cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significant groundwater input to a coastal plain estuary: assessment from excess radon

A submarine groundwater discharge zone was identified through the investigation of persistent excess radon in the Delaware River and Bay Estuary. This zone, the excess radon maximum (ERM), was located approximately 82 km upstream from the mouth of the Delaware Bay. Water column radon activity at the ERM was elevated relative to the radon activity observed outside of this zone and was as high as 2.73 dpm l � 1 . A radon budget model developed to assess the contribution of multiple radon sources to the ERM indicated that simple molecular diffusion from sediments could not support the observed excess radon activity; an additional source of radon is required to sustain the excess radon activity in the ERM. A groundwater flux of 14 to 29 m 3 s � 1 from the two aquifers that subcrop on the Delmarva Peninsula immediately west of the ERM can support the excess radon observed in the water column. The stratigraphy and hydrology of these aquifers makes them likely sources of the groundwater discharge that results in the ERM. The calculated submarine groundwater discharge flux is equivalent to the surface water discharge of the second and third largest tributary rivers of the Delaware Estuary. � 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Condom Use and Human Papillomavirus in Men

of decreasing exposure risk, were no steady sex partner; nonmonogamous, nonsteady sex partner; nonmonogamous, steady sex partner; and monogamous. Condom use in the previous 6 months was defined at a single time point (the baseline visit) and assessed at 3 levels (always, sometimes, and never). This baseline measure was extrapolated to represent condom use during the entire follow-up period. HPV infection was classified into 3 categories on the basis of HPV type: any HPV type, oncogenic HPV types, and nononcogenic HPV types. In the highest HPV exposure risk category (ie, men with no steady sex partners), those who reported always using condoms in the 6 months before study entry were about 50% less likely to become newly infected with any HPV types in the 12-month follow-up period, compared with men who never used condoms (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], .31–.95). Similar reductions were reported when HPV types were stratified by oncogenic risk, but these associations did not reach statistical significance. No significant associations were observed between condom use and HPV incidence in the other 3 HPV exposure risk groups. Evaluating duration of infection, the authors found a faster rate of oncogenic HPV clearance only in the group of men who reported always using condoms with their nonsteady sex partners, compared with men who reported never using condoms (adjusted HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03– 1.61). Condom use did not impact the duration of infection in the other 3 HPV exposure risk groups, including the group with no steady sex partners, the same group for which consistent use decreased HPV incidence. Condom use is a frequently examined cofactor in epidemiologic investigations of HPV infection and associated diseases in both men and women. Yet findings from a growing number of studies, including the present one, have been difficult to interpret, partly because many are based on secondary analyses of studies that were not designed to evaluate condom effectiveness [3–20]. Evaluating condom usein observational studies of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly HPV infection, is inherently complex and subject to measurement errors that contribute to the heterogeneity in findings [21, 22]. Importantly, because incorrect or inconsistent use can diminish the protective
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry by a Binding Domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipain

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through saliva is extremely low. Several oral components, including secretory immunoglobulin A and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, are known as potential inhibitory agents of HIV oral transmission. Here we examined anti-HIV activity of oral bacterial components. We showed that recombinant protein HGP44 derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the primary infectious agents of periodontitis, was capable of inhibiting HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication. HGP44 bound specifically to HIV-1 gp120 and blocked HIV-1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion. These findings suggest that HGP44 of P. gingivalis can inhibit HIV-1 infection by blocking HIV-1 entry.
U-connect: a low-latency energy-efficient asynchronous neighbor discovery protocol

Mobile sensor nodes can be used for a wide variety of applications such as social networks and location tracking. An important requirement for all such applications is that the mobile nodes need to actively discover their neighbors with minimal energy and latency. Nodes in mobile networks are not necessarily synchronized with each other, making the neighbor discovery problem all the more challenging. In this paper, we propose a neighbor discovery protocol called U-Connect, which achieves neighbor discovery at minimal and predictable energy costs while allowing nodes to pick dissimilar duty-cycles. We provide a theoretical formulation of this asynchronous neighbor discovery problem, and evaluate it using the power-latency product metric. We analytically establish that U-Connect is an 1.5-approximation algorithm for the symmetric asynchronous neighbor discovery problem, whereas existing protocols like Quorum and Disco are 2-approximation algorithms. We evaluate the performance of U-Connect and compare the performance of U-Connect with that of existing neighbor discovery protocols. We have implemented U-Connect on our custom portable FireFly Badge hardware platform. A key aspect of our implementation is that it uses a slot duration of only 250μs, and achieves orders of magnitude lower latency for a given duty cycle compared to existing schemes for wireless sensor networks. We provide experimental results from our implementation on a network of around 20 sensor nodes. Finally, we also describe a Friend-Finder application that uses the neighbor discovery service provided by U-Connect.
Observational Evidence for Alternate Modes of Track-Altering Binary Tropical Cyclone Scenarios

Abstract An observational study of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TC) revealed many cases of two TCs whose tracks were altered by processes that were quite different from the mutual advection (Fujiwhara-type) processes. Thus, four conceptual models are proposed to describe these track alterations. A conceptual model called direct interaction is proposed that is a modification of one by Lander and Holland and has three modes: 1) a one-way influence in which the track of a smaller TC that is embedded in the circulation of a larger TC has a cyclonic orbiting motion, but no significant track alteration of the larger TC is apparent; 2) a similar case in which a mutual advection occurs with the tracks of both the smaller and larger TCs being altered; and 3) a subset of 2) in which the mutual advection includes an attraction component such that the two similarly sized TC circulations eventually merge into a larger circulation with a single center. During the 7-yr period (1989–95), the one-way influence...
A high energy density relaxor antiferroelectric pulsed capacitor dielectric

Pulsed capacitors require high energy density and low loss, properties that can be realized through selection of composition. Ceramic (Pb0.88La0.08)(Zr0.91Ti0.09)O3 was found to be an ideal candidate. La3+ doping and excess PbO were used to produce relaxor antiferroelectric behavior with slim and slanted hysteresis loops to reduce the dielectric hysteresis loss, to increase the dielectric strength, and to increase the discharge energy density. The discharge energy density of this composition was found to be 3.04 J/cm3 with applied electric field of 170 kV/cm, and the energy efficiency, defined as the ratio of the discharge energy density to the charging energy density, was 0.920. This high efficiency reduces the heat generated under cyclic loading and improves the reliability. The properties were observed to degrade some with temperature increase above 80 °C. Repeated electric field cycles up to 10 000 cycles were applied to the specimen with no observed performance degradation.
Paths to future growth in photovoltaics manufacturing

The past decade has seen rapid growth in the photovoltaics industry, followed in the past few years by a period of much slower growth. A simple model that is consistent with this historical record can be used to predict the future evolution of the industry. Two key parameters are identified that determine the outcome. One is the annual global investment in manufacturing capacity normalized to the manufacturing capacity for the previous year (capacity-normalized capital investment rate, CapIR, units $/W). The other is how much capital investment is required for each watt of annual manufacturing capacity, normalized to the service life of the assets (capacity-normalized capital demand rate, CapDR, units $/W). If these two parameters remain unchanged from the values they have held for the past few years, global manufacturing capacity will peak in the next few years and then decline. However, it only takes a modest improvement in CapIR to ensure future growth in photovoltaics. Several approaches are presented that can enable the required improvement in CapIR. If, in addition, there is an accompanying improvement in CapDR, the rate of growth can be substantially accelerated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Oxide-Ion Electrolytes

Strategic considerations for the design of new O2--ion solid electrolytes are presented, and preliminary measurements of the oxide-ion conductivity σO = (B/T) exp (-EA/kT) and transport number tO = σO/σ are reported for several oxides with perovskite-related structures. Ba2In2O5 exhibits a first-order transition at Tt ≈ 930°C from the brownmillerite structure to a cubic perovskite with disordered oxygen vacancies and fast O2-ion conduction. Ba3In2MO8 (M = Ce, Zr, or Hf) contains oxygen vacancies ordered into every second BO2 (001) plane. An octahedralsite preference of the disordered M(IV) cations makes incomplete the oxygen-vacancy ordering, so a high extrinsic σO with EA ≈ 0.6 eV is found for T ≤ 400 °C. The transport properties of Ba3In2ZrO8 at 400 °C are equivalent to those of the stabilized zirconias at 800 °C. BagIn6O17 consists of an intergrowth of (BaO)2 rocksalt and Ba3In3O7.5 oxygen-deficient perovskite layers. Although there is no evidence of long-range ordering of the oxygen vacancies, nevertheless an EA = 1.06 eV and transport properties equivalent to stabilized zirconia indicate retention of short-range correlations to at least 950 °C. Attempts to prepare Ba8Y6O17 yielded a mixture of hexagonal Ba3Y4O9 and unidentified phases. An EA = 0.45 eV above a Tt=370 °C gives a remarkable O2--ion conductivity at temperatures T > Tt in both the mixed-phase and pure Ba3Y4O9 at temperatures T > 370 °C, but the samples are extremely hygroscopic.
Interactions between Fusarium avenaceum and Hylastinus obscurus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Their Influence on Root Decline in Red Clover

Fusarium avenaceum [(Corda ex Fries) Saccardo] and clover root borer, Hylastinus obscurus (Marsham), have been implicated as causal agents in red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) root decline which may lead to stand deterioration within 2 yr. Fumigated and nonfumigated plots of red clover were established in a field pasture with or without added phosphorus (P) and with or without added inoculum of F. avenaceum . Clover root borer infestations occurred naturally in this field setting. F. avenaceum infection did not exceed 23% of feeder root segments sampled during the 1985 growing season, and about 90% of the root sites were asymptomatic. No fungal infection or root borer infestations were detected in tap roots. Fusarium infection remained unchanged in feeder roots during 1986. Root injury by H. obscurus was positively correlated (r2 = 0.978) with enlargement of tap roots. Larger tap roots, which clover root borer adults preferred for oviposition, were the direct results of improved soil P levels. The fact that tap root infection by F. avenaceum was restricted mostly to sites of root damage by H. obscuros indicated that clover root borers could be the vector of F. avenaceum inocula and predispose tap roots to Fusarium infection during ingress. Therefore, red clover root decline is caused primarily by root borer injury which occurs severely in fields where soil P levels are high, and red clover growth is accelerated. F. avenaceum is not highly virulent in natural field settings and is of secondary importance in red clover decline.
Surface-Induced Deprotection of THP-Protected Hydroxamic Acids on Titanium Dioxide

Hydroxamic acids chelate metals with high affinity and form hydrolytically stable complexes with metal oxides such as TiO2. However, these appealing binding properties can cause problems during the preparation and application of metallocatalysts with appended hydroxamate anchoring groups. Here we show that the tetrahydropyran (THP) O-protected hydroxamate group can be cleaved in situ on a TiO2 surface at room temperature, leading to the surface-bound species. Surface-mediated deprotection has several advantages over direct surface functionalization including increased hydrolytic stability of the covalent interaction with the metal oxide surface and decreased aggregation of the surface species. Application of the surface-mediated chelation method for dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPC) was examined using the organic dye MK-2. Results show that the surface-mediated deprotection led to improved DSPC performance attributed to a decrease in dye aggregation relative to a DSPC prepared using standar...
Inference to the More Robust Explanation

ABSTRACTThere is a new argument form within theoretical biology. This form takes as input competing explanatory models; it yields as output the conclusion that one of these models is more plausible...
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: effects on normal and interleukin 1 treated human articular chondrocyte metabolism in vitro.

OBJECTIVE To test the effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac, and salicylates on normal and interleukin 1 (IL-1) treated human articular chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. METHODS Normal adult human articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured as primary monolayers; the cells were treated with NSAID and salicylates at low and high plating density for assessing effects on proliferation and matrix synthesis and IL-1 modulated cell metabolism, respectively. RESULTS Cell proliferation was inhibited by ibuprofen and high doses of salicylates. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis was stimulated by ibuprofen at 10 micrograms/ml but was not changed by any other drugs at similarly low concentrations; at medium to high concentrations, only the salicylates inhibited GAG synthesis. Collagen synthesis was unaffected by any drug at the concentrations tested. IL-1 induced prostaglandin E2 release was completely inhibited by the NSAID and partially inhibited by the salicylates. IL-1 induced IL-6 release was inhibited by ibuprofen and the salicylates where as IL-1 induced APMA-activated collagenase was only inhibited by the salicylates. CONCLUSION Normal human chondrocytes respond differentially to naproxen, ibuprofen, dicolfenac, and the salicylates; these observations suggest that each drug may exhibit unique attributes with respect to longterm efficacy on cartilage metabolism.
Introduction: Why a Book on Family Life Coaching?

You may wonder, why another book on coaching? While the field of coaching and science of coaching is growing (Grant AM, Int Coach Psychol Rev 6(1):84–99, 2011), there is a gap of literature and books designed to educate life coaches dealing with family life issues such as relationship coaching, parent coaching, and coaching for families with special needs children. This chapter provides an overview of the theory and practice of family life coaching and the process of helping clients sustain emotional or behavioral changes that help them reach their goals in the realm of family life. This chapter provides an overview of the field of family life coaching and the bringing together the theories and practices of family life education and coaching psychology.
Distributed optimal leaderless consensus of linear multiagent systems with polynomial state space models

Distributed consensus algorithms have been widely designed for linear time-invariant multiagent systems. However, multiagent systems are subject to unknown environments, which results in time-varying linear models. Additionally, it is desirable to investigate the consensus performance of the closed-loop MAS. In this article, we characterize the operating condition of the multiagent system by an unknown bounded independent parameter. We propose a state space model of the multiagent system where system matrices are polynomial functions of the independent parameter. Based on two different scenarios, we design two LQR-based optimal consensus algorithms that are robust with respect to the MASs varying operating condition. In each case, we calculate the final agreement value in the presence of modeling uncertainties and provide a sufficient condition in order to reach the state agreement on zero.
ACCEL: A New Model for Identifying the Gifted

Serious identification of the gifted started with the work of Lewis Terman early in the 20th century. Terman’s model, based largely on IQ, may have made sense in the early 20th century, but it no longer makes sense today. The problems that society needs its gifted individuals to solve in the 21st century require much more than IQ—in addition to analytical, IQ-like skills, they also require creative, practical, wisdom-based, and ethical skills. In this essay, I discuss some of the background for the conventional IQ-based model of gifted identification and education and then consider the problems the world faces today and why IQ is insufficient to solve them. I then present a new model—ACCEL (Active Concerned Citizenship and Ethical Leadership)—that perhaps will better prepare our gifted students for the world of the future.
Waterpipe tobacco smoking among sexual minorities in the United States: Evidence from the National Adult Tobacco Survey (2012-2014).

Abstract Objective The current study examined differences in waterpipe smoking (both lifetime and current) comparing sexual minority populations - those identifying with lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity - to their heterosexual counterparts using a nationally representative dataset. Methods The current study used pooled data from the 2012–2013 & 2013–2014 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS). Log-Poisson multivariable regression models were deployed to determine the prevalence of waterpipe smoking behavior among sexual minority individuals controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and stratified by current gender status. Results In fully-adjusted models assessing lifetime WTS, lesbian/gay and bisexual respondents reported higher prevalence of WTS compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This trend held true in gender-stratified models among gay men [gay men: PR 1.25, 95%CI [1.06, 1.47] and women ([lesbians: PR 1.38, 95%CI [1.12, 1.69] and bisexual women: 1.69, 95%CI [1.45, 1.97]). In fully-adjusted models assessing current WTS, lesbian/gay and bisexual respondents reported higher risk of WTS compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This trend held true in gender-stratified models, only for among gay men [gay men: PR 1.56, 95%CI [1.18, 2.05] and bisexual women: 2.38, 95%CI [1.84, 3.09]). Conclusions Among the US general adult population, sexual minorities exhibited increased prevalence of current waterpipe smoking compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This pattern is also shaped by gender and variation of sexual orientation identification (e.g., lesbian/gay vs. bisexual). This warrants development of tailored interventions aimed at decreasing waterpipe smoking among sexual minority populations.
Building DARPA’s Brain

DARPA is helping to lead a remarkable transition from traditional human-centric creativity to a new kind of innovation that emerges from symbiotic collaboration among humans and machines. This evolution, the result of fast-paced changes in artificial intelligence and machine learning, is already offering new and better approaches to designing devices and manipulating the world around us, but is also raising novel questions about human-machine relationships including questions about validation and trust. A few DARPA research efforts are described that exemplify some of the benefits and quandaries that are emerging in this new era of human-machine accelerated discovery.
Children with Disabilities and the Syrian Conflict

Since the conflict in Syria began, thousands of children, including children with disabilities, have been displaced, injured or killed. Children with disabilities are particularly vulnerable during wartime and as refugees. In times of armed conflicts, children with disabilities are often left on their own, unable to find shelter and food. If they are able to find shelter, they may still suffer, as parties to the conflict, ignoring rules of war, choose to launch their attacks on schools and hospitals. Children with disabilities who flee their homes, often with their families, may end up in refugee camps which expose them to danger and often life threatening conditions. This article explores the plight of children with disabilities who have remained in Syria during the conflict and who have fled their homeland, and are now living in refugee camps. It is impossible to estimate the number of children with disabilities affected by the Syrian conflict, but it should not be impossible for the international community to help them. This paper begins with a discussion of the background of the Syrian conflict and its effect on children, generally, and especially on children with disabilities. The second section of this article discusses the situation of children with disabilities in Syria, today, followed by the third section which discusses the current Syrian legal system, and its failure to adequately protect the rights of people with disabilities, generally, and children with disabilities, in particular. The fourth section of the article presents an overview of international legal protections for children with disabilities during armed conflicts. The final two sections of the article discuss lessons learned from past conflicts that have addressed the needs of children survivors of armed conflicts and what actions must be taken now to protect the rights and lives of Syrian children with disabilities.
“For millions of people, this is real trauma”: A pedagogy of political trauma in the wake of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election

Abstract To explore how teachers navigated the days after the 2016 U.S. presidential election, we conducted a national, anonymous questionnaire. In this paper, we focus specifically on those participants who reported what we conceptualize as students' political trauma. Drawing on participants' responses, we outline a pedagogy to respond to this political trauma that includes: 1) attending to students' emotions; 2) emphasizing civic knowledge; and 3) developing students’ critical consciousness and activism. We argue that these three domains collectively create opportunities to work toward the democratic and emancipatory purposes of education in the wake of politically traumatic events.
Abstract 17385: CPR Education in High-need Schools to Increase Student Knowledge and Comfort Performing CPR

Introduction: Low-income neighborhoods are important targets for CPR trainings as they typically have high incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and low prevalence of bystander CPR. Training ...
Converting the syntactic structures of hierarchical data to their semantic structures

Most of the existing methods for retrieving sub-page level information in an HTML document either rely on keyword-based searching or assume that the internal structure of the document is known beforehand. These techniques, however, are not suitable for locating hierarchically organized information, especially when the internal structure of the given HTML document D is unknown. We present an approach for inferring information hierarchy at the sub-page level of D. Our approach includes constructing a meta data model of D, called content tree (CT), which captures the hierarchical relationship among the data contents of D. Hierarchical information in D can be retrieved via CT using an existing semistructured query language.
Cell-intrinsic sphingosine kinase 2 promotes macrophage polarization and renal inflammation in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction

Sphingosine Kinase-2 (Sphk2) is responsible for the production of the bioactive lipid Sphingosine-1 Phosphate, a key regulator of tissue repair. Here we address the in vivo significance of Sphingosine Kinase -2 in renal inflammation/fibrosis in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction using both genetic and pharmacological strategies. Obstructed kidneys of Sphk2-/- mice showed reduced renal damage and diminished levels of the renal injury markers TGFβ1 and αSMA when compared to wild type controls. We found a consistently significant increase in anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages in obstructed Sphk2-/- kidneys by flow cytometry and a decrease in mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines, MCP1, TNFα, CXCL1 and ILβ1, suggesting an anti-inflammatory bias in the absence of Sphk2. Indeed, metabolic profiling showed that the pro-inflammatory glycolytic pathway is largely inactive in Sphk2-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with the M2-promoting cytokines IL-4 or IL-13 demonstrated that macrophages lacking Sphk2 polarized more efficiently to the M2 phenotype than wild type cells. Bone marrow transplant studies indicated that expression of Sphk2-/- on either the hematopoietic or parenchymal cells did not fully rescue the pro-healing phenotype, confirming that both infiltrating M2-macrophages and the kidney microenvironment contribute to the damaging Sphk2 effects. Importantly, obstructed kidneys from mice treated with an Sphk2 inhibitor recapitulated findings in the genetic model. These results demonstrate that reducing Sphk2 activity by genetic or pharmacological manipulation markedly decreases inflammatory and fibrotic responses to obstruction, resulting in diminished renal injury and supporting Sphk2 as a novel driver of the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype.
History and Philosophy of Science: Thirty-Five Years Later

I must begin by thanking the editors of this volume, Tad Schmaltz and Sy Mauskopf, for inviting me to reflect on my views of the changing relationship between the history of science and the philosophy of science since publication of my review article, “History and Philosophy of Science: Intimate Relationship or Marriage of Convenience” (Giere 1973). Of course, not only has the relationship between these two fields changed; my views of the relationship have also changed.
Adding Insult to Injury: Blaming Persons with HIV Disease

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the behavioral and characterological blame people make about persons living with HIV/AIDS. The two studies presented a description of a gay relationship and a heterosexual relationship after which it was revealed that either both partners tested positive for the AIDS virus, one partner tested positive, neither tested positive, or there was no mention of AIDS or HIV Several variables were found to be related to the blaming of persons with HIV/AIDS, including the perceived similarity of the participant to the people in the scenario and the participant's AIDS-related stigma. Results also suggest that gay couples are blamed regardless of the outcome of their behavior, whereas the blaming of heterosexual couples depends on the gender of the observer and the HIV status of one or both partners.
Enhancing Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Lung Disease

There is little question that the most disabling symptom of chronic pulmonary disease is exercise intolerance. The patient often becomes homebound, isolated and depressed out of fear of experiencing the dyspnea that exertion brings. The sedentary lifestyle these patients adopt only serves to make the situation worse. The inactive muscles atrophy, which increases the energetic cost of activity and, in fact, may increase dyspnea on exertion.
Harmful Algae Interactions with Marine Planktonic Grazers

Toxins from harmful algae (HA) can cause shellfish toxicity and become accumulated in and transported through benthic and pelagic marine food webs by trophic interactions. In pelagic food webs, this often causes harmful effects on upper-trophic-level consumers such as marine mammals, seabirds and humans (Turner and Tester 1997; Turner et al. 1998). Effects of HA toxins on their primary grazers, zooplankton and planktivorous fish are variable, in some cases causing deleterious effects on grazers, but in others having little or no obvious effects. Such variability likely relates to different concentrations of different toxins having different effects on different grazers. Just because some phytoplankters are toxic does not mean that toxins necessarily evolved to repel grazers. The numerous documented cases where phycotoxins have minimal effects on grazers suggest that toxicity may be coincidental, or that these chemicals may have evolved for other reasons, such as nitrogen storage, bioluminescence, chromosome structural organization, pheromones for induction of sexuality, or they may be vestigial remnants of archaic pathways for nucleic acid biosynthesis (Cembella 2003). Previous reviews (Turner and Tester 1997; Turner et al. 1998) summarized information on interactions between toxic phytoplankton and their zooplanktonic grazers published prior to about the mid 1990s. Also, Turner et al. (2002) reviewed information on grazer interactions with Phaeocystis, published prior to 2002. Most previous information on HA grazer interactions dealt with copepods. There have been considerable advances within the last decade on grazer interactions with harmful algae, including not only copepods and other mesozooplankton (metazoans >200 μm in longest dimension), but also microzooplankton (mostly protists <200 μm in longest dimension). This recent information will be the focus of the present review, with citation of the aforementioned reviews for most studies published prior to
Biology of Campylobacter fetus S-Layer Proteins

Campylobacter fetus (formerly called Vibrio fetus) is a microaerophilic, curved, motile, gram-negative bacterium. Originally described early in this century as causes of bovine infertility, these organisms now are known to be pathogenic for both animals and humans (Smibert, 1984). Two major subspecies are recognized that are closely related; C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis. C. fetus subsp. fetus has a broad host range including sheep, cattle, horses, poultry, and reptiles; humans are occasionally infected. In sheep and cattle, following oral ingestion, there is bacteremia. Pregnant ewes and cows may abort because of the tropism of the organism for the placenta. In other infected ungulates, infection may be inapparent but eventually may lead to chronic biliary carriage and fecal excretion. Humans occasionally ingest C. fetus in foods, but illness mostly occurs in compromised hosts. Bacteremia is the hallmark of clinically significant human infections, which may then result in lesions in organs distant to the gastrointestinal tract (Blaser and Relier, 1981). C. fetus infection of humans may be underdiagnosed because of the fastidious nature of these organisms (Wang and Blaser, 1986). C. fetus subsp. venerealis infection is essentially confined to cattle. Bulls carry the organism in the penile prepuce and overlaying the deep epithelial crypts, and introduce it into cows via sexual intercourse. Infection causes endometritis, which leads to infertility. After several months, cows are usually able to clear this infection focus but chronic vaginal colonization may persist for months or years.
Development of a Tissue-Mimicking Phantom of the Brain for Ultrasonic Studies.

Abstract Constructing tissue-mimicking phantoms of the brain for ultrasonic studies is complicated by the low backscatter coefficient of brain tissue, causing difficulties in simultaneously matching the backscatter and attenuation properties. In this work, we report on the development of a polyvinyl alcohol-based tissue-mimicking phantom with properties approaching those of human brain tissue. Polyvinyl alcohol was selected as the base material for the phantom as its properties can be varied by freeze–thaw cycling, variations in concentration and the addition of scattering inclusions, allowing some independent control of backscatter and attenuation. The ultrasonic properties (including speed of sound, attenuation and backscatter) were optimized using these methods with talc powder as an additive. It was determined that the ultrasonic properties of the phantom produced in this study are best matched to brain tissue in the frequency range 1–3 MHz, indicating its utility for laboratory ultrasonic studies in this frequency range.
Resveratrol represses tumor necrosis factor α/c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling via autophagy in human dental pulp stem cells.

Abstract Objectives: To study the effects of polyphenol resveratrol on TNFα-induced inflammatory signaling as well as the underlying mechanism in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Materials and methods: Human DPSCs were cultured and treated by TNFα in the presence or absence of resveratrol. NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 8 (IL8) mRNA levels were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. For the mechanistic study, autophagy was examined and further manipulated by gene silencing of Atg5 using siRNAs. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t- test, and values of p Results: Upon TNFα treatments, neither degradation of IκBα nor the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB were inhibited by resveratrol at different concentrations. In contrast, resveratrol dramatically inhibited TNFα-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK. Furthermore, resveratrol activated autophagy, as evidenced by the accumulated autophagic puncta formed by lipid bound LC3B in resveratrol-treated cells. Intriguingly, both resveratrol and JNK inhibitor SP600125 suppressed TNFα-induced IL6 and IL8 mRNA expression (P Conclusions: The results suggest that resveratrol suppresses TNFα-induced inflammatory cytokines expressed by DPSCs through regulating the inhibitory autophagy-JNK signaling cascade. Resveratrol might be beneficial to ameliorate pulpal damage during the acute phase of inflammation in vital pulp therapy.
Morphodynamics of beach-cliff systems in the Santa Barbara littoral cell

Abstract A better understanding of the main factors and mechanisms that shape the long-term cliff morphology is essential for effective responses to future coastal cliff erosion threats and occurrences. In this study, the interactions among sea cliff morphology, beach morphology, and coastal hydrodynamics were investigated for eight coastal sites near Santa Barbara, California. This investigation utilizes Digital Elevation Model data, and historical shoreline and cliff edge survey data. It was found that, for the study sites with similar meteorological characteristics, the cliff slope is negatively correlated with the beach width and height, and the cliff slope is governed by the inundation number, which is the ratio of the effective wave run-up height and beach-cliff junction height. Distinct shoreline erosion or accretion trends were not observed for most of the eight sites. Buffer zones of beach-cliff systems, however, have been widening mainly due to cliff erosion. Among the study sites, the widening of the buffer zone was larger for wider beaches, where cliff slopes were gentler. Our analysis indicated that long-term cliff erosion in Southern California may be estimated by using adequate wave-induced cliff erosion models.
A review of recent advancements in finite element formulation for sandwich plates

Abstract Use of composite structures is exponentially growing in different fields due to their higher strength-to-weight ratio. This application trend requires that accurate theoretical explanations and their finite element models be developed for analyzing sandwich plates before finalizing the designs. This paper reviews the recent research trends of finite element formulations developed for analyzing sandwich plates. This paper reviews the finite element models developed after the year 2000. Initially, the finite element formulations based on first order shear deformation theory, higher order shear deformation theories, mixed solid-shell elements, zig-zag theories and global–local theories are presented. Then, some finite element formulations developed to analyze a very new class of structures called piezoelectric structures are presented. At the end, some formulations to analyze a very critical phenomenon called buckling are presented.
Capecitabine for the treatment of pancreatic cancer

Introduction: Capecitabine is an oral prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) which is converted to 5FU by a series of reactions catalyzed by different enzymes, the last of the enzymes being thymidine pho...
Cerebrovascular Accident in a Pediatric Patient Presenting With Influenza.

Abstract Background Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in pediatric populations accounts for more than half of pediatric strokes and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Pediatric AIS can present with nonspecific symptoms or symptoms that mimic alternate pathology. Case Report A 4-month-old female presented to the emergency department for fever, decreased oral intake, and “limp” appearance after antibiotic administration. She was febrile, tachypneic, and hypoxic. Her skin was mottled with 3-s capillary refill, her anterior fontanelle was tense, and she had mute Babinski reflex bilaterally but was moving all extremities. The patient was hyponatremic, thrombocytopenic, and tested positive for influenza A. A computed tomography scan of the brain revealed an acute infarction involving the right frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes in addition to hyperdensities concerning for thrombosed cortical veins. The patient was transferred for specialty evaluation and was discharged 2 weeks later on levetiracetam. Why Should an Emergency Physician be Aware of This? Pediatric AIS can present with nonspecific symptoms that mimic alternate pathology. A high level of suspicion is needed so as not to miss the diagnosis of pediatric AIS in the emergency department. A thorough neurologic assessment is warranted, and subtle abnormalities should be investigated further.
Evaluation of second osmotic virial coefficients from molecular simulation following scaled-particle theory

We report a scaled particle theory-based method for evaluation of second osmotic virial coefficients from molecular simulations of dilute species in solution. In this method, we evaluate the work a...
Endangered Atlantic Sturgeon in the New York Wind Energy Area: implications of future development in an offshore wind energy site

Imminent development of offshore wind farms on the outer continental shelf of the United States has led to significant concerns for marine wildlife. The scarcity of empirical data regarding fish species that may utilize development sites, further compounded by the novelty of the technology and inherent difficulty of conducting offshore research, make identification and assessment of potential stressors to species of concern problematic. However, there is broad potential to mitigate putatively negative impacts to seasonal migrants during the exploration and construction phases. The goal of this study was to establish baseline information on endangered Atlantic Sturgeon in the New York Wind Energy Area (NY WEA), a future offshore development site. Passive acoustic transceivers equipped with acoustic release mechanisms were used to monitor the movements of tagged fish in the NY WEA from November 2016 through February 2018 and resulted in detections of 181 unique individuals throughout the site. Detections were highly seasonal and peaked from November through January. Conversely, fish were relatively uncommon or entirely absent during the summer months (July–September). Generalized additive models indicated that predictable transitions between coastal and offshore habitat were associated with long-term environmental cues and localized estuarine conditions, specifically the interaction between photoperiod and river temperature. These insights into the ecology of marine-resident Atlantic Sturgeon are crucial for both defining monitoring parameters and guiding threat assessments in offshore waters and represent an important initial step towards quantitatively evaluating Atlantic Sturgeon at a scale relevant to future development.
IP Protection and Supply Chain Security through Logic Obfuscation: A Systematic Overview

The globalization of the semiconductor supply chain introduces ever-increasing security and privacy risks. Two major concerns are IP theft through reverse engineering and malicious modification of the design. The latter concern in part relies on successful reverse engineering of the design as well. IC camouflaging and logic locking are two of the techniques under research that can thwart reverse engineering by end-users or foundries. However, developing low overhead locking/camouflaging schemes that can resist the ever-evolving state-of-the-art attacks has been a challenge for several years. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state of the art with respect to locking/camouflaging techniques. We start by defining a systematic threat model for these techniques and discuss how various real-world scenarios relate to each threat model. We then discuss the evolution of generic algorithmic attacks under each threat model eventually leading to the strongest existing attacks. The article then systematizes defences and along the way discusses attacks that are more specific to certain kinds of locking/camouflaging. The article then concludes by discussing open problems and future directions.
Data-driven visualization schema of a materials informatics curriculum: Convergence of materials science and information science

In addition to student assessment, curriculum assessment is a critical element to any pedagogy. It helps the educator assess the teaching of concepts, determine what may be lacking, and make changes for continual improvement. Meaningful assessment can be complicated when disciplines converge or when new approaches are implemented. To facilitate this, we present a network-based visualization schema to represent a materials informatics curriculum that combines materials science and data science concepts. We analyze the curriculum using network representations and relevant concepts from graph theory. This reveals established connections, linkages between materials science and data science, and the extent to which different concepts are connected. We also describe how some materials science topics are introduced from a data perspective, and present an illustrative case study from the curriculum.
Translational Science and Healthcare Quality and Safety Improvement from Mastery Learning

Mastery learning contributes to translational science (TS) in the health professions not only when learning outcomes are measured in educational settings (T1) but also when outcomes are measured as “downstream” results including patient care practices (T2), patient outcomes (T3), and collateral effects (T4). This chapter describes a simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) education and research program on central venous catheter insertion that has achieved results in all four TS categories. The program is successful because it involves a series of evaluation research studies that are thematic, sustained, and cumulative. The chapter concludes with a section on mastery learning and healthcare quality and safety improvement.
PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY IMPROVES IDENTIFICATION OF MITRAL STENOSIS (MS) BY MEDICAL STUDENTS DURING STANDARDIZED AUSCULTATION ASSESSMENT

Phonocardiography (PCG), the graphic representation of cardiac vibration and sounds, previously limited to research, is now available for point-of-care (POC) assessment. Despite improved technology, there are few studies assessing whether PCG in addition to auscultation improves identification (ID)
Slite: OS Support for Near Zero-Cost, Configurable Scheduling *

Despite over 35 years of wildly changing requirements and applications, real-time systems have treated the kernel implementation of system scheduling policy as given. New time management policies are either adapted to the kernel, and rarely adopted, or emulated in user-level under the restriction that they must stay within the confines of the underlying system’s mechanisms. This not only hinders the agility of the system to adapt to new requirements, but also harms non-functional properties of the system such as the effective use of parallelism, and the application of isolation to promote security. This paper introduces Slite, a system designed to investigate the possibilities of near zero-cost scheduling of system-level threads at user-level. This system efficiently and predictably enables the user-level implementation of configurable scheduling policies. This capability has wide-ranging impact, and we investigate how it can increase the isolation, thus dependability, of a user-level real-time OS, and how it can provide a real-time parallel runtime with better analytical properties using thread-based – rather than the conventional task-based – scheduling. We believe these benefits motivate a strong reconsideration of the fundamental scheduling structure in future real-time systems.
Immunohistochemical expression of receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRHR) in muscle-invasive Urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder: a potential predictive marker for targeted cytotoxic LHRH hybrid analogs

Recurrent disease following failed chemotherapy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) has no universally accepted treatment guidelines. Receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRHR) have recently been identified in urothelial cancer cell lines as well as tissue samples. These receptors can be used as target for cytotoxic hybrid analogs of LHRH. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of LHRHR expression in muscle invasive UC by immunohistochemistry. Fifty-two cases, including TURBTs (31) and cystectomies (21), with at least muscle invasive UC were retrieved. Of 52 patients, 41 (78.8%) were male and 11 (21.1%) were female, with age ranging from 50 to 84 years. Immunohistochemical staining for LHRHR antibody (N-20, Santa Cruz, 1:50) was performed using the LSAB method. Membranous and/or granular cytoplasmic staining was considered as a positive reaction. Scoring was based on the percentage of positive tumor cells; negative (no staining), 1+ (1–25%), 2+ (26–50%), 3+ (51–75%), 4+ (> 75%). Of 52 UC cases, 32 (61%) were AJCC stage T2, 17 (33%) were T3, and 3 (6%) were T4. Of 52 cases, 30 (58%) were positive and 22 (42%) were negative for LHRHR. Of the 30 positive cases, 16 (53%) were scored 1+, 7 (23%) 2+, 5 (17%) 3+ and 2 (7%) 4 + . More than half of the cases expressed LHRHR. Two-thirds of cases demonstrated focal (< 50%) immunoreactivity, which may cause false negative results in limited tissue samples. Immunohistochemical expression of LHRHR in UC can be a predictive marker for potential efficacy of LHRH cytotoxic hybrid analogs.