cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma. The long term survivors.

BACKGROUND Brain metastases occur in 25% to 35% of all cancer patients, with colorectal carcinoma accounting for approximately 8% of these. Information about patients with brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma is limited, with the largest previous series reporting only 40 patients. To date there have been no reports describing the subgroup of patients with long term survival (>1 yr). METHODS A retrospective review of 150 patients seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1976 and 1993 with pathologic (56) and/or radiographic (94) confirmation of brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma is presented. RESULTS The majority of patients (82%) with brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma have concomitant extracerebral metastases, especially in the lungs. Only 16% of the patients survived > 1 year after diagnosis (4 > 4 yrs., 2 > 10 yrs). Of these, 92% had single cerebral metastases and 38% had no systemic metastases. In addition, young age and the absence of bony metastases or memory loss were associated with increased survival. Median survival for all of the patients receiving surgery and radiotherapy (39), surgery alone (11), radiotherapy alone (79) and supportive care (17) are 42, 45, 16, and 8 weeks, respectively. Thirty percent of the patients treated with radiotherapy showed regression of their tumors on follow-up head scans; three had complete regression. CONCLUSIONS One-year survivors of brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma were uncommon, accounting for 16% of the patients and most of these (92%) had solitary lesions. Nineteen of 24 long term survivors had surgical resection as part of their treatment. Given the similar results in patients treated with surgery plus radiotherapy and those treated with surgery alone, as well as the potential long term side effects of radiotherapy, withholding radiotherapy for those patients with the possibility of long term survival should be considered. Cancer 1996;78:711-6.
The potential mechanical response of macromolecular systems—A composite analogy

A variety of macromolecular systems including crystalline and oriented thermoplastics, block copolymers, and flexibilized thermosetting resins can realistically be viewed as composite systems. This paper examines the utility of using predictive methods developed for two-component engineering composites to predict the mechanical properties of macromolecular systems. The concepts presently available for the prediction of stiffness and expansion coefficients of short-fiber rein-forced plastics are reviewed with respect to their engineering accuracy in structural systems design. These techniques are then applied to predict the stiffness of a hybrid polymer system lying midway between an engineering composite and a crystalline polymer. The hybrid consists of a polymer matrix (butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer) reinforced with in-situ crystallized, low-molecular-weight filler (acetanilide). Finally, the composite approach is applied to the prediction of stiffnesses and expansion coefficients of crystalline polyethylene as a function of volume fraction crystallinity and crystallite morphology.
Antidepressants that inhibit both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake impair long-term potentiation in hippocampus

Monoamine reuptake inhibitors can stimulate expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and alter long-term potentiation (LTP), a widely used model for the synaptic mechanisms that underlie memory formation. BDNF expression is upregulated during LTP, and BDNF in turn positively modulates LTP. Previously, we found that treatment with venlafaxine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but not citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), reduced LTP in hippocampal area CA1 without changing hippocampal BDNF protein expression. We tested the hypothesis that combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition is necessary for LTP impairment, and we reexamined the potential role of BDNF by testing for region-specific changes in areas CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus. We also tested whether early events in the LTP signaling pathway were altered to impair LTP. Animals were treated for 21 days with venlafaxine, imipramine, fluoxetine, or maprotiline. In vitro hippocampal slices were used for electrophysiological measurements. Protein expression was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. LTP was impaired only following treatment with combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, imipramine) but not with selective serotonin (fluoxetine) or norepinephrine (maprotiline) reuptake inhibitors. BDNF protein expression was not altered by venlafaxine or imipramine treatment, nor were postsynaptic depolarization during LTP inducing stimulation or synaptic membrane NMDA receptor subunit expression affected. LTP is impaired by chronic treatment with antidepressant that inhibit both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake; this impairment results from changes that are downstream of postsynaptic depolarization and calcium influx.
Analytical calculation of the equivalent inductance for signal vias in parallel planes with arbitrary P/G via distribution

This paper introduces an analytical method for calculating the equivalent inductance associated to signal vias in parallel planes with arbitrary power/ground (P/G) via distribution. The proposal is corroborated by comparing the equivalent inductances predicted by a commercial electromagnetic solver (HFSS) and those predicted by the analytical method. Excellent results are obtained demonstrating the accuracy and validity of the proposal.
Harvesting infrared photons with tricarbocyanine dye clusters.

The absorption of 4,5-benzoindotricarbocyanine dye (IR125) in the infrared can be tuned by controlling the type of aggregation in different media. Molecular clusters of this dye formed in a mixed solvent show broad absorption in the 550−950 nm region as compared to the absorption bands of J- and H-type aggregates. The molecular clusters of the carbocyanine dye are electrophoretically deposited as thin film on optically transparent electrodes using a dc electric field. These tricarbocyanine dye cluster films are photoactive in the infrared region and produce cathodic current when employed as photocathode in a photoelectrochemical cell. Transient absorption spectroscopy of the molecular clusters show short-lived singlet state in the picosecond time scale (lifetime 6 ps) and a charge separated state in the nanosecond time scale. Implication of such dye cluster films for harvesting infrared photons in a photoelectrochemical cell is discussed.
Moving Rivers, Shifting Streams: Perspectives on the Existence of a Policy Window

(2005). Moving Rivers, Shifting Streams: Perspectives on the Existence of a Policy Window. Arts Education Policy Review: Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 3-11.
A study of the contaminated banks of the Mahoning River, Northeastern Ohio, USA: characterization of the contaminated bank sediments and river water–groundwater interactions

The Mahoning River is one of the five most contaminated rivers in the U.S. This study characterized the contaminated sediments in the river banks and investigated the hydraulic interconnection between shallow aquifer in the banks with the river water. The study was conducted along the most polluted section of the river, which is 50-km long, using over 50 monitoring wells. The characterization part of the study investigated the sedimentology, hydraulic conductivity, and spatial distribution of the contaminated sediments. Results of the characterization revealed that the contaminated sediments consist of fine-grained sand, silt, mud, and clay. The spatial distribution of the contaminated sediment is heterogeneous and positively correlates with the hydraulic conductivity values, i.e., the greatest contamination occurs in high conductivity areas. Hydraulic conductivity was determined by the Hazen formula using 82 sediment samples. Bioremediation, which is one of the remedial options considered for the banks, is found to be hydraulically feasible because of sufficient hydraulic conductivity values (≥10−4 cm/s) that ensure reasonable rates of nutrient delivery. Monitoring of water levels in the river and groundwater for a 10-month period shows that flow occurs from the river to groundwater and vice versa. The exchange of flow is influenced by rainfall. Flow of groundwater to the river will continually transport the dissolved contaminants in groundwater to the river. Therefore, findings of this study show that one of the remedial options that proposes dredging of channel sediments and permits no action for bank sediments cannot be chosen due to river water–groundwater interactions.
Cytokine production by adherent and non-adherent mononuclear cells in chronic fatigue syndrome

It has been suggested that cytokines play a role in certain clinical manifestations of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). In this study adherent (monocytes) and non-adherent (lymphocytes) mononuclear cells were stimulated in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively, and supernatants were assayed for IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 by ELISA. IL-6 was also measured at the mRNA level by polymerase chain reaction. The levels of spontaneously (unstimulated) produced TNF-α by non-adherent lymphocytes and spontaneously produced IL-6 by both adherent monocytes and non-adherent lymphocytes were significantly increased as compared to simultaneously studied matched controls. The abnormality of IL-6 was also observed at mRNA level. In contrast, spontaneously produced IL-10 by both adherent and non-adherent cells and by PHA-activated non-adherent cells were decreased. This preliminary study suggests that an aberrant production of cytokines in CFS may play a role in the pathogenesis and in some of the clinical manifestations of CFS.
The role of equity, trust and information on user fee acceptance in protected areas and other public lands: a structural model

Although inequity has been considered as a major concern of user fees on public lands, there is a lack of sufficient empirical research on understanding how perceptions of inequity influence fee acceptance. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the role of three equity constructs on fee acceptance, and (2) to test whether perceptions of inequity mediate the relationship between trust, information and fee acceptance. This study is based on a telephone survey conducted with residents of Oregon and Washington, United States. The sampling was conducted using a random-digit dial process, yielding 366 completed interviews. The results of structural equation modeling showed that, among the three-dimensional equity constructs, i.e. compensatory equity, democratic equity and equity belief, only equity belief influenced fee acceptance. Further, equity belief partially mediated the effects of information and trust on fee acceptance. Providing more information about fees to the public such as why fees...
Optical dephasing in saturable-absorbing organic dye IR140

Room-temperature degenerate four-wave mixing in the forward two-pulse geometry, has been performed on ajet of organic saturable-absorbing laser dye IR140 dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and ethylene glycol. Numerical solutions to the optical Bloch equation were fitted to the experimental data in order to extract a value of T2 = 50 +/- 5 fs for the homogeneous dephasing time; this value is comparable to those measured for similar organic dyes using other techniques.
Criminality Among Rural Stimulant Users in the United States

Despite the increase in media attention on "meth cooking" in rural areas of the United States, little is known about rural stimulant use, particularly the criminality associated with stimulant use. Data were collected from community stimulant users in rural Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky (N=709). Findings from three logistic regression models indicate that younger stimulant users (x =32.55, SD = 10.35), those with more convictions, and those who used crack frequently were significantly more likely to have been arrested for committing a substance-related crime, a property crime, or another crime in the 6-months before entering the study. Implications include the need for longitudinal studies to further understand rural stimulant use as well as increasing community and corrections-based drug abuse prevention and treatment interventions for stimulant users who live in rural areas.
Involvement of the E2A basic helix-loop-helix protein in immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching

Abstract The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional factor E2A has previously been shown to play a critical role in early B cell development, with E2A knockout mice and Id1 transgenic mice showing an arrest at the pro-B cell stage of development. More recent data suggest that E2A, through an interaction with the immunoglobulin heavy chain 3′ enhancer, might also regulate later events in B cell development such as heavy chain class switching. The patterns of E2A protein expression in secondary lymphoid tissues support a role in later stages of B cell maturation. In particular, immunostaining reveals upregulation of E2A protein in cells of the dark zone of the germinal center, the site of immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching. To examine the role of E2A in class switching, the inhibitory HLH protein Id1 was expressed in B cell lines which normally undergo spontaneous and inducible switching from IgM to IgA. The forced expression of Id1 in these cell lines effectively blocked class switching. This Id1 blockade of class switching did not occur via downregulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain germline transcription or through inhibition of cell cycling. Further-more, Id1 inhibited spontaneous and, to a lesser degree, cytokine inducible class switching. From these data, we conclude that E2A plays an important role in the class switching process.
Some linear and nonlinear thoughts on exchange rates

Abstract After discussing the inconclusive results of linear structural models as applied to exchange rates, this paper assesses the possibilities of using a particular form of nonlinear estimation, called Alternating Conditional Expectations, as: (i) a diagnostic tool, and (ii) a forecasting method. It contrasts the forecast performance of various linear (in levels, in differences, error correction) and nonlinear (in levels, in differences) specifications of a sticky-price monetary model, augmented by a relative wealth variable. The diagnostic results are as follows: the optimal transformations are almost always nonlinear, and often nonmonotonic. Forecasting results: in-sample and out-of-sample nonlinear forecasts yield substantial improvements over a random walk. However, in exercises with forecasts from rolling regressions, the random walk specification still dominates (over one-quarter forecast horizons), albeit only marginally and insignificantly so. Nonlinear specifications do slightly better than linear competitors at four-quarter horizons.
The Pasinetti Paradox Revisited

In a model where there exists a group who receive only property income (capitalists), the wealth of that sector will grow at a constant rate, depending on their saving rate and their rate of return earned S,(PI/K,) = g,. If long-run equilibrium is defined as a situation where the distribution of wealth remains constant, the wealth of all other sectors, and so of the economy as a whole, must also grow at this same rate. If in addition it is assumed that the economy grows at a constant (natural) rate, it follows that the profit rate and the profit share depend only on the saving preferences of capitalists, while the saving preferences of all other groups (workers) are irrelevant. This is the essence of the Pasinetti Theorem. [3] The assumption that the distribution of wealth is constant implies that savings are distributed in proportion to wealth,
Spinal muscular atrophy in Brown Swiss calves.

Summary Nineteen Brown Swiss calves affected with spinal muscular atrophy were described. Weakness of the rear legs was the first sign observed at 3 to 4 weeks of age. Terminal stages were characterized by severe muscular atrophy, quadriparesis, and sternal recumbency. Bronchopneumonia was a frequent complicating disease. Microscopic changes consisted mainly of degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord. Neurogenic atrophy of muscles was a constant finding. Electron microscopy revealed accumulation of neurofilaments and mitochondria in affected neurons. The disease shares many features with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease in man and the spinal muscular atrophies of other animals. Zusammenfassung Spinale Muskelatrophie bei Schweizer Braunvieh-Kalbern Es werden 19 Schweizer Braunvieh-Kalber mit spinaler Muskelatrophie beschrieben. Als erstes Symptom trat im Alter von 3–4 Wochen Hinterhandschwache auf. Fur das terminale Stadium waren schwere Muskelatrophie, Lahmungen der vier Extremitaten und sternales Festliegen charakteristisch. Als zusatzliche Krankheit trat haufig eine Bronchopneumonie auf. Die mikroskopischen Veranderungen bestanden hauptsachlich in Degeneration und Verlust von Motoneuronen in den Ventralhornern des Ruckenmarkes. Immer wurde eine neurogene Muskelatrophie beobachtet. Elektronenmikroskopisch war in den betroffenen Neuronen eine Akkumulation von Neurofilamenten und Mitochondrien erkennbar. Die Krankheit entspricht in vielen Merkmalen der Werdnig-Hoffmannschen Krankheit des Menschen sowie spinalen Muskelatrophien anderer Species.
A clinical‐care pathway for decreasing hospital stay after radical prostatectomy

Objectives To evaluate the use of a clinical-care pathway that decreased the stay in hospital after radical retropubic prostatectomy from 3 to 2 days, assessing the costs and quality of care. Patients and methods Forty-four consecutive men who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy were evaluated prospectively. The first 22 men were hospitalized under the standard 3-day clinical-care pathway in use at our institution. This pathway was evaluated, shortened to construct a 2-day pathway, and a second group of 22 consecutive men hospitalized under the new pathway. Both groups were evaluated and compared 6 weeks post-operatively. Results The mean (sd) hospital stay was 2.1 (0.3) days for men in the 2-day and 2.9 (0.4) days for men in the 3-day pathway (P<0.001). The mean (sd) hospital cost was $8468 (801) in the 2-day and $8806 (630) in the 3-day pathway (P=0.13). None of the men in the 2-day and one of 22 men in the 3-day pathway experienced a major complication (P=0.31). Two of 22 men in the 2-day and one of 22 in the 3-day pathway exceeded the expected stay by one day (P=0.55). Conclusion The hospital stay after radical retropubic prostatectomy can be safely shortened from 3 to 2 days for most men. However, the shorter hospital stay does not result in significant cost savings. The shorter stay does not appear to compromise quality of care. Proper patient education and careful pre- and post-operative supervision are necessary for a successful outcome.
Swimming against the Tide: Sports Illustrated's Imagery of Female Athletes in a Swimsuit World

(1992). Swimming against the Tide: Sports Illustrated's Imagery of Female Athletes in a Swimsuit World. Women's Studies in Communication: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 49-64.
Distribution of radioactivity in the egg after feeding sodium acetate 1-C14.

SummaryThe data indicate that upon feeding of carboxyl-labeled sodium acetate, the activity is rapidly incorporated into all portions of the egg. The acetate is utilized immediately and a comparatively small percentage of radioactivity is diverted to the metabolic pool. Steady feeding of labeled material is required in order to maintain a high specific activity in all portions of the egg.
STS II - Beyond Shuttle

Advanced launch vehicle systems, which could replace the Space Shuttle to meet the expanded space transportation demands of commercial, governmental, and military space users in the post 2000 time frame, are examined. Vehicle scenarios, mission requirements, vehicle concepts, economics, and technology requirements are assessed. Vehicle requirements are to achieve significant reductions in operations and life-cycle costs while increasing the overall launch capacity. Vehicle designs emphasize conventional rocket-powered configurations derived from Space Shuttle concepts and based on evolutionary technologies. Technologies focus on high performance, cost-effective design and manufacturing and on high operational productivity.
The mechanism of alteration of macroscopic contact angles by the adsorption of surfactants

Abstract The mechanism by which macroscopic measured contact angles on quartz surfaces change is discussed. Measurements made with decane-water-quartz systems indicate an increase followed by a decrease in the contact angle as the concentration of CTAB is increased. The angle does not change substantially when SDS is used. The predicted contact angles using only the measured DLVO components of disjoining pressure do not indicate the same trend. The decrease in contact angles at above the c.m.c. can be attributed to the formation of bilayers at the quartz surface. Any attempt made at predicting changes in contact angles must include the structural component in the disjoining pressure. This component dominates all the other interactions in the calculation of the apparent contact angle.
Segregation and African-American imprisonment rates for drug offenses

Scholars argue that the dramatic increase in the African-American incarceration rate that occurred after the civil rights era was in part a reflection of the declining utility of residential segreg...
Vibration of thick composite laminates - Analytic theory and finite element approximations

Two versions of a (1,2) higher-order laminate plate theory are extended to elastodynamics, and their performance on free vibration problems for homogeneous and laminated plates is examined. Both versions are based on continuously varying through-the-thickness linear and parabolic distributions for the inplane and transverse displacements, respectively. They also use continuous parabolic distributions for the transverse shear strains. The theory is capable of providing an improved accuracy as compared to other approximate theories and accurately predicting the lowest thickness-stretch frequencies which cannot be obtained with shear-deformable theories. The theory is considered to be particularly well-suited for generating simple and efficient variationally-based displacement finite elements leading to C sup 0 elements with only five degrees of freedom per node.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Related Risk-Taking Behaviors in Women Attending Inner-City Prenatal Clinics in the Mid-West

OBJECTIVE: Federal guidelines recommend the provision of human immunodeficiency virus education to all attendees of prenatal clinics. The current study was conducted to assess risk-taking behaviors among urban women voluntarily pursuing prenatal care. DESIGN AND SETTING: African American women attending urban prenatal clinics in Cleveland, Ohio were subjected to an extensive interview before receiving an experimental AIDS education curriculum. The interview sought detailed information regarding demographics, lifetime and recent sexual activity, condom use, and lifetime and recent illicit drug use. RESULTS: A total of 1017 women were interviewed; of these women, ∼73% were single. The majority had a monthly income of less than $500. A total of 66% had only one partner in the past year, and almost 90% had ≤1 partner in the past 6 months. A total of 98% identified a main partner. Nearly all subjects were at least fairly certain that this partner did not use intravenous drugs, and 71% were at least fairly certain that he was monogamous. Only 19% used condoms most or all the time. Intravenous drug use among study subjects was very infrequent. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that inner-city Cleveland women seeking prenatal care are largely monogamous around the time of their gestation, and that a history of intravenous drug use is infrequent. They suggest that prenatal counseling in urban clinics will need to address women who largely are engaged in single-partner relationships at the time of the intervention.
Cardiac Risk Evaluation for Elementary School Children

This study examined cardiac risk factors in school-age children. Specific risk factors focused on were smoking, hypertension, elevated blood cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, and nutritional imbalances. All consenting students in grades one through five participated. Components of the study included screenings and a questionnaire. Children (N = 357) were screened for height/weight, resting pulse, blood pressure, cholesterol, skin-fold thickness, and fitness. The questionnaire included an assessment of family diseases and family health practices. Results showed no significant relationships between cholesterol and family history of hypercholesterolemia or coronary heart disease, cholesterol and overweight, cholesterol and amount of time students exercised and the amount of time student's mothers exercised (r = -0.25, p = .0028), cholesterol elevation and exercise (r = -0.25, p-value = 0.007), and exercise and the frequency of eating out in a restaurant (r = -0.18, p-value = 0.03).
Constraints on thermal and mechanical structure of the oceanic lithosphere at the Bermuda Rise from geoid height and depth anomalies

Abstract The Bermuda Rise is a broad area of anomalously shallow seafloor presumed to be of thermal origin dating to the middle Eocene. This and other midplate swells have been modeled both by elevated temperature in a convecting layer at the base of the plate and as thermal expansion within the conducting portion of the lithosphere. Using recently developed techniques for the estimation of lithospheric flexure and temperature structure from geoid, bathymetry, and heat flow data, we place constraints on the depth of the thermal load and limit the possible thermal mechanisms causing this swell. Our data include depth anomalies calculated from DBDB5C bathymetry data, geoid anomalies using data from both Seasat and GEOS-3 altimeter missions, and published heat flow values. The first technique we employ to determine the thermo-mechanical properties of the swell is a forward filtering technique with which we determine flexural rigidity and compensation depth by successive fits to topography filtered to separate subsurface and surface loading. The second method is an admittance technique, with which we directly determine the geoid to topography ratios corresponding to the volcano and the swell. Both linear filtering and admittance approaches yield similar conclusions concerning the elastic plate thickness and compensation depth of the Bermuda Rise, indicating that the effective elastic thickness for the plate supporting the volcanoes is 30 ± 5 km and the compensation depth for the swell is 55 ± 10 km. Finally, we use the linear programming technique to obtain extremal bounds on temperature as a function of depth and time in the lithosphere. We find that the depth and geoid anomalies, heat flow, and elastic thickness observations are inconsistent with a mechanism for formation of the Bermuda Rise which consists solely of thermal anomalies confined to depths greater than 50 km at the initiation of hotspot activity. If we use thermal rejuvenation alone to model the Bermuda Rise, the observations require that it be accompanied by substantial reheating to shallow depth in the lithosphere. On the basis of the data presented in this paper we cannot distinguish between a reheating model and a convection model for the origin of the Bermuda Rise though based on our geothermal modeling we preclude convective support models that do not change temperatures within the thermal plate.
Size-dependent specific surface area of nanoporous film assembled by core-shell iron nanoclusters

Nanoporous films of core-shell iron nanoclusters have improved possibilities for remediation, chemical reactivity rate, and environmentally favorable reaction pathways. Conventional methods often have difficulties to yield stable monodispersed core-shell nanoparticles. We produced core-shell nanoclusters by a cluster source that utilizes combination of Fe target sputtering along with gas aggregations in an inert atmosphere at 7°C. Sizes of core-shell iron-iron oxide nanoclusters are observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The specific surface areas of the porous films obtained from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) process are size-dependent and compared with the calculated data.
Hold Tight: Carroll Izard’s Contributions to Translational Research on Emotion Competence:

This article summarizes Carroll (Cal) Izard’s contributions to theory and research on emotion competence and an emotion-centered preventive intervention program. Cal’s contributions to emotion competence research began with some of the earliest studies of whether or not recognition and labeling of emotions relate to social and behavioral functioning. He also theorized about the adaptive use of discrete emotions, a construct Cal termed “emotion utilization.” He translated theory and research on emotions into seven principles for emotion-based prevention and intervention, and he applied these principles to a preventive intervention, the Emotions Course. The Emotions Course has been shown to promote emotion competence and reduce problem behaviors. The article concludes with recommendations to deepen the research base on emotion competence.
Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey

The construction and politicization of Kurdish ethno‐nationalism in Turkey evolved in five stages. The state's policies are the determinant factors in the evolution and modulation of the Kurdish et...
Effects of Dietary Fiber and Acid-Detergent Lignin on Body Fill of Ruminating Calves

Abstract Twenty male Holstein calves, 8 weeks of age, were used to define quantitatively the relationship between dietary fiber and stomach-fill. Calves were randomly allotted equally to five rations containing 0, 22.5, 45, 67.5 and 90% hay and fed for a 12-week experimental period. Feeding was ad libitum throughout the experiment, and intake and body weights were recorded. Fecal grab samples, taken during the last three weeks of the experiment, were used to determine digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and fiber constituents by ratio techniques. All animals were slaughtered at 20 weeks of age to obtain stomach-fill measurements and corrected body weights. Feed intake was maximum for the 67.5% hay ration. Hay substitution for concentrate resulted in a linear increase in stomach fill. Corrected body weight gain did not begin to decline measurably until the amount of hay substitution exceeded 45% (acid-detergent fiber=18.0%). Stomach-fill, as a percent of live weight, declined 2.5 percentage units for each percentage unit increase in ration acid-detergent lignin. This value was similar to earlier values derived from calves consuming varying lignin from straw rations.
Algebra jam: supporting teamwork and managing roles in a collaborative learning environment

We are building a collaborative learning environement that supports teams of students as they collaborate synchronously and remotely to solve situated, multi-step problems involving algebraic modeling. Our system, named Algebra Jam, provides a set of tools to help students overcome two of the most serious impediments to successful collaboration: establishing common ground and maintaining group focus. These tools include tethered and untethered modes of operation including discrepancy notification, a goal-oriented team blackboard, object-oriented chat with collabicons, reification of problem solving roles, and the optional inclusion of a tutor agent as a virtual team participant. The tutor agent not only offers help and feedback on problem solving actions but also accumulates evidence about individual and group problem solving performance in a Bayesian inference network. The system is envisioned as a testbed for developing theories of teaming.
An Elastodynamic Model of Frictional Contact and Its Influence on the Dynamics of a Workpiece-Fixture System

A model to predict the dynamics of a workpiece-fixture system has been developed based on the equivalency of the dynamic frictional contact problem with a nonlinear friction law to that of a variation inequality problem. Nonlinear finite element method has been employed to solve the problem. A series of experiments under various fixture configurations were conducted on a modular fixture test-bed to determine the dynamic characteristics of the workpiece-fixture system. Model predictions of the dynamic characteristics have been compared to those obtained from the experiments and are found to be in good agreement. It was found that frictional sliding contact at the workpiece-fixture interfaces provides damping to the system and that the nature of this contact and level of damping are highly dependent on contact forces developed through clamping. Clamping sequence was also found to be important in determining dynamic characteristics.
Impact of Replacing a Defined Benefit Pension with a Defined Contribution Plan or a Cash Balance Plan

Abstract Four pension plan conversions are examined to determine the impact on retirement benefits of workers. The study was based on interviews with top management, employee surveys, and actuarial analysis of retirement benefits under the old and new pension plans. In general, workers who leave the firm prior to the age of early retirement can expect increased benefits under the new defined contribution and cash balance plans, whereas older, more senior workers can expect to accrue smaller benefits after the plan conversions. Recognizing these potential adverse effects, the employers in our studies provided various types of transition benefits to existing workers or gave employees the choice of remaining in the old defined benefit plan. Employee surveys reveal that younger workers are more supportive of the new pension plans than are older workers. These case studies also indicate that communication by managements with their employees is very important to the successful implementation of plan conversions.
Intrauterine grade IV intraventricular hemorrhage in a full-term infant leading to hydrocephalus

Introduction Peri/intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is more often seen in premature neonates and can lead to posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, characterized by high mortality rate and neurodevelopmental delay.
On nuclear dipole vibrations

The high frequency resonances recently observed for ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) reactions as well as photo-fission are interpreted in analogy with the "reststrahl frequencies" of polar crystals. The estimated frequencies are in good agreement with the experimental results. An interesting consequence of this interpretation is the conclusion that strong resonance scattering of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays should take place at a frequency characteristic of the scattering nucleus.
Wave instability of mixed convection flow over a horizontal flat plate

Abstract The linear wave instability of laminar mixed convective flow over an isothermal horizontal flat plate is studied analytically. The main flow and thermal fields employed in the stability analysis are treated as non-parallel. The system of linearized, coupled differential equations and their boundary conditions for the velocity and temperature disturbances constitutes an eigenvalue problem that is solved by a direct Runge-Kutta numerical integration scheme along with an iteration procedure. A filtering technique is employed to remove the truncation errors inherent in the numerical integration of the disturbance equations. Neutral stability curves and critical Reynolds numbers are presented for a range of values of buoyancy parameter covering both assisting and opposing flow situations for Prandtl numbers of 0.7 and 7.0. In general, it is found that the flow becomes less stable as the buoyancy force increases for assisting flow and more stable as the buoyancy force increases for the opposing flow. The regions of stable and unstable flows are also mapped out in a Grashof number vs Reynolds number plane. Finally, the present results from wave instability are compared with those from vortex instability.
Environmental embrittlement of SiCf/SiC composites

Abstract The effects of surface condition, moisture and temperature on the mechanical behavior of SiCf/SiC composites produced by Dupont Lanxide are described. Elastic moduli and tensile strengths have been established at temperatures between 25 and 1200°C. A degradation in properties is noted by thermal exposure alone, but the effect is altered by the presence of moisture in the test atmosphere. The influence of a surface coating on the observed behavior is described. Changes in microstructure accompanying environmental embrittlement are described. Implications for structural applications of these composites are discussed.
50 Years ago in CORR: Arthrography of the shoulder Joint Robert L. Samilson MD, Robert L. Raphaël MD, Lawrence Post MD, Charles Noonan MD, Evelyn Siris MD, and Frank L. Raney Jr, MD CORR 1961;20:21-32.

The diagnosis and understanding of shoulder disorders has advanced dramatically in recent years. As with most human disorders, such as the many forms of arthritis [1], the number of known separate entities has increased over time. This increase is in part due to new and evolving diagnostic techniques. Arthroscopy of the shoulder joint was described by Burman in 1931 [2]. Burman claimed to have examined over 90 joints in adults and children, including examinations of the wrist, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle. The technique did not gain widespread use until the 1970s when instrumentation had substantially improved. (Obtaining sufficiently bright light bulbs, for example, was a problem eventually solved by fiber optics). The introduction of MRI in the 1970s [3, 4] was followed in the 80s with application of the technique to study the normal shoulder [5] and, shortly thereafter, to identify rotator cuff tears [7, 8]. With increasing refinement of the sequences and the ability to distinguish tissues with higher and higher resolution, MRI has allowed researchers and clinicians to noninvasively identify abnormalities not previously possible. Prior to MRI, clinicians relied on arthrography to identify intra-articular abnormalities of the shoulder joint. According to Samilson et al. [11], arthrography was introduced in 1933 by Oberholzer [9]. The technique was certainly well established by the late 1940s [6, 10]. In 1960, Samilson and colleagues [11] comprehensively described the technique and appearance of the normal shoulder and in shoulders with a number of disorders: rotator cuff tears (see Fig. 7), tears or dislocations of the bicipital tendon, subluxation, frozen shoulder. Despite the fact that surgeons could better define these lesions by arthrography, the technique likely remained of limited use since they could diagnose most patients clinically and, even when diagnosed, the treatment options were limited. Open surgery could be performed for some shoulder conditions, but the surgery itself often required the patient to go through prolonged rehabilitation with unreliable relief of pain or restoration of function. By the time open and arthroscopic techniques had sufficiently evolved to make surgery a reliable alternative in the 1990s, MRI had largely supplanted traditional plain radiographic arthrography. Today, a wide variety of disorders, such as the so called “SLAP” lesion (superior labral tear from anterior to posterior), can be readily diagnosed by MRI and treated arthroscopically. Fig. 7 Cuff tear. (Top, left) Note dye appearing above and “around the corner” of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. (Top, right) Anteroposterior view in internal rotation. Note line of dye above and “around the corner” of ...
UTP Allosterically Regulates Transcription by Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase from the Bacteriophage T7 A1 Promoter

In the case of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, UTP at elevated concentrations suppresses terminated transcript accumulation during multipleround transcription from a DNA construct containing the T7 A1 promoter and Te terminator. The step that is affected by UTP at elevated concentrations is promoter clearance. In an attempt to understand better the mechanism by which UTP regulates this step, we analyzed the effect of UTP on the formation of pppApU in the presence of only UTP and ATP. At elevated concentrations, UTP is a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to ATP in the formation of pppApU. This indicates that the effect of UTP on the formation of pppApU is mediated through an allosteric site. Moreover, the magnitude of the inhibition of pppApU formation is sufficient to account for the decrease in terminated transcript accumulation at elevated UTP concentrations. Thus, it appears that UTP modulates terminated transcript accumulation during multiple-round transcription from this DNA construct by allosteric regulation of promoter clearance at the point of transcription initiation. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Kupffer and stellate cell proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoite targeting to the liver.

Malaria-infected mosquitoes inoculate Plasmodium sporozoites into the subcutaneous connective tissue of the mammalian host. Within minutes after entering a capillary at the bite site, thesporozoites travel to the liver where they invade their initial target cells, the hepatocytes. Sporozoite arrest in the liver sinusoid is thought to be mediated by the specific binding of the two major Plasmodium sporozoite surface proteins, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), to the unique heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of the liver [1]. Earlier work had shown that the interaction occurs between highly sulfated heparin-like oligosaccharides in heparan sulfate and two domains in CSP, a thrombospondin-like cell-adhesive region II-plus at the C-terminus and a positively charged motif upstream from the conserved region I. Similarly, the ectodomain of TRAP contains two adhesive motifs, an integrin-like A domain and a thrombospondin-like adhesive domain, that interact with host cell proteoglycans [2]. Heparan sulfate from the liver exhibits an unusually high degree of sulfation compared to heparan sulfate species from all other tissues [3]. This unique composition is most likely the reason for the remarkably selective targeting of recombinant CS protein to the liver, which occurs despite the presence of HSPGs on most other cell types. The vascular endothelium, in particular, expresses a heparan sulfate species which is clearly undersulfated. Once arrested in the liver sinusoid, Plasmodium sporozoites have to cross the sinusoidal cell layer to invade hepatocytes. It was proposed that sporozoites infect hepatocytes directly by squeezing through the endothelial fenestration [4], although they exceed the maximum pore size of the sieve plates by an order of magnitude [5]. This event, however, has never been observed, nor have sporozoites been found passing through the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. Others suggested that Kupffer cells use their scavenger function to remove sporozoites from the bloodstream by phagocytosis, and that a small percentage of the parasites traverses the Kupffer cells fast enough to escape respiratory burst and lysosomal digestion and to invade hepatocytes [6]. We analyzed the proteoglycans involved in sporozoite targeting to the liver and the route of the parasites take into the liver parenchyma.
On: “Proposed Attenuation-Dispersion Pair for Seismic Waves” by J. E. White and D. J. Walsh (GEOPHYSICS, June 1972, p. 456–461)

In their paper, White and Walsh claim dispersion relations based upon an assumed minimum‐phase property of rock lead to such drastic low‐frequency behavior that any complex propagation function based upon dispersion relations is unacceptable. Since my power‐law model (Strick, 1967, 1970a) was placed in such a category, my response is as follows.
Diffusion anisotropy in the corpus callosum.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The corpus callosum is a heterogeneous white-matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres. The purpose of this investigation was to study its microstructural architecture in normal human adult brains by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: Two hundred consecutive patients referred for brain MR imaging underwent additional DTI with a high gradient field strength applied in six directions. Forty-two patients met the following inclusion criteria: 1) normal brain and 2) age greater than 18 years. Anisotropy maps were generated, and regions of interest were drawn around specified regions within the corpus callosum. Results were stratified by sex and age. In addition, available histologic specimens of the corpus callosum from cadaver brains were analyzed with conventional and specialized vascular staining. RESULTS: Anisotropy values in the various regions of the corpus callosum differed significantly. Average values of the anisotropy index for the genu, body, and splenium of the corpus callosum were 0.400, 0.456, and 0.539, respectively. The differences between these values are statistically significant (P < .01). Increased anisotropy was present in posterior areas in both sexes and in all three age groups examined. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation show a statistically significant increase in anisotropy of the corpus callosum in its more posterior portions compared with its more anterior portions across sex and age groups. Although the microstructural etiology for this apparent increase in anisotropy is unclear, a number of possible mechanisms are presented. The corpus callosum is the major white-matter tract that crosses the interhemispheric fissure in the human brain. It consists of approximately 200 million interhemispheric fibers, most of which connect homologous regions of the cerebral cortex (1). Knowledge of its gross morphology and microscopic structure can be important in discriminating between health and
TNF Regulates Thymocyte Production by Apoptosis and Proliferation of the Triple Negative (CD3−CD4−CD8−) Subset

TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine with opposing death/no-death effects in vivo and in vitro. Our studies showed that TNF regulates mouse thymocyte production, inducing both apoptosis and proliferation of the most immature CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(-) triple negative (TN) subset within a broad range of dosages (10(1)-10(5) pg/ml) in the presence of IL-7. TNF apoptosis affected only the TN3 (CD44(-)CD25(+)) and TN4 (CD44(-)CD25(-)) subsets that expressed both TNFR-p55 and -p75. Although each TNFR alone could mediate TNF apoptosis, maximal apoptosis was seen in C57BL/6J wild type, which expressed both TNFRs. TNF also induced proliferation of TN3 cells at higher doses (10(4)-10(5) pg/ml) mediated only by TNFR-p75. Both anti-TNFR-p55 and -TNFR-p75 mAb inhibited apoptosis but only anti-p75 inhibited proliferation. TNF also regulated TN proliferation to IL-7 because TNFR knockout (KO), TNF KO, and TNF/lymphotoxin alpha and beta triple KO mice showed 2- to 3-fold increased responses not seen in C57BL/6J wild type. In vivo, TNFR KO mice showed thymic hypertrophy with a 60% increase in total thymocytes, with no effect on the CD4/CD8 subsets. We conclude that TNF maintains homeostatic control of total thymocyte production by negative selection of TN3 and TN4 prothymocytes and down-regulation of their proliferation to endogenous IL-7.
Microdomain dynamics in folding proteins

The basic formulas for the incorporation into the diffusion–collision model of the stabilities of intermediate states on the folding pathway are derived and discussed. A hypothetical two-step folding pathway is calculated in detail. A model for the production of incorrectly folded intermediates is suggested and some numerical estimates made. Implications and future directions in the evolution of the model are discussed. Three appendices deal with some mathematical aspects of the model.