cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological assessment of the burn patient

Emotional and intellectual responses of 25 burn patients, 16 males and 9 females, were assessed with the MMPI and the six verbal subtests of the WAIS. These measures were administered upon hospital admission and 11 to 12 months after discharge. Data analysis entailed Hotelling's T2 tests for paired observations, paired t-tests and product-moment correlations. Results did not reveal the emotional and intellectual deterioration commonly reported in the literature. The composite group MMPI profiles were essentially normal at both administrations with significant pre-post increments on the L Scale, Scale 9 and Scale 0, p less than .05. Male patients did not show significant pre-post changes, while females showed a significant pre-post increment on Scale 0, p less than .05, which indicates increased social orientation and gregariousness. Patients as a group showed significant pre-post increments on the Information (p less than .05) and Digit Span (p less than .01) subtests of the WAIS. Males demonstrated more dramatic increases than did females. Discrepancies between these findings and those reported by other investigators are attributed to the use of young children as participants in other studies, the absence of discernible premorbid factors that have been associated with post-trauma adjustment difficulties in other investigations and possible differential effectiveness of psychological intervention during hospitalization. The WAIS and MMPI were found to be sensitive to the emotional and intellectual changes experienced by participants, which suggests their application to assess the psychological aspects of the burn patient's recovery. Language: en
Cerebral Hemispheres: Neuropathology and Clinical Correlation I. Vascular Syndromes

The course and nature of some of the more common diseases affecting the cerebral hemispheres are already familiar to the student on the basis of those case histories presented in the previous chapter on cortical localization. We will refer back to some of those case histories. However, we will not limit our discussion simply to the neocortex but will discuss the cerebral hemispheres in a more general sense. It will also be convenient at this point to consider several broad categories of diseases, not previously discussed, which do not necessarily restrict themselves to the cerebral hemispheres.
Accounting for Social Security and Its Reform

How well did the Social Security system do last year? According to the most recent annual report prepared by system's Board of Trustees, the Social Security trust funds showed a $165.4 billion net increase in assets in 2002 and reported accumulated reserves of nearly $1.4 trillion by year end. Unfortunately, these glowing reports are a cash-flow illusion, revealing only the difference between the system's annual cash receipts and its yearly payments for benefits and administrative expenses. Were the finances of the Social Security system restated under principles of accrual accounting, which recognizes commitments to make future payments when those obligations are actually incurred, the Social Security trust funds would have had to report a loss of several hundred billion dollars in 2002. Moreover, as of December 31, 2002, an accrual-based balance sheet of the Social Security system would have revealed more than $14.0 trillion of accrued liabilities to Social Security participants and beneficiaries. Even allowing for the system's $1.4 trillion of accumulated reserves as well as the value of excess future taxes to be paid by current participants over the rest of their working lives, the Social Security trust funds had unfunded obligations on the order of $10.5 trillion as of year-end 2002. This implicit debt of the Social Security system is several times greater than the explicit debt burden of the federal government and is growing by hundreds of billions of dollars each year. In addition to misrepresenting the magnitude of the Social Security system's looming financial crisis, the current accounting system for Social Security distorts public debate over Social Security reform proposals and confuses the relationship between Social Security and the rest of the federal budget. Accrual accounting, in contrast, would provide a clearer picture of the true state of the Social Security's current financial shortfall and the extent to which the system's burden on future generations is increasing each year. Accrual accounting would also create political incentives for our leaders to address Social Security's difficulties in a timely manner, and enhance the quality of public debate over the relative merits of competing reform proposals.
A map of relative P wave delay times across southern California

Using cross correlation of band-pass-filtered waveforms, we have determined relative teleseismic P wave arrival times for the broadband stations in the Southern California Seismic Network (formerly known as TriNet). To remove as much as possible contamination of the direct P wave by near surface reflections and refractions, visible for arrivals at several stations located directly above complex three-dimensional structures, we carried out this cross correlation over only the first quarter wavelength of the P waveform, after applying a 1–2 Hz Butterworth band-pass filter. We subsequently completed a thorough visual and numerical quality control of the resulting traveltimes and were left with 12320 measurements for 144 events spanning a time period of almost 4 years, from 2000 to 2004. We present this complete data set on a topographic map of southern California (including a detailed inset map of the more densely covered LA basin area), enabling a direct investigation of data patterns. This visualization helps to develop an understanding of expected features of a future tomographic inversion of this data set.
Abstract P093: Psychological Stress is Associated with Increases in Weight and Waist Circumference over Time: Longitudinal Data from the Dallas Heart Study

Background: Psychological stress (stress) is associated with cardiovascular events, but the impact of stress on changes in adiposity as a measure of cardio-metabolic risk is unknown. Methods and Results: We examined the relationship between self-reported psychological stress level at baseline and change in weight and waist circumference (WC) over a median 7-year interval in the Dallas Heart Study, a multiethnic, population-based sample of Dallas County residents aged 18-65 (N = 1603; whites = 615; blacks = 754; Hispanics = 234). Participants answered a questionnaire and underwent measurement of weight, height and WC at baseline and follow-up visits between 2000 and 2009. Stress levels were determined by self-report using a five-point scale, with responses categorized as low (1-2), moderate (3) and high (4-5) stress levels. Linear regression modeling was used to determine the association between baseline stress category and weight/WC change over time. At baseline, 24% of participants reported low stress, 4...
Serum Requirements for In Vivo Modulation of Thymus-Leukemia Antigens on Mouse Leukemia Cells and Thymocytes

Mouse leukemia cells and normal thymocytes bearing thymus-leukemia (TL) cell surface antigens were previously shown to acquire resistance to lysis by guinea pig complement (C) during incubation with TL alloantiserum in vitro at 37 degrees C due to heat-labile serum activity resulting in deposition of mouse C3 onto the cell surface. The role of heat-labile serum activity and C3 in modulation of TL+ cells in vivo in mice actively or passively immunized against TL antigens was investigated. Mice of the TL-/TL+ C57BL/6J (B6) strain and the B6 congenic strain B6-Tiaa possessed poorly modulating sera, and the radiation-induced A-strain leukemia RADA1 transplanted into B6 mice passively immunized with heated (56 degrees C) TL antiserum failed to modulate; thymocytes of B6-Tiaa mice immunized similarly also did not modulate. A specific requirement for mouse C3 deposition onto RADA1 cells to achieve a modulated state was demonstrated in actively immunized TL- (B6 X A-Tiab)F1 mice in which circulating C3 and modulating activity were depleted by administration of cobra venom factor. In immunized (B6 X A-Tiab)F1 mice bearing RADA1 transplants and repeatedly given injections of B6 serum, tumor cells escaped immune destruction despite a lack of modulation. Thus modulation of TL antigenicity on tumor cells in vivo, but not tumor escape, required cell-bound C3.
Periodicities in the rate of on-demand electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation to maintain wakefulness.

This study tested the hypothesis that fundamental rhythms such as the circadian and polycyclic sleep-wake cycles and the REM sleep cycle persist in animals maintained in constant wakefulness for up to 7 days. Cats prepared for chronic monitoring of electroencephalographic activity and brain stimulation were placed on an “on demand” schedule of reticular stimulation to maintain continuous wakefulness. Electrical pulses were delivered to the midbrain automatically each time slow-waves developed in the cortical EEG tracing. The rate of this stimulation in successive minute intervals was plotted for periods up to 7 days and submitted to time series analysis. Spectral and complex demodulation analyses revealed periodic activity in the rate of reticular stimulation required to maintain continuous wakefulness. Peaks in spectral estimates of the data corresponded closely to the reported cycle lengths of the circadian and polycyclic sleep-wake cycles and the REM sleep cycle. Complex demodulation analysis indicated that the frequency of these latter two cycles may drift over time. These data offer evidence that the tendency to sleep is modulated in the cat by at least three periodic factors during prolonged wakefulness.
The Work of Recovery on Two Assertive Community Treatment Teams

The compatibility of recovery work with the Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model has been debated; and little is known about how to best measure the work of recovery. Two ACT teams with high and low recovery orientation were identified by expert consensus and compared on a number of dimensions. Using an interpretive, qualitative approach to analyze interview and observation data, teams differed in the extent to which the environment, team structure, staff attitudes, and processes of working with consumers supported principles of recovery orientation. We present a model of recovery work and discuss implications for research and practice.
Diagnosis by computed tomography of temporomandibular joint meniscus displacement.

Abstract CT may be a practical alternative to arthrography for diagnosing displacement of the meniscus in the TMJ. In a study of 75 patients, 69 were diagnosed by CT to have meniscal displacement. Thirty-four diagnoses were subsequently confirmed by surgery or arthrography. Disadvantages of CT are cost (almost twice as much as an arthrogram), inability to diagnose perforations, and inability to judge meniscus dynamics, which can be done by fluoroscopy. Advantages are patient comfort, safety, and decreased total radiation dose. Continued research and clinical correlation will be needed to determine the role of CT in the diagnosis of meniscus displacement of the TMJ. However, initial results are promising, and CT may quickly replace arthrography as the diagnostic procedure of choice.
Functional plasmonic antenna scanning probes fabricated by induced-deposition mask lithography

We have fabricated plasmonic bowtie antennae on the apex of silicon atomic-force microscope cantilever tips that enhance the local silicon Raman scattering intensity by ∼4 × 10 4 when excited near the antenna resonance. The antennae were fabricated using a novel method, induced-deposition mask lithography (IDML), capable of creating high-purity metallic nanostructures on non-planar, non-conducting substrates with high repeatability. IDML involves electron-beam-induced deposition of a W or SiOx hard mask on the material to be pattered, here a 20 nm Au film, followed by Ar ion etching to remove the mask and the unmasked gold, leaving a chemically pure Au bowtie antenna. Antenna function and reproducibility was confirmed by comparing Raman spectra for excitation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the antenna axis, as well as by dark-field spectroscopic characterization of resonant modes. The field enhancement of these plasmonic AFM antennae tips was comparable with antennae produced by electron-beam lithography on flat substrates.
Iniferter concept and living radical polymerization

Iniferters are initiators that induce radical polymerization that proceeds via initiation, propagation, primary radical termination, and transfer to initiator. Because bimolecular termination and other transfer reactions are negligible, these polymerizations are performed by the insertion of the monomer molecules into the iniferter bond, leading to polymers with two iniferter fragments at the chain ends. The use of well-designed iniferters would give polymers or oligomers bearing controlled end groups. If the end groups of the polymers obtained by a suitable iniferter serve further as a polymeric iniferter, these polymerizations proceed by a living radical polymerization mechanism in a homogeneous system. In these cases, the iniferters (CS bond) are considered a dormant species of the initiating and propagating radicals. In this article, I describe the history, ideas, and some characteristics of iniferters and living radical polymerization with some iniferters that contain dithiocarbamate groups as photoiniferters and several compounds as thermal iniferters. From the viewpoint of controlled polymer synthesis, iniferters can be classified into several types: thermal or photoiniferters; monomeric, polymeric, or gel iniferters; monofunctional, difunctional, trifunctional, or polyfunctional iniferters; monomer or macromonomer iniferters; and so forth. These lead to the synthesis of various monofunctional, telechelic, block, graft, star, and crosslinked polymers. The relations between this work and other recent studies are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2121–2136, 2000
Identification and Characterization of the Functional Toxboxes in the Vibrio cholerae Cholera Toxin Promoter

Following consumption of contaminated food or water by a human host, the Vibrio cholerae bacterium produces virulence factors including cholera toxin (CT), which directly causes voluminous diarrhea, producing cholera. A complex regulatory network controls virulence gene expression and responds to various environmental signals and transcription factors. Ultimately ToxT, a member of the AraC/XylS transcription regulator family, is responsible for activating transcription of the virulence genes. ToxT-regulated promoters all contain one or more copies of the toxbox, a 13 base pair DNA sequence that ToxT recognizes. Nucleotides two through seven of the toxbox sequence are well conserved and contain an invariant tract of four consecutive T nucleotides, whereas the remainder of the toxbox sequence is not highly conserved other than being A/T rich. The binding of ToxT to toxboxes is required to activate the transcription of virulence genes and toxboxes have been characterized in several virulence gene promoters. However, the toxboxes required for activating transcription from the cholera toxin promoter, P ctxAB have not been identified. P ctxAB contains a series of heptad repeats (GATTTTT) each of which matches the 5’ end of the toxbox consensus sequence and is a potential binding site for ToxT. Using site-directed mutagenesis and high resolution Copper-Phenanthroline footprinting, we have identified the functional toxboxes required for ToxT activation of P ctxAB . Our findings suggest that ToxT binds to only two toxboxes within P ctxAB , despite the presence of several other potential ToxT binding sites within the promoter. Both toxboxes are essential for DNA binding and full activation of ctxAB transcription.
Direct observations of metal support interaction in nano-scale systems

In this paper, we will describe the experimental processes involved in analytical atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of supported nano-scale systems. We show that the combination of high-resolution Z-contrast imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) provides an analytical tool with unprecedented chemical and spatial sensitivity that is vital for studying interfaces in heterogeneous catalyst systems. We apply the described methods to study two example heterogeneous catalyst systems: Pt/SiO2, and Cu/Al2O3. In particular, the presence of a few monolayers of platinum oxide in Pt/SiO2 can be clearly seen, and changes in the chemistry of the SiO2 support within ~1 nm of the metal-oxide interface can be characterized as a function of the catalyst preparation conditions. The Cu/Al2O3, reduced at various temperatures, exhibits an increasing oxidation of the Cu-particles upon higher temperature reduction.
Image Reconstruction with July 11, 1991 Eclipse Observation

Abstract White-light observations were carried out during the eclipse of July 11, 1991, at Big Bear Solar Observatory. The images were obtained by the 65 cm reflector with the OSL CCD camera. The lunar limb was always included in the field of view. We derived the one-dimensional point spread function (PSF) of seeing, which includes degradation by the telescope from the smeared lunar limb profile. The width of the PSF is between 0.8 to 1.3 arcsec on that day. Assuming cylindrical symmetry, we obtained the two-dimensional PSF. We then used the seeing function to deconvolve the observed white-light images. The reconstruction method enhances the observed 5% value of rms contrast to 18%; light bridges may be brighter than the normal photosphere; dark penumbra fibrils could be as dark as 50% of normal photosphere while the bright fibrils could reach the brightness of normal photosphere.
Distinct microRNA-155 expression in the vitreous of patients with primary vitreoretinal lymphoma and uveitis.

Purpose To use micro–ribonucleic acid (microRNA) profiles in the vitreous for differential diagnosis of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma and uveitis. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study included 17 diffuse large B-cell primary vitreoretinal lymphoma and 12 uveitis patients. The supernatant of ocular fluid was subjected to total RNA extraction, followed by complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) synthesis. Selected samples (primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, n = 3; uveitis, n = 3) were arrayed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based microRNA panel that detects 168 human mature microRNAs. The markers promising in distinct levels between uveitis and lymphoma were further tested for in all the other 23 samples by individual RT-PCR analysis. Results Of 168 microRNAs in the array, 66.5% were detectable with consistent higher microRNA-484, microRNA-197, and microRNA-132 in the primary vitreoretinal lymphoma vitreous and higher microRNA-155, microRNA-200c, and microRNA-22* in the uveitic ocular fluids. The results were normalized by different combinations of 7 control microRNAs (microRNA-103, microRNA-191, microRNA-42-5p, microRNA-16, microRNA-425, microRNA-93, and microRNA-451). After optimization, normalization against microRNA-16 was equally as reliable as the average of the 7 control microRNAs. Individual assays of all samples supported the pattern yielded from the array analysis. But only microRNA-155 was significantly higher in the uveitic vitreous compared to that with lymphoma. Conclusions Mature microRNAs are detectable in ocular fluid samples. Primary vitreoretinal B-cell lymphoma and uveitis might be characterized by distinct microRNA signatures. Quantification of ocular microRNA-155 might be helpful in the differential diagnosis of these 2 diseases.
The vibrational spectra and conformational behavior of methyl chloroacetate

Abstract The i.r. spectra of methyl chloroacetate and methyl chloroacetate- d 3 have been recorded in both the liquid and solid states and Raman spectra of the two compounds have been recorded in the liquid phase. A tentative vibrational assignment has been made for both compounds. The conformational properties of methyl chloroacetate are discussed and it is shown that the molecule does exist as a conformational equilibrium in the liquid phase. The doublet observed in the solution spectrum of methyl chloroacetate in the carbonyl stretching region has been shown to be a poor indication of this conformational equilibrium, however.
The Valuable Role of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Endoscopy is a valuable clinical tool for the clinician who takes care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of IBD is discussed in this review. The central role that colonoscopy plays in screening for colon cancer in patients with longstanding IBD is also addressed.
Sympathetic and immune interactions during dynamic exercise. Mediation via a beta 2-adrenergic-dependent mechanism.

BACKGROUND The relation between the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system has not been fully defined. Recent investigations have suggested an adrenergically driven efflux of specific beta 2-receptor-rich lymphocyte subsets into the circulation with either exercise or infusion of exogenous catecholamines. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine whether acute sympathetic stimulation mediates immunoregulatory cell traffic and function via a beta 2-receptor mechanism, we exercised 20 healthy volunteers before and after 1 week of treatment with either the nonselective beta-antagonist propranolol or the beta 1-selective antagonist metoprolol. Before treatment, exhaustive exercise according to the Bruce protocol led to a marked lymphocytosis. Tsuppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c) and natural killer cells, subtypes with the largest density of beta-receptors, showed the most pronounced increases after exercise, with less impressive elevations in T(helper) and B cells. With respect to function, exhaustive exercise led to a decrease in concanavalin A-stimulated IL-2 receptor expression and [3H]thymidine incorporation while enhancing natural killer cell activity. One week of propranolol therapy blunted the exercise-induced increases in circulating Ts/c and natural killer subpopulations as well as the previously observed alterations in cellular immune function. Treatment with the beta 1-selective antagonist metoprolol, however, did not impair the influence of exercise on any of the above parameters. CONCLUSIONS Acute sympathetic stimulation by exhaustive exercise leads to selective release of immunoregulatory cells into the circulation with subsequent alterations in cellular immune function, either secondary to subset changes or as a result of direct catecholamine effects on function. These changes are attenuated by propranolol but not metoprolol, suggesting a beta 2-mediated mechanism.
Selective Modal Analysis with Applications to Electric Power Systems, PART I: Heuristic Introduction

Selective Modal Analysis (or SMA) is a physically motivated framework for understanding, simplifying and analyzing complicated linear time-invariant models of dynamic systems, see [1,2]. SMA can accurately and efficiently focus on selected portions of the structure and behavior of the system. the part of the model that is relevant to the dynamics of interest is singled out in a direct manner, and. the remainder of the model is collapsed in a way that leaves the selected structure and behavior Intact. The paper heuristically presents basic concepts and results of SMA and lays the foundations for their application to a number of problems in analysis of power system dynamics. The approach is illustrated with several examples, including a 60-machine model of a dynamic instability occurrence in an actual power system. A companion paper [3] elaborates on specific applications of SMA to power systems, particularly to the Dynamic Stability problem.
Influence of host deprivation on egg load and oviposition behaviour of Brachymeria intermedia, a parasitoid of gypsy moth

. Mated female Brachymeria intermedia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) deprived, since emergence, from pupae of their host Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), accumulated eggs but had a very low rate of hostacceptance. Parasitoids that were host-deprived after encountering pupae early in life also accumulated eggs, but maintained a high acceptance rate. Thus early exposure to hosts promoted active reproductive behaviour. Total egg production depended on the total number of pupae encountered, indicating that B.intermedia adjust their egg production to host availability. Hence, in B. intermedia both the physiological state of the parasitoid (age and egg load) and the informational state (in this case host-availability and experience) interact to shape oviposition behaviour.
Essential Tremor in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2C Kindred Does Not Segregate with the TRPV4 R269H Mutation

Background: We investigated 4 members of a family with type 2C Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) and self-reported essential tremor (ET). A heterozygous missense mutation, R269H, in the TRPV4 gene was previously reported in this family. Our genotypic data provided a rare opportunity to determine the etiology of the tremor. Methods: Family study; the 4 tremor cases underwent a detailed neurological assessment. Results: The clinical diagnosis of ET was confirmed in all 4 tremor cases based on stringent published research criteria. Two of these also had CMT. We genotyped all 4 family members for the TRPV4 R269H mutation. We confirmed the presence of the TRPV4 R269H mutation in the 2 family members with ET and CMT; however, the TRPV4 R269H mutation did not segregate with ET in the same family. Conclusions: In this particular CMT family, the tremor was clinically attributed to ET. Furthermore, genotype data indicated that the tremor was unlikely to be caused by incomplete penetrance or variable expressivity of the TRPV4 R269H mutation. Hence, the tremor likely represents ET. This establishes that in some CMT families the tremor diathesis likely represents a second disorder, namely ET.
Calcium Effects on Soybean Seed Production, Elemental Concentration, and Seed Quality

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants produce fewer and lower quality seeds when grown in conditions that decrease seed Ca concentration. Indeterminate soybean was grown in modified hydroponic culture to ascertain the effects of Ca deficiency on leaf dry matter, seed production and elemental concentration, and the effect of pod position on seed elemental concentration in 1992 and 1993. Treatments consisted of 2.0 (Control), 0.2 (Low), 0.1 (Very Low) mM Ca in the nutrient media. Some Control plants were switched to Low or Very Low (Con/L, VL) Ca levels at beginning seed growth stage (R5), and some plants grown at the Very Low Ca level were switched to the Control (VL/Con) Ca level at R5. At harvest, plants were divided into four sections: top-third (T/3), middle-third (M/3), and bottom-third (B/3) of the mainstem and branches (Br). Low and Very Low treatments produced 65 and 10% as much seed mass, respectively, as Control in both years. Low and Very Low treatments retained significantly less total leaf dry matter at R5 in both years. Seed Ca levels were 25 to 300% higher in treatments that included the Control Ca level during any part of reproductive growth compared to other treatments in both years. Seed Ca concentration was highest in the T/3 and Br sections in both years. Germination was reduced in treatments not including the Control solution during part of the reproductive growth period in both years. Decreased Ca levels in the nutrient medium reduced soybean leaf dry matter during seed fill, seed production, seed Ca concentration, and seed germination, and increased the incidence of seedling disorders such as watery hypocotyl and epicotyl necrosis.
Regulation of plasminogen activation by interleukin-6 in human lung fibroblasts.

Abstract We determined that exposure of cultured lung fibroblasts (HEL-299) to recombinant human interleukin-6 (0–400 ng/ml) resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in secreted and cell lysate PAI-1 and total tPA levels (maximal increase of 2.6-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively). Specificity of this response was indicated when increases in PAI-1 levels were inhibited by neutralizing polyclonal antibodies to IL-6, but not with non-specific antibodies. Inhibition of the response to IL-6 by cycloheximide and α-amanitin indicates that increases in PAI-1 are dependent on both protein and RNA synthesis. The addition of IL-6 to HEL-299 cells also stimulated a dose- and time-dependent increase in steady-state PAI-1 mRNA levels (3.8 to 15.1 pg/μg total RNA by 24 h). A rapid increase (5–6-fold) in PAI-1 mRNA levels was found between 3 and 12 h. Nuclear run-on assays using a maximum dose of IL-6 showed that IL-6 increases a 4-fold rate of transcription of the PAI-1 gene. We further showed that LPS induces a 70% increase in secreted IL-6 and a 50% increase in PAI-1 protein levels. Increasing doses of anti-IL-6 completely blocked the effect of LPS on PAI-1 while non-specific antibodies had no effect. These studies suggest an autocrine role for IL-6 in regulating localized proteolysis and modulating tissue remodeling during acute inflammatory conditions by fibroblasts.
Effects of procainamide hydroxylamine on generation of reactive oxygen species by macrophages and production of cytokines

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to examine the effects of the N -oxidized metabolite of procainamide, procainamide hydroxylamine (PAHA), on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by macrophages in vitro , as well as on the release of the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). Results with PAHA were compared with those from the parent compound, procainamide, and in some cases with other procainamide metabolites such as N -acetylprocainamide or nitrosoprocainamide. The effects of PAHA on ROS production by mouse and rat macrophages were complex, resulting in both stimulatory and inhibitory activity depending upon the PAHA concentration and whether macrophages were resting or elicited. The primary effect of PAHA appeared to be a stimulation of ROS production. Monocytes pretreated with PAHA (20 μM) depressed the responsiveness of lymphocytes in co-culture to a T-cell mitogen (conconavalin A) but not a B-cell mitogen (lipopolysaccharide). This effect was inhibited when monocyte pretreatment with PAHA was accompanied by the antioxidants, catalase or superoxide dismutase. IL-1 production by rat adherent splenocytes was unaffected by PAHA in concetrations that were not cytotoxic. These observations suggest that the oxidative metabolism of procainamide to PAHA may result in enhanced production of ROS by macrophages contributing its toxicty to lymphocytes.
Apomorphine-induced aggression in the rat

Summary Spontaneous aggression in male rats was observed following injections of apomorphine, 10–30 mg/kg subcutaneously. The aggressive response could be elicited following smaller doses of apomorphine, 5–10 mg/kg, by pinching the tail 30 min after apomorphine treatment. The occurrence of spontaneous fighting and pain-induced fighting following apomorphine depended upon the age of the animals. Aggression was not observed until animals had attained the age of 49–56 days. Pretreatment with reserpine lowered the threshold for induction of aggressive responses by apomorphine. With reserpine pretreatment, spontaneous aggression was observed following apomorphine in doses of 0.5–2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously. If one assumes that apomorphine is a specific agonist at dopaminergic receptors, then these results suggest that the apomorphine-induced aggressive behaviour as well as the similar mock-fighting behaviour following l -DOPA or dexamphetamine, as reported by other authors, is probably a consequence of enhanced activity at dopaminergic receptors.
Local topology at limited resource induced suboptimal traps on the quantum control landscape

In a quantum optimal control experiment a system is driven towards a target observable value with a tailored external field. The underlying quantum control landscape, defined by the observable as a function of the control variables, lacks suboptimal extrema upon satisfaction of certain physical assumptions. This favorable topology implies that upon climbing the landscape to seek an optimal control field, a steepest ascent algorithm should not halt prematurely at suboptimal critical points, or traps. One of the important aforementioned assumptions is that no limitations are imposed on the control resources. Constraints on the control restricts access to certain regions of the landscape, potentially preventing optimal performance through convergence to limited resource induced suboptimal traps. This work develops mathematical tools to explore the local landscape structure around suboptimal critical points. The landscape structure may be favorably altered by systematically relaxing the control resources. In this fashion, isolated suboptimal critical points may be transformed into extensive level sets and then to saddle points permitting further landscape ascent. Time-independent kinematic controls are employed as stand-ins for traditional dynamic controls to allow for performing a simpler constrained resource landscape analysis. The kinematic controls can be directly transferred to their dynamic counterparts at any juncture of the kinematic analysis. The numerical simulations employ a family of landscape exploration algorithms while imposing constraints on the kinematic controls. Particular algorithms are introduced to meet the goals of either climbing the landscape or seeking specific changes in the topology of the landscape by relaxing the control resources.
Footwall Refrigeration Along a Detachment Fault: Implications for the Thermal Evolution of Core Complexes

Oxygen isotope compositions of epidote and quartz from chloritic breccias that underlie the detachment fault in the metamorphic core complex of the Whipple Mountains yielded quartz-epidote fractionations that range from 4.1 to 6.4 per mil and increase systematically toward the fault. These fractionations give mean temperatures that decrease from approximately 432 degrees C at 50 meters below the fault to approximately 350 degrees C at 12 meters below the fault. This extreme thermal gradient of 82 degrees C over 38 meters (2160 degrees C per kilometer) is best explained by advective heat extraction by means of circulating surface-derived fluids. Models of lithospheric extension consider only conductive cooling resulting from tectonic denudation and thus require revision to include fluid-induced fault-zone refrigeration.
Wheat from chaff: Third-party monitoring and FEC enforcement actions

Regulatory theory suggests that providing agencies with multiple sanctioning options allows them to dispose promptly of less serious matters and thereby conserve resources to pursue serious offenders. However, agencies dependent on third-party monitoring may have their enforcement agendas skewed toward more trivial violations. We consider these competing expectations by analyzing enforcement actions at the US Federal Election Commission (FEC) from 1999 to 2004. The FEC – an agency heavily dependent on third-party monitoring – expanded its enforcement options in 2000 by creating two new programs to pursue low-level offenders, while leaving its monitoring strategy unchanged. We hypothesized that more sanctioning options would allow the FEC to allocate its resources more efficiently, and thus deal more effectively with the skew created by third-party monitoring. We found instead that although the FEC disposed more promptly of low-level infractions, it was no more effective at focusing on serious violations. Our results suggest that for many agencies, expanding enforcement options without addressing monitoring has limited ability to resolve enforcement problems.
Heat Diffusion in Gases, Including Effects of Chemical Reaction

The diffusion of heat through gases is treated where the coefficients of thermal conductivity and diffusivity are functions of temperature. The diffusivity is taken proportional to the integral of thermal conductivity, where the gas is ideal, and is considered constant over the temperature interval in which a chemical reaction occurs. The heat diffusion equation is then solved numerically for a semi-infinite gas medium with constant initial and boundary conditions. These solutions are in a dimensionless form applicable to gases in general, and they are used, along with measured shock velocity and heat flux through a shock reflecting surface, to evaluate the integral of thermal conductivity for air up to 5000 degrees Kelvin. This integral has the properties of a heat flux potential and replaces temperature as the dependent variable for problems of heat diffusion in media with variable coefficients. Examples are given in which the heat flux at the stagnation region of blunt hypersonic bodies is expressed in terms of this potential.
The Construction of Nonpersonhood and Demonization: Commemorating the Traitorous Reputation of Benedict Arnold

Most sociological analyses of historical commemoration focus on the techniques by which positive events are recalled; however, just as heroes receive credit in nation building, so do villains. To examine the process of negative commemoration, we describe how Benedict Arnold's "treason" has been commemorated, specifically focusing on two distinct but complementary modes of dealing with troubling historical figures: demonization and nonpersonhood. News ofArnold's attempted treason in 1780 triggered a wave of violent demonstrations in cities throughout the American colonies. Those demonstrations comprised a mass degradation ceremony that rekindled the spirits of war-tired Americans, and transformed the remembered character of the once heroic Arnold into that of a despised turncoat. His case demonstrates that, although there are parallels between positive and negative commemoration, the means for dealing with consensually defined villains differ from thosefor heroes. We conclude with a discussion of the broader social implications of "evil" reputations.
Experimental Investigation of Optimal Nanoparticle Inclusion for Enhanced Flexural Performance in Continuous Fiber Ceramic Nanocomposites

This work reports the effects of using varying weight percentage of nanoparticle inclusions on mechanical performance of continuous fiber ceramic composites. The ceramic fiber reinforcement was Nicalon TM , and KiON CERASET preceramic polymer was mixed with nanoparticle inclusions in the presence of a surfactant agent, which gave good dispersion of the particles within the matrix. Yttrium oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 29 nm was used as the inclusion with varying weight percentages of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. For comparison, samples without nanoparticles were also manufactured. Two different types of nanoparticle filled composites were manufactured. The first one followed neat preceramic polymer reinfiltration cycle, whereas the second system was manufactured with corresponding nanoparticle dispersed preceramic polymer reinfiltration. A characterization analysis of the samples using scanning electron microscopy revealed proper dispersion of nanoparticle along with good quality of the parts. In general, the weight gain percentage at each stage of reinfiltration/pyrolysis for both types of nanoparticle filled ceramic composites is consistently less than that for ceramic composites manufactured without nanoparticle. This indicates the compactness of the material and retention of shape during the B-staging. Four-point bending test was also conducted to evaluate the mechanical performance of the ceramic composite samples at room temperature. Nanoparticle filled samples consistently showed significant improvement in flexural strength compared to their counterparts without nanoparticle reinforcement.
Acute Kidney Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Analysis of Viral and Non-viral Factors

Background Multiple studies have shown a relationship between chronic hepatitis C infection and chronic kidney disease. The prevalence, severity, underlying etiologies and predictors of acute kidney dysfunction (AKD) events in patients with hepatitis C has not been studied. Methods We investigated viral and non-viral factors in the development renal dysfunction in 468 HCV patients retrospectively over a period of observation ranging from 3 months to 6 yrs. Results A total of 124 AKD events occurred in 63 patients. On regression analysis; gender, race, alcohol abuse, HIV (Human immune deficiency virus) status, body mass index, baseline viral load (HCV–PCR), and genotype did not predict an event of AKD. Decompensated liver disease, history of IVDU, diabetes mellitus and baseline creatinine were independent predictors of AKD. Conclusion Development of AKD in patient with hepatitis C virus infection is independent of the genotype and viral load at baseline and is mostly predisposed by known prevalent factors in patients with hepatitis C such as diabetes, hypertension and intravenous drug use. Decompensated liver disease is the single most viral-related factor that predisposes for AKD.
Changes in the rate of cortical epileptiform activity by increased intragastric pressure in cats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate what effects distension of the stomach would have on the discharge rate of cerebral cortical epileptogemic foci in cats. Epileptiform spiking was produced by focal freezing or topical application of penicillin. Intragastric pressure was increased by the inflation of an intraluminal latex balloon. Results showed that increases in intragastric pressure produced a decrease in epileptiform spike discharge rate in some preparations. Decreases in or the sudden release of intragastric pressure often produced an enhancement or “rebound” of epileptiform spiking. These findings agree with earlier reports from our laboratory in which passive distension of the urinary bladder or increased intracranial pressure produced similar results. We suggest that the decrease in spike rate may be due to the desynchronizing effect of afferent input produced by stomach distension. In this regard, sensory activity initiated by the gastric stretch receptors probably play a major role.
Updated Yield-per-Recruit Information on the Tortugas Pink Shrimp Fishery

Abstract Portions of a 1979 analysis dealing with optimum-size considerations in the Tortugas, Florida, pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) fishery are updated. The 1979 management advice remains essentially the same. The current target minimum size of 103 mm total length theoretically should produce a 14-20% gain, compared to unregulated conditions, in weight yields from shrimp recruiting through the closure area during the peak fishing season, Gains in dollar value (ex-vessel gross revenue) due to closure would be from 45 to 64% during the peak season. However, because of the natural protection already provided by untrawlable bottoms in some areas where small shrimp are abundant, these percentage gains probably are overestimates.
Self-Change of Psychological Distress: Laypersons' vs. Psychologists' Coping Strategies.

This study investigated the change processes that laypersons (N = 270) and psychologists (N = 158) reported using to overcome psychological distress. Eighty-nine percent of the community sample and 82% of the professional sample experienced at least one episode of distress. Interpersonal relationships and willpower strategies were employed commonly in both samples; medication was used infrequently. Gender, education, and previous treatment were related to coping processes among laypersons. A comparative analysis indicated that, relative to laypersons, psychologists exhibited a larger and more varied repertoire of coping strategies.
On the CRLB and Low-Complexity Channel Estimation for UWB Communications

The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived for the channel estimation of direct sequence-code division multiple access ultra-wideband (DS-CDMA UWB) communication system. We have modified the channel model and reduced the number of estimation parameters. Furthermore, a low-complexity data-aided Least Square (LS) channel estimation algorithm is proposed for the modified model. In addition, the problem of designing orthogonal training sequence is discussed. Finally, numerical examples are provided to evaluate both the derived CRLB and the proposed channel estimation algorithm.
Optimum Levels of Sulphate and Iron for the Cultivation of Pure Cultures of Methanogens in Synthetic Media

Experiments on the effects, of sulphate and iron content of medium on the growth of Methanobacterium strain M.O.H., Methanospirllum hungatii GPI, and an unidentified strain similar in characteristics to Methanobacterium formicicum, indicated that the 4.0 mM of sulphate normally incorporated into laboratory media was above the optimum level, while the iron content normally incorporated (0.01–0.08 mM) was below the optimum requirement of these methanogens. The tests were made in synthetic media containing acetate, carbon dioxide and hydrogen as carbon and energy sources, and a cysteine-sodium sulphide solution as a reducing agent. The optimum sulphate requirement for Methanobacterium strain M.O.H., M. hungatii, and the unidentified methanogen was in the range of 0.16–0.52 mM. An absence of sulphate in the medium decreased significantly (95% confidence level) the growth of these cultures. The optimum requirement of Fe++ was in the range of 0.3–0.9 mM. Addition of Fe+++ greater than 0.10 mM to pre-reduced medium, or the addition of greater than 0.15 mM during preparation of medium resulted in precipitation of iron. A method for the preparation of medium without formation of precipitate is described and its contribution to improving growth and methanogenesis discussed.
Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example

Winner of the Herbert Feis Award from the American Historical Association and named one of the best religion books of the year by Publishers Weekly, D. Michael Quinn's "Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans" has elicited critical acclaim as well as controversy. Using Mormonism as a case study of the extent of early America's acceptance of same-sex intimacy, Quinn examines several examples of long-term relationships among Mormon same-sex couples and the environment in which they flourished before the onset of homophobia in the late 1950s.
A radiometric assay of pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5′-phosphate oxidase

Abstract A radiometric assay for pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate oxidase (pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5′-phosphate:O 2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.5) has been developed utilizing N -(5′-phosphopyridoxyl)[ 3 H]tryptamine. This assay is more sensitive than previously used colorimetric and fluorescent assays for this oxidase and furthermore is applicable to erythrocytes. Tritiated substrate is incubated with an enzyme sample in the presence of excess unlabeled truptamine and the radiolabeled tryptamine product is extracted into toluene and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting.
Core–shell MoO3–MoS2 Nanowires for Hydrogen Evolution: A Functional Design for Electrocatalytic Materials

We synthesize vertically oriented core–shell nanowires with substoichiometric MoO3 cores of ∼20–50 nm and conformal MoS2 shells of ∼2–5 nm. The core–shell architecture, produced by low-temperature sulfidization, is designed to utilize the best properties of each component material while mitigating their deficiencies. The substoichiometric MoO3 core provides a high aspect ratio foundation and enables facile charge transport, while the conformal MoS2 shell provides excellent catalytic activity and protection against corrosion in strong acids.