cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfinite element methodology for non‐liner/linear transient thermal modelling/analysis: Progress and recent advances

The 'transfinite element method' (TFEM) proposed by Tamma and Railkar (1987 and 1988) for the analysis of linear and nonlinear heat-transfer problems is described and demonstrated. The TFEM combines classical Galerkin and transform approaches with state-of-the-art FEMs to obtain a flexible hybrid modeling scheme. The fundamental principles of the TFEM and the derivation of the governing equations are reviewed, and numerical results for sample problems are presented in extensive graphs and briefly characterized. Problems analyzed include a square plate with a hole, a rectangular plate with natural and essential boundary conditions and varying thermal conductivity, the Space Shuttle thermal protection system, a bimaterial plate subjected to step temperature variations, and solidification in a semiinfinite liquid slab.
SU‐GG‐T‐131: Comparison of Mapcheck and EDR2 Film for IMRT QA

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the results of IMRT QA measurements taken using MapCheck and EDR2 film on a 6MV linac (21‐EX). Method and Materials: 10 Head & Neck IMRT treatment plans (ADAC Pinnacle) were evaluated. The treatment beams were placed on a QA phantom and a coronal dose distribution at 5cm depth was selected. This selected dose distribution was used as a reference to compare with identical dose profile measurements taken using EDR2 film and MapCheck. Three dose distribution comparisons were performed: between treatment plan & film, between treatment plan & MapCheck, and between MapCheck & film. The percentage of pixels with gamma ⩽1 was used to evaluate film results and the percentage of passed data points was used to evaluate MapCheck results. 5% dose/3 mm distance‐to agreement and 3% dose/2 mm distance‐to‐agreement tolerance conditions were used. A similar procedure was followed using EDR2 film with actual patient treatment beams angles. The mean percentage of points passing for all beams within a plan was calculated. Results: For EDR2 film vs. plan analysis, the mean pass rate is 99.8 % for (5%, 3mm) tolerance and 94.8% for (3%, 2 mm) tolerance condition. For MapCheck vs. plan: 99.9% for (5%, 3mm) tolerance and 96.5% for (3%, 2 mm) tolerance. MapCheck vs. film: 99.9% for (5%, 3mm) tolerance and 97.7% for (3%, 2 mm) tolerance. For actual gantry angle of treatment EDR2 film vs. plan: 93.3% with (5%, 3mm) tolerance and 78.2% for (3%, 2 mm) tolerance. Conclusion:IMRT QA performed using EDR2 film & MapCheck show similar results. IMRT QA performed using EDR2 film for non‐zero gantry angles result in up to a 12% increase in failing pixels relative to QA performed with all beams at 0 gantry.
Robust Motion Estimation with RGB-D Cameras

Estimating vehicle motion using vision sensors in real time has been greatly explored in the past few years due to speed improvements and advances in computer hardware. Six degree of freedom motion estimation using vision information is desirable due to a vision sensors low cost, low power requirements and light weight and for the quality of the solutions that can be obtained using few assumptions about the environment. However, cameras have the downside of not providing good estimates when visual features are sparse or not available. Also, there are problems with changes in lighting and when light is low or unavailable. Laser scanners have been shown to be robust in these situations. We view an RGB-D sensor as providing three complimentary modalities that are useful for providing motion estimation solutions: a monocular camera, a 3D point cloud and the combination providing RGB-D information. Obviously motion estimates produced using the combined sensor information are best. However, there are times when information from both sensors is not available. The monocular camera remains useful when depth information is absent or insufficient, like in a large room, down a long hallway or outdoors. The 3D point cloud may still be available when there is insufficient light to utilize the RGB image. The approach described in this work seeks to take advantage of all three of these sensor modalities to provide a more robust motion estimation solution.
The CARE study: A postmarketing evaluation of ramipril in 11,100 patients

A postmarketing surveillance study was undertaken to confirm the efficacy and safety of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril and to extend the findings of controlled clinical trials into real-world conditions. A total of 11,100 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension treated by primary care physicians were enrolled in this 8-week, open-label study. Ramipril was usually initiated at a dosage of 2.5 mg once daily and titrated to achieve target blood pressure. Efficacy was assessed in 8261 patients for whom blood pressure data were recorded after the start of treatment: safety was assessed in all patients. Of patients with combined systolic and diastolic hypertension, 86.0% achieved a final diastolic blood pressure of or = 10 mm Hg decrease from baseline; the highest response was seen in elderly patients (87.2%), and the lowest response was seen in black patients (81.2%). Of patients with isolated systolic hypertension, 70.4% achieved a final systolic blood pressure of or = 20 mm Hg decrease from baseline, including 70.6% of women, 70.3% of men, and 69.1% of elderly patients; the highest response was seen in white patients (71.8%), and the lowest response was seen in black patients (64.4%). Adverse events were generally mild; cough (3.0%) was the most frequent. Once-daily ramipril was effective and well tolerated during an 8-week period in a large, diverse population of patients who had mild-to-moderate hypertension and who were treated by primary care physicians.
Polyhalogenated dibenzo-P-dioxins/dibenzofurans testing and reporting under the toxic substances control ACT (TSCA) : an update

Abstract The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), under the authority granted by Sections 4 and 8 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) has promulgated a testing and reporting Rule that requires manufacturers or importers of twelve chlorinated or brominated chemicals, structurally related to dioxins and furans, to submit analytical testing protocols for approval and carry out testing to determine whether the chemicals contain halogenated dioxins or furans above limits of quantitation set forth in the Rule. Twenty-one submissions, five for chlorinated compounds and 16 for brominated compounds, have been received under this provision of the Rule. In addition, manufacturers of 29 chemicals used as precursors are required to submit reports describing the process conditions under which the chemicals are produced. To date, 19 chemical manufacturers have submitted 85 reports covering 93 processes employing 16 of the precursors identified in the Rule. Also, as required by the Rule, existing test data has been submitted for 16 chemicals and health and safety data has been submitted for 48 chemicals. No submissions of worker allegations or adverse health effects have been received.
Herbivory and climate interact serially to control monoterpene emissions from pinyon pine forests

The emission of volatile monoterpenes from coniferous trees impacts the oxidative state of the troposphere and multi-trophic signaling between plants and animals. Previous laboratory studies have revealed that climate anomalies and herbivory alter the rate of tree monoterpene emissions. However, no studies to date have been conducted to test these relations in situ. We conducted a two-year field experiment at two semiarid sites dominated by pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) during outbreaks of a specialist herbivore, the southwestern tiger moth (Lophocampa ingens: Arctiidae). We discovered that during the early spring, when herbivory rates were highest, monoterpene emission rates were approximately two to six times higher from undamaged needles on damaged trees, with this increase in emissions due to α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene at both sites. During mid-summer, emission rates did not differ between previously damaged and undamaged trees at the site on the Western Slope of the Rocky Mountains, but rather tra...
Laser-assisted telerobotic control for enhancing manipulation capabilities of persons with disabilities

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of range information from a laser sensor mounted on the end-effector of a remote robot manipulator to assist persons with limited upper body strength carry out Activities of Daily Living in unstructured environments. Laser range data is used to determine goals, identify targets, obstacles, and via points to enable autonomous execution of trajectories. The human operator is primarily involved in higher level decision making; the human user performs minimal teleoperation to identify critical points in the workspace with the laser pointer. Tests on ten healthy human subjects in executing a pick-and-place task showed that laser-based assistance not only increased the speed of task execution by an average of 26.9%while decreasing the physical effort by an average of 85.4%, but also made the task cognitively easier for the user to execute.
IMPACT in Public Libraries: Initiative to Measure Personnel Assimilation of Computer-mediated Training

This article is a slightly modified version of the Final Report for Project RE-04-07-0033-07 issued by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). This report is published as a companion document to a methodological summary of the research on online library staff training on which the IMLS document is based. The report summarizes the project's goals, objectives, and accomplishments. The research was completed from October 1, 2007, to November 30, 2008.
Barley stripe mosaic virus in the egg cell and egg sac of infected barley

Abstract Electron microscopic studies of ovules dissected from barley infected with barley stripe mosaic virus revealed virions in all cells of the mature but unfertilized egg sac. In the egg, virions were widely scattered, rarely forming dense aggregates. They were limited to the cytoplasm and not associated with any organelle. In the cells of the egg sac, virions were frequently observed attached singly to microtubules or attached in large numbers to unidentified elongated structures suggestive of microtubules. No cytological differences were observed between healthy and infected ovules, or between ovules dissected from field or greenhouse-grown plants. Virions were identified by their morphology, staining characteristics, and size, and were found only in ovules disected from pistils shown to be infected by serological assay.
Correct and rigorous single-electron-gas hydrodynamic transport model for multi-valley semiconductors

Abstract A rigorous full hydrodynamic transport model accurately applicable to multi-valley semiconductors is developed based on the single-electron-gas approximation. In the new development, two additional terms appear. One term accounts for local changes of average carrier velocity due to local spatial variations of average carrier effective mass to conserve momentum. The other term accounts for carrier thermal kinetic energy reductions as intervalley carrier transfer takes place. In the model, several newly defined hot-electron correction factors are incorporated which can be accurately quantified as a function of average carrier energy by Monte Carlo simulations. In the single-electron-gas approximation, the carrier temperature for energy conservation is different from that for momentum conservation. This effect is also taken into account in the model.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Atomistic Modeling of a Monoclonal Antibody

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) contain regions of inherent flexibility. Recent small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies on members of the IgG1 subclass have described the bulk motions that the Fab regions of mAbs can undergo in solution studies. Depending on the subclass studied the flexibility can vary greatly. The IgG2 subclass can contain four disulfide bonds within the region aptly named for its flexibility, the hinge region. Of note, the IgG1 subclass contains only two disulfide bonds within the hinge region and it is thought to be the more flexible of the subclasses. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies reveal that bulk solutions of IgG2 have an average Radius of Gyration of 49 A, a value that is slightly smaller than that published for the IgG1 subclass. Typically, small angle scattering data is fit with either geometric form factors or with dummy atom ab initio envelopes. Here we test the effectiveness of form factor fits on the non-conforming Y-shape of mAbs and compare those fits to the more advanced atomistic models. In the end, atomistic structures and molecular dynamics derived models reveal that the average solution structures are rather unrestricted in movement and are best represented by ensemble fits to the data. The results of this study indicate that low-resolution techniques like SANS, when aided by atomistic constraints, can help determine the types of intramolecular surface interactions that are possible for a given antibody. These findings will no doubt serve as a basis for describing the complexities of intermolecular attractions and repulsions that antibodies undergo in highly concentrated solutions.
A Feminist Perspective of Resilience in Lesbian Couples

SUMMARY Lesbian couples experience a tremendous amount of societal Stressors; yet demonstrate great resilience in rebounding from adversity. This article explores the Stressors of cultural oppression, the implications of gender role socialization, the maintenance and coordination of identity disclosure, and the review, renewal and creation of family. It then highlights ways that lesbian couples exhibit resilience in long-term relationships. This article applies a feminist family therapy perspective to the Stressors and resilience shown by lesbian couples with the hope of expanding theoretical understanding, sharpening clinical skills, and increasing effective and ethical work with this population.
Surface energy of a calcium silicate hydrate

Abstract Portland cement contains two calcium silicates: tricalcium silicate, Ca3SiO5, about 50%, and dicalcium silicate, Ca2SiO4, about 25% of the weight of the cement. Both silicates, in their reactions with water, produce a calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. The former is the overwhelmingly most important cementing material in concrete. The calcium silicate hydrate has a very large surface, of the order of 300 m2/g, and the forces residing in the surface are responsible for the cementing action. It seemed desirable, therefore, to determine the surface energy of the calcium silicate hydrate. It was done by determining the heats of solution of calcium silicate hydrates of different surface areas, and by least-squares analysis. After overcoming many difficulties, the value of 450 ergs/cm2 was obtained. This value is close to the geometric mean of the surface energies of calcium hydroxide and hydrous amorphous silica, which were previously determined by the author and his co workers, D. L. Kantro and C. H. Weise.
Subcutaneous Enoxaparin for Therapeutic Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract Background Information regarding dosing of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) for therapeutic anticoagulation in hemodialysis (HD) patients is limited. The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare the safety and efficacy of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin (UFH) for therapeutic anticoagulation in HD patients. Materials and Methods This retrospective chart review evaluated HD patients treated with subcutaneous enoxaparin that were matched based on the indication for anticoagulation with patients treated with intravenous UFH to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation. Primary outcome measures included 30-day incidence of thromboembolic events and major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included rehospitalization within 30 days, length of stay, and mortality. Results One hundred sixty-four patients were evaluated, 82 in each group. The average daily dose of enoxaparin used to target therapeutic levels was 0.7 ± 0.2 mg/kg/day (range = 0.4-1). Comparing enoxaparin to UFH, there was no significant difference in major bleeding (6.1% vs 11%, p = 0.4) or thromboembolism (0% vs 2.4%, p = 0.5). Hospital length of stay was shorter in the enoxaparin group (20 ± 53.8 vs 28.9 ± 44.5 days, p = 0.02); there was no significant difference between groups in mortality or readmission. Adjusting for risk factors for bleeding there was a slight but statistically non-significant difference between enoxaparin versus UFH (OR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.2-3.5, p = 0.73). Conclusions These findings suggest that therapeutic dosing of enoxaparin, in doses that ranged from 0.4-1 mg/kg/day, was as safe as intravenous UFH in providing therapeutic anticoagulation in stable patients requiring chronic hemodialysis.
Information Systems Research Thematics: Submissions to a New Journal, 1987-1992

The flow of manuscripts through the editorial offices of an academic journal can provide valuable information both about the performance of the journal as an instrument of its field and about the structure and evolution of the field itself. We undertook an analysis of the manuscripts submitted to the journal Information Systems ResearchISR during its start-up years, 1987 through 1992, in an effort to provide a foundation for examining the performance of the journal, and to open a window on to the information systems IS field during that period. We identified the primary research question for each of 397 submissions to ISR, and then categorized the research questions using an iterative classification procedure. Ambiguities in classification were exploited to identify relationships among the categories, and some overarching themes were exposed in order to reveal levels of structure in the journal's submissions stream. We also examined the distribution of submissions across categories and over the years of the study period, and compared the structures of the submissions stream and the publication stream. We present the results with the goal of broadening the perspectives which individual members of the IS research community have of ISR and to help fuel community discourse about the nature and proper direction of the field. We provide some guidelines to assist readers in this interpretive task, and offer some observations and speculations to help launch the discussion.
The impact of smoking on outcomes among patients undergoing hematopoietic SCT for the treatment of acute leukemia

A paucity of research exists examining the potential impact of tobacco use on cancer treatment outcomes, especially among patients treated with hematopoietic SCT (HSCT). A retrospective cohort study design was used to examine the impact of smoking on duration of hospitalization and overall survival among 148 consecutive patients undergoing HSCT for treatment of acute leukemia from 1999 to 2005. Of the 148 patients, 15% reported current smoking, 30% former smoking, and 55% never used tobacco. Patients were followed for a median 3.5 years (interquartile range=2.1-5.5). Compared to no history of smoking, current smoking was associated with worse pre-HSCT pulmonary function tests (P<0.02 in each case), more days hospitalization (46.2 days versus 25.7 days, P=0.025), and poorer overall survival (hazard ratio (HR)=1.88; 95% CI 1.09-3.25). Results were similar after multivariate adjustment, although the association with overall survival attenuated slightly (HR=1.75; 95% CI 1.00-3.06). Current smoking appears to adversely affect the number of days hospitalized post HSCT and overall survival. Translational research focused on interventions to promote tobacco cessation may lead to improved HSCT outcomes.
Interface cracks in adhesively bounded lap-shear joints

A study on the elastic behavior of interface cracks in adhesively bonded lap-shear joints is presented. The problem is investigated by using a recently developed method of analysis based on conservation laws in elasticity for nonhomogeneous solids and fundamental relationships in fracture mechanics of dissimilar materials. The formulation leads to a pair of linear algebraic equations in mixed-mode stress intensity factors. Singular crack-tip stress intensity solutions are determined directly by information extracted from the far field. Stress intensity factors and associated energy release rates are obtained for various cases of interest. Fundamental nature of the interfacial flaw behavior in lap-shear adhesive joints is examined in detail.
Brain endolases as specific markers of neuronal and glial cells

There are three distinct enolase isoenzymes in brain; neuron-specific enolase (NSE), formerly referred to as neuron-specific protein, which is specifically localized in neurons, a nonneuronal enolase (NNE), and a third hybrid form. Light microscopy with immunocytochemical techniques has permitted localization of non-neuronal enolase. The NNE is located in glial cells with no staining of endothelial cells or neurons. Thus, NSE and NNE can be used as specific metabolic markers for neurons and glial cells, respectively.
Hysteresis and incremental collapse: The iterative evolution of a complex system

Abstract There are many simple magnetic and mechanical devices that model features of steady or asymptotic hysteresis. In practically all of these systems there is a repetitive cycling of some input or control variable that results in a non-unique but strictly repetitive cycling of the response. This multivalued behavior can usually be described by a single, invariant hysteresis loop. In practice, however, most hysteresis systems are modified by the forces that act on them, and consequently even if the forces are cycled in some repetitive pattern, the systems' response can vary in a complicated way. Generally this produces a drifting or evolutionary hysteresis. If this drift is sustained through sufficiently many cycles, or iterations, the systems can eventually undergo abrupt changes that correspond to phase transitions in time. The connection between incipient, drifting, and asymptotic hysteresis can be illustrated in quantitative detail by the repetitive loading of elastic-plastic structures. In these cases the transition from drifting to asymptotic hysteresis coincides precisely with technically important transition from shakedown —that is, the stabilization of structures—to incremental collapse , or the failure of structures. Even in simple frameworks the iterative time scales associated with these transitions can be astonishingly long. Nevertheless, hysteresis and energy dissipation criteria can be used to distinguish between safe and unsafe loading patterns even in large and complex structures. Formally the different types of hysteresis can be described by the composition of mappings in hysteresis manifolds. For instance, asymptotic hysteresis corresponds to orbits that merge into limit cycles. In the structural mechanics examples these iteration or orbit patterns change exactly at the critical loading that leads from shakedown to incremental collapse. It can be shown that this transition incorporates all of the essential elements of the renormalization group theory of critical phenomena.
Advanced Methods of Multivariate Anomaly Detection

The generic problem in anomaly detection is identifying unusual samples present in a large population. Each member of the population is described by a list of characteristics that define a feature vector. One statistical method that accounts for mutual correlations among the components has defined the standard for anomaly detection in communication, radar, and hyperspectral signal processing for several decades. This paper describes an advanced methodology that constructs nonlinear transformations to account for observed data distributions not amenable to a statistical description. The construction relies on a combination of stochastic methods and phenomenological constraints. Examples are taken from hyperspectral target detection.
Inequality Restrictions in Regression Analysis

Abstract In order to combine prior and sample information in the estimation of regression coefficients, when the prior knowledge about the parameter space exists in the form of inequality constraints, the regression model is respecified as a quadratic programming problem. The sampling properties of the general restricted estimator are discussed and the inequality restricted formulation is extended to cover a set of regression equations. As an example of the applicability of the specification, the estimation procedure is applied to the problem of obtaining estimates of the transitional probabilities of a finite Markov Process from aggregated outcome data.
Delayed death of identified reticulospinal neurons after spinal cord injury in lampreys.

Department of Veterans Affairs, Ofﬁce of Research and Development,810 Vermont Avenue, NW (122), Washington, DC 20420ABSTRACTThere is controversy about whether axotomized neurons undergo death or only severeatrophy after spinal cord injury (SCI) in mammals. Lampreys recover from complete spinaltransection, but only about half of the severed spinal-projecting axons regenerate through thesite of injury. The fates of the unregenerated neurons remain unknown, and until now deathof axotomized spinal-projecting neurons has not been described in the lamprey brain. We nowreport that in animals allowed to survive for 12 or more weeks after spinal cord transection,several identiﬁed reticulospinal (RS) neurons were missing in Nissl-stained orneuroﬁlament-immunostained brain whole mounts. At earlier times, these neurons wereswollen and pale in Nissl-stained preparations. Retrograde ﬂuorescent labeling from the siteof transection combined with TUNEL histochemistry suggested that neuronal death, includ-ing that of the identiﬁed RS neurons, began in animals 4 weeks posttransection, reaching apeak at 12–16 weeks. This was not seen in untransected animals. The TUNEL positivitysuggests that some cells were dying by apoptosis. Of special interest, among the identiﬁedneurons, this delayed cell death was restricted to neurons that at earlier posttransectiontimes have a low probability of regeneration. These data show that SCI induces delayed celldeath in lamprey spinal-projecting neurons and suggest that the reason why some neuronsare “bad regenerators” is that they are already undergoing apoptotic cell death. Thusprotection from apoptosis may be necessary in order to enhance axonal regeneration afterSCI. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:269–282, 2008.
Disparities in the food environment surrounding US middle and high schools

Background Disparities in the type and density of food retail outlets have been hypothesized as a possible cause of differential obesity rates across racial/ethnic and income groups. Several local studies have documented differences in business environments by sociodemographic neighbourhood characteristics, but no data specific for youth have been published. This study analyses the food environment surrounding all public middle and high schools in the USA. Methods Buffers were calculated with a radius of 400 and 800 m from the main entrance of public secondary schools in the USA (n=31,622), and business establishments within those buffers were identified using InfoUSA proprietary business listings. Indicators of any convenience store, limited-service restaurant, snack store or off-licences/liquor store and counts of businesses were regressed on the proportion of students eligible for free school meals, Title I eligibility of the school, racial/ethnic composition, location and student/teacher ratio. Results Hispanic youth are particularly likely to attend schools that are surrounded by convenience stores, restaurants, snack stores or off-licences. This effect is independent and in addition to poverty (i.e. students eligible for free school meals or schools that are Title I eligible) or location (urban core, suburban, town, rural). The association between other racial groups and nearby businesses is weaker, with the exception of off-licences, where a higher proportion of minority groups increases the probability of off-licences in close proximity to the school. Middle schools have fewer surrounding businesses than high schools, and larger schools have fewer surrounding businesses than smaller schools. Conclusions Easy availability of snacks, sodas and fast food in the immediate vicinity of a school could easily negate school food policies, especially among students who can leave campus. Surrounding food outlets could also lower the effectiveness of health education in the classroom by setting a highly visible example that counters educational messages. There are several clear differences across sociodemographic groups with, arguably, the most pernicious being the location of off-licences. These disparities may represent an important type of environmental injustice for minorities and lower-income youth, with potential adverse consequences for dietary behaviours.
Smooth muscle neoplasms of the uterus other than ordinary leiomyoma. A study of 46 cases, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors.

Thirty-seven cases of uterine leiomyosarcoma are presented, along with nine cases of leiomyoma variants from which they were distinguished. All patients were followed for a minimum of 10 years. In cases with nuclear pleomorphism, leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed when there were five or more mitotic figures in ten consecutive high-power (±400) fields in the most active area of the tumor, and also when there were fewer mitotic figures but extensive tumor necrosis (there was only one leiomyosarcoma without nuclear pleomorphism, and it had more than 20 mitotic figures in ten high-power fields). Tumor size was the major prognostic factor in the leiomyosarcoma group; five of eight patients with neoplasms measuring less than 5 cm in maximum dimension survived, whereas no patient with a larger tumor did so. Other pathologic and clinical variables, including mitotic rate, tumor necrosis, degree of nuclear pleomorphism, vascular invasion, and patient age, had no significant relationship to survival or tumor behavior in leiomyosarcoma when tumor size was taken into account. The nine cases of leiomyoma variants consisted of three atypical leiomyomas (which had nuclear pleomorphism, one or no mitotic figures per ten high-power fields, and no necrosis), two plexiform leiomyomas, two cases of peritoneal leiomyomatosis, one palisaded leiomyoma, and one case of intravenous leiomyomatosis; all of these patients were tumor-free on follow-up.
A comparative study of the perception of freedom-in-leisure between stuttering and nonstuttering individuals

Abstract A central assumption, which served as the basis for this study, was that an individual who shared a social speech disfluency known as “stuttering” perceived less freedom in leisure experiences and was thought to be in a reduced position for deriving benefit from leisure than a nonstuttering person. Concomitant was the supposition that a stuttering person's functioning in leisure was adversely affected by possible transcendent manifestations of this stuttering. The population surveyed was the membership of the National Stuttering Project (NSP) comprised of both stuttering and nonstuttering persons. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the current level of perceived freedom in leisure between stuttering and nonstuttering members of the NSP. Stuttering members, however, perceived barriers, prohibiting freedom in leisure, significantly different than nonstuttering members. No generalizations were made outside the NSP population surveyed.
Europeans and Europeanism in 1970

To those who have followed the results of public opinion polling among the peoples of the European Communities, it would probably come as something less than a surprise to learn that a solid majority in Europe is committed to international integration. Neither might it be especially revealing to hear that the Common Market has become a symbol of "European" identification, or that "third force Europe" sentiments are harbored only among a small Gaullist minority. Nor, again, might it be all that edifying to learn that the Dutch are the most regional minded and the Italians the most parochial of the EEC populations, or that young people are much more enthusiastic about European unification than their parents. As it turns out, not one of these articles of integrationist faith and "European" folklore is true. The dashing of these and many related cliches is a tribute to the objectivity, rigor, and imagination of those who designed and executed the EEC-wide pollings reported in Les Europeens et L'Unification de L'Europe. The research project which, in June 1972, produced the 200-page report under review here, was inspired and engineered by Jacques-Rene Rabier, a respected European sociologist and Director-General for Press and Information in the European Communities. Its goal was to go beyond the superficial soundings which have heretofore characterized most survey research into European integration. EEC analysts sought first
Optimum Exchange for Calculation of Excitation Energies and Hyperpolarizabilities of Organic Electro-optic Chromophores.

Organic electro-optic (OEO) materials integrated into silicon–organic hybrid devices afford significant improvements in size, weight, power, and bandwidth performance of integrated electronic/photonic systems critical for current and next generation telecommunication, computer, sensor, transportation, and defense technologies. Improvement in molecular first hyperpolarizability (β), and in turn electro-optic activity, is crucial to optimizing device performance. Common hybrid density functional theory (DFT) methods, while attractive due to their computational scaling, often perform poorly for optical properties in systems with substantial intramolecular charge-transfer character, such as OEO chromophores. This study evaluates the utility of the long-range corrected (LC) DFT methods for computation of the molecular second-order nonlinear optical response. We compare calculated results for a 14-molecule benchmark set of OEO chromophores with the corresponding experimentally measured β and one-photon absorpti...
Evolution and detectability of comet clouds during post-main-sequence stellar evolution

The destruction of volatile-rich comet disks and Oort-type clouds around luminous post-main-sequence stars is modeled. The models are in agreement with several aspects of existing observations of water and complex molecules in the envelopes of giant and supergiant stars. If confirmed, these results would establish the common existence of Oort-type clouds around other stars and would constitute indirect evidence for sites of past planetary formation.
High-Throughput Gene Sequencing Assay Development for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer

Abstract Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is the most common hereditary colon cancer syndrome and is responsible for as many as 10% of all colorectal cancers. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is autosomally dominant with a prevalence of 1 in 200-2000 and exhibits incomplete penetrance. Affected individuals have an approximately 70% lifetime risk of colon cancer with a mean age of onset of 44 years and an approximately 40% lifetime risk of endometrial cancer. At least 5 mismatch repair genes ( MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 ) have been implicated in HNPCC; however, no predominant mutations were found in these genes. Mutation detection by direct sequencing has proven to be the most sensitive method. We have developed high-throughput full-length sequencing assays of the MLH1, MSH2 , and MSH6 genes. These 3 genes account for approximately 90% of all germline mutations found in HNPCC. In our assays, 19 exons of MLH1 , 16 exons of MSH2 , 10 exons of MSH6 , and the adjacent splice sites were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and loaded onto a capillary sequencing machine. Results were analyzed using sequence analysis software and stored in a relational database. Our assay method was validated using 15 affected patients and normal controls. It is anticipated that our high-throughput assay technique will provide accurate diagnoses for patients at risk for HNPCC and thereby facilitate early curative intervention.
Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the thermal decomposition of Ti(N(CH3)2)4 during chemical vapor deposition by in situ molecular beam mass spectrometry

Various aspects of the kinetics and mechanism occurring during the gas-phase thermal decomposition of Ti(N(CH3)2)4, tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium, have been determined by in situ molecular beam mass spectrometry coupled to a chemical vapor deposition reactor. The rate of Ti(N(CH3)2)4 decomposition was measured between 333 and 583 K. The rate constants increase with reactor surface area to volume ratio (S/V), particularly above 530 K (S/V = 0.118 mm-1), which indicates a change in mechanism at higher temperatures. For S/V = 0.118 mm-1, the Arrhenius parameters between 300 and 530 K are Ea = 16 ± 2 kJ mol-1 and A = 32 ± 4 s-1. For the high-temperature regime above 530 K, Ea = 166 ± 16 kJ mol-1 and A = (1.6 ± 0.2) × 1016 s-1. These parameters are consistent with the following mechanistic interpretation for Ti(N(CH3)2)4 decomposition: activated adsorption to the walls at low temperatures, followed by gas-phase unimolecular decomposition in combination with some surface process at higher temperatures. Mass ...
Biology of a Gall-Forming Tetrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Associated with Gall Midges on Saltbush in Southern California

A new species of Tetrastichus occurring in Asphondylia spp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) galls on saltbush, Atriplex spp. (Chenopodiaceae), feeds and develops on altered plant tissues derived from midge-gall tissue, only incidentally killing the gall midge. This gall within a gall (endogall) is comprised of midge-gall parenchyma that has been mitotically activated.
Specific heat and anisotropic superconducting and normal-state magnetization of HoNi2B2C

Abstract The magnetization of single-crystal HoNi 2 B 2 C has been measured as a function of applied field ( H ) and temperature in order to probe the interplay between superconductivity and magnetism in this complex layered system. The normal-state magnetic susceptibility of HoNi 2 B 2 C is highly anisotropic with a Curie-Weiss-like temperature dependence for H applied perpendicular to the c -axis and with a much weaker temperature dependence for H applied parallel to the c -axis, indicating that the Ho +3 magnetic moments lie predominately in the tetragonal a − b plane below 20 K. High-field magnetization (2000 Oe), low-field magnetization (20 Oe) and zero-field specific heat all give an antiferromagnetic ordering temperature of T N =5.0 K. Remarkably, in 20 Oe applied field both superconductivity ( T c =8.0 K) and antiferromagnetism ( T N =5.0 K) clearly make themselves manifest in the magnetization data. From these magnetization data a phase diagram in the H − T plane was constructed for both directions of applied field. This phase diagram shows a non-monotonic temperature dependence of H c2 with a deep minimum at T N =5 K. The high-field magnetization data for H applied perpendicular to the c -axis also reveal a cascade of three phase transitions for T H H versus T phase diagram for HoNi 2 B 2 C at low temperatures.
Preventing over-resection by DNA2 helicase/nuclease suppresses repair defects in Fanconi anemia cells.

FANCD2 is required for the repair of DNA damage by the FA (Fanconi anemia) pathway, and, consequently, FANCD2-deficient cells are sensitive to compounds such as cisplatin and formaldehyde that induce DNA:DNA and DNA:protein crosslinks, respectively. The DNA2 helicase/nuclease is required for RNA/DNA flap removal from Okazaki fragments during DNA replication and for the resection of DSBs (double-strand breaks) during HDR (homology-directed repair) of replication stress-induced damage. A knockdown of DNA2 renders normal cells as sensitive to cisplatin (in the absence of EXO1) and to formaldehyde (even in the presence of EXO1) as FANCD2^(−/−) cells. Surprisingly, however, the depletion of DNA2 in FANCD2-deficient cells rescues the sensitivity of FANCD2^(−/−) cells to cisplatin and formaldehyde. We previously showed that the resection activity of DNA2 acts downstream of FANCD2 to insure HDR of the DSBs arising when replication forks encounter ICL (interstrand crosslink) damage. The suppression of FANCD2^(−/−) by DNA2 knockdowns suggests that DNA2 and FANCD2 also have antagonistic roles: in the absence of FANCD2, DNA2 somehow corrupts repair. To demonstrate that DNA2 is deleterious to crosslink repair, we used psoralen-induced ICL damage to trigger the repair of a site-specific crosslink in a GFP reporter and observed that “over-resection” can account for reduced repair. Our work demonstrates that excessive resection can lead to genome instability and shows that strict regulatory processes have evolved to inhibit resection nucleases. The suppression of FANCD2^(−/−) phenotypes by DNA2 depletion may have implications for FA therapies and for the use of ICL-inducing agents in chemotherapy.
Problem and Solution: The Spiritual Dimension of Clergy Sexual Abuse and Its Impact on Survivors.

In this paper, we offer a way to understand the spiritual dimension of clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse. Spirituality is defined as a search for the sacred--a process of discovery, conservation, and transformation that evolves over the lifespan. We describe the ways in which clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse impacts negatively on the individual's search for the sacred and the ways in which spirituality can serve as a valuable resource for survivors. We then consider how clinicians can draw on the client's spirituality as a source of solutions to problems and how clinicians can address the spiritual problems raised by clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse. Perhaps the greatest challenge for mental health professionals is to become better acquainted with the multifaceted nature of spiritual life.
Low polarization microscope objectives

Microscope objectives used for biaxial ellipsometry require small levels of polarization aberrations. The approach outlined in this paper allows the design and fabrication of microscope objectives with twelve times less diattenuation than commercially available objectives.
Chemistry of a flue gas combined NOX and SO2 scrubber employing ferrous cysteine additives

Employment of ferrous cysteine additives creates different and simpler scrubber chemistry, compared to Japanese processes using ferrous chelates such as FE/sup 2 +/(EDTA). Instead of being mainly converted to nitrous oxide, nitric oxide in flue gas can be concentrated and/or reduced to nitrogen gas, and production of dithionate ions and nitrogen-sulfur compounds in scrubbing systems can be suppressed or avoided. Fixation of nitric oxide can take place by rapid reaction with ferrous cysteine to form solid cystinatodinitrosyl iron (II) which can release NO upon heating. Cysteine can rapidly reduce ferric to ferrous ions while itself is oxidized to form cystine. The latter can be reduced back to cysteine by SO/sub 2/.
Understanding the role of Ti in reversible hydrogen storage as sodium alanate: A combined experimental and density functional theoretical approach

We report the results of an experimental and theoretical study of hydrogen storage in sodium alanate (NaAlH4). Reversible hydrogen storage in this material is dependent on the presence of 2−4% Ti dopant. Our combined study shows that the role of Ti may be linked entirely to Ti-containing active catalytic sites in the metallic Al phase present in the dehydrogenated NaAlH4. The EXAFS data presented here show that dehydrogenated samples contain a highly disordered distribution of Ti−Al distances with no long-range order beyond the second coordination sphere. We have used density functional theory techniques to calculate the chemical potential of possible Ti arrangements on an Al(001) surface for Ti coverages ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 monolayer (ML) and have identified those that can chemisorb molecular hydrogen via spontaneous or only moderately activated pathways. The chemisorption process exhibits a characteristic nodal symmetry property for the low-barrier sites: the incipient doped surface-H2 adduct's h...
Substance use and sexual behavior during incarceration among 18- to 29-year old men: prevalence and correlates.

An A-CASI survey of 197 men with a history of incarceration, ages 18–29, revealed that 50% and 17% of participants, respectively, had used substances or had sex while confined. Univariate regression analyses indicated that these two behaviors were correlated and both were associated with being older, having spent more years incarcerated, being sexual abused, and being involved with gangs and violence during incarceration. Multiple regression analyses showed that the likelihood of any substance use during incarceration was higher for men who were affiliated with a gang. Men were more likely to have had sex during incarceration if they reported having had a male sex partner in the community. The prevalence of sexual behavior also differed across sites. Findings document the occurrence of substance use and sexual behavior among incarcerated men, and highlight the need for continued research into the context of these behaviors.
The rules perspective as a theoretical basis for the study of human communication

The procedures involved in creating and certifying theories constructed within the laws, systems, and rules perspectives of human communication are compared and contrasted in order to delimit the focuses of a rules perspective to theory construction. A review is provided of the approach by Cushman and his associates to human communication within the rules perspective. The author attempts to extend the previous analysis by developing a rules theory of interpersonal communication.
Fatigue Analysis Before and After Shaker Exercise: Physiologic Tool for Exercise Design

Recent studies suggest that the Shaker exercise induces fatigue in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening muscles and sternocleidomastoid (SCM), with the SCMs fatiguing earliest. The aim of this study was to measure fatigue induced by the isometric portion of the Shaker exercise by measuring the rate of change in the median frequency (MF rate) of the power spectral density (PSD) function, which is interpreted as proportional to the rate of fatigue, from surface electromyography (EMG) of suprahyoid (SHM), infrahyoid (IHM), and SCM. EMG data compared fatigue-related changes from 20-, 40-, and 60-s isometric hold durations of the Shaker exercise. We found that fatigue-related changes were manifested during the 20-s hold. The findings confirm that the SCM fatigues initially and as fast as or faster than the SHM and IHM. In addition, upon completion of the exercise protocol, the SCM had a decreased MF rate, implying improved fatigue resistance, while the SHM and IHM showed increased MF rates, implying that these muscles increased their fatiguing effort. We conclude that the Shaker exercise initially leads to increased fatigue resistance of the SCM, after which the exercise loads the less fatigue-resistant SHM and IHM, potentiating the therapeutic effect of the Shaker exercise regimen with continued exercise performance.
The role of absolute and relative amounts of time in forgetting within immediate memory: The case of tone-pitch comparisons

Many investigators of auditory sensory memory have assumed that memory loss during a retention interval of some seconds results from a process (such as decay) that depends on the absolute amount of time that has elapsed since presentation of the sound. An alternative possibility, brought to light by studies on immediate verbal memory, is that it is the relative, rather than the absolute, amount of time that matters. We examine these factors in a tone-comparison study by varying not only the retention interval between two tones to be compared, but also the interpair interval. Relative time played a role, but absolute time also appeared to be important. Several concepts of “decay” are considered in relation to the results.