cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic cytology of urinary tract carcinoma: A review of experience with spontaneous and carcinogen induced tumors in man

Abstract Cytologic examination of the urinary sediment provides a very sensitive index of epithelial changes along the urinary tract. It is useful as a clinical tool to find early and occult carcinomas, and as a research tool to study the pathogenesis of human bladder carcinoma. From long term studies of industrial workers exposed to a bladder carcinogen (para-aminobiphenyl) and others with no known carcinogen exposure, a tentative outline of carcinogenesis in the bladder is proposed.
CMOS imager pixel design for space applications

Summary form only given. Our project consists of working with two existing pixel designs for a CMOS imager that will be used in space. The first pixel design consists of a standard three transistor model. The second model consists of seven transistors and incorporates correlated double sampling and the behavior and characteristics of this model will also be examined. The investigation of the behavior of these two designs will be carried out using WinSPICE and Silvaco simulation software. We will enhance the current models by comparing the two simulation software results to improve accuracy. In both the three and seven transistor models we are using double gated MOS transistors which allow for superior amplifier design and a higher quality pixel. A significant portion of the research directed toward efficiently connecting the second gate of each transistor. A unique feature of this pixel is the vertical integration or the stacking of the diodes with through box interconnects between the CMOS and the photodiode.
Bordetella pertussis-induced alteration of the normal hyperglycemic response of mice to 3',5'-adenosine phosphate.

Blockade of the adrenergic receptors or the injection of Bordetella pertussis vaccine prevented the normal hyperglycemic response of CFW mice to exogenous cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine phosphate (3′,5′-AMP). The cyclic nucleotide was also ineffective in offsetting the histamine hypersensitivity of the β-adrenergically blocked and the pertussis-sensitized groups. These observations suggest that the autonomic malfunction occurs at a point(s) subsequent to release of 3′,5′-AMP. Neither the hyperglycemic effect of epinephrine or 3′,5′-AMP, or both, nor the histamine sensitivity of pertussis-pretreated animals was influenced by the subcutaneous administration of theophylline.
Array Lattice Filters

This chapter contains sections titled: Order-Update of Output Estimation Errors Order-Update of Backward Estimation Errors Order-Update of Forward Estimation Errors Significance of Data Structure
Science for what public? Addressing equity in American science museums and science centers

Science museums and science centers exist (in large part) to bring science to the public. But what public do they serve? The challenge of equity is embodied by the gulf that separates a museum's actual public and the more diverse publics that comprise our society. Yet despite growing scholarly interest in museums and science centers, few researchers have explored how these organizations seek to bridge that gulf. Adopting an institutional theory perspective, we argue that equity is a field-wide challenge in informal science education—a challenge that different organizations define and respond to in different ways. We draw on interviews with leaders from fifteen museums and science centers around the United States to examine how equity work reflects emerging norms of practice as well as local influences. Finally, we describe two institutional logics, client logic and cooperative logic, that contain different ideas about the relationship between an organization and its publics. These logics affect both the definition and the practice of equity work. The tension between them evokes a broader tension between dissemination and participation in public engagement with science. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 368–394, 2014
Chaotic topography, mantle flow and mantle migration in the Australian–Antarctic discordance

Oceanic crust formed over the past 30 million years at the Australian–Antarctic discordance (AAD) is characterized by chaotic sea-floor topography, reflecting a weak magma supply from an unusually cold underlying mantle. During the past 3–4 million years, however, a source of increased magma supply, coinciding with the known Indian–Pacific mantle isotopic boundary, has propagated into the eastern AAD, displacing the chaotic terrain and replacing it with normal sea floor. Pacific mantle reached the eastern boundary of the AAD at least 7 million years ago, but it was not until 3–4 million years ago that lavas derived from Pacific mantle were first erupted within the AAD. This long hiatus, combined with the ridge–transform geometry across the AAD boundary, constrains the locus of mantle migration to a narrow, relatively shallow region, directly beneath the spreading axis of the Southeast Indian ridge.
An efficient hybrid UTD-MoM analysis of radiation/scattering from large truncated periodic arrays

A hybrid method is described which combines a previously developed UTD ray analysis for periodic structures with the conventional numerical MoM approach to efficiently analyze the radiation and scattering from electrically large finite arrays. The UTD, which constitutes an asymptotic high frequency ray solution, is extended to describe the fields of an entire large planar array (consisting of a very large number of elements) in terms of just a few rays which an relatively independent of the physical size of the truncated array for any given electrical spacing between the array elements. Thus, the few UTD rays, which emanate from specific interior and boundary (e.g. edge and corner) points of the truncated array, describe the entire array behavior very efficiently in a composite fashion; this is in contrast to the conventional rigorous element by element approach based on the MoM for including the mutual coupling in finite arrays that can become intractable for large arrays. The MoM is included in the present UTD approach to refine the assumed initial approximation for the field distribution over the array in this analysis. This numerical MoM based computation is typically confined only to the neighbourhood of the edge elements of the entire array thereby making these computations and hence the present hybrid method very efficient.
Inclusion of MUC1 (Ma695) in a panel of immunohistochemical markers is useful for distinguishing between endocervical and endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma

Distinguishing endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECA) from endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma (EMMA) is clinically significant in view of the differences in their management and prognosis. In this study, we used a panel of tumor markers to determine their ability to distinguish between primary endocervical adenocarcinoma and primary endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to MUC1 (Ma695), p16, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and vimentin, was performed to examine 32 cases, including 18 EMMAs and 14 ECAs. For MUC1, cases were scored based on the percentage of staining pattern, apical, apical and cytoplasmic (A/C), or negative. For p16, cases were scored based on the percentage of cells stained. For the rest of the antibodies, semiquantitative scoring system was carried out. For MUC1, majority of EMMA (14 of 18 cases, 78%) showed A/C staining, whereas only few ECA (2 of 14, 14%) were positive. The difference of MUC1 expression in the two groups of malignancy was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Staining for p16 was positive in 10 of 14 (71%) ECA and 4 of 18 (22%) EMMA. Estrogen receptor was positive in 3 of 14 (21%) ECA and 17 of 18 (94%) EMMA. Progesterone receptor was positive in 3 of 14 (21%) ECA and 16 of 18 (89%) EMMA. Vimentin was positive in 1 of 14 (7%) ECA, and 9 of 18 (50%) EMA, with median and range of 0 (0–6), and 1.5 (0–9) respectively. A panel of immunohistochemical markers including MUC1, p16, ER, PR, and vimentin is recommended, when there is morphological and clinical doubt as to the primary site of endocervical or endometrial origin.
Representation and Incorporation of Close Others' Responses: The RICOR Model of Social Influence.

We propose a new model of social influence, which can occur spontaneously and in the absence of typically assumed motives. We assume that perceivers routinely construct representations of other people’s experiences and responses (beliefs, attitudes, emotions, and behaviors), when observing others’ responses or simulating the responses of unobserved others. Like representations made accessible by priming, these representations may then influence the process that generates perceivers’ own responses, without intention or awareness, especially when there is a strong social connection to the other. We describe evidence for the basic properties and important moderators of this process, which distinguish it from other mechanisms such as informational, normative, or social identity influence. The model offers new perspectives on the role of others’ values in producing cultural differences, the persistence and power of stereotypes, the adaptive reasons for being influenced by others’ responses, and the impact of o...
SO-MODS: Optimization for high dimensional computationally expensive multi-modal functions with surrogate search

SO-MODS is a new algorithm that combines surrogate global optimization methods with local search. SO-MODS is an extension of prior algorithms that sought to find near optimal solutions for computationally very expensive functions for which the number of allowable evaluations is strictly limited. The global search method in SO-MODS perturbs the best point found so far in order to find a new sample point. The number of decision variables being perturbed is dynamically adjusted in each iteration in order to be more effective for higher dimensional problems. The procedure for dynamically changing the dimensions perturbed is drawn from earlier work on the DYCORS algorithm. We use a cubic radial basis function as surrogate model and investigate two approaches to improve the solution accuracy. The numerical results show that SO-MODS is able to reduce the objective function value dramatically with just a few hundred evaluations even for 30-dimensional problems. The local search is then able to reduce the objective function value further.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy permits in vivo characterization of zebrafish liver tumors

Zebrafish are a valuable vertebrate model to study carcinogenesis, but noninvasive imaging is challenging because adult fish are not transparent. Here we show that tumors could be readily detected in vivo using high-resolution microscopic ultrasound in zebrafish. We successfully obtained tissue perfusion calculations and cellular aspirates, and analyzed tumor progression and response to treatment. Ultrasound biomicroscopy allows longitudinal studies of tumor development and real-time assessment of therapeutic effects in zebrafish.
Vegetal cover to estimate soil erosion hazard in Rhodesia

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that percent vegetal cover is the major factor determining the erosion hazard from crops and grassland in Rhodesia. Percent vegetal cover is proposed as a satisfactory quantitative expression for inclusion in soil-loss estimation equations. This proposal is considered to have substantial advantages over the cropping management factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation and to be particularly suited to developing countries. A system of classifying vegetation is suggested to account for the secondary influence on soil loss of variations in plant height, stem and rooting characteristics.
Atomistic understanding of the network dilation anomaly in ion-exchanged glass

Abstract Chemically strengthened glasses are of increasing technological importance for personal electronic devices, tablet computers, and a variety of other applications. However, there are many unexplained phenomena associated with the physics of the ion exchange process used for strengthening. One of the most puzzling of these is the anomalous behavior of the network dilation coefficient, i.e., the parameter governing the amount of linear strain of the glass per unit of alkali ions exchanged, which is inevitably a factor of 2–4 higher for as-melted glasses as compared to chemically strengthened versions of the same glass compositions prepared via ion exchange. In this paper, we investigate the atomistic origin of this discrepancy between as-melted and ion-exchanged glasses based on molecular dynamics simulations of a series of alkali tetrasilicate glasses, viz., x Na 2 O·(20 − x )K 2 O·80SiO 2 (mol%). The network dilation coefficient of the ion-exchanged glasses is dependent on composition and ranges from 30% to 54% of the ideal value obtained from the as-melted glasses. This anomalous behavior of the network dilation coefficient is explained in terms of different local environments between sodium and potassium sites in the glass network and a two-stage relaxation process of the local potassium environment after ion exchange.
Modular scaffolds assembled around living cells using poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres with macroporation via a non-cytotoxic porogen

Modular, bioactive, macroporous scaffolds were formed by crosslinking poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microspheres around living cells. Hydrogel microspheres were produced from reactive PEG derivatives in aqueous sodium sulfate solutions without the use of surfactants or copolymers. Microspheres were formed following thermally induced phase separation if the gel point was reached prior to extensive coarsening of the PEG-rich domains. Three types of PEG microspheres with different functionalities were used to form scaffolds: one type provided mechanical support, the second type provided controlled delivery of the angiogenesis-promoting molecule, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and the third type served as a slowly dissolving non-cytotoxic porogen. Scaffolds were formed by centrifuging microspheres in the presence of HepG2 hepatoma cells, resulting in a homogenous distribution of cells. During overnight incubation at 37 degrees C, the microspheres reacted with serum proteins in cell culture medium to stabilize the scaffolds. Within 2 days in culture, macropores formed due to the dissolution of the porogenic PEG microspheres, without affecting cell viability. Gradients in porosity were produced by varying the buoyancy of the porogenic microspheres. Conjugated RGD cell adhesion peptides and the delivery of S1P promoted endothelial cell infiltration through macropores in the scaffolds. The scaffolds presented here differ from previous hydrogel scaffolds in that: (i) cells are not encapsulated in hydrogel; (ii) macropores form in the presence of cells; and (iii) scaffold properties are controlled by the modular assembly of different microspheres that perform distinct functions.
Influence of Amylase Genotypes on Growth Rate and Feed Conversion of Chickens

Chickens from two breeds were screened for amylase alleles designated as AmyF and AmyS to establish breeder flocks homozygous for each. Offspring from these flocks were then used to test the hypothesis that AmyF and AmyS amylases differ in their ability to digest cornstarch and wheat starch. The amylase allozymes were found to affect growth and feed conversion performance of the chickens, and the effects were more pronounced in one breed. However, these effects seemed to be more related to specific activity of the amylases than to starch source in the diet. The results indicate that in some breeds of chickens selection for AmyS may improve growth and feed efficiency performance.
Toward a molecular view of cardiac arrhythmogenesis

Clinical evidence strongly suggests that the electrophysiologic behavior of the heart, and its response to drugs, is a highly dynamic process. Ion channels are the fundamental molecular units determining cardiac excitability. The cloning of ion channels that are responsible for the generation and maintenance of the cardiac action potential will enable studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the highly heterogeneous nature of cardiac electrophysiology. The molecular bases of important pathophysiologic events, such as acute regulation of channel function by phosphorylation or drug block, or the long-term electrophysiologic changes accompanying diseases such as hypertension, are now being elucidated. Identification of these molecular mechanisms may point to novel approaches to the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
Through Thick and Thin with Ned Block: How Not to Rebut the Property Dualism Argument

In “Max Black’s Objection to Mind–Body Identity,” Ned Block seeks to offer a definitive treatment of property dualism arguments that exploit modes of presentation. I will argue that Block’s central response to property dualism is confused. The property dualist can happily grant that mental modes of presentation have a hidden physical nature. What matters for the property dualist is not the hidden physical side of the property, but the apparent mental side. Once that ‘thin’ side is granted, the property dualist has won. I conclude that although Block is wrong to think that the property dualist must argue for so-called thin mental properties, Block, and the physicalist, are able to resist property dualism. But any attempt to bolster this resistance and do more than dogmatically assert the crucial identity runs a serious risk of undermining the physicalism it is meant to save.
The association between manual removal of the placenta and postpartum endometritis following vaginal delivery.

Objective To determine whether manual removal of the placenta after vaginal delivery is a risk factor for postpartum endometritis. Methods A retrospective cohort study of vaginal deliveries compared 1052 patients who had manual removal of the placenta with 1085 patients whose placentas delivered spontaneously. Subjects were selected randomly from the 25,687 vaginal deliveries at the University of Iowa Hospitals during 1979-1992. The presence of endometritis was determined using information in medical records. The data were analyzed using odds ratios (OR) and multiple logistic regression. Results After controlling for confounding variables, manual removal of the placenta was associated with postpartum endometritis (adjusted OR 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–4.9). Other risk factors for endometritis included maternal age less than 17 years (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5–7.2), postpartum anemia (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9–4.5), and membranes ruptured longer than 24 hours (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.3). Conclusion Manual removal of the placenta is a risk factor for postpartum endometritis after vaginal delivery.
An Improved strategy for rapid direct sequencing of both strands of long DNA molecules cloned in a plasmid

A strategy for kilo-base sequencing of a target DNA cloned in plasmid pWR34 is described. A long target DNA is progressively shortened from one end, by digestion with BAL31 nuclease or exonuclease III and nuclease S1, followed by cleaving off the shortened vector DNA. The family of the shortened target DNA molecule is next cloned in between the StuI site on one end, and a cohesive-ended restriction site on the other end, within the polylinker region of pWR34. DNA fragments cloned into this plasmid are sequenced directly by using a synthetic oligonucleotide primer, which binds to one side of the polylinker region using the dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method. The plasmid DNA, easily obtained by adoption of a rapid mini-preparation, is usually pure enough for direct DNA sequencing. Thus, both strands of any DNA several thousand base pairs in length can be completely sequenced (using two different primers) with ease within a short time, without the need for constructing a physical map.
Molecular Self-Assembly of Mixed High-Beta Zwitterionic and Neutral Ground-State NLO Chromophores

We investigate a strategy for producing organic NLO materials with high chromophore densities by assembling Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films containing mixtures of two hyperpolarizable chromophore amphiphiles. When deposited at an air–water interface, the amphiphilic molecules are oriented with their molecular hyperpolarizabilities aligned, and their dipole moments antialigned. We find that mixed chromophore Langmuir monolayers are more stable than pure ones, suggesting that electrostatic interactions aid self-assembly and ordering. Upon transfer of the monolayers to glass and silicon substrates, aggregates with well-defined topological features appear. We characterize aggregate formation using fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nonlinear optical ellipsometry, and we propose a mechanism for aggregate formation. Understanding molecular interactions between strong chromophores should enable fabrication strategies that prevent aggregation and optimize chromophore alignment. ...
Depth-encoded spectral domain phase microscopy for simultaneous multisite nanoscale optical measurements of nerve activation

Spectral Domain Phase Microscopy (SDPM) is a recent extension of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SDOCT) that exploits the extraordinary phase stability of spectrometer-based systems with common-path geometry to resolve sub-wavelength displacements within a sample volume. This technique has been implemented for high resolution axial displacement and velocity measurements in biological samples, but since axial displacement information is acquired serially, has been unable to measure fast temporal dynamics in extended samples. Depth-Encoded SDPM (DESDPM) uses multiple sample arms with unevenly spaced common path reference reflectors to multiplex independent SDPM signals from separate lateral positions on a sample simultaneously using a single interferometer, thus limiting the time required to detect unique optical events to the integration time of the detector. The minimum measured sample displacements determined from the standard deviation of the detected phase as a function of time two ideal reflectors were 407 and 730 pm. Heat-induced expansion in a microscope slide was measured at two sites simultaneously. A 51 ms delay in 50% rise time of the surface displacement was measured. Further application of this technique to biological samples could yield insight into temporal dynamics of activation signals.
The curious case of the water hexamer: Cage vs. Prism

Abstract Small water clusters, such as the hexamer, provide a unique opportunity to advance the molecular-level understanding of water in all its phases. In particular, the water hexamer is the smallest cluster that possesses several nearly iso-energetic non-planar isomeric forms whose relative stability at low temperatures can be probed experimentally and investigated theoretically. Here, we report on the equilibrium populations of the isomers in the temperature range from 30 K to 150 K for both H 2 O and D 2 O as predicted by four different water potentials. The simulations, performed using path-integral molecular dynamics combined with the replica exchange method, highlight some deficiencies of empirical water models while providing support for the accuracy of more recent ab initio -based potentials. The theoretical predictions for the cage/prism isomeric equilibrium upon isotopic substitution suggest that rotational spectra measured for the deuterated cluster could deliver further insights on the ground-state properties of the water hexamer.
Twitches in the presence of ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid

Single muscle fibers continue to twitch for up to 20 min when immersed in ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) solutions containing less than 10−8 M free calcium. Failure of the twitch results from reversible depolarization, which occurs after 15–20 min in EGTA. The results make it clear that external calcium or calcium in the transverse tubules play no essential part in action potential propagation or excitation-contraction coupling.
Thermal stability of on-chip copper interconnect structures

Abstract Copper metallization for on-chip multilevel interconnects is receiving increasing attention for future generations of integrated circuits (ICs), with advantages of low line resistance, low interconnect delay, high electromigration resistance and, possibly, overall back-end process simplicity. However, copper introduces a set of processing and manufacturing issues which must be addressed in the research and development phases of the technology, including thermal stability of interconnect structure. This paper summarizes the most likely processing steps for integrating copper metallization into IC technology and presents the current status of thermal-stability investigations that impact manufacturing issues (materials, unit processing and processintegration issues).
Local Autonomy versus Central Control during Transition: Explaining Local Policy Outputs in Post-Soviet Ukraine

Many post-Soviet central governments have assigned numerous policy responsibilities to local governments, but have simultaneously constrained local autonomy in an effort to ensure that local governments pursue central objectives. In this paper, I examine the interplay between local autonomy and central control in one post-Soviet central government—Ukraine—by examining the case of small-enterprise privatization. Shortly after Ukraine's independence, the central government transferred ownership of state-run small enterprises to local governments, but required that local governments meet annual privatization targets set by a central agency. Some local governments have met the annual targets, while others have lagged behind. The results of an empirical analysis of local privatization levels indicate that central control mechanisms currently have limited influence over local decisionmaking. The results demonstrate that, instead, local elections have increased the influence of local groups whose interests do no...
An assessment of the impact of transition on advanced winged entry vehicle thermal protection system mass

This study examines the impact of turbulent heating on thermal protection system (TPS) mass for advanced winged entry vehicles. Four basic systems are considered: insulative, metallic hot structures, metallic standoff, and hybrid systems. TPS sizings are performed using entry trajectories tailored specifically to the characteristics of each TPS concept under consideration. Comparisons are made between systems previously sized under the assumption of all laminar heating and those sized using a baseline estimate of transition and turbulent heating. The relative effect of different transition criteria on TPS mass requirements is also examined. Also investigated are entry trajectories tailored to alleviate turbulent heating. Results indicate the significant impact of turbulent heating on TPS mass and demonstrate the importance of both accurate transition criteria and entry trajectory tailoring.
Six months of desipramine for dysthymia: Can dysthymic patients achieve normal social functioning?

Abstract Background: There is evidence that antidepressant medication improves social dysfunction during acute treatment in dysthymic patients but it is unknown if the gain in social functioning persists or progresses with longer-term antidepressant treatment. We examine the effect of 6 months of desipramine treatment on social functioning in dysthymic patients. Methods: Forty-six subjects with DSM-III-R dysthymia (70% with superimposed major depression) who had responded to 10 weeks of open-label desipramine (DMI) treatment received 16 additional weeks of continuation DMI. Social functioning was measured at weeks 0, 10 and 26 with the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report. Results: Euthymia was maintained and a marginally significant trend for further improvement in overall social functioning appeared during continuation treatment. Only 24% of subjects achieved normative level of social adjustment after 6 months of DMI treatment. Limitations: The main limitation was the lack of a placebo control group. Conclusion: Acute improvement in social functioning persists during continuation treatment. However, most dysthymic patients did not achieve a community level of social adjustment. Significant social dysfunction persists in dysthymic patients with low levels of depressive symptomatology after 6 months of intense DMI treatment.
On deleterious effects of oxide particles proximate to free surfaces

Abstract Diffusion of oxygen through columnar grain boundaries formed during processing of coatings can lead to internal oxidation and the formation of oxide inclusions in close proximity to a free surface. Since oxidation is accompanied by an increase in volume, large misfit strains are generated at the inclusions. In view of the close proximity of a free surface, the misfit induces large hydrostatic stresses in the elastic medium surrounding the inclusion. These stresses have been determined exactly for a cylindrical inclusion using linear elasticity theory and stresses for a spherical inclusion have been estimated using these exact solutions. These stresses seem to be significant in that they could lead to fracture or prismatic dislocation punching in a coating. In addition, it is shown that these hydrostatic stresses can accelerate kinetics of diffusion of the damaging species and lead to rapid deterioration of the coating. Furthermore, the stresses can induce the formation of pits at the coating surface which can grow into cracks and lead to failure of the coating.
Computer-assisted reproductive surgery: why it matters to reproductive endocrinology and infertility subspecialists.

Trained fertility specialists possess a unique clinical perspective and an extensive medical and technological armamentarium to overcome reproductive dysfunction: it is their privilege and ethical duty to lead the field of reproductive surgery. However, modern reproductive surgery can no longer exist outside of the realm of advanced laparoscopy. This has been a major hurdle to the thriving of surgery within our subspecialty, owing to the time and effort required to achieve and maintain proficiency in the antiergonomic environment of conventional laparoscopy. Computer-assisted surgery minimizes aptitudinal restrictions to the adoption of advanced laparoscopy. As such, it promotes strategy over technique and may hold the key to the continued success of high-specialty reproductive surgery.
Test of the principle of equivalence by a null gravitational red-shift experiment

A test of the Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) was performed by carrying out a 'null' gravitational red-shift experiment. The experiment compared the rates of a pair of hydrogen maser clocks with those of a set of three superconducting-cavity stabilized oscillator clocks as a function of the solar gravitational potential. If EEP were not valid, the relative rates could vary with potential. During the experiment, the solar potential in the laboratory varied approximately linearly at 3 parts in 10 to the 12th per day because of the earth's orbital motion, and diurnally with an amplitude of 3 parts in 10 to the 13th because of the earth's rotation. An upper limit on the relative frequency variation of 1.7 parts in 100 of the external potential was set. The accuracy was limited by the frequency stability of the clocks and by unmodeled environmental effects. The result is consistent with the EEP at the 2 percent level. The experiment can also be viewed as setting a limit on a possible spatial variation of the fine-structure constant.
Effects of rainwater iron and hydrogen peroxide on iron speciation and phytoplankton growth in seawater near Bermuda

Rainwater is a major source of dissolved iron to much of the world's oceans, including regions where iron may be a limiting nutrient for marine phytoplankton primary production. Rainwater iron is therefore potentially important in regulating global photosynthetic uptake of CO2, and hence climate. Two rainwater addition bioassay experiments (2% rain) conducted at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Station (BATS) during March 2000 using 50 or 100 nM FeCl2 or FeCl3 in synthetic rain (pH 4.5 H2SO4) showed an increase in chlorophyll a 50% greater than controls after three days. Addition of 20 μM hydrogen peroxide, a typical rainwater concentration at BATS, completely removed the chlorophyll a increase with both forms of iron additions, suggesting stimulation of phytoplankton growth by rainwater iron can be limited by rainwater H2O2. In laboratory experiments using Gulf Stream seawater, iron-enriched (100 nM Fe(III)) synthetic rain was mixed with seawater in a 5% rain 95% seawater ratio. Dissolved iron concentrations increased two times above concentrations predicted based on dilution alone. The increase in soluble iron probably resulted from release from seawater particles and was maintained for more than 24 hours. No increase was observed in controls that did not have iron added to the synthetic rain, or with synthetic rainwater containing both added iron and H2O2. The increase in iron concentration above that predicted by dilution indicates rain may have a larger effect on seawater iron concentrations than that calculated for rainwater iron addition alone.
Single- and multiple-processor models for minimizing completion time variance

This article concerns the scheduling of n jobs around a common due date, so as to minimize the average total earliness plus total lateness of the jobs. Optimality conditions for the problem are developed, based on its equivalence to an easy scheduling problem. It seems that this problem inherently has a huge number of optimal solutions and an algorithm is developed to find many of them. The model is extended to allow for the availability of multiple parallel processors and an efficient algorithm is developed for that problem. In this more general case also, the algorithm permits great flexibility in finding an optimal schedule.
Soldier determination in Pheidole bicarinata: Inhibition by adult soldiers

Abstract In the ant Pheidole bicarinata, adult soldiers suppress the induction of soldier developments in larvae that have been treated with methoprene, as well as in acetone-treated controls. Induction of soldier development is inhibited in methoprene-treated larvae when the adult soldiers are present as nurses, when they are present in the colony but minor workers serve as nurses, and when they are held in a minor worker-permeable cage to prevent them from contacting larvae. Suppression of soldier determination can be overridden by high doses of methoprene applied during the juvenile hormone-sensitive period for soldier determination. The degree of suppression increases with increasing contact between larvae and adult soldiers. The most likely mechanism of inhibition is a contact soldier pheromone. On the basis of our results, we expand our model of soldier determination to accommodate the fact that the threshold titre of juvenile hormone necessary to induce soldier development changes in the presence of soldiers. A threshold that is sensitive to the presence of adult soldiers provides a mechanism whereby the worker caste ratio in colonies can be regulated.
Finite thermal oscillations of thin plates

Abstract A system of two-dimensional thermal equations of motion for anisotropic thin plates is obtained from the non-linear three-dimensional oscillation theory of finite elasticity, by using the method based on expansion of the displacement functions in terms of thickness coordinates and the variational method of Kirchhoff. Non-linearity, based on geometric considerations is expressed by taking into account the angles of rotation in the definition of strain tensor, while physical linearity is expressed by using Duhamel's law of anisotropic thermoelasticity generalized to large deformations.
Statistical Model for Grain Boundary and Grain Volume Oxidation Kinetics in UO 2 Spent Fuel

This paper addresses statistical characteristics for the simplest case of grain boundary/grain volume oxidation kinetics of UO{sub 2} to U{sub 3}O{sub 7} for a fragment of a spent fuel pellet. It also presents a limited discussion of future extensions to this simple case to represent the more complex cases of oxidation kinetics in spent fuels. 17 refs., 1 fig.
Properties of n -dimensional triangulations

This paper establishes a number of mathematical results relevant to the problem of constructing a triangulation, i.e., a simplical tessellation of the convex hull of an arbitrary finite set of points in n-space. The principal results of the present paper are: (1) a set of n + 2 points in n-space may be triangulated in at most 2 different ways; (2) the 'sphere test' defined in this paper selects a preferred one of these two triangulations; (3) a set of parameters is defined that permits the characterization and enumeration of all sets on n + 2 points in n-space that are significantly different from the point of view of their possible triangulations; and (4) the local sphere test induces a global sphere test property for a triangulation.
A cooperative transition theory applied to the kinetics of ionic exchanges in cells.

Manifestations of a cooperative interaction between ion-adsorbing sites in cells include steep, sigmoidal equilibrium adsorption isotherms of K+ and Na+, critical temperature transitions of net exchanges of Na+ for K+, and the allosteric nature of the effects of ligands on cellular K+ and Na+. Cooperative ionic adsorption is described by a onedimensional Ising model. The experimentally-determined equilibrium parameters permit prediction of the kinetics of exchange of K+ for Na+ (the approach to equilibrium) by stochastic or hydrodynamic solutions of a time-dependent Ising model. Studies of the rates of self-exchange of adsorbed ions reveal properties of the cooperatively interacting adsorption sites and their dependence on temperature and chemical potential. High rates of isotopic exchanges of K+ and Na+ occur near the transition point. This is explained by the hypothesis of an increase in susceptibility of the ensemble to slight variations of {ie93-1} or {ie93-2} near the phase transition, which leads to an increase in microscopic fluctuations within the ensemble. It is suggested that the isotopic ionic exchange experiment may be a means to explore the microscopic states of the ensemble and their transition probabilities.
The Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Trio Mediates Axonal Development in the Drosophila Embryo

Recent analysis of Rho subfamily GTPases in Drosophila revealed roles for Rac and Cdc42 during axonogenesis. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of the Drosophila counterpart of Trio, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that associates with the receptor phosphatase LAR and regulates GTPase activation in vertebrate cells. Mutants deficient in trio activity display defects in both central and peripheral axon pathways reminiscent of phenotypes observed in embryos deficient in small GTPase function. Double mutant analysis shows that trio interacts with Rac in a dose-sensitive manner but not with Rho. Moreover, reduction of trio activity potentiates the phenotype of mutations in the LAR homolog Dlar, suggesting that these proteins collaborate in orchestrating the cytoskeletal events that underlie normal axonogenesis.
Performance issues in distributed shared-nothing information-retrieval systems

Abstract Many information-retrieval systems provides access to abstracts. For example, Stanford University, through its FOLIO system, provides access to the INSPEC database of abstracts of the literature on physics, computer science, electrical engineering, etc. In this article, this database is studied by using a trace-driven simulation. It focuses on a physical-index design that accommodates truncations, inverted-index caching, and database scaling in a distributed shared-nothing system. All three issues are shown to have a strong effect on response time and throughput. Database scaling is explored in two ways. One way assumes an “optimal” configuration for a single host and then linearly scales the database by duplicating the host architecture as needed. The second way determines the optimal number of hosts given a fixed database size.
An optimal catalyst activation policy for poisoning problems

Abstract Pontryagins minimum principle is used to calculate the optimum distribution of active material throughout a single pellet that is uniformly experiencing activity decay. The definition of optimality is based upon balancing catalyst costs against the net return from reactant conversion. The optimal policy is full activation to a fractional depth with an inert core, the depth depending upon the Thiele parameter, poisoning time constant, operating time, and an economic parameter. An isothermal, first order, irreversible reaction is considered. Auxiliary calculations of the effectiveness factor are given for the reaction rate in the nonisothermal pellet with the catalyst distribution found to be optimal in the isothermal case. The results of the pellet calculations are utilized in numerically calculating a uniform activation policy that is optimal for a homogeneously poisoned bed. The definition of optimality is on the same basis as that for the single pellet and the results depend upon the same physical parameters in addition to the time constant for convection in the tube relative to that for diffusion in the pellets. Four regimes of behavior arise depending upon catalyst costs: (i) the reactor cannot be operated economically, (ii) only partial activation policies are economical, a single one being optimal, (iii) both partial and full activation schemes are economical, with one of the former being optimal, and (iv) full activation is optimal but the reactor can be operated economically with partially activated pellets. The results for both the single pellet and the packed tube are viewed as the homogeneous poisoning limit of many practical problems and are believed to reflect the major characteristics of more complicated poisoning mechanisms.
Expression of lactoferrin in the boar epididymis: Effects of reduced estrogen

Lactoferrin is regulated by estrogen in the female reproductive tract and evidence in immature mice suggests that it may be estrogen regulated in males as well. The estrogen regulation of lactoferrin in the epididymis of the boar, a high estrogen-producing male, is unknown. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that lactoferrin expression in the boar epididymis is regulated by estrogen. Twenty-one littermate pairs of boars were treated with vehicle or Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, from 1 week of age until castration at 2 through 8 months. Epididymal tissue was collected at castration and fixed for immunolocalization of lactoferrin. Epididymal and testicular tissues were also collected from five mature boars (1-2.5 years) and fixed for immunocytochemistry (ICC). Lactoferrin was localized in the principal cell cytoplasm of the caput, corpus and cauda of developing boars but only in the corpus and cauda of mature boars. Basal cells were negative for lactoferrin. Sperm in the corpus and cauda was also positive for lactoferrin. The efferent ducts and testes were negative for lactoferrin. Intensity of lactoferrin immunostaining increased with age in the corpus and cauda regardless of treatment. Reduced endogenous estrogen in the epididymis during development did not affect the intensity of immunostaining between control and Letrozole-treated animals. Lactoferrin expression in the epididymis of the developing boar does not appear to be regulated by estrogen.
Reported pressure ulcer prevention and management techniques by persons with spinal cord injury

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that resulted in severe pressure ulcers in a community-based sample of 23 persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: A correlational design was used. Subjects: Twenty men and three women, 57% with tetraplegia and 43% with paraplegia, participated. Adult participants with an ulcer of 12 weeks' duration or less were recruited from the plastic surgery clinic of a regional SCI center. Measures: A structured survey assessed demographic, SCI, and ulcer characteristics; detection method; immediacy and appropriateness of action; time from detection to clinic visit; number of prior ulcers; and knowledge and practice of ulcer prevention techniques. Ulcer characteristics (ie, location, size, and stage) were assessed by examination and compared with participants' descriptions of their ulcers. Results: Severe ulcers and ulcers that progressed in severity after initial detection were less accurately described by participants. Individuals who waited longer to come to the clinic presented with more severe ulcers. Taking immediate or appropriate action when an ulcer was detected was related to reported performance of more preventive behaviors. Contrary to expectation, immediacy and appropriateness of action, and knowledge and practice of preventive behaviors were unrelated to severity, progression of severity, and time from detection to the clinic visit. The findings suggest that educational programs should emphasize more strongly immediate visits to a physician upon detection of an ulcer. Furthermore, such educational models should be assessed for their effectiveness in reducing ulcers and preventing progression in severity once persons with SCI return to the community.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING CODES WITH LATERAL FORCE PROVISIONS

Building-code revisions and land-use planning are recognized as potential solutions to the threat posed by hazardous structures in seismically active regions. Their implementation, however, is problematic and several Impediments to action on building codes are analyzed. The authors recommend a system of incentives to overcome these barriers including federally subsidized insurance, low interest loans, and joint state-local policy ventures with technical assistance provided by federal agencies.
Abstract A67: Reconditioning the tumor immune microenvironment for a breast cancer vaccine therapy.

The recent approval of a prostate cancer vaccine has re-energized the research on cancer immunotherapy. A critical barrier for immunotherapies remains the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is due to abnormal tumor vasculature, hypoxia and tumor-infiltrating myeloid suppressors. Judiciously used anti-angiogenic agents have the potential to modulate the tumor immune environment to improve immunotherapy, but they are often used at high doses in the clinic aiming to prune tumor vessels. However, this has been shown to compromise other concurrent therapies, e.g., chemotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) antibody treatment at lower “vascular normalizing” doses – but not high “anti-vascular” doses – results in a more homogeneous distribution of functional tumor vessels and reduces hypoxia. As a result, the lower doses are superior to the high doses at polarizing tumor-associated macrophages from immune inhibitory M2-like towards immune stimulatory M1-like phenotype, and in facilitating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration. These findings indicate that vascular normalizing doses of anti-VEGFR2 antibody treatment can reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment from suppressive to stimulatory. Based on this mechanism, synchronizing vascular normalization with T cell activation induced by a whole cancer cell vaccine therapy enhanced anti-cancer efficacy in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner in both immune tolerant and immunogenic murine breast cancer models. Given that the combinations of high doses of bevacizumab with chemotherapy have not improved overall survival of breast cancer patients, our study suggests a new strategy to more effectively use anti-angiogenic agents with active immunotherapy and potentially other anti-cancer therapies in a clinical setting. Citation Format: Yuhui Huang, Jianping Yuan, Elda Righi, Dan G. Duda, Dai Fukumura, Mark C. Poznansky, Rakesh K. Jain. Reconditioning the tumor immune microenvironment for a breast cancer vaccine therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A67.