cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O papel da literacia em saúde na decisão médica partilhada

ABSTRACT: Some studies have shown the relationship between an increased and more structured involvement of patients in clinical decision making, the improvement of literacy in health and the obtainment of health gains. However, the existence of misconceptions on the part of doctors and other health professionals may contribute to their low compliance regarding shared clinical decision and discussion of treatment options, particularly with users with low levels of literacy. With this critical essay, we intend to clarify these misconceptions, by doing an in depth reflection and analysis on communication’s key elements centered on the patient – health literacy and shared decision. Relevant issues about literacy in health and shared decision were presented, on which critical content was developed. This development is the most extensive part of the essay. We transmitted the point of view of several authors and a critical analysis, and we tried to illustrate these ideas with examples and research studies, thus validating the presented arguments and answering to questions raised during the analysis. Final considerations of this critical essay stress that promoting an increased user participation in clinical decision making improves the level of health literacy, through a patient-focused communication performed by qualified professionals taking into consideration social determinants, and health gains are obtained.
Parametric studies for semi-analytical investigation of plate-mounted resonators

Damping in miniature resonators is a consequence of many factors, one of which is due to interaction with the substrate to which the resonator is mounted. It is common practice to create a model of the resonator that includes a small segment of the substrate plate with a finite element (FE) software in conjunction with absorbing boundary elements. As an alternative to implementing absorbing boundary elements, semi-analytical methods have been developed in which such elements are replaced by analytical expressions for Lamb waves. This approach requires the specification of a harmonic load and the determination of the subsequent harmonic response at a point on the resonator. The modal frequency and damping can then be estimated from the computation of the frequency response function on a frequency grid. In this paper, the approach is demonstrated for single and double cantilever configurations on a plate in the case of plain strain. The influence of the number of selected Lamb modes, mesh density and the size of the modeled plate segment is investigated through parametric studies. Moreover, it is shown that the semi-analytical results are in good agreement with those from conventional transient finite element simulations.
The Identity of “Chromium Malate”

Recently, several studies on the effects of a compound named “chromium malate,” with the proposed formula “Cr2malate3·xH2O” where x = 3.5 or 5, on the health of healthy and diabetic rats have appeared. However, the compound is poorly characterized, and knowing the identity of this material could be important in the interpretation of the previous and of future studies on the effects of this compound in animals. Consequently, the synthesis, characterization, and identity of this material were explored. A combination of spectroscopic, magnetic, and elemental analyses and mass spectral studies reveal that the compound is probably a polymer, not a discrete molecule, and does not have the composition previously reported. The repeating unit of the polymer possesses an antiferromagnetically coupled trinuclear Cr(III) core. The current study suggests that previous reports on chromium malate and its effects in animals must be viewed with caution.
Repeated exposure to two stressors in sequence demonstrates that corticosterone and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus interleukin-1β responses habituate independently.

A wide range of stress-related pathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder are considered to arise from aberrant or maladaptive forms of stress adaptation. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis readily adapts to repeated stressor exposure, yet little is known about adaptation in neuroimmune responses to repeated or sequential stress challenges. In Experiment 1, rats were exposed to 10 days of restraint alone (60 minutes daily), forced swim alone (30 minutes daily) or daily sequential exposure to restraint (60 minutes) followed immediately by forced swim (30 minutes), termed sequential stress exposure. Habituation of the corticosterone (CORT) response occurred to restraint by 5 days and swim at 10 days, whereas rats exposed to sequential stress exposure failed to display habituation to the combined challenge. Experiment 2 compared 1 or 5 days of forced swim with sequential stress exposure and examined how each affected expression of several neuroimmune and cellular activation genes in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC). Sequential exposure to restraint and swim increased interleukin (IL)-1β in the PVN, an effect that was attenuated after 5 days. Sequential stress exposure also elicited IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α responses in the HPC and PFC, respectively, which did not habituate after 5 days. Experiment 3 tested whether prior habituation to restraint (5 days) would alter the IL-1β response evoked by swim exposure imposed immediately after the sixth day of restraint. Surprisingly, a history of repeated exposure to restraint attenuated the PVN IL-1β response after swim in comparison to acutely-exposed subjects despite an equivalent CORT response. Overall, these findings suggest that habituation of neuroimmune responses to stress proceeds: (i) independent of HPA axis habituation; (ii) likely requires more daily sessions of stress to develop; and (iii) IL-1β displays a greater tendency to habituate after repeated stress challenges compared to other stress-reactive cytokines.
Distinctive Features of the African-American Family: Debunking the Myth of the Deficit Model

Throughout the 19009s, social scientists have debated the question of whether the African American family is an adaptative social system or whether it is pathological, perpetuating its poverty over the generations. This article examines the holistic perspective as the preeminent comprehensive approach in studying the African American family and provides empirical evidence of distinctive features of the African American family in support of the adaptation argument. The adaptation/deficit debate will probably continue as long as the scientific community fails to fully acknowledge and make the most of theoretical constructs that are holistic in principle and design.
The Role of Division III Sports Participation in the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Disordered Eating Symptomology

Perfectionism functions as a transdiagnostic risk factor for a variety of negative mental health outcomes, including eating disorders. Female athletes are believed to be especially vulnerable to eating pathology and some aspects of perfectionism. However, it is unknown whether perfectionism functions similarly as a risk factor in athlete and non-athlete groups with regards to negative eating behaviors and body attitudes. The present study assessed the moderating effect of athletic involvement on the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and disordered eating symptomology among collegiate women competing at an amateur level. Female undergraduates (N = 478) were categorized into the following subgroups based on athlete status: aesthetic sport athletes, team/individual sport athletes, and non-athletes. Results indicated that levels of perfectionism and disordered eating symptomology did not differ between groups. However, both athletic involvement as a whole and type of sport played each moderated...
Association between Pain Sensitivity, Central Sensitization, and Functional Disability in Adolescents With Joint Hypermobility

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the association between pain sensitivity, central sensitization, and functional disability in adolescents with joint hypermobility. Design and Methods A cross-sectional descriptive design was utilized for this study. A sample of 40 adolescents being evaluated for chronic pain and autonomic nervous system dysfunction were recruited. Subjects were evaluated for pain, function, central sensitization, and sensitivity on pain and touch sensory nerve fiber types. Data were analyzed to detect associations between variables. Results Joint hypermobility had a moderately significant correlation with central sensitization measured by the Central Sensitization Inventory, as well as increased pain sensitivity as evidenced by hypersensitivity of Aδ sensory nerve fibers. The presence of central sensitization was also positively associated with level of functional disability. Conclusions Findings implicate joint hypermobility as a possible antecedent to pain hypersensitivity and central sensitization syndromes that when recognized and addressed effectively may reduce functional disability in those affected. Practice Implications It is important for pediatric nurses that work with adolescents that have chronic pain to understand variables that may impact pain and functional disability in order to develop methods to increase function, reduce pain, and increase perceived quality of life.
Sampling estimators for parallel online aggregation

Online aggregation provides estimates to the final result of a computation during the actual processing. The user can stop the computation as soon as the estimate is accurate enough, typically early in the execution. When coupled with parallel processing, this allows for the interactive data exploration of the largest datasets. In this paper, we identify the main functionality requirements of sampling-based parallel online aggregation--partial aggregation, parallel sampling, and estimation. We argue for overlapped online aggregation as the only scalable solution to combine computation and estimation. We analyze the properties of existent estimators and design a novel sampling-based estimator that is robust to node delay and failure. When executed over a massive 8TB TPC-H instance, the proposed estimator provides accurate confidence bounds early in the execution even when the cardinality of the final result is seven orders of magnitude smaller than the dataset size and achieves linear scalability.
Vortical Mechanisms in Shear Flow Transition

The three-dimensional stages of early transition in plane shear flows originate from parametric instability of the streamwise (almost) periodic flow in the presence of finite-amplitude TS waves. The instability is governed by a Floquet system of linear disturbance equations that allows for a rich variety of generally three-dimensional disturbances. The theory predicts the quantitative properties of these disturbances in essential agreement with the experimental data. This capability is a major step towards predicting and ultimately controlling transition. Analysis of the flow field shows that the dramatic growth of three-dimensional disturbances results from the dynamics of an array of vorticity concentrations near the critical layer subject to the surrounding shear. Nonlinear analysis holds the promise of unraveling the feedback loop of self-sustained transition. The energy transfer between mean flow, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional disturbances has given a first lead in this direction.
Temporal modulation processing of speech signals for noise robust ASR.

In this paper, we analyze the temporal modulation characteristics of speech and noise from a speech/non-speech discrimination point of view. Although previous psychoacoustic studies [3][10] have shown that low temporal modulation components are important for speech intelligibility, there is no reported analysis on modulation components from the point of view of speech/noise discrimination. Our data-driven analysis of modulation components of speech and noise reveals that speech and noise is more accurately classified by low-passed modulation frequencies than band-passed ones. Effects of additive noise on the modulation characteristics of speech signals are also analyzed. Based on the analysis, we propose a frequency adaptive modulation processing algorithm for a noise robust ASR task. The algorithm is based on speech channel classification and modulation pattern denoising. Speech recognition experiments are performed to compare the proposed algorithm with other noise robust frontends, including RASTA and ETSI AFE. Recognition results show that the frequency adaptive modulation processing is promising.
Entering the Emotional Practices of Teaching

I discuss teaching as emotional practice and how that practice is tied to teacher identities. My focus in this chapter is on the first stage of professional induction – the student-teaching experience and how teachers communicate emotions. In other words, I explore the question: what emotions are “appropriate,” and when should they be expressed? I argue that it not unusual for college supervisors and cooperating teachers to empathize with student teachers’ emotions, but assume their emotions can be adjusted with reason or easily ignored. Attempts to separate emotions from or to join them with teaching practice have implications for teacher identity and development. Through a synthesis of these related bodies of literature with examples from my own research on student teachers’ emotional experiences, I examine some of the possible trajectories for new teachers as they enter the emotional practice of teaching.
Stimulation induces gradual increases in the thickness and curvature of postsynaptic density of hippocampal CA1 neurons in slice cultures

Activity can induce structural changes in glutamatergic excitatory synapses, including increase in thickness and curvature of the postsynaptic density (PSD); these structural changes can only be documented by electron microscopy. Here in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures where experimental conditions can be easily manipulated, increases in thickness and curvature of PSDs were noticeable within 30 s of stimulation and progressed with time up to 3 min. These structural changes were reversible upon returning the samples to control medium for 5–10 min. Thus, the postsynaptic density is a very dynamic structure that undergoes rapid reorganization of its components upon stimulation, and recovery upon cessation of stimulation. The gradual increase in thickness of PSD could result from a gradual translocation of some PSD proteins to the PSD, and the increase in curvature of the PSD is likely led by postsynaptic elements.
Revision of a dual-modular stem in patients with adverse tissue reaction.

Background:Dual-modular femoral components with exchangeable cobalt-chrome neck segments have had higher than expected failure rates due to corrosion and adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR). Compl...
Encapsulation of menhaden oil structured lipid oleogels in alginate microparticles

Abstract Leaching of the internal phase during storage is a concern of microencapsulated products. This research proposes encapsulation of oleogels to reduce leaching and improve oxidative stability of the lipids. Oleogels were produced using a phytosterol blend of β-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol or a blend of sucrose stearate/ascorbyl palmitate (SSAP) as oleogelators, and menhaden oil or structured lipid (SL) prepared from menhaden oil and caprylic and/or stearic acid as the lipid phase. The SL were produced enzymatically using the biocatalyst Lipozyme® 435, a recombinant lipase from Candida antarctica. Menhaden oil, SL, or respective phytosterol or SSAP oleogels, were encapsulated in alginate microparticles using a double emulsion method. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), morphology, oxidative stability, percent leaching, and other physicochemical properties were determined. Encapsulation of phytosterol or SSAP oleogels increased the EE for all lipids, from 89.6 to 91.3% for microcapsules containing only the lipid phases and from 95.7 to 99.2% for microcapsules containing the oleogels. Encapsulation of oleogels significantly reduced leaching, from 16.3-18.5% to 3.3–11.9%. Microencapsulated products had higher Oil Stability Index values (19.75–29.18 h) than the non-microencapsulated lipids (4.37–17.55 h), when measured at 80 °C. These microcapsules may find use as stable nutraceuticals or in fortification of food products with stabilized omega-3 fatty acids.
Knowledge-based agriculture in Central and Eastern European Countries' bioeconomy

The European Union’s agriculture, aquaculture, forestry and food industry sees significant internal disparities in terms of research and innovation performance to the disadvantage of the CEE countries. This divide hinders the unlocking of excellence in low-performing research, development and innovation regions and the establishment of transnational cooperation for knowledge-based development, thus the appearance of specific research topics relevant to the CEE macro-region among others in Horizon 2020 work programmes. To bridge the gap the specific challenges in the sector should be faced through the lens of bioeconomy. At the same time there is no doubt that bioeconomy requires accompanying strategies and shared strategic research and innovation framework. As this framework has already been offered by the Central-Eastern European Initiative for Knowledge-based Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry in the Bioeconomy, i.e. by the BIOEAST Initiative the CEE countries are provided with an opportunity to achieve further progress in sustainable growth of agriculture, aquaculture, forestry and food industry. The paper is aimed at providing a brief theoretical background on bioeconomy and related bioeconomy strategies and policies and analysing key socio-economic indicators of the ‘BIOEAST countries’ bioeconomy (Visegrad Countries, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia and Croatia). Furthermore, it interprets the results of the ‘BIOEAST Bioeconomy Capacity Building Survey’, the respondents of which were chosen randomly through personal contacts of experts (who created a judgement sample) and by snowball sampling to get further contacts. The questionnaire was sent to a small subset of the target groups – business, academic, public sector stakeholders - and the answers were examined through descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The focus was set on what stakeholders think the most beneficial for the CEE macro region in developing the bioeconomy and what type of intervention they identify as necessary to overcome barriers, to manage bottlenecks. The results highlight some implications for policymakers and point out that the creation of sustainable bioeconomy requires triple-helix stakeholders to find efficient collaboration mechanisms and build synergies.
Here You Have My Story: Eyewitness Accounts of the Nineteenth-Century Central Plains

Review of: "Here You Have My Story: Eyewitness Accounts of the Nineteenth-Century Central Plains," by Richard E. Jensen.
High dynamic range head-up displays.

We demonstrate a full-color high dynamic range head-up display (HUD) based on a polarization selective optical combiner, which is a three-layer cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) film. Such a CLC film has three reflection bands corresponding to the three primary colors. A key component in our HUD system is a polarization modulation layer (PML) consisting of a twisted-nematic LC polarization rotator sandwiched by two quarter-wave plates. This spatially switchable PML generates opposite polarization states for the displayed image and its background area. Thus, this optical combiner reflects the displayed image to the observer and transmits the background noise, making the black state darker. Furthermore, by matching the reflection spectra of the optical combiner with the colors of the display panel, the bright state gets brighter. Therefore, both bright state and dark state are improved simultaneously. Our experimental results show that the dark state of the new HUD is lowered by 3x and bright state is boosted by 2.5x. By applying antireflection coating to the optical components and optimizing the degree of polarization, our simulation results indicate that the dynamic range can be improved by ∼50x (17 dB). Potential applications of the proposed HUDs for improving the driver’s safety are foreseeable.
Enterobactin induces the chemokine, interleukin-8, from intestinal epithelia by chelating intracellular iron

Iron is an indispensable nutrient for both mammals and microbes. Bacteria synthesize siderophores to sequester host iron, whereas lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is the host defense protein that prevent this ir...
Blood and Neoplastic Disorders

Blood Disorders covers disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation including congenital and acquired disorders. Neoplastic Disorders covers both Hematopoietic and Solid Tumors with information on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders.
Treatment by CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing - A Proof of Principle.

As a tool of great promise for the treatment of inherited human diseases, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 nuclease system has captured public imagination...
Arthroscopic surgical management of shoulder secondary to shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA): a case report.

Abstract Although transient pain secondary to vaccine administration is common, persistent shoulder pain and dysfunction is rare. In this case report we describe a patient that presented with significant shoulder pain 3 months after vaccine administration despite conservative treatment. MRI showed rotator cuff bursitis and bursal foreign body reaction, and she was treated with arthroscopic debridement of inflamed tissue and bone. Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA) is a rare complication that presents similarly to other common etiologies of shoulder dysfunction. Proper recognition and management, discussed in this paper, is important to prevent delay in treatment and return of function.
Runtime Long-Term Reliability Management Using Stochastic Computing in Deep Neural Networks

In this paper, we propose a new dynamic reliability technique using an accuracy-reconfigurable stochastic computing (ARSC) framework for deep learning computing. Unlike the conventional stochastic computing that conducts design time accuracy power/energy trade-off, the new ARSC design can adjust the bit-width of the data in run time. Hence, the ARSC can mitigate the long-term aging effects by slowing the system clock frequency, while maintaining the inference throughput by reducing the data bit-width at a small cost of accuracy. We show how to implement the recently proposed counter-based SC multiplication and bit-width reduction on a layer-wise quantization scheme for CNN networks with dynamic fixed-point data. We validate an ARSC-based five-layer convolutional neural network design for the MNIST dataset based on Vivado HLS with constraints from Xilinx Zynq-7000 family xc7z045 platform. Experimental results show that new ARSC DNN can sufficiently compensate the NBTI induced aging effects in 10 years with marginal classification accuracy loss while maintaining or even exceeding the pre-aging computing throughput. At the same time, the proposed ARSC computing framework also reduces the active power consumption due to the frequency scaling, which can further improve system reliability due to the reduced temperature.Experimental results show that new ARSC DNN can sufficiently compensate the NBTI induced aging effects in 10 years with marginal classification accuracy loss while maintaining or even exceeding the preaging computing throughput. At the same time, the proposed ARSC computing framework also reduces the active power consumption due to large frequency scaling, which can further improve system reliability due to the reduced temperature.
Global Risk Premiums on Direct Office Real Estate Returns

This article empirically examines the magnitude of risk premiums for direct real estate investments on a global basis. As this article analyzes ex-ante risk premiums over more than 25 years consistently across the world, it enhances current knowledge about the regional differences between risk premiums and helps long-term investors with their global portfolio allocation over time. On a global level, the authors find a risk premium of 4.1% for Gordon’s growth and 3.7% for two-stage growth model. The periodic growth model shows a slightly lower risk premium of 3.1%. As this study is analyzing a long time period, the article extends the literature by finding evidence for convergence between risk premiums across continents both over time and in cross-sectional variance. However, this is happening slowly, thereby making differences in risk premiums very important in making a global direct real estate investment allocation. TOPICS:Real estate, analysis of individual factors/risk premia, portfolio construction, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ The authors analyze ex-ante risk premiums over more than 25 years across the world and use three alternative valuation models to estimate ex-ante risk premiums. ▪ They find that the regional risk premiums are consistent with previous research on the determinants of risk premiums, but these studies were done over shorter time periods. ▪ The authors find evidence for convergence between risk premiums across continents both over time and in cross-sectional variance.
Optimized PWM Scheme with Minimized Common-mode Voltage Amplitude and Frequency in VSI-Fed Motor Drives

Common-mode voltage (CMV) is of great concern in voltage source inverter (VSI)-fed motor drive systems. The pulsating CMV introduced by the VSI contributes to significant common-mode and bearing currents, which may lead to electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems and bearing failure. The presence of highest CMV occurs in a two-level VSI when zero voltage vectors are engaged. To combat the adverse effect by CMV, an integrated active zero-state switch (IAZS) can be adopted for the VSI to achieve reduced CMV when zero voltage vectors are desired. In this paper, an optimized pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme is proposed to fully exploit the IAZS. The new zero voltage vector initiated by IAZS plays an important role in minimizing both amplitude and frequency in CMV. Simulation as well as experimental results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed modulation scheme with IAZS.
Looking Back: Teaching Miné Okubo's Citizen 13660

In her 1983 preface to Citizen 13660, Mine Okubo writes that she presented a copy of her book to the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment during one of the hearings that would later lead to the decision to grant reparations: "I stressed the need for young people from grade school through college to be educated about the evacuation." Since her own time in the camps, as Yamauchi's statement makes clear, Okubo has taken on the role of educating Americans about the internment experience. This essay explores ways of using Okubo's multimedia Citizen 13660 in a variety of classrooms with a focus on the freshman composition and upper division Ethnic Studies or literature course classrooms.
Immunologic responses in the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea pig. I. Characterization of Peyer's patch cells.

Peyer9s patches are prominent gut-associated lymphoid aggregates the function of which is as yet unknown. Recent articles have reviewed data suggesting either a central lymphoid (bursal equivalent) function or second-level, peripheral lymphoid function (1, 2). The existence of both thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells) 1 and bone marrow-dependent lymphocytes (B cells) in the Peyer9s patches of some species, including mice, rats, rabbits, and hamsters, is suggested by morphologic (3–7) and some functional (8–13) evidence. However, although the presence of B cells (or B cell precursors) (9, 11, 13) seems clear, the presence of T cells has been questioned by recent data showing an absence of graft- vs -host response with donor cells from Peyer9s patches; these findings imply that, at least in mice and rats, few or no functional T cells reside in Peyer9s patches (14, 15). In order to characterize further the Peyer9s patch, and particularly to detect any T cell population, single cell preparations were made from this tissue in adult guinea pigs.
A PERSPECTIVE ON INFLUENZA CONTROL

The Immunization Practices Advisory Committee in the USA recommends vaccination and/or prophylactic amantadine for target groups, some of whom are at high risk of influenza infection. These groups include medical personnel in extensive contact with particularly susceptible patients. At a 1985 conference on influenza control organised by the US Centers for Disease Control, a major viewpoint expressed was for the routine immunisation of children who are household contacts of high-risk persons. In view of the frequency of adverse reactions produced by amantadine, the partial and short-term protection afforded by the vaccine, the benign nature of the illness in healthy individuals, and the failure of present programmes to reach those especially prone to serious illness, it would be better to intensify vaccination efforts among high-risk individuals.
Asymmetric Information and Fragility in the South African Low-Income Housing Market

This paper focuses on the financing gap in the South African low-income housing market. A model is presented to analyze the effect of asymmetric information on the loan market notably lendersi¯ need to separate low from high-risk African borrowers. In equilibrium the separation contract is shown to reduce total loans and the size of loans. In addition, it results in greater sensitivity among lenders to factors that might reduce the valuation of collateral (the house) such as poor quality construction, inferior infrastructure, crime and corruption. This puts upward pressure on the already high cost of loans, which in turn drives out the remaining low risk borrowers. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to close financing gaps under asymmetric information.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Phosphate Glasses Containing Multiple Transition Ions

Electrical and optical properties of phosphate glasses containing multiple transition Ions have been studied In xP 2 O 5 - (100-x) (Fe 2 O 3 +MnO) (PFM) and xP 2 O 5 - [(100-x) (V 2 O 5 + MnO)] (PVM) glasses. DC conductivity results indicate that Mn Ions do not contribute to the conduction process. Small polarons, contributed by the reduced Fe and V Ions, have been identified to be the charge carriers in both glass systems. Although the activation energy for dc conduction, W, remains unchanged for all Fe concentrations in the PFM series, the resistivity shows an exponential increase when the concentration of Fe ions exceeds a critical value. In the PVM glasses, a decrease in the concentration of V Is accompanied with an Increase in W. However, as in the PFM system, an exponential Increase In resistivity was observed at a critical concentration of V Ions. The resistivity transition In these glasses has been tentatively explained by a (small) polaron to (small) bipolaron transition (PBT) which is supported by optical absorption data.
Secure isolation of untrusted legacy applications

Existing applications often contain security holes that are not patched until after the system has already been compromised. Even when software updates are available, applying them often results in system services being unavailable for some time. This can force administrators to leave system services in an insecure state for extended periods. To address these system security issues, we have developed the PeaPod virtualization layer. The PeaPod virtualization layer provides a group of processes and associated users with two virtualization abstractions, pods and peas. A pod provides an isolated virtualized environment that is decoupled from the underlying operating system instance. A pea provides an easy-to-use least privilege model for fine grain isolation amongst application components that need to interact with one another. As a result, the system easily enables the creation of lightweight environments for privileged program execution that can help with intrusion prevention and containment. Our measurements on real world desktop and server applications demonstrate that the PeaPod virtualization layer imposes little overhead and enables secure isolation of untrusted applications.
Uman receives 2001 Fleming medal

Martin A. Uman was awarded the John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held May 31, 2001, in Boston, Massachusetts. The medal honors original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy space physics, and related sciences.
Hydroxyethyl starch as a substitute for dextran 40 for thawing peripheral blood progenitor cell products.

Abstract Background aims Removing DMSO post-thaw results in: reduced infusion reactions, improved recovery and stability of viable CD34+ cells. Validated methods use 5%–8.3% Dextran 40 with 2.5%–4.2% HSA for this purpose. Recent shortages of clinical grade Dextran require identification of suitable alternatives. Methods PBPC were used to compare a standard 2X wash medium of 5 parts 10% Dextran 40 in saline (DEX) with 1 part 25% HSA (8.3% DEX/ 4.2% HSA) with Hydroxyethyl Starch (HES)-based solutions. Cells in replicate bags were diluted with an equal volume of wash solution, equilibrated 5 minutes, the bag filled with wash medium, pelleted and the supernatant expressed. Bags were restored to the frozen volume in wash medium and tested by single platform flow cytometry and CFU. Total viability, viable TNC, MNC, and CD34+ cell recovery, and CD34+ cell viability were compared immediately post-thaw and after 90 minutes. Results 5.2% HES/4.2% HSA did not differ from our standard in CD34 recovery or viability. Due to concerns that high concentrations of HES could affect renal function we tested 0.6% HES/2.5% HSA resulting in significantly poorer CD34 recovery and viability. Results improved using 2.4% HES/4.2% HSA and when 0.6% HES/4.2%HSA was used no significant differences were seen. CFU assays confirmed no differences between the standard dextran arm and HES at 2.4% or 0.6% so long as HSA was at 4.2%. Conclusions We conclude that HES from 0.6% to 5.2% with 4.2% HSA is a suitable substitute for Dextran 40 as a reconstitution/washing medium for PBPC products.
Analysis of communication requirements for intelligent transportation systems: methodology and examples

The intelligent transportation system (ITS) utilizes technological advances in computers, electronics, and communications in order to improve the effectiveness of the entire surface transportation system. The communication system which connects all of the ITS components has to be adequate in addressing the user requirements. The definition and analysis of the ITS communication system is essential to demonstrate the ability of an ITS architecture in providing all of the intended user services. In this paper, we define the subsystems of an ITS physical architecture and perform data loading analysis on the RF communication link between the vehicles and the infrastructure.
Neurohospitalist billing practices compared to Hospital Medicine (P7.335)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the billing practices of a neurohospitalist group (NHG) to an internal medicine hospitalist group. BACKGROUND: Accurate billing is crucial to avoid overcharging and under billing. Care of the hospitalized patient with neurological disease is clinically complicated and similar to the hospitalized general medical patient; documenting these encounters is unique because of the Specialty Neurologic Exam. The 2012 State of Hospital Medicine report has reported the percentage Initial Inpatient E/M codes nationwide, with 4[percnt] coded as 99221. DESIGN/METHODS: Initial inpatient E/M codes from the Hospital Medicine Group (HMG) was compared to the NHG at the University of Colorado Hospital in a period of FY2014. Documentation meeting 99221 criteria was identified as an area of improvement and potential under billing. Further review of 99221 notes occurred for the NHG (n=101). RESULTS: A significantly higher percentage of 99221 codes were billed by the NHG than the HMG (53.8[percnt] vs. 7.1[percnt], p <0.01), and both were above the national benchmark of 4[percnt]. Of the NHG 99221 encounters, 50 (49.5[percnt]) were consults that were converted to initial inpatient codes. Comprehensive neurologic exams were missing in 63 (62[percnt]). Also missing were family histories (34[percnt]), full review of systems (30[percnt]) and social histories (11[percnt]). 17[percnt] were considered errors. HMG encounters were billed as 99221 codes in error 37[percnt] of the time, and physical exam findings were the reason for the code 1[percnt] of the time. Secondary review and re-coding of errors has occurred. Changes of proportion of 99221 codes will be examined after interventions. In the first two months of FY2015, a 9[percnt] absolute reduction in NHG 99221 codes has occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Billing as a Neurohospitalist is unique when compared to the medical hospitalist because of the Neurology Specialty Examination. Opportunities exist to more accurately document if the clinical scenario warrants. Disclosure: Dr. Korb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Franks has nothing to disclose. Dr. Scott has nothing to disclose. Dr. Virapongse has nothing to disclose. Dr. Simpson has nothing to disclose.
Synthetic Interactions of the Post-Golgi sec Mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, synthetic lethality has been extensively used both to characterize interactions between genes previously identified as likely to be involved in similar processes as well as to uncover new interactions. We have performed a large study of the synthetic lethal interactions of the post-Golgi sec mutations. Included in this study are the interactions of the post-Golgi sec mutations with each other, with mutations affecting earlier stages of the secretory pathway, with selected mutations affecting the actin cytoskeleton, and with selected cell division cycle (cdc) mutations affecting processes thought to be important for or involving secretion, such as polarity establishment and cytokinesis. Synthetic negative interactions of the post-Golgi sec mutations appear (as predicted) to be largely stage specific, although there are some notable exceptions. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of both secretory pathway function and the utility of synthetic lethality studies and their interpretation.
The unusual presentations of tularemia. Bacteremia, pneumonia, and rhabdomyolysis.

The clinical presentations of tularemia are diverse, and because of this fact tularemia is overlooked even in endemic regions. This is especially true when the major manifestations are pneumonic or typhoidal and when patients do not give a history of activities usually associated with the disease, such as hunting or extensive outdoor exposure. Accurate diagnosis of tularemia early in the course of illness is difficult because diagnostic titers of tularemia agglutinins in the serum may require up to ten days or more to develop. Therefore, the clinician often must treat empirically and obtain convalescent specimens to retrospectively establish the diagnosis. Obtaining cultures of ulcers, lymph nodes, or other tissue is not recommended since the microorganism is fastidious in its growth and is a potential hazard to laboratory personnel. We have seen four patients during a 17-month period who have hadFrancisella tularensisisolated from blood, and in each case tularemia
The pros of drinking: how the drive for social group membership precipitates alcohol use among young adults

Scientific research has supported the effectiveness of brief motivational intervention (BMI) to reduce young-adult alcohol use and related consequences. Often, BMI includes a decisional balance component examining the “pros and cons” of alcohol use, which attempts to explore client ambivalence about drinking though a discussion of its good (and not-so-good) aspects. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the link between the need for social inclusion and engagement in alcohol-related behavior. Participants included 28 young adult (18-24 years old) alcohol users enrolled in a large hospital-based clinical trial. All BMIs were recorded and transcribed, and results were analyzed using NVIVO 9.0 software. Responses to the pros-and-cons dialogue were coded and thematically organized using grounded theory methods. The results identify the role of social group membership in alcohol use, including the need to avoid social exclusion and the desire to facilitate social interaction. Alcohol consumption allowed for such facilitation by providing an “escape” from social anxiety and promoting social behavior. Patterns of alcohol use as influenced by social factors may depend on rejection sensitivity, suggesting that an emphasis on social skills and abstinence-supportive relationships can be used to assist young people trying to reduce alcohol consumption. Social-skills training may prove useful as a preventative measure as well. If young adults feel more confident socially, they may feel less of an impulse to drink to increase the likelihood of social group acceptance.
A simulation study of automating parcel sorting in postal industry

This paper discusses results of a simulation study conducted in a Post Office Processing and Distribution Centre in Massachusetts. The Centre is responsible for sorting all outgoing mail and parcels for assigned Post Office collection centres. The United States Postal Service (USPS) faces a decision on the future deployment of its Small Parcel and Bundle Sorter (SPBS) machines. These machines mechanise parcel sorting but are dependent on manual data entry. Though manual data entry is robust, it is suspected to create a processing bottleneck in parcel sorting. An alternative is to automate these machines with bar code scanning technology. However, there is no large-scale experimental study on automating parcel sorting process with bar code technology. This study simulated the consequences of replacing manual-keying processes with bar code technology in the existing parcel sorting process. We based the model on operational data and configurations gathered from the Centre. The results reveal that bar code technology can significantly reduce parcel sorting cost and time, as well as significantly increase sorting capacity.
The calculation of force-free fields from discrete flux distributions

This paper presents particularly simple mathematical formulas for the calculation of force-free fields of constant alpha from the distribution of discrete sources on a flat surface. The advantage of these formulas lies in their physical simplicity and the fact that they can be easily used in practice to calculate the fields. The disadvantage is that they are limited to fields of 'sufficiently small alpha'. These formulas may be useful in the study of chromospheric magnetic fields by the comparison of high-resolution H-alpha photographs and photospheric magnetograms.
Cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IV. Reaction with oxygen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract The reaction between a cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and oxygen has been studied by a rapid mixing technique. The data indicate that the heme d1 moiety of the ascorbate-reduced enzyme is oxidized faster than the heme c component. The oxidation of heme d1 is accurately second order with respect to oxygen and has a rate constant of 5.7 · 104 M−1 · s−1 at 20 °C. The oxidation of the heme c has a first-order rate constant of about 8 s−1 at infinite concentration of O2. The results indicate that the rate-limiting step is the internal transfer of electrons from heme c to heme d1. These more rapid reactions are followed by more complicated but smaller absorbance changes whose origin is still not clear. The reaction of ascorbate-reduced oxidase with CO has also been studied and is second order with a rate constant of 1.8 · 104 M−1 · s−1. The initial reaction with CO is followed by a slower reaction of significantly less magnitude. The equilibrium constant for the reaction with CO, calculated as a dissociation constant from titrimetric experiments with dithionite-reduced oxidase, is about 2.3 · 10−6 M. From these data a rate constant of 0.041 s−1 can be calculated for the dissociation of CO from the enzyme.
Strategic Bidding and Personalized Pricing in Global e-Markets for Services Outsourcing

Strategic pricing in online markets has been of much interest to academics and practitioners, particularly for unique IT services. We build upon information signaling and uncertainty theory to exam...
Anticoccidial drugs: effects on infectivity and survival intracellularly of Eimeria tenella sporozoites.

Abstract The effects of various anticoccidial drugs on extracellular and intracellular sporozoites were studied in cell culture and in chickens. Treatment of freshly excysted, extracellular sporozoites of Eimeria tenella for 18 hr with monensin, decoquinate, or robenidine at 100 ppm had no effect on oocyst production 7–10 days after the sporozoites were rinsed free of drugs and fed to chickens. Treatment of cultures of E. tenella in chick kidney cell monolayers with monensin (0.001 μg/ml), decoquinate (0.01 μg/ml), zoalene (20.0 μg/ml), or robenidine (0.01 μg/ml) had no effect on intracellular sporozoites at 4 hr following introduction of sporozoites and drugs into the culture. A significant reduction of intracellular parasites occurred at 24 hr in the cultures treated with monensin or zoalene. Remaining intracellular sporozoites in monensin-treated cultures were morphologically abnormal or degenerate, while sporozoites in other cultures appeared normal. The number and condition of sporozoites in the nontreated cultures were unchanged at 24 hr postinoculation. These results indicate that sporozoites undergo changes subsequent to penetration of host cells that render them susceptible to drug action.
Beyond heuristics: learning to classify vulnerabilities and predict exploits

The security demands on modern system administration are enormous and getting worse. Chief among these demands, administrators must monitor the continual ongoing disclosure of software vulnerabilities that have the potential to compromise their systems in some way. Such vulnerabilities include buffer overflow errors, improperly validated inputs, and other unanticipated attack modalities. In 2008, over 7,400 new vulnerabilities were disclosed--well over 100 per week. While no enterprise is affected by all of these disclosures, administrators commonly face many outstanding vulnerabilities across the software systems they manage. Vulnerabilities can be addressed by patches, reconfigurations, and other workarounds; however, these actions may incur down-time or unforeseen side-effects. Thus, a key question for systems administrators is which vulnerabilities to prioritize. From publicly available databases that document past vulnerabilities, we show how to train classifiers that predict whether and how soon a vulnerability is likely to be exploited. As input, our classifiers operate on high dimensional feature vectors that we extract from the text fields, time stamps, cross references, and other entries in existing vulnerability disclosure reports. Compared to current industry-standard heuristics based on expert knowledge and static formulas, our classifiers predict much more accurately whether and how soon individual vulnerabilities are likely to be exploited.