cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective evaluation of adhesion characteristics to intraperitoneal mesh and adhesiolysis-related complications during laparoscopic re-exploration after prior ventral hernia repair.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the adhesion characteristics of absorbable- and nonabsorbable-barrier-coated meshes and to report adhesiolysis-related complications during laparoscopic re-exploration after prior ventral hernia repair. Under an IRB-approved protocol, patients undergoing laparoscopic re-exploration after prior intraperitoneal mesh placement were prospectively graded intraoperatively for adhesion tenacity (0-4), adhesion surface area (0 = 0%, 10 = 100%), and ratio of adhesiolysis time to mesh surface area (min/cm2). Adhesiolysis-related complications were also recorded. Data are given as mean ± SD. Statistical significance (P < 0.05) was determined using the t test and Fisher’s exact test. From March 2006 to March 2009, 69 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery after prior intraperitoneal mesh placement for ventral hernia repair. Previous meshes were absorbable-barrier-coated mesh (n = 18), permanent-barrier composite mesh [Composix® (n = 17)], permanent-barrier noncomposite mesh [DualMesh® (n = 14)], uncoated polypropylene mesh (n = 12), and biologic mesh (n = 8). Indications for laparoscopic re-exploration were recurrent ventral hernia (n = 58), chronic pain (n = 3), cholecystectomy (n = 3), parastomal hernia (n = 2), small bowel obstruction (n = 1), nephrectomy (n = 1), and Nissen fundoplication (n = 1). Adhesions to DualMesh were less tenacious (P < 0.05) compared to all other meshes. Surface area of adhesions to DualMesh were less (P < 0.05) than to Composix and to uncoated polypropylene mesh, but not to absorbable-barrier-coated and biologic meshes. Adhesiolysis time:mesh surface area was less (P < 0.05) for DualMesh compared to Composix, uncoated polypropylene, and biologic mesh, but not to absorbable-barrier-coated mesh. Adhesiolysis-related complications occurred in two (16.7%) (P = ns) patients with uncoated polypropylene mesh, one cystotomy and one enterotomy; both were repaired laparoscopically. There were two (16.7%) (P = ns) conversions to an open procedure: one converted patient had Composix (6.7%) and one had absorbable-barrier-coated mesh (5.9%). There were no adhesiolysis-related complications with these meshes. There were no adhesiolysis-related complications or conversions to open in the DualMesh or biologic mesh groups. Adhesion characteristics of mesh placed intraperitoneally and adhesiolysis-related complications during laparoscopic re-exploration after ventral hernia repair are associated with unique properties of the mesh and/or barrier.
Transient extension and relaxation of a dilute polymer solution in a four-roll mill

Abstract This note describes numerical simulations of transient extension-dominated flows of a dilute polymer solution in a four-roll-mill flow cell. When the roller speed changes abruptly, the polymer, modeled as an ensemble of FENE-CR dumbbells, experiences unusual transients in stretching and relaxation that are related to the inhomogeneity of the flow field. Since extensional flows generated in the laboratory are necessarily inhomogeneous, these numerical results may serve as guidelines for designing such experiments and interpreting the results.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Emotion Experience in Women: Emotion Occurrence, Intensity, and Variability in the Natural Environment

ABSTRACT This study examined emotion occurrence, intensity, and variability in the natural environment in a sample of women with histories of interpersonal victimization. Using paper-and-pencil diaries, women rated emotion experiences (joyful/happy, sad, angry, anxious, tense/frustrated, worried) over an average of 13 hr. Posttraumatic stress symptom severity was uniquely correlated with greater intensity and variability, but not occurrence, of certain negative emotions, and with less frequent occurrence but greater variability of joy/happiness. Intrusive reexperiencing was uniquely associated with greater variability of both anxiety and joy/happiness. Results suggest that women with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms do not experience more episodes of negative emotion but, once emotion occurs, they have difficulty modulating its intensity. Problems with emotions may motivate treatment seeking among traumatized individuals, and such problems may endure even when PTSD symptoms per se remit. This und...
Current evidence indicates that antiepileptic drugs are anti-ictal, not antiepileptic.

Despite the large number of available drugs for epilepsy, the primary function of pharmacological therapy is the suppression of seizures, rather than the elimination of their underlying etiology, i.e. an antiepileptic effect. This paper suggests methods by which drugs could be tested for antiepileptic properties and reviews whether current antiepilectic drugs (AEDs) are antiepileptic in addition to being effective for seizure suppression.
Operator declaration verification technique for spent fuel at reprocessing facilities

Abstract A verification technique for use at reprocessing facilities, which integrates existing technologies to strengthen safeguards through the use of environmental monitoring, has been developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This technique involves the measurement of isotopic ratios of stable noble fission gases from on-stack emissions during reprocessing of spent fuel using high-precision mass spectrometry. These results are then compared to a database of calculated isotopic ratios using a data analysis method to determine specific fuel parameters (e.g., burnup, fuel type, reactor type, etc.). These inferred parameters can be used to verify operator declarations. The integrated system (mass spectrometry, reactor modeling, and data analysis) has been validated using on-stack measurements during reprocessing of fuel from a US production reactor. These measurements led to an inferred burnup that matched the declared burnup to within 3.9%, suggesting that the current system is sufficient for most safeguards applications. Partial system validation using gas samples from literature measurements of power reactor fuel has been reported elsewhere. This has shown that the technique developed here may have some difficulty distinguishing pressurized water reactor (PWR) from boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel; however, it consistently can distinguish light water reactor (either PWR or BWR) fuels from other reactor fuel types. Future validations will include advanced power reactor fuels (such as breeder reactor fuels) and research reactor fuels as samples become available.
An eLORETA EEG analysis to spatially resolve real and imagined neuromotor control

BCI (brain computer interface) technology relies on the accurate identification of key anatomical areas to place sensors for effective biofeedback control or monitoring. In motor control applications, these challenges can include identifying brain areas that respond considerably differently to resting state versus limb motion tasks or real motion versus imaginary motion. The eLORETA (exact low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography) source localization algorithm is a potent technique to pinpoint cortical areas using brain signals but it has not yet been applied for motor control applications. In a pilot study, we analyzed human EEG (electroencephalography) during real and imagined movements of upper and lower limbs using the eLORETA algorithm after computing eight selected spectral EEG measures. For certain tasks and movement types, we observed statistically significant differences (p<;.001) in spectral measures. Subsequently, we performed pattern classification to discern real vs. imaginary movement in the eLORETA brain areas as a proof of principle for BCI uses.
Detection of hydrothermal plumes along the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau

A new self-contained profiling instrument, attached to 91 lowerings of waxcores and dredges along a 1600 km stretch of the Southeast Indian Ridge, found six sites having optical back-scatter anomalies indicative of hydrothermal plumes from high-temperature seafloor venting. At five other sites, back-scatter anomalies were less distinct, and at the remaining sites, anomalies were absent. These are the first documented hydrothermal sites along this intermediate-rate spreading center and are among the very few yet discovered in the Indian Ocean basin. Some profiles exhibit complex back-scatter anomalies suggestive of multiple sources of seafloor discharge. At one site, near-bottom temperature anomalies of ∼0.1°C and the recovery of a vent-specific barnacle provide the first precise seafloor location of active venting in the deep Indian Ocean. Although this study is only reconnaissance in nature, venting along this portion of the SEIR appears to be significantly less than predicted by global correlations of plume incidence as a function of spreading rate. Nevertheless, these sites may be important as biological connections between distinct faunal assemblages of Atlantic and Pacific vent fields.
Abstract 2566: Mesenchymal to epithelial transition associates with drug resistance in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in altered drug sensitivity to various chemotherapeutic agents. Herein, we investigate whether this phenomenon would play a role in acquired resistance to cisplatin. We firstly established a cisplatin-resistant subline (UMcis, IC50 = 19.8 µM), which was derived from the cisplatin-sensitive tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line, UM1 (IC50 = 3.6 µM). The UMcis cells showed cross-resistance against other chemotherapeutic drugs with divergent mechanisms of action [5-fluoro-uracil (5-FU), paclitaxel and epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib]. Genome-wide expressional profiling was performed on the paired cell lines. Interestingly, a large number of genes associated with EMT (or reversed EMT, MET) were differentially expressed between the two cell lines. We confirmed that increased expression of E-Cadherin combined with the loss of Vimentin, Slug, Twist1 and MMP2 by immunoblotting was associated with drug resistance. Importantly, downregulation of E-Cadherin in UMcis cells not only increased the expression of mesenchymal markers, such as Vimentin, Slug and Twist1, but also restored drug sensitivity. Moreover, concurrent treatment with transforming growth factor-beta 1 and epidermal growth factor induced EMT in the UMcis cells, which also led to altered chemo-responsiveness. Therefore, our results suggest that induction of MET may contribute to the decreased efficiency of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and acquired drug resistance in tongue cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2566.
The American Species of Rhopalosoma

The genus Rhopalosoma was first described by Cresson in 1865 with a Cuban species, R. poeyi as the genotype. Cresson regarded it as an aberrant member of the Ichneumonidae. Several years later, in 1868, Westwood published an account of a similar insect from Hayti to which he gave the name Sibyllina aenigmatica , placing it among the aculeate Hymenoptera and suggesting that it is related to the Vespidae although not dissimilar to certain Sphecidae (Pelopoeus), and in the male even resembling an ant. In his “Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis” Westwood later (1874) gives a much fuller account of his views on the relationships of Rhopalosoma which he then recognized as a prior name for his own genus Sibyllina. He refers there also to the views of Cresson and Frederick Smith (1868) who agreed that it was related to the Ichneumonidae. He notes that the late Mr. Haliday had earlier attached to the type specimen a note that he regarded it as related to Pelopaeus. I shall not repeat the several arguments indulged in by these earlier entomologists, as they are reviewed by Westwood (1874).
A corona discharge initiated electrochemical electrospray ionization technique

We report here the development of a corona discharge (CD) initiated electrochemical (EC) electrospray ionization (ESI) technique using a standard electrospray ion source. This is a new ionization technique distinct from ESI, electrochemistry inherent to ESI, APCI, and techniques using hydroxyl radicals produced under atmospheric pressure conditions. By maximizing the observable CD at the tip of a stainless steel ESI capillary, efficient electrochemical oxidation of electrochemically active compounds is observed. For electrochemical oxidation to be observed, the ionization potential of the analyte must be lower than Fe. Ferrocene labeled compounds were chosen as the electrochemically active moiety. The electrochemical cell in the ESI source was robust, and generated ions with selectivity according to the ionization potential of the analytes and up to zeptomolar sensitivity. Our results indicate that CD initiated electrochemical ionization has the potential to become a powerful technique to increase the dynamic range, sensitivity, and selectivity of ESI experiments.
Development of porous UHMWPE morphologies for fixation of gel‐based materials

Novel gel-based materials including hydrogels and bioderived polymers show great potential in orthopedics but require a means of mechanical fixation to a substrate. The development of controlled porous ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) morphologies is targeted to expand the future potential for UHMWPE-based composites with such novel bioderived materials. Porous UHMWPE morphologies were produced by means of a sodium chloride leaching process. Compression-molded samples were prepared by dry mixing of sized NaCl particles and UHMWPE powder. These were then soaked in water to remove the porogen, leaving a porous UHMWPE structure. The mass of removed porogen and resulting void density were found to match well with Monte Carlo simulations. Distribution of NaCl particles was greatly influenced by the ratio of particle sizes between NaCl and UHMWPE. Limited percolation was achievable at NaCl concentrations below 50 wt %, whereas porogen concentrations above 60 wt % led to interconnected networks. Porous UHMWPE scaffolds were impregnated with gelatin to explore the penetration of a gel-based phase. It was observed that the gelatin was able to permeate the UHMWPE to a great extent, except for unfilled voids due either to entrapped air or insufficient channel diameters to accommodate gelatin flow. These results confirm that porous morphologies can be created in a controlled manner and tailored for chosen applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The behavior of nickel and silver in a simulated solid oxide fuel cell environment

Abstract Nickel, silver, and a nickel–silver composite have been tested in a simulated solid oxide fuel cell interconnect environment. The susceptibility of the interconnect to mechanical degradation as a result of environmental attack has been analyzed. The experimental results of this study demonstrate that silver is unstable in the interconnect environment, while nickel remains stable. A finite difference model has been developed to analyze how the simultaneous diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen into the interconnect can result in the nucleation of water vapor bubbles. In addition, a model developed by Raj and Ashby to describe the growth of cavities under creep conditions has been employed to predict the rate at which cavity growth will occur. Finally, a Ni–Ag composite was fabricated and studied as an interconnect in an attempt to avoid the mechanical degradation that occurs in silver, while maintaining a path for electrical conduction that is not degraded by oxidation.
Translational Research—Changing the Landscape of Pediatric Nursing

THE LANDSCAPE OF pediatric nursing is being transformed through translational research and evidencebased practice (EBP). Pediatric nursing continues to focus on the health and care of children and their families, and, with innovative intervention strategies being tested through clinical nursing research and translated into practice, the quality of care is enhanced. Indeed, new evidence generated from clinical nursing research improves nursing practice (Polit & Beck, 2012). Moreover, EBP improves the quality of health outcomes (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011) and enhances care for children and families (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2011). Thus, new interventions developed and tested through research and quality improvement projects generate new evidence that is then translated into practice (Christian, 2013a). As a result, new evidence and innovative intervention strategies not only improve the care of children and their families but also change the landscape of pediatric nursing practice (Christian, 2013b). In this issue, twelve articles illustrate the changing landscape of pediatric nursing practice and the advent of new evidence designed to improve care and the quality of practice by (a) evaluating the practice of maintaining peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line patency in pediatric patients with heart failure receiving continuous inotropic support with continuous low dose heparin (CLDH); (b) evaluating the effectiveness of a commercially available, peripheral IV (PIV) stabilization device and the rate of complications compared to standard sterile transparent dressing in hospitalized children; (c) determining the effectiveness of a clinical practice guideline quality improvement (QI) project to decrease the incidence of skin breakdown in children hospitalized in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU); (d) exploring experienced pediatric nurses’ use of nonpharmacological approaches for pain relief in hospitalized children in Norway; (e) describing parent-reported sleep disturbances and behavior problems in school-age children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), as compared with typically developing, healthy children; (f) identifying levels of fatigue in children, adolescents, and young adults receiving care in acute care and ambulatory care outpatient settings at a university-affiliated, tertiary care children’s hospital; (g) describing and evaluating the use of a memory book intervention for grief and loss recovery in orphaned children living at two children’s homes in South Africa; (h) exploring the relationships among health literacy, social support, selfefficacy, and interpersonal interactions with health care providers (HCPs) in low-income Latina mothers; (i) exploring the experiences of parents of premature infants with transportation from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at a university hospital to NICUs at two local hospitals in Norway; (j) examining pediatric nurses’ grief experiences and the relationships among children’s deaths, burnout, and job satisfaction; (k) reviewing an experimental
Detection of c‐fos expression in benign and malignant musculoskeletal lesions

The proto-oncogene c-fos has been implicated in the development of both benign and malignant lesions of bone. Although c-fos expression in such lesions has been well studied in transgenic mouse models, less is known about its role in human musculoskeletal pathology. To clarify this relationship, we used in situ hybridization to localize c-fos m-RNA transcripts in 26 fibrous lesions (eight cases of extra-abdominal fibromatosis and six cases each of fibrous dysplasia, fibrosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone) as well as six chondrosarcomas and eight conventional high grade osteosarcomas. We found detectable levels of c-fos expression in tissues from each type of lesion tested. Moreover, all fibrous lesions consistently demonstrated high levels of expression in a majority of cells in each lesion. Chondrosarcomas and osteosarcomas exhibited more heterogeneity in c-fos expression than fibrous tissues. Three of six chondrosarcomas showed moderate expression of c-fos while only one of six was considered high. Similarly, only three of eight osteosarcomas had high expression of c-fos. These findings indicate that the expression of c-fos may be important in the development of a broad range of fibrous lesions as well as in bone and cartilaginous tumors. Additionally, this is the first report, to our knowledge, of detectable c-fos m-RNA in human chondrosarcoma.
Blockade of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling inhibits osteoblastic tumorigenesis by a novel human prostate cancer cell line

Background The skeleton is the most common site of prostate cancer metastasis, which often results in osteoblastic lesions. The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling in prostate cancer-induced osteoblastic metastasis is not clear. We investigated the role of TGFβ signaling in prostate cancer-induced bone metastasis using a novel human prostate cancer cell line, PacMetUT1.
Treatment of the neuromuscular complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Neuromuscular disorders are increasingly being reported in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The majority of these disorders resemble diseases occurring in HIV-seronegative patients and include inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies, multiple mononeuropathies, and polymyositis. In HIV-seronegative patients, these diseases are believed to be immune system-mediated. It is likely that similar pathogenic mechanisms are present in HIV-seropositive patients and reflect an altered immune system caused by viral infection and the loss of CD4 cells. Therapy is similar in both seropositive and seronegative patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies, but plasmapheresis is preferred in seropositive patients as it is less likely than corticosteroids to induce further immunosuppression. Distal sensory neuropathy is characteristic in patients infected with HIV, especially those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex, and may be a consequence of HIV infection. Therefore, antiviral agents may have a therapeutic role for this disorder.
Managing Food: Cajun Cuisine in Economic and Cultural Terms

This study highlights some cultural and economic aspects of food. The focus is on Cajun, one of the most popular cuisines in the United States. Interviews, conversations, and observations were conducted with 19 individuals involved in some aspect of processing, distributing, or retailing food in southern Louisiana. The perspective that frames the analysis focuses on the effects of culture and the economic forces that both produce and are a product of cultural processes. I argue that Cajun food is used as a source for both economic and cultural rewards, derived through economic and cultural value-added processes that occur simultaneously in the preparation of this food. In addition, I consider how these processes are affecting the taste of Louisiana foods.
Unscreened water-diversion pipes pose an entrainment risk to the threatened green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris.

Over 3,300 unscreened agricultural water diversion pipes line the levees and riverbanks of the Sacramento River (California) watershed, where the threatened Southern Distinct Population Segment of green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, spawn. The number of sturgeon drawn into (entrained) and killed by these pipes is greatly unknown. We examined avoidance behaviors and entrainment susceptibility of juvenile green sturgeon (35±0.6 cm mean fork length) to entrainment in a large (>500-kl) outdoor flume with a 0.46-m-diameter water-diversion pipe. Fish entrainment was generally high (range: 26–61%), likely due to a lack of avoidance behavior prior to entering inescapable inflow conditions. We estimated that up to 52% of green sturgeon could be entrained after passing within 1.5 m of an active water-diversion pipe three times. These data suggest that green sturgeon are vulnerable to unscreened water-diversion pipes, and that additional research is needed to determine the potential impacts of entrainment mortality on declining sturgeon populations. Data under various hydraulic conditions also suggest that entrainment-related mortality could be decreased by extracting water at lower diversion rates over longer periods of time, balancing agricultural needs with green sturgeon conservation.
The spin 12 gravitational anomalous magnetic moment

Abstract The gravitational anomalous magnetic moment of a spin 1 2 particle is calculated and compared with an earlier dimensional regularization result. The answers disagree although both agree the answer is finite. It is argued that this quantity is not uniquely determined by physical requirements. The methods used are shown to respect the gravitational and electromagnetic gauge invariances. In addition, a physical interpretation of the regularization method employed is offered.
Toward an ab Initio Treatment of the Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation of Molecular Systems

The time-dependent variational principle (TDVP) is employed to produce equations of motion that approximate the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. Choices of wave function and basis sets are discussed. The use of electron translation factors and the electronic and nuclear parts of the molecular wavefunction are put in the context of the electron nuclear dynamics (END) theory. The role of wave function parameters as dynamical variables is discussed, and the use of coherent state parametrization is explored.
Susceptibility of human glial cells to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Three human brain-derived cell lines (including two of astrocytic origin) were exposed in vitro to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of immunodeficiency in AIDS. In all three lines, HIV transcripts were detected by in situ hybridisation in 20-30% of cells 48 h after infection. Synthesis of virus gag gene products p24 and p55 was demonstrated by immunoblotting. No cytopathic effects typical of HIV-infected human T lymphocytes were observed. Our data indicate that HIV is neurotropic, and support the hypothesis that this virus may infect astrocytes in the brain.
Small Heat Shock Proteins in Smooth Muscle

The small heat shock proteins (HSPs) HSP20, HSP27 and αB-crystallin are chaperone proteins that are abundantly expressed in smooth muscles are important modulators of muscle contraction, cell migration and cell survival. This review focuses on factors regulating expression of small HSPs in smooth muscle, signaling pathways that regulate macromolecular structure and the biochemical and cellular functions of small HSPs. Cellular processes regulated by small HSPs include chaperoning denatured proteins, maintaining cellular redox state and modifying filamentous actin polymerization. These processes influence smooth muscle proliferation, cell migration, cell survival, muscle contraction and synthesis of signaling proteins. Understanding functions of small heat shock proteins is relevant to mechanisms of disease in which dysfunctional smooth muscle causes symptoms, or is a target of drug therapy. One example is that secreted HSP27 may be a useful marker of inflammation during atherogenesis. Another is that phosphorylated HSP20 which relaxes smooth muscle may prove to be highly relevant to treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, asthma, premature labor and overactive bladder. Because small HSPs also modulate smooth muscle proliferation and cell migration they may prove to be targets for developing effective, novel treatments of clinical problems arising from remodeling of smooth muscle in vascular, respiratory and urogenital systems.
Effectiveness of elevator service signs: measurement of perceived understandability, willingness to comply and behaviour.

This research examines the effectiveness of four elevator service signs. The signs' purpose is to reduce delays for longer distance riders by dissuading people from using the elevator when they are only going up one floor or down two floors. Three of the four signs were described in Chapanis' (1965, Human Factors 7, 1-17) seminal treatise entitled 'Words, words, words ...': an original sign and two others that he suggested as possibly being better. The fourth was an enhanced sign incorporating human factor principles that were derived from research since Chapanis' article. The enhancements involved the use of colour, a signal word panel, icons/pictorial, and direct, explicit wording of the required behaviour. In Experiment 1, participants rated the understandability of each sign and their willingness to obey its instructions. The pattern of the means was the same for both questions. The original sign was rated lowest and the enhanced sign was rated highest, with the two other signs receiving intermediate ratings. In Experiment 2, the signs were placed on each floor of six multi-story buildings adjacent to the elevator call buttons. People's use of the elevators during the posting of each sign and during no-sign (control) periods was measured. The experimenter rode the elevators and counted the total number of passengers using the elevators as well as the number who rode up only one floor or down one or two floors (noncompliers). The new enhanced sign increased compliance compared to the other three signs and the no-sign period. These results suggest that design principles derived from recent research can help to promote comprehension, motivation and compliance behaviour to signs. Language: en
Cortical Magnification Neutralizes the Eccentricity Effect in Visual Search

We report two visual search experiments that explain an eccentricity effect previously found: detection of both feature and conjunction targets becomes increasingly less efficient as the orientation target appears at more distant field eccentricities (Carrasco et al., 1995). By cortically magnifying the stimuli we flattened out this effect for both feature and conjunction tasks. We conclude that spatial resolution factors affect visual search findings that have hitherto been attributed to covert attention. We stress the importance of analyzing data by target position to minimize the confound of the set size effect and retinal/field eccentricity. An alternative theory of orientation asymmetries is offered.
Live imaging of regenerating lamprey spinal axons.

The sea lamprey has been used as a model for the study of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Although the growing tips of developing axons in lamprey have not been described, in all species studied, growth cones are complex in shape, consisting of a lamellipodium and filopodia, rich in F-actin and lacking neurofilaments (NF). By contrast, static immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations of fixed tissue suggested that the tips of regenerating lamprey spinal axons are simple in shape, densely packed with NF, but contain very little F-actin. Thus, it has been proposed that regeneration of axons in the CNS of mature animals is not based on the canonical pulling mechanism of growth cones but involves an internal protrusive force, perhaps generated by the transport and assembly of NF. To eliminate the possibility that these histological features are due to fixation artifact, fluorescently labeled regenerating axon tips were imaged live. Methods. Spinal cords were transected, and after...
Normal sinonasal endoscopic surgical anatomy

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is indicated for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to medical management, as well as selected sinonasal pathology. The normal endoscopic anatomy is crucial to understanding safe and effective ways of opening the natural sinus drainage patterns and resecting benign and malignant neoplasms. This section focuses on the normal anatomical landmarks used to identify the maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses, as well as their natural drainage patterns. The figures used clearly demonstrate the “safe” zones of entry into each sinus cavity. Many of the landmarks described here are also effective in revision ESS, which is discussed in a later section. The key to efficacious ESS is a thorough understanding of the triplanar preoperative computed tomography imaging and correlating this with the endoscopic 2-dimensional view.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ABUNDANCES IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES USING AN IMAGE INTENSIFIER AND A SOLAR SPECTROGRAPH.

Abstract An image intensifier tube has been used in conjunction with the solar installation at Oxford to obtain high resolution spectra of the planets Venus and Jupiter. The spectra of Jupiter were used to obtain the equivalent width of the S(1) line of the quadrupole (4, 0) band of molecular hydrogen, and thus the amount of hydrogen in the atmosphere of Jupiter. The result is 75 km-amagat of hydrogen above the reflecting layer. The spectra of Venus were used to set an upper limit to the abundance of oxygen in its atmosphere. The result is 1.75 m-amagat of oxygen above the reflecting layer.
Transcriptional repression of an embryo-specific muscle gene

Skeletal muscle involves both the induction and repression of gene expression. Although activation and up-regulation of several contractile protein genes has been shown to occur via transcriptional mechanisms, the mechanisms by which contractile protein genes are repressed during muscle development remain unknown. However, a post-transcriptional mechanism has been implicated in the repression of thymidine kinase expression during muscle development. The chicken cardiac troponin T (cTNT) gene is expressed in early embryonic skeletal muscle but is abruptly repressed in late embryonic/fetal development. Using run-on transcription assays we demonstrate here that cTNT gene repression occurs at the level of transcription. Thus, transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional mechanisms operate both to activate and repress gene expression during skeletal muscle development.
Influence of the a-ring on the proton affinity and anticancer properties of the prodigiosins.

Prodigiosin (Prod, 1) is the parent member of a class of polypyrrole natural products that exhibit promising immunosuppressive and anticancer activities. They are known to act as H+/Cl- symporters possibly through electrostatic binding to Cl- that facilitates proton-coupled transmembrane transport of halides. This activity has been ascribed to their promotion of apoptosis by acidification of the intracellular pH (pHi). Since the protonated pyrromethene chromophore of Prod (1) is expected to play a critical role in pHi regulation, and the A-pyrrole ring is known to be important for anticancer activity, we prepared several Prod analogues with various A-ring systems to determine their proton affinity in 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile (MeCN)/H2O and anticancer properties against HL-60 cancer cells. Our studies show that the A-ring strongly influences the proton affinity of the pyrromethene entity. Replacement of the C-2 methoxy group in 2,4-dimethoxy-pyrromethene 3 (apparent pKa = 4.95) with the A-pyrrole ring to gen...
Food Security and Conservation of Yukon River Salmon: Are We Asking Too Much of the Yukon River?

By the terms set by international agreements for the conservation of Yukon River salmon, 2009 was a management success. It was a devastating year for many of the Alaska Native communities along the Yukon River, however, especially in up-river communities, where subsistence fishing was closed in order to meet international conservation goals for Chinook salmon. By the end of summer, the smokehouses and freezers of many Alaska Native families remained empty, and Alaska’s Governor Sean Parnell petitioned the US Federal Government to declare a fisheries disaster. This paper reviews the social and ecological dimensions of salmon management in 2009 in an effort to reconcile these differing views regarding success, and the apparently-competing goals of salmon conservation and food security. We report local observations of changes in the Chinook salmon fishery, as well as local descriptions of the impacts of fishing closures on the food system. Three categories of concern emerge from our interviews with rural Alaskan participants in the fishery and with federal and state agency managers: social and ecological impacts of closures; concerns regarding changes to spawning grounds; and a lack of confidence in current management methods and technologies. We show how a breakdown in observation of the Yukon River system undermines effective adaptive management and discuss how sector-based, species-by-species management undermines a goal of food security and contributes to the differential distribution of impacts for communities down and up river. We conclude with a discussion of the merits of a food system and ecosystem-based approach to management, and note existing jurisdictional and paradigmatic challenges to the implementation of such an approach in Alaska.
Measurement of the Low-Energy End of the μ + Decay Spectrum

The ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ decay spectrum has been measured below 6.8 MeV/c using a hydrogen bubble chamber. The chamber was calibrated as an electron spectrometer using the 0.9- and the 1.4-MeV/c internal conversion lines from a ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{207}$ source. When the measured distribution was fitted to the Michel spectrum, the low-energy parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}$ was found to be -0.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20, with $\ensuremath{\rho}$ constrained to be $\frac{3}{4}$. A two-parameter fit incorporating published data from spark-chamber measurements of the upper half of the spectrum gave the values $\ensuremath{\eta}=\ensuremath{-}0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.21$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}=0.752\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$.
Electrical conduction in thermoplastic elastomer matrix composites containing catalytic chemical vapour deposited carbon whisker

Electrical conduction in carbon whisker/thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites was found to be a thermally activated process. The carbon whiskers used were obtained by a catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) technique conducted at 500 °C and the TPE was a styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene (S-EB-S) block copolymer. The resistivity, (ϱ), versus 1/T curves of the composites exhibited two regions with distinct slopes with an inflection at the glass transition temperature,T g, of the elastomer, EB; Region I <T g and II >T g. The thermally activated conduction mechanism of these composites is explained on the basis of electron transport in low-mobility solids with a large number of trap sites, Intra- and intermolecular motion of the polymer chains can result in the electron transport from such trap sites and were correlated to the observed activation energies. Intramolecular motion in region I, was related to the thermally assisted hopping with the activation energy, ΔE A, of 0.067 and 0.030 eV for 33% and 52% whisker volume fraction composites, respectively. Similarly, ΔE A due to the intermolecular segmental chain motions in region II for 33% and 52% whisker volume fraction composites was related to the equilibrium rate of trapping-detrapping of electrons from 0.240 and 0.138 eV deep traps.
The diagnosis of skull base metastases by radionuclide bone scan

The differential diagnosis of multiple cranial nerve palsies in patients with cancer includes meningeal infections, meningeal carcinomatosis, and skull base metastases. In distinguishing these, spinal fluid analysis and skull base tomography should be helpful in most cases. In circumstances when results of skull base tomography are negative, radionuclide bone scans can demonstrate metastatic disease in the base of the skull, and it should be obtained in all patients who are highly suspicious for having skull base metastasis with negative skull base tomography, including computed tomography (CT).
Preparation of derivatives on l-idose and l-iduronic acid from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-χ-Dglucofuranose by way of acetylenic intermediates☆

Abstract The products ( 1 ) from the periodate oxidation of 1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- D -glucofuranose were converted by ethynylmagnesium bromide into a separable, 14:11 mixture of 6,7-dideoxy-1.2- O -isopropylidene-β- L - ido -hept-6-ynofuranose ( 2 ) and its α- D -gluco analog 3 . These crystalline products were further characterized as their respective 3,5-diacetates ( 5 and 7 ) and 3,5-dibenzoates ( 4 and 6 ). Ozonolysis of 2 and 3 led to 1,2- O -isopropylidene-β- L -idofuranurono-6,3-lactone ( 8 ) and its α- D - gluco analog 9 , respectively; similar ozonolysis of the dibenzoates 4 and 6 , followed by treatment with diazomethane, gave methyl 3,5-di- O -benzoyl-1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- L -idofuranuronate ( 10 ) and its α- D -gluco analog 11 , respectively. Diborane reduction of the ozonolysis products from 4 gave 1,2- O -isopropylidene-β- L -idofuranose ( 13 ) as its 3,5-dibenzoate ( 12 ), and a similar sequence was performed with 6 . The propargylic alcohols 2 and 3 were reduced by lithium aluminum hydride, in high yield, to the allylic alcohol analogs 15 and 16 , further characterized as their 3,5-dibenzoates 17 and 18 ; compounds 15 and 16 were also obtainable by vinylation of compounds 1 . The two series of derivatives in this work, epimeric at C-5, were examined comparatively by polarimetry and p.m.r. spectroscopy.
CUTICULAR LIPIDS OF TERRESTRIAL PLANTS AND ARTHROPODS: A COMPARISON OF THEIR STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND WATERPROOFING FUNCTION

Summary 1. Lipids deposited on the surface or embedded within the cuticle of terrestrial plants and arthropods are primarily responsible for the observed low rates of water loss through the cuticle. 2. These lipids are a mixture of long-chain compounds which include hydrocarbons (saturated, unsaturated, branched), wax esters, free fatty acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and cyclic compounds. 3. The cuticle of both plants and arthropods is a continuous, non-cellular multilayered membrane which overlies the epidermal cells. 4. In arthropods, horizontal division of the cuticle into layers is clearly visible. In plants, the layers comprising the cuticle are not sharply demarcated. 5. The substance responsible for the structural integrity of the plant cuticle (cutin) is composed of cross-esterified fatty acids; structural integrity in arthropod cuticle is provided by a chitin-protein complex. 6. Cuticular lipids are probably formed near the surface in both plants and arthropods; however, specific sites of synthesis are known for only a few species and little is known about their transport from these sites to the surface. The elaborate pore canal and wax canal system of arthropod cuticle is absent from plants. 7. The physical structure and arrangement of the lipid deposits on the cuticular surface that are so important in controlling water movement depend on both quantity and chemical composition, and are, in turn, specific to each species in relation to its environment. 8. Different lipid components are not equally efficient in reducing transpiration. Maximum waterproofing effectiveness is provided by long-chain, saturated, non-polar molecules containing few methyl branches. 9. Plants and arthropods can, within genetic constraints, alter the composition of their cuticular waxes to improve impermeability when conditions require increased water conservation. 10. None of the models proposed to explain the change in arthropod cuticular permeability which occurs at a species-specific temperature (‘transition temperature’) in many species is supported by the experimental data now available.
Acute delta- and kappa-opioid agonist pretreatment potentiates opioid antagonist-induced suppression of water consumption.

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to determine whether pretreatment with kappa- and delta-opioid agonists potentiates naltrexone-induced suppression of water consumption following 24 h of deprivation. This study also examined the temporal effects of agonist-induced antinociception using the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were water deprived 20 h and then given an injection (s.c. or i.c.) of an opioid agonist or saline. Drugs included the mu-opioid agonists morphine and DAMGO ([ d -Ala2, N MePhe4,Gly-ol5]-enkephalin), the kappa-opioid agonists spiradoline, bremazocine, and U69,593, and the delta-opioid agonists BW 373U86 and DPDPE ([D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin). Three hours and forty-five minutes later, animals received a single dose of naltrexone (0.1–30 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline. Fifteen minutes later, animals were allowed free access to water for 30 min. For the tail-flick and hot-plate tests, animals were given a single injection of agonist and tested in both procedures every 30 min for up to 2 h, then hourly up to 6 h post-injection. Naltrexone dose-dependently suppressed fluid consumption 24 h after deprivation. The effects of naltrexone on drinking were potentiated following pretreatment with at least one dose of the agonists tested except BW 373U86. With the exception of BW 373U86, DAMGO, and DPDPE, all of the opioid agonists produced significant antinociception in the hot-plate test. Only BW 373U86 failed to have an antinociceptive effect in the tail-flick test. By 4 h after treatment, drug-induced antinociception had largely waned, suggesting the potentiation of naltrexone-induced drinking suppression was not a result of a direct interaction with the agonists. In conclusion, kappa-opioid and delta-opioid receptors appear to contribute to the manifestation of acute opioid dependence, albeit to a lesser degree than mu-opioid receptors.
Electron transfer sequence and mechanism for bis bipyridine complexes of Ru(II)

The electron transfre sequence has been determined for a series of bis 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) complexes of ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)2L2)x at temperature down to −54°C. The reduction sequence at the lowest temperature is consistent with the predictions of the spatially isolated redox orbital model, for which the reduction electrons enter π* orbitals localized on the separate bipyridine ligands. The decomposition reactions that follow addition of two (or more) electrons for the complexes involve the stepwise loss of the ancillary ligand, L, and do not appear to result in the loss of bpy. Activation energies obtained for the decomposition reaction imply a solvent determined transition state.
Tutorial: Tools and methodologies for executing successful simulation consulting projects

When problems are extremely complex, highly variable and too big for simple calculations, a simulation project solution should be considered. Not surprisingly, the resulting project endeavor will also be complex and should be managed with a clear strategy and attention to detail. This paper will extend beyond basic project tips by providing specific tools and methodologies to help simulation leaders execute successful simulation consulting projects inside or outside their organization.