cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abandoning the 'theoretical apartheid' between nature and nurture: human infants hold the key

In Anthropology and the Cognitive Challenge, Bloch tells the intertwining tales of two protagonists – psychology and anthropology (Bloch 2012). With a keen eye for historical and intellectual trends, he identifies political and intellectual tensions that have hampered both fields. Arguing convincingly for abandoning the old ‘theoretical apartheid’ between nature and culture (in anthropology), which runs parallel to the pernicious theoretical tension between innateness and learning (in psychology), he also calls for relaxing disciplinary boundaries, maintaining that advances in the psychological sciences will enrich, rather than threaten, advances in anthropology and related social sciences. Of course, our innate endowments and capacity for experience-based learning are both essential. These twin engines of development influence one another dynamically, in ways that often go unnoticed, in a process often dubbed ‘experiential canalization’. Viewed from this perspective, our earliest endowments are shaped by the cascading influences of early experience, which in turn promote certain developmental outcomes (the acquisition of specific abilities, behavioural responses or even gene responses) over others (Blair and Raver 2012; Gottlieb 1997). Research with human infants holds some of the appeal of the ‘exotic’ that has so often captivated the imaginations and research agendas of social scientists. But infancy work offers considerably more promise for identifying our earliest, most ‘primitive’ capacities and for tracing how these are shaped by experience. If we begin early enough, infancy research permits us to identify the core initial capacities that guide learning in all humans, even before the contexts in which we live begin to shape the very phenomena that we see as worthy of attention and inquiry (Medin and Bang 2014). If we consider the environment carefully enough, infancy research permits us to witness the earliest imprints of experience and to trace how experience shapes opportunities for subsequent learning. Two uniquely human features – our altricial status at birth and our unparalleled capacity for learning – contribute jointly to our ability to acquire language and create culture. Because human infants are considerably less mature at birth than other species’ young, their very survival requires prolonged proximity to caregivers. Moreover, human infants’ neurological and behavioural plasticity ensures an exquisite sensitivity to early experience. This, coupled with their close interactions with elders and their own innate capacities, set the stage for the acquisition of language and transmission of culture, our species’ most powerful conduits for the transmission of knowledge.
The Trust Legislation of 1914

Introduction. Attitude of the parties in Congress; general character of the legislation, 72. — I. Unfair competitive methods, 74. — General declaration of illegality, 74. — Method of enforcement; discretion of trade commission, 75. — Price discrimination, 77. — Sales and leases conditioned on exclusive patronage, 80. — II. New provisions as to combinations in restraint of trade, 81. — Adequacy of the Sherman act without amendment, 82. — Intercorporate stockholdings, 82. — Interlocking directorates, 84. — Inadequacy of prohibition when community of stock interest is permitted, 85. — Provisions as to banks, 86. — Personal liability to penalties under anti-trust laws, 87. — Private suits, 88. — III. Mismanagement of railroads. Relations to banking, supply and construction companies. Misappropriation of funds, 89. — IV. The interstate trade commission, 90. — Powers of investigation; reports from corporations, 91. — Powers in enforcement and interpretation of law, 94. — Assistance of the commission to attorney general and courts; recommendations for future legislation, 95. — Beneficial results to be anticipated, 97.
Analytical plasma source mass spectrometry in biomedical research.

The features of inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) that make it unique also make possible applications in biological chemistry and biomedical research that would be otherwise difficult or impossible. High sensitivity, characterized spectral interferences, rapid mass scanning, and individual isotope measurements are now combined with sophisticated sample preparation, separations, or stable isotope additions to achieve rapid semi-quantitative analysis, element speciation, and high accuracy. The semi-quantitative analysis of various materials, the separation and detection of macromolecules in blood and other tissues, and tracking of stable isotopes added either purposely or inadvertently to children are important applications of ICP-MS. Current functional limitations and obstacles and potential development areas also are examined.
Measuring local viscoelastic properties of complex materials with tapping mode atomic force microscopy

Abstract Tapping mode atomic force microscopy is a technique to measure the topography and properties of surfaces involving a micro-cantilever with a tip at one end that is excited into an oscillation near its resonance frequency. The phase lag between the excitation signal and the observed oscillation is sensitive to local mechanical properties under certain experimental conditions. We have found that by using silicon as an internal standard reference surface we can unambiguously relate the phase lag to local viscoelastic properties of a polymeric material. A model describing this relation has been built, validated with experimental data and finally inverted such that it can be used to determine local properties. This allows us to measure high frequency local viscoelastic properties on length scales as small as several nanometers. This technique works well for relatively compliant polymer surfaces with a shear modulus less than about 1 GPa.
Effects of cavity preparation using a nanosecond-pulsed Nd-YAG laser on tooth-restoration interface

This study evaluated the tooth-restoration interface between composite resin or glass ionomer cement and the tooth surface in teeth where caries removal and cavity preparation were performed either with the dental drill, the dental drill and laser irradiation, or laser irradiation alone. A nanosecond-pulsed Nd-YAG laser was used at energy densities of 2–8 J cm-2. After tooth restoration, microleakage tests were performed using methylene blue. Using general linear model procedures, no significant differences in microleakage were determined between ‘drill’ and ‘drill and laser’-prepared groups (p< 0.01) in resinand in glass-ionomer-restored teeth. These specimens showed significantly less dye penetration than the ‘laser only’ group (p< 0.0001). No correlation was found between fluence and microleakage using either restorative material (p = 0.8). Dye penetration was significantly greater in the composite-filled than in the glass-ionomer group (p< 0.05). Mechanisms influencing laser effects on bonding require further investigation before clinical application of lasers as an alternative to the dental drill can become viable.
On the effect of the heat generated during a stress-induced thermoelastic phase transformation

In this paper we examine the stress-elongation response of a bar undergoing a thermoelastic phase transition. Attention is focussed on how this response is affected by the heat generated during the transformation. The analysis is based on a continuum model consisting of a two-well Helmholtz free-energy function, a kinetic relation and a nucleation criterion. The governing mathematical problem is related to one that describes a moving heat source, except that here, the strength and speed of the source are not knowna priori and the energy field equation involves coupling between thermal and mechanical effects. A finite difference solution of this moving boundary-value problem is carried out. The heat generated by the transformation is found to have a significant effect on the mechanical response whenever the prescribed elongation-rate is moderately large.
Minipig model of maxillary distraction osteogenesis: immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis of the sequence of osteogenesis.

Purpose To document the sequence of bone formation in a minipig model of Le Fort I distraction osteogenesis (DO) using immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. Materials and Methods Female Yucatan minipigs (N = 9) in the mixed-dentition stage underwent bilateral maxillary DO. The distraction protocol was 0 days of latency, with a distraction rate of 1 mm/d for 12 days and 24 days of fixation. Specimens were harvested and divided between the central incisors (18 hemi-maxillae) at the end of DO (n = 6), at mid-fixation (n = 6), and at the end of fixation (n = 6). Sections, including the advancement zone, were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, collagen II, CD34, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Light and fluorescence microscope images (original magnification ×200) were obtained, and percentage of surface area (PSA) of the advancement zone occupied by fibrous tissue, vessels, proliferating cells, osteoid, and bone was determined. An intact maxilla served as the control. Results At the end of DO, in the advancement zone, the PSA (mean values) of proliferating cells was 33.16%; fibrous tissue, 52%; vessels, 4.35%; and new bone, 5.45%. At the end of fixation, the PSA of proliferating cells decreased to 10.53%, fibrous tissue to 2.3%, and vessels to 1.5% whereas the PSA of new bone increased to 44.9%. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the progression of osteogenesis in the maxillary DO wound begins with intense cellular proliferation and vascular fibrous tissue formation and progresses to mature, cancellous bone by the end of fixation. The PSA occupied by mature bone is significantly less than in the control maxilla at the end of fixation. This is consistent with the sequence in the mandibular DO wound.
Linking physical and mental health: Comparing users and non-users of mental health services in medical care utilization

Higher medical costs incurred by persons with mental disorders was assessed by comparing users and non-users of mental health services in their use of medical (non-mental health) services. Insurance claims data for 4.8 million persons enrolled in the Federal Employees Plan in 1978 were examined. Policy-related recommendations include the need for coordinated mental and physical health care in primary care settings. In particular, the physical health problems of patients in mental health settings should not be ignored as these may cause or exacerbate distress and reduce the effectiveness of mental health treatment.
Enzyme inhibitors III. Syntheses of cis‐(6‐substituted‐9‐purinyl) cycloalkylcarbinols as adenosine deaminase inhibitors

The syntheses of cis -4-(6-chloro-9-purinyl)cyclohexylcarbinol (VI) and cis -3-(6-chloro-9-purinyl)cyclopentylcarbinol (XVII) have been accomplished by the condensation of 5-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine with the appropriate amino alcohol, followed by ring closure of the resultant substituted pyrimidine to give the desired purines. Nucleophilic displacement of the 6-chloro group in VI and XVII gave the following 6-substituted derivatives: ( a ) hydroxy, ( b ) mercapto, ( c ) amino, ( d ) methylamino, and ( e ) dimethylamino. Evaluation of these substrate analogs as inhibitors of adenosine deaminase revealed that those compounds with an amino or methylamino group at the 6-position of the purine nucleus were inhibitory and that the hydroxymethyl group on the cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl nucleus makes only a small contribution to binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme.
Terminal sidechain packing of a designed β-hairpin influences conformation and stability

While end capping in α-helices is well understood, the concept of capping a β-hairpin is a relatively recent development; to date, favorable Coulombic interactions are the only example of sidechains at the termini influencing the overall stability of a β-hairpin. While cross-strand hydrophobic residues generally provide hairpin stabilization, particular when flanking the turn region, those remote from this location appear to provide little stabilization. While probing for an optimal residue at a hydrogen bond position near the terminus of a designed β-hairpin a conservative, hydrophobic, V I mutation was observed to not only result in a significant change in fold population but also effected major changes in the structuring shifts at numerous sites in the peptide. Mutational studies reveal that there is an interaction between the sidechain at this H-bonded site and the sidechain at the C-terminal non-H-bonded site of the hairpin. This interaction, which appears to be hydrophobic in character, requires a highly twisted hairpin structure. Modifications at the C-terminal site, for example an E A mutation (ΔΔGU = 6 kJ/mol), have profound affects on fold structure and stability. The data suggests that this may be a case of hairpin end capping by the formation of a hydrophobic cluster. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 557–564, 2009. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online”date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Vitamin K1–induced localized scleroderma (morphea) with linear deposition of IgA in the basement membrane zone

Abstract We describe a 45-year-old white man in whom distinctive clinical and histologic features of localized scleroderma developed at sites of injection of vitamin K 1 (phytonadione). A direct immunofluorescence test demonstrated prominent linear deposition of IgA along the basement membrane zone. No circulating antibasement membrane zone IgA antibodies were identified on indirect immunofluorescence testing. We believe that the unusual immunofluorescence finding in our patient is nonspecific and represents an epiphenomenon caused by cutaneous injury. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:322-4.)
Effectiveness of water-bearing and anti-stripping additives in warm mix asphalt technology

Effects of varying dosages of a water-bearing warm mix asphalt (WMA) additive, Advera®, on a performance grade (PG) binder, PG 64-22, were evaluated. The effectiveness of an amine-based liquid anti-stripping (AS) agent, AD-here® HP Plus, on the Advera®-modified binder was also studied. Furthermore, the effect of reduced oxidative ageing on Advera®-modified binder was investigated. The optimum dosage of Advera® was found to be 6% (by the mass of the binder), which did not alter the base binder's PG. A fairly small amount (0.5%) of the AS agent was found to be effective in increasing the fatigue and low temperature resistances of the Advera®-modified binder. A notable reduction in the high PG temperature was observed when the Advera®-modified binder was aged (short term) at 135°C, and this observation is in agreement with the test results of the Advera® mix, which showed excessive rutting and moisture susceptibility. Test data from a rotational viscometer showed no reduction in the viscosity and the product...
Therapeutic applications of implantable drug delivery systems

In the past, drugs were frequently administered orally, as liquids or in powder forms. To avoid problems incurred through the utilization of the oral route of drug administration, new dosage forms containing the drug(s) were introduced. As time progressed, there was a need for delivery systems that could maintain a steady release of drug to the specific site of action. Therefore, drug delivery systems were developed to optimize the therapeutic properties of drug products and render them more safe, effective, and reliable. Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) are an example of such systems available for therapeutic use. The application of currently available implantable drug delivery systems is the main focus of this review. IDDS can be classified into three major categories: biodegradable or nonbiodegradable implants, implantable pump systems, and the newest atypical class of implants. Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable implants are available as monolithic systems or reservoir systems. The release kinetics of drugs from such systems depend on both the solubility and diffusion coefficient of the drug in the polymer, the drug load, as well as the in vivo degradation rate of the polymer, especially, in the case of the biodegradable systems. Controlled release of drug from the implantable pump is generally achieved utilizing the microtechnology of electronic systems and remote-controlled flow rate manipulation through the maintenance of a constant pressure difference. The third atypical class includes those which have been recently developed such as ceramic hydroxyapatite antibiotic systems used in the treatment of bone infections, intraocular implants for the treatment of glaucoma, and transurethral implants utilized in the treatment of impotence. The major advantages of these systems include targeted local delivery of drugs at a constant rate, less drug required to treat the disease state, minimization of possible side effects, and enhanced efficacy of treatment. Also, these forms of delivery systems are capable of protecting drugs which are unstable in vivo and that would normally require a frequent dosing intervals. Due to the development of such sustained release formulations, it is now possible to administer unstable drugs once a week to once a year that in the past required frequent daily dosing. Preliminary studies using these systems have shown superior effectiveness over conventional methods of treatment. However, one limitation of these newly developed drug delivery systems is the fact that their cost-to-benefit ratio (cost/benefit) is too high which restricts their use over conventional dosage forms. Hopefully, in the future, new implantable systems can be developed at a lower cost, thereby minimizing the cost-to-benefit ratio and therefore, be used extensively in standard therapeutic practice. Some of the most recently discovered implants are in the early developmental stages and more rigorous clinical testing is required prior to their use in standard practice.
Lung carcinoma arising in bronchopulmonary sequestration

A squamous cell carcinoma arising in intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration of the right lower lobe is described in a 69-year-old man. One other reported case was found. Other complications of bronchopulmonary sequestration include nonspecific infections and tuberculosis.
Mammary carcinogen-protein binding potentials: novel and biologically relevant structure-activity relationship model descriptors.

Previously, SAR models for carcinogenesis used descriptors that are essentially chemical descriptors. Herein we report the development of models with the cat-SAR expert system using biological descriptors (i.e., ligand–receptor interactions) rat mammary carcinogens. These new descriptors are derived from the virtual screening for ligand–receptor interactions of carcinogens, non-carcinogens, and mammary carcinogens to a set of 5494 target proteins. Leave-one-out validations of the ligand mammary carcinogen–non-carcinogen model had a concordance between experimental and predicted results of 71%, and the mammary carcinogen–non-mammary carcinogen model was 72% concordant. The development of a hybrid fragment–ligand model improved the concordances to 85 and 83%, respectively. In a separate external validation exercise, hybrid fragment–ligand models had concordances of 81 and 76%. Analyses of example rat mammary carcinogens including the food mutagen and oestrogenic compound PhIP, the herbicide atrazine, and th...
Chronic fibrosing pancreatitis in a 12-year-old female

Recurrent abdominal pain in an adolescent population is a frequent complaint. However, diseases of the pancreas, and especially chronic pancreatitis, in this age group are extremely uncommon. One type of pancreatitis, fibrosing pancreatitis, has been reported in only 14 previous pediatric patients, five of whom were over 12 years of age. We report an additional 12-year-old female with this condition. This case serves to remind us that fibrosing pancreatitis needs to be considered in any adolescent patient with chronic abdominal pain, recurrent vomiting, weight loss, steatorrhea, and painless obstructive jaundice.
Auger spectra of copper-nickel alloys

Abstract The measured, normalized derivative amplitudes of Auger spectra from the surface of binary solid-solutions of copper and nickel are proportional to the average volume concentration of the alloys. It is observed that copper is preferentially removed by Ar ion bombardment within layers
COMPUTING MARGINAL EFFECTS IN THE BOX–COX MODEL

This paper considers computation of fitted values and marginal effects in the Box–Cox regression model. Two methods, 1 the “smearing” technique suggested by Duan (see Ref. [10]) and 2 direct numeri...
Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis in the Finger Joints by Three-Dimensional Diffuse Optical Tomography: Pilot Clinical Results

The pilot clinical study shows that finger joints can be quantitatively imaged by 3D diffuse optical tomography. The reconstructed images and recovered optical properties have demonstrated significant differences between joints with and without osteoarthritis.
Multisensory Encoding Improves Auditory Recognition

Recent studies have challenged the long-held belief that recognition is unfailingly degraded by contextual differences between study and test items. In these studies, recognition of pictures presented in silence was better when during study or initial exposure the images were accompanied by a semantically congruent sound rather than silence. In the present study, we sought to examine the generalization of this phenomenon to auditory recognition and found a significant improvement in the recognition of auditory items when coupled with a congruent picture. We discuss these findings within the framework of the redintegration hypothesis of memory retrieval as well as Bayesian inference and learning.
Microdroplet Assay of Human Serum Cytotoxins

ATTEMPTS to define leucocyte groups in man serologically have been hampered by the scarcity of immune human antisera and the capriciousness of the leuco-agglutination reaction1. The method recorded here for assaying lymphocyte cytotoxins in a microscale was developed to circumvent these difficulties. Its extreme sensitivity permits performance of 1,000 or more tests with 1 ml. of antiserum. Furthermore, lymphocytes obtained from one finger-prick sample of blood are sufficient for 100 separate tests. The basic innovation in handling these small quantities of serum and cells and in gaining a greater than ten-fold increase in sensitivity over present-day methods is the performance of the reaction in microdroplets submerged under oil. This permits reduction in numbers of target cells to as few as 500 cells in contrast to the 50,000 or so cells required for previously described cytotoxicity tests2–4. Since the sensitivity of cytotoxicity is inversely proportional to the number of cells used2,3, an increase of sensitivity in the range of 10–100 times may be expected. Unlike the usual de Fonbrune oil chamber employed in micromanipulation, use of a ‘dish’ with a cover-glass bottom facilitated rapid addition of reagents and cells with a microsyringe.
An analysis of factors in the successful management of cancer of tonsillar region

A total of 117 consecutive primary cancers of the tonsillar region was irradiated at the University of Illinois Hospitals from 1955 to 1973. Results with 94 patients treated with radiotherapy alone and 23 with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy were analyzed. The modalities of radiation used were electron beam, 22 meV photons and Cobalt-60. Lymph node metastases were noted in 70% of the patients at the initial examination. In patients treated with radiation alone the determinant 5-year survivals were 42% without and 20% with nodal involvement. In the absence of node disease, survivals were 100% in T1, 60% in T2, 37.5% in T3 and 25% in T4 lesions. The significance of age, sex, histological differentiation, extent of the tumor, modality of treatment and the incidence of second primary were analyzed. Time dose relationships and factors influencing the prognosis are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
The role fo glutamine synthetase and glutamine metabolism in nitrogen metabolite repression, a regulatory phenomenon in the lower eukaryote Neurospora crassa.

Growth of Neurospora crassa on media containing NH 4 + leads to the repression of a variety of permeases and alternative pathways which would generate NH 4 + , so called “ammonium repression.” The mutant am 2 which lacks NADP-GDH is not subject to ammonium repression of nitrate reductase or urea permease, but like the wild type has repressed levels of these systems when grown in the presence of proline, glutamate or glutamine. The glutamine synthetase (GS) mutant gln-la has derepressed levels of the aforementioned systems unless grown with glutamine. The oligomeric state of GS depends upon the nitrogen sufficiency of the cell, a tetrameric form predominates under conditions of nitrogen limitation and an octameric form under conditions of nitrogen sufficiency. We have found that the tetrameric form GS predominates in the mutants am 2 and gln-la when they are ammonium derepressed. The mechanism of NH 4 + repression in N. crassa is thought to entail a cessation of positive gene action by the product of the nit-2 regulatory gene. We propose that under conditions of NH 4 + sufficiency, and hence glutamine sufficiency, the octameric form of GS represses nit-2 gene expression and thereby achieves ammonium repression.
A comparison of the bioavailability of oral and intramuscular dexamethasone in women in late pregnancy

Objective To compare the bioavailability of oral and intramuscular (IM) dexamethasone in third-trimester pregnant women. Methods Oral and IM dexamethasone levels were compared in a randomized, parallel, crossover bioavailability study involving 11 gravid women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Subjects were randomized to receive either 6 mg of IM or 8 mg of oral dexamethasone. The following week, the alternative regimen was administered. Serial blood samples were obtained after drug administration. Dexamethasone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Total area under the curve was compared for the oral and IM groups using a paired t test. Results Eight of the 11 women completed the study through 12 hours; all 11 women completed the study through 6 hours. Among the 11 women, peak levels of dexamethasone occurred 30 minutes after IM injection (mean ± standard deviation, 101.7 ± 19.2 ng/mL) and 120 minutes after oral administration (65.9 ± 20.5 ng/mL). Area under the curve did not differ significantly between those receiving IM dexamethasone (258.3 ± 50.0 ng/minute/mL) and those receiving oral dexamethasone (251.8 ± 59.7 ng/minute/mL) when measured 6 hours after administration of the drug. Terminal half-lives were similar in the IM and oral groups. Similar findings were noted among the eight women who were studied through 12 hours. This study had a power of 87% to detect a 20% difference in area under the curve between the two groups. Conclusion The bioavailability of 8 mg of oral dexamethasone is similar to that of a 6-mg IM dose, as determined by the area under the curve.
Analysis of the effects of image transformation, template selection, and partial information on face recognition with time-varying expressions for homeland security applications

Facial recognition, especially with time-varying facial expressions and/or disguises, is crucial in many homeland security applications. The recent Boston Marathon attack is one example reminder of the importance of developing accurate and reliable facial recognition algorithms. While various face recognition algorithms have been proposed in the literature, unfortunately many of them still remain in their infancy. This is mainly due to their lack of high recognition rates in the presence of varying image face artifacts and conditions. In order to develop more accurate facial recognition systems there is a primary need to identify and, as much as possible, derive some of the causes that may affect some face recognition accuracy rates. The main contribution of this paper is the investigation and analysis of how and what factors, other than illumination noise, and occlusion, may affect the recognition accuracy rate of some of the most popular and currently widely used face recognition algorithms, namely, Eigenface-based, Fisherface-based and Direct Correlation-based ones. In particular, in this work we show the effects, on these facial recognition accuracy, of facial reasonable registration with or without off-the-plane face rotation, the type and number of individual's face template(s) selection, and the type and increasing amount of partial facial information contained in face images. Finally experimental results are presented to demonstrate the potential value and importance of each of these proposed factors on facial recognition.
Liquid acquisition devices for superfluid helium transfer

To transfer superfluid helium (He II) in the milli-g or micro-g environment in orbit, it is necessary to provide a reasonably steady supply of liquid to the inlet of the pump in the supply dewar. To accomplish this without providing an artificial gravity through acceleration requires a liquid acquisition device. Fluid swirl and electrostatic devices have been proposed to orientate the fluid. However, the simplest mechanisms appear to be the use of surface tension or the thermomechanical effect. This paper examines four concepts for providing He II to the inlet of a thermomechanical pump. The devices are a distributed thermomechanical pump, a distributed pump with a main thermomechanical pump, a screened channel system and a vane/sponge combination. Calculations on the efficiency of these types of liquid acquisition devices are made using laboratory data from tests involving small scale devices where applicable. These calculations show that the latter two types of liquid acquisition devices are the most efficient. Questions as to the probability of cavitation and the effect of the residual shuttle acceleration on their operation remain to be answered, however.
Effect of wind and current on course control of a maneuvering vessel

The equations of motion of a maneuvering vessel under the action of wind, current, rudder and propulsion are solved by the MATLAB Runge-Kutta solver ode45. The hydrodynamic derivatives used are those presented by Clarke et al. (1982)[1]. Wind and current loads are applied to segments of the vessel via a relative velocity formulation and drag coefficients. Course control is achieved by autopilot gains derived from a first order Nomoto approximation. The intent is to provide a tool for assessing a vessel's maneuvering capabilities in terms of a simple single parameter (track deviation) under various environmental conditions. Results of simulations are presented for various wind and current scenarios.
Alignment following left and right hemisphere damage

Background: Patients with fluent aphasia have been reported to exhibit abnormal timing of some linguistic units, but the basis of this deficit is unclear. It has been hypothesised that these patients have impaired ability to control temporal information stored in lexical items, but timing at the level of intonation phrase (IP) is intact for them. One aspect of temporal control at the level of IP is alignment, the relative timing of events in fundamental frequency (F0) contours associated with intonation and events in the segmental string. I am grateful to Hugh Buckingham and an anonymous reviewer for their comments and suggestions on a draft of this paper. This research was supported by NIH (NIDCD) grant 5R03DC004955‐03. Aim: The present study sought to determine whether patients with fluent aphasia have intact ability for alignment. Methods & Procedures: Absolute and relative measures of intervals between F0 peaks and valleys, as well as syllable duration were evaluated in sentences produced by patients ...
Patient Information and Education about Drugs: The FDA Perspective

Patient information and education is high on the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) agenda. This paper reviews FDA's role in patient information and education, including a recent campaign to improve communications between health care practitioners and patients. Also covered are the problems and solutions being developed for off-label usage, additional labeling indications, direct-to-consumer-advertising, and adverse events reporting.
Comparative taphonomy and palaeoecology of trilobite lagerstätten

Trilobite remains display a range of taphonomic properties which provide useful information regarding the distribution of environmental conditions. Particular deposits, when viewed in proper perspective, may represent specific palaeobiological and behavioural phenomena for which tenable explanations can be proposed and evaluated. Trilobite lagerstatten typically comprise thoroughly and partially disarticulated remains, and less frequently include outstretched and/or enrolled corpses and intact exuviae. Rarely, trilobite remains (carcass, moult, or disarticulated segments) compose dense, localized patches and bioclastic deposits. Taphonomic properties appear non-randomly in the stratigraphic record and, therefore, characterize taphonomic facies (or taphofacies). Comparative taphonomy of remains provides an index by which ambient sedimentary conditions can be characterized and palaeoenvironmental settings synthesized. Trilobites, like other organisms with multi-element skeletons, were particularly sensitive...
Transition-metal granular solids: Microstructure, magnetic properties, and giant magnetoresistance.

We have systematically investigated the magnetotransport properties of five binary metallic systems (Co-Ag, Fe-Ag, Fe-Cu, Fe-Au, and Fe-Pt). Except for Fe-Pt, which forms a solid-solution in sputtering synthesis, all other systems exhibit giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effects and are immiscible or almost immiscible alloys. Using a combination of structural analysis involving transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and magnetic characterization, we have revealed the microstructure for some of the granular alloys where the magnetic particles are embedded in a nonmagnetic matrix. Across the whole particle volume fraction range (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}100 %), a universal peak of GMR at x=0.15\ensuremath{\sim}0.25 is uncovered in every granular system. The suppression of GMR in the high-x region is attributed to the percolation effect, which also causes a concurrent reduction in magnetic coercivity. Magnetic particle size, a variable under thermal annealing, is another important factor affecting GMR. We have observed correlations between transport properties and particle size, supporting the view that magnetic scattering occurs predominantly on the surface of the particles. Quantitatively, both the field and temperature dependence of the GMR effect can be well accounted for by a modified exchange interaction model. Spin-wave excitation and electron-phonon interaction at finite temperatures are detrimental to GMR. Superparamagnetism and large magnetic anisotropy impede the saturation process of GMR, but have no effect on the saturated value of GMR.
Strategies for Study of the Neurochemistry of Attention Deficit Disorder in Children

The interpretation of neurochemical studies of attention deficit disorder (ADD) with hyperactivity is complicated by the variability in diagnosis and by the limitations of single neurochemical measures--whose levels may be compensated by chronic feedback mechanisms. This article reviews previous neurochemical studies of ADD and proposes the use of single-dose neurochemical probes. Administration of a provocative agent with subsequent sequential measures of plasma levels of neurotransmitters, their metabolites, and hormones may help define the responsivity of neurochemical systems. Blood levels of drugs and neurotransmitters following single doses of methylphenidate and clonidine are studied as a strategy to explore the responsivity of dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms in ADD.
Comparison of bilingual children on the WISC-R and the Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler Para Ninos

A comparison was made of bilingual Puerto Rican students' scores on the WISC-R and the Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler Para Ninos to see whether there were any differences in scores based on the language in which they were tested. These children were determined to be equally proficient in English and Spanish, based on scores from the Dailey Language Facility Test. There were no significant differences between the Full Scale and the Verbal Scale scores on both tests, but significant differences were found between the Verbal and Performance Scale scores on both tests. Caution in testing bilingual children before determination of bilinguality, as well as further research into development of intelligence tests for individual culture groups, is recommended.
Induction of cyclin A gene expression by homocysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells

Homocysteine is an important and independent risk factor for arteriosclerosis. We showed previously that homocysteine stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, a hallmark of arteriosclerosis. We show here that homocysteine and serum increased DNA synthesis synergistically in both human and rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Treatment of quiescent RASMCs with 1 mM homocysteine or 2% calf serum for 36 h increased cyclin A mRNA levels by 8- and 14-fold, respectively, whereas homocysteine plus serum increased cyclin A mRNA levels by 40-fold, indicating a synergistic induction of cyclin A mRNA. Homocysteine did not increase the half-life of cyclin A mRNA (2.9 h), but it did increase the transcriptional rate of the cyclin A gene in nuclear run-on experiments. The positive effect of homocysteine on cyclin A gene transcription was confirmed by our finding that homocysteine increased cyclin A promoter activity and ATF-binding protein levels in RASMCs. Finally, 1 mM homocysteine increased cyclin A protein levels and cyclin A-associated kinase activity by threefold. This homocysteine-induced expression lesions by promoting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
The D′ → A′ transition in the emission spectrum of IBr

Abstract The strongest feature in the emission spectrum of IBr in inert gases, occurring near 3850 A, is studied for the 127 I 79 Br and 127 I 81 Br molecules. A vibrational analysis of this system supports the earlier tentative designation of this transition as D ′(2) → A ′(2), where the excited state is the lowest Ω = 2 state arising from the ion pair, I + ( 3 P 2 ) + Br − ( 1 S), and the terminus is the lowest excited valence state, a component of the first 3 Π term. The assignments include 61 bands spanning v ′ = 0–7 and v ″ = 9–22 and yield the following spectroscopic constants (cm −1 ): Δ T e = 27 977.4, ω ′ e = 122.66, ω e χ ′ e = 0.18, ω ″ e ≈ 145, and R′ e ≈ 3.46 A . The absolute energies of both states remain uncertain for lack of data on both low and high v ″ levels, but the D ′ state is at least near the other two ion-pair states in the lowest cluster of three, as has been found previously for ICl. Two other electronic transitions overlap with the dominant D ′ → A ′ system: β(1) → A ( 3 Π 1 ) at long wavelengths and E (0 + ) → X ( 1 Σ + ) at short. Improved vibrational constants are given for relevant regions of the A and X states.
Frank Ledwidge, Losing Small Wars: British Military Failure in Iraq and Afghanistan

Frank Ledwidge's Losing Small Wars: British Military Failure in Iraq and Afghanistan sets out to indict the British military for failure in Afghanistan and Iraq and for a self-deluding belief in it...
Intraoperative Color Doppler Assessment in Valve Repair Surgery

Intraoperative color Doppler recordings, obtained either from the epicardial or transesophageal approach, offer real-time information about the presence and severity of mitral regurgitation at the time of surgery. The technique allows instantaneous evaluation of mitral and tricuspid repair and may offer important information about the postoperative outcome. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, March 1991)
Whole-genome SNP association in the horse: identification of a deletion in myosin Va responsible for Lavender Foal Syndrome.

Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) is a lethal inherited disease of horses with a suspected autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. LFS has been primarily diagnosed in a subgroup of the Arabian breed, the Egyptian Arabian horse. The condition is characterized by multiple neurological abnormalities and a dilute coat color. Candidate genes based on comparative phenotypes in mice and humans include the ras-associated protein RAB27a (RAB27A) and myosin Va (MYO5A). Here we report mapping of the locus responsible for LFS using a small set of 36 horses segregating for LFS. These horses were genotyped using a newly available single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip containing 56,402 discriminatory elements. The whole genome scan identified an associated region containing these two functional candidate genes. Exon sequencing of the MYO5A gene from an affected foal revealed a single base deletion in exon 30 that changes the reading frame and introduces a premature stop codon. A PCR–based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) assay was designed and used to investigate the frequency of the mutant gene. All affected horses tested were homozygous for this mutation. Heterozygous carriers were detected in high frequency in families segregating for this trait, and the frequency of carriers in unrelated Egyptian Arabians was 10.3%. The mapping and discovery of the LFS mutation represents the first successful use of whole-genome SNP scanning in the horse for any trait. The RFLP assay can be used to assist breeders in avoiding carrier-to-carrier matings and thus in preventing the birth of affected foals.
Permutation techniques for analyzing multi-response data from randomized block experiments

A class of permutation techniques is presented for the randomized block design. This class is specifically devised for analyses involving multivariate data. A numerical example illustrates an application based on multivariate data. Many well known techniques are special cases of this class. Among these special cases are (i) the permutation version of the classical univariate technique for randomized blocks which 1s associated with analysis of variance, (ii) the Friedman randomized block test, (iii) one-sample matched-pair tests, (iv) the Pearson correlation measure, and (v) the Spearman rank correlation and foot-rule measures. Furthermore, variations and multivariate versions among this class suggest a variety of new techniques which have not received any previous attention.
Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom phospholipase D (PLD) generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)

Envenomation by the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) may cause local dermonecrosis and, rarely, coagulopathies, kidney failure and death. A venom phospholipase, SMaseD (sphingomyelinase D), is responsible for the pathological manifestations of envenomation. Recently, the recombinant SMaseD from Loxosceles laeta was demonstrated to hydrolyse LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine) to produce LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) and choline. Therefore activation of LPA signalling pathways may be involved in some manifestations of Loxosceles envenomation. To begin investigating this idea, we cloned a full-length cDNA encoding L. reclusa SMaseD. The 305 amino acid sequence of the L. reclusa enzyme is 87, 85 and 60% identical with those of L. arizonica, L. intermedia and L. laeta respectively. The recombinant enzyme expressed in bacteria had broad substrate specificity. The lysophospholipids LPC, LPI (18:1-1-oleyol lysophosphatidylinositol), LPS, LPG (18:1-1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidylglycerol), LBPA (18:1-1-oleoyl-lysobisphosphatidic acid) (all with various acyl chains), lyso-platelet-activating factor (C16:0), cyclic phosphatidic acid and sphingomyelin were hydrolysed, whereas sphingosylphosphorylcholine, PC (phosphatidylcholine; C22:6, C20:4 and C6:0), oxidized PCs and PAF (platelet-activating factor; C16:0) were not hydrolysed. The PAF analogue, edelfosine, inhibited enzyme activity. Recombinant enzyme plus LPC (C18:1) induced the migration of A2058 melanoma cells, and this activity was blocked by the LPA receptor antagonist, VPC32183. The recombinant spider enzyme was haemolytic, but this activity was absent from catalytically inactive H37N (His37→Asn) and H73N mutants. Our results demonstrate that Loxosceles phospholipase D hydrolyses a wider range of lysophospholipids than previously supposed, and thus the term ‘SMaseD’ is too limited in describing this enzyme.
Gender influences neuromuscular adaptations to muscle unloading.

Muscle unloading results in decreased strength. This is partly attributed to reduced neural activation. This study examined whether men and women experienced different adaptations to muscle unloading. Ten men (21.4 ± 0.8 years; mean ± SE) and ten women (20.9 ± 0.2 years) were subjected to 1 week of muscle unloading. Muscle function was quantified during knee extensions before, and following unloading. Electromyography (EMG) was assessed during maximal isometric contractions before, and after unloading. Results showed greater (P < 0.05) unloading-induced decrement in muscle performance in women than men. The loss of peak torque was significantly correlated (r = 0.69) with the decline in EMG consequent to unloading, and women displayed significantly larger reductions in EMG. These findings indicate that: (1) women are more affected by muscle unloading than men, and (2) gender-related differences in strength declines are associated with similar disparities in the nervous system’s capacity to maximally stimulate muscle.
Gender-Related Differences in Iron Absorption by Preadolescent Children

ABSTRACT: In a study of absorption of iron from meals by preadolescent children (Tanner stage 1), we had noted that erythrocyte incorporation of the extrinsic iron label was somewhat greater by girls than by boys. Although the difference was not significant, the observation seemed to warrant further study. Study A: A precisely determined quantity of ferrous sulfate enriched with the stable isotope 58Fe was given without food to 15 boys and 15 girls (Tanner stage 1) after an overnight fast and was immediately followed by a dose of 70 mg of ascorbic acid. 58Fe enrichment of the erythrocytes was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at baseline and 14 and 42 d after administration of the 58Fe dose. Geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation of the 58Fe label was 35.2% of intake by boys and 45.0% of intake by girls. The difference was significant (analysis of covariance with serum ferritin as covariate, p = 0.035). Study B: Fifteen boys and 15 girls (Tanner stage 1) were fed a breakfast labeled with 58Fe. Geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation of the 58Fe label was 14.8% of intake by boys and 24.7% of intake by girls. The difference was significant (analysis of covariance with serum ferritin as covariate, p = 0.004). Because serum ferritin concentrations were similar in boys and girls, the gender-related difference in iron absorption (as reflected by erythrocyte incorporation of the label) does not appear to be explained by a difference in body stores of iron. We hypothesize that hormonal differences between boys and girls in Tanner stage 1 favor iron absorption by girls.