cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary consequences of indirect genetic effects

Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are environmental influences on the phenotype of one individual that are due to the expression of genes in a different, conspecific, individual. Historically, work has focused on the influence of parents on offspring but recent advances have extended this perspective to interactions among other relatives and even unrelated individuals. IGEs lead to complicated pathways of inheritance, where environmental sources of variation can be transmitted across generations and therefore contribute to evolutionary change. The existence of IGEs alters the genotype-phenotype relationship, changing the evolutionary process in some dramatic and non-intuitive ways.
Perturbations of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Patterning in Hematologic Malignancies

The recent identification of covalent cytosine modifications derived from the metabolism of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and catalyzed by the TET proteins has facilitated molecular insight into a new subclass of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). TET2 -mutant AMLs have the predicted hypermethylation phenotype expected given the inability of the mutant TET2 protein to convert 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). In addition, IDH1/2 mutations confer a gain-of-function, allowing the enzymes to process α-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate, which inhibits the TET proteins and ultimately induces the same hypermethylation phenotype. New techniques are being developed rapidly that have the unprecedented capacity to distinguish among the various covalent cytosine modifications now known to exist. Soon, these methods will be harnessed to yield a new level of insight into AMLs with altered distribution of 5-hmC, information that may allow new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for patients with this subtype of AML.
Effects of wind on the behavior and call transmission of pikas (Ochotona princeps)

It has been suggested that pikas are less active during inclement weather. We hypothesized that this decrease in activity is a predator-avoidance response to wind conditions that decrease the effectiveness of the alarm calls of pikas. We examined this hypothesis by broadcasting and rerecording the prominent frequencies (900–5,500 Hz) of pikas’ calls and by observing behavior of focal pikas during varying weather conditions. Both attenuation of pure tones and the amount of wind noise increased significantly as wind speed increased. Additionally, wind direction created asymmetrical patterns of attenuation of pure tones, potentially distorting and degrading the call. Further, pikas spent significantly more time inactive at higher wind speeds, with nonvigilant active behaviors decreasing at a higher rate than vigilant active behaviors. Examination of these data supports the hypothesis and suggests that wind influences the behavior of animals that rely on alarm calls.
Functional Symptoms in Nephrology: Keeping It In and Letting It Out

Lower urinary tract complaints, generally described by the term “voiding dysfunction,” are common in children. While often behavioral and responsive to a number of straightforward interventions, they occasionally signal serious underlying kidney disease. Most children with voiding dysfunction can be diagnosed with a careful history and physical examination and some very minimal further testing. A first morning urinalysis is important for excluding a concentrating defect or proteinuria, either of which could indicate an underlying nephropathy. If there is suspicion of an anatomic abnormality, a renal ultrasound, including views of the bladder before and after voiding, is generally sufficient. Frequent voiding during the day (“functional polyuria”) is often self-limited, although self-hypnosis may be used in difficult cases. Nocturnal enuresis (“bedwetting”) is ultimately self-limited but may be improved by some techniques such as waking or the use of enuresis alarms. The dysfunctional elimination syndrome often includes both daytime urinary symptoms and constipation. Dietary efforts at controlling constipation, along with timed voiding, often bring about dramatic improvement.
Ancrod revisited: viscoelastic analyses of the effects of Calloselasma rhodostoma venom on plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis

Fibrinogen depletion via catalysis by snake venom enzymes as a therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat thrombotic disorders was utilized for over four decades, with ancrod being the quintessential agent. However, ancrod eventually was found to not be of clinical utility in large scale stroke trial, resulting in the eventual discontinuation of the administration of the drug for any indication. It was hypothesized that ancrod, possessing thrombin-like activity, may have unappreciated robust coagulation kinetics. Using thrombelastographic methods, a comparison of equivalent tissue factor initiated thrombin generation and Calloselasma rhodostoma venom (rich in ancrod activity) on plasmatic coagulation kinetics was performed. The venom resulted in thrombi that formed nearly twice as fast compared to thrombin formed clots, and there was no difference in fibrinolytic kinetics initiated by tissue-type plasminogen activator. In plasma containing iron and carbon monoxide modified fibrinogen, which may be found in patients at risk of stroke, the coagulation kinetic differences observed with venom was still more vigorous than that seen with thrombin. These phenomena may provide insight into the clinical failure of ancrod, and may serve as an impetus to revisit the concept of fibrinogen depletion via fibrinogenolytic enzymes, not those with thrombin-like activity.
Abnormal Buoyancy in a Convict Cichlid (Amatitlania Nigrofasciata) Associated With an Ovarian Carcinoma Invading the Swim Bladder

Abstract An 8-year-old female convict cichlid ( Amatitlania nigrofasciata ) was presented to the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a 2-month history of abnormal buoyancy; the fish spent most of its time in lateral recumbency on the aquarium substrate. During the initial visual examination of the patient in its transport aquarium, the fish was laterally recumbent on the bottom of the tank and had a mildly distended coelom. A transient response to empirical florfenicol therapy was reported, but the cichlid presented 1 month later in poor body condition and, again, in lateral recumbency. Owing to the poor prognosis, the fish was humanely euthanized and a necropsy was performed. The histopathologic results were consistent with a papillary carcinoma originating in the ovary, which invaded the caudal kidney and the swim bladder. The infiltration of the carcinoma into the swim bladder was suspected to be the primary cause of the clinically observed buoyancy abnormality.
MECHANISMS AND PATTERNS OF IN-STENT RESTENOSIS AMONG BARE-METAL AND 1ST AND 2ND GENERATION DRUG-ELUTING STENTS: AN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY STUDY

Mechanisms and patterns of in-stent restenosis (ISR) comparing bare metal stents (BMS) and 1st and 2nd generation drug-eluting stent (DES) as evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) have not been well delineated. OCT evaluation of ISR (minimum lumen area <3.0mm2) included underexpansion,
Identification of the Poinsettia Strain of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Broccoli by Electrophoresis

The sudden occurrence of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), on cruciferous crops in southern California prompted investigation into the basis for the apparent expansion in host range of this species. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) procedures were used to determine the allozymic variation among whiteflies collected from broccoli, poinsettia, and cotton. Tentative interpretation of the IEF banding patterns in terms of allelic variation at 18 loci encompassing 14 enzymes were made. Six of the loci were polymorphic and, at each polymorphic locus, the cotton strain had one or more unique alleles. In contrast, whiteflies collected from broccoli and poinsettia were identical in terms of the presence or absence of alleles at each of the 18 loci. These results suggest that whiteflies from broccoli and poinsettia recently derived from the same source. In corroborative experiments, whiteflies collected from broccoli and reared on mustard produced squash silverleaf symptoms as did whiteflies reared on poinsettia but the cotton strain did not. These data verify the occurrence of the poinsettia strain of B. tabaci in southern California agricultural areas. The implications of this introduction on virus epidemiology and crop production in the area are discussed.
152 LIVER FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH NEVIRAPINE DURING THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANCY: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

The aim of this case report is to demonstrate the detrimental outcome of nevirapine-associated liver failure during late pregnancy, to review acute hepatic failure during late pregnancy, to examine its risk/benefit ratio according to the current literature, and to suggest method of its use in pregnant women. Case Report We describe a 33-year-old black woman in her 28th week of gestation who developed rapidly progressive fatal liver failure within 4 weeks of initiation of HAART containing nevirapine. A macular cutaneous rash on the face and trunk preceded her liver injury. Workup showed an initial CD4+ of 240 to 330 and normal liver enzymes at baseline; negative tests for hepatitis B or hepatitis C, lacticidemia, veno-occlusive disease, illicit drug or alcohol use, or preeclampsia. On physical examination, she was morbidly obese, afebrile, icteric, but not encephalopathic. The patient9s condition did not respond to therapeutic cesarean section; on the contrary, she deteriorated quickly and expired without any sign of improvement. Postmortem liver biopsy was compatible with drug-induced toxicity. It demonstrated submassive hepatic necrosis with macrovacuolar (but without microvesicular) steatosis. No viral inclusion bodies or significant inflammation was identified. This case report introduces another cause for liver failure associated with late pregnancy. Liver injury due to nevirapine is considered a hypersensitivity reaction, usually preceded by a characteristic cutaneous rash with an increased incidence in females. Acute hepatic failure during late pregnancy is infrequent, and death due to it alone is rare. The differential of acute liver failure during late pregnancy is reviewed. Conclusion HIV infection is usually benign during pregnancy and does not increase maternal risk. The existence of nevirapine-associated fatal hepatic failure relative to its benefit may limit its use. Prior reports have asserted an association of liver injury with nevirapine in pregnancy. We suggest limiting the use of nevirapine in pregnant women, or when required, to use single dose or short duration of therapy. If prolonged use of nevirapine is the last option, patients should be monitored closely, and the drug should be stopped at the first sign of any drug rash or elevated liver enzymes.
Adverse Effect of Raised Environmental Temperature on the Expression of Hereditary Spherocytosis in Deer Mice

Deer mice with a compensated hemolytic syndrome caused by hereditary spherocytosis were placed in a controlled temperature room at 35 C. Severe anemia, red cell fragmentation, increased osmotic fragility, occasional jaundice and hemoglobinuria were observed. The spleen enlarged and the erythropoietic bone marrow expanded. Reticulocytes fell markedly early during heat exposure, but in survivors soon increased to levels higher than those observed prior to experiment. Mortality from the severe acceleration of the preexisting hemolysis was high. Control nonspherocytic deer mice subjected to an identical temperature showed only a mild drop of hemoglobin and slight elevation of reticulocytes. Since hereditary spherocytosis in deer mice in a temperate climate is compatible with good health, these findings provide a further illustration of interaction of a particular environmental insult with a specific genotype in the pathogenesis of hereditary disease.
Persisting Issues in Pedagogical Agent Research

Virtual characters have become ubiquitous in multimedia applications, appearing in numerous contexts such as characters in video games, avatars in immersive worlds, or tutors in multimedia learning...
Regional glutamine deficiency in tumours promotes dedifferentiation through inhibition of histone demethylation

Poorly organized tumour vasculature often results in areas of limited nutrient supply and hypoxia. Despite our understanding of solid tumour responses to hypoxia, how nutrient deprivation regionally affects tumour growth and therapeutic response is poorly understood. Here, we show that the core region of solid tumours displayed glutamine deficiency compared with other amino acids. Low glutamine in tumour core regions led to dramatic histone hypermethylation due to decreased α-ketoglutarate levels, a key cofactor for the Jumonji-domain-containing histone demethylases. Using patient-derived ^(V600E)BRAF melanoma cells, we found that low-glutamine-induced histone hypermethylation resulted in cancer cell dedifferentiation and resistance to BRAF inhibitor treatment, which was largely mediated by methylation on H3K27, as knockdown of the H3K27-specific demethylase KDM6B and the methyltransferase EZH2 respectively reproduced and attenuated the low-glutamine effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, intratumoral regional variation in the nutritional microenvironment contributes to tumour heterogeneity and therapeutic response.
Personalized models reveal mechanistic and therapeutic insights into CEP290-associated Leber congenital amaurosis.

Lebers congenital amaurosis (LCA) is an early onset form of retinal degeneration, commonly known as childhood blindness, which manifests via mutations in genes required for functional or structural maintenance of photoreceptors. Eighteen genes are currently recognized as causative for disease progression with the largest percentage of confirmed clinical cases occurring due to defects in CEP290 . This gene encodes the centrosomal protein of 290 kilodaltons (CEP290), which is an evolutionarily conserved component from green algae to modern vertebrates that participates in cellular processes associated with primary cilium assembly/stability, cell cycle control, and DNA replication (1-3). Photoreceptors are particularly vulnerable to deficits in ciliogenesis as their structure includes a ciliary axoneme that connects the major segments. Loss of CEP290 disrupts several functions of the connecting cilium with respect to intraflagellar trafficking and structural stability, thereby prompting a rapid course of photoreceptor degeneration that culminates in a phenotype of severe vision loss (2,4).
Exome Sequencing in Myeloma Pedigrees Implicates RAS1 and NOTCH Signaling Are Involved in Inherited Myeloma Risk

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells with poor prognosis. Although, MM has been shown to be highly heritable in genealogy studies, no inherited risk-alleles have been identified. We hypothesize MM heritability is in part due to rare, germline variation that can be discovered in high-risk pedigrees. High-risk MM pedigrees were identified using the Utah Population Database which contains both genealogical and state cancer records. High-risk pedigrees were defined to have statistical excess of MM (p Of the 116 variants, 3 MM cases in one high-risk pedigree shared multiple variants on chromosome 1p36.11-35.1. To formally assess whether these variants were inherited from a common founder we performed shared genome segment analysis using high-density SNP genotyping. We identified a region at 1p36.11-35.1, 8.9 Mb in length (p = 6.0 × 10 -4 ; 22,000 simulations), providing positive evidence for segregation from a common founder. The segregating variants identified from exome sequencing in this region are in the genes CNKSR1 , ARID1A , and SDC3 . All three variants are individually predicted to be moderately deleterious. The variant in CNKSR1 falls in a splice region and has minor allele frequency of 0.004 in the 1000G Europeans. This variant was also observed in 3 additional cases in our sequencing set, indicating a strong enrichment of this variant in our high-risk MM cases (6/42 = 0.143). CNKSR1 is involved in the RAS1 and NOTCH signaling pathways and is a known target for cancer therapy. The variants in ARID1A and SDC3 both result in non-synonymous codon changes. ARID1A is commonly mutated across cancers and has been associated with accelerated tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinomas. SDC3 also interacts with NOTCH signaling, a pathway involved in MM growth (especially in patients with MAF translocations) and osteoclastogenesis. The variants in ARID1A and SDC3 are not carried by other cases in our sequencing set, which may indicate the combination of these variants is important to confer risk in the pedigree, or merely that the variants are hitchhikers on the segregating chromosome. Germline risk-alleles will shed light on the genetic factors involved in MM susceptibility and ultimately may provide new avenues for screening, diagnosis and treatment. Here we have identified evidence for segregating variants in a high-risk pedigree that implicate the RAS1 and NOTCH signaling pathways as involved in MM risk. Future work includes confirmation sequencing in the pedigree and a broader set of MM cases, and functional follow-up of the variants and their role in disruption of the genes and pathways. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Relationships between Chinook Salmon Swimming Performance and Water Quality in the San Joaquin River, California

AbstractThere is currently only a limited understanding of the relationship between water quality and predation on Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. smolts. We addressed the hypothesis that poor water quality will decrease a smolt’s swimming performance and presumably its predator evasion capabilities. Predation is a major factor affecting salmon smolt survival throughout the San Joaquin River and the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta of California. Prior studies have quantified predation rates, but the effect of water quality on predator evasion capability has not previously been evaluated. We quantified the swimming performance of juvenile Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha in relation to water quality variables. The maximum swim speeds (Umax) of 45 hatchery-reared smolts (7.1–9.9 cm FL) were measured in controlled (laboratory) and field environments by using a mobile swim tunnel respirometer; measurements were obtained before and after the fish received a 2-d exposure to the lower San Joaquin River while being he...
State-space based modeling for imaging system identification

State-space (SS) based modeling for imaging electro-optical (EO) systems representing various states facilitates a method for system estimation. Traditionally linear shift-invariant (LSI) systems are modeled using Fourier analysis (FA). However, models based on FA may not have a clear insight too the instability reasons, whereas SS based models with system poles and zeros have a clear insight to the system stability information. In this paper, we introduce three methods to estimate system parameters for LSI EO imaging systems using SS based modeling. These methods include batch processing version of least squares (LS) estimation, recursive version of LS estimation, and sliding window LS estimation. The accuracy of the developed methods was tested using input and output signals of simulated LSI systems. First, LSI systems with various system parameters (poles and zeros) were simulated, which were then used to generate output signals for a set of random input signals, with each input signal value representing the average of an image. Then, these input and output signals were used to estimate systems employing SS and FA based modeling. Further, the estimated systems were used to generate output signals for a new set of input signals. For any given input signal, output signals generated by both systems were compared for similarities and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Results show that SS based models generate output signals that have higher SNR values. In addition, developed methods were tested against the simulated data and results show promise for development of models for estimating more complicated systems (e.g., non-linear system).
Comments on “Issues in Human–Automation Interaction Modeling: Presumptive Aspects of Frameworks of Types and Levels of Automation” by David B. Kaber

Three aspects of Kaber’s paper are discussed: (a) the origins of the level-of-automation concept as related to various misconceptions in the literature regarding the intent of the original paper; (...
Distribution of Sulphur Between Liquid Iron and Slags of Low Iron-Oxide Concentrations

Desulphurization of liquid iron by reducing slags of the electric-furnace type was studied from 65 heats. Variations were made in basicity over a wide range and in FeO up to about 5 pet for their effects on desulphurization. The role of FeO in desulphurization from the blast furnace, to the electric furnace, to the oxidizing conditions of the open hearth is shown to fit a relatively simple pattern of behavior.
A tale of two mixotrophic chrysophytes: Insights into the metabolisms of two Ochromonas species (Chrysophyceae) through a comparison of gene expression

Ochromonas spp. strains CCMP1393 and BG-1 are phagotrophic phytoflagellates with different nutritional strategies. Strain CCMP1393 is an obligate phototroph while strain BG-1 readily grows in continuous darkness in the presence of bacterial prey. Growth and gene expression of strain CCMP1393 were investigated under conditions allowing phagotrophic, mixotrophic, or phototrophic nutrition. The availability of light and bacterial prey led to the differential expression of 42% or 45–59% of all genes, respectively. Data from strain CCMP1393 were compared to those from a study conducted previously on strain BG-1, and revealed notable differences in carbon and nitrogen metabolism between the 2 congeners under similar environmental conditions. Strain BG-1 utilized bacterial carbon and amino acids through glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while downregulating light harvesting and carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle when both light and bacteria were available. In contrast, the upregulation of genes related to photosynthesis, light harvesting, chlorophyll synthesis, and carbon fixation in the presence of light and prey for strain CCMP1393 implied that this species is more phototrophic than strain BG-1, and that phagotrophy may have enhanced phototrophy. Cellular chlorophyll a content was also significantly higher in strain CCMP1393 supplied with bacteria compared to those without prey. Our results thus point to very different physiological strategies for mixotrophic nutrition in these closely related chrysophyte species.
An integer linear program for mixed-weight open locating-dominating sets

Mixed-weight open locating-dominating sets (mixed-weight OLD-sets) model systems that use sensors of multiple strengths to locate and detect problems in a network. Randomly-distributed wireless sensor networks, which often use sensors of different strengths, can be modeled by random geometric graphs. We build and study an Integer Linear Program to solve for mixed-weight OLD-sets and use greedy algorithms to generate mixed-weight OLD-set estimates in random geometric graphs. We also extend our previous results for mixed-weight OLD-sets in random graphs [6] to random geometric graphs by estimating the probabilistic upper bound for the size of the set.
ANALYSIS OF SHEAR INSTABILITY IN THERMAL VISCOPLASTIC SOLIDS

ABSTRACT This paper presents a state-of-the-art brief review as regards the analysis of shear band formation in thermal viscoplastic solids through the thermo-mechanical mechanism. Governing equations are derived for the one-dimensional simple shearing deformation of a material slab that has a finite width h in the x2 direction whereas it extends indefinitely in the x1 and x2 directions, where x1,x2, x3 represent a system of rectangular Cartesian coordinates. The material behavior is characterized by the dependence of the plastic strain rate on the flow stress, temperature and plastic strain. We divide the deformation history into the pre-initiation regime and the post-initiation regime in view of the instability phenomenon considered. Analysis of the pre-initiation regime include the qualitative effects of strain rate sensitivity, thermal softening, strain hardening, inertia and wave length of initial imperfections on the onset of localization. Analysis of the post-initiation regime is concerned - on the other hand - with the attainment of a final band thickness where steady state thermal deformation conditions prevail. We present exact implicit local solutions for the behavior of the plastic strain rate. These solutions are then used in order to derive a localization damage parameter for viscoplastic solids.
Evaluation of the Violent Adolescent

There is considerable disagreement regarding the prevalence and severity of neuropsychiatric impairment in the delinquent and criminal populations. Similar disagreement exists in the literature concerning the medical histories of delinquents. There is, however, a growing body of evidence that certain forms of delinquency are associated with disorders of the nervous system.
The Split Brain and the Integrated Mind

The foremost objective of the brain sciences is, of course, to determine the relation between mind and brain. Our particular approach to the problem focuses on the neurological and psychological consequences of disrupting the dynamics of interhemispheric interactions, and in this first chapter we will briefly consider the historical antecedents of our current studies of the split brain.
WATER USE IMPLICATIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The problems in selecting reactor sites are discussed in terms of population density, coolant water demand, thermal pollution and engineered safeguard measures during construction and operation.
Pore Structure Analysis Via Small Angle X-Ray Scattering And Contrast Matching

Abstract Contrast matching is often carried out using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and adsorbed H2O/D2O mixtures in an effort to obtain additional port structure information. In this work, we explore the use of single adsorbates with similar electron density to those of the matrix so that contrast-matching may be conducted with small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). In particular, we have used a series of halogenated organic liquids and several porous and particulate silicas anc a microporous carbon to demonstrate contrast matching with SAXS. Also halogenated silylation compounds have been used which yield surface modification groups with electron density similar to silica. From analyzing the change in scattering as a function of adsorbate loading or surface modification, pore morphology, pore size distribution and/or surface texture information is obtained.
A Systems Biology Approach for Studying Heterotopic Ossification: Proteomic Analysis of Clinical Serum and Tissue Samples.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissue. Although some of the underlying processes of HO have been described, there are currently no clinical tests using validated biomarkers for predicting HO formation. As such, the diagnosis is made radiographically after HO has formed. To identify potential and novel biomarkers for HO, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and high-throughput antibody arrays to produce a semi-quantitative proteomics survey of serum and tissue from subjects with (HO+) and without (HO-) heterotopic ossification. The resulting data were then analyzed using a systems biology approach. We found that serum samples from subjects experiencing traumatic injuries with resulting HO have a different proteomic expression profile compared to those from the matched controls. Subsequent quantitative ELISA identified five blood serum proteins that were differentially regulated between the HO+ and HO- groups. Compared to HO- samples, the amount of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) was up-regulated in HO+ samples, whereas a lower amount of osteopontin (OPN), myeloperoxidase (MPO), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and growth differentiation factor 2 or bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9) was found in HO+ samples (Welch two sample t-test; P < 0.05). These proteins, in combination with potential serum biomarkers previously reported, are key candidates for a serum diagnostic panel that may enable early detection of HO prior to radiographic and clinical manifestations.
The Wordsworth-Coleridge Circle and the Aesthetics of Disability / Disabling Romanticism: Body, Mind, and Text

As Emily Stanback points out early in The Wordsworth-Coleridge Circle and the Aesthetics of Disability (2016), disability studies remains a nascent field that is still working out its philosophical...
A Deeper Understanding of Luminance and Chrominance for Computer Vision

Computer vision texts often describe edge detection as an operation on grayscale images. The grayscale versions of images are often found as the Y component of Y C B C R , or the V component of HSV color spaces. Students are taught that Y channel of Y C B C R is the same as luminance, which they understand as whiteness or brightness. Two fundamental problems result from this misunderstanding. First, students develop the misconception that an image with zero value of Y in Y C B C R has no colorfulness. Second students develop a cognitive bias, an implicit assumption, that edge detection is always performed in the luminance plane of an image. These misconceptions can persist throughout careers. When feeding a neural network with an image, no single channel is sufficient to detect edges and textures. Here we present a simple demonstration, and a simple counter example, to expose these misconceptions with the goal of developing a deeper understanding of luminance and chrominance. Exercises given to students to circumvent these assumptions are also described.
The Cambridge Introduction to Satire

In satire, evil, folly, and weakness are held up to ridicule - to the delight of some and the outrage of others. Satire may claim the higher purpose of social critique or moral reform, or it may simply revel in its own transgressive laughter. It exposes frauds, debunks ideals, binds communities, starts arguments, and evokes unconscious fantasies. It has been a central literary genre since ancient times, and has become especially popular and provocative in recent decades. This new introduction to satire takes a historically expansive and theoretically eclectic approach, addressing a range of satirical forms from ancient, Renaissance, and Enlightenment texts through contemporary literary fiction, film, television, and digital media. The beginner in need of a clear, readable overview and the scholar seeking to broaden and deepen existing knowledge will both find this a lively, engaging, and reliable guide to satire, its history, and its continuing relevance in the world.
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders reviewer acknowledgement 2014

We thank all of our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in volume 6 (2014). High quality and timely reviews are critical to the overall quality of the journal. We are committed to providing a unique and important outlet for scholarship regarding neurodevelopmental disorders and are indebted to the outstanding reviewers who have contributed their time over the last year in helping us to reach this goal.
ELECTRON SCATTERING AND CORRELATION STRUCTURE OF LIGHT NUCLEI

Publisher Summary This chapter describes electron scattering and correlation structure of light nuclei. It has been known for some time that the short-range correlations because of the repulsive part of the nuclear interaction are exhibited in the nuclear form factors as obtained from high energy electron scattering. In most of the calculations, the Gaussian-type correlation function has been invoked in the single particle wave functions. This type of correlation function causes the exchange of both small and large momenta, thus, simultaneously mixing up the effects caused by long- and short-range correlations with the independent particle motion. Hence, for the independent particle shell model purpose, one still has a job of separating the effects exclusively because of the short-range correlations. It has, however, been pointed out if the correlation parameter in the Gaussian type function is sufficiently small, it can ensure the modification of the two-body wave function only at large relative momenta.
Cangrelor -Safe and Effective Agent for Treating Pump Thrombosis in LVAD Patients

Background Pump thrombosis (PT) is a major complication of Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD). One of the early markers of PT is elevation in Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). Aggressive anti coagulation regimen can sometimes decrease LDH levels and prevent surgical need for pump exchange. Several treatment strategies have been utilized including escalating anti thrombotic therapy. There is minimal data regarding the role of Cangrelor for treatment of PT. Purpose Cangrelor, which is a novel antiplatelet agent in the treatment of PT. Method Review of cases of suspected pump thrombosis as evidenced by elevated LDH and Plasma free hemoglobin, who were treated with Cangrelor at University Medical Center from October 2018 to March 2019. We found two cases that were treated with Cangrelor. Results First patient had Heart Mate implanted 02/01/2017. She had undergone pump exchange for pump thrombosis 03/16/2018. She was not a candidate for further pump exchange or transplant due to socioeconomic issues. She was admitted with elevated LDH of 1400. She was initially started on heparin and integrillin drips with no significant change in LDH for 3 days (1097,1466,1541). There was also ongoing increase in Plasma free hemoglobin (62,82, 107). At this point it was decided to discontinue Integrilin and start Cangrelor. The LDH level started decreasing immediately and was back to baseline level of nearly 600 in 4 days. Free hemoglobin normalized in 5 days. She had no major bleeding complications. She was discharged from the hospital without any major events. Second patient had Heart Mate II implanted January 2017. He had suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage, when treated with heparin and Integrilin drip for elevated LDH. He subsequently underwent LVAD exchange on 8/29/2018. Patient did well for few months after the pump exchange. However, he started having intermittent flash pulmonary edema, power fluctuations and was subsequently hospitalized for transplant evaluation. While admitted he was noted to have elevated LDH to more than 1000 with increase in plasma free hemoglobin. Due to his history of subarachnoid hemorrhage with Integrilin, we chose to use Cangrelor with standard dose heparin drip for treatment of pump thrombosis. He was initially given 4mcgm/kg/min with rapid reduction in LDH and free hemoglobin. He was then maintained on 0.75mcgm/kg/min. This dose was increased to 1.5mcg/kg/min as LDH started to rebound. Patient went on to get heart transplant and did well without any bleeding complications. Conclusions Cangrelor can be used along with heparin for pump thrombosis. It has been used effectively in decreasing the LDH levels without any major bleeding complications. It may be considered as safe alternative to other modalities of anticoagulation.
1439 Feasibility and Surgical Outcomes Associated with Reduced Port Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomy

Study Objective Demonstrate the safety, feasibility, and outcomes associated with the reduced port robotic-assisted hysterectomy (RPRH). Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing a reduced-port robotic-assisted hysterectomy between 2012 and 2018 for benign indications. Setting A single academic university hospital. Patients or Participants Women who underwent a reduced port robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign indications by a fellowship trained minimally invasive surgeon. Interventions A reduced port robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign indications. Measurements and Main Results Women included were stratified into one of four groups based on uterine weight: Conclusion Reduced port robotic-assisted hysterectomy is a safe, effective, and efficient surgery for appropriately selected women. Outcomes appear similar across uterine weights with increased operative time, estimated blood loss, and odds of ureterolysis increasing as specimen weight increases.
The challenges of scaling effective interventions: A path forward for research and policy

Abstract With minimal statistical or theoretical assumptions, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide a necessary input for poverty analysis: credibly estimated causal relationships. But complexities arise when moving from RCT research results to anti-poverty policy, with unintended consequences. RCT evidence by itself offers an incomplete prediction of the effects of policy, due to heterogenous effects, spillovers and general equilibrium changes, macroeconomic and welfare effects, political economy reactions, and implementation challenges, when programs are scaled. We suggest strategies for tightening the link between development research and anti-poverty policy, for example, by changing the practice of RCTs to be more ambitious about what is randomized, and to combine the analysis of experimental data with other rigorous methods that go beyond estimating treatment effects. We describe our efforts to encourage and coordinate this type of work via a new research initiative.
The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

The center of diversity for the chordeumatidan millipede family Conotylidae is northwestern North America, where five of six subfamilies and ten of fourteen previously described genera occur; in this paper, seven additional new genera and 33 new species from the region are described. New species in the genus Taiyutyla Chamberlin, 1952 are: Taiyutyla tillamook, Taiyutyla acuphora, and Taiyutyla amicitia; in the genus Bollmanella Chamberlin, 1941: Bollmanella bombus, Bollmanella washingtonensis and Bollmanella leonardi; in the genus Brunsonia Loomis & Schmitt, 1971: Brunsonia pulchra, Brunsonia digitata, Brunsonia wenatchee, Brunsonia chelanoparva, Brunsonia chelanomagna, Brunsonia selwayana and Brunsonia benewah. Vancouvereuma n. gen. is described with the type species Taiyutyla shawi Shear 2004. Calityla n. gen. includes the new species Calityla siskiyou, Calityla ubicki, Calityla trinitaria, Calityla essigi, and Calityla humboldtensis. Ovaskella, n. gen. includes the new species Ovaskella ovaskae and Ovaskella sinuosa. Karagama, n. gen. includes the new species Karagama ladybird. Complicatella, n. gen. includes the new species Complicatella pectenifera and Complicatella neili. Bifurcatella n. gen. includes the new species Bifurcatella olympiana, Bifurcatella hoh, Bifurcatella angulata, Bifurcatella pacifica, Bifurcatella germania, Bifurcatella uniclada, Bifurcatella inflata and Bifurcatella hobo. Loomisiella, n. gen. includes the new species Loomisiella evergreen and Loomisiella pylei. New distribution records are provided for numerous previously described species of conotylids. A complete bibliography of the family Conotylidae of the world is also included.
Power System Protection response under Geomagnetically Induced Currents

Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMDs) can cause the flow of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) in a power system. The GICs can affect the power systems reliability through maloperations of associated protection equipment. This can lead to a wide area system blackout, thus, augmenting the chances of a catastrophe. This paper analyses the influence of GICs on the most commonly utilized transmission system protection equipment that includes Current Transformers (CTs) and protection relays i.e. distance, differential, inverse-time over-current (ITOC) and undervoltage (UV) relays. The simulation is performed in PSCAD/EMTDC for a 230kV test transmission system to show the variation in performance of the associated protection equipment under influence of GICs. Some recommendations are also provided to avoid the chances of protection equipment maloperation due to GICs for enhanced grid reliability.
Magnetization Transfer Imaging

Magnetization transfer (MT)–magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can provide access to visualizing macromolecular content of tissues, otherwise not assessable using conventional MRI. MT contrast is generated by the interaction between mobile water protons and the protons associated with tissue macromolecules. Given substantial variation between macromolecular compositions of tissues, this interaction differs by tissue type and results in macromolecular-sensitive contrast in MT-weighted images. MT contrast is generated by applying radiofrequency pulses to selectively saturate the macromolecular protons, and this saturation is transferred to the water protons resulting in an observed signal attenuation. The MT effect can be characterized via the MT ratio (MTR) and, more recently, via quantitative MT (qMT) methods. MT-MRI indices may be useful to detect and quantify macromolecular alterations, potentially offering unique opportunities to link pathophysiologic and clinical outcomes in disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), and response to treatments.
A pilot study of 13N-ammonia cardiac PET imaging to assess subacute cardiotoxicity following adjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer

Abstract Objective (1) Assess the feasibility of 13 N-ammonia cardiac PET (13 N-ammonia-PET) imaging in radiotherapy (RT) treatment position in locally-advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients. (2) Correlate pre−/post-RT changes in myocardial flow reserve (MFR) with the corresponding radiation heart dose. Methods Ten left-sided LABC patients undergoing Volumetric Modulated-Arc-Therapy (VMAT) to chest wall and regional lymph nodes underwent a rest/stress 13 N-ammonia-PET at baseline and (median) 13 months post-RT. Changes in cardiac functions and coronary artery Ca2+ scoring between baseline and follow-up were correlated with average RT dose to the myocardium,3 coronary territories, and 17 myocardial segments. Results Eight (of 10) patients successfully completed the study. The average rest (stress) global MBF (ml.g-1.min-1) for baseline (follow-up) were 0.83 ± 0.25 (2.4 ± 0.79) and 0.92 ± 0.30 (2.76 ± 0.71), respectively. Differences in MBF, heart rate, blood pressure, and rate-pressure product (RPP) between baseline and follow-up were insignificant (P > 0.1).Strong (R = 0.79; P 50) for all patients in both studies. Conclusion The feasibility of 13 N-ammonia-PET imaging in treatment position of LABC patients was demonstrated. MFR at 1-year post-irradiation of the heart decreased in 50% of the patients. MFR may be a potential index for early detection of cardiotoxicity in BC patients receiving RT to the chest wall.
Enhancement of organic household waste anaerobic digestion performances in a thermophilic pilot digester

Abstract Performances of organic household waste anaerobic digestion was investigated in a new horizontal thermophilic pilot digester of 50 L total capacity. The operation was performed under favorable conditions without any chemical additives. The presence of predigested cattle manure in the digester provided an interesting buffer capacity that was able to balance the produced fatty acids during the digestion process. The biomethane production reached 0.44 m3 CH4/Kg VS while achieving a COD removal of 70%.The operating time and the anaerobic digestion steps were shortened under thermophilic wet digestion. Only 4 days were sufficient to reach the daily maximum methane production (0.084 m3 CH4/(kgVS.day)) and 10 days to reach 80% of the overall biomethane potential. The process efficiency in removing volatile solid was found to be more than 35% within 5 days. Therefore, wet anaerobic digestion under thermophilic temperature is suitable for industrial scale anaerobic digestion of biowaste regarding the high biomethane yield, the large COD and solid removing and the shortness of process operating time.
Longitudinal Implications of Social Integration for Age and Gender Differences in Late-Life Physical Functioning.

Social integration has documented benefits for late-life health; yet, little is known about its impacts on trajectories of physical functioning. This study examines age and gender differences in th...
Clustered into control: Heterogeneous causal impacts of water infrastructure failure

We estimate economic impacts from decaying water infrastructure in the United States. Using water main breaks in Washington, DC, and a yearlong panel of hourly traffic speeds, we estimate causal effects of water main failures on traffic congestion. We use k‐means clustering to create clusters of streets that are similar to each other: treated observations are compared to other units in the cluster. We identify heterogeneous treatment effects algorithmically while retaining straightforward standard error calculations. We find strong evidence of heterogeneous treatment effects across clusters but small welfare impacts of water main breaks on traffic patterns overall.
Adapting a Framework for Designing and Teaching an Online Academic Writing Course for L2 Writers

The internationalization of US writing programs and the steady increase of online learning in higher education present challenges for writing programs and instructors in developing and teaching online academic writing courses, particularly courses for international multilingual/second language (L2) writers. Anecdotal accounts of the experiences of the emergency transition to online learning in spring 2020 due to the COVID19 pandemic highlighted many of these challenges, including skepticism of the effectiveness of online teaching and the general unpreparedness to carry it out. The aim of this chapter is to introduce an adapted framework for designing and teaching online L2 writing courses based on Casanave’s (Controversies in second language writing: Dilemmas and decisions in research and instruction (2nd ed.) [Ebook]. The University of Michigan Press, 2017) and informed by an exploratory study of instructor and student perceptions of their online writing courses.
An up-to-date evaluation of abiraterone for the treatment of prostate cancer

Introduction: Abiraterone acetate, an oral 17-alpha-hydroxylase inhibitor, effectively prevents the synthesis of androgens from steroid precursors. Abiraterone has become a standard of care in patients with metastatic prostate cancer due to its efficacy in both castrate-sensitive and castrate-resistant disease when given in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Abiraterone may have a role in additional aspects of prostate cancer treatment in the future.Areas covered: The present article focuses on the development and establishment of abiraterone among the available treatment options for prostate cancer. A literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline for prior studies and reviews of the drug. Current clinical trials were examined in the Clinicaltrials.gov database.Expert opinion: Abiraterone has shown efficacy in castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer, providing an additional degree of hormonal sensitivity for tumors resistant to ADT. Impressively, abiraterone in conjunction with ADT as a first-line treatment for castrate-sensitive prostate cancer also confers a significant overall survival benefit compared to ADT alone. With minimal additional toxicity, abiraterone has established itself as a well-tolerated, convenient, and effective treatment option. Ongoing studies are expected to broaden the drug's indications as well as its preference among other prostate cancer therapies.