cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA replication defects delay cell division and disrupt cell polarity in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.

Abstract In early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, asymmetric cell divisions produce descendants with asynchronous cell cycle times. To investigate the relationship between cell cycle regulation and pattern formation, we have identified a collection of embryonic-lethal mutants in which cell divisions are delayed and cell fate patterns are abnormal. In div (for div ision delayed) mutant embryos, embryonic cell divisions are delayed but remain asynchronous. Some div mutants produce well-differentiated cell types, but they frequently lack the endodermal and mesodermal cell fates normally specified by a transcriptional activator called SKN-1. We show that mislocalization of PIE-1, a negative regulator of SKN-1, prevents the specification of endoderm and mesoderm in div-1 mutant embryos. In addition to defects in the normally asymmetric distribution of PIE-1, div mutants also exhibit other losses of asymmetry during early embryonic cleavages. The daughters of normally asymmetric divisions are nearly equal in size, and cytoplasmic P-granules are not properly localized to germline precursors in div mutant embryos. Thus the proper timing of cell division appears to be important for multiple aspects of asymmetric cell division. One div gene, div-1, encodes the B subunit of the DNA polymerase α-primase complex. Reducing the function of other DNA replication genes also results in a delayed division phenotype and embryonic lethality. Thus the other div genes we have identified are likely to encode additional components of the DNA replication machinery in C. elegans.
The status of GF11

Abstract The install and debug phase for GF11's hardware is rapidly approaching completion. The system software is also almost complete. Currently both are quite stable and quite usable. The remaining installation is straight forward and should be complete in a few more months. The so far successful installation and testing have shown GF11 to be a viable system. Indeed it seems that the architecture is such that achieving over 80% usage of the machine's peak speed for typical QCD lattice calculations is a realistic goal. This is a very impressive number and bodes well for GF11's ability to tackle the physics problems it will almost immediately be facing.
Adjuvant aromatase inhibitors following tamoxifen for early-stage breast cancer in postmenopausal women: what do we really know?

Abstract Adjuvant hormonal therapy in the treatment of women with early-stage, hormone receptor (HR)—positive breast cancer is now considered the standard of care. Adjuvant tamoxifen decreases the risk of breast cancer recurrence and death in women with early-stage breast cancer when taken for 5 years. The benefits of tamoxifen are counterbalanced by toxicities including an increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events. The selective aromatase inhibitors (AIs)—including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane—are challenging the role of tamoxifen as the adjuvant hormonal therapy of choice in postmenopausal women. Results of the Arimidex and Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination trial favor the use of anastrozole over tamoxifen as initial adjuvant hormonal therapy, with improvement in disease-free survival (DFS) and a favorable toxicity profile. The results of 2 large adjuvant trials using AIs sequentially with tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early-stage, HR-positive breast cancer have been reported. The MA-17 study randomized women to placebo or letrozole for 5 years after completion of 4.5–6 years of initial tamoxifen. The Intergroup Exemestane Study (IES) randomized women following 2–3 years of adjuvant tamoxifen to continue to receive tamoxifen or switch to exemestane for a total of 5 years of adjuvant hormonal therapy. The MA-17 and IES trials demonstrated superior DFS with the AI and corroborated the smaller GROCTA-4B and Italian Tamoxifen Arimidex trials, which studied sequential therapy with aminoglutethamide or anastrozole. There is now substantial medical evidence supporting the use of AIs in postmenopausal women with early-stage, HR-positive breast cancer.
Infrared conductivity of hole accumulation and depletion layers in (Ga,Mn)As- and (Ga,Be)As-based electric field-effect devices

We have fabricated electric double-layer field-effect devices to electrostatically dope our active materials, either x=0.015 Ga Mn As or x=3.2×10 4 Ga Be As. The devices are tailored for interrogation of electric field-induced changes to the frequency-dependent conductivity in the accumulation or depletion layers of the active material via infrared (IR) spectroscopy at room temperature. The spectra of the (Ga,Be)As-based device reveal electric field-induced changes to the IR conductivity consistent with an enhancement or reduction of the Drude response in the accumulation and depletion polarities, respectively. The spectroscopic features of this device are all indicative of metallic conduction within the GaAs host valence band (VB). For the (Ga,Mn)As-based device, the spectra show enhancement of the far-IR itinerant carrier response and broad mid-IR resonance upon hole accumulation, with a suppression of these features in the depletion polarity. These latter spectral features demonstrate that conduction in ferromagnetic (FM) Ga Mn As is distinct from genuine metallic behavior due to extended states in the host VB. Furthermore, these data support the notion that a Mn-induced impurity band plays a vital role in the electrodynamics of FM Ga Mn As. We add that a sum-rule analysis of the spectra of our devices suggests that the Mn or Be doping does not lead to a substantial renormalization of the GaAs host VB.
Bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded surface footings on sand.

ABSTRACT A limited number of laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded rough surface footing on a sand layer with a rough rigid base at a limited depth have been presented. The model footing has a length-to-width ratio of three. Based on the test results, it appears that the effective area method (Meyerhof, 1953) could be used to predict the ultimate bearing capacity provided that the modified bearing capacity factor, Nr', can be correctly evaluated.
Genotoxicity and mitochondrial damage in human lymphocytic cells chronically exposed to 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine

AZT (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine), the first nucleoside analog approved for the treatment of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), induces significant toxic effects in humans exposed to therapeutic doses. As an inhibitor of the HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) reverse transcriptase, AZT blocks the incorporation of nucleotides into the host's newly synthesized DNA. Incorporation of AZT into mammalian DNA as well as specific localization of the drug into telomeric DNA, has been previously documented by immunohistochemistry. As with other nucleoside analogs, AZT has affinity for polymerase-gamma, the enzyme responsible for the replication of mitochondrial DNA. In order to examine the mechanisms of toxic events induced by long-term AZT exposure, human T-lymphocytic H9 cells were cultured with 25 microM AZT for 7 months. In the resulting H9-AZT cells, incorporation of AZT into DNA was demonstrated by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei were scored and intracellular lipid distribution was determined. Two pmol of AZT per microgram of DNA were detected by radioimmunoassay in H9-AZT cells. Control cells showed negative values in the radioimmunoassay. Cytogenetic observations on H9-AZT cells showed an increase in chromosomal aberrations and nuclear fragmentation when compared with unexposed H9 cells. Electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial damage and an elevated accumulation of neutral intracellular lipid deposits probably as a consequence of a distortion in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids normally carried out by this organelle. The toxicities explored here suggest that the mechanisms of AZT induced cytotoxicity in bone marrow of the patients chronically exposed to the drug in vivo may involve both chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA damage.
Cycle Resolved LDV Measurements in a Motored IC Engine

LDV measurements have been made in an IC engine motored at 1200 rpm. The data rates were sufficiently high to allow the bulk velocity to be characterized in individual cycles. The relative cyclic fluctuation of the bulk velocity was found to be as large as 200 percent. The turbulence intensity was calculated using both the velocity fluctuation with respect to the ensemble average velocity and the velocity fluctuation with respect to the cycle resolved bulk velocity. The former includes both the cyclic fluctuation of the bulk velocity and the turbulence, and therefore gave estimates of the ensemble averaged turbulence intensity which were from 50 to 100 percent greater than that obtained using the in-cycle fluctuation with respect to the bulk velocity. The relative cyclic fluctuation of the time averaged turbulence intensity, calculated over a 64-degree interval in each cycle, was found to be small, i.e., less than 20 percent. The high data rates also made it possible to determine the ensemble averaged temporal autocorrelation function from which the spectral energy distribution and the integral time scale were calculated.
Refractory Hypotension Associated With Hypocalcemia and Renal Disease

A 35-year-old hypertensive man presented with chronic renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure, and refractory hypotension. He had metabolic acidosis and profound hypocalcemia. Left ventricular function and blood pressure worsened after intravenous infusion of saline and bicarbonate, but improved dramatically after intravenous calcium administration. This case illustrates that hypocalcemia is a cause of refractory hypotension and heart failure.
On-line error detection and correction techniques for TSV in three-dimensional integrated circuit

This paper presents an on-line error detection and correction techniques for through silicon via (TSV) in three-dimensional integrated circuit (3-D IC). The proposed architecture is based on biresidue codes to detect and correct the error on-line in the failed TSV over syndrome analysis. Experimental results show the proposed design has good performance in area and TSV overhead and improves the yield of TSV up to 99.9%.
Organic Electroanalysis with Chemically Modified Electrodes

Abstract The analytical utility of electrodes modified with functionalized polymer films for the determination of aromatic amines is demonstrated. The analysis is based on the preconcentration of the protonated amines into a functionalized polymer film that contains styrene sulfonate groups. Good sensitivity and high reproducibility were obtained for concentrations down to 10−5 M. Aliphatic amines do not interfere in the determination.
Temperature Dependence of the Carrier Lifetime in 4H-SiC Epilayers

The temperature dependence of the carrier lifetime was measured in n-type 4H-SiC epilayers of varying Z1/2 deep defect concentrations and layer thicknesses in order to investigate the recombination processes controlling the carrier lifetime in low- Z1/2 material. The results indicate that in more recently grown layers with lower deep defect concentrations, surface recombination tends to dominate over carrier capture by other bulk defects. Low-injection lifetime measurements were also found to provide a convenient method to assess the surface band bending and surface trap density in samples with a significant surface recombination rate.
Niches at the Edges: Price-Value Tradeoff, Consumer Behavior, and Marketing Strategy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how the perception of price‐value tradeoff is related to overall satisfaction, purchase intention, word‐of‐mouth advertising, and actual repurchase behavior.Design/methodology/approach – Data on subscribers and single ticket buyers of a major symphony orchestra in the Midwest are used to test the hypotheses.Findings – The ANOVA results show significant differences across the three levels of price‐value tradeoff in each of the response variables. Additional analyses of cross‐tabulated data show that some of the bivariate relations conform to, as well as depart from, the rational consumer behavior model.Research limitations/implications – Although the hypotheses are supported, bivariate relations examined in this study can mask or overstate true relations due to the omitted variables bias. Future research can explore reasons for favorable behaviors of consumers whose perception is that the value they receive is overpriced, and also for unfavorable behaviors ...
Violate my beliefs? Then you're to blame! Belief content as an explanation for causal attribution biases.

We examined the extent to which the content of beliefs about appropriate behavior in social situations influences blame attributions for negative outcomes in relationship situations. Young, middle-aged and older adults indicated their level of agreement to a set of traditional and non-traditional beliefs. Five months later, we assessed the degree to which these same individuals blamed traditional and nontraditional characters who violated their beliefs in twelve social conflict situations. Older adults held more traditional beliefs regarding appropriate relationship behaviors (e.g., the acceptability of pre-marital sex). Individual differences in the content of one’s beliefs were needed to understand age-related patterns in blame attributions; for example, adherence to traditional beliefs about appropriate relationship behaviors led to higher responsibility and blame attributions towards characters behaving in ways that were inconsistent with these beliefs. Structural regression models showed that beliefs fully mediated the effects of working memory and need for closure on causal attributions, and partially mediated the effects of age and religiosity on attributions. Personal identification with the characters had additional, independent effects on attributions. Findings are discussed from the theoretical perspective of a belief-based explanation of social judgment biases.
An algorithm to determine sample sizes for optimization with artificial neural networks

This article presents an algorithm developed to determine the appropriate sample size for constructing accurate artificial neural networks as surrogate models in optimization problems. In the algorithm, two model evaluation methods—cross-validation and/or bootstrapping—are used to estimate the performance of various networks constructed with different sample sizes. The optimization of a CO2 capture process with aqueous amines is used as the case study to illustrate the application of the algorithm. The output of the algorithm—the network constructed using the appropriate sample size—is used in a process synthesis optimization problem to test its accuracy. The results show that the model evaluation methods are successful in identifying the general trends of the underlying model and that objective function value of the optimum solution calculated using the surrogate model is within 1% of the actual value. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 805–812, 2013
Isomerization of cyclopropane on synthetic faujasite by pulse technique: II. Experimental study

Abstract The parameters for sorption, intercrystalline and intracrystalline diffusion, and reaction were determined for the isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene over synthetic faujasite (Li ex Y, NaY, and K ex Y). The parameters were obtained from studying the response of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) containing catalyst powder or pellets, when an impulse of cyclopropane is introduced in the reactor. The model developed for the CSTR was used successfully for the determination of the parameters for diffusion, adsorption, and chemical reaction. Both micro- and macroeffectiveness factors were obtained and the results indicated that the intracrystalline diffusion was rate limiting and that the intracrystalline diffusion coefficients were lowered by the presence of a reaction. Also it was found that K ex Y was inactive for the isomerization of cyclopropane over the temperature range considered.
Characterization of benthic microhabitat: An experimental system for aquatic insects

An experimental system used to determine microhabitat current velocity and microhabitat selection by aquatic insects is described. The experimental system includes a microvelocity probe and a hydraulically calibrated artificial substrate. A thermistor velocity probe detects flow velocities to 0.5 m s−1 near the surface of substrates at locations inhabited by aquatic insects. The artificial substrate was designed to provide two major habitat types, highly turbulent vortex areas and regions with unidirectional, near laminar flow. Substrate calibration and microhabitat characteristics of the substrates are demonstrated. Experimental studies of Simulium sp. location on substrates indicated that while simuliid larvae are characteristic of lotic, erosional habitats, actual microhabitats selected are governed by substantially lower flow velocity.
Bioinformatics identification of MurJ (MviN) as the peptidoglycan lipid II flippase in Escherichia coli

Peptidoglycan is a cell-wall glycopeptide polymer that protects bacteria from osmotic lysis. Whereas in Gram-positive bacteria it also serves as scaffold for many virulence factors, in Gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is an anchor for the outer membrane. For years, we have known the enzymes required for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan; what was missing was the flippase that translocates the lipid-anchored precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane before their polymerization into mature peptidoglycan. Using a reductionist bioinformatics approach, I have identified the essential inner-membrane protein MviN (renamed MurJ) as a likely candidate for the peptidoglycan flippase in Escherichia coli. Here, I present genetic and biochemical data that confirm the requirement of MurJ for peptidoglycan biosynthesis and that are in agreement with a role of MurJ as a flippase. Because of its essential nature, MurJ could serve as a target in the continuing search for antimicrobial compounds.
Phonological neighborhood effects in spoken word production: An fmri study

The current study examined the neural systems underlying lexically conditioned phonetic variation in spoken word production. Participants were asked to read aloud singly presented words, which either had a voiced minimal pair (MP) neighbor (e.g., cape) or lacked a minimal pair (NMP) neighbor (e.g., cake). The voiced neighbor never appeared in the stimulus set. Behavioral results showed longer voice-onset time for MP target words, replicating earlier behavioral results [Baese-Berk, M., & Goldrick, M. Mechanisms of interaction in speech production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24, 527-554, 2009]. fMRI results revealed reduced activation for MP words compared to NMP words in a network including left posterior superior temporal gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and precentral gyrus. These findings support cascade models of spoken word production and show that neural activation at the lexical level modulates activation in those brain regions involved in lexical selection, phonological planning, and, ultimately, motor plans for production. The facilitatory effects for words with MP neighbors suggest that competition effects reflect the overlap inherent in the phonological representation of the target word and its MP neighbor.
Bridge Scour and Substructure Deterioration: Case Study

In 1988, the State of Mississippi set up its first statewide underwater bridge inspection program. During this inspection, serious damage was found on the substructure of two parallel bridges on I-10 near Biloxi. Significant scour had occurred, exposing the steel piling. These piles had severe corrosion with cross sections reduced by 50%. Because of the reduced cross section, the web and flanges of the piles had buckled locally. This damage was exacerbated by collisions associated with barge traffic on the waterway. This accumulation of problems resulted in a bridge on the verge of collapse. Two alternatives were used to repair the substructure. The more seriously damaged piles were encased in concrete, and the less seriously damaged ones were dewatered and a concrete seal was placed around the piles. After 10 years, the piers with pile encasements showed no additional scour effects. However, the piers with the large concrete seals had scoured by as much as 3 m (10 ft). Described in this paper is the analysis of damage, design of the repair, and a review of the performance of the two types of repair over a 10-year period.
Spatial organization of respiratory neurones in the medulla of tench and goldfish.

1. A minimum of 2000 neurones in the medulla of the tench have cyclic activity that is phase-locked to the respiratory cycle. 2. These respiratory neurones are not uniformly distributed throughout the medullary region where they occur. They tend to occur in two bilateral groups, each of which, toward its rostral end, tends to be split into a dorso-lateral and ventro-medial group. Specific patterns of activity are more common in some regions than in others. 3. No evidence was found for anatomically localized groups of neurones with interactions primarily within the group. Neurones within 0.2 mm of each other are more often either synchronous or anti-synchronous than are neurones separated by a distance of 0.5-1.0 mm, but so are neurones separated by 1.0-2.0 mm. Contrary to a speculation by Shelton, respiratory neurones are not bunched into anatomical clusters with a diameter of 0.6 mm or less.
Nisin Diffusion in Protein Films: Effects of Film Type and Temperature

Protein films [cast corn zein (CCZ), heat-pressed corn zein (HPCZ), cast wheat gluten (CWG), and heat-pressed wheat gluten (HPWG)] were studied at different exposure temperatures (5, 25, 35, and 45°C) to determine nisin diffusion in aqueous model systems. Kinetics of nisin diffusion in protein films followed a Fickian diffusion model. The CCZ had the lowest nisin diffusivity and highest nisin retention. Diffusivities in HPCZ, CWG, and HPWG films were not significantly different. Temperature dependence of nisin diffusion in all films followed an Arrhenius model, which indicated no morphological changes within 5 to 45°C. The activation energy for nisin diffusion in corn-zein films was higher than that in wheat-gluten films.
Coal, Identity, and the Gendering of Environmental Justice Activism in Central Appalachia:

Women generally initiate, lead, and constitute the rank and file of environmental justice activism. However, there is little research on why there are comparatively so few men involved in these movements. Using the environmental justice movement in the Central Appalachian coalfields as a case study, we examine the ways that environmental justice activism is gendered, with a focus on how women’s and men’s identities both shape and constrain their involvement in gendered ways. The analysis relies on 20 interviews with women and men grassroots activists working for environmental justice in the coalfields of Appalachia. We find that women draw on their identities as “mothers” and “Appalachians” to justify their activism, while the hegemonic masculinity of the region, which is tied to the coal industry, has the opposite effect on men, deterring their movement involvement. We explore the implications of these findings for understanding the relationship of gender to environmental justice activism.
Likeable versus popular : Distinct implications for adolescent adjustment

In the current study, 466 children completed a peer nomination survey assessing both perceived and sociometric popularity at the end of the 5th grade. Measures of behavior problems were assessed through a composite of peer-, teacher- and self-reports at the end of the 8th grade. Examination of the unique concurrent associations of each popularity type with peer nominated social characteristics in 5th grade demonstrated that sociometric popularity was positively associated with prosocial behavior and inclusive behavior, while perceived popularity was positively associated with overt and relational aggression. In addition to emerging as distinct conceptual constructs, these two dimensions of popularity also demonstrated unique associations with adjustment over time. Sociometric popularity in the 5th grade was associated with lower levels of externalizing behavior problems 3 years later, while perceived popularity was associated with higher levels of these problems over time. Interestingly, high levels of pe...
Hydrodynamic stability of surfactant solutions heated from below

The interfacial hydrodynamics of pools of dilute binary solutions heated from below is examined using linear stability analysis. Results show that the stabilizing effect of the solute can vary greatly with its interfacial properties, its concentration, and the rate and mechanism of its transfer between the bulk phase and the surface.
Narrowband interference suppression in time hopping impulse radio

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has been considered to offer an innovative solution for future short-range high-speed wireless communications. Interference suppression is important for the UWB devices to operate over the spectrum with established narrowband systems. In this paper the use of a notch filter in time-hopping impulse radio (TH-IR) for UWB communication is considered, where a Gaussian monopulse is employed with pulse position modulation (PPM). A complete analytical framework is provided for performance evaluation using a transversal-type notch filter to reject narrowband interference. The results show that the use of a notch filter can improve the system performance significantly.
Volatiles from Fresh and Air-Dried Vegetative Tissues of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.): Relationship to Cattle Preference

Volatiles from fresh and air-dried forage of eight tall fescue cultivars were collected on Tenax-TA adsorbent and then examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/flame ionization detector chromatography (GC/FID). Fifty of 52 compounds emitted from fresh forage and 99 of 103 emitted from hay were identified. The same compounds were common to all cultivars, and quantitative differences, within fresh forage or hay, were not dramatic. Fresh forage yielded 12−32 μg/L of volatiles, while dry forage yielded 0.18−0.47 μg/L. (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate made up 82% of total emissions from fresh forage but only 0.24% from hay. Green-leaf odor compounds made up 11% in fresh forage and 6% in hay. Previously determined grazing preferences by cattle were related positively to 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and negatively to (Z)-3-hexenyl propionate and acetic acid, which together made up <0.2% of volatiles from fresh forage. Keywords: Festuca arundinacea; headspace; aroma; preference; palatability; cattle
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION II. THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OR SUMMATION OF X-RAY EXPOSURES GIVEN AT VARYING INTERVALS.

A single large dose of x-rays over the abdomen will cause a definite injury of the mucosa of the small intestine and the severity of the clinical intoxication seems to parallel this recognizable epithelial injury. This clinical intoxication lasts 4 to 6 days if the x-ray dose is sublethal. Subsequent doses of radiation given within this period of clinical intoxication give recognizable evidence of summation or a cumulative effect. Small but repeated doses of radiation given within a 5 or 6 day period will cause practically the same cell injury and clinical intoxication as will a single dose representing the sum of the small doses expressed in milliampere minutes. Doses of radiation given at 6 day or longer intervals show no evidence of summation. The reaction of this relatively sensitive intestinal epithelium to radiation may be similar to the reaction of certain deep lying tumor tissues to x-ray therapy and our experiments may give information of value to physicians concerned with x-ray or radium therapy.
“To Enjoy” and “Jouir de”

Author's summary.— The verb jouir de presents certain idiomatic difficulties which it is the aim of this article to analyze; this calls for an analysis of to enjoy, the difficulties of which are not always realized by the English speaker.
Confined Electron Flow in Periodic Electrostatic Fields of Very Short Periods

By utilizing the centrifugal force of an electron, resulting from a magnetic field in the cathode plane as a restoring force, an electrostatically-confined beam flow can be obtained through the strong focusing of a periodic electric field. Because of the extremely steep nature of the potential valley derived from its particular force field, the focusing scheme is far more stable than any previous ones. A uniform magnetic field threading the cathode is employed when a very thin, hollow beam is to be focused. By using a radially varying magnetic field, the focusing scheme can be applied to thick hollow beams, of low as well as of high perveance. Experimental results indicate that the focusing performance obtained is much less critical than that obtained with a periodic magnetic field which has been recently tested extensively.
Overlapping elements in the guanylate-binding protein gene promoter mediate transcriptional induction by alpha and gamma interferons.

Abstract The gene encoding a 67-kDa cytoplasmic guanylate-binding protein (GBP) is transcriptionally induced in cells exposed to interferon of either type I (alpha interferon [IFN-alpha] or type II (IFN-gamma). The promoter of the GBP gene was cloned and found to contain an IFN-alpha-stimulated response element, which mediated the response of the GBP gene to IFN-alpha. On the basis of transfection experiments with recombinant plasmids, two different elements were delineated. Both were required to obtain the maximal response of the GBP gene to IFN-gamma: the IFN-alpha-stimulated response element and an overlapping element termed the IFN-gamma activation site. Different proteins that act on each element were investigated, and their possible involvement in IFN-gamma-induced transcriptional regulation is discussed.
The Statistical Structure of Human Speech Sounds Predicts Musical Universals

The similarity of musical scales and consonance judgments across human populations has no generally accepted explanation. Here we present evidence that these aspects of auditory perception arise from the statistical structure of naturally occurring periodic sound stimuli. An analysis of speech sounds, the principal source of periodic sound stimuli in the human acoustical environment, shows that the probability distribution of amplitude-frequency combinations in human utterances predicts both the structure of the chromatic scale and consonance ordering. These observations suggest that what we hear is determined by the statistical relationship between acoustical stimuli and their naturally occurring sources, rather than by the physical parameters of the stimulus per se.
Optical design of wollaston-prism digital light deflectors.

The optical design of Wollaston-prism digital light-deflection systems is analyzed. It is found that the performance of the system is limited by (1) the diffraction spreading of the incident light beam, (2) the walk-off of the beam at the exit aperture, (3) the generation of spurious light, and (4) distortions in the angular deviation of each prism. The magnitude and functional dependence of these limitations are calculated, and criteria are supplied for the design of practical Wollaston-prism light-deflection systems. The design procedure is outlined, and numerical examples are given. The examples show that high-speed Wollaston-prism systems having a capacity of more than 106 bits are practical at the present time.
Adaptive instantiation of the protocol interference model in wireless networked sensing and control

Interference model is the basis of MAC protocol design in wireless networked sensing and control, and it directly affects the efficiency and predictability of wireless messaging. To exploit the strengths of both the physical and the protocol interference models, we analyze how network traffic, link length, and wireless signal attenuation affect the optimal instantiation of the protocol model. We also identify the inherent trade-off between reliability and throughput in the model instantiation. Our analysis sheds light on the open problem of efficiently optimizing the protocol model instantiation. Based on the analytical results, we propose the physical-ratio-K (PRK) interference model as a reliability-oriented instantiation of the protocol model. Via analysis, simulation, and testbed-based measurement, we show that PRK-based scheduling achieves a network throughput very close to (e.g., 95p) what is enabled by physical-model-based scheduling while ensuring the required packet delivery reliability. The PRK model inherits both the high fidelity of the physical model and the locality of the protocol model, thus it is expected to be suitable for distributed protocol design. These findings shed new light on wireless interference models; they also suggest new approaches to MAC protocol design in the presence of uncertainties in network and environmental conditions as well as application QoS requirements.
Teaching young adults with disabilities through service learning

While many scholars agree that service learning is beneficial to both the student and the community, the research on service learning in the physical education setting is limited. However, there ar...
Preventive counseling for chronic disease: missed opportunities in a community mental health center.

Background The tremendous burden of cardiovascular risk among persons with serious mental illness underscores a critical need for prevention. Counseling by primary care clinicians increases patient smoking cessation, physical activity, and the consumption of fruits and vegetables. The extent to which community mental health clinicians counsel about cardiovascular risk factors has not been reported. Methods This cross-sectional study examines the rates of counseling about cardiovascular risk factors by mental health providers at an urban community mental health center (n = 154). Logistic regression analyses identified clinician characteristics associated with counseling more than 50% of clients about diet, exercise, and smoking. Results 72% of clinical staff members responded to the survey, for a sample of 154 mental health clinicians; 26.6% of the clinicians counseled more than half of their clients annually about all three cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Logistic regression showed that mental health providers who counseled clients about CVD risk factors were less likely to be obese, and were more likely to have received formal training about how to counsel clients about CVD risk. Discussion This is the first study to examine the routine clinical practice of community mental health clinicians in addressing CVD risk at an urban community mental health center. Both training mental health clinicians about CVD risk and also support for improving clinician health status may improve the preventive care provided to clients at community mental health centers.
Taste dimensions in cigarette discrimination: A multidimensional scaling approach

This study was designed to uncover the fundamental psychological taste dimensions underlying people's ability to discriminate among commercial cigarettes, determine the roles that nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide play in such taste dimensions, determine whether subjects can distinguish among cigarettes in general, and determine whether they can choose their own brand from among others. Similarities data were collected in a pairwise comparisons task. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data revealed two dimensions, flat-sharp and high nicotine-low nicotine. Ratings of cigarette sweetness were highly related to ratings of satisfaction and pleasantness, while nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide had moderate to low correlations with the flat-sharp dimension, sweetness, satisfaction, and pleasantness. While smokers can make distinctions among cigarettes, they generally were not able to choose their own brand from among others. Implications of the study for therapeutic intervention, for constructing more palatable low nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide cigarettes, as well as for explaining weight gain upon smoking cessation were discussed.
HUNTing the overlap

Hiding communication latency is an important optimization for parallel programs. Programmers or compilers achieve this by using non-blocking communication primitives and overlapping communication with computation or other communication operations. Using non-blocking communication raises two issues: performance and programmability. In terms of performance, optimizers need to find a good communication schedule and are sometimes constrained by lack of full application knowledge. In terms of programmability, efficiently managing non-blocking communication can prove cumbersome for complex applications. In this paper we present the design principles of HUNT, a runtime system designed to search and exploit some of the available overlap present at execution time in UPC programs. Using virtual memory support, our runtime implements demand-driven synchronization for data involved in communication operations. It also employs message decomposition and scheduling heuristics to transparently improve the non-blocking behavior of applications. We provide a user level implementation of HUNT on a variety of modern high performance computing systems. Results indicate that our approach is successful in finding some of the overlap available at execution time. While system and application characteristics influence performance, perhaps the determining factor is the time taken by the CPU to execute a signal handler. Demand driven synchronization at execution time eliminates the need for the explicit management of non-blocking communication. Besides increasing programmer productivity, this feature also simplifies compiler analysis for communication optimizations.
Single-port laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair.

Background. Laparoscopic umbilical herniorrhaphy is preferred when abdominal wall defects exceed 3 cm. The authors describe a novel single-port laparoscopic technique for umbilical hernia repair. Methods. A total of 10 patients underwent single-port laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair. A 10-mm endoscope with a working channel was placed in the left upper quadrant. The abdominal wall defect was covered with a circular mesh with pretied sutures and needles attached. The mesh was secured to the abdominal wall with intraabdominal sutures without the need for transfascial suture fixation. Results. The average age of the patients was 43 years, and the average BMI was 34 kg/m2. All procedures were completed laparoscopically. The mean operative time was 73 minutes. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. Conclusions. Single-port laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair is a safe and easily reproducible novel technique. It can help reduce possible complications from multiple-port sites.
Hierarchically Porous Polymer Monoliths by Combining Controlled Macro- and Microphase Separation.

The ability to tune polymer monolith porosity on multiple length scales is desirable for applications in liquid separations, catalysis, and bioengineering. To this end, we have developed a facile synthetic route to nanoporous polymer monoliths based on controlled polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene from a poly(lactide) macro-chain transfer agent in the presence of nonreactive poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Simple variations in the volume fraction and/or molar mass of PEO lead to either polymerization-induced microphase separation or simultaneous macro- and microphase separation. These processes dictate the resultant morphology and allow for control of the macro- and microstructure of the monoliths. Subsequent selective etching produces monoliths with morphologies that can be tailored from mesoporous, with control over mesopore size, to hierarchically meso- and macroporous, with percolating macropores. This convenient synthetic route to porous polymer monoliths has the potential to be useful in appli...
A Data Flow Approach to Color Gamut Visualization.

Software has been developed to help engineers visualize the gamuts of color hardcopy devices. Software modules have been written so that color gamuts and color space transformations can be explored using a scientific visualization program. Tools have been created that allow the user to accentuate the differences between gamuts and to interact with the displayed data. The data flow architecture of the program makes it easy to add more color gamuts and to investigate additional color transformations.
A Survey of Quantification of Privacy Preserving Data Mining Algorithms

The aim of privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) algorithms is to extract relevant knowledge from large amounts of data while protecting at the same time sensitive information. An important aspect in the design of such algorithms is the identification of suitable evaluation criteria and the development of related benchmarks. Recent research in the area has devoted much effort to determine a trade-off between the right to privacy and the need of knowledge discovery. It is often the case that no privacy preserving algorithm exists that outperforms all the others on all possible criteria. Therefore, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive view on a set of metrics related to existing privacy preserving algorithms so that we can gain insights on how to design more effective measurement and PPDM algorithms. In this chapter, we review and summarize existing criteria and metrics in evaluating privacy preserving techniques.
Improving Profitability of Very Small and Small Firms: The Impact of Qualiity Practices in the Human Resources Area

This study compared the quality practices of very small and small firms in the human resources area. Hypotheses relating to empowern1ent, work teams, and training were developed and tested. An analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in empowerment practices between the two groups of firms, but no significant differences in team utilization or employee training. Profitability correlations divulged that team usage and certain aspects of employee training could improve profitability, depending on the size of the firm.
The hypernucleus ΛLi8 and the decay process ΛLi8 → π− + He4 + He4

Abstract The selection rules for the decay sequence Λ Li 8 → π − + Be 8∗ , Be 8∗ → He 4 + He 4 are discussed and estimates are made of the transition rates and the angular distributions as function of the ΛLi8 spin J using intermediate coupling nuclear wave-functions. A simple interpretation of the results obtained is given in terms of the L-S coupling limit. The outstanding features of the data on this process are fitted naturally only for J = 1−.
EFFECTS OF ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED FESCUE SEED BASED DIETS UPON RABBITS VACCINATED AGAINST ERGOT ALKALOIDS

Rabbits immunized against ergot alkaloids and challenged with an endophyte-infected (E+) seed based diet had greater (P<.05) feed intakes compared to E+ controls, but body weight gains were not increased (Filipov et al., J. Anim.Sci. 1995. 73, Suppl 1: 208). Subsequent experiments were conducted to compare immunogens and adjuvants in order to maximize antibody (Ab) production against ergot alkaloids and to ascertain protection from ingestion of E+ seed.
Bang-bang Control Design by Combing Pseudospectral Method with a novel Homotopy Algorithm

The bang-bang type of control problem for spacecraft trajectory optimization is solved by using a hybrid approach. First, a pseudospectral method is utilized to generate approximate switching times, control structures, and initial co-states. Second, a homotopy method is used to solve the two-point boundary value problems derived from the Euler-Lagrangian equations. The unknown variables in the homotopy method include both switching times and the unknown initial states and co-states. The homotopy algorithm is made robust to the nonlinearity of the problems by enforcing the constraint satisfaction along the homotopy path. The optimization variables are treated as continuous variables and the flnal solutions have the same accuracy as the ordinary difierential equation solvers. An orbit transfer problem is presented to show the advantages of this hybrid methodology.
SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE-POLYPROPYLENE BLEND FIBERS

Polyethylene-polypropylene blend fibers were prepared from the melt-blended mixtures of lowpressure polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene at the weight ratios of (100/0), (95/5), (90/10), (80/20), (60/40), (40/60), (20/80), and (0/100). The spinnability and drawability of the blend polymers are nearly the same as those of polyethylene or polypropylene alone. Orientation of polyethylene or polypropylene molecules during drawing seems to be scarecely inhibited by blending. Some mechanical properties of undrawn and drawn fibers were investigated in terms of the composition. Undrawn fibers: The blend fibers show slightly lower yield stress, lower elongation, and higher tensile strength in comparison with polyethylene or polypropylene fibers. These effects can be elucidated by the decrease in crystallinity, and by the difficulty in slippage of molecules in the boundary layer of polyethylene and polypropylene phases in the blend fibers.Drawn fibers: The tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus of the blend fibers are, in most cases, between those of polyethylene and polypropylene fibers in the same drawing condition, and increase or decrease monotonically with the composition. Knot strength-composition curve has a maximum at the polypropylene content of 50_??_80%. At the maximum, the ratio of knot strength to tensile strength exceeds 90%. Elastic recovery of the blended fibers containing more than 40% of polypropylene is nearly the same as that of polypropylene which is much better than polyethylene in elastic properties. These anomalous, but favorable properties in the blend fibers are supposed to be derived from the fact that the blend polymer does not form so-called the “sea-island” structure, but forms the “network” structure which consists of isolated continuous phases of polyethylene and polypropylene.
Microfluidically Reconfigured Wideband Frequency-Tunable Liquid-Metal Monopole Antenna

A microfluidically reconfigured wideband frequency-tunable liquid-metal monopole antenna is presented. The antenna operation relies on continuous moving of the liquid-metal volume over the capacitively coupled microstrip line feed network with a micropump unit. To maximize the capacitive coupling at the feed point, the antenna is realized by bonding microfluidic channel molds prepared in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer with 1-mil-thick liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate. The concept is demonstrated through the design and experimentation of a 4:1 frequency-tunable monopole antenna that operates from 1.29 to 5.17 GHz. The presented monopole antenna can also be utilized as an element to form wideband frequency-tunable high-gain antenna apertures without necessitating any additional micropump units. This is accomplished by resorting to strategically meandered or interconnected microfluidic channels. This concept is demonstrated through the design and experimentation of a $4 \times 1$ microfluidically controlled monopole array capable of providing 2:1 frequency tuning range from 2.5 to 5 GHz.