cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SEQUENCE OF SOME EFFECTS OF STREPTOMYCIN IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Abstract The effects of streptomycin on a number of biochemical parameters in growing cultures of Escherichia coli have been studied. Using low concentrations of drug and radioactive tracer techniques we have timed these effects relative to each other and to the killing action of the drug. The earlier effects noted were: first, an immediate (primary) uptake of streptomycin; next, an acceleration of K efflux and a transient stimulation of net RNA synthesis; and then, inhibition of protein synthesis and loss of viability. Later effects were: a further (secondary) uptake of streptomycin, increased permeability to a β-galactoside, impairment of respiration, inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and RNA breakdown and nucleotide excretion. The present findings cannot be integrated into a definitive theory on the action of streptomycin, but they do emphasize the importance of effects on membrane integrity and on the synthesis of RNA and protein.
On the Sources and Authorship of “A Letter From Father Abraham to His Beloved Son”

In 1967, J. A. Leo Lemay disputed the editors of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin for discounting Franklin's authorship of “A Letter From Father Abraham to His Beloved Son.” A preponderance of evidence, including newly identified sources for the “Letter's borrowings,” now seems to favor Lemay's position, although differently than he had supposed.
Defects in Rutile. II. Diffusion of Interstitial Ions

Calculations of the point-ion and oxygen-dipole electrostatic potentials and Born-Mayer repulsion energies at various sites throughout the rutile unit cell offer an explanation for the strong anisotropy observed in the diffusion of lithium in the crystal. On the basis of these three terms, the difference in the energy of a lithium ion in the \textonehalf{}0\textonehalf{} and \textonehalf{}0\textonequarter{} sites is 0.11 eV, in reasonable agreement with the experimentally determined activation energy for diffusion of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ along the $c$ axis. The energy barrier in the [110] direction was calculated to be 3.5 eV, thus predicting an anisotropy of ${10}^{30}$ in lithium diffusion at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. These calculations also predict a possible competition between the two interstitial sites for equilibrium, depending on the size and charge of the interstitial ion. The complete solution to the problem awaits a detailed treatment of the polarization term and lattice distortion due to interstitial ions.
Continuous versus discrete (invariant) representations of fibrous structure for modeling non-linear anisotropic soft tissue behavior

Abstract The non-linear anisotropic mechanical response of soft tissue is largely dependent on the structure of the underlying collagen network. Collagen structure has been successfully quantified for various tissue types in terms of a locally defined fiber orientation distribution function. The continuous distribution function derived from structural data can be directly incorporated into an integral representation of the strain energy function for modeling tissue behavior. Alternatively, non-integral (often invariant-based) strain energy functions have been developed in which the collagen network structure is approximated using a discrete set of fiber classes. The advantage of such an approach is increased computational efficiency since the values of the strain energy and its derivatives (e.g. stress) can be evaluated without numerical integration. However, because of the structural simplifications such models are presumably unable to predict mechanical data as accurately as the models which incorporate a continuous orientation distribution function. In this work the ability of discrete versus continuous fiber models to capture the non-linear anisotropic response of soft tissue is critically analyzed. Both unimodal and bimodal fiber distributions are considered. A general formulation has been developed in terms of an arbitrary fiber strain energy function, such that the analysis can be performed for any suitable fiber material model. For tissue structures in which a discrete representation is suitable, techniques are presented for establishing the range of loading conditions in which model accuracy is not significantly compromised, thus justifying the use of an invariant-based modeling approach.
IDENTIFICATION OF A FOUR-COMPONENT SEX PHEROMONE OF THE FEMALE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, Grapholitha molesta (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

The female-emitted pheromone ofGrapholitha molesta (Busck), the Oriental fruit moth, was collected by holding females in glass flasks during calling. Flask washes were found to contain four pheromone components: (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate in a 100∶7 ratio, and (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol and dodecanol in a 100∶20 ratio. The ratio of (Z)-8-acetate to (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol was approx. 100∶30. Approximately 0.1–0.2 ng of pheromone was recovered per female per hour of calling.
Efficient and effective file replication in structured P2P file sharing systems

In peer-to-peer file sharing systems, file replication helps to avoid overloading file owners and improve file query efficiency. Aiming to achieve high replica utilization and efficient file query with low overhead, this paper presents a file replication mechanism based on swarm intelligence, namely SWARM. Recognizing the power of collective behaviors, SWARM identifies node swarms with common node interests and close proximity. It determines the location of a file replica based on the accumulated query rates of nodes in a swarm. Replicas are shared by the nodes in a swarm, leading to less replicas and high query efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the SWARM mechanism in comparison with other file replication methods.
Observational and Numerical Evidence of Depressed Convective Boundary Layer Heights near a Mountain Base

Recent field and numerical studies show evidence of the existence of a convective boundary layer height depression near a mountain base. This depression can have implications for air pollutant transport and concentrations in complex terrain. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, idealized simulations with a mesoscale numerical model are performed and combined with available observations. The idealized simulations with a single mountain ridge of various dimensions suggest that the depression evolves in time, is most pronounced in the late afternoon, and becomes larger as slope steepness increases. Observations and modeling results show that the atmosphere is heated more intensely near the mountain base than far away from the mountain base, not only inside the boundary layer but also above. The enhanced heating aloft affects boundary layer growth near the mountain base and is associated with the boundary layer height depression. An analysis of the different terms in the temperature tendency equation indicates that vertical and horizontal advection of warm air, associated with the thermally driven circulation along the mountain slope, play a role in this enhanced heating aloft.
Phosphorylated acidic serine-aspartate-rich MEPE-associated motif peptide from matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein inhibits phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X-chromosome enzyme activity

Inactivating PHEX (phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) mutations cause X-linked hypophosphatemia in humans and mice (Hyp) through overproduction of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) a phosphaturic factor, by osteocytes. Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is also elevated in Hyp and other hypophosphatemic disorders. In addition, the administration of an ASARM (acidic serine-aspartate rich MEPE-associated motif) peptide derived from MEPE causes phosphaturia and inhibits bone mineralization in mice, suggesting that MEPE also plays a role in phosphate homeostasis. Since recent studies found that MEPE binds specifically to PHEX in vitro, we tested the effect of recombinant-MEPE and its ASARM peptide on PHEX enzyme activity in vitro and FGF23 expression in bone marrow stromal cell cultures ex vivo. We found that both recombinant MEPE and synthetic phosphorylated ASARM peptide (ASARM-PO(4)) inhibit PHEX enzyme activities in an in vitro fluorescent-quenched PHEX enzyme activity assay. The ASARM-PO(4) peptide inhibits PHEX enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner with a K(i) of 128 nM and V(max-i) of 100%. Recombinant MEPE also inhibits PHEX activity (K(i) = 2 nM and V(max-i) = 26%). Long-term bone marrow stromal cell cultures supplemented with 10 microM ASARM-PO(4) peptide resulted in significant elevation of FGF23 transcripts and inhibition of mineralization. These findings suggest that MEPE inhibits mineralization and PHEX activity and leads to increased FGF23 production. The resulting coordination of mineralization and release of a phosphaturic factor by MEPE may serve a physiological role in regulating systemic phosphate homeostasis to meet the needs for bone mineralization.
Latino American Folktales

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2009 Pages: 174 Publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN: 978-0-313-36299-6 (hard cover). Prices: $49.95 USD(hard cover).
Automatically generating data linkages using a domain-independent candidate selection approach

One challenge for Linked Data is scalably establishing highquality owl:sameAs links between instances (e.g., people, geographical locations, publications, etc.) in different data sources. Traditional approaches to this entity coreference problem do not scale because they exhaustively compare every pair of instances. In this paper, we propose a candidate selection algorithm for pruning the search space for entity coreference. We select candidate instance pairs by computing a character-level similarity on discriminating literal values that are chosen using domain-independent unsupervised learning. We index the instances on the chosen predicates' literal values to efficiently look up similar instances. We evaluate our approach on two RDF and three structured datasets. We show that the traditional metrics don't always accurately reflect the relative benefits of candidate selection, and propose additional metrics. We show that our algorithm frequently outperforms alternatives and is able to process 1 million instances in under one hour on a single Sun Workstation. Furthermore, on the RDF datasets, we show that the entire entity coreference process scales well by applying our technique. Surprisingly, this high recall, low precision filtering mechanism frequently leads to higher F-scores in the overall system.
Preventing Stenosis by Local Inhibition of KCa3.1 A Finger on the Phenotypic Switch

The sources of genetic alterations that underlie phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during stenosis have recently been the subject of intense study. It is becoming increasingly clear that transcriptional control of ion channels plays an important role not only in expression of the differentiated phenotype, but also in the development and maintenance of the proliferative phenotype (see reviews1,2). Functional expression of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) is known to be necessary for the maintenance of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation.3–6 More recently, upregulation of the intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel, KCa3.1 (IKCa1, encoded by KCNN4) and store-operated Ca2+ channels such as TRPC (transient receptor potential) have been linked to the proliferative phenotype.7–9 Moreover, selective inhibition of KCa3.1 channels using TRAM-34 has been shown to inhibit growth factor–mediated proliferation of VSMCs and to prevent the development of restenosis.10 In this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Tharp and colleagues contribute to this accumulating evidence through their discovery that local delivery of TRAM-34 via balloon catheter prevents phenotypic switching of coronary artery VSMCs and limits subsequent restenosis. Their findings encourage …
Historical and contemporary biological diversity of Minnesota caddisflies: a case study of landscape-level species loss and trophic composition shift

AbstractThe biological diversity reflected by nearly 300,000 caddisfly specimens collected throughout Minnesota since 1985 was compared with that of 25,000 specimens recorded prior to 1950 and was analyzed based on the 5 caddisfly regions of Minnesota. In the Lake Superior, Northern, and Southeastern regions, >90% of species known historically from each region were recovered and additional species were discovered. In the Northwestern and Southern regions—the most disturbed areas of Minnesota—species recovery ranged from 60 to 70%. Historical and contemporary assemblages were similar to each other in the former 3 regions and markedly different in the latter 2. Prior to 1950, species in all trophic functional groups were widespread in all regions. A similar pattern still exists in the Lake Superior, Northern, and Southeastern regions, whereas the Northwestern and Southern regions are now dominated by filtering collectors in all sizes of lakes and streams. Over 65% of species extirpated from any region were ...
Stability of an imploding spherical shock wave in a van der Waals gas II

The emission of light from a sonoluminescing bubble may depend on whether shock waves launched each acoustic cycle by the imploding surface of the bubble focus on to a sufficiently small volume at the bubble centre. This in turn may depend on whether the shock maintains its stability as it travels inwards. With this application in mind, the linear stability of an imploding spherical shock was studied in Part I, using a van der Waals equation of state for the gas. Conditions for instability were determined, but the subsequent fate of the perturbations of the bubble surface was unknown. Would the instabilities grow and persist at finite amplitude or would they disappear during implosion? The answers to such questions are sought here by integrating the gas dynamics equations using the finite-difference essentially non-oscillatory method of Shu and Osher. The shock is initiated by a nearly spherical 'piston' and its subsequent evolution, including its finite-amplitude deviations from sphericity, is determined. Two types of behaviour are found depending on the parameter b = bp 0 , where b is the van der Waals excluded volume and p 0 is the initial uncompressed density of gas ahead of the shock. When b is sufficiently large, an initially smooth shock front remains smooth as it focuses and, although it is impossible to continue the integrations up to the moment of implosion, it appears that it will focus on a small volume at the centre of the bubble. This is in sharp contrast to what happens at smaller values of b for which the initial distortion of the shock front, if sufficiently large, becomes and remains polygonal shaped. This is consistent with experimental results for cylindrical imploding shocks as well as with earlier theoretical investigations of imploding cylindrical and spherical shocks in an ideal gas (b = 0) that used the Chisnell, Chester and Witham (CCW) approximation or the geometrical shock approximation of Whitham. Plausibly, the polygonal distortions reduce the volume on to which the imploding shock in a sonoluminescing bubble focuses.
Enteric bacteria of field-collected Colorado potato beetle larvae inhibit growth of the entomopathogens Photorhabdus temperata and Beauveria bassiana

Abstract The nematode Heterorhabditis marelatus fails to reproduce in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, possibly due to interference from the enteric bacteria of the beetle. Specifically, the enteric bacteria inhibit the growth of Photorhabdus temperata, the enteric symbiont of the nematode, in vitro. However, previous work was based on a laboratory culture of L. decemlineata, and we wished to determine if similar bacteria were present in the field. Therefore, we cultured the enteric bacteria of fourth-instar larvae collected from the field at two locations in Maryland and Virginia. Representatives of the genera Pantoea, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Curtobacterium, Bacillus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus were identified by sequencing of their 16S rDNA. Isolates belonging to the genera Pantoea, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Bacillus inhibited the growth of P. temperata. A number of these isolates also inhibited the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in vitro.
Comparison of CMACs and radial basis functions for local function approximators in reinforcement learning

CMACs and radial basis functions are often used in reinforcement learning to learn value function approximations having local generalization properties. We examine the similarities and differences between CMACs, RBFs and normalized RBFs and compare the performance of Q-learning with each representation applied to the mountain car problem. We discuss ongoing research efforts to exploit the flexibility of adaptive units to better represent the local characteristics of the state space.
Amorphous Molybdenum Phosphide Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Amorphous molybdenum phosphide (MoP) nanoparticles have been synthesized and characterized as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) in 0.50 M H2SO4 (pH 0.3). Amorphous MoP nanoparticles (having diameters of 4.2 ± 0.5 nm) formed upon heating Mo(CO)6 and trioctylphosphine in squalane at 320 °C, and the nanoparticles remained amorphous after heating at 450 °C in H2(5%)/Ar(95%) to remove the surface ligands. At mass loadings of 1 mg cm–2, MoP/Ti electrodes exhibited overpotentials of −90 and −105 mV (−110 and −140 mV without iR correction) at current densities of −10 and −20 mA cm–2, respectively. These HER overpotentials remained nearly constant over 500 cyclic voltammetric sweeps and 18 h of galvanostatic testing, indicating stability in acidic media under operating conditions. Amorphous MoP nanoparticles are therefore among the most active known molybdenum-based HER systems and are part of a growing family of active, acid-stable, non-noble-metal HER catalysts.
The extraction and assay of crude ergot

A report of studies embracing the efficiency of various methods of extraction of crude ergot and the evaluation of the alkaloidal activity by biological and chemical methods, including potentiometric studies. The isolation of a new active substance from Ergot, with pharmacologic and chemical studies thereof, likewise constitutes a part of this report.
Acute and sub-lethal toxicity of three POEA surfactant formulations to Daphnia magna.

Polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) is a non-ionic surfactant used in many herbicide formulations to increase the ability of active ingredients to penetrate leaf cuticles. However, it has also been shown to disrupt respiratory membranes in aquatic organisms. In this study, Daphnia magna was used to examine the lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of three POEA formulations consisting of 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 average oxide:tallowamine. The formulation consisting of 10:1 was the most acutely toxic with a 48-h LC50 value of 97.0 μg/L and 15:1 was least toxic at 849.4 μg/L. All formulations inhibited growth at concentrations between 100 and 500 μg/L.
A left-to-right HDP-HMM with HDPM emissions

Nonparametric Bayesian models use a Bayesian framework to learn the model complexity automatically from the data and eliminate the need for a complex model selection process. The Hierarchical Dirichlet Process hidden Markov model (HDP-HMM) is the nonparametric Bayesian equivalent of an HMM. However, HDP-HMM is restricted to an ergodic topology and uses a Dirichlet Process Model (DPM) to achieve a mixture distribution-like model. For applications such as speech recognition, where we deal with ordered sequences, it is desirable to impose a left-to-right structure on the model to improve its ability to model the sequential nature of the speech signal. In this paper, we introduce three enhancements to HDP-HMM: (1) a left-to-right structure: needed for sequential decoding of speech, (2) non-emitting initial and final states: required for modeling finite length sequences, (3) HDP mixture emissions: allows sharing of data across states. The latter is particularly important for speech recognition because Gaussian mixture models have been very effective at modeling speaker variability. Further, due to the nature of language, some models occur infrequently and have a small number of data points associated with them, even for large corpora. Sharing allows these models to be estimated more accurately. We demonstrate that this new HDP-HMM model produces a 15% increase in likelihoods and a 15% relative reduction in error rate on a phoneme classification task based on the TIMIT Corpus.
Active contours for tracking distributions

A new approach to tracking using active contours is presented. The class of objects to be tracked is assumed to be characterized by a probability distribution over some variable, such as intensity, color, or texture. The goal of the algorithm is to find the region within the current image, such that the sample distribution of the interior of the region most closely matches the model distribution. Two separate criteria for matching distributions are examined, and the curve evolution equations are derived in each case. The flows are shown to perform well in experiments.
Gender and Discretionary Work Effort Evidence From the United States and Britain

Do men and women differ in the extent to which they work beyond the level required by their jobs? Does this gender difference vary across national contexts? The authors answer these questions using survey data from the United States and Britain. Multivariate ordered logistic regression models reveal no gender difference in self-reported discretionary effort in the United States, but greater discretionary effort among women in Britain, net of individual, family, and workplace characteristics. The authors attribute these findings to a greater divergence of women’s and men’s labor force participation and careers, historically weaker regulation of workplace equality, and a sharper differentiation of gender roles in Britain than in the United States. They conclude by discussing the relevance of national context for shaping gender differences in work orientations and behaviors.
A novel technique for repositioning lower eyelid fat via the transoral approach in association with midface lift

Background Orbital fat repositioning in association with subperiosteal midface elevation has been variably described via both the transconjunctival and skin muscle flap approaches. Poor visualization, middle and posterior lamellar cicatricial fibrosis, technical difficulty, and incomplete release are disadvantages commonly ascribed to the transconjunctival approach. Lower eyelid malposition and retraction also are commonly seen in association with skin muscle flap approaches. A simple technique using the intraoral approach to release the orbital septum and postseptal fat is described in this report. This procedure avoids complications associated with the violation of key lower eyelid anatomic structures and markedly improves visualization through an incision allowing a much larger access.
The Significance of Gas Exchange in Water Quality Assessment and Planning

Environmental problems, in which gas-liquid exchange plays a major role, concern aesthetics, eutrophication and toxicity. They are not only of environmental importance but also of economic significance, in view of the costs of treatment and control methods which are invariably required to address such problems. The determination of the degree of treatment or the specific method of control usually requires the application of mathematical models. These models, which describe the spatial and temporal distribution of the relevant water quality constituents, contain transport, transfer and kinetic components. While the transport factors are fairly well established for many natural water systems, little fundamental basis exists for the quantification of the kinetic interactions and transfer routes. These coefficients are either assigned empirically or calculated from observations in the prototype systems. The one notable exception is the gas-liquid transfer process, for which at least some theoretical basis exists for the determination of the relevant coefficient. An objective element is thereby provided in the important process of the validation of the water quality model. Furthermore, the fundamental nature of the gas transfer relationships permits extrapolation to other environmental conditions, an element which is an integral part of the planning process.
Factors affecting Y 2 BaCuO 5 precipitate size during melt processing of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x

In the microstructures of melt processed YBa2Cu3O7−x (123) superconductors, often unconsumed Y2BaCuO5 (211) particles are observed. The 211 particle size and distribution depend upon i) processing parameters such as peak temperature, heating rate, residence time above 1010°C, starting 123 grain size, etc., ii) second phase additions, and iii) the processing route employed. 211 particle size control is of primary interest for enhancing 123 flux pinning, and fracture toughness. Factors which determine the 211 particle size are reviewed.
The pen, the dress, and the coat: a confusion in goodness

Conditionalists say that the value something has as an end—its final value—may be conditional on its extrinsic features. They support this claim by appealing to examples: Kagan points to Abraham Lincoln’s pen, Rabinowicz and Ronnow-Rasmussen to Lady Diana’s dress, and Korsgaard to a mink coat. They contend that these things may have final value in virtue of their historical or societal roles. These three examples have become familiar: many now merely mention them to establish the conditionalist position. But the widespread faith in such cases is, I believe, unjustified. This is because, surprisingly, the pen, the dress, and the coat cannot have final value. I argue that the problem is internal: these cases are ruled out by every conditionalist account of final value. Further, the problem with these well-known cases applies to most other supposed examples of extrinsic, final goods. Thus nearly all cases given to support the conditionalist view cannot succeed. I suggest a kind of diagnosis: I claim that these examples are best seen as instances of sentimental value, rather than final value. I close by providing a brief account of sentimental value and explain how it relates to instrumental, intrinsic, and final goodness.
An Exercise in Line-Drawing: Deriving and Measuring Fairness in Redistricting

Drawing district lines is a central and important task in a district-based election system - the principal American form - because the nature of districts often dictates the electability of candidates, if not the actual results of elections. One of the biggest debates in election law is therefore about policing redistricting to ensure that it is fair. Previous case law - including, most recently, Vieth v. Jubilerer, 124 S. Ct. 1769 (2004) - and academic literature primarily framed the debate over fairness in redistricting as a search for a substantive measure or standard of fairness. This article argues that such a search is doomed to fail, fundamentally because no one can agree on what is fair and because the proposed measures typically attempt to mask or subvert the political effects of redistricting, despite the inherent nature of politics in redistricting. The article seeks instead to reorient the discussion toward procedural standards and measures of fairness. It sets forth a novel procedural model for constructing a fair redistricting scheme based on compromise among a virtually unlimited number of participants. In this model, the participants' goals and preferences are blended together to derive a unique districting configuration. There are a variety of ways to accomplish this blending, including configuration elimination and meta-elections. The procedural model can also be used descriptively by courts to judge the fairness of existing districting schemes. The benefits of this model include placing redistricting's political decisions in the hands of politically motivated participants by allowing each one to consider its particular preferences, which are incorporated into the ultimate districting scheme. The model also recognizes that it is impossible to ignore the political effects of redistricting, yet does not require any choice among the numerous and conflicting substantive fairness measures and standards. The article concludes by addressing further avenues of research, including the determination of who gets to participate in redistricting, strategic gaming, and opportunity costs.
The Clergy and the Enlightenment in Latin America: An Analysis*

Several currents of “enlightened” doctrine ran swiftly and strongly through Latin America by the end of the eighteenth century. Scholarly work of the past two decades obviates the need to prove that the new philosophy, the new science, and the new politics found acceptance in the Spanish world. Forbidden books made their way into Latin America with relative ease, the Inquisition proved ineffective in preventing the spread of new ideas, and the Spanish crown itself not only promoted useful knowledge but encouraged “ modern ” philosophical studies. Aside from special studies on the Enlightenment, however, the more general histories of Latin America too frequently take the position, implicit if not explicit, that the Catholic clergy, monolithic in their obscurantism, constituted the primary obstacle to the complete victory of “enlightened” ideas. It appears to me that this point of view is somewhat inaccurate. This paper holds as a thesis, rather, that the clergy were seriously split on practically all aspects of the Enlightenment. Some supported, some opposed, and many were indifferent to or ignorant of “ enlightened ” notions. The degree of support or opposition varied, and not all who opposed or supported the movement, supported or opposed it in toto.
The Reliability of Anesthesia and Brain Activity Monitor. (ABM)

麻酔深度モニター(ABM)は麻酔科領域での新しいモニターであるが, 各測定項目についての信頼性の報告はない. 今回我々はこの測定項目のうち脳波と誘発筋電図(Neuromuscular transmission module, NMT) について検討した.ABMの脳波は零点交叉法による平均周波数なので高速フーリェ変換後の main power spectrum と比較し, NMTの方は, myograph-2000型と比較した. その結果, 脳波はr=0.88 y=1.01x-0.04(p<0.05) NMTの方は train of four で response を比較すると, train of four twitch ratio はr=0.78 y=0.97x+20.3 (p<0.05), train of four ratio はr=0.97 y=1.0x+14.3 (p<0.01) と3者とも良好な相関を示し, 臨床使用上有用と思われた.
Percolation and grain boundary wetting in anisotropic texturally equilibrated pore networks.

In texturally equilibrated porous media the pore geometry evolves to minimize the energy of the liquid-solid interfaces, while maintaining the dihedral angle θ at solid-solid-liquid contact lines. We present computations of three-dimensional texturally equilibrated pore networks using a level-set method. Our results show that the grain boundaries with the smallest area can be fully wetted by the pore fluid even for θ > 0. This was previously not thought to be possible at textural equilibrium and reconciles the theory with experimental observations. Even small anisotropy in the fabric of the porous medium allows the wetting of these faces at very low porosities, ϕ 60° and the pores do not percolate for any investigated ϕ. For θ < 60°, in contrast, the grain boundaries parallel to the direction of stretching are wetted and a percolating pore network forms for all ϕ investigated. At low θ even small anisotropy in the fabric induces large anisotropy in the permeability, due to the concentration of liquid on the grain boundaries and faces.
Purification and Characterization of Bovine Liver Beta-Glucuronidase

Abstract Cellulose ion-exchange chromatography was used to purify bovine liver β-glucuronidase by an improved method. An 18% yield of enzyme having a specific activity of approximately 2 × 10 5 Units per milligram was obtained. The purified enzvme appeared homogeneous by ion-exchange chromatography on several adsorbents, gel filtration, electrophoresis in starch gel and polyacrylamide gel, and ultracentrifugation. From sedimentation-equilibrium, a molecular weight of about 280,000 was calculated. With dry weight as a measure of protein, the E 1 cm 1% at 280 mμ was 17. The amino acid composition was determined. These enzyme preparations contained 3–6% carbohydrate, and glucosamine was detected in acid hydrolyzates by ion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme contained less than one mole of phosphate per mole of enzyme. The K m with phenolphthalein glucuronide as a substrate was about 0.05 m m . A broad pH-activity curve with a single optimum at pH 4.8 was observed, and the enzyme was most stable between pH 4 and 7. The enzyme could be chromatographed on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose in the presence of 7.7 m urea, with full recovery of activity after dilution of the urea. It was also found to be markedly stable to autolysis in liver homogenates at 37 °.
Neural and humoral mechanisms of angiotensin-dependent hypertension.

We examined whether neural or humoral mechanisms mediate the acute versus chronic phases of angiotensin II (ANG II)-dependent hypertension in rabbits. ANG II was administered intravenously at 50 ng.kg-1.min-1 for 10 days. This dose of ANG II elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 76 +/- 2 to 98 +/- 2 mmHg on day 1 and sustained the hypertension throughout the infusion period. Heart rate (226 +/- 7 beats/min) was not altered. The depressor response to ganglionic blockade (-38 +/- 2 mmHg) was significantly blunted on day 1 (-22 +/- 3 mmHg) and was significantly enhanced on days 5 (-52 +/- 4 mmHg) and 7 (-52 +/- 6 mmHg). In contrast, plasma norepinephrine (PNE) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) levels were acutely reduced to approximately one-third of control (day 1 of ANG II) and chronically rose to an intermediate level (2-9 days of ANG II). However, the pressor effect of resetting PNE and RSNA may be magnified by an augmented pressor responsiveness to alpha-agonists after chronic ANG II. In animals with the area postrema removed, PNE, RSNA, and heart rate were acutely reduced and remained chronically depressed. In addition, area postrema lesion blocked the chronic, but not the acute hypertensive response, to infusing ANG II. Thus the direct vasoconstrictor actions of ANG II appear to acutely predominate, whereas neurogenic vasomotor tone appears to chronically predominate. This shift appears to be mediated by changes in vascular sensitivity, as well as the area postrema allowing resetting of the baroreflex.
Enhancing constant-pH simulation in explicit solvent with a two-dimensional replica exchange method.

We present a new method for enhanced sampling for constant-pH simulations in explicit water based on a two-dimensional (2D) replica exchange scheme. The new method is a significant extension of our previously developed constant-pH simulation method, which is based on enveloping distribution sampling (EDS) coupled with a one-dimensional (1D) Hamiltonian exchange method (HREM). EDS constructs a hybrid Hamiltonian from multiple discrete end state Hamiltonians that, in this case, represent different protonation states of the system. The ruggedness and heights of the hybrid Hamiltonian’s energy barriers can be tuned by the smoothness parameter. Within the context of the 1D EDS-HREM method, exchanges are performed between replicas with different smoothness parameters, allowing frequent protonation-state transitions and sampling of conformations that are favored by the end-state Hamiltonians. In this work, the 1D method is extended to 2D with an additional dimension, external pH. Within the context of the 2D met...
A Cross-Sectional Examination of International Competency Standards

The evaluation of competency in the field of psychology has gained international attention in recent years. Focusing on international competencies can promote high standards of care and identify common values of the profession. However, there is little research regarding international perceptions of competency. Examining ethics codes from different countries can highlight international standards of competent practice, as ethics codes outline professional expectations of the field. The current study compared the ethics standards found in 47 codes of ethics representing 51 countries. Seventeen competency standards emerged after ethics codes were analyzed. Implications for the international practice of psychology are discussed.
Uniform results for Serre's theorem for elliptic curves

A celebrated theorem of Serre from 1972 asserts that if E is an elliptic curve defined over ℚ and without complex multiplication, then its associated mod l representation is surjective for all sufficiently large primes l. In this paper we address the question of what “sufficiently large” means in Serre's theorem. More precisely, we obtain a uniform version of Serre's theorem for nonconstant elliptic curves defined over function fields, and a uniform version of Serre's theorem for one-parameter families of elliptic curves defined over ℚ.
The Macroeconomic Framework and Development Strategy

Uzbekistan began life as an independent country with a huge shock: it lost aid transfers from the Soviet Union equivalent to more than 19 per cent of its GDP.1 These transfers financed a large part of government expenditure and enabled Uzbekistan to support a wide range of public services and outlays on human capital. The results over the years were impressive. Adult literacy, for women and men combined, was 97.2 per cent. The average number of years of schooling was nine (or even higher), roughly equal for women and men. Life expectancy was high at 69 years and average incomes, while low by the standards of the USSR, were relatively high compared to those of neighbouring Asian countries. Accurate estimates of GNP per capita are difficult to obtain, but as an order of magnitude, $960 seems about right.2
Designing defect spins for wafer-scale quantum technologies

The past decade has seen remarkable progress in the development of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect center in diamond, which is one of the leading candidates for quantum information technologies. The success of the NV center as a solid-state qubit has stimulated an active search for similar defect spins in other technologically important and mature semiconductors, such as silicon carbide. If successfully combined with the advanced microfabrication techniques available to such materials, coherent quantum control of defect spins could potentially lead to semiconductor-based, wafer-scale quantum technologies that make use of exotic quantum mechanical phenomena like entanglement. In this article, we describe the robust spin property of the NV center and the current status of NV center research for quantum information technologies. We then outline first-principles computational modeling techniques based on density functional theory to efficiently search for potential spin defects in nondiamond hosts suitable for quantum information applications. The combination of computational modeling and experimentation has proven invaluable in this area, and we describe the successful interplay between theory and experiment achieved with the divacancy spin qubit in silicon carbide.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: An Antimicrobial Mainstay and Platform for Innovation to Address Bacterial Resistance

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have represented one of the most visible and effective classes of disinfectants for nearly a century. With simple preparation, wide structural variety, and versatile incorporation into consumer products, there have been manifold developments and applications of these structures. Generally operating via disruption of one of the most fundamental structures in bacteria-the cell membrane-leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, the QACs were once thought to be impervious to resistance. Developments over the past decades, however, have shown this to be far from the truth. It is now known that a large family of bacterial genes (generally termed qac genes) encode efflux pumps capable of expelling many QAC structures from bacterial cells, leading to a decrease in susceptibility to QACs; methods of regulation of qac transcription are also understood. Importantly, qac genes can be horizontally transferred via plasmids to other bacteria and are often transmitted alongside other antibiotic-resistant genes; this dual threat represents a significant danger to human health. In this review, both QAC development and QAC resistance are documented, and possible strategies for addressing and overcoming QAC-resistant bacteria are discussed.
Effect of local competition on the willingness of community pharmacies to supply medication therapy management services

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) provides a prescription drug benefit for Medicare-eligible seniors that includes access to medication therapy management services (MTMS) through pharmacists. We theorize that local community pharmacy market competition affects the decision of individual community pharmacies to provide MTMS. Our model suggests that MTMS services are more apt to be supplied in markets at the extremes of community pharmacy concentration (very low and very high). We found that local community pharmacy competition affected the service choices made by the pharmacy decision-makers willing to provide MTMS in a manner consistent with our theory. As a result, patient access to MTMS services depends on both (1) patient access to pharmacies willing to provide MTMS and (2) the level of local community pharmacy competition.
Controlled manipulation of floating objects on deformed fluid interfaces and conditions for stable equilibria

Abstract At the millimeter scale, interactions between floating and semi-immersed objects are significant. The local curvature of the interface is modified by the weight/buoyancy forces of floating objects, and by the surface properties of semi-immersed objects. The curvature changes generate attractive (or repulsive) interactions between floating parts, and semi-immersed objects. This work demonstrates how electrowetting can manipulate these interactions in order to position, align, assemble and transport parts attached to the fluid interface. This demonstrates one way in which fluid interfaces can provide an alternative to standard pick and place technology for part positioning/assembly. Typically, the part/rod forces are purely attractive or repulsive, but under some conditions, floating objects reach a stable equilibrium with a finite gap between the floating and semi- immersed bodies. Stable equilibrium positions were measured for rectangular prisms suspended on a water/oil interface and a fixed cylindrical rod. Measurements showed that the equilibrium position depends on the ratio of ▵ ρ t w where t is the part thickness; w is its width, and ▵ ρ the part/fluid density difference. The stable equilibrium position provides for repeatable positioning without risk of parts sticking to the semi-immersed bodies.
An improved model for the phase of backscattered electromagnetic fields from a conducting rotating cylinder

The rotation or vibration of a complex scattering object induces frequency modulations on the scattered signal. This modulation during this rotation or vibration is referred to as the micro-Doppler effect. The Micro-Doppler effect was investigated by many researchers in the past for different types of rotating objects, such as propellers of a fixed wing aircraft and rotors of a helicopter. In this paper, we examine the time-frequency analysis of a rotating, very good conducting cylinder. The scattering of an electromagnetic H-wave by a rotating very good conducting cylinder is investigated using the Franklin transformation. Then, micro-Doppler effects can be extracted by using the short time, fast Fourier transform for scattered fields associated with the rotational motion. The simulated results confirm that the Franklin transformation gives a more accurate analysis for a rotating, very good conducting cylinder than Galilean transformation. Also the results demonstrate the difference between the stationary and rotating very good conducting cylinders in time frequency analysis. Finally, the simulation shows that this approach produces a different result than previous approaches such as the Chen model.
The Torgegram for Fluvial Variography: Characterizing Spatial Dependence on Stream Networks

ABSTRACTWe introduce a graphical diagnostic called the Torgegram for characterizing spatial dependence among observations of a variable on a stream network. The Torgegram consists of four component empirical semivariograms, each one corresponding to a particular combination of flow-connectedness within the network and model type (tail-up/tail-down). We show how an overall strategy for fluvial variography can be based on a careful examination of the Torgegram. An analysis of water temperature data from a stream network within the Columbia River basin of the northwest United States illustrates the diagnostic value of the Torgegram as well as its limitations. Additional uses and extensions of the Torgegram are discussed.
Effects of rhenium alloying on the microstructures and mechanical properties of directionally solidified NiAl-Mo eutectic alloy

Low ductility of the reinforcing bcc metal phase at room temperature and weak interfaces can limit the intrinsic toughness and ductility of NiAl-bcc metal eutectic composites. The potential of rhenium (Re) addition, which is known to solid solution soften and lower the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of various bcc metals, to enhance the ductility and toughness of a directionally solidified NiAl-9 at.% Mo eutectic alloy was investigated. Re partitioned to the bcc metal phase and formed a substitutional solid solution. The interface morphology was changed from a faceted to a non-faceted one. Re alloying caused softening of the Mo fibers, and as a result NiAl-Mo(Re) alloys were softer in compression and flexure and had ∼20% higher fracture toughness values as compared to the transverse orientation toughness of NiAl-9Mo alloy. The toughness of the NiAl-Mo(Re) alloys was lower man the longitudinal orientation toughness of the NiAl-9Mo alloy due to the poor alignment of the Mo(Re) phase with the growth direction. The toughening mechanisms have been evaluated and schemes for processing NiAl-Mo(Re) alloys for higher toughness in the longitudinal orientation are suggested. The role of the residual interstitial impurities and partitioning of Ni and Al to Mo fibers on the mechanical properties are highlighted.
Toward an ElderCare Living Lab for Sensor-Based Health Assessment and Physical Therapy

There is an increasing demand to develop innovations in eldercare technologies that can be delivered as 'Apps' at a cloud-scale to facilitate proactive monitoring and targeted care coordination. This article presents the design for an 'ElderCare-as-a-SmartService' (ECaaS) system that integrates Apps for in-home health monitoring, and remote physical therapy coaching, respectively. The focus is on the transformation of the Apps into a cloud-based living lab, which then enables on-going App development/refinement to realize a real-world enhanced living environment for eldercare that is secure, privacy-preserving and socially embedded. We detail the system and network requirements for cloud-based delivery of ECaaS Apps featuring sensor data analysis and interactive interfaces across urban, suburban and rural areas. We conclude with a proposal for sociotechnical investigations that can be lead to a human-centered design that engages older adults and care coordinators as co-developers of ECaaS, while also simultaneously improving their quality of life.