cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The septomaxillary. I. In the amphibia urodela

The septomaxillary bone is described in the various families of the urodeles in which it occurs. Its identity as a hitherto unrecognized cartilage bone of the skull is established and its close relationship with the nasal muscles followed through the group. Its presence or absence, which is found to be another criterion for the recent classification of the urodeles as proposed by Dunn and Higgins, is correlated with the development of the accessory dilatator muscle, since it occurs only in groups where this muscle attains an appreciable size.
Moore on the Mind

In revised form, this chapter will be published in a volume, Legal, Moral, and Metaphysical Truths: The Philosophy of Michael S. Moore, a festschrift for Michael Moore edited by Professor Kimberly Ferzan and me for Oxford University Press. The chapter first addresses a particular approach to foundational metaphysical issues in the philosophy of mind, action and responsibility that I term “Spockian solutions,” which are home remedies modeled on those found in the baby and child care book of famed pediatrician, the late Dr. Benjamin Spock. It then engages with Moore’s work on a variety of topics concerning action and the mind about which he has contributed so much. These include the act requirement, whether legal insanity is a status excuse, the need for a control test for fair criminal responsibility ascription, and the potential contribution of neuroscience to criminal law. Despite the enormous agreement between us on most issues, this homage to Moore allows me to extend our dialogue.
Emergency Department Prescription Opioids as an Initial Exposure Preceding Addiction.

Study objective Opioid abuse and overdose constitute an ongoing health emergency. Many presume opioids have little potential for iatrogenic addiction when used as directed, particularly in short courses, as is typical of the emergency department (ED) setting. We preliminarily explore the possibility that initial exposure to opioids by EDs could be related to subsequent opioid misuse. Methods This cross-sectional study surveyed a convenience sample of patients reporting heroin or nonmedical opioid use at an urban, academic ED. We estimated the proportion whose initial exposure to opioids was a legitimate medical prescription and the proportion of those prescriptions that came from an ED. Secondary measurements included the proportion of patients receiving nonopioid substances before initial opioid exposure, the source of opioids between initial exposure and onset of regular nonmedical use, and time from initial prescription to opioid use disorder. Results Of 59 subjects, 35 (59%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 47% to 71%) reported they were first exposed to opioids by a legitimate medical prescription, and for 10 of 35 (29%; 95% CI 16% to 45%), the prescription came from an ED. Most medically exposed subjects (28/35; 80%; 95% CI 65% to 91%) reported nonopioid substance use or treatment for nonopioid substance use disorders preceding the initial opioid exposure. Emergency providers were a source of opioids between exposure and onset of regular nonmedical use in 11 of 35 cases (31%; 95% CI 18% to 48%). Thirty-one of the 35 medically exposed subjects reported the time of onset of nonmedical use; median time from exposure to onset of nonmedical use was 6 months for use to get high (N=25; interquartile range [IQR] 2 to 36), 12 months for regular use to get high (N=24; IQR 2 to 36), 18 months for use to avoid withdrawal (N=26; IQR 2 to 38), and 24 months for regular use to avoid withdrawal (N=27; IQR 2 to 48). Eleven subjects (36%; 95% CI 21% to 53%) began nonmedical use within 2 months, and 9 of 11 (82%; 95% CI 53% to 96%) reported nonopioid substance use or treatment for alcohol abuse before initial opioid exposure. Conclusion Although short-term opioid administration by emergency providers is unlikely to cause addiction by itself, ED opioid prescriptions may contribute to the development of addiction in some patients. There is an urgent need for further research to estimate long-term risks of short-course opioid therapy so that the risk of iatrogenic addiction can be appropriately balanced with the benefit of analgesia.
A Profile of Adoption Placers: Perceptions of Pregnant Teens During the Decision-Making Process

ABSTRACT Since adoption can solve both personal and societal problems, it is important to identify salient variables related to the perceptions of pregnant adolescents while in the process of deciding to keep or place their baby. An anonymous questionnaire administered at a residential facility for pregnant, unmarried persons in a Southwestern metropolitan area was the basis for this investigation of 178 teens who placed their baby for adoption. A number of contextual variables appear to influence the choice of adoption: family background and interaction patterns, religious values, cognitive factors, and peer relations.
PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATIONS INVOLVING MORE THAN ONE OPERATION

In a previous article* the propagation of round-off error was studied for one operation with approximate numbers. Extending the method to more than one operation is not difficult in principle, but the details of keeping track of various ranges of integration are troublesome, as mentioned by Inman [3], and Woodward [4]. This paper presents a geometric device capable of handling the intricacies involved for a wide class of problems. Problem: Given a random sample x1, X2, X3 and x4of size four drawn from the rectangular distribution
Xen Network Flow Analysis for Intrusion Detection

Virtualization technology has become ubiquitous in the computing world. With it, a number of security concerns have been amplified as users run adjacently on a single host. In order to prevent attacks from both internal and external sources, the networking of such systems must be secured. Network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) are an important tool for aiding this effort. These systems work by analyzing flow or packet information to determine malicious intent. However, it is difficult to implement a NIDS on a virtualized system due to their complexity. This is especially true for the Xen hypervisor: Xen has incredible heterogeneity when it comes to implementation, making a generic solution difficult. In this paper, we analyze the network data flow of a typical Xen implementation along with identifying features common to any implementation. We then explore the benefits of placing security checks along the data flow and promote a solution within the hypervisor itself.
Temperament in the classroom: Children low in surgency are more sensitive to teachers’ reactions to emotions

Based on the emotion socialization and bioecological models, the present study examined the contributions of teacher emotion socialization (i.e., teacher reactions to child emotions) on children’s social–emotional behaviors, and the moderating effect of child temperamental surgency on these relations in the preschool context. A total of 337 children and 80 teachers from private and public preschools/childcares participated in the study. To account for the nested nature of our data, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was utilized. The results indicated that several types of teacher reactions to children’s emotions significantly predicted children’s social–emotional behaviors, after adjusting for prior levels of the behaviors. In addition, significant interactions between child surgency and teacher emotion socialization behaviors on children’s social–emotional behaviors were found. These interactions indicated that children with low surgency were more sensitive to teachers’ positive and negative socializati...
Ultrasonic extraction and capillary gas chromatography determination of nicotine in workplace

Objective:To establish a new method for the enrichment and determination of nicotine in workplace environment.Methods:It was based on the sampling of air nicotine onto a cartridge packed with 100 mg silica gel particles.The analytes were dissolved into silica gel phase which resulted in much better recoveries compared to those obtained on common adsorbents.Results:100 mg silica gel particles,1.5 ml 10 M potassium hydroxide and 2.0 ml ethyl acetate were placed in a flask,a flask was capped and placed in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min.One uL volume was separated and quantitatively analyzed by capillary GC operating in split-injection mode on FFAP column.A base line separation was achieved within 4 min.Standard calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 1.00~500.0 ng/μl with split 30:1 and correlation coefficients r20.999.The determination limit was 0.20 ng/μl,which was calculated as the concentration of nicotine that gives rise to peak height with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.The efficiency of collection for nicotine was 100% at a flowrate of 300 ml/min.The extraction of nicotine from air samples gave relatively high recoveries which were more than 95%,respectively.The adsorption capacity for nicotine was more than 20 mg.Conclusion:The method can be used in the processing and quantification of large series of air samples.
Cut them into little stars

The following are excerpts from testimony given in favor of House Bill 849 before the Ways and Means Committee of the Louisiana House of Representatives on June 7, 2005. The bill asked for funding of a time sensitive illness and Homeland Security Emergency System for the State of Louisiana. Bill 849 was defeated by a vote of 9 - 2 in committee but subsequently rudimentary funding was secured in the joint conference committee of the House and Senate by Senate President Dr. Donald Hines. The prophetic poignancy of this plea and of so many other missed opportunities through the years should never be lost on the citizens of Louisiana.
Potential of a Theory or Field; Hereditary Stress

Anthropologists have devoted work to the study of cultural change or evolution of culture. A principal value of such studies lies in their contribution to the art of prediction; having observed how cultures have changed in the past, one might conclude what to expect in the future. Change in the mathematical culture consists in the introduction of new concepts. The most important force exerted from the mathematical culture upon the individual mathematical mind is “hereditary stress,” for the reason that it is inherited from the previous, already existing, state of the mathematical culture. The stress is not only responsible for the impulses toward new concepts, but is frequently compulsive in nature. Hereditary stress is not a simple concept, because one finds, upon analysis, a number of components involved in its expression as a force for change. Hereditary stress is a collective term, embodying all the characteristics of a field or theory that influence it to growth.
The Spanish Empire, Apex of the Imperial Renaissance

This book recounts the lives of the emperors, a topic that could not be more appropriate, your Majesty being the son of the Emperor and the descendant of the emperors whose deeds are written about here ... remember the deeds and examples of the good (emperors), not only to imitate them, but to move beyond them. From Pedro Mexia’s dedication to Philip II of Spain in the Historia Imperial y Cesarea , 1547 Charles V left his son with large shoes to fill on his abdication, but he had also prepared Philip II for his role as well as he could. Unlike the old emperor, who had come into his political inheritance at the tender age of seventeen, his son had the advantage of a much longer period of formation. Philip II was almost thirty when his father began handing over pieces of his empire. In the years leading up to that time, he benefited from a humanist education with a host of personal tutors including Cristobal Calvete de Estrella, Honorato Juan, and Juan Gines Sepulveda, who was entrusted with the prince’s instruction in history. A good deal of travel throughout his future realms in Italy and the Low Countries between 1548 and 1554, a brief stint as king of England between 1556 and 1558, and the personal instructions and example of his father in those same years rounded out his political education. On both the intellectual and cultural levels, he was steeped in the ideas and images of the classical Roman revival that had deepened and spread in the age of Charles V, especially in Spain and Italy. From the beginning of his adult life, his own image was fashioned in the ancient imperial style by the same primary artists who created the images of Charles V in marble, in bronze, and on canvas: Leone and Pompeo Leoni and Titian. He was trained from the beginning to rule an empire.
Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: Present and Future

These lectures describe the motivations, theoretical basis, achievements, and future goals of the program of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions underway at CERN and Brookhaven National Laboratory.
School Turnaround: A Rural Reflection of Reform on the Reservation and Lessons for Implementation

Rural communities traditionally enjoy an intimate relationship between stakeholders and the local school system. While preliminary research exists to suggest rural school turnaround might be more likely to occur when a strong communal connection exists (Mette, 2014), little is known about rural school turnaround efforts serving predominantly Native American students. This article reports findings of a School Improvement Grants (SIG) funded effort to digitize curriculum and deliver instruction through the use of tablets in Yellow Pine, a school district on a Native American reservation in a rural, Upper Midwestern state. Data were collected through interviews with school and district leaders, as well as through teacher focus groups. Findings highlight the failure to engage a historically disenfranchised community from the beginning of the improvement process, particularly the lack of involvement of students, parents, and teachers, which in turn led to little impact on student achievement.
Bronchial airway gene expression signatures in mouse lung squamous cell carcinoma and their modulation by cancer chemopreventive agents

// Donghai Xiong 1, 2, * , Jing Pan 1, 2, * , Qi Zhang 1, 2, * , Eva Szabo 3 , Mark Steven Miller 3 , Ronald A. Lubet 3 , Ming You 1, 2 , Yian Wang 1, 2 1 Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA 3 Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Ming You, email: myou@mcw.edu Yian Wang, email: yiwang@mcw.edu Keywords: AUC (area under the curve), GSEA (gene set enrichment analysis), IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis), PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) Received: September 22, 2016 Accepted: November 07, 2016 Published: December 07, 2016 ABSTRACT Due to exposure to environmental toxicants, a “field cancerization” effect occurs in the lung resulting in the development of a field of initiated but morphologically normal appearing cells in the damaged epithelium of bronchial airways with dysregulated gene expression patterns. Using a mouse model of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) to profile bronchial airway gene expression and found activation of the PI3K and Myc signaling networks in cytologically normal bronchial airway epithelial cells of mice with preneopastic lung SCC lesions, which was reversed by treatment with the PI3K Inhibitor XL-147 and pioglitazone, respectively. Activated MYC signaling was also present in premalignant and tumor tissues from human lung SCC patients. In addition, we identified a key microRNA, mmu-miR-449c-5p, whose suppression significantly up-regulated Myc expression in the normal bronchial airway epithelial cells of mice with early stage SCC lesions. We developed a novel bronchial genomic classifier in mice and validated it in humans. In the classifier, Ppbp (pro-platelet basic protein) was overexpressed 115 fold in the bronchial airways of mice with preneoplastic lung SCC lesions. This is the first report that demonstrates Ppbp as a novel biomarker in the bronchial airway for lung cancer diagnosis.
Sediment accretion and accumulation of P, N and organic C in depressional wetlands of three ecoregions of the United States

Wetland depressions without surface channel connections to aquatic systems are substantial sinks for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and organic carbon (org. C). We assessed accretion, N, P and org.-C accumulation rates in 43 depressional wetlands across three ecoregions of the USA (Erie Drift Plain, EDP; Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, MACP; Southern Coastal Plain, SCP) using caesium-137 (137Cs). The mean sediment accretion rate in minimally affected (reference) sites was 0.6±0.4mmyear–1 and did not differ among ecoregions. Accumulation rates for N and org. C averaged 3.1±3.1gNm–2year–1 and 43.4±39.0g org. Cm–2year–1 respectively, and did not differ across minimally affected sites. Phosphorus accumulation rates were significantly greater in EDP (0.10±0.10gPm–2year–1) than MACP (0.01±0.01gPm–2year–1) or SCP (0.04±0.04gPm–2year–1) sites. Land-use modality and wetland-type effects were analysed in SCP, with few differences being found. Depressional wetlands sequester substantive amounts of nutrients and C; their cumulative contributions may significantly affect landscape nutrient and C dynamics because of the abundance of wetland depressions on the landscape, warranting further investigation and potential watershed-scale conservation approaches.
From Intergenerational to Intergenerative: Towards the Futures of Intergenerational Learning and Health

Intergenerational schools and other multi-age contact zones are important innovations in learning and health. In this reflective essay, we explicate the idea of ‘intergenerativity’ as an elaboratio...
The Genesis of Clay Figurative Sculpture in California, 1955–1974: Potter and Pot, an Intersubjective Encounter in the Work of Peter Voulkos

This study brings together the work of three artists participating in the sculptural clay movement. Each artist elevated vessel-related pottery to a status equal to traditional painting and sculpture, but each one did so in a very different manner. Peter Voulkos (b. 1924–2002) — the main proponent of the clay culture — not only challenged the traditional perception that pottery was utilitarian, but he also gave the medium of clay, previously regarded as restricted to the realm of craft, a working vocabulary for use in freestanding sculpture. When Voulkos moved to Northern California in 1959, he influenced other potters. Robert Arneson (b. 1930–1992) was not committed to the constituent elements of clay but was interested in exploring the tactile and aural effects of clay sculpture. Stephen De Staebler (b. 1933), like Voulkos, experimented with clay as a distinct medium; however his work was oriented toward turning horizontal forms into vertical ones.
Closed-loop voltage control of a GaN-based modular multilevel clamped capacitor converter

The Modular Multilevel Clamped Capacitor Converter (MMC3) is an attractive switched-capacitor converter topology with desired features including high voltage conversion ratio, high power density and modularity. However, its application is hindered because of the lack of output voltage regulation. This paper proposes a closed-loop voltage control strategy for the MMC3 based on a detailed time-domain model of the converter. The proposed strategy relies on the impact of Pulse Dropping Technique (PDT) on the MMC3 conversion ratio to regulate the output voltage. A compact MMC3 prototype is designed and built with GaN FETs and tested up to 40 W. The developed model and proposed control strategy are validated by simulation and experimental studies.
Effects of cooling strategies and tool coatings on cutting forces and tooth frequency in high-speed down-milling of Inconel-718 using helical bull-nose solid carbide end mills

This paper presents the results of experimental investigation of the effects of three cooling strategies (minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), cryogenic cooling using liquid nitrogen (LN2), and combined (MQL + LN2)) and three tool coatings (uncoated and AlTiN- and GMS2-coated) on cutting force components (Fx, Fy, Fz); the resultant cutting force, Fr; and cutter tooth frequency in peripheral high--speed end milling of Inconel-718 to improve machinability and reduce cost. All the experiments were conducted on a Cincinnati Milacron Sabre 750 vertical machining center (VMC), equipped with Acramatic 2100 CNC controller using uncoated and AlTiN- and GMS2-coated solid carbide bull-nose helical end mills of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter, and 0.762 mm (0.03 in.) corner radius. Each experiment consisted of eight passes, each pass of 76.2 mm (3 in.) cutting length. Axial and radial depths of cut, cutting speed, and material removal rate were kept constant for all experiments. The experimental results show that uncoated end mills generated lowest resultant cutting forces, whereas GMS2-coated end mills generated highest resultant cutting forces under all cooling strategies. MQL cooling strategy generated lowest resultant cutting forces, whereas LN2 cooling strategy generated highest resultant cutting forces for all end mill coatings. Using LN2 cooling strategy alone is not recommended for machining Inconel-718 due to high cutting forces and vibrations. Uncoated end mills under MQL cooling strategy generated the lowest cutting forces and are recommended for machining Inconel-718, whereas GMS2-coated end mills under LN2 cooling strategy generated highest cutting forces.
Clouds over the Tropial Atlantic during July and August 1970

Nimbus IV radiance measurements in the 10.5–12.5-μm window channel from the tropical Atlantic during July and August 1970 are studied. The relative frequency of cold, and presumably high clouds, is...
The Unbearable Lightness (and Heaviness) of Being Digital

The aim of this reflective chapter is twofold: to push against the taken for granted attitude in the lifeworld, to consider the human–technology–world experience, and to highlight some new ways of thinking about the digital environment. Interpreting digital media through the ideas of lightness and heaviness will be a central component of the chapter. This reflection is also paired with ideas from phenomenology and postphenomenology, to reveal themes of what the author calls the “digital attitude.”
Integration of genotoxic and population genetic endpoints in biomonitoring and risk assessment.

Genetic ecotoxicology is a multifaceted discipline that examines the effects of xenobiotic compounds on the structure and function of DNA. This paper discusses the role of genetic ecotoxicology in environmental biomonitoring and risk assessment. Genetic ecotoxicology may include somatic effects (e.g., DNA damage) or population genetic effects (changes in genetic diversity or gene frequencies). Traditionally, genetic ecotoxicology studies have focused on either one of these sub-disciplines, but integration of these two approaches would be advantageous for three reasons. First, at the population level, concordant responses between changes in population genetic structure and elevated levels of DNA damage may provide evidence that the population genetic changes are influenced by exposure to genotoxic chemicals. Second, if the frequencies of alleles or other genetic markers differ between genotoxicant-contaminated and reference populations, associations between relative amount of DNA damage and genotype may provide evidence that these changes are due to genotoxicant-induced selection. Third, genetic analysis of gene flow may provide insight into patterns of dispersal that could obscure differences between contaminated and reference populations. In order to demonstrate the application of these ideas, three lines of research are summarized herein. The first is a series of studies that focus on radionuclide-contaminated populations of mosquitofish (Gambusia). This research identified RAPD markers that may be indicative of genetic adaptation to radionuclide stress. Relative amounts of DNA damage among genotypes presented evidence that these markers may be indicators of relative radioresistance. The second study examined DNA damage and population genetic structure in radionuclide-contaminated kangaroo rat (Dipodomys) populations. It was found that between-population differences in genetic diversity paralleled those for DNA damage and relative levels of contamination. Also, population genetic analysis indicated that there was dispersal between contaminated and reference populations, and that between- population differences in the amount of DNA damage could not be detected until this dispersal was taken into account. In the third study, populations of redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritis) from streams contaminated with complex mixtures of industrial chemicals were examined. It was found that the genetic distances between populations within the contaminated stream corresponded with the relative magnitude of molecular and community-level effects. It was concluded that genetic ecotoxicology could make significant contributions to the fields of environmental biomonitoring and ecological risk assessment, and that integration of genotoxicology and population genetic studies would be a definite advantage toward this end.
The Constrained Search Formulation of Density Functional Theory

Consider N interacting electrons in a local spin-independent external potential v. The Hamiltonian is $$ {\text{H = T + Vee + }}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {v(\vec r_i )} ,$$ (1) where T and Vee are, respectively, the kinetic and electron-electron repulsion operators.
Homogenization of an Elliptic Equation

In the early 1970s, Francois MURAT and myself were not aware of the theory of G-convergence, the convergence of Green kernels, which Sergio SPAGNOLO developed in the late 1960s, helped with the insight of Ennio DE GIORGI.
5 – Optical Imaging Based on Intrinsic Signals

Optical imaging based on intrinsic signals is unique among functional neuroimaging techniques in that it offers both high spatial and high temporal resolution simultaneously. Moreover, no other functional neuroimaging technique offers comparable spatial resolution, allowing visualization of the fine structure of individual functional domains within cortical areas. Additionally, high spatial resolution maps can be acquired over relatively large cortical areas. The resolution of optical imaging makes it ideal for a variety of experimental investigations, including studying the functional organization of and functional relationships within the brain, characterizing neurovascular physiology, and examining pathophysiological changes due to certain disease processes. One of the more significant applications of optical imaging of intrinsic signals is studying the human cortex. This not only allows characterizing the physiology and functional architecture of the human brain, but may also be clinically useful as an intraoperative functional brain mapping tool for neurosurgical guidance.
Religion and Guilt in Childhood

Publisher Summary This chapter explores reasons for the neglect of religion in theoretical and empirical work in psychology. It points out that, contrary to prevailing theoretical tenets, religiosity is not necessarily related to poor mental health and worse socio-emotional well-being and argues for more refined definitions, and measurement of both religion and guilt. Empirical evidence indicates that intrinsic religiosity is associated with a healthy guilt response to actual wrongdoing and to good physical health and lowered rates of substance abuse, delinquency, and suicidality. The review of guilt and religion in children includes the consideration of the role of development. There are three stages of religious understanding in development that closely parallel Piaget's stages of cognitive development. During Stage 1, children are quite undifferentiated in their identification with institutional religion and in their personal experience with prayer. Stage 2 evidences greater cognitive awareness and parallels Piaget's concrete operational stage. Children can identify themselves and others as being of different religions because of concrete outward manifestations of such. Prayer is identified by the actual behaviors associated with praying, whatever those cultural forms might be. Stage 3 parallels the emergence of Piaget's formal operational stage. At this stage children disavow religious identity by outward forms, but define themselves and others according to abstractions of inner belief. Prayer becomes an inner mental function that is private and intimate and not so dependent on outward form.
Conceptualising Violence in Relation to Social Circumstances and Subject Development

This chapter presents a definition of ideology, positing ideological thought as possessing a specific epistemic structure analogous to violent epistemology. This chapter outlines how the violent epistemology inherent to ideological thought shapes social structures and promotes violent ways of relating with the phenomenal world, ourselves, and others. This includes dominating, controlling, and hierarchical social relationships, the maintenance of ‘in-groups’ and ‘out-groups’, and socially legitimised violence. This chapter also addresses the complex issue of the relationship between structure (social circumstances) and individual agency in the cyclic perpetuation of violence. This involves a discussion of the role that violent epistemology and ‘non-conducive’ circumstances play in the de-formation of subjectivity and the role of subject de-formation in the cyclical perpetuation of non-conducive social circumstances.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

This chapter describes some of the key epidemiologic characteristics of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) maternal-fetal infection, including sources of maternal infection and maternal populations with increased rates of infection and fetal transmission, and provides a limited description of maternal immune responses associated with protection from fetal transmission and disease. The seemingly complex natural history of congenital HCMV infection can be greatly simplified by an understanding of the maternal component of the maternal-fetal infection. Primary infection during pregnancy can develop as a result of exposure to infectious virus from several sources. Epidemiologic studies have documented that exposure to infected children and sexual exposure represent the two most common modes of community acquisition of HCMV. The consequences of intrauterine HCMV infection can range from mild, clinically inapparent infection to severe, life-threatening multiorgan disease. Progressive hearing loss is limited almost exclusively to infants with congenital infections which follow primary maternal infection. The most obvious method of limiting disease caused by intrauterine HCMV infection is to develop and use an effective vaccine. This may be accomplished by active vaccination, as has been demonstrated by universal rubella immunization. Live, replicating HCMV vaccines have been proposed as a means of doing this, but to date no direct evidence has been provided to suggest that current live virus vaccine formulations can provide such immunity.
Statistical Discrimination in Ratings-Guided Markets

We study statistical discrimination of individuals based on payoff-irrelevant social identities in markets where ratings/recommendations facilitate social learning among users. Despite the potential promise and guarantee for the ratings/recommendation algorithms to be fair and free of human bias and prejudice, we identify the possible vulnerability of the ratings-based social learning to discriminatory inferences on social groups. In our model, users' equilibrium attention decisions may lead data to be sampled differentially across different groups so that differential inferences on individuals may emerge based on their group identities. We explore policy implications in terms of regulating trading relationships as well as algorithm design.
One Classifier for All Ambiguous Words: Overcoming Data Sparsity by Utilizing Sense Correlations Across Words

Most supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems build word-specific classifiers by leveraging labeled data. However, when using word-specific classifiers, the sparseness of annotations leads to inferior sense disambiguation performance on less frequently seen words. To combat data sparsity, we propose to learn a single model that derives sense representations and meanwhile enforces congruence between a word instance and its right sense by using both sense-annotated data and lexical resources. The model is shared across words that allows utilizing sense correlations across words, and therefore helps to transfer common disambiguation rules from annotation-rich words to annotation-lean words. Empirical evaluation on benchmark datasets shows that the proposed shared model outperforms the equivalent classifier-based models by 1.7%, 2.5% and 3.8% in F1-score when using GloVe, ELMo and BERT word embeddings respectively.
Analysis of Single-Vehicle Roadway Departure Crashes on Rural Curved Segments Accounting for Unobserved Heterogeneity:

Roadway departure crashes are one of the core emphasis areas in Strategic Highway Safety Plans (SHSP). These crashes, especially on rural roads, lead to a disproportionately higher number of fatali...
Role of the runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a very complex disease that is a major cause of death in men worldwide. Currently, PCa dependence on the androgen receptor (AR) has resulted in use of AR antagonists and anti-androgen therapies that reduce endogenous steroid hormone production. However, within two to three years of receiving first line androgen deprivation therapy, the majority of patients diagnosed with PCa progress to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). There is an urgent need for therapies that are more durable than antagonism of the AR axis. Studies of Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) and their heterodimerization partner, Core-Binding Factor Subunit b (CBFβ), are revealing that the RUNX family are drivers of CRPC. In this review, we describe what is presently understood about RUNX members in PCa, including what regulates and is regulated by RUNX proteins, and the role of RUNX proteins in the tumor microenvironment and AR signaling. We discuss the implications for therapeutically targeting RUNX, the potential for RUNX as PCa biomarkers, and the current pressing questions in the field.
Coping Resiliency to Psychophysiological Strain: Interplay Between Health Impairment and Instructional Effectiveness, Job Satisfaction and Attrition of Newly Recruited Teachers

This paper investigated the correlation between newly recruited teachers coping resiliency to psychophysiological strain and how this affected their instructional effectiveness, job satisfaction and attrition in the context of newly introduced teacher accountability policies in Ghana. Objective was to establish whether or not existing teachers or newly recruited teachers were more vulnerable to attrition due to new policies. Using a descriptive research survey design with empirical statistical data, the following were the major findings: strain experienced by teachers were the result of both mental/psychological and environmental factors; newly recruited male teachers under five years were found to be more vulnerable to strain than females and likely to leave teaching; underlying reason for attrition was more health-related than financial considerations; overstressed teachers were less effective in classroom and less satisfied with jobs. Conclusion of this study is this: contemporary global emphasis on teacher accountability is laudable, nevertheless when overstretched, could also drain younger teachers coping resiliency depriving nations of the dividends they need to accrue from the high investment made in teacher education.
Recurrent Vomiting in a 6-year-old Boy

1. Arushi Verma, MD* 2. Lina Merjaneh, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA A 6-year-old boy presents to the emergency department (ED) with a 1-day history of nonbilious, nonbloody vomiting occurring every 1 to 2 hours. He was not tolerating oral fluids and had decreased urination for 24 hours before presentation. He has nasal congestion and discharge but no fever, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. The parent denies sick contacts and the possibility of ingestions. Vital signs are notable for tachycardia (heart rate, 114 beats/min) and mild hypotension (blood pressure, 88/65 mm Hg). Physical examination reveals a lean boy with dry mucous membranes and normal mental status. Shotty cervical lymph nodes are palpated. Tonsils are mildly enlarged without exudates. Abdomen is soft, without localized tenderness. The remainder of the examination findings are normal. The initial laboratory evaluation in the ED demonstrates a normal white blood cell count of 12,200/μL (12.2 × 109/L), a normal sodium level of 139 mEq/L (139 mmol/L), a potassium level of 4.6 mEq/L (4.6 mmol/L), normal liver and kidney function, mild acidosis with a bicarbonate level of 14 mEq/L (14 mmol/L), and hypoglycemia (serum glucose level, 48 mg/dL [2.66 mmol/L]). Urine analysis shows 3+ ketones. He receives a 5-mL/kg dextrose 10% (D10) bolus, a 10-mL/kg normal saline (NS) bolus, and intravenous (IV) ondansetron in the ED. Hypoglycemia improves initially, but the glucose level drops again to 46 mg/dL (2.55 mmol/L), requiring a second 5-mL/kg D10 bolus. A cortisol level at the time of hypoglycemia is 12.1 μg/dL (333.81 nmol/L) (reference range, 4.5–23 μg/dL [124.15–634.52 nmol/L]). D10 NS IV fluids at a maintenance rate are started, and the patient is admitted to the hospital. Further review of the patient’s medical records reveals recurrent episodes of vomiting and dehydration resulting in a PICU admission and 3 ED visits in the 2 years before presentation. His PICU admission was due to hypovolemic shock …
Determinants of seizure outcome after resective surgery following stereoelectroencephalography.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate seizure outcomes after resective epilepsy surgery following stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG), including group characteristics, comparing surgical and nonsurgical groups and assess predictors of time to seizure recurrence. Methods Clinical and EEG data of 536 consecutive patients who underwent SEEG at Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center between 2009 and 2017 were reviewed. The primary outcome was defined as complete seizure freedom since the resective surgery, discounting any auras or seizures that occurred within the 1st postoperative week. In addition, the rate of seizure freedom based on Engel classification was determined in patients with follow-up of ≥ 1 year. Presumably significant outcome variables were first identified using univariate analysis, and Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to identify outcome predictors. Results Of 527 patients satisfying study criteria, 341 underwent resective surgery. Complete and continuous seizure freedom after surgery was achieved in 55.5% of patients at 1 year postoperatively, 44% of patients at 3 years, and 39% of patients at 5 years. As a secondary outcome point, 58% of patients achieved Engel class I seizure outcome for at least 1 year at last follow-up. Among surgical outcome predictors, in multivariate model analysis, the seizure recurrence rate by type of resection (p = 0.039) remained statistically significant, with the lowest risk of recurrence occurring after frontal and temporal lobe resections compared with multilobar and posterior quadrant surgeries. Patients with a history of previous resection (p = 0.006) and bilateral implantations (p = 0.023) were more likely to have seizure recurrence. The absence of an MRI abnormality prior to resective surgery did not significantly affect seizure outcome in this cohort. Conclusions This large, single-center series shows that resective surgery leads to continuous seizure freedom in a group of patients with complex and severe pharmacoresistant epilepsy after SEEG evaluation. In addition, up to 58% of patients achieved seizure freedom at last follow-up. The authors' results suggest that SEEG is equally effective in patients with frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy with or without MRI identified lesions.
Tracking neural activity from the same cells during the entire adult life of mice

Recording the activity of the same neurons over the adult life of an animal is important to neuroscience research and biomedical applications. Current implantable devices cannot provide stable recording on this time scale. Here, we introduce a method to precisely implant nanoelectronics with an open, unfolded mesh structure across multiple brain regions in the mouse. The open mesh structure forms a stable interwoven structure with the neural network, preventing probe drifting and showing no immune response and neuron loss during the yearlong implantation. Using the implanted nanoelectronics, we can track single-unit action potentials from the same neurons over the entire adult life of mice. Leveraging the stable recordings, we build machine learning algorithms that enable automated spike sorting, noise rejection, stability validation, and generate pseudotime analysis, revealing aging-associated evolution of the single-neuron activities.
Effects of chronic inhibition of GABA synthesis on attention and impulse control.

Abstract Background Cortical GABA regulates a number of cognitive functions including attention and working memory and is dysregulated in a number of psychiatric conditions. In schizophrenia for example, changes in GABA neurons [reduced expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), parvalbumin (PV) and the GABA reuptake transporter (GAT1)] suggest reduced cortical GABA synthesis and release; these changes are hypothesized to cause the cognitive deficits observed in this disorder. The goals of this experiment were to determine whether chronically reducing GAD function within the rat PFC causes attention deficits and alterations in PV and GAT1 expression. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were trained on the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT, a task of attention) until they reached criterion performance and then were implanted with a bilateral cannula aimed at the medial PFC. Cannulae were connected to osmotic minipumps that infused the GAD inhibitor l -allylglycine (LAG, 3.2 μg/0.5 μl/h) for 13 days. Following a 5-day recovery from surgery rats were tested on the standard 5CSRTT for 5 consecutive days and then tested on two modifications of the 5CSRTT. Finally, locomotor activity was assessed and the rats sacrificed. Brains were rapidly extracted and flash frozen and analyzed for the expression of GAD67, PV, GAT1 and the obligatory NMDA receptor subunit NR1. Results Chronic LAG infusions transiently impaired attention, persistently impaired impulse control and increased locomotor activity. Behavioral changes were associated with an upregulation of GAD67, but no change in PV, GAT1 or NR1 expression. Summary Chronic inhibition of GABA synthesis within the medial PFC, increased impulsive behavior and locomotion, but did not impair attention; results consistent with previous research following acute inhibition of GABA synthesis. Moreover, our data do not support the hypothesis that decreasing GABA synthesis and release is sufficient to cause changes in other GABA-related proteins.
Thermal degradation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) with a 1.064 μm Nd:YAG laser in a buoyant flow

Abstract The laser radiative oxidative decomposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the evolved decomposition products in the gas-phase are investigated using imaging Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IFTS). The spatial and temporal evolution of the gas plume in air was investigated with adequate spatial (0.81 mm 2 per pixel) and spectral resolutions (2 cm −1 ). Surfaces of black PMMA samples were irradiated from 4 to 22 W/cm 2 with a cw 1.064 μm Nd:YAG laser. Strong spectral emission of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was observed in the infrared. Spatial maps of plume temperature and MMA column density were obtained from modeling the observed spectra by assuming a homogeneous single-plume radiative transfer model (RTM). A spectral model was used to compute the gas emissivity from an experimentally measured, interpolated and extrapolated MMA absorption coefficient database. In addition, the spectral radiance from the irradiated PMMA surface was fitted with Planck's distribution to obtain temporal and spatial surface temperature profiles. The peak signal-to-noise exceeded 50:1, allowing plume temperature and MMA column density determinations with low statistical errors. Laser irradiated PMMA reached a steady surface temperature of 613.9 ± 0.8 K and a peak gas-phase temperature of 700 ± 19 K at 22 W/cm 2 . The reported statistical uncertainties for all the results are defined as the half-width of the 95% confidence interval and do not include systematic errors associated with the assumption of a homogeneous plume or the effects of turbulence. As laser intensity increased, gas temperature decreased at the surface-boundary layer. A simplified thermal analysis was developed to understand the wavelength dependent surface heating rates from using both CO 2 and Nd:YAG lasers. An Arrhenius plot of MMA formation at the surface for a single pixel was compared with established kinetics models. At surface temperatures of 450–600 K, an effective activation energy of 30.83 ± 8.29 kJ/mol was obtained, consistent with surface desorption of the monomer.
Massively parallel sampling of lattice proteins reveals foundations of thermal adaptation

Evolution of proteins in bacteria and archaea living in different conditions leads to significant correlations between amino acid usage and environmental temperature. The origins of these correlations are poorly understood, and an important question of protein theory, physics-based prediction of types of amino acids overrepresented in highly thermostable proteins, remains largely unsolved. Here, we extend the random energy model of protein folding by weighting the interaction energies of amino acids by their frequencies in protein sequences and predict the energy gap of proteins designed to fold well at elevated temperatures. To test the model, we present a novel scalable algorithm for simultaneous energy calculation for many sequences in many structures, targeting massively parallel computing architectures such as graphics processing unit. The energy calculation is performed by multiplying two matrices, one representing the complete set of sequences, and the other describing the contact maps of all structural templates. An implementation of the algorithm for the CUDA platform is available at http://www.github.com/kzeldovich/galeprot and calculates protein folding energies over 250 times faster than a single central processing unit. Analysis of amino acid usage in 64-mer cubic lattice proteins designed to fold well at different temperatures demonstrates an excellent agreement between theoretical and simulated values of energy gap. The theoretical predictions of temperature trends of amino acid frequencies are significantly correlated with bioinformatics data on 191 bacteria and archaea, and highlight protein folding constraints as a fundamental selection pressure during thermal adaptation in biological evolution.
The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in cesarean section.

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of cefazolin-cephalothin administration as a prophylactic regime in patients undergoing cesarean section. The study was to randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation. Cefazolin, 1.0 gm, or placebo was administered intramuscularly on call to the operating room, and cephalothin, 2.0 gm, or placebo was administered intravenously at 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Ninety-five patients were included in the study with 49 in the placebo group and 46 in the drug group. Nineteen patients developed 28 infections in the placebo group while eight patients developed eight infections in the drug group (P =