cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALTERNATIVE REQUIREMENTS OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION

This chapter explores the robustness of negative results of theorems that show the difficulty in reconciling simple design criteria for formal organizational decision-making to variations in the specific requirements. The formal organization should be decisive and the impossibilities can be avoided by a weaker version of condition. The independence from irrelevant alternatives prevents the use of information about the intensity of opinion in the formal decision process. When the alternatives are unbounded the agenda may be too large to admit a best selection; for i the group has a sequence of projects, each slightly more profitable than the next, and a best project simply may not exist. If the organization has preferences, defined on the set of all alternatives, the assumption of decisiveness implies that preferences are a reflexive ordering.
Control of TGEV mRNA Transcription

Coronavirus proteins are translated from a nested set of subgenomic mRNAs which have common 3’ termini with unique 5’ extensions. Evidence suggests that coronavirus mRNAs are generated by a mechanism of leader primed transcription. Leader RNA binds to consensus sequences upstream of each gene on full length negative strand viral RNA and transcription proceeds to the 5’ end of the negative strand to produce the nested set of mRNAs. Even though this gives rise to polycistronic mRNA species only the 5’ extension of each mRNA is translated to give the viral proteins. The leader RNA for TGEV is about 90 nucleotides long and contains the sequence which recognises the leader binding sites on the negative strand RNA. Evidence suggests that the length of the leader binding sequence may be involved in transcriptional control of individual mRNAs. In order to investigate this a virus specific mRNA isolation method was developed to measure the relative amounts of mRNAs synthesised during an infection of LLC-PK1 cells with TGEV (strain FS772/70). Thus the relative quantity of each mRNA can be determined and correlated with the variation in size of the leader binding site.
Failures in leadership: assessing organizational, strategic, and tactical intelligence failures prior to 11 September 2001

The events of 11 September 2001 still haunt many Americans. More troubling are the failures of the federal government and the intelligence community to prevent the attacks of that day. While there is much research and scholarship identifying those failures, the most popular of which is the 9/11 Commission Report, there is little research and information available regarding the failures of specific leaders in the government. The extant research regarding pre-9/11 intelligence failures mainly describes the organizational, strategic, and tactical intelligence failures as attributable to either a failure of imagination or a failure of information sharing, which are the two primary culprits according to the 9/11 Commission Report. There is little scholarship on the failures of leadership and how pre-9/11 political and intelligence community leadership failed to create a comprehensive strategy for combating terrorism, failed to appreciate the threat presented by Al-Qaeda by means of hijacking and failed to inst...
Phosphorus fractions in poultry litter as affected by flue-gas desulphurization gypsum and litter stacking: Sequential fractionation of phosphorus in soil and poultry litter treated with FGD gypsum

Previous research has shown that the addition of flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum to poultry litter decreases water-soluble P. No information is currently available, however, on extractable P fractions in poultry litter and P availability as affected by gypsum. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of incubation time and rate of gypsum addition to litter alone or litter mixed with soil on total P and inorganic P in sequential extracts of H2O, 0.5 m NaHCO3, 0.1 m NaOH and 1 m HCl. Poultry litter was mixed with 25, 50, or 75% gypsum (by weight) and incubated alone or mixed with soil for 63–93 days at 25 °C, with periodic sequential extractions. For litter alone or litter mixed with soil, adding gypsum decreased total P and inorganic P in the H2O fraction and increased both P forms in the NaHCO3 fraction. These changes did not affect plant P availability as measured by Mehlich-1 P. Increasing incubation time decreased total P and inorganic P in the H2O fraction of litter alone or litter mixed with soil, which was apparently caused by P immobilization by fungi. A second objective of this study was to evaluate P in the H2O and NaHCO3 fractions of litter as affected by stacking time and depth. Litter was stacked to a height of 1.2 m with samples taken immediately after stacking and 31 days later to be sequentially extracted for total P and inorganic P. Stacking time did not affect P in the H2O fraction, but it increased P in the NaHCO3 fraction by 25%. These results suggest that stacking poultry litter may increase the amount of labile P.
O primeiro princípio da razão prática (1965)

THE TEXT TRIES TO SHOW THAT MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY INTERPRETATIONS OF AQUINAS' THOUGHT CONCERNING NATURAL LAW ARE MISTAKEN, ESPECIALLY AS THEY ASSUME THAT THE FIRST PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL LAW [GOOD IS TO BE DONE AND EVIL IS TO BE AVOIDED] IS AN ORDER OR COMMAND. THE TEXT ALSO EXPLAINS HOW THE FIRST PRINCIPLE OF PRACTICAL REASON AND THE FIRST PRECEPT OF NATURAL LAW CONVERGE, AND HOW IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THEM IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF "GOOD" IN AQUINAS' THOUGHT. THE GOOD IS NOT THE MORAL QUALIFICATION OF ACTIONS, BUT THE CONDITION OF INTELLIGIBILITY OF EVERY ACTION. IN THIS SENSE, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO THINK OF AN ACTION AND ITS PRECEPT WITHOUT THINKING OF THE GOOD AS THE MEANING AND END OF ANY ACTION. PRACTICAL IS, THEREFORE, THE MIND OPERATING TOWARDS SOME WORK, AND THE FIRST PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL LAW EXPRESSES THE RULE OF SUCH FUNCTIONING.
Due-time performance in lean and mass manufacturing environments

Along with the average production rate, the due-time performance is an important characteristic of manufacturing systems. Unlike the production rate, the due-time performance has received relatively little attention in the literature, especially in the context of large volume production. This paper is devoted to this topic. Specifically, the notion of due-time performance is formalized as the probability that the number of parts produced during the shipping period reaches the required shipment size. This performance index is analyzed for both lean and mass manufacturing environments. In particular, it is shown that to achieve a high due-time performance in a lean environment, the production system should be scheduled for a sufficiently small fraction of its average production rate. In mass production, due-time performance arbitrarily close to one can be achieved for any scheduling practice, up to the average production rate. >
Intravenous Administration of Stable-Labeled N-Acetylcysteine Demonstrates an Indirect Mechanism for Boosting Glutathione and Improving Redox Status

ABSTRACT: There is an increasing interest in using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a treatment for neurodegenerative disorders to increase glutathione (GSH) levels and its redox status. The purpose of this study was to characterize the biosynthesis of NAC to GSH using a novel stable isotope-labeled technique, and investigate the pharmacodynamics of NAC in vivo . Female wild-type mice were given a single intravenous bolus dose of 150 mg kg −1 stable-labeled NAC. Plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and brain tissues were collected at predesignated time points. Stable-labeled NAC and its metabolite GSH (both labeled and unlabeled forms) were quantified in blood and brain samples. Molar ratios of the reduced and oxidized forms of GSH (GSH divided by glutathione disulfide, redox ratio) were also determined. The elimination phase half-life of NAC was approximately 34 min. Both labeled and unlabeled GSH in RBC were found to increase; however, the area under the curve above baseline (AUCb 0–280 ) of labeled GSH was only 1% of the unlabeled form. These data indicate that NAC is not a direct precursor of GSH. In addition, NAC has prolonged effects in brain even when the drug has been eliminated from systemic circulation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:2619–2626, 2015
Overestimates of Entrainment From Wetting of Aircraft Temperature Sensors in Cloud

Abstract Temperature measurements from aircraft, taken with a reverse flow sensor and Rosemount probe, were compared in a penetration through a cloud to determine the effect of sensor wetting on the deduced entrainment. The temperature measured using the Rosemount probe was depressed relative to that measured with the reverse flow probe, leading to an underestimate of the equivalent potential temperature and an overestimate of the deduced entrainment. These results were used to identify possible errors in recent entrainment studies that used temperature as an indicator of entrainment.
The Other Case

This essay explores the suggestion that many American narratives are supplementary, correcting narratives – alternatives to the main story on offer. The guiding thought is that of Henry James's “possible other case,” and the chief example is Cormac McCarthy's “No Country for Old Men,” in which one story after another fails to cope with the ongoing mystery it faces. The novel may imply, then, that narrative itself, rather than any individual report or fiction, is in crisis or has come to the end of its road. A coda to the essay proposes the option of nonnarrative understandings of the world in those extreme situations where storytelling is no longer the sense-making activity we so often take it to be.
New Estimates of Prewar Gross National Product and Unemployment

The paper examines in detail revised estimates of unemployment and gross national product for the United States before 1929. It first discusses the nature of the revisions to each series and contrasts the assumptions underlying the new data with those underlying the Kuznets GNP series and the Lebergott unemployment rate series. It then examines the business cycle properties of the new prewar estimates. In analyzes the volatility and serial correlation properities of the new macroeconomic series and investigates the Okun's Law relationship between unemployment and GNP, concluding with an evaluation of the assumptions underlying the old and new data.
Reduced idempotents in the semigroup of Boolean matrices

Abstract We present an algorithm that generates all reduced idempotents in the semigroup of n × n Boolean matrices. As a consequence, we obtain a method of listing all partial order relations on a finite set with n elements.
The Separation of Chlorine into Isotopes

IN NATURE of April 22, 1920 (vol. 105, p. 230) Harkins and Broeker reported that they had obtained a partial separation of the element chlorine into isotopes. Five determinations made early in February of that year showed atomic weight increases of 0.052, 0.059, 0.057, 0.055, and 0.053 unit of atomic weight. Assuming that ordinary chlorine has an atomic weight equal to 35.460, the new chlorine as separated had an atomic weight equal to 35.515.
Keck Interferometer Beamline Characterizations

ABSTRACT The Keck interferometer has its V 2 science mode open to its astronomical community and the Nuller science mode is maturing in its development. In order to push on and improve the limits of the instrument a program of analyzing the characteristics of its beamlines has begun. The purpose of th is endeavor is to understand beamtrain characteristics for assessing and improving overall system performance. In this paper we present some of the initial results from measurements as well as preliminary an alyses of polarization and wavefront qu ality. Polarization measurements were made on the internal beamtrains for two orthogonal telescop e azimuth positions. The wavefront test is a static beamline measurement using a Shack-Hartmann sensor to sample the wa vefront quality of the beamtrain. Also results from a dynamic beamtrain monitoring scheme is presented that involves measurements from the angle tracking system during on-sky operation. Keywords: Interferometry, beamtrain, pola rization, image quality, Keck interferometer
Lymphatic transport of inhaled diesel particles in the lungs of rats and guinea pigs exposed to diluted diesel exhaust

Factors influencing the disposition of the inhaled diesel particles were studied by analyzing the deposition of radioactively labelled diesel particles in the respiratory system, by determining the specific function of alveolar cellular mechanisms in the primary defense against inhaled particles and by identifying the important role of the lymphatic system in the lung clearance of experimental animals exposed to diluted emissions from a diesel engine. Radioactive 131Barium was used as a tracer of diesel particles and the deposition efficiency was determined to be 15%±6% of the inhaled dose in the Fischer 344 rat strain. The number of cells obtained by bronchial lavage increased significantly after a prolonged exposure to a concentration of 1500 μg/m3 of diesel particles. The increased cell number was more than twofold, contained two distinct cell populations (alveolar macrophages and neutrophils) and represented a reactive mobilization of the defense mechanisms in the organism. Light microscopy studies investigated the role of lymphatic transport of the particulate matter and revealed that the peribrochial and perivascular aggregates of lymphoid tissue contained diesel particles even after short exposure periods at low dose levels. With the increasing burden of particles in the respiratory system, the coloration of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes continuously changed to gray and finally to dark black, depending upon the dose level and exposure. However, at all exposure levels, most of the diesel particles in the alveoli were phagocytized by an increased alveolar cellular defence and particle-containing macrophages were actively moving towards the mucociliary escalator or towards lymphatic channels leading to peribronchial lymphoid aggregates and bronchial or mediastinal lymph nodes. In the lymph nodes, alveolar macrophages containing diesel particles were found mostly in the afferent subcapsular lymphatic vessels and marginal sinuses. In the later stages, cellular structure disintegrated and large aggregates of particulate matter were dispersed throughout the medullary cords with increasing accumulation towards the hilus. It is concluded that the lymphoid aggregates and lymphatic nodes play an important role in sequestering diesel particles or particle-containing phagocytizing cells and provide a pathway, in addition to the mocociliary clearance for particulate removal from the deep pulmonary region.
Impact of sulfur oxides on mercury capture by activated carbon.

Recent field tests of mercury removal with activated carbon injection (ACI) have revealed that mercury capture is limited in flue gases containing high concentrations of sulfur oxides (SOx). In order to gain a more complete understanding of the impact of SOx on ACI, mercury capture was tested under varying conditions of SO2 and SO3 concentrations using a packed bed reactor and simulated flue gas (SFG). The final mercury content of the activated carbons is independent of the SO2 concentration in the SFG, but the presence of SO3 inhibits mercury capture even at the lowest concentration tested (20 ppm). The mercury removal capacity decreases as the sulfur content of the used activated carbons increases from 1 to 10%. In one extreme case, an activated carbon with 10% sulfur, prepared by H2SO4 impregnation, shows almost no mercury capacity. The results suggest that mercury and sulfur oxides are in competition for the same binding sites on the carbon surface.
Efficient exact and K-skip methods for stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions.

Gillespie’s direct method (DM) [D. Gillespie, J. Chem. Phys. 81, 2340 (1977)] for exact stochastic simulation of chemical reaction systems has been widely adopted. It is easy to implement but requires large computation for relatively large systems. Recently, two more efficient methods, next reaction method (NRM) [M. A. Gibson and J. Bruck, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 1876 (2000)] and optimized DM (ODM) [Y. Cao et al., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 4059 (2004)], have been developed to improve simulation speed. It has been demonstrated that the ODM is the state-of-the-art most efficient method for exact stochastic simulation of most practical reaction systems. In this paper, we first develop an exact stochastic simulation algorithm named ODMK that is more efficient than the ODM. We then develop an approximate method named K-skip method to further accelerate simulation. Using two chemical reaction systems, we demonstrate that our ODMK and K-skip method can save 20%–30% and 70%–80% simulation time, respectively, comparing to...
The effects of storage on flour quality and baking performance

Abstract In times of low wheat reserves, newly harvested wheat is processed almost immediately after harvest, which presents a series of problems to the millers and bakers. Newly harvested wheat generally has poor milling and baking quality. However, after wheat is aged, the bran is easier to separate from the endosperm, flour extraction increases, and ash content drops. These improvements have been related to posthar‐vest maturation and physical changes in the wheat kernel. On the other side of the milling process, freshly milled flour does not perform as well as flour that has been kept in storage. To address this issue, extra flour storage capacity is needed, or millers and bakers must add chemicals to their flours. Flour components change during aging. Aged soft wheat flour behaves similarly to chlorinated flour. Flour hydration rate and batter viscosity increase, and cakes have greater volumes without collapse. Aged hard wheat flour has higher water absorption, better mixing tolerance, and greater ga...
Foot Education Improves Knowledge and Satisfaction Among Patients at High Risk for Diabetic Foot Ulcer

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate an intensive diabetes foot education program for veterans at high risk for foot ulcer. METHODS We invited 100 consecutive patients with diabetes from a Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center clinic who were insensate to the Semmes-Weinstein 5.07 monofilament to participate in a foot care education program. Two sessions were conducted by a nurse diabetes educator 3 months apart. Multiple educational approaches were used to teach patients foot self-examination, foot washing, proper footwear, and encouragement in enlisting proper physician foot care. Knowledge and satisfaction with care was measured before and after each visit. RESULTS The 34 patients who attended both education sessions improved their foot care knowledge over the course of the program. After the second session, the mean improvement over baseline was 14%. These patients also reported improved satisfaction with foot care; mean improvement was 33%. CONCLUSIONS An intensive education program improved the foot care knowledge and behavior of high-risk patients. Those who adhered to a foot care education program were more satisfied with their foot care than prior to the program. Ways to improve accessibility of education sessions must be explored.
A Pilot Study of the Development of a Measure Assessing Adolescent Reactions to Parents in the Context of Emotion Socialization

We conducted a pilot study of the initial development of a self-report measure assessing how adolescents react when parents respond in a helpful manner to their sad emotional experiences. Participants were late adolescents (ages 18–20) attending a large, racially diverse urban university (N = 86; 75% women; 46% racial/ethnic minority). A broad range of relationship-oriented literatures (e.g., early childhood and marital) were considered in creating items for the Adolescent Reactions to Parents (ARP) scale. A 3 factor solution (Accepting, Avoidant, and Attacking) appeared to provide the most parsimonious fit to the data. Adequate levels of reliability were observed for each of the three ARP subscales. Zero-order correlations among subscales of the ARP were moderate in strength. Findings indicated that participants who reported more avoidant and attacking reactions also reported more adjustment difficulties including emotion regulation difficulties and symptoms of depression. Results suggest that the ARP scale has the potential to be a valuable tool for advancing knowledge related to the socialization of emotions.
Clinical Use of Dual Image-Guided Localization System for Spine Radiosurgery

The recently released Novalis TX linac platform provides various image guided localization methods including a stereoscopic X-ray imaging technique (ExacTrac) and a volumetric cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging technique. The ExacTrac combined with the robotic six dimensional (6D) couch provides fast and accurate patient setup based on bony structures and offers "snap shot" imaging at any point during the treatment to detect patient motion. The CBCT offers a three dimensional (3D), volumetric image of the patient's setup with visualization of anatomic structures. However, each imaging system has a separate isocenter, which may not coincide with each other or with the linac isocenter. The aim of this paper was to compare the localization accuracy between Exactrac and CBCT for single fraction spine radiosurgery treatments. The study was performed for both phantom and patients (96 clinical treatments of 57 patients). The discrepancies between the isocenter between the ExacTrac and CBCT in four dimensions (three translations and one rotation) were recorded and statistically analyzed using two-tailed t-test.
Selective modulation of MAP kinase in embryonic palate cells.

Murine embryonic palate mesenchyme (MEPM) cells are responsive to a number of endogenous factors found in the local embryonic tissue environment. Recently, it was shown that activation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) or the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signal transduction pathways modulates the proliferative response of MEPM cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF). Since the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a signal transduction pathway that mediates cellular responsiveness to EGF, we examined the possibility that several signaling pathways which abrogate EGF-stimulated proliferation do so via the p42/p44 MAPK signaling pathway. We demonstrate that EGF stimulates MAPK phosphorylation and activity in MEPM cells maximally at 5 minutes. Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of MAPK was unaffected by treatment of MEPM cells with TGFβ or cholera toxin. Similarly, TGFβ altered neither EGF-induced MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation nor activity. However, the calcium ionophore, A23187, significantly increased MAPK phosphorylation which was further increased in the presence of EGF, although calcium mobilization reduced EGF-induced proliferation. Despite the increase in phosphorylation, we could not demonstrate induction of MAPK activity by A23187. Like EGF, phorbol ester, under conditions which activate PKC isozymes in MEPM cells, increased MAPK phosphorylation and activity but was also growth inhibitory to MEPM cells. The MEK inhibitor, PD098059, only partially abrogated EGF-induced phosphorylation. Likewise, depletion of PKC isozymes partially abrogated EGF-induced MAPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of both MEK and PKC isozymes resulted in a marked decrease in MAPK activity, confirming that EGF uses multiple pathways to stimulate MAPK activity. These data indicate that the MAPK cascade does not mediate signal transduction of several agents that inhibit growth in MEPM cells, and that there is a dissociation of the proliferative response and MAP kinase activation. Furthermore, other signaling pathways known to play significant roles in differentiation of palatal tissue converge with the MAPK cascade and may use this pathway in the regulation of alternative cellular processes. J. Cell. Physiol. 176:266–280, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integral Micro-Mechanical Interlock (IMMI) Joints for Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures:

A relatively new concept for producing joints in structures made from polymers with potential for polymer-matrix composites is presented, described, positioned, and organized. Named here integral micro-mechanical interlocking or IMMI (pronounced "eye-my") joints, the concept is derived from several different traditional integral attachment approaches, but on a finer scale. As such, IMMIs offer the freedom from fasteners and fastening tools and the ease of assembly sought in design for assembly (DFA) philosophy, with expected improvements in strength compared to joints in polymer-matrix composites made by conventional mechanical fastening or adhesive bonding. The position of IMMIs within an overall hierarchy ofjoining methods is shown, and three fundamental approaches are identified, described, and illustrated, depending on whether the interlock is accomplished in a rigid, elastic, or plastic fashion. An IMMI design matrix is also presented that shows general performance expectations in shear, tension, and...
Why Writing Your Own Search Engine Is Hard: Big or small, proprietary or open source, Web or intranet, it’s a tough job.

There must be 4,000 programmers typing away in their basements trying to build the next “world’s most scalable” search engine. It has been done only a few times. It has never been done by a big group; always one to four people did the core work, and the big team came on to build the elaborations and the production infrastructure. Why is it so hard? We are going to delve a bit into the various issues to consider when writing a search engine. This article is aimed at those individuals or small groups that are considering this endeavor for their Web site or intranet. It is fun, but a word of caution: not only is it difficult, but you need two commodities in short supply: time and patience.
Effects of Bizarre Imagery on Children's Memory:

Two groups of preschool children (younger, 42.07 months; older, 55.29 months) were compared on their ability to recall Normal, Low Bizarre, and Highly Bizarre line-drawn interactive pictures of obj...
Calculations of electrostatic interactions in biological systems and in solutions.

Correlating the structure and action of biological molecules requires knowledge of the corresponding relation between structure and energy. Probably the most important factors in such a structure– energy correlation are associated with electrostatic interactions. Thus the key requirement for quantative understanding of the action of biological molecules is the ability to correlate electrostatic interactions with structural information. To appreciate this point it is useful to compare the electrostatic energy of a charged amino acid in a polar solvent to the corresponding van der Waals energy. The electrostatic free energy, ΔGel, can be approximated (as will be shown in Section II) by the Born formula (ΔGel = –(166Q2/ā) (I – I/E)). Where ΔGel is given in kcal/mol, Qis the charge of the given group, in units of electron charge, āis the effective radius of the group, and E is the dielectric constant of the solvent. With an effective radius of charged amino acids of approximately 2 A, Born's formula gives about – 80 kcal/mol for their energy in polar solvents where E is larger than 10. This energy is two orders of magnitude larger than the van der Waals interaction of such groups and their surroundings.
The Brauer–Clifford group

Abstract Clifford theory provides well behaved character correspondences between different groups which have isomorphic quotients. Given one such quotient group, we define the Brauer–Clifford group. We show that each character of the original groups gives rise to a specific element of the Brauer–Clifford group. When two characters of different groups yield the same element of the Brauer–Clifford group, we obtain a very well behaved character correspondence between the characters of the different groups, which preserves not only induction, restriction, multiplicities, but also fields of values for the corresponding characters, and Schur indices. We also show that the Brauer–Clifford group has a natural homomorphism into a Brauer group. The Brauer–Clifford group can be thought of as a refinement of the previously introduced Clifford classes.
Backward error analysis for a pole assignment algorithm

Of the six or so pole assignment algorithms currently available, several have been claimed to be numerically stable, but no proofs have been published to date. It is shown, by performing a backward error analysis, that one of these algorithms, due to Petkov, Christov, and Konstantinov [IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, AC–29 (1984), pp. 1045–10481 is numerically stable.
Supramolecular Polymers Formed by ABC Miktoarm Star Peptides.

We report here the design and synthesis of an ABC miktoarm star peptide connecting through a lysine junction a short peptide sequence and two hydrophobic but immiscible blocks (a hydrocarbon and a fluorocarbon). The designed molecule can self-assemble into one-dimensional nanostructures with a great diversity of kinetically evolving morphologies in aqueous solution, while molecules that contain only one of the two hydrophobic blocks form structurally similar filaments. We believe the rich assembly behavior and morphological evolution are a direct reflection of the molecular frustration present within the filament core as a result of the incompatibility of the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon segments. Our finding opens new opportunities for creating complex supramolecular polymers through the architecture design of small molecular building units.
Development of an Efficient Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbometalation Reaction for the Synthesis of a Dibenzoxapine Containing Tetra-substituted Exocyclic Alkene†

A practical and scaleable synthesis of (Z)-3-(1-(8-bromodibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H)-ylidene)ethyl)aniline hydrochloride (1·HCl), a key intermediate in the synthesis of a selective nuclear hormone receptor modulator, is described. The target compound is prepared in five steps from commercially available (5-bromo-2-iodophenyl)methanol (5) with a 47% overall yield. The key step involves a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular carbometalation of an alkyne, which affords the dibenzoxapine containing tetrasubstituted exocyclic alkene framework stereoselectively in a single step from readily available building blocks 4-bromo-2-(2-iodo-phenoxymethyl)-1-prop-1-ynyl-benzene (3) and 3-nitrophenylboronic acid (4). The development of each step is described. The main focus of the paper is the description and optimization of the intramolecular carbometalation of an alkyne. Eventually, the target compound 1·HCl was prepared in multikilogram quantities with >97% purity.
Rationalization of the plastic flow behavior of Polysynthetically-twinned (PST) TiAl crystals based on slip mode observation using AFM and Schmid's law

PST TiAl samples of different orientations were prepared and deformed by compression at room temperature. The deformation structures on the free surfaces were scanned using an AFM. It was found that when the angle between the lamellar interfaces and the loading axis is between 20 degree and 80 degree, PST samples deform primarily by shear in slip planes parallel to the lamellar interfaces. When the angle is below 20 degree, both the gamma phase and the alpha 2 phase deform by shear in slip planes inclined with the lamellar interfaces, but the shear vectors lie in the interface. When the angle is close to 90 degree, complex deformation behavior occurs. Shear in planes parallel to the lamellar interfaces contributes more to the overall strain in the directions perpendicular to the loading axis and the out-of-plane shear contributes to the strain in the compression direction. The characteristic U-shape curve of the yield stress versus the angle between the loading axis and the lamellar interfaces can be explained quite well using different C.R.S.S. for the three different deformation modes.
Can a killer be arrested

A promising drug study in a mouse model of chagas' disease raises hopes that a major health and socioeconomic problem can be eliminated.
Should the monetary policy rule be different in a financial crisis

Abstract This article reviews the finding that standard loss functions in output and inflation are higher during discretionary periods than in periods during which monetary policy is described by a rule, such as the Taylor rule. It shows that the finding is consistent with earlier research, but argues that we really do not know if the Taylor rule would have improved performance during the recent financial crisis. The article then considers modifications of policy rules to deal with changes in interest rate spreads, credit aggregates and banks׳ balance sheets.
Multiplicity distributions and their fluctuations in pseudo-rapidity windows at relativistic heavy-ion collisions☆

Abstract Charged particle multiplicity distributions for inelastic, nonsingle-diffractive interactions induced by 32S at 200A GeV and 16O at 200A and 60AGeV are presented for various pseudo-rapidity intervals. The data are well described by a KNO distribution at each energy. The C2-moments along with the universality of the plot (C2〈ns〉 − 1) versus Δηs in the nucleus-nucleus and p p collisions are discussed.
Insights on activation enthalpy for non-Schmid slip in body-centered cubic metals

We use insights gained from atomistic simulation to develop an activation enthalpy model for dislocation slip in body-centered cubic iron. Using a classical potential that predicts dislocation core stabilities consistent with ab initio predictions, we quantify the non-Schmid stress-dependent effects of slip. The kink-pair activation enthalpy is evaluated and a model is identified as a function of the general stress state. Our model enlarges the applicability of the classic Kocks activation enthalpy model to materials with non-Schmid behavior.
Manplan: A micro‐simulator for manpower planning

This paper describes a computer simulation model to facilitate manpower planning. Its focus is upon micro-behavior within the jurisdiction of a single supervisor and all subordidinates reporting directly to him in a hierarchical organization. Consequences throughout the organization and over time are then derived analytically from these micro-responses.
Cationic photoimmunoconjugates between monoclonal antibodies and hematoporphyrin: selective photodestruction of ovarian cancer cells.

The photosensitizer hematoporphyrin (HP) was site specifically attached to a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) fragment OC125F(ab′)2 directed against ovarian cancer cells and to nonspecific rabbit immunoglobulin G. The photoimmunoconjugates were positively charged and were purified by column chromatography. The OC125F(ab′)2 conjugate retained immunoreactivity with human ovarian cancer cells, and the binding was competed with unmodified MAb. Phototoxicity paralleled the cellular uptake with the OC125F(ab′)2 conjugate and the light showing selective killing of target cells compared with nontarget cells. Nontargeted conjugates and free HP produced lower levels of phototoxicity and showed no selectivity.
A Quadrupole Ion Trap with Cylindrical Geometry Operated in the Mass-Selective Instability Mode

A cylindrical geometry ion trap is used to record mass spectra in the mass-selective instability mode. The geometry of the cylindrical ion trap has been optimized to maximize the quadrupole field component relative to the higher-order field content through field calculations using the Poisson/Superfish code and through experimental variation of the electrode structure. The results correspond well with predictions of the calculations. The trap has been used to record mass spectra with better than unit mass resolution, high sensitivity, and a mass/charge range of ∼600 Th. Multistage (MS3) experiments have been performed, and the Mathieu stability region has been experimentally mapped. The performance of this device compares satisfactorily with that of the hyperbolic ion trap.
Post-injury stress signals alter epigenetic profile of cytosine methylation in the proviral genome of endogenous retroviruses.

Abstract The majority of epigenetic methylation events at cytosine residues of the genome are reported to occur in transposable elements, as a result, it contributes to genome stability by repressing their transposition activity. Our recent studies demonstrated that the expression of certain murine endogenous retroviruses (MuERVs), a family of retrotransposons, is modulated in the liver after burn injury and sepsis. In this study, we investigated whether burn-elicited stress signals alter epigenetic methylation profile of cytosine residues of the MuERV proviral genome. Female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to ~ 18% total body surface area burn. The genomic DNAs from the livers, which were collected at 3 and 24 h after burn, were treated with bisulfite to convert unmethylated cytosines (C) to thymines (T). From four experimental groups (no burn-3 h, burn-3 h, no burn-24 h, and burn-24 h), 91, 98, 94, and 86 unique U3 sequences (from sense or antisense strand) were cloned, respectively and a total of 16 different U3 sizes were identified among them. The survey of C to T conversions in these U3 sequences revealed that the epigenetic profiles of cytosine methylation are differentially affected (increase or decrease in demethylated cytosine residues) by stress signals from burn and/or anesthesia-resuscitation in a position of cytosine residue and/or size of U3 sequence-specific manner. In addition, the methylation characteristics of the majority of cytosine residues of the different U3 sequences within each size group were conserved. The findings from this study suggest that burn-elicited stress signals contribute to a transient or permanent alteration in cytosine methylation characteristics of certain MuERV loci in the genome, potentially modulating transcription activity of their own as well as neighboring genes.
Action-based feature representation for reverse engineering trading strategies

This paper considers the problem of reverse engineering strategies for trading in the financial markets. We investigate this problem in the context of a trading tournament in which student teams used delta hedging and other mechanisms to attempt to achieve benchmark performance in managing a hedge fund in a simulated market. Our hypothesis is that machine learning models can be trained to solve the apprenticeship learning problem; that is, these models can learn to trade like tournament participants. After reviewing classical return-matching approaches and recent work in inverse reinforcement learning, we propose a supervised learning methodology that makes use of recursive partitioning (RP). Our proposed RP approach is based on a feature representation for actions that, we argue, corresponds to the information structures readily available to tournament participants. RP achieves high accuracy in predicting the type and scale of participant trades and in tracking overall portfolio performance. Our results suggest that further research on our proposed approach is warranted and should include an expansion to testing on data from real markets.
The influence of landscape preference and environmental education on public attitudes toward wildfire management in the Northeast pine barrens (USA)

Abstract This study was designed to explore the impact of landscape preference and environmental education on public attitudes toward wildfire hazard reduction strategies in the fire-prone pitch pine forests of the Northeastern United States. To understand these issues, a sample of 233 residents living in the wildland–urban interface of Long Island, New York and southeastern Massachusetts were surveyed with a photo-questionnaire containing scenes of different forest management strategies, as well as an educational section describing the environmental implications of forest management near their homes. The results of this study showed that knowledge about native ecosystems had a significant impact on local residents’ support for management strategies, such as prescribed fire to reduce wildfire danger and promote native plants. Photographs of pitch-pine and oak forests under different management regimes were used to elicit participants’ opinions about the forest management that they consider acceptable for nearby public land. Management that resulted in an open forest condition with low ground-cover received more support than either dense forests or widely cleared areas. An educational intervention section in this survey revealed significant increase in local residents’ support and acceptance for using prescribed fire on public land after reading about the technique and seeing scenes of different stages of forest regeneration. These study results are promising for forest planners and managers intent on reintroducing fire into the pitch-pine forest ecosystem.
Concentrations in the one-dimensional Vlasov-Poisson equations: additional regularizations

Abstract We consider the one component Vlasov-Poisson equations in one dimension. These equations model a collisionless plasma of electrons moving through a uniform background of ions, and serve as a simpler analog of the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations in vorticity form. We study the behavior of weak solutions to the Vlasov-Poisson equations which arise from non-smooth electron sheet initial data (an electron sheet describes a concentrated beam of electrons). We regularize the Vlasov-Poisson equations with electron sheet initial data in two different ways, smoothing the initial condition and by including collisions modeled by the Fokker-Planck equations. We perform numerical simulations with a finite difference method to examine the solution of the Vlasov-Poisson equations obtained in the limit of vanishing regularization.
Charm annihilation effects on the hyperfine splitting in charmonium

In calculations of the hyperfine splitting in charmonium, the contributions of the disconnected diagrams are considered small and are typically ignored. We aim to estimate nonperturbatively the size of the resulting correction, which may eventually be needed in high precision calculations of the charmonium spectrum. We study this problem in the quenched and unquenched QCD cases. On dynamical ensembles the disconnected charmonium propagators contain light modes which complicate the extraction of the signal at large distances. In the fully quenched case, where there are no such light modes, the interpretation of the signal is simplified. We present results from lattices with $a\ensuremath{\approx}0.09\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ and $a\ensuremath{\approx}0.06\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$.
Talking Tainted Topics: Insights and Ideas on Researching Socially Disapproved Organizational Behavior

This article uses conversational processes to advance idea development related to researching socially disapproved organizational behavior (SDOB). Ideas are grounded both in the authors' individual experiences researching such “tainted topics” and in insights that emerged through conversation about their research process related to SDOB. The transcript from their conversation reveals five common themes cutting across all three researchers' experiences with SDOB: the personal connection of the researcher to the research, difficulties associated with gaining access to organizations and/or informants, the relevance of insider status of the researcher, personal dilemmas common to this type of work, and the distinctive contribution of SDOB research to organization studies.
What’s happening inside U.S. unions: Democracy and union politics

On balance the news is good. The union movement is awakening from the fatalistic pessimism and apathy which marked the 1980s. There is new excitement. New blood is coming in. New ideas are being tried. Pockets of corruption are being cleaned out. Important issues are being debated and have become the subject of hard-fought union elections.
Surgical Management of Giant Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the most common location for giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation. The contemporary management of giant aneurysms of the MCA lies largely in the surgical domain. Clipping is the first surgical option for these aneurysms. In about half the cases, the aneurysm neck is amenable to clipping, usually in conjunction with aneurysmorraphy. However, clipping is unsuitable for aneurysms without a well-defined neck or for fusiform giant aneurysms. For these cases, indirect treatment options include aneurysm trapping or proximal occlusion. Although frequently an M4 and occasionally an M3 branch can be sacrificed without the need for a distal bypass, we always recommend distal bypass whenever M1 or M2 must be sacrificed. There are several choices for distal bypass, but we prefer a high-flow bypass with a saphenous vein or radial artery graft whenever M1 is sacrificed and usually when M2 is occluded. With M3 or M4 occlusion, a low-flow superficial temporal artery distal bypass usually suffices. Recurring themes in the surgical treatment of these lesions are preservation of lenticulostriate perforators and keeping vessel reconstructions as simple as possible to reduce the length of temporary occlusion.
How do we optimally conceptualize the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior? An argument for aggressive versus non-aggressive behavioral dimensions.

Abstract Extant research has highlighted meaningful distinctions in the correlates, developmental trajectories, and etiologies of physically aggressive (AGG) as compared to non-aggressive rule-breaking (RB) antisocial behavior. AGG is a highly heritable behavioral dimension that emerges in early childhood and exhibits specific ties to negative emotionality and executive dysfunction. Although the frequency of aggressive behaviors decreases after early childhood, those who are most aggressive early in life typically continue to aggress at relatively high rates across the lifespan. By contrast, RB demonstrates specific associations with impulsivity, is most frequent during adolescence, and evidences more moderate levels of stability and stronger environmental influences as compared to AGG. These etiological and developmental differences link up quite well to Moffitt's (1993) developmental taxonomy of antisocial behavior, providing a clear theoretical basis for examining differences between AGG and RB. Perhaps more importantly, however, the link between AGG/RB and Moffitt's taxonomy allows us to conceptualize her categorical taxonomy in dimensional terms, an important development given the recent emphasis on dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology. Available evidence further indicates that neither AGG nor RB is redundant with callous–unemotional traits. The current review thus underscores the clear advantages of differentiating between AGG and RB when studying antisocial behavior.
Computing rational points on rank 1 elliptic curves via L -series and canonical heights

Let E/Q be an elliptic curve of rank 1. We describe an algorithm which uses the value of L'(E, 1) and the theory of canonical heghts to efficiently search for points in E(Q) and E(Z S ). For rank 1 elliptic curves E/Q of moderately large conductor (say on the order of 10 7 to 10 10 ) and with a generator having moderately large canonical height (say between 13 and 50), our algorithm is the first practical general purpose method for determining if the set E(Z S ) contains non-torsion points.