cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute actions of 3α-hydroxy-tibolone on factors influencing contraction in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes

Abstract We investigated whether one of the main estrogenic metabolites of the postmenopausal agent, tibolone (Org OD14), exerts direct cardiac actions in a similar way to 17β-estradiol. 3α-OH-tibolone (40 μM) decreased both cell shortening and Ca 2+ transient amplitude of field-stimulated (1 Hz, 37 °C) guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. These effects were still observed in cells that had been incubated with the specific estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182,780 (C 32 H 47 F 5 O 3 S), suggesting an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism of action. In addition, 3α-OH-tibolone inhibited the L-type Ca 2+ current and shortened action potential durations (APD). This mechanism may contribute to a potential cardiovascular action of tibolone.
Highlights from the Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Human Muscle Size and Strength or FAMuSS Study

The purpose of the Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Human Muscle Size and Strength study or FAMuSS was to identify genetic factors that dictated the response of health-related fitness phenotypes to resistance exercise training (RT). The phenotypes examined were baseline muscle strength and muscle, fat, and bone volume and their response to RT. FAMuSS participants were 1300 young (24 years), healthy men (42%) and women (58%) that were primarily of European-American descent. They were genotyped for ~500 polymorphisms and completed the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess energy expenditure and time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous intensity habitual physical activity and sitting. Subjects then performed a 12-week progressive, unilateral RT program of the nondominant arm with the dominant arm used as a comparison. Before and after RT, muscle strength was measured with the maximum voluntary contraction and one repetition maximum, while MRI measured muscle, fat, and bone volume. We will discuss the history of how FAMuSS originated, provide a brief overview of the FAMuSS methods, and summarize our major findings regarding genotype associations with muscle strength and size, body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and physical activity.
Partial sorting: A large vector technique and its application

Let vectorA containN elements. When vectorA is sorted the relationA(1) ⩽A(2) ⩽ ⋯ ⩽A(N) holds.A partial sort is a procedure by which theJth, 1 ⩽J ⩽N, element ofA,A(J), is found without completely sorting vectorA.A(J) is the Jth-order statistic ofA. A partial sort technique based on the Quicksort algorithm requires storage ofA. In this article an alternate technique based on confidence intervals of ranks and a rejection procedure findsA(J). This procedure only requires a small working storage and is suited to the case when the elements ofA, for largeN, are serially computed. The minimum number of working storage locations needed for the algorithm to terminate successfully with set probability for specifiedJ andN was computed. Partial sorting, especially this technique, is useful for computing critical values for statistics for which the sampling distributions are analytically known. Error bounds, which can be estimated from a segment of the ordered sample, are given for the estimated critical value. The technique is applied in several examples to estimate the mathematical constant π.
Spatial variability of surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica

Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the surface waters of the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) were measured during austral summer 2010–2011 on the Amundsen Sea Polynya International Research Expedition (ASPIRE). Surface pCO2 in the central polynya was as low as 130 μatm, mainly due to strong net primary production. Comparing saturation states of pCO2 and DO distinguished dominant factors (biological activity, temperature, upwelling, and ice melt) controlling pCO2 across regions. Air-sea CO2 flux, estimated using average shipboard winds, showed high spatial variability (–52 to 25 mmol C m–2 d–1) related to these factors. The central region exhibited a high flux of –36 ± 8.4 mmol C m–2 d–1, which is ∼ 50% larger than that reported for the peak of the bloom in the well-studied Ross Sea, comparable to high rates reported for the Chukchi Sea, and significantly higher than reported for most continental shelves around the world. This central region (∼ 20,000 km2) accounted for 85% of the CO2 uptake for the entire open water area. Margins with lower algal biomass accounted for ∼ 15% of regional carbon uptake, likely resulting from pCO2 reductions by sea ice melt. During ASPIRE we also observed pCO2 up to 490 μatm in a small region near the Dotson Ice Shelf with an efflux of 11 ± 5.4 mmol C m–2 d–1 that offset about 3% of the uptake in the much larger central region. Overall, the 2010–2011 ASP was a large net sink for atmospheric CO2 with a spatially averaged flux density of –18 ± 14 mmol C m–2 d–1. This high flux suggests a disproportionate influence on the uptake of CO2 by the Southern Ocean. Since the region has experienced a significant increase in open water duration (1979–2013), we speculate about whether this CO2 sink will increase with future climate-driven change.
Nutrition knowledge of vegetarians and nonvegetarians

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to compare general and vegetarian nutrition knowledge between vegetarians and nonvegetarians matched for age, gender, residence, and nutrition training. We administered a test covering general principles of nutrition and concepts related to vegetarianism to 106 vegetarians and 106 nonvegetarians. Vegetarians scored significantly higher on the total test as well as the general and vegetarian nutrition subtests than did the nonvegetarians. Nutrition knowledge of vegetarians was related to degree of nutrition training but was independent of gender, length of time, or type of vegetarianism practiced. However, both vegetarians and nonvegetarians lacked an understanding of many basic principles of nutrition. These results suggest several areas to emphasize when developing nutrition education materials.
Rocket Boost Vehicle Mission Optimizations

A complete analysis of rocket boost trajectory optimizations is presented to illustrate some of the advantages resulting from use of the indirect methods of the calculus of variations. The method devised is intended for boost vehicle evaluations during design studies. Features of the method in­ clude provisions to account for the effects of planetary rotation, aerodynamic forces, variable at­ mosphere and time-variant thrust. Vehicle design or physiological limitations are satisfied by employing inequality constraints involving the angle of attack. Special end conditions are de­ veloped for direct calculation of extremals for most rocket boost missions of interest. Computa­ tional techniques employed to obtain solutions on a high speed digital computer are discussed, with particular emphasis on convergence of the iteration to find the desired extremal. Numerical examples are shown to illustrate the character of extremals for satellite launchings and the minimal sensitivity of extremals to guidance and control errors.
Judith Lorber (1987-1990)

When I became the first editor of Gender & Society, Mitch Allen, then an editor at Sage, told me that the journal would be successful if we got close to 1,000 library subscriptions in the first year (I think we got more than 900). What he was saying was that we needed to become part of the academic establishment. We were easily able to do that because Gender & Society filled a niche, empty at the time, 1987. Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society, had started in 1975, and was eclectic regarding social science and cultural studies at the beginning, but it was more and more focusing on culture rather than on society. Sex Roles, also established in 1975, published mostly small-group psychology studies—it called itself A Journal of Research. There was also a lot of work being pub lished in different journals devoted to women's studies—research on women, by women, for women, from a woman's standpoint. What was missing was a sociological perspective and a way of conceptualizing gender as societal, not just individual. The intent was for Gender & Society to be a sociology of gender journal with a feminist theoretical perspective. This innovation was turned down by ASA—their argument being that ASA journals already published the sociology of gender—but it was quantitative, comparing women versus men on various parameters, scattered over many journals, and atheoretical. As editor, I was determined to be theoretical, which meant to define gender and to analyze gender's relationship with society. I saw my mission as bring ing the new feminist perspective of the social construction of gender to sociological research and theory. My vision was spelled out in my initial From the Editor.
New practical MS/MSE degree program with concentration in optics and photonics technology

An interdisciplinary Masters Program with a concentration in Optics and Photonics Technology has been developed under the U.S. Manufacturing Education and Training Activity of the Technology Reinvestment Project. This development has been a collaboration between the University of Alabama in Huntsville, Alabama A&M University, Northwest Shoals Community College, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, the U.S. Army Missile Command, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Advanced Optical Systems Inc., Dynetics, Inc., Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc., Nichols Research and Speedring Inc. These organizations as well as the National Institute for Standards and Technology and SCI, Inc., have been participating fully in the design, development and implementation of this program. This program will produce highly trained graduates who can also solve practical problems, and includes an on-site practicum at a manufacturing location. The broad curriculum of this program emphasizes the fundamentals of optics, optical systems manufacturing and testing, and the principles of design and manufacturing to cost for commercial products. The MS in Physics and MSE in Electrical Engineering Degrees with concentration in Optics and Photonics Technology are offered by the respective UAH academic departments with support from and in consultation with a Steering Committee composed of representatives from each of the participating organizations, and a student representative from UAH.
Influence of various cooling and warming temperatures on survival after thawing of cryopreserved Plasmodium berghei.

Heavy concentrations of viable P. berghei in the natural milieu [20% (vv) parasitized red blood cells, or 20% (wv) homogenate of splenic tissue in which malarial cells sequestered wer suspended in a serum-free, protective medium. Various rates of cooling are designated as low (1.3 °C/min) and intermediate (4 °C/ min) on exposure in cold gas evolving from liquid nitrogen refrigerant to −70 °C, and this followed by direct immersion in the low temperature refrigerant (−196 °C). Cooling designated high was accomplished by abrupt immersion of the sealed vials with the live malaria-bearing tissue in the liquid nitrogen refrigerant. Rates of warming and thawing were designated low (after slow rewarming of frozen tissue in air at 25.5 °C) and high (after rapid rewarming and thawing in a water bath at 40 °C). Strip chart recordings were made of the complete cooling and freezing wave patterns of the suspending medium to −70 ° C. The functional survivals of the freeze-thaw P. berghei malaria were measured by a special infectivity titration method. None of the cooling and freezing treatments adversely influenced the parasite survivals. Our data showed the optimum cooling velocity that maximally protected this highly lethal P. berghei strain within the host erythrocyte matrix was 1.3 ° C/min to −70 to −196 ° C. The functional survivals of two RBC stabilates with P. berghei, after retrieval from 25 days storage in the liquid nitrogen refrigerant, excelled by more than 100-fold the infectivity titer found by viability assay in the pool of the 0-days nonfrozen infected RBC. The precise factors favoring the maximal survivals of the freeze-thaw P. berghei are unclear. Several factors, singly or in combination, may have played key roles in protecting the living P. berghei from the freeze-thaw damage. These factors are: The composition of the suspending medium fortified by additions of bicarbonate, glucose, lactalbumin hydrolysate and yeastolate; the presence of naturally occurring peptide-containing materials surrounding the parasites in the host red cell milieu; and the protective glycerol agent. Any of these constituents singly or combined possess potential for reducing freeze-thaw injury to the parasites to produce maximal survivals.
Association between adiponectin, insulin resistance, and endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND Obesity is a well known risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer; however, weight alone does not account for all cases. The authors hypothesized that insulin resistance also contributes to an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipose cells and has been shown to be a surrogate marker for insulin resistance, with low levels of adiponectin correlated with hyperinsulinemia and degree of insulin resistance. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether there was an independent association between adiponectin level and endometrial cancer. METHODS A case–control study was performed on 117 endometrial cancer patients (cases) and 238 women with no history of cancer (controls). Serum adiponectin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and examined for their association with endometrial cancer. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with adjustment for confounding factors. RESULTS The mean serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower among cases (88.8 ± 63.3 ng/mL) than among controls (148.2 ± 68.3; P<.001). This inverse correlation continued to be observed after controlling for age, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension. Cases were significantly more likely to have serum adiponectin levels in the lowest (odds ratio [OR] of 10.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.49-24.57 [P<.001]) and intermediate tertiles (OR of 2.5; 95% CI, 1.01-6.21 [P = .05]) when compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin level was found to be independently and inversely associated with endometrial cancer. Women with endometrial cancer were more likely to have low adiponectin levels than controls, even after adjusting for body mass index. This suggested that insulin resistance is independently associated with endometrial cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Nosocomial Salmonella epidemic.

A patient admitted to the hospital with diarrhea due to Salmonella heidelberg subsequently developed fatal disseminated salmonellosis, despite vigorous antimicrobial treatment. Beginning five weeks after the initial patient's death, nine patients developed hospital-acquired S heidelberg infections characterized by diarrhea (in seven) and bacteremia (in two). A careful search for salmonellosis among patients and hospital staff revealed two asymptomatic excretors. Extensive culturing of samples from the environment did not show any contaminated objects or reservoirs. The epidemic ended after initiation of an energetic handwashing campaign and isolation procedures. The strain of S heidelberg isolated was resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and gentamicin. Especially interesting in the epidemic were the prolonged time between death of the index case and the appearance of nosocomial cases, the high fatality rate, and the marked antibiotic resistance. ( Arch Intern Med 136:968-973, 1976)
Mitotic control of RUNX2 phosphorylation by both CDK1/cyclin B kinase and PP1/PP2A phosphatase in osteoblastic cells

Skeletal development and osteoblast maturation require the phenotype promoting activity of the transcription factor RUNX2, which controls both cell growth and differentiation in osteoblasts. We have recently shown that in actively proliferating cells RUNX2 regulates the expression of specific target genes as cells enter and exit mitosis. In this study, we addressed whether post-translational modifications of RUNX2 control its activity during mitotic exit. Western blot analysis of proteins from osteoblastic Saos-2 cells released from mitotic inhibition into early G(1) show a phosphatase-sensitive shift in the mobility of RUNX2 in SDS gels. The slowly migrating hyper-phosphorylated form of RUNX2 is immunoreactive with a CDK related phospho-antibody (MPM2) only in mitotic cells and is converted into a faster migrating hypo-phosphorylated RUNX2 when cells complete mitosis. This conversion is inhibited by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (PP1 and PP2A), but not by deltamethrin which blocks PP2B phosphatase. Mitotic phosphorylation of RUNX2 is sensitive to the CDK inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine. Furthermore, RUNX2 can directly interact with CDK1 and is phosphorylated in vitro by the CDK1/cyclin B kinase complex. Hence, RUNX2 is hyper-phosphorylated by CDK1/cyclin B during mitosis, and dynamically converted into a hypo-phosphorylated form by PP1/PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation after mitosis to support the post-mitotic regulation of RUNX2 target genes.
Stochastic solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation

For the linearized Boltzmann equation with finite cross section, the solution is represented as an integral over the paths of a Markov jump process. The integral is only shown to converge conditionally, where the limiting process is defined by an increasing sequence of stopping times. The notion of local martingale plays an important role. A number of related kinetic models are also mentioned.
Laparoscopic vesicopsoas hitch for infiltrative ureteral endometriosis.

Abstract Objective: To report the technique and outcome of a laparoscopic vesicopsoas hitch used for the treatment of infiltrative ureteral endometriosis. Design: Case report. Setting: A tertiary care center. Patient(s): A 36-year-old woman with infiltrative endometriosis of the ureter. Intervention(s): A laparoscopic vesicopsoas hitch. Main Outcome Measure(s): The return of normal ureteral function as measured by IV pyelography and ultrasonography. Result(s): After partial ureteral resection, it was noted that a tension-free anastomosis to the bladder was not possible. Thus, a laparoscopic vesicopsoas hitch was performed. Conclusion(s): A vesicopsoas hitch can be performed successfully by laparoscopy.
Another Look at Time-Varying Risk and Return in a Long-Horizon Contrarian Strategy

Abstract This paper reconciles the relative pricing controversy between DeBondt and Thaler (1985, 1987), Chan (1988), and Ball and Kothari (1989). The negative autocorrelation in long-horizon index returns, along with the selection criterion of the contrarian strategy, can explain the positive covariance between time-varying betas and risk premiums. However, test-period beta estimates reflect the reversal of earnings expectations associated with underlying factors. The controversy thus reduces to the debate of Fama and French (1988) and Poterba and Summers (1988) over the source of the temporary price components in the market index. Rational changes in expected returns and cash flows explain most of the cross-sectional variation in returns.
Causal effects in longitudinal studies: Definition and maximum likelihood estimation

Recently, a nonparametric marginal structural model (NPMSM) approach to Causal Inference has been proposed [Neugebauer, R., van der Laan, M., 2006. Nonparametric causal effects based on marginal structural models. J. Statist. Plann. Inference (in press), .] as an appealing practical alternative to the original parametric MSM (PMSM) approach introduced by Robins [Robins, J., 1998a. Marginal structural models. In: 1997 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, pp. 1-10]. The new MSM-based causal inference methodology generalizes the concept of causal effects: the proposed nonparametric causal effects are interpreted as summary measures of the causal effects defined with PMSMs. In addition, causal inference with NPMSM does not rely on the assumed correct specification of a parametric MSM but instead defines causal effects based on a user-specified working causal model which can be willingly misspecified. The NPMSM approach was developed for studies with point treatment data or with longitudinal data where the outcome is not time-dependent (typically collected at the end of data collection). In this paper, we generalize this approach to longitudinal studies where the outcome is time-dependent, i.e. collected throughout the span of the studies, and address the subsequent estimation inconsistency which could easily arise from a hasty generalization of the algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation. More generally, we provide an overview of the multiple causal effect representations which have been developed based on MSMs in longitudinal studies.
Single atom alloy surface analogs in Pd0.18Cu15 nanoparticles for selective hydrogenation reactions

We report a novel synthesis of nanoparticle Pd-Cu catalysts, containing only trace amounts of Pd, for selective hydrogenation reactions. Pd-Cu nanoparticles were designed based on model single atom alloy (SAA) surfaces, in which individual, isolated Pd atoms act as sites for hydrogen uptake, dissociation, and spillover onto the surrounding Cu surface. Pd-Cu nanoparticles were prepared by addition of trace amounts of Pd (0.18 atomic (at)%) to Cu nanoparticles supported on Al2O3 by galvanic replacement (GR). The catalytic performance of the resulting materials for the partial hydrogenation of phenylacetylene was investigated at ambient temperature in a batch reactor under a head pressure of hydrogen (6.9 bar). The bimetallic Pd-Cu nanoparticles have over an order of magnitude higher activity for phenylacetylene hydrogenation when compared to their monometallic Cu counterpart, while maintaining a high selectivity to styrene over many hours at high conversion. Greater than 94% selectivity to styrene is observed at all times, which is a marked improvement when compared to monometallic Pd catalysts with the same Pd loading, at the same total conversion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy measurements confirm the complete uptake and alloying of Pd with Cu by GR. Scanning tunneling microscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy of model SAA surfaces confirmed the feasibility of hydrogen spillover onto an otherwise inert Cu surface. These model studies addressed a wide range of Pd concentrations related to the bimetallic nanoparticles.
The effect of reactive intermediates on the propagation of turbulent premixed flames: Comparison of experiment and theory

Abstract Experimental measurements of density and OH radical concentration have been compared with a theory which predicts the concentrations of product and of a reactive intermediate in a plane premixed flame propagating into grid turbulence. The theory is based on the simplest version of the Bray and Libby model extended to include the reactive intermediates. The results show excellent agreement for the density. For the OH the agreement is poorer although the theory does predict the correct trends, particularly the presence of superequilibrium concentrations. It is recommended that the most complete version of the Bray and Libby model be used for such flames with at least a two parameter fit for the reactive intermediate PDF.
Multiplexing video streams using dual-frame video coding

We consider the transmission of multiple video source streams over a shared channel from a server. Using the rate-distortion curves and dual-frame video coding with high quality long-term reference (LTR) frames, we propose a method to reduce the sum of mean squared error for all the video streams. A simple motion activity detection algorithm was used to determine the amount of high quality given to the LTR frames. Using H.264/AVC, the results show considerable improvement over a baseline scheme where each video stream is provided with equal bitrate.
Systemic action of human growth hormone following adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to rat submandibular glands

We have previously suggested that although salivary glands function in an exocrine manner they might none the less offer a useful way to deliver therapeutic proteins systemically. As a direct functional test of this hypothesis, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus (AdCMVhGH) encoding human growth hormone (hGH) and then studied the biological action of hGH produced following transfer of the hGH gene to rat submandibular glands. At 48 h following infusion of AdCMVhGH into these glands via cannulation of the main excretory duct, serum levels of hGH were approximately 16 ng/ml and rat insulin-like growth factor-1 was elevated approximately 25%. Moreover, serum chemistry profiles of rats subjected to in vivo gene transfer displayed alterations in the BUN:creatinine ratio and triglyceride levels presumably reflecting the anabolic actions of the hGH. These results provide the first demonstration of systemic biological action from a transgene product secreted in an endocrine fashion from the salivary glands.
Compact hyperspectral sensor development

Users of spectral information desire more compact, lower cost sensors. We examine design considerations for different types of compact hyperspectral sensors and propose a basis of metrics for the comparison of dissimilar spectrometers.
Optimum Diet Models and Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: A Test on Martha's Vineyard

An optimum diet model like those used in ecology is developed for an archeological test. Predictions are made for subsistence and settlement patterns of hunter-gatherer of populations on Martha's Vineyard. The results indicate the future potential of this model for hunter-gatherer groups in general.
Ties that bind

In this article, the authors develop and empirically evaluate a general model of the linkages between domestic and international conflict behavior. Much of the literature on domestic international interactions has focused on the structural constraints of the international and domestic systems on leaders' foreign policy decisions. Rather than focusing on structural constraints, the present authors model the influence of the behavior of domestic and international rivals on leader decision making. The impact of rivals' behavior on conflict across the domestic-international nexus has been neglected relative to the role of structural factors. This study helps redress that imbalance. The authors test their model with a statistical analysis of Zaire during the period 1975 to 1992 and find substantial support for the model.
Binding of isomers of benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide to chromatin.

Abstract Both the carcinogenic B[ a ]P diol-epoxide (anti) and its relatively noncarcinogenic isomer, B[ a ]P diol-epoxide (syn), when reacted with chromatin in vitro , bind more extensively to the internucleosomal region of chromatin than to nucleosomes. These results suggest that the increased binding of B[ a ]P diol-epoxide (anti) to the internucleosomal region may have little relevance to the process of carcinogenesis.
HIV Transmission and Alcohol in the Caribbean: An Agenda for Social Work

ABSTRACT This paper overviews the twin epidemics of HIV/AIDS and alcohol use in the Caribbean (specifically the countries and territories included in the Greater and Lesser Antilles and Bahamas), and potential linkages between drinking and risky sexual behavior. Highlighting the needs for research and intervention identified by Caribbean social workers, educators, health care providers, and government officials, we suggest ways social workers both in the Caribbean and abroad can contribute to exploring the co-morbidity of alcohol use and risk for sexual HIV transmission. Data addressing the potential link between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors are urgently needed to inform prevention and intervention policies and programs at the national and regional level.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis and protooncogene expression in primary rat hepatocytes in long‐term DMSO culture

We have previously described the use of a chemically defined medium (CDM) supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to maintain long-term cultures of rat hepatocytes in a highly differentiated state. In this study, conditions necessary to stimulate high levels of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture were defined. Hepatocytes were maintained in culture for 20 days in CDM containing DMSO and EGF, insulin, and glucagon. EGF, insulin, and glucagon were then removed for 7 days. Readdition of EGF, insulin, and glucagon at day 27 (shiftup) was accompanied by a three- to sixfold increase in labeling index. If DMSO or dexamethasone (dex) + DMSO were removed at time of shiftup, the labeling index increased by 18- to 54-fold. TGFβ inhibited DNA synthesis stimulated by EGF shiftup, TGFα shiftup, or EGF shiftup in combination with removal of dex + DMSO. Stimulation of DNA synthesis was accompanied by a specific, sequential induction of protooncogene mRNA levels; c-fos mRNA was induced 23-fold at 0.5 h after readdition of EGF; c-myc mRNA was induced three- to fourfold by 0.5 h; TGFα mRNA was induced sevenfold by 8 h; K-ras mRNA was induced fourfold by 26 h. Changes in protooncogene expression paralleled changes seen in regenerating liver. When DMSO was removed for greater than 48 h, the cells flattened and spread out, chords of cells were no longer well defined, albumin mRNA levels decreased, and fibronectin, β1 integrin, and TGFβ transcripts increased. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Compiling Lisp programs for parallel execution

Curare, the program restructurer described in this paper automatically transforms a sequential Lisp program into an equivalent concurrent program that runs on a multiprocessor.
Transforming growth factor beta and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of immunocompromised patients with HIV-1 infection.

ABSTRACT Monocyte infiltration of the brain is central to the path-ogenesis of HIV-1 encephalitis. The cytokines promoting recruitment of monocytes into the central nervous system during HIV-1 infection are not established. In this study, we evaluated human cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HIV-1 infection for transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) using a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassays. Cytokine levels were compared to those from patients with multiple sclerosis and normal controls. In cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-1 infection and CD4 500 cells/mm3, multiple sclerosis, and controls.
Defect generation surrounding nanoparticles in a cross-linked hydrogel network.

A detailed understanding of polymer−nanoparticle interactions is a key element in demystifying the reinforcement mechanism for nanocomposites. To decouple the effects of the polymer−nanoparticle interactions from the particle distribution, we utilized polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays based on a thermosensitive hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm). First, the hydrogel network structure in the vicinity of the nanoparticles was investigated by the deswelling behavior of particle-filled hydrogels. The addition of nanoparticles led to an increased rate of deswelling when the particle-filled hydrogel was heated beyond the lower critical solution temperature (32 °C). To interpret this observation, we have suggested that the polymer network has a significant increase in defects (e.g., dangling chain ends) in the vicinity of the nanoparticles. The apparent percolation threshold associated with the interaction of the nanoparticles was about 20 times smaller than the theoretical percolation thresh...
Differential Tyrosine Phosphorylation of LAT Associated with Engagement of CD3, MHC Class I and Class II

Differential Tyrosine Phosphorylation of LAT Associated with Engagement of CD3, MHC Class I and Class II
On the Structure of Light Nuclei

Extensive calculations based on the approximation of single particle wave functions (the Hartree method) have been made for the nuclei between ${\mathrm{He}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ using the general symmetrical interaction operator given by Eq. (1). The Coulomb interaction is treated as a small perturbation. Secular equations are avoided by the construction of space wave functions in the normal state configuration belonging to irreducible representations of the symmetric group. These functions yield an energy matrix which is diagonal in the ordinary and Majorana interaction energies. The contributions of the spin exchange and Coulomb operators to the energy terms are found by a first-order perturbation calculation. Although the general symmetrical operator contains several parameters as yet undetermined, only those parameters which have been fixed by consideration of the two, three and four particle problems are involved in the energy differences within the group of low lying terms belonging to the normal state configuration. These term differences are identical with those recently computed for unsymmetrical interaction operators of the saturation type. New results for mass defects, excitation energies and energy relations between isobars are compared with experimental values.
On the extinction of radiation by a homogeneous but spatially correlated random medium

Exponential extinction of incoherent radiation intensity in a random medium (sometimes referred to as the Beer-Lambert law) arises early in the development of several branches of science and underlies much of radiative transfer theory and propagation in turbid media with applications in astronomy, atmospheric science, and oceanography. We adopt a stochastic approach to exponential extinction and connect it to the underlying Poisson statistics of extinction events. We then show that when a dilute random medium is statistically homogeneous but spatially correlated, the attenuation of incoherent radiation with depth is often slower than exponential. This occurs because spatial correlations among obstacles of the medium spread out the probability distribution of photon extinction events. Therefore the probability of transmission (no extinction) is increased.
Descriptive Metadata for Scientific Data Repositories: A Comparison of Information Scientist and Scientist Organizing Behaviors

The integration of scientific data sets into repository collections is a continuing challenge for research institutions. This study used a concurrent triangulation mixed-methods approach to gather basic quantitative and qualitative data about how 11 information professionals and 16 scientists organized data sets for personal and repository use. The results incorporate comments from study participants that elaborate on descriptive metadata use, data curation practices, and organization styles/preferences.
Making information cities livable

Let the most rewarding aspects of our virtual experience and online social interaction also guide participation in our real-world physical communities.
Boron trifluoride and boron trichloride addition compounds of trimethylphosphine, chlorodimethylphosphine, dichloromethylphosphine and phosphorus trichloride☆

Abstract The sysems PCl3BF3, PCl3BCl3, CH3PCl2BF3, CH3PCl2BCl3, (CH3)2PClBF3, (CH3)2PClBCl3, (CH3)3PBF3 and (CH3)3PBCl3 are reported. Three components were not available commercially and were prepared by improved syntheses, i.e. (CH3)3P, (CH3)2PCl and CH3PCl2. No evidence was found for the existence of the reported compounds PCl3.BF3 or PCl3.BCl3. With CH3PCl2 it was found that BF3 did not form an adduct whereas it was confirmed that BCl3 forms CH3PCl2.BCl3. The systems with (CH3)2PCl furnished evidence for [(CH3)2PCl]2.BF3 and confirmed the existence of (CH3)2PCl.BCl3. The existence of the previously reported (CH3)3P.BF3 and (CH3)3P.BCl3 was confirmed also. These systems were studied and characterized by tensimetric titrations, direct addition syntheses, 11B NMR, and 1H NMR spectra, melting point determinations and vapor pressure data. A basicity trend for the phosphorus compounds was found with BCl3 to be (CH3)3P>(CH3)2PCl>CH3PCl2.
Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England, 1780-1840

1. Introduction: historiography, sources and methods 2. Agricultural protest 3. Food riots 4. Industrial protest 5. Political protest 6. Policing protest 7. A revolutionary challenge? 8. Conclusion.
A time for change: Implementation of a community of learners model

Abstract Although the concept of learning communities is not new, many colleges and universities use learning communities differently. This study examines how using a community of learners at the end of undergraduate education programs, rather than at the onset, is an effective way to organize undergraduate education. A comparison of students who did not experience a community of learners model with students who did is provided. The data reveal that students in the community of learner's configuration fared better in several areas, including feeling a sense of belonging, feeling comfortable sharing perspectives, and having a broader understanding of different pedagogies. Also discussed is the process utilized by our university in implementing the community of learners model.
INTERACTION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN J-AMYLOID BETA -PEPTIDE COMPLEX WITH LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR-RELATED PROTEIN-2/MEGALIN : A MECHANISM TO PREVENT PATHOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION OF AMYLOID BETA -PEPTIDE

Apolipoprotein J (apoJ) has been shown to be the predominant amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta)-binding protein in cerebrospinal fluid. We have previously demonstrated that the endocytic receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin (LRP-2), which is expressed by choroid plexus epithelium and ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles and neural tube, binds and mediates cellular uptake of apoJ (Kounnas, M. Z., Loukinova, E. B., Stefansson, S., Harmony, J. A., Brewer, B., Strickland, D. K., and Argraves, W. S. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13070-13075). In the present study, we evaluated the ability of apoJ to mediate binding of Abeta1-40-apoJ complex to LRP-2 in vitro. Immunoblot analysis showed that incubation of apoJ with Abeta1-40 resulted in the formation of Abeta1-40-apoJ complex and the inhibition of the formation of Abeta1-40 aggregates. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, an estimated dissociation constant (Kd) of 4.8 nM was derived for the interaction between Abeta1-40 and apoJ. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was also used to study the interaction of the Abeta1-40-apoJ complex with LRP-2. The results showed that Abeta alone did not bind directly to LRP-2; however, when Abeta1-40 was combined with apoJ to form a complex, binding to LRP-2 took place. The binding interaction could be blocked by inclusion of the receptor-associated protein, an antagonist of apoJ binding to LRP-2. When LRP-2-expressing cells were given 125I-Abeta1-40, cellular uptake of the radiolabeled peptide was promoted by co-incubation with apoJ. When the cells were provided purified 125I-Abeta1-40-apoJ complex, the complex was internalized and degraded, and both processes were inhibited with polyclonal LRP-2 antibodies. Furthermore, chloroquine treatment inhibited the cellular degradation of the complex. The data indicate that apoJ facilitates Abeta1-40 binding to LRP-2 and that the receptor mediates cellular clearance of Abeta1-40-apoJ complex leading to lysosomal degradation of Abeta1-40. The findings support the possibility that LRP-2 can act in vivo to mediate clearance of the complex from biological fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and thereby play a role in the regulation of Abeta accumulation.
Lipids and cardiovascular disease: Do the findings and therapy apply equally to men and women?

Dyslipoproteinemia is prevalent in women as well as in men. In both, its consequences--premature atherosclerosis and CAD morbidity and mortality--are more common. Although clinical evidence of the benefits of cholesterol lowering is less abundant in women, it is not entirely absent. As in men, cholesterol lowering in women is associated with a decline in CAD risk and with regression of coronary atherosclerosis. Lipoprotein risk factors have some special characteristics in women. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be a less important risk factor in women, perhaps because estrogen protects the arterial wall against LDL deposition. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a better predictor of risk in women than in men. Triglycerides are an independent predictor of CAD risk in postmenopausal women. The effects of endogenous gonadal hormones in life-cycle changes in women is evident. As girls pass through puberty, HDL-C levels do not fall as they do in boys of the same age. In pregnancy, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglyceride levels all rise. However, LDL-C stays elevated until well after delivery, whereas triglycerides fall to baseline at about the time of delivery, and HDL-C levels begin to fall at about 24 weeks. Interestingly, this fall in HDL-C is not accompanied by a fall in apoA-I levels, implying a change in HDL composition during the latter portion of pregnancy. After menopause, LDL-C levels rise sharply, whereas HDL-C levels decline modestly. Again, this decline in HDL-C is accompanied by a rise in apoA-I levels, implying a change in HDL composition. Diet, weight loss, and exercise are less effective in altering lipoprotein levels in women than in men. The reasons for this are not clear, although it is reasonable to speculate that endogenous gonadal hormones play a role. Genetic dyslipoproteinemia occurs in women, although the effect on CAD rates may be mitigated by the generally higher levels of HDL-C enjoyed by women. Exogenous hormones in the form of OCs and postmenopausal HRT affect circulating lipoprotein levels according to their composition. Generally, estrogens have favorable effects, raising HDL-C and lowering LDL-C levels. Progestins are either neutral or oppose estrogen effects, depending on their dose and androgenicity. Use of modern OCs probably does not adversely affect CAD risk except in combination with cigarette smoking. However, HRT has a strong favorable effect on CAD risk when unopposed estrogen is used, probably due to increases in HDL-C levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Arginine specific endopeptidases modify the aggregation properties of a synthetic peptide derived from Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid

A synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 28 amino acids of the Alzheimer disease amyloid β/A4 peptide (3.2 kDa) aggregated to a high molecular weight (15 kDa) on SDS/urea polyacrylamide gels. Proteinase K, V8 protease, trypsin, and endopeptidase Lys-C readily degraded the aggregate. By contrast, when digested by endopeptidase Arg-C, a new polypeptide aggregate of higher molecular weight (16 kDa) was observed on denaturing gels without degraded smaller products. The new aggregate was comprised of three peptides: an intact β/A4(1–28) and partially degraded peptides β/A4(1–5) plus β/A4(6–28). The results were confirmed by treatment of β/A4 with other arginine-specific proteases: the gamma subunit of nerve growth factor and clostripain. The results indicate that arginine-specific proteases, including a growth factor processing enzyme, can nick aggregated β/A4(1–28) amyloid and alter the configuration to produce a complcomple aggregated form. If similar highly specific proteolytic mechanisms occur in the Alzheimer disease brain, the processing may promote the formation of high molecular weight aggregates that contribute to the development of relatively insoluble senile plaque core protein.
The multiple roles of pendrin in the kidney

The [Formula: see text] exchanger pendrin (SLC26A4, PDS) is located on the apical membrane of B-intercalated cells in the kidney cortical collecting duct and the connecting tubules and mediates the secretion of bicarbonate and the reabsorption of chloride. Given its dual function of bicarbonate secretion and chloride reabsorption in the distal tubules, it was thought that pendrin plays important roles in systemic acid-base balance and electrolyte and vascular volume homeostasis under basal conditions. Mice with the genetic deletion of pendrin or humans with inactivating mutations in PDS gene, however, do not display excessive salt and fluid wasting or altered blood pressure under baseline conditions. Very recent reports have unmasked the basis of incongruity between the mild phenotype in mutant mice and the role of pendrin as an important player in salt reabsorption in the distal tubule. These studies demonstrate that pendrin and the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) cross compensate for the loss of each other, therefore masking the role that each transporter plays in salt reabsorption under baseline conditions. In addition, pendrin regulates calcium reabsorption in the distal tubules. Furthermore, combined deletion of pendrin and NCC not only causes severe volume depletion but also results in profound calcium wasting and luminal calcification in medullary collecting ducts. Based on studies in pathophysiological states and the examination of genetically engineered mouse models, the evolving picture points to important roles for pendrin (SLC26A4) in kidney physiology and in disease states. This review summarizes recent advances in the characterization of pendrin and the multiple roles it plays in the kidney, with emphasis on its essential roles in several diverse physiological processes, including chloride homeostasis, vascular volume and blood pressure regulation, calcium excretion and kidney stone formation.
A NEW TYPE OF CEREMONIAL BLANKET FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST

THROUGH the generosity of Mr Lewis H. Farlow of Boston and Pasadena, the Peabody Museum of Harvard University has recently acquired a remarkable Northwest Coast blanket. This was found in possession of a grandson of the collector by Dr L. C. Jones of Malden, Massachusetts, who called the writer's attention to this interesting textile. The blanket was obtained about the year I 8oo by Captain Benjamin Swift ( 1770-1857) of Charlestown, Massachusetts, who, in his younger days, was engaged in the Northwest fur trade. Like most ethnological specimens collected in that region by the early "Boston " traders there is no record of the exact locality where it was procured. It is very probable, however, that it came from the northern coast region of British Columbia. With the exception of the overcasting of fur at its upper edge the robe is made wholly of mountain goat wool. Unlike the Chilkat blanket no cedar bark was used in the warp. The colors are yellow, a brownish black, and the natural white of the wool. The color scheme is as follows : the outer band of the border is
Mathematical analysis of high frequency pulse propagation in nonlinear dielectric materials

Abstract We consider high frequency electromagnetic pulse propagation in complex nonlinear dielectric materials. The physical problem is modeled by a Maxwell system which is then reduced to the specific problem. The nonlinear properties of the material are accounted for by using a nonlinear Debye model for the polarization. We use a Galerkin method to establish existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence of the resulting system.