cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child & Adolescent Psychiatry: Use of Community-Based Services by Rural Adolescents With Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders

Introduction by the column editor: This column, by Dr. Anderson from the College of Public Health at the University of Iowa, deals with the conundrum of dual diagnosis among adolescents. The problems Dr. Anderson describes are all the more daunting because of the real-life issues of finding services in a rural setting. Her paper, which represents an overview of mental health, substance abuse, and public health, fits well with the column's theme of collaboration and building systems of care.
Horizontaland Vertical Inequities in the Capital Gains Taxation of Owner-Occupied Housing:

This article examines the capital gains tax inequities of owner-occupied housing caused by below-market financing techniques. Several recent studies have shown that the capitalized financing premium associated with below-market financing arrangements tends to show that the homeowner purchased a more expensive home than he or she actually did. For homeowners who would otherwise downsize to lower-valued houses (and thus be liable for capital gains taxes), the higher reported purchase price lowers the taxable gain in the year of sale and creates potential horizontal and vertical inequities in the taxation of capital gains of owner-occupied. The evidence suggests that the aggregate capital gains tax savings from assumption financing techniques is likely to be around $60 million per year.
James R. Gavin III, MD, PhD—A Humble and Remarkable Trailblazer, Scientist, Advocate, Mentor, and Educator for Diabetes

James Raphael Gavin III, MD, PhD, represents the quintessential scientist, educator, trailblazer, and type of leader most people aspire to become. The breadth and depth of his contributions to the scientific and medical community in the area of diabetes are unparalleled, while his passion has pushed him to unprecedented heights in American medicine. His original research as a young investigator at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has greatly contributed to our understanding of insulin receptor binding and function. This factor advanced the understanding of the mechanism of insulin resistance and the role of hyperinsulinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes. These observations have become the pathophysiologic hallmarks of both diseases. James R. Gavin III was born 23 November 1945 in Mobile, Alabama, the fourth of James R. Gavin II and Bessie Smoke Gavin’s seven children. Gavin’s father worked for the shipbuilding company in Mobile doing welding and sandblasting, and he eventually became a self-made chemist. As a child Gavin played sports and “went to church a lot.” Because he was a precocious child and easily bored with kindergarten, he started public school at an early age, attending segregated public schools (in Mobile). “[I] had the most fantastic teachers and educational experience at all levels, including opportunities to pursue a number of extracurricular activities,” said Gavin. One particular highlight was meeting Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. As a high school freshman, he was selected to give the Gettysburg Address at the annual Emancipation Proclamation celebration in Mobile, where Dr. King was the keynote speaker. Gavin said, “I sat mesmerized behind him as he spoke for almost 90 minutes in spellbinding fashion, without a single note! I will always remember that event and always cherish that he leaned over …
Fingerprint identification on a massively parallel architecture

A feature-based recognition scheme for fingerprint identification on a massively parallel system is presented. The algorithm provides an orientation-independent recognition system that utilizes the features offered by massively parallel architectures. Implementation of this algorithm on the GAM I pyramid to extract the different features is discussed. The use of an adder pyramid that is incorporated in GAM I architecture for determining the Euler count that is used to recognize the loops in the pattern is also highlighted. The results of identification of simulated patterns on the GAM I pyramid are presented. >
Identification of Possible Mediators of Embryonic Mortality Caused by Mastitis: Actions of Lipopolysaccharide, Prostaglandin F2α, and the Nitric Oxide Generator, Sodium Nitroprusside Dihydrate, on Oocyte Maturation and Embryonic Development in Cattle

PROBLEM Mastitis and immunization against constituents of organisms causing mastitis can reduce fertility of cattle and sheep, respectively. For the current experiments, it was hypothesized that these effects are mediated via actions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2), and nitric oxide on oocyte maturation and embryonic development. METHOD OF STUDY To evaluate effects on oocyte maturation, oocytes were matured with various concentrations of LPS, PGF2alpha, or the nitric oxide (NO) generator, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Following maturation, oocytes were fertilized and cultured until day 8 after fertilization. To test effects on embryo growth, oocytes were matured and fertilized and cultured after fertilization with LPS, PGF2alpha, or SNP. RESULTS Addition of 100 and 1000 ng/mL LPS and 50 and 100 ng/mL PGF2alpha to oocyte maturation medium reduced the proportion of oocytes that became blastocysts at day 8 after fertilization. When added after fertilization, in contrast, neither LPS nor PGF2alpha reduced development to the blastocyst stage. Unlike for LPS and PGF2alpha, addition of SNP during oocyte maturation was without effect on the proportion of oocytes that became blastocysts at day 8 after fertilization. However, addition of 10 microM SNP to culture medium after fertilization completely prevented development to the blastocyst stage while 0.1 and 1 microM SNP did not affect development. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that increased local concentrations of LPS, PGF2alpha, and NO can have deleterious consequences on oocyte function (LPS, PGF2alpha) and embryonic development (NO). Thus, these molecules are putative mediators of effects of infectious disease or inflammation, including mastitis, on fertility of cattle.
On Becoming a Political Scientist

began when I returned to civilian life and Princeton University in the spring of 1946, a freshly minted liberal-leftist veteran of World War II (I had grown up in comfortable Republican surroundings) who graduated with a major in political science and then pursued a Master's degree in sociology at Columbia University with Robert S. Lynd who (with his wife Helen) had written the classic Middletown studies. Attracted to
Predictable skill and its association to sea‐surface temperature variations in an ensemble climate simulation

[1] Simulated near-surface air temperature (Ta) and precipitation in an ensemble climate simulation is assessed. The ensemble climate-simulation was constructed with the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere (COLA) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) in conjunction with the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Phase II (AMIP II). To diagnose the ensemble simulation, a measure of “predictable skill” is formalized. This diagnostic is based upon the statistical significance of spatial correlation over any given region (for this analysis, North America) between the ensemble mean and observed anomalies and the inter-member scatter of the spatial anomaly correlation. Using this measure as a function of time, periods of predictable skill within the COLA AMIP II ensemble simulation are identified, and through a point-wise, multiple correlation technique, spatial patterns of contemporaneous sea-surface temperature (SST) variability are also constructed. This diagnosis can essentially define which skillfully simulated climate signals over North America (given by predictable skill) can be attributed to specific SST anomalies. Spatially coherent patterns of SST variability are found to be associated with predictable skill. These patterns are, not surprisingly, primarily related to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One of the more prevalent ENSO associations to predictable skill (for the COLA AGCM) is found in sub-tropical regions of the western Pacific. Moreover, a skillful episode of simulated North American precipitation is seen to be associated with SST variability over the east Indian Ocean. In addition, a strong contemporaneous association of Ta predictable skill with tropical Atlantic SST variability is found. Complementary simulations are performed with the COLA AGCM to further assess the degree of attribution of predictable skill to these regions of SST variability. The results of the experimental simulations suggest that, for the AMIP II simulation period, the COLA AGCM can be skillfully attributed to SST variability primarily associated with ENSO, warm tropical Atlantic anomalies, and an abrupt, cooling event over the east Indian Ocean.
Alcaftadine for the Prevention of Itching Associated with Allergic Conjunctivitis

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of alcaftadine for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.DATA SOURCES:A medical literature search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed (2006-February 2012) and EMBASE (2006-February 2012) using the search terms alcaftadine and Lastacaft. References from these publications were reviewed for additional resources. Additional information was collected from Web sites of the US government (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, http://www.fda.gov) and of Allergan Inc., the manufacturer of Lastacaft (http://www.lastacaft.com).STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All identified articles and publications in English were reviewed for pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety data. Priority was placed on clinical trials.DATA SYNTHESIS:Two published clinical trials evaluated the efficacy of alcaftadine in the prevention of ocular itching and conjunctival redness associated with allergic conjunctivitis. One trial compared alcaftadine to placebo, an...
THE DEMAND FOR AND THE SUPPLY OF NON‐FARM RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE FUNDS, 1960–70*

THE PRODUCTION OF housing services contributes to the advancement of levels of living, the accumulation of wealth, and the expansion of economic activity-all of which are assumed to be desirable national objectives. The production of housing services, on the other hand, depends heavily on mortgage financing. Hence, in a very real sense, the future progress-both qualitative and quantitative-of the American economy will be influenced by conditions in the residential mortgage markets. This study attempts to project and relate potential residential financing requirements for the decade of the 1960's to the potential supply of residential mortgage funds. The study (1) identifies forces likely to be of major significance in the housing and residential financing fields during the period 1960-70 and (2) presents projections of reasonable levels of demand for and supply of residential mortgage funds based on assumed rates of growth in aggregate business activity, financial institutions, and housing requirements. The question for which an answer is sought is "What levels of demand for non-farm residential mortgage funds may be reasonably expected to prevail during the period 1960-70, and from what sources can these funds be expected to come?" In answering this two-sided question, no attempt is made to project the gross flows of funds into residential mortgages. Rather, the emphasis is on net flows, i.e., the net increase in mortgage debt outstanding during the period. The study builds on the basic premise that the demand for housing services is the primary determinant of the demand for residential mortgage funds, although other motives for borrowing by pledging residential real estate as security are also discussed briefly. While the study is essentially forward-looking, it necessarily includes examination of past relationships of seemingly pertinent variables. Judgments with respect to future relationships are based on these examinations.
Specific Anti-Influenza Antibody Synthesis and Aging: In Vitro Effects of Thymosin

Among the wide variety of immune senescent changes that have been investigated, the age-related deficient antibody response to complex antigens (i.e., those that require T-cell interactions such as tetanus toxoid (1) or influenza antigen (2)) are of practical concern. For example, the antibody response to tetanus toxoid and influenza has been shown to be deficient in a substantial portion of otherwise normal, elderly recipients (3,4). In the present study, we have analyzed age-related changes in antibody response to influenza vaccine and tested the capacity for thymic hormones to augment specific antibody synthesis in vitro. To do this we utilized a microculture antibody synthesis enzyme-linked assay (MASELA) (5,6) specifically adapted for influenza antigen. The response to influenza vaccine was diminished in the elderly, but could be augmented in vitro in the majority by the addition of Thymosin.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Does Nutrition Control the Disease?

Nutrition has a role in the etiology and management of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Overnutrition leading to overweight and obesity is a risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Nutritional requirements greatly increase with severe malabsorptive diseases such as celiac disease and Crohn’s disease. To prevent weight loss associated with malabsorptive GI diseases, a variety of feeding methods, with emphasis on a high-calorie, high-protein diet that also includes micronutrient supplementation, should be the key.
Quantum Well Engineering for Intersubband Transitions-General Conduction Band Extrema and Valence Valley

The physics and engineering of intersubband transitions are discussed. For the conduction intersubband transition, the effective mass tensor formulation is used to more generally illustrate the absorption behavior. For Si quantum wells, for example, interconduction subband absorption is shown to be allowed for both s-and p-polarized optical fields, in contrast with the F valley of AlGaAs/GaAs case where only the s-polarization is possible. For intervalence bands, we have used SiGe/Si and δ-doped structures as examples. The hole intersubband infrared absorption in SiGe/Si and δ-doped Si multiple quantum wells is reported. The polarization dependent spectra show good agreement with the intersubband selection rule. In SiGe/Si multiple quantum well structures, the transition between the first two heavy hole subbands are observed. In the case of the δ-doped structures, the resonance absorption and peak energy can be tuned by varying the doping concentration in the δ-doped layer. The experimentally observed transition energy levels are in agreement with the calculated values when self consistency and the many-body effect, the hole-hole exchange interaction, are included. The possible selection rules are discussed.
A Moving Frame Method for Multi-Body Dynamics

Elie Cartan’s moving frame method, developed in differential geometry, has been applied to multi-body dynamics to derive equations of motion. The explicit representation of a body-attached orthonormal coordinate basis and its origin, referred to as a moving frame, enables the usage of the special orthogonal group, SO(3), and the special Euclidean group, SE(3), to describe kinematics and kinetics of interconnected bodies by joints and force elements. The moving frame representation using Theodore Frankel’s compact notation is adopted to alleviate theoretical complexities of the Lie group theory to which SO(3) and SE(3) belong. For the variational formulation, the restricted variation of angular velocity is derived for the moving frame method.Starting from two connected rigid bodies, it will be demonstrated that the explicit representation of moving frames renders straight-forward symbolic computations of three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics. This simplicity eliminates errors in computing analytical expressions for kinematic and kinetic variables and streamlines the coding effort for numerical solution. For controller design, if the degrees-of-freedom is small, the moving frame method allows a straight-forward derivation of equations of motion in analytical form.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Guild of Surgeons as a Tradition of Moral Enquiry

Alisdair MacIntyre argues that the virtues necessary for good work are everywhere and always embodied by particular communities of practice. As a general surgeon, MacIntyre's work has deeply influenced my own understanding of the practice of good surgery. The task of this essay is to describe how the guild of surgeons functions as a more-or-less coherent tradition of moral enquiry, embodying and transmitting the virtues necessary for the practice of good surgery. Beginning with an example of surgeons engaged in a process of moral discernment, I describe how the practice of surgery depends on the cultivation of a certain kind of practical wisdom (phronesis) that effectively orders the techniques of surgery toward particular notions of human flourishing within the limits of what is possible with the particular body on which the surgeon operates. I then argue that one reason why surgeons train in an apprenticeship model of "residency" is to cultivate not only the technical skill but also the practical wisdom to perform good surgery. I conclude by noting that the surgical profession is enduring necessary, but unprecedented, changes in the way it practices and transmits its art; and without deliberate and sustained attention to the character formation of surgeons, the profession runs the risk of creating excellent technicians who are nonetheless ill-equipped to practice wise and good surgery.
L-lactic acid production by batch fermentation of whey permeate using L.casei and L.lactis

A nutrient supplementary batch fermentation was developed for production of L-lactic acid production from whey permeate using lactic bacteria cultures.Among screening from eight lactic acid bacteria,the best lactic acid-producing strains were the mixture of L.casei and L.lactis(1︰1).The maximum lactic acid production rate reached 6.05 g/(L·h) with the initial lactose concentration of 96 g/L.After optimization of media and fermentation conditions for L-lactic acid production by the mixed cultures,the optimum fermentation conditions were in anaerobic environment using 25% KOH solution as the neutralization agent at pH 6.0 and 37℃.The best fermentation media under those fermentation conditions consisted of lactose 200 g/L,yeast extract 10 g/L,K2HPO4 1.0 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L,MnSO4·H2O 0.05g/L.The highest production of lactic acid reached 192 g/L and the purity of L-lactic acid was 95% and lactose utilization rate was 96%.
Generalized Linear Modles

This set of articles gives an introduction to generalized linear models. They can be divided into three parts:Model building, Statistical inference and Model diagnostics.The presentation in mainly based on L.Fahrmeir et al.《Multivariate Statisticar Modeling Based on Generalized Linear Modles》.
Shared Cache Partition Based on Improved LRU Replacement Policy

There is some concern about how to partition the last shared cache to decrease the bad influence of resource competition and the rate of miss.This paper propose a method of partitioning the last shared cache using the modified LRU algorithm.It can eliminate the resource competition,decrease the memory latency,improve the replacement policy and improve system throughout.
Wideband acoustic activation and detection of droplet vaporization events using a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer

An ongoing challenge exists in understanding and optimizing the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) process to enhance contrast agent effectiveness for biomedical applications. Acoustic signatures from vaporization events can be identified and differentiated from microbubble or tissue signals based on their frequency content. The present study exploited the wide bandwidth of a 128-element capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array for activation (8 MHz) and real-time imaging (1 MHz) of ADV events from droplets circulating in a tube. Compared to a commercial piezoelectric probe, the CMUT array provides a substantial increase of the contrast-to-noise ratio.
Pharmacogenomics in Psychiatric Practice

Pharmacogenomic testing in psychiatry is becoming an established clinical procedure. Several vendors provide clinical interpretation of combinatorial pharmacogenomic testing of gene variants that have documented predictive implications regarding either pharmacologic response or adverse effects in depression and other psychiatric conditions. Such gene profiles have demonstrated improvements in outcome in depression, and reduction of cost of care of patients with inadequate clinical response. Additionally, several new gene variants are being studied to predict specific response in individuals. Many of these genes have demonstrated a role in the pathophysiology of depression or specific depressive symptoms. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art application of psychiatric pharmacogenomics.
A regional framework for analyzing weed species and assemblage distributions using a geographic information system

This paper presents a framework in which the spatial and temporal domain of weed populations can be analyzed using geographically referenced information. The regional framework for analysis is based on the premise that the domain of a weed species or an assemblage of species can be described in terms of the space and time in which they survive. Published maps of the spatial distribution of individual weed species were converted to digital records defining their geographic domain. Digital records were imported into a geographically referenced data system. Assemblage maps were produced by intersecting domains of individual species. The assemblage maps show areas with similar intensity of the occurrence of species selected for analysis. The most intense occurrence of summer annual species, for example, exists in a relatively small area of the Midwest. The framework presented in this paper is a concept for a tool to evaluate, manage, and manipulate weed distribution data at the regional scale. Analysis at the regional scale is a perspective substantially different from the plot or field-scale analysis traditionally used to study and manage weed populations. Regional analysis has application to weed science by increasing the understanding of regional patterns of weed infestation and the factors that regulate them. This information will be useful to the herbicide industry, plant ecologists, resource managers, and agricultural policy makers.
Identification and Characterization of Cefotaxime Resistant Bacteria in Beef Cattle.

Third-generation cephalosporins are an important class of antibiotics that are widely used in treatment of serious Gram-negative bacterial infections. In this study, we report the isolation of bacteria resistant to the third-generation cephalosporin cefotaxime from cattle with no previous cefotaxime antibiotic exposure. The prevalence of cefotaxime-resistant bacteria was examined by a combination of culture based and molecular typing methods in beef cattle (n = 1341) from 8 herds located in North Central Florida. The overall prevalence of cefotaxime-resistant bacteria was 15.8% (95% CI: 13.9, 17.8), varied between farms, and ranged from 5.2% to 100%. A subset of isolates (n = 23) was further characterized for the cefotaxime minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiotic susceptibility against 10 different antibiotics, sequencing of nine β- lactamase genes, and species identification by 16S rRNA sequencing. Most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to cefotaxime (concentrations, > 64 μg/mL) and showed high levels of multi-drug resistance. Full length 16S rRNA sequences (~1300 bp) revealed that most of the isolates were not primary human or animal pathogens; rather were more typical of commensal, soil, or other environmental origin. Six extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes identical to those in clinical human isolates were identified. Our study highlights the potential for carriage of cefotaxime resistance (including “human” ESBL genes) by the bacterial flora of food animals with no history of cefotaxime antibiotic exposure. A better understanding of the origin and transmission of resistance genes in these pre-harvest settings will be critical to development of strategies to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms to hospitals and communities.
Molecular Layer Deposition for Surface Modification of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes

Inspired by recent successes in applying molecular layer deposition (MLD) to stabilize lithium-ion (Li-ion) electrodes, this review presents the MLD process and its outstanding attributes for electrochemical applications. The review discusses various MLD materials and their implementation in Li-ion electrodes. The rationale behind these emerging uses of MLD is examined to motivate future efforts on the fundamental understanding of interphase chemistry and the development of new materials for enhanced electrochemical performance.
Infectious Diseases: Deep Fungal Infections

The focus of this chapter is cutaneous infections due to fungi, in particular deep fungal infections, and the available evidence supporting specific treatments, both medical and surgical, for these conditions in children and adolescents. For some infections, adjunctive therapies are recommended in addition to first-line, second-line, and third-line treatments.
Dramatizing Deepwater Horizon

Recent controversies surrounding large-scale oil pipeline projects, such as the Dakota Access or the Keystone XL, underline an ever-present tension: Society9s overwhelming de­pendence on oil results in unacceptable risks to environmental and human health on the one hand while promising fabulous profits and "oil independence" on the other. SPILL , a new production written and pro­duced in a partnership between the Ensem­ble Studio Theater and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Science and Technology Project, offers a powerful reminder that neither the debates nor the profoundly uncertain risks at their center are new.
Psychological Defense Mechanisms as Interactions between Hierarchical and Hemispheric Functions

In Chapter 13, we described the biological defense against the danger of the organism being overwhelmed by an excessive emotional reaction to threat as a brain stem mechanism that reduced the arousal level of emotionally threatening stimuli by inhibiting the cognitive component. That response was illustrated in animals by the Olds et al. paradigm in which negatively charged stimuli provoked no greater cognitive response than did neutral stimuli in thalamic nuclei (Fig. 13-2). A related effect in humans was demonstrated in the Begleiter et al. study (Fig. 13-3) where negatively charged stimuli, despite being associated with a higher level of arousal than positively charged stimuli, consistently produced evoked cortical responses of lower amplitude. The putative explanation for this latter finding was given as a presumed inhibition of negatively charged stimuli during upstream processing in the brain stem, with subsequent enhancement during processing to consciousness. The case for the differences between unconscious and conscious processing of negatively charged stimuli—inhibition for unconscious stimuli and excitation for conscious stimuli—was supported by the studies of Kostandov and Arzumov (1980) and by Shevrin et al. (1967, 1974, 1980).
A Case Report of the At-Home Application of Maggot in Treatment of Infected Wound in A Diabetic Patient

Use of sterile maggot larvae in the removal of infected tissue has been practiced for centuries in different cultures The practice was declined once antibiotics were introduced Today due to antibiotic resistant development or when conventional treatment is not possible use of maggot therapy in management of infection in different conditions has been shown to be effective Maggot therapy has been reported to be especially effective in treating diabetic wounds once it starts early in the process nbsp Here we are reporting a case study where maggot therapy was applied by a family member at home to an elderly patient when two months treatment of a wound in a diabetic foot with conventional antibiotics showed no improvement in progression of healing However addition of maggot therapy at home was effective in complete healing of the wound in three months Our observations indicate a decrease in exudation and edema a week after the application of maggot therapy significant improvement three weeks after and a complete healing after three months of maggot therapy nbsp Based on these observations we are concluding that maggot therapy can be safely applied by an untrained person at home setting This is a low cost and convenient alternative to antibiotic treatment that can be used at home for treating diabetic wounds without the need of a professional nbsp
Improving the thermoelectric performance in Mg3+xSb1.5Bi0.49Te0.01 by reducing excess Mg

The thermoelectric performance of Mg_(3+x)Sb_(1.5)Bi_(0.49)Te_(0.01) was improved by reducing the amount of excess Mg (x = 0.01-0.2). A 20% reduction in effective lattice thermal conductivity at 600 K was observed by decreasing the nominal xfrom 0.2 to 0.01 in Mg_(3+x)Sb_(1.5)Bi_(0.49)Te_(0.01), leading to a 20% improvement in the figure-of-merit zT. Since materials with different amounts of Mg have similar electronic properties, the enhancement is attributed primarily to the reduction in thermal conductivity. It is known that excess Mg is required to make n-type Mg_(3+x)Sb_(1.5)Bi_(0.49)Te_(0.01); however, too much excess Mg in the material increases the thermal conductivity and is therefore detrimental for the overall thermoelectric performance of the material.
Ultrasound carotid plaque features, cardiovascular disease risk factors and events: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Abstract Background and aims It is not known if ultrasound carotid plaque features are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors or if they predict future CVD events. Methods We measured total carotid plaque area (TPA) and grayscale plaque features (grayscale median, black areas, and discrete white areas) by B-mode carotid ultrasound among 2205 participants who participated in the first (baseline) visit of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine relationships between ultrasound plaque features and CVD risk factors at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess if TPA, grayscale features, and carotid plaque score (number of arterial segments with a plaque) could predict incident coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease events over a mean follow-up of 13.3 years. Results Participants were mean (standard deviation [SD]) 65.4 (9.6) years, 49% male, 39% White, 11% Chinese, 28% Black, and 22% Hispanic. Mean TPA 27.7 (24.7) mm2, but no grayscale plaque features, was associated with CVD risk factors. In fully adjusted models, TPA but no grayscale features predicted incident coronary heart disease (CHD) events (HR 1.23; 95%CI 1.11–1.36; p Conclusions In middle-aged adults free of known cardiovascular disease, TPA but not grayscale plaque features was associated with CVD risk factors and predicted incident CHD events. For CHD, prediction indices for TPA were similar to carotid plaque score but less than for CAC.
Strength and Microstructure of Dense, Hot-Pressed Silicon Carbide

The microstructural and strength characteristics of dense SiC, hot-pressed from submicron SiC powders with small additions of boron, are shown to be strongly dependent on the control exercised over oxygen content during pressing. Uniform, equiaxed grain structures of SiC are obtained if sufficient oxygen is present to allow detectable particles of SiO2, whereas uniform, elongated grain structures of β SiC are obtained if excess carbon is utilized to reduce oxygen content to undetectable limits. At intermediate oxygen levels, free silicon was formed and large, tabular α-SiC grains in a fine-grained β-SiC matrix were obtained.
Second-Order Estimates for the Effective Behavior of Nonlinear Porous Materials

This work is concerned with the application of a new general procedure for estimating the overall constitutive behavior of nonlinear composites to porous materials with statistically isotropic microstructure. For two-phase systems, the procedure involves a linear-elastic comparison composite with the tangent moduli of the constituent phases evaluated at appropriately chosen estimates for the average strains in the phases. The procedure can thus be used to generate estimates for the effective behavior of a nonlinear composite, directly from corresponding estimates for a linear comparison composite. One significant advantage of the procedure, over other procedures that are currently available in the literature, is that it leads to estimates that are exact to second order in the contrast. In addition, the predictions for the effective behavior of isotropic composites with isotropic nonlinear phases are found to depend on the third invariant of strain. The procedure will be used here to obtain estimates of the Hashin-Shtrikman and self-consistent types for isotropic, power-law, porous materials.
Oliver Heaviside: an accidental time traveller

A little discussed aspect of Heaviside's work in electromagnetics concerned faster-than-light (FTL) charged particles, precursors to the hypothetical tachyon and his discovery that such motion should produce a characteristic radiation signature (now called Cherenkov radiation). When Heaviside wrote, the time travel implications of FTL were not known (Einstein was still a teenager), and in this paper some speculations are offered on what Heaviside would have thought of FTL time travel, and of the associated (now classic) time travel paradoxes, including the possibility (or not) of sending information into the past.This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's 'Electromagnetic Theory''.
Cost-effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of biologic therapy for asthma: To biologic or not to biologic?

Abstract Objective To evaluate relevant studies and documents that address the cost-effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of biologics current approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of asthma. Data Sources Publications currently available on biologics, the Global Initiative for Asthma pocket book on difficult-to-treat asthma in adolescents and adults, and the recent Institute for Clinical and Economic Review on biologic therapies for the treatment of asthma. Study Selections Priority was placed on studies that speak to the cost-effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of biologic therapies published from 2016 to 2019. Results Current pricing for all biologics exceeds measures of cost-effectiveness. To meet available measures indicating cost-effectiveness, prices would have to be reduced by a minimum of approximately 60%. The effect of biologics on exacerbations is similar but should be interpreted in the context of comparable patient phenotypes. The effect on quality of life is deemed modest based on the available study designs. Conclusion To maximize cost-effectiveness of the biologics, emphasis should be placed on identifying predictors of response, focusing on those patients receiving oral corticosteroid therapy, and assessing the effect of treatment for decisions that relate to continuation. Multidisciplinary stakeholder efforts are needed to ensure responsible application of biologic therapy.
Becoming American by becoming Muslim: strategic assimilation among second-generation Muslim American parents

Strategic assimilation describes how individuals use boundary work to construct identities which allow them to selectively maintain ties to a minority community while assimilating into the mainstre...
England, Nora C.

England's work on Mayan linguistics (beginning in 1971) is among the most prominent in this field. Her work brings three areas together: descriptive and documentary linguistics, language politics and language identity, and teaching linguistics to native speakers of Mayan languages. She has taught courses on linguistics and linguistic anthropology at Guatemalan and North American universities, and has also founded a Mayan institute for linguistic research on Mayan languages in Guatemala, unique of its type in Latin America.
Failure of Surgery in Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background Idiopathic spinal cord herniation is a disorder in which the spinal cord herniates through a dural defect. We present a case in which both the standard surgical method and a salvage method failed. Case Description A 36-year-old man presented with 2 years of progressive numbness and proximal hip flexion weakness of both lower extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine was suggestive for a ventral spinal cord herniation at the T6/7 level. He was initially treated with reduction of his cord herniation, placement of a ventral sling of collagen matrix over the dural defect to prevent re-herniation, with a laminoplasty. He developed a blood-pressure-dependent paraparesis that did not recover despite a return to the operating room (OR) for removal of the laminoplastic bone flap. He was again taken to the OR, the sling was removed and we enlarged the ventral dural defect rostrally and caudally to prevent strangulation of the hernia as described by Watanabe. Though in the short term he was able to recover and transfer to physical therapy, after going home he developed lower extremity weakness and low-pressure headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a ventral epidural cerebrospinal fluid pocket retropulsing the spinal cord, as well as pockets of ventral cerebrospinal fluid collections remote from the surgery site. The patient returned to the OR and the initial surgery with the ventral sling was re-performed with resolution of the headaches; the patient was neurologically stable and transferred to rehabilitation. Long-term he developed left intercostal pain at the level of the surgery without radiological correlate. Conclusions In this patient there was no single satisfactory surgical treatment of his ventrally herniated spinal cord—partly related to the herniated component of the cord acting as a mass within a narrow canal at the apex of the thoracic kyphosis. We encountered previously unreported complications of the ventral defect widening technique of surgical treatment.
Whitewashing Capitalism: Mainstream Economics’ Resounding Silence on Race and Racism:

This paper is about the gaping silence in mainstream economics regarding the relationship among capitalism, race, racism, and enduring racial inequality in the USA. Racial inequality is a glaring a...
Edward Neale (1833–1904), bird illustrator

Edward Neale was a pupil of Joseph Wolf. His first oils and watercolours were exhibited in 1858, and his first published work appeared in 1862 in John George Wood's The Illustrated Natural History....
Macrophomina phaseolina: an overlooked cutaneous infection, seed rot disease in humans.

Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens are a serious and growing concern for immunosuppressed patients. Macrophomina phaseolina, an important soilborne plant pathogen in tropical and subtropical soil, should be considered in this category. It may be evident as a localized cutaneous cellulitis or as an ocular keratitis. We describe a 42-year-old diabetic male originally from India in whom a soft tissue mass of the foot proved to be an M. phaseolina cellulitis and review the literature. To our knowledge, only four individuals have been documented with infections with this organism, three of whom were immunocompromised.
Discursive de/humanizing: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of television news representations of undocumented youth

This article addresses television news coverage of the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act of 2010, which would have created a path to legal residency for thousands of undocumented immigrants in the United States. Considering the role that news media play in socially constructing groups of people, through an analysis of English- and Spanish-language evening television news coverage of the DREAM Act of 2010, the author examined discursive practices used to represent undocumented youth in both dehumanizing and humanizing ways. The author discusses the implications of these types of discourses for education policy understanding by the public and education stakeholders.
Massively parallel synthetic sensor-based infrared image generation for object detection

Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for object detection in the infrared require an extensive amount of high-resolution object-tagged thermal infrared images. Often, acquiring real imagery of sufficient size and range of environmental conditions is difficult due to the cost and time. To address this need, the current study has developed a novel computational framework, i.e. the Sensor Engine, that generates target-tagged synthetic infrared imagery of large complex natural environments. This computational framework, coupled with high-fidelity soil and vegetation thermal physics and geometry models, generates synthetic, high-definition infrared images tailored for High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems. A unique plugin mechanism used to load and unload configured infrared sensors at run time in addition to allowing the framework to effectively work with different sensors in parallel is also discussed. The sensor model within the Sensor Engine communicates with another computational framework to acquire radiative energy for each sensor pixel detector as well as material, distance, source location, and incident angle. To demonstrate the modus operandi of this computational framework, an evaluation and discussion of runtime message passing and test cases are provided.
Evaluation of tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) impact on groundwater: application to California

Leaking underground storage tanks can contaminate the groundwater. Since the 1980s, California leaking underground storage tanks have released millions of gallons of petroleum containing tertiary butyl alcohol into the subsurface. This compound was banned in early 2000 due to human health concerns. The United States Environmental Protection Agency considers tertiary butyl alcohol an animal carcinogen and a potential human carcinogen. California has not established a maximum contaminant level for tertiary butyl alcohol. (1) Based on the documented health hazards, a maximum contaminant level should be developed for tertiary butyl alcohol in California. (2) The California Water Resources Control Board’s “Low Threat Closure Policy”, which is a tool to evaluate closure of leaking underground storage tank sites, does not require regulators to consider tertiary butyl alcohol contamination in soil or groundwater in their closure review. This practice should be revisited based upon tertiary butyl alcohol’s toxicity data, its biotransformation from methyl tertiary butyl ether, and its stability in the environment. This review summarizes toxicity, sources, and environmental transformation of tertiary butyl alcohol, aims to raise awareness regarding the magnitude of the tertiary butyl alcohol problem in groundwater, and urges California regulators to develop more stringent protocols for tertiary butyl alcohol treatment. The nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards regulate and oversee cleanup at leaking underground storage tank sites in California. This study will directly impact Regional Water Quality Control Boards regulatory practices and will help provide a framework for developing monitoring and cleanup strategy for tertiary butyl alcohol around the world.
Continued Underutilization of stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective This study aims to investigate the utilization of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) services during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Based on early observations among healthcare utilization on stroke and other healthcare services, we hypothesized that there would be a persistent significant decline in AIS patients presenting to hospitals as the pandemic has progressed for over a year. Method TriNetX, a large research network, is used to collect real-time electronic medical data. Data on utilization of acute ischemic stroke service was collected for the years 2018, 2019, and 2020 for variables including overall stroke volume and the number of patients that received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Result We found a 13.2-15.4% decrease in total number of AIS patients in 2020 (n 77231) compared with the years 2018 and 2019 (n 88948 and 91270 respectively, p ​< ​0.001). In the year 2020 Stroke volume was significantly lower in Q4 comparing to Q1 (Q1 vs Q4, p ​< ​0.01, while there were no significant differences in stroke volume between Quarters 2, 3, and 4 in 2020 (Q2 vs Q3, p ​= ​0.39, Q2 vs Q4, p ​= ​0.61, Q3 vs Q4, p ​= ​0.18). The Proportion of patients receiving tPA in 2020 was significantly lower compared to prior years (5.4% in 2020 vs 6.4% in 2018 and 6.0% in 2019, p ​< ​0.01), however, the proportion of patients receiving MT was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2018 (0.024 vs 0.022, p ​< ​0.01). Conclusion Despite significant alteration in practices to optimize healthcare delivery and mitigate the collateral impact of the pandemic on care for other conditions, a persistent decline in AIS volumes remains. Delayed presentation, fear-of-contagion, reallocation, and poor availability of health care resources are potential contributors. Prospective evaluation and further investigation for these trends is needed.
High-throughput analysis of DNA replication in single human cells reveals constrained variability in the location and timing of replication initiation

DNA replication occurs throughout the S phase of the cell cycle, initiating from replication origin loci that fire at different times. Debate remains about whether origins are a fixed set of loci used across all cells or a loose agglomeration of potential origins used stochastically in individual cells, and about how consistent their firing time during S phase is across cells. Here, we develop an approach for profiling DNA replication in single human cells and apply it to 2,305 replicating cells spanning the entire S phase. The resolution and scale of the data enabled us to specifically analyze initiation sites and show that these sites have confined locations that are consistently used among individual cells. Further, we find that initiation sites are activated in a similar, albeit not fixed, order across cells. Taken together, our results suggest that replication timing variability is constrained both spatially and temporally, and that the degree of variation is consistent across human cell lines.