cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduce your cycle time by utilizing automation for wafer test data collection

Many strategies are generally applied in the semiconductor industry to reduce cycle times. This technical paper describes an integrated automation environment that has been implemented on the various tester platforms at Kilby Center (KFAB) of Texas Instruments (TI). In addition to reducing wafer test cycle time, the tester automation eliminates human errors, which is an added benefit over vendor "job tools". The referenced automation environment integrates seamlessly with the manufacturing execution system (MES), and facilitates data collection in both file format and in an electrical test database. The automation flow typically includes the tasks of tester initialization, system processes' validation, tester hardware mini-diagnostics, probe card verification, test program load and execution, data upload to MES and test database, validation of collected test data, execution of lot disposition, and lot movement/hold in MES. However, there are differences across multiple tester platforms provided by different equipment vendors. In addition to detailing the automation components of tester platforms, the paper highlights the cycle time impacts.
Risk of Mortality Associated With Neonatal Hypothermia in Southern Nepal

Objective To quantify the neonatal mortality/hypothermia relationship and develop evidence-based cutoffs for global definitions of neonatal hypothermia. Design Cohort study. Field workers recorded neonatal axillary temperature at home and recorded vital status at 28 days. Setting Rural Nepal. Participants Twenty-three thousand two hundred forty infants in Sarlahi, Nepal. Main Exposure Hypothermia. Outcome Measures Mortality risk was estimated using binomial regression models. Infants were classified using (1) World Health Organization (WHO) cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe hypothermia; (2) quarter-degree intervals from 32.0°C to 36.5°C; and (3) continuous temperatures. Estimates were adjusted for age, ambient temperature, and other potential confounders. Results Mortality increased among mild (relative risk [RR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-2.35]), moderate (RR, 4.66; 95% CI, 3.47-6.24]), and severe (RR, 23.36; 95% CI, 4.31-126.70]) hypothermia cases. Within the WHO's moderate classification, risk relative to normothermic infants ranged from 2 to 30 times. Adjusted mortality risk increased 80% (95% CI, 63%-100%) for each degree decrease, was strongly associated with temperatures below 35.0°C (RR, 6.11; 95% CI, 3.98-9.38), and was substantially higher among preterm infants (RR, 12.02; 95% CI, 6.23-23.18]) compared with full-term infants (RR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.75-5.57). Relative risk was highest in the first 7 days, but remained elevated through 28 days. Conclusions A new hypothermia classification system should be considered by the WHO for global guidelines. We recommend that grade 1 be equivalent to the current mild category (36.0°C), restricting and splitting the moderate category into grades 2 (35.0°C-36.0°C) and 3 (34.0°C-35.0°C), and expanding severe hypothermia to less than 34.0°C (grade 4). Reducing hypothermia may dramatically decrease the global neonatal mortality burden.
Simulation of a highly parallel system for word recognition

As the complexity of speech recognition systems increases, conventional computers are unable to perform all the operations quickly enough to process the speech input in real time. This paper examines the use of a single instruction stream - multiple data stream (SIMD) parallel architecture to reduce the computation time for a dynamic time warping template matching based isolated word recognition system. Each of the components of the recognition system was written as an SMD parallel algorithm. The component SIMD algorithms and the complete word recognition system were simulated. The simulations showed that with 100 processing elements, each an 8 MHz MC68000, the speech system can perform isolated word recognition over a large vocabulary in real time. This real-time speech system used a 20 KHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample, 100 samples per frame, 8 LPC coefficients per frame, 16 bits per LPC coefficient, and a 1,000 word vocabulary.
Simultaneous approximation with neural networks

In this paper we use a "uniformity" property of Riemann integration to obtain a single-hidden-layer neural network of fixed translates of a (not necessarily radial) basis function with a fixed "width" that approximates a (possibly infinite) set of target functions arbitrarily well in the supremum norm over a compact set. The conditions on the set of target functions are simple and intuitive: uniform boundedness and equicontinuity (so this result reduces to the "classical" theorems for a single target function). The uniformity property mentioned above refers to the existence of a single Riemann partition that achieves a prescribed accuracy of approximation of the Riemann integrals for a set of functions. A noteworthy feature of this simultaneous approximation scheme is that the nonlinear problem of finding the translates (also known as the "centers") needs to be solved only once. The only parameters that need to be adapted for a particular target function are the weights from hidden-to-output layer (which is a linear problem).
ArchTEx: accurate extraction and visualization of next-generation sequence data

Motivation: The extension of mapped sequence tags is a common step in the analysis of single-end next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from protein localization and chromatin studies. The optimal extension can vary depending on experimental and technical conditions. Improper extension of sequence tags can obscure or mislead the interpretation of NGS results. We present an algorithm, ArchTEx (Architectural Tag Extender), which identifies the optimal extension of sequence tags based on the maximum correlation between forward and reverse tags and extracts and visualizes sites of interest using the predicted extension. Availability and implementation: ArchTEx requires Java 1.6 or newer. Source code and the compiled program are freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/archtex/ Contact: mjbuck@buffalo.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Low-dose parenteral busulfan provides an extended window for the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells in murine hosts

Objective Myeloablative total body irradiation (TBI) in the setting of autologous transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is associated with substantial toxicity. Nonmyeloablative doses of TBI are less toxic, but result in low-level engraftment of genetically modified HSCs. As an alternative to TBI, escalating doses of parenteral busulfan were tested for their hematologic toxicity, their ability to promote donor leukocyte engraftment, and the time window for such engraftment. Materials and Methods Hematologic toxicity of busulfan was assessed in C57BL6 mice after single nonmyeloablative doses of intraperitoneal busulfan ranging from 1 to 40 mg/kg by serial complete blood counts monitored up to 40 days. The level of donor engraftment attainable after nonmyeloablative busulfan was determined by infusion of 20 million congenic murine bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC) following 5 to 40 mg/kg of busulfan. To determine the effects of delayed HSC infusions, BMNCs were infused 1, 10, 15, and 20 days after a single dose of 10 mg/kg of busulfan. Results Busulfan doses from 1 to 40 mg/kg produced hematologic toxicity that was most pronounced in the 2nd to 3rd week. In transplantation experiments, dose-dependent donor leukocyte engraftment was attained with levels >70% after only 20 mg/kg of busulfan. Similar levels of engraftment were achieved even when infusion of BMNCs was delayed up to 20 days after busulfan injection. Conclusion Nonmyeloablative parenteral busulfan produced transient myelosuppressive effects, clinically relevant levels of engraftment, and an extended time window for HSC infusion in murine hosts.
The importance of early identification and treatment of childhood onset bipolar disorder: Creating specialty care

Childhood onset bipolar disorder as it is currently treated in the United Stated carries a poor prognosis in the short term based on prospective follow-up studies of clinical samples [1-4] and into adulthood based on retrospective studies in adults [5,6]. This is a problem of enormous proportions given the several percent incidence of the illness in adolescents in the US [7,8] and the findings that twothirds of all adult bipolar illness had it onset in childhood and adolescence (before age 19) and more than a quarter of the illness began in childhood (prior to age 13) [5,9]. Those with childhood onset do much more poorly than those with adult onsets.
TCLP HEAVY METAL LEACHING OF PERSONAL COMPUTER COMPONENTS

Electronic waste E-waste, including all obsolete electronic products, has become the fastest growing component in the solid waste stream. Personal computers PCs—the most significant component in E-waste stream—were studied for their potential leaching toxicity of contaminants. All the components in a PC that are composed of, or contain printed wire boards PWBs including the motherboard, various expansion cards, disk drives, and power supply unit were tested by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure TCLP. The total contents of eight heavy metals including arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver in the PWBs and their TCLP leaching from the PWBs were examined. Among these eight heavy metals lead was found to be the predominant element that causes the toxicity characteristic of the PC components. The lead concentrations in the TCLP extracts of the vast majority of the PWBs ranged from 150 to 500 mg/ L, which are 30-100 times the regulatory level of 5 mg/ L for classifying a waste as hazardous. The motherboard in a PC contributed 50-80% of the total lead that could leach out from all the PWBs in the PC under the TCLP test conditions. The contents of barium and silver were found to be high in some components, but they were not leachable under the TCLP test conditions. The contents of other five elements in all the PC components were hardly detectable. They would not have the potential to cause toxicity characteristic leaching concern.
Technical Considerations for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis

Clinical application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effect has increased over the past decade because of its ability to map regional blood flow in response to brain stimulation. This mapping is primarily achieved by exploiting the BOLD effect precipitated by changes in the magnetic properties of hemoglobin. BOLD fMRI has utility in neurosurgical planning and mapping neuronal functional connectivity. Conventional echo planar imaging techniques are used to acquire stimulus-driven fMR imaging BOLD data. This article highlights technical aspects of fMRI data analysis to make it more accessible in clinical settings.
Audiologic Management of Older Adults With Hearing Loss and Compromised Cognitive/Psychoacoustic Auditory Processing Capabilities

The number and proportion of older adults in the United States population is increasing, and more clinical audiologists will be called upon to deliver hearing care to the approximately 35% to 50% of them who experience hearing difficulties. In recent years, the characteristics and sources of receptive communication difficulties in older individuals have been investigated by hearing scientists, cognitive psychologists, and audiologists. It is becoming increasingly apparent that cognitive compromises and psychoacoustic auditory processing disorders associated with aging may contribute to communication difficulties in this population. This paper presents an overview of best practices, based on our current knowledge base, for clinical management of older individuals with limitations in cognitive or psychoacoustic auditory processing capabilities, or both, that accompany aging.
Probability, Uncertainty, and Value in Inpatient Diagnosis: Connecting the Dots

A 1-year-old child who emigrated from Africa at 8 months of age was admitted for evaluation of failure to thrive (FTT) and hypotonia. Her birth weight was 3.35 kg (46th percentile), and on hospital admission, she weighed 6.2 kg (0 percentile). Her mother had full prenatal care in Africa and was HIV negative in her third trimester. The child was exclusively breast fed until 6 months when she was converted to formula and various foods customary to her culture. In addition to 4 bottles of formula per day of varying volumes, the mother offered pureed baby food such as vegetables and fruits, but her daughter refused. Two months before admission, she was referred to an outpatient neurologist for hypotonia, who recommended a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan if increased caloric intake did not improve weight gain and decrease hypotonia, but the family was lost to follow-up. On examination, she had preserved head circumference with short limbs and a prominent forehead. She sat unassisted and crawled but did not cruise or walk. Her appendicular tone was low, but the remainder of her physical examination, including axial tone, was normal. If we polled 100 pediatric hospitalists about their recommended first steps in this patient's evaluation, we would likely receive many different answers. Some would focus on the international aspect of this presentation and pursue testing for HIV or tuberculosis. Others would consider the hypotonia a clue to a neurologic or genetic etiology, and some might pursue a standard assessment of daily caloric intake before addressing other unique aspects of the presentation. Finally, some would pursue these etiologies concurrently. With so many potential directions to embark on the diagnostic workup, the clinician would be wise to take a step back and …
Review of the Malagasy Anthobosca , the Bizarre and the Sublime (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Anthoboscinae)

The Malagasy tiphiids in the genus Anthobosca are revised, with description of eight new species, including fisheri, harinhalai, mahajangaensis, castanea, namorokaensis, nigrimacula, toliaraensis and hallucigenia spp. nov. There are fourteen described species of Anthobosca recorded from Madagascar including the new ones below. A key to species, distribution maps and illustrations are given.
Putting (and Keeping) Proximate Cause in Its Place

This is a draft contribution to a forthcoming fetschrift in Michael S. Moore's honor, to be published by Oxford University Press. The chapter takes on an aspect of Moore's important work on causation in law. Before one can recover for an injury sounding in negligence, one must establish that the defendant more likely than not proximately caused the injury. That the positive law of negligence imposes this requirement is beyond controversy. What is more controversial is whether the requirement is conceptually and morally defensible. Michael Moore, singly as well as in tandem with Heidi Hurd, powerfully argues that it is neither. Specifically, Moore contends that the harm-within-the-risk test of proximate causation, despite its venerable history in tort law and reaffirmation in the latest Restatement, is “incoherent” and “morally undesirable.” It is bad enough, on Moore’s view, that negligence law bifurcates its causal inquiry, distinguishing as it does the question of actual causation from that of proximate causation, rather than pursuing a unified naturalistic inquiry into the substantiality of causal contribution. What is worse is that tort law can’t even get its own misguided causal inquiry half-right.I do not share Moore’s jaundiced view of the harm-within-the-risk test of proximate cause – what I will call the “risk rule” for short. I begin by questioning his understanding of the risk rule as it figures in tort law, and go on to argue that neither his conceptual nor his moral criticism of the risk rule is decisive. In the course of rebutting Moore’s criticisms, I outline what I take to be the most compelling account of the risk rule in the law of torts. What emerges is a conception of proximate cause that is thoroughly moralized. Of course moral premises must be invoked to defend the risk rule’s moral merit, but, I argue, they must also be invoked to defend its conceptual coherence. In my view, the risk rule is both morally and conceptually sound.
The Local Regulation of Bone Remodeling

Mounting experimental evidence indicates that skeletal remodeling is under local as well as systemic control. Local environmental factors which may well be significant include mechanical (loading and fluid pressure) and electrical forces, and locally elaborated humoral factors such as prostaglandins, regulatory proteins, and components of the organic matrix. The local ionic milieu and direct cell-cell interactions may also contribute. The effects of systemically elaborated hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1α,25-(OH)2 D3 under physiological conditions may only be permissive, at least under physiological conditions, establishing the proper environment and ensuring an adequate supply of cellular participants for remodeling. High levels of these agents sharply enhance the likelihood of resorption and remodeling. By contrast, local forces seem to be important determinants of the location and frequency of remodeling activity, and may well perpetuate the remodeling cascade so that it proceeds inevitably through an entire coupled sequence of resorption and formation.
Development and Testing of a Wing Morphing Mechanism for the Control of a Swept Wing Tailless Aircraft

Inspired by flight in nature, work done by Lippisch, the Hortens, and Northrop offered a chance at achieving the efficiency of bird flight with swept-wing tailless aircraft. Tailless designs have been forced incorporate aerodynamic compromises for control, which have inhibited potential advantages. A morphing mechanism, which changes the twist of wing and can provide pitch, roll and yaw control for a tailless swept wing aircraft. This mechanism is the first step is a series of morphing techniques, which will lead to more fluid, bird-like flight. This research is investigating the design of a morphing wing to improve the flight characteristics of a tailless aircraft. Flight demonstrator and wind-tunnel data is being used to evaluate the stability, control and efficiency of a morphing swept wing tailless aircraft.
Cardioprotective Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Through the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is ranked as the number one cause of death worldwide. The causes of CVD are defined by interplay between genetics and environmental factors; this contributes to the complexity of the pathophysiology of CVD. In spite of the advancement in medical science and drug discovery, the prevalence of CVD is still on the rise. The most important environmental factor in the pathogenesis of CVD is nutrition, especially the role of dietary fats. There are numerous reports supporting the cardioprotective effects of omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); however, there are also controversial reports. Given the complexity and physiological variation of the human population, it is pertinent to consider the various factors that could potentially affect the metabolism and hence the health benefits of n-3 PUFA before a strong recommendation can be made. The focus of this chapter is on the cardioprotective effects of n-3 PUFA, with particular emphasis on the regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and factors such as age, sex and epigenetic modification that could potentially affect the health benefits of n-3 PUFA. This chapter also summarizes the emerging paradigm of the connection between CVD and neuropsychiatric disorders; it presents the propensity of n-3 PUFA to facilitate a therapeutic connection between these two diseases through a common pathway of neurotrophin signalling.
Efficiencies in Imaging Diagnostics of the Lumbar Spine

While low back pain is one of the most prevalent, if not the most prevalent reasons for visits to physicians, a majority of patients with low back pain cannot be given a definitive diagnosis. The current standard of care for function assessment of the lumbar spine focuses on uncontrolled patient directed motion which results in increased inter-patient variability and diagnostic misclassifications. The purpose of the current paper is to compare the measurement variability of lumbar spine motion when diagnosed using measurements of intervertebral motion taken from standard flexion extension bending radiographs (FE) between uncontrolled and controlled motion and to assess the rate of diagnostic misclassification errors (false positives and false negatives) in the detection of lumbar instability. 109 patients (57 asymptomatic, 52 symptomatic) were consented in the prospective investigation. The research was designed to compare studies involving FE to controlled motion bending radiographs (CCBR) using the Vert...
The Discussion on the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge Incineration Processing

With the current development of environmental science,the past sludge treatment :landfill,drainage to sea,composting,incineration and other methods have been gained greater understandings.The sludge processing must achieve the effection of reductions,resource-based and environmentally-based.Sludge incineration sludge treatment technology has becomed the mainstream technologies.The article mainly analyze the sludge incineration technology.
Earth’s Atmosphere and Geospace Environment

The Sun-Earth system displays a typical relationship of a terrestrial planet around its parent star. This connection between Sun and Earth is more clearly represented by the space weather systems: Sun, heliosphere, magnetosphere, and atmosphere-ionosphere. Without the investigation of these systems and their interactions with each other, the effects of Sun on Earth’s atmosphere cannot be fully understood. Overall, Earth is influenced by Sun directly and indirectly via radiative, thermal, dynamical, and electrodynamical processes. Earth’s atmosphere is stably stratified and consists of different regions of varying chemical and physical properties. In particular, Earth’s upper atmosphere-ionosphere system is controlled by solar and magnetospheric processes from above and by internal waves from below. Various space weather systems from Sun to the lower atmosphere of Earth, the troposphere, are briefly discussed.
The GLAST LAT science instrument

The LAT science instrument of the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) mission is a gamma-ray pair-conversion telescope designed to improve upon the sensitivity of previous such instruments by at least a factor of 30. The LAT design is based upon a silicon-strip tracker/converter, a cesium-iodide calorimeter, and a plastic-scintillator anticoincidence shield. Manufacture of the instrument is beginning, with the launch scheduled for the end of 2006. This talk gives an overview of the LAT science objectives, the LAT design, and the status of the instrument production.
Developing Therapeutics for PrP Prion Diseases

The prototypical PrP prion diseases are invariably fatal, and the search for agents to treat them spans more than 30 years, with limited success. However, in the last few years, the application of high-throughput screening, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacokinetic optimization has led to important advances. The PrP prion inoculation paradigm provides a robust assay for testing therapeutic efficacy, and a dozen compounds have been reported that lead to meaningful extension in survival of prion-infected mice. Here, we review the history and recent progress in the field, focusing on studies validated in animal models. Based on screens in cells infected with mouse-passaged PrP prions, orally available compounds were generated that double or even triple the survival of mice infected with the same prion strain. Unfortunately, no compounds have yet shown efficacy against human prions. Nevertheless, the speed of the recent advances brings hope that an effective therapeutic can be developed. A successful treatment for any neurodegenerative disease would be a major achievement, and the growing understanding that the more common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, progress by an analogous prion mechanism serves to highlight the importance of antiprion therapeutics.
Nonmarine Mollusks from Archaeological Sites on Mo‘orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, with Descriptions of Four New Species of Recently Extinct Land Snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Endodontidae)1

Abstract: Nonmarine mollusks recovered during archaeological excavations on the island of Mo‘orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, were analyzed as part of a multidisciplinary study of anthropogenic environmental change. Records of now-extinct taxa in dated archaeological contexts were combined with historic collection data from the 1830s to the present to determine the chronology of extinction of the 10 species of land snails of the family Endodontidae that formerly inhabited the island. One species known only from a stratum antedating human settlement on the island and three known only archaeologically but from imprecisely dated strata were certainly extinct by the late nineteenth century but may have disappeared earlier. One species collected in 1838 was extinct by the late nineteenth century, and all of the described endodontid species present in the mid- to late nineteenth century are undoubtedly now extinct because none was collected by the 1934 Mangarevan Expedition or by subsequent collectors. ...
Sub-10 nm Self-Assembly of Mesogen-Containing Grafted Macromonomers and Their Bottlebrush Polymers

We explore the morphology and phase behavior of branched diblock macromonomers and their polymers. A series of macromonomers was synthesized based on a disubstituted norbornene. The first branch consists of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) while the second branch is a quasi-mesogenic structure incorporating one or more cyanobiphenyl (CB) moieties. Bottlebrush polymers with varying degrees of polymerization were prepared by “graft-through” ring-opening metathesis of the macromonomers. The molecules in the resulting library of macromonomers and bottlebrush polymers self-assemble to form classically observed microphase-separated structures, including spheres, hexagonally packed cylinders, bicontinuous gyroid, and lamellae. The systematic variation of molecular structure, molecular weight of each branch, and degree of polymerization of the polymers results in a diverse set of structures and properties. We report the observation of well-ordered lamellae and cylinders with d-spacings as low as 6.1 and 8.0 nm, respec...
Overcoming initial barriers in implementing faith-based health education programs: Insights from HeartSmarts

Faith-based health education programs are effective in improving the health of participants. Specifically, programs facilitated by churches have provided much-needed health resources and informatio...
CILT2000: Synergy, Technology, and Teacher Professional Development

How can effective research conducted in a specific context contribute to more effective teaching and learning in a different context? This paper introduces the concept of “synergy” and synergy research conducted in the context of a water quality project and CILT2000, a meeting of the Center for Innovative Learning Technologies. We share ways in which synergy research addresses methodological questions, promotes collaborative partnerships, and contributes to equity. We also share several synergistic efforts in teacher professional development and the design of learning technologies for teacher education that were featured at the CILT meeting.
Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction with Cis and Trans Conformers of a Rigid Dinuclear Rhenium Complex: Comparing the Monometallic and Cooperative Bimetallic Pathways

Anthracene-bridged dinuclear rhenium complexes are reported for electrocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to carbon monoxide (CO). Related by hindered rotation of each rhenium active site to either side of the anthracene bridge, cis and trans conformers have been isolated and characterized. Electrochemical studies reveal distinct mechanisms, whereby the cis conformer operates via cooperative bimetallic CO2 activation and conversion and the trans conformer reduces CO2 through well-established single-site and bimolecular pathways analogous to Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl. Higher turnover frequencies are observed for the cis conformer (35.3 s-1) relative to the trans conformer (22.9 s-1), with both outperforming Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (11.1 s-1). Notably, at low applied potentials, the cis conformer does not catalyze the reductive disproportionation of CO2 to CO and CO32- in contrast to the trans conformer and mononuclear catalyst, demonstrating that the orientation of active sites and structure of the dinuclear cis complex dictate an alternative catalytic pathway. Further, UV-vis spectroelectrochemical experiments demonstrate that the anthracene bridge prevents intramolecular formation of a deactivated Re-Re-bonded dimer. Indeed, the cis conformer also avoids intermolecular Re-Re bond formation.
Atrial Arrhythmias and Extensive Left Atrial Fibrosis as the Initial Presentation of MYH7 Gene Mutation.

The myosin heavy chain 7 ( MYH7 ) gene encodes a beta-myosin heavy chain isoform that is expressed primarily in the heart. MYH7 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and are believed to cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in about 30% of cases [(1)][1]. Compared with
Trace metal concentrations along tributary streams of historically mined areas, Lower Lahn and Dill River basins, central Germany

Abstract Watersheds with a history of mining frequently have high concentrations of trace metals stored in downstream floodplain sediments. To assess the contribution of tributary streams to the elevated trace metal concentrations previously documented along the lower Dill and lower Lahn Rivers of central Germany, I examined the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in fourteen cores collected from near-channel sediments along 9 tributary streams. Five tributaries empty into the lower Dill River and 4 drain into the lower Lahn River. The tributary streams drain areas that were mined for Fe, Cu, and Pb for more than a century, with the last mine closing in 1983. Cores were also collected from near-channel sediments at 7 sites along the lower Lahn River to more broadly assess the storage of trace metals along the river. Large quantities of Cu, Pb, and Zn from mining activity are not stored in near-channel positions along the length of the sampled tributaries. Mean and median concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn along the tributaries are less than the mean and median concentrations along the lower Dill and Lahn Rivers; concentrations along the tributaries differ little from background trace metal levels and are less than contamination standards contained in the German Federal Soil Protection Act. The mean concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn along the lower Lahn River are greater than background concentrations and mean concentrations exceed contamination standards from the German Federal Soil Protection Act. Tributary streams are not a source for the elevated trace metal concentrations found along the lower Dill and Lahn Rivers and mined areas will likely not serve as a source of future heavy metal pollution. The results of this study indicate that the mining process did not release large quantities of metals to the fluvial system.
Identification of synchronous generator model with frequency control using unscented Kalman filter

Abstract In this paper, phasor measurement unit (PMU) data-based synchronous generator model identification is carried out using unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The identification not only gives the model of a synchronous generator's swing dynamics, but also gives its turbine-governor model along with the primary and secondary frequency control block models. PMU measurements of active power and voltage magnitude, are treated as the inputs to the system while the measurements of voltage phasor angle, reactive power and frequency are treated as the outputs. UKF-based estimation is carried out to estimate the dynamic states and the parameters of the model. The estimated model is then built and excited with the injection of the inputs from the PMU measurements. The outputs of the estimation model and the outputs from the PMU measurements are compared. Case studies based on PMU measurements collected from a simulation model and real-world PMU data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation scheme.
A Compact pMOS Stacked-SOI Distributed Power Amplifier With Over 100-GHz Bandwidth and Up to 22-dBm Saturated Output Power

This letter presents an all-pMOS stacked-SOI distributed power amplifier (DPA) as an alternative to conventional nMOS for higher reliable operating voltages. The pMOS-DPA uses 8-shaped input and output transmission lines (TLs) for magnetic field confinement and a compact chip area. The amplifier operates from 1.5 GHz to greater than 100 GHz using an on-chip 2-section dc-feed, diminishing the need for a bulky external bias-tee. A prototype 8-stage, 16-dB gain, 101-GHz small-signal 3-dB bandwidth all-pMOS DPA is implemented in 45-nm CMOS SOI with a core area of 0.33 mm2. The pMOS design demonstrates an output $P_{\text {1dB}}$ and $P_{\text {SAT}}$ higher than 17 and 19 dBm, respectively, and a state-of-the-art PAE higher than 10%, up to 60 GHz, with a 60-GHz $P_{\text {SAT}}$ 3-dB bandwidth. At 28 GHz, the DPA achieves 30 Gb/s 64-QAM and 8 Gb/s 256-QAM with average $P_{\text {out}}$ of 14.5 and 10.2 dBm, respectively. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first implementation of a silicon DA with over 100-GHz bandwidth made exclusively with pMOS. The PA reports the highest 256-QAM data rate (8 Gb/s) for a 10-dBm output power. The pMOS amplifier also has the smallest reported chip area, including the dc-feed for DPAs achieving 500+ GHz GBW.
Is Higher Volatility Associated with Lower Growth? Intranational Evidence from South Korea

This paper examines the relationship between output volatility and growth using regional data from South Korea over the period 1985-2003. The estimation is conducted using volatility that varies across regions as well as across time. The findings indicate that provinces with higher volatility have lower growth, but this is largely due to common shocks across provinces.
Neuroimaging in the Emergency Department for Patients with Symptoms of Vitreoretinal Traction

Eye conditions result in 2.4 million emergency department (ED) visits annually. The purpose of this study is to investigate the management of patients with symptoms of vitreoretinal traction. Retrospective observational study was performed in three Northwell Health EDs between January 2014 and January 2017. Patients with monocular flashes, floaters, or changes in visual field for whom ophthalmology were consulted. Ninety-six patients were included (45 female), mean age 58.4 years. Complaints included floaters in 47 (49%), visual field changes in 39 (41%), and flashes in 28 (29%). Eighteen patients (19%) presented with more than one symptom. Of 24 patients with documented eye examinations by emergency physicians, 10 included confrontational visual fields (CVF). Before ophthalmology consultation, tests included blood work in 29 patients (30%), computerized axial tomography (CT) head in 33 (34%), orbit ultrasound in two (2%), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) head in 1one (1%), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)/C-reactive protein (CRP) in one (1%). Diagnoses by ophthalmologists were posterior vitreous detachment in 44 patients (46%), vitreous hemorrhage in 31 (32%), retinal detachment or tears in 12 (13%), central retinal artery occlusion in six (6%), and central or branch retinal vein occlusions in three (3%). Of 12 patients with retinal detachments or tears, 5 (42%) underwent surgery within 1 week. In patients presenting to the ED with symptoms of vitreoretinal traction, over 30% underwent imaging and blood work before ophthalmology consultation. Signs and symptoms of retinal pathology should be recognized promptly. Triaging, focused examination, and a detailed history may lead to fewer imaging studies and more cost savings.
Local Fractional Inequalities

This research is about inequalities in a local fractional setting. The author presents the following types of analytic local fractional inequalities: Opial, Hilbert-Pachpatte, Ostrowski, comparison of means, Poincare, Sobolev, Landau, and Polya–Ostrowski. The results are with respect to uniform and Lp norms, involving left and right Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. We derive also several interesting special cases.
12 – Energy Markets

Publisher Summary Energy markets are important because energy is a basic ingredient in the process of specialization and trade that takes place in modern economies. Energy is used in production and transportation and for heat and other uses. Without energy, the economy would revert to a simple, primitive one. There are many sources of energy, but each source depends on the price that is paid for energy. At low prices, wood and some coal energy would be produced. If the price of energy is high, other sources, such as oil, would be used. The price of energy is important for two reasons. First, it sets the trade-off between energy and other goods and makes one aware of energy's opportunity cost. Price, as well, serves as an incentive to develop new energy resources. Price controls are dangerous in energy markets because price ceilings not only hold down prices, but they delay production of energy from new sources. Low prices reduce any incentive for conservation. As the amount of energy used increases, the trade-off would become more important as the opportunity cost of energy increases.
Optogenetic inhibition of colon epithelium reduces hypersensitivity in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease

Visceral pain is a prevalent symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can be difficult to treat. This pain and hypersensitivity are mediated by extrinsic primary afferent neurons (ExPANs) that innervate the colon. Recent studies indicate that the colon epithelium contributes to initiating ExPAN firing and nociceptive responses. Based on these findings we hypothesized that the epithelium contributes to inflammation-induced hypersensitivity. A key prediction of this hypothesis is that inhibition of the epithelium would attenuate nociceptive signaling and inflammatory hypersensitivity. To test this hypothesis, the inhibitory yellow light activated protein archaerhodopsin was targeted to the intestinal epithelium (villin-Arch) or the ExPANs (TRPV1-Arch) that innervate the colon. Visceral sensitivity was assessed by measuring the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD), with and without yellow light illumination of the colon lumen. Inhibition of the colon epithelium in healthy villin-Arch mice significantly diminished the CRD-induced VMR. Direct inhibition of ExPANs during CRD using TRPV1-Arch mice showed that ExPAN and epithelial inhibition were similarly effective in reducing the VMR to CRD. We then investigated the effect of epithelial and ExPAN inhibition in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inhibition of the colon epithelium significantly decreased DSS-induced hypersensitivity and was comparable to inhibition of ExPANS. Together these results reveal the potential of targeting the colon epithelium for treatment of pain.
Risk interdependency, social norms, and wildfire mitigation: a choice experiment

Wildfire presents a growing threat across the American West. We conducted an online choice experiment in Western Colorado to assess how social interactions affect wildfire mitigation decisions through two distinct pathways: risk interdependency (neighbors’ conditions affect perceived wildfire risk) and social norms (neighbors’ actions affect perceptions of appropriate mitigation choices). In contrast to key observational studies, we find that participants are less likely to choose to mitigate when they have more neighbors with sparse vegetation. This effect operates through the risk interdependency pathway: sparse vegetation on neighboring properties lowers participants’ wildfire risk perceptions and appears to be viewed as a substitute for one’s own mitigation actions. In this context, where neighbors are nameless and faceless, social norms do not counteract this negative effect. To reconcile this experimental result with observational studies, we discuss how both risk interdependency and social norms are influenced by geographical and social contexts and highlight how these insights can inform future research and policy action.
Empirical evaluation and pathway modeling of visual attention to virtual humans in an appearance fidelity continuum

In this contribution we studied how different rendering styles of a virtual human impacted users’ visual attention in an interactive medical training simulator. In a mixed design experiment, 78 participants interacted with a virtual human representing a sample from the non-photorealistic (NPR) to the photorealistic (PR) rendering continuity. We presented five rendering style samples scenarios, namely All Pencil Shaded (APS), Pencil Shaded (PS), All Cartoon Shaded (ACT), Cartoon Shaded (CT), and Human-Like (HL), and compared how visual attention differed between groups of users. For this study, we employed an eye tracking system for collecting and analyzing users’ gaze during interaction with the virtual human in a failure to rescue medical training simulation. Results shows that users spent more total time in the APS and ACT conditions but users visually attended more to virtual humans in the PS, CT and HL appearance conditions.
Auditory Agnosia in Children Due to Herpes Encephalitis

Five pediatric patients whose bilateral auditory cortices were damaged by herpes encephalitis at an early age were studied. Their brain CT and MRI scans demonstrated common bilateral lesions of the auditory cortices. Their auditory perception was evaluated by means of behavioral and objective hearing tests and auditory perception tests. Four patients showed mild or moderate hearing loss in the behavioral hearing test and on their ABRs but they did not manifest total deafness. Moreover, perception tests involving speech, environmental sounds, and music demonstrated that auditory perception ability had been mostly lost in all patients. On reaching school age, the patients were enrolled in schools for the deaf or special schools for handicapped children. A patient who was followed up for over 30 years ultimately showed profound hearing loss.
An ancient battle between environment and concrete

The collapse of the Champlain Towers South condominium in South Florida shocked the world. Many families lost loved ones or are still holding their breath. The question remains: what was the cause of this catastrophic failure? Cementitious materials — not least their reinforcements — are prone to aerobic oxidation, followed by chloride and sulfate attack. These processes jeopardize structures, particularly those exposed to air and seawater.
Reinforcement Learning: N-Armed Bandits and Episodes

The field of reinforcement learning studies techniques that allow a computer program to respond to signals about an environment’s states and to react adequately. This is very practical. In this way, the computer can learn how to navigate a complicated maze, how to balance a broom-stick, and even how to drive a car or how to play complicated games such as chess or Go. The principle is to “learn from experience.” Facing diverse situations, the agent experiments, acts, and receives for its actions rewards or punishments. Based on these, it optimizes its behavior so as to maximize the anticipated rewards.
The legacy of predator threat shapes prey foraging behaviour

Predators exert strong selection on prey foraging behaviour such that prey responses may reflect a combination of ancestral effects of predators (genetic and nongenetic transgenerational effects), past individual experience with predators (phenotypic plasticity), and current exposure to predators (behavioural response). However, the importance of these factors in shaping prey foraging behaviour is not well understood. To test the relative effects of ancestry, prior experience, and current exposure, we measured foraging rates and food size preference of different ancestry and exposure groups of Western mosquitofish in the presence and absence of immediate threat from predatory largemouth bass. Our results confirm that mosquitofish had lower foraging rate in the immediate presence of predator threat. Mosquitofish also foraged at a lower rate if they had ancestry with predators, regardless of immediate threat. In contrast, individual prior experience with predators only caused reduced foraging rates in the immediate presence of a predator. This suggests that phenotypic plasticity could carry a lower risk of maladaptive antipredator responses—i.e., reduced food intake—in the complete absence of a predator. Finally, in the presence of a predator, mosquitofish with both ancestry and experience with predators consumed larger, presumably more energetically valuable, food items. Overall, our results show that non-consumptive effects of predators on prey behaviour can persist within and across generations, such that the legacy of past predator exposure—or "the ghost of predation past”—may continue to shape prey behaviour even when predators are no longer around.
Political Leadership in the Time of Crises: Primum non Nocere.

Long before the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the United States was already experiencing a failure of confidence between politicians and scientists, primarily focused on differences of opinion on climate extremes. This ongoing clash has culminated in an environment where politicians most often no longer listen to scientists. Importation of Ebola virus to the United States prompted an immediate political fervor over travel bans, sealing off borders and disputes over the reliability of both quarantine and treatment protocol. This demonstrated that evidenced- based scientific discourse risks taking a back seat to political hyperbole and fear. The role of public health and medical expertise should be to ensure that cogent response strategies, based upon good science and accumulated knowledge and experience, are put in place to help inform the development of sound public policy. But in times of crisis, such reasoned expertise and experience are too often overlooked in favor of the partisan press "sound bite", where fear and insecurity have proved to be severely counterproductive. While scientists recognize that science cannot be entirely apolitical, the lessons from the impact of Ebola on political discourse shows that there is need for stronger engagement of the scientific community in crafting messages required for response to such events. This includes the creation of moral and ethical standards for the press, politicians and scientists, a partnership of confidence between the three that does not now exist and an "elected officials" toolbox that helps to translate scientific evidence and experience into readily acceptable policy and public communication. Language: en