cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Uncertainty in Mass Balance Calculation of River Nonpoint Source Loads

Several sources of uncertainty are considered in using field data to perform mass balance calculations to estimate nonpoint source (NPS) loads of total dissolved solids (TDS) and selenium (Se) to two reaches along the Lower Arkansas River in Colorado. This approach renders stochastic models of the mass balance equations for each river reach, where the input variables and their associated parameters are treated as random variables described by probability distributions. A data set collected in an intensive field effort conducted over several years is used in developing the models. Monte Carlo simulation solves the stochastic mass balance equations to describe distributions of possible values of the NPS loads. Results indicate that uncertainty in these calculated loads is sizeable. Annual average coefficient of variation (CV) in calculated total NPS TDS loads for sample periods within the two reaches ranges between 0.15 and 2.76, averaging about 1.1. For the Se mass balance along the downstream reach, the average CV in calculated loads is 0.23. The 90% prediction interval width for total NPS TDS load averaged over the 58 sample periods along the upstream reach is 13,691 (kg/day)/km, compared to an overall average mean load of 8,383 (kg/day)/km. It is 8,545 (kg/day)/km averaged over the 61 sample periods downstream, compared to an overall average mean load of 11,183 (kg/day)/km. For the Se load, the overall average 90% prediction interval width is also substantial compared to the overall average mean: 0.028 (kg/day)/km compared to 0.038 (kg/day)/km. Change in stored solute mass within the river over sample periods is found to be a major contributing factor to the calculation of NPS loads. Also, sensitivity analyses are performed that yield information on the relative influence that the degree of uncertainty in each random parameter has on the uncertainty in the calculated solute loads.
Gershom Scholem on nihilism and anarchism

Gershom Scholem, the pioneering historian of Jewish mysticism, was fascinated throughout his career by the mystical sources of nihilism in the Jewish tradition, sources which ultimately produced the antinomian Sabbatian movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. But in his own political philosophy, he eschewed nihilism for a more moderate religious anarchism, identifying the right-wing Revisionists with the Sabbatians. The relationship between Scholem's history of the Kabbalah, his anarchistic religious philosophy and his political activism can be traced in his published writings as well as his letters and other private writings.
Low Cost Built-in Sensor Testing of Phase-Locked Loop Dynamic Parameters

Phase-locked loops (PLLs) serve as core building blocks for communication systems and are often used to synthesize IO clocks for data synchronization and frequency sources for RF conversion. Testing of PLL loop performance is consequently important for guaranteeing the reliability of the underlying communication systems. In this paper, a low cost testing method based on loop triggering and use of built-in analog sensors (small number of transistors) to accurately predict phase-locked loop dynamic parameters is proposed. The sensor responses show strong statistical correlation with the PLL parameters being tested. Accordingly, supervised learning is applied to predict the required PLL parameters from the observed sensor response after "training". In order to verify analog sensor testing in PLL loop response evaluation, an off-the-shelf PLL and a PLL on printed circuit board (PCB) are tested using this method. The results are analyzed and shown with high correlation to loop parameters. Parameters including charge pump current, voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) gain, bandwidth, phase margin, and locking time are predicted accurately to prove the viability of the proposed test method.
Influence of mid‐summer boron sprays on boron content and quality indices of ‘delicious’ Apple 1

Abstract Boron (B) is required for optimal yield and quality of apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) but may impair fruit quality if present in excessive amounts. A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of a single mid‐July foliar B spray (0, 11.3, 22.6 g B/tree) on the B content and postharvest quality indices of 220‐gram ‘Starking Delicious’ apples. Fruit B concentration was positively related to B application rate and ranged from 9 to 55 mg/kg dry mass (1.3 to 7.7 mg/kg fresh mass). The relative B increases were greater in the core and inner cortex than in the outer cortex and skin, suggesting that some of the applied B entered the fruit through the tree vascular system. Increasing fruit B concentrations caused minor changes in fruit external color indices L and b and internal color index b but had no effect on firmness, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, starch index, external color index a, or internal color indices L and a. None of the effects were of horticultural sig...
Understanding Clients' Perceptions of Stress

The association of individual behavioral and personality characteristics with the stress response provides a natural role for stress management and the development of coping responses within the counseling process. The incorporation of stress management within the counseling process requires a theoretical framework for examining clients' perceptions of their coping capabilities as they experience difficulty with stressful life events. In this article the author presents a framework based on learned helplessness, called systematic rationalization. Empirical support and applications of the framework for working with clients experiencing difficulties coping with stressful life events are discussed.
The Cricket Cercal System Implements Delay-Line Processing

The cercal sensory system of crickets mediates sensitivity to low-amplitude air currents. The sense organ for this system is a pair of antenna-like abdominal appendages called cerci, each of which ...
Referred facial pain from intracranial tumors: A diagnostic dilemma

Extracranial facial pain is an uncommon presentation of intracranial tumors1 Intracranial tumor related to facial pain can present as temporomandibular joint pain2m4 dental or jaw pain,5-7 trigeminal neuralgia,lv8 or atypical facial pain.lJ Most often, tumors producing facial pain also produce neurologic abnormalities that precede or overshadow the complaint of pain. Facial pain is often present for a long time in patients with intracranial tumors.’ The nature of the pain can be either atypical or trigeminal, neuralgia-like, lancinating pain.r Trigeminal neuralgia in these patients is seen with either posterior fossa or middle fossa tumors. Patients with tumor-associated atypical facial pain usually have peripheral tumors that include skull base metastases. Thus, a high level of suspicion is required to diagnose the presence of intracranial pathology in patients with facial pain. Examination of the facial sensory and motor nerves should be a simple but essential part of the evaluation of a patient with facial pain. Subjective or objective anesthesia or paresthesia in the distribution of any cranial nerve, with or without pain, should alert the clinician to possible intracranial pathology. Patients often have a perversion of sensation to superficial stimuli, either in the form of a paresthesia with hypersensitivity or hyperalgesia. All such cases require imaging studies. It
Simulating Realistic-Looking Sediment Ripple Fields

Sandy sediment ripples impact sonar performance in coastal waters through Bragg scattering. Observations from data suggest that sandy ripple elevation relative to the mean seafloor as a function of the horizontal coordinates is not Gaussian distributed; specifically, peak amplitude fading over space associated with a random Gaussian process is largely absent. Such a non-Gaussian nature has implications for modeling acoustic scattering from, and penetration into, sediments. An algorithm is developed to generate ripple fields with a given power spectrum; these fields have non-Gaussian statistics and are visually consistent with data. Higher order statistics of these ripple fields and their implications to sonar detection are discussed.
Stochastic noise characteristics in matrix inversion tomosynthesis (MITS)

Matrix inversion tomosynthesis (MITS) uses known imaging geometry and linear systems theory to deterministically separate in-plane detail from residual tomographic blur in a set of conventional tomosynthesis (''shift-and-add'') planes. A previous investigation explored the effect of scan angle (ANG), number of projections (N), and number of reconstructed planes (NP) on the MITS impulse response and modulation transfer function characteristics, and concluded that ANG=20 deg., N=71, and NP=69 is the optimal MITS imaging technique for chest imaging on our prototype tomosynthesis system. This article examines the effect of ANG, N, and NP on the MITS exposure-normalized noise power spectra (ENNPS) and seeks to confirm that the imaging parameters selected previously by an analysis of the MITS impulse response also yield reasonable stochastic properties in MITS reconstructed planes. ENNPS curves were generated for experimentally acquired mean-subtracted projection images, conventional tomosynthesis planes, and MITS planes with varying combinations of the parameters ANG, N, and NP. Image data were collected using a prototype tomosynthesis system, with 11.4 cm acrylic placed near the image receptor to produce lung-equivalent beam hardening and scattered radiation. Ten identically acquired tomosynthesis data sets (realizations) were collected for each selected technique and used to generate ensemble mean images that weremore » subtracted from individual image realizations prior to noise power spectra (NPS) estimation. NPS curves were normalized to account for differences in entrance exposure (as measured with an ion chamber), yielding estimates of the ENNPS for each technique. Results suggest that mid- and high-frequency noise in MITS planes is fairly equivalent in magnitude to noise in conventional tomosynthesis planes, but low-frequency noise is amplified in the most anterior and posterior reconstruction planes. Selecting the largest available number of projections (N=71) does not incur any appreciable additive electronic noise penalty compared to using fewer projections for roughly equivalent cumulative exposure. Stochastic noise is minimized by maximizing N and NP but increases with increasing ANG. The noise trend results for NP and ANG are contrary to what would be predicted by simply considering the MITS matrix conditioning and likely result from the interplay between noise correlation and the polarity of the MITS filters. From this study, the authors conclude that the previously determined optimal MITS imaging strategy based on impulse response considerations produces somewhat suboptimal stochastic noise characteristics, but is probably still the best technique for MITS imaging of the chest.« less
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MITRAL VALVE CHORDAE TENDINEAE USING 3D TRANSESOPHAGEAL TRANSGASTRIC APPROACH

Echocardiographic evaluation of the submitral apparatus is challenging from both transthoracic and transesophageal approaches. We tested the feasibility of using transgastric views to visualize the chordae tendineae by 3D transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) and measure their length. 3DTEE
Payoffs, Not Tradeoffs, in the Adaptation of a Virus to Ostensibly Conflicting Selective Pressures

The genetic architecture of many phenotypic traits is such that genes often contribute to multiple traits, and mutations in these genes can therefore affect multiple phenotypes. These pleiotropic interactions often manifest as tradeoffs between traits where improvement in one property entails a cost in another. The life cycles of many pathogens include periods of growth within a host punctuated with transmission events, such as passage through a digestive tract or a passive stage of exposure in the environment. Populations exposed to such fluctuating selective pressures are expected to acquire mutations showing tradeoffs between reproduction within and survival outside of a host. We selected for individual mutations under fluctuating selective pressures for a ssDNA microvirid bacteriophage by alternating selection for increased growth rate with selection on biophysical properties of the phage capsid in high-temperature or low-pH conditions. Surprisingly, none of the seven unique mutations identified showed a pleiotropic cost; they all improved both growth rate and pH or temperature stability, suggesting that single mutations even in a simple genetic system can simultaneously improve two distinct traits. Selection on growth rate alone revealed tradeoffs, but some mutations still benefited both traits. Tradeoffs were therefore prevalent when selection acted on a single trait, but payoffs resulted when multiple traits were selected for simultaneously. We employed a molecular-dynamics simulation method to determine the mechanisms underlying beneficial effects for three heat-shock mutations. All three mutations significantly enhanced the affinities of protein-protein interfacial bindings, thereby improving capsid stability. The ancestral residues at the mutation sites did not contribute to protein-protein interfacial binding, indicating that these sites acquired a new function. Computational models, such as those used here, may be used in future work not only as predictive tools for mutational effects on protein stability but, ultimately, for evolution.
A High Speed Serializer ASIC for ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Upgrade

We have been developing a serializer application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based on a commercial 0.25-μm silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) CMOS technology for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter front-end electronics upgrade. The first prototype, a 5 Gbps 16:1 serializer has been designed, fabricated, and tested in lab environment and in 200 MeV proton beam. The test results indicate that the first prototype meets the design goals. The second prototype, a double-lane, 8 Gbps per lane serializer is under development. The post layout simulation indicates that 8 Gbps is achievable. In this paper we present the design and the test results of the first prototype and the design and status of the second prototype.
Air and Water Vision of the Atlantic Flying Fish, Cypselurus heterurus

AMPHIBIOUS vision for all animals with curved corneas requires an exceptional range of focusing ability. Whereas the cornea in air focuses light like a strong positive lens, under water it becomes a very weak positive lens because it has approximately the same refractive index as water. Thus, land animals become hypermetropic (far-sighted) in water and aquatic animals become myopic (near-sighted) in air. In some fish, this gain or loss of lens power amounts to as much as 20 to 30 dioptres1.
Organism response to habitat patchiness: species and habitat-dependent recruitment of decapod crustaceans

Abstract Habitat fragmentation from natural or anthropogenic causes is a common phenomenon in shallow water marine habitats such as seagrass beds and oyster reefs throughout the world. Thus, habitat- and scale-dependent information on how organisms perceive and respond to changes in the landscape is critical to efforts aimed at predicting the effects of habitat change on population abundance. In estuarine systems, seagrass is considered one of the predominant nursery habitats for numerous ecologically and commercially important species; however, recent information suggests that alternative habitats such as oyster reefs may also be important sites for settlement and refuge. We used artificial seagrass- and shell-filled plastic trays placed on unstructured seafloor in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA to examine the interactive effects of Experiment, Patch size and Habitat type upon recruitment success of four species of decapod crustaceans: the grass shrimps, Palaemonetes intermedius Holthuis, P. pugio Holthuis and P. vulgaris (Say), and the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Regardless of habitat type, all species of grass shrimp and J1 blue crab responded to habitat patchiness at scales as small as 0.25 to 4 m −2 , whereas larger J2–J4 blue crab did not. Mean densities of all three species of grass shrimp responded in a similar manner to patch size, with significantly higher densities in the smallest patch size (0.25 m −2 ) compared to larger patches (0.5 to 4 m −2 ). Conversely, mean densities of J1 blue crabs were significantly higher in the largest patch size (4 m −2 ) compared to smaller patches (0.25 to 1 m −2 ). There was a negative and significant relationship between the density of grass shrimp predators and density of J1 prey, and no relationship between potential fish predators and J1–J4 prey. Thus, patterns observed for J1 may be dependent upon predators and not habitat patch size. Both species demonstrated different responses to habitat type depending upon relative densities and body size. Mean densities of P. intermedius and P. vulgaris were higher in seagrass than oyster shell during Experiment 1 (May) when shrimp were relatively abundant, but did not differ between habitat types during Experiment 2 (October), when densities were reduced 10-fold. Conversely, densities of P. pugio did not differ between seagrass and oyster shell. Mean densities of J1 blue crab were similar between seagrass and oyster shell, but higher in seagrass than oyster shell for later juvenile stages (J2–J4). Thus, blue crabs may rely equally on seagrass and oyster reefs as an initial settlement and refuge habitat for early juveniles. Our study demonstrates that an organism's response to habitat patchiness is species-specific, and that for a given species, the response is further modified by animal density and body size. The patterns observed in this study further highlight the importance of scale-dependent responses by mobile organisms to complex benthic habitats.
NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR CANCER PREVENTION

Objectives To review the clinical trial literature on the use and effects of natural products for cancer prevention. Data Sources Clinical trials published in PubMed. Conclusion There is a growing body of literature on the use of natural products for cancer prevention. To date, few trials have demonstrated conclusive benefit. Current guidelines recommend against the use of natural products for cancer prevention. Implications for Nursing Practice Clinicians should ask patients about their use of natural products and motivations for use. If patients are using natural products for cancer prevention, they should be counseled on the current guidelines, as well as their options for other cancer prevention strategies.
Auto-inhibition of Drs2p, a Yeast Phospholipid Flippase, by Its Carboxyl-terminal Tail

Drs2p, a yeast type IV P-type ATPase (P4-ATPase), or flippase, couples ATP hydrolysis to phosphatidylserine translocation and the establishment of membrane asymmetry. A previous study has shown that affinity-purified Drs2p, possessing an N-terminal tandem affinity purification tag (TAPN-Drs2), retains ATPase and translocase activity, but Drs2p purified using a C-terminal tag (Drs2-TAPC) was inactive. In this study, we show that the ATPase activity of N-terminally purified Drs2p associates primarily with a proteolyzed form of Drs2p lacking the C-terminal cytosolic tail. Truncation of most of the Drs2p C-terminal tail sequence activates its ATPase activity by ∼4-fold. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the C-terminal tail of Drs2p is auto-inhibitory to Drs2p activity. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) has been shown to positively regulate Drs2p activity in isolated Golgi membranes through interaction with the C-terminal tail. In proteoliposomes reconstituted with purified, N-terminally TAP-tagged Drs2p, both ATPase and flippase activity were significantly higher in the presence of PI(4)P. In contrast, PI(4)P had no significant effect on the activity of a truncated form of Drs2p, which lacked the C-terminal tail. This work provides the first direct evidence, in a purified system, that a phospholipid flippase is subject to auto-inhibition by its C-terminal tail, which can be relieved by a phosphoinositide to stimulate flippase activity.
Exploring the potential for silvopasture adoption in south-central Florida: an application of SWOT–AHP method

Abstract We analyzed the prospects and challenges for silvopasture adoption in south-central Florida using the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats approach in combination with analytic hierarchy process. We used preference data from opinion leaders who have had extensive knowledge about silvopasture practices in south-central Florida. Results reveal that strengths and opportunities for silvopasture adoption outweigh its weaknesses and threats. The participants perceive that land stewardship and diversification of income as major strengths of silvopasture and environmental benefits and government support for silvopasture practices as important opportunities. While long-term investment requirement and poor-quality soils are identified as weaknesses for the adoption of silvopasture, government regulation relating to land-use practices is considered as a critical threat. These results provide important insights for policy developments relating to silvopasture practices.
Galactic dynamics in the light of meteorological theory

Equations for the motions in a galaxy which is controlled by gravitational forces and inertial effects are formulated. It is found that for the motions relative to the rotating system formulae analogous, and of similar form, to the geostrophic wind equations may be written. From these formulae and from the distribution of the relative gravitational potential in the disc of the galaxy, it is found that a spiral tendency in the mass distribution carries the implication of an inward flux of angular momentum by advective processes. This is to be compared with an outward flux through gravitational torques obtained in previous studies in which the writer participated.
Of Flatterers and Fleas: Tristan L’Hermite's Le Parasite and Baroque Theater's Problem of Truth

This essay argues that Tristan L’Hermite's comedy, Le Parasite (1653–54), uses the figure of the parasite to reconceptualize a central tension of Baroque theater: the problematic relationship of appearances to reality, or what William Egginton has called its “problem of truth.” By putting the play's depiction of parasitism into dialogue with more recent explorations of the parasite by Michel Serres and Jacques Derrida, this reading aims to elucidate Tristan's highly original exploration of the nature of authority, the power of mediation, and the role of theatrical language in human relations.
Weight-related Teasing, Dysfunctional Cognitions, and Symptoms of Depression and Eating Disturbances

Although there is evidence that verbal victimization in childhood may be a nonspecific risk factor for a variety of disorders, there may be mediational pathways that are specific to each disorder. In this study, we hypothesized that disorder-specific cognitions would mediate the relation between reports of childhood verbal victimization and undergraduates’ current symptoms of depression and eating disorders. In addition, we hypothesized that a specific type of verbal victimization, weight-related teasing, would be more strongly related to the presence of dysfunctional eating cognitions than depressive cognitions. Both hypotheses were supported, providing preliminary evidence for the hypothesized disorder-specific mediational pathways.
Sequestration of Carbonaceous Species within Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers on Ag by Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectra of hydrogenated CnSH (where, n = 3−5,8,9,12, and 18) and C8D17SH SAMs at mechanically polished (MP) Ag indicate monolayer contamination by a small polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The contaminant source at the unmodified MP Ag surface is identified using Raman spectoscopy, and thus, the contaminant is believed to be placed at this surface during the mechanical polishing procedure. Notably, the PAH contaminant is not completely removed by either solvent dissolution or alkanethiol adsorption, suggesting that it is strongly bound, and more significantly, sequestered within the alkanethiol SAM. Controlled incorporation of pyrene into dodecanethiol SAMs demonstrates that doping of alkanethiol SAMs may be possible for certain systems.
Use of a Check-off System to Improve Middle School Students' Story Compositions

This study examined the effects of a self-management procedure designed to teach three 13-to 14-year-old middle school boys with learning and behavior problems to improve the completeness (inclusion of identified story elements) and quality (organization and coherence) of their story compositions. The procedure was based on two strategies: teaching the students to plan stories composed in a narrative style, and teaching them to monitor the inclusion of elements from the plan with a check-off system. A multiple baseline design was used to assess the effectiveness of the procedure, and a combination of holistic and atomistic ratings was used to assess the completeness and quality of the students' written work. Results indicated that stories were more complete when students used a simple check-off system to plan and monitor their work. In addition, there was a moderate correlation between the atomistic and holistic measures used to assess stories, with the total number of words written correlating most stron...
A new species of ceratozamia (Zamiaceae) from Chiapas, Mexico

Ceratozamia norstogii sp. nov. from Chiapas, Mexico is described. This species is distinct from all others in the genus in that it has a straight rachis with very narrow leaflets (3–10 mm wide) which are strongly curved and almost round in cross section when dried. It is known only from Chiapas, Mexico and in cultivation.
A simplified problem reduction format

Abstract Some new approaches to mechanical theorem proving in the first-order predicate calculus are presented. These are based on a natural deduction system which can be used to show that a set of clauses is inconsistent. This natural deduction system distinguishes positive from negative literals and treats clauses having 0, 1, and 2 or more positive literals in three separate ways. Several such systems are presented. The systems are complete and relatively simple and allow a goal to be decomposed into subgoals, and solutions to the subgoals can then be searched for in the same way. Also, the systems permit a natural use of semantic information to delete unachievable subgoals. The goal-subgoal structure of these systems should allow much of the current artificial intelligence methodology to be applied to mechanical theorem proving.
X-ray observations of possible binary clusters of galaxies

Many studies of superclusters of galaxies have been conducted, taking into account also superclusters representing candidate binary cluster systems. The present investigation is concerned with further studies of potential binary cluster systems, giving attention to a sample of six cluster pairs, in which the redshifts and X-ray luminosities of each member of a pair have been measured. One of the objectives of the investigation was related to a search for X-ray evidence that the clusters interact in these potentially binary systems. A second objective was to provide a measure of the mass of hot gas in the clusters. Two new systems in which the two clusters may have a physical association were found.
Eisenhower and Kennedy: A Comparison of Confrontations at Little Rock and Ole Miss

The purpose of this study is to assess the ways in which President Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy reacted to the civil rights crises in Little Rock in 1957 and at Ole Miss in 1962. A side theme is to assess presidential learning by seeing whet Kennedy learned from the lessons taught by Eisenhower. Each president was reluctant to commit federal troops to enforcing civil rights, was concerned about the problems associated with federalism, and ended up feeling forced to commit troops nonetheless. The message is that despite the presidents' best intentions, troops ultimately had to be committed. Kennedy was unable to avoid the traps that Eisenhower had encountered, and the imposition of the national government on the enforcement of civil rights was firmly established.
Erosive perianal lichen planus responsive to tacrolimus.

A 46-year-old man presented with bleeding and painful sores around the anus of 2–3 years’ duration. The lesions had improved with a course of oral antimicrobials prescribed by a surgeon, who had performed a biopsy reported as showing nonspecific changes. Topical corticosteroids had also led to improvement, accompanied by the development of painful “pimples.” The patient had a history of recurrent oral herpes simplex, but denied other medical problems, persistent oral lesions, or human immunodeficiency virus risk factors. A total body skin examination revealed two shallow ulcerations of the perianal mucosa with minimal background erythema. No other cutaneous or mucosal lesions were noted. The remainder of the examination was unremarkable. A viral culture was negative, and there was no response to a 5-day course of oral antiviral therapy (500 mg of valacyclovir twice daily). After avoiding topical therapies for 10 days, a lacy white discoloration was noted (Fig. 1). Review of the original biopsy specimen showed a band-like lymphocytic infiltrate in the papillary dermis with involvement of the basal layer, consistent with lichen planus. Figure 1. Lacy white discoloration and erosions of the perianal mucosa Download figure to PowerPoint The patient began a course of topical halobetasol ointment therapy, complicated by folliculitis, which was treated with topical clindamycin lotion. After 10 weeks, the area had completely healed (Fig. 2) and the patient discontinued topical therapy. One year later, the patient had a recurrence of erosions in the same location. Wishing to avoid the complications of high potency topical corticosteroid therapy, the patient chose therapy with the commercially available formulation of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. One month later he called to report complete clearing and was tapered off therapy. Figure 2. Normal mucosa after treatment with halobetasol ointment Download figure to PowerPoint
Diurnal variability in a fish assemblage of a Bahamian coral reef

Variation in the diurnal composition of a fish assemblage of a Bahamian coral reef was investigated by comparing visual counts of fishes taken along a 100 × 4 m wide fixed transect at four times: 0900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 hours during the summer of 1979. One sample per day was obtained at each time period over a span of 20 consecutive days. Forty-two species were recorded in these samples, with 25 occurring frequently enough to permit statistical analysis of diurnal variations in abundance. Of the 25 species compared, nearly one fourth (6 species) displayed significant variation in abundance patterns among the four time periods tested. It is suggested, because of the strong possibility of bias which might otherwise be introduced because of these variations, that repetitive quantitative visual censusing of coral reef fishes be undertaken at about the same time each day.
Good Neighborhoods for Multidimensional Van Leer Limiting

Van Leer limiting uses nearby cell-means of a function (integral mean-values--weighted by a prescribed positive density--that are taken over each of a collection of nearby computational cells) to restrict the range of values allowed to a linear approximation of the function on a given central cell. These nearby cells--whose cell-means are actually involved in the limiting--are called the central cell's neighbors; and the set of these neighbors is called the central cell's neighborhood. The use of certain neighborhoods in multidimensional Van Leer limiting can force even linear functions to be subject to restriction over the central cell. A simple geometric property characterizes those neighborhoods whose use would not require that any linear functions be limited. (Such a neighborhood is called a good neighborhood for Van Leer limiting since its use would not preclude second-order accuracy in the local linear approximation of a smooth function by one that is Van Leer limited--unless the additional, here unspecified, details for obtaining the approximation preclude it by themselves.) The characterization is as follows, where it is presumed that the cells lie in a finite dimensional vector space: One has chosen a good neighborhood for a given central cell if and only if the convexmore » hull of the centroids of its associated neighbors contains that central cell. Details are given.« less
Recent Developments in Diagnosis and Care for Girls in Turner Syndrome

The past decade produced important advances in molecular genetic techniques potentially supplanting the traditional cytogenetic diagnosis of Turner syndrome (TS). Rapidly evolving genomic technology is used to screen 1st trimester pregnancies for sex chromosomal anomalies including TS, and genomic approaches are suggested for the postnatal diagnosis of TS. Understanding the interpretation and limitations of new molecular tests is essential for clinicians to provide effective counseling to parents or patients impacted by these tests. Recent studies have advanced the concept that X chromosome genomic imprinting influences expression of the Turner phenotype and contributes to gender differences in brain size and coronary disease. Progress in cardiovascular MRI over the past decade has dramatically changed our view of the scope and criticality of congenital heart disease in TS. Cardiac MRI is far more effective than transthoracic echocardiography in detecting aortic valve abnormalities, descending aortic aneurysm, and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return; recent technical advances allow adequate imaging in girls as young as seven without breath holding or sedation. Finally, important developments in the area of gynecological management of girls and young women with TS are reviewed, including prognostic factors that predict spontaneous puberty and potential fertility and recent practice guidelines aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk for oocyte donation pregnancies in TS.
Carotenoids and Retinoids: A Review of Research, Clinical, and Public Health Applications

Traditionally, the carotenoids and retinoids have been regarded as dietary sources of vitamin A and have been evaluated regarding their respective physiologic roles in vision, growth, immune system integrity, and prevention of vitamin A deficiency. In the 1990s, however, vitamin A deficiency is no longer widespread in Western countries. Therefore, the role of carotenoids and retinoids is evolving to encompass treatment and prevention of conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, which are prevalent in Western societies. This review summarizes current research concerning the therapeutic utility of vitamin A and its analogues and their roles in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
The empirical evaluation of language teaching materials

This article distinguishes two types of materials evaluation: a predictive evaluation designed to make a decision regarding what materials to use, and a retrospective evaluation designed to examine materials to use, and a retrospective evaluation designed to examine materials that have actually been used. Retrospective evaluations can be impressionistic or empirical. It is suggested that one way in which teachers can conduct empirical evaluations is by investigating specific teaching tasks. A procedure for conducting a task evaluation is described. Finally, it is suggested that task evaluations constitute a kind of action research that can contribute to reflective practice in teaching.
Design of permanent magnet brushless motors for high speed applications

High speed motors that develop rotational speeds in excess of 5000 rpm are necessary for centrifugal and screw compressors, blowers, grinding machines, mixers, pumps, machine tools, textile machines, drills, handpieces, aerospace, flywheel energy storages, etc. The actual trend in high speed electromechanical drives technology is to use permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors, solid rotor induction motors or switched reluctance motors. The highest efficiency and highest power density is achieved with PM brushless motors. The following issues, which are essential in electromagnetic, mechanical and thermal design of high speed PM brushless motors, have been discussed: (a) volume and mass: the higher the speed, the higher the power density, (b) power losses and efficiency: special attention must be given to windage and core losses, (c) laminations: cobalt alloy, non-oriented silicon steel or amorphous alloy laminations, (d) stator windings: slotted or slotless windings, (e) stator conductors: small diameter stranded conductors or Litz wires, (f) higher harmonics generated by the solid state converter: parasitical effect as losses, vibration and noise depend on the harmonic content, (g) cooling system: intensive air or liquid cooling system, (h) PM excitation system: if the temperature of the rotor or shaft exceeds 150°C, SmCo PMs must be used, (h) rotor tensile hoop stresses: properly selected rotor diameter, rotor diameter-to-length ratio and rotor retaining sleeve (material and thickness), (i) thermal compatibility of rotor materials, (j) rotor dynamics.
An 1800-yr record of decadal-scale hydroclimatic variability in the upper Arkansas River basin from bristlecone pine

Bristlecone pine trees are exceptionally long-lived, and with the incorporation of remnant material have been used to construct multi-millennial length ring–width chronologies. These chronologies can provide valuable information about past temperature and moisture variability. In this study, we outline a method to build a moisture-sensitive bristlecone chronology and assess the robustness and consistency of this sensitivity over the past 1200 yr using new reconstructions of Arkansas River flow (AD 1275–2002 and 1577–2002) and the summer Palmer Drought Sensitivity Index. The chronology, a composite built from parts of three collections in the central Rocky Mountains, is a proxy for decadal-scale moisture variability for the past 18 centuries. Since the sample size is small in some portions of the time series, the chronology should be considered preliminary; the timing and duration of drought events are likely the most robust characteristics. This chronology suggests that the region experienced increased aridity during the medieval period, as did much of western North America, but that the timing and duration of drought episodes within this period were somewhat different from those in other western locations, such as the upper Colorado River basin.
Empowerment for Primary Health Care and Child Survival: escalating community participation, community competence, and self-reliance in the Pacific.

Community participation is universally held to be central to the achievement of Health For All through Primary Health Care (PHC) and Child Survival (CS) strategies. Nevertheless, community particip...
WITHDRAWN: Anteromedial fracture of the coronoid process of the ulna

This article has been withdrawn because it is an inadvertent duplication of an article that has already been published in J. Shoulder Elbow Surg., 14 (2005) 60–64, doi:10.1016/j.jse.2004.04.012 . The journal wishes to point out that there was an inadvertent duplicate publication of same article with slightly different titles. There was no intent in any way on the part of the authors to publish the article in duplicate, and the journal regrets the error. The second of the two articles has therefore been withdrawn from J. Shoulder Elbow Surg., 15 (2006) e5–e8.
Understanding resistance to content literacy by pre-service social studies teachers

Abstract Over the past decade, heightened attention has been placed on integrating literacy strategies into the social studies. The content literacy movement, as it has become known, began with the passing of No Child Left Behind and has continued with the newly implemented Common Core State Standards. In light of this movement, many states required the pre-service social studies teachers to take courses to teach them how to integrate content literacy into their field in spite of the fact that research has shown that these types of courses can lead to heightened opposition. This study examines the process of change that pre-service social studies teachers experienced as they completed a content literacy course designed to model the principles of content literacy, provide opportunities to struggle with the application of content literacy, and support attempts at implementation.
Staying within bounds: Perceived control and the experience of elderly caregivers

Abstract Perceived control has been implicated in the well-being of older adults and may be especially important to elder caregivers of dependent persons because the caregiving situation is often seen as uncontrollable. Yet little research has been done on control within the caregiving situation. In this study, 60 elderly caregivers (⩾60 years old) were interviewed regarding what it meant to feel in control. The experience of control, as expressed by these caregivers, is captured in the categories of: active involvement, contextual feedback, self within bounds, in another, and hanging in there. From these categories an over-riding theme of ‘staying within bounds’ emerged, a theme that may be especially adaptable to cross-cultural settings. Findings suggest the importance of control for caregivers, emphasize its multidimensional nature, and suggest refinements in the control construct. Implications for theory, practice, and research are discussed.
The effect of zealotry in the naming game model of opinion dynamics

An individual in the process of forming or updating an opinion on any given subject is heavily influenced by the opinions expressed by others in his/her social network. However, not all individuals are flexible or open-minded; some are zealots, proselytizing an opinion in hopes of convincing others, while themselves completely immune to influence. Zealotry is a common phenomenon surrounding opinions involving significant personal investment, such as political or religious affiliation. In this work, we study the effect of zealotry in the context of binary opinion dynamics (denoted as opinions A and B, such as for/against increasing taxes). We derive several key results as a function of the zealot fractions backing each of the two opinions, including the number and nature of steady state solutions. We present analytically-grounded answers to questions such as: Does the opinion with larger zealot backing always win a majority of the non-zealot population, or are there conditions under which the opinion with smaller zealot backing can win? We extend our analysis with simulations to finite population and networks with finite connectivity.
Die BECKMANN‐Umlagerung und Fragmentierung von optisch aktiven α‐trisubstituierten Ketoximtosylaten

The solvolyses of optically pure (−)-anti-2-methyl-2-phenyl-butyrophenonoxime tosylate and anti-3-methyl-3-phenyl-2-pentanonoxime tosylate in methanol and chloroform have been studied. In methanol rearrangement to amide with retained configuration of the migrating group is accompanied by fragmentation to predominantly inverted 2-phenyl-2-methoxy-butane. N-Alkyl-nitrilium salts are common intermediates for rearrangement and fragmentation. Since the heterolysis of N-alkyl nitrilium ions is energetically related to SN1 reactions of alkyl halogenides or alkyl esters, the stereochemical course has been interpreted in terms of DOERING's mechanistic hypothesis for endothermic SN1 reactions.
Activity of β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in human rectal mucosa

Abstract Activity of β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase and N-acetl-β-glucosaminidase was determined by biopsy specimens of rectal mucosa of control subjects, cystinotic children and their parents. The studied enzymes exhibited maximal activity at pH 5.0, 4.0 and 4.5, respectively. Apparent Km values using P-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside, p-nitrophenyl-β-glucuronide and p-nitropheny-β-glucosaminide were found to be 0.52 mM, 0.70 mM, and 0.67 mM. The activity of all three enzymes was found to be closely correlated in the 11 subjects of the control group. The values found in parents and their cystinotic children fit into these correlations, but show higher scatter of data caused by the fact that values of β-galactosidase were found to be higher and of β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase lower in the group of parents than in the other two groups.
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography employing sodium alkyl sulfates and Brij 35

Abstract Sodium decyl and dodecyl sulfates were evaluated as micellar phases for the micellar electrokinetic chromatographic separation of ASTM test mixture LC-79-2. Selectivity was similar in each system but different from the selectivity obtained in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Despite separation efficiencies of approximately 150 000 theoretical plates per 50 cm, benzene and benzaldehyde coeluted in all concentrations of both surfactants employed. Separation was, however, readily achieved by addition of Brij 35® [polyoxyethylene(23)dodecanol] to the micellar phase.
Regulation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells

To evaluate the regulation of endothelial cell Cu,Zn-SOD, we have exposed bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells in culture to hyperoxia and hypoxia, second messengers or related agonists, hormones, free radical generating systems, endotoxin, and cytokines and have measured Cu,Zn-SOD protein of these cells by an ELISA developed in our laboratory. Control preconfluent and confluent cells in room air contained 196 +/- 18 ng Cu,Zn-SOD/10(6) cells. A23187 (0.33 microM), forskolin (10 microM), isobutylmethylxanthine (0.1 mM), dexamethasone (1 microM), triiodothyronine (1 microM) and retinoic acid (1 microM) failed to alter this level of Cu,Zn-SOD. Exposure to anoxia and hyperoxia both elevated the level approximately 1.5-2.0-fold over 20% oxygen-exposed controls at 48-72 hr. Similarly, exposures to glucose oxidase (0.0075 units/ml), menadione (12.5 microM), xanthine-xanthine oxidase (10 microM, 0.03 units/ml) and H2O2 (0.0005%) increased the level up to two-threefold over controls at 24-48 hr. Lipopolysaccharide, TGF beta 1, TNF alpha, and Il-1 also increased levels of cellular Cu,Zn-SOD, but only in proliferating cells. Il-2, Il-4, interferon-gamma, and GM-CSF had no effect on Cu,Zn-SOD. All treatments that elevated SOD resulted in inhibition of cellular growth, but decreased growth of cells at confluence alone was not associated with increased Cu,Zn-SOD. We propose from these studies that Cu,Zn-SOD of endothelial cells is not under conventional second messenger or hormonal regulation, but that up-regulation of the enzyme is associated with (and perhaps stimulated by) free-radical or oxidant production that also may be influenced by availability of certain cytokines under replicating conditions.
Renovascular Hypertension in the Pediatric Patient

Twenty-two children (22 months to 17 years old) were operated upon for renovascular hypertension, 20 by angioplastic reconstruction, and two (very early in the series) by nephrectomy. Their main symptoms were hyperexcitability, headaches, or convulsions. Fibromuscular dysplasia caused the narrowing in 20 patients. In 15 of the 22 patients, the lesions were in the main renal artery, in seven in the segmental branches. Four patients suffered associated neurofibromatosis. Only in them was the dysplasia at the ostium of the main renal artery. The most common operative technique was saphenous vein bypass graft. Dilation was used for multiple segmental artery involvements. After a one- to nine-year follow-up, 19 patients are cured. We consider that there is now no place for nephrectomy or medical therapy as primary modes of therapy in this condition.