cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving detection of untrustworthy online reviews using ensemble learners combined with feature selection

As fake reviews become more prominent on the web, a method to differentiate between untruthful and truthful reviews becomes increasingly necessary. However, detection of false reviews may be difficult, as determining the validity of a review based solely on text can be nearly impossible for a human. In this study, we aim to determine the effectiveness of machine learning techniques, specifically ensemble techniques and the combination of feature selection and ensemble techniques, for the detection of spam reviews. In addition to traditional ensemble techniques, such as Boosting and Bagging, we employ techniques that combine ensemble methods with a form of feature selection: Select-Boost, Select-Bagging and Random Forest. For Select-Boost and Select-Bagging, we combine the Boosting and Bagging approaches with three different feature rankers. Random Forest was performed using 100, 250, and 500 trees. Our results show a combination of Select-Boost, multinomial naive Bayes and, either Chi-squared or signal-to-noise, significantly outperforms all methods except Random Forest using 500 trees. There is no significant difference between the feature subset sizes tested when using Select-Boost with multinomial naive Bayes, regardless of the feature selection technique employed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of a combination of ensemble techniques and feature selection in the domain of spam review detection.
Lessons for developing a planning support system infrastructure: The case of Southern California's Scenario Planning Model:

Although planning support systems are being more widely adopted by professional planners, there are very few examples of planning support system infrastructures designed to support planning practic...
Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia Modulates Primary Cilia Differently in Adult and Fetal Ovine Kidneys

Hypoxic environments at high altitude have significant effects on kidney injury. Following injury, renal primary cilia display length alterations. Primary cilia are mechanosensory organelles that regulate tubular architecture. The effect of hypoxia on cilia length is still controversial in cultured cells, and no corresponding in vivo study exists. Using fetal and adult sheep, we here study the effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on the renal injury, intracellular calcium signaling and the relationship between cilia length and cilia function. Our results show that although long-term hypoxia induces renal fibrosis in both fetal and adult kidneys, fetal kidneys are more susceptible to hypoxia-induced renal injury. Unlike hypoxic adult kidneys, hypoxic fetal kidneys are characterized by interstitial edema, tubular disparition and atrophy. We also noted that there is an increase in the cilia length as well as an increase in the cilia function in the hypoxic fetal proximal and distal collecting epithelia. Hypoxia, however, has no significant effect on primary cilia in the adult kidneys. Increased cilia length is also associated with greater flow-induced intracellular calcium signaling in renal epithelial cells from hypoxic fetuses. Our studies suggest that while hypoxia causes renal fibrosis in both adult and fetal kidneys, hypoxia-induced alteration in cilia length and function are specific to more severe renal injuries in fetal hypoxic kidneys.
What Can Spin Glass Theory and Analogies Tell Us About Ferroic Glasses

As well as several different kinds of periodically ordered ferroic phases, there are now recognized several different examples of ferroic glassiness, although not always described as such and in material fields of study that have mostly been developed separately. In this chapter an attempt is made to indicate common conceptual origins and features, observed or anticipated. Throughout, this aim is pursued through the use of simple models, in an attempt to determine probable fundamental origins within a larger picture of greater complication, and analogies between systems in different areas, both experimental and theoretical, in the light of significant progress in spin glass understanding.
Implications of Off-Target Serotoninergic Drug Activity: An Analysis of Serotonin Syndrome Reports Using a Systematic Bioinformatics Approach

Study objective Serotonergic adverse drug events (ADEs) are caused by enhanced intrasynaptic concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). No systematic process currently exists for evaluating cumulative 5-HT and off-target toxicity of serotonergic drugs. The primary study aim was to create a Serotonergic Expanded Bioactivity Matrix (SEBM) by using a molecular bioinformatics, polypharmacologic approach for assessment of the participation of individual 5-HT drugs in serotonin syndrome (SS) reports. Data sources Publicly available databases including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), ChEMBL, DrugBank, PubChem, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were queried for computational and pharmacologic data. Design An in-house bioinformatics TargetSearch program ( http://dxulab.org/software) was used to characterize 71 serotonergic drugs interacting at 13 serotonin receptor subtypes and serotonin reuptake transporter protein (SERT). In addition, off-target interactions at norepinephrine transporter (NET), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and muscarinic receptors were included to define seven polypharmacological drug cohorts. Serotonin syndrome reports for each serotonergic drug were extracted from FAERS by using the Sternbach and Hunter criteria. Measurements and main results A proportional reporting adverse drug reaction (ADR) ratio (PRR) was calculated from each drug's total ADEs and SS case reports and aggregated by drug bioactivity cohorts. Triple-receptor interactions had a disproportionately higher number of SS cases using both the Hunter criteria (mean PRR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05-2.39) and Sternbach (mean PRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.29-1.79). 5-Hydroxytryptamine agonists were associated with a significantly lower proportion of SS cases using the Hunter and Sternbach criteria, respectively (mean PRR 0.49, 95% CI 0.17-0.81 and mean PRR 0.49, 95% CI 0.15-0.83). Drugs with disproportionately higher participation in SS vary considerably between the two diagnostic criteria. Conclusion The SEBM model suggests a possible polypharmacological role in SS. Although further research is needed, off-target receptor activity may help explain differences in severity of toxicity and clinical presentation.
Implicit Solvent Electrostatics in Biomolecular Simulation

We give an overview of how implicit solvent models are currently used in protein simulations. The emphasis is on numerical algorithms and approximations: since even folded proteins sample many distinct configurations, it is of considerable importance to be both accurate and efficient in estimating the energetic consequences of this dynamical behavior. Particular attention is paid to calculations of pH-dependent behavior, as a paradigm for the analysis of electrostatic interactions in complex systems.
Pelvic Floor Disorders Related to Urology and Gynecology

Multicompartment pelvic floor disorders are common. Twenty three percent of patients undergoing surgery for fecal incontinence or rectal prolapse have both urinary incontinence and genital prolapse. A focused, yet comprehensive pelvic floor history and physical exam identifies patient who suffer from anterior, middle and posterior pelvic floor pathologies. In those patients, it is preferable to address any coexistent pelvic defect/problem simultaneously. This chapter will focus on the evaluation and management of urinary incontinence and pelvic floor prolapse.
Single-Phase Smart Load Controller with a Battery Storage

This paper presents the design and experiment of a single-phase smart-load (SPSL)controller with a battery storage. The motivation of this work is to investigate the design and operation of SPSL system that will be beneficial for both power grid operation and customers. As a functional experimental system, the developed single-phase SPSL works at a low-voltage level (24 Vac and 48 Vdc)with a fixed-point microcontroller. The presented issues and experimental results include firmware evaluation, line frequency detection with SOGI-PLL and battery control strategy for primary frequency regulation.
Environmental Justice in New Orleans: A New Lease on Life for Title VIII?

This article explores whether the Fair Housing Act, Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, may be asserted so as to require the government to remediate contamination in communities of color as part of the reconstruction of new housing opportunities in New Orleans post-Katrina.
Update on lower-dose dasatinib 50 mg daily as frontline therapy in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP).

7052Background: Dasatinib, a potent BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is approved for the treatment of chronic phase CML (CML-CP) in the frontline and salvage settings. Notable side effects ...
Disclosure and Corruption

Disclosure laws require individuals and organizations that spend money on political speech to make public their identities. The Supreme Court and many others laud disclosure for shining light on money in politics and combating quid pro quo corruption. But that support may be misplaced. While disclosure provides information to law enforcement and the general public, it also provides information to corrupt actors. Disclosure records can tell politicians which private actors support compliant candidates, and the records can help private actors determine which politicians reward their benefactors. Disclosure can thus bring conspirators together and reduce the uncertainty that inheres in illegal transactions. That means disclosure has cross-cutting effects. It can deter corruption by increasing the likelihood of exposure, but it can also raise the benefit of corruption by increasing the certainty that parties to corrupt deals will keep their promises. When the second effect trumps, disclosure increases corruption. This analysis has implications for scholarship and law. It suggests that policymakers and judges should be less optimistic about disclosure and open to alternative corruption-fighting measures.
Mechanism of chloroform nephrotoxicity: II. In vitro evidence for renal metabolism of chloroform in mice

Abstract Preincubation of renal cortical slices with chloroform (CHCl 3 ) from male, but not female, mice resulted in a subsequent decrease of the ability of the slices to accumulate the organic ions, p -aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA). These sex-related differences, the time required for manifestation of this effect (60 to 90 min), and the concentration dependency (0 to 50 μmol, 0 to 4 μl CHCl 3 ) were similar to in vivo observations on CHCl 3 nephrotoxicity in mice. Furthermore, an equimolar concentration of deuterated CHCl 3 (CDCl 3 ) in vitro was less effective than CHCl 3 in decreasing PAH and TEA accumulation in male renal cortical slices. The effects of CHCl 3 on PAH and TEA accumulation could be diminished or blocked by preincubation with CHCl 3 in the presence of carbon monoxide or at 0°C, respectively. The nephrotoxicity of CHCl 3 in vitro was increased in renal cortical slices from male mice pretreated with diethyl maleate. Thus, this in vitro model with mouse renal cortical slices and the sex-related differences in CHCl 3 nephrotoxicity suggests that the kidney may metabolize CHCl 3 in situ to a nephrotoxic metabolite.
Filtration Efficiency of Inclusions in Lightweight FeMnAl Steels

The efficiency of ceramic foam filters in removing different inclusion populations in a Fe–30Mn–9Al–1Si–0.9C–0.5Mo steel was investigated. A mold design was created utilizing fluid flow and solidification modeling software. The design utilized a common pouring cup attached to two different but balanced gating systems. One runner utilized a ceramic foam filter, while the other runner was unfiltered. Three molds were poured in sequence from a teapot-style ladle. Metallographic samples revealed extensive Al- and Mn-rich oxide bi-films in samples taken before the filter. Samples sectioned after the filter did not contain bi-films. AlN or complex AlN–MnS or AlN–MnO comprised more than 70% of all inclusions. Samples sectioned from the first two molds showed an inclusion removal efficiency of 38% and 39%, respectively. Larger inclusions greater than 3 µm were more efficiently filtered. The third mold with the greatest number of larger inclusions showed the highest inclusion removal efficiency of 55%.
The potential population-based impact of an HPV vaccination intervention in Colorado.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common cause of cervical cancer and can be prevented with vaccination, but HPV vaccination rates remain low. An intervention to improve health care provider communication about vaccination has been shown to increase HPV vaccination rates in an initial trial in Colorado, where about 160 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. Methods Census data were combined with Colorado cancer and immunization registry data to identify clinics in locations that would most benefit from implementation of this intervention to improve HPV vaccination rates. ArcGIS Pro was used to map cervical cancer incidence, immunization rates, population data, and location of clinics participating in practice-based research networks (PBRNs). Results from the provider communication intervention trial and published estimates of the number needed to vaccinate to prevent a case of cervical cancer were used to predict the number of cervical cancer cases prevented based on increased vaccination due to the intervention. Results Ninety-eight Colorado PBRN clinics were analyzed. For the 10 clinics with the highest predicted number of cervical cancer cases prevented, 5218 additional patients would be vaccinated and 43 cervical cancer cases prevented with implementation of the intervention. If implemented in all 98 clinics, the intervention would lead to 20 490 additional patients vaccinated (range 7-658/clinic) and 171 cases of cervical cancer prevented (range 0.05-5.48/clinic). Conclusions Geographic data from cancer and immunization registries can inform the dissemination of evidence-based practices like the provider communication intervention for HPV vaccination to maximize impact on public health.
A Transcriptional Regulatory System of the S. cerevisiae OLE1 Gene Responds to Fatty Acid Species and Intracellular Amount, and not Simply Membrane Status

We examined the effects of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) species and their concentration on the expression of OLE1, which encodes the stearoyl CoA desaturase, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We controlled the amount of UFA taken up by the cell by varying the concentration of tergitol in the medium. When cultured with 1 mM fatty acid in 0.1% tergitol, cells took up much more fatty acid than when cultured with the same concentration of fatty acid at 1% tergitol, although the amount incorporated was dependent on UFA species. For each fatty acid tested, we found that the higher uptake (0.1% tergitol condition) had a stronger impact on OLE1 regulation. A principal product of the desaturase 16:1∆9, and the nonnative UFA 18:2∆9,12, most strongly repressed the reporter construct OLE1-lacZ transcription, while the other major product of the desaturase, 18:1∆9, and the nonnative UFA 17:1∆10 caused a more diminished response. Based on these results, our initial hypothesis was that OLE1 was regulated in response to membrane fluidity; however, subsequent work does not support that idea; we have found that conditions that affect membrane fluidity such as growth temperature and growth with saturated or trans fatty acid supplementation, do not regulate OLE1 in the direction predicted by fluidity changes. We conclude that at least one signal that regulates OLE1 transcriptional expression is most likely based on the fatty acids themselves.
Looking beyond the ovary for oncofertility care in women: uterine injury as a potential target for fertility-preserving treatments

Treatment for cancer has the potential to significantly diminish fertility and, further, to negatively impact the obstetrical outcomes of pregnancies that do occur. Cancer survivors have decreased rates of fertility and increased rates of pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, after exposure to chemotherapy. To date, research on the impact of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on fertility and pregnancy outcomes has focused largely on the gonadotoxic effect of cancer treatments on ovaries, while the uterus and endometrium have not been extensively studied. It is intuitive, however, that decreased fertility and poorer obstetrical outcomes may be substantially mediated through injury to a highly mitotic tissue like the endometrium, which is also central to embryo implantation and utero-placental exchange. Pregnancy complications in cancer survivors might be due to compromised blood supply to the endometrium and myometrium affecting placentation or altered remodeling of the pregnant uterus secondary to radiation fibrosis. Alterations in endometrial receptivity at the molecular level could affect pregnancy implantation and early pregnancy loss, but later complications also can occur. This review focuses on understanding the unintended effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on uterine function in female cancer survivors and the impact on pregnancy, and summarizes mechanisms to protect and treat the uterus before and after cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
ST-elevation myocardial infarction in nonagenarians: A nationwide analysis of trends and outcomes in the United States

OBJECTIVE To assess ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) trends and outcomes in nonagenarians undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) compared to medical management. BACKGROUND Although nonagenarians (age greater than 90 years) represent the fast-growing age decade of the US population, limited evidence is available regarding trends and outcomes of treatment strategies for STEMI in this population cohort. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to identify nonagenarians presenting with STEMI and treated with either pPCI or medical management. In-hospital mortality, in-hospital complications, length of stay and in-hospital costs were analyzed. RESULTS Between 2010-2017, 41,042 STEMI hospitalizations were identified in nonagenarians, of which 11, 155 (27.2%) included pPCI whereas 29, 887 (72.8%) included medical management. STEMI hospitalizations among nonagenarians decreased over the study period. Overall unadjusted in-hospital mortality was 21.6%, and the hospitalizations that included pPCI had significantly lower mortality compared to the medical management (13.6% vs. 24.5%, p < .001). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, hospitalizations that included pPCI had 42.1% lower odds of in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.67, p < .001). Altogether, in-hospital cardiac, bleeding and vascular complications, length of stay and in-hospital costs were higher in pPCI hospitalizations. CONCLUSION In nonagenarians, STEMI mortality is high, but pPCI is associated with superior outcomes compared to medical management alone. Therefore, pPCI can be considered an acceptable treatment strategy in this population.
Ecological Pathology of Man

When taken as a serious and dispassionate object of study from the standpoint of the science of pathology, the human species is easily recognized as a global pathogen. Incontrovertible evidence on all sides tells us this, and yet we have steadfastly avoided an honest look in the mirror. We so often choose — willfully and with strong convictions sustained by homocentric prejudice — to hide the facts from ourselves, and to proceed with untroubled ignorance to overlook the worldwide human and natural devastation for which our species is responsible.
Jurisdiction Stripping: Litigation, Ideology, and Congressional Control of the Court

This study finds that Congress removes court jurisdiction, and does so with increasing frequency over time. Institutionally based models predict that Congress should strategically remove court review to control the judiciary's influence over policy when congressional and court preferences differ. Administrative realities suggest that jurisdiction removals may be aimed at controlling litigation, not judicial ideology. Denying courts' review denies litigants court access, an action with ramifications for litigation driven costs, delays, and caseload pressures. Using a new database of all public laws containing jurisdiction stripping provisions from the 78th through the 108th Congress, this study tests for correlations between jurisdiction stripping and either federal case filings or ideological distances among the courts, Congress, and agencies. The findings indicate that administrative concerns, particularly related to litigation in which the government is a defendant, influence jurisdiction stripping, but ideology does not.
Underutilization of germline BRCA testing in commercially-insured women diagnosed with ovarian cancer.

5539Background: Germline BRCA (gBRCA) testing has prognostic, therapeutic, and familial implications for patients with ovarian cancer. Since 2010, national guidelines have recommended universal gen...
Equivalency of In-Person Versus Remote Assessment: WISC-V and KTEA-3 Performance in Clinically Referred Children and Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Teletesting has the potential to reduce numerous barriers to patient care which have only become exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although telehealth is commonly utilized throughout medicine and mental health practices, teletesting has remained limited within cognitive and academic evaluations. This may be largely due to concern for the validity of test administration via remote assessment. This cross-sectional study examined the equivalency of cognitive [Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children - Fifth Edition (WISC-V)] and academic [Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement - Third Edition (KTEA-3)] subtests administered via either teletesting or traditional in-person testing within clinically referred youth. METHOD: Chart review using a retrospective, cross-sectional design included a total of 893 children and adolescents, ranging from 4 to 17 years (Mean age = 10.2 years, SD = 2.9 years) who were administered at least one subtest from the aforementioned cognitive or academic assessments. Of these, 285 received teletesting, with the remaining (n = 608) receiving in-person assessment. A total of seven subtests (five from the WISC-V and two from the KTEA-3) were examined. A series of inverse probability of exposure weighted (IPEW) linear regression models examined differences between groups for each of the seven subtests after adjustment for numerous demographic, diagnostic, and parent-reported symptom variables. RESULTS: Only two significant differences were found, such that WISC-V Visual Puzzles (p < .01) and KTEA-3 Math Concepts (p = .03) scores were slightly higher in the teletesting versus in-person groups. However, these differences were quite small in magnitude (WISC-V Visual Puzzles, d = .33, KTEA-3 Math Concepts, d = .18). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate equivalency across methods of service delivery without clinically meaningful differences in scores among referred pediatric patients.
Chapter VI Safety in the Microbiological Laboratory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses safety in the microbiological laboratory. A laboratory worker is more exposed to potentially lethal hazards than an average citizen. In nature, pathogenic micro-organisms invade the human body by routes which are dependent upon the natural history of the disease and the tissue preference of the organisms, these two factors being generally, but not always, obviously interdependent. One of the important points in the handling of radioisotopes is standardized and controlled by statutory regulations, yet the study of pathogenic micro-organisms is not. Owing to their capacity for replication, they can be more deadly in far smaller dosage, and it is to be hoped that the future will bring procedural standardization, and raise safety from what at present is little more than an art to a respectable science. The chapter also discusses mechanism of aerosol production and safe methods and materials.
Theology in an Exegetical Context: Bucer on Ephesians 1:13–18 and the Doctrine of Faith

As in his treatment of Ephesians 1:3–6, so Bucer’s treatment of Ephesians 1:13–18 forms a combination of exegesis and theological formulation. In these verses Bucer identified a second locus in Paul’s “treatise”, the doctrine of faith. Again, Bucer employed the biblical humanist exegetical method that was his usual practice. While in general his pattern of treatment is like that of the exegetical tradition, he is distinctive in finding these verses to be a locus on faith to the degree that he did. There are times when one might conclude that he was forcing the text to bear more weight of teaching on faith than it does, and this raises the question of whether his theology was driving his exegesis, rather than the other way around. Bucer’s treatment of faith in these verses is different from his treatment of election in Ephesians 1:3–6 in that after he concluded exegesis of the verses (which included theological formulation), he added a separate discussion that builds further on his exegesis. Yet his practice is consistent with his prefatory lecture, and is an example of biblical humanist method in theology and exegesis.
Immunochemical studies on blood groups: Structures and immunochemical properties of oligosaccharides from two fractions of blood group substance from human ovarian cyst fluid differing in B, I, and i activities and reactivity toward concanavalin A

Abstract Purification of the oligosaccharides obtained by degradation with alkaline borohydride of two fractions of blood group substance from ovarian cyst fluid differing in B, I, and i activities and reactivity toward concanavalin A, was achieved by Bio-Gel P-2, charcoal-Celite, paper and high pressure liquid chromatography. Characterization of twelve oligosaccharides by colorimetric and gas-chromatographic analyses, methylation, quantitative periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and inhibition of quantitative precipitation is presented. Five B-active oligosaccharides were isolated from the phenol insoluble fraction; three had recently been isolated from horse gastric mucosa. Five of the oligosaccharides isolated are built upon the reduced tetrasaccharide core structure, isolated from human HLe b , Le a , and I precursor substances and also from Tij, the substance studied. The largest oligosaccharide described has two B determinants added onto the core structure. Large B-active oligosaccharides were isolated from Tij phenol insoluble but not completely characterized. Dextrorotatory oligosaccharides with α-linked d GlcNAc were isolated from the 20% 2X fraction. Isolation of d GalNAcα1→3N-acetyl- d -galactosaminitol from Tij indicates that in human ovarian cyst substance, d GalNAcα1→3 d GalNAc may occur linked to serine and threonine of the protein backbone as previously found in blood group A + H substance from hog gastric mucin.
The political economy of Greece: An empirical analysis of Marxian economics

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to empirically calculate the Marxian categories of the Greek economy over a twenty-year period (1958–1977). The empirical estimates of both the basic Marxian variables and the fundamental relationships are calculated. Finally, the Marxian results are summarized and contrasted with relevant conventional measures. The results in this paper show a falling rate of profit along with a simultaneous rise of the organic composition of capital and the rate of surplus-value as these relate to the Greek economy and for the period under consideration.
The PSI Board: Realizing a Phone-Centric Body Sensor Network

When designing a body sensor network, the mobile phone is a natural design point for data aggregation services. However, there is a missing bridge that allows sensors to communicate with existing commercial phones, even if they already possess sufficient storage and processing capabilities. The PSI board is a small expansion module that interfaces body sensor networks with commercially available cell-phones through a standard MMC/SD slot. Adding this expansion capability allows researchers to extend phone devices with additional capabilities, allowing the devices to easily serve as the hub of a wearable body sensor network. The PSI board has an integrated switching mechanism allowing transparent access to an MMC/SD card, an embedded microcontroller, accelerometer, expansion connector, and an IEEE 802.15.4 radio that can connect to a variety of commonly available wireless sensors. The capabilities afforded by the PSI board enable several new applications that would be difficult to implement given the sensors and capabilities currently found in existing cell-phone platforms.
Fractal and transgenerational genetic effects on phenotypic variation and disease risk

To understand human biology and to manage heritable diseases, a complete picture of the genetic basis for phenotypic variation and disease risk is needed. Unexpectedly however, most of these genetic variants, even for highly heritable traits, continue to elude discovery for poorly understood reasons. The genetics community is actively exploring the usual explanations for missing heritability. But given the extraordinary work that has already been done and the exceptional magnitude of the problem, it seems likely that unconventional genetic properties are involved.
Genetics of the Framingham Heart Study Population

Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to the Framingham Heart Study and the genetic research related to cardiovascular diseases conducted in this unique population. It briefly describes the origins of the study, the risk factors that contribute to heart disease, and the approaches taken to discover the genetic basis of some of these risk factors. The genetic architecture of several biological risk factors has been explained using family studies, segregation analysis, heritability, and phenotypic and genetic correlations. Many quantitative trait loci underlying cardiovascular diseases have been discovered using different molecular markers. Additionally, initial results from genome‐wide association studies using 116,000 markers and the prospects of using 550,000 markers for association studies are presented. Finally, the use of this unique sample to study genotype and environment interactions is described.
Sentencing convicted juvenile felony offenders in the adult court: the direct effects of race.

While research indicates that Black and Hispanic adults sentenced in the criminal court tend to be rendered more severe punishments than their White counterparts, only one prior study has examined whether this finding holds for juveniles tried in the adult system. The findings from this sole study need replication, however, since the effects posed by trial type were not taken into account and it is likely that the results are confounded by measurement error resulting from overlap in criminal sentencing. The current study addressed these issues by assessing whether race has a direct impact on waived juveniles being criminally sentenced to restitution, probation, or jail. Data were derived from a secondary, cross-sectional national dataset on felony juvenile offenders convicted in the adult system. Three hypotheses were tested. After controlling for a number of important legal and extra-legal predictors of sentencing, race differences in sentencing outcomes were observed and the findings yielded partial support for the hypotheses. The implications of the research are noted. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KW: Juvenile justice; Juvenile delinquency; Language: en
Serotypes and Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Single Sputa of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

A phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from single sputum samples of 21 typical cystic fibrosis patients indicated a high frequency of heterogeneity among isolates on the basis of differences in antibiotic resistance, colony morphology, pigmentation, and serotype. Two or more isolates with different but stable susceptibilities to carbenicillin, gentamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim were detected in 38% of the sputa. Differences generally were independent of the mucoid state of the strain. O-antigen group determination with the Difco typing set showed that two or more serologically distinct strains were present in 10/21 sputum specimens. Nonmucoid derivatives of mucoid isolates almost always retained both the antibiotic susceptibilities and serotype of their parent strain. These data suggest that cystic fibrosis patients may be cocolonized/coinfected by different strains of P. aeruginosa more frequently than generally believed. Alternatively, phenotypically distinct strains from a single patient might arise as phenotypic dissociants from a single infecting strain. Because of the frequency and multiplicity of phenotypically distinct P. aeruginosa isolates which we obtained from our cystic fibrosis patients, it is important to select multiple isolates from sputum cultures for antimicrobial susceptibility testing so as to assess adequately the susceptibility of this organism to antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis. We recommend that several colonies of each distinguishable colony type of P. aeruginosa be pooled for the antibiogram. Images
Development of a novel fluorogenic proteolytic beacon for in vivo detection and imaging of tumour-associated matrix metalloproteinase-7 activity

The present study describes the in vivo detection and imaging of tumour-associated MMP-7 (matrix metalloproteinase-7 or matrilysin) activity using a novel polymer-based fluorogenic substrate PB-M7VIS, which serves as a selective 'proteolytic beacon' (PB) for this metalloproteinase. PB-M7VIS is built on a PAMAM (polyamido amino) dendrimer core of 14.2 kDa, covalently coupled with an Fl (fluorescein)-labelled peptide Fl(AHX)RPLALWRS(AHX)C (where AHX stands for aminohexanoic acid) and with TMR (tetramethylrhodamine). PB-M7VIS is efficiently and selectively cleaved by MMP-7 with a k (cat)/ K (m) value of 1.9x10(5) M(-1).s(-1) as measured by the rate of increase in Fl fluorescence (up to 17-fold for the cleavage of an optimized PB-M7VIS) with minimal change in the TMR fluorescence. The K (m) value for PB-M7VIS is approx. 0.5 microM, which is approx. two orders of magnitude lower when compared with that for an analogous soluble peptide, indicating efficient interaction of MMP-7 with the synthetic polymeric substrate. With MMP-2 or -3, the k (cat)/ K (m) value for PB-M7VIS is approx. 56- or 13-fold lower respectively, when compared with MMP-7. In PB-M7VIS, Fl(AHX)RPLALWRS(AHX)C is a selective optical sensor of MMP-7 activity and TMR serves to detect both the uncleaved and cleaved reagents. Each of these can be visualized as subcutaneous fluorescent phantoms in a mouse and optically discriminated based on the ratio of green/red (Fl/TMR) fluorescence. The in vivo specificity of PB-M7VIS was tested in a mouse xenograft model. Intravenous administration of PB-M7VIS gave significantly enhanced Fl fluorescence from MMP-7-positive tumours, but not from control tumours ( P <0.0001), both originally derived from SW480 human colon cancer cells. Prior systemic treatment of the tumour-bearing mice with an MMP inhibitor BB-94 ([4-( N -hydroxyamino)-2 R -isobutyl-3 S -(thienylthiomethyl)-succinyl]-L-phenylalanine- N -methylamide), markedly decreased the Fl fluorescence over the MMP-7-positive tumour by approx. 60%. Thus PB-M7VIS functions as a PB for in vivo detection of MMP-7 activity that serves to light this optical beacon and is, therefore, a selective in vivo optical molecular imaging contrast reagent.
Tocotrienol-induced caspase-8 activation is unrelated to death receptor apoptotic signaling in neoplastic mammary epithelial cells.

Tocotrienols, a subclass in the vitamin E family of compounds, have been shown to induce apoptosis by activating caspase-8 and caspase-3 in neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Since caspase-8 activation is associated with death receptor apoptotic signaling, studies were conducted to determine the exact death receptor/ligand involved in tocotrienol-induced apoptosis. Highly malignant +SA mouse mammary epithelial cells were grown in culture and maintained in serum-free media. Treatment with 20 μM γ-tocotrienol decreased +SA cell viability by inducing apoptosis, as determined by positive terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunocytochemical staining. Western blot analysis showed that γ-tocotrienol treatment increased the levels of cleaved (active) caspase-8 and caspase-3. Combined treatment with caspase inhibitors completely blocked tocotrienol-induced apoptosis. Additional studies showed that treatment with 100 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 100 ng/ml FasL, 100 ng/ml TNF-related apoptosis-indu...
Integrating resource metadata and domain markup in an NSDL collection

Resource level metadata markup alone cannot describe the rich, granular, associative and recombinant information objects potentially contained in modern digital libraries. Today, powerful mechanisms for content and structure description of documents exists in the form of domain specific markup languages such as MatML and MathML. Mechanisms for integrating resource level markup with domain specific markup documents in these languages are required. In the context of the NSDL GREEN digital library, issues and approaches to markup integration are critically discussed.
Effects of self-irradiation in plutonium alloys

Abstract In this paper, we present updated results of self-irradiation effects on 238Pu-enriched 239Pu alloys measured by immersion density, dilatometry, and tensile tests. We obtained the self-irradiation equivalent time of nearly 200 years, nearly 100 years longer than in our previous papers. At this extended aging, we find the rate of decrease in density has slowed significantly, stabilizing around 15.73 g/cc, without signs of void swelling. The volume expansion measured at 35 °C also shows apparent saturation at less than 0.25%. Quasi-static tensile measurement still show gradual increase in the strength of plutonium alloys with age.
Frequency-selective sub-mm-W detector based on semiconductor superlattice with a built-in resonator

We propose a design of the frequency-selective sub-mm-W detector, which must operate at room temperature. The idea is based on a standing wave enhancement of the detector responsivity. The detector contains a lateral semiconductor superlattice with electrons performing Bloch oscillations as an active medium, a broadband bow-tie terahertz (THz) antenna, a built-in resonator and an external dc circuit. As compared with well-known THz-photon detector based on one-dimensional layered superlattice the switch to the lateral superlattice leads to a necessary change in technology of antenna attachment to the superlattice and allows the additional growth of a resonator. The estimation calculations of the current responsivity of the proposed detector fulfilled by means of an equivalent transmission line model have proved that the detector responsivity can be enhanced in several hundred times near a resonance frequency due to the matching between the incident radiation and the superlattice provided by built-in resonator. The expected rise time of the proposed detector is in order of 10 -11 s.
Inhibitory activity of benzoyl hydrazides and hydrazine on the growth of influenza virus in chick embryo lung tissue culture.

Hydrazin, wie auch verschiedene Benzoylhydrazide, hemmen das Wachstum des Influenzavirus in Kulturen embryonalen Huhnerlungengewebes. Anthranilsaurehydrazid konnte die Virusvermehrung bis 6 h nach Viruszugabe hemmen.
Mathematics of Web science: structure, dynamics and incentives.

Dr Chayes talk described how, to a discrete mathematician, all the worlds a graph, and all the people and domains merely vertices. A graph is represented as a set of vertices V and a set of edges E...
Imaging and the multiple tiers of illness1

Radiology has become an indispensable component of contemporary health care. It is frequently in the radiology department that diagnoses, the organizing principle around which the rest of a patients’ health care takes shape, are made. Radiology also plays a vital role in assessing patients’ response to therapy, determining their level of disease activity, and detecting recurrences of disease processes, such as multiple sclerosis or cancer. In recent decades, radiology has played a growing role in the treatment of disease, such as obtaining central venous access, restoring vascular patency, embolizing tumors and vascular malformations, and exploiting imaging guidance to biopsy lesions and to percutaneously drain fluid collections. In view of the radiologists’ central and ever-expanding role in medicine, it is important that radiology learners such as medical students and residents understand the role of imaging in the larger experience of illness. There is an old saying, “When your only tool is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.” While radiology represents one of the most useful tools in the repertoire of contemporary medicine, we cannot build a house–or provide complete care to a patient–using only one tool. If our learners see only diagnostic images and lose sight of that larger picture, our field runs the risk of becoming less relevant, and perhaps even less caring. The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical framework for educating radiology learners about how radiology fits into that larger context.
Exploring the stereostructural requirements of peptide ligands for the melanocortin receptors.

The melanotropin peptides -MSH, -MSH, and -MSH are be- lieved to be the natural ligands for the four melanocortin receptors, MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R. However, these peptides generally have low selec- tivity for these receptors. We report on some approaches to the development of selective agonists and antagonists peptide ligands for these receptors.
Error analysis and simulation for APMI

Presents an error analysis for a system consisting of an all-pole model with multiple impulse excitation (APMI). This model has been successfully used in low bit-rate speech processing, seismic processing and echo cancellation. Bounds are derived for the performance of the optimal algorithm in the presence of noise in terms of the eigenvalues of the underlying covariance matrices. The bounds are verified with simulations using actual multipulse data. >
SU-GG-T-540: Impact of Biological Optimization On Plan Quality: An Evaluation of a Commercial Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of biological optimization implemented in the new commercial IMRTtreatment planning system (TPS) Monaco (CMS, St. Louis, MO) on plan quality as compared to a traditional TPS employing dose‐based optimization (XiO, CMS, St. Louis, MO). Method and Materials: Clinically used IMRT treatment plans for selected head and neck, prostate, and brain cases generated using XiO (version 4.3.3) were compared with corresponding plans generated using Monaco (version 1.0.0). The same CT data, contours, isocenter, number of beams (7–9), beam angles, and calculation grid spacing (2 mm) as in the original XiO plans were used for the Monaco treatment planning. Biological cost functions were used with parameter values suggested in a Monaco training manual as initial guesses. Iterative adjustment of isoconstraint values followed by re‐optimization was continued until approximately 95% coverage of each target volume by a prescription dose was achieved. A Monte Carlo algorithm with 3% variance was used for final dose calculation in Monaco. Dose calculations in XiO were performed using a fast superposition algorithm. Results: Monaco plans tend to result in smaller values of the mean dose and generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) for OARs (15 out of 17 OARs in all plans combined) and greater mean doses and gEUD for targets (4/5). Maximum doses to normal structures are sometimes greater in Monaco compared to XiO (6/17) as a consequence of larger hot spots in target volumes. Dose heterogeneity was increased for all but one target in Monaco plans. Conclusion: The biologically based Monaco TPS has the potential to generate superior IMRT treatment plans compared to the dose‐based XiO TPS, as judged by better or equivalent target coverage accompanied by reduction in normal tissue exposure. However, greater dose inhomogeneity in the target must be accepted in most cases.
Correction for sampling errors due to coagulation and wall loss in laminar and turbulent tube flow: direct solution of canonical ‘inverse’ problem for log-normal size distributions

Abstract Aerosol sampling from industrial environments (e.g. combustion engines) or natural environments (e.g. the troposphere) frequently involves conveying the sample to a downstream (‘sheltered’) instrument via an upstream tube or duct. While the instrument may be capable of characterizing, say, the particle size distribution (PSD) of the aerosol actually presented to it, the investigator is, of course, usually more interested in the PSD of the aerosol entering the upstream sampling tube. Invariably, this differs from that measured because of several systematic phenomena—perhaps the two most obvious of which are particle size-dependent losses to the tube walls (i.e. incomplete ‘penetration’) and PSD distortion due to suspended particle-particle coagulation when the particle concentrations are sufficiently high. We show here how recent research on the use of ‘moment methods’ to predict the effects of size-dependent walls loss and/or Brownian coagulation in flow systems can now be brought to bear to conveniently solve this ‘inverse’ problem by numerically integrating the quasi-one-dimensional coupled moment equations in the upstream direction, using downstream (measured) aerosol properties in the definitions of all dimensionless dependent variables and parameters. Illustrative ‘universal’ graphs are presented here for the sampling of log-normally distributed ‘inertialess’ (Brownian) aerosols in long straight adiabatic ducts for both commonly encountered extremes of particle Knudsen number Knp ⪢ 1(free molecule) or Knp ⪡ 1 (continuum), as well as convenient rational approximations derived from the leading terms of a Taylor series expansion of the above-mentioned dimensionless moment equations.
Young maternal age and low birth weight risk: An exploration of racial/ethnic disparities in the birth outcomes of mothers in the United States

Abstract This study considers how low birth weight (LBW) prevalence varies by race/ethnicity and maternal age and explores mechanisms that explain disparities. Results show that maternal age patterns in LBW risk for African Americans differ from Whites and foreign- and U.S.-born Hispanics. Background socioeconomic disadvantage, together with current socioeconomic status and smoking during pregnancy, explain almost all of the LBW disparity between white teenage mothers and their older counterparts. These findings suggest that social disadvantage is a primary driver in unfavorable birth outcomes among white teenage mothers compared to older white mothers. Alternatively, background disadvantage and other social characteristics explain very little of the LBW disparities among African Americans and U.S.- and foreign-born Hispanics. Overall, these results indicate LBW disparities by maternal age are a complex product of socioeconomic disadvantage and current social and behavioral factors, such that LBW risk does not operate uniformly by race/ethnicity or maternal age.