cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Self-Assembly of a Mikto-Arm Star Dual Drug Amphiphile Containing both Paclitaxel and Camptothecin

Self-assembly of anticancer therapeutics into discrete nanostructures provides an innovative way to develop a self-delivering nanomedicine with a high, quantitative drug loading. We report here the synthesis and assembly of a mikto-arm star dual drug amphiphile (DA) containing both a bulky paclitaxel (PTX) and a planar camptothecin (CPT). The two anti-cancer drugs of interest were stochastically conjugated to a β-sheet forming peptide (Sup35) and under physiologically-relevant conditions the dual DA could spontaneously associate into supramolecular filaments with a fixed 41% total drug loading (29% PTX and 12% CPT). Transmission electron microscopy imaging and circular dichroism spectroscopy studies reveal that the bulkiness of the PTX, as well as the π–π interaction preference between the CPT units, has a significant impact on the assembly kinetics, molecular level packing, and nanostructure morphology and stability. We found that the DA containing two PTX units assembled into non-filamentous micelle-like structures, in contrast to the filamentous structures formed by the hetero dual DA and the DA containing two CPTs. The hetero dual DA was found to effectively release the two anticancer agents, exhibiting superior cytotoxicity against PTX-resistant cervical cancer cells. The presented work offers a potential method to generate well-defined filamentous nanostructures and provides the basis for a future combination therapy platform.
Aluminium Interlayers in Soil Clay Minerals, Montmorillonite and Vermiculite

IN the past few years, some workers1–3 have described the presence in soils of a vermiculite-like clay mineral with a 14 A. basal reflexion, showing a behaviour intermediate between that of vermiculite and chlorite when subjected to the usual procedures for characterization of clay minerals. This was attributed to aluminium in interlayer positions. Tamura4, of this laboratory, expanded this mineral by removing the interlayer aluminium with sodium citrate followed by saturation with calcium and solvation in glycerol. He thus showed the montmorillonitic nature of this mineral, which is widely distributed in the Holyoke and Wethersfield soils of the north-eastern United States. Considerable quantities of mineral with a stable 14 A. basal spacing occur in Hartford, Charlton and Gloucester soils in Connecticut. Interlayer aluminium may contribute to the low cation-exchange capacity, toxicity of aluminium and fixation of phosphate so commonly encountered in these soils.
Dynamic extraction topic descriptors and discriminators: towards automatic context-based topic search

Effective knowledge management may require going beyond initial knowledge capture, to support decisions about how to extend previously-captured knowledge. Electronic concept maps, interlinked with other concept maps and multimedia resources, can provide rich knowledge models for human knowledge capture and sharing. This paper presents research on methods for supporting experts as they extend these knowledge models, by searching the Web for new context-relevant topics as candidates for inclusion. This topic search problem presents two challenges: First, how to formulate queries to seek topics that reflect the context of the current knowledge model, and, second, how to identify candidate topics with the right balance of novelty and relevance. More generally, this problem raises the broad question of the interaction of topic information from the local analysis space (a collected set of documents) and the global search space (the Web). The paper develops a framework for understanding this interaction, and proposes and evaluates techniques for addressing the query formation and topic identification questions by dynamically extracting topic descriptors and discriminators from a knowledge model, to characterize information needs for retrieval and filtering of relevant material. Using these techniques, we have developed a support tool that starts from a knowledge model under construction and automatically produces a set of suggestions for topics to include, proactively supporting users as they extend knowledge models.
On the scalability of multicast location service in mobile ad hoc networks

Location based multicasting has been gaining considerable attention due to its stateless operation, potential for scalability and resilience against mobility in mobile ad hoc networks. One of the key requirements for location based multicast is location service, which operates in a distributed manner to provide the current locations of all group members in order to construct a location based multicast tree. While literature describes a few mulitcast location service protocols, there has been no prior study to evaluate these protocols for scalable operation in a large ad hoc network. In this paper, we study four multicast location service protocols, namely-MLS, HRPM, AMDLM and SPBM-for scalability in a uniformly distributed ad hoc network. Our analysis shows that the MLS protocol scales well in both the total location service cost as well as the per node storage requirement to carry out location service.
FMRFamide is endogenous to the Aplysia heart

The presence of the molluscan neuropeptide FMRFamide was investigated in the heart of the sea hare, Aplysia californica. Immunohistochemical localization and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with radioimmunoassays of HPLC fractions were used to demonstrate the presence of FMRFamide and FLRFamide in the heart. FMRFamide-immunoreactive (FMRFamide-IR) nerve fibers, varicosities, and neuronal somata were observed in whole-mounts of the hearts. The atrium and atrioventricular (AV) valve regions contained significantly higher densities (P < 0.05, ANOVA) of immunoreactive varicosities compared to the ventricle. The high density of FMRFamide-IR varicosities in the atrium and the lack of sensitivity of this region to FMRFamide suggest that the atrium may be a neurohemal organ for the release of FMRFamide. The presence of FMRFamide-IR somata in the Aplysia heart suggests that peripheral neurons may play a role in modifying heart activity, independent of the central nervous system.
Quantitative trait loci affecting risk for pentobarbital withdrawal map near alcohol withdrawal loci on mouse Chromosomes 1, 4, and 11

Barbiturate dependence is associated with the development of physiological dependence (withdrawal), tolerance, or a maladaptive pattern of drug use. Analysis of strain and individual differences with animal models for physiological dependence liability are useful means to identify potential genetic determinants of liability in humans. Behavioral and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analyses were conducted with mice that are resistant versus sensitive to pentobarbital withdrawal. With a multi-stage genetic mapping strategy, a pentobarbital withdrawal QTL (Pbw1) was mapped to the distal region of mouse Chromosome (Chr) 1 and may be identical to an alcohol withdrawal QTL mapped to this chromosomal region. Two suggestive QTLs for pentobarbital withdrawal, both in proximity to QTLs definitely mapped for alcohol withdrawal, were also tentatively identified. These were on Chr 11 in proximity to a gene cluster including several members of the GABAA receptor gene family, and on Chr 4 near a locus associated with β-carboline-induced seizure severity. These data represent the first detection and mapping of loci influencing risk for physiological dependence on barbiturates, and suggest the involvement of common genes in physiological dependence on pentobarbital and alcohol.
Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Projection to the Peripheral Vestibular Organ in the Frog

Neurones located 200 to 300 microns from the surface of the auricular lobe of the frog cerebellar cortex, and identified as Purkinje cells, were activated antidromically from the eighth cranial nerve. A parallel anatomical study confirmed the existence of this projection. On the basis of these findings the existence of a cerebello-vestibular efferent system is postulated, the precise significance of which is as yet unclear. However, since Purkinje cells in other species have an inhibitory action on their target cells, the Purkinje efferent system to the vestibular organ may have an action similar to that ascribed to the olivo-cochlear bundle upon the cochlea, that is, to serve as an inhibitory control system.
A displaceable surface-bound superoxide stimulating factor on circulating human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from blood by dextran sedimentation and hypotonic lysis produce superoxide in the absence of added surface membrane stimulating agents, which can be inhibited by chemokinetic concentrations of N-formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine and arachidonic acid, though higher concentrations stimulate superoxide production. Inhibition also occurs with a variety of biological proteins in low concentration, the hormones hydrocortisone and thyroxine, and protease inhibitors. The production of superoxide by these cells appears to depend upon a heat-labile non-dializable factor which can be displaced from the cell surface in its active form by repeated washings, or by incubation with N-formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine.
Noninvasive assessment of brain oxygenation and blood flow

A critique of methods used to assess brain oxygenation and blood flow noninvasively is presented. Techniques for pulse oximetry, including the dual wavelength technique, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and positron emission tomography (PET), are discussed. Near-infrared (NIR) absorption by biological molecules and NIR assessment of brain metabolism and circulation are discussed. A pulsed light spectrophotometry system is proposed. >
Phase noise reduction technique for pulsed TWT

Summary form only given. Reduction of the phase noise and intrapulse phase modulation of TWTA in radar transmitters becomes imperative because strongly reflected stationary clutter can mask signal of moving target. As Doppler radar is, in general, operated in fully saturated power, causing the phase noise to govern overall noise behavior. The phase non-linearity has it roots on beam velocity variation with time domain voltage jitter of HVPS (High Voltage Power Supply), which disturbs synchronism between beam and RF. The disrupted electrical phase length, in turn, induces spurious ripples and raise noise floor in phase noise spectral density plot. In this paper, we propose two novel methods that can be complementary to further reduce the phase noise. First method is phase locking loop phase noise reduction in that the proportional phase difference between input and output signal is detected and converted into dc control voltage by a double balanced mixer. This dc voltage is used to control an electronic phase shifter set to TWTA input, compensating the respective phase fluctuation. Second strategy focuses on reduction for HVPS voltage jitter. Throughout the high voltage divider, low power signal clippers, integrator and comparator, the only jitter signal is discriminated and utilized as a control signal in an electronic phase shifter. This method is superior to the present complicating noise filtering devices because of its simplicity and independence of RF circuitry. The system implementation of both methods is less expensive and more compact than conventional filtering devices for phase noise reduction.
Psychosocial Subtypes on the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

This study identified the subtypes of psychosocial functioning in children who had sustained traumatic brain injury using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition. Participants (N = 91) were aged 6-20. Using hierarchical agglomerative clustering techniques, a reliable typology emerged that consisted of two subtypes, which were labeled as Normal and Pervasive Emotional Difficulties. Using further exploratory analyses, other less statistically reliable subtypes were also observed, which were thought to have clinical significance. These were labeled as Mild Externalizing/Depression, Mild Externalizing/Attention Problems, Mild Depression, and Mild Anxiety. The majority of participants were assigned to the Normal subtype. Relationships between subtypes and other variables, including gender, time elapsed since injury, age at injury, and age at testing were also analyzed, with time elapsed since injury being the only variable to significantly differentiate the subtypes.
Individual and Group Racism and Problem Drinking Among African American Women

This study investigated whether perceived individual and group racism were associated with problematic drinking patterns among urban African American women. In this cross-sectional survey, 139 African American women aged 21 to 49 years who consumed alcohol at least once per month were recruited from and interviewed at varied community sites in Central Harlem, New York City. Drinking patterns were assessed with the CAGE, a commonly used four-item screening measure. Frequent heavy drinking was measured with a single item used in the Centers for Disease Control Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The results showed that, controlling for household income and education level, individual racism was associated with drinking patterns suggestive of alcohol dependence but not frequent heavy drinking. Group racism was not associated with either outcome. The results replicate and extend findings in previous studies and contribute to building literature on the effects of racism on health-damaging behaviors.
Computational analysis of shotgun proteomics data

Proteomics technology is progressing at an incredible rate. The latest generation of tandem mass spectrometers can now acquire tens of thousands of fragmentation spectra in a matter of hours. Furthermore, quantitative proteomics methods have been developed that incorporate a stable isotope-labeled internal standard for every peptide within a complex protein mixture for the measurement of relative protein abundances. These developments have opened the doors for ‘shotgun’ proteomics, yet have also placed a burden on the computational approaches that manage the data. With each new method that is developed, the quantity of data that can be derived from a single experiment increases. To deal with this increase, new computational approaches are being developed to manage the data and assess false positives. This review discusses current approaches for analyzing proteomics data by mass spectrometry and identifies present computational limitations and bottlenecks.
Hall's consumption hypothesis and durable goods

Abstract Hall shows that consumption obeys an AR(1) process if the life cycle-permanent income hypothesis is true. This paper expands Hall's framework to show that expenditure on durable goods should be ARMA(1, 1) but not AR(1). Post-war U.S. data rejects the expanded model.
Impaired Hyperemic Response Is Predictive of Early Access Failure

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that hyperemic response is a predictor of access failure. We conducted a review of a prospective database of dialysis access patients with preoperative hyperemia studies from June 1998 to August 2002. These consisted of bilateral brachial artery pressures followed by flow velocity measurements of the brachial artery and radial artery at rest and after 3 min of arm ischemia. Measurements were taken by using a cuff placed above the antecubital fossa and inflated to 20 mmHg above systolic pressure. There were no differences recorded in brachial artery pressures for the bilateral studies. Hyperemic response was entered into a stepwise Cox regression to determine its effect on access failure. Access failure was defined as failure to mature or thrombosis. Accesses were placed according to Dialysis Outcome Quality Intiatives (DOQI) guidelines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. Log-rank testing was used to compare patency results. Censored end points were death, renal transplant, and access survival to the end of the study period. Fistulas that failed to mature were considered failures at 3 months. Arteries with a <5 cm/sec increase in peak systolic velocity were defined as nonresponders. The 59 arteries used for dialysis access were divided into two groups on the basis of their hyperemic response in cm/sec. The nonresponders were compared with the remainder of accesses performed. Accesses based on arteries with absent or minimal hyperemic response had significantly lower (p < 0.0005) secondary patencies by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Upon further stratification into radial and brachial arteries, the significant difference in secondary patency remained for radial artery--based accesses (p = 0.024) and approached statistical significance for brachial artery--based accesses (p = 0.057). A significant difference was not seen in primary patencies, indicating that accesses based on arteries with an acceptable hyperemic response are more likely to be salvaged by revisions. A nonresponsive radial artery was not a significant predictor of a nonresponsive brachial artery in the same extremity by binary logistic regression (p = 0.111), and a nonresponsive artery was not a significant predictor of nonresponsiveness in the corresponding artery in the contralateral extremity (p = 0.137). Cox regression analysis revealed that the hyperemic response is a significant predictor of failure to mature or thrombosis. Hyperemic testing is a useful means of evaluating adequate arterial inflow for dialysis access. Reduced or absent hyperemic response is an independent predictor of access failure.
Large-Eddy Simulation-Based Retrieval of Dissipation from Coherent Doppler Lidar Data

Accurate estimation of dissipation rate is important in understanding and analyzing turbulent flows found in environment and engineering processes. Many previous studies have focused on measuring the local dissipation rate at a single point or averaged dissipation rate over a suitable area. Since coherent Doppler lidar is capable of providing multi-point measurements covering a large spatial extent, it is well-suited for examining the distribution of dissipation in the atmosphere. In this paper, an approach is presented that is based on retrieving the dissipation rate from coherent Doppler lidar data using large-eddy simulation. Two Coherent Doppler lidars performed range height indicator (RHI) scans of a vertical/cross-barrier plane during the Terrain-induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX). Two-dimensional velocity vectors were retrieved using a least squares method. The velocity vectors retrieved from co-planar RHI scans are used to estimate subgrid scale (SGS) quantities through a known SGS parameterization. For the T-REX datasets analyzed, the dissipation rate was found to increase in the presence of rotors, subrotors, and, as expected, in regions of high wind shear. Owing to the presence of sharper gradients in subrotors, their dissipation rate is generally larger than that of rotors.
Relations between Friendship, Group Acceptance, and Evaluations of Summer Camp

Relations between friendship and group acceptance were examined by assessing multiple dimensions of adolescents' (N = 77) peer relationships at a summer camp. Adolescents whose best friendships at camp had more positive features were viewed more positively by the other campers in their group than were other adolescents. Adolescents whose best friendships prior to camp had more positive features formed better friendships at camp but were not viewed more positively by their camp groups than were other adolescents. Adolescents whose best friendships prior to camp had more negative features were viewed as more antagonistic by the other campers in their group but did not have a more antagonistic relationship with their best friend at camp than did other adolescents. Adolescents who came to camp with a friend evaluated camp more positively than did those who came alone. The results indicate that distinctions should be made between friendships and group acceptance and between the positive and negative aspects of...
Ultrasonography for Rapid Detection of Pneumothorax After Costal Cartilage Harvest

The rib is a generous source of donor cartilage. Thus, costal cartilage harvest is a frequently performed adjunctive procedure in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Pneumothorax is an uncommon complication of rib graft harvest but is potentially highly morbid. Although chest radiography is the current diagnostic study of choice to rule out air in the chest, there is growing evidence that ultrasonography is less expensive and more sensitive. Furthermore, the portability of the ultrasonographic unit allows for immediate evaluation and more rapid diagnosis. The use of ultrasonography also precludes exposing the patient to ionizing radiation. We present a case in which ultrasonography was used to rapidly confirm the absence of pneumothorax after costal cartilage harvest and review the literature associated with use of ultrasonography for detection of this uncommon but serious complication.
Correction of second order chromaticity at Tevatron

Correction of the second order betatron tune chromatic - ity is essential for operation at the working point near half integer resonance which is proposed as one of the ways to improve performance of the Tevatron. In this report the new chromaticity correction scheme with split sextupole families is described. Details of implementation and commissioning at the present working point are discussed.
Characterization of semiconductor thin films using high-frequency photothermal-optical-beam-deflection imaging

High-frequency photothermal-optical-beam deflection has been used to obtain thermal images of film/substrate interfaces in semiconductors.
The Growth and Impact of Alzheimer Disease Centers as Measured by Social Network Analysis

Importance Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no effective therapies. In 1984, the National Institute on Aging created the first 5 AD centers (ADCs) in an effort to coordinate research efforts into the pathology and treatment of the disease. Since that time, the ADC program has expanded to include 27 centers in major medical schools throughout the United States. A major aim of ADCs is to develop shared resources, such as tissue samples and patient populations, and thereby promote large-scale, high-impact studies that go beyond the capabilities of any single investigator or institution working in isolation. Objective To quantitatively evaluate the performance of the ADC program over the past 25 years. Design and Setting We systematically harvested every article published by ADC investigators and used social network analysis to analyze copublication networks. Results A total of 12170 ADC papers were published from 1985 through 2012. The frequency of collaborations has increased greatly from the time that the ADCs were started until the present, even after the expansion of ADCs and the recruitment of new investigators plateaued. Moreover, the collaborations established within the context of the ADC program are increasingly interinstitutional, consistent with the overall goal of the program to catalyze multicenter research teams. Most important, we determined that collaborative multi-ADC research articles are consistently of higher impact than AD articles as a whole. Conclusions and Relevance The ADC program has successfully fostered high-impact, multiuniversity collaborations; we suggest that its structural and administrative features could be replicated in other fields of patient-oriented research.
An examination of the relationship among structure, trust, and conflict management styles in virtual teams

The emergence of new technologies has made it increasingly easy for distributed collaboration in both educational and noneducational settings. Although the effectiveness in traditional settings of the dynamics of small group work has been widely researched, there is limited research that offers evidence on how teams can work effectively in a virtual environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among team structure, trust, and conflict management style, in addition to their impact on teamwork effectiveness in a virtual environment. An experimental design was used to assess the effects of structure on team performance. Forty-four groups, divided into hierarchical and nonhierarchical groups, worked on an online simulation project in an online MBA course. The results suggest that team structure is strongly associated with team performance, whereas trust and a collaboration conflict management style contribute to teamwork satisfaction.
Targeted inhibition of calcineurin signaling blocks calcium-dependent reactivation of Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus

Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with KS, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease. Reactivation of KSHV in latently infected cells and subsequent plasma viremia occur before the development of KS. Intracellular signaling pathways involved in KSHV reactivation were studied. In latently infected PEL cells (BCBL-1), KSHV reactivation in single cells was determined by quantitative flow cytometry. Viral particle production was determined by electron microscope analyses and detection of minor capsid protein in culture supernatants. Agents that mobilized intracellular calcium (ionomycin, thapsigargin) induced expression of KSHV lytic cycle-associated proteins and led to increased virus production. Calcium-mediated virus reactivation was blocked by specific inhibitors of calcineurin-dependent signal transduction (cyclosporine, FK506). Similarly, calcium-mediated virus reactivation in KSHV-infected dermal microvascular endothelial cells was blocked by cyclosporine. Furthermore, retroviral transduction with plasmid DNA encoding VIVIT, a peptide specifically blocking calcineurin-NFAT interactions, inhibited calcium-dependent KSHV reactivation. By contrast, chemical induction of lytic-phase infection by the phorbol ester 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate was blocked by protein kinase C inhibitors, but not by calcineurin inhibitors. In summary, calcineurin-dependent signal transduction, an important signaling cascade in vivo, induces calcium-dependent KSHV replication, providing a possible target for the design of antiherpesvirus strategies in KSHV-infected patients.
A Virtuous Circle: The Evolution of Campaign Communications

Many accounts have noted the decline of traditional forms of party campaigning, such as local rallies and door-to-door canvassing, and new developments like the growth of spin-doctors and political consultants. A growing series of case studies has documented these trends in a range of established and newer democracies. Different accounts have interpreted these changes in various ways: as the ‘rise of political marketing’, if the techniques have been borrowed from the private sector, or as the'Americanization of campaigning’, if these forms of electioneering originated in the United States. Building upon this literature, the core argument of this chapter is that such changes in campaign communications can best be understood as evolutionary processes of modernization that simultaneously transform party organizations, the news media, and the electorate. This typology is illustrated schematically in Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1. In this theoretical framework, premodern campaigns are understood as having three basic characteristics: The campaign organization is based upon direct forms of interpersonal communications between candidates and citizens at the local level, with short-term, ad-hoc planning by the party leadership. In the news media, the ‘partisan press’ acts as core intermediary between parties and the public. And the electorate is anchored by strong party loyalties. During this era, local parties selected the candidates, rang the doorbells, posted the pamphlets, targeted the wards, planned the resources, and generally provided all the machinery linking voters and candidates. For citizens, the model is one that is essentially local-active , meaning that most campaigning is concentrated within local communities, conducted through relatively demanding political activities like rallies, doorstep canvassing, and party meetings.
The Art of War: Vietnamese American Visual Artists Dinh Q. Lê, Ann Phong and Nguyen Tan Hoang

This essay first touches upon broad themes and concerns shaped by the multi-generational artists' work, including memory and forgetting. Then, the essay examines individual artists and specific works. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of identity politics in relation to the artists' practice. The artists' work raises a number of questions: In what ways does their work question ethnic, sexual, and national identity? Will the legacy of the Vietnam War continue to affect their output? How do these artists incorporate issues of authenticity and validation in their work? Which are the memories that linger and haunt?
Food Insecurity And Health Outcomes

Almost fifty million people are food insecure in the United States, which makes food insecurity one of the nation's leading health and nutrition issues. We examine recent research evidence of the health consequences of food insecurity for children, nonsenior adults, and seniors in the United States. For context, we first provide an overview of how food insecurity is measured in the country, followed by a presentation of recent trends in the prevalence of food insecurity. Then we present a survey of selected recent research that examined the association between food insecurity and health outcomes. We show that the literature has consistently found food insecurity to be negatively associated with health. For example, after confounding risk factors were controlled for, studies found that food-insecure children are at least twice as likely to report being in fair or poor health and at least 1.4 times more likely to have asthma, compared to food-secure children; and food-insecure seniors have limitations in activities of daily living comparable to those of food-secure seniors fourteen years older. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) substantially reduces the prevalence of food insecurity and thus is critical to reducing negative health outcomes.
Food Barley Quality Improvement and Germplasm Utilization

Barley is one of the oldest known domesticated crops. Originally cultivated for human consumption, other end-uses have gained importance over the millennia. Today, barley is the fourth most important cereal crop in the world and is mainly used as animal feed or malted for brewing and distilling. Wheat and rice have largely replaced barley as a staple food. But there are still many areas of the world where barley remains a staple crop and has important spiritual, nutritional, and cultural significance. In this chapter, we summarize the history of barley foods, discuss their resurgence, and use the Oregon State University (OSU) food barley breeding initiative as a case study in germplasm development and variety release. Civilization faces the tremendous challenges of climate change and ensuring a stable, nutritious, and diverse food supply. Food barley can be part of the solution. One approach to accelerating the acceptance of food barley and to ensuring its broader utilization is to focus on its unique attributes. We argue that naked (hull-less) food barley should be viewed as an entirely new cereal crop with agronomic, nutritional, and end-use advantages. It is early maturing and input-use-efficient. It has unique dietary fiber and nutritional characteristics. And finally, it offers a palette of new flavors and qualities for a range of foods.
Effectively Updating ‘Effectively Representing’

This is a book review whose main point is to note how the IRS Restructuring Act of 1998 created a new institutional voice: that of Low Income Tax Clinics. The fine treatise edited by T. Keith Fogg, entitled "Effectively Representing Your Client Before the IRS" is one way that new voice has found expression. The treatise is published by the ABA Section of Taxation. The review explains both the strengths and weaknesses of the treatise and the process that produced it.
Fish or Foul: A History of the Delaware River Basin Through the Perspective of the American Shad, 1682 to the Present

The Delaware River system drains less than one percent of the landmass of the continental United States, but it has been long one of the most densely populated and heavily industrialized regions in the nation, boasting the world s largest concentration of chemical companies and the nations second largest concentration of petrochemical plants. As a result, the Delaware River water shed has been subjected to extremely heavy use and undergone revolutionary, and from an environmental perspective, catastrophic changes. Once home to an extraordinary profusion of wildlife, the region under Euro-American occu pancy has experienced an ecological catastrophe, with the disappearance of species once numbering in the millions. This article attempts to document the history of the Delaware River system through the perspective of its most important finfishery, that of the American shad. Shad is a wonderful species by which to trace this history. First of the migratory species to appear in the rivers each spring, shad, unlike other anadromous species such as salmon, is remarkably hardy and adaptable. This has enabled it to survive a series of human assaults and challenges to its survival in the region. It also makes it possible for the historian to use the shad as a means to examine the interrelationships over time of economic develop ment, law, public health, resource management, American foodways, the en vironment, and culture; that is, the meaning of shad to residents of the Dela ware River basin as well as its utility.
Analysis of coupling dynamics for power systems with iterative discrete decision making architectures

Abstract Iterative “learning” by distributed control agents has been proposed for power system decision making. Such decision making can achieve agreement among control agents while preserving privacy. The iterative decision making process may interact with power system dynamics. In such cases, coupled dynamics are expected. The objective of this paper is to propose a modeling approach that can conduct stability analysis for these hybrid systems. In the proposed approach, the discrete decision making process is approximated by continuous dynamics. As a result, the entire hybrid system can be represented by a continuous dynamic system. Conventional stability analysis tools are then used to check system stability and identify key impacting factors. An example power system with multiple control agents is used to demonstrate the proposed modeling and analysis. The analysis results are then validated by nonlinear time-domain simulation. The continuous dynamics models developed in this paper sheds insights into the control nature of each distributed optimization algorithm. An important finding is documented in this paper: a consensus algorithm based decision making may act as an integrator of frequency deviation. It can bring the frequency back to nominal while the primal-dual based decision making cannot.
Absence of effect of tocopherol on acute oral toxicity of sodium selenite in the rat.

SummaryThe acute oral toxicity of sele-nite-selenium in the rat is approximately LD50, 12.5 mg/kg; this level is not changed by simultaneous administration of tocopherol as d-α-tocopherol acetate at 725 mg/kg.
Phenomenologically Grounded Interdisciplinary Aesthetics: Marlies Kronegger

The phenomenological contributions to aesthetics of Moritz Geiger, Roman Ingarden, and Mikel Dufrenne, who followed Ingarden, and of others are well known, and references to them will be found in the appropriate entries. There is besides the special trend of INTERDISCIPLINARY AESTHETICS, which found its basis in phenomenology, and which should be brought out in this era of interdisciplinary research. It has been introduced and pursued by Marlies Kronegger, who has animated the work of numerous scholars on both of the continents that she calls home.
Energy efficient refrigeration - improvement of compact thermoelectric units through modeling, testing, and control

Thermoelectric devices have been applied in compact refrigerators as an alternate to the traditional vapor compression systems. Drawbacks in cost and efficiency, as well as unknown reliability, however, have prevented wide spread use over vapor compression systems. Although thermoelectric devices eliminate both moving parts and circulating refrigerant, an energy efficient and reliable refrigerator is the goal. In this paper, the performance of compact thermoelectric and vapor compression refrigerators has been studied. A mathematical model was developed for the compact thermoelectric refrigerator and validated. A suite of tests were conducted to assess the performance of various control techniques. Through standard control operation, the thermoelectric unit reached a minimum temperature of 5.6°C in 74.4 minutes. With the implementation of pulse width and amplitude modulation control strategies, the thermoelectric unit's minimum temperature was decreased by 1.09°C and power consumption was reduced by 9.13%. The study establishes a basis to further investigate performance improvements for compact thermoelectric refrigerators.
Linear Moored-Ship Systems

Any floating body placed in a wave environment experiences a time-varying loading pattern which has two components. There is a linear part of the time-varying loads which causes the body to oscillate at frequencies in the region in which most of the surface gravity waves appear. In general, these loads have the most influence on roll, pitch and heave motions or alternatively those which have hydrostatic restoring forces (or moments). There is also a nonlinear part of the time-varying loads which may be very significant. For moored ships, this nonlinear part has an important effect on sway, surge and yaw motions particularly if it (the nonlinear part of the time-varying loads) coincides with one of the ships natural periods in these modes. For free-ships, this nonlinear part is responsible for the well-known drifting force. For a free ship, one could say that the sway, surge and yaw have zero frequency or infinite period.
Water Infrastructure and Equipment

Sustainable water resources management requires extensive infrastructure systems which are normally capital intensive, expensive, and long-lasting. Careful decisions about them are a central task for water managers. The systems divert water, convey it, treat it, and return it to nature. Sustainability requires that they achieve this without excessive impacts on natural systems. The components of infrastructure systems include structures, sensors, controls, and hydraulic equipment to serve water-handling functions for conveyance, storage, treatment, energy conversion, and control. Each category of water infrastructure and equipment has a distinct function, but how the functions are provided differs among types of systems for water supply, wastewater, stormwater, flood control, irrigation, and instream water management.
Surprising Effects of Hydrochloric Acid on the Water Evaporation Coefficient Observed by Raman Thermometry

The kinetics and energetics of cloud droplet and aerosol formation in the atmosphere are strongly influenced by the evaporation and condensation rates of water, yet the magnitude and mechanism of evaporation remains incompletely characterized. Of particular import (and controversy) is the nature of interfacial water pH and its potential effects on evaporation rate and environmental reactivity. We have used Raman thermometry measurements of freely evaporating microdroplets to determine evaporation coefficients (γ) for two different hydrochloric acid solutions, both of which result in a significant deviation from γwater. At 95% confidence, we find the evaporation coefficient for 1.0 M HCl to be 0.24 ± 0.04, a ∼60% decrease relative to pure water, and for 0.1 M HCl to be 0.91 ± 0.08, a ∼45% increase relative to pure water. These results suggest a large perturbation in the surface structure induced by either hydronium ions adsorbing to the water surface or by the presence of a Cl–···H3O+ ion-pair moiety in th...
Associative activation during interrupted task performance: a mixed methods approach to understanding the overall quality effects of interruptions

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this research were to (1) explore whether goal-activation models of procedurally based interrupted task performance can be applied to content production, and if not, (2) develop a new theoretical account, and (3) provide support for that theory. Experiment 1 found that interruptions during planning resulted in less developed plans, and that available theoretical models could not account for performance. Experiment 2 leveraged Verbal Protocol Analysis to explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying interrupted task performance on a content production task. We found support for a combination of processes: (1) cues and environmental context, and (2) task activation levels. These results suggested a spreading activation account of interrupted task performance. Experiment 3 provided further support for spreading activation by comparing short and long interruptions. These results have broad implications for moving our understanding of interrupted task performance forward by expanding ou...
Effects of drugs on the uptake of uric acid by separated renal tubules of the rabbit.

The effects of various compounds on the transport of uric acid by rabbit kidney have been investigated in several previous studies. Experiments utilizing clearance techniques have established that uric acid clearance is reduced by probenecid, salicylate, PAH, chlorothiazide and a number of other compounds (1,2). Stop-flow analysis has indicated that probenecid reduces uric acid clearance by blocking its secretion in the proximal tubule (3).
Photoactivated cells link diagnosis and therapy

A semiautonomous system enables implanted photoactivated cells to produce glucose-lowering hormones and maintain glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice (Shao et al., this issue).
“Picturing Them Right in Front of Me”: Guidelines for Implementing Video Communication in Online and Blended Learning

We provide actionable strategies that teachers can follow when implementing asynchronous video communication and feedback in their own courses. These strategies are based on our own research over many years in the use of asynchronous video in online teaching, as well as our review of the literature, and are provided to foster greater discussion on the pedagogical strategies surrounding the use of video in online teaching.
The Influence of Age, Joint Angle, and Muscle Group on Strength Production Characteristics at the Knee Joint

The current understanding of age-related declines in muscle strength capacities is largely based upon strength testing at joint angles of optimal performance, but many activities of daily living involve force generation at muscle lengths/angles outside of optimal force. This study investigated the influence of age, joint angle, and muscle group (knee extensors and flexors) on maximal and rapid strength characteristics. Young (n = 21; age = 22.1 years) and older (23; 72.6 years) adults performed maximal voluntary contractions for the knee extensors and flexors at 20°, 60°, and 90° joint angles. Peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD) were calculated. An age, angle, and muscle interaction was found for PT, revealing differences for the knee flexors at all three joint angles for the older adults, whereas the young adults were similar between the 20° and 60° angles. The later RTD variable showed an age and muscle group interaction, whereas no interactions were found for early RTD. The angle of strength testing for maximal strength (PT) of the knee flexors showed dissimilar changes in strength characteristics for young versus older adults across joint angles. For later RTD variables, the testing angle was a more prominent factor for the knee extensors, but less so for the flexors.
Children show limited movement repertoire when learning a novel motor skill

Examining age differences in motor learning using real-world tasks is often problematic due to task novelty and biomechanical confounds. Here, we investigated how children and adults acquire a novel motor skill in a virtual environment. Participants of three different age groups (9-year-olds, 12-year-olds, and adults) learned to use their upper body movements to control a cursor on a computer screen. Results showed that 9-year-old and 12-year-old children showed poorer ability to control the cursor at the end of practice. Critically, when we investigated the movement coordination, we found that the lower task performance of children was associated with limited exploration of their movement repertoire. These results reveal the critical role of motor exploration in understanding developmental differences in motor learning.
Chronic exposure to inhaled, traffic-related nitrogen dioxide and a blunted cortisol response in adolescents

Abstract Background Chronic health effects of traffic-related air pollution, like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are well-documented. Animal models suggested that NO2 exposures dysregulate cortisol function. Objectives We evaluated the association between traffic-related NO2 exposure and adolescent human cortisol concentrations, utilizing measures of the cortisol diurnal slope. Methods 140 adolescents provided repeated salivary cortisol samples throughout one day. We built a land use regression model to estimate chronic NO2 exposures based on home and school addresses. We then generated model-based estimates of the association between cortisol and NO2 exposure one year prior to cortisol sampling, examining changes in cortisol diurnal slope. The final model was adjusted other criteria pollutants, measures of psychosocial stress, anthropometry, and other demographic and covariates. Results We observed a decrease in diurnal slope in cortisol for adolescents exposed to the estimated 75th percentile of ambient NO2 (high exposure) relative to those exposed at the 25th percentile (low exposure). For a highly exposed adolescent, the log cortisol was lower by 0.06 µg/dl at waking (95% CI: −0.15, 0.02), 0.07 µg/dl at 30 min post waking (95% CI: −0.15, 0.02), and higher by 0.05 µg/dl at bedtime (95% CI: 0.05, 0.15), compared to a low exposed adolescent. For an additional interquartile range of exposure, the model-based predicted diurnal slope significantly decreased by 0.12 (95% CI: −0.23, −0.01). Conclusions In adolescents, we found that increased, chronic exposure to NO2 and the mixture of pollutants from traffic sources was associated with a flattened diurnal slope of cortisol, a marker of an abnormal cortisol response which we hypothesize may be a mechanism through which air pollution may affect respiratory function and asthma in adolescents.
Shards in sherds: Identifying production locations and exchange patterns using electron microprobe analysis of volcanic ash temper in northern Rio Grande Biscuit ware

Abstract The research presented here focuses on the composition of Biscuit ware ceramics produced during the Classic period (1325–1650 CE) in the northern Rio Grande region of New Mexico. Data from sites in the southern part of the Pajarito Plateau are compared with those from the Chama area to the north to identify production sites. We employ petrographic analysis to determine the composition of lithic inclusions in clay plus electron microprobe chemical analysis of the glass shards in the characteristic volcanic ash temper to identify production location. We combine analysis of temper and paste composition with analysis of mechanical characteristics and design to identify production specialization in specific parts of the region. Examination of Biscuit ware distribution indicates that a specific set of ritual practices in the production area was expressed using a characteristic set of designs and icons. The limited circulation of only larger sizes of Biscuit ware serving bowls to more southerly sites, outside of the production area, likely represents an increase in inter-area communal feasting and the intentional production of goods for use in communal rituals.