cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolated granulocytic sarcoma of the nasopharynx: a case report and review of the literature

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is a rare extramedullary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It may also represent blastic transformation of myelodysplastic syndromes or myeloproliferative neoplasms. Although usually seen in the context of advanced and poorly controlled disease, it may also present as the first manifestation of illness, without concurrent bone marrow or blood involvement. In the medical literature, chloroma and GS are terms that have been used interchangeably with myeloid sarcoma. GS usually manifests as soft tissue or bony masses in several extracranial sites, such as bone, periosteum, and lymph nodes; involvement of the head and neck region is uncommon. We report a case of a woman with insidious onset of progressive nasal congestion and diminished hearing who was diagnosed with an isolated GS of the nasopharynx. With involved field radiotherapy, she achieved a complete remission of 12-months duration before being diagnosed with overt AML. She has remained disease-free for greater than 18 months following induction and consolidation chemotherapy. Through a MEDLINE®/PubMed® search we identified an additional 13 cases of nasopharyngeal GS. The median age was 37 years (range 1 to 81 years). The cases were equally distributed among the sexes. The most common presenting symptoms were conductive hearing loss and sinonasal congestion. Isolated GS was identified in six cases, and the median time from diagnosis of GS to AML was 12 months (range 3 to 48 months). The treatment varied, but responses were seen in all the patients who received chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy.
Delayed-gamma signature calculation for neutron-induced fission and activation using MCNPX, Part III: Transport theory

In Parts I and II, we presented the MCNPX Monte Carlo delayed-gamma theory and illustrative simulation results. The complexity and diversity of the relevant physics items can render the comprehension of their scope and interrelationship difficult. In Part III we augment the Monte Carlo formulation of Part I using transport theory as a means of showing the physics content for the MCNPX delayed-gamma feature.
A study of water and ammonia adsorption on silica supported Ni(II) using visible and near infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Near infrared and visible spectroscopy have been used to observe the overtone and combination vibrational spectra of adsorbed water and ammonia and the electronic spectra of silica-supported Ni(II). The local environment of Ni(II) has been found to depend upon the means of introduction of Ni(II) into the gel, sample heat treatment and the presence of adsorbed molecules. In general, Ni(II) occupies octahedral or distorted octahedral sites on the gel surface in which the coordinating ligands can be surface functional groups, adsorbed anions or adsorbed molecules. No evidence for tetrahedrally coordinated Ni(II) was found.
Acute adrenal insufficiency in the burn intensive care unit

Acute adrenal insufficiency may underlie a confusing, stormy, intensive care unit course after a burn. The aetiology is most likely to be adrenal haemorrhage despite the absence of a coagulopathy. This report describes two patients who were diagnosed antemortem and successfully treated with replacement therapy. The aetiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment of acute adrenal insufficiency in the intensive care unit is reviewed.
Knowing What a Word is

We seem naturally to think of “words” as definite units of language. Yet, on every hand there is continual confusion as to what constitutes a word. It is something quite different from a mere group of letters—unless or until a word is made out of them. And there is no clearer distinction in the structure of English than the difference between a compound word and a phrase. In much printed matter nowadays, however, these distinctions are largely ignored.
Audemes at work: Investigating features of non-speech sounds to maximize content recognition

To access interactive systems, blind users can leverage their auditory senses by using non-speech sounds. The structure of existing non-speech sounds, however, is geared toward conveying atomic operations at the user interface (e.g., opening a file) rather than evoking broader, theme-based content typical of educational material (e.g., an historical event). To address this problem, we investigate audemes, a new category of non-speech sounds whose semiotic structure and flexibility open new horizons for the aural interaction with content-rich applications. Three experiments with blind participants examined the attributes of an audeme that most facilitate the accurate recognition of their meaning. A sequential concatenation of different sound types (music, sound effect) yielded the highest meaning recognition, whereas an overlapping arrangement of sounds of the same type (music, music) yielded the lowest meaning recognition. We discuss seven guidelines to design well-formed audemes.
Assessment of pain during application of nasal-continuous positive airway pressure and heated, humidified high-flow nasal cannulae in preterm infants

Assessment of pain during application of nasal-continuous positive airway pressure and heated, humidified high-flow nasal cannulae in preterm infants
Centralization, Access, and Influence: The Reagan Administration and the Semiconductor Industry's Trade Complaints

This article explores how the relative centralization of decisionmaking authority can affect a societal group's ability to achieve its interests. It examines the US semiconductor industry's efforts to persuade the Reagan administration to press Japan on its import barriers and its firms' trade practices. I find that the industry's eventual success was facilitated by an institutional change that centralized the structure of decisionmaking authority. Centralization proved more favorable to the industry's influence in this case because it reduced the number of competing state interests involved in policymaking and concentrated authority in state units that shared the industry's preferences. To account for the change in this structure I focus on the interplay between government officials and policy windows. The analysis suggests that centralization may under some conditions be more conducive than decentralized structures to societal influence, and that modest institutional changes can have significant policy implications.
Respiration and heart rate in exercising land crabs.

Abstract Land Crabs, Cardisoma guanhumi, were fitted with respiratory masks and E.C.G. electrodes and run for 10 or 20 min on a treadmill at speeds of 150 and 300 cm/min. Aerobic metabolism increased linearly with the speed of locomotion. The recovery period was characterized by a large oxygen debt. The primary respiratory adjustment to exercise was an increased ventilation volume; only a minor increase in oxygen extraction occurred. The respiratory exchange ratio increased during exercise and during recovery, presumably correlated with a metabolic acidosis. These results are similar to data collected for exercising vertebrates and the net cost of locomotion of crabs appears similar to quadrupeds. However, the heart rate in exercising crabs changed in an unexpected way: during moderate exercise no change was noted, but during heavy exercise a bradycardia developed. The reduction in rate resulted from an increased in interbeat interval and frequent pauses in the heart beat.
Understanding pH and Ionic Strength Effects on Aluminum Sulfate-Induced Microalgae Flocculation

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of pH and ionic strength of aluminum sulfate on the flocculation of microalgae. It was found that changing pH and ionic strength influenced algal flocculation by changing the zeta potential of cells, which was described by the classical theory of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO). For both algal species of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Nannochloropsis oculata, cells with lower total DLVO interaction energy had higher flocculation efficiency, indicating that the DLVO model was qualitatively accurate in predicting the flocculation of the two algae. However, the two algae responded differently to changing pH and ionic strength. The flocculation of N. oculata increased with increasing aluminum sulfate concentration and favored either low (pH 5) or high (pH 10) pH where cells had relatively low negative surface charges. For S. dimorphus, the highest flocculation was achieved at low ionic strength (1 μM) or moderate pH (pH 7.5) where cell surface charges were fully neutralized (zero zeta potential).
The Uniformity of Distribution of Phosphorus Compounds in Tablet Matrices Using Radioactive Tracer Techniques

Radioactive tracer techniques and statistical methods have been applied to study the uniformity of distribution of several additive phosphorus-32 labeled compounds in a lactose excipient in tablet matrices. Certain physical properties of the additive and excipient powders, the duration of mixing, methods of granulation and drying, solubility of the additive in the granulating agent, additive migration, and other factors, were studied for their effect on the uniformity of additive distribution.
ElectroCorticoGraphy (ECoG) acquisition exploiting signal characteristics for reduced power

We present two analog front-end circuits for acquiring ElectroCorticoGraphic (ECoG) signals from the brain for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). They exploit a priori knowledge of ECoG characteristics to reduce resolution requirements for digitization and transmission and thus power. The first saves 2 bits with a power overhead of 127 nW; the second theoretically saves up to 8.3 bits with overhead of 0.85 µW. Both are in 130 nm CMOS using a 1.2 V supply.
Subscapularis function after total shoulder replacement: Results with lesser tuberosity osteotomy

Until recently, little consideration was placed on the integrity of the subscapularis tendon after total shoulder arthroplasty. We have noted that several of our patients exhibited loss of internal rotation strength and subscapularis function after total shoulder arthroplasty utilizing an anatomic soft tissue repair of the subscapularis, both with and without bone tunnels. On the basis of those results, we began removing the subscapularis with a small piece of bone by a lesser tuberosity osteotomy in an attempt to achieve improved subscapularis function through bony healing at the repair site. A retrospective review of 28 patients (30 shoulders) was done of patients who had total shoulder arthroplasty performed between 2001 and 2003. The lesser tuberosity and attached subscapularis were repaired through bone tunnels in all cases. The mean follow-up was 1.1 years. Terminal internal rotation was evaluated by the belly-press examination. Subscapularis function was assessed by the patient's ability to tuck in a shirt behind the back, and 25 of 30 patients (83.3%) reported no difficulty. Belly-press examination results were normal in 18 of 30 patients (60%). Removal of the subscapularis through a lesser tuberosity osteotomy results in reliable restoration of internal rotation strength after total shoulder arthroplasty, as measured by the ability to perform a stomach press and to tuck in a shirt. In comparing these results with our earlier cohort of patients with similar demographics and postoperative rehabilitation that had soft tissue repair, improved results were seen in the group that underwent lesser tuberosity osteotomy.
Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations

Abstract. We combine in situ measurements of sea salt aerosols (SS) from open ocean cruises and ground-based stations together with aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from MODIS and AERONET, and the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to provide new constraints on SS emissions over the world's oceans. We find that the GEOS-Chem model using the Gong (2003) source function overestimates cruise observations of coarse mode SS mass concentrations by factors of 2–3 at high wind speeds over the cold waters of the Southern, North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Furthermore, the model systematically underestimates SS over the warm tropical waters of the Central Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. This pattern is confirmed by SS measurements from a global network of 15 island and coastal stations. The model discrepancy at high wind speeds (>6 m s −1 ) has a clear dependence on sea surface temperature (SST). We use the cruise observations to derive an empirical SS source function depending on both wind speed and SST. Implementing this new source function in GEOS-Chem results in improved agreement with in situ observations, with a decrease in the model bias from +64% to +33% for the cruises and from +32% to −5% for the ground-based sites. We also show that the wind speed-SST source function significantly improves agreement with MODIS and AERONET AOD, and provides an explanation for the high AOD observed over the tropical oceans. With the wind speed-SST formulation, global SS emissions show a small decrease from 5200 Mg yr −1 to 4600 Mg yr −1 , while the SS burden decreases from 9.1 to 8.5 mg m −2 . The spatial distribution of SS, however, is greatly affected, with the SS burden increasing by 50% in the tropics and decreasing by 40% at mid- and high-latitudes. Our results imply a stronger than expected halogen source from SS in the tropical marine boundary layer. They also imply stronger radiative forcing of SS in the tropics and a larger response of SS emissions to climate change than previously thought.
Sexing California Gulls Using Morphometrics and Discriminant Function Analysis

Abstract. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) model was developed with DNA sex verification so that external morphology could be used to sex 203 adult California Gulls (Larus californicus) in San Francisco Bay (SFB). The best model was 97% accurate and included head-to-bill length, culmen depth at the gonys, and wing length. Using an iterative process, the model was simplified to a single measurement (head-to-bill length) that still assigned sex correctly 94% of the time. A previous California Gull sex determination model developed for a population in Wyoming was then assessed by fitting SFB California Gull measurement data to the Wyoming model; this new model failed to converge on the same measurements as those originally used by the Wyoming model. Results from the SFB discriminant function model were compared to the Wyoming model results (by using SFB data with the Wyoming model); the SFB model was 7% more accurate for SFB California gulls. The simplified DFA model (head-to-bill length only) provided...
A thematic analysis of the experience of being in a role

The purpose of this study was to develop a thematic description of what individuals are aware of when asked to describe their experiences of enacting a social role. Undergraduate students (N = 139) were asked to list three situations in which they were aware of being in a role and then to describe one in detail. An interpretation of student responses yielded a thematic description defined by three aspects: (1) an ideal form (or template) for the role in question; (2) an experience of how well that form fit the person's body, sense of self, and/or other people in the relevant situation; and (3) a hyperawareness of body, self, and situation. Considered in terms of process, awareness of role seems best described as an experientially shifting gestalt in which the person is simultaneously or successively aware of the adequacy of fit between a specific role template and the person's body, present context, and/or experience of self and others in that situation.
Higgs production amidst the LHC detector

We investigate the spectacular collider signatures of macroscopically displaced, neutral particles that decay to Higgs bosons and missing energy. We show that such long-lived particles arise naturally in a very minimal extension of the Standard Model with only two new fermions with electroweak interactions. The lifetime of the long-lived neutral particles can range from 10^{-2} mm to 10^6 mm. In some regions of the parameter space, the exotic signals would have already been selected by the ATLAS and CMS triggers in their 7 and 8 TeV runs, hence hiding in the existing data. We also discuss the possibility of explaining the mild anomalies observed in the diphoton Higgs channel and the WW production at the LHC.
Atomic Layer Deposited Gallium Oxide Buffer Layer Enables 1.2 V Open-Circuit Voltage in Cuprous Oxide Solar Cells

The power conversion efficiency of solar cells based on copper (I) oxide (Cu2 O) is enhanced by atomic layer deposition of a thin gallium oxide (Ga2 O3 ) layer. By improving band-alignment and passivating interface defects, the device exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 1.20 V and an efficiency of 3.97%, showing potential of over 7% efficiency.
Functional protofilament numbering of ciliary, flagellar, and centriolar microtubules

This article discusses the current state of knowledge about the evolutionarily conserved structure of ciliary, flagellar and centriolar microtubules, and formally proposes a functional numbering convention for their protofilaments. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Exploiting Visual Quasi-periodicity for Automated Chewing Event Detection Using Active Appearance Models and Support Vector Machines

We present a method that automatically detects chewing events in surveillance video of a subject. Firstly, an Active Appearance Model (AAM) is used to track a subject’s face across the video sequence. It is observed that the variations in the AAM parameters across chewing events demonstrate a distinct periodicity. We utilize this property to discriminate between chewing and non-chewing facial actions such as talking. A feature representation is constructed by applying spectral analysis to a temporal window of model parameter values. The estimated power spectra subsequently undergo non-linear dimensionality reduction via spectral regression. The low-dimensional representations of the power spectra are employed to train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) binary classifier to detect chewing events. Experimental results yielded a cross validated percentage agreement of 93.4%, indicating that the proposed system provides an efficient approach to automated chewing detection.
A note on P-selective sets and closeness

Abstract We investigate the class of sets that form sparse symmetric differences with P-selective sets. Intuitively, this class (denoted by PSEL-close) comprises of sets that can, in a certain sense, be approximated by P-selective sets. A primary motivation behind the introduction of this new class is to unify the separate approaches that have been undertaken for sparse and P-selective sets. In order to establish PSEL-close as a distinct class, we first prove a theorem separating it from both the encompassing class of P/poly and the subclasses of P-selective and sparse sets. We then prove that no ⩽mp-hard set for E can be in PSEL-close. The proof of this theorem relies on techniques from the work of Berman and Hartmanis (1977) and Schoning (1986), and generalizes their results in a straightforward manner.
Two-dimensional quantum-dot helium in a magnetic field: Variational theory

A trial wave function for two-dimensional quantum-dot helium in an arbitrary perpendicular magnetic field (a system of two interacting electrons in a two-dimensional parabolic confinement potential) is introduced. A key ingredient of this trial wave function is a Jastrow pair correlation factor that has a displaced Gaussian form. The above choice of the pair correlation factor is instrumental in assuring the overall quality of the wave function at all values of the magnetic field. Exact numerical diagonalization results are used to gauge the quality of the proposed trial wave function. We find out that this trial wave function is an excellent representation of the true ground state at all values of the magnetic field including weak (or zero) and strong magnetic fields.
Practical alternatives for estimating the failure probabilities of censored life data

For censored life data, Kapur and Lamberson and O'Connor recommend the use of Johnson's formula for non-parametric estimation of the failure distribution, F(t). The formula is used to calculate the adjusted ranks of the recorded failures, which are input into the median rank estimation equation of F(t). It is our experience that Johnson's formula is fairly difficult for the reliability practitioner to understand and implement. Fortunately, an alternative formula has been developed which is much easier to use. It is demonstrated that the calculated adjusted ranks may be used in either the mean rank or median rank equations for the estimation of F(t). The question which we pose is the following: How does the performance of Johnson's estimator compare with that of the more commonly known and understood Kaplan-Meier, or product-limit, estimator?' To answer this question, the Kaplan-Meier procedure is evaluated with respect to its equivalent adjusted rank of recorded failures. The two procedures are determined to be equivalent with respect to adjusted rank criteria. Therefore, it is proved that with Johnson's estimator adapted for use with the mean rank estimator, the two procedures will yield identical estimates of the failure probabilities. Based upon this finding, it is our recommendation thatthe reliability practitioner use the alternative formula for generation of the adjusted ranks, followed by use of either the mean or median rank formula.
The Primacy of Interrelating: Practicing Ecological Psychology with Buber, Levinas, and Merleau-Ponty

This study explores the primacy of interrelating and its ecopsychological significance. Grounded in evidence from everyday experience, and in dialogue with the phenomenology of Martin Buber, Emmanuel Levinas, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, we discover that humans are inherently relational beings, not separate egoic subjects. When experienced intimately (not just conceptually), this realization may transform our (often pathological) interrelationship with the beings and presences in the community of nature. Specifically, interrelating is primary in three ways: 1) interrelating is always already here, transpiring from the beginning of the human species and human culture, from the beginning of every infant's life, and (most significantly) from the continuously arising beginning of every presencing moment; 2) the quality of our interrelating is truly what matters most, the most important expression of and facilitator of health, compassion, and justice for humankind and the rest of nature; and 3) interrelating is the ever-present path via which we discover/create and carry on our (inter)existence. Interrelating is an existential given—indeed we are our interrelating—yet we are summoned ethically to cultivate our way of interrelating so as to serve others and the non-human natural community. Thus interrelating is our essence, our calling, and our path.
Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of fut 1

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), targeting the vasculature may be beneficial to control the disease. Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are involved in a variety of functions in inflammation, including recruitment of leukocytes and cellular adhesion, antigen presentation, coagulation, cytokine production and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the growth of new vessels, is important for the proliferation of the rheumatoid synovial tissue pannus where these vessels also serve as a conduit for cells entering the inflamed synovium from the blood. We have shown before that the endothelial adhesion molecule E-selectin, in soluble form, mediates angiogenesis via its endothelial receptor sialyl Lewisx on adjacent endothelium [1]. We have used human RA synovial tissues to produce an antibody detecting related molecules, Lewisy/H-5-2, which are mainly known as blood group antigens but are also found on endothelium in select organs such as skin, lymph node and synovium, but not most other endothelium. This antigen is rapidly upregulated on endothelium in vitro in response to stimuli such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, that is present in the RA joint. Additionally, this antigen is upregulated on RA vs. normal synovial endothelial cells, and in soluble form is upregulated in RA synovial fluid vs. osteoarthritic synovial fluid. In soluble form, Lewisy/H-5-2 mediates angiogenesis, cell adhesion via intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte recruitment. Fucosyl transferases (fut1 and fut2) are enzymes that control the synthesis of Lewisy/H-5-2. We have examined fut1 deficient mice to determine if fucosylation is important in angiogenesis and arthritis. Fut1 gene deficient mouse endothelial cells did not form endothelial sprouts on Matrigel in vitro to the same extent as wild type mouse endothelial cells. Moreover, the fut1 gene deficient mice were resistant to the development of angiogenesis in the Matrigel plug and sponge granuloma angiogenesis models in vivo. In terms of arthritis development, the Lewisy/H-5-2 gene deficient mice were resistant to development of K/BxN arthritis. Moreover, the harvested joints of these mice had decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2 and interleukin-1 compared to wild type littermates, indicating that some inflammatory mediators were downregulated when fut1 was absent. These experiments suggest that futs may be important in the development of angiogenesis and inflammatory arthritis and that they may serve as novel targets in RA therapy.
Reactivation of Rheumatic Fever Following Mitral Commissurotomy

A febrile syndrome following mitral commissurotomy is described. This syndrome consists of the episodic recurrence of a combination of events first occurring after a variable latent phase following mitral commissurotomy and is uniformly characterized by precordial pain and fever, is commonly featured by the precipitation or intensification of pre-existing heart failure, is variably accompanied by migratory joint pains, arrhythmias, hemoptysis or psychosis and sometimes terminates in death. The syndrome was found to occur in 43 (24.0 per cent) of 179 consecutive individuals subjected to mitral commissurotomy. Because we have never encountered such a syndrome following any other type of nonrheumatic cardiac or pulmonary surgery and for other reasons we are compelled to regard it as a reactivation of rheumatic fever.
Results of comparative evaluations of various fused silica capillary GC columns for retention of tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Abstract Absolute retention times for all twenty-two tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin isomers and all thirty-eight tetra-chlorinated dibenzofuran isomers have been measured for several fused silica capillary GC columns coated with a variety of commercially available stationary phases. Data are reported for columns coated with 50% Cyano-propyl, 25% Phenylmethyl silicone (DB-225), 50% Trifluro-propylsilicone (SP-2401), and Polyethyleneglycol (DB-WAX). A two phase loading column for separation of 2,3,7,8-TCDF is presented.
Immune-complex induced prostaglandin production by monocytes of normal human subjects and cancer patients

Abstract Isolated cultures of mononuclear phagocytes from 12 humans (7 normal controls and 5 with cancer) produced prostaglandins (PGs) of the E series when stimulated with artificial immune complexes (HSA and anti-HSA). The amount of PGs produced by monocytes from breast cancer patients and macrophages from ascites fluid taken from patients with abdominal cancers was 4 fold that produced by blood monocytes from normal controls. Immune complex (IC) determinations from the serums of these humans (Raji cell method) showed that only patients in the advanced stages of the diseases, and none of the controls, had elevated levels of IC. In the presence of IC, there was noted a depression in the immune reactivity of mononuclear cell cultures, as determined by 3 H thymidine uptake following stimulation with PHA, Con A and PWM. The depressed blastogenic response was not in all instances fully reversed by the addition of indomethacin or aspirin, indicating that PGs were not the only causative factor. It is concluded that mononuclear phagocytes elaborate immunosuppressive factors in response to stimulation by immune complexes. One of these factors is PGE. Further, this results in a homeostatic regulation which prevents damage from IC deposition and may be, in part, responsible for immunosuppression of cancer patients.
Mechanisms and Consequences of Neutrophil Interaction with the Endothelium

Leukocyte recruitment into inflamed tissue proceeds in a cascade-like fashion. The first contact of neutrophils with the endothelium is mediated by selectins and their counterreceptors, followed by rolling of neutrophils along the endothelial wall of postcapillary venules and integrin-mediated arrest. While rolling, neutrophils collect different inflammatory signals that can activate several pathways. In addition to activation of neutrophils by ligation of G-protein-coupled receptors with chemokines and other chemoattractants, integrins and selectin ligands are also able to signal into the cell, where they initiate neutrophil extravasation, promote cytoskeletal rearrangement, and ultimately induce superoxide production and degranulation. These signaling pathways may be targeted by therapeutic interventions to inhibit specific functions of neutrophils without affecting others. This Review is focused on the signaling events during the interaction of neutrophils with the endothelium.
The ubiquitin-proteasome system in cardiac physiology and pathology.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the major nonlysosomal pathway for intracellular protein degradation, generally requiring a covalent linkage of one or more chains of polyubiquitins to the ...
Medical Expenditures for Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Privately Insured Population

This study provides estimates of medical expenditures for a subset of children and adolescents who receive employer-based health insurance and have a medical diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Data analyzed were from the 2003 MarketScan® research databases. Individuals with an ASD had average medical expenditures that exceeded those without an ASD by $4,110–$6,200 per year. On average, medical expenditures for individuals with an ASD were 4.1–6.2 times greater than for those without an ASD. Differences in median expenditures ranged from $2,240 to $3,360 per year with median expenditures 8.4–9.5 times greater. These findings add to a growing body of evidence that children and adolescents with medical diagnoses of an ASD incur elevated medical utilization and costs.
Aquaporins: Multiple Roles in the Central Nervous System

Aquaporins (AQPs) represent a diverse family of membrane proteins found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The primary aquaporins expressed in the mammalian brain are AQP1, which is densely packed in choroid plexus cells lining the ventricles, and AQP4, which is abundant in astrocytes and concentrated especially in the end-feet structures that surround capillaries throughout the brain and are present in glia limitans structures, notably in osmosensory areas such the supraoptic nucleus. Water movement in brain tissues is carefully regulated from the micro- to macroscopic levels, with aquaporins serving key roles as multifunctional elements of complex signaling assemblies. Intriguing possibilities suggest links for AQP1 in Alzheimer's disease, AQP4 as a target for therapy in brain edema, and a possible contribution of AQP9 in Parkinson's disease. For all the aquaporins, new contributions to physiological functions are likely to continue to be discovered with ongoing work in this rapidly expanding field of resea...
A comparative study of the mechanical properties, fracture behavior, creep, and shrinkage of high-volume fly ash concrete

The production of Portland cement – the key ingredient in concrete – generates a significant amount of carbon dioxide. However, due to its incredible versatility, availability, and relatively low cost, concrete is the most consumed manmade material on the planet. One method of reducing concrete’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is the use of fly ash to replace a significant amount of the cement. This study presents the results of an experimental investigation that compares the mechanical properties, fracture behavior, creep, and shrinkage of high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) – concrete with at least 50% of the cement replaced with fly ash – with conventional concrete (CC). The results show that the CC mix gains compressive strength more rapidly compared with the HVFAC mix. However, differences in compressive strength between both mixes decrease significantly with age. Also, the CC mix has higher creep and shrinkage compared with the HVFAC mix. Statistical data analyses (both parametric and non...
Androgen directs sexual differentiation of laryngeal innervation in developing Xenopus laevis.

In adult Xenopus laevis, innervation of the vocal organ is more robust in males than in females. This sex difference originates during tadpole development; at stage 56, when the gonads first differentiate, the number of axons entering the larynx is the same in the sexes, but by stage 62, innervation is greater in males. To determine if androgen secretion establishes sex differences in axon number, we treated tadpoles with antiandrogen or androgen beginning at stage 48 or 54 and counted laryngeal nerve axons at stage 62 using electron microscopy. When male tadpoles were treated with the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide, axon numbers were reduced to female-typical values; axon numbers in females were unaffected by antiandrogen treatment. When female tadpoles were treated with the androgen DHT (dihydrotestosterone), axon numbers were increased to male-like values. These findings suggest that endogenous androgen secretion during late tadpole stages in males is required for the sexual differentiation of laryngeal innervation observed from stage 62 on. Because androgen treatment and laryngeal innervation affect myogenesis in postmetamorphic frogs, numbers of laryngeal dilator muscle fibers were determined for hormonally manipulated tadpoles. At stage 62, vehicle-treated males had more laryngeal axons than females; laryngeal muscle fiber numbers did not, however, differ in the sexes. Both male and female tadpoles, treated from stage 54 with DHT, had more muscle fibers at stage 62 than vehicle-treated controls. Thus, while endogenous androgen secretion during late tadpole stages is subthreshold for the establishment of masculinized muscle fiber numbers, laryngeal myogenesis is androgen sensitive at this time and can be increased by suprathreshold provision of exogenous DHT. A subgroup of tadpoles, DHT treated from stage 54 to 62, was allowed to survive, untreated, until postmetamorphic stage 2 (PM2: 5 months after metamorphosis is complete). Androgen treatment between tadpole stages 54 and 62 does not prevent the ontogenetic decrease in axon numbers characteristic of laryngeal development. In addition, the elevation in stage 62 axon numbers produced by DHT-treatment at late tadpole stages was not associated with elevated numbers of laryngeal muscle fibers at PM2. Juvenile males normally maintain elevated axon numbers (relative to final adult values) through PM2 and the presence of these additional axons may result from-rather than contribute directly to—laryngeal muscle fiber addition. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seriation and multidimensional scaling: a data analysis approach to scaling asymmetric proximity matrices

A number of model-based scaling methods have been developed that apply to asymmetric proximity matrices. A flexible data analysis approach is pro posed that combines two psychometric procedures— seriation and multidimensional scaling (MDS). The method uses seriation to define an empirical order ing of the stimuli, and then uses MDS to scale the two separate triangles of the proximity matrix defined by this ordering. The MDS solution con tains directed distances, which define an "extra" dimension that would not otherwise be portrayed, because the dimension comes from relations between the two triangles rather than within triangles. The method is particularly appropriate for the analysis of proximities containing temporal information. A major difficulty is the computa tional intensity of existing seriation algorithms, which is handled by defining a nonmetric seriation algorithm that requires only one complete itera tion. The procedure is illustrated using a matrix of co-citations between recent presidents o...
Fast and accurate estimation of the population-scaled mutation rate, θ, from microsatellite genotype data

We present a new approach for estimation of the population-scaled mutation rate, θ, from microsatellite genotype data, using the recently introduced “product of approximate conditionals” framework. Comparisons with other methods on simulated data demonstrate that this new approach is attractive in terms of both accuracy and speed of computation. Our simulation experiments also demonstrate that, despite the theoretical advantages of full-likelihood-based methods, methods based on certain summary statistics (specifically, the sample homozygosity) can perform very competitively in practice.
REPORT OF A CONFERENCE ON THE PROPOSALS FOR REVISION OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, HELD BY THE CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH IN INCOME AND WEALTH

This report summarizes the proceedings of a series of meetings called by the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth of the National Bureau of Economic Research in June of 1966. The major conclusions of the conference, as transmitted to the Statistical Office of the United Nations, were as follows: (1) The aim of integrating the various parts of the system of national accounts, including input-output and financial transactions, is to be welcomed. (2) The more recently developed parts of the system need considerably more work to reach the same level of clarity and usefulness which the national income and product accounts have acquired. (3) Some simplification of the proposed basic system should be considered, involving the identification of a minimum of information that should and could be provided by all countries. (4) In line with the conference's overriding interest in national accounts as an instrument for economic analysis and a means of more informed policy formation, the proposed system needs considerable strengthening in the field of income distribution.
Proton Irradiation of 4H-SiC Ultraviolet Single Photon Avalanche Diodes

The effects of proton irradiation on uv 4H-SiC single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) are reported. The SPADs, grown by chemical vapor deposition, were designed for uv operation with dark count rates (DCR) of about 30 kHz and single photon detection efficiency (SPDE) of 4.89%. The SPADs were irradiated with 2 MeV protons to a fluence of 1012 cm-2. After irradiation, the I-V characteristics show forward voltage (1%) after irradiation. The SPADs demonstrated proton radiation tolerance for geosynchronous space applications.
Constraints on the Radial Velocity Curve of HDE 245770 = A0535+26

We present new radial velocity measurements from IUE high-dispersion spectra of HDE 245770, the Be companion of the X-ray transient binary system, A0535+26. We formally derive the semiamplitude of the star's binary motion by fitting the UV and published radial velocity measurements with the other orbital parameters fixed according to the neutron star orbit from CGRO/BATSE results. The observational errors are still too large to claim detection of the Be star orbital motion, but we use limits on the semiamplitude (K1 < 10.6 km s–1), a classification based on UV criteria (O9.5 III-Ve), and the derived projected rotational velocity (V sin i = 250±15 km s–1) to reassess the system masses.
Some promising compounds for adiabatic demagnetization

Measurements of the magnetic specific heat of a complex of cerium (III) iodide and antipyrine and of a complex of cerium (III) thiocyanate and triphenyl phosphine oxide indicate that both materials should produce lower limiting temperatures than cerium magnesium nitrate.
The Downs and Ups of Mechanistic Research: Circadian Rhythm Research as an Exemplar

In the context of mechanistic explanation, reductionistic research pursues a decomposition of complex systems into their component parts and operations. Using research on the mechanisms responsible for circadian rhythms, I consider both the gains that have been made by discovering genes and proteins that figure in these intracellular oscillators and also highlight the increasingly recognized need to understand higher-level integration, both between cells in the central oscillator and between the central and peripheral oscillators. This history illustrates a common need to complement reductionistic inquiry with investigations at higher-levels. Unlike most other accounts of reduction, the mechanistic framework accommodates this complementary relationship between reductionistic and systems approaches.
AN EVALUATION OF THREE CORPORATE STRATEGIES FOR SAFETY BELT USE PROMOTION

Different types of awareness sessions to promote employee safety belt use were evaluated. Across eight different employee safety meetings three dichotomous variables were manipulated: the type of presentation format (lecture vs discussion), the presence or absence of safety belt pledge cards, and the presence or absence of an incentive component. All groups showed a four-fold increase in safety belt use. Five months after the interventions, belt use was still significantly higher than baseline levels. Generalization across employees was demonstrated by a significant increase in safety belt use for those who did not attend the awareness session. The awareness session with a discussion format influenced greater increases in safety belt use than did the lecture-based sessions, but pledge cards and incentives did not increase the impact of these awareness sessions.
An Adaptive Method of Variable Selection in Regression

An adaptive variable selection procedure is proposed which uses an adaptive test along with a stepwise procedure to select variables for a multiple regression model. We compared this adaptive stepwise procedure to methods that use Akaike's information criterion, Schwartz's information criterion, and Sawa's information criterion. The simulation studies demonstrated that the adaptive stepwise method is more effective than the traditional variable selection methods if the error distribution is not normally distributed. If the error distribution is known to be normally distributed, the variable selection method based on Sawa's information criteria appears to be superior to the other methods. Unless the error distribution is known to be normally distributed, the adaptive stepwise method is recommended.
R-Process Mass Sensitivities

An attempt has been made to identify the most critical nuclei for measurements at the new and developing facilities around the world for a better understanding of the rapid neutron capture process in terms of the input nuclear physics. A series of nucleosynthesis simulations have been carried out using some standard astrophysical conditions and several nuclear mass models including the FRDM (Finite Range Droplet Model) of Moller et al.,1,2 the Duflo-Zuker mass model,3 the quenched ETFSIQ of Pearson et al.,4 and the F-spin model of Teymurazyan et al.5 The most critical nuclei were determined from their impacts on the resulting r-process abundances. Impact was determined in two ways; by their relative and absolute effect on the overall elemental abundance patterns. In all the models considered, it was found uniformly that nuclei near the closed shells were the ones with the greatest impact and therefore the most critical nuclei to measure.
On the thermal evolution of the terrestrial planets

Physical and chemical constraints for such different planetary objects as the earth, the moon and meteorite parent bodies can best be satisfied by thermal history models having high initial temperatures. On the basis of thermal calculations it is suggested that the evolution of the other terrestrial planets (Mars, Venus and Mercury) was also characterized by high initial temperatures. Under these conditions, melting and, consequently, fractionation would set in at an early stage. Because of the resulting redistribution of the long-lived radioactive heat sources and the concentration of these elements in the surface layers, large-scale differentiation could be achieved by partial melting.
DETECTABILITY OF PITUITARY PRL AND GH BY IMMUNOASSAY IS INCREASED BY THIOLS AND SUPPRESSED BY DIVALENT CATIONS

The amount of pituitary PRL detected by RIA in extracts of tissue and of secretory granules was augmented by thiols or EDTA in the extractant, and diminished by divalent cations or cysteamine. GH was affected by thiols and cations similarly, but to a lesser extent, and was not influenced by EDTA or cysteamine. For full immunologic detection of tissue PRL and GH, thiol-dependent mechanisms appear to be required to unmask immunoreactive sites from the poorly immunoreactive oligomeric granule storage forms. Interpretation of studies which rely on measurement of tissue PRL and GH content by RIA, immunoprecipitation, or electrophoretic detection should be reassessed in light of these observations.
Flow rates of solid particulate pharmaceuticals.

The flow rates of particles of sodium chloride and lactose through circular orifices were measured. Equations are presented relating the flow rate (Q), diameter of the particles (Dp), and diameter of the orifice (Do). The addition of fine particles increased the flow rate to a maximum value; then a further increase in concentration of fines caused a decrease in flow rate. For 10% fines, a decrease in particle size caused an increase in flow rate to a maximum value, after which a further size reduction resulted in a slower flow rate.
Gastric cancer--increased frequency in patients with achlorhydria.

This paper reports the difference noted in the frequency of gastric carcinoma in “achlorhydrics” as opposed to acid secretors in a follow-up study of 1590 individuals over 40 years of age in whom the state of gastric acidity was determined by tubeless gastric analysis with the azure resin compound and caffeine as the gastric stimulant. The authors describe the rationale of this tubeless gastric analysis technic with caffeine as the gastric stimulant and emphasize that “achlorhydria” as determined by this method indicates an abnormal gastric mucosa. Gastric carcinoma occurred in 3 of the 906 acid secretors (0.33%) and in 16 of the 684 achlorhydric individuals (2.3%) detected by the tubeless gastric analysis technic. The data show that the frequency of gastric carcinoma was about 7 times greater in the achlorhydric group than in the acid-secreting individuals. The increased incidence of achlorhydria from 19% in the fifth decade of life to 69% in the eighth decade suggested that an abnormal gastric mucosa may be a common accompaniment of aging. The increased occurrence of an abnormal mucosa was associated with a rise in frequency of gastric carcinoma from 1.6% in the fifth decade to 3.4% in the eighth decade. By contrast, the lower incidence of gastric carcinoma in acid secretors in the older age groups is probably related to an essentially normal gastric mucosa. Although the incidence of achlorhydria in the O and A blood groups was approximately equal (60% of the individuals in each blood group had achlorhydria) the frequency of carcinoma was about 4 times greater in subjects with blood group A than in those with blood group O.
The Changing Legacy of Cancer: Issues of Long-Term Survivorship

Although successes in treating cancer have dramatically increased the sheer numbers of survivors, these advancements have outpaced the availability to deliver adequate and responsible follow-up care. Multiple needs of cancer survivors, met and unmet, have been identified, as have several barriers to the delivery of follow-up care. Meanwhile, resources are increasing. Models of care are being developed. Collaboration is replacing competition. Survivors, along with their loved ones and health care providers, continue to work for better access to quality cancer care.