cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by adenine nucleotides.

Incubation of liver slices and isolated liver cells with adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate at concentrations which inhibit lipogenesis was found to expand the pool size of the noncyclic adenine nucleotides in the intact cells of the preparations. This observation led to studies which demonstrated that adenosine and adenosine-5′-monophosphate also inhibited lipogenesis and expanded the adenine nucleotide pool size. It is proposed but not proven that the increase in intracellular nucleotides produced by a denosine-5′-monophosphate, adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate, and adenosine may have an adverse effect upon the synthesis of fatty acids. Because of the expansion of the adenine nucleotide pool size, high concentrations of adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate should not be used to investigate the mechanism responsible for hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. As an added complication, exogenous adenosine-5′-monophosphate was found to produce a small but significant increase in the intracellular concentration of adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate of isolated liver cells. This effect also may be a factor in the inhibition of lipogenesis by adenosine-5′-monophosphate. Low concentrations of N6,O2′-dibutyryl adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate were found to inhibit lipogenesis without increasing the intracellular adenine nucleotide content of either liver slices or isolated liver cells. It is concluded that studies on the mechanism of glucagon regulation of lipogenesis should be carried out with glucagon or low concentrations of N6,O2′-dibutyryl adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate.
Dynamics of the Two-Locus Haploid Model

Abstract The model describes the relative frequencies at each generation of the four genotypes given by two diallelic loci with linkage and selection in a haploid population. This discrete dynamical system exhibits equilibrium sets which depend on recombination and fitness parameters. The dynamics of the model is analyzed for all selection cases using Liapunov functions and general conclusions are drawn on the geometry and global stability of the equilibrium sets and their regions of attraction.
Time discretization of a nonlinear initial value problem

Abstract Time-dependent models of semiconductor devices are readily formulated as a system of three partial-differential equations in three variables. Each of the equations is linear and well posed for one of the variables; however, if the equations are solved sequentially at each step, a nonlinear instability arises from the coupling terms, unless prohibitively small time steps are used. Three methods are proposed for avoiding such an instability. Convergence and stability results are obtained for each method, and the relative merits of each method are discussed from a practical viewpoint. An example of a computation using one of these methods is included.
An examination of the construct validity of posttraumatic stress disorder with veterans using a revised criterion set

Ongoing concerns exist in the literature regarding the construct of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how to best conceptualize and measure this disorder. We compared the traditional DSM-IV PTSD symptom criteria (i.e., symptoms from clusters B, C, and D) to a revised criterion set that omits overlapping mood and other anxiety symptoms on PTSD prevalence, PTSD diagnostic caseness, associated psychiatric comorbidity, functional status, and structural validity using a cross-sectional, multi-site primary care sample of 747 veterans. After removing items theorized to overlap with mood and other anxiety disorders, PTSD prevalence was identical using both criterion sets (i.e., 12%). Overall, there were few statistically significant differences in PTSD caseness, associated psychiatric comorbidity, functional status, and structural validity across the two diagnostic criterion sets. These data provide further support that removing items that overlap with other psychiatric disorders does not significantly impact the prevalence of PTSD, its associated comorbidity and functional impairment, or its structural validity. Although the revised criterion set represents a more parsimonious model, the current study findings generally support the strong construct validity of PTSD. The implications of these study findings for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Conjunctival Lymphocytic Nodule Associated with the Epstein-Barr Virus

Infection with Epstein-Barr virus has been reported to have numerous systemic and ocular manifestations. In this study, a 38-year-old man with acute infectious mononucleosis was examined for a painless left red eye of three day's duration. The patient had a two-week history of fatigue, low-grade fever, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy. Serologic evaluation was indicative of an acute primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus. A large, salmon-colored, supranasal bulbar conjunctival mass was observed in the left eye. No associated conjunctivitis was present. Biopsy of the conjunctival lesion disclosed a dense leukocytic infiltrate, which consisted primarily of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. Immunocytochemical evaluation of the tissue with monoclonal antisera disclosed EpsteinBarr latent membrane protein and nuclear protein 2 in a small fraction of the cells constituting the infiltrate. The conjunctival infiltrate resolved completely within one month, paralleling the regression of the patient's lymphadenopathy.
Perioperative Safety and Volume: Outcomes Relationships in Bariatric Surgery: A Study of 32,000 Patients

Background Accreditation of Centers of Excellence in bariatric surgery requires a hospital volume of more than 125 procedures/year. There is no evidence-based rationale for this specific threshold. Our objective was to evaluate the contemporary perioperative safety of bariatric surgery and to characterize the relationship between volume and outcomes. Study Design We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2005−2007 for open and laparoscopic bariatric procedures, complications, and death. Results Thirty-two thousand five hundred and nine bariatric procedures were identified (21% open bypass [Open], 58% laparoscopic bypass [Lap], 21% laparoscopic gastric band [Band]). Inpatient overall mortality was low (total 0.12%, Open 0.3%, Lap 0.09%, Band 0.02%; p Conclusions Using a nationwide dataset and bariatric procedure-specific data, we have demonstrated that bariatric surgery mortality and complication rates are very low. A definite volume-outcomes relationship exists when hospital-level data are analyzed, but there is no inflection point to justify selecting a specific volume threshold to determine Centers of Excellence. Low-volume centers with extremely low complication rates can be identified and, conversely, there are high-volume centers with elevated rates of complication.
Direct kinetics study of the product-forming channels of the reaction of isoprene-derived hydroxyperoxy radicals with NO

A direct kinetics study of the product-forming channels of the reaction of isoprene-derived hydroxyalkylperoxy radicals with NO has been performed at 100 Torr pressure and 298 K using the turbulent flow technique with high-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of reactants and products. For comparative purposes, a similar study was also performed for the reaction of 1- and 2-butene-derived hydroxyalkylperoxy radicals with NO. The measured hydroxyalkylnitrate product channel branching ratios were determined to be 0.061, 0.068, and 0.070 for the 1-butene, 2-butene, and isoprene systems, respectively. The results are compared to previous measurements of the hydroxyalkylnitrate-branching ratios for these systems, and the atmospheric significance of the results is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 353–361, 2007
Evaluation of the accuracy of Naslund's approximation for managerial decision making under uncertainty

Abstract This paper uses Chance-Constrained Mathematical Programming (CCP) as a tool in project selection when the coefficients involved are independent normal random variables. The main contribution of the paper centers around showing how well chance-constrained programs can be solved using Naslund's approximation instead of other mathematical methods. If a given decision process involves a degree of uncertainty in its parameters and only binary decisions are required, then it is shown that approximation is the only available solution method.
Gender differences in self-system processes as rated by teachers and students

A commonly held assumption about gender differences in children's perceptions of their academic competence is that girls underrate their abilities more than boys. The present study had two goals: to assess whether boys or girls are more likely to over- or underrate their academic competence, and to examine gender differences in self-system concomitants of discrepant appraisals. One hundred twelve 4th-6th-grade children rated themselves on overall self-worth, academic competence, self-regulatory style, anxiety, and coping with perceived failure. Six teachers rated these children on the same items. In addition, standardized achievement test scores were available for the children. Groups of over-, under-, and congruent raters were formed using teacher ratings as one comparison standard and achievement test scores as another comparison standard. The data show that when distortion in self-appraisal is derived from achievement test scores, girls are somewhat less likely to underrate their abilities than are boys. However, when distortion is derived from teacher ratings of competence, girls are more likely to underrate than boys and boys are somewhat more likely to overrate. Teachers rate boys who underrate themselves lower in competence than boys who overrate themselves, but they rate girls who underrate higher than girls who overrate. The commonly held assumption about girls' underrating of their academic competence is not borne out in this study. We believe it is important to examine differences between comparison standards and between children's and teacher's ratings to understand more fully gender differences in self-system concomitants of discrepant self-appraisals.
Near-threshold electron impact excitation of the argon 3p54s configuration-–new and revised normalized differential cross sections using recent time-of-flight measurements for normalization

Revised electron impact differential cross section (DCS) for excitation of the four levels comprising the 3p54s configuration of argon and their sum are reported for incident electron energies of 12.5, 13.0, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 15.76, 16.0, 16.75, 17.5 and 20 eV. These cross sections were obtained using two conventional high-resolution electron spectrometers, but normalized where possible to recent inelastic-to-elastic scattering DCS ratios of the time-of-flight (TOF) measurements by Mondal et al (2009 PMC Phys. B 2 3). We also present results from new calculations of these DCSs using the B-spline R-matrix method (Zatsarinny and Bartschat 2004 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 4693). Comparisons with earlier experimental DCS results are made, and we provide correction factors for the argon DCS values of Khakoo et al (2004 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 247), based on TOF measurements.
The Gain Of The Optically Pumped Copper-Vapor Laser

The gain of the optically pumped copper vapor laser (OP-CVL) has been measured using a tunable dye laser. A maximum gain of 2.96 cm-1 was obtained for the green laser. This is more than ten times larger than the gain measured in a conventional longitudinal discharge copper vapor laser. It is found that the gains for the green and yellow lasers are both a linear function of temperature. Fine-structure mixing induced by collisions has been also studied and it affects the laser behavior considerably.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elasticity of orthoenstatite

Abstract Elastic constants of orthoenstatite have been determined from Brillouin-scattering measurements. They are c 11 = 2.247, c 22 = 1.779, c 33 = 2.136, c 44 = 0.776, c 55 = 0.759, c 66 = 0.816, c 23 = 0.527, c 31 = 0.541 and c 12 = 0.724 Mbar. Each elastic constant is uniquely defined by the data. Acoustic velocities measured for two directions ultrasonically on the same samples are within 1% of those determined from Brillouin-scattering spectra.
A geophysical and geologic study of Nagata Seamount, northern Line Islands.

Nagata Seamount, located in the northern Line Islands at 12.5°N, 167.0°W, was surveyed and dredged by the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics in the fall of 1979. The seamount is 3.7km in height, approximately 45km at maximum width, and has an estimated volume of 590km3. Analysis of dredge rocks indicates that the seamount consists of alkali basalts and hyaloclastite breccias. Both acoustic reflection records and magnetic modeling studies indicate that the seamount is draped with a large volume of volcaniclastic debris about its base. At some time in its history Nagata Seamount may have been at or near sea level.The bulk of the seamount is made up of lavas of normal magnetic polarity; however, the uppermost 1, 000m consists of reversely polarized rock. The virtual geomagnetic pole determined from the seamount falls at 61.6°N, 4.0°E not far from the average Cretaceous Pacific seamount pole. Rock magnetism studies of the dredged basalts indicate a stable magnetization. Three dimensional gravity modeling determined an average density of 2.5g/cm3 for the seamount. This value of the density agrees with other similar data from Pacific and Atlantic seamounts; although, unlike some other seamounts studied gravitationally, no large density variations were revealed on Nagata Seamount.K/Ar radiometric ages of 70Ma and 86Ma were obtained from the dredged basalts in agreement with the paleomagnetic pole. The younger age may result from alteration, thus the older date is considered more representative. This age is similar to that of nearby Kapsitotwa Seamount.
Lolita, Facebook, and the Third Space of Literacy Teacher Education

K–12 classrooms where in- and out-of-school literacy practices are brought together to engage and scaffold adolescents’ academic learning have been conceptualized as third spaces (e.g. Elsden-Clift...
Contributions and challenges for network models in cognitive neuroscience

The confluence of new approaches in recording patterns of brain connectivity and quantitative analytic tools from network science has opened new avenues toward understanding the organization and function of brain networks. Descriptive network models of brain structural and functional connectivity have made several important contributions; for example, in the mapping of putative network hubs and network communities. Building on the importance of anatomical and functional interactions, network models have provided insight into the basic structures and mechanisms that enable integrative neural processes. Network models have also been instrumental in understanding the role of structural brain networks in generating spatially and temporally organized brain activity. Despite these contributions, network models are subject to limitations in methodology and interpretation, and they face many challenges as brain connectivity data sets continue to increase in detail and complexity.
Antibiotic Binding to Monozinc CphA β-Lactamase from Aeromonas hydropila: Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical and Density Functional Theory Studies

The active-site dynamics of apo CphA β-lactamase from Aeromonas hydropila and its complex with a β-lactam antibiotic molecule (biapenem) are simulated using a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method and density functional theory (DFT). The quantum region in the QM/MM simulations, which includes the Zn(II) ion and its ligands, the antibiotic molecule, the catalytic water, and an active-site histidine residue, was treated using the self-consistent charge density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) model. Biapenem is docked at the active site unambiguously, based on a recent X-ray structure of an enzyme−intermediate complex. The substrate is found to form the fourth ligand of the zinc ion with its 3-carboxylate oxygen and to hydrogen bond with several active-site residues. The stability of the metal−ligand bonds and the hydrogen-bond network is confirmed by 500 ps molecular dynamics simulations of both the apo enzyme and the substrate−enzyme complex. The structure and dynamics of the substrate...
Detection of Delamination in Concrete Pavements Using Ground-Coupled Ground-Penetrating Radar Technique

The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technique has been successfully used to identify some subsurface problems on highway projects. However, the technique (especially techniques that use ground-coupled GPR systems) has not been fully developed or widely applied to concrete pavement rehabilitation work because of the data quality and data interpretation associated with the use of GPR systems for such work, which are only fair. Hence, a study was undertaken to explore the feasibility and potential of using the ground-coupled GPR technique for the detection of shallow delamination in continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements. This paper proposes a three-step analysis protocol for the detection of field delamination with improved quality and improved accuracy of data interpretation on the basis of field-collected GPR data and graphic output. The three steps of this protocol include (a) a preliminary evaluation, (b) the development of a site-calibration algorithm based on the GPR return waveforms, and (c) the establishment of a threshold amplitude difference. This approach was preliminarily evaluated through further testing in the field, and it was identified as a potentially promising and useful tool for assessment of the delamination of CRC pavements.
Accelerating DTI tractography using FPGAs

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a computationally intensive procedure, requiring on the order of tens of minutes to complete tractography of the entire brain. Tractography computations can be accelerated significantly by the use of reconfigurable hardware, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Such acceleration has the potential to lead to real-time tractography, which would greatly facilitate on-site diagnosis and acquisition of additional scans while the patient is still inside the scanner. In this paper, we report the development of an FPGA based architecture to accelerate DTI tractography. We identify computationally intensive kernels and design pipelined implementations. Our performance analysis based on the developed architecture gives on the order of 100/spl times/ speed-up over an optimized implementation in C of tractography on a state-of-the-art processor.
Aggregation, allocating scarce resources, and the disabled

In this article, I first compare positions I have taken in the past and those taken by Peter Singer on how the allocation of life-saving resources should be affected by (1) the aggregation of expected quality of life, quantity of life, and need, (2) both within the life of a person (intrapersonal aggregation) and across persons (interpersonal aggregation). I then reexamine the specific issue of whether and why differences in expected years of life and quality of life that a scarce resource can provide a disabled and a nondisabled person should affect our allocation decisions. I attend to how the use of the veil of ignorance bears on this issue and also how the conclusions I reach differ in certain ways from my past positions.
In Vivo Modulation of Thymus-Leukemia Antigens on Mouse Leukemia Cells and Thymocytes: Retention of Modulating Antibody on the Cell Surface

Inoculation of RADA1, ASL1, and ERLD murine leukemia cells into the peritoneal cavities of (C57BL/6J x A/TL--)F1 mice hyperimmunized against thymus-leukemia (TL) cell-surface antigens rendered most cells insensitive to lysis in vitro by guinea pig complement even in the presence of TL antiserum. Thymocytes of A/J mice were similarly modulated by passive injection of TL antiserum. In all cases, retention of some modulating antibody on the surfaces of most cells modulated in vivo for 1--27 days was indicated by: 1) acquisition of sensitivity of modulated cells to lysis by absorbed rabbit complement; 2) positive immunofluorescence reactions for mouse IgG on the surfaces of modulated cells; and 3) release of cytolytically active TL antibody from cells into the circulation of unimmunized mice following transfer of modulated cells. Reversal of modulation of RADA1 cells was complete in some experiments within 24 hours after transfer to unimmunized mice, by which time all indications of cell-bound TL antibody were lost. These results indicate that even long-term modulation of TL antigenicity in vivo does not result in a complete loss of modulating antibody (presumably attached to TL antigens) from the cell surface.
Talc paragenesis in some siliceous dolomitic rocks, and its sedimentologic significance

Thin (0.5–4 mm), contorted stringers of talc, associated with apatite and minor pyrite, are containdy Formation in eastern Alabama. The form, position and lithologic distribed within generally saccharoidal dolomite-quartz marbles of the Cambrian Shaution of the stringers strongly suggest an algalstromatolitic origin, with interlaminar trapped dolomitic muds. Metamorphic formation of talc plus apatite proceeded only within the stringers, whereas surrounding marble remained as unreacted dolomite plus quartz. Talc generation is best explained by the reaction $${\text{dolomite}} + {\text{silica}} + {\text{water}} + {\text{P}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}_{\text{5}} = {\text{talc}} + {\text{apatite}} + {\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$$ in which the phosphate was supplied to the reaction from organic matter contained within the stromatolitic layers. The system was probably open to CO2 during metamorphism, and \(P_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }\) remained relatively low.
The relationship between marital interaction behaviors and affective reactions to one's own and one's spouse's self-evaluation needs

A recent extension (Beach, & Tesser, 1993) of Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model (SEM: Tesser, 1988) proposed that a person's motivation to feel good about the self, and his or her concern for the partner's need to feel good about the self, can affect the couple's interaction behavior. In the present study, individual differences in the motivation to maintain one's own and one's partner's SEM needs are used to predict the couple's problem-solving discussion behaviors. Fifty-three married couples were videotaped for 20 minutes while discussing an important relationship issue on which there was disagreement. From these video records, husbands' and wives' favorable and unfavorable discussion behaviors were coded. During a subsequent session, couples reported their affective reactions to a number of SEM scenarios recalled from memory, which were used to create an individual difference measure representing the strength in motivation to maintain one's own and one's partner's self-evaluation needs. In general, husbands' and wives' responsiveness to their partners' SEM needs was associated with favorable interaction behavior, whereas responsiveness to one's own SEM needs was associated with unfavorable interaction behavior. The results of this study suggest that the extended SEM model provides an experimental framework that incorporates research directed at both the elucidation of individual differences and the examination of the couple as a unit.
Exploiting concurrent kernel execution on graphic processing units

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been accepted as a powerful and viable coprocessor solution in high-performance computing domain. In order to maximize the benefit of GPUs for a multicore platform, a mechanism is needed for CPU threads in a parallel application to share this computing resource for efficient execution. NVIDIA's Fermi architecture pioneers the feature of concurrent kernel execution; however, only kernels of the same thread context can execute in parallel. In order to get the best use of a GPU device in a multi-threaded application environment, this paper explores the techniques to effectively share a context, i.e., context funneling, which could be done either manually at application level, or automatically at the GPU runtime starting from CUDA v4.0. For synthetic microbenchmark tests, we find that both funneling mechanisms are more capable of exploring the benefit of concurrent kernel execution than traditional context switching, therefore improving the overall application performance. We also find that the manual funneling mechanism provides the highest performance and more explicit control, while CUDA v4.0 provides better productivity with good performance. Finally, we assess the impact of such techniques on a compact application benchmark, SSCA#3 — SAR sensor processing.
Integration, Desegregation and the Work of the Past

A masterful study of the entrenchment and disastrous consequences of post-civil rights era racial segregation, Elizabeth Anderson's The Imperative of Integration more than lives up to its title. This article highlights two contributions of Anderson's book: the way it models the work of non-ideal theorizing by offering an empirical account of the contemporary US that is grounded in close study of the most pressing social problems and the consequences of different remedies; and the way it re-conceives the argument for affirmative action. The article also raises two concerns about Anderson's approach. First, it contends that Anderson's argument depends too heavily on the cultivation of national identity and is insufficiently attentive to the dangers of such identification. Second, it demonstrates what is lost when segregation is approached as a problem to be solved. In conclusion, this article advocates a politics of de-segregation as an alternative that shares many of Anderson's ends without losing sight of...
The Impact of Sex and Situational Cues on the Endorsement of Traditional Gender-Role Attitudes and Behaviors in Dating Couples:

This investigation examines the effects of sex of participant, sex-role orientation and conversation topic on women's and men's endorsement of traditional gender-role attitudes and behaviors within intimate relationships. Sixty dating couples were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a discussion about the intimacy in their relationship, a discussion about everyday things, or a no-treatment control condition. The intimate-conversation condition elicited greater subscription to traditional gender-role attitudes and behaviors than the other two conditions. This was true for both men and women. Participants' own feminine or masculine sex-role orientation was not related to their endorsement of gender-role attitudes and behaviors. These findings underscore the importance of examining specific situational influences, such as the nature of the conversation topic, in understanding the dynamic nature of peoples' gender-role attitudes and behaviors.
Abnormal ophthalmic veins: differential diagnosis and management using color Doppler imaging

Objective: To evaluate the role of color Doppler imaging (CDI) in the diagnosis and management of patients with abnormal ophthalmic veins. Design: Records from patients with suspected abnormalities of ophthalmic veins who had been studied with color Doppler imaging were reviewed. Patients and methods: Twenty-three patients had abnormalities of their superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) due to anomalous SOV enlargement, carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), dural shunt, tumor, or Graves’ disease. Color Doppler imaging of the orbits was obtained initially and as needed during the course of each case. Abnormalities of superior ophthalmic vein included velocity greater than 8.26 cm/sec, anteriorly directed blood flow, and/or pulsatile waveform. Results: Incidental enlargement of SOV was associated with normal waveform velocity on CDI. Of three patients with CCF, two showed high velocity in one or both SOVs which resolved after embolization. One patient with a dural shunt had high SOV velocity. Four patients with clinica...
Managerial Discretion: An Empirical Review and Focus on Future Research Directions

Scholars have long been interested in when and to what degree managers are able to exert control over their organizations. In this review, we examine managerial discretion, or the latitude of action available to managers. Since its introduction, scholars have attempted to explain when managers will have discretion, what discretion means for organizational outcomes, and how discretion may differentially influence organizational outcomes when it enables or constrains leaders. Our review indicates that while a significant number of studies have examined discretion, few have attempted to validate the prescriptions of the managerial discretion construct. Furthermore, studies to date have primarily focused on the industry task environment as a measure of discretion, with less attention focused on the manager’s characteristics and the internal organization. We then assess construct validity and the measurement of managerial discretion, offering recommendations to future researchers for improving the operationali...
Design of adaptive nanometer digital systems for effective control of soft error tolerance

Nanometer circuits are highly susceptible to soft errors generated by alpha-particle or atmospheric neutron strikes to circuit nodes. The reasons for the high susceptibility are the reduced node capacitances and noise margins caused by feature size and supply voltage scaling. Static soft error optimization (such as concurrent error detection or gate resizing) can be very expensive in terms of power consumption if the circuit is not always exposed to high flux of particles. This paper proposes a scheme for dynamic control of soft error tolerance in digital circuits that has negligible power and delay overhead when the circuit is in its normal mode of operation. The key objective is to design circuits that can adapt to different radiation conditions with minimal power overhead. The soft error rate of the circuit is monitored by simple on-chip circuitry, and circuit soft error tolerance is controlled by using dynamic supply voltage and threshold voltage modulation together with variable capacitance banks.
Simulation of the Trickling Filter Process

A simple physical model consisting of a flat surface covered with biologically active slime is used to simulate trickling filter operations. Process variable studies were conducted using glucose as the sole source of carbon in a mixed salt solution. Liquid feed rate has a marked effect on the rate of glucose use at low liquid rates. The results show that mass transfer in the liquid film limits nutrient removal; the top surface of the slime is the major site of metabolic activity.
MicroRNAs As Novel Regulators of Angiogenesis

MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that function as negative regulators of gene expression. Posttranscriptional regulation by miRNAs is important for many aspects of development, homeostasis, and disease. Endothelial cells are key regulators of different aspects of vascular biology, including the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Here, we review the approaches and current experimental evidence for the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of the angiogenic process and their potential therapeutic applications for vascular diseases associated with abnormal angiogenesis.
Inhaled carbon monoxide concentration during halothane or isoflurane anesthesia in horses.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess carbon monoxide (CO) exposure during equine anesthesia with either halothane (H) or isoflurane (I) delivered in a circle rebreathing system. Study Design Prospective clinical investigation. Animals Fifty client-owned horses. Methods Horses were randomly assigned for anesthetic maintenance with H (n = 26) or I (n = 24). Two large animal anesthetic machines were used and assigned to a single agent for 2–4 weeks at a time. Machines were disassembled and soda lime changed prior to switching anesthetic agents. Inhalant anesthetic concentration and CO concentration were measured in gas samples obtained from the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic circuit. Values were recorded at 15 minute intervals for 90 minutes. Soda lime status (new or used) and mode of ventilation (spontaneous or mechanical) were also recorded. Data were analyzed using a five-factor ANCOVA with repeated measures. Results Inspired CO concentration for H and I increased from 1 ± 3 and 6 ± 11 ppm at baseline to 54 ± 33 and 21 ± 18 ppm at 90 min, respectively (mean ± sd). H was associated with significantly greater CO concentrations than I at 30 to 90 min, although baseline CO was significantly greater in the I group than the H group. Oxygen flow rates were 9.9 ± 0.5 L/min at baseline for H and I, and 5.0 ± 0.4 and 5.0 ± 0.7 L/min at 90 min for H and I, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups for O2 flow at any time point. Neither mechanical ventilation nor new versus used soda lime affected CO concentration. Conclusions Significantly higher concentrations of CO were recorded during the administration of H than I. Clinical Relevance Levels of CO observed during the administration of either H or I for 90 minutes to horses were not clinically significant.
Integrated System Development for 3-D VLSI

A great deal of work has been done in creating 3-D VLSI by wafer stacking and through silicon via (TSV) processing for dense Z-axis interconnects. Various methods for wafer attachment have been used, including polymer glue, oxide-oxide bonding, and direct metallic bonding. Yet these wafer attachment methods may not be the best way to assemble 3-D systems from VLSI elements. Systems consist of more than silicon ICs. Many systems, particularly those designed for RF or sensor applications, may need to assemble both III-V and silicon layers with TSVs, remove significant amounts of heat, provide integrated decoupling and power distribution, and avoid cumulative yield issues by pretesting individual die layers before assembly. Typically, each layer may be a miniature subsystem, so that Z-axis interconnect demand can be satisfied by connections on 100 -200 mum pitch. This paper describes an advanced 3-D packaging concept using die stacking rather than wafer bonding. To deal with the CTE mismatch of different materials, compliant copper posts are used to join individual layers. The copper is also used to form a fluid dam around the resulting channel between each pair of die. Circulating fluid is pumped through these channels for heat removal. Sequential attachment of pretested layers is accomplished by forming copper/tin intermetallics. Decoupling and power distribution are provided by thin film capacitors between copper distribution planes on dedicated silicon layers. The results of process development on the various aspects of this approach will be presented. TSVs of 20 mum diameter on 100 mum pitch have been fabricated in wafers thinned to 100 mum thick. Copper posts 30 mum in diameter and 80 mum high have been demonstrated. The results of tests on via and post daisy chains will be presented. Decoupling layers based on thin-film Ta2O5 dielectric capacitors will be described. The design of a complete test vehicle intended to demonstrate the integration of these methods will be presented. This novel concept for packaging miniature 3-D VLSI systems appears well-suited to high power RF and other system applications.
On localized control in QoS routing

In this note, we study several issues in the design of localized quality-of-service (QoS) routing schemes that make routing decisions based on locally collected QoS state information (i.e., there is no network-wide information exchange among routers). In particular, we investigate the granularity of local QoS state information and its impact on the design of localized QoS routing schemes from a theoretical perspective. We develop two theoretical models for studying localized proportional routing: one using the link-level information and the other using path-level information. We compare the performance of these localized proportional routing models with that of a global optimal proportional model that has knowledge of the global network QoS state. We demonstrate that using only coarser-grain path-level information it is possible to obtain near-optimal proportions. We then discuss the issues involved in implementation of localized proportional routing and present some practical schemes that are simple and easy to implement.
A note on equivalent circles, squares, and rectangles

The scatter dose in the center of a circular beam of photons can be represented by a serial expansion, the first term of which is proportional to the radius. If this term only is used in a scatter integration, the expression becomes proportional to the average radius r of the field contour, whatever its shape. For a square, the ratio between its side and the average diameter d = 2r is s/d = 0.891, the relation between the equivalent circular and square fields for small fields. For rectangles, r is given by the area-to-perimeter ratio multiplied by a function that increases slowly with the elongation ratio. The error term resulting from the use of only the linear term to describe scatter remains small under a variety of conditions.
The Gumball Machine: Linking Research and Practice About the Concept of Variability

Inspired by the research of Reading and Shaughnessy (2004), we modified an existing lesson from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. This lesson, a variation on the “Gumball Task”, give...
Voice conversion by combining frequency warping with unit selection

In this paper, we propose a novel voice conversion method by combining frequency warping and unit selection to improve the similarity to target speaker. We use frequency warping to get the warped source spectrum, which will be used as estimated target for later unit selection of the target speaker's spectrum. Such estimated target can preserve the natural transition of human's speech. Then, part of the warped source spectrum is replaced by the selected target speaker's real spectrum before reconstructing the converted speech to reduce the difference in detailed spectrum. TC- STAR 2007 voice conversion evaluation results show that the proposed method can achieve about 20% improvement in similarity score compared to only frequency warping.
Closed Borders and Closed Minds: Immigration Policy Changes after 9/11 and U.S. Higher Education

Amidst the spectacular losses of 9/11 and the tremendous ongoing ramifications of wars, security overhauls, loss of liberties and freedoms, as well as dire economic consequences, policy shifts affecting U.S. higher education have occurred quietly, largely unnoticed by the popular press or the American public, yet the implications for colleges and universities, and the public they serve, are dramatic and far­reaching. Despite the increasing interconnectedness of our world, evident in politics, economics and the environment, post 9/11 policy changes increasingly isolate U.S. higher education from the outside world, hampering academic freedom, stifling outside viewpoints, and consequently, allowing American hegemony an unchallenged stronghold. This paper will discuss the policy changes affecting nonimmigrant student visas, international research collaborations, and visiting scholar visas within the historical context of American higher education and within the current debate on immigration policy in the U.S. Implications for diversity, academic freedom, and the decreasing potential for diverging views and counter­perspectives within academia will be discussed. Closed Borders and Closed Minds: Immigration Policy Changes after 9/11 and U.S. Higher Education Amidst the spectacular losses of 9/11 and the tremendous ongoing ramifications of wars, security overhauls, loss of liberties and freedoms, as well as dire economic consequences, policy shifts effecting US higher education have occurred quietly, largely unnoticed by the popular press or the American public, yet the implications for colleges and universities, and the public they serve, are dramatic and far reaching. Despite the increasing interconnectedness of our world, evident in politics, economics and the environment, post 9/11 policy changes increasingly isolate U.S. higher education from the outside world, hampering academic freedom, stifling outside viewpoints, and consequently, allowing American hegemony an unchallenged stronghold. This paper will discuss the policy changes affecting nonimmigrant student visas, international research collaborations and visiting scholar visas within the historical context of American higher education and within the current debate on immigration policy in the US. Implications for diversity, academic freedom, and the decreasing potential for diverging views and counter perspectives within academia will be discussed.
Carrier Mechanism and Specificity Accounting for the Increase in Intracellular Melphalan by the Basic Amino Acids

The basic amino acids arginine and its lower homologue, α-amino-γ-guanidinobutyric acid, increased the intracellular levels of melphalan only in the presence of leucine and sodium ions. This increase occurred solely through the monovalent cation-dependent, high-affinity, leucine-preferring transport system, one of the two amino acid transport systems responsible for melphalan uptake. Acceleration of melphalan exodus by leucine is antagonized by α-amino-γ-guanidinobutyric acid, resulting in increased cellular retention of melphalan.
ASPO Distinguished Achievement Award Lecture. Studies on the epidemiology and natural history of benign breast disease and breast cancer using nipple aspirate fluid.

Nicholas L. Petrakis, M.D., was presented the American Society of Preventive Oncology's Distinguished Achievement Award at the Society's annual meeting on March 15, 1992, in Bethesda, Maryland. The basis for choosing Dr. Petrakis was his distinguished achievements for over 20 years in research and education concerning the etiology and prevention of cancer, with substantial emphasis on breast cancer. Dr. Petrakis obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and his Doctor of Medicine degree from Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. He has held numerous principal positions at the University of California, beginning with a position with the U.S. Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, and then the Cancer Research Institute, both at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Petrakis has held continuing appointments in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and International Health, beginning as an Assistant Professor. He was subsequently promoted to Associate Professor and Professor of Preventive Medicine. During the years from 1978 to 1989, Dr. Petrakis was chair of the Department of Epidemiology and International Health. Since 1981 he has been Professor of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health. In 1989 he became Professor Emeritus of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Structure of Dynamic Programming Processes

This chapter contains sections titled: References Introduction Discussion of the Two Preceding Processes The Principle of Optimality Mathematical Formulation-I. A Discrete Deterministic Process Mathematical Formulation-II. A Discrete Stochastic Process Mathematical Formulation-III. A Continuous Deterministic Process Continuous Stochastic Processes Generalizations Causality and Optimality Approximation in Policy Space
Pregnancy Poems in the Romantic Period: Re-Writing the Mother’s Legacy

Although poems about pregnancy by women are relatively rare during the British Romantic period, they are nevertheless significant objects of study because they differ markedly from pregnancy poems ...
Studies on the Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Turkeys, 8 to 20 Weeks of Age

Abstract EXPERIMENTAL data concerning the calcium and phosphorus requirements of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks of age have been unavailable or nonexistent until recently. A previous report from this laboratory indicated that male and female turkeys 8 to 20 weeks of age require 0.75 to 0.85 percent and 0.70 to 0.80 percent of total phosphorus, respectively, when the diet contains 1.55 percent of calcium (Sullivan, 1960). As this research progressed, it became apparent that the minimum calcium requirement of such birds was less than 1.55 percent of the diet. In a preliminary report Sullivan 2 suggested that turkeys 8 to 20 weeks of age require only 0.5 percent of inorganic phosphorus or 0.7 percent of total phosphorus and less than 1.0 percent of calcium. At the same time Nelson et al. 3 reported that 0.6 percent of calcium and 0.6 percent of total phosphorus, with a 1:1 Ca. to P. ratio, were …
Recollection after inhibition: The effects of intentional forgetting on the neural correlates of retrieval.

ABSTRACTIntentional forgetting is posited to utilize both encoding and inhibition to control what information enters long-term memory. Within the context of the directed forgetting paradigm, evidence for the role of inhibition to support forgetting has been examined primarily during encoding. Specifically, past studies have shown that when encoding processes are intentionally inhibited, information is less likely to be remembered. Despite the recruitment of such inhibitory processes, not all items are successfully forgotten. The current study examined whether items that should have been forgotten (F items), but were ultimately recollected, showed neural evidence at retrieval of having previously undergone attempted inhibition, particularly when compared to items that received “remember” instructions (R items). Results indicate that recollection of F items engaged additional activity in the prefrontal cortex, including the right inferior frontal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus, suggesting that retri...
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Case Report

Diabetic foot ulcers are the most common chronic and serious complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot ulcers are associated with increased morbidity, impaired quality of life, substantial treatment costs and high rates of lower extremity amputations. Management of diabetic foot ulcers include conventional treatments such as patient education, preventive measures, treatment of concomitant infection, local surgical debridement as well as alternative treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy and negative-pressure wound therapy. Here, we report a case of diabetic foot ulcer treated with extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). We applied ESWT every other day for a total of 9 sessions to a 65-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus for 15 years and insulin use for treatment of a 2.3 x3.8 cmwound in the lateral side of his right foot which was present for six months. ESWT was applied with 100 shocks per session for each square centimeter of the wound with a frequency of 4 Hz at 2 bar pressure. No serious adverse reactions or complications occurred during the course of treatment. At the post-treatment follow-up visit at 3 months, a significant reduction in perceived pain and a decrease in the wound size (to 1.5 x2.2 cm) and depth were observed. We believe that ESWT is an inexpensive, easy to administer and effective treatment modality for management of diabetic foot ulcers which are associated with high costs, treatment challenges, and require amputation in most patients.