cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric migraine prescription patterns at a large academic hospital.

Abstract Background Here we report the prescription patterns by drug type, age, and sex of patients at a large academic pediatric hospital. Because there are few guidelines based on outcome studies in pediatric migraine, physician treatment approaches in children vary. Methods Using the i2b2 query tool, we determined that over an approximately 4 year period, 4839 patients between the ages of 2 and 17 years were observed at Boston Children's Hospital for migraine with or without aura, 59% women and 41% men. Results The most common medications prescribed to this population were sumatriptan, amitriptyline, topiramate, ondansetron, and cyproheptadine. Conclusions Our findings support recent data regarding choices of medication in the pediatric population and additionally support current studies and future investigation into controlled trials in the pediatric population.
The allocation of early blastomeres to the ectoderm and endoderm is variable in the sea urchin embryo

During sea urchin development, a tier-to-tier progression of cell signaling events is thought to segregate the early blastomeres to five different cell lineages by the 60-cell stage (E. H. Davidson, 1989, Development 105, 421–445). For example, the sixth equatorial cleavage produces two tiers of sister cells called ‘veg1′ and ‘veg2,’ which were projected by early studies to be allocated to the ectoderm and endoderm, respectively. Recent in vitro studies have proposed that the segregation of veg1 and veg2 cells to distinct fates involves signaling between the veg1 and veg2 tiers (O. Khaner and F. Wilt, 1991, Development 112, 881–890). However, fate-mapping studies on 60-cell stage embryos have not been performed with modern lineage tracers, and cell interactions between veg1 and veg2 cells have not been shown in vivo. Therefore, as an initial step towards examining how archenteron precursors are specified, a clonal analysis of veg1 and veg2 cells was performed using the lipophilic dye, DiI(C16), in the sea urchin species, Lytechinus variegatus. Both veg1 and veg2 descendants form archenteron tissues, revealing that the ectoderm and endoderm are not segregated at the sixth cleavage. Also, this division does not demarcate cell type boundaries within the endoderm, because both veg1 and veg2 descendants make an overlapping range of endodermal cell types. The allocation of veg1 cells to ectoderm and endoderm during cleavage is variable, as revealed by both the failure of veg1 descendants labeled at the eighth equatorial division to segregate predictably to either tissue and the large differences in the numbers of veg1 descendants that contribute to the ectoderm. Furthermore, DiI-labeled mesomeres of 32-cell stage embryos also contribute to the endoderm at a low frequency. These results show that the prospective archenteron is produced by a larger population of cleavage-stage blastomeres than believed previously. The segregation of veg1 cells to the ectoderm and endoderm occurs relatively late during development and is unpredictable, indicating that later cell position is more important than the early cleavage pattern in determining ectodermal and archenteron cell fates.
Vibrational relaxation of OH by oxygen atoms

Abstract The collisional removal of OH( v = 1) by O( 3 P) atoms is investigated. OH is generated by 193 nm photolysis of H 2 O 2 , and O( 3 P) atoms are generated by a microwave discharge in O 2 diluted in Ar. OH( v = 0 and 1) concentrations are monitored by laser-induced fluorescence vs. the time after the photolysis laser pulse. From comparison of these concentrations with kinetic simulations, the room-temperature total removal rate constant for OH( v = 1) in collisions with O( 3 P) is determined to be (3.9 ± 0.6) × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . This value is slightly larger than the OH( v = 0)–O( 3 P) reaction rate constant, but the difference is within the experimental uncertainty.
Self-localization of a heterogeneous multi-robot team in constrained 3D space

This paper presents a new approach to the intra- localization among a team of robots working in constrained 3D space of urban environments. As the base formation, a team of three ground robots and one wall-climbing robot are deployed on ground and on a wall or ceiling, respectively. The three ground robots localize themselves using an existing panoramic vision-based method. However, no existing method can uniquely determine the pose of the climbing robot based on the positions of three ground robots in its image and in the world coordinate systems; up to four valid solutions could exist using known algorithms, although only one is genuine. By carefully examining these methods, two new algorithms for uniquely locating the climbing robot are proposed. The first algorithm makes use of the straight line constraint of robot motion and can uniquely determine the pose of climbing robot by moving the climbing robot straightly for two small steps. The second algorithm is based on the principle of Bayesian filter and take advantage of the motion sensor readings to loose the straight line constraint. The algorithm could continuously determine the climbing robot's pose after the initial pose is obtained. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the soundness and robustness of our algorithms. Preliminary experiments are also carried out to examine the feasibility in applying these algorithms in real robot applications.
Epitaxial variants of VO2 thin films on complex oxide single crystal substrates with 3m surface symmetry

A1. Crystal structure A1. X-ray diffraction A3. Epitaxial A3. Physical vapor deposition processes B1. Rutile oxides B1. Vanadium dioxide abstract Rutile-based monoclinic VO2 films were grown on (1 1 1) LaAlO3 ,( 0 0 0 1) Al 2O3, (1 1 1) MgAl2O4, (1 1 1) MgO, and Zn-faced (0 0 0 1) and O-faced (0 0 0 1 ¯ ) ZnO substrates. The out-of-plane alignment of the two-fold screw (0 1 0) axis of monoclinic VO2 with three-fold rotational axes of the substrates is made possible by the formation of epitaxial domains. We find that the in-plane (1 0 0) axis of VO2 is always oriented with one of the three in-plane eutactic axes of the all of the substrates, despite significant differences in lattice mismatch from substrate to substrate. From diffractometry analysis and upon considering the in-plane symmetry of the substrates with respect to the (0 1 0) VO2 film, we conclude the presence of 1201 rotational variants and 601 twins. The electrical transport characteristics of all of the films except for those on the ZnO substrates are comparable, showing metal-insulator transitions with bulk-like transition temperatures. The growth of different stoichiometric phases and film orientations on ZnO is attributed to large lattice mismatch, and also leads to the apparent in-plane conductance transition being smeared out in temperature. We find that it is more challenging to stabilize (0 1 0) VO2 on O-faced ZnO compared to Zn-faced ZnO and discuss the differences in tetrahedra stacking between the two polarities.
Help or hype: Symbolic or behavioral communication during Hurricane Katrina

Public relations professionals increasingly rely on the World Wide Web to communicate with their publics on a variety of issues, including the corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts the organization has undertaken. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, there is an opportunity to discover how the Best 100 Global Brands used their corporate websites and the power of their brand equity to help the victims of the disaster, as well as to communicate their own CSR efforts. Results show that 51% of these Top 100 firms had messages on their homepages about Hurricane Katrina, and 86% of those firms made donations totaling $105,000,000. The remaining 14% of firms exhibited symbolic communication only, with links to philanthropic organizations aiding rescue efforts.
Depression scales: Self- or physician-rating? A validation of certain clinically observable phenomena

Abstract The question raised in the title of this article is of basic importance not only to the researcher but also to the clinician who uses rating scales as an adjunct in the diagnosis and treatment of his depressed patients. To be considered are the ease with which the measurements are made, their accuracy, and the time requisite for that measurement and accuracy. During the course of the evaluation of an experimental antidepressant, observations by one of the authors led to the hypothesis that he could differentiate, on a clinical basis, patients in whom he could expect an unreliable correlation between scores obtained on the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale1 and the Hamilton Physician-Rating Scale.2 Although there are a number of factors that may influence scores obtained on rating scales, both self3 and physician,4 the knowledge of such factors has not been directly applied to the question of whether to use a self- or physician-rating scale. Our purpose is to show that patients who can be described clinically as either sensitizers or repressors tend to show an unreliable correlation between Zung and Hamilton scores. Sensitizers are defined as individuals who tend to be oversensitive, to overinterpret, and to ruminate about potential or real threats and conflicts. They have a negative self-concept and emphasize their own helplessness and weakness. Repressors are defined as individuals who tend to use avoidance, suppression, repression, and denial of potential threats and conflicts.5 This sensitization-repression dimension can be determined rather accurately by clinical interviews and seem, as we will attempt to demonstrate, to have some correlation with the degree of ego development.
Stress testing: Clinical application and predictive capacity

T HIS article presents a conceptual review of the “state of the art” as pertains to the clinical application of exercise stress testing. We will provide data insofar as possible on the physiologic basis for the findings now utilized in the day-to-day application of this important diagnostic tool. It is of interest that a number of exercise tests designed to evaluate aerobic capacity were popular in the 1920s and 193Os, during which the heart rate and blood pressure were carefully recorded and compared to the normal response. After a number of workers demonstrated that ST segment changes correlated with ischemia, Master’ and those who followed his lead abandoned their interest in the total cardiovascular response to exercise and focused on the ischemic ST segment to the exclusion of all else. Only in the late 1950s following the lead of Bruce,’ were efforts again made to use the stress test as an attempt to evaluate as many exercise parameters as possible in order to derive an overall evaluation of the patient’s function. This treatise will emphasize this approach. It is our contention that the tendency to concentrate on ST changes to the exclusion of many other parameters now known to be of importance in the evaluation of patients during an exercise test should be abandoned. Many of the articles deprecating the value of exercise testing were written by authors with this type of tunnel vision.3 Much of the voluminous cardiovascular literature of the past few decades has been oriented towards assessment of cardiac function. Most of the early studies, though well conceived and well executed, involved making correlations and observations with the subjects at rest. It became obvious that such studies were insufficient in many instances, since the hemodynamics of exercise alter many parameters quite drastically. Consequently, observations made during rest were discovered to be not necessarily applicable during periods of physical activity. Despite certain limitations, exercise stress testing has become an invaluable tool for diagnosing the presence as well as extent of coronary artery disease. Although only electrocardiographic abberations have been extensively used in the past, it has become apparent that assessment of hemodynamic and symptomatic data may be equally as useful. The currently accepted indications and contraindications for stress testing are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Characterization of an ATP-dependent DNA ligase from the thermophilic archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

We report the production, purification and characterization of a DNA ligase encoded by the thermophilic archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The 561 amino acid MTH: ligase catalyzed strand-joining on a singly nicked DNA in the presence of a divalent cation (magnesium, manganese or cobalt) and ATP (K(m) 1.1 microM). dATP can substitute for ATP, but CTP, GTP, UTP and NAD(+) cannot. MTH: ligase activity is thermophilic in vitro, with optimal nick-joining at 60 degrees C. Mutational analysis of the conserved active site motif I (KxDG) illuminated essential roles for Lys251 and Asp253 at different steps of the ligation reaction. Mutant K251A is unable to form the covalent ligase-adenylate intermediate (step 1) and hence cannot seal a 3'-OH/5'-PO(4) nick. Yet, K251A catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation at a pre-adenylated nick (step 3). Mutant D253A is active in ligase-adenylate formation, but defective in activating the nick via formation of the DNA-adenylate intermediate (step 2). D253A is also impaired in phosphodiester bond formation at a pre-adenylated nick. A profound step 3 arrest, with accumulation of high levels of DNA-adenylate, could be elicited for the wild-type MTH: ligase by inclusion of calcium as the divalent cation cofactor. MTH: ligase sediments as a monomer in a glycerol gradient. Structure probing by limited proteolysis suggested that MTH: ligase is a tightly folded protein punctuated by a surface-accessible loop between nucleotidyl transferase motifs III and IIIa.
Socioeconomic disparities are negatively associated with pediatric emergency department aftercare compliance.

Objectives: This study sought to identify demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical predictors of aftercare noncompliance by pediatric emergency department (ED) patients. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective, observational study of pediatric patients presenting to a university teaching hospital ED from July 1, 2002, through August 31, 2002. Demographic and clinical information was obtained from guardians during the ED visit. Guardians were contacted after discharge to determine compliance with ED aftercare instructions. Subjects were excluded if they were admitted or if guardians were unavailable or unwilling to consent. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of noncompliance from a list of predetermined variables. Results: Of the 409 patients enrolled in the study, 111 were prescribed medications and 364 were given specific follow-up instructions. Subtypes of the variable "insurance status" were significantly associated with medication noncompliance in multivariable regression analysis. "Insurance status" and "low-acuity discharge diagnoses" were significantly associated with follow-up noncompliance. Conclusions: Disparity in health insurance has been shown to be a predictor of poor aftercare compliance for pediatric ED patients within the patient population.
Patterns of cannabis use in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A population based analysis

Abstract Background Tobacco use patterns and effects in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease have been extensively studied, however the role and patterns of cannabis use remains poorly defined. Our aim was to evaluate patterns of marijuana use in a large population based survey. Methods Cases were identified from the NHANES database from the National Center for Health Statistics for the time period from January, 2009 through December, 2010 as having ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, and exact matched with controls using the Propensity Score Module of SPSS, based on age, gender, and sample weighted using the nearest neighbor method. Results After weighting, 2084,895 subjects with IBD and 2013,901 control subjects were identified with no significant differences in demographic characteristics. Subjects with IBD had a higher incidence of ever having used marijuana/hashish (M/H) (67.3% vs. 60.0%) and an earlier age of onset of M/H use (15.7 years vs. 19.6 years). Patients with IBD were less likely to have used M/H every month for a year, but more likely to use a heavier amount per day (64.9% subjects with IBD used three or more joints per day vs. 80.5% of subjects without IBD used two or fewer joints per day). In multivariable logistic regression, presence of IBD, male gender, and age over 40 years predicted M/H use. Conclusion Our study is the first to evaluate marijuana patterns in a large-scale population based survey. Older, male IBD patients have the highest odds of marijuana use.
MANAGEMENT OF THE NECK IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is relatively uncommon in western countries with a reported incidence of 0.19 per 100,000. It occurs in high frequencies in southern China, Hong Kong, Tunisia, Singapore, and Malaysia. The incidence rate in these countries is as high as 53 per 100,000. The low incidence rate in the West overall accounts for the lack of familiarity with this cancer. This often leads to delay in diagnosis and resultant increased morbidity and poor survival outcomes. Based on light microscopy, NPC can be divided into three categories according to the predominant histopathology. This is the basis for the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. WHO type 1 is classified as squamous cell carcinoma, WHO type 2 as nonkeratinizing carcinoma, and WHO type 3 as undifferentiated carcinoma. Although WHO type 1 is the only variety to display obvious keratin production, electron microscopy confirms all three types to be ultrastructurally squamous cell carcinoma. 44 Clarity on the etiology of NPC is still lacking, but there is an indisputable epidemiological association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). High titers (≥1:10) of IgA antibodies to the viral capsid antigen (VCA) and to the diffuse component of the early antigen (EAd) have consistently been shown to be associated with NPC. A constellation of factors such as genetic, environmental, and dietary have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this tumor. Notably, consumption of salted fish and preserved vegetables containing nitrosamines, coupled with low vitamin C intake (beginning at an early age), exposure to wood fires, and formaldehyde are all strongly suspected etiologic factors. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a proclivity for cervical lymph node metastasis when compared to other head and cancers. Upward of 75% of patients have nodal metastasis at presentation. 43 In 40% to 50% of these patients, a neck mass was the chief complaint prompting medical attention. 1,40 Some authorities believe the pattern and extent of nodal disease (N stage) to be a critical factor in predicting distant metastasis, more so than disease at the primary site (T stage). 3,28 Others have shown a close association between both T and N stages and distant metastasis. 34,41,42 Management of the neck therefore occupies an important position in the treatment paradigm of NPC.
Surface Properties, Crystal Morphology, and Reactivity of La2Zr2O7-based Cathode Infiltrate in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Theoretical Study

Selected properties of the lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7, LZ) low-index faces, representing the first theoretical attempt to characterize the surfaces of a pyrochlore oxide, as well as oxygen (O2) interacting with LZ are predicted at the level of density-functional theory. All possible surface terminations formed by cleaving a perfect crystal are considered, as well as selected defective surfaces. After deriving the expression for the free energy of an LZ surface, surface free energies are computed. The most stable surfaces are identified, and it is suggested how to refine the ratios of surface free energies for comparison to experimental results obtained by the analysis of x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The interaction of O2 with selected faces is examined. A strong dependence of the binding energy on surface oxygen content is predicted.
Pineal Gland in Organ Culture. II. Role of Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in the Regulation of Radiolabeled Melatonin Production

N5,O2′-dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′- monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) mimics some of the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on indole metabolism of cultured rat pineal glands. This nucleotide increases the concentrations of radiolabeled N-acetylserotonin and melatonin in the media from cultures containing substrate concentrations of 3H-tryptophan and 14C-serotonin. The concentrations of the oxidation products of serotonin are not affected. 3H-melatonin production from 3H-tryptophan is stimulated by theophylline, but not by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, or inosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. The combined treatments with high doses of theophylline and NE or dibutyryl cyclic AMP and NE do not stimulate 3H-melatonin production more than that which is observed with any one of these compounds. The activity of the final enzyme in melatonin synthesis, hydroxyindole- O-methyltiansferase, is apparently not affected by dibutyryl cyclic AMP treatment. p-Chlorophenylalanine, an inhib...
Applicability of Classical Predictive Equations for the Estimation of Evapotranspiration from Urban Green Spaces: Green Roof Results

Green roofs and other urban green spaces can provide a variety of valuable benefits linked to evaporative processes, including storm-water management, reduction of urban heat island, and carbon sequestration. Accurate and representative estimation of urban evapo- transpiration (ET) is a necessary tool for predicting such benefits. However, many common ET estimation procedures were developed for agricultural applications, and thus carry inherent assumptions that may not be applicable to urban green spaces, including green roofs. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of two combination methods for the prediction of ET from a green roof. Two ETestimation methodologies were compared, using on-site and regionally available data sets for daily time steps, to weighing lysimeter measurements of actual ET at a green roof site in the Bronx, New York. Regionally available estimates of potential ET did not accurately predict lysimeter measured actual ETon 30 nonconsecutive, non-water-limited days in months from September through December. Over the same period, the ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation performed well in predicting actual ETwith an RMSD of only 0.03 mmd −1 . Additionally, the ET equation for short reference types, using on-site climatic data and coupled with a variation of the Thornthwaite-Mather approximation, which accounts for variable media moisture conditions, gave reasonable predictions of actual evapo- transpiration for 89 days analyzed (representing months from June through January) with an aggregate underestimation of 10.1%. However, this method was highly sensitive to input parameters, specifically media field capacity. Further on-site data collection is necessary to fully evaluate the performance of the equations over different seasons at this location, and monitoring of supplementary urban green spaces and green infrastructure sites will also lend further insights regarding urban evapotranspiration. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000572. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Environmental engineering; Evapotranspiration; Evaporation; Lysimeters; Vegetation; Roofs; Urban areas; Sustainable development. Author keywords: Environmental engineering; Evapotranspiration; Evaporation; Methodology; Lysimeters; Vegetation; Roofs; Urban areas.
Transfer of Emergency Service Deployment Models to Operating Agencies

Six deployment models for emergency service agencies were developed, field-tested, and documented during a two-year period ending October 1975. During the following eighteen months, records were kept of the extent to which the models were acquired by operating agencies and actually used for making deployment changes. The number of acquisitions ranged from zero for one model to 39 for another. Over half of those who acquire these models actually use them, and, except for one model, nearly all users made operational changes based on the output. Differences among the models illuminate the implementation process.
Using programming to help students understand the value of diversity

This paper describes an entry-level programming assignment that can be used to help students learn the value of diversity through computer programming. The assignment was given as part of a preliminary experiment to establish the impact of a student programming assignment on student attitudes toward cultural diversity. The results provide suggestive evidence that students learn to value diversity via the given programming assignment.
When Words Harm: Cyber Bullying: What Should the Legal Consequences Be for Abusive Speech? Is it Protected? Should it Be a Crime or Sanctioned Under Civil Liability Law?

Paper covers cyber bullying more in a commentary fashion and takes on the troublesome naysayers who hide behind the first amendment free speech protection umbrella.
INTRUSION OF THE SMITH-PETERSEN NAIL INTO THE ACETABULUM

Two cases have been presented in which the nail was so firmly fixed in the cortex of the femoral shaft that, as the neck shortened, the nail penetrated the acetabulum. In the usual case, with similar femoralneck neck shortening, the nail has been extruded. In the first of these two cases it is difficult to explain why the nail was so firmly fixed. In the second case fixation was probably due to an overgrowth of callus over the nail head. These two cases, and the observation that there is measurable shortening of the femoral neck in a large number of patients, point to the danger of mechanical fixation of the nail head to the femoral shaft. Such fixation has been advocated by several surgeons using various methods. Even when mechanical fixation has not been done, as in these two cases, the possibility of perforation of the femoral head should be considered whenever a previously satisfactory nailing becomes painful on motion.
Determinants of voting behaviour on the Keystone XL Pipeline

ABSTRACTAfter lengthy debate, the Keystone XL Pipeline bill passed in January 2015. We use this event to better understand the determinants of Senator voting behaviour. Specifically, this article attempts to examine the relative impacts of political and economic influences. This is accomplished through the use of a binary logit regression model with legislator vote as the dependent variable. Results indicate that while legislators do appear to be representing their political constituency, the role of campaign funding plays an important role as well. The economic effect of such funding, controlling for other factors, is quantitatively small.
Pornographic encounters and interpretative interventions: Vanessa del Rio: Fifty Years of Slightly Slutty Behavior

Using the auto/biography, Vanessa del Rio: Fifty Years of Slightly Slutty Behavior as the primary text, this paper investigates how an embodied understanding of race and class alters our understanding of gendered experiences of violence and pleasure. It asks: what happens when the life experiences of an aging Afro-Latina porn star are positioned at the very heart of feminist investigations into the relationship between sexual experience and knowledge production? In the process, this paper reflects on how images and text function as complicated triggers for the attachments, identifications, desires, and traumas of our own corporeal embodiments and sexual histories.
Selective protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune diseases

Protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) is a member of a large family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in diverse cellular functions. PKCθ has roles in T-cell activation and survival, where the dependency of T-cell responses on this enzyme appears to be dictated by both the nature of the antigen and by the inflammatory environment. Studies in PKCθ-deficient mice have demonstrated that although anti-viral responses are PKCθ-independent, T-cell responses associated with autoimmune diseases are PKCθ-dependent. PKCθ-deficient mice are either resistant to or show markedly reduced symptoms in models of MS (multiple sclerosis), IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), arthritis and asthma. Thus potent and selective inhibition of PKCθ has the potential to block T-cell-mediated autoimmunity without compromising anti-viral responses. The present review describes the design and optimization of potent and selective PKCθ inhibitors and their efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo studies. First, our compounds confirm the critical role for PKCθ in T-cell activation and proliferation and secondly they help to demonstrate that murine and human memory T-cell function continues to be dependent on this enzyme. In addition, these inhibitors demonstrate impressive efficacy in treating established autoimmune disease in murine models of IBD and MS.
Mining Tacitus: secrets of empire, nature and art in the reason of state

A new political practice, the 'reason of state', informed the ends and practices of natural study in the late sixteenth century. Informed by the study of the Roman historian Tacitus, political writers gathered 'secrets of empire' from both history and travel. Following the economic reorientation of 'reason of state' by Giovanni Botero (1544-1617), such secrets came to include bodies of useful particulars concerning nature and art collected by an expanding personnel of intelligencers. A comparison between various writers describing wide-scale collections, such as Botero, Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Jakob Bornitz (1560-1625) and Matthias Bernegger (1582-1640), reveals that seventeenth-century natural intelligencers across Europe not only were analogous to political intelligencers, but also were sometimes one and the same. Those seeking political prudence cast themselves as miners, prying precious particulars from the recesses of history, experience and disparate disciplines, including mathematics, alchemy and natural philosophy. The seventeenth-century practice of combining searches for secrets of empire, nature and art contests a frequent historiographical divide between empirical science and Tacitism or reason of state. It also points to the ways political cunning shaped the management of information for both politics and the study of nature and art.
Use of titanium mesh for middle cranial fossa skull base reconstruction.

Objectives Temporal bone encephaloceles are usually encountered in the setting of a congenital defect of the tegmen or as an acquired defect after mastoid surgery. A variety of methods have been described in the literature for rigid reconstruction of tegmen defects. We introduce a new method of repair using orbital floor titanium mesh reconstruction plates to reconstruct the floor of the middle cranial fossa, and evaluate the outcomes, complications, and recurrence rates of temporal bone encephaloceles with this technique. Design Retrospective chart review of consecutively treated patients. Setting Tertiary care academic center. Participants Eight patients with middle cranial fossa skull base defects from January 2007 to February 2011. Main Outcome Measures Outcome measures included resolution of cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF) and development of postoperative infection. Results One of nine patients had a postoperative CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) leak. There were no long-term complications of CSF leak or infection. Conclusions Titanium mesh is a safe and effective substitute for bone grafts in reconstruction of the middle cranial fossa skull base when rigid reconstruction is required.
Through Their Eyes Lessons Learned Using Participatory Methods in Health Care Quality Improvement Projects

In this methodological article, we examine participatory methods in depth to demonstrate how these methods can be adopted for quality improvement (QI) projects in health care. We draw on existing literature and our QI initiatives in the Department of Veterans Affairs to discuss the application of photovoice and guided tours in QI efforts. We highlight lessons learned and several benefits of using participatory methods in this area. Using participatory methods, evaluators can engage patients, providers, and other stakeholders as partners to enhance care. Participant involvement helps yield actionable data that can be translated into improved care practices. Use of these methods also helps generate key insights to inform improvements that truly resonate with stakeholders. Using participatory methods is a valuable strategy to harness participant engagement and drive improvements that address individual needs. In applying these innovative methodologies, evaluators can transcend traditional approaches to uniquely support evaluations and improvements in health care.
Changes in default mode network as automaticity develops in a categorization task

The default mode network (DMN) is a set of brain regions in which blood oxygen level dependent signal is suppressed during attentional focus on the external environment. Because automatic task processing requires less attention, development of automaticity in a rule-based categorization task may result in less deactivation and altered functional connectivity of the DMN when compared to the initial learning stage. We tested this hypothesis by re-analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging data of participants trained in rule-based categorization for over 10,000 trials (Helie et al., 2010) [12,13]. The results show that some DMN regions are deactivated in initial training but not after automaticity has developed. There is also a significant decrease in DMN deactivation after extensive practice. Seed-based functional connectivity analyses with the precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex (two important DMN regions) and Brodmann area 6 (an important region in automatic categorization) were also performed. The results show increased functional connectivity with both DMN and non-DMN regions after the development of automaticity, and a decrease in functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex. Together, these results further support the hypothesis of a strategy shift in automatic categorization and bridge the cognitive and neuroscientific conceptions of automaticity in showing that the reduced need for cognitive resources in automatic processing is accompanied by a disinhibition of the DMN and stronger functional connectivity between DMN and task-related brain regions.
The Heat Capacity Characteristics of Er3Ni Below 20 K

In this paper we present the results of a series of heat capacity measurements made on samples of Er3Ni from a number of sources. We also report the highest heat capacity peak yet observed for Er3Ni. Powders of Er3Ni, obtained from outside suppliers and also produced by the authors, were made by different methods, including centrifugal atomization, high pressure gas atomization, and salt bath fusion. Small sample calorimetry techniques were used to measure the heat capacity in the 4 K to 20 K region. One of the authors has fabricated a highly purified sample that displays a magnetic ordering peak in the 6 K to 10 K region that is much sharper than previously reported in the literature. Also, in this region, the heat capacity of recently obtained commercial powder was found to exceed the heat capacity of previously supplied powder from the same source. We provide a heat capacity data set for centrifugally atomized Er3Ni powder in the 4 K to 20 K region that can be used by cryocooler designers for analyzing this material’s potential performance in cryocooler equipment.
On Su Shi's Innovation Life——Take Dongpo food for an example

Sushi is not only a versatile writer,but also an extraordinary gourmet.Su Shi's many creative ideas on delicious food were formed in Huangzhou,Huizhou,Danzhou where he was banished.Su Shi's Dongpo food clear manifested his creative spirit and practive spirit.The innovation is not only on cooking techniques and theory,but also in Su Shi's spirit world.
Effects of inbreeding on reproduction and wool production of Rambouillet, Targhee, and Columbia ewes

Because of a traditional interest in inbreeding as a tool for breed improvement, it was desirable to evaluate the effects of inbreeding on the most important products of the sheep industry, lamb and wool production. The data for this study were based on 13,807 ewe and 16,470 lamb records from Rambouillet (R), Targhee (T), and Columbia (C) sheep collected over 9 or 10 yr from 54 inbred lines. Average inbreeding of the lambs and ewes involved was near 25 and 20%, respectively. The combined effects of lamb's and dam's inbreeding reduced litter weight weaned at 120 d approximately .5 kg for each percentage of increase in inbreeding in every breed. For ewes and lambs of average inbreeding, the reductions relative to noninbred ewes amounted to 12.4, 10.3, and 11.3 kg for R, T, and C, respectively. The reductions constituted declines in weight weaned per ewe of 34, 25, and 28%. Similarly, net reproduction rate (lambs weaned per ewes put into breeding) was reduced more than one percentage point for each percentage of increase in inbreeding, with net declines at average inbreeding of 31.7, 23.5, and 25.7 percentage points for each breed, respectively. These reductions were equivalent to reductions in net rate of 29, 20, and 23%. The combined effect of lamb and dam inbreeding reduced weaning weight by 3.5, 2.6, and 2.2 kg, which constituted reductions of 10, 7, and 6%, respectively. Reduced weaning weight was approximately 30% as important as reduced net reproduction rate in contributing to the decline in litter weight weaned. Effects on fleece weight were curvilinear and amounted to reductions of .35, .18, and .00 kg, respectively, at levels of average inbreeding; however, Columbia fleece weights declined rapidly at levels exceeding 20% for ewes. Potential selection differentials were reduced 16% at inbreeding levels of 25 and 20% for lambs and dams, respectively, and 62% at levels of 55 and 50%. The average economic loss per ewe in value of production was estimated at $17 for average inbreeding and as high as $36 for inbreeding approaching 50%. It seems that the use of inbreeding as a tool for improving productive merit in sheep is much more certain to be a detriment, economically and genetically, than an advantage.
An approach for using administrative records to reduce contacts in the 2020 Decennial Census

For the 2020 Decennial Census, the U.S. Census Bureau is researching how to use administrative record information from government and other sources in place of field visits during the Nonresponse Followup (NRFU) operation. This paper describes an approach for identifying vacant and occupied housing units to be enumerated using administrative records, removing them from the NRFU workload. While the approach allows flexibility in balancing cost and quality, we evaluate one possible scenario via a retrospective study of the 2010 Census.
Introduction and Overview of Receptor Systems

Receptors are defined as proteins that recognize a molecule or molecules (ligands) with some degree of specificity to initiate a signaling cascade that couples to secondary messenger systems. These messenger systems transduce a signal from the exterior of the cell to the intracellular compartment, or reside within the cytosolic or nuclear compartment and convey signals that regulate gene expression. As such, receptor systems play critical roles in the regulation of development, cellular homeostasis, and disease onset and progression. The ‘business end’ of virtually all receptor systems is often mediated by modulation of DNA and ultimately regulation of protein/cellular functions. This introductory chapter provides highlights of major receptor systems that can be regulated by both endogenous and exogenous ligands, with a primary focus on xenobiotic receptor systems (XRSs) that modulate transcriptional events. As appropriate, the molecular biology and human disease implications will be emphasized.
How Often Is Treatment Effect Identified in Axillary Nodes with a Pathologic Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Background False-negative rates (FNR) of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in node-positive (N+) breast cancer patients are <10 % when ≥3 negative SNs are obtained. Marking positive nodes has been suggested to reduce FNR. Identification of treatment effect in the nodes post-NAC is an alternative to decrease FNR. We evaluated the frequency of treatment effect in N+ patients after a pathologic complete response (pCR) with NAC.
Study of a mixed dispersal population dynamics model

In this paper, we consider a mixed dispersal model with periodic and Dirichlet boundary conditions and its corresponding linear eigenvalue problem. This model describes the time evolution of a population which disperses both locally and nonlocally. We investigate how long time dynamics depend on the parameter values. Furthermore, we study the minimization of the principal eigenvalue under the constraints that the resource function is bounded from above and below, and with a fixed total integral. Biologically, this minimization problem is motivated by the question of determining the optimal spatial arrangement of favorable and unfavorable regions for the species to die out more slowly or survive more easily. Our numerical simulations indicate that the optimal favorable region tends to be a simply connected domain. Numerous results are shown to demonstrate various scenarios of optimal favorable regions for periodic and Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Boussinesq Models and Their Application to Coastal Processes across a Wide Range of Scales

AbstractIn this paper, the development of a class of depth-integrated, phase-resolving models for surface wave propagation, known as Boussinesq-type models (BTMs), is reviewed. This review concentrates on the extension of the leading order formulation for weakly dispersive waves to include a range of physical effects and considers model applications at a range of scales ranging from surf zone processes to ocean basin–scale tsunami propagation. A brief overview of the connection of BTMs to nonhydrostatic models, in either depth-integrated or three-dimensional form, is included.
A Positive Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) Is Associated With Increased Recovery Time After Sports-Related Concussion in Youth and Adolescent Athletes:

Background Vestibular and ocular motor impairments are routinely reported in patients with sports-related concussion (SRC) and may result in delayed return to play (RTP). The Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) assessment has been shown to be consistent and sensitive in identifying concussion when used as part of a comprehensive examination. To what extent these impairments or symptoms are associated with length of recovery is unknown. Purpose To examine whether symptom provocation or clinical abnormality in specific domains of the VOMS results in protracted recovery (time from SRC to commencement of RTP protocol). Study design Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of 167 patients (69 girls, 98 boys; mean ± SD age, 15 ± 2 years [range, 11-19 years]) presenting with SRC in 2014. During the initial visit, VOMS was performed in which symptom provocation or clinical abnormality (eg, unsmooth eye movements) was documented by use of a dichotomous scale (0 = not present, 1 = present). The VOMS used in this clinic consisted of smooth pursuits (SMO_PUR), horizontal and vertical saccades (HOR_SAC and VER_SAC), horizontal and vertical vestibular ocular reflex (HOR_VOR and VER_VOR), near point of convergence (NPC), and accommodation (ACCOM). Domains were also categorized into ocular motor (SMO_PUR, HOR_SAC, VER_SAC, NPC, ACCOM) and vestibular (HOR_VOR, VER_VOR). Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the relationship between the domains and recovery. Alpha was set at P ≤ .05. Results Symptom provocation and/or clinical abnormality in all domains except NPC ( P = .107) and ACCOM ( P = .234) delayed recovery (domain, hazard ratio [95% CI]: SMO_PUR, 0.65 [0.47-0.90], P = .009; HOR_SAC, 0.68 [0.50-0.94], P = .018; VER_SAC, 0.55 [0.40-0.75], P Conclusion These data suggest that symptom provocation/clinical abnormality associated with all domains except NPC and ACCOM can delay recovery after SRC in youth and adolescents. Thus, the VOMS not only may augment current diagnostic tools but also may serve as a predictor of recovery time in patients with SRC. The findings of this study may lead to more effective prognosis of concussion in youth and adolescents.
Effects of Editorial Feedback in a Peer-Production Online Community

In this paper, we examine how editorial feedback for an online community is taken into consideration by users when they contribute in the future. Analyzing server data from the online peer-production game community Sploder, we looked at how editorial feedback supported future content production. We found that receiving editorial feedbacks are likely to improve the quality of the contribution and reduce the amount of spam in the post. Editorial feedback will garner more comments and visits on articles.
Distinct regions that control ion selectivity and calcium-dependent activation in the bestrophin ion channel.

Cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) activates the bestrophin anion channel, allowing chloride ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient. Mutations in bestrophin 1 (BEST1) cause macular degenerative disorders. Previously, we determined an X-ray structure of chicken BEST1 that revealed the architecture of the channel. Here, we present electrophysiological studies of purified wild-type and mutant BEST1 channels and an X-ray structure of a Ca2+-independent mutant. From these experiments, we identify regions of BEST1 responsible for Ca2+ activation and ion selectivity. A “Ca2+ clasp” within the channel’s intracellular region acts as a sensor of cytoplasmic Ca2+. Alanine substitutions within a hydrophobic “neck” of the pore, which widen it, cause the channel to be constitutively active, irrespective of Ca2+. We conclude that the primary function of the neck is as a “gate” that controls chloride permeation in a Ca2+-dependent manner. In contrast to what others have proposed, we find that the neck is not a major contributor to the channel’s ion selectivity. We find that mutation of a cytosolic “aperture” of the pore does not perturb the Ca2+ dependence of the channel or its preference for anions over cations, but its mutation dramatically alters relative permeabilities among anions. The data suggest that the aperture functions as a size-selective filter that permits the passage of small entities such as partially dehydrated chloride ions while excluding larger molecules such as amino acids. Thus, unlike ion channels that have a single “selectivity filter,” in bestrophin, distinct regions of the pore govern anion-vs.-cation selectivity and the relative permeabilities among anions.
Epistemological Dominance and Social Inequality: Experiences of Native American Science, Engineering, and Health Students

Can epistemologies anchor processes of social inequality? In this paper, we consider how epistemological dominance in science, engineering, and health (SE&H) fields perpetuates disadvantages for st...