cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Culture of Living

Remember Gardasil? A vaccine against Human Papillomavirus (HPV), its initial claim to fame was its potential inoculating role against cervical cancer. Alas, it targets a virus communicable through sexual contact, and therein lies the rub. Recommended initially for prepubescent girls, its introduction met with predictable opposition. The cult of life, while granting its prospects as a life saver, decried the apparently equally compelling prospect that its use might sanction premarital promiscuity among those vaccinated. Sexually transmitted diseases, this position implies, are in fact goods, at least instrumentally, as fear of acquiring them may discourage indiscriminate sexual activity. The operative moral logic of this position, i.e. better dead than sex unwed, would seem incongruent with the claim that human life is an absolute good. Yet it reflects the extent to which the life that this cult valorizes is not only wholly divorced from the human body in any biological sense, but is defined in opposition to that body, which bears neither natural, nor instrumental, nor intrinsic goods. For the cult of rights, the use of such vaccines is a matter of parental rights. At the same time, this cult holds that parents should not impose such decisions upon their children. As previously indicated, both cults suffer from the same insuperable challenge: whatever we do, through our actions and even inactions, imposes some future upon our children, whether we like that or not.
The Development of L2 Fluency During Study Abroad: A Cross‐Language Study

Examining speech samples from 75 American university students learning 1 of 3 languages (Mandarin, Russian, and Spanish), this article reports on a study of second language (L2) learners' oral fluency development and its relationship with their gains in holistic proficiency ratings during a semester abroad. In study abroad research, there is a need for large-scale studies that systematically investigate learners' L2 development (Kinginger, ; Rees & Klapper, ). To address this need, the project used a quantitative design involving learners of 3 languages from multiple cohorts and diverse sending and destination institutions. Results from an analysis of 600 speech samples from 150 pretest and posttest Simulated Oral Proficiency Interviews (SOPIs) showed significant increases in speech rate as well as differences between the 3 language groups. The study also investigated the relationship between holistic oral proficiency ratings and fine-tuned fluency measures and found some limited relationships between them. These findings can provide methodological suggestions for researchers interested in L2 fluency development among study abroad students and implications for foreign language educators and policy makers to promote study abroad and language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Chapter 18 – Quantum Flow Theory of Knowledge

Chapter Summary In this chapter, we propose that knowledge can be reduced to its elementary (elemental) size. Each element consisting of quantized noun object(s), their quantized verb function(s), and the incremental type(s) the convolutions that bind such noun objects and verb functions. Even though knowledge may not be quantized as finely and as definitively as matter can be quantized in physics, these elements of knowledge form building block for larger and practical bodies of knowledge. These elements of knowledge (kels) exhibit statistical properties and their dynamics are based on the properties of kels, their origin, their environment, the media, and their recipients. Further, we define the elementary particles as a kuantum of knowledge, even though a kuantum is not a quantum in the traditional sense. In maintaining a working relation with other sciences, we explore the flow of these kels to and from larger practical objects to complete social and real functions. A quantum of knowledge (kel) is like a particle of matter or a pulse of energy that can be coupled. We present this concept to investigate if such kels will explain all the intricacies in the flow of knowledge in societies, cultures, and groups. Even though a kel is not as defined precisely as quantum (an electron) in physics, but in the framework of theory presented here, the statistical properties of kels explains statistical differences in the way in which noun objects communicate, i.e., transmit and receive such kuanta and kels. This approach holds the maximum promise but the quantization of a kel to a workable size becomes unique and depends on the direction in which knowledge is being explored and/or constituted. The generic quantum of knowledge or kel still appears as a mystic entity, even though specific kuanta are feasible that the modern computers can tackle, build, process, constitute, reconstitute, reprocess to generate “artificial knowledge.” Such artificial knowledge is then verified, validated, and accepted or challenged, disputed, and rejected by AI routines and by natural intelligence of human beings to build large and realistic bodies of knowledge (bok’s) or knowledge centric objects (kco’s) of any size, shape, or form.
Adult Punishment for Juvenile Offenders: Does It Reduce Crime?

This chapter discusses the research on the general and specific deterrent effects of transferring juveniles for trial in adult criminal court, identifies gaps in our knowledge base that require further research, discusses the circumstances under which effective deterrence may be achieved, and examines whether there are effective alternatives for achieving deterrence other than adult sanctions for serious juvenile offenders. As a backdrop to this analysis, the chapter first examines the role of public opinion in shaping the get tough policies, and how policy makers have misunderstood and perceived support for these policies.
Structure-Activity Relationship for Small Molecule Inhibitors of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase.

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a fundamental cytosolic biotransforming enzyme that catalyzes the N-methylation of endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics. We have identified small molecule inhibitors of NNMT with >1000-fold range of activity and developed comprehensive structure–activity relationships (SARs) for NNMT inhibitors. Screening of N-methylated quinolinium, isoquinolinium, pyrididium, and benzimidazolium/benzothiazolium analogues resulted in the identification of quinoliniums as a promising scaffold with very low micromolar (IC50 ∼ 1 μM) NNMT inhibition. Computer-based docking of inhibitors to the NNMT substrate (nicotinamide)-binding site produced a robust correlation between ligand–enzyme interaction docking scores and experimentally calculated IC50 values. Predicted binding orientation of the quinolinium analogues revealed selective binding to the NNMT substrate-binding site residues and essential chemical features driving protein–ligand intermolecular interactions and NNMT inhibitio...
Complement component 4d immunohistochemistry in the assessment of liver allograft biopsy samples: applications and pitfalls.

There is 1 point in Bellamy’s discussion thatneeds to be corrected: our patients should not bedescribed as having hyperacute rejection but rathershould be classiﬁed as having acute antibody-medi-ated rejection (AMR). In our articles, we have beenvery careful to use the previously established consen-sus conference deﬁnition of AMR for solid organgrafts
Visualization of Transvection in Living Drosophila Embryos

How remote enhancers interact with appropriate target genes persists as a central mystery in gene regulation. Here, we exploit the properties of transvection to explore enhancer-promoter communication between homologous chromosomes in living Drosophila embryos. We successfully visualized the activation of an MS2-tagged reporter gene by a defined developmental enhancer located in trans on the other homolog. This trans-homolog activation depends on insulator DNAs, which increase the stability-but not the frequency-of homolog pairing. A pair of heterotypic insulators failed to mediate transvection, raising the possibility that insulator specificity underlies the formation of chromosomal loop domains. Moreover, we found that a shared enhancer co-activates separate PP7 and MS2 reporter genes incis and intrans. Transvecting alleles weakly compete with one another, raising the possibility that they share a common pool of the transcription machinery. We propose that transvecting alleles form a trans-homolog "hub," which serves as a scaffold for the accumulation of transcription complexes.
Data on major power outage events in the continental U.S.

Abstract This paper presents the data that is used in the article entitled “A Multi-Hazard Approach to Assess Severe Weather-Induced Major Power Outage Risks in the U.S.” (Mukherjee et al., 2018) [1] . The data described in this article pertains to the major outages witnessed by different states in the continental U.S. during January 2000–July 2016. As defined by the Department of Energy, the major outages refer to those that impacted atleast 50,000 customers or caused an unplanned firm load loss of atleast 300 MW. Besides major outage data, this article also presents data on geographical location of the outages, date and time of the outages, regional climatic information, land-use characteristics, electricity consumption patterns and economic characteristics of the states affected by the outages. This dataset can be used to identify and analyze the historical trends and patterns of the major outages and identify and assess the risk predictors associated with sustained power outages in the continental U.S. as described in Mukherjee et al. [1] .
Another orthogonal matrix, revisited

Abstract A 2006 paper by Parlett and Barszcz [4] proposed the following problem: Given an unit vector q, compute the orthogonal Hessenberg matrix A with first column q. In complex form, this translates to completing the unitary Hessenberg matrix U with first column q. Looking at the matrix I − q q ⁎ in the special form I − q q ⁎ = L D 2 L ⁎ , where L is n × ( n − 1 ) and lower triangular with 1's on its main diagonal and D 2 = d i a g ( μ 1 2 , … , μ n − 1 2 ) is positive definite, Parlett observed that for i > j the entries of L ˜ = L D can be written as l ˜ i j = − q i q ‾ j μ j / ρ j , where q ‾ j denotes the complex conjugate of q j and ρ i = ∑ j = i + 1 n | q j | 2 , ρ n = 0 , and μ i = ρ i / ρ i − 1 , for i = 1 , … , n . Furthermore, one solution to this problem is U = [ q L ˜ ] . Section 1 provides some background, as well as details on the derivation of Parlett's formula. Section 2 contains the main result, where Parlett's method is extended to “tall thin” matrices as suggested by Parlett in his original paper. In other words, using a repeated application of Parlett's method, a solution is given to the problem of completing the unitary k-Hessenberg matrix given its first k columns.
Anna Van Schurman (1607–1679)

Anna van Schurman spent a life involved with philosophers of her time as well as with a range of scholars, artists, theologians, and while her intelligence was acclaimed in Europe and abroad, her work was not mentioned in the traditional canon. As a woman not permitted to attend university and thus to engage in academic affairs officially, she chose to present her feminist epistemology in the form of an academic dissertation, her works being read by academicians of highest regard, e.g. Descartes and Gassendi, who was chair of mathematics in Paris.
Spin Injection: A Survey and Review

The study of the transport and relaxation of spin-polarized carriers in the solid state began about 30 years ago. Tunneling spectroscopy was applied to ferromagnet–insulator–superconductor junctions to demonstrate the polarization of interfacial currents. The use of a ferromagnetic material as an injector and/or detector of polarized carriers has since become a valuable tool, and spin injection has been applied to nonmagnetic metals, superconductors, and semiconductors. The spin injection phenomenology is reviewed in the context of two topics of continuing importance for basic and applied research: (i) the transmission of polarized carriers across ferromagnet/nonmagnetic material interfaces and (ii) carrier spin relaxation inside the nonmagnetic material.
Principal-Centric Reasoning in Constructive Authorization Logic

Abstract : We present an authorization logic DTL(o) that explicitly relativizes reasoning to beliefs of principals. The logic assumes that principals are conceited in their beliefs. We describe the natural deduction system, sequent calculus, Hilbert-style axiomatization, and Kripke semantics of the logic. We prove several meta-theoretic results including cut-elimination, and soundness and completeness for the Kripke semantics. Translations from several other authorization logics into DTL(o), as well as formal connections between DTL(o) and the modal logic constructive S4 are also presented. Finally, a related logic BL(o) is considered and its properties are studied.
A CK2-Dependent Mechanism for PML Degradation upon Cellular and Oncogenic Stress.

Abstract The PML tumor suppressor controls key pathways for growth suppression, induction of apoptosis and cellular senescence. PML loss occurs frequently in hematopoietic and solid tumors through unknown post-translational mechanisms. PML loss often correlates with tumor progression. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a stress activated serine/threonine protein kinase that is oncogenic and frequently over-expressed in human tumor of multiple histological origins including non Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute leukemias and multiple myeloma. In addition, CK2 over-expression due to gene amplification has been reported to be a powerful adverse prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. We recently reported that PML undergoes ubiquitin/proteasome mediated degradation in immortalized and tumor derived cell lines (Cell. 2006, 126:269). PML degradation depends on direct CK2 phosphorylation of Ser517 in the PML C-terminal degron. PML mutants that are resistant to CK2 phosphorylation display increased tumor suppressive functions in assays measuring apoptosis, replicative senescence and in xenograft models. Now, we report the identification and characterization of novel cellular and oncogenic stress signaling pathways that control the CK2/PML degradation pathway. This analysis allowed us to determine the signaling cascades upstream of CK2. In addition, we found an inverse correlation between CK2 kinase activity and PML protein levels in cancer-derived cell lines and primary specimens. Significantly, CK2 pharmacological inhibition enhances PML tumor suppressive property in vivo and in vitro. These data identify a key post-translational mechanism that controls PML protein levels and provide therapeutic means toward PML restoration through CK2 inhibition. The implications of these new findings during the physiologic response to cellular stress and in the pathogenesis of hemopoietic malignancies will be discussed at the meeting.
The Quiet Expansion of Universal Jurisdiction

Author(s): Langer, Maximo; Eason, Mackenzie | Abstract: Abstract Based on an original worldwide survey of all universal jurisdiction complaints over core international crimes presented between 1961 and 2017 and against widespread perception by international criminal law experts that universal jurisdiction is in decline, this article shows that universal jurisdiction practice has been quietly expanding as there has been a significant growth in the number of universal jurisdiction trials, in the frequency with which these trials take place year by year and in the geographical scope of universal jurisdiction litigation. This expansion is likely the result of, among other factors, the adoption of International Criminal Court implementing statutes, the creation of specialized international crimes units by states, institutional learning by states and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), technological changes, new migration and refugee waves to universal jurisdiction states, criticisms of international criminal law as neo-colonial and the search of new venues by human rights NGOs. The expansion of universal jurisdiction has been quiet because most tried defendants have been low-level, universal jurisdiction states have not made an effort to publicize these trials and observers have wrongly assumed that Belgium and Spain were representative of universal jurisdiction trends. The article finally assesses positive and negative aspects of the quiet expansion of universal jurisdiction for its defenders and critics.
Computing and graphing probability values of pearson distributions: a SAS/IML macro.

Any empirical data can be approximated to one of Pearson distributions using the first four moments of the data (Elderton WP, Johnson NL. Systems of Frequency Curves. 1969; Pearson K. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A. 186:343–414 1895; Solomon H, Stephens MA. J Am Stat Assoc. 73(361):153–60 1978). Thus, Pearson distributions made statistical analysis possible for data with unknown distributions. There are both extant, old-fashioned in-print tables (Pearson ES, Hartley HO. Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. II. 1972) and contemporary computer programs (Amos DE, Daniel SL. Tables of percentage points of standardized pearson distributions. 1971; Bouver H, Bargmann RE. Tables of the standardized percentage points of the pearson system of curves in terms of β1 and β2. 1974; Bowman KO, Shenton LR. Biometrika. 66(1):147–51 1979; Davis CS, Stephens MA. Appl Stat. 32(3):322–7 1983; Pan W. J Stat Softw. 31(Code Snippet 2):1–6 2009) available for obtaining percentage points of Pearson distributions corresponding to certain pre-specified percentages (or probability values; e.g., 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, etc.), but they are little useful in statistical analysis because we have to rely on unwieldy second difference interpolation to calculate a probability value of a Pearson distribution corresponding to a given percentage point, such as an observed test statistic in hypothesis testing. The present study develops a SAS/IML macro program to identify the appropriate type of Pearson distribution based on either input of dataset or the values of four moments and then compute and graph probability values of Pearson distributions for any given percentage points. The SAS macro program returns accurate approximations to Pearson distributions and can efficiently facilitate researchers to conduct statistical analysis on data with unknown distributions.
More Storage Models

In the preceding chapter we investigated storage models in which the net input process Y was of the form Y(t) = X(t) − t, X being a non-negative Levy process. Although such an input would seem to be rather special, we found it to be appropriate for a wide variety of situations, in particular, for queues with first come, first served discipline as well as queues with priorities. However, there still remains the general case of the insurance risk problem and the simple queue in which the net input is of the form Y(t) = A(t) − D(t) with A, D two independent simple Poisson processes. In order to investigate these and further storage models we need to develop some new concepts concerning Levy processes. Accordingly, let Y be a Levy process with the c.f. $$ E{e^{i\omega Y\left( t \right)}} = {e^{ - t\phi \left( \omega \right)}}, $$ (1) where φ(ω) is as given in Chapter 3, Section 2. Let us define the random variables $$ T = \inf \left\{ {t:Y\left( t \right) > 0} \right\},\;\;\;\bar T = inf\left\{ {t:Y\left( t \right) < 0} \right\}. $$ (2)
Teaching Black Immigrant Students in Urban Schools: Teacher and Peer Relationships and Academic Performances

This study examines teachers’ cultural awareness of Black immigrants and the pedagogical strategies they implemented that aided in the academic success of Black immigrant youth attending public urban schools. A related goal was to examine Black immigrant youths’ relationships with teachers and peers, the challenges they faced in navigating a new educational system, and how it influenced their academic performance. Drawing on culturally responsive teaching, we examined teachers’ cultural knowledge and understanding of the life experiences of Black immigrant students. Participants were 25 teachers and 20 Black immigrant youth. Qualitative research, including semi-structured and focus group interviews were used to collect data. Three major themes emerged from the study. These include (a) Black immigrant youth perspectives and experiences attending United States public urban schools comprising the following subthemes: (1) challenges attending urban schools, (2) students’ resilience to achieve success in school, (3) supportive parents and high expectations; and (4) navigating through school with bi-cultural identity. The second theme is (b) the multiple cultures Black immigrant youth bring to the urban classroom, and the third theme, (c) strategies of teaching Black immigrant youth in public urban schools. Findings demonstrate the need for teachers to understand the rich cultural diversity that Black immigrant students bring to the classroom to be able to connect with their life experiences inside and outside of school.
Programming by example using least general generalizations

Recent advances in Programming by Example (PBE) have supported new applications to text editing, but existing approaches are limited to simple text strings. In this paper we address transformations in richly formatted documents, using an approach based on the idea of least general generalizations from inductive inference, which avoids the scalability issues faced by state-of-the-art PBE methods. We describe a novel domain specific language (DSL) that expresses transformations over XML structures describing richly formatted content, and a synthesis algorithm that generates a minimal program with respect to a natural subsumption ordering in our DSL. We present experimental results on tasks collected from online help forums, showing an average of 4.17 examples required for task completion.
VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO RUNNING EXERCISE IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes ventilatory response to running exercise in birds and mammals. Only two studies have examined the ventilatory changes in birds during running. Under ambient conditions (25°C), walking, unrestrained pigeons exhibited a moderate increase in breathing frequency with a twofold increase in tidal volume, which markedly increased total ventilation. In contrast, however, both during walking and running at 25°C, the duck's tidal volume decreased significantly, but its large increase in breathing frequency increased total ventilation threefold. At an ambient temperature of 25°C, the body temperature of ducks increased 1°C to 2°C after 10 min of running at 1.47 km/h. In the running bobwhite quail, hypothalamic temperature, which did not change much during exercise, remained about 1°C below colonic temperature, but the brain-to-colonic-temperature gradient increased approximately 1°C. In the rhea, running for 20 min at 5 km/h, cloacal temperature increased 2°C to 3°C at air temperatures of 25°C and 35°C, respectively.
The Nissen Unwrapped: Predictors and Outcomes of Nissen Fundoplication in Congenital Heart Disease.

Abstract Background Infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) often require the placement of a gastrostomy button to ensure proper nutrition. Some also require a Nissen fundoplication (NF) to further improve nutrition capabilities in the setting of reflux, however, the clinical and diagnostic imaging characteristics that support NF are variable. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) identify the factors associated with NF in patients with CHD and (2) determine the incidence of NF complications in patients with CHD. Methods All patients with CHD who underwent cardiac repair and subsequent creation of a gastrostomy at a single institution between 6/1/2013 and 9/1/2018 were included. We then identified which patients underwent NF. Results Two-hundred fifty-seven CHD patients who had a gastrostomy button placed after CHD repair, with 17% undergoing a simultaneous NF or an NF at a later time. The presence of acyanotic heart disease, neurologic comorbidities, and vocal cord dysfunction was not univariately associated with a higher likelihood of NF. On multivariable model, only prematurity was significantly associated with NF (P = 0.022). Abnormal findings on imaging studies (upper gastrointestinal series, gastric emptying studies, motility studies, upper endoscopies, swallow studies, and pH probe studies) were not associated with an NF (all P's > 0.05). The overall complication rate was 23%. Conclusions Prematurity was the only factor associated with an NF. Surprisingly, cyanotic heart disease, neurologic comorbidities, age at first cardiac surgery, and vocal cord dysfunction were not associated with an NF. We identified an area for quality improvement at our institution given the lack of standardized work-up for the NF in this high-risk population.
Narrating Crisis From War Zones to Disease Zones

Previous research with young people growing up during and after wars offers insights for how youth are understanding and coping with the COVID-19 crisis. This literature review summarizes findings ...
Performing Postcoloniality in the Jamaican Seventies: The Harder They Come and Smile Orange

This essay examines two Jamaican texts from that decade, the film The Harder They Come and the play Smile Orange , to read the ways in which the cultural products of that period demonstrate an engagement with a no longer anticolonial, not yet fully postcolonial context. The Harder They Come and Smile Orang e highlight performance as a response to this context. Performance and masculine resistance have been figured as incompatible by thinkers like Fanon, but examining how performance functions in these two texts sheds light on postcolonial as opposed to anticolonial attitudes towards the strategy.
An Unusual Mimicker of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report

We present a case of a 47 year-old African American female with 15 pack-years of tobacco use and heavy alcohol use who presented with arthritis and was found to have a positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti double stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA), and anti-Sjogren’s syndrome-related antigen A and antigen B (anti-SSA and anti-SSB). She was subsequently found to have a lung adenocarcinoma associated with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO). This demonstrates a case of positive antinuclear antibodies and arthritis in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma, which can be falsely diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus.
High- and low-velocity maser features

Observations of 105 H2O maser features in W49N indicate that high-velocity features lie at the periphery of the maser outflow. Model fits indicate that the high-velocity features lie at either end of a bipolar outflow. A high-velocity stellar wind may accelerate ambient material to produce the observed velocity field.
A Single Chip Microcomputer with EEPROM

The architecture of a microcomputer with an on-chip EEPROM is presented. The EEPROM device performances and new applications for this type of circuit are described.
Inheritance of grain dry-down in corn (Zea mays L.).

Breeding for faster grain dry-down in corn is an essential objective of modern corn breeding programs all over the world due to important economic reasons. A reliable, large scale, fast, non-destructive wood moisture Voltcraft FM-200 Humidity meter was used to successively measure the grain moisture of field corn individual plants for a large number of corn genotypes, hybrids and inbred lines, in different stages of Pioneer corn breeding program, during 2010-2012. A calibration curve (successive determinations of the grain moisture by using in parallel the wood moisture meter readings and grain moisture obtained by standard gravimetric method) has been used to transform the wood moisture meter readings in estimated % grain moisture (EPGM). DDIND values, a propose selection index, computed as the slope between EPGM and measurement timing, have been used to apply ANOVA analysis; Preliminary results showed that the methods allowed identification of real genotypic differences and advance genotypes with fast DDR. Using the components of variances obtained in ANOVA analysis, an estimate of the heritability of the DDIND was computed. The relative large value of the heritability, of more than 0.50 (50%),Â suggested the efficiency of the method in detecting genotypic variations and that selectingÂ by using DDIND for rapid dry down would result in an efficient improvement of this important agronomic trait of modern corn inbred lines and hybrids.
Overcoming Property: Does Copyright Trump Privacy?

Online copyright enforcement represents one of the greatest current threats to online privacy. As a byproduct of the asserted imperative to control flows of unauthorized information, copyright owners and their technology partners are building into digital rights management (DRM) systems a range of capabilities that implicate the privacy interests of users. These include both the ability to collect extraordinarily fine-grained information about uses of DRMprotected content and the ability to reach into users= homes and restrict what they can do with copies of works for which they have paid. Copyright owners also have exerted political and legal pressure on third-party providers of technologies and services to build similar capabilities into their own systems,
E1 transition probabilities between the nilsson states 12+[411] and 12− [541]

Abstract The half-lives of the 1 2 , 1 2 + [411] level at 208.1 keV in 171Lu and of the 1 2 , 1 2 + [411] and 3 2 , 1 2 + [411] levels at 425.0 and 434.6 keV in 173Lu have been measured in the decay of 171Hf and 173Hf to be 29.7±1.1 ns, 0.82±0.20 ns and 0.46±0.20 ns, respectively. These half-lives yield the absolute γ-ray transition probabilities of the El transition from 1 2 , 1 2 + [411] to 1 2 , 1 2 − [541] in 171Lu and of the E1 transitions from 1 2 , 1 2 + [411] to the spin 1 2 and 1 2 members of the 1 2 − [541] band and from 3 2 , 1 2 + [411] to the spin 3 2 and 5 2 members of the 1 2 − [541] band in 173Lu. These absolute transition probabilities are found to be in good agreement with the Nilsson estimate, taking into account pairing correlations and Coriolis coupling.
A method for estimating costs and benefits of space assembly and servicing by astronauts and robots

One aspect of designing future space missions is to determine whether Space Assembly and Servicing (SAS) is useful and, if so, what combination of robots and astronauts provides the most effective means of accomplishing it. Certain aspects of these choices, such as the societal value of developing the means for humans to live in space, do not lend themselves to quantification. However, other SAS costs and benefits can be quantified in a manner that can help select the most cost-effective SAS approach. Any space facility, whether it is assembled and serviced or not, entails an eventual replacement cost due to wear and obsolescence. Servicing can reduce this cost by limiting replacement to only failed or obsolete components. However, servicing systems, such as space robots, have their own logistics cost, and astronauts can have even greater logistics requirements. On the other hand, humans can be more capable than robots at performing dexterous and unstructured tasks, which can reduce logistics costs by allowing a reduction in mass of replacement components. Overall, the cost-effectiveness of astronaut SAS depends on its efficiency; and, if astronauts have to be wholly justified by their servicing usefulness, then the serviced space facility has to be large enough to fully occupy them.
Review of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Genetic Complexity and Migration

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a significant economic pest in the western hemisphere, causing substantial losses in corn, sorghum, forage, and turf grasses. Although fall armyworm does not survive severe winters, it infests most of the central and eastern United States and Canada because of annual migrations from overwintering sites in Florida and Texas. A detailed description of these movements is a prerequisite for identifying the factors that determine the timing and direction of migration and for developing models that can predict the severity of infestations at the migratory destinations. Complicating this effort is genetic heterogeneity within the species, which increases phenotypic variability. Particularly important are 2 “host strains”, defined by a preferential association with either large grasses (designated corn-strain), such as corn and sorghum, or smaller grasses (designated rice-strain), such as rice and bermudagrass. This paper reviews recent studies ex...
Reconsidering Ren as Virtue and Benevolence

One reason why Confucius is preeminent among Chinese philosophers is his teaching about ren 仁. Interpreters have said many different things about ren, yet two basic assumptions are pervasive: that ren is a virtue and that ren is benevolence. I argue that it is more respectful to the text of the Analects to discard both assumptions. Instead of virtue, ren is a priority in one's motives. Instead of benevolence, ren is humane courtesy.
A novel murine model to deplete hepatic stellate cells uncovers their role in amplifying liver damage in mice.

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are well-characterized non-parenchymal cells of the liver with established roles in fibrosis, repair and immunity (1). During liver injury, quiescent HSCs undergo activation, secreting a repertoire of molecules involved in cell proliferation, chemotaxis, inflammation and fibrosis, among others. Although their role in fibrogenesis is well established, the contributions of HSCs to acute hepatocellular damage and tissue homeostasis are not well understood. Models to manipulate HSC function or number offer an appealing strategy to clarify this issue. However, only two models have been established to deplete HSCs in vivo thus far, by using gliotoxin (2) or gliotoxin-coupled antibodies against synaptophysin (3, 4). Gliotoxin reportedly induces selective apoptosis of HSCs by subverting NF-κB-mediated survival (2), and can reduce fibrosis and enhance resolution in experimental models, especially when targeted using HSC-specific antibodies (3–5). However, gliotoxin also has broad actions in vivo and in culture, targeting not only HSCs but also immune and endothelial cells and hepatocytes (5, 6). An alternative strategy is to ectopically express the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-Tk) gene in target cells, which renders them susceptible to killing by the antiviral agent ganciclovir (GCV), but only when the cells are proliferating. This possibility was first reported as an anti-cancer approach (7) and further refined (8) in murine sarcoma and lymphoma cells, provoking both apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death (9, 10). The approach has also been reported in liver injury models and in cultured HSCs (11), but has not been used to deplete HSCs in vivo (12). We have exploited this strategy by using mice expressing the HSV-Tk gene driven by the GFAP promoter, which is a marker of HSCs in rodent liver (1). The approach has uncovered a novel and unexpected role for HSCs in amplifying acute liver injury.
Motivation in art

Owing to the influence of psychoanalytic concepts upon the psychology of art motivation, previous studies of the roots of artistic activity have stressed the role of unconscious drives and conflicts in precipitating the creation of art. Without questioning the existence of unconscious motives, I have attempted to study motivational forces which are more directly related to conscious behavior. In pursuing this research I interviewed 100 people (50 adults and 50 children) to determine their motives for making art. The adult group included both professional and nonprofessional artist. I chose to define art in the broad sense and interviewed actors, dancers, musicians, poets, visual artists, and writers. Although there are motives which are unique to a particular medium, this study will be more concerned with motivational principles which apply to all of the arts.
Isolation of Kingella denitrificans from a corneal ulcer.

Purpose To report a case of a corneal ulcer caused by an unusual pathogen. Design Case report. Methods Clinical review describing initial presentation, course, and outcome of 1 patient with a corneal ulcer caused by Kingella denitrificans. Results A 77-year-old man with a prior history of 4 penetrating keratoplasties in the right eye for herpes simplex virus keratitis presented with a 3-day history of a red painful right eye. On examination, he was found to have a corneal ulcer identified by culture as K. denitrificans. Conclusions Although Kingella spp. is not a common ocular pathogen, it can infect the cornea, especially when the host immune defense is altered.
Modeling GPR data from lidar soil surface profile

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been applied for several years to the problem of detecting both anti-personnel and anti-tank landmines. One major challenge for reliable mine detection using GPR is removing the response from the ground. When the ground is flat this is a straightforward process. For the NIITEK GPR, the flat ground will show up as one of the largest responses and will be consistent across all the channels, making the surface simple to detect and remove. Typically, the largest responses from each channel, assumed to be the surface, are aligned in range and then zeroed out. When the ground is not flat, the response from the ground becomes more complicated making it no longer possible to just assume the largest response is from the ground. Also, certain soil surface features can create responses that look very similar to those of mines. To further complicate the ground removal process, the motion of the GPR antenna is not measured, making it impossible to determine if the ground or antenna is moving from just the GPR data. To address surface clutter issues arising from uneven ground, NVESD investigated profiling the soil surface with a LIDAR. The motion of both the LIDAR and GPR was tracked so the relative locations could be determined. Using the LIDAR soil surface profile, GPR data was modeled using a simplified version of the Physical Optics model. This modeled data could then be subtracted from the measured GPR data, leaving the response without the soil surface. In this paper we present a description and results from an experiment conducted with a NIITEK GPR and LIDAR over surface features and buried landmines. A description of the model used to generate the GPR response from the soil and the algorithm that was used to subtract the two provided. Mine detection performances using both GPR only and GPR with LIDAR algorithms are compared.
A Method for Determining 4‐Aminopyridine in Plasma: Pharmacokinetics in Anaesthetized Guinea Pigs after Intravenous Administration

An HPLC assay has been developed to measure 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in guinea pig plasma. For the assay, all plasma samples (50 microL) were microfiltered following the addition of an internal standard (3,4-diaminopyridine). Filtrates (10 microL) were directly injected into a spherical silica column (100 x 2.1 mm; 5 microns); detection was achieved at 266 nm. Standard curves had correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9923 to 0.9992 and coefficients of variation expressed as a percentage (% CV) of below 8%. Precision was expressed as between-day and within-day variability of five test sample concentrations. Between-day % CV ranged from 4.0 to 6.5%. Within-day % CV ranged from 3.6 to 6.9%. Accuracy was assessed by examining expected within-day test sample concentrations against calculated concentrations; per cent errors were all below 10%. Stability studies demonstrated % CV below 5% after repeated freezing. The method was employed to study the pharmacokinetics of 4-AP after intravenous administration to anaesthetized guinea pigs. Serial blood samples (150 microL) were collected at predetermined time intervals up to 4 h post-4-AP (2 mg/kg, i.v.) administration. 4-AP demonstrated a biexponential decline in the plasma-concentration curve as a function of time indicating a two compartment model for this drug. Selected mean pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were alpha-half-life, 0.37 min; beta-half-life (biological half-life) for terminal slope, 109 min; and volume of distribution at steady state, 1036.18 mL/kg. 4-AP was found to rapidly and extensively partition into a peripheral tissue compartment and demonstrated a relatively long biological half-life. The findings from the current pharmacokinetic experiments support the pharmacology of 4-AP in its role for reversing saxitoxin (STX)- and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-induced diaphragmatic failure in terms of onset of action and duration of effect in anaesthetized guinea pigs.
Electrophoretic separation of soluble rat liver cell proteins on gelatinized cellulose acetate

Abstract Soluble rat liver cell proteins have been separated by electrophoresis on filter paper (1, 2) cellulose acetate (3), and starch gel (4) and by the Tiselius method (5). Although each of these approaches has its disadvantages, the main problem with cellulose acetate is drying of the strips during sample application and electrophoresis at higher voltages. Recently, a new type of gelatinized cellulose acetate, Cellogel, became available (Colab Laboratories, Chicago Heights, Illinois). This product is not prone to drying, and gives superior separations of liver cell proteins when compared with four other types of cellulose acetate.
Biangular reflectance of an electric nonconductor as a function of wavelength and surface roughness

Electric nonconductor monochromatic thermal radiative biangular reflectance as function of wavelength and surface roughness
ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT OF OPTICAL ATTENUATION USING PHOTOTHERMAL LASER-BEAM-DEFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY

A method of absolute measurement of optical attenuation using photo-thermal spectroscopy has been developed. Its range of applicability is characterized by a theoretical model.
Cassiaxanthone, a hydroxyxanthone dicarboxylic acid from Cassia species

Abstract A pale yellow crystalline material isolated from a bicarbonate extract of leaves of Cassia reticulata has been identified as 1-hydroxyxanthone-6,8-dicarboxylic acid. The possibility that this compound is a natural product rather than an artefact, as suggested earlier, is discussed.
Hyperbilirubinemia and cholestatic liver injury in hepatitis C-infected liver transplant recipients.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: A cholestatic pattern of liver injury has been observed in liver transplant recipients with rapidly progressive hepatitis C. We assessed the frequency and causes of cholestasis in hepatitis C-infected liver transplant patients, and evaluated the clinical and pathological course of those with cholestatic hepatitis C. METHODS: Sixty-nine sequential liver transplant recipients who had detectable hepatitis C viremia were studied retrospectively. Records and diagnostic tests were examined from patients who developed hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS: Hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 33 of 69 (48%) hepatitis C-infected liver transplant patients. A thorough evaluation including review of clinical and laboratory data, ultrasound with Doppler, cholangiogram, and liver biopsy identified causes of hyperbilirubinemia other than hepatitis C in 26 of 33 patients. Seven patients developed cholestatic hepatitis C characterized by histological features of recurrent hepatitis C and cholestatic liver injury with ballooning of centrilobular hepatocytes, bile ductular proliferation, and canalicular cholestasis, in the absence of other causes of cholestasis. Five progressed rapidly to bridging fibrosis and two died of complications related to liver failure. Four patients with cholestatic hepatitis C showed extended survival after the onset of hyperbilirubinemia. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Hepatitis C is a relatively infrequent cause of cholestasis in liver transplant recipients. 2) The diagnosis of cholestatic hepatitis C requires a multimodality approach to exclude other causes of cholestasis. 3) Cholestatic hepatitis C ranges in severity and is not always associated with rapid development of graft failure, although significant histological abnormalities are frequent.
Understanding the structure and stability of paclitaxel nanocrystals.

Abstract Previously, PTX/Pluronic F127 nanocrystals were prepared in our laboratory using the stabilization of nanocrystals (SNC) method. For PTX nanocrystals, dosages could be increased to yield improved antitumor activity over Taxol® without incidence of acute toxicity. The objectives of this current study are to further understand the structure and stability of PTX nanocrystals. More Pluronic F127 surfactant was added in the formulation to attempt to further stabilize the nanocrystals against thermal induced aggregation. However, this resulted in formation of micelles that worsened the stability of nanocrystals. The F127 desorption experiment suggested different surfactant adsorption affinity to nanocrystal surface below and above the CMC. Below the CMC monomers bound to nanocrystal surface with high affinity, but above the CMC low affinity surfactant aggregates readily left the surface upon dilution. At higher temperature the tendency of F127 micellization is enhanced due to drastically lower CMC. Consequently, at 37 °C there was F127 desorption even for nanocrystals prepared with low amounts of F127 (1:5 (w/w) PTX/F127). To improve the stability of nanocrystals, re-nanonization by incubation–sonication procedure was used to disrupt the preferred crystal growth pattern of PTX. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that a higher heating temperature (45 °C vs. 37 °C) used in the incubation–sonication procedure was able to provide even better nanocrystal stability for long periods of incubation time.
Double-barrel gastrojejunal stoma and its symptoms and complications in 38 patients.

The double-barrel stoma is an unintended arrangement of the stoma after gastrojejunostomy with or without resection, in which the afferent and efferent loop orifices appear side by side and are completely separated by a bridge of jejunal mucosa level with the gastric margins. This report describes 38 such patients discovered endoscopically in the workup of 415 symptomatic post-gastrectomy patients and followed up to eight years after diagnosis. This anomaly is associated with a very high incidence of bleeding, recurrent ulceration, pain, vomiting, dumping, and diarrhea, as well as being probably the main cause of afferent loop distension and stasis. Most (85%) of those not having stomal revision were unchanged or worse, while most (75%) of those with successful revision of the stoma were much improved.
Mobility of Domain Walls in Proper Ferroelastic Martensites

Based on the Landau-Ginzberg free energy functional for an O h -D 4h proper ferroelastic martensitic transformation the mobility of a (110) twin boundary in a large bicrystal has been calculated by including dissipation in the approximation of the phonon viscosity model and by solving the inverse boundary value problem for the limiting case of strong shear modulus softening. Application to actual materials requires determination of the phonon viscosity tensor from experimental ultrasonic attenuation or low frequency internal friction data after subtraction of extrinsic losses, especially those from pretransformation structural strain modulations (tweed) and dislocations. Numerical application to V 3 Si, the only proper ferroelastic martensite for which such experimental data pertaining to the soft [110]/[110] shear mode are available, is discussed.
AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 9-CHLORO-2-METHOXYACRIDINE

(1991). AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 9-CHLORO-2-METHOXYACRIDINE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 130-132.