cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycemic Associated Autonomic Dysfunction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) contributes to an increase in the incidence of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Under normal circumstances, autonomic and neuroendocrine systems (termed counterregulatory mechanisms) are able to prevent hypoglycemia and maintain glucose homeostasis. Dysfunction in either of these counterregulatory systems would lead to serious inabilities in maintaining glucose levels. In the study discussed in this chapter, Type 1 DM patients who maintained glucose levels close to the normal range slowed the progression or prevented microvascular diabetes complications (for example, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy). Repeated hypoglycemia, similar to that occurring with intensive glucose control, compromises ANS function during subsequent physiological stress. Heller and Cryer provided the first comprehensive study illustrating this dysfunction. They showed that norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine EPI), pancreatic polypeptide (a plasma marker for the parasympathetic nervous system), and hypoglycemic symptoms initiated by the ANS were all substantially reduced one day after two episodes of antecedent hypoglycemia.
Micro-computed tomography based experimental investigation of micro- and macro-mechanical response of particulate composites with void growth

In this work, we develop an image-based material testing approach using micro-computed tomography to understand the influence of microstructure and local damage phenomenon on the effective mechanic...
Two-level DLL with Femtosecond Added Jitter for a Low Power 20 GS/s Sampling ASIC

Vertex detectors in high luminosity particle colliders are subject to high hit rates leading to high occupancies. The proposed Timing Vertex Detector (TVD) is a potential solution that requires a readout application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that measures pulse arrival times with a timing resolution in the range of $100 fs$ or less. Present efforts are centered on the development of such an ASIC, called the RFpix. One of the critical requirementsis low added jitter. In this paper, we present results of the study on added jitter and jitterpropagation in inverter chains for $\mathrm{a130 nm}$ technology node. Furthermore, we proposea novel fully differential two-level delay-locked loop (DLL) circuit for the RFpix prototype with a simulated (layout parasitics included) worst case added jitter of $28 fs$.
Tumor cell phenotype and heterogeneity differences in IDH1 mutant vs wild-type gliomas

Abstract Glioma is recognized to be a highly heterogeneous CNS malignancy, whose diverse cellular composition and cellular interactions have not been well characterized. To gain new clinical- and biological-insights into the genetically-bifurcated IDH1 mutant (mt) vs wildtype (wt) forms of glioma, we integrated multiplexed immunofluorescence single cell data for 43 protein markers across cancer hallmarks, in addition to cell spatial metrics, genomic sequencing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantitative features. Molecular and spatial heterogeneity scores for angiogenesis and cell invasion differ between IDHmt and wt gliomas irrespective of prior treatment and tumor grade; these differences also persisted in the MR imaging features of peritumoral edema and contrast enhancement volumes. Longer overall survival for IDH1mt glioma patients may reflect generalized altered cellular, molecular, spatial heterogeneity which manifest in discernable radiological manifestations.
Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

The relationship between income inequality and economic growth is complex and the evidence mixed. This paper focuses on the connections between income inequality and the fragility of economic growth. We find that longer growth spells—periods of strong, healthy, per capita growth—are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution, even when controlling for a range of other standard determinants. A key implication is that it would be a gamble to think that distribution will take care of itself provided policy makers steadfastly pursue growth. Over longer horizons, avoiding excessive inequality and sustaining economic growth may be two sides of the same coin.
Enslaved Household Variability and Plantation Life and Labor in Colonial Virginia

A comparative analysis of artifacts recovered from three plantation quarter sites in Tidewater Virginia indicates that enslaved households varied with respect to their labor patterns and household economies. An approach which positions these households within the broader context of slavery illuminates how different labor demands on a smaller, urban versus large rural plantations resulted in household variability. Moreover, a gendered analysis of labor reveals how enslaved women’s work challenges the universality of the private/public dichotomy.
Antibody targeting tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC provides dual co-stimulation of CD8 T cells and enables sMIC + tumors respond to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy

Insufficient co-stimulation accounts for a great deal of the suboptimal activation of cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTLs) and presumably unsatisfactory clinical expectation of PD1/PD-L1 therapy. Tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligands are associated with poor clinical response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in cancer patients. One of the mostly occurring tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligands, the soluble MHC I chain related molecule (sMIC) can impair co-stimulation to CD8 T cells. We investigated whether co-targeting sMIC can provide optimal co-stimulation to CTLs and enhance the therapeutic effect of PD1/PD-L1 blockades. Single agent therapy of a PD1/PD-L1 blockade antibody or a sMIC-targeting non-blocking antibody or a combination therapy of the two antibodies were implied to well-characterized pre-clinical MIC/sMIC+ tumor models that closely resemble the NKG2D-mediated oncoimmune dynamics of MIC+ cancer patients. Therapeutic efficacy and associated effector mechanisms were evaluated. We show that antibody co-targeting sMIC enables or enhances the response of sMIC+ tumors to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. The therapy response of the combination therapy was associated with enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T cell enrichment and function in tumors. We show that co-targeting sMIC with a nonblocking antibody provides antigen-specific CD8 T cells with NKG2D and CD28 dual co-stimulation, in addition to elimination of inhibitory signals, and thus amplifies antigen-specific CD8 T cell anti-tumor responses. Our findings provide the proof-of-concept rationale and previously undiscovered mechanisms for co-targeting sMIC to enable and enhance the response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in sMIC+ cancer patients.
Structural and social determinants of health factors accounted for county-level variation in non-adherence to antihypertensive medication treatment

Abstract Background Non-adherence to antihypertensive medication treatment (AHM) is a complex health behavior with determinants that extend beyond the individual patient. The structural and social determinants of health (SDH) that predispose populations to ill health and unhealthy behaviors could be potential barriers to long-term adherence to AHM. However, the role of SDH in AHM non-adherence have been understudied. Therefore, we aimed to define and identify the SDH factors associated with non-adherence to AHM and to quantify the variation in county-level non-adherence to AHM explained by these factors. Methods Two cross-sectional datasets, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke (2014-2016 cycle) and the 2016 County Health Rankings (CHR), were linked to create an analytic dataset. Contextual SDH variables were extracted from both the CDC-CHR linked dataset. County-level prevalence of AHM non-adherence, based on Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries’ claims data, was extracted from the CDC Atlas dataset. The CDC measured AHM non-adherence as the Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) with AHM during a 365-day period for Medicare Part D beneficiaries and aggregated these measures at the county-level. We applied Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to identify the constructs of social determinants of AHM non-adherence. AHM non-adherence variation and its social determinants were measured with structural equation models. Results Among 3,000 counties in the US, the weighted mean prevalence of AHM non-adherence (PDC Conclusion AHM non-adherence varies by geographical location, a third of which is explained by contextual SDH factors including poverty/food insecurity, weak social supports and healthy built environments.
Contribution of Aberrant Toll Like Receptor Signaling to the Pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that play a central role in the innate immune response. These receptors are expressed on a wide variety of immune and non-immune cells, and they help shape the immune response to infection and injury through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Accumulating evidence suggests that, in addition to regulating mature effector immune cells, TLRs can influence the immune response from the level of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). HSCs express TLRs, and exposure to TLR ligands influences the cycling, differentiation, and function of HSCs, with chronic TLR stimulation leading to impairment of normal HSC repopulating activity. Moreover, enhanced TLR expression and signaling is associated with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a heterogenous group of HSC disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a high risk of transformation to acute leukemias. In this review, we will discuss the role of TLR signaling in the pathogenesis of MDS, focusing on the known direct and indirect effects of this type of signaling on HSCs, the mechanisms of TLR signaling upregulation in MDS, the changes in TLR expression with disease progression, and the therapeutic implications for modulating TLR signaling in the treatment of MDS.
An Automated System for Reactive Accelerated Aging of Implant Materials with In-Situ Testing

The efficacy of implantable medical devices is limited by the longevity of devices in the body environment. Due to the aqueous and mobile-ion rich environment of tissue, robust and long-lasting encapsulation materials are critical for chronic implants. Assessing the reliability of medical devices is commonly performed through saline soak tests with reactive oxidative species at elevated temperatures and lifetime data are fit to an Arrhenius model to predict lifetime under physiological conditions. While effective, these systems often require frequent human involvement to maintain system temperature and reactive oxidative species concentration, as well as monitor sample lifetime, which makes long term testing of multiple samples difficult. Here we present an automated, low-cost, low-solution volume, and high-throughput reactive accelerated aging system to assay many thin film samples in an easy and low maintenance manner. The efficacy of up to 16 thin film coating samples can be assessed by our system through in-situ current leakage tests in a mock biological environment. We validate our system by aging thermal oxide and a-SiC thin films at 93 °C with 20 mM H 2 O 2 . Our system shows early failure of the thermal oxide compared to the a-SiC, in agreement with the current literature.
Revealing the multidimensional mental representations of natural objects underlying human similarity judgements

Objects can be characterized according to a vast number of possible criteria (such as animacy, shape, colour and function), but some dimensions are more useful than others for making sense of the objects around us. To identify these core dimensions of object representations, we developed a data-driven computational model of similarity judgements for real-world images of 1,854 objects. The model captured most explainable variance in similarity judgements and produced 49 highly reproducible and meaningful object dimensions that reflect various conceptual and perceptual properties of those objects. These dimensions predicted external categorization behaviour and reflected typicality judgements of those categories. Furthermore, humans can accurately rate objects along these dimensions, highlighting their interpretability and opening up a way to generate similarity estimates from object dimensions alone. Collectively, these results demonstrate that human similarity judgements can be captured by a fairly low-dimensional, interpretable embedding that generalizes to external behaviour. Hebart et al. developed a computational model of similarity judgements for 1,854 natural objects. The model accurately predicted similarity and revealed 49 interpretable dimensions that reflect both perceptual and conceptual object properties.
A double dissociation between plural and possessive "s": Evidence from the Morphosyntactic Generation test.

People with aphasia demonstrate impaired production of bound inflectional morphemes, such as noun plurals and possession. They often show greater difficulty in marking possession versus plurality. ...
Language and Dehumanization in Alaskan Japanese Internment Documents

During World War II, thousands of Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans living on the West Coast of the United States were sent to internment camps. At least 100 of these were Japanese Alaskans, who were removed from the Alaska territory when the US military designated Alaska a military zone. In order to coordinate internment policies, a number of government correspondences were produced by the Alaska territorial government and other authorities in Alaska communities. Although there have been numerous historical studies of the Japanese internment in the US during World War II, few have specifically studied the language of race and dehumanization used in Alaskan internment documents. I address this by analyzing a set of these documents for examples of language that dehumanizes Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans. I argue that authorities and other represented authors in the document set used dehumanizing language to help justify internment policies. Overall, this analysis provides a window into how the Japanese internment was carried out in Alaska and how it affected Alaskan communities and individuals and sheds light on how language can support and facilitate official acts of racial oppression.
Snapshot of Emergency Department Volumes in the ‘Epicenter of the Epicenter’ of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst (Elmhurst) was one of the first hardhit hospitals in the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding trends in the emergency department (ED) of this “epicenter of the epicenter” may allow other locations to prepare as the pandemic spreads. Hypothesis/Research Question: We hypothesize that the daily volumes of patients who registered to be seen for any reason at the Elmhurst ED surged in March 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic arrived, then dropped in April and May to levels lower than those seen during the same time period in 2019. In addition, we hypothesize that during this period of the pandemic, a higher proportion of patients presenting to the ED required admission to the hospital for any reason as compared to 2019. Methods: Number of daily ED visits and admissions were obtained from the electronic medical record EPIC for the 12 weeks beginning the first Sunday of March 2020 and the corresponding 12 weeks of 2019. Results: A sharply increasing trend in ED volumes began around March 9, 2020 and peaked on March 18. During the time period of the peak, between March 9 and March 24, the mean daily visit volume was 285.6, compared to 228.1 during the corresponding timeframe in 2019 (p Conclusions: Although in some areas ED volumes were decreased throughout the entire early COVID-19 pandemic, the epicenter of the crisis demonstrated a two-stage response beginning with a rapid surge in volumes. Similar patterns might be observed as COVID-19 spreads to new areas or reappears as a second wave. Moreover, the decreased volumes and elevated admission rates during April and May 2020, suggesting that fewer patients sought care and those who did had more severe symptoms, raise concern about reduced and delayed care seeking by the public.
Implementation and Assessment of a Heart Failure Virtual Patient Simulation in a Required Pharmacotherapy Course.

Objective. To assess academic performance and student perception of a heart failure (HF) virtual patient simulation used in a required pharmacotherapy course in the fall of the second professional year. Methods. A HF virtual patient simulation was created to augment HF pharmacotherapy course material at the University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in the fall of 2019. This was a retrospective, pre-post, observational cohort study. The primary objective was to compare performance on HF pharmacotherapy examination questions in a cohort of students who completed a virtual patient simulation in 2019 compared to a control cohort who completed a paper-based case activity in 2018. Student perceptions of the simulation experience were assessed via electronic survey. Results. All students completed either the virtual patient simulation (n=122) or paper-based case activity (n=123). Overall, the proportion of correctly answered HF pharmacotherapy examination questions was 83.3% in 2019 compared to 79.2% in 2018. Student survey results indicated a preference for incorporation of virtual patient simulation in the pharmacotherapy curriculum. Conclusion. The use of a HF virtual patient simulation was associated with improved examination performance and was well received by student users.
Imaging of the Renal Transplant Recipient

This chapter shall describe, illustrate, and discuss the use of imaging studies in the management of renal transplant recipients, and the role of the radiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of common and important problems that may develop in these patients. Although ultrasound remains the first-line imaging modality, there has been continued development and improvement in other noninvasive imaging modalities. Given the complexity of the imaging options and possible complications specific to this population, consultation with a subspecialist radiologist can facilitate decision-making with regard to optimal cost-effective imaging. Additionally, interventional radiologists can assist in the minimally invasive management of problems such as fluid collections and vascular and urologic complications using percutaneous and endovascular approaches. The first part of the chapter describes the different imaging modalities and their general applications, followed by a compilation of frequently encountered and important complications of renal transplantation and the specific role of different imaging studies in diagnosis and management.
The learning café: preparing inner-city high school students for college

The Learning Cafe project prepares at-risk high school students for college by providing computer literacy training (and other multimedia courseware) at a distance. Funded by a grant from the Department of Commerce's Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure Assistance Program (TIIAP), we built four high school Learning Cafes equipped with T-1 lines and 30 workstations each. Developing computer-based training for computer illiterate students, and delivering those courses at sites that we are responsible for but have little control over, accentuated the numerous challenges presented by multimedia courseware and distance education. Our approach was to develop supporting software in three parts: 1) a custom browser to control the remote learning environment, 2) a database that tracks student performance and aids evaluation, and 3) on-line courses designed to get more students into college, and give them the tools that they need once they get there.
Market analysis and trading strategies with Bayesian networks

This paper examines the application of data fusion and probabilistic reasoning for investment decision and its performance evaluation. Specifically, Bayesian networks are used to model the qualitative and quantitative relationships between various factors that affect the dynamics of equity index (S&P 500) for predictive analysis. The resulting assessments are applied to trading decisions utilizing derivatives such as S&P futures and options. The simulated trading performance results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Bayesian network approach.
Is Compensating Audit Committee Members with Stock Options Associated with the Likelihood of Internal Control Weaknesses

We examine whether firms with a stock option plan for their audit committee members are more likely to have internal control weaknesses. Using a sample of 486 US firms, we find that firms with a stock option plan for their audit committee members are significantly more likely to report an internal control weakness than firms without such a stock option compensation plan. Our results support a UK government report which indicates that compensating outside directors with stock options may diminish the effectiveness of these directors. Our findings suggest that stock option compensation plans may adversely affect the functioning of a firm's audit committee.
An affinity adsorbent for N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosamindiase A.

Abstract p- Aminophenyl -N- acetyl -s- d -thioglucosamine was coupled to succinylated diaminodipropylamino-agarose to produce an affinity adsorbent which selectively adsorbed urinary N- acetyl -s- d -hexosaminidase A (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-s- d -glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30). Chromatography of unfractionated urinary proteins on this adsorbent yielded partially purified N- acetyl -s- d -hexosaminidase A from which had been removed about 90% of the contaminating protein, including the B isozyme.
Mammography:: will adequate manpower exist?

Data exist that clearly demonstrate the dominant role of screening mammography in breast cancer mortality reduction with an ever-increasing population of women who are eligible to receive the benefits of screening. The critical question now concerns the current and future availability of those who perform and interpret these life-saving examinations.
One-dimensional heat distribution problem and parallel computing concepts

In this paper we describe numerical simulation of one-dimensional heat distribution as an example to teach parallel computing concepts in an introductory course. Specifically, with this simple example we introduce the core concepts of parallelism that includes domain decomposition and partitioning, load balancing and mapping, communication, speedup, and scalability. We also show the benchmarking results of the parallel version of one-dimensional heat distribution problem.
First Measurement of the Branching Fraction of the Decay psi(2S) --> Tau+Tau-

The branching fraction of the psi(2S) decay into tau(+) tau(-) has been measured for the first time using the BES detector at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider. The result is B-tautau =(2.71+/-0.43+/-0.55) x 10(-3), where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. This value, along with those for the branching fractions into e(+)c(-) and mu(+)mu(-) of this resonance, satisfy well the relation predicted by the sequential lepton hypothesis. Combining all these values with the leptonic width of the resonance, the total width of the psi(2S) is determined to be (252+/-37) keV.
Introduction to the Special Issue - An Invitation to Debate: Envisioning an Africa-Centered Perspective, Engaging Sociological Endeavor:

This article frames the focus of this special Africana studies issue of Critical Sociology, discussing its theoretical and epistemological necessity for the discipline, its potential for critically...
Eye Pigments in Wild-Type and Eye-Color Mutant Strains of the African Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae

Chromatographic analysis of pigments extracted from wild-type eyes of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae reveals the presence of the ommatin precursor 3-hydroxykynurenine, its transamination derivative xanthurenic acid, and a dark, red-brown pigment spot that probably is composed of two or more low mobility xanthommatins. No colored or fluorescent pteridines are evident. Mosquitoes homozygous for an autosomal recessive mutation at the red-eye (r) locus have a brick-red eye color in larvae, pupae, and young adults, in contrast to the almost black color of the wild eye. Mosquitoes homozygous for this mutant allele have levels of ommochrome precursors that are indistinguishable from the wild-type, but the low-mobility xanthommatin spot is ochre-brown in color rather than red-brown as in the wild-type. Mosquitoes with two different mutant alleles at the X-linked pink-eye locus (p, which confers a pink eye color, and pw, which confers a white eye phenotype in homozygotes or hemizygous males) have normal levels of ommochrome precursors but no detectable xanthommatins. Mosquitoes homozygous for both the r and p mutant alleles have apricot-colored eyes and show no detectable xanthommatins. Both the pink-eye and red-eye mutations appear to involve defects in the transport into or assembly of pigments in the membrane-bound pigment granules rather then defects in ommochrome synthesis.
RESILIENCE, HARDINESS, SENSE OF COHERENCE, AND POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH: ALL PATHS LEADING TO “LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL”?

ABSTRACT Two questions prompted this targeted review: (a) What are the behavioral and social determinants of individual and/or collective resilience—the capacity to rebound from crisis? and (b) Is the evidence base for related concepts, including hardiness, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth consistent? The findings suggest that the theory of salutogenesis, operationalized by the sense of coherence construct, is inclusive of the related concepts of resilience and hardiness. Moreover, it is grounded in robust primary research of cross-cultural relevance. More recent concepts of recovery and posttraumatic growth also contribute to our understanding of resilience. Implications for international humanitarian psychosocial programming are discussed.
The strength of acids in alcohols as determined by steady-state voltammetry.

Steady-state voltammograms for reduction of acids of various strengths in alcohols with excess supporting electrolyte and without any supporting electrolyte can be used to infer charge type and strength of the acid on the basis of the phenomenon of migration. For strong and moderately weak acids (Ka/ > 10-3) in alcohols, the ratio of steady-state transport-limited current to diffusion-limited current, corrected appropriately for ion−ion interactions, the presence of ionic impurities, and changes in viscosity, for hydrogen ion reduction without supporting electrolyte and with excess supporting electrolyte equals 2. For acetic acid, which is very weak (Ka/ < 10-6), the value of the steady-state transport-limited current is, under the experimental conditions applied here, independent of supporting electrolyte concentration. In the case of a homogeneous acid−base equilibrium, a novel analytical procedure yields diffusion coefficients of both hydrogen ion and undissociated weak acid molecules from the diffusio...
Photoresist deposition without spinning

A technique for resist deposition using a novel fluid ejection method is presented in this paper. An ejector has been developed to deposit photoresist on silicon wafers without spinning. Drop-on-demand coating of the wafer reduces waste and the cost of coating wafers. Shipley 1400-21, 1400-27, 1805, and 1813 resists were used to coat sample 3- and 4-in wafers. Later, these wafers were exposed and developed. The deposited resist film was 3.5 /spl mu/m thick and had a surface roughness of about 0.2 /spl mu/m. The ultimate goal is to deposit resist films with a thickness of the order of 0.5 /spl mu/m and a surface roughness of the order of 30 /spl Aring/, which is currently achieved for 200-mm silicon wafers by using a spinning method. Such goals can be attained by using micromachined multiple ejectors or with better control over the deposition environment. In the micromachined configuration, thousands of ejectors are made into a silicon die, as presented by Percin et al. (2002), and thus allow for a full coating of a wafer in a few seconds. Coating in a clean environment will allow the lithography of circuits for microelectronic applications. Other potential applications for the technology in the semiconductor manufacturing are in deposition of low-k materials, wafer cleaning, manufacturing of organic LEDs and organic FETs, direct lithography, nanolithography, and coating for hard-disk drives.
Residential Segregation in Postapartheid South Africa: What can be Learned from the United States Experience

The author examines the likely course of residential desegregation in postapartheid South Africa, arguing that although the form of the apartheid city has changed, most of the black population will remain in segregated areas. The relevant literature reveals that much of the comparative work on urban segregation in the United States and South Africa has been written without sufficient attention to their differing historical specificities. After comparing urban segregation in these countries and examining the value of a study of residential desegregation in the United States, the author concludes that despite superficial similarities, the vast differences require caution about making direct comparisons between the two.
Solid state intermetallic compound growth between copper and high temperature, tin-rich solders—part I: experimental analysis

An experimental study was performed which examined the solid state growth kinetics of the interfacial intermetallic compound layers formed between copper and the high temperature, tin-rich solders 96.5Sn-3.5Ag (wt.%) and 95Sn-5Sb. These results were compared with baseline data from the 100Sn/copper system. Both the 96.5Sn-3.5Ag and 95Sn-5Sb solders exhibited the individual Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 layers at the interface; the thickness of the Cu3Sn layer being a function of the aging time and temperature. The total thickness of the intermetallic compound layer formed in the 96.5Sn-3.5Ag solder/copper couple showed a mixture of linear and √t dependencies at the lower temperatures of 70,100, and 135°C, and a t0.42 dependence at 170 and 205°C. The combined apparent activation energy was 59 kJ/mol, the Arrhenius plot showed a knee between the low and high temperature data. The total layer thickness of the 95Sn-5Sb/copper system exhibited √t dependence at the three lower temperatures and t0.42 growth kinetics at 170 and 205°C. The combined apparent activation energy was 61 kJ/mol.
Effect of regional ischemia on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation in chronically instrumented dogs.

The slope of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation has been proposed as a sensitive index of left ventricular function since it increases in response to positive inotropic agents and decreases with global depression of contractility. The effect of a segmental depression of left ventricular contractile function produced by circumflex coronary artery occlusion on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was evaluated in seven chronically instrumented dogs. Left ventricular volume was calculated from three ultrasonically measured, orthogonal left ventricular endocardial dimensions. Left ventricular pressure was measured with a micromanometer. The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was generated by occlusion of the inferior vena cava, before and after inducing regional ischemia, in the presence of autonomic blockade with propranolol and atropine. The end-systolic data in each dog, before and after coronary occlusion, were fit to the equation, P = E(V − V0), with r ≥ 0.95 in all cases. Coronary occlusion shifted the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation to the right in each animal. During regional ischemia, the volume intercept (V0) increased from 10.1 ± 7.8 to 20.4 ± 9.8 ml (mean ± SD) (p It is concluded that in intact dogs, regional left ventricular ischemia resulting from coronary occlusion produces a rightward shift of the left ventricular endsystolic pressure-volume relation. These results, which are consistent with previous studies of isolated nonejecting hearts, suggest that the volume intercept of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation may be a more sensitive index of alterations in regional systolic function than the slope.
JUSTifying Scrutiny: State Power in Prostitution Diversion Programs

Neoliberal policies are characterized by a blurring of therapeutic and coercive mechanisms, heightened scrutiny, and a focus on individual problems at the expense of systemic factors. Foucauldian scholars typically examine the mechanisms by which government regulates people in subtle and overt uses of its power; yet scholars often neglect empirical exploration of people's lived experience and its relation to larger social and policy contexts. In this article the authors draw upon their separate ethnographic research projects on the formation and functions of state programs that work with women engaged in street-level prostitution to foreground women's lived experience. Attention to how prostitution diversion programs work and how they are experienced demonstrates the higher costs women may pay under this incarnation of the neoliberal state. Nevertheless, many workers carry out this surveillance and coercion with empathy and care. Women prostitutes recognize this care and may respond to it, even crediting ...
Highly reactive cysteine residues in rodent hemoglobins.

Abstract Two hemoglobins with cysteine residues highly reactive toward electrophiles have been identified and characterized. Cys-125β of guinea pig hemoglobin has a low pK a and forms conjugates with electrophiles more quickly than glutathione and several orders of magnitude more quickly than other protein thiols. This cysteine is capable of intercepting benzoquinone, a known carcinogenic metabolite, before other protein nucleophiles can be modified. Cys-13β of mouse hemoglobin was observed to conjugate with electrophiles as quickly as glutathione. The structural basis of reactivity is different in the two hemoglobins and is analyzed in terms of hydrogen-bonding, solvent accessibility, and helix-dipole contributions. Complementing a previously characterized highly reactive cysteine in rat hemoglobin, identification of these cysteines suggests that the reactivity of these hemoglobins could represent a common function as a detoxification sink against carcinogens.
Voronoi-based discretizations for fracture analysis of particulate materials

Abstract Damage and mass transport behavior of particulate materials depend on the spatial distribution and orientation of the phase fractions and the properties of their interfaces. Discretization of this three-dimensional setting is the first critical step in the modeling of such behavior. In this paper, a general procedure is developed for discretizing particulate materials, such as particles embedded within a cementing matrix, in which the particle inclusions are assumed to be randomly generated polyhedra. Polyhedron discretization is based on the Voronoi tessellation of a set of points, which is obtained through a multistep process that relies on the concept of point saturation. The matrix–particle and/or particle–particle interfaces are explicitly constructed. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, uniaxial tensile tests (of a single particle, embedded in a matrix) are simulated using a lattice model. It is seen that interface debonding is strongly affected by inclusion shape and orientation with respect to the tension field. A procedure is developed for the discretization and analysis of multi-particle systems.
Catalytic Wet Oxidation of Phenol by Hydrogen Peroxide over Pillared Clay Catalyst

Extrudates of Al−Fe pillared clay catalyst suitable for packed-bed operations are evaluated for wastewater treatment via a wet oxidation process employing hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The reaction was carried out in a semibatch basket reactor under rather mild conditions. Operational parameters were studied under the following conditions: temperature from 25 to 90 °C, atmospheric pressure, initial phenol concentration from 100 to 2000 ppm of the liquid phase, catalyst loading from 0 to 10 g/L, and input H2O2 concentration from 0.15 to 0.6 mol/L. Under these conditions, the Al−Fe pillared clay catalyst achieves a total elimination of phenol and significant total organic carbon (TOC) removal. This catalyst can be used several times without any change in its catalytic properties, and hence, it would be a promising catalyst for industrial wastewater treatment. The reaction takes place to a significant extent both in the liquid phase and on the catalyst surface. Hence, apparent kinetic models were develo...
Predictors of patient length of stay in 9 emergency departments

Abstract Objectives Prolonged emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS) is linked to adverse outcomes, decreased patient satisfaction, and ED crowding. This multicenter study identified factors associated with increased LOS. Methods This retrospective study included 9 EDs from across the United States. Emergency department daily operational metrics were collected from calendar year 2009. A multivariable linear population average model was used with log-transformed LOS as the dependent variable to identify which ED operational variables are predictors of LOS for ED discharged, admitted, and overall ED patient categories. Results Annual ED census ranged from 43 000 to 101 000 patients. The number of ED treatment beds ranged from 27 to 95. Median overall LOS for all sites was 5.4 hours. Daily percentage of admitted patients was found to be a significant predictor of discharged and admitted patient LOS. Higher daily percentage of discharged and eloped patients, more hours on ambulance diversion, and weekday (vs weekend) of patient presentation were significantly associated with prolonged LOS for discharged and admitted patients ( P Conclusions Length of stay was increased on days with higher percentage daily admissions, higher elopements, higher periods of ambulance diversion, and during weekdays, whereas LOS was decreased on days with higher numbers of discharges and weekends. This is the first study to demonstrate this association across a broad group of hospitals.
Abstract A68: Posttranslational modifications of the oncogenic fusion protein EWS/FLI1

Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric tumor that affects bone and soft tissues. It is characterized in the majority of cases by the presence of a chromosomal translocation that leads to the expression of the oncogenic transcription factor, EWS/FLI1. Continuing expression of EWS/FLI1 is essential for tumor growth, cellular transformation and tumor cell survival, suggesting it being an important target for therapy. However, very little is known about the regulation of its oncogenic activity that might be modulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). PTMs can modulate protein function in several different ways such as by altering its conformation, stability, activity, protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, cellular localization etc. Here, we aimed to identify and characterize PTMs of EWS/FLI1 to understand their relevance for its oncogenic potential in order to identify novel therapeutic approaches. We purified flag-EWS/FLI1 from A673 cells (Ewing cell line) and analyzed it by mass spectrometry to detect PTMs. For the first time, we were able to identify novel Ser/Thr residues which are phosphorylated in EWS/FLI1 apart from the phospho-Thr79 residue which was previously described. Except Thr79, all phosphorylation sites are present in the FLI1 part of the fusion protein. Furthermore, EWS/FLI1 was found to be methylated at a single arginine residue. Non evidence of acetylation of EWS/FLI1 was detected. Individual mutations of the phospho-Ser/Thr to alanine or the methylated arginine to lysine did not affect the cellular localization of EWS/FLI1. In order to assess whether phosphorylation of EWS/FLI1 has an impact on its transcriptional activity, different cellular systems were used to overexpress EWS/FLI1 wild type (wt) and mutants and to measure EWS/FLI1 target genes level by qRT-PCR. Transient overexpression of EWS/FLI1 wt and mutants in Ewing cell lines (A673 and RD ES) did not lead to a sufficient upregulation of EWS/FLI1 target genes. However, overexpression of EWS/FLI1 by retroviral transduction of RD (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line) and hMSC (human messenchymal stem cells) induced significant upregulation of EWS/FLI1 target genes when comparing EWS/FLI1 wt with EWS/FLI1 R386N, a DNA binding site mutant completely lacking transcriptional activity. With these systems, we are now in the process to elucidate the importance of individual PTMs of EWS/FLI1. Preliminary results indicate that phosphorylation of the fusion protein may be necessary for full transcriptional activity by increasing its stability. Characterization of PTMs in EWS/FLI1 is therefore expected to lead to the discovery of new target options for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. Citation Format: Laura A. Lopez Garcia, Maria E. Gierisch, Beat W. Schafer. Posttranslational modifications of the oncogenic fusion protein EWS/FLI1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A68.
A structural model for amorphous SiO2 including the effects of intermediate range order

Abstract We have studied a quasi-periodic model of diatomic amorphous glasses in which one of the atoms is fourfold-coordinated and the other twofold-coordinated as in a-SiO 2 . A computer algorithm has been used to construct a continuous random network (CRN) for an idealized SiO 2 glass in which the SiO bond length is constant, and in which all bond angles are fixed at a value of 109.47°. In addition only two discrete values of the dihedral angle, defining the orientation of the tetrahedral bonding arrangement of the Si atom and the plane of the SiOz.sbnd;Si bond, have been allowed. Pair distribution functions (PDFs) and ring statistics are obtained for clusters as large as 10 000 atoms. We find that this construction leads to the dominance of three-member boat and chain-type rings (containing three Si and three O atoms), as well as four-, five- and six-member rings. Correlations among ring statistics, dihedral angle distributions, bond angle variations and features in the pair distribution functions are discussed.
Studies and calculations of transverse emittance growth in proton storage rings.

Abstract When high energy storage rings are used to collide beams of particles and antiparticles for high energy physics experiments, it is important to obtain
Electro-Mechanical Spinning: A new manufacturing technique for micro/nano-fabrication of carbon fibers

Electrospinning is an inexpensive technology used for the large-scale production of continuous nanofiber materials. The development of Electro-Mechanical Spinning (EMS) technology by our team is based on electrospinning, but achieves greater deposition control at the single nanofiber level while maintaining the low cost of the original process. By integrating EMS with Carbon-MEMS and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technologies, we anticipate the manufacturing of a whole set of functional devices. In this paper, we have widened the scope of EMS technology by developing a novel ink formulation for C-MEMS. This newly developed polymeric ink has been successfully optimized to fabricate highly-controlled and patterned carbon precursor polymer nanofibers. After pyrolysis, these fibers are converted into carbon nanofibers, which can be easily integrated into a Carbon-MEMS structure or device. There are many fields and applications that can take advantage of EMS patterned carbon nanofibers, especially in the field of electrochemical sensors. To illustrate this potential, we have fabricated aligned carbon fibers, suspended on Carbon-MEMS electrode structures. Fibers are then alternately cut with FIB to form an array of suspended Interdigitated Electrodes (IDE), effectively creating an advanced type of electrochemical nanosensor. We expect that our device will offer higher sensitivity and lower manufacturing costs over traditional flat IDEs, due to the intrinsic 3D characteristics of the structures.
Iron accumulation, root peroxidase activity, and varietal interactions in soybean genotypes that differ in iron nutrition.

Four soybean genotypes ( Glycine max L. Merrill) differing in their ability to accumulate iron were studied: the efficient genotypes Hawkeye (HA) and A62-9 (E-9) and the inefficient genotypes PI-54619-5-1 (PI) and A62-10 (I-10). The distribution of iron in the tissues of plants grown in a growth chamber in nutrient solutions containing various levels of iron was determined. A greater amount of iron was associated with the roots of inefficient plants than with roots of efficient plants, indicating a slower rate of iron translocation in the former. After determination of the amount of iron in the shoots at low levels of nutrient iron, the ability of the several genotypes to accumulate iron was rated HA> E-9> I-10≥ PI. At the highest level of nutrient iron the rated efficiencies were E-9> HA> I-10> PI. Accumulation of iron in the primary leaves provided an excellent indication of whole-plant iron accumulation. A reduction in accumulation of iron by efficient plants occurred when the plants were grown together in the same solution as inefficient ones.
Fully redundant clock generation and distribution with dynamic oscillator switchover

This paper describes a fully redundant clock generation and distribution approach with a fully dynamic switchover capability and concurrent repair. It highlights the challenges as the design evolved from a single source, to a "cold" standby backup, and finally to a fully redundant transparent switchover with no interruption of the workloads running on an IBM System z9TM. The function split between hardware and the various levels of firmware is described, including the methods to determine the defect component in the clock distribution paths. Finally, we describe the joint effort with a major chip technology vendor to design and develop the necessary circuitry, according to the z9TM requirements, for clock synchronization and switching.