cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and evaluation of 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidines as CNS penetrant pan-muscarinic antagonists with a novel chemotype.

Abstract This letter describes the synthesis and structure activity relationship (SAR) studies of structurally novel M 4 antagonists, based on a 4,6-disubstituted core, identified from a high-throughput screening campaign. A multi-dimensional optimization effort enhanced potency at both human and rat M 4 (IC 50 s p,uu = 0.87), while other DMPK attributes were addressed in the course of the optimization effort, providing low in vivo clearance in rat (CL p = 5.37 mL/min/kg). Surprisingly, this series displayed pan -muscarinic antagonist activity across M 1–5 , despite the absence of the prototypical basic or quaternary amine moiety, thus offering a new chemotype from which to develop a next generation of pan -muscarinic antagonist agents.
Thickness-dependent magnetic and electrical transport properties of epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 films

The thickness-dependent magnetic and electrical transport properties of nearly strain-free La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 (LSCO) films grown on (001)-oriented (LaAlO3)0.3 (Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 substrates were systematically studied. A crossover from ferromagnetic/metallic to non-magnetic/insulating behavior occurs at a critical thickness (∼8 nm) that is significantly smaller than LSCO films under larger strains in reported literature. X-ray absorption measurements revealed that the difference of functional properties at reduced film thicknesses was accompanied by changes in the valence state of Co ions at the film/substrate interface.
Transient dynamic modeling and validation of an organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system for heavy duty diesel engine applications

Abstract This paper presents a dynamic organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery (ORC-WHR) Simulink® model and an engine model for heavy-duty diesel applications. The dynamic, physics-based ORC-WHR system model includes parallel evaporators, flow control valves, a turbine expander, a reservoir, and pumps. The evaporator model contains an enhanced pressure drop model, which calculates pressure drop for each working fluid phase via a linear relation to the axial location inside each phase. The ORC-WHR component models parameters are identified over large range of steady state and transient experimental data, which are collected from an ORC-WHR system on a 13 L heavy-duty diesel engine. The component models are integrated into an entire system model and the boundary conditions, inputs and outputs for the individual models are described. A GT-POWER® engine model and its transient validation is presented. The speed and torque profiles of a long-haul, constant speed variable-load heavy-duty cycle are processed through the engine model to produce the exhaust and recirculated exhaust gas transient conditions relevant for the ORC model. The ORC-WHR system then simulated over these highly transient engine conditions. Overall, this paper provides detailed guidelines for ORC-WHR system modeling, model calibration, and component models integration.
Beavers as Engineers of Wildlife Habitat

Beavers are ecological engineers but also keystone species, whose presence in the boreal forest is critical for creating and modifying habitat for a myriad of other species. Beaver impoundments are used extensively by moose and white-tailed deer for feeding, cooling, predator avoidance, and relief from biting insects. Gray wolves focus use on beaver impoundments when preying on beavers, moose, and deer. Wolves also use beaver meadows for rendezvous sites and abandoned lodges for den sites. Several other species of semi-aquatic mammals and mesocarnivores have been reported using abandoned lodges and dams for den sites. Beaver impoundments produce a diverse array of environmental features that provide habitat for many different bird guilds or functional groups. Trumpeter swans and other waterfowl are attracted to open water habitats created by beaver impoundments. Great blue herons and osprey nest almost exclusively on dead trees killed by beaver-flooded forests. Woodpeckers and other cavity nesters also benefit from dead trees in flooded areas. Beaver meadows are attractive to many passerine species that prefer shrubby or grassy habitats. Open water in ponds also provide excellent habitat for amphibians and turtles. In combination, the effect of beaver activity on terrestrial vertebrate diversity in Voyageurs National Park is impressive. Inventory, monitoring, and research efforts at Voyageurs National Park from 1973–2016 documented ≥124 species of terrestrial vertebrates using portions of beaver-affected wetlands for at least part of their life history, representing at least 61% of mammals, 30% of birds, 100% of amphibians, and 20% of reptiles species extant in the park. More directed inventories at beaver impoundments would likely increase these estimates. Future assemblages of terrestrial vertebrates in this boreal ecosystem will change as beaver abundance and their resultant influence also changes across the landscape.
Has Breeding Improved Soybean Competitiveness with Weeds

Soybean yield gain over the last century has been attributed to both genetic and agronomic improvements. Recent research has characterized how breeding efforts to improve yield gain have also secondarily impacted agronomic practices such as seeding rate, planting date, and fungicide use. To our knowledge, no research has characterized the relationship between weed—soybean interference and genetic yield gain. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine whether newer cultivars would consistently yield higher than older cultivars under increasingly competitive environments, and whether soybean breeding efforts over time have indirectly increased soybean competitiveness. Field research was conducted in 2014, 2015, and 2016 in which 40 maturity group (MG) II soybean cultivars released between 1928 and 2013 were grown season-long with three different densities of volunteer corn (0, 2.8, and 11.2 plants m-2). Soybean seed yield of newer cultivars was higher than older cultivars at each volunteer corn density (P<0.0001). Soybean seed yield was also higher in the weed-free treatment than at low or high volunteer corn seeding rates. However, soybean cultivar release year did not affect late-season volunteer corn shoot dry biomass at either seeding rate of 2.8 or 11.2 seeds m-2. The results indicate that while soybean breeding efforts have increased yield potential over time, they have not increased soybean competitiveness with volunteer corn. These results highlight the importance of other cultural practices such as planting date and crop row spacing for weed suppression in modern soybean production systems.Nomenclature: Corn, Zea mays L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Unique amalgamation of primary and secondary structural elements transform peptaibols into potent bioactive cell-penetrating peptides

Mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics and molecular phylogeny data were used to identify a metabolically prolific strain of Tolypocladium that was obtained from a deep-water Great Lakes sediment sample. An investigation of the isolate’s secondary metabolome resulted in the purification of a 22-mer peptaibol, gichigamin A (1). This peptidic natural product exhibited an amino acid sequence including several β-alanines that occurred in a repeating ααβ motif, causing the compound to adopt a unique right-handed 311 helical structure. The unusual secondary structure of 1 was confirmed by spectroscopic approaches including solution NMR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Artificial and cell-based membrane permeability assays provided evidence that the unusual combination of structural features in gichigamins conferred on them an ability to penetrate the outer membranes of mammalian cells. Compound 1 exhibited potent in vitro cytotoxicity (GI50 0.55 ± 0.04 µM) and in vivo antitumor effects in a MIA PaCa-2 xenograft mouse model. While the primary mechanism of cytotoxicity for 1 was consistent with ion leakage, we found that it was also able to directly depolarize mitochondria. Semisynthetic modification of 1 provided several analogs, including a C-terminus-linked coumarin derivative (22) that exhibited appreciably increased potency (GI50 5.4 ± 0.1 nM), but lacked ion leakage capabilities associated with a majority of naturally occurring peptaibols such as alamethicin. Compound 22 was found to enter intact cells and induced cell death in a process that was preceded by mitochondrial depolarization.
Development of gallium compounds for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Gallium maltolate as a novel agent with broad-spectrum activity against diverse lymphoma cell types.

5464 Background: Despite advances in therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), the mortality from this disease remains high. Hence, there is a great need to develop new drugs to treat this malignancy. Clinical trials have demonstrated gallium nitrate (GaN) to have significant activity in NHL. However, since GaN needs to be administered slowly by continuous intravenous infusion, alternate modes of gallium administration that may be more convenient and safe are of interest. Gallium maltolate (GaM) is a novel compound currently in clinical development as an oral formulation of gallium. In the present study, we examined the effects of GaM and GaN in a panel of lymphoma cell lines that included unique CCRF-CEM GaN-resistant cells (developed in our laboratory), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells, and p53 variant lymphoma cells. Methods and Results: The effects of GaN and GaM on cell proliferation, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis-induction were compared. Over a 72-h incubation, both GaN and GaM inhibited T lymphoma CCRF-CEM cell growth with IC50s of 103 μM (GaN) and 29 μM (GaM), respectively. Whereas GaN did not inhibit the growth of GaN-resistant cells, even at 4000 μM GaN, their growth was inhibited by GaM (IC50 70 μM). The growth of MCL cell lines HBL2, JVM2, Z138C, and Granta was inhibited by GaN at IC50s of 45 - 400 μM. In contrast, the IC50 of GaM for these cell lines was 15 - 30 μM. GaN IC50s for p53 wt TK-6 and p53 null NH-32 cells were 145 and 150 μM respectively, while the GaM IC50s were 18 and 40 μM. The growth of p53 mutant WTK-1 cells was not inhibited by GaN (IC50 >400 μM) but was inhibited by GaM (IC50 45 μM). Cells exposed to either GaN or GaM displayed an increase in Annexin V staining and a dose-dependent increase in caspase-3 activity; however, caspase-3 activation occurred with lower concentrations of GaM than with GaN. Maltol alone did not inhibit cell growth, indicating that the effects of GaM were due to Ga per se . GaN and GaM produced a dose-dependent decrease in cellular iron uptake by 15 - 40%. Cell surface transferrin receptors increased with low GaM concentrations but decreased with high concentrations. Conclusions: Whereas both GaN and GaM display cytotoxicity against NHL cells, GaM inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis at significantly lower concentrations than GaN. Importantly, GaM induces apoptosis in cell lines resistant to GaN. This suggests that although the two Ga compounds may have certain intracellular targets in common, GaM targets additional processes, thus circumventing drug resistance to GaN. In addition, GaM’s activity is independent of tumor cell p53 status. The results of ongoing studies of mechanisms of apoptotic activity of GaM will also be presented. This information will be important in identifying lymphoma subtypes that may be responsive to treatment with this novel gallium compound.
Long-term market implications of data breaches, not

ABSTRACTThis report assesses the impact disclosure of data breaches has on the total returns and volatility of the affected companies’ stock, with a focus on the results relative to the performance of the firms’ peer industries, as represented through selected indices rather than the market as a whole. financial performance is considered over a range of dates from 3 days post-breach through 6 months post-breach, in order to provide a longer-term perspective on the impact of the breach announcement.
Webly Supervised Learning Meets Zero-shot Learning: A Hybrid Approach for Fine-Grained Classification

Fine-grained image classification, which targets at distinguishing subtle distinctions among various subordinate categories, remains a very difficult task due to the high annotation cost of enormous fine-grained categories. To cope with the scarcity of well-labeled training images, existing works mainly follow two research directions: 1) utilize freely available web images without human annotation; 2) only annotate some fine-grained categories and transfer the knowledge to other fine-grained categories, which falls into the scope of zero-shot learning (ZSL). However, the above two directions have their own drawbacks. For the first direction, the labels of web images are very noisy and the data distribution between web images and test images are considerably different. For the second direction, the performance gap between ZSL and traditional supervised learning is still very large. The drawbacks of the above two directions motivate us to design a new framework which can jointly leverage both web data and auxiliary labeled categories to predict the test categories that are not associated with any well-labeled training images. Comprehensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework.
Inhomogeneous Boson Systems Made Planar

The hypernetted-chain variational theory and the parquet summation of perturbation theory provide diverse insights into the structure of many-body systems. Both methods effectively deal with the short-range correlations induced by the twobody interaction and the long-range correlations characteristic of quantum many-body systems. In the language of perturbation theory, they both perform a reasonably selfconsistent summation of ring diagrams and ladder diagrams. In past work, we have examined very carefully the relationship between the optimized Jastrow hypernettedchain theory without elementary diagrams and local approximations made in the parquet theory. For both central potentials [1] and spin-dependent potentials[2], we have shown that the final expressions for evaluating the distribution functions and energies are similar to the point of being identical. Yet while the static features are described identically, the two approaches lead naturally to rather different ways of computing other properties of the system. In the perturbation theory, the energy dependence enters in a transparent way into the fundamental constructs, and there are natural suggestions for ways to take the results of a parquet calculation of the ground-state properties of the bulk liquid and use them to determine the single-particle self-energies. [3] The perturbation theory also leads naturally to a discussion[4–5] of the Baym-Kadanoff[6–7] conserving vertex theory.
Knee Joint Line Deformity Sources of Malalignment

Thus far, we have considered malalignment due to femoral and tibial deformities and due to joint laxity and subluxation between the femur and tibia. The other remaining sources of malalignment are bone and cartilage loss from the knee joint surfaces. The most common of these is cartilage loss from the medial or lateral knee compartments. The effect is to increase the JLCA because the femoral and tibial joint line surfaces are no longer parallel. This should not be mistaken for collateral ligament laxity. Although they are often found together, they need to be distinguished from each other. Both are assessed by means of stress radiographs. The minimum and maximum cartilage space is measured for both medial and lateral sides from the stress radiographs (►Fig. 15-1 and see Fig.14-8). If an increased JLCA is identified as being due to loss of cartilage height, this component of angulation must be incorporated into the total magnitude of angular correction. In realignment of the tibia in cases with increased JLCA, the distal femur can be used as the knee joint line (►Fig. 15-2). Similarly, for a femoral deformity, the tibial joint line can be used as the knee joint line for purposes of planning.
Spatial–temporal nonlocal homogenization model for transient anti-plane shear wave propagation in periodic viscoelastic composites

Abstract This manuscript presents a spatial–temporal nonlocal homogenization model for transient anti-plane shear wave propagation in viscoelastic composites. The proposed model is formulated through asymptotic homogenization with higher order corrections incorporated to extend the applicability of the homogenization theory to shorter wavelength regime. A nonlocal homogenization model in the form of a fourth order PDE is consistently derived with all model parameters directly computed from the microstructure equilibrium. A reduced order model in the form of a second order PDE is then proposed for efficient transient wave propagation analysis. The reduced model retains the dispersive character of the original nonlocal model through the effective stiffness tensor. Transient shear wave propagation in two-dimensional domain with periodic elastic and viscoelastic microstructures is investigated and the proposed models were verified against direct numerical simulations. The spatial–temporal nonlocal homogenization model is shown to accurately capture shear wave dispersion in the first pass band and attenuation within the first stop band.
Semi-quantitative Characterization of Secondary Science Teachers' Use of Three-Dimensional Instruction

This quasi-experimental study evaluated middle- and high-school science teachers’ implementation of three-dimensional (3D) instruction as defined by the Next Generation Science Standards. Teachers ...
The Effect of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Psychotropic Medication on Outcomes Following Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Nearly 20% of the US adult population lives with mental illness, and less than 50% of these receive treatment. Preoperative mental health may affect postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA), yet is rarely addressed; poor outcomes increase the cost of care and burden on the healthcare system. This study examines the influence of patients with psychiatric diagnosis (PD) and taking psychotropic medication (PM) on emergency room visits, readmissions, and discharge disposition following TJA. Methods Single institution retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 3020 primary TJA performed between January 2017 and June 2018. Chi-squared, t-tests, and analysis of variance were used to quantify differences between groups. Results Nine hundred seventy-six (32.3%) patients had a PD, most had depression (10.1%), anxiety (8.6%), or both (8.4%); 808 (26.8%) patients were on PM. Patients with PD were more likely to experience emergency room visits (6.3% vs 10.0%, P = .034) and skilled nursing facility discharge (11.6% vs 17.9%, P = .005). Patients taking PM were more likely to experience skilled nursing facility discharge (12.4 vs 17.1, P = .047); those taking >2 PM had the highest rate (21.6%). Conclusion Patients with PD on or off PM may experience increased healthcare utilization in the postoperative period. Increased patient education and support may reduce these discrepancies. PD is not a deterrent for TJA, but targeted interventions should be developed to provide additional support where needed and avoid unnecessary utilization of resources.
A randomized phase II trial of niraparib plus either nivolumab or ipilimumab in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer whose cancer has not progressed on platinum-based therapy.

TPS4161Background: The treatment paradigm for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) typically involves ongoing chemotherapy until either disease progression or clinical deterioration. A ...
A large-scale analysis of deployed traffic differentiation practices

Net neutrality has been the subject of considerable public debate over the past decade. Despite the potential impact on content providers and users, there is currently a lack of tools or data for stakeholders to independently audit the net neutrality policies of network providers. In this work, we address this issue by conducting a one-year study of content-based traffic differentiation policies deployed in operational networks, using results from 1,045,413 crowdsourced measurements conducted by 126,249 users across 2,735 ISPs in 183 countries/regions. We develop and evaluate a methodology that combines individual per-device measurements to form high-confidence, statistically significant inferences of differentiation practices, including fixed-rate bandwidth limits (i.e., throttling) and delayed throttling practices. Using this approach, we identify differentiation in both cellular and WiFi networks, comprising 30 ISPs in 7 countries. We also investigate the impact of throttling practices on video streaming resolution for several popular video streaming providers.
Anaerobic microbial communities can influence algal growth and nutrient removal from anaerobic digestate

The objective of this work was to test the impact of anaerobic digester microorganisms on algal growth, composition, and nutrient removal from digestate. Culture studies were carried out to determine the impacts of the microbial community on treatment of poultry litter anaerobic digestate by two strains of green algae: Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella sorokiniana. The results showed that the community doubled the growth of A. protothecoides but had no impact on C. sorokiniana growth. A similar result was observed for nutrient removal where the microbial community increased the capacity of A. protothecoides to remove ammonium and phosphate. The impact of the microbial community on biomass composition was minimal for both algae types.
Deceptor-in-the-Middle (DitM): Cyber Deception for Security in Wireless Network Virtualization

Wireless virtualization has emerged as a technology of interest to overcome resource sharing problem by allowing multiple virtual networks to access the same physical wireless infrastructure concurrently based on service level agreements (SLAs). The main focus so far has been on improving the efficiency of wireless resource sharing process. From a security perspective, this technology and its variations have not commanded as much attention partly due to the early state of wireless virtualization development and the undefined nature of potential attacks. In this paper, we present a Deceptor-in-the-Middle (DitM) cyber-deception mechanism that leverages the wireless virtualization architecture to enable virtual network operators to learn about the interest and nature of attacks without the attacker being aware and also not compromising the security and quality of service requirements of the virtual network users. We also propose a detection mechanism for identifying the presence of an attacker and redirecting to deception virtual networks. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using numerical results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results signify that the proposed DitM results in higher throughput than that of without the deceptor. We also analyzed the DitM using different metrics including the probability of miss detection and false alarm.
Key financial indicators and ratios: How to use them for success in your practice.

Abstract Accounting and finance are not typically a core educational offering in medical education. However, for physician leaders and leaders-in-grooming, it is prudent to be familiar with key financial indicators and ratios. The purpose of this review article is to provide fundamental information for emerging radiology physician leaders by describing important financial indicators and ratios, how they are defined and calculated, and, most importantly, how they can be interpreted and utilized for improving practice performance. Summary sentence Understanding and implementing key financial ratios and indicators is important to maintain and improve financial performance in radiology practices.
Associations between perceived everyday discrimination, discrimination attributions, and binge eating among Latinas: Results from the National Latino and Asian American Study

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to quantify the association between perceived everyday discrimination and binge eating among Latinas in the United States. Methods Participants included 1014 Latinas from the 2002–2003 National Latino and Asian American Study. Modified Poisson models with robust standard errors were used to estimate sociodemographic-adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of binge eating associated with overall and attribution-specific discrimination. Results Approximately 7% of Latinas reported binge eating. Increased frequency of discrimination was associated with a higher prevalence of binge eating (aPR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23–2.06), and Latinas reporting frequencies of discrimination in the top tertile had the greatest prevalence elevation (aPR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.32–10.00). There were important differences by discrimination attribution: Latinas experiencing primarily height/weight-based or skin color–based discrimination had the greatest prevalence elevation relative to those reporting no discrimination (aPR, 10.24; 95% CI, 2.95–35.51; and aPR, 8.83; 95% CI, 2.08–37.54, respectively), whereas Latinas reporting primarily race-based discrimination had the lowest prevalence elevation (aPR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.47–5.69). Conclusions Discrimination may be an important social determinant of Latinas’ binge eating. Future research should incorporate expanded conceptual models that account for Latinas' complex social environment, focusing on intersecting dimensions of identity.
Early risk stratification after resuscitation from cardiac arrest

Emergency clinicians often resuscitate cardiac arrest patients, and after acute resuscitation, clinicians face multiple decisions regarding disposition. Recent evidence suggests that out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with return of spontaneous circulation have higher odds of survival to hospital discharge, long-term survival, and improved functional outcomes when treated at centers that can provide advanced multidisciplinary care. For community clinicians, a high volume cardiac arrest center may be hours away. While current guidelines recommend against neurological prognostication in the first hours or days after return of spontaneous circulation, there are early findings suggestive of irrecoverable brain injury in which the patient would receive no benefit from transfer. In this Concepts article, we describe a simplified approach to quickly evaluate neurological status in cardiac arrest patients and identify findings concerning for irrecoverable brain injury. Characteristics of the arrest and resuscitation, initial neurological assessment, and brain computed tomography together can identify patients with high likelihood of irrecoverable anoxic injury. Patients who may benefit from centers with access to continuous electroencephalography are discussed. This approach can be used to identify patients who may benefit from rapid transfer to cardiac arrest centers versus those who may benefit from care close to home. Risk stratification also can provide realistic expectations for recovery to families.
Characterization of Patients with COVID-19 Admitted to a Community Hospital of East Harlem in New York City

Background New York City was the epicenter for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to characterize the population of patients admitted with this condition to a community hospital in East Harlem located in the northeast part of the city. Methods A retrospective review of medical records of patients at least 18 years of age, admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 disease from March 14 to April 30 of 2020. Results Three hundred and seventy-one patients were identified. The majority was comprised of men. Obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were the most prevalent comorbidities. Most patients were treated with a combination of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, zinc, and vitamin C. Twenty-three percent of the patients died from the disease during the study period. Conclusion Morbidity and mortality were substantial in patients with COVID-19 admitted to a community hospital in East Harlem.
New Gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) from the Cabbage Patch Beds of Montana (Renova Formation) and the Phylogenetic Relationships Within Entoptychinae

Entoptychine gophers are a species-rich subfamily of the Geomyidae from the Oligo-Miocene known from countless teeth, numerous jaws, and rare skulls and skeletons. Because of this rich fossil record, entoptychine gophers have greatly contributed to our understanding of the biostratigraphy, biogeography, and paleoecology of fossil deposits of the western United States. Nonetheless, there is currently no phylogenetic framework for the subfamily. We describe four new species of entoptychines from the Arikareean-aged Cabbage Patch beds of Montana, including three species of the genus Pleurolicus (P. gwinni, P. nelsoni, and P. rensbergeri) and one species of Gregorymys (G. tavenneri) and include these taxa into the first phylogenetic analysis of Entoptychinae to include all species within PleurolicusCope, 1878, GregorymysWood, 1936, and ZiamysGawne, 1975, as well as a species of the genus EntoptychusCope, 1878. We recover a paraphyletic Pleurolicus at the base of the tree. Ziamys is a monophyletic genus, sister taxon to the clade formed by the genera Entoptychus and Gregorymys. Within Pleurolicus, the species strictly from the Great Plains form a clade. Gregorymys is divided into two major clades, one that includes the southern species G. riograndensisStevens, 1977, and G. veloxikua Jimenez-Hidalgo et al., 2018, as well as G. riggsiWood, 1936, and G. tavenneri and one including all other species from the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Gregorymys kayiWood, 1950, a poorly known outlier species of the genus is sister to the Entoptychus species included in our analysis. Our findings suggest a complicated evolutionary history for the Entoptychinae, but also offer the opportunity for fruitful future analyses of evolutionary ecology.
Cross-Validation and Application of a Scale Assessing School Band Performance

This is the sixth and culminating study in a series whose purpose has been to acquire a conceptual understanding of school band performance and to develop an assessment based on this understanding....
Sixteenth to Eighteenth-Century Underclass Slang: autem mort “Married Woman”

Under the headword morts, B. E.’s late seventeenth-century dictionary of underclass slang, A new dictionary of the terms ancient and modern of the canting crew, explains: “c[ant]. Yeomen’s Daughter...
Venezuela : 21st-century authoritarianism in the digital sphere

This chapter summarises extensive information on digital rights violations and politically motivated information disorders affecting Venezuelans, principally social media users. The chapter focuses on the conflict dynamic between an authoritarian government and those fighting for re-democratisation. Venezuelan government policies and actions amid the process of eroding democracy are revisited. The most pressing issues affecting internet freedom and digital rights are scrutinised. Emphasis is placed on the discussion of the dynamics of the coordinated spread of online propaganda and government-sponsored disinformation. Issues surrounding the deployment of digital ID, biometrics data and risks of massive surveillance are also identified. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations for social media companies, journalists, civil society organisations and policy shapers involved in democratic transition efforts.
Design Rules, Volume 2: Chapter 9—Organizing to Rationalize

The purpose of this chapter is to explain what the technologies of flow production with bottlenecks require and reward in organizations. I argue that the organizations best suited to implementing these technologies are vertically integrated spanning all potential bottlenecks. They are subject to unified governance and exercise direct authority over process design, job definitions and task assignments. As they come to employ more people, they create hierarchical management structures as a means of managing information flows and delegating decision rights. Finally the early 20th Century, most of these organizations have been legally chartered as corporations that can own assets, enter into contracts and employ individuals in their own right. The public’s view of “big business” and “high technology” eventually coalesced into a paradigm of mass production—a cluster of related concepts about how the world worked. Throughout the middle years of the 20th century, most Americans and Europeans assumed that large businesses using advanced technology would be organized as vertically integrated corporations, exercise direct authority, and create managerial hierarchies. These assumptions were not challenged until the spread of personal computers and the Internet began to reward new forms of organization that responded to the requirements and rewards of the new information technologies.
Interactions among common non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses and influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on their circulation in New York City

Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and voluntary behavioral changes during the COVID-19 pandemic have influenced the circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections. We aimed to examine interactions among common non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus and further estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these viruses. Methods We analyzed incidence data for seven groups of respiratory viruses in New York City (NYC) during Oct 2015 - May 2021 (i.e., before and during the COVID-19 pandemic). We first used elastic net regression to identify potential virus interactions and further examined the robustness of the found interactions by comparing the performance of Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models with and without the interactions. We then used the models to compute counterfactual estimates of cumulative incidence and estimate the reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic period from March 2020 to May 2021, for each virus. Results We identified potential interactions for three endemic human coronaviruses (CoV-NL63, CoV-HKU, and CoV-OC43), parainfluenza (PIV)-1, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We found significant reductions (by ~70-90%) in cumulative incidence of CoV-OC43, CoV-229E, human metapneumovirus, PIV-2, PIV-4, RSV, and influenza virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, the circulation of adenovirus and rhinovirus was less affected. Conclusions Circulation of several respiratory viruses has been low during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may lead to increased population susceptibility. It is thus important to enhance monitoring of these viruses and promptly enact measures to mitigate their health impacts (e.g., influenza vaccination campaign and hospital infection prevention) in the coming months.
Emerich v. Philadelphia Center for Human Development: The new duty to warn in Pennsylvania.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in a case of first impression, recently addressed the duty of Pennsylvania mental health professionals to a non-patient third party.' Although the Court upheld the dismissal of the lawsuit on the pleadings prior to trial. the Court created a "duty to warn" specific, endangered third parties. The holding leaves much to be desired for mental health professionals trying to manage potentially violent patients. both in the community and the hospital.
Static fault localization on Memory failures using Photon Emission Microscopy

Conventionally, Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) failures rely on memory bitmap for failure analysis. Static fault localization approach is ineffective except if the defect is large enough to cause a resistive short between the VDD and VSS nodes. However, it was observed that subtle defects that fall in the wordline (WL) of the pass gate transistor results in a partially turned-on NMOS with electroluminescence that can be effectively localized by Photon Emission Microscopy (PEM). In this paper, we leverage on this phenomenon to showcase 4 cases where static fault localization using PEM has helped the foundry to resolve memory BIST yield loss on advanced technology node devices without bitmap capability.
Abstract 4473: Development of ceramide liposomes for tumor interstitial and vascular drug targeting

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Interstitial and vascular targeting with cytotoxic agents has proven to be an effective approach for cancer therapy (1). Ceramide, a sphingolipid, plays an important role in apoptosis, regulation of differentiation, growth suppression, and in cell senescence (2). Liposomes containing ceramide exert an anti-proliferative effect against the growth of tumor cells in vitro (3). In this study, we attempted to apply a rational approach to the development of ceramide liposomes for tumor targeting. Methods: We first determined the relative amounts of ceramide produced by cells normally found in the tumor interstitial matrix (ZR-75-1- human breast cancer cells), and by those lining tumor endothelia (HMEC-1 -human microvascular endothelial cells). For this experiment we measured sphingomyelinase activity. We next determined the cytotoxic effects of various liposome systems containing 0 to 20% ceramide (C6:1) content. The optimal ceramide content was determined from this study, and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) was loaded in the optimal ceramide liposome preparation type. We next evaluated cytotoxic effects of the drug-loaded liposomes compared to ceramide liposomes alone. Results: ZR-75-1 cells showed a higher level of sphingomyelinase activity (4.4 fold) as compared to that of HMEC-1. The 20% ceramide formulation demonstrated the most significant anti-proliferative effect, regardless of the cell line. The cytotoxic drug effects were favorably influenced by the ceramide content. Finally, preliminary studies suggest that the overall effectiveness of ceramide liposomes against the growth of proliferating tumor cells correlated with the sphingomyelinase activity expressed by the target cells. Conclusion: Future studies will determine whether sphingomyelinase activity can be used to determine the population of cells (i.e., interstitial vs vascular) most likely to benefit from ceramide (cytotoxic) drug-loaded liposomes as a therapeutic approach. Citation Format: Shaohua Cheng, William Crall, Bryan Nguyen, Charles Dang, Musaed Alkholief, Robert B. Campbell. Development of ceramide liposomes for tumor interstitial and vascular drug targeting. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4473. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4473
Implementation of recoverable distributed shared memory by logging writes

Distributed shared memory, by avoiding the programming complexities of message passing, has become a convenient model to work with. But the benefits given by these systems can possibly be achieved only if the whole system behaves like a failure-free system. Many algorithms that have been proposed for implementing a reliable DSM require the processes to take check points whenever there is a data transfer, thus resulting in a heavy overhead during failure-free execution. We present an algorithm to provide recoverable DSM for sequential consistency where the checkpoint interval can be tailored to balance the cost of checkpointing versus the savings in recovery obtained by taking check points often. Unlike previous recovery techniques that use logging, both the logging and the message overheads are reduced. It can tolerate up to n faults, where n is the number of processes, and can be used in an environment where the cost of synchronizing the checkpoints is substantially high.
Selective nonpeptide ligands as probes to explore δ opioid receptor architecture

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the selective non peptide ligands as probes to explore δ opioid receptor architecture. The relatively recent molecular cloning and sequencing of opioid receptors have confirmed the numerous pharmacologic and structure-activity relationship studies that have suggested the existence of multiple opioid receptors. Numerous ligands have been developed as potential opioid receptor probes in an effort to distinguish between different types of opioid receptors. These include peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists. The chapter discusses the design and structure-activity relationship studies of δ-selective nonpeptide ligands and the role of conformation of the “address” moiety in conferring selectivity to the δ 1 and δ 2 subtypes of opioid receptors. Structure-activity relationship studies have suggested that agonist and antagonist ligands bind to separate or overlap recognition sites on δ opioid receptors. These sites exhibit different conformational requirements for the address component. In this regard, nonpeptide agonists require the plane of the aromatic group to be approximately orthogonal to the plane of ring C in the opiate. On the other hand, there are no specific conformational requirements for antagonists because the aromatic group that comprises the address may be coplanar to ring C or oriented orthogonally.
Elevated plasma MCP-1 concentration following traumatic brain injury as a potential "predisposition" factor associated with an increased risk for subsequent development of Alzheimer's disease.

We explored whether changes in the expression profile of peripheral blood plasma proteins may provide a clinical, readily accessible “window” into the brain, reflecting molecular alterations following traumatic brain injury (TBI) that might contribute to TBI complications. We recruited fourteen TBI and ten control civilian participants for the study, and also analyzed banked plasma specimens from 20 veterans with TBI and 20 control cases. Using antibody arrays and ELISA assays, we explored differentially-regulated protein species in the plasma of TBI compared to healthy controls from the two independent cohorts. We found three protein biomarker species, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, and epidermal growth factor receptor, that are differentially regulated in plasma specimens of the TBI cases. A three-biomarker panel using all three proteins provides the best potential criterion for separating TBI and control cases. Plasma MCP-1 contents are correlated with the severity of TBI and the index of compromised axonal fiber integrity in the frontal cortex. Based on these findings, we evaluated postmortem brain specimens from 7 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 7 neurologically normal cases. We found elevated MCP-1 expression in the frontal cortex of MCI cases that are at high risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. Our findings suggest that additional application of the three-biomarker panel to current diagnostic criteria may lead to improved TBI detection and more sensitive outcome measures for clinical trials. Induction of MCP-1 in response to TBI might be a potential predisposing factor that may increase the risk for development of Alzheimer’s disease.
Holding Up the Mirror: The Complexity of Seeing Your Ethnic Self in History

Abstract With the growing inclusion of multicultural curriculum in social studies, educators must understand the issues students of color face when learning about their ethnic history and culture. Using personal document analysis and phenomenological interviewing, this study explored six Filipino American college students' experiences with Pinoy Teach, a transformative multicultural curriculum focused on Philippine and Filipino American history and culture. Six themes emerged revealing the complex interplay among prior knowledge, ethnic identity, and a curriculum about one's self. Students experienced connections, collisions, decolonization, and empowerment from Pinoy Teach. Connections resulted when Pinoy Teach filled gaps in participants' prior knowledge; however, collisions occurred when their prior knowledge of a colonized history clashed with Pinoy Teach's transformative narrative. Pinoy Teach also problematized students' conceptions of ethnic identity and relationships with other Filipinos. Finally,...
Outpatient treatment of febrile infants 28 to 89 days of age with intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone.

Study objective : To determine the outcome of outpatient treatment of febrile infants 28 to 89 days of age with intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone. Design Prospective consecutive cohort study. Setting Urban emergency department. Patients Five hundred three infants 28 to 89 days of age with temperatures ≥38° C who did not appear ill, had no source of fever detected on physical examination, had a peripheral leukocyte count 9 cells/L, had a cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count 6 /L, did not have measurable urinary leukocyte esterase, and had a caretaker available by telephone. Follow-up was obtained for all but one patient (99.8%). Intervention After blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures had been obtained, the infants received 50 mg/kg intramuscularly administered ceftriaxone and were discharged home. The infants returned for evaluation and further intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone 24 hours laters; telephone follow-up was conducted 2 and 7 days later. Results Twenty-seven patients (5.4%) had a serious bacterial infection identified during follow-up; 476 (94.6%) did not. Of the 27 infants with serious bacterial infections, 9 (1.8%) had bacteremia (8 of these had occult bacteremia and 1 had bacteremia with a urinary tract infection), 8 (1.6%) had urinary tract infections without bacteremia, and 10 (2.0%) had bacterial gastroenteritis without bacteremia. Clinical screening criteria did not enable discrimination between infants with and those without serious bacterial infections. All infants with serious bacterial infections received an appropriate course of antimicrobial therapy and were well at follow-up. One infant had osteomyelitis diagnosed 1 week after entry into the study, received an appropriate course of intravenous antimicrobial therapy, and recovered fully. Conclusions After a full evaluation for sepsis, outpatient treatment of febrile infants with intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone pending culture results and adherence to a strict follow-up protocol is a successful alternative to hospital admission.
Age and the Spontaneous Self‐concept1

The distinctiveness hypothesis proposes that self-definitions are influenced by those aspects of the self which make us different from the majority (e. g., MGuire, 1982). This research supports the hypothesis that students of nontraditional college age, who are a minority on this dimension, should be more likely to mention age in their spontaneous self-descriptions than students of traditional college age or college faculty members. Possible consequences of being a minority on this dimension are discussed.