cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late pregnancy thyroid-binding globulin predicts perinatal depression

Previously we found that late pregnancy total and free thyroxine (TT4, FT4) concentrations were negatively related to greater pre and/or postpartum depressive symptoms. In a much larger cohort, the current study examined whether these thyroid indices measured earlier in the third trimester (31-33 weeks) predict subsequent perinatal depression and anxiety ratings as well as syndromal depression. Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations increase markedly during pregnancy and may be an index of sensitivity to elevated estrogen levels. TBG was examined in this study because prior findings suggest that postpartum depression is related to sensitivity to mood destabilization by elevated sex hormone concentrations during pregnancy. Our cohort was 199 euthyroid women recruited from a public health obstetrics clinic (63.8% Hispanic, 21.6% Black). After screening and blood draws for hormone measures at pregnancy weeks 31-33, subjects were evaluated during home visits at pregnancy weeks 35-36 as well as postpartum weeks 6 and 12. Evaluations included psychiatric interviews for current and life-time DSM-IV psychiatric history (M.I.N.I.-Plus), subject self-ratings and interviewer ratings for depression and anxiety (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Montgomery-Ǻsberg Depression Rating Scale; Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Inventory), as well as a standardized interview to obtain life-time trauma history. Numerous covariates were included in all regression analyses. Trauma and major depression history were robustly significant predictors of depression and anxiety ratings over the study period when these variables were analyzed individually or in a combined model including FT4 or TBG (p<.001). When analyzed alone, FT4 levels were a less strong but still significant predictor of all depression and anxiety ratings (p<.05) while TBG levels was a significant or nearly significant predictor of most ratings. FT4, TBG and trauma history, but not major depression history, were significant individual predictors of syndromal depression during the study period (p<.05) in single predictor models. In models combining each with trauma and major depression history, FT4 and TBG generally were not significantly predictive of depression or anxiety ratings, and FT4 was also not a significant predictor of syndromal depression: however, in the combined model TBG was a particularly strong predictor of perinatal syndromal depression (p=.005) and trauma history was also significant (p=.016). Further study of the interactions among TBG, FT4, sex hormones, trauma history and perinatal depression may provide insights into the pathophysiological basis of individual variance in vulnerability to mood destabilization by the hormone conditions of pregnancy.
Nonlinear Analysis of Instability in Tension

A nonlinear theory of tensile instability (necking) of a bar is formulated. The material of this bar is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic; obeys the Rambert-Osgood law and has a permissible Poisson's ratio. Numerical solutions are obtained, for the case of Poisson's ratio equals to 0.5, by using the modified Euler's method. Nondimensional load-length diagrams of the bar are presented graphically for various material parameters. If the tensile load is monotonically increasing all the time, tensile instability will occur. From this nonlinear analysis, it is found that the ultimate nominal stress of tensile instability, for a bar with finite strength, can be much greater than that predicted by the classical theory. The discrepancy between these two theories is explained. The validity of the classical theory is analyzed.
Total joint arthroplasty in patients with chronic infectious liver disease

The opportunity for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in patients with chronic infectious liver disease is rapidly expanding. This is the product of both superior survival of chronic hepatitis patients, evolving implant technologies, and improvement of techniques in TJA. Unfortunately, treating this group of patients is not without significant challenges that can stem from both intrahepatic and extrahepatic clinical manifestations. Moreover, many subclinical changes occur in this cohort that can alter hemostasis, wound healing, and infection risk even in the asymptomatic patient. In this review, we discuss the various clinical presentations of chronic infectious liver disease and summarize the relevant literature involving total joint arthroplasty for this population. Hopefully, through appropriate patient selection and perioperative optimization, treating surgeons should see continued improvement in outcomes for patients with chronic infectious liver disease.
Extreme electron polaron spatial delocalization in π-conjugated materials

The electron polaron, a spin-1/2 excitation, is the fundamental negative charge carrier in π-conjugated organic materials. Large polaron spatial dimensions result from weak electron-lattice coupling and thus identify materials with unusually low barriers for the charge transfer reactions that are central to electronic device applications. Here we demonstrate electron polarons in π-conjugated multiporphyrin arrays that feature vast areal delocalization. This finding is evidenced by concurrent optical and electron spin resonance measurements, coupled with electronic structure calculations that suggest atypically small reorganization energies for one-electron reduction of these materials. Because the electron polaron dimension can be linked to key performance metrics in organic photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, and a host of other devices, these findings identify conjugated materials with exceptional optical, electronic, and spintronic properties.
Sleep Duration and Chronic Kidney Disease: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high prevalence of sleep disorders. The association between sleep duration and self-reported CKD was examined in a population of Americans who participated in a national survey over a 3-year period. Study Design: A cross-sectional study using survey data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from the year 2004-2006 was carried out. A retrospective examination of data from a community-based survey of 128,486 noninstitutionalized US civilian residents over the age of 18 years was conducted. Self-reported CKD was defined as having ‘weak or failing kidneys'. The sleep duration was defined by a self-reported estimate of habitual sleep duration. Results: The prevalence of participants self-reporting kidney disease was higher in those with short (≤6 h per night) and long (≥8 h per night) sleep durations when compared to those sleeping 7 h per night. Self-reported information about sleep, demographic information, and information on comorbidities were assessed using standardized validated questionnaires which reported no kidney disease. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed increased odds of self-reported kidney disease in study participants with both short and long sleep durations compared to healthy sleepers (sleeping >7-8 h per night). Observational data do not permit examination of causality, although possible confounders in observations of interest can be adjusted. Conclusion: Among Americans surveyed in the NHIS (2004-2006), those with short or long sleep duration had higher odds of reporting that they had CKD. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Mental health consumer parents' recommendations for designing psychoeducation interventions for their minor children.

Objective This research explores consumer parents' recommendations for developing psychoeducation programs for their minor children. Method Data were drawn from a purposive sample of 3 focus groups of parent consumers of a community mental health agency. The research question was: "What do consumer parents recommend for developing psychoeducation programs for their minor children?" Results Parents recommended content foci of mental illness, recovery, heritability, stigma, and coping. Conclusions and implications for practice The next step is youth psychoeducation intervention development and evaluation. Parents, youth, and professionals should be included in the program planning.
Tennessee and Kentucky Fungi

The fungous flora of Tennessee and Kentucky has not been studied to the same extent as that of many other states. The main work so far seems to have been limited to the more important disease-producing species on cultivated plants. In addition, collections have been made in a few special groups confined to the eastern mountains. The general flora of the central and western portions of these states remain practically untouched. During the month of September, I916, the writer, accompanied by Mr. Frank B. Cotner as assistant, visited two localities. One week was spent at Harlan, Kentucky, and three weeks at Elkmont, Tennessee, in the heart of the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains. The latter region is not far remote from the Asheville region of North Carolina where so many eminent mycologists have collected and whose flora is quite well known. Many species were therefore found which are known from the ranges east of the Big Smoky. The most important condition for the study of the fungous flora of a region is of course the'weather. Heavy rains had fallen in Elkmont during July and August, so ithat the woodinhabiting fungi were still rather plentiful. The species growing on the ground, however, were not in sufficient abundance to give any satisfactory idea of the flora, as the rains during our stay were few and scattered, and the summer fruiting species had all been stimulated by the heavy rains to early fruiting. The following list of agarics, for example, although not small, represents in each case a small number of individuals collected, giving no hint of the frequency of the species for the region. Since the larger part of the list below comes from Elkmont, Tennessee, the species from Harlan, Kentucky, will be marked by an asterisk and those common to the two localities by a double asterisk. 159
Conservative Fatigue Life Estimation using Bayesian Update

In this paper, Bayesian update is utilized to reduce uncertainty associated with the fatigue life relation. The distribution for fatigue strain at a constant life cycle is determined using the initial uncertainty from analytical prediction and likelihood functions from test data. The Bayesian technique is a good method to reduce uncertainty and at the same time, provides a conservative estimate, given the distribution of analytical prediction errors and variability of test data. First, the distribution of fatigue model error is estimated using Monte Carlo simulation with uniformly distributed parameters. Then the error distribution is progressively updated by using the test variability as a likelihood function, which is obtained from field test data. The sensitivity of estimated distribution with respect to the initial error distribution and the selected likelihood function is studied. The proposed method is applied to estimate the fatigue life of turbine blade. It is found that the proposed Bayesian technique reduces the scatteredness in life by almost 50%, while maintaining the conservative life estimate at a given fatigue strain. In addition, a good conservative estimate of fatigue life prediction has been proposed using a knockdown factor that is obtained from the distribution of lowest test data. Moreover, Bayesian update has been utilized to update the parameters of strain – life curve for a case of constant strain amplitude
Sustained Releases of Spalangia endius to Parasitize Field Populations of Three Species of Filth Breeding Flies

Spalangia endius Walker was released weekly for 13 wk against a mixed population of filth breeding field flies. Within 10 wk after initiation of the releases at a feeding station in a 44-acre pasture, all Musca domestica L. pupae collected were parasitized. Moreover, by the 12th wk, all Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) pupae, and after 13 wk, all Physiphora aeneae (F.) pupae collected were parasitized. When another feeding station located 450 ft away was set up during the 6th wk of the release, all M. domestica pupae collected from within and at the base of the trough were completely parasitized within 7 wk. During this same time interval, parasitism of S. calcitrans pupae collected from the base of the trough ranged from 99.0–100.0% and within the trough ranged from 33.0–88.0%.
TCTAP C-218 Successful Recanalization of Chronic Totally Occluded Popliteal Artery with Co-existing Thrombus-like Lesion

### Patient initials or identifier number O.C.C ### Relevant clinical history and physical exam A 41 year-old male smoker Presented as intermittent claudication <50 meters and unable to work for years History of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and CAD post PCI ABI of left thigh/calf/ankle/
Blood concentration monitoring of cyclosporine A in patients with aplastic anemia

Objective To evaluate the relationship between efficacy and cyclosporine A(CsA) whole blood valley concentration in patients with aplastic anemia.Methods 55 CsA whole blood samples in 33 patients with aplastic anemia were measured by means of fluorescence polarization immunoassay(FPIA).According to the treatment protocols,33 patients were devided into four groups.Group A received CsA+androgen+ hematopoitic growth factors,group B received CsA+androgen+hematopoitic growth factors+high-dose methylprednisolone,group C received CsA+ androgen + hematopoitic growth factors+antithymocyte globulin(ATG),and group D received CsA+androgen+hematopoitic growth factors+high-dose methylprednisolone+ high-dose gama globulin.Then the relationship between efficacy and CsA blood concentration was analyzed.Result 18 instances′ concentration values were less than 83.15 μmol·L-1,and the response rate was 46%.23 instances′ concentration values were in the range of 83.15-166.30 μmol·L-1,and the response rate was 58%.14 instances′ concentration values were in the range of 166.30-332.61 μmol·L-1,and the response rate was 75%.The consequence of drug combination was complex.Conclusion The curative effect was good when the concentration of CsA was in the range of 166.30-332.61 μmol·L-1.
Young Children's Understanding of the Successor Function.

This study examined 4-year-old children’s understanding of the successor function, the concept that for every positive integer there is a unique next integer. Children were tested in the context of cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. The results suggest that knowledge of the successor for cardinal numbers precedes that for ordinal numbers. In addition, for both cardinal and ordinal numbers, children generally failed to demonstrate understanding that the successor of a given number is unique.
Glycine-extended gastrin exerts growth-promoting effects on human colon cancer cells.

Since human colon cancers often contain significant quantities of progastrin-processing intermediates, we sought to explore the possibility that the biosynthetic precursor of fully processed amidated gastrin, glycine-extended gastrin, may exert trophic effects on human colonic cancer cells. Binding of radiolabeled glycine-extended and amidated gastrins was assessed on five human cancer cell lines: LoVo, HT 29, HCT 116, Colo 320DM, and T 84. Trophic actions of the peptides were assessed by increases in [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell number. Gastrin expression was determined by northern blot and radioimmunoassay. Amidated gastrin did not bind to or stimulate the growth of any of the five cell lines. In contrast, saturable binding of radiolabeled glycine-extended gastrin was seen on LoVo and HT 29 cells that was not inhibited by amidated gastrin (10−6 M) nor by a gastrin/CCKB receptor antagonist (PD 134308). Glycine-extended gastrin induced a dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine uptake in LoVo (143 ± 8% versus control at 10−10 M) and HT 29 (151 ± 11% versus control at 10−10 M) cells that was not inhibited by PD 134308 or by a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) or ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD 98509). Glycine-extended gastrin did stimulate jun-kinase activity in LoVo and HT 29 cells. The two cell lines expressed the gastrin gene at low levels and secreted small amounts of amidated gastrin and glycine-extended gastrin into the media. Glycine-extended gastrin receptors are present on human colon cancer cells that mediate glycine-extended gastrin’s trophic effects via a MEK-independent mechanism. This suggests that glycine-extended gastrin and its novel receptors may play a role in colon cancer cell growth.
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND/SOLAR ASSISTED WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT This project examines water source heat pump options for the Texas Gulf Coast. It is further supported by an experimental effort in which an existing residence is retrofitted with a heat pump and other energy sources: well water as a heat source/sink, vertical well as heat source/heat sink/storage, horizontal buried copper and plastic ground coils to use as heat source/heat sink, and a solar assist system. The energy elements are operated individually and in combination configurations to determine performance. Cost effectiveness of the energy alternatives are explored.
Clearance Kinetics and Clearance Routes of Molecules From the Suprachoroidal Space After Microneedle Injection.

Purpose To determine clearance kinetics and routes of clearance of molecules from the suprachoroidal space (SCS) of live New Zealand White rabbits. Methods Suprachoroidal space collapse rate and pressure changes after microneedle injection into SCS were determined. Fluorescent fundus images were acquired to determine clearance rates of molecules ranging in size from 332 Da to 2 MDa. Microneedle injections of fluorescein were performed, and samples were taken from various sites over time to determine amount of fluorescein exiting the eye. Clearance transport was modeled theoretically and compared with experimental data. Results After injection, pressures in SCS and vitreous humor spiked and returned to baseline within 20 minutes; there was no difference between these two pressures. Suprachoroidal space collapse occurred within 40 minutes. One hour after fluorescein injection, 46% of fluorescein was still present in the eye, 15% had transported across sclera, 6% had been cleared by choroidal vasculature, and 4% had exited via leakage pathways. Characteristic clearance time increased in proportion with molecular radius, but total clearance of 2 MDa FITC-dextran was significantly slower (21 days) than smaller molecules. These data generally agreed with predictions from a theoretical model of molecular transport. Conclusions Guided by experimental data in the context of model predictions, molecular clearance from SCS occurred in three regimes: (1) on a time scale of approximately 10 minutes, fluid and molecules exited SCS by diffusion into sclera and choroid, and by pressure-driven reflux via transscleral leakage sites; (2) in approximately 1 hour, molecules cleared from choroid by blood flow; and (3) in 1 to 10 hours, molecules cleared from sclera by diffusion and convection.
Impact of temperature-velocity distribution on fusion neutron peak shape

Doppler broadening of the 14 MeV DT and 2.45 MeV DD fusion neutron lines has long been our best measure of temperature in a burning plasma. At the National Ignition Facility (NIF), yields are high enough and our neutron spectrometers accurate enough that we see finer details of the peak shape. For example, we can measure the shift of the peak due to the bulk motion of the plasma, and we see indications of non-thermal broadening, skew, and kurtosis of the peak caused by the variations of temperature and fluid velocity during burn. We can also distinguish spectral differences among several lines of sight. This paper will review the theory of fusion neutron line shape, show examples of non-Gaussian line shapes and directional variations in NIF data, and describe detailed spectral shapes we see in radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of implosions.
The US Food and Drug Administration's Perspective on the New Antipsychotic Pimavanserin.

Objective To summarize the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) review of the safety and effectiveness for pimavanserin, an atypical antipsychotic, for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis. We describe the regulatory and clinical issues important to the FDA's approval of this New Drug Application, with special focus on the risk-benefit balance. We also describe a new labeling feature that presents additional efficacy data to clinicians. Data sources Data sets for all relevant clinical trials of pimavanserin and the Applicant's and FDA's analyses of these data were considered in this review. Data were available from 616 patients with Parkinson's disease with hallucinations and delusions who received at least 1 dose of pimavanserin, with a total exposure of 825 patient-years in the Parkinson's disease psychosis population. Results Pimavanserin 34 mg/d was effective in treating hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease. In the Applicant's single pivotal trial, 80.5% of pimavanserin patients experienced at least some improvement in symptoms compared to 58.1% of patients taking placebo. Pimavanserin did not worsen motor function, an adverse effect commonly observed with other antipsychotics, probably because of a lack of consequential dopamine binding. Conclusions Pimavanserin is the only FDA-approved treatment for the hallucinations and delusions seen in patients with psychosis of Parkinson's disease. Although pimavanserin appears to have a pharmacologic mechanism that is different from other atypical antipsychotics, concern remained that the increased risk of death seen with antipsychotic use in elderly demented patients, and described in all approved antipsychotic labels, would also occur with pimavanserin. Pimavanserin bears the same boxed warning about the risk of death associated with antipsychotic use in elderly patients with dementia.
Attribution and Creativity

Creativity is a complex process and cannot be understood by just one explanation. It is influenced by both dispositional and situational factors and often dependent upon the evaluations of judges. Attribution Theory is concerned with the social reception of original ideas. Judges tend to attribute creativity to dispositional causes rather than situational ones. The covariation principle, salience, and self-serving biases are the primary factors that affect judges' attributions. The number of creators, general status characteristics, group-serving bias, status generalization, social loafing, and values and norms of a group also influence on attributions of creativity.
National trends in the provision of smoking cessation aids within the Veterans Health Administration

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) in providing treatment for tobacco dependence, accomplished by estimating national trends in the number and percent of smokers receiving smoking cessation aids (SCAs) within the VHA, trends in SCA utilization and expenditures, and the impact of lifting restrictions on patient access to SCAs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS All patients receiving an outpatient SCA prescription were identified within the Veterans Affairs (VA) Pharmacy Benefits Management database over a 4-year period- October 1, 1998 (n = 61 968) to September 30, 2002 (n = 76 641). Smoking prevalence was based on data from the VA's 1999 Large Health Survey of Enrollees. A subsample of sites was classified as having restricted access to SCAs if patients were required to attend smoking cessation classes. Changes in annual SCA utilization rates and expenditures by SCA type and restriction status were measured to assess changes in treatment of tobacco dependence. RESULTS Approximately 7% of smokers received SCA prescriptions, and SCAs accounted for less than 1% of the VHA's annual outpatient pharmacy budget in any given year. Following downward trends in the cost of 30-day SCA prescriptions, annual SCA expenditures per patient decreased over time. Expenditures were lower for restricted than unrestricted sites. More than two thirds of smokers who were prescribed medications received the nicotine patch, a quarter received bupropion sustained-release, and fewer than 10% received nicotine gum. CONCLUSIONS Measures of SCA utilization and cost are low, stable, and less than the recommended rates in national smoking cessation guidelines, suggesting that this population of smokers is undertreated. Removing SCA restrictions is not prohibitively expensive and improves access to cost-effective care.
The Suez Canal from 1888 to 1956: The Neutralized Canal

It has been shown in the previous chapter that the Constantinople Convention of 1888 was concluded in order to “complete” the legal regime that had prevailed in the Suez Canal from the beginning of its existence. The purpose of the Convention was to replace the usages that had gradually been introduced in the regime of the Canal by legal rules which would internationally guarantee a definitive and comprehensive system. It will be the object of the next section to describe the most salient features of this system.
Diploidy for evolving neural networks

Genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks are two widely-used techniques that can be combined with each other to produce evolved neural networks. Some research has also looked at the use of diploidy in genetic algorithms for possible advantages over the haploid genetic representation usually used, most notably in the form of better adaptation to changing environments. This paper proposes a diploid representation for evolving neural networks, used in an agent-based simulation. Two versions of the diploid representation were tested with a haploid version in one static and two changing environments. All three genetic types performed differently in different environments.
Cerebral oximetry desaturation during shoulder surgery performed in a sitting position under regional anesthesia.

Purpose Hypotension in the sitting position may reduce cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. We prospectively determined the incidence of cerebral oximetry (rSO2) desaturation in seated patients undergoing ambulatory shoulder arthroscopy.
Building Confidence in the Dirac $\delta$-function

In this note we present an example from undergraduate quantum mechanics designed to highlight the versatility of the Dirac $\delta$-function. Namely, we compute the expectation value of the Hamiltonian of a free-particle in a state described by a triangular wave function $\psi(x)$. Since the first derivative of $\psi(x)$ is piecewise constant, and because this Hamiltonian is proportional to the second order spatial derivative, students often end up finding the expectation value to be zero --an unphysical answer. This problem provides a pedagogical application of the Dirac $\delta$-function. By arriving at the same result via alternate pathways, this exercise reinforces students' confidence in the Dirac $\delta$-function and highlights its efficiency and elegance.
Structural Studies of Amyloid Fibrils by Paramagnetic Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Application of paramagnetic solid-state NMR to amyloids is demonstrated, using Y145Stop human prion protein modified with nitroxide spin-label or EDTA-Cu2+ tags as a model. By using sample preparation protocols based on seeding with preformed fibrils, we show that paramagnetic protein analogs can be induced into adopting the wild-type amyloid structure. Measurements of residue-specific intramolecular and intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancements enable determination of protein fold within the fibril core and protofilament assembly. These methods are expected to be widely applicable to other amyloids and protein assemblies.
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma affects children and adults and presents at a mean age of approximately 65 years. Women are involved more than men. The majority of cases involve the parotid gland, presenting as single or multiple masses. Most cases of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma behave as high-grade malignancies. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is infiltrative, comprised almost exclusively of one cell type (neuroendocrine), and exhibit a variety of architectural patterns (solid and organoid) (Figs. 27.1, 27.2. 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 27.6, 27.7, 27.8, 27.9, 27.10, 27.11, 27.12, 27.13, 27.14, 27.15, 27.16, 27.17, 27.18, 27.19, 27.20, 27.21, 27.22, 27.23, 27.24 and 27.25).
The CMS High Granularity Calorimeter for High Luminosity LHC

Abstract The CMS experiment at CERN will undergo significant improvements during the Phase-II Upgrade to operate with a 10-fold increase in luminosity and the associated event pileup of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The forward calorimetry will be exposed to very high radiation levels and the CMS collaboration is designing a new calorimeter , the High Granularity Calorimeter (CE), to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. It will have higher transverse and longitudinal segmentation for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) sections to facilitate particle-flow reconstruction. The fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance particle identification, whilst still achieving good energy resolution. The CE-E, and a large fraction of CE-H, will be based on hexagonal silicon sensors produced from 8-inch wafers, each with several hundreds of individual cells of 0.5 – 1 cm 2 cell size. The remainder of the CE-H will be based on highly-segmented scintillators read out with SiPMs. The overview of the CE project presented in this paper is focused on the silicon sensors covering motivation, engineering design, expected performance and the current status of prototypes, from lab measurements to beam tests.
The reformed orthodox and the 'Visio Dei'

Some recent scholarship has claimed that the doctrine of the beatific vision of God remained at the periphery of reformed orthodox thought and even there was somewhat dogmatically haphazard. This essay challenges this claim arguing that the doctrine of the visio Dei was pervasive in reformed orthodox theology, both in its pastoral and dogmatic expressions.
Pharmacoepidemiological Approaches in Health Care

Pharmacoepidemiology studies patterns of medicines use—also known as drug utilization research—which is an important component of pharmacy practice research. Pharmacoepidemiology also studies the relationship between treatment or exposure and outcomes in large populations under nonexperimental situations over time. This chapter provides an introduction to pharmacoepidemiology. It discusses the key concepts involved in studying the association between medicines and outcomes. These include forming a research question, considering sources of data, defining the study population, and defining drug exposures and outcomes. This chapter also discusses a range of study designs used in pharmacoepidemiological research including cohort studies, case-control design, within-subject methods, cross-sectional studies, ecological studies, and quasi-experimental designs. Frequently used metrics to understand drug utilization and medication adherence are also introduced. This chapter also draws on key challenges such as selection bias as well as commonly used analytical techniques to overcome these challenges.
Evaluation of Two Thermal Processing Schedules at Low Relative Humidity for Elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Serovars in Chopped and Formed Beef Jerky†

Foodborne outbreaks have been linked to jerky produced under insufficient thermal processing schedules. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella serovars during thermal processing of chopped and formed beef jerky was evaluated under two processing schedules representative of those used by large-scale (LS) and small-scale (SS) jerky production facilities. Fresh chopped and formed all-beef jerky batter was inoculated with 5.8 to 7.3 log CFU of E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella per g, extruded into strips, and thermally processed by LS or SS schedules. A $5.0-log CFU/g reduction of both pathogens occurred with <10% relative humidity and a cumulative process of 44 min at 55.6°C followed by 46 min at 77.8°C into the LS schedule. Additional drying at 77.8°C for 3.5 h was needed to achieve a water activity of 0.67 and a moisture-to-protein ratio (MPR) of 0.77. For the SS process, a $5.0-log CFU/g reduction of both pathogens occurred with 15 to 20% relative humidity and a cumulative process of 45 min at 5...
Phase relations in the systems PbS-Ag2S-Sb2S3 and PbS-Ag2S-Bi2S3

Phase relations in the systems pbS-AgrS-SbrS, and pbS-AgrS-BirSs were studied in the temperature range 300o-500'c using evacuated glass capsule technique. The pbS_AgsbS, join shows a complete solid solution at 500oC, a miscibility gap between 65 and 90 moti percent PbS at 400oC, and at 300oC the presence of two small solid solutions between 50 and 52 mole percent PbS, and 25 and 40 mole percent PbS. Another solid solution includes the compositions of andorite (pbAgSbrS.), ramdohrite (pbrAgrSb.Srr), and fizelyite (pbuAgrSbsS16). An extensive solid solution exists along the lillianite-pavonite join, and iras a misciUitity gap between 25 and 46 mole percent PbS at 500'C. Pavonite also exhibits solid sotution toward galenobismutite. Along the PbS-AgBiS, join, a complete solid solution exists between 400o and 500'C. Correlations of experimental data obtained in this study with some natural mineral assemblages were made.
Mineralization of greywater organics by the ozone-UV advanced oxidation process: Kinetic modeling and efficiency

Ozone-UV advanced oxidation treatment can mineralize total organic carbon (TOC) in water without the addition of chemicals, representing an alternative to phase-transfer processes such as reverse osmosis for water reuse. However, efficiency is governed by competing principal reaction pathways, and limited information has been available for optimizing treatments in such applications. In this study, a 1.2 m3 per day (320 GPD) pilot ozone-UV greywater reuse system was tested using simulated and real shower water, and the resulting kinetic data were used to develop a kinetic model of TOC mineralization. H2O2 is produced by photolysis with ozone, and subsequent reactions produce hydroxyl radicals, which mineralize TOC. TOC mineralization efficiency is governed by TOC concentration (controlling transmissivity), pH throughout the treatment, ozone-UV dose ratio, and the evolution of pH due to CO2 production from TOC, which impacts oxidative efficiency dynamically. Modeled hydroxyl radical concentrations were ∼10−10 M, as expected during water treatment and reuse, and the second order rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with TOC was [1.7–7.6] × 107 M−1 s−1, similar to others reported for the mineralization of wastewater organics. The minimum electrical energy for commercial UV and ozone equipment was assessed at 3.73 kW h per order per m3 of TOC mineralization, and modeling indicated a wide range of optimal dosing ratios. Treatment efficiency was found to depend strongly on a reactor design that ensures an influent TOC concentration low enough to allow the effective transmission of UV radiation. Further development of the kinetic model to account dynamically for pH evolution as a function of TOC mineralization, reactor hydraulics, and mixing is recommended.
Like A Dog

Where do dogs come from? Where do human beings come from? Recent research suggests a single answer: domestication. The various characteristics of dogs, distinguishing them from wolves, appear to be byproducts of domestication and (as recently shown by Richard Wrangham) a reduction in “reactive aggression.” It has long been thought that human beings domesticated dogs, but it is more plausible to think that that dogs domesticated themselves. As dogs are to wolves, so is the less robust but more docile Homo sapiens to various other, now extinct human species, including Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. Homo sapiens can be seen as the dog of the various human species. Homo sapiens survived in part because a reduction in reactive aggression made it possible for us to display significant increases in social learning and cooperation.
Predeployment neurocognitive functioning predicts postdeployment posttraumatic stress in Army personnel.

Objective The Fort Campbell Cohort study was designed to assess predeployment biological and behavioral markers and build predictive models to identify risk and resilience for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following deployment. This article addresses neurocognitive functioning variables as potential prospective predictors. Method In a sample of 403 soldiers, we examined whether PTSD symptom severity (using the PTSD Checklist) as well as posttraumatic stress trajectories could be prospectively predicted by measures of executive functioning (using two web-based tasks from WebNeuro) assessed predeployment. Results Controlling for age, gender, education, prior number of deployments, childhood trauma exposure, and PTSD symptom severity at Phase 1, linear regression models revealed that predeployment sustained attention and inhibitory control performance were significantly associated with postdeployment PTSD symptom severity. We also identified two posttraumatic stress trajectories utilizing latent growth mixture models. The "resilient" group consisted of 90.9% of the soldiers who exhibited stable low levels of PTSD symptoms from pre- to postdeployment. The "increasing" group consisted of 9.1% of the soldiers, who exhibited an increase in PTSD symptoms following deployment, crossing a threshold for diagnosis based on PTSD Checklist scores. Logistic regression models predicting trajectory revealed a similar pattern of findings as the linear regression models, in which predeployment sustained attention (95% CI of odds ratio: 1.0109, 1.0558) and inhibitory control (95% CI: 1.0011, 1.0074) performance were significantly associated with postdeployment PTSD trajectory. Conclusions These findings have clinical implications for understanding the pathogenesis of PTSD and building preventative programs for military personnel. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Cerebellar ataxia a unique initial presentation of Legionnaires' disease

We present a case of Legionnaires' disease complicated by cerebellar ataxia. A 60-year-old man was diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease by urine antigen after presenting to the hospital with a main problem of headache and gait instability. He also had a productive cough, as well as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Initial physical examination revealed a positive Romberg test, positive pronator drift, severely unsteady gait and bilateral upper extremity resting tremors with the remainder of cranial nerves and neurological examination being unremarkable. The patient had a prolonged hospital course requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. He received 14 days of levofloxacin with resolution of the pneumonia. On repeat assessment prior to discharge, the patient's neurological symptoms improved; however, he still had mild residual gait instability, dysdiadokinesia and difficulty with fine motor tasks such as writing. Romberg test remained positive.
The Design of a Novel Smart Home Control System using Smart Grid Based on Edge and Cloud Computing

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transpired as a fascinating technology for smart cities, smart homes, and smart grids by using a vast amount of IoT data. A smart grid is one of the core components where transport, generation, delivery, and electricity consumption are enhanced in terms of protection and reliability. The existing power grid is suffering from many problems such as outages and unpredictable power disturbances, inflexible energy rates, unnoticeable customer fraud, and many other disadvantages. These problems lead to the ever-rising demand for fossil fuel and service costs. For example, the peak hour demand needs to be overestimated and more energy generated to minimize the risk of an outage. The main problem of the smart grid is the tremendous amount of data needs to be collected from the IoT devices, and processing the data is a challenge. Using and predicting a large amount of data in smart Grid and IoT is still in its infancy. To remedy this problem, we propose a hybrid solution by using the Cloud and Edge Computing to process the data. Processing and predicting at the edge that is close to the embedded devices and homes to save in latency and storage compared to putting all the processing in the Cloud. In this paper, we define a hybrid solution where we use the edge computing for the smart grid information processing where the microgrids are located on the edge of the IoT network, and on the Cloud to use for the power grid that distributes power to the microgrids. We proposed a machine learning engine that used the decision tree to establish the communication between the edge layer, failover between edges, and the Cloud layer.
Mollaret’s Meningitis: A Rare Entity

We report on a patient with Mollaret’s meningitis to highlight the appropriate diagnostic criteria and benign prognosis without empiric antiviral therapy. An 83-year-old man with a history of aseptic meningitis of unknown etiology followed by full recovery presented with a two-day history of fevers, generalized weakness, and neurologic abnormalities. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) analysis demonstrated lymphocytic pleocytosis consistent with aseptic meningitis. Given his prior noninfectious aseptic meningitis and symptom-free interval, Mollaret’s meningitis was suspected and empiric treatment for herpes simplex viruses (HSV) encephalitis with acyclovir was deferred. All CSF studies, including polymerase chain reactions for HSV-1 and HSV-2, returned negative with clinical improvement by the fourth day of admission. For patients suspected to have Mollaret’s meningitis, lumbar puncture should be conducted promptly to facilitate diagnosis. Although several reports describe patients with CSF infection, the diagnosis of Mollaret’s meningitis should be reserved for noninfectious cases. In such cases, empiric antiviral therapy for HSV encephalitis may be deferred and complete recovery is expected.
More-curated data outperforms more data: treatment of cryptic and known paralogs improves phylogenomic analysis and resolves a northern Andean origin of Freziera (Pentaphylacaceae)

The Andes mountains in South America are a biodiversity hotspot within a hotspot, the New World Tropics, for seed plants. Much of this diversity is concentrated at middle-elevations in cloud forests, yet the evolutionary patterns underlying this extraordinary diversity remain poorly understood. This is partially due to a paucity of resolved phylogenies for cloud forest plant lineages: the young age of the Andes and generally high diversification rates among Andean systems precludes robust phylogenetic inference, and remote populations, few genomic resources, and generally understudied organisms make acquiring high-quality data difficult. We present the first phylogeny of Freziera (Pentaphylacaceae), an Andean-centered, cloud forest radiation with potential to provide insight into some of the abiotic and extrinsic factors that promote the highest diversity observed on the globe. Our dataset, representing data for 50 of the ca. 75 spp. obtained almost entirely from herbarium specimens via hybrid-enriched target sequence capture with the universal bait set Angiosperms353, included a proportion of poorly assembled loci likely representing multi-copy genes, but with insufficient data to be flagged by paralog filters: cryptic paralogs. These cryptic paralogs likely result from limitations in data collection that are common in herbariomics combined with a history of genome duplication and are likely common in other plant phylogenomic datasets. Standard empirical metrics for identifying poor-quality genes, which typically focus on filtering for genes with high phylogenetic informativeness, failed to identify problematic loci in our dataset where strong but inaccurate signal was a greater problem. Filtering by bipartition support was the most successful method for selecting genes and resulted in a species tree with lower discordance, higher support, and a more accurate topology relative to a consensus tree. Using known paralogs, we investigate the utility of multi-copy genes in phylogenetic inference and find a role for paralogs in resolving deep nodes and major clades, though at the expense of gene tree concordance and support. With the first phylogeny, we infer the biogeographic history of Freziera and identify the northern Andes as a source region. We also identify distinct modes of diversification in the northern and central Andes, highlighting the importance of fine-scale biogeographic study in Andean cloud forest systems.
Metamorphic Belts in the Southwest Pacific

We discussed the metamorphic belts in Japan and the surrounding West Pacific regions in the preceding chapter, and now we are dealing with metamorphic belts in the southwest Pacific region. They show many features in common. Paired metamorphic belts occur in New Zealand and Celebes.
Threshold Accepting Algorithms For 0–1 Knapsack Problems

In [1] Drexl presented a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm for multi-constraint 0–1 knapsack problems (MCKP). Drexl studied 57 different MCKP’s which have been published in the literature. In [2], the new optimization heuristic Threshold Accepting (TA) has been introduced. It is demonstrated in [2] that TA yields better results than SA for Traveling Salesman problems. In this paper we give a suited TA algorithm for MCKP’s and report the computational results of test runs for the same set of 57 MCKP’s. Since we were able to use the very same computer as Drexl (an IBM 3090-200 VF), we are able to make quite a fair comparison between the results with SA and TA.
Plasma methionine and cysteine kinetics in response to an intravenous glutathione infusion in adult humans

Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine), is thought to be both a storage and a transport form of cysteine (Cys). In a previous study (T. Hiramatsu, N.K. Fukagawa, J.S. Marchini, J. Cortiella, Y.-M. Yu, T.E. Chapman, and V.R. Young. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60: 525-533, 1994), the direct tracer-derived estimate of Cys flux was considerably higher than that predicted from estimates of protein turnover. To further examine the components of plasma Cys flux, seven normal-weight healthy adult men and women (26 +/- 2 yr) received stable isotope tracer infusions of L-[methyl-2H3;1-13C]methionine, L-[3,3-2H2]cysteine, and L-[methyl-2H3]leucine for 460 min. After a 3-h baseline period, GSH was administered at approximately 32 mumol.kg-1.h-1 until the end of the study. Expired breath and blood samples were obtained at timed intervals and analyzed for isotope enrichment using mass spectrometry. Leucine, alpha-ketoisocaproate, and methionine (carboxyl carbon, methyl moiety, remethylation, and transsulfuration) turnover were reduced during GSH administration (P < 0.01). In the final hour of GSH administration, Cys flux increased by 61% from 55.1 +/- 1.7 to 88.7 +/- 5.2 mumol.kg-1.h-1 (P < 0.01), which was essentially equivalent to the rate of exogenous GSH infusion. These data suggest that GSH breakdown accounts for approximately 50% of tracer-derived Cys flux basally and for all of the increase in measured Cys turnover during exogenous GSH infusion.