cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of delayed anticoagulant therapy on experimental cerebral infarcts.

Although anticoagulant therapy has been used with some success in the treatment of certain types of cerebrovascular disease (8), a great deal of uncertainty exists about the effects of such treatment on completed cerebral infarcts. Working with various associates, om group has reported several methods of producing fairly consistent cerebral infarcts in dogs. Thus, Whisnant and coworkers (9) devised a method of intra carotid injection of vinyl acetate that produced cerebral infarcts in a number of dogs without the necessity of craniotomy. Moyes and co-workers (7) and Hill and associates (4), in an attempt to produce intracranial arterial occlusion more closely resembling one type found in clinical practice, were able to cause cerebral infarction in a number of dogs by the injection of 48-hour-old homologous blood clots into the internal carotid artery. They found that such a method produced a high incidence of cerebral infarction and a low mortality rate. With the establishment of these methods, 3 other studies have been made by our group concerning the effects of anticoagulant treatment on cerebral infarcts in dogs. Moyes and associates (6), and Wood and co-workers (10), using the vinyl acetate technic, produced cerebral infarcts in a number of dogs which were given anticoagulants within 8 hours after infarction and maintained at a level of reduced prothrombin activity for a number of days. Both groups concluded that anticoagulants administered in this fashion caused more hemorrhage in cerebral infarcts of dogs so treated than was noted in control dogs. Frazier and co-workers (3) gave intra carotid injections of homologous blood clots and produced cerebral infarcts in dogs which were in a state of therapeutic reduction of prothrombin activity at the time of infarction. They found that the anticoagulants did not cause significantly more hemorrhage in the infarcts of the treated dogs than in
Surface Energy Differences in Monolayers Prepared with the Isomers 3- and 4-(12-Mercaptododecyl)phenol

Monolayers of 3-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol and 4-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol are prepared to investigate the relationship between the interfacial molecular structure and the surface energy of modified interfaces. These modified interfaces are characterized by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, reductive desorption, and contact angle measurements. Contact angle measurements with water (γ = 72.0 mN/m), glycerol (γ = 63.2 mN/m), and ethylene glycol (y = 48.1 mN/m) show that monolayers of 4-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol have a higher surface energy (∼42 mN/m) than 3-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol monolayers (∼31 mN/m). Furthermore, Fowkes analysis of the contact angle data show that only ∼8% of the surface energy of the 4-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol monolayer arises from dispersive interactions, while ∼30% of the total surface energy of 3-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol monolayers comes from dispersive interactions. These surface energy results along with the spectral data suggest that the hydroxyl group with monolayers of 4-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol is oriented away from the substrate and into the adjacent phase more than is found with monolayers of 3-(12-mercaptododecyl)phenol.
A hybrid text classification approach for analysis of student essays

We present CarmelTC, a novel hybrid text classification approach for analyzing essay answers to qualitative physics questions, which builds upon work presented in (Rose et al., 2002a). CarmelTC learns to classify units of text based on features extracted from a syntactic analysis of that text as well as on a Naive Bayes classification of that text. We explore the tradeoffs between symbolic and "bag of words" approaches. Our goal has been to combine the strengths of both of these approaches while avoiding some of the weaknesses. Our evaluation demonstrates that the hybrid CarmelTC approach outperforms two "bag of words" approaches, namely LSA and a Naive Bayes, as well as a purely symbolic approach.
Disassembly of noncovalent amphiphilic polymers with proteins and utility in pattern sensing

A simple strategy for pattern recognition of proteins through micellar disassembly is introduced. Five different noncovalently assembled receptors have been generated, and the disassembly was studied by monitoring the encapsulated dye release in response to five different proteins. The disassembly induced fluorescence change of the guest molecule produces protein-specific patterns.
Optimal frequency of changing intravenous administration sets: is it safe to prolong use beyond 72 hours?

Objective: To determine the safety and cost-effectiveness of replacing the intravenous (TV) tubing sets in hospitalized patients at 4- to 7-day intervals instead of every 72 hours. Design: Prospective, randomized study of infusion-related contamination associated with changing IV tubing sets within 3 days versus within 4 to 7 days of placement. Setting: A tertiary university cancer center. Patients and Methods: Cancer patients requiring IV infusion therapy were randomized to have the IV tubing sets replaced within 3 days (280 patients) or within 4 to 7 days of placement (232 patients). Demographic, microbiological, and infusion-related data were collected for all participants. The main outcome measures were infusion- or catheter-related contamination or colonization of IV tubing, determined by quantitative cultures of the infusate, and infusion- or catheter-related bloodstream infection (BSI), determined by quantitative culture of the infusate in association with blood cultures in febrile patients. Results: The two groups were comparable in terms of patient and catheter characteristics and the agents given through the IV tubing. Intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated a higher level of tubing colonization in the 4- to 7-day group versus the 3-day group (median, 145 vs 50 colony-forming units; P=.02). In addition, there were three episodes of possible infusion-related BSIs, all of which occurred in the 4- to 7-day group (P=.09). However, when the 84 patients who received total parenteral nutrition, blood transfusions, or interleukin-2 through the IV tubing were excluded, the two groups had a comparable rate of colonization (0.4% vs 0.5%), with no catheter- or infusion-related BSIs in either group. Conclusion: In patients at low risk for infection from infusion- or catheter-related infection who are not receiving total parenteral nutrition, blood transfusions, or interleukin-2, delaying the replacement of IV tubing up to 7 days may be safe, as well as cost-effective.
Photoproduction of Single Neutral Pions from Hydrogen at 60° in the 600-1100 Mev Region

The pi /sup 0/ cross section at 600 to 1100 Mev for the process y + p yields pi /sup 0/ + p was measured, and the measurements were extended through the third resonance using the Bremsstrahlung beam of a synchrotron. Measurements were made by counting recoil protons alone as well as proton-gamma coincidences. Results presented a clear picture of the second resonance. The third, with a comparable width, appeared to be much less prominent. (L.N.N.)
De‐embedding PCB fixtures for package characterization

Device characterization hinges on precise measurements of the device under test (DUT). When it cannot be probed directly, mount the package to a PCB fixture. While this makes measurement easy, separating the effects of the DUT from the PCB carrier can be difficult. This paper illustrates a method of de-embedding the package S-parameters from those of the PCB. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 111–112, 2001.
Graph theorems for manifolds

Two basic theorems about the graphs of convex polytopes are that the graph of ad-polytope isd-connected and that it contains a refinement of the complete graph ond+1 vertices. We obtain generalizations of these theorems, and others, for manifolds. We also supply some details for a proof of the lower bound inequality for manifolds.
The feasibility of MRI-guided whole prostate ablation with a linear aperiodic intracavitary ultrasound phased array.

Over the past decade, numerous minimally invasive thermal procedures have been investigated to treat benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Of these methods, ultrasound has shown considerable promise due to its ability to produce more precise and deeper thermal foci. In this study, a linear, transrectal ultrasound phased array capable of ablating large tissue volumes was fabricated and evaluated. The device was designed to be compatible for use with MRI guidance and thermometry. The intracavitary applicator increases treatable tissue volume by using an ultrasonic motor to provide a mechanical rotation angle of up to 100° to a 62-element 1D ultrasound array. An aperiodic array geometry was used to reduce grating lobes. In addition, a specially designed Kapton interconnect was used to reduce cable crosstalk and hence also improve the acoustic efficiency of the array. MRI-guided in vivo and ex vivo experiments were performed to verify the array's large-volume ablative capabilities. Ex vivo bovine experiments were performed to assess the focusing range of the applicator. The array generated foci in a 3 cm (2 to 5 cm from the array surface along the axis normal to the array) by 5.5 cm (along the long axis of the array) by 6 cm (along the transverse axis of the array at a depth of 4 cm) volume. In vivo rabbit thigh experiments were performed to evaluate the lesion-producing capabilities in perfused tissue. The array generated 3 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm lesions with 8 to 12 half-minute sonications equally spaced in the volume. The results indicate that transrectal ultrasound coagulation of the whole prostate is feasible with the developed device.
Xylotrophic bivalves: aspects of their biology and the impacts of humans

Bivalves of the families Teredinidae and Xylophagaidae bore into and eat wood in shallow water and the deep sea, respectively. After an introduction to these sister taxa, I consider how they bore, focussing on the evolution of the cephalic hood in teredinids, which could contribute to the depth separation between the families. If the hood serves as a counter pressure to the foot, it may be vital in allowing teredinids to bore wood that contains air. The availability of wood has been suggested to determine the distribution of these animals. Mangrove habitats with abundant wood sustain the highest diversity, about one-third of all known teredinids. The open ocean, where wood is all but nonexistent, presents a nearly impassable barrier to most wood borers. Only after wooden sailing ships transported teredinids between ports did introduced species become problematic. Despite the rarity of wood in the open ocean, some xylophagaids live there as, it is hypothesized, do a limited number of teredinids; wood in the open ocean is predicted to be large because large size enhances buoyancy. The life history of open-ocean species may differ fundamentally from that of nearshore species. Physical stressors of temperature, salinity and desiccation appear to affect teredinids minimally; xylophagaids on the seafloor do not experience these variables. How biotic interactions such as competition and predation affect wood borers is yet to be thoroughly studied, but their impact may be greater than has been recognized, especially among teredinids. Although humans regard teredinids as pests that destroy wooden structures, and attempt to eradicate them from some areas, these animals play vital ecological roles. Teredinids make the energy and nutrients locked into wood available to the local community. Xylophagaids are nearly unique in breaking down cellulose and are analogous to primary producers in sustaining the diverse deep-sea wood-fall communities. The survival of borers requires wood to be present. The reduction of trees near water courses, removal of driftwood from navigable rivers and the destruction and fragmentation of the world’s mangrove habitats all threaten the predictable supply of wood in the sea and may seriously threaten the survival of these molluscs.
Extracorporeal blood purification in burns: A review

A prolonged and fulminant inflammatory state, with high levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, is seen after extensive thermal injury. Blood purification techniques including plasma exchange, continuous venovenous hemofiltration, and adsorbing membranes have the potential to modulate this response, thereby improving outcomes. This article describes the scientific rationale behind blood purification in burns and offers a review of literature regarding its potential application in this patient cohort.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON STAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASE.

Summary1. A twenty-fold purification of staphylococcal penicillinase, based upon specific activity, has been achieved. The enzyme, from a penicillin resistant strain of S. aureus, was freed from the cells by grinding with glass beads and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and precipitation with ethanol. Brown crystals of indefinite shape have been obtained by the procedure outlined. 2. The purified, crystalline, penicillin-ase was subjected to electrophoresis at pH 5.0 and 8.6. Only one band was observed. At both pH's this band migrated the same distance from the origin as did a partially purified preparation of B. cereus penicillinase. 3. Precipitin tests showed an immuno-logical cross reaction between the enzymes. Inhibition studies however indicated possible differences. Staphylococcal penicillinase activity was inhibited by both homologous and heterologous antiserum. B. cereus penicillin-ase was neutralized to lesser degree by the heterologous antiserum.
Heritage interpretation and human rights: documenting diversity, expressing identity, or establishing universal principles?

This article highlights the central role of public interpretation in helping to integrate human rights concerns in the evaluation and management of World Heritage sites. Beginning with a brief survey of the relationship of cultural heritage to human rights in the United Nations (UN) system, it will then analyse the evolving concepts of culture in UN and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization policy. The paper will identify three distinct culture concepts and associated interpretive approaches that are of potential relevance to rights-based heritage management: (1) interpretation as the accurate, objective documentation of heritage sites; (2) interpretation as an expression of collective identity; and (3) interpretation as promotion of the universal value of cultural diversity. The paper will conclude with an assessment of how the systematic integration of all three approaches may serve to enhance current heritage practice with a concern for human rights.
From Polynesia to California: Samoan migration and its sequel

(1973). From Polynesia to California: Samoan migration and its sequel. The Journal of Pacific History: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 133-157.
Cold Pressor “Augmentation” Does Not Differentially Improve Treatment Response for Spider Phobia

An emerging literature suggests that memory enhancement may augment the effects of learning-based treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Release of stress hormones, such as cortisol, has been shown to enhance memory. In this report, we evaluated whether a cold pressor stressor (CPS), which reliably generates stress hormones, may also augment treatment for specific phobias. Spider phobics were randomly assigned to CPS or warm water bath following a standardized session of exposure therapy. Inconsistent with our hypothesis, the CPS condition showed no significant enhancement in fear reduction compared to the control condition.
On urban ground: Understanding African-American intergenerational partnerships in urban communities

Fewer job opportunities, rising violence, and failing schools have all shaped the structure of opportunities for both youth and adults in urban communities. However, researchers understand very little about how these factors influence the capacity for adults in urban communities to form meaningful partnerships with youth. First, this article explores how urban environments shape youth–adult partnerships within African-American communities. Second, the article promotes the idea that adult development is a necessary component of effective intergenerational partnerships in urban communities. Third, the article highlights innovative practices that focus on how to support the development of adults to more effectively partner with young people. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 101–110, 2005.
Finite element study of open-section beams actuated by skewed piezoelements

The objective of this paper is to give a detailed insight into the behavior of an open-section beam actuated by sparsely distributed skewed piezoelements. It is shown that significant changes in torsional and bending displacements occur along non-actuated portions of the beam (e.g., between piezoactuators or between a piezoactuator and the tip of the beam). The importance of accounting for chordwise beam curvature is demonstrated. Also, it is shown that the position of the elastic axis in a piezoactuated portion of the cantilevered beam depends on the distance from the fixture and on piezoelement skew angle. The effect of these phenomena on the correlation between results obtained using currently available theoretical models and experimental results is demonstrated. Methods to improve the accuracy of currently used models are suggested.
Geometric programming: Duality in quadratic programming and lp-approximation III (degenerate programs)

Abstract The duality theory of geometric programming as developed by Duffin, Peterson, and Zener is based on abstract properties shared by certain classical inequalities, such as Cauchy's arithmetic-geometric mean inequality and Holder's inequality. Inequalities with these abstract properties have been termed “geometric inequalities.” In this sequence of papers, a new geometric inequality is established and used to extend the “refined duality theory” for “posynomial” geometric programs. This extended duality theory treats both “quadratically constrained quadratic programs” and “ l p -constrained l p -approximation (regression) problems” through a rather novel and unified formulation of these two classes of programs. This work generalizes some of the work of others on (linearly-constrained) quadratic programs and provides a new explicit formulation of duality for constrained approximation problems. Duality theories have been developed for a larger class of programs, namely all convex programs, but those theories (when applied to the programs considered here) are not nearly as strong as the theory developed here. This theory has virtually all of the desirable features of its analog for posynomial programs, and its proof provides useful computational procedures.
Elevated breath pentane in heart failure reduced by free radical scavenger.

Abstract Pentane, a product of lipid peroxidation, has been detected in situations involving ischemic injury. Such injury may be limited if lipid peroxidation can be controlled by antioxidants. The role of lipid peroxidation in chronic heart failure (CHF) was assessed by measuring breath pentane in patients with CHF vs. age matched controls. The effect of a free radical scavenger on pentane released during CHF was also measured. Pentane levels were correlated with the daily dose of captopril, a sulfhydril-containing drug used to treat CHF, which is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. To separate the scavening effects of captopril from the pharmacologic effects of converting enzyme inhibitors, a crossover study using a nonsulfhydril inhibitor was used. Patients with CHF excreted (p
Teacher question and student response with regard to cognition and language use

In the current study, we focus on teacher-student discourse in Pre-K science activities, with particular attention to teacher questioning. Videotaped classroom observations and teacher interviews served as the corpus of data. Overall, teachers asked mostly closed-ended questions, but used more open-ended questions when experiments were being conducted. During experiments, teachers’ questions were aimed at prediction and reasoning. In contrast, teachers used primarily closed-ended questions when science skills were being practiced and during science book readings, when their questions were oriented toward recognition and recall of factual information. The effects of the teachers’ questions can be seen in the students’ responses. When questions were open-ended, students employed a more varied vocabulary and more complex sentence structures. When teachers’ questions were oriented toward prediction and reasoning, students practiced these higher level cognitive skills in responding. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for teaching practice in early childhood science education.
Electron irradiation hardening in niobium single crystals

Abstract Electron irradiation hardening was investigated in niobium single crystals with a tensile axis in the middle of the standard triangle. Specimens were irradiated at 15 K with 2 MeV electrons and deformed at 10 K in tension. The yield stress increased proportionally with the square-root of the dosage. Recovery behavior of the irradiation hardening suggested a formation of interstitial clusters at about 50 K. A simple model for the solid-solution hardening was proposed for a bcc metal which deformed by anomalous slip. The dependence of hardening on the interstitial concentration calculated using this model was compared with the experimental results. This calculation suggested that clustering of interstitials may also have taken place during irradiation at 15 K.
Geology and Structure of the Central Ruby Range, Madison County, Montana

INTRODUCTION The study area, encompassing about 260 km 2 within Madison county, is situated 19 km due east of Dillon, Montana. It lies athwart the middle third and narrowest part of the Ruby Range, and detailed mapping provides data for a geologic history and complete cross sections, basin to basin, through the uplifted block. Included are all of the Mine Gulch and parts of the Metzel Ranch, Beaverhead Rock Southeast, Belmont Park Ranch, and Red Canyon 7 1/2-minute quadrangles. The Ruby Range is one of several non-parallel mountain systems in southwestern Montana whose exposed cores are composed of multiply folded, high-grade Precambrian (pre-Beltian) metamorphic rocks (Fig. 1). Similar exposures of complexly deformed basement rocks immediately encircling the range crop out beneath a spotty cover of sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the Black-tail, Snowerest, Greenhorn, Gravelly, Madison Tobacco Root, and Highland Ranges (Klepper, 1950; Keenmon, 1950; Berg, 1976; Hadley, 1969a, 1969b; Millholland, 1976; McThenia, 1960; Burger, 1969; Cordua, 1974; Duncan, 1976; and numerous others).
A sublanguage approach to natural language processing for an expert system

Abstract A sublanguage grammar approach with strong reliance on semantic word classes was used to develop an NLP component for processing the free-text comments on life insurance applications for evaluation by an underwriting expert system. The NLP component is implemented using a logic-programming formalism. Lexicon entries contain semantic word class tags such as BODYPART, SYMPTOM, or MEDICATION. Adjacency Rules and an Ambiguity Filter are used to interpret the input data using these semantic word classes. Across two experiments, the system produced appropriate readings for 96.8% of a sample of 2069 utterances, and the number of parses produced per utterance was 1.079 for the same sample. Misspellings caused the system its only serious problem. The sublanguage approach to processing text was shown to be very promising for expert systems and suggests itself as a useful paradigm for a range of other text-based systems which must deal with naturally occurring and frequently ungrammatical texts.
Biominerals—hierarchical nanocomposites: the example of bone

Many organisms incorporate inorganic solids in their tissues to enhance their functional, primarily mechanical, properties. These mineralized tissues, also called biominerals, are unique organo-mineral nanocomposites, organized at several hierarchical levels, from nano- to macroscale. Unlike man-made composite materials, which often are simple physical blends of their components, the organic and inorganic phases in biominerals interface at the molecular level. Although these tissues are made of relatively weak components under ambient conditions, their hierarchical structural organization and intimate interactions between different elements lead to superior mechanical properties. Understanding basic principles of formation, structure, and functional properties of these tissues might lead to novel bioinspired strategies for material design and better treatments for diseases of the mineralized tissues. This review focuses on general principles of structural organization, formation, and functional properties of biominerals on the example the bone tissues.
Trends in Permanent Pacemaker Implantation in the United States From 1993 to 2009: Increasing Complexity of Patients and Procedures

Objectives This study sought to define contemporary trends in permanent pacemaker use by analyzing a large national database. Background The Medicare National Coverage Determination for permanent pacemaker, which emphasized single-chamber pacing, has not changed significantly since 1985. We sought to define contemporary trends in permanent pacemaker use by analyzing a large national database. Methods We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify permanent pacemaker implants between 1993 and 2009 using the International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification procedure codes for dual-chamber (DDD), single-ventricular (VVI), single-atrial (AAI), or biventricular (BiV) devices. Annual permanent pacemaker implantation rates and patient demographics were analyzed. Results Between 1993 and 2009, 2.9 million patients received permanent pacemakers in the United States. Overall use increased by 55.6%. By 2009, DDD use increased from 62% to 82% (p Conclusions There is a steady growth in the use of permanent pacemakers in the United States. Although DDD device use is increasing, whereas single-chamber ventricular pacemaker use is decreasing. Patients are becoming older and have more medical comorbidities. These trends have important health care policy implications.
Factors in fellowship selection: effect of services and fellows.

Purpose General Surgery residents are increasingly pursuing fellowships. We examine whether perceived subspecialty content, dedicated services, and fellows impact fellowship choices. Methods Specialty content was assessed through a survey linking 228 operations to 9 content areas. The presence of dedicated services and fellows and the post-residency activities of graduates 1997–2006 were collected from 2 program directors. Results A total of 75% of residents (26 University of Mississippi, UM; 22 Vanderbilt University, VU) completed surveys. Five dedicated services and 2 fellowships at UM and VU were identical; VU had an additional 4 services and 3 fellowships. UM and VU residents similarly associated 184 operations (81%) with General Surgery. Agreement was not linked to services or fellows. A total of 44% of UM graduates and 68% of VU graduates pursued fellowships. The top choice at UM was Plastic/Hand (14%, versus 6% VU) and Oncology/Endocrine at VU (19%, versus 2% UM). Differences in specialties selected could not be linked consistently to dedicated services or fellows. Conclusion Dedicated services and fellows appear to have little impact on fellowship specialty selection by chief residents. There may be a generic effect of dedicated services favoring fellowship versus no fellowship. Differential faculty mentoring skills may influence specific fellowship choices.
Depression of aw by soluble and insoluble solids in alginate restructured beef heart meat.

Water activity (aw), pH, bind and moisture of alginate restructured beef heart meat (BHM) were evaluated using a 25 factorial design based on combinations of beef heart meal and glycerol (10%, 20%), and dextrose, bone meal and glycine (0%, 5%). Effects of these components were significant (p<0.05) for reducing aw and moisture, and, excluding glycine, for altering pH. The aw of the BHM control was 0.94, while aw for 32 treatments ranged from 0.66 to 0.90. Glycine lessened product bind. An intermediate moisture BHM product could be formulated using the hurdle concept and the alginate system for restructuring meat with incorporation of selected soluble (glycerol, dextrose) and insoluble (beef heart meal, bone meal) components.
Event-based performance analysis

Understanding performance and related issues in a complex system requires analyzing where and why the program spends its resources. In a reactive system such as an interactive application or a server it is important for understanding that one is able to associate resource usage with the events, be they user actions or client requests, that triggered the corresponding execution. As part of our software visualization and analysis efforts we have developed a system that lets the programmer define what is meant by an event and then to track the resources used in processing that event through the system. The resultant data is currently used to produce visualizations of event-based resource utilization.
Thermo-mechanical behavior of epoxy composites modified with reactive polyol diluent and randomly-oriented amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract The effect of a multifunctional reactive diluent and toughener, an epoxy-terminated polyether polyol, and amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH 2 -MWCNTs) on the thermo-mechanical behavior of three-phase (epoxy/polyol/NH 2 -MWCNTs) toughened epoxy composites was investigated. Thermo-mechanical behavior of the composites was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA). The addition of epoxy-terminated polyether polyol to the epoxy resin caused a slight decrease in thermo-mechanical properties of resin systems. However, the addition of a very small amount of NH 2 -MWCNTs into the polyol-toughened epoxy considerably increased the glass transition temperature, storage and loss moduli, damping properties and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the composites. The inclusion of the polyol in the resin system resulted in a more flexible system and a corresponding decrease in the thermo-mechanical properties. However, incorporation of a uniformly dispersed 0.3 wt.% loading of NH 2 -MWCNTs into the polyol-toughened epoxy composites improved the properties compared with pristine and polyol-toughened epoxy composites due to improved crosslink interactions among NH 2 -MWCNTs, epoxy-terminated polyol and epoxy resin.
The benefits of estrogen to the menopausal woman outweigh the risks of developing endometrial cancer

According to animal, human, and laboratory data, the major, life-threatening risks to the woman from exogenous estrogens are neoplastic and cardiovascular. These risks are, to some extent, related to dose, duration of therapy, and certain predisposing individual factors. Except for endometrial carcinoma, the risks have not been adequately studied and are therefore not defined. Because of their potential magnitude collectively, no intelligent assessment of the risk-benefit ratios can be can be carried out until the effect, if any, on the susceptibility for breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, and cardiovascular disease is determined.
Oligodendroglia from human autopsied brain: bulk isolation and some chemical properties.

— Oligodendroglia were isolated from fresh and frozen human autopsied brains by a modification of our technique for isolation of neuronal perikarya and astroglia (Iqbal & Tellez-Nagel, 1972). Cerebral white matter was minced in a hypertonic hexose-Ficoll buffered medium, passed through successive screens of decreasing pore size, and the cells were then separated on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient using low speed centrifugation. Cells could also be isolated by substituting sucrose for hexoses in the cell isolation medium. About 95% of the isolated cells had morphology characteristic of oligodendroglia. The usual contaminants in this fraction were capillary fragments, red blood cells, and a few astrocytes. Free myelin was only sparsely seen. About 5–10% of the isolated oligodendroglia had one or more loops of loose membranes extending from the cell plasma membrane. These membraneous loops resembled myelin. The ultrastructural preservation of the cells was poor. The average yield per gram of wet tissue was 52 million cells amounting to 2.4 mg protein, 283 μg DNA, and 94 μg RNA. The protein, DNA, and RNA contents per average cell were 47, 5.3, and 1.8 pg respectively. About 50% of the tissue DNA was recovered as isolated cells, suggesting a larger proportion of oligodendroglia to astroglia, the other principal cell type in human white matter. Comparison of the total protein profiles of the isolated oligodendroglia with those of the purified human myelin on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels revealed the presence of all human myelin constituent proteins in the isolated cells except the intermediate (or DM-20) myelin proteins. Densitometry of the gels stained with Fast Green showed that the ratio of protein bands corresponding to myelin encephalitogenic basic protein (BP) to myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) in the isolated cells was three-fold as high as in purified human myelin. The oligodendroglial BP which constituted about 14% of the total cell protein contents, also coelectrophoresed with the myelin BP on pH 4.3 polyacrylamide gels. Furthermore, the two dimensional peptide maps of the tryptic digest of the cell BP labelled with 125I were also identical to the similarly treated myelin BP. The data suggest that the BP can be used as a chemical marker for oligodendroglia.
A Daily Neural Signal for Luteinizing Hormone Release in the Untreated Ovariectomized Rat: Changes in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Content of the Preoptic Area and Hypothalamus Throughout the Day

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content of preoptic areas (POA) and hypothalami, and serum gonadotropins of rats ovariectomized six weeks earlier were measured throughout the day in two experiments. In the first, rats were decapitated at 2 h intervals between 0800 and 1800 h. The entire preoptic-hypothalamic region was removed and extracted for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of GnRH. Serum gonadotropins measured by RIA were highly variable but mean concentrations were not significantly different throughout the day. However, preoptic hypothalamic content of GnRH declined markedly between 1000 and 1200 h. In the second experiment, 75 rats were divided into three groups and were untreated or were implanted sc with empty Silastic capsules or capsules containing estradiol-17β (E2). Two days later, groups of five rats from each of the three treatment groups were decapitated at 0800, 1100, 1400, 1700 and 2000 h. The preoptic area was separated from the hypothalamus by a transverse cut at the caudal aspect of the o...
Stability of Inorganic Fluorine‐Bearing Compounds: II, Complex Fluorides

The thermal stabilities of some alkali and alkaline-earth fluosilicates and cuspidine when heated in atmospheres of dry and moist air were investigated. IN the decomposition of K2SiF6 the compound K3SiF7 was noted. The alkali and alkaline-earth fluosilicates lose SiF4 whereas cuspidine does not. In moist air atmospheres, α-cristobalite is found among the residual products from the fluosilicates of sodium and potassium. K2TiF6 hydrolyzes, first at low temperatures to an intermediate series of compounds and then at higher temperatures to fluorine-free potassium titanates. Both K2ZrF6 and Na5Zr2FI3 hydrolyze to ZrO2 and the alkali fluoride by way of an intermediate heptafluoride (M3ZrF7).
NeuroElectro: a window to the world's neuron electrophysiology data

The behavior of neural circuits is determined largely by the electrophysiological properties of the neurons they contain. Understanding the relationships of these properties requires the ability to first identify and catalog each property. However, information about such properties is largely locked away in decades of closed-access journal articles with heterogeneous conventions for reporting results, making it difficult to utilize the underlying data. We solve this problem through the NeuroElectro project: a Python library, RESTful API, and web application (at http://neuroelectro.org) for the extraction, visualization, and summarization of published data on neurons' electrophysiological properties. Information is organized both by neuron type (using neuron definitions provided by NeuroLex) and by electrophysiological property (using a newly developed ontology). We describe the techniques and challenges associated with the automated extraction of tabular electrophysiological data and methodological metadata from journal articles. We further discuss strategies for how to best combine, normalize and organize data across these heterogeneous sources. NeuroElectro is a valuable resource for experimental physiologists looking to supplement their own data, for computational modelers looking to constrain their model parameters, and for theoreticians searching for undiscovered relationships among neurons and their properties.
Optic disk oxygen tension

Abstract The optic disk oxygen tension has been measured polarographically in rhesus monkeys using a microelectrode. It was shown that the central retinal artery “leaks” oxygen and that there is a gradient in the surface oxygen tensions across the optic disk. Moreover, the optic disk oxygen was shown to compensate for changes in the perfusion pressure by the process of autoregulation.
Low‐Temperature Creep of Nanocrystalline Titanium(IV) Oxide

This paper reports that nanocrystalline TiO[sub 2] with densities higher than 99% of rutile has been deformed in compression without fracture at temperatures between 600[degrees] and 800[degrees] C. The total strains exceed 0.6 at strain rates as high as 10[sup [minus]3] s[sup [minus]1]. The original average grain size of 40 nm increases during the creep deformation to final values in the range of 120 to 1000 nm depending on the temperature and total deformation. The stress exponent of the strain rate, n, is approximately 3 and the grain size dependence is d[sup [minus]q] with q in the range of 1 to 1.5. It is concluded that the creep deformation occurs by an interface reaction controlled mechanism.
An operating system for multicore and clouds: mechanisms and implementation

Cloud computers and multicore processors are two emerging classes of computational hardware that have the potential to provide unprecedented compute capacity to the average user. In order for the user to effectively harness all of this computational power, operating systems (OSes) for these new hardware platforms are needed. Existing multicore operating systems do not scale to large numbers of cores, and do not support clouds. Consequently, current day cloud systems push much complexity onto the user, requiring the user to manage individual Virtual Machines (VMs) and deal with many system-level concerns. In this work we describe the mechanisms and implementation of a factored operating system named fos. fos is a single system image operating system across both multicore and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud systems. fos tackles OS scalability challenges by factoring the OS into its component system services. Each system service is further factored into a collection of Internet-inspired servers which communicate via messaging. Although designed in a manner similar to distributed Internet services, OS services instead provide traditional kernel services such as file systems, scheduling, memory management, and access to hardware. fos also implements new classes of OS services like fault tolerance and demand elasticity. In this work, we describe our working fos implementation, and provide early performance measurements of fos for both intra-machine and inter-machine operations.
Experience with adapting a WS-BPEL runtime for eScience workflows

Scientists believe in the concept of collective intelligence and are increasingly collaborating with their peers, sharing data and simulation techniques. These collaborations are made possible by building eScience infrastructures. eScience infrastructures build and assemble various scientific workflow and data management tools which provide rich end user functionality while abstracting the complexities of many underlying technologies. For instance, workflow systems provide a means to execute complex sequence of tasks with or without intensive user intervention and in ways that support flexible reordering and reconfiguration of the workflow. As the workflow technologies continue to emerge, the need for interoperability and standardization clamorous. The Web Services Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL) provides one such standard way of defining workflows. WS-BPEL specification encompasses broad range of workflow composition and description capabilities that can be applied to both abstract as well as concrete executable components.Scientific workflows with their agile characteristics present significant challenges in embracing WS-BPEL for eScience purposes. In this paper we discuss the experiences in adopting a WS-BPEL runtime within an eScience infrastructure with reference to an early implementation of a custom eScience motivated BPEL like workflow engine. Specifically the paper focuses on replacing the early adopter research system with a widely used open source WS-BPEL runtime, Apache ODE, while retaining the interoperable design to switch to any WS-BPEL compliant workflow runtime in future. The paper discusses the challenges encountered in extending a business motivated workflow engine for scientific workflow executions. Further, the paper presents performance benchmarks for the developed system.
Relationship of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy to Functional Status: A Systematic Research Review

In the realm of muscle atrophy research, many studies address minute details of molecular function but few examine the effects of atrophy in terms of mobility, strength, endurance, and performance ...
Quantum Electrodynamics in the Temporal Gauge

We canonically quantize electrodynamics in the temporal gauge .4, = 0. Realizing commutation relations in a Hilbert space containing unphysical longitudinal photons, we pay special attention to the implementation of Gauss’s law and the attendant normalization difficulties for physical states. We then formulate the perturbation series and explicitly exhibit equivalence with the standard textbook treatment of the Coulomb gauge.
Diophantine Frequency Synthesis for Fast-Hopping, High-Resolution Frequency Synthesizers

The application of the diophantine frequency synthesis (DFS) methodology is presented and certain practical aspects of it are illustrated through the design and frequency planning of two forward DFS synthesizers each using two Integer-N phase-locked loops (PLLs). Both synthesizers achieve frequency resolution about 100 times times better that their constituent PLLs without compromising hopping speed performance or spectral purity.
Parallel Algorithms for Multicriteria Shortest Path Problems

This paper presents two strategies forsolvingmulticriteriashortest path problemswith more than two criteria. Given an undirectedgraph with n vertices, m edges,anda set ofK weightsassociatedwitheachedge, we define a path as a sequence of edges fromvertex s to vertex t. We want to findthePareto-optimalset ofpathsfroms to t. Thesolutionsproposedhereinare basedon cluster computingusing theMessage-PassingInterface(MPI) extensionsto the C programminglanguage. We solveproblemswith3 and 4 criteria, using up to 8 processors in parallel andusing solutionsbased on two strategies. Thefirst strategy obtains an approximation ofthePareto-optimalset by solvingfor supported solutionsin bi-criteriasub-problems using a weighted-sumapproach,thenmerging thesolutions. The secondstrategy applies the weighted-sumalgorithmdirectly to the tri-criteriaand quad-criteria problems to find the Pareto-optimalset of supported solutions, with eachprocessor using a range of weights.
Pregnancy and menstrual function in narcotics addicts treated with methadone. The Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program.

Abstract Chronic opiate addiction has been associated with amenorrhea, anovulation, and infertility. Methadone, a synthetic narcotic, has been given daily to 95 addicted women who formerly used heroin. Twelve women were in the menopause or had had hysterectomy. Of the remaining 83 premenopausal women, all but one resumed regular menstruation. Thirteen pregnancies were seen, of which 8 were conceived on high levels of methadone, and in 5 methadone therapy was started after previous heroin addiction. All the pregnant women were maintained on methadone, and no effect of the drug on the pregnancies has been demonstrated.
Obstructive sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder in a population of children with hypertension and/or nocturnal nondipping blood pressures

There is a reported association between hypertension (HTN) and sleep disorders. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening children with HTN for sleep disorders because sleep disorders increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. We quantified the frequency and severity of sleep disorders within our institution's hypertensive pediatric population and evaluated the effectiveness of performing nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG). In the hypertensive pediatric population referred for NPSG at our institution, 64% were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and/or periodic limb movement disorder. Thirty-three percent of those children with HTN had moderate to severe OSA, whereas only 20% of all children evaluated by NPSG had moderate to severe OSA. Those children with HTN were also two times more likely to be diagnosed with periodic limb movement disorder. Screening for sleep disorders and obtaining NPSG in children with HTN increase the identification of comorbid sleep disorders and reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease.
Phenol Red-China blue as an indicator in fermentation tests of bacterial cultures

A special medium for the differentiation of members of the typhoid-coli group of bacteria was devised by me1 in 1916; it contained decolorized china blue as an indicator. The use of this stain in combination with malachite green had been recommended in 1911 by Bitter2 in a special medium for the isolation of typhoid bacilli from stools. Harding and Ostenberg8 employed decolorized "soluble blue," a stain related to china blue, as an indicator for acid formation in broth cultures. Bronfenbrenner4 recommended the use of a combination of china blue and rosolic acid as an indicator for both acid and alkali in fluid mediums for fermentation tests of growing bacterial cultures. He did not decolorize the china blue before adding it to the medium; but if the medium was sufficiently alkaline, the china blue was decolorized during the sterilization. Bronfenbrenner, Davis, and Morishima5 described the action of this indicator in milk mediums. The fact that rosolic acid is insoluble in water appeared to me to be a disadvantage.
Supporting task-oriented collaboration in human-robot teams using semantic-based path planning

Improvements in robot autonomy are changing the human-robot interaction from low-level manipulation to high-level task-based collaboration. For a task-oriented collaboration, a human assigns sub-tasks to robot team members. In this paper, we consider task-oriented collaboration of humans and robots in a cordon and search problem. We focus on a path-planning framework with natural language input. By the semantic elements in a shared mental model, a natural language command can be converted into optimization objectives. We import multi-objective optimization to facilitate modeling the “adverb” elements in natural language commands. Finally, human interactions are involved in the optimization search process in order to guarantee that the found solution correctly reflects the human’s intent.