cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diapause behavior of genetically‐improved strains of the spider mite predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

Diapause behavior of two strains of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was compared as part of a project to evaluate this predator as a control agent for Tetranychus urticae Koch on roses in greenhouses in Berkeley, California. One strain had a normal diapause and the other had been genetically selected for ‘non-diapause.’ Predators in diapause sought shelters on a simple bean plant test system. Females lacking the ability to diapause and the normal strain under long photophases tended to disperse aerially from the bean plant systems, particularly when prey were scarce. M. occidentalis females with the capacity to diapause reared near the critical photophase (11.2 h) at fluctuating temperatures of 17.5 to 24.5 °C within a 24 h period were influenced by the availability of prey: if prey were lacking, predators were more likely to enter diapause than if prey were abundant. Starved females left the plant system, probably through aerial dispersal, and mated females dispersed more readily than males and virgin females under long daylengths. No differences in aerial dispersal tendency were observed at short photophases. Aerial dispersal of adult females occurred at air speeds of ca. 1.5 m/s. RESUME Comportement lors de la diapause de souches genetiquement selectionnees du predateur Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari; Phytoseiidae) Au cours d'un programme destine a evaluer la valeur du predateur, Metaseiulus occidentalis Nesbitt pour lutter contre Tetranychus urticae Koch sur roses dans les serres de Berkeley (California) nous avons compare chez deux souches le comportement lie a la diapause. Une souche a une diapause normale, l'autre a ete selectionnee genetiquement pour son absence de diapause. Les adultes avec diapause normale recherchent des abris sur un dispositif experimental concu a partir d'un pied de haricot. Les femelles perdant l'aptitude a la diapause ainsique celles de la souche normale soumise a une longue photophase ont tendance a se disperser par voie aerienne a partir du dispositif experimental, surtout quand les proies sont rares. Les femelles de M. occidentalis aptes a la diapause elevees aux environs de la photophase critique (11.2 h) avec des temperatures variant entre 17° 5 et 24° 5 pendant le nyctemere reagissent en fonction de la disponibilite en proies: quand les proies manquent, les predateurs ont plus tendance a entrer en diapause que quand les proies sont abondantes. Avec une longue photoperiode, les femelles a jeun abandonnent le systeme experimental, (probablement par dispersion aerienne) et les femelles fecondees se dispersent plus facilement que les mâles et les femelles vierges. Aucune difference dans la tendance a la dispersion aerienne n'a ete observee aux courtes photophases. La dispersion aerienne des femelles adultes s'est produite a des vitesses de 1.5 m/sec.
A simple method for calibrating force plates and force treadmills using an instrumented pole

We propose a new method for calibrating force plates to reduce errors in center of pressure locations, forces, and moments. These errors may be caused by imperfect mounting of force plates to the ground or by installation of a treadmill atop a force plate, which may introduce distorting loads. The method, termed the Post-Installation Least-Squares (PILS) calibration, combines features of several previous methods into a simple procedure. It requires a motion capture system and an instrumented pole for applying reference loads. Reference loads may be manually applied to the force plate in arbitrary locations and directions. The instrumented pole measures applied load magnitudes through a single-axis load cell, and load directions through motion capture markers. Reference data and imperfect force plate signals are then combined to form a linear calibration matrix that simultaneously minimizes mean square errors in all forces and moments. We applied the procedure to standard laboratory force plates, as well as a custom-built, split-belt force treadmill. We also collected an independent set of verification data for testing. The proposed calibration procedure was found to reduce force errors by over 20%, and moment errors by over 60%. Center of pressure errors were also reduced by 63% for standard force plates and 91% for the force treadmill. The instrumented pole is advantageous because it allows for fast and arbitrary load application without needing a precise fixture for aligning loads. The linear calibration matrix is simpler than nonlinear correction equations and more compatible with standard data acquisition software, yet it yields error reductions comparable to more complex methods.
Assignment of cells to switches in PCS networks

Considers a problem of network design of personal communication services (PCS). The problem is to assign cells to the switches of a PCS network in an optimum manner. The authors consider two types of costs. One is the cost of handoffs between cells. The other is the cost of cabling (or trunking) between a cell site and its associated switch. The problem is constrained by the call volume that each switch can handle. The authors formulate the problem exactly as an integer programming problem. They also propose a heuristic solution for this problem and show that it performs extremely well. >
Extended basis set calculations of the interaction energy and properties of the ammonia dimer

Abstract Second-order Moller—Plesset calculations employing large basis sets which include bond functions are presented for (NH3)2. The H-bonded structure is found to be more stable than a cyclic configuration. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for the 14N nuclei are shown to be sensitive to rotational motions of the monomers.
Immune-mediated disease and secondary failure to oral therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the proportion of adults with type 2 diabetes, who developed secondary failure to oral medications that had immune-mediated diabetes (IMD). Subjects and methods: One hundred and eight subjects who failed to oral therapy were screened for autoantibodies (ICA, IAA, IA-2A, and GADA 65 ) and HLA DR/DQ markers of IMD. Results: Mean age was 49 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 31.5 kg/m 2 ; 21.3% were non-Hispanic White (NHW), 32.3% Latin American (LA), and 43.2% African American (AA). Fourteen percent had one or more autoantibodies [Ab(+)]: five NHW, three LA, and seven AA. Ab(+) patients were younger ( P =.03) and had lower body weight ( P =.05) than Ab(−) patients. HLA markers of susceptibility for IMD were identified in 64% Ab(+) and in 43% Ab(−) ( χ 2 , P =.46). Conclusions: These results suggest that secondary failure to oral therapy can be due to continuing IMD in obese, type 2 diabetic individuals of varying ethnic backgrounds than those who have been traditionally associated with autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Screening for markers for IMD at diagnosis could be a useful way to predict those likely to develop secondary failure to oral therapy and may assist in the selection of medical therapy.
There's more than One Way to Run a Democratic Enterprise: Self-Management from the Netherlands

This article describes a unique system of self-management, the Breman system, that has developed in the Netherlands. Arising in a small village in the north of Holland, the Breman system has been relatively insulatedfrom the influence of other international models of worker particpation, and as a result, has developed some novel social innovations to achieve its ends. Since its conversion in 1972from an ordinary family-owned corporation to a self-managed system, it has shown an impressive capacity for financial growth, organizational productivity, and worker satisfaction. The last section of this article draws out some of the lessons of the Breman experience for democratizing enterprises in other capitalist settings such as the United States.
THE AVIAN EEG: AN ARTIFACT ASSOCIATED WITH OCULAR MOVEMENT.

Abstract 1. 1. An artifact in the EEG of chickens and several other bird species is reported and various attempts to determine its origin are described. It usually consists of rhythmic bursts of high voltage waves at 12–25 c/sec which are best detected by electrodes near the eyes. 2. 2. The artifact correlates with unilateral or bilateral nictitating membrane movement and is probably related to eyeball oscillation.
Design and Philosophy of the BiMASC, a Highly Dynamic Biped

This paper discusses the design principles and philosophy of the BiMASC, a biped with mechanically adjustable series compliance which incorporates tuned mechanical leg springs. This robot will be capable of dynamic running using mechanical leg springs, as well as dynamic ballistic walking with human-like passive leg swing behavior. The BiMASC will enable the study of the role of both controllable compliance in running and will serve as a test platform for control strategies that utilize the leg springs and other natural dynamics of the robot. The mechanism is designed to behave in a dynamically "clean" manner, such that relatively simple mathematical models will accurately predict the robot's behavior. The availability of simple and accurate mathematical models will facilitate the design of controllers, accurate simulations, and the implementation of accurate model-based control on the robot.
Defining Clinically Relevant Cerebral Hemorrhage After Thrombolytic Therapy for Stroke Analysis of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Trials

Background and Purpose—Several definitions have been proposed to distinguish clinically relevant from incidental cerebral hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. We investigated which definition best identifies cerebral hemorrhages that alter long-term functional outcome in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) trials. Methods—We analyzed 4 candidate hemorrhage definitions for which the NINDS tPA trials public data set had relevant data. For each, we identified tPA-treated patients having that hemorrhage type and compared their actual functional outcomes at 90 days with their predicted outcomes had they not received tPA and not had the hemorrhage. Projected outcomes without tPA were based on a 17-variable prognostic model derived from the NINDS tPA trials placebo group. Results—Among the 312 patients treated with intravenous tPA, 33 (10.6%) experienced any radiological intracerebral hemorrhage <3...
Targeted modulation of MGMT: clinical implications

O(6)-Methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) has been studied for >20 years as a gene that is associated with the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity induced by either methylating carcinogens or alkylating (methylating and chloroethylating) therapeutic agents. Pioneering studies of alkylating agents identified alkylated guanine at the O(6) position, the substrate of MGMT, as a potentially promutagenic and lethal toxic DNA lesion. MGMT plays a prominent role in DNA adduct repair that limits the mutagenic and cytotoxic effect of alkylating agents. Because of its role in cancer etiology and chemotherapy resistance, MGMT is of particular interest. In this article, the clinical effect of MGMT expression and targeted modulation of MGMT will be summarized.
A stable hyperparameter selection for the Gaussian RBF kernel for discrimination

Kernel-based classification methods, for example, support vector machines, map the data into a higher-dimensional space via a kernel function. In practice, choosing the value of hyperparameter in the kernel function is crucial in order to ensure good performance. We propose a method of selecting the hyperparameter in the Gaussian radial basis function (RBF) kernel by considering the geometry of the embedded feature space. This method is independent of the choice of the discrimination algorithm and also computationally efficient. Its classification performance is competitive with existing methods including cross-validation. Using simulated and real-data examples, we show that the proposed method is stable with respect to sampling variability. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 142-148, 2010
The Skin-Layer Ocean Heat Flux Instrument (SOHFI). Part II: Field Measurements of Surface Heat Flux and Solar Irradiance

Abstract The Skin-Layer Ocean Heat Flux Instrument (SOHFI) described by Sromovsky et al. (Part I, this issue) was field-tested in a combination of freshwater and ocean deployments. Solar irradiance monitoring and field calibration techniques were demonstrated by comparison with independent measurements. Tracking of solar irradiance diurnal variations appears to be accurate to within about 5% of full scale. Preliminary field tests of the SOHFI have shown reasonably close agreement with bulk aerodynamic heat flux estimates in freshwater and ocean environments (generally within about 20%) under low to moderate wind conditions. Performance under heavy weather suggests a need to develop better methods of submergence filtering. Ocean deployments and recoveries of drifting SOHFI-equipped buoys were made during May and June 1995, during the Combined Sensor Program of 1996 in the western tropical Pacific region, and in the Greenland Sea in May 1997. The Gulf Stream and Greenland Sea deployments pointed out the nee...
Evaluation of Facial Features on Particle Inhalation

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and numerical investigations of particle inhalability and contaminant exposure have used simple geometrical surrogates for a breathing human form, but the effect of eliminating facial features has not been investigated. In this work, the velocity field and particle aspiration associated with two differently shaped mannequins were investigated to determine if an elliptical form was sufficient to represent the complexity of fluid flow associated with an inhaling human. Laser Doppler anemometry was used to measure velocity, and both optical sizing and gravimetric analysis were used to measure particle aspiration from an aerosol source. All tests were performed with continuous inhalation through the mouth, with the mannequin facing the 0.3 m s � 1 freestream. Although limitations in the laser Doppler optics prevented velocity measurements at distances <11 mm in front of the mannequin mouth opening, significant velocity differences were identified up to 20 mm in front of the mouth opening. This indicated that facial features affected the flow field near the face only. Owing to these differences, particle aspiration was compared between mannequins for three different velocity ratio conditions using an aerosol source. Even with relatively large variability in the aspirated concentration in this study, the aspirated mass concentration was significantly less for the anatomical mannequin relative to the elliptical form. Thus, the simplified elliptical cylinder does not sufficiently characterize the fluid dynamics near the mouth of an inhaling human form at these limited test conditions. Future CFD and numerical simulations to investigate human aspiration of particles should incorporate the complex features of the human face to investigate adequately particle aspiration in low velocity environments.
Direct Measurement of SO2 in Air by Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectrometry Using a Nontunable Laser Source

Studies have been performed to evaluate a direct laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique for measurements of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2). The technique is novel in that it uses a nontunable laser source that is spectrally coincident with absorption of the SO2 molecule near 223 nm that allows sensitive measurements at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this report, the spectral characteristics and analytical capabilities of the nontunable LIF approach have been evaluated and preliminary measurements of ambient SO2 are reported. The current limit of detection is 0.5 ppb and compares well to other analytical spectroscopy methods used for atmospheric measurements of SO2. The results indicate strong feasibility for the nontunable LIF approach for SO2 measurements and suggest ways for method improvement.
Polarcardiographic responses to maximal exercise in healthy young adults.

Abstract Polarcardiographic responses were recorded before and after maximal upright exercise in 72 healthy young adults (32 men and 40 women). Significant quantitative changes in the spatial magnitude as well as directional changes of the corresponding vectors of P, R, ST, and T forces were defined. A higher prevalence of “false positive” polarcardiographic criteria associated with myocardial infarction was noted at rest in the upright position than in the supine position. In the supine position, utilizing the same electrode placement originally recommended by Dower, 7 a comparably low prevalence of false positive criteria was revealed. More than a fourfold increase in transient occurrence of these criteria after maximal exercise in healthy subjects suggests changes in ventricular conduction or depolarization which are revealed by strenuous exertion by this method of displaying the vectorcardiogram. The possibility is raised that these changes in magnitude of atrial depolarization and in intraventricular conduction may reflect limitations in compliance of the normal left ventricle at maximal exercise.
Moving Forward with the Concept of Responsible Leadership: Three Caveats to Guide Theory and Research

The concept of responsible leadership has garnered increased attention in recent years. Indeed, irresponsibility on the part of organizational leaders appears to represent an area of growing concern to the greater public. Accordingly, it is appropriate that increased scholarly attention be devoted to an understanding of this concept. But with that said, the purpose of this article is to identify three caveats about which researchers and practitioners should be concerned as work in this area proceeds. These caveats pertain to: (1) definitional issues, (2) the importance of theory and research that is not ideologically driven or biased, and (3) the positioning of responsible leadership within the greater body of leadership theory and research. Additional concerns are considered including the measurement of responsible leadership and research strategies.
Dynamic response of dissimilar materials with cracks

Composite materials are being developed for increased use in primary structures subjected to time dependent loadings. Their nonhomogeneous and anisotropic properties in addition to the presence of mechanical imperfections such as voids or cracks can have a strong influence on the dynamic response under different loadings. In particular, the various type of initial flaws suggest a number of failure modes which include interface delamination, matrix fracture, fiber breaking, etc. A knowledge of the redistribution of stresses in the neighbourhood of initial flaws is essential to achieving an in-depth understanding of the failure of composite materials.
Effect of packing density and packing geometry on light extraction of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with microsphere arrays

The finite-difference time-domain method was employed to calculate light extraction efficiency of thin-film flip-chip InGaN/GaN quantum well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with TiO2 microsphere arrays. The extraction efficiency for LEDs with microsphere arrays was investigated by focusing on the effect of the packing density, packing configuration, and diameter-to-period ratio. The comparison studies revealed the importance of having a hexagonal and close-packed monolayer microsphere array configuration for achieving optimum extraction efficiency, which translated into a 3.6-fold enhancement in light extraction compared to that for a planar LED. This improvement is attributed to the reduced Fresnel reflection and enlarged light escape cone. The engineering of the far-field radiation patterns was also demonstrated by tuning the packing density and packing configuration of the microsphere arrays.
Health Care in Ghana: A Study of Health Care Opinion Leadership

Ghana is a developing sub-Saharan country in West Africa and it struggles with delivering health care within the universal health system. The primary barrier to medical care is the lack of access. The government of Ghana subsidizes universal health insurance for all of its citizens, but lacks technology, workforce, and more importantly access to sanitation and clean running water. Access to health care remains a challenge in Ghana, especially in rural areas. In this research, we studied opinion leadership for health care in Ghana using two surveys conducted in May, 2014. Student investigators administered a survey to explore who was identified as the health care opinion leaders by local community members. The respondents were asked to rank seven categories of health care providers by how often they spoke to the health care provider about their health, from most often to least often , including medical doctors, chemical sellers, herbalists, prayer camps, family members, midwives and shrines or voodoo priests. The study surveyed 157 respondents from local community members, including 51 people in cities, 65 people in rural villages and 41 people in Kpanla, a remote isolated island on Lake Volta. Student investigators also gave a self-designating survey to 61 health care providers to measure their health care opinion leadership. The results of these two surveys were consistent. Local community residents preferred to talk to medical doctors about their health care when medical doctors were accessible. Health care providers’ responses to the self-designating opinion leadership survey supported their strong opinion leadership for health care.
Recurrent obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

Routine diagnostic studies can locate the source of gastrointestinal bleeding in the vast majority of persons. In approximately 5 percent of persons, however, the source remains obscure despite sophisticated studies. Our inability to localize the source of bleeding in these individuals illustrates the limits of available diagnostic technology. In an elderly patient who requires repeated diagnostic studies, attendant morbidity can be a limiting factor in the aggressive pursuit of the source of bleeding. In this paper, we discuss the usefulness of empiric hormonal therapy for the frail elderly patient who would be a poor surgical candidate or who could not tolerate repeated invasive procedures. Obscure intestinal bleeding is known to remit spontaneously. In the individual patient, therefore, it is not possible to ascribe the cessation of bleeding to oral hormonal treatment. Because randomized, controlled studies have not addressed this question, clinicians caring for a frail older person bleeding from an obscure lesion should consider empiric hormonal therapy as a reasonable treatment option.
Cohesion or Reciprocity? Majority Party Strength and Minority Party Procedural Rights in the Legislative Process:

What is the role of political parties in the development of legislative institutions? Recent studies have explored the expansion and contraction of minority party procedural rights in the United States Congress (Binder 1997; Dion 1997), but these studies reach contradictory conclusions. Binder, emphasizing reciprocity norms, argues that minority party procedural rights expand as the majority party loses strength, while Dion, emphasizing the notion that small majorities are cohesive, asserts that these rights contract under these conditions. I apply Binder's and Dion's arguments to state legislative lower houses and test them with a dataset of 336 state legislative sessions in 23 states. The relevant variation among state legislatures provides the leverage necessary to understand better the relationship between partisan politics and legislative rule adoption more generally. I conclude that in state legislatures, minority party procedural rights expand as the minority party shrinks in size.
The Adsorption of Liquid and Vapor Water on TiO2 (110) Surfaces: The Role of Defects

The adsorption of liquid and vapor water on defective and nearly defect-free TiO2 (110) surfaces has been examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). The study has focused on examining electronic defects as created in vacuum and after exposure to both liquid and vapor water. The defective surfaces were prepared by electron-beam exposure and Ar+ bombardment. With exposure up to 104 L low vapor pressure (<10−5 Torr) water to defective surfaces, little or no changes on Ti 3d defect intensities were observed, in agreement with the previous studies. However, defect intensities were greatly reduced after exposing defective surfaces to ∼ 108 L higher vapor pressure (0.2 - 0.6 Torr) water for 5 min. More significantly, XPS and UPS spectra showed that electron-beam induced defects were completely removed upon liquid water exposure, while defects created by Ar+ bombardment were only partially removed. It was found that surface defects created by Ar+ bombardment were removed more readily than sub-surface defects. For a nearly defect-free surface, water coverages were ∼ 0.02 ML at 104 L exposure to low vapor pressure water, ∼ 0.07 ML at 108 L exposure to higher vapor pressure water, and ∼ 0.125 ML with liquid water exposure, respectively.
Government Payment for Health Care — Causes and Consequences

Government's role in paying for health care has expanded greatly in all high-income countries, including the United States. But most other high-income countries have national health insurance and spend far less on health care than the United States does.
Experimental Alveolar Bone Atrophy Produced by Ascorbic Acid Deficiency and Its Relation to Pyorrhea Alveolaris.

SummaryThe essential characteristic of the diffuse atrophy type of pyorrhea (pyorrhea alveolaris), which is an inability of the peridental tissue to withstand functional stress, has been reproduced in guinea pigs maintained on diets deficient in ascorbic acid. The histological details in bone and connective tissue of these scorbutic animals are identical with those found in human peridental disease of this type.
A Case Study on the GA-based Theory for Time-Cost Tradeoff Problem in Construction Projects

A case study is done in this paper to verify the effectiveness of the GA-based theory for time-cost tradeoff problem in construction projects. First, an integer programming model is adopted to do the verification. Then, a network with detailed information is employed. As a conclusion, it is verified that the GA-based theory for time-cost tradeoff of construction projects is both effective and accurate, and the computerized system is demonstrated very fast.
Pursuing a diagnosis in a Caribbean man.

Jose L., a 35-year-old Dominican man with AIDS, is visiting New York City when fever prompts him to seek medical evaluation in the walk-in clinic.The
The aerosol and subcutaneous administration of attenuated egg adapted distemper vaccine to ferret kits from distemper immune females.

SUMMARY All young ferrets from distemper immune females were responsive to aerosol vaccination and subcutaneous injection at 10 weeks or more of age. At each succeeding younger age group, there was a greater likelihood of the vaccine being neutralized by passively conferred D V antibody.
Ricin toxin contains at least three galactose-binding sites located in B chain subdomains 1α, 1β, and 2γ

Ricin toxin, the heterodimeric 65 kDa glycoprotein synthesized in castor bean seeds, consists of a cell binding lectin subunit (RTB) disulfide linked to an rRNA N-glycosidase protein synthesis inactivating subunit (RTA). While X-ray crystallography and equilibrium dialysis suggested two sugar-combining sites located in subdomains 1 alpha and 2 gamma, biochemical and mutational analyses suggested the existence of a third lectin site. We performed oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis on RTB cDNA to create mutants with modifications in subdomains 1 alpha, 2 gamma, and either 1 beta or 2 alpha. The triple-site mutant RTBs were expressed in insect cells. Partially purified recombinant proteins obtained from infected cell extracts and cell supernatants were characterized for asialofetuin and cell binding, immunoreactivites, ability to reassociate with RTA, and recombinant heterodimer cell cytotoxicity. Yields of both triple-site mutants were similar to the parent double-site mutant. Both mutants showed immunoreactivity with a panel of anti-RTB monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The triple-site mutant with modification of amino acid residues in subdomains 1 alpha, 2 alpha, and 2 gamma bound asialofetuin and cells similarly to the parent 1 alpha, 2 gamma, subdomain mutant. In contrast, the 1 alpha, 1 beta, 2 gamma subdomain triple-site mutant had a one and one-half log decrease in asialofetuin and cell binding relative to the parent double-site mutant. The 1 alpha, 2 alpha, 2 gamma triple-site mutant and 1 alpha, 2 gamma parent protein had sugar binding which was inhibited by 3-27-fold by lactose and asialofetuin. Both triple-site mutants reassociated well with RTA. The 1 alpha, 2 alpha, 2 gamma triple-site mutant-RTA was equally cytotoxic to mammalian cells as the double-site mutant-RTA heterodimer. In contrast, the 1 alpha, 1 beta, 2 gamma triple-site mutant-RTA was 25 times less toxic than the double mutant and 20 times more toxic than RTA alone. These data support a model for at least three lectin-binding subdomains in RTB.
Agarose Gel Electrophoretic Detection of Six β-Lactam Antibiotic Residues in Milk

An electrophoretic method coupled with bioautography was developed for detection and identification of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cephapirin, and ceftiofur residues in milk. The method uses a 2% agarose gel for electrophoresis, an overlay of PM indicator agar seeded with Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, and incubation at 55 degrees C for 16-18 h. The new method separated and detected residues in milk at the levels of concern for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for penicillin G (5 ppb), cephapirin (20 ppb), and ceftiofur (50 ppb). The method also detected ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cloxacillin at 20, 30, and 30 ppb, respectively, but these levels are above those of concern for FDA (10 ppb).
Comparison of 2 homogeneous high-density lipoprotein cholesterol assays

○ Background. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is an independent inverse risk factor for coronary artery disease. Current methodologies for measurement of HDL-C in most clinical laboratories involve chemical precipitation-based methods. However, these methods are time-consuming, affected by high triglycerides, are not suitable for complete automation, and require a large sample size. New direct homogeneous methods are now available that do not have these constraints. Design. We evaluated the performance of 2 direct homogeneous methods, Liquid N-geneous HDL-C assay (LN-HDL) and Boehringer Mannheim HDL Cholesterol assay (BM-HDL), and compared these methods against a modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference method (MR-HDL) in 126 patients with normotriglyceridemia (triglycerides < 4.5 mmol/L, range 0.6-4.3 mmol/ L) and 50 patients with hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides ≥ 4.5 mmol/L, range 4.5-18.8 mmol/L). Results. Excellent precision profiles were exhibited by both homogeneous methods. Both LN-HDL and BM-HDL correlated well with MR-HDL in normotriglyceridemia (r = 0.98, slope = 0.93 and r = 0.97, slope = 1.0, respectively). However, compared with the modified reference method, the LN-HDL correlated better than the BM-HDL in hypertriglyceridemic samples (r = 0.97, slope = 1.0 and r = 0.91, slope = 0.9, respectively). The 1998 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for accuracy (bias < ±5%) were met by LN-HDL in both normotri-glyceridemic and hypertriglyceridemic samples (bias = 1.3% and 3.3%, respectively); however, BM-HDL failed to meet the National Cholesterol Education Program accuracy criteria in both triglyceride subgroups (bias = 8.2% and 11.3%, respectively). In addition, the total error for LN-HDL in both normotriglyceridemia (6.6%) and hypertriglyceridemia (8.6%) was well within the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for total error (≤13%); BM-HDL exhibited a higher total error than LN-HDL in normotriglyceridemia (11.9%) and failed to meet the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines in hypertriglyceridemia (15.0%). Conclusion.-Although both homogeneous methods are precise, the LN-HDL assay is superior in accuracy to the BM-HDL assay when compared with the modified reference method.
System, Ecosystem, and Social System

This chapter discusses system, ecosystem, and social system. General systems theory emerged as the umbrella for a series of related theories, philosophies, and empirical inquiries related to the interdependence of parts in any natural process, including human society. The word system is derived from the Greek systema and it means an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. The concept of system is also an excellent example of the capacity of human thought to perceive both parts and the way they function or interact. The objective of the ecological studies of predation has been to determine how predatory actions serve to control animal population fluctuation. The processes involved have been found to be extremely complex because of the large number of variables involved: rates of searching for prey, hunger patterns, learning attack strategies, diet, topography, cover, age distributions in the animal populations, and so on. The biological model itself is biased toward finding control or stability and there is a serious question as to just how often animal predation itself functioned to regulate population, but one can suppose that it did so with fair frequency.
The Effect of the Charge of the Developer Ion on Development Rates

The effect of the charge of the developer ion on the induction time ean be ascribed to a change in the value of the heterogeneous rate constant which essentially generates an overpotential. Thi eff...
Glucocorticoid Antagonists and the Role of Glucocorticoids at the Resting and Stress State

Glucocorticoids act on almost all organs and tissues. Their levels are rarely constant, showing both pronounced circadian variations and/or a rise during stressful situations. It is thought that glucocorticoids evoke an adaptation to stress via a variety of mechanisms including mobilization of fuel for metabolism, enhancement of cardiovascular function, and production of euphoria or behavioral activation. Glucocorticoids also suppress the immune system. It has been argued that this effect helps prevent autoimmune activation following “fight or flight” situations that result in trauma and inflammation.
Role of Proteome Physical Chemistry in Cell Behavior

We review how major cell behaviors, such as bacterial growth laws, are derived from the physical chemistry of the cell’s proteins. On one hand, cell actions depend on the individual biological functionalities of their many genes and proteins. On the other hand, the common physics among proteins can be as important as the unique biology that distinguishes them. For example, bacterial growth rates depend strongly on temperature. This dependence can be explained by the folding stabilities across a cell’s proteome. Such modeling explains how thermophilic and mesophilic organisms differ, and how oxidative damage of highly charged proteins can lead to unfolding and aggregation in aging cells. Cells have characteristic time scales. For example, E. coli can duplicate as fast as 2–3 times per hour. These time scales can be explained by protein dynamics (the rates of synthesis and degradation, folding, and diffusional transport). It rationalizes how bacterial growth is slowed down by added salt. In the same way tha...
Serial Input/Output and Modems

Chapter 14 explained how data in parallel form may be transmitted from and received by a microcomputer. All the lines of a port are simultaneously sending or receiving data. In contrast, the serial mode of data transmission sends bits of data one at a time along a single conductor, as in Fig. 15-1a. A high voltage may appear at one time and a low voltage an instant later, as shown in Fig. 15-1b. If the voltage is high for 1/300 s, in one type of serial data transmission, for example, that signal could mean a 1 and if low it could mean a zero. A high voltage for 1/150 s is interpreted as two 1’s in succession. Instead of a voltage signal, pulses of current and the lack of them could indicate 0’s and 1’s. Sending parallel data requires eight conductor lines, while a rudimentary system transmitting serial data requires only one line plus a ground line.
On equal footing: Trends in ankle/foot injuries for men vs. women.

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective of the current study was to examine trends in ankle/foot (A/F) injuries during the period 2001–2014, in order to determine whether the incidence of these injuries has changed and whether a previously identified difference in risk by gender still existed. In addition, other driver and crash-related risk factors were examined separately for men and women.Methods: Passenger vehicle drivers aged 16+ were identified from NASS-CDS; weighted data were analyzed for model years 2001–2014. Model years (MY) were grouped as 2001–2004 (older) vs. 2005–2014 (newer), and drivers in frontal crashes were included. Ankle injuries included fractures and dislocations to the malleolus and distal tibia/fibula. Foot injuries included fractures and dislocations of the talus, calcaneus, and tarsal/metatarsal bones. Logistic regression models were constructed to identify risk factors, including MY, age, belt use, toepan/instrument panel intrusion, and body mass index (BMI) separately for each gend...
Single Cell Examination of Membrane Fluidity and Cellular Respiration

Bulk measurements of oxygen consumption rates by bacteria have previously been shown to be related to the cells' average membrane fluidity (as measured by the diffusion of fluorescently-labeled molecules). Within a bacterial population, there is also significant cell-to-cell variation in both the diffusion coefficient of membrane probes and oxygen consumption rates of individual cells. One possibility is the diffusion of ubiquinone, an electron carrier in the electron transport chain (ETC), is being limited by the fluidity of the membrane which is causing the heterogeneity.We describe Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) measurements to monitor cell-to-cell variation in membrane diffusion coefficient. These results are compared to two approaches to look at what influence it might have on respiration at the single cell level. The first uses a fluorescent indicator of the activity of the ETC. The second directly measures the consumption of oxygen by individual cells using a phosphorescent Pt-porphyrin dye.
Quaternary BeMgZnO by plasma-enhanced molecular beam epitaxy for BeMgZnO/ZnO heterostructure devices

We investigated the crystal structure, growth kinetics and electrical properties of BeMgZnO/ZnO heterostructures grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies revealed that incorporation of Mg into the BeZnO solid solution eliminates the high angle grain boundaries that are the major structural defects in ternary BeZnO. The significant improvement of x-ray diffraction intensity from quaternary BeMgZnO alloy compared to ternary BeZnO was attributed to the reduction of lattice strain, which is present in the latter due to the large difference of covalent radii between Be and Zn (1.22 A for Zn, 0.96 A for Be). Incorporation of Mg, which has a larger covalent radius of 1.41A, reduced the strain in BeMgZnO thin films and also enhanced Be incorporation on lattice sites in the wurtzite lattice. The Zn/(Be + Mg) ratio necessary to obtain single-crystal O-polar BeMgZnO on (0001) GaN/sapphire templates was found to increase with increasing substrate temperature:3.9, 6.2, and 8.3 at substrate temperatures of 450°C, 475°C, and 500°C, respectively. Based on analysis of photoluminescence spectra from Be0.03MgyZn0.97-yO and evolution of reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns observed in situ during the MBE growth, it has been deduced that more negative formation enthalpy of MgO compared to ZnO and the increased surface mobility of Mg adatoms at elevated substrate temperatures give rise to the nucleation of a MgO-rich wurtzite phase at relatively low Zn/(Be + Mg) ratios. We have demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the incorporation of Be into the barrier in Zn-polar BeMgZnO/ZnO and O-polar ZnO/BeMgZnO polarization doped heterostructures allows the alignment of piezoelectric polarization vector with that of spontaneous polarization due to the change of strain sign, thus increasing the amount of net polarization. This made it possible to achieve Zn-polar BeMgZnO/ZnO heterostructures grown on GaN/sapphire templates with two-dimensional electron gas densities substantially exceeding those in Zn-polar MgZnO/ZnO and O-polar ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures with similar Mg content.
Upscale methodology for gas huff-n-puff process in shale oil reservoirs

Abstract Results of recent laboratory experiment studies suggest that huff-n-puff gas injection holds great potential to increase oil recovery from shale oil cores. However, our current knowledge of the field-scale performance of this process is very limited. Reservoir simulation is required to properly upscale this process from laboratory to field conditions in order to predict oil recovery and reduce the risk of failure in field projects. After examining the literature, the purpose of all upscale methods is to generate a single curve which can describe the relationship of oil recovery versus dimensionless time for different scales. For a gas huff-n-puff process applied in a shale oil reservoir, it is also necessary to generate one single type curve to upscale a lab experiment to field-scale production. In this paper a new expression of dimensionless pressure was generated to describe the huff-n-puff efficiency, and a new version of dimensionless time was also derived that includes dimensionless pressure, permeability, porosity, viscosity, and core length. A compositional numerical model with dynamic gridding was built and validated by matching the experimental data, and the model was then used to test the upscale methodology. Several validation tests were conducted for different fluid and rock parameters, well constraints, and operation schedules. To this end, a type curve was developed for different scales which demonstrates that all sizes yield a similar relationship between oil recovery and dimensionless operation time. It proves that the cumulative oil recovery of gas huff-n-puff EOR in shale oil reservoirs can be predicted. In a case of high-permeability, the curve between oil recovery and dimensionless time deviates from the type curve (moves to the right side). This indicates huff and puff times are too long, and the process is inefficient. In this case, the huff and puff times can be reduced so that the curve follows the generated type curve.
A Comparative Study of Undergraduates’ Attitudes Toward Aging in Taiwan and the United States Through Student Drawings:

The purpose of this study is to compare similarities and differences in the attitudes toward aging among college students from Taiwan and the United States; 128 Taiwanese students and 124 U.S. students participated in this study. The findings indicate that the majority of students from both countries viewed aging as consisting primarily of physical changes. The differences are the U.S. students' drawings showing physical decline along with hospitals, nursing homes, or death, whereas Taiwanese students presenting physical decline as getting wrinkles, wearing glasses, or needing aid devices. U.S. students associated aging with grandparents-grandchildren relationships, whereas more Taiwanese students thought aging related to spousal relationships. This study adds to the existing literature that demonstrates the strong influence of different cultures on students' attitudes toward aging. Further, knowledge derived from this study can be used in gerontology courses for both students and professors to lessen or correct ageist stereotypes over time.
Role of Resilience in Mindfulness Training for First Responders

First responders are exposed to critical incidents and chronic stressors that contribute to a higher prevalence of negative health outcomes compared to other occupations. Psychological resilience, a learnable process of positive adaptation to stress, has been identified as a protective factor against the negative impact of burnout. Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) is a preventive intervention tailored for first responders to reduce negative health outcomes, such as burnout. This study is a secondary analysis of law enforcement and firefighter samples to examine the mechanistic role of psychological resilience on burnout. Results indicated that changes in resilience partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and burnout and that increased mindfulness was related to increased resilience (b = 0.41, SE = 0.11, p < .01), which in turn was related to decreased burnout (b = −0.25, SE = 0.12, p = .03). The bootstrapped confidence interval of the indirect effect did not contain zero [95% CI; −0.27, −0.01], providing evidence for mediation. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Utilization of a postoperative adenotonsillectomy teaching video: A pilot study.

Abstract Background Pediatric tonsillectomies are increasingly being performed as an outpatient procedure thereby increasing the parental role in post-operative pain management. However, it is unclear if parents receive adequate teaching regarding pain management. We introduced a video teaching tool and compared its efficacy alone and in combination with the standard verbal instruction. Methods A prospective study which randomized parents or caregivers of children undergoing tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy into three groups: 1) standard verbal post-operative instructions; 2) watching the video teaching tool along with standard verbal instructions or 3) video teaching tool only. Parents completed pre and post-instruction assessments of their knowledge of post-operative pain management with responses scored from 0 to 8. Telephone assessments were conducted within 48 post-operative hours with a subjective rating of the helpfulness of the video teaching tool. Results The study cohort included 99 patients and their families. The median pre-instruction score was 5 of 8 points (Interquartile range [IQR]: 4, 6) and this remained at 5 following instruction. (IQR:4, 6; p = 0.702 difference from baseline). Baseline scores did not vary across the groups (p = 0.156) and there was no increase in the knowledge score from pre to post-test across the three groups. Groups B and C rated the helpfulness of the video teaching tool with a median score of 4 of 5. (IQR: 4, 5). Conclusions A baseline deficit exists in parental understanding of post-operative pain management that did not statistically improve regardless of the form post-operative instruction used (verbal vs. video-based instruction). However, the high helpfulness scores in both video groups support the use of video instruction as an alternative to or to complement to verbal instruction. However, further identification of knowledge deficits is required for optimization of post-operative educational materials.