cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reference Ranges for Hematocrit and Blood Hemoglobin Concentration During the Neonatal Period: Data From a Multihospital Health Care System

OBJECTIVE. “Reference ranges” are developed when it is impossible or inappropriate to establish “normal ranges” by drawing blood on healthy normal volunteers. Reference ranges for the hematocrit and the blood hemoglobin concentration of newborn infants have previously been reported from relatively small sample sizes by using measurement methods that now are considered outmoded. METHODS. We sought to develop reference ranges for hematocrit and hemoglobin during the neonatal period (28 days) by using very large sample sizes and modern hematology analyzers, accounting for gestational and postnatal age and gender. Data were assembled from a multihospital health care system after exclusion of patients with a high likelihood of an abnormal value and those who were receiving blood transfusions. RESULTS. During the interval from 22 to 40 weeks’ gestation, the hematocrit and blood hemoglobin concentration increased approximately linearly. For every week advance in gestational age, the hematocrit increased by 0.64% and the hemoglobin concentration increased by 0.21 g/dL. No difference was seen on the basis of gender. During the 4-hour interval after birth, hematocrit/hemoglobin values of late preterm and term neonates (35– 42 weeks’ gestation) increased by 3.6% 0.5% (mean SD), those of neonates of 29 to 34 weeks’ gestation remained unchanged, and those of 29 weeks’ gestation decreased by 6.0% 0.3%. During the first 28 days after birth, an approximately linear decrease in hematocrit/hemoglobin occurred. CONCLUSIONS. The figures presented herein describe reference ranges for hematocrit and blood hemoglobin concentration during the neonatal period, accounting for gestational and postnatal age. Pediatrics 2009;123:e333–e337
The “Iowa” Potato Beetle, its Discovery and Spread to Potatoes

Generations of entomologists have learned and taught that the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), originally lived on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and fed on buffalo bur (or sand bur), Solanum rostratum Dunal. As the story goes, when the settlers moved west and planted the potato, Solanum tuberosum, in the foothills of these mountains, the beetle adapted to this new host, subsequently moving east from one potato patch to another. This account, which has been presented in most textbooks on economic entomology (Sanderson 1921, Metcalf and Flint 1928, Davidson and Lyon 1979), had its origins with Walsh (1865). Riley (1869) accepted the account of Walsh (1865), and it has been accepted since.
Location privacy protection from RSS localization system using antenna pattern synthesis

This paper studies the problem of location privacy protection in wireless LAN (WLAN) environment, where received signal strength (RSS) at access points (AP) can potentially be obtained by adversaries to obtain the location of a legitimate mobile station. We propose a two-step location privacy protection scheme using a linear smart antenna array on the mobile station. In the first step, the mobile station observes the arrangement of surrounding APs by moving around and estimating the path losses from itself to the APs. Based on the path loss information, in the second step, the mobile station optimizes the radiation pattern of its smart antenna so that its location privacy is protected while its communication quality is not affected. Two strategies are used in the radiation pattern optimization. The first strategy is to limit the number of APs in range of the mobile station to a safe level so that there are not enough measurements from the APs to make an estimation of the mobile station's location. If the first strategy is not possible, the mobile station falls to the second strategy, where its radiation pattern introduces maximum bias to any location estimation attempt so that the mobile station's true location is not revealed. Simulation results show that compared with traditional transmit power control (TPC) scheme, the first strategy significantly increases the probability of inadequate measurements for location computation. Simulation also demonstrates that the second strategy can significantly degenerate the precision of the positioning system. In many cases, the degenerated location precision is as low as the coverage range of the AP that the mobile station is associated with for communications. This essentially means that the second strategy can invalidate the use of RSS measurement for precise localization.
Celebrity Justice and Gossip Blogs: Demographic Characteristics of Victimized and Allegedly Criminal Celebrities Featured on Top Gossip Blogs

In the song “Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous,” the band Good Charlotte articulates the problem with society’s fascination with celebrities involved in the criminal justice system. Good Charlotte sings: Always see it on T.V. or read it in the magazines, celebrities want sympathy. All they do is piss and moan inside the Rolling Stone, talking about how hard life can be. I'd like to see them spend a week living life out on the street. I don't think they would survive, if they could spend a day or two walking in someone else's shoes. I think they'd stumble and they'd fall...Lifestyles of the rich and the famous...Well, did you know when you were famous you could kill your wife and there's no such thing as 25 to life? As long as you've got the cash, to pay for Cochran; and did you know if you were caught and you were smoking crack...you could always just run for mayor of D.C. This paper neither defends, nor denies Good Charlotte’s perspective. Instead, this paper asks: Who are the subjects of these T.V./magazine stories? Once this question is answered, this article asks: What significance the answer could have for celebrity justice; the effect of the press and public opinion on the criminal justice system; and the criminal justice system on the press and public opinion; the effect of society, media, and the criminal justice system on celebrity; and the effect of celebrity criminality or celebrity justice on crime. This article relies on law review articles and original research on celebrity blogs between the years 2008 and 2013. Section II reviews the concepts of celebrity justice and jury bias towards certain demographic characteristics that could relate to the perceived phenomenon of celebrity justice and media coverage of criminal cases involving celebrities. Section III discusses the methods used to sample data from four top celebrity gossip blogs. This section also presents findings on the gender, race, and occupation of the most widely covered celebrities involved in criminal cases, sampled in the collected data. Section IV questions the purpose and effects of these celebrity demographics, and proposes new research questions. These new suggested angles should be investigated in order to formulate the fullest picture of the interplay between media, criminal justice, society, and celebrities. The article concludes by summarizing the practical and potential importance of understanding which demographic of celebrities celebrity bloggers commonly identify as victims and perpetrators of crimes.
Developing Credibility in Public-Private Partnerships: The Case of Manila Water Supply

This paper is based on a case study of the water supply public-private partnership (PPP) in the city of Manila after ten years of operation. It aims to provide insights on how institutional design impacts the success of PPPs for water supply systems, with particular emphasis on factors that enhance credible commitments by both the private operators and the government in order to create the basis for a trust-based long-term relationship. The data was collected from interviews, supplemented by official documents, archival records and websites of the two water utilities, and visits to the water treatment plant, wastewater treatment plant, and slum areas served in Manila. Nine officials were interviewed. Three represented the views of regulators, three the views of private operators and the remaining three the views of other interested parties - World Bank officials and Asian Development Bank (ADB) officials.The paper concludes that the Manila water PPP has been successful because it is thoroughly embedded in the particular conditions of the Philippines while also utilizing international expertise. International expertise was applied in both the design of the PPP with the help of international consulting firms and in the composition of the concessionaires that included major French and British water operators. Yet the structure and operation of the PPP was also closely tied to the Philippine situation. The Filipino characteristics of the PPP design and the Filipino partners of the international companies have facilitated the effort to solve problems and disputes with positive expectations on both sides rather than the suspicion and negative expectations that sometimes occur between a government and a foreign company. The positive expectations have been developed through extensive interaction on a face-to-face basis over a wide range of major and minor issues. The monitoring and enforcement capacity of the Regulatory Office is critical to the political credibility of the contractual arrangements, helping to sustain a long-term contract against political concerns that the private companies have too much power over the quality and price of water.
Variability in β Cephei and B Stars

Rather than review β Cepheids, this paper will address the issue that β Cephei variability is only a readily detectable tip of a much larger iceberg of variability among β stars. This variability being widespread, it becomes crucial to differentiate β Cepheids from other variable subgroups by observational criteria if one is ever to make physical inferences concerning the instability mechanism involved. Shobbrook (1978) has raised this point indirectly in discussing the importance of defining the width of the instability strip: if the strip is narrow, the pulsational instability is more likely to arise in the stellar core; if it is wide, it is probably excited in the envelope. Enormous efforts have gone into delineating the evolutionary and HR-D confines of s Cepheids. In this paper it will be suggested that the situation is more complicated than the traditional outlook holds.
Topology Optimization of Additively-Manufactured, Lattice-Reinforced Penetrative Warheads

Two different scaled penetrative warheads were developed using additive manufacturing processes in 15-5 stainless steel. The first warhead design had a singular unitary case based solely on existing penetrating warhead designs. The second warhead design was a modification of the first, where the nature and location of new internal members and lattice structures was determined using topology optimization methods. The relative physical properties of the two warheads were calculated using HyperWorks, a commercial finite element analysis software. Once these analyses were finalized, production of the warheads was accomplished using direct metal laser sintering. The two warheads will be live-fire tested at Eglin AFB, FL. The analysis and physical testing will validate the ability of additively manufactured warheads to penetrate targets, the ability of lattice structures to perform well in impact loading environments, and the utility of topology optimization methods for warhead design.
Effects of Boundary Layer Ingesting (BLI) Propulsion Systems on Engine Cycle Selection and HWB Vehicle Sizing

A methodology for analyzing the boundary layer ingestion technology on a hybrid wing body aircraft has been developed using a simplified boundary layer analysis based on computation fluid dynamic results. With certain assumptions, a method for calculating the boundary layer velocity profiles across the flight envelope was shown using a log-wake velocity profile. This boundary layer profile was integrated over the surface of an assumed “D-shape” inlet to produce the inlet total pressure, temperature, and the ratio of the area averaged Mach number to the free-stream Mach number. The resulting curves were used within the EDS multi-disciplinary environment to analyze an HWB aircraft with BLI and other N+2 technologies over a range of cycle design parameters and for varying inlet aspect ratios. Aerothermodynamic engine cycle design explorations are performed that show that the candidate engine cycle selection that minimizes design mission fuel burn depends greatly on the assumed negative impacts BLI has on the engine performance.
Using Sensor Technology to Monitor Disruptive Behavior of Persons With Dementia.

An anticipated increase in the number of people with dementia will lead to an escalation in health and social care spending unless it is altered by a major breakthrough in treatment or prevention. Behavioral symptoms associated with dementia (BSD) are some of the most difficult problems faced by caregivers. Several measurement issues have hampered the progress of timely intervention for BSD. Sensor technology may offer a solution to the early detection of BSD that will guide the development of tailored interventions. Similarly, a clinical conceptualization of BSD and its measurement issues can facilitate the engineering of sensor networks and algorithms for activity recognition. Multidisciplinary collaboration and the consideration of ethical issues will improve the adoption of these technologies in healthcare research.
Evidence that diminished pituitary responsivity to GHRF is secondary to intracellular GH pool depletion.

In a perifused dispersed rat anterior pituitary cell system, growth hormone (GH) secretion became attenuated in response to repeated pulsatile or prolonged exposure to submaximal stimulatory concen...
Synthesis and Investigation of Mixed μ‐Opioid and δ‐Opioid Agonists as Possible Bivalent Ligands for Treatment of Pain

Several studies have suggested functional association between μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptors and showed that μ-activity could be modulated by δ-ligands. The general conclusion is that agonists for the δ-receptor can enhance the analgesic potency and efficacy of μ-agonists. Our preliminary investigations demonstrate that new bivalent ligands constructed from the μ-agonist fentanyl and the δ-agonist enkephalin-like peptides are promising entities for creation of new analgesics with reduced side effects for treatment of neuropathic pain. A new superposition of the mentioned pharmacophores led to novel μ-bivalent/δ-bivalent compounds that demonstrate both μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptor agonist activity and high efficacy in anti-inflammatory and neuropathic pain models with the potential of reduced unwanted side effects.
Survival of patients (pts) with metastatic bladder cancer (MBC) in the past quarter century: Sobering results from the California Cancer Registry (CCR).

e16033Background: Pts with MBC are often offered chemotherapy (CT) as initial treatment. Although studies have shown that CT is associated with improved survival, it is unclear if this benefit has translated into the population-at -large and whether survival has improved over time. We sought to identify baseline factors including receipt of frontline CT & their influence on outcomes in MBC pts. Methods: Pts (n = 111,800) diagnosed (dx'd) with BC in California between 1988 and 2012 were identified. Of these, 4,470 with MBC (SEER “distant stage”) were included. Primary outcome measures: overall & cause-specific survival (OS & CSS). Uni-and multivariate Cox models for OS and CSS were constructed. Results: Most MBC pts were male (66.3%), > 69 years (54.6%), White (75.7%), dx'd in 2000-‘12 (60.2%), urban (93.5%), and of lower socioeconomic status (SES scale 1-3: 59.5%). Median OS and CSS: 5 & 7 months, respectively. Only 1,867 (42%) received frontline CT. Although pts receiving CT had improved outcomes, there ...
An analysis of how restrictive language policies are interpreted by Arizona’s Department of Education and three individual school districts’ websites

Restrictive language policies for education have been passed in several states in the United States. In 1998, 2000, and 2002, California, Arizona, and Massachusetts passed the most restrictive of these policies, impacting 4.4 million students classified as English language learners (ELLs). This study examines how these policies are currently interpreted and presented to the public on Arizona’s Department of Education website, as well as how they are interpreted and presented on the websites of three of the state’s largest school districts. We seek to understand how three key elements of the laws—one-year programmatic time limits, Structured English Immersion (SEI) programs, and waiver processes—are conveyed by each text. Using tools from critical discourse analysis (Fairclough, 2003, 2013, 2015), we trace the endurance or disappearance of these elements between texts and across time. Textual differences are discussed as reflecting and perpetuating important contextual differences among the districts.
Application of satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence to understanding large-scale variations in vegetation phenology and function over northern high latitude forests

This study evaluates the large-scale seasonal phenology and physiology of vegetation over northern high latitude forests (40°–55°N) during spring and fall by using remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and observation-based estimate of gross primary productivity (GPP) from 2009 to 2011. Based on GPP phenology estimation in GPP, the growing season determined by SIF time-series is shorter in length than the growing season length determined solely using NDVI. This is mainly due to the extended period of high NDVI values, as compared to SIF, by about 46 days (± 11 days), indicating a large-scale seasonal decoupling of physiological activity and changes in greenness in the fall. In addition to phenological timing, mean seasonal NDVI and SIF have different responses to temperature changes throughout the growing season. We observed that both NDVI and SIF linearly increased with temperature increases throughout the spring. However, in the fall, although NDVI linearly responded to temperature increases, SIF and GPP did not linearly increase with temperature increases, implying a seasonal hysteresis of SIF and GPP in response to temperature changes across boreal ecosystems throughout their growing season. Seasonal hysteresis of vegetation at large-scales is consistent with the known phenomena that light limits boreal forest ecosystem productivity in the fall. Our results suggest that continuing measurements from satellite remote sensing of both SIF and NDVI can help to understand the differences between, and information carried by, seasonal variations vegetation structure and greenness and physiology at large-scales across the critical boreal regions.
Experiments and Modeling to Characterize Microstructure and Hardness in 304L

Drawn 304L stainless steel tubing was subjected to 42 different annealing heat treatments with the goal of initializing a microstructural model to select a heat treatment to soften the tubing from a hardness of 305 Knoop to 225–275 Knoop. The amount of recrystallization and grain size caused by 18 heat treatments were analyzed via optical microscopy and image analysis, revealing the full range of recrystallization from 0 to 100%. The formation of carbides during the longer duration and higher-temperature heat treatments was monitored via transmission electron microscope evaluation. The experimental results informed a model which includes recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth to predict microstructure and hardness. After initialization of the model, it was able to predict hardness with a R 2 value of 0.95 and recrystallization with an R 2 value of 0.99. The model was then utilized in the design and testing of a heat treatment to soften the tubing.
Use of a Metered-Dose Inhaler Compared With a Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer During Mechanical Ventilation: Does It Really Matter?

Historically, the documentation of inhalation therapy dates back hundreds of years, although the formal study of aerosol and proliferation of applicable devices seemingly emerged circa the mid-twentieth century.[1][1] Today, many options are available, and newer aerosol technologies are being used
A techno-economic assessment of membrane distillation for treatment of Marcellus shale produced water

Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising desalination technology for treatment of high salinity shale gas produced water. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) is necessary for evaluating the economic feasibility of MD for produced water treatment as compared to other shale gas produced water management strategies. A detailed TEA for a hypothetical 0.5 million gallons per day (MGD) direct contact MD (DCMD) that concentrates produced water from 10% (100,000 mg/L) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) to 30% salinity is presented in this study. The model is developed based on a combination of experimental results, ASPEN Plus process model, best available engineering knowledge, and cost estimates. Analysis reveals that thermal energy cost for MD operation contributes the most to total cost of treating produced water in an MD plant. Additionally, the results of sensitivity analysis reveal that feed TDS level and thermal energy price have a significant impact on total cost of treating produced water. We also explore the implications of utilizing waste heat on the economics of the MD technology for produced water treatment. The results reveal that the total cost of treating produced water using MD is $5.70/m3feed which decreases significantly to $0.74/m3feed when MD is integrated with a source of waste heat.
STOCHASTIC ALLOCATION OF SPARE COMPONENTS

This paper presents a method for stochastically allocating spare components in a multicomponent system. The method can be classified as one in the generalized branch and bound, implicit enumeration category. Other applications are briefly discussed.
The Extended Kalman Filter as a Pulmonary Blood Flow Estimator 1 1Supported in part by Grant GM 23732 awarded by the General Medical Sciences Institute.

Abstract Pulmonary blood flow is represented as a time-varying parameter in a simple model of the bodily uptake of gases that are soluble in blood. The pulmonary blood flow is estimated on-line using LJung's modification of the extended Kalman filter. The experimental technique for estimation of pulmonary blood flow is based on Zwartts soluble gas method, modified to permit time-varying ventilation and pulmonary perfusion, and also to permit binary dynamic forcing of the inhaled soluble gas. Computer simulations were performed to determine the convergence time and to choose values of algorithmic parameters. Experiments done on human beings gave agreement to within the accuracy of that measured invasively by a thermal dilution technique. The method shows excellent promise for use in many biomedical applications, including patient monitoring, physiological experimentation, clinical heart function tests, etc.
Supporting and Thwarting Autonomy in the High School Science Classroom

ABSTRACTThis investigation examined relations between adolescent students' daily and cumulative perceptions of teachers' practice and their experience of autonomy. Two-hundred and eighteen high school science students in 43 classes participated in a 6-week diary study. Multilevel modeling results suggested that perceptions of 8 out of 9 practices predicted a change in students' daily autonomy. Results also revealed that autonomy-relevant practices interacted with time, each other, and characteristics of students and classrooms. Implications are discussed.
Variation in Developmental Synchrony of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with Implications for Chemical Control

Regional variation in developmental phenology of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), was studied at four locations in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina...
Holocaust War Games: Playing with Genocide

What happens when we ‘play’ with traumatic histories? Are there limits to what can or should be represented as children’s play, or what roles the players can hold? Does it make a difference if the trauma is safely in our collective past, or is ongoing or recurring? These are the questions that scholars, artists, and game developers wrestle with as society’s most troubled historic ‘hot spots’ find themselves manifested in children’s toys, board games, and virtual worlds. For most of us, the concentration camp of Nazi Germany is the iconic image of trauma for the twentieth century—if not for all time. In this paper, the author explores a number of Holocaust-themed games and toys whose power seems to lie at the seductive intersection of make-believe and historic horror. Each game, produced in distinctly different historical contexts, draws for its subject matter on the demonization, persecution, and ultimate annihilation of Europe’s Jewish population by the Nazi regime during the Holocaust of Germany’s Third Reich. What role, then, do such games and/or their artistic doubles actually play in fomenting racial, ethnic, or religious hatred and, in turn, inciting criminal activity—or even mass destruction—against their targeted subjects? Through a careful analysis of the changing role of Holocaust-themed games, first as propaganda, then as artistic provocation, and, most recently, as a form of hate speech, the author explores what happens when children, or adults, are invited to vicariously ‘play’ at the most sadistic aspects of history and human nature.
Lessons in Dialogue, Ethics, and the Departure from Well-Laid Plans in the Cultivation of Citizen Artists

Collins describes an arts-based action research study that involves a collaboration between two disparate groups of young artists for a new community engagement course designed to better understand the roles of dialogue and collaborative art-making in the cultivation of engaged citizen artists. The author shares the theoretical and conceptual framework and the anti-oppressive design of the study, employing Freire, Bakthin, and Noddings. Further, she describes the progression of the community engagement course and the culminating project that resulted while exploring the ethical implications. In sharing the opportunities and challenges of her findings, the author also asserts the value and necessity of departing from a well-laid plan in pursuit of authentic answers for an inquiry designed for pedagogical discovery.
Chapter 16 – Nomenclature

This chapter addresses the importance of nomenclature in toxicologic pathology. Unambiguous interpretation of the pathological effects clearly impacts risk assessment in routine toxicity studies. Specifically, the components of nomenclature have been identified, including topography, morphology, and modifiers (also known as qualifiers). The need for standardization of nomenclature, factors affecting such standardization of nomenclature, and the challenges encountered during this process has been addressed. Finally, the joint efforts (International Harmonization of Toxicologic Pathology Nomenclature [INHAND], global open Registry Nomenclature Information System [goRENI]) by the various Societies of Toxicologic Pathology to develop and standardize an internationally recognized nomenclature for proliferative and non-proliferative lesions in rodents are described.
Closed walk sampler: An efficient method for estimating the spectral radius of large graphs

The spectral radius of a graph, i.e., the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix, is of high interest in graph analytics for Big Data due to its relevance to many important properties of the graph including network resilience, community detection and the speed of viral propagation. Accurate computation of the largest eigenvalue of extremely large graphs is infeasible due to the prohibitive computational and storage costs, and also because full access to many social network graphs is often restricted to most researchers. In this paper, we present a new and efficient algorithm called Closed Walk Sampler (cWalker) which solves both of the above-mentioned problems. Unlike previous methods which try to extract a subgraph with the most influential nodes, the cWalker samples only a small portion of the large graph via a simple random walk, and arrives at an estimate of the largest eigenvalue by estimating the number of closed walks of a certain length. Our experimental results using real graphs show that the cWalker is substantially faster while also achieving significantly better accuracy on most graphs than the current state-of-the-art algorithms.
“The less you Discount, the more it shows you really care”: Interpersonal discounting in households

Abstract Household members make monetary tradeoffs across time. Classical economics treats these decisions as if one rational individual makes them. This assumption masks important other regarding concerns between spouses. We designed an artefactual field experiment and collected data from 94 pairs of cohabiting couples to capture the complex nature of intra-household time preferences. Estimation results show that (1) the interpersonal discount rate, the rate used to tradeoff intertemporal payoffs between one's own payoff and the spouse's payoff, is significantly different from the individual discount rate, and (2) the interpersonal discount rate may provide an alternative way for people to express their other-regarding preferences towards their spouses.
Measured and Field- Based Theoretical Q of Gravitationally-Small Gravitational Antennas

Recent breakthroughs in detection of gravitational waves not only demonstrate the transmission and reception of such waves, but also prompt comparisons to electromagnetic antennas. Although the transmitting gravitational antenna and signal generator may be the inspiral of a binary neutron star orbit, such new gravitational antenna observations raise interesting questions from an antenna engineering perspective. In particular, measured data are used to determine the Q (quality factor) of the gravitationally-small gravitational antenna comprised of the neutron star quadrupole, along the lines of Wheeler-Chu limits for electromagnetic antennas. The recent gravitational wave event GW170817 had signal frequencies below 75 Hz and implied orbital separation near 250 km, which suggest a gravitationally-small radiator below 0.07 wavelengths. In addition, qualitative arguments based on quadrupole gravitational field components suggest a theoretical Q inversely proportional to the seventh power of gravitational quadrupole antenna size. Measured data are presented that somewhat better support quadrupole gravitational antenna Q inversely proportional to the fifth power of gravitational antenna size, more so than seventh power. Lastly, an antenna engineering perspective should provide insight for metamaterial and non-Foster enhancement of gravitational antenna designs.
The effectiveness of manipulation and mobilization on pain and disability in individuals with cervicogenic and tension-type headaches: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Cervicogenic (CGH) and tension-type (TTH) headaches are prevalent conditions that are associated with considerable pain and disability. Joint mobilization and manipulation are common in...
A National Analysis of Short-term Outcomes and Long-term Survival Following Thoracoscopic Versus Open Lobectomy for Clinical Stage II Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes after open versus thoracoscopic (VATS) lobectomy for clinical stage II (cN1) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). BACKGROUND There have been no published studies evaluating the impact of a VATS approach to lobectomy for N1 NSCLC on short-term outcomes and survival. METHODS Outcomes of patients with clinical T1-2, N1, M0 NSCLC who underwent lobectomy without induction therapy in the National Cancer Data Base (2010-2012) were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling and propensity score-matched analysis. RESULTS Median follow-up of 1559 lobectomies (1204 open and 355 VATS) was 43.2 months. The VATS approach was associated with a shorter median hospitalization (5 vs 6 d, P < 0.001) than the open approach. There were no significant differences between the VATS and open approach with regard to nodal upstaging (12.0% vs 10.5%, P = 0.41), 30-day mortality (2.3% vs 3.1%, P = 0.31), and overall survival (5-yr survival: 48.6% vs 48.7%, P = 0.76; multivariable-adjusted HR for VATS approach: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.90-1.30, P = 0.39). A propensity score-matched analysis of 334 open and 334 VATS patients who were well matched by 14 common prognostic covariates, including tumor size, and comorbidities, continued to show no significant differences in nodal upstaging, 30-day mortality, and 5-year survival between the VATS and open groups. CONCLUSION In this national analysis, VATS lobectomy was used in the minority of N1 NSCLC cases but was associated with shorter hospitalization and similar nodal upstaging rates, 30-day mortality, and long-term survival when compared to open lobectomy. These findings suggest thoracoscopic techniques are feasible for the treatment of stage II (cN1) NSCLC.
MASS BRAIN ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL (BEP) CORRELATES OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN HEALTHY PEOPLE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses mass brain electrical potential (BEP) correlates of cognitive function in healthy people. A cognitive or mental function is the reportable, symbolic process intervening between a sensory stimulus—or its absence from a regular series—and a response. There are several conditions that must be met to show that a mass BEP is related to a cognitive function. Different spatiotemporal BEP patterns must be found for different cognitive functions, and these different patterns must not be a result of stimulus, response, or performance-related factors, which reflect a person's effort and skill. Measurement of correct performance during the exact period of time of BEP sampling is the only acceptable evidence that the cognition took place. A BEP pattern would be most convincing if it was spatially articulated rather than uniformly distributed, but this is not an absolute requirement.
Planar electromagnetic propagation of a p-polarized wave across an achiral/chiral interface without and with dispersion

Propagation of a p-polarized electromagnetic (EM) wave across an achiral/chiral (ACC) interface is considered for examining beam profiles and image transmission via the use of Fresnel coefficients (FCs). Accordingly, first the purely achiral p-polarized propagation is introduced, and thereafter chirality is added to the second medium to derive the FCs. Anomalies in the reflection and transmission behavior (such as emergence or absence of Brewster effect, total internal reflection (TIR), evanescent modes and so on) are examined via simulation. Finally, first-order material dispersion is introduced in the second medium, and the propagation of a 2D image across the interface is examined.
An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Investigating Self-efficacy and Outcome Expectancy as Mediators of Affective and Physiological Responses and Exercise Among Endometrial Cancer Survivors.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown affective and physiological states in response to exercise as predictors of daily exercise, yet little is known about the mechanism underlying such effects. PURPOSE To examine the mediating effects of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on the relationships between affective and physiological responses to exercise and subsequent exercise levels in endometrial cancer survivors. METHODS Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys were delivered up to eight 5- to 7-day periods over 6 months. Participants (n = 100) rated their affective and physiological states before and after each exercise session (predictors) and recorded their self-efficacy and outcome expectancy each morning (mediators). Exercise (outcome) was based on self-reported EMA surveys and accelerometer measures. A 1-1-1 multilevel mediation model was used to disaggregate the within-subject (WS) and between-subject (BS) effects. RESULTS At the WS level, a more positive affective state after exercise was associated with higher self-efficacy and positive outcome expectation the next day, which in turn was associated with higher subsequent exercise levels (ps < .05). At the BS level, participants who typically had more positive affective and experienced less intense physiological sensation after exercise had higher average self-efficacy, which was associated with higher average exercise levels (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS In endometrial cancer survivors, affective experience after exercise, daily self-efficacy and positive outcome expectation help explain the day-to-day differences in exercise levels within-person. Findings from this study highlight potentials for behavioral interventions that target affective experience after exercise and daily behavioral cognitions to promote physical activity in cancer survivors' everyday lives.
Value of Information Analysis via Active Learning and Knowledge Sharing in Error-Controlled Adaptive Kriging

Large uncertainties in many phenomena have challenged decision making. Collecting additional information to better characterize reducible uncertainties is among decision alternatives. Value of information (VoI) analysis is a mathematical decision framework that quantifies expected potential benefits of new data and assists with optimal allocation of resources for information collection. However, analysis of VoI is computational very costly because of the underlying Bayesian inference especially for equality-type information. This paper proposes the first surrogate-based framework for VoI analysis. Instead of modeling the limit state functions describing events of interest for decision making, which is commonly pursued in surrogate model-based reliability methods, the proposed framework models system responses. This approach affords sharing equality-type information from observations among surrogate models to update likelihoods of multiple events of interest. Moreover, two knowledge sharing schemes called model and training points sharing are proposed to most effectively take advantage of the knowledge offered by costly model evaluations. Both schemes are integrated with an error rate-based adaptive training approach to efficiently generate accurate Kriging surrogate models. The proposed VoI analysis framework is applied for an optimal decision-making problem involving load testing of a truss bridge. While state-of-the-art methods based on importance sampling and adaptive Kriging Monte Carlo simulation are unable to solve this problem, the proposed method is shown to offer accurate and robust estimates of VoI with a limited number of model evaluations. Therefore, the proposed method facilitates the application of VoI for complex decision problems.
Secondary Copyright Infringement Liability and User-Generated Content in the United States

In the United States, the question of whether and when online service providers can be held liable for copyright infringement committed by their users has been one of the most heavily litigated controversies of the digital age. The answer to this question begins with the common law doctrine of secondary copyright infringement, as articulated by leading United States Supreme Court opinions in Sony Corp of America v Universal City Studios, Inc, and MGM v Grokster. In 1998, Congress enacted a statutory ‘safe harbor’ as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (‘DMCA’). Section 512 of the DMCA limits secondary copyright infringement liability for various types of online intermediaries. Over the next two decades, the entertainment and technology industries waged epic court battles over the meaning of Section 512 and the shape of the secondary infringement doctrine in common law—most famously in Viacom International Inc v YouTube, Inc, in which the parties spent over $100 million in attorney’s fees. Though controversies around new business models and market entrants continue to arise and will do so for the foreseeable future, and some uncertainty remains—particularly with respect to the willful blindness doctrine— over the last ten years the dust has mostly settled in the law for intermediaries that host user-generated content (‘UGC’). In order for such intermediaries to avail themselves of the Section 512 safe harbor, they must comply with Section 512’s many requirements such as terminating the account of repeat infringers, but also may wish to take more active steps to identify and take down infringing content posted on their platforms. To that end, private ordering solutions such as YouTube’s ContentID and Copyright Strikes programs abound. There have been multiple attempts at reform, including 2012’s Stop Online Piracy Act and companion bills, but none have been fruitful.8 It remains an open question whether the law strikes the right balance between preventing copyright infringement and enabling free expression and innovation—and if not, what reforms are warranted.
The Role of Neoadjuvant Versus Adjuvant Therapy for Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A National Cancer Database Propensity Score Matched Analysis:

IntroductionAdjuvant therapy is recommended in duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA), but the role of neoadjuvant therapy remains undefined. We compared the effect of neoadjuvant therapy to adjuvant therapy...
Genetic parameters for stayability of Holsteins in US organic herds.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for stayability in US organic Holstein dairy cows and estimate genetic correlations with nationally evaluated traits of interest. Stayability is the binary trait for success or failure to remain in the herd until a given time point. We used birth, calving, and cull dates from 16 USDA certified organic farms recommended by industry personnel as herds maintaining individual cow records and using artificial insemination. Stayability at 5 time points was assigned based on the presence of a calving date for each parity up to 5 (STAY1 to STAY5). We also considered livebirth (vs. stillbirth), stayability from a successful first calving to second calving (STAY12), stayability from a successful second calving to third calving (STAY23), and stayability as a repeated measure encompassing STAY1 to STAY5. In total, 44,995 females were used in this study. Ninety-six percent were born alive and of these, 64% reached first parity. Animals with Holstein sires and no other identified breed for 3 generations on the maternal side were included. Heritabilities for stayability to each parity on the underlying scale were estimated using a threshold model with the fixed effect of herd and the random effects of animal and herd-year-season of birth. Genetic correlations were estimated among livebirth, STAY1, STAY12, and STAY23 with a 4-trait linear model with fixed herd-year-season of birth and random effects of animal, dam of the calf (livebirth), and herd calving date (STAY12 and STAY23). Heritabilities for stayability ranged from 0.07 to 0.15 and was 0.08 for the direct effect of livebirth and 0.06 for the maternal effect of livebirth. The repeatability for stayability was 0.60. Genetic correlations ranged from 0.11 between livebirth and STAY1 to 0.83 between STAY12 and STAY23. Excluding livebirth, stayability to all time points was significantly correlated with productive life and with cow livability. In general, stayability was positively associated with milk yield and negatively associated with fat percent and stillbirth. In conclusion, stayability in organic herds is heritable and positively associated with nationally evaluated longevity traits suggesting that improvement for stayability in organic herds can be achieved with current national evaluations for longevity.
Justice beyond repair: Negative Dialectics and the politics of guilt and atonement

This article draws out a critical, yet under-appreciated political theme in Adorno’s Negative Dialectics, namely his emphasis on guilt and atonement. First, the article assesses how Adorno’s Marxism allows him to think justice and guilt beyond the familiar legalistic frame. Second, the article reconstructs Adorno’s treatment of guilt as a distinctly political capacity to imagine one’s boundedness and indebtedness to others, and the affective engine enabling us to engage in a political ethic distinct from familiar categories of reparation. Third, the article shows how the themes of guilt and atonement give us a more complete picture of Negative Dialectics. This inquiry also intervenes in contemporary debates regarding the political status and emancipatory potential latent within guilt-feelings, and claims Adorno gives us a path forward to imagine the relation between guilt and politics in a novel way.
A Method for Data-Driven Evaluation of Operator Impact on Energy Efficiency of Digging Machines

Material handling (including digging) is one of the most energy-intensive processes in mining. Operators’ skills and practices are known to be some of the major factors that affect energy efficiency of digging operations. Improving operators’ skills through training is an inexpensive and effective method to improve energy efficiency. The method proposed in this work uses data collected by monitoring systems on digging equipment to detect the monitored parameters that lead to differences in energy efficiency of operators (responsible parameters). After data extraction, removing the outliers, and identifying the operators with sufficient working hours, correlation analysis can be used to find parameters that are correlated with energy efficiency. Regression analysis on pairs of operators is then used to detect responsible parameters. Random sampling is used to overcome missing data issues in the analysis. This statistics-based method is simple and adequately accounts for the high variability in data collected from these monitoring systems. The proposed method was illustrated using data collected on five operators working on a 64-m3 (85 yd3) Bucyrus-Erie 1570w dragline. The case study results show that dump height and engagement/disengagement position of the bucket are the most likely parameters to cause differences between energy efficiency of these operators. On the other hand, cycle time, payload, and swing in time are least likely to influence differences in operator energy efficiency.
Chromosome Numbers in Certain Species of Helianthus

The genus Helianthus is a comparatively large one, containing, according to Watson (13), 108 authentic and several doubtful species. These are arranged and classified by the taxonomist according to manifestations that are readily visible, but, if the chromosome number and the behavior during meiosis were known in each case, a better understanding could be gained of the interrelation of the species and greater accuracy might be possible in deciding whether a doubtful plant were a variety, a true species or a hybrid. Up to now, the chromosomes have been counted in two species. Boenicke (1) reported 16 as the haploid number for Helianthus annuus L. in his work on the pollen mother cells. Tahara (11), Prozina (8) and Makowetzky (5), each working at different times on somatic cells of Helianthus annuus L., all gave 34 as the diploid number, which by inference would make the haploid number 17. Makowetzky's (5) study of the chromosomes of Helianthus tuberosus shows the haploid number to be about 51. The present paper adds seven more species of Helianthus whose chromosome numbers have hitherto not been counted. Some work has also been done on a few of the other genera of the tribe Helianthea of the family Composita, to which the genus Helianthus belongs. Table I gives the results of all counts so far made in the tribe Helianthea.