cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estradiol selectively regulates agonist binding sites on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex in the CA1 region of the hippocampus

Estradiol alters cognitive function and lowers the threshold for seizures in women and laboratory animals. Both of these activities are modulated by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the hippocampus. To assess the hypothesis that estradiol increases the sensitivity of the hippocampus to glutamate activation by increasing glutamate binding sites, the densities of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonist sites (determined by NMDA displaced glutamate), competitive antagonist sites (CGP 39653), noncompetitive antagonist sites (MK801) as well as the non-NMDA glutamate receptors for kainate and AMPA (using kainate and CNQX, respectively) were measured using autoradiographic procedures. Two days of estradiol treatment increased the density of NMDA agonist, but not of competitive nor noncompetitive NMDA antagonist binding sites exclusively in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The density of noncompetitive NMDA antagonist sites, however, was decreased in the dentate gyrus by estradiol treatment. Ovarian ste...
Time dependent solution for acceleration of tau-leaping

The tau-leaping method is often effective for speeding up discrete stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems. However, when fast reactions are involved, the speed-up for this method can be quite limited. One way to address this is to apply a stochastic quasi-steady state assumption. However we must be careful when using this assumption. If the fast subsystem cannot reach a steady distribution fast enough, the quasi-steady-state assumption will propagate error into the simulation. To avoid these errors, we propose to use the time dependent solution rather than the quasi-steady-state. Generally speaking, the time dependent solution is not easy to derive for an arbitrary network. However, for some common motifs we do have time dependent solutions. We derive the time dependent solutions for these motifs, and then show how they can be used with tau-leaping to achieve substantial speed-ups, including for a realistic model of blood coagulation. Although the method is complicated, we have automated it.
Riccati inequality and functional properties of differential operators on the half line

Abstract Given a piecewise continuous function A : R ¯ + → L ( C N ) and a projection P 1 onto a subspace X 1 of C N , we investigate the injectivity, surjectivity and, more generally, the Fredholm properties of the ordinary differential operator with boundary condition ( u ˙ + A u , P 1 u ( 0 ) ) . This operator acts from the “natural” space W A 1 , 2 = { u : u ˙ ∈ L 2 , A u ∈ L 2 } into L 2 × X 1 . A main novelty is that it is not assumed that A is bounded or that u ˙ + A u = 0 has any dichotomy, except to discuss the impact of the results on this special case. We show that all the functional properties of interest, including the characterization of the Fredholm index, can be related to the existence of a selfadjoint solution H of the Riccati differential inequality H A + A ∗ H − H ˙ ⩾ ν ( A ∗ A + H 2 ) . Special attention is given to the simple case when H = A + A ∗ satisfies this inequality. When H is known, all the other hypotheses and criteria are easily verifiable in most concrete problems.
Human T cells infiltrate and injure pig coronary artery grafts with activated but not quiescent endothelium in immunodeficient mouse hosts.

BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that human artery grafts transplanted to immunodeficient mice are infiltrated and injured by unsensitized allogeneic human T cells. We extended our investigations to human anti-porcine xenoresponses in this model. METHODS Pig coronary artery segments were interposed into the infrarenal aorta of severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mice. After 7 days, certain recipients were reconstituted with human leukocytes and/or treated with proinflammatory cytokines. The grafts were harvested after 1-70 days and examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and morphometry. RESULTS Pig artery grafts from untreated mice had no evidence of injury, leukocytic infiltrate, or endothelial cell activation up to 70 days postoperatively, despite deposition of murine complement. Host reconstitution with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells resulted in a discrete population of circulating T cells that did not infiltrate or injure the grafts up to 28 days after adoptive transfer. Administration of porcine interferon-gamma for up to 28 days sustained the expression of graft vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and major histocompatibility complex antigens, but did not initiate recruitment of human leukocytes. In contrast, treatment with human tumor necrosis factor for 7 days induced the de novo expression of porcine E-selectin by graft endothelial cells and elicited human T cell infiltration and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-dependent vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS The human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mouse model identifies a significant difference between human T cell allogeneic and xenogeneic responses in vivo. Xenografts with quiescent endothelium are not infiltrated or injured by T cells under the same conditions in which allografts are rejected. Activation of pig coronary artery endothelial cells by human tumor necrosis factor, but not porcine interferon-gamma, elicits cellular xenoresponses.
Meeting report for "OddPols" 2014: the odds invite an even.

Abstract The Ninth International Biennial Conference on RNA Polymerases I and III (the “OddPols”) was held on June 19–21, 2014 at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Sponsored by New England Biolabs, the Cayman Chemical Company, the Rackham Graduate School and the University of Michigan Health System, and organized by David Engelke, Craig Pikaard, Lawrence Rothblum, Andrzej Wierzbicki and Astrid Engel. This year at the conference, the “odds” were increased by expanding the usual topics on the advances in RNA polymerases I and III research to include presentations on RNA polymerase IV and V. The keynote speaker, Craig Pikaard, opened the meeting with his presentation entitled “Five nuclear multisubunit RNA polymerases”. The meeting drew attendees from fourteen countries that shared their research discoveries through oral and poster presentations. The talks were organized into 11 sessions covering seven distinct topics. Here we present some of the highlights from the meeting using summaries provided by the participants.
A statistical expert system for simulation analysis

Efforts on a number of fronts are being made to enhance the usefulness of simulation as a tool for analysis. Graphical input, animation, automated program generation, model management utilities, an...
Effective elastoplastic behavior of two-phase ductile matrix composites: A micromechanical framework

Abstract A micromechanics-based framework is presented to predict effective elastoplastic behavior of two-phase particle-reinforced ductile matrix composites (PRDMCs) containing many randomly dispersed elastic spherical inhomogeneities. Specifically, the inclusion phase (particle) is assumed to be elastic and the matrix phase is elastoplastic. A complete second-order formulation is presented based on the probabilistic spatial distribution of spherical particles, pairwise particle interactions and the ensemble-volume averaging procedure. Two non-equivalent formulations are considered in detail to derive the effective yield functions. In addition, the plastic flow rule and hardening law are postulated according to continuum plasticity and, together with the micromechanically derived effective yield function, are employed to characterize the plastic behavior of PRDMCs under three-dimensional arbitrary loading/unloading histories. Initial effective yield criteria for incompressible ductile matrix containing many randomly dispersed spherical voids are also studied. Furthermore, uniaxial elastoplastic stress-strain behavior of PRDMCs is investigated. Comparison between our theoretical uniaxial stress-strain predictions and experimental data for PRDMCs is also performed to illustrate the capability of the proposed framework.
Magnetic anisotropy effects in broadline NMR spectra of polytetrafluoroethylene

The effects of molecular magnetic anisotropy upon the broadline NMR spectrum of a bulk polymer have been recognized and measured for the first time. The F19 NMR absorption spectra in polytetrafluoroethylen (PTFE) show a line-shape asymmetry over a broad range of temperatures which can be explained by the magnetic anisotropy of C-F bonds. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of PTFE samples whose crystalline regions are aligned by cold drawing have made possible an estimate of the anisotropy of C-F bonds in this material: Δσ, the magnetic anisotropy of the screening constant, is found to be 171 ± 15 ppm; the screening of each F19 nucleus is paramagnetic, being maximum when the direction of its C-F bond is perpendicular to the large static magnetic field and minimum (probably zero) when parallel. Static magnetic susceptibility measurements of PTFE show the predicted diamagnetism, and only a small (<5%) static magnetic anisotropy of the molecular crystals is found.
Removal of hydrogen sulphide on sewage sludge/industrial sludge based carbonaceous adsorbents.

The adsorbents were prepared for sewage sludge, waste oil sludge and metal oil sludge. On the materials obtained dynamic adsorption of H2S was measured. The initial and exhausted adsorbents were characterised using sorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, and XRF, XRD and surface pH measurements. The adsorbents have high capacity for H2S (10% wt) The high volume of mesopores contributes significantly to reactive adsorption and provides space to store sulphur as the oxidation product. The highly dispersed mineral-like phase formed during pyrolysis provides basicity and catalytic centres for hydrogen sulphide dissociation and its oxidation to sulphur.
High-Efficiency n-Type Si Solar Cells With Novel Inkjet-Printed Boron Emitters

Formation of a well-passivated boron emitter for mass production of low-cost and high-efficiency n-type silicon solar cells is a major challenge in the photovoltaic industry. In this letter, we report on a novel and commercially viable method, inkjet printing, to create boron emitters. Phosphorus diffusion was used on the rear to form a back-surface held in conjunction with chemically grown oxide/silicon nitride (SiNx) stack on the front and back for surface passivation. Finally, front and back screen-printed contacts were formed through the dielectric stacks to fabricate large-area (239 cm2) n-type cells. This technology resulted in 19.0%-efficient p+-n-n+ cells with a Voc of 644 mV, a Jsc of 38.6 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 76.3%. This demonstrates for the hrst time the promise of boron-inkjet-printing technology for low-cost and high-performance n-type Si cells.
An integrative review of literature on the determinants of physical activity among rural women.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this integrative review is to analyze current, non-experimental literature to identify factors that influence physical activity levels in rural women with a goal of informing nurses and improving the effectiveness of future physical activity interventions in this population. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) integrative review methodology was used. The sample included 11 quantitative articles, seven qualitative studies, two studies that incorporated both methodologies, and one explanatory case study. MEASURES Each article was evaluated for quality using the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses revised evidence leveling system. Data were analyzed and then synthesized using the Matrix Method. RESULTS The terms "rural" and "physical activity" were diversely defined in the reviewed articles. The results revealed three categories of determinants: personal factors, socio-economic factors, and physical environment factors. CONCLUSIONS Effective nursing interventions to promote physical activity should address barriers and motivating factors in all three categories of determinants for maximum efficacy. Additional research that clearly defines and consistently applies the terms "rural" and "physical activity" is needed to strengthen knowledge in this area.
Work Volition Among U.S. Veterans: Locus of Control as a Mediator

The present study examined correlates of work volition—the perceived capacity to make occupational choices despite constraints—with a diverse sample of 213 U.S. veterans. Veterans with higher levels of formal education, higher yearly incomes, were married, and were employed, endorsed greater work volition. Those who experienced lower posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, endorsed lower levels of neuroticism, higher levels of conscientiousness, and higher levels of internal locus of control, also demonstrated greater levels of work volition. A structural model was run where PTSD symptoms, neuroticism, and conscientiousness were hypothesized to predict work volition via locus of control and compared with an alternative model. After identifying a best fitting model, bootstrapping analyses demonstrated that locus of control fully mediated the relations between PTSD symptoms, neuroticism, and conscientiousness to work volition. Specifically, the key reason PTSD symptoms, neuroticism, and conscientiousness were related to work volition was their effect on general locus of control. Practical implications are discussed.
γH2A binds Brc1 to maintain genome integrity during S-phase

ATMTel1 and ATRRad3 checkpoint kinases phosphorylate the C-terminus of histone H2AX (H2A in yeasts) in chromatin flanking DNA damage, establishing a recruitment platform for checkpoint and repair proteins. Phospho-H2A/X (γH2A/X)-binding proteins at double-strand breaks (DSBs) have been characterized, but those required for replication stress responses are unknown. Here, we present genetic, biochemical, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and X-ray structural studies of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Brc1, a 6-BRCT-domain protein that is structurally related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rtt107 and mammalian PTIP. Brc1 binds γH2A to form spontaneous and DNA damage-induced nuclear foci. Spontaneous Brc1 foci colocalize with ribosomal DNA repeats, a region prone to fork pausing and genomic instability, whereas DNA damage-induced Brc1 foci colocalize with DSB response factors. γH2A binding is critical for Brc1 function. The 1.45 A resolution crystal structure of Brc1–γH2A complex shows how variable BRCT insertion loops sculpt tandem-BRCT phosphoprotein-binding pockets to facilitate unique phosphoprotein-interaction specificities, and unveils an acidic DNA-mimicking Brc1 surface. From these results, Brc1 docking to γH2A emerges as a critical chromatin-specific response to replication-associated DNA damage.
Primaquine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: Formation of Free Radicals in Rat Erythrocytes Exposed to 6-Methoxy-8-hydroxylaminoquinoline

Primaquine is an important antimalarial drug that is often dose-limited in therapy by the onset of hemolytic anemia. We have shown recently that an N -hydroxy metabolite of primaquine, 6-methoxy-8-hydroxylaminoquinoline (MAQ-NOH), is a direct-acting hemolytic agent in rat red cells and that the hemolytic activity of this metabolite is associated with GSH oxidation and oxidative damage to both membrane lipids and skeletal proteins. To determine whether the formation of free radicals may be involved in this process, rat red cells (40% suspensions) were incubated with hemolytic concentrations of MAQ-NOH (150–750 μM) and examined by EPR spectroscopy using 2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2 H -pyrrole-1-oxide (EMPO) as a spin trap. Addition of MAQ-NOH to red cell suspensions containing 10 mM EMPO gave rise to an EPR spectrum with hyperfine constants consistent with those of an EMPO-hydroxyl radical adduct standard. Of interest, formation of EMPO-OH was constant for up to 20 min and dependent on the presence of erythrocytic GSH. Although no other radical adduct signals were detected in the cells by EPR, spectrophotometric analysis revealed the presence of ferrylhemoglobin, which indicates that hydrogen peroxide is generated under these experimental conditions. The data support the hypothesis that oxygen-derived and possibly other free radicals are involved in the mechanism underlying MAQ-NOH-induced hemolytic anemia.
Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Clinicians may use any of multiple oral diabetes agents to treat their diabetic patients. In their systematic review, Bolen and colleagues summarize the evidence of benefits and harms of oral agent...
Local field effects in nonlinear and quantum optics

Summary form only given. The dynamics of a medium consisting of a dense collection of two-level atoms interacting via the electromagnetic field has been derived from first principles. In dense media and condensed matter, the microscopic local field that couples with a single atom is related to the macroscopic field and volume propagation by the Lorentz-Lorenz relation written for an isotropic homogeneous medium. The dynamical equations for the medium, coupled self-consistently with the Maxwell inhomogeneous wave equation, are given in the rotating wave and dipole coupling approximations. The microscopic development is used within the framework of full quantization, and the explicit effects of spontaneous relaxation for the host as well as the atoms are treated, together with corresponding fluctuations. Particular effects upon intrinsic adiabatic inversion, self-induced transparency, and lasing without inversion, are presented and discussed. In particular, the equilibrium, stationary, and dynamical effects of the host medium, and medium and field fluctuations upon local field effects are discussed.
Diagnostic depressive symptoms of the mixed bipolar episode.

BACKGROUND: There is not yet consensus on the best diagnostic definition of mixed bipolar episodes. Many have suggested the DSM-III-R/-IV definition is too rigid. We propose alternative criteria using data from a large patient cohort. METHODS: We evaluated 237 manic in-patients using DSM-III-R criteria and the Scale for Manic States (SMS). A bimodally distributed factor of dysphoric mood has been reported from the SMS data. We used both the factor and the DSM-III-R classifications to identify candidate depressive symptoms and then developed three candidate depressive symptom sets. Using ROC analysis we determined the optimal threshold number of symptoms in each set and compared the three ROC solutions. The optimal solution was tested against the DSM-III-R classification for crossvalidation. RESULTS: The optimal ROC solution was a set, derived from both the DSM-III-R and the SMS, and the optimal threshold for diagnosis was two or more symptoms. Applying this set iteratively to the DSM-III-R classification produced the identical ROC solution. The prevalence of mixed episodes in the cohort was 13.9% by DSM-III-R, 20.2% by the dysphoria factor and 27.4% by the new ROC solution. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnostic set of six dysphoric symptoms (depressed mood, anhedonia, guilt, suicide, fatigue and anxiety), with a threshold of two symptoms, is proposed for a mixed episode. This new definition has a foundation in clinical data, in the proved diagnostic performance of the qualifying symptoms, and in ROC validation against two previous definitions that each have face validity. Language: en
Simple Fabrication Process for Self-Aligned, High-Performance Microscanners— Demonstrated Use to Generate a 2-D Ablation Pattern

A new, straightforward, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible, three-mask process is used to fabricate high-performance torsional microscanners driven by self-aligned, vertically offset comb drives. Both the moving and fixed combs are defined using the same photolithography mask and fabricated in the same device layer, a process allowing the minimum gap between comb fingers to be as small as twice the alignment accuracy of the photolithography process. Our fabricated microscanners have torsional resonant frequencies between 58 Hz and 24 kHz and maximum optical-scanning angles between 8deg and 48deg with actuation voltages ranging from 14.1 to 67.2 Vac-rms. The yields on two separate fabrication runs have been better than 70%. To demonstrate an application for these scanners, we used them to generate laser-ablation patterns suitable for ocular cornea surgery. We assembled a 2-D scanning system by orienting two identical microscanners at right angles to one another. When driven by two 90deg out-of-phase 6.01-kHz sine waves, the cross-coupled scanners produce circular patterns having radii fixed by the amplitude of the driving voltage. Then, we emulated a small pattern from the surface topography found on a U.S. Roosevelt dime and built up an ablation pattern that compares favorably with similar emulations reported by earlier researchers who used larger, more complicated ablation systems
The sciences of science communication

The May 2012 Sackler Colloquium on “The Science of Science Communication” brought together scientists with research to communicate and scientists whose research could facilitate that communication. The latter include decision scientists who can identify the scientific results that an audience needs to know, from among all of the scientific results that it would be nice to know; behavioral scientists who can design ways to convey those results and then evaluate the success of those attempts; and social scientists who can create the channels needed for trustworthy communications. This overview offers an introduction to these communication sciences and their roles in science-based communication programs.
Molecular Genetics of T Cell Development

T cell development is guided by a complex set of transcription factors that act recursively, in different combinations, at each of the developmental choice points from T-lineage specification to peripheral T cell specialization. This review describes the modes of action of the major T-lineage-defining transcription factors and the signal pathways that activate them during intrathymic differentiation from pluripotent precursors. Roles of Notch and its effector RBPSuh (CSL), GATA-3, E2A/HEB and Id proteins, c-Myb, TCF-1, and members of the Runx, Ets, and Ikaros families are critical. Less known transcription factors that are newly recognized as being required for T cell development at particular checkpoints are also described. The transcriptional regulation of T cell development is contrasted with that of B cell development, in terms of their different degrees of overlap with the stem-cell program and the different roles of key transcription factors in gene regulatory networks leading to lineage commitment.
New photocrosslinkable copolymers for non‐linear optical applications

New photocrosslinkable copolymers have been synthesized and applied as non-linear optical materials. The copolymers are based on methyl methacrylate, a photo-excitable benzophenone monomer, a non-linear optical active 4`-[(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamino]-4-nitro-azobenzene (disperse red 1) side chain monomer and a crosslinkable 2-butenyl monomer. These copolymers can be crosslinked by UV light at 366 nm in the poled state and show a stable alignment of NLO chromophore by monitoring the adsorption spectra. The crosslinked and poled film did not change its alignment after storing 4 weeks at room temperature.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Modulates Cell Surface Expression of Its Receptor, the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, on the Intestinal Epithelium

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is an epithelial receptor mediating the translocation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi to the gastric submucosa. Since the level of cell surface CFTR is directly related to the efficiency of serovar Typhi translocation, the goal of this study was to measure CFTR expression by the intestinal epithelium during infection. CFTR protein initially present in the epithelial cell cytoplasm was rapidly trafficked to the plasma membrane following exposure to live serovar Typhi or bacterial extracts. CFTR-dependent bacterial uptake by epithelial cells increased (>100-fold) following CFTR redistribution. The bacterial factor which triggers CFTR redistribution is heat and protease sensitive. These data suggest that serovar Typhi induces intestinal epithelial cells to increase membrane CFTR levels, leading to enhanced bacterial ingestion and submucosal translocation. This could be a key, early step in the infectious process leading to typhoid fever.
A Pervasive Computing Platform for Individualized Higher Education

Advances in database management, distributed com- puting, computational intelligence, and especially pervasive sys- tems, provide fertile ground for radical changes in pedagogy. We propose a pervasive educational platform that builds on these technologies to facilitate customization of courses and degree programs to the needs, interests, and backgrounds of individual students. Computer-based teaching tools are coupled with remote access to course content to present the same infor- mation in different ways, to accommodate differences in learning styles; encourage active, rather than passive learning; allow self- pacing, privacy, and flexibility; and ensure efficient utilization of resources. In this platform, an educational system, e.g., an undergraduate degree program in computer science, is viewed as a collection of three communities; the student community, the degree (or program) community, and the instructor/advisor community. In each community, the members are represented by software agents. Each agent carries sufficient intelligence and knowledge to allow communication and negotiation among agents. The platform aims to achieve a virtual one-to-one student/faculty ratio for the purposes of mentoring, advising, guiding, and educating students.
What sign language creation teaches us about language

How do languages emerge? What are the necessary ingredients and circumstances that permit new languages to form? Various researchers within the disciplines of primatology, anthropology, psychology, and linguistics have offered different answers to this question depending on their perspective. Language acquisition, language evolution, primate communication, and the study of spoken varieties of pidgin and creoles address these issues, but in this article we describe a relatively new and important area that contributes to our understanding of language creation and emergence. Three types of communication systems that use the hands and body to communicate will be the focus of this article: gesture, homesign systems, and sign languages. The focus of this article is to explain why mapping the path from gesture to homesign to sign language has become an important research topic for understanding language emergence, not only for the field of sign languages, but also for language in general. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:201-211. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1212 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Remarks Before the Hofstra Journal of International Business & Law Conference on Investment Management Law

Good morning and thank you. It is a pleasure to be here. I am very pleased to open this important and timely conference on the legal and regulatory structure governing the investment management industry. I first want to thank everyone involved in developing today’s program. In particular, I want to recognize Hofstra Law School, its Journal of International Business & Law for sponsoring this event, and Professor Ronald J. Colombo for his work in this area. The decision to focus your symposium on this area of law showed a great understanding of its importance — with over half of all Americans owning mutual funds — through retirement accounts, money market funds or other investment vehicles — the investment management industry plays a crucial role in our markets, our economy and in the lives of hundreds of millions of individual investors. The evolution of this industry from the establishment of the first mutual fund in 1924 — not that long ago — into the staggering $10 trillion in mutual funds and $33 trillion of assets under management by advisers is a fascinating story of ingenuity, ethics and governmental and industry cooperation. As investment management practices continue to evolve at a rapid pace, I appreciate the opportunity today to step back and examine different aspects of the industry and think about the role of regulation — how it has worked and should work to protect investors while allowing the industry to flourish. In addition, while in the midst of potentially some of the most far-reaching legislative and regulatory developments we have seen in decades, this opportunity takes on an even greater significance. I hope this symposium is the first of many to follow. I also want to thank Jay Baris for his initiative in developing today’s program. Jay and I have spent the majority of our careers in the investment management industry. I share his appreciation and enthusiasm for its intricacies and significance. The program that he helped devise today provides a unique opportunity to examine the laws that are the foundation of the investment management industry and to reflect on the role governance plays in its success and resilience. Today you will hear from several of the experts on various aspects of investment management law, including Commissioner Luis Aguilar, who had considerable experience in this industry before being appointed his seat with the Commission two years ago. I very much appreciate each of today’s panelists taking the time to come and participate in what I anticipate will be a truly exceptional program. Finally, I want to acknowledge the presence of Dan Waters here today. Dan is Sector Leader for Asset Management at the U.K.’s Financial Services Authority. In that role, Dan is responsible for the FSA’s overall strategy
An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an equine interlocking nail.

Objective— To determine the mechanical properties of Equine Interlocking Nail (EIN; JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California, Davis) stabilized osteotomized tibiae and compare these variables with estimated in vivo loads. Study Design— In vitro biomechanical investigation. Animals— Twelve adult equine cadaveric tibiae. Sample Population— EIN-stabilized tibiae were tested monotonically under compression, 3- and 4-point bending, and torsion. Mechanical properties were compared with estimated in vivo loads. Results— EIN-tibial composite mean compressive yield load (11 kN) and bending moment (216 Nm) were greater than loads expected postoperatively in vivo; however, the mean torsional yield load (156 Nm) was less than that expected in vivo. Conclusions— EIN-stabilized tibiae had compressive and bending strengths greater than those expected to maintain stability during walking in adult horses. Torsional yield strength did not appear sufficient to provide stability during walking in vivo. Clinical Relevance— The EIN is not a feasible method of fracture repair for adult equine tibial fractures at this time, because its mechanical properties appear inadequate to withstand the postoperative torsional loads encountered during walking. Because this method of fracture repair may offer biological advantages, further modification of an interlocking nail for adult horses appears warranted.
Alterations in the Brain Transcriptome in Plasmodium Berghei ANKA Infected Mice

We have used cDNA microarrays to compare gene expression profiles in brains from normal mice to those infected with the ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei ,a model of cerebral malaria. For each of three brains in each group, we computed ratios of all quantifiable genes with a composite reference sample and then computed ratios of gene expression in infected brains compared to untreated controls. Of the almost 12,000 unigenes adequately quantified in all arrays, approximately 3% were significantly downregulated ( P< 0.05, ≥ 50 %f old change) and about 7% were upregulated. Upon inspection of the lists of regulated genes, we identified a high number encoding proteins of importance to normal brain function or associated with neuropathology, including genes that encode for synaptic proteins or genes involved in cerebellar function as well as genes important in certain neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or autism. These results emphasize the important impact of malarial infection on gene expression in the brain and provide potential biomarkers that may provide novel therapeutic targets to ameliorate the neurological sequelae of this infection.
Specialization and Differentiation in the Out-Patient Dialysis Market

Using a dataset of dialysis facilities operating in more than 1,000 U.S. counties in 2007, we examine the competition between two types of firms: multiproduct dialysis facilities and single product dialysis facilities. We simulate the effect of a Medicare policy proposal in 2008 which reduces the regulated price for a common product that is produced by both types. We find that the policy decreases the number of single product dialysis facilities but increases the number of multi-product facilities. We also find strong evidence for market segmentation between single product and multiproduct dialysis facilities. The estimates imply the cross-product subsidization within the multiproduct dialysis units.
Kentucky Bench & Bar Cumulative Index 1992-2013

This book indexes the Kentucky Bench & Bar Magazine from 1992 (the date of the last index), through the end of 2013.
The 3 p 3 Σ → 2 s 3 Σ -Bands of TH and T 2

The molecular spectra of TH and ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ were photographed under high dispersion. The classification of the $3{p}^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2{s}^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$-system is given for these two molecules as well as the molecular constants for the $3{p}^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$-state. Irregularities in the structure including typical perturbations are accounted for by interaction with the $3{p}^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}$-state. This system, with 58 known bands and more than 1150 classified lines, is now known considerably better for ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ than for any other species of hydrogen molecule, including ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$.
Analysis of a Field Experiment to Assess the Performance of an Anisotropic Plasticity Model for Cohesive Soils

A recently conducted field experiment is used to assess the significance of initial and induced anisotropy on the response of a layered soil system consisting of K0-consolidated clay layers with different over-consolidation ratios. The soil is subjected to the weight of a trial soil embankment. To assess the role of soil anisotropy in the observed response of the layered soil system, a detailed nonlinear finite element analysis using a fully-coupled effective stress approach is conducted. The clayey soils are modeled by using two different constitutive models: an anisotropic soil plasticity model (SANI Clay) and the well-known isotropic clay plasticity model (modified CAM Clay). Both models were calibrated based on the laboratory and in-situ test data available for the soils. The results of the numerical simulations indicate that the proper modeling of initial and induced anisotropy has an important effect on the computed settlement of the layered soil and on the deformation of the soil embankment. It is observed that while the finite element simulations using SANI Clay closely reproduce the observed settlement of the soil embankment, the modified Cam Clay model underestimates the ultimate settlement of the embankment. There are also significant differences in the computed lateral displacements using the two constitutive models. The effect of soil anisotropy on generation and dissipation of excess pore pressures within the clay layers is also investigated and the results are presented.
Perceptions of Relative Influence: Formation and Measurement:

A model is proposed to explain sources of error in perceptions and reports of relative influence. The analysis focuses on the determinants of inferential ability and perceptual bias and their effec...
Weathering of ilmenite from granite and chlorite schist in the Georgia Piedmont

Ilmenite grains from weathering profiles developed on granite and ultramafic chlorite schist in the Georgia Piedmont were studied for evidence of morphological and chemical alteration. Ilmenite-rich concentrates from the fine sand (90–150 μm) component were studied to test the assumption that there is no difference between ilmenite in the parent rock and that in colluvium delivered to primary drainage systems. Ilmenite grains in the granite profile are rounded to subhedral, and commonly contain hematite exsolution blebs. Dissolution pits are observed along the boundaries of the exsolution blebs, with goethite occurring as an alteration product. Ilmenite grains in the schist profile occur as fractured anhedral grains with uncommon lamellae of rutile. Grain fractures are filled with goethite and hematite, particularly in the B-horizon. Ilmenite from the granite profile is Mn rich (7–15 mol% MnTiO3), whereas ilmenite from the schist profile contains only 1–2 mol% MnTiO3 and up to 8 mol% MgTiO3. Two populations of grains develop in both profiles. Grains with abundant exsolution blebs and fractures alter through a proposed two-step reaction mechanism. It is proposed that ilmenite first undergoes a solid-state transformation to pseudorutile via an anodic oxidation mechanism. Oxidized Fe and Mn diffuse from the structure and precipitate as goethite and MnO2. Pseudorutile is ephemeral and undergoes incongruent dissolution to form anatase, hematite, and goethite. The second population of grains experienced only slight oxidation and dissolution on grain surfaces, and they persist through the weathering profile. The Fe2+ content of competent ilmenite grains is somewhat lower in the C-horizon, compared with grains in the host rock. In horizons above the C-horizon, the Fe2+ contents of the ilmenite are similar to those in the host rock. This study shows that using ilmenite minor-element chemistry as a tracer for sediment provenance is a valid technique, however, textural features of ilmenite in colluvium may be distinct from those in the parent rock. Also, the production of secondary phases, such as anatase, goethite, and hematite, in soil profiles results in part from the alteration of ilmenite.
Improving the teaching of Microsoft Excel: Traditional book versus online platform

ABSTRACTThe authors explore the differences between traditional, book-based methods of teaching Excel and online, platform-supported methods by comparing teaching students in different locations, with and without online support. As Excel is a critical skill for business majors, the authors investigate which methods and locations provide the highest grades. To test their hypotheses, the authors gathered course grade information on multiple Excel assignments for each of four conditions: traditional versus online platform instruction methods, and face-to-face versus online class locations. They present the results along with insights gained from the study and recommendations for instructors.
Reflections upon Boosting the Creative Plan of Excellent Engineer of Food Major

With over one hundred year’s development,the food science and engineering major has formed an all-rounded cultivation system with undergraduate and postgraduate education as the main part.During this new era,this major is faced with unprecedented challenge and the present teaching of cultivating excellent engineer lack in two ways: engineering education and innovation education.Some suggestions were put forward in training mode,teaching content and evaluation system to boost the education of excellent engineer.
Renal Carcinoma Discovered Incidentally by Arteriography During Evaluation for Hypertension

AbstractSince June 1, 1971 patients undergoing evaluation for hypertension have been evaluated with rapid sequence excretory urography, abdominal aortography and selective renal arteriography. Renal venous assays have been done in selected patients. Through July 31, 1974, 812 arteriographic studies in new hypertensive patients have been done. In 6 of these patients renal tumors were discovered by arteriography only and were not suggested by symptoms, urinalysis nor diagnosed on hypertensive excretory urography. This high incidence surprised us and we hope others will review their arteriographic series of hypertensive patients.
Routine Bronchoscopy and Fogarty Catheter Occlusion of Tracheoesophageal Fistulas.

Abstract Introduction: Use of a Fogarty catheter for emergent occlusion of tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs) has been described for use in unstable neonates. Our purpose was to describe a case series of elective Fogarty catheter occlusion of the TEF. Materials and Methods: A formal operative laryngoscopy and rigid bronchoscopy were performed with Fogarty catheter placement into the fistula before surgical intervention. The balloon was inflated and gentle traction provided occlusion of the tract. An endotracheal tube was then placed in a midtracheal location irrespective of fistulous tract location. The Fogarty catheter was removed at the time of fistula ligation. Results: Six patients underwent Fogarty catheter occlusion of the TEF at the time of repair. The average gestational age was 38 ± 2 weeks and birth weight was 2499 ± 399 g. Associated anomalies or comorbidities were present in 2 of 6 patients (33%). Five patients (83%) had an esophageal atresia with distal TEF, all of whom underwent surgical inte...
A probabilistic framework to justify allowable admixed chloride limits in concrete

Abstract Chloride induced corrosion in concrete is a well-known issue. Although numerous researchers have attempted to quantify the chloride threshold limits (CT) in different concrete systems (with little consensus), the issue of allowable admixed chlorides (CA) in concrete is still very much unresolved. For example, The CA limits specified by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) committees range from 0.06 to 1 percent by the weight of cement or cementitious materials. Similarly, the CA limits published by the State Highway Agencies in the U.S. vary significantly from one State to another (up to 9000 times difference). These significant differences and the variability in the published CA values can have significant economic and engineering risks. Therefore, it is essential that a standardized approach be developed to minimize these risks. The objective of the present study is to introduce a framework to remove subjectivity and variability in the decision-making process regarding CA. This paper provides a description of the development of the framework and economic assessment of selecting CA based on the first-order reliability method (FORM), spatial modeling techniques, and quantitative decision making tools. The proposed framework would help policy and decision makers realize the significant influence of CA on the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete and life-cycle cost of a project, and ultimately assisting them in making unbiased decisions that have scientific underpinnings.
Patterns, Timing, and Predictors of Recurrence Following Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Objective:To describe accurately the pattern, timing, and predictors of disease recurrence after a potentially curative resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Summary Background Data:After surgery for PDAC, most patients will develop disease recurrence. Understanding the patterns and
Being on the Edge: Body, Place, Climate

Life is always on edge – on the edge of things in open space, on the edge of the place we now occupy, at the edge of our body, in intersecting edges with others, and in psychologically uneasy states when we are “on edge.” In view of this basically edged character of life and existence, I explore how climate, along with body and place, have to be seen as edge phenomena. Their edges are for the most part fragile and precarious, and in concert with each other they can all too easily eventuate in full-scale climate crisis of the very sort we face today.
Mast Cell-Derived Tryptase in Geographic Atrophy

Purpose Our previous study demonstrated significantly more degranulating mast cells (MCs) in choroids from subjects with age-related macular degeneration compared to aged controls. This study examined the immunolocalization of tryptase, the most abundant MC secretory granule-derived serine protease, in aged control eyes and eyes with geographic atrophy (GA). Methods Postmortem human eyes with and without GA were obtained from the National Disease Research Interchange. Tissue was fixed, cryopreserved, sectioned, and immunostained with a monoclonal antibody against tryptase. Sections were imaged on a Zeiss 710 Confocal Microscope. Results In the posterior pole of all aged control eyes, tryptase was confined to choroidal MCs, which were located primarily in Sattler's layer. In eyes with GA, many MCs were located in the inner choroid near choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane (BM). Tryptase was found not only in MCs but also diffusely around them in stroma, suggesting they had degranulated. In contrast with aged control eyes, eyes with GA also had strong tryptase staining in BM. Tryptase was observed within BM in regions of RPE atrophy, at the border of atrophy, and extending well into the nonatrophic region. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that tryptase, released during choroidal MC degranulation, binds to BM in GA in advance of RPE atrophy. Tryptase activates MMPs that can degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane components found in BM. ECM modifications are likely to have a profound effect on the function and health of RPE and choroidal thinning in GA.
Measuring bovine γδ T cell function at the site of Mycobacterium bovis infection.

Abstract Bovine γδ T cells are amongst the first cells to accumulate at the site of Mycobacterium bovis infection; however, their role in the developing lesion remains unclear. We utilized transcriptomics analysis, in situ hybridization, and a macrophage/γδ T cell co-culture system to elucidate the role of γδ T cells in local immunity to M. bovis infection. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that γδ T cells upregulated expression of several novel, immune-associated genes in response to stimulation with M. bovis antigen. BCG-infected macrophage/γδ T cell co-cultures confirmed the results of our RNAseq analysis, and revealed that γδ T cells from M. bovis-infected animals had a significant impact on bacterial viability. Analysis of γδ T cells within late-stage M. bovis granulomas revealed significant expression of IFN-γ and CCL2, but not IL-10, IL-22, or IL-17. Our results suggest γδ T cells influence local immunity to M. bovis through cytokine secretion and direct effects on bacterial burden.
Prevalence of temporomandibular symptoms and parafunctional habits in a university dental clinic and association with gender, age, and missing teeth

Objective To assess the prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and parafunctional habits as well as to investigate their association with age, gender, and number of missing teeth. Methods This retrospective study is based on 4204 randomly selected patients who were examined to determine their symptoms of TMD, such as clicking, difficulty chewing, difficulty opening/closing, as well self-reported joint pain and parafunctional habits. Results Clenching/grinding was reported by 26.5% of the examined population, clicking by 14.8%, and difficulty chewing and closing by 3.6%. Significant associations between the number of missing teeth with clenching/grinding (p = 0.05) and difficulty chewing (p < 0.001) were detected. Age and gender showed significant effects on the examined parameters (p < 0.05). Discussion Understanding the TMD subjective symptoms in relation to age, gender, and tooth loss would be of great value for treatment planning and could provide other perspectives to establish preventive measures.