cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dating Violence and Substance Use as Longitudinal Predictors of Adolescents’ Risky Sexual Behavior

The objectives of this study is to examine dating violence perpetration and victimization (physical, psychological, and sexual) and lifetime substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs) as longitudinal predictors of adolescents’ risky sexual behavior across 1 year and to determine whether predictors varied across adolescents’ gender and ethnicity. A sample of Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic male and female adolescents from seven public high schools in Texas (N = 882) participated. Adolescents completed self-report measures of dating violence, lifetime substance use, and risky sexual behavior at baseline and, 1-year later, completed a second assessment of their risky sexual behavior. Path analysis demonstrated that greater physical dating violence victimization, lifetime alcohol use, lifetime marijuana use, and age (being older) were all significant predictors of risky sexual behavior at the 1-year follow-up. These results did not vary across gender or the three ethnic groups (Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic). Overall, substance use was a longitudinal predictor of risky sexual behavior across the three ethnic groups, with physical dating violence victimization being the only type of dating violence longitudinally predicting risky sexual behavior. Prevention efforts should consider the roles of physical dating violence and substance use in preventing risky sexual behavior.
Effect of atomizer surface type on the quantitation of molybdenum and ytterbium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract The effect of pyrocoated graphite, uncoated graphite, metal-carbide, and metal atomization surfaces on the quantitation of molybdenum and ytterbium by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry was investigated. The peak shape was affected by heating rate and the different surfaces gave different shapes. Except for the case of uncoated graphite, the sensitivities and detection limits were similar for all surfaces. In a sodium chloride matrix it is preferable to use uncoated graphite for molybdenum because an ashing stage greater than the boiling point of sodium chloride can be used without loss of molybdenum. Tube lifetime depended on atomization temperature, atomization time and the matrix.
PRESSURE—DEPENDENT MAGNETO—OPTIC MEASUREMENTS IN STRAINED—LAYER SUPERLATTICES AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Magneto-optic studies on InGaAs/GaAs and GaAs/GaPAs strained-layer superlattices are used to determine the in-plane light-hole valence-band effective masses. Also, hydrostatic pressure-dependent magneto-optic studies have been performed on these samples for magnetic fields up to 65 kG and pressures to 4 kbar in the temperature range of 1.6–4 K. The experimental pressure coefficients of the band-gap energy and the effective mass in the InGaAs/GaAs SLS structures were determined.
Reviewing the Library Learning Commons: History, Models, and Perspectives

Traditional libraries have invested much of their energy in maintaining distinct boundaries between various library departments and, similarly, between physical building spaces intended for different purposes. During the past twenty years, these boundaries have begun to dissolve as libraries have embraced the concept of “seamless learning,” which demands the creation of holistic spaces that combine research, technology, and other student services. The quest for seamless learning has also led to the development of innovative collaborations across campus with the goal of increasing overall student success, which is a central concern of both academic libraries and student affairs. This annotated bibliography provides a selected collection of resources on the subject of the learning commons (LC) in academic libraries, focusing on three areas: the evolution of the concept, the partnership model, and the administrative logistics of the LC.
Nicotine and methamphetamine share discriminative stimulus effects

Background Nicotine and methamphetamine are both abused in similar settings, sometimes together. Because there are known interactions between central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and dopamine receptors, it is of interest to characterize the nature of the interaction of these two compounds in vivo.
Heterotopia and Negativity in Beckett's Molloy(s)

Approche du bilinguisme beckettien a partir d'une comparaison entre les deux versions de Molly: mise en evidence de la relation heterotopique partagee par ces deux textes et de la negativite auctoriale que souligne le processus de traduction chez le dramaturge
Molecular genetic mechanisms of life span manipulation in Caenorhabditis elegans.

: Aging and a limited life span are fundamental biological realities. Recent studies have demonstrated that longevity can be manipulated and have revealed molecular mechanisms underlying longevity control in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Signals from both neurons and the gonad appear to negatively regulate longevity. One tissue-specific signal involves an insulin-like phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase pathway, dependent upon the DAF-16 forkhead transcription factor. These signals regulate mechanisms determining longevity that include the OLD-1 (formerly referred to as TKR-1) receptor tyrosine kinase. Interestingly, increased resistance to environmental stress shows a strong correlation with life extension.
Longitudinal structure of low‐latitude Pi2 pulsations and its dependence on aurora

[1] The relationship between the spatial and temporal properties of auroral power and low-latitude magnetic Pi2 pulsations is statistically studied using auroral images obtained with the Ultraviolet Imager on the Polar spacecraft and magnetic fields measured at the Kakioka Observatory (L = 1.3). We select auroral intensification events from spatially integrated auroral power at time steps of ∼180 s and for each event determine various properties of associated Pi2 pulsations in a 300-s time window. Since our auroral events are simply defined to be a power increase of 30% or greater, some events are well-defined substorm expansion phase onsets reaching 50 GW, but some are weak events reaching only ∼1 GW. Nevertheless, the Pi2 pulsations show very similar local time patterns of amplitude and polarization regardless of the magnitude of the increase in auroral power. This implies that a single mechanism excites Pi2-band oscillations over a wide range of auroral activity. A likely source of the low-latitude pulsations is a plasmaspheric cavity mode, and our local time patterns of Pi2 parameters show features consistent with theoretical models of the cavity mode excited by longitudinally localized disturbances.
Functional Separation of Pseudopod Extension and Particle Internalization during Fcγ Receptor–mediated Phagocytosis

Receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig)G (FcγR) mediate phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles by a process that can be divided into four major steps: receptor–ligand binding, pseudopod extension, internalization, and lysosomal fusion. We have expressed single classes of FcγR in COS fibroblasts to examine the structural determinants necessary to complete the four steps of phagocytosis. Using phase contrast, fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy we have demonstrated that FcγR-expressing COS cells can phagocytose in a manner similar to that of professional phagocytes. We have further analyzed the capacity of the three classes of FcγR to phagocytose, placing special emphasis on the FcγRIA–γ chain complex, which allowed us to examine independently the roles of the ligand-binding unit (FcγRIA) and the signaling unit (γ chain). We found that receptor complexes containing a conserved tyrosine activation motif (ITAM), as found in the cytoplasmic domain of FcγRIIA and in the γ chain associated with FcγRIA and FcγRIIIA, readily internalized target particles. In contrast, FcγRIA alone, having no ITAM, was unable to internalize target particles efficiently, but did mediate pseudopod extension. Cotransfection of γ chain with FcγRIA restored the ability of the receptor to internalize target particles. A mutant FcγRIA in which the cytoplasmic domain had been deleted was also capable of mediating pseudopod extension, showing that neither the γ chain nor the cytoplasmic domain of FcγRIA were required for this step. Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, blocked particle internalization by all FcγR, but did not block pseudopod extension. Staining the FcγRIA COS cells for F-actin and for tyrosine phosphoproteins, we found that actin did not polymerize during FcγRIA-mediated pseudopod extension, nor were tyrosine kinases activated. Our data suggest that pseudopod extension and internalization are functionally distinct steps mediated through different pathways.
Is It Necessary to be Clear? An Examination of Strategic Ambiguity in Family Business Mission Statements

Family businesses comprise the largest portion of organizations in the United States. Although much is known about how individuals interact in these businesses, little is known about how family businesses function at an organizational level. Family businesses are likely to use strategic ambiguity in their mission statements to allow for multiple interpretations of the same message by their stakeholders. This study analyzed the mission statements of the 20 largest family businesses in the United States to explore their use of strategic ambiguity. Family businesses used strategic ambiguity for the purposes of unified diversity, promoting varied understandings of goals, and for facilitating organizational change, but not for the purposes of deniability. This research begins to provide an explanation of the potential driving factors of family business mission statements.
Bending of axially constrained beams on elastic foundation

Abstract Approximate analysis of bending of a pin-pointed beam under distributed load resting on elastic foundation is considered. The supports are assumed to be immovable, thereby giving rise to the axial stretching of the neutral surface under lateral loads. The resulting problem is nonlinear since the axial force of constraint is dependent on the lateral displacements. Quantitative results of axial force, benidng moment and deflections are given in terms of two dimensionless parameters which depend on the load intensity, foundation modulus and properties of the beam.
Polarization of Scattered Quanta

An experimental study of the polarization effect of doubly scattered ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays as a function of the angle of scattering has been made using scintillation detectors and coincidence counting. Although there are large statistical deviations from the theoretical values at certain points, a comparison between the experimental and theoretical values indicate no serious disagreement.
Comparing performance of five nutrient phytoplankton zooplankton (NPZ) models in coastal lagoons

Abstract Modeling nutrient cycle dynamics in the open ocean based on the well-known interactions among nitrogen, phytoplankton, and zooplankton (NPZ) is well-established. Difficulty arises in applying this methodology to multiple coastal systems because of differences among geography, water chemistry, microbial interactions, weather patterns, and sedimentary nutrient cycling. Current trends in ecological modeling are toward more complex modeling relationships and mathematical functions. Four published NPZ models and a new model are compared based on their varying number of equations, mathematical complexity, and required parameters. The new model adapts NPZ interactions to shallow estuary systems by adding a benthic consumption component as a nutrient producer consumer (NPC) system. Each model is calibrated and validated for two bays in the western Gulf of Mexico: San Antonio Bay, TX, USA, and Copano Bay, TX, USA. Daily riverine nutrient inputs are used as the model driver while historical measurements are used for calibration and validation. The five models are compared for their ability to simulate the observed bay response of primary production in both locations. The new model simulates primary production closer to measured observations than other models because of the inclusion of benthic consumption dynamics. However, differences of equation complexity between NPZ models had no relationship to overall goodness of fit in study area. Models produced nearly identical results regardless of different relationships and mathematical formulas. Although every location is unique, this study shows that adding mathematical complexity may only provide marginal gains in practice while decreasing portability when extending NPZ models for the coastal zone.
An Internet research model

This paper focuses on basic, advanced, and original research activities of the Internet. Basic research refers to retrieving information from a single, often preselected, online source; advanced research includes a wider variety of sources and involves high-order thinking skills; original research focuses on using the Internet to conduct investigations through surveys and collaborative experiments. Alternatives to online research are also examined and a model is proposed for conducting relevant and meaningful Internet activities.
The Expert's Opinion

F. Warren McFarlan is the director of the Division of Research at the Harvard Business School. He teaches in the International Senior Manager's Program, Advanced Management Program, and is faculty chair of Managing the Information Services Resource program. He has authored many books, with his newest book being Corporate Information Systems Management: The Issues Facing Senior Executives coauthored with James McKenney and James Cash. Previously. Dr. McFarlan served as senior editor of MIS Quarterly.
N-Acetyl-seryl-tRNA and Polypeptide Chain Initiation during Histone Biosynthesis

N-Acetyl-seryl-tRNA participates in initiation of synthesis of f2a histones which have in common the acetylated amino-terminal peptide N-acetyl-seryl-glycyl-arginine.
Incineration of solid waste

The concern over solid waste disposal and dump-site clean-up resulted in the passage of three major U.S. environmental laws. They are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, Public Law 94–580, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976, Public Law 94–469, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980, Public Law 96–510. The implementation of these three laws has intensified incineration research, because incineration represents the highest degree of destruction and environmental control possible for various waste types. This paper reviews the fundamentals of incineration and provides an incinerator design example to show how combustion fundamentals are applied to an incineration system.
Efficacy of Educational Interventions Targeting Primary Care Providers' Practice Behaviors: an Overview of Published Systematic Reviews

Objectives Primary care providers (e.g., family physicians, pediatricians, registered nurses, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners) could play a pivotal role in the provision of preventive services, especially for very young children (younger than 3 years old) and population groups with limited access to dental care. Given the current problems with access to dental care among low-income Americans, we contend there is a need to involve nondental primary health care providers in screening for and preventing oral health problems. The objective of this overview is to present findings from systematic reviews on the efficacy of continuing medical education, printed educational material, academic outreach, reminders, and local opinion leaders on the adoption of new knowledge and practices by primary care providers. Methods A search was conducted using the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE. The search aimed to locate systematic reviews published between January 1988 and March 2003. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using a modified version of the QUOROM statement. Results Eleven systematic reviews were included in this overview. The evidence from the included systematic reviews showed that formal continuing medical education (CME) and distributing educational materials did not effectively change primary care providers' behaviors. There are effective interventions available to increase knowledge and change behaviors of primary care providers, such as small group discussion, interactive workshops, educational outreach visits, and reminders. Conclusion There is a limited knowledge base on the efficacy of the selected interventions on oral health screening by primary care providers. Considering the potential role of primary care providers in improving oral health of underserved populations, this research area should receive more attention.
Video communication for the orbital maneuvering vehicle

The OrbitalManeuveringVehicle(OMV) is an unmanned spacecraft which is scheduled tobe deployed in the early 1990's by NASA. Its purpose is to relocate satellites and other orbiting objects in space, e.g., to reboost large observatories as their orbits gradually decay. The OMV Video System (VS) was designed to be used for remote-controlled docking with an orbiting object. The final approach and rendezvous with the OMV will be controlled by a ground-based pilot. The OMVVS captures 5framesofvideo data per second and compresses the data in eachvideo frameby approximately 5.5to1 using a spatial resolution reduction scheme and a multi-mode intraframe coding scheme. The OMV VS is crucial to a successful mission. The image quality must be sufficient for the pilot to precisely locate the target object. The quantity of transmitted data (video and error correcting codes) must be limited due to communication channel constraints. The compression hardware is constrained by power and heat dissipation limitations on the OMV The existing system and some possible Improvements will be described.
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis

Fungal sinusitis can present as one of four distinct clinicopathologic entities: 1) fulminant or acute; and three types of chronic, 2) indolent, 3) mycetoma, and 4) allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS)....
What makes them split? Identifying risk factors that lead to monozygotic twins after in vitro fertilization

Objective To identify the incidence, risk factors, and obstetric/perinatal outcomes associated with monozygotic twins (MZTs) after IVF. Design Nested case-control. Setting University-based center. Patient(s) The IVF cycles eventuating in pregnancy from 2000–2009. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The MZT incidence, chorionicity/zygosity, pregnancy/neonatal outcome. Result(s) Of 6,223 gestations, 131 MZTs were diagnosed (2.1% incidence; 2.0% in autologous and 2.7% in donor IVF cycles), 10 were dichorionic, and 121 were monochorionic. Controlling for all risk factors, young oocyte age, extended culture (noncleavage embryos transferred on/after day 4), and year of IVF treatment cycle were significantly associated with MZT. When assessing factors associated with specific MZT placentation, day 3 assisted hatching correlated more with dichorionic MZT, whereas extended culture and advanced day 5 embryonic stage correlated with monochorionic MZT. Comparing monozygotic to dizygotic multigestation outcomes, MZT fared worse; however, once controlling for triplet gestation, only gestational age at delivery remained significantly compromised in the monozygotic group. Conclusion(s) After IVF the incidence of MZT is high, with young oocyte age, year of treatment, and extended culture (or embryo stage at transfer) conferring greatest risk. Regarding MZT type, assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures may influence the timing of embryonic splitting (i.e., division in early embryonic development may be influenced by zona pellucida [ZP] manipulation whereas later splitting may occur during delayed implantation). Poor obstetric/perinatal outcome is significantly impacted by the presence of an "extra" fetus, as high-order multiple gestation concurrent with an MZT conveyed the worst prognosis.
Inheritance of reduced height in sunflower

Breeding to improve stem strength is a major objective of researchers of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). This study was undertaken to investigate genetic factors controlling reduced plant height and increased stem diameter in three sources of sunflower, DDR, Donsky, and Donskoi 47, crossed with a conventional height line, HA 89. As these two characters may lead to improved standability, knowledge of their inheritance will assist researchers in utilizing proper breeding methods. Estimates of additive, dominance, and epistatic genetic effects controlling reduced height indicated that the additive component was most important in two of the three crosses with the additive and epistatic component nearly equal in the third cross. Breeding efforts to reduce height of sunflower hybrids utilizing these lines in crosses could be effective due to the magnitude of additive effects. The dominance component of genetic effects controlling stem diameter was the most important for two crosses, with both dominance and additive components important for the third cross. Epistasis was present, but minor, for controlling stem diameter. The high relative importance of the dominance component indicates that testcross evaluation of lines in early generations could identify lines for producing increased stem diameter in hybrids. Even though the three sources of sunflower with reduced height were different in morphologic and agronomic characteristics, they had similar genetic control of plant height and stem diameter. Each could be utilized in a breeding program to develop lines with reduced height and larger stem diameter.
Effects of success-failure experiences and probability of reinforcement upon the acquisition and extinction of an imitative response.

In a series of recent studies (Kanareff & Lanzetta, 1958, 1960;3 Lanzetta & Kanareff, 1959), imitative behavior was found to vary with such parameters as the probability of its reinforcement, the prevailing social sanctions toward such behavior, the presence or absence of a monetary reward, and the definition of the task. However, in each of these studies large individual differences in imitation were persistently evident. One possible source of such individual variation is the diversity in Ss' expectations of succeeding by performing independently. Studies of conformity behavior by Mausner (1954), Mausner and Bloch ( 1957), Kelman ( 1950), and Samuelson ( 1957) indirectly support this thesis. S's experience of his own successes or failures and those of ochers on an experimental task determines the degree of convergence in judgment on a new task. Evidently, the extent of Ys confidence in his ability to perform adequately on his own depends upon the degree of success previously experienced relative to that exhibited by others. The present study attempts to conuol confidence in ability to perform well independently of others by exposing Ss to a predesignated experience of success or failure on an individual prediction task prior to a critical task in which S is first exposed to a "partner's" judgment. The critical task is a modification of Humphreys' light-guessing situation ( 1939). S predicts which of two lights will appear after being informed of the predictions allegedly made by another S. The "partner's" predictions are, in fact, controlled by E. Since only one of two possible choices can be correct, there is inherent in the paradigm a strict dependency between the "partner's" performance and the probability of reinforcement for imitation. The level of imitation had been found to increase with increasing probability of reinforcement in a number of studies (Kanareff & Lanzetta, 1958, 1960;3 Lanzetta & Kanareff, 1959). Considering the dependency between the partner's success and the probability of reinforce-
Mechanical analysis of the geometry of forced-folds

A mechanical model of forced-folding, comprised of an anisotropic cover overlying displaced, rigid basement blocks, is used to investigate the influence of various parameters on theoretical fold form: shape and dip of basement fault, strength of basement-cover contact, and degree of anisotropy of the cover. We show that the degree of anisotropy in the cover largely influences the geometry of the forelimb of the forced-fold. Folds produced in isotropic cover display forelimbs that taper from large dip angles near the basement-cover contact to low dip angles at the ground surface. In contrast, dips in the forelimbs of folds in anisotropic cover are nearly uniform with depth. We show that the basement-cover contact and the shape of the basement fault largely influence the geometry of the backlimb. Backlimb rotation occurs in cover welded to the basement and in cover underlying curved basement faults. In addition, the kinematic features of the theoretical folds are compared with the fold geometry generated by parallel kink and trishear models. Folds in isotropic cover overlying straight basement faults closely resemble the fold forms produced by the trishear kinematic model while fold forms in anisotropic cover more closely resemble folds produced by parallel kink geometric constructions.
The search for meaning in (new) work: Task significance and newcomer plasticity

Abstract Using temporally-lagged data from 146 business and engineering newcomers, we found evidence for a “positive side” of plasticity theory (Brockner, 1988, p. 547) in fostering newcomer adjustment. Specifically, as predicted, we found that higher newcomer generalized self-efficacy positively moderates the association between job design (i.e., task significance of the newcomer's job) and newcomer attitudes (in our study, organizational identification, job satisfaction, intentions to quit). Our findings promote plasticity theory as readily applicable to both newcomer adjustment and positive organizational scholarship.
Film Stratification in the Presence of Colloidal Particles

This is probably the first study about the drainage of curved liquid films in the presence of colloidal particles. The systems did not contain any surfactant. In the presence of monodispersed colloidal particles, thinning occurs in a stepwise manner (stratification). It has been shown that the size of the film is an important parameter in the stepwise thinning process. This investigation found a critical film size below which at least one layer of particles stays in the film at equilibrium; a “spot” (a thinner section of the film), even if formed, does not expand and is in equilibrium with the film. The area of the spot expands linearly with time. The rate of spot-area expansion increases linearly with the film perimeter and can be increased or decreased merely by changing the film size. The stepwise film thinning and the effects of film size and particle concentration on film stability are discussed on the basis of the diffusive-osmotic mechanism.
Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Comparative Mating Frequencies of Laboratory-Reared and Native Moths

Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), mating began 6 to 7 h after the last light in controlled-temperature cabinets. Moth pairs remained in copula 56 to 77 min. The average number of spermatophores transferred to females ranged from 0.9 for pairs confined for 1 night to 3.3 for pairs confined for 6 nights, and 84 to 100% of the pairs mated. Native moth pairs mated less frequently than laboratory-reared moth pairs. Laboratory-reared and native males mated an average of 8.9 and 0.9 times, respectively, during their life span when confined with virgin females each night. Male moths mated only once each night, whereas females (8%) mated twice each night when confined with two males. Female pink bollworm moths were less receptive to mating a second time on the night after the first mating.
The Death of the Subject and the Life of the Organization: Implications of New Approaches to Subjectivity for Organizational Analysis

Challenges to traditional notions of subjectivity have been a central preoccupation of new theory over the past 20 years, yet the clear applicability of such reconceptions of the subject to organizational studies has received little attention. This article traces the development of arguments about subjectivity from the influential essays of Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault and then summarizes more recent ideas about the nature of relational or positional subjectivity. These new theoretical developments are applied to organizational analysis, closing with suggested applications of new subjectivity to specific topics in organizational theory and behavior.
Effect of antibiotics incorporated into defined adult diets on survival and reproduction of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cress. (Dipt., Trypetidae)

To eliminate the microflora associated with the walnut husk fly the antibiotics Streptomycin and Kanamycin were added at two levels in a series of adult defined diets, as well as in a meridic diet, in order to study their effect on the fly's survival and reproduction. Survival in both sexes was adversely affected when antibiotics were added to three incomplete diets containing fructose or fructose and minerals, or fructose, minerals, a 10 amino acid mixture, and the vitamins. Antibiotics added to various diets affected either the preoviposition period, or fecundity or fertility. The effect of antibiotic addition, exerted indirectly by the fly's microflora elimination, indicated that the microflora influences survival and reproduction by supplying certain metabolites to its host, such as vitamins, amino acids and possibly minerals. Zusammenfassung Uber die Wirkung von Antibiotika in kunstlichen Diaten auf die Lebensdauer und Reproduktion der Walnusfliege, Rhagoletis completa Cress. (Dipt., Trypetidae) Um die mit der Walnusfliege assoziierte Mikroflora zu eliminieren, wurden die Antibiotika Streptomycin und Kanamycin in je zwei Konzentrationen sowohl einer Reihe definierter Diaten als auch einer mittleren Diat zugefugt, um ihre Wirkungen auf das Uberleben und die Reproduktion der Fliege zu untersuchen. Die Uberlebensdauer beider Geschlechter wurde nachteilig beeinflust, wenn die Antibiotika zu unvollstandigen Diaten zugefugt wurden, welche Fruktose oder Fruktose + Mineralien oder Fruktose + Mineralien + Mischungen von 10 Aminosauren + Vitaminen enthielten. Wurden Antibiotika zu den verschiedenen Diaten zugefugt, beeinflusten sie entweder Praovipositionszeit, Fekundiditat oder Fertilitat. Die Wirkung der Zugabe von Antibiotica, die indirekt auf die Eliminierung der Mikroflora beruhte, zeigte, das die Mikroorganismen die Lebensdauer und Reproduktion der Fliege durch deren Versorgung mit verschiedenen Verbindungen wie Vitaminen, Aminosauren und wahrscheinlich auch Mineralien beeinflust.
Operant procedures for the establishment of stimulus control in two-year-old infants☆

Eight 15 to 25-month-old infants were trained by multiple and chained schedules to lever press at high rates for reinforcements in the presence of S+ and at low rates when unreinforced in the presence of S−. For 4 Ss, S+ and S− were a steady light and 1 cycle/sec flash respectively. The stimulus assignment was reversed for the other 4 Ss. Usually either a VI 15-second, VI 25-second, or VR-15 schedule was programmed in all S+ components while the following schedule conditions in S− changed across Ss and over training sessions: extinction (EXT); the differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO); and a combination of the two, programmed sequentially (EXT DRO). S+, S−, and 6 flickering lights from 2 to 10 cycle/sec were presented during two generalization tests conducted in extinction. Total number of responses decreased over test sessions, and within each test, rate of responding fell progressively over trial blocks. Peak responding was always to the former S+ value. The shapes of individual gradients were much flatter across the flicker range when S− had been a 1-cycle/sec light than when it was steady.
Erythrocytosis due to bisphosphoglycerate mutase deficiency with concurrent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency.

A 28-year-old asymptomatic male of Iranian Jewish (Meshadi) heritage was found on routine exam to have an erythrocytosis (RBC = 6.22 × 1012/l, Hgb = 19.2 g/dl, Hct = 58.9%). Splenomegaly was absent on physical exam. There was no family history of erythrocytosis. His oxygen dissociation curve was left-shifted with a p50 of 19 mmHg (normal = 25–32 mmHg). Hemoglobin electrophoresis showed no abnormalities. DNA sequencing of the hemoglobin β globin gene and both α globin genes did not reveal a mutation. A 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) level was markedly decreased at 0.3 μmol/g Hb (normal = 11.4–19.4 μmol/g Hb). The patient's bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) enzyme activity was also markedly decreased at 0.16 IU/g Hb (normal = 4.13–5.43 IU/g Hb). A red cell enzyme panel revealed a markedly decreased G-6-PD level (0.3 U/g Hb, normal = 8.6–18.6 U/g Hb). His parents and a brother were also available for evaluation. Both parents showed normal 2,3-BPG levels but BPGM activity approximately 50% of normal. Paradoxically, the brother showed normal BPGM activity but a slightly decreased 2,3-BPG level. All family members had markedly decreased G-6-PD activity. DNA sequencing of the BPGM gene showed the propositus to be homozygous for 185 G→A, Arg 62 Gln in exon 2. Thus, the erythrocytosis in this patient is secondary to low 2,3-BPG levels, due to a deficiency in BPG mutase. This appears due to consanguinity within this family. Am. J. Hematol. 75:205–208, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Open Capsular Shift and Arthroscopic Capsular Plication for Treatment of Multidirectional Instability

Purpose To compare the results of open inferior capsular shift with arthroscopic capsular plication for multidirectional instability in patients without a Bankart lesion. We hypothesized that there is no difference with regard to the specific clinical outcomes evaluated, including recurrent instability, range of motion, return to sport, and complications. Methods We conducted a comprehensive literature search. Databases searched included PubMed from 1966 to 2010, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Controlled Trials, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) from 1982 to 2010, and SPORTDiscus from 1975 to 2010. Limits included English language, human subjects, and title. Results We found 7 articles with a total of 197 patients (219 shoulders) that met our inclusion criteria. The data did not clearly show open treatment to be superior to arthroscopic treatment. No study reported a consistent loss of greater than 40° of external rotation. No technique showed significantly less external rotation loss over the other. Whereas there was a slight trend toward increased return to sport for patients treated arthroscopically, no clear conclusion can be drawn given the variability of reporting in the reviewed studies. Analysis of complications shows that both procedures are reliably safe with minimal complications. Conclusions When one is evaluating patients with traumatic or atraumatic onset of shoulder instability in 2 directions and no structural lesions, arthroscopic capsular plication yields comparable results to open capsular shift with regard to recurrent instability, return to sport, loss of external rotation, and overall complications. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.
Risk factors for infection following operative treatment of mandibular fractures : a multivariate analysis

Utilizing a retrospective study design and a study sample of 284 consecutive patients, we measured the association between five different risk factors and the development of infection following the operative management of mandibular fractures. The five risk factors analyzed were age, sex, number of fractures per patient, time from admission to treatment, and treatment modality. The overall infection rate was 5.3 percent. The infection rate for each treatment modality was (1) 0 percent for closed reduction, (2) 20.0 percent for open reduction and internal fixation with wire osteosynthesis, and (3) 6.3 percent for open reduction and rigid internal fixation. To measure the association between the various risk factors and postoperative infection, we used multivariate logistic regression. After controlling for potential confounding variables, the only risk factor statistically associated with postoperative infection was treatment modality.
Synthesis and degradation of 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible cytochromes P-450 and their mRNAs in primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.

Abstract We used primary nonproliferating cultures of adult rat hepatocytes to investigate the regulation of P -450c and P -450d, immunochemically related protein products of separate cytochromes P -450 genes that are coinduced by 3-methylcholanthrene and related compounds. In cultures of hepatocytes prepared from untreated rats and incubated in media containing 3-methylcholanthrene, β-naphthoflavone, 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and Aroclor 1254 (a mixture of chlorinated biphenyls) there was a 5-to 15-fold accumulation of P -450c protein (quantitated by immunoblotting), accompanied by an increased rate of P -450c synthesis (measured as incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine into immunoprecipitable protein) and an increased amount of P -450c mRNA hybridizable to a specific cloned cDNA (p210). In contrast, there were no increases in the concentration of P -450d protein, its rate of synthesis, or the amount of P -450d mRNA hybridizable to its specific cDNA (p72). Similarly, when “preinduced” hepatocytes (isolated from rats treated with Aroclor 1254) were incubated for 4 days in culture medium, the amount of P -450c, its rate of synthesis, and the amount of P -450c mRNA remained elevated, whereas synthesis of P -450d and the amount of P -450d mRNA fell precipitously to less than 10% of the initial values despite the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254 or of isosafrole in the medium. However, the loss of P -450d protein in these cultures was almost completely prevented when isosafrole was added to the culture medium and was partially prevented when safrole, Aroclor 1254, and 3,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, but not 3-methylcholanthrene, β-naphthoflavone, or 3,4,3′4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, were in the culture medium. Moreover, in similar cultures of “preinduced” hepatocytes that were pulse-labeled with [ 3 H]leucine, the presence of isosafrole in the culture medium extended the apparent half-life for loss of radioactivity in immunoprecipitable P -450d to a value of 72 h (3-fold longer than in standard medium) but was without effect on the rate of disappearance of radiolabeled P -450c. We conclude that control of P -450d degradation is an important factor in the regulation of this hemoprotein and that induction of P -450c and P -450d proceed by separate pathways that are spontaneously divorced under standard conditions for primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes.
Metallization options and annealing temperatures for low contact resistance ohmic contacts to n-type GaSb

The quest for faster electronic devices combined with the requirement of low power dissipation has revived the interest in the near 6.1 /spl Aring/ lattice constant antimony containing III-V compounds. Among the known III-V semiconductors, InSb has the highest electron mobility and GaSb the highest hole mobility. In addition favorable bandgap alignments are predicted with related III-V ternaries and quaternaries suitable for high-speed heterostructure transistors, lasers, and optoelectronic devices. The device fabrication technology of antimony containing III-V compounds however, is in its infancy and considerable work needs to be performed. In this work, we report the development of a low contact resistance ohmic contacts for n-type GaSb suitable for heterostructure device applications, with over an order of magnitude improvement in contact resistance and specific contact resistivity. The MBE growth of Te doped n-type GaSb and crucial device processing and pre-metallization surface treatment will be discussed. A variety of metallization schemes containing Au, Ge, In, Ni, Pd, and Pt and the effects of annealing temperature are examined.
Disruption of the SH2-B Gene Causes Age-Dependent Insulin Resistance and Glucose Intolerance

Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis by binding and activating the insulin receptor, and defects in insulin responses (insulin resistance) induce type 2 diabetes. SH2-B, an Src homology 2 (SH2) and pleckstrin homology domain-containing adaptor protein, binds via its SH2 domain to insulin receptor in response to insulin; however, its physiological role remains unclear. Here we show that SH2-B was expressed in the liver, skeletal muscle, and fat. Systemic deletion of SH2-B impaired insulin receptor activation and signaling in the liver, skeletal muscle, and fat, including tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and IRS2 and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and the Erk1/2 pathways. Consequently, SH2-B−/− knockout mice developed age-dependent hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance. Moreover, SH2-B directly enhanced autophosphorylation of insulin receptor and tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1 and IRS2 in an SH2 domain-dependent manner in cultured cells. Our data suggest that SH2-B is a physiological enhancer of insulin receptor activation and is required for maintaining normal insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis during aging.
Entinostat for treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.

Introduction: A key feature of malignant cells is inappropriate gene suppression resulting in uncontrolled proliferation, continued cell cycling and a lack of differentiation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are an emerging class of antineoplastic agents that counteract this effect and thus permit re-expression of silenced genes. Entinostat is an emerging HDACi that has shown promise in multiple preclinical studies. Additionally, Phase I and II clinical trials have begun to demonstrate its potential as a well-tolerated agent with anti-tumor activity. Areas covered: The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, mechanisms of action, safety and tolerability, and clinical trials of entinostat are reviewed. Sources for this review included all relevant, publicly available, entinostat-related peer-reviewed publications and meeting abstracts up to March 2011. Expert opinion: Entinostat is a well-tolerated HDACi that demonstrates promising therapeutic potential in both solid and hematologic malignancies. Its ef...
Natural history, biogeography, and endangerment of Hawaiian dry forest trees

We describe the floristic composition of Hawaiian dry forest trees and identify natural history characteristics and biogeographic variables that are associated with risk of endangerment. Hawaiian dry forests are comprised of 109 tree species in 29 families, with 90% of all species endemic, 10% indigenous, and 37% single-island endemics. Forty-five percent of Hawaiian dry forest taxa are at risk of endangerment. Dry forest taxa at risk have a significantly larger range size compared to taxa from other Hawaiian forest types. Dispersal mechanism was a significant predictor of a species occurrence in dry forest compared to other forest types based on logistic regressions clustered by lineage. Among dry forest taxa, hermaphroditic breeding systems, autochorous dispersal mechanisms, conspicuous flowers, and dry fruit were all more likely to be at risk of endangerment. When analyses were clustered by lineage using logistic regressions, only dispersal mechanism and flower size were significant predictors of risk and taxa with autochorous dispersal and conspicuous flowers were more likely to be at risk. The Big Island, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai all have remarkably similar numbers of dry forest taxa (63–65 species) and dry forest taxa at risk of endangerment. However, Big Island and Kauai have the highest number and percentage of single-island endemics. These results demonstrate patterns of endangerment specific to Hawaiian dry forests, the high levels of endangerment in this forest type, and the importance of prioritizing conservation in dry forest regions.
Do We Preach What We Practice? A Survey of Methods in Political Science Journals and Curricula

using statistics and formal modeling rose sharply and the proportion using qualitative methods dropped markedly. Second, there is a disjuncture between the high proportion of research performed with qualitative methods, the relatively low proportion of coaxrses oJ%ered in these methods, clnd the even lower proportion of departments that require them. There is arguably a similar but smaller gap in the number of departments that offer or require formal modeling.3 All of the top 30 departments surveyed offered courses in statistical methods, while only two-thirds of the departments offered courses in formal modeling and qualitative methods. Two-thirds of the departments required students to take statistics, while formal modeling and qualitative methods were required in only two departments. Third, qualitative or case study research in American Politics is in steep decline in most of the top journals. In the top seven multimethod journals, the proportion of articles presenting case studies in American Politics fell from 12% in 1975, to 7% in 1985, to 1% in 1999-2000. Fourth, the mix of urticles in APSR has been highly unrepresentative of the substantive and methodological mix in other journals. In the late l990s, apsR had almost twice the average proportion of articles using formal modeling and articles on American Politics than the top 10 journals, while it had about half the average of articles in International Relations and less than one-fourth the average of articles using case studies. Perhaps most striking, of the International Relations articles in APSR, only one in 20 used case studies, compared to more than four out of 10 of the International Relations articles among the top 10 journals. We detail these results below and conclude with recommendations for maintaining a productive balance of methods in departments, curricula, and journals, and for increasing multimethod collaboration among researchers.
Use of stable isotopes in measuring low concentrations of drugs and drug metabolites by GC-MS-COM procedures.

Certain drugs in urine, plasma, breast milk, and amniotic fluid have been quantitatively analyzed in the picogram to nanogram range by selective ion detection with two gas chromatograph—mass spectrometer—computer systems: an LKB 9000/PDP 12 operated in the electron impact mode and a Finnigan 1015/PDP 8/I operated in the chemical ionization mode. With the latter system, it is possible to monitor several drugs and drug metabolites and an internal standard in a single temperature-programmed analysis. Internal standards labeled with stable isotopes are preferred for selective ion detection. Diphenylhydantoin-2,4,5-13C has been used to quantify diphenylhydantoin, and pentobarbital-2,4(6) ,5-13C has been used to quantify amobarbital, secobarbital, caffeine, meperidine ("Demerol"), and phenobarbital in 50-200 µl samples of plasma and breast milk.
Small cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Treatment methods for patients with small cell carcinoma of the head and neck are changing. Increasing clinical experience with these tumors and a better appreciation of patterns of recurrence, the need for thorough tumor staging, and the importance of chemotherapy as a form of primary therapy have contributed to these changes. Current concepts regarding small cell carcinoma arising in the head and neck are reviewed. Reported results of treatment for a variety of head and neck sites and site-specific relapse rates are summarized. New cases of small cell carcinoma arising in the hypopharynx, paranasal sinus, and from an unknown primary are added to the reported experience in the literature.