cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Characterization of the N-Terminal C2 Domain from Arabidopsis thaliana Phospholipase Dα and Dβ

Most of plant phospholipases D (PLD) exhibit a C2-lipid binding domain of around 130 amino acid residues at their N-terminal region, involved in their Ca2+-dependent membrane binding. In this study, we expressed and partially purified catalytically active PLDα from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPLDα) in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the recombinant AtPLDα was found to be NVEETIGV and thus to lack the first 35 amino acid belonging to the C2 domain, as found in other recombinant or plant purified PLDs. To investigate the impact of such a cleavage on the functionality of C2 domains, we expressed, in E. coli, purified, and refolded the mature-like form of the C2 domain of the AtPLDα along with its equivalent C2 domain of the AtPLDβ, for the sake of comparison. Using Forster Resonance Energy Transfer and dot-blot assays, both C2 domains were shown to bind phosphatidylglycerol in a Ca2+-independent manner while phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine binding were found to be enhanced in the presence of Ca2+. Amino acid sequence alignment and molecular modeling of both C2 domains with known C2 domain structures revealed the presence of a novel Ca2+-binding site within the C2 domain of AtPLDα.
Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for Immunotherapies

Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) overcome many of the limitations of biologically based adoptive immunotherapy protocols. While these acellular systems can be designed with a variety of parameters, including material type, diameter, and proliferative signals for T cells, we outline methods to formulate and characterize a comprehensive polymeric microparticle aAPC platform. These aAPCs, which can be reproducibly fabricated in large quantities, efficiently stimulate antigen-specific T cell activation and proliferation by both paracrine cytokine signals and engagement of T cell surface proteins.
Current Practices in Home Management of Nasogastric Tube Placement in Pediatric Patients: A Survey of Parents and Homecare Providers.

Abstract Enteral feeding tubes are used in pediatric patients to deliver nutrition, fluids or medications. The literature related to short-term feeding tube (nasogastric [NG], hereafter known as NGT, or orogastric [OGT],) use in pediatric homecare patients is sparse. This descriptive study sought to gather baseline information about these children and how their feeding tubes are managed at home. Specifically, we sought to better understand how the tubes are placed and the method(s) used for tube placement verification. Two surveys were distributed: one to parents and one to homecare providers who have direct patient contact. Results Responses were obtained from 144 parents and 66 homecare providers. Over half of the children were 12 months of age or younger and had a 6 Fr feeding tube. Over 75% (108) had an NGT for 1 year or less. Predominantly parents replaced the NGT but a few children self-inserted their tubes. Feeding tube placement was verified by auscultation (44%) or measurement of gastric pH (25%) in the parent's survey. Twenty-six percent of parents indicated they had misplaced an NGT at least once and 35 parents described symptoms of pulmonary misplacement. The homecare provider data indicated auscultation (39%) and pH measurement of gastric contents (28%) to verify NG tube placement location. Study results confirms a need for consistency of practice among health care professionals and in parent education for those children who require NGTs at home. It is troubling that auscultation is still widely used for NGT location confirmation despite practice alerts that warn against its use.
An Investment-based Explanation for the Post-merger Underperformance Puzzle

This paper proposes an investment-based explanation and resolves the post-merger performance puzzle. Traditional asset pricing models fail to take into account the link between investment and performance, and hence, resulting in post-merger performance puzzle. Upon observing that disproportionately high fraction of acquirers are high Tobin’s Q firms, a group characterized with high investment ratio and low discount rate, I use an investment-augmented Fama French model and a Q-theory based model to examine acquirer’s long-term performance and find the puzzle disappears. Empirical results show that stock-financed acquirers and glamour acquirers do not underperform once the investment factor is controlled. ∗Address for correspondence: Foster School of Business, PACCAR Hall, Box 353226, 4295 E. Stevens Way NE, Room 431, Seattle, WA 98195. Email: ccchang@uw.edu
Evolution of turbulence through a broadened preheat zone in a premixed piloted Bunsen flame from conditionally-averaged velocity measurements

Abstract This work assesses two hypotheses that predict how turbulence properties vary within premixed turbulent flames that lie in the regime of Broadened Preheat-Thin Reaction layers. There have been few prior measurements describing flames in this regime. The authors previously found that very broad preheat layers were achieved for turbulence levels (u′/SL) up to 243. Surprisingly, the reaction layer thickness did not increase, despite having Kolmogorov scales smaller than the laminar reaction layer thickness. A first hypothesis is that the turbulence decays in the preheat layer (as the temperature rises and viscous forces increase), so that the reaction layer sees only a small fraction of the initial turbulence. It follows that this turbulence decay might be responsible for the observed non-linear bending of the curve of turbulent burning velocity versus turbulence level. A second hypothesis is that the total turbulent kinetic energy does not decrease significantly in the preheat zone; instead, the small eddies decay and cause the integral scale to increase. Conditional averages are required to assess these two hypotheses. Fluorescence imaging identified the reaction zone boundary and particle image velocimetry diagnostics were applied simultaneously. The velocity measurements were conditioned on η, the distance to the upstream boundary of the reaction zone in each image. Conditioned measurements of turbulent kinetic energy, average eddy rotational velocity, strain rate, enstrophy, and integral length scale were computed through the flame. Results indicate that the turbulence level does not decrease within the broad preheat layers, and therefore the first hypothesis is not valid. In fact, the turbulence level within the entire burner core does not vary appreciably. However, the second hypothesis was supported by the measurements, since the integral scale increased by 50% across the preheat layer. The total turbulent kinetic energy did not decrease significantly. One explanation for this result is that small eddies are dissipated in the preheat zone.
Livelihood Diversification among the Pastoral and Agropastoral Groups in the Upper Awash Valley, Ethiopia

This study explores variations in livelihood diversification among three pastoral or agropastoral groups in the Awash Valley, Ethiopia. The data were derived from a survey of 596 households randoml...
Infants with Atypical Presentations of Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia with Misalignment of the Pulmonary Veins Who Underwent Bilateral Lung Transplantation

Objective To describe disease course, histopathology, and outcomes for infants with atypical presentations of alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of the pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) who underwent bilateral lung transplantation. Study design We reviewed clinical history, diagnostic studies, explant histology, genetic sequence results, and post-transplant course for 6 infants with atypical ACDMPV who underwent bilateral lung transplantation at St. Louis Children's Hospital. We compared their histology with infants with classic ACDMPV and compared their outcomes with infants transplanted for other indications. Results In contrast with neonates with classic ACDPMV who present with severe hypoxemia and refractory pulmonary hypertension within hours of birth, none of the infants with atypical ACDMPV presented with progressive neonatal respiratory failure. Three infants had mild neonatal respiratory distress and received nasal cannula oxygen. Three other infants had no respiratory symptoms at birth and presented with hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension at 2-3 months of age. Bilateral lung transplantation was performed at 4-20 months of age. Unlike in classic ACDMPV, histopathologic findings were not distributed uniformly and were not diffuse. Three subjects had apparent nonmosaic genetic defects involving FOXF1. Two infants had extrapulmonary anomalies (posterior urethral valves, inguinal hernia). Three transplanted children are alive at 5-16 years of age, similar to outcomes for infants transplanted for other indications. Lung explants from infants with atypical ACDMPV demonstrated diagnostic but nonuniform histopathologic findings. Conclusions The 1- and 5-year survival rates for infants with atypical ACDMPV are similar to infants transplanted for other indications. Given the clinical and histopathologic spectra, ACDMPV should be considered in infants with hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension, even beyond the newborn period.
Two cases of combined patellar tendon avulsion from the tibia and patella

Avulsion fractures of the inferior pole of the patella and proximal tibial apophysis are independently rare injuries. They occur in children due to the relative weakness of the apophyseal cartilage compared to the ligaments and tendons. The combination of these two fractures, is exceedingly rare, with only a few previously described cases in the literature. Due to the infrequent presentation of this injury, careful examination and consideration of advanced imaging is important for diagnosis and preoperative planning. Here we present two cases of combined sleeve fractures of the inferior pole of the patella and tibial apophysis, with discussion of the pathophysiology, classification, identification and management of the injury.
Chance: Risk in general

One of the most complex notions of the interconnectedness of modern society is the relationship between risk and reward. A complicating issue that specifically bears on privately owned real estate investments is the impact of owner management. This refers to the addition of entrepreneurial skill to the process, not the day-to-day renting, maintaining, and accounting functions all of which can be acquired for the payment of wages or commissions to managers. Public financial markets are organized in a way that separates ownership from control. Private real estate investment combines them. Furthermore, the chapter explains the Certainty Equivalent (CE) approach. The search for a sound way to evaluate risky alternatives leads to an inquiry into the way discounts come about. It can be assumed that nearly anything of value can be sold if the price is lowered. Risky alternatives, as ‘‘things of value,’’ become more appealing as the entry fee is reduced (because the return increases). The idea that describes this situation well is known as the “CE approach.”
Risk Estimation of Human Lung Cancer from Environmental Exposure to Diesel Exhaust: Extrapolation from Particle Induced Experimental Lung Tumors?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is presently preparing a Health Assessment Document of inhaled diesel engine emissions which will also address the question of an assessment of its carcinogenic potency. The evidence of a carcinogenic potential of inhaled diesel exhaust from epidemiological studies is limited whereas it is sufficient from long-term rat inhalation studies (IARC, 1989). Table 1 lists several of those rat inhalation studies, and the question arises whether the result of these studies could be used for assessing a carcinogenic risk for human exposure.
Investigating the Determinants of Substrate Binding through a Semester-Long, Project-Oriented Biochemistry Laboratory Course

A semester-long hypothesis-driven laboratory project for second-semester biochemistry has been developed. Working independently, students propose a hypothesis about the role of one amino acid residue in the active site of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS). They then test this hypothesis by site-directed mutagenesis of a plasmid encoding the wild-type enzyme, overexpression and purification of the mutant protein, and detailed kinetic characterization. Student success in this laboratory course requires attention to detail and careful preservation of materials from week to week. Controls are carefully selected to allow diagnosis of experimental failures, and students are required to discuss them in their laboratory reports. The combination of independent work coupled with experiments in which results from one week influence the next provides students with a model of professional research activities that is absent from traditional laboratory experiments.
Advances in Structure Determination of G Protein-Coupled Receptors by SFX

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest superfamily of membrane proteins, members of which are involved in regulation of critical sensory and physiological processes in the human body. High-resolution GPCR structures are essential for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, and for the rational design of more effective therapeutics. GPCR structure determination is, however, hampered by challenges in their expression, stabilization, and crystallization. The recent emergence of X-ray free electron lasers (FELs), and establishment of serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) have advanced the field of structural biology by enabling access to high-resolution structure and dynamics of challenging to crystallize and radiation damage-sensitive macromolecules. In this chapter we outline relevant SFX technology developments and its applications to structural studies of GPCRs, shedding light on ligand binding to antitumor and anti-addiction targets, uncovering molecular mechanisms behind distinct functions of angiotensin receptors, elucidating full-length structures of multidomain class B and Frizzled receptors, and revealing details of interactions between GPCRs and arrestins.
Methodology for Developing an Educational and Research Video Library in Minimally Invasive Surgery.

Objective Explore the methods used and costs necessary for the creation and maintenance of a surgical video library with an emphasis on its applications in surgical education and scholarship. Design A methodology paper highlighting how to develop and utilize a surgical video library for trainee operative preparation, development of research projects, and surgeon credentialing. Setting The study was conducted at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, a tertiary care medical center. Participants Not applicable. Results The video library includes all recorded robotic operations performed by the Division of Surgical Oncology at the University of Pittsburgh from 2010 to 2018. It includes 929 videos of which 110 selected videos are uploaded for trainee review online to prepare for upcoming operations. These procedures are broken into steps to create intraoperative time metrics for trainee integration. Fellows operated from console in 85% of robotic cases and all 30 fellows could obtain robotic privileges based on case logs. To date 102 short scholarly videos have been created: 7 for manuscripts, 13 as video submissions, 27 in book chapters, and 55 for presentations. Three papers have been published using video review to determine clinical outcomes with four more under evaluation. The cost of the program is Conclusions Video libraries can be efficiently created utilizing intraoperative recorders for minimally invasive surgery. Breaking surgeries into distinct steps can aid in deliberate integration and answer clinical questions. Overall video libraries are cost effective tools for trainee education, research, and ultimately surgeon credentialing.
The beginning of an era of functional genomics in Rickettsiology is steeped in history.

Human diseases caused by bacteria in the genus Rickettsia , commonly referred to as typhus or spotted fevers, are among the oldest and most severe scourges of humankind. All of the diseases’ agents utilize blood-sucking arthropods as vectors, which influences disease epidemiology. Epidemic typhus continues to cause outbreaks today in situations of war and unrest (1), and the incidence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is growing in the Americas (2). Despite an urgent need, broadly protective vaccines are unavailable, although previously used vaccines proved this an achievable goal (3). It has long been known that recovered patients mount protective immune responses, producing antibodies that have been used for diagnosis of rickettsioses through the so-called Weil−Felix reaction since the early 1900s (4). However, until the research by Kim et al. (5), the identity of the genes encoding the molecular machinery responsible for producing the cognate antigen in all species of rickettsiae was unknown. The history of the Western world reflects the power of rickettsial disease agents. Epidemic typhus, which may kill over 30% of infected people, has shaped history profoundly at least since medieval times (6), when hapless inhabitants of cities beleaguered by enemy armies were forced to live in crowded quarters and under unsanitary conditions. This created favorable conditions for human body lice, the vectors for the causative agent, Rickettsia prowazekii (7). Soldiers … [↵][1]1Email: munde001{at}umn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Clinical factors associated with mood affective disorders among adults with cerebral palsy

Objective To determine individual and aggregated associations of cerebral palsy (CP)-related symptoms and the effect of comorbid neurodevelopmental conditions on mood (affective) disorders among adults with CP. Methods Cross-sectional data from 2016 were extracted from a random 20% sample of the Medicare fee-for-service database. International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes were used to identify 18- to –64-year-old beneficiaries with CP, as well as mood (affective) disorders, pain, sleep disorders, fatigue, and comorbid neurodevelopmental conditions (intellectual disabilities [ID], autism spectrum disorders [ASD], and epilepsy). Results Four thousand eight hundred twenty-three of the 17,212 adults with CP had mood (affective) disorders (28.0%). After adjusting for age, sex, and race, pain (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15; 99.5% confidence interval [CI] = 1.94–2.39), sleep disorders (OR = 2.43; 99.5% CI = 2.13–2.77), fatigue (OR = 1.38; 99.5% CI = 1.18–1.60), ID (OR = 1.47; 99.5% CI = 1.31–1.63), ASD (OR = 1.44; 99.5% CI = 1.16–1.80), and epilepsy (OR = 0.81; 99.5% CI = 0.73–0.91) were each associated with mood (affective) disorders. When pain, sleep disorders, and fatigue were presented as a count variable, the adjusted odds of mood (affective) disorders increased with the number of factors: 1 factor (OR = 1.99; 99.5% CI = 1.79–2.22), 2 factors (OR = 4.18; 99.5% CI = 3.58–4.89), and all 3 factors (OR = 7.38; 99.5% CI = 5.17–10.53). Conclusions Among young and middle-aged adults with CP, mood (affective) disorders were associated with pain, sleep disorders, and fatigue, and increasing co-occurrence of these factors further increased the likelihood of mood (affective) disorders. Further, comorbid neurodevelopmental conditions were also associated with mood (affective) disorders among adults with CP. Study findings could be used to improve screening strategies for mood (affective) disorders among adults with CP in the clinical setting.
Population Structure of the Red Macroalga Botryocladia occidentalis (Børgesen) Kylin (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodymeniales) in the Gulf of Mexico Before the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Studies on the population structure of common widespread macroalgae in the Gulf of Mexico (GoMx) are scarce, and this knowledge gap limits our understanding on how disturbances affect the genetic diversity of macroalgae in this basin. The latter is due to the lack of a baseline that can be compared with allele frequency surveys conducted after a major disturbance such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH), which leaked 780,000 m3 of crude oil in the vicinity of highly diverse macroalgal communities. Fortunately, quantitative assessments of the population structure pre-DWH can be accomplished for several macroalgae with dried specimens collected from research cruises conducted before 2010 in the offshore GoMx. Based on three markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COX II-III intergenic spacer, and the RuBisCO large subunit), this study reconstructed the allele frequencies pre-DWH for a GoMx-widespread macroalga, Botryocladia occidentalis, and revealed the existence of distinct populations in each of three distant regions of the GoMx: Florida Middle Grounds (FL), Campeche Banks (CB), and offshore Louisiana (LA). Population structure was assessed with exact tests of population differentiation and Analyses of Molecular Variance. FL harbored the most differentiated and genetically diverse population due to the presence and abundance of unique haplotypes. Interestingly, FL haplotypes were not closely phylogenetically related to each other and included the most divergent lineages of the entire GoMx; this phylogeographic pattern suggests a strong influence of migrants from the Caribbean on the FL population. Additionally, likelihood ratio tests with a small sample collected post-DWH indicated that the LA population underwent strong changes, showing statistically significant differences before (LA) vs. after (L2) the disaster. Whereas the LA population had affinity to CB, L2 showed a FL haplotype that, before the disaster, had never been reported in LA or CB. Such changes may not be permanent but rather a temporary response to disturbance; also, they may not necessarily be caused by the spilled oil but by other factors associated with the DWH.
Thyroid dysfunction and mental disorders

Abstract About 18% of adults in the United States have anxiety disorders, which include posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and various phobias. About 7% of adults had at least one major depressive episode in the past year. Bipolar disorder affects about 2.5% of adults, and just over 1% of adults have schizophrenia. Serious mental-illness costs Americans more than $193 million in lost earnings annually. Thyroid dysfunction may be related to a variety of mental disorders. Depression is an example of a mental disorder that actually may be one of the first symptoms of thyroid dysfunction. Patients may be mislabeled as having a major mental disorder even though hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is causing their symptoms. When thyroid function is not normal, a variety of mental symptoms and conditions may develop. These include anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, irritability, aggression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, phobia, and even schizophrenia. As many as 15% of patients treated for depression have elements of mild or overt hypothyroidism. Conditions commonly linked to mental disorders include cretinism, myxedema, and Graves’ disease with stress.
MASK AND PERSONA: CREATING THE BARD FOR BARDCOM

This article explores a number of perspectives on the creation of very different Shakespeares as personas by first examining the celebration of the 400th anniversary of his death in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 2016 and Shake, Mr Shakespeare, a remarkable Roy Mack 1936 Warner Brothers short. From there it moves on to consider the brief appearance of Shakespeare in the time-travel comedy Blackadder: Back and Forth, in ‘The Shakespeare Code’ episode of Doctor Who and in the off-Broadway musical Something Rotten!, before examining the work of Ben Elton in his screenplay for All Is True and in the seemingly unlikely success of Upstart Crow, the BBC sitcom with Shakespeare as the lead character, which has so far completed three six-episode series and three Christmas specials. The article is concerned with the multiple masks of the sequence of personas that create these Shakespeares, from Shakespeare as perhaps the epitome of the celebrity author to Shakespeare as a sitcom Dad.
Surface modification of organic powders for enhanced rheology via atomic layer deposition

Abstract Some organic additive manufacturing feedstocks can be cohesive and tend to agglomerate in suspensions, which can lead to significant challenges in formulating solids-loaded fluids, like those used in many additive manufacturing processes. By depositing an ultra-thin, layer of a second material conformally with the surface of the feedstock powder, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) can be used to uniquely modify the surface and, thereby, cohesion of the powder material without changing the properties of the bulk material. This paper demonstrates low temperature (
Age- and memory- related differences in hippocampal gray matter integrity are better captured by NODDI compared to single-tensor diffusion imaging.

Single-tensor diffusion imaging (DTI) has traditionally been used to assess integrity of white matter. For example, we previously showed that integrity of limbic white matter tracts declines in healthy aging and relates to episodic memory performance. However, multi-compartment diffusion models may be more informative about microstructural properties of gray matter. The current study examined hippocampal gray matter integrity using both single-tensor and multi-compartment (neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, NODDI) diffusion imaging. Younger (20-38 years) and older (59-84 years) adults also completed the Mnemonic Similarity Task to measure mnemonic discrimination performance. Results revealed age-related declines in both single-tensor (lower fractional anisotropy, higher mean diffusivity) and multi-compartment (higher restricted, hindered and free diffusion) measures of hippocampal gray matter integrity. As expected, NODDI measures (hindered and free diffusion) captured more age-related variance than DTI measures. Moreover, mnemonic discrimination of highly similar lure items in memory was related to hippocampal gray matter integrity in younger but not older adults. These findings support the notion that age-related differences in gray matter integrity are better captured by multi-compartment versus single-tensor diffusion models and show that the relationship between mnemonic discrimination and hippocampal gray matter integrity is moderated by age.
Changes in knowledge, perceptions and use of JUUL among a cohort of young adults.

Objective E-cigarettes have gained popularity, most recently with pod-style devices, such as JUUL. We examined changes in JUUL awareness, use, perceptions, nicotine content knowledge, number of days a pod lasts and exposure to JUUL retail advertising over a 6-month period in a cohort of young adults. Methods In spring and fall 2018, 1836 young adults completed online surveys on tobacco use, including JUUL perceptions and use behaviours. Demographics, tobacco use and JUUL advertising exposure in spring 2018 were examined as predictors of current JUUL use in fall 2018. Results Ever and current JUUL use doubled in 6 months (5.9% vs 12.7%, p Conclusions Findings demonstrate changes in knowledge of JUUL’s nicotine content, perceptions and use over a short period of time, suggesting frequent measurement is necessary. Additionally, efforts are needed to regulate retail advertising and ensure consumer education about product risks as they are associated with current use.
Impact of Memristor Defects in a Neuromorphic Radionuclide Identification System

Memristor arrays are promising structures for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing systems. However, due to their nondeterministic fabrication process, manufacturing defects can degrade computation accuracy. In this paper, a memristor-based neuromorphic radionuclide identification system is proposed and tested for robustness. The computational task consists of classifying an incoming radionuclide signal from a dictionary of well-known radionuclides. Nuclide identification accuracy was determined by performing a defect-oriented testing of the system. Defect analysis and modelling focused on static faults, where the memristor resistivity was stuck at extreme values. Results show that the system has a higher tolerance to static defects where the resistance is jammed at the maximum extreme (effective open circuit) than in the minimum extreme (effective short circuit). It is shown that the system maintains close to its full performance when up to 15% random open defects are present in the array. The outcomes of this work are relevant to implementing state-of-the-art memristive devices into similar neuromorphic computing systems.
Protecting others from ourselves: self-care in social work educators

Self-care is a trending topic in social work, both in the professional workplace and the social work curriculum. There is an imperative that newly minted social workers, and their seasoned peers, c...
State Preemption: An Emerging Threat to Local Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation.

We sought to examine the strategies promoting and countering state preemption of local sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes in the United States. Using Crosbie and Schmidt’s tobacco preemption fram...
2 Evaluation of the microbiome effects of easy and hard keeper horses with the application of the Equine Keeper Status Scale

Horses with 2 different metabolic tendencies are referred to as “easy keepers” (EK) or “hard keepers” (HK). These tendencies are anecdotal and often related to the Henneke Body Condition Scoring system. EK tends to be over-conditioned (BCS ≥6) and HK need extra feed to maintain a BCS of 5. “Medium keepers” (MK) can maintain a BCS of 5 easily. This lab group has developed the Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) and the objective of this work is to compare the microbiome composition of the 3 keeper statuses between owner reported keeper statuses (ORKS) and EKSS assignments. Fresh fecal samples from 73 horses were collected for 16S rRNA profiling. ORKS were obtained by a verbal estimate of their horse's keeper status in regard to their metabolic tendencies with no influence of the research team (ORKS: EK, n = 20; MK, n = 26; HK, n = 27). Feed weights and BCS scores of each horse were collected and digestible energy intakes were estimated by FeedXL software (input variables of the EKSS) and EKSS assignments were determined at a later time (EK, n = 31; MK, n = 22; HK, n = 20). QIIME2 (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology, v. 2020.8) and R was used for data processing and analysis. α diversity Shannon-Weaver measures between ORKS groups were not found (P = 0.34) but were found after EKSS evaluation (P = 0.06) and Tukey's pairwise tests found the difference between EK and MK to be the most different (P
Habeas Corpus: A Very Short Introduction (Excerpt)

This Very Short Introduction will tell the story of what is sometimes known as “the Great Writ” as it has unfolded in Anglo-American law. The primary jurisdictions explored will be Great Britain and the United States, but many aspects of this story will ring familiar to those in other countries with a robust habeas tradition. Along the way, the book will chronicle the long-standing role of the common law writ as a vehicle for reviewing detentions for conformity with underlying law, as well as more specifically the profound influence of the English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 on Anglo-American law. The book will highlight how under certain circumstances the common law writ has come up short. It will also, however, tell stories of how on other occasions the common law writ has proved immensely significant in the story of individual liberty, including, to offer but one example, as a vehicle for freeing slaves. The pages that follow also explore the English Habeas Corpus Act and its importance in Anglo-American habeas jurisprudence, including its enormous influence on the drafting of the US Constitution. They also will reveal the waning influence of the act in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is during this period that courts in both countries moved away from a suspension model grounded in the act’s protections and—sometimes for better and sometimes for worse—embraced a vision of habeas drawing primarily on the common law writ, heralding its adaptability to address new circumstances as they arise, but sometimes doing so at the expense of the core protections enshrined in and long associated with the Habeas Corpus Act.
Proper Sets of Absolute Values. Divisors and Units

In this chapter, we give the most important examples of the type of field which concerns us. They are essentially fields of finite type over the prime field or over some constant field, the latter giving rise to relative theories.
Consensus or Divergence: Examining the Aggregation of Individual to Team Level Adoption of Innovations

The examination of multi-level phenomenon has been a perennial issue within the IS discipline. However, despite recent advancements, we see a gap in the literature in our lack of understanding of how team level perceptions, when aggregated, predict team level performance. In this paper, we report upon an experimental study of 216 subjects, representing 72 3-person teams who performed a business simulation. Our findings demonstrate a mixed set of factors predicting performance – both consensus of the team towards the technology and divergence in opinions of the team towards the technology. These results highlight the need for more work in the area of aggregating individual to team level data when examining the adoption of innovations.
Sustainability Through Design Science: Re-Imagining Option Spaces Beyond Eco-Efficiency

Ecological resource efficiency, implemented as a market mechanism within a neoclassical economy, shoulders the burden of providing a worldview for sustainable development: continuous GDP growth to provide for the expansion of human needs, and dematerialization through resource efficiency to accommodate ecological limits. However, resource efficiency does not equal resource conservation. Empirical evidence confirms that the emergent rebound effects of efficiency gains overpower their first-order intention, creating counterintuitive feedback effects at larger scales. Backfire, the collective product of individual scale resource efficiencies, is little recognized as a key driver of resource depletion. However, the acknowledgement of rebound effects as emergent properties of eco-efficiency systems also opens an opportunity space. This paper introduces the paradigm of design science for sustainable development, a qualitatively different epistemology in which the emergent effects of throughput growth and social rebound are collectively negotiated within a sustainable area budget. Multiple-alternative scenario building within this budget outlines a process within which emergent properties are negotiated relative to the resilience of social and ecological systems. Design science provides the crucial outlines for the negotiation of a common future inscribed within ecological limits. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Embedding intelligence in online help: a case study

The authors discuss what is meant by intelligent online help. They then highlight the intelligent features of the Fortran 90 Tutor, an online help system at Hewlett-Packard that teaches new features of the Fortran 90 computer language. The intelligent features discussed include annotations, self test, interactive examples, and encapsulations. The authors also summarize some of the lessons they learned during the development of the intelligent help system discussed here. >
Tethered blockers as molecular 'tape measures' for a voltage-gated K+ channel

The propagation of electrical signals in excitable cells is orchestrated by a molecular family of voltage-dependent ion channel proteins. These K+, Na+, and Ca++ channels are all composed of four identical or similar units, each containing six transmembrane segments (S1-S6) in a roughly four-fold symmetric structure. The S5-S6 sequences fold into a central pore unit, which is surrounded by a voltage-gating module composed of S1-S4. The recent structure of KcsA, a two-transmembrane bacterial K+ channel, illuminates the physical character of the pore unit, but little is known about the arrangement of the surrounding S1-S4 sequences. To locate regions of this gating module in space, we synthesized a series of compounds of varying length that function as molecular 'tape measures': quaternary ammonium (QA) pore blockers that can be tethered to specific test residues. We show that in a Shaker K+ channel, the extracellular ends of S1 and S3 are approximately 30 ? from the tetraethylammonium (TEA) blocking site at the external opening of the pore. A portion of the S3-S4 loop is, at 17-18 ?, considerably closer.
Finding geographic vulnerabilities in multilayer networks using reduced network state enumeration

Despite advancements in the analysis of networks with respect to geographic vulnerabilities, very few approaches exist that can be applied to large networks with varied applications and network measures. Natural and man-made disasters as well as major political events (like riots) have kept the challenges of geographic failures in networks in the forefront. With the increasing interest in multilayer and virtual networks, methods to analyze these networks for geographic vulnerabilities are important. In this paper, we present a state space analysis method that analyzes multilayer networks for geographic vulnerabilities. It uses either the inability to provision an upper layer service and/or increased costs to provision as the criteria for network failure. Mapping techniques for multilayer network states are presented. Simplifying geographic state mapping techniques to reduce enumeration costs are also presented and tested. Finally, these techniques are tested on small and extremely large networks.
Spinal cord stimulation for visceral pain from chronic pancreatitis.

Background and Objectives: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) may reduce pain scores and improve function in patients with various chronic abdominal pain syndromes including chronic pancreatitis. Here described is a large clinical experience in SCS for severe chronic pancreatitis. Methods: SCS was trialed in 30 patients with chronic pancreatitis. SCS trials lasted 7–14 days (median 9 days). SCS lead tips were mostly positioned at the T5 (N= 10) or T6 (N= 10) vertebral level. Results: Twenty-four patients (80%) reported at least 50% pain relief on completion of the trial. Among these, pre-trial visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores averaged 8 ± 1.6 (standard deviation) and opioid use averaged 165 ± 120 mg morphine sulfate equivalents. During the trial, VAS pain scores decreased to 3.67 ± 2 cm (p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test) and opioid use decreased to 105 ± 101 mg morphine equivalent a day. Six patients failed the trial; one was lost to follow-up; in three patients after the implantation, the system had to be removed due to infection or lead migration; and 20 were followed for the whole year. For 20 patients followed for the whole year, VAS pain scores remained low (3.6 ± 2 cm; p < 0.001) at one year, as did opioid use (48.6 ± 58 mg morphine equivalents). Conclusions: SCS may be a useful therapeutic option for patients with severe visceral pain from chronic pancreatitis. Prospective trial is warranted.
Microsatellite markers for Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass)

Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is a flourishing invasive weed in the western United States. The objective of our study is to characterize its genetic diversity. We made a B. tectorum genomic library in lambda phage and screened approximately 4000 clones for poly CA and poly CT dinucleotide repeats. Of 38 sequences with dinucleotide repeats isolated from the library, we designed primer sets for 18 loci. A preliminary screen of 40 individuals from four populations indicated that seven loci were polymorphic. These loci will be valuable for elucidation of cheatgrass genetic diversity and population structure.
Austinixa aidae Righi, 1967 and A. hardyi Heard and Manning, 1997 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnnotheridae) synonymized, with comments on molecular and morphometric methods in crustacean taxonomy

While conducting a systematic study of Austinixa Heard and Manning, 1997, we encountered difficulties in distinguishing A. hardyi Heard and Manning, 1997 from A. aidae Righi, 1967, based on characters discussed in the current literature. We re‐examined morphological characters previously reported as diagnostic, and assessed their variation within and between these putative species. We expanded the analysis to include three independent types of data: discrete morphological characters, morphometric characters, and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16s rDNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes were almost identical between A. aidae and A. hardyi, raising questions about the validity of A. hardyi as a distinct species. Analysis of morphometric characters using multivariate (principal components analysis) and univariate allometric adjustment methods, support the mitochondrial DNA data in suggesting A. aidae and A. hardyi are a single species. Finally, we provide a brief re...
Optimizing hybrid ventilation in public spaces of complex buildings – A case study of the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery

Abstract Complex buildings such as hospitals and laboratories require intensive ventilation and cooling loads in order to meet operational demands. One way to reduce energy use while meeting these demanding requirements in complex buildings is the incorporation of hybrid ventilation in areas that do not require high and continuous loads such as public spaces. This research establishes an experimental approach to test and analyze various hybrid ventilation strategies in an occupied, complex building utilizing hybrid ventilation in public spaces. To optimize the use of hybrid ventilation, this research focuses on tracking three performance criteria: energy savings, occupant comfort and indoor-air quality. The framework establishes a variety of hybrid ventilation strategies to test, and outlines how to analyze results graphically and through linear regression modeling. This experimental approach is illustrated through a case study example of a laboratory building located in Madison–Wisconsin. The selection of the ideal hybrid ventilation strategy for the public space studied resulted in 56 percent average savings in ventilation and cooling load when HV is in use, and established a potential to use hybrid ventilation for 28 percent of the 111 day cooling season (20 percent savings in mechanical cooling over the summer).
REVERSED WAVELET FUNCTIONS AND SUBSPACES

Let the operators D and T be the dilation-by-2 and translation-by-1 on , which are both bilateral shifts of infinite multiplicity. If ψ(·) in is a wavelet, then {DmTnψ(·)}(m,n)∈ℤ2 is an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space but the reversed set {TnDmψ(·)}(n,m)∈ℤ2 is not. In this paper we investigate the role of the reversed functions TnDmψ(·) in wavelet theory. As a consequence, we exhibit an orthogonal decomposition of into T-reducing subspaces upon which part of the bilateral shift T consists of a countably infinite direct sum of bilateral shifts of multiplicity one, which mirrors a well-known decomposition of the bilateral shift D.
Total and Free Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Fetal and Adult Pregnant and Nonpregnant Guinea Pigs

Information on total and free serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the adult and fetal guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is limited. These variables were studied in adult male and female guinea pigs and in pregnant guinea pigs and their fetuses at various times during gestation. Total serum T4 levels in adult males, nonpregnant females, and pregnant females did not differ significantly [range, 2.5 +/- 0.3 to 3.2 +/- 0.8 micrograms/dl (mean +/- SD)]. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the percent free T4 (0.046-0.068%), free T4 (1.26-2.03 ng/dl), total T3 (39-44 ng/dl), the percent free T3 (0.521-0.638%), and free T3 (0.221-0.260 ng/dl) among adult males, nonpregnant females, and pregnant females. rT3 was undetectable in adult male, nonpregnant female, and pregnant female guinea pig serum. T4 values were similar and those for T3 were lower in fetal compared to maternal serum at 45 days of gestation, whereas serum rT3 was detectable in fetal serum. Between 45 and 62 days of gestation, fetal serum T4 increased from 2.5 to 0.3 to 4.3 +/- 1.3 micrograms/dl (mean +/- SD, P less than 0.01), fetal serum T3 remained unchanged, and fetal serum rT3 increased from 5.2 +/- 3.3 to 25.0 +/- 11.4 ng/dl (P less than 0.01). Near term, fetal serum total and free T4 and total rT3 concentrations were significantly higher and total and free T3 concentrations were significantly lower than the corresponding values in maternal serum. Total serum T4 is higher in the guinea pig than in the rabbit, is similar to values in the rat, and is lower than values in man. The free T4 concentration in guinea pig serum is similar to those in humans and rats. The ontogenesis of thyroid hormones differs strikingly in the guinea pig fetus compared to that in the rat fetus and shares many similarities with sheep and human fetal thyroid development.
Studies of the distribution, drift, and volatilization of diazinon resulting from spray application to a dormant peach orchard

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the spray distribution, spray drift, and volatilization of diazinon applied in the conventional manner with an air-blast sprayer to a dormant peach orchard. Copper hydroxide and a dormant oil were applied along with the diazinon. Soil samples and tree rinse samples were used to determine the distribution in the orchard. Airborne losses were calculated by the integrated horizontal flux method from measurements of wind speed and pesticide concentration profiles obtained during and for several days following application. Diazinon was not distributed evenly between the trees and the soil in the orchard according to their relative areas. Most of the diazinon accounted for was found to be on the soil. The residue on the soil dissipated with a 19 day half life. Application drift losses were small compared to long-term volatilization losses, and we conclude that most of the diazinon in California's Central Valley atmosphere during the dormant spray season results from volatilization. This result has important implications for designing strategies for controlling inadvertent contamination of other crops and the environment.
Age differences in the temporal locus of memory organization in children's recall☆

Abstract Age differences in when (i.e., at input or output) children organize information for recall were investigated in terms of a model specifying that information organized at input is more resistant to forgetting over time than information not organized at input. In Experiment 1, recall of items from categorically related and unrelated lists was assessed either immediately or after a 4-min delay. For 9-year-olds, the effect of delay was comparable for the related and unrelated lists, indicative of spontaneous organization at time of output. In contrast, 13-year-olds showed a significantly smaller delay effect with related than with unrelated lists, indicative of spontaneous organization at time of input. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that, for 9-year-olds, high levels of clustering in and of themselves do not eliminate effects of delayed testing characteristic of output organization, and that when 9-year-olds are biased to organize information at input, delay effects are reduced only when measures are taken to ensure that all the category labels are retrieved.