cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A better approximation to the Debye-Waller factor

Abstract A new approximation to the integral Q(Z) = ʃ 0 Z x d x/( e x −1) which occurs in the Debye-Waller factor is presented. The approximation presented here gives a maximum error of 1.65% when compared to more exact tabular in the range Z = 0.1 to Z = ∞.
A normal screenable non-paracompact space

Abstract We construct a normal screenable non-paracompact spaces using ◊ ++ , which is a consequence of V = L .
SAFETY OF FREEWAY MEDIAN HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES: A COMPARISON OF AGGREGATE AND DISAGGREGATE ANALYSES

This paper addresses safety issues associated with High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes constructed along freeway medians, without physical separation from adjacent traffic. Data associated with operation of such an HOV facility in Southern California are analyzed relative to the pattern of accidents on the facility and the potential role of congestion. Detailed analyses of accident characteristics point out that potentially false conclusions regarding the safety of HOV lanes can be drawn from simple analyses that are based on aggregate measures of accident frequencies and assumed traffic volumes.
Strong, simultaneous, and reliable stabilization of finite-dimensional linear time-varying plants

Some issues related to the stabilization of linear, time-varying (LTV) plants are studied. The authors consider the class of finite-dimensional LTV plants that are internally stabilizable by output feedback, and show that every plant in the class can be stabilized by a stable LTV controller; moreover, they give a parameterization of all nonlinear time-varying controllers that stabilize a given LTV plant. Using these results, they show that every finite collection of LTV plants can be simultaneously stabilized by a stable LTV. Finally, the authors prove that every LTV plant can always be stabilized by a pair of simultaneously acting LTV controllers, each reliable against a failure of the other. >
2,5-Hexanedione alters microtubule assembly: I. Testicular atrophy, not nervous system toxicity, correlates with enhanced tubulin polymerization☆

Abstract Charles River CD rats (200 g) were divided into three groups receiving either 1% 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) or 0.035% 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione (DMHD) in the drinking water or water alone (control) for 4 weeks. The two treated groups experienced similar nervous system dysfunction and systemic toxicity. Testicular toxicity, as evidenced by histological changes and decreased testis weight, was present only in 2,5-HD-treated rats. Tubulin was purified from brain and testis and assembly properties were determined. Purified brain and testis tubulin derived from the 2,5-HD-intoxicated rats displayed altered assembly with a shortened nucleation phase and more rapid rate of elongation. Brain tubulin from DMHD-intoxicated rats displayed assembly behavior similar to controls, while testis tubulin from DMHD-intoxicated rats displayed assembly behavior intermediate between the control and 2,5-HD tubulin preparations. The presence of γ-diketone-induced assembly alterations following in vivo intoxication was accompanied by the formation of a high-molecular-weight protein identified as crosslinked tubulin. From these data, we conclude that microtubule assembly alterations are not etiologic in the development of nervous system dysfunction following intoxication but may represent the biochemical mechanism of 2,5-HD-induced testicular atrophy.
Elastic-scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of chemotherapy and PDT drug concentrations in vivo

We have applied elastic-scattering spectroscopy (ESS) for noninvasive, real-time in vivo measurement of the concentrations of certain drugs in tissue, utilizing a simple fiber-optic-probe spectroscopic system. The system uses a broadband light source, enabling the detection of compounds with absorption bands in most regions of the visible, as well as the NIR to 1700 nm. Subcutaneous tumors were grown in 4 Nude mice; the mice were treated with one of two chemotherapy agents, and the ESS system was used to perform pharmacokinetics measurements on the tumors following drug administration. Time histories of the drug concentrations in the tumors agreed with the known pharmacokinetics of the two drugs, and HPLC assays following sacrifice showed good correlation with the ESS values. Most photodynamic therapy agents and many chemotherapy drugs, including any that are not fluorescent, are ideal candidates for the ESS system. The measurement can be calibrated absolutely, and is not susceptible to problems associated with fluorescence assay methods.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Attention skills and executive functioning in children with Noonan syndrome and their unaffected siblings.

Aim Emerging research indicates that gene mutations within the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade, which cause Noonan syndrome and related disorders, affect neurophysiologic activity in brain regions underlying attention and executive functions. The present study examined whether children with Noonan syndrome are at heightened risk for symptoms of attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive dysfunction relative to an unaffected sibling comparison group, and investigated three key aspects of behavioral attention: auditory attention, sustained attention, and response inhibition. Method Children and adolescents with Noonan syndrome (n=32, 17 males, 15 females, mean age 11y 3mo, SD 3y) and their unaffected siblings (n=16, eight males, eight females, mean age 11y, SD 3y 6mo) were administered standardized tests of intellectual functioning and clinic-based measures of behavioral attention. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, and behavior were also obtained. Results Children with Noonan syndrome demonstrated higher rates of past ADHD diagnosis, as well as reduced performance compared with unaffected siblings on behavioral attention measures. Parent-rated functional impairments in attention, social skills, working memory, and self-monitoring were more prevalent in the Noonan syndrome group. The relationship between attention regulation skills (sustained attention and inhibitory control) and intellectual test performance was significantly stronger in the Noonan syndrome group than the comparison group. Interpretation Clinical screening/evaluation for ADHD and executive dysfunction in Noonan syndrome is recommended to facilitate appropriate intervention and to address functional impact on daily life activities.
Impingement Heat Transfer Within Arrays of Circular Jets: Part 1—Effects of Minimum, Intermediate, and Complete Crossflow for Small and Large Spacings

An experimental study of the effects of three jet-induced crossflow schemes on impingement heat transfer was made. The schemes, referred to as minimum, intermediate, and maximum crossflow correspond, successively, to unrestricted flow of spent air away from the target surface, restriction of the flow to leave through two opposite sides, and though one side of a rectangular impingement surface. The study covered jet Reynolds number. jet-to-surface spacing, and open area of 1,000-21,000, 2-16 jet hole diameters, and 1-4%, respectively. The best heat transfer performance is obtained with minimum scheme, intermediate and complete crossflow being associated with varying degrees of degradation. For a given blower power, heat transfer can be enhanced markedly by having greater number of jets over a fixed target area; notably when working with the minimum scheme at narrow jet-to-target spacings.
A comparison of misoprostol and prostaglandin E2 gel for preinduction cervical ripening and labor induction

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare the safety ad efficacy of intravaginal misoprostal versus intracervical prostaglandin E 2 (dinoprostone) gel for preinduction cervical ripening and induction of labor. Study design: One hundred thirty-five patients with indications for induction of labor and unfavorable cercices were randomly assigned to receive either intravaginal misoprostol or intracervical dinoprostate. Fifty microgram tablets of misoprostol were placed in the posterior vaginal fornix every 3 hours for a maximum of six doses. Prostaglandin E 2 in gel form, 0.5 mg, was placed into the endocervix every 6 hours for a maximum of three doses. Medication was not given after either spontaneous rupture of membranes or beginning of active labor. Results: Among 135 patients enrolled, 68 received misprostol and 67 dinoprostone. The average interval from start of induction to vaginal delivery was shorter in the misoprostol group (903.3 ± 482.1 minutes) than in the dinoprostone group (1410.9 ± 869.1 minutes) ( p p p p Conclusions: Vaginally administered misoprostol is an effective agent for cervical ripening and induction of labor; however when given at this dosage, it is associated with a higher prevalence of tachysystole and meconium passage than is dinoprostone. Further studies to compare the safety of misoprostol to that of dinoprostone and to delineate an optimal dosing regimen for misoprostol are needed.
Kinetics and efficacy of deferoxamine in iron-overloaded hemodialysis patients

We evaluated the kinetics and efficacy of deferoxamine (DFO) therapy in iron-overloaded hemodialysis patients. Concentrations of DFO and its chelated product, feroxamine (Fx), were assessed following single-dose DFO administration in twelve patients, and during chronic therapy over one year's time in eight, similarly iron-overloaded dialysis patients. A functional assay which relies on measurements of iron and iron binding capacity for the determination of Fx and DFO, respectively, was corroborated with liquid chromatographic techniques. Half-life measurements were also corroborated with tracer doses of 14C-DFO and 59Fe-feroxamine. Intradialytic DFO half-life (2.3 +/- 1.1 h) was considerably less than interdialytic half-life (26 +/- 1 hr). Unbound DFO was found to persist throughout the interdialytic period. Calculation of the percent saturation of the DFO dose indicated that only 30% of a given dose is chelated. The amount of iron removed dialytically was approximately 13.1 +/- 2.7 mg per dialysis session. Chronic DFO administration was also shown to enhance gastrointestinal iron excretion threefold. However, ferritin levels decreased by only 25% after one year of thrice-weekly DFO therapy. We conclude that DFO therapy for iron-overloaded hemodialysis patients is optimized by its administration interdialytically, and results in slow removal of iron, via both dialytic and gastrointestinal routes.
Electrodynamics of single-crystal Eu2CuO4 - A boson excitation spectrum

Abstract Static and microwave measurements of the electronic response of the planar cuprate Eu 2 CuO 4 provide evidence for thermally activated collective excitations. These observations together with microwave and other measurements on superconductors suggest that paired charge-carrying objects may exist both above and below T c in the superconductors. If these objects, which can be related to solitons of a spin density wave ground state, play a role in superconductivity, certain conclusions may be drawn. We discuss here the evidence for such objects and their implications.
Growth and Mortality of Ostrea edulis at Two Sites on the Damariscotta River Estuary, Maine, USA

The Damariscotta River estuary is a center of oyster culture in Maine, yet the comparative performance of flat oysters Ostrea edulis at different locations in this now Bonamia ostreae-enzootic estuary has not been assessed. Juvenile O. edulis were deployed in July 1997 among replicate floating trays at one estuarine (Little Point) and one marine site (Lowes Cove), and growth, mortality, and B. ostreae prevalence were compared through December 1999. Growth was faster at Little Point though oysters at both locations reached market size in less than three full growing seasons. Mortality was similar between locations except following a June 1998 rain event that decreased salinity more precipitously at Little Point. Cumulative mortality was greater at Little Point (45.8%) than Lowes Cove (26.7%). Surprisingly, B. ostreae was observed in only a single oyster from Little Point in May 1998. These data indicate that flat oysters in Maine may grow well across a wide range of environments, yet may demonstrate better survival at marine sites where salinity fluctuations are less extreme. While B. ostreae is likely still a threat, selection of sites where rapid growth to market size is possible may reduce its impact.
Is imprinting a Cheshire cat

Imprinting is not a unitary process. Its motor and perceptual aspects can be independently manipulated. This is seen in young ducklings, that will follow a moving surrogate only if previously exposed to it at a particular age (the critical period); but the characteristics of the preferred surrogates are independently (innately?) determined. Similarly, the brief postpartuitive experience essential for the establishment of the maternal care pattern in a goat can be distinguished from the process that leads to discrimination between own and alien young.
Early tracheal extubation after liver transplantation

Objective: To assess the value and safety of tracheal extubation in the operating room at the end of liver transplantation. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: University Medical Center. Participants: Eighteen adult patients extubated in the operating room at the end of liver transplantation (study patients) compared with 17 patients who were not extubated and had ≤3 U of blood transfused during liver transplantation (control patients). Interventions: Data collected include severity of preoperative liver disease, anesthetic technique, use of venovenous bypass, surgical time, intraoperative blood replacement, core temperature and arterial blood gases on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), times to discharge from ICU and the hospital. Measurements and Main Results: Except for age (43.9 ± 2.7 in study patients v 52.4 ± 2.5 years; p = 0.03), patients were similar with regard to preoperative Child's-Pugh class and liver function tests. Study patients received more crystalloid in the OR (5,306 ± 561 v3,771 ± 454 mL; p = 0.04), were warmer (36.6°C ± 0.2°C v 35.6°C ± 0.3°C; p = 0.01), had a lower arterial pH (7.29 ± 0.01 v 7.36 ± 0.02; p = 0.003) and higher arterial carbon dioxide tension (45 ± 1 v 35 ± 2 mmHg; p < 0.001) on admission to ICU than controls. There were no significant differences between groups with regard to discharge times from the ICU (50.6 ± 2.7 hours in the study group v 61.2 ± 4.7 in control group; p = 0.06), or discharge from the hospital (14.8 ± 1.6 in the study group v 21.3 ± 3 days in control group; p = 0.06). Conclusions: Tracheal extubation of selected patients at the end of liver transplant surgery in the operating room is safe but did not result in decreased ICU or hospital stay.
Matched-filter interrogation technique for fibre Bragg grating arrays

A technique for the demodulation of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor arrays that uses a matched grating array to optically filter and track wavelength shifts from the FBG sensors is demonstrated. The use of matched grating arrays in the serial configuration represents an efficient and potentially low-cost interrogation technique for FBG sensors.
Quantitative comparison of language deficits produced by extraoperative electrical stimulation of Broca's, Wernicke's, and basal temporal language areas

Subdural electrodes were implanted over the language-dominant left lateral convexity in 45 patients undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery. In 29 patients, additional electrodes were placed over the left basal temporal cortex. We identified language areas by using intermittent electrical stimuli applied while patients read aloud. Aphasia was classified as expressive or receptive based on additional testing performed when electrical stimulation elicited reading arrest in the absence of direct excitatory or inhibitory motor effects. Using correlated logistic regression, we noted no statistically significant differences among Broca's, and Wernicke's areas and the basal temporal language area (BTLA) regarding the frequency with which electrical stimulation interfered with language. Speech production deficits, however, occurred significantly more frequently in Broca's than in Wernicke's area (p = 0.012). In contrast, language comprehension deficits occurred with equal frequency when Broca's and Wernicke's areas were stimulated. These results suggest that both Broca's and Wernicke's areas play important roles in language comprehension and that the primarily expressive aphasia of patients with lesions of Broca's area results mainly from the predominant participation of Broca's area in language production.
Curvature-controlled wrinkle morphologies

Wrinkling of spherical surfaces represents a promising pathway for the formation of complex hierarchical structures and patterns. Using a swelling-based approach, we demonstrate the relationship between applied compressive stress, radius of curvature, and wrinkle pattern morphology. Surface features with spherical curvature are fabricated on poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers and a stiff surface oxide layer is generated using UV–ozone treatment. Swelling of this surface layer with ethanol vapor results in the formation of periodic wrinkles on the spherical caps. The radius of curvature is found to influence the critical wrinkling stress of the system, allowing cap size to independently dictate wrinkle morphology from non-wrinkled caps at small radii, through hexagonal dimple and long ridge structures as the cap radius increases. A similar transition is observed at constant radius by varying the UV–ozone treatment time, which affects the oxide film thickness and composition. The influence of curvature on the critical wrinkling stress is confirmed by modulating the atmospheric concentration of ethanol, and measuring the applied stress for the lowest concentration for which wrinkling occurs.
A mixed-integer nonlinear programming approach to analog circuit synthesis

A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) approach to cell-level analog circuit synthesis, allowing simultaneous topology selection and parameter selection, is presented. The problem formulation uses integer variables to model topology choices and continuous variables for the design parameters such as device sizes and bias voltages. Examples using a branch and bound approach to efficiently solve the MINLP problem for CMOS two-stage operational amplifiers are given. >
Taurine-deficient diet up-regulated cystathionine β-synthase monoallele in hemizygous cystathionine β-synthase knockout mice

Impaired cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) causes hyperhomocystinuria and hyperhomocysteinemia, both risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Reduced CBS activity could decrease cysteine and taurine biosyntheses (metabolites of homocysteine degradation) and lead to less taurocholic acid production with a resultant increased cholesterol content. We hypothesized that a deficiency in CBS genetic material and enzyme activity would reduce taurine synthesis, which would lead to an elevated cholesterol concentration. Both sexes of hemizygous C57BL/6J-Cbs(tm1Unc) [CBS (+/-)] and wild-type C57BL/6J mice [CBS (+/+)] were divided into 2 groups. One group of CBS (+/-) and CBS (+/+) mice was fed a cysteine- and taurine-deficient diet for 8 weeks, and the other group was fed a cysteine, taurine, and vitamin B6-deficient diet for 8 weeks. Significantly higher plasma total homocysteine concentrations occurred in the CBS (+/-) mice than their CBS (+/+) cohorts. Female mice of both genotypes had significantly higher plasma total homocysteine concentrations and significantly lower relative CBS mRNA levels than did male mice. During vitamin B(6) deficiency, plasma total homocysteine concentrations were significantly elevated. Three important findings were a differential sex response of CBS mRNA to feeding the vitamin B(6) diet; CBS (+/-) mice had a significantly lower plasma cholesterol concentration, contrary to what was anticipated; and during feeding, the taurine- and cysteine-deficient diet, CBS mRNA levels in CBS (+/-) mice were reduced only 13% rather than the expected 50%. We conclude that the remaining CBS monoallele is up-regulated in mice when fed a taurine-deficient diet to produce additional CBS mRNA.
Hormonal dissociation of ovulation and maturation of oocytes: Ovulation of immature amphibian oocytes by prostaglandin

Prostaglandin involvement in ovulation and maturation of amphibian (Rana pipiens) ovarian follicular oocytes was investigated using in vitro-cultured ovarian follicles. Exposure of follicles to PGF2α during culture stimulated variable but generally low levels of ovulation without concomitant induction of maturation. Addition of PGF2α to cultured follicles markedly enhanced the incidence of ovulation in follicles exposed to progesterone or frog pituitary homogenate (FPH). Onset of the ovulatory process was further accelerated following addition of PGF2α to FPH-treated follicles. PGE, in contrast to PGF2α, exhibited no stimulatory effects on ovulation and consistently inhibited ovulation induction by FPH and progesterone. Cytological analysis of follicles undergoing ovulation revealed that ovulation of immature oocytes induced by PGF2α varied markedly from that seen following FPH or progesterone stimulation of follicles in vivo or in vitro. Immature oocytes in contrast to maturing oocytes were typically ovlulated with follicle cells still attached to the vitelline membrane. The observations indicate that PGF2α effected follicle rupture and contraction of the follicular epithelium and theca without prior separation of the follicle cells from the oocyte. Selective inhibitors of steroid synthesis (cyanoketone) and protein synthesis (cycloheximide) inhibited FPH-induced ovulation and maturation. PGF2α reversed the inhibitory effects of cyanoketone and cycloheximide on FPH-induced ovulation but not maturation of oocytes. Neither prostaglandins alone or in combination with progesterone or FPH induced ovulation of oocytes following removal of the follicular epithelium. Ovulatory effects of PGF2α appear to be mediated through the follicular epithelium. Results indicate that ovulation and maturation of amphibian oocytes can be induced independently of each other by separate classes of hormones. Normal synchronization of ovulation and maturation of oocytes may require the combined action of prostaglandins and steroids acting within different follicular compartments.
Adaptation effects in central binocular flicker discrimination of brain-damaged subjects.

The role of local adaptation in flicker discrimination of brain-damaged (N = 16) and control (N = 16) Ss was investigated. Male adult patient's central binocular thresholds were measured before and after visual stimulation by a coarsely flickering light (10 cps) over 20 trials. In both groups there were significantly lower thresholds after stimulation and a progressive drop in both pre- and post-stimulation thresholds over trials. However, there were no significant group interactions. The methodological, empirical, and theoretical implications of these results are noted.
Some 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-i,j]quinolines

On the basis of structural features which relate 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-i,j]quinolines to indoles, several representative groups of derivatives were synthesized.
Gene-regulation during bladder neurogenic inflammation.

The central hypothesis of this study was that, regardless of the cause (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], substance P [SP], or antigens), bladder inflammatory responses follow a common pathway that involves activation of mast cells and sensory nerves, release of SP, and activation of SP receptors. We characterized, at the morphologic level, bladder inflammatory responses to 3 different stimuli (LPS, SP, and antigen challenge). The major limitation of the original study was that morphologic alterations were measured 24 hours after urinary bladder stimulation. This timepoint was chosen to represent the peak of cell migration during acute inflammatory response. However, most of the alterations observed may not represent a direct tissue response to the stimulus. Indeed, both resident and migrating cells often release an array of substances that modulate inflammation. In addition to morphologic alterations, we used a mouse cDNA Expression Array (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif) to determine bladder gene modulation in response to LPS, SP, or antigen. Gene cluster analysis indicates genes that were commonly upregulated in response to LPS, SP, and antigen stimulation. The following genes were upregulated by $1 of the stimuli: nerve growth factor–b, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, transforming growth factor (TGF)– b, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases–3, vascular endothelial growth factor, GRAF-1, tumor necrosis factor–55, tumor necrosis factor receptor–1, angiotensin-converting enzyme, IL-converting enzyme, intercellular adhesion molecule–1, vascular cell adhesion molecule–1, VEGF, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. The combination of morphologic changes and genomic alterations represents a powerful approach to studying basic mechanisms of inflammation. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to cystitis will permit the design of new therapeutic strategies to decrease inflammation.
Antibodies against human cell receptors, CD36, CD41a, and CD62P crossreact with porcine platelets

Background A limitation in platelet study has been the availability of platelet function–specific membrane receptor antibodies for use in the various animal species that are currently used in the study of hemostasis and other phenomena. Methods Platelets were isolated from human and porcine blood. Resting and activated platelets were incubated with antibodies against the human cell surface receptors CD36 (clone CB38), CD41a (clone HIP8), CD62P (clone AK4), and CD63 (clone H5C6). Antibody titration and ligand blocking studies also were performed. Results Binding of anti-CD41a and anti-CD62P were similar for human and porcine platelets in percentage of platelets labeled and in number of receptors per cell. Binding of anti-CD36 was similar between species, with fewer receptors present in porcine cells. Anti-CD63 and anti-CD107a did not bind specifically to porcine platelets. Conclusion The anti-CD36, anti-CD41a, and anti-CD62P antibodies studied crossreact with porcine platelets and will be useful in the investigation of platelet function in porcine models. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 56B:62–67, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms regulating adult mammalian neural stem cells and neurogenesis

Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms regulating adult mammalian neural stem cells and neurogenesis
The welfare effects of illegal immigration.

Abstract This paper extends the work of Ethier on illegal immigration by examining the optimal level of enforcement for the labor-importing country in a two-country model and by considering the effects of allowing capital mobility. We derive a formula for the optimal level of enforcement against firms that hire illegal workers, and show that the presence of enforcement costs makes the policy less efficient than a wage tax. With capital mobility, foreign workers gain from an increase in enforcement in the home country because capital is driven out of the home country.
The conductivity of uni-univalent salts in cyclohexanol

Abstract 1. 1. Conductivity measurements have been performed for LiCl, LiBr, LiClO4 and Guanidin nitrate in Cyclohexanol as solvent at concentrations between 0.00001 and 0.001 mole per liter. The equivalent conductivity is found by extrapolating. 2. 2. The temperature coefficient of the specific conductivity is determined for LiCl at two concentrations. 3. 3. The viscocity of cyclohexanol has been measured at different temperatures. 4. 4. The square root relation of Kohlrausch was found to hold for guanidine nitrate only. 5. 5. No agreement was found between the experiments and the Debye-Onsager theory. The conductivity measurements were performed more than a year ago while I was a Research Fellow of the Bartol Research Foundation and of the American-Scandinavian Foundation.
The cognitive-somatic anxiety questionnaire: Psychometric and validity data

The Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ) is a 14-item self-report inventory that is divided into two 7-item scales (Cognitive and Somatic) that appear to reflect cognitive or somatic anxiety. In an attempt to evaluate the construct validity of this multidimensional instrument, the CSAQ was administered to 109 college students along with several other measures of physical and psychological symptoms. The results suggest that (a) despite considerable overlap between the Cognitive and the Somatic scales (r=.62), an exploratory factor analysis is able to identify a single large somatic factor along with three lesser cognitive-appearing factors, and (b) the correlations with concurrent measures of related constructs provide some limited evidence of the construct validity of the CSAQ. For males, both the Cognitive and the Somatic scales of the CSAQ correlated significantly with several anxietyrelated measures. However, for females CSAQ scores correlated less consistently with the other test scales, although Somatic scale scores for females were positively related to measures of health and exercise involvement. Suggestions for improving the CSAQ are offered.
A collaborative critical care preceptorship for APRN students

Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) increasingly are caring for critically ill patients as a part of interprofessional teams, but new APRNs may have limited critical care exposure in their training. We created a 12-week critical care preceptorship for APRN students as well as a curriculum composed of daily case-based teaching. Student assessment methods included direct observation, pretests and posttests of critical care knowledge, and presurveys and postsurveys of perceptions about critical care skills. The average score on the knowledge pretest was 50% and increased to 74% on the posttest (N = 10). Students reported increased comfort in several aspects of managing critically ill patients after the preceptorship. Descriptive feedback noted that the preceptorship is distinctive, comprehensive, and focused on student education. The evolving intensive care unit will have increasing numbers of APRNs, and a collaborative preceptorship can improve critical care know-ledge and perceptions of critical care skills in APRN students.
A novel approach for variation aware power minimization during gate sizing

Increasing dominance of process variations in the nanometer designs are posing significant challenges for circuit design and optimization. The variations in parameters such as channel length and the gate oxide thickness impacts circuit delay and power. In this paper, we propose a new gate sizing algorithm using fuzzy mathematical programming (FMP) in which the uncertainty due to process variations is modeled using fuzzy numbers. The variations in gate delay, which is a function of gate sizes and the fan-outs of the gate, are represented using triangular fuzzy numbers with linear membership functions. The variation aware gate sizing problem is formulated as a fuzzy mathematical program to perform a delay constrained power minimization in the presence of variations. Initially, a deterministic optimization is performed by fixing the fuzzy parameters to the worst and the average case values and the results are used to convert the fuzzy optimization problem into a crisp non-linear problem which is then solved using a non-linear optimization solver. The above model with delay and power as constraints, maximizes the robustness, i.e., the variation resistance of the circuit and thus the yield. The proposed approach was tested on ISCAS '85 benchmarks and the results were validated for timing yield using monte-carlo simulations. The fuzzy approach yields significantly better results compared to stochastic programming based gate sizing approach with a comparable runtime.
Importance of complex-mode collisions in the vibrational relaxation of strongly attracting molecules. The H2OHCl(ν=1) system

The deexcitation of HCl(ν=1) in the H2OHCl interaction is studied at thermal collision energies using classical trajectory techniques. In the presence of strong attraction, the collision partners form a complex, and the initial vibrational energy flows freely among various internal modes in the complex. When the complex redissociates, the major portion of the energy is found to localize in the rotational motion of HCl. This study establishes the occurrence of vibrational relaxation in complex-mode collisions and the main energy transfer pathway to be vibration-to-rotation in the complex. Energy transfer is found to be inefficient in direct-mode collisions.
Methamidophos Application Effects on Pasimachus elongatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae): An Update

Population densities of a predatory ground beetle, Pasimachus elongatus LeConte (Coleoptera: Carabidae), were examined at the Central Plains Experimental Range, Colorado. Using distance sampling theory, I analyzed density estimates dating from before an application of the insecticide methamidophos (1988) and three beetle generations afterward (1994) to address the following questions. Have population densities of P. elongatus recovered to prespray levels? Are current population densities of P. elongatus in areas exposed to methamidophos in 1988 equal to those not exposed in 1988? How do population densities of P. elongatus vary with habitat type in methamidophos exposed and nonexposed areas? This work updates earlier findings that P. elongatus population densities decreased after methamidophos applications. Lingering differences in P. elongatus densities were found among areas differing in methamidophos exposure; these differences were also related to habitat type. Higher population densities were found in methamidophos exposed than in control areas; higher densities were also found in shrub dominated than in grass dominated sites, regardless of past methamidophos exposure. Because potential prey species were found to be equally abundant in methamidophos exposed and nonexposed areas despite the greater abundance of the carnivorous Pasimachus in treatment areas, the P. elongatus density patterns seen are discussed in relation to possible long-term disruption of the arthropod prey community by methamidophos. Other explanations for the observed patterns (including competitive release and physiological resistance) are also discussed.
Discrete-Time Phase Compensated Repetitive Control for Piezoactuators in Scanning Probe Microscopes

This paper studies repetitive control (RC) with linear phase lead compensation to precisely track periodic trajectories in piezo-based scanning probe microscopes (SPMs). Quite often, the lateral scanning motion in SPMs during imaging or fabrication is periodic in time. Because of hysteresis and dynamic effects in the piezoactuator, the tracking error repeats from one scanning period to the next. Commercial SPMs typically employ PID feedback controllers to minimize the tracking error; however, the error repeats from one operating cycle to the next. Furthermore, the residual error can be excessively large, especially at high scan rates. A discrete-time repetitive controller was designed, analyzed, and implemented on an experimental SPM. The design of the RC incorporates two phase lead compensators to provide stability and to minimize the steady-state tracking error. Associated with the lead compensators are two parameters that can be adjusted to control the performance of the repetitive controller. Experimental tracking results are presented that compare the performance of PID, standard RC, and the modified RC with phase lead compensation. The results show that the modified RC reduces the steady-state tracking error to less than 2% at 25 Hz scan rate, an over 80% improvement compared to PID control.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Electrochemically Driven Reorientation of Three Ionic States of p-Aminobenzoic Acid on Ag(111)

Broad band sum frequency generation spectroscopy is used to probe the orientation of three pH accessible ionic states of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on an Ag(111) electrode surface as a function of electrochemical potential. Experimentally measured phase differences between resonant and nonresonant SFG signals confirm features in electrochemical capacitance and cyclic voltammograms correspond to ordering and reorientation of the PABA molecule on the electrode surface as the surface potential is varied. While the zwitterionic form rotates 180° after the potential is moved through the potential of zero charge (PZC), such is not the case for the cationic or anionic forms. In the former, the molecule rotates only 90°. In the later, the molecule does not rotate at all (because the PZC is not reached). Additionally, optical methods are utilized to show that the PZC of the surface changes dramatically following adsorbate adsorption. The surface potential at which PABA reorients is quite different from the PZC determined in neat electrolyte solutions. The measured reorientation potentials for zwitterionic PABA (ca. -300 mV) and anionic PABA (-800 mV) reflect a substantial shift of the PZC of the electrode with the adsorbed dipolar organic species.
Far-infrared studies of the phase transition and conduction mechanism in the fast-ion conductors Ag 2 HgI 4 and Cu 2 HgI 4

A study of the temperature dependence of the far-infrared reflectance of the fast-ion conductors ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}$${\mathrm{HgI}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{HgI}}_{4}$ has been completed. These materials are unusual in that the transition into the fast-ion conducting state is first order with a disordering of several cation species, but no reconstitution or symmetry change of the ``rigid'' anion sublattice. By examining the temperature dependence of the phonon lifetimes, we find that the phase transition into the fast-ion state occurs more rapidly than in typical fast-ion materials such as AgI. In addition, the low-frequency modes are strongly anharmonic and tightly coupled to the mobile ions. We conclude that the existence of three disordering ion species (monovalent silver or copper ions, divalent mercury ions, and vacancies) leads to a two-component disordering, where the mercury ions act to block the monovalent cation and vacancy disordering.
Shape reconstruction from shading with perspective projection

In this research, we propose a novel algorithm which recovers the surface height directly from images obtained via perspective projection. Most existing shape from shading (SFS) algorithms are developed under the assumption of an orthogonal projection model, which is a special case of the general perspective projection model. As a result, there exist substantial reconstruction errors in their real applications especially for the case when the object is not far away from the camera. By introducing an explicit triangular element surface model and combining perspective imaging geometry, we are able to relax the orthogonal projection assumption and derive a more general reflectance model with perspective projection. We formulate the perspective SFS problem as a minimization problem parameterized by surface nodal heights, and determine the surface height by solving an equivalent linear system of equations. Simulation results for several test images are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The proposed perspective SFS algorithm gives more accurate results than conventional SFS algorithms and is very attractive in practical applications.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Covalent crosslinking of the heme prosthetic group to myoglobin by H2O2: Toxicological implications

Abstract It is known that treatment of myoglobin with H2O2 leads to covalent alteration of the heme prosthetic group with concomitant formation of a protein bound heme adduct and transforms myoglobin from an oxygen storage protein to an oxidase. In the current study it was shown, with the use of 14C-labeled heme reconstituted into apomyoglobin, that up to 88% of the oxidatively altered heme can be accounted for by the protein bound product. Furthermore, a partially purified preparation of the protein bound heme adduct was introduced into human fibroblasts using the method of osmotic lysis of pinosomes and found to cause cell death (40%) within 1 h, as evidenced by trypan blue exclusion. Native myoglobin introduced into cells in the same manner or extracellular treatment by the protein bound heme adduct had no effect on cell viability. The extent of cell death could be decreased (50%) by N-acetyl- l -cysteine, indicating a potential role for reactive oxygen intermediates in this process. These results show that the covalently altered myoglobin can elicit cellular damage and suggests that similar processes may occur in vivo in pathologic conditions such as that involving cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury, where covalently altered myoglobin may form.
Scientism and Philosophism: Comment on ‘Kinder, Gentler Science Wars’ by Gabriel Stolzenberg

Gabriel Stolzenberg's (2004) review essay of Labinger and Collins (2001) raises a number of provocative points, but I will respond only to one that he makes in passing. While discussing my essay in the collection (Lynch, 2001), Stolzenberg (2004: 80) refers to a statement of Steven Weinberg's (2001: 240) with which I express agreement: 'Less thoughtfully, ... Lynch endorses Weinberg's anti-intellectual conceit that "philosophers may be able to help us sharpen the way we understand words like 'real' and 'true' and 'cause', but they have no business telling us not to use them"'. This is a minor point of criticism in the context of Stolzenberg's entire essay, but it provides me with an opportunity to clarify something that I believe is important and easily ignored. To begin to specify what I had in mind when endorsing Weinberg's line, I would like to return to a remark that Gilbert Ryle made 50 years ago. This is a remark that I have often found helpful to think about in connection with the science wars (see Lynch, 1996). Ryle (1954) used the phrase 'poison-pen effect' to describe a Baconian literary device with which a writer enlists the authority of science in an effort to show that everyday knowledge is illusory. He likened this literary device to 'poison' because of the way it appears to undermine everyday life experience, inviting distrust in familiar appearances. Ryle was objecting to the way some of the prominent scientists in his day would astonish popular audiences by claiming, for example, that the apparent solidity of familiar objects like tables and chairs is really an illusion created by our sensory receptors and brains, whereas, in fact, such objects are composed entirely of tiny atoms surrounded by vast amounts of empty space. Ryle attacked this rhetorical device first by questioning its scientific authority. He pointed out that '[t]here is no such animal as "Science"', no total knowledge system that contrasts with everyday knowledge. He added that there
The Temperature Variation across the Boundary of Dark Spots on the Solar Surface

We suppose the transport of energy in a sunspot (or pore) is described by a diffusion process. The thermal conductivities in the spot and its surroundings are assumed to be constant and isotropic, but with a reduced conductivity in the spot. The sunspot and the ambient medium are represented by semi-infinite strips of variable depth, with one common boundary. This interface is a plane inclined at an arbitrary angle with respect to the vertical in order to simulate the inclined magnetic field at the umbral/penumbral, penumbral/photospheric or pore/photospheric boundary. We show that the region with high conductivity below the interface produces a thermal disturbance in the surface layers of the umbra which manifests itself as a temperature enhancement at the umbral surface in a region near the boundary, resulting in a decreased temperature contrast across the surface. The thermal disturbance in the neighboring medium is confined to a very small region.
The influence of urban land use on seed dispersal and wetland invasibility

Urban habitats are generally considered highly invaded by exotic species due to the frequency and extent of disturbance caused by human activities and development. Our previous study had demonstrated that forested wetlands within residential areas are more extensively invaded than wetlands within industrial–commercial areas. In this study, we investigate whether the structure of the forest edge and seed dispersal can explain the differential in the invasion of wetlands surrounded by industrial and residential land use. Our results indicate that edges of industrially bordered wetlands are denser, with vegetation concentrated at the boundary of tree growth, whereas the edges of residentially bordered wetlands are more open and diffuse. This difference influences the number of seeds and species capable of dispersing into the wetland. Less dense edges resulted in a higher number of seeds entering residential wetlands; however, there were no differences in the numbers of exotic seeds or exotic species in the seed rain residential and industrial wetlands. Although seed dispersal could not directly explain differences in the current extent of invasion of these sites, seed dispersal did follow corridor pathways, including ditches and trails that breach the edges and extend through the wetlands. These disturbances act as corridors for seed dispersal into both types wetlands and may play a role in introducing new species to the interior of the wetland, an outcome supported by a higher number of exotic species in the seed banks of residential sites. Our results suggest that both the type of adjoining land use and the provision of access to people on trails in urban wetlands can affect the composition of these communities.
Gender and the Paradoxes Of Development

The two chapters in this section present an invaluable opportunity to reflect upon the advances made, and challenges still to be surmounted in the study of gender and development. In the late nineteen‐seventies, when the field was expanding, the enthusiasm over innovative research was equaled only by the expectation that the study of gender would soon issue a theoretical corpus of sharp descriptive and explanatory potential, and broad in its capacity for generalization. That goal has not been fully realized, and the reasons, historical as well as ideological, deserve attention.
Social categorization and the formation of group stereotypes : further evidence for biased information processing in the perception of group-behavior correlations

An experiment tested the hypothesis that the mere categorization of people into social groups spontaneously instigates a mechanism through which group-relevant information is perceived and processed in a biased manner. This in turn may result in the erroneous perception of correlation between group and behavior. Subjects were initially assigned to be members of a minority group, a majority group, or were not assigned to a group. They were then presented with a series of statements that described members of the two groups performing either desirable or undesirable behaviors. Results showed that unaffiliated subjects perceived an illusory group-behavior correlation, indicating the operation of a cognitive bias to associate the minority group with distinctive behaviors. Subjects who were themselves members of the observed groups perceived illusory correlations that favored their own group, indicating a very different sort of bias. The results suggest that a categorization-based ingroup favoritism guided the manner in which group information was processed. These data lend support to the contention that social categorization spontaneously instigates specific cognitive mechanisms that contribute to group stereotype formation.