cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atypical Obstructions: What Do Emergency Providers Need to Know About Incarcerated and Strangulated Hernia, Closed Loop Obstruction, Volvulus, and Internal Hernia? What Is the Prognostic Value of a Lactate?

Internal hernia, volvulus, and closed loop bowel obstruction have a particularly high morbidity and mortality. All can occur in patients without a surgical history and are important to include in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain and vomiting. Closed loop bowel obstructions, which can be due to internal hernias, are more prone to bowel strangulation and are considered a surgical emergency. In incarcerated hernia, time from symptom onset to surgery is important in patient outcomes, particularly in patients with symptoms >8 h, comorbid conditions, high ASA scores, presence of strangulation, and advanced age. While lactic acid is routinely used as a marker for tissue ischemia, it has poor sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing acute bowel injury.
Expanding outcomes: Exploring varied conceptions of teacher learning in an online professional development experience

Abstract Online technologies hold promise to support more personalized teacher professional development (PD) experiences, but fulfilling this promise requires heightened attention to what teachers value about the outcomes of their learning. This paper uses the example of the Creative Computing Online Workshop (CCOW) to explore outcomes that teachers described as valuable: exposure to new ideas, rethinking classroom practice, and new relationships with their surrounding world. We discuss how the diversity, specificity, and nonlinearity of these outcomes extend teacher PD research, and suggest implications of this expanded framework for the design and evaluation of PD in both in-person and online contexts.
Analyzing a broader spectrum of endocrine active organic contaminants in sewage sludge with high resolution LC-QTOF-MS suspect screening and QSAR toxicity prediction

Endocrine active contaminants (EACs) in environmental samples can pose a range of toxicological threats to ecosystems, especially through their impacts on reproductive pathways mediated by the estrogen receptor. The physicochemical properties of known organic EACs vary greatly and typically require different sample preparation techniques to identify different classes of compounds. EAC sources are similarly diverse, including both endogenous compounds and anthropogenic chemicals found in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and their transformation products, which are often disposed of to sewers at their end of use. Looking for EACs in sewage sludge proposes a bottom-up, or end-of-use and treatment approach to discover environmentally relevant EACs, since many EACs accumulate in sludges even after application of robust wastewater treatment processes. This study demonstrates an extraction and analytical method capable of detecting a broad spectrum of known and suspected EACs via High Resolution Liquid Chromatography Quadropole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) suspect screening of fourteen California sewage sludge samples. Spike-recovery experiments were performed using twelve carefully selected surrogates to assess different extraction solvents, sample weights, extraction pH values, procedures for combining extracts with different extraction pH's, and solid phase extraction cartridges. Using LC-QTOF-MS, identifications of several other organic compounds in the samples were made, a goal unachievable with unit resolution mass spectrometry. Suspect screening of California sludge samples discovered 118 compounds including hormones, pharmaceuticals, phosphate flame retardants, recreational drugs, antimicrobials, and pesticides. Additionally, 22 of these identified compounds are predicted to interfere with estrogen receptors or other reproductive/developmental pathways based on the VEGA QSAR toxicity prediction model.
Angiogenesis in early stages of hepatoma development from carcinogen induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis model.

3597 Angiogenesis is essential for hepatoma growth and metastasis and is prominent at later stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. To investigate whether angiogenesis may be associated with early premalignant stages, we studied this process in the Solt-Farber animal model protocol (Solt et al. Am J Path, 1977) at early stages (altered foci and hyperplastic preneoplastic nodules) by in situ methods and cDNA microarray technology. The protocol produces sequential stages of foci, hyperplastic preneoplastic nodules (PN), neoplastic nodules and hepatomas at predictable times during carcinogenesis with metastasis of hepatoma cells to the lungs. Male Fischer 344 rats were treated with carcinogens, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for two weeks, followed by acetylaminofluorene (AAF) for two weeks and surgical two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) one week after AAF. Livers were removed from rats under anesthesia 3 and 9 days after PH. Liver slices (1–2 mm) were cut and fixed by immersion and frozen liver sections (10-20 μm) prepared for in situ analysis. Total RNA was isolated from PN tissue, amplified and hybridized to a 27K mouse chip. To determine the vascular network in liver sections at the foci and PN stages (3 and 9 days after PH, respectively), enzyme cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry were used to localize ATPase activity, actin or von Willebrand factor (vWF) in vessels and endothelial cells. Bright field and confocal microscopy (for multiple fluorescent labels) were used to visualize the localizations. We found extensive development of a vascular network coursing through the parenchymal liver tissue surrounding the PN at 9 days after PH; at this time multiple PN are present in the liver. A less extensive vascular network was present within the PN. Blood vessels extend from portal triad regions as tortuous profiles to the periphery of PN, encircling them. Vessels also projected into the PN forming smaller branches within nodules. Vascular networks surrounded all PN within the liver section. The vascular network was closely associated with the proliferated bile ductule (BD) system that develops with the protocol. The BD system extended from the portal areas to one pole of the PN and appeared to contact the PN surface. Preliminary studies on cDNA microarray analysis of amplified RNA isolated from PN tissue showed several up-regulated genes encoding proteins that function in angiogenesis. These results indicate that at the PN stage, neovascularization due to either angiogenesis or endothelial precursor cells or both occurs before the appearance of neoplastic nodules and hepatomas. The increased vascular microenvironment at an early stage of liver cancer presumably contributes to growth of PN and possibly transformation of PN from a premalignant to a malignant state. Supported in part by NIH CA06756.
Playing Whiteness in Crisis in The Last of Us and Tomb Raider

This paper examines the white normative figure under duress, through videogames that present a crisis in American narratives of progress: The Last of Us (Naughty Dog, 2013), set in a melancholic post-apocalyptic U.S.; and Tomb Raider (Crystal Dynamics, 2013), a reboot of the now-classic Lara Croft narrative that recasts the heroine as desperate and far from invincible. Using key concepts from critical whiteness studies, popular panics around the demographic shifts in the U.S. away from a white majority, and Richard Dyer’s theorizations, I show how “making whiteness strange” can decouple it from the normative, and rescue it from unattainable ideals and self-annihilating tendencies. Running the gauntlet between representing universal humanity and traumatized victimhood, whiteness in games takes a beating within a fraught post-9/11 and post-Obama moment of national transition. Through critical analysis of identity politics around whiteness in video games, larger cultural stakes are revealed.
‘The most common grass, rush, moss, fern, thistles, thorns or vilest weeds you can find’: James Petiver's plants

The dried plant specimens painstakingly acquired by the London apothecary James Petiver (ca 1663–1718) from around the world constitute a substantial, but underappreciated, component of the vast he...
Development and psychometric performance of the French language version of the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ)

Abstract Background The Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) is a 16-item patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) validated for use in patients with foot and ankle pathologies. It contains three sub-scores for pain, walking/standing and social interaction dimensions. The aim of this study was to develop a French language version of the MOXFQ and to assess its psychometric properties in patients affected by foot and ankle pathologies. Methods According to guidelines, forward and backward independent translations were performed. The final French version was pre-tested in 45 patients. The French MOXFQ and the Short-form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) were filled in by 149 patients. A retest was performed in 39 patients. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Construct validity was assessed by factor analysis, and through correlations of MOXFQ scales with SF-36 scales. Results Internal consistency coefficients were high with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.79 and 0.94. Test-retest ICCs were between 0.74 and 0.93. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. The correlations between French MOXFQ and French SF-36 subscales were moderate ranging from −0.33 to −0.71. Conclusions The French translation of the MOXFQ revealed good psychometric properties. Our French version proved to be a reliable instrument which can be used for evaluation of patients with foot and ankle disorders. Level of evidence II.
Near-Infrared Fluorescence with Second-Window Indocyanine Green as an Adjunct to Localize the Pituitary Stalk During Skull Base Surgery

A potential application of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using second-window indocyanine green (SWIG) is demonstrated. We hypothesized that because the pituitary lacks a blood-brain barrier, we might visualize the pituitary stalk using SWIG. A 52-year-old, right-handed man presented to our clinic for evaluation of progressive loss of vision. Physical examination was significant for loss of right peripheral vision and near-complete loss of left field vision. Prolactin was high-normal at 16.2 mg/dL. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 36-mm sellar mass extending superiorly and laterally crossing the intracranial left internal carotid artery, consistent with a nonfunctional pituitary macroadenoma. We elected to pursue left pterional craniotomy for resection. The patient was eligible for our SWIG clinical trial and consented to the study. SWIG is a novel, investigational technique using Food and Drug Administration-approved indocyanine green to enhance visualization of neoplastic tissue intraoperatively.1-7 The patient received 2.5 mg/kg of indocyanine green intravenously approximately 24 hours preoperatively. Intraoperatively, under white-light microscopy, the tumor was easily identified and distinguished from the optic nerves and internal carotid artery. After debulking of the gross tumor, NIR visualization using a laser-equipped endoscope8 demonstrated strong NIR fluorescence in the pituitary stalk. Despite the distorted anatomy, this technique enabled us to confidently identify and preserve the pituitary stalk. Postoperatively, the patient had persistently high urine output that normalized in 24 hours without desmopressin (sodium 139-140 mmol/L); after uneventful recovery, he was discharged with mild improvement in visual function. This case demonstrated a potential use of our SWIG protocol. As the stalk demonstrates strong NIR fluorescence after high-dose indocyanine green administration, surgeons may be able to better localize and preserve the stalk even in complex skull base tumor cases where the anatomy may be significantly distorted.
Medium-Frequency Vibration Analysis of Timoshenko Beam Structures

Medium-frequency (mid-frequency) vibration analysis of complex structures plays an important role in automotive, aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering. Flexible beam structures modeled by th...
Do Lower-Carbohydrate Diets Increase Total Energy Expenditure? An Updated and Reanalyzed Meta-Analysis of 29 Controlled-Feeding Studies.

BACKGROUND The effect of macronutrient composition on total energy expenditure (TEE) remains controversial, with divergent findings among studies. One source of heterogeneity may be study duration, as physiological adaptation to lower carbohydrate intake may require 2 to 3 wk. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that the effects of carbohydrate [expressed as % of energy intake (EI)] on TEE vary with time. METHODS The sample included trials from a previous meta-analysis and new trials identified in a PubMed search through 9 March 2020 comparing lower- and higher-carbohydrate diets, controlled for EI or body weight. Three reviewers independently extracted data and reconciled discrepancies. Effects on TEE were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis, with between-study heterogeneity assessed using the I2 statistic. Meta-regression was used to quantify the influence of study duration, dichotomized at 2.5 wk. RESULTS The 29 trials ranged in duration from 1 to 140 d (median: 4 d) and included 617 participants. Difference in carbohydrate between intervention arms ranged from 8% to 77% EI (median: 30%). Compared with reported findings in the prior analysis (I2 = 32.2%), we found greater heterogeneity (I2 = 90.9% in the reanalysis, 81.6% in the updated analysis). Study duration modified the diet effect on TEE (P < 0.001). Among 23 shorter trials, TEE was reduced on lower-carbohydrate diets (-50.0 kcal/d; 95% CI: -77.4, -22.6 kcal/d) with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 69.8). Among 6 longer trials, TEE was increased on low-carbohydrate diets (135.4 kcal/d; 95% CI: 72.0, 198.7 kcal/d) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 26.4). Expressed per 10% decrease in carbohydrate as %EI, the TEE effects in shorter and longer trials were -14.5 kcal/d and 50.4 kcal/d, respectively. Findings were materially unchanged in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Lower-carbohydrate diets transiently reduce TEE, with a larger increase after ∼2.5 wk. These findings highlight the importance of longer trials to understand chronic macronutrient effects and suggest a mechanism whereby lower-carbohydrate diets may facilitate weight loss.
Soil and soil organic carbon effects on simulated Southern High Plains dryland Cotton production

Abstract The effect of increasing soil organic content (SOC) on the soil water retention and cotton yield productivity of two benchmark U.S. Southern High Plains (SHP) soils was estimated using pedotransfer functions and the CROPGRO-Cotton crop simulation model. Increasing plow layer (0−30 cm) SOC leads to increased wilting point (WP), field capacity (FC), and plant available water capacity (PAW = FC-WP) in both soils. The increase in a clay loam’s available water capacity is modest, with a 1% increase in SOC producing an additional 0.16 cm of PAW in the soil profile’s uppermost 30 cm. The fine sandy loam’s plow layer effect is twice that, with a 1% SOC increase producing a 0.32 cm PAW increase. These effect’s magnitudes were consistent with a recent meta-analysis of SOC on soil water retention, but considerably below those cited by national and regional extension services. As surface SOC levels in both soils were increased above baseline levels the fine sandy loam’s median simulated cotton lint yields were essentially unchanged, while clay loam yields decreased. The clay loam yield effect is attributed to increased soil evaporation rates. Conservation agriculture (CA) practices such as increased residue retention may compensate for these weak soil water retention effects, but cotton’s limited residue production would require winter cover crops or alternate crop rotations. As the success of terminated winter wheat – dryland cotton rotations is unclear in past SHP field studies, a CA sorghum-cotton rotation with periodic tillage is proposed as a SHP dryland production system.
Testing Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention with Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adults in Outpatient Therapy: a Quasi-experimental Study.

Objectives This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) with individuals receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in a naturalistic, open-ended outpatient group treatment setting. Methods Eighty participants (mean age 36.3) who had at least 90 consecutive days substance free self-selected into treatment (MBRP, n = 35) or comparison groups (treatment as usual, TAU, n = 45). Outcomes tracked included treatment retention and relapse, and self-reported craving, anxiety, depression, and mindfulness at baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 36 weeks post-recruitment. MBRP group participants attended biweekly 60-min sessions for 24 weeks. A linear mixed model analysis of variance determined the significance of the MBRP intervention on changes in craving, anxiety, depression, and mindfulness. Results No significant differences in sex, education level, insurance status, relationship status, or employment status were detected at baseline between groups. The 36-week retention (74%, MBRP/MOUD; 71%, TAU/MOUD) and relapse rates (43%, MBRP/MOUD; 47%, TAU/MOUD) were similar for the groups. There were only four relapses on opioids. Significant reductions (p < .05) were observed in the MBRP/MOUD group for craving, anxiety, and depression in addition to significant increases in mindfulness compared to those in TAU/MOUD. Conclusions Although state and federal resources are available to expand MOUD, no standard of behavioral therapy has been established as most complimentary to MOUD. The current study results suggest MBRP can be implemented as an outpatient therapy for individuals in MOUD.
Arsenic Removal From Drinking Water By Electrocoagulation

ii Acknowledgments iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter 1 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 4 1.3 References 5 Chapter 2 7 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Materials and Methods 11 2.2.1 Laboratory-scale Electrocoagulation Experiments 11 2.2.2 Materials and Methods of the Field Study 13 2.2.3 Analysis Methods 15 2.3 Results and discussion 16 2.3.1 Production of Iron Oxide Coagulant 16 2.3.2 Effect of pH on As Removal 19 2.3.3 Effect of Oxidization State on As Removal 22 2.3.4 Effect of Initial As Concentrations on As Removal 24 2.3.5 Effect of Phosphate on As Removal 24 2.3.6 Effect of Silica on As Removal 26 2.3.7 Effect of Sulfate on As Removal 28 2.3.8 Results of the Field Study 29 2.4 Conclusions 31 2.5 Acknowledgments 31 2.6 References 32 Chapter 3 33 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Materials and Methods 37 3.2.1 Electrocoagulation Experiments 37 3.2.2 Equilibrium Adsorption Experiments 38 3.2.3 Sampling Methods 39
AN ASSESSMENT OF REFERENCE DATA VARIABILITY USING A "VIRTUAL FIELD REFERENCE DATABASE"

A "Virtual Field Reference Database (VFRDB)" was developed using field measurement and digital imagery (camera) data collected at 999 sites in the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina. The VFmB was designed to support detailed assessments of remote-sensor-derived land-coverlland-use (LCLU) products by providing a robust database characterizing representative cover types throughout the study area. The sampling frame incorporated both systematic unaligned and stratified random design elements, to provide both an even distribution of points and sufficient intensification to account for rare classes. Numerous quality assurance procedures were developed and incorporated to ensure both data consistency and repeatability. lltvo independent interpreters assigned class labels corresponding to a hierarchical classification system based on field measurement and imagery data interpretation. Correspondence between interpreters was analyzed at multiple classification levels. The relatively high 91 percent overall correspondence of interpretations was attributable to the application of the VFRDB, providing a high quality source of measurement and imagery data to guide class assignments. Confusion documented for rangeland and forest classes was consistent with reported results for studies conducted in diverse biological locations. Results demonstrate the requirement for reference data with known variability, to support the quantitative assessments of remote-sensor-derived LCLU products.
Rotational correlation times for small molecules in liquids

I w i l l focus on the ro ta t iona l motion of small molecules in l iqu ids . This mot ion is often "slow" compared to a l l other relevant molecular motions, which is equivalent to saying that rotat ions are Markovian or d i f fus iona l . In this case the correla t ion function for a normalized spherical harmonic, Y Lm(COS@), relaxes exponent ia l ly with a decay time m~. In broad terms we can iden t i f y two classes of exponential rotat ional re laxat ion in l iqu ids : one which is d i f fus ional in that the motion takes place via small random angular jumps, and the other in which the molecule rotates quite rapid ly but not frequently because most of the time i t is held in an osc i l l a to ry well which i t s e l f loosens up only in f requent ly [ I ] . This l a t t e r motion corresponds to random large angular jumps; although for this motion the slow decay mode does indeed appear to be exponential, the l i b ra t i ona l modes are important and give r ise to an appreciable high frequency rotat ional spectrum. I t is l i k e l y that the large angular jumps become increasingly important at high v iscosi ty . Whether or not the motion is exponent ia l , we can always define a corre la t ion time [2]
Genotypic Interactions with Potassium and Nitrogen in Cotton of Varied Maturity

The development of late-season deficiency symptoms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields has become more frequent in the Mid-South and Far West U.S. production regions. In this study, the objectives were to determine how yield and quality of lint produced by cotton genotypes of varying maturities are affected by different rates of soil applied K and N fertilization. Eight cotton genotypes representing a range of maturities and regional adaptations were studied in Mississippi in 1991 and 1992. All plots received a preplant application of 112 kg ha -1 N and half the plots also received a 38 kg ha -1 sidedress application of N. Within each N treatment, half the plots received 112 kg ha -1 K surface applied and preplant incorporated, with the remaining plots receiving 0 kg ha -1 K. Averaged across years and N treatments, the K deficiency associated with the 0 K treatment reduced lint yield (9%), boll mass (7%), lint percentage (1%), and seed mass (4%). Varying the N fertilization did not benefit these parameters. The high N treatment reduced lint yield 3% (P = 0.07) and lint percentage 1% (P = 0.06) when coupled with the 0 K treatment. All genotypes suffered yield reductions caused by the K deficiency, except for 'HS 26', which was not adapted for production in the Mississippi Delta. Potassium deficiency produced reductions in fiber elongation (3%), 50% span length (1%), uniformity ratio (1%), micronaire (10%), fiber maturity (5%), and perimeter (1%) in all genotypes. Nitrogen application above the 112 kg ha -1 rate did not increase the lint yield under the growing conditions of our study. The data indicate that genotype was not of importance when dealing with K fertility. The deficiency itself, however, must be dealt with to avoid significant reductions in the yield and quality of fiber produced.
Derivatives of alpha amino aldehydes.

A series of nitrogen derivatives of aldehyde analogs of some naturally occurring dl α-amino acids has been reared. The conversion of the phthaloylamino acids to the corresponding aldehydes by means of the Rosenmund method of reduction gave crystalline aldehydes in a majority of cases. The aldehydes were readily converted to semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone, and dithiobiuret derivatives for testing as possible antiviral agents.
The role of prerequisites in a criminal justice curriculum

This article examines the value of requiring prerequisites beyond the standard introduction to criminal justice course in a criminal justice program. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of eight sections of a criminal procedure course over a period of four years, this study found a significant difference in final grades in an upper-level Criminal Procedure class between students who enrolled in a recommended prerequisite (Criminal Courts) and students who did not take the prerequisite. As administrators become increasingly concerned with student success, it is argued that additional prerequisites may be beneficial in improving student learning.
Introduction to the symposium: woodland vernal pools in northern temperate forests

Robert T. ~ r o o k s ' , * and Peter W.C. paton2 ' U S D A Forest Service, Northecistern Research Station, Uizirersity of' Massaci~usetrs, 201 Holtl.r~i~orti~ Nutztrtrl Resottrces Center. A ~ i k o s t , M A 01003, U S A ; ' ~ e ~ a i t n z e r ~ t r?f 'Nut~rrd Resources, Ut~ivcrsitj, pf'Rliotfe Islar~cl, Kirgstorr, K l 02881, U S A ; *Author fbr corrc.sponr plione: 413-545-1845; ,firs: 4 13-545-186O)
Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Obesity among children, adolescents and adults has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. The worldwide prevalence of childhood obesity has increased remarkably over the past 3 decades. The growing prevalence of childhood obesity has also led to appearance of obesity-related comorbid disease entities at an early age. Childhood obesity can adversely affect nearly every organ system and often causes serious consequences, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, dysglycemia, fatty liver disease and psychosocial complications. It is also a major contributor to increasing healthcare expenditures. For all these reasons, it is important to prevent childhood obesity as well as to identify overweight and obese children at an early stage so they can begin treatment and attain and maintain a healthy weight. At present, pharmacotherapy options for treatment of pediatric obesity are very limited. Therefore, establishing a comprehensive management program that emphasizes appropriate nutrition, exercise and behavioral modification is crucial. The physician's role should expand beyond the clinical setting to the community to serve as a role model and to advocate for prevention and early treatment of obesity.
Increased adenosine formation by rat myocardium with acute aortic constriction

Abstract Based primarily on the observations that adenosine release by the heart is inversely related to oxygen supply to the myocardium, it has been proposed that adenosine serves as a metabolic regulator of coronary vascular resistance. The present study was undertaken to determine to what extent adenosine formation is influenced by increases in mean aortic pressure, which is known to elevate myocardial oxygen requirements. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, aortic pressure and aortic blood flow were measured during control periods and during constriction of the thoracic aorta. The hearts were frozen in situ and assayed for adenosine and its breakdown products, inosine and hypoxanthine. In a control group of 16 rats, cardiac adenosine levels were 3.6±0.2 nmol/g tissue. In a second group of seven rats, aortic constriction elevated aortic pressure by 108% without a reduction in cardiac output, and tissue adenosine levels were 5.6±0.8 nmol/g ( P P
Can mosaic tumor vessels facilitate molecular diagnosis of cancer

The hypothesis that tumor growth isangiogenesis-dependent (1) has been supported by extensive experimental evidence (for reviews see refs. 2 and 3), and has been confirmed by genetic methods (3–5). The switch to the angiogenic phenotype is a critical point in tumor progression (6). Before this switch occurs, most human and animal tumors are restricted to a microscopic size. An example is early in situ carcinoma where neighboring microvessels are quiescent and mature, and metastases are virtually nonexistent. After the angiogenic switch, for example in later stages of in situ breast carcinoma, neovascular sprouts breach the basement membrane (7), and tumor cells can grow around each new capillary vessel (Fig. 1 A and B), enter the circulation, and form metastases. One endothelial cell can support more than 50 to 100 tumor cells. Thus, the microvascular endothelial cell recruited by a tumor has become an important second target in cancer therapy. Treating both the cancer cell and the endothelial cell in a tumor may be more effective than treating the cancer cell alone (2, 8). As a result, angiogenesis inhibitors have emerged as a new class of drugs. These drugs selectively or specifically inhibit proliferation or migration of activated endothelial cells, or induce their apoptosis. Tumor growth is inhibited or tumors regress. Angiogenesis inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials alone, as well as in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Partitioning of sediment on the shelf offshore of the Columbia River littoral cell

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Marine Geology 273 (2010): 11-31, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.001.
Real-time Ventricular Volumes and Cardiac Function in the Working Rat Heart

The measurement of instantaneous left ventricular volumes throughout the cardiac cycle in a rat heart beating at rates of 300 to 600 min-1 with a chamber volume of only a few tenths of a milliliter is difficult. Combining an x-ray scatter detection system with a small x-ray source collimated to scatter low energy x-rays off a working rat heart, measurements of real-time changes in ventricular volumes can be determined. The x-ray scatter signal is proportional to the volume and can be calibrated to measure the actual volume. Using this system, changes in ventricular function can readily be detected. An example of data obtained from increasing preload with a fixed afterload is shown. This technique not only distinguishes an increasing stroke volume, but also more rapid early diastolic filling and systolic ejection rates with increasing preload. This new x-ray scatter technique appears to be a promising way to measure rapidly changing left ventricular volumes and function in the working rat heart. This could significantly enhance the scientific use of the rat model.
Demonstration of a defect in the formation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus.

Extract: Previous studies had indicated that the effects of vasopressin to increase the permeability of collecting ducts to water and to produce a concentrated urine are mediated through adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). An investigation was performed to determine whether the lack of response to vasopressin in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus could result from an abnormality in the formation of cyclic AMP. The influence of vasopressin was compared in four water-loaded normal subjects, one patient with vasopressin deficiency, and three patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Serum and urine osmolality, inulin clearance, and cyclic AMP in urine were determined while 5% dextrose and water was infused at a constant rate before, during, and after administration of vasopressin for 1 hr. Vasopressin given intravenously for 1 hr significantly increased the mean rate of excretion of cyclic AMP in urine from a range of from 1.7 to 3.1 nmol/min before treatment to a range of from 4.7 to 8.9 nmol/min after treatment in the normal subjects and the patient with vasopressin deficiency. There were associated mean increases in urine osmolality from a range of from 39 to 119 mOsm/kg to a range of from 568 to 996 mOsm/kg. In contrast, mean cyclic AMP in urine varied from 0.7 to 1.5 nmol/min and mean urine osmolality varied from 47 to 68 mOsm/kg in the patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and did not change after vasopressin. The findings are interpreted to mean that there is a defect in the adenylate cyclase system in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It is not known whether there is an abnormality of the receptor, the enzyme, or both or if there is an associated abnormality of the renal tubules to respond to cyclic AMP. Speculation: The results show that patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus do not increase levels of cyclic AMP in urine or concentrate their urine in response to vasopressin. It is proposed that there is a defect in the adenylate cyclase system in these patients which accounts for their lack of response to antidiuretic hormone.
Effects of chronic treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor antagonist in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats.

Effects of chronic treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor antagonist in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. The effects of chronic angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blockade (losartan) or converting enzyme inhibition (enalapril) on blood pressure (BP), urinary albumin excretion (U alb V), renal histology and the hemodynamic and excretory function of the clipped and nonclipped kidneys were studied in two-kidney, one-clip (2-K 1-C) rats. One day after clipping the right renal artery, male Wistar rats were divided into three groups receiving: (1) losartan, 20 mg/kg/day (N = 7), (2) enalapril, 20 mg/kg/day (N = 8), or (3) no treatment (controls, N=9) for three weeks. Both losartan and enalapril treatments maintained conscious BP at comparably lowered levels compared to control animals (116 ± 6mm Hg and 113 ± 2mm Hg vs. 188 ± 11mm Hg, respectively, P alb V, observed for the untreated group, three weeks after clipping (1.7 ± 0.5 and 0.7 ± 0.1 mg/24 hr vs. 17.8 ± 7 mg/24 hr, respectively, P alb V for nonclipped kidneys from untreated rats was approximately 5- to 10-fold higher than in the nonclipped kidneys from the treated groups. Histological evaluation revealed evidence of early glomerulosclerosis in the nonclipped kidneys from the untreated but not the treated groups, and decreased indices of glomerular size and mesangial expansion in clipped kidneys for the treated groups compared to the untreated group. These data support a primary role for Ang II modulation of blood pressure and renal function in the nonclipped kidney of the 2-K 1-C rat.
MMPI AS A PREDICTOR OF WEIGHT LOSS

30 subjects participating in a study of -weight loss completed the MMPI as part of a pretreatment test battery. At the 7-wk. posttreatment assessment Barron's (1953) ego-strength scale correlated positively with weight loss. The hypochondriasis and hysteria scales correlated negatively with weight loss at 6- and 16-wk. follow-up. These findings point to the possibility of employing the MMPI as a predictor of weight loss.
Degradation of high-Tc superconductors by annealing in dry and moist atmospheres

A study is made of the effects of annealing both La{sub 2{minus}{ital x}}Sr{sub {ital x}}CuO{sub 4} (for {ital x}=0, 0.1, and 0.15) and YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} in wet and dry O{sub 2} atmospheres at various temperatures between 200 and 930 {degree}C. In the case of La{sub 2{minus}{ital x}}Sr{sub {ital x}}CuO{sub 4}, substantial degradation of resistive properties occurs during annealing in moist O{sub 2}, the degradation being highest at 200 {degree}C as decreasing as the treatment temperature increases. Since the Meissner effect remains unaffected, it is concluded that degradation is due to the formation of a hydroxide species at grain boundaries, which decomposes as the anneal temperature is increased to 930 {degree}C. In the case of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}, on the other hand, moisture does not produce degradation for anneals at 200 {degree}C and above, but severe degradation of resistive behavior does occur for dry O{sub 2} anneals, with a maximum effect at 500 {degree}C. It is found that this effect results from a contaminant gas absorbed by the furnace when it is open to air, possibly CO{sub 2}. Again the degradation is due to formation of a grain-boundary phase which decomposes by annealing at 930 {degree}C.
Wave function engineering of antimonide quantum-well lasers

Abstract We present a variational approach to the calculation of band structure for semiconductor heterostructures. The time-independent action integral is minimized to derive a discretized version of the coupled Schrodinger equations within the multi-band envelope function approximation. This leads to a clear procedure for systematically improving the solutions. The numerical implementation of this method has provided the impetus towards the development of wave function engineering , which may be defined as the ability to specify the localization of carrier wave functions in quantum semiconductor nanostructures through control over the growth, geometry, and material composition. Recent developments in the design and successful implementation of type-II antimonide quantum-well lasers have been a direct consequence of the application of wave function engineering. Various aspects of the laser design for high temperature and high efficiency operation are considered, and a comparison of the theory with experimentally demonstrated devices is made.
Exogenous regulatory institutions for sustainable common pool resource management: Application to groundwater

This paper focuses on introducing and comparing various types of external regulatory institutions for management of common pool resources (CPRs), namely the quota-based management, resource status-based management, tax-based management, and bankruptcy management institutions. The performance of these regulatory institutions in a heterogeneous set of physical conditions is demonstrated using a stylized numerical groundwater exploitation example. Results suggest that the benefits to different types of users as well as the sustainability of the CPR vary by the regulator's choice of management institution. More specifically, quota-based management and CPR status-based management institutions can lead to increased benefits to CPR beneficiaries, prolong the CPR's life, and prevent “tragedy of the commons.” In contrast, tax-based management institutions may fail to secure sustainable use of the CPRs. Bankruptcy-based management institutions may also be used toward sustainable use of the CPRs and to increase the benefits to the users; however, their overall effectiveness is not as desirable as the quota-based and resource status-based management institutions, especially when enforcing social justice is an issue of concern for the regulator.
Unsaturated soil–woven geotextile interface strength properties from small-scale pullout and interface tests

ABSTRACT: One main concern related to the performance of unsaturated soils during the construction and service life of earthen structures is loss of matric suction due to the seasonal variations of gravimetric water content (GWC), ground water infiltration and possible development of excess pore water pressure. In addition to reducing the soil shear strength, loss of matric suction as a result of wetting could also reduce the soil–reinforcement interface shear strength in comparison with the as-built value at a lower GWC. This paper presents the results of small-scale pullout and interface tests on a woven geotextile reinforcement material in different marginal soils in order to quantify the difference in the soil–geotextile interface shear strength as a function of GWC for practical applications. A moisture reduction factor [MRF = μ(ω)] is used to account for the reduction in the soil–geotextile interface shear strength as a function of matric suction over a range of GWC values that includes the dry and ...
Prostate cancer: Interpreting cost-utility analysis of prostate cancer treatment.

Measuring the cost and comparative effectiveness of different treatments for localized prostate cancer is difficult. A recent paper by Cooperberg and colleagues has attempted to address this difficulty, but, although some valuable insights are obtained through their skillful work, its applicability is limited.
A role of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction in the process of specific cell recognition during embryogenesis and organogenesis: a preliminary note.

A possible role of cell surface glycoconjugates in cell recognition has been envisioned based on recognition of carbohydrates by cell surface proteins such as endogenous lectins, glycosyltransferases, and hydrolases (refs. 18–22 in text). A new possibility that a specific carbohydrate at the cell surface could be recognized by the same or similar carbohydrate on the counterpart cell surface is now suggested by specific interaction between Lex and Lex, but not between Lex and sialylated or non-substituted type 2 chain. A new hypothesis is hereby proposed for carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions as recognition signals during embryogenesis and organogenesis.
WHAT ARE WE TEACHING ABOUT INDIGENT PATIENTS

AN ADULT woman without health insurance presented to the emergency department of a private, not-for-profit, university hospital. A male acquaintance had assaulted her and had fractured her forearm. After the assault, she impulsively took an overdose of an anticonvulsant, phenytoin. A friend brought her to the emergency department. Because a history of intravenous drug abuse had scarred the patient's peripheral veins, peripheral intravenous access was not possible. An attempt to place a catheter in her subclavian vein led to a pneumothorax and a chest tube. Intravenous access was then obtained through a jugular vein. As the overdose was an emergency, the arm was splinted and she was admitted to the medicine service on which I was the attending physician. Two days later, she was medically stabilized. The overdose was resolved, the chest tube was pulled. A psychiatrist concluded that the overdose was in response to the stress of the assault
Sex and Punishment: An Examination of Sexual Consequences and the Sexual Double Standard in Teen Programming

A content analysis was conducted to examine sexual consequences on teen programming. The sample consisted of prime-time television dramas that featured characters between the ages of 12 and 22 years. Two major goals guided the study. First, the types of sexual consequences in teen programming were investigated. Results showed that emotional and social consequences far outnumbered physical consequences. Second, the portrayal of the sexual double standard was investigated. Negative consequences were more common in scenes in which female characters initiated sexual activities than in scenes in which male characters initiated sexual activities. Implications for future content analyses and media-effects research are discussed.
Photochromic materials for quantum electronics

The characteristics of idealized photochromic materials are defined. The optical properties of rare-earth-doped CaF 2 and transition-metal-doped SrTiO 3 photochromic materials are outlined. The operational parameters of these inorganic photochromic materials pertinent to electrooptic applications are described.
Are 1,5-disubstituted semibullvalenes that have C2v equilibrium geometries necessarily bishomoaromatic?

Unrestricted density functional theory (UB3LYP), CASSCF, and CASPT2 calculations have been employed to compute the relative energies of the Cs and C2v geometries of several 1,5-disubstituted semibullvalenes. Substitution at these positions with R = F, −CH2−, or −O− affords semibullvalenes that are predicted to have C2v equilibrium geometries. Calculated singlet−triplet energy splittings and the energies of isodesmic reactions are used to assess the amount of bishomoaromatic character at these geometries. The results of these calculations show that employing strain to destabilize the Cs geometries of semibullvalenes can lead to a significant decrease in the amount of bishomoaromatic stabilization of the C2v geometries, due to reduced through-space interaction between the two allyl groups. However, the C2v equilibrium geometries of the 1,5-disubstituted semibullvalenes with R = F and −RR− = −O− do benefit from stabilizing through-bond interactions between the two allyl groups. These interactions involve mix...
Association of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens with vascular discoloration of Russet Burbank potato tubers

Russet Burbank potatoes from the 1979 and 1980 crop years, collected from Chicago, IL repack warehouses and retail markets, were sampled for vascular discoloration. The amount of discoloration varied among sampling months and states of origin and decreased from 7.7% in 1979 to 1.6% in 1980. Highest levels of vascular discoloration were detected in December and January samples.
Multilinear representations for ordinal utility functions

Abstract An ordinal utility function u over two attributes X 1 , X 2 is additive if there exists a strictly monotonic function ϕ such that ϕ ( u ) = v 1 ( x 2 ) + v 2 ( x 2 ) for some functions v 1 , v 2 . Here we consider the class of ordinal utility functions over n attributes for which each pair of attributes is additive, but not necessarily separable, for any fixed levels of the remaining attributes. We show that while this class is more general than those that are ordinally additive, the assessment task is of the same order of difficulty, and involves a hierarchy of multilinear rather than additive decompositions.
On estimating the sensible heat flux over land

Abstract The sensible heat flux from a land surface can be estimated from the ground temperature, and the air speed and air temperature at a single height in the surface layer. To test this technique, a study was made over a newly-planted wheat field in southwestern Kansas. Hourly averages of the sensible heat flux were calculated for a two day period. The data consisted of infrared measurements of the ground temperature, and of wind speed and air temperature measurements made at 1.5 m. The results obtained were in close agreement with sensible heat flux calculations derived from profile measurements of wind speed and air temperature made concurrently at the same site.
‘Demographic Modernity’ in Ireland: A Cultural Analysis of Citizenship, Migration, and Fertility

In June 2004 citizens in Ireland voted on a constitutional referendum which proposed “to change the rules about the constitutional entitlement to citizenship by birth.” Te proposed change and subsequent vote in favor of the referendum generated a variety of commentary and scholarship. While factors of political economy and a racialized discourse regarding immigration are central to understanding contemporary change in Ireland, this article examines the changing demographic and related cultural conditions corresponding with the referendum through three interrelated yet analytically distinguishable strands: a) population change, specifically patterns of migration and fertility; b) changing notions of Irish and European modernity and identity; and c) Ireland's historical experience of colonialism and diaspora. ‘Demographic modernity’ in Ireland is a cultural complex that interprets social demographic factors such as (low) fertility, high life expectancy, timing of first births and of marriage, low infant/child mortality, and variable standards of migration and mobility in relation to political and historical discourses about nation and person.