cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blending Powers: Hamilton, FDR, and the Backlash That Shaped Modern Congress

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt shaped the role of the modern president in part with his relentless pursuit of grand policies and his ability to marshal historic legislation through Congress. In this article, I focus on one legislative tactic employed by FDR that has received little attention—the detailing of Executive Branch staff to select Senate committees. This tactic, effectively a blending of legislative powers, was used to implement FDR’s ambitious postwar domestic agenda as detailed in his Second Bill of Rights. I find that the tactic, used late in FDR’s presidency, was moderately effective, served as a substitute for the personal energy FDR applied to the presidency in his first term, and created a backlash that contributed to the adoption of the Legislative Reform Act of 1946. With these findings I conclude that FDR deserves credit as a transitionary figure for the modernity of Congress, as well as the presidency.
Chemotherapy for Childhood Orbital Tumors

Orbital tumors in the pediatric population are a rare event. The differential diagnosis for these tumors is broad, but only a small number of these lesions are malignant. In this chapter the chemotherapy used for the treatment of the following conditions will be discussed: (1) primary malignant orbital tumors such as rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphoma, and myeloid sarcoma; (2) malignancies that may metastasize to the orbit including neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor; (3) malignancies that can invade the orbit such as retinoblastoma, optic nerve glioma, and esthesioneuroblastoma; and (4) nonmalignant processes including hemangiomas and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential to the treatment of these tumors in order to provide children with the best and most appropriate care possible. The treatments for these tumors are constantly evolving, and given the rarity of most of these conditions, understanding and improvement in outcomes will come about only with a cooperative, multidisciplinary approach within the context of large group trials.
What is Capital? (Again) Contributions from Finance and Economics

The colloquial understanding of capital as financial-capital is after-all close to the mark, at least closer than thinking of capital as a collection of physical things. The latter is perhaps responsible for more confusion and controversy than clarity. A consideration of the role of time in production and investment decisions, as explored in this paper, brings one to the realization that capital is the result of a process of evaluation. Capital is the result of ‘capital-accounting’. It is the ability to use capital accounting that is in large part responsible for the phenomenal success of capitalism. Productive physical resources, whether natural or produced, are either never capital in this sense or else are all capital. They are never capital in their pure physical nature. But they are all different types of capital, human or non-human, when considered as a stock of potential value over time. What is the best way to think about capital? Yeager (1976) suggests that it makes sense to think of capital as a stock of ‘waiting’ whose price is the interest-rate. Some combination of D (duration) and NPV, an amalgam D-NPV may capture this idea and the subtle way in which time and value interact in economic life. Is capital (as opposed to a capital-good) a factor of production? Yes, if you consider it necessary for production to occur. Physical inputs have to be financed, in the broadest sense of that term, because they have to be deployed over time, and can be so deployed in various configurations. That is the function of capital, a valuable function, for which there is a scarcity-price, the rate-of-interest. But it is not physically measurable. As explained above, it is the result of the interplay between the time-value of money and the money-value of time so nicely captured in the concept of duration.
Admissible Wave Fans and the Riemann Problem

The property of systems of conservation laws to be invariant under uniform stretching of the space-time coordinates induces the existence of self-similar solutions, which stay constant along straight-line rays emanating from some focal point in space-time. Such solutions depict a collection of waves converging to the focal point and interacting there to produce a jump discontinuity which is in turn resolved into an outgoing wave fan. This chapter investigates the celebrated Riemann problem, whose object is the resolution of jump discontinuities into wave fans. A solution will be constructed in three different ways, namely: (a) by the classical method of piecing together elementary centered solutions encountered in earlier chapters, i.e., constant states, shocks joining constant states, and centered rarefaction waves bordered by constant states or contact discontinuities; (b) by minimizing the total entropy production of the outgoing wave fan; and (c) by a vanishing viscosity approach which employs time-dependent viscosity so that the resulting dissipative system is invariant under stretching of coordinates, just like the original hyperbolic system. A new type of discontinuity, called a delta shock, will emerge in the process. The issue of admissibility of wave fans will be raised. In particular, it will be examined whether shocks contained in solutions constructed by any one of the above methods are necessarily admissible.
A re-investigating of the religious orientation-moral reasoning relationship: a relational developmental systems perspective

This study re-investigates the relationship between religious orientation and Kohlberg’s moral reasoning among students at a midwestern (USA) university. Multiple regression analyses revealed that quest-oriented religiosity was significantly positively related to principled moral reasoning, as consistently found in previous studies, while intrinsic religious orientation showed no relation to principled moral reasoning. We discuss our findings through a lens of relational developmental systems theory, suggesting that a more integrative measure is needed to better understand the complex relationship between religious orientation and moral reasoning.
Political Ideology in the Arab World: Retreat from secularism in Arab nationalist and socialist thought

Secular ideologies, particularly Arab nationalism and socialism, dominated the landscape of Arab political thought throughout much of the 1950s and 1960s. But as early as 1966, the Palestinian political scientist, Ibrahim Abu-Lughod (1929–2001), had begun to detect signs of a “retreat from the secular path” among intellectuals in the Arab region. The waning appeal of secular ideologies became increasingly apparent in the wake of the Arab–Israeli war of 1967, even though many of the first criticisms that emerged as part of the “self-criticism after the defeat” remained largely secular in character, with some intellectuals on the left asserting an even more uncompromisingly anti-religious stance. With the Arab–Israeli war of 1973, the idea that a unified Arab front was a precondition for successfully confronting Israel was challenged by state-based or more particularist Arab approaches to overcoming the weakness of Arab states vis-a-vis Israel. However, it is in the aftermath of the Islamic revolution in Iran that one sees most clearly not only a sharp rise in Islamist critiques of secular ideologies, but also the emergence of “new partisans of the heritage” ( turathiyyun judud ) from a seemingly unlikely source: within the ranks of Arab nationalists and socialists. This chapter examines the political thought of various Arab nationalist and socialist intellectuals in whose writings one can detect development over time from a decidedly secular perspective to a reconsidered position that either places greater emphasis on Islamic authenticity as a necessary component of a national awakening or attempts to synthesize aspects of their thinking with Islamism.
Posterior auricular artery fasciocutaneous island flap: lateral temporal soft tissue reconstruction

Keywords: external ear; grafts; flaps; reconstructive surgery; mastoidectomy; canalplasty; mastoid bowl
MORAL PERCEPTION AND THE CAUSAL OBJECTION

One of the primary motivations behind moral anti-realism is a deep-rooted scepticism about moral knowledge. Moral realists attempt counter this worry by sketching a plausible moral epistemology. One of the most radical proposals in the recent literature is that we know moral facts by perception – we can literally see that an action is wrong, etc. A serious objection to moral perception is the causal objection. It is widely conceded that perception requires a causal connection between the perceived and the perceiver. But, the objection continues, we are not in appropriate causal contact with moral properties. Therefore, we cannot perceive moral properties. This papers demonstrates that the causal objection is unsound whether moral properties turn out to be secondary, natural properties; non-secondary, natural properties; or non-natural properties.1
Transfection of DNA into Mammalian Cells in Culture

Transfection is the transfer of DNA into cells and is a key technique for analysing mammalian cells. A variety of methods are employed to achieve transfection for use in genetic studies. Keywords: liposome; electroporation; transient transfection; stable transfection; extrachromosomal vector; integrase; reporter gene; transgene; selectable marker
Contract Drafting: Teaching with Forms, 'Becoming the Master of the Form'

This article is the transcript of a presentation from the Third Biennial Conference on Teaching Law and Skills held at Emory University School of Law in November, 2012.
Alopecia: Kids are not just little people

Alopecia is a disorder that affects all patients, young and old. Many diagnoses, particularly the scarring alopecias, are more common in adults; however, others, such as tinea capitis, are more common in children, and some, such as alopecia areata, often affect both age groups. The approach to, and evaluation of, an alopecia patient is thus highly dependent on his or her age. In adults with diffuse, non-scarring hair loss, a part-width examination can help detect pattern hair loss, the most common cause of diffuse loss in this age group. In children this is much less likely, and a careful evaluation for tinea capitis is in order. The same holds true for patchy alopecia in children, as well as scarring alopecia-tinea needs to always be considered. In adults, patchy alopecia is often due to alopecia areata and sometimes to one of the primary scarring alopecias. A laboratory evaluation, and especially a biopsy, would be a more appropriate undertaking for an adult than a child, and an adult would be more likely to tolerate certain therapeutic regimens such as intralesional injections. In a conversational manner, the authors discuss their individual approaches to the alopecia patient, highlighting the differences in diagnosis, workup, and management that depend on whether the affected individual is an adult or a child.
Variability in lipid flux and composition of particulate matter in the Peru upwelling region

Particulate matter samples were collected with free-drifting sediment traps and in situ filtration systems in the Peruvian upwelling area to study the organic geochemistry of particulate organic matter in the water column and its relationship to source organisms and sediments. A variety of lipids—fatty acids, wax esters, steryl esters, triacylglycerols, sterols, fatty alcohols, stanones, unsaturated C37 and C38 methyl ketones, and hydrocarbons—were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Diel and depth-related variation in lipid composition and flux of an order of magnitude were not uncommon in the sediment trap samples. Two samplings of a single site four days apart produced significantly different results. Flux and composition patterns varied depending on lipid class, collection time and depth, and source. The lipid composition of the suspended particles collected by in situ filtration was quite different from that of sinking particles collected in sediment traps, reflecting complexities in differentiating between source, transport, and transformation processes affecting the two particle size fractions. The data provide estimates of the range of fluctuations in composition of material contributing to the sedimentary record, which integrates over time periods of years to centuries.
The asymptotic equivalence between sensing systems with energy harvesting and conventional energy sources

In this paper, we seek answer to the question: can a wireless sensing system with energy harvesting power supplies perform as well as one with conventional power supplies? Due to the stochastic nature of the energy harvested from the ambient environment, uniform sampling employed by conventional sensing systems is usually infeasible for energy harvesting sensing systems. We propose a simple best-effort sensing scheme, which defines a set of equally-spaced candidate sensing instants. At a given candidate sensing instant, the sensor will perform sensing if there is sufficient energy available, and it will remain silent otherwise. It is analytically shown that the percentage of silent candidate sensing instants diminishes as time increases, if and only if the average energy harvesting rate is no less than the average energy consumption rate. The theoretical results are then used to guide the design of a practical sensing system that monitors a time-varying event. Both analysis and simulations show that the energy harvesting system with the best-effort sensing scheme can asymptotically achieve the same mean squared error (MSE) performance as one with uniform sensing and deterministic energy sources. Therefore, we provide a positive answer to the question from both theoretical and practical aspects.
“GWM looking for sex—SERIOUS ONLY”: The interplay of sexual ad placement frequency and success on the sexual health of “men seeking men” on Craigslist

Over the past few years, researchers have begun to explore the use of the personals section on Craigslist.org as it applies to the sexual behaviors and partner accrual of men who have sex with men (MSM). Yet, the exact ramifications of such a free sexual advertisement service on MSM's sexual health and sexual risk-taking behaviors are just being documented. As such, we surveyed 535 men by responding to their sexual ads placed on Craigslist.org to assess their sexual health and sexual health behaviors. Using Self-Efficacy Theory as our foundation, we posited that MSM who placed more ads and reported more success from these ads would also report more negative health behaviors (e.g., lowered condom use) and sexually transmitted diseases. Testing confirmed this hypothesis. This study has two important implications. (1) The behavior of Internet cruising, on its own, insufficiently impacted MSM health. It was the interaction of number of ads (self-efficacy) and the success of those ads (outcome-efficacy) that u...
A mathematical model for estimating the potential margin of state undecided voters for a candidate in a US Federal election

A US Federal election in which candidates from two major political parties compete for the votes of those undecided voters in a state who usually do not vote in US elections is considered. A mathematical model for evaluating the expectation of the margin of votes to be received from such voters by either candidate as a result of the election campaigns of all the competing candidates is proposed. On the basis of this model, finding the estimation under consideration is reducible to finding the minimum of the maximin function of the difference of two bilinear functions with one and the same first vector argument whose second vector arguments belong to a polyhedron of connected variables (strategies of the candidates), and this minimum is sought on another polyhedron.
An improved evolution-constructed (iECO) features framework: Distribution statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

In image processing and computer vision, significant progress has been made in feature learning for exploiting important cues in data that elude non-learned features. While the field of deep learning has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance, the Evolution-COnstructed (ECO) work of Lillywhite et. al has the advantage of interpretability, and it does not predispose the solution to one of convolution. This paper presents a novel approach for extending the ECO framework. We achieve this through two overarching ideas. First, we address a potential major shortcoming of ECO features — the “features” themselves. The so-called ECO features are simply a transformed image that has been unrolled into a large one dimensional vector. We propose employing feature descriptors to extract pertinent information from the ECO imagery. Furthermore, it is our hypothesis that there exists a unique set of transforms for each feature descriptor used on a given problem domain that leads to the descriptors extracting maximal discriminative information. Second, we introduce constraints on each individual's chromosome to promote population diversity and prevent infeasible solutions. We show through experiments that our proposed iECO framework results in, and benefits from, a unique series of transforms for each descriptor being learned and maintaining population diversity.
Useful Techniques for Analyzing Capacitor Transients in a Radiation Environment

Some useful techniques of evaluating the radiation-induced transient response of circuits employing capacitors by using transient circuit analysis programs are discussed. Analysis methods to relate the capacitor's radiation-induced current generator to the basic parameters, ?(t), Kp, Kd, and ?d, using existing circuit analysis programs are given. An expression relating the change in voltage resulting from an absorbed dose for an arbitrary burst shape is also derived.
Challenges in Developing Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Standards: The Story of ASHRAE Standard 62

Building ventilation has long been recognized for its role in occupant health, comfort and productivity, with some of the first recommendations on building ventilation rates published in the 19th century. These recommendations were subsequently transformed into more rigorous standards and guidance in the 20th century, with the first version of ASHRAE Standard 62 published in 1973. Since that time, ventilation standards have been issued in several countries around the world and have dealt with an increasingly complex and challenging range of issues as research on indoor air quality and the state of knowledge of building performance have progressed. This paper reviews and discusses some of the issues that have been addressed in the development of ventilation standards in recent years using the development of ASHRAE Standard 62 as context, including: the scientific bases for ventilation requirements, perceived indoor air quality, contaminant sources from occupants and the building, outdoor air quality, airborne contaminant limits, indoor carbon dioxide concentrations, environmental tobacco smoke, and performance-based design. Issues that are expected to be dealt with as Standard 62 and other standards are developed into the future are also reviewed.
The appearance of hepatoma-associated chromosomal non-histone proteins in rat liver after a single dose of 3′-MDAB followed by treatment of phenobarbital

Abstract Previously we have described polyclonal antibodies that recognized a group of nuclear nonhistone proteins whose molecular weights ranged in size from 170 to 220 kDa. These antigenic nonhistone chromosomal proteins are abundant in rat hepatoma chromatin. In this report we discuss the synthesis and cellular localization of these particular proteins during the multistage process of hepatocarcinogenesis. The appearance of these antigenic proteins in rat liver nuclei approximately parallels the appearance of α-fetoprotein in the cytosol of hepatocytes. However, the immunoreactivity of antigenic proteins increased steadily even during the prominent dip in the AFP concentration between 50 and 100 days of carcinogenesis. The effect of the tumor promoting agent, phenobarbital, on the synthesis of antigenic nuclear proteins was also studied. The appearance of hepatoma-associated non-histone chromosomal proteins at early stages of tumor promotion during hepatocarcinogenesis was observed. The results of these studies demonstrate that the hepatoma-associated non-histone proteins are expressed not only in hepatoma cells, but also in hepatocyte cells committed to carcinogenesis.
In vitro inhibition of dengue virus entry by p-sulfoxy-cinnamic acid and structurally related combinatorial chemistries

The anti-adhesive compound p-sulfoxy-cinnamic acid, zosteric acid (ZA), is derived from the temperate marine eelgrass, Zostera marina. ZA and five combinatorial chemistries based on ZA were evaluated for their anti-viral properties against dengue virus in a focus forming unit reduction assay. None of the compounds showed evidence of toxicity to the monkey kidney cell line LLCMK-2 over the concentration ranges tested. ZA showed a modest IC(50) of approximately 2.3 mM against DENV-2. Three other compounds showed IC(50) values of 2.5, 2.4, 0.3 mM, with a fourth not achieving a 50% inhibitory concentration against DENV-2. The most active compound, CF 238, showed IC(50) values of 24, 46, 14 and 47 microM against DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4, respectively. CF 238 showed evidence of inhibition at an entry step in the viral life cycle and enhanced virus:cell binding as evidenced by a quantitative RT-PCR assay system. CF 238 may promote inappropriate virus:cell attachments common to all DENV strains that interfere with receptor interactions required for viral entry. These and other related chemistries may be useful as reagents for studying DENV entry, capturing and detecting DENV, and development of pharmaceuticals.
Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis presenting as infertility. Case report.

✓ The authors report a nulliparous patient presenting with infertility and hyperprolactinemia. She underwent transsphenoidal surgery after radiological investigation disclosed an enlarged pituitary gland which did not respond to bromocriptine therapy. The removed tissue had histological features consistent with adenohypophysitis including a diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate. The lymphocyte subsets present in the infiltrate were characterized by immunohistochemical methods to establish the contribution of different elements of the cellular immune response. Lymphocytes bearing CD4 antigen (helper-inducer cells) were most prominent and appeared to bear the majority of the interleukin-2 receptor (expressed during lymphocytic activation) present in the pituitary gland. A few B lymphocytes were also observed. The location of the major histocompatibility antigen (classes I and II) and interleukin-2 receptor correlated with the lymphocytes and macrophages rather than with the stromal or parenchymal elements of the p...
Heightened responsiveness to female-initiated displays in an Australian cockatoo, the Galah (Eolophus roseicapillus)

[Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain why in some species, males and females coordinate their behaviour to defend a territory. The sex of the individual initiating a joint display may shed light on the function of the display, but this variable has not been systematically explored. This study investigates whether male–female pairs in a socially monogamous cockatoo, the galah, respond differently to male-initiated and female-initiated joint threat signals, and whether one sex is more likely to initiate a threat response. Solo male defense calls, solo female calls, male-initiated paired calls, and female-initiated paired calls were presented to pairs of galahs at nest cavities during the pre-breeding season. Birds responded most strongly to female-initiated call bouts, regardless of the number of stimulus birds giving vocalizations. While paired birds coordinated their approach responses to the stimuli, males tended to initiate these responses. These results suggest that the sex of the initiating bird, rather than the number of calling birds, is most relevant to galahs when assessing threat near an active cavity. This study indicates that it is critical to consider the separate roles of the male and female in a joint display in order to fully understand that display's function., Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain why in some species, males and females coordinate their behaviour to defend a territory. The sex of the individual initiating a joint display may shed light on the function of the display, but this variable has not been systematically explored. This study investigates whether male–female pairs in a socially monogamous cockatoo, the galah, respond differently to male-initiated and female-initiated joint threat signals, and whether one sex is more likely to initiate a threat response. Solo male defense calls, solo female calls, male-initiated paired calls, and female-initiated paired calls were presented to pairs of galahs at nest cavities during the pre-breeding season. Birds responded most strongly to female-initiated call bouts, regardless of the number of stimulus birds giving vocalizations. While paired birds coordinated their approach responses to the stimuli, males tended to initiate these responses. These results suggest that the sex of the initiating bird, rather than the number of calling birds, is most relevant to galahs when assessing threat near an active cavity. This study indicates that it is critical to consider the separate roles of the male and female in a joint display in order to fully understand that display's function.]
Venlafaxine monotherapy in women with bipolar II and unipolar major depression

Abstract Background : Women with bipolar (BP) disorder have more depressive episodes and drug-induced manic switches compared to men. Current guidelines suggest treating BP type I and type II major depressive episode (MDE) with both a mood-stabilizer and antidepressant. In a post hoc analysis, we examined the safety and efficacy of venlafaxine monotherapy in women with BP II MDE. Methods : 15 women with BP II MDE (mean±SD age: 37±12 years) were compared to 17 women with unipolar (UP) MDE (41±12 years). Patients were randomized to double-blind treatment with once versus twice daily venlafaxine up to 225 mg for 6 weeks. Efficacy was measured using the HAM-D 21 , MADRS and CGI scales. Drug-induced manic switch episodes characterized by agitation, irritability, euphora or mood lability were assessed at each visit. Results : No episodes of drug-induced hypomania or rapid cycling were observed during 6 weeks of venlafaxine monotherapy. Similar efficacy was observed in BP and UP depressed women ( p =ns). Limitations : This study was retrospective in nature and limited in patient number. Only BP II women were included in this study, and it is possible that efficacy and the manic switch rate might have differed if BP I women were included. Conclusion : Short-term venlafaxine monotherapy may be a safe and effective antidepressant treatment in women with BP II MDE.
Detritus‐based aquaculture systems

Abstract The general characteristics of detritus‐based aquaculture systems are reviewed, where detritus is defined as particulate and dissolved organic matter. Basic criteria of water quality, nutrient cycles, fish stocking, and pond management practices are described. Public health considerations are important questions in the use of detritus in aquaculture, and some relevant management and risk estimation issues are discussed here.
Effect of Al2O3 on phase separation of SiO2–Nd2O3 glasses

Abstract The immiscibility boundary and the critical point of SiO 2 –Nd 2 O 3 system glass were determined as a function of Al 2 O 3 addition. The critical temperature of the immiscibility boundary was observed to decrease with the addition of Al 2 O 3 . Using the regular solution model, the observed decrease of the immiscibility boundary was directly related to the decrease of the concentration fluctuation of Nd 2 O 3 in SiO 2 . It is concluded that the Al 2 O 3 addition to Nd 2 O 3 containing silica glass is beneficial in decreasing the concentration quenching effect, deterioration of the optical efficiency due to clustering of rare earth element, because Al 2 O 3 addition diminishes the concentration fluctuation of Nd 2 O 3 in silica glass.
"Routine invasive" versus "selective invasive" approaches to non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes management in the post-stent/platelet inhibition era.

Abstract Is a “routine invasive” or “selective invasive” strategy the best approach for patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS)? A “selective invasive” strategy incorporates ischemia-guided use of aggressive medical therapy followed by angiography and revascularization for angina or stress-induced myocardial ischemia. The “routine invasive” strategy (cardiac catheterization followed by percutaneous coronary intervention within 24 to 48 h of symptom-onset) is frequently employed, but no randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes. Recently, the second Fragmin and fast Revascularization during InStability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC-II) and the Treat angina with Aggrastat and determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TACTICS TIMI-18) trials found significant reductions in death, recurrent myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for biomarker-positive ACS. Also, the third Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina (RITA-3) recently reported a halving of refractory angina and reduction in the use of antianginal medication with early intervention. Early trials failed to demonstrate the superiority of the “routine invasive” approach, presumably because of fewer revascularizations, unavailability of stents, and more recent use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and low-molecular-weight heparins. The FRISC-II, TACTICS TIMI-18, and RITA-3 studies indicate that higher-risk patients benefit from early revascularization, but that aggressive antiplatelet, antithrombin, and anti-ischemic therapy are also important. While all three trials support an “early invasive” approach in intermediate- and high-risk patients, other trials support a more “conservative” approach in those without electrocardiographic changes or enzyme elevations. Optimal management should incorporate both strategies.
Non-Linear Semantic Embedding for Organizing Large Instrument Sample Libraries

Though tags and metadata may provide rich indicators of relationships between high-level concepts like songs, artists or even genres, verbal descriptors lack the fine-grained detail necessary to capture acoustic nuances necessary for efficient retrieval of sounds in extremely large sample libraries. To these ends, we present a flexible approach titled Non-linear Semantic Embedding (NLSE), capable of projecting high-dimensional time-frequency representations of musical instrument samples into a low-dimensional, semantically-organized metric space. As opposed to other dimensionality reduction techniques, NLSE incorporates extrinsic semantic information in learning a projection, automatically learns salient acoustic features, and generates an intuitively meaningful output space.
The canonical test case for the non-commutative Singer&#8211;Wermer conjecture

It is a famous conjecture that every derivation on each Banach algebra leaves every primitive ideal of the algebra invariant. This conjecture is known to be true if, in addition, the derivation is assumed to be continuous. It is also known to be true if the algebra is commutative, in which case the derivation necessarily maps into the (Jacobson) radical. Because I. M. Singer and J. Wermer originally raised the question in 1955 for the case of commutative Banach algebras, the conjecture is now usually referred to as the non-commutative Singer-Wermer conjecture (the non-commutative situation being the unresolved case). In a previous paper we demonstrated that if the conjecture fails for some non-commutative Banach algebra with discontinuous derivation, then it fails for at most finitely many primitive ideals, and each of these primitive ideals must be of finite codimension. In this paper we first show that one can make an additional reduction of any counter-example to the simplest case of a non-commutative radical Banach algebra with identity adjoined and discontinuous derivation D such that D does not leave the (Jacobson) radical (which is of codimension one) invariant. Second, we show that this radical Banach algebra with identity adjoined has a formal power series quotient of the form A0[[t]] based at an element t in the radical which is mapped to an invertible element by the discontinuous derivation. Finally, we specialize to the case of a separable Banach algebra and show that the pre-image of the algebra A0 is a unital subalgebra which is not an analytic set. In particular, this shows that A0 cannot be countably generated.
Electron channelling study of fracture in alumina: evidence for crack-tip plasticity

The fracture surfaces of aluminum oxide specimens broken in bending are examined using selected-area electron channelling. The distorted electron channelling patterns which result are interpreted as possible evidence of crack-tip plasticity. The relationship of these findings to earlier experiments is discussed.
Corrosion Fatigue of Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys

Abstract The fatigue properties of commercially pure nickel, Ni-28Mo alloy, and Ni-16Cr-16Mo-4W alloy are established in air. The fatigue properties of nickel are affected by exposure to aqueous en...
Arsenate capacities of copper smelting slags

The arsenate capacity model, based on the Reddy-Blander model, was developed for copper smelting slags. The arsenate capacities of FeO-SiO2, CaO-SiO2, MgO-SiO2, FeO-FeO1.5-CuO0.5-MgO-SiO2, and FeO-FeO1.5-CuO0.5-CaO-MgO-SiO2 slags in equilibrium with different grades of copper mattes (21 to 79 wt pct Cu) at 1573 K were studied. The calculated arsenate capacities using the RB model in copper slags a priori is in very good agreement with the available experimental data. The results show that the calculated arsenate capacities for these slags are found to be directly related to two independent experimental quantities: the equilibrium constant K of the arsenate forming reaction 2/3;MO (1)+As (1)+5/4O2 (g)=M3/2AsO4 (l, s), and the activity of the base metal oxides in the binary MO-SiO2 slags. Furthermore, this arsenate capacity model can be used for a priori prediction of arsenic behavior in a wide range of slag and matte composition, temperature, and \(p_{SO_2 } \) in copper smelting conditions. Such predictions are very useful in understanding the behavior of arsenic in the current and eventually future nonferrous metal processes.
Comparison of treatment with imipenem vs. ceftazidime as a predisposing factor for nosocomial acquisition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia : A historical cohort study

Imipenem is considered to confer greater risk for the acquisition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia than are other beta-lactam antibiotics. We conducted a historical cohort study to directly compare the risks of S. maltophilia acquisition in patients treated with imipenem vs. ceftazidime during a 2-year period; 843 hospitalizations of 759 patients treated with ceftazidime (465 hospitalizations), imipenem (294), or both agents (84) were included. Acquisition, as measured by clinical detection, occurred in 24 hospitalizations. Rates of acquisition did not significantly differ between the imipenem and ceftazidime groups (3.7 vs. 7.1 cases per 10,000 patients days; P = .2). In contrast, patients treated with both agents had higher acquisition rates (19 cases per 10,000 patient days; P = .002). Thus, patients treated with imipenem are not at significantly higher risk for S. maltophilia acquisition than those treated with ceftazidime. The excessive risk for patients treated with both agents may be related in part to longer antibiotic therapy and a longer hospital stay.
Polyalkylthiophenes with the smallest bandgap and the highest intrinsic conductivity

Abstract The physical properties (electrical absorptions, bandgaps, electroconductivities) of a completely regioregular head-to-tail polyalkylthiophene and a totally regiorandom isopolymer are reported. The regioregular polyalkylthiophenes exhibit, to date, the smallest bandgap (1.7 eV) and the highest intrinsic conductivity (10−6 S/cm for undoped polymer) of polyalkylthiophenes. The bandgap is 0.3–0.5 eV lower than that of normal polyalkylthiophenes (2.0–2.2 eV) and the intrinsic conductivity is three orders of magnitude higher than that of normal polyalkylthiophenes (10−9–10−10 S/cm). The regioregular polymer also exhibits a large iodine-doped conductivity (average 1350 S/cm) of polymer film. A bipolaron gap state is generated in the iodine-doped regioregular polyalkylthiophene film by chemical oxidation, while it fails for the regiorandom polyalkylthiophene.
Clinical Preventive Medicine in Primary Care: Background and Practice: 2. Delivering Primary Preventive Services

Strategies to incorporate preventive services into primary care settings have been underutilized. The first component of delivering preventive services in the primary care setting is the health risk assessment followed by establishment of practice guidelines and protocols for preventive services—who is eligible for what service (based on age, sex, and other clinical characteristics) and when. A computerized reminder system can be useful to track past and currently due preventive services for each patient and can also serve as a follow-up system for test results. Well-trained paramedical personnel can perform appropriate patient counseling and education. The goal of counseling and education is to change patient behavior. The first step in this difficult process is once again to ascertain health risks and then to determine the patient's stage of readiness—defined as precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The counselor assists in identification of target behavior, advocates and commends behavior change, reinforces health benefits of behavior change, offers resources, strategies, and support, and creates a plan of action and monitoring mechanisms. Improved implementation of preventive services in primary care could have a major impact on the health of the population.
Origin of organic matter in early solar system—V. Further studies of meteoritic hydrocarbons and a discussion of their origin

The Murchison meteorite contains aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons similar to those made in static Fischer-Tropsch-type syntheses. Principal compound classes above C8 are n-alkanes, mono- and dimethylalkanes, alkenes, alkylbenzenes and -naphthalenes. Below C8, n-alkanes are virtually absent; instead, benzene, toluene, branched alkanes dominate. The CH4/C2H6 ratio is greater than 30, possibly greater than 700. Isoprenoids from C17 to C20 occur in a surface rinse but not in subsequent extracts and appear to be terrestrial contaminants. Thiophenes, porphyrin-like pigments, and chlorobenzenes were also found; the latter appear to be contaminants. In the Allende meteorite, only methane, benzene, toluene and an aromatic polymer seem to be indigeneous. A comprehensive review of current evidence shows that Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions can account for most principal features of meteorite organic matter.
Modeling gas diffusion into metals with a moving-boundary phase transformation

A fixed-grid, finite-difference model is developed to investigate the moving-boundary phase transformation that occurs during gas charging or discharging from finite specimens. The model is developed in a nondimensional form, and solutions are calculated for plane sheets, cylinders, and spheres. Numerical predictions are compared with existing analytical solutions, as well as experimental data for the β/α transformation of titanium induced by diffusion of oxygen from the surface of a plane sheet. Finally, a parametric study is performed to elucidate the effect of several input parameters on phase transformation kinetics, and simple empirical relations for the transformation time are developed based on this study.
Designing an emergent culture of negotiation in collaborative virtual communities: the case of the DomeCityMOO

In Beyond Culture, anthropologist Edward T. Hall indicated that "culture is the total communication framework" comprised of words, actions, nonverbal behaviors, the handling of time, space, and materials, world view, beliefs, and attitudes passed over time from generation to generation. Culture often serves as a perceptual filter with which we determine that which is important to us, and that which is not. In many ways, it is necessary to unlearn the lessons of culture in order to effectively communicate with others whom we perceive to be different from ourselves. Some readers might recall the 'golden rule' which states--treat others the way you would like to be treated. In fact, when engaging in an intercultural interaction, this rule is precisely what one wants to avoid. It is more useful to consider the following as a rule of thumb--treat others as they would have you treat them, not as you would like to be treated. To this end, effective intercultural communication cannot successfully occur without collaboration, the co-creation of meaning, and negotiation. I define intercultural communication as the exchange, and co-creation, of information and meanings by individuals or groups when at least one party perceives itself to be different from others. Collaborative virtual environments (CVE) offer unique opportunities to begin anew--and experiment with unlearning the lessons, or biases, of culture to ultimately foster more equitable communication.
Safe Driving for Hemiparetics

This article attempts to clarify the main physical and psychological factors which need to be considered when advising a person recovering from a CVA about his readiness to return to driving. Recognising the importance of this skill to the leading of a full and active life, the article stresses the need for a comprehensive series of tests on the patient. Once these have been successfully completed, appropriate modifications to the vehicle can be made and these are also detailed. The article acknowledges the change of attitude to disabled drivers by the community and mentions measures taken with regard to parking and access.
Nucleation and growth mechanism of CdTe at polycrystalline gold surfaces analysed through Δm/t simulation transients

The nucleation and growth mechanisms of cadmium telluride have been investigated in aqueous H2SO4 solution using polycrystalline gold as substrate. Using cyclic voltammetry as a reference, a series of potential steps experiments were performed in order to simulate the corresponding j/t experimental transients that gave only a current decay proportional to t−1/2. Conducting the potential steps in an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) allowed recording Δm/t transients that were potential dependent. Introducing some modifications in the classic equations of the nucleation and growth models, these transients gave information about the mechanism of CdTe electrocrystallization. It is proposed that the initial process is associated with the nucleation and growth of the Te islands followed by fast formation of Cd islands and that CdTe is formed through the slow diffusion of these islands. The slow rate of this process was evidenced through the time elapsed before observing a cathodic photocurrent when the electrode surface was illuminated. Gold surface has an influence on the nucleation mechanism favouring the instantaneous over the progressive, specially at more negative values of the final potential step. These results show that Δm/t transient simulations are a suitable tool for studying NGM when convolution of the classical j/t transients does not allow extraction of the appropriate information.
High-pressure density and viscosity of polystyrene solutions in methylcyclohexane

Abstract High-pressure density and viscosity data of polystyrene solutions in methylcyclohexane have been generated at 340, 360, 380 and 400 K using a falling-cylinder type viscometer up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted with two different molecular weight polystyrene samples ( M w =50 000 and 700 000) in the concentration ranges of 3–14 wt.% (for M w =50 000) and 1–5 wt.% (for M w =700 000). Isothermal density and viscosity of these solutions increased linearly with pressure in all the concentration ranges investigated. The flow activation volume and flow activation energy of the polymer solutions were in the range of 29–55 cm 3 mol −1 and 7–10 kJ mol −1 , respectively. It was found that the activation volume increased with temperature, and the activation energy decreased with pressure. Viscosity was correlated with density employing a Doolittle type equation η = A exp[ B /(1− V 0 ρ )]. The estimated closed packed volumes ( V 0 ) from these correlations were in the range of 0.66–0.72 cm 3 g −1 for these solutions.
An Examination of Factors Affecting Audit Practice Development

In this study, we examine the possibility that audit managers' judgments may be affected by practice development objectives. Given the competitive nature of public accounting, the extent to which auditors are inclined to be aggressive in the domain of practice development may be a function of their superiors' preferences. This study builds on the exploratory work of Hooks, Cheramy, and Sinich 1994 and Asare, Hackenbrack, and Knechel 1994 by examining the delicate balance that exists between a public accounting firm's need to “grow its business” and its need to maintain its objectivity and professionalism. An experiment is conducted to determine whether the auditor's willingness to tender a bid on an engagement is affected by (1) the nature of the auditor-auditee relationship (i.e., do existing clients receive the same treatment as potential clients?), or (2) the audit partner's aggressiveness with respect to practice development, which also includes elements of ethics and competence. Seventy-four audit managers from two Big-Six firms participated in the study. The results indicate that the type of client (current or potential) and the type of partner (more or less aggressive with respect to practice development) significantly affected the auditors' judgments. Specifically, subjects in the “current client” condition, as well as those who are accountable to a more aggressive partner, are more likely to recommend bidding for the client. The experimental results of this study are based on a case where the client was proposing a relatively aggressive position with respect to accounting for research and development (R&D) costs. Our findings also suggest that the judgements related to bidding on the client are not independent of the auditor's willingness to accept the client's accounting treatment. These results also provide further evidence that the influence of accountability is important in the professional audit environment.