cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution and experimental validation of a mathematical model for vibrational milling of metal powders

Abstract A population balance model for grinding of metal powders incorporating three size change, mechanisms, namely flattening, attrition and breakage, is presented. Analytical solution is obtained for the simplified case of pure flattening and pure attrition. The predominance of pure flattening has been observed in the initial stages of aluminum grinding. The pure attrition model is found to be valid only in the case of brass and during the initial stages of grinding of copper. The validity of the pure breakage model towards the latter part of grinding of aluminum has been established.
Pilot scale preparative microbiology: Cell culture, extraction, and purification of products†

Methods available for the preparation of microbial cells in kilogram quantities are reviewed. In general it is most convenient to grow the cells in suspension in a stirred culture vessel under controlled conditions designed to maximise the yield of the desired chemical product, and to separate them as a paste by centrifuging the mature culture. Methods for the extraction of products from such cells are discussed. The further purification of chemical products so extracted, especially enzymes, is reviewed, with emphasis on the earlier stages in which the main aim is to obtain a quick reduction in bulk so that the final purification may be achieved on a small laboratory scale. Examples are given, mainly from recent experience at Porton.
Women Psychologists Multiple Paths, Similar Yet Distinct Identities

Six women from the same graduate school of psychology, one faculty member and one student from each year of the doctoral program, came together to learn about each other, the developmental experien...
Molecular regulation of the brain interleukin-1β system in obese (fa/fa) and lean ( Fa/Fa) Zucker rats

Abstract Interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ) induces anorexia when administered acutely or chronically into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at doses that yield estimated pathophysiological concentrations. Enhanced sensitivity to IL-1 β -induced anorexia has been observed in animal models of obesity, including the obese ( fa / fa ) Zucker rat. Obesity is also associated with increased tumor necrosis factor- α mRNA expression in adipose tissue. This suggests that obese individuals may have dissimilar sensitivity to cytokine action and differential regulation of cytokine production. In this study, we investigated the regulation of the IL-1 β system (IL-1 β , IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)) in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to the chronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) microinfusion (via osmotic minipumps) of 8 ng IL-1 β /24 h/72 h–a dose that yields estimated pathophysiological concentrations in the CSF. IL-1 β , IL-1RI and IL-1Ra mRNAs were determined by sensitive RNase protection assays in brain target regions for IL-1 β (cerebellum, parieto-frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and midbrain). The results show that chronic i.c.v. microinfusion of IL-1 β increased the IL-1 β mRNA, IL-1RI mRNA and IL-1Ra mRNA levels in the hypothalamus>cerebellum in both obese ( fa / fa ) and lean ( Fa / Fa ) Zucker rats. IL-1 β mRNA levels also increased in the cortex, hippocampus and midbrain of obese ( fa / fa ) rats. The profiles of IL-1 β mRNA, IL-1RI mRNA and IL-1Ra mRNA in the same hypothalamic samples obtained from obese or lean rats were highly intercorrelated. However, no significant differences in the level of IL-1 β system mRNAs induction were observed in any brain region between obese and lean rats. On the other hand, levels of rat glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA were fairly constant, and heat-inactivated IL-1 β (8 ng/24 h/72 h) had no effect on IL-1 β , IL-1RI and IL-1Ra mRNAs levels in any brain region. The data suggest: (1) the operation of an IL-1 β feedback system (IL-1 β /IL-1Ra/IL-1RI) in brain regions; (2) that enhanced sensitivity of obese rats to IL-1 β -induced anorexia is not dependent on changes in the brain IL-1 β system at the mRNA level; and (3) that the present novel approach can be used to investigate the molecular basis of cytokine action in the CNS.
The Calculus of Deterrence

A persistent problem for American political and military planners has been the question of how to defend “third areas.” How can a major power make credible an intent to defend a smaller ally from attack by another major power? Simply making an explicit promise to defend an ally, whether that promise is embodied in a formal treaty or merely in a unilateral declaration, is not sufficient. There have been too many instances when “solemn oaths” were forgotten in the moment of crisis. On the other hand, more than once a major power has taken up arms to defend a nation with whom it had ties appreciably less binding than a formal commitment. If a deterrer is to be firm, the prospective gains from a successful policy of firmness must be greater, when weighted by the probability of success and discounted by the cost and probability of war, than the losses from retreat.
Isoform-specific function of single inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor channels

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) family of Ca2+ release channels is central to intracellular Ca2+ signaling in mammalian cells. The InsP3R channels release Ca2+ from intracellular compartments to generate localized Ca2+ transients that govern a myriad of cellular signaling phenomena (Berridge, 1993. Nature. 361:315-325; Joseph, 1996. Cell Signal. 8:1-7; Kume et al., 1997. Science. 278:1940-1943; Berridge, 1997. Nature. 368:759-760). express multiple InsP3R isoforms, but only the function of the single type 1 InsP3R channel is known. Here the single-channel function of single type 2 InsP3R channel is defined for the first time. The type 2 InsP3R forms channels with permeation properties similar to that of the type 1 receptor. The InsP3 regulation and Ca2+ regulation of type 1 and type 2 InsP3R channels are strikingly different. Both InsP3 and Ca2+ are more effective at activating single type 2 InsP3R, indicating that single type 2 channels mobilize substantially more Ca2+ than single type 1 channels in cells. Furthermore, high cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations inactivate type 1, but not type 2, InsP3R channels. This indicates that type 2 InsP3R channel is different from the type 1 channel in that its activity will not be inherently self-limiting, because Ca2+ passing through an active type 2 channel cannot feed back and turn the channel off. Thus the InsP3R identity will help define the spatial and temporal nature of local Ca2+ signaling events and may contribute to the segregation of parallel InsP3 signaling cascades in mammalian cells.
Near-Field Thermal Radiation Between Mie Resonance-Based Metamaterials

Near-field radiative heat transfer between dielectric-based metamaterials separated by a sub-wavelength vacuum gap is analyzed. Metamaterials made of silicon carbide spherical inclusions within a dielectric host medium of potassium bromide are considered. We show for the first time that surface polariton mediated near-field radiative heat transfer in both TE and TM polarizations may occur between dielectric-based structures. The results presented in this work also demonstrate that it is possible to engineer materials with designer radiative properties, which is crucial in many emerging energy conversion technologies.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Dietary trends in the united states relevance to cancer prevention

Background. Diet may be an important factor in the cause and prevention of cancer. Thus, in part to reduce cancer risk, the United States has set two dietary goals for the Year 2000: to reduce fat intake by 18% so that fat constitutes no more than 30% of caloric intake (baseline level 35%), and to double the consumption of carbohydrate and fiber-containing foods by increasing fruit and vegetable consumption to five servings per day and grains to six servings per day (baseline levels 2.5 and 3.0). How far the US population has progressed toward these goals is uncertain. Methods. Dietary trends in the United States during the past 20 years were examined by compiling food supply data and dietary intake estimates from US adults from various national surveys and from individual studies
Budded karyoplasts from multinucleated fibroblast cells contain centrosomes and change their morphology to mitotic cells

Cell changes to accelerated rates of growth are determined by random, new gene mutations that have their origin in vitro in a morphologically visible process of cell alterations. It is a continuous process that, step by step, transforms the normal cell into extended life (EL) cells. These latter cells with limited life spans can further transform to immortalized cells (i.e., cell lines) by the same sequence of morphological cell changes. In contrast to human epithelial cells, fibroblasts in culture have not given rise spontaneously to EL cells. Therefore, it was assumed that some of the cell changes (i.e., cell indicators of the process of transformation) might not be present in near senescent fibroblast cell cultures. As a positive control to normal fibroblast expansion to senescence, the same cells were stressed by inadequate nutrition and confluence. Another positive control was cell indicators induced by SV40 infections. The consecutive sequence of the cell indicators in the transformation process reported previously were: (1) large polyploid cells with nuclei that contained more than two genomes, (2) fragmentation/amitosis of the polyploid nuclei to bi- and multinucleated cells (MNCs), and (3) nuclear budding (i.e., karyoplasts) from MNCs that gave rise to EL cell colonies with various longevities beyond the senescent phase. The present study shows that MNCs and karyoplasts were present in the near-senescent fibroblast cell cultures. Furthermore, new data on the following aspect of the cell transformation process are presented: (1) association of the nuclear fragmentation process with death of cells, (2) cytological markers that distinguish between fragmentation-MNCs versus MNCs from cell fusion, (3) cytological changes of karyoplasts that go through mitotic division to produce daughter cells, and (4) presence of two centrosomes (spindle polar bodies) in the budded karyoplasts. These new findings are discussed in regard to the nuclear fragmentation process in polyploid cells which gives rise to smaller, viable nuclei in MNCs with reduced numbers of whole genomes.
Determinants of adolescents’ satisfaction with health care providers and intentions to keep follow-up appointments

Abstract Objective: To better understand the determinants of adolescents' satisfaction with their health care providers and to examine the relationship among satisfaction, intention to return for follow-up, and appointment-keeping behavior. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four adolescent patients attending a university-based general adolescent medicine clinic were surveyed prior to the visit about their attitudes regarding provider behavior. After the visit, subjects completed a questionnaire on provider behavior during the visit, satisfaction with the visit, and intention to keep their follow-up appointment. Results: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that pre-visit attitudes about providers' style of behavior predicted satisfaction (β = 0.252; p p r = 0.327; p Conclusion: Provider behavior is an important determinant of adolescents' satisfaction with their health care.
A distributed multi-GPU system for high speed electron microscopic tomographic reconstruction.

Abstract Full resolution electron microscopic tomographic (EMT) reconstruction of large-scale tilt series requires significant computing power. The desire to perform multiple cycles of iterative reconstruction and realignment dramatically increases the pressing need to improve reconstruction performance. This has motivated us to develop a distributed multi-GPU (graphics processing unit) system to provide the required computing power for rapid constrained, iterative reconstructions of very large three-dimensional (3D) volumes. The participating GPUs reconstruct segments of the volume in parallel, and subsequently, the segments are assembled to form the complete 3D volume. Owing to its power and versatility, the CUDA (NVIDIA, USA) platform was selected for GPU implementation of the EMT reconstruction. For a system containing 10 GPUs provided by 5 GTX295 cards, 10 cycles of SIRT reconstruction for a tomogram of 4096 2 ×512 voxels from an input tilt series containing 122 projection images of 4096 2 pixels (single precision float) takes a total of 1845 s of which 1032 s are for computation with the remainder being the system overhead. The same system takes only 39 s total to reconstruct 1024 2 ×256 voxels from 122 1024 2 pixel projections. While the system overhead is non-trivial, performance analysis indicates that adding extra GPUs to the system would lead to steadily enhanced overall performance. Therefore, this system can be easily expanded to generate superior computing power for very large tomographic reconstructions and especially to empower iterative cycles of reconstruction and realignment.
The 210Pb chronology of a core from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire1

A core from Mirror Lake (New Hampshire) was analyzed in detail for /sup 210/Pb and other members of the uranium decay series. The core shows periods of episodic redistribution and deposition of contemporaneously deposited indigenous lake sediment to the site interspersed with periods of constant sediment accumulation at an average rate of 0.16 cm.y/sup -1/. /sup 226/Ra does not provide a reasonable chronometric tool in this lake.
Uncovering the Man in Medicine Lessons Learned from a Case Study of Cluster Headache

Cluster headache is a notoriously painful and dramatic disorder. Unlike other pain disorders, which tend to affect women, cluster headache is thought to predominantly affect men. Drawing on ethnography, interviews with headache researchers, and an analysis of the medical literature, this article describes how this epidemiological “fact”—which recent research suggests may be overstated—has become the central clue used by researchers who study cluster headache, fundamentally shaping how they identify and talk about the disorder. Cluster headache presents an extreme case of medicalized masculinity, magnifying the processes of gendering and bringing into relief features of the world whose routine operation we might otherwise overlook.
Volume Averaging Theory (VAT) based modeling and closure evaluation for fin-and-tube heat exchangers

A fin-and-tube heat exchanger was modeled based on Volume Averaging Theory (VAT) in such a way that the details of the original structure was replaced by their averaged counterparts, so that the VAT based governing equations can be efficiently solved for a wide range of parameters. To complete the VAT based model, proper closure is needed, which is related to a local friction factor and a heat transfer coefficient of a Representative Elementary Volume (REV). The terms in the closure expressions are complex and sometimes relating experimental data to the closure terms is difficult. In this work we use CFD to evaluate the rigorously derived closure terms over one of the selected REVs. The objective is to show how heat exchangers can be modeled as a porous media and how CFD can be used in place of a detailed, often formidable, experimental effort to obtain closure for the model.
Understanding Group Efficacy: An Empirical Test of Multiple Assessment Methods

Methods of assessing group efficacy were examined using a multiparty role play negotiation. Group efficacy is defined as a group’s perceived capability to perform. Three methods of measuring group ...
A Low-Cost Stand-Alone Multichannel Data Acquisition, Monitoring, and Archival System With On-Chip Signal Preprocessing

The objective of this paper is to design a new generation of affordable sophisticated data acquisition and processing (DAQP) systems. Because of the proposed system hardware reconfigurability, it can be used to meet the need of many real-world applications while keeping the cost of a device low. The hardware implementation of the different processing functions of the device allows for high-speed processing without the need of expensive general-purpose processors, as is the case of computer-based or microcontroller-based data acquisitions (DAQs). The target technology of implementing the proposed design is the system on chip via field-programmable gate array (SoC-FPGA). A four-channel DAQP was designed, developed, and tested in the Embedded Systems Design Laboratory, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville. Various modules of the conceptual design are implemented and verified. Performance evaluation and cost comparisons are provided. The comparison showed that the results of the proposed instrument are comparable to existing technologies at a fraction of the cost.
H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells are not required for MHC class Ib-restricted immunity against Listeria monocytogenes.

N-formylated peptides, appear to comprise a substantial portion of the MHC-Ib–restricted T cell response in the mouse model of L. monocytogenes infection. In this study, we isolated formyltransferase (fmt) mutant strains of L. monocytogenes that lacked the ability to add formyl groups to nascent polypeptides. These fmt mutant Listeria strains did not produce antigens that could be recognized by M3-restricted T cells. We showed that immunization of MHC-Ia–defi cient mice with fmt mutant Listeria resulted in stimulation of a protective memory response that cleared subsequent challenge with wild-type L. monocytogenes, despite the fact that M3-restricted CD8 + T cells did not proliferate in these mice. These
Occupational Therapy in Pediatric Lead Exposure Prevention

Environmental lead is a toxic substance that is affecting the growth and development of 3 to 4 million U.S. preschool children today, with effects ranging from learning disabilities to death. This review of environmental lead sources and effects on children provides a background for comprehensive prevention of childhood lead exposure. Prevention strategies at the child, family, and community levels allow for widespread protection of child health and development. Prevention begins with an understanding of the person-environment-occupation framework for the factors that contribute to children at risk for lead exposure. An open system model is presented with specific interventions at the child, family, and community levels, providing innovative, integrated contributions by occupational therapy practitioners for lead exposure prevention and health promotion of children who have been exposed to environmental lead.
Numerical Investigation of Liquid-Liquid Coaxial Flows

This paper presents numerical results of the interfacial dynamics of axisymmetric liquid-liquid flows when the denser liquid is injected with a parabolic inlet velocity profile into a coflowing lighter fluid. The flow dynamics are studied as a function of the individual phase Reynolds numbers, viscosity ratio, velocity ratio, Bond number, and capillary number Unsteady, axisymmetric flows of two immiscible fluids have been studied using commercial software, FLUENT®with the combination of volume of fluid (VOF) and continuous surface force (CSF) methods. The flows have been categorized as "flow-accelerated regime (FAR) and "flow-decelerated regime" (FDR) based on acceleration/ deceleration of the injected fluid. The injected jet diameter decreases when the average inlet velocity ratio is less than unity. The outer fluid velocity has a significant effect on the shape and evolution of the jet as it progresses downstream. As the outer liquid flow rate is increased, the intact jet length is stretched to longer lengths while the jet radius is reduced due to interfacial stresses. The jet radius appears to increase with increasing viscosity ratio and ratio of Bond and capillary numbers. The results of numerical simulations using FLUENT agree well with experimental measurements and the far-field self-similar solution.
Balancing Efficiency and Need in Allocating Resources to the Care of Persons With Serious Mental Illness

The care of patients with serious mental illness, for whom a cure is unlikely and costs are high, is difficult to justify using ordinary standards of efficient resource allocation. The author examines the difficulties of using conventional utilitarian, cost-benefit, moral, and political arguments to justify allocation of resources to the care of persons with serious mental illness and offers an alternative approach to this problem based on the goals of medicine. Although care for persons with serious mental illness may not meet the usual standards of efficient health care spending, their treatment is justified by central and long-standing goals of medicine such as relief of pain and suffering and care of those who cannot be cured. This approach suggests that the idea of efficiency in health care spending should be adapted to the goals of medicine rather than making those goals adapt to the idea of efficiency.
A Developmental, Person-Centered Approach to Exploring Multiple Motivational Pathways in Gifted Underachievement

Research on underachieving gifted students has uncovered a large number of characteristics differentiating gifted underachieving and achieving students. However, less is known about the way in which underachievement develops across schooling. Using a person-centered theoretical framework and key constructs from current motivational theories, we propose that there are multiple developmental trajectories in underachievement that arise from early school experiences. Two primary pathways are proposed: (a) a Maladaptive Competence Beliefs Pathway whereby underachievement results from the development of particular beliefs about giftedness and maladaptive coping behaviors, and (b) a Declining Value Beliefs Pathway in which underachievement develops from declining value beliefs and increasing perceptions of costs associated with academics. Avenues for future empirical research with these pathways are discussed.
Mutation in the lumenal part of the membrane domain of HMG-CoA reductase alters its regulated degradation.

Abstract The involvement of ER lumenal domains of HMG-CoA reductase in the regulated degradation process was examined. For this purpose we studied three cell lines expressing HMG-CoA reductase molecules with introduced functional N-glycosylation sites located in the linker segments between transmembrane spans 1 and 2 (HMGal/Bins(-)), 3 and 4 (HMGal/Dins(-)) and 5 and 6 (HMGal/Fins(-)), all facing the ER lumen (Olender, E. H. and Simoni, R. D. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 4223-4235). The glycosylation insertion between spons 5 and 6 (HMGal/Fins(-)) is the only one of these mutations which eliminates regulated degradation of the enzyme. The half lives of the HMGal/Fins(-) in the presence or absence of regulatory molecules are indistinguishable. In contrast the HMGal/Bins(-) and HMGal/Dins(-) mutants show a normal pattern of regulated degradation. Tunicamycin treatment of cells expressing the HMGal/Fins(-) mutant does not significantly alter the regulation defect indicating that it is the mutation per se not the glycosylation that alters the degradation response. These results suggest that the linker segments between transmembrane spans 5 and 6 (loop F) are involved in the process of regulated degradation of HMG-CoA reductase and that the regulated degradation process may occur on the lumenal side of the ER membrane.
Dopamine, depressive symptoms, and decision-making: the relationship between spontaneous eye blink rate and depressive symptoms predicts Iowa Gambling Task performance

Depressive symptomatology has been associated with alterations in decision-making, although conclusions have been mixed, with depressed individuals showing impairments in some contexts but advantages in others. The dopaminergic system may link depressive symptoms with decision-making performance. We assessed the role of striatal dopamine D2 receptor density, using spontaneous eye blink rates, in moderating the relationship between depressive symptoms and decision-making performance in a large undergraduate sample that had not been screened for mental illness (N = 104). The regression results revealed that eye blink rate moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and advantageous decisions on the Iowa Gambling Task, in which individuals with more depressive symptomatology and high blink rates (higher striatal dopamine D2 receptor density) performed better on the task. Our computational modeling results demonstrated that depressive symptoms alone were associated with enhanced loss-aversive behavior, whereas individuals with high blink rates and elevated depressive symptoms tended to persevere in selecting options that led to net gains (avoiding options with net losses). These findings suggest that variation in striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability in individuals with depressive symptoms may contribute to differences in decision-making behavior.
Breeders on a golf ball: normalizing sex at Ellis Island

The primary offerings at Ellis Island Immigration Museum do little to indicate that the millions of immigrants and, later, tourists who have passed through Ellis Island cannot all have been reproductively focused and gender normative; the site, too, seems oddly unembodied. In this paper I consider representations and absences around sex at Ellis Island, arguing for strategies of embodiment that attend to the particular bodies inhabited and to the complexity, messiness, and contradictions of sexed bodies in their historical specificity.
Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins and Their Disease Associations

porosis together account for most of the morbidity and mortality in the aging pop- ulation despite improved treatments. The diseases often appear together, especially in the elderly, and are usually regarded as independent entities. 4 There is evidence, however, suggesting that the diseases share etiologic factors; hyperlipidemia contributes to atherosclerotic plaque for- mation and osteoporosis through similar biologic mechanisms involving lipid oxi- dation. 5 Although advances in lifestyle, risk modification, pharmacotherapy, en- dovascular interventions, and surgery have considerably improved clinical out- come, 40% to 50% of adverse cardiovas- cular events continue to occur despite current prevention strategies. 6 Lipids are a diverse group of chemi-
Robot navigation using qualitative landmark states from sketched route maps

The goal of this work is to illustrate and evaluate a novel method for communicating with a mobile robot, namely, by drawing a sketch. The user draws a sketched route map to direct a mobile robot along a specified path. In this paper we focus on the navigation of the sketched path in the real environment. Challenges include sketch inaccuracies such as distortion or abstraction and low sensory resolution of the robot. Our method is based on utilizing spatial relations to extract a sequence of qualitative landmark states from the sketched map, which in turn the robot follows in a real environment to replicate the sketched route. Several examples are included.
Palladium-catalyzed alkylation of unactivated olefins*

Reaction of a 3-butenyl β-diketone with a catalytic amount of PdCl 2 (CH 3 CN) 2 in dioxane at room temperature led to olefin hydroalkylation and formation of the correspon- ding 2-acylcyclohexanone in good yield as a single regioisomer. Deuterium-labeling experi- ments for the hydroalkylation of 7-octene-2,4-dione were in accord with a mechanism in- volving outer-sphere attack of the pendant enol on a palladium-complexed olefin to form a palladium cyclohexyl species, followed by palladium migration via iterative β-hydride elim- ination/addition and protonolysis from a palladium enolate complex. In comparison to a 3-butenyl β-diketone, reaction of a 4-pentenyl β-diketone with a catalytic amount of PdCl 2 (CH 3 CN) 2 in the presence of CuCl 2 led to oxidative alkylation and formation of the corresponding 2-acyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone in good yield as a single isomer. Unactivated olefins tethered to less reactive carbon nucleophiles such as β-keto esters, α-aryl ketones, and even dialkyl ketones underwent palladium-catalyzed hydroalkylation in the presence of Me 3 SiCl or HCl to form the corresponding cyclohexanones in moderate-to-good yield with high regioselectivity.
Calcium imaging of neural circuits with extended depth-of-field light-sheet microscopy.

Increasing the volumetric imaging speed of light-sheet microscopy will improve its ability to detect fast changes in neural activity. Here, a system is introduced for brain-wide imaging of neural activity in the larval zebrafish by coupling structured illumination with cubic phase extended depth-of-field (EDoF) pupil encoding. This microscope enables faster light-sheet imaging and facilitates arbitrary plane scanning—removing constraints on acquisition speed, alignment tolerances, and physical motion near the sample. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated by performing multi-plane calcium imaging in the fish brain with a 416×832×160 μm field of view at 33 Hz. The optomotor response behavior of the zebrafish is monitored at high speeds, and time-locked correlations of neuronal activity are resolved across its brain.
The Four Cultures: Media Studies at the Crossroads

The commentary traces four distinct but overlapping cultures in US media studies: (1) speech and rhetoric, (2) a media research field centered on the mass communication trades, (3) one detached from those trades, and (4) film studies. I point to each culture’s institutional history, typical academic unit, and unique self-understanding. The main claim is that the four-part division has always had an arbitrary character, but is especially incoherent and damaging in an era of media convergence and cross-disciplinary interest in the field’s core questions. The commentary argues that the four-culture divide renders our scholarship invisible not just to outsiders from other disciplines but even to our would-be compatriots in the other three cultures.
Rethink Your Drink.

Background. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are linked to obesity; hospitals are a priority setting to reduce intake. This article describes the development, implementation, and results of a focus...
The Evolution of Political Parties in Virginia f 1782–1800

IiH ow and when did the first American party system develop? One way to answer this question is by a roll call analysis of legislative behavior. That, of course, will not tell the whole story, but it will provide an index of party loyalty and organization, at least among the leadership elite. Although scholars have subjected Congress to numerous quantitative analyses, comparatively little work has been done on state legislatures.1 This is unfortunate, not only because American politics in the post-Revolutionary era was state oriented but also because the state assemblies involved a sort of second-echelon elite. Thus a careful study of assemblies would enable historians to move closer to an understanding of the political attitudes of the common man. Another difficulty with many recent analyses of early national politics is that they either begin or end with the Constitution. Historians have made the Constitution appear as an epochal break in history, but to contemporaries it was part of a chain of important political events. Those who built the first
Are Genetic Representations Read in Development

The status of genes as bearers of semantic content remains very much in dispute among philosophers of biology. In a series of papers, Nicholas Shea has argued that his ‘infotel’ theory of semantics...
Response to “Thinking About Our Work: When Partners Grow Apart”

353 1 Professor of Family Social Science and Director of the Citizen Professional Center, University of Minnesota. Correspondence should be addressed to William J. Doherty, PhD, 290 McNeal Hall, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. E-mail: bdoherty@umn.edu. 2 http://www.discernmentcounseling.com/. Lee Kassan has captured a little-discussed aspect of individual therapy: its impact, sometimes helpful and sometimes harmful, on marriages and intimate relationships. Kassan emphasizes the inevitable fallout of growth and change in therapy—the unsettling of unconscious contracts of marriage, for example, “I’ll be weak so you can be strong” or “Let’s never be direct with each other.” He invites us to be more mindful of the complexities, because if we are not mindful, we can do harm. Most of my work is with couples on the brink of divorce.2 It’s quite common for one of the spouses to come armed with his or her therapist’s view of the spouse, who of course the therapist never met. Therapists sometimes offer diagnostic ideas about the spouse, mostly of the personality disorder variety, which justifies the client’s view that the spouse can’t change and that the marriage is not workable. I’ve had clients bring in pages from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders that their therapists had copied for them to help them “understand” their spouses’ personality problems. This not only compromises the couple work; it hurts the individual therapy. Because of these experiences, I’ve begun to do trainings for therapists in what I call “CSI therapy” (couple-sensitive individual therapy). I describe how to avoid colluding with the client’s inevitably partial and self-serving view of his or her spouse and marriage problems. It’s especially hard to resist collusion when stress in the marriage is contributing to the client’s symptoms. That’s when therapists are especially ripe for triangulation with the client against the other partner. We slip into being our clients’ advocates, even their emotional gladiators, building a false alliance through accepting clients’ views of their spouses. And when the individual
Hearing and behavioral responses to sound in full-term newborns

This article, addressed to clinicians caring for and interacting with newborns, summarizes information from the research literature about newborn infants' hearing and behavioral responses to sound. While the emphasis is on current knowledge, older studies show how the investigators' assumptions have influenced the questions they have asked. Although these studies do not make up a neat package of information for clinicians, they do reveal broad outlines of newborn hearing abilities and the affects of sound on sleeping, quieting from crying, habituating, and paying attention. The newborn's responses to and preferences for particular sounds such as speech, music, and heartbeats are reviewed. These studies present the term newborn as an active listener and learner who, despite a somewhat immature auditory system and a limited repertoire of behavioral responses, is highly discriminating regarding the sounds of speech and whose efforts at sleeping, quieting, and paying attention may be hindered by noise such as that commonly found in hospital nurseries.
DETECTION OF FELINE HERPESVIRUS-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES AND DNA IN AQUEOUS HUMOR FROM CATS WITH OR WITHOUT UVEITIS

OBJECTIVE To determine whether uveitis in cats was associated with intraocular production of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1)-specific antibodies or with detection of FHV-1 DNA in aqueous humor (AH). ANIMALS 44 cats with idiopathic uveitis, 29 cats with uveitis attributed to Toxoplasma gondii infection, 13 FHV-1 seropositive cats without uveitis, and 9 FHV-1 seronegative cats without uveitis. PROCEDURE ELISA were used to detect FHV-1-specific antibodies and total IgG antibodies in serum and AH, and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (C-value) for intraocular antibody production was calculated. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect FHV-1 DNA in AH. RESULTS FHV-1 seroprevalence among cats with uveitis was not significantly different from seroprevalence among cats without uveitis. Intraocular FHV-1 antibodies were never detected in cats without uveitis. Significantly more cats with idiopathic uveitis (22/44) or with toxoplasmic uveitis (11/29) had evidence of intraocular antibody production (C-value > 1) than did cats without uveitis. Only cats with idiopathic uveitis had FHV-1 C-values > 8. Among cats with evidence of intraocular antibody production, cats with idiopathic uveitis had a significantly higher median FHV-1 C-value (9.61) than did cats with toxoplasmic uveitis (2.56). Overall, FHV-1 DNA was detected in AH from 12 cats, 11 of which had uveitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that FHV-1 can infect intraocular tissues of cats and that intraocular FHV-1 infection may be associated with uveal inflammation in some cats.
Animated versus static views of steady flow patterns

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that animated representations of vector fields are more effective than common static representations even for steady flow. We compared four flow visualization methods: animated streamlets, animated orthogonal line segments (where short lines were elongated orthogonal to the flow direction but animated in the direction of flow), static equally spaced streamlines, and static arrow grids. The first experiment involved a pattern detection task in which the participant searched for an anomalous flow pattern in a field of similar patterns. The results showed that both the animation methods produced more accurate and faster responses. The second experiment involved mentally tracing an advection path from a central dot in the flow field and marking where the path would cross the boundary of a surrounding circle. For this task the animated streamlets resulted in better performance than the other methods, but the animated orthogonal particles resulted in the worst performance. We conclude with recommendations for the representation of steady flow patterns.
Benazepril-Induced Agranulocytosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Patient: Male, 61 Final Diagnosis: Benazepril induced agranulocytosis Symptoms: Sepsis Medication: — Clinical Procedure: None Specialty: Critical Care Medicine Objective: Rare disease
Type D Personality in the Prediction of Internet Addiction in the Young Adult Population of Slovak Internet Users

This article presents the results of the first study on the relationship between Internet addiction (IA) and Type D personality (D is for distressed) in Slovakia and is the first attempt to examine the impact of Type D personality in the prediction of IA beyond personality dimensions. Altogether 405 adult Slovak Internet users (aged from 18 to 45 years) filled out the following questionnaires: IRPS, DS14, and NEO-FFI. The results showed that there wasn’t a significant effect of the Type D personality on levels of IRPS after controlling for the effect of Big-Five personality traits. The Big Five personality dimensions and demographics explained 21.1 % of variance in IA. According to our results the typical adult addicted to the Internet could be characterized as a young introverted unconscientious and disagreeable neurotic. Future research should concentrate more on the creation and validation of the model of IA.
Coupling among Microbial Communities, Biogeochemistry, and Mineralogy across Biogeochemical Facies.

Physical properties of sediments are commonly used to define subsurface lithofacies and these same physical properties influence subsurface microbial communities. This suggests an (unexploited) opportunity to use the spatial distribution of facies to predict spatial variation in biogeochemically relevant microbial attributes. Here, we characterize three biogeochemical facies—oxidized, reduced and transition—within one lithofacies and elucidate relationships among facies features and microbial community biomass, richness and composition. Consistent with previous observations of biogeochemical hotspots at environmental transition zones, we find elevated biomass within a biogeochemical facies that occurred at the transition between oxidized and reduced biogeochemical facies. Microbial richness—the number of microbial taxa—was lower within the reduced facies and was well-explained by a combination of pH and mineralogy. Null modeling revealed that microbial community composition was influenced by ecological selection imposed by redox state and mineralogy, possibly due to effects on nutrient availability or transport. As an illustrative case, we predict microbial biomass concentration across a three-dimensional spatial domain by coupling the spatial distribution of subsurface biogeochemical facies with biomass-facies relationships revealed here. We expect that merging such an approach with hydro-biogeochemical models will provide important constraints on simulated dynamics, thereby reducing uncertainty in model predictions.
Analysis of Geologically Relevant Metal Porphyrins Using Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry and Theoretical Calculations

The structural characterization of metal porphyrins has been traditionally challenging as a result of their large structural and compositional diversity. In the present paper, we show the advantages of gas-phase, postionization separations for the fast identification and structural characterization of metal octaethylporphyrins (Me–OEP) from complex mixtures using trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) coupled to ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). TIMS–FT-ICR MS allows for the separation of Me–OEP (Me = Mn, Ni, Zn, V═O, and Ti═O) within a crude oil sample based on accurate mass and mobility signatures (with a mobility resolving power of RIMS ∼ 150–250). Accurate collision cross sections are reported for Me–OEP in nitrogen as bath gas (CCSN2). Inspection of the Me–OEP mobility spectra showed a single mobility component distribution for Me–OEP (Me = Mn, Ni, and Zn) and a multi-component distribution for the two metal carbonyls, vanadyl (V═O) and titanyl (Ti═O) Me–OEP. Candidate structures ...
Nanoengineering of concrete via topological constraint theory

Topological constraint theory is a convenient theoretical framework to predict structure–property relationships in glasses and identify optimal compositions featuring targeted macroscopic properties. Although introduced for chalcogenide glasses, molecular rigidity concepts have since been applied with great success to new families of materials, such as silicate glasses, phase-change materials, and proteins. Here, we review recent developments in the extension of rigidity theory to concrete, which is by far the most heavily manufactured material in the world. By capturing the important atomic topology while filtering out less relevant structural details of calcium–silicate–hydrate, the binding phase of concrete, topological constraint theory was used to nanoengineer concrete from the atomic scale by predicting the compositional dependence of hardness, toughness, and creep. As such, rigidity concepts represent a promising tool to accelerate the discovery of new materials with tailored properties.
Addressing critical gaps in the treatment of eating disorders

Remarkable progress has been made in developing psychosocial interventions for eating disorders and other mental disorders. Two priorities in providing treatment consist of addressing the research-practice gap and the treatment gap. The research-practice gap pertains to the dissemination of evidence-based treatments from controlled settings to routine clinical care. Closing the gap between what is known about effective treatment and what is actually provided to patients who receive care is crucial in improving mental health care, particularly for conditions such as eating disorders. The treatment gap pertains to extending treatments in ways that will reach the large number of people in need of clinical care who currently receive nothing. Currently, in the United States (and worldwide), the vast majority of individuals in need of mental health services for eating disorders and other mental health problems do not receive treatment. This article discusses the approaches required to better ensure: (1) that more people who are receiving treatment obtain high-quality, evidence-based care, using such strategies as train-the-trainer, web-centered training, best-buy interventions, electronic support tools, higher-level support and policy; and (2) that a higher proportion of those who are currently underserved receive treatment, using such strategies as task shifting and disruptive innovations, including treatment delivery via telemedicine, the Internet, and mobile apps.
Selection for feed conversion on efficiency and growth in mice.

Selection for feed conversion substantially influenced growth and gross feed efficiency of mice. Realized heritabilities and genic correlation for increased gain on fixed feed intake (FF) and decreased feed intake on a constant gain (FG) were estimated to be .56, .73 and -.93, respectively. The genic correlations between FF and 56-day weight and between FG and 56-day weight were estimated to be .67 and -.95, respectively. The relative efficiency in changing FF or FG by selecting directly for 56-day weight was found to be .7 in either case. When efficiency was defined as the incorporation of biomass independent of maintenance, no difference was found between selection treatments. Differences in mature weight and feed intake approached significance with selected lines having higher means than controls. The absence of a correlated response in the ability to use energy for growth indicates that selection for feed to gain ratio changes maintenance requirements but not requirements for growth.
Effectiveness and student perceptions of standardized radiology clerkship lectures: a comparison between resident and attending radiologist performances.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors' objective in this study was to determine whether radiology residents can effectively substitute for attending radiologists in delivering standardized lectures to medical students, without a decline in student performance on examinations or perception of the clerkship lectures. Materials and Methods Between September 2001 and July 2002, 40 3rd- and 4th-year medical students in the radiology clerkship at Rhode Island Hospital were given 11 standardized PowerPoint presentations. Half of the students were lectured by attending radiologists, and the other half were given the same lectures by radiology residents. At the end of each lecture, students completed surveys regarding their perceptions of the lecture. At the end of each clerkship, a written examination was administered to the students. The results of the surveys and the written examinations were then analyzed to determine whether there were significant differences between the perceptions and performances of these two student groups. Results There was no significant difference regarding the perceived overall lecture quality and no significant difference in final examination performance between the two student groups. Lectures by residents were perceived as having an environment in which students felt more comfortable asking questions. Attending radiologist lecturers, however, were perceived to have a greater ability to answer student questions, as well as to ask more appropriate questions of students. Conclusion Radiology residents were as effective overall as attending radiologists at presenting standardized lecture material to medical students, with no difference in student perception of overall lecture quality or in student performance on examinations.