cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Generalizability (G) Theory in the Testing of Linguistic Minorities.

We contend that generalizability (G) theory allows the design of psychometric approaches to testing English-language learners (ELLs) that are consistent with current thinking in linguistics. We used G theory to estimate the amount of measurement error due to code (language or dialect). Fourth- and fifth-grade ELLs, native speakers of Haitian-Creole from two speech communities, were given the same set of mathematics items in the standard English and standard Haitian-Creole dialects (Sample 1) or in the standard and local dialects of Haitian-Creole (Samples 2 and 3). The largest measurement error observed was produced by the interaction of student, item, and code. Our results indicate that the reliability and dependability of ELL achievement measures is affected by two facts that operate in combination: Each test item poses a unique set of linguistic challenges and each student has a unique set of linguistic strengths and weaknesses. This sensitivity to language appears to take place at the level of dialect. Also, students from different speech communities within the same broad linguistic group may differ considerably in the number of items needed to obtain dependable measures of their academic achievement. Whether students are tested in English or in their first language, dialect variation needs to be considered if language as a source of measurement error is to be effectively addressed.
Fixed Interval Smoothing of Nonlinear/Non-Gaussian Dynamic Systems in Cell Space

Abstract State estimation problems such as optimal filtering and smoothing do not lend themselves to analytical treatment in general nonlinear/non-Gaussian dynamic systems. The fixed interval smoothing problem aims to construct the marginal conditional probability density function of the state given past and future measurements relative to the state. For linear Gaussian systems it is derived as the Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother. Theoretical solutions are available for nonlinear systems in the form of forward-filter-backward-smoother strategy and the two-filter-smoother formula that combines the results of two independent filters. Recently, these methods have been implemented in the context of sequential Monte Carlo filters with importance sampling. In this paper the fixed interval smoothing is numerically approximated by recursive computation of the conditional density as a piecewise constant function. The key for this algorithm is a coarse-grained representation of the system dynamics as an approximate aggregate Markov chain in discretized state space or cell space. The proposed approach is demonstrated with a simulation example involving a nonlinear CSTR model.
“God's lioness"—Sylvia Plath, her prose and poetry

(1973). “God's lioness'—Sylvia Plath, her prose and poetry. Women's Studies: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 191-198.
Development and Evaluation of an Online, Inquiry-Based Food Safety Education Program for Secondary Teachers and Their Students

ABSTRACT: Secondary science teachers who integrate food safety (FS) into curricula can provide FS knowledge and skills to youth while reinforcing science skills and concepts. National science education standards and the Biological Science Curriculum Study 5E Inquiry-based Learning Model were used to design an online training, Food Safety FIRST. The training has 3 modules, each with 15 h of web-based instruction, interactive discussion, and tools to conduct experiments or critical evaluation projects. A CD-ROM, web site (http://foodsafetyfirst.org), and lab kit were developed to accompany module activities. Seventy-one teachers registered for the program; 38 matched pretest/posttest evaluations were analyzed. When asked their intention to teach FS in the next year, enrollees responded “definitely” (60.5%) or “possibly” (34.2%), reaching potentially 3570 students. Participants found the training very valuable (71.1%) and were significantly more comfortable teaching FS at posttest (3.6 ± 0.5 on a 4-point Likert scale) than at pretest (2.8 ± 1.0; P < 0.0001, n= 35). Self-reported FS practices also improved from pretest (24.8 ± 5.7 out of a possible 35) to posttest (27.7 ± 4.8; P < 0.001, n= 32). On 4-point Likert scales, teachers were confident answering FS questions (3.4); confident that if they did a good job teaching this topic, students would be interested in FS (3.4); and confident FS concepts taught would meet national science standards (3.4). They found the program satisfactory for demonstrating inquiry-based learning (3.8). Most agreed that they would change FS habits (3.2). Using 5-point scales, participants agreed that they felt more able to critically evaluate FS information on the Internet (4.2) and that the training was enjoyable in an online format (4.3).
Genetic analysis of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in loblolly pine: single gene inheritance, molecular characterization and evolution.

The gene encoding the monolignol biosynthetic enzyme cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, E.C. 1.1.1.195) can be expressed in response to different developmental and environmental cues. Control of Cad gene expression could involve either differential regulation of more than one Cad gene or, alternatively combinatorial regulation of a single Cad gene. In loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), we found several electrophoretic variants (allozymes) of CAD and a high level of heterozygosity (he=0.46). Analysis of inheritance patterns of pine CAD allozymes gave segregation ratios that were consistent with Mendelian expectations for a single functional gene. The identity of the full-length Cad cDNA sequence was confirmed by alignment with peptide sequences obtained from purified active enzyme and by extensive similarity to Cad sequences from other species. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA using the Cad cDNA as a hybridization probe gave simple patterns, consistent with our interpretation that pine Cad is a single-copy gene. Phylogenetic analysis and evolution rate estimates showed that Cad sequences are diverging less rapidly in the gymnosperms than in the angiosperms. The Cad mRNA was present in both lignifying tissues and a non lignifying tissue (the megagametophyte) of pine. The presence of a single gene suggests that different regulatory mechanisms for a single Cad gene, rather than differential regulation of several genes, can account for its expression in response to different cues.
Self-organized criticality in a deterministic automaton.

We study a deterministic version of the cellular automaton first shown to display self-organized criticality. Detailed analysis shows that there exist many coexisting periodic attractors, with a period that is independent of initial condition. This leads us to picture the critical state as the union of many such coexisting, neutrally stable orbits. Dhar's recently developed formalism [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1613 (1990)] can be used to explain many of the observed regularities.
Acoustic characteristics of pulse combustor mixing chambers

This paper compares the contrasting behaviors of the apparently similar Helmholtz and the Schmidt type pulse combustors. A “modified impedance tube technique” which takes into account the non-uniform temperature in the impedance tube was used for determining the acoustic characteristics of the components which make up these combustors. These impedance tube studies have shown that there exists an optimum range of air flapper valve settings over which the acoustic driving by the combustion process is the strongest. When a Helmholtz combustor was operated under conditions of strongest driving, the sound pressure level in the combustor was maximized. However, a Schmidt tube produced the smallest pressure amplitudes under similar conditions. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of the acoustic properties of the components which make up these combustors. Cold flow studies indicated that damping by the air flapper valve and, therefore, the mixing chamber assembly decreased with increasing pressure amplitude. However, once the combustion chamber was added its acoustic properties dominated and the damping increased with amplitude. In the limit cycle, the pressure amplitudes in these combustors adjust until the damping in the entire system exactly balances the driving by the combustion process. Hence, strong driving requires strong damping which occurs at high amplitudes in the Helmholtz combustor and at low amplitudes in the Schmidt combustor.
Aggressive behavior evoked by radio stimulation in monkey colonies.

Macaca mulatta with multilead electrodes permanently implanted in the brain were electrically stimulated, either under restraint, or by radio while moving freely as part of a colony, in which case individual and social behavior were recorded, analyzed, and quantified with the aid of time-lapse photography. Some cerebral radio stimulations evoked complex sequences of well organized responses. Increase in running and in offensive behavior was produced by excitation of midline thalamus, while even faster running without changes in aggressiveness was produced by stimulation of the fimbria of the fornix. Conditioning was absent in the first case, but it was easily established in the latter. Increase in aggressive behavior was also produced by stimulation of Forel's field, the nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis of the thalamus, and the central gray matter. Increase in aggressiveness was oriented by the animal according to past experience, likes and dislikes, and was adapted to the changing strategies of its opponent, indicating an excellent processing of sensory information, and demonstrating that brain stimulation had induced a “drive” and not a stereotyped motor response. As a working hypothesis it is proposed that cerebral mechanisms for perception of pain and for aggressive behavior have different anatomical and physiological systems closely interrelated by use, disuse, and conditioning.
Disease-Specific System Improvements: Increased Compliance with Evidence-Based Diabetes Guidelines

The objective of this observational study was to determine whether providing physicians with a roster and tracking tool improves fulfillment of nationally recognized American Diabetes Association guidelines for their patients with diabetes. Administrative data were used to identify all members in a health maintenance organization (HMO) over 20 years of age with a diagnosis of diabetes, excluding gestational diabetes. Using Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS®; National Committee for Quality Assurance) data, the patients of the intervention group were compared with a group of patients whose physicians did not receive a roster and tracking tool. Measures that were evaluated were: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing, HbA1c control, dilated retinal exam, lipid profile, lipid control, and nephropathy screen. The intervention group showed statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) as compared with the non-intervention group in all measures except dilated retinal exams. This study show...
Emotion and Attention Effects: Is It All a Matter of Timing? Not Yet

Controversy surrounds the relationship between emotion and attention in brain and behavior. Two recent studies acquired millisecond-level data to investigate the timing of emotion and attention effects in the amygdala (Luo et al., 2010; Pourtois et al., 2010). Both studies argued that the effects of emotional content temporally precede those of attention and that prior discrepancies in the literature may stem from the temporal characteristics of the functional MRI signal. Although both studies provide important insights about the temporal unfolding of affective responses in the brain, several issues are discussed here that qualify their results. Accordingly, it may not be yet time to accept the conclusion that “automaticity is a matter of timing”. Indeed, emotion and attention may be more closely linked than suggested in the two studies discussed here.
Alteration of the α-Synuclein Folding Landscape by a Mutation Related to Parkinson's Disease

α-Synuclein is an abundant presynaptic protein that is associated with several biological activities, including vesicle trafficking,1 maintenance of synaptic SNARE complexes and vesicle pools,2,3 and regulation of dopamine metabolism.4 The protein is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), as evidenced by the identification of single point mutations and gene duplication/triplication that are causally linked to early-onset familial PD,5–8 as well as its conspicuous aggregation in filamentous inclusions associated with PD and other α-synucleinopathies.9 Under physiological conditions in vitro, α-synuclein exhibits properties of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP).10 Like many other IDPs,11 α-synuclein is known to acquire structure upon binding to biological partners, with strong implications for the regulation of its function and dysfunction.10,12
High-Affinity [3H]Choline Accumulation in Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts

[3H]Choline can be transported across cell membranes by high-affinity (KT less than 5 microM) and low-affinity (KT much greater than 5 microM) systems. High-affinity choline accumulation (HACA) has been demonstrated in synaptosomes made from cholinergic brain regions such as the hippocampus and caudate-putamen. In cell culture, HACA has been demonstrated in glia and avian telencephalon, dissociated spinal cord, and muscle fibroblasts. We examined [3H]choline accumulation in a single normal human fibroblast line cultured from skin biopsy. [3H]Choline accumulation was temperature-dependent and linear with incubation time up to 6 min at 0.125 microM-choline. The apparent KT for [3H]choline was 5 microM, which is similar to that observed in avian fibroblasts. Isoosmotic replacement of Na+ with either Li+ (144 mM) or sucrose (288 mM) severely reduced [3H]choline accumulation (by 70-90%). Pre-incubation with ouabain (100 microM), sodium orthovanadate (100 microM), or 2,4-dinitrophenol (100 microM), or replacement of Ca2+ by Mg2+ had little or no effect on subsequent [3H]choline accumulation. [3H]Choline accumulation was inhibited by hemicholinium-3 (HC-3); after pre-incubation in HC-3 at 37 degrees C for 10 min, the IC50 (at 0.125 microM-choline) was 5.6 microM. The HC-3 sensitivity, Na+ dependence, and low KT suggest that human skin fibroblasts have a high-affinity transport system for choline.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation during palatal fusion: carboxyfluorescein traces cells at light and electron microscopic levels

During the fusion of rodent embryo palatal shelves, the cells of the outer epithelial layer slough off, allowing the cells of the medial edge basal layer to form a midline seam that undergoes epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, as judged by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. In this study, we analyze the fate of the transformed cells using a lipid soluble dye to label the medial edge epithelium in situ. Prefusion E14 mouse palates were exposed in vitro or in vivo to a fluoresceinated lipid soluble marker, carboxydichlorofluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CCFSE), which localizes in epithelia as a lipid insoluble compound that does not pass into the connective tissue compartment. The midline seam that formed after 24 hours contained labelled epithelial cells that were replaced by individually labelled mesenchymal cells where the seam transformed. By light microscopy, the labelled cells were seen to contain intensely fluorescent bodies that do not react for acid phosphatase. We were able for the first time to identify these structures by electron microscopy as CCFSE isolation bodies. The cells with isolation bodies are clearly healthy and able to participate in subsequent development of the palate. At 4 days after labelling, individual CCFSE containing cells present in the palate mesenchyme occupy both midline and lateral areas and can clearly be classified as fibroblasts by electron microscopy. CCFSE is a far more useful marker than another lipid soluble marker, DiI, for following cells, because the cells can be fixed and identified both at the light and electron microscope levels. Interestingly, if labelled palatal shelves are not allowed to fuse in vitro, the basal epithelial cells do not form mesenchyme after sloughing, indicating that formation of the epithelial midline seam is necessary to trigger its epithelial-mesenchymal transformation.
Current Treatment Options for Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This review highlights the evidence-based data to support current best management practices for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Current limitations and areas of emerging therapeutics are also emphasized. The cornerstone of palliation for patients with R/M HNSCC is a platinum-based backbone. Platinum doublets induce higher response rates than single agents but do not demonstrate a survival advantage and are associated with increased toxicity. The only regimen to demonstrate survival superiority is platinum, fluorouracil, and cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have achieved only modest success in R/M HNSCC, illustrating the importance of identifying predictive biomarkers and finding ways to overcome mechanisms of resistance. Although phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway alterations are present at a high rate in HNSCC, the identification of efficacious agents in patients with activating alterations has yet to be discovered. Immunotherapy represents an attractive treatment strategy for R/M HNSCC, with promising preliminary data from studies involving immune checkpoint blockade and toll-like receptor agonists. Human papillomavirus has a prognostic role in R/M disease; therefore, stratification of patients by human papillomavirus status in clinical trials is indicated. Although under-represented in clinical trials, elderly patients experience similar survival outcomes compared with younger patients, albeit with increased toxicity. Despite therapeutic advances, prognosis nonetheless remains poor for patients with R/M HNSCC. Enrollment of patients onto clinical trials to investigate novel therapeutics and identify predictive biomarkers is necessary to further refine and improve outcomes.
PET imaging of dopamine D2 receptors during chronic cocaine self-administration in monkeys

Dopamine neurotransmission is associated with high susceptibility to cocaine abuse. Positron emission tomography was used in 12 rhesus macaques to determine if dopamine D2 receptor availability was associated with the rate of cocaine reinforcement, and to study changes in brain dopaminergic function during maintenance of and abstinence from cocaine. Baseline D2 receptor availability was negatively correlated with rates of cocaine self-administration. D2 receptor availability decreased by 15-20% within 1 week of initiating self-administration and remained reduced by approximately 20% during 1 year of exposure. Long-term reductions in D2 receptor availability were observed, with decreases persisting for up to 1 year of abstinence in some monkeys. These data provide evidence for a predisposition to self-administer cocaine based on D2 receptor availability, and demonstrate that the brain dopamine system responds rapidly following cocaine exposure. Individual differences in the rate of recovery of D2 receptor function during abstinence were noted.
Primary structure and functional expression of a mammalian skeletal muscle sodium channel

We describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding the alpha subunit of a new voltage-sensitive sodium channel, microI, from rat skeletal muscle. The 1840 amino acid microI peptide is homologous to alpha subunits from rat brain, but, like the protein from eel electroplax, lacks an extended (approximately 200) amino acid segment between homologous domains I and II. Northern blot analysis indicates that the 8.5 kb microI transcript is preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle. Sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes from synthetic RNA encoding microI are blocked by tetrodotoxin and mu-conotoxin at concentrations near 5 nM. The expressed sodium channels have gating kinetics similar to the native channels in rat muscle fibers, except that inactivation occurs more slowly.
Nonlinear-optical properties of lead–tin fluorophosphate glass containing acridine dyes

A new nonlinear-optical material based on lead–tin fluorophosphate glass doped with the organic dyes Acridine Orange and Acridine Yellow has been developed. These materials are saturable absorbers characterized by saturation intensities of ~100 mW cm−2, response times of ~1 msec, and third-order nonlinear susceptibilities of ~0.1 esu. The low melting temperature of the lead–tin fluorophosphate glass permits doping with many organic dyes without causing their decomposition.
High concentrations of adenosine are needed in Carolina rinse to prevent activation of Kupffer cells

Adenosine is a key component of Carolina rinse solution, which was developed to prevent an O2-dependent reperfusion injury following liver transplantation. Kupffer cells are activated following liver transplantation, an effect minimized by adenosine. In this study, the concentration of adenosine was varied in Carolina rinse, Ringer's, and Ringer's containing hydroxyethyl starch. Following 24 h of cold storage in University of Wisconsin cold storage solution, colloidal carbon uptake was measured to assess phagocytosis by Kupffer cells. Carbon uptake was elevated significantly in this model from values of 136 +/- 15 in unstored control livers to 187 +/- 25 mg/g per hour following a rinse with 10 ml of Ringer's solution. Phagocytosis was reduced about 50% when 0.1 mM adenosine was added to the Ringer's solution; however, addition of up to 1 mM adenosine in Carolina Rinse did not prevent elevated phagocytosis. In contrast, values were reduced significantly by addition of 5-10 mM adenosine to Carolina Rinse or Ringer's containing hydroxyethyl starch. Thus, the higher concentrations of adenosine needed to reduce Kupffer cell activation can best be explained by binding of adenosine to hydroxyethyl starch.
Holistic Pediatrics: A Research Agenda

Increasing numbers of American families seek complementary and alternative medical care (CAM) for their children; at the same time health care organization and financing are undergoing radical changes. The combination of these factors provides a powerful incentive for research on the effectiveness and safety of CAM therapies and their role in treating children. This article describes a rationale, spectrum, priorities, and methodologies for a research agenda in holistic pediatrics. The top priorities are clinical research projects addressing the safety and effectiveness of alternative therapies used for vulnerable children suffering from serious illnesses. Additionally, major research questions involve the impact of the various definitions such as "alternative," "complementary," "folk," "integrative," and "holistic" medicine on perceptions of health care, professional education, and funding of products and services. Research efforts in alternative therapies need to address explicitly the tremendous heterogeneity between and among the practices, beliefs, and providers of professional and lay services. Qualitative ethnographic research is needed to understand the consequences of diverse explanatory models and meanings of health and illness for patient-provider communication, adherence with professional recommendations, and satisfaction with care. Health services researchers need to address questions related to the epidemiology of CAM practices, health manpower issues, practice characteristics and the process and content of health care and how discoveries about CAM care may enhance the quality of mainstream health services. A rationale is provided for prioritizing certain conditions and therapies within these efforts.
In situ DNA synthesis on glass substrate for microarray fabrication using self-focusing acoustic transducer

This paper presents a droplet-ejection-based technique for synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences on different substrates, such as glass, plastic, or silicon. Any DNA sequence can be synthesized by ejecting droplets of DNA bases by a self-focusing acoustic transducer (SFAT) that does not require any nozzles. An SFAT can eject liquid droplets around 3-5 /spl mu/m in diameter, which is significantly smaller than those ejected by commercial ink jet printers and reduces the amount of reagents needed for the synthesis. An array of SFATs is integrated with microchannels and reservoirs for delivery of DNA bases to the SFATs. Poly-l-lysine-coated glass slide is patterned, and is used as a target substrate for in situ synthesis of multiple T bases. The significant advantage of this scheme over some of the existing commercial solutions is that it can allow geneticists to synthesize any DNA sequence within hours using a computer program at an affordable cost in their own labs. This paper describes the concept and scheme of the on-demand DNA synthesis (with an acoustic ejector integrated with microfluidic components) along with the results of an actual DNA synthesis by an SFAT. Note to Practitioners-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) microarrays allow geneticists to monitor the interactions among thousands of genes simultaneously in a chip. There are commercial systems for producing DNA microarrays, but none of them give flexibility to synthesize DNA microarrays on-demand in the geneticist's own lab. Affymetrix's GeneChip technology produces DNA probe sequences premade at Affymetrix with a set of 4n photomasks for n-mers. Other techniques transfer premade DNA sequences to a substrate (glass, plastic, or silicon) through ink-jet printing or contact dispensing. Agilent and Rosetta use their ink-jet printing technology to produce DNA probe sequences at their factories. The ink-jet print heads used for printing microarrays use either piezoelectric or thermal actuation, and eject liquid droplets through nozzles. Thus, the smallest droplet size ejected from these devices depends on the size of the nozzle. The small nozzles are difficult to construct with good uniformity and tend to get clogged. The idea presented in this paper is to develop a microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based portable system for synthesizing DNA on different substrates, using nozzleless, heatless, lensless, acoustic droplet ejectors. The future research is to synthesize longer DNA sequences with a combination of different bases, using directional droplet ejectors.
Fibromyalgia Syndrome a Decade Later: What Have We Learned?

Despite substantial interest and investigation during the past 10 years, fibromyalgia continues to provoke many controversies. The major issues discussed in this review include the diagnostic utility of fibromyalgia, psychiatric and central nervous system factors, therapy and outcome, and compensation and disability. It is important to recognize the psychosocial factors that distinguish patients with fibromyalgia from persons in the community who meet criteria for the syndrome but who do not seek medical care. Such factors may be among the most important in long-term treatment.
Footprint generation for reusable launch vehicles using a direct pseudospectral method

Footprint generation is a necessary element of mission design in the case of aborted flight condition. Mathematically, the problem is posed as finding the maximum cross-range for any down-range position for different heading angles. Since deriving and solving the necessary optimality conditions for the full-state equations prove to be a hard task, some simplifications have to be made. Traditional footprint generators either simplify the equations of motion using energy-state approximations or use approximate (suboptimal) control laws such as Vinh's law. To remain faithful to the full-state physical model and use the optimal control law, we employ a new approach based on the direct Legendre pseudospectral method which avoids the pitfalls of the previous techniques. In this approach the optimal control problem is directly discretized and parameterized to a nonlinear programming problem. Both the reduced-state and full-state models for a vehicle example with tabular data are discretized using this method, and the results are compared.
Consensus statement: the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuromuscular conditions report of the AANEM ad hoc committee.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a therapeutic biologic agent that has been prescribed for over two decades to treat various neuromuscular conditions. Most of the treatments are given off-label, as little evidence from large randomized trials exists to support its use. Recently, IGIV-C has received an indication for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Because of the lack of evidence, an ad hoc committee of the AANEM was convened to draft a consensus statement on the rational use of IVIG for neuromuscular disorders. Recommendations were categorized as Class I-IV based on the strength of the medical literature. Class I evidence exists to support the prescription of IVIG to treat patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), CIDP, multifocal motor neuropathy, refractory exacerbations of myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, dermatomyositis, and stiff person syndrome. Treatment of Fisher syndrome, polymyositis, and certain presumed autoimmune neuromuscular disorders is supported only by Class IV studies, whereas there is no convincing data to substantiate the treatment of inclusion body myopathy (IBM), idiopathic neuropathies, brachial plexopathy, or diabetic amyotrophy using IVIG. Treatment with IVIG must be administered in the context of its known adverse effects. There is little evidence to advise the clinician on the proper dosing of IVIG and duration of therapy.
Domains as functional building blocks of plant proteins.

It is envisaged that a single body would assign thebiobarcodes and maintain a public database listingthe biobarcode sequences of organisms that havebeen released. It is clearly advantageous to industry,regulators and taxpayers that such a system beinstituted because of the amount of resources savedand the protection provided. Because of the savings,it is in the public interest that such a system beuniversally instituted.In Canada, for example, the insertion of abiobarcode would probably not come under regulatoryscrutiny if biobarcodes are introduced into plantsbecause they are not considered to be ‘plants withnovel traits’if they are non-protein producing. InEurope, any introduced sequence (except antisense)seems to come under regulatory scrutiny, but afterdue risk assessment it is hoped that a blanketapproval could be obtained for biobarcodes that meetthe specific criteria listed above (and possibly others).
A computationally-efficient secondary organic aerosol module for three-dimensional air quality models

Accurately simulating secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in three-dimensional (3-D) air quality models is chal- lenging due to the complexity of the physics and chemistry involved and the high computational demand required. A computationally-efficient yet accurate SOA module is neces- sary in 3-D applications for long-term simulations and real- time air quality forecasting. A coupled gas and aerosol box model (i.e., 0-D CMAQ-MADRID 2) is used to optimize relevant processes in order to develop such a SOA module. Solving the partitioning equations for condensable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and calculating their activity co- efficients in the multicomponent mixtures are identified to be the most computationally-expensive processes. The two processes can be speeded up by relaxing the error tolerance levels and reducing the maximum number of iterations of the numerical solver for the partitioning equations for organic species; conditionally activating organic-inorganic interac- tions; and parameterizing the calculation of activity coeffi- cients for organic mixtures in the hydrophilic module. The optimal speed-up method can reduce the total CPU cost by up to a factor of 31.4 from benchmark under the rural con- ditions with 2 ppb isoprene and by factors of 10-71 under various test conditions with 2-10 ppb isoprene and >40% relative humidity while maintaining ±15% deviation. These speed-up methods are applicable to other SOA modules that are based on partitioning theories.
Hybrid Static–Dynamic Analysis for Statically Bounded Region Serializability

Data races are common. They are difficult to detect, avoid, or eliminate, and programmers sometimes introduce them intentionally. However, shared-memory programs with data races have unexpected, erroneous behaviors. Intentional and unintentional data races lead to atomicity and sequential consistency (SC) violations, and they make it more difficult to understand, test, and verify software. Existing approaches for providing stronger guarantees for racy executions add high run-time overhead and/or rely on custom hardware. This paper shows how to provide stronger semantics for racy programs while providing relatively good performance on commodity systems. A novel hybrid static--dynamic analysis called \emph{EnfoRSer} provides end-to-end support for a memory model called \emph{statically bounded region serializability} (SBRS) that is not only stronger than weak memory models but is strictly stronger than SC. EnfoRSer uses static compiler analysis to transform regions, and dynamic analysis to detect and resolve conflicts at run time. By demonstrating commodity support for a reasonably strong memory model with reasonable overheads, we show its potential as an always-on execution model.
Ca2+‐ and phospholipase D‐dependent and ‐independent pathways activate mTOR signaling

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) promotes increased protein synthesis required for cell growth. It has been suggested that phosphatidic acid, produced upon activation of phospholipase D (PLD), is a common mediator of growth factor activation of mTOR signaling. We used Rat-1 fibroblasts expressing the α1A adrenergic receptor to study if this Gq-coupled receptor uses PLD to regulate mTOR signaling. Phenylephrine (PE) stimulation of the α1A adrenergic receptor induced mTOR autophosphorylation at Ser2481 and phosphorylation of two mTOR effectors, 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase. These PE-induced phosphorylations were greatly reduced in cells depleted of intracellular Ca2+. PE activation of PLD was also inhibited in Ca2+-depleted cells. Incubation of cells with 1-butanol to inhibit PLD signaling attenuated PE-induced phosphorylation of mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase. By contrast, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced phosphorylation of these proteins was not blocked by Ca2+ depletion or 1-butanol treatment. These results suggest that the α1A adrenergic receptor promotes mTOR signaling via a pathway that requires an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of PLD. The PDGF receptor, by contrast, appears to activate mTOR by a distinct pathway that does not require Ca2+ or PLD.
Baby Boomers And Generation X Industrial Salespeople: Generational Divide Or Convergence?

Currently two of the largest generational groups occupying industrial field sales positions are Generation X and Baby Boomers. While anecdotal evidence suggests these two generations are widely different, few studies have compared their career attitudes. Working within the conceptual framework of psychological employment contracts this study tested the notion that Generation X would be more transactional and Baby Boomers would be more relational in nature. This nature was expected to take the form of higher intrinsic motivation levels and fewer career path changes among Baby Boomers. While Baby Boomers do tend to express higher levels of intrinsic motivation, their career paths are less relational than expected (i.e. their careers are spanning more than one employer). Overall the findings provide partial support for some of the relational theory expectations- and more importantly dispel still others. Managers faced with intergenerational field sales forces may similarly, therefore, question the assumption that Baby Boomer field salespeople will follow the relational employment contract profile.
Free and protein-bound steroids in amniotic fluid of midpregnancy.

Abstract Ninety-seven amniotic fluid (AF) specimens, 67 with male fetuses and 30 with female fetuses, were obtained by amniocentesis at 14 to 18 weeks of gestation for analysis of free and protein-bound estrone (E 1 ), estradiol (E 2 ), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), and progesterone (P). Ten maternal plasma (MP) samples of comparable gestational age were analyzed for the same free and protein-bound steroids. Significantly lower total E 1 , E 2 , A, and T, but not P, levels were found in AF when compared to MP. The percentage of free steroids was higher in AF than in MP, while the percentage of specific protein-bound steroids was lower in the AF than in MP. Free (unbound) steroid levels of E 1 and P were higher in AF than in MP, whereas levels of E 2 were lower in AF than in MP. The free A and T levels in MP were lower than in AF with male fetuses, yet higher than in AF with female fetuses. Possible biologic activity of steroids in this fluid may depend on the dynamic balance between the free, the specific protein-bound, and the nonspecific protein-bound steroids.
Immigration and European Integration: Towards Fortress Europe? By Andrew Geddes. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. 196p. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Andrew Geddes provides a European analysis of European migration policy. He asks two questions: To what degree has the European Union (EU) garnered control over migration policies of member states? What is the policy outcome? In answering these questions, the author makes two contribu- tions to the literature.
Workplace Incivility and Bullying in the Library: Perception or Reality?

Recent media reports have increased awareness of workplace incivility and bullying. However, the literature regarding workplace incivility and bullying in academic libraries is under reported and under researched. This study examines the current state of librarians’ perceptions on workplace incivility and bullying and evaluates the effects of bullying from organizational and individual perspectives. Bullying was measured based on the librarian’s responses to the Negative Acts Questionnaire, including both experienced bullying and witnessed bullying. The authors introduce a conceptual framework to understand the motivating structures, precipitating circumstances, and enabling structures that lead to bullying in the library. A statistical analysis using a regression model revealed several factors that influenced bullying, including a librarian’s ethnicity, the number of years worked in the library, the type of institution, and a librarian’s academic status. The findings can be useful for discussions of improving workplace climate, increasing retention and recruitment for academic librarians, and helping early career librarians throughout the promotion and tenure processes.
Q-factor optimization in disk resonator gyroscopes via geometric parameterization

We present an assortment of geometrically parameterized disk resonator gyroscopes (DRGs) individually designed for resonant frequency (f) and quality factor (Q). This work demonstrates accurate FEM-based predictions of Q for fabricated devices, and geometric optimizations that significantly improve this key performance metric for the DRG. Measurements on suites of fabricated devices confirm that losses are dominated by thermoelastic dissipation (TED). Qted is shown to account for 64–80% of the total energy dissipation. The temperature dependence of Q is also used to confirm and quantify the presence of pressure damping in the fabricated devices. At frequencies near 300 kHz, we show that Q can be increased by a factor of 2.6 and demonstrate feasibility of geometric/topological optimization of the fabricated devices with the aid of finite element software.
Effect of estradiol on pregnant mare's serum (PMS)-induced ovulation in the immature rat.

The effect of estradiol on pregnant mares serum (PMS)-induced ovulation was studied in 24-day-old rats. 2.5-80 mcg estradiol administered concurrently with PMS appeared to interrupt ovulation though autopsy at 48 hours indicated that premature ovulation had occurred. However when estradiol was administered 24-52 hours after PMS injection there was no indication of premature ovulation. Estradiol and progesterone had a synergistic effect in inducing premature ovulation though the effect of progesterone on luteinizing hormone (LH) release was conditional on previous exposure to an adequate level of estradiol. Estradiol did not affect ovarian sensitivity to an 80 mcg dose of LH. Pentobarbital inhibited the premature ovulatory response to estradiol from 27 to 32 hours after estradiol/PMS injection but not at 24 or 33 hours. It is suggested that the concurrent injection of estradiol and PMS accelerates PMS-induced ovulation by an effect on the central nervous system mechanism controlling the release of LH.
Data quality analysis and improved strategy research on operations management system for electric vehicles

It is very important for Operations Management System (OMS) and big data analysis application to improve the data quality of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging service. This paper focuses on the charging transaction record data from the Beijing EV charging OMS, and analyzes error types and distributed locations of the abnormal data. Based on the mathematical logic among various kinds of operation data, the data selection rules and processing method are proposed, and the system improved scheme is given. Through the design and application of data selection and processing module, the abnormal data can be timely detected and corrected. It is also beneficial for the system operation and maintenance to improve the acquisition data quality. The comparative analysis results verify the feasibility and effectivity of the proposed scheme. This research is a necessary guarantee for the big data technology application.
Adenoma originating in struma ovarii.

The struma ovarii is a cystic teratoma of the ovary that consists exclusively or predominantly of thyroid tissue. The latter may resemble the normal thyroid, or it may manifest all of the pathologic changes seen in the thyroid gland, including adenomatous goiter, hyperplasia, and benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms.' ' >'"'' I t should be realized, however, that "struma" with reference to goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland with accumulation of excessive colloid and formation of multiple adenoma-like nodules, whereas the thyroid tissue in a cystic teratoma of the ovary rarely reaches the size of the normal thyroid. In most instances the weight of the thyroid in the struma ovarii is less than 40 Gm., the accepted average weight of the normal thyroid.'' ' The first publications on ovarian tumors containing thyroid, or thyroid-like tissue, appeared between 1893 and 1901; they were from Bland-Sutton, Gottschalk, Kretschmar,' Katsurada, and others.'' 7,23,25 Ludwig Pieck, however, deserves credit for having recognized (1902) that the ovarian goiters are actually teratomas in which the thyroid tissue predominates to such an extent that all other constituents may be obliterated by it.' Among several classifications of the struma ovarii based chiefly on the embryogenetic nature of the tumor,' > that of Nicholson deserves attention, for it separates them into 3 groups: (1) struma ovarii, associated
Family caregivers’ narratives of mental health treatment usage processes by their Latino adult relatives with serious and persistent mental illness.

Family caregivers' views and experiences related to treatment usage processes by their adult relatives with serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI) were empirically examined in a sample of Latino caregivers (n = 17) who were users of services at the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) in a predominantly Latino- (80%) and Mexican-descent large city in the Southwest United States. We conducted a stability check of qualitative findings with a second sample of Latino caregivers with no exposure to NAMI (n = 15). Overall, the combined sample (N = 32) compared similarly with larger samples of Latino adults and caregivers in quantitative measures of acculturation, familism, caregiver stigma, and depression symptoms. Together, caregivers' stigma and cultural beliefs, such as verguenza (shame), use of folk healers, and lack of insurance, were major reported barriers to service usage. Family support (and lack of) for treatment also weighed heavily as a facilitator (and a barrier) of service usage, thus highlighting the complexity of family relationship contexts. Substantial portions of caregivers reported that treatment initiation was prompted by psychiatric hospitalization (50%), and that positive experiences with service providers were influential in treatment retention (72%). Given the high levels of family involvement reported among Latino caregivers, the findings underscore the potential role of family caregivers in treatment engagement and retention. Future research is needed that examines family caregivers' role in treatment with models that consider the interplay between cultural background, family level relationships, and service system contexts.
Perioperative Patients Induced Nursing Methods to Relieve Patients' Anxiety Effect Analysis

Objective Nursing methods in perioperative patients induced,observe and analyze its influence on patients' anxiety.Methods from January 2012 to January 2014,600 cases of perioperative patients grouped into control group and observation group. Control group: implementation of routine nursing; Observation group: in the control group based on the assessment and treatment of induced nursing methods.Observed two groups of patients with anxiety before and after nursing and nursing satisfaction.Results Before care,observation group( 62.12±3.41) for patients with anxiety score points compared with the control group( 61.97±3.37),P 0.05; After nursing,the observation group( 15.26±2.51) for patients with anxiety score points compared with control group( 29.67±3.49),P0.05. Observation group of patients' satisfaction was 97.00%( 291 / 300),significantly higher than the control group 90.33%( 271 / 300)( χ2= 20.26,P0.05).Conclusion Nursing methods in perioperative patients induced,its can reduce patients' anxiety,promote operation smoothly,and improve patient satisfaction.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW IN CONTINUOUS CASTING TUNDISHES

A Mathematical model to describe three-dimensional turbulent flow in continuous casting tundishes has been developed by choosing two different types of turbulent model as k-eand LES(Large eddy simulation).Numerical calculations have been performed to study the characteristics of flow in the tundish without/with now control,and the reasonability of the turbulent models has been discussed.The results show that the proper flow control is in favor of inclusions floating in the tundish;basically, the phenomena of flow in the tundish can be described by using traditional k-emodel, however,the phenomena which could not be well calculated by k-emodel can be described by using LES.