cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Existing, being, having in Modern Hebrew and in English

AbstractThis paper deals with there + be constructions in English and the yes construction in Hebrew. The purpose of this study is to identify the stages and strategies being used within child second language acquisition (L2) by examining the interlanguage (IL) of English speakers studying Hebrew as their second language. In particular, this study investigates the use of the Hebrew yes construction in written compositions of native English speakers studying Hebrew in grades 4–7 (ages 9–13) at a private Jewish day school in Chicago II.
The Reluctant Recusants: Two Parables of Supreme Judicial Disqualification

It is a recurring irony of judicial recusal - a mechanism meant to reduce real and apparent bias in adjudication - that it inspires strikingly partial arguments by both its proponents and its opponents in particular cases or controversies. This partiality is driven only partly by the differences that underlie all legal disputes, differences of interpretation, opinion, expertise, and knowledge of the facts. It is also driven by direct competition for the levers of judicial power. Recusal is, after all, the only lawful way to remove an important vote from an important case - other than an impossibly speedy impeachment in the House and conviction in the Senate. This is an appealing or frightening prospect (depending on one's position) in a close case, and thus worth fighting for or against (again, depending on one's position). But voting - credibly impartial voting - is the only power a judge has, making it well worth defending. So, the stakes are high and the associated incentives are straightforward and potent. Two examples involving Supreme Court Justices and their critics illustrate the phenomenon.
Estimation of bounce resonant scattering by fast magnetosonic waves

In this study we present calculation of bounce resonant scattering of near equatorially mirroring electrons by fast magnetosonic waves. We first explore the sensitivity of the scattering rates and estimated time scales to a different number of resonances included into calculations. We then explore the sensitivity of calculated rates to the assumed wave normal angle. Our results show that at large radial distances bounce resonant scattering is capable of providing local isotropization of nearly equatorially mirroring electrons on the time scales as short as hours or even days depending on the assumed properties of waves. We also present analysis of the bounce frequencies of electrons and protons at various energies and radial distances and discuss the wave modes that are capable of bounce resonance with these particles. In particular, the importance of bounce resonance as a potential mechanism for the radiation belt remediation is discussed.
Quantification of Turbulence Modeling Uncertainties Using Full Field Inversion

Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models have historically been developed using a combination of theoretical/physical/mathematical arguments, modeler expertise, and empirical data-fitting. As a consequence of the loss of information incurred during the ensemble averaging process, RANS model development has always been data-driven, to an extent, out of necessity. With the profusion of high resolution simulations and experimental methods, there exists a prodigious opportunity to more comprehensively inform closure models with data and improve their utlility in practical predictions of complex turbulent flows. In contrast to inferring model parameters, this work uses inverse modeling to directly obtain corrective, spatially distributed terms that are consistent with the predictive RANS models, thus offering a route to address the issue of model discrepancy which has long plagued turbulence model development. The posterior distributions of the inferred terms are quantified using Bayesian inversion and sampling. Results are presented for turbulent channel flow and flows with wall curvature. While the source terms inferred in this work are problem dependent, an ongoing subset of our work is to use machine learning methodologies to obtain general functional forms of the type that are inferred in this work. This paper specifically focuses on the mechanics of Bayesian inversion and its implications on the quantification of errors and uncertainties in turbulence modeling.
Habitat of Endameba buccalis in lesions of periodontoclasia.

SummaryA simple method is given, of collectinq material from the area on extracted teeth, which is inhabited by E. buccalis.The habitat of E. buccalis is the outer part of the filamentous bacterial film on the tooth, within the periodontoclasia lesion. There they are protected and live, grow and multiply among the strands and fruiting heads of Ieptotrichia, principally L. falciformis.
Towards a Targeted Molecular Approach for Brain Metastases.

Towards a Targeted Molecular Approach for Brain Metastases The most devastating statement a neuro-oncologist will ever make and a cancer patient will ever hear is, “Your cancer has spread to your brain” because based on the currently available treatments, that statement is likely to be followed by, “Even with surgery and radiation, you may only survive another six months.”
p53 accumulation due to down-regulation of ubiquitin: relevance for neuronal apoptosis

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a major regulator of cell growth arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Both p53 function and stability are tightly controlled by Mdm2, which binds to the p53 N-terminus and targets p53 for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Previous studies suggest that adrenalectomy-induced neuronal apoptosis is p53-dependent. Here we demonstrate both nuclear accumulation and functional activation of p53 protein in apoptotic hippocampal neurons from adrenalectomized rats. Increased p53 expression occurred despite the accumulation of its negative regulator, Mdm2, and the formation of p53-Mdm2 complexes. The persistence of p53 expression was explained by a striking decrease in free ubiquitin in p53-positive neurons. The addition of exogenous ubiquitin to p53-Mdm2 complexes from apoptotic neurons restored p53 degradation. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of p53 stabilization mediated by decreased ubiquitin levels. Regulation of free ubiquitin may therefore be an effective way to modulate p53-dependent apoptosis in certain cell types. Cell Death and Differentiation (2000) 7, 675–681
A paired analysis of in vitro fertilization and cleavage rates of first- versus last-recovered preovulatory human oocytes exposed to varying intervals of 100% CO2 pneumoperitoneum and general anesthesia

This study compares the in vitro fertilization and cleavage rates of paired first- and last-recovered preovulatory human oocytes that were exposed to a 100% CO 2 pneumoperitoneum and general anesthesia. In 305 consecutive cycles of laparoscopy, 1741 oocytes (5.7/cycle) were recovered. The exact time of aspiration (T) was recorded for each oocyte. The time interval (T 1 to T 2 ) between recovery of first and last oocytes ranged from 0 to 38 minutes and represented differences in the exposure time of first and last oocytes to the CO 2 pneumoperitoneum and to general anesthesia. For all cycles (n=305) without regard for T 1 to T 2 , last-recovered oocytes fertilized less often than first- recovered eggs ( P =0.06; McNemar's test). When T 1 to T 2 was short (≤5 minutes), first- and last-recovered oocytes fertilized at comparable rates (70.8% and 74.0%). When only cycles with T 1 to T 2 >5 minutes were considered (n=209), the difference in fertilization rates between first and last oocytes (68.5% versus 56.4%) was highly significant ( P 1 to T 2 ). We conclude that exposure to a 100% CO 2 pneumoperitoneum and/or general anesthesia may adversely affect oocyte quality.
Parent trigger policies, representation, and the public good

Using theories of representation and democratic education, this article examines the impetus of parent trigger policies in the United States and their potential effects on public good goals for public education. The article also uses theories of representation and responsible democratic governance to assess the parent trigger policies, or what are often called parent empowerment laws, enacted in seven states.
Characterization of the lymphoid infiltrate in Hashimoto thyroiditis by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement

A close relationship between Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) has been shown. We used immunohistochemistry to study paraffin sections from 40 unselected cases of HT and scored cases according to the lymphoid infiltrate and presence of lymphoepithelial lesions (LELs). Clonality was assessed by kappa/lambda immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement (IgH PCR). Histologic findings were compared with 2 cases of primary thyroid MALT-type lymphoma. In HT, the lymphoid infiltrate consisted predominantly of T cells in all cases; B cells, associated with germinal centers, did not have the appearance of marginal zone cells. All cases had identifiable T-cell LELs; immunohistochemistry confirmed inconspicuous, rare B-cell LELs in 13 of 40 cases. In all cases, plasma cells were polyclonal and IgH PCR showed a polyclonal pattern. Clinical follow-up was available for 34 patients. Lymphoma developed in none. In contrast, a B-cell predominant infiltrate of marginal zone cells was present in the MALT-type lymphomas that was not confined to germinal centers. Cytokeratin stains demonstrated severe loss of epithelial elements and destructive LELs. LELs are not, in isolation, a useful criterion for distinguishing low-grade MALT-type lymphoma of the thyroid from HT. Features associated with low-grade MALT-type lymphoma include a predominance of B cells, marked loss of epithelial elements, and destructive LELs composed of marginal zone B cells. Unselected cases of HT do not contain monoclones detectable by IgH PCR.
Fast and Precise Face Alignment and 3D Shape Reconstruction from a Single 2D Image

Many face recognition applications require a precise 3D reconstruction of the shape of the face, even when only a single 2D image is available. We present a novel regression approach that learns to detect facial landmark points and estimate their 3D shape rapidly and accurately from a single face image. The main idea is to regress a function f(.) that maps 2D images of faces to their corresponding 3D shape from a large number of sample face images under varying pose, illumination, identity and expression. To model the non-linearity of this function, we use a deep neural network and demonstrate how it can be efficiently trained using a large number of samples. During testing, our algorithm runs at more than 30 frames/s on an i7 desktop. This algorithm was the top 2 performer in the 3DFAW Challenge.
Advances in high-throughput screening technology for toxicology

The US Tox21 collaboration utilises a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) platform to efficiently profile a large number of environmental chemicals. qHTS combined with informatics facilitates chemical prioritisation for further in-depth toxicity testing and development of computational models to predict chemical toxicity. The NIH Chemical Genomics Center (NCGC), now part of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), is a key contributor during all phases of the Tox21 collaboration, from assay development and compound screening to data analysis and model building. Since 2011, the Tox21/NCGC has been profiling the phase 2 Tox21 library of approximately 10,000 (10K) environmental chemicals and drugs. The advances in HTS assays and qHTS screens against the Tox21's and other chemical libraries are described in this review.
Noise reduction in hearing aids: a review.

Background noise is particularly damaging to speech intelligibility for people with hearing loss. The problem of reducing noise in hearing aids is one of great importance--and great difficulty. The problem has been addressed in many different ways over the years. The techniques used range from relatively simple forms of filtering to advanced signal processing methods. This paper provides a brief overview, in nontechnical language, of the issues involved and the various approaches to solving the problem.
Research in a Community

As might be imagined, the critique of realism at the core of community-based planning extends to the study of communities. In fact, an entirely new methodology has emerged from the community-based philosophy. This novel style of conducting research, however, is part of an on-going debate in the social sciences; i.e., should social investigators and planners adopt the model advanced by the natural or cultural sciences? Nonetheless, in a crucial way, community-based research goes beyond both of these traditions.
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of chemotherapy distribution in solid tumors

Doxorubicin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic employed to treat multiple human cancers, including numerous sarcomas and carcinomas. Furthermore, doxorubicin possesses strong fluorescent properties that make it an ideal reagent for modeling drug delivery by examining its distribution in cells and tissues. However, while doxorubicin fluorescence and lifetime have been imaged in live tissue, its behavior in archival samples that frequently result from drug and treatment studies in human and animal patients, and murine models of human cancer, has to date been largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate imaging of doxorubicin intensity and lifetimes in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from mouse models of human cancer with multiphoton excitation and multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Multiphoton excitation imaging reveals robust doxorubicin emission in tissue sections and captures spatial heterogeneity in cells and tissues. However, quantifying the amount of doxorubicin signal in distinct cell compartments, particularly the nucleus, often remains challenging due to strong signals in multiple compartments. The addition of FLIM analysis to display the spatial distribution of excited state lifetimes clearly distinguishes between signals in distinct compartments such as the cell nuclei versus cytoplasm and allows for quantification of doxorubicin signal in each compartment. Furthermore, we observed a shift in lifetime values in the nuclei of transformed cells versus nontransformed cells, suggesting a possible diagnostic role for doxorubicin lifetime imaging to distinguish normal versus transformed cells. Thus, data here demonstrate that multiphoton FLIM is a highly sensitive platform for imaging doxorubicin distribution in normal and diseased archival tissues.
The Environmental Risk Resulting from Gold Mining

While discussing the technical-economical feasibility of gold extraction factories, the environmental problems are often considered in a simplified way. Members of the high commissions agree with elaborators’ proposals and the factory starts to work, afterwards many unpredicted problems appear. The same happened to the “Kumtor” operating company. Indisputably, Kumtor is a construction of the century, promising much to the people of Kyrghyzstan. However, it is not provided with all necessary measures for protection of the environment of our mountainous country.
ABC and the Hasse principle for quadratic twists of hyperelliptic curves

Abstract Conditionally on the ABC conjecture, we apply work of Granville to show that a hyperelliptic curve C / Q of genus at least three has infinitely many quadratic twists that violate the Hasse Principle iff it has no Q -rational hyperelliptic branch points.
National Minorities in Putin’s Russia. Diversity and Assimilation

Federica Prina’s book includes an introduction, eight chapters and a conclusion analysing Soviet and Russian nationality policies towards non-Russian peoples living in the RSFSR and Russian Federat...
Parolee Concentration, Risk of Recidivism, and the Consequences for Neighborhood Crime

ABSTRACTWe examine whether the clustering of certain types of higher-likelihood-of-recidivating parolees in neighborhoods differentially influences violent and property crime. We also test whether ...
A Combined AHP-GP Model for Project Risk Management

Finishing a construction project on time, within budget and meeting the quality requirements is always the desire of any project team. However, depending on the type/complexity of the projects, many other factors are involved. Four main risk factors were identified and analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. These prioritized weights are then incorporated within a goal-programming (GP) model to help select the “best” risk mitigation decision for the project. A real-world problem formulation is used to illustrate the application of the combined AHP-GP model.
Abstract 268: Vascular Dysfunction in High BMI Black College Football Players

Background: Former football players (FP) who competed with BMI > 30 have high rates of atherosclerosis and early mortality (28% by age 50). FP are disproportionately black, a group predisposed to h...
Coloring Cell Complexity: The Case for an Expansive Fluorophore Palette.

Rationally designed rhodamines are novel and useful probes for highlighting subcellular structures.
Outsourcing Islamic Refugees to Jordan

AbstractJordan receives asylum seekers from areas affected by regional war and conflict. Jordan receives refugees from Syria, Yemen, and Egypt as well as housing millions of dislocated persons from...
Teaching social studies amid ecological crisis

We live in ecological crisis. While understanding the human-made crisis requires scientific expertise, addressing it requires active, informed citizens. Thus, the crisis is a matter for the field o...
Comment: Response to “The Identity of the Child and the Right to Integration”

I will begin this commentary by agreeing with Evans’ basic conclusion: “If this analysis is correct, it is up to many people working in many areas where the life of the child can be affected to invent and establish ways by which integration can be accomplished, because it is the child’s right and it should not be denied,” I will, however, qualify this broad agreement with two caveats. There are several points in Evans’ paper where we differ in our interpretation of child development and the child’s world. These differences will constitute the majority of my comments. Given my agreement with Evans’ general conclusion (and I think other social scientists would likely be similarly disposed), I think the essential problem is one of trying to do something feasible about the issue of personal disintegration. I am talking about practical issues of ends, means, and the “politics” of child development. Put another way, if we have a problem, what—if anything—can be done about it? (The concept of “progress” and its correct philosophical and historical status may well be involved here. However, that topic is the subject of a recent book and, perhaps, beyond the scope of Evans’ paper).
Optical Response Measurements of R/G/B Mini-LEDs with Short Pulse Voltage

This paper demonstrates the rising and falling response time behaviour for low power RGB mini-LEDs. By biasing these LEDs with external clock signal, behaviour such as exponential decay were observed at some pulse edges of the output signals. The exponential decay for different low power input signals were analysed and the causes of such phenomenon were conclude in this paper.
Solid-State 45Sc NMR Studies of Cp*2Sc–OR (R = CMe2CF3, CMe(CF3)2, C(CF3)3, SiPh3) and Relationship to the Structure of Cp*2Sc-Sites Supported on Partially Dehydroxylated Silica

Cp*2Sc–OR (R = CMe2CF3, CMe(CF3)2, C(CF3)3, SiPh3) was synthesized to determine how the alkoxide affects the quadrupole coupling (CQ) obtained from solid-state 45Sc{1H} NMR spectroscopy. These alko...
Low external input sustainable agriculture: Winter flooding in rice fields increases bird use, fecal matter and soil health, reducing fertilizer requirements

Abstract This study investigated a low-external-input sustainable-agriculture (LEISA) rice production system in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) that applied ecological principles to create waterbird habitat and enhance soil fertility. Two production sites were selected for this study (LEISA and conventional). Each production site applied a flooded treatment and a fallow treatment to select fields during the non-growing season (November 2017- March 2018). Bird fecal matter inputs and soil microbial bacteria/activity and nutrient content were quantified and compared between fields. Significantly more % total nitrogen, % total carbon, microbial richness and activity (P > 13 %, while increasing soil organic carbon. This case study provides a foundation for future research into the agronomic benefits of creating bird habitat in rice fields, while documenting how conservation strategies support agronomic production and sustainability to foster conservation adoption.
A tale of two suburbias: Turning up the heat in Southern California's flammable wildland-urban interface

Abstract As Southern California becomes hotter and dryer, wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe. At the same time, the suburbanization of poverty and immigration are making the region increasingly – albeit unevenly - diverse. This paper synthesizes insights from planning and ecology to address the following questions: how do burned areas differ from the rest of the region in terms of poverty, race, and housing values; how has this changed since 1980; and what are the implications for environmental justice? Typically, low-income urban communities of color are disproportionately vulnerable to climate impacts. However, this study finds that the wildland-adjacent neighborhoods most impacted by wildfire have remained predominantly white and affluent, even as Southern California has become increasingly diverse. Moreover, housing in burned areas is increasingly more expensive. These results indicate that home ownership in a fire-prone, wildland-adjacent neighborhood is a profitable investment for those who can afford it. This situation is likely creating perverse incentives for continued development of the wildland-urban interface, leading to both continued ecological disturbance and affluent residents continuing to subject themselves to more physical danger than they have acknowledged.
Portrait of a groundbreaking astronomer

Jacqueline and Simon Mitton9s Vera Rubin: A Life offers a thoughtful and nuanced chronicle of the famed astronomer9s life. The Mittons9 book is the first full-length biography of Rubin, whose work on the rotational velocity of galaxies went a long way toward establishing the existence of dark matter.
Combined cooling and power production from geothermal resources

Abstract This chapter focuses on the thermodynamic analysis of a system designed for electricity production along with four more outputs for a village of approximately 500 people using geothermal energy as an energy source. A study of global demand reveals that emerging economies will require more and more electricity and the use of fossil fuels to achieve this, which is neither sustainable nor good for the environment. The model discussed in this chapter takes geothermal fluid as the primary working fluid, which then passes through a number of subsystems to produce the desired outputs. Those outputs are electricity production by three different turbines, desalinated water, air conditioning and space heating, and water heating. Parametric studies are carried out to see the effects of variations in operating conditions on system performance. This system aims to omit the use of fossil fuels for newly established colonies or cities with no access to the national electricity grid.
"Don't judge me!": Links between in vivo attention bias toward a potentially critical judge and fronto-amygdala functional connectivity during rejection in adolescent girls

During adolescence, increases in social sensitivity, such as heightened attentional processing of social feedback, may be supported by developmental changes in neural circuitry involved in emotion regulation and cognitive control, including fronto-amygdala circuitry. Less negative fronto-amygdala circuitry during social threat processing may contribute to heightened attention to social threat in the environment. However, "real-world" implications of altered fronto-amygdala circuitry remain largely unknown. In this study, we used multiple novel methods, including an in vivo attention bias task implemented using mobile eye-tracking glasses and socially interactive fMRI task, to examine how functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC) during rejection and acceptance feedback from peers is associated with heightened attention towards potentially critical social evaluation in a real-world environment. Participants were 77 early adolescent girls (ages 11-13) oversampled for shy/fearful temperament. Results support the reliability of this in vivo attention task. Further, girls with more positive functional connectivity between the right amygdala and anterior PFC during both rejection and acceptance feedback attended more to potentially critical social evaluation during the attention task. Findings could suggest that dysfunction in prefrontal regulation of the amygdala's response to salient social feedback supports heightened sensitivity to socially evaluative threat during adolescence.
Exploratory Study of Flexural Performance of Mechanically Recycled Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Shreds as Reinforcement in Cement Mortar

Millions of tons of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste have been steadily generated from end-of-life wind turbine blades and many other GFRP composites prevalent in everyday life, with lim...
Groping toward Sustainability

Oriented toward a nonspecialist educated reader, The Logic of Sufficiency is a philosophical, ethical, and practical exploration of one of the biggest and hardest questions facing social science: the power and inertia that drive the engine of the economy in an unsustainable and ultimately self-destructive spiral of increasing growth, depletion of resources, and despoliation of the planet. To make this problem conceivable and conjurable, Princen takes “efficiency” as the master trope for binding together the logic of the factory, the laboratory, and the market. In the first half of the book he presents an abbreviated but intriguing culture history of North American devotion to efficiency, which depicts a country relentlessly pursuing the logic of growth, speed, and increase as national policy, corporate strategy, and personal life plan. He also develops the argument that materialist consumerism is driven by the increasingly dehumanizing and “unnatural” rhythm of industrial work discipline. The second half of the book draws on three extended case studies in an effort to distill some broad principles of management that create systems of “sufficiency,” building institutions and accepting ecological constraints. In his chapters on the long-term management practices of the Pacific Lumber Company, Monhegan Island (Maine) lobster fisherfolk, and an urban Toronto Island that resisted bridge and road improvement, Princen argues that sufficiency is a different kind of logic and ethic from efficiency. Sustainable practices, he says, are based on ecological rationality, acceptance of complexity, humility, long-term thinking, and respect for traditional knowledge and reasonable limits. He also abstracts from ecological economics and the common-property-management literature some of the formal properties of human ecosystems, which tend to be self-regulating and stable: they have fixed boundaries and large buffers of unused resources, resource levels are relatively easily monitored, and exploitation can be policed. There is a lot to argue with here, as is to be expected in a work of such ambitious scope and broadly defined goals. The progressive-technological theme of American culture that
Application of washed rumen technique for rapid determination of fasting heat production in steers

Traditional measurement of maintenance energy requirements in cattle uses estimates of fasting heat production (HP) made during the third and fourth day of fasting, when the respiratory quotient (RQ) has fallen to approximately 0.7 (Blaxter, 1967). However, results vary with the length (days) of fasting (Blaxter and Wainman, 1966). In addition, this approach has limitations, specifically the actual severity of stress and decline of physical activity induced by the extended fasting period. It was hypothesized that using the washed rumen technique, in conjunction with accurate fasting HP estimates from short-term energy assessment, would more rapidly emulate a fasting state of metabolism, and as a result, provide a more robust measure of fasting HP compared with the traditional methodologies while still excluding most of the energy required for digestion, related tissue deposition, and activity. Therefore, these experiments were conducted to validate the use of the washed rumen technique for a rapid measurement of fasting HP and RQ compared with traditional fasting methodologies.
Galanin Fiber Hyperinnervation Preserves Neuroprotective Gene Expression in Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease

Fibers containing galanin (GAL) hyperinnervate cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) nucleus basalis neurons in late stage Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the molecular consequences of this phenomenon are unknown. To determine whether GAL alters the expression of genes critical to CBF cell survival in AD, single cell microarray analysis was used to determine mRNA levels within nucleus basalis neurons lacking GAL innervation from subjects who died with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI) compared to nucleus basalis neurons from AD cases either lacking GAL hyperinnervation (AD/GAL-) or those displaying prominent GAL hyperinnervation (AD/GAL+). Levels of mRNAs encoding putatively neuroprotective proteins such as the GluR2 Ca 2+ -impermeable glutamate receptor subunit, superoxide dismutase 2, and the GLUT2 glucose transporter were significantly decreased in AD/GAL- nucleus basalis neurons compared to NCI and AD/GAL+ neurons. By contrast, mRNAs encoding calpain catalytic and regulatory subunits, which may contribute to cell death in AD, were increased in AD/GAL- compared to NCI and AD/GAL+ neurons. Hence, GAL fiber hyperinnervation appears to preserve the expression of genes subserving multiple neuroprotective pathways suggesting that GAL overexpression regulates CBF neuron survival in AD.
Technology to improve sports performance in wheelchair sports

Sport and recreation are cornerstones of how we define ourselves as human beings and the competitive spirit is just as prominent in individuals with disabilities as it is in their able-bodied counterparts. Wheelchair sports were initially developed following WWII as a rehabilitation tool to care for the young men and women injured during the war. Today athletes with disabilities are narrowing the gap in competition between the impaired and the unimpaired through training, advancement of technology, and the competitive spirit and ingenuity of the seated athlete. This article examines a number of factors related to maximizing performance and the prevention of injury in wheelchair sport. Physical and technological considerations for various wheelchair sports will be discussed including; metabolic demands, equipment selection, configuration, advances in technology and performance measurement as well as directions for future research.
The vascular supply of the left ventricular wall. Anatomic observations, plus a hypothesis regarding acute events in coronary artery disease.

Abstract Postmortem injection studies of the left ventricular wall in 58 human hearts have revealed a characteristic distribution of vessels: those which divide quickly (Class A), and those which penetrate to the subendocardial layers, forming multiple anastomosing arcades (Class B). This subendocardial plexus appears to play an important role as a collateral channel in coronary disease. These anatomic features suggest an explanation for certain features observed in patients with coronary artery disease. This concept assigns a permissive role to the large occlusive lesions of the coronary arteries. Such lesions make the potentially ischemic focus distal to the occlusion dependent on collateral flow through the subendocardial plexus, thus permitting dynamic factors that modify this collateral circulation to become critically significant.
Beyond Surface Characteristics: A New Health Text-Specific Readability Measurement

Accurate readability assessment of health related materials is a critical first step in producing easily understandable consumer health information resources and personal health records. Existing general readability formulas may not always be appropriate for the medical/consumer health domain. We developed a new health-specific readability pilot measure, based on the differences in semantic and syntactic features as well as text unit length. The tool was tested with 4 types of materials: consumer health texts, electronic health records, health news articles, and scientific biomedical journals. The results were compared with those produced by three commonly used general readability formulas. While the general formulas underestimated the difficulty of health records by placing them at the same grade levels as consumer health texts, our method rated health records as the most difficult type of documents. Our ratings, however, were highly correlated with general formulas ratings of consumer health, news, and journal articles (r=0.81~0.85, p<.0001).
The application of duals in the analysis of Petri nets

The closeness algorithm, an algorithm which guides the selection of the best form of either a primal or a dual for further analysis, is presented. The primal refers to the original Petri net, and a dual is a transformation of the primal form of a net. The use of the closeness algorithm is limited to a subclass of Petri nets called free-choice nets, where the primal and dual are both live and safe. The closeness algorithm can be very useful in simplifying the analysis of a Petri net. In the examples given, the time involved in generating all the states of a net is reduced by choosing the form of the net that will produce the fewest states. >
Methanol in water solution at 300 K

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations are presented for a methanol molecule enclosed in a cluster of 198 water molecules. We have simulated three conformations for methanol (staggered, perpendicular and eclipsed); in a fourth simulation the methanol's hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group is free to assume any conformation. The water structure near the methyl group is similar to that reported for methane.
Wavefront Reconstruction Methods for Adaptive Optics Systems on Ground-Based Telescopes

The earth's atmosphere is not a perfect media through which to view objects in outer-space; turbulence in the atmospheric temperature distribution results in refractive index variations that interfere with the propagation of light. As a result, wavefronts are nonplanar when they reach the ground. The deviation from planarity of a wavefront is known as phase error, and it is phase error that causes the refractive blurring of images. Adaptive optics systems seek to remove phase error from incoming wavefronts. In ground-based astronomy, an estimate of the phase error in a wavefront is typically obtained from wavefront gradient measurements collected by a Shack-Hartmann sensor. The estimate is then used to create a counter wavefront, e.g., using a deformable mirror that (approximately) removes the phase error from the incoming wavefronts. The problem of reconstructing the phase error from Shack-Hartmann gradient measurements requires the solution of a large linear system whose form is defined by the configuration of the sensor. We derive this system and present both the regular least squares and minimum variance approaches to its solution. The most effective existing approaches are then presented alongside new computational methods, and comparisons are made.
Short and practical syntheses of(R)-(−)-carnitine and (R)-(−)-γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB)

Abstract Short and practical syntheses of ( R )-(−)-carnitine and ( R )-(−)-γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid have been developed, both commencing with the catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of allyl bromide.
Hollow-waveguide-delivered infrared free-electron laser for microsurgical applications

The Free Electron Laser (FEL) at Vanderbilt University is tunable from 2 μm to 9 μm in the mid-infrared spectrum, which is capable of controlling predicted laser-tissue interaction by selecting a specific wavelength. However, delivery of this laser into the internal portion of the eye is difficult because of strong water absorption at this spectrum range and the high peak power of the FEL. We used a metallic coated hollow waveguide with a 530 μm inner diameter and 1 meter in length, and delivered the FEL beam to an autoclaved surgical probe. The probe tip was an 18 gauge canula with a mini CaF 2 window fixed in front of it to protect the waveguide from contacting water. Human and animal cadaver eyes were used to perform an open sky retinal cutting procedure. The system was able to deliver 60% of FEL energy to the intraocular tissues. Up to 6×10 5 w peak power was reached without damage to the waveguide or the surgical probe at the spectrum range of 2.94 μm to 7.7 μm. In conclusion, the hollow waveguide is suitable for delivering the infrared FEL for intraocular microsurgical procedures.
Thermoelectric power fluctuations.

We consider the fluctuations of the thermoelectric transport coefficients due to quantum interference. At low temperatures the relative fluctuations in these coefficients are substantially enhanced over the relative conductance fluctuations and result in random sign changes in the coefficients. We suggest a simple experiment to measure these effects for L>L/sub in/.
Design and testing of a fast tool servo for diamond turning

Abstract A self-contained and independently servo-operated diamond tool holder was built to increase the resolution and accuracy of a precision lathe. Its static and dynamic repeatability over a range of ± 50 μin (1.27 μm) is better than 0.05 μin (1.3 nm). Its frequency distortion from 0–100 Hz is less than 1.0 μin (25 nm) for a peak displacement of less than 28 μin (0.71 μm).
The heart in pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy.

Summary A study of 2 cases in a family in which 4 male siblings have died with evidence of progressive muscular dystrophy of skeletal and cardiac muscle and in which 2 living male siblings who have this disease also have cardiac involvement is reported. Pathologic study in one case showed evidence of extensive cardiac muscular dystrophy and marked endocardial fibroelastosis. The literature of cardiac involvement in the muscular dystrophic process is reviewed, and the salient clinical and electrocardiographic findings in this condition are noted. Biochemical studies, including blood glutamic oxalicacetic transaminase and aldolase estimations, showed no difference in this group of cases as compared to those cases with skeletal muscle involvement alone. Intravenous tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate given to one patient had no effect clinically, biochemically, or cardiologically. The high incidence of cardiac involvement in P.M.D. is stressed, and it is felt that more attention should be given to the management of the cardiac status in the treatment of these patients.
Small defects in crystalline polyethylene

Abstract A family of five crystallographic defects of three classes (two dislocations, two dispirations and one disclination) which primarily involve only one polymer chain is described for polyethylene. The extra energy associated with each defect in a perfect polyethylene crystal was computed. The crystal model used consisted of a central chain containing the defect with 18 zig-zag chains in two shells around the central chain. The zig-zag chains each had 60 carbon atoms. The conformation of each defect, placed near the centre of the central chain, was adjusted to minimize the sum of the interatomic interactions. A closely related procedure was used to calculate the energy per chain at boundaries where each chain contains an identical ‘partial’ dislocation or disclination. The characterization of these well defined defects and partial defects greatly simplifies the establishment of connections between atomic and macroscopic scale phenomena in crystalline polyethylene.
Intrinsic asymmetry of oligomer transitions and biomolecular evolution

Structural transitions in oligomeric proteins due to ligand binding are important in biomolecular regulatory processes. The transitions may occur on the secondary, tertiary or quarternary structure levels. Detailed consideration of the time sequence of ligand binding to the oligomer shows that there is an intrinsic dynamic asymmetry in all oligomer transitions, even if the initial and the final state are completely symmetric. This asymmetry has important bearing on the evolution and the divergence of the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of oligomeric proteins. It may explain (at least in part) the occurence of oligomeric proteins with similar but not identical protomers. Certain specific groups of oligomers are shown to be under greater evolutionary pressure for protomer structure divergence. The dynamic asymmetry of oligomer transitions also results in higher complexity in reaction kinetics. Some implications on ribosome structural evolution are discussed.
Low resistive silicon substrate as an etch-stop layer for drilling thick SiO 2 by spark assisted chemical engraving (SACE)

Controlling precisely the depth in glass micro-drilling by spark assisted chemical engraving (SACE) remains challenging, particularly for low depths. The possibility of using an electrically conductive material as an etch-stop layer for SACE gravity-feed drilling is investigated in this paper. Micromachining with constant DC and pulsed DC of 30–35 μm thick SiO2 deposited on low resistive silicon substrate demonstrated the etch-stop function of the conductive silicon. Measurements of etch rates and hole profiles along with scanning electron microscope imaging revealed the mechanism underlying the etch-stop process. Low resistive silicon is demonstrated to be a good etch-stop layer for SACE gravity-feed drilling. Demonstration of machining of SiO2 layer on silicon as a substrate and an etch-stop layer opens up new possibilities to adapt SACE for developing devices on silicon platform.
Sonographically Guided Fine Needle Aspiration with Rapid Parathyroid Hormone Assay

Background Persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism (1° HPTH) is ideally treated with limited dissection, based on accurate localization, to minimize operative risks. To accurately localize parathyroid tissue, we employed ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (US FNA) with an on-site rapid parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay to confirm localization.
A serial study of splenic reticuloendothelial system fc receptor functional activity in systemic lupus erythematosus

A serial study of reticuloendothelial system splenic Fc receptor function was undertaken in 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fc receptor function was assessed by measuring the clearance half times of IgG-sensitized 51Cr-labeled autologous erythrocytes from the circulation. Prolonged clearance half times were initially detected in all patients, and the magnitude of the clearance defect was significantly correlated with disease activity (P less than 0.01, Spearman rank correlation) and immune complex levels (P less than 0.01). Clinical course and changes in receptor functional activity over time were found to be significantly correlated. Clearance half-times tended to return to normal in all 11 patients who clinically improved. The clearance half-time remained unchanged in 1 patient whose disease activity was stable, and it worsened in 1 patient whose illness flared. Levels of immune complexes also changed concordantly with clearance half-times and disease activity. These studies underscore the interrelationship between the presence of circulating immune complexes, defects in Fc receptor function that might lead to prolonged circulation of these complexes, and disease activity in SLE.
Structural Implications of Siglec-5-Mediated Sialoglycan Recognition

Sialic acid Ig-like binding lectins are important mediators of recognition and signaling events among myeloid cells. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying Siglec functions, we have determined the crystal structure of the two N-terminal extracellular domains of a human myeloid cell inhibitory receptor Siglec-5 (CD170) and its complexes with two sialylated carbohydrates. The native structure revealed an unusual conformation of the CC′ ligand specificity loop and a unique inter-domain disulfide bond. The α(2,3)-sialyllactose and α(2,6)-sialyllactose complexed structures showed a conserved sialic acid recognition motif that involves both Arg 124 and a portion of the G-strand in the V-set domain forming β-sheet-like hydrogen bonds with the glycerol side chain of the sialic acid. Only few direct protein contacts to the sub-terminal sugars are observed and mediated by the highly variable GG′ linker and CC′ loop. These structural observations in conjunction with surface plasmon resonance binding assays provide mechanistic insights into the linkage-dependent Siglec carbohydrate recognition and suggest that Siglec-5 and other CD33-related Siglec receptors are more promiscuous in sialo-glycan recognition than previously understood.
Soluble Dendron-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation, Characterization, and Properties§,‖

Lipophilic and hydrophilic dendra which are terminated with long alkyl chains and oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) moieties, respectively, were synthesized, and these dendron species were used to functionalize single-wall (SWNT) and multiple-wall (MWNT) carbon nanotubes via amidation and esterification reactions. The functionalized carbon nanotube samples are, depending on the functionalities, soluble in common organic solvents, such as hexane and chloroform, and water to form colored homogeneous solutions. Characterizations using NMR, electron microscopy, and optical spectroscopic techniques show that the homogeneous solutions contain carbon nanotubes. A preliminary understanding of the structural features and properties of these soluble dendron-functionalized SWNTs and MWNTs is discussed in terms of results from the characterizations, the defunctionalization reactions, and the trapping of metal nanoparticles by the functionalized nanotubes in solution.
Efficiency and fuel utilization of methane-powered single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells

The single-chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SC-SOFC) is a simplification of the conventional dual-chamber SOFC and has great potential for meeting portable power generation needs. While the high energy density of hydrocarbon fuels makes SC-SOFC a promising candidate as a power source for scenarios where portability is most preferred, the low efficiency and fuel utilization reported by many experimental groups have presented a major barrier keeping it from real application. Based on an experimentally validated numerical model, this work systematically investigates the fuel cell efficiency and fuel utilization of a methane-powered SC-SOFC as a function of operating parameters including flow rate, fuel-to-oxygen ratio, fuel cell layout and balance gas. We predict that the maximum achievable efficiency of a single-cell SC-SOFC is above 10% and the efficiency at typical operating conditions is above 5%, significantly higher than the reported 1% in literature. Optimization approaches are proposed at different levels in terms of both improving the power output and reducing the unspent fuel.