cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity, Determinants of: Genetic Aspects

Obesity is a world wide epidemic resulting from the confrontation of mankind's ancient genetic make-up with a modern affluent environment. The large animal literature has provide a rich backround of useful information to approach the genetic basis for obssity. Conquering the genetic defects in animals that produce obsity has led to understanding some rare forms of human obesity. We know that leptin deficiency, defects in the leptin receptor, abnormal control of the agouti gene and an altered gene for carboxypeptidase all produce obesity in animals with corresponding abnormalities in humans. The level of hereditability for human obesity has been examined using twins, adoption studies and family studies. These studies suggest that the genetic component of human obesity is between 25 and 70%. Finally, information about the role of different genes in obesity has been explored using animals that overexpress or are deficient in genes that might be related to obesity. In conclusion it would appear that the genetic susceptibility to the more severe forms of human is obesity is stronger than for the milder types of overweight.
How I Diagnose Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma

Objectives Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL) is 1 of the 3 major subtypes of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. The diagnosis of PCMZL may be challenging, as the differential diagnosis includes benign cutaneous lymphoproliferations as well as other primary or secondary cutaneous B-cell or T-cell lymphomas. This review describes our approach to the diagnosis of PCMZL. Methods Two cases are presented that illustrate how we diagnose each of the 2 subtypes of PCMZL. The clinicopathologic features of PCMZL and the ways in which these cases can be distinguished from both benign and other neoplastic entities are emphasized. Results A definitive diagnosis of PCMZL requires the incorporation of histologic and immunophenotypic features, molecular genetic studies in some cases, and just as importantly, clinical findings. Emerging data suggest that the heavy chain class-switched cases may be more like a clonal chronic lymphoproliferative disorder. Conclusions The 2 subtypes of PCMZL create different diagnostic challenges and require the use of a multiparameter approach. Although very indolent, it is important to distinguish PCMZLs from reactive proliferations, because they frequently recur and may require antineoplastic therapies. It is also critical to distinguish PCMZLs from other B- or T-cell lymphomas so that patients are properly evaluated and not overtreated.
Correction to: Picking and Choosing Among Phase I Trials.

The article "Picking and Choosing Among Phase I Trials", written by Jill A. Fisher, Torin Monahan and Rebecca L. Walker, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 16, issue 4, page 535-549 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication.
Redox-informed models of global biogeochemical cycles.

Microbial activity mediates the fluxes of greenhouse gases. However, in the global models of the marine and terrestrial biospheres used for climate change projections, typically only photosynthetic microbial activity is resolved mechanistically. To move forward, we argue that global biogeochemical models need a theoretically grounded framework with which to constrain parameterizations of diverse microbial metabolisms. Here, we explain how the key redox chemistry underlying metabolisms provides a path towards this goal. Using this first-principles approach, the presence or absence of metabolic functional types emerges dynamically from ecological interactions, expanding model applicability to unobserved environments. “Nothing is less real than realism. It is only by selection, by elimination, by emphasis, that we get at the real meaning of things.” –Georgia O’Keefe Marine microbial activities fuel biogeochemical cycles that impact the climate, but global models do not account for the myriad physiological processes that microbes perform. Here the authors argue for a model framework that reinterprets the ocean as physics coupled to biologically-driven redox chemistry.
A Meta-analysis of University STEM Summer Bridge Program Effectiveness

University science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) summer bridge programs provide incoming STEM university students additional course work and preparation before they begin their studies. These programs are designed to reduce attrition and increase the diversity of students pursuing STEM majors and STEM career paths. A meta-analysis of 16 STEM summer bridge programs was conducted. Results showed that program participation had a medium-sized effect on first-year overall grade point average (d = 0.34) and first-year university retention (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.747). Although this meta-analytic research reflects a limited amount of available quantitative academic data on summer STEM bridge programs, this study nonetheless provides important quantitative inroads into much-needed research on programs' objective effectiveness. These results articulate the importance of thoughtful experimental design and how further research might guide STEM bridge program development to increase the success and retention of matriculating STEM students.
Does perioperative ketorolac increase bleeding risk after intracapsular tonsillectomy

Abstract Importance Conflicting evidence exists regarding the post-tonsillectomy bleed risk associated with perioperative ketorolac use in the pediatric population. Surgical technique for tonsillectomy can further confound this risk. Objective The primary objective was to retrospectively quantify the post-tonsillectomy bleed rate after single-dose administration of ketorolac in pediatric patients following intracapsular tonsillectomy. The secondary objective was to determine if age, sex, body mass index, medical comorbidities, and indication for surgery increased post-tonsillectomy bleed risk. Design Retrospective cohort study of 1920 children who underwent intracapsular tonsillectomies between January 2017 and December 2018. Setting This study was completed at a tertiary-care pediatric referral center. Participants 1920 children who underwent intracapsular tonsillectomies between January 2017 and December 2018 at a single tertiary-care children's hospital. Exposures Patients were divided into two cohorts: 1458 patients (75.9%) received ketorolac (K+), and 462 (24.1%) did not (NK). Age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, and indication for surgery also were evaluated for association with post-tonsillectomy bleed risk. Main outcome(s) and measure(s) Primary study outcome for both cohorts was post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage requiring operative intervention. Results 1920 study participants were included with an average age of 6.5 years; 51.5% of participants were males; and, 63.9% were white. Overall, the postoperative bleeding rate was 1.5%. However, there was no significant difference when comparing bleeding rates for the ketorolac group and the non-keterolac group (1.4%–1.7%; P = .82) Age, chronic tonsillitis, higher body mass index Z-scores, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and behavioral diagnoses were statistically significant risk factors for post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. Conclusions and relevance Single-dose postoperative ketorolac does not appear to be associated with increased risk of post-tonsillectomy bleed in pediatric patients undergoing intracapsular tonsillectomy. Providers should not avoid using ketorolac in patients undergoing intracapsular tonsillectomy due to concerns over bleeding risk.
Case Report: Deep Brain Stimulation targeting the Globus Pallidus internus for Parkinson’s disease and Tourette syndrome (1379)

Objective: To report a patient with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Tourette syndrome, well managed with Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) targeting the Globus Pallidus internus (GPi). Background: DBS targeting the GPi is effective in some cases of intractable Tourette syndrome. However, The GPi DBS parameters used for Tourette syndrome is usually different from those used for Parkinson’s disease (PD), with low frequency, high pulse width stimulation being most effective. Design/Methods: Case report with literature review. Results: We present a patient with PD and Tourette syndrome. Patient takes aripiprazole for Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder, which unfortunately worsens his parkinsonism. After GPi DBS placement, with high frequency (130Hz), low pulse width (60 microseconds) settings, we achieved good control of his parkinsonian symptoms. Interestingly, his Tourette syndrome symptoms also improved with decreased tics. To our knowledge this is the first case report on DBS targeting GPi in a patient with both PD and Tourette syndrome. Conclusions: Low pulse width, high frequency DBS stimulation may be helpful for both PD and Tourette syndrome. Disclosure: Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thomsen has nothing to disclose.
Forging Research Pathways to Sustainable Farms and Food Systems with an Interdisciplinary Evaluative Framework for Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture manifests in a myriad of ways across the globe and is at the intersection of urgent contemporary issues, including social justice, environmental sustainability, community development, and climate change adaptation and resilience. The study of urban agriculture is inherently interdisciplinary as urban farms are a nexus where technological and design innovation, visionary urban land use and policies, and community-based social and economic organizing take place. New urban agriculture research and teaching strategies are needed that help to differentiate designs and practices, evaluate a wide spectrum of impacts, and prepare students to understand and participate in urban agriculture work that is linked to current events and challenges. This chapter describes how a custom urban agriculture research method was used by students in an undergraduate course at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst to forge research pathways into topics that were compelling to them and that represent some of the most urgent sustainability challenges and existential threats currently facing communities worldwide. By providing the method, tools and coaching for students to develop seldom taught interdisciplinary skills, this course helped to prepare students to succeed in urban agriculture and sustainability professions and to demonstrate the vital role of urban agriculture in creating sustainable, equitable, and resilient communities in the context of twenty-first century challenges.
The Impact of Incarceration in State Prison on the Employment Prospects of Women

This paper uses a unique data set constructed from two sets of administrative records to examine the relationship between incarceration and employment rates for former female state prisoners from Illinois. Our analysis indicates that although prison is associated with declining employment rates during the quarters leading up to women’s incarcerations, it does not appear to harm their employment prospects later on. In the short-term, we estimate that women’s post-prison employment rates are about 4 percentage points above expected levels. However, these employment gains do not persist and gradually fall back to pre-prison levels. These results indicate that time out of the work force is not a cost associated with incarcerating women.
Effect of Phenazine Methosulfate on Lipogenesis

Abstract The effect of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) on lipogenesis of rat epididymal fat pad tissue was studied. PMS at concentrations of 10-6 to 10-5 m stimulates l-lactate oxidation and, most markedly, fatty acid synthesis, without affecting glycerol synthesis. Maximal stimulation of lipogenesis occurs at about 10-5 m. With tissue of rats fed ad libitum, increase in fatty acid ranged from 300 to 1800%. There was no stimulation of synthesis from pyruvate or glucose. Similar effects of PMS on lipogenesis were also seen with mammary gland slices of lactating rats. It is concluded that there is limited capability for the transfer of cytoplasmic reducing equivalents into mitochondria. The effect of PMS is the result of oxidation of excess cytoplasmic reducing equivalents and regeneration of DPN.
Motif Programming: The Essentials... and More

Introduction Analyzing a Motif Program Resources Callbacks Manager Widgets Menus Dialogs Tic-Tac-Toe Application The mkill Application The Text Widget Other Motif Widgets Resource Options Customized Dialog Boxes Motif Internals The X Layer Drawing Conclusion Appendixes
Production of ultracold, polar RbCs* molecules via photoassociation

We have produced ultracold, polar ${\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{s}}^{*}$ molecules via photoassociation in a laser-cooled mixture of Rb and Cs atoms. Using a model of the ${\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{s}}^{*}$ molecular interaction which reproduces the observed rovibrational structure, we infer decay rates in our experiments into deeply bound $X\text{ }^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ ground-state RbCs vibrational levels as high as $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ per level. Population in such deeply bound levels could be efficiently transferred to the vibrational ground state using a single stimulated Raman transition, opening the possibility to create large samples of stable, ultracold polar molecules.
The Bill Clinton Presidency: Economic Impact on African Americans

This study evaluates the impact of federal policies and programs implemented during the Presidency of Bill Clinton on the economic condition of African Americans. The primary objective of this study is to determine if policies and programs implemented by the Clinton Administration significantly improved the economic condition of African Americans in the Delta region of the United States. The Delta region is the focus of this study for several reasons. First, it has a well documented and extensive history of poverty among African Americans. The Delta has a proportionally large African American population and federal policies and programs, historically, have been ineffective at significantly improving the economic condition of African Americans in the region. Additionally, public and private sector agencies, historically, have had limited success at altering the economic predicament of the Delta. As such, policies and programs which are effective at addressing the most complex economic problems in the most economically depressed region in the nation may have far greater implications for society as a whole. These policies and programs may be useful as models for addressing pressing economic problems across the nation and among all sectors of the U.S. population.
Seeding the Universe with Life: Securing Our Cosmological Future

Planetary microcosms were constructed using extracts from meteorites that simulate solutions in the pores of carbonaceous chondrites. The microcosms were found to support the growth of complex algal and microbial populations. Such astroecology experiments demonstrate how a diverse ecosystem could exist in fluids within asteroids and in meteorites that land on aqueous planets. The microcosm solutions were obtained by extracting nutrient electrolytes under natural conditions from powders of the Allende (CV) and Murchison (CM2) meteorites at low (0.02 g/ml) and high (10.0 g/ml) solid/solution ratios. The latter solutions, which simulate natural extractions of asteroids and meteorites by water during aqueous alteration, were found to contain >3 mol/L electrolytes and 1 moI/L organics, concentrated solutions favorable for pre biotic synthesis. The solutions and wet solids, inoculated with diverse microbial populations from a wetland, were found to support complex self-sustaining microbial communities for long periods (>8 months), with steady-state populations on the order of 4 x 105 CFU/ml algae and 6 x 106 CFU/ml bacteria and fungi. Planetary microcosm experiments based on meteorite materials can assist in assaying the fertilities of planetary materials and identifying space bioresources, targeting astrobiology exploration, modeling past and future space-based ecosystems, and evaluating sustainable populations in the Solar System. The results also suggest that protoplanetary nebulae can
From classification to epilepsy ontology and informatics.

The 2010 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification and terminology commission report proposed a much needed departure from previous classifications to incorporate advances in molecular biology, neuroimaging, and genetics. It proposed an interim classification and defined two key requirements that need to be satisfied. The first is the ability to classify epilepsy in dimensions according to a variety of purposes including clinical research, patient care, and drug discovery. The second is the ability of the classification system to evolve with new discoveries. Multi-dimensionality and flexibility are crucial to the success of any future classification. In addition, a successful classification system must play a central role in the rapidly growing field of epilepsy informatics. An epilepsy ontology, based on classification, will allow information systems to facilitate data-intensive studies and provide a proven route to meeting the two foregoing key requirements. Epilepsy ontology will be a structured terminology system that accommodates proposed and evolving ILAE classifications, the NIH/NINDS Common Data Elements, the ICD systems and explicitly specifies all known relationships between epilepsy concepts in a proper framework. This will aid evidence based epilepsy diagnosis, investigation, treatment and research for a diverse community of clinicians and researchers. Benefits range from systematization of electronic patient records to multi-modal data repositories for research and training manuals for those involved in epilepsy care. Given the complexity, heterogeneity and pace of research advances in the epilepsy domain, such an ontology must be collaboratively developed by key stakeholders in the epilepsy community and experts in knowledge engineering and computer science.
Malignant lymphangioma of the ovary

Abstract We have presented a case of an apparently morphologically benign lymphangioma of the ovary in which a resection was done. Six months later a local recurrence, peritoneal dissemination, and hepatic metastasis had taken place, and a new growth in the opposite ovary was present. A rather profound morphologic difference was evident between the primary and disseminated neoplasm, consisting of proliferation of the endothelium and changes in the individual cells. However, because of the marked necrosis of the primary together with marked hepatic necrosis present at autopsy make us feel that the tumor was malignant at its inception in spite of the regular benign morphology it presented.
Effect of damage size and location on the stiffness of a rectangular beam

Current analytical damage detection schemes for Euler-Bernoulli beams are based on the modal parameters generated from a one dimensional finite element model. However, since damage has been limited to an effective loss in bending stiffness at the damage location, the interpretation of the damage has not been addressed in any great detail. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of damage size and location in a beam on the apparent damage inflicted on adjacent locations.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Information, Quantum Mechanics, and Gravity

This is a basically expository article, with some new observations, tracing connections of the quantum potential to Fisher information, to Kahler geometry of the projective Hilbert space of a quantum system, and to the Weyl-Ricci scalar curvature of a Riemannian flat spacetime with quantum matter.
Dual Dilation Dyons

We find four-dimensional black hole solutions of the tree-level string effective action, that carry both electric and magnetic charge. The solutions involve non-trivial axion and dilaton fields, and are related to one another by a form of duality transformation. These black holes have drastically different global properties from the usual charged holes without axions and dilatons. The global causal structures of the effective metrics seen by different types of particles (for the same solution) can differ.
The diagnosis and treatment of Munchausen’s syndrome

Abstract Patients with Munchausen's syndrome—a syndrome characterized by the intentional production of physical symptoms to gain the sick role—present a variety of challenges to health care providers. Their treaters quickly become frustrated by their demanding interpersonal styles, by deception and manipulation, and by multiple unrevealing diagnostic procedures. These difficulties can lead to poor outcomes for patients and staff alike. We present the case of a young woman whose presentation and subsequent evaluation led to significant distress among the hospital staff responsible for her care, and discuss the epidemiaology, diagnosis, and management of pateints with Munchausen's syndrome. The most important role of the psychiatrist in the treatment of Munchausen's syndrome is to help the primary treatment team manage the patient in the safest and most appropriate way. Such management includes avoiding unnecessary procedures, preventing further self-harm, and avoiding angry or threatening interactions with the patient. The prognosis for patients with Munchausen's syndrome appears to be poor; flexible and creative approaches that emphasize consistency of care and regular outpatient psychiatric treatment have had the greatest success.
Effect of tetrabenazine on the striatal uptake of exogenous L-DOPA in vivo: a PET study in young and aged rhesus monkeys.

The effect of tetrabenazine (TBZ) pretreatment on the striatal uptake of exogenous L-DOPA in vivo was assessed noninvasively in rhesus monkeys by positron emission tomography (PET) using the tracer [18F]-FluoroDOPA (FDOPA). Paired studies were done comparing baseline vs. TBZ treatment on the uptake of FDOPA, a measure of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) activity. Results show increased AAAD activity with TBZ treatment. These results suggest that the action of TBZ as a dopamine antagonist dominates more than its expected action as a potent vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitor. Results also showed diminished responsivity of AAAD to TBZ challenge in aged monkey brain. Synapse 44:246–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Safety Stock and Service Levels in Periodic Review Inventory Systems

The management of requirement (purchased parts and components) uncertainty in MRP systems is a serious problem for manufacturing firms. When manufacturing service levels fall below a predetermined service level, safety stock must be increased in order to adjust to the competitive environment. This paper presents the results of a set of simulation experiments in which we investigate some of the complexities of safety stock requirements, lot sizing performance and the marginal safety stock requirements associated with various service level policies. The results of the experiments have empirically shown that the marginal units of safety stock required for various service level policies follow a predictable (measurable) pattern. The research also indicates that the economic advantages of well-known dynamic lot sizing procedures are diminished by the presence of requirements uncertainty. Another important finding is the interaction between service level and ‘lumpy’ requirements. High levels of the coefficient of variation and the economic time between orders resulted in larger orders, reduced safety stock and high service levels. In general, the overall findings from this research will hopefully provide the decision maker with an in-depth understanding of the measurement and impact of various service level policies.
KasA, another brick in the mycobacterial cell wall.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease that has been plaguing humanity for centuries, has a unique cell wall composition believed to be critical for pathogenicity. Luckner et al. (2009) now describe the structure of KasA , an enzyme involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
Microbial responses to in situ chemical oxidation, six‐phase heating, and steam injection remediation technologies in groundwater

The evaluation of microbial responses to three in situ source removal remedial technologies— permanganate-based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), six-phase heating (SPH), and steam injection (SI)—was performed at Cape Canaveral Air Station in Florida. The investigation stemmed from concerns that treatment processes could have a variety of effects on the indigenous biological activity, including reduced biodegradation rates and a long-term disruption of community structure with respect to the stimulation of TCE (trichloroethylene) degraders. The investigation focused on the quantity of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and its distribution to determine the immediate effect of each remedial technology on microbial abundance and community structure, and to establish how rapidly the microbial communities recovered. Comprehensive spatial and temporal PLFA screening data suggested that the technology applications did not significantly alter the site’s microbial community structure. The ISCO was the only technology found to stimulate microbial abundance; however, the biomass returned to predemonstration values shortly after treatment ended. In general, no significant change in the microbial community composition was observed in the SPH or SI treatment areas, and even small changes returned to near initial conditions after the demonstrations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
A pyramidal approach for the recognition of neurons using key features

Abstract Pyramid-like hierarchical structures have been shown to be suitable for many computer vision tasks. In this paper a pyramidal approach for recognition of neurons from an electron micrograph is described. Key features for object recognition are defined. Transforms for extracting features are performed hierarchically in a simulated pyramid, cascading local parallel operations. The algorithms described in this paper are expected to be fairly expandable to general purpose pyramidal vision systems.
Discriminative stimulus properties of the vasodilator, hydralazine: Differential generalization with alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoreceptor drugs

1 Male albino rats were trained to an operant procedure of lever pressing on an FR-10 schedule of food reinforcement to respond on one lever located on one side of the food cup after an injection of hydralazine (1, 25 mg/kg), and to respond on an alternate lever located on the other side of the food cup after an injection of saline. 2 Seven out of ten rats learned the hydralazine-saline discrimination to the rigid criterion of selecting the correct lever for reinforcement on ten consecutive sessions. 3 The elicitation of the discriminative stimulus was dose-dependent (r = 0,98; p < .001) with 100, 43, and 14% of the subjects selecting the hydralazine lever following hydralazine doses of 1,25, 0,32 and 0,08 mg/kg, respectively (ED50, 0,28 mg/kg). 4 A reduction in response rate and blood pressure was noted only at the 1.25 mg/kg dose. 5 No tolerance to the hypotensive effect of hydralazine was found. 6 In generalization tests, prazosin, an alpha1 antagonist, was found to produce a dose-dependent generalization to hydralazine (ED50, 1, 25 mg/kg) while clonidine, an alpha2 agonist, did not generalize. 7 These data indicate that hydralazine produces a discriminable interoceptive stimulus exact site of action of which is not known.
Statistical Practice in Bureaucracies

More than 140 years ago a few men met in Boston to form what shortly became known as the American Statistical Association. Article II of its first constitution explained the purpose succinctly: "The objects of the society shall be to collect, preserve and diffuse Statistical information in the different departments of human knowledge" (American Statistical Association 1940). We have come a long way since then. It may be useful, however, to refresh our minds concerning that original purpose. Government statistics bureaus are among the more prominent organizations specifically charged to collect, preserve, and diffuse statistical information. Statisticians in the private sector who apply statistical methods to problems in science, in industry, in medicine, for exainple, are sometimes puzzled by the different interests of their colleagues in government bureaus of statistics. They ask questions such as, Why does not the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards have more staff trained in statistical methods? Why do not more statisticians become heads of government statistics agencies? I shall not try to justify the present state of affairs, but I should like to comment on some of the distinguishing characteristics between statistical practice in government and outside government. I have two objectives. One is to draw attention to some of the important current issues in federal statistics. Another is to emphasize the importance of certain statistical practices beyond those commonly considered a part of statistical science. Statistical methods applied to problems in the laboratory, on the agricultural plot, in the manufacturing control process may not differ much whether the sponsor is a government, a university, a corporation, or an individual scientist. But statistics viewed as a product, that is, data collected and disseminated for the use of others, does differ in important ways from statistics considered as a science or a methodology. It is to this part of government statistics that the rest of this paper is confined. Persons trained in statistical methodology think of statistics as a scientific discipline, but most of the rest of the world uses the term to mean orderly arrays of data, an end product of statistical activity-sets of numbers, tables, or graphs. Many of us are ambivalent and move back and forth, using the discipline-oriented concept when talking about the qualifications of a particular statistician for filling a particular post, and using the product-
Photooxidation of cyclohexane and cyclohexene in BaY

In this study, in situ FT-IR spectroscopy and ex situ GC and GC–MS were employed to investigate the photooxidation of cyclohexane and cyclohexene in BaY. Cyclohexane and cyclohexene were oxidized using molecular oxygen and photochemically produced tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in BaY. The main products formed after photooxidation of cyclohexane with molecular oxygen were cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol. Cyclohexane did not react with TBHP in BaY. The main product formed after photooxidation of cyclohexene and molecular oxygen in BaY was 2-cyclohexen-1-one and the main product formed after reaction of cyclohexene with TBHP in BaY was 1,2-epoxy cyclohexane. In general, it was found that the photooxidation of cyclohexene using O2 or TBHP gave consistently higher activity but lower selectivity than that found for cyclohexane photooxidation, due to the presence of two active reaction centers (–H and C=C bond) in cyclohexene. It was also shown that for cyclohexene oxidation in BaY, the choice of oxidant significantly alters the product distribution. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Design of quasi-optical terahertz circulator with ultra-wide-band operation

Design and numerical simulations indicate the presented quasi-optical (QO) reflective circulator topology is a promising topology for next generation, ultrawideband terahertz systems. A side-by-side comparison between the reported 'state-of-the-art' waveguide technology versus the QO reflective circulator show significantly improved insertion loss and over two orders of magnitude improvement in power handling capability.
Effect of detector element size on signal detectability in digital mammography

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of detector element size on detection and discrimination of small objects in digital mammograms in the presence of quantum noise, stochastic breast structure {P (f) = K/f 3 )} and system (electronic) noise. Theoretical analysis was done using the Fourier domain approximation of Albert and Maidment (Medical Physics, Vol. 27, pp 2417-2434, 2000), including averaging over random but known signal locations and aliasing. Realistic CsI-based indirect detection system operating parameters were used with 4 detector element sizes (25, 50, 75 and 100 microns). Detailed results depended on selected input exposure and system noise level (10 mR and 100 photons/del equivalent photon input were used). Results will be described using size thresholds based on human decision performance estimates -- typical threshold SNRs were about 6 to 7 at 95% decision accuracy. The selected tasks and approximate threshold sizes were: searching for a microcalcification in a 1 cm 2 cluster (140 microns), two-alternative forced-choice microcalcification discrimination of shape (220 microns) and edge gradient (290 microns), and searching for a spiculation (cylinder model) around the perimeter of a known mass. MC task threshold variations with del size were small (usually less than 5% variation). Spiculation thresholds depended on length and surrounding tissue composition -- del size and system noise had little effect. For 15 mm spiculations, the threshold diameters were about 0.5 mm in fatty tissue and 1.3 mm in 50% glandular tissue.
Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance of solid hydrogen for low ortho concentrations

For ortho fractions X between 0.15 and 0.46 the linewidth transition at T < 0.5 K has been found to be independent of the thermal history of the sample. No large and/or sudden changes in T1 were observed on going through the transition.
Polymorphonuclear leucocyte motility in patients with severe burns

Abstract Chemotaxis, chemokinesis and cellular orientation were measured for unstimulated and 10 −7 n-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (F-met-leu-phe) stimulated polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNS) of nine patients with recent 10–80 per cent burns using a computer-assisted image analysis technique. The technique records PMN movement, as viewed with a phase-contrast microscope on videotapes, and then uses computer programs to calculate the speed and direction of up to 50 PMNS over a 5-min period. Orientation was determined visually. Cellular adherence was also measured by attachment methods. PMNS from burn patients were slower (av. speed 16.8μm/min), responded less well to F-met-leu-phe (av. speed 20.9 μm/min, av. McCutcheon index 0.32), were less often oriented towards the chemoattractant (av. 39 per cent) and were more adherent (av. 50 per cent) than control cells (av. speed 21.8 μm/min; av. speed F-met-leu-phe 32.2 μm/min; McCutcheon index 0.61; oriented 59 per cent adherent; 16 per cent). Thus PMNS from burn patients orient less well, are significantly slower and have less directionality in response to a chemoattractant, and are more adherent suggesting activation.
Adolescent Smokers Screened for a Nicotine Replacement Treatment Trial: Correlates of Eligibility and Enrollment

The enrollment process determines the study sample and external validity of clinical trial results; however, few reports describe the process and outcome of screening efforts for smoking cessation studies among adolescents. We describe and evaluate a screening protocol to enroll adolescent smokers for a randomized clinical trial of nicotine replacement therapy. Adolescent smokers obtained the recruitment call-in number (1-800-NO-SMOKE) via media and other advertisements. Trained recruitment staff collected information using an internally developed, targeted telephone screening interview, which was used to determine pre-eligibility for the clinical trial. Correlates of qualification and of study enrollment were determined. Among 1,347 adolescents screened, 329 (24.4%) were eligible to participate in the trial. Light smoking (39.1%) and lack of parental support (14.8%) were the biggest contributors to ineligibility. Eligible adolescents were more likely to be female (66.9% vs. 58.2%, p = .0052) and more likely to be European American (63.5% vs. 52.2%, p = .0003). The higher rates of ineligibility for African Americans and boys were partly explained by lower scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Of those eligible to participate in the trial, 159 (48.3%) enrolled. Results underscore the need for screening instruments that are measurement-invariant across ethnicities and gender, and for enrollment strategies that maximize inclusion of eligible participants.
On Development of Iterative Programs from Function Specifications

A systematic approach to the development of totally correct iterative programs is investigated for the class of accumulation problems. In these problems, the required output information is usually obtained by accumulation during successive passes over input data structures. The development of iterative programs for accumulation problems is shown to involve successive generalizations of the data domain and the corresponding function specifications. The problem of locating these generalizations is discussed. It is shown that not all function specifications can be realized in terms of terminating computations of a stand-alone iterative program. A linear data domain is defined in terms of decomposition and finiteness axioms, and the property of well behavedness of a loop body over a linear data domain is introduced. It is shown that this property can be used to generate loop body specifications from specifically chosen examples of program behavior. An abstract program for an accumulation problem is developed using these considerations. The role of generalizations as an added parameter to the program development process is discussed.
Using free operant preference assessments to select toys for free play between children with autism and siblings

Abstract Stimulus properties of toys may impact the type and amount of play observed between children with autism and their playmates. Six children with autism and their siblings participated in an evaluation of toy characteristics on type of play, problem behavior, social initiations, and responses to social initiations. Separate free operant preference assessments were conducted with toys in two categories: sensory stimulating toys and developmentally oriented toys. Highly preferred items and low to moderately preferred items from each category were then introduced into free play observations with children with autism and their sibling. Generally, highly preferred sensory stimulating items were associated with more problem behavior and solitary play while developmentally oriented toys that were moderately preferred produced the most interactive play and the least problem behavior. Implications for sibling-based play interventions are discussed.
Beautiful landscapes in drag, the material performance of hypernature

AbstractThe hot button of climate change foregrounds the performance of designed landscapes in contributing—or not—to an expanded environmentalism of material and social change. Redevelopment projects employing landscape architects commonly perpetuate feminized representations of nature to spin utilitarian exploitation of a singular, objectified environment. This environmental sexploitation polarizes ‘the’ landscape as, alternately, a very beautiful or ugly outside Other. The design idiom hypernature re-presents otherness to negotiate different, more resilient, possibilities of change. Hypernature's exaggerated simulations of nature ideals stage aesthetic agencies of otherness comparable to drag's denaturalizing expansion of gender ideals. The hypernature/drag analogy applies Judith Butler's theorization of performativity to materializing performances that iteratively re-produce what we idealize as natural beauty. Like drag, hypernature demonstratively transfigures aestheticized fantasies behind utilitari...
Is corporate social responsibility a motivator or hygiene factor? Insights into its bivalent nature

This study fills extant gaps in the marketing literature by further probing the multi-faceted impact of a company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices on customer relationships, and it marks the first systematic marketing study devoted to investigating CSR as a bivalent mechanism that encompasses both motivation and hygiene properties. Via a field study utilizing three separate samples of customer survey data (combined n = 2,408) collected over three seasons from a professional basketball team, results support a moderated mediation model wherein CSR is shown to be a necessary and sufficient mechanism for stronger customer relationships. While business leaders typically support the notion of CSR for largely altruistic reasons, our research brings new understanding as to how CSR operates in customers’ minds and suggests that CSR is not only something that a company should engage in based on principled grounds but also something that a company must practice for strategic reasons as their customers demand it and place relational value on it.
The Influence of the Rocky Mountain on the 13–14 April 1986 Severe Weather Outbreak. Part I: Mesoscale Lee Cyclogenesis and Its Relationship to Severe Weather and Dust Storms

Abstract In this first of a two paper series, a sequence of dynamical processes involving the evolution of a mesoscale Ice cyclone and its subsequent interaction with a mesoscale tropopause fold downstream of the Rocky Mountains is investigated. These scale-interactive phenomena, which resulted from the jet streak interaction with the topography, were examined in detail using the observational data obtained from the Program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services' mesonetwork and wind profilers, as well as conventional surface and rawin-sonde data and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer satellite data over the Colorado region for the severe weather event that occurred during 13–14 April 1986. Large-scale analysis indicated that as a baroclinic low pressure system approached the Rockies with its attendant upper-level jet streak, a typical prestorm environment over western Kansas formed in the early morning hours of 13 April. Hourly mesonet data analysis revealed the formation and eastward progression ...
A Compilation and Review of over 500 Geoscience Misconceptions.

This paper organizes and analyses over 500 geoscience misconceptions relating to earthquakes, earth structure, geologic resources, glaciers, historical geology, karst (limestone terrains), plate tectonics, rivers, rocks and minerals, soils, volcanoes, and weathering and erosion. Journal and reliable web resources were reviewed to discover (1) the frequency of misconceptions by subject matter, group (primary, middle-school, high-school, middle-/high-school, college, pre-service teachers, in-service teachers, and undefined) and source (journal versus web); and (2) the pattern of misconceptions across age groups and (3) directions for future research. A total of 502 misconceptions were discovered, with over 40% targeting a middle- and high-school audience. Plate tectonics comprised 19% of all misconceptions, with another 14% and 13% associated with weathering/erosion and historical geology, respectively. Over 80% of all the misconceptions were derived from peer-reviewed journals or web sources, the rest orig...
A generalized derivation of the canonical distribution

It is demonstrated that the density operator for a system in equilibrium with a heat reservoir can be expressed in canonical form provided that the dynamical behavior of the system is characterized by a unitary time transformation. The system is considered to be in thermal equilibrium with a large but not infinite volume of dilute monatomic gas. The combination of the two systems, considered as a closed system, is shown to be microcanonical. Consequently the individual operators will be canonical.
Low Reynolds number heat and mass transfer measurements of an overall counterflow, baffled, finned-tube, condensing heat exchanger

Abstract The heat and mass transfer performance of a condensing heat exchanger is characterized. The study is conducted on an indirect contact, direct transfer, overall counterflow, baffled, copper, finned-tube heat exchanger. Heat and mass transfer data are correlated, and a comparison is made to other studies. Interesting behavior and contrasts of the low Reynolds sensible heat transfer in the condensing and non-condensing cases is observed, and a mechanism explaining the physics of these observations is hypothesized.
A rational search for the separation of psychoactivity and analgesia in cannabinoids.

The compound 9-beta-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol [(−)-9β-OH-HHC] was designed to fit a combined theoretical profile of an analgesic cannabinoid (equatorial alcohol at C-9, phenol at C-1 and a C-3 side chain) with reduced psychoactivity (axial C-9 substituent which protrudes into the α face). (−)-9β-OH-HHC was synthesized by the addition of methyl Grignard to 9-oxo-11-nor-HHC. Its α epimer was obtained by the regiospecific epoxide ring opening of 9α, 10α-epoxy-HHC acetate. (−)-9β-OH-HHC and (−)-9α-OH-HHC were each evaluated in a battery of tests in mice and were found to be 10–25 times less potent than (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in all tests including the tail flick test for antinociception (analgesia). Molecular mechanics calculations [MMP2(85)] revealed that, in the global minimum energy conformation of (−)-9β-OH-HHC, the axial methyl at C-9 protrudes into the α face of the molecule, while the axial hydroxyl at C-9 in (−)-9α-OH-HHC protrudes into this same face. These calculations also identified a higher energy carbocyclic ring (twist) conformer of each in which there is no protrusion of a C-9 substituent of the carbocyclic ring into the α face. The minimal activity of both compounds is attributed to these higher energy forms. It is concluded that protrusion of a C-9 substituent into the α-face of the molecule is associated with reduced cannabinoid analgesia, as well as with reduced cannabinoid psychopharmacological activity.
Adenovirus-mediated Knockout of a Conditional Glucokinase Gene in Isolated Pancreatic Islets Reveals an Essential Role for Proximal Metabolic Coupling Events in Glucose-stimulated Insulin Secretion

Abstract The relationship between glucokinase (GK) and glucose-stimulated metabolism, and the potential for metabolic coupling between β cells, was examined in isolated mouse islets by using a recombinant adenovirus that expresses Cre recombinase (AdenoCre) to inactivate a conditional GK gene allele (gk lox). Analysis of AdenoCre-treated islets indicated that the gk lox allele in ∼30% of islet cells was converted to a nonexpressing variant (gk del). This resulted in a heterogeneous population of β cells where GK was absent in some cells. Quantitative two-photon excitation imaging of NAD(P)H autofluorescence was then used to measure glucose-stimulated metabolic responses of individual islet β cells fromgk lox/lox mice. In AdenoCre-infected islets, approximately one-third of the β cells showed markedly lower NAD(P)H responses. These cells also exhibited glucose dose responses consistent with the loss of GK. Glucose dose responses of the low-responding cells were not sigmoidal and reached a maximum at ∼5 mmglucose. In contrast, the normal response cells showed a sigmoidal response with an K catS0.5 of ∼8 mm. These data provide direct evidence that GK is essential for glucose-stimulated metabolic responses in β cells within intact islets and that intercellular coupling within the islet plays little or no role in glucose-stimulated metabolic responses.
On the single event hypothesis in radiogenetics

It is shown that the assumption of a cumulative action of many independent random events as the primary cause of induction of a mutation fits the experimental data at least equally as well as the single event hypothesis. The theory is illustrated on the existing data of X-ray induced lethals in the X-chromosome ofDrosophila. Possible shortcomings of the single event theory in connection with these experimental data and alternative ways of its modification are indicated.