cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent states for general potentials. V. Time evolution

We show the time evolution of minimum-uncertainty coherent-state (MUCS) wave packets in the solvable potentials we have considered. (Numerical techniques are discussed in the appendices.) The time evolution is compared to the motion that a classical particle would have in the same potential. We make a number of observations on the conditions which can cause the states to lose their coherence more (or less) rapidly with time, and compare the MUCS results with those which can be obtained from other types of coherent states. The most physically interesting comparison is with the "continuous representation" coherent states.
SU-E-I-91: Reproducibility in Prescribed Dose in AEC CT Scans Due to Table Height, Patient Size, and Localizer Acquisition Order

Purpose: In CT scanners, the automatic exposure control (AEC) tube current prescription depends on the acquired prescan localizer image(s). The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect that table height, patient size, and localizer acquisition order may have on the reproducibility in prescribed dose. Methods: Three phantoms were used for this study: the Mercury Phantom (comprises three tapered and four uniform regions of polyethylene 16, 23, 30, and 37 cm in diameter), acrylic sheets, and an adult anthropomorphic phantom. Phantoms were positioned per clinical protocol by our chief CT technologist or broader symmetry. Using a GE Discovery CT750HD scanner, a lateral (LAT) and posterior-anterior (PA) localizer was acquired for each phantom at different table heights. AEC scan acquisitions were prescribed for each combination of phantom, localizer orientation, and table height; the displayed volume CTDI was recorded for each. Results were analyzed versus table height. Results: For the two largest Mercury Phantom section scans based on the PA localizer, the percent change in volume CTDI from ideal were at least 20% lower and 35% greater for table heights 4 cm above and 4 cm below proper centering, respectively. For scans based on the LAT localizer, the percent change in volume CTDI from ideal were no greater than 12% different for 4 cm differences in table height. The properly centered PA and LAT localizer-based volume CTDI values were within 13% of each other. Conclusion: Since uncertainty in vertical patient positioning is inherently greater than lateral positioning and because the variability in dose exceeds any dose penalties incurred, the LAT localizer should be used to precisely and reproducibly deliver the intended amount of radiation prescribed by CT protocols. CT protocols can be adjusted to minimize the expected change in average patient dose.
Effects of Time-Compressed Narration and Representational Adjunct Images on Cued-Recall, Content Recognition, and Learner Satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of time-compressed narration and representational adjunct images on a learner's ability to recall and recognize information. The experiment w...
Molecular basis of endosomal-membrane association for the dengue virus envelope protein

Abstract Dengue virus is coated by an icosahedral shell of 90 envelope protein dimers that convert to trimers at low pH and promote fusion of its membrane with the membrane of the host endosome. We provide the first estimates for the free energy barrier and minimum for two key steps in this process: host membrane bending and protein–membrane binding. Both are studied using complementary membrane elastic, continuum electrostatics and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The predicted host membrane bending required to form an initial fusion stalk presents a 22–30 kcal/mol free energy barrier according to a constrained membrane elastic model. Combined continuum and molecular dynamics results predict a 15 kcal/mol free energy decrease on binding of each trimer of dengue envelope protein to a membrane with 30% anionic phosphatidylglycerol lipid. The bending cost depends on the preferred curvature of the lipids composing the host membrane leaflets, while the free energy gained for protein binding depends on the surface charge density of the host membrane. The fusion loop of the envelope protein inserts exactly at the level of the interface between the membrane's hydrophobic and head-group regions. The methods used in this work provide a means for further characterization of the structures and free energies of protein-assisted membrane fusion.
Stranded wire with uninsulated strands as a low-cost alternative to litz wire

High-frequency loss in transformer windings using stranded wire is analyzed. A complete loss prediction method is presented. The interstrand resistivity, which is an important parameter to determine the power loss, is measured experimentally. The analytical model is solved to get an optimal pitch, which specifies the degree of twisting that results in minimum loss. A transformer using a stranded wire winding is built and measured. The model prediction is verified to have high accuracy in the frequency range up to 100 kHz. Compared with the same transformer using a solid wire winding, about 67 percent less power loss at 100 kHz is achieved using stranded wire. Using the loss-prediction model provided in this paper, engineers will be able to control eddy-current losses in high-frequency transformer and inductor windings using stranded wire at a relatively low cost compared to using litz wire.
Data Integrity in RFID Systems

One of the main problems that affect the data integrity of passive RFID systems is the collision between the tags. A popular anticollision algorithm which dominates the standards in HF and UHF passive RFID systems is Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA) and some variations of FSA. Throughput and average time delay of the RFID system which determines the performance/efficiency of the system are reduced rapidly when the number of tags inside the interrogation zone is increased. Using larger frame sizes is not always the solution. This paper proposes a variation of FSA, called Progressing Scanning (PS) algorithm. The PS algorithm divides the tags in the interrogation zone into smaller groups and gives the ability to the reader to communicate each time with one of them. For performance analysis, the PS algorithm was evaluated with the parameters of a typical passive RFID system at 2.5 GHz. The results showed that the PS algorithm can improve the efficiency of the RFID system and provide a reliable solution for cases with a high density of tags in the area (over 800 tags).
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infants and Children

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common opportunistic infection in adults and children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Without prophylaxis, half of all these children will develop PCP at sometime during their illness. The disease is associated with high mortality and a poor prognosis for long-term survival in this patient population. In infants and young children, PCP may be a primary infection, compared with reactivation of a latent infection that is usually the case in older children and adults. Clinical features, radiographic findings and diagnostic strategies are similar in children and adults. Although alternative agents are being investigated, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and pentamidine remain the standard therapeutic agents. Insufficient data are available to recommend routine adjunctive corticosteroids in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), PCP, and significant respiratory disease. Prophylaxis against PCP occurrence or recurrence is indicated for HIV-infected children and infants under 1 year of age, children with less than 20% T4 helper lymphocytes, those meeting age-related Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for prophylaxis, and those with a history of suspected or documented PCP. The CDC recommends intermittent TMP-SMX for PCP prophylaxis in children with AIDS.
Bursts of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) by dissipating clouds at Palmer Station, Antarctica

We present here a case study of cloud-mediated production of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) recorded at Palmer Station (64°46′S, 64°05′W), Antarctica on 20 Jan 1994. Four instances of CCN bursts occurred on Jan 17, 19, 20 and Feb 7, 1994 when cloud base descended to the surface and dissipated under prevailing meteorological conditions. The most spectacular event occurred on Jan 20 when the CCN concentration was enhanced by a factor of four at 0.25% supersaturation (with respect to water) compared to the pre-event concentration. At 1.25% supersaturation, the corresponding enhancement was by a factor of seven. This indicated a larger production of aerosol particles in smaller size ranges. The elevated CCN concentrations were measured for over fifteen hours. The CCN activity spectrum during the event resembled the ones that are typical of previous measurements in the urban plumes of St. Louis and Denver.
Fostering the Community of Software Engineering Educators

Software engineering has emerged as a discipline, but it is still new and relatively small. It is important to consider how this process has progressed, and to ensure that the continued evolution of the discipline has the support and attention that will ensure success. Nancy Mead has positively influenced software engineering education for the past several decades. This paper discusses Nancypsilas influence on software engineering education through the Working Group on Software Engineering Education and Training (WGSEET). The intention of this focus is to celebrate Nancypsilas accomplishment, but also suggest that the software engineering education community needs similar leadership and community participation to ensure that progress continues.
Integrating carbon-based nanoelectronics with chalcogenide phase change memory

Phase change memory (PCM) is a promising candidate for next-generation non-volatile data storage, though its high programming current has been a major concern. By utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene as interconnects to induce phase change in ultra small regions (∼20 nm) of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST), we are able to build ultra-low power PCM devices. Normal memory operations are demonstrated with exceptionally low current (&#60; 5 µA) and power consumption, nearly two orders of magnitude lower than state-of-the-art. Electrical characterization shows that switching voltages in PCM with both CNT and graphene electrodes are scalable to sub-1 V. Our experiments also pave the way to carbon nanoelectronics with integrated PCM data storage.
Top3-Rmi1 Dissolve Rad51-Mediated D Loops by a Topoisomerase-Based Mechanism

The displacement loop (D loop) is a DNA strand invasion product formed during homologous recombination. Disruption of nascent D loops prevents recombination, and during synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA), disruption of D loops extended by DNA polymerase ensures a non-crossover outcome. The proteins implicated in D loop disruption are DNA motor proteins/helicases that act by moving DNA junctions. Here we report that D loops can also be disrupted by DNA topoisomerase 3 (Top3), and this disruption depends on Top3's catalytic activity. Yeast Top3 specifically disrupts D loops mediated by yeast Rad51/Rad54; protein-free D loops or D loop mediated by bacterial RecA protein or human RAD51/RAD54 resist dissolution. Also, the human Topoisomerase IIIa-RMI1-RMI2 complex is capable of dissolving D loops. Consistent with genetic data, we suggest that the extreme growth defect and hyper-recombination phenotype of Top3-deficient yeast cells is partially a result of unprocessed D loops.
Planning and Acting in Uncertain Environments using Probabilistic Inference

An important problem in robotics is planning and selecting actions for goal-directed behavior in noisy uncertain environments. The problem is typically addressed within the framework of partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). Although efficient algorithms exist for learning policies for MDPs, these algorithms do not generalize easily to POMDPs. In this paper, we propose a framework for planning and action selection based on probabilistic inference in graphical models. Unlike previous approaches based on MAP inference, our approach utilizes the most probable explanation (MPE) of variables in a graphical model, allowing tractable and efficient inference of actions. It generalizes easily to complex partially observable environments. Furthermore, it allows rewards and costs to be incorporated in a straightforward manner as part of the inference process. We investigate the application of our approach to the problem of robot navigation by testing it on a suite of well-known POMDP benchmarks. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method can beat or match the performance of recently proposed specialized POMDP solvers.
Numerical limitations on the design of digit online networks

A fully digit online arithmetic unit generates at least the i most (least) significant digits of the result after having been supplied no more than the (i+k) most (least) significant digits of each operand, where k is a small constant. This digit serial property can be used to reduce the aggregate fill and flush times of a chained array of digit online arithmetic units and to reduce their VLSI interconnection complexity. However, because of this digit serial property, unique and inherent limitations may have to be imposed on any arithmetic unit which performs digit online operations. For some calculations, these limitations may be so severe as to make digit online evaluation virtually impossible. We show several important signal processing problems where these limitations have either been avoided or their effect greatly reduced.
QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEASURE EASTERN AND WESTERN THOUGHT

A questionnaire was developed to reflect traditional Eastern and Western world views. The Eastern perspective is conceived of as the basically monistic view of existence shared by Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Hinduism; the Western view, on the other hand, is seen as based on the dualistic outlook of reality underlying both Judeo-Christian and much of Greek thought. Test-retest reliability over 2 wk., based on responses of 83 college students, is .76. A study involving 4 American Buddhists, 69 Transpersonal psychologists. 29 business executives, 17 legal administrators, and 173 college students with various majors suggests that the questionnaire has considerable predictive validity.
Current-Controlled, High-Speed Magneto-Optic Switching

In this paper, an optical switch utilizing a magneto-optic Faraday rotator (MOFR) capable of submicrosecond switching is presented. The optical circuit and supporting electronic circuitry are presented. High optical switching speeds are accomplished through the design of an electronic circuit capable of creating high-speed magnetic pulses. Rise times of 75 ns of 40-Oe magnetic fields are achieved for optical circuit control. Experimental results of the electrical and optical circuit are presented. Circuit design and practical considerations are discussed.
Analysis of gene expression during the transition to climacteric phase in carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

It has been generally thought that in ethylene-sensitive plants such as carnations, senescence proceeds irreversibly once the tissues have entered the climacteric phase. While pre-climacteric petal tissues have a lower sensitivity to ethylene, these tissues are converted to the climacteric phase at a critical point during flower development. In this study, it is demonstrated that the senescence process initiated by exogenous ethylene is reversible in carnation petals. Petals treated with ethylene for 12h showed sustained inrolling and senescence, while petals treated with ethylene for 10h showed inrolling followed by recovery from inrolling. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed differential expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signalling between 10h and 12h ethylene treatment. Ethylene treatment at or beyond 12h (threshold time) decreased the mRNA levels of the receptor genes (DcETR1, DcERS1, and DcERS2) and DcCTR genes, and increased the ethylene biosynthesis genes DcACS1 and DcACO1. In contrast, ethylene treatment under the threshold time caused a transient decrease in the receptor genes and DcCTR genes, and a transient increase in DcACS1 and DcACO1. Sustained DcACS1 accumulation is correlated with decreases in DcCTR genes and increase in DcEIL3 and indicates that tissues have entered the climacteric phase and that senescence proceeds irreversibly. Inhibition of ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase) prior to 12h ethylene exposure was not able to prevent reduction in transcripts of DcCTR genes, yet suppressed transcript of DcACS1 and DcACO1. This leads to the recovery from inrolling of the petals, indicating that DcACS1 may act as a signalling molecule in senescence of flowers.
Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline

Spiritual leadership theory (SLT) is a causal leadership theory for organizational transformation designed to create an intrinsically motivated, learning organization. Spiritual leadership comprises the values, attitudes, and behaviors required to intrinsically motivate one’s self and others in order to have a sense of spiritual survival through calling and membership—i.e., they experience meaning in their lives, have a sense of making a difference, and feel understood and appreciated. The effect of spiritual leadership in establishing this sense of leader and follower spiritual survival is to create value congruence across the strategic, empowered team, and individual levels to, ultimately, foster higher levels of organizational commitment, productivity, and employee well-being. The primary purpose of this research is to test the SLT causal model that hypothesizes positive relationships among the qualities of spiritual leadership, spiritual survival, and organizational productivity and commitment using longitudinal data from a newly formed Apache Longbow helicopter attack squadron at Ft. Hood, Texas. The results provide strong initial support for SLT and its measures. A methodology was developed for establishing a baseline for future organizational development interventions as well as an action agenda for future research on spiritual leadership in general and Army training and development in particular. We conclude that spiritual leadership theory offers promise as a springboard for a new paradigm for leadership theory, research, and practice given that it (1) incorporates and extends transformational and charismatic theories as well as ethics- and valuesbased theories (e.g., authentic and servant leadership) and (2) avoids the pitfalls of measurement model misspecification.
Chromaffin Granules and Ghosts: Isolation and Measurement of Electrochemical Proton Gradient and Amine Uptake

The chromaffin granule is that subcellular organelle within the chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla in which most of the body catecholamines are localized, and where these agents are stored prior to release. During the last 15 years, the mechanism of the accumulation and storage of the large quantities of catecholamines found within the intragranular matrix space has been elucidated. The basic elements of the mechanism, the coupling to gradient coupling (Johnson et al., 1978; Njus and Radda, 1978; Johnson and Scarpa, 1979) are now generally accepted. It has been shown that a proton-translocating ATPase in the chromaffin granule membrane, in conjunction with the extremely low permeability of the membrane to protons and cations (Johnson et al., 1978) is responsible for the generation and maintenance of an acidic granule interior and positive transmembrane potential. Both the pH gradient (ΔpH) and potential gradient (ΔΨ) across the chromaffin granule membrane, which constitute the electrochemical proton gradient (ΔuH+) in accordance with the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Mitchell (1968), are thought to provide the driving force for the carrier-mediated accumulation of catecholamines against a concentration gradient (see also Johnson et al., 1981; Phillips, 1978; Apps. 1978).
Focus Issue: External and Internal Regulators of Immune Responses

This Focus Issue of Science Signaling, which complements the Science Special Issue on Innate Immunity (http://www.sciencemag.org/special/immunity), highlights the effects of viral and bacterial components on host cells, signaling pathways involved in regulating innate immune responses, and factors that modulate the functions of dendritic cells, which are required for effective adaptive immunity.
At the Crossroads of Bacterial Metabolism and Virulence Factor Synthesis in Staphylococci

Bacteria live in environments that are subject to rapid changes in the availability of the nutrients that are necessary to provide energy and biosynthetic intermediates for the synthesis of macromolecules. Consequently, bacterial survival depends on the ability of bacteria to regulate the expression of genes coding for enzymes required for growth in the altered environment. In pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to an altered environment often includes activating the transcription of virulence genes; hence, many virulence genes are regulated by environmental and nutritional signals. Consistent with this observation, the regulation of most, if not all, virulence determinants in staphylococci is mediated by environmental and nutritional signals. Some of these external signals can be directly transduced into a regulatory response by two-component regulators such as SrrAB; however, other external signals require transduction into intracellular signals. Many of the external environmental and nutritional signals that regulate virulence determinant expression can also alter bacterial metabolic status (e.g., iron limitation). Altering the metabolic status results in the transduction of external signals into intracellular metabolic signals that can be "sensed" by regulatory proteins (e.g., CodY, Rex, and GlnR). This review uses information derived primarily using Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to articulate how gram-positive pathogens, with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, regulate virulence determinant expression in response to a changing environment.
Special session — Connecting and expanding the emerging engineering education research (EER) and engineering education innovation (EEI) communities

Currently there is a lot of emphasis on engineering education research (EER) and engineering education innovation (EEI). In the EER domain, several universities have established or are considering establishing engineering education research centers and PhD programs. In the EEI domain, the National Academy of Engineering launched the Frontiers of Engineering Education (FOEE) symposium and NSF recast CCLI as TUES. The growth of interest in the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) has great potential to contribute to EER and EEI. A recent NSF Webinar series is featuring SoTL. The aim of this special session is to provide an opportunity for representatives of these three communities to network with one another, to welcome representatives from emerging programs, and to provide guidance to colleagues who are considering establishing initiatives in these areas. We will set up a space on the Collaboratory for Engineering Education Research (CLEERhub.org) where we will post the program descriptions (and links). We will encourage participants to use CLEERhub.org as a means for following up after the session.
A gene product related to Tral is required for the mobilization of Bacteroides mobilizable transposons and plasmids

The antibiotic-resistance transposon Tn4555 from Bacteroides can be transferred between strains by conjugation. The transposon is not self-transmissible and must be mobilized by resident chromosomal tetracycline-resistance elements. In the present report, the mechanism of transfer was examined at the genetic level by deletion analysis and nucleotide sequencing of clones that conferred a transmissible phenotype on a non-mobilizable plasmid. The results suggested that the product of mobATn was required for mobilization and it worked in concert with a cis-acting oriT-like sequence. This mechanism was compared with the mobilization system of a cryptic Bacteroides plasmid, pBI143, and the two systems were found to share a common transfer strategy. The mobA gene products from both genetic elements were related and they had limited homology to the broad group of mobilization proteins (relaxases) typified by Tral of RP4. Phylogenetic analysis of MobA and several other mobilization proteins from commensal gastro-intestinal tract organisms suggested that they formed a new subgroup of the Tral superfamily. The mobilization regions of both Tn4555 and pBI143 were located on discrete segments of DNA within the parent genetic element. These segments were delineated by regions of secondary structure, suggesting that they could be defined mobilization cassettes.
Expectation Damages and Contract Theory Revisited

Autonomy-based theories of contract law hold (roughly) that people should be free, over some range, to choose the commitments that they make; and that promises are binding on a party precisely because they represent that party's voluntary choice. In 1989, I argued that these theories had no implications for contract law's choice of default rules, including its remedies for breach. Recently, however, various scholars have challenged this thesis by arguing that autonomy-based theories do require (or rule out) some default remedies. This paper responds to several of those arguments - in particular, to those offered by Dori Kimel, Jody Kraus (reconstructing an argument of Charles Fried's) and Daniel Markovits, among others. In brief, Kimel's argument asserts that expectation damages best protects the entitlement that was transferred by an enforceable contract - but if the parties' contract is silent as to remedies, the actual application of this principle requires a default rule to interpret the contract itself, to decide what entitlement has actually been transferred. As a result, Kimel's argument justifies expectation damages only in a purely formal sense: a sense that allows any amount of damages to be called expectation damages, depending on how we interpret the underlying contract. The arguments of Kraus and Markovits, by contrast, assert that some obligations backed by remedies other than expectation damages should be classified as obligations in tort rather than in contract. But these, too, are merely claims about the labeling or classification of obligations, which do not speak to the question of which obligation should be adopted as the law's default rule in cases where the parties are silent.
Minimum Barrier Salient Object Detection at 80 FPS

We propose a highly efficient, yet powerful, salient object detection method based on the Minimum Barrier Distance (MBD) Transform. The MBD transform is robust to pixel-value fluctuation, and thus can be effectively applied on raw pixels without region abstraction. We present an approximate MBD transform algorithm with 100X speedup over the exact algorithm. An error bound analysis is also provided. Powered by this fast MBD transform algorithm, the proposed salient object detection method runs at 80 FPS, and significantly outperforms previous methods with similar speed on four large benchmark datasets, and achieves comparable or better performance than state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, a technique based on color whitening is proposed to extend our method to leverage the appearance-based backgroundness cue. This extended version further improves the performance, while still being one order of magnitude faster than all the other leading methods.
A Control-Based Approach to Shareholder Liability

Some commentators defend limited shareholder liability for torts and statutory violations as efficient, even though it permits corporations to externalize the costs of risky activity and encourages overinvestment in such activity. Others propose its replacement with pro rata unlimited shareholder liability for corporate torts. Both approaches, however, fail fully to account for qualitative differences among shareholders. Control shareholders, in particular, may have lower information costs, greater influence over managerial decisionmaking, and greater ability to benefit from corporate activity. The paper develops a control-based approach to shareholder liability. It first explores several ways in which differences among shareholders affect the efficiency of shareholder liability rules. For example, a control shareholder can more easily curb managerial risk-aversion and consequently, the presence of such a shareholder will prompt a company to externalize more costs. Further, because a control shareholder can obtain special benefits from corporate activity, the imposition of pro rata liability for tort judgments exceeding corporate assets likely will not fully deter overinvestment in risky activities. The paper then proposes the concept of a control-based shareholder liability regime, which would hold shareholders with a capacity to control corporate activity fully responsible for corporate torts and statutory violations. When compared with the limited liability and pro rata liability regimes, a control-based liability regime is most likely to compel corporations to internalize their costs and to ensure compensation for injured corporate tort plaintiffs. The regime is not without disadvantages. For example, it could overdeter some socially beneficial activities for which insurance is unavailable. Definitively resolving the relative size of such effects requires further empirical investigation of issues such as the significance of litigation and information costs and the value attributable to corporate control. Nonetheless, because a control-based liability regime more explicitly addresses shareholder differences and appears most likely to address limited liability's moral hazard, the paper concludes that such a regime offers a promising alternative.
Great Basin hydrology, paleoclimate, and connections with the North Atlantic: A speleothem stable isotope and trace element record from Lehman Caves, NV

Abstract We present a record of speleothem stable isotope (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) and trace element (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) variations from Lehman Caves, Nevada for an interval of time (139–128 ka) that encompasses the penultimate glacial termination, Termination II (T-II). Additional growth phases provide data from about 123 ka, a time that correlates with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, and about 84 ka and between 82 and 81 ka (MIS 5a). Chronologies from two new stalagmites are anchored by thirty-six uranium–thorium dates. We also present new trace element data from stalagmite LC-2, which has a previously published uranium–thorium chronology and stable isotope record of T-II (Shakun et al., 2011). Our T-II δ 18 O record broadly replicates that of the Shakun et al. (2011) and Lachniet et al. (2014) records of this time, recording low values from 139 to 135 ka followed by an approximately 3.5‰ increase over an extended interval between 134 and 129 ka. This rise in δ 18 O values occurs during Heinrich Stadial 11 and the associated Weak Monsoon Interval observed in Chinese caves; our record broadly follows the marine termination, rising boreal summer insolation, and the rise in atmospheric CO 2 . We infer that this shift results from temperature increase due to increasing atmospheric CO 2 and potentially a change in moisture source or precipitation seasonality from greater influence of the North American Monsoon accompanying summer insolation increase. It is also plausible that the melting of the ice sheet itself may have contributed to both temperature and precipitation seasonality changes. Trace element ratios and δ 13 C values are largely decoupled from δ 18 O values, showing minimal variation between 139 and 130 ka, for the duration of the Chinese Weak Monsoon Interval. However, these values increase sharply between 130 and 128 ka, which we interpret as increased prior calcite precipitation driven by a transition from wet to dry conditions. This abrupt drying event coincides within dating uncertainties with the abrupt strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon, which marks the end of both the Weak Monsoon Interval and Heinrich Stadial 11. Our records demonstrate a link between North Atlantic climate and Great Basin moisture during this time that is consistent with the interpretation of data from the last glacial period and may result from abrupt shifts in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation affecting the strength of the Aleutian Low.
Legislative Research Guide

This guide is designed to help understand the Legislative Process and legislative History in both the United States Legislature and the West Virginia Legislature.
Will Substitutes: A U.S. Perspective

This chapter aims to introduce the phenomenon of will substitutes in the United States to a transnational readership. The chapter consists of six principal parts. After this brief introduction, Part I lays a foundation by defining the terms of art ‘will substitute’ and ‘nonprobate transfer’, by locating the law(s) governing will substitutes within the federal-state structure of the United States, and by explaining the reasons why in the U.S. will substitutes are often used. Part II surveys the principal types of will substitutes used in the United States: revocable trust instruments, life insurance beneficiary designations, pension and retirement account beneficiary designations, multiple-party and pay-on-death bank account registrations, transfer-on-death registrations of securities or automobiles, deeds creating joint tenancies and tenancies by the entirety in land, and transfer-on-death deeds of land. Part II also briefly discusses gifts causa mortis. Part III explains the distinction between ‘pure’ and ‘imperfect’ will substitutes. The former fully replicate the essential features of a will; the latter do not. Part III also explains why will substitutes are valid under U.S. law even though they need not comply with the formalities required for a testamentary transfer. Part IV explores the rights of third parties in assets transferred at death by a will substitute. These third parties include taxing authorities, the decedent’s creditors, and the decedent’s surviving spouse and children. Part V explores a dominant trend in U.S. succession law: the harmonization of the default rules governing wills and will substitutes. Part VI then explores a counter-trend: the federal preemption of state succession law, particularly relating to pension plans and life insurance. A brief conclusion follows.
Fungemia Caused by Candida Species and Torulopsis glabrata in the Hospitalized Patient: Frequency, Characteristics, and Evaluation of Factors Influencing Outcome

We reviewed 135 cases of candidemia occurring between 1983 and 1986 to examine oncologic and nononcologic populations and assess factors for survival. Candida albicans was the most common species (51%); Candida tropicalis occurred most frequently in leukemia patients (57 %), whereas Candidaparapsilosis and Torulopsis glabrata were associated with solid tumors and nononcologic diseases. Risk factors identified were: preceding surgery, antibiotics, cannulas, and steroids in solid tumor and nononcologic diseases; and chemotherapy and neutropenia with hematologic malignancies. Even transient cannulaassociated candidemia was not a benign process. Intravenous cannulas were common portals of entry (39%o) in debilitated patients without cancer (59%) and were associated with high mortality (55%). Overall mortality was 59%, candidemia directly contributing to death in 75% of cases. In patients with candidemia, failure to initiate therapy with amphotericin B had a negative influence on outcome, whereas analysis of the entire group identified severity of underlying illness as the dominant cofactor influencing outcome.
X. Carcinoma of Mammary Gland Following Injection of Methylcholan-threne into Mice of NHO Strain

Summary75 female mice of a total of 125 injected subcutaneously with 1 mg of methyl-cholanthrene at 60 days of age, developed carcinomas of the mammary gland. The mice belonged to the F14-F18 generations of inbreeding. This high incidence of mammary gland tumors was made possible by the suppression of local tumors through the process of genetic selection toward resistance to such local tumors. These induced mammary gland tumors duplicate the series of tumors produced spontaneously in genetic susceptible strains of mice such as the A and the C3H. In addition, however, the tumors arising in genetically resistant female mice of this experiment following the injection of methyl-cholanthrene possess 4 characteristics not present or less pronounced in the tumors of genetically susceptible female mice: (a) they show an increased tendency to undergo squamous metaplasia; (b) many of them (approximately 18%) undergo rather pronounced anaplastic changes, (c) these anaplastic tumors invade surrounding normal tissues ...
Photo Quiz: An 8-Year-Old Boy with Meningoencephalitis

During the month of August 2013, an 8-year-old previously healthy boy was transferred from Mexico to San Antonio, TX, after 5 days of headache, fever, and nausea with associated photophobia and altered mental status. The patient had been spending time in Mexico, where he used river water for bathing
Defenses of Intellectual Monopoly

We focused at the outset on the many successful industries in which competition and innovation have gone and still go hand in hand. Then, we documented the many social evils that the presence of intellectual monopoly, in the form of either patents or copyrights, brings about. In Chapter 6, we introduced a theoretical framework capable of explaining the very same existence of innovative competitive industries, their evolution, and the call for intellectual monopoly arising from those industries once they mature and turn stagnant. Yet we have also learned that the same theoretical framework rationalizing competitive innovations also predicts that innovations of social value may fail to materialize under competition. This leaves open the theoretical possibility that intellectual monopoly increases overall innovation. If intellectual monopoly delivers substantially more innovation than competition, it might be a worthwhile system, despite the many costs we documented in Chapters 4 and 5. Hence, the issue is worthy of further investigation, which we pursue next in two steps. In this chapter, we examine the theoretical reasons – other than the indivisibility already discussed in Chapter 6 – adduced to support the existence of intellectual monopoly. In Chapter 8, we report on the extent to which patents and copyrights increase the social rate of creation and innovation. We are keenly aware that there are many who argue in favor of intellectual monopoly. They often provide logically correct reasons why, all other things equal, intellectual monopoly would deliver more innovation than competition.
Contexts For Conciliation

In Chapter 3 I argued that accounting for the success or lack of success of any conciliation initiative involved focusing on five sets of factors likely to influence the manner in which the conciliatory gesture was contemplated, initiated, recognised, acknowledged and reacted to. The five were: the context of the conflict itself, the nature of the initiative, the condition of both the initiator and the target and the channels through which the initiative was conveyed from the former to the latter. In this chapter I will discuss the first of these clusters of variables in an attempt to delineate key influences on likely success from within the context of the conciliatory move, and then propose a heuristic model of contextual dimensions to guide further investigation. Chapter 4 thus concentrates upon one aspect of the original causal model.
Emotional Awareness Moderates the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptom Factors.

Objective To examine pathways to borderline personality disorder (BPD), focusing on childhood abuse and emotional attention and clarity. Method Among 293 community residents (mean age = 43.1; 53.9% female), measured associations between the BPD symptom factors of disturbed relatedness, affective dysregulation, and behavioral dysregulation and (a) childhood abuse (emotional, physical, and sexual); (b) emotional attention and clarity; and (c) negative affect, using structured interviews, the Schedule for Non-Adaptive and Adaptive Personality-2, the Trait Meta Mood Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, respectively. Results All forms of childhood abuse were associated with BPD symptom factors. Emotional attention and clarity moderated the effects of childhood physical and emotional abuse on behavioral dysregulation and disturbed relatedness. All results held when controlling for negative affect. Conclusion The relations between childhood abuse and BPD are robust. Emotional attention and clarity may help elucidate the links between childhood abuse and BPD.
An overwhelmed parent.

An exploration of what could have been done to help the immigrant family of a severely ill child with his care. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Single-cell analysis of radiotracers' uptake by fluorescence microscopy: direct and droplet approach

Radionuclides are used for sensitive and specific detection of small molecules in vivo and in vitro. Recently, radioluminescence microscopy extended their use to single-cell studies. Here we propose a new single-cell radioisotopic assay that improves throughput while adding sorting capabilities. The new method uses fluorescence-based sensor for revealing single-cell interactions with radioactive molecular markers. This study focuses on comparing two different experimental approaches. Several probes were tested and Dihydrorhodamine 123 was selected as the best compromise between sensitivity, brightness and stability. The sensor was incorporated either directly within the cell cytoplasm (direct approach), or it was coencapsulated with radiolabeled single-cells in oil-dispersed water droplets (droplet approach). Both approaches successfully activated the fluorescence signal following cellular uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and external Xrays exposure. The direct approach offered single-cell resolution and longtime stability ( > 20 hours), moreover it could discriminate FDG uptake at labelling concentration as low as 300 μCi/ml. In cells incubated with Dihydrorhodamine 123 after exposure to high radiation doses (8-16 Gy), the fluorescence signal was found to increase with the depletion of ROS quenchers. On the other side, the droplet approach required higher labelling concentrations (1.00 mCi/ml), and, at the current state of art, three cells per droplet are necessary to produce a fluorescent signal. This approach, however, is independent on cellular oxidative stress and, with further improvements, will be more suitable for studying heterogeneous populations. We anticipate this technology to pave the way for the analysis of single-cell interactions with radiomarkers by radiofluorogenic-activated single-cell sorting.
Intensified environmental and density-dependent regulation of white perch recruitment after an ecosystem shift in the Hudson River Estuary

Long-term monitoring data were used to test whether the invasion of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Hudson River Estuary in 1991 altered the influence of density dependence and environm...
Fundamentals of Text Processing

Our first aim is to try and pin down those characteristics of natural language data which make it more tricky to deal with than data consisting only of numbers or structured records. A suitable way to begin is to survey the work of a group of users who have been using computers to process text for the last thirty years: those concerned with the study of language and literature. This chapter explains: Why some researchers undertake computer-based text processing. The basic problems faced in obtaining an accurate internal representation of a printed text. The kind of results required from text analysis software and the techniques for producing them. How certain characteristics of natural language set limits on what can be done.
Partition Algebras and the Invariant Theory of the Symmetric Group

The symmetric group \(\mathsf {S}_n\) and the partition algebra \(\mathsf {P}_k(n)\) centralize one another in their actions on the k-fold tensor power \(\mathsf {M}_n^{\otimes k}\) of the n-dimensional permutation module \(\mathsf {M}_n\) of \(\mathsf {S}_n\). The duality afforded by the commuting actions determines an algebra homomorphism \(\varPhi _{k,n}: \mathsf {P}_k(n) \rightarrow \mathsf {End}_{\mathsf {S}_n}(\mathsf {M}_n^{\otimes k})\) from the partition algebra to the centralizer algebra \( \mathsf {End}_{\mathsf {S}_n}(\mathsf {M}_n^{\otimes k})\), which is a surjection for all \(k, n \in \mathbb {Z}_{\ge 1}\), and an isomorphism when \(n \ge 2k\). We present results that can be derived from the duality between \(\mathsf {S}_n\) and \(\mathsf {P}_k(n)\), for example, (i) expressions for the multiplicities of the irreducible \(\mathsf {S}_n\)-summands of \(\mathsf {M}_n^{\otimes k}\), (ii) formulas for the dimensions of the irreducible modules for the centralizer algebra \( \mathsf {End}_{\mathsf {S}_n}(\mathsf {M}_n^{\otimes k})\), (iii) a bijection between vacillating tableaux and set-partition tableaux, (iv) identities relating Stirling numbers of the second kind and the number of fixed points of permutations, and (v) character values for the partition algebra \(\mathsf {P}_k(n)\). When \(2k >n\), the map \(\varPhi _{k,n}\) has a nontrivial kernel which is generated as a two-sided ideal by a single idempotent. We describe the kernel and image of \(\varPhi _{k,n}\) in terms of the orbit basis of \(\mathsf {P}_k(n)\) and explain how the surjection \(\varPhi _{k,n}\) can also be used to obtain the fundamental theorems of invariant theory for the symmetric group.
Evaluation of the APEX Model to Simulate Runoff Quality from Agricultural Fields in the Southern Region of the United States

The Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model has been widely applied to assess phosphorus (P) loss in runoff water and has been proposed as a model to support practical decisions regarding agricultural P management, as well as a model to evaluate tools such as the P Index. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of APEX to simulate P losses from agricultural systems to determine its potential use for refinement or replacement of the P Index in the southern region of the United States. Uncalibrated and calibrated APEX model predictions were compared against measured water quality data from row crop fields in North Carolina and Mississippi and pasture fields in Arkansas and Georgia. Calibrated models satisfactorily predicted event-based surface runoff volumes at all sites (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency [NSE] > 0.47, |percent bias [PBIAS]| < 34) except Arkansas (NSE < 0.11, |PBIAS| < 50) but did not satisfactory simulate sediment, dissolved P, or total P losses in runoff water. The APEX model tended to underestimate dissolved and total P losses from fields where manure was surface applied. The model also overestimated sediments and total P loads during irrigation events. We conclude that the capability of APEX to predict sediment and P losses is limited, and consequently so is the potential for using APEX to make P management recommendations to improve P Indices in the southern United States.