cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US national cropland soil moisture monitoring using SMAP

This paper investigates at the pre-launch stage the feasibility of using NASA SMAP mission results for US national operational crop soil moisture monitoring. The purpose of using remote sensed SMAP data for crop soil moisture monitoring is to eliminate data collection subjectivity, reduce cost, increase cropland soil moisture monitoring data consistency, and operational efficiency. In this paper, the SMAP simulated data product time series, such as L2_SM_A, L3_SM_A/P, L4_SM, L1C-S0_HiRes are first evaluated for their suitability for NASS operational cropland soil moisture monitoring by comparing SMAP results with the NASS' survey based weekly soil moisture observation data for their consistency and robustness. The preliminary results illustrate that SMAP products have the potential for NASS operational use at least for county level soil moisture statistics. This paper also explores a technical route to build a Web-service based interactive soil moisture monitoring system for map visualization, dissemination, and analysis based on SMAP results.
Waste and duplication in NASA programs: The need to enhance U.S. space program efficiency

Abstract The U.S. Government faces acute budgetary deficits and national debt problems in the Obama Administration's second term. These problems have been brought about by decades of unsustainable government spending affecting all federal agencies including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). An outgrowth of this fiscal profligacy is the presence of wasteful and duplicative programs within NASA that prevent this agency from achieving its space science and human spaceflight objectives. These programs occur due to mismanagement of these programs by NASA and from the creation of these programs by the U.S. Congress and congressional committees. This occurs because congressional appropriators tend to be more concerned with economically enhancing their states and districts and promoting their reelections instead of providing effectively targeted funding and oversight of their programs to ensure they meet national space policy goals and provide tangible value for taxpayers. This work will examine recent examples of wasteful and duplicative NASA programs and suggest ways to improve their utility.
Politics of Evaluating Diversion Programs

Measuring the impact of the proliferation ofprograms designed to divert individuals from the criminal justice system has been hampered by three major factors: nomenclature defining treatment criteria, failure in specifying evaluation goals, and the complexities of gathering appropriate datafor evaluation. Each of these characteristics is examinedfrom the political underpinnings operating within the criminal justice system. From the author's efforts of evaluating adult diversion programs throughout California over a three-year period, each of these characteristic's deleterious effect upon program evaluation is dis cussed.
Patterns of mercury accumulation among seston in lakes of the Adirondack Mountains, New York.

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in seston (biotic and abiotic particles 153 μm). Total dissolved Al (<0.45 μm) in lake water was significantly related to Hg concentrations in the 20−200 μm size class, and was positively correlated with Hg concentrations in the other seston size classes. Seston density was negatively correlated with seston Hg concentrations and significantly related to Hg bound by seston in the 0.2−2 μm size class. The results suggest that surface water Al concentrations and seston density influence Hg accumulation at the base of the aquatic food chain.
Market Deregulation and Insurer Pricing Strategies: The Japanese Experience

In 1998, rate regulation in the Japanese auto insurance industry shifted from a tightly controlled tariff regime to that of a less regulated (theoretically) prior approval system. While actual rate regulation is generally not directly observable, Danzon (1983) contends that the “true” character of regulation is indirectly observable in the pricing strategies of insurers. This paper applies Danzon's hypothesis to the Japanese auto insurance market. The empirical analysis employs a two-way random-effects panel data methodology that includes data from the domestic competitors in the Japanese auto insurance market over the 1991–2000 period. Even though an increased dispersion of pricing strategies corresponding to insurer size is observed after deregulation, our analysis reveals that the Japanese auto insurance market still operates much like a cartel. The implication is that despite formal deregulation, Japan's regulatory body still maintains significant control.
A Power-Harvesting Pad-Less Millimeter-Sized Radio

A wireless-powered pad-less single-chip radio is implemented in 65 nm CMOS for applications in Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless tagging. This fully-self-sufficient mm-wave radio has no pads or external components (e.g., power supply), and the entire radio is a single chip with dimensions of 3.7 mm by 1.2 mm. To provide multi-access, and to mitigate interference, it uses two separate mm-wave bands for RX/TX and integrates both antennas to provide a measured communication range of 50 cm. The transmitter uses a modified Multipulse Pulse Position Modulation (MPPM) with 2 GHz of bandwidth on a 60 GHz carrier to communicate the data sequence as well as the local timing reference. The entire system operates with standby harvested power below 1.5 µW and achieves an aggregate data rate > 12 Mbps.
Effect of maternal betamethasone administration at midgestation on baboon fetal adrenal gland development and adrenocorticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression.

Although fetal pituitary ACTH is important to fetal adrenal growth and steroidogenesis in the second half of primate pregnancy, its role in adrenal development and function has not been established in vivo in the first half of gestation. In the present study, therefore, baboons were treated at midgestation with betamethasone to determine the effect of fetal pituitary ACTH on fetal adrenal growth, development, and ACTH receptor and P-450 enzyme messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. The administration of betamethasone to baboon mothers on days 60–99 of gestation (term = 184 days) decreased fetal pituitary POMC mRNA levels by 54% (P < 0.01) and fetal serum ACTH levels to undetectable values (P < 0.05). The decline in ACTH was associated with decreases in fetal adrenal weight (P < 0.001), cortical cell size (P < 0.05), appearance of apoptosis and cellular disorganization, and a loss of immunocytochemically demonstrable definitive zone-specificΔ 5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression. The concomitant...
Complete transglutaminase 2 ablation results in reduced stroke volumes and astrocytes that exhibit increased survival in response to ischemia

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a very multifunctional protein that is ubiquitously expressed in the body. It is a Ca(2+)-dependent transamidating enzyme, a GTPase, as well as a scaffolding protein. TG2 is the predominant form of transglutaminase expressed in the mammalian nervous system. Previously, it was shown that TG2 can affect both cell death and cell survival mechanisms depending on the cell type and the stressor. In the case of ischemic stress, TG2 was previously shown to play a protective role in the models used. For example in hTG2 transgenic mice, where TG2 is overexpressed only in neurons, middle cerebral artery ligation (MCAL) resulted in smaller infarct volumes compared to wild type mice. In this study TG2 knock out mice were used to determine how endogenous TG2 affected stroke volumes. Intriguingly, infarct volumes in TG2 knock out mice were significantly smaller compared to wild type mice. As expected, primary neurons isolated from TG2 knock out mice showed decreased viability in response to oxygen-glucose deprivation. However, primary astrocytes that were isolated from TG2 knock out mice were resistant to oxygen-glucose deprivation in situ. Both wild type and knock out neurons were protected against oxygen glucose deprivation when they were co-cultured with astrocytes from TG2 knockout mice. Therefore, the decreased stroke volumes observed in TG2 knock out mice after MCAL, can be correlated with the protective effects of TG2 knock out in astrocytes in response to oxygen glucose deprivation in situ. These findings suggest that neuron-astrocyte crosstalk plays a significant role in mediating ischemic cell death and that TG2 differentially impacts cell survival depending on cell context.
Analysis and acceleration of NTRU lattice-based cryptographic system

Lattice based cryptography is attractive for its quantum computing resistance and efficient encryption/decryption process. However, the big data problem has perplexed lattice based cryptographic systems with the slow processing speed. This paper intends to analyze one of the major lattice-based cryptographic systems, Nth-degree truncated polynomial ring (NTRU), and accelerate its execution with Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) for acceptable processing performance. Three strategies, including single GPU with zero copy, single GPU with data transfer, and multi-GPU versions are proposed. GPU computing techniques such as stream and zero copy are applied to overlap the computation and communication for possible speedup. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of GPU acceleration of NTRU. As the number of involved devices increases, better NTRU performance will be achieved.
HDS and deep HDS activity of CoMoS-mesostructured clay catalysts

Abstract The goal of this work is to identify more promising supports from synthetic clay materials to advance hydrotreating catalyst development. Silica sol can be used as the silicon-containing starting material when creating nanoporous layered silicate catalysts with a certain portion of unreacted sol particles incorporated into the final matrix. The resulting structure then has mesoporosity and a unique morphology. Hectorite-based clays have been prepared using different silica sols in order to ascertain the importance of sol characteristics on the final matrix. Several techniques have been applied to characterize the materials, including XRD, TGA, N2 porosimetry, and TEM. For hydrodesulfurization (HDS), the conversion of dibenzothiophene (DBT) to biphenyl was examined at 400 °C using CoMoS-loaded mesostructured clay supports. No hydrogenation or hydrocracking was observed with any of the clay supports. The most active clay was derived from Ludox silica sol AS-30 with an activity of 65% DBT conversion and 100% selectivity to biphenyl (BP). For comparison, a reference commercial catalyst displayed 94% BP selectivity. For deep HDS, the conversion of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene was tested at 325 and 350 °C. At 325 °C, conversions are 92% of commercial catalysts for a CoMoS-loaded mesostructured clay derived from Ludox AM-30 silica sol. A commercially available synthetic hectorite called laponite has very low activity, indicating that the unique morphology of the mesostructured clays is important. Hydrogenolysis vs. hydrogenation pathways are compared for the deep HDS reaction. HR-TEM of the most active deep HDS catalyst revealed a multilayered MoS2 morphology.
Pre-emphasis for vertical cavity laser modulation using a coupled cavity structure

A composite-resonator vertical-cavity laser (CRVCL) contains two optically coupled and electrically independent cavities [1]. In this work, we demonstrate the coupled cavity structure can be utilized to pre-emphasize direct modulation and thus enhance the laser modulation bandwidth. Direct modulation is applied through one of the cavities, and a reverse DC voltage is applied to the other cavity for pre-emphasis.
Slow axonal transport of neurofilament proteins: impairment of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile administration

beta,beta'-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) administration prevented normal slow axonal transport of [35S]methionine- or [3H]leucine-labeled proteins in rat sciatic motor axons. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic studies showed that the neurofilament triplet proteins in particular were retained within the initial 5 millimeters of the axons, resulting in neurofilament-filled axonal swellings. Fast anterograde and retrograde axonal transport were not affected. The IDPN thus selectively impaired slow axonal transport. The neurofibrillary pathology in this model is the result of the defective slow transport of neurofilaments.
Generalizations of quasi-k spaces

Abstract Four classes of spaces are considered, all generalizing quasi- k spaces.The implications among these classes under the assumptions that the spaces are Hausdorff, regular, and normal are briefly discussed. A regular relatively bi-quasi- k space which is not quasi- k is constructed, answering a question of Olson. The continuum hypothesis is used to construct a relatively quasi- k space that is not quasi- k .
COHERENT INTERFEROMETRY IN FINELY LAYERED RANDOM MEDIA

We study broadband, coherent interferometric array imaging (CINT) in finely lay- ered media in a regime with strong fluctuations. By coherent interferometric imaging we mean the backpropagation of time-windowed cross correlations of the array data. For waves propagating over long distances, there is statistical stabilization of the traces observed at the array. They have the form of a coherent signal that can be described by the O'Doherty-Anstey (ODA) theory, followed by long and noisy codas. We show that coherent interferometry exploits the time coherence in the data, leading to stable images. Moreover, we prove that in this regime only the ODA behavior plays a role in the imaging, and we quantify explicitly the resolution of CINT in terms of this time coherence and the array aperture. We illustrate the theory with numerical simulations.
The Progressive City? Urban Redevelopment in Minneapolis

Minneapolis is a city steeped in a rich heritage of progressive politics. The author evaluates the city's reputation as a progressive city by applying recent theories about the origins and development of progressive city politics during the postwar era. The case study also shows how the concept of progressivism can be used to characterize a particular form of urban development politics.
Search and Reasoning in problem solving

This paper considers some of the relative advantages and disadvantages of viewing problem solving as a process of search or a process of reasoning, respectively. It has been pointed out that in assessing problem solving procedures we must consider not only their performance in solving problems once these problems have been represented, but also their adequacy in representing problems when those problems are presented initially in natural-language prose, or when the problems are to be regarded not as toy laboratory tasks but as denoting real situations in the real world outside. This paper discusses the role of reasoning both in problem solution and in problem representation. 13 references.
Electroencephalographic changes during learning of speech and nonspeech stimuli

Changes during learning and cortical hemispheric differences of the auditory-evoked response (AER) were investigated as right-handed Ss learned 8 CV syllables and 5 piano notes. Fourier analysis of the summed EEG responses were performed at several performance levels during association learning. A progressive decrease in the amplitude of the AER spectral components occurred during learning. These variations were similar for both ensembles of stimuli and were viewed as reflecting increased cortical activation. Although confounding activity may have been introduced by the language-oriented learning task, indications were that the right hemisphere plays a dominant role in nonspeech discriminations, with the left hemisphere being responsible for speech learning.
Structural Analysis of the GGDEF-EAL Domain-Containing c-di-GMP Receptor FimX

Bacterial pathogenesis involves social behavior including biofilm formation and swarming, processes that are regulated by the bacterially unique second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Diguanylate cyclases containing GGDEF and phosphodiesterases containing EAL domains have been identified as the enzymes controlling cellular c-di-GMP levels, yet less is known regarding signal transmission and the targets of c-di-GMP. FimX, a protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that governs twitching motility, belongs to a large subfamily containing both GGDEF and EAL domains. Biochemical and structural analyses reveals its function as a high-affinity receptor for c-di-GMP. A model for full-length FimX was generated combining solution scattering data and crystal structures of the degenerate GGDEF and EAL domains. Although FimX forms a dimer in solution via the N-terminal domains, a crystallographic EAL domain dimer suggests modes for the regulation of FimX by c-di-GMP binding. The results provide the structural basis for c-di-GMP sensing via degenerate phosphodiesterases.
Feasibility and impact of a case-based palliative care workshop for general surgery residents

Background The American Board of Surgery has emphasized that palliative care education should be included in surgical training. The few formal curricula for teaching palliative care, although effective, are time-intensive and have low longitudinal participation rates. The aim of this project was to design a feasible and effective palliative care intervention for general surgery residency training. Study Design A multidisciplinary group developed a 2-hour case-based palliative care workshop including a brief introductory didactic, 4 case-based scenarios, and role-playing exercises. Program effectiveness was assessed using pre- and 3 weeks post-workshop surveys to measure attitudes toward and knowledge of palliative care. Fisher's exact test was used for data analysis; statistical significance was accepted at p Results Twenty-two (88%) residents attended the workshop and completed the baseline survey; 16 (72.7%) completed the post-workshop survey. The workshop changed residents' attitudes to be more consistent with accepted palliative care principles. Statistically significant shifts were seen in attitudes about the use of total parenteral nutrition for malignant small bowel obstruction (31.8% disagree with use pre- vs 68.8% post-workshop; p Conclusions A brief, interactive workshop is effective in changing general surgery residents' attitudes toward and knowledge of palliative care. The results demonstrate that a single teaching session is a useful intervention.
ISOLATION OF PLAQUE-FORMING, GALACTOSE-TRANSDUCING STRAINS OF PHAGE LAMBDA

Plaque-forming, galactose-transducing lambda strains have been isolated from lysogens in which bacterial genes have been removed from between the galactose operon and the prophage by deletion mutation.—A second class has been isolated starting with a lysogenic strain which carries a deletion of the genes to the right of the galactose operon and part of the prophage. This strain was lysogenized with a second lambda phage to yield a lysogen from which galactose-transducing, plaque-forming phages were obtained. These plaque-forming phages were found to be genetically unstable, due to a duplication of part of the lambda chromosome. The genetic instability of these partial diploid strains is due to homologous genetic recombindation between the two identical copies of the phage DNA comprising the duplication. The galactose operon and the duplication of phage DNA carried by these strains is located between the phage lambda P and Q genes.
Structure of CaMnO3 in the range 10 K ≤ T ≤ 550 K from neutron time-of-flight total scattering

Abstract The local and average structure of the Ca endmember of the La 1 - x Ca x MnO 3 series has been investigated. Neutron powder diffraction-based high real-space resolution atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, yielding the local atomic structure, and the corresponding Rietveld analysis yielding the average crystal structure show that the two structural scales are in accord in this material, and that the MnO 6 octahedral units are regular for all temperatures studied. Quantitative values of structural parameters are reported for a wide temperature range, important for both experimental and theoretical considerations of hole and electron doped branches of the rich phase diagram of La 1 - x Ca x MnO 3 .
Incidence of Hepatic Metastases for Various Neoplasms in Several Strains of Mice

The incidence of hepatic metastases for a variety of spontaneous and carcinogen-induced malignant neoplasms was studied in several strains of mice. Forty percent of osteogenic sarcomas metastasized to the liver in C57BL/6 female mice. Fourteen percent of mesotheliomas metastasized to the liver in C3H mice and 11.5% of alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas metastasized to the liver in BALB/c male mice. All other malignant neoplasms metastasized to the liver at a rate of less than 10% and most at less than 5%.
Effect of postnatal undernutrition on ketone metabolism and its relation to metabolic changes in brain and liver of rats.

The effects of undernutrition on ketone metabolism and its relation to brain growth in developing rats were studied. In the first series of experiments, under- nutrition was induced by increasing the litter size from 4 to 16 pups. Body weight of pups was inversely related to litter size. Increasing the litter size lowered brain weight by 6-16% and liver weight by 20-46%. The ratio of brain weight:body weight was greater by 16 to 39% in the larger litters. Increasing the litter size did not alter con centration of brain lipid, liver glycogen or plasma ketone bodies. In the second series of experiments, undernutrition was induced by restricting maternal dietary intake to 40% of that of the control dam. This undernutrition caused a more pronounced growth retardation than that resulting from increasing litter size. At 14 days of age, the mean body weight of the undernourished group was 44% lower than the control value. The dietary restriction lowered brain weight by 19%, liver weight by 38%, liver glycogen by 47%, brain lipid by 11%, plasma ketone bodies by 30%, glucose by 37% and the rate of hepatic ketogenesis by 28%. The results suggest that brain-growth retardation is related to low brain lipids and impaired ketone metabolism. J. Nutr. 112: 1162-1168,
Computer-based model of the cerebro-spinal fluid dynamics coupled to the cardiac cycle

Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF) flow dynamics have not been fully explained in terms of the physical forces that interact to propel CSF through the different cavities of the brain and spine. A complex CSF flow pattern has been identified and documented by cine-MRI and related in time to cardiac cycle. A hypothesis based on the concept of cyclical brain-compliance variation dependent on the cardiac cycle as the mechanism driving CSF is presented. A computer-based model explaining the relation between the cardiac cycle and CSF flow is presented as well.
Hegel's Unresolved Contradiction: Experience, Philosophy, and the Irrationality of Nature

Cet article etudie lafacon dont Hegel elabore sa conception des rapports entre la pensee et la nature dans la Phenomenologie de l'esprit. L'examen montre que 1) Hegel etend le concept de raison pour y inclure i'independance de la nature a l'endroit de la pensee rationnelle, 2) cette independance se revele dans le donne contingent de l'empiricite, 3) le concept etendu de raison determine et justifie les presuppositions de la logique hegelienne, et 4) ce meme concept limite le role de la logique dans la philosophie hegelienne prise comme un tout, de telle maniere que la philosophie y depend de la science empirique en quelque chose d'essentiel pour sa connaissance de la verite. En etayant ces theses, l'article analyse la procedure de preuve utilisee par Hegel, expose le role qu'y joue la contradiction, et discute les explications phenomenologiques qu'il propose de la perception, de l'entendement, du stoicisme, de l'idealisme, de la biologie, du monde moral kantien, de la religion revelee, et du savoir absolu.
The effect of repetitive screw hole use on the retentive strength of pretapped and self-tapped screws

Abstract Multiple systems for internal screw fixation are presently in use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. These systems differ in screw diameter, material, and design. This study evaluated the uniaxial pullout strength of five screw systems. Two-millimeter, 2.7-mm, and 3.5-mm screws were initially evaluated for pullout strength. Pretapped and self-tapped screws were then inserted into the same hole multiple times before pullout testing. Results of pullout testing revealed no significant difference in pullout strength of pretapped and self-tapped screws of equal diameter (P > .05). Increased screw diameter produced increased pullout strength. No significant difference in pullout strength was noted in pretapped or self-tapped screws inserted into the same hole one, two, or three times before pullout testing (P > .05).
The future of the LD field: intervention approaches.

The survey found there was considerable concern about the efficacy of current approaches to providing differential programming and considerable sentiment about the need to expand the focus of intervention and develop preventive programs. A comprehensive appreciation of these concerns and their implications for the future arises from awareness of the field's past and present status. To summarize the situation and offer some thoughts for future directions, we went to Corinne Smith because of the breadth of focus represented in her work. Her paper presents a picture that does homage to those whose pioneer efforts laid the foundation for the field, and she suggests that current practices represent great strides forward in developing intervention approaches. At the same time, she stresses that current interventions do not yield predictable benefits for the individuals served. She concludes that the deficiencies of prevailing strategies will only be corrected through naturalistic research focused on a broad-bas...
Fault tolerance design in JPEG 2000 image compression system

The JPEG 2000 image compression standard is designed for a broad range of data compression applications. The new standard is based on wavelet technology and layered coding in order to provide a rich feature compressed image stream. The implementations of the JPEG 2000 codec are susceptible to computer-induced soft errors. One situation requiring fault tolerance is remote-sensing satellites, where high energy particles and radiation produce single event upsets corrupting the highly susceptible data compression operations. This paper develops fault tolerance error-detecting capabilities for the major subsystems that constitute a JPEG 2000 standard. The nature of the subsystem dictates the realistic fault model where some parts have numerical error impacts whereas others are properly modeled using bit-level variables. The critical operations of subunits such as discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and quantization are protected against numerical errors. Concurrent error detection techniques are applied to accommodate the data type and numerical operations in each processing unit. On the other hand, the embedded block coding with optimal truncation (EBCOT) system and the bitstream formation unit are protected against soft-error effects using binary decision variables and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) parity values, respectively. The techniques achieve excellent error-detecting capability at only a slight increase in complexity. The design strategies have been tested using Matlab programs and simulation results are presented.
Total unimodularity and decomposition method for large-scale air traffic cell transmission model

In an earlier work, Sun and Bayen built a Large-Capacity Cell Transmission Model for air traffic flow management. They formulated an integer programming problem of minimizing the total travel time of flights in the National Airspace System of the United States subject to sector capacity constraints. The integer program was relaxed to a linear program for computational efficiency. In this paper the authors formulate the optimization problem in a standard linear programming form. We analyze the total unimodular property of the constraint matrix, and prove that the linear programming relaxation generates an optimal integral solution for the original integer program. It is guaranteed to be optimal and integral if solved by a simplex related method. In order to speed up the computation, we apply the Dantzig–Wolfe Decomposition algorithm, which is shown to preserve the total unimodularity of the constraint matrix. Finally, we evaluate the performances of Sun and Bayen’s relaxation solved by the interior point method and our decomposition algorithm with large-scale air traffic data.
Two-dimensional adaptive block Kalman filtering of radar imagery

A 2-D adaptive block Kalman filtering scheme is introduced for processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The image process is represented by an autoregressive (AR) model with a nonsymmetric-half-plane (NSHP) region of support arranged in the block diagonal form. 2-D Kalman filtering equations are derived which take into account not only the effects of the multiplicative speckle noise but also the additive receiver thermal noise. This method assumes local stationarity within one block, whereas the image can be assumed to be globally nonstationary. A recursive identification process using the stochastic Newton approach is also presented which can be used online to estimate the filter parameters based upon the information within each new block of data received. An image processing example is provided to examine the effectiveness of the proposed method when used to remove the effects of speckle noise in an SAR image. >
Energy efficiency, its benefits and methods to close the efficiency gap

In an age when the fuel shortage, global warming, and reduction of carbon footprint are becoming urgent issues, it is important that all appliances, equipments and other heavy usage machinery operate as efficiently as possible. It is for this reason that power technology is becoming an important field of specialization as most of the heavy machinery operates on AC or DC electrical power. Various energy efficiency initiatives such as green grid initiative by data center operators, climate saver computing initiative (CSCI) by electronic equipment manufacturers, and efforts by large corporations to reduce the consumption of energy are becoming the topic of intense debate. Many corporations are announcing energy saving methods not only for the equipments but also for their facilities under the banner of "Going Green." It is not GHz processors or TB of storage which is the hot topic of conversation among technology experts all over the world but tons of carbon emitted into the atmosphere. Not long time back, every expert in the industry was designing electronic equipment for the best performance from the processors, memory and I/O devices, energy consumption was not the issue. That era is behind us, and the new industry Mantra is "Go Green". Today this requirement is not being imposed by EPA or DOE or by any agency but by the customers. Every customer wants to know the exact energy consumed by a system he is buying. The marketing folks are flooded with the request to provide the actual load profile in addition to the efficiency from 20 % to 100% of the load. The power supply designers are being asked to improve efficiency as high as the technology will permit. The things have changed so much in the last few months that power efficiency has become the top priority instead of the cost. What has changed in such a short time? One, the processor and memory power demand has overwhelmed the system to a point that it is hard to be cooled by air cooling. Not only it could not be cooled, the energy cost is almost reaching 30% of the cost of the infrastructure. There is a message here - "Either solve the customer problem by efficient systems or lose the business.
When genomic and standard test results diverge: implications for breast cancer patients' preference for chemotherapy

Purpose We examined how women incorporate potentially differing genomic and standard assessments of breast cancer recurrence risk into chemotherapy decisions. Methods 165 women previously treated for early-stage breast cancer indicated their interest in chemotherapy regimens to prevent recurrence of breast cancer in response to six hypothetical vignettes that presented breast cancer recurrence risk estimates from standard criteria and a genomic test, some of which were discordant. Results Standard and genomic test results each elicited greater interest in chemotherapy when they indicated high rather than low risk for recurrence (89% vs. 26%, and 87% vs. 22%, respectively, Ps < 0.001). Genomic test results had a larger impact on chemotherapy preferences than standard measures to predict recurrence. Conclusions Some women may be reluctant to forgo chemotherapy when genomic tests indicate low recurrence risk but standard criteria suggest high risk. Additional research including replication of the findings of this small, vignette-based study is needed.
North America-Greenland-Eurasian Relative Motions: Implications for Circum-Arctic Tectonic Reconstructions: ABSTRACT

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Circum-Arctic region is based on constraints imposed by (1) relative motion histories of the three major plates (North America, Greenland, and Eurasia) and a number of smaller pieces; and (2) distribution and age of sutures, accretionary prisms, volcanic arcs, fold-thrust belts, stretched continental crust, strike-slip faults, and ocean floor. We conclude that: (1) North America and Eurasia remained relatively fixed to each other until the latest Cretaceous-Paleocene opening of the Labrador Sea-Baffin Bay and Greenland-Norwegian and Eurasian basins (earlier convergence between North America and Eurasia in the Bering Sea region shown on many reconstructions are artifacts of incorrect plate reconstructions); (2) the North Slop -Seward-Chukotka block has constituted an isthmus connection between North America and northeast Asia since at least the middle Paleozoic and did not rotate away from the Canadian Arctic; (3) the Canada basin opened behind a clockwise-rotating Alpha Cordillera-Mendeleyev ridge arc during the Early to middle Cretaceous and consumed older, Paleozoic(?) Makarov basin ocean floor (the Chukchi cap is a detached continental fragment derived from the Beaufort Sea; the North Slope Arctic margin is a left-lateral transform fault associated with the opening of the Canada basin); and (4) the Nares Strait fault has a net relative displacement of approximately 25 km, but actual motion between Greenland and northern Ellesmere was about 250 km of strongly transpressive motion that resulted in the Eurek n and Svalbardian orogenies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 303------------
Spaceborne GPS current status and future visions

The Global Positioning System (GPS), developed by the Department of Defense, is quickly revolutionizing the architecture of future spacecraft and spacecraft systems. Significant savings in spacecraft life cycle cost, in power, and in mass can be realized by exploiting Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in spaceborne vehicles. These savings are realized because GPS is a systems sensor-it combines the ability to sense space vehicle trajectory, attitude, time, and relative ranging between vehicles into one package. As a result, a reduced spacecraft sensor complement can be employed on spacecraft and significant reductions in space vehicle operations cost can be realized through enhanced onboard autonomy. This paper provides an overview of the current status of spaceborne GPS, a description of spaceborne GPS receivers available now and in the near future, a description of the 1997-1999 GPS flight experiments and the spaceborne GPS team's vision for the future.
Outing as Performance / Outing as Resistance: A Queer Reading of Austrian (Homo)Sexualities

In late July 1995, the calm of Austria's political summer erupted with a new, American catchword: "Outing." News, one of Austria's most widely read magazines, had published an expose on July 13, detailing the upcoming political plans of Kurt Krickler-a leading activist in Austria's oldest lesbian and gay organization, HOSI (short for Homosexuellen-Initiative). There, Krickler announced the imminent exposure of the clandestine homosexuality of over a quarter of Austria's Catholic bishops. Specifically, Krickler promised the "Outing" of five bishops at a press conference to be held on August 1 in the hallowed halls of Vienna's Cafe Landtmann-the primary site of communication between Austria's elected officials and a wider public (Krautler 1995). In an article published a week later in the alternative city paper Der Falter, Krickler elaborated on the rationale for his spectacular and unprecedented Outing-Aktion. Under the title "Outing as a Weapon," he focused attention on the ongoing legal discrimination that continues to denigrate lesbians and gay men in Austria (Krickler 1995). Concretely, he protested the continued existence of three anti-lesbian/gay paragraphs in the country's criminal code: Paragraphs 220 and 221 respectively interdict "propaganda" for "sexual relations between persons of the same sex" and the formation of "associations" intended to "facilitate same-sex sexual relations" (StGB 1974).' While these two statutes effectively outlaw the creation of lesbian and gay organizations and ban the distribution of informational material pertaining to lesbian or gay concerns, their enforcement remains sporadic, rendering the infamous Paragraph 209 the main battle ground for gay activists. The latter piece of legislation prohibits same-sex sexual relations of male persons over the age of 19 with their 14to 18-year-old counterparts (regardless of mutual consent). In the absence of equivalent statutes outlawing heterosexual and lesbian relations (both legal at 14) in these age brackets, Paragraph 209 constitutes clear discrimination against gay male sex-
Postoperative extradural infusions in children: preliminary data from a comparison of bupivacaine/diamorphine with plain ropivacaine.

Summary To try to decrease the incidence of side-effects associated with postoperative extradural infusions of local anaesthetics in combination with opioids, we have used plain ropivacaine solutions in 200 children. The first 72 children received an infusion of bupivacaine 0.125%+ diamorphine 20 μg·ml−1, then 200 children received plain ropivacaine solutions. The children who received ropivacaine were found to have lower incidences of nausea, pruritus, urinary retention, and were less sedated, despite comparable analgesia. The management of plain ropivacaine for extradural analgesia is discussed.
Lag Screw Fixation of a Hunter Rod for Two-Stage Tendon Reconstruction

Two-stage Hunter tendon reconstruction is used in instances of old tendon lacerations when scarring would preclude a one-stage tendon graft and in some acute injuries when primary tendon repair is not possible. Ovoid implants 3 to 6 millimeters in diameter are used for 3 to 4 months in the first stage to develop a tendon sheath. One implant has a metal endplate that can easily be fixed to the distal phalanx with a 2.0 mm cortical fixation screw (Figs. 61-1 A Figs. 61-1 B Figs. 61-1 C Figs. 61-1 D-F). Stable fixation of the distal portion of the implant while the proximal end glides freely in the palm or distal forearm allows passive gliding to aid in the development of the synovial tendon sheath. When a tendon is harvested for the second stage of the tendon graft, its distal end can be secured into the enlarged screw hole.
Edge-bridged Mo2Fe6S8 to pN-type Mo2Fe6S9 cluster conversion: structural fate of the attacking sulfide/selenide nucleophile.

Reaction of the edge-bridged double cubane cluster [(Tp)2M2Fe6S8(PEt3)4] (1; Tp = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate(1−)) with hydrosulfide affords the clusters [(Tp)2M2Fe6S9(SH)2]3-,4- (M = Mo (2), V), which have been established as the first structural (topological) analogues of the PN cluster of nitrogenase. The synthetic reaction is an example of core conversion, resulting in the transformation M2Fe6(μ3-S)6(μ4-S)2 (Ci) → M2Fe6(μ2-S)2(μ3-S)6(μ6-S) (C2v), the reaction pathway of which is unknown. The most prominent structural feature of PN-type clusters is the μ6-S atom, which bridges six iron atoms in two MFe3S3 cuboidal halves of the cluster. The initial issue in core conversion is the origin of the μ6-S atom. Utilizing SeH- as a surrogate reactant for SH- in the system 1/SeH-/L- in acetonitrile, a series of selenide clusters [(Tp)2Mo2Fe6S8SeL2]3- (L- = SH- (4), SeH- (5), EtS- (6), CN- (7)) was prepared. The electrospray mass spectra of 4 and 6 revealed inclusion of one Se atom in each cluster, and 1H NMR spe...
Flattening of Dendrimers from Solutions onto Charged Surfaces

The adsorption of dendrimers onto charged surfaces plays a role in many emerging applications. Numerous studies found in the literature report that dendrimers flatten at these interfaces. Here, we provide a simple scaling theory that describes the height of the adsorbed layer, the fraction of segments within the dendrimer that touch the surface, and the total number of dendrimers adsorbed as a function of generation of growth, surface charge density, and concentration. We demonstrate that these predictions agree well with extensive molecular dynamics simulations. Combined, the simulations and scaling argument indicate that simultaneous adsorption and compression at the interface take place.
Locus of control and attitudes concerning military service.

Locus of control measures were correlated with attitudes concerning military service. Results, using Rotter's (1966) standard I-E scale, indicated that the more internal an S: (a) the more favorabl...
Tumor Necrosis Factorα Inhibits Contractions to Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation by a Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanism

Gram-negative sepsis and administration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) are associated with hypotension and peripheral neuropathies suggestive of impaired sympathetic neurotransmission. We examined the effect of TNF alpha on the responses of the bovine pulmonary artery (BPA) to transmural sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS). BPA contracted to SNS (0.5-32 Hz, 5-10 V, 2-msec duration, 2-msec delay) in a frequency-dependent manner. The contractions of the BPA to SNS were mediated by norepinephrine and activation of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors, since they were attenuated by prazosin. Maximum contraction of the BPA to SNS was significantly enhanced (148 +/- 37% increase, n = 6) after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NG-monomethylarginine (LNMMA, 500 microM), an effect abrogated by L-arginine (1 mM). TNF alpha (0.0042, 0.042, and 0.42 micrograms/ml) selectively inhibited contractions of the BPA to SNS without affecting the contraction of the BPA to exogenous norepinephrine. In BPA incubated with LNMMA (5-500 microM), TNF alpha facilitated rather than inhibited SNS. TNF alpha increased the formation of amperiometrically measured free nitric oxide in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in primary culture. The data show that in the absence of LNMMA, TNF alpha releases free nitric oxide from a sympathetic neuron and selectively inhibits the contractions of the BPA to SNS. In BPA in which nitric oxide synthase I is inhibited by LNMMA, TNF alpha amplifies the contractions to SNS, even in the absence of endothelium. Thus, TNF alpha can modify vascular smooth muscle tone by affecting SNS. TNF alpha inhibits SNS at the level of the neuron by a mechanism involving the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. TNF alpha-induced suppression of SNS and neurotransmission may contribute to the hypotension and peripheral neuropathy of sepsis.
Abstract P107: Comparing Perceptions of Chronic Heart Failure Patients' Health Status Prior to Hospitalization by Patients and Their Family Caregiver/Significant Others

PURPOSE: Little is known if family caregivers/significant others (FC/SOs) have similar or different perceptions of the patients' health status. FC/SO perception may influence care decisions and affect patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare chronic HF patients' and FC/SOs' perception of the patients' health status prior to hospitalization and relationship to time to seek care. METHODS: Participants were 144 hospitalized chronic HF patients and 144 FC/SOs recruited to complete the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). The questionnaire was administered to both patients and their FC/SOs during the patients' hospitalization to measure perceptions of the patients' health status 2 weeks before hospitalization. The KCCQ is a validated questionnaire that quantifies physical limitation, symptoms, social limitation, self-efficacy, and QOL for patients with HF; lower scores meaning worse perceived health status. The questionnaire with modified wording was used for FC/SOs to respond about their perceptions of the patients' health status and reliability was evaluated. Patient participants were primarily white males with a mean age of 66.2 (SD=15.3). Mean LVEF was 33.3 % (SD=18.3). The FC/SO participants were primarily family members and white females; mean age of 58.2 years (SD=14.3). RESULTS: Paired t-test correlation analysis revealed the responses from patients and FC/SOs as significant (p<.001) and highly correlated on their perceptions of the patient’s physical limitation ( r =.63), symptom frequency ( r =.68), symptom burden ( r =.61), social limitation ( r =.59); and moderately correlated on perceptions of QOL ( r =.38), self-efficacy ( r =.38), and symptom stability ( r =.44).Cronbach's alphas for patient KCCQ and FC/SO KCCQ were .91 and .90, respectively. Overall health status summary scores were highly correlated ( r =.70) but the patients' overall score was significantly inversely related to days to hospitalization ( B =−.031, p =.01). CONCLUSIONS: The health status of chronic HF patients is perceived similarly by both patients and FC/SOs as poor and is associated with longer time to seek care. Further research is needed to understand how these perceptions influence decision making to seek appropriate and timely care.
An Experimental Study of Internal Constraints Bounding Isotropic and Orthotropic Domains for Large Finite Deformation in Cubic Single Crystals

Based upon a knowledge of all nine x-ray determined direction cosines between the crystal axes of cubic single crystals and the axial frame of rectangular specimens, a new kinematical analysis is described. The complex slip structure provides a general continuum theory and a specified bound separating domains of isotropic and orthotropic large finite deformation.
Reservations about Constitutive Justice

For reasons discussed in the last chapter, we should not be surprised that Aristotle did not address the issue of constitutive justice — any more, perhaps, than we should be surprised that he did not question the morality of slaver.1 But since, in the meantime, an expanded understanding of the various sorts of agency involved in the construction of communities has laid to rest the perception that communal boundaries are primordial, predestined, or otherwise prior to ethical consideration, we might well inquire why today’s leading theorists have devoted so little sustained attention to what I am calling the questions of constitutive justice. We might ask why, as William James Booth puts it, “what ought to have been eminently questionable has scarcely achieved the status of a question.” 2 The reticence of thinkers such as Kant, Locke, and Mill — not to mention their current heirs — to reflect on membership and borders is all the more difficult to account for when one acknowledges, with Booth, that given its universalist language and stake in impartiality, liberal political philosophy in particular militates toward a consideration of the justice of boundaries. And yet, this lacuna cannot be a matter of simple oversight, and indeed, upon examination we can find a variety of more or less principled grounds for contesting whether it makes sense to pose the question of constitutive justice at all.