cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flight and Dispersal of the Adult Male Yellow Scale

Adult male yellow scale, Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), observed in the laboratory had a maximum lifespan of 18 h under continuous light. In the field, more males were collected on baited traps with mature virgin yellow scale when the traps were 2.4 m above ground on citrus trees. Maximum male flight activity occurred during the crepuscular hours, when light intensity was less than 5 lux. Males were collected in the field at temperatures ranging from 11.1 to 20.0°C; also, in the laboratory, males were inhibited from flying but not immobilized at 10°C. As temperatures were increased from 15.6 to 43.3°C, the number of males in flight increased. Virgin yellow scale females reared in the laboratory attracted native yellow scale males in the field. Marked yellow scale males released in a grove of mature navel orange trees were capable of flying at least 96 m upwind and 128 m downwind, in response to traps baited with attractive females.
Accuracy assessment of a wingtip vortex flowfield in the near-field region

Flow prediction of the near-field behavior of a wingtip vortex flowfield has been studied and compaied extensively with experiment. The computational approach involved using the method of artificial compressibility to solve the three-dimensional, incompressible, Navier-Stokes equations. Two oneequation models (Baldwin-Earth turbulence model and Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model} have been used with the production term modified to account for the stabilizing effect of the nearly solid-body rotation in the vortex core. A grid refinement study using 0.6 million, 1.1 million, 1.5 million and 2.5 million grid points is also presented and discussed. An accuracy assessment study revealed that turbulence modeling errors and errors due to numerics are both important factors which influence the resolution of the tip vortex flow. This study attempts to quantify to what extent each of these two error sources affect the accuracy of tip vortex flow prediction in the near-field.
Separation of Coal Liquids by Size Exclusion Chromatography/Gas Chromatography (SEC/GC)

L'utilisation d'un systeme informatique et d'un interface bivalve reliant un chromatographe en phase liquide avec un chromatographe en phase gazeuse, permet la combinaison de la chromatographie a exclusion et la chromatographie en phase gazeuse pour l'analyse plus rapide de melanges complexes. Application aux liquides derives du charbon
Effect of light on extraction of lipid from retinal rods.

Chloroform-methanol 2:1 removes a significantly greater quantity of lipid from bleached bovine retinal rods than from a dark-adapted counterpart. The extracts contain phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and an unknown substance which, it is proposed, may be a combination of phospholipid and retinaldehyde. The difference between extracts of light- and dark-adapted rods is quantitative rather than qualitative. The data tend to confirm a model of rhodopsin suggested by Kropf and Hubbard in which isomerization of the retinaldehyde chromophore causes its displacement and opens a path to the interior of the molecule.
Effect of Hydrogen on Very High Cycle Fatigue Properties of High Strength Spring Steel 60Si2CrVA

The relationship of hydrogen and very high cycle fatigue strength of high strength spring steels 60Si2CrVA with three different hydrogen contents were investigated using hydrogen thermal desorption analysis(TDS)and ultrasonic fatigue test.The TDS analysis results show that,for the cathodically charging hydrogen(CH)specimens,there are both a strong hydrogen desorption peak at the side of high temperature and another weak hydrogen desorption peak at the side of low temperature.As for the quenched and tempered(QT)and vacuum treatment(VT)specimens,there is only a weak hydrogen desorption peak at the side of high temperature.The internal inclusions with GBF are the major fracture initiation for specimens of these three different hydrogen contents.With the increasing of hydrogen contents,the fatigue strength at 109 cycle decease obviously.
Prevalence of Metabolism Syndrome among Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in A Coke-oven Plant

[Objective]To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MS) among workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coke-oven plant. [Methods]A total of 269 coke oven workers exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were selected as exposure group which was further divided into oven-top group(110 workers),oven-side group(80 workers) and oven-bottom group(79 workers),174 workers with service length of more than 10 years as control group.All subjects accepted health examination including body height and weight,blood pressure,blood glucose,height density lipoprotein(HDL),and triglyceride(TG).The diagnosis of MS was based on the criterion recommended by Chinese Diabetes Society. [Results]The prevalence of hypertension in the oven-top and oven-side groups was significantly higher than that in the control group.The risk of MS in both oven-top and oven-side groups were found significantly increased,the adjusted OR of MS were 3.13 and 3.03. [Conclusion]The risk of MS may increase in the coke oven workers who exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Clinical Ethics Consultants are not “Ethics” Experts—But They do Have Expertise

The attempt to critique the profession of clinical ethics consultation by establishing the impossibility of ethics expertise has been a red herring. Decisions made in clinical ethics cases are almost never based purely on moral judgments. Instead, they are all-things-considered judgments that involve determining how to balance other values as well. A standard of justified decision-making in this context would enable us to identify experts who could achieve these standards more often than others, and thus provide a basis for expertise in clinical ethics consultation. This expertise relies in part on what Richard Zaner calls the "expert knowledge of ethical phenomena" (1988, 8).
Social Meanings and the Cultural Theory of Goods in Michael Walzer's Ethical Anthropology

This article provides a reinterpretation of Michael Walzer’s argument that theories of justice should interpret the shared understandings of particular societies. It dubs his method “ethical anthropology” because his most important contribution is to problematize our understanding of goods, treating them as cultural products that acquire whatever meaning they have via social construction and so must be interpreted. This suggests that political theorists must base their arguments for distributive principles on contestable social inquiry into meaning. In demonstrating this, the paper argues that critics have blurred Walzer’s claim that societies share an understanding of the meaning of particular goods with the argument that social meaning should determine distribution. It concludes that Walzer’s method is a powerful challenge to universalistic theories of justice and to analytic political theory more broadly.
Primary Care Parenting Intervention and Its Effects on the Use of Physical Punishment Among Low-Income Parents of Toddlers.

ABSTRACT:Objectives:As part of a large randomized controlled trial, the authors assessed the impact of 2 early primary care parenting interventions—the Video Interaction Project (VIP) and Building Blocks (BB)—on the use of physical punishment among low-income parents of toddlers. They also determine
Cophylogenetic analysis of New World ground-doves (Aves: Columbidae) and their parasitic wing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Columbicola)

Hosts-parasite interactions are plentiful and diverse, and understanding the patterns of these interactions can provide great insight into the evolutionary history of the organisms involved. Estimating the phylogenetic relationships of a group of parasites and comparing them to that of their hosts can indicate how factors such as host or parasite life history, biogeography, or climate affect evolutionary patterns. In this study we compare the phylogeny generated for a clade of parasitic chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) within the genus Columbicola to that of their hosts, the small New World ground-doves (Aves: Columbidae). We sampled lice from the majority of host species, including samples from multiple geographic locations. From these samples we sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear loci for the lice, and used these data to estimate phylogenetic trees and population networks. After estimating the appropriate number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for the lice, we used cophylogenetic analyses to compare the louse phylogeny to an existing host phylogeny. Our phylogenetic analysis recovered significant structure within the louse clade, including evidence for potentially cryptic species. All cophylogenetic analyses indicated an overall congruence between the host and parasite trees. However, we only recovered a single cospeciation event. This finding suggests that certain branches in the trees are driving the signal of congruence. In particular, lice with the highest levels of congruence are associated with high Andean species of ground-doves that are well separated altitudinally from other related taxa. Other host-parasite associations are not as congruent, and these often involved widespread louse taxa. These widespread lice did, however, have significant phylogeographic structure, and their phylogenetic relationships are perhaps best explained by biogeographic patterns. Overall these results indicate that both host phylogeny and biogeography can be simultaneously important in influencing the patterns of diversification of parasites.
Sperm Morphology Stain (Diff-Quik®)

The staining of a seminal smear allows the quantitative evaluation of normal and abnormal sperm forms in an ejaculate.
Innervation of Immature Muscle Spindles in the Rat

Three aspects of the development of spindle nerve supply in the rat soleus muscle are addressed. First, the innervation of developing spindles is described and analyzed in a more systematic manner than was possible in studies (Landon, 1972; Milburn, 1973) which preceded detailed analysis of the neural organization of adult spindles (Walro and Kucera, 1985). Second, whether remodelling of neuromuscular synapses occurs in immature intrafusal fibers similar to that described for developing extrafusai fibers (Thompson, 1986) is investigated. Third, the temporal relationship between the maturation of intrafusal fibers and establishment of fusimotor innervation is examined at different stages of spindle development.
Experimental studies of the flow of ferrofluid in porous media

This paper presents laboratory-scale experimental results of the behavior of ferrofluids in porous media consisting of sands and sediments. Ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions of magnetic particles stabilized in various carrier liquids. In the presence of an external magnetic field, a ferrofluid becomes magnetized as the particles align with the magnetic field. We investigate the potential for controlling fluid emplacement in porous media using magnetic fields. These experiments show that in laboratory-scale porous media experiments (up to 0.25 m), with both vertical gravitational forces and lateral magnetic forces acting simultaneously, the magnetic field produces strong attractive forces on the ferrofluid, particularly in the vicinity of the magnet. These holding forces result in a predictable configuration of the fluid in the porous medium which is dependent on the magnetic field and in- dependent of flow pathway or heterogeneity of the porous medium. No significant retention effects due to flow through variably saturated sands are observed. While the proposed field engineering applications of ferrofluids are promising, the observations to date are particularly relevant at the laboratory scale where the decrease in magnetic field strength with distance from a magnet is less of a limitation than in larger scale applications. Ferrofluids may find immediate application in any situation where it is desirable to control the motion or final configuration of fluid in an experimental flow apparatus without direct physical contact.
Traumatic subdural hematoma: Is there a weekend effect?

Abstract Objective Traumatic subdural hematoma (TSDH) is a surgical emergency. The effect of weekend admission on surgery and in-hospital outcomes in TSDH is not known. Methods We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2011 and used ICD-9-CM codes to identify all non-elective admissions with a primary diagnosis of TSDH. We did a subgroup analysis of patients who underwent surgical evacuation. Predictor variables included several patient and hospital characteristics. Outcome variables included length of stay, total hospitalization cost, in-hospital complications, adverse discharge disposition, and in-hospital mortality. We used multivariable analysis to determine if weekend admission was independently associated with increased likelihood of poor outcomes. Results Out of a total of 404,212 TSDH admissions, 24.8% received surgical intervention. Patients admitted on weekends were less likely to undergo surgical intervention (odds ratio [OR]: 0.85). In the surgical cohort, weekend admissions consisted of more patients with prolonged loss of consciousness (24+ h) without return to baseline (7.0% vs. 4.8%). In all TSDH patients and in sub-group of surgical cohort, weekend admission was associated with an increased likelihood of in-hospital complication (OR: 1.06 and 1.12), prolonged length of stay (OR: 1.08 and 1.17), increased total hospital costs (OR: 1.04 and 1.11), adverse discharge (OR: 1.08 and 1.18), and in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.04 and 1.11). All p-values were less than 0.01. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that patients admitted on weekends had similar mortality despite higher severity with no clinically significant weekend effect for tSDH.
Fluctuation solution theory of pure fluids.

Fluctuation Solution Theory (FST) provides an alternative view of fluid thermodynamics in terms of pair fluctuations in the particle number and excess energy observed for an equivalent open system. Here we extend the FST approach to provide a series of triplet and quadruplet particle and excess energy fluctuations that can also be used to help understand the behavior of fluids. The fluctuations for the gas, liquid, and supercritical regions of three fluids (H2O, CO2, and SF6) are then determined from accurate equations of state. Many of the fluctuating quantities change sign on moving from the gas to liquid phase and, therefore, we argue that the fluctuations can be used to characterize gas and liquid behavior. Further analysis provides an approach to isolate contributions to the excess energy fluctuations arising from just the intermolecular interactions and also indicates that the triplet and quadruplet particle fluctuations are related to the pair particle fluctuations by a simple power law for large r...
In situ magnetic flux vortex visualization in time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau superconductor simulations

We present an in situ visualization framework to capture comprehensive details of vortex dynamics in superconductor simulations. Vortices, which determine all electromagnetic properties of type-II superconductors, are extracted and tracked at the same time with GPU-based time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau superconductor simulations. The in situ workflow involves three parts: (1) a tightly coupled GPU-accelerated algorithm that detects primitives for ambiguity-free vortex tracking, (2) a loosely coupled task-parallel feature-tracking method, and (3) a web-based remote visualization tool for vortex dynamics analysis. Our design minimizes the data movement and storage, maximizes the resource utilization, and reduces the slowdown of the simulation. Our solution captures all vortex dynamics in the simulation, previously impossible with traditional post hoc methods. We also demonstrate in situ visualization cases that help scientists understand how vortices cut each other and recombine into new vortices, which are directly related to energy dissipation of superconducting materials.
The Role of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients with History of Stroke: A Systematic Review.

Background Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are commonly used to lower uric acid levels in patients with gout. Due to their effects on endothelial function, they have also been investigated for possible benefits for patients with cardiovascular disease. Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of patients with history of stroke. Methods MEDLINE (1946-June 2017) and EMBASE (1947-June 2017) were queried using the search terms: "allopurinol" OR "febuxostat" OR "xanthine oxidase inhibitor" OR "xanthine oxidase/ antagonists and inhibitors" AND "stroke" OR "cerebral infarction" OR "cerebrovascular accident". Studies appropriate to the objective were evaluated, including five randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials investigating the effect of allopurinol in patients with history of stroke. No articles evaluating the use of febuxostat in this setting were identified. Results In patients with history of stroke, treatment with allopurinol resulted in improvements in several markers of endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and scores on the Modified Rankin Scale. Study durations ranged from 6 weeks to 1 year, and studies used varying doses of allopurinol. Allopurinol was well tolerated in most studies, with some reports of gastrointestinal adverse effects, headache and rash. Conclusion Based on the reviewed literature, allopurinol appears to be a promising therapy to improve vascular function and reduce disability in patients who have had a stroke. The benefits seen are in combination with current standard of care treatments with aspirin and lipid-lowering therapy. Larger trials are necessary to better understand the role of allopurinol in patients with history of stroke.
Complete Genome Sequence of an Enterovirus A71 Strain Isolated in 2006 from a Patient in Shenzhen, Southern China, with a Lethal Case of Enterovirus Infection.

ABSTRACT The whole-genome sequence of an enterovirus A71 strain (EV71/SHENZHEN001/2006) isolated in 2006 from a patient with a fatal case of enterovirus infection was determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete VP1 gene classified this strain as subgenotype C4a.
Erroneous Attribution of Deep Convective Invigoration to Aerosol Concentration

AbstractContiguous time–height cloud objects at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (SGP) site are matched with surface condensation nuclei (CN) concent...
Morphological and Physiological Changes Associated with Desiccation in Maize Embryos

This study proposes to further clarify the effect of drying temperature and rate on vigour, membrane integrity, mitochondrial competence and synthetic processes in susceptible genotypes. Hybrid maize of the seed parent B73 by H99xH95 as pollen parent was harvested periodically, husked and dried under four temperature regimes to 12% mc providing drying times from 4 to 300 h. Standard germination results were generally high and cold test values were similar regardless of temperature or rate. Dry weights from seedlings grown at 25°C were responsive to drying temperature and rate while cold test dry weights showed little difference except for the rapid drying treatment in which root development was consistently depressed more than shoot. Membrane integrity was not compromised in seed dried in normal thinlayer drying but the rapidly dried material exhibited a linear increase in leakage with time. Oxygen consumption by imbibing embryos was reduced by high drying temperature but not rate. Incomplete alignment of lipid bodies along the cell wall following rapid drying treatments as compared to complete alignment in all others suggests roles in both drying and imbibition. Percentage of a 66 kDa protein (associated with maturation) in proportion to total non heat-denatured protein increased in response to drying but not at the rapid rate.
Enhanced degradation of pesticide wastes in soil: implications for bioremediation of agrochemical dealer sites

The fate of "C-atrazine and "C-metolachlor, applied as a mixture (50 fxglg each), in soils taken from two pesticide-contaminated sites in Iowa (Alpha and Bravo) was determined in laboratory studies. In the Bravo site study, degradation of metolachlor was greater in the Kochia scoparia rhizosphere soil with a mean of 53% of the applied "C remaining in the rhizosphere soil compared to 71% in the nonvegetated soils after 60 days of incubation. A significantly greater percentage of applied "C-atrazine was mineralized in soil taken from the rhizosphere of Kochia than from nonvegetated soils. Atrazine was less persistent in the rhizosphere soil than in nonvegetated soils. Soil-bound residues were present in greater quantity in nonvegetated soils compared with the rhizosphere soils. In the Alpha site study, significant differences were seen between the rhizosphere and nonvegetated soils in the amount of COj evolution, atrazine remaining and soil-bound residues. The half-life for atrazine was significantly less in the 'Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, lA 50011 ^Department of Plant Pathology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843 17 rhizosphere soil than in nonvegetated soil (p ^ 0.05), with a half-life of 50 d compared to 193 d in the nonvegetated soils. In plant/soil studies, chemical analyses revealed significant differences between the Xoc/jw-vegetated and Brassica-wegetzted soils (192 d post-herbicide treatment). Combustion of plant material revealed that significantly more "C was taken up by Kochia plants (9.9% of the applied '"C) than by Brassica plants (0.8%) (p =0.0001). Significantly less atrazine was extractable from soils vegetated with Kochia (4.3% of the applied "C) than soils vegetated with Brassica (9.8%) (p < 0.05). At 240 d post-herbicide application, significantly less atrazine was extractable from soils vegetated with Kochia (5.3% of the applied ^^C) than from nonvegetated soils (8.3%) (p < 0.01). Combustion of the plants revealed that 6.5% of the applied '"C-atrazine was taken up into the plant tissue. Low populations of atrazine degraders were seen in soils from Alpha site, ranging from 7 to 326 organisms g ' of soil. Atrazine degraders at the Alpha site were significantly more numerous in Kochia rhizosphere soils than in soil from a nonvegetated area. Greater numbers of atrazine degraders were noted at Bravo site, with significantly more in the nonvegetated soil (17,412 organisms g"^) compared with the Kochia rhizosphere soil (1,107 organisms g"'). The potential for vegetation and degrader microorganisms to aid in bioremediating pesticide wastes in soil is promising.
Characteristics of persons with late AIDS diagnosis in the United States.

To describe characteristics of persons with late (at or after death) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosis, we analyzed national surveillance data among all persons with AIDS diagnosed through December 1991 under the pre-1993 AIDS case definition and with a known date of death. Late diagnosis was present in 15.8% of 163,202 deceased persons with AIDS and in 15.3% of deceased men with AIDS, 20.6% of women, 12.1% of whites, 20.0% of blacks, 21.1% of Hispanics, 12.3% of men who have sex with men (MSM), 21.9% of injecting drug users (IDU), and 19.6% of persons exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through heterosexual contact. When age, race/ethnicity, sex, geographic region, and transmission mode were included in logistic regression analyses, among adults/adolescents, late diagnosis was more likely among persons 40 years or older than among those 13–39 years old, among blacks and Hispanics than among whites, and among EDU and persons exposed to HIV through heterosexual contact than among MSM. Although children (less than 13 years of age) were more likely to have late diagnosis than adults and adolescents, late diagnoses among children did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity, sex, geographic region, or transmission mode. Late AIDS diagnosis, especially among ethnic minorities and IDU and their sex partners, may represent delays in HIV diagnosis and care. In addition to not receiving early clinical intervention, persons who are diagnosed later in the course of HIV disease represent missed opportunities for receiving prevention efforts such as education, counseling, and substance abuse treatment. Monitoring the characteristics of persons with late AIDS diagnosis can be used to identify populations in whom HIV disease may be underrecognized or persons who do not gain access to health care services until late in HIV disease.
Neuroendocrine and neuroimmune adaptation to Chronic Escalating Distress (CED): A novel model of chronic stress.

Abstract Acute and chronic stress challenges have a profound influence on the development and expression of subsequent affective disorders, alcohol use disorders, and natural aging processes. These experiments examined adaptation in neuroimmune and neuroendocrine responses that occurred as a result of exposure to a novel model of chronic stress, termed chronic escalating distress (CED). This model involves exposure to highly predictable daily stress challenges involving a systematic escalation in both the intensity and length of daily stress challenges, and has recently been shown to profoundly alter alcohol sensitivity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to an 11 day procedure where days 1–5 consisted of 60 min of restraint, days 6–10 consisted of 60 min of restraint immediately followed by 30 min of forced swim, and on day 11 subjects were exposed to a 2 h session of intermittent footshock. Experiment 1 examined adaptation in the corticosterone (CORT) response at key points in the 11 day procedure, and found that the escalation in stressors disrupted habituation to restraint, whereas the CORT response to daily forced swim exposure increased across days. Experiment 2 investigated the impact of this stress paradigm on the expression of several cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and cellular activation marker (c-Fos, CD14, CD200R) genes in key brain regions (PVN, HPC, & PFC) known to be influenced by stress. Interestingly, a history of CED had no effect on footshock-induced neuroimmune changes (increased IL-1 in the PVN; increased IL-6 in the HPC and PFC). In addition, acute footshock and CED produced similar c-fos induction within the PVN whereas CED led to enhanced c-fos induction in both the HPC and PFC. These findings support recent work indicating that neuroimmune responses to acute stress challenges persisted in rats with a recent history of repeated stress exposure, and that these effects occurred contemporaneously with ongoing changes in HPA axis reactivity. Overall, this CED model may serve as a highly tractable model for studying adaptation to chronic stress, and may have implications for understanding stress-induced alterations in alcohol sensitivity and natural aging processes.
EVIDENCE OF LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN GEORGIA FROM SEDIMENTS PRESERVED IN RED SPIDER CAVE

Carbon-14 ages of nine speleothems from Red Spider Cave indicate that speleothem deposition occurred predominantly during warmer phases of the last 40,000 years. Biotic activity above the cave may have been suppressed during the colder climatic periods, reducing soil CO2 levels. This may have lowered limestone solution rates and either slowed speleothem growth or interrupted deposition altogether. Remnants of a clastic fill up to 3 m thick are present within the cave. Speleothem age data indicate that this fill was emplaced after 26,000 yr. B.P. and had been largely eroded by 11,000 yr. B.P. The sediments may have been washed into the cave at the interstadialfull glacial transition or during full glacial times when the vegetation became more open and temperatures cold enough for freeze-thaw weathering and solifluction activity in the area. Pollen grains recovered from 11 speleothems suggest that during the warmer periods of the last 40,000 years the vegetation near Red Spider Cave was deciduous forest dom...
Enhancement of spin transparency by interfacial alloying

We report that atomic-layer alloying (intermixing) at a Pt/Co interface can increase, by approximately 30%, rather than degrade the interfacial spin transparency, and thereby strengthen the efficiency of the dampinglike spin-orbit torque arising from the spin Hall effect in the Pt. At the same time, this interfacial alloying substantially reduces fieldlike spin-orbit torque. Insertion of an ultrathin magnetic alloy layer at heavy-metal/ferromagnet interfaces represents an effective approach for improving interfacial spin transparency that may enhance not only spin-orbit torques but also the spin detection efficiency in inverse spin Hall experiments.
School Culture and Its Effect on Extracurricular Participation in Hong Kong

Abstract Extracurricular participation has displayed positive effects on student development; it is, therefore, worthwhile to investigate the factors that influence students’ willingness and ability to participate in extracurricular activities held by the school. Through a qualitative research design, this study hopes to reveal how school culture and other factors influence extracurricular participation among local high school students in Hong Kong. Focus groups were conducted with students from three local schools, and teachers and administrative staff were interviewed when available. The study focused on four main themes: school and student profile, participation requirements, activity availability, and school mission and academic emphasis. Hand coding and data analysis suggest that principal and school attitudes influenced the activities available, while timing and activity arrangement significantly affected student participation. Overall, there were mixed opinions toward extracurricular activities.
44. DEVELOPMENT OF A TOOL FOR FACULTY TO ASSESS RESIDENT-LED LARGE GROUP TEACHING

Background Residency programs are required to develop residents as teachers. Much of the formal teaching by residents occurs in group settings; the existing published tools did not collect validity evidence for assessment of resident-led large group teaching. We aim to create a tool for faculty to assess resident teaching in this setting. Methods Initial content for the tool came from literature review and our personal experience leading resident-as-teacher curricula. Resident focus groups provided stakeholder input, informing the first round of tool revisions. A modified Delphi panel of 14 international faculty experts, over 2 rounds of revisions, provided feedback on the tool's elements. Anchors were designed and finalized after a third Delphi round. Study investigators piloted the tool with 10 video recordings of senior residents teaching from the 3 sites. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for internal consistency and intraclass correlation (ICC) for interrater reliability. Results The tool has 6 domains: learning climate, goals and objectives, content, promotion of understanding and retention, session management, and closure. Each domain contains 12 sub-elements which are described by 37 observable behaviors. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. The ICC was good or excellent for 13/37 sub-elements (35%), fair or poor for 22/37 sub-elements (59%) and the remaining 2 elements had no ICC score given no variability in rater scores. Conclusion A tool for faculty assessment of resident-led large group teaching was developed using robust methodology. In the pilot study, the assessed behaviors have good internal consistency, but low interrater reliability without rater training. In the next study phase, we will develop tool utilization standards, train faculty raters, and apply the tool to a larger video sample of resident teaching. We will collect validity evidence for the tool including ability to discriminate between novice and advanced teachers and its correlation with teaching milestones.
Abstraction and concepts: when, how, where, what and why?

ABSTRACTIt is increasingly apparent that sensorimotor information is a constitutive part of conceptual knowledge. Yet all concepts, even highly concrete ones (e.g. dog) include information that is ...
Vascular Access and Closure for Peripheral Arterial Intervention

Peripheral arterial interventions require safe and effective vascular access and closure. The sites, techniques, and equipment used may vary depending on patient and procedural factors. To minimize the risk of procedural complications, arterial access should use micropuncture technique, ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance, a compressible arterial access site, and the smallest diameter sheath necessary. Hemostasis at an arteriotomy site may be achieved by manual compression, device-mediated compression, an intravascular closure device, or an extravascular closure device. Although closure devices improve patient comfort and expedite hemostasis, they have not been shown to reduce complications in comparison with compression.
Evaluating Resident Procedural Skills: Faculty Assess a Scoring Tool.

Background and objective Procedural skills assessment is critical in residency training. The Council of Academic Family Medicine recommends the Procedural Competency Assessment Tool (PCAT) for assessing procedure competence of family medicine residents. We sought to evaluate the reliability of the PCAT and to better identify its strengths and limitations. Methods In this mixed-methods study conducted in 2017, 18 faculty members of an academic family medicine residency program watched a video of one of the authors performing a simulated shave biopsy with intentional errors. Faculty scored the procedure using the shave biopsy PCAT, then participated in a focus group discussion of the rationale for the scores given. Qualitative analysis assessed perceived benefits and challenges of the PCAT. Following the discussion, faculty scored the same procedure again, using a PCAT modified with additional objective criteria. Results On the original PCAT, 40% of respondents rated the physician as competent. This dropped to 21.4% on the modified PCAT (P=.035). Respondents scored competent even though procedure components were scored as novice. Score variability decreased with the checklist-based PCAT. Qualitative analysis revealed that the PCAT is subjective and interpretation of the tool varies widely. Conclusions Further studies regarding PCAT validity and reliability are needed. The PCAT may require further norming with additional objective criteria to improve reliability. Residencies may train faculty on using the PCAT to improve interobserver agreement, or decide to use a more intuitive checklist evaluation tool.
Selective CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Biologic Outcomes, Determinants of Sensitivity, Mechanisms of Resistance, Combinatorial Approaches, and Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers

CDK4/6 inhibitors are now part of the standard armamentarium for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. In this article, we review the biologic outcomes imposed by these drugs on cancer cells, determinants of response, mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance, as well as combinatorial approaches emanating from mechanistic studies that may allow use of these agents to extend beyond breast cancer. In addition, we will address tumor-, imaging-, and blood-based pharmacodynamic biomarkers that can inform rationally designed trials as clinical development continues.
College Student Contribution to Local COVID-19 Spread: Evidence from University Spring Break Timing

We present evidence that travel by college students, identified by the timing of university spring breaks, contributed to the local spread of COVID-19 Due to t
Translingual competence and study abroad: shifts in sojourners’ approaches to second language learning

While study abroad (SA) has long been considered an opportunity for language learning, relatively little research has investigated how short-term SA programs hosted by Anglophone countries support ...
Transitioning Ambulatory Medicine from Pediatrics to Adult Care for Patients with Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability

Consensus statements and clinical reports exist to guide the transition of youth from pediatric to adult healthcare services. Across the range of youth with no chronic health conditions to those with the most complex disabilities, the standards of practice continue to vary broadly across the country and internationally. Youth and young adults with combined conditions of epilepsy with intellectual disability are a small subset of the total population of young adults who share common needs. These include a system of supports that supplement each person's limitations in autonomy and self-management. Caregivers play significant roles in their lives, whether they are family members or paid direct service providers. Medical decision making and treatment adherence require specific adaptations for patients whose independence due to disability is unlikely. Key issues related to tuberous sclerosis complex, neurofibromatosis, and Rett and Sturge–Weber syndromes will be highlighted.
ADAPT: An Adaptive Directional Antenna Protocol for medium access control in Terahertz communication networks

Abstract Terahertz (THz)-band (0.1–10 THz) communication is envisioned as a key technology for the next generation of wireless communications, with the potential to enable Terabit-per-second (Tbps) links. To overcome the high path loss of this band, the use of directional antennas on both transmitter and receiver is necessary even for distances of few meters. This paper presents an Adaptive Directional Antenna Protocol for THz networks (ADAPT), a novel medium access control (MAC) protocol tailored to ultra-high-speed directional networks in a centralized architecture. An access point with a turning antenna divides the space in sectors, and synchronization is achieved with a 3-way receiver-initiated handshake. The protocol implements adaptive sector time and modulation mechanisms. An analytical model to study the stability condition and achievable throughput is presented. The performance of ADAPT is investigated with extensive simulations in ns-3 in terms of throughput and discard rate, using the physical layer defined in IEEE 802.15.3d, the first standard for THz communications. Results show that the proposed solution improves the current protocols and achieves throughput in excess of 100 Gigabit-per-second (Gbps), while reducing latency and packet discard rate.
Yttrium-90 transarterialradioembolization: the making of a successful liver-directed therapy.

2034 Objectives: 1. Highlight the basis for use of Trans-arterial Radio-embolization in liver oncologic interventions. 2. Highlight indications and contraindications of Yttrium-90 Trans-arterial Radio-embolization in management of primary and secondary liver malignancies. 3. Elucidate pre-treatment planning, treatment, and post-treatment assessment of patients undergoing Yttrium-90 Trans-arterial Radio-embolization. 4. Present sample case of routine Yttrium-90 Trans-arterial Radio-embolization in patient with hepatic malignancy. 5. Highlight sample cases that demonstrate contraindications to Yttrium-90 Trans-arterial Radio-embolization from findings during pre-treatment planning. Abstract: Yttrium-90 Trans-arterial Radio-embolization (Y-90 TARE) has gained increasing application in multidisciplinary management of primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. The unique vascular signature of hepatic malignancies, when compared to normal liver parenchyma, lends itself to liver-directed trans-arterial therapies. Meticulous pre-treatment planning prior to Y-90 TARE improve the odds of achieving desired treatment goal while minimizing non-target distribution of Y-90 microspheres with resulting adverse outcomes. In FDG-avid tumors, FDG PET/CT, could play an important role in pre-treatment characterization of tumor burden as well as post-treatment assessment of tumor response to treatment [1].
In Vitro Radioisotopic Labeling of Proteins Associated with Purified Polyoma Virions

An in vitro procedure using [(14)C]formaldehyde and sodium borohydride was used to label the proteins of purified polyoma virions. This method, which labeled the three capsid proteins and the four internal histones of polyoma virus, did not alter the biological and biophysical characteristics of the virus. In addition to the seven viral proteins, five additional radioactive peaks were resolved on polyacrylamide gels. Four of these peaks could be attributed to growing the virus in the presence of serum. The fifth peak appears to be a nonhistone host-contributed protein made before infection.
Phenolic aldehydes: generation from fossil woods and carbonaceous sediments by oxidative degradation.

Aromatic aldehydes derived from fossil woods and carbonaceous sediments were identified by gas-liquid chromatography; their geochemical significance is discussed.
Effect of organic mulches on soil bacterial communities one year after application

The application of organic mulches as a soil cover is effective in improving the quality of soil. However, very little information is available on the effect of mulches on the soil microbial community. In this study, we investigated the effect of various organic mulches on soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and microbial community structures in the top 1 cm and 5 cm below the soil surface 1 year after application of the mulches. DHA was stimulated at both depths in plots mulched with grass clippings (GC), but was not significantly different from the control for the other mulch treatments. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA fragments were used to assess changes in the soil microbial community structure. Cluster analysis and principle component analysis of FAME profiles showed that only soil mulched with pine chips distinctively clustered from the other treatments. At the soil surface, bacterial DGGE profiles revealed that distinct shifts in several bacterial populations occurred in soils mulched with GC and eucalyptus yardwaste (EY), while DGGE profiles from soil at the 5 cm depth revealed no distinct changes. Changes in bacterial diversity at the soil surface under different mulches were calculated based on the number of bands in the DGGE profile using the Shannon-Weaver index of diversity ( H). Compared to the control ( H =0.9), the GC- and EY-treated soils showed slightly increased bacterial diversity, with an H of 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. These results indicate that the long-term effect of organic mulches on the soil microbial activity and community structure is highly dependent upon the type of mulch and is mostly exerted in the top few centimeters of the soil profile.
Isotope data from Ice Station Weddell: Implications for deep water formation in the Weddell Sea

Helium isotope data (3He/4He ratios and 4He concentrations) and H218O/H216O ratios obtained from stations occupied during the drift of Ice Station Weddell (February to June 1992) are used, together with hydrographic data, to study formation of deep and bottom water in the western Weddell Sea. The data indicate deep and bottom water formation along the entire track of the ice station (71.4 to 65.8°S, ≈53°W). Ice Shelf Water (ISW) seems to contribute significantly to the formation of Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) and Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) in the southern part of the drift track. Toward the north, the fraction of ISW contained in WSDW/WSBW decreases. This trend is overlaid by high ISW fractions in the deep and bottom waters found in the vicinity of the Larsen Ice Shelf. The fraction of Western Shelf Water (WSW) in WSBW shows the opposite trend, increasing from south to north. The combined fraction of ISW and WSW in waters with potential temperatures below 0°C is about 20%, corresponding to a roughly 200 m thick layer. Overall, WSW seems to contribute approximately 2 to 3 times more water than ISW to the water column below the 0°C isotherm. Using the estimated flow of ISW over the sill north of the Filchner Depression of 1 Sv [Foldvik et al., 1985a] together with the ratio of WSW plus Winter Water (WW) to ISW, we calculate a value of about 5 Sv for the formation rate of WSBW with a potential temperature of −0.7°C. About one third of this flux represents near-surface waters (WSW/WW) which have recently been equilibrated with the atmosphere, whereas pure ISW contributes about 10%.
Does Surgical Hip Dislocation and Periacetabular Osteotomy Improve Pain in Patients With Perthes-like Deformities and Acetabular Dysplasia?

Background Patients with symptomatic residual Perthes-like deformities may present with a combination of structural abnormalities including a large aspheric femoral head, short and wide femoral neck, high greater trochanter, and acetabular dysplasia. Sometimes, the hip is further compromised by concurrent symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) (proximal femoral deformities) and structural instability (acetabular dysplasia).
Asynchronous Iterative Methods for Multiprocessors

Abstract : A class of asynchronous iterative methods is presented for solving a system of equations. Existing iterative methods are identified in terms of asynchronous iterations, and new schemes are introduced corresponding to a parallel implementation on a multiprocessor system with no synchronization between cooperating processes. A sufficient condition is given to guarantee the convergence of any asynchronous iterations, and results are extended to include iterative methods with memory. Asynchronous iterative methods are then evaluated from a computational point of view, and bounds are derived for the efficiency. The bounds are compared with actual measurements obtained by running various asynchronous iterations on a multiprocessor, and the experimental results show clearly the advantage of purely asynchronous iterative methods. (Author)
Coronary angioplasty: clinical and angiographic follow-up

To evaluate the clinical status and restenosis rate after percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography (PTCA), 251 consecutive patients who had undergone a successful procedure from February 1979 to May 1983 were studied. Angiography was done routinely in 92 of the initial 100 consecutive patients in whom the procedure was successful (group I), 1 to 11 months (mean 6) after PTCA. Restenosis occurred in 37 of 92 patients (40%); all but 2 (who had collateral flow to the restenosed vessel) had symptoms. Conversely, 44 of 46 asymptomatic patients had no restenosis. The other 159 patients (group II) were followed up clinically, with angiography performed only if signs or symptoms of ischemia recurred. Restenosis suspected clinically and confirmed angiographically occurred in 35 of 92 patients (38%) in group I and 36 of 154 patients (23%) in group II. Of 251 patients with follow-up of at least 6 months, 109 patients (43%) became symptomatic. Of 109 symptomatic patients, 104 consented to coronary angiography; restenosis was found in 67%, progression of narrowing in other arteries occurred in 13%, and the remaining patients were presumed to have large or small vessel vasospasm. The mortality rate for the entire group was 0.8%. When repeat angioplasty was applied to patients with restenosis, over 80% of the group improved at an average follow-up time of 21 months. Symptomatic restenosis may occur less often when higher balloon inflation pressures are used during PTCA.
Plasma Potassium Changes in Anuric Hyperglycemia Treated with Insulin

Abstract We followed sequentially the plasma potassium concentration in five, essentially anuric, hyperglycemic patients with no known abnormality of potassium metabolism and treated only with insulin. Acid-base balance, external potassium and fluid balance, and weights did not change during observation. The following changes in plasma potassium concentration (ΔΚ) were noted: In initial hyperkalemia (three patients) ΔΚ was − 1.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l (p Conclusions When only parenteral insulin is used for treatment and acid-base balances and body weights do not change during treatment in anuric hyperglycemia: a) The change in potassium concentration is dependent on the starting plasma potassium concentration, b) hyperkalemic patients will drop their plasma potassium concentration toward normal, and c) hypokalemic patients may not need potassium replacement.