cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the use of spatial games in explaining human cooperation

Spatial games are extensively used to study how cooperation evolves in human populations. Nevertheless, spatial games have several limitations which can produce misleading results. Specifically, the regular lattice structure creates artificial interactions and the reliance on a Moran process updating, coupled with weak selection, makes it difficult to switch strategies. These problems contribute to over-estimation of cooperation levels when compared to human experiments. In this paper these issues are discussed in depth. Two theorems relating to Moran process updating in spatial games are included.
Filibustering the Filibuster: A Reexamination of the Legislative Role in Establishing a Fair Judiciary

The separation of power is a fundamental characteristic of United States government. However, the mechanics of this separation are tested often, particularly in areas where branches of government directly collide. One such area is the judicial confirmation process, where the Senate, a body of the legislative branch, is charged with confirming or rejecting an executiveâ€™s appointment to the judicial branch. While the judicial confirmation process has always been affected by political ideology, the use of filibusters to halt judicial nominations has been practiced with more regularity in recent years. This paper scrutinizes the current state of the judicial confirmation process and the appropriate role of the Senate filibuster. It concludes that that the use of Senate filibusters to halt judicial nominations is not in the best interest of the judiciary and instead proposes a 60-vote standard for confirming federal judicial nominations.
DNA Methylation of Human Papillomavirus Genomes During Infection and Cancer Progression

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are important pathogens, as they are the cause of all cervical cancers and of subsets of vulval, anal, oral, and penile cancers. The viral genome is an 8 kb double-stranded circular DNA, which can replicate in various types of epithelial cells. HPV DNA shows changes of its methylation profile during the viral life cycle, namely “sporadic” and “polymorphic” DNA methylation associated with low transcription in basal cells of epithelia, and a lack of methylation in suprabasal cells associated with strong transcription. While these epigenetic changes of HPV DNA during the viral life cycle are still poorly understood, it has emerged that during progression of low-grade precursor lesions to malignant carcinomas, the HPV DNA becomes hypermethylated, probably since the viral genome recombines with the chromosomal DNA of the infected host cell. This methylation signal is intensely studied as a candidate biomarker for the diagnosis of HPV-associated lesions that have the potential to progress to cancer.
Comprehensive Study of Cryogenic Fluid Dynamics of Swirl Injectors at Supercritical Conditions

A comprehensive study is conducted to enhance the understanding of swirl injector flow dynamics at supercritical conditions. The formulation is based on full-conservation laws and accommodates real...
Social entrepreneurship performance measurement: A time-based organizing framework

Abstract Social entrepreneurship (SE) has evolved from an initial period of explosive growth (SE 1.0), during which research focused on organizational and founder characteristics, to a stage that witnessed the rise of institutions facilitating SE formation and growth (SE 2.0). At present, while expansion in the number and scope of social enterprises continues, there is also a concerted effort underway to ascertain whether social enterprises are performing as expected (SE 3.0). A framework to assess the performance of SE, building on the type of metrics employed by business firms, is presented in this article. The framework—consisting of action-resources, predictors, outputs, outcomes, and impact—is intended to measure achievement along a timeline. Examples of how the framework would be used are provided for social enterprises with a range of social purposes, including one that involves an existing enterprise with the mission of reducing recidivism among incarcerated women. Brief comparisons with measures actually used help identify how the time-based approach laid out here would enhance assessment efforts and even serve as a basis for planning and decision making. The proposed framework could serve as a template to assess all social enterprises regardless of purpose, stakeholder mix, or scale of operations.
In Vivo Tibial Cartilage Strains in Regions of Cartilage-to-Cartilage Contact and Cartilage-to-Meniscus Contact in Response to Walking.

Background:There are currently limited human in vivo data characterizing the role of the meniscus in load distribution within the tibiofemoral joint.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose was to compare th...
School and Teacher Effects

This chapter summarizes the extant sociological literature on the interactive nature of school and teacher effects on student learning. It explains why the most recent literature on teacher sorting demands the attention of more sociologists of education, and it demonstrates what is revealed about patterns of teacher sorting using the type of data most commonly analyzed by sociologists of education. Throughout, the chapter discusses the methodological requirements of research that can and cannot disentangle teacher effects from school effects, and it considers how teacher and school effects may be evolving in the changing landscape of K–12 education in the United States.
Wave attenuation across a tidal marsh in San Francisco Bay

Abstract Wave attenuation is a central process in the mechanics of a healthy salt marsh. Understanding how wave attenuation varies with vegetation and hydrodynamic conditions informs models of other marsh processes that are a function of wave energy (e.g. sediment transport) and allows for the incorporation of marshes into coastal protection plans. Here, we examine the evolution of wave height across a tidal salt marsh in San Francisco Bay. Instruments were deployed along a cross-shore transect, starting on the mudflat and crossing through zones dominated by Spartina foliosa and Salicornia pacifica. This dataset is the first to quantify wave attenuation for these vegetation species, which are abundant in the intertidal zone of California estuaries. Measurements were collected in the summer and winter to assess seasonal variation in wave attenuation. Calculated drag coefficients of S. foliosa and S. pacifica were similar, indicating equal amounts of vegetation would lead to similar energy dissipation; however, S. pacifica has much greater biomass close to the bed (
Evolving Learning Designs and Emerging Technologies

The designs of learning environments for science often aim to reflect the ways in which real scientists work and practice in the field. One of key aspects of authentic scientific practice includes the use of technology to support various goals for this field. Emerging technologies used to emulate collaboration, knowledge construction, and manipulation of models not only support this effort, but they also create dynamic learning environments. This chapter overviews the use of various emerging technologies that support authentic science practices and at the same time reveal how evolving learning designs materialize from their use.
The Use of Neurocognitive Endophenotypes in Large-Scale Family Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia

Neurocognitive deficits are core features of schizophrenia and are among the most promising candidate endophenotypes for genetic studies of this disorder. The detection of gene-endophenotype associations requires large family cohort or case-control samples that are often only possible to collect through multisite collaborations, which presents considerable challenges for the use of endophenotypes. This chapter focuses on the rationale for using neurocognitive tasks of working memory, attention, and verbal declarative memory in large-scale, collaborative efforts to apply an endophenotype approach to schizophrenia. As an example, we describe the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS), a seven-site research network that investigates the genetic architecture of these neurocognitive and other candidate endopheno-types in families with schizophrenia. After providing a brief overview of the rigorous recruitment, data acquisition, and quality assurance procedures established by the COGS, we present recent results from this project that support utility of these procedures and the validity of neurocognitive endophenotypes. We conclude with a discussion of preliminary COGS findings that point toward specific candidate genes and future directions for this and other large-scale endophenotype studies of schizophrenia.
Power and Authority in Clinical Practice: A Discourse Analysis Approach to Narrative Process

Issues of power and authority in the treatment relationship are explored using concepts from discourse analysis. Negotiative and heuristic processes of narrative co-construction are described. These concepts, which highlight issues of power and vulnerability in narrative co-construction in ordinary conversation, are then applied to a clinical case. Implications for clinical social work treatment are developed based on an expanded understanding of, and sensitivity to, the sharing of narrative power in the treatment relationship.
Prostatorectal fistula associated with 125iodine seed radiotherapy.

We report 4 cases of prostatorectal fistula following 125iodine interstitial radiotherapy. While 125iodine interstitial radiotherapy has become a popular form of treatment for localized prostate cancer, it is not without potential serious complications. Transurethral resection may be contraindicated before or after 125iodine therapy for prostate tumor.
Pulmonary effects of cytotoxic agents other than bleomycin.

SUMMARY Multiple chemotherapeutic agents have been reported to cause pulmonary injury, usually manifested as interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis. Several unique presentations have been described for mitomycin, methotrexate, and the combinations of mitomycin and vinca alkaloids. Mechanisms of lung injury remain mostly speculative, although ongoing investigations may someday elucidate such pathways of injury. With a greater understanding of how these agents damage lung tissue, physicians may be able to more safely administer these drugs to patients. The drugs which have been shown to cause pulmonary injury most frequently are BCNU, mitomycin (with and without vinca alkaloids), and methotrexate. All physicians using cytotoxic drugs must be aware of the potential for lung injury with these agents.
A Cloud-Based Decision Support System Framework for Hydropower Biological Evaluation

Hydropower is one of the most important energy sources: it accounts for more than 80% of the world’s renewable electricity and 16% of the world’s electricity. Significantly more hydropower capacity is planned to be developed. However, hydro-structures, including hydroelectric dams, may have adverse biological effects on fish, especially on migratory species. For instance, fish can be injured or even killed when they pass through turbines. This is why biological evaluations on hydro-structures are needed to estimate fish injury and mortality rates. The Hydropower Biological Evaluation Toolset (HBET) is an integrated suite of science-based desktop tools designed to evaluate whether the hydraulic conditions of hydropower structures are fish friendly by analyzing collected data and providing estimated injury and mortality rates. The Sensor Fish, a small autonomous sensor package, is used by HBET to record data describing the conditions that live fish passing through a hydropower structure will experience. In this paper, we present a plan to incorporate cloud computing into HBET, and migrate into a cloud-based decision support system framework for hydropower biological evaluation. These enhancements will make the evaluation system more scalable and flexible; however, they will also introduce a significant challenge: how to maintain security while retaining scalability and flexibility. We discuss the technical methodologies and algorithms for the proposed framework, and analyze the relevant security issues and associated security countermeasures.
Virtual Money Illusion and the Fundamental Value of Non-Fiat Anonymous Digital Payment Methods

This paper discusses the determinants of a Non-Fiat Anonymous Digital Payment Method’s (N-FAD) value and illustrates a relationship between N-FAD transactions, economic growth, and inflation. The relationship raises a heretofore unmentioned issue concerning the ability of monetary authorities to operate effectively, which justifies regulatory concerns over bitcoin and other N-FADs. Our method of analysis allows for empirical estimates that characterize the magnitude of the concern, as it relates to the use of bitcoin. Finally, we are able to identify the stylized features of bitcoin that complicate monetary policy, comment on how they relate to the value of N-FADs more generally, and provide suggestions for future research.
Cleavage Specificities of Individual Members of Kallikrein Family of Proteins on Synthetic Peptide Containing the Bradykinin Sequence

We have analyzed the effect on bond specificity of various isolated members of the mouse kallikrein family of proteins on a synthetic peptide containing the bradykinin sequence. The cleavage pattern shows the selected specificity of these proteases toward the synthetic peptide. The Phe-His bond (positions 11-12) in the synthetic peptide was favorably cleaved by most of the members in this family, including gamma nerve growth factor. On the other hand, the Lys-Arg bond (position 3-4) was found to be susceptible only to gamma-NGF. The combination of these cleavages could result in the degradation of bradykinin in vivo.
Can Rapid Molecular Streptococcus pyogenes Testing Lead to Better Antimicrobial Stewardship for Acute Pharyngitis

Increasing resistance to antimicrobials is presently one of the largest public health challenges domestically and abroad. Overprescription of antibiotics for inappropriate indications is a major driver in this global crisis. In the US, acute respiratory conditions, especially pharyngitis, are one of the largest culprits, with roughly half of antibiotic prescriptions deemed unnecessary (1). This is because most cases of pharyngitis are of viral etiology (2). Even the most common bacterial cause, Streptococcus pyogenes , results in self-limiting infection in the vast majority of cases in developed countries (3). However, the small possibility of S. pyogenes dissemination or severe sequelae, including acute rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis, leaves guidance in favor of antibiotic treatment for S. pyogenes pharyngitis (2). Current recommendations guide providers to test for S. pyogenes pharyngitis via rapid antigen testing and, if negative, because of the low sensitivity of rapid antigen assays, follow with bacterial culture …
Video games have always been queer: by Bonnie Ruberg, New York, NYU Press, 2019, 288 pp., (pbk) ISBN 9781479843749; (hbk) ISBN 9781479831036

Many scholars have identified the ways in which mainstream gaming culture continues to privilege straight, white, male, cisgender, able-bodied, young men (Jennifer deWinter and Carly A. Kocurek 201...
NIBRS as the New Normal: What Fully Incident-Based Crime Data Mean for Researchers

In 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation announced that it would stop accepting aggregate-level crime data for its Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. As of January 2021, the UCR will rely only on incident crime data collected through its National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). This change ushers in a new era for the UCR and promises to generate opportunities for researchers and their ability to explore a wide range of crime questions. The present chapter seeks to assist those criminologists interested in a better understanding of NIBRS and how these data can be used. This chapter starts with an introduction to NIBRS before turning to a discussion of current examples of ways the data are used and issues to consider when working with fully incident-based UCR, especially concerns that were not present with aggregate crime data.
Identification and Characterization of Recurrent Venous Thrombosis In Cancer Patients

Abstract Abstract 3328 Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Standard of care for treatment is Low Molecular Weight Heparin, but recurrence of VTE remains a concern. We performed a retrospective analysis of our institutional experience, to characterize the patients who had a recurrence of VTE while on therapeutic doses of Dalteparin. Objectives: 1. To determine the VTE recurrence rate for cancer patients on therapeutic Dalteparin. 2. To elucidate potential risk factors for recurrence. 3. To determine the impact of recurrent VTE on overall survival. Methods: Patients beginning treatment for VTE with dalteparin between 1/1/2008 and 12/10/ 2009 were retrospectively identified through the hospital's electronic medical records system and cases of recurrent VTE were characterized. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the influence of VTE recurrence on overall survival was analyzed as a time-dependent covariate using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: 1,392 patients, treated for VTE with dalteparin were included in this study. 34 recurrent VTE episodes were identified. The overall incidence of recurrent thrombosis by six months was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7%-3.3%). Older age was significantly associated with recurrence (p=0.04). Lung cancer patients had a significantly elevated risk of recurrence (5.6%, p=0.03). No other cancer types were associated with a significant trend to increased recurrent VTE rates. The incidence of recurrent VTE was higher among females compared to males (3.0% vs. 1.6%), although this trend was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). After adjusting for gender, sex and cancer diagnosis, developing a recurrent VTE was associated with a 3.0-fold hazard ratio of death ( Conclusions: The rate of recurrent VTE in cancer patients at MSKCC is low in comparison with previously published reports. However, we identified both older age and lung cancer diagnosis as statistically significant risk factors for recurrent VTE. Females also experienced a higher rate of recurrent thrombosis when compared to males, although this result was not statistically significant. The hazard ratio for death was three times that for a patient with recurrent thrombosis when compared to one without subsequent VTE, suggesting recurrence of VTE remains an important influence on cancer-associated mortality. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Role of the West African westerly jet in the seasonal and diurnal cycles of precipitation over West Africa

The West African westerly jet (WAWJ) is a low-level jet centered near 10° N over the West African coast from June to September. This study quantifies the low-level moisture transport associated with the WAWJ on seasonal timescales, examines the relationship between the jet and West African precipitation using a moisture budget analysis, and further distinguishes the WAWJ from the West African monsoon (WAM) flow. Three reanalyses and five observational rainfall datasets are examined to build confidence. The WAWJ has a diurnal cycle with a minimum at 12 UTC and a maximum at 18 UTC, dominated by the ageostrophic wind component. According to the momentum budget analysis, the diurnal acceleration/deceleration of the WAWJ is controlled by variations in geopotential height gradient forces associated with the continental thermal low and its westward, offshore extension over the eastern Atlantic. The WAWJ wind speed and rainfall across a large region of the western Sahel (0°–10°W, 8°–18° N) are significantly and positively correlated. In this region, the moisture flux associated with the WAWJ is stronger than that associated with the southerly WAM flow from July 5 to August 20 (45 days). The moisture budget analysis reveals that the seasonal evolution of the rainfall in this analysis region is associated with zonal moisture convergence related to changes of the WAWJ. Enhanced (reduced) rainfall occurs in months with a strong (weak) WAWJ, accompanied by low-level moisture flux anomalies associated with the WAWJ instead of the southerly WAM.
Adversariality and Argumentation

The concept of adversariality, like that of argument, admits of significant variation. As a consequence, I argue, the question of adversarial argument has not been well understood. After defining adversariality, I argue that if we take argument to be about beliefs, rather than commitments, then two considerations show that adversariality is an essential part of it. First, beliefs are not under our direct voluntary control. Second, beliefs are costly both for the psychological states they provoke and for the fact that they are causally related to our actions. As a result, argument involving agreement can also be understood to be adversarial.
Chronic Disease, the Built Environment, and Unequal Health Risks in the 500 Largest U.S. Cities.

Health is increasingly subject to the complex interplay between the built environment, population composition, and the structured inequity in access to health-related resources across communities. The primary objective of this paper was to examine cardiometabolic disease (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stroke) markers and their prevalence across relatively small geographic units in the 500 largest cities in the United States. Using data from the American Community Survey and the 500 Cities Project, the current study examined cardiometabolic diseases across 27,000+ census tracts in the 500 largest cities in the United States. Earlier works clearly show cardiometabolic diseases are not randomly distributed across the geography of the U.S., but rather concentrated primarily in Southern and Eastern regions of the U.S. Our results confirm that chronic disease is correlated with social and built environment factors. Specifically, racial concentration (%, Black), age concentration (% 65+), housing stock age, median home value, structural inequality (Gini index), and weight status (% overweight/obese) were consistent correlates (p < 0.01) of cardiometabolic diseases in the sample of census tracts. The paper examines policy-related features of the built and social environment and how they might play a role in shaping the health and well-being of America’s metropolises.
3 – Kernel Interface

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses kernel interface of the system. The Alpha kernel provides an interface that supports the programming abstractions. The kernel supports these abstractions through a collection of kernel-provided objects and object programming language-provided mechanisms. Fundamentally, the kernel interface consists of the object invocation mechanism and a collection of kernel-defined objects. The operation invocation mechanism is made available by the kernel as the only system call, while the kernel-provided objects are wired into the kernel. The bulk of the kernel's interface is involved in providing support for the basic abstractions of objects, operation invocation, and threads. The operation invocation mechanism is provided to the client as a programming language construct, and the fundamental support for objects and threads is provided by kernel-provided management objects. For the object and thread management objects to be accessed by clients, they may be declared as well-known objects. Another portion of the Alpha kernel's interface is provided by a set of standard operations on objects and threads. These operations are provided by the kernel for each object and are used to manipulate the representations of objects and threads.
Importance of Soil Properties and Processes on Bioavailability of Organic Compounds

Soil properties and processes play an important role in determining the availability of organic contaminants to environmental receptors. In this chapter, we provide an overview of sorption processes, review soil properties that are key for understanding sorption, and examine the relationship between sorption and bioavailability to microorganisms, animals, and plants. Traditionally, contaminant-soil systems are assumed to be controlled by equilibrium-driven processes. We review these aspects but also include information about non-equilibrium soil processes such as high desorption resistance and receptor-facilitated bioavailability. Understanding the full breadth of soil processes that impact bioavailability is necessary for making accurate toxicological predictions and risk assessments. We conclude the chapter by recommending areas for future research that will help improve our understanding of these complex systems.
An effective write policy for software coherence schemes

The authors study the write behavior and evaluate the performance of various write strategies and buffering techniques for a MIN-based multiprocessor system using the simple software coherence scheme. Hit ratios, memory latencies, total execution time, and total write traffic are used as the performance indices. The write-through write-allocate no-fetch cache using a write-back write buffer is shown to have a better performance than both write-through and write-back caches. This type of write buffer is effective in reducing the volume as well as bursts of write traffic. On average, the use of a write-back cache reduces by 60% the total write traffic generated by a write-through cache.
Community-Based Fall Prevention and Exercise Programs for Older Adults

Community-based exercise and fall prevention programs afford older adults the opportunity to engage in group-based activities that promote health and wellness, physical activity, and social interaction. This review will analyze eight programs, commonly offered to older adults, that utilize various instructional modes to target health promotion through exercise, falls efficacy, and education. All of the programs are supported by randomized control or quasi- experimental designs and have been found to reduce falls, reinforce falls efficacy, or improve some aspect of functional mobility. Program designs vary and include seminar-style instruction, exercise class activities, or a hybrid approach with interprofessional outreach. Physical performance benefits are based on a variety of outcomes. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) assessment was the most frequently administered outcome among programs, though the magnitude of improvement varied. Programs have become more accessible as outreach has extended to rural underserved areas and nontraditional settings such as faith-based organizations. Community-based programs offer older adults health promotion opportunities through exercise and education initiatives. Program designs vary and target different constructs of exercise and wellness to meet the needs of a wide variety of aging seniors. As a result of large-scale dissemination endeavors, programs are now extending to rural areas while maintaining operational fidelity.
The impact of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery on National Institutes of Health grant funding for cardiothoracic surgeons.

OBJECTIVES The American Association for Thoracic Surgery, through its annual meeting, pilot grant funding, Scientific Affairs and Government Relations Committee activity, and academic development programs (Grant Writing Workshop, Clinical Trials Course, Innovation Summit), has aimed to develop the research careers of cardiothoracic surgeons. We hypothesized that American Association for Thoracic Surgery activities have helped increase National Institutes of Health grants awarded to cardiothoracic surgeons. METHODS A database of 1869 academic cardiothoracic surgeons in the United States was created in December 2020. National Institutes of Health grant records from 1985 to 2020 were obtained for each surgeon using National Institutes of Health Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results. Analyses were normalized to the number of active surgeons per year, based on the year of each surgeon's earliest research publication on Scopus. RESULTS A total of 346 cardiothoracic surgeons have received 696 National Institutes of Health grants totaling more than $1.5 billion in funding, with 48 surgeons actively serving as principal investigator of 66 R01 grants in 2020. The prevalence of research grants (7.4 vs 5.6 grants per 100 active surgeons, P < .0001), percentage of surgeons with a research grant (5.3% vs 4.7%, P = .0342), and number of research grants per funded surgeon (1.4 vs 1.2 grants, P < .0001) were significantly greater during the Scientific Affairs and Government Relations era (2003-2020) than the pre-Scientific Affairs and Government Relations era (1985-2002). The incidence of new research grants after surgeon participation in an American Association for Thoracic Surgery academic development program was significantly greater than that in the absence of participation (3.5 vs 1.1 new grants per 100 surgeons per year, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Through dedicated efforts and programs, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery has provided effective support to help increase National Institutes of Health grant funding awarded to cardiothoracic surgeons.
Creating a climate for teamwork

Although professional communicators can justly take pride in effective design and packaging of communication products, often we fail to realize the design of our own interpersonal communication. With the best intention in the world, we frequently create a defensive climate for one-on-one communication. A defensive climate stifles the communication process: team members tend to withdraw rather than risk sharing their ideas. On the other hand, a supportive climate encourages openness and the exchange of ideas with a feeling of trust. According to Jack Gibb (1961), communication climate appears as a continuum from defensive to supportive. By understanding the six dichotomies that make up this continuum the communicator can develop a climate for effective teamwork, whether among members of a writing group or between writers and subject experts. The paper begins by examining the tension between self-image and teamwork, supportive vs defensive climates in the writing process, and implications for business and industry. >
Science Achievement Gaps by Gender and Race/Ethnicity in Elementary and Middle School: Trends and Predictors

Research on science achievement disparities by gender and race/ethnicity often neglects the beginning of the pipeline in the early grades. We address this limitation using nationally representative data following students from Grades 3 to 8. We find that the Black–White science test score gap (–1.07 SD in Grade 3) remains stable over these years, the Hispanic–White gap narrows (–.85 to –.65 SD), and the Asian–White Grade 3 gap (–.31 SD) closes by Grade 8. The female–male Grade 3 gap (–.23 SD) may narrow slightly by eighth grade. Accounting for prior math and reading achievement, socioeconomic status, and classroom fixed effects, Grade 8 racial/ethnic gaps are not statistically significant. The Grade 8 science gender gap disappears after controlling for prior math achievement.
Imperfect Knowledge, Temporal Instability and an Uncertainty Premium: Towards a Resolution of the Excess-Returns Puzzle in the Foreign Exchange Market

This paper offers a refinement and explores a resolution of the excess-returns puzzle in the foreign exchange market. We find that the predictions of the forward premium are not negatively biased throughout the three decades of floating, as commonly believed, but rather are sometimes positively biased, negatively biased, unbiased or possess no predictive content depending on the subperiod examined. To explain this modified puzzle, the paper makes use of a recently developed model of the risk premium, which we have called an aggregate uncertainty premium. Our model employs an alternative approach to modeling exchange rate expectations, dubbed Imperfect Knowledge Expectations (IKE), which recognizes that rational agents do form expectations based on imperfect knowledge. Our model also makes use of a dynamic extension of the assumption of myopic loss aversion. We find that our IKE-based approach can account for the pattern of positive and negative biases estimated over three decades of floating rates.
Three Tactic Theorem Proving

We describe the key features of the proof description language of Declare, an experimental theorem prover for higher order logic. We take a somewhat radical approach to proof description: proofs are not described with tactics but by using just three expressive outlining constructs. The language is "declarative" because each step specifies its logical consequences, i.e. the constants and formulae that are introduced, independently of the justification of that step. Logical constants and facts are lexically scoped in a style reminiscent of structured programming. The style is also heavily "inferential", because Declare relies on an automated prover to eliminate much of the detail normally made explicit in tactic proofs. Declare has been partly inspired by Mizar, but provides better automation. The proof language has been designed to take advantage of this, allowing proof steps to be both large and controlled. We assess the costs and benefits of this approach, and describe its impact on three areas of theorem prover design: Specification, automated reasoning and interaction.
Effects of amphetamine and phenylpropanolamine on food intake in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic or dorsolateral tegmental damage.

Abstract Female rats with sham lesions or lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) or the dorsolateral tegmentum (DLT) were maintained at 80% normal body weight to minimize possible group differences in hunger motivation. VMH rats displayed attenuated amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) anorexia when fed a high-fat test diet but normal anorexia when fed a pellet test diet whereas DLT rats displayed attenuated amphetamine anorexia when fed either test diet. Neither VMH nor DLT rats displayed attenuated anorexia to phenylpropanolamine (5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg/kg), an analogue of amphetamine. These results are discussed in terms of an amphetamine-activated arousal mechanism within the DLT.
Planetary tides and sunspot cycles

There is an empirical function of the heights of tides on the Sun produced by Venus, Earth, and Jupiter whose period is nearly equal to that of the 11-yr sunspot cycle (Wood, 1972). This period match has been used in suggestions that planetary tides cause sunspots and, indirectly, terrestrial climate changes and earthquakes. We derive the period of the tidal function in terms of the planetary orbital periods and show that it is artificially lengthened by aliasing. Furthermore, there exists a class of functions whose measure in frequency space is so great that, in the absence of a physical justification for preferring one member, no statistically significant period match can possibly be made with current sunspot data.
Canine Uroliths: Analysis of Data Derived from 813 Specimens

This article contains an analysis of data compiled from 813 specimens of canine uroliths submitted to the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory at University of California School of Veterinary Medicine.
Sulindac sulfide inhibits sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and exerts toxicity in glioma cells: relevant similarities to and important differences from celecoxib

Malignant gliomas have low survival expectations regardless of current treatments. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prevent cell transformation and slow cancer cell growth by mechanisms independent of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. Certain NSAIDs trigger the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR), as revealed by upregulation of molecular chaperones such as GRP78 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Although celecoxib (CELE) inhibits the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA), an effect known to induce ERSR, sulindac sulfide (SS) has not been reported to affect SERCA. Here, we investigated these two drugs for their effects on Ca(2+) homeostasis, ERSR, and glioma cell survival. Our findings indicate that SS is a reversible inhibitor of SERCA and that both SS and CELE bind SERCA at its cyclopiazonic acid binding site. Furthermore, CELE releases additional Ca(2+) from the mitochondria. In glioma cells, both NSAIDS upregulate GRP78 and activate ER-associated caspase-4 and caspase-3. Although only CELE upregulates the expression of CHOP, it appears that CHOP induction could be associated with mitochondrial poisoning. In addition, CHOP induction appears to be uncorrelated with the gliotoxicity of these NSAIDS in our experiments. Our data suggest that activation of ERSR is primarily responsible for the gliotoxic effect of these NSAIDS. Because SS has good brain bioavailability, has lower COX-2 inhibition, and has no mitochondrial effects, it represents a more appealing molecular candidate than CELE to achieve gliotoxicity via activation of ERSR.
Outcomes of pheochromocytoma management in the laparoscopic era.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the preferred surgical approach for pheochromocytomas. We have investigated the changes in diagnosis, management and outcome of pheochromocytomas treated since the widespread advent of LA. Data were collected retrospectively from 96 patients with pheochromocytomas that had been surgically treated at three tertiary referral centers. There were 53 females. Mean age was 47 years (10–81). Tumors were found incidentally in 40% of patients. Of the 96 patients, 12 (13%) had familial syndromes. CT or MRI localized the adrenal lesion in all patients. MIBG scans obtained from 32 patients were concordant with the CT/MRI in 19, were false negative in 9 and misleading in 1, and altered management in only 3 patients. Mean tumor size was 5.6 cm (1.8–17). There were 92 adrenal pheochromocytomas and 9 paragangliomas. Laparoscopy was successful in 67 of 74 (91%) patients, with 20 of 67 (30%) having tumors of 6 cm or greater in size. Conversions to open procedures were performed in patients with 4 left, 2 right pheochromocytomas and 1 paraganglioma. Of the patients, 22 had an open procedure due to suspicion of malignancy or large tumors. Malignancy was observed in 4 of 92 (4.3%) pheochromocytomas and 4 of 9 (44%) paragangliomas. Average follow-up was 22 months (1–122). There were seven recurrences. Postoperative biochemical tests available in 64 patients were normal in 90%. The diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made incidentally in 40% of patients. MIBG is not necessary for unilateral non-hereditary pheochromocytomas localized by CT/MRI. LA is possible with excellent results in most patients, including for treatment of lesions 6 cm or greater in size with no signs of invasion. Laparoscopy should be used cautiously for paragangliomas because of a high rate of malignancy.
Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment of Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic/hypnapompic hallucinations. It is currently believed to be caused by a deficiency in hypocretin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Diagnosis is by the presence of appropriate clinical symptoms and confirmation by a polysomnogram followed by a multiple sleep latency test. There are nonpharmacologic (eg, scheduled naps, following proper sleep hygiene) and symptom-directed pharmacologic (eg, central nervous system stimulants, modafinil, sodium oxybate, certain antidepressants) treatments that are usually used together for optimal management of narcolepsy.
A Splitting-Based Iterative Algorithm for Accelerated Statistical X-Ray CT Reconstruction

Statistical image reconstruction using penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) criteria can improve image-quality in X-ray computed tomography (CT). However, the huge dynamic range of the statistical weights leads to a highly shift-variant inverse problem making it difficult to precondition and accelerate existing iterative algorithms that attack the statistical model directly. We propose to alleviate the problem by using a variable-splitting scheme that separates the shift-variant and ("nearly") invariant components of the statistical data model and also decouples the regularization term. This leads to an equivalent constrained problem that we tackle using the classical method-of-multipliers framework with alternating minimization. The specific form of our splitting yields an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm with an inner-step involving a "nearly" shift-invariant linear system that is suitable for FFT-based preconditioning using cone-type filters. The proposed method can efficiently handle a variety of convex regularization criteria including smooth edge-preserving regularizers and non- smooth sparsity-promoting ones based on the l1-norm and total variation. Numerical experiments with synthetic and real in vivo human data illustrate that cone-filter preconditioners accelerate the proposed ADMM resulting in fast convergence of ADMM compared to conventional (nonlinear conjugate gradient, ordered subsets) and state-of-the-art (MFISTA, split-Bregman) algorithms that are applicable for CT.
An Analysis of The New Orthodoxy on Black Mobility

America" has been strongly criticized. Their claims conflicted with the widely-held view that poverty and patterns of blocked mobility had persisted among blacks despite the growing prosperity of whites in the United States after the Second World War. However, since Wattenberg and Scammons published in 1973, there has been a remarkable shift in the dominant assumptions among social scientists about the position of blacks in U.S. society: today, their thesis has become a "new orthodoxy" in discussions of race in U.S. society. This new orthodoxy asserts, with varying degrees of certainty, that racial discrimination per se is no longer a problem. This theme has turned up in work on intergenerational occupational mobility (Featherman and Hauser, 1978); the place of blacks in the contemporary world of work (Freeman, 1973, 1976); social policy (Glazer, 1975); neo-classical free market economics (Sowell, 1975a, 1981); and theories of the significance of race in modern U.S. society (Wilson, 1978).1 This paper reviews and evaluates the arguments of the new orthodoxy and examines whether the mobility patterns of blacks and whites levelled out during the 1960s. We then discuss a key policy implication of the new orthodoxy - namely, that the improved mobility of blacks means that special government programs aimed at economic equality between the races are no longer needed, and that an era of true equality brought about by self-sustained social processes is, if not yet a reality, on the near horizon.
Representational systems, learning, and problem solving in mathematics

Abstract This article explores aspects of a unified psychological model for mathematical learning and problem solving, based on several different types of representational systems and their stages of development. The goal is to arrive at a scientifically adequate theoretical framework, complex enough to account for diverse empirical results but sufficiently simple to be accessible and useful in mathematics education practice. Some perspectives on representational systems are discussed, and components of the model are described in relation to these ideas—including constructs related to imagistic thinking, heuristics and strategies, affect, and the fundamental role of ambiguity.
Comparison of chemical tests for estimation of the availability of soil zinc

Tests for determining the availability of soil Zn were evaluated by simple and multiple correlation analysis. The soil tests included total Zn, and Zn extractable from soil by 0.2 M MgSO4, 0.1 N HCl or dithizone. In simple correlation analyses, each of the tests correlated significantly with the uptake of soil Zn by maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown in the glasshouse. The predictions were improved significantly with all tests by the inclusion of one or more of the soil variables, pH and clay and organic matter contents, in multiple correlation analyses. The plant uptake of soil Zn could best be predicted from a multiple regression equation which included soil pH and logarithmic functions of 0.1 N HCl-extractable Zn and soil clay content as the independent variables.
Studies of the catalytic mechanism of an active-site mutant (Y14F) of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase by kinetic deuterium isotope effects.

{Delta}{sup 5}-3-Ketosteroid isomerase from Pseudomonas testosteroni catalyzes the conversion of androst-5-ene-3,17-dione to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione by a stereoselective transfer of the 4{beta}-proton to the 6{beta}-position. The rate-limiting step has been shown to be the concerted enolization of the enzyme-bound substrate comprising protonation of the 3-carbonyl oxygen by Tyr-14 and abstraction of the 4{beta}-proton by Asp-38. Primary, secondary, solvent, and combined kinetic deuterium isotope effects have been used to investigate the mechanism of the Y14F mutant, which lacks the proton donor and is 10{sup 4.7}-fold less active catalytically than the wild-type enzyme. The primary kinetic isotope effects on k{sub cat}/K{sub m} with the 4{beta}-D substrate of 2.33 {plus minus} 0.06 found in H{sub 2}O decreases to 1.16 {plus minus} 0.08 in D{sub 2}O, and the solvent isotope effect of 7.69 {plus minus} 0.18 observed with protonated substrate decreases to 3.85 {plus minus} 0.21 with the 4{beta}-D substrate, establishing a stepwise enolization mechanism. A reaction coordinate free energy contour diagram is used to compare the concerted enolization mechanism catalyzed by the wild-type enzyme with the stepwise carbanion mechanism catalyzed by the Y14F mutant and the stepwise oxycarbonium ion mechanism catalyzed by the D38N mutant.
Normal Electrocardiography and Serum Troponin I Levels Preclude the Presence of Clinically Significant Blunt Cardiac Injury

Background: Uncertainty about the definition and diagnosis of blunt cardiac injury (BCI) leads to unnecessary hospitalization and cost while trying to rule it out. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the combination of two simple tests, electrocardiography (ECG) and serum troponin I (TnI) level, may serve as reliable predictors of BCI or the absence of it. Methods: Over a period of 30 months (September 1999-February 2002), 333 consecutive patients with significant blunt thoracic trauma were followed prospectively. Serial ECG and TnI tests were performed routinely and echocardiography was performed selectively. Clinically significant BCI (SigBCI) was defined as the presence of cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias requiring treatment, or posttraumatic structural deficits. Results: SigBCI was diagnosed in 44 patients (13%). Of 80 patients with abnormal ECG and TnI, 27 (34%) developed SigBCI. Of 131 with normal serial ECG and TnI, none developed SigBCI. Of patients with abnormal ECG only or TnI only, 22% and 7%, respectively, developed SigBCI. The positive and negative predictive values were 29% and 98% for ECG, 21% and 94% for TnI, and 34% and 100% for the combination of ECG and TnI. The admission ECG or TnI was abnormal in 43 of 44 patients with SigBCI. Only one patient had initially normal ECG and TnI and developed abnormalities 8 hours after admission. Forty-one patients without other significant injuries stayed 1 to 3 days in the hospital only to rule out SigBCI and could have been discharged earlier. Besides ECG and TnI, other independent risk factors of SigBCI were an Injury Severity Score > 15, the presence of significant skeletal trauma, and history of cardiac disease. Conclusion: The combination of normal ECG and TnI at admission and 8 hours later rules out the diagnosis of SigBCI. In the absence of other reasons for hospitalization, such patients can be safely discharged.