cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of nozzle asymmetry on jet-edge oscillations

Strongly coherent oscillations of a jet impinging upon an edge persist when one lip of the nozzle is axially displaced with respect to the other, even by as much as one wavelength of the jet instability. This persistence of the oscillation is due to rapid stream wise adjustment of the flow in the region between the two nozzle lips, forced by upstream influence from the downstream edge; immediately downstream of the nozzle, cross-stream distributions of fluctuation amplitude and phase are very similar to those occurring in an initially symmetrical jet, as evidenced by comparison with linear theory. In the region between the upstream and downstream nozzle lips, “pre-amplification” of the disturbance occurs in the form of exponential disturbance growth, followed by another (slower) exponential growth in the free jet portion of the flow. These features of the flow structure occur in conjunction with the dipole-like upstream influence from the jet-edge interaction, the strength of which is determined by the pressure loading at the edge. In fact, the pressure fluctuations at the tip of the downstream impingement edge can have amplitudes approximately double those of the corresponding jet from a symmetrical nozzle. This increase in magnitude of the source of upstream influence is due to a slight transverse shift of the minimum amplitude and phase jump of the fluctuating velocity field approaching the edge, relative to those of the jet from a symmetrical nozzle. In the event that the nozzle lip axial ofiset is very large, coherent oscillations still persist, but in a different mode; the frequency is much higher, dictated by the most unstable frequency of the wall jet that forms between the nozzle lips.
Characterization of the murine orphan G-protein-coupled receptor gene Rai3 and its regulation by retinoic acid.

Abstract A retinoic acid-inducible gene ( RAI3 ) encoding an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor is regulated during embryonal carcinoma differentiation. To elucidate the mechanisms that mediate its regulation, we isolated and characterized the mouse gene ( Rai3 ) and promoter region. Rai3 spans about 18 kb containing four exons separated by three introns and maps to mouse chromosome 6 near D6mit25. A functional analysis of the Rai3 gene promoter revealed that the proximal region harbors most of the elements necessary for its regulation, including GC boxes and Sp1-, AP1-, and AP2-binding sites. A functional retinoic acid response element direct repeat of two novel motifs separated by a 5-bp spacer (5′-TGTCCCtcggtTCACCC-3′) was identified at −64 bp upstream of the transcription start site using the methods of promoter truncation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and mutation analysis. These findings provide strong evidence that Rai3 is regulated directly by retinoic acid via its receptors.
Optical lattices: More than a look

A microscope that can both resolve individual atoms in an optical lattice and control their spin states should enable the exploration of many-body physics.
Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis

Bcl-2 inhibits most types of apoptotic cell death, implying a common mechanism of lethality. Bcl-2 is localized to intracellular sites of oxygen free radical generation including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, and nuclear membranes. Antioxidants that scavenge peroxides, N-acetylcysteine and glutathione peroxidase, countered apoptotic death, while manganese superoxide dismutase did not. Bcl-2 protected cells from H2O2- and menadione-induced oxidative deaths. Bcl-2 did not prevent the cyanide-resistant oxidative burst generated by menadione. Two model systems of apoptosis showed no increment in cyanide-resistant respiration, and generation of endogenous peroxides continued at an inherent rate that was unaltered by Bcl-2. Following an apoptotic signal, cells sustained progressive lipid peroxidation. Overexpression of Bcl-2 functioned to suppress lipid peroxidation completely. We propose a model in which Bcl-2 regulates an antioxidant pathway at sites of free radical generation.
The effects of low-angle off-axis substrate orientation on MOSFET performance and reliability

The effects of low-angle off-axis substrate orientation on MOSFET performance and reliability are examined. When wafers are tilted off axis from 0 degrees to 8 degrees around the axis, two principal effects are observed. First, for current flow normal to the axis of rotation, inversion-layer mobility is lower than for current flow in the parallel direction. This mobility difference is due to anisotropy in the inversion-layer effective mass as well as increased surface roughness in the normal compared with the parallel direction. Second, as the substrate is rotated off axis, the susceptibility of gate oxide to defect-related breakdown is enhanced. The off-axis surface exhibits increased surface roughness, which promotes nonuniform oxidation and can significantly degrade VLSI reliability. >
Discrete wavelet decomposition of acoustic emission signals from carbon-fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract The wavelet transform is applied to the analysis of acoustic emission (AE) signals collected during static loading of unidirectional and cross-ply carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite specimens. With this technique, the AE signals are resolved both in the time and in the frequency domains and are then decomposed into various wavelet levels (11 in all). Each level is examined for its specific frequency range, energy change rate, and percentage of total energy. A general trend is observed by investigating the energy distribution of decomposed AE signals. This trend indicates that the energy in the AE signals is essentially concentrated in three levels (levels 7, 8, and 9) representing frequency ranges of 50–150 kHz, 150–250 kHz, and 250–310 kHz, respectively. Furthermore, the energy percentages in levels 7, 8, and 9 are determined to be 8, 15, and 75%, respectively. The analysis indicates that the information in the three dominant wavelet levels may be related to different failure modes associated with fracture of CFRP composites. In this paper, the results of the wavelet-transform-based decomposition of AE signals are presented. The results indicate that wavelets-based signal processing may be a useful tool in the analysis of acoustic emissions.
Ultrafast third order nonlinear optical response of germanium nanoparticles embedded in a silica matrix

We study the properties of the third order nonlinear optical response of germanium nanoparticles embedded in a thin film silica matrix. Ultrafast four-wave mixing measurements are performed on samples with different nanoparticle diameters.
NIST validation studies on the 3500 Genetic Analyzer

Abstract An internal validation of the Applied Biosystems 8-capillary 3500 Genetic Analyzer was performed using two commercial short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex kits (Identifiler and Identifiler Plus). Validation experiments to evaluate the performance of this CE consisted of a precision study, sensitivity study, genotype concordance, a two person mixture study, and signal normalization evaluation. The sensitivity study consisted of duplicate injections of amplified DNA template ranging from 1.0ng down to 0.01ng. These male samples were heterozygous at all loci. Statistical evaluation of the sensitivity data was performed to determine the statistical significance between employing a single threshold across all dye channels and opting for dye specific thresholds.
Bronchial Thermoplasty: Reappraising the Evidence (or Lack Thereof)

Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) involves the application of radiofrequency energy to visible proximal airways to selectively ablate airway smooth muscle. BT is the first nonpharmacologic interventional therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for severe asthma. This approval was based on the results of the pivotal Asthma Intervention Research (AIR)-2 trial, which is the only randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of BT. The primary end point of the AIR-2 trial was improvement in the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). The results of the AIR-2 trial have generated enormous interest, controversy, and confusion regarding the true efficacy of BT for severe asthma. Current marketing of BT highlights its use for patients with "severe" asthma, which is interpreted by most practicing clinicians as meaning oral corticosteroid dependence, frequent exacerbations, or a significantly reduced FEV1 with a poor quality of life. Did the AIR-2 trial include patients with a low FEV1, oral steroid dependence, or frequent exacerbations? Did the trial show efficacy for any of the primary or secondary end points? The FDA approved the device based on the reduction in severe asthma exacerbations. However, were the rates of asthma exacerbations, ED visits, or hospitalizations truly different between the two groups, and was this type of analysis even justified given the original study design? This commentary is designed to specifically answer these questions and help the practicing clinician navigate the thermoplasty literature with confidence and clarity. We carefully dissect the design, conduct, and results of the AIR-2 trial and raise serious questions about the efficacy of bronchial thermoplasty.
Endoscopic, endoluminal fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: Initial experience and lessons learned

Background Several devices have been developed to create an antireflux barrier endoscopically for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. All have failed to provide long-term symptom relief, were associated with clinically important complications, or were otherwise removed from the market. A new device, the Esophyx (Endogastric Solutions, Redmond, WA), provides the closest approximation experimentally to a standard Belsy fundoplication. This report describes an initial experience with this device. Methods Patients considered candidates for endoscopic fundoplication include those with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease, a small ( Results In all, 26 patients underwent an attempted endoscopic fundoplication. Two patients could not be completed because of the inability to pass the device. Of the 24 patients who underwent endoscopic fundoplication, 20 had the typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, 4 had symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux, and 4 had recurrent symptoms after a Nissen fundoplication. There was 1 major complication of a gastric mucosal tear that led to bleeding and the need for a blood transfusion. Nineteen (79%) patients reported satisfaction with their symptom relief. Of those dissatisfied, 2 had symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux, 1 had functional heartburn, 1 had associated gastroparesis, and 1 had clear failure with gastroesophageal reflux disease. The median GERD-HRQL score improved from 25 (interquartile range, 19.5–28.5) to 5 (interquartile range, 3–9; P = .0004). Conclusion Endoscopic fundoplication with the Esophyx device is feasible with satisfactory initial results. Endoscopic fundoplication seems to be best suited for patients with small hiatal hernias and mild-to-moderate typical symptoms; however, subsequent trials are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of the technique.
In vivo morphine decreases [3H]nimodipine receptor binding in rat brain regions.

Thein vivo effect of the mu agonist morphine and antagonist naloxone on [3H]nimodipine receptor binding in rat brain regions has been investigated. Morphine administration (15 mg/s.c.) for thirty minutes produced a 19% decrease in [3H]nimodipine receptor binding (Bmax 158.2 fmol to 128.9 fmol) in cortex and 29% decrease in cerebellum (65.3 fmol to 46.0 fmol). Lesser changes were observed in hippocampal and striatal regions with no changes in hypothalamus and brain stem. All effects were completely antagonized by naloxone pretreatment (1 mg/kg). The studies suggest that opiates in vivo can alter [3H]nimodipine binding to the Ca2+ channel receptor protein. These findings agree with the previously observed decreases in Ca2+ influx in nerve ending preparations and inhibition of ICa2+ following opiate treatment and suggest opiates reduce Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release by altering the Ca2+ channel receptor protein in an allosteric fashion.
Soil property sensing for site-specific crop management

Abstract Site-specific crop management (SSCM) aims to improve production efficiency by adjusting crop inputs, especially fertilizers and agro-chemicals, to varying local conditions within a field. Sensors are needed to obtain site-specific data on factors affecting crop growth and yields, such as nutrient status, weed pressure, soil moisture status, landscape position, soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil acidity, and depth to a restrictive layer. Two SOM sensors have been licensed for commercial development: (1) a singlewavelength sensor that must be recalibrated for the soils and moisture conditions that prevail at the time of use, and (2) a multiple-wavelength sensor which can utilize a single calibration to predict SOM over a range of soil moistures and a range of soil types that occur within a geographical range of several hundreds of kilometers. The single-wavelength sensor requires operator acceptance of the need for frequent recalibration, but is relatively inexpensive and rugged. The multiple-wavelength sensor uses a single calibration applicable over a broader range of soil types and soil moistures, and can also be used to sense soil moisture and cation exchange capacity (CEC), but uses complex technology. A simple inexpensive sensor that can classify soils according to soil moisture has also been developed. Sensors for other soil parameters are being sought, and progress has been reported on nutrient and depth-to-claypan sensing.
Automated creation of radiology teaching modules: demonstration of PACS integration and distribution

The creation of radiology teaching modules has historically required manual offline authoring. Our system can integrate with commercial PACS to allow clinicians to author teaching modules at their clinical PACS workstations without further manual input. Our system provides a DICOM interface and an automated teaching file database. We tested our system with the PACS deployed at our institution (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). We used a networked Windows workstation (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) running SQL Server 2000, registered on our PACS system as a DICOM receiver. Teaching files were created at clinical workstations and any desired annotation and cataloguing instructions were added using standard annotation tools. The files were pushed using DICOM network transfer. Anonymizing, annotation and cataloguing were done automatically using DICOM header information. Additional information from our HIS/RIS system was transmitted using private DICOM header fields. Teaching files were then added to the web - accessible teaching module database. We present a system that integrates the creation of teaching files into the daily clinical workflow, allowing clinicians to immediately publish interesting cases from their clinical workstation. Our system uses standard protocols and requires minimal configuration to integrate with existing PACS systems, enabling a low-cost, expandable and vendor independent solution.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thin film Barium-Strontium-Titanate Parallel-Plate varactors integrated on low-resistivity silicon and saphhire substrate

Barium-Strontium-Titanate (BST) thin film based ferroelectric varactors are designed at specific capacitances under 0V dc bias on CMOS compatible low-resistivity silicon substrate. The BST varactor device operation is based on the nonlinear dielectric tunability of BST thin film sandwiched between two metal plates in a revised conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) transmission line configuration. The varactor capacitance at 0V dc bias is determined by the overlap area between the CPW signal line in the top metal electrode and a tapered shunt line in the bottom electrode. Therefore a series of devices with unbiased capacitances ranging from 0.8pF to 4.8pF were designed and fabricated based on changing their corresponding overlap areas according to the generic parallel plate capacitance equation. A schematic model was also utilized to extract the designed and measured capacitances. The relationships between the sizes of overlap areas and the extracted capacitances from the electromagnetic and schematic models are demonstrated by a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements from fabricated devices. Devices were also designed and fabricated on sapphire substrate with three layout variations aiming to modify the parasitic resistance.
Comment centric news analysis for ranking

Ranking documents to feed users' information need is a challenging task, due to the dynamic nature of users' interests with respect to a query, which changes from time to time. In this paper, I will propose the innovative method to extract a real-time language model estimation of the community interest given a query from, and use this model to rank retrieved documents. In this experiment, user comments tagged news (by using passage retrieval algorithm) collection is employed to represent community. The interest based ranking is differing from traditional relevance based ranking.
EPA use of in vivo germ cell mutagenicity data.

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances (EPA, OTS) with the authority to regulate chemical use by requiring testing and use restrictions as appropriate to protect human health. Regulation on the basis of heritable mutation induction is specifically mentioned in the Test Rule section of the law and has also been pursued for new chemical substances. A tiered scheme of mutagenicity testing has been employed and recently revised to assess mutagenicity hazard. In vivo assay systems play key roles at all three levels in the scheme, beginning with the first level of determining intrinsic mutagenicity hazard. Once intrinsic mutagenicity has been identified, the revised scheme requires an assay or assays to assess chemical interaction with gonadal DNA. Finally, the scheme contains tests that permit risk assessment for a chemical. The recently-revised Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) mutagenicity testing requirements closely parallel those of OTS.
A non-linear model for the atomization of a swirling viscous liquid jet

AbstractThe instability and consequent atomization of a swirling viscous liquid jet emanated into gaseous surroundings and subjected to periodical surface disturbances is modelled and investigated. The theoretical analysis is based on a simplified mathematical formulation of the continuity and momentum equations in their conservative forms. Numerical solutions of the governing equations along with appropriate initial and boundary conditions are obtained through a robust finite-difference scheme. The computations yield real-time evolution of the interfacial profile and subsequent breakup characteristics of the liquid jet. It is found that the jet disintegrates into main and satellite drops, under all the conditions considered in the present study. The swirl enhances the instability of the jet and causes radial stretching of the main drops, whereas the satellite drops exhibit axial elongation. Increasing viscosity hinders jet instability and leads to main and satellite drop deformations that are similar to ...
Question 2 * is there a role for MRI as an adjunct for diagnosing bacterial meningitis?

You are asked to consult on a 3-week-old neonate who was admitted for a ‘full septic screen’. He had a lumbar puncture several hours after starting antibiotics. The lumbar puncture was traumatic and revealed pleocytosis (increased red and white cells). Cultures remained sterile after 72 h, but there was concern that the antibiotics had caused a false negative culture result. You wonder if in this scenario MRI would be useful to aid diagnosis of meningitis. In a 3-week-old neonate with suspected meningitis [patient], does MRI [intervention] assist in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis [outcome]? PubMed was searched using the following keywords: (MRI) AND (diagnosis of) AND (infectious meningitis). This resulted in 260 articles. Seven of these articles were relevant to our question, of which two were review articles. We excluded studies examining tuberculous and/or fungal meningitis only. The search was repeated independently by a librarian. An additional search via Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus databases did not identify any new papers. Related links and references in the selected articles were reviewed. Lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation …
Portable Image Analysis System for Characterizing Aggregate Morphology

In the past decade, the application of image-based evaluation of particle shape, angularity, and texture has been widely researched to characterize aggregate morphology. Yet the lack of rapid, objective, and quantitative methods for assessment has inhibited its application in the engineering process. However, recent advances in technology have produced pocket computers with as much processing power as some desktop computers. This project takes advantage of these advances to develop an inexpensive portable image analysis system for characterizing aggregate morphology. The system uses an integral pocket computer-high resolution camera but can employ individual components consisting of a digital camera and a laptop or desktop computer. Digital images of coarse aggregate particles are captured with the camera and analyzed within the Matlab software program environment with a macro developed and written for this project to characterize particle morphology with respect to three parameters (shape, angularity, an...
Relationship of Peak Systolic Pressure/End Systolic Volume Ratio to Standard Ejection Phase Indices and Ventricular Function Curves in Coronary Disease

In order to determine the relationship of the peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume (PSP/ESV) ratio to standard ejection phase indices [ejection fraction (EF), mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf)], and ventricular function curves (VFC), hemodynamic and angiographic studies were carried out in 38 subjects: 11 normal controls (Group I) and 27 with coronary artery disease (CAD). The CAD patients were subdivided into those without (Group II) and those with (Group III) regional asynergy. EF, MNSER and Vcf were calculated from the ventriculogram using standard formulae. The slope of the left ventricular function curve was constructed by determining left ventricular stroke work index and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure before and after ventriculography, and dividing the change in the left ventricular stroke work index by the change in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Peak systolic left ventricular pressure was determined before left ventriculography; minimal systolic volume was measured from the left ventriculogram. PSP/ESV ratio in the control group (Group I) was 6.4 +/- 2.8. This differed significantly from the ratio in patients (Group II) with CAD but without asynergy (4.7 +/- 2.2 p less than 0.025) and from that in patients (Group III) with CAD and asynergy (2.4 +/- 1.4, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Plasmon-enhanced second-harmonic generation from ionic self-assembled multilayer films.

We have demonstrated large enhancements of the effective second-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(2)) of ionic self-assembled multilayer (ISAM) films, causing a film with just 3 bilayers to be optically equivalent to a 700−1000 bilayer film. This was accomplished by using nanosphere lithography to deposit silver nanoparticles on the ISAM film, tuning the geometry of the particles to make their plasmonic resonances overlap the frequency of optical excitation. An enhancement in the efficiency of second harmonic generation (SHG) by as much as 1600 times was observed. Even though this is already a large value, we suggest that further refinements of the techniques are expected to lead to additional enhancements of similar or larger magnitude.
Cost and non-clinical outcomes of palliative care.

Abstract Although palliative care is rarely profitable by itself, palliative care in hospitals is associated with significant reductions in per diem costs and total costs, and can generate substantial savings to the health system by "cost avoidance." Palliative care alongside usual care in recent randomized outpatient trials has maintained or improved the quality of care while generating substantial cost savings. The data are mixed about the impact of palliative care consultation on inpatient length of stay and are related to local patterns of care, consultation, and assumption of control of the course of care. In collecting and presenting the data to administrators and others, we have found that the simplest approach is the most effective—for example, presenting a few clinical outcomes alongside cost-saving data.
Stem Cells in Neurological Disorders: Emerging Therapy with Stunning Hopes

Neurodegenerative diseases are still a challenge for researchers and clinicians due to its complexity. Traditional medicines usually do not provide sufficient protection against these diseases due to drug resistance and relapse. The discovery of the therapeutic potential of stem cells offers new opportunities for the treatment of incurable neurological diseases. Based on their biological properties, stem cells can differentiate into specific tissue type and maintain the cellular tissue/organ homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions. Recently, it has been demonstrated that somatic cells of patients can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state from which neural lineage cells can be derived. Potential strategies such as cell replacement therapy and gene transfer to the diseased or injured brain have opened a new line of therapeutic approach for a broad spectrum of human neurological diseases. Thus, stem cell replacement therapy for central and peripheral nervous system disorders aims at repopulating the affected neural tissue with new neurons. However, the limiting factors that have hampered the development of this promising therapeutic approach are the lack of suitable cell types for cell replacement therapy in patients suffering from neurological disorders. In this review, we have discussed the recent advances in stem cell replacement therapy with particular emphasis to neurological disorders.
On-line sensing and visual feedback for atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nano-manipulations

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a powerful and popular technique of single-molecule imaging both in air and liquid. Recent research and hardware development provide AFM with the function of manipulation nano-particle and modify sample surface in nano-scale. However, due to AFM usually takes several minutes to get an image and the surface change is hard to observe in real-time manipulation. In this paper, a novel approach for on-line sensing and display method is proposed and used for updating the surface change during the manipulation of cell. In this approach a cutting force detection model is used for cutting depth judgment. In addition, an adaptive local-scan strategy is involved here to get the topography of the local surface. Finally a display model is used to update the change of the surface during the manipulation. With this novel scheme the process of cell cutting become real-time visualized. So, AFM tip could work as an efficient nanolithography or cutting tool.
TH‐B‐224‐01: PET Imaging of Tumor Microenvironment for Radiation Treatment Planning

Positron Emission Tomography(PET)imaging of the fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) has been the workhorse of oncologic nuclear medicine as it allows for the detection of most cancer lesions with high sensitivity and specificity. However, for the purpose of radiation therapytreatment planning, it is important not only to detect the disease but also to define its extent and, potentially, the subvolumes characterized by different levels of radioresistance. Correspondingly, for PET‐based treatment planning it is not the uptake of the tracer in the lesion as a whole but rather the spatial pattern of the tracer uptake that is used to derive the spatial characteristics of the prescribed dose. Therefore, demonstration of positive correlation between PET SUV value and a certain histopathological measure across a cohort of patients is not sufficient to validate the use of PET tracer for treatment planning. Instead, validation of PET tracers has to include a step demonstrating spatial concordance of the tracer uptake pattern with the distribution of the feature of interest, i.e. hypoxia, proliferation, etc. The presentation will demonstrate that direct imaging of any tumor microenvirionmental parameter in detail is not achievable with any clinically‐relevant non‐invasive imaging modality, as the required resolution would have to be under 100micron. Instead, PETimage obtained with any tracer represents a convolution of the point spread function of the imaging device with the tissue viability, PET tracer delivery (availability), and, finally, the specificity of the tracer. Correspondingly, utilization of “functional PET volume” delineation techniques for defining therapeutic targets should be approached carefully. A non‐binary dose‐painting approach using a well characterized tracer might constitute a more robust method of utilization of biological information that can be obtained with PET. Learning objectives: 1. Become aware of the role played by the highly heterogeneous nature of tumor microenvironment in the formation of PETimage. 2. Understand the importance of the spatial distribution of the tracer as opposed to a single‐value characteristic such as maximum or average SUV when PETimage is to be used for radiation treatment planning. 3. Learn about alternative non‐binary ways of utilization of PETimaging in radiation treatment planning.
Patient Requests in Family Practice: A Focal Point for Clinical Negotiations

A growing body of literature has stressed the importance of eliciting the patient's views on the management of health and illness. In particular, it is recognized that patients frequently enter into clinical encounters with specific requests for services, that is ideas about how they hope to be helped. The present investigation examined the following two questions: what kinds of requests do adult patients coming to a family practice center have prior to seeing the doctor; and will factor analysis of a 25-item patient request questionnaire provide evidence of the basic or most common dimensions of patient requests in this population? Two newly-developed instruments were administered to a sample of 144 adult patients before their visit to the doctor. Factor analysis yielded five major request factors--'medical information', 'psychosocial assistance', 'therapeutic listening', 'general health advice', and 'biomedical treatment'--partially replicating the findings of an earlier pilot study. The clinical implications of eliciting patient requests in the light of current behavioural and social science research into the doctor-patient relationship are discussed. Future research directions are also outlined.
Culture and Agricultural Land Tenure1

The traces left by land transactions in legal records, maps, and family-farm size corroborate oral accounts and observations gathered during field studies among seven Illinois farming communities dominated by German and Yankee ethnic groups. Cultural factors are demonstrated to shape intergenerational land transmission practices, leading to ethnically distinctive patterns of land tenure, visible in the size of farms, persistence in farming, fragmentation of holdings, and amount of acreage owned or rented. Three family-land issues, synthesized from the field studies, are posited as pivotal to how local land tenure systems develop: who owns “family”-owned land, whether the group or individual welfare is of highest priority, and the value placed on connections between the household and community. As families enact land transmission, those who control it aim to reproduce customary asymmetric relations of gender, generation, and status that maintain the cultural system in its special configuration.
Resuscitation with 100%, compared with 21%, oxygen following brief, repeated periods of apnea can protect vulnerable neonatal brain regions from apoptotic injury.

Summary Purpose To determine the effect of repeated intermittent apnea and resuscitation with 100% vs. 21% oxygen enriched gas on levels of key regulatory proteins contributing to cell death (Bax, Caspase-3) or protecting neurons from hypoxic/ischemic injury (Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-CREB). Methods The anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated newborn piglets underwent 10 episodes of apnea with resuscitation either with 100% or with 21% oxygen. Following 6h recovery the animals were sacrificed painlessly, the brain dissected out and used to determine levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, p-Akt and p-CREB in the striatum, frontal cortex, midbrain and hippocampus were studied. Results In hippocampus and striatum, Bcl-2 expression was higher with 100% vs. 21% group (173±29% vs. 121±31%, p p p p p p p p Conclusion In neonatal piglet model of intermittent apnea, selectively vulnerable regions of brain (striatum and hippocampus) are better protected from apoptotic injury when resuscitation was conducted with 100%, rather than 21%, oxygen.
Frequency- and Wave-Vector-Dependent Dielectric Function for Silicon

The frequency- and wave-vector-dependent complex dielectric function $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}},\ensuremath{\omega})$ is calculated for silicon. The energy eigenvalues and eigenvectors which are used have been obtained from energy-band calculations based on the empirical pseudopotential method. Explicit results are given in the [100] direction in the range $0\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{a})$ and $0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\le}24$ eV. A comparison is made between the present results and the results of a calculation of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ for a free-electron gas in the random-phase approximation.
Point Source Location Sensitivity Analysis

This paper presents the results of an analysis of point source location accuracy and sensitivity as a function of focal plane geometry, optical blur spot, and location algorithm. Five specific blur spots are treated: gaussian, diffraction-limited circular aperture with and without central obscuration (obscured and clear bessinc, respectively), diffraction-limited rectangular aperture, and a pill box distribution. For each blur spot, location accuracies are calculated for square, rectangular, and hexagonal detector shapes of equal area. The rectangular detectors are arranged on a hexagonal lattice. The two location algorithms consist of standard and generalized centroid techniques. Hexagonal detector arrays are shown to give the best performance under a wide range of conditions.
Interstitial Pulmonary Edema

The diagnosis of interstitial pulmonary edema can be made only on the basis of the chest roentgenogram. This often is the first sign of left heart failure, which may be completely unsuspected clinically in the absence of alveolar edema. Kerley lines, or septal lines, are the most familiar roentgen sign of this condition. Other, more common findings include: perivascular and peribronchial cuffing, subpleural thickening, perihilar haze, and a generalized loss of translucency of the lung. Meticulous roentgen technic is essential for recognition of these subtle signs.
Modeling Distributed Charge-Transfer Processes in SOFC Membrane Electrode Assemblies

A model is developed to represent chemistry and transport in porous mixed ionic-and-electronic conducting composite electrode structures in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The model considers the coupled behavior of a full membrane electrode assembly (MEA, i.e., cathode, electrolyte, and anode), which is an important advance compared to earlier models that consider only a single electrode structure. Within each electrode the model represents parallel conduction of electrons and ions, as well as porous-media, chemically reacting gas transport. The model predicts electric-potential distributions in both phases. Charge-transfer chemistry is handled via a modified Butler-Volmer formalism, which depends on the local electric-potential difference between phases. Heterogeneous chemistry (e.g., reforming or partial oxidation) is handled via a detailed surface-reaction mechanism. For typical composite-electrode structures the charge-transfer region extends about 10-20 μm from the dense electrolyte. The results show cell performance depends upon particle sizes within the porous electrodes. Smaller particles generally improve cell performance as a result of expanded three-phase-boundary length. However, smaller particle sizes impede gas transport. Cell performance can be optimized as a function of functional-layer thickness and particle sizes. A distributed charge-transfer formulation is especially important in advanced thin-film electrode structures (e.g., segmented-in-series architectures) where the entire MEA is only a few tens of micrometers thick. The model is formulated as continuum differential equations, which are solved computationally on a discrete mesh network. The paper illustrates the model with examples comparing alternative MEA structures.
The Stueckelberg wave equation and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron

The parametrized relativistic quantum mechanics of Stueckelberg (1942 Helv. Phys. Acta 15 23) represents time as an operator, and has been shown elsewhere to yield the recently observed phenomena of quantum interference in time, quantum diffraction in time and quantum entanglement in time. The Stueckelberg wave equation as extended to a spin-1/2 particle by Horwitz and Arshansky (1982 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 15 L659) is shown here to yield the electron g-factor g = 2 (1 + α/2π), to leading order in the renormalized fine structure constant α, in agreement with the quantum electrodynamics of Schwinger (1948 Phys. Rev. 73 416).
Vertical Differencing of the Primitive Equations Based on the Charney–Phillips Grid in Hybrid &sigma–p Vertical Coordinates

Abstract Two types of vertical grids are used for atmospheric models: the Lorenz grid (L grid) and the Charney–Phillips grid (CP grid). Although the CP grid is the standard grid for quasigenstrophic models, it is not widely used in the primitive equation models because it is easier with the L grid to maintain some of the integral properties of the continuous system. In this paper, problems with the L grid are pointed out that are due to the existence of an extra degree of freedom in the vertical distribution of the temperature (and the potential temperature). Then a vertical differencing of the primitive equations based on the CP grid is presented, while most of the advantages of the L grid in a hybrid σ–p vertical coordinate are maintained. The discrete hydrostatic equation is constructed in such a way that it is free from the vertical computational mode in the thermal field. Also, the vertical advection of the potential temperature in the discrete thermodynamic equation is constructed in such a way that...
An Unusual Habitat Record for the Land Snail, Columella simplex (Gould, 1841) (Stylommatophora: Pupillidae), from Arkansas

Abstract. An individual snail shell of Columella simplex (Gould, 1841) was discovered inside of a soybean stem from no-till field in Crittenden County, Arkansas. The shell was found on top of the frass plug of an overwintering chamber of the cerambycid beetle, Dectes texanus.
Effect of X-irradiation on patas monkey kidney cell susceptibility to enteroviruses☆

Abstract Enhancement of patas monkey kidney cell susceptibility to certain enteroviruses was induced by X-irradiation. With small inocula Coxsackie A9 virus growth occurred only in irradiated cells. On serial passages, increasing virus titers and cytopathic changes could be obtained only in irradiated cultures. After growth in irradiated cells, Coxsackie A9 virus was able to grow in non-irradiated cells. ECHO virus type 1 was also adapted to patas cells in a similar manner. The adapted strain yielded somewhat higher titers than the parent virus in patas cultures and had acquired the ability to give marked cytopathogenic effect (CPE). Attempts to adapt ECHO virus types 6 and 9 to irradiated patas cells were unsuccessful. Increased susceptibility to Coxsackie A9 virus infection was observed in both primary and first-passage patas monkey kidney cultures when such cultures were irradiated during the first 48 hours of in vitro life, a period of rapid growth. However, cultures irradiated at 7–14 days did not show similar responses.
Resource-reduction interpretations of cognitive aging☆

Abstract It is reliably found in samples of adults of varying ages that increased age is associated with poorer performance on many cognitive tasks involving reasoning, memory, and spatial abilities. The assumptions underlying three process-oriented interpretations (i.e., inefficient components, less effective strategies, and diminished processing resources) of this phenomenon are critically examined, and the logic of the experimental procedures used to investigate each category of interpretation is reviewed. The interpretation postulating that an age-related reduction in some type of general-purpose processing resources contributes to impaired cognitive performance appears to be the only explanation with sufficient generality to account for the age differences observed acrosss a variety of cognitive tasks, and thus it warrants serious consideration despite ambiguity currently inherent in the resources construct. Three techniques used to investigate the role of processing resources in cognitive aging are reviewed, together with a discussion of the limitations of each. Finally, it is suggested that better understanding of the contribution of processing resources to age-related individual differences in cognitive functioning might emerge from (a) a theoretically guided search for relevant physiological mechanisms with properties presumed to be characteristic of processing resources, and (b) the examination of the consequences of limitations of resource-like parameters in simple abstract systems.
The Vocabulary of Transgender Theory

The article considers the nascent vocabulary of transgender theory. What are the implications of separating “sex” from “gender” and such locutions as someone “being a woman in the body of a man”? It suggests that this vocabulary is problematic and based on a false view that I alone can control the vocabulary others use to refer to me.
Lyzed gonococci in the treatment of gonococcus cervicovaginitis

Summary Bacteriophage lyzed gonococcus antigen has produced results through preliminary observations that indicate it to be an efficient agent in treatment of gonococcus cervicovaginitis in children. This product does not produce disagreeable local or general reactions. Nine of eleven patients treated have remained clinically and bacteriologically cured for an average period of five months while a control group not so treated had recurrences in every instance.
Spectroscopy of the breaking bond: the diradical intermediate of the ring opening in oxazole

Bond breaking is a challenging problem in both experimental and theoretical chemistry, due to the transient nature and multi-configurational electronic structure of dissociating molecules. We use anion photodetachment to probe the diradical interactions in the ring-opening reaction of oxazole and obtain a self-consistent picture of the breaking bond. Starting from the closed-shell cyclic molecule, the reaction is launched on the anion potential, as an attached electron cleaves a carbon-oxygen bond. In the photodetachment, two neutral potential regions are sampled. One corresponds to a completely dissociated bond, while the other - to the bond fragments separated by approximately 3 A. At this chemically relevant distance, signatures of lingering through-space interactions between the radical centers are observed.
Individual and social costs of divorce in Utah

This preliminary report provides an overview of the economic consequences of divorce for couples experiencing divorce in Utah. The economic impact on the divorcing individuals, the surrounding communities in which they live, and the state and federal governments were assessed. The data collected in Utah reveals that the federal government absorbs the most substantial costs, including a host of expenditures related to welfare assistance and medical costs. The 9,735 divorces in Utah during 2001 cost the state and federal government nearly $300 million in direct and indirect costs. Extrapolation from these estimates reveals that divorce and its direct and indirect economic consequences cost the United States $33.3 billion annually. Implications for social policy and strengthening marriages are provided.
Reduction of suspended solids following hydroclassification of metal-contaminated soils

Abstract Remediation of metals-contaminated soil typically uses solidification/stabilization and “dig and haul”. Soil washing and physical separation have been applied to a much lesser extent to reduce soil volumes requiring aggressive treatment and to improve performance of follow-up treatments. In earlier work [J. Hazard. Mater. 66 (1999) 15], we used a simple, vertical-column hydroclassifier, to separate four soils contaminated with heavy metals, defining a “best case” performance for larger-scale (minerals processing) equipment. Such processes, using water-based slurries, generate substantial volumes of water with suspended solids. These typically contain disproportionately high concentrations of heavy metals. Here, we performed an initial screening of settling, coagulation, and centrifugation for reducing suspended solids, and thus suspended metals from soil slurries following processing. The four soils, previously hydroclassified, were sieved to
NEW MANIFESTATIONS OF THE JOSEPHSON EFFECT IN HELIUM.

Using a method due to Bloch, it is shown that in thermodynamic equilibrium an annular container of mean radiusR, massM, containingN atoms of helium II of massm each will, when subjected to a torque τ, evince oscillations in its angular acceleration about the classical value. The frequency, ν, of these oscillations is given by ℏν/m=τ/(M+Nm). The difficulty of achieving equilibrium is pointed out.