cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factor maps and embeddings for random ℤd shifts of finite type

For any d ≥ 1, random ℤd shifts of finite type (SFTs) were defined in previous work of the authors. For a parameter α ∈ [0, 1], an alphabet $$\mathcal{A}$$ , and a scale n ∈ ℕ, one obtains a distribution of random ℤd SFTs by randomly and independently forbidding each pattern of shape {1,..., n}d with probability 1 − α from the full shift on $$\mathcal{A}$$ . We prove twomain results concerning random ℤd SFTs. First, we establish sufficient conditions on α, $$\mathcal{A}$$ , and a ℤd subshift Y so that a random ℤd SFT factors onto Y with probability tending to one as n tends to infinity. Second, we provide sufficient conditions on α, $$\mathcal{A}$$ and a ℤd subshift X so that X embeds into a random ℤd SFT with probability tending to one as n tends to infinity.
Large polaron formation and its effect on electron transport in hybrid perovskites

Many experiments have indicated that a large polaron may be formed in hybrid perovskites, and its existence is proposed to screen the carrier–carrier and carrier–defect scattering, thus contributing to the long lifetime of the carriers. However, a detailed theoretical study of the large polaron and its effect on carrier transport at the atomic level is still lacking. In particular, how strong is the large polaron binding energy? How does its effect compare with the effect of dynamic disorder caused by the A-site molecular rotation? And how does the inorganic sublattice vibration impact the motion of the large polaron? All of these questions are largely unanswered. In this work, using CH3NH3PbI3 as an example, we implement a tight-binding model fitted from density-functional theory to describe the electron large polaron ground state and to understand the large polaron formation and transport at its strong-coupling limit. We find that the formation energy of the large polaron is around −12 meV for the case without dynamic disorder, and −55 meV by including dynamic disorder. By performing the explicit time-dependent wavefunction evolution of the polaron state, together with the rotations of CH3NH3+ and vibrations of the PbI3− sublattice, we studied the diffusion constant and mobility of the large polaron state driven by the dynamic disorder and the sublattice vibration. Two effects of the inorganic sublattice vibrations are found: on one hand, the vibration of the sublattice provides an additional driving force for carrier mobility; on the other hand, the large polaron polarization further localizes the electron, reducing its mobility. Overall, the effect of the large polaron is to slow down the electron mobility by roughly a factor of two. We believe that both dynamic disorder due to rotation of the organic molecule, and large polaron effects induced by the polarization and vibration of the inorganic sublattice, play important roles for the electronic structure and carrier dynamics of the system.
Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 responses regulate neutrophil infiltration into the junctional epithelium and significantly contribute to the composition of the oral microbiota.

Background Oral gingival tissue, especially the junctional epithelium (JE), is constantly exposed to sub-gingival plaque. A key component of gingival health is the regulation of the number of neutrophils that migrate into the gingival crevice to counteract its harmful effects. This report investigates the contribution of innate defense receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and both (TLR2/4) to the maintenance of neutrophil homeostasis in the JE. Methods Bacterial composition was analyzed from whole oral swabs collected from 12- to 14-week-old TLR2, TLR4, TLR2/4 double knock-out (KO) mice using a MiSeq platform targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Mandibles were histologically examined for quantification of neutrophils in the JE and bone loss. Lastly, total bacterial load was quantitated using quantitative real-time PCR. Results Compared with wild-type, all TLR KO mice displayed significantly increased recruitment of neutrophils (P = 0.0079) into the JE. In addition, TLR4 and TLR2/4 KO mice demonstrated a significant increase in the number of bacteria (P = 0.0022 and P = 0.0152, respectively). Lastly, comparative compositional analyses of the oral microbiome revealed that each KO strain harbored unique microbial communities that are distinct from each other but maintained similar levels of alveolar bone. Conclusions Neutrophil migration into healthy mouse JE does not require TLR2 or TLR4. However, a significant increase in the number of neutrophils as well as a significant change in the oral microbial composition in both TLR2 and TLR4 KO mice demonstrate that these TLRs contribute to the homeostatic relationship between bacteria and the host in healthy mice periodontal tissue.
The Stream Quality Index: A multi-indicator tool for enhancing environmental management

Abstract Assessment of stream health is a function of the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the water body. While monitoring of all three indicator types is common, combining them into a unified assessment of stream quality is rare. In this study, a unified index was developed that compares biological response to physical and chemical stressors for southern California wadeable streams using a scientifically rigorous, easy-to-understand tool intended to facilitate stream management. The Stream Quality Index (SQI) is based on a stressor-response empirical model that quantifies the expected likelihood that chemical and physical stressors will impact multiple components of biological condition. While the individual stressor and response components are quantitative and have similar meaning across a variety of environmental settings, the final SQI narrative assessment is categorical and designed to be directly actionable within a management context. The four narrative assessment categories are: (1) “healthy and unstressed” (i.e., unimpacted biology, no stressors); (2) “healthy and resilient” (i.e., stressed, but biological communities are healthy); (3) “impacted and stressed” (i.e., impacted biology from observed stressors); and (4) “impacted by unknown stress” (i.e., biology is impacted, but stressors are low). To facilitate adoption by managers, a web-based application was developed that not only maps overall SQI results, but also enables users to readily access underlying quantitative information for stressors and biological responses. This transparent design was intended; high-level output and foundational components of the SQI are relevant for different audiences and details are not sacrificed for accessibility.
Optimized immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor beta using two validated monoclonal antibodies confirms its expression in normal and malignant breast tissues

Significant controversy exists regarding the expression patterns of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in normal and diseased breast tissue. To address this issue, we have validated two ERβ antibodies, optimized the IHC protocols for both antibodies and now report the expression patterns of ERβ in normal and malignant breast tissues. ERβ antibody specificity was determined using western blot and IHC analysis. ERβ protein expression patterns were assessed via IHC in normal breast tissue and invasive breast carcinoma. Further, we report the detailed protocol of the ERβ IHC assay developed in our CAP/CLIA certified laboratory to provide a standardized method for future studies. We have confirmed the specificity of two independent ERβ monoclonal antibodies, one that detects total (i.e., full length plus splice variants 2–5, which do not include the ligand binding domain) ERβ protein (PPZ0506) and one that detects only the full-length form, which includes the ligand binding domain, of ERβ (PPG5/10). Using these two antibodies, we demonstrate that ERβ is highly expressed in normal human breast tissue as well as in 20–30% of invasive breast cancers. Further, these two antibodies exhibited similar staining patterns across multiple different tissues and were highly concordant with regard to determining ERβ positivity in breast cancers. ERβ protein was shown to be abundant in the majority of normal breast epithelial cells and is present in 20–30% of breast cancers. Use of these two antibodies, along with their standardized IHC protocols, provide a reference for future studies aimed at determining the utility of ERβ as a prognostic and/or predictive biomarker in various tissues of benign or malignant states.
Hunting inflatons at FASER

We consider a nonminimal quartic inflation scenario in the minimal ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{X}$ extension of the Standard Model (SM) with the classical conformal invariance, where the inflaton is identified with the ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{X}$ Higgs field ($\ensuremath{\phi}$). By virtue of the classically conformal invariance and the radiative ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{X}$ symmetry breaking via the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism, the inflationary predictions (in particular, the tensor-to-scaler ratio $r$), the ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{X}$ coupling ${g}_{X}$, and the ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{X}$ gauge boson mass ${m}_{{Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ are all determined by only two free parameters: the inflaton mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$ and its mixing angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ with the SM Higgs field. FASER can search for a long-lived scalar, which is the inflaton in our scenario, for the parameter ranges $0.1\ensuremath{\lesssim}{m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}[\mathrm{GeV}]\ensuremath{\lesssim}4$ and ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Therefore, if such a scalar is discovered at FASER, both ${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ would be fixed, leading to the predictions for $r$, ${g}_{X}$, and ${m}_{{Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ in our model. These predictions can be tested by future cosmological observations and LHC searches for the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ boson resonance.
Understanding ambulatory care physician OT referral patterns to integrate OT within primary care

Date Presented 04/04/19 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey OT referral data provides objective description of the patients referred to OT: 29% had a musculoskeletal condition and 42% had a history of injury. This data can be used when planning a primary-care OT practice and supports further outpatient OT utilization research beyond patients who are currently being referred to OT. Primary Author and Speaker: Anne Fleischer Contributing Authors: Alan Fleischer
MicroRNA-124-3p suppresses mouse lip mesenchymal cell proliferation through the regulation of genes associated with cleft lip in the mouse

Cleft lip (CL), one of the most common congenital birth defects, shows considerable geographic and ethnic variation, with contribution of both genetic and environmental factors. Mouse genetic studies have identified several CL-associated genes. However, it remains elusive how these CL-associated genes are regulated and involved in CL. Environmental factors may regulate these genes at the post-transcriptional level through the regulation of non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs). In this study, we sought to identify miRNAs associated with CL in mice. Through a systematic literature review and a Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) database search, we identified 55 genes that were associated with CL in mice. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis of these genes predicted that a total of 33 miRNAs target multiple CL-associated genes, with 20 CL-associated genes being potentially regulated by multiple miRNAs. To experimentally validate miRNA function in cell proliferation, we conducted cell proliferation/viability assays for the selected five candidate miRNAs (miR-124-3p, let-7a-5p, let-7b-5p, let-7c-5p, and let-7d-5p). Overexpression of miR-124-3p, but not of the others, inhibited cell proliferation through suppression of CL-associated genes in cultured mouse embryonic lip mesenchymal cells (MELM cells) isolated from the developing mouse lip region. By contrast, miR-124-3p knockdown had no effect on MELM cell proliferation. This miRNA-gene regulatory mechanism was mostly conserved in O9–1 cells, an established cranial neural crest cell line. Expression of miR-124-3p was low in the maxillary processes at E10.5, when lip mesenchymal cells proliferate, whereas it was greatly increased at later developmental stages, suggesting that miR-124-3p expression is suppressed during the proliferation phase in normal palate development. Our findings indicate that upregulated miR-124-3p inhibits cell proliferation in cultured lip cells through suppression of CL-associated genes. These results will have a significant impact, not only on our knowledge about lip morphogenesis, but also on the development of clinical approaches for the diagnosis and prevention of CL.
An Interoception-Based Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study

The ability to notice internal sensations such as tense muscles, a rumbling stomach, or heavy eyelids and translate these internal sensations into emotional meaning such as anger, hunger, and fatig...
3-D Fourier Synthesis Active Imaging using a Spatio-Spectral Non-Redundant Array of Silicon-Photonic Beamsteering Tiles

A set of nonredundant frequency shifted beams transmitted from a 2-D nonredundant array of optical phased array tiles interferes pairwise to produce traveling fringes. Detected backscatter encodes a sufficient number of 3-D spatial Fourier components to enable Fourier synthesis imaging of a 3-D LIDAR target.
Eliminating An Industry: Why a Medicare for All Plan that Seeks to Eliminate the Private Health Insurance Industry Should Be a Compensable Regulatory Taking

Some recent Medicare for All proposals, advanced by politicians in the U.S., have called for the elimination of the private health insurance industry. Certain proposals hope to accomplish this goal by blocking health insurance companies from competing with a government run health insurance system, that proponents of Medicare for All hope to create. Such legislation would cancel virtually every current private health insurance plan in the United States and would replace them with a government run insurance plan. The question is whether such legislation constitutes a Fifth Amendment taking of private health insurance contracts, entitling the health insurance companies and their shareholders to just compensation. Fifth Amendment takings of contracts are analyzed by courts under two approaches. One test, the Omnia test, analyzes whether the government frustrates or appropriates a private contract, and if the contract is appropriated there is a taking. The other test, known as the Penn Central test, uses factors from the case of Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. City of New York to determine whether a contract was taken. This Article argues that under either approach, a Medicare for All law that prohibits private health insurance companies from selling profitable health insurance plans, constitutes a taking under the Fifth Amendment. This is because such a law would cause the government to replace insurance companies in contractual relationships between insurance companies and their consumers. Additionally, it would practically eliminate private insurance companies by eradicating their businesses.
Children's Recognition and Recall of Picture and Word Stimuli.

A number of investigations have shown that pictures and words function differently as stimuli in learning tasks. Herman, Broussard, and Todd (1951), using either pictures or words to represent the same common objects, demonstrated that subjects (Ss) learn a list in serial anticipation faster with pictures rather than words as stimuli. Lumsdaine (1949), Deno (1965), Paivio and Yarmey (1966), and Jenkins (1968) all found that when pictures were used as stimuli in a paired-associate task, Ss learned the pairs faster than when words were used as stimuli. Studies of memory in which stimulus mode was varied have been less consistent. Jenkins, Neale, and Deno (1967) and Shepard (1967) reported that Ss, attempting to recognize stimuli that had previously been presented, performed more efficiently when the stimuli were pictures rather than
Percutaneous treatment of calcaneal fractures

Percutaneous fixation of calcaneal fractures has limited indications. It is most useful for tongue-type fractures in which the displaced portion of posterior facet remains intact to the tuberosity. This allows the tuberosity to be used as a reduction tool for the posterior facet. The technique has been used successfully in 41 patients. In the current study, the indications and technique are reviewed in detail.
Physical Properties of Polymers

The third edition of this well known textbook discusses the diverse physical states and associated properties of polymeric materials. The contents of the book have been conveniently divided into two general parts, 'Physical States of Polymers' and 'Characterization Techniques'. Written by seven of the leading figures in the polymer science community, this third edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded. As in the second edition, all of the chapters contain general introductory material and comprehensive literature citations designed to give newcomers to the field an appreciation of the subject and how it fits into the general context of polymer science. Containing numerous problem sets and worked examples this third edition provides enough core material for a one semester survey course at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level.
Theoretical and experimental results for a thick skew-grid FSS with rectangular apertures at oblique incidence

Theoretical and experimental results for the reflection characteristics of a thick plate containing rectangular holes on a skew grid at oblique angles of incidence are presented. By including a large number of waveguide modes in the solution, excellent agreement between theory and experiment has resulted. The use of a corrugated horn and lens allowed a high-quality test of the theory using a relatively small plate in the near field of the horn. The software is now being used to design thick frequency selective surfaces for high-power low-noise applications in the Deep Space Network. >
Structure and function of bacteriophage R17 replicative intermediate RNA. I. Studies on sedimentation and infectivity.

Abstract The separation of replicative intermediate RNA from cellular and viral RNA on agarose columns is described. Sucrose gradient sedimentation and biological analyses of the purified replicative intermediate are presented. The replicative intermediate prepared 30 minutes post-infection is, on the average, 65% ribonuclease-resistant. These molecules display sedimentation heterogeneity, those which sediment more rapidly consisting of a larger fraction of RNase-sensitive RNA than those which sediment more slowly. When the replicative intermediate RNA is denatured, it is found to yield some single-stranded RNA indistinguishable by sedimentation and infectivity criteria from the RNA extracted from R17 bacteriophage. No other significant infective components are found after denaturation. All forma of replicative intermediate RNA release infectious RNA upon denaturation. Only rapidly sedimenting native replicative intermediate RNA is able to initiate phage production in the spheroplast assay system.
The new and improved NIST Dragon's LAIR (Lofting and Ignition Research) facility

SUMMARY Several studies suggest that the firebrands are a major cause of structural ignition of Wildland–Urban Interface fires in USA and Australia. For 40 years, past firebrand studies have focused on how far firebrands fly and do not assess the vulnerabilities of structures to ignition from firebrand showers. The development of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Dragon has allowed the quantification of structure ignition vulnerabilities of full-scale building assemblies. Full-scale tests are necessary to highlight vulnerabilities of structures to ignition under firebrand attack, whereas bench-scale test methods afford the capability to test new firebrand-resistant technologies and may serve as the basis for new standard testing methodologies. To this end, the present investigation was undertaken to construct a new and improved Dragon's Lofting and Ignition Research facility. This entailed removing the NIST Baby Dragon from the wind tunnel facility and inserting the new and improved NIST continuous feed Baby Dragon. The unique feature of the continuous feed Baby Dragon, over the current NIST Baby Dragon, is the capability to produce a constant firebrand shower in order to expose building materials to continual firebrand bombardment. The efficacy of the new experimental facility to determine ignition regime maps of building materials exposed to wind-driven firebrand showers is presented. Specifically, ignition regime maps are presented as a function of continuous firebrand generation rate, wind tunnel speed, and cedar moisture content. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical studies of charge dynamics in the optimally-doped Bi2212 and the non-superconducting cobaltate single crystals

An analysis of the frequency-dependent scattering rate reveals signatures of the superconducting gap as well as the pseudogap in high-T_c cuprates. These features can be identified in the temperature-dependent spectral function W(omega), inverted from the optical data of the optimally-doped Bi2212 using an experimentally unambiguous method that shows the behavior of both the maxima and minima in the spectral function.
Spontaneous hypnosis in the forensic context.

“Hypnosis” denotes either specific phenomena (altered volition, perception, cognition, and recall) or interpersonal transactions that often elicit them. Basic research leads to paradox: hypnosis is validated, and shown to be dissociative in essence, at the same time that neither its phenomena nor transactions can be separated from those of everyday living without logical absurdity. This paradox can be resolved by assuming that consciousness and volition are complex, occurring simultaneously at many levels in the same waking individual. Hypnotic-like phenomena and transactions occur spontaneously, in either covert or overt forms. The former are pervasive, whereas the latter are often associated with psychological trauma. Forensic implications are twofold: for criminal responsibility, and the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Hypnotic-like states and transactions are rarely affirmed as an insanity defense because at some level these subjects are aware of what they are doing and why. Diminished capacity and mitigation of sentence are more appropriate defense strategies. Several conflicted traditions of case law have evolved to protect eyewitness testimony from hypnotic-like distortions in cognition, perception, and memory that can occur either during or outside of formal hypnotic procedures. These include the admissibility of posthypnotic testimony, due process safeguards at eyewitness identification procedures, and the admissibility of expert testimony on the findings of eyewitness research. These areas are inseparable from one another and demand a systematic coordinated approach.
Electrophysiological and behavioral responses to ketamine in mice with reduced Akt1 expression

Rationale A number of studies have associated reduced Akt1 expression with vulnerability for schizophrenia. Although mice with deletion of a single copy of the Akt1 gene (Akt1+/−) show reduced Akt1 expression relative to wild-type (WT) animals, the extent to which these mice show schizophrenia-like phenotypic changes and/or increased susceptibility to epigenetic or non-genetic factors related to schizophrenia is unknown.
Style and splendour

Although the textile trade in the city of Norwich goes back for many hundreds of years, the slawl industry, for which the area is renowned, peaked during the nineteenth century. In anticipation of a forthcoming exhibition, Style and splendour, the Norwich shawl industry 1785–1885, Pamela Clabburn details the history of the shawl in the city, and describes the types of shawl for which Norwich became famous.
The shaping of rationality in science and religion

In this paper the focus is on the extreme epistemological complexity of the relationship between religion and science as two dominant forces in our culture today. This complexity is aggravated by a seemingly conflictual postrnodern, pluralist challenge to a culture that already reveals itself as decidedly empirically-minded. For theology and science a meaningful dialogue becomes possible only if both modes of reflection are willing to move away from overblown foundationalist epistemologies and, for theology at least, from the intellectual coma of fideism. The paper finally argues for a postfoundationalist epistemology where theo-logy and science, although very different modes of reflection, do share the richness of the resources of human rationality. In so doing it attempts to answer three crucial questions: i) are there good reasons for still seeing the natural sciences as our clearest available example of rationality at work? ii) If so, does the rationality of theological reflec-tion in any way overlap with scientific rationality? iii) Even if there are impressive overlaps between these two modes of rationality, how would the rationality of science and the rationality of religious reflection differ?
A Dispositional Approach to Applicant Reactions: Examining Core Self-Evaluations, Behavioral Intentions, and Fairness Perceptions

Drawing from core self-evaluations (CSE) theory, we argue and demonstrate that disposition plays an important role in explaining the way job applicants respond to testing procedures in the selection process. We demonstrate that CSE predicts job candidate reapplication intentions, acceptance intentions, and recommendation intentions—even after controlling for test performance. Moreover, we show that CSE moderates the relationship between perceived fairness and applicant behavioral intentions. Drawing from a sample of 194 applicants for the position of police officer, this research uses data at four different time periods to explain the impact that applicant CSE has on outcomes in a high-stakes (i.e., civil service) testing environment. Our results indicate that behavioral intentions resulting from selection processes are attributable at least in part to applicant CSE and that self-serving attributions are not the only relevant driving factor. We also show that CSE influences the relationship between perceptions of fairness and behavioral intentions. Theoretically, this manuscript explains why and shows how CSE is a driving force behind intention formation. This research provides practitioners with insight to the formation of applicant reactions and intentions showing that important perceptions about the organization can be impacted by CSE. We also demonstrate that CSE impacts selection test performance. This is the first study to examine the impact of CSE on applicant responses related to the formation of organizationally relevant outcomes
Contributions of various ions to the resting and action potentials of crayfish medial giant axons.

The membrane of crayfish medial giant axons is permeable at rest to ions in the rank K>Na>Ca>Cl. With K present, variation of the other ions has little or no effect, but with K absent the axon hyperpolarizes when Na is reduced or eliminated by replacement with Tris (slope ca. 30 mV/decade Na0). The hyperpolarization is independent of the presence of Cl or its absence (substitution with methanesulfonate or isethionate). The resistance increases progressively as Na is removed. These changes persist after the spike is blocked with tetrodotoxin. An increase in Ca causes depolarization (slope ca. 20 mV/decade) provided K, Na and Cl are all absent, but in the presence of Cl there is little or no change in membrane potential on increasing Ca to 150mm. The depolarization induced by Ca is associated with an increased resistance. Spike electrogenesis involves Ca activation as well as Na activation, but the after-depolarization at the end of the spike is due to a conductance increase for Ca. Two alternative equivalent circuits for the resting and active membrane are discussed.
Quasi-realtime languages

The quasi-realtime languages are seen to be the languages accepted by nondeterministic multitape Turing machines in real time. The family of quasi-realtime languages forms an abstract family of languages closed under intersection, linear erasing, and reversal. It is identical with the family of languages accepted by nondeterministic multitape Turing machines in linear time. Every quasi-realtime language can be accepted in real time by a nondeterministic one stack, one pushdown store machine, and can be expressed as the length-preserving homomorphic image of the intersection of three context-free languages.
Subcellular localization and characterization of HCO3(-)-ATPase from the mantle of the freshwater clam, Anodonta cataracta.

Abstract 1. 1. HCO 3 − -stimulated ATPase activity was demonstrated in mantle tissue of the freshwater clam, Anodonta cataracta . 2. 2. Calcium (1 mM) slightly inhibited and SCN − completely inhibited HCO 3 − -stimulation of the enzyme. 3. 3. ATPase activity had a K m of 6.8 mM for HCO 3 − -activation and was inhibited at HCO 3 − -concentrations >20 mM. 4. 4. Subcellular fractionation studies revealed the presence of both a mitochondrial and a non-mitochondrial HCO 3 − -ATPase.
Discerning mechanistically rewired biological pathways by cumulative interaction heterogeneity statistics

Changes in response of a biological pathway could be a consequence of either pathway rewiring, changed input, or a combination of both. Most pathway analysis methods are not designed for mechanistic rewiring such as regulatory element variations. This limits our understanding of biological pathway evolution. Here we present a Q-method to discern whether changed pathway response is caused by mechanistic rewiring of pathways due to evolution. The main innovation is a cumulative pathway interaction heterogeneity statistic accounting for rewiring-specific effects on the rate of change of each molecular variable across conditions. The Q-method remarkably outperformed differential-correlation based approaches on data from diverse biological processes. Strikingly, it also worked well in differentiating rewired chaotic systems, whose dynamics are notoriously difficult to predict. Applying the Q-method on transcriptome data of four yeasts, we show that pathway interaction heterogeneity for known metabolic and signaling pathways is indeed a predictor of interspecies genetic rewiring due to unbalanced TATA box-containing genes among the yeasts. The demonstrated effectiveness of the Q-method paves the way to understanding network evolution at the resolution of functional biological pathways.
Thermal conductivity and localization in glasses: Numerical study of a model of amorphous silicon.

Numerical calculations of thermal conductivity κ(T) are reported for realistic atomic structure models of amorphous silicon with 1000 atoms and periodic boundary conditions. Using Stillinger-Weber forces, the vibrational eigenstates are computed by exact diagonalization in harmonic approximation. Only the uppermost 3% of the states are localized. The finite size of the system prevents accurate information about low-energy vibrations, but the 98% of the modes with energies above 10 meV are densely enough represented to permit a lot of information to be extracted. Each harmonic mode has an intrinsic (harmonic) diffusivity defined by the Kubo formula, which we can accurately calculate for ω>10 meV
Age and ether anesthesia in mice.

SummaryMice of various ages were subjected to ether anesthesia in a chamber containing a fixed quantity of ether. Old mice took longer to fall asleep than did young mice. Old and young mice took much longer to recover than did adult mice of 1-8 months, and were more variable in response to ether, both behaviorally and physiologically. Sex was a factor of minor importance in time required to fall asleep, and made no measurable difference in time to recover. Time to fall asleep was correlated with time to recover in adults, but uncorrelated in young and old mice. Recovery time was more variable than time to fall asleep. Mechanisms to explain these results are discussed.
Peripherally administered CRH suppresses the vocalizations of isolated guinea pig pups

Abstract In Experiment 1, an SC injection of 14 μg CRH greatly suppressed the vocalizing of isolated guinea pig pups 1 h later and produced highly elevated plasma cortisol levels. In Experiment 2, SC injection of 18 international units of ACTH produced similar cortisol elevations, but had a negligible effect on vocalizations. In Experiment 3, the minimum effective dose of CRH for suppressing vocalizations was found to be about 7 μg. This dose also suppressed locomotor activity and produced cortisol elevations that were as great as those produced by the 14 μg dose. In Experiment 4, suppression of vocalizations by CRH was not reversed by 1 or 5 mg/kg body weight of naloxone. Rectal temperature was unaffected by CRH or naloxone. Thus, peripheral administration of CRH has a suppressive effect on the vocalizations of isolated guinea pig pups. The effect is accompanied by a reduction in locomotor activity and does not appear to be mediated by ACTH, cortisol, β-endorphin, or an altered body temperature response to the isolation procedure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased secretion of CRH contributes to the waning of the vocalizations of guinea pig pups during prolonged isolation.
Feedback linearization control of magnetorheological fluid damper based systems with model uncertainty

This paper is concerned with the effects of magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper model uncertainties on system stability, when local feedback linearization schemes are utilized to stabilize an inherently unstable system with negative damping. The objectives of the research are to characterize such effects, and develop a robust control law for given uncertainty bounds. First, for the purpose of discussion, sine functions are used as examples to represent the possible deviations between the actual MR damper force and the force predicted by the model. The limit cycle behavior is predicted using the describing function method and parameters influencing the limit cycle characteristics are identified. An effort is then made to identify the worst-case model deviation, given the bounds on the possible model uncertainties. Based on these results and the limit cycle analysis, the minimum control gain to eliminate the limit cycle instability can be derived. With such gains, the closed-loop system is robust against all uncertainties within the bounds.
Heterogenity of B-cell growth factor receptor reactivity in healthy donors and in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia: Relationship to B-cell-derived lymphokines

Abstract Twenty-five long-term B-cell lines were studied for B-BCGF activity. The cell lines were cultured in the presence or absence of the new tumor promoter teleocidin, and control and teleocidin-treated derived supernatants were cocultured with purified B cells obtained from healthy donors and patients with B chronic lymphatic leukemia (B-CLL), in the presence of anti-μ. In attempt to delineate the role of other B-cell lymphokines in promoting proliferation of activated B cells, the supernatants were also studied for interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and interferon γ (IFN-γ). The effect of B-cell-derived lymphokines on the proliferation of activated B cells obtained from the 14 donors was heterogenous, and three types of response were observed: (A) In four healthy donors there was induction of B-cell proliferation by B-cell lymphokines derived from both control cells and teleocidin-treated cells. (B) In cells obtained from the other five healthy donors there was induction of B-cell proliferation by B-cell lymphokines derived from teleocidin-treated cells. (C) In the five B-CLL patients, B-cell proliferative response to B-cell lymphokines derived from both control cells and teleocidin-activated cells was absent. Comparison of B-BCGF reactivity to T-BCGF reactivity demonstrated that B-CLL B lymphocytes did not respond to either B-BCGF or T-BCGF, whereas normal B cells responded to T-BCGF and may proliferate upon stimulation with B-cell-derived IL-2 and/or B-BCGF. These results suggest (i) heterogenity of B-BCGF receptor reactivity in B lymphocytes derived from healthy donors, and lack of both B-BCGF and T-BCGF receptor reactivities in B lymphocytes derived from B-CLL patients; (ii) B-cell-derived lymphokines influence normal B-cell response but not leukemic B cells; (iii) B-BCGF optimal effect is in large part due to other B-cell lymphokines, especially B-cell-derived IL-2; (iv) the possible existence of various B-BCGFs.
Müllerianosis: Four Developmental (Embryonic) Müllerian Diseases

The theory of mullerianosis predicts that embryonic mullerian tissue, misplaced during organogenesis, results in the formation of 4 benign mullerian diseases-developmental adenomyosis, endometriosis, endosalpingiosis, and endocervicosis-(developmental mullerian diseases) that will be identified in human female fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Direct evidence is presented to support the existence of developmental adenomyosis, developmental endometriosis, and developmental endocervicosis in human female fetuses along with strong circumstantial evidence supporting the existence of all 4 developmental mullerian diseases in human female infants, children, adolescents, and adults. This evidence throws light upon the pathogenesis of rare mullerian lesions whose pathogenesis remains inexplicable by classical and modern theories. Furthermore, this research has scientific and clinical relevance: scientific relevance because it opens up a new field of comparative research-the 4 developmental mullerian diseases complement the 4 acquired mullerian diseases; clinical relevance because it identifies rare mullerian diseases curable by complete surgical excision.
Derivation Of Transmittance In A Dust Environment Using Imaging Technology

Photopic transmittances within and through localized, inhomogeneous dust clouds were estimated by contrast transmittances derived from image processing of video recordings of dust scenes which included optical targets contrasted against the sky or terrain background. Comparison between the estimated contrast transmittances and actual transmittances measured through dust clouds by a transmissometer yielded correlation coefficients of up to 0.933. The contrast transmittances within the dust clouds were estimated from the ratios of contrast between adjacent targets, absolute estimates, and by the use of black and white targets. Comparison between these latter methods yielded correlation coefficients of up to 0.987.
Influence of Surface Treatment and Annealing Temperature on the Formation of Low-Resistance Au/Ni Ohmic Contacts to p -GaN

We have studied the influence of surface treatment and annealing temperature on the specific contact resistance of Au/Ni ohmic contacts to p-GaN with hole concentrations in the range of 1016 cm−3 to 1018 cm−3. The sample with a hole concentration of 1 × 1018 cm−3, treated with the surface treatment HCl:H2O = 3:1 solution and annealed at 500°C in a 90% N2 and 10% O2 atmosphere, yielded the lowest specific contact resistance of ~4 × 10−5 Ω cm2 and ~2 × 10−7 Ω cm2 at room temperature and at 150°C, respectively. To investigate the roles of interdiffusion between layer interfaces and the formation of NiO and nickel gallides, we examined the metallization stacks before and after annealing using high-resolution x-ray diffraction. We conclude that the nickel-gallide formation and the deterioration of the NiO layer are together responsible for the large deviation in contact resistances observed for samples annealed at various temperatures.
A systems analysis of the guyanese livestock industry

Abstract This paper attempts to contribute to the capability for livestock sub-sector analysis. A model structure which offers potential for evaluation of changes of policy, available production technology, or factor and product market conditions is described. The structure integrates a multi-year biological cattle simulator with a price endogenous model of the cattle sub-sector to yield a model designed to simulate aggregate behaviour of profit maximising cattle producers interacting through competitive factor and product markets. The general model structure is specified to reflect conditions in Guyana, South America. The model, specified for Guyanese conditions, is used to evaluate the probable impact of a number of technical and economic changes in the system.
“The Sun Shines on a World Re-Arisen to Pleasure”: The Fin-de-Siècle Metaphysical Revival

The 1890s witnessed an explosion of interest in the metaphysical and other seventeenth-century poets, a fact that warrants further scholarly exploration. This article outlines the background of the revival: the cultural and religious politics that shape mid-century commentary on the metaphysicals, and Coleridge's marginalia which rehabilitate the poets, especially Donne. It then presents an overview of criticism by Gosse, Symons, Meynell, Thompson, and Johnson, tracing the similarities and differences among aesthetic and decadent visions of the seventeenth century. Finally, it suggests a number of areas for new work on the topic.
Ecology: Shared ancestry predicts disease levels

Ecological factors such as host density are important predictors of disease incidence. But another key determinant may be the evolutionary history and relatedness of the host community. See Letter p.542
Fundamental considerations for multiwavelength photoacoustic molecular imaging

Photoacoustic technology offers great promise for molecular imaging in vivo since it offers significant penetration, and optical contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution. In this article we examine fundamental technical issues impacting capabilities of photoacoustic tomography for molecular imaging. First we examine how reconstructed photoacoustic tomography images are related to true absorber distributions by studying the modulation transfer function of a circular scanning tomographic system employing a modified filtered backprojection algorithm. We then study factors influencing quantitative estimation by developing a forward model of photoacoustic signal generation, and show conditions for which the system of equations can be inverted. Errors in the estimated optical fluence are shown to be a source of bias in estimates of molecular agent concentration. Finally we discuss noise propagation through the matrix inversion procedure and discuss implications for molecular imaging sensitivity and system design.
AIDS and the Future of Reproductive Freedom

The specter of pediatric AIDS fundamentally challenges elements of the liberal ideological basis of women's reproductive freedom. Many public health officials hold that preventing transmission of HIV from mother to fetus requires efforts to discourage pregnancy by infected women. For over two decades, however, genetic counselors, feminists, and medical ethicists have stressed the importance of nondirective counseling in the context of reproductive choice. The question now confronted by American society is whether it will be possible to frame an ideology of reproductive choice that recognizes the limits of liberal individualism, while preserving the basic features of reproductive freedom.
On the necessity of cryptanalytic exhaustive search

It is shown that the amount of computation required for a general cryptanalytic method is equivalent to an exhaustive search over the key space. In particular, any general time-memory tradeoff must do an exhaustive search as a part of the pre- or post-computation.
Incentive compatibility in a market with indivisible goods

Abstract In a market in which each trader's initial endowment is one unit of an indivisible good, there exists an incentive compatible procedure for reaching a competitive allocation. This contrasts with some recent results for similar problems.
EMG feedback training during dynamic movement for low back pain patients

This paper provodes a brief overview of the use of EMG biofeedback in the physical rehabilitation of patients whith chronic low back pain. Obvious limitations in some current treatment methodologies and empirical foundations for an alternative EMG feedback training technique are discussed. The alternative approach involves individual assessment of muscle function and comparison to normative data followed by EMG feedback training in relevant static and dynamic activities. A case report is provided to illustrates application of the technique. When used with proper attention to basic principles of kinesiology, biomechanics, and anatomy, electromyography may provide a more rational basis for behavioral assessment and treatment of low back and other chronic pain patients.
Precipitate stability in the heat affected zone of nitrogen-enhanced high strength low alloy steels

Abstract A high nitrogen, Ti–V microalloyed steel was found to produce coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) with impact toughness superior to a similar Ti–V steel with lower nitrogen content. The CGHAZ microstructures of the high nitrogen steels were investigated to determine that precipitation in this region played an important role for the improvement of the mentioned toughness. The nitrogen-enhanced steel, with 130 parts per million (ppm) nitrogen, yielded a large number of fine nitride precipitates with sizes ranging from 30 to 900 A (3 to 90 nm). These cubic or rectangular-prism shaped, titanium-rich particles limited the austenite grain growth at high temperatures. The average austenite grain diameter of 50 μm at 1350°C was about three times smaller than that observed in the low nitrogen steel with 30 ppm nitrogen. The small grain size in the CGHAZ of the nitrogen-enhanced steel controlled the toughness. Instead of nitrides, the low nitrogen steel CGHAZ exhibited a large number of titanium or aluminum oxide particles. An important observation was that the particle number density of the nitrogen-enhanced steel decreased slowly, from 4.3×10 6 to 3.3×10 6 per mm 2 , with increasing holding time at 1350°C. Ostwald ripening alone was unable to explain the particle density change and precipitate growth. It was then determined that most TiN particles smaller than 420 A (42 nm) were located along the austenite grain boundaries. Thus, coarsening of these finer TiN precipitates at the grain boundaries would be determined by grain boundary diffusion and not lattice diffusion. In the case of welding, with thermal cycles characterized by high peak temperatures and short holding times, much of the titanium and nitrogen atoms would be expected to remain in solution, albeit in supersaturation. Hence, nitride particles larger than 420 A (42 nm) and located inside the austenite grains would receive solute atoms precipitating directly from the supersaturated matrix. Only after this supersaturated concentration reaches the equilibrium solubility that the effect of Ostwald ripening would become predominant in regulating the size distribution of the precipitates. In this paper, a combined diffusion model has been suggested to describe the growth mechanism of titanium nitride precipitates in the CGHAZ of a high nitrogen Ti–V microalloyed steel weld.