cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of air change rates and air flow patterns in large single-cell buildings

Abstract This paper describes the measurements of the air change rates and air flow patterns in two large single-cell aircraft hangar buildings. The decay of the tracer gas sulfur hexafluoride was used to measure the air change rates. It was possible to achieve a uniform mixture of indoor air and the tracer gas in the hangars using the air circulation fans of the heating system. Stratified air layers characterized the air flow patterns within the hangars. For the test conditions, measured air change rates for the two hangars are in the range 0.32 to 0.47 air changes per hour. Results also suggest that five sampling locations at about 1.8 m (6 ft) height are sufficient to obtain a representative air change rate for large single-cell buildings.
Major Late Miocene cooling of the middle crust associated with extensional orogenesis in the Funeral Mountains, California

The Funeral Mountains of the Death Valley region consist of a metamorphic core complex that underlies the Miocene Boundary Canyon detachment fault. Fissiontrack age determinations on sphene, zircon, and apatite from the highest grade portions of the Funeral Mountains (collected in Monarch Canyon) indicate rapid cooling from above ∼285°C at 9–10 Ma. The steep dT/dt slope implied by the cooling path envelope as well as its synchroneity with development of the Boundary Canyon detachment suggests tectonic unroofing of between 9.5 and 17 km since ∼10 Ma (assuming typical geothermal gradients prior to detachment development of between ∼20–30°C/km). Previous studies report muscovite 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages from the same area indicating that the Funeral Mountains core may have cooled below ∼350°C between 110-55 Ma. These data, when combined with the fission track ages, suggest residence of the metamorphic terrain at 285–350°C from Late Cretaceous to late Miocene time. Recent studies, using petrologic constraints, have suggested that much of the unroofing of the Funeral Mountains, as well as development of tectonite fabrics, occurred during Mesozoic extension. Recognition of temperatures in the 300°C range during Miocene time suggests some of the ductile extensional fabrics may be late Miocene in age.
A Sensitive Method to Quantify Human Long DNA in Stool: Relevance to Colorectal Cancer Screening

Human long DNA in stool may reflect nonapoptotic exfoliation and has been used as a colorectal cancer (CRC) marker. Targeting human-specific Alu repeats represents a logical but untested approach. A real-time Alu PCR assay was developed for quantifying long human DNA in stool and evaluated in this study. The accuracy and reproducibility of this assay and the stability of long DNA during room temperature fecal storage were assessed using selected patient stools and stools added to human DNA. Thereafter, long DNA levels were determined in blinded fashion from 18 CRC patients and 20 colonoscopically normal controls. Reproducibility of real-time Alu PCR for quantifying fecal long DNA was high (r2 = 0.99; P < 0.01). Long DNA levels in nonbuffered stools stored at room temperature fell a median of 75% by 1 day and 81% by 3 days. An EDTA buffer preserved DNA integrity during such storage. Human long DNA was quantifiable in all stools but was significantly higher in stools from CRC patients than from normal controls (P < 0.05). At a specificity of 100%, the sensitivity of long DNA for CRC was 44%. Results indicate that real-time Alu PCR is a simple method to sensitively quantify long human DNA in stool. This study shows that not all CRCs are associated with increased fecal levels of long DNA. Long DNA degrades with fecal storage, and measures to stabilize this analyte must be considered for optimal use of this marker.
Infant Sensitivity to Deviations in Dynamic Facial-Vocal Displays: The Role of Eye Regard

Do young infants appreciate the intentionality of adult interactors? In view of recent speculation that infants are innately sensitive to eye direction and that communicative intent is conveyed in part by attentional cues, the reactions of 3- and 5-month infants were compared to video episodes of normally responsive women who either appeared or did not appear to make eye contact. Across three experiments, lack of eye contact was achieved by either averting the eyes (E), averting the head and eyes (H&E), closing the eyes (ECL), or averting the head alone (H). Three-month-olds smiled less at H&E, H, and ECL, but not at E, relative to frontal faces, indicating sensitivity to head but not to eye orientation. By contrast, 5-month-olds smiled less at H&E, E, and ECL, but not at H, indicating sensitivity to both head and eye orientation. The implications of the data for mentalist views of infant social behavior are discussed.
Estimating the fraction of non-coding RNAs in mammalian transcriptomes.

Recent studies of mammalian transcriptomes have identifi ed numerous RNA transcripts that do not code for pro- teins; their identity, however, is largely unknown. Here we explore an approach based on sequence randomness patterns to discern different RNA classes. The relative z-score we use helps identify the known ncRNA class from the genome, intergene and intron classes. This leads us to a fractional ncRNA measure of putative ncRNA datasets which we model as a mixture of genuine ncRNAs and other transcripts derived from genomic, intergenic and intronic sequences. We use this model to analyze six representative datasets identifi ed by the FANTOM3 project and two computational approaches based on comparative analysis (RNAz and EvoFold). Our analysis suggests fewer ncRNAs than estimated by DNA sequencing and comparative analysis, but the verity of our approach and its prediction requires more extensive experimental RNA data.
Genome-wide association studies identify loci associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause

Chunyan He and colleagues report genome-wide association studies for both age at menarche and age at natural menopause from the Nurses Health Study and the Women's Genome Health Study.
Competition of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for tRNA ensures the accuracy of aminoacylation

The accuracy of protein biosynthesis rests on the high fidelity with which aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases discriminate between tRNAs. Correct aminoacylation depends not only on identity elements (nucleotides in certain positions) in tRNA (1), but also on competition between different synthetases for a given tRNA (2). Here we describe in vivo and in vitro experiments which demonstrate how variations in the levels of synthetases and tRNA affect the accuracy of aminoacylation. We show in vivo that concurrent overexpression of Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase abolishes misacylation of supF tRNA(Tyr) with glutamine in vivo by overproduced glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. In an in vitro competition assay, we have confirmed that the overproduction mischarging phenomenon observed in vivo is due to competition between the synthetases at the level of aminoacylation. Likewise, we have been able to examine the role competition plays in the identity of a non-suppressor tRNA of ambiguous identity, tRNA(Glu). Finally, with this assay, we show that the identity of a tRNA and the accuracy with which it is recognized depend on the relative affinities of the synthetases for the tRNA. The in vitro competition assay represents a general method of obtaining qualitative information on tRNA identity in a competitive environment (usually only found in vivo) during a defined step in protein biosynthesis, aminoacylation. In addition, we show that the discriminator base (position 73) and the first base of the anticodon are important for recognition by E. coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase.
Comparison of phase-unwrapping algorithms by using gradient of first failure

The comparison of phase-unwrapping algorithms has been an enigma because there has been no quantitative means of comparison. Noting that unwrapping routines are sensitive to noise and the local gradient of the phase array as well as fringe modulation, we have linked unwrapping performance to the gradient of first failure of the algorithm. When the gradient of first failure is plotted versus the signal-to-noise ratio, this can be used as an indicator of which algorithm to use in a given situation without the need for user intervention during the measurement and calculation. This study introduces three algorithms developed for their trade-offs in speed versus pixel noise (pointwise) sensitivity. The algorithms developed have been applied to live, noisy measurement data and have been proven to be robust.
Luteal Regression in the Normally Cycling Rat: Apoptosis, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, and Inflammatory Cell Involvement

In hypophysectomized rats, prolactin induces regression of the corpora lutea. Luteal regression is accompanied by infiltration of monocytes/macrophages, declines in luteal mass and plasma progestins, and increased staining for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). We investigated whether similar events are induced during the estrous cycle, after the proestrous prolactin surge. Rats were killed on proestrus or on estrus, and one ovary was frozen for immunohistochemical detection of MCP-1, monocytes/macrophages (ED1-positive), and differentiated macrophages (ED2-positive) and for in situ detection of apoptotic nuclei. Corpora lutea of the current (proestrus) or preceding (estrus) cycle were dissected from the ovaries of additional rats and frozen for the same analyses and for determination of total protein content. In sections of whole ovaries, intensity and distribution of MCP-1 staining were increased in corpora lutea of multiple ages on estrus as compared to proestrus, as were numbers of differentiated macrophages and apoptotic nuclei per high-power field. Sections of isolated corpora lutea showed these increases on estrus, and the number of monocytes/macrophages per high-power field was also significantly increased. Accompanying these inflammatory/immune events, the corpora lutea on estrus showed decreased weight and total protein per corpus luteum, as compared to corpora lutea on proestrus. These changes are consistent with a proposed role for prolactin in the initiation of luteal apoptosis and of a sequence of inflammatory/immune events that accompany regression of the rat corpus luteum during the normal estrous cycle.
Laser therapy: A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation on lateral epicondylitis

Abstract Basford JR, Sheffield CG, Cieslak KR. Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation on lateral epicondylitis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1504-10. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of low intensity laser therapy in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Design: A double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Setting: A physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. Participants: Fifty-two ambulatory men and women (age range, 18-70yr) with symptomatic lateral epicondylitis of more than 30 days in duration and a normal neurologic examination. Intervention: Subjects were bloc randomized into 2 groups with a computer-generated schedule. All underwent irradiation for 60 seconds at 7 points along the symptomatic forearm 3 times weekly for 4 weeks by a masked therapist. The sole difference between the groups was that the probe of a 1.06-μm continuous wave laser emitted 204mW/cm 2 (12.24J/cm 2 ) for the treated subjects and was inactive for the control subjects. Subjects were assessed at the beginning, midpoint (session 6), and end (session 12) of treatment, as well as at follow-up 28 to 35 days after their last treatment. Main Outcome Measures: Pain in last 24 hours, tenderness to palpation, and patient's perception of change (benefit). Results: The treated and untreated groups were well matched demographically. Masking was maintained for subjects and therapists; however, the groups did not vary to a statistically significant extent in terms of the main outcome measures either during treatment or at follow-up. Secondary outcome variables, such as grasp and pinch strength, medication use, and pain with grasp and pinch, also failed to statistically differ significantly between the groups. No significant treatment side effects were noted. Conclusion: Treatment with low intensity 1.06-μm laser irradiation within the parameters of this study was a safe but ineffective treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Further research seems warranted in this controversial area. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Immunosuppression in nonhuman primates

Nonhuman primate organ transplant models have been and continue to be an excellent conduit for the development of immunosuppressive therapies for use in human organ transplantation. These experimental therapies often make use of immunosuppressive drugs currently used in clinical transplantation and combine them in new and exciting ways with cutting-edge reagents and strategies. This review summarizes our own research experience and the experience of other leaders in the field using a variety of immunosuppressants in nonhuman primate transplant models. Information on drug dosing and safety is included.
The Causal Influence of Neighborhood Design on Physical Activity Within the Neighborhood: Evidence from Northern California

Abstract Purpose Test for a causal relationship between neighborhood design and physical activity within the neighborhood by controlling for self-selection. Design Cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal analyses of residents of selected neighborhoods. Setting Eight Northern California neighborhoods. Subjects Random sample of 1682 adults stratified by movers (moved within 1 year) and nonmovers (moved >1 year ago) responding to self-administered mail surveys (24.7% response rate). Measures Self-reported number of days in last 7 days of moderate to vigorous physical activity somewhere in the neighborhood and self-reported change in physical activity in the neighborhood from prior to moving (for movers) or from 1 year ago (for nonmovers). Analysis Zero-inflated Poisson regression for cross-sectional analysis (n = 1497); ordered probit model for quasi-longitudinal analysis (n = 1352). Results After we controlled for physical activity attitudes and neighborhood preferences, selected neighborhood design char...
Rational Exuberance: The Stock Market and Public Support for Social Security Privatization

Some pundits argue that public support for Social Security privatization is unaffected by stock market downturns. Others worry that majorities might flip with each major market swing. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses support a third perspective, consistent with theories of a rational public, where citizens update their opinions in reasonable ways in response to changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Standard & Poor's 500 index, and an average of the major markets. Therefore, the stock market affects Social Security privatization attitudes, particularly when movements in the markets remind citizens of the risks inherent in investing. These findings open new possibilities and create new challenges for including the public in policy debates.
Studies on the mechanism of substrate induction and L-cyst(e)ine repression of alkaline phosphatase in mammalian cell cultures.

SUMMARY The mechanisms of substrate induction and L-cyst(e)ine repression of alkaline phosphatase were studied in tissue culture using an established African green monkey kidney cell line (BS-C-I). L-Cyst(e)ine repression and substrate induction are mutually antagonistic. Evidence is presented which suggests that the increase in alkaline phosphatase levels induced by monophosphate esters may in part be due to protection of the enzyme from cellular degradation, while L-cyst(e)ine is believed to act either by repressing the synthesis of the enzyme or by selectively increasing its catabolism.
HEART-LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN A PATIENT WITH FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA

A girl aged 6 years 9 months with severe heart disease secondary to homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation and her liver was replaced with the liver of the same donor. In the first 10 weeks after transplantation serum cholesterol fell to 270 mg/dl from preoperative concentrations of more than 1000 mg/dl.
Characterization of Redox States of Nickel Hydroxide Film Electrodes by In Situ Surface Raman Spectroscopy

Thin films of nickel hydroxide deposited on gold electrodes have been characterized in detail by in situ surface Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with electrochemical techniques. Raman spectra were obtained for film thicknesses varying from less than one equivalent monolayer to several hundred monolayers, as determined from the faradaic charge for the cyclic voltammetric oxidation of . For the thinnest films, Raman bands at 455 cm−1 and at 480 and 560 cm−1were obtained for the reduced and oxidized films, respectively, using 647.1 nm excitation at roughened gold. These signals, identified with Ni‐OH and Ni‐O vibrations from deuterium isotope data, were diagnosed as arising from surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in view of their absence for the reduced film when using smooth gold surfaces and/or green/blue laser excitation. Raman spectra were obtained using the latter conditions for thicker oxidized films, which were consistent with resonance Raman scattering (RRS). Analysis of the dependence of the band intensities as a function of film thickness under conditions where SERS or RRS predominates enables the relative contributions of these mechanisms as well as the influence of film absorbance to be assessed quantitatively. Raman spectra were also obtained in air and after "film aging" by potential cycling or heating. The spectral changes following the latter treatments support the evolution of a less hydrogen‐bound film structure, i.e., the transformation of . By combining cyclic voltammetry with analysis of the dissolved film using atomic absorption spectroscopy, the effective oxidation state of nickel in the oxidized films is determined to be . On the basis of the spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements, the most likely structure for the oxidized film is a hydrated form of , where M is the supporting electrolyte cation.
Beat Tracking with Dynamic Programming

There are many applications for which we would like to be able to track the ‘beat’ of a piece of recorded music ‐ analogous to a listener’s foot-tapping. This paper describes our beat-tracking system, which operates by first estimating a global tempo (via autocorrelation of an ‘onset strength’ signal), then using dynamic programming to find the best sequence of beat times through the whole piece that both places beats on moments of high ‘onset strength’, as well as maintaining a spacing between beats that agrees with the global tempo. This system has been submitted to the 2006 MIREX Audio Tempo Extraction and Audio Beat Tracking competitions.
Perceptions of occupational therapists regarding postprofessional education.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine how occupational therapists perceive postprofessional education, specifically the reasons for pursuing or not pursuing graduate education, as well as to examine the factors that seem most important. METHOD Seven hundred and fifty members of the American Occupational Therapy Association who did not have advanced degrees were surveyed. Respondents were asked why they did or did not want to pursue postprofessional education and, for those respondents interested in graduate study, what factors were most important. The important factors were examined across the levels of age, years of experience, practice areas, and regions. RESULTS Surveys were returned by 314 members (a response rate of 42%), with 22% indicating interest in postprofessional education and 78% indicating no interest. For reasons not to pursue postprofessional education, respondents indicated that they were not interested in returning to intensive coursework and that a higher degree would not help in the advancement of their career. The two major reasons for pursuing graduate education included personal development and to increase skills and knowledge. As age increased, interest in graduate school decreased; interest was highest in the 3-6 years of experience range. Practice-specific programs was the area of specialization most desired; other important factors were cost of program and clinical work emphasized. CONCLUSION Results suggested that a relatively low number of occupational therapists consider pursuing postprofessional education. Thus, if graduate education is essential for the advancement of the profession, emphasis must be on clarifying the need for and value of postprofessional education.
Intrinsic Disorder in Proteins Associated with Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a set of pathological conditions originating from the slow, irreversible and systematic cell loss within the various regions of the brain and/or the spinal cord. Neurodegenerative diseases are proteinopathies associated with misbehavior and disarrangement of a specific protein, affecting its processing, functioning, and/or folding. Many proteins associated with human neurodegenerative diseases are intrinsically disordered; i.e., they lack stable tertiary and/or secondary structure under physiological conditions in vitro. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have broad presentation in nature. Functionally, they complement ordered proteins, being typically involved in regulation, signaling and control. Structures and functions of IDPs are intensively modulated by alternative splicing and posttranslational modifications. It is recognized now that nanoimaging offers a set of tools to analyze protein misfolding and self-assembly via monitoring the aggregation process, to visualize protein aggregates, and to analyze properties of these aggregates. The major goals of this review are to show the interconnections between intrinsic disorder and human neurodegenerative diseases and to overview a recent progress in development of novel nanoimaging tools to follow protein aggregation.
Accounting for Wetland Loss: Wetland Mitigation Trends in Northeast Florida 2006–2013

The realization of wetland ‘no net loss’ policy under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act remains uncertain, as mitigation practices force a trade-off in on-site mitigation with loss of biological integrity and off-site mitigation with a redistribution of ecosystem services. Wetlands cover 25 % of the Lower St. Johns River Basin (LSJRB), northeastern Florida, a region impacted by urban development. This case study investigated whether impacted wetland area and type of mitigation differ with land use intensity among the years 2006–2013 from a review of 522 Environmental Resource Permits. A Landscape Development Intensity index was used to compare land use as a function of anthropogenic activity for permitted parcels and mitigation banks. Forested wetlands comprised 47–97 % of impacted wetland area/yr and the majority of parcels and mitigation banks were in mid to high development areas (75 % of area). On-site only mitigation (29 % of permits) and use of mitigation banks (27 %) were more common than off-site only mitigation (20 %). Wetland preservation (880 ha/yr) was more common than wetland creation (9 ha/yr). This study puts into question the ‘no net loss’ wetland policy as urban development contributes to cumulative loss, fragmentation, and re-organization of wetlands across the landscape despite compulsory mitigation.
Recruitment of science and technology librarians-a review

SUMMARY For science and technology (sci-tech) librarians to be effective, thorough knowledge of the relevant information resources of the discipline they serve is essential and expected. In addition, familiarity with the subject matter, as well as an understanding of the research philosophies, processes and trends of the respective disciplines, improves the quality of services that sci-tech librarians deliver to their user communities. The question of how to recruit sci-tech librarians with the strengths they need is being investigated and discussed in the library literature. This article examines the literature on subject knowledge of sci-tech librarians, the ongoing debate on recruiting science subject specialists versus generalists-in-training to the profession, obstacles associated with the recruitment of sci-tech librarians and strategies that can be used to improve recruitment, the changing nature of the profession, challenges faced by sci-tech librarians, and their continuing education needs. Conti...
Amount, Source, and Quality of Support as Predictors of Women's Birth Evaluations

Background This paper examines the separate effects of the perceived amount, source, and quality of support during labor and delivery on women's positive and negative evaluations of their birth experiences. Methods Data come from the Listening to Mothers I and II (LTM) surveys (n = 2,765). Women's perception of support was regressed separately onto indices of positive and negative words that women associated with their labor and delivery. Results The total number of support sources, type of support person, and quality of support all impacted women's birth evaluations across different regression models, controlling for demographics, birth interventions, and other birth characteristics. Support overall had a greater effect on increasing women's positive evaluations, but was not as protective against negative evaluations. Support from medical and birth professionals (doctors, nurses, doulas) had the greatest effect on women's positive evaluations. Good partner support was complexly related: it was associated with less positive evaluations but also appeared to have a protective effect against negative birth evaluations. Discussion Support in childbirth is a complex concept with multiple dimensions that matter for women's birth evaluations. Support from nursing staff, doctors, and doulas is important for enabling positive evaluations while support from partners is more complexly related to women's evaluations. Research on support for laboring women should more extensively address the division of labor between different sources of support.
Crystal-Chemistry Guidelines for Noncentrosymmetric A2BO4 Ruddlesden−Popper Oxides

Noncentrosymmetric (NCS) phases are seldom seen in layered A2BO4 Ruddlesden–Popper (214 RP) oxides. In this work, we uncover the underlying crystallographic symmetry restrictions that enforce the spatial parity operation of inversion and then subsequently show how to lift them to achieve NCS structures. Simple octahedral distortions alone, while impacting the electronic and magnetic properties, are insufficient. We show using group theory that the condensation of two distortion modes, which describe suitable symmetry unique octahedral distortions or a combination of a single octahedral distortion with a “compositional” A or B cation ordering mode, is able to transform the centrosymmetric aristotype into a NCS structure. With these symmetry guidelines, we formulate a data-driven model founded on Bayesian inference that allows us to rationally search for combinations of A- and B-site elements satisfying the inversion symmetry lifting criterion. We describe the general methodology and apply it to 214 iridate...
Population Regulation of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) by Parasitoids: Does Spatial Density Dependence Lead to Temporal Density Dependence?

In 1987, four gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar , (L.) densities were established in eight 1-ha plots in western Massachusetts, ranging from 50,000 to 1.4 M neonates per hectare. Two tachinid parasitoid species, Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) and Parasetigena silvestris (Robineau-Desvoidy), exhibited spatial density-dependent parasistism and C. concinnata was the major source of gypsy moth mortality. This study investigated whether spatial density-dependent mortality in 1987 translated into temporal density-dependent mortality of experimental gypsy moth populations created the following year (1988). C. concinnata was responsible for the largest percentage of gypsy moth mortality again in 1988, however, overall mortality caused by C. concinnata in 1988 was considerably less than in 1987. Gypsy moth mortality caused by P. silvestris was greater in 1988. The killing power of either parasitoid in 1988 were not linearly related to the estimated density of the parasitoids produced in the previous year. We saw no evidence for a between-generation numerical response (1-ha scale) of either the generalist parasitoid, C. concinnata , or the specialist parasitoid, P. silvestris , between 1987 and 1988.
The Gorilla and the Question of Human Origins: The Brain Controversy1

L'anatomie de crâne de singes d'Afrique est etudiee puis comparee. Owen (R.) effectue des etudes sur le chimpanze, le gorille et le ourang-outang et combat la theorie de transmutation des especes, creant ainsi une polemique sur l'origine de l'homme
Correlates of receiving recommended adolescent vaccines among youth with special health care needs: Findings from a statewide survey

Abstract Background Many youth with special health care needs (YSHCN) have not received recommended adolescent vaccines, yet data are lacking on correlates of vaccination among this population. Such information can identify subgroups of YSHCN that may be at risk for under-immunization and strategies for increasing vaccination. Methods We analyzed weighted data from a population-based sample of parents with an 11- to 17-year-old child with a special health care need from the 2010–2012 North Carolina Child Health Assessment and Monitoring Program ( n = 604). We used ordinal logistic regression to identify correlates of how many recommended vaccines (tetanus booster, meningococcal, and HPV [at least one dose] vaccines) adolescents had received. Results Only 12% of YSHCN (18% of females and 7% of males) had received all three vaccines. More YSHCN had received tetanus booster vaccine (91%) than meningococcal (28%) or HPV vaccines (32%). In multivariable analyses, YSHCN who were female (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.57–4.24), ages 16–17 (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.10–3.87), or who had a preventive check-up in the past year (OR = 2.98, 95% CI: 1.24–7.21) had received a greater number of the vaccines. YSHCN from households that contained a person with at least some college education had received fewer of the vaccines (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33–0.96). Vaccine coverage did not differ by type of special health care need. Conclusions Vaccine coverage among YSHCN is lacking and particularly low among those who are younger or male. Reducing missed opportunities for vaccination at medical visits and concomitant administration of adolescent vaccines may help increase vaccine coverage among YSHCN.
Core Grammar for College: Teacher's Manual

Writing well is not easy, but it is a critical skill for success in college and in life. Yet many of us worry that there are key grammar conventions used in college-level writing that we do not fully understand. Core Grammar for College (CGC) is an online, self-directed learning tool designed to help students learn the most critical grammar conventions needed to succeed in college-level writing. CGC includes the following elements:(1) a series of carefully selected Lessons, clustered in six Sections, that teach critical grammar skills in the context of writing and revision;(2) interactive Exercises (with hints and immediately reinforcing feedback) following each Lesson that allow students to actively apply the grammar skills covered in that Lesson;(3) a Pre-Test and series of Post-Tests that allow students (and their Instructors) to assess the students' mastery of the grammar skills covered in CGC;(4) a "Weigh-In" game that gives students an opportunity to complete more interactive Exercises while keeping a record of their success; and(5) additional online resources that include a hyperlinked grammar Rules Index and a Glossary of grammar terms.Best of all, CGC will not waste a student's time. A student who can demonstrate mastery of a concept in the opening Pre-Test can "test out" of the corresponding Lesson, preserving energy to focus on the remaining Lessons. In addition, students can track their progress through CGC using a home page that retains their scores on tests and records their progress through Lessons and Exercises.
Some recent developments in linear viscoelastic stress analysis

Stimulated by the increasing use of plastics and polymers for components which must carry load, the theory and application of viscoelastic stress analysis has developed significantly in the four years since the last International Congress of Applied Mechanics. Certain aspects of the linear problem, published during this period, which have received particular attention from groups in the U.S.A., are summarized and reviewed in this paper. A brief introduction to these topics follows, with fuller assessment, including references, presented in subsequent sections.
Spectrophotometric determination and distribution of chloroquine in human tissues.

Abstract A rapid, sensitive procedure is presented for the estimation of chloroquine in biologic tissues. The distribution of the base in the various organs collected from 10 cases is discussed.
Fabrication and manufacturing technology for optical MEMS

To the uninitiated, the phrase “optical microelectromechanical systems”or optical MEMS must appear to refer to a field of incredible specialization. Ironically, the number of disciplines involved, optics, mechanics, and electronics, make the field most accessible to scientists of great technical breadth. This is especially true when optical MEMS is used in chemical and biological applications - the theme of this text. Underlying all of them is the technology of microfabrication. One chapter could not possibly cover all of the techniques developed over the decades for very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and general MEMS systems. Indeed there are entire textbooks devoted specifically to both types. In this chapter then, we present the characteristics of fabrication and design that are specific to bring optics into the system. In particular, there are a number of materials and fabrication techniques that are specific to optical MEMS systems. When dealing with light, one may have to handle visible, ultraviolet, or infrared portions of the spectrum, each of which has its own special set of optimal substances. Since one often has to emit light or detect it in special wavelength regions, semiconductors other than silicon often must be incorporated, each with their own set of wet and dry chemical etching techniques and their own set of mechanical properties. Standard mechanical characteristics that play no role in “normal”MEMS systems may prove problematic in optical MEMS. For example small size may lead to diffraction, typical surface roughness may limit optical cavity resolution, and mechanical or motion may deform mirrors to limit the number of resolvable spots. Even thermal noise may place limits on optical design. Each of these topics is covered in the pages that follow. For the reader who is interested in further exploring many of these areas, we recommend the text by Solgaard.
Love on the Oregon Trail: What the Story of Maynard v. Hill Teaches Us About Marriage and Democratic Self-Governance

The Hofstra University School of Law Conference on Marriage, Democracy, and Families (“Conference”) offered an opportunity to reexamine some earlier musing I entertained about the relationship between our private choices to enter and exit marriage and the public concern about the value and utility of marriage in our society. In an article entitled In Search of Family Values: Constructing a Framework for Jurisprudential Discourse, I considered the idea of family values and how our constitutional jurisprudence both respects private choice and honors the society’s interest in maintaining the viability and utility of families. Among other cases, that article examined the landmark case of Maynard v. Hill, decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1888, as a backdrop for exploring the legal theory behind the government’s power to regulate marriage and divorce in the interest of society. In short, the case considered the validity of a legislative divorce and its impact on qualifying for a federal land grant program where marriage
Growth responses of Carex ramenskii to defoliation, salinity, and nitrogen availability: Implications for geese-ecosystem dynamics in western Alaska

The Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta in western Alaska is the principal nesting area for several species of geese, including Pacific black brant. Grazing by geese on Carex ramenskii, one of the most abu...
Graphic User Interface: Needed Design Characteristics for Successful Physician Use

The aim of this research was to isolate certain aspects of graphic user interface (GUI) design that had been well studied in populations other than physicians and to ascertain the applicability of their findings to the GUI needs and preferences of physicians. While future research is needed to further development some of the concepts touched on in this project, sufficient evidence has been gathered to indicate that physicians would prefer GUI designs different than those generally supported by medical software applications. Incorporation of medical symbols, as icons, preferred list formats, preferred levels of screen complexity, and other design characteristics researched in this work could facilitate PDA adoption by physicians for medical purposes.
Designing Manipulators for Both Kinematic and Dynamic Isotropic Properties

This paper is concerned with the design of manipulators for good distribution of both velocity and acceleration throughout the workspace. We derive inequalities between the condition numbers of the Jacobian matrix and matrices that represent dynamic characteristics of such robots. We show that designing a manipulator for good isotropicity of velocity (acceleration) distribution may lead to an arm with poor uniformity of acceleration (velocity) distribution. We present necessary and sufficient conditions for having both good kinematic and dynamic isotropic properties, and illustrate these concepts with results obtained for a 2R planar manipulator.
Workarounds used by nurses to overcome design constraints of electronic health records.

Adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) has the potential to assist with clinical reasoning and streamline workflow; however, the data entry and review capabilities of most systems are suboptimal which may lead to workarounds. As an instance of a workaround, we examined nurses’ use of optional free-text comments in EHR flowsheets to support clinical needs for data interpretation. This mixed-method study included: 1) Content analysis of comments, 2) Interviews with nurses. We performed a sub-analysis of flowsheet data for 201 patients that experienced a cardiac arrest and interviewed 5 acute care nurses. We found that nurses used workarounds in the EHR - despite the extra effort that they required - to convey clinically significant relationships and to communicate concerning events to physicians. EHRs should better support entry of clinical data that “belongs together” and enable messaging capabilities integrated with nurses’ flowsheet documentation workflow.
Applications of Holographic Interferometry for Nondestructive Dynamic Structural Analysis of Miniature Mechanical Components

Advanced Holographic techniques were applied to characterize the behavior and structure of a series of different experimental disk drive suspension arm components. The goal was to determine if dynamic vibration behavior and structural characteristics, as well as certain flaws and anomalies could be identified. The method employed depends on introducing low level, nondestructive structural stresses via vibration and thermal or mechanical actuation which propagate to induce corresponding minute displacements of the structure. Holograms of a various components with different applied vibration, mechanical, or thermal stress geometries are shown to illustrate the analytic comparisons which are made possible employing these techniques.
Taphonomic Feedback Ecological Consequences of Shell Accumulation

Sequential changes in benthic community composition have frequently been attributed by marine ecologists and paleontologists to autogenic ecologic succession in the classical sense: a biotically driven process leading to the establishment of a stable climax or mature community (Margalef, 1968; Odum, 1969). In recent years, however, the concepts of deterministic autogenic succession have been modified and supplemented by a greater recognition of the roles of stochastic colonization and of biogenic and physical disturbance in structuring ecological communities in time and space (Colinvaux, 1973; Drury and Nisbet, 1973; Sutherland, 1974, 1981; Horn, 1974, 1976; Connell and Slayter, 1977; Connell, 1978; Lubchenco, 1978; Sousa, 1979a, 1980; White, 1979; Paine and Levin, 1981). Paleontologists have also begun to adopt a more critical approach, recognizing the many processes, both biotic and abiotic, that serve as driving mechanisms for sequential faunal changes.
Orientation of homing pigeons at magnetic anomalies

Young homing pigeons released at a site on the edge of a magnetic anomaly and then in the center of the anomaly show better orientation at the anomalous site than birds released there for the first time. To test the possibility that this improvement is the result of birds learning to obtain navigational information at magnetic anomalies, several groups of pigeons were trained at a series of different anomalies, in different directions from their home loft. When these birds were than tested at an unfamiliar anomaly they were disoriented. They showed no evidence of having learned to obtain navigational information at magnetic anomalies. It is suggested that the disorientation seen at anomalies may be due to a disturbance of position-fixing information at the release site.
George W. Bush, Realism and Neoconservatism, 2001–2009

Unlike Bill Clinton, who began his presidency intending to place more emphasis on idealistic considerations than his immediate predecessor, George W. Bush initially was determined to follow a more realistic foreign policy, one that gave priority to US national interests over more idealistic concerns, such as nation-building, humanitarian intervention, or the global problems facing the international community. However, after the 9/11 tragedy, Bush shifted to a much more ideological philosophy, one that was advanced by the so-called neoconservatives. They argued that the United States must work to spread American ideals globally, especially democracy. Ironically, however, the Bush administration not only failed to spread democracy, but also violated basic human rights, and it also implemented policies that were contrary to the national interests of the United States. The most important result of Bush’s adoption of the neoconservative philosophy was the disastrous US invasion of Iraq.
Towards a better understanding of human MutT Homolog 1 (MTH1) as a therapeutic target in cancer

Oxidative stress as a consequence of oncogenic signaling-induced ROS is a targetable vulnerability in many cancers. Our previous work implicated the mammalian 8-oxodGTPase human MutT Homolog 1 (MTH1) as an oncogenic adaptation in RAS-driven lung cancers that facilitates tumorigenesis and inhibits oncogenic ROS-associated DNA breaks and tumor-suppressive responses. Although the first-in-class MTH1 small molecule inhibitors initially highlighted their therapeutic potential, more recent reports have questioned their efficacy against cancer cells. In this study, we have attempted to provide some clarity to the current controversy in the field. Here we utilize a newly-developed assay for accurately assessing MTH1 8-oxodGTPase activity in a panel of cancer cell lines as well as human tumor tissue to investigate the effects of first-in-class MTH1 inhibitors, TH588 and TH287, alongside IACS-4759, an independently developed second-generation MTH1 inhibitor that does not recapitulate the anti-tumor effects of the first-in-class inhibitors despite comparably inhibiting MTH1 8-oxodGTPase activity. Our findings show that while MTH1 expression is almost universally elevated in lung tumors relative to normal tissue, the association between MTH1-specific 8-oxodGTPase activity and MTH1 expression is not strong. Our results further indicate that efficacy of the first-in-class inhibitors correlate broadly with MTH1-specific but not total cellular 8-oxodGTPase activity in lung cancer lines, pointing to the existence of as-yet-unidentified redundant 8-oxodGTPases that function either alongside or in the absence of MTH1. Additionally when we compare the inhibitors against shRNA-mediated MTH1 depletion, our collective findings show the first-in-class inhibitors can recapitulate the effects of our previous shMTH1 studies but not IACS-4759, despite all three inhibiting MTH1-specific 8-oxodGTPase activity as effectively as the shRNA. An obvious implication of our findings is that the efficacy of the first-in-class inhibitors is due to some as-yet unidentified mechanism(s) of MTH1 action that appears to be independent from its 8-oxodGTPase activity. Thus a better understanding of noncanonical MTH1 function in cancer as well as of alternate 8-oxodGTPase mechanisms is needed for the development and use of more universally efficacious inhibitors.
The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: Part 2☆☆☆

The 1920s and 1930s represented an extraordinary time in the shaping of modern attitudes towards ultraviolet light. Dermatologists and other physicians today are still confronting the effects of changes in social behavior that occurred at this time. The discovery that ultraviolet wavelengths played a role in vitamin D synthesis in the skin ushered in a period of enormous popularity for ultraviolet light exposure. A variety of other medical claims were soon made for ultraviolet radiation, including that it increased resistance to disease. The field of phototherapy rapidly expanded, and its use was employed by proponents for a host of unlikely medical conditions. Exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet lamps was widely promoted as a form of preventive medicine. Home sunlamps gained popularity and were aggressively marketed to the public. A suntan, which had previously achieved limited popularity, now was viewed as de rigueur in the United States and Europe. The role that medical advocacy of ultraviolet light exposure played in initially advancing the practice of sunbathing is not commonly appreciated today. Ironically, public health recommendations of the time were often diametrically opposed to those being made at present, since sunlight exposure is currently recognized as the major preventable cause of cancer of the skin.