cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries in Children

Severe traumatic brain injury in the pediatric age group is a serious public health problem. Societal goals must prioritize safety in automobiles, bicycles, and sports to prevent primary (physical) injuries. Parents and health care workers must be aware of strategies to prevent and detect nonaccidental injuries to infants and toddlers. There are unacceptably high mortality and morbidity rates, robbing decades of functional years from its victims, at a very high personal and financial cost. With appropriate and effective emergency management and expeditious referral to a trauma center with neurosurgical expertise in the pediatric population, the management of these children and eventual outcome can be optimized. Meticulous and conscientious attention to basic systemic care is the foundation of excellent brain trauma management and may help to reduce the impact of secondary injury. Although there is a lack of prospective, randomized, clinical trials in the management of traumatic brain injury in the pediatric population, expert consensus recommendations based on vast empirical experience, some clinical trials, and adult guidelines have been published.
High pressure liquid chromatography and widebore capillary gas-liquid chromatography methods for quantification of acetoin and diacetyl from bacterial cultures

Abstract Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed to monitor acetoin and diacetyl levels during Lactobacillus plantarum fermentations. Low acetoin concentyration in culture filtrates were detected at 192 nm using a Polypore H cation column protected by a reverse phase C-18 guard column and elutated with 0.009 N sulfuric acid. Diacetyl was not detected at concentrations 150 ppm could be quantified from ether extracts.
Model-Based Shape Estimation for Soft Robotic Manipulators: The Planar Case

Soft robotic manipulators are continuum robots made of soft materials that undergo continuous elastic deformation and produce motion with a smooth backbone curve. In many applications, these manipulators offer significant advantages over traditional manipulators due to their ability to conform to their surroundings, and manipulate objects of widely varying size using whole arm manipulation. Theoretically, soft robots have infinite degrees of freedom (DOF), but the number of sensors and actuators are limited. Many DOFs of soft robots are not directly observable and/or controllable, complicating shape estimation and control. In this paper, we present three methods of shape sensing for soft robotic manipulators based on a geometrically exact mechanical model. The first method uses load cells mounted at the base of the manipulator, the second method makes use of cable encoders running through the length of the manipulator, and the third method uses inclinometers mounted at the end of each section of the manipulator. Simulation results show an endpoint localization error of less than 3% of manipulator length with typical sensors. The methods are validated experimentally on the OctArm VI manipulator.
Influence of serotonin antagonists on bulbospinal systems.

Abstract We attempted to elucidate the function of the serotonin-containing bulbospinal neurons by directly stimulating the raphe nucleus of unanesthetized decerebrates cats. Such stimuli evoked both a dorsal and a ventral root potential, and produced a complex time-dependent facilitation and inhibition of segmentally evoked monosynaptic reflexes (MSR). The entire time course of the curve representing the brain stem-evoked facilitation and inhibition of the MSR was displaced in a facilitatory direction following administration of the serotonin (5-HT) antagonists cinanserin or methysergide. The apparent block of descending inhibition probably resulted from increased descending facilitation. These results occurred without an increase in motoneuronal excitability, since the segmental MSR remained unchanged. The 5-HT antagonists increased the brain stem-evoked dorsal root potential (DRP), but did not alter the ventral root potential. In contrast, these agents depressed the segmentally evoked DRP. Measurements of the DRP length constants in afferent fibers revealed that brain stem stimulation evoked DRPs in fibers of smaller diameter than dorsal root stimulation. Apparently none of the potentials evoked by raphe stimulation were mediated by serotonergic fibers since these potentials were not reduced by 5-HT antagonists. It is suggested that the serotonergic system is tonically active in the decerebrate cat, and that the increased facilitatory action on the conditioned MSR and brain stem DRP following a 5-HT antagonist results from release of tonic serotonergic inhibition of descending facilitatory fibers.
On the Numerical Analysis of Different Controlling Parameters During the Solidification of Aluminum-Carbon Fiber Composite With Thermal Management

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) consist of two or more distinct phases, namely a continuous metallic phase known as the matrix and a reinforcing phase. MMCs offer advantages over traditional monolithic materials of enhanced material properties such as strength, thermal/electrical conductivity, toughness, modulus of elasticity, wear resistance, etc. It is desirable to shorten the solidification time when producing MMCs because the higher the cooling rate, the finer the microstructures of the MMCs will be. The present research investigates MMCs processed in a novel way, in which the ends of the reinforcement phase are extended outside the liquid matrix envelope and cooled by a heat sink. By doing so, heat extraction in the axial direction greatly reduces the solidification time compared with conventional way of making MMCs. Due to the complicated geometry of the calculation domain, analytical result is very difficult to obtain. Therefore, attempts have been made to solve the energy equation by finite difference numerical method for a 2-D axis-symmetric model involving phase change. The calculation domain is based on the proposed experimental configuration by Rohatgi et al. [1]. In this paper, the effects of selected parameters which can influence the process of solidification are examined. These parameters include the volume fraction, the thermal conductivity of the reinforcing phase, and the heat sink temperature.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An Ethnoarchaeological Inquiry into the Functional Relationship between Projectile Point and Armor Technologies of the Northwest Coast

Traditional bow, arrow, projectile and armor technologies of the Northwest Coast of North America were identified. Reproductions of these weapons were used to measure the ability of different point styles to penetrate various types of armor. Although chipped stone, ground slate, and bone projectiles revealed an increase in penetration capacity, respectively, they also showed a collateral decrease in durability. While hide, wood, and stone-covered armor reflected an increasing resistance to puncture, they also evidenced a potential decrease in maneuverability. These results suggest that the rising prevalence of highly effective bone points after 400 A.D., as opposed to contemporaneous subsistence technologies that are normally characterized by more durable ground slate artifacts, are indicative of increasing hostilities during the Late Phase. This data helps to discriminate between subsistence and warfare technologies, supporting theories that attribute a more active casual role to conflict during the rise of social complexity.
Magnetic and electric dipole constraints on extra dimensions and magnetic fluxes

Abstract The propagation of charged particles and gauge fields in a compact extra dimension contributes to g − 2 of the charged particles. In addition, a magnetic flux threading this extra dimension generates an electric dipole moment for these particles. We present constraints on the compactification size and on the possible magnetic flux imposed by the comparison of data and theory of the magnetic moment of the muon and from limits on the electric dipole moments of the muon, neutron and electron.
Physiologic pigmentation: Molecular mechanisms and clinical diversity

Dyschromia is one of the leading diagnoses in skin of color of populations. Inclusive within this broad realm of diagnoses includes physiologic pigmentation, which refers to normal biologic variations in skin coloration. In order to properly diagnose and manage disorders of pigmentation, one must be aware of the normal variations in skin pigmentation. Our review summarizes molecular mechanisms and the diverse patterns of physiologic pigmentation that may be encountered in the clinic and that are especially common in richly pigmented individuals.
A bio-inspired cylindrical lens based on reflection from an array of micro-mirrors fabricated on a cylindrical flexible substrate

Most optical systems utilize refractive lenses to focus light. These lenses have low transmission and suffer chromatic aberration because the refractive index is a function of wavelength. Focusing light by reflective curved surfaces (e.g., spherical mirrors) could address these two issues. However, this is hard to implement in micro-optical systems since the imager, with similar dimensions to other components, would inherently be on the same side of the curved mirror as the light source, thus blocking the incoming light. Some natural visual systems, however, rely on a configuration of distributed mirrors to focus light [1]. Inspired by such systems, we designed and realized a cylindrical lens based on reflection from an array of micro-mirrors fabricated on a cylindrical flexible substrate.
Rapid identification of hybridization probes for chromosomal walking.

The presence of repeated elements in restriction fragments used as hybridization probes for chromosomal walking poses a major obstacle to the success of this gene-cloning strategy. This report describes a simple and rapid means of identifying restriction fragments devoid of repeated sequences and therefore useful as hybridization probes for chromosomal walking. Restriction fragments derived from a genomic DNA clone are Southern blotted and hybridized to nick-translated total genomic [32P]DNA. Fragments of the genomic clone that contain high abundance sequences (i.e., repeated elements) hybridize strongly to their nick-translated counterparts, which, due to their high copy number, comprise a significant proportion of the total genomic DNA probe. Conversely, fragments containing single-copy or low-abundance sequences do not hybridize, as their nick-translated counterparts are poorly represented in the total genomic DNA probe. These latter fragments, by virtue of their low-abundance sequences, are well suited as probes for chromosomal walking. Ensuring the absence of repeated elements in restriction fragments prior to their purification and utilization as chromosomal walking probes results in marked savings of time, effort and materials.
Visual field asymmetries for rhyme and syntactic category judgments in monolinguals and fluent early and late bilinguals

A tachistoscopic study investigated hemispheric specialization among monolingual and fluent French-English bilingual adults for speeded rhyme and syntactic category matching. A right visual field superiority was obtained for both types of verbal judgments. This effect was more pronounced in late bilinguals than in early bilinguals or monolinguals. In addition, bilingual subgroup differences in response latency and strategy were found, suggesting a preference for semantic processing among early bilinguals and for surface processing among late bilinguals, consistent with previous findings. Possible theoretical implications of these differences are outlined.
A clinical trial of intravenous vinorelbine tartrate plus tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with advanced malignant melanoma.

BACKGROUND The aim of the current trial was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of weekly intravenous vinorelbine tartrate with daily oral tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic malignant melanoma. METHODS Thirty-one patients were treated with vinorelbine tartrate, 30 mg/m2 intravenously, weekly every 13 weeks and then every 2 weeks thereafter until progression of disease or severity of toxicity warranted discontinuation. Tamoxifen, 10 mg orally, twice a day was administered daily starting on Day 1 of chemotherapy with vinorelbine tartrate. Thirty patients had cutaneous melanoma with metastases and 1 patient had ocular melanoma with metastases. Eight patients had received prior chemotherapy. RESULTS Of the 30 evaluable patients with cutaneous melanoma, 6 achieved a partial response, for an overall response rate of 20% (95% confidence interval, 7–38%). There was no response in the patient with ocular melanoma. Major sites of response include the adrenal gland, lung, tonsil, and cutaneous/subcutaneous tissues. Three patients had a prolonged duration of response lasting ≥ 12 months. Side effects generally were mild and tolerable. Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity occurred in 26% and 13% of patients, respectively. Nonhematologic toxicity included mild fatigue, paresthesia, and local arm discomfort from infusion. CONCLUSIONS Weekly intravenous vinorelbine tartrate plus daily oral tamoxifen appears to be active in the treatment of patients with malignant melanoma. Further clinical trials in malignant melanoma patients treated with vinorelbine tartrate and tamoxifen appear warranted. Cancer 2000;88:584–8. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Structural map of Sedum oreganum (Crassulaceae) chloroplast DNA

Abstract A structural map of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of Sedum oreganum (Crassulaceae) was constructed by identifying cleavage sites for three endonucleases ( Kpnl, Stul, Xhol ). The cpDNA of Sedum has the same genomic configuration as that of most land plants and is 146±1 kb long with an inverted repeat at least 19.9 kb long. DNA hybridization with Petunia cpDNA confirmed colinearity of the two genomes.
GFAP Is Necessary for the Integrity of CNS White Matter Architecture and Long-Term Maintenance of Myelination

To investigate the structural role of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in vivo, mice carrying a null mutation in GFAP were generated. In 7/14 mutant animals older than 18 months of age, hydrocephalus associated with white matter loss was detected. Mutant mice displayed abnormal myelination including the presence of actively myelinating oligodendrocytes in adults, nonmyelinated axons in optic nerve, and reduced myelin thickness in spinal cord. White matter was poorly vascularized and the blood-brain barrier was structurally and functionally impaired. Astrocytic structure and function were abnormal, consisting of shortened astrocytic cell processes, decreased septation of white matter, and increased CNS extracellular space. Thus, GFAP expression is essential for normal white matter architecture and blood-brain barrier integrity, and its absence leads to late-onset CNS dysmyelination.
Use of Antifungal Combination Therapy: Agents, Order, and Timing

Given the substantial morbidity and mortality related to invasive fungal infections, treatment with a combination of antifungal agents is often considered. A growing body of literature from in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical experience provides data evaluating this approach. This review describes combination antifungal strategies for the management of cryptococcal meningitis, invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and rare mold infections. The potential effects that sequencing and timing have on the efficacy of such approaches are discussed, with a focus on recent clinical data in this arena.
Justification and application of path-goal contingency leadership theory to marketing channel leadership

Abstract The primary objective of this article is to integrate concepts from traditional leadership theory with the existing knowledge of channel behavior, with the purpose of moving toward a contingency theory of channel leadership. A justification for the relevance of traditional leadership theories to the marketing channel is presented. The marketing channel is viewed as a “superorganization” consisting of interdependent members with characteristics such as hierarchical structure and integration through subordination. The path-goal contingency leadership theory is then described in a marketing channel context. Research propositions focus on the relative effectiveness of various leadership styles used by the channel leader's boundary personnel.
Coupling of the reisomerization of the retinal, proton uptake, and reprotonation of Asp-96 in the N photointermediate of bacteriorhodopsin.

In the N to O reaction of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle, Asp-96 is protonated from the cytoplasmic surface, and coupled to this, the retinal isomerizes from 13-cis,15-anti back to the initial al...
Piety and Politics in African Christianity: The Roles of the Church and the Democratization Process

Christianity has never departed Africa.1 In some ways, the church is now returning to its African roots.2 Christianity originated in the near East, but it is clear that the church was stronger in North Africa in the first one thousand years of its existence than in Europe. The North African coast produced many apologists who have achieved theological immortality.3 It was only after 1500 C.E. that Europe became one of the Christian heartlands. Christianity was dominant in North Africa before the arrival of Muslims in the seventh century, but this was not only because of the success of missionary movements. Africans accepted Christianity as their primary religion when the church first reached North Africa. To day the geographical heartland of Christianity has shifted from the
Health-Related Behaviors: A Study Among Former Young Caregivers

The health-related behaviors of adults who were child and adolescent caregivers is a neglected area of research. The purpose of the present study was to: (1) Provide descriptive information on these former young caregivers’ adult health-related behaviors, (2) To compare former young caregivers’ health-related behaviors to non-caregiver samples, and (3) To assess the relationship between former young caregivers’ health-related behaviors and their mental health. Early caregiving was defined as providing assistance with basic and/or instrumental activities of daily living to parents or adult relatives while under the age of 21. Thirty-five female caregivers and 94 female non-caregivers completed a demographic questionnaire and a measure of their health-related behaviors. Former young caregivers and emerging adult non-caregivers showed similar health-related behaviors. Former young caregivers did not differ from community samples of young and middle adult non-caregivers on the overall mean score for their health-related behaviors. The former young caregiver sample differed from the emerging adult non-caregiving sample on only one health-risk behavior, alcohol consumption. Caregivers reported drinking significantly less alcohol over time than the emerging adult non-caregiving sample. Former young caregivers with more regular sleep patterns reported more positive mental health and less depressive symptoms. Former young caregivers who were better able to manage their stress reported more positive mental health and less negative mental health.
Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries and their Clinical Significance

Fifty-four cases with anomalies involving the coronary artery circulation were found among 18,950 autopsies during a 10-year period at the Los Angeles County Hospital. The purpose of this survey is to present the different types of coronary artery anomalies and to elucidate their practical clinical significance.
The Landau Equation in a Periodic Box

The Landau equation, which was proposed by Landau in 1936, is a fundamental equation to describe collisions among charged particles interacting with their Coulombic force. In this article, global in time classical solutions near Maxwellians are constructed for the Landau equation in a periodic box. Our result also covers a class of generalized Landau equations, which describes grazing collisions in a dilute gas.
Instant messaging comprehension with non-keyboard composition

A comparison of the accuracy of comprehension of Instant Messaging (IM) messages composed using a keyboard, handwriting recognition and speech recognition was performed. The participants in the study were shown text messages either containing no errors or having errors caused by typing, handwriting or speech recognition. They demonstrated their understanding of the messages by correcting the errors as they retyped the messages. The time to correct typographical errors was not significantly different from the time to type messages without errors. Speech and handwriting recognition errors in the text took significantly longer to correct than typographical errors, and the results were significantly less accurate. Interestingly, participants expressed slightly higher confidence in their understanding of messages containing speech recognition errors than handwriting, but the accuracy results from those two categories were not significantly different.
TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN GLASS

The rate of glass melting depends on the combined influence of the transport of several quantities : heat, momentum, species, and electric charge. The phenomenology of each of these processes obey a similar set of laws and there are a variety of carriers and several modes of transport for each. The transport coefficients are likewise related and depend on the self diffusion coefficients of species, phonons and photons. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of glass forming liquids are discussed from this point of view.
Bayesian Inference for a Correlated 2 × 2 Table with a Structural Zero

We develop a new Bayesian approach to interval estimation for both the risk difference and the risk ratio for a 2 x 2 table with a structural zero using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We also derive a normal approximation for the risk difference and a gamma approximation for the risk ratio. We then compare the coverage and interval width of our new intervals to the score-based intervals over various parameter and sample-size configurations. Finally, we consider a Bayesian method for sample-size determination.
Tarnishing of Mo/Si multilayer x-ray mirrors

Multilayer x-ray mirrors of molybdenum and silicon operating at normal incidence at energies just below the Si LII,III absorption edges are a key component in the development of soft-x-ray projection lithography. In this application high reflectivity is essential. Aging tests on such reflectors, with Mo as the last layer deposited, show that the structures decline in reflectivity with time when stored in air. Chemical analysis of a well-aged surface by photoelectron spectroscopy techniques reveals that the uppermost Mo layer eventually becomes completely oxidized to MoO3 and MoO2 and contaminated with carbonaceous materials. The oxidation can be prevented by storing the mirrors in an oxygen-free atmosphere or by depositing the silicon as the top layer. The reflectivity of tarnished mirrors can be restored by removing the oxides by argonion etching or wet chemical methods.
Study Of GaAs/AlGaAs And InGaAs/GaAs Multiple Quantum Wells Grown On Non-Polar Substrates By Photoreflectance

We have studied for the first time the optical properties of GaAs/Al x Ga 1-x AsAs multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown on Si and Ge substrates and InyGai-yAs/GaAs strained layer MQWs grown on Si substrates by photoreflectance. These preliminary results show that good quality epilayers from different semiconductors can be grown on non-polar substrates indicating the possibility of new device materials besides their importance in fundamental research. The experimental data were compared with calculations based on envelope-function approximation and fit to third-derivative functional form of reflectance modulation theory.
Stratigraphic and biofacies patterns in the Middle Pennsylvanian Magoffin marine unit in the Appalachian Basin, U.S.A.

Abstract The Magoffin marine unit is a Middle Pennsylvanian age interval of marine strata that directly overlies the Taylor, Copeland, and correlative coal zones in the Appalachian Basin. For this study the Magoffin was measured, described, and sampled at 17 localities along a northeast to southwest transect in the center of the Middle Pennsylvanian outcrop belt in eastern Kentucky and West Virginia. Throughout the study area the base of the Magoffin is characterized by a thin, dark, highly fossiliferous limestone with a brachiopod-dominated fossil assemblage. The limestone base is usually overlain by a fining-upward sequence consisting of fossiliferous dark shales or mudstones with mollusk-dominated assemblages. These dark mudstones include a fissile black shale with a distinctive Posidonia fauna deposited over part of the study area. The lower, fining sequence is overlain by a thicker, coarsening sequence bearing brachiopod-dominated fossil assemblages. The lower beds of the Magoffin, particularly the basal limestone, are persistent and relatively uniform throughout the study area. In contrast, strata in the upper part of the Magoffin sequence show a high degree of geographic variability, with localities in the southwestern half of the study area showing two successive, thick, coarsening-upward sequences of strata, while those to the northeast record a single thinner coarsening-upward sequence. The widespread, uniform nature of the basal Magoffin limestone appears to indicate rapid transgressive flooding of the coal-swamp and associated environments accompanied by a hiatus in clastic influx into the Magoffin seaway. Nearshore brachiopod faunas were replaced by deeper-water, possibly dysaerobic-adapted mollusk faunas as transgression progressed, culminating in the fissile black shales and monotaxic Posidonia fauna deposited beneath a localized pycnocline during maximum transgression. The onset of regression is indicated by the reverse of the stratigraphic sequence of faunas observed during transgression, and by the return of rapid clastic influx into the basin.
'Understanding Environmental Philosophy', by Andrew Brennan and Y. S. Lo

Brennan, Andrew and Y. S. Lo, Understanding Environmental Philosophy, Durham: Acumen Publishing Limited, 2010, pp. vi + 234, £14.99 (paperback). Brennan and Lo's book meets well the aims of the ser...
Renal cell carcinoma

The clinical presentation of renal cell carcinoma is often diverse and outcome is notoriously difficult to predict. The only therapy for renal cell carcinoma with curative potential is radical surgery for patients presenting with locoregional disease. To date there is no evidence that treatment affects the outcome of patients with surgically unresectable or distant metastatic disease. Therefore stage, which reflects the anatomic extent of disease, is the most important factor predicting survival [3, 15, 31, 33, 36].
Adaptive range control using directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks

This paper presents ARC (Adaptive Range Control), a communication range control mechanism using directional antennas to be implemented across multiple layers. ARC uses directional reception for range control rather than directional transmission such that extended communication links do not increase interference to other ongoing communications. It adaptively controls the communication range by estimating dynamically changing local network density based on the transmission activities around each network node. The experimental results using simulation with detailed physical layer, IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC, and AODV protocol models have shown the successful adaptation of communication range with ARC for varied network densities and traffic loads. ARC improves the packet delivery ratio by a factor of 9 at the maximum for sparse networks while it maintains the increased network capacity for dense networks.
Black and white women managers: Access to opportunity

This study explores the differing views of Black and White female managers regarding access to key career opportunities for White women and women of color. Items addressed include access to hiring, promotions, key assignments, salary increases, acknowledgment for work, and mentors. Access to each is described by comparing White women and women of color to one another, to White men, and to men of color. Chi-square analyses of survey responses from the 276 U.S. participants showed that most of the White respondents consistently perceived equal access to career opportunities for women of color. In contrast, most of the Black participants indicated that disparity exists in career opportunities available to women of color compared to White men and women. The implications of these results are discussed.
Recursive linear estimation in Krein spaces. I. Theory

We develop a self-contained theory for linear estimation in Krein spaces. The theory is based on simple concepts such as projections and matrix factorizations, and leads to an interesting connection between Krein space projection and the computation of the stationary points of certain second order (or quadratic) forms. We use the innovations process to obtain a rather general recursive linear estimation algorithm, which when specialized to a state space model yields a Krein space generalization of the celebrated Kalman filter with applications in several areas such as H/sup /spl infin//-filtering and control, game problems, risk sensitive control, and adaptive filtering. >
Renewable energy potential on brownfield sites: A case study of Michigan☆

Federal priorities are increasingly favoring the replacement of conventional sources of energy with renewable energy. With the potential for a federal Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) legislation, many states are seeking to intensify their renewable energy generation. The demand for wind, solar, geothermal and bio-fuels-based energy is likely to be rapidly expressed on the landscape. However, local zoning and NIMBYism constraints slow down the placement of renewable energy projects. One area where land constraints may be lower is brownfields; whose development is currently constrained by diminished housing, commercial, and industrial property demand. Brownfield sites have the potential for rapid renewable energy deployment if state and national interests in this area materialize. This study investigates the application of renewable energy production on brownfield sites using Michigan as a case study. Wind and solar resource maps of Michigan were overlaid with the brownfield locations based on estimates of brownfield land capacity. The total estimated energy potential available on Michigan’s brownfield sites is 4320 megawatts (MW) of plate capacity for wind and 1535for solar, equating to 43% of Michigan’s residential electricity consumption (using 30% capacity factor). Estimated economic impacts include over $15 billion in investments and 17,500 in construction and long-term jobs.
Mass-producing the individual: Mary C. Jarrett, Elmer E. Southard, and the industrial origins of psychiatric social work.

SUMMARY: This article examines the origins of psychiatric social work in the United States between 1912 and 1930. It argues that the establishment of the field needs to be understood in terms of Mary C. Jarrett and Elmer E. Southard's efforts to apply psychiatric techniques to the mental health problems of industrial employees. It further argues that Jarrett and Southard worked to develop a treatment approach to the mental health problems of industrial workers that they termed "individualization," and that despite their assumptions about the future of psychiatric social work the field was never established as an important part of industrial management.
Psychopathology in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a controlled study.

Background To examine the risk for psychopathology in offspring at risk for bipolar disorder and the course of psychiatric disorders in these youth. Methods Using structured diagnostic interviews (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV [SCID] and Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia [K-SADS]), psychiatric diagnoses of 117 nonreferred offspring of parents with diagnosed bipolar disorder were compared with those of 171 age- and gender-matched offspring of parents without bipolar disorder or major depression. Results Compared with offspring of parents without mood disorders, high-risk youth had elevated rates of major depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorders. High-risk offspring also had significantly more impaired Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores, higher rates of psychiatric treatment, and higher rates of placement in special education classes. Disruptive behavior disorders, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia, and depression tended to have their onset in early or middle childhood, whereas bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and substance use disorder had onset most frequently in adolescence. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that offspring of parents with bipolar disorder are at significantly increased risk for developing a wide range of severe psychiatric disorders and accompanying dysfunction. Early disruptive behavior and anxiety disorders, as well as early-onset depression, may be useful markers of risk for subsequent bipolar disorder in high-risk samples.
Stock Market Reactions To the Tax Reform Act of 1986: an Analysis of the Agribusiness Industry

This study assesses the impact of tax legislation on the agribusiness industry by examining security price behavior at major stages in the development of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The findings of the study indicate that investors in agribusiness firms responded negatively to proposed tax changes as the legislation evolved. The market reaction to the legislative developments indicates that tax-driven investment in the agribusiness industry will be significantly reduced.
Personality Psychology Has Tow Goals: Must It Be Two Fields?

(1994). Personality Psychology Has Tow Goals: Must It Be Two Fields? Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 156-158.
Genome comparisons highlight similarity and diversity within the eukaryotic kingdoms

In 2000, the number of completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes increased to four. The addition of Drosophila and Arabidopsis into this cohort permits additional insights into the processes that have shaped evolution. Analysis and comparisons of both completed genomes and partially sequenced genomes have already shed light on mechanisms such as gene duplication and gene loss that have long been hypothesized to be major forces in speciation. Indeed, duplicate gene pairs in Saccharomyces, Arabidopsis, Caenorhabditis and Drosophila are high: 30%, 60%, 48% and 40%, respectively. Evidence of horizontal gene-transfer, thought to be a major evolutionary force in bacteria, has been found in Arabidopsis. The release of the ‘first draft’ of the human genome sequence in 2000 heralds a new stage of biological study. Understanding the as-yet-unannotated human genome will be largely based on conclusions, techniques and tools developed during the analysis and comparison of the genome of these four model organisms.
Karyology and cytophotometric estimation of nuclear DNA content variation in Gracilaria, Gracilariopsis and Hydropuntia (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

Chromosome numbers of 1 N=24 were determined for three species of Gracilaria (G. flabelliforme P. Crouan et H. Grouan ex Schramm et Maze, G. mammillaris Montagne and G. tikvahiae McLachlan) and 1 N=32 for two species of Gracilariopsis (G. lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, Acleto et Folvik and G. tenuifrons (Bird et Oliveira) Fredericq et Hommersand). Karyotypes for these species exhibit a characteristic size difference between largest and smallest chromosomes. Polyvalents were a common feature of meiotic nuclei. Microspectrophotometry with the DNA-localising fluorochrome DAPI was used to quantify nuclear genome sizes. A 2 C genome size of 0·37–0·40 pg was determined for five species of Gracilaria (G. chilensis Bird, McLachlan et Oliveira, G. flabelliforme, G. mammillaris, G. pacifica Abbott, G. tikvahiae) and 0·33 pg for an isolate of G. verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss from Pas de Calais, France. Species of Hydropuntia (H. cornea (J. Agardh) Wynne and H. dentata (J. Agardh) Wynne) and Gracilariopsis (G. lemaneifo...
The Dynamin-related GTPase, Dnm1p, Controls Mitochondrial Morphology in Yeast

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dnm1 protein is structurally related to dynamin, a GTPase required for membrane scission during endocytosis. Here we show that Dnm1p is essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology. Disruption of the DNM1 gene causes the wild-type network of tubular mitochondrial membranes to collapse to one side of the cell but does not affect the morphology or distribution of other cytoplasmic organelles. Dnm1 proteins containing point mutations in the predicted GTP-binding domain or completely lacking the GTP-binding domain fail to rescue mitochondrial morphology defects in a dnm1 mutant and induce dominant mitochondrial morphology defects in wild-type cells. Indirect immunofluorescence reveals that Dnm1p is distributed in punctate structures at the cell cortex that colocalize with the mitochondrial compartment. These Dnm1p-containing structures remain associated with the spherical mitochondria found in an mdm10 mutant strain. In addition, a portion of Dnm1p cofractionates with mitochondrial membranes during differential sedimentation and sucrose gradient fractionation of wild-type cells. Our results demonstrate that Dnm1p is required for the cortical distribution of the mitochondrial network in yeast, a novel function for a dynamin-related protein.
Investigation of Resistive Switching at SrRuO3/Cr-doped SrZrO3/Metal Junctions

We have investigated charge transport properties with current perpendicular to the plane across the interface between a Cr-doped SrZrO3 perovskite oxide film and different top electrode metals. The measured resistance showed a wide variation depending on the top electrode metal, and suggested the interfacial properties with respect to contacting electrode metal kinds are responsible for the change in I-V characteristics (IVCs). The observed I-V curves were modeled with the equation I(V) = aV+bV2, where the variation of a was related to the work function of the metal whereas the variation of b was related to the oxygen affinity of the metal, consistent with space charge limited conduction through a defected interface. Additionally, the resistive switching was attributed to a change in both the a and the b coefficients. We speculate that voltage (or current) induced vacancy motion can account for a change in trap density in the oxide near the metallic electrical contact, and thus trapping or detrapping of charge carriers, showing the conductivity modulation across the junction.
A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF THE FLUID DYNAMICS OF UNDULATORY AND FLAGELLAR SWIMMING

SYNOPSIS. We present a mathematical model and numerical method designed to study the fluid dynamics of swimming organisms. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved in a domain of fluid within which an organism undergoing time-dependent motions is immersed. Of interest are both the dynamics of a single organism and the relationship of its morphology to its motility properties, as well as the collective hydrodynamic interactions of groups of swimmers with each other and their environment. Biological applications include spermatozoa motility in the reproductive tract, swimming of non-smooth filaments, and collective swimming of algal cells.
Determination of minor and trace elements in kidney stones by x-ray fluorescence analysis

The determination of accurate material composition of a kidney stone is crucial for understanding the formation of the kidney stone as well as for preventive therapeutic strategies. Radiations probing instrumental activation analysis techniques are excellent tools for identification of involved materials present in the kidney stone. In particular, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) can be very useful for the determination of minor and trace materials in the kidney stone. The X-ray fluorescence measurements were performed at the Radiation Measurements and Spectroscopy Laboratory (RMSL) of department of nuclear engineering of Missouri University of Science and Technology and different kidney stones were acquired from the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Presently, experimental studies in conjunction with analytical techniques were used to determine the exact composition of the kidney stone. A new type of experimental set-up was developed and utilized for XRF analysis of the kidney stone. The correlation of applied radiation source intensity, emission of X-ray spectrum from involving elements and absorption coefficient characteristics were analyzed. To verify the experimental results with analytical calculation, several sets of kidney stones were analyzed using XRF technique. The elements which were identified from this techniques are Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Bromine (Br), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Gallium (Ga), Germanium (Ge), Molybdenum (Mo), Niobium (Nb), Rubidium (Rb), Selenium (Se), Strontium (Sr), Yttrium (Y), Zirconium (Zr). This paper presents a new approach for exact detection of accurate material composition of kidney stone materials using XRF instrumental activation analysis technique.
Focal spacing and near-field heating during pulsed high temperature ultrasound therapy

It has been proposed that high temperature short duration hyperthermia treatment would be perfusion insensitive and thus, significantly improved thermal exposure uniformity could be achieved. This study investigates the execution of such a treatment, which utilizes single spherically curved transducer and multiple sonications to cover the complete target volume. The spacing of neighboring pulses as a function of the transducer characteristics was studied utilizing computer simulations. In addition, the temperature elevation in front of the focal zone during multiple sonications was evaluated. It was found that significant delays (20 s or longer) between the sonications must be introduced in order to avoid unwanted tissue damage in front of the focal zone. In addition, decreasing the pulse duration and F-number reduced the temperature build-up in front of the focus. The results were verified in vivo in dog's thigh muscle. This study is important not only for hyperthermia but also for ultrasound surgery, and indicates that each sonication system must be carefully evaluated for potential thermal damage outside of the target volume prior to implementation in therapy.
The Role of Overt Aggression, Relational Aggression, and Prosocial Behavior in the Prediction of Children's Future Social Adjustment

2 limitations of past research on social adjustment were addressed: (1) the tendency to focus on forms of aggression that are typical of boys (e.g., overt aggression) and to neglect forms that are more typical of girls (e.g., relational aggression) and (2) the tendency to study negative behaviors (e.g., aggression), to the exclusion of positive behaviors (e.g., prosocial acts). Using a longitudinal design (n = 245; third- through sixth-grade children, 9-12 years old), assessments of children's relational aggression, overt aggression, prosocial behavior, and social adjustment were obtained at 3 points during the academic year. Findings showed that, as has been demonstrated in past research for overt aggression, individual differences in relational aggression were relatively stable over time. Additionally, relational aggression contributed uniquely to the prediction of future social maladjustment, beyond that predicted by overt aggression. Finally, prosocial behavior contributed unique information (beyond that provided by overt and relational aggression) to the prediction of future social adjustment.
Addressing the testing challenge with a web-based e-assessment system that tutors as it assesses

Secondary teachers across the country are being asked to use formative assessment data to inform their classroom instruction. At the same time, critics of No Child Left Behind are calling the bill "No Child Left Untestedo emphasizing the negative side of assessment, in that every hour spent assessing students is an hour lost from instruction. Or does it have to be? What if we better integrated assessment into the classroom, and we allowed students to learn during the test? Maybe we could even provide tutoring on the steps of solving problems. Our hypothesis is that we can achieve more accurate assessment by not only using data on whether students get test items right or wrong, but by also using data on the effort required for students to learn how to solve a test item. We provide evidence for this hypothesis using data collected with our E-ASSISTment system by more than 600 students over the course of the 2004-2005 school year. We also show that we can track student knowledge over time using modern longitudinal data analysis techniques. In a separate paper [9], we report on the ASSISTment system's architecture and scalability, while this paper is focused on how we can reliably assess student learning.
Division of Labor Among Lesbian and Heterosexual Parenting Couples: Correlates of Specialized Versus Shared Patterns

One of the central tasks that couples face in coparenting is the division of labor. In this study, we explored division of family labor among lesbian and heterosexual couples who were parenting 4 to 6 year-old children. Sixty-six families, half headed by lesbian couples and half headed by heterosexual couples, participated in the study. Measures of parental attitudes, resources, demographics, and division of labor were collected. As expected, lesbian couples were more likely to divide paid and unpaid labor evenly, whereas heterosexual couples were more likely to show specialized patterns, with husbands investing more time in paid employment and wives devoting more time to unpaid family work. Structural variables (e.g., husband’s hours in paid employment) were the best predictors of division of labor among heterosexual couples. Among lesbian couples, however, ideological variables (e.g., ideas about ideal divisions of labor) were the better predictors. Discrepancies in occupational prestige were greater among heterosexual than among lesbian couples. Discussion centers on the ways in which gender and sexual orientation may relate to couples’ decisions about division of labor.
Counterexample Guided Abstraction Refinement Via Program Execution

Software model checking tools based on a Counterexample Guided Abstraction Refinement (CEGAR) framework have attained considerable success in limited domains. However, scaling these approaches to larger programs with more complex data structures and initialization behavior has proven difficult. Explicit-state model checkers making use of states and operational semantics closely related to actual program execution have dealt with complex data types and semantic issues successfully, but do not deal as well with very large state spaces. This paper presents an approach to software model checking that actually executes the program in order to drive abstraction-refinement. The inputs required for the execution are derived from the abstract model. Driving the abstraction-refinement loop with a combination of constant-sized (and thus scalable) Boolean satisfiability-based simulation and actual program execution extends abstraction-based software model checking to a much wider array of programs than current tools can handle, in the case of programs containing errors. Experimental results from applying the CRunner tool, which implements execution-based refinement, to faulty and correct C programs demonstrate the practical utility of the idea.