cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical comparison of two metalanguages

An important issue in the usability of software is the quality of the manuals that are provided with the product. Some manuals describe the rules of a programming language to the user, and the syntax notation or metalanguage used to describe these rules can take various forms. In this study, we tested a notation which uses brackets and braces (designated “Signs”) against a method which uses syntax diagrams (designated “Maps”). A two-day experimental design was used in which the subjects were trained and tested on one metalanguage the first day, and then trained and tested on the second metalanguage the next day in a Latin square design. Four phases of this experiment were conducted, with 12 subjects in each phase. The procedure remained the same in each phase, but the subject population (programmers or non-programmers) or training material (full manual or one-page instruction) was changed from one phase to the next. No performance differences were found between Maps and Signs when the subjects were given extensive training on the metalanguage. However, when training was restricted to one page of instruction, performance was consistently superior with Maps for both programmers and non-programmers.
Decreased Long‐Chain Fatty Acyl CoA Elongation Activity in Quaking and Jimpy Mouse Brain: Deficiency in One Enzyme or Multiple Enzyme Activities?

Using long-chain fatty acyl CoAs (arachidoyl CoA and behenoyl CoA), a decrease in overall fatty acid chain elongation activity was observed in the quaking and jimpy mouse brain microsomes relative to controls. Arachidoyl CoA (20:0) and behenoyl CoA (22:0) elongation activities were depressed to about 50% and 80% of control values in quaking and jimpy mice, respectively. Measurement of the individual enzymatic activities of the elongation system revealed a single deficiency in enzyme activity; only the condensation activity was reduced to the same extent as total elongation in both quaking and jimpy mice. The activities of the other three enzymes, beta-ketoacyl CoA reductase, beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrase, and trans-2-enoyl CoA reductase, in both mutants were similar to the activities present in the control mouse. In addition, the activities of these three enzymes were more than two to three orders of magnitude greater than the condensing enzyme activity in all three groups, establishing that the condensing enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction step of total elongation. When the elongation of palmitoyl CoA was measured, only a 25% decrease in total elongation occurred in both mutants; a similar percent decrease in the condensation of palmitoyl CoA also was observed. The activities of the other three enzymes were unaffected. These results support the concept of either multiple elongation pathways or multiple condensing enzymes.
De Novo Synthesis of Lysozyme by Human Epidermal Cells

The presence of lysozyme in human epidermis was determined in extracts from the surface of human skin and in sonicates of human epidermal cell preparations with the use of bacteriolytic assay employing Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls as substrate. Preincubation of the extracts with the Fab portion of the IgG fraction of an antiserum to human lysozyme abolished the lytic activity of the extracts showing the specificty of the assay. De novo synthesis of lysozyme by human epidermal cells was demonstrated by radiolabeling studies. Human epidermal cells cultured in serum-free medium and pulsed with [3H]leucine for 24h were sonicated and fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A major band at M, 14,500 exhibited both immunoreactivity with a rabbit antihuman lysozyme antibody and radioactivity. Gel filtration of the cell sonicate revealed bacteriolytic activity in the fractions containing radioactive and immunoreactive proteins. These findings suggest that lysozyme is newly synthesized by human epidermal cells.
Calcium and cancer.

Abstract Tumors cause disturbances in calcium homeostasis less frequently than they cause abnormalities in bone metabolism. The bone abnormalities include osteolytic metastases and osteoblastic metastases which lead to increased bone formation. Cancer is associated with hypocalcemia more frequently than hypercalcemia, although hypercalcemia is more likely to cause symptoms. Increased bone resorption is the major mechanism of malignant hypercalcemia. Recent advances in our knowledge of normal bone metabolism and calcium regulation have led to new concepts of the mechanisms of disturbances in calcium homeostasis in cancer patients. Future progress in this area depends on clarification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone resorption in cancer. Major therapeutic advances will depend on the development of treatment regimens designed to oppose pathogenetic mechanisms.
Double stereodifferentiation in the catalytic asymmetric aziridination of imines prepared from α-chiral amines.

The catalytic asymmetric aziridination of imines and diazo com- pounds (AZ reaction) mediated by boroxinate catalysts derived from the VANOL and VAPOL ligands was in- vestigated with chiral imines derived from five different chiral, disubstituted, methyl amines. The strongest matched and mismatched reactions with the two enantiomers of the catalyst were noted with disubstituted methyl amines that had one aromatic and one aliphatic substituent. The synthetic scope for the AZ reaction was examined in detail for a-methylbenzyl amine for cis-aziridines from a-diazo esters and for trans-aziri- dines from a-diazo acetamides. Opti- cally pure aziridines could be routinely obtained in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity and the minor dia- stereomer (if any) could be easily sepa- rated. The matched case for cis-aziri- dines involved the (R)-amine with the (S)-ligand, but curiously, for trans-aziri- dines the matched case involved the (R)-amine with the (R)-ligand for imines derived from benzaldehyde and n-butanal, and the (R)-amine with the (S)-ligand for imines derived from the bulkier aliphatic aldehydes pivaldehyde and cyclohexane carboxaldehyde.
Detecting and Estimating Contamination of Human DNA Samples in Sequencing and Array-Based Genotype Data

DNA sample contamination is a serious problem in DNA sequencing studies and may result in systematic genotype misclassification and false positive associations. Although methods exist to detect and filter out cross-species contamination, few methods to detect within-species sample contamination are available. In this paper, we describe methods to identify within-species DNA sample contamination based on (1) a combination of sequencing reads and array-based genotype data, (2) sequence reads alone, and (3) array-based genotype data alone. Analysis of sequencing reads allows contamination detection after sequence data is generated but prior to variant calling; analysis of array-based genotype data allows contamination detection prior to generation of costly sequence data. Through a combination of analysis of in silico and experimentally contaminated samples, we show that our methods can reliably detect and estimate levels of contamination as low as 1%. We evaluate the impact of DNA contamination on genotype accuracy and propose effective strategies to screen for and prevent DNA contamination in sequencing studies.
Polyploidy and cancer; the desoxypentosenucleic acid content of nuclei of normal, precancerous, and neoplastic rat tissues.

The average desoxypentosenucleic acid content of individual nuclei was determined for various normal and tumor tissues, and for livers showing precancerous changes, in the rat. With certain exceptions attributable to polyploidy, the values were practically indistinguishable from each other and from values reported for cell nuclei of other mammals. The amount of this nucleic acid in diploid cells of the rat appears to be a constant, nearly equal to 6 x 10–6 micrograms. Findings of increased concentrations of this nucleic acid in tissues showing preneoplastic or neoplastic changes therefore confirm histological observations of increased cellularity and polyploidy in such tissues.
Properties of longitudinal flux tube waves. III. Wave propagation in solar and stellar wind flows

We discuss the analytic properties of longitudinal tube waves taking into account ambient wind flows. This is an extension of the studies of Papers I and II, which assumed a mean flow speed of zero and also dealt with a simplified horizontal pressure balance. Applications include the study of longitudinal flux tube waves in stars with significant mass loss and the heat- ing and dynamics of plumes in the solar wind. Slow magnetosonic waves, also called longitudinal waves, have been observed in solar plumes and are likely an important source of heating. We show that the inclusion of ambient wind flows considerably alters the limiting shock strength as well as the energy damping length of the waves.
Using transformations in specification-based prototyping

The authors explore the use of software transformations for software evolution. Meaning-preserving program transformations have been widely used for program development from a fixed initial specification. They consider a wider class of transformations to support development in which the specification evolves, rather than being fixed in advance. A new and general classification of transformations based on their effect on system interfaces, externally observable behavior, and abstraction level of a system description is presented. This classification is used to rearrange chronological derivation sequences containing meaning-changing transformations into lattices containing only meaning-preserving transformations. A process model for software evolution that utilizes prototyping techniques is described. Ways in which this class of transformations can be used to support such a process are considered. A set of examples are presented to illustrate the ideas. Software tool support and directions for future research are discussed. >
Alabama's sheep kill laurel, Kalmia latifolia L.; a preliminary study.

“Sheep kill” laurel, or “mountain laurel,” a bane to cattle raising in Alabama, was identified as Kalmia latifolia L. Half mature leaves were ground and extracted with a series of solvents. Glycosides were present in all extracts prepared with organic solvents. Extractives obtained with isopropyl alcohol were hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid and aglycone materials separated according to their differences in solubilities. These appeared to be catechol-4-catechuic acid and cis and trans isomers of d-catechol. A hydroxy flavane and a hydroxy chromane were indicated and both appeared to be affected by acid in the same manner as flavones.
Cell cycle-regulated attachment of the ubiquitin-related protein SUMO to the yeast septins.

SUMO is a ubiquitin-related protein that functions as a posttranslational modification on other proteins. SUMO conjugation is essential for viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is required for entry into mitosis. We have found that SUMO is attached to the septins Cdc3, Cdc11, and Shs1/Sep7 specifically during mitosis, with conjugates appearing shortly before anaphase onset and disappearing abruptly at cytokinesis. Septins are components of a belt of 10-nm filaments encircling the yeast bud neck. Intriguingly, only septins on the mother cell side of the bud neck are sumoylated. We have identified four major SUMO attachment-site lysine residues in Cdc3, one in Cdc11, and two in Shs1, all within the consensus sequence (IVL)KX(ED). Mutating these sites eliminated the vast majority of bud neck-associated SUMO, as well as the bulk of total SUMO conjugates in G2/M-arrested cells, indicating that sumoylated septins are the most abundant SUMO conjugates at this point in the cell cycle. This mutant has a striking defect in disassembly of septin rings, resulting in accumulation of septin rings marking previous division sites. Thus, SUMO conjugation plays a role in regulating septin ring dynamics during the cell cycle.
Environmental Heat Effects on Bovine Luteinizing Hormone

Abstract Six animals with synchronous estrous cycles were housed in the climatic chambers under controlled conditions of 18.2C, 55% relative humidity and 33.5C, 55% relative humidity and followed for four full estrous cycles. Two cycles were measured at 18C and two successive cycles at 33.5C. Plasma luteinizing hormone was measured by double antibody radioimmunoassay. At 18.2C, luteinizing hormone peaked at 61 ±5ng/ml near the onset of estrus; the surge persisted 8 to 16h. Basal luteinizing hormone was approximately 2.43ng/ml for all heifers, rose significantly during the luteal phase of the cycle on day 10 to 3.5±.27ng/ml, and declined thereafter. Under high temperature conditions of 33.5C where body temperature remained elevated by 1 to 1.5C, base line as well as peak luteinizing hormone was lower at 1.25±.48ng/ml (day 1 post-estrus) and 44.5±4.3ng/ml. The mean average duration of estrus of 16.8h at 18.2C differed from 11.9h at 33.5C. The mean length of estrous cycle was 19.5 days at 18C and 21.6 days at 33.5C with some cycles being as long as 23 days under the hot conditions.
Pulseless electrical activity after induction of anesthesia: a witnessed cardiac rupture.

Acute ventricularrupture leads to a sudden accumulation of blood in the pericar-dial space, resulting in reduced diastolic ﬁlling of the ventriclesand decreased cardiac output. Patients may present with symp-toms of cardiogenic shock or severe cardiovascular collapse. Ina chronic/subacute rupture, the clinical presentations are eithernonspeciﬁc or masked by the symptoms of a coexisting MI andcongestive heart failure. The present report is a case of cata-strophic cardiovascular collapse during induction of anesthesiain a patient who had a subacute post-MI left ventricular freewall rupture.
Recent advances in video compression: What’s next?

In the last two decades, there have been significant advances in video coding. Since the early 1990s, a series of video coding standards have been developed to satisfy the growing requirements of video applications. Among these, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is the most recent standard achieving high compression efficiency. The video compression research community has continued working on new advances that go beyond traditional video coding architectures. In this paper, we overview of some recent advances in video coding and their potential applications. We discuss work in distributed coding, texture-based methods, scalable coding, and multi-view video coding.
Kinetic description of ionospheric outflows based on the exact form of Fokker‐Planck collision operator: Electrons

We present the results of a finite difference implementation of the kinetic Fokker-Planck model with an exact form of the nonlinear collisional operator, The model is time dependent and three-dimensional; one spatial dimension and two in velocity space. The spatial dimension is aligned with the local magnetic field, and the velocity space is defined by the magnitude of the velocity and the cosine of pitch angle. An important new feature of model, the concept of integration along the particle trajectories, is discussed in detail. Integration along the trajectories combined with the operator time splitting technique results in a solution scheme which accurately accounts for both the fast convection of the particles along the magnetic field lines and relatively slow collisional process. We present several tests of the model's performance and also discuss simulation results of the evolution of the plasma distribution for realistic conditions in Earth's plasmasphere under different scenarios.
Alteration of the mu opioid receptor: Ca2+ channel signaling pathway in a subset of rat sensory neurons following chronic femoral artery occlusion.

The exercise pressor reflex, a crucial component of the cardiovascular response under physiological and pathophysiological states, is activated via metabolic and mechanical mediators that originate from contracting muscles and stimulate group III and IV afferents. We reported previously that stimulation of mu opioid receptors (MOR), expressed in both afferents, led to a significant attenuation of the reflex in rats whose femoral arteries had been occluded for 72 h. The present study examined the effect of arterial occlusion on the signaling components involved in the opioid-mediated modulation of Ca2+ channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the triceps surae muscles. We focused on neurons that were transfected with cDNA coding for enhanced green fluorescent protein whose expression is driven by the voltage-gated Na+ channel 1.8 (NaV1.8) promoter region, a channel expressed primarily in nociceptive neurons. With the use of a small interference RNA approach, our results show that the pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi3 subunit couples MOR with Ca2+ channels. We observed a significant leftward shift of the MOR agonist [d-Ala2-N-Me-Phe4-Glycol5]-enkephalin concentration-response relationship in neurons isolated from rats with occluded arteries compared with those that were perfused freely. Femoral occlusion did not affect Ca2+ channel density or the fraction of the main Ca2+ channel subtype. Furthermore, Western blotting analysis indicated that the leftward shift did not result from either increased Gαi3 or MOR expression. Finally, all neurons from both groups exhibited an inward current following exposure of the transient potential receptor vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist, 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide. These findings suggest that sensory neurons mediating the exercise pressor reflex express NaV1.8 and TRPV1 channels, and femoral occlusion alters the MOR pharmacological profile.
Thematic Review Series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis Molecular mechanisms regulating monocyte recruitment in atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease, a progressive disorder characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the artery wall, is a leading cause of death in Western societies. One of the initial events in atherogenesis involves the recruitment of inflammatory cells from the circulation into the developing lesion. Studies during the past decade have underscored the role of inflammatory mediators in disease initiation and progression. Critical progress has been made in our understanding of the complex mechanisms by which monocytes, macrophages, and T-cells accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques. Experimental research has identified several candidate adhesion proteins and chemokines that are critically involved in the recruitment process, and encouraging data provide a mechanistic framework for new therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms that direct the recruitment of monocytes to, and their retention in, atherosclerotic lesions.
Daily deaths are associated with combustion particles rather than SO2 in Philadelphia

OBJECTIVES—To assess whether the association between SO2 and daily deaths in Philadelphia during the years 1974-88 is due to its correlation with airborne particles, and vice versa. METHODS— There is a significant variation in the relation between total suspended particulate (TSP) and SO2 in Philadelphia by year and season. Firstly, 30 separate regressions were fitted for each pollutant in the warm and cold season of each year. These regressions controlled for weather, long term temporal patterns, and day of the week. Then a meta-regression was performed to find whether the effect of SO2 was due to TSP, or vice versa. RESULTS—Controlling for TSP, there was no significant association between SO2 and daily deaths. By contrast, in periods when TSP was less correlated with SO2, its association with daily deaths was higher. However, all of the association between TSP and daily deaths was explained by its correlation with extinction coefficient, a measurement of the scattering of light by fine particles, which has been shown to be highly correlated with fine combustion particles in Philadelphia. CONCLUSIONS—The association between air pollution and daily deaths in Philadelphia is due to fine combustion particles, and not to SO2. Keywords: air pollution; mortality; hierarchical models
Forbush decreases and particle acceleration in the outer heliosphere

Major solar flare activity in 1989 has provided examples of the local acceleration of protons at 28 AU (Pioneer 11) and of the propagation of Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic ray intensity to a heliocentric radial distance of 47 AU (Pioneer 10). The combination of these and previous data at lesser distances shows (a) that Forbush decreases propagate with essentially constant magnitude to (at least) 47 AU and with similar magnitude at widely different ecliptic longitudes and (b) that the times for recovery from such decreases become progressively greater as the radial distance increases, being of the order of months in the outer heliosphere. A phenomenological scheme for (b) is proposed and fresh support is given to the hypothesis that the solar cycle modulation of the galactic cosmic ray intensity is attributable primarily to overlapping Forbush decreases which are more frequent and of greater magnitude near times of maximum solar activity than at times of lesser activity.
Gray scale response from optically addressed spatial light modulators incorporating surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals.

We demonstrate the capability of optically addressed spatial light modulators that incorporate surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals to reproduce gray scale. This capability is based on temporal averaging and is observed in an operating mode in which the applied voltage repeatedly cycles the device between writing and erasing at operating frequencies between 100 and 2000 Hz. A gray scale response is observed for write-light intensities below a saturation level that increases from 100 μW/cm2 at 100 Hz to 2 mW/cm2 at 2 kHz. We develop a procedure to determine the modulation transfer function from measurements of the diffraction efficiency as a function of spatial frequency and write-light intensity in a device with a nonlinear transfer characteristic. At an operating frequency of 500 Hz, the modulation transfer function is greater than or equal to 0.50 at a spatial frequency of 40 line pairs/mm.
p190RhoGAP is cell cycle regulated and affects cytokinesis

p190RhoGAP (p190), a Rho family GTPase-activating protein, regulates actin stress fiber dynamics via hydrolysis of Rho-GTP. Recent data suggest that p190 also regulates cell proliferation. To gain insights into the cellular process(es) affected by p190, we altered its levels by conditional or transient overexpression. Overexpression of p190 resulted in a multinucleated phenotype that was dependent on the GTPase-activating protein domain. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that both endogenous and exogenous p190 localized to the newly forming and contracting cleavage furrow of dividing cells. However, overexpression of p190 resulted in abnormal positioning of the furrow specification site and unequal daughter cell partitioning, as well as faulty furrow contraction and multinucleation. Furthermore, levels of endogenous p190 protein were transiently decreased in late mitosis via an ubiquitin-mediated degradation process that required the NH2-terminal GTP-binding region of p190. These results suggest that a cell cycle–regulated reduction in endogenous p190 levels is linked to completion of cytokinesis and generation of viable cell progeny.
Effect of Urea on Bleaching of Wool with Hydrogen Peroxide Under Alkaline and Acidic Conditions

The effect of urea on the alkaline and acidic hydrogen peroxide bleaching of wool has been investigated. There was an improvement in the whiteness of the wool or, alternatively, a considerable redu...
X-Diff: an effective change detection algorithm for XML documents

XML has become the de facto standard format for Web publishing and data transportation. Since online information changes frequently, being able to quickly detect changes in XML documents is important to Internet query systems, search engines, and continuous query systems. Previous work in change detection on XML, or other hierarchically structured documents, used an ordered tree model, in which left-to-right order among siblings is important and it can affect the change result. We argue that an unordered model (only ancestor relationships are significant) is more suitable for most database applications. Using an unordered model, change detection is substantially harder than using the ordered model, but the change result that it generates is more accurate. We propose X-Diff, an effective algorithm that integrates key XML structure characteristics with standard tree-to-tree correction techniques. The algorithm is analyzed and compared with XyDiff [CAM02], a published XML diff algorithm. An experimental evaluation on both algorithms is provided.
Endoscopic treatment of tracheal stenosis

Endoscopic treatment of subglottic and tracheal stenosis has traditionally been reserved for short-segment and web-like stenoses with normal cartilaginous structure. In light of recent study of definitive endoscopic treatment for circumferential and complete tracheal stenosis with loss of cartilaginous support, severe and complete tracheal stenoses may be successfully treated endoscopically using the techniques and adjunctive measures described here. Definitive endoscopic treatment may be considered before tracheal resection in select cases. Endoscopic treatment is associated with few complications, low morbidity, short operative time, and length of hospitalization.
The Influence of Manufacturing Variations on a Crash Energy Management System

Crash Energy Management (CEM) systems protect passengers in the event of a train collision. A CEM system distributes crush throughout designated unoccupied crush zones of a passenger rail consist. This paper examines the influence of manufacturing variations in the CEM system on the crashworthiness of CEM passenger rail equipment. To perform effectively, a CEM system must have certain features. A coupling mechanism allows coupled cars to come together in a controlled fashion and absorb energy. A load transfer mechanism ensures that the car ends mate and maintain contact. A principal energy absorber mechanism is responsible for absorbing the vast majority of crash energy. These components function by providing an increasing force-crush characteristic when they are overloaded. The force-crush behavior can vary due to manufacturing tolerances. For the purposes of this research, the pushback coupler, the deformable anticlimber, and the primary energy absorber were the devices that performed these functions. It was confirmed in this study that the force-crush characteristic of the pushback coupler and the primary energy absorber have the greatest influence on crashworthiness performance. To represent the influence of these parameters, the average force of the pushback coupler and the average force of the primary energy absorber were examined. A cab-led passenger train impacting a standing freight consist was represented as a one-dimensional lumped-mass model. The force-crush characteristic for each coach car end was adjusted to examine the effects of variation in manufacturing. Each car end was modified independently while holding all other car ends constant. The model used in this study was designed to be comparable with a 30 mph, full-scale, train-to-train CEM test. Using crush distribution and secondary impact velocity as measures of crashworthiness, the standard CEM consist performance has a maximum crashworthiness speed limit of 40 mph. Percent total energy absorbed was used as a means of comparison between cars for each consist configuration. When energy absorption levels are decreased at any particular car end, crush tends to be drawn towards this car end. Correspondingly, when available energy levels are increased at a car end, crush is drawn away from this car end. For both cases, the overall distribution of crush has more of an effect locally and less of an effect at other coupled interfaces. This paper shows that moderate variations in crush behavior may occur due to manufacturing tolerances and have little influence on the crashworthiness performance of CEM systems.
Robust beamforming for multi-cell downlink transmission

For coordinated transmissions in multi-cell downlink channels, the base stations are required to acquire and share their channel state information (CSI). Acquiring CSI is often prone to errors and a globally-optimal coordination is not possible when the acquired CSI is imperfect. However, when the errors in the acquired CSI are guaranteed to lie within bounded regions, any quality-of-service (QoS) measure of interest will also lie within a bounded region. Motivated by this premise, by employing the notion of robustness in the worst-case sense, some worst-case guarantees on QoS can be offered. We assume that CSI perturbations belong to known hyper-spheres and aim to design linear transceivers that optimize the minimum worst-case rate of the network. We offer centralized (fully cooperative) and distributed (limited cooperation) procedures imposing different levels of complexity and information exchange among the base stations.
The Sanity of Faith: What Religious Fundamentalism Teaches About the Insanity Defense and the First Amendment

This Article analyzes whether criminal religious fundamentalists should escape culpability for their wrongdoing under the insanity defense. Made especially salient by Muslim jihadists and Christian abortion clinic bombers, this issue touches on a range of topics, including legal philosophy, free exercise and religious accommodations, mental health and the evidentiary utility of neuroscience, and equality concerns touching on racial and ethnic, gender, and sexual minorities. Above all, this issue touches on an underappreciated tension between two pillars of American law: freedom of religion celebrating the idea that people need never account for their reasons for acceding to faith, and a law of responsibility ubiquitously scrutinizing people’s exact reasons for action. It is this tension that most challenges existing doctrinal and scholarly frameworks for the insanity defense, which ultimately fail to justify any distinction between delusion and dogma. Seeking to resolve this tension, this Article argues that reconceptualizing the “cognition of wrongdoing” prong of this defense not only dispatches faith-as-insanity, but also creates a more universally coherent insanity defense framework, resolving the gaps left by existing interpretations in reconciling even less novel phenomena, like psychosis and psychopathy. This prong should place less emphasis on the direct outcomes of a person’s thought processes (e.g., the reasons for a person’s actions), and instead place greater emphasis on the thought process itself—particularly whether a person has a demonstrated capacity to engage with counterarguments. This capacity should be most determinative of a person’s cognition, regardless of whether someone might sincerely believe that his actions are moral—and even, in the many cases where fundamentalists appropriate secular arguments, fully legal. Ultimately, focusing on this capacity for alternative reasoning not only resolves the underappreciated tension between freedom of religious belief and the law of responsibility, but also illuminates the concept of religious accommodations in general.
Teaching Law: A Framework for Instructional Mastery

Legal education is the most interesting and engaging form of education, reflecting social and political structure and history. Teaching law fascinates the wise and powerful, from managing partners of major law firms to Supreme Court justices. Teaching law is also important, challenging the nation’s best to acquire knowledge, skills, and attributes necessary to social survival and prosperity. This book on teaching law addresses its basic competencies, digesting the voluminous writings on teaching and learning, turning them into clear, orderly, comprehensive, and above all practical steps for effective instruction. The book’s 14 chapters follow the law school term, addressing teaching issues that law professors might be thinking about in each week of the term. The book also includes reflections, exercises, checklists, and a glossary of education terms.
Performance study of RASO algorithm beyond 4G

Self-optimization for random access procedure in SONs has a profound impact on user equipment experience and network performance in 3G/4G. However, the process of designing self-optimization towards a 5G system is a difficult challenge. In this paper, we proposed a multi-objective algorithm of random access self-optimization (RASO) in terms of auto-adjustment and configuration, which includes physical random access channel parameter, transmission power parameter, and backoff parameter jointly auto-adapted with respect to changes in the network. Our simulation demonstrated that a combination of these control parameters and their auto-adjustment directly improves the access probability and access delay at high load, compared to using a single control parameter. Such combination also enhances the reception of random access requests, thus producing better quality of service. Simulation results are thus presented to illustrate the algorithm's effectiveness.
Influence of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability on the kinetic energy spectrum.

The fluctuating kinetic energy spectrum in the region near the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) is experimentally investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The velocity field is measured at a high spatial resolution in the light gas to observe the effects of turbulence production and dissipation. It is found that the RMI acts as a source of turbulence production near the unstable interface, where energy is transferred from the scales of the perturbation to smaller scales until dissipation. The interface also has an effect on the kinetic energy spectrum farther away by means of the distorted reflected shock wave. The energy spectrum far from the interface initially has a higher energy content than that of similar experiments with a flat interface. These differences are quick to disappear as dissipation dominates the flow far from the interface.
Real-time subsecond voltammetric analysis of Pb in aqueous environmental samples.

Lead (Pb) pollution is an important environmental and public health concern. Rapid Pb transport during stormwater runoff significantly impairs surface water quality. The ability to characterize and model Pb transport during these events is critical to mitigating its impact on the environment. However, Pb analysis is limited by the lack of analytical methods that can afford rapid, sensitive measurements in situ. While electrochemical methods have previously shown promise for rapid Pb analysis, they are currently limited in two ways. First, because of Pb’s limited solubility, test solutions that are representative of environmental systems are not typically employed in laboratory characterizations. Second, concerns about traditional Hg electrode toxicity, stability, and low temporal resolution have dampened opportunities for in situ analyses with traditional electrochemical methods. In this paper, we describe two novel methodological advances that bypass these limitations. Using geochemical models, we first ...
Examining Arrival Time Predictability in the NAS Using Monte Carlo Methods

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) implementation plan articulates that NextGen will become a better way of doing business because travel will be come more predictable [1]. This is important because predictably of flight operational events, in particular flight arrival times, have a significant impact on direct operating cost to the airline industry and passengers and an indirect effect on the economy [2, 3]. Uncertainty in flight arrival times causes carriers to increase their scheduled gate-to-gate times (schedule block times) by adding a buffer (or pad), a practice called schedule padding. Airlines claim that improvements to arrival time predictability could add revenue flights to their schedules without the cost of aircraft acquisitions [4].
Investigation of Sarcophagide flies in Tonghua city

Objective To investigate the background,geographic distribution and ecology of Sarcophagide and provide scientific basis for control in Tonghua city.Methods Net trap and collecting species by immesh were adopted and identified by insect taxonomy.Results The background,geographic distribution of Sarcophagide were investigated.Sarcophagide composition in Tonghua consisted of 44 species,belonged to 3 subfamilies 18 genus,occupied 64.7%.Conclusion Most of Sarcophagide species belong to inhabited area flies,spread to half-inhabited area.Their larvae are fed on coprophagy and corpse,the inhibated illness are mainly spread by them and they are also the maggot pathogeny.
No Way Out: Eighth Amendment Protection for Do-or-Die Acts of the Homeless

The Supreme Court held in its 1962 decision Robinson v California that it was cruel and unusual under the Eighth Amendment to punish people for "status" crimes-that is, crimes defined by who people are, not what they do.1 In the decade following that decision, courts used the status crimes doctrine to invalidate statutes that made vagrancy illegal.2 In response to recent, explosive increases in their homeless populations, however, many communities have bypassed the Court's status crimes mandate by outlawing actions that are attendant to vagrancy, such as sleeping in public places. Homeless people in these communities have used the status crimes doctrine to challenge such ordinances; however, since the Supreme Court narrowed the doctrine in Powell v Texas,3 the Eighth Amendment has provided the homeless with very precarious protection. A plurality of the Powell Court withdrew Robinson's protection of acts attendant to status, even where punishment of such acts has the practical consequence of proscribing the status itself. Whereas Robinson held that it was cruel and unusual to punish status, Powell implied that states could punish status, so long as
II-22 Advanced glycation end products (ages) and association with systemic lupus erythematosus

Background Oxidative stress plays a role in disease activity and premature atherosclerosis seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are prevalent in the Western diet. The accumulation of serum AGEs disrupts protein function, and interaction with its receptor induces production of reactive oxygen species and activation of vascular endothelial cells, leading to increased oxidative stress. Our hypothesis is that serum AGE levels, indicators of dietary habits, correlate with inflammation and potentially impact autoimmunity. Materials and methods We evaluated clinical data and serum samples from 80 Gullah African American participants enrolled prospectively into the SLE in Gullah Health (SLEIGH) study. Of the 80 participants, 50 were patients with SLE and 30 were unaffected controls (15 related controls and 15 unrelated controls). Serum samples were assessed with the AGE Competitive ELISA kit from Cell Bio Labs. All samples were normalised to total protein concentration. The cohort consisted of 50 patients (25 with no history of cardiovascular disease, and 25 with history of cardiovascular disease or renal disease) and 30 controls (15 related controls, 15 unrelated healthy controls). Student’s T-test was used to compare AGE levels among SLE patients to controls. We used logistic regression models to examine predictors of autoantibody status and a nested case-control design to compare AGE levels between different disease subsets of patients. Results Overall there were no significant differences in mean AGE levels between SLE patients (2.8 mcg/mL ± 1.8), related controls (5.0 mcg/mL ± 3.1) or unrelated controls (1.2 mcg/mL ± 0.6). Obese patients (BMI ≥ 30) had significantly higher AGE levels than non-obese patients (p = 0.03), though there was no difference among controls. Smoking history was associated with higher AGE levels (p = 0.03). Although on average higher, AGE levels were not significantly associated with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or stroke history. There was no difference in mean AGE levels with presence of hypertension or current corticosteroid use. Regression models demonstrated no significant influence of AGE level on patient or control status (OR 0.93, p = NS), including when adjusted for gender, age (in years) and BMI. Interestingly, among controls, ANA positivity significantly correlated with higher AGE levels (p = 0.01), when adjusted for age (years). Conclusions Although there was not a difference in AGE levels between SLE patients and controls, the AGE levels were higher with ANA positivity among controls. This finding suggests that serum AGE levels may play a role as a modifiable risk factor for autoimmunity and further study is warranted.
In vivo activation of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 by PUFAs has minimal impact on atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice

G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)120/FFA receptor (FFAR)4 (GPR120/FFAR4) activation by n-3 PUFAs attenuates inflammation, but its impact on atherosclerosis is unknown. We determined whether in vivo activation of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 by n-3 versus n-6 PUFAs is atheroprotective. Leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 WT or KO mice in the LDL receptor KO background were generated by bone marrow transplantation. Mice were fed one of the four atherogenic diets containing 0.2% cholesterol and 10% calories as palm oil (PO) + 10% calories as: 1) PO, 2) fish oil (FO; 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 enriched), 3) echium oil (EO; 18:4 n-3 enriched), or 4) borage oil (BO; 18:3 n-6 enriched) for 16 weeks. Compared with PO, mice fed BO, EO, and FO had significantly reduced plasma cholesterol, TG, VLDL cholesterol, hepatic neutral lipid, and atherosclerosis that were equivalent for WT and KO mice. In BO-, EO-, and FO-fed mice, but not PO-fed mice, lack of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 resulted in neutrophilia, pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytosis, increased aortic root monocyte recruitment, and increased hepatic inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, leukocyte GPR120 expression has minimal effects on dietary PUFA-induced plasma lipid/lipoprotein reduction and atheroprotection, and there is no distinction between n-3 versus n-6 PUFAs in activating anti-inflammatory effects of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 in vivo.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF HELIUM AT LOW TEMPERATURES AND HIGH PRESSURES

The thermodynamic properties of helium have been compiled and correlated for a temperature range from 3.0 to 20 deg K for pressures to 100 atmospheres and for specific volumes from 5 to 800 liters per kilogram. The properties are presented on both the temperature-entropy and the enthalpy-entropy co-ordinate systems and include pressure, temperature, volume, entropy, and enthalpy. (auth)
Neurally plausible motor babbling in robot reaching

In this paper we present a neurally plausible model of human infant reaching that is based on embodied artificial intelligence, which emphasizes the importance of the sensorimotor interaction of an agent and the world. This model encompasses both learning sensorimotor correlations through motor babbling and also arm motion planning using spreading activation. This model is organized in three layers of neural maps with a parallel structure representing the same sensorimotor space. The motor babbling period shapes the structure of the three neural maps as well as the connections within and between them. We describe an implementation of this model and an investigation of this implementation using a simple reaching task on a humanoid robot. The robot has learned successfully to plan reaching motions from a test set with high accuracy and smoothness.
A regression approach to testing genetic influence on communication behavior

A behavior genetics perspective suggests both social and biological forces influence human behavior, including highly specialized media and communication behaviors. In this paper, I use a behavior genetics framework and twin study data from the 2013 Midlife in the United States (MIDUS III) survey to examine how both environmental and genetic factors contribute to social media use. By applying a straightforwardand easily replicableanalytical extension to linear regression called DeFries-Fulker (DF) regression, I demonstrate that approximately one-to two-thirds of variance in social media use is attributable to additive genetic traits; unique and shared environmental factors account for the remainder of variance. In addition to showing social media use is partially motivated by underlying genetic traits, this paper, more importantly, provides an analytical blueprint for using DF regression in future investigations of genetic influence on communication behaviors and media effects. DeFries-Fulker (DF) regression is used to assess genetic influence on social media use.One-to two-thirds of variance in social media use is explained by genetic traits.Genes are shown to play a latent role in guiding complex media behaviors.This article offers a blueprint for exploring other genetic effects using DF regression.
Abstract 21: Stiffness-Dependent Notch1 Activation Regulates Cardiogenic Differentiation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are multipotent, self-renewing cells that can regenerate the myocardium and improve cardiac function in animal models of MI by cardiogenic differentiation. However, limited survival of stem/progenitor cells, myocardial scarring and fibrosis inhibit cardiac regeneration. Notch signaling promotes early cardiac development, cardiomyocyte survival and cardiac gene expression in circulating endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells and CPCs. As misregulation of Notch signaling during development is lethal due to cardiovascular defects, activating this critical pathway during cell transplantation could improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy. We investigated whether self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogels can be used to activate Notch1 signaling. The 16 amino acid self-assembling scaffold (RAD) was modified with a 20 amino acid peptide mimicking the active site of Notch1 ligand, Jagged1 (RJAG) or with the corresponding scrambled peptide (RSCR). To determine whether scaffold stiffness regulates Notch1 activation, CHO cells with Notch1 responsive YFP expression were cultured in scaffolds of 1-3% w/v in presence of RSCR or RJAG at a 1:10 ligand: scaffold ratio in 3D. Presence of the RJAG peptide (p
Porous Chambers, Echoes of Valence and Stereotypes: A Network Analysis of Online News Coverage Interconnectedness Following a Nationally Polarizing Race-Related Event

Selective exposure to one-sided news coverage, especially of controversial geopolitical events, may contribute to growing social polarization. Existing research on “echo chambers”—fragmented information environments that amplify homogeneous perspectives—focuses on the degree to which individuals and social media platforms shape informational segregation. Here, we explore whether news organizations directly contribute to echo chambers through the hyperlinks they embed in online articles. Using network and text analysis, we examined coverage of the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO, and found that online news media exhibited weak community structure and high connectivity across news outlets. However, analyses also indicated that media sources were more likely to link to coverage that was similar to their own in terms of emotional valence and stereotype-relevant aspects of the events. While hyperlinking to diverse news sources may ameliorate fragmented information environments, selectively linki...