cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An examination of abstinence social support among recovery home residents with psychiatric comorbidity.

Abstract Background Although social support is a resource that helps persons in their recovery from substance use disorders, it is not clear whether specific types buffer the effects of stress and optimize outcomes for those with psychiatric comorbidity. This investigation examined two types of social support in relation to lengths of stay to identify mechanisms related to retention among individuals with psychiatric comorbidity living in community-based settings. Methods Baseline rates of social support (abstinence specific and general types) and stress were examined in relation to follow-up lengths of stay (at four-months and beyond) among individuals (N = 368) with psychiatric comorbidity (n = 90) and no psychiatric comorbidity (n = 278) living in community-based settings (Oxford Houses) in the U.S. The psychiatric severity index of the Addiction Severity Index was used as a proxy measure of psychiatric comorbidity. Moderated mediation analyses were conducted to test the potential mediating effects of abstinence social support and general social support on the relationship between stress and lengths of stay, and whether these were influenced by psychiatric comorbidity. Results A full mediating effect was observed for abstinence social support for residents with psychiatric comorbidity, whereas a partial mediating effect for general social support was observed for all residents. Conclusions Findings demonstrate qualities of social support have differential effects, substantiating the notion that specific components of social support optimize outcomes for those with psychiatric comorbidity living in recovery homes.
Performance Index Assessment for the PV Fleet Performance Data Initiative

We report on 250 PV systems throughout the United States, comprising 157 MWdc of system capacity and more than 10,000 monthly performance index (PI) values. Loss factors were isolated including first-year start-up issues, snowfall, soiling and inverter downtime. Inverter availability was found to contribute significant system energy loss during the first six months of operation, with an average of 8% loss occurring during this period, and 2.3% on average thereafter. Other start-up issues beyond inverter downtime, such as partial string outage, contributed additional underperformance in the first year of operation across the fleet. Winter performance was also found to be below summer performance on average, likely due to snowfall. A relationship was found between monthly snowfall accumulation in centimeters and monthly under-performance, indicating a 6%-40% loss in months with measured snowfall, depending on climate. After correcting for availability, snow and startup loss, over 90% of systems were performing within 10% of monthly expectation based on satellite resource data and PVWatts production estimates.
Trends Of Commonly Used Programming Languages in CS1 And CS2 Learning

Computer science educators have tried to identify the best language for their first-year college students to use when learning how to program. Consequently, selecting a computer programming language for use in an introductory programming course has been a hot-button topic within computing education communities. This paper builds on the work started by Richard Reid in the early 1990s, which surveys institutions providing post-secondary education. It provides educators with up-to-date information about common choices for computer programming languages used in first computer programming courses. This year’s survey results indicate clearly that, at the moment, Java and Python are the most commonly used languages. A new element in the survey is that we have now started collecting data regarding the second programming course (CS2). Our findings show that 88% of all surveyed schools only use one of four languages (Java, Python, C++, and C), with the adoption of Python growing steadily at the expense of the other languages. Java continues to be the most popular choice for CS2 courses, followed by C++ after a significant gap. However, we are finding potential trends where institutions that start in Java or C++ tend to stay with their choice, while schools starting with other languages are likely to transition their students over to a second programming language in CS2.
Marshall's Questions

This essay concerns what Marshall thought about the nature of political decision-making and its constitutional possibilities. John Marshall is remembered for making the Supreme Court's power of judicial review the centerpiece of American constitutionalism. For Marshall, "Questions, in their nature political, or which are, by the constitution and laws, submitted to the executive, can never be made in this court." Chief Justice Marshall announced that "it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule." We commonly read Marshall's language to carve out a domain of law, administered by judges, that is quite distinct from the domain of politics. John Marshall believed in the ability of the courts to conscientiously interpret and obey the Constitution; and in the ability of the political branches to conscientiously interpret and obey the Constitution and other rules of law, especially in those cases beyond the power of the judiciary to resolve. In an era torn by partisan strife and lamentations over the degradation of politics, Marshall asserted the constitutional necessity of seeking political answers to high questions of legal principle.
Neo-Darwinism is just fine

Denis Noble argues ‘that the Modern Synthesis (neo-Darwinist) theory of evolution requires either extension or replacement’ ([Noble, 2015a][1]) and a Correction amended his quotation from a Nature 2010 editorial ([Noble, 2015b][2]). That Correction helps us appreciate the potential problems when
A Review of “Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients”

The second edition of the Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients is much more than an update of the first edition. Where the first edition foc...
Experimental high heat load surface damage of graphite and refractory materials

Different grades of graphite and refractory material surfaces were exposed to pulsed high heat fluxes between 2 and 60 GW/m/sup 2/. Graphite ablation is reduced by 80 to 95% as a result of the self-protecting nature of the vapor shielding mechanism. Such ablation reduction helps in extending the lifetimes of plasma-facing components for large tokamak designs. The ablation of graphite is approximately the same for both transverse and normal exposure to the incident heat flux. Refractory materials erode at lower rates compared to other metallic surfaces. Molybdenum (sintered or arc cast) has lower erosion rate than titanium. Titanium erosion tends to saturate for incident heat fluxes above 10 GW/m/sup 2/, where the melt-shield is dominant. Cracks are absent from exposed titanium, which may suggest that the internal stresses due to thermal shocks do not exceed the modulus of rigidity. Tungsten has approximately no erosion for incident heat fluxes below 20 GW/m, but surface cracking may occur. >
Evaluation of Multi-Step Thermochemical Processes for the Production of Hydrogen from Water

This paper describes an evaluation procedure for multi-step thermochemical water decomposition processes. It provides for the determination of changes in thermodynamic properties inside the process and can he used to study the effect of operating temperatures, approach to equilibrium in the chemical reactions, and thermal regeneration on the process thermal efficiency. Work of separation and recycle requirements are obtained in the course of the analysis. The procedure is demonstrated by application to a number of processes.
The relationship between diversity and performance in Major League Baseball teams: Conflict's mediating effect

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND PERFORMANCE IN MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL TEAMS: CONFLCIT’S MEDIATING EFFECT by Michelle Maureen Campion Diversity in the workplace is a growing reality around the world as the globalizing economy has prompted the growth of work teams comprised of individuals from diverse backgrounds with different values, experiences, knowledge, and skills. Researchers have been investigating the way diversity impacts organizational outcomes, including performance. However, it is not clearly understood how diversity impacts performance. Using data from 30 Major League Baseball teams over a twoyear period, this research proposed that conflict might mediate the relationship between diversity and performance. Both diversity and performance were measured using multiple indicators. Although results did not indicate that conflict mediated the relationship between diversity and performance, they showed that several diversity variables were related to performance variables. Implications of the findings are
Reliability analysis of three-dimensional shipboard electrical power distribution systems

In an all-electric ship, a high level of service continuity to equipment loads is of paramount importance to both mission success and personnel well-being. The objective of this paper is to investigate the reliability improvements obtained due to the design of a three-dimensional shipboard power distribution system (SPS). Several three-dimensional architectures are designed based on the following notional distribution system topologies namely, ring bus and breaker-and-a-half. Three-dimensional topologies are simulated by supplying equipment loads using both upper and lower levels of the shipboard power system connected using vertical tie-buses. The reliability indices obtained for three-dimensional topologies are compared to that of the notional planar topologies. The results conclude that for each notional topology, a more reliable shipboard power system is obtained by designing a three-dimensional architecture.
Curcumin inhibits the development of food allergy by suppressing mast cell function in an NF-κB-dependent manner (HYP7P.308)

Mast cells play critical roles in the establishment of allergic responses to food antigens. We have previously shown that frequent ingestion of the curry spice curcumin, inhibits mast cell expansion and suppresses intestinal anaphylaxis in a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy. Here, we demonstrate that the protective effects of curcumin are conferred during the mast cell-dependent, OVA-challenge phase of the model and are mediated by inhibition of NF-κB activation. Exposure to curcumin during OVA-challenge, but not OVA-sensitization, results in inhibition of allergic diarrhea, intestinal mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine production. This suggests that while curcumin has limited inhibitory effects on Th2 sensitization, it has direct suppressive effects on mast cell homeostasis and function. Suppression of mast cell activation was also associated with inhibition of NF-κB in OVA-gavaged, curcumin-treated animals suggesting that the inhibitory effects of curcumin may be mediated in an NF-κB-dependent manner. In summary, our data demonstrate that curcumin inhibits allergic responses to food antigens by blocking NF-κB activation and suppression of mast cell-dependent responses.
Abstract 3783: RRIG1 suppress growth and invasion of prostate cancer cell lines through inactivation of Src and RhoA

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC In our previous studies, we have demonstrated that expression of retinoid receptor-induced gene 1 (RRIG1) was significantly reduced in different human cancers and that restoration of RRIG1 expression suppressed tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In prostate cancer, we have showed that PC3 cells do not express RRIG1 but 22RV1 express high levels of RRIG1 mRNA. In this study, we first analyzed RRIG1 expression in prostate cancer tissue specimens and then transfected RRIG1 cDNA into PC3 cells and RRIG1 antisense cDNA into 22RV1 cells to restore or knockdown RRIG1 expression in these cells, respectively. We found that expression of RRIG1 protein was significantly downregulated in prostate cancer tissues compared to the normal tissues. Moreover, stably RRIG1-transfected prostate cancer cells grew much slower than that of the controls, whereas the antisense RRIG1-transfected 22RV1 cells grew faster than that of the controls. After that, we assessed the ability of migration and invasion of these stable cells using Boyden chamber assay and found that RRIG1 transfection reduced tumor cell migration and invasion in PC3 cells compared to the control transfections. In contrast, the antisense RRIG1 transfection promoted the tumor cell migration and invasion in 22RV1 cells. Molecularly, we found that RRIG1 was binding to Src protein and suppressed Src phosphorylation as well as RhoA activation. Consequently, RRIG1 reduced expression of phosphorylated Erk1/2 and AKT as well as expression of c-Jun, COX-2, and cyclinD1. The results from the current study demonstrated a tumor-suppressive effect of RRIG1 in prostate cancer, suggesting that RRIG1 gene may play a role in suppressing prostate tumorigenesis and progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3783.
Achlya mitochondrial DNA: gene localization and analysis of inverted repeats.

Mitochondrial DNA from four strains of the oomycete Achlya has been compared and nine gene loci mapped, including that of the ribosomal protein gene, var1. Examination of the restriction enzyme site maps showed the presence of four insertions relative to a map common to all four strains. All the insertions were found in close proximity to genic regions. The four strains also cotained the inverted repeat first observed in A. ambisexualis (Hudspeth et al. 1983), allowing an examination by analysis of retained restriction sites of the evolutionary stability of repeated DNA sequences relative to single copy sequences. Although the inverted repeat is significantly more stable than single copy sequences, more detailed analysis indicated that this stability is limited to the portion encoding the ribosomal RNA genes. Thus, the apparent evolutionary stability of the repeat does not appear to derive from the inverted repeat structure per se.
The emerging role of virtual colonoscopy

A review of the current status of virtual colonoscopy is germane and topical. Clinicians need to be knowledgeable about this rapidly evolving and clinically relevant technology to understand the test benefits and limitations and to refer patients for this test appropriately. A critical review of the exponentially expanding literature on this subject is important. This article describes the imaging meth-ods, adjunctive techniques, and radiologic interpretation of CT colonography, and comprehensively and critically reviews the clinical data to help the clinician evaluate the current and potential applications of this technology.
Case Report Vitamin A Toxicity and Hypercalcemia

A patient hospitalized with hypercalcemia and a history of chronic vitamin A ingestion was studied in order to investigate the rarely reported association between elevated serum calcium and vitamin A toxicity. The clinical presentation marked by profound weight loss, a psychiatric disturbance, total body alopecia, erosive dermatitis, and liver disease, was compatible with hypervitaminosis A. The diagnosis of vitamin A toxicity was established by elevated total vitamin A levels and the component due to retinyl esters. Other etiologies for hypercalcemia were excluded. In view of these results and the well-known effects of vitamin A on bone metabolism, it is concluded that the most likely etiology of the hypercalcemia in this patient was vitamin A toxicity.
Usage of complementary and alternative medicine for management of skin disease.

It is disappointing and frustrating, for both the patient and the physician, when conventional medical treatments fail to provide adequate clinical responses. Consequently, many patients are integr...
Gefallen der Werbung und Einstellung zur Marke

In diesem Beitrag wird zunachst die Rolle des Gefallens von Werbung fur die Einstellung gegenuber Low Involvement-Produkten erortert. Es werden die wesentlichen Argumente in der Literatur zugunsten von gefallender Werbung und von missfallender Werbung dargelegt. In sieben Fallstudien wurde die These uberpruft, dass gefallende Werbung gegenuber missfallender Werbung Vorteile hinsichtlich der erzielbaren Werbewirkung aufweist. Die empirischen Befunde in dieser Studie stutzen diese These. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wird Anbietern von Low Involvement-Produkten empfohlen, neben anderen wichtigen Gesichtspunkten auch darauf zu achten, dass die Werbung den relevanten Werbezielgruppen gefallt, und dies auch durch Werbemittel-Pretests zu uberprufen.
Serum prolactin levels in rats during different reproductive states.

Rat serum prolactin as determined by radioimmunoassay during the estrous cycle was found to be highest during estrus (68.5 ±7.4 ng/ml) and lowest in diestrus (27.6 ± 5.0 ng/ml). Serum prolactin levels during proestrus, estrus and metestrus were not significantly different. There were no cyclic changes in serum prolactin levels in mature male rats. Estrogen injections increased both pituitary and serum prolactin, whereas ovariectomy decreased both. During the first 3 days of pregnancy, serum prolactin was higher (19.1 ±7.4 to 30.2 ±4.5 ng/ml) than during the following 18 days (8.3 ± 1.1 to 10.9 ±1.2 ng/ml). On the 22nd day of pregnancy serum prolactin levels rose to 29.2 ±13.8 ng/ml. On the 1st day post partum, serum prolactin increased to 65.5 ±19.0 ng/ml, and a high serum concentration was maintained by the suckling stimulus for at least 8 days. On the 15th and 23rd days post partum, serum prolactin fell to about half (25.7 ±5.5 ng/ml) of the level on the first day post partum. Removal of litters from mo...
Explaining Wars Fought by Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter?

Extant research has shown that cross-national variations in the level of a country ’s democracy tend to be related to its propensity to be involved in external conflict. The dyadic version of the theory of democratic peace contends that democracies rarely, if ever, fight each other, and it is strongly supported by the available evidence. The monadic version, suggesting that democracies are in general more peaceful regardless of the nature of the other party involved in a relationship, has been less well supported. This article addresses the latter proposition, seeking to explain the variations in war involvement among the established democracies on the basis of major differences in their institutions of governance. Among the various distinctions considered (such as parliamentary versus presidential forms of government, rule by a single dominant party versus a coalition government, and phases of the electoral cycle), a country ’s electoral system turns out to be the most important institutional factor that...
Microwave power-induced flux penetration and loss in high-temperature superconductors

Extensive studies have been performed in a number of laboratories of the microwave properties of granular and partially granular superconductors at elevated levels of microwave power. The power-induced surface impedance initially increases at a rate that is quadratic in the microwave field. At intermediate power levels the surface resistance increases linearly with the microwave field, finally saturating in microwave fields between 10 and 100 Oe. The induced surface resistance is generally found to increase at low power with the square of the frequency and at high power directly with the frequency. A transmission-line analysis of the penetration of intergranular microwave vortices, pinned by defects, leads to results in qualitative agreement with these observations.
ZipA Is Required for Recruitment of FtsK, FtsQ, FtsL, and FtsN to the Septal Ring in Escherichia coli

The septal ring in Escherichia coli consists of at least nine essential gene products whose order of assembly resembles a mostly linear dependency pathway: FtsA and ZipA directly bind FtsZ polymers at the prospective division site, followed by the sequential addition of FtsK, FtsQ, FtsL, FtsW, FtsI, and FtsN. Recruitment of FtsK and all downstream components requires the prior localization of FtsA. Here we show that recruitment of FtsK, FtsQ, FtsL, and FtsN equally requires ZipA. The results imply that association of both FtsA and ZipA with FtsZ polymers is needed for further maturation of the nascent organelle.
Small-signal analysis of K+ conduction in squid axons.

The maximum potential displacement that gives a linear K conductance response was determined to be 1 mV (rms) from a voltage-clamp analysis of TTX treated axons. For perturbations below this amplitude the K conductance kinetics are indistinguishable from a first-order rate process. Linearity and order of kinetics were assessed by four types of measurements: (i) the shape of the onset of the potassium current (sigmoidalvs. exponential); (ii) the symmetry of small hyperpolarizing and depolarizing pulses, (iii) wide band admittance, and (iv) harmonic analysis. The simplest interpretation of the results is that the small-signal linear response arises from a first-order gating mechanism, whereas the large-signal conventional voltage-clamp pulse of tens of millivolts evokes nonlinear phenomena. The small-signal results are consistent with the Hodgkin-Huxley description or any other nonlinear model which fits the large signal data and produces a linear first-order response for small perturbations.
Rising water levels and the future of southeastern Louisiana swamp forests

An important factor contributing to the deterioration of wetland forests in Louisiana is increasing water levels resulting from eustatic sea-level rise and subsidence. Analyses of long-term water level records from the Barataria and Verret watersheds in southeastern Louisiana indicate an apparent sea level rise of about 1-m per century, mainly the result of subsidence. Permanent study plots were established in cypress-tupelo stands in these two watersheds. The tree, water level, and subsidence data collected in these plots were entered into the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s FORFLO bottomland hardwood succession model to determine the long-term effects of rising water levels on forest structure. Analyses were made of 50–100 years for a cypress-tupelo swamp site in each basin and a bottomland hardwood ridge in the Verret watershed. As flooding increased, less flood tolerant species were replaced by cypress-tupelo within 50 years. As flooding continued, the sites start to become nonforested. From the test analyses, the FORFLO model seems to be an excellent tool for predicting long-term changes in the swamp habitat of south Louisiana.
Hierarchical polymeric textures via solvent-induced phase transformation: A single-step production of large-area superhydrophobic surfaces

We report on a rapid, single-step method to produce large-area superhydrophobic surfaces via acetone-induced phase transformation of polycarbonate. Crystallization of the polymer leads to the formation of a hierarchical structure composed of microporous spherulites covered with nano-fibrils, and resulted in superhydrophobic wetting behavior. A systematic study of the dependence of surface morphology on the acetone treatment time was conducted to optimize the treatment time and to elucidate the structure formation mechanism. The resulting surfaces exhibit high contact angles, low contact angle hysteresis, and complete dewetting during droplet impact. Theoretical analysis of the wetting and anti-wetting pressures shows that the nano-scale morphology is critical for achieving droplet impact resistance. This simple phase transformation approach could be more broadly applied to other solvent–polymer systems for fabricating large-area hierarchical surface textures.
On the Hilbert function of a graded Cohen-Macaulay domain☆

Abstract A condition is obtained on the Hilbert function of a graded Cohen-Macaulay domain R = R 0 ⊛ R t ⊛ ⋯ over a field R0 = K when R is integral over the subalgebra generated by R1. A result of Eisenbud and Harris leads to a stronger condition when char K = 0 and R is generated as a K-algebra by R1. An application is given to the Ehrhart polynomial of an integral convex polytope.
Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment

AbstractThis article argues that Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment represents a breakthrough of grace as it re-enacts, for Jamaica as a nation, the divine miracle and humility of the incarnation: God speaking to Jamaicans in their own language, Patwa, just as Jesus Christ chose to be with a peasant family, Joseph and Mary. Jamaicans have always prayed and worshipped in Patwa, intuitively believing that God understands Patwa; yet, the translation of the New Testament into Patwa suggests that, as well as listening to and understanding God’s children when they speak to God in Patwa, God also speaks Patwa, not as a foreigner but as one who embraces and understands the nuances of Jamaican language and culture. The article looks at the formation of Jamaican Patwa in the nexus between Africa and Europe and questions in what ways Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment may serve as a source of liberation. Questions raised in the article include whether the translation of the New Testament in Patwa will reverse notions, among Jamaicans, of an inherent superiority of the English language; whether it is possible that Jamaicans will now begin to understand that no language or culture is excluded from being the bearer of Scripture or divine truth, and that no language or culture has an exclusive access to divine truth. The article also considers what this translation into the language of the masses of Jamaicans teaches concerning the nature of God and the missio Dei.
Jittered random sampling with a successive approximation ADC

This paper proposes a randomly jittered temporal sampling scheme with a successive approximation register (SAR) ADC. The sampling time points are jittered around a uniform sampling clock. A control logic is implemented on a traditional SAR ADC to force it to terminate the sample conversion before reaching the full precision at the jittered time points. As a result, variable word length data samples are produced by the SAR converter. Based on a discrete jittered random sampling theory, this paper analyzes the impact of the random jitters and the resulting randomized quantization noise for a class of sparse or compressible signals. A reconstruction algorithm called Successive Sine Matching Pursuit (SSMP) is proposed to recover spectrally sparse signals when sampled by the proposed SAR ADC at a sub-Nyquist rate.
Inbreeding depression in benign and stressful environments

Understanding the consequences of inbreeding has important implications for a wide variety of topics in population biology. Although it is often stated in the literature that the deleterious effects of inbreeding (inbreeding depression) are expected to be more pronounced under stressful than benign conditions, this issue remains unresolved and controversial. We review the current literature on the relationship between the magnitude of inbreeding depression and environmental stress and calculate haploid lethal equivalents expressed under relatively benign and stressful conditions based on data from 34 studies. Inbreeding depression increases under stress in 76% of cases, although this increase is only significant in 48% of the studies considered. Estimates of lethal equivalents are significantly greater under stressful (mean=1.45, median=1.02) than relatively benign (mean=0.85, median=0.61) conditions. This amounts to an approximately 69% increase in inbreeding depression in a stressful vs a benign environment. However, we find strong lineage effects to be ubiquitous among studies that examine inbreeding depression in multiple environments, and a prevalence of conditionally expressed deleterious effects within lineages that are uncorrelated across environments. These results have important implications for both evolutionary and conservation biology.
Rapid multivariate analysis and display of cross-reacting antibodies on human leukocytes

We present an application which can rapidly determine the binding patterns of monoclonal antibodies on mixed populations of cells simultaneously in a single rapid analysis. It is an application of the tube identifier parameter (TIP) system which can provide fully correlated list-mode data of the entire patient phenotype in a single file. Using the phenogram analytical display, we are able to determine the cross-reacting antibodies for an entire antibody panel for each cell type. This information can be displayed in a single plot. Using light scatter gating to select different populations of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, phenograms can be simultaneously generated. This provides a directly comparable means of displaying the positive and negative binding characteristics of each antibody on each cell population. Any marker combination that is abnormal will be identifiable in the phenogram. Additionally, by plotting the fluorescence distributions of each marker beside one another (termed overview), quantifiable differences in intensity can be determined. There are 3 major benefits of the proposed analysis. By using the TIP concept, several sets of antibodies can be compared simultaneously. Any light scatter gate can be used and this gate can be changed on one histogram or plot, yet apply to the total analysis. Data analysis is particularly rapid since the entire phenotype of a patient can be evaluated by performing a single rapid analysis.
Nonneurogenic Voiding Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Clinical and Videourodynamic Findings in 4 Specific Conditions

Purpose: We determined if there were any unique findings regarding specific clinical manifestations and videourodynamics among our patients with nonneurogenic voiding disorders. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 237 normal children with lower urinary tract symptoms were evaluated by videourodynamics and uroflow/electromyogram, and divided into 4 groups based on the specific urodynamic findings 1) dysfunctional voiding (active electromyogram during voiding with or without detrusor overactivity), 2) idiopathic detrusor overactivity disorder (detrusor overactivity on urodynamics but quiet electromyogram during voiding), 3) detrusor underutilization disorder (willful infrequent but otherwise normal voiding) and 4) primary bladder neck dysfunction. Association of lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux and abnormal urodynamic parameters within each condition was compared. Results: The only strong correlation between a particular symptom and a specific condition was between hesitancy and primary bladder neck dysfunction. Urgency was reported to some degree with all 4 conditions. The most common abnormal urodynamic finding was detrusor overactivity, which was seen in 91% of patients with dysfunctional voiding. The highest detrusor pressures were seen in dysfunctional voiding during voiding and in idiopathic detrusor overactivity disorder during detrusor overactivity. Vesicoureteral reflux was seen in a third of children with dysfunctional voiding or idiopathic detrusor overactivity disorder, in all 8 boys with a history of urinary tract infection and in 51% of patients with febrile or recurrent urinary tract infections with lower urinary tract symptoms when not infected. Bilateral vesicoureteral reflux and bowel dysfunction were most common in dysfunctional voiding. Conclusions: On objective urodynamic assessment pediatric nonneurogenic voiding dysfunction can essentially be divided into 4 specific conditions. These conditions have distinct urodynamic features that distinguish them from each other, as opposed to their clinical features (particularly lower urinary tract symptoms), which frequently overlap and are not as defining as they are often presumed to be.
Nonlinear unstable auroral‐Arc driven thermospheric winds in an ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupled model

The nonlinear evolution of thermospheric winds in an ionosphere-magnetosphere coupled model has been studied for the first time for a dynamic unstable auroral-arc environment. We treat the problem using a multi-layer, quasi-three-dimensional model which averages in altitude the thermospheric dynamics over each layer. For the upper thermosphere, we find that (1) the thermosphere can respond to the ionospheric Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability on temporal scales on the order of an hour, depending on ambient conditions, and on spatial scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers, (2) strong thermospheric meridional and zonal vortical flows with embedded nonlinear jet-like structures can be generated by the ionospheric/magnetospheric KH instability and (3) neutral thermospheric winds, vortices, and associated power spectra develop in a distinctly different manner in the presence of magnetospheric coupling effects. Comparison with recent observations is made.
HoPtSn and other intermetallic compounds with the Fe2P-type structure

Abstract Crystallographic and Mossbauer studies have been made on new ternary equiatomic compounds R.E.XSn (X = Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt) which have a hexagonal crystal structure, isostructural with Fe2P ( D 3 3 h — P 6 2m ). A typical example is HoPtSn with a 0 = 7.418 ± 0.001 A , c a = 0.535 , and V M = 63.00 A . The X-ray analysis leads to the following site assignments: Ho located in 3(g) sites at x, 0, 1 2 ; Pt atoms in 1(b) at 0, 0, 1 2 and 2(c) at 1 3 , 2 3 ,0; and Sn atoms in 3(f) at x, 0, 0. The volume per formula weight of YbRhSn is intermediate between those of TmRhSn and LuRhSn which indicates that Yb is trivalent in these compounds. The 119Sn Mossbauer spectra at 295 K are symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical doublets which have been fitted to the model of site occupation given by the Crystallographic results for HoPtSn. An asymmetry in the spectrum at 295 K vanishes at 77.3 K for TbRhSn; this behavior is indicative of an anisotropic Debye-Waller factor. The isomer shift at 295 K is similar for all alloys; a typical value is + 1.8 mm/s (compared to + 2.6 mm/s for β-Sn). However, the quadrupolar coupling varies by a factor of two (0.34–0.70 mm/s). At 4.2 K TbRhSn and HoPtSn show asymmetric broadening which is interpreted as magnetic in origin.⧹At 77.3 K GdRhSn is broadened by 40% which may indicate magnetic order above this temperature.
Synthesis of N-Fmoc-O- (N'-Boc-N'-methyl)-aminohomoserine, an amino acid for the facile preparation of neoglycopeptides.

The synthesis of N-Fmoc-O-(N‘-Boc-N‘-methyl)-aminohomoserine in 35% overall yield from l-homoserine is described. This amino acid can be efficiently incorporated into peptides using Fmoc-chemistry-based solid-phase peptide synthesis, and the resulting peptides can be chemoselectively glycosylated at the aminooxy side chains to generate neoglycopeptides. The synthesis of this derivative greatly expands the availability of a previously developed neoglycopeptide synthesis strategy.
Suggestive interviewing in the McMartin Preschool and Kelly Michaels daycare abuse cases: A case study

In the 1980s and early 1990s the United States witnessed an outbreak of bizarre ‘‘daycare abuse’’ cases in which groups of young children levelled allegations of sexual and Satanic abuse against their teachers. In the present study, quantitative analyses were performed on a total of 54 interview transcripts from two highly publicised daycare cases (McMartin Preschool and Kelly Michaels) and a comparison group of child sexual abuse cases from a Child Protection Service (CPS). Confirming the impression of prior commentators, systematic analyses showed that interviews from the two daycare cases were highly suggestive. Compared with the CPS interviews, the McMartin and/or Michaels interviewers were significantly more likely to (a) introduce new suggestive information into the interview, (b) provide praise, promises, and positive reinforcement, (c) express disapproval, disbelief, or disagreement with children, (d) exert conformity pressure, and (e) invite children to pretend or speculate about supposed events.
Microenvironmental Factors Involved in the Establishment of Erythropoiesis in Bone Marrowa

Human erythropoiesis is focused near the venous sinuses of the bone marrow in EBI that are comprised of erythroblasts in intimate contact with supportive CM. The surface molecules and secreted products of fibroblastic reticular cells support the adhesion of erythroblasts and CM, and sequester growth factors near their surfaces. Cohesiveness within the EBI decreases as its associated erythroid cells mature, and the erythroblasts cease to express certain cytoadhesive molecules. Finally, the erythroblasts enucleate and separate from the EBI. Transiently motile reticulocytes enter the circulation through intracellular pores of venous sinus endothelial cells, and their nuclear remnants are ingested by CM or perisinal macrophages.
Potentially important factors in the success of microcomputers in small and medium‐sized Colombian firms: An exploratory study

Few studies have been reported in the developing world that examine the use of microcomputers among small and medium‐sized industrial firms. This article presents the results of an 18‐month study that was conducted among small and medium‐sized manufacturing firms in Colombia. The purpose of the study was to identify potentially important factors in the successful use of microcomputers in the administrative area of these firms. Working with a group of Colombian experts, data were collected in 31 Colombian firms that were using microcomputers. An initial exploratory analysis using stepwise regression was performed on the data using 13 success factors. The results identified top management attitude, support, and top management expectations as potentially important factors associated with the success of microcomputers. The results suggest that even in a developing world setting dependent on technical expertise, managerial factors are more important in the success of computers than are technical factors. Given...
Cost-Effectiveness Of Photologging

Ben Johnson wrote of Shakespeare that he had small Latin and less Greek."(Ref. 1) As one who has small cost-effectiveness experience and less photologging, I feel myself well qualified to talk about the cost-effectiveness of photologging.
The multi-talented β-catenin makes its first appearance

Abstract β -catenin plays a central part in cell adhesion as a structural component of the cadherin complex. In a seemingly disparate role, it is also important in embryo patterning, and now has emerged as a leading actor in carcinogenesis. β -catenin achieves its diverse functions by interacting with many partners. The recent structure of the core domain from β -catenin suggests how this talented molecule can achieve its many functions.
Cloning and expression of ADAM related metalloproteases in Equine Laminitis

Equine laminitis is a debilitating disease affecting the digital laminae that suspend the distal phalanx within the hoof. While the clinical progression of the disease has been well documented, the molecular events associated with its pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Using real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we have investigated the expression of genes coding for proteins containing a Disintegrin and Metalloprotease domain (ADAM), as well as genes encoding the natural inhibitors of these enzymes (tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease; TIMP) in horses with naturally-acquired (acute, chronic and aggravated chronic clinical cases) or experimentally-induced (black walnut extract (BWE) and starch gruel models) laminitis. Changes in expression of these enzymes and regulators may underlie the pathologic remodeling of lamellar tissue in laminitis. Genes encoding ADAMs involved in inflammation (ADAM-10 and ADAM-17), as well as those implicated in arthritis (ADAMTS-1, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) were cloned, and the sequences used to generate specific oligonucleotide primers for the RT-qPCR experiments. Our results show that genes encoding ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 were not induced in most laminitic animals, whereas ADAMTS-4 gene expression was strongly upregulated in nearly all horses with experimentally-induced and naturally-acquired laminitis. The expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-9 and ADAMTS-5 was also increased in many of the laminitic horses. In addition, TIMP-2 gene expression was decreased in most laminitic horses, whereas expression of genes encoding other TIMPs, namely TIMP-1 and TIMP-3, was randomly increased or decreased in the various models. We conclude that increased expression of lamellar ADAMTS-4 is a common feature of laminitis consistent with a central role of the gene product in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Interaction and Adhesion of Vesicles: Coupling between Attractive Interactions and Bilayer Membrane Flexibility

A simple model for vesicle interaction and adhesion, due to nonspecific colloidal forces, is presented. It is shown that possible coupling with the deformations of the bilayer lipid membrane may substantially enhance the effect of the attractive forces. Thus, the presence of a water core in the vesicle interior decreases the strength and the range of the van der Waals attraction, but the deformation of the lipid bilayers may compensate this effect to a certain extent. Therefore, the total attractive energy (in the absence of specific interactions or other sources of attraction like depletion forces, etc.) could be due to coupling between the van der Waals and bending elasticity forces. The presence of excess line energy may lead to the appearance of a barrier in the interactions. As a result, a complex energy versus distance profile could be observed.
Silica diagenesis; II, General mechanisms

ABSTRACT Amorphous silica phases (opal-A) precipitate in nature due to the formation of dense colloids in supersaturated alkaline aqueous solutions with low relative concentrations of other ions. Opal-A dissolves and yields solutions of still relatively high silica content. In pore waters containing abundant cations, open framework polymers form which flocculate to yield opal-CT. Opal-CT becomes increasingly ordered, primarily due to preferential growth of cristobalite relative to tridymite and crystal size increase. Opal-CT dissolves to yield pore waters of low silica concentration, which allows slow growth of quartz crystals from monomeric solution. The quartz crystals then slowly increase in size and crystallinity. Carbonates appear to enhance opal-CT formation, possibly due to the activity of positively charged hydroxyl complexes. Hence, polymerization in relatively pure systems is involved in opal-A formation and polymerization in impure systems is involved in opal-CT formation, and slow growth from monomeric (low silica concentration) solutions is involved in precipitation of quartz in sedimentary realms.
On the nature of ULF waves upstream of planetary bow shocks

The ULF electromagnetic waves associated with the earth's foreshock appear in two discrete frequency ranges, designated the low frequency waves at 0.01 - .05 Hz and the high frequency waves at 0.4 - 1.0 Hz. Falling within this second class are both the 0.4 Hz discrete wave packets and the slightly higher frequency wave trains commonly found just preceding the bow shock. Similar waves have now also been observed upstream of, but clearly associated with, the bow shocks of Mercury, Venus and Jupiter. Those observations are reviewed along with original recent work using the two point measurements made possible by the launch of ISEE 1 and 2 to further characterize the terrestrial waves.
Case Histories and the Study of Structural Failures

Case histories of failures have always been part of the engineering literature, but their lessons appear to have been least heeded during extended periods of great technological evolution, such as ...
Electronic privacy legislation in the United States

Abstract The emergence of the National Information Infrastructure has raised concern about privacy protection in the United States. This is not surprising. Communication networks require privacy protection as public roads require safety. For a variety of reasons, it appears unlikely that the United States will develop adequate legal safeguards in the next few years for users of the information infrastructure. Good legislative schemes for communications privacy have been put forward in Japan, Europe, Canada, and several states in the United States (e.g., New York). Still, any system of national law will provide only partial protection for users of an international communications network. Therefore, the Internet community should develop a privacy policy, recognizing the special needs and practices of Internet users. This article outlines preliminary considerations for such a policy.
Examining the Role of Mitochondrial Respiration in Vanilloid-Induced Apoptosis

Background The vanilloids capsaicin and resiniferatoxin are natural products that contain a vanillyl moiety (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl). Both vanilloids can induce apoptosis in certain cell types by a mechanism that has not been fully elucidated but may involve plasma membrane or mitochondrial targets. We investigated the role of mitochondrial respiration in vanilloid-induced apoptosis. Methods Cytofluorometric analysis was used to evaluate the effects of vanilloids on apoptosis, Ca(2+) mobilization, hydroperoxide generation, and DNA content in cells from two human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines (parental cells) and in their respiration-deficient clones. Oxygen consumption by the cells was determined polarographically. Results The majority of the parental SCC cells underwent apoptosis after a 12-hour exposure to 100 micro M capsaicin or 10 micro M resiniferatoxin. The induction of apoptosis was associated with the mitochondrial permeability transition (i.e., an increase in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane associated with the opening of a nonspecific pore). Exposure of parental cells to either vanilloid was not associated with an increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) levels but was associated with a rapid increase in hydroperoxide generation and a decrease in oxygen consumption. After vanilloid treatment, the respiration-deficient clones generated less hydroperoxide and were resistant to the mitochondrial permeability transition and the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, vanilloid treatment inhibited cell proliferation in the respiration-deficient clones by promoting G(1) arrest. Conclusions Vanilloid-induced apoptosis in the parental SCC cells appears to involve the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The apoptogenic effects promoted by vanilloid treatment in parental SCC cells, as well as the antiproliferative effects observed in their respiration-deficient clones, suggest that vanilloids may be useful for preventing or treating skin cancers or other hyperproliferative skin disorders.