cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Neurological Predictor Scale Predicts Adaptive Functioning via Executive Dysfunction in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumor.

Objectives: Survivors of childhood brain tumors experience neurological sequelae that disrupt everyday adaptive functioning (AF) skills. The Neurological Predictor Scale (NPS), a cumulative measure of tumor treatments and sequelae, predicts cognitive outcomes, but findings on its relation to informant-reported executive dysfunction (ED) and AF are mixed. Given known effects of frontal-subcortical system disruptions on AF, this study assessed the NPS’ relationship with AF as mediated by frontal systems dysfunction, measured by the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). Methods: 75 participants (Mage = 23.5, SDage = 4.5) were young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors at least 5 years past diagnosis. FrSBe and Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R), a measure of AF, were administered to informants. Parallel multiple mediator models included Apathy and ED as mediators, and age at diagnosis and time between diagnosis and assessment as covariates. Results: More complex treatment and sequelae were correlated with poorer functioning. Mediation models were significant for all subscales: Motor Skills (MS), p = .0001; Social Communication (SC), p = .002; Personal Living (PL), p = .004; Community Living (CL), p = .007. The indirect effect of ED on SC and CL was significant; the indirect effect of Apathy was not significant for any subscales. Conclusions: More complex tumor treatment and sequelae were associated with poorer long-term AF via increased ED. Cognitive rehabilitation programs may focus on the role of executive function and initiation that contribute to AF, particularly SC and CL skills, to help survivors achieve comparable levels of independence in everyday function as their peers.
MRS of the Neonatal Brain: Abnormal Development and Neonatal Pathology

The most frequently encountered intracranial pathologies in the neonatal period include hemorrhage (e.g., germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhages, intraparenchymal hemorrhages or extraaxial hemorrhages), hypoxic–ischemic injuries (i.e., hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, stroke), and encephalopathy of prematurity, which includes both focal and diffuse injury to the developing white matter. Less frequently encountered are congenital malformations involving the cerebrum (e.g., diffuse migrational abnormalities, intrahemispheric cysts) or the posterior fossa (e.g., congenital aqueductal stenosis, chiari malformations), infections, trauma, tumors/masses, and early-onset metabolic disorders.
Single-Molecule Detection with Microtoroid Resonators

Single-molecule detection is one of the fundamental challenges of modern biology. Such experiments often use labels that can be expensive, difficult to produce and, for small analytes, might perturb the molecular events being studied. We have recently created a biological and chemical sensing system that can detect single molecules in aqueous solution without the use of labels.
Long-Term Imaging of Living Adult Zebrafish

ABSTRACT The zebrafish has become a widely used animal model due in large part to its accessibility to and usefulness for high-resolution optical imaging. Although zebrafish research has historically focused mostly on early development, in recent years the fish has increasingly been used to study regeneration, cancer metastasis, behavior, and other processes taking place in juvenile and adult animals. However, imaging of live adult zebrafish is extremely challenging, with survival of adult fish limited to a few tens of minutes using standard imaging methods developed for zebrafish embryos and larvae. Here, we describe a new method for imaging intubated adult zebrafish using a specially designed 3D printed chamber for long-term imaging of adult zebrafish on inverted microscope systems. We demonstrate the utility of this new system by nearly day-long observation of neutrophil recruitment to a wound area in living double-transgenic adult casper zebrafish with fluorescently labeled neutrophils and lymphatic vessels.
Bioassay of vitamin K by intracardial injection in deficient adult male rats.

The biological activity of vitamin K was determined by intracardial injection in partially depleted adult male rats. Prothrombin levels rose rapidly after the injection of phylloquinone. Response to menadione was delayed for several hours. The relative molar activity of several forms of vitamin K was determined. Menaquinones with side chains containing more than six isoprene units were up to 25 times as active as phylloquinone. Bioassay of vitamin K by intravascular injection in deficient animals is a useful technique for the analysis of purified prep arations of the vitamin without the limita tions and uncertainties imposed by the absorptive process. In severely deficient chicks vascular penetration is impractical because of resulting hemorrhage; however, in rats it is possible to obtain a reproduc ible intermediate state of deficiency ( 1) permitting the administration of vitamin K by intracardial injection. The bioassay of vitamin K by this technique is the subject of this report. MATERIALS AND METHODS The conditions of deficiency were those obtained previously with adult male rats fed for 2 weeks a diet containing 21% soy protein, 43% cornstarch, 22% glucose monohydrate,2 5% corn oil, and an ade quate supplement of minerals and vitamins except for vitamin K (1). Rats were se lected from the St. Louis University colony at 13 Â±1 weeks of age. They were housed individually in suspended stainless wire cages and given fresh food at 2or 3-day intervals to permit ad libitum feeding. Af ter one week, samples of blood were taken by cardiac puncture and the plasma was analyzed by the method of Hjort et al. (2) using Russell's viper venom as an extrinsic activator. At 2 weeks the rats were divided into groups of three in such a manner that the average prothrombin levels of each group closely approximated the overall av erage. As observed earlier (1) this value was about 40% of normal rat prothrombin activity. For intracardial injection, phyllo quinone 3 and menaquinones were dis solved in 5% or less of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) in saline; menadione and menadiol disphosphate were dissolved in saline.4
Differential Chemokine Gene Expression in Corneal Transplant Rejection

Purpose To evaluate the differential gene expression of chemokines after corneal transplantation and to determine the chemokines associated with allograft rejection. Methods Orthotopic mouse corneal transplantation was performed in two fully mismatched-strain combinations using C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) mice as recipients and BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice as donors. Normal nonsurgical eyes served as negative control specimens and syngeneic transplants (isografts) as control specimens for the alloimmune response. Chemokine gene expression in accepted and rejected allografts and appropriate control specimens was determined by a multiprobe RNase protection assay system. Results In eyes with rejected allografts, there was overexpression of regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MIP-2, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c recipients. In addition, C57BL/6 eyes with rejected allografts expressed very high levels of interferon-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) mRNA, in contrast to BALB/c eyes with rejected allografts, in which IP-10 expression remained very low. In contrast, lymphotactin gene expression increased only slightly in rejected allografts, and eotaxin mRNA, which was also detected in normal eyes, remained unchanged among isograft and allograft groups. T-cell activation gene (TCA)-3 mRNA was not detected in any of the assayed eyes. Conclusions Increased expression of mRNA for select chemokines of the CXC (alpha) and CC (beta) families is associated with corneal allograft rejection. Significantly elevated IP-10 gene expression in high-rejector C57BL/6, but not in low-rejector BALB/c, hosts suggests that differential activation of chemokines may be related to differences in alloimmune reactivity observed among different murine strains.
GMC Fiberglass Truck Door

A new fiberglass door was designed to replace steel doors on GMC heavy duty trucks as a quality improvement while reducing cost and weight. A feasibility study led to the selection of SMC for the door material. The new design incorporated unique design features and innovative materials applications. Finite element analysis was used to determine optimum material distribution for reducing stress and weight and for increasing stiffness. A test program was conducted which verified that the design criteria and objectives were met.
A test of the advection‐condensation model for subtropical water vapor using stable isotopologue observations from Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

[1] Subtropical humidity plays a critical role in the radiative balance of the planet, and there is a need for adequate description of the controls on water vapor distributions. This study tests whether an advection-condensation model, combined with Rayleigh distillation, can describe observed humidity and water vapor isotope ratios of the subtropical free troposphere. A field campaign, from 9 October to 6 November, 2008, included continuous in situ measurement of water vapor stable isotope ratios at the NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO), Hawaii. Last saturation patterns for air at the MLO were determined using both Lagrangian back-trajectory and Eulerian model techniques. Last saturation occurs primarily along midlatitude storm tracks (∼65%), and secondarily near Hawaii (∼10%) within mesoscale convective systems. Periods of lowerδDvalues at MLO correspond to extra-tropical last saturation, while elevatedδD corresponds with saturation locations near Hawaii. To a first order, the conditions of last saturation are found to set not only the humidity but also the water vapor isotope ratio. In the absence of mixing, reconstructed q and δD values underestimate the observations. Experimental reconstructions demonstrate that variable amounts of mixing within the free troposphere and about 2% vapor influx mixing per hour from the boundary layer can explain the observed q and δD values. A last saturation model provides a reasonable description of humidity and water vapor isotope ratios of the subtropical free troposphere and results are sensitive to the treatment of mixing of air parcels last saturated in distinctly different regions of the atmosphere.
Rekeying and Storage Cost for Multiple User Revocation.

Abstract : In this paper, we focus on tradeoffs between storage cost and rekeying cost for secure multi-cast. Specifically, we present a family of algorithms that provide a tradeoff between the number of keys maintained by users and the time required for rekeying due to revocation of multiple users. We show that some well-known algorithms in the literature are members of this family. We show that algorithms in this family can be used to reduce the cost of rekeying by 43%-79% when compared with previous solutions while keeping the number of keys manageable. We also describe a scheme that allows one to reduce the number of keys further without increasing the rekeying cost.
Effect of inoculum size on in vitro susceptibility testing with lincomycin.

There is disagreement in the literature as to whether lincomycin is primarily a bacteriostatic or a bactericidal agent against gram-positive cocci and also regarding the levels of activity of this agent against susceptible microorganisms. These questions were examined in a study of the effect of inoculum size on the results of tube dilution susceptibility determinations with lincomycin against 49 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 25 strains of streptococci and pneumococci. Lincomycin was both highly active and bactericidal when tested against 40 strains of S. aureus with inocula containing a maximum of 104 cells per ml [median minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), 0.78 μg/ml; median minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), 1.56 μg/ml]. With inocula of 105 cells per ml, lincomycin was primarily bacteriostatic (median MIC, 1.56 μg/ml; median MBC, 12.5 μg/ml). There were further decreases in inhibitory levels and significant losses of bactericidal activity when inocula containing more than 107 cells were tested (median MIC, 3.13 μg/ml; median MBC > 100 μg/ml). Similar measurements with streptococci and pneumococci revealed a lesser effect of inoculum size. The mean MBC value for α-hemolytic streptococci increased from 0.40 to 1.05 μg/ml with an increase in inocula from 104 to 106 cells per ml, but without a marked increase in MIC values. Similar results were obtained for β-hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci.
The importance of the liver in normal and silicotic lung-lipid homeostasis. 2. Cholesterol.

Abstract We studied the total content, concentration, and rate of synthesis of cholesterol in the lung, liver, and serum of rats intratracheally injected with quartz or saline. Intact rats served as controls. The animals were sacrificed at four time intervals ranging from 6 to 144 hr after the treatment. The presented data are based on analyses of 87 rat lungs. Instillation of silica into rat lung results in a prompt and significant increase in cholesterol content in the lung amounting to a three- to fourfold increase over the control values within 3 to 6 days after the instillation. These changes, when correlated with cholesterol changes in the serum and liver, indicate that the lung injury initiates synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. This lipid species (as well as other lipids) is then transported into the serum and deposited in the lung. The results indicate that some of the cholesterol in silica-treated rats is synthesized directly in the injured lung. The dynamics of the changes in the above indicators of cholesterol synthesis and deposition in the three tissue standards indicate that the early changes are a part of the nonspecific stress reaction (surgical trauma) and the later changes are specific to the silica related injury in the lung. Thus, the injured lung mediates the liver cholesterolgenesis and cholesterol transport into the serum and accumulation in the lung.
Modeling Grounding for Interactive Social Companions

Grounding is an important process that underlies all human interaction. Hence, it is also crucial for social companions to interact naturally. Maintaining the common ground requires domain knowledge but has also numerous social aspects, such as attention, engagement and empathy. Integrating these aspects and their interplay with the dialog management in a computational interaction model is a complex task. We present a modeling approach overcoming this challenge and illustrate it based on some social companion applications.
Surgical anatomy of the gastrocnemius recession (Strayer procedure).

Background:The Strayer procedure (gastrocnemius recession) is a treatment option for patients with clinically relevant gastrocnemius equinus contracture. The purpose of this study was to review the...
Clinical usefulness of the estrogen-creatinine ratio obtained from a single voided urine sample in pregnancy.

Abstract A single morning voided urine specimen in 208 pregnant patients was examined for estrogen/creatinine ratio determinations in an attempt to establish normal values in our population. No meaningful figures could be identified in patients from the twenty-seventh to the forty-first week of gestation. A review of the theory of such determinations and possible clinical applications is presented, as well as data on serial specimens in normal patients and on abnormal pre-eclamptic pregnancies.
Psychoaffective Differences between Sexually Functional and Dysfunctional Men in Response to a Sexual Experience

ABSTRACT Introduction Although anxiety and depression have long been implicated as factors in the development and maintenance of sexual dysfunction, other emotional states, more typical and within the range of normality, have received little attention. Aim To investigate key differences in self‐reported affective responses between sexually functional and dysfunctional males in the context of a sexual episode with their partner. Methods Participants were men seeking treatment at a urology clinic for either a sexual problem (N = 79) or another urological disorder (N = 16). Individuals rated their affective state across 28 descriptors in response to a partnered sexual experience. Main Outcome Measure The 28‐item Psychoaffective Response Form consisted of items assessing positive and negative affect. Principle components analysis was used to identify major underlying positive and negative factors. Results Significant differences were found on nearly all 28 measures of affective response as well as five major underlying factors constructed from those measures. Dysfunctional men more strongly endorsed negative affects and functional men more strongly endorsed positive affects, even though all suffered from a significant urological health issue. No differences existed in sexual desire or the value ascribed to sexual intimacy, suggesting that negative feelings were specifically associated with inadequate sexual performance and not general health concerns. Conclusion. These findings reiterate the importance of addressing patients' emotional issues as part of any overall treatment strategy. Rowland DL, Georgoff VL, and Burnett AL. Psychoaffective differences between sexually functional and dysfunctional men in response to a sexual experience.
The evaluation of roentgen therapy in the management of non-resectable carcinoma of the lung.

The records of 225 patients with non-resectable carcinomas of the lung were reviewed. One hundred and three were given treatment with roentgen therapy, while 122 had only supportive therapy. All were dead at the time of the study, the longest survival time being 42 months. Patients treated with x-ray lived an average of 5.2 months as compared with a survival of 1.9 months in the untreated cases. In treated patients symptoms were partially or completely relieved in 70 per cent. It is concluded that x-ray therapy is a valuable agent in the control of symptoms in inoperable carcinoma of the lung and may, at times, result in prolongation of life.
A New Power-Aware Distributed Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Each node in a wireless multi-hop network can adjust the power at which it makes its transmissions and thus change the topology of the network to save energy by choosing a smaller number of neighbors with which it communicates directly. The Directed Relative Neighborhood Graph (DRNG) algorithm is among the most popular, efficient and versatile topology control algorithms that reduces energy costs while preserving connectivity. In this paper, however, we identify two key limitations of DRNG and address them in a new power-aware distributed topology control algorithm called Inclusive DRNG. We show that the Inclusive DRNG algorithm can cut down the energy cost of executing the topology control algorithm itself to as low as one-third that of executing DRNG. We further show that Inclusive DRNG also generates a topology that achieves a significant improvement of over 25% in the average energy cost of communication across a path between any two nodes in realistic irregular radio environments.
Long-period gratings as an ASE suppressor

Long-period grating (LPG) is the transmission type grating, that light is coupled from the LP 01 mode to forward-propagation cladding modes LP lm , thus providing the function of wavelength dependent losses in optical fiber systems. We design a wavelength selective grating filter with transmission loss -21.2 dB at wavelength of 1531 nm, which can be used as the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) suppressor to improve the gain profile in dual-stage erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA).
How can the assessment of fistula-in-ano be improved?

PURPOSE. Fistula-in-ano anatomy and its relationship with anal sphincters are important factors influencing the results of surgical management. Preoperative definition of fistulous track(s) and the internal opening play a primary role in minimizing iatrogenic damage to the sphincters and recurrence of the fistula. METHODS. Physical examination and endoanal ultrasound (performed with a 10 MHz endoprobe), either conventionally or with an injection of hydrogen peroxide, were performed in 26 consecutive patients. Results were matched with surgical features to establish their accuracy in preoperative fistula-in-ano assessment. RESULTS. Accuracy rates of clinical examination endoanal ultrasound, and hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound were 65.4, 50, and 76.9 percent for primary tracks, 73.1, 65.4, and 88.5 percent for secondary tracks, and 80.8, 80.8, and 92.3 percent for horseshoe extensions, respectively. Compared with physical examination and endoanal ultrasound, accuracy of hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound was higher for transsphincteric and intersphincteric primary tracks and horseshoe extensions. Both endoanal ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound displayed a significantly higher accuracy in detecting the internal openings (53.8 and 53.8 percent, respectively) compared with clinical evaluation (23.1 percent;P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS. Our data suggest that hydrogen peroxide-enhanced ultrasound can be very reliable and useful in the definition of fistula anatomy, its relationship with anal sphincters, and, hence, surgical strategy. It also improves identification of secondary extensions, particularly horseshoe tracks. This method, besides being safe, economic and reputable, both preoperatively and postoperatively, could be helpful in checking operative results and recurrence.
Role of the cytokine-inducible SH2 protein CIS in desensitization of STAT5b signaling by continuous growth hormone

Growth hormone (GH)-inducible suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS/CIS proteins) inhibit GH receptor (GHR) signaling to STAT5b via phosphotyrosine-dependent binding interactions with the tyrosine kinase JAK2 (SOCS-1) and/or the cytoplasmic tail of GHR (CIS and SOCS-3). Presently, we investigate the mechanism of CIS inhibition and CIS's role in down-regulating GHR-JAK2 signaling to STAT5b in cells exposed to GH continuously. CIS is shown to inhibit GHR-JAK2 signaling by two distinct mechanisms: by a partial inhibition that is decreased at elevated STAT5b levels and may involve competition between CIS and STAT5b for common GHR cytoplasmic tail phosphotyrosine-binding sites; and by a time-dependent inhibition, not seen with SOCS-1 or SOCS-3, that involves proteasome action. Investigation of the latter mechanism revealed that GH stimulates degradation of CIS, but not SOCS-3. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocked this protein degradation and also blocked the inhibitory action of CIS, but not that of SOCS-1 or SOCS-3, on STAT5b signaling. Proteasome-dependent degradation of CIS, most likely in the form of a (GHR-JAK2)-CIS complex, is therefore proposed to be an important step in the time-dependent CIS inhibition mechanism. Finally, the down-regulation of GHR-JAK2 signaling to STAT5b seen in continuous GH-treated cells could be prevented by treatment of cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or by expression of CIS-R107K, a selective, dominant-negative inhibitor of CIS activity. These findings lead us to propose that the cytokine signaling inhibitor CIS is a key mediator of the STAT5b desensitization response seen in cells and tissues exposed to GH chronically, such as adult female rat liver.
Who is teaching undergraduate prosthodontics in US dental schools, 2007?

Purpose: The shortage of full-time dental school faculty along with a slow steady increase in student enrollment is not a new phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to determine who is teaching undergraduate prosthodontics in US dental schools—what percent are full-time faculty; what percent are prosthodontists; and what percent are board-certified prosthodontists—to allow schools to make a real-time comparison of the composition of instructors they have teaching prosthodontics to the apparent status quo. Materials and Methods: A short, ten-question survey was sent via e-mail to representatives at the 55 undergraduate US dental schools. A cover letter explained the nature of the study and requested participation and electronic return of the survey. Three weeks after the initial request, an aggressive follow-up was conducted to schools that had not returned the survey. Answers were converted to percentages to compensate for differences between schools with many or few instructors. Schools were also grouped by location to see if regional differences exist. Results: Thirty-eight (69%) of the surveys were completed and returned. In general, the division between full-time and part-time instructors is about 50%. More removable prosthodontic instructors (60%) than fixed instructors (44%) are prosthodontists, and only a small percentage of the total (18% removable and 15% fixed) have completed board certification. The South and Midwest had the highest percentage of prosthodontists involved in teaching; the South had the highest percentage with specialty board certification. Conclusion: This study indicated that only a few schools are fortunate enough to have sufficient full-time, specialty-trained faculty available for complete coverage of all undergraduate prosthodontic courses and clinics. The information presented serves as a baseline for future comparison to see if the percentage of full-time and/or specialty-certified prosthodontic faculty changes.
Glycogen metabolism in normal liver and Morris Hepatoma 7787 in meal-fed rat

Abstract 1. 1. Male buffalo rats, with and without Morris Hepatoma 7787, were adapted to a schedule of 4 hr feeding-20 hr fasting for at least 3 weeks before the experiments. 2. 2. Livers and hepatomas were taken from anaesthetized rats by freeze-clamping. 3. 3. In normal animals, liver glycogen rose 34-fold, peaking 12 hr after feeding. At this time, the stomach retained about 40% of its immediately post-prandial contents. 4. 4. In 3 hr, glucose 6-phosphate rose from 0.11 to 0.35 mM, and uridine-diphosphate glucose from 0.28 to 0.39 mM. 5. 5. The injection of radioactive fructose was used to determine the rate of glycogen synthesis 6 hr after the onset of feeding in normal liver, in Hepatoma 7787, and the liver of the tumor-bearing rat (host liver). 6. 6. The rates were 0.27, 0.006 and 0.033 mM glucose equivalents/min, respectively. The isotopic labelling pattern suggested that glycogen was compartmented into “active” and “inactive” portions. 7. 7. The uridine-diphosphate glucose of all three tissues was highly labelled in 20–40 min, indicating that Hepatoma 7787 has no impairment of fructose metabolism. 8. 8. The data obtained are used in the accompanying paper to construct models of glycogen metabolism for each tissue.
Critical behavior at nematic–smectic- A 1 phase transitions. I. High-resolution x-ray-scattering and calorimetric study of the liquid-crystal octyloxyphenylnitrobenzoyloxy benzoate

High-resolution x-ray scattering and ac-calorimetric measurements have been carried out near the nematic\char21{}smectic-${\mathit{A}}_{1}$ phase transition of the pure liquid-crystal compound octyloxyphenylnitrobenzoyl- oxy benzoate (${\mathrm{DB}}_{8}$${\mathrm{ONO}}_{2}$). Several forms of the structure factor S(q) for fitting the x-ray line shape have been tested. The critical temperature dependences of the resulting longitudinal and transverse correlation lengths ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ and the smectic susceptibility \ensuremath{\sigma} are insensitive to the detailed form of reasonable choices for S(q). The behaviors of ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$, and \ensuremath{\sigma} are analyzed here in terms of pure power laws; the effective critical exponents for the reduced temperature range 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$\char21{}1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ are ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$=0.69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=0.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, and \ensuremath{\gamma}=1.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05. Although ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ and \ensuremath{\gamma} are quite close to three-dimensional (3D) XY values, the system is anisotropic with ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$-${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=0.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03. The heat-capacity data are analyzed using a nonasymptotic power-law expression with first- and second-order corrections-to-scaling terms. This analysis yields a critical exponent \ensuremath{\alpha} which agrees with 3D XY theory: \ensuremath{\alpha}=-0.007\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003. Thus, anisotropic hyperscaling (\ensuremath{\alpha}+${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$+2${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$=2) appears to be violated if effective exponents based on pure power-law fits to x-ray data are used. However, hyperscaling can be recovered by a preasymptotic XY analysis of the x-ray data, as shown in paper II [Phys. Rev. E 47, 1918 (1993)].
Plumes and Coastal Currents Near Large River Mouths

Theory and observations of river plumes are reviewed. The importance of the Kelvin number in characterizing anticipated plume behavior is stressed. In the absence of strong external forcing, a northern hemisphere plume will turn anticyclonically and attach to the coast, where it then merges into a coastal current. Observations and theory of such coastal currents are also reviewed, with emphasis on flows over shallow continental shelves. Major unresolved questions involve the processes controlling mixing of coastal current waters with ambient shelf waters and the dynamics of the plume in the region where it attaches to the coast.
Coupled-interaction launch behavior of a flexible rocket and flexible launcher

A numerical solution is developed for analyzing the coupled dynamic interaction behavior of a thrust-loaded flexible spinning rocket propelled along a flexible launcher. The partial diferential equations of motion describing the dynamic behavior of the system are solved using a hybrid approach. The spatial behavior of the rocket is modeled by the finite-element method as a beam column with sectionally constant cross-section properties, while a summation of the natural mode solutions are used to model the spatial behavior of the launcher. The resulting time-dependent differential equations, which are coupled together by consideration of the time-dependent support forces between the rocket and the launcher, are then numerically integrated in time to obtain the system transient dynamic response. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate the validity of the method and which demonstrate the influence of rocket and launcher bending flexibility on rocket launch attitude and, hence, rocket accuracy. The bending effects are shown to significantly increase unfavorable rocket launch conditions.
Correction to: Long-term solar activity and terrestrial connections.Part II: at the beckon of the sun?

The author would like to apologize for the omission of a ®gure in the above-mentioned paper. The missing ®gure is shown in the right column. The following sentence from page 499, Part II, ``In the meantime, the autocorrelogram of the residual of the preceding regression, seen in Fig. 11 reveals1⁄4..'' should now read, ``In the meantime, as shown in Fig. 10a, the autocorrelogram of the residual reveals the presence of the 8-year periodicity found in Dz11(t), Eq. (52) Part I.''
The systematics of the genus Strongwellsea (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales).

The validity of the generic name Strongwellsea is upheld for fungi that create a large hole in the abdominal pleuron of a limited range of adult muscoid flies. The most important generic characteri...
A PC-based general program for the simulation and analysis of cyclic voltammetric experiments

A PC-based program, a General Program for Simulation of Cyclic Voltammetric Experiments (GPS-CV), is described. GPS-CV, written in Turbo Pascal 5.5, utilizes advances in simulation methodology that increase efficiency, allow for generality of mechanism, and include IR drop and capacitive current effects. An accessible user interface is used, and a graphical analysis program is provided. Cyclic voltammograms for nearly any mechanism can be simulated by the user. A companion program, CVFIT, combines the GPS-CV program with a least-squares fit by simplex minimization to give the best-fit parameters, with error estimates. The use of CVFIT is demonstrated with a three-parameter fit of experimental cyclic voltammograms.
The first bipeds: a comparison of theA. afarensis and A. africanus postcranium and implications for the evolution of bipedalism

Although the postcranium of Australopithecus africanus is uniquely different from all extant hominoids, it is nearly identical to A. afarensis. This similarity is surprising because the two species are distinctly different in their dental and cranial anatomy. It implies that the unique postcranial configuration seen in these early hominids was a relatively stable adaptation that was not gradually changing through time towards a form more like that seen in Homo. The simplest explanation of this stability is that natural selection was maintaining a structural adaptation for locomotor behaviors unlike those seen in any extant hominoids.
Information foraging on the web: the effects of acceptable internet delays on multi-page information search behavior

Web delays are a persistent and highly publicized problem. Long delays have been shown to reduce information search, but less is known about the impact of more modest "acceptable" delays -- delays that do not substantially reduce user satisfaction. Prior research suggests that as the time and effort required to complete a task increases, decision-makers tend to reduce information search at the expense of decision quality. In this study, the effects of an acceptable time delay (seven seconds) on information search behavior were examined. Results showed that increased time and effort caused by acceptable delays provoked increased information search.
Indium antimonide detector cooling using a miniature Split-Stirling cycle cryocooler with coldfinger heat shunt

The optimal operating temperature range for Indium Antimonide detectors is typically near 35 Kelvin. Commercially available miniature split-Stirling cycle cryocoolers present an attractive approach to detector cooling. These units offer stand-alone operation, small size, light weight, low power input, low vibration, moderate cost, and reasonable lifetime. However, currently available units have inadequate cooling capacity at 35 Kelvin when operated in a normal manner. We have substantially increased the low temperature cooling capacity of commercial cryocoolers by utilizing the 77 Kelvin intermediate temperature available in liquid nitrogen cooled instruments. We thermally connect the liquid nitrogen cold sink to the middle of the cryocooler coldfinger, shunting heat from the coldfinger to the LN2. The resulting performance improvements and careful thermal design of the detector mount to minimize parasitic heat loads a low miniature split-Stirling cycle cryocoolers to provide adequate cooling of large format Indium Antimonide focal plane arrays.
Neuromuscular patterns of stereotypic hindlimb behaviors in the first two postnatal months. III. Scratching and the paw-shake response in kittens.

Abstract Neuromuscular patterns of scratching and the paw-shake response were studied in normal kittens from birth to postnatal day 60. Onset of both behaviors coincided with the development of secure weight-bearing posture and occurred on postnatal day 21 for scratching and postnatal day 26 for paw shaking. At onset, cycle periods for scratching (5–6 Hz) and paw shaking (8–10 Hz) were similar to that for adult cats, and EMG patterns were adult-like. The scratch cycle consisted of reciprocal flexor and extensor bursts of equal duration, while the shake cycle consisted of coactive knee extensor and ankle flexor bursts alternately active with ankle extensor bursts. The lack of scratching and paw shaking during the first 3 postnatal weeks and the adult-like EMG patterns at onset are consistent with the hypothesis that pattern-generating circuits within lumbosacral segments are available early in development but inhibited by the rostral neuraxis until postural control is sufficient to accommodate the response. To eliminate rostral inputs, including descending input critical for postural control, kittens were spinalized at the T12 level, and onset of paw shaking was accelerated. In kittens spinalized at birth, paw-shake onset occurred on postnatal day 14, while in kittens spinalized on postnatal day 14, onset occurred 48 h after spinalization. In all spinal kittens, however, knee extensor activity was disrupted and not normal by postnatal day 60. Mature neuromuscular patterns for scratching and paw shaking are available at onset of the behavior during normal development. Spinalization hastens the onset of paw shaking but the normal neuromuscular synergy is disrupted as well as the temporal structure of the multicycle response. Disruptions following spinalization may be due to altered development of spinal pattern generators or abberant feedback from atypical hindlimb motions due to a retardation of hindlimb growth and an alteration of muscle contractile properties in spinal kittens.
Riboflavin uptake by native Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Abstract The existence of a membrane-associated uptake carrier for riboflavin (RF) is demonstrated in Xenopus oocytes. Uptake of low (0.017 μM) and high (3 μM) concentrations of RF was linear with time for up to 2 hours, and occurred with little initial binding to oocytes, and little metabolism. Uptake of RF was found to be independent of extracellular pH and Na + . The initial rate of RF uptake was saturable as a function of concentration with an apparent K m of 0.41 ± 0.02 μ M and a V max of 2.86 ± 0.04 fmol/oocyte per h. Uptake of 3 H-RF was inhibited by unlabeled RF and by the structural analogs lumiflavin, isoriboflavin (iso-RF), 8-aminoriboflavin (8-NH 2 -RF), 8-hydroxyriboflavin (8-OH-RF), and lumichrome, but was not affected by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), d -ribose or lumazine. Uptake of RF was significantly retarded by the metabolic inhibitor 2,4-dinitrophenol. The sulfhydryl group-modifying reagents p -chloromercuriphenylsulfonate (pCMPS), p -chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), N -ethylmaleimide and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) all caused significant inhibition in RF uptake. The inhibitory effect of pCMPS was completely reversed by treatment of pCMPS-pretreated cells with reducing agents. While the transmembrane transport inhibitors 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (SITS), 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and furosemide had no effect on RF uptake, amiloride and probenecid suppressed RF uptake in a dose-dependent fashion. Closer examination of the inhibition mediated by amiloride showed that it was competitive in nature with an apparent K i of ∼ 1.8 mM, whereas the inhibition induced by probenecid was nonspecific. Together, these findings indicate that Xenopus oocytes possess an endogenous, specific, membrane-associated carrier-mediated uptake system for RF. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of Xenopus oocytes as a model system with which to study the RF transport event across biological membranes, which should further our present understanding of RF uptake by various vertebrate cells.
Single amino acid change in gp41 region of HIV-1 alters bystander apoptosis and CD4 decline in humanized mice

Background: The mechanism by which HIV infection leads to a selective depletion of CD4 cells leading to immunodeficiency remains highly debated. Whether the loss of CD4 cells is a direct consequence of virus infection or bystander apoptosis of uninfected cells is also uncertain. Results: We have addressed this issue in the humanized mouse model of HIV infection using a HIV variant with a point mutation in the gp41 region of the Env glycoprotein that alters its fusogenic activity. We demonstrate here that a single amino acid change (V38E) altering the cell-to-cell fusion activity of the Env minimizes CD4 loss in humanized mice without altering viral replication. This differential pathogenesis was associated with a lack of bystander apoptosis induction by V38E virus even in the presence of similar levels of infected cells. Interestingly, immune activation was observed with both WT and V38E infection suggesting that the two phenomena are likely not interdependent in the mouse model. Conclusions: We conclude that Env fusion activity is one of the determinants of HIV pathogenesis and it may be possible to attenuate HIV by targeting gp41.
Twice in need of care: a transcultural nursing analysis of elderly Mexican Americans.

This paper was published in the Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Transcultural Nursing Conference, Joan Uhl, Editor. The Conference was held at Scottsdale, Arizona, September 1983. It is viewed as a...
Selected sociocultural correlates of physical activity among African-American adults.

Objective. Previous studies have identified several factors to be associated with physical activity (PA) among African-Americans, e.g., demographic and health-related characteristics. Formative studies suggest a link between sociocultural factors and PA among ethnic minorities; yet, it is unclear whether these factors play a role in PA among African-Americans. This paper explores the association of selected sociocultural characteristics with self-reported PA by gender among African-American adults, taking into account demographic and health-related characteristics. Design. Data from the baseline survey of a colorectal cancer communication intervention trial were used. Participants included 446 African-American men and women, aged 45–75 years. Self-report data were collected on demographics, health-related characteristics, selected sociocultural constructs (e.g., ethnic identity, religiosity, collectivism, and medical mistrust), and PA. PA was categorized as meeting or not meeting recommended levels; recom...
Wigner-function approach to laser cooling in the recoil limit

We derive an equation of motion for the center-of-mass Wigner function (WF) of a two-level atom interacting with a linearly polarized, monochromatic standing plane wave of light. The derivation is based on a truncation of the spatial Fourier expansion of the WF and is consequently valid only at low intensities of the driving light, but no assumption regarding the size of the recoil velocity need be made. The stationary state of laser cooling is studied analytically and numerically. The asymptotic velocity distribution at large velocities is found to obey a power law, with a power independent of the linewidth of the optical transition.
Hexokinase Monomer-Dimer Preferential Hydration Determined by SANS and Osmotic Stress

Yeast hexokinase (HK) exists in equilibrium between the monomer and homodimer states, which can be modulated by solution pH, ionic strength, temperature, protein concentration, and ligand binding. HK monomer-dimer equilibrium plays a regulatory role but its importance to function is not entirely clear. To directly correlate protein structure with the associated hydration and energetics, we are using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) coupled with osmotic stress. SANS allows three regions of contrast to be monitored upon osmolyte addition: protein, protein-associated water that excludes osmolyte, and bulk water/osmolyte solution. We find the preferential hydration of HK monomer and dimer states to depend on the osmolyte chemistry and size. However, the difference in hydration between the monomer and dimer remains independent of the particular osmolyte. This research should prove useful in characterizing the forces governing the burial of complementary protein interfaces, which are especially important for weak types of protein recognition and association mechanisms that are often difficult to study experimentally.
Epigenetic regulation mechanism of ABCG2 induced drug-resistant phenotype

The aim of this study is to investigate epigenetic mechanism of ABCG2 induced drug-resistance. It is not only expatiate for drug-resistance regulation mechanism in all-round, but also to provide scientific experimental basis for selecting target to reverse its drug-resistance. Apply methylation-specific PCR (MSP) to have tested methylation of ABCG2 promoter region −359 to −353 specific positions in breast cancer tissues and paired adjacent tissue of 22 cases, and test their methylation positions with MSP products for sequencing; and adopt fluorescent quantitation RT-PCR to test expression level DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and ABCG2; to make analysis on relationship between them with statistical spearman correlation. Specific positions of ABCG2 gene promoter region of 18 cases among the 22 cases with breast cancer (18/22, 82%) existed high methylation (P<0.05), MSP products sequencing proved methylation of the specific position, and mRNA expression level was relative higher in remarkable positive correlation (P<0.05). ABCG2, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B mRNA expression levels in breast cancer tissues were obviously higher than adjacent tissues (P<.01), and DNMT3B expression level was obviously higher than DNMT1 and DNMT3A (P<.01) in negative correlation with ABCG2 gene expression (P=0.001). −359 to −353 positions of promoter regions of ABCG2 gene existed high methylation capable to push expression of this gene in beast cancer tissue. DNMT3B is involved in expression regulation in ABCG2 gene, and provides new scientific basis for drug-resistance target as reverse ABCG2 induction
A study of sublingual absorption. II.*: Striated muscle relaxants and neurovegetative blocking agents

Solutions of drugs were sublingually administered to anesthetized animals whose esophagus had been ligated and trachea cannulated. This method was devised so that there would be no possibility of the drug being swallowed. In comparison with effective intravenous doses, very high sublingual doses of d‐tubocurarine chloride, Metubine° iodide, Anectine°, and Flaxedil° were ineffective in blocking the response of the gastrocnemius muscle to sciatic stimulation. The sublingual administration of from three to six times the intravenous dose of Dibenamine° hydro‐chloride or ten times the intravenous dose of Hydergine° produced a slow, mild adrenergic blockade as measured by the response to epinephrine of anesthetized dogs.
Pancreas-Sparing Total Duodenectomy for Ampullary Duodenal Neoplasms

Ampullary and extensive periampullary lesions can be difficult to treat and often require pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for complete removal, even if benign. However, PD may be overtreatment for noninvasive lesions, and pancreas-sparing total duodenectomy (PSTD) is an emerging valid surgical option for selected cases. We reviewed patients undergoing PSTD at our institution over 16 months and a comparison group who had undergone PD for benign duodenal disease over the past 15 years. We also reviewed cases in the English-language literature and performed a meta-analysis of those patients who had undergone PSTD. PSTD had been performed in four patients, who had an average hospital length of stay (LOS) of 13 days; two of them experienced complications. None required conversion to PD, experienced a postoperative fistula or endocrine or exocrine insufficiency, or required intensive care. Two of the PSTDs were performed laparoscopically. Open PD for benign duodenal disease was performed in 22 patients, with overall morbidity and pancreas fistula rates of 82 and 27 %, respectively. The meta-analysis found 128 unique cases of PSTD with morbidity and mortality rates of 46.4 and 2.3 %, respectively. Pancreaticobiliary leak was seen in 20 %, with an average LOS of 17 days. Although PSTD can be used to avoid PD and can be performed laparoscopically, it is technically challenging and still associated with morbidity.