cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impedances of Nickel Electrodes Cycled in Various KOH Concentrations

Recent tests at Hughes have shown that Ni/H2 cells cycled in 26 percent KOH have much longer lives than those cycled in other concentrations. As part of an ongoing program to try to correlate the impedances of nickel electrodes with their life and performance, impedances were measured of a number of electrodes from these tests that had been cycled in concentrations from 21 to 36 percent KOH. These had ranged from about 1000 to 40,000 cycles. After cycling ten times to reduce possible changes due to storage, impedances were measured at five voltages corresponding to low states of charge. The results were analyzed using a standard circuit model including Warburg impedance term. Lower kinetic resistances and Warburg slopes were found for several electrodes which had been cycled in 26 percent KOH even though they had been cycled for a much longer time than the others. Interpretation of the data is complicated by the fact that the cycle lives, storage times, and failure mechanisms varied. Several other circuit models have also been examined, but the best correlations with life were found with parameters obtained from the simple model.
On the nature of nuclear envelope-associated RNA.

Abstract Nuclear envelopes were isolated from rat-liver nuclei. Nuclear envelope-associated RNA was isolated and hybridized to filter-bound DNA in the presence of competing RNA populations. Cytoplasmic RNA did not effectively compete for DNA binding sites, while nuclear RNA did. The results indicate a high degree of complexity for nuclear envelope-associated RNA, and are compatible with the idea that hnRNA may be processed after attachment to the nuclear envelope (or nuclear matrix).
Transcutaneous Measurement of Arterial Flow Velocity with a Doppler Flowmeter in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Cardiac Dysfunction

T elemetry of phasic arterial flow velocity in man One hundred of the diseased group had the anatomic has been made possible with the development and ~ h ~ ~ i o l o g i c d agnosis established by right and left heart catheterization, selective cineangiocardiography and Of a 'Owmeter 'yStem by Frankselective indicator dilution curves. The remaining 33 palin and associates1-? and This technique tients who were not subjected t~ cardiac hernodynamic has provided an opportunity to study abnormalities studies had the usual clinical and laboratory evidence in of peripheral arterial flow velocity in health and keeping with their diseased states. diseased states using probes inserted around the Fifteen patient7 of the diseased group were sh~died in the Coronary Care Unit where continuous monitoring of the peripheral arteries On e ~ o s e d vestranscutaneous arterial blmd flow was obtained, s e l ~ . ' ~ l ~ Further technical devel~pments~,~ have A I ~ had the and laboratory evidence of acute myodemonstrated the potential usefulness of this techcardial infarction. niaue to study arterial flow velocitv of the unexFlow velocity curves were obtained at rest in all patients. vessel iying in close to the sh. In 47 patients, measurements of arterial flow velocity were made during spontaneous or catheter induced cardiac arhas been used b~ and c'rhythmias; in 37, fe. tion, recordings were made during administration of drugs hi^ is a review of our with (inhalation of amyl nitrite, intravenous administration of isoproterenol during coronary arteriography, before ant1 transcutaneous measurement Of peripheral after conversion of atria] fibrillation to sinus rhythm). flow velocity in normal subjects and in patients with The arterial monitoring sites in the 170 ~at ien t s included cardiovascular diseases. 138 examinations of brachial artery velocity at the level of
Challenging Background Knowledge Within Children's Literature

Research on literacy emphasizes the importance of background knowledge in enhancing reading comprehension. Using several children's books that require well-developed background knowledge for optimal understanding and appreciation as examples, the author suggests ways teachers can support students in developing their background knowledge during independent reading. It is expected that such knowledge would enable students to become aware of the important details that contribute to or extend their understanding of a narrative, while appreciating the craft of authorship. As readers' comprehension improves, so should their enjoyment of the process and subject of reading.
Hadronic wave equations from lattice gauge theories. II. Heavy quark systems

A linear potential model for heavy quark systems is constructed from canonical quantum field theory. This is done on the basis of explicit and well-defined assumptions. The assumptions are motivated by lattice formulations of gauge theory, but are formulated in a continuum framework. Thus, at the very least, we present a precise set of requirements sufficient for the existence of a linear confining model. In addition, a program for going beyond the potential-model approximation is discussed. This involves both relativistic corrections and consideration of the role of excitations in the gauge field configuration.
Dynamics and control of rotating bodies

A complex transfer-function approach to the control of rotating bodies is described. The complex transfer functions are analyzed using classical linear control techniques. Stability conditions based on the location of zeros of the characteristic equations, given as a complex polynomial, are established for the case of a controlled gyro and a homing missile.
Biomarkers for Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies. cSLE often affects multiple organs in the body and is known to have a poorer prognosis than adult-onset disease (Azevedo et al. 2014). Current laboratory tests are clearly insufficient for identifying and monitoring the disease. Recent studies have yielded novel biomarkers for cSLE which can be used for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment. The most encouraging biomarkers will be discussed herein and include cell-bound complement activation products, some genomic profiles, and urinary proteins such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and others. Previous studies suggested that a combination of the novel biomarkers might help to enhance sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prediction of cSLE flares.
Genomes and evolution: advances in deciphering the genomics of gene regulation in evolution.

The focus of this issue of Current Opinions in Genetics and Development is the identification and function of cis regulatory DNAs underlying the development and evolution of fungi, plants, and animals. There is little doubt that one of the outstanding challenges of the 21st century is the deciphering of the ‘dark matter’ of the genome; namely, the noncoding regulatory DNAs that control where and when every gene is switched on and off during development and in response to the environment. The evolutionary diversity of life on earth, including variations in human populations, relies extensively on changes in noncoding regulatory DNAs. In this special issue the editors are pleased to present an eclectic mixture of 12 articles reflecting the diverse roles and methods of study of regulatory DNAs. We somewhat arbitrarily consider these papers in three categories: the role of cis regulatory DNAs in animal development, the identification of cis regulatory DNAs using comparative genome analysis, and the global evolution of regulatory systems.
Exotic seismic phases recorded near Mammoth Lakes and their use in the delineation of shallow-crustal (magma?) anomalies

Observations of several hundredexotic seismic phases (herein defined) recorded in and near Long Valley caldera, California, have been cataloged. I discuss here four classes of such seismograms: (1) seismograms with missing S-waves, (2) seismograms with an unusual pre-S phase seen at the single station SLK northwest of the caldera, (3) seismograms with a strong pre-S phase as seen at a number of stations south of the caldera, and (4) a very large, very slow (<2 km/sec) post-S phase seen at the single station Benton. For each of these phenomena, it is not yet possible to pin down an unambiguous and unique theoretical explanation. However, for each, I have presented an explanation, summarizing current thinking, which involves nonplanar reflections/refractions within shallow-crustal anomalous zones which can reasonably be supposed to be magma bodies. If these explanations are even partially pertinent, then the investigation of exotic phases near complex regions like Mammoth Lakes and other volcanic areas is potentially a way to bring precise resolving power on the nature and geometry of local crustal anomalies.
Design and Implementation of an Open Network and Host-Based Intrusion Detection Testbed with an Emphasis on Accuracy and Repeatability

The Open Network and Host Based Intrusion Detection Test bed (ONBIT) has been designed to make use of both network and host-based monitoring while validating and evaluating IDS tools and algorithms. This test bed was found to be of critical need for scenarios in which external test beds cannot be used. The ONBIT test bed can be used to verify algorithms, concepts, and protocols, as well as discover more practical problems for future security research. This test bed is unique in its real-time nature and real-world performance and efficiency metrics, critical metrics for capabilities being readied for deployment. The ONBIT test bed was built using open source software and was designed to take accuracy and repeatability into consideration at each step of experimentation. Using a link emulator called Dummy Net, the ONBIT test bed has the ability to control how the network behaves. Dummy Net creates controlled packet loss, introduces latency, and allows for the configuration of various size network pipes. We show the benefit of correlating host-based and network-based IDS data in a real-world demonstration of the testbed's use.
Simulated transonic flows for aircraft with nacelles, pylons, and winglets

A computational method which simulates transonic flow about wing-fuselage configurations has been extended to include the treatment of multiple body and non-planar wing surfaces. The finite difference relaxation scheme is characterized by a modified small disturbance flow equation and multiple embedded grid system. Wing-body combinations with as many as four nacelles/pods, four pylons, and wing-tip-mounted winglets can be analyzed. A scheme for modeling inlet spillage and engine exhaust interference effects has been included. Computed results are correlated with experimental data for three transport configurations.
Peroxidatic activity of catalase.

Abstract 1. 1. The oxidation of ethanol by a mixture of H2O2 and catalase has been studied. By using a 1.106-fold excess of ethanol (H2A) over H2O2, the competition between ethanol and H2O2 for the active enzyme-substrate complex ( C I ) has been demonstrated. 2. 2. Under conditions where ethanol competes for C I , the overall second-order rate constant ( k H ) becomes a function of the ratio of the concentrations of ethanol and H2O2 ( R ). An increase of R causes a decrease of k H . 3. 3. From the dependence of k H on R the individual rate constants of the peroxidatic mechanism of catalase action have been calculated. E + H 2 O 2 → I C I k 1 = (5.6 ± 0.5) · IO 6 M -1 · sec -1 C I + H 2 O 2 → 4 E + O 2 + 2 H 2 O k 4 = (I.2 ± 0.I) · IO 7 M -1 · sec -1 C I + H 2 A → 5 E + A + 2 H 2 O k 5 = (I.8 ± 0.4) · IO 2 M -1 · sec -1 4. 4. From these results a steady-state saturation of 30% of catalase hematins by H2O2 during the catalatic reaction has been calculated.
Evaluation of fracture planes and cell morphology in complementary fractures of cultured cells in the frozen-hydrated state by field-emission secondary electron microscopy: feasibility for ion localization and fluorescence imaging studies.

We have employed field-emission secondary electron microscopy (FESEM) for morphological evaluation of freeze-fractured frozen-hydrated renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells prepared with our simple cryogenic sandwich-fracture method that does not require any high-vacuum freeze-fracture instrumentation (Chandra et al. (1986) J. Microsc.144, 15–37). The cells fractured on the substrate side of the sandwich were matched one-to-one with their corresponding complementary fractured faces on the other side of the sandwich. The FESEM analysis of the frozen-hydrated cells revealed three types of fracture: (i) apical membrane fracture that produces groups of cells together on the substrate fractured at the ectoplasmic face of the plasma membrane; (ii) basal membrane fracture that produces basal plasma membrane-halves on the substrate; and (iii) cross-fracture that passes randomly through the cells. The ectoplasmic face (E-face) and protoplasmic face (P-face) of the membrane were recognized based on the density of intramembranous particles. Feasibility of fractured cells was shown for intracellular ion localization with ion microscopy, and fluorescence imaging with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Ion microscopy imaging of freeze-dried cells fractured at the apical membrane revealed well-preserved intracellular ionic composition of even the most diffusible ions (total concentrations of K+, Na+ and Ca+). Structurally damaged cells revealed lower K+ and higher Na+ and Ca+ contents than in well-preserved cells. Frozen-freeze-dried cells also allowed imaging of fluorescently labelled mitochondria with a laser scanning confocal microscope. Since these cells are prepared without washing away the nutrient medium or using any chemical pretreatment to affect their native chemical and structural makeup, the characterization of fracture faces introduces ideal sample types for chemical and morphological studies with ion and electron microscopes and other techniques such as laser scanning confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy.
Comment on: A new procedure for obtaining the Voigt function dependent upon the complex error function

Abstract The numerical solution of Eq. (1) relating the Voigt, Lorentzian, and Gaussian full-widths at half-maximum, as shown in Fig. 2 of the article A new procedure for obtaining the Voigt function dependent upon the complex error function by Luque, Calzada and Saez (JQSRT 2005; 94:151–161), is not valid in some parts of the computational domain. The problem resides within a physical domain that is of current spectroscopic interest for the diagnostics of low temperature (∼300 K), high pressure (∼1 atm) dielectric barrier discharge plasmas. The purpose here is to identify the deficiency and to demonstrate a well-conditioned numerical approach for this domain of interest.
Effect of Reinforcement-Particle-Orientation Anisotropy on the Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Metal-Matrix Composites

The effect of extrusion-induced particle-orientation anisotropy on the mechanical behavior of metal-matrix composites (MMCs) was examined. In this study, we have shown that this anisotropy has a significant influence on the tensile and fatigue behavior SiC particle-reinforced Al alloy composites. The preferred orientation of SiC particles was observed parallel to the extrusion axis, with the extent of orientation being highest for the lowest-volume-fraction composites. The composites exhibited higher Young’s modulus and tensile strength along the longitudinal direction (parallel to the extrusion axis) than in the transverse direction. The extent of anisotropic behavior increased with increasing volume fraction, because of the increasing influence of the SiC reinforcement on the Young’s modulus and tensile properties. The preferred orientation also resulted in anisotropy in the fatigue behavior of the composite material. The trends mirrored those observed in tension, with higher overall fatigue strengths for both orientations and a higher anisotropy with increasing volume fraction of particles. The influence of particle-orientation anisotropy and the resulting tensile and fatigue damage mechanisms is discussed.
Insights into Martian water reservoirs from analyses of Martian meteorite QUE94201

The martian atmospheric D/H value of 5.2 times terrestrial is significantly higher than any found on Earth, and has been ascribed to preferential loss of H relative to D from the atmosphere through Jeans escape over time. Here, based on ion microprobe analyses of apatite grains from martian meteorite QUE94201, it is shown that the pre-Jeans escape martian water reservoir has a D/H value ∼twice that of terrestrial water, rather than the “terrestrial” value that has been assumed in prior work. The data support a two-stage history for martian volatiles in which early hydrodynamic escape enriched martian water to ∼2x terrestrial D/H values. Subsequent Jeans escape to produce the current atmospheric values has thus been responsible for less D-enrichment than previously thought. A martian crust containing 2–3 times more water than previously proposed is implied by the results.
AirGSM: An unmanned, flying GSM cellular base station for flexible field communications

We present a functional implementation of a lightweight GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) cellular base station and core network based on open-source software, coupled with a simple and rapidly deployable autonomous aerial vehicle for establishing field communications in the absence of commercial service. We advocate the utility of mobile GSM cellular devices for communication and data acquisition in many types of fieldwork, posing advantages in functionality over conventional long-range push-to-talk radios and advantages in size over laptop type data terminals. We argue that alternative radio communications technologies inevitably fail to simultaneously optimize cost, power management, range, integration, and spectral efficiency compared to the GSM radio interface.
Ultrafast phase-space dynamics of ultracold, neutral plasmas

The nonequilibrium phase-space dynamics of neutral, ultracold plasmas are described. The dynamics are placed in the context of the ultrafast dynamics of related systems that can be thought of as photo-initiated ultrafast systems, which include, among others, surfaces that are melted nonthermally, some artificial molecular machines and laser-excited clusters. The picture of energy landscape hopping is described to unify the dynamics of these diverse systems. The specific features of the temperature evolution of an ultracold plasma are then discussed in detail as they compare with the short-time dynamics of the velocity autocorrelation function. Finally, the phase-space dynamics of a one-dimensional ultracold plasma model are visualized via molecular dynamics calculations of phase-space trajectories.
Mispricing in the Medicare Advantage Risk Adjustment Model

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented hierarchical condition category (HCC) models in 2004 to adjust payments to Medicare Advantage (MA) plans to reflect enrollees' expected health care costs. We use Verisk Health's diagnostic cost group (DxCG) Medicare models, refined "descendants" of the same HCC framework with 189 comprehensive clinical categories available to CMS in 2004, to reveal 2 mispricing errors resulting from CMS' implementation. One comes from ignoring all diagnostic information for "new enrollees" (those with less than 12 months of prior claims). Another comes from continuing to use the simplified models that were originally adopted in response to assertions from some capitated health plans that submitting the claims-like data that facilitate richer models was too burdensome. Even the main CMS model being used in 2014 recognizes only 79 condition categories, excluding many diagnoses and merging conditions with somewhat heterogeneous costs. Omitted conditions are typically lower cost or "vague" and not easily audited from simplified data submissions. In contrast, DxCG Medicare models use a comprehensive, 394-HCC classification system. Applying both models to Medicare's 2010-2011 fee-for-service 5% sample, we find mispricing and lower predictive accuracy for the CMS implementation. For example, in 2010, 13% of beneficiaries had at least 1 higher cost DxCG-recognized condition but no CMS-recognized condition; their 2011 actual costs averaged US$6628, almost one-third more than the CMS model prediction. As MA plans must now supply encounter data, CMS should consider using more refined and comprehensive (DxCG-like) models.
A high-gain adaptive observer for detecting Li-ion battery terminal voltage collapse

We use a high-gain adaptive observer and a trend filtering algorithm to detect early stages that lead to terminal voltage collapses in Li-ion batteries. This approach allows accurate detection without having sophisticated battery models. Theoretical analysis proves that the physical Li-ion battery becomes unstable when the estimated states of the observer enter instability. The trend filtering algorithm is able to detect such instability under large perturbations from the discharge current. Extensive simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms and its robustness under realistic perturbations.
Comparison of Success of Implants versus Endodontically Treated Teeth

Implants verses root canal therapy is a current controversy in dentistry. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the success of each treatment, with minimal subjective grading. Outcome was determined by clinical chart notes and radiographs. Failure was defined as removal of the implant or tooth. Uncertain findings for implants were defined as mobility class I or greater, radiographic signs of bone loss, or an additional surgical procedure. Mobility, periapical index score of 3 or greater, or the need for apical surgery was classified as uncertain for endodontically treated teeth. Success was recorded if the implant or tooth was in place and functional. Implants were placed by periodontists in a group practice, whereas the endodontic treatments were performed by endodontists in group practice. Charts of 129 implants meeting inclusion criteria showed follow-up of an average of 36 months (range, 15–57 months), with a success rate of 98.4%. One hundred forty-three endodontically treated teeth were followed for an average of 22 months (range, 18 –59 months), with a success rate of 99.3%. No statistically significant differences were found (P .56). When uncertain findings were added to the failures, implant success dropped to 87.6%, and endodontic success declined to 90.2%. This difference was not statistically significant (P .61). We found that 12.4% of implants required interventions, whereas 1.3% of endodontically treated teeth required interventions, which was statistically significant (P .0003). The success of implant and endodontically treated teeth was essentially identical, but implants required more postoperative treatments to maintain them. (J Endod 2008;34:1302–1305)
Cdc42 Regulates the Restoration of Endothelial Adherens Junctions and Permeability

The endothelial adherens junction (AJ) complex consisting of VE-cadherin and its associated catenins is a major determinant of fluid, solute, and plasma protein permeability of the vessel wall endothelial barrier. Impairment of endothelial barrier function contributes to cardiovascular diseases such as vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Adherens junctions disassemble in response to proinflammatory mediators, producing an increase in endothelial permeability; however, AJs also have the capacity to reassemble, leading to restoration of endothelial barrier function. Activation of Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of monomeric GTPases, is an essential signal regulating reannealing of AJs and reversal of the increase in endothelial permeability. The possibility of activating Cdc42 therapeutically represents a novel approach to prevent inflammatory diseases resulting from breakdown of the endothelial barrier. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of Cdc42 in restoring endothelial barrier integrity.
Laser-Induced Decomposition of Sodium Azide

Abstract The decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3, has been studied using a pulsed carbon dioxide laser. Chemiluminescence associated with the decomposition has been measured with and, without, the azide surface in the detector field of view. Near the decomposition threshold, emission has been observed in the wings of the Na 3p → 3s transition at 589 nm that has not been observed in previous azide decomposition experiments. This emission may be a result of surface reactions. Raman and visible absorption spectra have been obtained for the irradiated material; a new, as yet unidentified, band was observed in the Raman spectrum.
The effect of unionization on faculty salaries and compensation: Estimates from the 1980s

Institutional data obtained from the AAUP and other sources are used to explore the effect of unionization on faculty salaries and compensation. This research differs from previous work in that it investigates the effect of affiliation with a particular national union, estimates the impact of decertification, and employs data from the 1980s, whereas previous research primarily used data from the 1970s. The crosssection results for the mid-1980s indicate a union-nonunion compensation differential of about 5 to 6 percent. The fixed-effects results indicate a negative union-nonunion compensation differential.
Magnetic resonance imaging of tissue-specific thermal responses of geranium stem in vivo

Abstract 1. 1. Tissue-specific variations in the responses of geranium stems to hyperthermia were investigated in vivo by acquiring tissue water proton spin-spin (T 2 ) relaxation images at different sample temperatures and calculating the apparent activation energy (E a ) and entropy (ΔS ‡ ) for each image voxel [(39 μm × 39 μm) × 500 μm]. 2. 2. After partitioning the images by tissue type, Eyring analyses of the temperature dependence of water proton T 2 relaxation demonstrated increases in E a or ΔH ‡ when the sample temperature exceeded 26.5, 45.7, 32.4 and 31.1°C for the pith parenchyma, fibrous sheath/vascular tissues, cortical parenchyma/epidermal tissues and whole stem, respectively. 3. 3. The results suggest that the changes in T 2 thermodynamics are caused primarily by direct temperature-dependent variations in the physical state of tissue water, while a standard viability assay measures thermally-induced protein denaturation. 4. 4. This is apparently the first in vivo demonstration of tissue-specific variations in a plant response to hyperthermia.
HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HB s Ag) POSITIVITY IN PATIENTS ADMITTED TO AN URBAN PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL

Children admitted to a large, urban pediatric hospital were screened for HBsAg using a micromethod modification of Auscell. Sera from 2,865 children were obtained from 2,966 hospital admissions and 1,021 admissions to the short stay surgery unit (representing 74% sampling of all admissions). Sera positive on the screening assay were confirmed with Auszyme and/or Ausria. 15 sera (0.4% of all) were positive. One child with frequent readmissions accounted for 4 positives. Therefore, 12 children (0.3% of patients) were positive for HBsAg. Their ages ranged from 0.5 through 17 years (mean 7 years). 4 (33%) had Hispanic or Asian surnames. 7 (58%) were admitted to surgical services and 5 (42%) to medical services. Of 7 whose data are currently available, 6 (86%) were HBeAg positive and 1 (14%) was anti-HBe positive. Although fewer children with HBsAg were admitted to our hospital than predicted from the (adult) literature, we observed frequent (86%) HBeAg positivity. This suggests a high potential for infectivity.
(MU -OXO/HYDROXO)BIS(MU -CARBOXYLATO)DIIRON(III) AND -DIMANGANESE(III) COMPLEXES WITH CAPPING TRIS(IMIDAZOL-2-YL)PHOSPHINE LIGANDS

Reoirted are the syntheses and characterizations of the first examples of (μ-oxo/hydroxo)bis(μ-carboxylato)diiron(III) and -dimanganese(III)cores containing capping tridentate imidazolyl ligands. The capping ligands are tris(imidazol-2-yl)phosphine and tris(N-methylimidazol-2-yl)phosphine
Life Changes, Coping Resources, and Health among the Elderly

In the last several years, a host of studies have shown a relationship between life change and deterioration in health status. This relationship, however, appears to be modest, and investigators have recently become interested in the coping resources, or buffers, that enable some individuals to encounter significant life change with little or no apparent negative changes in their health. Using samples consisting largely of young and middle-aged persons, studies have shown that the presence of a confidant, social network involvement, marital status, feelings of esteem and confidence, occupational status, and income can act as buffers against the potentially stressful effects of life change. The present study examines the extent to which these factors serve as coping resources for a sample of elderly individuals. With the exception of income, the results suggest that not only do these variables fail to serve as buffers against life change for the aged, but some of them appear to function as coping inhibitor...
Muscle Microstructure and Sensory Attributes of Organic Acid-Treated Beef Strip Loins

Beef strip loins were cut into halves and one-half sprayed with a 2% lactic and acetic acid mixture (v/v) and corresponding halves used as controls. Strip loins were stored at -1 degree C for 0, 7, 14, 23, 56, 84, or 112 days and evaluated for sensory and microstructural properties. Cooking loss and Hunter color 'L' values decreased (P 0.05) were detected for cooking loss, shear force, TBARS, or Hunter color values between treatments. Flavor intensity increased (P 0.05) were noted for storage time or acid treatment. Organic acids appeared to denature muscle microstructure without having any effects on physical and sensory attributes.
Inhibition by SQ 20881 of vasopressor response to angiotensin I in conscious animals

Abstract A synthetic nonapeptide structurally identical to one of the compounds found in the venom of Bothrops jararaca was studied in unanesthetized rats and dogs. The nonapeptide, administered by various routes, inhibited the vasopressor response induced by angiotensin I, but not that by angiotensin II, in unanesthetized normotensive dogs, and in unanesthetized normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive rats. The activity was presumably the result of inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme. This peptide also augmented bradykinin-induced vasodepression in both species. Repeated daily administration of this synthetic nonapeptide for 5 days did not produce tolerance.
Implementing and Evaluating a Chemistry Course in Chemical Ethics and Civic Responsibility

An upper-level undergraduate course that explores ethics in chemistry and the impact of chemical innovations on society has been developed. Goals of this course were to promote student recognition of ethical considerations in chemical innovations and chemical research and demonstrate the link between the application of chemical innovations and the formation of government policy. The course involved presentation and discussion on multiple topics along with student writing about a use of chemistry in society and expression of students’ own opinions based on their literature research. The SENCER-SALG assessment was used to elicit students’ opinions on their experience in this course. Student responses indicate that the course had a positive influence on their recognition of chemistry in society and their likelihood of civic engagement.
Recognition of the four Watson–Crick base pairs in the DNA minor groove by synthetic ligands

The design of synthetic ligands that read the information stored in the DNA double helix has been a long-standing goal at the interface of chemistry and biology. Cell-permeable small molecules that target predetermined DNA sequences offer a potential approach for the regulation of gene expression. Oligodeoxynucleotides that recognize the major groove of double-helical DNA via triple-helix formation bind to a broad range of sequences with high affinity and specificity. Although oligonucleotides and their analogues have been shown to interfere with gene expression, the triple-helix approach is limited to recognition of purines and suffers from poor cellular uptake. The subsequent development of pairing rules for minor-groove binding polyamides containing pyrrole (Py) and imidazole (Im) amino acids offers a second code to control sequence specificity. An Im/Py pair distinguishes G C from C G and both of these from A T/T A base pairs. A Py/Py pair specifies A,T from G,C but does not distinguish A T from T A. To break this degeneracy, we have added a new aromatic amino acid, 3-hydroxypyrrole (Hp), to the repertoire to test for pairings that discriminate A T from T A. We find that replacement of a single hydrogen atom with a hydroxy group in a Hp/Py pairing regulates affinity and specificity by an order of magnitude. By incorporation of this third amino acid, hydroxypyrrole–imidazole–pyrrole polyamides form four ring-pairings (Im/Py, Py/Im, Hp/Py and Py/Hp) which distinguish all four Watson–Crick base pairs in the minor groove of DNA.
Monte Carlo simulations incorporating Mie calculations of light transport in tissue phantoms: Examination of photon sampling volumes for endoscopically compatible fiber optic probes

Details of the interaction of photons with tissue phantoms are elucidated using Monte Carlo simulations. In particular, photon sampling volumes and photon pathlengths are determined for a variety of scattering and absorption parameters. The Monte Carlo simulations are specifically designed to model light delivery and collection geometries relevant to clinical applications of optical biopsy techniques. The Monte Carlo simulations assume that light is delivered and collected by two, nearly-adjacent optical fibers and take into account the numerical aperture of the fibers as well as reflectance and refraction at interfaces between different media. To determine the validity of the Monte Carlo simulations for modeling the interactions between the photons and the tissue phantom in these geometries, the simulations were compared to measurements of aqueous suspensions of polystyrene microspheres in the wavelength range 450-750 nm.
The elementary forms of narrative coherence in young children's storytelling

This article argues for rethinking and reorientation in the study of narrative coherence and its development in young children. The most influential model guiding current research in this area (a) tends to equate narrative coherence with causal linkages between events and (b) suggests that the primary (or exclusive) strategy used by children to achieve coherence is to embed causally-connected event sequences in the goal-directed actions of a single major protagonist. Despite its undoubted contributions, this approach is misleadingly narrow in several respects, and it has not been able to reconstruct the actual dynamics and trajectories of young children’s narrative development. A first step toward overcoming these limitations is to undertake the foundational work of reconstructing and examining the range of actual modes and strategies of narrative coherence used by children, beginning with young children, which must include delineating the different narrative purposes and intentions these embody and the distinctive ways that they integrate events and event structures with the depiction and coordination of characters and relations between characters. I offer some theoretical and methodological proposals along these lines, illustrated with empirical examples.
Dyskinetic Strabismus as a Sign of Cerebral Palsy

We found dyskinetic strabismus in 66 patients with cerebral palsy. The most striking feature of dyskinetic strabismus is the fluctuation from esotropia to exotropia under the same accommodative conditions with a slow tonic deviation similar to a vergence movement. With increasing age, exodeviation becomes more prevalent. Dyskinetic strabismus is seen exclusively in cerebral palsy patients. Many of these patients have an athetoid component to their disorder. The association of dyskinetic strabismus with athetosis and upward gaze palsy suggests that the basal ganglia may be the site of the malfunction. The strabismus responds poorly to surgery and the associated athetosis is important in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral palsy.
Selectivity and the Production of Experimental Results

A travers differentes recherches experimentales en physique, l'A. demontre que les resultats experimentaux doivent etre selectionnes pour eliminer les artefacts et valider les resultats
Unsupervised learning in Hyperspectral classifiers using hidden Markov models

Hyperspectral data represents a mixture of several component spectra from many classifiable sources. The knowledge of the contributions of the underlying sources to the recorded spectra is valuable in many remote sensing applications. Traditional Hyperspectral classification and segmentation algorithms have used Markov random field (MRF) based estimation in recent investigations. Although, this method reflects plausible local, spatial correlation in the true scene, it is limited to using supervised learning schemes for parameter estimation. Besides, the expectation-maximization (EM) for the hidden MRF is considerably more difficult to realize due to the absence of a closed form formulation. In this paper, we propose a hidden Markov model (HMM) based probability density function (PDF) classifier for reduced dimensional feature space. Our approach uses an unsupervised learning scheme for maximum-likelihood (ML) parameter estimation that combines both model selection and estimation in a single algorithm. The proposed method accurately models and synthesizes the approximate observations of the true data in a reduced dimensional feature space.
The dynamics of soil erosion in US agriculture

Soil erosion has both on-farm and off-farm impacts. Reduction of soil depth can impair the land's productivity, and the transport of sediments can degrade streams, lakes, and estuaries. To address this problem, soil conservation policies have existed in the United States for over 60 years. Initially, these policies focused on the on-farm benefits of keeping soil on the land and increasing net farm income. Beginning in the 1980s, however, policy goals increasingly included reductions in off-site impacts of erosion. The Food Security Act of 1985 was the first major legislation explicitly to tie eligibility to receive agricultural program payments to conservation performance. The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (FAIR) of 1996 modifies the conservation compliance provisions by providing farmers with greater flexibility in developing and implementing conservation plans. As a consequence of conservation efforts, total soil erosion between 1982 and 1997 was reduced by 42% and the erosion rate fell from 8.0 tons per acre in 1982 to 5.2 tons per acre in 1997. Still, soil erosion is imposing substantial social costs. In 1997 these costs are estimated to have been approx. US$29.7 billion. To further reduce soil erosion and thereby mitigate its social costs, there are a number of policy options available to induce farmers to adopt conservation practices including education and technical assistance, financial assistance, research and development, land retirement, and regulation and taxes.
Demonstration of Pemphigus Antibodies on the Cell Surface of Murine Epidermal Cell Monolayers and their Internalization

The pathogenic effects of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) antibodies on epidermal cells can be demonstrated both in vitro using skin organ culture or primary epidermal cell cultures (PECC) and in vivo by passive transfer of PV antibodies into neonatal BALB/c mice. Although PV antibodies have been localized on the epidermal cell surface by several techniques, little is known about the fate of these autoantibodies subsequent to their surface binding. We have examined this, using murine PECC which express pemphigus antigen on their surface, and followed the fate of the bound antibody molecules. Forty-eight-hour PECC were incubated at 37°C with PV antibodies for 20 min and then with horseradish peroxidase-labelled antihuman IgG. This was considered time 0. The monolayers were fixed with glutaraldehyde after 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 18, and 24 h incubation at 37°C and then processed for electron microscopy. At time 0 hour, PV antibodies is detected bound evenly along the surface of keratinocytes. Within 30 min, the bound PV antibodies becomes clustered, internalized into submembranous vesicles via surface pits, and eventually fused with lysosomes. Widening of the intercellular spaces was also seen in PECC treated with PV antibodies within the first 24 h. PECC treated with normal human IgG in parallel cultures showed no such surface binding, internalization, or cell-cell detachment. Treatment with cytochalasin-D and/or colchicine did not affect the internalization of the PV antibodies, but fusion with lysosomes was not seen in treated cultures. These findings suggest that PV antibodies binds a surface antigen and the complex is internalized and fused with lysosomes in a process that may have pathophysiologic relevance.
THE RECOVERY OF AMERICAN LIBERAL RELIGION

For the past three decades, conservative Christian Americans have enjoyed a great deal of scholarly attention. Historians have produced rich accounts of the evangelical conquest of early America, the twentieth-century rise of the Christian Right, and the advent of the culture wars. They have gleefully overturned the consensus historians’ confidence in America's unifying liberal impulse. They have refuted the prophets of secularization who once foretold the demise of organized religion. In the process, they all but abandoned the archives of mainline denominations—where generations of their colleagues once toiled in order to trace the histories of the mainline Protestant establishment—for the missions, ministries, and megachurches of ascendant evangelicals. The study of liberal religion has come to seem like the brittle great-aunt of American religious historiography, wheezing at the margins as her younger and more boisterous relations take center stage. She is still alive, barely—but some whisper that in her old age she has become rather boring.
Regional and Intrametropolitan Differences in the Location of Freestanding Ambulatory Surgery Centers

The freestanding ambulatory surgery center (FASC), also known as an outpatient or day surgery center, is one of several modern health care providers which are currently challenging the dominance of traditional medical professionals. This paper examines the location and distribution of FASCs in the United States for the period 1987–1992. FASCs tend to be concentrated in the states of the South and West, and have exhibited increasing concentration in these regions during the five-year study period. In addition, FASCs are found mostly in metropolitan areas and appear to be moving toward more suburban locations, although central city sites still dominate. Future research should concentrate on more micro-scale locations of the FASC and other nontraditional health care providers.
Simulation-Based Acceptance Testing for Unmanned Ground Vehicles

Performing physical acceptance tests of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) can be expensive and time-consuming. This paper discusses simulation-based acceptance testing and failure analysis for UGVs. Both dynamic and static simulation models are developed. A systematic statistical testing approach is presented to quantitatively assess when a simple static simulation model can be used to approximate a complex dynamic simulation. Results show that a static simulation can be used to determine the required joint motor torques under slow operation speeds. It also shows that a dynamic simulation model is needed to determine the maximum allowable moving speeds for UGVs to safely operate on roads with various levels of roughness and bumpiness.
Propositional Reasoning in Adolescence

Summary Two propositional reasoning tests were administered to eighth-grade boys and girls. Each item on one of the tests was used to assess Ss' comprehension of a basic rule for one of four types of propositional logic, whereas each item on the other test was used to measure Ss' abilities to solve “who-done-it” problems involving two of the four types of propositional logic. The results showed significant differences in Ss' performances according to the type(s) of propositional logic involved in a given item. Surprisingly, however, the interdependence of Ss' performances on the two tests was minimal. The results were discussed in terms of research and theory regarding formal operational thinking.
Failure of Pseudomonasaeruginosa to form membrane-associated glucose dehydrogenase activity during anaerobic growth with nitrate*

Summary Pseudomonas aeruginosa failed to form significant glucose dehydrogenase activity during anaerobic growth with glucose when nitrate served as respiratory electron acceptor (denitrification). This enzyme deficiency precluded generation of the physiological inducer of subsequent enzymes of the direct oxidative pathway of glucose catabolism (via oxidation to gluconate). Enzymes of the phosphorylative pathway of glucose catabolism (via glucose 6-phosphate) were induced in denitrifying cells. These results demonstrate that different peripheral pathways of glucose catabolism were employed by P. aeruginosa when cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions that require different modes of respiratory metabolism.
Norepinephrine decreases synaptic inhibition in the rat hippocampus.

Abstract The effects of norepinephrine (NE) on inhibitory synaptic potentials were studied on CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal slice in vitro. Norepinephrine caused the appearance of multiple population spikes in the CA1 region of the hippocampal slice, reminiscent of the actions of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists. Intracellular recording revealed that NE causes a marked and reversible reduction in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) recorded in CA1 pyramidal cells. This reduced IPSP results in a larger intracellular excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), which can cause the cell to fire more than one action potential. This disinhibitory effect of NE appears to be mediated by an α-receptor, and occurs at a site presynaptic to the pyramidal cell, since NE does not change the reversal potential of the IPSP nor does it affect the amplitude or the reversal potential of iontophoretic GABA responses. In addition to reducing evoked IPSPs. NE causes an increase in the frequency of spontaneous IPSPs, suggesting that inhibition of interneuronal firing may not account for this disinhibitory action of NE.
Texture edge detection by feature encoding and predictive model

Texture boundaries or edges are useful information for segmenting heterogeneous textures into several classes. Texture edge detection is different from the conventional edge detection that is based on the pixel-wise changes of gray level intensities, because textures are formed by patterned placement of texture elements over some regions. We propose a prediction-based texture edge detection method that includes encoding and prediction modules as its major components. The encoding module projects n-dimensional texture features onto a 1-dimensional feature map through the SOFM algorithm to obtain scalar features, and the prediction module computes the predictive relationship of the scalar features with respect to their neighbors sampled from 8 directions. The variance of prediction errors is used as the measure for detection of edges. In the experiments with the micro-textures, our method has shown its effectiveness in detecting the texture edges.
Cognitive Linguistic Approaches to Literary Studies: State of the Art in Cognitive Poetics

A review of recent scholarship in cognitive linguistic approaches to literary studies, with special emphasis on the emergence of cognitive poetics as a theoretical and analytical tool in the study of literary texts.