cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Cl− in Electrogenic Na+-coupled Cotransporters GAT1 and SGLT1

Abstract We have investigated the functional role of Cl− in the human Na+/Cl−/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Na+/glucose cotransporters (GAT1 and SGLT1, respectively) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Substrate-evoked steady-state inward currents were examined in the presence and absence of external Cl−. Replacement of Cl− by gluconate or 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid decreased the apparent affinity of GAT1 and SGLT1 for Na+ and the organic substrate. In the absence of substrate, GAT1 and SGLT1 exhibited charge movements that manifested as pre-steady-state current transients. Removal of Cl− shifted the voltage dependence of charge movements to more negative potentials, with apparent affinity constants (K 0.5) for Cl− of 21 and 115 mm for SGLT1 and GAT1, respectively. The maximum charge moved and the apparent valence were not altered. GAT1 stoichiometry was determined by measuring GABA-evoked currents and the unidirectional influx of 36Cl−,22Na+, or [3H]GABA. Uptake of each GABA molecule was accompanied by inward movement of 2 positive charges, which was entirely accounted for by the influx of Na+ in the presence or absence of Cl−. Thus, the GAT1 stoichiometry was 2Na+:1GABA. However, Cl− was transported by GAT1 because the inward movement of 2 positive charges was accompanied by the influx of one Cl− ion, suggesting unidirectional influx of 2Na+:1Cl−:1GABA per transport cycle. Activation of forward Na+/Cl−/GABA transport evoked 36Cl− efflux and was blocked by the inhibitor SKF 89976A. These data suggest a Cl−/Cl− exchange mechanism during the GAT1 transport cycle. In contrast, Cl− was not transported by SGLT1. Thus, in both GAT1 and SGLT1, Cl− modulates the kinetics of cotransport by altering Na+ affinity, but does not contribute to net charge transported per transport cycle. We conclude that Cl− dependence per se is not a useful criterion to classify Na+ cotransporters.
Stainless steel mesh supports high density cell growth and production of recombinant müllerian inhibiting substances.

Stainless steel mesh supported the high density growth of anchorage dependent CHO fibroblasts without the use of a special culture system. CHO cells, designated B-9, containing an amplified genomic construct of the human gene for Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS), grew to a high confluent density on stainless steel meshwork while producing substantial amounts of human recombinant MIS over a long period of time. The mesh could be easily coated with various extracellular matrix proteins, such as Laminin, Fibronectin, Collagen or Matrigel, which permitted the testing of the effects of surface modifications on cell yield and recombinant protein production. Since the amount of medium per surface area required for optimal cell growth is lower than for some large volume cell culture methods, media costs can be reduced using mesh. In addition, no special cell culture equipment or complex manipulations are required. Thus, the use of meshwork for anchorage-dependent cells can increase the efficiency of growth and decrease the cost of recombinant protein production.
The Perceptions of Infant Distress Signals Varying in Pitch by Cocaine-using Mothers

Perceptual responses to infant distress signals were studied in 16 cocaine-using and 15 comparison mothers. All mothers rated tape recordings of 48 replications of a newborn infant's hunger cry digitally altered to increase in fundamental frequency in 100-Hz increments. Cries were rated on 4 perceptual (arousing, aversive, urgent, and sick) and 6 caregiving rating scale items (clean, cuddle, feed, give pacifier, pick up, and wait and see) used in previous studies. Analyses of variance showed that, as cry pitch increased, cries were rated as more arousing, aversive, and urgent sounding. The highest pitched cries received the highest ratings for caregiving interventions. Main effects for cocaine use showed cocaine-using mothers (a) rated cries as less arousing, aversive, urgent, and sick; (b) indicated they were less likely to pick up or feed the infant; and (c) indicated they more likely to give the crying infant a pacifier or just “wait and see.” A Group x Cry Pitch interaction effect showed that mothers in the cocaine group gave higher ratings to wait and see as the pitch of the cries increased, whereas mothers in the comparison group gave lower ratings to wait and see as the pitch of the cries increased. These ratings indicate that cocaine-using mothers found cries to be less perceptually salient and less likely to elicit nurturant caregiving responses. These results suggest that maternal cocaine use is associated with altered perceptions of infant distress signals that may provide the basis for differential social responsivity in the caregiving context.
Maintaining parameter invariance in seemingly unrelated regressions estimation

Seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) is an important estimation methodology in demand analysis. While possessing qualities that make it attractive to applied demand analysts, the SUR estimation technique poses several difficulties, including the lack of parameter invariance in some instances e.g. estimation of consumer demand systems with micro-level data. When data includes zero consumption, corrections used to account for censoring may result in different parameter estimates when different share equations are dropped for estimation. This article proposes an alternative estimation objective which results in invariant parameter estimates when imposing adding-up by dropping equations.
AN EXAMINATION OF ABRASIVE WATERJET PEENING WITH ELASTIC PRE-STRESS AND THE EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

& Abrasive Waterjet Peening (AWJP) has emerged as a potentially viable method of surface treatment for components requiring compressive residual stress and a rough surface texture. In the present investigation the residual stress distributions resulting from AWJP of Ti6Al4V with load and displacement control flexure pre-stress were compared. An experimental evaluation was conducted to quantify the variations in the residual stress characteristics (magnitude and depth) as a function of boundary conditions over a pre-stress ranging from 0 to 75% of the material’s yield strength. In addition, a finite element model for indentation-based surface treatments was developed to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the observed trends in experimental results. Overall, AWJP of the Ti6Al4V resulted in a surface residual stress ranging from approximately 800 to 1600MPa. Load control pre-stress resulted in a larger surface residual stress (up to 50% greater) than that achieved under displacement control treatments. Although the maximum surface residual stress was obtained at the largest applied pre-stress, the difference between load and displacement control treatments decreased with pre-stress magnitude. Boundary conditions had limited influence on the depth of residual stress achieved, but were important to the depth of plasticized zone beneath the treated surface.
Stochastic search and graph techniques for MCM path planning

We have been developing path planning techniques to look for paths that balance the utility and risk associated with different routes through a minefield. Such methods will allow a battlegroup commander to evaluate alternative route options while searching for low risk paths. A risk management framework can be used to describe the relative values of different factors such as risk versus time to objective, giving the commander the capability to balance path safety against other mission objectives. We will describe our recent investigations of two related path planning problems in this framework. We have developed a stochastic search technique to identify low risk paths that satisfy a constraint on the transit time. The objective is to generate low risk paths quickly so that the user can interactively explore the time-risk tradeoff. We will compare this with the related problem of finding the fastest bounded-risk path, and the potential use of dynamic graph algorithms to quickly find new paths as the risk bound is varied.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Organic/Inorganic Langmuir−Blodgett Films Based on Metal Phosphonates. 3. An Azobenzene-Derivatized Phosphonic Acid Forms Continuous Lattice Layers with Divalent, Trivalent, and Tetravalent Metal Ions1

Metal phosphonate Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films of an azobenzene-functionalized phosphonic acid amphiphile, (4-(4‘-tetradecyloxyphenyldiazenyl)phenyl)butylphosphonic acid (A4), have been prepared with Zr4+, La3+, Gd3+, Ba2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+. Film formation and quality are characterized with optical spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The azobenzene chromophores are strongly H-aggregated in all of the metal phosphonate LB films. With divalent and trivalent ions, the in-plane metal phosphonate structure observed in the LB films is the same as that found in analogous solid-state layered phosphonates and depends on the identity of the metal ion. Films of A4 with the lanthanide ions La3+ and Gd3+ form with stoichiometry MH(O3PR)2. When Ba2+ is incorporated into the films, the M(HO3PR)2 structure-type is adopted, while Mn2+ and Cd2+ give rise to films of A4 with the stoichiometry M(O3PR)...
SU-E-T-598: Planning Target Optimization for Mobile Tumor Radiotherapy

Purpose: Normal tissue toxicity is strongly correlated to the normal tissue volumes receiving high prescribed dose levels in the course of radiotherapy. Planning target definition is therefore crucial to ensure favorable clinical outcomes. The commonly used motion‐encompassing, or internal target volume (ITV), target definition approach ensures maximum coverage of the mobile tumor but inevitably exposes healthy tissue to high prescribed dose levels. The goal of this work was to generate an optimal planning target that that can further reduce normal tissue exposure to high prescribed dose levels while maintaining comparable tumor coverage with the ITV approach. Methods: Estimation of the optimal planning target volume was based on 4DCT and application of deformation vector fields generated from image registration. To demonstrate the dosimetric efficacy of the optimal planning target over the ITV target, we performed 4D treatment planning on 4DCT data of 5 previously treatedlungcancer patients. Two 4D plans were generated per patient, one based on the optimized planning target and the other based on the ITV target and the plans were compared for tumor coverage and normal tissue sparing. Results: Analysis of the 4D dose distributions from all 5 patients showed that while achieving comparable tumor coverage with the ITV approach, the optimal planning target definition on average resulted in reductions in lung V20 of 10.6% ± 3.9% as well as reductions in mean lungdose and mean heartdose of 8.8% ± 2.5%, and 10.6% ± 3.6% respectively. Conclusions: A simple and systematic approach to generate an optimal planning target that better accounts for the dynamics of respiratory induced organ motion has been developed. Preliminary results based on 4DCT data of 5 previously treatedlung patients showed that the optimal planning target approach improved normal tissue sparing without sacrificing tumor coverage.
A Comparison of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Occurring in Association with Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) with Those Found in the Open Littoral Zone

ABSTRACT Greater numbers of taxa and numbers of organisms occurred in the watermilfoil habitat as compared with the open littoral zone, however, the differences were generally not significant. Community structure, as measured by a similarity index, was significantly different between the two habitats. When the number of organisms per square meter of substrate was compared, there were no significant differences between the two habitats. Immature insects, amphipods, naidid worms, and leeches were more abundant in the watermilfoil habitat. Hexagenis bilineatau, one of the most important fish food organisms at the study site, was more abundant in the open littoral habitat.
Correlation of the oxygendissociation curves of adult and fetal hemoglobin solutions with the H+ ion concentration gradients of adult and fetal red blood cells

children has any history of hemorrhagic tendencies, a prolonged whole-blood clotting time in an l l -year-old girl led to the findings of a markedIy prolonged partial thromboplastin time ( P T T ) , abnormal thromboplastin generation test (TGT) , and a normal prothrombin time (PT) in the patient and in 3 of her 10 siblings. The abnormal PTT and T G T were corrected by aluminum hydroxide adsorbed fresh plasma and by serum. Using the kaot in-PTT system, equal mixtures of plasma from the patients and normal plasma produced a normal time. In addition, plasmas deficient in plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) , Hageman factor (HF) , antihemophilic factor (AHF) , or plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) corrected the abnormality. Specific assays of the patients' plasmas (confirmed by two other coagulation laboratories) for fibrinogen (I) , prothrombin ( I I ) , proaccelerin (V), AHF (VI I I ) , PTC ( IX) , Stuart factor (X) , PTA (XI ) , HF ( X I I ) , and anticoagulant activity were all within normal limits. Physical and chemical properties of plasma correcting the defect in vitro ( temperature and storage stability, glass activation, chemical adsorption, and chemical fraetionation) indicate that the defeet is closely related to that found in PTAand HF-deficient plasma. These findings suggest the existence of a previously undeseribed coagulation factor which is similar to the known glass contact factors, PTA and HF.
Objective assessment of hypnotically induced time distortion.

The objective precision of operant conditioning methodology validates the power of hypnosis to induce alterations in time perception. Personal tempo was systematically modified by instructions to trained hypnotic subjects, with significant behavioral effects observed on a variety of response rate measures.
Temperature preference and effects of photoperiod on oviposition behavior of five pteromalid wasps (Hymenoptera : pteromalidae) using house fly (Diptera : muscidae) pupae as hosts

Temperature preference and effects of photoperiod on oviposition behavior of five species of pteromalid wasps were investigated using house fly pupae, Musca domestica L.. as hosts. All five species were exposed to treatments (temperature and photoperiod) for 24 h and then held at 25°C for progeny development. Mean parasitoid emergence for the five species in descending order was Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Saunders (46%). Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani (37%), M. zaraptor Kogan & Legner (26%), Urolepis rufipes Ashmead (14%). and Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis (<1%). Length of photophase (6, 12, or 18 h) did not significantly effect parasitoid emergence for any species. Temperature, however, had a significant effect on oviposition behavior, and the five species appeared to respond differently to the different temperature levels (20, 25, and 30°c). Temperature had a significant quadratic effect on oviposition behavior of M. raptor , P. vindemiae , and U. rufipes . Emergence levels of M. raptor were highest from hosts held at 25 and 30°c. Emergence of P. vindemiae and U. rufipes was highest from hosts held at 25°C. Temperature had a significant linear effect on the oviposition behavior of M. zaraptor ; highest emergence occurred from hosts held at 30°C. Emergence levels for S. nigroaenea were too low to make comparisons between treatments. Effects on fly eclosion, sex ratios, and parasitoid-induced mortality for the five species are reported along with possible reasons for low S. nigroaenea emergence.
Clinical correlates of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale in overweight adults with binge and purge behaviours

Objective: The present study explored the clinical correlates of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS). Method: Participants were 656 overweight and obese (mean body mass index (BMI): 34.3 ± 7.7) adults who completed the WBIS and measures of disordered eating behaviors and attitudes via an online survey. Results: Based on both the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns – Revised (n = 442), 9.7% and 22.2% of participants were classified into a binge/purge (B/P) and binge eating (BE) group, respectively. WBIS scores were significantly higher among those with binge and/or purge behaviors compared to those without eating pathology, and higher degree of internalized weight bias was predictive of the presence of B/P behaviors (OR = 2.408, 95% CI: 1.727–3.359, p < .001) and BE (OR = 1.459, 95% CI: 1.224–1.739, p < .001). Partial correlations, controlling for BMI, revealed positive correlations between WBIS score and number of weight fluctuations, ...
Improved correlation discrimination in a multi-object bipolar joint transform correlator

Abstract The correlation discrimination between the target and the reference in a joint transform correlator (JTC) deteriorates rapidly with an increase in the number of non-target objects in the input scene. The correlation peak in a JTC is increased significantly by updating the input plane information based on the correlation plane information. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed feedback scheme.
Software component quality evaluation

The paper describes a software inspection process that can be used to evaluate the quality of software components. Quality criteria, process application, independent testing of the process and proposed associated tool support are covered. Early results indicate that this technique is well suited for assessing software component quality in a standardized fashion. With automated machine assistance to facilitate both the evaluation and selection of software components, such a technique should promote effective reuse of software components.
What to do now on health care system reform.

America can in 1995 take the right steps needed to reform the health care system if policymakers recognize that for the vast majority of working Americans, security was and remains a central issue—the fear that health care services they are comfortable with today will not be there in the future. It is crucial to understand that this insecurity is in part inherent in the employer-provided insurance system, although other factors do contribute to insecurity. Americans typically choose and own their life insurance, their home, and their car, and their place of employment is irrelevant to the choices available. With this ownership comes control and security. But in health care, the employer typically owns their policy, deciding which major services will be covered and, increasingly, who will provide them. The employer's overriding concern of curbing cost typically conflicts with the employee's concern of access to certain services and physicians and simplicity
The bilingual as a competent but specific speaker‐hearer

A particular view of bilingualism — the monolingual (or fractional) view — has been given far too much importance in the study of bilinguals. According to it, the bilingual is (or should be) two monolinguals in one person. In this paper, the monolingual view is spelled out, and the negative consequences it has had on various areas of bilingual research are discussed. A bilingual (or wholistic) view is then proposed. According to it, the bilingual is not the sum of two complete or incomplete monolinguals; rather, he or she has a unique and specific linguistic configuration. This view is described and four areas, of research are discussed in its light: comparing monolinguals and bilinguals, language learning and language forgetting, the bilingual's speech modes, the bilingual child and ‘semilingualism’.
Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves.

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. leaves have been used as medicinal herbs in the past 1300 years, specifically utilized to cure hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and obesity. It has been recorded in the most famous medicinal book in China for more than 400 years. The present study aims to identify the potential therapeutic activities of the flavonoids isolated from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. Materials and methods Nelumbo nucifera leaf flavonoids (NLF) were tested for the inhibition of lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase activities in vitro. A single dose of NLF was administered by oral gavage in mice for acute toxicity. Wistar rats with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and two other animal models were used to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of NLF. Results Our in vitro biochemistry tests revealed that the NLF showed high inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.38±0.022, 2.20±0.18, and 1.86±0.018 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the NLF significantly lowered the lipid components, such as the total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and malondialdehyde, in various established in vivo systems and raised the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, the NLF alleviated high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation in the liver. Conclusions The results demonstrate that NLFs can effectively ameliorate hyperlipidemia and inhibit the key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our findings may provide new pharmacological basis for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and obesity using NLFs.
Delayed hypersensitivity and leucocyte migration inhibition in chickens with BCG or Marek's disease infection.

Synopsis Production of Migration Inhibition Factor in vitro by lymphocytes from chickens with delayed hypersensitivity was examined. Chickens were sensitized with Bacille Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) and others with Marek's Disease (MD) virus. Peripheral blood was used as a source of cells for in vitro radial migration inhibition. Using purified Band 24 antigen from Mycobacterium bovis and ≫A≪ antigen from MD virus, migration inhibition was demonstrated in BCG and MD sensitized chickens respectively, and not in controls. Results correlated well with intra‐dermal skin reactions. Old Tuberculin and crude MD antigens inhibited radial migration of leucocytes from control chickens. The use of peripheral blood as a source of lymphocytes facilitates repeated sampling, both prior to and following sensitization. As a result, the role of the bursa and thymus in the induction and maintenance of delayed hypersensitivity can be studied in vitro. Furthermore, the role of cellular immunity and humoral antibodies as contributor...
Adenine Nucleotide Degradation in Modified Atmosphere Chill-stored Fresh Fish

Effects of carbon dioxide modified atmospheres on degradation of adenine nucleotides in chill-stored whitefish (Coregonus clupeafor-mis) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied. K values were determined during storage up to 26 days. Results indicated CO2 atmospheres did not alter K values compared to those observed for aerobically held fish. However, both CO2 atmospheres and potassium sorbate-dipping of fillets caused decreases in hypoxanthine concentrations compared to untreated aerobically held samples.
Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been reported in allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients, but its epidemiology is not well characterized. We performed a retrospective assessment of the timing and risk factors of HBV reactivation among patients with resolved HBV infection undergoing allogeneic HSCT between January 2000 and March 2008. HBV reactivation was defined as development of positive hepatitis B surface antigen after transplant. Among the 61 patients with resolved HBV infection before transplant (hepatitis B core antibody-positive, hepatitis B surface antigen-negative), 12 (19.7%) developed HBV reactivation. The cumulative probability of HBV reactivation 1, 2, and 4 years after transplant was 9.0%, 21.7%, and 42.9%, respectively. In a time-dependent Cox model, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of HBV reactivation for patients with pretransplant hepatitis B surface antibody levels
Health Service Utilization and Insurance Coverage: A Multivariate Probit Analysis

Abstract A computationally practical form of probit analysis for multiple response variables was applied to data on health service utilization as it relates to type of supplemental insurance coverage and other demographic covariates in a sample of 4,658 individuals over age 65 on Medicare. The quantal response variables comprised use of five health services: Medical provider visit, hospital outpatient visit, emergency room visit, hospital inpatient stay, and home health care visit. An individual could use any or all of these services. Supplemental insurance coverage was categorized as Medicaid, employer-related private insurance, and privately purchased insurance, and any combination of these insurance coverages was possible. Covariates included health status, education, urban location, race, sex, marital status, employment status, age, and income. The multivariate probit model estimates association between insurance coverage variables and health service utilization patterns jointly for the five health se...
Enduring travel involvement, destination brand equity, and travelers’ visit intentions: A structural model analysis

Abstract In the highly competitive tourist destination marketplace, destination marketers are constantly looking to enhance their brand equity by focusing on a number of key factors to strengthen their brand values. Because tourists' interests and involvement, adoption and visit intentions are fundamental elements to destination brand building, changes in these elements can serve as predictor variables for understanding the changes in destination demand. This paper examines the relationship among tourists' enduring travel involvement, destination brand equity, and visit intentions during pretrip information search. It was found that customer-based destination brand equity is a combination of key factors that can derive the overall utility that tourists place in the destination brand, some of which are impacted by enduring travel involvement. Furthermore, different facets of destination brand equity have positive impacts on destination visit intentions. This study provides new insights into the theory and practice of travelers' behavior and destination brand equity management. The findings are particularly valuable to destination marketers with direct or indirect responsibility to develop and protect the equity in their destination brands.
The effect of surface contamination on the measured hydrogen solubilities of metals

Abstract Data for hydrogen solubility in iron, nickel, cobalt and platinum at low temperatures show large enhancements in the apparent solubility in contrast with values extrapolated from high temperatures. The degree of mutual inconsistency between the various individual data sets is also large and increases with decreasing temperature. These observations are consistent with the trapping of hydrogen atoms in surface layers at sites provided by oxygen atoms. This model predicts that large spurious effects will be found in the mass flow rate of hydrogen through b.c.c. iron where surface reactions are rate determining, but will not be found in the case of hydrogen diffusion in nickel where bulk diffusion is the rate-determining step.
Operating Characteristic Curves for Minimum Life Hypothesis Testing for the Exponential Distribution

In some life testing situations the minimum life can be nonzero. This paper develops O.C. curves for a hypothesis test concerning the minimum life where the underlying failure distribution is exponential. The O.C. curves provide a rational means for sample size decisions such that the Type II error is controlled. The effects of unknowingly applying this hypothesis test to a non-exponential distribution are also briefly assessed.
Performance of the Bevalac

The performance of the Bevalac is reported. The Bevalac uses the LBL SuperHILAC as the heavy ion injector to the Bevatron. Ion species up to 40A have been accelerated to energies of 1.9 GeV/A at modest intensity. Neon has been accelerated to 2.1 GeV/A at an intensity of 4·1010 particles per pulse. The modifications to the SuperHILAC and Bevatron are briefly reviewed and the computer control system is described. Results of the first phase of operation and plans for further improvements are reported.
Components of an American Indian Computer Science Transfer Degree Program

From 1995 to 1997, a culturally relevant transfer degree program was developed at a tribally controlled Community College in Minnesota. Broad traditional values held in common by most indigenous peoples formed the backbone of the project. These values led to the formulation of several significant components of culturally sensitive programs, which were enhanced by classroom practices adopted and distilled during more than two decades of teaching from middle school to the graduate level. Many of these coincided with and reinforced traditional American Indian values. In addition, practical lessons were learned while creating this new model of education. Our conclusion: the core of minority-centered education should be good teaching strategies applied to a specific population but applicable to and effective for all students.
Do objective professional examinations involve reasoning

An objective professional examination in medicine and three relatively “pure” tests of reasoning were administered to a key development group of 88 medical interns and a cross-validation group of 8...
Community involvement and adolescent mental health: Moderating effects of race/ethnicity and neighborhood disadvantage.

Social development and stress process theories suggest that participation in one's community can function as a protective factor for mental health, especially for youth from socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. However, the effects of community involvement on adolescent mental health could vary across racial/ethnic groups and levels of neighborhood disadvantage. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) examine the effects of various types of community involvement on adolescent mental health, and (2) assess the extent to which race/ethnicity and neighborhood disadvantage moderate the effects of community involvement on adolescent mental health. Using data from two waves (1994/95 and 1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (“Add Health,” N=7,863), multilevel (hierarchical) linear models were estimated that tested for interaction effects of race/ethnicity and neighborhood disadvantage. The types of community participation that impacted adolescent mental health varied across racial/ethnic groups. Neighborhood interaction and religious participation were salient for both White and Hispanic teens, but the impact of religious participation for Whites was moderated by neighborhood disadvantage. Non-sport extracurricular activities and employment were the salient factors for Black teens, both of which were moderated by neighborhood disadvantage. The findings from this study have implications for community-level and clinical interventions to prevent and/or treat mental health problems among adolescents. Social integration interventions should take into account adolescents' cultural backgrounds and socioeconomic contexts in order to be effective. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Uterus: A Case Report

Summary Objective Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are a group of unusual malignancies arising in the bone and soft tissue. Pure uterine neuroectodermal tumors are rare. We report the first case of PNET arising from the uterus in our hospital. Case Report A 52-year-old perimenopausal woman had multiple myoma and was regularly followed-up in our hospital. She suddenly developed lower abdominal pain without vaginal bleeding. Sonography revealed a pelvic mass measuring 10.7 × 6.8 cm with multiple myoma. The patient underwent tumor resection. There were multiple necrotic tumors on the uterus, bladder, broad ligaments, cardinal ligaments, and cul-de-sac. Final pathology revealed PNET because tumor cells were CD99 positive. Conclusion PNETs belong to the Ewing's sarcoma family. They are closely related to malignant, small round-cell tumors of soft tissue and bones. They strongly express the glycoprotein p30/32 (CD99) on the cell membrane, which is encoded by the MIC2 gene. A translocation at t(11;22)(q24;q12) has been identified. PNETs are mostly recognized by the histologic characteristics of neural differentiation and immunohistochemical expression of at least two different neural markers. Uterine PNETs have a poor prognosis and, to date, there is no standard treatment. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy plus adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy are recommended.
How feasible is the biological control of coral diseases

The worldwide decline of coral reefs necessitates the development of strategies aimed at controlling coral disease. As a result, various biological approaches are being considered as tools for coral disease management. For example, phage therapy has been shown to be effective in removing pathogens under laboratory conditions, showing promise for the treatment of specific pathogens; in addition, mutualistic bacteria compete with pathogens and produce antibiotics, properties that are both known to be important for biological control. Here we evaluate the probiotic potential of native mutualistic bacteria as a means of controlling coral diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens or their consortia. Monitoring native coral-associated microbiota for functions associated with resistance to pathogens could also serve as an additional indicator of reef health.
Network performance impact of access control policies in Tactical Wireless Networks

Tactical Wireless Networks (TWN) are a cornerstone of military communications in deployed environments. In TWNs bandwidth and network resources are extremely limited; efficient security mechanisms must be considered as networks become exposed to multinational access, influence and composition as well as increasingly complex security protocols. The communication burden of the WSN Authorization Specification Language (WASL) access control policies on an Enhanced Position Location Reporting Service network is analyzed for three needlines: Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), Dynamically Allocated Permanent Virtual Circuits (DAP), and Multiple Source Group (MSG). Results determined that CSMA needlines quickly exhausted resources as nodes vied for transmission time; shorter delay times were experienced but suffered greater packet losses. The DAP needlines generally performed very well. The virtual circuits allowed data to be transmitted reliably resulting in a high completion rate with moderate to extreme delay times depending on resource contention. In small networks or networks with few sources, multiple MSG shares could be used to increase guaranteed bandwidth. The traffic model applied to the MSG network was well suited for this and had high completion rates for messages. However, as the number available of shares dwindled, delay and communication loss increased dramatically.
Corrigendum to “Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the functional content of organic aerosols: A review” [Environ. Pollut. 191 (2014) 232–249]

Please note that the authors wish to make the following amendment to the above paper: In the Section 4.2, second paragraph, it is written: “PCA analysis of 13 marine aerosol samples found that PC1 explained 90% of the data variance, and it was highly correlated with acetic acid resonance signals. Analysis of a subset of 11 samples with similar PCA scores showed positive PC1 scores for aliphatic protons and acetic acid and negative PC1 scores for proton on b-position from carbon bound to heteroatoms (HeCbeCaeCeO and HeCbeCaeCeN), proton on a carbon bound to hydroxyl group (HeCeOH) and alpha to unsaturated carbon (HeCaeC]).” Those results have been published by Wozniak et al. (2013) but the article has not been cited in the text and in the list of references. The correct text should read: “PCA analysis of 13 marine aerosol samples found that PC1 explained 90% of the data variance, and it was highly correlated with acetic acid resonance signals. Analysis of a subset of 11 samples with similar PCA scores showed positive PC1 scores for aliphatic protons and acetic acid and negative PC1 scores for proton on b-position from carbon bound to heteroatoms (HeCbeCaeCeO and HeCbeCaeCeN), proton on a carbon bound to hydroxyl group (HeCeOH) and alpha to unsaturated carbon (HeCaeC]) (Wozniak et al., 2013).” The reference is: Wozniak, A.S., Shelley, R.U., Sleighter, R.L., Abdulla, H.A.N., Morton, P.L., Landing, W.M., Hatcher, P.G., 2013. Relationships among aerosol water soluble organic matter, iron and aluminum in European, North African, and marine air masses from the 2010 US GEOTRACES cruise. Mar. Chem., 154, 24e33.
Human brush border myosin-I and myosin-Ic expression in human intestine and Caco-2BBe cells.

The human intestinal cell line, Caco-2BBe, has been established as an excellent model system for analysis of the enterocyte cytoskeleton including that of the actin rich apical brush border. To facilitate its use for functional analysis of a major component of the brush border, brush border myosin-I, human cDNAs encoding the heavy chain of this class I myosin were isolated and sequenced. The identity of this myosin as human brush border myosin-I was verified based on similarity with other vertebrate sequences, as well as its expression profile at both the RNA and protein levels. Localization of the protein in human intestine along the crypt-villus axis closely resembles that previously determined for brush border myosin-I in chicken, and is quite distinct from that of myosin-Ic, another myosin-I expressed in human intestine and Caco-2BBe cells. In immature cells of the crypt, brush border myosin-I staining is low, and there is significant cytosolic and basolateral localization, while villus cells stain much more intensely, and the protein is primarily localized to the brush border. Localization of myosin-Ic is essentially the inverse of brush border myosin-I in that crypt cells exhibit higher levels of staining, while villus cells have very low levels of myosin-Ic. The expression of both myosins-I was also examined during cell-contact induced differentiation of Caco-2BBe cells where expression and changes in localization closely resemble those that accompany differentiation of enterocyte in vivo. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 41:308–324, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard

Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; SM] is a chemical warfare agent that produces edema and blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction. The mouse ear vesicant model for SM injury has been used to evaluate pharmacological agents for countering SM dermal injury. The vanilloid olvanil reduces SM-induced edema and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that blocking the inflammatory effects of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), may provide protection against SM-induced dermal injury. This study examined SP expression in mice exposed to SM (0.16 mg) on the inner surface of the right ear, with or without olvanil pretreatment at 1, 10, 30, 60, and 360 min following exposure. In naive skin, SP mRNA localization was associated with blood vessels and sebaceous glands. In SM-exposed skin, SP mRNA was also detected in perivascular dermal cells. Immunohistochemical localization of SP protein was observed in the ear skin of naive, SM-, olvanil/SM-, and vehicle-treated mice. Quantification of SP+ perivascular dermal cells revealed that SM exposure led to a significant increase (P < or = 0.05) in SP+ cells over the observed time period. Olvanil pretreatment significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) the mean number of SP+ cells at 60 and 360 min. This study demonstrates that SP expression could provide an additional endpoint for evaluating the effectiveness of vanilloid drugs on SM-induced skin inflammation.
Dynamic responses to sinusoidal excitations of beams with frictional joints

Abstract We consider the dynamic responses of a beam with a frictional joint. The frictional force at the joint is modeled using the Coulomb friction model. The frictional force at the joint makes the nature of the boundary conditions at the joint uncertain. Therefore, this problem represents a type of nonlinear problems where the boundary conditions are coupled to the solutions. Using numerical integration of the resulting differential equations obtained by combining the finite element method and the Lagrange equations, we study the steady-state solutions of the system to sinusoidal excitations. We explore the dependence of the system responses to various parameters including the frictional force, the forcing frequency and the forcing amplitude. A result of special interest is the existence of an optimum friction force if the frictional joint is used to control the system response amplitude. We also examine the ways that friction affects the resonance frequency of the structure. Experiments are carried out, which agree qualitatively with the numerical results.
Seasonal variation in selection on male calling song in the field cricket, Gryllus rubens

Conspicuous male traits, such as calling to attract females, evolve through the joint action of sexual and natural selection. When the costs of natural selection increase relative to the benefits of sexual selection, males should become less conspicuous. Male calling song in field crickets attracts both phonotactic females for mating and acoustically orienting parasitic flies that deposit larvae on calling males, killing their infected hosts. Flies are present mainly during the autumn, which means that crickets that become adults at this time have a different selective regime from those that emerge in the spring. On this basis we hypothesized that seasonal changes in parasitism would favour seasonal changes in male calling behaviour. We evaluated this hypothesis by recording the calls of individual males and by conducting nightly surveys of male calling in the field. Because seasonal changes in sexual selection may favour seasonal changes in male calling behaviour, we used pitfall traps to determine whether the number of females attracted to male calls changed seasonally. As predicted, fewer males called during the autumn than during the spring, and autumn males were less likely to call at dusk, when flies were most active. Contrary to prediction, however, males that called spent more time calling per night in the autumn than in the spring. Pitfall trap data revealed that more calling per night resulted in more female arrivals in the autumn but not in the spring. This result suggests that males that call for long periods attract more females in autumn but not in spring. This means that seasonal variation in both natural and sexual selection has resulted in seasonal differences in male calling behaviour.
Far away from the present: Magical realism in Polish film

ABSTRACTMagical realism is usually divided into two variants: the older European, non-magical variety (relying on defamiliarization), and the more recent, Latin American strand (over-familiarizing the supernatural, and resorting to myth and folklore). Definitions of magical realism in film are mostly construed as parallel to literary and artistic ones, influenced by the Latin American understanding of the convention. The article argues that Polish magical realist films predominantly express an interest in the long-lost, idealized past, showing nostalgic pictures either of rural life, implicitly contrasted with modern soulless civilization (J.J. Kolski), or of a pre-war multicultural Poland wiped out by the apocalypse of World War II (Has, Konwicki, Wajda). However, in contrast to world movies, few Polish films use magical realism to analyse the present, and fewer still employ its defamiliarized variant. These omissions might be explained by the pressure of the realistic convention, difficult to reduce in ...
Real time squid dynamics revealed using high resolution cryogenic sampler

Abstract Real time measurements of SQUID dynamics have been performed using a fast cryogenic sampler based on Josephson junction electronics. Complex waveforms representing the switching of a SQUID from one voltage state to another are obtained with time and current resolution of 10 ps and 1 μA, respectively. With this setup, it is possible to demonstrate the interaction between the internal SQUID dynamics (resonances) and the load. The interaction depends on the details of the bias and control currents.
MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN MITRAL AND MULTIPLE VALVE REPLACEMENT.

Summary The medical problems encountered during the care of patients undergoing mitral and multiple valve replacement have been discussed. Included are remarks regarding particular problems which have been encountered at the University of Oregon Medical School, and the philosophy which has evolved here regarding the care of these patients. The discussion includes some aspects of the preoperative evaluation, preoperative medical care, and the role of internist during surgery. Postopertive medical management is considered at length, with special reference to complications.
Lack of an Effect of Body Mass on the Hemodynamic Response to Arginine Vasopressin During Septic Shock

Study Objective. To determine whether body mass alters the effectiveness of a fixed-dose infusion of arginine vasopressin. Design. Retrospective medical record review. Setting. All intensive care units of a tertiary medical center. Patients. Sixty-six mechanically ventilated patients who received a fixed-dose intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin at 0.04 U/minute as the sole agent for hemodynamic support during septic shock. Measurements and Main Results. Patients were divided into four groups on the basis of body mass index. Effectiveness was measured as hemodynamic stability, which was defined as the proportion of patients achieving a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 65 mm Hg or higher, the magnitude of the change in MAP at 1 hour, and the need for additional rescue vasopressors. Secondary outcomes included mortality and length of stay. Baseline characteristics of all four groups were comparable for age, sex, and severity of illness determined by using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Simplified Acute Physiology II (SAPS II), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. The only significant differences in baseline characteristics among the groups were in their central venous pressures. The four groups similarly achieved hemodynamic stability at 1 hour after the administration of arginine vasopressin (p=0.41). We observed no significant differences among groups in the magnitude of MAP change (p=0.62), need for rescue catecholamine vasopressors (p=0.17), 28-day mortality rates (p=0.31), or length of stay in the intensive care unit (p=0.43). Conclusion. Body mass index did not alter the effects of arginine vasopressin on hemodynamic stability or changes in MAP when the drug was administered as a fixed-dose infusion of 0.04 U/minute. Our results do not support weight-based dosing of vasopressin, unlike the dosing for catecholamine vasopressors.