cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T cell expression of MyD88 is required for resistance to Toxoplasma gondii

Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii depends on dendritic cells to recognize this pathogen and secrete IL-12, in turn promoting IFN-γ production from responding T cells. The adaptor protein, myeloid differentiation primary-response gene 88 (MyD88), is important for most Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, as well as IL-1R/IL-18R signals. There is considerable evidence that MyD88 is required for the innate sensing of T. gondii and IL-12 responses. Although Myd88−/− mice challenged with T. gondii have defective IL-12 and Th1 effector responses and succumb to disease, administration of IL-12 to Myd88−/− mice partially restores the Th1 response and yet fails to prolong survival. This finding suggested that MyD88 may mediate signals within T cells important for resistance to this pathogen. To evaluate the role of MyD88 in T cells under noncompetitive conditions, bone marrow chimeras were generated, in which the T cells lacked MyD88, but MyD88-dependent innate immune responses were intact. Upon challenge with T. gondii, these chimeric mice were more susceptible to disease, developing severe toxoplasmic encephalitis and succumbing within 30 days. Splenocytes and brain mononuclear cells isolated from infected chimeric mice produced less IFN-γ when cultured with a T. gondii-derived antigen. The increase in susceptibility observed was independent of signals via the IL-1R and IL-18R, suggesting a role for TLRs in MyD88-mediated T cell responses to T. gondii. These observations show that, in addition to a role for MyD88 in innate responses, T cell expression of MyD88 is necessary for prolonged resistance to a pathogen.
Perfusion-limited of plasma drug binding on hepatic drug extraction.

Abstract The hepatic elimination of phenytoin has been studied in the isolated rat liver perfused at constant flow with Krebs solution alone and in the presence of albumin. At an albumin concentration of 0.5 g/dl, 46.6% of the phenytoin was bound in the perfusate and the comparable value at 5.0 g/dl was 87.4%. The increase in binding resulted in a reduction in the hepatic extraction ratio from 0.67 in Krebs to 0.54 and 0.28 at the two albumin concentrations, respectively. Analysis of this data together with that from the literature on propranolol and warfarin indicated that they were consistent with the perfusion-limited model of hepatic clearance. Accordingly, the general relationship between the extraction ratio and the free fraction of drug in the blood is hyperbolic with the precise shape being determined by the ratio of the clearance of the drug from liver water to the hepatic blood flow rate.
Emotional Experiences in Political Groups: The Case of the McCarthy Phenomenon *

In many ways the study of political groups from a theoretical point of view can be said not to have progressed much beyond the conceptions of Arthur F. Bentley. There have been countless studies of political groups, to be sure, but it seems most have been little more than the collection and presentation of ad hoc facts obtained from the testing of ad hoc hypotheses, the concepts of â€œgroupâ€ and of â€œgroup behaviorâ€ having been little altered in the process.Much of the difficulty no doubt stems from Bentley's strict empiricism and the interpretation given his position by most social scientists who have aspired to translate him. When Bentley said that we know nothing of ideas and feelings but only of activity, he was merely reminding the social scientist to remain close to the operations of the phenomena he was studying. Activity, or behavior, can be worked with and studied directly, but it is questionable whether or not the same can be said of ideas and feelings. Scientific progress, Bentley would say, can be made only if one deals with what is visible and replicable. Critics as well as followers of Bentley, however, have interpreted him to mean that such matters as subjectivity are outside the pale of science, since subjectivity is presumed to be private, idiosyncratic, and nonreplicable.
Evanescent Excitation and Emission in Fluorescence Microscopy

Evanescent light—light that does not propagate but instead decays in intensity over a subwavelength distance—appears in both excitation (as in total internal reflection) and emission (as in near-field imaging) forms in fluorescence microscopy. This review describes the physical connection between these two forms as a consequence of geometrical squeezing of wavefronts, and describes newly established or speculative applications and combinations of the two. In particular, each can be used in analogous ways to produce surface-selective images, to examine the thickness and refractive index of films (such as lipid multilayers or protein layers) on solid supports, and to measure the absolute distance of a fluorophore to a surface. In combination, the two forms can further increase selectivity and reduce background scattering in surface images. The polarization properties of each lead to more sensitive and accurate measures of fluorophore orientation and membrane micromorphology. The phase properties of the evanescent excitation lead to a method of creating a submicroscopic area of total internal reflection illumination or enhanced-resolution structured illumination. Analogously, the phase properties of evanescent emission lead to a method of producing a smaller point spread function, in a technique called virtual supercritical angle fluorescence.
THE MICROMECHANICS OF IMPACT FRACTURE OF ROCK

Abstract Impact methods are used to create controlled dynamic fracture in Arkansas novaculite and laser interferometry is used to determine the time resolved stress during fracture. Experimental fracture stresses and fracture energies are determined under varying dynamic tensile loading conditions. Rate-dependent fracture is observed and found to be in accordance with concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics applied to microstructural fracture initiation. A micromechanical fracture model based on these concepts is used to calculate the dynamic fracture results.
At least 10% shorter C-H bonds in cryogenic protein crystal structures than in current AMBER forcefields.

Abstract High resolution protein crystal structures resolved with X-ray diffraction data at cryogenic temperature are commonly used as experimental data to refine forcefields and evaluate protein folding simulations. However, it has been unclear hitherto whether the C–H bond lengths in cryogenic protein structures are significantly different from those defined in forcefields to affect protein folding simulations. This article reports the finding that the C–H bonds in high resolution cryogenic protein structures are 10–14% shorter than those defined in current AMBER forcefields, according to 3709 C–H bonds in the cryogenic protein structures with resolutions of 0.62–0.79 A. Also, 20 all-atom, isothermal–isobaric, 0.5-μs molecular dynamics simulations showed that chignolin folded from a fully-extended backbone formation to the native β-hairpin conformation in the simulations using AMBER forcefield FF12SB at 300 K with an aggregated native state population including standard error of 10 ± 4%. However, the aggregated native state population with standard error reduced to 3 ± 2% in the same simulations except that C–H bonds were shortened by 10–14%. Furthermore, the aggregated native state populations with standard errors increased to 35 ± 3% and 26 ± 3% when using FF12MC, which is based on AMBER forcefield FF99, with and without the shortened C–H bonds, respectively. These results show that the 10–14% bond length differences can significantly affect protein folding simulations and suggest that re-parameterization of C–H bonds according to the cryogenic structures could improve the ability of a forcefield to fold proteins in molecular dynamics simulations.
Measuring The Performance Of The AEBLE tm 150 Direct-Write A-Beam Lithography Equipment

Lithographic pattern quality is of paramount importance for the fabrication of microcircuits with submicrometer critical dimensions. The AEBLE 150 direct-write e-beam lithography equipment recently announced by Perkin-Elmer is destined for application in the submicrometer domain, and it will employ on-line quality measurement tools to ensure consistent machine performance and productivity. In this paper, we discuss the strategies to be employed in developing pattern quality measurement tools for AEBLE, and we illustrate early results obtained using the prototype AEBLE and mensuration techniques developed for Perkin-Elmer's mask-making product, MEBES® III. These preliminary results will be used to guide the evolution of AEBLE's quality-assurance tools. We present a scenario for that evolution, including a discussion of measurable parameters and user interfaces.
Effect of Dietary Zearalenone on Growing Broiler Chicks

Abstract Purified zearalenone was fed to broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days of age at levels of 0 (control), 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ppm in a diet in order to evaluate its subacute toxicity. Weight gain, feed consumption, and feed/gain ratio were not affected at any of the concentrations administered. Weights of the liver, heart, spleen, testicles, oviduct, comb, and bursa of Fabricius were similar between control and zearalenone treated groups. The leukocytes of chicks fed 400 and 800 ppm zearalenone decreased as compared with that of control chicks due to the decrease in total number of lymphocytes. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol were not affected by zearalenone. The incidence and size of ovarian cystic development were greater in chicks fed zearalenone, although cysts were found in some of the control group. There were no prominent signs in gross necropsy examinations other than hypertrophy of the oviduct in some birds fed 800 ppm zearalenone. The results of this study suggest that broiler chicks are tolerant of zearalenone and less sensitive than swine and turkey poults.
Timing of spawning in largemouth bass: implications of an individual-based model

Abstract Timing of reproduction can help adjust the lifecycle of a species to coincide with biotic and abiotic conditions favorable for the growth and survival of its young. In fishes, factors related to the selection of spawning time include temperature regime, abundance and distribution of prey, and density-dependent feedbacks between population size, growth, survival, and reproduction. An individual-based model for young-of-year largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is presented. The model is then used to explore how these factors interact to determine optimal spawning time, defined here as that spawning time for which the total biomass of a cohort of bass at one year of age is maximized. When food intake per individual was assumed to be independent of population size, a broad peak in total cohort biomass occurred at intermediate spawning temperatures. With the addition of density dependence in food intake, a nearly constant total biomass was attained across a range of prescribed spawning temperatures. When largemouth bass spawned at different times within a year competed for a common food resource, those spawned earliest tended to produce the greatest total biomass. Fish representing a variety of spawning strategies were able to coexist over 15 simulated generations, however, because the number of offspring produced by any one strategy was limiting by the availability of prey of suitable size. Simulation results argue that recruitment success should not be assessed until well after young begin feeding, as density-dependent factors will determine the relative success of cohorts that survive adverse environmental conditions.
Fire Resistance of Steel C-Joist Floor Assemblies

This paper discusses the factors that affect the fire resistance performance of lightweight steel-framed (LSF) unrestrained floor assemblies protected with Type X gypsum board ceiling finishes. Sixteen fire resistance experiments were conducted on full-scale load-bearing steel C-joist floor assemblies using the ULC standard fire exposure time–temperature curve that is similar to ASTM E119 standard. Parameters investigated in this study include the effects of insulation installation, insulation type, joist spacing, resilient channel installation, resilient channel spacing, type of sub-floor layer and number of sub-floor layers versus number of gypsum board layers. The impact of these parameters on the fire resistance of steel C-joist frame floor assemblies is discussed. The fire resistance of LSF floors appears to be essentially governed by the number of gypsum board layers, spacing of the joists or resilient channels where the gypsum boards are attached, sub-floor type and insulation type. Other parameters are of secondary importance.
85 DETECTION OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE ABNORMALITIESBY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES

Cardiac malformations are not uncommon in chromosomal anomalies and may contribute to early death. In this study, two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated unusual atrioventricular valve abnormalities in 4 neonates without overt structural heart defects (except for 1) and chromosomal anomalies. Three of 4 presented with signs of congestive heart failure: one had partial trisomy 11p, redundant mitral and tricuspid valves and an aneurysm of the interatrial septum; one had Teschler/Nicola-Killian syndrome, a redundant mitral valve and a small atrial septal defect; and one had trisomy 18, a large ventricular septal defect and redundant mitral and tricuspid valves. Cardiac angiography was done in 2 of these 3 patients and documented protrussion of the redundant mitral valve into left ventricular outflow tract during diastole. The other patient without heart failure had trisomy 13 and a redundant tricuspid valve. Unexpected atrioventricular valve abnormalities were demonstrated in these 4 patients by echocardiography. Serial echo exams will be necessary in order to determine the natural history of these abnormalities. We recommend echocardiography evaluation in infants with chromosomal anomalies even if heart disease is not suspected.
Efficient preparation of steroidal 5,7-dienes of high purity

Protected forms of dehydroepiandrosterone, delta 5 cholenic acid, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol and diosgenin were converted to the corresponding delta 5,7 dienes by successive treatment with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (dibromantin), tetrabutylammonium bromide and tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The crude products, which contained the delta 5,7 species contaminated by minor amounts of the delta 5 and delta 4,6 steroids, were purified by silica gel-AgNO3 chromatography to give the following steroids in approximately 99% purity and at least 50% yield: 3 beta-acetoxyandrosta-5,7-dien-17-one, methyl 3 beta-acetoxychola-5,7-dien-24-oate, (25R)-3 beta,26-diacetoxycholesta-5,7-diene and (25R)-3 beta-acetoxyspirosta-5,7-diene. Analogous treatment of acetate derivatives of pregnenolone and stigmasterol gave 3 beta-acetoxypregna-5,7-dien-20-one and 3 beta-acetoxystigmasta-5,7,22-triene in approximately 50% yield but of lower purity. Full 1H and 13C NMR assignments are given for seven delta 5,7 steroid acetates and the corresponding delta 5 starting materials. Coupling constants for rings A, B and C of delta 5,7 steroids are presented and stereochemical assignments have been made for the following 1H NMR signals: the C-11 protons of delta 5,7 steroids, the C-16 protons of sterols and bile acids, the C-22 and C-23 protons of bile acid esters and the C-28 protons of stigmasterol derivatives.
Defective monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in atopic disease.

Abstract Monocyte (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotaxis was studied in 17 atopic children with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (↑IgE), 9 age- and diagnosis-matched children with normal IgE levels, 10 pediatric controls, and 45 adult controls. Twenty-one of the 26 atopic patients had eczema, while 5 had only respiratory allergies. All patients were free of infection and receiving no systemic corticosteroids. Depressed PMN chemotaxis was found in only one patient. Defects of MN chemotaxis were detected in 8 of 17 atopic children with ↑IgE and 2 of 9 with normal IgE values. Seven of 21 patients with atopic eczema and 3 of 5 with respiratory allergies had depressed MN chemotaxis. No evidence was found for a cell-directed chemotactic inhibitor in the plasma of patients with abnormal MN chemotaxis. These data demonstrate that: (1) MN chemotaxis is frequently depressed in uninfected atopic patients; (2) this abnormality occurs in patients with respiratory allergies as well as in those with eczema and is more prevalent in atopics with ↑IgE; and (3) PMN chemotactic defects are uncommon in allergic patients. Whether abnormal MN chemotaxis is a primary or a secondary event in atopy requires further investigation.
A medical oncologist's approach to immunotherapy for advanced renal tumors: is nephrectomy indicated?

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma is highly resistant to systemic therapy. Although interleukin-2 and interferon remain the most active agents for this disease, long-term survival rates remain poor. Two phase 3 trials, European Organization Research and Treatment of Cancer 30947 and Southwest Oncology Group 8949, have demonstrated a survival benefit of nephrectomy followed by interferon versus interferon alone in patients having an excellent performance status (PS 0 and 1). Removal of the primary tumor followed by interferon is not recommended for patients with a moderate or poor PS (PS 2–4). Even with this aggressive approach, most patients eventually will die from their kidney cancer; therefore, every patient with metastatic disease should be considered for enrollment into clinical trials.
Controlling Swimming Magnetotactic Bacteria Through Microfabrication Toward a Non-Destructive Biological Sensor

The development of non-destructive sensors is an important direction to pursue to advance approaches, which are less intrusive in their monitoring. One area where significant advances can be made in this field is through using biological inspiration. In this work, we demonstrate the ability of swimming magnetic bacteria, Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1, to respond to microfabricated magnetic field concentrators. These magnetic bacteria are envisioned as a potential non-destructive sensor approach for detecting defects in submerged metal structures such as ship hulls and bridges. To accomplish this, a pair of Helmholtz coils was built to magnetize microfabricated permalloy (NiFe) structures of different shapes that mimic defects in metals. The NiFe structures were fabricated through photolithography and depositing a thin film of NiFe on a master mold. The substrate was a thin piece of glass (<170μm) that permitted us to observe the interaction of the magnetic bacteria with the NiFe structures that were positioned at the center of the Helmholtz coils. The response of the bacteria around the structures was quantified through analyzing the images of the bacteria in terms of orientation. The bacteria change orientation as they approach the fabricated structures with concentrated fields due to their geometries. In addition, we used magnetic particles to examine the fields and estimated the local magnetic fields exerted on the particles through calculations involving the forces on the beads. We believe that this work is important in a variety of areas from bacterial mechanics to synthetic biology to aqueous non-destructive sensors.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Theoretical study of the nitric oxide ϵ and 11000 Å bands

Abstract Potential-energy curves, transition-moment functions, Einstein A coefficients, and radiative lifetimes associated with the D 2 Σ + Rydberg state of nitric oxide are calculated in large Gaussian basis sets employing internally contracted multireference configuration interaction from state-averaged complete-active-space self-consistent-field wavefunctions. The ϵ (D 2 Σ + -X 2 Π) and 11000 A (D 2 Σ + -A 2 Σ + bands are the main focus of this work; a D 2 Σ + ( v ′ = 0) radiative lifetime of 19.23 ns is obtained, in excellent agreement with experimental values.
CUL9 Mediates the Functions of the 3M Complex and Ubiquitylates Survivin to Maintain Genome Integrity

The Cullin 9 (CUL9) gene encodes a putative E3 ligase that localizes in the cytoplasm. Cul9 null mice develop spontaneous tumors in multiple organs; however, both the cellular and the molecular mechanisms of CUL9 in tumor suppression are currently unknown. We show here that deletion of Cul9 leads to abnormal nuclear morphology, increased DNA damage, and aneuploidy. CUL9 knockdown rescues the microtubule and mitosis defects in cells depleted for CUL7 or OBSL1, two genes that are mutated in a mutually exclusive manner in 3M growth retardation syndrome and function in microtubule dynamics. CUL9 promotes the ubiquitylation and degradation of survivin and is inhibited by CUL7. Depletion of CUL7 decreases survivin level, and overexpression of survivin rescues the defects caused by CUL7 depletion. We propose a 3M-CUL9-survivin pathway in maintaining microtubule and genome integrity, normal development, and tumor suppression.
Channeling analysis of thermally nitrided silicon

Abstract Thermally nitrided and oxy-nitrided silicon were analyzed by glancing angle channeling of 2 MeV helium ions. The film stoichiometry and interface structure were investigated with a combination of channeling and etchback sample preparation. The film stoichiometry of various thermal nitride and oxy-nitride films were found to be Si 3 N 4 or a mixture of SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 . The non-registered Si atoms at the interface varied from two to four monolayers for different nitridation processes.
A New Perspective on Surface Weather Maps

A two-dimensional weather map is actually a physical representation of three-dimensional atmospheric conditions at a specific point in time. Abstract thinking is required to visualize this two-dimensional image in three-dimensional form. But once that visualization is accomplished, many of the meteorological concepts and processes conveyed by the weather map become easier to understand. In this exercise, students in grades 6-12 build a three-dimensional model of a weather map to visualize and help interpret meteorological concepts and processes occurring at the earth's surface.
Inflow Failure of Grafts Originating in the Axillary Artery

During the last three years we identified three distinct entities which compromised inflow and led to thrombosis of axillofemoral or axillopopliteal grafts. The first patient had recurrent thrombosis of a right axillopopliteal graft. Five thromboses were treated with thrombectomy and distal revisions; the last thrombosis was treated with simple thrombectomy because the patient had right thoracic outlet axillosubclavian artery compression in his usual sleeping posture. Conservative posture modification resulted in continued patency for two years until the patient’s death. Stenosis of the subclavian or innominate artery accounted for multiple failures in three other patients. In one no significant preoperative upper extremity pressure difference was seen, whereas differences were noted with an open graft, suggesting a vascular steal at rest, in the second patient, preoperative balloon dilatation of an innominate lesion appeared successful, but the lesion recurred six months later with hemodynamic graft failure and exercise-induced vascular steal. The third patient had a significant kink of the axillary artery with eventual graft thrombosis secondary to “pulling” from the extraanatomic graft. We conclude that pre- and postoperative noninvasive testing, exclusion of thoracic outlet compression, and avoidance of a “pulled down” proximal anastomosis are important in preventing inflow failures of grafts originating from the axillary artery.
Interfacial Polymerization of Polyaniline Nanofibers Grafted to Au Surfaces

Using an interfacial polymerization technique, polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers are grown on Au electrodes which were pre-treated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 4-aminothiophenol (ATP). The ATP monolayer facilitates the growth of PANI nanofibers onto the Au surface to yield a durable polymer/metal interface. This nanostructuring procedure is a feasible approach to anchoring PANI nanofibers to Au and allows for better control over conventional processing of polymer-based nanofibers.
Abstract CN08-02: Psychological stress and disease progression

A randomized clinical trial was designed to test the hypothesis that cancer patients coping with a cancer diagnosis but receiving a psychological intervention would have reduced risk for disease progression (1994). Patients (N=227) surgically treated for regional breast cancer participated. Before beginning adjuvant cancer therapies, patients were assessed with psychological and behavioral measures, had a health evaluation, and a 60 mL blood sample was drawn. Patients were randomized to Psychological Intervention or Assessment only arms. The intervention was psychologist led, conducted in small groups, and included strategies to reduce stress, improve mood, alter health behaviors, and maintain adherence to cancer treatment. Earlier papers (2004, 2007) showed that, compared to the Assessment arm, the Intervention arm improved across all of the latter secondary outcomes. T cell blastogenesis was also enhanced. An interim paper (2007) clarified treatment mechanisms in the Intervention arm. First, patients were satisfied with the intervention, but it was group cohesion that related to better outcomes. Second, offering patients a stress conceptualization (Selye) and teaching them multiple coping strategies related to better health. Third, three relationships between treatment utilization and outcomes are noted: 1) Relaxation training was associated with both distress reduction and symptom lowering. 2) Patients9 use of assertive communication with health care providers was associated with better health outcomes. 3) Intervention strategy use was also associated with fewer signs/symptoms and cancer treatment toxicities. After a median of 11 years follow-up, recurrence occurred for 62 of 212 (29%) women and death for 54 of 227 (24%). Intent to treat hazard analyses showed, as predicted, Intervention arm patients had a reduced risk of recurrence [Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.55, P=.034] and breast cancer death (HR=0.44, P=.016). Follow up papers (2009) have examined the covariation of inflammation and distress during the period of intervention delivery (2009) and in the months prior to recurrence diagnosis (2008). Learning Objective 1: Show that a randomized clinical trial has produced evidence that a behavioral intervention can reduce fatal and nonfatal regional breast cancer recurrence. Learning Objective 2: Demonstrate that patients9 use of assertive communication with health care providers was associated with better health outcomes. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):CN08-02.
Inhibitory effect of ruthenium(III) on the oxidation of dimethyl sulphoxide byN-bromosuccinimide andN-bromophthalimide. A novel observation

RuIII exerts an inhibitory effect on the oxidation of DMSO byN-bromosuccinimide and byN-bromophthalimide in the presence of Hg(OAc)2 in aqueous AcOH at 15°C. The reaction order is unity with respect to the oxidant and substrate, but less than one at low substrate concentrations; fractional for higher concentrations. The effect of the ionic strength of the medium is negligible, while that of dielectric constant is positive. Added acrylonitrile is not polymerised. Addition of mineral acid increases the reaction rate. A probable mechanism is proposed, rationalising the inhibitory effect of RuIII.
The worst-case scenario

Stephen Schneider explores what a world with 1,000 parts per million of CO2 in its atmosphere might look like.
Novel enhancement of thin-form-factor galvanic cells: Probing halogenated organic oxidizers and metal anodes

Abstract The work reported herein demonstrates a novel method to improve the overall performance of thin-form-factor galvanic cells, fabricated via micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) processes. Use of solid, low cost, cyclic-halogenated, organic catholyte materials permits water activation of cells consisting of metal anode and catalytic platinum positive electrodes. Similar cells, employing aluminum and zinc anodes, have been activated using sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solutions, i.e. bleach, in the past. The oxidizers chosen for this study (bromo-, chloro- and iodo-succinimides, and sodium dichloroisocyanuric acid) supply the cathode's oxy-halogenated ions when in contact with water. Zinc, magnesium and aluminum anodes are utilized to fabricate galvanic cells. A comparison between these anodes, coupled with various oxidizers, is included herein. Results using aluminum anode cells show that, even though the utilization efficiency of the catholyte reagents is low (faradic efficiencies between 16 and 19%), the performance of the new water-activated cells (6 cm × 6 cm × 0.25 cm) is superior when compared to those activated with bleach. For instance, operational lives of 6 h (activation with 10% NaClO solution) increase to more than 30 h using the new approach, with a 100-ohm-load. It is also shown that specific energies of 90–110 Wh kg −1 (calculated to include both reagent and packaging mass) could be obtained using the described approach with current draws between 10 and 20 mA. The specific energies obtained suggest that novel MEMS-type cells could have much broader application than low-current, bleach-activated cells.
Exploring the effects of e-fashions on producers of high-end clothing

Formerly, the world of high fashion was a closed and exclusive place available to only those with the money and social connections to access it. Now internet-enabled customers have allowed reliable shipping practices to occur that allow anyone with time and money to obtain pieces from their favourite designer. While the fashion houses (companies) themselves rarely sell directly from their website, they do provide information free to anyone with an internet connection. The internet has surprisingly shaken up the hierarchy of the luxury fashion world although still accounts for a small percentage of total retail sales, and its producers must take care to choose the best strategies to adapt. Models of the transformational process and an empirical section, highlight the need for the industry to choose its strategy very carefully, especially with advances in m-commerce and web-enabled technologies.
The onset of chaotic motion in the restricted problem of three bodies

A full characterization of a nonintegrable dynamical system requires an investigation into the chaotic properties of that system. One such system, the restricted problem of three bodies, has been studied for over two centuries, yet few studies have examined the chaotic nature of some ot its trajectories. This paper examines and classifies the onset of chaotic motion in the restricted three-body problem through the use of Poincare surfaces of section, Liapunov characteristic numbers, power spectral density analysis and a newly developed technique called numerical irreversibility. The chaotic motion is found to be intermittent and becomes first evident when the Jacobian constant is slightly higher thanC2.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Four-Variable Risk Model in Men and Women With Heart Failure”

We appreciated reading the letter to the editor by Petretta and Cuocolo regarding our article “Four-Variable Risk Model in Men and Women With Heart Failure.”1 In an answer to their query on the exponential equation we provided (Survival( t ) = e(−0.00221 t *e^(score))), this equation predicts survival free from all-cause …
Packing and Postoperative Rhinoplasty Management: A Survey Report

Background: Postoperative management following rhinoplasty varies greatly among aesthetic surgeons. Few studies have addressed practice trends in postoperative rhinoplasty care or questioned the frequency of packing and splinting. Many conventional postoperative techniques remain controversial (eg, packing). Objective: To investigate current postoperative practices in the United States, correlating the results with surgical education, practice type, and complication rates. Methods: An online survey was distributed to members of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Respondents were polled about their background, route of education, type of practice, frequency and preference of postoperative nasal care, and most frequent rhinoplasty complications. Statistical analysis was performed with the χ2 test. Results: Of the 1550 total surveys sent, 126 responses were received (8.1%). The majority of respondents were in private practice (86%) and trained in plastic surgery (83%). Approximately 33% continue to regularly employ packing following rhinoplasty, but data show that surgeons performing 21 or more rhinoplasties per year were less likely to utilize packing ( P = .06). Those surgeons with higher rhinoplasty case volumes were significantly more likely to utilize a secondary therapy (eg, steroids, arnica) in combination with ice packs ( P = .03) to prevent postoperative ecchymosis. Finally, surgeons with lower rhinoplasty case volumes reported more frequent postoperative nasal tip deformities ( P = .01). Conclusions: Postoperative rhinoplasty care varies greatly among practicing aesthetic surgeons. Importantly, a high percentage of private practice aesthetic surgeons continue to utilize nasal packing following rhinoplasty. However, these numbers trend downward in surgeons who perform rhinoplasties more frequently.
Rods and cones in the mouse retina. I. Structural analysis using light and electron microscopy

Rods and cones of the C57BL/6J mouse retina have been examined by light and electron microscopy to distinguish the structural features of the two photoreceptor types. By light microscopy, cone nuclei are conspicuously different from rod nuclei in 1-2 micrometer plastic sections. Cone nuclei have an irregularly shaped clump of heterochromatin that appears in single sections to be one to three clumps, whereas rod nuclei are more densely stained and have one large, central clump of heterochromatin. Cone nuclei make up approximately 3% of the photoreceptor nuclei in both the central and peripheral retina at all ages examined up to 267 days. Cone nuclei are confined to the outer half of the outer nuclear layer, and more than 50% of the cone nuclei lie adjacent to the outer limiting membrane. By electron microscopy, cones in the mouse retina meet virtually every morphological criterion of mammalian cones. The outer segments are conically shaped. Many, if not all of the outer segment discs are continuous with the outer plasma membrane, whereas almost all of the rod discs are not. Cone outer segments are only about half the length of the rod outer segments, and they are contacted by long, villous pigment epithelial cell processes. The cone inner segment diameter is greater than the outer segment diameter, and the accumulation of mitochondria present at the apical end of the inner segment forms a more conspicuous ellipsoid than in rods. The internal fiber or axon of the cone is larger in diameter than that of the rod, and it terminates in a large synaptic pedicle with multiple ribbon synapses, whereas the rod terminal is a smaller spherule with only a single ribbon synaptic complex.
A simple interpretation of anomalous angular distributions in heavy-ion induced two-step transfer reactions☆

Abstract A simple and transparent explanation is given of why CCBA calculations can fit simultaneously the normal as well as the anomalous angular distributions in transfer reactions between heavy ions.
The ionospheric source of magnetospheric plasma and the importance of solar EUV flux measurements

Abstract Ions of ionospheric origin (mostly O+ and He+) form a significant component of the plasma in the Earth's magnetosphere. These ions are extracted from the high-latitude topside ionosphere by a series of processes which heat the ions both parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. The amount of plasma outflow is correlated with geomagnetic and solar activity. However, previous studies of ion outflow in the ionosphere have relied on F10.7 as a proxy for solar activity because no routine solar EUV flux measurements were available. The simultaneous availability of solar EUV flux measurements and ion outflow data from the Fast Auroral Snapsho T Explorer (FAST) during the rising phase of the solar cycle allows us to make definitive measurements of the dependence of ion outflow at auroral latitudes on solar EUV irradiance.
Structural Changes in a Sulfur-Resistant Methanation Catalyst as Determined from Infrared Spectra

The infrared spectrum of a sulfur-resistant NiO/Cr2O3/MgAl2O4 methanation catalyst is presented and compared to the spectra of the catalyst after it was reduced, sulfided, and tested for methanation activity. The molecular structure of the catalyst is shown to be represented by NiO and MgO dispersed in a quasitridimensional Cr—O—Al network. Reduction and sulfiding reorders this network and alters the AlOn coordination while reducing Cr6+ to Cr3+ or Cr2+. The sulfided and methanation-tested catalyst has intense sulfate absorption indicative of sulfur which is coordinated with NiCr and/or NiMg sites.
Poly(3,3‘-dihexyl-4,4‘-dimethyl-1,1‘-ferrocenylene- 1,4-phenylene) and Poly(3,3‘-dihexyl-4,4‘-dimethyl-1,1‘-ferrocenylene-2,5-thienylene)

Bis(3-hexyl-4-methylcyclopentadienyl)arenes have been prepared from the sequential lithiatiation of dibromoarenes followed by reaction with 3-hexyl-4-methylcyclopenta-2-ene-1-one. The dicarbinol is then dehydrated with p-toluenesulfonic acid to give the bis(3-hexyl-4-methylcyclopentadienyl)arene. Poly(3,3‘-dihexyl-4,4‘-dimethyl-1,1‘-ferrocenylenearylene)s were prepared via the reaction of dilithio bis(3-hexyl-4-methylcycylopentadienide)arylenes and iron(II) iodide in THF. The organic bridging ligands and polymers were characterized by DSC, GPC, NMR, CV, UV−vis, and TGA.
How Do They ‘End Up Together’? A Social Network Analysis of Self-Control, Homophily, and Adolescent Relationships

Self-control theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) argues that individuals with similar attributes tend to ‘end up together’ (i.e., homophily) because of the tendency to select friends based on self-control. Studies documenting homophily in peer groups interpret the correlation between self-control, peer delinquency, and self-reported delinquency as evidence that self-control is an influential factor in friendship formation. However, past studies are limited because they do not directly test the hypothesis that self-control influences friendship selection, nor do they account for other mechanisms that may influence decisions. As a result, it is unclear whether the correlation between individual and peer behavior is the result of selection based on self-control or alternative mechanisms. To address this gap in the literature this study employs exponential random graph modeling to test hypotheses derived from self-control theory using approximately 63,000 respondents from 59 schools from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health). In contrast to the predictions made by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), and the conclusions drawn from prior research, there is little evidence that self-control influences friendship selection. The findings are embedded in past work on the relationship between self-control and peer relationships, and implications for future research are discussed.
Damage Detection Based on Transmissibility of a Vehicle and Bridge Coupled System

Research on damage detection is commonly carried out in the frequency domain using methods based on the modal data, transfer function or frequency response function, and transmissibility. The motivation for using transmissibility to detect damages relies on the fact that transmissibility measurements are local quantities that suggest high sensitivity. Nevertheless, the measurement of transmissibility requires external harmonic forces as the known input and sensors directly attached to the structure. There is a need for methods that can perform damage detection without attaching sensors and knowing the details of the input excitations. In a vehicle-bridge coupled (VBC) system the vehicle can serve as a force exciter and its dynamic response can be easily measured. In this paper, to make use of the vehicle response the transmissibility of a VBC system was first theoretically derived in a system consisting of a simply supported beam and a single-degree-of-freedom vehicle. Then, a numerical study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of detecting bridge damages using the vehicle transmissibility of the VBC system. In the numerical analysis, several damage indicators were constructed based on the transmissibility from both the bridge and vehicle responses, and compared to each other to select a proper one for damage detection. A parametric study was conducted on factors such as the measurement numbers, road roughness, and vehicle speeds and numbers to analyze the effectiveness of using such indicators for damage detection. To make use of the mobility of moving vehicles, two methods were finally proposed to measure the transmissibility of vehicle responses by using two vehicles. Method I used one reference vehicle and one moving vehicle; Method II used two moving vehicles at a constant distance in the longitudinal direction along the bridge. Using these two methods, the modal information such as natural frequencies and modal shape squares was successfully extracted for damage detections.
Bariatric surgery for extreme adolescent obesity: indications, outcomes, and physiologic effects on the gut-brain axis

Objective This review will summarize current indications, limitations and outcomes of bariatric surgery in adolescents, as well as provide an overview of the physiologic effects of bariatric surgery on enteric hormones involved in regulating appetite, satiation and maintenance of weight.
Can intracellular cAMP dynamics enable scalable computation

cAMP, an important neuronal intracellular messenger, is produced in a spatially specified manner within neurons such that distinct patterns of elevated cAMP levels can be observed in dendrites. The spatial information encoded in local elevation of cAMP can be transmitted to downstream components such as MAP-kinases (Neves et al., 2008). Such spatially restricted changes in cAMP levels and information flow from cAMP to downstream effectors may enable it to function as a scaling agent for computation by signaling networks Computation within signaling networks may enable integration as well as sorting of signals from multiple receptors and channels. The output of signaling network computation can define thresholds for switching between states, temporal resolution of responses as well as other alterations to signal/response relationships. An intriguing question is whether such computation within signaling networks can be manifested in changes of electrical activity patterns of neuronal circuits.
A Customized Linux Kernel for Providing Notification of Pending Financial Transaction Information

Financial transaction systems, such as those utilizing the Financial Information Exchange (FIX) protocol [1], must make buy/sell decisions based on information received over a network interface. However, at the time that a decision to buy or sell is made, some data on the system may not yet be visible to the financial engine software because it has not yet completed being processing by the network protocol stack. This data is hidden from a FIX engine running in user space until the network protocol processing (in the kernel) is fully completed and the message contents are copied from kernel space to user space. This hidden data may contain information that would lead to a more advantageous transaction if it were available to the financial application at the time that the trade decision is made. We have made several modifications to the TCP/IP protocol stack in the Linux operating system. Our protocol modifications allow a user application to determine if there are pertinent pending messages currently being processed in the kernel. If this is the case, the user application may then choose to delay the buy/sell decision by a short time until these additional messages have completed kernel processing and become available to the user application. We have implemented this mechanism under Linux 2.6.27.24 and are evaluating alternate implementations and the significance of the decision improvements that result from this enhancement.
Reconstructions of family relationships: Parent–child alliances, personal distress, and self-esteem.

The aim of this study was to operationalize the structure of family relationships and examine how women's reconstructions of various family patterns during childhood and adulthood relate to their levels of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Using a sample of 93 women, ages 19 to 22, two family patterns emerged: (a) father-daughter alliance (FDA), whereby fathers seek intimacy and affection from their daughters instead of their wives and have emotionally distant marriages; and (b) mother-daughter triangulation (MDT), characterized by conflicted marriages whereby daughters are caught between their battling parents and mothers seek intimacy from their daughters instead of their husbands. Regression estimates suggest that childhood FDA significantly contributes to depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem even after controlling for the effects of childhood physical abuse and current FDA. Current MDT contributes to anxiety.
Genetic screening of candidate genes for a prothrombotic interaction with type I protein C deficiency in a large kindred.

The incomplete penetrance of thrombosis in familial protein C deficiency suggests disease occurs when this deficit is combined with additional abnormalities in the hemostatic system. The pattern of inherited thrombophilia in the Vermont II kindred, which is affected by a clinically dominant type I protein C deficiency, provides strong evidence for a second unidentified gene that segregates independently of protein C deficiency and increases susceptibility to thrombosis. To test the second gene hypothesis, thirty-four candidate genes for proteins involved in hemostasis or inflammation were tested as the unknown defect, using highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) markers in an informative subset (n = 31) of the kindred. The genes considered are; a-fibrinogen, b-fibrinogen, c-fibrinogen, prothrombin, tissue factor, factor V, protein S, complement component 4 binding protein, factor XI, factor XII, factor XIIIa, factor XIIIb, histidine rich glycoprotein, high molecular weight kininogen, kallikrein, von Willebrands factor, platelet factor 4, thrombospondin, antithrombin III, a-1-antitrypsin, thrombomodulin, plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, protein C inhibitor, a-2-plasmin inhibitor, kallistatin, lipoprotein a, interleukin 6, interleukin 1, cystathionine-b-synthase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Mutations in many of these genes have been previously established as independent risk factors for thrombosis. However, linkage analysis provided no evidence to implicate any of the candidate genes as the second inherited factor that promotes thrombophilia in this kindred.