cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of the hydrophobic effect. I. Coupling of aggregation and pKa shifts in solutions of aliphatic amines

Abstract Long aliphatic hydrocarbon chains aggregate in aqueous solution due to the hydrophobic effect, forming structures such as micelles and membranes, while amino groups titrate at basic pH. These two biologically important behaviors are linked in alkylamines, in which the p K a of the amino group is shifted downward by aggregation. In this paper we study the thermodynamics of these coupled processes, following aggregation by observing alkylamine pH titration behavior. The magnitude of the shift depended on the aliphatic chain length and on the concentration of alkylamine: longer chains and higher concentrations lowered the p K a to a greater extent. Gibbs free energies of protonation and aggregation were calculated from the p K a shifts. Enthalpies, entropies, and heat capacities were estimated by van't Hoff analysis from the p K a shift dependencies on temperature. However, the results were less precise than the calorimetrically measured values, as described in the following article. A model to calculate titration curves, p K a shifts, and aggregation of uncharged alkylamines as a function of aliphatic chain length, concentration, and temperature is presented.
Linkage between EGFR family receptors and nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) signaling in breast cancer

In the United States there are 225,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer annually, and at least 50,000 women are diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Breast cancer is a collection of disorders of mammary epithelial cells with distinct pathological characteristics and diverse clinical manifestations. Breast cancers are divided broadly into four classes by the level of the biomarkers HER2 (erbB2/neu) and the estrogen receptor (ER). Histologic grade is also an important modifier of breast cancer taxonomy and behavior. Broadly speaking, breast cancer can be divided into those that are HER2-positive, containing cancers that are both ER-positive and negative, cancers that are ER-positive and divided into high-grade and low-grade tumors, and the remaining but important class of cancers that are both ER-negative and HER2-negative. These last cancers are called basal-like and were first recognized as a distinct group by gene expression arrays. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is family of multifunctional transcription factors that when activated generate pleotrophic changes in target cells. Elevated levels of active NF-kappaB are detected in many human diseases including breast cancers. High-level active NF-kappaB is detected in specific subclasses of breast cancers briefly described above, predominantly in ER-negative and epidermal growth factor family receptor (EGFR) overexpressing breast cancers (predominantly HER2 amplified cancers). This article is focused on the role of NF-kappaB activation initiated by the EGFR family receptors in subclasses of breast cancer. The combined influence of EGFR family receptors and NF-kappaB signaling on the transformation of ER-negative human mammary epithelial cell is illustrated.
Kinetics of facial motoneuron loss following facial nerve transection in severe combined immunodeficient mice.

We have recently shown that cells of the acquired immune system are crucial components of motoneuron survival after injury (Serpe et al. [1999] J. Neurosci. 19:RC7). The goal of the present study was to determine the kinetics of facial motoneuron (FMN) loss in wild-type, scid, and reconstituted scid mice after a right facial nerve axotomy at the stylomastoid foramen. Scid mice showed a significant decrease in FMN survival at all weekly postoperative (wpo) times. One, two, four, and ten wpo, ipsilateral FMN survival in scid mice was 90% ± 1.8%, 84% ± 1.3%, 52% ± 3.7%, and 45% ± 2.5%, respectively, of the contralateral, unoperated side. In contrast, FMN loss after axotomy in wild-type and reconstituted scid mice was not observed until 4 wpo (86% ± 2.5% and 83% ± 3.5%, respectively) relative to the contralateral, unoperated side. However, the levels of FMN in both wild-type and reconstituted scid mice were significantly higher than those in the nonreconstituted scid at 4 wpo. By 10 wpo, FMN survival in both wild-type and reconstituted scid mice had continued to decline significantly (60% ± 2.1% and 58% ± 3.1%, respectively) relative to the contralateral, unoperated side but were still significantly higher than that of the nonreconstituted scid at 10 wpo. Several important controls were also added to this study. Because the scid mutation is present in all cells (although it specifically results in a loss of V(D)J recombination mechanisms, we wanted to rule out the actual DNA mutation as causal in FMN loss). To accomplish this, we used the recombinase-activating gene-2 knockout (RAG-2 KO) mouse model, in which the RAG-2 has been disrupted and prevents maturation of T and B cells. As with the scid model, there was a significant loss of FMN at 4 wpo in the RAG-2 KO that could be reversed with whole splenocyte reconstitution. We also compared FMN numbers in nonaxotomized facial nuclei from both scid and RAG-2 KO mice relative to wild-type controls. No differences in normal numbers of FMN were found in either the mutation or the gene knockout model. The ability of T and B lymphocytes to rescue FMN from cell death after peripheral nerve injury supports the hypothesis that cells of the acquired immune system produce neurotrophic factors or neurocytokines to support neuronal survival until target reconnection occurs. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:273–278, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bleeding from a pulmonary artery catheter temperature connection port.

p ERIOPERATIVE MONITORING with a balloon-tipped flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) has been used clinically since 1970.1 The use of a PAC for cardiac surgical patients has become common practice, with low morbidity and mortality. However, significant complications during the insertion and use of this monitor include hematoma, 2 carotid artery puncture, 2 arrhythmias, 3,4 Homer's syndrome, 5 pulmonary artery embolism or rupture, sepsis, pneumothorax, catheter knotting, or entrapment by sutures. 1,6-8 This report describes two unusual presentations of PAC entrapment by sutures not reported in the earlier literature.
Structural design of porous coordination networks from tetrahedral building units

Ligand design is of vital importance in the preparation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and the rigid tetrahedral ligands are especially interesting due to their fully extended nature and diverse symmetric elements. In this work, a synthetically accessible silicon-centered tetrahedral ligand was prepared from inexpensive starting materials and eight MOFs were obtained from different solvothermal reactions. All the MOFs were structurally characterized and are inherently porous with solvent accessible volume up to 73.10%; while at least two of them possess a permanent inner porosity after the removal of any guest molecules in the framework. Among all these MOFs, seven of them possess a new structure, one of them possesses a novel topology, and two of them show properties potentially useful for gas storage applications. In particular, PCN-512 has a H2 uptake of 1.39 wt% at 77 K and 1.08 bar. This makes it a promising material for industrial gas storage applications because of both its low synthetic cost and its relatively large gas capacity. PCN-515 contains three distinctive rarely-seen secondary building units (SBUs) in the same framework, which makes it an unprecedented 4,4,4,4,4,5,7-connected network.
Ion Absorption by Shoot Tissue: Kinetics of Potassium and Rubidium Absorption by Corn Leaf Tissue

The relative impermeability of the surfaces of leaves to water and mi-neral ions in solution is a condition upon which the life of terrestrial higher plants depends. However, for the investigator this feature imposes difficulties on attempts to make quantitative studies of the process of ion absorption by leaf tissue. The importance of this absorption process in the physiology of leaf cells has recently been discu,ssed, and a technique has been described for experiments on ion absorption by excised leaf tissue (6). As demonstrated there, this technique avoids pass-age of the ions through the epidermis as a rate-limiting step in the absorption process, by exposing the mesophyll cells directly to the solution from which absorption takes place. This method has now been used in the experiments described here. These experiments deal with -the absorption of potassium and *rubidium by excised leaf tissue of corn.
Overexpression of ftsA induces large bulges at the septal regions inEscherichia coli

High-level expression offtsA, an essential cell division gene inEscherichia coli, inhibits cell septation and causes the formation of filaments that develop spherical bulges up to 4 μm in diameter. These bulges may emanate from septation sites, since they were evenly spaced in relation to one another and to the cell poles. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections through the bulged regions reveals large electron-lucent, plate-like regions that appear to originate from the membrane. In addition, these bulging filamentous cells contain more hexosamine per mass than control cells. A model is proposed that the electron-lucent regions observed by electron microscopy are caused by peptidoglycan accumulation stimulated by the overexpression offtsA.
New insights into the determinants of the total fertility rate, infant mortality rate and life expectancy

SUMMARY Data on 127 countries from the World Development Report (1993) are examined with respect to associations between the total fertility rate (TFR), infant mortality rate, life expectancy, female primary education, GNP and domestic water supply. A marked negative association between quantity of domestic water and the total fertility rate, independent of infant mortality, GNP and women's education, was found. However, water was not significantly associated with infant mortality, after controlling for CNP, female education and TFR. Further research at the micro- (community and individual) and macro-level is suggested to understand why and how water plays such an important role in TFR. At the same time, development policies and programmes need to give high priority to the domestic water supply at community as well as national levels.
Poled polymer thin-film gratings studied with far-field optical diffraction and second-harmonic near-field microscopy.

Electrical poling induces polar ordering of molecules in a grating that has been holographically inscribed on a thin film of polymer with azobenzene side chains. The resulting χ(2) grating, seen by second-harmonic-generation (SHG) near-field scanning optical microscopy, can have a periodic structure that is significantly different from the topographical image. The far-field linear and SHG diffraction patterns correlate well with the grating structures. Poling of the thin-film grating, which presumably has photodriven nonuniform material properties within each period, leads to the more complex structure of the χ(2) grating.
Structural and functional properties of hemoglobin from the vestimentiferan Pogonophora, Lamellibrachia

Abstract Representatives of the phylum Pogonophora were found at 1800 m in a fault region off San Diego, CA, where there were indications of recently discharged hydrothermal fluids. The worm-like organisms were determined to be Lamellibrachia sp, phylogenetically related to Riftia pachyptila, a Pogonophora from the Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vent site whose hemoglobins were previously studied. Lamellibrachia extracellular hemoglobin was found to be heterogeneous with respect to its state of aggregation. Two tiered hexagonal structures, as described for annelid hemoglobin, with molecular weights of approx. 3 · 106, make up 25–40% of the hemoglobin, while the other hemoglobin fraction has a molecular weight of 300 000–400 000. The two molecular weight fractions have different subunit compositions and are not in equilibrium with one another. Their amino acid compositions differ slightly. Both fractions contain 1 mol of heme per approx. 25 000 g of protein. The unfractionated hemoglobin has a high oxygen affinity (P50 = 0.16 Torr, 20°C) and little or no pH sensitivity, and shows cooperative subunit interactions (nH = 2–2.7). Lamellibrachia hemoglobin closely resembles the extracellular hemoglobins of annelids in many respects but shares the molecular weight heterogeneity previously reported for hemoglobin of R. pachyptila.
Integrating Two Epistemological Goals: Why Shouldn’t We Give It Another Chance?

As Beller, Bender, and Medin (in press) pointed out in their target article, in the contemporary study of culture in psychology, anthropology is virtually invisible. In this commentary, I traced this invisibility to a root conflict in epistemological goals of the two disciplines: Whereas anthropologists value rich description of specific cultures, psychologists aspire to achieve theoretical simplicity. To anthropologists, then, to understand culture is to articulate symbolic systems that are at work in a given location at a given time. In contrast, to psychologists, to understand culture amounts to identifying socio-cultural variables that moderate psychological effects. These divergent epistemological goals dictate both theoretical perspectives and empirical approaches in both disciplines. Yet, the two goals are both valid and in fact complementary. A renewed effort toward integration of the two goals may enrich both disciplines.
Studies on bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase

Abstract The capacity of liver fractions to conjugate bilirubin and p-nitrophenol with glucuronic acid is increased several fold by dialysis against alkaline EDTA. UDPglucuronyltransferase (UDP-glucuronate glucuronyltransferase (acceptor-unspecific), EC 2.4.1.17), with activity towards bilirubin and p-nitrophenol, has been solubilized by treating microsomes activated with EDTA and deoxycholate. Kinetic data obtained with activated microsomes, and fractionation and inactivation experiments performed with deoxycholate-solubilized enzyme have yielded evidence in favor of the existence of at least two UDP-glucuronyltransferases. Microsomal pellets were examined by electron microscopy before EDTA, after EDTA, and after EDTA and deoxycholate. The most apparent change that is concomitant with the activation by EDTA is the transformation of rough membranes into smooth membranes.
Micelle size effect on Fe-55 liquid scintillation efficiency

Abstract We used efficiency tracing techniques to study the micelle size effect on liquid scintillation counting of the electron capture nuclide, 55 Fe. We determined micelle hydrodynamic diameters for specific LS cocktails via dynamic light scattering, and sought trends in efficiencies as a function of micelle size. The presence of Fe 3+ or Mn 2+ ions in the cocktails did not significantly affect micelle sizes or fluorescence quenching. We did not detect any reductions in counting efficiencies due to the micelle size effect.
A rise in postsynaptic Ca2+ potentiates miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and AMPA responses in hippocampal neurons

We have investigated the site of expression of the potentiation of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) induced by the activation of postsynaptic voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, by examining the effect of depolarizing pulses on miniature (m) EPSCs and responses to AMPA. Application of voltage pulses caused a approximately 2.5-fold increase in the mean amplitude of mEPSCs. This NMDA receptor-independent potentiation of mEPSC amplitudes was transient, returning to control values within 30-40 min. The potentiation was associated with a decrease in the number of small amplitude events and an increase in the number, as well as the maximum amplitude, of the larger events, with no apparent change in mEPSC kinetics. Accompanying the increase in mEPSC amplitudes, there was a 1.6-fold increase in the apparent frequency of events. Voltage pulse-induced potentiation was completely blocked by the inclusion of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA in the recording pipette. Responses to repeated applications of AMPA were also potentiated following the application of voltage pulses, and the time course of this potentiation was similar to that observed with the mEPSCs. Our data indicate that rises in intracellular Ca2+ that occur independently of NMDA receptor activation can result in a potentiation of quantal size, which is due to an increase in the postsynaptic sensitivity of non-NMDA receptors.
Pathological and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the 91Z intraocular lens

We analyzed 18 explanted 91Z anterior chamber lenses by light and scanning electron microscopy. Intermittent touch of the lens loops to the posterior corneal surface and the anterior chamber angle may have occurred. Erosion of the polypropylene loops into the anterior chamber angle recess and into the iris tissue was also observed. Fibrous tissue, uveal tissue, and inflammatory debris were noted on the loops, forming dense synechias at the points of contact with the angle recess. In some lenses the edges of the optics were sharp. Other significant manufacturing defects were rarely seen, and there was no evidence of degradation of polypropylene loops. The problems regarding surgical removal of this lens are discussed.
MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION: A DECISION MODEL FOR STOCKHOLDERS

Managerial ability is influenced by many factors: personal attributes (like leadership, creativity, aggressiveness, communication skills, etc….), education, and experience. The paper proposes a model that links the managerial ability to the firm's capacity to grow and the external environment. The intention scale technique mostly used by economists and market researchers for demand prediction and product selection is introduced as a tool to test managerial ability. The paper develops an analytical model to help stockholders in evaluating the manager's potential and derives an optimal rule for the hiring decision. Managers are classified into three categories namely type‐I, type‐II, and type‐III managers. Type‐I managers meet most of the firm's criteria. They are hired immediately. Type‐II managers are those who fall short of the firm's ideal criteria for a manager, but, meet some of its criteria. Their abilities cannot be determined without the ability test. They are hired only if they pass the screening test. Type‐III managers do not meet the firm's criteria and are, therefore, rejected without some additional screening. The current practice of managerial screening allows only two choices: either hire a manager or reject him. This practice is valid for type‐I and type‐III managers only. Type‐II managers need additional screening as proposed in this paper.
Simulation ofB1Field Distribution and Intrinsic Signal-to-Noise in Cardiac MRI as a Function of Static Magnetic Field

Two issues that pertain to the optimal static magnetic field for cardiac MRI were addressed: intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (ISNR) and radiofrequency power deposition. From 1.5 to 9.5 T, proton Larmor frequencies of 63 to 400 MHz, numerical simulations were performed of the RF fields from a surface coil and a body coil loaded by a heterogeneous, three-dimensional, symmetric model of the human chest. The RF field distribution, the power required to produce the RF field, and the ISNR at the center of the heart were computed. The model was validated by comparison with experimental data up to 4 T. The RF field distortion was quantified and found to increase linearly up to 6 T due mostly to dielectric resonance modes. Body coil simulations beyond 6 T showed the onset of higher-order modes at the center of the heart. A range of expected RF power requirements was constructed as a function of field up to 9.5 T for surface coils and up to 6.8 T for body coils. Over this range of static field, ISNR for a constant coil geometry was bracketed by an upper limit that was slightly greater than linear with field and a lower limit that was slightly less than linear with field. The RF power and ISNR showed a strong dependence on chest thickness at 1.5 and 4.0 T. Additionally, independent of chest thickness, the model predicts a lower limit of a factor of 5 increase in RF power as the static field is increased from 1.5 to 4 T. Implications for imaging with other nuclei are discussed. Methods for checking the self-consistency of electrodynamic simulations are presented.
Primary Versus Specialty Care Outcomes for Depressed Outpatients Managed with Measurement-Based Care: Results from STAR*D

Background Whether the acute outcomes of major depressive disorder (MDD) treated in primary (PC) or specialty care (SC) settings are different is unknown.
Physiological measures of therapeutic response to interferon beta-1a treatment in remitting–relapsing MS

Abstract Objective : This pilot study was designed to determine the effects of interferon beta-1a (IFNB) therapy (Avonex ® ) on cortically evoked motor potentials (MEPs) during resting and fatigued states in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods : Eight women with relapsing–remitting MS (mean age 36) and mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3.1 were evaluated before and after 3, 6, and 12 months of IFNB therapy. At each test period, MEPs were recorded at rest and following a fatigue paradigm (3 min maximal contraction). Effects of IFNB on neurological and functional (7.7 m walk and 10 s finger tapping) status and fatigue were also examined. Results : Recovery from post-exercise depression of MEP amplitudes (PED) was 41, 43, and 43.5% faster at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, compared to baseline ( P P Conclusions : Results indicate that IFNB therapy may improve the rate of recovery from central fatigue. Significance : Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may have promise as an objective physiological tool to evaluate disease activity and treatment responses in MS.
Understanding Place Attachment Among Second Home Owners

Many high amenity rural communities are growing rapidly and have high rates of seasonal residence, with concomitant “impacts” on longer term permanent residents. The de facto stance that seasonal r...
A C-terminal Truncation of Flightin Slows Actomyosin Cycling, Elevates Passive Tension, and Decreases Power Output in Drosophila Flight Muscle Fibers

Flightin is a 182 amino acid myosin rod binding protein that is essential for thick filament stability and function in the indirect flight muscles (IFM) of Drosophila melanogaster. Flightin is not homologous to any known protein in vertebrates, but recent phylogenetic analyses revealed that flightin is widespread among insects and crustaceans. Amino acid sequence analysis suggests that flightin consists of three functional domains: a fast evolving and highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain (residues 1-83), a conserved central domain (residues 84-134) and a semi-conserved C-terminal domain (residues 135-182). To interrogate the function of the C-terminal domain, we created a transgenic Drosophila that expresses a truncated flightin, missing the last 43 residues (fln142t). These transgenic flies are unable to beat their wings, but their myofilament lattice and sarcomere structure appear normal compared to a flightin-null rescued control line (flnR). Active (pCa 5) and rigor isometric tensions in skinned IFM fibers were higher for fln142t versus flnR, which occurs due to a 2-fold increase in passive (pCa 8) isometric tension. Small amplitude sinusoidal perturbation analysis showed that fln142t fibers produced approximately 30% of the oscillatory work and power of flnR fibers. The fln142t also showed a decreased frequency of maximum work (123 Hz vs. 154 Hz) and power (139 Hz vs. 187 Hz) compared to flnR, suggesting slower myosin kinetics even though myosin attachment time (=0.5 ms) was unchanged. These results suggest that the C-terminus of flightin plays a limited role in thick filament integrity and normal sarcomere structure of the IFM, but is essential for maintaining the muscle's passive properties and tuning the kinetic properties during contraction.
An Analysis of the Relation Between Employee—Organization Value Congruence and Employee Attitudes

Researchers have examined the fit or match between a person and an organization extensively in the empirical literature. Overall findings have supported the existence of a positive relation between the congruence of employee and organizational values with employee attitudes toward the organization. However, this relation is not fully understood, and more research is needed to understand the relation between the congruence of different value dimensions and multiple employee attitudes. Therefore, the authors aimed to analyze value congruence across 7 dimensions and its relation to (a) job satisfaction, (b) organizational commitment, (c) satisfaction with the organization as a whole, and (d) turnover intentions. The results suggest that the perceived congruence of employee-organizational values by employees is positively associated with satisfaction with the job and organization as a whole and employee commitment to the organization. The results also support a negative relation between value congruence and e...
The Role of Shared Values and Vision in Creating Professional Learning Communities.

Defining a vision based on shared values is a crucial step that administrators must consider as they lead their schools through reform efforts. This article reports findings from a national study o...
Identification of human face profiles by computer

Abstract Human face profiles are automatically recognized by computer processes. Artists' tracings of profile photographs are scanned into a minicomputer. Fiducial marks, automatically placed, serve as key loci for establishing geometric measures such as distances, angles, and areas. “Features” established by these measures comprise 10-dimensional vectors which uniquely represent the face profiles. “Unknown” feature vectors are compared to stored files of vectors to determine similarity and to establish identification. Euclidean distance measures are supplemented by file-reducing techniques based on a priori similarity measures which eliminate unlikely candidates. Absolute recognition accuracy ranges from 86 to nearly 100% under various conditions for a population of 121 persons having 3 poses each on file.
TRANSIENT NATURAL CONVECTION ADJACENT TO A VERTICAL FLAT SURFACE: THE THERMAL CAPACITY EFFECT

A finite-difference numerical scheme is employed to obtain transient response solutions to the time-dependent partial differential equations describing the flow adjacent to a uniformly heated vertical flat plate. The plate is of finite thickness and has an appreciable thermal capacity. It is assumed to be immersed in an extensive quiescent body of fluid that has a Prandtl number of 7.6, as for water around room temperature. Extensive calculations of the effect of the thermal capacity of the plate on the nature of the transient flow behavior have been carried out. The resulting flow regimes are analyzed in detail.
Mesh-based peer-to-peer layered video streaming with taxation

Recent advance in scalable video coding (SVC) makes it possible for users to receive the same video with different qualities. To adopt SVC in P2P streaming, two key design questions need to be answered: 1) layer subscription: how many layers each peer should receive? 2) layer scheduling: how to deliver to peers the layers they subscribed? From the system point of view, the most efficient solution is to maximize the aggregate video quality on all peers, i.e., the social welfare. From individual peer point of view, the solution should be fair. Fairness in P2P streaming should additionally take into account peer contributions to make the solution incentive-compatible. In this paper, we show that taxation mechanisms can be devised to strike the right balance between social welfare and individual peers' welfare. We develop practical taxation-based P2P layered streaming designs, including layer subscription strategy, chunk scheduling policy, and mesh topology adaptation. Extensive trace-driven simulations show that the proposed designs can effectively drive layered P2P streaming systems to converge to the desired operating points in a distributed fashion.
A convenient, high-yielding, chromatography-free method for the insertion of transition metal acetates into porphyrins

Abstract Presented is a quick and efficient method for the insertion of first-row transition metal acetates into 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin, utilizing Soxhlet extraction for the removal of the acetic acid by-product. High yields (>90%) and purity are achieved without requiring chromatographic purification. Basic Mn(III) and Fe(III) acetate may be used, as well as hydrated Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) acetates as starting materials. In the case of Fe, an initial mixture of Fe(TPP)OAc and [Fe(TPP)]2O is formed, which can be quantitatively converted to Fe(TPP)OAc by treatment with acetic acid. The crystal structure of Fe(TPP)OAc is reported, and spectral data for all compounds is presented, including a correction of the literature UV–Vis data for Fe(TPP)OAc. Attempted metalation with basic Cr(III) acetate yielded a mixture of Cr(TPP)OAc and the oxo-bridged dimer. The latter cannot be converted to the desired acetate. No reaction occurred with vanadyl or titanyl acetate under the conditions used.
Lessons from resource allocators for large-scale multiuser testbeds

Resource allocation is a key aspect of shared testbed infrastructures such as PlanetLab and Emulab. Despite their many differences, both types of testbed have many resource allocation issues in common. In this paper we explore issues related to designing a general resource allocation interface that is sufficient for a wide variety of testbeds, current and future. Our explorations are informed by our experience developing and running Emulab's "assign" resource allocator and the "SWORD" resource discoverer, our experience with the PlanetLab and Emulab testbeds, and our projection of future testbed needs.
Beam Raster Scanning for 2D Flyover SAR

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging technology has continued to evolve over the last few decades and the future holds promise. Beam raster scanning for 2D flyover SAR is yet another milestone in the evolutionary path of SAR imaging. This SAR imaging technique may have application in areas like passive unmanned aerial vehicle SAR. This paper builds on the 2D aperture synthesis concepts based upon rigorous analytical results presented by the authors earlier and elucidates the characteristics of sombrero point spread function and reconstruction in comparison to sine point spread function and reconstruction. This paper also explains the concept of 2D target area data collection scheme called flyover beam raster scanning
Heat treatment of Brussels sprouts retains their ability to induce detoxification enzyme expression in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract: The bioactive metabolites of glucosinolates, such as isothiocyanates, contained in cruciferous vegetables have been shown to reduce the risk of cancers through the induction of detoxification enzymes. However, cruciferous vegetables are commonly processed before consumption, significantly altering the phytochemical composition of these vegetables. Compared to freeze-dried Brussels sprouts, oven-dried Brussels sprouts contain low concentrations of glucosinolates (22.14 and 0.85 μmol/g, respectively) and isothiocyanates (3.68 and 0.15 μmol/g, respectively). The effect of oven-dried Brussels sprouts on the expression of detoxification enzymes was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of immortalized human hepatoma cells with the aqueous extract from oven-dried Brussels sprouts significantly increased quinone activity (0.5 and 1.5 mg/mL) and the activity of the antioxidant response element (EC50 = 2.39 mg/mL) and xenobiotic response element (EC50 2.92 mg/mL). C3H/HeJ mice fed a diet containing 20% oven-dried Brussels sprout diets for 2 wk demonstrated significantly higher expression than animals fed a nutrient-matched control diet of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and epoxide hydrolase in the liver and CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, epoxide hydrolase, UGT1A1, thioredoxin reductase, and heme oxygenase in the lungs. The low concentrations of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in oven-dried Brussels sprouts suggest that other compounds, such as the Maillard reaction products that are produced during heating, are responsible for the induction of detoxification enzymes in vitro and in vivo. Practical Application: The manner in which cruciferous vegetables are processed prior to consumption has significant effects on what compounds people are exposed to. The presence of glucosinolates or isothiocyanates can be a good indicator of the ability of cruciferous vegetables to induce detoxification enzymes. However, the data presented here demonstrate that while heat processing of Brussels sprouts greatly reduced the concentrations of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, their ability to induce detoxification enzymes in vitro and in vivo was retained.
Kinetics of Urea Decomposition in the Presence of Transition Metal Ions: Ni2+

The literature on kinetics of the urea decomposition reaction was reviewed for the 333–373 K range of temperature. Possible reactions in the pH range of 5–9 were identified. Kinetic simulations indicated significant accumulation of the cyanate intermediate in the pH-time–temperature range that was studied. The effects of Ni2+ hydrolysis and complexation with the urea decomposition products were incorporated into the simulations. The kinetic simulation of the rate of Ni2+ removal from the solutions was compared against the experimental data. The experimental results indicated an agglomerative growth mechanism for the precipitation process. Chemical analyses showed that the composition of the precipitate varies with digestion time, in agreement with the predictions of the kinetic simulation.
The outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in patients with renal insufficiency

Objective We sought to determine the effects of renal insufficiency on thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) outcome and to identify predictors for adverse events. Methods Eighty-four patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL) were analyzed from a prospective TEVAR database from April 1, 1999, to January 1, 2008. Patients were subdivided into groups by creatinine level (mg/dL): group 1 (1.5-2.0), group 2 (2.0-3.0), group 3 (>3.0), and group 4 (preoperative dialysis-dependent). Demographics, aneurysm/aortic lesion characteristics, perioperative morbidity, mortality, and follow-up data were compared with 246 control patients ( Results Comorbidities were similar between the renal insufficiency and control groups, except for age (74 ± 8 vs 69 ± 6 years, P P P P = .33) was similar between the dialysis and no-dialysis groups. Renal insufficiency patients had a statistically significant higher rate of major adverse events (25% vs 6.9%, P P P P = 0.037) and baseline creatinine >2.0 (odds ratio, 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-16.8; P = .001). Age, gender, adjunctive access, type of aortic pathology, and number of device components did not adversely affect outcome. Conclusion Patients with preoperative renal insufficiency maintain renal function after TEVAR. However, this patient population may be susceptible to increased adverse events, with emergency repair and baseline creatinine >2.0 mg/dL serving as strong predictors.
Some Biological Sequence Metrics

Abstract Some new metrics are introduced to measure the distance between biological sequences, such as amino acid sequences or nucleotide sequences. These metrics generalize a metric of Sellers, who considered only single deletions, mutations, and insertions. The present metrics allow, for example, multiple deletions and insertions and single mutations. They also allow computation of the distance among more than two sequences. Algorithms for computing the values of the metrics are given which also compute best alignments. The connection with the information theory approach of Reichert, Cohen, and Wong is discussed.
Clinical exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus after photodynamic therapy of laryngotracheal papillomatosis.

Photodynamic therapy was used to treat a patient with recurrent laryngotracheal papillomatosis who had a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). At the time of photoactivation, the patient's SLE was in remission for 2 years. Postoperatively, the patient was not compliant in avoiding sunlight exposure and developed photosensitive skin reactions of his face and hands. In addition, he had clinical activation of his SLE following that exposure. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A University Library Creates a Digital Repository for Documenting and Disseminating Community Engagement

Digital repositories are new tools for documenting the accumulated scholarly work produced at academic institutions and disseminating that material broadly via the internet. Digital repositories support all file types and can be adapted to meet the custom design specifications of individual institutions. A section for community engagement initiatives was created within ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst, the digital repository for University of Massachusetts Amherst. Collected materials can provide a comprehensive record of partnerships, results, and products that advance institutional goals while facilitating the development of individual academic portfolios. This innovative application of library science allows community engagement to be appropriately valued as the central organizing component of diverse academic activities.
Toxicologic implications of cutaneous barriers: a molecular, cellular, and anatomical overview.

The skin barrier is a complex system of chemical, biological and physical processes that together regulate the admission and expulsion of foreign agents in contact with the skin. The eggresive movement of the stratum corneum (SC) is often a measure of its integrity, and transepidermal water loss has typically been a gold standard. However, the skin barrier has several barrier systems, such as ion flux, O2, CO2 and pH, which can give an informative and sometimes more sensitive measure of the SC condition. Furthermore, the penetrative interactions with the barrier have focused around occlusive methods to promote drug delivery, the interactions of topically applied drugs with the barrier and the presence of environmental agents that can harm the barrier. However, the nature of penetrative barrier interactions must also be elucidated on a microscopic level. The variable nature of barrier function is demonstrated when comparing the skin properties of neonates and adults. In addition, new biochemical methods have used keratin metrics to improve diagnostic efficacy and barrier integrity analysis. This review addresses the aforementioned aspects of the skin barriers that require further study to help discern the complexity of this essential organ as it relates to dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coming to Grips with The Culture: Another Use of Dialogue Journals in Teacher Education

1The Ohio State University is Associate Professor of Spanish at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. ABSTRACT The article describes using dialogue journals as part of a teaching-methods course in a summer program in Spain. Participants were teachers of Spanish with a range of experience and language proficiency. The dialogue journal-writing activity complemented class discussion and research into cultural phenomena. During the course, participants recorded their impressions of and adjustment to Spanish culture. The instructor responded to entries by encouraging writers to clarify and expand ideas. Journal writing appeared to help participants put experiences into an appropriate perspective, thus giving them insight into how to represent Spanish culture to their American students. The article describes the program, course, and journals. The author suggests that this kind of process writing has use in other phases of teacher education.
Spatial correlation of permeability in cross‐stratified sediment with hierarchical architecture

[1] Cross-stratified deposits can give rise to a hierarchy of permeability modes, across scales, corresponding to a hierarchy of sedimentary unit types. The shape of the sample semivariogram for permeability can be largely controlled by the shape of the cross-transition probabilities of unit types having the greatest contrast in permeability. The shape of those cross-transition probabilities can be, in turn, largely determined by the variance of the lengths of those unit types. A sufficient condition for an exponential-like semivariogram is the repeated occurrence of unit types having both a contrast in permeability and a large length variance. These relationships are shown through writing the identities for spatial correlation of permeability in a hierarchical and multimodal form and as a function of the transition probabilities for the sedimentary unit types. These relationships are also illustrated through analyzing data representing cross-stratified sediments within a point bar deposit.
Low grazing angle bistatic NRCS of forested clutter

The authors present low grazing angle bistatic clutter measurements of forested hills at S-sand. Mean NRCS is –36 dB for vertically polarised transmitter and receiver antennas and –42 dB for horizontally polarised antennas. Cross-sections increase by 3 dB after defoliation of the deciduous portion of the tree canopy.
Synthetic Medium for Calcification of Bacterionema matruchotii

A synthetic medium was developed for further study of intracellular calcification by Bacterionema matruchotii. The medium contained metastable calcium phosphate, six other salts, three purines, two pyrimidines, nine vitamins, pimelic and thioctic acids, vitamin-free casein hydrolysate, and glucose. The vehicle was 0.1 M N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid buffer at pH 7.4.
Inhibition of Sperm Capacitation by Intrauterine Deposition of Seminal Plasma Decapacitation Factor

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of high amounts of decapacitation factor (DF) on capacitation in utero. Capacitation is a process that sperm of several mammalian species must undergo before achieving the ability to fertilize ova. The process takes place in the uterus and in the oviducts. Seminal plasma contains a substance capapble of reversing the capacitation process by incubation in vitro with sperm which have been capacitated in utero. The DF was prepared from rabbit seminal plasma using New Zealand white rabbits. The technique of preparation is described. Partially purified DF derived from about 20 rabbit ejaculates when injected into the uterus with sperm decreased the efficiency of decapacitation as measured by the decrease in fertilization in ovulated test animals inseminated with these sperm. Increasing the dose 4-fold completely inhibited capacitation in the uterus although sperm that migrated to the oviduct fertilized ova. The uterus can inactivate or remove much higher amounts that normal physiological activities supply but this ability can be overwhelmed of DF is in sufficient excess. The amounts placed in the uterus in these experiments were about 100 to 1000 times the amount that enters the uterus from normal mating. Incubation of DF in vitro with uterine fluid failed to destroy DF activity. Details of technique are given. A DF--destroying protein (DFase) in interine fluids was not demonstrated.
Living With a Contested, Stigmatized Illness Experiences of Managing Relationships Among Women With Fibromyalgia

This study focuses on the negotiation of relationships among women living with the chronic illness fibromyalgia. Twenty in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with women diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Drawing from interactional and constructionist perspectives, the analysis focuses on participants' approaches to communicating with others about their illness, the reactions of others to their experiences, and participants' strategies to manage stigma. Participants attempted to describe their illness experience to others through direct and educational approaches. Often, in the management of their relationships with close family and friends, there was an unspoken awareness of illness effects, and social support was offered. However, disbelief and a lack of understanding often led participants to avoid social interactions in the attempt to hide from the stigma associated with an invisible and contested illness.
An uncommon cause of hypoxemia: platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome.

Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) describes a clinical entity of arterial hypoxemia in the upright position associated with dyspnoea, which is relieved by recumbency. The syndrome is caused by an intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunt, or ventilation-perfusion mismatching.[1] We describe here the first case of resolving/relapsing POS induced by intracardiac right-to-left shunting that was partly dependent on volume overload.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Metal–Semiconductor Interfaces in Organic Field-Effect Transistors

The performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) largely depends on the nature of interfaces of dissimilar materials. Metal–semiconductor interfaces, in particular, play a critical role in the charge injection process. This work demonstrates the unique potential of Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the investigation of physical phenomena at the nanoscale in pentacene–metal interfaces in OFETs. A large enhancement in the Raman intensity (SERS) is observed from pentacene films under thermally evaporated Au films. Comparing experiments with density functional theoretical calculations of the Raman spectrum of pentacene indicates the presence of disordered sp2 carbons. Changes in the Raman spectra are further tracked after biasing the devices. Raman maps across the pentacene–Au interface provide a powerful visualization tool for correlating the device performance with structural changes of the molecule.
An implicit, reconstructed discontinuous Galerkin method for the unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations on 3D hybrid grids

An implicit, third-order, reconstructed discontinuous Galerkin method, namely RDG (P1P2), is presented for time-accurate solutions to the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on 3D hybrid grids. The spatial discretization is carried out using a Taylor-basis discontinuous Galerkin method, in which a quadratic polynomial (P2) solution is reconstructed via a WENO (P1P2) reconstruction scheme from the underlying linear polynomial discontinuous Gakerkin (P1) solution in each cell for evaluating the fluxes. A series of Explicit first stage, Single Diagonal coefficient, diagonally Implicit Runge-Kutta schemes (termed ESDIRK) are applied for temporal discretization to the resulting ordinary differential equations. The resulting non-linear system of equations at each stage is solved using an approximate Newton’s method, in which an LU-SGS preconditioned GMRES solver is applied for the solution to the linear system of equations. The developed code is applied to compute a series of benchmark test cases, including the implicit large eddy simulation of a turbulent lid driven cavity. The numerical results indicate that the use of ESDIRK schemes leads to remarkable improvement in solution efficiency and temporal accuracy over its explicit counterpart. In addition, this implicit RDG (P1P2) method requires much less storage and computing time than the implicit DG (P2) method, resulting in a fast, third-order implicit discontinuous Galerkin method for computing unsteady flow problems.