cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracic skeletal defects in myogenin- and MRF4-deficient mice correlate with early defects in myotome and intercostal musculature.

Abstract Myogenin and MRF4 are skeletal muscle-specific bHLH transcription factors critical for muscle development. In addition to a variety of skeletal muscle defects, embryos homozygous for mutations in myogenin or MRF4 display phenotypes in the thoracic skeleton, including rib fusions and sternal defects. These skeletal defects are likely to be secondary because myogenin and MRF4 are not expressed in the rib cartilage or sternum. In this study, the requirement for myogenin and MRF4 in thoracic skeletal development was further examined. When a hypomorphic allele of myogenin and an MRF4-null mutation were placed together, the severity of the thoracic skeletal defects was greatly increased and included extensive rib cartilage fusion and fused sternebrae. Additionally, new rib defects were observed in myogenin/MRF4 compound mutants, including a failure of the rib cartilage to contact the sternum. These results suggested that myogenin and MRF4 share overlapping functions in thoracic skeletal formation. Spatial expression patterns of skeletal muscle-specific markers in myogenin- and MRF4-mutant embryos revealed early skeletal muscle defects not previously reported. MRF4−/− mice displayed abnormal intercostal muscle morphology, including bifurcation and fusion of adjacent intercostals. myogenin/MRF4-mutant combinations displayed ventral myotome defects, including a failure to express normal levels of myf5. The results suggested that the early muscle defects observed in myogenin and MRF4 mutants may cause subsequent thoracic skeletal defects, and that myogenin and MRF4 have overlapping functions in ventral myotome differentiation and intercostal muscle morphogenesis.
Effects of reduced calcium on proliferation and cell viability in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic rat tracheal epithelial cell lines

We have compared the in vitro growth and viability of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic rat tracheal epithelial cell lines over a range of calcium concentrations from 0.003 to 0.85 mM. A greater dependence on calcium for proliferation was seen in the nontumorigenic line as compared to the tumorigenic line at both the colony formation level and in mass cultures. In the latter culture condition, a marked differential effect on cell survival was also demonstrated. These differences in calcium dependence were seen in media containing fetal bovine serum or low concentrations of newborn calf serum and in a serum-free medium developed for these cells. The effect was also independent of the method used for calcium removal i.e., either by chelex treatment or the inclusion of EGTA. Therefore, loss of calcium dependence may be associated with tumorigenicity in rat tracheal epithelial cells offering a selectable marker for neoplastic cells in carcinogen-exposed preneoplastic cell populations.
Instrumental Music Instruction as a Contingency for Increased Reading Behavior

This study examined two related problems: (1) Does contingent music instruction act as reinforcement for reading behavior in the classroom? (2) What is the effect of contingent music instruction on music performance achievement levels? Fifty-four subjects were selected from all fourth grade students in two inner-city schools. Selection was based on music aptitude, interest in playing a band instrument, parental interest, and classroom teacher's recommendation. Students from one school, the experimental group, were at least one year delayed in reading achievement. The control group, from the other school was at or above grade level in reading. All subjects received music instruction daily, noncontingently, during the baseline phases. During the two treatment phases, experimental subjects received music instruction only if they met contingent individual daily criteria in reading. Control subjects' music instruction was always received noncontingently. Analyses of the reading achievement data revealed a sign...
5-HT1A receptor antagonist administration decreases cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus.

This study investigated the action of 5-HT1A receptor antagonists on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult rats. Three antagonists (NAN-190, p-MPPI and WAY-100635) all produced a statistically significant ∼30% reduction in the number of BrdU-immunoreactive cells in the dentate gyrus. This suggests that 5-HT1A receptor activity is important during naturally occurring cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus, and perhaps neurogenesis, and is one of the many factors involved in its regulation.
Periodic ab initio calculations of orthoboric acid

Periodic ab initio calculations for orthoboric acid were performed. Geometries of a monolayer and a three-dimensional molecular crystal were optimized. Intermolecular interactions within the layer are found to be about three times stronger than the interaction between layers. Layer buckling is shown to be caused by interlayer interactions. Deformation density maps are given and changes in the density distribution induced by intermolecular interactions are discussed.
Combined use of ultrasound and nuclear medicine techniques in kidney disease

Combined ultrasound and nuclear medicine procedures in the evaluation of urinary-tract disease are essentially limited to the kidneys. They are useful in the evaluation of patients with masses, renal failure, unilateral nonfunctioning kidney, trauma, and transplants. In our experience the combined use of these techniques has increased diagnostic accuracy and in many cases has obviated the need for more complex procedures associated with higher radiation doses. This is an especially important factor in children and in adults in the childbearing age group. We have achieved success with these modalities because of the constant communication between the referring physicians and the ultrasound and nuclear medicine divisions.
Online travel data: A goldmine of new opportunities

This paper summarizes the author's opinions as to how the Internet will influence the next decade of business and research directions in the airline industry. Potential impacts on the Internet on revenue management, pricing, itinerary choice, and new product development are reviewed.
The course of DSM-III-R schizophreniform disorder

This study compared the course of illness of 36 patients who received a diagnosis of either DSM-III-R schizophreniform disorder or schizophrenia. Approximately 3.5 and 4.0 years after their index hospitalization, the two groups were compared for differences in positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, interpersonal and occupational role functioning, and other aspects of the deficit state. Multivariate data analyses indicate that the course of illness of the two groups is significantly different (p < .007), and the data also indicate that patient symptoms and functioning changed significantly over time (p < .008). The schizophreniform patients showed a low level of negative symptoms at both follow-ups; schizophrenics initially showed a higher level of negative symptoms, but these symptoms decreased significantly over time (p < .04). These data indicate that the course of DSM-III-R schizophreniform disorder is distinct from the course of schizophrenia.
Etiology of Insulin Resistance

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the prevalence is set to increase dramatically over the coming decades. Understanding the metabolic pathways that lead to type 2 diabetes is therefore an important healthcare objective. Novel investigational techniques based on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have allowed real-time insight into the molecular defects in patients with type 2 diabetes, revealing that insulin resistance is a product of decreased insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis, which can mostly be attributed to decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport (Glut 4) activity. This defect appears to be a result of intracellular lipid-induced inhibition of insulin-stimulated insulin-receptor substrate (IRS)–1 tyrosine phosphorylation resulting in reduced IRS-1–associated phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase activity. The hypothesis that insulin resistance is a result of accumulation of intracellular lipid metabolites (e.g., fatty acyl CoAs, diacylglycerol) in skeletal muscle and hepatocytes is supported by observations in patients and mouse models of lipodystrophy. Furthermore, the increase in hepatic insulin sensitivity observed in patients with type 2 diabetes following weight loss is also accompanied by a significant reduction in intrahepatic fat without any changes in circulating adipocytokines (interleukin-6, resistin, leptin). Finally, recent MRS studies in healthy, lean, elderly subjects and lean insulin-resistant offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes have demonstrated that reduced mitochondrial activity may also lead to increased intramyocellular lipid content and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in these individuals. In summary, in vivo MRS has proved to be an important tool for elucidating the causal chain of events that causes insulin resistance. Understanding the cellular mechanism(s) of insulin resistance in turn offers the prospect of better targeted and more effective therapeutic interventions for treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Dissection of a Nuclear Localization Signal

The regulated process of protein import into the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is mediated by specific nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that are recognized by protein import receptors. This study seeks to decipher the energetic details of NLS recognition by the receptor importin alpha through quantitative analysis of variant NLSs. The relative importance of each residue in two monopartite NLS sequences was determined using an alanine scanning approach. These measurements yield an energetic definition of a monopartite NLS sequence where a required lysine residue is followed by two other basic residues in the sequence K(K/R)X(K/R). In addition, the energetic contributions of the second basic cluster in a bipartite NLS ( approximately 3 kcal/mol) as well as the energy of inhibition of the importin alpha importin beta-binding domain ( approximately 3 kcal/mol) were also measured. These data allow the generation of an energetic scale of nuclear localization sequences based on a peptide's affinity for the importin alpha-importin beta complex. On this scale, a functional NLS has a binding constant of approximately 10 nm, whereas a nonfunctional NLS has a 100-fold weaker affinity of 1 microm. Further correlation between the current in vitro data and in vivo function will provide the foundation for a comprehensive quantitative model of protein import.
I-cell disease Desialylation of β-hexosaminidase and its effect on uptake by fibroblasts

Abstract The pinocytosis of fibroblasts of β -hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) excreted by cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with I-cell disease was not enhanced by neuraminidase treatment of the enzyme. The uptake of sialic acid-rich normal plasma β -hexosaminidase was minimal and neuraminidase treatment did not appreciably enhance uptake. In contrast, sialic acid-rich normal seminal fluid β -hexominidase was readily pinocytosed regardless of neuraminidase treatment. Thus the presence of sialic acid on β -hexosaminidase does not influence uptake and a neuraminidase deficiency in I-cell disease may not be directly responsible for excessive extracellular enzyme.
TransPath: a computational method for locating ion transit pathways through membrane proteins.

The finely tuned structures of membrane channel proteins allow selective passage of ions through the available aqueous pores. To understand channel function, it is crucial to locate the pores and study their physical and chemical properties. Here, we propose a new pore-searching algorithm (TransPath), which uses the Configurational Bias Monte Carlo (CBMC) method to generate transmembrane trajectories driven by both geometric and electrostatic features. The trajectories are binned into groups determined by a vector distance criterion. From each group, a representative trajectory is selected based on the Rosenbluth weight, and the geometrically optimal path is obtained by simulated annealing. Candidate ion pathways can then be determined by analysis of the radius and potential profiles. The proposed method and its implementation are illustrated using the bacterial KcsA potassium channel as an example. The procedure is then applied to the more complex structures of the bacterial E. coli chloride channel homolog and a homology model of the ClC-0 channel. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energetics and structural properties of three-dimensional bosonic clusters near threshold

We treat three-dimensional bosonic clusters with up to $N=40$ atoms, interacting additively through two-body van der Waals potentials, in the near-threshold regime. Our study includes super-borromean systems with $N$ atoms for which all subsystems are unbound. We determine the energetics and structural properties such as the expectation value of the interparticle distance as a function of the coupling strength. It has been shown that the coupling strength ${g}_{*}^{(N)}$, for which the $N$-body system becomes unbound, is bounded by the coupling constant ${g}_{*}^{(N\ensuremath{-}1)}$, for which the next smaller system with $N\ensuremath{-}1$ atoms becomes unbound, i.e., ${g}_{*}^{(N)}\ensuremath{\geqslant}(N\ensuremath{-}1){g}_{*}^{(N\ensuremath{-}1)}∕N$. By fitting our numerically determined ground-state energies to a simple functional form with three fitting parameters, we determine the relationship between ${g}_{*}^{(N)}$ and ${g}_{*}^{(N\ensuremath{-}1)}$. Our trimer and tetramer energies fall on the so-called Tjon line, which has been studied in nuclear physics. We confirm the existence of generalized Tjon lines for larger clusters. Signatures of the universal behavior of weakly bound three-dimensional clusters can possibly be observed in ultracold Bose gases.
Capture conditions for merging trajectory segments to model realistic aircraft descents

A typical commercial aircraft trajectory consists of a series of flight segments. An aircraft switches from one segment to another when certain specified variables reach their desired values. Trajectory synthesis for air traffic control automation must be consistent with practical pilot procedures. We examine capture conditions for merging trajectory segments to model commercial aircraft descent in trajectory synthesis. These conditions translate into bounds on measurements of atmospheric wind, pressure, and temperature. They also define ranges of thrust and drag feasible for a descent trajectory. Capture conditions are derived for the Center-TRACON Automation System developed at NASA Ames Research Center for automated air traffic control. Various uses of capture conditions are discussed. A Boeing 727-200 aircraft is used to provide numerical examples of capture conditions.
The impact of climate change on human health: Some international implications

The objective of this study is to discuss the potential impact of a global warming on various aspects of human health. Changes in heat-related mortality are estimated for four countries: the United States, Canada, the People's Republic of China and Egypt. In addition, the potential confounding impact of increased air pollution is considered. Finally, a framework to analyze two vector-borne diseases, onchocerciasis and malaria, which may spread if temperatures increase, is discussed. Our findings suggest that heat-related mortality is estimated to rise significantly in all four countries if the earth warms, with the greatest impacts in China and Egypt. The most sensitive areas are those with intense but irregular heat waves. In the United States, air pollution does not appear to impact daily mortality significantly when severe weather is present, although it seems to have a slight influence when weather conditions are not stressful.
Estimation of helix-helix association free energy from partial unfolding of bacterioopsin.

To obtain thermodynamic information about interactions between transmembrane helices in integral membrane proteins, partial unfolding of bacterioopsin in ethanol/water mixtures was studied by Forster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) from tryptophan to a dansyl group on Lys 41. Tryptophan to dansyl FRET was detected by measuring sensitized emission at 490-500 nm from 285 nm excitation. FRET was observed in dansylbacterioopsin in apomembranes and in detergent micelles but not in 90% ethanol/water or in the chymotrypsin fragment C2 (residues 1-71). The main fluorescence donors are Trp 86 and Trp 182. Increase of FRET from C2 with added chymotrypsin fragment C1 (residues 72-248) provides an estimate of the C1-C2 association constant as 7.7 x 10(6) M(-1). With increasing ethanol concentration, the FRET signal from dansylbacterioopsin in detergent micelles disappeared with a sharp transition above 60% ethanol. No transition occurred in Trp fluorescence from bacterioopsin lacking the dansyl acceptor, nor did dansyl model compounds undergo a similar transition. Light scattering measurements show that the detergent micelles dissipate below 50% ethanol. Thus the observed transition is likely to be a partial unfolding of bacterioopsin. Assuming a two-state unfolding model, the free energy of unfolding was obtained by extrapolation as 9.0 kcal/mol. The slope of the transition (m-value) was -0.8 kcal mol(-1) M(-1). The unfolding process probably involves dissociation of several helices. The rate of association was measured by stopped-flow fluorometry. Two first-order kinetic processes were observed, having approximately equal weights, with rate constants of 2.32 s (-1) and 0.185 s(-1).
The interaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on Cu-Ni (110) single-crystal surfaces

The co-adsorption of H2 and CO on a Cu-Ni (110) surface was studied by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Strong interactions between adsorbed CO and hydrogen observed in the CO desorption spectrum and CO valence emissions were attributed to a blockage of certain CO adsorption sites by hydrogen.
Mechanisms of lateralized hyperactivity following focal brain injury in the rat.

Abstract Recent work in this lab which explores the differential behavioral and neurochemical changes following left versus right cerebral damage is reviewed and neural mechanisms which may account for this asymmetry are proposed. Damage to the right frontopariettal cortex in rats, caused by either ischemia or suction, produces hyperactivity for as long as a month after surgery. These lesions also produce decreases in norepinephrine (NE) levels in both ipsilateral and contralateral cortex and ihe locus coeruleus. Similar lesions in the left cortex, however, do not produce these behavioral or biochemical changes. Similar lateralized responses have also been produced by intracortical injections of NE neurotoxins, by cortical island lesions, by destroying cortical efferents, and by producing lesions in the nucleus accumbens, which receives a cortical input. These lateralized responses suggest that the neural mechanisms that mediate this phenomenon include both cortical and subcortical components. It is proposed that the neuroanatomical asymmetry is in either accumbal efferents or their postsynaptic connections.
P.150L: Late‐News Poster: A Thermoformable Liquid Crystal Display

A high aspect ratio and novel conformal display was realized and developed. The stretchable electrode and display media, deposited on an amorphous-PET substrate were thermoformed to a specific shape by vacuum forming process. This novel conformal display has potential for smart skin, outer shell of products applications.
Measurements of atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations at three sites in junk bay

Abstract As part of an environmental impact assessment for building a new town in Junk Bay, sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations were measured from 18 May to 9 June 1981 at three locations in Junk Bay. Hourly averaged samples were collected with an automatic sequential air sampler over the hours from 1100 to 2300 and analyzed with flame photometric detection technique for sulfur dioxide. It is found that mean SO2 concentrations at the three sites range from 18.6 μg.m−3 (7 ppb) to 45.0 μg.m−3 (17 ppb). Maximum hourly averaged value is 126 μg.m−3 (48 ppb). The SO2 level is approximately inverse proportional to the square root of wind speed. Analysis of the polar isopleth diagram suggests that the recorded high SO2 concentrations were likely due to emissions from a nearby ship‐breaking factory equipped with iron reheating furnaces. Concentrations of SO2 usually increased during the day and were highest in the evening.
Dislocation loop punching in bubble arrays

Abstract High densities of inert gas bubbles can be produced in metals by ion implantation or nuclear transmutations. At low temperatures, these bubbles grow by repeated emission of prismatic dislocation loops. An analysis is presented for loop punching considering the effects of the stress fields between bubbles and the presence of retained loops. It is shown that the retained loops increase the pressure required for further loop growth dramatically as the interbubble spacing decreases. At a critical helium content, further bubble growth ceases by one of two mechanisms: equilibration of the chemical potentials for gas atoms in the bubble and in interstitial solution, or interbubble fracture when the average ligament stress exceeds the theoretical tensile strength of the material. The critical concentrations predicted for gas release or blistering are shown to agree with experimental findings. Furthermore, the influence of retained loops on bubble growth also leads to a natural explanation for bubble supe...
End-to-end diffusion coefficients and distance distributions from fluorescence energy transfer measurements: enhanced resolution by using multiple donors with different lifetimes

We describe a method to improve the resolution of donor-to- acceptor distance distributions in molecules which are flexing on the timescale of the fluorescence lifetime. We measured the time- dependent donor decays of two donor (D)-acceptor (A) pairs, where the donor lifetimes were substantially different. The donors were an indole residue (5.7 ns) and a naphthalene residue (24.4 ns). The same dansyl acceptor was used for both D-A pairs. The donor decays are complex due to both a distribution of D-A distances and D-A diffusion. Using the donor decay data for each D-A pair alone, it is difficult to resolve both the distance distribution and the D-to-A diffusion coefficient. However, these values are unambiguously recovered from global analysis of the data from both D-A pairs. Simulations were also used to demonstrate the increased reduction of global analysis with different lifetime donors to obtain distance distribution parameters in the presence of D-A diffusion.
SELECTIVE DEPOSITION OF AMYLOID-BETA PROTEIN IN THE ENTORHINAL-DENTATE PROJECTION OF A TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

Early and selective deposition of amyloid beta protein(Abeta) is thought to be a pathological feature central to Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been a great challenge to identify the mechanism(s) responsible for the selectivity of Abeta deposition and the deposition into a temporal sequence of the pathogenesis in this disorder. We now report that the transgenic mouse (PDAPP), which overexpresses the human amyloid precursor protein containing the familial AD mutation (APP717V-F), develops brain region-specific Abeta deposits along with some pathologies associated with AD. By using monoclonal antibodies that recognize multiple sites on the human Abeta peptide, we show that Abeta deposits are localized primarily to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal/dentate gyrus regions. Abeta deposition exhibited consistent laminar distribution throughout the hippocampal formation that was confined mostly to a dense terminal field in the outer portion of the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus and the stratum lacunosum of the hippocampus proper of 13-month-old heterozygous PDAPP mice. Abeta deposits were also observed in the supragranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Similarly, laminar distribution of Abeta deposits were evident in the entorhinal cortex, most notably in the molecular layer and in laminar layer II-III. The defined laminar pattern of the Abeta deposition, which resembles that of AD, suggests that intrinsic factors in the perforant path, the major projection from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal formation, and their respective local paths contribute, at least in part, to the extracellular Abeta deposition in the transgenic mouse model of AD.
Cryofibrinogenemia: an addition to the differential diagnosis of calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease.

Abstract Cryofibrinogenemia is a disorder characterized by cryoprecipitation with variable clinical presentation that was first described by Korst and Kratochvil in 1955. Cryofibrinogen is a cold insoluble complex of fibrin, fibrinogen, and fibrin split products with albumin, cold insoluble globulin, factor VIII, and plasma proteins. Cryofibrinogenemia is associated with metastatic malignancies, collagen vascular diseases, and thromboembolic disorders and may be clinically asymptomatic or present with thromboembolic phenomena of skin and viscera. The pathogenesis of cryofibrinogenemia is unknown. It may be caused by the inhibition of fibrinolysis, leading to an accumulation of cryofibrinogen. Treatment of cryofibrinogenemia may include Stanozolol, plasmapheresis, and fibrinolytics. Cryofibrinogenemia simulates calciphylaxis clinicopathologically, because both may present with skin necrosis. Calciphylaxis has been reported in end-stage renal disease, but we report the first case of cryofibrinogen in a chronic dialysis patient. We suggest that in the appropriate clinical setting, cryofibrinogenemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of calciphylaxis, and serum cryofibrinogen levels should be measured in end-stage renal disease patients presenting with skin necrosis. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Sep;32(3):494-8)
Christian Sabbath-keeping as a Spiritual and Environmental Practice

Though the Christian observance of Sabbath-keeping has been inconsistent throughout history, the concept has become popular in devotional literature. This paper argues that because of three characteristics of Sabbath-keeping—an altered, theocentric perspective, a slower, simpler style of living, and an eschatological encounter—it may be a useful "tool" for more environmentally sensitive modes of living. Observing the Sabbath reminds Christians to view Creation as God did while resting on the seventh day in Genesis; it prompts a simplification that often has environmentally salutary effects in its lessened consumption; and it draws Christians into a shared vision of a redeemed, healed creation. The paper draws on insights from Jurgen Moltmann, Abraham Joshua Heschel, John Paul II, Seventh-day Adventists and Sabbath Economics thinkers (including Wendell Berry, Marva J. Dawn, Ched Myers, Norman Wirzba, and Richard Lowery).
A librarian, a technologist and an information scientist are out in a boat ...

The past 30 years have seen a development of technically‐based solutions through practical partnerships between librarians, information scientists and technologists. However, as the acceptance of current solutions – provided primarily through Web‐based strategies – has expanded, the development of those partnerships has diminished. With the reduction in collegial cooperation across areas of practice and study, important opportunities in the development of information technology managers have also diminished. Although significant needs for cooperative study continue to exist, professionals have yet to exploit the opportunities inherent in the failures of technical service developers to provide user‐friendly solutions.
Akt phosphorylation and neuronal survival after traumatic brain injury in mice.

Abstract The serine-threonine kinase, Akt, is involved in the survival signaling pathways in many cell systems. The present study examined phosphorylation of Akt at serine-473 and DNA fragmentation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Immunohistochemistry showed phospho-Akt was decreased in the injured cortex 1 h after TBI, whereas it was temporally increased at 4 h in the perifocal damaged cortex. In the CA1 region of the hippocampus, phospho-Akt was increased after TBI. Western blot analysis showed that Akt was significantly decreased as early as 1 h after trauma; however, the phosphorylation was accelerated at 4 h. Double staining with phospho-Akt and phospho-BAD or phospho-GSK-3β revealed the colocalization of phospho-Akt and downstream elements. Double staining with phospho-Akt and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5′-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling showed different cellular distributions after TBI. The present study implicates Akt phosphorylation in the signaling pathways that are involved in cell survival after TBI.
Influence of mode of stimulus presentation on performance in facial recognition tasks.

Summary Groups of patients from neurological and medical hospital services were tested on two tests of facial recognition. The first, a matching test, required the subject on each trial to match a stimulus photograph with either 1 or 3 photographs in a display of 6 photographs. The second, a paired comparison test, required the subject on each trial to examine two photographs and judge whether they were pictures of the same or different persons. Subjects were divided into 4 experimental groups: Group A was given the paired comparison test twice; Group B was given the matching test twice; Group C 1 was given the paired comparison test, followed by the matching test; Group C 2 was given the matching test, followed by the paired comparison test. It was predicted that the correlation between performance on the two tests (obtained from Groups C 1 and C 2 ) would be significantly lower than the retest reliabilities of each of the separate tests (obtained from Groups A and B). This prediction was confirmed and it was concluded that the two tests measure somewhat different abilities. The impetus for the study came from a consideration of the literature concerning visual search defects in cerebrally damaged patients, particularly patients with lesions of the right hemisphere. It was speculated that the well-documented inferior performance of right hemisphere patients on facial recognition tests might be in part a function of the multiple stimulus characteristics of these tests. The results of some supplementary analyses are discussed in relation to this speculation.
Oxidative stress in uremia: nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences.

Oxidative stress has emerged as a constant feature of chronic renal failure (CRF). The presence of oxidative stress in CRF is evidenced by an overabundance of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein oxidation products in the plasma and tissues of uremic patients and animals. We recently have shown that oxidative stress in CRF animals is associated with and, in part, owing to up-regulation of superoxide-producing enzyme, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) oxidase, and down-regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The functional significance of these findings was confirmed by favorable response to administration of the cell-permeable SOD-mimetic agent, tempol, in CRF rats. Oxidative stress in CRF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the associated hypertension (oxidation of NO and arachidonic acid and vascular remodeling), cardiovascular disease (oxidation of lipoproteins, atherogenesis), neurologic disorders (nitration of brain proteins, oxidation of myelin), anemia (reduction of erythrocyte lifespan), inflammation (nuclear factor κ B activation), fibrosis, apoptosis, and accelerated aging. The CRF-induced oxidative stress is aggravated by diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension, and autoimmune diseases, which independently increase production of reactive oxygen intermediates, and frequently are associated with CRF. In addition, dialysis treatment (blood interaction with dialyzer membrane and dialysate impurities), acute and chronic infections (blood access infection, hepatitis, and so forth), and excessive parenteral iron administration intensify CRF-associated oxidative stress and its adverse consequences in patients with end-stage renal disease. The problem is compounded by limited intake of fresh fruits and vegetables (K + restriction), which contain numerous natural phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins.
Collection characteristics of a batch-type wetted wall bioaerosol sampling cyclone

The collection efficiency and sample retention of a batch-type wetted wall bioaerosol sampling cyclone (BWWC) were experimentally characterized. The BWWC is designed to sample air at 400 l/min and concentrate the particles into 12 ml of water. Aerosol is transported into a cylindrically-shaped axial flow cyclone through a tangential slot and the particles are impacted on the inner wall, which is wetted by air shear acting on a liquid pool at the base of the cyclone. The retention of collected particles and the aerosol collection efficiency of the BWWC were evaluated with polystyrene latex beads (PSL), sodium fluorescein/oleic acid droplets, and Bacillus atrophaeus (aka BG) spores. The retention of particles was determined by adding hydrosol directly into the device, running the BWWC for a pre-set period of time, and then determining the amount of particulate matter recovered relative to the initial amount. For 1-μm diameter PSL, 90% of the particles were recoverable from the cyclone body immediately after their introduction; however, only 10% were retained in the collection liquid after 8 h of operation. The aerosol sampling efficiency was determined by comparing the amount of particulate matter collected in the liquid with that collected by a reference filter. The collection efficiency was 50–60% for 1- and 3-μm polystyrene (PSL) particles, and 1.5% for 10-μm oleic acid particles. The efficiency for 3-μm oleic acid droplets was 35%. Explanations are provided for the difference between liquid and solid particle behavior, and for the low efficiency for the large liquid particles. The collection efficiency for single spore BG was slightly lower than that for 1-μm PSL.
Future of multi-hopping: from theory to practice

The research community has been fascinated by the challenges posed by multi-hopping for over a decade, and has produced a number of interesting theoretical results and innovative solutions for many of these challenges. However, despite the plethora of envisioned applications for many multi-hop architectures, e.g. mesh, sensor, and ad-hoc, the reality is that there are only a few real-world success stories involving multi-hopping.The panel plans to discuss how we can move more effectively from theory to practice, and debate whether it is a matter of time for more real-world applications to materialize, or cost-related and other real-world considerations will restrict the use of multi-hopping to only a few specialized applications.
Groping for a national urban policy: The case of Canada

In the late 1960s several countries introduced administrative organizations or reorganizations for devising and implementing national urban policies (e.g. Australia, Britain, Canada and the United States). This paper focuses on Canada and summarizes ‘the rise and fall of the Ministry of State for Urban Affairs’. The experience raises serious doubts about the viability of national urban policies and the capability of a central agency to effect them.
Darwin's explanation of design: From natural theology to natural selection☆

Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and other physical scientists ushered in a conception of the universe as matter in motion governed by natural laws. Their discoveries brought about a fundamental revolution, namely a commitment to the postulate that the universe obeys immanent laws that can account for natural phenomena. The workings of the universe were brought into the realm of science: explanation through natural laws. Darwin completed the Copernican revolution by extending it to the living world. Darwin demonstrated the evolution of organisms. More important yet is that he discovered natural selection, the process that explains the "design" of organisms. The adaptations and diversity of organisms, the origin of novel and complex species, even the origin of mankind, could now be explained by an orderly process of change governed by natural laws. The origin of species and the exquisite features of organisms had previously been explained as special creations of an Omniscient God. Darwin brought them into the domain of science. Evolution is a creative process that produces genuine novelty. The creative power of evolution arises from a distinctive interaction between chance and necessity, between random mutation and natural selection.
Chemical gating with nanostructured responsive polymer brushes: mixed brush versus homopolymer brush.

In this report, we describe a novel approach to create an electrochemical gating system using mixed polymer brushes grafted to an electrode surface, and we explore the switchable properties of these mixed polymer brushes. The morphological transitions in the mixed polymer brushes associated with the electrode surface result in the opening, closing, or precise tuning of their permeability for ion transport through the channels formed in the nanostructured thin film in response to an external stimulus (pH change). The gating mechanism was studied by atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, force–distance measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In comparison to a homopolymer brush system, the mixed brush demonstrates much broader variation of ion transport through the thin film. We suggest that this approach could find important applications in electrochemical sensors and devices with tunable/switchable access to the electrode surface.
Shame on you, uncle!

THE CHILD IN THIS SOVIET poster is a Young Pioneer; his red armband indicates that he is on patrol. The Young Pioneer organization was created soon after the Russian Revolution. Just as, in the classroom, children with red armbands were responsible for keeping desks tidy and blackboards clean, so, in the street, children with red armbands were responsible for educating others, including adults, about proper behavior. This child addresses the man as “uncle,” a familiar term of address in Russia from a child to any older man. The man pretends not to hear, although knowing that he is in the wrong, for he is both smoking and littering. The Institute of Sanitary Education of the Ministry of Public Health in Moscow produced 35 000 copies of this poster in 1964. Health propaganda was a very important function of the Ministry of Public Health.1 The institute, an academic research organization with perhaps 50 to 60 staff members, produced many such posters, which were then placed in polyclinics, canteens, factories, and other public spaces. This poster notes the name of the creator of the concept, I. S. Sokoloff, and of the artist, K. K. Ivanov. It also notes the censor number ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"T06284","term_id":"317433","term_text":"T06284"}}T06284) and the date (May 11, 1964) when the censor gave permission for the poster to be printed and distributed. It is perhaps ironic that 1964 was also the date of publication of the first, and most famous, US Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health.2 When the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the National Tuberculosis Association, and the American Public Health Association asked John F. Kennedy in 1961 to appoint a national commission on smoking and health, he was initially too preoccupied with the Cold War and civil rights to be bothered about smoking. Tobacco played an important role in the American economy, and politicians were often reluctant to treat it as a health hazard. The surgeon general, Luther L. Terry, was himself a cigarette smoker, and when he chose the 10 members of his Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, he chose 5 who were regular smokers. Nevertheless, the group produced the first comprehensive and critical assessment to date of the relationship between smoking and health. When their groundbreaking report was ready, Surgeon General Terry released it on a Saturday in order to minimize its possible adverse effect on the stock market.3 Despite the importance of the 1964 Report on Smoking and Health, it would be many more years before an effective health education campaign against smoking could even be attempted in the United States.
Influence of Ambient Air Pressure on Pressure-Swirl Atomization

The spray characteristics of six simplex atomizers are examined in a pressure vessel using a standard light diffraction technique. Attention is focused on the effects of liquid properties, nozzle flow number, spray cone angle, and ambient air pressure on mean drop size and drop-size distribution. For all nozzles and all liquids it is found that continuous increase in air pressure above the normal atmospheric value causes the SMD to first increase up to a maximum value and then decline. An explanation for this characteristic is provided in terms of the measurement technique employed and the various competing influences on the overall atomization process. The basic effect of an increase in air pressure is to improve atomization, but this trend is opposed by contraction of the spray angle which reduces the relative velocity between the drops and the surrounding air, and also increases the possibility of droplet coalescence.Copyright © 1987 by ASME
Analysis of Freeze Coating on a Nonisothermal Moving Plate by a Perturbation Method

The behavior of a frozen layer (or ''freeze coat'') on the surface of a chilled flat plate traveling with a constant velocity through a warm liquid bath is studied analytically. A perturbation technique is employed to solve the equations governing the shape and temperature of the freeze coat, taking full account of the axial variation of the plate temperature and heat convection from the warm liquid to the moving object. Unlike the case of an isothermal plate where the freeze-coat thickness increases monotonically along the axial direction, here the freeze coat is found to grow only within a limited distance from the inlet. Beyond this distance, the freeze coat begins to decay through remelting. The location at which remelting occurs and the maximum freeze-coat thickness are determined displaying the principal effects of three controlling dimensionless parameters. Criteria for selection of the optimum freeze-coating operation conditions are established and discussed.
Criteria for evaluating qualitative studies

At each Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD) meeting editorial boards gather to review each journal's progress. I serve on the editorial boards of several journals. Two of them are AHRD jou...
Nuclear response of water Cherenkov detectors to supernova and solar neutrinos

I present a careful examination of the nuclear cross sections of low-energy neutrinos and antineutrinos in water Cherenkov detectors, and consider the implications for neutrinos from SN1987A. For thermal sources with T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}4--5 MeV (depending on the detector threshold) the reaction O(${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$,${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$)F becomes the dominant mechanism for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ interactions, and at T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}7--9 MeV its rate exceeds that for (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$,e) elastic scattering by at least an order of magnitude. This has important implications for proposed mechanisms for prompt emission of energetic ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$'s following neutronization. The O(\ensuremath{\nu}${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{e}$,${e}^{+}$)N contribution remains a small correction to the dominant \ensuremath{\nu}${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{e}$+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${e}^{+}$+n rate, accounting for less than 10% of the events even at T=10 MeV. Thus delayed ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ emission by $^{16}({\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1/2}$=7.1 sec) cannot distort event timing. Observable neutral-current nuclear excitations are absent in water, but can be strongly excited in carbon-bearing liquid-scintillation detectors. Arguments are given that a burst poor in electron neutrinos and antineutrinos, but otherwise similar to those derived from standard supernovae theory, might produce comparable signals in the Mt. Blanc, Kamioka, and Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven detectors. For solar neutrinos generated by $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ \ensuremath{\beta} decay, reactions with trace quantities of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ (two atoms per ${10}^{4}$ electrons in natural water) account for approximately 10% of electron events. If it proves feasible to enhance the $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ content of a water Cherenkov detector, the hard spectrum of produced electrons would make an attractive charged-current signal.
Pediatric Moyamoya disease.

Background Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive cerebrovascular occlusive disease of the bilateral internal carotid arteries that leads to a compensatory abnormal vascular network at the base of the brain. Its average annual incidence 0.54 per 100,000 population but it is the most common pediatric cerebrovascular disease in East Asia. The reported incidence in USA is approximately 0.086 per 100,000 patients. Case report We present a case of Moyamoya disease that was to detected in a 7-year-old female who presented with transient altered mental status. Conclusions Moyamoya disease can be diagnosed if history, physical exam and brain imaging is highly suspicious. Conventional angiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis and aids in surgical planning for patients with suspected Moyamoya disease.
Born-Oppenheimer adiabatic mechanism for regularity of states in the quantum stadium billiard

Explication de la regularite dans l'etat quantique. Les idees qualitatives selon lesquelles les longues periodes de regularite dans les systemes chaotiques peuvent etre quantifiees pour donner des etats reguliers, sont correctes. On discute egalement des tests realises sur les matrices aleatoires pour le chaos quantique
Insulin and IGF-1 regulate the expression of the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) in breast tumor cells

The pituitary tumor transforming Gene (PTTG) is an oncogene that is highly expressed in most tumors analyzed to date. Here, we report the effects of insulin and the insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on the expression of PTTG. Using MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line, we observed that both insulin and IGF-1 upregulate the expression of PTTG mRNA by approximately 2.5-fold. Induction of PTTG mRNA expression by insulin or IGF-1 was completely blocked by the specific phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 kinase inhibitor LY294002, but partially blocked by the MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059. Pretreatment of MCF-7 cells with actinomycin D completely blocked the stimulatory effect of insulin. Transfection of MCF-7 cells with a PTTG promoter-luciferase reporter construct revealed the dose-dependent stimulation of PTTG promoter activity by insulin, suggesting that the increase in PTTG expression by insulin is a result of activation of transcription of the PTTG gene. Taken together, our results suggest that insulin and IGF-1 regulate the expression of PTTG in MCF-7 cells primarily through the activation of PI3K/AKT cascade.