cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eugenol, a Component of Holy Basil (Tulsi) and Common Spice Clove, Inhibits the Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 and ACE2 to Induce Therapeutic Responses

Spike S1 of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells to enter the cell and initiate COVID-19. Since ACE2 is a favorable enzyme, we were interested in finding a molecule capable of binding spike S1, but not ACE2, and inhibiting the interaction between spike S1 and ACE2. Holy basil (Tulsi) has a long history as a medicine for different human disorders. Therefore, we screened different components of Tulsi leaf and found that eugenol, but not other major components (e.g. ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and β-caryophylline), inhibited the interaction between spike S1 and ACE2 in an AlphaScreen-based assay. By in silico analysis and thermal shift assay, we also observed that eugenol associated with spike S1, but not ACE2. Accordingly, eugenol strongly suppressed the entry of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2, but not vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), into human ACE2-expressing HEK293 cells. Eugenol also reduced SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-induced activation of NF-κB and the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα in human A549 lung cells. Moreover, oral treatment with eugenol reduced lung inflammation, decreased fever, improved heart function, and enhanced locomotor activities in SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-intoxicated mice. Therefore, selective targeting of SARS-CoV-2 spike S1, but not ACE2, by eugenol may be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment.
A Review of Strategies for Finite Element Modeling of Three Dimensional Hydrodynamic Systems

The methodology for three dimensional finite element analysis of hydrodynamic systems has been readily available since the basic development of two dimensional models. However, the simulation of a system composed entirely of three dimensional elements is computationally very expensive and little practical analysis has been undertaken. In an effort to reduce cost the author in a previous paper presented a simplified three dimensional model that used the hydrostatic pressure approximation to eliminate the vertical momentum equation and a transformation of the geometric system to a unit vertical dimension to directly solve for the free surface profile (King, 1982).
Cointegration and Its Application in Finance

Financial time series data tend to exhibit stochastic trends. To uncover relationship among financial variables it is important to model changes in stochastic trends over time. Cointegration can be used to identify common stochastic trend among different financial variables. If financial variables are cointegrated, it can also be shown that the variables exhibit long-run relationship. Keywords: deterministic trends; stationarity; unit root process; autoregression; cointegration; vector autoregressive model; error correction; Granger causality
Kernel k-means for categorical data

Clustering categorical data is an important and challenging data analysis task. In this paper, we explore the use of kernel K-means to cluster categorical data. We propose a new kernel function based on Hamming distance to embed categorical data in a constructed feature space where the clustering is conducted. We experimentally evaluated the quality of the solutions produced by kernel K-means on real datasets. Results indicated the feasibility of kernel K-means using our proposed kernel function to discover clusters embedded in categorical data.
Visibility subspaces: uncalibrated photometric stereo with shadows

Photometric stereo relies on inverting the image formation process, and doing this accurately requires reasoning about the visibility of light sources with respect to each image point. While simple heuristics for shadow detection suffice in some cases, they are susceptible to error. This paper presents an alternative approach for handling visibility in photometric stereo, one that is suitable for uncalibrated settings where the light directions are not known. A surface imaged under a finite set of light sources can be divided into regions having uniform visibility, and when the surface is Lambertian, these regions generally map to distinct three-dimensional illumination subspaces. We show that by identifying these subspaces, we can locate the regions and their visibilities, and in the process identify shadows. The result is an automatic method for uncalibrated Lambertian photometric stereo in the presence of shadows, both cast and attached.
Further studies on the circular dichroism of carboxypeptidase A (ANSON). Reduced-monoalkylated carboxypeptidase A, and carboxypeptidase Aalpha, Abeta, and Agamma.

Abstract 1. 1.|CD spectra were recorded of carboxypeptidase A α , A β Val , A β Leu , A γ Val , A γ Leu , and other fractions isolated from commercial preparations of carboxypeptidase A (Anson) by chromatography on DE-52 cellulose. The fractionated species of carboxypeptidase A have identical far-ultraviolet CD spectra, but slightly different nearultraviolet spectra. The intensity of a positive CD band from 255 to 270 nm is greatest in A γ and least in A α . The positive CD in this region probably arises mainly from the 1 L a bands of the tryptophanyl moieties. Phenylalanyl side chains contribute weaker, negative bands (262 and 267 nm) superimposed upon the more intense tryptophanyl CD. Although there is no evidence for a major tryosyl CD contribution (255–265 nm) at neutral pH values, a strong negative far-ultraviolet phenolate CD band extends to 280 nm at pH 10 to 11. Above 280 nm ionization of the exposed tyrosyl residues causes a positive shift in CD intensity, with maximal effect at 295 nm. The slight differences in the near-ultraviolet CD spectra of carboxypeptidase A α , A β , and A γ are interpreted in terms of altered tryptophanyl CD bands that may involve the interaction of Trp 81 with Tyr 9 at the amino-terminal region of the enzyme. 2. 2.|This paper also describes the CD of reduced-monoalkylated carboxypeptidase A (Anson) and its reaction with p -mercuribenzoate. Comparison of the CD spectra of the native and reduced-monoalkylated enzyme at 24 to − 35 °C and pH 7 to 11.5 reveals that the disulfide bond of carboxypeptidase A has no measurable CD above 250 nm. 3. 3.|Certain commercial lots of carboxypeptidase A contained RNA (2–3 mg/g protein), which contributed a large positive CD band at 262 nm.
Familial Apolipoprotein A-I, C-III and A-IV Deficiency

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I is the major protein of high density lipoproteins (HDL), while apoC-III and apoA-IV are minor protein components which are also found within triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles (1). Decreased levels of plasma HDL cholesterol and apoA-I have been demonstrated to be risk factors for premature coronary artery disease (CAD) (2,3). The genes coding for apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoA-IV are adjacent to one another on the long arm of chromosome 11 (4). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within this region SstI site 3′ to the apoA-I gene, and SstI within the 31 untranslated region of the apoC-III gene) have been associated with premature coronary atherosclerosis, decreased HDL, and hypertriglyceridemia (5–8). A kindred has been described in which two sisters developed severe coronary atherosclerosis in their late twenties and were noted to have marked HDL deficiency and trace or undetectable levels of apoA-I and apoC-III in their plasma. They also had diffuse yellow-orange planar xanthomas, and mild corneal opacification (9). Obligate heterozygotes in this kindred had levels of HDL cholesterol, apoA-I and apoC-III which were approximately 50% of normal. This disorder, known as familial apolipoprotein A-I and C-III deficiency, has recently been shown to be due to a DNA rearrangement involving the adjacent apoA-I and apoC-III genes (10) (more detailed description of this disorder is presented by Dr. S.K. Karathanasis in another chapter of the present volume).
Wie jeder sich klarmacht, der Beste zu sein

Hier geht es um Techniken, sich psychisch als der Beste zu fuhlen, nebst Techniken, andere Menschen umzublasen, die sich in diese Lage nicht hineinversetzen wollen.
Rethinking "Effective Remedies": Remedial Deterrence in International Courts

One of the bedrock principles of contemporary international law is that victims of human rights violations have a right to an "effective remedy." International courts usually hold that effective remedies must at least make the victim whole, and they sometimes adopt even stronger remedial rules for particular categories of human rights violations. Moreover, courts have refused to permit departure from these rules on the basis of competing social interests. Human rights scholars have not questioned this approach, frequently pushing for even stronger judicial remedies for rights violations. Yet in many cases, strong and inflexible remedial rules can perversely undermine human rights enforcement. Institutional constraints often make it impractical or highly costly for international courts to issue remedies for the violations they recognize. Inflexible remedial rules raise the collateral costs of providing remedies and often drive courts to circumvent those costs by narrowing their substantive interpretations of rights, raising the prejudice threshold required to trigger a remedy or erecting procedural hurdles that allow them to avoid considering the claim at all. This Article illustrates these "remedial deterrence" effects primarily with examples from the procedural rights case law of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and for the former Yugoslavia - two courts that face particularly stark remedial costs. It then argues that similar dynamics are likely at other international courts, though their degree, form, and consequences will vary based on each court's particular objectives and constraints.Although some degree of remedial deterrence is inevitable and legitimate, extreme remedial-cost pressures - like those often present in international criminal proceedings - result in severe doctrinal distortions that subvert the purpose of international courts' strong remedial rules. Because victims cannot be granted lesser remedies, they often receive no remedy at all. This overkill effect is magnified because the doctrinal distortions spill over to other cases lacking similar remedial costs and to domestic courts and other actors that follow international judicial precedent, even though they do not share the same institutional constraints. To mitigate these consequences, this Article makes two sets of recommendations. First, international courts' structures and procedures should be designed to avoid excessive remedial deterrence pressures. This Article offers specific proposals for international criminal tribunals. Second, international courts should modify their approach to the effective remedy requirement, allowing some degree of equitable balancing of interests. Such an approach would promote judicial candor and enable courts to avoid untenable remedial costs without unduly distorting other doctrines.
Dissecting AI-2-mediated quorum sensing through C5-analogue synthesis and biochemical analysis.

Autoinducer-2 (AI-2)-mediated quorum sensing (QS) is utilised for both intra- and inter-species communication by a wide variety of bacteria. An understanding of the mechanism of this communication has the potential to elucidate new targets for antibacterial therapeutics. Herein, we report the synthesis of DPD analogues with modified dynamic equilibria and the evaluation of their behaviour in Gram-negative bacteria. None of the compounds showed modulation of QS in Salmonella Typhimurium, and although no antagonism of Vibrio harveyi was observed, chloro-analogue C5-Cl-DPD showed modest agonism in this marine bacterium. This raises the possibility that access to a cyclic form of DPD may not be required for AI-2-mediated QS in V. harveyi.
Racial disparities in the optimal for induction of labor in low-risk term pregnancies: a national population-based study

AbstractObjective: The recommendation for elective induction of labor (IOL) is to await ≥39 weeks. Studies show earlier maturity of Blacks compared to Whites. The objective was to examine the effect of the Black race on the risk of intrapartum and neonatal complications after IOL.Methods: Black women with non-indicated IOL at 37–42 weeks were selected from the CDC-Birth Cohorts 2007–2010. Congenital anomalies, hypertension/diabetes, low-birth weight, breech presentation, previous cesarean and premature rupture of membranes were excluded. Intrapartum/neonatal complications were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios, using 39 weeks as reference.Results: 311 264 black were compared with 2 451 774 deliveries of other races. For Blacks, the risks of cesarean delivery and intrapartum complications were lower at 38 weeks. Chance of vaginal delivery was greater at 38 weeks. Risks of neonatal complications was not increased at 38 compared to 39 weeks.Conclusions: Intrapartum comp...
Prior infection with Type A Francisella tularensis antagonizes the pulmonary transcriptional response to an aerosolized Toll-like receptor 4 agonist

Francisella infection attenuates immune cell infiltration and expression of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to endogenous LPS, suggesting the bacteria is actively antagonizing at least some part of the response to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) engagement. The ability of different Francisella strains to inhibit the ability of E. coli LPS to induce a pulmonary inflammatory response, as measured by gene expression profiling, was examined to define the scope of modulation and identify of inflammatory genes/pathways that are specifically antagonized by a virulent F. tularensis infection. Prior aerosol exposure to F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, but not the live attenuated strain (LVS) of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica or F. novicida, significantly antagonized the transcriptional response in the lungs of infected mice exposed to aerosolized E. coli LPS. The response to E. coli LPS was not completely inhibited, suggesting that the bacteria is targeting further downstream of the TLR4 molecule. Analysis of the promotors of LPS-responsive genes that were perturbed by Type A Francisella infection identified candidate transcription factors that were potentially modulated by the bacteria, including multiple members of the forkhead transcription factor family (FoxA1, Foxa2, FoxD1, Foxd3, Foxf2, FoxI1, Fox03, Foxq1), IRF1, CEBPA, and Mef2. The annotated functional roles of the affected genes suggested that virulent Francisella infection suppressed cellular processes including mRNA processing, antiviral responses, intracellular trafficking, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, despite the broad overall suppression of LPS-induced genes by virulent Francisella, and contrary to what was anticipated from prior studies, Type A Francisella did not inhibit the expression of the majority of LPS-induced cytokines, nor the expression of many classic annotated inflammatory genes. Collectively, this analysis demonstrates clear differences in the ability of different Francisella strains to modulate TLR4 signaling and identifies genes/pathways that are specifically targeted by virulent Type A Francisella.
Recent Legislation: Separation of Powers — National Security — Congress Restricts Guantánamo Transfers, Prompting Constitutional Signing Statement Objection — National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-81, 125 Stat. 1298 (2011) (To Be Codified in Scattered Sections of the U.S. Code)

Despite the executive branch’s leadership in the war on terror, Congress has periodically passed legislation regarding military detention. Congress’s latest effort was the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (NDAA), which it passed on December 15, 2011, and which President Barack Obama signed into law later that month. In addition to affirming and potentially expanding the President’s detention powers, the NDAA extends for another year restrictions on the President’s ability to transfer Guantanamo Bay detainees to the United States and foreign countries. Although President Obama signed the bill into law, he issued a signing statement criticizing the restrictions on both policy and constitutional grounds, arguing that they could in certain circumstances violate the separation of powers. Although flawed as policy, the NDAA’s detainee-transfer restrictions do not unconstitutionally infringe upon the President’s Commander-in-Chief or foreign affairs powers. Rather, the restrictions are a welcome assertion of Congress’s proper role in regulating wartime detention.
The evolutionary periodogram: an iterative time-frequency estimator

Presents an improvement to the evolutionary periodogram, an estimator of the time-dependent spectrum of a non-stationary signal. In this improvement the authors allow this estimator to be used in an iterative fashion. At each iteration, the old spectral estimate is used to update the set of expansion functions used to describe the new time-dependent estimate. This update allows for the estimation of complicated spectra without having to increase the expansion order, as would be the case in the non-iterative (EP). The advantages of iterative time-frequency estimation are discussed and examples are presented to demonstrate these advantages. >
A new alloantigen expressed selectively on B cells: the Lyb-2 system

The new alloantigenic system of the mouse -Lyb-2-is described, and the strain distribution of the phenotype Lyb-2.1 recorded. So far no antiserum to the alternative Lyb-2.2 or other phenotypes is available. On present evidence, the cell-surface component represented by Lyb-2.1 antigen is expressed only on cells of the B-lymphocyte lineage. Cytotoxicity titers of Lyb-2.1 antisera may exceed 1:640 against spleen cells, with maximal lysis usually around 1:80. In two Lyb-2.1+ mouse sublines — CBA/J and C3Hf/Bi — the proportion of spleen cells lysed is lower than in other Lyb-2.1+ strains. The position of theLyb-2 locus has not been found, but close linkage with several loci has been excluded.
Electric home heating: It's better than you think

Abstract The overall effectiveness of fuel use for heating homes electrically is comparable to that for combustion systems in the home. Generation of electricity from domestic resources of coal and uranium and its economic use for home heating should be retained as an option in any strategy for providing a secure supply of energy for the United States in the future.
Purified hematopoietic stem cells without facilitating cells can repopulate fully allogeneic recipients across entire major histocompatibility complex transplantation barrier in mice

We report herein the successful long term engraftment of highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) without any facilitating cells in fully allogeneic recipient mice across the entire major histocompatibility complex (MHC) transplantation barrier. This finding challenges the assumption that highly purified marrow HSCs alone cannot produce long-lived allogeneic bone marrow chimeras across the MHC barrier. In the present experiments, 1 × 105 HSCs from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated donors, without any facilitating cells, have been found to repopulate lethally irradiated fully allogeneic recipients. Low density, lineage-negative (CD4−, CD8−, B220−, Mac-1−, Gr-1−), CD71-negative, class I highly positive, FACS-sorted cells from 5-FU-treated C57BL/6 (B6) donor mice were transplanted into lethally irradiated BALB/c recipients. (BALB/c → BALB/c) → BALB/c T cell-depleted marrow cells used as compromised cells were also transplanted into the recipients to permit experiments to be pursued over a long period of time. Cells of donor origin in all recognized lineages of hematopoietic cells developed in these allogeneic chimeras. One thousand HSCs were sufficient to repopulate hemiallogeneic recipients, but 1 × 104 HSCs alone from 5-FU-treated donors failed to repopulate the fully allogeneic recipients. Transplantation of primary marrow stromal cells or bones of the donor strain into recipient, together with 1 × 104 HSCs, also failed to reconstitute fully allogeneic recipients. Suppression of resistance of recipients by thymectomy or injections of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor before stem cell transplantation enhanced the engraftment of allogeneic HSCs. Our experiments show that reconstitution of all lymphohematopoietic lineages across the entire MHC transplantation barriers may be achieved by transplanting allogeneic HSCs alone, without any facilitating cells, as long as a sufficient number of HSCs is transplanted.
Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice

A professor of sociology explores how black feminist thought confronts the injustices of poverty and white supremacy, and argues that those operating outside the mainstream emphasize sociological themes based on assumptions different than those commonly accepted. Original. UP.
Gender role typing, the superwoman ideal, and the potential for eating disorders

The interactive effects of gender role typing and adherence to a superwoman ideal (desiring to excel in many diverse roles) on the potential for disordered eating were examined among a nonclinical sample of women. Results indicated that both masculine and feminine gender-typed women who strongly adhered to a superwoman ideal were at greater risk for eating disorders than androgynous superwomen. In contrast, androgynous superwomen had relatively low potential for disordered eating and appeared comparable to women who, regardless of gender typing, rejected the superwoman ideal. Women undifferentiated with regard to gender type, whether superwomen or not, also had reduced potential for disordered eating. Findings are discussed with regard to gender role socialization and expectations, and the implications for mediating the potential for eating disorders are considered.
Low order polynomial bounds on the expected performance of local improvement algorithms

We present a general abstract model of local improvement, applicable to such diverse cases as principal pivoting methods for the linear complementarity problem and hill climbing in artificial intelligence. The model accurately predicts the behavior of the algorithms, and allows for a variety of probabilistic assumptions that permit degeneracy. Simulation indicates an approximately linear average number of iterations under a variety of probability assumptions. We derive theoretical bounds of 2en logn and en 2 for different distributions, respectively, as well as polynomial bounds for a broad class of probability distributions. We conclude with a discussion of the applications of the model to LCP and linear programming.
Autologous Creatinine Clearance in a Case of Necrotizing Fasciitis and Anuria

Necrotizing fasciitis can present with concomitant acute kidney injury. The etiology of acute kidney injury is often multifactorial; potential sources include volume depletion, abdominal compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, and acute tubular necrosis (which may be related to hemodynamic instability, medications, or sepsis/infection). Kidney injury, defined via changes in serum creatinine, portends increased morbidity and mortality. Thus, it is crucial to accurately diagnose and assess the severity of kidney injury. We present the case of a patient with necrotizing fasciitis who endured 31 consecutive days of complete anuria. His serum creatinine decreased over this interval without the use of extracorporeal hemofiltration or dialysis. The explanation for this novel phenomenon lies in massive daily sero-sanguineous discharge and insensible losses with subsequent volume resuscitation. The patient's own convective clearance was substantial enough to maintain a modest creatinine clearance of 15 ml/min during sustained anuria. Our case emphasizes the importance of employing the creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urine output portions of the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) or Risk Injury Failure Loss End stage (RIFLE) criteria in assessing the severity of kidney injury. It further reinforces the imperfection in using serum creatinine as a primary measure of glomerular filtration rate.
Spectroscopy of a single adsorbed atom.

We have used a low-temperature ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope to perform atomically localized spectroscopic measurements on single Fe atoms adsorbed onto the Pt(111) surface. Using a simple tunneling model, we are able to quantitatively deconvolute the tip and adatom local densities of states (LDOS) from the dI/dV spectra. We find that a resonance occurs in the adatom LDOS that is centered 0.5 eV above the Fermi energy. This feature has a width of approximately 0.6 eV, and occurs only when the tip is within angstroms (laterally) of the center of an Fe adatom
Design and Analysis of Nanotube-Based Memory Cells.

In this paper, we proposed a nanoelectromechanical design as memory cells. A simple design contains a double-walled nanotube-based oscillator. Atomistic materials are deposed on the outer nanotube as electrodes. Once the WRITE voltages are applied on electrodes, the induced electromagnetic force can overcome the interlayer friction between the inner and outer tubes so that the oscillator can provide stable oscillations. The READ voltages are employed to indicate logic 0/1 states based on the position of the inner tube. A new continuum modeling is developed in this paper to analyze large models of the proposed nanoelectromechanical design. Our simulations demonstrate the mechanisms of the proposed design as both static and dynamic random memory cells.
Notes On Structure and Parasitism of Munida Iris a. Milne Edwards (Decapoda, Galatheidae) From North Carolina, U.S.A

Se presentan datos en relacion con la estructura de la populacion y el parasitismo en una muestra de Munida iris. La muestra de 251 individuos muestra (i) una relacion mayor del 1 : 1 de hembras (63.7%) en comparacion con machos (36.3%); (ii) 84.3% de hembras ovigeras conteniendo alrededor de 7900 huevos cada una; (iii) una tendencia marcada de los machos de mayor edad y presumiblemente mas maduros, de sobrepasar a las hembras y a los machos inmaduros en tamano de cuerpo y desarrollo de las quelas; y (iv) el 10% de la muestra parasitado por epicarideanos.
Chemical reaction induced agglomeration and defluidization of fluidized beds

Abstract Industrial fluidized beds are operated with particles that usually contain impurities or are themselves a mixture of many components (for example, ores). Upon heating to high temperatures, some of these components soften, melt or react with each other, generating stickiness. In fluid bed reactors, the fluidizing gas can also react chemically with the solids producing new components and during this process particle cohesion and stickiness can occur. In all these cases, the fluidization behavior of the particles changes dramatically as temperature is increased, agglomerates form and such characteristics as the minimum fluidization and bubling velocity, the bubble size and bubble frequency, etc., all change significantly. It has been demonstrated in earlier work by the present authors and also by others that above a certain temperature (the so-called sintering point), fluidization is not possible at all unless special precautions are taken and the gas velocity is increased significantly. The goal of the present research is to determine the sintering or ‘sticking’ temperature in these more complicated cases when the particles are chemically complex and/or when chemical reactions take place. It is shown during the present work that even under these conditions, sintering temperatures can be measured using the dilatometer technique developed earlier for inert gases and pure materials assuming that such conditions as gaseous atmosphere and temperature can be reproduced in the instrument. A special class of agglomeration due exclusively to the formation of new species during a chemical reaction which occurs on the surface of the solid particle is also presented in this paper. It is shown that at temperatures well below the softening (sintering) points of both the reactants and the products, particle agglomeration can occur during the process of product formation: examples such as the oxidation of coke and magnesium powders, the reduction of calcium sulfate and the production of aluminum nitride are given.
Obsessive Compulsive Symptom Dimensions and Suicide: The Moderating Role of Anxiety Sensitivity Cognitive Concerns

Extant work on the relationship between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and suicide is scarce. Moreover no research has examined potential moderators that may increase risk for suicide among those with OCD. The current study examined the moderating role of anxiety sensitivity (AS) cognitive concerns. The cognitive concerns subscale of AS, which reflects fears of cognitive dyscontrol, has been found to be associated with the obsessions dimension of OCD and increased suicidality in a number of populations. The sample included 80 patients (3.8 % with a primary OCD diagnosis) recruited from the community to participate in a larger clinical trial investigating the effects of an AS intervention on suicide. Results indicated the obsessive dimension of OCD was associated with increased suicidality. Additionally, AS cognitive concerns moderated the relationship between these variables. Future research should examine the relationships between these constructs prospectively. Results of this investigation highlight the importance of assessing suicidal risk as part of a comprehensive OCD assessment.
MicroRNA miR-155 Affects Antiviral Effector and Effector Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation

MicroRNAs are key regulators of the immune response, but their role in CD8 T cell differentiation in vivo is not known. We show that miR-155 is important in both effector and memory antiviral CD8 T cell responses. Without miR-155, there was a weaker effector response and a skewing toward memory precursor cells. At the memory stage, miR-155-deficient CD8 T cells preferentially differentiated into central memory cells and were capable of mounting a potent secondary response.
Modeling and Generating Stochastic Inputs for Simulation Studies

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe problem of modeling and generating stochastic inputs for simulation studies is reviewed. A state-of-the-art review of univariate random variate generation is provided. A brief treatment of the generation of order statistics is also given. Some general systems of distributions are discussed as models to fit data when the underlying distribution is unknown. A comprehensive list of references is included.
Metkephamid (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-N(Me)Met-NH2), a potent opioid peptide: Receptor binding and analgesic properties

The interaction of metkephamid (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-N(Me)Met-NH2) with 3H-dihydromorphine and 3H-D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin binding has been examined in rat brain homogenates. Displacements of both 3H-ligands by metkephamid indicate that metkephamid interacts competitively with greatest potency to the high affinity binding component for both ligands (mu1 site). Unlike most enkephalins and opiates, metkephamid binds equipotently to both morphine-selective (mu2) and enkephalin-selective (delta) binding sites. Metkephamid is differentiated from morphine by its better than 12-fold higher affinity for the delta receptor. Blockade of the high affinity (mu1) binding in vivo with high doses of naloxazone dramatically reduces metkephamid's analgesic potency.
Parenting and the home environment provided by grandmothers of children in the child welfare system

Abstract More than 2.4 million grandparents in the United States provide primary care for more than 4.5 million grandchildren, but little is known about how grandparents in the child welfare system (CWS) parent their grandchildren. Using a nationally representative sample of children reported for maltreatment to the CWS, the authors compared the parenting and home environments provided by grandmothers with those provided by nonkin foster caregivers. Grandmothers were older, less educated, less likely to be married, and more likely to be subsisting beneath the federal poverty level than foster caregivers. Grandmothers had significantly better parenting scores than foster caregivers, even when the child's age and the caregiver's race/ethnicity, education, and poverty level were taken into account. The home environment provided by grandmothers in the CWS was generally as good as the one provided by foster caregivers. These findings suggest that grandmothers are striving to give affection, be responsive, and—within their economic means—provide learning opportunities for the child. Findings also yield a profile of grandmothers' social and economic disadvantages, suggesting the need for increased support for grandmothers caring for children in the CWS.
Space-time coherence and its exact null distribution

This paper considers the problem of testing for the independence among multiple (≥ 2) random vectors with each random vector representing a time series captured at one sensor. Implementing the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test involves testing the null hypothesis that the composite covariance matrix of the channels is block-diagonal through the use of a generalized Hadamard ratio. Using the theory of linear prediction and its connection with Gram determinants, it is shown that this generalized Hadamard ratio can be written as a product of scalars which are independently drawn from a beta distribution under the null hypothesis. This result is useful from a Monte Carlo analysis standpoint in that it is much more computationally efficient to form a product of scalar beta random variables than it is to compute the determinant of complex Wishart matrices.
Physical Skill Factors Contributing to Success on the Professional Golf Tour

Success in professional golf is often measured by scoring average and monetary earnings. It has been suggested that specific physical abilities associated with golfing skills are of primary importance to success at golf. Yet, there is a paucity of literature addressing these relationships. The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationships between success and specific shot-making skills, using data from the 1987 PGA Tour. Correlation and regression techniques indicated that four independent variables (average driving distance, greens in regulation, putts per round, and sand saves) constituted a model of best fit for both measures of success. These four variables explained over 87% of the variance associated with average scores, and over 50% of the variance associated with monies earned. These results support a theoretical model highlighting specific shot-making abilities as crucial to success in professional golf.
Wafer-Level Film Selection for Stacked-Die Chip Scale Packages

Wafer-level dicing tape format die-attach (DA) film and the corresponding lamination method provide a suitable solution for handling thin-wafers. However, such die-attach films typically have a Young's modulus less than 10 MPa at soldering reflow temperature (e.g. 260degC). This introduces a new failure mode, i.e., cohesive failure in the DA film. Through extensive experimental DOE studies described in this paper, it has been observed that some CSP packages with such film are very sensitive to substrate thickness and reflow profiles. In this work, a fundamental understanding of failure mechanisms was obtained through comprehensive finite element simulation and material characterization. It was noted that there might be a risk of cohesive failure with low-modulus die-attach film during reflow. Further, several types of die-attach films were evaluated based on full stack and discrete packages. Experimental results showed that not all die-attach films with very low modulus are sensitive to reflow profiles with cohesive failures. A general methodology for selecting die-attach film for ultra-thin stacked-die packages was developed based on the advanced measurement techniques and finite element simulation. If the film is not sensitive to reflow profile, even though the die-attach film has very low modulus, the film modulus, moisture diffusivity, and saturated moisture concentration will not be critical the parameters for screening the DA films. In this case, interfacial adhesion and the film voids become the key modulators. Since the stress state in the film is hydrostatic in a confined constraint condition, the effective hydrostatic stress in the film is not as high as vapor pressure, the low-modulus die-attach film can be used without cohesive failure. On the other hand, when cohesive failures are present, the integrated modeling approach with material characterization can be applied to design a package without failure.
Police Pursuits: the Legal and Policy Implications of County of Sacramento V. Lewis

This article examines the legal and policy implications of the recent Supreme Court decision on police pursuits in County of Sacramento v. Lewis. It explores the concept of civil liability for pursuit-related injuries under federallaw, provides a detailed analysis of the Lewis decision, and helps explain why the Supreme Court ruled as it did in the case. The article also discusses police liability for pursuit-related injuries under state law and questions whether current legal doctrine denies citizens injured as the result of police pursuits a forum for their claims.
Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence after breast conservation therapy: Outcomes of salvage mastectomy vs. salvage breast-conserving surgery and prognostic factors for salvage breast preservation

Purpose: To compare outcomes of salvage mastectomy (SM) and salvage breast-conserving surgery (SBCS) and study the feasibility of SBCS. Methods and Materials: Of 2,038 patients treated with breast-conserving therapy at Yale-New Haven Hospital before 1999, 166 sustained an ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). Outcomes and prognostic factors of patients treated with SM or SBCS were compared. Patients were considered amenable to SBCS if the recurrence was localized on mammogram and physical examination, and had pathologic size Results: Of the 146 patients definitively managed at IBTR, surgery was SM ( n = 116) or SBCS ( n = 30). The median length of follow-up after IBTR was 13.8 years. The SM and SBCS cohorts had no significant differences, except at IBTR the SM cohort had a greater tumor size ( p = 0.049). Of the SM cohort, 65.5% were considered appropriate for SBCS, and a localized relapse was predicted by estrogen-receptor positive, diploid, and detection of recurrence by mammogram. Multicentric disease correlated with BRCA1/2 mutation, estrogen-receptor negative, lymph node positive at relapse, and detection of recurrence by physical examination. Survival after IBTR was 64.5% at 10 years, with no significant difference between SM (65.7%) and SBCS (58.0%). Only 2 patients in the SBCS cohort subsequently had a second IBTR, and were salvaged with mastectomy. Conclusions: While mastectomy is considered the standard surgical salvage of IBTR, SBCS is feasible and prognostic factors are related to favorable tumor biology and early detection. Patients with BRCA1/2 germline mutations may be less appropriate for SBCS, as multicentric disease was more prevalent. Patients who underwent SBCS had comparable outcomes as those who underwent SM, but remain at continued risk for IBTR. A prospective trial evaluating repeat lumpectomy and partial breast reirradiation is discussed.
First observations by the CEPPAD imaging proton spectrometer aboard POLAR

Abstract We report on the first observations of magnetospheric energetic particle populations by the Comprehensive Energetic Particle and Pitch Angle Distribution (CEPPAD) experiment on the recently launched NASA POLAR spacecraft. The CEPPAD Imaging Proton Spectrometer (IPS) experiment has been returning excellent measurements of ≥15 keV ions with high angular, temporal, and spectral resolution since its activation shortly after the POLAR spacecraft launch. The POLAR spacecraft is routinely sampling both previously explored and “new” regions and the high sensitivity CEPPAD instruments observe exciting phenomena in virtually every portion of the POLAR orbit. In this paper, we report on CEPPAD IPS measurements of both familiar magnetospheric regions (cusp, plasma sheet, ring current, radiation belt) as well as the unfamiliar (the appearance of energetic particle near apogee at very high magnetic latitudes). We propose that newly discovered polar energetic particles (PEPs) are the signature of either; (1) accelerated magnetosheath particles on open field lines, or (2) hot particles of a severly distorted plasma sheet, both of which occur during periods of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).
72-Year-Old Man With Fever, Skin Lesions, and Consolidation on Chest Radiograph

(CHEST 2000; 118:861‐ 862) A 72-year old man was admitted to the hospital with a fever as high as 39°C; mild dyspnea; and tender, erythematous, vesicular skin lesions on his lower legs, forearms, and neck (Fig 1). A chest radiograph showed patchy consolidation in the right upper, right lower, and left lower lobes. Medical history was remarkable for a 1-year history of myelodysplastic syndrome. On admission, his hemoglobin level was 8.5 g/dL, and WBC count was 6 3 10 9 /L, with a differential of 52% segmented neutrophils, 20% lymphocytes, 26% monocytes, and 2% eosinophils. The platelet count was 80 3 10 9 /L. Appropriate blood, sputum, urine, and skin cultures were obtained, and the patient was empirically started on IV ampicillin. Over the next 36 h, the skin lesions and dyspnea worsened. Culture results were negative. A skin biopsy revealed a sterile, diffuse, nodular infiltration of the dermis by mature neutrophils. BAL revealed a WBC count of 11.2 3 10 9 /L, with a differential of 90% neutrophils, 3% eosinophils, and 7% macrophages. No pathogenic organisms or malignants cells were found. Transbronchial biopsy revealed interstitial infiltration by large numbers of neutrophils with occasional eosinophils and small numbers of lymphocytes. There was no evidence of granulomatous inflammation. At this point, which of the following is the correct treatment?
Pollen morphology in the genus Pardoglossum (Boraginacea) with some observations on heterocolpate pollen

Abstract The pollen morphology of the genus Pardoglossum Barbier et Mathez (Boraginaceae) has been described using light and scanning electron microscopy. All five species in this genus have heterocolpate pollen, as do other genera in the tribe Cynoglosseae to which Pardoglossum belongs. The Pardoglossum pollen type is most unusual in having alternating colpi and pori round the equator, the pori bearing the endoapertures. A new term ‘poro-colpate’ has been coined for this condition. Evidence is presented to suggest that heterocolpate grains are more advanced than grains with a singe apertures type, and that poro-colpate grains are more advanced than heterocolpate grains where all the apertures are colpi. Pardoglossm should therefore be considered an advanced rather than primitive genus in the Cynoglosseae.
Control of step size and order in extrapolation codes

Abstract Extrapolation of the semi-implicit midpoint rule is an effective way to solve stiff initial value problems for a system of ordinary differential equations. The theory of the control of step size and order is advanced by investigating questions not taken up before, providing additional justification for some algorithms, and proposing an alternative to the information theory approach of Deuflhard. An experimental code SIMP implementing the algorithms proposed is shown to be as good as, and in some respects better than, the research code METAN1 of Bader and Deuflhard.
Age-dependent differences in survival of striatal somatostatin-NPY-NADPH-diaphorase-containing interneurons versus striatal projection neurons after intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid in rats.

Some authors have reported greater sparing of neurons containing somatostatin (SS)-neuropeptide Y (NPY)-NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) than projection neurons after intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (QA), an excitotoxin acting at NMDA receptors. Such findings have been used to support the NMDA receptor excitotoxin hypothesis of Huntington's disease (HD) and to claim that intrastriatal QA produces an animal model of HD. Other studies have, however, reported that SS/NPY/NADPHd interneurons are highly vulnerable to QA. We examined the influence of animal age (young versus mature), QA concentration (225 mM versus 50 mM), and injection speed (3 min versus 15 min) on the relative SS/NPY/NADPHd neuron survival in eight groups of rats that varied along these parameters to determine the basis of such prior discrepancies. Two weeks after QA injection, we analyzed the relative survival of neurons labeled by NADPHd histochemistry, SS/NPY immunohistochemistry, or cresyl violet staining (which stains all striatal neurons, the majority of which are projection neurons) in the so-called lesion transition zone (i.e., the zone of 40-60% neuronal survival). We found that age, and to a lesser extent injection speed, had a significant effect on relative SS/NPY/NADPHd interneuron survival. The NADPHd- and SS/NPY-labeled neurons typically survived better than projection neurons in young rats and more poorly in mature rats. This trend was greatly accentuated with fast QA injection. Age-related differences may be attributable to declines in projection neuron sensitivity to QA with age. Since rapid QA injections result in excitotoxin efflux, we interpret the effect of injection speed to suggest that brief exposure to a large dose of QA (with fast injection) may better accentuate the differential vulnerabilities of NADPHd/SS/NPY interneurons and projection neurons than does exposure to the same total amount of QA delivered more gradually (slow injection). These findings reconcile the discordant results found by previous authors and suggest that QA injected into rat striatum does reproduce the neurochemical traits of HD under some circumstances. These findings are consistent with a role of excitotoxicity in HD pathogenesis, and they also have implications for the basis of the more pernicious nature of striatal neuron loss in juvenile onset HD.
Sounding Black or White: priming identity and biracial speech

Research has shown that priming one’s racial identity can alter a biracial individuals’ social behavior, but can such priming also influence their speech? Language is often used as a marker of one’s social group membership and studies have shown that social context can affect the style of language that a person chooses to use, but this work has yet to be extended to the biracial population. Audio clips were extracted from a previous study involving biracial Black/White participants who had either their Black or White racial identity primed. Condition-blind coders rated Black-primed biracial participants as sounding significantly more Black and White-primed biracial participants as sounding significantly more White, both when listening to whole (Study 1a) and thin-sliced (Study 1b) clips. Further linguistic analyses (Studies 2a–c) were inconclusive regarding the features that differed between the two groups. Future directions regarding the need to investigate the intersections between social identity priming and language behavior with a biracial lens are discussed.