 exhibited significant preference toward DHA compared with 18:1 or 20:4 at the sn-2 position. Preferential production of DHA-containing PS (DHA-PS) was consistently observed with PSS2 purified from a variety of cell lines as well as with microsomes from mutant cells in which PS synthesis relies primarily on PSS2. These findings suggest that PSS2 may play a key role in PS accumulation in brain and testis through high activity toward DHA-containing substrates that are abundant in these tissues.
ZERO THICKNESS DIFFUSION BARRIERS AND METALLIZATION LINERS FOR NANOSCALE DEVICE APPLICATIONS

A robust diffusion barrier and metallization liner technology are critical for the realization of a functional and reliable interconnect structure. While copper barrier materials and processes have evolved significantly since the onset of copper-based metallization, the extendibility of existing barrier/liner solutions for use in emerging nanoscale interconnect structures faces a number of significant challenges related to the continued scaling of IC feature sizes. A key element in addressing these challenges includes developing an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to barrier failure and subsequent interconnect reliability deficiencies, and identifying how such mechanisms differ in the nanoscale regime from their counterparts at the microscale regime. In this respect, it is important that these distinctions serve as baseline in establishing the factors that determine the relevance and applicability of potential barrier solutions. Furthermore, it is critical to understand how these factors have evo...
Probing the structure of a putative intermediate in homologous recombination: the third strand in the parallel DNA triplex is in contact with the major groove of the duplex.

Abstract A three-stranded DNA that is a putative intermediate of homologous recombination is a novel DNA triplex, R -form DNA. In R - form DNA the third strand includes both purines and pyrimidines and is parallel to the identical strand of the duplex. To text and refine our previously proposed R -form base triplets we have used two approaches: (1) dimethyl sulfate protection of R -form DNA; and (2) thermal dissociation of R -form DNAs in which the duplex strands were substituted in a strand-specific manner with either 7-deaza-guanine or 7-deaza-adenine. Together, the footprinting and isosteric substitution results demonstrate that the third strand in R -form DNA is in contact with the purines in the N 7 position in the major groove of the Watson–Crick duplex in three ((GC):G, (AT):A and (TA):T out of the four possile triplets. Furthermore, these reults suggest that the N 7 positions of the duplex play a significant role in stabilizing the DNA–DNA contacts during the homology recognition process.
Wealth reallocation and sustainability under climate change

This Perspective links climate change and the distribution of wealth. Using an 'inclusive wealth' framework, it is shown that climate change could dramatically reallocate wealth, with important implications for sustainable development. Climate change is often described as the greatest environmental challenge of our time. In addition, a changing climate can reallocate natural capital, change the value of all forms of capital and lead to mass redistribution of wealth. Here we explain how the inclusive wealth framework provides a means to measure shifts in the amounts and distribution of wealth induced by climate change. Biophysical effects on prices, pre-existing institutions and socio-ecological changes related to shifts in climate cause wealth to change in ways not correlated with biophysical changes. This implies that sustainable development in the face of climate change requires a coherent approach that integrates biophysical and social measurement. Inclusive wealth provides a measure that indicates sustainability and has the added benefit of providing an organizational framework for integrating the multiple disciplines studying global change.
Life Cycle and Behavior of Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Louisiana: A Biological Control Agent of Waterhyacinth

Neochetina eichhorniae Warner has four generations per year in southern Louisiana. The adult sex ratio (males to females) in the field was 1:1, and adults, larvae, and pupae overwintered. Population intensities as high as 8 weevils per plant were observed in August 1980. Adult weevil longevity averaged 57.8 ± 9.6 days under laboratory conditions. Oviposition occurred mainly at night, and an average of 2.8 ± 0.4 eggs were deposited per 24 h. Most eggs were deposited on the lower leaf surfaces. Larvae eclosed in ca. 8 days and completed larval development in ca. 41 days when reared under laboratory conditions. Pupation was not observed in the laboratory but occurred on the upper root system of the plant just below the water surface in the field. The number of feeding scars per day was not significantly different between sexes. Mating frequency was 50% greater at night than during the day. Adult feeding preference was upper leaf surface, lower leaf surface, and leaf petiole, respectively. Patasson sp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) were reared from weevil eggs on one occasion.
Effects of calcium and magnesium salts upon the development of rigor mortis

The effects of calcium and magnesium salts were studied on rabbits, cats, guinea pigs, rats and frogs; most extensively, however, on rabbits. Effects were obtained by means of subcutaneous, intravenous or intra-arterial injections; the intravenous method being more extensively employed than the other methods. The infusions were given in solutions of M/1, M/2, M/4, or M/8 concentration. Of the calcium salts we used CaCl2, Ca(No3)2 and Ca(C2H3O2)2; of the magnesium salts, MgSO4, MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 and Mg(C2H3O2)2.The following are the chief results. Calcium salts hasten and magnesium salts retard the development of the rigor of skeletal muscles. After treatment with calcium salts the rigor may begin twenty minutes after death, and after magnesium treatment it may not begin before the lapse of six or seven hours. In the rigor after injection of a calcium salt the extensors mostly prevail irrespective of the original position. After treatment with magnesium salts the flexors prevail or the animal remains in the ...
‘A dead letter of the statute book’: the strange bureaucratic life of the Bihar Food Economy and Guest Control Order, 1950–1954

ABSTRACTIn the years following India’s independence, food shortages threatened to destabilize the country. In response, the Indian Ministry of Food in 1950 introduced the Food Economy and Guest Control Order. This statute was designed to check waste by limiting the number of guests permitted at social gatherings and regulating the types of food items served. The Guest Control Order quickly became a flashpoint between the bureaucrats in Delhi who conceived of the austerity measures and their counterparts in state capitals tasked with implementing the policy. This article examines the correspondence between the Ministry of Food and the Bihar Supply and Price Control Department regarding the Guest Control Order for insight into early debates about the appropriate role of the state in the economy. The exchange reveals the conflicting priorities – e.g. national objectives versus local exigencies, social cohesion versus enforceability – that characterized state policy in the early years of independent India. In...
Organic-Inorganic Heterointerfaces for Ultrasensitive Detection of Ultraviolet Light

The performance of graphene field-effect transistors is limited by the drastically reduced carrier mobility of graphene on silicon dioxide (SiO2) substrates. Here we demonstrate an ultrasensitive ultraviolet (UV) phototransistor featuring an organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) sandwiched between an inorganic ZnO quantum dots decorated graphene channel and a conventional SiO2/Si substrate. Remarkably, the room-temperature mobility of the chemical-vapor-deposition grown graphene channel on the SAM is an order-of-magnitude higher than on SiO2, thereby drastically reducing electron transit-time in the channel. The resulting recirculation of electrons (in the graphene channel) within the lifetime of the photogenerated holes (in the ZnO) increases the photoresponsivity and gain of the transistor to ∼108 A/W and ∼3 × 109, respectively with a UV to visible rejection ratio of ∼103. Our UV photodetector device manufacturing is also compatible with current semiconductor processing, and suitable for large volume p...
Free T4 Index Results are Non-Specific in Patients with Hypothyroxinemia

Hypoproteinemia is well-recognized as a cause of hypothyroxinemia. Both hypoproteinemia and hypothyroxinemias are common among patients hospitalized for nonthyroidal illnesses, yet the role of T4-binding proteins in the hypothyroxinemias of nonthyroidal illness is unclear. T4-binding proteins can be measured indirectly by studies of either T3 binding or T4 binding to serum proteins, or they can be measured directly by protein-specific assays. Discrepancies between T3 binding and T4 binding are common in nonthyroidal illness, but it is unknown which, if either, represents T4-binding protein levels. In this study we measured the three T4-binding proteins by protein assays and compared the levels to the T3 binding activity and the T4 binding activity. We selected 150 hypothyroxinemic patients hospitalized for nonthyroidal illnesses solely on the basis of their serum T4 concentrations. Albumin was measured colormetrically; prealbumin (PA) and TBG were measured by immunoassay. T3 binding was measured by in vitro T3 uptake or by equilibrium dialysis, and T4 binding was measured by equilibrium dialysis. In 134 of the 150 hypothyroxinemic patients one or more of the T4-binding proteins was low. The contribution of these hypoproteinemias to the hypothyroxinemias was assessed by calculating the overall T4-binding protein level of each serum from the concentrations of each of the three individual T4-binding proteins measured by protein-specific assays and comparing this overall T4-binding protein level to the protein-bound T4 concentration (i.e., Total T4). The interrelationships between overall T4-binding protein levels, tracer T3 binding and tracer T4 binding were examined. The biochemical mechanisms of hypothyroxinemia were determined from the free T4 concentration, protein-corrected T4 level, and serum TSH without consideration of free T4 index values. The ability of the free T4 index to identify different types of hypothyroxinemias was then evaluated.
Changes in Beliefs about Category Homogeneity and Variability across Childhood.

Effective category-based induction requires understanding that categories include both fundamental similarities between members and important variation. This article explores 4- to 11-year-olds' (n = 207) and adults' (n = 49) intuitions about this balance between within-category homogeneity and variability using a novel induction task in which participants predict the distribution of a property among members of a novel category. Across childhood, children learned to recognize variability within categories-showing increasing sensitivity to the role of property type and domain in constraining inferences. Children below the age of 6 showed evidence for a domain-general assumption that categories are homogeneous-generalizing properties broadly to 100% of category members. These studies support important developmental changes in category representations that may influence category-based induction.