cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation and Delivery of Charged Aerosols to Infant Airways

xv Chapter 1 Specific Aims 1 Chapter 2 Background 7 Objective 1: Development of an effective method for generating charged pharmaceutical aerosols with low depositional loss for use with invasive mechanical ventilation. 7 Task 1.1: Develop and evaluate a wick electrospray (WES) device for generating charged aerosols. 9 Task 1.2: Develop and evaluate a condensational vapor (CV) spray device for generating charged aerosols. 12 Task 1.3: Develop a vibrating mesh nebulizer system (LF-IC) for generating charged aerosols. 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Leadership development in agricultural economics: Challenges for academic units

Crafting and executing strategy are key tasks to be carried out by a manager of an enterprise. Unit leaders are managers of an academic enterprise called a department. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of information collected from interviews with unit leaders of departments of agricultural economics and discuss challenges being faced by these unit leaders in March 2009.
Government Entrepreneurs: Incentivizing Sustainable Businesses as Part of Local Economic Development Strategies

This chapter (included in the book "Greening Local Government" edited by Patty Salkin and Keith Hirokawa) considers economic development strategies that capitalize on an emerging socially responsible and environmentally friendly economy. Local economic development strategies used to attract private sector investment have remained almost the same for the past forty years. The private sector itself, however, is changing. There is a small, but rapidly growing, segment that has re-conceptualized the purpose of a for-profit business. An emerging portion of the private sector generates profit, value and marketability in fostering sustainable business strategies, focusing equally on economic profitability, environmental friendliness and socially responsibility. In light of this evolution in the private sector, should local governments redesign economic development strategies to leverage the growth in sustainable businesses? The chapter concludes with steps local governments may take to directly incentivize sustainable businesses by increasing the sustainability of the incentives themselves, including a performance-based economic development strategy; and to indirectly encourage the development of sustainable businesses by helping to facilitate a market for their products. This chapter does not present sustainable economic development strategies as a single option or as a blanket panacea. Rather, by implementing economic development strategies to accommodate and promote sustainable businesses, local governments enhance their sustainability and diversify their tax base. A welcoming business framework is crucial in driving interest and investments in sustainability to the mutual benefit of local governments and the private sector. As local governments look to support sustainable businesses, they will have a positive impact on communities, economic development and the environment in a sustainable and lasting manner.
Country-dot-com: marketing and branding destinations online.

Abstract The Internet is rapidly overtaking personal recommendation as the number one source of travel and tourism information. Therefore, in order for destinations to succeed in their efforts to attract visitors, they must design sound online marketing and branding strategies. Given the fierce competition for the attention of Internet users, online marketers must secure memorable web names and addresses. In the case of a nation willing to promote itself online as a destination, no other brand name could be more distinctive, easy to remember, and inimitable than the country's own name. This study investigates the extent to which countries have adopted their names as brands and secured ‘country name-dot-com’ domains to market themselves on the Internet to global audiences.
Design and analysis of controllers for discontinuous dynamic systems by reshaping of Poincare map

Examines the problem of precise position control when the system being controlled has a dead zone and cannot be described with differentiable dynamics. The behavior of the system under proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control is analysed using the Poincare map, which shows the existence of a stable fixed point and a disjoint collection of intervals which are mapped to the desired position (the origin). The author also addresses the design and analysis of discontinuous control systems by the technique of reshaping of the Poincare map. >
Nipple-sparing mastectomy in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations and variants of uncertain significance.

Background Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is associated with improved cosmesis and is increasingly performed. Its role in BRCA mutation carriers has not been well described. Here indications and outcomes of BRCA mutation carriers undergoing NSM are studied.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition and Alloantigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells Synergize To Promote Long-Term Graft Survival in Immunocompetent Recipients

Minimization of immunosuppression and donor-specific tolerance to MHC-mismatched organ grafts are important clinical goals. The therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been demonstrated, but conditions for optimizing their in vivo function posttransplant in nonlymphocyte-depleted hosts remain undefined. In this study, we address mechanisms through which inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (Rapa) synergizes with alloantigen-specific Treg (AAsTreg) to permit long-term, donor-specific heart graft survival in immunocompetent hosts. Crucially, immature allogeneic dendritic cells allowed AAsTreg selection in vitro, with minimal expansion of unwanted (Th17) cells. The rendered Treg potently inhibited T cell proliferation in an Ag-specific manner. However, these AAsTreg remained unable to control T cells stimulated by allogeneic mature dendritic cells, a phenomenon dependent on the release of proinflammatory cytokines. In vivo, Rapa administration reduced danger-associated IL-6 production, T cell proliferation, and graft infiltration. Based on these observations, AAsTreg were administered posttransplant (day 7) in combination with a short course of Rapa and rendered >80% long-term (>150 d) graft survival, a result superior to that achieved with polyclonal Treg. Moreover, graft protection was alloantigen-specific. Significantly, long-term graft survival was associated with alloreactive T cell anergy. These findings delineate combination of transient mammalian target of Rapa inhibition with appropriate AAsTreg selection as an effective approach to promote long-term organ graft survival.
Modeling of Catalytic Hydrodemetallation

The removal of organo-metallic compounds of vanadium and nickel by hydrotreating is an important step in the cleaning and upgrading of fuel oil and resids. Unlike the elements of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen, which are converted to gases in the hydrotreatment, vanadium and nickel are deposited on the catalysts and deactivate them after a period of time on stream. The mechanism of deactivation was theorized to take place by covering active catalyst sites and by blocking diffusion paths. A goal of catalyst design is to make a structure that would absorb as much metal as possible without being blocked. Recent experiments have shown that these metal sulfides do not deposit in continuous and uniform layers, and the prevailing mode is that of discrete large crystallites of up to several hundred Angstroms in diameter. Most of the surface of the aged catalyst appears no to be covered by metal deposits. This mode of deposition has been modeled successfully by a Random Sphere and a Random Needle Model. This implication on design and operation is that it is better to have few large crystallites than to have continuous uniform layers.
Visual Narrative Research Methods as Performance in Industrial Design Education.

This article discusses teaching empathic research methodology as performance. The authors describe their collaboration in an activity to help undergraduate industrial design students learn empathy for others when designing products for use by diverse or underrepresented people. The authors propose that an industrial design curriculum would benefit from such an arts-based performative research model as described. Visual images are included for the purpose of sharing the learning process with the reader. This article seeks to make connections between visual narratives, performative pedagogy and methodology, and spirituality and empathy, thus providing a unique contribution to industrial design education.
Abstract IA1: Physiological and pathological functions of microRNAs

Abstract microRNAs have emerged as major regulators of the functions of genes in multicellular organisms. They generally and perhaps always act as reducers of the protein output from a given mRNA allotment generated from a particular gene. However, when acting on mRNAs that function in a regulated pathway, they can either inhibit or augment the output from that pathway depending on whether they act on inhibitory gene transcripts or activating gene transcripts. We have concentrated on miRs that function within the circuitry of the hematopoietic system, focusing on those that impinge on innate and adaptive immune responses. We have found that miR-146a acts as a classic negative regulator of inflammation while miR-155 acts as a positive regulator by targeting inhibitory proteins. A miR that has particularly interested us recently is miR125b, which both acts during the development of hematopoietic cells from the hematopoietic stem cell and modulates the function of myeloid cells. In all of this work, we have relied on mouse knockouts, siRNA knockouts and overproducing constructs to probe miR function and have been impressed by the ease with which these genetic manipulations can lead to hyperproliferation and cancer. Overexpression of miR-125b leads to particularly rapid induction of very aggressive tumor cells that can be of either the myeloid or lymphoid lineage. The developmental origin of these tumors is under investigation. microRNAs have been seen as modulators of gene expression. Because it is becoming clear that they are so powerful in their physiological and pathological properties, it seems more appropriate to now consider them as co-regulators of gene expression, partners with transcription factors in determining the functional outcome of developmental and regulatory pathways. Citation Format: David Baltimore. Physiological and pathological functions of microRNAs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA1.
Current and future perspectives of the psychiatry and mental health fields of Latin America: An introductory overview

Latin America and the Caribbean as well as the rest of the Americas are parts of a young and vibrant continent. Discovered by Cristobal Colon in 1492, it has the unique distinction of being conside...
The remarkable endemism of moths at White Sands National Monument in New Mexico, USA, with special emphasis on Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera)

Abstract The white sands formation, a snow-white gypsum dunes system, is the world's largest gypsum dune field. White Sands National Monument protects about 40% of the dunes; the dunes formation as it is known today was formed ca. 8,000 years BP. Prior to 8,000 years BP, the area covered by the dunes was a wet cool forest of the last glacial maximum in North America. The dunes were formed as a result of the hypsithermal, a warming and drying period which followed the most recent glacial maximum. The white sands formation is located in south central New Mexico in the Tularosa Basin of southwestern United States. A 10-year study of moths at the dunes was commissioned by the U. S. National Park Service in 2006. Almost immediately species new to science were detected. In the period of 6 years, 30 new species were discovered in the dunes. Several of the new species are white or very pale in color, and are endemic to the dunes. The focus of the 10 year project was modified to emphasize naming the undescribed species which helps the National Park Service catalog and manage the habitats. The data should encourage other researchers to explore the interactions of the animals with the plants and the harsh desert environment, to study DNA and evolution, and to study the rapid adaptation which seems to be occurring.
A Phage Display Technique Identifies a Novel Regulator of Cell Differentiation

The formation of new bone during the process of bone remodeling occurs almost exclusively at sites of prior bone resorption. In an attempt to discover what regulatory pathways are utilized by osteoblasts to effect this site-specific formation event we probed components of an active bone resorption surface with an osteoblast phage expression library. In these experiments primary cultures of rat osteoblasts were used to construct a phage display library in T7 phage. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (type V) (TRAP) was used as the bait in a biopanning procedure. 40 phage clones with very high affinity for TRAP were sequenced, and of the clones with multiple consensus sequences we identified a regulatory protein that modulates osteoblast differentiation. This protein is the TGFβ receptor-interacting protein (TRIP-1). Our data demonstrate that TRAP activation of TRIP-1 evokes a TGFβ-like differentiation process. Specifically, TRIP-1 activation increases the activity and expression of osteoblast alkaline phosphatase, osteoprotegerin, collagen, and Runx2. Moreover, we show that TRAP interacts with TRIP intracellularly, that activation of the TGFβ type II receptor by TRIP-1 occurs in the presence of TRAP and that the differentiation process is mediated through the Smad2/3 pathway. A final experiment demonstrates that osteoblasts, when cultured in osteoclast lacunae containing TRAP, rapidly and specifically differentiate into a mature bone-forming phenotype. We hypothesize that binding to TRAP may be one mechanism by which the full osteoblast phenotype is expressed during the process of bone remodeling.
The First 30 Years of the Journal of Crustacean Biology – Systematics and Evolution

Abstract Papers within the broad designation of systematics have figured prominently in the pages of the Journal of Crustacean Biology in its first 30 years. The journal has had great continuity in its editorial policies and practices, having had only three General Editors in 30 years. Not only has the journal published taxonomic material, but also made available material in a variety of subjects that impinge on understanding the evolution and phylogeny of crustaceans, including cladistic phylogeny, biogeography, comparative anatomy, and issues of natural history. An overview of some highlights from the first 30 volumes of the journal is presented; some prognostications for the future are offered.
A second (non-genomic) steroid mechanism of action: possible opportunity for novel pharmacotherapy?

At least as far back as the early 1940s, some actions of steroids were noted to occur too rapidly to be readily explained by a genomic mechanism, i.e. a mechanism that involves protein synthesis through transcriptional changes. Accumulated evidence, particularly from studies that demonstrate steroid actions on nucleus-free cells, has led to the recognition of a second – viz. a non-genomic – mechanism of action of steroids. This second mechanism appears to involve specific membrane-bound receptors coupled to second messenger transduction pathways. Although the details are far from complete, recognition of a second mechanism prompts consideration of the possibility that selective targeting of either the genomic or the non-genomic sites of steroid action could provide novel drugs possessing unique pharmacotherapeutic profiles.
Outline of a variational formulation of zone-plate theory

Transmission zone plates composed of materials describable by the complex index of refraction n^[n^=(1-δ)+ik] modulate both the amplitude and the phase of the light passing through them. In this paper, a general variational approach to the design of zone-plate profiles that maximize system transfer functions, such as I(m)/IIN or I(m)/IOUT (where IIN and IOUT are the total input and output powers and I(m) is the mth-order diffracted power), is presented in terms of the real and imaginary components of n^. The variational problem, as formulated here, is shown to generate some important classical zone-plate configurations as special solutions and to lead naturally to the derivation of the most general zone-plate configurations possible. Some specific optimum solutions are derived for gold in the soft-x-ray range and are tabulated for convenient reference.
Imagining America: The United States in Radical Vietnamese Anticolonial Discourse

In the winter and spring of 1919, as the Paris Peace Conference delib erated over the postwar peace settlement for Europe, members of the Vietnamese expatriot association known as the Groupe des Patriotes Annamites often gathered in a small Parisian apartment in the thir teenth arrondissement. Inspired by the Wilsonian rhetoric of self-de termination, their meetings focused on drafting a proposal for the gradual emancipation of Vietnam from French colonial rule to present to the leaders of the Great Powers in Paris. The final document, en titled "Revendications du Peuple Annamite," set forth an eight-point program that included calls for a general amnesty for political prison ers, equality of legal rights between French and Vietnamese, freedom of the press, the right to form political associations, and permanent Vietnamese representation in the French parliament. Although the drafting of the proposal had been a collective effort that included the participation of Phan Chu Trinh, among the most famous and influential of Vietnamese anticolonial leaders, the "Revendications" bore the signature of a relative unknown, Nguyen Ai Quoc, or Nguyen the Patriot. Shortly before the deliberations in Paris came to a close, the Groupe des Patriotes Annamites submitted its "Revendications" to the heads of various national delegations, in cluding President Woodrow Wilson, asking that their proposals be added to the conference agenda. Their request was ignored.1
Regulation of phase II enzymes by genistein and daidzein in male and female Swiss Webster mice.

Abstract The consumption of soy and soy isoflavones has been associated with a decreased risk of certain cancers. A factor contributing to this dietary chemoprevention is the activity of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes. This study evaluated the hypothesis that dietary soy isoflavones will increase hepatic and extrahepatic quinone reductase (QR), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) phase II enzyme activities, under short-term feeding and basal (non–pharmacologic-induced) conditions. Male and female Swiss Webster mice were fed for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days of one of four treatments: control (casein AIN-93G) or control supplemented with flavone (positive control), genistein, or daidzein aglycones at 1,500 mg/kg of diet. QR activity was increased by daidzein in the liver, by both isoflavones in the kidney and small intestine, and by genistein in the heart. Genistein and daidzein slightly decreased UGT activities in some tissues. Liver GST activity was decreased by genistei...
The formation of higher aliphatic alcohols by mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The ratio of isobutyl to the amyl alcohols formed was shown to remain constant throughout the course of alcoholic fermentation by resting and growing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . But the composition of the higher alcohols formed is changed both qualitatively and quantitatively by employing yeasts with certain amino acid requirements for growth. An isoleucine-requiring mutant produces no active amyl alcohol. A leucine-requiring mutant produces only a trace of isoamyl alcohol. And a valine-requiring mutant produces markedly less isobutyl alcohol than does the parent strain. These results are consistent with and support the hypothesis that resting yeast cells synthesize higher alcohols by pathways common in certain reactions with the synthesis of the homologous amino acids (those with one more carbon atom). The formation of large amounts of n -propyl alcohol is reported and discussed.
223 EVALUATION OF PULSE OXIMETRY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

We investigated a new oximeter suitable for pediatric patients (Nellcor) by comparing its values for oxygen saturation with those obtained by manometric analysis of arterial samples drawn simultaneously. Oximeter readings were obtained for patients in the Intensive Care Unit (wt 85%, the oximeter values were 92±4% (X ± SD) while the manometric values were 90±4%, the difference not being significant (p > 0.05). At saturations below 85%, the oximeter values were 84±9%, the manometric values 68±9% (p < 0.05). We conclude that pulse oximetry may be a useful adjunct to monitoring pediatric patients, but that some caution must be used, especially at saturation levels lower than about 80%. (Supported in part by NIH grant AM 29888.)
Affinity purification of protein complexes for analysis by multidimensional protein identification technology

Characterizing protein complexes and identifying their subunits promote our understanding of the machinery involved in many in vivo processes. Proteomic studies can identify a protein's binding partners, and this can provide insight into how protein complexes function and how they are regulated. In addition, the composition of a protein complex within an organism can be investigated as a function of time, as a function of location, or during the response of an organism to a change in environment. There are many ways to isolate a complex and identify its constituents. This review will focus on complex isolation using affinity purification and will address issues that biochemists should bear in mind as they isolate protein complexes for mass spectrometric analysis by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT)(1). Protein complex analysis by mass spectrometry frequently involves the collaborative efforts of biochemists or biologists who purify protein complexes and proteomic specialists who analyze the samples - for fruitful collaborations it can be helpful for these specialized groups to be acquainted with basic principles of their collaborator's discipline. With this in mind, we first review the variety of affinity purification methods which might be considered for preparing complexes for analysis, and then provide brief primers on the principles of MudPIT mass spectrometry and data analysis. From this foundation, we then discuss how these techniques are integrated and optimized and suggest salient points to consider when preparing purified samples for protein identification, performing mass spectrometry runs, and analyzing the resulting data.
Motion correction in diffusion-weighted MRI of the breast at 3T.

Purpose: To provide a quantitative assessment of motion and distortion correction of diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) of the breast and to evaluate the effects of registration on the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (mADC). Materials and Methods: Eight datasets from four patients with breast cancer and eight datasets from six healthy controls were acquired on a 3T scanner. A 3D affine registration was used to align each set of images and principal component analysis was used to assess the results. Variance in tumor ADC measurements, tumor mADC values, and voxel-wise tumor mADC values were compared before and after registration for each patient. Results: Image registration significantly (P = 0.008) improved image alignment for both groups and significantly (P 0.09) after registration. Conclusion: 3D affine registration improved the alignment of DWIs of the breast and reduced the variance between ADC measurements. Although the reduced variance did not significantly change tumor region-of-interest measures of mADC, it may have a significant impact on voxel-based analyses. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:1063–1070. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanism and Kinetics of the Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of 1- and 2-Propanol in Hot Compressed Liquid Water

Only propene and 1-propanol are observed as products of the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 2-propanol in compressed liquid water after 100 s or less at 320 °C. Likewise, only propene, 2-propanol, and traces of n-propyl ether are observed as products of the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1-propanol under the same conditions. Kinetic analyses of the experimental data indicate that propene is formed from 1-propanol by an acid-catalyzed E2 mechanism that involves only protonated 1-propanol as an intermediate. Byproduct n-propyl ether is formed by an AdE3 mechanism involving propene, 1-propanol, and acid. The formation of propene from 2-propanol is kinetically consistent with both an acid-catalyzed E2 mechanism and an acid-catalyzed E1 mechanism (that involves the bare i-propyl cation in addition to protonated 2-propanol as intermediates in the dehydration chemistry). Thus, our kinetic analysis does not enable us to discriminate between the two mechanisms for 2-propanol dehydration. On the other hand, results of...
Effects of preparation relief and flow channels on seating full coverage castings during cementation.

Abstract Machined steel dies were used to study the effects of three die modifications on seating full coverage castings during cementation. The die modifications consisted of occlusal channels, occlusal surface relief, and axial channels. Fourteen specimens having one or more forms of die modification were compared with two control specimens having no die modifications. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the addition of four axial channels to the simulated preparation on the steel die produced a significant reduction in the mean marginal discrepancy during cementation. Occlusal modifications alone failed to produce significant reductions in marginal discrepancies when compared with the control specimens. Occlusal modifications in conjunction with axial channels failed to produce further significant reductions in marginal discrepancies when compared with those reductions observed in specimens having only axial channels.
Habitat changes affecting Bacterial composition in the alimentary canal of oribatid mites (acari: oribatida)

Abstract Bacteria in the alimentary canals of two oribatid mites, Rhysotritia sp. and Pergalumna sp., were examined from three different habitats. The three habitats included the mites'natural habitat and two artificial laboratory habitats, one with food and one without food. Gut microorganisms were obtained by dissecting paraffin-embedded, surface sterilized mites. Each alimentary canal and its contents, removed during dissection, were inoculated into 10 microbiological culture media. Bacteria, isolated from the oribatid gut, included: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, coryneforms, actinomycetes, Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Citrobacter. Microorganisms from moss-soil samples of the oribatids natural habitat and laboratory foods were obtained and identified for comparison. The microorganisms in the oribatid gut significantly (P < 0.05) changed with the oribatid species and with the oribatids' habitats. Rhysotritia and Pergalumna taken directly from the natural habitat and dissected,...
Between East and West: Geographic Metaphors of Identity in Poland

As Poland enters the European Union, questions of national identity relative to wider group loyalties become particularly salient. This study considers how individual life stories contribute to the discourse on what constitutes the Polish nation, and contemplates the implications of respondents' views for the achievement of European integration. I focus on Polish youths' use of metaphors of "betweenness," in which Poland fills the conceptual space between East and West, and "nested identities," based on simultaneous attachments to region, nation, and Europe, and consider how they might provide alternatives to models of identity which assume conflict with outside groups. In postcommunist Poland, more protectionist or conflict-based stances are sometimes taken, not so much because of political threats as in the past, but more in response to economic inequalities within Poland, and between Poland and the West.
Distribution and Growth in an Economy with Limited Needs: Variable Markups and ‘The End of Work’

This article studies a model of the distribution of income under bounded needs. Utility derived from any given is bounded from above and demand is therefore not isoelastic. On the other hand, introducing new varieties always increases utility. It is assumed that each variety is owned by a monopoly. Workers can specialise in material goods production or in the knowledge sector, which designs new varieties. As productivity increases, the economy moves from a ‘Solovian zone’ where wages increase with productivity, to a ‘Marxian’ zone where they paradoxically decline with productivity.
The effect of turbulence on a multi-hole Pitot calibration

Abstract Accurate calibrations of multi-hole Pitot tubes require thousands of measurements spanning ranges of the fluid's velocity, and the pitch and yaw angles. When calibrating a commercially-manufactured multi-hole Pitot tube in NIST's low-turbulence wind tunnel, we found hysteresis in certain ranges of airspeed, pitch angle, and yaw angle. In the worst case, the hysteresis caused a calibration error of 30%. We demonstrate that the hysteresis was caused by a flow instability associated with flow separation. A turbulence intensity of only 1% removes the hysteresis; however, the calibration depends on the turbulence intensity over the entire range of our measurements (0.25–2%). Therefore, multi-hole Pitot tubes should be calibrated and used at the same turbulence levels.
Axonal coding of action potentials in demyelinated nerve fibers.

Abstract Conduction in individual axons of Xenopus has been measured optically in response to short trains of stimuli, following demyelination of the sciatic nerve. In many cases the initial action potential in a burst is absent. Failure may also occur later in the train, resulting in a profound alteration of signal coding by the axon. Integration leading to delayed transmission occurred at the heminode forming the proximal border of the demyelinated zone, as well as at new nodes of Ranvier forming in remyelinating axons. This process appeared to involve a depolarizing afterpotential and seemed to be analogous to the threshold changes involved in superexcitability. Axonal coding was very sensitive to small changes in the stimulus pattern. Neither 1 mM tetraethylammonium ion, which blocks nodal and Ca 2+ activated K + channels, nor 1 mM 4-aminopyridine, which blocks fast internodal K + channels, prevented loss of the initial spike in a burst. Similarly, neither block of Ca 2+ channels by Cd 2+ nor lowering of Cl − had a notable effect. Ouabain, on the other hand, had small but possibly significant effects on responses to repetitive stimuli. A computational model was used to test mechanisms involving passive cable properties. Lowering the myelin resistance and the nodal leakage conductance, in accord with recent evidence from intracellular recordings, reproduced many of the results and was accurate with respect to stimulus frequency, temperature and sensitivity to average potential. The coding of action potentials observed here may have clinical consequences in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Competitive coexistence of two Pneumocystis species.

Abstract Pneumocystis are fungal pathogens of mammalian lungs that can cause lethal pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. In some mammals, coinfections of genetically distinct Pneumocystis populations have been identified, but the nature of their interaction and its significance are unknown. Two species that infect rats, Pneumocystis carinii and Pneumocystis wakefieldiae, were studied over a 6-year period, representing approximately 700 generations of Pneumocystis. Population densities of each species were analyzed within the framework of the Lotka–Volterra competition model, which revealed the two species were in competition and predicted competitive exclusion of one species. However, stable coexistence was observed in 460 replicate populations. Selected extrinsic factors that might mitigate the extinction were evaluated. Logistic-regression analyses showed that higher relative humidity and higher organism lung burdens were associated with infections comprised of P. carinii alone, while lower temperatures and an increased rat census were associated with the presence of P. wakefieldiae. PCR and immunofluorescent analysis of rat lung tissue showed that both species were present within the same alveoli, excluding habitat heterogeneity as a mechanism of coexistence. These data suggest that P. carinii and P. wakefieldiae were in competitive coexistence, which was influenced in part by extrinsic factors. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate interactions of pathogenic fungal species within a mammalian host using ecological models.
Electron emission from insulator and semiconductor surfaces by multiphoton excitation below the optical damage threshold

Electron emission due to 1.06 and 0.35 μm laser excitation has been measured at several pulse lengths for a number of wide bandgap semiconductors and insulators. The dependence on fluence and wavelength is consistent with multiphoton excitation across the bandgap. The work functions of the materials investigated do not appear to influence the rate-limiting multiphoton excitation process.
Maximal varieties and the local Langlands correspondence for ()

The cohomology of the Lubin-Tate tower is known to realize the local Langlands correspondence for GL(n) over a nonarchimedean local field. In this article we make progress towards a purely local proof of this fact. To wit, we find a family of formal schemes V such that the generic fiber of V is isomorphic to an open subset of Lubin-Tate space at infinite level, and such that the middle cohomology of the special fiber of V realizes the local Langlands correspondence for a broad class of supercuspidals (those whose Weil parameters are induced from an unramified degree n extension). The special fiber of V is related to an interesting variety X, defined over a finite field, which is “maximal” in the sense that the number of rational points of X is the largest possible among varieties with the same Betti numbers as X. The variety X is derived from a certain unipotent algebraic group, in an analogous manner as Deligne-Lusztig varieties are derived from reductive algebraic groups.
The semantic relatedness of cue–intention pairings influences event-based prospective memory failures in older adults with HIV infection

HIV infection and aging are each independently associated with prospective memory (ProM) impairment, which increases the risk of poor functional outcomes, including medication non-adherence. The incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among older adults has increased in recent years, thereby raising questions about the combined effects of these risk factors on ProM. In the present study, 118 participants were classified into four groups on the basis of HIV serostatus and age (i.e., or=50 years). Results showed significant additive effects of HIV and aging on event-based ProM, with the greatest deficits evident in the older HIV+ group, even after controlling for other demographic factors and potential medical and psychiatric confounds. Event-based ProM impairment was particularly apparent in the older HIV+ group on trials for which the retrieval cue and intention were not semantically related. Worse performance on the semantically unrelated cue-intention trials was associated with executive dysfunction, older age, and histories of immunocompromise in the older HIV+ cohort. These data suggest that older HIV-infected adults are significantly less proficient at engaging the strategic encoding and retrieval processes required to a execute a future intention when the cue is unrelated to the intended action, perhaps secondary to greater neuropathological burden in the prefrontostriatal systems critical to optimal ProM functioning.
Λ-doubling transitions of metal oxides measured by microwave-optical double resonance: CuO

Abstract The Λ-doubling transitions for the J=1.5 rotational level of the X 2Π 1 2 state of gas phase copper monoxide, 63CuO, has been recorded using microwave-optical double resonance (MODR) techniques. The low-frequency microwave radiation was introduced into the sample via a tri-plate transmission line. Magnetic hyperfine structure is resolved and an improved set of ground state spectroscopic parameters were obtained.
Do all candidemic patients need an ophthalmic examination

Intraocular candidiasis is a potentially sight-threatening complication of candidemia. While the incidence of candidemia in North America has increased, the prevalence of intraocular candidiasis appears to be decreasing. In the USA and Europe, an ophthalmic examination is recommended for all candidemic patients to rule out intraocular involvement. However, improvements in management, clarification of the diagnosis, and trends in the epidemiology of intraocular candidiasis suggest that some candidemia patients might be safely managed without the recommended dilated ophthalmic examination.
Regulation of estrogen receptor α expression in human breast cancer cells by sulforaphane

Abstract Sulforaphane [SUL, 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane] is an isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphanin present in cruciferous vegetables, and it has a variety of potential chemopreventive actions. We analyzed the effects of SUL on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells and on the expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) protein and mRNA in MCF-7 cells. Sulforaphane inhibited cell proliferation with IC50 values at 24 and 48 h of 12.5 and 7.5 μM doses, respectively, and decreased ERα protein expression at concentrations between 2.5 and 30 μM. Inhibition of ERα protein expression was also accompanied by decreased progesterone receptor expression. MCF-7 ERα mRNA expression was inhibited by SUL at a dose of 30 μM, but not at lower SUL concentrations. At SUL doses
A new transition radiator-detector system for particle identification at high energies

Abstract Transition radiation (TR) from a new low Z radiator of lithium foils was investigated with a xenon gas multiwire proportional chamber. The TR X-ray yield was determined as a function of the Lorentz factor from γ ≈ 1000 to 5600. The particle discrimination properties of the Li-radiator and Xe-detector combination were found superior to those reported with other TR detectors.
The Impact of Comparable Worth on Earnings Inequality

To investigate the relationship between earnings inequality and the gender-based wage differential, we estimated the correlation between wages and the percentage of women in three-digit occupations and eliminated this negative effect under a proposed comparable worth scenario. The effect of comparable worth on earnings inequality was assessed by calculating the coefficient of variation, variance of the natural log of earnings, the Gini coefficient, the Theil-Entropy Index, and Atkinson's measure of social welfare. We found a decrease in overall earnings inequality, inequality between women and men, and inequality among women. The decline in inequality held across choice of index.
Short-term scheduling of batch plants with multiple intermediate due dates

Abstract The problem of short-term scheduling often involves the satisfaction of variable product demands at specific due dates within the time horizon under consideration. Ierapetritou and Floudas, [2, 3] presented a novel continuous time formulation to effectively address the problem of short-term scheduling in batch, continuous and mixed production facilities where product demands are specified at the end of time horizon. The primary objective of this paper is to extend the continuous time formulation so as to deal with intermediate due dates. The mathematical model is developed and the features of the problem are further exploited to result in the most efficient solution of the problem. Two examples are provided to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach.
A Production System for Use of Global Optimization Knowledge

A method employing ideas from applied artificial intelligence is proposed for use in design optimization. Knowledge of global information is incorporated in several rule types concerning constraint activity, redundancy, and dominance. The rules are organized in a production system that makes deductions about possible (globally) active sets. Two design examples demonstrate the strategy. Similar ideas may be used in other areas of the optimization process, particularly in design applications.
A comparison of the Fourier-Hermite and Power Transform solutions of the nonlinear Vlasov equation

Abstract The Power Transform method of integrating the nonlinear Vlasov equation is applied to two physically significant problems and the solutions are compared with the results of the Fourier-Hermite method. The problems considered are one dimensional, with periodic boundary conditions and involve (1) Landau damping in a Maxwellian plasma, and (2) the two-beam instability with equal electron beams. The Power Transform method is discussed and several truncation techniques are presented. It is found that an extrapolation procedure can be used which allows a truncation of the infinite matrix without causing numerical instabilities in the nonlinear system. Close quantitative agreement between the results of the two methods is found.
Cellular localization of Herpes simplex virus by means of fluorescent antibody.

Abstract The cellular localization of the antigens of herpes simplex virus was studied by means of specific fluorescent antibody in a race of human epidermoid carcinoma cells growing in tissue culture. Observations made at various intervals during the development of the viral infection were correlated with the appearance of the cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the relation of the antigenic material to the developing inclusion body was determined. Viral antigen first made its appearance as a tiny round spot well inside the nucleus, followed by the development of increasing numbers of such spherical areas and the gradual appearance of a network of antigenic material inside the nucleus, until the nucleus contained a large homogenous area of viral antigen. This large area was basophilic, however, and did not correspond to the typical type A intranuclear inclusion. Specific antigenic material appeared diffusely in the cytoplasm of the infected cell, increasing in amount, whereas the antigenic material in the nucleus decreased until it became small or absent. Cells in this end stage of the process showed a typical type A intranuclear inclusion; this inclusion therefore contains little or no virus, representing an “intranuclear scar.” These findings confirm those of other workers using the Feulgen reaction and the electron microscope. Incidental observations were also made on the infected chorioallantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo and on the intracerebrally infected mouse brain.
The Emerging Quandary of Childhood Stoke. Better Aim but No Magic Bullet

See related article, pages 116–122. Recent advances in the detection of childhood stroke—thanks in large part to the development of noninvasive, low risk neuroimaging—have increasingly put us in the uncomfortable position of diagnosing a stroke in a child but having little idea of what we should do about it. Although new data on stroke recurrence rates in children—as high as 22% despite “best medical management”—have raised our level of alarm,1 advances in our understanding of the etiologies of childhood stroke have made it increasingly clear that we cannot simply extrapolate secondary stroke prevention strategies from adult …
Low temperature plasma for the preparation of separation membranes

Abstract The use of low temperature (nonequilibrium) plasmas to prepare separation membranes is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on membranes for separating gas mixtures. Two types of plasma processing which have been utilized are plasma treatment and plasma polymerization. Various combinations of plasma processing and substrate morphology (porous or nonporous) can be envisioned for membrane fabrication. Some of these combinations have been studied and are discussed along with the results reported in the literature. The separation characteristics of the resultant membrane are affected not only by the parameters of the plasma process, such as the plasma gas (monomer) flow rate, the power input, the gas pressure, and the plasma duration, but also by the nature of the underlying substrate and its surface morphology.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 45

Abstract Experimental data available through April 1977 have been reviewed in detail. A summary of information obtained in various reaction and decay experiments is presented, together with adopted level schemes which represent, in the compilers' judgment, the best available nuclear structure information on A = 45 nuclei.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy and Esophagomyotomy

Recent improvements in laparoscopic equipment, technique, and skills have contributed to advancement of the laparoscopic approach to even relatively rare pediatric surgical diseases. Two invasive operations that now may be approached laparoscopically are adrenalectomy and esophagomyotomy. Both techniques, initially described in the early 1990s, are particularly well suited for the laparoscopic approach and have become accepted as the preferred technique among general surgeons. Despite infrequent indications for either of these operations in children, pediatric surgeons experienced in minimally invasive techniques may apply the laparoscopic approach in a safe and effective manner. Furthermore, regarding achalasia in the pediatric population specifically, the offering of a less-invasive surgical approach may contribute toward more primary definitive surgical management being offered initially rather than after prolonged supportive medical care. The goal of this article is to familiarize the reader with the current laparoscopic approach to benign pediatric adrenal conditions and esophageal motility disorders in children.
M-commerce security: the impact of wireless application protocol (WAP) security services on e-business and e-health solutions

Mobile commerce (m-commerce) is providing real-time accessibility and new opportunities for industrial, commercial, and e-health services via mobile devices and solutions. Such services and solutions appeal to consumers over traditional forms not only because of their high availability, but the independence that can be achieved from the restriction of physical location, space, and time. Even so, the move to create a wireless, information-secure version of the internet opens up a new area of concerns and challenges. As with traditional forms of information and transactional services' delivery, the issue of security, privacy, and integrity of information and transactions being exchanged from one point of the network to another is seen as a key barrier to making mobile solutions a reality. As security is one of the most important features governing successful m-commerce applications, this paper focuses the discussion on security concerns with wireless network solutions. It features Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP)-based solutions to ensure security of electronic transactions and provides some insights into the associated benefits for using WAP-based applications. Finally, the paper highlights the impact of WAP on e-health solutions and concludes with a review of future challenge for implementing m-commerce networks and solutions.