cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The solution of the dendrite problem for the edgewise growth of a platelet

Abstract The dendritic steady-state growth of a platelet into its pure undercooled melt has been solved using a self-consistent method. The method requires solution of the shape of the dendrite that simultaneously satisfies the required heat flow and temperature variations over the dendrite surface. To find this shape, a Taylor expansion in terms of geometric constants is carried out around the dendrite tip for a given assumed tip radius and velocity. The melt undercooling is a derived quantity. It is necessary to carry out expansions of the heat flow and thermal boundary conditions to fourth order in order to specify the first geometric shape factor which shows departure from a parabola. The geometric constants are found to be multi-valued, and are interpreted to mean that the original assumption of steady-state is probably generally invalid. This then may be the fundamental origin of dendritic branching. The range of validity of these conclusions is briefly discussed.
Beam-foil g-factor measurements

Abstract Techniques applied to the measurement of atomic g -factors of levels of foil- or gas-excited fast beam ions are described. These techniques include optical Zeeman spectroscopy, radio-frequency spectroscopy, and quantum beat measurements. Special characteristics and apparatus associated with these techniques are discussed and compared.
Paulus Albarus of Muslim Cordova

In the year of the Incarnation 839, there occurred an event which alarmed the inhabitants of Frankland: a royal chaplain named Bodo, nobly born and a deacon in Holy Orders, under singularly dramatic circumstances abandoned the Christian faith for Judaism, changed his name to Eleazar, took a Jewish wife, and went to live in Saracenic Spain. The incident is remarkable for three reasons. First, it shows the vitality of Jewish proselytism in the ninth-century Western world. Secondly, it had some effect on the relations between the Frankish state and the Spanish Muslim government.
Secret encounters: black men, bisexuality, and AIDS in Alabama.

Black men suffer the highest rates of HIV infection in Alabama. However, little is known about the HIV risks of this sector of the population, primarily because the current public health focus is on women and children. The dearth of research on HIV risk among black men in Alabama is addressed by drawing on focus group, elicitation, and key informant data from an ongoing epidemiologic study on AIDS in that state. These hypothesis-generating qualitative interviews were used to identify three high-risk scenarios: "sex for money or drugs"; "prison sex"; and "sneaky sex" by married or nominally heterosexual men. It was found that covert and unprotected sex among bisexually active black men was commonplace for reasons that included prostitution, habituation to same-sex relations during incarceration, and the desire to maintain a facade of heterosexuality in homophobic communities. It was concluded that bisexual activity is highly correlated with secrecy and unprotected sex. The risks of bisexuality among black men are exacerbated by incarceration, homophobia, drug use, and the prison and public health focus on surveillance rather than prevention, [black men, bisexuality, AIDS, Alabama]
Electro-optical 1 x 2, 1 x N and N x N fiber-optic and free-space switching over 1.55 to 3.0 μm using a Ge-Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5)-Ge prism structure.

New device designs are proposed and theoretical simulations are performed on electro-optical routing switches in which light beams enter and exit the device either from free space or from lensed fibers. The active medium is a ~100 nm layer of phase change material (Ge2Sb2Te5 or GeTe) that is electrically “triggered” to change its phase, giving “self-holding” behavior in each of two phases. Electrical current is supplied to that film by a pair of transparent highly doped conducting Ge prisms on both sides of the layer. For S-polarized light incident at ~80° on the film, a three-layer Fabry-Perot analysis, including dielectric loss, predicts good 1 x 2 and 2 x 2 switch performance at infrared wavelengths of 1.55, 2.1 and 3.0 μm, although the performance at 1.55 μm is degraded by material loss and prism mismatch. Proposals for in-plane and volumetric 1 x 4 and 4 x 4 switches are also presented. An unpolarized 1 x 2 switch projects good performance at mid infrared.
Hydrogen sulfide measurement using sulfide dibimane: Critical evaluation with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry

Accurate measurement of hydrogen sulfide bioavailability remains a technical challenge due to numerous issues involving sample processing, detection methods used, and actual biochemical products measured. Our group and others have reported that reverse phase HPLC detection of sulfide dibimane (SDB) product from the reaction of H2S/HS(-) with monobromobimane allows for analytical detection of hydrogen sulfide bioavailability in free and other biochemical forms. However, it remains unclear whether possible interfering contaminants may contribute to HPLC SDB peak readings that may result in inaccurate measurements of bioavailable sulfide. In this study, we critically compared hydrogen sulfide dependent SDB detection using reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) versus quantitative SRM electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) to obtain greater clarity into the validity of the reverse phase HPLC method for analytical measurement of hydrogen sulfide. Using an LCQ-Deca ion-trap mass spectrometer, SDB was identified by ESI/MS positive ion mode, and quantified by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using hydrocortisone as an internal standard. Collision induced dissociation (CID) parameters were optimized at MS2 level for SDB and hydrocortisone. ESI/MS detection of SDB standard was found to be a log order more sensitive than RP-HPLC with a lower limit of 0.25 nM. Direct comparison of tissue and plasma SDB levels using RP-HPLC and ESI/MS methods revealed comparable sulfide levels in plasma, aorta, heart, lung and brain. Together, these data confirm the use of SDB as valid indicator of H2S bioavailability and highlights differences between analytical detection methods.
SU‐EE‐A4‐06: Estimation of the Optimal Maximum Beam Angle and Angular Increment for Normal and Shear Strain Estimation

Purpose: In currentultrasoundelastography, only the axial component of the displacement vector is estimated and used to produce strain images. Previously we had proposed a method to estimate both the axial and lateral components of a displacement vector using radiofrequency echo signal data acquired along multiple angular insonification directions of the ultrasound beam. In this study, we present error propagation through the least square fitting process for optimization of the angular increment and maximum beam steered angle. Method and Materials:Ultrasound simulations are performed to corroborate theoretical predictions of the optimal values for the maximum beam angle and angular increment. Beam steering characteristics of the linear array were simulated by selecting appropriate time delays for each element which determines the focal point and steering angle for the beam. A uniformly elastic phantom was simulated by modeling a random distribution of 50 μm polystyrene beads with an average concentration of 9.7/mm3 in a medium (to simulate Rayleigh scattering). After computing RF signals for each insonification angle, the phantom was deformed by a uniaxial compression (1% of the phantom height). The displacement of each scatterer in the phantom was calculated using the Finite Element Analysis(FEA)software ANSYS. The new scatterer positions were used for calculating the post compression echo signals at each insonification angle. Results: The theoretical prediction matches well with numerical simulations. For typical system parameters, the optimal maximum beam angle is around 10‐deg for axial strain estimation, and around 15‐deg for lateral strain estimation. The optimal angular increment is around 4∼6 deg, which indicates that only 5∼7 beam angles are required for this strain tensor estimation technique. Conclusion: The theory presented in this study is useful for choosing optimal parameters for the angular data acquisition process for strain tensor estimation.
In vivo accumulation of radioactive polonium by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera

The in vivo accumulation rate of 210Po by Macrocystis pyrifera (L) Ag. has been determined by the tagging of specific parts of young, growing lamina in La Jolla kelp beds and their subsequent collection for 210Po analysis. The rates of accumulation for observed and growth-corrected data were, respectively, 0.78x10-9 pCi/cm2 sec (1.73x10-9 dpm/cm2 sec) and 1.17x10-9 pCi/cm2 sec (2.60x10-9 dpm/cm2 sec). Invert, but biologically foulable, glass-slide surfaces exposed to the kelp bed environment yielded 210Po accumulation rates of 0.64x10-9 pCi/cm2 sec (1.42x10-9 dpm/cm2 sec), slightly less than those of M. pyrifera. Distinction is made between observed net accumulation rate and gross rates or total flux. Several factors contributing to the final net accumulation rate are discussed.
ACTION SPECTRA FOR OXYGEN-DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT INACTIVATION OF ESCHERZCHZA COLZ WP2s FROM 254 TO 460 NM*

Abstract— Action spectra for lethality of E. coli WP2s under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. based on final slopes of the survival curves, reveal the absence of oxygen dependence at 313 nm and shorter wavelengths and a strong oxygen dependence (OER of 12 at 334 nm and 16 at 365 nm) at wavelengths longer than 313 nm. Shoulders or small peaks at340, 365, 410 and 500 nm suggest the participation of non-DNA chromophores in aerobic lethality at these wavelength ranges.
Long-Run Impact of Tax Rate Changes On Government Receipts

Taxes are believed to have adverse effects on economic activity, work effort, consumption , savings, and capital formation. Although higher marginal tax rates are expected to yield an increase in government revenues in the short run, their long-run effects are not as certain. In the long run, the taxpayers alter their behavior to avoid paying more taxes. Using the unit root methodology, the authors examine whether tax rate changes during the past half century had a permanent or temporary impact on various revenues collected by the federal and state and local governments as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) (revenue/GDP ratios). Our results show that past shocks to tax rates did not alter the long-run levels of most federal revenue/GDP ratios. In the case of state and local governments, although permanent changes in the levels of the ratios are indicated, the authors explain that this occurs only under some special circumstances.
Über D-Mannosamin, II. Kinetik des alkalischen Abbaus von D-Mannosamin

D-Mannosamin wird in verdunnt alkalischer Losung nach einem zweistufigen Mechanismus zersetzt. Die erste Stufe ist von der Alkalikonzentration unabhangig und durch die Aktivierungsparameter ΔH* = 34.0 [kcal Mol] und ΔS*. = 35.6 [cal/GradṁMol] charakterisiert. Die zweite Stufe ist linear abhangig von der Konzentration sowohl des D-Mannosamins als auch des Alkalis; die Geschwindigkeitskonstante dieser Reaktion 2. Ordnung wird durch ΔH* = 16.7 [kcal/Mol] und ΔS* = −16.5 [cal/GradṁMol] bestimmt. Der Vergleich der Aktivierungswerte des D-Mannosamins mit denjenigen fur D-Glucosamin stutzt die Hypothese einer intramolekularen Chelatbrucke im D-Mannosamin.
Relation between pressure and diameter in the ascending aorta of man.

The pressure-diameter relationship in the ascending aorta of man was estimated directly in 10 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. The diameter was measured by means of an electrical strain-gauge caliper sutured to the vessel wall. The lateral intravascular pressure was measured using a 22-gauge needle connected directly to a Statham P23Db strain gauge. The results indicate: (1) a gross similarity between the pressure and diameter curves; (2) the mean value for ratio of change in radius to change in pressure (ΔR/ΔP) was 1.82 x 10-3 cm. per cm. H2O (± S.D. 0.80); (3) the mean value for circumferential extensibility was 0.14 per cent change in radius per cm. H2O (± S.D. 0.06); and (4) the change in cross sectional area during an average cardiac cycle was 11 per cent of the diastolic value.
A coded histologic study of hepatic graft-versus-host disease after human bone marrow transplantation

We tested the hypothesis that liver histology from patients with graft-versus-host disease could be distinguished from other common liver diseases. Liver biopsies from 33 allogeneic marrow transplant recipients with acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease and 37 nontransplant liver disease patients without graft-versus-host disease were recut, restained and coded for blind review. Analysis of individual histologic features showed significantly more cytologic aberration of bile duct epithelium and more cholestasis among biopsies with graft-versus-host disease when compared to biopsies without graft-versus-host disease (p less than or equal to 0.05). The duration of graft-versus-host preceding the biopsy influenced the histologic features. Biopsies before Day 35 showed frequent acidophilic bodies but infrequent bile duct changes. Biopsies from Days 35 to 90 posttransplant had more frequent bile duct exocytosis and disruption, and biopsies from patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (beyond Day 90) showed more frequent portal fibrosis and bile duct dropout. Pattern assessment of coded biopsies showed that a histologic diagnosis of graft-versus-host disease had a positive predictive value of 86%, a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 91%. False-negative diagnoses occurred most frequently in biopsies obtained less than 4 weeks posttransplant, usually because bile duct abnormalities were not present. False-positive diagnoses of graft-versus-host disease occurred in nongraft-versus-host disease biopsies with periportal inflammation and proliferated bile ducts. However, biopsies of chronic graft-versus-host disease had more frequent dropout and disruption of bile duct epithelium than did biopsies of acute or chronic hepatitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The development of atom probe field-ion microscopy

Abstract A review of the development of the techniques of atom probe field-ion microscopy and atom probe tomography is presented. The development is traced from the original time-of-flight atom probe field-ion microscope developed by Muller, Panitz, and McLean in 1968 to the energy-compensated three-dimensional atom probes that are commercially available today. The various types of atom probes that have been developed are described. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Interstate Professional Associations and the Diffusion of Policy Innovations

Although scholars have found that policy innovations diffuse across states in a systematic manner, they generally have not examined the role that individuals and institutions play in promoting diff...
Gene Activation without Histone Acetylation in Drosophila melanogaster

Chromosomal puffing, generally believed to represent gene activation in Drosophila, was induced in the presence of radioactively labeled acetate. There is no preferential uptake of these labeled molecules in regions of gene activation. It is concluded that the acetylation of histones does not play a general role in the regulation of RNA synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
Synthesis of constrained analogues of cholecystokinin/opioid chimeric peptides

In our ongoing research on the synthesis of constrained analogues of CCK/opioid chimeric peptides, a bicyclic dipeptide mimetic for Nle-Asp was designed and synthesized. Starting from β-allyl substituted aspartic acids, the terminal double bond was oxidized resulting in spontaneous cyclization to form racemic hemiaminals. Allylation of the hemiaminals afforded 5-allyl substituted proline analogues, which on oxidation, Horner–Emmons olefination, asymmetric hydrogenation, and bicyclization afforded bicyclic dipeptide mimetics for Nle-Asp. Constrained CCK/opioid peptide analogues containing bicyclic dipeptide mimetics for Nle-Gly, Nle-Asp, and homoPhe-Gly were then synthesized and analyzed at both the CCK and opioid receptors.
Comparison of Spatial Variability of Infiltration Properties at Two Sites in Konza Prairie of East-Central Kansas

The spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties that govern infiltration were investigated at two sites in the Konza Prairie Research Area in Kansas. One site was a pristine prairie site with native grass, and the other was a continuously cropped agricultural site from which wheat had been recently harvested. Soil hydraulic properties studied were saturated hydraulic conductivity, matrix flux potential, soil sorptivity, and pore-size distribution parameter. Spatial variability was assessed through semivariograms that were constructed based on 37 measurements at each site using the Guelph Permeameter. Correlation lengths of the infiltration properties varied from 1 to 4 m. Sorptivity was found to be lognormally distributed. The spatial structure of infiltration properties at both sites exhibited pseudoperiodicity and a hole-effect variogram model was used. Infiltration properties at the agricultural site indicated multiple peaks in the variograms. Implications of these results on computing areally ave...
Genetic regulation of hormone action: Selective effects of progesterone and dihydroprogesterone (5α- pregnane — 3,20 — dione) on sexual receptivity in mice

Abstract Lordosis behavior was measured in estrogen-primed, castrated female mice of the CD-1 and Swiss-Webster strains. In CD-1 mice, repeated stimulation with progesterone or dihydro-progesterone for at least 5 weeks was required for maximal facilitation of the lordosis response. The data further indicated that progesterone and dihydroprogesterone were acting via independent systems. In Swiss-Webster mice, progesterone, but not dihydroprogesterone, was similarly capable of inducing a high probability of lordosis responses.
Photovoltage enhancement: Analysis of polaron formation and charge transport at the junctions of organic polythiophene and inorganic semiconductors

We report the charge transport properties at the junction of organic polythiophene (PT) and inorganic semiconductors. Using a Kelvin probe and surface photovoltage spectroscopy, we have found that excitation of inorganic semiconductor band gaps led to hole migration across the inorganic-organic interface (IOI) and subsequently creation of polaron states in PT polymer chains. Of particular interesting is that these polaron states yield photovoltage responses initially at 675 nm, and eventually over the entire region of the visible spectrum. Because of their long lifetime (hours to days), the density of these polaron states increases with the exposure time of photoexcitations of the inorganic semiconductor until saturation is reached. The net result is that photovoltage is enhanced over the visible spectrum through charge transfer of polaronlike states in PT to inorganic semiconductors. Sunlight can induce obvious photovoltage enhancement at these IOI junctions, which show potential promise in the future application of large area photovoltaic technology.
Genetics of erectile dysfunction.

Purpose: Erectile dysfunction affects 50% of men older than 40 years. Recently more attempts have been made to identify genetic predictors of this disease. We reviewed animal and human data on genes related to the development and increased risk of erectile dysfunction.Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed using the PubMed® database. Articles addressing genes involved in erectile dysfunction were evaluated.Results: The majority of studies used a candidate gene approach to investigate genetic polymorphisms of known pathways mediating erection/detumescence. Studies in human and animal models are available. Human studies often compared the frequency of a specifically predetermined genetic polymorphism in men with erectile dysfunction to that in matched controls in whom few genes were persistently replicated. Several gene expression profiling studies are available that targeted specific erectile dysfunction models. Currently, there are few human genome wide association studies of erectile dy...
Biostatistical concepts and methods in the legal setting

Biostatistical concepts and methods apply to various problems arising in actual U.S. legal cases. These involve: measures of association, assessing the potential effect of omitted variables and the Peters-Belson approach to regression. In particular, we present the inapplicability of Fisher's exact test in the case where the process determining the marginal sample sizes is not independent of the hypothesis under study by the 2 x 2 table. We adapt Cornfield's procedure to assess whether the omission of another factor could have contributed to a non-significant finding of the effect of the major factor under investigation. Finally, we demonstrate the relevance and utility of the Peters-Belson regression methodology to equal pay and promotion cases.
Effect of Water Supplementation of Full-term Newborns on Arrival of Milk in the Nursing Mother

It has been suggested that water supplementation of breast-fed newborns may delay the arrival of true milk. A total of 136 healthy term neonates were divided into two groups. Seventy-eight nursed exclusively on demand, and 58 received in addition supplemental water ad lib. Mean time for arrival of milk in the unsupplemented group was 54.9 hours and in the supplemented group 56.6 hours. This difference was not significant, indicating that water supplementation to the normal term newborn does not affect or disrupt the establishment of lactation.
A new adaptive slicing approach for the fully dense freeform fabrication (FDFF) process

Fully dense freeform fabrication (FDFF) is a process based on thin line cutting processes, variable thickness layering, slicing in different orientations, and bulk layer attachment. The combination of these capabilities enables the production of good quality complex parts from practically any material at a very fast pace. As for rapid prototypes fabricated by the FDFF process, it is certainly possible to employ adaptive slicing technique due to the possibility of cutting different metal/non-metal sheet at various thicknesses. This paper proposes a new adaptive slicing method whereby the capability of cutting a 3D solid model at the predefined sheets' thicknesses is achieved and the geometry of all internal and external features of a part is also investigated to ensure the reduction of part geometry deviation through the seamless curvature detection. Despite most previous works which start slicing a tessellated or direct CAD model at the maximum available thickness, this system commences the process with available minimum thickness by applying a new adaptive method to all pairs of contours at the top and bottom slices of the layer. Autodesk Inventor solid modeler, as a design-by-feature solid modeler, is used for 3D solid modeling. The proposed system is implemented by Visual Basic codes inside Inventor using API functions to access both geometry and topology information of the design-by-feature solid model. This system has been successfully tested on a variety of complex parts containing sophisticated internal and external features.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in Cystic Fibrosis; Interpretation of Elevated Values Based on Electrophoretic Isoenzyme Analyses

Sera from 31 of 146 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) contained levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) which were elevated by age-related criteria. Prominent liver isoenzyme bands were present after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of all 31 abnormal sera. Larger than normal amounts of bone and intestinal AP were not present in these sera. These findings indicate that liver abnormalities consistently are responsible for elevations of total AP in sera of patients with CF. Several causes of high liver AP levels in CF patients were identified: chronic hepatic congestion, drug hepatotoxicity, overt biliary cirrhosis, and most commonly subclinical focal biliary cirrhosis.
Identification of a Receptor-Binding Pocket on the Envelope Protein of Friend Murine Leukemia Virus

Based on previous structural and functional studies, a potential receptor-binding site composed of residues that form a pocket at one end of the two long antiparallel helices in the receptor-binding domain of Friend 57 murine leukemia virus envelope protein (RBD) has been proposed. To test this hypothesis, directed substitutions for residues in the pocket were introduced and consequences for infection and for receptor binding were measured. Receptor binding was measured initially by a sensitive assay based on coexpression of receptor and RBD in Xenopus oocytes, and the findings were confirmed by using purified proteins. Three residues that are critical for both binding and infection (S84, D86, and W102), with side chains that extend into the pocket, were identified. Moreover, when mCAT-1 was overexpressed, the infectivity of Fr57-MLV carrying pocket substitutions was partially restored. Substitutions for 18 adjacent residues and 11 other previously unexamined surface-exposed residues outside of the RBD pocket had no detectable effect on function. Taken together, these findings support a model in which the RBD pocket interacts directly with mCAT-1 (likely residues, Y235 and E237) and multiple receptor-envelope complexes are required to form the fusion pore.
The Patient’s Diagnosis: Explanatory Models of Mental Illness

The purpose of the study was to develop a grounded theory about individuals' perception of the situation of being a psychiatric patient. Thirty-five inpatients (19 males, 16 females), ages 18 to 68, in two psychiatric units of an urban, public facility were interviewed on a biweekly basis from admission to discharge. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method, and the data indicated that participants used the basic social process of managing self-worth to deal with the stigmatizing social predicament of being a mental patient. Events occurring before admission that shaped their responses were substance abuse, medication noncompliance, and the lack of social capital, which led to norm violations and subsequent hospitalization. Six attribution categories emerged: problem, disease, crisis, punishment, ordination, and violation. Findings support the need for professionals to improve their practice by acknowledging the effects of patients' subjective assessments on their response to hospitalization and by placing more emphasis on assisting patients to deal with the stigmatizing effects of a psychiatric diagnosis.
Constraining software evolution

Software is multidimensional but the tools that support it are not. The lack of tool support causes the software artifacts representing different dimensions to evolve independently and inconsistently. In order to support the evolution of multidimensional software, an environment must ensure that the different dimensions evolve concurrently. This can be accomplished through an integration framework that maintains consistency of the different dimensions as they evolve. We have built a prototype of such a mechanism by setting up and maintaining constraints among artifacts representing the different software dimensions. This paper describes that prototype and our experiences with it to date.
Which Medical Conditions Account For The Rise In Health Care Spending

ABSTRACT: We calculate the level and growth in health care spending attributable to the fifteen most expensive medical conditions in 1987 and 2000. Growth in spending by medical condition is decomp...
Use of a web-based model for aeration management in stored rough rice.

A web-based model was used to simulate the impact of aeration on population growth of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), in stored rough rice, Oryza sativa L., at Beaumont, TX. Simulations were run for each of 10 yr with 1 August as the start date; 31 December as the end date; beginning populations of 2.5 adults per metric ton (1,000 kg); starting grain temperatures of 29.4, 32.2, and 35.0°C; and aeration airflow rates of 0.27, 0.79, and 1.40 m3/min/metric ton of rice. In the absence of aeration, populations of both species increased exponentially, with maximum production of R. dominica and S. oryzae at starting grain temperatures of 35.0 and 32.2°C, respectively. Final predicted populations of R. dominica on 31 December from grain starting temperatures of 29.4, 32.2, and 35.0°C were 5,465, 6,848, and 11,855 per ton, respectively; final predicted populations of S. oryzae were 13,288, 21,252 and 4,355, respectively. Aeration led to a reduction in grain temperature and a decrease in pest populations, regardless of starting grain temperature or aeration airflow rates. Predicted populations of R. dominica on 31 December ranged from 12 to 63 adults per ton at all grain starting temperatures and airflow rates; populations of S. oryzae on 31 December ranged from 108 to 193 adults per ton at all grain starting temperatures and airflow rates. The predicted population levels in aerated rice represented at least a 98% reduction compared with unaerated rice. Results show the utility of the web-based model and how the various model inputs can help define broader patterns of insect control in rice stored in the south central United States.
Errata to "Two-dimensional simulator for propagation in urban environments"

Presents revisions to various tables, figures, equations and formulas for the above-named article [ibid., vol. 50, pp. 1158?1168, July 2001].
Ventilatory mechanics and the effects of water depth on breathing pattern in the aquatic caecilian Typhlonectes natans.

The breathing pattern in the aquatic caecilian Typhlonectes natans was investigated by recording airflow via a pneumotachograph under unrestrained normal physiological conditions. Ventilatory mechanics were assessed using airflow and pressure measurements from the buccal cavity and trachea. The breathing pattern consisted of an expiratory phase followed by a series of 10–15 small buccal pumps to inflate the lung, succeeded by a long non-ventilatory period. T. natans separate the expiratory and inspiratory gases in the buccal cavity and take several inspiratory pumps, distinguishing their breathing pattern from that of sarcopterygians. Hydrostatic pressure assisted exhalation. The tracheal pressure was greater than the water pressure at that depth, suggesting that pleuroperitoneal pressure as well as axial or pulmonary smooth muscles may have contributed to the process of exhalation. The frequency of lung ventilation was 6.33+/−0.84 breaths h(−)(1), and ventilation occurred via the nares. Compared with other amphibians, this low ventilatory frequency suggests that T. natans may have acquired very efficient pulmonary respiration as an adaptation for survival in their seasonally fluctuating natural habitat. Their respiratory pathway is quite unique, with the trachea separated into anterior, central and posterior regions. The anterior region serves as an air channel, the central region is attached to the tracheal lung, and the posterior region consists of a bifurcated air channel leading to the left and right posterior lungs. The lungs are narrow, elongated, profusely vascularized and compartmentalized. The posterior lungs extend to approximately two-thirds of the body length. On the basis of their breathing pattern, it appears that caecilians are phylogenetically derived from two-stroke breathers.
Evaluation of specific absorption rate as a dosimeter of MRI-related implant heating.

Purpose To compare the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-related heating per unit of whole body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of a conductive implant exposed to two different 1.5-Tesla/64 MHz MR systems. Materials and Methods Temperature changes at the electrode contacts of a deep brain stimulation lead were measured using fluoroptic thermometry. The leads were placed in a typical surgical implant configuration within a gel-filled phantom of the human head and torso. MRI was performed using two different transmit/receive body coils on two different generation 1.5-Tesla MR systems from the same manufacturer. Temperature changes were normalized to whole body averaged SAR values and compared between the two scanners. Results Depending on the landmark location, the normalized temperature change for the implant was significantly higher on one MR system compared to the other (P < 0.001). Conclusion The findings revealed marked differences across two MR systems in the level of radiofrequency (RF)-induced temperature changes per unit of whole body SAR for a conductive implant. Thus, these data suggest that using SAR to guide MR safety recommendations for neurostimulation systems or other similar implants across different MR systems is unreliable and, therefore, potentially dangerous. Better, more universal, measures are required in order to ensure patient safety. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:315–320. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Values and judgment under uncertainty: evidence from venture capitalist assessments of founders

We examine how judgments in the context of uncertainty vary, depending on the values of those making these judgments. We test these ideas in the context of venture capitalists' (VCs') evaluations of founders. Drawing on theoretical and empirical research on the role of values in judgment and decision making and on Schwartz's (1992, 1996) conceptualization of the basic motivational dimensions underlying human values, we hypothesize and find that decision makers' process values (i.e., values governing the types of means to an end that an individual values) influence the perceived worth of founders' human capital. We discuss implications of these findings for judgment and decision-making research, as well as practical implications for entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Amalgamating the Social in the French Revolution

The French Revolution has long depended on social factors to explain its causes, course, and consequences. In particular, Marxist explanations held sway throughout the first three-quarters of the twentieth century. In the last twenty years or so, linguistically driven works pushed the social aside and became the leading viewpoint. However, a current wave of scholarship suggests a differing approach in which the social returns but significantly altered. First, it arrives linked to cultural or ideational factors. Second, bourgeois class consciousness emerges from commercial links, not from the precise social position of individual entrepreneurs.
Christianity and Human Trafficking

Christian involvement with advocacy and activism on human trafficking, an umbrella category that refers to the variety of processes by which individuals become enslaved, has proliferated during the last 15 years. This essay briefly introduces the topic of human trafficking, and provides an overview of three social movements that set important historical precedents for Christian anti-trafficking activism in the present: 19th century abolitionist movements, late 19th- and early 20th-century social purity movements, and the late 20th century religious freedom movement. Next, I explore two of the anti-trafficking frameworks that underlie much Christian anti-trafficking activism and advocacy in the U.S., noting their different assumptions about freedom and slavery. While Christians are largely of one mind that human trafficking is wrong, the strategies that they use and the ends they hope to accomplish are varied and even conflicting.
HAPLOID SPORE FORMATION FOLLOWING ARRESTED CELL FUSION IN CHLAMYDOMOXAS (CHLOROPJIYTA)

Sexual fusion of haploid Chlamydomonas gametes produces a diploid zygote which undergoes sporulation (maturation). We have used a combination of genetic and cellular approaches to evaluate the role(s) of gametic cell and nuclear fusion in the progression of sporulation. A fusion-arrested strain, zym-26–3. was obtained following ultraviolet irradiation of vegetative haploid cells of the homothallic species Chlamydomonas monoica Strehlow. Using the DNA-specific fluorochrome, DAPI, we determined that diploidy was rarely achieved although nuclear migration to the base of the cytoplasmic bridge connecting the gametes and attempted transit through the tubule could be easily documented. Unusual cytoplasmic‘buds’which developed adjacent to the cytoplasmic bridge in sporulating haploids were usually found to contain a migrant nucleus. Using transmission electron microscopy, we determined that ultrastructural changes typically associated with sporulation of a diploid zygote (e.g. spore wall formation; plastid dedifferentiation and associated lipid accumulation; nuclear migration and heterochromatization) could occur following arrested cell fusion despite the absence of nuclear fusion. Genetic analysis of the zym-26–3 strain revealed two unlinked mutations: cf-1 responsible for the failure to complete cell fusion; and ger-8, a mutant allele not affecting cell fusion, but interfering with late stages of spore maturation and germination.‘Cytoplasmic budding’was observed in strains carrying each of these mutations singly and may be a common secondary consequence of disturbances in the relative timing of interrelated processes required for spare wall assembly.
Mobility of Charge Carriers in Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors

We studied electrical transport in dilute magnetic semiconductors, which is determined by scattering of free carriers by localized magnetic moments. In our calculations of the scattering time and the mobility of the majority and minority-spin carriers we took into account both the effects of thermal spin fluctuations and of built-in spatial disorder of the magnetic atoms. These effects are responsible for the magnetic-field dependence of the mobility of the charge carriers. The application of the external magnetic field suppresses the thermodynamic spin fluctuations thus increasing the mobility. Simultaneously, depending on the type of the carriers and on parameters of the impurity potential, scattering by built-in spatial fluctuations of the atomic spins increases or decreases with the magnetic field. The latter effect is due to the change in the magnitude of the random local Zeeman splitting with the magnetic field. We discuss the role of the above effects on mobility and magnetoresistance of semiconductors where magnetic impurities are electrically active or neutral.
Give in or get out? Responding to professional challenges

The author interviewed six leaders about challenges to their professional integrity. The themes from those interviews are offered in this chapter.
Horizontal Structure of the Upper Ocean Velocity and Density Fields in the Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool: Depth Range from 20 to 250 m*

Abstract Wavenumber spectra of velocity and density fields in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool on scales 6–120 km are estimated using the shipboard survey data collected during the TOGA Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). The spectra are averaged over three depth intervals: 20–60, 60–110, and 110–250 m (corresponding to the Yoshida jet, the South Equatorial Current, and the southern edge of Equatorial Undercurrent). The velocity spectra are corrected for the mean flow shear advection, which is important under conditions of low gradient Richardson number (Ri). After that, both velocity and density spectra are consistent with an internal wave spectral model including a random component (equatorial version of the Garrett and Munk spectrum) and a tidal component (the Feng et al. tidal model). Tidal peaks, previously found by other COARE investigators as being prominent on the “moored” spectra (i.e., on the spectra derived from mooring data), appear to be much less significant on the ...
Street walking: randomized controlled trials in criminology, education, and elsewhere

This article was written in celebration of the Tenth Anniversary issue of the Journal of Experimental Criminology. It focuses on efforts to mount high-quality randomized controlled trials, mainly in criminology and education. There are occasional excursions into medical, welfare, and manpower research. The aim is to uncover similarities and differences in the way controlled trials are handled, and is in the spirit of comparative sociology and history of science
Vitamin E intake, α-tocopherol status, and pancreatic cancer in a cohort of male smokers

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 3088 There is evidence for vitamin E having anticarcinogenic properties for gastrointestinal cancers; however few studies have examined this with respect to exocrine pancreatic cancer. We conducted a cohort analysis investigating the association between pre-diagnostic vitamin E intake, circulating concentrations of α-tocopherol and exocrine pancreatic cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort of male Finnish smokers, aged 50-69 years at baseline. Between January 1985 and April 2004, 318 incident exocrine pancreatic cancer cases were diagnosed among cohort participants with serum samples (n=29,102) and 306 cases were diagnosed among subjects with complete dietary data (n=27, 111). We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, smoking history, history of diabetes mellitus, and serum cholesterol to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI ). Higher pre-diagnostic serum α-tocopherol concentrations were inversely associated with pancreatic cancer (highest compared to lowest quintile, HR=0.52, 95% CI 0.34- 0.80, p-trend = 0.03). No associations were observed for dietary vitamin E. Our results support the hypothesis that higher serum α-tocopherol concentrations may play a protective role in pancreatic carcinogenesis in smokers.
Calculation of cross sections for 2s-2p excitation of one-electron ions by He/sup 2 +/ and He/sup 0/

Cross sections for 2s-2p excitation of one-electron ions scattering from He/sup 2 +/ and He/sup 0/ are evaluated in the plane-wave Born approximation. The total cross section diverges logarithmically as the 2s-2p binding energy difference ..delta..E goes to zero for excitation by He/sup 2 +/ due to contributions from small momentum transfers. In contrast for He/sup 0/ as ..delta..E goes to zero the total cross section is finite since the small-momentum-transfer contribution is damped corresponding to screening of the nucleus by the helium electrons at large distances. Calculations are presented for 2s-2p excitation of F and Si scattering from He/sup 2 +/ and He/sup 0/ at velocities of several MeV/amu. For F and Si there is about an order of magnitude difference between scattering from He/sup 2 +/ and from He/sup 0/, suggesting that electron screening is important here. However, our results are not in consistent agreement with recent observations.
Chapter 5 – Modulation Excitation Spectroscopy with Phase-Sensitive Detection for Surface Analysis

Abstract Advancements in in situ spectroscopic techniques have led to significant progress being made in elucidating heterogeneous reaction mechanisms. The potential of these progressive methods is often limited only by the complexity of the system and noise in the data. Short-lived intermediates can be challenging, if not impossible, to identify with conventional spectra analysis means. Often equally difficult is separating signals that arise from active and inactive species. Modulation excitation spectroscopy combined with phase-sensitive detection analysis is a powerful tool for removing noise from the data while simultaneously revealing the underlying kinetics of the reaction. A stimulus is applied at a constant frequency to the reaction system, for example, a reactant cycled with an inert phase. Through mathematical manipulation of the data, any signal contributing to the overall spectra but not oscillating with the same frequency as the stimulus will be dampened or removed. With phase-sensitive detection, signals oscillating with the stimulus frequency but with various lag times are amplified providing valuable kinetic information. In this chapter, some examples are provided from the literature that have successfully used modulation excitation spectroscopy with phase-sensitive detection to uncover previously unobserved reaction intermediates and kinetics. Examples from a broad range of spectroscopic methods are included to provide perspective to the reader.
Characterization of Oscillations During Premix Gas Turbine Combustion

The use of premix combustion in stationary gas turbines can produce very low levels of NO{sub x} emissions. This benefit is widely recognized, but turbine developers routinely encounter problems with combustion oscillations during the testing of new premix combustors. Because of the associated pressure fluctuations, combustion oscillations must be eliminated in a final combustor design. Eliminating these oscillations is often time-consuming and costly because there is no single approach to solve an oscillation problem. Previous investigations of combustion stability have focused on rocket applications, industrial furnaces, and some aeroengine gas turbines. Comparatively little published data is available for premixed combustion at conditions typical of an industrial gas turbine. In this paper, the authors report experimental observations of oscillations produced by a fuel nozzle typical of industrial gas turbines. Tests are conducted in a specially designed combustor capable of providing the acoustic feedback needed to study oscillations. Tests results are presented for pressures up to 10 atmospheres, theoretical considerations, it is expected that oscillations can be characterized by a nozzle reference velocity, with operating pressure playing a smaller role. This expectation is compared to observed data that shows both the benefits and limitations of characterizing the combustor oscillating behavior in termsmore » of a reference velocity rather than other engine operating parameters. This approach to characterizing oscillations is then used to evaluate how geometric changes to the fuel nozzle will affect the boundary between stable and oscillating combustion.« less
Simple Plate-Based, Parallel Synthesis of Disulfide Fragments using the CuAAC Click Reaction

Disulfide exchange screening is a site-directed approach to fragment-based lead discovery that requires a bespoke library of disulfide-containing fragments. Previously, we described a simple one-pot, two-step synthesis of disulfide fragments from amine- or acid-bearing starting materials. Here, we describe the synthesis of disulfide fragments that bear a 1,4-substituted-1,2,3-triazole linkage between disulfide and molecular diversity element. This work establishes the compatibility of copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) chemistry with a one-pot, two-step reaction sequence that can be readily parallelized. We performed 96 reactions in a single deep-well microtiter plate, employing 48 alkynes and two different azide linker reagents. From this effort, a total of 81 triazole-containing disulfide fragments were obtained in useful isolated yields. Thus, CuAAC chemistry offers an experimentally convenient method to rapidly prepare disulfide fragments that are structurally distinct from fragments accessed via amide, sulfonamide, or isocyanate chemistries.