cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of adrenal cortex of pigeons by ant. pituitary hormones and by their secondary products

SummaryIncrease of weight in the adrenals of the normal immature (1.9 mo.) pigeon, and degree of maintenance of adrenal weight during 10 days following hypophysectomy in the pigeon, and also cytological evidence of stimulation in their cortical cells, are found to agree satisfactorily with Moon's method of assay of adrenocorticotropin in 21-day rats. As tested by these 3 methods the ability of pituitary extracts to stimulate cortical tissue is independent of their prolactin, FSH and thyrotropin potencies. Gamone stimulates both cortical and medullary tissue in both normal and hypophysectomized pigeons. Estrone stimulates cortical tissue at least in intact birds. Thyroxine, plus vitamin supplements, gave evidence of ability to stimulate cortical tissue in hypophysectomized pigeons.
Mohan J. Dutta, Communicating Social Change: Structure, Culture, and Agency

Communicating Social Change: Structure, Culture, and Agency was written prior to the wave of grassroots social movements that spread across the globe in the wake of the Arab Spring. In the twilight of this period of widespread collective action, commentators and scholars hotly debated the meaning and impact of radically bottom-up responses to authoritarianism, capitalism, and the reality of growing inequality. Work across disciplines has emerged to address the economic, technological, and political dimensions of these movements (e.g., Hussain & Howard, 2012; Malleson, 2014; Piketty, 2014), but the field of communication studies continues to grapple with the theoretical significance of the discursive spaces that flowered in public squares, plazas, and parks worldwide. In important ways, Communicating Social Change anticipated this emerging communicative style of global resistance and now offers us a unique theoretical lens through which to understand these awakenings and the awakenings still needed to create lasting structural change.
Physiological effects of increased tissue pressure

The physiological effects of increased tissue pressure were studied using a model system in which known pressures were applied uniformly to the hindlimbs of rabbits for a period of 5 h. Muscle blood flow was monitored using a new argon washout technique. Muscle pO2, pCO2, and pAr were measured using a Teflon membrane catheter-mass spectrometer system. The myoneural conduction velocity served as a measure of the functional status of the limb. Higher tissue pressures led to successively greater compromise of muscle blood flow and pO2. Myoneural conduction velocity decreased significantly only when a pressure of 80 mm of mercury was applied, at which time muscle blood flow and pO2 were zero. These observations suggest that abnormalities of neuromuscular function are relatively late manifestations of a pressureinduced circulatory deficiency.
Intra-epithelial carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

The means for eliminating cancer of the uterine cervix appears to be within our grasp. The decline in mortality rate of cervical cancer is one of the most notable accomplishments in cancer therapy of this century. The outlook for cure is estimated as better than 98 per cent.Cytologic study of vaginal smears is by far the most important means of detecting intra-epithelial cervical cancer. When a positive vaginal smear is confirmed, the next step is to obtain adequate tissue for histologic study. The best method of biopsy is conization. The Schiller test is a useful adjunct in the diagnostic approach.
The Active Self Model

A theoretical model that aims at being integrative must provide a consistent account of personality stability and change; it must be anchored in a scientifically valid body of data; it must take account of other therapy models; and it must enable us to assess client problems and intervene helpfully. In what follows, I will present the active self or self-confirmation account of personality and therapy, and will indicate how this model aspires to meet the criteria indicated above.
Theory of Atom-Surface Scattering

These lectures describe the application of the quantum theory of scattering to atom-surface interaction processes. The treatment will be introductory, self-contained and fairly inclusive. A complete list of references is not given, however; these can be found in recent reviews [1–6].
Multi-scale applications to high strain-rate dynamic fracture

Though the bulk of the Bodega Bay Multi-Scale Modeling workshop was devoted to understanding flow stress within the multi-scale paradigm, a dedicated session was devoted to Dynamic Failure and Fracture. Here, we review recent developments with emphasis on work presented at the workshop in the area of ductile dynamic fracture. The paper begins with a discussion of the relevant experimental observations, followed by an overview of the mechanisms of void nucleation and growth at high strain-rate, including dislocation processes (see the companion review by Bulatov in this issue). While the connection to the continuum is at its infancy, we present some directions that hold promise. Shear localization from the continuum perspective is presented in the companion review by Becker et al. This section finishes with a brief summary of issues that need to be resolved to apply the full apparatus of multi-scale modeling to dynamic fracture.
Application of the Uranium–Helium Chronometer to the Analysis of Nuclear Forensic Materials

Radiochronometers are used to constrain the manufacturing and processing history of actinide materials for nuclear forensic investigations. This paper describes U–He ages and He diffusion kinetics obtained from a metallic, highly enriched uranium sample. The average U–He age is 8% older than the known casting date, which indicates that excess He is present and is likely due to incomplete degassing of pre-existing He during the casting process. Although the U–He age is older than expected, the accuracy is comparable to other chronometers that have been applied to this material. Diffusion kinetics obtained from the uranium metal indicate that He is quantitatively retained under plausible storage conditions.
Non-pharmacological treatment of depression: a systematic review and evidence map

Background The comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments of depression remains unclear. Methods We conducted an overview of systematic reviews to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy and adverse effects of non-pharmacological treatments of depression. We searched multiple electronic databases through February 2016 without language restrictions. Pairs of reviewers determined eligibility, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate. Result We included 367 RCTs enrolling ∼20 000 patients treated with 11 treatments leading to 17 unique head-to-head comparisons. Cognitive behavioural therapy, naturopathic therapy, biological interventions and physical activity interventions reduced depression severity as measured using standardised scales. However, the relative efficacy among these non-pharmacological interventions was lacking. The effect of these interventions on clinical response and remission was unclear. Adverse events were lower than antidepressants. Limitation The quality of evidence was low to moderate due to inconsistency and unclear or high risk of bias, limiting our confidence in findings. Conclusions Non-pharmacological therapies of depression reduce depression symptoms and should be considered along with antidepressant therapy for the treatment of mild-to-severe depression. A shared decision-making approach is needed to choose between non-pharmacological therapies based on values, preferences, clinical and social context.
Prediction of the Strength of Fibrous Concrete in Compression

We formulate a computational model for the prediction of compressive strength of a composite based on the cement matrix and microfibers of different nature. We deduce an analytic dependence of the strength of this composite on the mechanical properties of its phases, their bulk fractions, and the parameters characterizing the degree of porosity of the matrix. The determination of the influence of the degree of damage to the material caused by microcracking on the interfaces in compression represents an important element of the model. In some cases, the microcracks located on the interfaces between the filler and the matrix may compensate the effect of strengthening of the matrix by its reinforcement with fibers and even decrease the compressive strength of the composite. The results of our compression tests of prismatic specimens made of a composite based on cement stone and basalt microfibers used as filler elements are in good agreement with the accumulated numerical data.
Thrombelastography Parameters versus Classical Coagulation Profile in Trauma Patients: a Retrospective Study

Background: Thrombelastography (TEG) assesses the viscoelastic properties of the whole blood and it is more comprehensive and capable to detect any coagulation abnormalities in comparison to classical coagulation tests (CCTs). On this ground, TEG can be more efficient in acute settings. Therefore, the primary aim was to compare TEG parameters of traumatic brain injury (TBI) versus non-TBI (NTBI) patients. The secondary aim was to identify TEG versus CCT parameters associated with outcome. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective observational study of 142 patients admitted to a university-based, Level 1 trauma center. TEG and CCT were collected on admission. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for this study. SAS was used for categorical data were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. A comparison of continuous variables between TBI and NTBI patients was performed using the independent-sample t-test. Results: In a total of 142 patients, 48 patients had TBI and 94 patients did not. Overall, mortality was 20.4% (45.8% TBI vs. 7.4% NTBI). There were no significant associations between TEG or CCT parameters and studied variables some of which are injury severity score, abbreviated injury scale, craniotomy/ectomy, type of brain injury, discharge status, and blood pressure. There was no difference between the TBI and NTBI groups regarding TEG or CCT parameters. Maximum amplitude (MA) was the only parameter (TEG or CCT) associated with need for transfusion of packed red blood cell (PRBC) (P = 0.0377). PRBC transfusion was given in 94% of patients with an MA Conclusions: TEG parameters are potentially useful as means to rapidly diagnose coagulopathy and predict transfusion in trauma patients. Independently, the presence of TBI does not cause a detectable coagulopathy. TEG analysis is more efficient than the classical parameters in detecting patients who will need PRBC and FFP transfusion.
The Relationship between Genes, Personality Traits, and Political Interest:

Political interest is one of the strongest predictors of individual political engagement, but little is known about the origins of this political orientation. The goal of this paper is to clarify t...
Isolated, well-defined organovanadium(III) on silica: single-site catalyst for hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes

A well-defined, isolated, single-site organovanadium(III) catalyst on SiO2 [(SiO2)V(Mes)(THF)] was synthesized via surface organometallic chemistry, and fully characterized using a combination of analytical and spectroscopic techniques (EA, ICP, 1H NMR, TGA-MS, EPR, XPS, DR-UV/Vis, UV-Raman, DRIFTS, XAS). The catalyst exhibits unprecedented reactivity in liquid- and gas-phase alkene/alkyne hydrogenation. Kinetic poisoning experiments revealed that 100% of the V sites are active for hydrogenation.
A study on the impacts of DoS and DDoS attacks on cloud and mitigation techniques

The use of cloud computing has increased significantly in recent years; therefore, many cloud platforms have become in demand such as OpenStack, AWS etc. One of the challenges in cloud computing is providing secure and reliable services. For the last few years, Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are the biggest threats in cloud security. DoS and DDoS attacks are initiated by the hacker to make an online service occupied by compromising it with massive traffic from multiple sources. The aim of this paper is to study the impacts of several types DoS/DDoS attacks in the cloud, and the procedures that they use to affect the services' availability. Furthermore, several mitigation techniques are discussed as well. To achieve this study, research and simulation work has been done.
Speech recognition in unseen and noisy channel conditions

Speech recognition in varying background conditions is a challenging problem. Acoustic condition mismatch between training and evaluation data can significantly reduce recognition performance. For mismatched conditions, data-adaptation techniques are typically found to be useful, as they expose the acoustic model to the new data condition(s). Supervised adaptation techniques usually provide substantial performance improvement, but such gain is contingent on having labeled or transcribed data, which is often unavailable. The alternative is unsupervised adaptation, where feature-transform methods and model-adaptation techniques are typically explored. This work investigates robust features, feature-space maximum likelihood linear regression (fMLLR) transform, and deep convolutional nets to address the problem of unseen channel and noise conditions. In addition, the work investigates bottleneck (BN) features extracted from deep autoencoder (DAE) networks trained by using acoustic features extracted from the speech signal. We demonstrate that such representations not only produce robust systems but also that they can be used to perform data selection for unsupervised model adaptation. Our results indicate that the techniques presented in this paper significantly improve performance of speech recognition systems in unseen channel and noise conditions.
Being Hipped to Their Hop: Tapping into Young Minds through Hip Hop Play.

ABSTRACTAdults gain a wealth of knowledge from listening to the voices of children through intentional observations and interactions [Owocki, G., and Y. M. Goodman. 2002. Kidwatching: Documenting Children’s Literacy Development. Portsmouth: Heinemann]. Hip Hop play may provide optimal opportunities for teachers to tap into the young minds of children [Broughton, A. 2017. “Where is my Stuff? Conceptualising Hip Hop as ‘Play’.” Early Child Development and Care]. This paper reports the results of a qualitative, autoethnographic study that examined what an African-American male kindergarten–first grade teacher learned from the voices of his kindergarteners and first graders. Data were analysed through cycles of open and thematic coding. The findings report consistent positive learning outcomes of both teacher and children when Hip Hop pedagogy/play were fostered. This study seeks to inform the participatory literature base regarding ways in which early childhood teachers and early learners engage with Hip Hop...
Data Sharing, Civic Engagement, and Technology Use in Local Government Agencies: Findings from a National Survey

This report presents findings from the 2016 national survey of local governments on public participation, technology use, data sharing, and work life as part of a long-term research study interested in understanding the relationships between technology and civic engagement in local governments sponsored by the Center for Science, Technology, and Environment Policy Studies (CSTEPS) at Arizona State University. The survey was administered to five lead administrators in 500 local governments where the government is of sufficient size and capacity to purchase and use technology for civic engagement. The survey was administered to individuals working in five positions: City Manager/City Administrator, Director of Community and/or Economic Development, Finance Director, Director of Parks and Recreation, and Deputy Police Chief. The final sample, adjusted for ineligibles, is 2166. The response rate can be calculated as 643/2166 (30%) for completed responses or 841/2166 (39%) if partials are included. This report draws from the statistical analysis of survey data and is organized into four sections: participation, utilization of technology, data sharing, and work life.
Characterization of Taxi Fleet Operational Networks and Vehicle Efficiency: Chicago Case Study

Taxi fleets serve a significant and important subset of travel demand in major cities around the world. This paper characterizes the Chicago taxi fleet operational network using complex network met...
"My Cleverness, I Assure You, Has Grown Infernal": Playing Stupid with Henry James

This article reads Henry James’s bias against his native America ironically. I offer a two-fold reading of the staging and performance of stupidity: it is both a strategy of resistance and a rhetoric of disavowal of responsibility. I contend that Henry James offers Milly Theale, the American rotagonist of “The Wings of the Dove”, the possibility of playing up to European assumptions about the New World through a performance of stupidity. I also argue that feigning ignorance is also renouncing responsibility, as exemplified in Merton Densher’s conduct. James abstains from conclusions, allowing stupidity to rule in the end.
Transformative Communication in Project Science Learning Discourse

Teachers interested in fostering science learning through inquiry or projects must play a complex role in discourse with students. They must scaffold student activities in the classroom without taking away students' active roles. This paper provides a framework for a specific form of scaffolding open-ended science inquiry based on the notion of transformative communication. Case studies are presented from interpretive research in a project-based high school earth science class at two crucial and difficult junctures of projects--the formulation of researchable questions and the marshaling of evidence to support a conclusion through data analysis. In two cases, the teacher helps students transform information gathered from library research into seeds for their own original research seeking to confirm or falsify others' claims. In two other cases, the teacher helps students transform unsupported claims and poorly used graphical representations into analysis and representations that directly test their claims. It is concluded that the strategy of transformative communication proves to be a powerful means of supporting students. Contains 25 references. (Author/JRH) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN TED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
Clinical Impact of EUS-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration

In this chapter, the broad clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) will be discussed. The role of EUS-FNA in the management of malignancy staging will be given particular attention. In addition, various therapeutic applications of EUS-FNA will also be highlighted.
Victims and Offenders in Two Crime Statistics Programs: A Comparison of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) overcomes a basiclimitation of the traditional summary Uniform Crime Reporting program (UCR)by collecting victim information. Using this new victim information tocompare National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and NIBRS results, wefind some similarities as well as some differences in the characteristics ofvictims and offenders suggested by the two programs. Similarities appear inthe proportions of men and women involved as victims and offenders forrobbery and assault. Comparisons are more difficult and the proportions lesssimilar for property offenses. Nevertheless, the results suggest that whenthe NIBRS is fully developed, it will be an important source of informationon the characteristics of both victims and offenders. Even before theredesigned program is fully implemented, one of the most important featuresof NIBRS reports will be their ability to provide local area victimizationinformation. In addition, the NIBRS will provide much more information onarrests and the characteristic of offenders than any existing program.
A 175 MHz 72 μW Voltage Controlled Oscillator with 1.4% Tuning Range based on Lithium Niobate MEMS Resonator and 65 nm CMOS

This paper presents the first voltage controlled MEMS oscillator (VCMO) based on the heterogeneous integration of a high $\pmb{Q}$ Lithium Niobate (LN) micromechanical resonator and CMOS. A LN resonator array with a series resonance of 171.1 MHz, a $\pmb{Q}$ of 410, and an electromechanically coupling factor of 12.7% is adopted, while TSMC 65 nm RF LP CMOS technology is used to implement the feedback and tuning circuit with an active area of $\mathbf{220}\times \mathbf{70}\ \pmb{\mu}\mathbf{m}^{2}$ . The frequency tuning is achieved by programming a binary weighted digital capacitor bank and a varactor that are both connected in series to the resonator. The oscilla-tor's best measured phase noise performance is −72 and $-\mathbf{153}\ \mathbf{dBc}/\mathbf{Hz}$ at 1 kHz and 10 MHz offsets from 178.23 and 175.83 MHz carriers respectively. The VCMO consumes a maximum current of 60 $\pmb{\mu} \mathbf{A}$ from a 1.2 V supply while realizing a tuning range of 2.4 MHz ( $\sim$ 1.4% tuning range). Such VCMOs can be applied to enable ultra-low power, low phase noise, and wideband RF signal synthesis for Internet of Things.
Coherent multiple-period states of periodically modulated qubits

We consider multiple-period states in systems of periodically modulated qubits. In such states the discrete time-translation symmetry imposed by the modulation is broken. We explicitly show how multiple-period states emerge in the simplest quantum system, a single qubit subjected to a pulsed resonant modulation and/or a pulsed modulation of the transition frequency. We also show that a qubit chain with the qubit coupling modulated at twice the qubit frequency has symmetry that allows mapping it on the Kitaev chain and thus provides an example of a topologically nontrivial Floquet system. An explicit solution for a two-qubit system illustrates the effect of resonant period doubling for coupled qubits, whereas in a long chain period doubling is topologically protected.
Empowering Teachers through Digital Storytelling: A Multimedia Capstone Project.

Although used in teacher education at the preservice level and with in-service teachers with their students, less is known about the influence of digital storytelling created by teachers themselves...
Time and information in perceptual adaptation to speech.

Abstract Perceptual adaptation to a talker enables listeners to efficiently resolve the many-to-many mapping between variable speech acoustics and abstract linguistic representations. However, models of speech perception have not delved into the variety or the quantity of information necessary for successful adaptation, nor how adaptation unfolds over time. In three experiments using speeded classification of spoken words, we explored how the quantity (duration), quality (phonetic detail), and temporal continuity of talker-specific context contribute to facilitating perceptual adaptation to speech. In single- and mixed-talker conditions, listeners identified phonetically-confusable target words in isolation or preceded by carrier phrases of varying lengths and phonetic content, spoken by the same talker as the target word. Word identification was always slower in mixed-talker conditions than single-talker ones. However, interference from talker variability decreased as the duration of preceding speech increased but was not affected by the amount of preceding talker-specific phonetic information. Furthermore, efficiency gains from adaptation depended on temporal continuity between preceding speech and the target word. These results suggest that perceptual adaptation to speech may be understood via models of auditory streaming, where perceptual continuity of an auditory object (e.g., a talker) facilitates allocation of attentional resources, resulting in more efficient perceptual processing.
Efficient Conversion to Very High Order Modes in Silicon Waveguides

We demonstrate robust mode conversion up to the 12th higher order mode in silicon waveguides by using an optimized adiabatic directional coupler and using subwavelength waveguides. The conversion efficiency is better than −1.5 dB over a 75 nm bandwidth and tolerating ±30 nm fabrication variations. © 2019 The Author(s)
Sympatric and allopatric differentiation delineate population structure in a free-living terrestrial bacterium

ABSTRACT In microorganisms, specifically free-living bacteria and archaea, the equivalent of the biological species concept does not exist, creating several barriers to the study of the fine-scale genetic structure of microbial populations and thus, the processes contributing to microbial diversification. More often than not, studies attempting to delineate microbial populations overestimate traditionally-defined eukaryotic populations, or groups of individuals with the potential for contemporary interactions and exchange of genetic material. Here, we investigate the abundant leaf litter bacterium, Curtobacterium, and asked whether population structure in a free-living soil bacterium was consistent with patterns of allopatric or sympatric speciation. By investigating the fine-scale genetic structure within a single bacterial ecotype, we concluded that the distributional patterns of the populations suggest that both isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-environment contribute to Curtobacterium population structure.
4.16 Bismetallation and Bismetallative Reaction of Alkenes, Alkynes, and Allenes

This chapter describes the catalytic bismetallation of alkynes, alkenes, and allenes with a focus on the aspects of transition metal catalysis and applications to organic synthesis. Over the past 20 years, bismetallations have become much more common in organic synthesis and their impact on stereoselective synthesis is beginning to emerge. These reactions can be employed for the efficient construction of small organic building blocks and more complex natural products.
OnabotulinumtoxinA Wear-off Phenomenon in the Treatment of Chronic Migraine

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency and features of onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) wear-off in chronic migraine (CM). BACKGROUND Clinical experience suggests that patients with CM frequently perceive onabotA treatment duration <12 weeks, but this phenomenon has not been well explored. METHODS This study was a retrospective chart review of patients (n = 143) with CM initiated on onabotA over a 2-year period. Wear-off was considered present with the phrase documented, a quantitative headache day increase, or increased use of abortive medications, bridging therapies or emergency department visits in the 6 weeks preceding the subsequent administration. RESULTS Wear-off was present in 90/143 patients (62.9%). Age, sex, medication overuse, psychiatric comorbidity, injector training level, and mean days between injections did not differ between the wear-off and no wear-off groups. Mean units injected per session in the wear-off group until first documented wear-off were significantly less vs no wear-off group (166.0 ± 13.1 vs 173.4 ± 10.3, P = .0005). Wear-off most commonly occurred 2-4 weeks before the next injection (43.3%) and after the very first injection (40.0%). Intramuscular ketorolac injections (33.3%) and peripheral nerve blocks (25.6%) were the most common bridge therapies used in the wear-off period. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with CM receiving onabotA experience wear-off. Clinicians may consider increasing the units used from the treatment onset to reduce the frequent need for bridging therapies.
Effects of Management Support, Team Member Support, and Job Status on Safety Climate and Employee Attitudes

This study examined the impact of management and team member support on employee attitudes through the mediating effect of safety climate. Five hundred fifty-six physicians and nurses from a large ...
Stuck on Social Media: Predicting Young Adults’ Intentions to Limit Social Media Use

Concerns of social media overuse warrant examinations of factors influencing the use of these technologies. While studies have characterized people’s adoption and use of social media, few have examined factors that would drive individuals to limit their use. This study uses an extended theory of planned behavior to predict intentions to limit social media use. A survey of 216 college students asked participants to report their intensity of Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat use, as well as attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control on intentions to limit social media use. Findings indicate that the standard theory of planned behavior constructs successfully predicted participants intentions to limit social media use, while intensity of use was mediated by social norms. The study suggests that participants’ emotional connectedness toward social media is an antecedent of certain variables, such as perceived social norms, which in turn predicts their intent to limit use of these media.
Host sensing and signal transduction during Toxoplasma stage conversion

The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects nucleated cells in virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates, including one-third of the human population. While immunocompetent hosts do not typically show symptoms of acute infection, parasites are retained in latent tissue cysts that can be reactivated upon immune suppression, potentially damaging key organ systems. Toxoplasma has a multistage life cycle that is intimately linked to environmental stresses and host signals. As this protozoan pathogen is transmitted between multiple hosts and tissues, it evaluates these external signals to appropriately differentiate into distinct life cycle stages, such as the transition from its replicative stage (tachyzoite) to the latent stage (bradyzoite) that persists as tissue cysts. Additionally, in the gut of its definitive host, felines, Toxoplasma converts into gametocytes that produce infectious oocysts (sporozoites) that are expelled into the environment. In this review, we highlight recent advances that have illuminated the interfaces between Toxoplasma and host and how these interactions control parasite stage conversion. Mechanisms underlying these stage transitions are important targets for therapeutic intervention aimed at thwarting parasite transmission and pathogenesis.
Network Centralization and Collective Adaptability to a Shifting Environment

Adaptability is at the center of many important organizational challenges. In this work, we study the connection between network structure and collective adaptability to a shifting environment. Prior research has shown that network centralization — the degree to which communication flows disproportionately through one or more members of the organization rather than being more equally distributed — interferes with collective problem-solving by interfering with effective integration of existing ideas, information, and solutions in the network. We hypothesize that the mechanisms that are responsible for that poor integration of ideas, information, and solutions would prove beneficial for problems requiring adaptation to a shifting environment. We conducted a 1,620-subject randomized online laboratory experiment, testing the effect of seven network structures on problem-solving success. To simulate a shifting environment, we designed a murder mystery task and manipulated when each piece of information could be found: early information encouraged an incorrect consensus, requiring a collective shift of solution when more information emerged later. We find that when the communication network within an organization is more centralized, it achieves the benefits of social influence (learning) without the costs (herding). We also find, however, that these benefits of centralization come with a major caveat: they only materialize in networks with two-way flow of information and not when information only flows from the center of the network outwards (as can occur in hierarchical structures or digitally mediated communication). We draw on these findings to re-conceptualize theory on the impact of centralization on collective intelligence in problem-solving that demands collective adaptation by an organization’s members.
Data on race, inequality, and social capital in the U.S. counties.

Abstract This article presents data on social capital at the United States’ county-level. Following Rupasingha et al. (2006), the social capital index captures the common factor among density measures of 10 different types of associations, voter turnout rates, U.S. decennial census participation rates, and the number of non-profit organizations. Based on Knack (2003), we create associational densities measures as a proxy for both bridging and bonding social capital. Including data on income inequality, racial diversity, minority group size, average household income, educational attainment, the ratio of a family household, the size of migration population, and female labor market participation rates, the data covers 3,104 U.S. counties for both 2009 and 2014. This paper includes descriptive statistics and figures. This data article is associated with the article “Race, Inequality, and Social Capital in the U.S. Counties.”
Computational Design of THz Spectral Splitters

In this work, we demonstrate compact, 3D printable, THz spectral splitters based out of a single planar broadband diffractive optical element, designed to disperse an incident collimated THz beam. For the purpose of this demonstration, we present the design of one such spectral splitter designed to disperse wavelengths from 0.5 to 0.7 THz spatially.
Off-state TDDB in FinFET Technology and its Implication for Safe Operating Area

Standard CMOS reliability has been focused on digital applications and the user profiles associated with these products. However, emerging applications in mobility, automotive, communication networks and data centers require additional, more rigorous reliability specifications. For these applications, the devices operate beyond the typical safe operation area (SOA) mostly because large drain biases are applied during the normal operation. In this situation, off-state TDDB could be a concern and it must be considered during product design. In this study, we present the models to describe off-state TDDB and the methodology to accurately predict the SOA for circuits under standard operation condition in field. The presented SOA approach relaxed the stringent reliability requirements defined on DC operation, reducing design overhead, and developing and verification costs.
Post-surgical wireless monitoring of arterial health progression

Summary Early detection of limb ischemia, strokes, and heart attacks may be enabled via long-term monitoring of arterial health. Early stenosis, decreased blood flow, and clots are common after surgical vascular bypass or plaque removal from a diseased vessel and can lead to the above diseases. Continuous arterial monitoring for the early diagnosis of such complications is possible by implanting a sensor during surgery that is wirelessly monitored by patients after surgery. Here, we report the design of a wireless capacitive sensor wrapped around the artery during surgery for continuous post-operative monitoring of arterial health. The sensor responds to diverse artery sizes and extents of occlusion in vitro to at least 20 cm upstream and downstream of the sensor. It demonstrated strong capability to monitor progression of arterial occlusion in human cadaver and small animal models. This technology is promising for wireless monitoring of arterial health for pre-symptomatic disease detection and prevention.
Disruption of beta-catenin dependent Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells remodels the microenvironment to promote tumor invasion.

The recent classification of colon cancer into molecular subtypes revealed that patients with the poorest prognosis harbor tumors with the lowest levels of Wnt signaling. This is contrary to the general understanding that overactive Wnt signaling promotes tumor progression from early initiation stages through to the later stages including invasion and metastasis. Here, we directly test this assumption by reducing the activity of s-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling in colon cancer cell lines at either an upstream or downstream step in the pathway. We determine that Wnt-reduced cancer cells exhibit a more aggressive disease phenotype, including increased mobility in vitro and disruptive invasion into mucosa and smooth muscle in an orthotopic mouse model. RNA sequencing reveals that interference with Wnt signaling leads to an upregulation of gene programs that favor cell migration and invasion and a downregulation of inflammation signatures in the tumor microenvironment. We identify a set of upregulated genes common among the Wnt perturbations that are predictive of poor patient outcomes in early-invasive colon cancer. Our findings suggest that while targeting Wnt signaling may reduce tumor burden, an inadvertent side effect is the emergence of invasive cancer. Implications: Decreased Wnt signaling in colon tumors leads to a more aggressive disease phenotype due to an upregulation of gene programs favoring cell migration in the tumor and downregulation of inflammation programs in the tumor microenvironment; these impacts must be carefully considered in developing Wnt-targeting therapies.
A Clinician's Guide to Statistics and Epidemiology in Mental Health: Measuring Truth and Uncertainty

Preface Acknowledgements Part I. Basic Concepts: 1. Why data never speak for themselves 2. Why you cannot believe your eyes: the three C's 3. Levels of evidence Part II. Bias: 4. Types of bias 5. Randomization 6. Regression Part III. Chance: 7. Hypothesis testing: the dreaded p-value and statistical significance 8. The use of hypothesis testing statistics in clinical trials 9. The alternative effect estimation Part IV. Causation: 10. What does causation mean? 11. A philosophy of statistics Part V. The Limits of Statistics: 12. Evidence-based medicine: defense and criticisms 13. The alchemy of meta-analysis 14. Bayesian statistics: why your opinion counts Part VI. The Politics of Statistics: 15. How journal articles get published 16. How scientific research impacts practice 17. Dollars, data, and drugs 18. Bioethics and the clinician/researcher divide Appendix. Regression models and multivariable analysis.
Ratio and Proportional Relationships and Quantities

In this chapter you will deal with content-practice, teaching, and learning issues relevant to the Ratio and Proportion (RP) and Quantities (N-Q).domains of the CCSSM from Grades 6 to 8 and Algebra 1.
Metallic zinc exhibits optimal biocompatibility for bioabsorbable endovascular stents.

Although corrosion resistant bare metal stents are considered generally effective, their permanent presence in a diseased artery is an increasingly recognized limitation due to the potential for long-term complications. We previously reported that metallic zinc exhibited an ideal biocorrosion rate within murine aortas, thus raising the possibility of zinc as a candidate base material for endovascular stenting applications. This study was undertaken to further assess the arterial biocompatibility of metallic zinc. Metallic zinc wires were punctured and advanced into the rat abdominal aorta lumen for up to 6.5 months. This study demonstrated that metallic zinc did not provoke responses that often contribute to restenosis. Low cell densities and neointimal tissue thickness, along with tissue regeneration within the corroding implant, point to optimal biocompatibility of corroding zinc. Furthermore, the lack of progression in neointimal tissue thickness over 6.5 months or the presence of smooth muscle cells near the zinc implant suggest that the products of zinc corrosion may suppress the activities of inflammatory and smooth muscle cells.
The Game Is Afoot!: The Significance of Gratuitous Transfers in the Sherlock Holmes Canon

This article presents a recently discovered and previously unpublished manuscript written by John H. Watson, M.D., and annotated by Professor Stephen Alton. Dr. Watson’s manuscript records an extended conversation that took place between the good doctor and his great friend, the renowned consulting detective Mr. Sherlock Holmes, regarding issues of gratuitous transfers of property – issues involving inheritances, wills, and trusts – that have arisen in some of the great cases solved by Mr. Holmes. This felicitous discovery confirms something that Professor Alton has long known: these gratuitous transfer issues permeate many of these adventures. Often, the action in the case occurs because of the desire of the wrong-doer to come into an inheritance, a bequest, or the present possession of an estate in land more quickly – perhaps by dispatching the intervening heir, beneficiary, or life tenant. Professor Alton has annotated this manuscript, providing extensive analysis of these issues and citations to relevant, contemporary authority in his footnotes.
Stakeholder Perceptions of Barriers and Solutions to Significant Post-Secondary Enrollment Option Expansion for High School Students

Post-secondary experiences for students still in high school have been promoted as a means to increase academic rigor and create a better-trained workforce. Yet little is known regarding supports needed to significantly increase such options. This study obtained input from 411 stakeholders in one Midwestern state, including 201 district superintendents, 181 high school principals, and 23 college dual enrollment officers regarding their use of these options, their perceptions of barriers to program expansion, and their ranking of possible solutions to overcome the barriers. Findings demonstrate that all parties find postsecondary options of value, with traditional dual enrollment the most used option. Although all groups identified funding as a primary barrier, other systemic barriers were of great concern. Participants suggest that expansion of Advanced Placement and early and middle college programs, financial assistance for dually enrolled students, and increased program availability for career and technical options would be beneficial.
The Impact of Risk on CEO Equity Incentives: Evidence from Customer Concentration

This paper provides new empirical insights on the association between a firm’s operating structure and the level of CEO equity incentives. We investigate a sample of supplier firms that rely on a few large customers for a significant fraction of their revenues. We predict that suppliers with a higher customer concentration face higher idiosyncratic risk and, as a result, rely less on equity-based managerial incentive compensation contracts. Our empirical results support these predictions.
Comprehensive Planning: Is There a Relationship between Committee Design and Subsequent Outcome: A Baseline Survey

The design, structure and participants in the comprehensive planning process may be material to determining a plan’s success. Recognition of a relationship between process and outcome prompted the development of a state-wide online survey of Wisconsin planning professionals. This survey, provided to a group of Wisconsin planners who recently completed comprehensive plans, seeks to link the creation of committees with the subsequent support for the plan. The survey investigated structural aspects of the community plan, including committee composition, funding, consultants role, time frame, and history, as well as the perceptions of community input and cohesiveness. The survey continues with a look at implementation and change. As is common in the literature, “buyin” is crucial to the success of any plan. The model then attempts to link this concept of “buy-in” with outcome.
Co-transcriptional histone methylations

Genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II show a stereotypical pattern of histone H3 methylations. H3K4 trimethylation peaks near the transcription start site, with dimethylation peaking further downstream. H3K36 methylation levels increase with distance from the promoter. It is not yet completely understood how this pattern is generated, but the mechanism involves direct interactions between the transcribing polymerase and the methyltransferases Set1/COMPASS (for H3K4) and Set2 (for H3K36). We are working towards a better understanding of how this coupling works. We are also very interested in the function of these co-transcriptional histone modifications. Previous work has shown that methylated H3K36 recruits the histone deacetylase complex Rpd3S and that H3K4me2 recruits the Set3C histone deacetylase complex. Therefore, a major function of co-transcriptional histone methylation is to reset transcribed chromatin to a state less conducive to nucleosome turnover. This pathway represses cryptic promoters inside the transcribed gene, but also slows transcription elongation through this region. We and others have found that these histone methylation-deacetylation pathways can be targeted via overlapping non-coding transcription to regulate nearby promoters. In contrast to H3K4me2 and H3K36me2/3, H3K4me3 correlates with high turnover nucleosomes near transcription start sites. Available data suggests that H3K4me3 is recognized by three complexes containing ING/Yng proteins via their PHD finger domains. The yeast proteins Yng1 and Yng2 (as well as their metazoan counterparts) are subunits of histone acetyltransferase complexes, suggesting that H3K4me3 can target histone acetylation. Since acetylation is correlated with nucleosome remodeling, this putative pathway could be important for gene activation. Surprisingly, the third Yng protein (Pho23, as well as its metazoan counterparts) is a subunit of the Rpd3L histone deacetylase complex, hinting at a more complex series or cycle of acetylation and deacetylation. We are continuing to probe the functions of these pathways and some of our latest work will be presented.
Managing technological change when change is mandatory

The expectation that banks and other service industries will do better through investments in innovative IT applications requires a fundamental understanding that benefits do not stem from technology alone. Innovative IT applications change the way banks conduct their business and, as such, must be viewed as a major organizational change. This study examines how different perspectives of innovative IT influence the implementation process, attitudes toward usage, and perceived benefits in mandatory use situations. Using a case study methodology, we explore these issues in the context of a major IT initiative underway at a multi-bank holding company headquartered in the Midwest.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Larynx and Tongue Base: Clinical Applications

The use of surface coils on subjects, and internal engineering improvements have combined to greatly improve the signal-to-noise ratio on the magnetic resonance imager at our institution over the past two and one-half years. This has resulted in a marked improvement in image resolution, as well as reduction in the time required and related cost of these studies. Magnetic resonance (MR) examinations at our institution now cost less than comparable computed tomography (CT) studies. This article summarizes our experiences in imaging the larynx and tongue base. Eleven cases are presented to illustrate how the direct multiplane capacity of MRs and their increased soft tissue contrast provide some definite advantages over CT in determination of extent of disease in these regions.