cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exosomes Secreted from Human Cancer Cell Lines Contain Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP)

Exosomes are endosomal-derived nanovesicles released by normal and tumor cells which have been shown to transfer functionally active protein, lipids, mRNAs and miRNAs between cells. Varying in molecular profiles, biological roles, functional roles and protein contents, exosomes have been described as “multi-purpose carriers” playing a role in supporting the survival and growth of tumor cells. The IAP Survivin has been found to be present in tumor exosomes. However, the existence of other IAPs in tumor exosomes is still unknown. Survivin, cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP mRNA and protein are differently expressed in a panel of tumor cell lines: DLCL2, HeLa, MCF-7, Panc-1, and PC3. Exosomes were isolated from conditioned media collected from the cells from which RNA and protein were extracted. Our results provide evidence that like Survivin, XIAP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 proteins are found in tumor exosomes. The mRNA expression, however, is differentially expressed across the tumor cell lines. The presence of these bioactive molecules in exosomes may not only serve as warning signals, but also play a role in providing protection to the cancer cells against changes that are constantly occurring in the tumor microenvironment.
Ball on a Needle: Hein V. Freedom from Religion Foundation and the Future of Establishment Clause Adjudication

In Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation, decided in June of 2006, the Supreme Court ruled that federal taxpayers lacked standing to bring an Establishment Clause challenge to a series of conferences designed to promote the Faith-Based and Community Initiative. The explicit grounds for Justice Alito's opinion, speaking for a plurality, is a distinction between legislative decisions to tax and spend for religion - still challengeable by taxpayers - and discretionary executive branch action, which taxpayers may not challenge. This paper takes a close look at Hein, examines its conceptual underpinnings, and analyzes the questions likely to follow in its wake. The issues that most deeply divide the Justices in Hein are whether the Establishment Clause is structurally different from other provisions of the Bill of Rights, and, if so, what implications for Article III arise from that structural difference. Only in light of these basic and contested issues can the future impact of Hein on Establishment Clause adjudication be explored. The effects of Hein will touch 1) the precise extent to which federal taxpayers will continue to be able to maintain suits to enforce the Establishment Clause; 2) similar suits in the federal courts by state and local taxpayers; and 3) the standing of plaintiffs in other Establishment Clause settings, most notably cases alleging that "observers" of government religious expression are injured by what they see or hear. The paper explores all of these questions in detail, and concludes that Hein - far more than anyone has publicly noticed - has the potential to usher in a new and highly restrictive era of judicial enforcement of the Establishment Clause.
The buzz and the reality: when the rubber hits the bibliographic services road in the University of California and what that means for the rest of us ...: Rethinking how we provide bibliographic services for the University of California

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the “buzz” about the University of California's Bibliographic Services Task Force report Rethinking How We Provide Bibliographic Services for the University of California and begins to explore Task Force findings from a public service perspective.Design/methodology/approach – Members of the University of California's Bibliographic Services Task Force were interviewed about their report published in December 2005, Rethinking How We Provide Bibliographic Services for the University of California.Findings – Establishes that “search and retrieval” are of primary importance to today's library users, and that the design and delivery of bibliographic services are of equal import to public services librarians.Practical implications – Informs and stimulates discussion about the value of “search” as service, and reinforces the importance of bibliographic services in today's information marketplace.Originality/value – Challenges librarians and library workers to think about t...
Telling What They Want to Know A Replication and Extension

According to a conversational approach, survey respondents provide answers they believe to be relevant to an interaction. Norenzayan and Schwarz (1999) demonstrated that participants provide dispositional accounts for an action to a personality researcher, but contextual accounts to a social scientist. Two studies sought to replicate this finding and test if the effects were due to social desirability. Using original materials, Study 1 manipulated researcher identity and varied whether participants had reasons to explain the action (replication) or reasons that could not explain the action (non-reasons). Study 2 varied researcher identity and asked participants what they want to be like in the future or what they do not want to be like in the future. Individual differences in socially desirable responding were also assessed. Results replicated original findings without social desirability qualifying critical effects. This confirms that participants provide the kinds of answers that they believe to be rele...
Optimizing a Collision-Avoidance System for Closely Spaced Parallel Operations

The traffic alert and collision-avoidance system has been mandated worldwide to protect against aircraft midair collisions. One drawback of the current traffic alert and collision-avoidance system design is limited support for closely spaced parallel runway operations. The traffic alert and collision-avoidance system alerts, too frequently, leading pilots to often inhibit resolution advisories during approach. Research is underway on the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X, which is a next-generation collision-avoidance system that will support new surveillance systems and air traffic control procedures. The Airborne Collision Avoidance System X has been shown to outperform the traffic alert and collision-avoidance system for en route encounter scenarios. However, the design parameters that are tuned for the en route environment are not appropriate for closely spaced parallel landing operations. One concept to allow for closely spaced parallel landing operations is a procedure-specific mode of the logic...
Regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity and mRNA in the mammary gland of the lactating mouse

We examined the effects of reproductive stage and fasting on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and mRNA in the mouse mammary gland. Heparin-releasable and cell-associated LPL activity rose immediately after birth, followed 1-2 days later by an increase in LPL mRNA. Fasting decreased LPL activity in the mammary gland at all reproductive stages. During lactation, both milk and heparin-releasable LPL were substantially decreased by an overnight fast, whereas cell-associated LPL was less affected and LPL mRNA did not change. These studies indicate that the extracellular, heparin-releasable, fraction of mammary LPL activity responds most rapidly to alterations in physiological state, usually accompanied by smaller changes in cellular enzyme activity. Changes in the level of LPL mRNA were seen only during the transition from pregnancy to lactation, and these tended to follow, rather than precede, changes in enzyme activity. We conclude that in the mammary gland as in adipose tissue, LPL is regulated primarily at the translational and post-translational level.
Multilocus genealogies reveal multiple cryptic species and biogeographical complexity in the California turret spider Antrodiaetus riversi (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae).

Antrodiaetus riversi (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae) is a dispersal-limited, habitat specialized mygalomorph spider species endemic to mesic woodlands of northern and central California. This species occupies a disjunct distribution, with populations in the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, separated by the inhospitable Central Valley. Previous studies of morphological and allozyme variation have suggested that these populations may constitute cryptic species. We investigated the phylogeography of A. riversi using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences, collected for a comprehensive population sample. These data reveal the presence of at least five species in the A. riversi complex -- these species are deeply diverged, and genealogically exclusive in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Each of these species is characterized by extreme population subdivision and deep phylogeographical structuring, consistent with minimal gene flow across the dissected Californian landscape. Three species are restricted to the Coast Ranges, one to high altitudes of the central Sierran Nevada, and one species is found in both ranges. These species have allopatric distributions, although species parapatry is hypothesized to occur in several areas. Species diversification appears to have pulsed in the Late Miocene/Early Pliocene, a timing consistent with biogeographical reconstructions for many Californian taxa, and a time of turbulent geological activity in the region.
Examination of a brief anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns intervention on suicidality among individuals with obsessive–compulsive symptoms

A growing body of research has demonstrated elevated rates of suicidality among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Recently, it has been proposed that the cognitive concerns component of anxiety sensitivity (AS) may be one factor contributing to this association. AS cognitive concerns, which reflect fears of mental incapacitation, has been found to be associated with OCD and increased suicidality in a number of populations. However, questions remain as to whether reductions in AS cognitive concerns will lead to subsequent reductions in suicidality among individuals with OCD symptoms. In the current study, the sample (N=54) was comprised of individuals with elevated OCD symptoms recruited from the community who were participating in a larger randomized clinical trial. Individuals were randomly assigned to a one-session AS cognitive concerns intervention or a health information control intervention and assessed at post-treatment and one-month follow-up. Results indicated that the active intervention produced significantly greater reductions in AS cognitive concerns immediately post-intervention. Moreover, changes in AS cognitive concerns following the intervention mediated changes in suicidality at one-month follow-up. Findings are discussed in regard to adjunct interventions for OCD.
Sites of action of a peptide neurohormone that controls hindgut muscle activity in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae.

Abstract A peptide neurohormone from the brain and nervous system of the Madeira cockroach Leucophaea maderae has stimulating effects on both the mechanical and electrical events of hindgut visceral muscle. The peptide initiated action potentials at silent recording sites in the circular muscles of the rectum after prior treatment with tetrodotoxin (10 −6 g/ml). The neurohormone also caused an increase in the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous postsynaptic potentials. However, the isolated hindgut failed to respond to the neurohormone after depolarization in high potassium saline solutions. Both the potassium contracture and the action of the neurohormone were calcium dependent. Although some hindguts were responsive to the neurohormone in a Ca free medium, such preparations failed to respond in 0·5 mM EGTA. Moreover, 1 mM Mn blocked the action of the peptide. The sodium ion was also essential for effective hormone action. These results suggest the presence of a loosely bound source of Ca at the surface of muscle membranes that in some way interacts with the neurohormone to change muscle excitability.
Intercepting Host MAPK Signaling Cascades by Bacterial Type III Effectors

The evolutionarily conserved MAP kinase (MAPK) cascades play essential roles in plant and animal innate immunity. A recent explosion of research has uncovered a myriad of virulence strategies used by pathogenic bacteria to intercept MAPK signaling through diverse type III effectors injected into host cells. Here, we review the latest literature and discuss the various mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to manipulate host MAPK signaling cascades.
A recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α p80 receptor:Fc fusion protein decreases circulating bioactive tumor necrosis factor-α but not lung injury or mortality during immunosuppression-related gram-negative bacteremia☆

Abstract Purpose: During gram-negative bacteremia (GNB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a critical early mediator of host defense, whose overexpression can initiate acute lung injury, multiple organ failure, and death. In this study we evaluated the ability of a chimeric fusion protein containing two extracellular domains of the human p80 TNF-α receptor and the Fc region of human IgG 1 (TNFR:Fc) to reduce circulating TNF-α, and to ameliorate organ injury and improve survival in a rodent model of GNB during immunosuppression-related neutropenia. Materials and Methods: Conscious catheterized male rats ( n = 37) with stable cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia were infected intravenously (IV) with 5 × 10 9 live Escherichia coli (EC, serotype 055:135) ending at t = 0. All animals received antibiotics (penicillin/ amikacin sulfate) at t = 0.5 and t = 8 hours, and 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline solution (NS), 1 mL/h) from t = 0 to 8 hours. Subgroups were post-treated at t = 0.5 hours with a 1.0 mL IV dose of TNFR:Fc (60, 600, or 1,200 μg; Immunex), 600 μg of human IgG1-κ or IgG1-λ (Sigma), or NS alone (controls). A separate TNFR:Fc pretreatment subgroup received 600 μg/rat of the fusion protein 5 minutes before starting EC infusion. Hemodynamics were monitored continuously through t = 24 hours, and arterial samples were collected at baseline and at t = 1.5,4.5,8, and 24 hours after EC were analyzed for blood gases, quantitative culture, serum endotoxin, bioactive and antigenic TNF-α, and formed elements. Postmortem tissues were examined for histopathologic changes. Results: Compared with antibiotic-treated and fluid-supported controls, TNFR:Fc dose-dependently reduced bioactive but not antigenic TNF-α without altering bacterial clearance, serum endotoxin, or 24-hour survival. Of note, 600 pg of IgGl-κ or IgG1-λ attenuated peak bioactive TNF-α to a similar degree as 1,200 μg TNFR:Fc, and also significantly reduced serum endotoxin levels. Nevertheless, by t = 8 hours all bacteremic rats were hypothermic with tachypnea-related hypocarbia and hyperoxemia and were thrombocytopenic. At death, all subgroups showed similar hepatic glycogen depletion and pulmonary congestion with perivascular edema and alveolar hemorrhage. Conclusions: Although TNFR:Fc and its idiotypic control IgG1 reduced circulating bioactive TNF-α, neither treatment prevented progression of lethal shock with attendant organ injury in this conscious, antibiotic-treated and fluid-resuscitated model of immunosuppression-related GNB.
Crystallization in rapid quenching of La0.33NbO3 melt

Abstract Transparent La0.33NbO3 flakes were fabricated by a rapid quenching technique. The quenched La0.33NbO3 phase takes a simple cubic perovskite structure and cation vacancies are randomly distributed on the A sites. The cubic La0.33NbO3 phase is a new modification which is different from the well-known orthorhombic phase with ordered A-site vacancies. Transparent flakes were found to show the predominant orientation of (110) and (220) planes.
Setting the record straight: the origin of the pharmacophore concept.

For over a century since the early 1900s, Paul Ehrlich was credited with originating the concept of pharmacophores. This was challenged by John Van Drie in 2007 due to the fact that Ehrlich did not use the word “pharmacophore” in his writings. Van Drie claimed that the attribution of the pharmacophore concept to Ehrlich was due to an erroneous citation made by Ariens in a 1966 paper, and instead he claimed, Lemont B. Kier developed the pharmacophore concept (in the modern sense, as defined by the IUPAC) during 1967–1971. There are two separate issues that may have triggered this conflict. The first one is the shift in the meaning of pharmacophore from “chemical groups” to patterns of “abstract features” of a molecule that are responsible for a biological effect. Indeed, the original use of the term is different than the current definition proposed by the IUPAC. The term was redefined in 1960 by Schueler, and this modification formed the basis of IUPAC’s modern definition. The second issue is the origin of...
Mechanisms for multiple ionization of atoms by strong pulsed lasers.

It is shown that substantial ionization during the rise of the pulse of a strong laser is inevitable. Thus only multiply charged ions are likely to be exposed to fields above ${10}^{14}$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The behavior of the $N$-photon generalized cross section for $N\ensuremath{\gg}1$ and its connection to tunneling are discussed.
Adolescents' knowledge of their health insurance coverage.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the accuracy of adolescents' self-report of health insurance coverage, using parents' report as a comparison standard. Methods: Two separate samples of urban, school-based adolescents and their parents completed self-administered questionnaires about type of health insurance coverage. Sample 1 included 123 and Sample 2 included 93 adolescent–parent pairs. Percent agreement and the kappa statistic were determined for each of the sample groups, and for males versus females and older (>14 years) versus younger (≤14 years) adolescents. Results: In Sample 1, 33% of adolescent respondents responded "don't know" to the question about type of insurance coverage, and 4% left the question blank; in Sample 2, 3% answered "don't know," with none leaving the question blank. For Sample 1, we found a 57% rate of agreement of adolescents with their parents, and a corresponding kappa of .21. Females and older subjects demonstrated greater accuracy, with kappa's all in the range .13–.29. In Sample 2, 73% of subjects agreed with parents' report, with a kappa of .48. Females and older subjects also demonstrated greater accuracy, with the highest kappa of .59 demonstrated by older females. Excluding those responding with "don't know," we found overall percent agreement with parents of 87% in Sample 1 and 73% in Sample 2; the corresponding kappas were .47 and .51. Females demonstrated higher agreement with parents in both samples. The results stratifying by age were inconsistent. In Sample 1, privately insured subjects were more accurate reporters than those either on medical assistance or uninsured. In Sample 2, no differences were seen by type of insurance. Conclusions: Many adolescents do not know their health insurance coverage status. However, for those who did claim to know, acceptable rates of accuracy using both percent agreement and the kappa statistic were demonstrated. Further research is needed to determine how information about insurance is communicated to adolescents and how this knowledge affects access to and use of health services.
Median sternotomy in reoperations for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Thirty-three patients underwent median sternotomy at reoperation for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Radiographic studies correctly localized abnormal tissue to the mediastinum in 21 patients and surgery was successful in 19 of them. In the 12 patients without preoperative localization, surgery was successful in 9. Twenty-six of 29 patients with a diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma had successful surgery, while only 2 of 4 patients with hyperplasia had successful procedures. In 10 patients the median sternotomy proved unnecessary since the parathyroid abnormality was located at a site reachable through the cervical incision. Abnormal parathyroid glands were found in the thymus (21), posterior to the thymus along the arch (6), within the thyroid (4), and at other ectopic locations. Abnormal parathyroid glands found within the thymus were often smaller than 1 cm in diameter and were detected by the pathologist after dissecting the entire thymus, indicating the need for total thymectomy. The complication rate was 12%, and the mortality rate was 6%.
Dyslipidemia in PCOS

Life-long apolipoprotein lipid metabolic dysfunction in women with PCOS exaggerates the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with aging. The dysfunction has involved insulin resistance (IR), which occurs in most women with PCOS. Women with PCOS have androgen excess, IR, variable amounts of estrogen exposure, and many environmental factors, all of which can influence lipid metabolism. On average, women with PCOS were higher triglyceride [26.39 95% CI (17.24, 35.54)], lower HDL-cholesterol [6.41 95% CI (3.69, 9.14)], and higher non HDL cholesterol levels [18.82 95% CI (15.53, 22.11)] than their non-PCOS counterparts. They have higher ApoCIII/ApoCII ratios and higher ApoCI even if they are not obese. ApoC1 elevation in women with PCOS needs to be further evaluated as a marker of dysfunction and potential CVD risk. ApoB measurements track with non-HDL cholesterol as a surrogate for increased atherogenic circulating small LDL particles. Elevated triglycerides and waist circumference predict CVD risk and women with PCOS often have these phenotypes. Diet and exercise interventions followed by selective lipid lowering medications are encouraged to normalize the dyslipidemia.
Reproductive and Spatial Ecology of Leptodactylus insularum (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in Panama

Abstract Tropical frogs show extensive variation in timing of breeding, reproductive strategies, and spatial patterns of calling males and nest sites. Over 2 yrs I studied a poorly known species of frog that exhibits maternal care. I report results from behavioral observations, breeding monitoring, and mark–recapture, describing the temporal and spatial distribution of males and foam nests in relation to pond depth and rainfall. I found that Leptodactylus insularum is a prolonged, episodic breeder with an average temporal lag of 12 d between breeding events. Although more nests were laid on nights following days with more rain, not every heavy rain triggered oviposition and there does not seem to be an absolute threshold in cubic millimeters of rain for laying eggs. Frogs laid their nests in shallow areas (15–115 mm) of the marsh and distributed nests in a spatially clumped pattern. Individual males were not recaptured in the same area of the marsh, which, combined with behavioral observations, suggests t...
4.6 An 85%-efficiency fully integrated 15-ratio recursive switched-capacitor DC-DC converter with 0.1-to-2.2V output voltage range

The growing demand for both performance and battery life in portable consumer electronics requires SoCs and power management circuits to be small, efficient, and dynamically powerful. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) can help achieve these goals in load circuits, though generally at the expense of increased DC-DC converter size (through use of external inductors) or loss (through linear regulation). While switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters can offer conversion in small fully integrated form factors [1-5], their efficiencies are only high at discrete ratios between the input and output voltages. To increase an SC converter efficiency across its output voltage range, multiple conversion ratios can be utilized to realize a finer output voltage resolution. For instance, many converters employ a small handful of conversion ratios [1-4]. However, more conversion ratios are generally necessary to achieve high efficiency across the wide output range necessary for DVS, as converter efficiencies can otherwise fall by more than 20% between unloaded ratios [1-4]. Unfortunately, increasing the number of ratios beyond a small handful using standard topologies can significantly increase the number of components, escalating converter complexity and adding losses in the additional switching elements. To overcome this, a successive approximation (SAR) SC topology was proposed in [6] which cascades several 2:1 SC stages to provide a large number of conversion ratios with minimal hardware overhead. However, the linear cascading of stages introduces cascaded losses, limiting overall efficiency. For example, the minimum Rout is more than 30X Rout of a similar ratio Series-Parallel topology using the same silicon area. Additionally, current density is limited to that of a single stage, and capacitance utilization can be low for many conversion ratios.
Modeling the Spatial Diffusion of Mobile Telecommunications in China

This article empirically evaluates factors contributing to spatial variations of cellular telephony adoption at the regional level in China. We estimate a logistic model using a variety of specifications for the spatial diffusion of cellular telephony. We find that regional disparity in the adoption and subsequent diffusion speed of cellular telephony is associated with different levels in economic development, economic structure, foreign investment, and the level of fixed-line telephony penetration. The results suggest that mobile communications diffusion starts first in regions with a higher potential demand density and economic development level. However, these characteristics play differential roles in determining the timing of initial adoption and diffusion speed within regions.
In vitro effects of insulin on liver lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the teleost, Notemigonus crysoleucas.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of mammalian insulin on in vitro liver carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the cyprinid teleost, Notemigonus crysoleucas , were examined. 2. 2. Time course studies showed that the effects of insulin on liver lipid metabolism can be observed after 2 hr of incubation at 12°C and after 4 hr at 25°C. 3. 3. Insulin promotes lipogenesis in liver slices of Notemigonus at 12 and 25°C. A dose response was noted at 12°C, but not at 25°C. 4. 4. Glycogen deposition is stimulated in liver slices incubated with insulin at 12 and 25°C; the effects of the hormone are dose dependent at 12°C. 5. 5. Liver glycogen and lipid deposition occur in fish acclimated to 12°C, but in fish acclimated to 25°C both glycogen and lipid reserves are depleted from the liver. The effects of insulin on liver carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at 12 and 25°C appear to be quantitatively rather than qualitatively different.
Advances in numerical modeling of astrophysical and space plasmas

Plasma science is rich in distinguishable scales ranging from the atomic to the galactic to the meta-galactic, i.e., the mesoscale. Thus plasma science has an important contribution to make in understanding the connection between microscopic and macroscopic phenomena. Plasma is a system composed of a large number of particles which interact primarily, but not exclusively, through the electromagnetic field. The problem of understanding the linkages and couplings in multiscale processes is a frontier problem of modern science involving fields as diverse as plasma phenomena in the laboratory to galactic dynamics.
Traditional Assessment, Consultation, and Intervention Practices: Urban School Psychologists' Use, Importance, and Competence Ratings

This article examines the practices of school psychologists who work within an urban school district. Participants (N = 86) rated 20 specific practices on their current use, their importance, and their level of competence. Overall the school psychologists rated their involvement in traditional assessment activities as significantly more common than consultation/collaboration and prevention/intervention; however, they indicated consultation and prevention/intervention activities as significantly more valued than traditional assessment practices. Participants also noted prevention, intervention, and functional assessment as their top priorities for professional development. Thus, a practice gap was noted with regard to what this group of school psychologists' value and what they do. Results are discussed within the context of current educational reform initiatives.
Characterizing Discourse Among Undergraduate Researchers in an Inquiry-Based Community of Practice

Engineering education increasingly incorporates pedagogies that promote guided, inquiry-based, active learning within authentic “communities of practice”. Such pedagogies apply observations made about workplace interaction: that knowledge is distributed across social and physical networks. However, the process through which multiple dimensions of learning occur within a network of distributed cognition—where every person contributes to the learning of every other person—calls for further investigation. The present study, set in an active learning environment, identifies seven speech events that characterize linguistic processes of distributed cognition among undergraduate researchers in the Research Communications Studio (RCS) at the University of South Carolina. Close analysis of a small group session in the RCS revealed that participants enact critique, elicitation of critique, internalization, (direct and indirect) instruction, contextualization, explanation, and collaborative negotiation of knowledge throughout their interactions. Awareness of these speech events, which emerged from the analysis, may better equip engineering educators to optimize interactions in other active group learning environments and to facilitate such activities in more traditional pedagogical settings.
The Absorption and Metabolism of 3-Isopropylphenyl N-Methylcarbamate by Susceptible and Carbamate-Selected Strains of House Flies

The absorption and metabolism of 3-isopropylphenyl N methylcarbamate by a susceptible and a >50-fold-resistant strain of house flies ( Musca domestica L.) were investigated by the manometric cholinesterase inhibition method. Absorption as determined by the rate of loss of external residue, was faster in resistant than in susceptible flies. However, four times as much toxicant accumulated internally in susceptible as ill resist and flies within 2 hours after application. Of the absorbed material 85% was metabolized by the resistant flies and only 23% by the susceptible ones. Treatment of resistant flies with piperonyl butoxide blocked the detoxication mechanism and resulted in a pattern of absorption and internal accumulation of toxicant roughly similar to that observed in the susceptible flies.
Scattering of Thermal Energy Ions in Superfluid Liquid He by Phonons and He 3 Atoms

Previous work was reported in which ions, produced in liquid He by ionization with alpha particles, are designed to be used to study the properties of a superfluid. The ion mobility below 0.8 tained K suggests that the scattering of the ions cccurs by phonon excitutions of the fluid and by the He/sup 3/ atoms present. Experiments on purified helium led to ion mobilities substartially the same as for ondiaary helium. The results are discussed for experiments in helium to which known amounts of pure He/sup 3/ were added. (B.O.G.)
Optimal power from a radiating solar-powered thermionic engine

Abstract A finite-time thermodynamic analysis is given of the thermionic engine as a direct converter of heat to electricity. The engine is coupled to a radiant solar input and is radiatively coupled to a heat sink. Both the heat source and heat sink are assumed to have infinite heat-capacity rates. The characteristics of the engine are determined when it is operating at maximum power.
Investigating usability and "meaningful use" of electronic medical records

In this paper, I summarize research regarding known issues with Electronic Medical Record (EMR) software design and subsequent implementation. I consider the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' cash incentive for EMR adoption, and the "meaningful use" criteria that mediate that incentive (Table 1). Based on this research and my own small-scale study of real time EMR use, I outline the ways that the same problems had by EMR usability researchers are also had by actual EMR users, themselves. Specifically, questions about how to account for both embodied and cognitive effects, how to discern noise from useful information, and how to make useful what is available are all concerns shared by both care providers using EMRs and those who study EMR usability. As a result, I propose that communication design researchers design usability studies that use Mol et al's [9] construct of "care" (as a practice) as the gold standard for "meaningful use." That is, meaningful use of EMR software ought to be articulated less in terms of task-oriented record-keeping practices and the time it takes to accomplish them, but in terms of Mol et al's three components of good care: embodied practices, attuned attentiveness, and adaptive tinkering.
1H NMR metabolomics study of age profiling in children

Metabolic profiling of urine provides a fingerprint of personalized endogenous metabolite markers that correlate to a number of factors such as gender, disease, diet, toxicity, medication, and age. It is important to study these factors individually, if possible to unravel their unique contributions. In this study, age-related metabolic changes in children of age 12 years and below were analyzed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine. The effect of age on the urinary metabolite profile was observed as a distinct age-dependent clustering even from the unsupervised principal component analysis. Further analysis, using partial least squares with orthogonal signal correction regression with respect to age, resulted in the identification of an age-related metabolic profile. Metabolites that correlated with age included creatinine, creatine, glycine, betaine/TMAO, citrate, succinate, and acetone. Although creatinine increased with age, all the other metabolites decreased. These results may be potentially useful in assessing the biological age (as opposed to chronological) of young humans as well as in providing a deeper understanding of the confounding factors in the application of metabolomics.
Inhibition of Gonadotropin-Induced Testosterone Secretion by the Intracerebroventricular Injection of Interleukin-1β in the Male Rat1

The intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β is known to significantly decrease plasma LH levels in the male rat, thereby lowering testosterone (T) secretion. We show here that central administration of this cytokine (20–80 ng) also inhibits T secretion in response to human CG (hCG), an effect that is apparent already when IL-1β is injected 15 min before hCG. This phenomenon is independent of LH secretion because lowering LH levels with the potent GnRH antagonist Azaline B neither mimics nor affects the suppressive influence of icv IL-1β on the hCG-induced T secretory response. Elevations in plasma corticosterone levels do not seem to play a role either, because icv IL-1β is able to blunt hCG-induced T secretion in animals whose corticosterone has been removed by adrenalectomy or reduced by the administration of antibodies to CRF. Furthermore, the observation that icv IL-1β inhibits the T response to hCG before elevations in plasma IL-6 concentrations are...
Comparative anatomy of common offset dip moveout

Technically, the two-diiensional change of variables introduces 8 Jacobian matrix, which reduces to the derivatives shown (Liner, 19SS). In (3) we have the general formula for DMO. This equation says that in the most general setting a two dimensional integration over the entire input data set is required to generate each output point. Often, one or both of the integrals in (3) will reduce to exact Fourier transforms.
Cell-cycle dependent mutation of human lymphoblasts: bromodeoxyuridine and butyl methanesulfonate

Cells of the human lymphoblast line WI-L2 and its derivative TK-6 were synchronized by centrifugal elutriation and cell-cycle dependent mutation to 6TGR (HPRT) and OUAR (Na+, K+ ATPase) measured. Bromodeoxyuridine induced 6TGR and OUAR mutations within S phase while butylmethyl-sulfonate induced mutation displayed no cell-cycle dependence. The data indicate that centrifugal elutriation is a facile means to obtain a useful degree of synchrony for these cell lines.
Rearrangement During Sintering in Two‐Dimensional Arrays

Densification of two-dimensional arrays of nearly monosized copper spheres was examined by hot-stage optical microscopy. The evolution of the particle arrangement was studied with computer methods, and statistical correlations were sought. Color graphics were found useful for displaying the spatial relationship of the local sintering parameters. It was found that differential densification was the major cause of rearrangement, rather than asymmetric neck formation.
Enhancement of the replication of human adenovirus in simian cells by a series of temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40

Abstract Simian virus 40 (SV40) temperature-sensitive mutants of complementation groups A, B, C, and BC and enhance the replication of human adenovirus 7 in simian cells at nonpermissive temperatures whereas members of group D cannot.
Contemporaneous early diagenetic formation of organic and inorganic sulfur in estuarine sediments from St. Andrew Bay, Florida, USA

Estuarine sediment samples were collected from nine stations in St. Andrew Bay near Panama City, Florida, USA. Contrasting grain size and varying concentration of organic carbon allowed a comparative study of the relationships among organic degradation processes, sulfur cycling, and diagenetic removal of dissolved sulfide produced by bacterial sulfate reduction. Abundance and sulfur isotopic composition were determined for dissolved sulfide, dissolved sulfate, pyrite, humic-acid sulfur, fulvic-acid sulfur, and elemental sulfur. Presence of free dissolved sulfide and enrichment in 34S of porewater sulfate in samples from organic-rich, muddy sediments of St. Andrew Bay indicate high rates of sulfate reduction and anoxic conditions below 5 mm depth. Such conditions are not reflected in samples from organic-poor, sandy, near-shore sediments collected from highly productive areas occupied by seagrass beds. In this estuarine system, pyrite and fulvic-acid sulfur are the largest sinks for sulfide produced by bacterial sulfate reduction. Strong correlation between abundances of pyrite and fulvic-acid sulfur suggests coincident formation in the uppermost 10 cm of sediment. Large differences in isotopic composition between these two species and consistent enrichment in 34S of the fulvic-acid fraction, however, indicate two different reaction pathways. Abundance and sulfur isotopic composition of humic-acid and fulvic-acid sulfur suggest that organic sulfur is derived from mixing between (1) 34S-depleted sulfur with an unknown oxidation state that was recycled from bacterial hydrogen sulfide and (2) 34S-enriched sulfur interpreted as primary biosynthetic sulfur originally assimilated from dissolved sulfate. Samples taken from sandy sediment localities where aquatic vascular plants are rooted in the anoxic zone show a strong depletion in 34S in the fulvic-acid sulfur fraction suggesting recycled hydrogen sulfide as the dominant source of organic sulfur.
The effect of dietary methionine on the methionine and cystine content of poultry meat.

Abstract MOST present-day rations for growing chicks now contain dl -methionine as a supplement to the amino acids in the feed ingredients. This additional amino acid is used because growing rations are usually high in soybean oil meal with the ration subsequently being low in methionine. Although it is added for its stimulation of growth the authors felt that the dietary methionine might increase the methionine and cystine in the carcass thus providing a more nutritious food product. This study was designed to study the effects of age and dietary methionine on the methionine and cystine in the poultry meat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Day-old broiler-type male chicks were assigned to battery pens at random, banded, and vaccinated for Newcastle disease immediately and for bronchitis after three days. To the basal ration (Table 1), 0%, .05% and .5% dl -methionine were added. Each ration was replicated twice by pens and each pen contained 50 …
Small-scale patch structure in North American and South African grasslands responds differently to fire and grazing

Fire and grazing significantly impact small-scale patch structure and dynamics in savanna grasslands. We assessed small-scale grass-forb associations in long-term fire and grazing experiments in North America (NA) and Southern Africa (SA). Transects of 128 0.25 m2 contiguous quadrats were sampled in areas with different combinations of grazing (ungrazed, single grazer, or multiple grazers) and fire frequency (unburned or annually burned). We predicted that (1) the patch structure of each of the dominant grasses in NA and SA would respond similarly to fire and grazing, and (2) that forb richness would be correlated to grass patch structure. Semi-variance analysis was used to determine patch structure of dominant grasses and forb cover. Community structure responded similarly in NA and SA to fire, grazing, and fire-grazing interactions. Species richness, diversity, and community heterogeneity were significantly higher in unburned-grazed sites. Grazing significantly increased forb cover and decreased cover of the dominant grasses, and the effects of fire on community structure depended on the grazing regime. Contrary to our prediction, we found that small-scale patch structure of the dominant grass species in NA and SA responded differently to grazing and fire. We found strong grass patch structure in unburned-ungrazed grasslands in both sites; however, grazing and fire reduced patch structure in NA but not SA, and in no instance did grass patch structure influence forb community structure. We conclude that fire and grazing have larger impacts on small-scale patch structure in NA than they do in SA even though overall community structure responded similarly on both continents.
Ohmic contacts to n-type GaN using Pd/Al metallization

Ohmic contacts to n-type GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition were formed using a Pd/Al-based metallization. Ohmic contact resistances and specific contact resistances were investigated as a function of rapid thermal annealing temperature, Pd interlayer thickness, and annealing time. As-deposited Pd/AI was found to produce rectifying contacts while the metallization exhibited ohmic characteristics after annealing at temperatures as low as 400°C. A minimum contact resistance of 0.9 ohm-mm (specific contact resistance = 1.2 × 10−5 ohm-cm2) was obtained upon annealing at 650°C for 30 s. For comparison, Al and Ti/Al contacts were also investigated. Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and x-ray diffraction were used to investigate metallurgical reactions.
Action of a Light-Source in the Field of View in Lowering Visibility

In the first part of this article, results of an experimental investigation of the action of a light-source in the field of view in changing the adaptation of the fovea of the eye, and in increasing the minimum perceptible brightness difference are presented. In the second part are presented results of a study to determine whether a given light-source in the field of view is an advantage or disadvantage; and also a method is presented for expressing visibility by an exact ratio.
The National Library of Medicine's Disaster Information Management Research Center

The Disaster Information Management Research Center (DIMRC) develops and provides access to health information resources and technology for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. DIMRC focuses on maintaining access to health information at all phases of disasters, developing innovative products and services for emergency personnel, conducting research to support disaster health information management, and collaborating with other agencies and communities. Several tools are available to help emergency responders in hazardous materials or Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear incidents. Access to the literature is made available through PubMed and the Resource Guide for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, with links to online documents and resources from numerous organizations and government agencies. In addition, DIMRC supports the Disaster Information Specialist Program, a collaborative effort to explore and promote the role of librarians and information specialists in the provision of disaster-related information resources to the workforce and communities.
Failure of fluid absorption in the endolymphatic sac initiates cochlear enlargement that leads to deafness in mice lacking pendrin expression.

Mutations of SLC26A4 are among the most prevalent causes of hereditary deafness. Deafness in the corresponding mouse model, Slc26a4−/−, results from an abnormally enlarged cochlear lumen. The goal of this study was to determine whether the cochlear enlargement originates with defective cochlear fluid transport or with a malfunction of fluid transport in the connected compartments, which are the vestibular labyrinth and the endolymphatic sac. Embryonic inner ears from Slc26a4+/− and Slc26a4−/− mice were examined by confocal microscopy ex vivo or after 2 days of organ culture. Culture allowed observations of intact, ligated or partially resected inner ears. Cochlear lumen formation was found to begin at the base of the cochlea between embryonic day (E) 13.5 and 14.5. Enlargement was immediately evident in Slc26a4−/− compared to Slc26a4+/− mice. In Slc26a4+/− and Slc26a4−/− mice, separation of the cochlea from the vestibular labyrinth by ligation at E14.5 resulted in a reduced cochlear lumen. Resection of the endolymphatic sacs at E14.5 led to an enlarged cochlear lumen in Slc26a4+/− mice but caused no further enlargement of the already enlarged cochlear lumen in Slc26a4−/− mice. Ligation or resection performed later, at E17.5, did not alter the cochlea lumen. In conclusion, the data suggest that cochlear lumen formation is initiated by fluid secretion in the vestibular labyrinth and temporarily controlled by fluid absorption in the endolymphatic sac. Failure of fluid absorption in the endolymphatic sac due to lack of Slc26a4 expression appears to initiate cochlear enlargement in mice, and possibly humans, lacking functional Slc26a4 expression.