cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does transcatheter aortic valve implantation mean the end of surgical aortic valve replacement

Although the results of the early TAVI experience are promising, longer-term follow-up is necessary before the procedure can be extended to lowerrisk patients. Many issues are not yet resolved, including the long-term effects of paravalvular leaks (which occur in most TAVI patients), the true stroke rate in TAVI patients (which is probably in the range of 5% to 6%), and the need for permanent pacemaker implantation (which ranges from 5% to 40% in TAVI patients, depending upon the device used). As the procedure is extended into the lower-risk population, these issues will assume greater import than they have in the population currently in treatment—very elderly, high-risk patients with limited life expectancy. As in the coronary-revascularization paradigm of percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting, there will be increasing adoption of the transcatheter approach. Just as the rumors of the demise of surgical bypass were premature, conventional AVR will continue to be the predominant technique for the treatment of aortic stenosis during at least the next decade. Although the percentage of patients treated by a transcatheter approach will continue to increase, regulatory and reimbursement factors are likely to be the primary determinants of the rate of adoption.
Short-latency disparity vergence in humans.

Eye movement recordings from humans indicated that brief exposures (200 ms) to horizontal disparity steps applied to large random-dot patterns elicit horizontal vergence at short latencies (80.9 ± ...
Postmarketing drug dosage changes of 499 FDA-approved new molecular entities, 1980-1999.

Purpose Risks and benefits of marketed drugs can be improved by changing their labels to optimize dosage regimens for indicated populations. Such postmarketing label changes may reflect the quality of pre-marketing development, regulatory review, and postmarketing surveillance. We documented dosage changes of FDA-approved new molecular entities (NMEs), and investigated trends over time and across therapeutic groups, on the premise that improved drug development methods have yielded fewer postmarketing label changes over time. Methods We compiled a list of NMEs approved by FDA from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1999 using FDA's website, Freedom of Information Act request, and PhRMA (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America) database. Original labeled dosages and indicated patient populations were tracked in labels in the Physician's Desk Reference®. Time and covariate-adjusted risks for dosage changes by 5-year epoch and therapeutic groups were estimated by survival analysis. Results Of 499 NMEs, 354 (71%) were evaluable. Dosage changes in indicated populations occurred in 73 NMEs (21%). A total of 58 (79%) were safety-motivated, net dosage decreases. Percentage of NMEs with changes by therapeutic group ranged from 27.3% for neuropharmacologic drugs to 13.6% for miscellaneous drugs. Median time to change following approval fell from 6.5 years (1980–1984) to 2.0 years (1995–1999). Contrary to our premise, 1995–1999 NMEs were 3.15 times more likely to change in comparison to 1980–1984 NMEs (p = 0.008, Cox analysis). Conclusions Dosages of one in five NMEs changed, four in five changes were safety reductions. Increasing frequency of changes, independent of therapeutic group, may reflect intensified postmarketing surveillance and underscores the need to improve pre-marketing optimization of dosage and indicated population. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parasitology: Rejuvenation through stem cells

The discovery that schistosomes possess adult stem cells could explain the long-term persistence of these parasitic worms in humans. Targeting a protein produced by the cells might damage schistosome defences. See Letter p.476 Adult stem cells (or neoblasts) are found in free-living planarians and parasitic tapeworms and can support impressive feats of tissue regeneration. Phillip Newmark and colleagues now report the identification of adult stem cells in the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. This trematode flatworm, also known as the blood fluke, infects millions of people worldwide. The schistosomal stem cells proliferate and differentiate into derivatives of multiple germ layers, and express a fibroblast growth factor receptor orthologue. Using RNA interference, the authors showed that this gene is required for the maintenance of the neoblast-like cells. These findings might help to elucidate the mechanisms that promote the parasite's longevity and so could be relevant for medical treatment.
Programming peripheral modules of the MC68300 and MC68HC16 microcontrollers

The M68300 and M68HC16 families of microcontrollers have been available for several years. They are based on an Intermodule Bus concept where modules, such as CPUs or timers or serial ports, are connected together and communicate through a standardized bus. Using this overall design technique modules can be chosen from a library of modules and then, using CAD tools, the modules can be arranged in a "best fit" square and connected using the Intermodule Bus. The idea of running multiple tasks in the microcontroller world has a very great amount of merit when considering that many of the tasks are completely independent. The article discusses the advent of intelligent, programmable peripheral elements.
Assessing Computational Fluid Dynamics Predictions for Control Surface Effectiveness

This paper examines the capability of current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods to simulate results from a two-dimensional aileron effectiveness wind-tunnel test conducted with an aft-loaded airfoil with modest trailing-edge thickness to investigate Reynolds-number effects on aileron effectiveness characteristics. The results presented herein are follow on to a previous two-dimensional CFD simulation, which failed to capture measured Reynolds-number effects. As a result of this earlier study, the interaction of the airfoil flowfield with the tunnel sidewall viscous flow and sidewall suction used in the test is accounted for in this three-dimensional simulation. The three-dimensional predictions provide a substantially improved correlation with the experimental results. A very prominent aspect of the three-dimensional approach is the prediction of flow separation at the juncture of the airfoil and tunnel sidewall. This occurs in spite of the application of suction and raises serious doubts about the validity of scores of previous (and ongoing) CFD investigations, which have presumed that such two-dimensional airfoil test results were actually two-dimensional
Changing fertilizer practices

Traditional fertilizer practices using mostly single (ordinary) superphosphate applied to pastures on sandy-surfaced soils in the coastal areas of south-western Australia has contributed greatly to the eutrophication of waterbodies of the region. To reduce eutrophication, it is necessary to modify traditional fertilizer practices, involving the accurate definition of nutrient requirements for specific situations, and the evaluation of fertilizer strategy options to achieve optimal levels of yield. A model was developed to integrate available information on phosphorus, sulphur and potassium responses in pastures, and to estimate optimum fertilizer application requirements. The model uses a Mitscherlich function to describe pasture responses to applied fertilizer. Use of the model to estimate optimum fertilizer application rates also allows evaluation of the cost to agricultural production of reducing fertilizer application rates based on environmental rather than on agricultural productivity objectives.
Hexagonal and roll flow patterns in temporally modulated Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

We present experimental results for pattern formation in a thin fluid layer heated time periodically from below. They were obtained with computer-enhanced shadowgraph flow visualization and with heat-flux measurements. The experimental cell was cylindrical, with a radius-to-height ratio of 11.0. The temperature of the top plate was held constant while that of the bottom plate was modulated sinusoidally so that the reduced Rayleigh number {epsilon}{equivalent to}{Delta}{ital T}/{Delta}{ital T}{sub {ital c}}{minus}1 had the form {epsilon}({ital t})={epsilon}{sub 0}+{delta} sin({omega}{ital t}). Here the time {ital t} and frequency {omega} are scaled by the vertical thermal diffusion time. Experiments were performed within the ranges 8.0{le}{omega}{le}18.0, 0.4{le}{delta}{le}3.3, and {minus}0.2{le}{epsilon}{sub 0}{le}0.6. Measurements of the convective threshold shift {epsilon}{sub {ital c}}({delta},{omega}) were in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Comparisons were made with theoretical predictions of a range {epsilon}{sub {ital A}}({delta},{omega}){le}{epsilon}{sub 0}{lt}{epsilon}{sub {ital R}}({delta},{omega}) ({epsilon}{sub {ital A}}{lt}{epsilon}{sub {ital c}},{epsilon}{sub {ital R}}{gt}{epsilon}{sub {ital c}}) where only a hexagonal pattern with downflow at the cell centers is predicted to be stable, a range {epsilon}{sub {ital R}}{le}{epsilon}{sub 0}{lt}{epsilon}{sub {ital B}}({delta},{omega}) where both hexagonal and roll patterns are expected to be stable, and a range {epsilon}{sub 0}{ge}{epsilon}{sub {ital B}} where only a roll pattern should be stable.
Passive-roof thrust model for the emplacement of the Pelona-Orocopia Schist in southern California, United States

The early Tertiary Orocopia-Chocolate fault in southern California was originally interpreted as a southwest-directed thrust assisting tectonic underplating of the Orocopia Schist beneath North America during subduction. However, the predicted thrusting direction is opposite to that observed for the fault. Although this problem appeared to be resolved by interpreting the Orocopia-Chocolate fault as a normal fault, this alternative is inconsistent with the fact that neither an early Tertiary breakaway nor early Tertiary upper plate extension has been observed. I suggest that the fault was a northeast-directed passive-roof thrust that linked with a southwest-directed basal decollement (the Vincent thrust) during early Tertiary flat subduction of the Farallon plate beneath North America. This model may also explain a similar structural relationship between the Main Central thrust and the South Tibet detachment fault in the Himalaya.
Quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a brief report.

Background: While Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) appears to be the most effective procedure for weight loss in morbidly obese patients, objective outcome data regarding quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial status following surgery are lacking. Methods: The present study examined the effects of RYGBP in 32 morbidly obese subjects on a variety of outcome measures including QoL and psychosocial functioning. Assessments were conducted before surgery, 1 to 3 weeks post-surgery, and at 6- month follow-up. Results: In addition to weight loss, results show significant improvements in health-related QoL, depression, and self-esteem, as well as a significant reduction in eating pathology following surgery. Results also show that neither the presence of binge-eating disorder nor clinical depression predicted poorer outcome post-surgery. Conclusion: RYGBP results in a dramatic reduction in weight, and marked improvements in health-related QoL, depression, self-esteem, and eating pathology, including binge-eating in the short term. These findings need to be replicated in a larger cohort of patients and followed for a longer time before we can reach more definitive conclusions regarding the psychosocial outcome in RYGBP.
Direct current cathodic glow discharge polymerization of methane and butane

The deposition of a polymeric material on the surface of the cathode of a direct current (dc) glow discharge was investigated for methane and butane. The cathode region of a dc glow discharge is not a plasma in a strict sense. Consequently, the deposition of a polymeric material to the cathode surface differs significantly from so-called plasma polymerization of the same monomer (starting gas or vapor) that deposits on a substrate placed in a glow discharge plasma. Using methane and n-butane, the influence of the molecular weight of the monomer (M), volume flow rate, and discharge power on the deposition rate in a dc glow discharge were investigated and compared with those in an audio frequency and a radio frequency glow discharge. It was found that the deposition rate expressed in (thickness growth rate)/(M) is linearly proportional to the current density, which implies that cathodic polymerization is controlled by the cathode region parameter (not plasma parameters). The refractive indices (632.8 nm) for the cathodic polymers are in the range of 2.2–2.4 while those for plasma polymers are in the range of 1.5–1.7. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 237–245, 1998
On the nature of the dirty ice at the bottom of the GISP2 ice core

Abstract We present data on the triple Ar isotope composition in trapped gas from clean, stratigraphically disturbed ice between 2800 and 3040 m depth in the GISP2 ice core, and from basal dirty ice from 3040 to 3053 m depth. We also present data for the abundance and isotopic composition of O2 and N2, and abundance of Ar, in the basal dirty ice. The Ar/N2 ratio of dirty basal ice, the heavy isotope enrichment (reflecting gravitational fractionation), and the total gas content all indicate that the gases in basal dirty ice originate from the assimilation of clean ice of the overlying glacier, which comprises most of the ice in the dirty bottom layer. O2 is partly to completely depleted in basal ice, reflecting active metabolism. The gravitationally corrected ratio of 40Ar/38Ar, which decreases with age in the global atmosphere, is compatible with an age of 100–250 ka for clean disturbed ice. In basal ice, 40Ar is present in excess due to injection of radiogenic 40Ar produced in the underlying continental crust. The weak depth gradient of 40Ar in the dirty basal ice, and the distribution of dirt, indicate mixing within the basal ice, while various published lines of evidence indicate mixing within the overlying clean, disturbed ice. Excess CH4, which reaches thousands of ppm in basal dirty ice at GRIP, is virtually absent in overlying clean disturbed ice, demonstrating that mixing of dirty basal ice into the overlying clean ice, if it occurs at all, is very slow. Order-of-magnitude estimates indicate that the mixing rate of clean ice into dirty ice is sufficient to maintain a steady thickness of dirty ice against thinning from the mean ice flow. The dirty ice appears to consist of two or more basal components in addition to clean glacial ice. A small amount of soil or permafrost, plus preglacial snow, lake or ground ice could explain the observations.
Artificial algae as habitats for mobile epifauna : factors affecting colonization in a Japanese Sargassum bed

The utility of artificial habitats as tools in benthic studies was assessed by comparing the faunas associated with natural and artificial plants in a Japanese Sargassum bed. The 35 most common epifaunal species collected were all found to associate with both artificial and natural habitats, however, the abundances of species varied considerably between habitats. Colonization of artificial habitats was most rapid between 8 and 24 days after being placed in the field. This increased rate of colonization at intermediate time periods possibly reflected increasing attractiveness of habitats as a periphytic coating developed after the first week. Artificial habitats preconditioned in a sunlit environment to possess a layer of epiphytic algae attracted much higher numbers of epifaunal animals than habitats placed in a darkened but otherwise similar preconditioning environment. Epifaunal species appear to be attracted to artificial substrata, and presumably also natural habitats, largely because of associated diatoms and epiphytic plants.
Printing in a Digital Age

Printing has not-as some might have expected-become redundant in the digital age. It has rather evolved into an intelligent transformation of multimedia content into diversified print products. This article presents the potential and the challenges for research and industry for printing in a digital age where printing evolves with the many ways in which digital content is created, shared, and consumed everywhere at any time from different devices.
Prostaglandins, not the leukotrienes, regulate Cl−/HCO3− exchange (DRA, SLC26A3) in villus cells in the chronically inflamed rabbit ileum

Abstract Previously studies have demonstrated that Cl−/HCO3− exchange was inhibited during chronic intestinal inflammation secondary to decrease in the affinity of the exchanger for Cl− rather than the number of transporters. Arachidonic acid metabolites (AAM) are elevated in the mucosa of the chronically inflamed small intestine. However, their role in the alteration of Cl−/HCO3− during chronic enteritis was unknown. Inhibition of AAM formation with arachidonyl trifluoro methylketone (ATMK) in chronically inflamed rabbit intestine reversed the diminished Cl−/HCO3− exchange activity. Kinetics studies showed that the reversal was secondary to restoration of the altered affinity of transporter. Downstream regulation of Cl−/HCO3− inhibition by AAM was determined to be by the cyclooxygenase pathway since only inhibition of cyclooxygenase with piroxicam treatment reversed the inhibited Cl−/HCO3− exchange. Further, DRA was shown to be the primary Cl−/HCO3− exchanger in villus cells. Kinetics and molecular studies indicated that the mechanism of inhibition of Cl−/HCO3− exchange by cyclooxygenase pathway metabolites was secondary to diminished affinity of the transporter for Cl− without a change in DRA BBM expression. Thus our data indicated that cyclooxygenase pathway metabolites mediate the inhibition of DRA during chronic intestinal inflammation.
Alpha-male sooty mangabeys differentiate between females’ fertile and their postconception maximal swellings

Alpha-male sooty mangabeys in four separate social groups discriminated between a female’s fertile and her postconception maximal swelling, confirming a previous finding that one alpha male, but not other males in the group, refrained from mounting females during the postconception maximum swelling. During a 3-hr observation session, the males mounted females an average of 2.2 ± 0.3 times during the females’ fertile maximal swelling, while there were no mounts by alpha males during the females’ postconception maximal swelling. Alpha males also showed higher durations of following and frequencies of genital inspection toward females during the fertile maximal swelling. Additionally, we collected blood samples from four females three times per week to monitor estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH) changes during both swelling phases. Peak E2 concentrations preceded the maximal swelling during both the conception and the post-conception swelling, though to a greater extent during the latter period. Although 3×-weekly blood samples showed significantly greater E2 concentrations during the postconception swelling, daily samples to confirm the results revealed one instance of comparable concentrations of E2 during a fertile swelling. Thus, peak E2 concentrations may not differ during the conception and postconception swelling cycles, though the duration of the E2 elevation is longer during the postconception swelling. LH concentrations, corresponding to the conception and postconception maximal swelling, were significantly different, while P4concentrations were not. The behavioral results indicate that alpha males discriminate between a fertile swelling (associated with ovulation) and a nonfertile swelling (occurring approximately 49 days postconception); however, whether this discrimination is tied to the difference in the hormonal pattern has yet to be demonstrated.
Shape Control of Flexible Structures using Piezo-Electric Actuator/Sensors

In this paper active damping of a beam as an example of shape control of flexible structures is studied. The purpose is to stabilize significant modes of motion with piezoelectric actuator-sensor. Using a one dimensional partial differential equation model, a variational method is used to find a dissipative energy function. A criteria for the design of the shape of the piezoelectric material or electrode, which can accomplish damping of significant modes, is derived. Unlike previous efforts, which could find electrode shape for dissipativity of one mode, it is proved that the suggested shape guarantees the dissipativity of energy function for all modes of the system.
Nonlinear Analysis of Angle-Ply Laminated Strips in Cylindrical Bending

The nonlinear von Karman plate theory is used to evaluate the effects of shear-bending coupling and the degree of material orthotropy on the static response of antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply plates in cylindrical bending. Numerical results are presented for uniformly loaded, simply supported and clamped plates.
A National Survey of Genetic Counselors’ Personal Values

Personal values are motivational sources for an individual's actions [Hitlin and Piliavin (Annual Review of Sociology 30:359-393, 2004)]. Genetic counselors' values may influence their behaviors in clinical practice, but a profile of their personal values has not been identified empirically. In this study, 292 genetic counselors completed the Schwartz Universal Values Questionnaire (SUVQ; Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-65). Boston, MA: Academic.), a widely used measure of value types, and provided information about their demographic characteristics. Results indicate that respondents highly valued benevolence, self-direction, achievement, and universalism indicating a strong pattern of concern for the welfare of others. They placed considerably less value on stimulation, tradition, and power, which reflect personal interests. Respondents who reported practicing a religion scored significantly lower on stimulation and hedonism and higher on tradition and spirituality than those not practicing; married respondents and parents scored significantly lower on stimulation and achievement; and males scored higher on power than females. The value types are described, and training and research recommendations are provided.
A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for testosterone: use of a novel heterologous hapten conjugated to penicillinase.

Abstract A microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the measurement of testosterone in plasma. The assay uses a heterologous system consisting of a novel hapten 4-(17β-hydroxy-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-11β-yl)butanoicacid (1) conjugated to penicillinase (β-lactamase). The key reaction in the synthesis of the hapten was the cuprate-mediated 1,4-conjugate addition on 3,3,17,17-bis-ethylenedioxy-5α, 10α-oxido-estr-9(11)-ene by the Grignard reagent derived from trimethyl 4-bro-moorthobutyrate; this regiospecifically introduces the 11β-butanoate function. The hapten-penicillinase conjugate was used in the assay in conjunction with the immuno globulin G (IgG) fraction derived from a previously characterized, highly specific, antitestosterone serum raised against a testosterone-19-O-carboxymethyl ether-bovine serum albumin (T-19-O-CME-BSA) conjugate. This unique system represents one incorporating three elements of structural heterology: bridge, site, and ring heterology between the antigen hapten and enzyme-linked hapten. The limit of detection was 10 pg of testosterone with a sensitivity range between 15 and 1,000 pg. A low level of cross-reactivity with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (6.17%) and 11β-hydroxytestosterone (1.03%) was noted. No interference was noted with other common androgens, estradiol, or progesterone. The sensitivity and selectivity observed in the assay may be attributable to the selection of penicillinase as the enzyme marker and the elements of conformational heterology between the antigen-linked and enzyme-conjugated steroid haptens.
Temperature enhanced chemiluminescence for determination of cholesterol

Abstract The determination of cholesterol and cholesterol metabolites by enzymatic generation of hydrogen peroxide using immobilized cholesterol oxidase is a popular application of bis-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) induced chemiluminescence. The major advantage of chemiluminescence methods over other methods is improved specificity and detection limits for these analytes. Even with the improved sensitivity of chemiluminescence methods, they still suffer from significant amounts of noise due to an excessively high background signal from the reaction of complex peroxides present in surfactants used in the reagents. This is especially evident at low cholesterol concentrations. We have studied the TCPO chemiluminescence reaction system in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and in the presence of peroxides of the popular surfactant, Triton X-100. It has been shown that the kinetics of the two reactions are different, and that by varying the reaction temperature and delaying entrance into the detector, the level of background chemiluminescence and noise can be lowered considerably while the signal level can be raised. The total enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio is considerable. The effects of temperature and time on the reaction are discussed, and use of the method for determination of cholesterol in lipid control sera is demonstrated.
“Counting As” a Bridge Principle Against Searle Against Social-Scientific Laws

John Searle’s argument that social-scientific laws are impossible depends on a special open-ended feature of social kinds. We demonstrate that under a noncontentious understanding of bridging principles the so-called “counts-as” relation, found in the expression “X counts as Y in (context) C,” provides a bridging principle for social kinds. If we are correct, not only are social-scientific laws possible, but the “counts as” relation might provide a more perspicuous formulation for candidate bridge principles.
Indivisibilities and development timing the shopping-center problem

Abstract The subject of this paper is the timing and efficiency of development decisions in urban or regional markets for establishments like shopping centers, hotels, and commercial office buildings where indivisibilities are important. It presents a model of the land development process that incorporates indivisibilities. A non-optimality theorem is proved to confirm that market-controlled development timing is not optimal, and that sometimes the market undersupplies indivisible establishments once a terminal state is reached. Further, during the period of development the market may oversupply establishments for intervals of time. In contrast to static analysis, indivisibilities do not allow developers to earn positive profits. These are competed away by foresighted, sequential development timing.
Interaction of ethidium bromide with whole and selectively deproteinized deoxynucleoproteins from calf thymus.

Abstract We have investigated by means of both spectrophotometric and fluorometric techniques the binding of the fluorescent dye, ethidium bromide, to DNA, to deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNP) and to DNP's from which specific kinds of proteins have been removed. The data from equilibrium binding experiments are analyzed according to Scatchard (1949) theory, and the number of available binding sites and the magnitude of the association constants are compared for whole and partial deoxyribonucleoproteins. As protein is removed from DNP, an increase in the association constant as well as an increase in the number of avaiable binding sites is observed. Furthermore, the magnitude of the changes of both of these binding parameters is largest when the proteins removed from DNP are those extracted by 0.6 m -NaCl which primarily include histone f1. The association constant calculated from the binding of ethidium bromide to native DNP differs significantly from that reported for the binding of the dye to artificially reconstituted DNA-f1 complexes and therefore may reflect important structural differences between native and artificial nucleoproteins. The nature of the environment of the binding sites is further studied by examining the fluorescence emission spectrum and the quantum yield of dye bound to the various nucleoprotein samples. No differences in either of these parameters have been observed. In addition, the effect of ionic strength on ethidium bromide binding is examined fluorometrically and discussed in terms of the probable binding mechanism. The manner by which chromosomal proteins limit the dye-binding capacity of DNA in DNP is discussed with respect to various models of their organization along the DNA. Furthermore, it is suggested that either a specific kind or critical amount of protein is responsible for the reduced affinity for ethidium bromide of whole DNP compared to that of partial DNP's and DNA. This altered dye binding capacity of DNP may be a manifestation of an incomplete restriction of available binding sites or of the appearance of new, structurally distinct sites which do not change the absorption or fluorescence properties of bound dye molecules.
Pulsed electrohydraulic springback calibration of parts stamped from advanced high strength steel

Abstract Electrohydraulic calibration (EHC) of springback is a novel method of removing springback from stamped sheet metal panels and is based upon the electro-hydraulic effect: a complex phenomenon related to the discharge of high voltage electrical current through a liquid. The EHC process involves clamping a stamped panel against a female die with the desired part shape and then applying several pulses of pressure onto and through the thickness of the sheet, in a process somewhat similar to conventional coining operations. However, in EHC the pressure is applied by a fluid and through the use of the electrohydraulic effect, and not with a matching hard tool as done in coining. In EHC, electrical energy is stored in a bank of capacitors and is converted into kinetic energy within the liquid by rapidly discharging the stored energy across a pair of electrodes submerged in a fluid. The objective of this paper is to describe the newly developed EHC process, to report the results of early proof-of-concept experiments, to present the results of more advanced experiments using a more industrial tool and actual part geometry, and to describe how numerical modeling techniques were used to optimize the design of the larger and more industrial tool. The developed concept of electrohydraulic stress relieving calibration is based upon clamping a stamped panel to the calibration die surface with the target shape and then applying pulses of pressure to eliminate internal stresses in the stamped panel. When a stamped blank is removed from a forming die, allowed to springback, and then clamped to a calibration die, the internal elastic stresses within the panel in such a configuration serve as a memory of the shape of the blank after springback, and it is these residual stresses that EH calibration is intended to remove from the panel. The developed concept of stress relieving calibration was initially validated by a simple experiment consisting of submerging a bent strip of aluminum into the fluid within an EH chamber, so that both the outer and inner surfaces of the strip (where the internal stresses from bending are located) were exposed to the fluid and the pressure pulse. This experiment served as an initial confirmation that impact with the tool is not necessary to achieve the calibration effect. The sheet metal materials used in this study, and for which springback was eliminated after forming, include DP 980 at 1.0 mm and 1.4 mm thick, and also DP600 at 1.0 mm thick.
In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror

We present a two-photon microscope that is approximately 2.9 g in mass and 2.0 x 1.9 x 1.1 cm(3) in size and based on a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) laser-scanning mirror. The microscope has a focusing motor and a micro-optical assembly composed of four gradient refractive index lenses and a dichroic microprism. Fluorescence is captured without the detected emissions reflecting off the MEMS mirror, by use of separate optical fibers for fluorescence collection and delivery of ultrashort excitation pulses. Using this microscope we imaged neocortical microvasculature and tracked the flow of erythrocytes in live mice.
The role of disseminated calcite in the chemical weathering of granitoid rocks

Accessory calcite, present at concentrations between 300 and 3000 mg kg−1, occurs in fresh granitoid rocks sampled from the Merced watershed in Yosemite National Park, CA, USA; Loch Vale in Rocky Mountain National Park CO USA; the Panola watershed, GA USA; and the Rio Icacos, Puerto Rico. Calcite occurs as fillings in microfractures, as disseminated grains within the silicate matrix, and as replacement of calcic cores in plagioclase. Flow-through column experiments, using de-ionized water saturated with 0.05 atm. CO2, produced effluents from the fresh granitoid rocks that were dominated by Ca and bicarbonate and thermodynamically saturated with calcite. During reactions up to 1.7 yr, calcite dissolution progressively decreased and was superceded by steady state dissolution of silicates, principally biotite. Mass balance calculations indicate that most calcite had been removed during this time and accounted for 57–98% of the total Ca released from these rocks. Experimental effluents from surfically weathered granitoids from the same watersheds were consistently dominated by silicate dissolution. The lack of excess Ca and alkalinity indicated that calcite had been previously removed by natural weathering. The extent of Ca enrichment in watershed discharge fluxes corresponds to the amounts of calcite exposed in granitoid rocks. High Ca/Na ratios relative to plagioclase stoichiometries indicate excess Ca in the Yosemite, Loch Vale, and other alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains of the western United States. This Ca enrichment correlates with strong preferential weathering of calcite relative to plagioclase in exfoliated granitoids in glaciated terrains. In contrast, Ca/Na flux ratios are comparable to or less than the Ca/Na ratios for plagioclase in the subtropical Panola and tropical Rio Icacos watersheds, in which deeply weathered regoliths exhibit concurrent losses of calcite and much larger masses of plagioclase during transport-limited weathering. These results indicate that the weathering of accessory calcite may strongly influence Ca and alkalinity fluxes from silicate rocks during and following periods of glaciation and tectonism but is much less important for older stable geomorphic surfaces.
Rate limited reference governor for network controlled systems

Controllers that communicate with sensors and actuators via networks are becoming increasingly common. The networks introduce flexibility, reconfigurability, and simplify maintenance and design, but may degrade the closed-loop performance, due to phenomena such as delays and data losses. These may result in loss of stability and constraints violation. In this paper we propose a control architecture based on reference governor for dealing with network-induced time-varying delays. By modelling the closed-loop as a sampled-data system, the effect of the delay results in an input-variation dependent disturbance, so that the time delay acts as a limit on the rate of change of the command. For the case of delay smaller than the sampling period, control strategies are proposed for full and partial state measurement cases, guaranteeing robust constraints satisfaction and convergence to the setpoint. The results are used for the case where longer than sampling period (and possibly unbounded) delays occur, and a strategy that guarantees convergence using probabilistic arguments is derived.
Using cognitive theory to improve nurse practitioners' anticipatory guidance with contraceptive pill users

Community health nurse practitioners are often the major contraceptive counselors who may use anticipatory guidance to help clients' use behaviors. Because pregnancy rates during typical use are much higher than during "perfect" use, more effective anticipatory guidance could help improve use behaviors. Principles of cognitive theory were used to explore the implications of specific words and approaches associated with discussing young adults' contraceptive use. Qualitative results are reported here, and potential implications are made for nurse practitioners' anticipatory guidance related to contraceptive use.
Pathogen diversity and adaptation to the host: applications to clinical genomics.

Scott R Waterman & Peter R Williamson† †Author for correspondence University of Illinois at Chicago, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Rm 881, m/c 735, 808 S. Wood St. Chicago, IL 60612,USA, and, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Tel.: +1 312 996 6070; Fax: +1 312 413 1657; prw@uic.edu ‘... a key to predicting the outcome in the infectious balance may lie in our understanding of how genetic diversity of pathogen virulence translates into clinical outcome.’
Lymphatic Drainage Patterns in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Findings of the ACOSOG Z0360 (Alliance) Study

ObjectiveThe purpose of our study was to correlate sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) found on planar lymphoscintigraphy (LS) to SLN found with gamma probe–directed sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for T1/T2 N0 oral cavity cancer.Study DesignProspective cooperative group trial.SettingAcademic medical centers.Subjects and MethodsOne hundred forty adults with untreated T1/T2 N0 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity underwent planar LS, resection, SLNB, and neck dissection. Location of SLN by planar LS and SLNB and of metastases were compared to each other and historical data of regional metastases.ResultsSLNs located by planar LS and SLNB were predominantly in levels I through IV. There was heterogeneity in the number of SLNs found at planar LS and at SLNB, which was significantly different in levels II and III (P < .0001). In 14 of 33 cases with bilateral drainage on planar LS, SLNB detected only unilateral SLN. Sensitivity of planar LS in predicting the level of SLN was 41% to 63%, and specificity was...
A Regulator's Perspective on Regulatory Research

sources to developing a better understanding of the costs as well as the benefits of regulation. This will enable the political system to formulate regulatory policy more responsibly and it will help regulatory agencies implement that policy most efficiently. I am pleased to be invited to participate in this conference as I firmly believe that the application of economic analysis to this relatively new area of public policy has the potential for high social returns compared with other areas of work. When I came to Washington from Oregon State University nine years ago, I had little interest in regulation and no teaching or research experience. I soon learned that regulation was a priority area of work at the Council of Economic Advisers. The Council was active in advocating less regulation of surface freight transportation, commercial airlines and natural gas production. The Council was also conducting analysis of the newly-emerging environmental regulations. I first was exposed to the Council's regulatory analysis while I was on the staff. After I became a member, a major part of my responsibility was to coordinate the Council's regulatory analysis and represent the Council inside and outside government. Unfortunately, the amount of work which was needed greatly exceeded the capacity of the Council's small staff of two professionals in this area. This was especially true since new regulatory programs and requirements were proliferating rapidly in the early 1970s. During the past four years I have been deeply involved in establishing a new regulatory agency which oversees commodity futures trading. My remarks today, therefore, will be from my experience as a regulator-from the inside, so to speak. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) was created by Congress in 1974 when commodity markets were exceptionally turbulent. In addition, establishing new federal regulatory programs was fashionable during this period. Even though Congress is more skeptical about starting new regulatory programs today, I believe they would have to establish the CFTC now if they had not already done so. I know Congress considers effective regulation of futures trading to be desirable and essential for the protection of the hedging and pricing functions of futures markets as well as for the protection of those who use the markets. Let me make four general observations based upon my experience as a CFTC Commissioner. I hope my perspective will help you determine how to get a handle on regulatory research, which is not an easy task.
The hydrolysis of soap solutions. II. The solubilities of higher fatty acids

The solubilities of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in water at 25° and 50°C. were determined by use of conductivity measurements. Correction was made for carbon dioxide; and total solubilities, together with the concentration of dissociated and of undissociated acid were calculated. Their solubilities range from 359×10−6 M for capric acid to 2.1×10−6 M for stearic acid at 25°C. The solulility of laric and myristic is approximately doubled by an increase of temperature from 25° to 50°C., that of capric, palmitic, and stearic acids increases by 25 to 40%.
Children's evaluation of the certainty of another person's inductive inferences and guesses

Abstract In three studies, 5–10-year-old children and an adult comparison group judged another's certainty in making inductive inferences and guesses. Participants observed a puppet make strong inductions, weak inductions, and guesses. Participants either had no information about the correctness of the puppet's conclusion, knew that the puppet was correct, or knew that the puppet was incorrect. Children of all ages (but not adults) rated the puppet as more certain about statements the child knew to be correct than statements the child knew to be incorrect. When assessing another's certainty, children have difficulty inhibiting their own knowledge and focusing on the other's perspective. Children were more likely to differentiate between inductions and guesses when the puppet made an Incorrect Statement, but even the oldest children did not differentiate consistently. The distinction between induction and guessing appears to be only acquired gradually but is important as a contributor to more advanced forms of reasoning and epistemological understanding.
Acyl-CoA synthetase activity associated with rapeseed lipid body membranes

Abstract Long chain acyl-CoA synthetase activity (EC 6.2.1.3) was detected in Triton X-100 solubilizations of lipid body membrane preparations from germinating rapeseed, Brassica napus. The enzyme requires ATP, CoA and Mg2+. The activity was present in dry seeds, increased during imbibing and began to decline after two days of germination. Activity was observed for C14 : 0 to C22 : 1 fatty acids, with oleic acid, C18 : 1, showing maximum activity. The substrate specificity and the subcellular site of this long chain acyl-CoA synthetase suggests that the enzyme has a role in the processing of fatty acids stored in rapeseed lipid bodies.
Placement, Retrieval, and Memory of Caches by Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels

Mechanisms governing placement and retrieval of scatter hoards were investigated in 13-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). The squirrels used several placement tactics, including relatively deep burial of seeds, avoidance of prominent objects, and cryptic placement, which would reduce chance discovery by competitors but that might also increase the difficulty of retrieval for the hoarder. Nevertheless, scatter hoards were unfailingly retrieved within a day or two after placement, despite experimental elimination or displacement of local sensory cues emanating from the sites. Artificial caches placed close to true caches were not discovered, indicating that recovery attempts were quite precise. These results imply that 13-lined ground squirrels rely heavily on spatial memory for retrieval and are the first experimental demonstration of the importance of memory for cache recovery in a natural population of mammals.
A systematic approach to obtaining numerical solutions of Jeffery’s type equations using Spherical Harmonics

Abstract This paper extends the work of Bird, Warner, Stewart, Sorensen, Larson, Ottinger, Vukadinovic, and Forest et al., who have applied Spherical Harmonics to numerically solve certain types of partial differential equations on the two-dimensional sphere. We present a systematic approach and implementation for solving such equations with efficient numerical solutions. In particular we are able to solve a wide variety of fiber orientation equations considered before by Jeffery, Folgar and Tucker, and Koch, and include several recently introduced fiber orientation collision models. The main tools used to compute the coefficients for the Spherical Harmonic-based expansion are Rodrigues’ formula and the ladder operators. We show that solutions of the Folgar–Tucker model using our new algorithm retains the accuracy of full simulations of the fiber orientation distribution function with computational efforts that are only slightly more than the Advani–Tucker orientation/moment tensor solutions commonly used in industrial applications. The Spherical Harmonic approach requires a computational effort of just three times that of the orientation tensor approach employing the orthotropic closure of VerWeyst, but with less than 1/1000th the computational effort of numerical solutions of the full orientation distribution function obtained using control volume methods.
Economic design of unit load-based FMSs employing AGVs for transport

Abstract A methodology to economically configure an automated guided vehicle based flexible manufacturing system (FMS) in terms of machine and material handling requirements is presented. The procedure uses the concept of simultaneous design to determine the number of machines required at each workstation in the FMS and the number of automated guided vehicles required to service the material handling needs of the system. The technique integrates decisions on machine requirements, vehicle requirement, and vehicle/container carrying capacity into a single cost model. Solution to the model automatically yields the best resource configuration for the shop that achieves the set production target while minimizing total manufacturing cost. A hybrid algorithm that combines numerical search, simulation, and statistical analysis is employed for solving the problem. The application of the design procedure is demonstrated with an example problem. Sensitivity analysis on machine and vehicle requirements due to changes...
Opening the Chromatin by eRNAs.

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) have emerged as an important component of transcriptional activation. In this issue, Mousavi et al. (2013) have uncovered a critical role for eRNAs in regulation of myogenic differentiation program through increasing chromatin accessibility at MyoD and MyoG loci.