cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction from Foliage and Within-Plant Distribution for Sampling of Brachycolus asparagi (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Asparagus

Methods for extracting Brachycolus asparagi Mordvilko from asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L., foliage and the distribution of the aphid on the plant were studied to increase sampling efficiency. Aphids were efficiently extracted by methyl isobutyl ketone and Berlese-Tullgren funnels, but not by beating. Aphids had a clumped distribution and numbers decreased with increasing height on the plant. Sampling efficiency was optimized by sampling the lower secondary branches on the plant. The advantage of using Taylor’s power law over the mean crowding index to determine the optimum number of samples is discussed.
Developmental origins of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Obese pregnant women may transmit their metabolic phenotype to offspring, leading to a cycle of obesity and diabetes over generations. Early childhood obesity predicts nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic human liver disease. The fetus may be vulnerable to steatosis because immature fetal adipose depots are not available to buffer the excess transplacental lipid delivery in maternal obesity. In animal models, in utero high-fat diet exposure results in an increase in the accumulation of liver triglycerides in offspring and increased hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis, perhaps priming the liver for later development of NAFLD. Innate immune dysfunction and necroinflammatory changes have been observed in postnatal offspring liver of animals born to high-fat-fed dams. Postweaning, livers of offspring exposed to maternal high-fat feeding in utero share pathophysiologic features with human NAFLD, including increased de novo lipogenesis and decreased free fatty acid oxidation. Human studies using magnetic resonance imaging have shown that maternal BMI predicts infant intrahepatocellular lipid storage, as seen in animal models. The generational transfer of NAFLD may occur via epigenetic changes in offspring liver. Transmission of microbiota from mother to infant may impact energy retention and immune function that contribute to a predisposition to NAFLD.
Electromagnetic wave attenuation by superconducting fluctuations in a thin, granular aluminum film

A sharp local minimum has been observed atTc in the microwave attenuation by a thin, granular aluminum film which is believed to result from the imaginary component of the fluctuation conductivity and for which the particular geometry of the specimen appears to enhance the observation of the fluctuation effects.
Dense embeddings of nowhere locally compact separable metric spaces

Abstract Nowhere locally compact separable metric spaces are characterized (up to homeomorphism) as precisely the dense subsets of the separable Hilbert space and those of dimension at most n are characterized (up to homeomorphism) as precisely the dense subsets of the n-dimensional Menger-Nobeling space.
Recursive least squares image reconstruction

A recursive least squares algorithm is formulated in the context of image reconstruction, using computed tomography (CT) as an example. Compared to traditional algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART), the new algorithm converges in as little as one iteration and has the ability to incorporate a priori information such as image smoothness. Several approximations of the algorithm are proposed and it is demonstrated that they can be implemented for practical image reconstruction problems and obtain very good results.
Should I become a registered professional engineer

The affirmative answer to the question posed in the title is underscored by cogent arguments drawn from the author's 10 years of experience as a member of a state board of engineering examiners. A country-wide listing of state boards of engineering examiners is appended to the article.
The use of simulation modeling and factorial analysis as a method for process flow improvement

Over the past quarter century, much effort has been devoted to the design and development of simulation modeling languages, and to methods for the development of simulation models themselves. Less effort, however, has been expended on the design of the experimental models upon which simulation studies are based. This paper describes a methodology for the determination of near optimal solutions considering experimental design and simulation modeling. Using this methodology, simulation scenarios are created and analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based experimental design. This paper also presents an application of this method in analyzing a manufacturing system design problem.
Estradiol is associated with mortality in critically ill trauma and surgical patients.

Objective:Sexual dimorphism (variation in outcome related to sex) after trauma–hemorrhage and sepsis is well documented in animals, with the pro-estrus state being proinflammatory and associated with a survival advantage. Although some observational studies confirm this pattern in humans, others dem
Broadband Planar Superstrate Antenna for Integrated Millimeterwave Transceivers

In this paper, a new planar superstrate antenna concept suitable for integration with millimeter wave (mmWave) transceiver integrated circuits (ICs) is presented. The antenna is printed on the bottom of a dielectric superstrate with a ground plane below. The new design provides high bandwidth and high efficiency. Two different examples of the new concept have been designed and manufactured for the 60 GHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band using folded dipoles. Simulated and measured input impedance matching and far field radiation patterns for both antennas will be shown and discussed. Both designs achieve over 10% bandwidth while maintaining better than 80% efficiency
The incentive effects of settlements under joint and several liability

Abstract Several recent articles have examined the effects of joint and several liability on settlement. But these settlement effects also have a significant impact on primary behavior. This paper will examine these effects under the most frequently analyzed paradigm of joint and several liability, in which plaintiff's probabilities of success against the defendants are perfectly correlated and any settlements are applied to future awards under a pro tanto set-off rule (i.e., the award is reduced by the amount of the settlement). Section I will present the basic model of settlement under joint and several liability. Section II will draw the implications of settlement on primary behavior. As others have noted, the settlement effects of joint and several liability increase the expected recovery to the plaintiff and the expected damages payable by defendants. However, this does not mean that they increase defendants' incentives to take care ex ante. Rather, as I will show, the settlement effects of joint and several liability can either increase or decrease incentives to exercise care, depending on the nature of the uncertainty regarding defendant's liability and on the level of care that would prevail otherwise.
An Application of a Choice Heuristic Algorithm for Managing Land Resource Allocation Problems Involving Multiple Parties and Conflicting Interests

Competition among individuals and communities for the use of resources has made resource management activity very contentious and complex. Conflicts over the allocation of resources are forcing resource managers worldwide, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa, to widen the range of interests they consider and embrace environmental factors before they make and implement resource policies. In tandem with the recent extension of GIS applications into the region therefore is the expectation that the technology would create opportunities for public participation and for resolving conflicts that result from competition for resources. However, creating a supportive environment for people in the communities to actively participate in resource policy decisions requires simple, but efficient, participatory decision support procedures that are lacking in many of today's GIS. This paper describes the application of a decision support algorithm for managing resource allocation problems involving competing interests. A case involving multiple claims to resources in the Aboma Forest Reserve located at Kofiase in Southern Ghana is used to illustrate the Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS) methodology.
Volume and Ion Regulation During Repeated Exposure to Temperature Change: Physiological Divergence in Trans-Isthmian Cognate Pairs and Latitudinally Distant Populations of Decapod Crustacea

. When the Isthmus of Panama emerged as a land bridge, it set the stage for allopatric speciation in the marine fauna. In the present study Pacific and Atlantic populations of three cognate pairs of crabs were used to discern whether physiological divergence has occurred as a result of exposure to different thermal regimes in habitats and in the putative absence of gene flow. Additional comparison was made with Belize and Florida populations of the Atlantic Panama cognate. This was done to test the strength of correlation between physiological divergence and exposure to different thermal regimes in populations that potentially form a common genetic pool. Water temperatures decrease periodically in Pacific Panama and Florida but not in Atlantic Panama or Belize. Physiological divergence in volume and ion regulation was assessed in response to repeated exposure to either control and decreased temperature or to control and increased temperature. Results indicate that exposure to naturally occurring decreased temperatures in habitats has resulted in divergence. This divergence is demonstrated both in enhanced ability to regulate volume at decreased temperature and impaired ability to regulate volume at elevated temperature.
The sequential method for the black-oil reservoir simulation on unstructured grids

This paper presents new results for applying the sequential solution method to the black-oil reservoir simulation with unstructured grids. The fully implicit solution method has been successfully applied to reservoir simulation with unstructured grids. However, the complexity of the fully implicit method and the irregularity of the grids result in a very complicated structure of linear equation systems (LESs) and in high computational cost to solve them. To tackle this problem, the sequential method is applied to reduce the size of the LESs. To deal with instable problems caused by the low implicit degree of this method, some practical techniques are introduced to control convergence of Newton-Raphson's iterations which are exploited in the linearization of the governing equations of the black-oil model. These techniques are tested with the benchmark problem of the ninth comparative solution project (CSP) organized by the society of petroleum engineers (SPE) and applied to field-scale models of both saturated and undersaturated reservoirs. The simulation results show that the sequential method uses as little as 20.01% of the memory for solving the LESs and 23.89% of the total computational time of the fully implicit method to reach the same precision for the undersaturated reservoirs, when the same iteration control parameters are used for both solution methods. However, for the saturated reservoirs, the sequential method must use stricter iteration control parameters to reach the same precision as the fully implicit method.
Presence of a peptide component of thymosin fraction-5 manifesting discrete cytostatic properties in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells.

Thymosin fraction-5 (TF5), an array of small molecular weight peptides present in crude extracts of the adult bovine thymus, contains numerous constituents with demonstrable biological activity. Because TF5 generally enhances immune reactivity in a variety of settings, and additionally restricts proliferation of certain neoplasms, we examined the effects of TF5 on proliferative capacity in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. Vital dye-exclusion, oxidative metabolism of chromogenic dyes, and clonogenic growth profiles were monitored to assess rates of cellular proliferation; our results demonstrate that TF5 restricted HL-60 cell growth, an influence that exhibited comparable potency and efficacy among all three indices. This antiproliferative activity was labile, insofar as medium conditioned in HL-60 cells for 24 h became devoid of the initial growth-suppressive activity after 24-h culture when subsequently administered to naive cultures. Review of cytoarchitectural traits, chromatin staining by TUNEL, and fluorescent cytometric analyses demonstrated that TF5 failed to elicit apoptosis, however, suggesting that this material instead drove treated cells into growth arrest and an unanticipated cytostasis. Qualitatively similar responses were noted in the human monoblastic leukemia cell line U937. Partial purification of TF5 by FPLC yielded a component containing an antiproliferative activity associated with the ∼1000-Da fraction. These results demonstrate that TF5 contains a sub-fraction possessing a growth-suppressive activity capable of restraining normal proliferation of human myeloid neoplasms via the apparent induction of true cytostasis.
Decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics and calcium buffering capacity in the basal ganglia correlates with motor deficits in a nonhuman primate model of aging.

Abstract Altered mitochondrial function in the basal ganglia has been hypothesized to underlie cellular senescence and promote age-related motor decline. We tested this hypothesis in a nonhuman primate model of human aging. Six young (6–8 years old) and 6 aged (20–25 years old) female Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were behaviorally characterized from standardized video records. Additionally, we measured mitochondrial bioenergetics along with calcium buffering capacity in the substantia nigra and putamen (PUT) from both age groups. Our results demonstrate that the aged animals had significantly reduced locomotor activity and movement speed compared with younger animals. Moreover, aged monkeys had significantly reduced ATP synthesis capacity (in substantia nigra and PUT), reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (in PUT), and reduced calcium buffering capacity (in PUT) compared with younger animals. Furthermore, this age-related decline in mitochondrial function in the basal ganglia correlated with decline in motor function. Overall, our results suggest that drug therapies designed to enhance altered mitochondrial function may help improve motor deficits in the elderly.
BURIED PENIS: CONGENITAL SYNDROME OF A SHORT PENILE SHAFT AND A PAUCITY OF PENILE SHAFT SKIN

ABSTRACTPurpose:: The term “buried penis” has been applied to a variety of penile abnormalities and includes an apparent buried penis that is obvious at birth. The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the congenital buried penis and to evaluate an operative technique for its management.Materials and Methods:: A total of 31 males 2 to 28 months old (mean age 12.3 months) with a congenital buried penis underwent surgical correction of the anomaly. Measurements were made of the penile shaft skin, inner leaf of the prepuce, glans length and stretched penile length. Observations of the subcutaneous tissue of the penis were made. The outer leaf of the prepuce was resected, following which covering of the penile shaft was accomplished with a combination of the penile shaft skin and the inner leaf of the prepuce.Results:: Stretched penile lengths ranged from 2.3 to 4.1 cm (mean 3.1). The glans length from the tip of the glans dorsally to the corona ranged from 0.9 to 1.6 cm (mean 1.2). The inner lea...
Are there wordlike concepts too

Millikan proposes that there are mapping functions through which spoken sentences represent reality. Such mappings seem to depend on thoughts that words express and on concepts as components of such thoughts, but such concepts would conflict with Millikan's other claims about concepts and language.
Ferroelectric channel waveguides with high SHG conversion efficiency and noncritical phase-matching characteristics

Second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency in quasi-phasematched waveguides can be enhanced significantly by optimizing the linear properties of the guiding structure. We describe here a method for fast and accurate computation of the modal properties of continuous, periodically-poled, ferroelectric channel waveguides, and a multi-parameter optimization algorithm which we have used to increase normalized internal SHG conversion efficiency. We will show, with results from our simulations, how both mode confinement at the fundamental wavelength and overlap of the transverse modes at the fundamental and second harmonic wavelengths influence the SHG conversion efficiency. Finally, we will also present the theoretical phasematching characteristics of these designs, and discuss the possibility of high SHG conversion efficiency (2900% W(DOT)cm2) near non- critically phasematched regimes of operation.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Health Profiles of 814 Very Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors

Abstract Background Information regarding the long-term health impact of cancer and cancer treatments on survivors is gradually accumulating but is generally limited to the first few years after diagnosis. Patients and Methods We analyzed health information provided by 814 breast cancer survivors whose cancer was diagnosed ≥ 15 years earlier and compared the information with that of female survivors of other cancers. These women were identified from a larger cohort of very long-term survivors of cancer who responded to a health survey. Results All survivors underwent surgery as part of their cancer therapy, and 334 (41%) also received chemotherapy. Survivors of breast cancer reported significantly more arthritis/osteoporosis, cataracts, and heart problems than other cancer survivors. Those who were treated with chemotherapy reported more psychologic problems, loss of memory, and circulation problems than those who did not receive chemotherapy. A third (30.4%) of the breast cancer survivors reported that cancer had affected their health. Conclusion Very long-term survivors of breast cancer generally report good health and quality of life, as do very long-term survivors of other cancers. Nevertheless, 30.4% of breast cancer survivors report that cancer has affected their health. A number of distinctions are noted that can serve a basis for further hypothesis-driven research.
Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic diversity in an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, the Hawaii Akepa ( Loxops coccineus coccineus )

As a result of disease, habitat destruction, and other anthropogenic factors, the Hawaii Akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus) currently occupies <10% of its original range and exists in five disjunct populations, raising concerns about what effect such reduction and fragmentation has had on the connectivity and diversity of Akepa populations. In this study, we used both historical and contemporary samples to assess genetic diversity and structure in this endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper. We generated sequence data from two mtDNA regions (ND2, control region) and two nuclear introns for contemporary samples representing three of the five current populations. We also generated control region sequence data for museum specimens collected over 100 years ago from throughout the historical range of the bird. Results indicate that despite recent declines and fragmentation, genetic diversity has not been lost. We detected a modest level of genetic differentiation, which followed a combined pattern of isolation-by-barriers and isolation-by-distance, across the historical range of Akepa. The similarly low level of differentiation observed between the contemporary populations indicates that not much divergence, if any, has occurred post-fragmentation. Rather, the present structure seen likely reflects the historical pattern of distribution. Ironically, this declining species exhibits the genetic signal of an expanding population, demonstrating that earlier demographic events are outweighing the effects of recent changes in population size, and genetic estimates of Ne, though crude, suggest Hawaii Akepa were at least an order of magnitude more abundant prior to the decline.
Corporate entrepreneurship: An empirical look at the innovativeness dimension and its antecedents

– The purpose of this paper is to submit and test a model of corporate entrepreneurship (CE)., – Using a sample of 264 employees of a mid‐sized organization, the authors conceptualize three antecedent categories of CE: process, context, and individual characteristics. The authors also test the mediating affect of CE on desirable individual outcomes: job satisfaction, turnover intent, and affective commitment., – The results indicate that the model does an adequate job of explaining CE, and that CE mediates the relationship between our antecedents and individual outcomes., – For researchers, the primary value of this research is the opportunity to consider a predictive model of CE on the knowledge base currently in the field. For practitioners, the process seems to offer an important precursor to CE.
Preparation for microgravity: The role of the microgravity materials science laboratory

A laboratory dedicated to ground based materials processing in preparation for space flight was established at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Experiments are performed to delineate the effects of gravity on processes of both scientific and commercial interest. Processes are modeled physically and mathematically. Transport model systems are used where possible to visually track convection, settling, crystal growth, phase separation, agglomeration, vapor transport, diffusive flow, and polymers reactions. The laboratory contains apparatus which functionally duplicates apparatus available for flight experiments and other pieces instrumented specifically to allow process characterization. Materials addressed include metals, alloys, salts, glasses, ceramics, and polymers. The Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory is staffed by engineers and technicians from a variety of disciplines and is open to users from industry and academia as well as the government. Examples will be given of the laboratory apparatus typical experiments and results.
Pain Management in Chest Trauma

Patients continue to report inadequate or poor pain control in the hospital setting following thoracic trauma. Moderate-to-severe pain is a potent activator of the “stress response”. Ongoing stimulation of this response can have a detrimental effect on many physiologic functions. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and hemostatic functions may all be negatively affected by poorly controlled pain. Postoperative pain due to elective surgery is often used as a model for thoracic trauma pain management. This approach has limitations. Trauma pain is experienced without the benefits of anesthesia or preemptive analgesia. Thoracic trauma pain management seeks to limit the secondary effects of an initially painful stimulus. Resuscitation and neurological assessment may delay definitive pain control. A multimodal approach to the management of thoracic trauma pain may include combinations of systemic narcotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, epidural narcotics, epidural local anesthetic combin...
Evaluation of a fast neutron coincidence counter for the measurements of uranium samples

Abstract A fast neutron coincidence counter using BC454/BGO phoswich detectors has been evaluated for the purpose of rapid verification measurements of uranium items. This counter uses custom electronics to identify and count coincidence neutrons in the presence of background radiation. Measurements of uranium standards were performed to evaluate the counter. This counter is successful in measuring uranium items but has a low efficiency that results in minimal improvement over current technology. An optimized counter can be built with better performance capabilities, but it is recommended that newer technologies be used instead.
PROGRESS IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

In this issue, Robert Hayes has written provocatively about the implications of the digital economy for Operations Management (om). Here I examine and illustrate a simple four-stage framework for thinking about these implications: advances in digital technology (stage 1) lead to business developments (stage 2), which impact the views of OM-relevant thought leaders (stage 3), which influence the conduct of OM activities (stage 4). This framework provides a perspective for viewing the evolution of OM and indicates how educators, researchers, and practitioners can steal the march on mainstream thinking.
Protecting Critical Information Infrastructure: Developing Cybersecurity Policy

The rapid adoption in emerging countries of new information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures such as the internet is creating opportunities for these countries and their citizens ...
Dielectric response to a donor ion in a Ga1 − xAlxAs — GaAs—Ga1 − xAlxAs quantum well of finite depth

We consider the dielectric response to a donor ion in GaAs quantum wells of finite depths in two cases: (1) The ion is placed at the center of the well, (2) the ion is placed in off-center positions in the well. In each of these cases we calculate the binding energy of the donor atom for several well depths as a function of the width of the well and compare our values with those that arise when the donor atom is considered a hydrogenic impurity. We find that consideration of the dielectric response of the GaAs quantum well leads to deviations with respect to the hydrogenic theory. Specifically, we find that, in case (1), at a given well depth, our binding energies at the same well widths are larger in magnitude than those calculated from the hydrogenic theory. We also find that the discrepancy between the two sets of binding energies is a function of the width of the well, becoming less pronounced as the width of the well is increased. We further find that, in case (2), at a given well depth, as the donor atom is moved from the center of the well toward the wall of the well, our binding energies rise toward those that are calculated from the hydrogenic theory. Finally, we find that, both in case (1) and in case (2), the effect of the dielectric response of the GaAs quantum well to the presence of the donor ion becomes less pronounced as the depth of the well is decreased.
Oxidative Stress Induces Protein Kinase D Activation in Intact Cells INVOLVEMENT OF Src AND DEPENDENCE ON PROTEIN KINASE C

Protein kinase D (PKD) is a protein serine kinase that is directly stimulated in vitro by phorbol esters and diacylglycerol in the presence of phospholipids, and activated by phorbol esters, neuropeptides, and platelet-derived growth factor via protein kinase C (PKC) in intact cells. Recently, oxidative stress was shown to activate transfected PKC isoforms via tyrosine phosphorylation, but PKD activation was not demonstrated. Here, we report that oxidative stress initiated by addition of H(2)O(2) (0.15-10 mm) to quiescent Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts activates PKD in a dose- and time- dependent manner, as measured by autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of an exogenous substrate, syntide-2. Oxidative stress also activated transfected PKD in COS-7 cells but not a kinase-deficient mutant PKD form or a PKD mutant with critical activating serine residues 744 and 748 mutated to alanines. Genistein, or the specific Src inhibitors PP-1 and PP-2 (1-10 micrometer) inhibited H(2)O(2)-mediated PKD activation by 45%, indicating that Src contributes to this signaling pathway. PKD activation by H(2)O(2) was also selectively potentiated by cotransfection of PKD together with an active form of Src (v-Src) in COS-7 cells, as compared with PDB-mediated activation. The specific phospholipase C inhibitor, partly blocked H(2)O(2)-mediated but not PDB-mediated PKD activation. In contrast, PKC inhibitors blocked H(2)O(2) or PDB-mediated PKD activation essentially completely, suggesting that whereas Src mediates part of its effects via phospholipase C activation, PKC acts more proximally as an upstream activator of PKD. Together, these studies reveal that oxidative stress activates PKD by initiating distinct Src-dependent and -independent pathways involving PKC.
Macroeconomics and health.

Macroeconomics and Health, a provocative report from the World Health M acroeconomics and Health, a provocative report from the World Health Organization, is a dramatic call for action from both rich countries and poor countries.1 The report emphasises the linkage of avoidable disease to poverty and argues that investmentsin health are fundamental to and perhaps a prerequisite for economic development. The report proposes a massive increase in funding for health in the poor countries, with a fivefold increase in support from wealthy countries and at least a doubling from the poor countries themselves. The key recommendation is for the world's poor countries to work in partnership with high income countries to scale up their health systems to provide access for all to a limited number of essential health interventions. Although emphasising the partnership of the poor with the rich, the report is primarily an advocacy document addressed to the donor nations. It requests the high income countries to resolve “that lack of donor funds should not be the …
Solution structural studies of the Ag(I)-DNA complex

We report equilibrium dialysis and electric dichroism studies of the two strong complexes (I and II) of silver ion with DNA. Cooperative conversion of DNA to the stronger type I complex results in a 9% length decrease, and a structure in which intercalated ethidium is perpendicular to the helix axis. Upon addition of more Ag+ to form the type II complex, the DNA length reverts to its original value and bound ethidium once again becomes tilted from the plane perpendicular to the helix axis. In both type I and type II Ag (I) - DNA complexes, ethidium binding is mildly cooperative. We interpret the results in terms of a sequence of silver-induced cooperative switches of DNA from its B-form structure with propeller twisted base pairs to a structure with flat base pairs in the type I complex, and back again to propellered base pairs in the type II complex.
Use of adaptive segmentation in handwritten phrase recognition

Abstract Research in handwriting recognition has thus far been primarily focused on recognizing words and phrases. In fact, phrases are usually treated as a concatenation of the constituent words making it in essence an enhanced word recognizer. In this paper we present a methodology that will take advantage of the spacing between the words in a phrase to aid the recognition process. The novelty of our approach lies in the fact that the determination of word breaks is made in a manner that adapts to the writing style of the individual. The parameters that decide whether a particular gap between components is an inter-word gap or an inter-character gap are computed without the necessity of generalizing over a large training set. Rather, it is tuned to the distribution of the gaps within the instance of the phrase image being examined. We compare our approach to the methods described in the literature that simply ignore the significance of gaps in a phrase. Our experiments show an improvement of about 5% in recognition rates. On a test set of about 1400 phrase images the segmentation method “misses” only 2% of the true word break points.
Cl- channels in basolateral renal medullary vesicles: V. Comparison of basolateral mTALH Cl- channels with apical Cl- channels from jejunum and trachea.

Cl− channels from basolaterally-enriched rabbit outer renal medullary membranes are activated either by increases in intracellular Cl− activity or by intracellular protein kinase A (PKA). Phosphorylation by PKA, however, is not obligatory for channel activity since channels can be activated by intracellular Cl− in the absence of PKA. The PKA requirement for activation of Cl− channels in certain secretory epithelia is, in contrast, obligatory. In the present studies, we examined the effects of PKA and intracellular Cl− concentrations on the properties of Cl− channels obtained either from basolaterally-enriched vesicles derived from highly purified suspensions of mouse medullary thick ascending limb (mTALH) segments, or from apical membrane vesicles obtained from two secretory epithelia, bovine trachea and rabbit small intestine. Our results indicate that the Cl− channels from mTALH suspensions were virtually identical to those previously described from rabbit outer renal medulla. In particular, an increase in intracellular (trans) Cl− concentration from 2 to 50 mm increased both channel activity (Po) and channel conductance (gCl, pS). Likewise, trans PKA increased mTALH Cl− channel activity by increasing the activity of individual channels when the trans solutions were 2 mm Cl. Under the latter circumstance, PKA did not activate quiescent channels, nor did it affect gCl. Moreover, when mTALH Cl− channels were inactivated by reducing cis Cl− concentrations to 50 mm, cis PKA addition did not affect Po. These results are consistent with the view that these Cl− channels originated from basolateral membranes of the mTALH.
Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy Cyclotron double resonance provides a new technique for the study of ion-molecule reaction mechanisms

Ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy, discussing fundamentals, instrumentation and ion-molecule chemistry applications
No Child Left Behind and the Spectacle of Failing Schools: The Mythology of Contemporary School Reform

This article discusses what David Berliner (2005) has called the perverse “spectacle of fear” (208) surrounding issues of teacher quality and accountability in contemporary school reform. Drawing principally on the critical semiotics of Roland Barthes' essay, “The World of Wrestling” (1957), it examines the way that this spectacle works to undermine public education and explicates the powerful mythology behind it. The article then concludes with some suggestions on how this destructive “spectacle of fear” might potentially be disrupted using the agencies of Deweyan “strong democracy”.
Launcher: A Shell-based Framework for Rapid Development of Parallel Parametric Studies

Petascale computing systems have enabled tremendous advances for traditional simulation and modeling algorithms that are built around parallel execution. Unfortunately, scientific domains using data-oriented or high-throughput paradigms have difficulty taking full advantage of these resources without custom software development. This paper describes our solution for rapidly developing parallel parametric studies using sequential or threaded tasks: The launcher. We detail how to get ensembles executing quickly through common job schedulers SGE and SLURM, and the various user-customizable options that the launcher provides. We illustrate the efficiency of or tool by presenting execution results at large scale (over 65,000 cores) for varying workloads, including a virtual screening workload with indeterminate runtimes using the drug docking software Autodock Vina.
Adaptive MIMO Signal Processing in Mode-Division Multiplexing

Adaptive multi-input multi-output signal processing architectures for mode-division multiplexing systems are reviewed. It is shown that performance, adaptation speed and complexity requirements can be met through judicious link design and choice of signal processing architecture.
Using blogs in academic libraries: versatile information platforms

Purpose – The purpose of the paper was to provide an in‐depth discussion of the poster session, Keep Blogging Along: Side by Side Library Blogs, presented at the American Library Association's Annual Conference in Washington, DC, June 27, 2007.Design/methodology/approach – Complete with each blog discussed is a distinction of purpose, basic elements of blog design including organizational labels and tags, enhancement and usability tools, and a statement of success or failure for each project.Findings – Comprehensive information concerning three academic library blogs; topics of collection development, children's literature review, a collaborative professional development project, and a supplemental academic course blog is provided.Practical implications – To make available basic tools and resources for readers to create a blog, or blogs; keep statistical and evaluative information on individual projects; and enhance project usability with tools and widgets.Originality/value – This paper details various in...
Pictures of MHC restriction

This year's Nobel prize in physiology or medicine was awarded for the discovery, in 1974, of a fundamental principle in immunology. The underlying interactions are now being seen in three dimensions.
Hydrogen production via thermochemical cycles based on sulfur chemistry

Abstract A class of closed thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production based on sulfur chemistry is presented. This class is described by the following set of chemical reactions: M + H 2 O ⇄ MO + H 2 (low temperature) MO +0.5 S ⇄ M +0.5 SO 2 (high temperature) M′O +1.5 SO 2 ⇄ M′SO 4 +.5 S (low temperature) M′SO 4 rlarr2; M′O + SO 2 +0.5 O 2 (high temperature) Experimental investigation of some of the reactions is presented. Thermodynamic analysis indicates efficiencies of the range of 40–50% and sometimes higher. Not all of the reactions in the proposed cycles have been verified in the literature or through experimentation.
Religiosity and Deviance: Toward a Contingency Theory of Constraining Effects

Perspectives on the relationship between individual religiosity and deviance are examined and contextual properties thought to condition the relationship are identified. Hypothesized linkages between these contextual variables and the strength of relationship between religiosity and nine types of deviant behavior are tested. Results indicate the religiosity-deviance relationship varies predictably across sociodemographic contexts, but not always in directions suggested by extant theories. Individual religiosity appears to constrain deviant behavior most effectively in environments characterized by general normative ambiguity, low social integration, generalized perceptions of low peer conformity, and a relatively high proportion of religious nonaffiliates. An integrated interpretation of these counterintuitive findings suggests religious participation can operate as a unique deviance inhibitor only when conformity inducing mechanisms characteristic of religious communities are not reproduced in the larger community. Hence the impact of religious constraints is increased where secular controls are absent or weak.
Properties of the phosphorescent state of 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene as determined by optically detected magnetic resonance

Abstract The optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) and phosphorescence microwave double resonance (PMDR) spectra of 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene in durene are reported. The results show that the phosphorescence originates from an undistorted 3 B 1u (ππ*) state. The sign and magnitude of the zero-field parameters are discussed in terms of spin dipolar interactions in the 3 B 1u state and large spin-orbit contributions to the zero-field splitting. Finally, the excited triplet state values for the 79 Br and 81 Br nuclear quadrupole coupling constants are obtained from an analysis of the zero-field ODMR.
A new actualist modal semantics

Suppose that we interpret necessity as truth in all possible worlds, possibility as truth in some possible world, and truth simpliciter, naturally, as truth in the actual world. Suppose that we take this interpretation seriously, not merely accepting it as a useful instrument, but believing that it reflects the very meanings of "necessary", "possible", and "true". Then we are committed, in some sense, to there being many possible worlds, and at the same time, to the idea that just one world, our world, is actual. And this is an apparent contradiction, for what is being if not actuality? Of the many solutions to this puzzle, I shall be concerned with the one offered by actualists. Actualism is the view that there are in general no nonactual objects, and in particular no nonactual possible objects. Those actualists who believe in possible worlds, which certainly seem to be nonactual possibles, take them instead to be existing abstract entities. These abstract entities are chosen in such a way that just one of them corresponds, in an appropriate sense, to reality. For example, Alvin Plantinga says that worlds are maximal possible states-of-affairs, only one of which, the actual world, obtains.1 In this way, actualists can maintain both that all possible worlds have being, in the sense that they exist, but that one is distinguished as actual, in the sense that it alone corresponds to reality. Thus our initial puzzle is solved. I shall argue, however, that at a deeper level, actualism is not compatible with standard possible worlds semantics. According to the standard semantics, a statement 'It is possible that A' is true if and only if there is a possible world which includes the state-of-affairs expressed by A. The statement "It is possible that Socrates have chosen exile" is true, for instance, if and only if there is a possible world which includes the state-of-affairs of Socrates' choosing exile, a truth-condition that is not at all unreasonable. Difficulty is encountered, however, in the interpretation of statements containing iterated modal operators, such as "It is possible that there have been a man
A predictive model for the removal of colloidal particles in fibrous filter media

Abstract The effective medium approximation (EMA) has been applied to a flow through a porous medium filled with fibrous collectors for the prediction of permeability and the removal (or filtration) rate of colloidal particles. The new EMA model, which assumes that a cylindrical collector is surrounded by a uniform layer of fluid and by an effective medium beyond the fluid layer, provides a representative flow field around a cylindrical collector by which the permeability of the fibrous filter medium and its particle removal rate can be determined. The permeability predicted by this new model is shown to be in better agreement with experimental results and numerical calculations than those predicted by other existing models such as cell model and Brinkman’s model. It is also found that the predicted removal rate of colloidal particles by a fibrous filter medium is also in excellent agreement with the results of numerical calculation.
Prochlorperazine as a doxorubicin-efflux blocker: phase I clinical and pharmacokinetics studies.

Doxorubicin (DOX) efflux in drug-resistant cells is blocked by phenothiazines such as trifluoperazine (TFP) and prochlorperazine (PCZ) in vitro. The present phase I study was conducted in 13 patients with advanced, incurable, nonhematologic tumors to determine whether PCZ plasma levels high enough to block DOX efflux could be achieved in vivo. The treatment schedule consisted of prehydration and i. v. administration of 15, 30, 50, and 75 mg/m2 PCZ followed by a standard dose of 60 mg/m2 DOX. The hematologic toxicities attributable to DOX were as expected and independent of the PCZ dose used. Toxicities attributable to PCZ were sedation, dryness of the mouth, cramps, chills, and restlessness. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of PCZ in this schedule was 75 mg/m2. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a large interpatient variation in peak plasma PCZ levels that ranged from 95 to 1100 ng/ml. The three plasma half-lives of PCZ were:t 1/2α (±SE), 20.9±5.3 min;t1/2β, 1.8±0.3 h; andt1/2γ, 21.9±5.3 h. The volume of distribution (Vd), total clearance (ClT), and area under the curve (AUC) for PCZ were 2254±886 l/m2, 60.2±13.5 l m−2h−1, and 1624±686 ng ml−1 h, respectively. DOX retention in tumor cells retrieved from patients during the course of therapy indicated the appearance of cells with enhanced DOX retention. The combination of DOX and high-dose i. v. PCZ appeared to be safe, well tolerated, and active in non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
Simultaneous drug release at different rates from biodegradable polyurethane foams

Abstract In this study, we present an approach for the simultaneous release of multiple drug compounds at different rates from single-phase polyurethane foams constructed from lysine diisocyanate (LDI) and glycerol. The anti-cancer compounds DB-67 and doxorubicin were covalently incorporated into polyurethane foams, whereby drug release can then occur in concert with material degradation. To begin, the reactions of DB-67 and doxorubicin with LDI in the presence of a tertiary amine catalyst were monitored with infrared spectroscopy; each compound formed urethane linkages with LDI. Fluorescent spectra of DB-67 and doxorubicin were then recorded in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS), to ensure that each anti-cancer compound could be quantitatively detected alone and in combination. Doxorubicin and DB-67 were then incorporated into a series of degradable LDI–glycerol polyurethane foams alone and in combination with one another. The sol content, average porosity and drug distribution throughout each foam sample was measured and found to be similar amongst all foam samples. The stability of DB-67 and doxorubicin’s fluorescent signal was then assessed over a 2-week period at 70 °C. Release rates of the compounds from the foams were assessed over a 10-week period at 4, 22, 37 and 70 °C by way of fluorescence spectroscopy. Release was found to be temperature-dependent, with rates related to the chemical structure of the incorporated drug. This study demonstrates that differential release of covalently bound drugs is possible from simple single-phase, degradable polyurethane foams.
Choice of a warning signal or none in several unavoidable-shock situations

In a two-compartment grid shuttle box, rats tended to prefer a 1/2 sec. or a 5 sec. warning signal over no signal preceding unavoidable shock. They did not prefer either a 0 sec. or random signal-shock interval over no signal. And they did not tolerate more shock to obtain a signal than they had to tolerate in a no-signal compartment.
Intramammary pressure and mammary blood flow in lactating goats.

Abstract Blood flow to the udders of four conscious, lactating goats was recorded from a surgically implanted electromagnetic flow transducer while intramammary pressure was artificially altered in the range 5 to 100 mm mercury. Elevation of intramammary pressure consistently reduced mammary blood flow. The response was linear with the regression equation: % of Control Flow = 99.5 − .83 × Intramammary Pressure. Mammary blood flow responded slowly to abrupt changes in intramammary pressure, and reactive hyperemia was never observed following pressure release. Both air and milk were utilized to alter intramammary pressure, and no difference in response was significant. When the contralateral side was insufflated, no alteration in the blood flow occurred. Lidocaine in a supramammary line block partially diminished the response to elevated intramammary pressure.
Business Process Redesign: Key to Competitiveness

Before 1980, manufacturers operated in a relatively stable business environment. The bases of competition changed gradually. The physical aspects of the product (e.g., functionality and quality) dominated; delivery and customer service were largely set by standard business practices. The significant improvements that were made in manufacturing control through the application of technologies to factory floor scheduling can no longer provide a competitive weapon.
Chiral formamidines. The mechanism of mono- and di-alkylation leading to chiral, non-racemic tetrahydroisoquinolines.

Abstract The effect on facial selectivity and degree of stereoselectivity by varying the size of the chiral auxiliary allows a mechanism for alkylation to be presented.