cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ignition delay times of methane and hydrogen highly diluted in carbon dioxide at high pressures up to 300 atm

Abstract The need for more efficient power cycles has attracted interest in super-critical CO2 (sCO2) cycles. However, the effects of high CO2 dilution on auto-ignition at extremely high pressures has not been studied in depth. As part of the effort to understand oxy-fuel combustion with massive CO2 dilution, we have measured shock tube ignition delay times (IDT) for methane/O2/CO2 mixtures and hydrogen/O2/CO2 mixtures using sidewall pressure and OH* emission near 306 nm. Ignition delay time was measured in two different facilities behind reflected shock waves over a range of temperatures, 1045–1578 K, in different pressures and mixture regimes, i.e., CH4/O2/CO2 mixtures at 27–286 atm and H2/O2/CO2 mixtures at 37–311 atm. The measured data were compared with the predictions of two recent kinetics models. Fair agreement was found between model and experiment over most of the operating conditions studied. For those conditions where kinetic models fail, the current ignition delay time measurements provide useful target data for development and validation of the mechanisms.
Exploring the Structure of Chinese Consumers’ Attitudes Toward Genetically Modified Foods: An Abstract

Traditional unidimensional scales with bipolar measures are often used to assess the overall favorability of consumer attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) foods, despite the limitations such measures carry when used to examine consumer attitudinal ambivalence and indifference (Poortinga and Pidgeon 2006). Given that GM foods are still relatively new and controversial in China and that the country is becoming one of the biggest food importers globally, it is imperative that food marketers and researchers develop a comprehensive understanding of Chinese consumers’ attitudes toward GM foods.
My America: Immigration, historical education and vision of nationhood

My America: Immigration, historical education and vision of nationhood Ever since the United States of America was founded as a more perfect union, it has struggled to find a balance between a narrow, ascriptive, Eurocentric vision of nationhood favoring an explication of rational and/or divinely-sanctioned nation-building, and one that acknowledges the struggles and contributions of its ever-renewing immigrant citizenry in shaping its vision of self. This contrariety has played itself out in classrooms and textbooks where historical narratives of nation compete with societal reality; and in state houses where citizen-educators rather than academics seem to know history best. Whereas one can attribute this disconnect to curriculae catching up with changing demographics, in actuality, US History education’s de-facto role as the Great Americanizer has made it a factional battleground of what it means to be American; and a victim to the perversion of the very principles it seeks to instill. As a result, primary and secondary-school US History ranks amongst to lowest amongst subjects in terms of student proficiency and teacher competency. This article discusses the origins of the fraught relationship between vision of nationhood and citizenry education in the United States; and the necessitated steps to give renewed relevance and competence to historical education in developing the critical, informed citizenry fundamental to a well-functioning democracy. Moja Ameryka. Imigracja, edukacja historyczna i wizja bycia narodem Od chwili, gdy Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki staly sie doskonalszą unią, kraj ten z mozolem szuka rownowagi pomiedzy wąsko askryptywną eurocentryczną wizją bycia narodem, ktora sprzyja budowaniu narodu sankcjonowanemu racjonalnie i/lub przez boskośc, a wizją, ktora uznaje obywatelski wysilek i wklad imigrantow w ksztaltowanie jej wlasnego obrazu. Ta sprzecznośc rozgrywa sie w salach lekcyjnych i w podrecznikach, w ktorych historyczne narracje o narodzie konkurują z realiami spolecznymi, jak tez w lonie instytucji panstwowych, w ktorych najlepiej znają historie, jak sie wydaje, raczej obywatele – edukatorzy niz środowiska akademickie. Jakkolwiek te rozlącznośc mozna przypisywac temu, ze programy nauczania doganiają przemiany demograficzne, to jednak w rzeczywistości rola historii USA jako wielkiego amerykanizatora stala sie w istocie polem zmagan o to, co to znaczy byc Amerykaninem. Stala sie tez ofiarą przewrotności samych zasad, ktore chce wdrozyc. W rezultacie jako przedmiot nauczania historia Stanow Zjednoczonych zalicza sie w szkolach podstawowych i średnich do tych przedmiotow szkolnych, ktore w kategoriach umiejetności uczniow i kompetencji nauczycieli mają najnizszą range. Artykul analizuje przyczyny tego brzemiennego w skutki związku miedzy wizją bycia narodem a edukacją obywatelską w USA i docieka, jakie nalezy podjąc kroki po to, by poprzez rozwoj krytycznej, świadomej postawy obywatelskiej o fundamentalnym znaczeniu dla kraju, przywrocic nauczaniu historii wlaściwą range i kompetencje. [Trans. by Jacek Serwanski]
The Influences of Study Abroad Experiences

Many colleges and universities now realize that it is a good educational practice for their students to learn about the relations between nations, global issues, and intercultural relationships (Tate, 2012). The focus of this research study is to investigate aspects of how international study abroad experiences affect the personal and professional identities of U.S. undergraduate students. A survey was used to capture the perceptions and experiences of study abroad students. Most participants report having a positive experience during their study abroad experiences and an increased cultural awareness and international mindedness. On the contrary, there was a small percentage of participants who reported having no desire to learn the language, a minimal interaction with the new culture, isolation, and interacting and only socializing with peers from their home country.
Perceived cancer-related benefits of quitting smoking and associations with quit intentions among recently diagnosed cancer patients.

One third of smokers diagnosed with cancer continue smoking, perhaps due to low perceived cancer–related benefits of cessation. To examine perceived cancer–related benefits of quitting among newly ...
The role of incidence angle in the laser ablation of a planar target

The effect of the laser ray incidence angle on the mass ablation rate and ablation pressure of planar inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets is explored. In this work, a modified version of the textbook model of laser ablation [Manheimer et al., Phys. Fluids 25, 1644 (1982)] is used to demonstrate that the mass ablation rate and ablation pressure scale with the 4/3 and 2/3 power of the cosine of the laser ray incidence angle relative to the target normal. Using an idealized planar model of ablation, it is demonstrated that constant irradiance is insufficient to produce similar velocities of a target when comparing cases driven at different incidence angles. Additionally, the effect of the incidence angle on the absorption fraction is demonstrated and it is shown that a longer duration is needed to achieve maximum absorption for greater angles. This further affects the mass ablation rate and ablation pressure in the first nanosecond of ablation. These results, when extrapolated, may provide insight into the variation of drive conditions encountered due to incidence in polar direct drive ICF.
A Multi-Variate Triple-Regression Forecasting Algorithm for Long-Term Customized Allergy Season Prediction.

In this paper, we propose a novel multi-variate algorithm using a triple-regression methodology to predict the airborne-pollen allergy season that can be customized for each patient in the long term. To improve the prediction accuracy, we first perform a pre-processing to integrate the historical data of pollen concentration and various inferential signals from other covariates such as the meteorological data. We then propose a novel algorithm which encompasses three-stage regressions: in Stage 1, a regression model to predict the start/end date of a airborne-pollen allergy season is trained from a feature matrix extracted from 12 time series of the covariates with a rolling window; in Stage 2, a regression model to predict the corresponding uncertainty is trained based on the feature matrix and the prediction result from Stage 1; in Stage 3, a weighted linear regression model is built upon prediction results from Stage 1 and 2. It is observed and proved that Stage 3 contributes to the improved forecasting accuracy and the reduced uncertainty of the multi-variate triple-regression algorithm. Based on different allergy sensitivity level, the triggering concentration of the pollen - the definition of the allergy season can be customized individually. In our backtesting, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.7 days was achieved using the algorithm. We conclude that this algorithm could be applicable in both generic and long-term forecasting problems.
Rotavirus infection induces glycan availability to promote ileum-specific changes in the microbiome aiding rotavirus virulence

Multiple studies have identified changes within the gut microbiome in response to diarrheal-inducing bacterial pathogens. However, examination of the microbiome in response to viral pathogens remains understudied. Compounding this, many studies use fecal samples to assess microbiome composition; which may not accurately mirror changes within the small intestine, the primary site for most enteric virus infections. As a result, the functional significance of small intestinal microbiome shifts during infection is not well defined. To address these gaps, rotavirus-infected neonatal mice were examined for changes in bacterial community dynamics, host gene expression, and tissue recovery during infection. Profiling bacterial communities using 16S rRNA sequencing suggested significant and distinct changes in ileal communities in response to rotavirus infection, with no significant changes for other gastrointestinal (GI) compartments. At 1-d post-infection, we observed a loss in Lactobacillus species from the ileum, but an increase in Bacteroides and Akkermansia, both of which exhibit mucin-digesting capabilities. Concomitant with the bacterial community shifts, we observed a loss of mucin-filled goblet cells in the small intestine at d 1, with recovery occurring by d 3. Rotavirus infection of mucin-producing cell lines and human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) stimulated release of stored mucin granules, similar to in vivo findings. In vitro, incubation of mucins with Bacteroides or Akkermansia members resulted in significant glycan degradation, which altered the binding capacity of rotavirus in silico and in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that the response to and recovery from rotavirus-diarrhea is unique between sub-compartments of the GI tract and may be influenced by mucin-degrading microbes.
Barriers to Employment

The 'baby boomers' are now approaching their 'third age' with many people able to live fit, active, healthy lives well beyond that experienced by previous generations. The 'third age' supposedly a time to take up new challenges, or explore new directions, has become possible through life span gains resulting from health and technological advances. For many who are approaching or now in their 'third age', however, the opportunity to continue working appears to be a risk. While it is now possible for 'third agers' to be active in the workforce up to and well beyond the previous retirement age, many older workers experience barriers to remaining in or returning to the workforce. This research, based on semi-structured interviews with eleven employers, identifies three main themes that are perceptual, cultural and developmental barriers to 'third age' workforce participation. Each of these themes has developed around the changes that have occurred since many 'third agers' began work. At the same time employers are experiencing skill shortages that are predicted to continue and increase in the future. If employers are to maximise their potential workforce and meet the challenges of the ageing population, diversification of their workforce to include all ages will be necessary.
Recovery from plasma etching-induced nitrogen vacancies in p-type gallium nitride using UV/O3 treatments

Plasma etching of p-type GaN creates n-type nitrogen vacancy (VN) defects at the etched surface, which can be detrimental to device performance. In mesa isolated diodes, etch damage on the sidewalls degrades the ideality factor and leakage current. A treatment was developed to recover both the ideality factor and leakage current, which uses UV/O3 treatment to oxidize the damaged layers followed by HF etching to remove them. The temperature dependent I–V measurement shows that the reverse leakage transport mechanism is dominated by Poole–Frenkel emission at room temperature through the etch-induced VN defect. Depth resolved cathodoluminescence confirms that the damage is limited to first several nanometers and is consistent with the VN defect.
The initial psychometric properties for the Total Body Developmental Sequences for youth with visual impairments

Youth with visual impairments often show difficulties with gross motor skills regardless of age or sex. Gross motor skills support positive developmental trajectories for health warranting the need for assessment. The Total Body Developmental Sequences (TBDS) are fast, easy-to-use, indices of gross motor development with relatively unknown psychometric properties for youth with visual impairments. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the TBDS with a secondary purpose to evaluate differential effects of biological sex, age, and degree of vision on gross motor skills. Youth with visual impairments (N = 57, ages 9 – 19 years, Boys = 23, Girls = 34) completed the TBDS and the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3). Results showed good initial psychometric properties (r = .89, α = .84, p .05). The TBDS may now be used as an initial gross motor screening tool for youth with visual impairments. This initial screen (TBDS) is warranted as youth with visual impairments may show arrested development which may be exacerbated with more severe visual impairments.
Evolution of giant chloride nuclei size spectrum on the seashore

The paper presents a contribution to the deduction of the distribution function of cloud condensation nuclei in a maritime atmosphere depended on supersaturation. The calculation is based on the Nukyiama-Tanassava distribution function and on the data deduced from the measurement of giant chloride nuclei concentration with a cascade impactor on the seashore. The supersaturation distribution function found was a decreasing function unlike the same relationship calculated using Junge's distribution law.
Do Mutual Funds Manipulate Star Ratings? Evidence from Portfolio Pumping

This paper reveals that mutual fund managers manipulate Morningstar star ratings by inflating their month-end portfolio values when they are likely to finish the month near rating cutoffs. This star rating manipulation is more pronounced among funds with greater incentives and abilities to pump their portfolios and manipulate star ratings. Following heightened regulatory scrutiny, portfolio pumping to manipulate star ratings has largely migrated from quarter/year-ends to less prominent month-ends. Improving star ratings, portfolio pumping increases fund flows, especially in the month of a rating upgrade. Placebo tests exploiting the June 2002 change in Morningstar rating methodology yield expected null effects.
The Electronic Packaging Handbook

The packaging of electronic devices and systems represents a significant challenge for product designers and managers. Performance, efficiency, cost considerations, dealing with the newer IC packaging technologies, and EMI/RFI issues all come into play. Thermal considerations at both the device and the systems level are also necessary.The Electronic Packaging Handbook, a new volume in the Electrical Engineering Handbook Series, provides essential factual information on the design, manufacturing, and testing of electronic devices and systems.Co-published with the IEEE, this is an ideal resource for engineers and technicians involved in any aspect of design, production, testing or packaging of electronic products, regardless of whether they are commercial or industrial in nature. Topics addressed include design automation, new IC packaging technologies, materials, testing, and safety.Electronics packaging continues to include expanding and evolving topics and technologies, as the demand for smaller, faster, and lighter products continues without signs of abatement. These demands mean that individuals in each of the specialty areas involved in electronics packaging-such as electronic, mechanical, and thermal designers, and manufacturing and test engineers-are all interdependent on each others knowledge. The Electronic Packaging Handbook elucidates these specialty areas and helps individuals broaden their knowledge base in this ever-growing field.
Spin chains in \mathcal{N} = {2} superconformal theories from the {\mathbb{Z}_2} quiver to superconformal QCD

In this paper we find preliminary evidence that $ \mathcal{N} = {2} $ superconformal QCD, the SU(N c ) SYM theory with N f = 2N c fundamental hypermultiplets, might be integrable in the large N Veneziano limit. We evaluate the one-loop dilation operator in the scalar sector of the $ \mathcal{N} = {2} $ superconformal quiver with SU(N c ) × SU(N c ) gauge group, for N c ≡ N c . Both gauge couplings g and ǧ are exactly marginal. This theory interpolates between the $ {\mathbb{Z}_2} $ orbifold of $ \mathcal{N} = {4} $ SYM, which corresponds to ǧ = g, and $ \mathcal{N} = {2} $ superconformal QCD, which is obtained for ǧ → 0. The planar one-loop dilation operator takes the form of a nearest-neighbor spin-chain Hamiltonian. For superconformal QCD the spin chain is of novel form: besides the color-adjoint fields $ \phi_b^a, $ which occupy individual sites of the chain, there are “dimers” $ Q_i^a\overline Q_b^i $ of flavor-contracted fundamental fields, which occupy two neighboring sites. We solve the two-body scattering problem of magnon excitations and study the spectrum of bound states, for general ǧ/g. The dimeric excitations of superconformal QCD are seen to arise smoothly for ǧ → 0 as the limit of bound wavefunctions of the interpolating theory. Finally we check the Yang-Baxter equation for the two-magnon S-matrix. It holds as expected at the orbifold point ǧ = g. While violated for general ǧ ≠ g, it holds again in the limit ǧ → 0, hinting at one-loop integrability of planar $ \mathcal{N} = {2} $ superconformal QCD.
Power System for Lower Hybrid Current Drive of Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Advanced Phase (TFTR-AP)

Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) Heating is proposed to be provided for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor Advanced Phase (TFTR-AP). The power to be delivered to the plasma is a total additional RF power of 3 MW at 4.6GHz, divided into two systems of 1.5 MW each. The purpose of this article is to describe the Electrical Power System components for the Lower Hybrid Current Drive. 3 refs., 1 fig.
Stability and consistency of nonhydrostatic free‐surface models using the semi‐implicit θ‐method

SUMMARY The θ-method is a popular semi-implicit finite-difference method for simulating free-surface flows. Problem stiffness, arising because of the presence of both fast and slow timescale processes, is easily handled by the θ-method. In most ocean, coastal, and estuary modeling applications, stiffness is caused by fast surface gravity wave timescales imposed on slower timescales of baroclinic variability. The method is well known to be unconditionally stable for shallow water (hydrostatic) models when 12≤ θ ≤1, where θ is the implicitness parameter. In this paper, we demonstrate that the method is also unconditionally stable for nonhydrostatic models, when 12≤ θ ≤1 for both pressure projection and pressure correction methods. However, the methods result in artificial damping of the barotropic mode. In addition to investigating stability, we also estimate the form of artificial damping induced by both the free surface and nonhydrostatic pressure solution methods. Finally, this analysis may be used to estimate the damping or growth associated with a particular wavenumber and the overall order of accuracy of the discretization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pedagogy of Violence

In The Pedagogy of Violence, I develop a legal theory of the ways in which human beings teach each other to be violent. I am responding to the “contagion of violence” theory advocated by legal theorists such as Colin Loftin and Dr. Jeffrey Fagan, who argue that violence is akin to a contagious disease. Using disease as their paradigm, Loftin and Fagan contend that courts and political institutions should address the problem of violence through what they call the “epidemiological” approach; that is, they say that violence should be addressed as a public health problem. Though I do not take issue with the data-collection and public education strategies that they advocate, I argue against other aspects of this approach. Namely, I believe that the “contagion” metaphor dangerously dehumanizes violent offenders by characterizing them as “vectors” of parasitic disease. This language may pave the way for dangerous social policy. Moreover, the contagion metaphor has the unfortunate effect of obscuring the personal histories and emotions of violent actors, which may lead to myopic legal redresses that fail to get at the roots of the violence problem in our society – for example, poverty and despair, alienation and grief.Thus, I argue that we should reconceptualize the process of violence transmissions as a “teaching lesson;” in other words, that we acknowledge that we teach each other, via a very specific pedagogy, how to be violent. In attending to the particulars of this pedagogy, we may better unearth the emotional, economic, and moral dimensions of violence transmissions, which can only lead to better, more tailored strategies of legal redress.In A Pedagogy of Violence, I note that several interdisciplinary jurisprudential methods can be used to study this pedagogy – for example, the therapeutic justice, law and economics, and law and sociology approaches. I add to this list, advancing a legal-literary study of violence transmissions, since literature on violence is devoted to tracing the emotional triggers that spur people to violence. In A Pedagogy of Violence, I offer an analysis of Nobel Laureate Elfriede Jelinek’s novel The Piano Teacher, which gives a detailed study of the ways in which violence spreads from one person to another. Using the lessons learned from this novel, I then circle back to my critique of the “contagion” approach of Loftin and Fagan. In particular, I critique the decision N.A.A.C.P. v. Acusport, 271 F. Supp. 2d 435 (2003), where the N.A.A.C.P. attempted to get damages from a gun manufacturer for its negligent dissemination of guns in inner city neighborhoods. The court’s reliance on the contagion metaphor, in lieu of a “teaching lesson” approach, I maintain, obscured the ways in which violence was transmitted, and prevented the N.A.A.C.P. from obtaining deserved relief.
Effect of visit length and a clinical decision support tool on abdominal aortic aneurysm screening rates in a primary care practice.

Rationale, aims and objectives In 2005, the US Preventive Services Task Force issued recommendations for one-time abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening using abdominal ultrasonography in men aged 65 to 75 years with a history of smoking. However, despite a mortality rate of up to 80% for ruptured AAAs, providers order the screening for a minority of patients. We examined AAA screening rates among providers and investigated the role of visit duration and other factors in whether patients received screening. We also looked for potential interventions to improve compliance. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who visited our clinic over a 4-month period and met the US Preventive Services Task Force criteria for AAA screening when our practice had a real-time decision support tool implemented to identify patients due for the screening. We also surveyed our clinic's providers about their knowledge and attitudes regarding AAA screening. Results Despite the use of physician reminders, providers ordered screening for only 12.9% of eligible patients. Screening was more likely to be ordered during longer visits versus shorter ones (24% vs. 6%). When surveyed, most providers (70.6%) indicated that a nurse-directed ordering system would improve compliance. Conclusions This study illustrates that physician reminders alone are not sufficient to improve care and that more time is needed for preventive services. This provides additional support for the use of a multidisciplinary approach to preventive screening, as in a patient-centred medical home. In a patient-centred medical home, a care team of physicians, nurses and office staff use technology such as clinical decision support to provide comprehensive, coordinated patient care.
Extragenital pelvic tumors in women.

Abstract Pelvic tumors of extragenital origin are of interest to the obstetrician, since they occasionally obstruct the birth canal at the time of delivery. These tumors are of interest to the gynecologist, since they present problems in differential diagnosis and surgical management. To the pathologist they present a variety of gross and microscopic pictures rarely encountered in any other tissue. Such tumors often simulate tumors of the ovary and fibroid tumors of the uterus. They may be found to arise from the pelvic bones and their surrounding soft parts, from nerve tissue or from some congenital anomaly. They may be freely movable or adherent to the anterior sacral wall. This paper is a clinical and pathologic study of these tumors. Although the literature contains no comprehensive review of extragenital pelvic tumors in women since Lever's report in 1843, 1 there are numerous articles reporting on isolated examples and small series of these tumors. Thus Middeldorpf in 1885 2 called attention to the presacral group of teratomas arising from the postanal hindgut. Cragin in 1893 3 emphasized the importance of ectopic pelvic kidneys in the matter of obstructing the birth canal. Utter and Bates 4 and Hundling 5 focused attention on the neurogenic group of presacral tumors; namely, the neurofibromas, ganglioneuromas and ependymal-cell gliomas. Fletcher, Woltman, and Adson 6 found that presacral chordomas as a group were frequently confused with chondromas. Cases of vesical tumors with presacral extension were the subject of a paper by Sheffery 7 in 1946, while Banner, Hunt, and Dixon 8 observed similar extension of a rectal carcinoma. These and numerous other excellent articles 9–22 formed a substantial background for our study of this interesting subject and have made possible a comparison of our own findings with those of others interested in the field.
Rayleigh wave constraints on shear-wave structure and azimuthal anisotropy beneath the Colorado Rocky Mountains

We inverted Rayleigh wave data recorded in the Rocky Mountain Front Broadband Seismic Experiment for shear-wave velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy. Distinctive structures are imaged beneath the southern Rocky Mountains, the western Great Plains, and the eastern Colorado Plateau. Beneath the southern Rockies, shear velocities are anomalously low from the Moho to depths of 150 km or more, suggesting replacement or delamination of the mantle lithosphere. The lowest velocities are beneath the extension of the Rio Grande rift into southern Colorado and are probably associated with partial melt. Beneath the Colorado Plateau, a thin, high-velocity lid is underlain by a low velocity layer to a depth of at least 160 km. Under the high plains, the velocities are above average down to ∼150 km depth, but not as fast as beneath the cratonic core of the continent. A crustal, low-velocity anomaly is observed beneath the high elevations of central Colorado. Elsewhere, inferred crustal thickness correlates with elevation, with the thickest crust beneath the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado. These crustal anomalies suggest that much of the isostatic compensation for the high topography takes place within the crust. We observe a simple pattern of azimuthal anisotropy in the Rocky Mountain region with fast directions rotated slightly counterclockwise from the absolute plate motion of the North America plate and strength increasing with period. The observed anisotropy can be explained by deep asthenospheric flow dominated by current plate motion and shallower and perhaps laterally variable anisotropy in the upper lithosphere.
A Review of “English Letters and Indian Literacies: Reading, Writing, and New England Missionary Schools, 1750–1830”

Studded with fascinating reproductions of sources, this book by Hilary E. Wyss, associate professor of American literature at Auburn University, brings to light the ways literacy education in New E...
Coseismic and postseismic deformation due to the 2007 M5.5 Ghazaband fault earthquake, Balochistan, Pakistan

Time series analysis of interferometric synthetic aperture radar data reveals coseismic and postseismic surface displacements associated with the 2007 M5.5 earthquake along the southern Ghazaband fault, a major but little studied fault in Pakistan. Modeling indicates that the coseismic surface deformation was caused by ~9 cm of strike-slip displacement along a shallow subvertical fault. The earthquake was followed by at least 1 year of afterslip, releasing ~70% of the moment of the main event, equivalent to a M5.4 earthquake. This high aseismic relative to the seismic moment release is consistent with previous observations for moderate earthquakes (M < 6) and suggests that smaller earthquakes are associated with a higher aseismic relative to seismic moment release than larger earthquakes.
Kinetics of the UO2‐C‐N2 Reaction at 1700°C

The mechanism of the reaction of UO2 with carbon in the presence of N2 at 1700°C and the rate of formation of the carbonitride product were determined. Uranium carbonitride forms at specific O2 and N2 chemical potentials by reactions such as (1) UO2(s) + 0.67HCN(g)→UO1.33N0.45(s) + 0.67CO(g) + 0.11N2(g) + 0.335H2(g) and (2) UO1.33N0.45(s) + 1.58HCN(g)→UO0.25N0.75(s) + 1.33CO(g) + 0.79H2(g) + 0.64N2(g). At PH2=2×10-5 atm, HCN formed, permitting a gas-phase transport of reactions not observed in the UO2-C reaction. Reaction (1) is completed in 0.01 to 0.1 of the time for complete conversion to carbonitride; reaction (2), which proceeds as soon as oxynitride is available, is controlled by solid-state diffusion across the carbonitride layers after they become continuous on the entire specimen. The reaction rates and product compositions depend on the PN2 and PCO in the system.
Late Eocene tropical sea surface temperatures: A perspective from Panama

[1] We have reconstructed mean annual coastal temperatures and seasonality during the Eocene (Priabonian; 36.6–40 Ma) using oxygen isotope profiles of shallow marine aragonitic gastropod shells (Gatuncillo Formation, Panama). These data provide a unique opportunity to document low-latitude coastal climates during a preglacial “greenhouse” period. Assuming shell oxygen isotope profiles primarily reflect changes in water temperature, our results indicate water temperatures in a middle to outer shelf setting (20–50 m depth) varied by 6°–8°C, and mean annual temperatures (MAT) were >26°C. These temperatures are in agreement with pollen-based surface temperature reconstructions for the late Eocene and are consistent with other Eocene mollusk-based tropical coastal temperature estimates but are at odds with the few Eocene foraminiferal-based estimates of mean annual tropical sea surface temperatures (∼17°–22°C).
Data Driven Approaches for Passenger Train Delay Estimation

Train delay is a critical problem in railroad operations, which has led to the development of analytical and simulation based approaches to estimate it. With the recent advances in sensing and communication technologies, train positioning information is now available to support new data driven methods for train delay estimation. In this work, two data driven approaches are proposed to estimate train delays based on historical and real time information. A historical regression model is proposed to estimate future train delays at each station using only past performance of the train along the route. Next, several variations of an online regression model are proposed to estimate delay using delay information of the trains at earlier stations along the current trip, as well as delay information of other trains that share the same corridor. The proposed methods are tested with data collected on 282 Amtrak trains (the largest US passenger railroad service) from 2011 to 2013, which consists of more than 100,000 train trips. Compared to prediction based on the scheduled time table, the proposed historical regression model improves the RMSE estimate of delay by 12%, while the online proposed model improves the RMSE estimate of delay by 60%.
Path-Averaged Measurements of Rain Rate and Raindrop Size Distribution Using a Fast-Response Optical Sensor

Abstract Path-averaged terminal velocity distribution of raindrops is determined from the temporal covariance function of signals from two vertically spaced linear optical detectors that respond to raindrop-induced amplitude scintillations of a projected laser beam. The known monotonic relationship between drop size and terminal velocity permits the measured velocity distribution to be converted to path-averaged drop-size distribution and, in turn, to rain rate. The large capture area of the measurements over a 200 m path allows drop-size distribution to be measured in short time intervals. We present measurements of path-averaged rain rate and raindrop size distribution made at 42 s intervals. The terminal velocity distribution during a storm that contained a mixture of rain and hail clearly shows the two-component nature of the precipitation.
Leadership for Effective Service

The complexity of society and the problems it is facing demand that people work collaboratively. Certain styles of leadership will not work for collaborative ventures. For example, the authoritaria...
Factors influencing survival in ethmoid sinus cancer.

• Nineteen patients with primary ethmoid sinus malignancies were treated at the Cleveland (Ohio) Clinic Foundation between 1976 and 1989. Pathologic diagnoses included adenocarcinoma (eight), sarcoma (four), squamous cell carcinoma (three), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (two), adenoid cystic carcinoma (one), and undifferentiated carcinoma (one). All patients underwent surgical resection: 13 had craniofacial resection, four had craniofacial resection/orbital exenteration, one had radical ethmoidectomy/maxillectomy/orbital exenteration, and one had transantral ethmoidectomy. Twelve patients had combined treatment with radiation therapy. Ten patients were alive with no evidence of disease. A trend toward improved prognosis is associated with negative surgical margins. Preservation of the globe was not associated with local recurrence at this site. A poor prognosis was noted with involvement of the dura, brain, nasopharynx, or sphenoid sinus. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:367-372)
Comments on Ruth Garrett Millikan’s Varieties of Meaning

Wittgenstein notoriously contemplated using Kent's line in King Lear, "I'll teach you differences!" as a motto for his Philosophical Investigations. In the original, as Wittgenstein surely knew, Kent's declaration is, in fact, a threat, delivered to Goneril's insolent servant Oswald and followed up by a swift kick. In the same spirit, I think, Millikan might well have selected as a motto for her Nicod Lectures, Varieties of Meaning, "I'll teach you likenesses!" That, in any case, is how the book begins, with the dramatic thesis that
Language, Social, and Executive Functions in High Functioning Autism: A Continuum of Performance.

This study examined language and executive functions (EF) in high-functioning school-aged individuals with autism and individually matched controls. Relationships between executive, language, and social functioning were also examined. Participants with autism exhibited difficulty on measures of expressive grammar, figurative language, planning, and spatial working memory. A mixed profile of impaired and enhanced abilities was noted in set-shifting. While controls showed the typical increase in errors when shifting sets from an intra-dimensional to an extra-dimensional stimulus, this pattern was not noted in participants with autism. Relationships between EF, language, and social performance were weak to non-existent. Implications for theories of core deficit in autism and dissociable nature of the language and executive impairments in autism are discussed.
Quality control of high-dose-rate brachytherapy: treatment delivery analysis using statistical process control.

Purpose Statistical process control (SPC) is a quality control method used to ensure that a process is well controlled and operates with little variation. This study determined whether SPC was a viable technique for evaluating the proper operation of a high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatment delivery system. Methods and Materials A surrogate prostate patient was developed using Vyse ordnance gelatin. A total of 10 metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) were placed from prostate base to apex. Computed tomography guidance was used to accurately position the first detector in each train at the base. The plan consisted of 12 needles with 129 dwell positions delivering a prescribed peripheral dose of 200 cGy. Sixteen accurate treatment trials were delivered as planned. Subsequently, a number of treatments were delivered with errors introduced, including wrong patient, wrong source calibration, wrong connection sequence, single needle displaced inferiorly 5 mm, and entire implant displaced 2 mm and 4 mm inferiorly. Two process behavior charts (PBC), an individual and a moving range chart, were developed for each dosimeter location. Results There were 4 false positives resulting from 160 measurements from 16 accurately delivered treatments. For the inaccurately delivered treatments, the PBC indicated that measurements made at the periphery and apex (regions of high-dose gradient) were much more sensitive to treatment delivery errors. All errors introduced were correctly identified by either the individual or the moving range PBC in the apex region. Measurements at the urethra and base were less sensitive to errors. Conclusions SPC is a viable method for assessing the quality of HDR treatment delivery. Further development is necessary to determine the most effective dose sampling, to ensure reproducible evaluation of treatment delivery accuracy.
Autonomous Knowledge-Based Navigation In An Unkown Two-Dimensional Environment With Convex Polygon Obstacles

Navigation of autonomous vehicles in environments where the exact locations of obstacles are know has been the focus of research for two decades. More recently, algorithms for controlling progress through unknown environments have been proposed. The utilization of knowledge-based systems for studying the behavior of an autonomous vehicles has not received much study. A knowledge-driven autonomous system simulation was developed which enabled an autonomous mobile system to move in a two-dimensional environment and to use a simulated ranging/vision sensor to test whether a selected goal position was visible or whether the goal was obscured by one of the multiple polygon obstacles. As the mobile system gains information about the location of obstacles, it is added to the system's knowledge-base. Considerable attention was given to the computation of what vertices were mutually visible in the multi-obstacle environment and that computation was carried out in Lisp. The study relied on a program implemented in a generalized decision-making paradigm, OPS5.
What the rule of law should mean in civics education : from the 'Following Orders' defence to the classroom

Sixty years after the International Military Tribunal opened in Nuremberg to try ‘major war criminals’, how should soldiers learn not to follow clearly illegal or unconscionable orders? Following the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, judges during the Nuremberg Trials rejected defendants' efforts to avoid punishment on the basis of superior orders. The Cold War stymied subsequent efforts to codify the norm; subsequent tribunals have adopted similar, but not identical, versions of the rule, as have domestic legal systems. Psychological research by Lawrence Kohlberg and Stanley Milgram raises serious questions about whether young soldiers can or will use their own moral assessments to disobey illegal orders or resist engagement in conduct abusing the rights of others. Further adding to the risks of atrocity are the stress and fear of wartime, the ambiguities and complexities of the war against terror, and confusion about the actual standards governing detentions, interrogations and treatment o...
Sperm transfer by spermatophore in Diptera: new results from the Diopsidae

Abstract Sperm transfer by spermatophore is reported as a common and possibly primitive feature of the Diopsidae (Diptera, Schizophora). Spermatophores occur in four out of five investigated genera, in Cyrtodiopsis, Diasemopsis, Teleopsis , and in Sphyracephala , which is positioned close to the base of the family. Within the genus Diopsis the spermatophore is subject to reduction. Spermatophore size and copulation duration are positively correlated across the species. This is only partially explained by the time requirement of sperm transfer. Parsimony in time and material seems to be favoured in species with high mating frequency at special aggregation sites, whereas high investment in time and material occurs in species that do not mate preferentially at certain times or locations. The utilization of spermatophores has strong implications on the possibilities of sperm competition and cryptic female choice and may account for the occurrence of a postcopulatory passive phase or prolonged mating in some species. The increasing number of records of spermatophores in Diptera is reviewed.
A Lagrangian Stochastic Model for Sea-Spray Evaporation in the Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer

The dispersion of heavy particles subjected to a turbulent forcing is often simulated with Lagrangian stochastic models. Although these models have been employed successfully over land, the implementation of traditional LS models in the marine boundary layer is significantly more challenging. We present an adaptation of traditional Lagrangian stochastic models to the atmospheric marine boundary layer with a particular focus on the representation of the scalar turbulence for temperature and humidity. In this new model, the atmosphere can be stratified and the bottom boundary is represented by a realistic wavy surface that moves and deforms. Hence, the correlation function for the turbulent flow following a particle is extended to the inhomogenous, anisotropic case. The results reproduce behaviour for scalar Lagrangian turbulence in a stratified airflow that departs only slightly from the expected behaviour in isotropic turbulence. When solving for the surface temperature and the radius of evaporating heavy water droplets in the airflow, the modelled turbulent forcing on the particle also behaves remarkably well. We anticipate that this model will prove especially useful in the context of sea-spray dispersion and its associated sensible heat, latent heat, and gas fluxes between spray droplets and the atmosphere.
DRUGS, SHOCK INTENSITY, AND THE CER.

The effects of chronic small doses of reserpine (0.2 mg./kg.) and of chlorpromazine (1.5 mg./kg.) upon the CER were studied using albino rats as subjects. It was found that reserpine reliably reduced the CER at a relatively low shock intensity (0.8 ma.) but, with a more severe shock (1.0 ma.), the results were equivocal. Chlorpromazine inhibited the CER at 1.0 ma. At the dosage and time parameters studied, chlorpromazine induced less depression of VI rate than did reserpine; recovery from reserpine effects was generally more gradual than was recovery from chronic chlorpromazine treatment.
Stem cell competition: finding balance in the niche.

Adult stem cells reside in local microenvironments (niches) that produce signals regulating the outcome of stem cell divisions and stem cell–niche interactions. Limited space and signals in the niche often force stem cells to compete with one another. Although previous studies have uncovered several examples of genetically distinct stem cells competing for niche access, recent studies demonstrate that genetically equivalent stem cells compete under normal conditions, resulting in dynamic stem cell behavior in the niche. New work in multiple vertebrate and invertebrate tissues shows that stem cell competition occurs continuously and mutations disrupting the balance between competing stem cells can cause diseases and defects in the niche. This review discusses recent insights into stem cell competition in mammals and Drosophila .
Soviet sociology of religion

(1982). Soviet sociology of religion. Religion in Communist Lands: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 292-297.
The maximum motor fusion test: A parameter for surgery for acquired esotropia

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether surgery for acquired esotropia based on the maximum capacity for motor fusion measured with a prism bar could be used to increase the number of millimeters of bilateral medial rectus recession that could be performed without producing an early overcorrection or a late consecutive exotropia, as a way safely to reduce the need for postoperative wear of glasses or a bifocal. Methods: Category I patients had residual deviations of esotropia (ET) of 12 PD or more with distance fixation, measured after a full hyperopic correction of +1.50 to +3.25 was placed, and had no significant anisometropia or astigmatism. Category II patients had residual deviations of esotropia of less than 11 PD with distance fixation and had residual deviations of esotropia with near fixation (ET') of at least 10 PD more than esotropia with distance fixation ("clinical high AC/A"). Category III patients had had previous bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions and had recurrent esotropia with near fixation of more than 10 PD. For patients in categories I and II, bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions were performed by using a published dose-response table from the national Prism Adaptation Study but with the maximum capacity for motor fusion as the input parameter instead of the prism-adapted angle. Patients in category III received re-recessions of one or both medial rectus muscles, according to a previously published system, with the distance fusional amplitude as the input parameter. Results: In category I, 24 of 30 (80%) patients needed no glasses after surgery, 1 of 30 had esotropia, and 2 of 30 had exotropia (XT) (10% reoperation rate). In category II, 35 of 36 (98%) patients needed no bifocals after surgery, and 3 of 36 had exotropia (9% reoperation rate). In category III, 10 of 10 patients needed no bifocals, and 2 of 10 had exotropia (20% reoperation rate). Conclusions: When a postoperative reduction in dependence on continuous wear of an optical appliance is a reasonable goal, the maximum motor fusional capacity, measured with a prism bar, is a good parameter for surgical design. (J AAPOS 2000;4:211–6)
Human thymus-leukemia related antigen(s): detection by a nonhuman primate antiserum.

Abstract A nonhuman primate antiserum to human thymus cells can detect an antigen which is specific for human thymus cells. In addition, this antiserum can also detect antigens which are cross-reactive between thymocytes and cells from patients with lymphocytic leukemia and perhaps some antigens which are present on actively dividing cell populations like cultured lymphoid cell lines derived from normal individuals. The relevance of these data to other human leukemia-associated antigens and murine TL antigens is discussed.