cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer-Learning-Based Coarse-Graining Method for Simple Fluids: Toward Deep Inverse Liquid-State Theory.

Machine learning is an attractive paradigm to circumvent difficulties associated with the development and optimization of force-field parameters. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) is used to study the inverse problem of the liquid-state theory, in particular, to obtain the relation between the radial distribution function (RDF) and the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential parameters at various thermodynamic states. Using molecular dynamics (MD), many observables, including RDF, are determined once the interatomic potential is specified. However, the inverse problem (parametrization of the potential for a specific RDF) is not straightforward. Here we present a framework integrating DNN with big data from 1.5 TB of MD trajectories with a cumulative simulation time of 52 μs for 26 000 distinct systems to predict LJ potential parameters. Our results show that DNN is successful not only in the parametrization of the atomic LJ liquids but also in parametrizing the LJ potential for coarse-grained models of simp...
Simulation of craze failure in a glassy polymer: rate dependent drawing and rate dependent failure models

The failure of a craze ahead of a crack growing under steady state conditions in a glassy polymer is investigated by modeling the craze microstructure using a highly anisotropic network of springs. A rate dependent drawing law is used to determine the shape of the craze-bulk interface. Approximate analytical results are developed to link the normal stress on the craze-bulk interface, the thickness of the craze and the far field stress intensity factor to the crack propagating velocity, through the craze failure criterion and the craze microstructural parameters. The accuracy of the analytical results is examined using a detailed numerical simulation. Our analysis shows that the rate independent craze failure criterion, which assumes the failure stress for fibrils ahead of the crack tip to be a material constant independent of the crack growth rate, leads to predictions of the dependence of the craze thickness and the fracture toughness on crack growth rate that are contrary to what is found experimentally. Rate dependent craze failure criteria are then proposed. Specifically, we study a case where the crack tip fibril breaks down by rate dependent chain scission and a case where the crack tip fibril fails by rate dependent chain disentanglement. For the rate dependent chain scission criterion, the results given by the rate independent constant failure stress criterion are retrieved in the limit of low crack propagation velocity. Also, there exists a critical stress intensity factor below which steady state crack propagation is impossible, i.e., crack growth becomes unstable.
Magnet-free circulator based on spatiotemporal modulation of photonic crystal defect cavities

Implementing optical circulators in a microphotonic platform is challenging because magneto-optical effects are weak and the required materials are difficult to integrate in subwavelength geometrie...
Dynamic and Solvation Behaviors of ALSEP Organic Ligands.

The Actinide-Lanthanide Separation Process (ALSEP) is a solvent extraction approach for separating relevant trivalent minor actinides (e.g., americium and curium) from used nuclear fuel. However, r...
Secure HTTP, using and creating certificates

This workshop will introduce the participant to the use of the HTTPS protocol to provide secure web service with common web servers (Apache, IIS and Tomcat). We will cover server configuration for encryption of the web connection and client authentication through client certificates. We will discuss how to obtain server and client certificates and learn how to install certificates in servers and browsers. Finally, we will make our own certificates and see how to set up our own certificate authority. Both OpenSSL and Java's keytool will be discussed.
Influence of enteral feeding and anemia on tissue oxygen extraction after red blood cell transfusion in preterm infants.

Background Understanding factors that impact tissue oxygen extraction may guide red blood cell (RBC) transfusion decision making in preterm infants. Our objective was to assess the influence of enteral feeding and anemia on cerebral and mesenteric oxygen saturation (Csat and Msat) and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE and mFTOE) over the entire time course of RBC transfusion. Study design and methods Preterm, very low-birth-weight infants receiving RBC transfusions at a single center were enrolled. Near-infrared spectroscopy sensors measured Csat and Msat levels from an hour before transfusion to 24 hours after. During this period, changes in Csat, Msat, cFTOE, and mFTOE were described, and their association with enteral feeding status and pretransfusion degree of anemia were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Results RBC transfusion data from 31 preterm infants were included. Infants receiving enteral feeds exhibited lower pretransfusion Msat. Infants with pretransfusion hematocrit greater than 30% exhibited higher pretransfusion Csat and lower pretransfusion cFTOE. Such differences in baseline measurements persisted through 24 hours after transfusion. However, no statistically significant differences in oxygenation measures over time by enteral feeding or anemia status were identified. Conclusion Compared to NPO, enteral feeding was associated with lower Msat; anemia (hematocrit ≤30%) was associated with lower Csat and higher cFTOE. Over the time course of RBC transfusion, trajectories of Csat, Msat, cFTOE and mFTOE did not differ by enteral feeding or anemia status.
Insights from Adopting a Data Commons Approach for Large-scale Observational Cohort Studies: The California Teachers Study.

Background: Large-scale cancer epidemiology cohorts (CEC) have successfully collected, analyzed, and shared patient-reported data for years. CECs increasingly need to make their data more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, or FAIR. How CECs should approach this transformation is unclear. Methods: The California Teachers Study (CTS) is an observational CEC of 133,477 participants followed since 1995–1996. In 2014, we began updating our data storage, management, analysis, and sharing strategy. With the San Diego Supercomputer Center, we deployed a new infrastructure based on a data warehouse to integrate and manage data and a secure and shared workspace with documentation, software, and analytic tools that facilitate collaboration and accelerate analyses. Results: Our new CTS infrastructure includes a data warehouse and data marts, which are focused subsets from the data warehouse designed for efficiency. The secure CTS workspace utilizes a remote desktop service that operates within a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)– and Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA)–compliant platform. Our infrastructure offers broad access to CTS data, includes statistical analysis and data visualization software and tools, flexibly manages other key data activities (e.g., cleaning, updates, and data sharing), and will continue to evolve to advance FAIR principles. Conclusions: Our scalable infrastructure provides the security, authorization, data model, metadata, and analytic tools needed to manage, share, and analyze CTS data in ways that are consistent with the NCI9s Cancer Research Data Commons Framework. Impact: The CTS9s implementation of new infrastructure in an ongoing CEC demonstrates how population sciences can explore and embrace new cloud-based and analytics infrastructure to accelerate cancer research and translation. See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Modernizing Population Science.”
Robotic-assisted spine surgery: Application of preoperative and intraoperative imaging

Abstract Technological advancements in spine surgery have paved the way for improved patient outcomes, and robotic-assistance has become a frontrunner in spine research and development. However, its use and understanding is yet to be fully determined. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the applications of current robotic systems in spine surgery. The chapter focuses on current imaging modalities and their uses, as well as future imaging techniques that may broaden the indications for robotic use, while maintaining optimal outcomes.
Causes and Rates of 30-Day Readmissions After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and rates of 30-day readmission after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) at a single liver transplant center. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We reviewed 165 TIPS procedures performed between 2003 and 2013. After excluding patients who died during the index admission (n = 16), any readmission within 30 days of discharge was identified, and cause of readmission was determined. Causes were categorized as planned or unplanned and interventional radiology (IR)-related or IR-unrelated. Unplanned readmissions were independently categorized as preventable or unpreventable by two interventional radiologists. Discrepant opinions were resolved by consensus. Factors predictive of 30-day readmission were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS. The reviewed TIPS procedures were performed in 165 patients (mean age ± SD, 56 ± 11 years; 69% male, 31% female). TIPS were placed for ascites or hydrothorax in 82 patients (50%) and variceal bleeding in 83 patients (50%). The 30-day readmission rate was 21% (31/149). The most common causes for readmissions were ascites or hydrothorax (23%, 7/31) and hepatic encephalopathy (23%, 7/31). All 30-day readmissions were unplanned; 17 (55%) of them were potentially preventable. Of the 17 potentially preventable readmissions, five (29%) were IR-related and 12 (71%) were IR-unrelated. In IR-related readmissions, all patients presented with a recurrence of symptoms (rebleeding or ascites) and were found to have TIPS stenosis or occlusion. Mortality rates were similar between patients who were and were not readmitted (p = 0.23). On multivariate analysis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis during the index admission was the only variable associated with 30-day readmission (odds ratio = 4.81, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION. Over half of 30-day readmissions after TIPS could have been prevented by early outpatient follow-up and intraprocedural technique to optimize stent landing zones.
Conversation Skills and Self-Initiated Interactions in Young Adults with Autism and Intellectual Disability

Abstract Background Our purpose in this study was to increase conversations in three young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring moderate intellectual disability (ID). First, we used an intervention package consisting of Behavior Skills Training (BST) and Covert Audio Coaching (CAC) to promote acquisition and maintenance of conversations with coworkers. Second, we implemented CAC during naturally occurring opportunities at an internship site. Third, we examined whether the number of self-initiated interactions with coworkers increased during and after acquisition of conversations. Method Three young adults with ASD and co-occurring moderate ID participated in the study. We used a concurrent multiple-baseline design across participants with continuous acquisition probes to evaluate the effects of the intervention package consisting of BST and CAC in producing acquisition and maintenance of conversations and an increase in the number of self-initiated interactions. Results Results demonstrate that the intervention was effective in producing acquisition and maintenance of the target skills in all three young adults. Data also indicate that two of the three participants engaged more frequently in self-initiated interactions with coworkers as their conversational competence increased. Conclusions Findings suggest that the intervention package was effective in promoting conversations and an increased number of self-initiated interactions with coworkers in young adults with ASD and co-occurring moderate ID in the natural environment. Directions for future research and clinical implications for teaching conversations are discussed.
G protein-coupled receptor kinases are associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Aim Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterised by extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in amyloid plaques, and intracellular aggregation and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although several kinases have been identified that contribute to the pathological phosphorylation of tau, kinase-targeted therapies for AD have not been successful in clinical trials. Critically, the kinases responsible for numerous identified tau phosphorylation sites remain unknown. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) have recently been implicated in phosphorylation of non-GPCR substrates, e.g., tubulin and α-synuclein, and in neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, we investigated the involvement of GRKs in the pathophysiology of AD. Methods We performed a comprehensive immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of the ubiquitously expressed GRKs, namely GRK2, 3, 5 and 6, in post-mortem human brain tissue of control subjects and AD patients. Results GRKs display unique cell type-specific expression patterns in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Levels of GRKs 2, 5 and 6 are specifically decreased in the CA1 region of the AD hippocampus. Biochemical evidence indicates that the GRKs differentially associate with total, soluble and insoluble pools of tau in the AD brain. Complementary immunohistochemical studies indicate that the GRKs differentially co-localise with total tau, phosphorylated tau and NFTs. Notably, GRKs 3 and 5 also co-localise with amyloid plaques. Conclusion These studies establish a link between GRKs and the pathological phosphorylation and accumulation of tau and amyloid pathology in AD brains and suggest a novel role for these kinases in regulation of the pathological hallmarks of AD.
Reconfigurable Mid-infrared Photonics

The mid-infrared (mid-IR, 2 - 20 μm wavelength) spectral regime is strategically important for applications such as sensing and imaging. Reconfigurable or tunable mid-IR photonic devices face unique challenges and opportunities unlike their near-IR counterparts due to material choices, wavelength scaling effects, and manufacturing compatibility. This tutorial discusses the operation principles, design trade-offs and application prospects of photonic reconfiguration in the mid-IR spectral range.
Popular procedures without evidence of benefit: A case study of percutaneous coronary intervention for stable coronary artery disease.

Abstract Despite limited benefit, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains a common procedure that is often performed for uncertain or inappropriate indications in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). PCI cases per capita have increased year-over-year in most European countries, and many have higher rates than the U.S. Meanwhile, first-line therapy such as optimal medical therapy (OMT) and lifestyle changes, continue to be under-utilized. This article reviews the evidence on use of PCI in stable CAD. Specifically, we analyzed randomized control trials, systematic reviews, appropriate use criteria, and professional society guidelines that examine the risks and benefits of PCI compared to OMT. We then highlight utilization patterns as well as interventions that better align current practice with evidence-based care.
Protein Degradation in Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders

The increased protein degradation associated with diabetes appears to be different in many respects from protein catabolism in normal, well-nourished cells. In all normal eukaryotic cells examined, degradation of cytosolic proteins exhibits several striking features. Large proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than small proteins, acidic proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than neutral or basic proteins, and glycoproteins are degraded more rapidly than non-glycoproteins. Furthermore, a general correlation exists between protein half-life in vivo and susceptibility to proteolytic attack in vitro. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats the relationships between degradative rate and protein size, net charge, and carbohydrate content are absent or markedly reduced among cytosolic proteins of the liver. However, the correlation between protein half-life and susceptibility to proteinase in vitro is unaltered. Therefore, the enhanced protein degradation in diabetes shows little or no selectivity towards large, acidic, glycoproteins but does show specificity for proteins than tend to be sensitive to proteinases. Similar studies using other tissues from diabetic rats are reported and general characteristics of the enhanced liver protein catabolism in starvation and hyperthyroidism are briefly discussed. The biochemical reasons for the increased protein catabolism in diabetes are unclear although several possible explanations are presented. The enhanced breakdown is probably not due to cellular proteins becoming more proteinase sensitive in diabetes since experiments with a variety of endoproteinases including pronase, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and lysosomal cathepsins have failed to demonstrate more rapid digestion of liver proteins from diabetic animals.
AREA OF PLANAR POLYGONS AND VOLUME OF POLYHEDRA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses formulas for calculating area of planar polygons and volume of polyhedra. It considers a planar polygon with vertices P 0 ,…, P n . There is a simple closed formula for the area of the polygon. If P n +1 = P 0 and if the points P 0 ,……, P n lie in the xy plane, then the formula for area of polygon can be derived from Green's theorem. If the points lie on some arbitrary plane perpendicular to a unit vector N , then the formula for area of the polygon is derived from Stokes theorem. These two formulas are valid even for nonconvex polygons. The chapter discusses formula for volume of a Polyhedron. It consider a polyhedron with planar polygonal faces S 0 ,…, S n . The chapter highlights that there is a simple closed formula for the volume of the polyhedron which is derived from Gauss Theorem.
Selective neuron growth on ion implanted and plasma deposited surfaces

Summary form only given. To learn about how large systems of neurons communicate, we need to develop, among other things, methods for growing patterned networks of large numbers of neurons. Success with this challenge will be important to our understanding of how the brain works as well as to novel kinds of computer architecture. Large in vitro networks could show, for example, the emergence of stable patterns of activity and could lead to an understanding of how groups of neurons learn after repeated stimulation. We have investigated the use of ion implantation and plasma deposition on the substrate on which neurons will subsequently be grown, using ion species that enhance or inhibit neuron cell attachment, as a means for forming regions of selective neurocompatibility. Lithographic masks, for example, can then be used to form desired patterns. Plasma deposition of optically transparent, electrically conducting, ultra-thin metal films can also be used to form electrodes for extra-cellular electrical stimulation of neurons. Ion implantation was carried out using a vacuum arc ion source (Mevva) to provide energetic (/spl sim/100 keV) broad beams of metal ions, and plasma deposition was done using a filtered vacuum arc system. Substrates were glass microscope slides; some of the experiments utilized simple lithographic masks to form patterns of ion beam or plasma deposition treated regions. PC-12 rat neurons were then cultured on the treated substrates and the growth monitored. Particularly good results were obtained, for example, for the cases of ion implantation with tantalum and of plasma deposition of carbon to form a diamond-like carbon film of thickness several hundred Angstroms. Neuron growth showed excellent contrast, with prolific growth on the treated regions and very low growth on the untreated regions. Here we describe our work along these lines and summarize the results to-date.
High shear melt‐processing of fiberglass‐reinforced poly(trimethylene) terephthalate composites

As the demand for polymer-matrix composites (PMC) expands in order to replace traditional materials, processing of the PMC is increasingly vital, as the morphology and properties are processing dependent. Typically, thermoplastic PMCs are processed in at least two heat-intensive steps, including a pre-compounding step in order to achieve good mixing followed by a part fabrication step. The key aim of this study is to prepare a fiberglass-reinforced poly (trimethylene terephthalate) (FG-PTT) composite using a one-step, high shear melt-processing method that achieves both compounding and part fabrication. The morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties are characterized to determine the effect of FG reinforcement on this renewable biopolymer. This novel method produces a FG-PTT composite with superior mixing and tensile strength, as well as enhanced toughness, in one processing step, reducing polymer degradation and fiber attrition, as well as, time, energy, and cost requirements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42714.
Ion acoustic wave-sheath interaction

Abstract Computer simulation of the nonlinear interaction of an ion acoustic wave with a Langmuir sheath shows that the motion of the wave in the sheath produces modification in the bulk plasma which resembles a dispersed, phase-inverted reflection.
Compositions for matroids with the Fulkerson property

A matroid has the Fulkerson property with respect to a fixed element e if equality exists between the maximum feasible packing (possibly fractional) of circuits containing e and the minimum capacity co-circuits containing e. We study the operations of Δ-sums and Y-sums and give conditions under which these operations preserve the Fulkerson property.
Proteolysis and amino acid recycling during nitrogen deprivation inSchizophyllum commune

Transfer of exponentially growing colonies ofSchizophyllum commune to nitrogen-deficient media for 6–60 h resulted in increased general proteolytic activity and decreased extractable protein when compared with controls. A concomitant increase in free radiolabeled leucine was detected in nitrogen-deprived colonies. Radiolabel was found in new surface hyphae following transfer of previously labeled colonies to media containing no label. The concentration of label present in the new growth indicates that this label is likely to have originated from proteolytic release of label from proteins in the older, central portions of the colony. The release of substantial amounts of label into the growth medium suggests that an extra-mycelial pathway may account, at least in part, for translocation of amino acids released by proteolysis.
Toward replacement of the monkey neurovirulence test in vaccine safety testing

For live, attenuated vaccines derived from neurotropic wild-type viruses, regulatory authorities require neurovirulence safety testing, typically using monkeys, to assure the absence of residual neurotoxicity. Ethical concerns surrounding the use of nonhuman primates in product testing, coupled with questions over its predictive value, has resulted in a concerted effort to replace monkey-based neurovirulence safety testing with more informative, validated alternative methods that include the use of lower animal species (e.g., mice and rats) and/or in vitro assays such as mutation analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage (MAPREC). MAPREC is a WHO-approved screening tool to assess reversion to neurovirulence of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Monitoring the genetic consistency of OPV lots by identification and quantification of the mutational profile using the recently developed technology of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) also holds promise not only as a replacement for nonhuman primate testing of OPV lots but for other vaccines for which animal-based tests are currently performed as a measure of manufacturing consistency and freedom of adventitious virus contamination. In many cases, the greatest hurdle to availability of such alternative methods has been the process rather than the science. This report summarizes the current status of alternative methods of neurovirulence safety testing, both those validated and those currently in development.
New Detector Unit for Irradiance Measurements, Utilizing an Integrating Sphere and a Photomultiplier Tube*†

A detector unit of novel design is described which has been used successfully in model-chamber studies using visible light as a source of radiation, devised to find the geometric factors required for calculation of solid-to-solid radiant-heat-transfer problems. The detector unit may also be employed in investigations of interreflections in model rooms. Some of the useful properties of this detector unit are negligible cosine error, little fatigue, and linearity of response.
Generation of a New Form of Human PrPSc in Vitro by Interspecies Transmission from Cervid Prions

Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and that result from the conversion of normal prion protein (PrPC) into the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disorder of increasing prevalence within the United States that affects a large population of wild and captive deer and elk. Determining the risk of transmission of CWD to humans is of utmost importance, considering that people can be infected by animal prions, resulting in new fatal diseases. To study the possibility that human PrPC can be converted into the misfolded form by CWD PrPSc, we performed experiments using the protein misfolding cyclic amplification technique, which mimics in vitro the process of prion replication. Our results show that cervid PrPSc can induce the conversion of human PrPC but only after the CWD prion strain has been stabilized by successive passages in vitro or in vivo. Interestingly, the newly generated human PrPSc exhibits a distinct biochemical pattern that differs from that of any of the currently known forms of human PrPSc. Our results also have profound implications for understanding the mechanisms of the prion species barrier and indicate that the transmission barrier is a dynamic process that depends on the strain and moreover the degree of adaptation of the strain. If our findings are corroborated by infectivity assays, they will imply that CWD prions have the potential to infect humans and that this ability progressively increases with CWD spreading.
New firms: Societal contribution versus survival potential

Abstract New business firms are now considered a major source of new jobs, economic growth, technical innovation, and economic flexibility. They may provide a major strategic advantage for the United States in world competition. A more complete, precise understanding of the dynamics of new firm development, their societal contributions, and factors affecting their survival has considerable policy and managerial significance. A study of new firm contributions and survival was completed to determine whether the same factors would account for both. They do not. The research began with a substantial body of descriptive information on 551 new firms initiated in Minnesota between 1978 and 1984. The initial data were collected in the summer of 1984; a one-year follow-up was completed in 1985 to determine new firm survival. The sample was representative of all major industry sectors and all regions of the state; about 60% were located in the Minneapolis-St. Paul urban area. Attempts to predict current (1984) contributions indicated that age was not a significant factor; older new firms did not contribute more than younger new firms. The developmental pattern, primarily the average annual growth rate, was highly related to sales or jobs provided in 1984. Next most significant was the industry of the new firm; manufacturing, distributive services, and business (producer) service new firms provided more significant contributions. The one-year follow-up was able to determine the survival status of 548 of the 551 firms; slightly less than 10% (48) had not survived. Major factors related to survival appeared to be age (high death rates at 2–3 years) and attention to financial matters.
Adaptive optics compensation using active illumination

We have conducted atmospheric compensation experiments using active illumination for both adaptive-optics and tracking. Tests were performed in support of the Air Force's Airborne Laser program. The tests utilized the 5.4-km horizontal propagation range at the Lincoln Laboratory Firepond facility. The adaptive-optics beacon was provided by actively illuminating the target with a multibeam laser illuminator. A second multibeam laser illuminator was used to provide a beacon for an imaging tracker. Experiments were conducted using two different adaptive-optics illuminator configurations, as well as with point-source beacons. Data were collected over a range of atmospheric conditions. Results from these tests have helped to provide a performance benchmark for the Airborne Laser program.
Reducing DfM to practice: the lithography manufacturability assessor

The need for accurate quantification of all aspects of design for manufacturability using a mutually compatible set of quality-metrics and units-of-measure, is reiterated and experimentally verified. A methodology to quantify the lithography component of manufacturability is proposed and its feasibility demonstrated. Three stages of lithography manufacturability assessment are described: process window analysis on realistic integrated circuits following layout manipulations for resolution enhancement and the application of optical proximity correction, failure sensitivity analysis on simulated achievable dimensional bounds (a.k.a. variability bands), and yield risk analysis on iso-probability bands. The importance and feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by quantifying the lithography manufacturability impact of redundant contact insertion and Critical Area optimization in units that can be used to drive an overall layout optimization. The need for extensive experimental calibration and improved simulation accuracy is also highlighted.
Americans respond politically to 9/11: Understanding the impact of the terrorist attacks and their aftermath.

The 9/11 terrorist attacks have had profound effect on U.S. domestic and foreign security policy, leading to several expensive wars and the erosion of civil liberties (under the USA PATRIOT Act). We review evidence on political reactions to the 9/11 attacks and conclude that subjective reactions to terrorism played an important role in shaping support for national security policy in the wake of 9/11. Support for a strong national security policy was most pronounced among Americans who perceived the nation as at threat from terrorism and felt angry at terrorists. In contrast, Americans who were personally affected by the attacks were more likely to feel anxious about terrorism, and this anxiety translated into less support for overseas military action. In addition, Americans who felt insecure after the 9/11 attacks and perceived a high future threat of terrorism were more likely than others to support strong foreign and domestic national security policies. Overall, research on American political reactions to 9/11 suggests that support for a strong government response to terrorism is most likely when members of a population perceive a high risk of future terrorism and feel angry at terrorists.
A high efficiency neutron detection system for photoreaction studies

Abstract A neutron detection system has been constructed to measure neutron multiplicities from photoreactions. The detector consists of fifty-three 3 He proportional counters in a polythene cube 61 cm on a side. The detection efficiency for prompt neutrons from spontaneous fission of 252 Cf is ≈50%. The detector is intrinsically insensitive to gamma radiation and has a relatively long (≈30μs) neutron dieaway time. These properties, in combination with fast recovery electronics, permit easy measurement of photofission ν and prompt neutron multiplicity distributions with a pulsed electron bremsstrahlung source. The intrinsically low backgrounds experienced with this detector (≈0.3 cps) also permit the simultaneous study of very low yield processes such as delayed neutrons following photofission Calibrations and performance of the system are described
Fostering citizen deliberations on the social acceptability of renewable fuels policy: The case of advanced lignocellulosic biofuels in Canada

Abstract It is widely recognized that a lack of social acceptance is likely to hinder the ability of governments to achieve policy targets concerning renewable energies. In this paper, we discuss the results of a pre- and post-test online survey that was conducted as part of the 2012 “Advanced Biofuels” deliberative democracy public engagement event in Montreal, Quebec. The event sough to foster public learning and discussion in order to produce socially acceptable policy input for one type of renewable energy: advanced lignocellulosic biofuels. Survey results show that the majority of participants were strongly supportive of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel development in Canada after the deliberative event. By the end of the event, support also grew for current Canadian biofuel policies and many agreed that increasing biofuel production should be widely supported by the Canadian public. However, despite this support, about two thirds of participants revealed that they did not feel included in government decisions about biofuels. The gap between support after inclusive deliberation and expressed exclusion from Canadian government decisions points to the importance of fostering future citizen engagements in this area of renewable energy policy.
Undereporting of abnormal extracardiac uptake on Tc-99-MIBI myocardial perfusion scan

Abstract Background: Tc-99m-Sestamibi (MIBI) is known to accumulate in tumor and inflammatory lesions. Abnormal extracardiac MIBI uptake has been reported in 1.7% cases (J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:395–402). This study tests the hypothesis that abnormal extracardiac MIBI uptake may be more common than appreciated if it is looked for specifically during routine inspection of projection images. Methods: Abnormal extracardiac uptake was defined as a discrete area of uptake having minimum size of 13 pixels and at least 1.45X background activity. A computer search of rest/stress MIBI tests from 1/01/02 to 12/30/03 identified 41 cases with the diagnoses of cancer/inflammation in the thoracic cavity documented by PET or biopsy within 200 days of the rest/stress MIBI study. Abnormal extracardiac MIBI uptake had not been reported in any of these cases and along with documented thoracic pathology represented the selection criteria for inclusion in the study. Three expert readers subsequently reviewed the projection data (rotatograms) to look specifically for MIBI uptake corresponding to the location of known pathology. Results: In 4 cases the pathology was in the lung apex and so could not be assessed because it was off the field of view in the MIBI scan. Abnormal uptake corresponding to PET/biopsy locus of pathology was seen in 7/37 patients (19%), 6 patients had tumours and 1 had Wegener's granulomatosis. The size of identified extra cardiac lesions was 28.42 ± 7.35 pixels (mean+SD) and activity was 1.76 ± 0.36 X background. Conclusion: When specifically looked for abnormal uptake of Tc-99m MIBI may be seen in almost 20% of cases with known intra thoracic tumor or inflammatory lesion(s). Cases with known pathology and absent abnormal MIBI uptake may reflect a variety of causes including size, location, and avidity of the lesion (tumor/inflammation) for the tracer. Nonetheless, we conclude that abnormal extracardiac Tc-99m-MIBI uptake may be more common than appreciated if it is looked for specifically during routine inspection of projection images.
Cervical dislocation of the cerebellum in children with meningomyelocele

In a study of 100 cerebellums from children dying with meningomyelocele, the lobular pattern of the dislocated segment was identified and classified. There was a graded variation in the degree of cerebellar deformity ranging from complete absence of cerebellar tissue in the upper cervical canal to one in which the upper cerebellar lobules were displaced through the foramen magnum. Within this range there were 2 instances in which the cerebellar defect conformed to that found in the Chiari type 1 deformity, consisting of prolapse of tonsillar tissue only. During fetal life the lobular relation in the caudal aspect of the cerebellum undergoes considerable change and it is likely that the type of deformity present in the cervical canal is closely related to the stage of cerebellar development at which the alteration in growth has its inception. The evidence presented argues against the defect being of a primary developmental nature. The terms “Chiari type 1 deformity” and “Arnold-Chiari malformation” have outlived their usefulness and future descriptions of the cerebellum in children with hindbrain deformities should indicate the shape of the lobules and precise ones involved in the herniation.
A note on the flow of a Burgers’ fluid in an orthogonal rheometer

Abstract Burgers [Mechanical considerations––model systems––phenomenological theories of relaxation and of viscosity, in: J.M. Burgers (Ed.), First Report on Viscosity and Plasticity, Nordemann Publishing Company New York, 1935] introduced a viscoelastic fluid model to describe the response of materials such as asphalt that also enjoys a good deal of popularity in the field of geomechanics. An instrument that has been developed to characterize the material moduli of such viscoelastic fluids is the orthogonal rheometer which is essentially two parallel plates rotating about non-coincident axes, but with the same angular speed. Flows of a variety of non-Newtonian fluids have been studied in such an instrument. Here, we are able to obtain an exact solution for the flow of a Burgers’ fluid in an orthogonal rheometer. We show that pronounced boundary layers can develop during flows of such a fluid due to a variety of reasons.
A 0.13µm CMOS power amplifier with ultra-wide instantaneous bandwidth for imaging applications

The increased interest in Ultra-WideBand (UWB) impulse-based systems for high-resolution imaging applications [1] has created a demand for medium-power linear amplifiers capable of transmitting such signals (FCC limits peak EIRP to 18dBm for UWB signals with 3GHz bandwidth). An integrated CMOS power amplifier (PA) with the ability to transmit arbitrary instantaneous UWB waveforms has significant value in realizing a completely-integrated silicon UWB imaging transceiver. UWB radar and imaging systems that utilize waveforms occupying the FCC-allocated lower GHz frequency bands (960 to 3100MHz) are attractive for wireless search-and-rescue and see-through-the-wall sensing applications as well as within-the-wall imaging due to the lower electromagnetic attenuation of most materials at these frequencies. The main contribution of this paper is the realization of an integrated 0.13µm CMOS power amplifier that is suitable for signals with an ultra-wide instantaneous bandwidth. The UWB PA is compatible with previously-reported true-time-delay-based beam-forming systems for low-GHz high-resolution imaging applications [1].
Expressions of ethnic identity in pre-adolescent Latino students: implications for culturally relevant pedagogy

This study describes how 72 fifth-grade Latina/Latino students express their sense of belonging to their ethnic group. The purpose of this study is to help teachers gain specific understanding of the ways that pre-adolescent Latina/Latino students express belonging to their ethnic group, in order to become more effective at implementing culturally relevant and inclusive pedagogy. Students in this study spoke in concrete and descriptive ways about ethnic food, their language and their families when asked about the ‘ethnic things’ in their lives. Findings from this study underscore the importance of listening for expressions of ethnicity among pre-adolescents in order to better support ethnic identity development, as well as school and family connections, for ethnic minority students at the crucial age of transition.
Nurses and the sterilization experiments of Auschwitz: a postmodernist perspective

The medical experiments conducted on non-consenting prisoners of Nazi concentration camps during World War II necessitated the codification of principles to protect human subjects of research. Auschwitz was the largest and one of the most infamous of the camps and the site of numerous 'medical' experiments. This historical study uses primary source documents obtained from archives in England and Germany to describe one type of experiment carried out at Auschwitz - the sterilization experiments. The purpose of these experiments was to perfect a technique in which non-Aryans could be prevented from reproducing while still being able to work as slave laborers. These narratives regarding the sterilization experiments at Auschwitz are remarkable in that they contain previously undocumented information regarding the voluntary and involuntary involvement of nurses. Following these narratives, a discussion of ethics in relation to the Holocaust is presented with a specific focus on the work of Agamben. Implications of the Auschwitz narratives for the application of codes of ethical principles and contemporary nursing are discussed from a postmodernist perspective.
Simulating synchronous processors

Abstract In this paper we show how a distributed system with synchronous processors and asynchronous message delays can be simulated by a system with both asynchronous processors and asynchronous message delays in the presence of various types of processor faults. Consequently, the result of Fischer, Lynch, and Paterson (1985, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 32, 374–382) that no consensus protocol for asynchronous processors and communication can tolerate one failstop fault, implies a result of Dolev, Dwork, and Stockmeyer (1987, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 34) that no consensus protocol for synchromous processors and asynchronous communication can tolerate one failstop fault.
Magnetic resonance velocimetry: applications of magnetic resonance imaging in the measurement of fluid motion

Magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) is a non-invasive technique capable of measuring the three-component mean velocity field in complex three-dimensional geometries with either steady or periodic boundary conditions. The technique is based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and works in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnets used for clinical imaging. Velocities can be measured along single lines, in planes, or in full 3D volumes with sub-millimeter resolution. No optical access or flow markers are required so measurements can be obtained in clear or opaque MR compatible flow models and fluids. Because of its versatility and the widespread availability of MRI scanners, MRV is seeing increasing application in both biological and engineering flows. MRV measurements typically image the hydrogen protons in liquid flows due to the relatively high intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Nonetheless, lower SNR applications such as fluorine gas flows are beginning to appear in the literature. MRV can be used in laminar and turbulent flows, single and multiphase flows, and even non-isothermal flows. In addition to measuring mean velocity, MRI techniques can measure turbulent velocities, diffusion coefficients and tensors, and temperature. This review surveys recent developments in MRI measurement techniques primarily in turbulent liquid and gas flows. A general description of MRV provides background for a discussion of its accuracy and limitations. Techniques for decreasing scan time such as parallel imaging and partial k-space sampling are discussed. MRV applications are reviewed in the areas of physiology, biology, and engineering. Included are measurements of arterial blood flow and gas flow in human lungs. Featured engineering applications include the scanning of turbulent flows in complex geometries for CFD validation, the rapid iterative design of complex internal flow passages, velocity and phase composition measurements in multiphase flows, and the scanning of flows through porous media. Temperature measurements using MR thermometry are discussed. Finally, post-processing methods are covered to demonstrate the utility of MRV data for calculating relative pressure fields and wall shear stresses.
Regional Science and State Rural Policy Research

Regional scientists, with their experience investigating social and economic phenomena at different levels of aggregation, awareness of the importance of the role public and private institutions in society, and interdisciplinary tool box, are particularly well suited to provide rural policy advice to state and local governments. In spite of this, there are those who argue that faculty neglect state rural policy (SRP) research. This article explores this question and ties answers and recommendations to incentives faced by faculty and their institutions.
Rater perceptions, satisfaction and performance ratings

This study investigated relationships between raters' perceptions of the purpose of rating (as opposed to objective purpose), norms about the rating process, satisfaction and rating outcomes. Sixty-four managers of 340 employees completed a survey of perceptions of purpose, norms and satisfaction. Performance rating data for subordinates of these managers were culled from files. Results indicated that raters' perceptions and satisfaction were significantly related to halo, leniency and range restriction in ratings. Implications of these findings are discussed.