cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methane production from the catalyzed reaction of graphite and water vapor at low temperatures (500–600 K)

The steady-state production of methane from the catalyzed reaction of high-density graphite and water vapor at low temperatures (500-600 K) is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate placed on the graphite surface. The steady-state production of methane has a turnover frequency of 10/sup -3/ sec/sup -1/ at 522 K and as activation energy of 10 +/- 3 kcal/mole. Several other alkali hydroxides, lithium, sodium, and cesium hydroxide, all turned out to be good catalysts for the production of methane from water vapor and graphite. The surface composition and surface texture were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively.
Multi-instrument observations of an MSTID over Arecibo Observatory

The Penn State All-Sky Imager (PSASI) at Arecibo Observatory provides planar horizontal context to the vertical ionospheric profiles obtained by the Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR). Electric field measurements from the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite are mapped down geomagnetic field lines to the height of the airglow layer, allowing multi-instrument studies of field-aligned irregularities with radar, imager, and satellite. A Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (MSTID) was observed during such a conjunction near the December solstice of 2009.
Mapping of ribosomal protein S3 and internally nested snoRNA U15A gene to human chromosome 11q13.3–q13.5

Abstract The mammalian ribosome is a massive structure composed of 4 RNA species and about 80 different proteins. One of these ribosomal proteins, S3, appears to function not only in translation but also as an endonuclease in repair of UV-induced DNA damage. Moreover, the first intron of human RPS3 transcripts is processed to generate U15A, a small nucleolar RNA. We localized the nested RPS3/U15A genes to the immediate vicinity of D11S356 and D11S533 on human chromosome 11q13.3–q13.5 using a combination of somatic cell hybrid analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and YAC/STS content mapping. These findings add to the evidence that genes encoding ribosomal proteins are scattered about the human genome.
Deployment of extracellular matrix proteins in sea urchin embryogenesis.

The apical extracellular matrix of the sea urchin embryo, known as the hyaline layer (HL), is a multi-laminate organelle composed of at least 10 polypeptides. Although integrated into one ECM, HL proteins exhibit individual temporal and spatial dynamics throughout development. These molecules are stockpiled in the oocyte during vitellogenesis in at least four distinct vesicle populations. They are released onto the cell surface at fertilization in a specific order, and interact differentially with embryonic cells as development proceeds. Many experiments have suggested that the HL is vital for embryogenesis, but relatively little is known about the functions and interactions of its constituent molecules. The purpose of the present review has been to gather information on the basic characteristics of the known HL proteins together with data on their expression in the embryo, and where possible, their biological activities. Compiled, these observations may provide some insight into the workings of a uniquely embryonic organelle. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Perioperative Care for Advanced Rhinology Procedures

Successful outcomes in rhinologic surgery require careful endoscopic interventions, not only in the operating room, but also in the perioperative setting. In particular, meticulous postoperative care is essential to successful outcomes. This article reviews aspects of wound healing and perioperative care that can optimize surgical patency and clinical outcome.
Sibling composition and children's anthropometric indicators of nutritional status: Evidence from native Amazonians in Bolivia

Background: Siblings compete for parental resources. Little is known about how sibling composition (older sisters, older brothers, younger sisters, younger brothers) might affect child anthropometric indicators of nutritional status. Aim: This study evaluates the associations between sibling composition and child anthropometry using panel data from a native Amazonian society (Tsimane'). Methods: Anthropometry of ∼168 girls and 169 boys aged 2–9 years were measured annually during 2002–2007 (2360 observations). Children's weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), mid-upper arm muscle area (AMA) and triceps skin-fold thickness (TST) were regressed separately against all of the sibling composition variables while controlling for child's age and survey year. Multivariate panel linear regressions were used with individual, village, survey year and village-year fixed-effects, clustering by household. Results: Among girls, an additional older brother was associated with a 1.4% decrease...
Stress response and energy dissipation in a linear viscoelastic material under periodic triangular strain loading

A general equation is derived for the stress response of a linear viscoelastic material to periodic strain excitation at constant strain rates. The energy dissipated in any cycle, especially in a steady-state loop, is discussed. The results can be used to analyze test results in determining mechanical properties of polymers. A simple Maxwell model and a three-parameter Maxwell model are used to illustrate the calculation of stress response and energy dissipation under constant-strain-rate loading.
The moyamoya syndrome associated with irradiation of an optic glioma in children: Report of two cases and review of the literature

We report two cases of the moyamoya syndrome which became clinically apparent after irradiation of an optic glioma during childhood. A summary of 14 cases of this syndrome following irradiation of intracranial tumors is also presented. Nine of these cases were optic gliomas; five were found in children with neurofibromatosis, another disorder that has a strong association with the moyamoya syndrome. The effectiveness of irradiation of optic gliomas in childhood is not definitely established. The possibility of inducing serious vascular disease is a further reason for caution when considering irradiating these tumors.
The influence of wounding on nuclear characteristics of onion epidermis.

Although interference microscopy indicates that onion epidermal cells adjacent to cut margins decline in NDM (nuclear dry mass) by an average of 48%, the present study indicates no differences among nuclei beyond the nucleus of the second cell. Therefore, only nuclei of the extreme margin of cut tissue or internal nuclei exhibiting pycnotic symptoms (perhaps due to handling) need be avoided in sampling. This permits a greater proportion of a piece of tissue to be used in experimentation than was formerly considered feasible (Kulfinski and Pappelis 1975).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST FOR USE IN SELECTING NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL STUDENTS

During a three-year period the Educational Testing Service has carried on a research program for the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School for the purpose of developing a test to be used as part of the means of selecting students for the School. Three experimental test batteries have been developed during this period and tried out at the School. In addition, a five-part aptitude test was administered in 1948 “in the fleet” to applicants for admission to the School. All tests have been evaluated against criteria of academic success at the School, In addition, 1948 tests have been judged for effectiveness in predicting continuation at the School. Accumulated validation data led to the recommended test, which consists of Mathematics Aptitude, Advanced Mathematics, Physical Science and Engineering, Interpretation of Scientific Data, and Experimental Science sections. The recommended test can confidently be expected to be of significant value in determining which of the applicants are most likely to succeed in their work at the Postgraduate School.
Quantitative investigations of atomic processes on metal surfaces at atomic resolution

Abstract Using the atomic resolution of the field-ion microscope (FIM) and the single-atom identification capability of the time-of-flight atom-probe field-ion microscope, fundamental properties of solid surfaces can be investigated at atomic level. Atomic structures of many surface planes are fully resolved. The chemical composition of a surface can be determined with a single atomic layer spatial resolution. Several interactions of single surface atoms, which are basic to the understanding of many surface phenomena, such as the atom to substrate surface interaction, the adatom-adatom interaction, the adatom-impurity atom interaction, the adatom-plane edge interaction, etc. can all be studied in atomic details. The charge distribution of a single atom, as manifest in its dipole moment and polarizability, can also be studied. Great advantages of FIM investigations include the availability of atomically perfect surface planes, which can be prepared by field evaporation process, and the capability of a direct observation of the atomic images. Although some electronegative atoms cannot be imaged, the surface conditions and the state of the atoms can be characterized by the atom-probe. Basic principles and results of these single-atom FIM studies are presented and discussed.
Static electricity as a mechanism of bacterial transfer during endoscopic surgery

Background: During endoscopic surgery it is often difficult to describe the procedure based on the video screen image. To compensate, the surgeon may point to the monitor to define more exactly what is intended by the verbal cues. Experiments were conducted to determine if the electrostatic field of the monitor could serve as a mechanism of bacterial transfer from the video screen to the patient.
Annealing and thickness related performance and degradation of polymer solar cells

Abstract We investigated annealing and thickness related performance and degradation of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The devices were fabricated with slow drying for different active layer thicknesses (100–200 nm thick), followed by an identical thermal annealing. Photoinduced charge carrier generation and dissociation as well as series resistance were extracted from the device current–voltage characteristics and correlated to the active layer absorbance and morphology to understand the behavior of the fabricated devices. It was observed that with slow drying method the thickest absorber device had the highest efficiency but upon the followed thermal annealing it degraded while the thinnest one became substantially improved in performance. For the degraded device the charge carrier generation rate was found nearly unreduced, while the dissociation probability at maximum power voltage and series resistance largely deteriorated with thermal annealing. This implies a likely hampered charge transport and increased recombination losses with a discontinuation of the bi-phase networks caused by a further phase separation in the heat treatment. Thus, morphology control for effective charge transport appears crucial to the device performance and stability, and taking into account the active layer thickness effect in annealing is important.
Structure and magnetic properties of VOSO4

Abstract The structure of tetragonal α-VOSO4 has been determined from quantitative analysis of X-ray powder intensity data. It is isostructural with MoOPO4 and has chains of corner shared VO6 octahedra, parallel to the c axis, cross linked by corner shared tetrahedra. The vanadium is cooperatively displaced toward an oxygen to give a very short VO distance (1.63 A) characteristic of the vanadyl ion. The magnetic properties of α-VOSO4 and β-VOSO4 are different, the former appearing to be ferrimagnetic below about 4°K and the latter antiferromagnetic with TN = 25°K.
How to Make Wavelets

(1993). How To Make Wavelets. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 100, No. 6, pp. 539-556.
Pore Block of KCNQ1 Channels by Zn2+ is Modulated by Ancillary Subunits

The basolateral membrane K+ channel, KCNQ1 (KvLQT1, Kv7.1), plays a critical role in anion secretion by gastrointestinal tissues because it establishes an electrical driving force for anion exit. In secretory tissues, KCNQ1 associates with the KCNE3 ancillary subunit to form a voltage-insensitive K+ channel, whereas, in the heart, it associates with KCNE1 (minK) to form a voltage-gated channel. To demonstrate the role of KCNQ1 in anion secretion, we used forskolin to activate secretory short circuit current (Isc) across T84 human colonic cell monolayers. We demonstrate that addition of Zn2+ (5 mM), an inhibitor of intestinal secretion, to the serosal bath reduced Isc by 34%. Subsequent addition of the K+ channel blocker, Ba2+ (5 mM), reduced the current to near zero. To determine the mechanisms of Zn2+ block, we expressed KCNQ1 in Xenopus oocytes and determined the effects of extracellular Zn2+ on current-voltage relationships. When KCNQ1 was co-expressed with KCNE1, K+ currents were very slowly voltage-activated and Zn2+ had a small inhibitory effect (23% at Vm = +40 mV). Co-expression of KCNQ1 with KCNE3 resulted in K+ currents that were constitutively active and voltage-insensitive, however, Zn2+ caused these currents to become slowly-activating and dramatically reduced (64%). The dose-inhibition curve for Zn2+ on KCNQ1 expressed with KCNE1 revealed a single binding site (EC50 = 2 μM). The curve for KCNQ1 with KCNE3 also revealed a single binding component, but with a much greater affinity (EC50 = 0.1 μM) than we previously determined for Ba2+ (EC50 = 100 μM). These results suggest that the site of regulation of the open or activated state of KCNQ1 by KCNE1 or KCNE3 involves the extracellular pore region. In addition, the ancillary subunits cause state-dependent differences in the block of KCNQ1 by Zn2+.
Distribution of K and L cells in the feline intestinal tract.

Abstract Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 are hormones secreted from specialized K cells (GIP) and L cells (GLP-1, GLP-2) in the intestinal mucosa. These hormones play major roles in health and disease by modulating insulin secretion, satiety, and multiple intestinal functions. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of K cells and L cells in the intestines of healthy cats. Samples of duodenum, mid-jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were collected from 5 cats that were euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study and had no gross or histologic evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Samples stained with rabbit-anti-porcine GIP, mouse-anti-(all mammals) GLP-1, or rabbit-anti-(all mammals) GLP-2 antibodies were used to determine the number of cells in 15 randomly selected 400× microscopic fields. In contrast to other mammals (eg, dogs) in which K cells are not present in the ileum and aborally, GIP-expressing cells are abundant throughout the intestines in cats (>6/high-power field in the ileum). Cells expressing GLP-1 or GLP-2 were most abundant in the ileum (>9/high-power field) as in other mammals, but, although GLP-1–expressing cells were abundant throughout the intestines, GLP-2–expressing cells were rarely found in the duodenum. In conclusion, the distribution of GIP-secreting K cells in cats is different from the distribution of K cells that is described in other mammals. The difference in distribution of GLP-2– and GLP-1–expressing cells suggests that more than 1 distinct population of L cells is present in cats.
Attachment and long term survival of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer cultures: Comparison of different substrata and tissue culture media formulations

Long-term monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were tested for their ability to glucuronize phenol red and to maintain initial levels of cell proteins, glucose consumption, and lactic acid production. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage served as an index of culture status because a high value indicates cell death. Three tissue culture (TC) media formulations were the main variables introduced to determine ideal conditions for cell survival in vitro. Investigations of long-term cultures were preceded by studies of hepatocyte attachment to polystyrene surfaces. This attachment was influenced by the amount of substrate deposited and the number of cells seeded, but not by the uniformity of the substrate coating. A statistical analysis of our data revealed that in the absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), air dried collagen (ADC) and Biomatrix (BMX) were superior to saline precipitated collagen and fibronectin as attachment substrates. In the presence of 10% FBS, all of the substrates performed equally. Chee's Medium (CEM) proved to be the best for preserving cell proteins over a time course of 28 d and Williams' E medium also performed adequately up to 14 d. The glucuronization of phenol red was at 50% of initial values at Day 7 in CEM-ADC hepatocytes in contrast to 30% for cells in Williams' E medium and 5% for cells grown in Waymouth's. At 14 d glucuronization was still present at 40% of original values in CEM-ADC cells but had ceased in the other two media. When BMX was used, none of the TC media supported glucuronization levels comparable to ADC cells.
"Transmitting" and "receiving" in psychotherapy and supervision.

An operant technique which continuously, automatically and directly records auditory and visual dyadic communication is introduced. Its application indicates that operant responses to “transmit” one's own voice and image and responses to “receive” a partner's voice and image represent separate communication modalities which are differentially sensitive to dyadic “process change.”
A morphologic study of the mesonephros of the human embryo

The fine structure of the mesonephros is studied in 7- and 10-week old human embryos. Marked morphologic differences are observed between the mesonephros and the definitive kidney. These differences relate to the morphology of the afferent and efferent glomerular vessels, endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries, and epithelial cells of the proximal and distal tubules. The juxtaglomerular apparatus and the Henle loop are absent in the mesonephros. These dissimilarities are evaluated in light of the different functional performances of mesonephros and metanephros.
How African Americans express their intentions to be organ donors.

Context—As part of an organ sharing network's outreach, African American adults were interviewed to assess their awareness of the network's efforts and willingness to donate their organs after death.Objective—To describe (1) the proportion who expressed their intentions to be an organ donor, (2) the means they had used, and (3) sociodemographic characteristics of the participants who used a particular means.Design—A repeated, cross-sectional, random-digit dialing telephone interview was conducted from July 2005 (start of wave 1) to April 2006 (end of wave 3). Each interview averaged 7 minutes and consisted of 60 items.Setting—Trained interviewers placed telephone calls to the residences of African Americans who resided in 1 of 4 New Jersey locales: East Orange/Orange, Irvington, Jersey City/Newark, and Trenton.Participants—One thousand five hundred sixty-seven African Americans, aged 18 to 95 years.Main Outcome Measures—Five Yes/No items were used to determine if participants had declared their intention ...
Comparison theorems and existence theorems for ordinary differential equations

Abstract We are concerned with uniqueness and existence theorems for two point boundary value problems for the nonlinear differential equation Ly = f(x, y), where L is the classical nth order linear differential operator. In proving our results interesting comparison theorems are proven for linear differential equations.
Basic research interests in nanoscale radiation sensing

Identification of the presence of radioactive materials is important for both defense and environmental concerns. Nanoscience may enable improved understanding of energy storage or transfer processes that can be exploited for indicators. For example, nanoscale materials that emit spectral signatures in the presence of ionizing radiation or nuclear particles, when incorporated in other widely used materials or objects, would assist in locating and securing radiological or nuclear materials.
Uncertainty quantification for Markov chain models

Transition probabilities serve to parameterize Markov chains and control their evolution and associated decisions and controls. Uncertainties in these parameters can be associated with inherent fluctuations in the medium through which a chain evolves, or with insufficient data such that the inferential value of the chain is jeopardized. The behavior of Markov chains associated with such uncertainties is described using a probabilistic model for the transition matrices. The principle of maximum entropy is used to characterize the probability measure of the transition rates. The formalism is demonstrated on a Markov chain describing the spread of disease, and a number of quantities of interest, pertaining to different aspects of decision-making, are investigated.
Evaluating teaching and students’ learning of academic research ethics

A team of philosophers and scientists at Dartmouth College worked for three years to create, train faculty and pilot test an adequate and exportable class in research methods for graduate students of science and engineering. Developing and testing methods for evaluating students’ progress in learning research ethics were part of the project goals. Failure of methods tried in the first year led to the refinement of methods for the second year. These were used successfully in the pilot course and in one university setting external to Dartmouth. The process of development and justification for the final methods are discussed here.
Stage I recovery of pure silver and the correspondence with copper

Abstract The results are reported of a high resolution experiment to determine the stage I recovery spectrum of silver following electron irradiation near liquid helium temperature. Strong similarities are found between silver and copper recovery behavior.
Predictors of Sensitivity and Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors

Lung cancer is one of the leading types of cancer with an associated high mortality. Currently, treatment with conventional cytotoxic agents remains suboptimal. Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with monoclonal antibodies or small-molecule inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the receptor have demonstrated modest, albeit significant, antitumor activities in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The goal of any targeted therapy is to direct treatment to those patients who are more likely to derive benefit from such a treatment. Two interventions may improve the predicted sensitivity to these agents: (1) the use of a real predictor before treatment, represented by pharmacodiagnostic tests, and (2) studying the relationship between an early event after treatment and outcome, represented by pharmacodynamic tests. Pharmacodiagnostic factors that have been studied include the clinical features and histologic subtype of the tumor, the presence of somatic mutations in the TK domain of the EGFR, the expression of the receptor itself, and the activation of the receptor signaling pathway. Pharmacodynamic events associated with improved outcome include drug-induced rash and regulation of the receptor expression. Currently, the best established determinant of response to small-molecule inhibitors of the EGFR is the presence of activating mutations in the receptor TK domain. However, it is not known whether these functional mutations are involved in the response of NSCLC to monoclonal antibodies. Further investigation is needed to better predict patients who are more likely to benefit from these drugs.
Heat flow at nanoparticle interfaces

Abstract Nanoparticles are expected to significantly enhance future thermal energy generation systems, thermal energy storage materials, thermal interface materials and electronic devices. However, very few of these technologies are able to take full advantage of the unique thermal properties of nanoparticles, primarily due to the unusual transport phenomena that occur at their interfaces. To this end, a wealth of recent research has focused on the characterization and control of heat flow at different types of nanoparticle interfaces. The goal of this review is to provide critical insight into the mechanisms that govern thermal transport at three different types of nanoparticle interfaces, including: nanoparticle–substrate, nanoparticle–matrix and nanoparticle–nanoparticle interfaces. As part of this effort, we quantify the magnitude of heat flow at each type of interface using a collection of data that is available in the literature. This data is used to determine which physical mechanisms govern thermal transport at each different type of interface. Recent progress in the development of state-of-the-art thermal characterization techniques is also examined within the context of each type of nanoparticle interface. Finally, methods to control heat flow at different nanoparticle interfaces are discussed and future research needs are projected.
The "Protective State" Approach to the "Productive State" in The Wealth of Nations : The Odd Case of Lay Patronage

From Jacob Viner (1927) to David A. Reisman (1998), Adam Smith's departures from an advocacy of laissez-faire in The Wealth of Nations have been interpreted by a number of scholars. In this paper, we examine one of the oddest, and perhaps least noticed, of those departures. That was Smith's defense of the civil law of lay patronage in the established Presbyterian Church of Scotland, which appears in his discussion of the social benefits and potential social costs of institutions for religious instruction. A lay patron was a non-cleric individual who held the right under civil law to select the minister of a local parish church. In Smith's time, roughly two-thirds of the lay patrons in Scotland were wealthy landowners and one-third were crown officials. In addition, municipal corporations (cities) and universities held some patronage rights.
Phase transformation of poly (vinylidene difluoride) in energy harvesting

The poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) has been of great interest for energy conversion of microelectromechanical system devices. A semicrystalline polymer, the PVDF has five crystallo-graphic forms, α, β, γ, δ, and ϵ. The latter four structures exhibit a permanent dipole moment. In this research, we investigated effects of microstructures of the PVDF on its piezoelectricity for energy harvesting. Using various experimental techniques, we observed the power density generated by a mechanical force that was correlated with the phase transformation between amorphous, α, β, and γ phases. The transformation was time-dependent in a nonlinear manner. Such transformation influences the energy transition and storage of small devices.
Static and dynamic two-dimensional patterns in self-extinguishing discharge avalanches

We present experimental studies of the rich variety of two-dimensional current-density patterns that form in self-extinguishing or ``silent'' gas discharges between insulated, planar electrodes. Steady-state conditions evolve over seconds in this system, making it well suited for studies of the dynamics of non- equilibrium patterns. Because the patterns arise from nonlinear charge conduction processes in gases, the type of pattern obtained for a given set of bias parameters depends on the gas composition. While time-independent, Turing patterns are predominant in nearly pure He for the gap height used here, we find that adding ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O vapor as an impurity gas produces several types of patterns with persistent time dependence. As the drive frequency is lowered, patterns with noisy space and time dependence become increasingly common. This probably reflects an enhanced effect of space-charge fluctuations on the discharge initiation sites.
Formation and Limiting Mechanisms for Very High Sea Surface Temperature: Linking the Dynamics and the Thermodynamics

Abstract The present study composites atmosphere and ocean conditions associated with ocean hot spots. Ocean hot spots are defined as regions where SST exceeds 29.75°C and that have an area greater than 1 × 106 km2. The composite atmosphere includes surface flux parameters, deep convection and cloud amounts, cloud radiative forcing, and analysis fields from the National Meteorological Center (NMC) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts weather forecasting systems. The composite ocean includes sea level height and the temperature and velocity structures down to 720 m from the NMC ocean forecasting system. These fields are composited for the months before, during, and after the appearance of hot spots in order to develop a four-dimensional picture of the atmosphere and ocean conditions that are associated with the formation and the decay of these very high ocean surface temperatures. The analysis indicates that the formation of these hot spots is largely confined to the region within the 28°...
Expression of histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR by salivary gland epithelial cells in Sjögren's syndrome.

Recent studies have suggested that the induction of HLA-DR antigens on epithelial cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune endocrine-exocrine disorders. We found that salivary gland epithelial cells (i.e., acinar and ductal cells) in salivary gland biopsy specimens from patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) expressed high levels of HLA-DR antigen, which were detected by staining frozen tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies and immunoperoxidase technique. In contrast, salivary gland epithelial cells from normal subjects did not express this antigen. Lymphocytes eluted from the salivary gland biopsy specimens of patients who had Sjogren's syndrome produced a soluble factor that stimulated HLA-DR synthesis by a salivary gland-derived cell line (Sal-1). These tissue culture supernatants contained gamma-interferon, and their ability to induce HLA-DR synthesis was blocked by monoclonal anti-gamma-interferon antibody. These results demonstrate the presence of HLA-DR antigen on salivary gland epithelial cells and suggest that local production of gamma-interferon plays a role in this induction.
The standardization of Ammonium vanadate solutions with Sodium Oxalate .

Abstract The results of a study of the reaction between ammonium m -vanadate and sodium oxalate in strong sulfuric acid solution are given. It has been found that the latter is a suitable and convenient primary standard for solutions of quinquevalent vanadium.
Capitalists Rule Ok? Some Puzzles About Power

Even if we do not observe those who own or manage capital doing anything, are there nevertheless good reasons for saying that they have power over government? My thesis is that, on any analysis of `power over others' that enables us to say that voters have power over those elected and that consumers have power over producers, we also have to say that those who own or control capital have power over government. Conversely, the reasons that can be given (and have been given) for denying that owners of capital have power over governments would be equally good reasons for denying that voters have power over governments and that consumers have power over producers.
Weak coupling interactions of silicon photonic crystals with lead sulphide nanocrystals at room temperature

We demonstrate weak coupling interactions of silicon photonic crystals with PbS nanocrystals at room temperature. Coupling is verified through cold-cavity integrated waveguide measurements, with polarization extinction of 1.7 and emission enhancements that match simulations.
New Rendering Approach for Composable Volumetric Lenses

Various virtual and augmented reality systems include volumetric lenses, an extension of 2D magic lenses to 3D volumes in which effects are applied to scene elements. We present a new 3D volumetric lens rendering system that differs fundamentally from other approaches and that is the first to address efficient real-time composition of multiple 3D lenses. A lens factory module composes chainable shader programs for rendering composite visual styles and geometry of intersection regions. Geometry is handled by Boolean combinations of region tests in fragment shaders, which allows both convex and non-convex CSG volumes for lens shape. Efficiency is further addressed by a region analyzer module and by broad-phase culling. Finally, we consider the handling of order effects for composed 3D lenses.
Expectations and the Central Banker: Making Decisions the Market Expects to See?

This paper develops a simple model to examine conditions under which a monetary policymaking authority is tempted to follow the market. In doing so, we explore the implications of increased market-consensus on the practice of monetary policy and show that inefficiency in policymaking is most likely precisely when there is a very high consensus that economic fundamentals are weak or strong. In addition, our results also shed light on (i) why interest rates may not be high enough even when the central bank's information suggests a rise in asset prices may be due to `bubble' shock; (ii) why a central banker may be reluctant to adopt a loose monetary policy even when investors seem to be very pessimistic about the path of future output; and (iii) why, contrary to conventional models, we sometimes observe an upward revision of private sector's forecasts of inflation when the central bank tightens its monetary policy. The results have implications for transparency of monetary policy.
Low back pain in the United States: incidence and risk factors for presentation in the emergency setting.

Background context Low back pain is prevalent in the United States. At the present time, no large longitudinal study is available characterizing the incidence of this condition in the US population or identifying potential risk factors for its development. Purpose To characterize the incidence of acute low back pain requiring medical evaluation in the emergency department and establish risk factors for its development. Study design Cross-sectional study. Patient sample United States population estimates. Outcome measures Incidence rate ratios were calculated to determine the influence of age, sex, and race on the development of low back pain requiring emergent medical evaluation. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for all cases of low back pain presenting to emergency departments between 2004 and 2008. Incidence rate ratios were then calculated with respect to age, sex, and race. The chi-square statistic was used to identify statistically significant differences in the incidence of low back pain requiring emergent medical evaluation between subgroups. Results An estimated 2.06 million episodes of low back pain occurred among a population at risk of over 1.48 billion person-years for an incidence rate of 1.39 per 1,000 person-years in the United States. Low back pain accounted for 3.15% of all emergency visits. Injuries sustained at home (65%) accounted for most patients presenting with low back pain. Low back pain demonstrates a bimodal distribution with peaks between 25 and 29 years of age (2.58/1,000 person-years) and 95 to 99 years of age (1.47/1,000) without differentiation by underlying etiology. When compared with females, males showed no significant differences in the rates of low back pain. However, when analyzed by 5-year age group, males aged 10 to 49 years and females aged 65 to 94 years had increased risk of low back pain than their opposite sex counterparts. When compared with Asian race, patients of black and white race were found to have significantly higher rates of low back pain. Older patients were found to be at a greater risk of hospital admission for low back pain. Conclusion Age, sex, and race are significant risk factors for the development of low back pain necessitating treatment in an emergency department.
Does grazing mediate soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation beneath C4, perennial grasses along an environmental gradient?

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of long-term (>25 yrs) grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (N) accumulation beneath individual plants of three perennial grasses along an environmental gradient in the North American Great Plains. The zone of maximum SOC and N accumulation was restricted vertically to the upper soil depth (0-5 cm) and horizontally within the basal area occupied by individual caespitose grasses, which contributed to fine-scale patterning of soil heterogeneity. Long-term grazing mediated SOC and N accumulation in the tall-, mid- and shortgrass communities, but the responses were community specific. SOC and N were lower beneath Schizachyrium scoparium plants in long-term grazed sites of the tall- and midgrass communities, but higher beneath Bouteloua gracilis plants in the long-term grazed site of the shortgrass community. SOC, but not N, was greater in soils beneath compared to between S. scoparium plants in an abandoned field seeded in 1941, indicating that this caespitose grass accumulated SOC more rapidly than N. SOC and N were greater in the 0-5 cm soil depth beneath a caespitose grass (S. scoparium) compared to a rhizomatous grass (Panicum virgatum) in the tallgrass community, with no significant accumulation of either SOC or N beneath P. virgatum plants. Grazing appears to indirectly mediate nutrient accumulation beneath caespitose grasses along the environmental gradient by modifying the size class distribution of plants. Populations with a greater proportion of large plants have a greater potential for biomass incorporation into soils and may more effectively capture redistributed organic matter from between plant locations. Contrasting plant responses to grazing at various locations along the environmental gradient conform to the predictions of the generalized grazing model, as the selection pressures of grazing and aridity may have also influenced the ability of caespitose grasses to accumulate nutrients in soils beneath them by mediating grazing resistance, competitive ability and population structure.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinemia: A Molecular Definition of the Clinical Biology of the Disorder

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia (PNH), a hematopoietic stem cell disorder, arises from a somatic mutation of the phosphatidylinositol glycan-class A (PIG-A) gene. The gene product is required in the biosynthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) structure and serves as an anchor for a group of membrane proteins. The PNH cells are characterized by a total or partial lack of the GPI-anchored membrane proteins. Without this structure, intravascular hemolysis occurs due to the inability to regulate the lytic and cellstimulatory activities of complement on the membrane surface of hematopoietic cells. Two proteins, CD55-decay accelerating factor and CD59-membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis, are known to be tethered to the cell membrane by the GPI-anchor. Additionally, platelets lacking CD59 may cause venous thrombosis with possible Budd-Chiari syndrome. The development of PNH requires a hypoplastic bone marrow, somatic mutation restricted to the PIG-A gene in the stem cell, and clonal expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell pool. Received 11.9.05 | Revisions Received 12.7.05 | Accepted 12.7.05
Estrogen and the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

The articles in this supplement to The American Journal of Medicine describe some of the important epidemiologic studies that have contributed to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the multiple factors that may modulate the expression of the disease. Genetic factors are clearly important in determining the risk of disease expression. As discussed in this supplement, several gene mutations have been identified that have in common an effect on the production of bamyloid protein implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. However, these gene mutations account for only a very small proportion of the risk attributable to genetic factors. The magnitude of this risk can be estimated from concordance rates in identical twins. These rates vary among studies, reflecting primarily the age of the population studied. As one would anticipate, the older the population, the greater the concordance rate and the estimate of heritability. Plassman and Breitner suggest that the estimate of heritability of AD may be about 0.8 (proportion of trait attributable to genetic factors), leaving about 20% of the variance in population vulnerability to AD to environmental factors. These analyses underestimate the contribution of environmental factors in delaying the progression of the disease process, which is indicated by the marked variation in the age of AD onset within twin pairs. Secondly, the relative risk of AD that can be associated with some of the identified environmental or modifiable risk factors for AD is of the same order of magnitude as a family history of a first-degree relative. From both epidemiologic and neuropathologic studies, it is evident that AD is a chronic disease with a long preclinical period of progression. Multiple nongenetic factors play an important if not dominant role in the rate of its progression and, therefore, in the clinical expression of the dementia. These nongenetic factors may modify the expression of the disease by contributing to neuronal injury or affecting neuronal repair (Figure 1). Thus, the identification of environmental risk
An electrocatalytic approach for the measurement of chlorophenols

Abstract An electrocatalytic approach using an enzymatic reaction for the regeneration of analytes has been developed for the measurement of chlorophenols. Chlorophenols were oxidized to quinoid compounds by ceric sulfate or chloroperoxidase and the resulting oxidation products were measured in an amperometric system using glucose oxidase immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode. In this system, glucose oxidase was readily reduced by its substrate, glucose, to provide a non-rate-limiting source of electron flow towards the electrode. The quinoid products of chlorophenols then recycled the reduced enzyme to its original active form, i.e., mediating the rate-limiting electron transfer from the enzyme to the electrode. Analytical selectivity resulted from both the production of quinoid products and their electrocatalytic specificity for glucose oxidase, while high sensitivity was obtained from the amplified redox cycling of the analyte electrocatalyst. While this method was able to differentiate para-chlorinated chlorophenols from other chlorophenols, its selectivity for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was uniquely high. The detection limit of this method was about 1 nM and the detection principle was easily integrated into flow injection analysis for a sample throughput as high as one per min.
Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: '[A] Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development' and the Resulting Need for Reform

Today, despite political acrimony on many domestic issues, both political parties and the majority of the American public seem to agree that the country should find new, domestic sources of energy. When looking for potential domestic energy resources, Indian country stands out as ideal territory for various types of energy development, as “[t]he Bureau of Indian Affairs estimates that while Indian land comprises only five percent of the land area in the United States, it contains an estimated ten percent of all energy resources in the United States.” In addition to traditional energy resources, Indian country also has substantial potential to provide alternative energy resources. Recognizing the potential key role that tribes will play in the development of the country’s domestic energy resources, Congress and federal agencies recognize that tribes should be included in future plans to develop energy resources. Moreover, many tribes are also interested in energy development to potentially promote tribal sovereignty and self-determination when it can be done in a manner that is consistent with tribal customs and traditions.Recognizing the many potential benefits of increased energy development in Indian country, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes a provision designed to spur energy development in Indian country, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements (TERAs). Assuming a federally-recognized tribe can meet the numerous established criteria, the tribe may enter into a TERA with the Secretary of Interior. Once a TERA exists, the tribe is responsible for managing energy development within its territory. Additionally, TERAs allow tribes to avoid some federal requirements, such as project compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (although the tribe must put an environmental assessment program into place before a TERA will be approved). Despite these incentives, no tribe to date has entered into a TERA. The article explores the reasons for the lack of tribal interest in TERAs. In particular, the article focuses on the provision that waives federal liability once a tribe has entered into a TERA. The article concludes that this waiver of federal liability is a significant contributor to the lack of tribal interest in TERA provisions. Because the article assumes that energy development in Indian country is beneficial to both tribal governments and the federal government and the TERA provisions should, therefore, be reformed to spur tribal interest, the article proposes potential solutions or TERA reforms that would likely lead to increased tribal interest. The proposed reforms include re-establishing federal liability under TERA agreements, or, in the alternative, removing all federal requirements placed upon the tribes through the TERA provisions in order to allow tribes to exercise true sovereignty. The article ultimately concludes that any one of the proposed revisions should spur tribal interest in the TERA provisions.
What will this do to me and my brain? Ethical issues in brain-to-brain interfacing

For several years now, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in which brain signals are used to navigate a computer, a prostheses or a technical device, have been developed in various experimental contexts (Wolpaw & Wolpaw 2012; Grubler & Hildt 2014). Researchers have recently taken the next step and run experiments based on connections between two brains. These so-called brain-to-brain interfaces (abbreviation: BBIs or BTBIs) involve not only a BCI component deriving information from a brain and sending it to a computer, but also a computer-brain interface (CBI) component delivering information to another brain. What results is technology-mediated brain-to-brain communication (B2B communication), i.e. direct communication between two brains that does not involve any activity of the peripheral nervous system. In what follows, ethical issues that arise in neural interfacing will be discussed after a short introduction to recent BBI experiments. In this, the focus will be on the implications BBIs may have on the individual at the CBI side of the BBI, i.e. on the recipient.
Expanding the paradigm of the physician’s role in surrogate decision-making: An empirically derived framework*

Background:Little is known about what role physicians take in the decision-making process about life support in intensive care units.Objective:To determine how responsibility is balanced between physicians and surrogates for life support decisions and to empirically develop a framework to describe d