cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diquark condensation at nonzero chemical potential and temperature

Abstract SU (2) lattice gauge theory with four flavors of quarks is studied at nonzero chemical potential μ and temperature T by computer simulation and Effective Lagrangian techniques. Simulations are done on 8 4 , 8 3 ×4 and 12 3 ×6 lattices and the diquark condensate, chiral order parameter, Wilson line, fermion energy and number densities are measured. Simulations at a fixed, nonzero quark mass provide evidence for a tricritical point in the μ – T plane associated with diquark condensation. For low T , increasing μ takes the system through a line of second order phase transitions to a diquark condensed phase. Increasing T at high μ , the system passes through a line of first order transitions from the diquark phase to the quark–gluon plasma phase. Using Effective Lagrangians we estimate the position of the tricritical point and ascribe its existence to trilinear couplings that increase with μ and T .
Abstract time warping of compound events and signals

ion Issues O ce time warps are introduced, however, the "vibrato problem" (Desain and Honing 1992) must be revisited: what is the interpretation of warped vibrato? Should the vibrato rate fluctuate when time is warped? Previous work has generally ignored this problem. On (partial) solution is to "build in" methods for handling warps, so that vibrato would automatically get one treatment, envelopes would get another, and so on. This is convenient if and when the default behavior matches the composer's intentions, but it is usually better to allow the composer to retain complete control over how warping is applied.
A mathematical model of growth factor induced capillary growth in the retina

Abnormal capillary growth in the retina has been recently associated with the presence of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). The production of VEGF is a result of oxygen starvation in the retina, which can take place as a consequence of inadequate capillary growth in premature babies or clogged capillaries in diabetics. When VEGF levels rise, they trigger abnormal blood vessel growth across the retina, and may cause damage, and sometimes permanent loss of vision. In this paper, a mathematical model that examines the effects of VEGF on the growth of retinal capillaries is presented. The model directly relates the production of VEGF to oxygen consumption. The diffusion equations for the concentrations of oxygen and VEGF are solved, and the capillary growth is determined as a function of the oxygen and VEGF concentrations.
Randomized trial of inhaled flunisolide versus placebo among asthmatic patients discharged from the emergency department.

Abstract Study Objective: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) improve airflow and decrease symptoms in patients with chronic asthma. We examined whether high-dose inhaled flunisolide would have similar benefits after an emergency department visit for acute asthma. Methods: Over a 16-month period at one inner-city ED, we documented 551 eligible patients (acute asthma; age 18 to 50 years; no ICs in past week; no oral corticosteroids in past month; and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] Results: Despite precautions, 28% (16 receiving flunisolide and 13 receiving placebo) of patients were completely lost to follow-up, 2 patients had only one follow-up (day 3), 2 patients receiving flunisolide withdrew because of medication-related bronchospasm, and 4 patients in each group experienced relapse. Among the 63 remaining patients, we found no difference between flunisolide and placebo at day 24 follow-up in percent predicted PEFR (87% versus 83% on day 24, P =.36; difference 4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] –5% to 13%). Nocturnal wheezing and nocturnal albuterol inhaler use was higher among patients receiving flunisolide than those receiving placebo on day 24 (48% versus 18% for nocturnal wheezing, P =.01; mean difference 30%, 95% CI 11% to 49%; 3.8 versus 1.4 nocturnal albuterol puffs, P =.03; mean difference 2.4 puffs, (95% CI 0.2 to 4). Levels of dyspnea, cough, and overall well-being were similar between the flunisolide and placebo groups. Conclusion: Addition of high-dose inhaled flunisolide to standard therapy does not benefit inner-city patients with acute asthma in the first 24 days after ED discharge. Airway inflammation during acute asthma may require higher doses or more potent anti-inflammatory agents. [Brenner BE, Chavda KK, Camargo CA Jr. Randomized trial of inhaled flunisolide versus placebo among asthmatic patients discharged from the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. November 2000;36:417-426.]
Boundary element analysis of particle mobilities in a cylindrical channel: Network-based parallel computing with condor

Abstract A boundary element method featuring the Green's function for the circular cylinder has been used to compute particle hydrodynamic mobilities in a channel. The Green's function has very slowly converging Fourier-Bessel sums; consequently, construction of the integral equation kernel, i.e. the matrix assembly, accounts for essentially all of the CPU time in the sequential algorithm. A Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) model was used to assign the matrix assembly to N processors. The validity of the SPMD model was verified using Condor, a batch job scheduler designed to pool idle workstation cycles in the network. Our work is typical of many CPU intensive computations in engineering and suggests that a SPMD approach that uses idle resources over a network is an attractive option. Our results are in excellent agreement with established mobilities for simple test cases, and can he readily extended to more interesting geometries.
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure vinylcyclopropanes by SN2′ allylic carboxylate displacements

Abstract Enantiomerically pure vinylcyclopropanes were synthesized from selective palladium-catalyzed and copper-mediated S N 2′ nucleophilic reactions of chiral cyclopropyl lactones.
An inversion in the atmosphere of Titan

Abstract It is proposed that a large temperature inversion exists in the atmosphere of Titan due to absorption of solar radiation by small “dust” particles. A very simplified preliminary analysis indicates that this inversion model can expain the high infrared brightness temperatures in the absence of a greenhouse effect.
Compensating balance requirements and the firm's demand for transactions balances

Previous analyses of the conditions for the rationality of the use of compensating balance requirements have been stated in terms of the relationship between the firm's normal transactions balance and the required compensating balance. However, these papers fail to recognize the interdependence between the required compensating balance and the firm's optimum transactions balance. Our paper incorporates a required compensating balance into the control limits model of Miller and Orr (1966). Our results demonstrate that the average level of transactions balances and the expected opportunity cost of maintaining these balances are non-decreasing functions of the required compensating balance, thus strengthening the case against their rationality.
A Survey for Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the Upper Scorpius OB Association

The Upper Scorpius association is the OB association nearest to the Sun (145 pc). Its young age (~5 Myr) makes it an ideal place to search for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, as these objects should be relatively bright. We have performed a photometric search for the low-mass members of the association, using the R, I, and Z filters. The completeness limit is I ~ 18.5, and the saturation limit is I ~ 13. We obtain 138 candidate members, covering nearly the entire M spectral type range. We find an excess of brown dwarf candidates over the number predicted by a Miller-Scalo initial mass function. In addition, we have performed infrared imaging and low-resolution optical spectroscopy of selected candidates. We find that the infrared observations confirm the spectral types obtained with the optical photometry. Furthermore, we find Hα in emission in 20 of the 22 objects observed spectroscopically. As Hα is an indicator of youth, we believe that these 20 objects may belong to the association. One of them, UScoCTIO 128, has a very strong and constant Hα line (equivalent width -130 A), and its position in the color-magnitude diagram suggests that it is a brown dwarf with mass 0.02 M⊙. Confirmation of this and the other candidates will have to wait for higher resolution observations that can reveal spectroscopic mass indicators such as Li I and gravity indicators such as K I and the subordinate lines of Na I.
Highly stereoselective and general synthesis of (z)-3-methyl-2-alken-1-ols via palladium-catalyzed cross coupling of (z)-3-iodo-2-buten-1-ol with organozincs and other organometals

Abstract The reaction of Zn-protected (Z)-3-iodo-2-buten-1-ol with organozincs in the presence of 1–5 mol% of a Pd complex, e.g., Pd(PPh3)4 or Cl2Pd(PPh3)2 and n-BuLi (2 equiv), in DMF provides a highly stereoselective (> -96%), general, and high-yielding procedure for preparing (Z)-3-methyl-2-alken-1-ols, while the use of organometals containing B and Sn along with a Pd catalyst or organocoppers alone gives the desired products in moderate to good yields.
A Stellar Mass Threshold for Quenching of Field Galaxies

We demonstrate that dwarf galaxies (107 Mr > –18) with no active star formation are extremely rare (<0.06%) in the field. Our sample is based on the NASA-Sloan Atlas which is a reanalysis of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 8. We examine the relative number of quenched versus star-forming dwarf galaxies, defining quenched galaxies as having no Hα emission (EWHα < 2 A) and a strong 4000 A break. The fraction of quenched dwarf galaxies decreases rapidly with increasing distance from a massive host, leveling off for distances beyond 1.5 Mpc. We define galaxies beyond 1.5 Mpc of a massive host galaxy to be in the field. We demonstrate that there is a stellar mass threshold of M stellar < 1.0 × 109 M ☉ below which quenched galaxies do not exist in the field. Below this threshold, we find that none of the 2951 field dwarf galaxies are quenched; all field dwarf galaxies show evidence for recent star formation. Correcting for volume effects, this corresponds to a 1σ upper limit on the quenched fraction of 0.06%. In more dense environments, quenched galaxies account for 23% of the dwarf population over the same stellar mass range. The majority of quenched dwarf galaxies (often classified as dwarf elliptical galaxies) are within 2 virial radii of a massive galaxy, and only a few percent of quenched dwarf galaxies exist beyond 4 virial radii. Thus, for galaxies with stellar mass less than 1.0 × 109 M ☉, ending star formation requires the presence of a more massive neighbor, providing a stringent constraint on models of star formation feedback.
Scope of the Suzuki−Miyaura Aminoethylation Reaction Using Organotrifluoroborates

Potassium β-aminoethyltrifluoroborates were prepared in good yields via hydroboration of the corresponding enecarbamates using the Snieckus hydroborating reagent. A wide variety of phenethylamines containing a potentially free primary amine after appropriate deprotection have been successfully prepared in good yield using these organotrifluoroborates as partners in Suzuki−Miyaura coupling with aryl bromides, iodides, and triflates.
An Introduction to Applicable Game Theory

This paper offers an introduction to game theory for applied economists. I try to give simple definitions and intuitive examples of the basic kinds of games and their solution concepts. There are four kinds of games: static or dynamic, and complete or incomplete information. ( Complete information means there is no private information.) The corresponding solution concepts are: Nash equilibrium in static games of complete information; backwards induction (or subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium) in dynamic games of complete information; Bayesian Nash equilibrium in static games with incomplete information; and perfect Bayesian (or sequential) equilibrium in dynamic games with incomplete information. The main theme of the paper is that these solution concepts are closely linked. As we consider progressively richer games, we progressively strengthen the solution concept, to rule out implausible equilibria in the richer games that would survive if we applied solution concepts available for simpler games. In each case, the stronger solution concept differs from the weaker concept only for the richer games, not for the simpler games.
Periodic Photometric Variability in the Becklin-Neugebauer Object

The Becklin-Neugebauer object (BN) in the Orion Nebula cluster is a well-studied, optically invisible, infrared-bright young stellar object that is thought to be an intermediate-mass protostar. We report here that BN exhibited nearly sinusoidal periodic variability at the near-infrared H and K_s bands during a 1 month observing campaign in 2000 March/April. The period was 8.28 days, and the peak-to-peak amplitude was ~0.2 mag. Plausible mechanisms for producing the observed variability characteristics are explored.
The impact of the 2001 financial crisis and the economic policy responses on the Argentine mortgage market

Abstract Following the 2001 financial crisis, the government of Argentina instituted economic policies to soften the adverse impact of the crisis on the economy. In this paper, we use loan-level data to empirically assess the impact of the currency devaluation and the economic response policies on prepayment and default patterns of residential mortgages in Argentina. On the one hand, our results reveal a significant higher prepayment rate of borrowers who are relatively wealthy or have a US$-denominated mortgage. On the other hand, we observe a significantly higher default rate of borrowers who are less wealthy or have Peso-denominated mortgage.
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING SHOCK AND DETONATION WAVES

CORRTEX (Continuous Reflectometry for Radius Versus Time Experiments), SLIFER (Shorted Location Indication by Frequency of Electrical Resonance), and pin probes were used to monitor several conditions of blasting such as the detonation velocity of the explosive, the functioning of the stemming column confining the explosive, and rock mass motion. CORRTEX is a passive device that employs time-domain reflectometry to interrogate the two-way transit time of a coaxial cable. SLIFER is an active device that monitors the changing frequency resulting from a change in length of a coaxial cable forming an element of an oscillator circuit. Pin probes in this application consist of RG-174 coaxial cables, each with an open circuit, placed at several known locations within the material. Each cable is connected to a pulse-forming network and a voltage source. When the cables are shorted by the advancing wave, time-distance data are produced from which a velocity can be computed. This paper describes each technique, installation of the gauge, examples of the signals, and interpretation of the records. 11 refs., 11 figs.
2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl 4-methylphenyl ketone as a SET probe

Abstract 2,2-Dimethylcyclopropyl 4-methylphenyl ketone in the presence of SmI 2 and DMPU is a good SET probe. The ortho positions of the aromatic ring provide a good source to trap the newly formed tertiary radical.
Spinodal decomposition in finite temperature SU(2) and SU(3)

Abstract After a rapid increase in temperature across the deconfinement temperature T d to temperatures T ⪢ T d , pure gauge theories exhibit unstable long wavelength fluctuations in the approach to equilibrium. This phenomenon is analogous to spinodal decomposition observed in condensed matter physics, and also seen in models of disordered chiral condensate formation. At high temperature, the unstable modes occur only in the range 0 k k c , where k c is on the order of the Debye screening mass m D . Equilibration always occurs via spinodal decomposition for SU (2). For SU (3) at T near T d , nucleation replaces spinodal decomposition as the dominant equilibration mechanism. Monte Carlo simulations of SU (2) and SU (3) lattice gauge theories exhibit the predicted phenomena. For SU (2), the observed value of k c is in reasonable agreement with a value predicted from previous lattice measurements of m D .
Generalized ensemble simulations for complex systems

Abstract The most efficient MC weights for the calculation of physical, canonical expectation values are not necessarily those of the canonical ensemble. The use of suitably generalized ensembles can lead to a much faster convergence of the simulation. Although not realized by nature, these ensembles can be implemented on computers. In recent years generalized ensembles have in particular been studied for the simulation of complex systems. For these systems it is typical that conflicting constraints lead to free energy barriers, which fragment the configuration space. Examples of major interest are spin glasses and proteins. In my overview I first comment on the strengths and weaknesses of a few major approaches, multicanonical simulations, transition variable methods, and parallel tempering. Subsequently, two applications are presented: a new analysis of the Parisi overlap distribution for the 3D Edwards–Anderson Ising spin glass and the helix-coil transition of amino-acid homo-oligomers.
Electron cyclotron discharge cleaning (ECDC) experiments on Alcator C-Mod

Abstract Experiments were performed on Alcator C-Mod with electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmas to help determine their applicabilty to a fusion reactor. Strong radial inhomogeneity of the plasma density was measured, decreasing by a factor of ten a few centimeters inside the resonance location, but remaining approximately constant ( n e ≈10 16 m −3 ) outside the resonance location. Electron temperature remained mostly constant outside the resonance location, T e ≈10 eV ; ion temperature increased outside the resonance location from T i ≈2 eV to 10 eV. Toroidal asymmetries in ion saturation current density were observed, indicating local toroidal plasma flow. The ECR plasma was used to remove a diamond-like carbon coating from a stainless-steel sample. Removal rates peaked at 4.2±0.4 nm/h with the sample a few centimeters outside the resonance location. Removal rates decreased inside and further outside the resonance location. The plasma did not remove the carbon from the sample uniformly, possibly due to plasma flow. Yields were calculated ( Y ≈10 −3 ) to be lower than other published results for chemical sputtering of deuterium ions on carbon, possibly due to toroidally asymmetric plasma conditions.
A New Approach to Universality Limits Involving Orthogonal Polynomials

We show how localization and smoothing techniques can be used to establish universality in the bulk of the spectrum for a fixed positive measure /x on [? 1,1]. Assume that ji is a regular measure, and is absolutely continuous in an open interval containing some point x. Assume moreover, that /z' is positive and continuous at x. Then universality for /x holds at x. If the hypothesis holds for x in a compact subset of (?1,1), universality holds uniformly for such x. Indeed, this follows from universality for the classical Legendre weight. We also establish universality in an Lp sense under weaker assumptions on fi.
Formulation of chiral gauge theories

We present a formulation of chiral gauge theories, which admits more general spectra of Dirac operators and reveals considerably more possibilities for the structure of the chiral projections. Our two forms of correlation functions both also apply in the presence of zero modes and for any value of the index. The decomposition of the total set of pairs of bases into equivalence classes is carefully analyzed. Transformation properties are derived.
Real-Time Particle Image Velocimetry for Feedback Loops Using FPGA Implementation

Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is well established as a ∞uid dynamics measurement tool, being capable of non-intrusively and concurrently measuring a distributed velocity flled. Yet the intensive computational requirements of PIV limit its usage almost exclusively to ofi-line processing, analysis and modelling. This paper proposes hardware implementation of the cross-correlation algorithm as a means to make real-time PIV available for closed-loop control. This paper introduces a real-time PIV system which exploits the low-level parallelism of the cross-correlation computation by implementing it with reconflgurable hardware. The system processes 15 complete image pairs per second, which is more than 70 times speedup over a sequential software implementation. Moreover, our hardware structure can be easily expanded to a more parallel design for faster processing given su‐cient hardware resources. This design can be reused with only minor modiflcations for difierent image sizes and interrogation areas.
MaizeRouter : Engineering an Effective Global Router

In this paper, we present the complete design and architectural details of MaizeRouter. MaizeRouter reflects a significant leap in progress over existing publicly available routing tools yet relies upon relatively simple operations, including extreme edge shifting, a technique aimed primarily at the efficient reduction of routing congestion, and edge retraction, a counterpart to extreme edge shifting that serves to reduce unnecessary wirelength. We present enhanced variations of these operations to enable the rapid exploration of candidate paths, along with a form of dynamic cost deflation that provides our various path computation procedures with progressively more accurate (and less optimistic) cost information as search continues. These algorithmic contributions are built upon a framework of interdependent net decomposition, a representation that improves upon traditional two-pin net decomposition by preventing duplication of routing resources while enabling cheap and incremental topological reconstruction. Collectively, these operations permit a broad search space that previous algorithms have been unable to achieve, resulting in solutions of considerably higher quality than those of well-established routers.
Solar Production of Hydrogen Using “Self-Assembled” Polyoxometalate Photocatalysts

The near-term and cost-effective production of solar hydrogen from inexpensive and readily available hydrogen containing compounds (HCCs) can boost the prospects of future hydrogen economy. In this paper, we assess the prospects of the solar-assisted conversion of HCCs into hydrogen using polyoxometalate (POM) based photocatalysts, such as isopolytungstates (IPT) and silicotungstic acid (STA). Upon exposure to solar photons, IPT aqueous solutions containing various HCCs (e.g., alcohols, alkanes, organic acids, sugars, etc.) produce hydrogen gas and corresponding oxygenated compounds. The presence of small amounts of colloidal platinum increases the rate of hydrogen evolution by one order of magnitude. A solar photocatalytic flat-bed reactor, approximately 1.2 m X 1.2 m in size, was fabricated and tested for the production of hydrogen from water-alcohol solutions containing IPT and STA and small amounts of colloidal Pt. The solar photoreactor tests demonstrated steady-state production of hydrogen gas for several days. IPT immobilized on granules of anion exchange resins with quaternary ammonium active groups show good photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production from water-alcohol solutions exposed to near-UV or solar radiation.
Photonic Multilayer Sensors from Photo‐Crosslinkable Polymer Films

Colorimetric temperature sensors are prepared from photo-crosslinkable polymers by sequentially spin-coating and crosslinking alternating layers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(para-methyl styrene). Layer thicknesses and copolymer chemistries are chosen to provide robust colorimetric temperature sensors that cover nearly the full visible spectrum.
Effect of the Milky Way on magellanic cloud structure

A combination of analytic models and n-body simulations implies that the structural evolution of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is dominated by its dynamical interaction with the Milky Way. Although expected at some level, the scope of the involvement has significant observational consequences. First, LMC disk orbits are torqued out of the disk plane, thickening the disk and populating a spheroid. The torque results from direct forcing by the Milky Way tide and, indirectly, from the drag between the LMC disk and its halo resulting from the induced precession of the LMC disk. The latter is a newly reported mechanism that can affect all satellite interactions. However, the overall torque does not isotropize the stellar orbits, and their kinematics remains disklike. Such a kinematic signature is observed for nearly all LMC populations. The extended disk distribution is predicted to increase the microlensing toward the LMC. Second, the disk's binding energy slowly decreases during this process, puffing up and priming the outer regions for subsequent tidal stripping. Because the tidally stripped debris will be spatially extended, the distribution of stripped stars is much more extended than the H I Magellanic Stream. This is consistent with upper limits to stellar densities in the gas stream and suggests a different strategy for detecting the stripped stars. Finally, the mass loss over several LMC orbits is predicted by n-body simulation, and the debris extends to tens of kiloparsecs from the tidal boundary. Although the overall space density of the stripped stars is low, the possible existence of such intervening populations has recently been reported and may be detectable using 2MASS.
Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate modulates differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into specific lineage effector cells

CD4+ T helper (Th) subsets Th1, Th9, and Th17 cells are implicated in inducing autoimmunity whereas regulatory T cells (Treg) have a protective effect. We and others have previously shown that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and alters CD4+ T cell subpopulations. In this study, we investigated how EGCG impacts differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into different effector lineages and report that EGCG impeded Th1, Th9, and Th17 differentiation and prevented IL-6-induced suppression of Treg development. We further showed that EGCG inhibited T-bet, PU.1, and RORγt, the specific transcription factors for Th1, Th9, and Th17 differentiation, respectively. These effects, in turn, may be mediated by EGCG-induced downregulation of transducers p-STAT1 and p-STAT4 for Th1, and p-STAT3 for Th17. EGCG-induced change in Th17/Treg balance may be mediated by its inhibition of IL-6 signaling because EGCG inhibited soluble IL-6R, membrane gp130, and IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3. This notion was further supported by the in vivo results showing inhibited IL-6 and soluble IL-6R but increased soluble gp130 levels in plasma from EAE mice fed EGCG. Together, our results suggest that EGCG modulates development of CD4+ T cell lineages through impacting their respective and interactive regulatory networks ultimately leading to an attenuated autoimmune response.
Cor Pulmonale: A Semantic Consideration, with Brief Notes on Diagnosis and Treatment

SUMMARY Since the term cor pulmonale was first introduced a quarter century ago, it has come to mean different things to different people. A more rational approach to the semantology of the term is suggested. On this basis, cor pulmonale is defined as “right ventricular hypertrophy due to a disordered pulmonary circulation,” regardless of the cause. “Pulmonary heart disease,” “emphysema heart” and “pulmonary hypertensive heart disease,” are types of cor pulmonale; each refers to right ventricular hypertrophy of more or less specific origin. Brief notes on diagnosis and treatment are presented.
Sparse random graphs: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

In this paper, we prove the semi-circular law for the eigenvalues of regular random graph Gn,d in the case d →∞, complementing a previous result of McKay for fixed d. We also obtain a upper bound on the infinity norm of eigenvectors of Erdős–Renyi random graph G(n,p), answering a question raised by Dekel–Lee–Linial. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2012 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planetary Nebulae in Face-On Spiral Galaxies. I. Planetary Nebula Photometry and Distances

As the first step to determine disk mass-to-light ratios for normal spiral galaxies, we present the results of an imaging survey for planetary nebulae (PNe) in six nearby, face-on systems: IC 342, M74 (NGC 628), M83 (NGC 5236), M94 (NGC 4736), NGC 5068, and NGC 6946. Using Blanco/Mosaic II and WIYN/OPTIC, we identify 165, 153, 241, 150, 19, and 71 PN candidates, respectively, and use the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) to obtain distances. For M74 and NGC 5068, our distances of -->8.6 ± 0.3 and -->5.4+0.2−0.4 Mpc are the first reliable estimates to these objects; for IC 342 ( -->3.5 ± 0.3 Mpc), M83 ( -->4.8 ± 0.1 Mpc), M94 ( -->4.4+0.1−0.2 Mpc), and NGC 6946 ( -->6.1 ± 0.6 Mpc) our values agree well with those in the literature. In the larger systems, we find no evidence for any systematic change in the PNLF with galactic position, although we do see minor field-to-field variations in the luminosity function. In most cases, these changes do not affect the measurement of distance, but in one case the fluctuations result in a ~0.2 mag shift in the location of the PNLF cutoff. We discuss the possible causes of these small-scale changes, including internal extinction in the host galaxies and age/metallicity changes in the underlying stellar population.
Lewis acid-promoted friedel-crafts alkylation reactions with α-ketophosphate electrophiles

The BF(3).OEt(2)-promoted nucleophilic substitution of alpha-aryl-alpha-ketophosphates to afford alpha,alpha-diaryl ketone products is described. Electron-rich alpha-ketophosphates perform best, with electron-neutral and electron-poor substrates also tolerated. The reaction is tolerant of a range of aromatic, heteroaromatic, and nonaromatic nucleophiles, with yields ranging from 44% to 84%. Enantioenriched starting material yields racemic product, suggesting an S(N)1 pathway via an acylcarbenium ion.
Dynamical systems method for solving linear finite-rank operator equations

A version of the dynamical systems method (DSM) for solving ill-condi- tioned linear algebraic systems is studied. An a priori and an a posteriori stopping rules are justied. An iterative scheme is constructed for solving ill-conditioned linear algebraic systems.
Jets as a probe of dense matter at RHIC

Jet quenching in the matter created in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions provides a tomographic tool to probe the medium properties. Recent experimental results on jet production at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) are reviewed. Jet properties in p+p and d+Au collisions have been measured, establishing the baseline for studying jet modification in heavy-ion collisions. Current progress on detailed studies of high transverse momentum production in Au+Au collisions is discussed, with an emphasis on dihadron correlation measurements.
Selective benzylation of alcohols and amines under mild conditions

Abstract A new synthesis of benzyl ethers and N-benzylamines is described under nonbasic conditions using the fluoboric acid catalyzed reaction of phenyldiazomethane.
Highly Efficient Synthesis and Solid-State Characterization of 1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(alkyl- and arylamino)benzenes and Cyclization to Their Respective Benzobis(imidazolium) Salts

[reaction: see text] New synthetic methodology to a variety of 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzenes and their corresponding benzobis(imidazolium) salts has been accomplished. Palladium-catalyzed coupling of various 1,2,4,5-tetrabromo- or 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzenes with aryl- or tert-alkylamines afforded the respective tetrakis(N-substituted)aminobenzenes in excellent yields. This enabled comparative solid-state structural analyses of this elusive class of electron-rich arenes with their oxidized derivatives. The tetraamines were found to undergo formylative cyclization to the corresponding benzobis(imidazolium) salts in good to excellent yields.
Monitoring Microbial Corrosion in Large Oilfield Water Systems

Monitoring of microbial corrosion is always difficult because of the sessile nature of bacteria and the lack of meaningful correlation between routine bacteria counts and bacterial activity. This problem is further aggravated in a large oilfield water system because of its size and sampling difficulties. This paper discusses some monitoring techniques currently used in the oil industry, their limitations and the possible areas for improvement. These suggested improvements either are presently being implemented or will be implemented in the Aramco systems.
Syntheses and characterization of some solid-state actinide (Th, U, Np) compounds

In this Perspective we discuss a variety of methods that are broadly applicable to the syntheses of solid-state compounds. To illustrate the application of these methods we use solid-state actinide compounds, an area of chemistry that has been the focus of this laboratory for the last decade. We have synthesized single crystals, primarily of actinide chalcogenide compounds, by a variety of techniques. The benefits and drawbacks of each will be discussed in detail. Because of their propensity towards high coordination numbers and their ability to take on a variety of formal oxidation states, actinide compounds adopt structures illustrated here that are often different from those adopted by transition-metal or even lanthanide compounds. Often, there are corresponding differences in their physical properties, and these are touched upon here.
On two related questions of Wilf concerning Standard Young Tableaux

We consider two questions of Wilf related to Standard Young Tableaux. We provide a partial answer to one question, and that will lead us to a more general answer to the other question. Our answers are purely combinatorial.
Landscape Implications of Extended Higgs Models

From several points of view, it is strongly suggested that the current universe is unstable and will ultimately decay to one that is exactly supersymmetric (SUSY). The possibility that atoms and molecules form in this future universe requires that the degenerate electron/selectron mass is non-zero and hence that electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) survives the phase transition to exact SUSY. However, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and several of its extensions have no EWSB in the SUSY limit. Among the extended Higgs models that have been discussed, one stands out in this regard. The Higgs sector that is revealed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will therefore have implications for the future universe. We also address the question as to whether the transition to the exact SUSY phase with EWSB is exothermic.
Designing fee tables for retail delivery services by third-party logistics providers

Manufacturers are increasingly relying on third-party logistics service providers to distribute their products to retail stores. Fee tables, specifying how much to pay for each delivery based on weight and distance, are commonly used as the basis for compensating distributors for their delivery services. This article proposes and solves an optimization model to help a large building products manufacturer design an appropriate fee table for payments to its distributors for delivering products from regional distribution centers to retail stores. Given the distance and the distribution of shipment weights to each store served by every distribution center, the model selects the weight and distance ranges of the fee table and sets the fees for each combination of ranges to minimize total distribution costs while satisfying fee structure requirements and ensuring adequate total compensation for each distributor. Since the problem is difficult to solve using commercial solvers, we develop a tailored approach to ...
Future scientific software systems

What does the future hold for scientific software systems? Lacking a crystal ball, the author nonetheless offers predictions about problem solving, computing power and development methodologies that can serve as signposts.
Spectral analysis of groove spacing on Ganymede

A quantitative analysis of groove spacing on Ganymede is described. Fourier transforms of a large number of photometric profiles across groove sets are calculated and the resulting power spectra are examined for the position and strength of peaks representing topographic periodicities. The geographic and global statistical distribution of groove wavelengths are examined, and these data are related to models of groove tectonism. It is found that groove spacing on Ganymede shows an approximately long-normal distribution with a minimum of about 3.5 km, a maximum of about 17 km, and a mean of 8.4 km. Groove spacing tends to be quite regular within a single groove set but can vary substantially from one groove set to another within a single geographic region.
Nonlinear Hyperbolic Equations in Infinite Homogeneous Waveguides

ABSTRACT In this paper we prove global and almost global existence theorems for nonlinear wave equations with quadratic nonlinearities in infinite homogeneous waveguides. We can handle both the case of Dirichlet boundary conditions and Neumann boundary conditions. In the case of Neumann boundary conditions we need to assume a natural nonlinear Neumann condition on the quasilinear terms. The results that we obtain are sharp in terms of the assumptions on the dimensions for the global existence results and in terms of the lifespan for the almost global results. For nonlinear wave equations, in the case where the infinite part of the waveguide has spatial dimension three, the hypotheses in the theorem concern whether or not the Laplacian for the compact base of the waveguide has a zero mode or not.
ASIC-hardware-focused comparison for hash functions MD5, RIPEMD-160, and SHS

The hash functions MD5, RIPEMD-160, and SHA-1/224/256/384/512 were implemented by using a 0.13-µm CMOS standard cell library with two synthesis options, area and speed optimizations, and their performances were evaluated. The smallest circuit of 8.0 Kgates with a throughput of 934 Mbps, and the highest throughput of 2.9 Gbps with 27.3 Kgates were obtained for SHA-1 and SHA- 384/512, respectively. In terms of overall performance with consideration of the security levels, we conclude that SHA-256 is the best algorithm, with compact circuits of 11.5-15.3 Kgates and high throughputs of 1.1-2.4 Gbps. Our implementations also showed the highest throughputs for all of the hash functions in comparison with the state of the art. These high performance hardware implementations can also be used to break hash functions. Therefore, we evaluated the hardware cost to break the most popular hash function SHA-1, and it was estimated that SHA-1 would be broken in 25 days with a $1 million budget.
Political Influence and Declarations of Bank Insolvency in Japan

This paper investigates how politics affects bank supervision by examining determinants of bank failures in Japan during 1999–2002, a period during which bank regulators were called upon to resolve insolvent banks in preparation for the lifting of a blanket deposit guarantee. The empirical results suggest that Japan's bank regulators had tendency to delay declarations of insolvency in prefectures that supported senior politicians of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). This result, which is robust to a host of bank-level and prefecture-level controls, suggests that bank supervision is prone to political influence that delays efficient resolution of insolvency.
From Steiner Formulas for Cones to Concentration of Intrinsic Volumes

The intrinsic volumes of a convex cone are geometric functionals that return basic structural information about the cone. Recent research has demonstrated that conic intrinsic volumes are valuable for understanding the behavior of random convex optimization problems. This paper develops a systematic technique for studying conic intrinsic volumes using methods from probability. At the heart of this approach is a general Steiner formula for cones. This result converts questions about the intrinsic volumes into questions about the projection of a Gaussian random vector onto the cone, which can then be resolved using tools from Gaussian analysis. The approach leads to new identities and bounds for the intrinsic volumes of a cone, including a near-optimal concentration inequality.
Spectral norm of products of random and deterministic matrices

We study the spectral norm of matrices W that can be factored as W = BA, where A is a random matrix with independent mean zero entries and B is a fixed matrix. Under the (4 + e)th moment assumption on the entries of A, we show that the spectral norm of such an m × n matrix W is bounded by $${\sqrt{m} + \sqrt{n}}$$ , which is sharp. In other words, in regard to the spectral norm, products of random and deterministic matrices behave similarly to random matrices with independent entries. This result along with the previous work of Rudelson and the author implies that the smallest singular value of a random m × n matrix with i.i.d. mean zero entries and bounded (4 + e)th moment is bounded below by $${\sqrt{m} - \sqrt{n-1}}$$ with high probability.
Functional and topological characterization of protein interaction networks

The elucidation of the cell’s large-scale organization is a primary challenge for post-genomic biology, and understanding the structure of protein interaction networks offers an important starting point for such studies. We compare four available databases that approximate the protein interaction network of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, aiming to uncover the network’s generic large-scale properties and the impact of the proteins’ function and cellular localization on the network topology. We show how each database supports a scale-free, topology with hierarchical modularity, indicating that these features represent a robust and generic property of the protein interactions network. We also find strong correlations between the network’s structure and the functional role and subcellular localization of its protein constituents, concluding that most functional and/or localization classes appear as relatively segregated subnetworks of the full protein interaction network. The uncovered systematic differences between the four protein interaction databases reflect their relative coverage for different functional and localization classes and provide a guide for their utility in various bioinformatics studies.
One Day on the Red Hills of Georgia”: The Effects of Immigration Status on Latino Migrants’ Experience of Discrimination, Utilization of Public Services, and Attitudes toward Acculturation

This study documents the experiences and identities of undocumented Spanish-speaking migrants in Georgia vis-a-vis their counterparts who have legal status. Structured interviews were used to collect data from 127 adults (49 percent undocumented at their time of arrival and 38 percent undocumented at the time of data collection) regarding their experience of discrimination, utilization of services, identity preferences, mental health, and beliefs in five domains: vulnerability, injustice, distrust, superiority, and helplessness. Significant immigration status differences emerged for education, income, utilization of some city services, and a few of the belief scales. However, the documented and undocumented samples were more similar than different.
A natural framework for bi-large neutrino mixing

In this talk I describe a natural framework for bi-large neutrino mixing within the context of two models – 1) a simple generalization of the MSSM and 2) an SO(10) model. Our starting point is the Frampton, Glashow, Yanagida [FGY] neutrino mass ansatz which can easily accomodate bi-large neutrino mixing. The main point of FGY, however, is to obtain a theory of neutrino masses with only one possible CP violating angle. They argue that the sign of the baryon asymmetry of the universe (assuming leptogenesis) is then correlated with CP asymmetries possibly observable in accelerator experiments. Unfortunately, there is a fly in the ointment. It was later shown by Raidal and Strumia [RS] that there is a sign ambiguity which frustrates the above correlation. We note that the Raidal-Strumia ambiguity is resolved in our models.
Transverse (spin) structure of hadrons

Abstract Parton distributions in impact parameter space, which are obtained by Fourier transforming GPDs, exhibit a significant deviation from axial symmetry when the target and/or quark are transversely polarized. Connections between this deformation and transverse single-spin asymmetries as well as with quark–gluon correlations are discussed. The sign of transverse deformation of impact parameter dependent parton distributions in a transversely polarized target can be related to the sign of the contribution from that quark flavor to the nucleon anomalous magnetic moment. Therefore, the signs of the Sivers function for u and d quarks, as well as the signs of quark–gluon correlations embodied in the polarized structure function g 2 can be understood in terms of the proton and neutron anomalous magnetic moments.
Chelation-controlled additions to α-silyloxy aldehydes: an autocatalytic approach.

The Felkin–Anh model has been widely accepted to describe stereochemical outcomes in nucleophilic additions to α-silyloxy carbonyl compounds. Herein, it is demonstrated that chelation-controlled additions can be performed using dialkylzinc reagents in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane with good to excellent diastereoselectivities. Ethyl zinc chloride, the Lewis acid responsible for promoting chelation, is generated in situ in an autocatalytic fashion. This approach circumvents its use in stoichiometric amounts.
L 2 Stability Estimates for Shock Solutions of Scalar Conservation Laws Using the Relative Entropy Method

We consider scalar nonviscous conservation laws with strictly convex flux in one spatial dimension, and we investigate the behavior of bounded L2 perturbations of shock wave solutions to the Riemann problem using the relative entropy method. We show that up to a time-dependent translation of the shock, the L2 norm of a perturbed solution relative to the shock wave is bounded above by the L2 norm of the initial perturbation.
Property and constitutional order: Land tenure reform and the future of the African state

The debate over land law reform in Africa has been framed as a referendum on the market - that is, as a debate pitting advocates of the growth-promoting individualization of property rights against those who call for protecting the livelihoods and subsistence rights of small farmers. This article argues that the prospect of land law reform also raises a complex bundle of constitutional issues. In many African countries, debates over land law reform are turning into referenda on the nature of citizenship, political authority, and the future of the liberal nation state itself. The article describes alternative land reform scenarios that are currently under debate, and identifies the constitutional implications of each. The practical salience of the issues is illustrated through reference to land reform politics in Cote d’Ivoire, Uganda, South Africa, and Tanzania.