cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer risks in the workplace: better regulation, stronger protection

Every year, more than 100 000 people die from the consequences of a cancer caused by exposure at work (Takala, 2015). All of these cases are avoidable.Occupational cancers could be eliminated by alternative means of production, by a systematic implementation of preventative measures and by an organisation of work that accommodates these requirements.The majority of these cancers are caused by exposure to chemical substances.The available data on the current levels of exposure for workers confirms that in the absence of adequate legislation there can be no significant improvement of the situation.The fact is cancer costs practically nothing to the companies that cause it.Instead the costs fall to the victims, to social security provisions and to public health systems. Without strict regulation, no prevention measures can have a serious impact across the sectors. The present European legislation concerning the prevention of workplace cancers has to be profoundly reformed. Currently, its purview is far too narrow; the number of substances for which limit values are defined constitute less than 20% of the situations where workers are actually exposed. Furthermore, the legislation does not provide for continued health monitoring after the period of exposure.Further regulations need to be imposed to reduce the amount of commercially produced carcinogenic substances available on the market. For this purpose, the European regulation on chemicals (REACH) must function far more effectively, in particular by substantially increasing the number of carcinogenic substances covered by the authorisation procedure. Moreover, considering the pressure received from industry lobbyists during its development, the specific legislation related to pesticides and cosmetics needs to be reviewed.This publication presents a critical appraisal of the principal EU legislation adopted so far. In so doing, it identifies significant gaps in the central feature of this legislation, which is the directive concerning the protection of workers against carcinogens.
Teaching How Scientific Consensus Is Developed Through Simplified Meta-analysis of Peer-Reviewed Literature

Students need to understand the diverse pathways to scientific knowledge and how scientists develop consensus about emerging questions. For students in environmental fields, it is especially important to learn how to reach consensus when not every study shows the same effect. To address these needs, this activity involves conducting a simplified, in-class meta-analysis. The approach is suitable for a variety of topics, and a case study is provided investigating the impact of global change on invasive plant success. After completing this activity, students should be able to (1) interpret and explain graphs in and extract major conclusions from a scientific peer-reviewed article, (2) identify the procedure of a meta-analysis and conduct a simplified meta-analysis, and (3) synthesize results of multiple studies to reach a general conclusion for a question.
Competing policies to protect mangrove forest: A case from Bangladesh

Abstract Commercial shrimp aquaculture began in coastal Bangladesh in the late 1970s and now represents the second-largest export sector after garments in the nation. Hailed as harbinger of a blue revolution that could lift the people out of poverty and food insecurity, shrimp aquaculture has exploded across the Sundarban of southwest Bangladesh. This rapid expansion threatens the natural mangrove ecosystem, particularly across the vulnerable coastal region. To ensure protection of the Sundarban, the government of Bangladesh devised two landmark policies: the Forest Act (1927) and the Forest Policy (1994). Envisioning shrimp as an important foundation of the country's economic growth, the government of Bangladesh also formulated the National Shrimp Policy in 2014. While, in the strictest sense, these policy instruments are designed to protect the Sundarban, multiple loopholes and sweeping approaches make it virtually impossible to attain the intended outcomes. This is further compounded by the country's focus on commercial shrimp farming. Our paper reveals the disconnect between the Forest Policy and Forest Act by showcasing the Chakaria case, where thousands of hectares of mangrove forests have been destroyed due to commercial shrimp farming despite the policy tools in place. We further discuss the existing sweeping approaches and loopholes in the Forest Policy (1994) and Shrimp Policy (2014).
Ethical values in biology education

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ethical values that should form part of biology curricula. The biology curriculum, in particular, should reveal the underlying concepts of biology that can help to direct the evaluation and synthesis of information into meaningful contributions to human welfare and effective citizenship. The curriculum should also demonstrate the important connections between the life sciences and other disciplines and subjects, both within and outside science. Introductory science courses should not make controversy the central organizing theme, but neither should such courses avoid potentially controversial issues that derive naturally from science. Students have a right to be exposed to such issues, and science educators have an obligation to provide that exposure, because the vast majority of students will encounter issues in science and society within the societal context, not the scientific. The issues that arise as a result of biological progress will vary from country to country. Certainly, the responses will vary, conditioned by national values and traditions.
An integrated approach to local ultrasonic monitoring of fastener hole fatigue cracks

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation methods are routinely used to detect and size fatigue cracks near fastener holes in aircraft structures as a part of scheduled maintenance. In contrast, statistical crack propagation models provide an estimate of the expected fatigue life assuming a known crack size and future fatigue loadings. Here an integrated approach for in situ diagnosis and prognosis of fastener hole fatigue cracks is proposed and implemented that incorporates both ultrasonic monitoring and crack growth laws. The sensing method is an ultrasonic angle beam technique, and cracks are automatically detected from the ultrasonic response. An extended Kalman filter is applied to combine ultrasonically estimated crack sizes with a crack growth law, effectively using the time history of the ultrasonic results rather than only the most recent measurement. A natural extension of this method is fatigue life prognosis. Results from fatigue tests on 7075-T651 aluminium coupons show improved crack size estimates as compared to those obtained from ultrasonic measurements alone, and also demonstrate the capability of predicting the remaining life. This approach for fatigue crack detection, sizing and prognosis is an example of a general strategy for in situ monitoring of structural damage whereby improved results are achieved from the integration of noisy measurements with imperfect crack growth models.
A Two-Photon Thermal Lensing Study of All- trans Retinal from 25,000 to 34,000 cm −1

In recent years two-photon spectroscopy has been applied to the determination of the singlet state ordering in visual chromophores. In long chain linear polyenes, model systems of visual chromophores, the lowest excited state has A g − symmetry[1]. BIRGE et al.[2,3] have observed the lowest excited state in retinol and retinal to have A g − symmetry using two-photon fluorescence excitation. BIRGE et al.[4] have also used two-photon thermal lensing to observe the lowest excited A g − state in the Schiff’s base of all-trans retinal and in the 11-cis-locked conformation of retinal bound to opsin. In the Schiff’s base, the A g − state is observed to be approximately 600 cm−1 below the B u + state while in the 11-cis-locked chromophore the A g − state is observed 2000 cm−1 above the B u + state. The symmetry classifications presented for visual pigments are approximate since they do not strictly belong to the C2h symmetry group of polyenes. They do however have many common spectroscopic features making the C2h symmetry assignments useful.
Notch Signaling in Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Abstract SCI-14 Notch is a highly conserved signaling pathway with multiple functions in health and disease. In the hematopoietic system, Notch was first described for its essential role at early stages of T cell development in the thymus and for its involvement in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In addition, Notch is being increasingly recognized as a potent regulator of antigen-driven mature T cell responses with context-dependent effects. These effects are influenced by the regulated expression of Jagged and Delta-like Notch ligands in antigen-presenting cells under the control of Toll-like receptors and other innate signals. We are investigating the importance of the Notch pathway in T cell alloimmunity in the setting of allogeneic bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (allo-BMT). After allo-BMT, alloimmune T cell responses mediate beneficial graft-versus-tumor (GVT) activity as well as detrimental graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Using the pan-Notch inhibitor DNMAML and other genetic models of Notch inhibition, we have discovered an essential function for Notch signaling in donor-derived alloreactive T cells. In multiple mouse models of allo-BMT, infusion of Notch-deficient T cells as compared to wild-type T cells led to dramatically reduced GVHD severity and lethality. This effect was apparent for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and did not involve global immunosuppression, since Notch-deficient T cells proliferated normally and expanded in host lymphohematopoietic organs. However, Notch-deficient donor T cells failed to accumulate in the gut, a key GVHD target organ, and produced markedly decreased amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2. In parallel, Notch inhibition was associated with increased accumulation of FoxP3+CD4+ T cells. Decreased cytokine production could not be explained by a classical T helper differentiation defect. In contrast to their defective induction of GVHD, Notch-deficient T cells remained capable of mediating cytotoxic and anti-tumor responses both in vitro and in vivo , leading to preserved GVT activity even against large numbers of tumor cells. We are currently investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Notch action in alloreactive T cells. We are also exploring the role of individual Notch receptors and ligands at the alloimmune synapse in vivo . Altogether, our findings identify Notch inhibition in donor T cells as a novel strategy to induce beneficial immunomodulation rather than global immunosuppression after allo-BMT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Highlighting Tribal Tourism Potentials of Southern Rajasthan

Tribes are very mysterious; everything about them is still unexplored and unspoiled. This research paper highlights potential for the promotion of tribal tourism and various tribes inhabiting in these tribal areas. Further it discusses a strategy to develop a new tourism product to match up with the growing expectations of the tourists in southern Rajasthan. For this, various tourism potentials like their history culture, costume, cuisine etc. have been studied. Further in this paper it has been discussed that tribal tourism is responsible for the positive image building and exploring the unidentified locations of our beautiful and multifaceted state. These days’ tourists are in thrust for new experiences, innovations and adventures. It would be wrong to underestimate that tourists are not willing to experience new cultures and face new challenges of these mysterious tribes. Before writing this paper extensive literature review has been done. The literature review was divided into 3 phases. It consists of extensive survey of literature, profiling the entertainment possibilities for the tourists and finally providing a strategy for the development of tribal tourism in Rajasthan.
"Trading" Political Favors: Evidence from the Impact of the STOCK Act

This paper demonstrates the tacit benefits that accrue to both politicians and the firms to which they are connected through stock ownership. Specifically, we show strong evidence that politicians use private information and political favors for financial gains from stock investments in their personal portfolios, and that these favors have a real impact on the value and economic outcomes of the firms in which they invest. To do so, we assemble the stock ownership and trading data for all members of the U. S. Congress from 2010 to 2013 and use the passage of the Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge (STOCK) Act in 2012 as an experiment to examine changes in politicians' trading performance as well as in firm value and outcomes. We find that prior to the STOCK Act, members of the Congress earn significant abnormal returns on their stock trades, and an increase in their holdings of a firm's stock positively predicts the firm's likelihood of being acquired as well as its revenue and earnings surprises. After the passage of the Act, politicians exhibit no such informational advantage in trading or outperformance. On the firms' side, we show that companies with politician ownership on average lose 1.4% in value during the three-day window around the Act's passage, while firms not owned by politicians experience no abnormal returns. Correspondingly, after the Act's passage, these politician-owned firms lose a significant amount of procurement contracts and government grants and become less likely to be selected by the government into high-profile trade missions compared to during the pre-Act period. We find that these mutual benefits are particularly pronounced for politicians who are powerful and firms that are politically active.
Screening for Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis: Ultrasound-Based Stenosis Probability Stratification.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to evaluate which spectral Doppler ultrasound parameters are useful in patients with clinical concern for transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) and creat...
Induction of Collagen Synthesis in Response to Adhesion and TGFβ is Dependent on the Actin-Containing Cytoskeleton

Adhesive interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are thought to influence gene expression. Previously, we showed that the regulation of α1(I) collagen expression is anchorage-dependent in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (Dhawan and Farmer, 1990). Non-adhesive culture conditions established by suspending cells in methylcellulose containing media result in a suppression of procollagen synthesis. Replating these suspended cells onto a tissue culture dish surface rapidly activates procollagen synthesis, and serum factors are not required for this response. The changes in type I procollagen synthesis reflect the levels of α1(I) collagen mRNA. Induction of procollagen synthesis during replating is the result of regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional sites (Dhawan et al., 1991). Collagen mRNAs are destabilized in suspended cells and restabilized when adhesive contacts are restored. Transcription of the α1(I) collagen gene is suppressed in suspended cells and reactivated by 18 hours after reattachment. In addition, the 5’ flanking region of the rat α1(I) collagen gene was found to contain sequences that conferred adhesion-responsiveness to a CAT reporter gene.
Lexical and Categorial Properties of Case

An importnat implication arising from the proposed account of word order is that all verbs must assign Case in Chinese. Recall that verbs assign Case not only to their subcategorized complements but also to the nonsubcategorized duration/frequency phrases.
Die Geschlechtszellen und die Befruchtung

Man kann wohl annehmen, das es heute jedermann bekannt ist, das der Korper aller Lebewesen aus Zellen zusammengesetzt ist, die, je nach ihrer Aufgabe, zwar allerlei Verschiedenheiten zeigen, aber sich alle darin gleichen, das sie eben Zellen sind. Also die Haut besteht aus Hautzellen, die so beschaffen und angeordnet sind, das sie zusammen eine feste schutzende Hulle bilden; die Drusen bestehen aus Drusenzellen, die die Fahigkeit haben, Safte auszuscheiden; die Muskeln aus Muskelzellen, die als stark in die Lange gestreckte Bildungen die Fahigkeit angenommen haben, sich zusammenzuziehen und wieder zu strecken; die Nerven bestehen aus Nervenzellen, Sinnesorgane aus Sinneszellen usf. Wie verschieden nun auch in Form und Aussehen und Aufgabe alle diese Zellen sein mogen, in einem Punkt sind sie alle gleich, das sie aus den zwei Hauptbestandteilen jeder Zelle, dem weichen, schleimigen Zelleib oder Protoplasma und dem darinliegenden blaschenformigen Zellkern bestehen. Verfolgt man nun all die verschiedenen Zellarten, die einen fertigen Korper zusammensetzen, ruckwarts, also durch die ganze Entwicklung des Lebewesens ruckwarts bis zum Ei, aus dem es entstand, so findet man, das, je weiter wir in der Entwicklung zuruckgehen, um so ahnlicher alle Zellen einander werden.
A Drug Education Program for the Elderly

It appears that the focal group of the next few decades will be the elderly. Americans are increasingly becoming aware of the growing proportion of older persons in our population. Our society has witnessed the 50’s civil rights movement, the youth culture of the 60’s and the women’s rights movement of the 70’s. All indications are that the elderly will dominate the 1980’s. The emergence of such groups as the Grey Panthers, the National Council of Senior Citizens, the National Caucus of the Black Aged, and the American Association of Retired Persons reflects this trend. Parallelling the development of grey consciousness is a growing concern for what gerontologists call the “Quality of Life” for older persons. This concern grows out of the realization that an increase in life expectancy is not a blessing unless those years are characterized by a sense of meaning and fulfillment.
Discovering Relationships among Tags and Geotags

This paper presents an analysis of the correlation of annotated information unit (textual) tags and geographical identification metadata geotags. In this paper, to make it possible for geotagging to be used in analysis with tagging, we prove that there is a strong correlation between tagging and geotagging information. Our approach uses tag similarity and newly employed geographical distribution similarity to determine inter-relationships among tags and geotags. From our initial experiments, we show that the power law is established between tag similarity and geographical distribution similarity; they are strongly correlated and the correlation can be used to find more relevant tags in the tag space. The power law, which is any polynomial relationship that exhibits the property of scale invariance, confirms that there is the relationship between tagging and geotagging and the relationship is scalable in size of tags and geotags.
Evaluating potential effects of bigheaded carps on fatty acid profiles of multiple trophic levels in large rivers of the Midwest, USA

Abstract Recent work indicates that the establishment of bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in the United States has led to a reduction in condition of native planktivores and may detrimentally affect other trophic levels by altering the base of aquatic food webs. We used fatty acids to evaluate potential effects of bigheaded carps on taxa from multiple trophic levels in the Upper Mississippi, Illinois, and St. Croix rivers. Seston fatty acid concentrations were highest in the Illinois River lotic sites and connected backwaters and were positively associated with omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, indicating that these locations had abundant, high-quality basal food resources despite hosting the greatest bigheaded carp densities. Fatty acid profiles of threeridge freshwater mussels tracked the fatty acid values in the seston and were not influenced by bigheaded carp abundances. Hydropsychid caddisflies and bluegill did not differ significantly in total fatty acids or percent lipid among spatial locations, indicating that omnivorous species may be relatively unaffected by bigheaded carps. Gizzard shad, however, exhibited the lowest fatty acid concentrations in the locations with the highest relative bigheaded carp densities, and multivariate models identified bigheaded carp densities as the predictive factor that explained the greatest amount of variability. Zooplankton abundance has been greatly reduced after bigheaded carps' establishment in the Illinois River, which may explain the disconnect between the gizzard shad fatty acids and the plentiful, high-quality phytoplankton in that river. Our data provide additional evidence that bigheaded carps are negatively affecting native planktivores such as gizzard shad.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Education for High-Performance Computing

Welcome to Proceedings of the EduHPC 2014: Workshop on Education for High-Performance Computing at SC-14! This workshop followed the excellent participation at the inaugural EduHPDC workshop last year in Denver, Colorado at SC-13. The EduHPC workshop was devoted to the development and assessment of educational resources for undergraduate education in Parallel and Distributed Computing (PDC) and High Performance Computing (HPC). Both PDC and HPC now permeate the world of computing to a degree that makes it imperative for even entry-level computer professionals to incorporate these computing modalities into their computing toolkits, no matter what aspect of computing they work on. This workshop focused on the state of the art in HPC and PDC education. The emphasis was undergraduate education, but fundamental issues related to graduate education were also welcome. The workshop was coordinated by the CDER Center for PDC Education and highlighted the NSF/TCPP curriculum initiative on PDC (http://www.cs.gsu.edu/~tcpp/curriculum). This workshop invited unpublished manuscripts from academia, industry, and government laboratories. Topics of interest included needs and approaches for augmenting undergraduate and graduate education in Computer Science and Engineering, Computational Science, and Domain Science and Engineering, and computational curricula and courses for STEM and business disciplines with PDC and high performance computing (HPC) components.
GluN2A-NMDA receptor–mediated sustained Ca2+ influx leads to homocysteine-induced neuronal cell death

Homocysteine, a metabolite of the methionine cycle, is a known agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor subtype and is involved in NMDAR-mediated neurotoxicity. Our previous findings have shown that homocysteine-induced, NMDAR-mediated neurotoxicity is facilitated by a sustained increase in phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK MAPK). In the current study, we investigated the role GluN1/GluN2A-containing functional NMDAR (GluN2A-NMDAR) and GluN1/GluN2B-containing functional NMDAR (GluN2B-NMDAR) in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. Our findings revealed that exposing primary cortical neuronal cultures to homocysteine leads to a sustained low-level increase in intracellular Ca2+ We also showed that pharmacological inhibition of GluN2A-NMDAR or genetic deletion of the GluN2A subunit attenuates homocysteine-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ Our results further established the role of GluN2A-NMDAR in homocysteine-mediated sustained ERK MAPK phosphorylation and neuronal cell death. Of note, the preferential role of GluN2A-NMDAR in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity was distinctly different from glutamate-NMDAR-induced excitotoxic cell death that involves overactivation of GluN2B-NMDAR and is independent of ERK MAPK activation. These findings indicate a critical role of GluN2A-NMDAR-mediated signaling in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity.
The effect of routine hoof trimming on midstance regional hoof kinetics at walk

There is a lack of objective and quality evidence-based research on the effect of trimming on hoof loading at different regions of the hoof. Our objective was to measure and compare force (F), cont...
Anti-amebic effects of Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) leaves' extract, the anthraquinone rhein and related compounds.

Abstract Entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people worldwide and causes 55 thousand fatalities every year. Current anti-amebic drugs (e.g. paromomycin) work either at the level of the intestinal lumen (where trophozoites proliferate via cell divisions) or on the invasive trophozoites that have penetrated the gut or colonized internal organs (e.g. metronidazole). Some of these drugs are highly toxic to patients, have generated trophozoite resistance, or caused mutations and cancer in laboratory animals. Thus, alternative anti-amebic compounds need to be identified to minimize the side effects (on patients) or resistance (by amebas) to current treatments. The literature suggests that anthraquinones (chemicals found in medicinal plants) have antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here we provide experimental evidence that Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) leaves' extract (rich in the anthraquinone rhein) inhibits E. histolytica trophozoite growth in vitro. In addition, from a set of ten isolated/synthetic anthraquinones (which we suspected to have anti-amebic properties), four analogs (rhein; AHHDAC = 1-amino-4-hydroxy-9, 10-dioxo-9, 10-dihydro-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid; unisol blue AS; and sennoside B) efficiently inhibited amebic growth at EIC50 concentrations comparable to metronidazole. The mechanism of action of these compounds still needs to be determined, although anthraquinones might enhance the production of toxic oxygen metabolites as it has been suggested for various protists (e.g. Leishmania, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma). Our research is the first to explore anti-amebic effects of Chinese rhubarb leaves' extract and isolated/synthetic anthraquinones on pathogenic Entamoeba.
Nuclear Envelope, Transport

The nuclear envelope separates the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments in eukaryotic cells and is composed of the nuclear membranes, nuclear pore complexes and, in metazoans, the nuclear lamina. The nuclear envelope functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport, chromatin organization, mitosis, and signal transduction. Most nuclear envelope proteins are expressed in all human nucleated somatic cells; however, genetic research has shown that mutations in the genes encoding these proteins cause a wide range of relatively tissue-selective inherited diseases.
Coefficient tree regression: fast, accurate and interpretable predictive modeling

The proliferation of data collection technologies often results in large data sets with many observations and many variables. In practice, highly relevant engineered features are often groups of predictors that share a common regression coefficient (i.e., the predictors in the group affect the response only via their collective sum), where the groups are unknown in advance and must be discovered from the data. We propose an algorithm called coefficient tree regression (CTR) to discover the group structure and fit the resulting regression model. In this regard CTR is an automated way of engineering new features, each of which is the collective sum of the predictors within each group. The algorithm can be used when the number of variables is larger than, or smaller than, the number of observations. Creating new features that affect the response in a similar manner improves predictive modeling, especially in domains where the relationships between predictors are not known a priori. CTR borrows computational strategies from both linear regression (fast model updating when adding/modifying a feature in the model) and regression trees (fast partitioning to form and split groups) to achieve outstanding computational and predictive performance. Finding features that represent hidden groups of predictors (i.e., a hidden ontology) that impact the response only via their sum also has major interpretability advantages, which we demonstrate with a real data example of predicting political affiliations with television viewing habits. In numerical comparisons over a variety of examples, we demonstrate that both computational expense and predictive performance are far superior to existing methods that create features as groups of predictors. Moreover, CTR has overall predictive performance that is comparable to or slightly better than the regular lasso method, which we include as a reference benchmark for comparison even though it is non-group-based, in addition to having substantial computational and interpretive advantages over lasso.
Pulp (Wood) Production and Processing

First page of article Keywords: pulp (wood)production and processing; chemimechanical pulps (CMP)
Expected supervisory behavior, interpersonal trust and environmental preferences: Some relationships based on a dyadic model of leadership

Abstract Preferences regarding “ideal” supervisory behavior, organizational climate, and measures of interpersonal trust were collected from two samples, college students and industrial managers, to test four hypotheses derived from a dyadic model of the behavioral requirements of a leader's role. The results indicated: (a) The popular hypothesis arguing for higher preferences for freedom and self-actualization opportunities in the work role was not supported completely by these leadership preference results; (b) being employed affected the preferences for “ideal” leadership; (c) preference for organizational climate was related to the pattern of leadership behaviors preferred; and (d) the relationships between interpersonal trust and preferences for leader behavior appear more complex than anticipated in this paper.
Pharmacologically and Functionally Distinct Calcium Currents of Stomatogastric Neurons

Hurley, Laura M. and Katherine Graubard. Pharmacologically and functionally distinct calcium currents of stomatogastric neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2070–2081, 1998. Previous studies have suggeste...
Modeling of Methane Migration in Shallow Aquifers from Shale Gas Well Drilling

The vertical portion of a shale gas well, known as the "tophole" is often drilled using an air-hammer bit that may introduce pressures as high as 2400 kPa (350 psi) into groundwater while penetrating shallow aquifers. A 3-D TOUGH2 model was used to simulate the flow of groundwater under the high hydraulic heads that may be imposed by such trapped compressed air, based on an observed case in West Virginia (USA) in 2012. The model realizations show that high-pressure air trapped in aquifers may cause groundwater to surge away from the drill site at observable velocities. If dissolved methane is present within the aquifer, the methane can be entrained and transported to a maximum distance of 10.6 m per day. Results from this study suggest that one cause of the reported increase in methane concentrations in groundwater near shale gas production wells may be the transport of pre-existing methane via groundwater surges induced by air drilling, not necessarily direct natural gas leakage from the unconventional gas reservoir. The primary transport mechanisms are advective transport of dissolved methane with water flow, and diffusive transport of dissolved methane.
Coming to Light: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indians. 2000.; Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated.

Coming to Light: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indians. 2000. video by Anne Makepeace. 85 minutes (56-minute version also available). Co-produced by Anne Makepeace Productions, Inc. and ThirteenAVNET. For further information, contact Bullfrog Films, P.O. Box 149, Oley, PA 19547; 1-800-543-FROG (3764); info@bullfrogfilms.com. Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indian, Incorporated. Mick Gidley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 319 pp.
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN 37 HUMAN RENAL HOMOTRANSPLANTS TREATED WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS

SUMMARY Pathological changes in thirty-seven human renal homotransplants are described. All the patients had been treated with Imuran, prednisone and actinomycin C; ten had also received local X-irradiation to the transplant. Fifteen of the transplants were from patients in a rejection phase. Most of these kidneys were enlarged because of interstitial oedema and several were speckled with petechial hemorrhages. There was fibrinoid necrosis of afferent arterioles and interlobular arteries in twelve of the transplants, and the peritubular capillaries were disrupted in ten. Swelling of the arteriolar endothelial cells, fibrino-platelet and fibrous intimal thickening of interlobular arteries were also common. In most of the transplants there was a light infiltration with small lymphocytes, plasma cells and a few larger pyroninophilic cells. Similar changes were present in the pelvis and ureter. Twelve of the transplants came from patients whose last rejection episode had been clinically reversed 14 to 117 days previously. AH these kidneys were enlarged because of compensatory hypertrophy. Seven showed some intimal thickening of the interlobular arteries and in three there was fibrinoid necrosis of arteriolar walls. Tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and a light cellular infiltration were also common changes. Only one kidney appeared normal. Three transplants came from patients who had not experienced clinical evidence of a rejection episode. One showed acute tubular necrosis due to prolonged ischemia at the time of transplantation; one was almost normal; the third showed vascular lesions suggestive of old unrecognised rejection. Seven transplants had either not functioned or developed some complication necessitating their early removal. One of these was infarcted due to obstruction of the venous drainage; two showed massive acute tubular necrosis due to ischaemia; two, which were incompatible with their hosts on the basis of ABO blood groups, failed to excrete urine and showed distension of the arterioles and glomerular capillaries with erythrocytes; one bled uncontrollably from the pelvis; one came from a patient who died at twelve hours from hyperkalemia and hyponatremia during a massive post-operative diuresis. This work was aided by grants A-6283, A-6344, HE-07735, AM-07772, AI-01452, and OG-27 from the U.S. Public Health Service, and by a grant from the Medical Research Council. The necropsies on cases described in this paper were either performed or supervised by Drs Coral Cotterall, Doris Courington, Carol Ewing, R. B. Hill, J. Jamroz, D. W. King, D. M. Lang, Martha La Via, Elizabeth Macintyre, N. McGrath, J. C. Maisel, C. G. Massion, D. R. Meekin, H. B. Neustein, S. Ryan, and D. E. Smith. We would like to thank all these pathologists for making this study possible. We are particularly grateful to Dr D. T. Rowlands, who supervised some of the necropsies, for his helpful co-operation throughout this study. Expert assistance in preparing the sections and photomicrographs was given by Miss Jane Rendall.
Reaction Product Imaging: The H + D2 Reaction

The technique of reaction product imaging is described and applied to the study of the H + HI reaction in a single molecular beam. Two-dimensional images of quantum-state selected H2 reaction products from the reaction of photolytically produced H atoms with HI molecules illustrate how reaction product imaging can reveal detailed information about specific reaction channels. The observed product distributions can be explained by a simple physical model of the reaction dynamics.
Is there a relationship between branched amino acid pool size and cell cycle inhibition in roots treated with imidazolinone herbicides

Excised pea root tips were cultured in White's medium for 24 h and then treated for 12 h with one of the imidazolinone herbicides at 0.2, 2, 20, or 200 μM. Pursuit and Assert were almost ineffective in inhibiting the mitotic index (MI), except at the highest concentrations. Arsenal (ARS) and Scepter both showed good inhibition with 20 μM by 8 h. Adding all three branched amino acids (BAA) (VAL, ILE, and LEU) at 0.1 mM blocked herbicide action. Treatment with the BAAs singly had no protective effect. Experiments were performed to determine the BAA pool size and MI after an 8-h treatment with ARS at 2 and 200 μM and Chlorsulfuron (CS), a sulfonylurea herbicide, at 28 nM. Both CS and ARS at 200 μM inhibited the MI to almost 0 by 8 h. ARS at 2 μM inhibited the MI by about 40%. The BAA pool size in all three treatments was reduced by approximately 50%, whether the MI was totally blocked or not. The 1-mm root tips had a greater amount of VAL than did the mature portions of the roots, whereas ILE and LEU were slightly less in the root tip. Other soluble amino acids did not show consistent differences between herbicide-treated roots and controls. The implications of the pool size reduction, in instances where the MI was not totally inhibited, is discussed in light of new data from other laboratories on the mode of action of the imidazolinone herbicides.
Subnuclear particles containing a small nuclear RNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA

Abstract Five of the stable low molecular weight RNA species in the HeLa cell nucleus have been localized in RNP complexes in the cell nucleus. The two abundant species C and D and the three minor species F, G′ and H are found in RNP particles following two different methods of preparation. Sonication of nuclei releases the five small RNAs and also the hnRNA in RNPs that sediment in a range from 10 to 150 S. Alternatively, incubation of intact nuclei at elevated temperature and pH releases four of the small RNAs and degraded hnRNA in more slowly sedimenting structures. When nuclear RNPs obtained by sonication are digested with RNAase in the presence of EDTA, the hnRNA is degraded and the hnRNPs sediment at 30 S. The structures containing the small RNA species D are similarly shifted to 30 S particles by RNAase and EDTA but not by either agent alone. In contrast, the sedimentation of complexes containing species G′ and H are not altered by exposure to RNAase/EDTA and small RNA species C and F are unstable under these conditions. In isopycnic metrizamide/ 2 H 2 O gradients species D and hnRNA accumulate at a density characteristic of RNP particles. They have a similar but not identical distribution. Species D is released from large RNPs by salt concentrations of 0.1 m -NaCl or greater, while the hnRNA remains in large RNP particles. In contrast, the structures containing species G′ and H are stable in 0.3 m -NaCl. All five of the small nuclear RNA species and the hnRNAs are released from rapidly sedimenting complexes by the ionic detergent sodium deoxycholate. It is suggested that the low molecular weight RNA species play a structural role in RNP particles in the cell nucleus and that a subpopulation of species D may be associated with the particles that package the hnRNA.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANS [ENT INTERFACIAL TENSION BEHAVIOR IN CRUDE OIL/ALKALINE WATER SYSTEMS

Abstract The interfacial tension (IFT) dynamics of crude oil/alkaline water systems have been examined using the spinning drop interfacial tensiometer. Both synthetic and natural crudes were employed in the study; however, it was found that synthetic crudes frequently exhibited behavior quite different from that observed with natural crudes. Two crude oils were fractionated and the interfacial tension behavior of the fractions against alkaline water was investigated. Interfacial tension reduction was related to the presence of carboxylic acid components. The stabilities of the interfacial tension minima with time were related to the water solubility of the surface active species, and the ease of formation of their surface inactive, undissociated acid salts, as well as, the temperature and oil viscosities. The use of the spinning drop interfacial tensiometer in evaluating the IFT behavior of crude oil/alkaline systems was assessed.
Optimizing surgical backup for multiple simultaneous percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures

At busy interventional centers, it may be difficult to coordinate surgical backup for multiple simultaneous PTCA procedures. We sought to determine the actual risk of two simultaneous cases requiring surgery, and to identify a group in which multiple simultaneous PTCA procedures could be performed at low risk. We prospectively applied the ACC/AHA A/B/C lesion classification system and an empiric low/medium/high risk classification (based on patients' overall clinical picture) to 1,128 PTCA procedures over a 9 month period; 22 of these patients (1.9%) went directly from the catheterization laboratory to emergency CABG. The incidence of emergency CABG by groups was A-low 1/166, A-medium 1/71, A-high 0/22, B-low 1/116, B-medium 10/481, B-high 2/52, C-low 2/47, C-medium 3/88, and C-high 2/85. The patients were divided into two groups: minimal risk (A + B-low: 3/375 or 0.8%) and increased risk (B-med/high + C: 19/753 or 2.5%). The difference between the groups was significant using chi square with an α < 0.05. The risk of two cases requiring surgery at the same time was calculated as a function of the number of simultaneous PTCA procedures performed. Six or fewer minimal risk PTCA, one increased risk plus up to three minimal risk, and a maximum of two increased risk cases were found to have a risk of <0.001. We conclude that it is possible to identify a group of patients with minimal risk, in whom multiple simultaneous procedures can be performed with a negligible probability of two cases requiring surgery at the same time. Single surgical backup for multiple simultaneous increased risk cases is associated with a finite degree of risk. Some form of risk assessment should be incorporated into institutional algorithms for allocating surgical backup in the setting of multiple simultaneous PTCA procedures. © 1993 Wlley-Liss, Inc
Improved thin-layer chromatographi separations using alcoholic solutions of inorganic salts as solvents

Abstract A general technique is described for the addition of certain inorganic salts to alcoholic solvent systems to facilitate the separation of components from drug mixtures chromatographed on Silica Gel “G” thin-layer plates. This technique has led to excellent resolution of the components in certain drug mixtures.
A relative version of the finiteness obstruction theory of C. T. C. Wall

In his 1965 paper C. T. C. Wall demonstrated that if a CW complex Y is finitely dominated, then the reduced projective class group of Y contains an obstruction which vanishes if and only if Y is homotopy equivalent to a finite CW complex. Wall also demonstrated that such an obstruction is invariant under homotopy equivalences. Subsequently Sum and Product Theorems for this obstruction were proved by L. C. Siebenmann. In his second paper on the subject Wall gives an algebraic definition of the relative finiteness obstruction. If a CW complex Y is finitely dominated rel. a subcomplex X, then the reduced projective class group of Y contains an obstruction which vanishes if and only if Y is homotopy equivalent to a finite complex rel. X. In this paper we will use a geometric construction to reduce the relative finiteness obstruction to the non-relative version. We will demonstrate that the relative finiteness obstruction is invariant under certain types of homotopy equivalences. We will also prove the relative versions of the Sum and the Product Theorems.
Preliminary Contact With a Mailed Follow-Up Survey: Effect on Rate of Response of Former Mental Health Patients

This study examined the effects of preliminary contact by mail and telephone on the rate of response to a follow-up survey offormer mental health patients. The subjects were the par ents or parenting figures of 145 children due for six- or eighteen-month follow-up as part of the evaluation of the services provided at an outpatient child psychiatric facility. The survey instruments were the Child Behavior Checklist and a thirty-one item descriptive adjective rating scale. A significant effect wasfoundfor the use of preliminary contact, but notfor the use of telephone contact rather than mailed precontact. Additionally, it wasfound that it was difficult to contact subjects over the telephone and that telephone precontact was more expensive than mailed precontact. This article also addresses the problem of maintaining patient confidentiality while identifying prospective subjects who had moved since their last visit to the facility for treatment. This balance between study power and former patients' rights t...
Fiber luminescent solar concentrator with 5.7% conversion efficiency

Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC’s) are a promising alternative for reducing the cost of solar power. Exploiting the advantages of optical fiber production, we present here a Fiber LSC (FLSC) in which the waveguide is a polymer optical fiber. We present modeling, fabrication and optical characterization of FLSC (conversion efficiency ~ 5.7%) with a hybrid fiber structure for two-stage concentration of incident light. Directional guiding in fiber allows for at least twofold geometrical gain improvement compared to conventional LSC. It also alleviates the size limitation of conventional LSC’s in one direction. Light-weight, flexible solar sheets assembled from such fibers can provide a means for mobile energy needs.
The use of feedback in lab energy conservation: fume hoods at MIT

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of an Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chemistry Department campaign to reduce energy consumption in chemical fume hoods. Hood use feedback to lab users is a crucial component of this campaign.Design/methodology/approach – Sash position sensor data on variable air volume fume hoods are remotely collected. A 15 minutes average fume hood sash positions for each laboratory are recorded. Data are compiled monthly and a report with average sash position over time and relative frequency of hood position are delivered to the principal investigators of the labs.Findings – Average sash height is lowered by 26 percent (from 16.3±0.85 percent open to 12.1±0.39 percent open) throughout the department, saving an estimated $41,000/year. Sash position during inactive periods is lowered from 9 to 6 percent open. Half of all department savings occurred in four (of 25) labs. Energy savings are substantially less than original expectations because most ins...
Semi-structured display of telephone conversations

People spend much of their work day talking, yet the time spent talking has been out of reach of computer technology. Indeed, computer applications of stored voice are in their infancy, despite technological advances that have enabled ordinary workstations to provide audio digitization and playback. Current stored voice applications are limited to two distinct styles of audio data. The first consists of short message segments that are not meant to be listened to repeatedly, as in voice mail systems. The second is highly structured audio segments, such as in hypemedia systems, where the author creates the links and the application provides navigation.