cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of pan-Arctic terrestrial net primary productivity simulations to daily surface meteorology from NCEP-NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses

[1] We applied a terrestrial net primary production (NPP) model driven by satellite remote sensing observations of vegetation properties and daily surface meteorology from the 45-year ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis (NNR) to assess NPP spatial and temporal variability for the pan-Arctic basin and Alaska from 1982 to 2000. Sensitivity analysis of the production efficiency model (PEM) to uncertainties in surface meteorological inputs indicate that ERA-40 solar radiation and NNR solar radiation and surface temperatures are the primary sources of PEM-based NPP uncertainty for the region. Considerable positive bias in solar radiation inputs relative to surface observation networks resulted in overprediction of annual NPP by approximately 35.2 and 61.6% using ERA-40 and NNR inputs, respectively. Despite these uncertainties, both reanalysis products captured the major annual anomalies and trends in surface meteorology for the domain. The two reanalysis products also produced similar NPP spatial patterns for 74.7% of the domain, and similar annual anomalies and temporal trends, though there were significant regional differences particularly for Eurasia. A simple correction method based on a sensitivity experiment between reanalysis and surface station meteorological measurements produced generally consistent NPP results that were considerably smaller than PEM simulations derived from uncorrected reanalysis drivers. The results of this study identify major sources of uncertainty in reanalysis-based surface meteorology, and associated impacts on regional NPP simulations of the northern high latitudes.
Two-photon absorption spectroscopy of potassium Rydberg states*

Highly excited S and D states of potassium were studied by two-photon absorption using a tuneable dye laser and fluorescence detection. Measurements were made of the term values, relative fluorescence signal levels, and fluorescence decay profiles. Using matrix elements determined from quantum defect wave functions, theoretical two-photon absorption cross sections were calculated.
Conservation of genetic resources

Abstract An overview of current conservation systems is presented along with a general framework of principles and concepts that govern resource conservation work. The article surveys national and international genetic resource conservation programs, outlines the current state of conservation systems for plants, animals, and microorganisms, and calls for a global plan for conservation of biological diversity. Programs for plant germplasm are more organized and developed than those for animals. In situ conservation, the maintenance of a population within the community of which it forms a part, is examined, including maintenance of species of economic interest within natural ecosystems. This approach has numerous advantages and tends to conserve more than the target species. A contrasting view is given of conservation biology and agriculture as to the value of genetic conservation of wilderness areas as reservoirs for genetic variability. Ex situ conservation, the conservation of organisms outside of natural habitats, is considered especially for seeds of major crop plants. Germplasm banks fulfill an important long-term need and their functionality is dependent on the collection, characterization, preservation, and distribution of genetic resources.
Upper limb predominant, multifocal chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) presents in rare instances with focal or multifocal upper limb involvement. We reviewed the clinical and electromyographic (EMG) characteristics of 10 such patients (UL-CIDP) and compared them with patients with typical generalized CIDP (G-CIDP) and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN). There were six men and four women, with a mean age of 54 years. Symptoms began in one arm or hand in six patients and in both arms or hands in four and included numbness (n = 10), paresthesias (n = 9), weakness (n = 8), and pain (n = 6). Findings were initially restricted to the ulnar nerve distribution in three patients, and median and axillary nerve in one patient each, and involved multiple nerves in five. Conduction block was detected in the forearm segment of 68% of the median and ulnar motor nerves tested; in contrast to multifocal motor neuropathy, 73% of the sensory nerves tested were abnormal, and none had anti-GM1 antibodies. Aside from a regional onset, there were no clinical or electrophysiological features that distinguished patients with UL-CIDP from those with G-CIDP. However, the magnitude of recovery following treatment was greater in patients with G-CIDP. We conclude that a multifocal variant of CIDP begins with upper extremity sensorimotor symptoms, simulates isolated or multiple mononeuropathies, can be distinguished from MMN, and may have a less favorable response to treatment.
A low-noise CCD input with reduced sensitivity to threshold voltage

A CCD input structure is presented which derives the injected charge from the difference between two voltage levels on a capacitive node, where both levels are set using the same IGFET structure; near perfect threshold voltage cancellation is predicted. Data are presented which show spatial variations on a multiple input structure at least an order of magnitude less than those achieved using previously reported input techniques.
Selective Oxytocin Receptor Activation in the Ventrolateral Portion of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Is Required for Mating-Induced Pseudopregnancy in the Female Rat

The ventrolateral region of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) plays an essential role in female sexual behavior. Oxytocin (OT) is released from the paraventricular nucleus to downstream sites such as the VMHvl to facilitate female sexual behavior and shows characteristics of a prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor. During mating, vaginal cervical stimulation (VCS) received from a vasectomized male triggers twice-daily PRL surges that persist up to 12+ d, a period known as pseudopregnancy (PSP). To determine whether OT is involved in PSP by acting within the VMHvl, female rats were infused bilaterally with an oxytocin receptor antagonist (OTR-A), a vasopressin receptor-1a antagonist (V1a-A), or artificial cerebral spinal fluid 30 min before mating. All females received a sufficient amount of VCS, 15 intromissions, to induce PSP. Females infused with OTR-A (20 ng/0.4 μl) with implants targeting the VMHvl showed only a 22% induction of PSP, as measured using vaginal diestrus and serum PRL concentrations. In contrast, controls and V1a-A (80 ng/0.4 μl) infused females exhibited 100% induction of PSP. Females infused with OTR-A returned to estrus after 5 d, whereas females infused with either artificial cerebral spinal fluid or V1a-A remained in diestrus for 12–13 d in both the correct and missed placement groups. Although OT can act as a PRL releasing factor, the PRL surge does not begin until 18–24 h after mating. Together, our results suggest that OT release in the VMHvl mediates the effects of VCS on the induction of the PRL secretion needed to establish PSP.
RULE‐GOVERNED CHRISTIAN GNOSIS: HANS URS VON BALTHASAR ON VALENTIN TOMBERG'S MEDITATIONS ON THE TAROT

The essay examines Hans Urs von Balthasar's little-known Foreword to the Christian esoteric text, Meditations on the Tarot by Valentin Tomberg. It argues that von Balthasar respected and advocated this ostensibly occult text because he found its capacious understanding of Christian faith as true gnosis similar to his own. The essay explains that both Tomberg and von Balthasar practice a rule-governed Christian esotericism whose goal is support for a fruitful ecclesial spirituality and resistance to non-ecclesial esoteric Gnosticism. Both Tomberg and von Balthasar believe that esotericism without prayer and institutional grounding can become narcissistic and self-righteous to the point of megalomania, and consequently it tends to become manipulative and coercive to the point of violence. Both authors maintain that authentic esotericism, by contrast, is marked by radical humility and non-violence; it is biblical, ecclesial, and committed to the unity of metaphysical reason and prayerful faith. The essay also draws attention to Tomberg's innovatively irenic approach to Christian anti-Gnosticism.
Influenza virus infections in children

This comprehensive update of the epidemiology, transmission, manifestations, treatment, and prevention of influenza virus infection in children reviews important aspects of this infection for the pediatric health-care provider. Influenza is an extremely common epidemic infection that has a major impact in pediatrics, particularly for chronically-ill and hospitalized children. currently-available therapies and vaccines provide a modest opportunity to limit the impact of influenza on these at-risk pediatric populations. However, newer therapeutic agents and vaccine strategies may provide an opportunity in the near future to affect more significantly the influenza-related morbidity and mortality among children and adults.
On the usefulness of outer-loop power control with successive interference cancellation

Multiuser detection (MUD) performance can be significantly better than the conventional matched filter receiver in CDMA systems. Further, since optimal MUD is exponentially complex, research has mainly focused on suboptimal approaches such as successive interference cancellation (SIC). SIC requires a geometric distribution of received powers to achieve equal performance for all received signals. We propose a power control scheme for SIC to achieve this profile (or the profile corresponding to any desired and achievable set of error rates) based on frame-error rate (FER) or bit-error rate (BER). Specifically, we derive the relationship between received power and BER for linear SIC and show that for unlimited mobile powers, a deterministic distributed BER-based outer-loop power control drives the received powers to the optimal power profile. The convergence of the deterministic BER-based algorithm is examined in the absence of inner loop power control errors. The simulated performance of a stochastic version of this algorithm is examined using instantaneous FER measurements. The stochastic algorithm is shown to provide unbiased estimates of the true power updates and converge to the optimal power vector provided the mobiles have unlimited power. We consider power limits for specific mobiles and find that individual mobile limits do not affect the performance of other signals. We examine the impact of system loading, multiple FER targets, error correction, and inner loop power control error on the performance of the algorithm.
Three meanings of analogical reasoning in law

Abstract This paper analyses analogical reasoning in law. The analogical process is examined mainly from a structural perspective, using the civil law system. Some proposals are also added for enriching the model with conceptual elements, in order to capture the meaning of the eadem ratio criterion. The features of case‐based reasoning are also briefly discussed and compared with analogical inferences from cases in a rule‐based argument model.
The effect of ultrasonic frequency upon enhanced killing of P. aeruginosa biofilms.

It is widely recognized that the bacteria sequestered in a biofilm on a medical implant are much more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. Recent studies have shown that application of antibiotic along with low power ultrasound significantly increases the killing of planktonic bacteria by the antibiotic. Herein is reported a similar application of antibiotic and ultrasound to sessile bacteria in biofilms ofPseudomonas aeruginosa on a polyethylene substrate. Biofilm viability was measured after exposure to 12 μg/ml gentamicin sulfate and 10 mW/cm2 ultrasound at frequencies of 70 kHz, 500 kHz, 2.25 MHz, and 10 MHz. The results indicate that a significantly greater fraction of the bacteria was killed by gentamicin when they were subjected to ultrasound. However, ultrasound by itself did not have any deleterious effect on the biofilm viability. In addition, lower-frequency insonation is significantly more effective than higher frequency in reducing bacterial viability within the biofilm. The possible mechanisms of synergistic action are discussed.
Hypoplastic left heart with intact atrial septum and levoatriocardinal vein: a challenge in identifying aortic arch branches

The levoatriocardinal vein provides alternative egress from the left atrium to the systemic veins in left-sided obstructive lesions. Although rare, it has been described in association with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. We report a case of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with levoatriocardinal vein and aberrant right subclavian artery where cardiac magnetic resonance imaging/angiography proved to be a valuable imaging modality for pre-operative evaluation.
The End of Cheap Oil

In 1998, Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrere published an article in the Scientific American Magazine where they estimated the amount of oil that remained to be produced. Years before, Campbell got interested in the study of oil depletion around 1969, in Chicago, when he was part of a team making a world evaluation for Amoco (now part of BP). Later, as the manager of the Norwegian branch of the Italian company Fina, he had the company, and the Norwegian authorities sponsored a research project on the subject using public reserve data, which later proved to be very unreliable.
Automatic exposure control in CT: applications and limitations.

Tube current (mA) is one of the key technical scanning parameters for adjusting radiation dose in CT. To optimize radiation dose in CT, users can adjust mA either with manually selected mA values or with the application of automatic exposure control (AEC). The latter technique refers to automatic adaptation of mA on the basis of userspecified image quality and x-ray attenuation characteristics of the scanned body region [1-4].
Single- and double-stranded viral RNA generate distinct cytokine and antiviral responses in human fetal membranes.

There has been growing interest in the role of viral infections and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known about the impact viral infections have on the fetal membranes (FM). Toll-like receptors (TLR) are thought to play a role in infection- associated inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the cytokine profile and antiviral response in human FMs exposed to viral dsRNA, which activates TLR3, and viral ssRNA, which activates TLR8; and to determine the mechanisms involved. The viral dsRNA analog, Poly(I:C), induced up-regulated secretion of MIP-1a, MIP-1b, RANTES and TNF-a, and down-regulated inter- leukin (IL)-2 and VEGF secretion. In contrast, viral ssRNA induced a broader panel of cytokines in the FMs by up-regulating the secretion of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, G-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, RANTES, TNF-a and GRO-a. Using inhibitory peptides against TLR adapter proteins, FM secretion of MIP-1b and RANTES in response to Poly(I:C) was MyD88 dependent; MIP-1a secretion was dependent on MyD88 and TRIF; and TNF-a production was independent of MyD88 and TRIF. Viral ssRNA-induced FM secretion of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, G-CSF, MIP-1a, RANTES and GRO-a was dependent on MyD88 and TRIF; MIP-1b was dependent upon TRIF, but not MyD88; and TNF-a and MCP-1 secretion was depend- ent on neither. Poly(I:C), but not ssRNA, induced an FM antiviral response by up-regulating the expression of IFNb, myxovirus-resistance A, 2 ' ,5 ' - oligoadenylate synthetase and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3G. These findings demonstrate that human FMs respond to two viral signatures by generating distinct inflammatory cytokine/chemokine profiles and antiviral responses through different mechanisms.
On application of precision servo mode and fault control strategies to actuator models for structural applications

The complexity of modern high precision servomechanism systems, which involve not only the tracking function of the servomechanism but also the coordinated system-level control of numerous supporting mechanical, electrical and software subsystems, is placing discrete event controller design into the industrial spotlight. The control of such systems often walks a fine line: autonomy is desirable, because the system is often not conveniently accessible; however, high reliability is also desirable, and the complex software to realize autonomous response is often unacceptable because of the cost and time required for development and verification. Using the framework of an hysteretic actuator employed in the stabilization of a structure under seismic excitation, an approach that is becoming an industry standard for a class of high precision servomechanisms is described, wherein N-squared diagrams are used to model the discrete event portion of the system. The approach practically balances the competing requirements of autonomy and reliability, and has been successfully applied in a timely and cost-effective manner on several complex systems. Additionally, it relates in a straightforward manner to the class of time-varying discrete-time state space systems.
Stability of the regional stress field in central Japan during the late Quaternary inferred from the stress inversion of the active fault data

[1] We analyzed 169 geological fault-slip data from 37 active faults in central Japan to investigate the late Quaternary stress field stability. Modern stress states have been documented with unprecedented accuracy; however, their stability over time scales beyond instrumental observations is inadequately understood. Because the stress field has changed in the geological past, we compared present stress conditions in central Japan, determined from geophysical observations, with conditions determined by inverting the fault-slip data from active faults that exhibited cumulative displacement for the past ∼105years. The maximum stress axis obtained from fault-slip data trends ESE–WNW. This state of stress accounts for 97% of the data and supports the fact that oblique faults with reverse and strike-slip senses are interlaced in the region. The optimal stress is similar to the present stress state, indicating that the stress field in central Japan has been uniform and stable over the past ∼105 years.
A note on QTL detecting for censored traits

Most existing statistical methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) assume that the phenotype follows a normal distribution and that it is fully observed. However, some phenotypes have skewed distributions and may be censored. This note proposes a simple and efficient approach to QTL detecting for censored traits with the Cox PH model without estimating the baseline hazard function which is "nuisance".
Politics, History, and Culture in Nasser's Egypt

Although the effects of the Revolution of 23 July 1952 on Egyptian politics and the economy are well known, its impact on Egyptian culture has not yet been satisfactorily explained. Politically and economically, the Revolution has gone thrsough two more or less distinct phases. During the first decade of its existence, it moved cautiously on all fronts, and its spokesmen were fond of pointing out that their ‘ideology’ was experimental, pragmatic, and flexible rather than bound to any set of predetermined ideas. Then in 1961 the government veered sharply to the left. The so-called Socialist Laws were issued, altering profoundly the ownership and distribution of wealth in Egypt.
Organic carbon and nutrient release from a range of laboratory-produced biochars and biochar–soil mixtures

article i nfo Keywords: Biochar Nutrients Leaching Sorption Dissolved organic carbon Phosphorus Biochar has shown promise as a soil amendment that increases carbon sequestration and fertility, but its ef- fects on dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling and loss is not well under- stood. Here, nutrient release from a variety of new and aged biochars, pure and mixed with soils, is examined using batch extraction and column leaching. In successive batch extractions of biochar, cumulative losses were about 0.1-2, 0.5-8 and 5-100% of the total C, N and P initially present, respectively, with greater re- leases from biochars made at lower temperature and from grass. Ammonium was usually the most abundant N form in leachates but nitrate was also abundant in some biochars, while organic N and P represented as much as 61% and 93% of the total N and P lost, respectively. Release of DOC, N and P into water was correlated with biochar volatile matter content and acid functional group density. However, P release via Mehlich-1 ex- traction was more strongly related to ash content, suggesting a mineral-associated P fraction. Columns with soil/biochar mixtures showed evidence of both soil nutrient sorption by biochar and biochar nutrient sorp- tion by soil, depending upon biochar and soil type. This study demonstrates that biochars contain a range of nutrient forms with different release rates, explaining biochar's variable effect on soil fertility with soil
Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the common causes of nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF). 2. Characterize the primary steps in antenatal investigation of NIHF. 3. Describe the clinical interventions required for in utero management of NIHF. 4. Delineate the procedures required for ongoing postnatal management of the neonate who has NIHF. 5. Describe the role of postmortem studies in NIHF. Hydrops fetalis has been a well-recognized fetal and neonatal condition throughout history. Until the latter half of the 20th century, it was believed to be due to Rhesus blood group isoimmunization of the fetus, although Potter described infants who had nonimmune causes of fetal hydrops. The advent of Rho (D) immune globulin resulted in a decline in the incidence of isoimmune fetal hydrops and increasing prominence of nonimmune causes of this severe and highly lethal fetal and neonatal condition. Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is as pathologic accumulation of fluid in the skin and one or more other body compartments of the fetus, including the pleural space, peritoneal cavity, pericardial sac, or placenta. Some authors define NIHF as edema of the skin plus fluid accumulation in two other compartments of the fetus, but the former definition is more common. NIHF is estimated to occur in 1 in 2,500 to 1 in 4,000 pregnancies, but the incidence varies with the ethnic population studied. For example, in Southeast Asia, NIHF is seen in 1 in 500 to 1 in 1,500 pregnancies. In this population, homozygous alpha thalassemia is common, accounting for 57% to 81% of cases of NIHF in some series, although a more recent study from Taiwan showed that homozygous alpha thalassemia accounted for only 31% of NIHF. Variations in the incidence of NIHF have been documented when an infectious epidemic occurs, such as with parvovirus B19 (erythema infectiosum). Fluid accumulates within …
Effects of Alpha Feedback Training on Occipital EEG, Heart Rate, and Experiential Reactivity to a Laboratory Stressor

The intent of this study was to examine whether brief alpha biofeedback training would alter the degree of physiological and experiential stress evidenced in an aversive laboratory situation. While occipital alpha and heart rate were monitored, 36 subjects underwent 8 presentations of a warning tone preceding fingertip electric shock by 30 sec. Subjects were then placed into one of three treatments taking place in dim light with eyes open. Group 1 received 24 min of contingent feedback. Group 2 received an equivalent amount of non-contingent feedback and Group 3, a no-feedback control condition, listened to music. Following the treatment period, 12 additional tone-shock pairings were presented, equally divided between eyes-open and eyes-closed trials, also with and without continuation of the treatment period “signal” (i.e. contingent, non-contingent feedback, or music). The results revealed that, in general, enhanced alpha density was maintained by the contingent feedback group during the post-treatment aversive situation. However, the reduction in alpha suppression was not systematically accompanied by corresponding heart rate and self-report reductions in situational reactivity. It was concluded that alpha feedback training was not sufficient to produce a generalized relaxation to the aversive situation. Alternative accounts of the results, focusing primarily on independence of response systems, are discussed.
Effectiveness of a Concept Teaching Routine in Enhancing the Performance of LD Students in Secondary-Level Mainstream Classes:

The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the effectiveness of Concept Diagrams and a related Concept Teaching Routine when used by regular class teachers to present concepts to heterogeneous groupings of students, including learning disabled pupils, in regular classrooms. The study focused upon both teachers and students. The teachers' ability to prepare Concept Diagrams and to implement a Concept Teaching Routine in the classroom was measured. Students were evaluated relative to performance on Tests of Concept Acquisition, regular classroom tests, and notetaking before and after implementation of the Concept Teaching Routine. Results indicated that teachers can select concepts from content material, prepare Concept Diagrams from those concepts, and present concepts to their classes. Both students with learning disabilities and students without learning disabilities showed gains in their performance on Tests of Concept Acquisition and in notetaking when the Concept Teaching Routine was used in...
Using Architecturally Significant Requirements for Guiding System Evolution

Rapidly changing technology is one of the key triggers of system evolution. Some examples are: physically relocating a data center, replacement of infrastructure such as migrating from an in-house broker to CORBA, moving to a new architectural approach such as migrating from client-server to a service-oriented architecture. At a high level, the goals of such an evolution are easy to describe. While the end goals of the evolution are typically captured and known, the key architecturally significant requirements that guide the actual evolution tasks are often unexplored. At best, they are tucked under maintainability and/or modifiability concerns. In this paper, we argue that eliciting and using architecturally significant requirements of an evolution has a potential to significantly improve the quality of the evolution effort. We focus on elicitation and representation techniques of architecturally significant evolution requirements, and demonstrate their use in analysis for evolution planning.
Extracellular matrix regulates expression of the TGF-beta 1 gene.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent regulator of cell proliferation and modulates the interactions of cells with their extracellular matrix (ECM), in part by inducing the synthesis of various ECM proteins. Three different isoforms of TGF-beta are synthesized in a defined pattern in specific cell populations in vivo. In the specific case of TGF-beta 1, this well-defined and limited expression stands in sharp contrast to its synthesis by virtually all cells in culture. Using mammary epithelial cells as a model system, we evaluated the substratum dependence of the expression of TGF-beta 1. The level of TGF-beta 1 expression is high in cells on plastic, but is strongly downregulated when cells are cultured on a reconstituted basement membrane matrix. In contrast, TGF-beta 2 mRNA levels in cells on either substratum remain unchanged. Using the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene as reporter gene under the control of the TGF-beta 1 promoter, we show that transcription from this promoter is suppressed when the cells are in contact with either endogenously synthesized or exogenously administered basement membrane. TGF-beta 1 promoter activity is strongly induced by the absence of basement membrane, i.e., by direct contact of the cells with plastic. This modulation of transcription from the TGF-beta 1 promoter occurs in the absence of lactogenic hormones which allow full differentiation. Our results thus indicate that basement membrane is an important regulator of TGF-beta 1 synthesis, and explain why most cells in culture on plastic express TGF-beta 1 in contrast with the more restricted TGF-beta 1 synthesis in vivo. We propose that there is a feedback loop whereby TGF-beta 1-induced synthesis of basement membrane components is repressed once a functional basement membrane is present. Finally, these results together with our current knowledge of regulation of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 synthesis, suggest that, in vivo, TGF-beta 1 may play a major role in regulating the ECM synthesis and the cell-ECM interactions, whereas TGF-beta 2 may be more important in morphogenetic processes.
A Cooperative Evolutionary Approach to Learn Communities in Multilayer Networks.

In real-world complex systems objects are often involved in different kinds of connections, each expressing a different aspect of object activity. Multilayer networks, where each layer represents a type of relationship between a set of nodes, constitute a valid formalism to model such systems. In this paper a new approach based on Genetic Algorithms to detect community structure in multilayer networks is proposed. The method introduces an extension of the modularity concept and adopts a genetic representation of a multilayer network that allows cooperation and co-evolution of individuals, in order to find an optimal division of the network, shared among all the layers. Moreover, the algorithm relies on a label propagation mechanism and a local search strategy to refine the result quality. Experiments show the capability of the approach to obtain accurate community structures.
Two-Color Nonlinear Spectroscopy for the Rapid Acquisition of Coherent Dynamics.

There has been considerable recent interest in the observation of coherent dynamics in photosynthetic systems by 2D electronic spectroscopy (2DES). In particular, coherences that persist during the “waiting time” in a 2DES experiment have been attributed to electronic, vibrational, and vibronic origins in various systems. The typical method for characterizing these coherent dynamics requires the acquisition of 2DES spectra as a function of waiting time, essentially a 3DES measurement. Such experiments require lengthy data acquisition times that degrade the signal-to-noise of the recorded coherent dynamics. We present a rapid and high signal-to-noise pulse-shaping-based approach for the characterization of coherent dynamics. Using chlorophyll a, we demonstrate that this method retains much of the information content of a 3DES measurement and provides insight into the physical origin of the coherent dynamics, distinguishing between ground and excited state coherences. It also enables high resolution determi...
Laderman, Scott: Empire in Waves: A Political History of Surfing

The sport of surfing originated as a pastime practiced by residents of Polynesia and developed most fully on the Hawaiian archipelago. Following the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by Ameri...
Do You Know the Way to Vertex A

When I want to communicate with a member of my wife's family, it is often most efficient to send my message through my mother-in-law, Elinor. At any given moment, Elinor knows where everyone is, what they are doing, and the easiest way to reach them. Especially if I want to broadcast a message to the whole family, Elinor provides me with a fast, reliable communication mechanism. When I send electronic mail to a friend on the Internet, things are a bit different. My message gets divided into one or more packets (depending on how long-winded I am that day), and each packet is handed from machine to machine until it reaches my friend's computer. There is no central, omniscient authority like Elinor on the Internet, so each machine along each packet's path needs to make its own routing decisions. That is, each machine must decide which of its neighbor machines should receive my packet to ensure the most efficient delivery of my message. Elinor provides my family's communication system with centralized control. Of course, if Elinor gets sick or heads out in the camper with no forwarding address, our system will be in trouble. To avoid similar problems, the Internet relies on distributed control of its communications. In this column, I will describe one class of distributed algorithms used by portions of the Internet to make routing
In the Shadow of Death: Religious Hope as a Moderator of the Effects of Age on Death Anxiety

Objectives The purpose of this study is to see whether feelings of death anxiety are lower among older than among younger people. In addition, an effort is made to see whether religious hope explains this relationship. It is proposed that the inverse relationship between a religiously oriented sense of hope and death anxiety increases across successively older age-groups. In contrast, it is hypothesized that the relationship between a generalized sense of hope and death anxiety will not vary across successively older age-groups. Method Data on religious hope, a general sense of hope, and death anxiety were obtained from a recent nationwide survey of people aged 18 and older (N = 2,783). Results The findings suggest that, compared with older adults, feelings of death anxiety are higher among younger and middle-aged people. The results further reveal that a religious sense of hope, but not a general sense of hope, reduces feelings of death anxiety across successively older age-groups. Discussion These findings suggest that a previously unexamined dimension of religion (i.e., religious hope) may help people cope with feelings of death anxiety.
Grain size distribution under simultaneous grain boundary migration and grain rotation in two dimensions

Abstract We explore the effects on grain size distribution of incorporating grain rotation into the curvature driven grain boundary migration model of Mullins. A new, extremely streamlined and efficient algorithm allows simulations with large numbers of grains. Some of these simulations yield size distributions and microstructures close to those from recent, atomistic simulations of microstructural evolution using the phase field crystal method that was shown to reproduce experimental size distributions observed in fiber textured, nanocrystalline, thin metallic films.
Condensation of Nucleic Acids by Multivalent Ions: Sequence Dependence and the Curious Case of RNA

Highly charged nucleic acid (NA) molecules repel each other in monovalent salt solutions, yet can be condensed by multivalent ions into structured aggregates. This phenomenon is of great significance to biology, biotechnology and medicine. Surprisingly, recent experiments (Physical Review Letters 2011, 106, 108101; Nucleic Acids Research 2014, 42, 10823) demonstrate that short double-stranded RNA helices resist condensation under conditions where short DNA duplexes condense readily. Existing theoretical models of the NA condensation can not satisfactorily explain this striking differences in RNA vs. DNA condensation behavior. We combine experiment, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and theory to propose a mechanism that connects the observed variations in condensation of short NA duplexes by trivalent cobalt hexammine and tetravalent spermine cations with a spatial variation of bound counterion charge atthe NA duplex surface. Specifically, NA condensation propensity is determined by the fraction of neutralizing multivalent counterions charge localized at the external (outermost) surface of the double-helix. A simple model is developed that provides semi-quantitative agreement with experiment, including subtle sequence effects on condensation propensity. Latest developments and experimental verification of the model will also be discussed.
Imaging collective cell migration and hair cell regeneration in the sensory lateral line

The accessibility of the lateral line system and its amenability to long-term in vivo imaging transformed the developing lateral line into a powerful model system to study fundamental morphogenetic events, such as guided migration, proliferation, cell shape changes, organ formation, organ deposition, cell specification and differentiation. In addition, the lateral line is not only amenable to live imaging during migration stages but also during postembryonic events such as sensory organ tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The robust regenerative capabilities of the mature, mechanosensory lateral line hair cells, which are homologous to inner ear hair cells and the ease with which they can be imaged, have brought zebrafish into the spotlight as a model to develop tools to treat human deafness. In this chapter, we describe protocols for long-term in vivo confocal imaging of the developing and regenerating lateral line.
Who Designed Coronado's Bridge Across the Pecos River?

ABSTRACTSpanish expeditionary forces of the sixteenth century in the Americas often relied on the skills of native “allies.” The possibility is investigated that a bridge, constructed in central New Mexico in 1541 during the Coronado expedition, was designed and built by Indians from central Mexico. Central Mexican bridge-building traditions of the protohistoric period are surveyed from documentary evidence. Characteristics such as short-span timber construction, elevated bridges, and paired bridges are noted. The author concludes that central Mexican bridges would probably not have been appropriate to a northern New Mexico river in flood and that Coronado's “allies” probably served only as laborers in construction of the 1541 bridge.
Cytomorphology of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCPRCC) shares some morphologic and immunohistochemical markers with clear cell RCC and papillary RCC. To the author's knowledge, its cytomorphology on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or touch preparations (TPs) of core needle biopsy specimens has not been well delineated in the English language literature. METHODS The FNA/TP cytomorphology of 7 retrieved cases was studied. RESULTS The tumor cells were arranged in small nests (100%), 3-dimensional clusters (71%), papillary/tubular/acinar arrays (43%), and as single cells (57%). The tumor cells were columnar (100%) and polygonal (57%) in shape, with eccentric, small, round-to-oval nuclei. The nuclei contained evenly distributed, fine granular chromatin and demonstrated a smooth nuclear membrane (100%) (Fuhrman grade 1 to 2). The tumor cells had a moderate amount of delicate or clear cytoplasm containing small vacuoles (100%) and ill-defined cytoplasmic borders (100%). Scattered macrophages (57%) and necrosis (29%) were identified in the background. Vessels were noted within the papillary cores, transversing or surrounding nests of tumors. Immunochemical studies demonstrated expression of cytokeratin 7 (CK7) (100%), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA 9) (100% in a cup-shaped membranous pattern), α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) (50%), and CD10 (43%). The tumor cells were negative for CD117. CONCLUSIONS CCPRCC was found to demonstrate cytologic features that when taken together are helpful in diagnosing CCPRCC on FNA smears and TPs. If core needle biopsy specimens or cell blocks are available, an immunohistochemical panel including CK7, CA IX, CD10, and AMACR may help in excluding congeners. This subtype of RCC requires differentiation from clear cell RCC and papillary RCC due to its low-grade indolent behavior. Cancer Cytopathol 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
When Can Transesophageal and Trans-Thoracic Echocardiography Be Useful in a Non-Cardiac Case?

An 83-year-old man with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and previous transient ischemia attack without any residual neurological deficits is brought to the operating room from the emergency department for hip arthroplasty to repair a traumatic femoral neck fracture. He describes an exercise tolerance of 2–3 blocks that is limited by knee and back pain. His EKG shows sinus tachycardia at 105 beats per minute, left axis deviation, and left ventricular hypertrophy. His chest X-ray demonstrates mild pulmonary congestion, and laboratories reveal a hemoglobin concentration of 8.5 g/dl and normal electrolytes with elevated creatinine of 1.4 mg/dl. His vital signs in the operating room are HR 105, BP 179/80, RR 18, Sp02 of 96 % on 2 L of nasal cannula. After routine induction of anesthesia, the patient remains hypotensive despite aggressive fluid resuscitation of 2 L and frequent boluses of phenylephrine. An arterial line, another large bore IV, and a phenylephrine drip are started with marginally improved blood pressure. An arterial blood gas demonstrates a stable hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dl. The anesthesiologist, who is basic transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) certified, places a TEE probe to evaluate the cause of the persistent hypotension. The TEE examination demonstrates a dilated left atrium and global systolic hypokinesis of the left ventricle with estimated ejection fraction of 30–35 %. Inotropic support is initiated, patient is taken to the catheterization laboratory for coronary angiogram, and the surgery is postponed to after the optimization of his cardiac status.
Unilateral Salpingectomy and Methotrexate Are Associated With a Similar Recurrence Rate of Ectopic Pregnancy in Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization.

Abstract Study Objective To determine whether different treatment approaches of ectopic pregnancy (EP), particularly unilateral salpingectomy and methotrexate, affect its recurrence rate in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design A retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting An academic medical center. Patients Patients with a history of a previous EP who achieved pregnancy after IVF cycles between January 2004 and August 2015 were included. The recurrence rate of EP was compared between patients who underwent different treatment approaches for a previous EP. Interventions IVF. Measurements and Main Results A total of 594 patients were included. Seventeen patients had a recurrence of EP (2.9%). Patients with a history of ≥2 EPs were associated with a significantly higher recurrence rate of EP than those with 1 previous EP (8.5% vs. 1.8%; p = .01; odds ratio [OR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–4.4). Patients who underwent unilateral salpingectomy (n = 245) had a comparable recurrence rate of EP after IVF with those who received methotrexate (n = 283) (3.6% vs. 2.8%; p = .5; OR = 1.3; 95% CI, 0.4–3.4). This OR remained unchanged after adjusting for patient's age, number of previous EPs, number of transferred embryos, and peak estradiol level during stimulation (adjusted OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 0.5–3.8). None of the patients who underwent bilateral salpingectomy (n = 45) or salpingostomy (n = 21) had a recurrence of EP after IVF. Conclusion The recurrence rate of EP significantly correlates with the number of previous EPs. Treatment of EP with methotrexate has a comparable recurrence rate of EP after IVF with unilateral salpingectomy. Therefore, the risk of recurrence should not be a reason to favor salpingectomy over methotrexate in this population.
Choice of therapy and time to first treatment for patients with colon cancer: A National Cancer Database analysis.

e14642 Background: Insurance status has been shown to affect adherence to guidelines in the treatment of colon cancer1. This study aims to investigate trends in management of colon cancer and time to first treatment in patients with various insurance types using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Methods: Treatment data for 845,121 patients and time to first treatment data for 497,993 patients diagnosed with colon cancer between 2000 and 2010 were identified using the NCDB. Reported utilization of treatment and time to first treatment were analyzed by insurance status. Results: Among all stages of colon cancer, no treatment was received more often by Veteran Affairs (10.5%) and Medicare (10.9%) patients than uninsured (8.8%), managed care (4.5%), private insurance (4.7%), Medicaid (8.4%) or Medicare with supplement (7.7%). Among stage I colon cancer, surgery was received less often by uninsured (90.9%) than other insurance types. Stage III colon cancer patients enrolled in Medicare with/without suppleme...
Examining Graduate Student Engagement in Counseling Services with Diverse Populations in P-12 Education

Given the continued diversification of P-12 education, it is imperative for professional school counselors to possess multicultural counseling competency in order to effectively engage diverse students in counseling. Thus, it is relevant to examine the preparation of professional school counselors-in-training related to multicultural and social justice counseling competency. This study explores the multicultural counseling competence of five professional school counselors-in-training and offers recommendations for counselor educators teaching cross-cultural counseling courses and coordinating school counselor training programs.
Financing NICU Follow-Up Programs

There is limited information available for public review outside of anecdotal reports and published surveys about NICU follow-up clinic revenues versus expenditures in part because this is considered confidential business information. In survey responses, both private and academic follow-up programs report that they obtain funding from a variety of sources including hospital and/or department, clinical revenue from insurance billing, research grants, and other state and government programs. Obtaining adequate funding is often cited as a concern for these clinics. Insurance issues, travel distance, and travel costs have been cited by families as the most frequent reasons for noncompliance with clinic attendance in studies of follow-up appointment compliance. Family-centered follow-up programs will need to demonstrate their worth to their shareholders in the community and local hospitals. Clinic programs will need to consider the cost to families in their structure and development of their follow-up program.
Improving Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast for Assessing Biologic Constructs via TiO2

Optical Coherence Tomography is an established imaging modality that plays an increased role in assessing biomanufactured constructs. Herein, a scattering agent, TiO2, was used to improve OCT image quality of tumor aggregates with minimal cytotoxicity.
The power is literally in your pockets : journalism next

In just a few years, the way we find information, communicate with the people we love, and how we get things done, has been transformed. This has all been down to the power of mobile technology. Having the world's information in our pockets is now second nature.
Partially Adaptive Stochastic Optimization for Electric Power Generation Expansion Planning

Electric power generation expansion planning (GEP) is the problem of determining an optimal construction and generation plan of both new and existing electric power plants to meet future electricit...