cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hausdorff dimension and oracle constructions

Bennett and Gill [Relative to a random oracle A, PA ≠ NPA ≠ co-NPA with probability 1, SIAM J. Comput. 10 (1981) 96-113] proved that PA ≠ NPA relative to a random oracle A, or in other words, that the set O[P=NP] = {A | PA = NPA} has Lebesgue measure 0. In contrast, we show that O[P=NP] has Hausdorff dimension 1.This follows from a much more general theorem: if there is a relativizable and paddable oracle construction for a complexity-theoretic statement Φ, then the set of oracles relative to which Φ holds has Hausdorff dimension 1.We give several other applications including proofs that the polynomial-time hierarchy is infinite relative to a Hausdorff dimension 1 set of oracles and that PA ≠ NPA ∩ coNPA relative to a Hausdorff dimension 1 set of oracles.
Synthesis of the WXYZA' domain of maitotoxin.

A synthesis of the WXYZA′ domain (7) of the marine neurotoxin maitotoxin (1) is reported. The convergent synthetic strategy involves construction of key building blocks 11 and 12, their coupling, and the elaboration of the resulting ester (10) to the target molecule through a ring-closing metathesis and a hydroxy dithioketal cyclization as the key steps. For the construction of fragment 11, the Noyori reduction/Achmatowicz rearrangement and hydroxy epoxide opening technologies were applied (starting from furfuryl alcohol (13)), whereas for the synthesis of fragment 12, a carbohydrate-based approach was adopted (starting from 2-deoxy-D-ribose (14)). The synthesized WXYZA′ domain (7) of maitotoxin (1) exhibited the expected 13C NMR chemical shifts, supporting the originally assigned structure of the corresponding region of the natural product.
Quantum Computation and Real Multiplication

We propose a construction of anyon systems associated to quantum tori with real multiplication and the embedding of quantum tori in AF algebras. These systems generalize the Fibonacci anyons, with weaker categorical properties, and are obtained from the basic modules and the real multiplication structure.
The Partition Function of the Two-Dimensional Black Hole Conformal Field Theory

We compute the partition function of the conformal field theory on the two-dimensional euclidean black hole background using path-integral techniques. We show that the resulting spectrum is consistent with the algebraic expectations for the SL(2,)/U(1) coset conformal field theory construction. In particular, we find confirmation for the bound on the spin of the discrete representations and we determine the density of the continuous representations. We point out the relevance of the partition function to all string theory backgrounds that include an SL(2,)/U(1) coset factor.
Micromechanics-based progressive failure analysis of composite laminates using different constituent failure theories

Predicting failure in a composite can be performed using ply level mechanisms and/or micro level mechanisms. This paper uses the generalized method of cells and high-fidelity generalized method of ...
Exploring High-Throughput Computing Paradigm for Global Routing

With aggressive technology scaling, the complexity of the global routing problem is poised to grow rapidly. Solving such a large computational problem demands a high-throughput hardware platform such as modern graphics processing units (GPUs). In this paper, we explore a hybrid GPU-CPU high-throughput computing environment as a scalable alternative to the traditional CPU-based router. We introduce net-level concurrency (NLC), which is a novel parallel model for router algorithms and aims to exploit concurrency at the level of individual nets. To efficiently uncover NLC, we design a scheduler to create groups of nets that can be routed in parallel. At its core, our scheduler employs a novel algorithm to dynamically analyze data dependencies between multiple nets. We believe such an algorithm can lay the foundation for uncovering data-level parallelism in routing, which is a necessary requirement for employing high-throughput hardware. Detailed simulation results show an average of 4× speedup over NTHU-Route 2.0 with negligible loss in solution quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on utilizing GPUs for global routing.
Noncommutativity and Tachyon Condensation

We study the fuzzy or noncommutative Dp-branes in terms of infinitely many unstable D0-branes, from which we can construct any Dp-branes. We show that the tachyon condensation of the unstable D0-branes induces the noncommutativity. In the infinite tachyon condensation limit, most of the unstable D0-branes disappear and remaining D0-branes are actually the BPS D0-branes with the correct noncommutative coordinates. For the fuzzy S2 case, we explicitly show only the D0-branes corresponding to the lowest Landau level survive in the limit. We also show that a boundary state for a Dp-brane satisfying the Dirichlet boundary condition on a curved submanifold embedded in the flat space is not localized on the submanifold. This implies that the Dp-brane on it is ambiguous at the string scale and solves the problem for a spherical D2-brane with a unit flux on the world volume which should be equivalent to one D0-brane. We also discuss the diffeomorphism in the D0-brane picture.
Quaternary Aluminum Silicides Grown in Al Flux: RE5Mn4Al23–xSix (RE = Ho, Er, Yb) and Er44Mn55(AlSi)237

Four novel intermetallic silicides, RE5Mn4Al23–xSix (x = 7.9(9), RE = Ho, Er, Yb) and Er44Mn55(AlSi)237, have been prepared by reaction in aluminum flux. Three RE5Mn4Al23–xSix compounds crystallize in the tetragonal space group P4/mmm with the relatively rare Gd5Mg5Fe4Al18–xSix structure type. Refinement of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data yielded unit cell parameters of a = 11.3834(9)–11.4171(10) A and c = 4.0297(2)–4.0575(4) A with volumes ranging from 522.41(5) to 528.90(8) A3. Structure refinements on single-crystal diffraction data show that Er44Mn55(AlSi)237 adopts a new cubic structure type in the space group Pm3n with a very large unit cell edge of a = 21.815(3) A. This new structure is best understood when viewed as two sets of nested polyhedra centered on a main group atom and a manganese atom. These polyhedral clusters describe the majority of the atomic positions in the structure and form a perovskite-type network. We also report the electrical and magnetic properties of the title compou...
Gerstenhaber structure and Deligne’s conjecture for Loday algebras

Abstract A method for establishing a Gerstenhaber algebra structure on the cohomology of Loday-type algebras is presented. This method is then applied to dendriform dialgebras and three types of trialgebras introduced by Loday and Ronco. Along the way, our results are combined with a result of McClure–Smith to prove an analogue of Deligne’s conjecture for Loday algebras.
Bonding, conductance, and magnetization of oxygenated Au nanowires.

Spin-density-functional calculations of tip-suspended gold chains, with molecular oxygen, or dissociated oxygen atoms, incorporated in them, reveal structural transitions for varying lengths. The nanowires exhibit enhanced strength for both oxygen incorporation modes, and upon stretching tip atoms join the wire. With incorporated molecular oxygen the wire conductance is about 1(2e 2 /h), transforming to an insulating state beyond a critical length. The nanowire conductance with embedded oxygen atoms is low, 0.2 (2e 2 /h), and it develops magnetic moments localized on the oxygens and the neighboring Au atoms.
Structural sizing considerations for large space platforms

Structural optimization studies are made using mathematical programming techniques to examine minimum mass structural proportions of deployable and erectable tetrahedral truss platforms subject to the integrated effects of practical design requirements. Considerations integrated into the optimization process are: 1) lowest natural frequencies of the platform and individual platform components (struts); 2) packaging constraints imposed by the Shuttle cargo bay capacity; 3) initial curvature of the struts; 4) column buckling of the struts due to gravity gradient, orbital transfer, strut length tolerance, or design loads; and 5) practical lower limits for strut diameter and wall thickness. Ultra-low mass designs are shown to be possible with strut proportions much more slender than those conventionally used for earthbound application.
Asymmetric strecker synthesis using enantiopure sulfinimines: A convenient synthesis of α-amino acids

Abstract Diethylaluminum cyanide adds stereoselectively to enantiopure sulfinimines 1 and 2 to give diastereomerically enriched α-amino nitriles 3 and 4 which are hydrolyzed in one step to α-amino acids 5 in >95% ee and good yields.
Variations in the Effect of Uncertainty on Different Types of Investment: An Empirical Investigation

Several recent studies, including those by Pindyck (1991), Pindyck and Solimano (1993), Dixit and Pindyck (1994), Episcopos (1995), and Abel et al. (1996), suggest an important linkage between the effect of uncertainty on investment and the irreversibility of the latter. This paper broadly follows the foregoing tradition, but makes the point that it should be possible to distinguish between investments with different degrees of irreversibility and to relate the effect of uncertainty with the degree of investment irreversibility. A simple empirical illustration is provided by using pooled annual data for 12 OECD countries and estimating fixed-effects models for different types of investments. Although caution is appropriate in interpreting the estimates, the evidence suggests that the adverse effect of uncertainty is more severe on investments that have a greater degree of irreversibility.
Determinants of Failure in Superficial Femoral Artery Angioplasty

Although results of iliac artery balloon angioplasty have been shown to be good, there are much less data regarding initial success and durability of superficial femoral artery (SFA) dilation. The ...
The fate of [14C]glucose during cold-hardening in Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch)

Abstract Glucose catabolism in overwintering larvae Eurosta solidaginis was examined to determine the relative contributions of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway to polyol synthesis at different temperatures. Rates of 14 CO 2 evolution were determined after injection of [ 14 C]1-glucose, [ 14 C]6-glucose, and [ 14 C]3,4-glucose. In addition incorporation of label from each isotope into sorbitol and glycerol was monitored. The respirometric studies showed a relative increase in pentose phosphate activity between 10 and 5°C. Similar results were obtained from the changes of radioactivities incorporated into glycerol, although the activation of the pentose phosphate pathway was low. The conversion of [ 14 C]glucose to glycerol was highest at 10°C, suggesting that maximum glycerol synthesis may occur at this temperature. Radioactivity appeared in the sorbitol fraction of larvae incubated at temperatures below 5°C. Late autumn larvae converted more [ 14 C]glucose than did early autumn larvae.
Suboptimality of nonlocal means for images with sharp edges

Abstract We conduct an asymptotic risk analysis of the nonlocal means image denoising algorithm for the Horizon class of images that are piecewise constant with a sharp edge discontinuity. We prove that the mean square risk of an optimally tuned nonlocal means algorithm decays according to n − 1 log 1 / 2 + ϵ n , for an n × n -pixel image with ϵ > 0 . This decay rate is an improvement over some of the predecessors of this algorithm, including the linear convolution filter, median filter, and the SUSAN filter, each of which provides a rate of only n − 2 / 3 . It is also within a logarithmic factor from optimally tuned wavelet thresholding. However, it is still substantially lower than the optimal minimax rate of n − 4 / 3 .
Metabolic consequences of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance

Insulin is a pleiotropic hormone that exerts a multitude of effects on metabolism and various cellular processes in the body. The main metabolic actions of insulin are to stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and the heart and to suppress the production of glucose and very-low-density lipoprotein in the liver. Other metabolic effects of insulin include inhibition of glucose release from the liver, inhibition of the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from adipose tissue, and stimulation of the process by which amino acids are incorporated into protein. Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which defects in the action of insulin are such that normal levels of insulin do not trigger the signal for glucose absorption. An excess of FFAs is implicated in the pathogenesis of IR. The effects of this condition can have profound pathophysiologic effects on various organs and tissues of the body. For example, IR is associated with impaired insulin signaling, impaired fibrinolysis, and inflammation. The clinical consequences include hyperglycemia-induced tissue damage, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapies that target IR include metformin and the thiazolidinediones. Fndocannabinoid antagonists, agents that target obesity and associated cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, are currently being developed.
Politics across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined

We use longitudinal data incorporating three generations of Americans to reevaluate the character and consequences of political socialization within the family. Findings about parental influence based on youth coming of age in the 1990s strongly parallel those based on youth socialized in the 1960s. As expected on the basis of social learning theory, children are more likely to adopt their parents’ political orientations if the family is highly politicized and if the parents provide consistent cues over time. The direct transmission model is robust, as it withstands an extensive set of controls. Early acquisition of parental characteristics influences the subsequent nature of adult political development.
Enantioselective synthesis of biphenols from 1,4-diketones by traceless central-to-axial chirality exchange.

A method for the enantioselective synthesis of biphenols from readily prepared 1,4-diketones is reported. Key to the success of this method is the highly selective transfer of central to axial chirality during a double aromatization event triggered by BF3·OEt2. On the basis of X-ray crystallographic data, a stereochemical model for this chirality exchange process is put forth.
Single-scatter Monte Carlo compared to condensed history results for low energy electrons *

Abstract A Monte Carlo code has been developed to simulate individual electron interactions. The code has been instrumental in determining the range of validity for the widely used condensed history method. This task was accomplished by isolating and testing the condensed history assumptions. The results show that the condensed history method fails for low energy electron transport due to inaccuracies in energy loss and spatial positioning.
Design and Analysis of Hybrid Guideway Heating System for Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit

The Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit (M-PRT) system is a comfortable conveyance for travel in Morgantown, WV. One of its operating concerns is the increasing cost of heat to the guideway during winter. As the vehicles cannot run safely during snow, the system includes a guideway heating system to melt the ice from the guideway. To reduce the use of expensive natural gas, an interest has been expressed to define a hybrid heating system using an alternate fuel supply. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) was incorporated in the hybrid heating system. This hybrid heating system was designed, and then a detailed analysis was performed to ascertain the performance parameters like heat produced, thermal efficiency, cost of the system and the emissions involved. This high temperature fuel cell releases large amounts of usable heat in the form of exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are deprived of any undesired emissions that pollute the atmosphere. A USDOE EPSCoR WV State Implementation Award conducted by Advance Power Electricity Research Center (APERC) at West Virginia University provided support for conducting this research.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pretreatment PSA Velocity and Risk of Death From Prostate Cancer Following External Beam Radiation Therapy

cancer-specific mortality of 19% (95% CI, 2%–39%) compared with 0% for men whose PSA velocity was 2.0 ng/mL per year or less. The corresponding values for men with higher-risk disease were 24% (95% CI, 12%–37%) and 4% (95% CI, 0%–11%), respectively. Conclusions: A greater than 2.0-ng/mL increase in PSA level during the year prior to diagnosis is associated with a significantly higher risk of death due to prostate cancer following RT despite having low-risk disease. Such men who are planning to undergo RT and are in good health could be considered for RT combined with androgen suppression therapy because this approach improves survival in men with higher-risk disease. Editorial Comment: Previously, the senior author showed that men with a PSA velocity of greater than 2 ng/ml per year prior to radical prostatectomy had a markedly increased risk of dying of prostate cancer. 1 He now shows in this paper that the same risk applies to patients
Markov Processes with Identical Bridges

Let $X$ and $Y$ be time-homogeneous Markov processes with common state space $E$, and assume that the transition kernels of $X$ and $Y$ admit densities with respect to suitable reference measures. We show that if there is a time $t>0$ such that, for each $x\in E$, the conditional distribution of $(X_s)_{0\le s\le t}$, given $X_0=x=X_t$, coincides with the conditional distribution of $(Y_s)_{0\le s\le t}$, given $Y_0=x=Y_t$, then the infinitesimal generators of $X$ and $Y$ are related by $L^Yf=\psi^{-1}L^X(\psi f)-\lambda f$, where $\psi$ is an eigenfunction of $L^X$ with eigenvalue $\lambda\in{\bf R}$. Under an additional continuity hypothesis, the same conclusion obtains assuming merely that $X$ and $Y$ share a "bridge" law for one triple $(x,t,y)$. Our work extends and clarifies a recent result of I. Benjamini and S. Lee.
Exotic resonant level models in non-Abelian quantum Hall states coupled to quantum dots

In this paper, we study the coupling between a quantum dot and the edge of a non-Abelian fractional quantum Hall state. We assume the dot is small enough that its level spacing is large compared to both the temperature and the coupling to the spatially proximate bulk non-Abelian fractional quantum Hall state. We focus on the physics of level degeneracy with electron number on the dot. The physics of such a resonant level is governed by a k-channel Kondo model when the quantum Hall state is a Read-Rezayi state at filling fraction ν=2+k/(k+2) or its particle-hole conjugate at ν=2+2/(k+2). The k-channel Kondo model is channel symmetric even without fine tuning any couplings in the former state; in the latter, it is generically channel asymmetric. The two limits exhibit non-Fermi-liquid and Fermi-liquid properties, respectively, and therefore may be distinguished. By exploiting the mapping between the resonant level model and the multichannel Kondo model, we discuss the thermodynamic and transport properties of the system. In the special case of k=2, our results provide a distinct venue to distinguish between the Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian states at filling fraction ν=5/2. We present numerical estimates for realizing this scenario in experiment.
RECONSTRUCTING THE SPECTRUM OF THE PREGALACTIC DENSITY FIELD FROM ASTRONOMICAL DATA

In this paper we evaluate the spectrum of the pregalactic density field on scales 1 h-1 Mpc 10 h-1 Mpc, the Baugh & Efstathiou spectrum of galaxy distribution gives the best fit to the data at all depths. Fitting power spectra of cold dark matter (CDM) models to the data at all depths requires Ωh = 0.2 if the primordial index n = 1 and Ωh = 0.3 if the spectrum is tilted with n = 0.7. Next we compare the peculiar velocity field predicted by the APM spectrum of galaxy (light) distribution with the actual velocity data. The two fields are consistent, and the comparison suggests that the bias factor is scale independent with Ω0.6/b (0.2–0.4). These steps enable us to fix the pregalactic mass-density field on scales between 10 and ~100 h-1 Mpc. The next data set we use to determine the pregalactic density field comes from the cluster correlation data. We calculate in detail the amplification of the cluster correlation function due to gravitational clustering and use the data on both the slope of the cluster correlation function and its amplitude-richness dependence. Cluster masses are normalized using the Coma Cluster. We find that no CDM model can fit all three data sets: APM data on w(θ), the data on cluster correlation function, and the data on the latter's amplitude-richness dependence. Next we show that the data on the amplitude-richness dependence can be used directly to obtain the spectrum of the pregalactic density field. Applying the method to the data, we recover the density field on scales between 5 and 25 h-1 Mpc whose slope is in good agreement with the APM data on the same scales. Requiring the two amplitudes to coincide fixes the value of Ω to be 0.25–0.3 in agreement with observations of the dynamics of the Coma Cluster. We then use the data on high-z objects to constrain the small-part, (1–5) h-1 Mpc of the pregalactic density field. We argue that the data at high redshifts require more power than given by CDM models normalized to the APM and cluster data. Then we reconstruct the pregalactic density field out of which modern-day galaxies have formed. We use the data on blue absolute luminosities, the fundamental plane relations, and the latest X-ray data on the halo velocity dispersion. From this we recover the pregalactic density field on comoving scales between 1 and 5 h-1 Mpc, which is in reasonable agreement with the simple power-law extrapolation from the larger scales.
Transrelativistic Synchrotron Emissivity, Cross Section, and Polarization

The spectrum and polarization produced by particles spiraling in a magnetic field undergo dramatic changes as the emitters transition from nonrelativistic to relativistic energies. However, none of the currently available methods for calculating the characteristics of this radiation field are adequate for the purpose of sustaining accuracy and speed of computation in the intensity, and none even attempt to provide a means of determining the polarization fraction other than in the cyclotron or synchrotron limits. But the transrelativistic regime, which we here find to lie between 5 × 107 and 5 × 109 K for a thermal plasma, is becoming increasingly important in high-energy astrophysical environments, such as in the intracluster medium, and in the accretion flows of supermassive black holes. In this paper, we present simple, yet highly accurate fitting formulae for the magnetobremsstrahlung (also known as cyclosynchrotron) emissivity, its polarization fraction (and content), and the absorption cross section. We demonstrate that both the harmonic and high-energy limiting behavior are well represented, incurring at most an error of ~5% throughout the transition region.
A Correlation for Steel Corrosion in Non-isothermal LBE Loops

The mass transfer controlled corrosion of steels in non-isothermal LBE loop system was studied based on a kinetic corrosion model. Variations of Sherwood number at the highest temperature isothermal leg in DELTA loop (a non- isothermal Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) test loop set up at the Los Alamos National Laboratory) were examined to find out the dependence of the average mass transfer at the highest temperature leg on the axial conditions. The average Sherwood number at the highest temperature leg (test leg) is correlated by a dimensionless equation: where Re and Sc are Reynolds number and Schmidt number, respectively, d (m) is the tube diameter and L (m) is the loop length, ΔT (°C) is the temperature difference between the highest and the lowest temperature and T max (°C) is the maximal temperature.
Human trials: an experiment in intermedia performance

Human Trials is simultaneously a public/private and embodied/disembodied performance. One user enters an immersive virtual environment and is led on an absurd quest. The challenges appear to be about control and the choices one makes in using power; but the games are rigged, the characters are duplicitous, the quest is a decoy, and the underlying test is how to cope with disempowerment. Meanwhile the experience is screened for a voyeuristic audience primed by reality TV. The audience members simultaneously watch multiple viewpoints of the virtual world, while live performers, networked into the virtual environment, attempt to entangle the protagonist in their improvisational machinations. The project combines virtual reality, networking, and artificial intelligence technologies.
Some extensions of Witt's theorem†

We extend Witt's theorem to several kinds of simultaneous isometries of subspaces. We determine sufficient and necessary conditions for the extension of an isometry of subspaces φ : E → E′ to an isometry φ V : V → V′ that also sends a given subspace to another, or a given self-dual flag to another, or a Witt's decomposition to another and a special self-dual flag to another. We also determine sufficient and necessary conditions for the isometry of generic flags or the simultaneous isometry of (subspace, self-dual flag) pairs. †Dedicated to Professor Yik-Hoi Au-Yeung on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Aging under glass.

Abstract Like the virologists of the early 1950's and the cytogeneticists of the early 1960's, gerontologists of the early 1970's appear to be standing at the threshold of important new observations by exploring the behaviour of in vitro cultured cells. Several age-related properties of cultured normal cells have been described in the last decade and include (1) the finite lifetime (Phase III phenomenon) of cultured normal human diploid fibroblasts, (2) the inverse relationship to donor age of population doublings possible by such fibroblasts, (3) the direct correlation between donor age and the time necessary for the first cells to emigrate from tissue explants grown in vitro , and (4) characteristic age related changes in cell metabolism and population dynamics as normal cells approach Phase III. The predilection toward loss of cell division capacity or diminution of cell function both in vitro and in vivo may be a manifestation of deterioration in accurate message transcription or translation.
Geometric connections and geometric Dirac operators on contact manifolds

Abstract We construct some natural metric connections on metric contact manifolds compatible with the contact structure and characterized by the Dirac operators they determine. In the case of CR manifolds these are invariants of a fixed pseudo-hermitian structure, and one of them coincides with the Tanaka–Webster connection.
Improvements in brachytherapy quality assurance

Quality assurance (QA) for a busy brachytherapy service is a demanding task which requires the involvement of the entire brachytherapy team. This communication describes the QA program for brachytherapy procedures and source identification and inventory which is currently practiced at the Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology.
Compressed Air as a Source of Inhaled Oxidants in Intensive Care Units

Exhaled gas from mechanically ventilated preterm infants was found to have similar oxidant concentrations, regardless of lung disease, leading to the hypothesis that wall outlet gases were an oxidant source. Oxidants in compressed room air and oxygen from wall outlets were assessed in three hospitals. Samples were collected by flowing wall outlet gas through a heated humidifier and an ice-packed condenser. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured in intensive care room air and in compressed air with and without a charcoal filter using a Sievers NOA280 nitric oxide analyzer (Boulder, CO). Oxidants were measured by spectrophotometry and expressed as nMol equivalents of H2O2/mL. The quantity of oxidant was also expressed as amount of Vitamin C (nMol/mL) added until the oxidant was nondetectable. This quantity of Vitamin C was also expressed in Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) units (mMol/L). Free and total chlorine were measured with a Chlorine Photometer. Oxidants were not found in compressed oxygen and were only found in compressed air when the compression method used tap water. At a compressed room air gas flow of 1.5 L/min, the total volume of condensate was 20.2 +/- 1 mL/hr. The oxidant concentration was 1.52 +/- 0.09 nMol/mL equivalents of H2O2/mL of sample and 30.8 +/- 1.2 nMol/hr; 17.9% of that found in tap water. Oxidant reduction required 2.05 +/-0.12 nMol/mL vitamin C, (1.78 +/- 0.1 x 10(-3) TEAC units). Free and total chlorine in tap water were 0.3 +/- 0.02 mg/mL and 2.9 +/- 0.002 mg/mL, respectively. Outlet gas contained 0.4 +/- 0.06 mg/mL and 0.07 + 0.01 mg/mL total and free chlorine, respectively; both 14% of tap water. When a charcoal filter was installed in the hospital with oxidants in compressed air, oxidants were completely removed. Nursery room air contained 12.4 +/- 0.5 ppb NO; compressed wall air without a charcoal filter, 8.1 +/- 0.1 ppb and compressed air with a charcoal filter 12.5 +/- 0.5 ppb. A charcoal filter does not remove NO. (Table 3) We recommend that all compressed air methods using tap water have charcoal filters at the compression site and the gases be assessed periodically for oxidants.
Electron-phonon interactions in graphene, bilayer graphene, and graphite.

Using first-principles techniques, we calculate the renormalization of the electron Fermi velocity and the vibrational lifetimes arising from electron−phonon interactions in doped bilayer graphene and in graphite and compare the results with the corresponding quantities in graphene. For similar levels of doping, the Fermi velocity renormalization in bilayer graphene and in graphite is found to be approximately 30% larger than that in graphene. In the case of bilayer graphene, this difference is shown to arise from the interlayer interaction. We discuss our findings in the light of recent photoemission and Raman spectroscopy experiments.
Quantum Instantons with Classical Moduli Spaces

We introduce a quantum Minkowski space-time based on the quantum group SU( 2)q extended by a degree operator and formulate a quantum version of the anti- self-dual Yang-Mills equation. We construct solutions of the quantum equations using the classical ADHM linear data, and conjecture that, up to gauge transformations, our construction yields all the solutions. We also find a deformation of Penrose's twistor diagram, giving a correspondence between the quantum Minkowski space-time and the classical projective space P 3 .
Gas accretion by globular clusters and nucleated dwarf galaxies and the formation of the arches and quintuplet clusters

We consider here the collective accretion of gas by globular clusters and dwarf galaxies moving through the interstellar medium. In the limit of high velocity and/or sound speed of the ISM, the collective potential of the cluster is insufficient to accrete significant amounts of gas, and stars within the systems accrete gas individually. We show, however, that when the sound speed or the relative velocity of the ambient medium is less than the central velocity dispersion of the cluster, it is accreted into the collective potential of the cluster prior to being accreted onto the individual stars within the cluster. The collective rate is strongly enhanced relative to the individual rates. This effect may potentially modify the white dwarf cooling sequence in globular clusters with low-inclination and low-eccentricity Galactic orbits and lead to the rejuvenation of some marginally surviving cores of globular clusters and nucleated dwarf galaxies near the Galactic center. Such effects will only occur rarely, but may explain the existence of clusters of young, massive stars near the Galactic center.
Financial development and the evolution of property rights and legal institutions

Abstract Using a panel of 129 countries over the period from 1965 to 2008, we examine the role of financial development in the evolution of property rights and legal institutions. We postulate that changes in the level of financial development change the costs and benefits of, and the demand for property rights institutions. We predict, and find, a positive causal relationship between the level of financial development and the subsequent quality of property rights institutions, even after we control for country level heterogeneity and reverse causality. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that this relationship is especially strong in emerging market countries.
Frequency Domain Interpolation

A formula is derived for interpolation between output samples of a fast Fourier transform (FFT), i.e., in the frequency domain. Such a formula is useful for obtaining greater frequency resolution when two coarse FFT outputs are available. Consideration is also given to the effect of such interpolation on a weighted FFT.
The Continuing Role for Belligerent Reprisals

‘The rumours of my demise are greatly exaggerated.’ - Mark TwainThe enforcement of the law of war has always been a difficult proposition. It has become even more difficult in recent conflicts given the propensity of combatants to employ unlawful violence to further their cause. Such horrific conduct begs the question, how does the law of war restrain violators? There are many potential methods, among them war crimes tribunals and international mediation, but the subject of this article is the final enforcement mechanism: belligerent reprisals. It is a doctrine that responds to unlawful conduct by inflicting the same violation upon the violators in order to force them to cease. The doctrine of reprisals has fallen into disuse as numerous commentators suggest that it is no longer effective and soon to slip into complete illegality. However, reprisals utilizing a prohibited weapon remain lawful. And, for a number of states, reprisals against captured enemy combatants remain lawful. Violating the law of war, even in a manner it allows, is a repugnant act, yet an even more repugnant act is to allow an adversary to violate that same law with impunity.
Dynamical Entanglement in Particle Scattering

This paper explores the connections between particle scattering and quantum information theory in the context of the non-relativistic, elastic scattering of two spin-1/2 particles. An untangled, pure, two-particle in-state is evolved by an S-matrix that respects certain symmetries and the entanglement of the pure out-state is measured. The analysis is phrased in terms of unitary, irreducible representations (UIRs) of the symmetry group in question, either the rotation group for the spin degrees of freedom or the Galilean group for non-relativistic particles. Entanglement may occurs when multiple UIRs appear in the direct sum decomposition of the direct product in-state, but it also depends of the scattering phase shifts.
Characterization of iron-doped lithium niobate for holographic storage applications

A detailed study of eight systematically chosen Fe : LiNbO3 crystals is presented. Correlation between the photorefractive sensitivity and various chemical properties of Fe : LiNbO3 is investigated in order to ascertain optimum performance of the crystals in holographic storage and display applications. Concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions have been determined from optical and EPR spectra, while impurities have been detected from x‐ray‐emission and infrared spectra. Particular emphasis is placed on investigating the dependence on Fe2+ and Fe3+ ion concentrations of the photorefractive sensitivity. The photorefractive sensitivity is shown to depend primarily on the concentration of Fe2+ ions in Fe : LiNbO3. This fact seems to suggest that Fe2+ ions are the impurity centers responsible for the photorefractive effect in Fe : LiNbO3. Spectral dependence of the photorefractive sensitivity and its modification due to oxygen annealing are also reported. Our results indicate that an unannealed Fe : LiNbO3 crystal...
Activation of shallow dopants in II–VI compounds

Abstract The amphoteric native defect model is applied to the understanding of the variations in the dopant activation efficiency in II–VI compounds. It is shown that the location of the common energy reference, the Fermi level stabilization energy, relative to the band edges can be used to determine the doping induced reduction of the formation energy and the enhancement of the concentration of compensating native defects. The model is applied to the most extensively studied compound semiconductors as well as to ternary and quaternary alloys.
Management of Heart Failure with Renal Artery Ischemia

With improved treatment, patients are surviving longer with impaired ventricular function. Hypertension results in ventricular remodeling in many patients. More than 5 million people have heart failure and are likely to have one or more co-existent diseases associated with aging, one of which is chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal artery stenosis is fraught with varying opinions. Nephrologists, cardiologists, and interventional radiologists all manage these diseases with different strategies. This article outlines renovascular disease as it relates to CKD, the pathophysiology of development of renovascular disease and effects leading to congestive heart failure, treatment modalities, and outcomes of treatment regimens.
DAWN'S operations in cruise from Vesta to Ceres

Abstract On 5 September 2012, Dawn concluded its successful exploration of Vesta, the second most massive object in the main asteroid belt. The spacecraft departed after 14 months in orbit and is now using its ion propulsion system to travel to dwarf planet Ceres, the most massive main-belt asteroid. The principal activity now is thrusting with the ion propulsion system to provide the 3.5 km/s required to rendezvous with Ceres early in 2015. Because two of the four reaction wheels have experienced faults and are likely unrecoverable, a substantial effort has been invested in preparing for Ceres operations with alternate attitude control methods. The project has engaged in an intensive campaign to reduce hydrazine expenditures, which has resulted in a significant increase in the hydrazine expected to be available for Ceres. Based on this work, studies provide good confidence that the required activities at Ceres can be completed. This paper describes post-Vesta operations, including measures taken to conserve hydrazine as well as other preparations for Ceres.
Augmented Airbrush for Computer Aided Painting (CAP)

We present an augmented airbrush that allows novices to experience the art of spray painting. Inspired by the thriving field of smart tools, our handheld device uses 6DOF tracking, augmentation of the airbrush trigger, and a specialized algorithm to restrict the application of paint to a preselected reference image. Our device acts both as a physical spraying device and as an intelligent assistive tool, providing simultaneous manual and computerized control. Unlike prior art, here the virtual simulation guides the physical rendering (inverse rendering), allowing for a new spray painting experience with singular physical results. We present our novel hardware design, control software, and a user study that verifies our research objectives.
Event-by-event analysis of heavy ion collisions and thermodynamical fluctuations

Abstract An event-by-event analysis of heavy ions collisions is becoming possible with advent of large acceptance detectors. Such analysis can provide dynamical information which cannot be obtained from inclusive spectra. We identify some observables which can be related to the standard theory of thermodynamic fluctuations and which may provide information about the properties of hadronic matter at the freeze-out stage. Among those are fluctuations of “apparent temperature”, or the p t slope, and the population of different bins of the pion momentum distribution.
The Sedative and Analgesic Sparing Effect of Music

BackgroundTo determine whether music influences intraoperative sedative and analgesic requirements, two randomized controlled trials were performed.MethodsIn phase 1, 35 adults undergoing urologic procedures with spinal anesthesia and patient-controlled intravenous propofol sedation were randomly as
Knowledge-Based Expert System Development and Validation with Petri Nets

Expert systems (ESs) are complex information systems that are expensive to build and difficult to validate. Numerous knowledge representation strategies such as rules, semantic networks, frames, objects and logical expressions are developed to provide high-level abstraction of a system. Rules are the most commonly used form of knowledge representation and they are derived from popular techniques such as decision trees and decision tables. Despite their huge popularity, decision trees and decision tables are static and cannot model the dynamic requirements of a system. In this study, we propose Petri Nets (PNs) for dynamic system representation and rule derivation. PNs with their graphical and precise nature and their firm mathematical foundation are especially useful for building ESs that exhibit a variety of situations, including: sequential execution, conflict, concurrency, synchronisation, merging, confusion, or prioritisation. We demonstrate the application of our methodology in the design and development of a medical diagnostic expert system.
A comment on the strong interactions of color-neutral technibaryons

Abstract We estimate the cross section for the scattering of a slow, color-neutral technibaryon made of colored constituents with nuclei. We find a cross section of order A 2 ·10 −45 cm 2 , where A is the atomic number f the nucleus. Even if technobaryons constitute the dark matter in the galactic halo, this is too small to be detected in future underground detectors.
Top-quark decay via flavor-changing neutral currents at hadron colliders

We study low energy experimental constraints on an anomalous top-quark coupling associated with the flavor-changing neutral current vertex Z¯. In view of these constraints, we discuss the experimental observability of the induced rare decay mode t → Zc, both at the Fermilab Tevatron (with the Main Injector or a luminosity-upgrade) and at the LHC.
Effect of composition on freezing points of model hydrocarbon fuels

Abstract A study was made of the effect of composition on the freezing points (crystallization) of model hydrocarbon jet fuel type mixtures. Solutions of higher n-alkanes (C12–C17) in several solvents were emphasized. Freezing points (Tm) of solutions of single alkanes were found to conform with the Van't Hoff equation. From the slopes and intercepts of plots of concentration (In X) versus 1 T m , heats (ΔHm) and entropies (ΔSm) of fusion and extrapolated freezing points of pure alkanes (Tm,o) were derived. For isoparaffinic solvents the derived Tm,o values were in good agreement with the literature. For ΔHm and ΔSm, only the even carbon numbered alkanes exhibited values similar to literature data. The behaviour of the odd numbered alkanes can be explained on a basis of solid-phase transitions. For alkanes in other solvents (particularly aromatics), there is sometimes substantial disagreement between derived and literature data depending on the solvent. For mixtures of two alkanes in a single solvent, significant changes or reversals in slope were observed for 1 T m plotted against In X for one of the two alkanes, suggesting interaction between the solutes. At C16 concentration range of 0.2 to 2%, the addition of C13 can depress the freezing point, but at C16 concentrations ⪢ ≈4% changes in X (C13) had negligible effect on T5.
Application issues for large-area electrochromic windows in commercial buildings

Projections of performance from small-area devices to large-area windows and enterprise marketing have created high expectations for electrochromic glazings. As a result, this paper seeks to precipitate an objective dialog between material scientists and building-application scientists to determine whether actual large-area electrochromic devices will result in significant performance benefits and what material improvements are needed, if any, to make electrochromics more practical for commercial building applications. Few in situ tests have been conducted with large-area electrochromic windows applied in buildings. This study presents monitored results from a full-scale field test of large-area electrochromic windows to illustrate how this technology will perform in commercial buildings. The visible transmittance (Tv) of the installed electrochromic ranged from 0.11 to 0.38. The data are limited to the winter period for a south-east-facing window. The effect of actual device performance on lighting energy use, direct sun control, discomfort glare, and interior illumination is discussed. No mechanical system loads were monitored. These data demonstrate the use of electrochromics in a moderate climate and focus on the most restrictive visual task: computer use in offices. Through this small demonstration, we were able to determine that electrochromic windows can indeed provide unmitigated transparent views and a level of dynamic illumination control never before seen in architectural glazing materials. Daily lighting energy use was 6–24% less compared to the 11%-glazing, with improved interior brightness levels. Daily lighting energy use was 3% less to 13% more compared to the 38%-glazing, with improved window brightness control. The electrochromic window may not be able to fulfill both energy-efficiency and visual comfort objectives when low winter direct sun is present, particularly for computer tasks using cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays. However, window and architectural design as well as electrochromic control options are suggested as methods to broaden the applicability of electrochromics for commercial buildings. Without further modification, its applicability is expected to be limited during cold winter periods due to its slow switching speed.