cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitude Toward Abortion and Attitude-Relevant Overt Behavior

Relationships between attitude and overt behaviors were examined in two studies. Attitude toward abortion was assessed by questionnaire in undergraduate classes. Two to three months later pro- and anti-abortion subjects were seen individually, for an ostensibly unrelated project, and were asked to transcribe resolutely pro- or anti-abortion scripts. Supposedly the recordings would be used in a future study designed to convince hospital personnel either to support or refuse to participate in abortion procedures. In Study I, where respondents were allowed to transcribe either script, a strong attitudelchoicebehavior correlation resulted: 4 = .60. In Study II, the script was assigned randomly, creating attitude-congruent and attitude-discrepant conditions. Three criteria were affected in the expected way by attitude-congruencyl discrepancy: (a) recording one's name with the persuasive message (4. = .56); (b) authorizing use of an identified tape (4. = .44); and (c) self-estimates of persuasiveness (4.= .36). Two other intuitively relevant behaviors were not significantly associated with attitude-congruencyldiscrepancy. The observed correlations were high, compared to previous attitude-behavior research, and some possible explanations are offered. Attitude is a major concept for the social sciences and it is probably the major concept in the field of social psychology. In the 1920s social psychology was equated with the study of attitudes, and in the decade of the 1960s there was a great resurgence of interest in the construct (McGuire). Kelman has said it is hard to envision a social psychology without some such construct as attitude. Yet, the apparent lack of evidence for external (i.e., behavioral) validity of attitude measures still poses a nagging problem for attitude researchers. Going back over a thirty-year period, Wicker reviewed many of the pertinent studies and found embarassingly little support for attitudes as predictors of behavior. He concluded that there was "little evidence to support the postulated existence of stable, under
Synthesis of the taxane diterpenes: Construction of a bc ring intermediate for taxane synthesis

Abstract A general and practical route to a crucial BC ring intermediate for the preparation of simple taxanes is described.
Thin Client Collaboration Web Services

In this paper we introduce some collaboration applications, and the needs in changing them to Web Services. We propose and describe the idea of Thin Client Collaboration Web Services, and explore some potential scenarios of this idea in which it shows its merit and the freedom resulted in collaboration. Such a Web Service has two sets of ports: Userfacing Input/Output ports and Resource-facing Input/Output ports. The user-facing I/O contacts a Web Service viewer, and the resource-facing I/O contacts a collaboration application. Hence, the role of the Web Service is to transcode in both directions between the two sets of ports with respect to displays and events, so that the user accesses the Web Service viewer as if the collaboration application itself. We use three collaborative applications as resources, and projects in SVG as the demonstration of our initial effort in the implementation of a General Thin Client Collaboration Web Service.
Self-evaluation and union interest: The empirical relevance of a mediated model

A model of union interest was advanced with self-evaluation as linking economic and socio-economic realities to willingness to join a union in the context of a new psychological framework. Using a representative survey sample of non-union US employees (N = 1,010), the model was tested with structural equation modelling techniques. Support was generally found for the hypothesized model, although a revised model was considered. In particular, psychological self-sufficiency fully mediated the influence of financial dependency on self-enhancement (overconfidence in one's abilities and efficacy), and, in turn, self-enhancement fully mediated the influence of psychological self-sufficiency on union interest. Suggestions stemming from the model for future theory, research, and application are provided.
The Evolution of Difficult Childbirth and Helpless Hominin Infants

Because of the implications for behavioral, social, and cultural evolution, reconstructions of the evolutionary history of human parturition are driven by two main questions: First, when did childbirth become difficult? And second, does difficult childbirth have something to do with infant helplessness? Here we review the available evidence and consider answers to these questions. Although the definitive timeframe remains unclear, childbirth may not have reached our present state of difficulty until fairly recently (<500,000 years ago) when body and brain sizes approximated what we have now, or perhaps not until even more recently because of agriculture's direct and indirect effects on the growth and development of both mother and fetus. At present, there is little evidence to indicate that difficult childbirth has affected the evolution of gestation length or fetal growth, selecting for infants that are born in a supposed underdeveloped state, although these phenomena likely share causes.
Actively Engaging Patients in Treatment Decision Making and Monitoring as a Strategy to Improve Hypertension Outcomes in Diabetes Mellitus

Good blood pressure (BP) control is a central outcome of high-quality diabetes care.1 In the landmark UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), intensive BP control led to an absolute risk reduction of 11.2% in diabetes end points over 10 years, an effect 3.5 times greater than intensive blood glucose control.2 Moreover, although intensive glycemic or cholesterol control has an incremental cost-effectiveness of $40 000 to $50 000 per quality-adjusted life-year, intensive BP control actually saves almost $2000 per quality-adjusted life-year.3 For these reasons, the American Diabetes Association and the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BP (JNC 7) recommend a BP goal of <130/80 mm Hg in persons with diabetes mellitus.4 Yet, from 47% to 70% of patients with diabetes do not achieve that goal.5,6 Article p 1361 Physicians face a significant challenge in helping patients take the necessary steps to improve BP control. Physicians are responsible for prescribing the best medications, completing necessary tests and procedures, and providing guidance in relevant treatment areas. But patients are responsible for implementing the often complicated treatment recommendations over a sustained period of time (“self-management”). In the words of Glasgow and Anderson,7 2 leading chronic disease experts, “Patients are in control. No matter what we as health professionals do or say, patients are in control of these important self-management decisions. When patients leave the clinic or office, they can and do veto recommendations their doctor makes.” Patients frequently disagree with physicians’ diagnoses and treatment plans, leading to unfilled prescriptions, partially used medications, lack of follow-up with referrals and return visits, and poor clinical outcomes. As a 2003 World Health Organization report concluded, “Improving patient self-management of chronic diseases would have a far greater impact on the health of the population than any improvement …
Effects of d-cycloserine on negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Abstract Introduction : The negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are poorly responsive to neuroleptic treatment. Glutamatergic dysfunction may mediate some of these symptoms. Low dose d -cycloserine (DCS) is a partial agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA-associated receptor complex, noncompetitively enhancing NMDA neurotransmission. Prior studies suggest a beneficial effect of DCS on negative symptoms and cognition. This treatment trial was initiated to confirm and extend these findings. Methods : Twenty-two male schizophrenic subjects displaying prominent negative symptoms who were stabilized on typical neuroleptics completed the study. A randomized double-blind parallel group design was used to compare the effects of 50 mg p.o. QD of DCS to placebo over 4 weeks. The two subject groups did not differ significantly in age, age of onset of illness or time on current neuroleptic treatment. Symptoms were rated by means of the SANS, BPRS and Abrams and Taylor rating scale. Cognition was assessed with the Sternberg Memory Test and the Continuous Performance Test. Results : Both medication groups improved over the 4 weeks of treatment. However, there were no significant differences between the DCS and placebo group on any symptom rating. DCS effects on cognition did not differ from placebo. Discussion : This study did not detect improvement in negative symptoms or cognitive performance with DCS treatment that has been found in some prior studies. This negative finding may be attributed to small sample size, relatively short duration of treatment and the overall modest effect of DCS. Future studies of DCS should be adequately powered to detect a small to medium effect size and should provide for a longer treatment phase than was used in this study in order to avoid a type II error.
HRD Conformance for Real-time H.264 Video Encoding

The H.264 hypothetical reference decoder (HRD) ensures interoperability and smooth playback of video. Because the encoded bit rate may not match the channel rate, buffering and timing information must be specified for the decoder. These parameters can be obtained by analyzing a prerecorded bitstream, but if the video is encoded and transmitted in real-time, these parameters effectively constrain the rate control. We discuss how to set these parameters for real-time encoding, without having the entire bitstream available, and also how VProve can be used to verify HRD conformance.
Controller reduction using canonical interactions

A conceptual approach to controller reduction is proposed that is based on closed-loop considerations. The method assesses the interactions between the plant and a high-order controller as described by canonical correlation coefficients. A free parameter in the algorithm of the reduced controller makes it possible to trade stability robustness versus performance. Several examples demonstrate the efficacy of the method. >
Gait Representations in Video

In this chapter, we first present a spatio-temporal gait representation, called gait energy image (GEI), to characterize human walking properties. Next, a general GEI-based framework is developed to deal with human motion analysis under different situations. The applications of this general framework will be discussed in the next chapter.
Patient with Groin Pain After an Athletic Event

Chronic groin pain in the athlete is a common and frustrating problem that occurs most frequently in sports such as soccer, football, and hockey, which involve kicking, twisting, or rapid change of direction at speed. The differential diagnosis for athletic pubalgia is broad and includes osteitis pubis, adductor strain, iliopsoas bursitis, stress fractures, labral tears of the hip, and sports hernias. Sports hernias usually present as insidious chronic groin pain that intensifies with activity and is relieved with rest. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most helpful imaging modality for ruling out other etiologies, but is often normal in patients with sports hernias. Initial management involves nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), physical therapy, and rest. For athletes who fail conservative therapy, surgical intervention may be effective. This chapter describes an athlete with athletic pubalgia who was managed successfully with laparoscopic mesh reinforcement of the groin, and reviews the surgical options and anticipated outcomes for these challenging patients.
Robust approximate assembly partitioning

We present a robust approximate assembly partitioning algorithm for polyhedral parts. We achieve robustness by applying our controlled linear perturbation strategy to Minkowski sums of polyhedra and to arrangements of great circle arcs. Our algorithm is far faster than a prior robust algorithm based on exact computational geometry. Its error is small even on degenerate input.
Royalist Propaganda and “La Porción Humilde Del Pueblo” During Mexican Independence

The Alhondiga of Guanajuato fell to the irregular army of Miguel Hidalgo and Ignacio Allende on September 28, 1810, in one of the most celebrated events in Mexican independence history. With the collapse of the economic and political capital of the Bajio, control over a major province of New Spain was wrenched from traditional authority. The rebellion in Tierradentro, as it was called in the City of Mexico, had been watched nervously for a fortnight by an Establishment sensitized to previous domestic tumultos and to social revolution of the most frightening sort in Haiti. The Hidalgo revolt was quickly and accurately perceived as a major threat to a well ordered way of life. There was, moreover, an acute awareness that the drought years of 1808 and 1809 and the soaring price of maize in 1810 had contributed to volatile social conditions which would surely exacerbate any uprising. Now the worst fears had been realized with the sack of Guanajuato.
Oral Administration of Antibiotics: A Rational Alternative to the Parenteral Route

Much early experience with antibiotic therapy involved oral administration of sulfonamides, penicillins, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol. Newer acid-labile, less-soluble agents created the need for intravenous (i.v.) administration, and i.v. technology (hyporeactive catheter polymers, infusion pumps, etc.) improved to where i.v. administration became normative for the treatment of serious infections. Recently, this preference is being reconsidered in light of agents that are highly effective orally, growing appreciation that i.v. treatment has serious complications, and economic pressures to provide the best care at the lowest cost. This article presents a brief history of administration routes and reviews the rationale for considering oral treatment for serious infections, including consideration of pharmacokinetics and minimum inhibitory concentrations. Published reports supporting the efficacy of orally administered antibiotics either as sole treatment or following an initial parenteral course are reviewed in detail, and examples of programs that educate physicians about the rationale, acceptibility, and benefits of oral administration are given.
Cost-Minimization Analysis of CT vs. MRI in the Evaluation of Patients with Transient Ischemic Attacks at a Large Academic Center (P05.224)

Objective: To assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of CT- vs. MRI-based neuroimaging evaluations in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Background The type of neuroimaging for patients presenting with TIA-like symptoms is debatable. Large number of TIA patients undergoes CT±CTA and later MRI±MRA. We hypothesized that evaluation with only one imaging modality may be enough to formulate the final treatment plan. Design/Methods: Retrospective review of patients with TIA from 04/2008 to 12/2010. We divided patients in two groups: group-I where evaluation included head CT and head/neck CTA, and Group-II where evaluation included head CT, brain MRI and either head/neck CTA or MRA. Outcomes were measured by number of patients whose medications for prevention of future TIA/stroke were adjusted in ER and at the time of discharge. We considered the following as treatment adjustment: antiplatelt therapy is started de novo, anticoagualtion is started, arterial revascularization procedure is undertaken, and one antiplatelet agent is substituted by another. We performed cost-minimization analysis of performing brain MRI based on Medicare CPT coding. Results: Eighty-two patients were included: 23 in group-I and 59 in group II. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the 2 groups were similar. Arterial revascularization took place in 6.2% of patients in group-II vs. 0% in group-I (p =0.27). Other therapeutic adjustments also did not differ between the 2 groups (p>0.05). 44% of patients in group-II had small infarcts on MRI. Average cost of neuroimaging without MRI was $1183.7 and with MRI $1966.1 (p Conclusions: Our results suggest that although MRI imaging in TIA patients may show small infarct(s), it is more expensive and does not alter the final treatment strategy compared with CT. CT/CTA of the head and neck provides enough information to choose appropriate therapy and reduces cost of workup. Disclosure: Dr. Sidorov has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reynolds has nothing to disclose. Dr. Feng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Selim has nothing to disclose.
Visual monitoring with spatially versus temporally distributed displays

Recent research has examined performance levels using rapid communication (RAP COM) visual displays. We extended this research in three experiments using a task in which subjects monitored visual displays representing dynamically varying system parameters and responded whenever an indicator value went beyond a specified range. In the spatial condition the indicator values were simultaneously presented in different locations on the CRT; in the RAP COM condition each indicator was presented in successive frames in a central location on the CRT. Results indicated that RAP COM displays yielded shorter response latencies than did spatial displays and that RAP COM displays produced significantly higher error rates. The same pattern was obtained with different stimulus-response mappings and across a range of practice levels. These findings indicate that RAP COM displays may not increase overall system performance, given the elevated error rates obtained with these displays. These error rate data indicate that it...
A simple yet accurate correction for winner's curse can predict signals discovered in much larger genome scans.

Motivation: For genetic studies, statistically significant variants explain far less trait variance than ‘sub-threshold’ association signals. To dimension follow-up studies, researchers need to accurately estimate ‘true’ effect sizes at each SNP, e.g. the true mean of odds ratios (ORs)/regression coefficients (RRs) or Z-score noncentralities. Naive estimates of effect sizes incur winner’s curse biases, which are reduced only by laborious winner’s curse adjustments (WCAs). Given that Z-scores estimates can be theoretically translated on other scales, we propose a simple method to compute WCA for Z-scores, i.e. their true means/noncentralities. Results:WCA of Z-scores shrinks these towards zero while, on P-value scale, multiple testing adjustment (MTA) shrinks P-values toward one, which corresponds to the zero Z-score value. Thus, WCA on Z-scores scale is a proxy for MTA on P-value scale. Therefore, to estimate Z-score noncentralities for all SNPs in genome scans, we propose FDR Inverse Quantile Transformation (FIQT). It (i) performs the simpler MTA of P-values using FDR and (ii) obtains noncentralities by back-transforming MTA P-values on Z-score scale. When compared to competitors, realistic simulations suggest that FIQT is more (i) accurate and (ii) computationally efficient by orders of magnitude. Practical application of FIQT to Psychiatric Genetic Consortium schizophrenia cohort predicts a non-trivial fraction of sub-threshold signals which become significant in much larger supersamples. Conclusions: FIQT is a simple, yet accurate, WCA method for Z-scores (and ORs/RRs, via simple transformations). Availability and Implementation: A 10 lines R function implementation is available at https://github.com/bacanusa/FIQT. Contact: ude.ucv@unacabas Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Brecht’s hail Caesar: Roman history and its players reconsidered

AbstractBrecht’s approaches to Roman history and modern historiography, and his affinity with Walter Benjamin’s ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History’, are linked to his novel about Julius Caesar. Cinematic and stage adaptations of the novel are also briefly discussed, as well as the continuing timeliness of Brecht's politically engaged art.
Gallium nitride based tactile sensors

An optical tactile sensor is proposed using GaN LEDs and Si imagers. Performance comparable to human fingertips including high spatial resolution, fast response and multidirectional discrimination was shown.
Predicting Chemical Reactivity from the Charge Density through Gradient Bundle Analysis: Moving beyond Fukui Functions

Predicting chemical reactivity is a major goal of chemistry. Toward this end, atom condensed Fukui functions of conceptual density functional theory have been used to predict which atom is most likely to undergo electrophilic or nucleophilic attack, providing regioselectivity information. We show that the most probable regions for electrophilic attack within each atom can be predicted through analysis of gradient bundle volumes, a property that depends only on the charge density of the neutral molecules. We also introduce gradient bundle condensed Fukui functions to compare the stereoselectivity information obtained from gradient bundle volume analysis. We demonstrate this method using the test set of molecular fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide.
An All-Digital Fully Integrated Inductive Buck Regulator With A 250-MHz Multi-Sampled Compensator and a Lightweight Auto-Tuner in 130-nm CMOS

A 125-MHz fully integrated inductive buck voltage regulator using 11.6-nH wirebond inductance and 3.2-nF on-chip capacitance is presented in 130-nm CMOS. An all-digital architecture is presented to ease integration in digital process nodes. The IVR demonstrates enhanced bandwidth enabled by a multi-sampled digital compensator with reduced precision computation. A fast and lightweight auto-tuning engine is presented to optimize steady-state stability and transient response under variation in passives. A resistive transient assist scheme and an adaptive all-digital discontinuous conduction mode control are presented to reduce transient response time and enhance light-load efficiency, respectively. The 130-nm testchip demonstrates a peak efficiency of 71% and a 2.9-V/ $\mu \text{s}$ output slew during large reference transient.
Prior appropriation and water planning reform in Montana’s Yellowstone River Basin: path dependency or boundary object?

ABSTRACTThis study deepens our understanding of the institutional limitations of participatory water planning. Based on an analysis of a participatory planning effort in Montana, U.S.A., we examine the ways in which prior appropriation (PA), an established legal doctrine based on privatized water rights, both constrains and enables the effective functioning of this mode of governance to enhance water conservation practices. In one situation, a state-led proposal to require water-use measuring was undermined by strong libertarian resistance to governmental regulation. As an expression of path dependency, PA redirected the deliberations back to the status-quo. Yet, in another state-led proposal, PA functioned as a boundary object that helped garner consensual support for what is effectively an alternative water sharing plan based on ‘shared sacrifice.’ In this second case, PA functioned as a pragmatic means to facilitate conservation practices to address future projections of growing water scarcity and drou...
Taking advantage of emergence for complex innovation eco-systems

Our most pressing societal problems such as enhancing health care, developing alternate energy, revitalizing cities, and advancing the economy are complex innovation eco-systems. Complex innovation eco-systems are the next frontier in technology and innovation management, and require a transformation in strategic and institutional management so that managers can muster the staying power to persist and learn far into the future. I develop a framework to explain how participants can strategize across an entire eco-system, deal with the profound ambiguity from complexity, and handle the very long cycle times of complex innovations. Transformed strategic and institutional management combines abductive learning routines with clock-time and event-time pacing to map a portfolio of value creating opportunities far into the future. Eco-system participants use learning events, which represent available knowledge, to hypothesize new value creating opportunities and new kinds of governance structures for specific collaborations, evaluate these opportunities and governance structures by trying them out to explore assumptions and surface new possibilities, and reframe them over time.
New Anion-Excess, Fluorite-Related Superstructure Phases in LnF2-LnF3, CaF2-YF3, and Related Systems

Cubic solid solutions in yttrofluorites (Ca,Y,RE)F2+δ with 0.0 < δ < 0.5 are often described as some of the most representative examples for nonstoichiometry. The classic, so-called Goldschmidt Zintl model with statistical distribution of cations and interstitial anions, however, is nowadays substituted by short-range order models based on neutron powder diffraction analysis. In contrast, long-range order has been revealed by means of single crystal electron diffraction. The observed microdomains are of the same nature as the corresponding superstructure phases. These can be obtained by longtime annealing of the solid solutions, in most cases only at lower temperatures. Earlier, they have been characterized only by means of X-ray powder methods and a systematic procedure for indexing superstructure powder patterns. In the meantime, however, the superstructure geometry of all investigated phases has been confirmed also by single crystal electron diffraction. Presently, six different superstructure types are revealed; all belong to one of the two homologous series, MmF2m+5 or MmF2m+6, or to both in the case of a phase width. The atomic arrangement of cations and anions is already known for rhβ and rhγ. Only one model exists for the cation distribution in t, rhα, and rhδ. The phenomenon of ordering can be described by two borderline models. In the first and dominant case, the superstructure is determined by a fully ordered cation lattice, and in the second and less important case by anion clusters, which are built up from both interstitial and shifted parent structure anions. These anion clusters, however, are significantly more extended than the so-called Willis cluster.
FGP: a virtual machine for acquiring knowledge from cases

Large case databases are numerous and packed with information. The largest of them are potentially rich sources of domain knowledge. The FGP machine is a software architecture that can make this knowledge explicit and bring it to bear on classification and prediction problems. The architecture provides much of the functionality of traditional expert systems without requiring the system builder to preprocess the database into rules, frames, or any other fixed abstraction. Implementations of the FGP machine use similarity-based reminding and the cases themselves to drive the inference engine. By having the system calculate and incorporate a measure of feature salience into its distance calculations, the FGP architecture smoothly copes with incomplete data and is particularly well-suited to weak-theory domains. We explain the model, describe a particular implementation of it, and present test-results for a classification task in three application areas.
RelBat: A reliable battery system towards the realization of sustainable electronics

This paper presents a battery simulation flow and system to help design engineers to simulate battery arrays, demonstrate their characteristics, their modes of operation and the results of their implementation. As an example application, a reliable battery is presented which consists of battery cells, a cell switching circuit, a battery cell array manager and a system safety manager. This is useful for managing the existing energy infrastructure in an efficient and smart manner such that batteries last for a longer time. The RelBat system is built on a management system which performs its management activities by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state, calculating data, reporting the data and controlling its environment (modifying the temperature). Related work has focused on a battery model system which adapts to the current profile of the device, while this research focuses on the deployment of smarter batteries to self-manage lifetime.
Conflict management in adult sibling relationships: Differences in interpersonal power, sibling influence, and conflict tactic use among sibling types

This study examined differences in conflict management-related perceptions and behaviors as a function of Gold’s (1989) adult sibling types. Participants were 157 adults who reported on their relationship with a sibling by completing a series of self-report measures about themselves and the sibling administered in paper-and-pencil format. Results revealed that adult siblings who classified their relationship as intimate perceived more positive sibling interpersonal power and parallel sibling influence, and were more likely to use prosocial conflict tactics with their sibling during conflicts. Conversely, adult siblings who characterized their relationship as apathetic/hostile were more likely to desire differentiation and to use dysfunctional conflict tactics during conflict with their sibling. In addition, across sibling types, perceptions of siblings’ power and influence predicted conflict tactic usage. This investigation extends available research by demonstrating destructive outcomes associated with the apathetic/hostile adult sibling type (e.g., increased use of violence as a conflict tactic). Further, across adult sibling types, this study provides insight into why emerging adult siblings use both constructive and destructive tactics during conflict with each other.
Photograph LIDAR Registration Methodology for Rock Discontinuity Measurement

Rock detachment events along roadways pose public safety concerns but can be predicted and safely handled using geological measurements of discontinuities. With modern sensing technology, these measurements can be taken on 3-D point clouds and 2-D optical images that provide a high level of structural accuracy and visual detail. Doing so allows engineers to obtain the needed data with relative ease while eliminating the biases and hazards inherent in taking manual measurements. This letter presents an approach for fusing the 2-D and 3-D data in natural and unstructured scenes. This includes a novel method for visualizing imagery obtained with very different sensors to maximize their visual similarity making registration a more tangible task. To show the effectiveness of our registration methodology, we evaluate measurements taken manually and digitally on rock facet and cut discontinuity orientations in Rolla, MO. Our method is able to align the 2-D and 3-D data with an accuracy of under 2 cm. The median difference between measurements manually obtained by a geological engineer and those obtained with our proposed software is 3.65.
The Critical Role of Dispatch

There are 240 million 9-1-1 calls in the United States every year. The burden of managing these emergencies until first responders can arrive is on the dispatchers working in the 5806 public safety answering points, more commonly known as dispatch centers. They are the first link in the chain of survival between the public and the remainder of the health care system. Dispatchers play a critical role in the early identification of emergencies, assignment of appropriate emergency resources, and provision of life-sustaining interventions like dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and disaster management.
Reasonable Acceptance and the Lottery Paradox: The Case for a More Credulous Consistency

In his formulation of coherentist theories of knowledge and epistemic justification, Keith Lehrer has often returned to the lottery paradox to draw important lessons. Some of these lessons are about knowledge. Lehrer has maintained that if a lottery has lots of tickets, only one of which will win, one cannot know, simply on probabilistic grounds, that any particular ticket will not win. Lehrer also defends a less obvious lesson: that it is not even reasonable to accept that one’s ticket will not win. It is not clear, however, that Lehrer’s theory of personal justification has this consequence. It is even less clear that it should.
Labeling Student Behavior Faster and More Precisely with Text Replays.

We present text replays, a method for generating labels that can be used to train classifiers of student behavior. We use this method to label data as to whether students are gaming the system, within 20 intelligent tutor units on Algebra. Text replays are 2-6 times faster per label than previous methods for generating labels, such as quantitative field observations and screen replays; however, being able to generate classifiers on retrospective data at the coder’s convenience (rather than being dependent on visits to schools) makes this method about 40 times faster than quantitative field observations. Text replays also give precise predictions of student behavior at multiple grain-sizes, allowing the use of both hierarchical classifiers such as Latent Response Models (LRMs), and non-hierarchical classifiers such as Decision Trees. Training using text replay data appears to lead to better classifiers: LRMs trained using text replay data achieve higher correlation and A' than LRMs trained using quantitative field observations; Decision Trees are more precise than LRMs at identifying exactly when the behavior occurs.
Self-Instructional Motion Pictures

Can the principles of programed instruction, developed in the main in research projects utilizing programed texts, be applied directly to the motion picture medium? Though graduate students in the audiovisual education department at Arizona State University have attempted to do this in workshops offered during the 1963 and 1964 summer sessions, the answer to the question remains somewhat elusive.
Race and faith: the Catholic Church, clerical Fascism, and the shaping of Italian anti-semitism and racism

In this essay, I argue that despite the Vatican’s condemnation of Nazi racism as an anti-Christian ideology, some Catholic sectors in Fascist Italy were not impervious to anti-semitic and racial prejudices. Looking at the discussion on race and anti-semitism in the propaganda of clerical Fascism and its simultaneous echo in Church discourses, this research delves deeper into the formation of a specific Catholic trend of racial anti-semitism that excluded Jews from a religiously and ethnically homogeneous definition of the Italian nation. A significant part of the propagandists of clerical Fascism attempted to define a racial and anti-semitic narrative that could be suitable for both Fascist racism and Italian Catholic culture. I examine the Catholic appropriation of racial anti-semitism on a broad spectrum of positions, ranging from Catholics who only flirted with racialist rhetoric to those who dismissed the transformative value of conversion because of alleged racial barriers. Challenging the traditional distinction between Christian anti-Judaism and modern anti-semitism, the examples under examination demonstrate the entanglement of religious and racial arguments in the shaping of a ‘Jewish race’ that was considered foreign to the italianita celebrated by the regime.
Abstract WP160: The Effect of Type II Diabetes on Neural Differentiation and the Transcriptome Landscape of the Neurogenic Zones Following Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Previously we found that middle aged mice with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) exhibited a significant reduction in neurogenesis during baseline and after ischemic stroke compared to age-match...
A Distributed-Delay Model for the Local Population Dynamics of a Parasitoid-Host System

A data-based model for the population dynamics of the parasitoid-host system involving Urolepis rufipes Ashmead and Musca domestica L. is introduced and analyzed. The model uses distributed delays to account for variable development times of parasitoid larvae, and assumes that recruitment of susceptible hosts is unaffected by local dynamics. Using an arbitrary form for the functional response by parasitoids to the abundance of parasitized and unparasitized pupae, we compute the range of fly and parasitoid life history parameters for which the parasitoids persist. The model converges to a stable equilibrium whether or not the parasitoids persist, and the equilibrium level of hosts can be forced to arbitrarily low values by extremely efficient parasitoids. The model is intended to describe the dynamics of a single patch in a system where host dispersal greatly exceeds parasitoid dispersal, and may have implications for biological control under these circumstances.
Ultrasonographic comparison of the lateral epicondyle in wheelchair-user (and able-bodied) tennis players: A pilot study

Objective: To evaluate whether manual wheelchair use and wheelchair tennis are associated with increased risk of lateral epicondylosis (LE). We hypothesized that the prevalence of LE would be highe...
Drivers of …nished goods inventory performance in the U.S. automobile industry

Automobile manufacturers in the U.S. supply chain exhibit signi…cant dierences in their days-of-supply of …nished vehicles (average inventory divided by average daily sales rate). For example, from 1995 to 2005, Toy- ota consistently carried approximately 30 fewer days-of-supply than General Motors. This suggests that Toyota's well documented advantage in manu- facturing e¢ ciency and upstream supply chain management extends to their control of the …nished goods supply chain downstream from their assembly plants. Our objective in this research is to measure for this industry the eect of several factors on inventory holdings, including product variety, demand variability, product sustitutability and production ‡exibility. Four of the factors we study explain aproximately half of the dierence between Toyota and GM. We also make methodological contributions to the econo- metric analysis of inventory performance. In particular, we use panel data to control for endogenous decisions related to product variety and, in contrast to previous empirical studies, …nd that increasing variety has a negative impact on inventory performance.
Diverse new tropical land snail species from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea, Assimineidae)

Abstract The amber fossil record of land snails is poorly studied, with few described species relative to other invertebrate groups (e.g., insects and chelicerates). Recently discovered land snail amber fossils from Myanmar present an important opportunity to understand the tropical land snail fauna of the Cretaceous, which was a time when many terrestrial invertebrates were rapidly diversifying. We describe 12 new land snail species in 3 families from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: Eotrichophorus kachin gen. et sp. nov., Perissocyclos kyrtostoma gen. et sp. nov., Macropupina electricus gen. et sp. nov., Paleodiplommatina spelomphalos gen. et sp. nov., Xenostoma lophopleura gen. et sp. nov. and Assiminea striatura sp. nov. and six species of uncertain taxonomic affinity. We also discuss the fossil history of the Cyclophoroidea. We report the first mid-Cretaceous land snail species with periostracal hairs and discuss their adaptive significance, as well as the general paleoecology of Burmese mid-Cretaceous tropical land snails.
Available response time for female pitchers in youth through collegiate fastpitch softball

The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between age and available response time in fastpitch softball for pitchers, which is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of interventions d...
Neurophysiological testing for assessing construction workers' task performance at virtual height

Abstract Falling from heights is the primary cause of death and injuries at construction sites. As loss of balance has a fundamental effect on falling, it is important to understand postural regulation behavior during construction tasks at heights, especially those that require precise focus in an upright standing position (therefore, a dual-task demand on focus). Previous studies examined body sway during a quiet stance and dual tasks to understand latent factors affecting postural balance. Despite the success of these studies in discovering underlying factors, they lack a comprehensive analysis of a task's simultaneous cognitive load, postural sway, and visual depth. To address this limitation, this paper aims to examine construction workers' postural stability and task performance during the execution of visual construction tasks while standing upright on elevated platforms. To that end, two non-intrusive neurophysiological tests, a hand-steadiness task (HST) and a pursuit task (PT), were developed for construction tasks in a virtual environment (VE) as performance-based means to assess the cognitive function of workers at height. Workers' postural stability was measured by recording the mapped position of the Center of Pressure (COP) of the body on a posturography force plate, and the postural sway metrics subsequently calculated. A laboratory experiment was designed to collect postural and task performance data from 18 subjects performing the two batteries of tests in the virtual environment. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in the Root-Mean Square (RMS) of COP along the anterior-posterior axis during the Randomized Pursuit Task (RPT) and maximum body sway of the center of pressure (COP) in the mediolateral direction during both tests. Also, subjects exposed to high elevation predominately exhibit higher accuracy for RPT (P-value = 0.02) and lower accuracy for HST (P-value = 0.05). The results show that the combination of elevation-related visual depth and low-complexity dual tasks impairs task performance due to the elevation-induced visual perturbations and anxiety-driven motor responses. On the other hand, in the absence of visual depth at height, high task complexity surprisingly improves the pursuit tracking performance. As expected, during both tasks, alterations in postural control were manifested in the form of a body sway decrement as a compensatory postural strategy for accomplishing tasks at high elevation.
Crossover from fractal to compact flow from simulations of two-phase flow with finite viscosity ratio in two-dimensional porous media.

The effect of the viscosity ratio (M\ensuremath{\equiv}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{D}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{I}}$) in changing the nature of viscous fingering was studied using a simple, physical model of miscible, dispersionless, two-phase, linear flow in model two-dimensional porous media. For all viscosity ratios, the initial flows had an unstable, fractal character which crossed over to stable, compact flow on a time (or length) scale which increased with the viscosity ratio. An empirical scaling of the data enables an asymptotic characterization of both this time scale \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathit{t}}$=0.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, as well as the front velocity v\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{t}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$ where \ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathit{t}}$=0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02. A comparison with identical simulations of radial flow indicates that the same characteristic length scale applies in both linear and radial geometries l\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{l}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$ where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathit{l}}$=0.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, while the time scales differ because of the different relations between time and size in the two geometries.
EVALUATION OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION USING A CHANGE IN HIGH-SENSITIVITY CARDIAC TROPONIN I OVER 1 HOUR

The use of a high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) 0/1-hour algorithm to evaluate for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been widely studied outside the United States (US). The algorithm divides patients into a rule-out, observation, or rule-in zone. This study evaluated the 0/1-hour
Finding time for computer science in the elementary school day: a quasi-experimental study of a transdisciplinary problem-based learning approach

As the number of computer science (CS) jobs become increasingly available in this country and computing skills become essential tools for managing all aspects of our personal lives, CS is quickly becoming an essential element of K-12 education and recently, there has been increased attention to bringing computer science to the elementary grades. However, with a schedule that emphasizes literacy and mathematics, and other subjects competing for instructional time, creating opportunities for CS in the elementary school day is challenging. This study aimed to address this problem by investigating the use of problem-based transdisciplinary modules (i.e., “Time4CS” modules) that combined English language arts (ELA), science, and social studies lessons with the Code.org “Fundamentals” CS education program. Results indicated that teachers who taught Time4CS modules completed more CS lessons than teachers who did not teach the modules. Further, across all classrooms, completing a higher percentage of non-grade level assigned Code.org Fundamentals lessons (i.e., Code.org lessons above or below grade level that were available to teachers, but not required for their particular grade level) was positively associated with students’ achievement outcomes on state ELA and mathematics tests. Additionally, higher amounts of interdisciplinary teaching practices were associated with higher student achievement, specifically students’ state assessment ELA scores. This study demonstrated that transdisciplinary problem-based modules that integrate the teaching of CS with other subject areas are a feasible way to bring more CS opportunities to younger learners. Moreover, it showed that implementing such modules is linked to more positive student academic achievement outcomes. With attentive revision, the modules featured in this study may be useful tools for elementary schools. These findings have implications for researchers, school district administrators, and those individuals who are in-charge of public policy initiatives seeking ways to bring CS to all elementary school students. Specifically, they highlight that it is possible to make time in the elementary school day for CS, and that there are no negative consequences for core subjects (e.g., ELA and mathematics).
Catalytic C(sp2)–H Amination Reactions Using Dinickel Imides

C–H amination reactions are valuable transformations for the construction of C–N bonds. Due to their relatively high bond dissociation energies, C(sp2)–H bonds are generally not susceptible toward ...