cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic analysis of scientific publications and implications for energy research and development

The mix of public and private funding in alternative energy research makes isolating the effect of government funding challenging. Factors such as energy prices and environmental policy influence both private and public R&D decisions, and it may take several years for public R&D’s effect on technology to be realized. Here, by combining data on scientific publications for alternative energy technologies with data on government R&D support, I provide information on the lags between research funding and new publications and link these articles to citations in US energy patents. I find that US$1 million in additional government funding leads to one to two additional publications, but with lags as long as ten years between initial funding and publication. Finally, I show that adjustment costs associated with large increases in research funding are of little concern at current levels of public energy R&D support. These results suggest that there is room to expand public R&D budgets for renewable energy, but that the impact of any such expansion may not be realized for some time. Government support for energy technology is vital, but quantifying its effects downstream is complicated. Towards this end, David Popp analyses scientific publication data resulting from public money, exploring the time lags between funding and new publications and the resulting policy implications.
Construction and Production Management of Jinlong Project

Jinlong project is a joint venture one aiming in renovating No.. 1 smelter of longling Non-Ferrous Metals Corporation. Before the project was approved by Government,quite a lot preparation had been made,such as project financing, joint venture negotiation. consuitation of equipment and technology,chean-up of the jobsite and facilities installation. And right after the Coverrnment's approval,the supervisory organization was introduede into the project.In this way,the construction period was shortened in strengthened work in next stages.The design capacity was been reached soon after the start - up as a result of advanced management.
Appendix 6: Málaga and After: Selections from Bodleian Library MS. Eng. lett. b.4 40476

Kemble retained a number of documents from the Spanish Expedition that were not bound into the Letter Album (Appendix 1). Some of these made their way into the Bodleian Library where they were mounted and described: MS. Eng. lett. b.4 40476: Guard-book of letters, 18th-20th cent., including (fols. 3–78) letters to J. M. Kemble, 1831–3. 160 leaves. Acquired, 1960–75.1
Microearthquake study of the Alpine fault zone near Haast, South Island, New Zealand

Abstract During 1973, a 32-day study of microearthquakes along a section of the Alpine fault near Haast, South Island, New Zealand provided data on 122 earthquakes with S—P times generally less than 8 sec. Sixty of these events are well-located. Three features of the data are notable: (1) the seismic activity was shallow, concentrated in the depth range 4 to 14 km, and did not define a single fault plane; (2) little activity occurred on the trace of the Alpine fault, but more than 85 per cent of the earthquakes were within 15 km of the fault trace; (3) events often seemed to cluster in time and space, but even within these clusters, the earthquakes did not share a common focal mechanism.
Preventing Academic Dishonesty: Some Important Tips for Political Science Professors.

Abstract A preceding article written by Professor Hardy together with David Burch, “What Political Science Professors Should Know in Dealing with Academic Dishonesty,” was published in Teaching Political Science, Fall 1981. This sequel was a paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 16, 1981. Academic dishonesty is a problem that has plagued political science professors for generations. In recent years, however, academic dishonesty among colleges and universities appears to have reached epidemic proportions. Cheating on major examinations has become highly sophisticated, and the production and distribution of plagiarized term papers is now a multi-million dollar business. Political science professors can therefore no longer assume that traditional methods of testing and grading are valid. New methods of detecting and preventing academic dishonesty must be developed and implemented if grades are to have any meaning. The purpose of this paper...
A mild, rapid synthesis of freebase [11C]nicotine from [11C]methyl triflate

Abstract A rapid, mild radiosynthesis of freebase [11C]nicotine was developed by the methylation of freebase nornicotine with [11C]methyl triflate in acetone (5 min, 45 °C). A basic (pH 10.5–11.0) HPLC system reproducibly yielded freebase [11C]nicotine as a well-defined single peak. The freebase [11C]nicotine was concentrated by solid phase extraction and formulated in 50 µL ethanol (370 MBq/50 µL) without evaporative loss suitable for a cigarette spiking study. A radiochemical yield of 60.4±4.7% (n=3), radiochemical purity ≥99.9% and specific activity of 648 GBq/µmol at EOB for 5 min beams were achieved.
Preface for volume 58

The current issue, while not technically a special issue, contains interrelated articles. There are two articles on World War II, one concerning changes that WWII brought to Rutgers and by implication, to American higher education in general, and another representing Rutgers’ WWII Oral History Project. The author of the former article, Richard P. McCormick, Rutgers history professor emeritus, is profiled in a third article that is based on an extensive interview with him. The final piece in this volume is on the nineteenth-century socialist, Robert Blatchford, by a former editor of The Journal, John W. Osborne, who has donated several books to the Rutgers Libraries by and about Blatchford.
Simulation-Based Architectural Design

In recent decades, architects have turned to computer simulation with the hope of designing more functional, sustainable, and compelling buildings. In such efforts, it is important to regard buildings not merely as static structures, but rather as complex dynamic systems driven by highly stochastic elements including the weather and human behavior. In this chapter, we describe how simulation has impacted architectural design research and practice. A multitude of simulation tools have been developed to model specific aspects of a building such as thermodynamics, daylight, plug loads, crowd behavior, and structural integrity under internal and external loads. Yet numerous challenges remain. For example, although many factors influencing buildings are interdependent, they are often analyzed in isolation due to the development cost associated with integrating solvers. A systems approach combining visual programming with state-of-the-art modeling and simulation techniques may help architects and building scientists combine their expertise to produce integrated complex systems models supporting emerging paradigms such as generative design.
Computer Analysis of Nuclear Backscattering

The potential use of computers in analyzing nuclear backscattering spectra is discussed in respect to simplifying necessary input so spectra can be easily generated by non-experts. Such spectra can be used for the analysis of merged peaks, the removal of isotope effects from high resolution spectroscopy, the deconvolution of spectra to minimize effects of detector resolution, and the parameterization of thin film interdiffusion. Both experimental and theoretical spectra are shown illustrating the power and difficulties of advanced analysis.
Development of acute promyelocytic leukemia in a patient with tetraplegia while in inpatient rehabilitation: A case report.

Study Design: a single case report.Objectives: To report a case of a patient with tetraplegia who developed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) while in inpatient rehabilitation after 10.5 months.Setting: A VA Medical Center Spinal Cord Injury Service and Disorders UnitCase Report: A 47 year-old male with a stage IV sacral pressure ulcer and C4 AIS A complete tetraplegia secondary to a motor vehicle collision, developed fever, thrombocytopenia, and anemia 20 months after his injury while in inpatient rehabilitation and was found to have APL, confirmed following bone marrow biopsy.Conclusion: There is a wide differential for fever after a spinal cord injury. In this case report, the source of fever was APL. It is important as healthcare providers to not overlook fevers when otherwise common causes do not fit the clinical picture. Additionally, there has been no association found between traumatic spinal cord injury and the development of acute leukemia, however this is the first case report. Therefore, it i...
British Society, Poplar Perception and Public Support

This chapter explores the state of public feeling towards Yeomanry regiments and their links with their recruiting areas and wider society. Building on the membership chapters, it engages with the broader social impacts of the force’s existence and the events and ceremonies that help build bonds between serving men and local populations. It demonstrates that, despite clashes with crowds and notorious failings such as at Peterloo, regiments were intimately linked to their localities. This chapter completes the analysis of the Yeomanry from a human perspective, providing long overdue answers to questions of social composition, recruitment, public support, participation and respect—all in light of its varied and at times controversial nineteenth-century experience.
Beyond Access and Exposure: Implications of Sneaky Media Use for Preschoolers' Sleep Behavior.

Greater consumption of and access to screen media are known correlates of unhealthy sleep behavior in preschoolers. What remains unknown, however, is the role a child’s media use plays in this asso...
Why I Quit Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)? A Mixed-Method Study Exploring Reasons for PrEP Discontinuation and Potential Re-initiation Among Gay and Bisexual Men

Literature concerning pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among gay and bisexual identifying men (GBM) has explored facilitators and barriers to uptake and adherence. Far less reported are the reasons why GBM discontinue PrEP use. A national sample of 1071 GBM completed surveys about PrEP use and discontinuation. Participants who were still taking PrEP the 24-month follow up were compared to those that had stopped. Eighteen percent (n = 31) of GBM who reported ever using PrEP discontinued use. Younger (AOR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.92–1.00), and unemployed (AOR = 4.58; 95% CI 1.43–14.70) GBM were more likely to discontinue PrEP than their counterparts. Those that discontinued provided details on why via a free response question. The most common reasons for discontinuation were lower perceived HIV risk (50%) and cost/insurance (30%). Reasons for potential re-initiation included higher-risk sexual activities and changes to structural related barriers. More research is needed to inform interventions on how GBM can continue taking PrEP during changes to employment that effect insurance coverage and cost.
The Emergence of Zooarchaeology

This chapter reviews the emergence of zooarchaeology in Europe and the Americas, with some discussion of other regions. Though vertebrate evidence played a pivotal role in establishing human antiquity and prompted the emergence of prehistoric archaeology in the 1860s, for a century thereafter, animal specimens from archaeological excavations were given to specialists in other disciplines. In the 1950s and 1960s, zoologists, paleontologists, and veterinary specialists interested in human-animal relations began training young archaeologists in animal identification, taxonomy, and analytic methods. Archaeofaunal analysis became central in elucidating early hominin behavior, the origins of farming, and emergence of complex societies. In the 1960s, archaeozoologists and zooarchaeologists intensified international communication on research topics and methods of common interest, and the International Council on Archaeozoology (ICAZ) had its first conferences. Over the 1970s and 1980s, a few pivotal conferences and workshops, as well as quadrennial ICAZ meetings, enhanced communication on methods as the numbers of zooarchaeologists rapidly grew. Notwithstanding the continuance of national archaeological traditions, twenty-first century zooarchaeological researchers are part of a global research community with converging methodological interests.
Isolation, Optimization, and Combination of Individual Enhancements

This chapter discusses how to combine different categories and types of enhancement in X-ray nanochemistry. The chapter summarizes how to isolate and maximize several enhancements, and then describes three cases of combining different enhancements. Algorithms governing these combinations are presented as well. Specifically, an addition algorithm for combination of types 1 and 2 physical enhancement, a multiplication algorithm for combination of type 1 physical enhancement and type 1 chemical enhancement, and a subtraction algorithm involving anti-enhancement, which is a special kind of type 2 chemical enhancement, are presented.
Hierarchical Agglomerative Aggregation Scheduling in Directional Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we study the Minimum Latency Aggregation Scheduling (MLAS) problem in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The MLAS problem targets to attain data aggregation schedules that satisfy the two desirable properties: minimum latency and no collisions. Most existing works explored the problem under the uniform power model with no power control in omnidirectional WSNs. However, we investigate it under a more realistic non-uniform power model with power control in directional WSNs. To the best of our knowledge, addressing the MLAS problem in directional WSNs under non-uniform power model with power control is unprecedented. Unlike existing works that schedule nodes based on trees, our proposed scheduling algorithm does not create trees. Specifically, our algorithm employs multilevel divide-and-conquer steps, where a whole network is repeatedly partitioned into smaller networks and the smaller networks are systematically agglomerated to achieve the two desirable properties. We assess the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of latency and power level for simulated networks.
Low Temperature Specific Heat of CeRu2Si2 at the Field Induced Metamagnetic Instability

We report specific heat measurements in a broad temperature range between 0.06 and 20 K on single crystalline CeRu2Si2 in magnetic fields applied parallel to the c-direction around the critical field B M , where the metamagnetic transition from the itinerant to the localized state takes place. In the critical field B M ∥ c=7.8 T a distinct deviation from the usual Fermi- liquid behavior is found down to our lowest temperature. Below 1.8 K C/T varies as (1−aT), while for 1.8 K<T<20 K a power law T λ−1 with λ=0.66 is found. Small deviations from the critical magnetic field leads to the recovery of a Fermi-liquid ground state. The observed behavior of the specific heat at the field induced magnetic instability is discussed in the context of a non-Fermi-liquid state and compared with those for the field-induced nFl CeCu6−x Ag x and the recent observation of nFl behavior at B M in UPt3.
Private parts for private property: evolution of penis size with more valuable, easily stolen shells.

Evolution has generated enormous diversity in animal genitalia. However, the importance of private property in driving penis size evolution has rarely been explored. Here, I introduce a novel hypot...
Cascade 2.0

Cascade is a program static analysis tool developed at New York University. Cascade takes as input a program and a control file. The control file specifies one or more assertions to be checked together with restrictions on program behaviors. The tool generates verification conditions for the specified assertions and checks them using an SMT solver which either produces a proof or gives a concrete trace showing how an assertion can fail. Version 2.0 supports the majority of standard C features except for floating point. It can be used to verify both memory safety as well as user-defined assertions. In this paper, we describe the Cascade system including some of its distinguishing features such as its support for different memory models trading off precision for scalability and its ability to reason about linked data structures.
DNA shape complements sequence-based representations of transcription factor binding sites

Abstract The position weight matrix (PWM) has long been a useful tool for describing variation in the composition of regions of DNA such as transcription factor (TF) binding sites. It is difficult, however, to relate the sequence-based representation of a DNA motif to the biological features of the interaction of a TF with its binding site. Here we present an alternative strategy for representing DNA motifs – called Structural Motif (StruM) – that can easily represent different sets of structural features. Structural features are inferred from dinucleotide properties listed in the Dinucleotide Property Database. StruMs are able to specifically model TF binding sites, using an encoding strategy that is distinct from sequence-based models. This difference in encoding strategies makes StruMs complementary to sequence-based methods of TF binding site identification.
Assessment of the Angolan (CHERRT) Mobile Laboratory Curriculum for Disaster and Pandemic Response.

Author(s): Owens, Michael D.; Lloyd, Michael L.; Brady, Tyler M.; Gross, Robin | Abstract: Introduction: As of April 5, 2020, the World Health Organization reported over one million confirmed cases and more than 62,000 confirmed coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths affecting 204 countries/ regions. The lack of COVID-19 testing capacity threatens the ability of both the United States (US) and low middle income countries (LMIC) to respond to this growing threat, The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness through participant self-assessment of a rapid response team (RRT) mobile laboratory curriculumMethods: We conducted a pre and post survey for the purpose of a process improvement assessment in Angola, involving 32 individuals. The survey was performed before and after a 14-day training workshop held in Luanda, Angola, in December 2019. A paired t-test was used to identify any significant change on six 7-point Likert scale questions with αl 0.05 (95% confidence interval).Results: All six of the questions – 1) “I feel confident managing a real laboratory sample test for Ebola or other highly contagious sample;” 2) “I feel safe working in the lab environment during a real scenario;” 3) “I feel as if I can appropriately manage a potentially highly contagious laboratory sample;” 4)“I feel that I can interpret a positive or negative sample during a suspected contagious outbreak;” 5) “I understand basic Biobubble/mobile laboratory concepts and procedures;” and 6) “I understand polymerase chain reaction (PCR) principles” – showed statistical significant change pre and post training. Additionally, the final two questions – “I can more effectively perform my role/position because of the training I received during this course;” and “This training was valuable” – received high scores on the Likert scale.Conclusion: This Angolan RRT mobile laboratory training curriculum provides the nation of Angola with the confidence to rapidly respond and test at the national level a highly infectious contagion in the region and perform on-scene diagnostics. This mobile RRT laboratory provides a mobile and rapid diagnostic resource when epidemic/pandemic resource allocation may need to be prioritized based on confirmed disease prevalence.
Integrating patient-centric indications into the prescribing process: Experience at a tertiary academic medical center.

PURPOSE To describe the development of and implementation of a patient-centric clinical indications library (CIL) into the prescribing process and determine the operational and humanistic outcomes (from prescriber, pharmacist, and patient perspectives) of including indications on outpatient prescription labels. METHODS A descriptive retrospective data analysis was conducted. Multiple stakeholder groups were engaged to develop and integrate the CIL into the prescription package. After CIL integration, prescribers, pharmacists, and patients were surveyed. A focus group discussion consisting of Veterans and caregivers was held. RESULTS Following implementation of the CIL, the proportion of prescriptions associated with an indication increased from 88% to 96%. Surveyed clinicians responded that indications helped them better understand a patient's profile (61.1% of prescribers and 100% of pharmacists). Among surveyed pharmacists, 61.5% and 53.8%, respectively, believed that indications helped them catch instances of wrong medications and wrong doses ordered. Veterans surveyed found that indications on their prescription labels helped them know what their medications were for (91.0% of respondents) and why it is important to take their medications (70.7%). In focus group discussions, Veterans and family members and/or caregivers expressed a preference to see indications that describe how a medication works (eg, "to lower blood sugar" vs "for diabetes") because they felt that type of phrasing is measurable, action oriented (which was appealing due to Veterans' military background), provides surreptitious education, and tells the users what to expect. CONCLUSION Engaging multidisciplinary stakeholder groups, optimizing the electronic health record system, and authorizing pharmacists to add known indications to prescriptions increased the number of prescriptions with indications, decreased the perceived time spent on order entry and verification, and enabled better understanding of each medication's purpose by providers and patients.
Generation Z Workplace Communication Habits and Expectations

Background: People born between 1995 and 2012, referred to as Generation Z, grew up alongside significant technological advancements in communication. This cohort's oldest members are now entering the workforce. Literature review: Although the merits of generational research have been questioned, Generation Z's personal communication preferences and habits demonstrate unprecedented technological experiences and expectations in the workplace. Research questions: 1. What are Generation Z's current habits in using smart technology, social media, and voice communication for personal communication? 2. How does the current workplace communication environment appear through the lens of Generation Z? 3. Do the personal communication habits of Generation Z conflict with current workplaces? Methodology: The study reports on a 207-participant exploratory survey and 6 interviews with Generation Z members in January–March 2020. The survey included multiple choice and open-ended questions regarding respondents’ personal and workplace communication habits and expectations. The interviews allowed further investigation of survey responses. Results: Working Generation Z respondents hold unexpected attitudes and behaviors, including awareness of the negatives of technology use, differences in personal preferences and professional behaviors, self-regulation of technology use, and concern for boundaries between personal and work life. Conclusion: Generation Z's ability to adapt to current workplace norms may slow changes in workplace communication. Their awareness of disruptive communication habits could make positive changes to workplace communication in the future. Employers should resist negative generational stereotypes and develop new communication policies to reflect current and future-looking technology use. This study was completed prior to COVID-19 and does not include pandemic-related workplace technology changes.
Does Maternal Depression Undermine Childhood Cognitive Development? Evidence from the Young Lives Survey in Peru

This paper studies the effect of maternal depression on early childhood cognition in Peru, where rates of depression are around 50%. By using an instrumental variables approach, this study exploits variation in the exogeneity of the exposure to shocks during early life to instrument for maternal depression. The empirical strategy exploits a novel longitudinal data-the Young Lives survey-that includes information on cognitive outcomes of children and variation in their mothers' mental health status between rounds of data collection. Results suggest that maternal depression is detrimental to a child's vocabulary at age 5, but effects fade out by age 8. Effects do not vary by maternal education but are significant only for children living in disadvantaged households. Estimations indicate that the presence of a partner worsens the effect of maternal depression on vocabulary development, results that are driven mainly by households with heavy-drinking partners. Our findings make a strong case for recognizing maternal mental health problems as disorders of public health significance and guide maternal and infant health policies in Peru.
Current Digital Workflow for Implant Therapy: Advantages and Limitations

The use of digital technologies is a revolution in all fields of dentistry, especially for dental implant-related procedures. Since its introduction in the nineties, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been used to investigate anatomical structures in three-dimension (3D). It is not until the invention of digital impressions that clinicians can plan clinicians plan implant locations and print surgical guides out of the superimposed CBCT and intraoral scan images in a full digital flow fashion. Advantages of digital flow include a higher patient satisfaction, reduction of working time, and improved accuracy, compared to conventional impressions. Recently, 3-D printing technologies have been experiencing a rapid growth offering numerous advantages in the area of computer-guided surgery, e.g., treatment time reduction, high accuracy, and overall cost reduction. The present chapter will focus on the basic concepts of digital workflow for implant therapy from perspectives of imaging acquisition, computer-aided design, and computer-aided manufacturing. Clinical applications of the digital workflow will be presented and the accuracy of the fully digital workflow will be discussed.
Retention strategies and barriers for millennial nurses: a scoping review protocol.

Objective The objective of this scoping review is to explore the existing literature related to millennial nurse retention strategies and barriers; to examine and conceptually map the evidence; to extract any differences between nurse retention strategies and barriers for Generation Y and Generation Z; and to identify any gaps in the literature. Introduction The millennial generation has become the largest group of nurses in the workforce and, as nursing leaders grow to understand their tendency to change employers frequently, it is important for organizations to identify and implement retention strategies and reduce retention barriers for this generation. Inclusion criteria This review will consider studies that include registered nurses born between 1980 and 2000 with any level of educational preparation and in any setting or geographical location. The concept of this review is strategies and barriers for nurse retention. Methods The review will be conducted in accordance with JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Studies written in English and published after 2010 will be included. The databases to be searched include MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), Scopus (Elsevier), Ovid Healthstar (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), and PsycINFO (EBSCO). The search for unpublished studies will include MedNar (Mednar.com) and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (ProQuest). Eligible studies will undergo data extraction by two independent reviewers using a tool created by the authors. Along with a narrative summary, results will be presented in diagrammatic or tabular form in a manner that aligns with the review objective and questions.
Women and In-hospital Stroke Code Activation: Age, Ethnicity, and Unique Symptoms Matter.

BACKGROUND Women have worse stroke outcomes than men, and almost 17% of all stroke cases have symptom onset when admitted to the hospital for a separate condition. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the distinctive factors that impact the activation of an in-hospital stroke code and outcomes in women who have a stroke while admitted to the hospital for a separate condition. METHODS A retrospective observational propensity score study guided by the model for nursing effectiveness was used. RESULTS In-hospital stroke code was activated in 46 of 149 or 30.9% of women and 15 of 149 or 10.1% of women received thrombolytic therapy. Activation of an in-hospital stroke code was significant (P < .001) for women receiving thrombolytic therapy and significant to a home discharge status (P = .014). Age (P < .001), ethnicity (P < .001), common (P ≤ .001) and unique (P = .012) stroke symptoms, stroke risk factors (P < .001), comorbid conditions (P < .001), time last known well (P = .041), and diagnostic imaging (P < .001) were all significantly related to activation of an in-hospital stroke code. CONCLUSIONS Activation of an in-hospital stroke is a key indicator for women to receive thrombolytic therapy and be discharged to home. Younger married women from non-Caucasian ethnic groups and women with stroke risk factors and comorbid conditions are at a greater risk for delayed stroke symptom detection and not having an in-hospital stroke code activated. Awareness of these factors that hinder early stroke detection in women is crucial to improving stroke treatment and outcomes in women.
Effect of Citrus Fiber Addition on Quality Attributes of Fully Cooked Deli-Style Turkey Breast

The effects of citrus fiber on the color, texture, lipid oxidation, and sensory characteristics of fully cooked deli-style turkey breast during storage (3°C) were studied. Four treatments were evaluated: control, 0.25% citrus fiber, 0.50% citrus fiber, and 0.105% sodium tripolyphosphate. The study was independently replicated 3 times. Proximate analysis and pH were measured once, and color (Hunter L, a, b), lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances), texture (Texture Profile Analysis hardness, resilience, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness), and sensory parameters (turkey aroma, texture, moistness, turkey flavor, off-flavor, and color) were measured at regular intervals on vacuum-packaged samples throughout an 84-d storage period. Aside from Texture Profile Analysis resiliency and sensory moistness lower in the 0.105% sodium tripolyphosphate group, all experimental treatments resulted in product with equivalent quality attributes to the control. At the levels tested in this specific application (high moisture, low fat), the citrus fiber evaluated did not affect the product’s quality attributes in a measurable way.
Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: Race and Gender Variations.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate race and gender variations in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use for knee osteoarthritis (OA) (unadjusted and adjusted for demographic and clinical factors). METHODS A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data was conducted. The sample included Veterans Affairs patients 50 years of age or older with symptomatic knee OA. Current use of various CAM therapies was assessed at baseline. Logistic regression models were used to compare race and gender differences in the use of specific CAMs. RESULTS The sample included 517 participants (52.2% identified as African American [AA]; 27.1% identified as female). After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, AA participants, compared with white participants, were less likely to use joint supplements (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-0.90]); yoga, tai chi, or pilates (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.19-0.77); and chiropractic care (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26-1.00). However, they were more likely to participate in spiritual activities (OR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.39-2.94). Women, compared with men, were more likely to use herbs (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.41-4.14); yoga, tai chi, or pilates (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.04-4.19); acupuncture, acupressure, or massage (OR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.28-4.67); and spiritual activities (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.09-2.60). The interactive effects of race and gender were significant in the use of herbs (P = 0.008); yoga, tai chi, or pilates (P = 0.011); acupuncture, acupressure or massage (P = 0.038); and spiritual activities (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION There are race and gender differences in the use of various CAMs for OA. As benefits and limitations of CAM therapies vary, clinicians must be aware of these differences.
Endothelial pannexin 1-TRPV4 channel signaling lowers pulmonary arterial pressure in mice.

Pannexin 1 (Panx1), an ATP-efflux pathway, has been linked with inflammation in pulmonary capillaries. However, the physiological roles of endothelial Panx1 in the pulmonary vasculature are unknown. Endothelial transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels lower pulmonary artery (PA) contractility and exogenous ATP activates of endothelial TRPV4 channels. We hypothesized that endothelial Panx1-ATP-TRPV4 channel signaling promotes vasodilation and lowers pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Endothelial, but not smooth muscle, knockout of Panx1 increased PA contractility and raised PAP in mice. Flow/shear stress increased ATP efflux through endothelial Panx1 in PAs. Panx1-effluxed extracellular ATP signaled through purinergic P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) to activate protein kinase Ca (PKCa), which in turn activated endothelial TRPV4 channels. Finally, caveolin-1 provided a signaling scaffold for endothelial Panx1, P2Y2R, PKCa, and TRPV4 channels in PAs, promoting their spatial proximity and enabling signaling interactions. These results indicate that endothelial Panx1-P2Y2R-TRPV4 channel signaling, facilitated by caveolin-1, reduces PA contractility and lowers PAP in mice.
Managing the Return to Football During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of the Head Team Physicians of the Football Bowl Subdivision Programs

Background:COVID-19 is a severe respiratory virus that spreads via person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets. Since being declared a pandemic in early March 2020, the World Health Organ...
Philosophy and the Precautionary Principle: Science, Evidence, and Environmental Policy

1. The precaution controversy 2. Answering the dilemma objection 3. The unity of the precautionary principle 4. The historical argument for precaution 5. Scientific uncertainty 6. Counting the future 7. Precautionary science and the value-free ideal 8. Values, precaution, and uncertainty factors 9. Concluding case studies.
Modal Logic for Philosophers: Basic Concepts of Intensional Semantics

Worlds and Intensions A pervasive feature of natural languages is that sentences depend for their truth value on the context or situation in which they are evaluated. For example, sentences like ‘It is raining’ and ‘I am glad’ cannot be assigned truth values unless the time, place of utterance, and the identity of the speaker is known. The same sentence may be true in one situation and false in another. In modal language, where we consider how things might have been, sentences may be evaluated in different possible worlds. In the standard extensional semantics , truth values are assigned directly to sentences, as if the context had no role to play in their determination. This conflicts with what we know about ordinary language. There are two ways to solve the problem. The first is to translate the content of a sentence uttered in a given context into a corresponding sentence whose truth value does not depend on the context. For example, ‘It is raining’ might be converted into, for example, ‘It is raining in Houston at 12:00 EST on Dec. 9, 1997 ‥’. The dots here indicate that the attempt to eliminate all context sensitivity may be a never-ending story. For instance, we forgot to say that we are using the Gregorian Calendar, or that the sentence is to be evaluated in the real world.
Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Electronic Performance Support Systems

Artificial Intelligence Review: Springer Science + Business Media, PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096–2485, USA. www.springer.com/journal/10462, tel: 800-777-4643, fax: 201-348-4505, service-ny@springer.com [8/yr; $862 inst (print/online), Artificial Intelligence Review: Springer Science + Business Media, PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096–2485, USA. www.springer.com/journal/10462, tel: 800-777-4643, fax: 201-348-4505, service-ny@springer.com [8/yr; $862 inst (print/online), $1,034 inst (print + online, content through 1997)]. Publishes reports and evaluations, as well as commentary on issues and development in artificial intelligence foundations and current research.,034 inst (print + online, content through 1997)]. Publishes reports and evaluations, as well as commentary on issues and development in artificial intelligence foundations and current research.
The ECB Renal Patient Questionnaire: An Assessment Tool to Determine Renal Patients' Needs for Immediate Social Work Intervention

Medicare mandates that all persons with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receive clinical social work assessment and intervention for psychosocial needs. Crisis intervention rather than preventative social service often occurs because of an annual increase in the number of patients diagnosed with ESRD, tightening of social work budgets, larger and more complex case loads, diminishing resources and staff, increased patient acuity, and emphasis on outpatient care. To decrease crisis intervention episodes, enhance allocation of time and resources, and improve quality of patient care, the authors investigated the creation of a short, self-administered, easily scored instrument to predict ESRD patients in need of immediate social work intervention. In 4 research phases, from 1986 to 1994, with 791 subjects from all ESRD treatment modalities, the ECB Renal Patient Questionnaire (ECB) was developed. The ECB is a 30-item questionnaire that is highly reliable, valid, easy to administer and score, and is accurate with frequent use. It has been tested nationally to establish scoring norms. The research phases are reported here to make the ECB more widely available to renal health care professionals.
Using Law to Fight a Silent Epidemic: The Role of Health Literacy in Health Care Access, Quality, and Cost

The dominant rhetoric in the health care policy debate about cost has assumed an inherent tension between access and quality on the one hand, and cost effectiveness on the other; but an emerging discourse has challenged this narrative by presenting a more nuanced relationship between access, quality, and cost. This is reflected in the discourse surrounding health literacy, which is viewed as an important tool for achieving all three goals. Health literacy refers to one’s ability to obtain, understand and use health information to make appropriate health decisions. Research shows that improving patients’ health literacy can help overcome access barriers and empower patients to be better health care partners, which should lead to better health outcomes. Promoting health literacy can also reduce expenditures for unnecessary or inappropriate treatment. This explains why, as a policy matter, improving health literacy is an objective that has been embraced by almost every sector of the health care system. As a legal matter, however, the role of health literacy in ensuring quality and access is not as prominent. Although the health literacy movement is relatively young, it has roots in longstanding bioethical principles of patient autonomy, beneficence, and justice as well as the corresponding legal principles of informed consent, the right to quality care, and anti-discrimination. Assumptions and concerns about health literacy seem to do important, yet subtle work in these legal doctrines - influencing conclusions about patient understanding in informed consent cases, animating decisions about patient responsibility in malpractice cases, and underlying regulatory guidance concerning the quality of language assistance services that are necessary for meaningful access to care. Nonetheless, health literacy is not explicitly treated as a legally relevant factor in these doctrines. Moreover, there is no coherent legal framework for incorporating health literacy research that challenges traditional assumptions about patient comprehension and decision-making, and that emphasizes the need for providers to improve communication and take affirmative steps to assess patient understanding. The absence of a clear and robust consideration of health literacy in these doctrines undermines core access and quality aims, and it means that such laws are of limited efficacy in promoting health literacy. Returning to the theme that the health literacy problem reveals a more compatible relationship between access, quality and cost, it is likely that the cost implications of this problem (and not quality or access concerns) will motivate the kind of reform that ultimately strengthens existing quality and access standards. One recent example of this can be seen in reforms linked to government, insurer and provider attempts to reduce costly medication errors.
THE POLITICS OF GENDER

Gender, like any other construct of social demarcation, embodies and perpetuates political systems of oppression. Feminist theory reminds us of the ways that artificial divisions into dichotomies of male and female serve to benefit groups in power. Critical theory implores us to recognize the intersections across gender, ethnicity/race, class, religious affiliation, sexual orientation and more. The underlying issues here concern systems of power, operating through the language and structure of development to bolster prominent institutions and to constrain potential for resistance. Recognizing the connections across various dimensions that mark privilege and oppression, here I focus on gender as one illustration of this larger dynamic.
Assessing communication literacy

This article describes the work of the SCA Task Force on Minimal Speaking and Listening Competencies for High School Graduates. The importance of competence in speaking and listening is justified. Information on the procedures used by the Task Force to review research and select and apply criteria to make competency recommendations is provided. The report concludes with guidelines for minimal speaking and listening competencies for high school graduates and with implications of the basic skills recommended for curriculum development and research.
Exclusion Learning and Emergent Symbolic Category Formation in Individuals with Severe Language Impairments and Intellectual Disabilities.

We evaluated formation of simple symbolic categories from initial learning of specific dictated word-picture relations through emergence of untaught or derived relations. Participants were 10 individuals with severe intellectual and language limitations. Three experimental categories were constructed, each containing 1 spoken word (Set A), 1 photograph (Set B), and 1 visual-graphic "lexigram" (Set C). Exclusion-based learning procedures were used to teach first the 3 auditory-visual relations (A-B relations) and then the 3 visual-visual relations (B-C relations) for each category. Seven participants acquired these initial relations. The untaught relations C-B and A-C were then assessed to evaluate the emergence of symbolic categories. Participants demonstrated virtually error-free performances on C-B and A-C derived relations. The study helps to define operationally a highly useful procedural path for systematic instruction in symbolic functioning for persons with intellectual and language disabilities associated with autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Rule-Blocking and Forward-Looking Conditions in the Computational Modelling of Pāṇinian Derivation

Attempting to model Pāṇinian procedure computationally forces one to clarify concepts explicitly and allows one to test various versions and interpretations of his grammar against each other and against bodies of extant Sanskrit texts. To model Pāṇinian procedure requires creating data structures and a framework that allow one to approximate the statement of Pāṇinian rules in an executable language. Scharf (2009: 117-125) provided a few examples of how rules would be formulated in a computational model of Pāṇinian grammar as opposed to in software that generated speech forms without regard to Pāṇinian procedure. Mishra (2009) described the extensive use of attributes to track classification, marking and other features of phonetic strings. Goyal, Kulkarni, and Behera (2009, especially sec. 3.5) implemented a model of the asiddhavat section of rules (6.4.22-129) in which the state of the data passed to rules of the section is maintained unchanged and is utilized by those rules as conditions, yet the rules of the section are applied in parallel, and the result of all applicable rules applying exits the section. The current paper describes Scharf and Hyman’s implementation of rule blocking and forward-looking conditions. The former deals with complex groups of rules concerned with domains included within the scope of a general rule. The latter concerns a case where a decision at an early stage in the derivation requires evaluation of conditions that do not obtain until a subsequent stage in the derivation.
Full sintering of powdered-metal bodies in a microwave field

The use of microwaves to process absorbing materials was studied intensively in the 1970s and 1980s, and has now been applied to a wide variety of materials1,2,3,4. Initially, success in microwave heating and sintering was confined mainly to oxide and some non-oxide ceramics5,6,7,8,9,10,11; but recently the technique has been extended to carbide semimetals12,13,14 used in cutting tools. Here we describe the microwave sintering of powdered metals to full density. We are able to sinter a wide range of standard powdered metals from commercial sources using a 2.45-GHz microwave field, yielding dense products with better mechanical properties than those obtained by conventional heating. These findings are surprising in view of the reflectivity of bulk metals at microwave frequencies. The ability to sinter metals with microwaves should assist in the preparation of high-performance metal parts needed in many industries, for example, in the automotive industry.
Minimizing communication overhead for matrix inversion algorithms on hypercubes

We propose novel parallel Gauss-Jordan inversion algorithms (with or without partial pivoting) under different data partitioning strategies. The machine model we assume is a MIMD hypercube, using asynchronous message passing, with the software supporting user specified interrupt handling. These algorithms achieve almost optimal overlapping of communication delays by computation, leading to a minimization of communication overhead. Furthermore, it is shown that the optimal data layout for our algorithms is different from that for hypercubes that do not overlap communication and computation. Rigorous analytical and numerical performance analysis of our parallel algorithms are presented as well. >
A Woman’s Place: Women of Colour Navigating Doctoral Education in South Africa (pp. 15-35)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of women of colour in South African doctoral education programmes. Through qualitative interviews with African, Indian, and Coloured female doctoral students, this study illuminates the challenges women of colour doctoral students face in progressing through doctoral education in South Africa, and the supports they utilize to help them persist and complete doctoral degrees. Findings are organized around four themes: (1) challenging race and gender stereotypes and expectations; (2) balancing multiple roles; (3) managing financial concerns and access to resources; and (4) finding support and encouragement. This study holds implications for how institutions of higher education can help support female students of colour in navigating their programmes.