cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled dehumidification to extract clean water from a multicomponent gaseous mixture of organic contaminants

Abstract Rapid expansion of the unconventional oil and gas extraction has increased American energy independence, but also led to increased production of large amounts of contaminated water. Wastewater from the oil and gas industry contains a wide range of contaminants. Injecting such contaminated water into disposal wells or discharging it to the environment jeopardizes freshwater resources. Conventional and membrane-based wastewater treatment techniques are often not effective choices to treat highly contaminated wastewater; however, a suitable way to remove contaminants from wastewater is to selectively separate water in a process analogous to humidification-dehumidification (HDH). Only a few studies have investigated the use of HDH for wastewater treatment. In this study, a novel HDH system is introduced for treating highly contaminated water, such as oil and gas flowback and produced water. In this HDH process, a non-condensable gas, such as air, mixes with wastewater vapor to facilitate the separation of contaminants. As a result, clean water condenses from the multicomponent gaseous mixture while air carries organic contaminants out of the dehumidification section. A laboratory apparatus was constructed and experiments were performed to investigate the HDH process for wastewater treatment and to study the effects of flow dynamics including air flow rate on the composition of treated water. Different contaminants including benzene, toluene, 2-propanol and 2-butoxyethanol were tested. Experimental results showed that the system can be successfully applied for removing volatile and/or toxic organic contaminants from wastewater. A representative multicomponent mixture of fracking wastewater was successfully treated using the experimental setup and clean water with quality of 98.3% was obtained. It was revealed that increasing the air-to-vapor mass ratio improves purity of treated water. Quantitative analysis showed that by increasing the air-to-vapor mass ratio from 0.6 to 5.9, the fraction of separated 2-propanol through the air was improved from 43% to more than 96% of the initial amount. ASPEN software was employed to simulate equilibrium conditions. Experimental results were observed to have lower mass fraction of residual contaminant in the treated water compared to equilibrium state.
The great disappearing trick

Black holes eat information – an impossible act that current theories of physics are at a loss to explain, says cosmologist Paul Davies
Tort Claims against Gun Manufacturers for Crime-Related Injuries: Defining a Suitable Role for the Tort System in Regulating the Firearms Industry

Gun violence is a serious problem in the U.S. For many years, in order to decrease gun violence, the sale and possession of firearms has been regulated by statute. This article argues that tort claims against gun manufacturers can complement legislative regulation, providing gun sellers and manufacturers with incentives to take reasonable measures to prevent gun sales to criminals. The article does not, however, endorse all tort claims against the gun industry. It argues in favor only of narrowly tailored claims that identify specific marketing and sales practices that increase the risk that guns will be used to commit crimes. The likely effect of such claims would be to make the firearms industry more responsible and to reduce gun violence. This article advocates an essential, albeit secondary, role for the tort system in regulating the gun industry. Legislatures ought to decide whether and under what circumstances the sale of guns should be legal. The tort system, by means of liability exposure, ought to discourage attempts by manufacturers to legally circumvent the aims of the regulatory system. On one hand, this article advocates a greater role for the tort system than those who view tort claims against the gun industry as illegitimate attempts to achieve more stringent regulation of the gun industry through the court system, following failure to do so in state legislatures and Congress. On the other hand, this article advocates a more modest role for the tort system than those who view the tort system as a primary source for industry reform, free of the corrupting political influences that distort legislative policy making.
Failure analysis of aged GaAs HEMTs

High electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices from three manufacturers were subjected to accelerated life tests. The purpose of the reliability studies of commercially available gallium arsenide signal transistors was to independently assess their state of maturity for use in spaceborne RF systems. HEMTs were examined from three manufacturers. The authors have completed detailed failure analyses of both aged and control HEMTs and have correlated the observations with the data on electrical performance. Analysis of parametric and catastrophic failures and accompanying control samples using a scanning electron microscope showed that failure was due to large defects near the gate region which enabled current to bypass the gate. The authors suggest that these large surface defects originated as subsurface point defects. >
Some results on the complexity of knowledge-base refinement

This paper presents an algorithmic analysis of problems related to knowledge-base refinement. Models of knowledge-base and learning protocols are discussed. Several problems of rule strength synthesis and refinement are defined and shown to be NP-Complete. The concept of gradualness in knowledge refinement is given a characterization based on algorithmic complexity.
ESTIMATION OF THE SERUM BETA1C GLOBULIN CONCENTRATION: ITS RELATION TO THE SERUM HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT TITER

The depression of a single serum protein, the beta1C globulin (normally 130-155 mg/ 100 ml) to below 80 mg/100 ml is manifested by a decreased hemolytic complement titer. Since this protein can be measured by an immunodiffusion methol, its immunoassay can be used as a substitute for the hemolytic titration of complement in the diagnosis of patients with acute glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and the nephrotic syndrome. A rapid immunoassay of the serum beta1C globulin can be easily performed.
Modification of a single disulfide bond in trypsinogen and the activation of the carboxymethyl derivative.

Abstract Sodium borohydride reduction of native trypsinogen produced a specific cleavage of only 1 of the 6 disulfide bonds. The partially reduced protein was converted to the 14C-carboxymethyl derivative, and tryptic hydrolysis produced two unique peptides in 72% yield which contained the radioactive label. The composition of the two purified peptides from a completely carboxymethylated sample agreed with the amino acid sequence around Disulfide 179 to 203. (Residue numbers refer to the amino acid sequence of trypsinogen.) Activation of carboxymethyl trypsinogen with trypsin and with enterokinase formed almost fully active molecules toward the active site titrant p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate. However, the rate of activation of the modified zymogen was much lower than with trypsinogen. Furthermore, the relative activity of the modified enzyme toward synthetic ester substrates was no greater than one-fifth of the normal rate. Disulfide 179 to 203 is the disulfide loop containing the active site serine of trypsin, and the altered enzyme activity suggests that a small change occurred in the orientation of amino acid residues which are part of the active site.
Social security in Panama: A multiperiod analysis of income distribution

Abstract A unique multiperiod data set is used to look at the income distribution effects of the retirement portion of the social security system of Panama. While it is clear that the system is an important source of income for workers, it is argued that its true redistributive importance is greatly exaggerated. Using a multiperiod view it is found that previously high-wage and urban workers are disproportionately represented among current recipients. It is also argued that social security has substantially reduced the work effort of these workers. Hence the appropriateness of the present social security system is questioned on both equity and efficiency grounds.
The Race for the Bottom in Corporate Governance

I'M delighted to be back at Mr. Jefferson's University 25 years after th 50th Anniversary Confer nce. I assum that there will be a 100th Anniversary conference in 2034, and I'm looking for ward to that one too. (Even if the SEC is abolished, as the Treas ury has proposed,1 there will be an occasion for a retrospective.) My association with the SEC goes way back. In the 1970s, when I was in the Solicitor General's Office, I helped them lose some prominent cases, including Blue Chip Stamps and Chiarellaf I'm sure that the SEC could have lost them without me, but it was fun to have participated. Twenty-five years ago, Dan Fischel and I presented a paper about mandatory disclosure.3 We concluded that compulsory dis closure could help solve a free-rider problem that might lead each firm, in the interest of its own investors, to say too little (from soci ety's perspective) because some of the value of any disclosure would accrue to investors in rival firms. Reciprocal disclosure would benefit all investors by allowing them to compare invest ment opportunities, so that funds would flow to their socially most productive uses; the only way to achieve reciprocal disclosure, given the coordination problem, was through a rule of law. Whether these benefits exceeded the costs of disclosure was (and remains) an open question; likewise it is questionable whether re
Opera For All Seasons: 60 Years of Indiana University Opera Theater by Marianne Williams Tobias

The Indiana University Opera Theater recently celebrated its 60th anniversary. Throughout those 60 years, it has become one of the most respected opera companies in the United States. The IU Opera ...
Northward extension of intense monsoonal activity into the southwestern United States

[1] Although it is centered in northwestern Mexico, the Mexican monsoon also has been shown to impact portions of the southwestern United States. To provide more information about the spatial distribution of monsoonal impacts in the Southwest, this study employed multiple linear regression modeling to reduce local topographic impacts on monsoonal precipitation to reveal intense monsoonal activity within the Gila River basin. The precipitation data were daily precipitation totals from 115 stations from June 16–September 15 of 1996–2002. An intense monsoonal zone was found in the south-central portion of the basin. Therefore, intense monsoonal activity associated with the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico extended into south-central and southeastern Arizona but not into New Mexico.
size and Growth of Contract Hog Production in Iowa

Contract hog production has been a growing "portion of the" pork industry especially during the past decade. Production contracting involves an agreement between at least two-parties. " The agreement specifies the-division of resources which- will be used in hog production; They can vary by type of production, by type of contract, and responsibilities " of each contracting' party. Contractors, who are usually the owners of the hogs, generally provide the feeder pigs or breeding stock along with the feed necessary for production. Growers, those working in the production of animals, typically provide the facilities and- labor and are compensated for their time and resources involved. Expenses such as veterinary costs or utilities can be" paid by the grower, the owner, or shared"-*'as contracts vary. Growers are usually compensated on a per head or per'pound of gain basis, though other types of agreements, do- exist.
The Impact of Bulimic Syndromes, Mood and Anxiety Disorders and Their Comorbidity on Psychosocial Impairment: What Drives Impairment in Comorbidity?

Objective To examine associations between psychosocial impairment and comorbid disorders in bulimic syndromes. Method Participants (N = 391; 91% women) completed structured clinical interviews to determine the presence of Axis I disorders (bulimic syndromes, anxiety disorders and mood disorders) and current psychosocial functioning. Results Individuals with a current bulimic syndrome and comorbid anxiety disorder had worse psychosocial functioning than either disorder alone. In contrast, there was no additional effect of a current bulimic syndrome in individuals with a current mood disorder on psychosocial impairment. Discussion Findings highlight the importance of addressing comorbid disorders in individuals with bulimic syndromes to improve overall functioning and reduce risk of relapse. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A BLENDED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR MATHEMATICS TEACHERS

The study presents a conceptual framework of a blended professional development program for teacher success in deep learning and enhanced practice. Twenty-nine middle school teachers (22 first year and 7 continuing teachers) participated in a year-long blended professional development program. Effects of the blended PD program were measured by analyzing the content of participants’ virtual interactions, i.e. 1,149 online threaded discussion messages. The continuing teachers were more actively engaged in the Online Community of Practice than the first year teachers. The types of structured assignments and learning time influenced the level of participation but did not make a significant impact on the content of interactions. Most virtual interactions involved the sharing of instructional ideas based on personal experiences. Results showed the changes of participants’ teaching practice toward more student-centered lessons, encouraging students’ (verbal) engagement, using various questioning strategies, and using collaborative group work employing a wider variety of resources.
Treatment Practices for Neuropsychologists

Qualified neuropsychologists tend to fall within two broad groups vis a vis the focus or emphasis of their early training. These two groups are equally well trained, but with much different clinical strengths. Their respective graduates need to appreciate and ultimately address their own training strengths and weaknesses when designing a private practice. This training emphasis has major implications for the types of patients each neuropsychologist group can competently treat, unless further training is obtained. One excellent way to establish a neuropsychologically based outpatient psychotherapy practice is to form relationships with both inpatient rehabilitation teams and with formal outpatient neuro-rehabilitation programs. These institutionally based programs are usually prepared to deliver intensive treatment over a relatively brief period—usually a few weeks of inpatient rehabilitation and a few months in outpatient programs. However, they have a surfeit of patients. If so, they are not able to provide more long-term support and intervention, which many seriously brain-injured individuals require to function well in the community, and they will welcome additional clinical resources. Many institutions also are not able to provide long-term family education and support groups for the relatives of brain-injured patients.
Mediating Accountability: How Nonprofit Funding Intermediaries Use Performance Measurement and Why It Matters for Governance

Performance measurement has become an important tool for ensuring accountability in a governance environment, where addressing public problems often takes place outside the direct purview of government. Although a good deal of attention has been given to government's use of performance measurement in these settings, either in contracting relationships or interorganizational networks, this paper argues that ensuring accountability in a governance environment requires greater attention to how nonstate actors, or the other principals, use performance measurement. This paper focuses on nonprofit funding intermediaries and their use of performance measurement. Nonprofit funding intermediaries gather funds from a range of public and private donors and regrant these monies to a defined set of local nonprofits. As such, they occupy somewhat unique positions in a web of actors all seeking to solve public problems. We offer a conceptual overview of intermediaries and then critically examine how three nonprofit fund...
Smoking Among Female College Students: A Time for Change

The transition from high school to college begins a time of personal growth accompanied by normal developmental stressors. Some young women use smoking as a coping mechanism. The immediate danger for these students is nicotine dependence, with subsequent maternal and child morbidities. College provides an optimal time to break this devastating trajectory. With an understanding of psychosocial de-velopment, nurses who care for college-age women can effect changes in smoking behavior.
Recovery in visual cortical neurons following total visual deafferentation

Abstract Long-term effects of total visual deafferentation on the functional organization of the visual cortex were studied in freely behaving adult cats. Single unit activity in control records was compared with findings immediately after bilateral enucleation and after one month. Neuronal activity one month after enucleation was intermediate between control records and those immediately after enucleation, as revealed in the pattern and rate in maintained unit activity, unit responsiveness to geniculate stimulation, and in firing correlates of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves. The results suggest restoration of some basic cortical organizations in terms of neural excitability changes in shifting states of vigilance.
Kappa and delta opioid receptor signaling is augmented in the failing heart.

The opioidergic system, an endogenous stress pathway, modulates cardiac function. Furthermore, opioid peptide and receptor expression is altered in a number of cardiac pathologies. However, whether the response of myocardial opioid receptor signaling is altered in heart failure progression is currently unknown. Elucidating possible alterations in and effects of opioidergic signaling in the failing myocardium is of critical importance as opioids are commonly used for pain management, including in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. A hamster model of cardiomyopathy and heart failure (Bio14.6) was used to investigate cardiac opioidergic signaling in heart failure development. This study found an augmented negative inotropic and lusitropic response to administration of agonists selective for the kappa opioid receptor and delta opioid receptor in the failing heart that was mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. The augmented decrease in cardiac function was manifested by increased inhibition of cAMP accumulation and the amplitude of the systolic Ca2+ transient. Furthermore, increased depression of cardiac function and of two important second messengers, cAMP and intracellular Ca2+, were independent of changes in cardiac opioid peptide or receptor expression. Thus, the cardiomyopathy-induced failing heart experiences increased cardiac depressant effects following opioid receptor stimulation which could exacerbate diminished cardiac function in end-stage heart failure. As cardiac function is already depressed in heart failure patients, administration of opioids could exacerbate the degree of cardiac dysfunction and worsen disease progression.
Transmission Cross Sections for Water Spheres Illuminated by Infrared Radiation

The Mie theory is used in the computation of several transmission cross sections for absorbing spheres. For each sphere a complex index of refraction is selected such that the cross section corresponds to that of a water sphere illuminated by infrared radiation of mean wavelength less than 14 microns. The real part of the index is a value between 1.14≤m≤1.42 and the imaginary part, the absorption index, lies between 0≤mk≤0.40.Also included is a study of the change in the transmission cross section as the absorption index is varied. For these computations, the real index of refraction is kept constant at m=1.29.
Occurrence of alkylphenolic substances in a Great Lakes coastal marsh, Cootes Paradise, ON, Canada

Abstract Occurrence and fate of alkylphenols (APs), known endocrine disruptors, were investigated in a Great Lakes coastal wetland, Cootes Paradise, ON. The wetland, which receives discharges from a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) and several Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), is an important spawning ground for fish and crucial habitat for other fauna. Elevated concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) and their degradation product nonylphenol (NP) were found in water and sediment samples near the sources. Since transfer of APs through the food chain is of concern, we compared their concentrations in invertebrates from clean and contaminated sites. The results reveal transfer of alkylphenolics from sediments to biota and their accumulation in the invertebrate tissue, particularly the highly hydrophobic 4-NP, whose concentrations ranged from 1.9 to 6.3 μg g -1 . To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate AP concentrations in tissue of benthic invertebrates under real environmental conditions.
Algorithm 934: Fortran 90 subroutines to compute Mathieu functions for complex values of the parameter

Software to compute angular and radial Mathieu functions is provided in the case that the parameter q is a complex variable and the independent variable x is real. After an introduction on the notation and the definitions of Mathieu functions and their related properties, Fortran 90 subroutines to compute them are described and validated with some comparisons. A sample application is also provided.
Matrix product representation of gauge invariant states in a ℤ2 lattice gauge theory

The Gauss law needs to be imposed on quantum states to guarantee gauge invariance when one studies gauge theory in hamiltonian formalism. In this work, we propose an efficient variational method based on the matrix product ansatz for a 2 lattice gauge theory on a spatial ladder chain. Gauge invariant low-lying states are identified by evaluating expectation values of the Gauss law operator after numerical diagonalization of the gauge hamiltonian.
A simplified approach to vapor–liquid equilibria calculations with the group-contribution lattice-fluid equation of state

Abstract Equations of state that are based on the lattice-statistics approach use Guggenheim's quasi-chemical approximation to describe the non-randomness in the mixture due to the energetic interactions between the molecules. For ternary and higher-component systems the non-randomness expression is complex and requires an iterative calculation procedure. We have shown that the non-randomness parameters play a negligible role in the application of the GCLF-EoS model (based on the Panayiotou–Vera EoS) for predicting vapor–liquid equilibria. Omission of the non-randomness parameters from such calculations can significantly improve the computation efficiency. Binary, ternary, and quaternary vapor–liquid equilibria predictions were made including polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, and polypropylene in polar and non-polar solvents to test the theory.
Nonelastic strain recovery of copper single crystals after small prestrains

Total nonelastic strain recovery of copper single crystals after small prestrains, discussing parameters
Spandrels and a pervasive problem of evidence

Evolutionary biology, indeed any science that attempts to reconstruct prehistory, faces practical limitations on available data. These limitations create the problem of contrast failure: specific observations may fail to discriminate between rival evolutionary hypotheses. Assessing the risk of contrast failure provides a way to evaluate testing protocols in evolutionary science. Here I will argue that part of the methodological critique in the Spandrels paper involves diagnosing contrast failure problems. I then distinguish the problem of contrast failure from the more familiar philosophical problem of underdetermination, and demonstrate how contrast failure arises in scientific practice with an investigation into Lewontin and White’s (Evolution 14:116–129, 1960) estimation of an adaptive landscape.
ANTHROPOLOGISTS IN THE TOURISM WORKPLACE

Anthropology and tourism melded at a symposium at the 1974 American Anthropological Association meeting in Mexico City, believed to be the first social science discussion of tourism in the Western Hemisphere. Tourism has increased dramatically to become one of the world's largest industries, and anthropology has also extended its interests in theory and methodology. Few articles have linked career options for anthropologists to the tourism workplace. Our disciplinary strengths in heritage conservation, economic development—especially among indigenous cultures—and conflict resolution, as well as our cross-cultural orientation, lead to employment with governments, NGOs, visitor and convention bureaus, and management. Regrettably, many industry employers are unfamiliar with our professional skills; a job search in the tourism workplace may become a personal quest, often bolstered by a sales pitch and with bilingualism as a major asset.
Baryons, boundaries and matrix models

Abstract A natural extension of the Dijkgraaf–Vafa proposal is to include fields in the fundamental representation of the gauge group. In this paper we use field theory techniques to analyze gauge theories whose tree level superpotential is a generic polynomial in multi-trace operators constructed out of such fields. We show that the effective superpotential is generated by planar diagrams with at most one (generalized) boundary. This justifies the proposal put forward in [I. Bena, R. Roiban, hep-th/0211075 ]. We then proceed to extend the gauge theory-matrix model duality to include baryonic operators. We obtain the full moduli space of vacua for an U ( N ) theory with N flavors. We also outline a program leading to a string theory justification of the gauge theory-matrix model correspondence with fundamental matter.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURE ON STRAIN AND FAILURE OF LAMINAR AND WAFER COMPOSITES

The effect of composite structure on the distribution of strain and failure modes in wood laminar and wafer composites was investigated. Mechanical testing was performed using bending tests of solid wood, plywood, and oriented strandboard specimens (OSB) in accordance with ASTM D143-83, Standard Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber [1], and ASTM D3043-83, Standard Method of Testing Structural Panels in Flexure [2], The strain distributions were measured using a new technique, the digital image correlation technique Strain distributions from bending tests on small, clear specimens of solid wood indicated close agreement with conventional beam theory and exact correlation with the failure patterns oflht specimens. The layered annual ring structure of the solid wood controlled the path of the tension cracks. Neither composite board followed conventional beam theory entirely. Of the two composites investigated in this study, the laminated veneer board exhibited behavior closer to conventional th...
Recovery of green turtles on Aldabra

The numbers of green turtles that nest on Aldabra's beaches have increased significantly in the past 20 years. The author, who studied the turtles between 1981 and 1984, suggests explanations for the recovery. It is likely that the Aldabra population is still well below that which thrived there before exploitation began, and with sustained conservation efforts turtle numbers could continue to increase.
The Centrin-based Cytoskeleton of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Distribution in Interphase and Mitotic Cells

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against algal centrin, a protein of algal striated flagellar roots, were used to characterize the occurrence and distribution of this protein in interphase and mitotic Chlamydomonas cells. Chlamydomonas centrin, as identified by Western immunoblot procedures, is a low molecular (20,000-Mr) acidic protein. Immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling demonstrates that centrin is a component of the distal fiber. In addition, centrin-based flagellar roots link the flagellar apparatus to the nucleus. Two major descending fibers extend from the basal bodies toward the nucleus; each descending fiber branches several times giving rise to 8-16 fimbria which surround and embrace the nucleus. Immunogold labeling indicates that these fimbria are juxtaposed to the outer nuclear envelope. Earlier studies have demonstrated that the centrin-based linkage between the flagellar apparatus and the nucleus is contractile, both in vitro and in living Chlamydomonas cells (Wright, R. L., J. Salisbury, and J. Jarvik. 1985. J. Cell Biol. 101:1903-1912; Salisbury, J. L., M. A. Sanders, and L. Harpst. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:1799-1805). Immunofluorescence studies show dramatic changes in distribution of the centrin-based system during mitosis that include a transient contraction at preprophase; division, separation, and re-extension during prophase; and a second transient contraction at the metaphase/anaphase boundary. These observations suggest a fundamental role for centrin in motile events during mitosis.
A hybrid multiscale Monte Carlo algorithm (HyMSMC) to cope with disparity in time scales and species populations in intracellular networks

The fundamental role that intrinsic stochasticity plays in cellular functions has been shown via numerous computational and experimental studies. In the face of such evidence, it is important that intracellular networks are simulated with stochastic algorithms that can capture molecular fluctuations. However, separation of time scales and disparity in species population, two common features of intracellular networks, make stochastic simulation of such networks computationally prohibitive. While recent work has addressed each of these challenges separately, a generic algorithm that can simultaneously tackle disparity in time scales and population scales in stochastic systems is currently lacking. In this paper, we propose the hybrid, multiscale Monte Carlo (HyMSMC) method that fills in this void. The proposed HyMSMC method blends stochastic singular perturbation concepts, to deal with potential stiffness, with a hybrid of exact and coarse-grained stochastic algorithms, to cope with separation in population sizes. In addition, we introduce the computational singular perturbation (CSP) method as a means of systematically partitioning fast and slow networks and computing relaxation times for convergence. We also propose a new criteria of convergence of fast networks to stochastic low-dimensional manifolds, which further accelerates the algorithm. We use several prototype and biological examples, including a gene expression model displaying bistability, to demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy and applicability of the HyMSMC method. Bistable models serve as stringent tests for the success of multiscale MC methods and illustrate limitations of some literature methods.
When College Students' Attempts at Paraphrasing Become Instances of Potential Plagiarism

In Study 1, undergraduates were asked to consider a scenario in which they were writing a paper and that, in the process of researching material for the paper, they had encountered a relevant paragraph from a journal article which they had to paraphrase. The students were given a two-sentence paragraph and were asked to paraphrase it to the best of their ability. Analysis indicated that between 41% and 68% of the paraphrased paragraphs were “plagiarized” to some degree, where plagiarism was defined as the appropriation of strings of 5 consecutive words or longer. In addition, 52% of the paraphrased paragraphs contained from minor to serious distortions of the original material. In a second study, another sample of undergraduates was asked to paraphrase a similar two-sentence paragraph from a textbook which was easier to read. This time between 9% and 19% of the paraphrased paragraphs evidenced similar amounts of appropriated text, although a comparable proportion of distortions (50%) occurred. The combine...
Sans Study Of Third Phase Formation In The U(vi)-hno3/tbp-n-dodecane System

In spite of its technological importance, third phase formation in the extraction of hexavalent actinides from nitric acid solutions into alkane solutions of tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) has received only limited attention. The focus of the few available literature works has been primarily centered on the composition of the third phase and on the stoichiometry of the metal complexes. Very little is known, on the other hand, about the structure and morphology of the third phase species of hexavalent actinides. In the present investigation, the formation of a third phase upon extraction of U(VI) by 20% TBP in deuterated n-dodecane from nitric acid solutions was studied. Chemical analyses have shown that U(VI) exists in the third phase as a species having the composition UO2(NO3)2·(TBP)2·HNO3. Small-angle neutron scattering measurements on TBP solutions loaded with only HNO3 or with increasing amounts of U(VI) have revealed the presence, both before and after phase splitting, of relatively large ellipsoidal ag...
Study of the Triplet State Properties of Tyrosines and Tryptophan in Azurins Using Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance

Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals and phosphorescence spectra were seen of tyrosine in the P. aeruginosa and tryptophanless P. fluorescens azurins and of tryptophan in the former. This confirmed a conclusion from other experiments that the tryptophan of P. aeruginosa cannot effectively quench the singlet energy of both tyrosines. The ODMR signals were all very narrow, additional evidence that the chromophores are buried in the interior of the protein. Accurate values of the zero-field coupling constants D and E lead to a tentative correlation of D values with the red shift of the 0 leads to 0 peak of the phosphorescence spectrum. The environment of tryptophan in P. aeruginosa is the most hydrocarbon like of any tryptophan so far observed. The experiments raise a number of unanswered questions concerning rate processes. The intensities of the 2E transition of tyrosine and the phosphorescence of both tyrosine and tryptophan are substantially reduced when the copper is oxidized. Nevertheless the phsphorescence lifetimes are unaffected. A hole cannot be burned in the ODMR resonances. The homogeneously broadened lines may conceivably be a result of low-temperature proton tunnelling.
Invasive grasses change landscape structure and fire behaviour in Hawaii

Questions How does potential fire behaviour differ in grass-invaded non-native forests vs open grasslands? How has land cover changed from 1950–2011 along two grassland/forest ecotones in Hawaii with repeated fires? Location Non-native forest with invasive grass understory and invasive grassland (Megathyrsus maximus) ecosystems on Oahu, Hawaii, USA. Methods We quantified fuel load and moisture in non-native forest and grassland (Megathyrsus maximus) plots (n = 6) at Makua Military Reservation and Schofield Barracks, and used these field data to model potential fire behaviour using the BehavePlus fire modelling program. Actual rate and extent of land-cover change were quantified for both areas from 1950–2011 with historical aerial imagery. Results Live and dead fuel moisture content and fine fuel loads did not differ between forests and grasslands. However, mean surface fuel height was 31% lower in forests (72 cm) than grasslands (105 cm; P < 0.02), which drove large differences in predicted fire behaviour. Rates of fire spread were 3–5 times higher in grasslands (5.0–36.3 m·min−1) than forests (0–10.5 m·min−1; P < 0.001), and flame lengths were 2–3 times higher in grasslands (2.8–10.0 m) than forests (0–4.3 m; P < 0.01). Between 1950 and 2011, invasive grassland cover increased at both Makua (320 ha) and Schofield (745 ha) at rates of 2.62 and 1.83 ha·yr−1, respectively, with more rapid rates of conversion before active fire management practices were implemented in the early 1990s. Conclusions These results support accepted paradigms for the tropics, and demonstrate that type conversion associated with non-native grass invasion and subsequent fire has occurred on landscape scales in Hawaii. Once forests are converted to grassland there is a significant increase in fire intensity, which likely provides the positive feedback to continued grassland dominance in the absence of active fire management.
Hoechst 33258 staining of DNA in agarose gel electrophoresis

Abstract A staining procedure for agarose gel electrophoresis using Hoechst 33258 has been optimized. A concentration of 5 × 10−8 M allows the immediate visualization of as little as 1 ng of DNA with a standard UV illumination system. The major advantage of this method is the elimination of the carcinogen ethidium bromide used in most DNA visualization methods for gel electrophoresis.
Water quality and plankton in the United States nearshore waters of Lake Huron.

Our goal in the development of a nearshore monitoring method has been to evaluate and refine an in situ mapping approach to assess the nearshore waters across the Great Lakes. The report here for Lake Huron is part of a broader effort being conducted across all five Great Lakes. We conducted an intensive survey for the United States nearshore of Lake Huron along a continuous shoreline transect (523 km) from Port Huron, Michigan, to Detour Passage. A depth contour of 20 m was towed with a conductivity-temperature depth profiler, fluorometer, transmissometer, and laser optical plankton counter. Multiple cross-contour tows (10–30 m) on the cruise dates were used to characterize the variability across a broader range of the nearshore. The cross-contour tows were comparable with the alongshore contour indicating that the 20-m contour does a good job of representing the nearshore region (10–30 m). Strong correlations were observed between water quality and spatially associated watershed land use. A repeat tow separated by several weeks investigated temporal variability in spatial patterns within a summer season. Strong correlations were observed across each variable for the temporal repeat across broad- and fine-scale spatial dimensions. The survey results for Lake Huron nearshore are briefly compared with a similar nearshore survey in Lake Superior. The biomass concentrations of lower food web components of Lake Huron were notably approximately 54–59 % of those in Lake Superior. The towed instrumentation survey supported the recent view of a change in Lake Huron to an ultra-oligotrophic state, which has been uncharacteristic in recent history.
Feasibility of Using Catalase Activity as an Index of Microbial Loads on Chicken Surfaces

The Catalasemeter with membrane filter method was tested to quantitate the catalase activity of laboratory cultures as well as swab samples from cold-stored (7°C) chicken as measurements of microbial activity. Catalasemeter reading (flotation time in sec) is inversely proportional to total number of catalase producing bacteria. Good correlation (r =−0.93) was obtained between Catalasemeter and both viable cell population and psychrotroph population of cold-stored chicken. For good quality cold-stored chicken ( 106 CFU/cm2), the flotaton time was less than 580 sec. This provides a guideline for rapidly estimating microbial loads in cold-stored chicken.
Big Data and Quantifying Variability Top Scientific Trends List

How will big data change the way research is conducted? What kind of impact will an increasing focus on interdisciplinary and transdicisplinary science have on funding and management models? How is the need to quantify variability changing Earth and space sciences? These questions are indicative of just a few of the trends highlighted in a new report by AGU.
Mucopolysaccharidosis. VII. Beta-glucuronidase deficiency.

An 18-month-old female showed a markedly decreased activity of the lysosomal enzyme β-D-glucuronidase in cultured fibroblasts, leucocytes, and serum. In obligate heterozygotes, the serum and leucocyte β-D-glucuronidase activity was decreased to approximately 50% of the control values. Clinically, the patient had a mild facial dysmorphism reminiscent of Hurler disease, moderate mental retardation, and hepatosplenomegaly. The corneae were clear. Peripheral granulocytes contained abundant, coarse Alder-Reilly granulations. The urinary excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides was increased. The disorder has been classified as mucopolysaccharidosis, type VII. It is assumed that this new mucopolysaccharidosis is caused by the defective action of β-glucuronidase which results in the faulty degradation and intralysosomal storage of acid mucopolysaccharides.
An Evaluation of Structural Sheet Materials in Missile Applications

The author is Assistant Director of Research of the College of Engineering, New York University. His interest in the minimum weight design of structures has been devoted recently to the efficient application of materials under elevated temperature conditions. In this connection, Dr. Gerard is currently serving on several technical panels of the Materials Advisory Board, National Academy of Sciences.
General activity in intact and hypophysectomized rats after administration of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), melatonin, and Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2

Abstract The effects of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), melatonin, and Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 on levels of general locomotor activity were investigated in hypophysectomised and intact rats. General activity was not altered by the hormones studied. Body weight, food ingestion, and water intake were also measured and found to be unchanged. The findings reduce the possibility that alterations in activity account for the behavioral changes previously observed after administration of MSH, melatonin, or Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 .
Necrotizing arteritis in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A patient with biopsy documented acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and arteritis recovered completely with supportive therapy. Illness was preceded by group A streptococcal pharyngitis. At the time of presentation, serum creatinine concentration was 11.5 mg/dl. Serum cryoglobulins containing IgG and C3 were present. The first biopsy, performed during the acute illness, contained glomeruli with typical features of acute PSGN. Medium-sized arteries had extensive necrosis and leukocytic infiltration, and contained IgG, C3, and fibrin. Glomerular filtration rate returned to normal within three weeks; proteinuria cleared by three months, and microscopic hematuria by 11 months. Renal biopsy one year later showed minimal mesangial hypercellularity and no arteritis.
Structure and dose effects on improved wear properties of ion-implanted polymers

Abstract Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethersulfone, representing an increasing complexity in molecular structure, were implanted with 200 keV boron to three doses of 1.7, 5 and 17 × 1018 ions m−2. Polystyrene was also implanted with 100 keV boron to the same three doses. The polymers were investigated for near-surface micromechanical property changes using a nanoindentation technique. Wear properties of the polymers were studied using a reciprocating tribometer with a nylon ball as the counterface. Tests were conducted for 10000 sliding cycles using a 1 N normal load, a stroke length of 3 mm and an oscillation frequency of 100 cycles min−1. The ion implantation increased the near-surface hardness of the four polymers and the increase was proportional to the dose and beam energy. A clear structure dependence was observed for the hardness changes that were related to cross-linking of molecular chains caused by the ion irradiation. In general, the implantation also significantly improved the wear properties of the four polymers. For each polymer, an optimum dose was identified that yielded the best wear improvement. With increasing dose, the dominant wear mechanism shifted from adhesive and abrasive wear to no observable wear to surface fatigue. Remarkable wear improvements were observed for polystyrene and polyethersulfone for which, at the optimum dose, no wear damage was visible even after 10000 sliding cycles.
Some properties of a limiting distribution in Quicksort

We prove that the limiting distribution of the standardized random number of comparisons needed to sort a list of length n by Quicksort has a density, and investigate some theoretical aspects of a numerical method used to estimate the density.
Mecanismos de las arritmias cardiacas

A B S T R A C T Cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent among humans across all age ranges and may occur in the setting of underlying heart disease as well as in structurally normal hearts. While arrhythmias are widely varied in their clinical presentations, they possess shared electrophysiologic properties at the cellular level. The 3 main mechanisms responsible for cardiac arrhythmias are automaticity, triggered activity, and reentry. Although identifying the specific mechanism may at times be challenging for the clinician and require invasive electrophysiologic study, differentiating and understanding the underlying mechanism may be critical to the development of an appropriate diagnosis and treatment strategy.
Thou Shalt Not Misinterpret: Landscape as Legal Performance

Since the early 1990s cities and towns across the United States have been embroiled in a series of increasingly contentious lawsuits over displays of the Ten Commandments on government land. Part of a broader wave of litigation over religious iconography in public places, these cases are seen to embody a national confrontation between conservative Christians and their liberal enemies over the separation of church and state. In many cases, one side argues that the displays merely acknowledge the nation's Judeo-Christian heritage, the other that they alienate non-Christians and thus exclude them from public life. On both sides, efforts to explain how landscapes “speak”—and more important, to describe the psychological effects of such speech—have focused on the affective modalities of observation. How, courts ask, should a reasonable observer respond emotionally to religious symbols in the public square? What, if anything, is the political significance of his or her feelings? This debate is best understood a...
Differential effects of sodium on two types of opiate binding sites.

Effects of Na+ on saturable naloxone binding were studied in vitro using particulate fractions obtained from rat brain homogenates. Na+ stimulated the saturable naloxone binding in thalamus-hypothalamus regions, but inhibited it in cerebellum. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that two types of naloxone binding sites exist in brain tissues.
Rethinking community in community-based natural resource management

This paper examines the issues associated with the conceptualization and formation of community in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). The paper is guided by qualitative research methods and is based on the context of southern African countries, with specific reference to Botswana. The results indicate that the clustering of communities to become CBNRM beneficiary groups, regardless of their geographical locations, interests, tribal relationships, historical formations, and the adoption of a single CBNRM implementation model approach fail to incorporate local variations in natural resources, culture, and socioeconomic conditions. Thus, the argument made in this paper is that most problems experienced cannot be attributed to CBNRM as a concept, but to the implementation processes, hence the call for a rethinking in the implementation of CBNRM projects. The paper provides alternative community models to overcome the issues associated with the hasty community clustering process in CBNRM.