cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vision-Driven: Beyond Tangible Bits, Towards Radical Atoms

Our vision-driven design research is carried out through an artistic approach. Whereas much of today's mainstream Human Computer Interaction (HCI) research addresses functional concerns the needs of users, practical applications, and usability evaluation -- Tangible Bits and Radical Atoms (transformable physical materials) are driven by vision [Fig.1]. This is because today's technologies will become obsolete in one year, and today's applications will be replaced in 10 years, but true visions -- we believe -- can last longer than 100 years. This course introduces the trajectory of our vision-driven design research from Tangible Bits towards Radical Atoms, and a variety of interaction design projects that were presented and exhibited in Media Arts, Design, and HCI communities. Especially, we focus on the recent development in the two streams of Radical Atoms: 1) Dynamic Shape Display, and 2) Programmable Materials.
Compositional relationships among electrophoretic isolates from cottonseed protein bodies

Abstract Minor differences exist among polypeptides isolated from cottonseed storage globulins with respect to nutritionally-limiting amino acids, although the composition of most isolates closely resembles that of the entire storage globulin fraction. Glutamate, arginine and aspartate are the most abundant amino acids; cysteine and methionine are the least abundant. In contrast to the 10 polypeptide bands in the SDS-PAGE pattern, isoelectric focusing produced a pattern of 49 components within a range of pH 4.5–9.5. A two-dimensional electrophoretic separation indicated that most of the polypeptides resolved by SDS-PAGE are heterogeneous with respect to charge. The high ratio of isoelectric to molecular weight forms may prove advantageous for efforts to genetically improve the quality of cottonseed protein.
Optimal Force Generation for an Underconstrained Planar Cable Robot

This paper presents a planar, underconstrained cable robot designed to operate on the vertical face of overhead roadway signs. The cables that actuate the robot extend over a set of rotatable pulley arms mounted at the top corners of the sign. The redundant degrees of freedom due to the pulley arms allow for improved force generation ability of the robot at all desired locations on the sign. Redundancy is resolved by optimizing the anisotropic force generated in a desired direction. There are four distinct solution regimes dependent on the desired force angle. Of the four solution regimes, two are constraint-bound solutions for each cable force and the complementary cable angle based on monotonicity analysis. The two additional solutions are constraint-bound in the cable angles resulting in a fixed geometry, and the well-known attainable force set solution is applied.
Intracellular pH, intracellular free Ca, and junctional cell-cell coupling.

Intracellular pH (pH i ) and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+] i ) were determined inChironomus salivary gland cells under various conditions of induced uncoupling. pH i was measured with aThomas-type microelectrode, changes in [Ca2+] i and their spatial distribution inside the cell were determined with the aid of intracellularly injected aequorin and an image intensifier-TV system, and cell-to-cell coupling was measured electrically. Treatments with NaCN (5mm), DNP (1.2mm), or ionophore A23187 (2μm) caused fall in junctional conductance (uncoupling) that was correlated with [Ca2+] i elevation, as was shown before (Rose & Loewenstein, 1976,J. Membrane Biol. 28:87) but not with changes in pH i : during the uncoupling induced by CN, the pH i (normally ≈ 7.5) decreased at most by 0.2 units; during the uncoupling induced by the ionophore, pH i fell by 0.13 or rose by 0.3; and in any one of these three agents' uncouplings, the onset of uncoupling and recovery of coupling were out of phase with the changes in pH i . Intracellular injection of Ca-citrate or Ca-EGTA solutions buffered to pH 7.2 or 7.5 produced uncoupling with little or no pH i change when their free [Ca2+] i was >10−5 m. On the other hand, such a solution at pH 4, buffered to [Ca2+]<10−6 m, lowered pH i to 6.8 but produced no uncoupling. Thus, a decrease in pH i is not necessary for uncoupling in any of these conditions. In fact, uncoupling ensued also during increase in pH i : exposure to NH4HCO3 or withdrawal of propionate following exposure to a propionate-containing medium caused pH i to rise to 8.74, accompanied by [Ca2+] i elevation and uncoupling at pH i >7.8. Cell acidification itself can cause elevation of [Ca2+] i : injection (iontophoresis) of H+ invariably caused [Ca2+] i elevation and uncoupling. These effects were produced also by an application of H+-transporting ionophore Nigericin at extracellular pH 6.5 which caused pH i to fall to 6.8. Exposure to 100% CO2 produced a fall in pH i , associated in 10 out of 25 cases with [Ca2+] i elevation and, invariably, with uncoupling. The absence of a demonstrable [Ca2+] i elevation in a proportion of these trials is attributable to depression in Ca2+-measuring sensitivity; inin vivo tests, detection sensitivity for [Ca2+] i by aequorin was found to be depressed by the CO2 treatment. Upon CO2 washout, pH i and coupling recovered, but onset of recoupling set in at pH i as low as 6.32–6.88, generally lower than at the pH i at which uncoupling had set in. Exposure to 5% CO2 lowered pH i on the average by 0.3 and depressed coupling (in initially poorly coupled cells). After CO2-washout, pH i and coupling recovered. During the recovery phase [Ca2+] i was elevated, an elevation associated with renewed uncoupling or decrease in rate of recoupling. The results are discussed in connection with possible regulatory mechanisms of junctional permeability.
On the Grier−Crocker/Tata−Ise Controversy on the Macroion−Macroion Pair Potential in a Salt-Free Colloidal Suspension

Several aspects of a recent controversy between the groups of Grier and Crocker [Crocker, J. C.; Grier, D. G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 73, 352; 1996, 77, 1897. Grier, D. G.; Crocker, J. C. Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61, 980.] and Tata and Ise [Tata, B. V. R.; Ise, N. Phys. Rev. E 1998, 58, 2237; 2000, 61, 983.] over experimental data vis-a-vis the appropriateness of the classical Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek screened Coulomb pair potential versus the Sogami−Ise pair potential with an “attractive tail” in a charge-stabilized colloidal suspension are discussed. In particular, the relevant and sometimes contentious issue of the interrelationship between the effective colloid charge Zeff and the effective Debye−Huckel screening parameter κeff is explored. Through a screened Coulomb analysis of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of an isolated colloidal particle and its ion cloud, it is seen that the effective charge and the effective screening parameter remain essentially uncorrelated in practice. Examination of the unde...
Developmental neurotoxicity evaluation of acrylamide in Sprague-Dawley rats

Based on the literature to-date, the potential of acrylamide (ACRL) to cause developmental neurotoxicity in laboratory animals has not been assessed. We examined this potential in Sprague-Dawley rats using a study design similar to that proposed by the USEPA. Dosages of 0 (deionized water), 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg/day were administered at 5 ml/kg by oral gavage from gestational day 6 to lactational day 10 to groups of 12 mated females each. Females were allowed to deliver and the offspring were evaluated for survival, growth, development, behavior, and histological changes to brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve. Behavioral assessments consisted of open-field motor activity, auditory startle habituation, and passive avoidance tests during both the preweaning and adult periods (1 animal/sex/litter). All F0 and F1 animals in the 20 mg/kg/day group were euthanized early in the lactation period due to high pup mortality. Significantly increased pup mortality was also present in the 15 mg/kg/day group. There were dose-related decreases in average F0 maternal body weight gains during the dosing period in the 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg/day groups, and characteristic hindlimb splaying was observed in dams of the two highest dosage groups. Pup body weight proved to be the most sensitive indicator of developmental toxicity. Dose-related decrease in preweaning average weights were observed at all dose levels, although only transiently in the 5 mg/kg/day group. Average weight gain during the postweaning period was significantly decreased only in males of the 15 mg/kg/day group. Significant decreases in average horizontal motor activity and auditory startle response were observed only in weanlings of the 15 mg/kg/day group. The only behavioral effect in F1 adult animals was a decrease in auditory startle response in females of the 15 mg/kg/day group. There were no effects in the passive avoidance test or in the histological examination of the nervous system of preweaning pup or adult animals. Based on these results, the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) for developmental toxicity is less than 5 mg/kg/day, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity is 5 mg/kg/day, and that for developmental neurotoxicity is 10 mg/kg/day. Thus behavioral changes in the offspring were observed only at a dose which was also maternally toxic. These results suggest that acrylamide may be a selective developmental toxicant but not a selective developmental neurotoxicant, because a conventional measure of offspring toxicity (i.e., pup body weight) was affected at a dosage lower than that which produced maternal effects or offspring behavioral effects.
Modeling studies and analysis of seepage into drifts at Yucca mountain

Abstract An important issue for the long-term performance of underground nuclear waste repositories is the rate of water seepage into the waste emplacement drifts. A prediction of the seepage rate is particularly complicated for the potential repository site at Yucca Mountain, NV, which is located in a thick sequence of unsaturated, fractured tuffs. Underground openings in unsaturated media might act as capillary barriers, diverting water around them. In the present work, we study the potential rates of seepage into drifts as a function of predicted percolation flux at Yucca Mountain, based on a stochastic model of the fractured rock mass in the drift vicinity. A variety of flow scenarios are considered, assuming estimated present-day and predicted future climate conditions. We show that the heterogeneity in the flow domain is a key factor controlling seepage rates, since it causes channelized flow and local ponding in the unsaturated flow field. The rates of seepage are related in a complex non-linear manner to the rock properties, the size and shape of the drift, the degree of heterogeneity, and the assumed percolation scenario.
Antifungal Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Considerations in Burn Patients

Patients with burn injuries are at high risk of developing invasive fungal infections leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Burn patients undergo major physiologic changes, which produce significant alterations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents. These changes result from the breakdown of the body’s natural barriers to infection and the systemic responses that subsequently ensue after burn injury, including systemic inflammatory responses, third spacing, and development of a hypermetabolic state. Severe burn injuries often lead to larger volumes of distribution and increased drug clearance. Limited data are available to guide the clinician in optimizing the dosing regimen of antifungals in patients with burn injuries. We present a review of antifungal pharmacokinetics and describe how these properties can be used to design rational therapeutic regimens tailored to the pharmacodynamic alterations characteristic of burn patients.
Identifying States in Shallow Vibrated Beds

Abstract Shallow particulate beds on surfaces vibrating at ca. 25 Hz and an amplitude of a few millimetres display several states, in order of increasing bed depth: two ‘Newtonian states’ in which freely bouncing particles obey simple Newtonian mechanics; a ‘coherent—expanded (CE) state’ in which particles move together in loosely organized packets to form a turbulent shallow layer; and a ‘coherent—condensed (CC) state,’ either beneath or replacing the CE state, in which particles move together in a compacted layer. In the CC state, neighboring particles tend to remain in close company. Which states are present, as well as whether a gap forms beneath the vibrated bed, depends on bed depth and particle and gas properties. Transitions between the states appear to be sharp and quantifiable, but further investigation, both theoretical and experimental, is needed before the transitions are fully understood. The CE state provides intense solid mixing and appears likely to provide superb contacting of a solid with a gas in the space above a shallow vibrated bed. The CE state may provide an opportunity for developing a family of microreactors for kinetic studies. The CC state is characterized by a bulk solid-circulation pattern, generally stable over a long time interval, as well as by a relatively low porosity.
British war aims in World War I: A commentary on ‘statesmanship’

(1984). British war aims in World War I: A commentary on ‘statesmanship’. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 25-45.
Adsorption of Natural Organic Polyelectrolytes by Activated Carbon: A Size-Exclusion Chromatography Study

The adsorption of several different organic polyelectrolytes from aqueous solution by activated carbon was characterized. Polyelectrolytes included humic acids extracted from peat and soil, polymaleic acid, a synthetic polymer identified as a fulvic acid surrogate, and natural organic matter in Huron River (Ann Arbor, MI) water. Isotherms of individual ultrafiltration size fractions confirmed that smaller molecular size components adsorb to a greater extent on an adsorbent mass basis. The molecular weight distributions of organic polyelectrolytes remaining in solution after equilibration with various amounts of activated carbon were measured with high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). A comparison of molecular weight distributions demonstrated conclusively that small molecular size components are adsorbed preferentially; i.e., adsorptive fractionation on the basis of molecular size occurs. This behavior was observed for each of the wide variety of samples studied, suggesting that it may b...
Launching Intergenerational Programs in Early Childhood Settings: A Comparison of Explicit Intervention with an Emergent Approach

What began as a case study of intergenerational initiatives in university-based early childhood programs evolved into a comparative study of two different program implementation processes. Despite operating with the same goals, university partners, and resources, two early childhood centers pursued fundamentally different strategies for launching their intergenerational programs. One site followed what we call an “explicit intervention” with a set timeline and series of planned steps for finding, placing, and involving seniors in classroom activities. The other pursued what we call an “emergent” (or “organic”) strategy with no predetermined plan for finding senior volunteers and integrating them into classroom activities. Drawing on data collected from interviews with program staff and parents, and observations of intergenerational activities, this study serves to describe, compare, and contrast these alternative program initiation strategies. Both models are effective, but represent different approaches to valuing the contributions of older adults in the lives of young children.
Review article: sleep-related gastro-oesophageal reflux as a distinct clinical entity.

Summary Background Many patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have frequent nighttime heartburn as well as sleep-related gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR). Sleep-related GOR has been shown to play an important role in the development of oesophagitis and other complications of GOR. Aim To present a conceptual argument that nighttime heartburn and associated sleep-related GOR should be recognized as a distinct clinical entity deserving special attention with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of GERD. Methods The data presented come from surveys of GERD patients as well as from physiological studies to include studies monitoring oesophageal pH and spontaneous reflux events during polysomnographically (PSG) monitored sleep. Results Evidence is presented to show that nighttime heartburn is prevalent and its occurrence separates patients from those who have heartburn most exclusively in the daytime. The evidence presented also supports the notion that nighttime heartburn sufferers have a more complicated disease and they have a greater risk of developing oesophagitis and other respiratory complications. The data also show that responses to acid mucosal contact are quite different during sleep compared to responses measured during the waking state. Conclusions Nighttime heartburn and GOR represent a distinct clinical entity which deserves specific attention in the diagnosis and optimal treatment of GERD.
Neurotoxic effects of mercury—A review

Abstract The significant literature concerning the neurotoxic effects of mercury, biochemical, physiological, and morphological, is reviewed. Mercury was found to penetrate and damage the blood-brain barrier very rapidly, leading to a dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier system. Both biochemical and electron-microscopic histochemical analysis revealed that, intracellularly, mercury was bound to the membranous organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, nuclear envelopes and lysosomes. Only very minimal amounts of mercury were found within the nucleus. Biochemical and cytochemical studies also indicated that drastic reduction of neuronal RNA and protein synthesis occurred in mercury-intoxicated animals. Reduction of the protein synthesis was believed to lead to eventual cell death in these neurons. A regain in the neuron RNA level was also observed in prolonged intoxication with mercuric bichloride. Such an observation could also be correlated with the increasing tolerance to mercury toxicity by these animals. Disturbance of the enzymatic systems in the glycolytic pathway in the brain was also reported in mercury-poisoned animals. Neurophysiological study demonstrated abnormal excitation spikes in the mercury-intoxicated neurons. The suggestion that neuronal cell body injury preceded axonal injury was made. It was also suggested that the large-caliber myelinated fibers were more vulnerable than the smaller nerve fibers to mercury toxicity. Pathological findings on Minamata disease were summarized. In experimental models, it was found that the sensory neurons in the spinal ganglia and granule cells in the cerebellum were most vulnerable to mercury poisoning. Ultrastructural studies indicated that vacuolar degeneration of the neurons was mainly associated with inorganic mercury intoxication, while coagulative type of degeneration was found mostly in organic mercury poisoning. Degenerative changes in the nerve fibers were also observed. Based on the biochemical, physiological, and pathological findings on mercury intoxication, a working hypothesis on the pathogenetic mechanism of mercury on the nervous system is proposed.
Detection of the 1.6 μm E 4Π-A 4Π FeH System in Sunspot and Cool Star Spectra

Lines of a previously undescribed molecular band have been identified in high-resolution spectra of sunspots and in the spectra of two M dwarfs and one L dwarf. This band has also been found in laboratory spectra of a source known to produce FeH. The band has a head at 1.583 μm (6317 cm-1) and is degraded to longer wavelengths. Based on observational evidence and a published predicted band position, it is suggested that this is the 0-0 band of the E 4Π-A 4Π system of FeH.
Articular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Serial X-rays of the hands and wrists were obtained on 57 patients with rheumatoid arthritis to determine to what extent progression in erosions correlated with clinical features of the disease. Of the 11 patients with inactive disease, eight showed no progression in erosions after a median follow-up of 20 months. On the other hand, 30 of 46 active cases showed an increase in size or number of erosions over a similar period. The group with progressive erosions were significantly more likely to have: erythrocyte sedimentation rates greater than 70 mm per hr, unvarying positive latex fixation test, stage of disease showing subluxation or ankylosis when first seen, and prolonged morning stiffness. Level of immunogobulin, C'3, sheep cell or latex fixation test titer, antinuclear antibody tests or presence of subcutaneous nodules were not significantly different from the group without progressive erosions. Loss of wrist motion and finger deformities developed with equal frequency in both groups. Therefore, to obtain a true picture of the course of rheumatoid arthritis clinical measures of function and joint motion must be obtained in addition to serial roentgenograms. Multiple measurements of disease activity by themselves are not sufficiently reliable to assess the long term course of rheumatoid arthritis.
Further studies on the effect of p-hydroxynorephedrine (PONE) on norepinephrine metabolism in the rat brain.

Abstract Rats pretreated i.c. with 10 μg of PONE were administered d-amphetamine and the effect of the combination of these drug treatments on behavior and the formation of 3 H-norepinephrine from 3 H-tyrosine was measured. PONE pretreatment blocked the d-amphetamine-induced increase in exploratory activity but enhanced the production of d-amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviors. PONE pretreatment caused a 43% decrease in brain norepinephrine (NE) levels and this effect was potentiated by d-amphetamine. The in vivo formation of 3 H-NE was decreased in animals administered d-amphetamine alone or PONE + d-amphetamine. However, these groups differed in the following respects: (a) d-amphetamine decreased the rate of disappearance of 3 H-NE formed from 3 H-tyrosine while PONE + d-amphetamine enhanced disappearance; (b) d-amphetamine decreased the formation of 3 H-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MOPEG) while PONE + d-amphetamine enhanced 3 H-MOPEG formation; (c) d-amphetamine enhanced 3 H-NE release but decreased 3 H-NE synthesis in a tissue slice preparation but PONE + d-amphetamine only enhanced 3 H-NE release. The relevance of these findings to the effect of PONE pretreatment on d-amphetamine-induced behavior is discussed.
Bone integration capability of nanopolymorphic crystalline hydroxyapatite coated on titanium implants

The mechanism by which hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium promotes bone–implant integration is largely unknown. Furthermore, refining the fabrication of nano-structured HA to the level applicable to the mass production process for titanium implants is challenging. This study reports successful creation of nanopolymorphic crystalline HA on microroughened titanium surfaces using a combination of flame spray and low-temperature calcination and tests its biological capability to enhance bone–implant integration. Sandblasted microroughened titanium implants and sandblasted + HA-coated titanium implants were subjected to biomechanical and histomorphometric analyses in a rat model. The HA was 55% crystallized and consisted of nanoscale needle-like architectures developed in various diameters, lengths, and orientations, which resulted in a 70% increase in surface area compared to noncoated microroughened surfaces. The HA was free from impurity contaminants, with a calcium/phosphorus ratio of 1.66 being equivalent to that of stoichiometric HA. As compared to microroughened implants, HA-coated implants increased the strength of bone–implant integration consistently at both early and late stages of healing. HA-coated implants showed an increased percentage of bone–implant contact and bone volume within 50 μm proximity of the implant surface, as well as a remarkably reduced percentage of soft tissue intervention between bone and the implant surface. In contrast, bone volume outside the 50 μm border was lower around HA-coated implants. Thus, this study demonstrated that the addition of pure nanopolymorphic crystalline HA to microroughened titanium not only accelerates but also enhances the level of bone–implant integration and identified the specific tissue morphogenesis parameters modulated by HA coating. In particular, the nanocrystalline HA was proven to be drastic in increasing osteoconductivity and inhibiting soft tissue infiltration, but the effect was limited to the immediate microenvironment surrounding the implant.
A Natural Gas Flow Model under Uncertainty in Demand

Storage and purchasing policies that minimize expected shortages of natural gas in the service area supplied by a single natural gas utility are developed. The problem is formulated and solved using a multiperiod linear programming model. The model takes into consideration the variability of weather conditions and its effects on the demand for natural gas. Forecasts of future weather conditions are updated several times during the model planning period. Also, the optimal flows of natural gas are determined at the time that the forecasts are updated. The optimal storage quantities at the beginning of each time period and the consequences of contracting for additional storage facilities on the natural gas shortage are derived by using the model. The natural gas planning strategy is to plan natural gas flows based on forecasted future demand. The optimal flows should be recalculated for future time periods at several computational stages of the model, honoring the orders placed during previous time periods.
Segmentation and Representation of Consonant Blends in Kindergarten Children’s Spellings

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the growth of children’s segmentation and representation of consonant blends in the kindergarten year and to evaluate the extent to which linguistic features influence segmentation and representation of consonant blends. Specifically, the roles of word position (initial blends, final blends), class of blends, homorganicity, and nasality were considered. Method Forty kindergarten children completed a developmental spelling measure (26 words with initial or final blends) 3 times at 6-week intervals. Responses were analyzed for logical representation of speech sounds to describe developmental change and differential accuracy of segmentation and representation across blend types. Results Kindergarten children showed varied ability to segment and represent consonant blends and were differentially successful depending on the linguistic features of the blends. Children were more likely to represent initial blends than final blends, final nonnasal blends than fina...
Tandem semi-hydrogenation/isomerization of propargyl alcohols to saturated carbonyl analogues by dodecanethiolate-capped palladium nanoparticle catalysts

The efficient one-pot conversion of propargyl alcohols to their saturated carbonyl analogues is carried out for the first time using metal nanoparticle catalysts, dodecanethiolate-capped Pd nanoparticles. Kinetic studies reveal that the reaction progresses through a semi-hydrogenation intermediate (allyl alcohols) followed by isomerization to carbonyls.
Interior probing capability in kaon-nucleus inelastic scattering

Results from a nuclear structure form factor study are presented to investigate the extent of surface localization and volume sensitivity in K/sup +/-nucleus inelastic scattering. Using wave functions from a macroscopic collective model and the microscopic particle-hole model of Gillet and Vinh Mau, form factors (transition densities) and cross sections are independently calculated and then compared for low-lying excited states in /sup 12/C. Unlike strongly absorbed projectiles (including the pion), which have dominant surface localized reaction mechanisms, the interior differences between model form factors are clearly reflected (measurably distinct) at all scattering angles.
Joining the Evangelical Club: The Movement of the Wesleyan‐Holiness Churches in Australia Along the Church‐Sect Continuum

A number of North American Wesleyan-Holiness denominations emerged in Australia, beginning in the years following the Second World War. Some of these churches moved from being despised and marginalized sects to established denominations while others remained small and isolated, experiencing little growth. Their story demonstrates that movement along the church-sect continuum is by no means a smooth and inevitable one. Random processes may lower or raise religious tension within the group thus affecting its movement along the continuum. The strict behavioural standards in Wesleyan-Holiness churches have gradually been lowered and the distinctive beliefs of these groups have been eroded. Wesleyan-Holiness churches in Australia have grown primarily through "switchers" from other denominations more than from new convert growth, so that they have become more generically "Evangelical" and less distinctively "Holiness" in their beliefs and practices.
Raynaud's phenomenon: epidemiology and risk factors.

Although originally described more than 100 years ago, the pathophysiology of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) remains incompletely understood. Epidemiologic studies have the potential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of RP and to identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Such studies require standardized instruments to accurately identify subjects with RP. Dr. Maricq was the first to develop and validate a standardized instrument to classify patients with this disorder. Her work has facilitated many of the epidemiologic studies of RP that are discussed in this review.
HealthCareND: leveraging EHR and CARE for prospective healthcare

The exorbitant cost of healthcare and the burden of preventable disease motivate the need for prospective health-care. In this paper we introduce HealthCareND, a user-friendly and interactive personalized disease prediction and information system. HealthCareND is based on our the Collaborative Assessment and Recommendation Engine (CARE) [2]. CARE incorporates innovative methods in collaborative filtering to suggest conditions that a patient may have a high risk of developing in the future, allowing physicians and other healthcare providers to more proactively approach the diagnosis and treatment process. HealthCareND also features an interactive visualization of an undirected complex disease network, which allows users to easily pinpoint disease pairs with a high rate of co-morbidity. Finally, our system also connects users to relevant, credible online med- ical information, making it an excellent 'one-stop-shop' for medical resources
High resolution X-ray imaging of dynamic solute transport in cyclically deformed porous tissue scaffolds

The objective was to develop a method for high-resolution imaging of dynamic solute transport in cyclically deforming porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. A flexible cubic scaffold with single cylindrical channel was fabricated from a biodegradable polymer blend using a combined 3D printing and injection molding technique. The scaffold was attached to the bottom of a fluid reservoir mounted underneath a compression apparatus placed inside the X-ray scanner. The scaffold was positioned with the channel axis perpendicular to the X-ray beam. The container was filled with glycerin, and a solution of the contrast agent sodium iodide (NaI) in glycerin was injected into the scaffold channel. Intervals of compression cycles (14.5 ± 2.1 % compression at 1.0 Hz) were applied to the top face of the scaffold. After each interval the compression was temporarily paused to obtain a two-dimensional image at 20 μm pixel resolution. A series of images was also obtained without application of the compression cycles to quantify the effect of passive diffusional removal of NaI from the channel. The average NaI concentration in the channel decreased by 82% after 300 cycles (5 min.) of compression, by 40% after 60 min. of passive removal. Spatial profiles of the NaI concentration along the channel axis indicated that compression-induced transport preferentially removed the contrast agent at the pore openings. We conclude that convective transport induced by cyclic mechanical deformation of artificial tissue scaffolds could significantly contribute to the rate and depth of nutrient transport inside the scaffold, as compared to slow diffusive transport alone.
Progressive information engagement model: Using, losing, and rejecting information in crisis situations

The pervasive, personal crisis of intimate partner violence (IPV) demands the full panoply of community and governmental information resources. IPV survivors must make effective use of those varied information resources but the more fully those resources are used, the more complex their information applications become. This study triangulates two populations and two data-gathering techniques encompassing IPV survivor interactions with both formal and informal information systems. The first segment analyzed the information issues of IPV survivors in 1,793 postings from an active bulletin board (BB) community. The second segment analyzed in-depth interviews with 57 individuals (24 shelter staff, 14 police officers, and 19 IPV survivors) in ten contrasting cities. In addition to a clearly defined matrix of information needs that are reported elsewhere, an unexpected pattern emerged which has been tentatively labeled as the “progressive information engagement model.” This four-stage model provides significant indicators of the different qualities that determine successful information interactions at different stages in survivors' movement towards safer living. Each stage is delineated by three factors: the primary information need, the affective influences on efforts to meet that need, and the information myths that are cognitive barriers to successful information utilization. This paper explicates the stages and their characteristics.
INTENTIONAL EVIDENCE: EFFECTS ON MOCK-JURORS' PERCEPTIONS

Intent has long been an important consideration of our legal system, yet little is known of its direct effect on jurors. Joann Horai and Mary Barrek made some initial steps cowards discovering the effects of intent of act in criminal situations in their finding thar intent did indeed influence punishment recommended by subjects (Horai, 1977; Horai & Bartek. 1978) . The present study extended this research to mock-jurors for whom the criminal act and consequences to the victim were held constant and evidence on intention was explicitly defined as statements made by the defendant, referring to the defendant's intentions, prior to or at the time of the crime. The study employed a 3 X 2 (type of evidence X sex) between-groups design. One hundred and eleven male and 111 female college smdents were randomly assigned to one of three groups and presented written case material which varied in type of evidence (intentional, oonintentional, or fact-only evidence). Subjects then responded individually to a questionnaire. Evidence suggesting an intentional act invariably led the subject-jurors to recommend more severe treatment for the defendant. lndividuals in the intentional group significantly more often chose verdicts of deliberate homicide over negligent homicide, relative to the nonintentional group [ X Z ? ( N = 148) = 33.71, p < .0001] and the fact group [ X 2 Z ( N = 148) = 12.57, p = ,00041. This analysis served as a manipulation check on the independent variable. More importantly, severity of prison sentence (F,,21a = 6.81, p = .001), length of parole ( F 2 . 2 0 = 4.86, 9 = .009) , and level of violence measures ( F 2 . 3 0 = 3.85, P = ,022) also showed main effects for type of evidence. Neuman-Keuls pairwise comparisons indicated the intentional group's mean score was always significantly greater than thar of the nonintentional group. A significant interaction for type of evidence by sex on perceived likelihood of future crime was also noted (Fz .=o = 6.17, P = .01) , suggesting that college women saw the male defendant as more likely to be involved in future crime than did the college men. This was not manifest in more severe sentences, however. These results show a relationship between type of evidence and jurors' resulting perceptions. Researchers might combine the types of evidence and extend this format to deliberating juries to maximize the usefulness of the findings.
Maximal substrate transport in capillary networks.

Abstract The transport of a substrate from a capillary network to the tissues is studied. The local substrate exchange is assumed to obey a first-order kinetics. For a given input flow and network parameters an expression that relates the extraction to the branch flows is obtained. The nature of the flow patterns that render a maximum substrate transport is studied. Criteria are established to characterize these flow patterns. Numerical solutions are presented to illustrate the features as well as the nonuniqueness of these flow patterns.
The homeobox transcription factor even-skipped regulates netrin-receptor expression to control dorsal motor-axon projections in Drosophila.

Summary Homeobox transcription-factor codes control motor-neuron subtype identity and dorsal versus ventral axon guidance in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems [1–4]; however, the specific axon guidance-receptors that are regulated by these transcription factors to control pathfinding are poorly defined. In Drosophila , the Even-skipped (Eve) transcription factor specifies dorsal motor-axon projection [5] through the regulation of unidentified guidance molecules. The Netrins and their attractive and repulsive receptors DCC and Unc-5, respectively, define important conserved cue and receptor families that control growth-cone guidance [6]. In Drosophila , the Netrins and frazzled (the fly homolog of DCC) contribute to motor-axon guidance [7–9]. Here, using genetics and single-cell mRNA-expression analysis, we show that expression and requirement of different Netrin receptor combinations correlate with distinct dorsal and ventral motor-axon projections in Drosophila . Misexpression of eve dorsalizes ventral axons in part through the upregulation of Unc-5 , whereas loss of eve function in two dorsally projecting motor neurons results in aberrant axon projections and a failure to express Unc-5 . Our results support a functional link between the expression of distinct Netrin receptor combinations and the transcriptional control of dorsal motor-axon guidance.
Tobacco Outlet Density and Demographics at the Tract Level of Analysis in Iowa: Implications for Environmentally Based Prevention Initiatives

This study assessed the geographic association between tobacco outlet density and three demographic correlates-income, race, and ethnicity-at the tract level of analysis for one county in the Midwestern United States. Data for residential census tracts in a Midwestern U.S. county were derived from year 2003 licenses for 474 tobacco outlets. Demographic variables were based on 2000 census data. Census tracts with lower median household income, higher percent of African American residents, and higher percent of Latinos residents had greater density of tobacco selling retail outlets. Areas characterized by lower income and disproportionately more African Americans and Latinos have greater physical access to tobacco products. Physical access to tobacco is a critical public-health issue because, given that smokers have been shown to be price sensitive, lowering access costs (e.g., reduced travel time) is likely to increase consumption. Findings also suggest the need for structural or environmental interventions, i.e., tobacco outlet zoning laws, to mitigate the health consequences associated with tobacco use in certain populations and geographic regions.
Glutamate-Induced Losses of Oligodendrocytes and Neurons and Activation of Caspase-3 in the Rat Spinal Cord

The toxicity of released glutamate contributes substantially to secondary cell death following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this work, the extent and time courses of glutamate-induced losses of neurons and oligodendrocytes are established. Glutamate was administered into the spinal cords of anesthetized rats at approximately the concentration and duration of its release following SCI. Cells in normal tissue, in tissue exposed to artificial cerebrospinal fluid and in tissue exposed to glutamate were counted on a confocal system in control animals and from 6 h to 28 days after treatment to assess cell losses. Oligodendrocytes were identified by staining with antibody CC-1 and neurons by immunostaining for Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) or Neurofilament H. The density of oligodendrocytes declined precipitously in the first 6 h after exposure to glutamate, and then relatively little from 24 h to 28 days post-exposure. Similarly, neuron densities first declined rapidly, but at a decreasing rate, from 0 h to 72 h post-glutamate exposure and did not change significantly from 72 h to 28 days thereafter. The nuclei of many cells strongly and specifically stained for activated caspase-3, an indicator of apoptosis, in response to exposure to glutamate. Caspase-3 was localized to the nucleus and may participate in apoptotic cell death. However, persistence of caspase-3 staining for at least a week after exposure to glutamate during little to no loss of oligodendrocytes and neurons demonstrates that elevation of caspase-3 does not necessarily lead to rapid cell death. Beyond about 48 h after exposure to glutamate, locomotor function began to recover while cell numbers stabilized or declined slowly, demonstrating that functional recovery in the experiments presented involves processes other than replacement of oligodendrocytes and/or neurons.
Population-based association analyses of the HOPA12bp polymorphism for schizophrenia and hypothyroidism.

HOPA is an Xq13 chromosome gene that codes for a RXR nuclear receptor co-activator. In a prior study of the genetic basis of schizophrenia, we showed that exonic polymorphisms in HOPA were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia and hypothyroidism in a large cohort of probands from New York. In an attempt to replicate these findings, we examined this relationship in a cohort of 173 schizophrenic probands (128 males and 45 females providing 218 alleles) from Iowa. Consistent with the prior findings, we found an increased rate of the HOPA 12bp exonic polymorphism in schizophrenic probands compared with random newborn controls (9 of 218 alleles vs. 33 of 2,049 alleles, P < 0.02). Furthermore, retrospective review of the medical records showed that two of the nine probands possessing the HOPA 12bp allele in whom thyroid function was assessed were hypothyroid compared with 6 of 164 probands possessing the normal HOPA wild allele(s) (P < 0.06). We conclude that the HOPA 12bp polymorphism shows a nominally significant association with schizophrenia and a nominal trend for association with hypothyroidism in our study and that further studies are required to define the features of this syndrome and the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
THE EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON PROTEIN INGREDIENTS FOR LARVAL DIETS: BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

The effect of four drying methods on the protein digestibility and metabolizable energy of krill and brine shrimp was studied using the metabolism chamber procedure and rainbow trout as test animals. At attempt was also made to determine the influence of acidity on the nutritive quality of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). A purified test diet (casein-gelatin mixture) was used as the control. Freeze drying, vacuum drying and drum drying were found to have no significant effect on the protein digestibility and metabolizable energy values of krill and brine shrimp while oven drying drastically decreased these values. Krill, brine shrimp and FPH protein digestibility values were high and compared favorably with the casein-gelatin mixture of the control. Acidity had no effect on the protein digestibility and metabolizable energy of FPH.
Production of selenomethionine-labeled proteins in two-liter plastic bottles for structure determination

A simplified approach developed recently for the production of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli uses 2-liter polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles as disposable culture vessels [Sanville Millard, C. et al. 2003. Protein Expr. Purif. 29, 311-320]. The method greatly reduces the time and effort needed to produce native proteins for structural or functional studies. We now demonstrate that the approach is also well suited for production of proteins in defined media with incorporation of selenomethionine to facilitate structure determination by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction. Induction of a random set of Bacillus stearothermophilus target genes under the new protocols generated soluble selenomethionyl proteins in good yield. Several selenomethionyl proteins were purified in good yields and three were subjected to amino acid analysis. Incorporation of selenomethionine was determined to be greater than 95% in one protein and greater than 98% in the other two. In the preceding paper [Zhao et al., this issue, pp. 87-93], the approach is further extended to production of [U-15N]- or [U-13C, U-15N]-labeled proteins. The approach thus appears suitable for high-throughput production of proteins for structure determination by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Emergent dynamics of cardiomyocyte clusters on deformable polymeric substrates

Contractile dynamics of primary cardiomyocyte clusters is studied by culturing them on deformable thin polymeric films. The cell clusters beat and generate sufficient forces to deform the substrates out of plane. Over time, the clusters reorient their force dipoles along the direction of maximum compliance. This suggests that the cells are capable of sensing substrate deformations through a mechanosensitive feedback mechanism and dynamically reorganizing themselves.