cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of benzoquinone adducts with hemoglobin and bone-marrow proteins following administration of [13C6]benzene to rats.

Adduction of hemoglobin (Hb) and bone-marrow proteins with 1,2- and 1,4-benzoquinone (1,2-BQ and 1,4-BQ) and 4,4'-diphenoquinone was examined following oral administration of [13C6]benzene to F344 rats. Linear production of [13C6]1,4-BQ adducts was observed with both Hb and bone-marrow proteins over the entire range of dosages of 0-400 mg/kg. The slopes of the regressions were 3.4 x 10(-4) (r2 = 0.997) and 1.6 x 10(-3) (r3 = 0.926) nmol/g protein/mg/kg respectively, for Hb and bone-marrow proteins. Production of [13C6]1,2-BQ adducts of Hb and bone-marrow proteins also increased with benzene dosage. Although the shapes of the relationships between 1,2-BQ adducts and dosage were nonlinear, the levels were approximately 10 times greater than those associated with 1,4-BQ, suggesting a significantly greater benzene-specific dose of 1,2-BQ. Adducts of 4,4'-diphenoquinone were not detected. High background levels of [12C6]adducts of 1,2-BQ and 1,4-BQ were found in Hb and bone-marrow proteins as might be expected from the many dietary sources of the phenolic precursors of the benzoquinones, i.e. phenol, catechol and hydroquinone. Background levels of the 1,2-BQ and 1,4-BQ adducts were 27.3 and 11.5 nmol/g in Hb and 44.6 and 25.6 nmol/g in the bone-marrow proteins respectively. Interestingly, the production of benzene-specific adducts represented only a small fraction (< 4%) of the background levels of the same adducts. If the genotoxicity of benzene is, indeed, related to the in vivo production of BQ isomers, our results suggest that very large exposures to benzene would be needed to produce detectable increases in adduct levels and the associated risks of leukemia.
Beyond the Share Button: Making Social Network Sites Work for Health and Wellness

This research highlights many challenges and opportunities with using Facebook to support health and wellness. Though the author do not have answers to all of the questions the author outlined at the beginning of this article, the work by the author and others helps researchers and practitioners better understand how social network sites can work for wellness, as well as some of the barriers to successful health or wellness interactions on these sites. There remains much work to do, however. Finally, though advancing some of these research challenges may enable building systems that better support health and wellness behaviors or behavior change, designers of these systems should constantly ask what it "would be like to live with these systems. Systems that have been optimized to nudge or even push individuals to change their behavior-even when those individuals are explicitly pursuing those behavior changes-may lead to small individual health victories or progress toward societal goals at some cost to individual experiences and choices.
Meta-Analytic Contributions to the Literature on Prosocial Behavior

In recent years, investigators have increasingly applied meta-analytic techniques to the study of prosocial behavior. Meta-analytic procedures have been used to summarize across numerous studies, to examine the differences among subsets of studies that differ in critical ways, and to test theoretically derived hypotheses. Particular areas of focus have included the relation of prosocial behavior to perspective taking moral reasoning, and mood; testing theoretical assertions regarding the role of mood state in prosocial behavior; helping behavior in urban versus rural settings; and the effectiveness and bases of the foot-in-the-door effect. The contributions of meta-analysis to the study of these topics are discussed, as are some problems with the literature.
The midwifery solution to contemporary problems in american obstetrics

This article focuses on midwifery as one solution to many of the problems that confront contemporary American obstetrics. Documented evidence with historic perspective that supports the view that midwifery should become the mainstream in maternity care in the United States, not an alternative, is presented. The role differences and conflicts that tend to arise between doctors and midwives are discussed and collaboration between the two professional groups is suggested as yet another solution to the problem.
The benefits and challenges of research centers and institutes in academic medicine: findings from six universities and their medical schools.

Purpose To understand the benefits and challenges of using centers and institutes in the academic research enterprise, and to explore institutional strategies that capitalize on the strengths and ameliorate the weaknesses of the center/institute structure. Method Using a qualitative research design, the author and associates interviewed over 150 faculty members and administrators at six medical schools and their parent universities in 2004. Interview data were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. This methodology generated rich descriptions and explanations of the six institutions, which can produce extrapolations to, but not necessarily findings that are generalizable to, other institutions and settings. Results Centers and institutes offer a number of benefits to academic institutions. Centers can aid in faculty recruitment and retention, facilitate collaboration in research, secure research resources, offer a sense of community and promote continued learning, afford organizational flexibility, and focus on societal problems and raise funds. Despite their many benefits, centers can also create tensions and present management challenges to institutional leaders. Centers can compete with departments over resources, complicate faculty recruitment, contribute to a fragmented mission, resist effective evaluation, pose governance problems, and impede junior faculty development. Conclusions Institutional leaders might capitalize on the strengths of centers through three strategies: (1) reward leaders who embrace a collaborative point of view and develop a culture that frowns upon empire building; (2) distinguish among the many entities that share the "center" or "institute" labels; and (3) acknowledge that departments must maintain their place in the organizational milieu.
Pt catalysts for efficient aerobic oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid in water

Glucaric acid, a promising bio-based chemical for the production of adipic acid, is produced on a commercial Pt/C catalyst via aerobic oxidation of glucose in water. Facile oxidation of gluconic acid, an intermediate oxidation product of glucose, under optimal conditions of an initial pH of 7.2, 80 °C, 13.8 bar O2 and a glucose/Pt molar ratio of 54, enabled a maximum glucaric acid yield of 74%, the highest yield reported to date. It is found that in an acidic solution, gluconic acid is the major product while in a highly basic solution, selectivity to glucaric acid is poor due to its C–C bond cleavage to low carbon chain carboxylic acids. High temperatures and high Pt loadings result in lower selectivity to glucaric acid. Recyclability and characterization studies reveal that the catalyst is stable after five cycles with no sign of Pt leaching into the solution.
Potentiation of the local Shwartzman phenomenon by trypsin.

Summary1) Trypsin potentiates the effect of skin preparatory substances in elicitation of the Shwartzman Phenomenon. 2) In combination with trypsin, the skin reacts to a greater degree and with lower concentrations of the preparatory factor.
Theory of the Margins: Liberating Research in Education

Galileo studied physics through observation and experimentation rather than through moral and verbal instruction, as was the Western European tradition in the sixteenth century. Arguing against the politically powerful Catholic perspective of the time, Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun. As he was opposing the mainstream knowledge of the time, Galileo was marginalized. Throughout Western history there have been people whose research was marginalized, those who did research in the fray. In some cases their work moved to the center (as with Galileo), in other cases it did not. Sometimes research is marginalized because its findings challenge the status quo in ways that are just not accepted. At other times, research is marginalized because its methods are not considered valid or reliable. In yet other times, research is marginalized because it attends to questions and persons whose life experiences are not considered important or worthy of research by those invested in the mainstream. Galileo’s research not only offered new facts from which to contemplate the workings of the universe, but also liberated our scientific investigations from the hegemony of existing European religious dogma. The focus of this chapter involves describing and promoting a link between research that is conducted at the margins and the potential for emancipatory effects.
Bacteria Do It Differently: An Alternative Path to Squalene.

Wilfred van der Donk discusses the revelation from Poulter and co-workers that bacteria have a different way to make squalene involving three novel genes.
A Complicated Legal Quagmire

The final word on the Deepwater Horizon spill will be spoken in court, or in a number of courts. The legal issues are intricate. Further complicating proceedings will be a desire for plaintiffs, from the Federal to state governments, commercial fishers and tourist operators, and the families of those lost at sea when the platform exploded and caught fire, to have their day in court at a venue of their choosing. Ideally, each plaintiff, or small group of plaintiffs, would like home court advantage. Alternately, BP and other plaintiffs will try to consolidate proceedings into larger classes, and adjudicate them in a courtroom in a city that appreciates Big Oil. Meanwhile, BP will make every effort to pull its partners into court with it, or will try to sue its partners on the side.
Streamline-based time-lapse-seismic-data integration incorporating pressure and saturation effects

Author(s): Watanabe, S; Han, J; Hetz, G; Datta-Gupta, A; King, MJ; Vasco, DW | Abstract: We present an efficient history-matching technique that simultaneously integrates 4D repeat seismic surveys with well-production data. This approach is particularly well-suited for the calibration of the reservoir properties of high-resolution geologic models because the seismic data are areally dense but sparse in time, whereas the production data are finely sampled in time but spatially averaged. The joint history matching is performed by use of streamline-based sensitivities derived from either finite-difference or streamline-based flow simulation. For the most part, earlier approaches have focused on the role of saturation changes, but the effects of pressure have largely been ignored. Here, we present a streamline-based semianalytic approach for computing model-parameter sensitivities, accounting for both pressure and saturation effects. The novelty of the method lies in the semianalytic sensitivity computations, making it computationally efficient for high-resolution geologic models. The approach is implemented by use of a finite-difference simulator incorporating the detailed physics. Its efficacy is demonstrated by use of both synthetic and field applications. For both the synthetic and the field cases, the advantages of incorporating the time-lapse variations are clear, seen through the improved estimation of the permeability distribution, the pressure profile, the evolution of the fluid saturation, and the swept volumes.
A Linguistic Approach to Failure Handling in Distributed Systems

Distributed computer systems are increasingly being used for controlling critical applications. An important aspect to constructing dependable systems for such use is ensuring that the system software is robust to failures in the underlying computing platform. One property that makes failures difficult to handle in this environment is that they can occur concurrently with other system events. This paper describes a language-based approach for constructing system software that can cope with such asynchrony in a systematic manner. The basic idea is to treat failures as just another class of events that are handled similarly to normal events. Linguistic constructs that can be added to distributed programming languages with minimal impact are then proposed to handle such failure events. To make our ideas precise, we use the SR distributed programming language as a basis for incorporating these constructs. The approach is illustrated by a detailed presentation in the extended SR language of a replicated directory management program.
Visual analogue scale (VAS) as a monitoring tool for daily changes in asthma symptoms in adolescents: a prospective study

Success in asthma management hinges on patients’ competency to detect and respond to ever-changing symptom severity. Thus, it is crucial to have reliable, simple, and sustainable methods of symptom monitoring that can be readily incorporated into daily life. Although visual analogue scale (VAS) has been considered as a simple symptom assessment method, its utility as a daily symptom monitoring tool in adolescents is unknown. This study was to determine the concurrent validity of VAS in capturing diurnal changes in symptoms and to examine the relationships between VAS and asthma control and pulmonary function. Forty-two adolescents (12–17 years old) with asthma completed daily assessment of symptoms twice per day, morning and bedtime, for a week using VAS and 6-item symptom diary concurrently. Asthma control was measured at enrollment and 6 month later, and spirometry was conducted at enrollment. Pearson correlations, multilevel modeling and regression were conducted to assess the relationships between VAS and symptom diary, asthma control and FEV1. Morning and evening VAS was positively associated with symptom diary items of each corresponding time frame of the day (r = 0.41–0.58, p < 0.0001). Morning VAS was significantly predicted by morning diary data reflecting nocturnal wakening (β = 2.13, p = 0.033) and morning symptoms (β = 4.09, p = 0.002), accounting for 57% of the total variance of morning VAS. Similarly, changes in four evening diary items, particularly shortness of breath (β = 2.60, p = 0.028), significantly predicted changes in evening VAS, accounting for 55% of the total variance. Average VAS scores correlated with asthma control (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and FEV1 (r = −0.38, p = 0.029), and were predictive of asthma control 6 months later (β = 0.085, p = 0.006). VAS is a valid tool capturing diurnal changes in symptoms reflected in a multi-item symptom diary. Moreover, VAS is a valid measure predicting concurrent and future asthma control. The findings suggest VAS can be a simple alternative to daily dairies for daily symptom monitoring, which can provide invaluable information about current and future asthma control without substantially increasing self-monitoring burdens for adolescent patients. Clinical Trial Registration NCT01696357. Registered 18 September 2012
The Role of Water in CO2 Capture by Amine

An in situ IR study unraveled that adsorption of CO2 on 20 μm TEPA film at 50 °C followed a zwitterion-intermediate pathway: zwitterion → ammonium carbamate. H2O in the mixed TEPA/H2O (5:1) film decreased the rate of CO2 adsorption but increased the amine efficiency. CO2 preferentially adsorbs on primary amine sites and H2O on secondary amine sites. The presence of H2O promotes the formation of carbamic acid and produces a broad IR band centered at 2535 cm–1, which can be assigned to the ν(O–H) of hydronium carbamate, −NCOO–···H–OH2+. The broadness of this 2535 cm–1 band ranging from 2100 to 2800 cm–1 persists at 120 °C. These broad components of the band can be ascribed to ν(N–H) in hydrogen-bonded ammonium carbamate, a R–NH3+/R1R2–NH2+···–NCOO– moiety. The binding strength of adsorbed species on the TEPA film increases in the order adsorbed H2O < carbamic acid < ammonium carbamate < hydrogen-bonded water/ammonium carbamate.
Monotonicity conditions for MPFA methods for a numerical well testing reservoir simulator

Abstract In order to match pressure transient data, a simulator must be able to calculate well bottomhole pressures highly accurately. Our objective is to develop discretizations that can be used to develop a thermal compositional simulator sufficiently accurate for well testing purposes. By sufficient accuracy, we mean that the wellbore pressure as a function of time and its derivative computed from the pressure by a standard finite difference approximation would match well the pressure and its derivative obtained from an analytical solution if they were available. To do so, we develop a new near-well local grid refinement within a base Cartesian grid and design discretization schemes using multipoint flux approximations (MPFA's) to obtain a numerical solution sufficiently accurate for well-test analysis. We establish conditions that guarantee monotonicity for the specific MPFA schemes used. Although monotonicity in and of itself does not guarantee that pressure solutions will not exhibit nonphysical oscillations, monotone schemes do avoid decoupling of the solution which is a major cause of nonphysical oscillations in the pressure solution. Because we use local grid refinement within a Cartesian grid, there exist no previous results on monotonicity that apply directly to our discrete system. Thus, in this work, we derive criteria for discrete monotonicity for the proposed grid system, and then investigate the monotonicity regions of different MPFA methods as functions of permeability anisotropy and grid geometry properties. To investigate the effects of the violation of a discrete maximum principle, we conduct tests on homogeneous and heterogeneous media, for both isotropic and anisotropic permeability fields.
T Cells Mediate the Effects of PTH in Bone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes bone loss when produced in a continuous fashion. However, PTH induces a potent bone anabolic effect when injected intermittently. The mechanism of action of PTH remains largely unknown. This article reviews the evidence in favor of the hypothesis that T cells play an unexpected critical role in the mechanism of action of PTH in bone.
Abstract 73: Gain-of-function mutant p53 promotes the oncogenic potential of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell by targeting forkhead transcription factors FOXO3a and FOXM1

Many mutant p53 proteins exert oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) properties in promoting cancer cell invasive growth and metastasis, but the mechanisms mediating these functions largely remain elusive. We show here that overexpression of the GOF mutant p53 G245D and other GOF p53 mutants enhances invasive cell growth of p53-deficient head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) UM-SCC-1 cells both in vitro 3D culture and in vivo orthotopic tumor mouse model. We demonstrate that the expression of the oncogenic forkhead transcription factor FOXM1 is upregulated by GOF mutant p53s in UM-SCC-1 cells and tumors. Moreover, we show that overexpression of GOF mutant p53 G245D decreases the inhibitory phosphorylation of FOXO3a, a tumor suppressive forkhead transcription factor, leading to its cytoplasmic accumulation. Consistent with the observation that FOXO3a negatively regulates FOXM1 expression, we demonstrate that overexpression FOXO3a decreases GOF mutant p53-mediated FOXM1 expression, whereas downregulation of FOXO3a partially restores decreased FOXM1 expression due to loss of GOF mutant p53. In support of the roles of FOXO3a-FOXM1 signaling axis in mutant p539s GOF signaling, we further show that overexpression of FOXO3a or downregulation of FOXM1 impairs GOF mutant p53-mediated cell invasion, whereas downregulation of FOXO3a, in part, rescues impaired cell invasion due to downregulated GOF mutant p53. Finally, given that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) directly phosphorylates and promotes FOXO3a function, and that our prior demonstration that GOF mutant p53s inhibit AMPK, our current study establishes that GOF mutant p53-AMPK-FOX3a-FOXM1 signaling is one of important mechanisms through which mutant p53s gain oncogenic functions in HNSCCs. Citation Format: Noriaki Tanaka, Mei Zhao, Jiexin Zhang, Jing Wang, Ge Zhou, Jeffrey N. Myers. Gain-of-function mutant p53 promotes the oncogenic potential of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell by targeting forkhead transcription factors FOXO3a and FOXM1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; April 23-25, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(23_Suppl):Abstract nr 73.
THE NEW VIEW OF INVESTMENT

Thesis and antithesis were synthesized by 1960. Investment has been married to technology. In the new view, the role of investment is to modernize and deepen the capital stock. Investment is prized as the carrier of technological progress. This chapter focuses on the logic of certain conclusions that the new view has shown a tendency to inspire. The empirical work cited in the chapter spans a great variety of analytical methods and historical materials. One of the best known papers is that by Professor Solow. A number of other investigators followed much the same approach. The chapter presents an analysis to the implications for output growth and productivity of investment policies that make gross investment a fixed proportion of gross output. The choice of an investment policy is a matter of selecting the investment–output ratio. The chapter presents a comparison of the relation between investment and growth under the new and old view.
Addressing Physician Burnout Nephrologists, How Safe Are We?

Physician burnout, a consequence of chronic high stress, has three features; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (cynicism), and lack of achievement and balance ([1][1]). Certainly, stress comes with high-stakes professions, but physicians’ risks are significantly higher than the general
Autologous Idiotope-Specific T Cells in Regulation of Antibody Response

The existence of autologous anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) lymphocytes—both B and T cells—has been convincingly demonstrated using various experimental manipulations described elsewhere in this volume. When they are activated with an appropriate probe (e.g., Id-bearing molecules or cells), the anti-Id cells and their products display a strong regulatory effect on the immune response of lymphocytes bearing the corresponding Id. Whether the anti-Id response is an autochthonous process that occurs within the system without any manipulation is less certain. This assumption, which is the cornerstone of the network hypothesis of immune self-regulation,(1) has been questioned by several investigators.(2,3) Does lymphocyte stimulation with antigen always induce a complementary anti-Id reaction? How important is this autochthonous anti-Id response for regulation of the first response? What is the internal mechanism of activation of anti-Id clones? In this chapter we will try to strenghten the case for anti-Id self-regulation by providing experimental data in answer to the aforementioned questions.
Influence of carbon nanotubes as secondary phase addition on the mechanical properties and amorphization of boron carbide

Abstract The mechanical properties and amorphization response of a carbon nanotube (5 wt.%) boron carbide (CNT-B4C) composite with 1 μm grain size are investigated, and compared to those of coarse-grained (10 μm grain size) and ultrafine-grained (0.3 μm grain size) monolithic boron carbides. The quasi-static and dynamic uniaxial compressive strengths for CNT-B4C were statistically the same as those of the ultrafine-grained ceramic and higher than the coarse-grained material, contradicting the expected grain size hierarchy (Hall-Petch-type relationship). Addition of CNTs to B4C resulted in decreased quasi-static hardness compared to the large grain size material; however, dynamic hardness was substantially improved compared to quasi-static values. CNT pullout and crack bridging were observed to be possible toughening mechanisms. Finally, Raman spectroscopy was used to quantify amorphization, and it was concluded that addition of CNTs to boron carbide does not alter the propensity for amorphization, but does improve mechanical properties by enhanced toughening.
From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900-1940

Indirect rule figured prominently in Nigeria’s colonial administration, but historians understand more about the abstract tenets of this administrative strategy than they do about its everyday impl...
From Biology to Physics and Back: The Problem of Brownian Movement

This article focuses on the history of theoretical ideas but also on the developments of experimental tools. The experiments in our laboratory are used to illustrate the various developments associ...
Left Atrial Appendage Peridevice Leak Presenting With Stroke

An 83-year-old man with a history of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent uncomplicated left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion using a 30-mm WATCHMAN device (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts). He was treated with aspirin and Eliquis (apixaban; Bristol-Myers
Spatial Models of Religious Market Competition: A Critical Assessment

This chapter critically assesses spatial-location models of religious competition. These models concisely account for several key features of religious markets, are flexible enough to be widely applicable, and generate new insight into our understanding of religious competition. However, the models have ignored other key features of religious markets including cultural transmission of religious values, variation in birth rates across groups, and adaptation by religious suppliers.
Feasibility and effectiveness of implementing an integrated care model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary care pediatrics

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral health disorder with annual costs approaching $80 billion dollars in the United States alone. It is well-established that ADHD is best treated using a chronic care model but integrating such models into primary care is challenging. We report on the feasibility and effect of an integrated behavioral health approach to ADHD in pediatric primary care. Theory/Methods: We collected feedback from families and primary care providers to create an assessment profile following the principles of family-centric ADHD care. Validated scales measured parental stress, self-efficacy of parenting skills, treatment preferences, barriers and goals, child impairment, and externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Families completing the profile were invited to a 30-minute engagement session in the pediatric office by clinic staff (RN or LCSW) to identify treatment goals and services to help reach these goals. Adolescents had separate parent and teen sessions followed by a family session. This was implemented at a large academic primary care pediatric clinic. Results: Of 7150 patients aged 4-17 we identified 411 (5.7%) diagnosed with ADHD. 121 (29%) of these completed the initial profile and all were referred to the engagement session. Of invited families, 98 (81%) scheduled a session, and 82 (68%) completed one. Factors significantly associated with session attendance were elevated levels of child impairment and caregiver strain, a parent whose treatment goals focused on academics, lower self-efficacy of parenting skills, lower levels of medication stigma and fewer reported medication side effects. Current medication use was not predictive. Over 90% of attending families identified a new ADHD treatment for their child with high desirability and readiness to initiate this treatment (mean score=8.9 on a 1-10 Likert). Participants completing an engagement session had more medical office visits for ADHD (excluding the engagement session) over the next 6 months than those who did not (p Discussion: Results demonstrate the intervention’s feasibility in primary care and its capacity to impact motivation for care and treatment seeking behaviors. Families currently experiencing the greatest challenges with their child, who prioritized academics and were open to ADHD medication were most likely to participate. Conclusions/Lessons Learned: A brief pre-visit survey assessing current functioning and treatment goals combined with an in-office engagement session run by non-physician staff was feasible and effective for increasing treatment seeking behaviors, especially in families of adolescents where the parent and patient often have opposing views of treatment. Limitations: This is a single site intervention that reachedonly a subset of families. Suggestions for Future Research: Further research should be aimed at learning how to better engage families with less immediate ADHD concerns.
Role of Sex in Determining Treatment Type for Patients Undergoing Endovascular Lower Extremity Revascularization.

Background Limited data exist to describe factors that influence the use of different endovascular treatments for peripheral arterial disease. Therefore, we studied sex differences in the utilizati...
Increasing-Margin Adversarial (IMA) training to Improve Adversarial Robustness of Neural Networks

Deep neural networks (DNNs), including convolutional neural networks, are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which may lead to disastrous consequences in life-critical applications. Adversarial samples are usually generated by attack algorithms and can also be induced by white noises, and therefore the threats are real. In this study, we propose a novel training method, named Increasing Margin Adversarial (IMA) Training, to improve DNN robustness against adversarial noises. During training, the IMA method increases the margins of training samples by moving the decision boundaries of the DNN model far away from the training samples to improve robustness. The IMA method is evaluated on six publicly available datasets (including a COVID-19 CT image dataset) under strong 100-PGD white-box adversarial attacks, and the results show that the proposed method significantly improved classification accuracy on noisy data while keeping a relatively high accuracy on clean data. We hope our approach may facilitate the development of robust DNN applications, especially for COVID-19 diagnosis using CT images.
Rethinking diabetes: Entanglements with trauma, poverty, and HIV Emily Mendenhall Ithica, New York: Cornell university press, 2019

The intersection of syndemics and health, which was founded on the work of Merrill Singer in the 1990s, is making a resurgence for anthropologists and global health professionals, particularly in r...
Does the glass slipper fit? Disney princess films and relationship beliefs and attitudes.

Abstract. This study is a cross-sectional survey investigating the links between viewing Disney princess films and reports of romantic beliefs, relationship-contingent self-esteem, and attitudes re...
Accident tolerant fuel rod failure under low stress: A case study of BWR under station blackout using Bison

Abstract Accident tolerant fuels (ATFs) such as FeCrAl cladding have been designed to have improved performance in normal operation and provide increased coping time during design basis accidents (DBA) and beyond DBA. A key aspect in the evaluation of ATF designs is to determine potential increases in the coping time with respect to advancements in fuel and cladding materials. The station blackout (SBO) event has been widely recognized as one of the most severe conditions that a nuclear power plant can experience. In this comparative study, the fuel performance code Bison is utilized to determine the coping time of FeCrAl and Zircaloy claddings under a Short-Term SBO (ST-SBO) accident without any mitigation measures. In particular, four fuel rod burst criteria for Zircaloy cladding and two for FeCrAl cladding are used. It is found that none of the cladding burst criteria are fulfilled, and hoop stress is quite low in this BWR SBO design for both claddings, a stark difference from LOCA or PWR SBO events where high stress burst is common and has been demonstrated widely. Specifically, a new cladding failure mechanism for high temperature and low stress is identified in this study. The origin of the low stress at burst is also investigated.
More than Maintaining Arabic: Language Ideologies of Syrian Refugees in a Bilingual City in Southern Texas

Minority groups in the U.S. typically internalize language ideologies that associate English to social and upward mobility at the expense of learning their home language, let alone other languages. This chapter examines the role that the language ideologies of Syrian refugees in Southern Texas play in a dynamic of navigating a community where English and Spanish compete in different domains and are both necessary. This paper draws from a six-month ethnographic case study that included observations of and interviews with five Syrian refugees. Applying notions of language ideology and theories of indexicalities (Silverstein M. Lang and Commun 23:193–229, 2003) during data analysis, findings show how language ideologies inform Syrian speaker practices and their need to deal with English and Spanish in a multilingual city. Based on such findings, we argue that the extent to which Syrian refugees acquire English and Spanish and maintain their heritage Arabic language depends on their specific beliefs about language and language use in a multicultural, bilingual city.
Increasing Cervical Cancer Prevention Through HPV Testing: Challenges in Developing Persuasive Messages.

Decades of promotion of the Pap test have fallen short in persuading vulnerable women to get screened for cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing provides an additional screening tool, and the task for cancer control is to promote understanding of the test and encourage its use. Ogden and colleagues investigated the effect of message framing on increasing knowledge and intention to receive HPV testing. Although both messages increased knowledge and intention, no differences were found between gain- and loss-framed messages. We explore implications of this finding and discuss needed research to expand upon and contextualize this important formative research. See related article, p. 839
UCLP: A Novel UAV Cybersecurity Laboratory Platform

Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their applications in various fields. At the same time, the utilization of UAVs also raises serious security and safety concerns. Given a large number of UAV-related jobs to be created in the near future, it is pressing to educate and train current and next-generation cybersecurity professionals towards UAVs and their applications. However, there is a lack of education and training materials on UAV cybersecurity, especially for hands-on practice. In this paper, we propose a novel UAV cybersecurity laboratory platform (UCLP), which provides efficient and effective hands-on practice. UCLP offers not only a cost-effective UAV cybersecurity practice environment, but also a series of designed and pre-configured lab modules. UCLP adopts a plug-in based design and hence supporting flexible customization of existing and new lab modules. UCLP uses technical solutions to overcome non-technical limitations in UAV cybersecurity practice (e.g., regulations of UAV operations). Our evaluation results demonstrated the efficiency, flexibility, and effectiveness of UCLP and indicated UCLP is promising to be integrated into the education and training of UAV, cybersecurity, and related fields.
Hypoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Crises Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes and End-stage Kidney Disease: Population-Based Study, 2013-2017.

OBJECTIVE We characterized annual trends of severe hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic crises (diabetic ketoacidosis/hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state) in patients with diabetes and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a nationwide, retrospective study of adults (≥18 years old) with diabetes/ESKD, from the United States Renal Data System registry, between 2013 and 2017. Primary outcome was annual rates of emergency department visits or hospitalizations for hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic crises, reported as number of events/1,000 person-years. Event rates and risk factors were adjusted for patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, dialysis modality, comorbidities, treatment regimen, and U.S. region. RESULTS Among 521,789 adults with diabetes/ESKD (median age 65 years [interquartile range 57–73], 56.1% male, and 46% White), overall adjusted rates of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic crises were 53.64 and 18.24 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. For both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia crises, respectively, the risks decreased with age and were lowest in older patients (≥75 vs. 18–44 years old: incidence rate ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.33–0.37, and 0.03, 0.02–0.03), women (1.09, 1.06–1.12, and 1.44, 1.35–1.54), and those with smoking (1.36, 1.28–1.43, and 1.71, 1.53–1.91), substance abuse (1.27, 1.15–1.42, and 1.53, 1.23–1.9), retinopathy (1.10, 1.06–1.15, and 1.36, 1.26–1.47), and insulin therapy (vs. no therapy; 0.60, 0.59–0.63, and 0.44, 0.39–0.48). For hypoglycemia, specifically, additional risk was conferred by Black race (1.11, 1.08–1.15) and amputation history (1.20, 1.13–1.27). CONCLUSIONS In this nationwide study of patients with diabetes/ESKD, hypoglycemic crises were threefold more common than hyperglycemic crises, greatly exceeding national reports in nondialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Young, Black, and female patients were disproportionately affected.
Scaling considerations for the social franchising model

This commentary is part of the Organizational Zoo case series exploring the social franchising model of Unjani Clinics, a South African healthcare-focused social enterprise. The social franchising model has enabled Unjani to gain early traction and the social enterprise has ambitious plans for future growth. I describe and elaborate on organizational features of the social franchising model that may enable or constrain efforts to scale up. Noting the unique challenges and opportunities presented by emerging market contexts, I outline scaling considerations across three dimensions: organizational design, team composition, and organizational culture.
The Exploration-Exploitation Trade-off in the Newsvendor Problem

When an inventory manager attempts to construct probabilistic models of demand based on past data, demand samples are almost never available: only sales data can be used. This limitation, referred to as demand censoring, introduces an exploration-exploitation trade-off as the ordering decisions impact the information collected. Much of the literature has sought to understand how operational decisions should be modified to incorporate this trade-off. We ask an even more basic question: when does the exploration-exploitation trade-off matter? Further, what is the cost imposed by having access only to sales data as opposed to underlying demand samples? We analyze these questions in the context of a well-studied stationary multi-period newsvendor problem in which the decision-maker starts with a prior on the demand distribution. Quite remarkably, we show that, for a broad family of tractable cases, the exploration-exploitation trade-off is negligible for most practical instances; we further articulate the conjunction of conditions that can lead to a non-trivial value. Moreover, we establish that losses stemming from demand censoring are limited, but these are of higher order than those due to ignoring the exploration-exploitation trade-off. In other words, effort to improve information collection about lost sales is more valuable than analytic or computational effort to pin down the optimal policy in the presence of censoring.
Estimates for Finite Expansions of Gegenbauer and Jacobi Polynomials

Publisher Summary This chapter presents estimates for certain Gegenbauer polynomial and Jacobi polynomial expansions. The primary interest is on expansions of a form that are needed to extend a result of E.M. Stein. The chapter concludes with the construction of functions on Σ n , the n-dimensional sphere in R n+l and on other compact rank 1 symmetric spaces.
Federal Rule of Evidence 612 and the Work Product Doctrine-Conflict or Congruity?

In this case note, Professor O’Grady examines the principles of the work product doctrine, established by the United States Supreme Court in the seminal case Hickman v. Taylor, and concludes that the Third Circuit correctly classified an attorney's selection and compilation of documents as opinion work product. Furthermore, in this case note she examines the purposes and policies behind Federal Rule of Evidence 612 and suggests that the protection from discovery enjoyed by opinion work product should not be deemed automatically waived when a client or witness examines an attorney's opinion work product before testifying at trial or deposition.
Flat Dot Matrix Display Module for Vehicle Instrumentation

Due to the recent increase in safety and operational information supplied to vehicle operators, an important need has arisen: the development of an effective display unit which uses a minimal amount of dashboard space. A flat dot matrix lcd module is one possible satisfactory solution, but it is somewhat limited in terms of response time and viewing angle. This paper presents a review of the recent progress and projected future trends in lcd technology as it is applied to vehicle instrumentation. In addition, the paper discusses the design methodology, electrooptical properties, and function of three types of flat dot matrix display modules which have an intermediate number of picture elements (a).
On designing a proportional controller for AQM routers based on pole placement

This paper proposes a proportional controller based on pole placement (P/spl I.bar/PP controller) for active queue management (AQM) in IP routers supporting TCP flows. The formal P/spl I.bar/PP controller design algorithm is presented and justified. The transient response and stability of the system are guaranteed by appropriately choosing damping ratio /spl zeta/. We verify the effectiveness of the P/spl I.bar/PP controller through simulations using OPNET modeler. The simulation results show that choosing appropriate /spl zeta/ can successfully satisfy the transient response of the system. The impacts of different values of /spl zeta/ on the system performance are also investigated.
Nanosecond interferometric studies of surface deformations of dielectrics induced by laser irradiation

Transient surface deformations in dielectric materials induced by laser irradiation were investigated with time-resolved interferometry. Deformation images were acquired at various delay times after exposure to single pulses (100 ps at 1.064 micrometer) on fresh sample regions. Above the ablation threshold, we observe prompt ejection of material and the formation of a single unipolar compressional surface acoustic wave propagating away from the ablation crater. For calcite, no deformation -- either transient or permanent -- is discernable at laser fluences below the threshold for material ejection. Above and below-threshold behavior was investigated using a phosphate glass sample with substantial near infrared absorption (Schott filter KG3). Below threshold, KG3 exhibits the formation of a small bulge roughly the size of the laser spot that reaches its maximum amplitude by approximately 5 ns. By tens of nanoseconds, the deformations become quite complex and very sensitive to laser fluence. The above-threshold behavior of KG3 combines the ablation-induced surface acoustic wave seen in calcite with the bulge seen below threshold in KG3. A velocity of 2.97 +/- 0.03 km/s is measured for the KG3 surface acoustic wave, very close to the Rayleigh wave velocity calculated from material elastic parameters. Details of the transient interferometry system are also given.
Calculating uncertainty intervals in approximate equation systems

Abstract This note suggests using an integer (binary) programming approach to the problem of finding intervals of uncertainty in systems of approximate equations. The current approaches—interval arithmetic, reformulating the problem as a simultaneous equations problem, and linear programming—become cumbersome and unwieldy for problems of even several variables, or when the feasible solutions are spread over several orthants in R k. In contrast, the integer programming approach represents a generalization strategy to deal effectively with the combinatorial optimization nature of the problem. It can also be implemented with modest computational resources.
International Coordination of Fiscal Policies: A Review of Some Major Issues

International coordination of macroeconomic policies has attracted much attention in recent years. The main issue has been whether economic performance can be improved by coordination. Although it is still a controversial issue many economists have argued that coordination would make a positive contribution to economic performance. This paper deals with the requirements for successful fiscal coordination. It concludes that those requirements are such that the best fiscal policies that countries can pursue are those aimed at putting their houses in order.
From healthy aging to early Alzheimer's disease: in vivo detection of entorhinal cortex atrophy.

: Using quantitative structural MRI protocols, we examined the effects of age on alterations in entorhinal cortex (EC) volume. The left EC was found to be smaller than the right in both young and healthy aged subjects. More importantly, the right EC, but not the left, was significantly smaller in elderly participants compared to young controls. In an attempt to determine the earliest sites of involvement in mild and incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD), we compared entorhinal and hippocampal volume in (1) healthy elderly controls, (2) patients with very mild AD, and (3) elderly patients who were evaluated for cognitive complaints, but did not meet criteria for dementia. Both patient groups differed from controls in EC volume, but not from each other. In contrast, the two patient groups differed in hippocampal volume from controls, as well as from each other, with the mild AD cases showing the greatest atrophy. These results suggest that degeneration of the EC and hippocampal formation occurs before the onset of overt dementia. In fact, follow-up clinical evaluations available on 23 of 28 nondemented patients indicated that 12 of 23 had converted to AD. Converters could be best differentiated from nonconverters on the basis of entorhinal volume.