cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of homogenization pressure on the flavor and flavor stability of whole milk powder

Flavor is one of the key factors that can limit the application and shelf life of dried dairy ingredients. Many off-flavors are caused during ingredient manufacture that carry through into ingredient applications and decrease consumer acceptance. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of homogenization pressure on the flavor and flavor stability of whole milk powder (WMP). Whole milk powder was produced from standardized pasteurized whole milk that was evaporated to 50% solids (wt/wt), homogenized in 2 stages with varying pressures (0/0, 5.5/1.4, 11.0/2.8, or 16.5/4.3 MPa), and spray dried. Whole milk powder was evaluated at 0, 3, and 6 mo of storage at 21°C. Sensory properties were evaluated by descriptive analysis. Volatile compounds were analyzed by sorptive stir bar extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fat globule size in condensed whole milk and particle size of powders were measured by laser diffraction. Surface free fat, inner free fat, and encapsulated fat of WMP were measured by solvent extractions. Phospholipid content was measured by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering. Furosine in WMP was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Increased homogenization pressure decreased cardboard and painty flavors, volatile lipid oxidation compound concentrations, fat globule size in condensed milk, surface free fat, and inner free fat in WMP. Encapsulated fat increased and phospholipid-to-encapsulated fat ratio decreased with higher homogenization pressure. Surface free fat in powders increased cardboard flavor and lipid oxidation. These results indicate that off-flavors were decreased with increased homogenization pressures in WMP due to the decrease in free fat. To decrease off-flavor intensities in WMP, manufacturers should carefully evaluate these parameters during ingredient manufacture.
Is It Worth It? The Library and Information Science Degree in the Digital Humanities

The last several years have seen a marked upturn in society’s use of electronic information as the internet has greatly altered the very nature of information access. Although academics and professionals in the library and information sciences (LIS) seek ways of improving the connection between individuals and information, public perceptions often question the importance of LIS-based work in a world where everything is so freely and readily available online.
Characterizing Diagnostic Search Patterns in Digital Breast Pathology: Scanners and Drillers.

Following a baseline demographic survey, 87 pathologists interpreted 240 digital whole slide images of breast biopsy specimens representing a range of diagnostic categories from benign to atypia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer. A web-based viewer recorded pathologists’ behaviors while interpreting a subset of 60 randomly selected and randomly ordered slides. To characterize diagnostic search patterns, we used the viewport location, time stamp, and zoom level data to calculate four variables: average zoom level, maximum zoom level, zoom level variance, and scanning percentage. Two distinct search strategies were confirmed: scanning is characterized by panning at a constant zoom level, while drilling involves zooming in and out at various locations. Statistical analysis was applied to examine the associations of different visual interpretive strategies with pathologist characteristics, diagnostic accuracy, and efficiency. We found that females scanned more than males, and age was positively correlated with scanning percentage, while the facility size was negatively correlated. Throughout 60 cases, the scanning percentage and total interpretation time per slide decreased, and these two variables were positively correlated. The scanning percentage was not predictive of diagnostic accuracy. Increasing average zoom level, maximum zoom level, and zoom variance were correlated with over-interpretation.
A Demonstrative Tactile Method to Guide Mandibular Movements

Dental practitioners often require patients to perform specific mandibular movements (protrusive, retrusive, and lateral) in order to make centric relation and eccentric records. Occasionally, patients are unable to comprehend and perform the desired movements, even after repeated instructions. This article describes a quick, simple, and easy-to-follow technique to help guide patients with their mandibular movements.
Levels of active learning in programming skill acquisition: From lecture to active learning rooms

In this paper, we perform a high-level comparison between different modifications of an entry-level programming course in computer science. The course iterations feature an online tutoring component paired with (i) textbook/traditional lecture/lab, as well as (ii) active learning in a specially designed active learning room, and (iii) active learning in a computer laboratory, both featuring an online textbook. We find that shifting the course format to active learning alone does not necessarily improve learner performance across all commonly graded course activities and might even result in lower performances in certain categories. Simply replacing traditional classroom settings with a laboratory in which to perform hands-on exercises might not be sufficient, as performance overall declined. Interestingly, we do not notice a very pronounced impact of lower performance and increased failing rates on student attitudes, as measured by student opinion scores.
Jennifer Tyburczy, Sex Museums: The Politics and Performance of Display. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2016. 296 pp., $34.16 (paperback).

“All museums are sex museums,” encapsulates the theme that drives Jennifer Tyburczy’s Sex Museums: The Politics and Performance of Display. In some ways, the book itself feels like a museum, taking...
Ultra-rapid rates of water splitting for biohydrogen gas production through in vitro artificial enzymatic pathways

Unlocking the potential of the hydrogen economy requires breakthroughs in production, storage, distribution, and infrastructure. Here we demonstrate an in vitro artificial enzymatic pathway that can produce hydrogen at extremely high rates by splitting water energized by carbohydrates (e.g., starch). This fifteen hyperthermophilic enzymes pathway comprises ATP-free starch phosphorylation, an NAD-based pentose phosphate pathway, and a biomimetic electron transport chain consisting of a diaphorase, an electron mediator benzyl viologen (BV), and a [NiFe]-hydrogenase, whereas fast electron transfer was facilitated by utilizing a BV-conjugated diaphorase. The highest reaction rate of 530 mmol H2 per L per h was accomplished at 80 °C. Two NAD-conjugated dehydrogenases were further applied to enable nine-day hydrogen production with a total turnover number of NAD of over 100 000, along with hyperthermophilic enzymes. This biohydrogen production system characterized by the highest chemical-energy efficiency and an exceptionally-high reaction rate addresses challenges associated with cost-effective, distributed hydrogen production, off-board hydrogen storage, and infrastructure.
Recent advances in in-situ and in-field aging monitoring and compensation for integrated circuits: Invited paper

This paper reviews recent advances in in-situ and in-field techniques for monitoring and compensating aging in digital integrated circuits. For pipelines, we introduce an approach that combines circuit reconfiguration and voltage scaling down to so-called zero temperature coefficient voltage. This can directly monitor the delays of critical paths robustly against temperature variation. For SRAM circuits, we introduce new column and row peripheral circuits that can in-situ sense threshold voltage of each of six transistors in every bitcell, accurately against temperature variation in field post system deployment. We also introduce a software framework that can extract microarchitecture/circuit-level information from sensing results. With these techniques, we can exercise aging compensation schemes that can pin-point the components that undergo the worst-case aging effects. These monitoring and compensation techniques can contribute to the implementation of in-field reliability management. With such scheme a chip periodically and opportunistically enters a maintenance session. This enables each chip achieve near-optimal performance and energy-efficiency under a reliability envelope without imposing the design-time worst-case margin.
Cellular and molecular analysis of pancreatic islet cell lineage and differentiation.

Publisher Summary The availability of immunological and molecular probes to identify the various hormones has provided new tools to examine the mechanisms that govern the differentiation of pancreatic islet cells. From the perspective of a developmental biologist, the fundamental questions regarding the endocrine pancreas revolve around the role of genetic and epigenetic signals on differentiation of islet cells and on stability and/or plasticity of the differentiated phenotype. This chapter examines recent advances on these issues and describes the areas that remain to be explored. It describes the studies that relied on immunohistochemical techniques used to visualize one or more antigens in the same tissue sections. In other instances, immunohistochemistry was combined with autoradiography.
The importance of mechanical constraints for proper polarization and psuedo-cleavage furrow generation in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo

Intracellular polarization, where a cell specifies a spatial axis by segregation of specific factors, is a fundamental biological process. In the early embryo of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), polarization is often accompanied by deformations of the cortex, a highly contractile structure consisting of actin filaments cross-linked by the motor protein myosin (actomyosin). It has been suggested that the eggshell surrounding the early embryo plays a role in polarization although its function is not understood. Here we develop a mathematical model which couples a reaction-diffusion model of actomyosin dynamics with a phase field model of the cell cortex to implicitly track cell shape changes in the early C. elegans embryo. We investigate the potential rigidity effect of the geometric constraint imposed by the presence and size of the eggshell on polarization dynamics. Our model suggests that the geometric constraint of the eggshell is essential for proper polarization and the size of the eggshell also affects the dynamics of polarization. Therefore, we conclude that geometric constraint on a cell might affect the dynamics of a biochemical process.
Abstract WP413: White Matter Tract Disruption on Diffusor Tensor Imaging is Associated With Serum Ceramides in a Healthy Middle-Aged High Risk Population

Introduction: White matter tract disruption (WMTD) on Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) may reflect early axonal disruption and tract injury and identify risk for dementia. Brain ceramides play a role...
Apoplectic Silent Crooke Cell Adenoma with Adjacent Pseudoaneurysms: Causation or Bystander?

Background Crooke cell adenomas (CCAs) are rare and potentially aggressive pituitary tumors that often invade the cavernous sinuses. Although clinical presentations of pituitary tumors may include the development of accompanying intracranial aneurysms, there are no documented cases of coexistent intracranial aneurysms and CCAs to date. Herein we describe an apoplectic silent CCA that presented with adjacent cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms. Case Description A 45-year old male patient presented for evaluation of headaches and diplopia. Subsequent imaging series revealed a hemorrhagic pituitary macroadenoma that had invaded the left cavernous sinus and circumferentially involved the ICA. Two pseudoaneurysms were visualized along regions of the ICA directly attached to the tumor. A transnasal transsphenoidal endoscopic approach was used for resection of the tumor, which was identified histologically as a CCA. Endocrine evaluations characterized the tumor as nonfunctional. The patient experienced an excellent recovery with resolution of related symptoms. A pseudoaneurysm was treated with a Pipeline embolization device; however, it persisted at last follow-up. Conclusions CCAs are a poorly characterized and rare pituitary tumor type. In this case, an apoplectic silent CCA invaded the left cavernous sinus and presented with pseudoaneurysms along its involvement of the ICA. Accordingly, the authors speculated that the invasive qualities of this silent corticotroph adenoma may have directly contributed to the development of these aneurysms.
Towards Embroidered Textile Antenna Systematic Design and Accurate Modeling: Rectangular Patch Antenna Case Studies

In this paper, we present the methodology of material characterization and detailed simulation strategies towards the accurate modeling of embroidery-based textile rectangular patch antennas. The effective conductivity of the conductive material and the permittivity of the substrate material are characterized by the resonant frequency matching and the four-micro-strip line methods, respectively. A detailed full-wave simulation model is demonstrated to account for the double-layer embroidery nature of the conductive pattern. An embroidered patch antenna operating at 2.5 G Hz is prototyped to compare with the full-wave simulation model results of S 11 and radiation pattern. The proposed modeling strategies are proved to be effective in guiding the embroidered patch antenna design.
EMG-based hand gesture control system for robotics

In this paper, a Electromyogram (EMG) based hand gesture control system is developed. A wearable human machine interface (HMI) device is designed for an in-home assistance service robot. An EMG-based control system utilizes MyoWave muscle sensor to acquire and amplify EMG signal. A microcontroller system is used to an artificial neural network (ANN) to classify the EMG signal. Based on different hand movements, commands are sent through WiFi to control the motor in a service robot. The on-board Camera system mounted the robot can capture video real-time. In addition, a web server is implemented to provide live video feedback for robot navigation and user instructions.
Towards a generalizable method for detecting fluid intake with wrist-mounted sensors and adaptive segmentation

Over the last decade, advances in mobile technologies have enabled the development of intelligent systems that attempt to recognize and model a variety of health-related human behaviors. While automated dietary monitoring based on passive sensors has been an area of increasing research activity for many years, much less attention has been given to tracking fluid intake. In this work, we apply an adaptive segmentation technique on a continuous stream of inertial data captured with a practical, off-the-shelf wrist-mounted device to detect fluid intake gestures passively. We evaluated our approach in a study with 30 participants where 561 drinking instances were recorded. Using a leave-one-participant-out (LOPO), we were able to detect drinking episodes with 90.3% precision and 91.0% recall, demonstrating the generalizability of our approach. In addition to our proposed method, we also contribute an anonymized and labeled dataset of drinking and non-drinking gestures to encourage further work in the field.
Conceptions of wayfinding: decolonizing science education in pursuit of Native American success

The purpose of this forum paper is to address how conceptions of “success” in STEM education are culturally informed, and how supporting students in achieving success goes beyond normative definitions of academic achievement. Furthermore, the imposition of success from the dominant culture may be limited in scope with culturally diverse views of success. The research put forth by Page-Reeves, Marin, Moffett, DeerInWater and Medin (Cult Stud Sci Educ, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-017-9849-6) sheds light into the ways that some Native American STEM professionals have traversed through their educational and professional STEM journeys to achieve success in a form of “wayfinding.” This process assisted them to remain culturally grounded and navigable in a largely western-dominated educational paradigm that is more or less culturally disparate from that of their home communities. In this response to the concept of wayfinding, we explore how notions of success are defined within the North American education system and discuss how wayfinding may be considered in a multicultural approach to STEM education.
Ankle Exoskeleton Assistance Can Improve Over-Ground Walking Economy in Individuals With Cerebral Palsy

Individuals with neuromuscular impairment from conditions like cerebral palsy face reduced quality of life due to diminishing mobility and independence. Lower-limb exoskeletons have potential to aid mobility, yet few studies have investigated their use during over-ground walking – an exercise that may contribute to our understanding of potential benefit in free-living settings. The goal of this study was to determine the potential for adaptive plantar-flexor assistance from an untethered ankle exoskeleton to improve over-ground walking economy and speed. Six individuals with cerebral palsy completed three consecutive daily over-ground training sessions to acclimate to, and tune, assistance. During a final assessment visit, metabolic cost, walking speed, and soleus electromyography were collected for baseline, unpowered, low, training-tuned, and high assistance conditions. Compared to each participant’s baseline condition, we observed a 3.9 ± 1.9% (p = 0.050) increase in walking speed and a 22.0 ± 4.5% (p = 0.002) reduction in soleus activity with training-tuned assistance; metabolic cost of transport was unchanged (p = 0.130). High assistance resulted in an 8.5 ± 4.0% (p = 0.042) reduction in metabolic cost of transport, a 6.3 ± 2.6% (p = 0.029) increase in walking speed, and a 25.0 ± 4.0% (p $\text{R}^{{2}}={0.94}$ , p = 0.001); the slower and more impaired participants improved the most. Energy cost and preferred walking speed remained generally unchanged for the faster and less impaired participants. These findings demonstrate that powered ankle exoskeletons have the potential to improve mobility-related outcomes for some people with cerebral palsy.
A Spiral Bilingual-Programming Approach for Teaching Concurrency and Parallelism

Innovative Practice Full Paper: Concepts of concurrency and parallelism are indispensable aspects of today’s technology-centric human societies. However, application of these concepts are often taught using a single programming language whose semiotics, despite multimodal instruction, can obfuscate and hinder thorough understanding of the concepts. Consequently, a spiral bilingual-programming approach in which topics are reemphasized with increasing depth of coverage using two different programming languages is proposed. The proposed approach increases pedagogical modalities and learning opportunities for multifaceted comprehension to enable synthesis of various concepts. This article presents experiences of pursuing a spiral bilingual-programming (namely Java and C++) instruction in an undergraduate course for teaching concepts of concurrency and parallelism. Importantly, it contributes quantitative results (that is conspicuously missing in related literature) from various assessments conducted to evaluate the proposed method. The paper discusses statistics (N=85) collated from direct as well as indirect formative and summative assessments conducted during two offerings of the course to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Analysis of the assessment data shows that a spiral, bilingual-programming approach is beneficial in increasing the cognition of concepts related to concurrency and parallelism thereby improving student learning and overall course outcomes.
An ADC Test Technique With Dual-Path/Multi-Functional Fine Pattern Generator Realizing High Accuracy Measurement for CMOS Image Sensor

This paper proposes a novel circuit and technique for high accuracy measurement of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) within a CMOS image sensor (CIS) chip. The evaluation of such ADCs has been a big challenge because optical signal source for CIS input is difficult to manage and control. The test circuit provides a dual path, one for normal operation and the other for applying external electrical input signal directly to ADC. This test path also has an ability of multi-functional fine pattern generator that can define any input for each column to evaluate CIS specific characteristics. This test circuit and technique enables the measurement of ADC characteristics directly from CIS chip. Measured result shows INL of 15 LSB, crosstalk of 20 LSB and accelerated column interference of 5 LSB. These measured results agreed with the designed values. With this straightforward circuit and technique, we confirmed the measurement accuracy of 14-bit.
A Low-Power Front-End with Compressive Sensing Circuit for Neural Signal Acquisition Designed in 180 nm CMOS Process

Multi-channel data acquisition of bio-signals is a promising technology that is being used in many fields these days. Compressed sensing (CS) is an innovative approach of signal processing that facilitates sub-Nyquist processing of bio-signals, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG). This strategy can be used to lower the data rate to realize ultra-low-power performance, As the count of recording channels increase, data volume is increased resulting in impermissible transmitting power. This paper presents the implementation of a CMOS-based front-end design with the CS in the standard 180 nm CMOS process. A novel pseudo-random sequence generator is proposed, which consists of two different types of D flip-flops that are used for obtaining a completely random sequence. The power consumed by the bio-signal amplifier block is 2.35 μW. The SAR-ADC block that is designed to digitize the amplified signal consumes 277 μW of power and the power consumption value of the pseudo-random bit sequence generator (PRBS) is 344.2μW. The sampling rate of PRBS block is 611.76 Kbps. We have considered collecting neural data from the 32 channels, and achieved an 8.5X compression rate. The low power consumption per channel confirms the importance of the proposed approach for multiple channel high-density neural interfaces.
The Cream of the Crop: Female Characters in Salman Rushdie's Shame

In the wake of the tragic international intrigue that surrounds Salman Rushdie, earlier works (written prior to The Satanic Verses's 1988 publication) have received little recent attention. Although preceding novels drew criticism—Midnight's Children reportedly aroused the ire of Indira Gandhi —none has drawn the international publicity that was sparked by Ayatollah Khomeini's death sentence. Shame, an early work and one of Rushdie's best, is a metafictive narrative of the history of Pakistan. In an eerie foreshadowing of the political reception of The Satanic Verses, Rushdie used allegory in Shame, claiming that a realistic text would cause the novel to be banned and burned.
Chapter 3 Magnetic Resonance of Epitaxial Layers Detected by Photoluminescence

Publisher Summary This chapter describes optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) using photoluminescence (PL) and some recent examples of its application. The enormous varieties of layers and heterostructures grown by epitaxial methods in recent years contain point defects, which often determine their electrical and optical properties. ODMR using PL offers a method to identify residual defects and elucidate the properties of dopants in these layers. The method relies on the spin dependence of recombination processes and combines PL with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Hyperfine interactions are extremely valuable for the studies of defects. When resolved, they reveal, at a minimum, the spin of the nucleus involved and the nuclear abundance. Often, one of the defects of the pair is an effective-mass (EM) defect and the other is deep..
Predatory blue crabs induce byssal thread production in hooked mussels

. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) prey on hooked mussels (Ischadium recurvum) growing epizoically on oyster clumps in estuaries along the Louisiana coast. In prey size-selection experiments, blue crabs preferred small mussels (<30-mm shell length) to larger mussels, possibly because handling time increased with mussel size. When crabs were given a choice of solitary mussels versus mussels in clumps on oysters in the laboratory, mortality was lower by 86% in clumped mussels. However, no size selection by crabs occurred with mussels in clumps, likely because smaller mussels escaped predation in crevices between larger mussels or oysters. When individuals of two size classes of mussels were exposed to water containing the scent of crabs and of mussels consumed by blue crabs, an increase in byssal thread production was induced in all mussels, but byssal thread production rate was higher for small mussels than for large mussels. We conclude that increased predation risk for small mussels has resulted in higher size-specific production of byssal threads, and that predator-induced production of byssal threads, which may increase clumping behavior, may reduce their risk of mortality to predatory blue crabs.
Optimization of spinal fusion implant stiffness and its effect on instantaneous axis of rotation

Spinal arthrodesis is a surgical procedure used to treat painful conditions stemming from spinal instability. Despite its widespread use, the healing time after surgery can take months. The mechanical properties of the implants used in this surgery have never been optimized. Presented is preliminary work used to quantify the relationship between the stiffness of spinal instrumentation and its effect on spinal kinematics.
An Empirical Comparison of Phylogenetic Methods on Chloroplast Gene Order Data in Campanulaceae

The first heuristic for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from gene order data was introduced by Blanchette et al. It sought to reconstruct the breakpoint phytogeny and was applied to a variety of datasets. We present a new heuristic for estimating the breakpoint phylogeny which, although not polynomial-time, is much faster in practice than BPAnalysis. We use this heuristic to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes in the flowering plant family Campanulaceae. We also present and discuss the results of experimentation on this real dataset with three methods: our new method, BPAnalysis, and the neighbor-joining method, using breakpoint distances, inversion distances, and inversion plus transposition distances.
The Dream Is Freedom: Pauli Murray and American Democratic Faith

Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter One - The Crusader: The Political Education of a Young Radical (1930s & 1940s) Chapter Two - Descendents of Hagar (1950s) Chapter Three - Jane Crow (1960s) Chapter Four - Murray Among the Theologians (1970s & 1980s) Chapter Five - The Gates of the City: An Eschatological Vision of American Democracy Endnotes Bibliography
Crystallinity and magnetoresistance in La1−xCaxMnO3 thin films

The crystallinity of La1−xCaxMnO3 (LCMO) thin films can be controlled by preparing the films on substrates with different lattice parameters. Closely lattice matched LCMO thin films on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates exhibit a high degree of crystallinity and have magnetoresistance (MR) and MR ratio [R(H=0 T)-R(H=6 T)]/R(H=6 T) that is sharply peaked in the vicinity of the metal-insulator transition temperature (TMI). Notably, films grown on LAO(011) have TMI shifted up in temperature ∼20 K higher than the same films on LAO(001) substrates. LCMO films on Al2O3 and Y-ZrO2, that are not as closely lattice matched, have a lower degree of crystallinity, less sharply peaked MR and a nearly constant MR ratio below TMI over a broad temperature range.
Gleason score 5 + 3 = 8 prostate cancer: much more like Gleason score 9?

Objective To determine whether patients with Gleason score 5 + 3 = 8 prostate cancer have outcomes more similar to other patients with Gleason score 8 disease or to patients with Gleason score 9 disease. Patients and Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was used to study 40 533 men diagnosed with N0M0 Gleason score 8 or 9 prostate cancer from 2004 to 2011. Using Gleason score 4 + 4 = 8 as the referent, Fine and Gray competing risks regression analyses modelled the association between Gleason score and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM). Results The 5-year PCSM rates for patients with Gleason score 4 + 4 = 8, 3 + 5 = 8, 5 + 3 = 8, and 9 disease were 6.3%, 6.6%, 13.5%, and 13.9%, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients with Gleason score 5 + 3 = 8 or 9 disease had up to a two-fold increased risk of PCSM (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–2.38, P < 0.001; and AHR 2.17, 95% CI 1.99–2.36, P < 0.001, respectively) compared with the referent group of patients (Gleason score 4 + 4 = 8). There was no difference in PCSM between patients with Gleason score 5 + 3 = 8 vs 9 disease (P = 0.25). Conclusions Gleason score 8 disease represents a heterogeneous entity with PCSM outcomes distinguishable by the primary Gleason pattern. The PCSM of Gleason score 3 + 5 = 8 and Gleason 4 + 4 = 8 disease are similar, but patients with Gleason score 5 + 3 = 8 have a risk of PCSM that is twice as high as other patients with Gleason score 8 disease and should be considered to have a similar poor prognosis as patients with Gleason score 9 disease. Such patients should be allowed onto trials seeking the highest-risk patients in which to test novel aggressive treatment strategies.
Advanced Scalarization of Array Syntax

One task of all Fortran 90 compilers is to scalarize the array syntax statements of a program into equivalent sequential code. Most compilers require multiple passes over the program source to ensure correctness of this translation, since their analysis algorithms only work on the scalarized form. These same compilers then make additional subsequent passes to perform loop optimizations such as loop fusion. In this paper we discuss a strategy that is capable of making advanced scalarization and fusion decisions at the array level. We present an analysis strategy that supports our advanced scalarizer, and we describe the benefits of this methodology compared to the standard practice. Experimental results show that our strategy can significantly improve the runtime performance of compiled code, while at the same time improving the performance of the compiler itself.
A high speed double snubber crowbar

A high-speed, 80-kV, self-triggering crowbar has been constructed to protect the Princeton Beta Experiment-Modified (PBX-M) diagnostic neutral probe beam (NPB) ion source from arc damage and assist in rapid high-voltage conditioning. The crowbar, operating in conjunction with two magnetic-core snubbers, quickly limits and diverts ion-source arc current. The charge flowing in the ion-source arc is reduced an order of magnitude below the level expected with only snubber protection. The crowbar firing time is less than 100 ns at an 80-kV operating level. >
The “Price of Anarchy” Under Nonlinear and Asymmetric Costs

In this paper we characterize the “price of anarchy,” i.e., the inefficiency between user and system optimal solutions, when costs are nonseparable, asymmetric and nonlinear, generalizing earlier work that has addressed “the price of anarchy” under separable costs. The results in this paper apply primarily to nonatomic games such as the traffic equilibrium problem, but also in competitive multiperiod pricing and competitive supply chain settings. The bounds established in this paper are tight and explicitly account for the degree of asymmetry and nonlinearity of the cost function. We first provide a proof method for problems with a positive definite Jacobian matrix. Subsequently, we use ideas from semidefinite optimization in order to account for problems with a positive semidefinite Jacobian matrix (where the first approach does not apply). This latter connection also provides a different application of semidefinite optimization.
Leprechaunism in a Male Infant

Summary A male infant is described who had manyof the features of the syndrome “leprechaunism”, previously described only in females and who exhibited a diffuse disturbance of tissues of mesenchymal derivation. Mental ability was seriously impaired. Growth, especially of the hands, feet, and facies, was markedly deranged. There was evidence of severe disturbance of collagen and osseous metabolism. Studies of carbohydrate metabolism, though inconclusive, suggested decreased homeostatic response to hypoglycemia. Although physical examination suggested endocrine disease involving androgenic substances, no data could be obtained to substantiate the presence of it. The skin over the hands and feet grossly resembled cutis gyrata. Low connective tissue phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were present, but the clinical picture and the absence of phosphoethanolamine in the urine made a diagnosis of hypophosphatasia untenable in the light of present knowledge. Further metabolic studies and histochemicalinvestigation of the tissues of this infant are contemplated to elucidate further the basic pathology. It is hoped that the recording of this infant will contribute to further classification and investigation of these peculiar and fundamental defects.
1507 NEUROMUSCULAR OUTCOME IN INFANTS UNDER 1001 GM STUDIED PROSPECTIVELY WITH ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (ECHO) FOR INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH)

1507 NEUROMUSCULAR OUTCOME IN INFANTS UNDER 1001 GM STUDIED PROSPECTIVELY WITH ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (ECHO) FOR INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH)
Genetic control of a guinea pig serum factor toward which natural delayed iso-hypersensitivity occurs.

RECENT investigations1–3 have revealed the natural existence, in certain guinea pigs, of a state of delayed iso-hypersensitivity toward a heritable factor present in the serum of other normal guinea pigs. The observation that this serum factor, which was first detected in animals of Rockefeller Institute stock, is present also in guinea pigs of the more inbred (nevertheless also heterozygous) Hartley strain but not in animals of the homozygous Wright strains II and XIII (ref. 2) suggested a means for investigating the mechanism of its heritability. Results presented here, obtained by interbreeding strain XIII and Hartley animals, indicate that the presence of serum factor in guinea is pigs controlled by an autosomal dominant gene.
The use of single cell gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry to identify antimutagens from commercial soybean by-products

Abstract Single cell gel electrophoresis (alkaline Comet assay) and flow cytometric methods were combined into an assay that enables the analysis of direct DNA damage and longer-term whole cell clastogenicity in mammalian cells. We employed these techniques to analyze the antimutagenic activity of by-products of commercial soybean processing. At a concentration of 1 mg/ml, the soybean molasses by-product was found to repress 66% of the mutagenic capacity of the direct-acting mutagen 2-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (2AAAF) in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. At a concentration of 50 μg/ml, fraction PCC (an ethanol extract of soybean molasses) repressed 70% of the genotoxic potency of 500 nM 2AAAF as measured by the Comet assay. Fraction PCC was also effective in protecting CHL cells from 2AAAF-induced clastogenic damage. Using a forward mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells (line AS52), PCC protected the cells against 2AAAF-induced cytotoxicity and point mutation at a specific gene target. These data indicate that agronomic crops such as soybean may yield a wealth of commercially available antimutagenic agents that may be suitable as chemoprotective food supplements.
A quick guide to bank lines of credit

Bank lines of credit are an important form of corporate borrowing. As banks cut back on business loans and other forms of credit, it pays to reexamine bank credit lines—and how your company can use them. The author discusses current implications for corporate borrowers and provides a list of action steps your firm should take. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of Molecular and Supermolecular Structure in Template-Synthesized Polypyrrole Tubules and Fibrils.

Nanotubules and nanofibrils of polypyrrole were chemically synthesized using the pores of nanoporous polycarbonate membrane filters as templates. We have previously shown that such “template-synthesized” nanofibrils of polypyrrole can have enhanced conductivities relative to more conventional forms of the polymer (e.g., thin films). Furthermore, we have shown that this enhancement in conductivity is critically dependent on the diameter of the nanofibrils; the narrowest diameter fibrils show the greatest enhancements in conductivity. In this paper we explore the genesis of this enhancement in conductivity by determining the relative conjugation lengths in the polypyrrole fibrils using FTIR and UV−visible−NIR spectroscopies. Using polarized infrared absorption and FTIR spectroscopies, we have followed the evolution of polymer chain orientation and conjugation length with polymer chain growth on the pore wall of the template membrane. On the basis of these results, we have proposed a bilayer model to explain...
Recent advances in justifying CIM technologies

Abstract The difficulties of justifying new computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) technologies to top management are well known, and are common to many firms. Typically, the frustrations of the ‘justification exercise’ are as maddening to top managers as they are to the proposers. The latest research on this topic is reviewed here, and conclusions based on two surveys and numerous field studies are presented. An example of what one firm is doing to address the problem of CIM's intangible benefits concludes the paper.
Kinetics of the amorphous to icosahedral phase transformation in AlCuV alloys

Abstract Single phase icosahedral samples are obtained by annealing melt-spun Al 75 Cu 15 V 10 amorphous alloys. The kinetics of this amorphous to icosahedral phase transformation were measured isothermally and nonisotheramally by differential scanning calorimetry and from changes in the electrical resistivity. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicate that the transformation proceeds polymorphically by nucleation and growth, ruling out a “micro-quasicrystal” model of the glass in this system. A standard Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis of the isothermal, transformation data yields Avrami exponents in the range 2–2.5, which are inconsistent with a polymorphic transformation. These anomalous Avrami exponent arise from an inhomogeneous distribution of quenched-in nuclei. Fits are made to a kinetic model assuming a constant nucleation rate and growth on these quenched-in nuclei. An analysis of the nucleation rates obtained from these fits gives an estimate for the interfacial energy between the icosahedral phase and the glass of 0.002 J/m 2 ⩽ α ⩽ 0.015 J/m 2 , demonstrating that the short range order must be similar on both sides of the interface.
The impact on utilization of a copayment increase for ambulatory psychiatric care.

The impact of a copayment increase on the utilization of psychiatric services in a prepaid group practice program is examined. Data are presented on utilization at the Columbia Medical Plan (Columbia, Maryland) two years before and two years after the copayment increase. There was a highly transient response to the increase in the copayment for psychiatric care. The year of the copayment increase was characterized by a small decline in the proportion of enrollees using psychiatric care, and a slight decrease in the utilization rate. These declines were short-lived, and utilization returned to previous levels one year after the copayment increase.
Sequence-Dependent Dynamics of Duplex DNA: The Applicability of a Dinucleotide Model

The short-time (submicrosecond) bending dynamics of duplex DNA were measured to determine the effect of sequence on dynamics. All measurements were obtained from a single site on duplex DNA, using a single, site-specific modified base containing a rigidly tethered, electron paramagnetic resonance active spin probe. The observed dynamics are interpreted in terms of single-step sequence-dependent bending force constants, determined from the mean squared amplitude of bending relative to the end-to-end vector using the modified weakly bending rod model. The bending dynamics at a single site are a function of the sequence of the nucleotides constituting the duplex DNA. We developed and examined several dinucleotide-based models for flexibility. The models indicate that the dominant feature of the dynamics is best explained in terms of purine- and pyrimidine-type steps, although distinction is made among all 10 unique steps: It was found that purine-purine steps (which are the same as pyrimidine-pyrimidine steps) were near average in flexibility, but the pyrimidine-purine steps (5' to 3') were nearly twice as flexible, whereas purine-pyrimidine steps were more than half as flexible as average DNA. Therefore, the range of stepwise flexibility is approximately fourfold and is characterized by both the type of base pair step (pyrimidine/purine combination) and the identity of the bases within the pair (G, A, T, or C). All of the four models considered here underscore the complexity of the dependence of dynamics on DNA sequence with certain sequences not satisfactorily explainable in terms of any dinucleotide model. These findings provide a quantitative basis for interpreting the dynamics and kinetics of DNA-sequence-dependent biological processes, including protein recognition and chromatin packaging.
Treatment of Late Dysplasia with Ganz Osteotomy

Abstract Following careful study, the Ganz periacetabular osteotomy was introduced in 1988 for the treatment of adolescent and adult hip dysplasia. It offers a powerful and versatile ability to reorient the acetabulum, restoring near-normal biomechanics, improving symptoms, and delaying or preventing osteoarthritis. This article outlines hip dysplasia and the biomechanical deficiencies, the assessment of patients who have hip dysplasia, and the technique of performing the osteotomy. The early and mid follow-up radiographic and clinical outcomes are reviewed and complications associated with the procedure are discussed.
Possible causal violations at radii greater than the schwarzschild radius

Abstract By identifying points on a Kruskal diagram a method is given for reflecting light signals from a Schwarzschild source. If such reflections are possible, then apparent violations of causality occur.
The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A reduces nickel-induced gene silencing in yeast and mammalian cells

We have previously reported that nickel (Ni)-silenced expression of the URA3 gene in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and gpt transgene in G12 Chinese hamster cells. In both cases, close proximity to a heterochromatic region was required for gene silencing. Yeast exposed to Ni exhibited reduced acetylation of the lysine residues in the N-terminal tail of histone H4. Ni-induced silencing of the gpt gene in mammalian cells involved hypermethylation of promoter region DNA. Yeast do not employ DNA methylation to silence gene expression. To determine if histone deacetylation participates in Ni-induced silencing of the URA3 and gpt genes, we exposed yeast and G12 hamster cells to the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) prior to and concurrently with Ni. Treatment of yeast cells with 0.2-0.6mM NiCl(2) resulted in reduced expression of the URA3 gene as assessed by increased resistance to 1g/l 5-fluorotic acid (5-FOA). This effect was lessened when yeast were pre-treated with 50 microg TSA/ml. Similarly, treatment of G12 cells with 5 ng/ml TSA during and after exposure to 0.3 microg Ni(3)S(2)/cm(2) reduced silencing of the gpt gene as gauged by resistance to 10 microg/ml 6-thioguanine (6-TG). The ability of TSA alone and in combination with the DNA-demethylating agent (5-AzaC) to reactivate the gpt gene in Ni-silenced variants was also assessed. Although treatment with 100 ng/ml TSA for 48 h was partially effective in reactivating the gpt gene, treatment with 5 microM 5-AzaC was more efficacious. The greatest gpt gene reversion frequencies were observed following a sequential 5-AzaC/TSA treatment. Taken all together, our data from mammalian cells suggests that both DNA methylation and histone deacetylation participate in Ni-induced silencing of the gpt gene with DNA hypermethylation playing the more dominant role in maintaining the silenced state.
Applications Of Submillimeter Waves In Plasma Physics And Controlled Fusion Research

The application of far-infrared lasers and detection systems to the measurement of plasma parameters is discussed. Potential applications include Thomson scattering determination of the ion temperature in fusion plasmas and holographic imaging of plasmas.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ROLE OF CAROTID BODY CATECHOLAMINES IN CHEMORECEPTOR FUNCTION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of measurements of the noradrenaline and the dopamine content of the cat carotid body. The strongest support for a dopaminergic mechanism inhibiting chemoreceptor discharge in the carotid body comes from pharmacological studies in the cat. These studies still leave open the possibility that there is also an α-adrenergic mechanism that inhibits chemoreceptor discharge. Systemic hypoxia, a stimulus that is considered to activate the inhibitory mechanism as well as chemoreceptor afferents, depletes carotid body noradrenaline in the cat, a result compatible with an α-adrenergic mechanism. The effect of this stimulus on dopamine in the cat carotid body has not been determined. Indirect evidence suggests that hypoxia also activates catecholamine biosynthesis in the cat carotid body.
A novel strategy for targeting viral vectors to specific cells

Abstract Introduction: To test a general method of altering the tropism of viral vectors, we conjugated targeting antibody to the surface of recombinant vaccinia virus and assessed the resulting infectivity in target cells and controls. Methods: We biotinylated a vaccinia viral vector, and then used avidin to crosslink the biotinylated viral surface to a biotinylated antibody specific for a molecule on the surface of a target cell. In an in vitro model system, we tested a recombinant vaccinia construct containing the E. Coli lacZ gene and coated with antibody to the murine B7.2 molecule. Target cells were wild-type murine SA1 fibrosarcoma cells and SA1 transfected with the B7.2 gene. Infectivity was assessed by staining target cells with x-gal to demonstrate expression of the viral vector. This technique was also assessed in a second system with vaccinia/lacZ targeted to the murine class I MHC molecule Db. As targets we employed B78H1 murine melanoma cells transduced with either the Db gene or the Kb gene. Multiple experiments were performed in each system with similar results. Results: This strategy demonstrated antibody-mediated viral targeting in both the SA1 and the B78H1 models (p
Current Indications for the Use of Anticoagulant Drugs in Cerebrovascular Disease

Considerable variation exists in the interplay of the factors influencing the occurrence of strokes and their final outcome. A final statement about the usefulness of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease must await further study. The current indications for their use include: (1) intermittent insufficiency of the basilar arterial system, (2) intermittent insufficiency of the internal carotid system, (3) thrombosis within the basilar arterial system, (4) recurrent cerebral emboli associated with a likely cardiac source and (5) possibly, recurrent cerebral thromboses.