cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification, properties, and kinetic observations on the isoenzymes of NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase of maize.

Abstract A successful method for the purification of NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase from a plant source, Zea mays , is reported. Two mitochondrial isoenzymes were found and purified to homogeneity by a course of acetone fractionation, bulk exchange on DEAE-cellulose, cellulose hydroxylapatite column chromatography, and continuous elution electrophoresis. The mitochondrial isoenzymes are very similar with respect to kinetic properties, response to solvent perturbation, and temperature dependence of the pH/ V relationship of isocitrate dehydrogenation. The Michaelis constant for isocitrate is identical for both isoenzymes. The enzymes have a molecular weight of 81,000 as estimated by permeation chromatography and an isoelectric point of 5.5 as extrapolated from gel-electrophoretic mobilities. Detectable differences are confined to differences in electrophoretic mobilities and heat denaturation. In D 2 O the rate of the overall reaction from isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate and CO 2 was about 3.6 times slower than the same reaction in H 2 O. Both the forward and reverse reactions, in which isocitrate is dehydrogenated or generated from oxalosuccinate, were observed to decrease by this amount in D 2 O. The decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate was found to decrease by only about 25% in D 2 O relative to the velocity of the reaction in H 2 O. Thus the slow step in the overall reaction must be the initial dehydrogenation step rather than the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate. The p K of the overall reaction did not change in D 2 O as compared to H 2 O.
Psychosocial dwarfism: Detection, evaluation and management

Our experience with 35 children with psychosocial dwarfism (PSD) over five years Is reviewed. Diagnosis and management are difficult. A multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation allows for maximal observation of family psychodynamics and Intervention. Foster placement remains the Intervention of choice in children over four years of age.
Coupon and tax effects on new and seasoned bond yields and the measurement of the cost of debt capital

Abstract A model of the tax structure of interest rates is developed and simple approximate expressions relating yield to coupon are derived. The effect on these simple expressions of alternative assumptions about holding period length, expectations of future interest rates, and other factors, is evaluated. It is shown that with recent U.S. yield averages the new-seasoned yield spread varies with the new-seasoned coupon spread as the theory prescribes. It is concluded that new issue yield averages should provide a more reliable measure of the cost of debt capital than is provided by seasoned yield averages.
The fifteen-parameter conformal group

The space of lines in a Hermitean quadric of signature (2, 2) in complex projective three-space is a quadric of signature (2, 4) in real projective five-space, the conformal compactification of Minkowski space. This geometric fact leads to the classical isomorphism ofPSU(2, 2) and the identity component ofPO(2, 4; ℝ), the 15-parameter conformal group. In this paper it is shown how the geometry and the isomorphism, for all components ofPO(2, 4; ℝ), arise naturally from a real form of the Clifford algebra, and its associated spin groups, of a certain complex vector space determined by skew-symmetric 4×4 matrices and having their Pfaffian as quadratic form.
Lithium and cholinesterase

Abstract 1. 1. Preliminary data show that lithium carbonate administered in patients with endogenous depression significantly inhibits serum cholinesterase. 2. 2. The interaction of lithium with cholinergic system could be envisaged as a possible mechanism of lithium therapeutic action in affective disorders.
Yield stress measurements of magnetorheological fluids in tubes

A pressure-driven apparatus was used to measure the yield stress of magnetorheological (MR) fluids as a function of the applied magnetic field, the carbonyl iron particle content, and the amount of surfactant used to stabilize the MR fluid. The yield stress was measured from the pressure difference necessary to initiate flow of a MR fluid in a straight tube present in a magnetic field. Yield stress measurements were made on MR fluids that contained up to 30 vol % carbonyl iron particles, up to 14 vol % surfactant oleic acid, and the remainder 100 cS silicone oil. In the absence of an applied magnetic field, the MR fluids did not have a yield stress and behaved as Newtonian fluids. In the presence of magnetic fields up to 2.2 kG, the MR fluids had yield stresses up to 1.9 kPa. An effect of the tube size on the yield stress was observed for MR fluids above 15 vol % carbonyl iron and magnetic fields above 1.0 kG.
Self-Consistency Algorithms

Abstract The k-means algorithm and the principal curve algorithm are special cases of a self-consistency algorithm. A general self-consistency algorithm is described and results are provided describing the behavior of the algorithm for theoretical distributions, in particular elliptical distributions. The results are used to contrast the behavior of the algorithms when applied to a theoretical model and when applied to finite datasets from the model. The algorithm is also used to determine principal loops for the bivariate normal distribution.
Potential impact of recharging plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles on locational marginal prices

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), upon market penetration, will create additional recharging loads to the electric power systems. This article considers different recharging scenarios and uses game theoretic models to study the potential impact of the recharging loads on locational marginal prices (wholesale electricity prices). Computational results from a Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection case study show that, under the existing recharging infrastructures, even a small magnitude of load increase caused by PHEV recharging could have a significant undesirable impact on locational marginal prices. The impact could be mitigated to a varying extent by the availability of possible future recharging infrastructures, including realtime pricing recharging meters, battery stations, or vehicle-to-grid technology.© 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Potassium Chloride Flooding and DCA-induced Cardio-renal Hypertrophy in the Rat

SummaryThe action of potassium chloride flooding on the cardiac, renal and adrenal effects of DCA-overdosage was investigated. The data indicate that there is a mutual antagonism between the actions of DCA and KCl on the heart and the adrenal. The role of the kidney in this antagonism is not known.
Distal Vessel Atherosclerosis as a Cause for False-Positive Renal Scintigraphy

While captopril-enhanced renal scintigraphy is acknowledged to be a useful screening technique to detect clinically silent obstructive lesions of the main renal arteries, the presence of significant atherosclerosis of distal, smaller renal vessels as a cause of positive scintigraphy scans has not been reported extensively. In a retrospective 2-year analysis of 31 consecutive captopril-enhanced renal scintigrams, we found a total of 13 studies in 11 patients that were classified as “positive “for renal artery stenosis. Of these 11 patients with positive scintigraphic studies, 4 patients underwent 5 renal arteriography procedures; only 1 of these renal arteriograms showed significant stenosis of the main renal artery. In the other 4 cases, an angiographic pattern of diffuse intrarenal distal arterial disease correlated with scintigram lateralization. Angiography was also performed in 4 patients with negative captopril renal scintiscans. In each of these cases the arteriogram was also negative for significan...
Magnetic lineations in the Pacific Jurassic quiet zone

Magnetic anomalies of low amplitude (<100 gammas) are present in the Jurassic magnetic quiet zone of the western Pacific Ocean. These small anomalies are lineated and can be correlated among the Phoenix, Hawaiian and Japanese lineation patterns. Thus, they represent seafloor spreading that recorded some sort of magnetic field phenomena prior to magnetic anomaly M25 at 153 m.y. B.P. The most likely possibility is that they represent a series of late Jurassic magnetic field reversals that occurred during a period of anomalously low magnetic field intensity. We propose a time scale of magnetic reversals between 153 and 158 m.y. B.P. to account for these anomalies and suggest that the dipole magnetic field intensity increased by a factor of about four from 160 to 140 m.y. B.P. in the late Jurassic.
Test of many-body methods on an exactly soluble model with backbending and gapless superconductivity

The exactly soluble R(8) model of Krumlinde and Szymanski is used as a testing ground for three many-body methods applied to the yrast band: (i) the self-consistent cranking model, (ii) self-consistent cranking plus random phase approximation, and (iii) variation after projection of particle number. All three methods agree very well with exact results outside of the critical region. The behavior in the critical region is examined in detail.
Biological activity of luteinizing hormone in the peripartum cow: least activity at parturition with an increase throughout the postpartum interval.

The biological (B) and immunological (I) activities of luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined during four peripartum periods in the cow. The sampling periods were PRE-5 (approximately 5 days prior to parturition), POST-3 (Day 2 or 3 postpartum), POST-12 (Day 11 or 12 postpartum) and LUTEAL (Day 11 or 12 following the first observed postpartum estrus). Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for either 8 h (PRE-5, POST-3, and POST-12) or 6 h (LUTEAL). Four hours prior to the end of each sampling period, 100 micrograms of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was injected i.v. Plasma concentrations of LH were analyzed by a validated bioassay (rat interstitial cell testosterone) and a radioimmunoassay. Area under the LHRH-induced LH release curve was calculated by the trapezoidal rule, and endogenous LH was determined by averaging the pre-LHRH treatment values. Paired t-analyses were used to compare LH release between periods. The periods of lowest (p less than 0.05) bioactive LH (BLH) were PRE-5 and POST-3. During POST-12, BLH was maximal. Endogenous immunoactive LH (ILH) was maximal during the POST-12 period, with PRE-5, POST-3, and LUTEAL being the least (p less than 0.05). The B:I ratio was lowest (p less than 0.05) around the time of parturition (PRE-5 and POST-3), then increased (p less than 0.05) by Day 12 postpartum. The ratio then increased (p less than 0.05) again by the LUTEAL period. These data suggest that the biological quality of LH changes throughout the puerperium. We infer from these data that the low biological activity of LH (subquality LH) may contribute to the postpartum infertility in the cow.
Specifying and Monitoring Interactions and Commitments in Open Business Processes

This paper shows the developments in Web services and associated standards which offer the possibility of making composite, service-based systems a reality for many enterprises. This approach specifies and monitors interactions among heterogeneous services by tracking their commitments. Such an approach can support service and process evolution.
Superior Mesenteric Artery-to-renal Artery Bypass: A Rare But Useful Alternative for Renal Artery Revascularization

The aorta, celiac axis, and iliac arteries are the most common inflow arteries used for renal revascularization. When these inflow vessels are diseased, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) can be an alternative source of renal artery graft inflow. Previous reports have suggested that only an enlarged SMA should be used for this purpose, for fear of developing mesenteric ischemia. We report a patient who required renal artery revascularization with a saphenous vein graft from a normal-caliber SMA who did not develop subsequent mesenteric ischemia. The procedure was unique in demonstrating that the SMA can be used as a viable source of graft inflow even when it is anatomically normal.
Validation of a Photographic Portion Guide to Assess Seafood Intake

Food insecure individuals who seek benefits from food assistance programs are also likely to have additional unmet health needs; however, the extent of those needs is not fully understood. A better understanding of health access and current health practices of underserved individuals is needed to optimize service delivery to food insecure families and inform future interventions. A cross-sectional survey of food pantry clients assessed the overall needs, competing issues and health practices of food insecure adults in Central Ohio. Data collected included sociodemographics, health care access, behaviors, attitudes, medical history, and perceived barriers to health in food pantry shoppers. Clients from five pantries were interviewed by trained students to collect survey data from 250 individuals. Items for the questionnaire were derived from national and regional surveillance studies. Food pantry shoppers reported previous diagnoses of comorbidities such as hypertension (28%), obesity (32%), hypercholesterolemia (17%) and diabetes (11%). Further, disparities exist for those receiving routine health screenings, including prostate cancer screening (56%), dental exams (70%) and cervical cancer screening (56%). Pantry shoppers reported choosing between paying for food or utility bills (46%), rent or mortgage (37%) or prescription medications (25%). These data reinforce that food insecure pantry clients underutilize available social services and supplemental assistance programs including Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (58%) and medical assistance programs such as Medicaid (41%). This study highlights the hypothesized linkage between food insecurity, food preferences and healthcare disparities in Central Ohio and will inform future health priorities for those suffering economic and food disparities.
Mixed lethal strains of Plasmodium gallinaceum: Drug-sensitive, transferable (SP) × drug-resistant, non-transferable (BI)

Abstract Mosquitoes were fed on chicks simultaneously inoculated with lethal, transferable, drug sensitive SP strain P. gallinaceum and (1) the lethal, BI strain, 800-fold resistant to pyrimethamine or (2) the BI-strain, 64-fold resistant to pyrimethamine and 32-fold resistant to metachloridine. In subsequent mosquito transfers, where no selection was made for pyrimethamine resistance, drug resistance disappeared, and the mortality rate averaged 90% over 8 to 9 transfers. Where selection was made for pyrimethamine resistance after the first mosquito transfer, drug resistance persisted, and the average mortality rate was 33%. Where the BI-pyrimethamine-metachloridine-resistant strain was used, metachloridine resistance could not be demonstrated after 8 transfers, during which selection was made for pyrimethamine resistance.
Effects of iron and ascorbic acid on acid phosphatases of the enamel organ of rat molars

Protein extracts from 6- to 11-day-old rat enamel organs were applied to columns of carboxymethyl-52 cellulose. Protein eluted from the columns was assayed for acid phosphatase activity with substrates para-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP), beta-glycerolphosphate (beta-GP), ATP and phosphocasein. A weakly-bound peak of activity (A) emerged first which was insensitive to stimulation by iron and ascorbic acid. This enzyme hydrolysed only the phosphomonoester substrates (p-NPP and beta-GP). A strongly bound peak of activity (B) emerged later and was completely separated from the first activity. It hydrolysed all substrates except beta-GP, and was stimulated at least 10-fold by 0.1 mM ferrous ion (Fe2+) in the presence of a strong reducing agent (1.0 mM ascorbic acid). Both substances were more effective as stimulators when used together than they were when each was used separately. Dependency on these co-factors for the development of full activity increased with purification, especially when phosphocasein was substrate. The results were similar for each age of rat used. These properties of enzyme B are parallel with those of the acid phosphoprotein phosphatases of liver and spleen, and the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase of rat bone. We conclude that enzyme B requires iron and a reducing agent for full activity and has properties that distinguishes it from the classical acid phosphatases (E.C. 3.1.3.2.).
“The law cannot terminate bloodlines”: Families and child welfare decisions

Abstract Child welfare professionals are called to make determinations that affect whether children can stay or reunify with their families. These decisions are framed by policies that inform and constrain their professional and personal understanding of risk and relationships. This manuscript explores themes related to children's relationships with their families that emerged from a qualitative study with 18 child welfare professionals, including judges, lawyers, and masters-level social workers who represent different constituencies in child welfare cases. It is supplemented by interviews with 6 child-welfare involved parents, all of them biological mothers. The majority of participants' believe that existing families are nearly always better caregivers to children than legally mandated ones. Existing families are perceived as more likely to love and be loved by their children, to protect children from harm, and to be superior to currently available foster care and alternative placements. Yet, participants perceive the policies to prefer substitute, legally created families over already existing families. Such policies leave child welfare unenviable position of having to work in ways contradicts their personal and professional judgment of what is best for the families and children they serve.
Exploring Structure and Interaction in Small Groups: an Ethnographic Study of Cooperative Group Life in a Bilingual Elementary Classroom

Abstract The study systematically explored the interaction of a small group of Spanish-English bilingual program students as they engaged in a discussion about text in a third grade cooperative learning curriculum for language arts instruction. The study adopted a sociolinguistic perspective and employed an ethnographic method. Participant observations were undertaken over the course of an academic year. Four students, two female and two male, were videotaped and audiotaped as they engaged in all language arts activities. The ethnographic description led to the identification of key speech events enacted by the small group. One key speech event type, discussion centered on story related comprehension questions, was examined in more detail. A microanalysis of the discourse occurring in an exemplar event was undertaken. This analysis led to the construction of an analytic framework in which to view additional discussion events. Results indicated that the students did not approach the discussion as an activi...
Approximate logic synthesis under general error magnitude and frequency constraints

Recent interest in approximate circuit design is driven by its potential for large energy savings. In this paper, we address the problem of approximate logic synthesis (ALS). ALS is concerned with formally synthesizing a minimum-cost approximate Boolean network whose behavior deviates in a well-defined manner from a specified exact Boolean function, where in this work, we allow the deviation to be constrained by both the magnitude and frequency of the error. We make two contributions in solving this general ALS problem: The first contribution is to establish that the approximate synthesis problem un-constrained by the frequency of errors is isomorphic with the Boolean relations (BR) minimization problem. That equivalence allows us to exploit recently developed fast algorithms for BR problems to solve the error magnitude-only constrained ALS problem. The second contribution is an efficient heuristic algorithm for iteratively refining the magnitude-constrained solution to arrive at a solution also satisfying the error frequency constraint. Our combined greedy approximate logic synthesis (GALS) approach is able to operate on any Boolean network for which the deviation measures can be specified and is most immediately applicable to arithmetic blocks. Experiments on adder and multiplier blocks demonstrate literal count reductions of up to 60% under tight error frequency and magnitude constraints.
Fuzzy-Trace Theory and False Memory: New Frontiers ☆ ☆☆ ★

We describe the origins of fuzzy-trace theory, including Piagetian, interference, information-processing, and judgment and decision-making influences. The contrasting properties of gist and verbatim memory serve as its foundation and, in recent models of spontaneous and implanted false memories, explain seemingly contradictory developmental trends, such as reverse developmental findings, differential time courses for true and false memories, and conflicting effects of trace strength. However, approaches that integrate fuzzy-trace theory with neurological, social, emotional, and motivational perspectives are needed. A method for accomplishing this integration, using the recent models, is introduced and new research that spans these perspectives is discussed. Relations to other contemporary theories, especially source-monitoring and dual-process theories, are also explained. We conclude by rejecting the notion that spontaneous false memories are actually "true" and distinguish gist and verbatim senses of the term "true" that have different consequences in real life.
Geovisualization for knowledge construction and decision support

Geovisualization is both a process for leveraging the data resources to meet scientific and societal needs and a research field that develops visual methods and tools to support a wide array of geospatial data applications. While researchers have made substantial advances in geovisualization over the past decade, many challenges remain. To support real-world knowledge construction and decision making, some of the most important challenges involve distributed geovisualization - that is, enabling geovisualization across software components, devices, people, and places.
Alcoholism: A Modern Look at an Ancient Illness

Alcohol dependency (alcoholism) has existed throughout recorded history. It remains a highly stigmatized illness, looked down on by society, the patients themselves, and the medical establishment. Science defines alcoholism as a primary progressive illness with a powerful genetic predisposition, highly amenable to intervention, evaluation, and treatment, and responsive to continuing care like other chronic illnesses. Society, led by an educated medical community, needs to revisit the disease of alcoholism, challenge its outdated assumptions and prejudices, and embark on a new course with the goals of positively affecting these patients, their families, and communities and improving the nation's health.
The journalist's privilege for nonconfidential information in states with shield laws

Most scholarship on journalistic privilege has been devoted to the issues affecting the right of journalists to refuse to reveal the identities of sources to whom confidentiality has been promised. The only United States Supreme Court case and almost all activity in lower courts and legislatures on the question are aimed at resolving the problem of whether or under what circumstances journalists should be compelled to identify confidential sources. Almost all of the increasing numbers of subpoenas issued to journalists, however, are aimed at journalists' nonconfidential information. This article analyzes state shield laws and their adjudication, concluding that the state of the law is divided on whether and to what extent journalists attempting to protect nonconfidential information should enjoy a constitutional, common‐law or statutory privilege.
Restricted canonical correlations

Abstract Given two random vectors Y(1) and Y(2) the first canonical correlation between them is defined as: sup{ Correlation(α′Y(1), β′Y(2)) : α e R p, β e R q}. However, in many practical situations (e.g. educational testing problems, neural networks), some natural restrictions on the coefficients α and β may arise which should be incorporated in this maximization procedure. The maximum correlation subject to such constraints is referred to as the restricted canonical correlation. This problem is treated here under the nonnegativity restriction on α and β. The analysis is extended to more general form of inequality constraints, and also when the restrictions are present only on some of the coefficients. Restricted versions of some other related measures are also discussed. This includes principal component analysis and different modifications of canonical correlations. Anomalies with higher order correlation are also described. Some properties of restricted canonical correlation, including its bounds, are studied.
On-axis photon-echo modulation in ruby

Theoretical and experimental studies of photon-echo modulation for the four σ transitions of the R1 line in ruby with an on-axis magnetic field are described. Echoes originating from the Cr3+ ground-state 4A2 (−3/2) spin level (−3/2 echo) are studied for the first time. Unlike ±½ echoes, the −3/2-echo modulation is found to be dominated by Cr–Al interactions occurring outside the 13 inner-shell ions. The +½-echo modulation is observed to be in major disagreement with the theory using previously determined superhyperfine parameters. Regression-analysis studies indicate that this cannot be due solely to parameter errors. Finite nuclear linewidths and/or optical pumping effects are shown to be a plausible source of the disagreement.
A practical application of the ceiling protocol in a real-time system

Abstract : This position paper explores the application of a new priority management protocol for bringing a heretofore unknown level of response time predictability to the design of real-time programs in Ada. While the protocol is not itself dependent on the use of Ada, we believe that when used in an Ada design, it will enable a much more complete use of modern software engineering in the implementation of real-time software, enhancing not only performance, but also quality, reliability, and maintainability. Thus, the protocol helps to separate timing issues from the logical structure of a set of tasks, thereby helping to provide a better basis for engineering real-time software. This new protocol, called the ceiling protocol, is described in a companion position. Although the protocol provides what we believe are extremely important benefits to the design of real-time systems, it is not without cost; the ceiling protocol imposes several significant limitations on the use of Ada in software design. It is the purpose of this paper to explore some of the ramifications of these limitations, illustrating the issues raised by the use of an actual problem encountered in modern avionics systems. We hope to demonstrate the likelihood that, in spite of these limitations, there are many existing real-time problems which could greatly benefit from the application of this protocol. (kr)
The effect of predation on stunted and nonstunted white perch

Predation is widely regarded as a means to prevent or minimise the establishment of a stunted (high density of slow growing individuals) population. We investigated the effect of predation on two different white perch Morone americana populations (stunted and nonstunted) by examining the stomach contents of piscivorous fishes. White perch and gizzard shad dominated piscivore diets in Branched Oak Lake, whereas white perch dominated piscivore diets in Pawnee Lake. White perch consumed in the stunted population (Branched Oak Lake) were larger and older than white perch consumed in the nonstunted population (Pawnee Lake). Many of the consumed white perch in the stunted population were sexually mature and had the opportunity to spawn at least once. In contrast, all of the consumed white perch in the nonstunted population were sexually immature. Predation may have reinforced the stunting of white perch in Branched Oak Lake through removal of the largest, oldest individuals.
Epitaxial growth of rutile TiO 2 thin films by oxidation of TiN/Si{100} heterostructure

Abstract We have integrated epitaxial TiO 2 on a TiN/Si(100) platform through oxidation of TiN. The oxidation of TiN(100)/Si(100) results in the formation of an epitaxial rutile-TiO 2 (r-TiO 2 ) with a [110] out-of-plane orientation. We have studied in detail the r-TiO 2 epitaxy and the epitaxial relationship is determined to be TiO 2 (1 1 ¯ 0)||TiN(100) and TiO 2 (110)||TiN(110). We rationalized this epitaxy using the domain matching epitaxy paradigm. Below the r-TiO 2 epitaxial layer, we observed cuboids, which are mostly voids. We described the mechanism of oxidation where Ti out diffusion during oxidation leads to collapse of the nitrogen octahedron. This collapse makes neighboring Ti bonds weaker, promoting these Ti atoms to diffuse out next. Thus, cuboids filled with atomic nitrogen are formed, which then form N 2 gas. The N 2 pressure in these cuboids was estimated to be as high as 359 MPa, assuming all N 2 is retained in the cuboids. This pressure can exceed the fracture stress of TiO 2 and leads to rupture of thin TiO 2 surface, which has been observed under certain conditions.
The effect of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate on rat adjuvant arthritis and on urinary aminoimidazole carboxamide excretion

Objective To study the efficacy, toxicity, and antifolate activities of 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX) versus methotrexate (MTX) in the treatment of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Methods Dose-dependent effects in rat adjuvant arthritis were determined by histologic and clinical examinations. Antifolate activity was determined by urinary levels of aminoimidazole carboxamide (AIC) as a marker for blockade of the folate-dependent enzyme, aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide transformylase (AICARTase). Results MTX was 8 times more efficacious than 7-OH-MTX and resulted in higher urinary AIC levels. Increased urinary AIC levels were correlated with suppression of rat adjuvant arthritis regardless of the drug or dose level used. Conclusion The ability to metabolize MTX to 7-OH-MTX and the sensitivity of AICARTase to inhibition by 7-OH-MTX may at least partially account for the variability in response to MTX. Blocking of AICARTase may be important in the efficacy of these antifolates.
Using detailed maps of science to identify potential collaborations

Research on the effects of collaboration in scientific research has been increasing in recent years. A variety of studies have been done at the institution and country level, many with an eye toward policy implications. However, the question of how to identify the most fruitful targets for future collaboration in high-performing areas of science has not been addressed. This paper presents a method for identifying targets for future collaboration between two institutions. The utility of the method is shown in two different applications: identifying specific potential collaborations at the author level between two institutions, and generating an index that can be used for strategic planning purposes. Identification of these potential collaborations is based on finding authors that belong to the same small paper-level community (or cluster of papers), using a map of science and technology containing nearly 1 million papers organized into 117,435 communities. The map used here is also unique in that it is the first map to combine the ISI Proceedings database with the Science and Social Science Indexes at the paper level.
DesT Coordinates the Expression of Anaerobic and Aerobic Pathways for Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The fabA and fabB genes are responsible for anaerobic unsaturated fatty acid formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expression of the fabAB operon was repressed by exogenous unsaturated fatty acids, and DNA sequences upstream of the translational start site were used to affinity purify DesT. The single protein interaction with the fabAB promoter detected in wild-type cell extracts was absent in the desT deletion strain, as was the repression of fabAB expression by unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, DesT senses the overall composition of the acyl-coenzyme A pool to coordinate the expression of the operons for the anaerobic (fabAB) and aerobic (desCB) pathways for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis.
Exploring the biology of valvular heart disease: Time to move into the twenty-first century

[first paragraph of article] Valvular heart disease (VHD), when severe and prolonged, creates a hemodynamic overload, the consequences of which damage the myocardium - leading to heart failure and death if left uncorrected by mechanical intervention. In 1906 Sir William Osler wrote in the sixth edition of his famous textbook “The Principles and Practice of Medicine”, that the prognosis of valvular heart disease (VHD) depended upon the severity of disease, the presence or absence of symptoms, and upon heart size. Remarkably, 100 years later, the ACC/AHA Guidelines for the treatment of VHD essentially rely upon the same criteria, albeit heart size is measured more accurately than in Osler’s day and the outcome of VHD has been changed dramatically by valve surgery. And, because man has also been fascinated by the heart’s motion, quantification of this motion (today usually by ejection fraction (EF)) has been added to evaluate cardiac performance. Still, timing of mechanical therapy is largely based on disease severity, symptoms, heart size and heart motion . . . not much of an advance in over a century, especially considering the leaps of progress made in other fields of medicine.
The Caenorhabditis elegans RDE-10/RDE-11 Complex Regulates RNAi by Promoting Secondary siRNA Amplification

Summary Background In nematodes, plants, and fungi, RNAi is remarkably potent and persistent due to the amplification of initial silencing signals by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs). In Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ), the interaction between the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loaded with primary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and the target messenger RNA (mRNA) leads to the recruitment of RdRPs and synthesis of secondary siRNAs using the target mRNA as the template. The mechanism and genetic requirements for secondary siRNA accumulation are not well understood. Results From a forward genetic screen for C. elegans genes required for RNAi, we identified rde-10 , and through proteomic analysis of RDE-10-interacting proteins, we identified a protein complex containing the new RNAi factor RDE-11, the known RNAi factors RSD-2 and ERGO-1, and other candidate RNAi factors. The RNAi defective genes rde-10 and rde-11 encode a novel protein and a RING-type zinc finger domain protein, respectively. Mutations in rde-10 and rde-11 genes cause dosage-sensitive RNAi deficiencies: these mutants are resistant to low dosage but sensitive to high dosage of double-stranded RNAs. We assessed the roles of rde-10 , rde-11 , and other dosage-sensitive RNAi-defective genes rsd-2 , rsd-6 , and haf-6 in both exogenous and endogenous small RNA pathways using high-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR. These genes are required for the accumulation of secondary siRNAs in both exogenous and endogenous RNAi pathways. Conclusions The RDE-10/RDE-11 complex is essential for the amplification of RNAi in C. elegans by promoting secondary siRNA accumulation.
Thinking and seeing in intentional and mechanical systems

The present study investigates preschoolers' beliefs about the psychological, biological, and mechanical properties of humanoid and animaloid robots. Four-year-old children revealed a high degree of consistency in their responses to questions about attributes of living things and robots. In doing so, they largely maintained the category distinction between animate and inanimate entities, by restricting features of living things to animate entities and features of artifacts to the robots.
Plasma-based detection of clonality in lymphoid malignancies.

Objectives: Plasma has been found to be enriched with tumor-specific DNA, RNA, and protein in patients with hematologic disease. We assessed the utility of plasma as a DNA source for detection of genetic abnormalities in patients with suspected B- or T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods: DNA was extracted from paired peripheral blood (PB) cells and plasma for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T-cell receptor gamma chain (TCR-γ) rearrangements, and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL)-1/IgH and BCL-2/IgH translocations. Results: Concordance between plasma and PB cell analysis was 100% for IgH (n = 57), TCR-γ (n = 57), and BCL-1/IgH (n = 37) rearrangements, and 94% (60/64) for BCL-2/IgH; four of 11 plasma samples positive for BCL-2/IgH tested negative in paired cells. No plasma or PB cell samples from 195 healthy donors showed genetic abnormalities. Conclusions: These findings indicate that plasma is a reliable sample type for detection of abnormalities associated with B- and T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, providing sensitivity equal to or greater than that of PB cells.
The Challenges Of Market Orientation Strategies Implementation In An Emerging Economy

The purpose of this research was to explore the market orientation profiles and strategies implementations of a single Nigeria-based company, in the context of International Monetary Fund’s structural adjustment programs. The design enabled broader understanding of the challenges facing an individual company adopting and implementing market orientation strategies in an unstable economy of a developing country. Based on lack of parsimonious market orientation definition, construct and assessment model in extant literature, this study assessed firm market orientation in this case, by the identification of market orientation instances, aggregation of properties of key market orientation components, and integration of environmental influences using proposed explicative market orientation model. Data processing and analysis was presented through multiple approaches. To facilitate this process, all market orientation properties and patterns identified in the in-depth interviews, and firm documents were presented in the list of market orientation action themes, using thematic aggregation and content analysis. Inter-functional involvements in firm market orientation and strategies implementations were assessed using simple correlation analysis. The findings of this study can help policy makers, international organizations and scholars in assisting individual organizations to more effectively navigate the adoption and implementations of market orientation strategies in an emergent economy undergoing market restructuring.
Citizen experts in environmental risk

In the last two decades, public administrators have increasingly faced groups of people with opposing views about the risks of exposure to environmental contaminants. Because of a series of intriguing studies on risk perception, the situation is frequently seen, by scholars and administrators alike, as a conflict between experts and citizens, and risk communication guidelines are based on this interpretation. But the citizen-expert dichotomy appears fallacious when it is examined in light of the ways citizens actually participate in environmental policy making. The dichotomy overlooks the fact that citizens express their perception of risk largely through organized citizen groups, and that these groups employ and have access to many experts. This essay uses a mainstream environmental group and a number of grassroots environmental groups to illustrate the point. It concludes that the more important conflict is between experts who find environmental pollution safe and those who find it hazardous.
Increased Adverse Events After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With COPD: Insights From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with COPD are at higher risk for death after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but other clinical outcomes and possible associations with adverse events have not been described. Methods Using waves 1 through 5 (1999-2006) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry, patients with COPD (n = 860) and without COPD (n = 10,048) were compared. Baseline demographics, angiographic characteristics, and in-hospital and 1-year adverse events were compared. Results Patients with COPD were older (mean age 66.8 vs 63.2 years, P Conclusions COPD is associated with higher mortality rates and repeat revascularization within 1 year after PCI. These higher rates of adverse outcomes may be associated with lower rates of guideline-recommended class 1 medications prescribed at discharge.
Nuclear mechanisms of hypoxic cerebral injury in the newborn: the role of caspases.

Our laboratory has been actively engaged in investigating mechanisms of activation of initiator caspase-9 during hypoxia in the developing newborn and fetal brains. The present review has been organized as follows: (a) the effect of hypoxia on the expression and activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 in the newborn brain; (b) the role of nitric oxide in caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in the newborn brain; (c) the role of nuclear Ca 2+ -influx in caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation during hypoxia in the newborn brain; (d) the effect of caspase-9 inhibition during hypoxia on preventing downstream events including caspase-3 activation. The results of our research investigations presented in (b), (c), and (d) elucidate mechanisms of caspase activation during hypoxia in the newborn brain. These studies provide the fundamental framework for developing neuroprotective strategies in the hypoxic newborn.
The near fields of long end-fire dipole arrays

Measured phase and amplitude data on a variety of long (40-wavelength) end-fire arrays of dipoles are presented. Correlation with far-field radiation patterns was good, and experimental agreement with a parallel theoretical program was very satisfactory. Measured local phase velocity agreed well with calculated values, and uniform, tapered, and periodically-modulated arrays with the proper average phase shift all had approximately the theoretical expected gain. It is shown that local variations in the near field caused by the individual elements may distort measurements of the phase velocity based upon standing-wave techniques.
Feldspathic lunar meteorites and their implications for compositional remote sensing of the lunar surface and the composition of the lunar crust

Abstract We present new compositional data for six feldspathic lunar meteorites, two from cold deserts (Yamato 791197 and 82192) and four from hot deserts (Dhofar 025, Northwest Africa 482, and Dar al Gani 262 and 400). The concentrations of FeO (or Al2O3) and Th (or any other incompatible element) together provide first-order compositional information about lunar polymict samples (breccias and regoliths) and regions of the lunar surface observed from orbit. Concentrations of both elements on the lunar surface have been determined from data acquired by orbiting spacecraft, although the derived concentrations have large uncertainties and some systematic errors compared to sample data. Within the uncertainties and errors in the concentrations derived from orbital data, the distribution of FeO and Th concentrations among lunar meteorites, which represent ∼18 source regions on the lunar surface, is consistent with that of 18 random samples from the surface. Approximately 11 of the lunar meteorites are low-FeO and low-Th breccias, consistent with large regions of the lunar surface, particularly the northern farside highlands. Almost all regoliths from Apollo sites, on the other hand, have larger concentrations of both elements because they contain Fe-rich volcanic lithologies from the nearside maria and Th-rich lithologies from the high-Th anomaly in the northwestern nearside. The feldspathic lunar meteorites thus offer our best estimate of the composition of the surface of the feldspathic highlands, and we provide such an estimate based on the eight most well-characterized feldspathic lunar meteorites. The variable but high (on average) Mg/Fe ratio of the feldspathic lunar meteorites compared to ferroan anorthosites confirms a hypothesis that much of the plagioclase at the surface of the feldspathic highlands is associated with high-Mg/Fe feldspathic rocks such as magnesian granulitic breccia, not ferroan anorthosite. Geochemically, the high-Mg/Fe breccias appear to be unrelated to the mafic magnesian-suite rocks of the Apollo collection. Models for the formation of the upper lunar crust as a simple flotation cumulate composed mainly of ferroan anorthosite do not account for the complexity of the crust as inferred from the feldspathic lunar meteorites.
Vacuolar H(+)-ATPase of Dictyostelium discoideum. A monoclonal antibody study

A Dictyostelium membrane fraction rich in vacuolar proton pumps, previously described by Nolta et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18,318-18,323, 1991), was used as the immunogen for production of monoclonal antibodies. We obtained antibodies that recognized polypeptides of 100 kDa and 68 kDa, corresponding to the two largest subunits of the vacuolar proton pump. In indirect immunofluorescence experiments, these two subunits were located on an interconnected collection of tubules and vacuoles. On frozen thin sections they were found principally on membranes of vacuoles and collections of small vesicles typically located just internal to the plasma membrane. These vesicles and vacuoles had electron-translucent lumens. No other structures in axenically grown Dictyostelium cells were labeled to a significant extent by these two antibodies. Using an affinity-purified antibody to calmodulin and a monospecific antibody to the B subunit of the chromaffin granule vacuolar ATPase, markers known to label the membranes of the contractile vacuole complex in Dictyostelium (Zhu and Clarke, J. Cell Biol. 118, 347–358, 1992; Heuser et al., J. Cell Biol. 121, 1311–1327, 1993), we showed that the 100 kDa and 68 kDa subunits had the same distribution as these two markers. Co-localization was seen in both interphase and mitotic cells. Thus, our results support the conclusion that vacuolar proton pumps are located principally on the membranes of the contractile vacuole complex in Dictyostelium. In addition, in indirect immunofluorescence experiments, these monoclonal antibodies provided improved images of the organization of the contractile vacuole system.
Crosscorrelation Properties of m-Sequences

In the last chapter we defined m-sequences and studied some of their elementary properties. In this chapter we will continue our study of m-sequences, and in particular we will study the crosscorrelation properties of m-sequences. Before doing so, indeed even before defining the crosscorrelation function, we pause to explain one reason why these crosscorrelation properties are so important.
The Moral Rules of Trash Talking: Morality and Ownership

Professional sports such as the NFL and NBA prohibit trash talking. Here is the NFL’s rule on taunting.(c) The use of baiting or taunting acts or words that engender ill will between teams.(d) Indi...