cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert system explanation in retrospect: a case study in the evolution of expert system explanation

Abstract Over the last two decades, expert systems have grown from a novel research interest to a thriving industrial technology. Constant during this transition has been the emphasis on the importance of an expert system's ability to explain its solutions to the user. As expert systems have moved from research to practice, the “users” of these systems have progressed from almost exclusively the authors of the system (i.e., the knowledge engineers), to highly trained domain experts, and are now beginning to include the novice end user. However, the methods used to produce expert system explanations have remained relatively constant. This article retrospectively examines the underlying assumptions of these methods and identifies how they fail to meet the changing needs of today's expert system end users. Three expert system projects are described to illustrate the evolution of expert system explanation methodology motivated by the failure of earlier techniques to satisfy end user explanation requirements.
Sensitization of mesothelioma cells to platinum-based chemotherapy by GSTπ knockdown

Abstract It is predicted that the incidence of mesothelioma will increase and thus it is important to find new ways to treat this chemoresistant tumor. Glutathione-S-Transferase π (GSTπ) is found at significant levels in mesotheliomas and thus attenuating its intracellular levels may provide a means of sensitizing mesothelioma cells to chemotherapy. GSTπ knockdowns were therefore prepared with shRNA (less off-target effects) employing two cell lines (211H, H2452) that were typed by immunohistochemistry to be of mesothelial origin. The knockdowns exhibited a decrease in both total GST enzyme activity and GSTπ protein levels as well as an increase in both glutathione levels and sensitivity to cis and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin treatment of the knockdowns increased ROS levels significantly (as compared to the parental cells) and produced activation of the JNK/p38 pathways and activating transcription factor (ATF2). The degree of activation and increase in ROS appeared to correlate with the cell line’s sensitivity to cisplatin. Treatment with N-Acetyl Cysteine decreased ROS production and JNK/p38 phosphorylation but had minimal affect on ATF2 suggesting a direct interaction of GTPπ with this transcription factor. Oxaliplatin treatment produced only minimal changes in ROS levels and activation of the JNK/p38 pathway. Recently, new methods of siRNA delivery (nanoparticles) have been shown to be effective in decreasing the levels of target proteins in humans including candidate genes involved in drug resistance – thus this approach may have promise in sensitizing cisplatin-resistant tumors to chemotherapy.
Electrophysiological subtypes of inhibitory P1 purinoceptors on myenteric neurones of guinea‐pig small bowel

1. Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques were used to subclassify P1 purinoceptors linked to reduction of cell input resistance, steady-state hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, or inhibition of fast e.p.s.ps, in neurones of microdissected myenteric plexus preparations from guinea-pig ileum. The potencies of P1 purinoceptor agonists were estimated in neurones that were current clamped to a fixed membrane potential. 2. In AH/Type 2 neurones, the A2 agonist, CGS 21680, the A1 agonist, CCPA or the mixed A1-A2 agonist, NECA, suppressed excitability by reducing input resistance (40-50% max.) and causing hyperpolarization (20-25 mV max.). CGS 21680 (0.1-1 microM) enhanced the after-hyperpolarizing potential. 3. From cumulative dose-response data, the potency order for reducing input resistance was CCPA (IC50 = 5.1 +/- 2.2 nM) >>> CGS 21680 (IC50 = 5.6 +/- 2.5 microM). This effect was reversed by the A1 antagonist, CPT (EC50 = 65 +/- 11 nM). 4. In contrast, the potency order for membrane hyperpolarization was CCPA (IC50 = 61 +/- 23 nM) = CGS 21680 (IC50 = 290 +/- 90 nM) > or = NECA (IC50 = 450 +/- 100 nM). Hyperpolarization elicited by CCPA was sensitive to the A1-A2 antagonist, DPSPX. 5. Agonists suppressed fast e.p.s.ps, but not DMPP responses, with an order of CCPA (IC50 = 8.1 +/- 3.0 nM) >>> CGS 21680 (IC30 = 10 +/- 2.9 microM). 6. In conclusion, the excitability of AH/Type 2 neurones is suppressed by activation of high affinity A l receptors that may be linked to a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway, leading to increase in calcium dependent potassium conductance and enhancement of the after-hyperpolarizing potential. Activation of lower affinity non A1 receptors linked to a cyclic AMP-independent pathway reduces excitability and leads mainly to a steady-state hyperpolarization. Adenosine also suppresses nicotinic cholinergic transmission by activating presynaptic high affinity Al receptors.
Aperture-cable Interaction Study through a Modified Electromagnetic Topology Approach

This paper introduces a modified electromagnetic topological (EMI) scheme for aperture-cable interaction simulation. By introducing modular junctions, the modified simulation scheme substitutes the multi-step computational process presented earlier without ignoring backscattering interactions. This method also permits for modifications in the substructural level without re-simulating the entire system. The results of the modified simulation scheme have been validated through experiments for aperture transmission and the induced currents on the cable near the aperture. The simulated and measured field and currents resulted in good agreement with each other.
Correlates of intellectual risk taking in elementary school science

This study had the goal of exploring factors associated with elementary students' (N = 585) reports of intellectual risk taking in science. Intellectual risk taking (IRT) was defined as engaging in adaptive learning behaviors (sharing tentative ideas, asking questions, attempting to do and learn new things) that placed the learner at risk of making mistakes or appearing less competent than others. Results of hierarchical regression indicate that students' reports of IRT declined by grade-level, but were positively related to interest in science, creative self-efficacy, and perceptions of teacher support. Of all the factors considered, interest in science was found to have the strongest unique and positive relationship with students' reports of intellectual risk taking in science. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 210–223, 2009
An interpolation approach to developing mathematical functions for business simulations

Simulation designers are often required to define the precise nature of functional relationships with only vague guidelines from theory or practice. This article presents a methodology for the easy implementation of self-designed functional relationships. The approach presented does not require any special parameters or exponents, but it is capable of generating results almost identical to sophisticated curvilinear functions. The method presented relies on the conversion of graphically represented functions to a series of lines and then the use of interpolation as the means of obtaining dependent variable values.
Interactions between paraquat and ferric complexes in the microsomal generation of oxygen radicals.

Abstract Transition metals may play a central role in the toxicity associated with paraquat. Studies were carried out to evaluate the interaction of paraquat with several ferric complexes in the promotion of oxygen radical generation by rat liver microsomes. In the absence of added iron, paraquat produced some increase in low level chemiluminescence by microsomes; there was a synergistic increase in light emission in the presence of paraquat plus ferric-ATP or ferric-citrate, but not paraquat plus either ferric-EDTA or ferric-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (ferric-DETAPAC). Synergistic interactions could be observed at a paraquat concentration of 100 μM and a ferric-ATP concentration of 3 μM. In the absence or presence of paraquat, microsomal light emission was not affected by catalase or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), indicating no significant role for hydroxyl radicals. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not affect chemiluminescence in the absence of paraquat but produced some inhibition in the presence of paraquat; this inhibition by SOD was most prominent in the absence of added iron and less pronounced in the presence of ferric-ATP or ferric-citrate. Although microsomal chemiluminescence is closely associated with lipid peroxidation, paraquat did not increase malondialdehyde production as reflected by production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive components. However, lipid peroxidation was sensitive to inhibition by SOD in the presence, but not in the absence, of paraquat, analogous to results with chemiluminescence. Paraquat synergistically increased microsomal hydroxyl radical production as measured by the production of ethylene from 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyrate in the presence of ferric-EDTA or ferric-citrate. The interaction of paraquat with microsomes and ferric complexes resulted in an increase in oxygen radical generation. Various ferric complexes can increase the catalytic effectiveness of paraquat in promoting microsomal generation of oxygen radicals, although, depending on the reaction being investigated, the nature of the ferric complex is important.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF QUERCETIN, EGCG, CATECHIN AND BETAINE AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED BY ETHANOL IN VITRO

There is a need for a nontoxic antioxidant agent to be identified which will prevent alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in alcoholic patients. We tested 4 candidate agents: quercetin, EGCG, catechin and betaine, all of which occur naturally in food. HepG2 cells overexpressing CYP2E1 were subjected to arachidonic acid, iron and 100mM ethanol with or without the antioxidant agent. All the agents prevented oxidative stress and MDA/4HNE formation induced by ethanol, except for EGCG. Catechin prevented CYP2E1 induction by ethanol. All the agents tended to down-regulate the ethanol-induced increased expression of glutathionine peroxidase 4 (GPX4). All the agents, except catechin, tended to reduce the expression of SOD2 induced by ethanol. Heat shock protein 70 was up-regulated by ethanol alone and betaine tended to prevent this. All 4 agents down-regulated the expression of Gadd45b in the presence of ethanol, which could explain the mechanism of DNA demethylation associated with the up-regulation of the gene expression observed in experimental ALD. In conclusion, the in vitro model of oxidative stress induced by ethanol provided evidence that all 4 agents tested prevented some aspect of liver cell injury caused by ethanol.
Oxidized phospholipids in control of inflammation and endothelial barrier

The levels of circulating oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) become increased in chronic and acute pathologic conditions such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, increased intimamedia thickness in the patients with systemic Lupus erythematosus, vascular balloon injury, acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). These pathologies are associated with inflammation and activation of endothelial cells. Depending on the biological context and the specific group of phospholipid oxidation products, OxPL may exhibit both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This review will summarize the data showing a dual role of OxPL in modulation of chronic and acute inflammation as well as OxPL effects on pulmonary endothelial permeability. Recent reports show protective effects of OxPL in the models of endotoxin and ventilator-induced ALI and suggest a potential for using OxPL-derived cyclopenthenone-containing compounds with barrier-protective properties for drug design. These compounds may represent a new group of therapeutic agents for the treatment of lung syndromes associated with acute inflammation and lung vascular leak.
The ecology of the climbing fern Dicranopteris linearis on windward Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Summary Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae), a native fern common throughout the Old World tropics and Polynesia, forms dense thickets > 3m deep over large areas of open-canopy, oligotrophic, wet Hawaiian rainforests. Our objectives were to identify leaf- and whole plant-level traits that are key to its success and to determine its community-and ecosystem-level consequences in primary successional sites. Along an elevational gradient from 90 to 1660m, mean maximum net assimilation rates of Dicranopteris ranged from 2.9 to 5.0 μmol m−2 s−1, compared with 3.6–9.5 μmol m−1 s−1 in the codominant tree Metrosideros polymorpha. Gas-exchange characteristics did not explain Dicranopteris' success, nor its trends in production. However, indeterminate, clonal growth form, shallow rhizomes, marcescent leaves with low decomposability, and a mat-forming capacity enabled Dicranopteris to colonize sites and to maintain dominance via high effective leaf area, despte its low biomass. Phosphorus use efficiency, which reached 24 kg g−1, was exceptionally high, allowing colonization of phosphorus-poor sites. Dicranopteris contributed up to 74% of above-ground net primary productivity in a site where it contained only 14% of live biomass. It accounted for up to 57% and 47% of total nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by plants, respectively, where it contained only 24% and 30% of plant nitrogen and phosphorus. Dicranopteris leaves are short-lived and slow to decompose; thus, fixed carbon is transferred quickly to soil detrital pools where it contributes to aggrading soil organic matter pools and may exacerbate oligotrophic conditions, thereby strongly influencing soil genesis and ecosystem development. The fern therefore influences forest-floor light regimes and directs later community development. An exclusion experiment demonstrated that Dicranopteris competed with Metrosideros, but lack of revegetation in 40% of the exclusion area after 39 months showed that Dicranopteris also colonized microenvironments unavailable to its endemic codominants. Dicranopteris may play an important role in resisting invasions of exotic species into Hawaiian rainforests.
Religion and Globalization

Religion and Politics in the International System Today. By Eric O. Hanson New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 350 pp., $70.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-85245-5), $26.99 paper (ISBN: 0-521-61781-2). Eric Hanson's Religion and Politics in the International System Today “proposes a post-Cold War paradigm based on the interaction between the contemporary globalization of the political, economic, military, and communication systems and the significant role of religion in influencing politics” (p. 17). The book complements the rapidly growing body of post-September 11 scholarship on religion and international affairs—such as Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile by Pavlos Hatzopoulos and Fabio Petito (2003) , The Sacred and the Sovereign by John Carlson and Erik Owens (2003) , Bringing Religion into International Relations by Jonathan Fox and Schmuel Sandler (2004), The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations by Scott Thomas (2005), and Religion and Politics: Cultural Perspectives by Bernhard Giesen and Daniel Suber (2005). Unlike these books, however, Hanson confronts explicitly the relationship between religion and the evolving complexities of global politics, economics, and technology. Religion and Politics in the International System Today is divided into two parts. The first part contains four chapters in which Hanson explains his self-described “new paradigm for world politics” (p. 17). The first chapter lays out Hanson's views of the salient features of what he calls the “political and EMC” systems (by which he means the political plus economic, military, and communication systems) in the world today. The following chapters take “a political perspective on religion and politics” and a “religious perspective on religion and politics,” respectively. Finally, Hanson includes a brief history of the “religions of the book, meditative experience, and public life” as a background for the case studies that follow (p. 92). The second part of the book is an application of Hanson's theoretical framework to religion and politics in five regions: the West; East Asia; South and Central Asia; …
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in bipartite medial cuneiform – a potential pitfall in diagnosis of midfoot injuries: a case series

Introduction The bipartite medial cuneiform is an uncommon developmental osseous variant in the midfoot. To our knowledge, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) characteristics of a non-symptomatic bipartite medial cuneiform have not been described in the orthopaedic literature. It is important for orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons, musculoskeletal radiologists, and for podiatrists to identify this osseous variant as it may be mistakenly diagnosed as a fracture or not recognized as a source of non-traumatic or traumatic foot pain, which may sometimes even require surgical treatment.
Associations of arterial tissue lipids with coronary heart disease risk factors in young people.

Abstract Objective To examine the associations of the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors with lipid composition of arterial tissue in 397 autopsied subjects 15–34 years of age from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. Methods and results We measured esterified cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipid in the left circumflex coronary artery and two segments of the abdominal aorta, one of which is more susceptible to advanced atherosclerosis than the other, and also measured the major CHD risk factors. Non-HDL cholesterol concentration was positively associated, and HDL cholesterol concentration was negatively associated, with tissue lipids in the left circumflex coronary artery and the abdominal aorta. Hypertension was positively associated with tissue lipids in both arteries. Hyperglycemia was associated with tissue lipids in the left circumflex coronary artery and smoking with lipids in the abdominal aorta. PDAY risk scores summarize the effects of the CHD risk factors on advanced atherosclerosis. These risk scores, computed from the mutable risk factors, were associated with tissue lipids in the left circumflex coronary artery and both segments of the abdominal aorta. Conclusions The CHD risk factors are associated with lipids in arterial tissue just as they are associated with gross and microscopic lesions. These results support the proposal that early control of risk factors is likely to prevent or delay progression of atherosclerosis and prevent or delay the onset of CHD.
Orthotopic Mouse Models of Tumor Metastasis Expressing Fluorescent Reporters Produce Imageable Circulating Tumor Cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are of high importance, since they are potential metastatic precursors and are readily available for prognostic analysis and treatment testing. In this review, we demonstrate the great power that green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling and orthotopic mouse models of cancer confer to the study of CTCs for isolation and characterization, including metastatic testing in mice and the chick embryo as well as drug response testing in vitro. We also describe a facile method to label patient CTCs ex vivo using a telomerase-expressing GFP-containing adenovirus that will allow the CTC studies described in this review to be translated clinically.
SO2 Removal and Regeneration of MgO-Based Sorbents Promoted with Titanium Oxide

To improve the deactivation of the sorbent for the removal of SO2 in residue fluid catalytic cracking plants, a Ce−Fe−MgO sorbent with excellent sulfur removal capacity and regeneration ability was modified by adding new promoters such as Ti, Al, and Zr. The sorbents were prepared by a coprecipitation method, and their sulfur removal capacities and regeneration abilities were measured in a fixed-bed reactor during multiple cycles. In particular, the sulfur removal capacity of the CeFeMgTi sorbent showed a high absorption value (41.2 g of sulfur/g of absorbent × 100) and excellent regeneration ability during multiple cycles. These results can be explained by the difference in their crystal structures and the physical and textural properties.
Some postirradiation phenomena that affect the induction of chromosome aberrations

Results are reviewed from studies on the induction of chromosome aberrations and restitutional repair in Tradescantia following exposure to x radiation and neutrons. Results of both biological and biochemical experiments indicate that the production of chromosomal aberrations ts not necessarily fixed at the moment of irradiation, but that a repair mechanism operates in the postirradiation period. This repair mechanism is dependent upon cellular metabolism, energy production, and probably protein synthesis. Biophysical calculations in regard to the distribution of aberrations per cell and the number of primary breaks per cell led to the conclusion that it is a very efficient process with more than 99 percent of the primary breaks being repaired. This repair process is manifested as chromosome-break rejoining occurs throughout the cell cycle. Stage sensitivity of chromosomes can be accounted for in terms of this repair mechanism and the different spatial relations of the chromosomes and chromatids during the various stages of cell division.
In situ measurements of hydrogen cyanide in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere during Arctic spring 2000

[1] The first calibrated in situ measurements of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentrations in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere were made during the March 2000 deployment of the SAGE III—Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign. The measurements were made from the NASA DC-8 aircraft flying at cruise altitudes between 10 and 12.5 km in the northern polar region. The average HCN volume mixing ratio was found to be 280 ± 48 (1σ) pptv. No concentration gradient was observed between tropospheric and stratospheric air, and no HCN emissions from the Mount Hekla volcano were found. A very slight increase in mixing ratio with altitude was detected, although it is within the uncertainty in the data. The altitude dependence agrees with recent model calculations. The measurements agree with the most recent concentrations derived from total column densities but are higher than earlier measurements.
Digital control of RF power amplifiers for next-generation wireless communications

Future generations of wireless communications are expected to place increasing burdens on the efficiency and linearity of power amplifiers, due to the use of more complex waveforms and OFDM. This has implications for the design of transmitters in portable/mobile devices as well as base stations and access points. Although semiconductor device technology has made rapid progress in fundamental power amplifier transistor performance, the use of digital signal processing techniques to optimize the linearity and efficiency provides enormous potential for further improvement (especially on the handset side). This paper summarizes the digital techniques that can be employed to improve the performance of wireless power amplifiers.
Motion planning for a quantized control system on SO(3)

We present an analysis of the motion planning problem for a driftless quantized control system on SO(3). The system under investigation depends on two control quanta, beta1 and beta2. We are able to provide efficient finite complexity motion plans which steer the system arbitrarily close to any given target configuration as soon as at least one of the two control quanta satisfies a strong approximating property of number theoretic nature. On the other hand we prove that whenever both control quanta do not satisfy this strong approximating property, then in order to reach a configuration arbitrarily close to any given target configuration it is necessary to use motion plans of unbounded complexity.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Yttrium-90–Labeled Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Radioimmunotherapy Versus Rituximab Immunotherapy for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Low-Grade, Follicular, or Transformed B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

PURPOSE: Radioimmunotherapy combines biologic and radiolytic mechanisms to target and destroy tumor cells, thus offering a needed therapeutic alternative for refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients. This phase III randomized study compares the novel radioimmunotherapy yttrium-90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan with a control immunotherapy, rituximab, in 143 patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed CD20+ transformed NHL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received either a single intravenous (IV) dose of 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan 0.4 mCi/kg (n = 73) or rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV weekly for four doses (n = 70). The radioimmunotherapy group was pretreated with two rituximab doses (250 mg/m2) to improve biodistribution and one dose of indium-111 ibritumomab tiuxetan for imaging and dosimetry. The primary end point, overall response rate (ORR), was assessed by an independent, blinded, lymphoma expert panel. RESULTS: ORR was 80% for the 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan group versus 56% for ...
STILL WRESTLING WITH ‘CONTEXT’ IN INTERLANGUAGE THEORY

One of the most intractable issues in the field of second-language acquisition (SLA) research has been the attempt to identify the role of social context in influencing (or not) the process of acquisition of a second language. The central question has been whether a theory of SLA must account only for the psycholinguistic processes involved in acquiring an interlanguage (IL), or, alternatively, whether social and sociolinguistic factors influence those psycho-linguistic processes to such an extent that they too must be included in such a theory. It seems very clear that SLA is a psycholinguistic process. But to what extent are those psycholinguistic processes affected by social context? In 1985, Selinker and Douglas proposed a construct of ‘discourse domains’ to show how social and psycholinguistic processes might be included in a theory of inter-language; Young (1999) reviews that proposal and a recent attempt to test it, concluding that the results are still uncertain. After 15 years, this is still a lively issue in the field of SLA. Indeed, it is becoming a source of increasing conflict both within the field of SLA and within such areas of applied linguistics as second/foreign language teaching and second/foreign language teacher training. In this article, I will briefly summarize the problem, and review and summarize the current evidence being brought to bear upon this issue in the SLA research literature.
Development of a new curriculum for the interdisciplinary course “Introduction to Electrical Engineering for Non-majors”: Final conclusions

This paper1 discusses the final curriculum under development at Michigan Tech that addresses the main needs of the multi-disciplinary course “Introduction to Electrical Engineering for Non-majors.” This is a course that is offered by all engineering schools worldwide. In order to identify important topics and an optimized approach, a multi-disciplinary panel was established at Michigan Tech. In order to identify the essential curriculum, we prepared a survey and distributed it to faculty members in departments served by the course, as well as to undergraduate and graduate students. The survey results were used to create the curriculum. The revised curriculum was taught for three semesters. Feedback data were received from students and instructors after each cycle and analyzed to provide feedback. Their results are being incorporated to shape a curriculum that will be published by John Wiley in the near future.
Extreme Event Scenarios for Planning of Infrastructure Projects

In project planning, several design concepts are considered to examine the potential to lower the lifecycle costs of the structure without sacrificing significant performance. Various natures of unusual and extreme events should be considered, and the nature and frequencies of such events may not yet be known. In addition, the details of design alternatives in early feasibility stages may not yet be specified. The identification of multiple stakeholders (e.g., local, regional, and national interests) may not be complete. A cost-benefit analysis would require complete knowledge of design alternatives, event frequencies and impacts, and stakeholders. A process is developed in this work to explore the costs and performance of preliminary design concepts for infrastructure projects that are vulnerable to several extreme events that would have an impact to multiple stakeholders. An example with inland navigation lock walls subjected to barge impacts and earthquake loads is provided. Complementary performance metrics that are applied include repair cost, time to recover, and cost to industry. Several magnitudes and frequencies of event scenarios are characterized, and some relevant features of a software tool developed for preliminary design evaluation of navigation lock walls are described.
A Simulated Electronic Availability Study of Serial Articles through a University Library Web Page

Availability tests as traditional collection evaluation and library performance measures and their application to electronic resources are explained in this article. A 500-item sample of serial citations was drawn from scholarly journals in 50 disciplines, evenly divided among the sciences, social sciences, humanities, professional fields, and interdisciplinary areas to simulate the needs of Indiana University- Bloomington researchers. It was found that 65.4 percent of the items were electronically available through the library Web page. The electronic availability rate was highest for professional fields, items in the English language, and items published since 2000. The majority of instances of nonavailability occurred because the journal title was not accessible through the Web page.
PLUS: Synthesizing privacy, lineage, uncertainty and security

Privacy, lineage, uncertainty, and security are important to many information integration efforts, and these "PLUS" properties interact in a number of complex ways. This paper presents requirements and use cases for PLUS systems that gracefully handle those interactions. We describe related work, and present the goals of a new research project which is developing a theory and implementation of PLUS systems.
Absence of Dbp2p alters both nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and rRNA processing.

Dbp2p, a member of the large family of DEAD-box proteins and a yeast homolog of human p68, was shown to interact with Upf1p, an essential component of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Dbp2p:Upf1p interaction occurs within a large conserved region in the middle of Upf1p that is largely distinct from its Nmd2p and Sup35/45p interaction domains. Deletion of DBP2, or point mutations within its highly conserved DEAD-box motifs, increased the abundance of nonsense-containing transcripts, leading us to conclude that Dbp2p also functions in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Dbp2p, like Upf1p, acts before or at decapping, is predominantly cytoplasmic, and associates with polyribosomes. Interestingly, Dbp2p also plays an important role in rRNA processing. In dbp2 cells, polyribosome profiles are deficient in free 60S subunits and the mature 25S rRNA is greatly reduced. The ribosome biogenesis phenotype, but not the mRNA decay function, of dbp2 cells can be complemented by the human p68 gene. We propose a unifying model in which Dbp2p affects both nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and rRNA processing by altering rRNA structure, allowing specific processing events in one instance and facilitating dissociation of the translation termination complex in the other. The degradation of eukaryotic mRNAs can be triggered by at least three distinct events: deadenylation, endonucleolytic cleavage, and aberrant translational termination (6, 31). The latter mechanism, also known as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (32), is responsible for the rapid turnover of mRNAs containing premature stop codons (51) as well as unspliced pre-mRNAs that enter the cytoplasm (23), mRNAs with a poor translation initiation context (61), some mRNAs with
A Framework for Understanding and Cultivating the Transition from Arithmetic to Algebraic Reasoning

As organizers of this special issue and investigators in the Supporting the Transition from Arithmetic to Algebraic Reasoning (STAAR) project, we both felt we would be remiss if we did not acknowle...
Spatially mapped reductions in the length of the Arctic sea ice season

Satellite data are used to determine the number of days having sea ice coverage in each year 1979-2013 and to map the trends in these ice-season lengths. Over the majority of the Arctic seasonal sea ice zone, the ice season shortened at an average rate of at least 5 days/decade between 1979 and 2013, and in a small area in the northeastern Barents Sea the rate of shortening reached over 65 days/decade. The only substantial non-coastal area with lengthening sea ice seasons is the Bering Sea, where the ice season lengthened by 5-15 days/decade. Over the Arctic as a whole, the area with ice seasons shortened by at least 5 days/decade is 12.4 × 10(exp 6) square kilimeters, while the area with ice seasons lengthened by at least 5 days/decade is only 1.1 × 10(exp 6) square kilometers. The contrast is even greater, percentage-wise, for higher rates.
Stress balance in nanopatterned N/Cu(001) surfaces

We employ helium-atom scattering (HAS) and density functional theory (DFT) based on the ultrasoft pseudopotential scheme and the plane-wave basis set to investigate the strain and stress balance in nanopatterned N/Cu(001) surfaces. HAS shows that, with increasing N coverage (and decreasing stripe widths), the stress-relief-driven lateral expansion of the averaged lattice parameter within finite-sized N-containing patches reduces from 3.5% to 1.8% and that, beyond a critical exposure, the lateral expansion of the patches increases again slightly, to 2.4%. The latter implies that in this higher coverage range the compressive stress is partially relieved via another mechanism, which turns out to be nucleation of Cu-vacancy trenches. In full agreement with the above and previous experimental observations, DFT calculations show that an optimized N-induced $c$(2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2) structure has a net surface stress level of 4.2 N/m and such stress is effectively relieved when stripes of clean Cu(001) form along the $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}$ direction or when trenchlike steps of Cu atoms form along the $\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ direction. Additionally, the calculations demonstrate that (contrary to earlier suggestions) rumpling displacements within the outermost Cu layer do not act to relieve the compressive surface stress levels and that, while clocklike displacements could relieve stress levels, such displacements are energetically unstable.
Bactericidal activity of OPC-67683 against drug-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Objectives: There is an urgent need for drugs that hasten sterilization in tuberculosis; however, we presently lack indicators of this activity to guide early drug development. We previously described a novel in vitro assay to study mycobacterial phenotypic drug tolerance, in which sterilizing activity could be assessed. OPC-67683 is a novel imidazooxazole that accelerates sterilization in the mouse tuberculosis model. The present study was conducted to determine the activity of OPC-67683 in the in vitro tolerance model using drug-tolerant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Methods: Tolerance was assessed in Bactec radiometric culture as: (i) delayed decline in growth index during 14 days of drug exposure; (ii) shorter time to positivity of subcultures following drug exposure. Results: Four isolates were selected from among 16 surveyed, based on delayed killing by isoniazid and OPC-67683. Unlike isoniazid and rifampicin, whose rates of killing were concentration-independent, OPC-67683 showed concentration-dependent effects that, at the highest dose levels tested (1.0 mg/mL), were superior to isoniazid and equal to rifampicin. Conclusions: The sterilizing activity of OPC-67683 against drug-tolerant M. tuberculosis in the Bactec model is consistent with its activity in mice. Further studies are warranted to examine the effects of OPC-67683 on mycobacterial persistence in tuberculous patients and to determine the biological basis of tolerance in the model.
An anonymous on-demand source routing in MANETs

Due to the unique features of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), traditional wired anonymous protocols cannot be directly adopted in MANETs. On the other hand, skillful as they are, existing MANET anonymous routing protocols are often inherited from traditional routing protocols by modifying the content of routing packets of the baseline MANET routing protocols, which causes themselves subjected to certain inherent defects. This paper proposes a novel anonymous on-demand source routing (AODSR) protocol, which is a scalable distributed solution to achieve sender, receiver, and sender–receiver relation anonymity in MANETs. In AODSR, the route discovery process is not controlled by the initiator/target node, but controlled by a series of random residual-hop numbers. This not only eliminates different protocol behaviors between the initiator/target node and intermediate nodes, but also avoids the flooding of routing packets. With the aid of the ‘buddy’ group strategy, the anonymity is further reinforced. Based on our security analysis, the peculiar reachability attack caused by the broadcast nature of wireless networks and the shielding attack caused by the hidden-terminal problem, which are often ignored by existing anonymous MANET routing protocols, are also countered against by AODSR. Theoretical analysis and simulation shows that AODSR achieves high degree of anonymity while requiring low computational complexity and communication overhead. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Health Management in the NAVY

There is a critical need for integrated system health management (ISHM) approaches to asset maintenance. Ideally, ISHM methodologies would track the system usage and the associated loads, monitor the system degradation and materials state, monitor relevant environmental parameters and their effects on system degradation, detect insipient system damage, diagnose failure mode, predict future system performance, and recommend maintenance actions. Even though there has been considerable progress in many subareas of ISHM over the past years, there is still ample room for future improvements in all technological aspects affecting ISHM. In fact, progress in ISHM has not been uniform. Some subsystems have experienced a far greater degree of development than others. For example, engine and machinery health monitoring and diagnostics, due to its criticality, has evolved at a faster pace than structural health monitoring. This article will review some of the aspects that need to be addressed in order to make structu...
Growth Of High-Cost Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy For Prostate Cancer Raises Concerns About Overuse

To study the impact of new, expensive, and unproven therapies to treat prostate cancer, we investigated the dissemination of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). IMRT is an innovative treatment for prostate cancer that delivers higher doses of radiation with improved precision compared to alternative radiotherapies. We observed rapid adoption of this new treatment among men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 2001 through 2007, despite uncertainty about its relative effectiveness. We compared patient and disease characteristics of those receiving IMRT and the previous radiation standard of care, three-dimensional conformal therapy; assessed intermediate-term outcomes; and examined potential factors associated with the increased use of IMRT. We found that in the early period of IMRT adoption (2001–03) men with high-risk disease were more likely to receive IMRT, whereas after IMRT’s initial dissemination (2004–07) men with low-risk disease had fairly similar likelihoods of receiving IMRT as men with hig...
PATHOGENESIS OF PROLACTIN-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMAS

Abstract 42 women with amenorrhœa and hyperprolactinaemia had trans-sphenoidal surgery and resection of histologically verified pituitary adenomas. 74% of these patients developed amenorrhœa and/or galactorrhœa in immediate association with the use or discontinuation of oral contraceptives or post partum. There was enough adenomatous tissue for immunocytochemical studies in 35 specimens and specific localisation of prolactin was possible in 31. There is evidence that about 10% of the population have small pituitary tumours, and the majority of these tumours, though asymptomatic, are potentially prolactin-secreting. It is suggested that œstrogens, which are known to modulate prolactin secretion in normal human beings and in animals, can induce the growth and expression of otherwise silent pituitary lesions and that this should be considered a risk of oral-contraceptive use.
Models of Layered Structure in Personality

Models of layered structure in personality are examined for conflict, fulfillment, and factor theories. These are compared with a Paradigm Case of layered structure derived from other sciences. Various instances in natural and social science fit the Paradigm Case more or less closely. Among personality models, those of conflict and fulfillment theories fit quite well except for parameters of volume and shape. Factor models vary also in not having homogeneous content in a particular stratum. Possible constructions are briefly suggested for further conceptualization and measurement of layered structure in psychological space. It is pointed out that approaches emphasizing the interaction of person and situation are not exempt from the necessity of understanding and assessing personality structure.
Nanoparticles meet their sticky ends

The first studies showing that DNA could be grafted onto the surfaces of metal nanoparticles (NPs) ( 1 , 2 ) provided a glimpse into the potential of using genetic material to program NP assembly. With major advances in DNA nanotechnology ( 3 , 4 ) in the subsequent years, researchers have just begun to harness the molecular and nanoscale precision that DNA offers in the construction of ordered three-dimensional (3D) NP superlattices. In this issue, two studies show how hierarchically structured DNA imparts valency and symmetry to spherical gold NPs that are otherwise chemically and geometrically isotropic. On page 582, Liu et al. ( 5 ) demonstrate the rational assembly of NPs into diamond and diamond-family superlattices using DNA origami linkers. On page 579, Kim et al. ( 6 ) demonstrate how DNA hairpins serve as addressable NP linkers that can be activated or deactivated with chemical precision.
A finite element implementation of the nonlocal granular rheology

Summary Inhomogeneous flows involving dense particulate media display clear size effects, in which the particle length scale has an important effect on flow fields. Hence, nonlocal constitutive relations must be used in order to predict these flows. Recently, a class of nonlocal fluidity models has been developed for emulsions and subsequently adapted to granular materials. These models have successfully provided a quantitative description of experimental flows in many different flow configurations. In this work, we present a finite element-based numerical approach for solving the nonlocal constitutive equations for granular materials, which involve an additional, non-standard nodal degree-of-freedom – the granular fluidity, which is a scalar state parameter describing the susceptibility of a granular element to flow. Our implementation is applied to three canonical inhomogeneous flow configurations: (1) linear shear with gravity, (2) annular shear flow without gravity, and (3) annular shear flow with gravity. We verify our implementation, demonstrate convergence, and show that our results are mesh independent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Dataset Size on Training Tweet Sentiment Classifiers

Using automated methods of labeling tweet sentiment, large volumes of tweets can be labeled and used to train classifiers. Millions of tweets could be used to train a classifier, however, doing so is computationally expensive. Thus, it is valuable to establish how many tweets should be utilized to train a classifier, since using additional instances with no gain in performance is a waste of resources. In this study, we seek to find out how many tweets are needed before no significant improvements are observed for sentiment analysis when adding additional instances. We train and evaluate classifiers using C4.5 decision tree, Naive Bayes, 5 Nearest Neighbor and Radial Basis Function Network, with seven datasets varying from 1000 to 243,000 instances. Models are trained using four runs of 5-fold cross validation. Additionally, we conduct statistical tests to verify our observations and examine the impact of limiting features using frequency. All learners were found to improve with dataset size, with Naive Bayes being the best performing learner. We found that Naive Bayes did not significantly benefit from using more than 81,000 instances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate how learners scale in respect to dataset size with results verified using statistical tests and multiple models trained for each learner and dataset size. Additionally, we investigated using feature frequency to greatly reduce data grid size with either a small increase or decrease in classifier performance depending on choice of learner.
DIRECT CONVERSION OF 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZONE OF PALMITALDEHYDE TO ITS DIMETHYL ACETAL.

A simple procedure is described for the direct conversion of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of palmitaldehyde to the corresponding dimethyl acetal, using BF3-methanol reagent or 10% methanolic HCl in the presence of a keto compound.
A Versatile System of Fluorescent Marks for Studies of Large Populations of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

A marking system is described in which coded combinations of fluorescent powders are identified with aid of an incident light fluorescent microscope. This system was used to provide more than 40 unique marks en masse to large numbers of adult mosquitoes, and was found to be suitable for use with “multiple release”-type mark-recapture models during large-scale field experiments.
Hospital inpatient prospective payment system: incorporating new technology.

New technologies in the impatient prospective payment system are discussed. On December 21, 2000, Congress passed Public Law 106-554 that includes a requirement to establish a mechanism to more expeditiously incorporate the costs and establish qualifying criteria for payment of new services and technologies into the hospital inpatient prospective payment system. The final ruling of this law states that a new service or technology must demonstrate substantial improvement, be inadequately paid under the DRG system, and be "new." The intent of these criteria is to identify new technologies that offer substantial improvement over existing technologies and to provide supplemental payment that encourages physicians and hospitals to utilize the new technology. In November 2001, drotrecogin alfa (activated) received fast-track FDA approval because of the robust findings from the PROWESS trial. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) is the first agent proven to reduce mortality in patients suffering from severe sepsis associated with acute organ dysfunction who are at a high risk of death (i.e., APACHE II score > 24). In August 2002, drotrecogin alfa (activated) was one of four such new technologies and the first agent approved for new technology payment under the prospective payment system (PPS). This decision offers confidence that the PPS is effectively striving to incorporate new medical services and technologies at a pace similar to that of innovation. Providers may receive up to $3400 in additional reimbursement when drotrecogin alfa (activated) is administered in the Medicare population. Pharmacy and patient accounting personnel should develop a collaborative process to identify, document, and capture this new source of payment.