cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Characteristics of Hydrophobic Partial Agonist Probes of the Cholecystokinin Receptor

Fluorescence spectroscopic studies are powerful tools for the evaluation of receptor structure and the dynamic changes associated with receptor activation. Here, we have developed two chemically distinct fluorescent probes of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor by attaching acrylodan or a nitrobenzoxadiazole moiety to the amino terminus of a partial agonist CCK analogue. These two probes were able to bind to the CCK receptor specifically and with high affinity, and were able to elicit only submaximal intracellular calcium responses typical of partial agonists. The fluorescence characteristics of these probes were compared with those previously reported for structurally-related full agonist and antagonist probes. Like the previous probes, the partial agonist probes exhibited longer fluorescence lifetimes and increased anisotropy when bound to the receptor than when free in solution. The receptor-bound probes were not easily quenched by potassium iodide, suggesting that the fluorophores were protected from the extracellular aqueous milieu. The fluorescence characteristics of the partial agonist probes were quite similar to those of the analogous full agonist probes and quite distinct from the analogous antagonist probes. These data suggest that the partially activated conformational state of this receptor is more closely related to its fully active state than to its inactive state.
A sigmoid approximation of the standard normal integral

Abstract This paper presents a simple sigmoid function for approximation of cumulative standard normal probabilities. The approximation has an error of ±0.000043 for −8 ≤ Z ≤ 8.
The effects of in vitro and ex vitro root initiation on subsequent microcutting root quality in three woody plants

In vitro- and ex vitro-rooted microcuttings of Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’, Betula nigra L., and Malux x- domestica Borkh ‘McIntosh’ were distinguished by several important anatomical and morphological properties which continued to regulate both root system and whole plant quality in later stages of production. In vitro microcuttings formed adventitious roots in greater number and more quickly than ex vitro microcuttings. Roots produced in vitro were characterized by extremely enlarged cortical cells and, consequently, had a much greater diameter than ex vitro roots. However, the vascular system of in vitro roots was underdeveloped (primary vascular tissues only) as compared to ex vitro roots, which produced vascular cambium and secondary growth during the same early stage of production. At least 50% of the post-transplant in vitro adventitious roots either died immediately, or temporarily persisted during acclimatization without producing any further growth. For the surviving in vitro-produced roots, the cortex partially collapsed after transplant, and new root extensions with ex vitro-like structure were produced. Only then did the in vitro portion of the root begin to form secondary vascular tissues. Shoots from in vitro treatments continued to grow vigorously during adventitious root initiation and during acclimatization, so that the plants were significantly taller and had a greater shoot area than those receiving comparable ex vitro rooting treatment. In vitro rooting led to a horizontal root morphology which continued to distinguish these treatments from ex vitro rooted plants during later stages of production, when anatomical differences in the roots could no longer be detected.
A more “level” mean sea surface height near Australia

The mean sea level (MSL) around Australia may appear to slope from north to south when compared to the geoid—the mean sea level if Earth's oceans were devoid of currents. Heights measured on land relative to MSL exhibit the same north to south slope. The supposed tilt around Australia, however, could just be an artifact of unaccounted for properties of the ocean itself, a new study finds. The apparent southward slope in mean sea level along the Australian coastline was recognized as early as 1971, but the cause was not immediately apparent. Assigning a zero height to the MSL from 30 tide gauges around Australia has resulted in a slope of the Australian Height Datum (AHD) with respect to the geoid. At present, AHD serves as the datum for all mapping and height measurements in the Australian continent. Since its inception, AHD has been controversial, owing to errors and the resultant inconsistencies in the measurement of MSL and the techniques used to level the continent.
Plasma Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate Is Inversely Associated with Systemic Markers of Inflammation in a Population of U.S. Adults

Low vitamin B-6 status, based on plasma concentrations of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), has been identified in inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes. Our objective was to examine the association between plasma PLP and multiple markers of inflammation in a community-based cohort [n = 2229 participants (55% women, mean age 61 ± 9 y)]. We created an overall inflammation score (IS) as the sum of standardized values of 13 individual inflammatory markers. Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis was used to assess the associations between the IS and plasma PLP. Geometric mean plasma PLP concentrations were lower in the highest tertile category of IS relative to the lowest (61 vs. 80 nmol/L; P-trend < 0.0001). Similarly, the prevalence of PLP insufficiency was significantly higher for participants in the highest compared with the lowest tertiles for IS categories. These relationships persisted after accounting for vitamin B-6 intake. Also, there were significant inverse relationships between plasma PLP and 4 IS based on functionally related markers, including acute phase reactants, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress. In addition, secondary analyses revealed that many of the individual inflammatory markers were inversely associated with plasma PLP after adjusting for plasma C-reactive protein concentration. This study, in combination with past findings, further supports our hypothesis that inflammation is associated with a functional deficiency of vitamin B-6. We discuss 2 possible roles for PLP in the inflammatory process, including tryptophan metabolism and serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity.
An analysis of criteria used by VA clinicians to diagnose combat-related PTSD

The diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were consensually derived from the expert opinions of a small group of DSM-III-R Task Force and advisory committee members. In this study, 448 psychiatrists and psychologists were surveyed to assess their opinions of the criteria they utilize to assign a diagnosis of PTSD to veterans of war. The various DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD were perceived by clinicians as being differentially useful in making diagnostic judgments. Evidence of exposure to traumatic stress and symptoms of reexperiencing the trauma were consistently rated as more influential than criteria of avoidance/numbing and increased arousal. Moreover, symptoms that are directly ascribed to the traumatic event were rated more influential than those not directly referenced to the traumatic experience. Clinicians report they utilize supplemental information that extends beyond the DSM-III-R criteria to diagnose PTSD, and that this information is as important as many official DSM-III-R symptom criteria.
Developing learning communities of new students to increase retention

The Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Kansas State University introduced New Student Assembly for freshman and transfer students in fall 2005 as part of a department level reform (DLR) planning project funded by the National Science Foundation. The main goal of this two-semester course is to provide a friendly atmosphere to students to ease their transition into college life, learn about the department, and make friends with peers and seniors within the department. The ultimate objective is to provide better connection with the department to the new students to increase retention. The department head and nine upper-class students, who perform the role of mentors for the new students, facilitate the assembly, which is held once a month during each semester. The mentors also met twice in a semester outside the class with students in their assigned group for a fun activity of their choice, such as bowling, pool, or ice cream social. This activity provides time for further interactions in a relaxed atmosphere. During the assembly several icebreaking interactive activities and discussions on learning styles and myths and realities of being an engineering student are conducted. Other activities include short presentations by student groups and selected industry representatives. The students are also given an on-line questionnaire about the department and a group exercise of meeting their advisor. Teams of students build a robot to perform certain specified tasks from the "Lego Mindstormstrade" kit during the second semester. These teams compete with each other during the all university open house in April. Details of all the activities conducted, feedback received from students, and retention data showing effectiveness of the assembly are presented in this paper.
Secretion of Genome-Free Hepatitis B Virus – Single Strand Blocking Model for Virion Morphogenesis of Para-retrovirus

As a para-retrovirus, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded (DS) DNA genome that is replicated by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate, the pregenomic RNA or pgRNA. HBV assembly begins with the formation of an “immature” nucleocapsid (NC) incorporating pgRNA, which is converted via reverse transcription within the maturing NC to the DS DNA genome. Only the mature, DS DNA-containing NCs are enveloped and secreted as virions whereas immature NCs containing RNA or single-stranded (SS) DNA are not enveloped. The current model for selective virion morphogenesis postulates that accumulation of DS DNA within the NC induces a “maturation signal” that, in turn, triggers its envelopment and secretion. However, we have found, by careful quantification of viral DNA and NCs in HBV virions secreted in vitro and in vivo, that the vast majority of HBV virions (over 90%) contained no DNA at all, indicating that NCs with no genome were enveloped and secreted as empty virions (i.e., enveloped NCs with no DNA). Furthermore, viral mutants bearing mutations precluding any DNA synthesis secreted exclusively empty virions. Thus, viral DNA synthesis is not required for HBV virion morphogenesis. On the other hand, NCs containing RNA or SS DNA were excluded from virion formation. The secretion of DS DNA-containing as well as empty virions on one hand, and the lack of secretion of virions containing single-stranded (SS) DNA or RNA on the other, prompted us to propose an alternative, “Single Strand Blocking” model to explain selective HBV morphogenesis whereby SS nucleic acid within the NC negatively regulates NC envelopment, which is relieved upon second strand DNA synthesis.
Analysis of application-aware on-chip routing under traffic uncertainty

Application-aware routing exploits static knowledge of an application's traffic pattern to improve performance compared to general-purpose routing algorithms. Unfortunately, traditional approaches to application-aware routing cannot efficiently handle dynamic changes in the traffic pattern limiting its usefulness in practice. In this paper, we study application-aware routing under traffic uncertainty. Our problem formulation allows an application to statically specify an uncertainty set of traffic patterns that each occur with a given probability, and our goal is to find a single set of combined routes that will enable high-performance across all of these traffic patterns. We show how efficient combined routes can be found for this problem using convex optimization. These combined routes are optimal when the performance for every traffic pattern using the combined routes is the same as the performance using routes that are specialized for just that traffic pattern. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for when our optimization framework will find optimal combined routes. We use theoretical and numerical analysis for the important class of permutation traffic patterns to quantify how often optimal combined routes exist and to determine the performance loss when optimal combined routes are infeasible. Finally, we use a cycle-level simulator that includes realistic pipeline latencies, arbitration, and buffered flow-control to study the latency and throughput of combined routes compared to specialized routes and routes generated using general-purpose routing algorithms. The theoretical analysis, numerical analysis, and simulation results in this paper provide a first step towards more flexible application-aware routing.
Survival after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis: Analysis of preoperative risk factors

Objective Prognostic factors for survival after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis for functionally single ventricle are not well defined. We analyzed preoperative hemodynamic and echocardiographic data to determine risk factors for death or transplantation at least 1 year after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Methods Data for all patients who underwent bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis before 5 years of age at our institution from September 1995 through June 2005 were analyzed. Available preoperative echocardiograms and catheterizations were reviewed. Survivors were compared with those who died or underwent transplantation. Bivariable associations between demographic and clinical risk factors and survival status (alive without transplantation vs dead or transplanted) were assessed with Wilcoxon rank sum test and χ 2 or Fisher exact tests. Survival functions were constructed with Kaplan–Meier estimates, and event times compared between subgroups with log–rank tests. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used for multivariable modeling of risk of death or transplantation. Results One hundred sixty-seven patients underwent bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis with hemi-Fontan (n = 62) or bidirectional Glenn (n = 105) operations. Three patients died before discharge, 11 died later, and 1 has undergone transplantation. Freedom from death or transplantation after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis was 96% at 1 year and 89% at 5 years. Multivariable analysis of preoperative variables showed atrioventricular valve regurgitation to be an independent risk factor for death or transplantation (hazard ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1–7.1, P = .02). Conclusion Although survival after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis is high, preoperative atrioventricular valve regurgitation is an important risk factor for death or transplantation.
“In-Determinacy” in Science and Discourse: A Rhetoric of Disciplinary Levels:

Research and writing often begin with a play of determinacy and indeterminacy, or in-determinacy Do. Other disciplinary levels include invention and presuppositions D 1 , formal findings D 2 , and technical and media products D3. This rhetorical approach leads, here, to identifying levels and relationships; tracing cross-disciplinary information and dominant influences; applying the results to specific cases in science, literary criticism, ethics, and technical writing; thus, suggesting a typology for furthering such dialogue.
Large area mosaic films of graphene–titania: self-assembly at the liquid–air interface and photo-responsive behavior

Photo-responsive graphene–titania composite nanofilms were formed via evaporative induced self-assembly at the air–liquid interface from the UV-photo-reduction of titania–graphene oxide colloidal solutions.
Multi-faceted approaches to understanding changes in wildlife and livelihoods in a protected area: a conservation case study from the Central African Republic

Commercialized hunting and trade of wildlife are the largest threats to mammal populations and human livelihoods in the Congo Basin. It is widely recognized that the lives of humans and wildlife in this region are inextricably intertwined. However, few studies have attempted to integrate both human and wildlife dimensions using ethnographic data to better contextualize the trade and its ecological impacts. This paper outlines a methodological approach that combines ethnographic research, ecological line transects and market surveys in the Dzanga Sangha Reserve (Central African Republic). Results from each research component are reported separately in order to provide examples of how each would answer specific questions about the status of wildlife populations and the scale of hunting within a protected area. The integrated analysis of ethnographic, market and ecological datasets clarifies synergistic impacts operating in the region and provides a more nuanced understanding of changes in both the forest and the market based on information gleaned from hunting practices and hunter interviews. This research demonstrates the potential pitfalls of using a singular approach to make recommendations on complex human-environment issues. Such cross-disciplinary mixed-methods approaches will further understandings of dynamic wildlife populations and forge more informed environmental policy recommendations.
The impact of hospital-based skilled nursing facility closures on rehospitalizations.

Faced with increasing medical care costs, policy makers introduced prospective payment systems (PPSs) for Medicare reimbursement of hospitals in 1983, skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) in 1998, and finally home health care agencies in 2000. In the years following the introduction of hospital PPS in 1983, many hospitals responded to incentives to reduce inpatient length of stay by purchasing skilled nursing facilities or establishing a skilled unit in an unused wing or on the grounds of the hospital (Bishop and Dubay 1991; Manton, Stallard, and Woodbury 1994). As these facilities were reimbursed on a cost basis, hospitals faced few financial constraints to owning a SNF, although they were substantially more costly than freestanding nursing homes (Schlenker, Shaughnessy, and Yslas 1983; Zimmerman et al. 2008). However, since the introduction of PPS for SNFs in 1998, SNFs are reimbursed based on the average cost of treating patients with certain needs and characteristics. As a result, hospitals lost their incentive to own SNFs and by 2008 only some 1,000 hospital-based facilities continued to operate, compared to around 2,500 a decade earlier (Kitchener, Bostrom, and Harrington 2004; Feng et al. 2011). The goal of this study is to understand the impact of this market response to policy changes on the rate of rehospitalization of SNF patients over the period of SNF PPS implementation and its aftermath (1999–2006). Over 40 percent of all Medicare fee-for-service hospitalizations are discharged to a postacute care setting and about 20 percent of them are rehospitalized within 30 days (Jencks et al., 2009). Mor and colleagues (2010) found that the rate of rehospitalization from SNF has been growing over the last decade and is higher than the overall rate of rehospitalization of all Medicare patients. These hospitalizations are known to be frequent (Intrator et al. 2007), costly (Grabowski, O'Malley, and Barhydt 2007), and often preventable (Saliba et al. 2000; Intrator, Zinn, and Mor 2004). MedPAC has identified the rehospitalization of Medicare residents as a particularly salient measure of postacute nursing home quality (Donelan-McCall et al. 2006). This study focuses on the local SNF market, seeking to determine how closure of hospital-based (HB) facilities in a given market affects the outcomes experienced by the population of SNF patients. More specifically, we used zip code as our unit of analysis and show how change in both types of SNF bed supply affects the rehospitalization of SNF patients within a zip code. Our analysis estimates the effect of exogenous changes in the supply of beds in a given area. The number of SNF facilities has been targeted by both federal policies (like BBA or Medicare and Medicaid certification) and state policies (like the requirement of Certification of Need [CON] to open up new facilities or increase the number of beds). Thus, this study not only estimates the aggregate effect of the closure of HB facilities but also informs policy makers about the possible impact of any policies that may affect the bed supply.
The level of cholinergic nucleus basalis activation controls the specificity of auditory associative memory

Learning involves not only the establishment of memory per se, but also the specific details of its contents. In classical conditioning, the former concerns whether an association was learned while the latter discloses what was learned. The neural bases of associativity have been studied extensively while neural mechanisms of memory specificity have been neglected. Stimulation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis (NBs) paired with a preceding tone induces CS-specific associative memory. As different levels of acetylcholine may be released naturally during different learning situations, we asked whether the level of activation of the cholinergic neuromodulatory system can control the degree of detail that is encoded and retrieved. Adult male rats were tested pre- and post-training for behavioral responses (interruption of ongoing respiration) to tones of various frequencies (1–15 kHz, 70 dB, 2 s). Training consisted of 200 trials/day of tone (8.0 kHz, 70 dB, 2 s) either paired or unpaired with NBs (CS-NBs = 1.8 s) at moderate (65.7 ± 9.0 μA, one day) or weak (46.7 ± 12.1 μA, three training days) levels of stimulation, under conditions of controlled behavioral state (pre-trial stable respiration rate). Post-training (24 h) responses to tones revealed that moderate activation induced both associative and CS-specific behavioral memory, whereas weak activation produced associative memory lacking frequency specificity. The degree of memory specificity 24 h after training was positively correlated with the magnitude of CS-elicited increase in γ activity within the EEG during training, but only in the moderate NBs group. Thus, a low level of acetylcholine released by the nucleus basalis during learning is sufficient to induce associativity whereas a higher level of release enables the storage of greater experiential detail. γ waves, which are thought to reflect the coordinated activity of cortical cells, appear to index the encoding of CS detail. The findings demonstrate that the amount of detail in memory can be directly controlled by neural intervention.
Temperture dependance of the reaction OH + SO2 + M → HSO3 + M FOR M = Ar AND SF6

Abstract Absolute rate constants k1bi have been determined, using a flash-photolysis— resonance-fluorescence technique, for the atmospherically important reaction of OH radicals with SO2 for M = Ar and SF6 over the temperature range 298–424 K at total pressures from 98–653 Torr. At ≈650 Torr total pressure, the Arrhenius expressions kbi1(M = Ar) = 1.16 × 10−14 × exp[ (2370 ± 300) RT ] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, kbi1(M = SF6) = 1.27 × 10−1 exp[ (1495± 300) RT ] cm3 molecule−1s−1 were obtained where the (negative) activation energies are in cal/mole. The rate constants at 298 K. and ≈650 Torr are k1bi(M = Ar) = (6.49 ± 0.84) × 10−13 cm−3 molecule−1 s−1 and kbi1(M = SF6) = (1.61 ± 0.22) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. A value of k1bi(M = N2) = 4.0 × 10−13 exp( 1900 RT ) cm3 molecule−1 s−1at approximately atmospheric pressure was estimated from these results with kbi1(M = N2) = 1.0 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at ≈650 Torr total pressure and 298 K, in good agreement with a recent evaluation.
Estimating implementation bounds for real time DSP application specific circuits

This paper discusses techniques for estimating implementation bounds on computational resources and their role in the high-level synthesis process. Accurate estimations can be extremely useful in a multitude of synthesis operations, such as algorithm and architecture selection, design space search, module selection, transformations, allocation, assignment, and scheduling. Several techniques to efficiently estimate sharp minimum and maximum bounds on the resource requirements of a hardware implementation are discussed. The performance of the algorithms as well as their applications is analyzed using an extensive benchmark set. The proposed techniques have been implemented in the HYPER synthesis system. >
Characterization of null mutants of the RAD55 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects of temperature, osmotic strength and mating type.

RAD55 belongs to a group of genes required for resistance to ionizing radiation, RAD50-RAD57, which are thought to define a pathway of recombinational repair. Since all four alleles of RAD55 are temperature conditional (cold sensitive) for their radiation phenotype, we investigated the phenotype produced by null mutations in the RAD55 gene, constructed in vitro and transplaced to the yeast chromosome. The X-ray sensitivity of these null mutant strains was surprisingly suppressed by increased temperature, osmotic strength of the growth medium and heterozygosity at the mating-type locus. These first two properties, temperature conditionality and osmotic remediability, are commonly associated with missense mutations; these rad55 null mutants are unique in that they exhibit these properties although the mutant gene cannot be expressed. X-ray-induced mitotic recombination was also cold sensitive in rad55 mutant diploids. Although mitotic growth was unaffected in these strains, meiosis was a lethal event at both high and low temperatures. Whereas the phenotype of rad55 null mutants is consistent with a role of RAD55 in recombination and recombinational repair, there is evidence for considerable RAD55-independent recombination, at least in mitotic cells, which is influenced by temperature and MAT . We discuss models for the role of RAD55 in recombination to explain the unusual properties of rad55 mutants.
The Role of the Parent Compound Vitamin D with Respect to Metabolism and Function: Why Clinical Dose Intervals Can Affect Clinical Outcomes

Context: There is no doubt that vitamin D must be activated to the hormonal form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to achieve full biological activity or that many tissues participate in this activation process—be it endocrine or autocrine. We believe that not only is 25-hydroxyvitamin D important to tissue delivery for this activation process, but also that intact vitamin D has a pivotal role in this process. Objective: In this review, evidence on the vitamin D endocrine/autocrine system is presented and discussed in relation to vitamin D-binding protein affinity, circulating half-lives, and enzymatic transformations of vitamin D metabolites, and how these affect biological action in any given tissue. Conclusions: Circulating vitamin D, the parent compound, likely plays an important physiological role with respect to the vitamin D endocrine/autocrine system, as a substrate in many tissues, not originally thought to be important. Based on emerging data from the laboratory, clinical trials, and data on circulating 2...
Impulse response of a fluxgate sensor--Application to lightning discharge location and measurement

The fluxgate magnetometer, which has been used for many years in the measurement of dc or low frequency magnetic fields, may also be adapted to the quantitative measurement of magnetic field impulses of short duration. The impulse is effectively stored in the sensor and read out during one or more excitation periods. This storage is accomplished by means of a shorted coil of suitable time constant wound around the sensor core. A possible application is the location and measurement of the amount of charge transfer in lightning flashes.
X band model of Venus atmosphere permittivity

[1] A model of Venus' atmosphere permittivity profile up to 300 km is developed in this paper for X band. The model includes both the real and imaginary parts of the atmospheric permittivity, derived using data sets inferred or directly measured from past exploration missions to Venus: the real part is obtained by calculating the total polarization of the mixture of the atmospheric components including CO2, N2, H2O, SO2, H2SO4, CO, etc.; the imaginary part is derived using the superposition of the absorption of each component. The properties of the atmospheric components such as polarization and absorption are modeled with respect to frequency, temperature, and pressure. The validity of this model is verified by comparing simulation results with available measurements of Venus' atmosphere. This permittivity model is intended as a critical tool for the design of next-generation orbiting radar systems, in particular interferometric radars.
Mortality in elderly patients after cervical spine fractures.

Background: Despite an increased risk of cervical spine fractures in older patients, little is known about the mortality associated with these fractures and there is no consensus on the optimal treatment. The purposes of this study were to determine the three-month and one-year mortality associated with cervical spine fractures in patients sixty-five years of age or older and to evaluate potential factors that may influence mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all cervical spine fractures in patients sixty-five years of age or older from 1991 to 2006 at two institutions. Information regarding age, sex, race, treatment type, neurological involvement, injury mechanism, comorbidity, and mortality were collected. Overall risk of mortality and mortality stratified by the above factors were calculated at three months and one year. Cox proportional-hazard regression was performed to identify independent correlates of mortality. Results: Six hundred and forty patients were included in our analysis. The mean age was eighty years (range, sixty-five to 101 years). Two hundred and ninety-four patients (46%) were male, and 116 (18%) were nonwhite. The risk of mortality was 19% at three months and 28% at one year. The effect of treatment on mortality varied with age at three months (p for interaction = 0.03) but not at one year (p for interaction = 0.08), with operative treatment being associated with less mortality for those between the ages of sixty-five and seventy-four years. A higher Charlson comorbidity score, male sex, and neurological involvement were all associated with increased risk of mortality. Conclusions: Operative treatment of cervical spine fractures is associated with a lower mortality rate at three months but not at one year postoperatively for patients between sixty-five and seventy-four years old at the time of fracture. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
High densities and depth-associated changes of epibenthic megafauna along the Aleutian margin from 2000–4200 m

The Aleutian margin is a dynamic environment underlying a productive coastal ocean and subject to frequent tectonic disturbance. In July 2004, we used over 500 individual bottom images from towed camera transects to investigate patterns of epibenthic megafaunal density and community composition on the contiguous Aleutian margin (53°N 163°W) at depths of 2000 m, 3200 m and 4200 m. We also examined the influence of vertical isolation on the megafaunal assemblage across a topographic rise at 3200 m, located 30 km from the main margin and elevated 800 m above the surrounding seafloor. In comparison to previous reports from bathyal and abyssal depths, megafaunal densities along the Aleutian margin were remarkably high, averaging 5.38 ± 0.43 (mean ± 1 standard error), 0.32 ± 0.02 to 0.43 ± 0.03 and 0.27 ± 0.01 individuals m -2 at 2000 m, 3200 m and 4200 m, respectively. Diversity at 2000 m was elevated by 15-30% over the deeper sites (3200-4200 m) depending on the metric, while evenness was depressed by ∼10%. Levels of richness and evenness were similar among the three deeper sites. Echinoderms were the most abundant phylum at each depth; ophiuroids accounted for 89% of individuals in photographs at 2000 m, echinoids were dominant at 3200 m (39%), and holothurians dominated at 4200 m (47%). We observed a 26% reduction in megafaunal density across the summit of the topographic rise relative to that documented on the continental slope at the same depth. However, the two communities at 3200 m were very similar in camposition. Together, these data support the modified 'archibenthal zone of transition' framework for slope community patterns with distinct communities along the middle and lower slope (the upper slope was not evaluated here). This study fills a geographical gap by providing baseline infarmation for a relatively pristine, high-latitude, deep-sea benthic ecosystem. As pressures grow for drilling, fishing and mining on high-latitude margins, such data can serve as a reference point for much-needed studies on the ecology, long-term dynamics, and anthropogenically induced change of these habitats.
Tutorial on agent-based modeling and simulation part 2: how to model with agents

Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) is a new approach to modeling systems comprised of interacting autonomous agents. ABMS promises to have far-reaching effects on the way that businesses use computers to support decision-making and researchers use electronic laboratories to do research. Some have gone so far as to contend that ABMS is a new way of doing science. Computational advances make possible a growing number of agent-based applications across many fields. Applications range from modeling agent behavior in the stock market and supply chains, to predicting the spread of epidemics and the threat of bio-warfare, from modeling the growth and decline of ancient civilizations to modeling the complexities of the human immune system, and many more. This tutorial describes the foundations of ABMS, identifies ABMS tool-kits and development methods illustrated through a supply chain example, and provides thoughts on the appropriate contexts for ABMS versus conventional modeling techniques.
Functional ontology artifacts : Existent and emergent knowledge

Ontologies have primarily been promoted to facilitate inter agent communication and knowledge reuse. There has not been as much emphasis on using ontologies to improve system quality. As a result, typically, ontology development, and verification and validation are treated as different stages in the life cycle. However, this paper argues that ontology design should include emergent knowledge that previously might only have been considered or generated at the time of verification and validation. Emergent knowledge differs from the existent knowledge that is typically included in ontologies. Existent variable knowledge is knowledge about variables that derives from the model of the variable being used, e.g., how is a conceptual variable measured. Emergent variable knowledge is knowledge about variables that emerges after variables have been named, e.g., cardinality, which variables interact with each other and how, e.g., independent and dependent variables. Much emergent knowledge can be used for verification and validation. Including emergent knowledge can facilitate the use of ontologies to design and build systems with fewer anomalies prior to testing.
Code transformations for energy-efficient device management

Energy conservation without performance degradation is an important goal for battery-operated computers, such as laptops and hand-held assistants. We study application-supported device management for optimizing energy and performance. In particular, we consider application transformations that increase device idle times and inform the operating system about the length of each upcoming, period of idleness. We use modeling and experimentation to assess the potential energy and performance benefits of this type of application support for a laptop disk. Furthermore, we propose and evaluate a compiler framework for performing the transformations automatically. Our main modeling results show that the transformations are potentially beneficial. However, our experimental results with six real laptop applications demonstrate that, unless applications are transformed, they cannot accrue any of the predicted benefits. In addition, they show that our compiler can produce almost the same performance and energy results as hand-modifying applications. Overall, we find that the transformations can reduce disk energy consumption from 55 percent to 89 percent with degradation in performance of at most 8 percent.
The Late Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry as a Drought-Induced Assemblage

Abstract A comprehensive taphonomic analysis has yielded a novel interpretation for one of the most famous dinosaur quarries in the world. The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry (CLDQ) traditionally has been interpreted as an attritional predator trap. This scenario is based largely on a remarkable 3:1 predator:prey ratio, dominated by the remains of the theropod Allosaurus fragilis. This study addresses the taphonomy of CLDQ by combining analyses of fossils and entombing sediments along with putative modern analogues. Thousands of bones have been excavated from CLDQ, representing at least 70 individual dinosaurs from a minimum of nine genera. The fossils occur in a 1-m-thick fine-grained calcareous mudstone interpreted as a floodplain ephemeral-pond deposit. The bones show minimal carnivore modification and surface weathering, whereas approximately 1/3 of the elements studied possess pre-depositional fractures and evidence of abrasion. The vast majority of elements are found horizontal to subhorizontal, wit...
Microfluidically Reconfigurable Metallized Plate Loaded Frequency-Agile RF Bandpass Filters

Microfluidically repositionable metallized plates have been recently introduced as a technique to realize frequency-agile bandpass filters with low insertion loss (IL) and wideband continuous frequency tunability. This paper utilizes a hybrid (circuit and electromagnetic simulation) model for time efficient simulations and introduces fourth-order bandpass filter designs for the first time to extend the applicability of the technique to higher order frequency-agile RF filter design. The paper introduces novel microfluidic channel and resonator configurations to demonstrate that the proposed filters can serve application specific footprint needs. By resorting to a selectively metallized plate approach, the reliability issue associated with synchronized movement of multiple metallized plates has been resolved. The filters are incorporated with micropumps to enable their automated control. Specifically, the concepts are demonstrated through design, fabrication, and testing of two fourth-order bandpass filters exhibiting different resonator arrangement layouts. The filters were measured to operate over $\sim $ 2:1 (60%) frequency tuning range (0.8 GHz –1.5 GHz) with better than 4.5 dB IL, $\sim $ 5% constant fractional bandwidth (FBW), and $>$ 40 dB out of band rejection implying a good agreement with the simulation based performance predictions. For the selected micropumps and investigated microfluidic channel layouts, the best tuning speed was measured to be 2.12 MHz per millisecond.
Small-Boat Harbor Development on the Pacific Coast

In order to develop chain of small-boat harbors along west coast, harbor characteristics, federal interest, benefit analysis, construction features, and shoreline considerations were examined; use of R.Y.Hudson’s design formula; factors for determining weight of stone required to resist design wave are side slopes, specific gravity of stone, and empirically developed K factor; several examples of light-draft harbors.
Cognitive Risks in Developmental Psychopathology

We review the dominant cognitive risks for several prevalent and impairing psychopathologies (depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders, and schizophrenia). We focus on central mental processes, including attention, memory, and executive functioning, alongside core cognitive products, including attributions, attitudes, rumination, and reappraisal. There is considerable evidence that both products and processes are associated with several psychopathologies, although there are gaps in coverage. Studies that have spanned different developmental periods, from childhood into adolescence and adulthood, suggest that cognitive influences are related to psychopathologies across the life span. In many cases, longitudinal studies indicate that cognitive factors, especially products, predict prospective elevations of psychopathology. We discuss points that emerged from this review and present future research directions: (1) developmental issues; (2) the integration of cognitive products and processes within cognitive/affective neuroscience and genetics frameworks; (3) transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific models of psychopathology; and (4) translational implications. Keywords: cognitive risks; attention; memory; executive functioning; cognitive styles; rumination; emotion regulation
The (Cue) Spaces Between: Teaching Shakespeare and Collaborative Writing

The early modern theatrical practice of cue script acting provided an actor with his character’s part—a long strip of paper wound in a roll on a baton—that consisted only of his character’s lines p...
Pleiotropy of Presenilins

Pleiotropy genes affect multiple and apparently unrelated phenotypes. Here we describe pleiotropy gene presenilins, mutations in which have been detected in three genetically heterogeneous diseases: early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease, familial or sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy, and familial hidradenitis suppurativa.
The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: Global climate change: a new type of environmental problem

Of all the environmental issues that have emerged in the past few decades, global climate change is the most serious, and the most difficult to manage. It is the most serious because of the severity of harms that it might bring. Many aspects of human society and well being – where we live, how we build, how we move around, how we earn our livings, and what we do for recreation – still depend on a relatively benign range of climatic conditions, even though this dependence has been reduced and obscured in modern industrial societies by their wealth and technology. We can see this dependence on climate in the economic harms and human suffering caused by the climate variations of the past century, such as the “El Nino” cycle and the multi-year droughts that occur in western North America every few decades. Climate changes projected for the twentyfirst century are much larger than these twentieth-century variations, and their human impacts are likely to be correspondingly greater. Projections of twentyfirst-century climate change are uncertain, of course. We will have much to say about scientific uncertainty and its use in policy debates, but one central fact about uncertainty is that it cuts both ways. If projected twentyfirst-century climate change is uncertain, then the actual changes might turn out to be smaller than we now project, or larger. Uncertainty about how the climate will actually change consequently makes the issue more serious, not less.
Below the Radar: Litigation and the Advancement of Same-Sex Parental Rights

This project explores the conditions under which court-focused strategies for pursuing civil rights successfully avoid backlash. Recent scholarship on the role of the judiciary in advancing the claims of disadvantaged groups has remained skeptical about the potential for court decisions to produce social change without confronting significant opposition. In the absence of the “sword and the purse” argue these scholars, judges and courts who attempt to advance the claims of unpopular minorities are vulnerable to opposition movements that can use majoritarian institutions such as the legislature or the ballot process to thwart these efforts. Scholars look to abortion, school desegregation, and most recently gay marriage to support their misgivings about judicially created civil rights (Rosenberg 1991, 2008). The project starts from the premise that much of the literature on backlash to court decisions ignores the many instances where disenfranchised minorities make measurable gains through the courts and have successfully withstood backlash. This literature, I argue, suffers from two problems. First, by focusing almost exclusively on constitutional issues, the scholars miss an opportunity to explore the transformative potential of statutory, administrative, or common law claims. (Melnick 1994) While large constitutional victories such as abortion and school desegregation are important examples of the courts’ foray into civil rights they are by no means representative. Second, and relatedly, in treating court-centered strategies as a one-size-fits-all approach, these scholars ignore many of the strategic choices made by interest groups and activists deliberately designed to avoid backlash. This paper, part of a larger project exploring several instances where interest groups and activists have deliberately adopted low profile strategies in concert with litigation to advance rights, focuses on efforts to protect relationships between gay and lesbian parents and their children. Advocates rely on specific frames and legal arguments to keep their issue off the public agenda, thereby diminishing the risk of backlash.
Cross-Reference Analysis of the History of Psychological Gerontology

This chapter will present a quantitative analysis of the history of psychological gerontology based upon the reconstructed flow of written information in reference networks. The large amount of wasted research efforts and the concurrent lack of investigations of significant issues leads us to question our concepts of research and theory, communication, and education, and more generally, our concept of the individual, society, and their development.
Kin Groups and Social Power at the Harris Site, Southwestern New Mexico

The Late Pithouse period in the Mimbres Mogollon region of southwestern New Mexico was a dynamic time during which many social changes occurred. One of the more significant of these changes appears to be related to the role of land-holding kin groups at some of the larger pithouse sites. We present bioarchaeological data from our recent excavations at the Harris Site in the Mimbres River Valley to illustrate that certain kin groups were gaining social power compared to others in the village. We discuss the reasons for these power differentials and the implications that they have for understanding the myriad other social changes occurring valley-wide at the end of the Pithouse period.
Treatment‐related determinants of survival in early‐stage (T1–2N0M0) oral cavity cancer: A population‐based study

Background National guidelines support both surgical and radiotherapy (RT) as initial treatment options for early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There remains limited data evaluating the survival outcomes of RT and the current practice patterns for these lesions. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 8274 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1988 to 2008 with T1 to T2N0M0 oral cavity SCC. Primary outcomes were 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Results Surgical therapy had significantly improved OS (140 months; p < .001) and DSS (217 months; p < .001) compared to surgery with adjuvant RT (104 and 163 months, respectively) and definitive RT (68 and 136 months, respectively). The use of radiation alone was associated with an increased T classification, hard palate, retromolar trigone primary site lesions, and advanced patient age. Conclusion Primary radiation without surgery continues to be used in a subset of early-stage oral cavity SCCs, in which it is associated with decreased OS and DSS. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 876–880, 2017