cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benchmark health considered harmful

In the past couple of years, a number of software and architectural techniques have been proposed for improving the performance of linked data structrues. These research ideas are often evaluated using the Olden benchmark suite [1]. Frequently, in such experients, the largest speed-up is attained for the benchmark called health. This article demonstrates that this benchmark is a micro-benchmark for enormous linked lists traversals, and not a good one at that. Given that linked lists of such size are not an efficient data structure, it is unlikely that this benchmark corresponds to any real program. Hence the benchmark should not be used. To demonstrate the inherent inefficiency in its use of linked data structures, the health program was modified algorithmically to generate the same output, while improving the execution time by over a factor of 200 on a 500Mhz Pentium II Xeon.
Dilation of Schlemm’s canal in viscocanalostomy: Comparison of 2 viscoelastic substances

Abstract Purpose: To study the injection of viscoelastic material into Schlemm’s canal adjacent to and 6.0 mm from the scleral flap during viscocanalostomy in an autopsy eye model. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods: Viscocanalostomy was performed in 8 postmortem human globes. Sodium hyaluronate (Healon GV® or Healon®5) was injected into 1 side of Schlemm’s canal, with the other side serving as a control in some eyes. The eyes were prepared for light microscopic analysis, and serial pathologic sections were taken adjacent to the flap and 6.0 mm circumferentially from the flap. The area of Schlemm’s canal was calculated and compared using t tests. Results: Injecting viscoelastic material enlarged the area of Schlemm’s canal adjacent to and 6.0 mm from the flap significantly more than not injecting viscoelastic material. While there was no difference between the viscoelastic materials in dilating Schlemm’s canal at the flap, with Healon5 there was a small but statistically significantly greater dilation 6.0 mm from the flap. No full-thickness breaks in the trabecular meshwork were noted adjacent to or 6.0 mm from the flap. Conclusion: Injecting viscoelastic material significantly increased the cross-sectional area of Schlemm’s canal and may play a role in the success of viscocanalostomy. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism of this procedure.
Simulation Exercises as a Patient Safety Strategy: A Systematic Review

Simulation is a versatile technique used in a variety of health care settings for a variety of purposes, but the extent to which simulation may improve patient safety remains unknown. This systematic review examined evidence on the effects of simulation techniques on patient safety outcomes. PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched from their beginning to 31 October 2012 to identify relevant studies. A single reviewer screened 913 abstracts and selected and abstracted data from 38 studies that reported outcomes during care of real patients after patient-, team-, or system-level simulation interventions. Studies varied widely in the quality of methodological design and description of simulation activities, but in general, simulation interventions improved the technical performance of individual clinicians and teams during critical events and complex procedures. Limited evidence suggested improvements in patient outcomes attributable to simulation exercises at the health system level. Future studies would benefit from standardized reporting of simulation components and identification of robust patient safety targets.
β1 Integrins in Muscle, But Not in Motor Neurons, Are Required for Skeletal Muscle Innervation

In vitro studies have provided evidence that beta1 integrins in motor neurons promote neurite outgrowth, whereas beta1 integrins in myotubes regulate acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering. Surprisingly, using genetic studies in mice, we show here that motor axon outgrowth and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation in large part are unaffected when the integrin beta1 gene (Itgb1) is inactivated in motor neurons. In the absence of Itgb1 expression in skeletal muscle, interactions between motor neurons and muscle are defective, preventing normal presynaptic differentiation. Motor neurons fail to terminate their growth at the muscle midline, branch excessively, and develop abnormal nerve terminals. These defects resemble the phenotype of agrin-null mice, suggesting that signaling molecules such as agrin, which coordinate presynaptic and postsynaptic differentiation, are not presented properly to nerve terminals. We conclude that Itgb1 expression in muscle, but not in motor neurons, is critical for NMJ development.
Partial portal decompression for variceal hemorrhage

Abstract To test the hypothesis that partial portal decompression in the treatment of variceal hemorrhage will diminish subsequent encephalopathy, 50 consecutive patients were studied after construction of a small-stoma (10 to 12 mm) side-to-side portacaval shunt, with the goal of a postoperative portacaval pressure gradient of 10 mm Hg. During followup averaging 26 months, six patients (12 percent) died. Four patients (8 percent) had episodes of rebleeding, only one from varices. All patients had patent shunts at subsequent angiography or ultrasonography. Despite consistent (100 percent) postoperative reversal or stagnation of portal flow on duplex scan, encephalopathy on clinical and psychometric grounds was observed in only three patients (6 percent). This study suggests that small-stoma portacaval shunt can be performed with reliably low rates of rebleeding and encephalopathy. That encephalopathy was rare despite loss of hepatic portal perfusion incriminates other factors besides portal flow in the genesis of postshunt hepatic failure.
Nanocrystalline metal oxides as new adsorbents for air purification

Abstract Nanocrystals of MgO, CaO, and Al 2 O 3 were prepared by aerogel (AP-samples) or conventional (CP-samples) methods. High surface areas/gram were obtained, often as high as 500 m 2 /g (1) . These materials were investigated as adsorbents for typical volatile organic compounds that are representative of air pollutants. As a result of their high surface areas and their enhanced surface reactivity, nanocrystalline MgO, CaO and Al 2 O 3 have shown remarkably high capacities to chemically adsorb such organic compounds. Compared to high surface area activated carbon, the most widely used material in this application, our nanocrystalline materials have exhibited higher capacities and the ability to destructively adsorb rather than physisorb these chemicals. FT-IR investigation of acetaldehyde adsorption on AP- and CP-MgO indicates that a multilayer dissociative adsorption took place. Adsorption of other organic compounds was also investigated including acetone, propionaldehyde, benzaldehyde, trimethylacetaldehyde, ammonia, dimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and methanol, most of which were found to adsorb well on AP-MgO. In addition, long term air exposure did not have detrimental effects on the adsorption properties of AP-MgO.
Recent Tectonic and Lithospheric Thermal Evolution of Venus

Abstract Venus, a planet similar in size, mass, and substance to Earth, has clearly undergone a vastly different thermal evolution because it does not currently lose heat by means of plate tectonics. Other manifestations of this difference are the thickness of the mechanical lithosphere and the geothermal gradient, which are intrinsic to the outer thermal boundary layer of the mantle convective system and are regulated by the interior heat loss. Observed tectonic styles and the results of geodynamic modeling indicate that the mean lithospheric thickness on Venus has increased with time. Pervasive deformation of the plateau highlands tessera, the oldest preserved terrain, requires a weak, thin lithosphere. Later features, such as ridge belts, coronae, chasmata, and shield volcanoes, reflect a lithosphere of intermediate thickness that causes deformation to be distributed. A broad arc of focused, coherent underthrusting at Artemis Chasma and the inferred partial regional support of volcanic highlands suggest that at present the average lithosphere is considerably stronger and thicker, and the heat flow much lower, than expected by comparison to Earth. The relatively thin lithosphere at young volcanic structures is consistent with localized reheating, while the few features representative of the thermally stable plains are suggestive of a ∼200-km thermal lithosphere. Heat loss on Venus today cannot be in steady state with mantle radiogenic heat production. Collectively, the deformation styles and modeled lithospheric thicknesses imply a passive, monotonic cooling of the thermal boundary layer over the interval of Venus's history recorded on the surface, approximately the past billion years.
Dispersion of the fifth-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ113333(5)(ω; ω, 0, 0, 0, 0) of a polydiacetylene film

The dispersion of the fifth-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ113333(5)(ω; ω, 0, 0, 0, 0) of a spin-coated polydiacetylene film (poly(BPOD), i.e., poly{[[8-butoxy carbonyl] methyl urethanyl]1-(5-pyrimidyl)-octa-1, 3-diyne}) is determined through electroabsorption spectroscopy. The maximum values of the real and the imaginary parts of χ113333(5)(ω; ω, 0, 0, 0, 0) are 9.87×10-21 esu and 1.28×10-20 esu, respectively. A model is proposed to explain the spectral dispersion of the nonlinear optical susceptibility.
Rubber - application of radiation to tire manufacture

Abstract Since the advent of commercial accelerators during the last several years capable of producing controllable electron beams of high energy, Firestone has devoted a considerable effort to the better understanding of the possible applications of such radiation to the production of tires or tire components. A number of chemical reactions can occur when elastomeric compounds are exposed to high energy waves, but crosslinking and degradation are the most important. The degree to which the crosslinking reaction predominates depends upon the nature of the rubber, compounding ingredients and the dosage. In general then, the effects achieved by the radiation of a rubber are quite similar to those resulting from heat. However, radiation cure or precure of compounds offers the advantage that the degree of crosslinking can be better controlled. Uniform crosslinking is possible since the high speed electrons penetrate uniformly throughout the sample. Curing with heat on the other hand may result in a greater degree of crosslinking on the surface of the sample than the center because of low heat conductivity. In general, radiation can be used to advantage to crosslink partially rubber tire components so that they retain better their shape and dimension during tire assembly and final cure or vulcanization. Added advantages of radiation precure include: a reduction of material usage, substitution of synthetic for natural rubber without loss in strength and the fact that partially crosslinked components will not thin out or become displaced during construction and vulcanization of the tire.
A comparison of the speech understanding provided by acoustic models of fixed-channel and channel-picking signal processors for cochlear implants.

Vowels, consonants, and sentences were processed by two cochlear-implant signal-processing strategies—a fixed-channel strategy and a channel-picking strategy—and the resulting signals were presente...
High levels of nitric oxide in individuals with pulmonary hypertension receiving epoprostenol therapy

Lack of vasodilator substances, such as nitric oxide (NO), has been implicated in the development of pulmonary hypertension, but the pathogenesis of the disease remains speculative. We hypothesized that NO plays a role in the pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), and may serve as a sensitive and specific marker of disease progression and/or severity. To test this, exhaled NO and pulmonary artery pressure were measured in individuals with PPH and secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH) on various therapies, including the potent vasodilator epoprostenol (prostacyclin), compared with healthy controls. NO in exhaled breath of individuals with PPH was lower than SPH or control (p<0.05). In contrast, exhaled NO of individuals with PPH or SPH receiving epoprostenol was strikingly higher than PPH or SPH individuals not receiving epoprostenol, or controls. Concomitant with higher NO levels, right ventricular systolic pressure of individuals significantly decreased with epoprostenol. Importantly, in paired measures of exhaled NO before and after epoprostenol, NO increased in all pulmonary hypertensive individuals 24 h after initiation of epoprostenol therapy (p<0.05). NO may be a useful noninvasive marker of pulmonary hypertension severity and response to prostacyclin therapy.
The effects of injecting Juvenile Hormone III into the prothoracic ganglion on phonotaxis by female crickets Gryllus bimaculatus

Nanoinjection of Juvenile Hormone III (JH III) into the prothoracic ganglion causes virgin female crickets Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer to become more phonotactically selective for the syllable periods (SPs) of model calling songs. Females responding to all, or almost all, of the SPs presented before JH III injection significantly narrow their responses to a range of SPs that is usually centered on the SPs included in the conspecific males' calling song. Control injections of acetone (i.e. the solvent for JH III) into the prothoracic ganglion do not significantly change the recipient females' phonotactic responses. Injection of JH III into the metathoracic ganglion also has no effect the females' phonotactic choices.
Structural Dynamics of SERCA and Phospholamban by Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

We used fluorescence and phosphorescence to investigate the structure and dynamics of phospholamban (PLB), and its regulation of its inhibited target, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Polarized TIRF of PLB, labeled in the cytoplasmic domain helix with bifunctional rhodamine (BFR), shows that this domain lies parallel to the membrane surface. The structural and functional effects of PLB phosphorylation and mutation are under investigation. Single molecular TIRF microscopy was used to measure the translational diffusional coefficient of Alexa488 labeled monomeric PLB reconstituted into a supported lipid bilayer. The diffusional coefficient of monomeric PLB is 0.7 μm2/s, which is consistent with its molecular weight. Time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy of erythrosin iodoacetamide (ErIA) labeled SERCA in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was measured with and without phosphorylation of PLB in presence of high and low Ca concentrations. Phosphorylation of PLB decreased the final anisotropy of ErIA labeled SERCA at low Ca, indicating decreased SERCA self-association. This supports the proposal that PLB inhibits SERCA by inducing SERCA-SERCA association, which is relieved by phosphorylation.
Demonstration of calmodulin-sensitive calcium translocation by isolated osteoclast plasma membrane vesicles.

Plasma membrane vesicles were prepared from chicken osteoclasts, and active calcium transport was demonstrated in a spectrofluorimetric assay using the fluorescent calcium concentration indicator, fura-2. Transport activity was inhibited by quercetin (10 μM), sodium vanadate (10 μM), and the anticalmodulin agents, compound 48/80 (20 and 200 μg/ml) and calmidazolium (10 and 20 μM). The transport rate (Vmax, 1.3 nmol/mg protein/min) was not altered in the presence of the protonophore, nigericin (1 μM), indicating that proton transport was not driving calcium transport. Release of accumulated calcium in the vesicles occurred with the addition of bromo-A23187 (5 μM) or ionomycin (5 μM). Increasing calcium transport occurred with increasing calcium concentration. Finally, the calmodulin content of the vesicles was demonstrated to be 54–134 U/mg protein. These results demonstrate that a calmodulin-sensitive, ATP-dependent calcium transporter is present in the osteoclast plasma membrane.
In vivo effects of colchicine on milk fat globule membrane.

Abstract Milk secretion in lactating goats was suppressed reversibly by infusing colchicine (2.5 to 5 mg) into one half of the udder via the teat canal. Fat globules were isolated from milks before, during and after (96 h post-infusion) this suppression. Protein, phospholipid, cholesterol (free and esterified), 5′-nucleotidase activity and peptide patterns by gel electrophoresis of these globule samples were determined. Association of [14C]colchicine with milk fat globules in vivo and in vitro also was investigated. Amounts of protein, phospholipid and free cholesterol per g of globule and 5′-nucleotidase per mg of globule protein fall following colchicine infusion. The nature of these changes suggests that the supply of membrane for milk secretion is restricted as a result of the drug treatment. Patterns of globule peptides by gel electrophoresis were qualitatively similar during the experimental period. However, a major globule glycoprotein, M r = 52 000 , showed a significant (3-fold) increase relative to the other principal peptide bands during the period of reduced milk flow. Analysis of milks for radioactivity following infusion of [14C]colchicine revealed that a portion of activity returning in milk is associated with fat globules. This activity peaked at 72 h post-infusion. Evaluation of [14C]colchicine binding to milk fat globules in vitro yielded evidence that the drug binds to the cytoplasmic, but not the exterior surface of the globule membrane. Colchicine's inhibition of milk synthesis and secretion is discussed.
On the learning of morphological rules: An experimental analogy

Three experiments were conducted using modifications of a paradigm used by Esper (1925) . Using the study-test procedure, Ss learned 16 paired associates in which the stimuli were 2-digit numbers and the responses were 2-letter pairs. Each single digit was associated with a letter to form a four-by-four matrix of 2-digit 2-letter stimulus-response pairs. Sixteen college Ss were presented 12 of the 16 pairs (Exp. I); 12 of the 16 pairs plus 4 irregular pairs (Exp. II); or 12 of the 16 pairs plus 2 irregular pairs (Exp. III), and were tested with the 16 stimuli in all cases. The irregular pairs were presented three times as often (Exp. II) or twice as often (Exp. III) as the regular pairs. It was observed that the omitted pairs were learned quickly after the regularities of the presented pairs were learned; the irregular pairs were learned more rapidly than the regular pairs, and errors on the irregular pairs took the form of overgeneralization of the regular responses. It was assumed that the experimental conditions were analogous to the learning of verb inflection by children and the results were remarkably similar to the behavior of young children acquiring the morphological rules of verb inflection.
749 CATHETER RELATED INFECTIONS IN LONG TERM HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION (HTPN): A 174 PATIENTS-YEARS EXPERIENCE

The medical records of 90 pediatric pts on HTPN during 1976-1984(63,490 pt days) were analyzed to determine the type, incidence, source and complications of catheter infections. There were 99 episodes of confirmed catheter infections(1/641 therapy days), 19 at the catheter insertion site. 42 pts accounted for the 99 episodes of infection; 18 were infected once and 9 pts had 45 episodes(4-6 each). Organisms responsible were:S. aureus(38%); S. epidermitis(30%); Candida spp.(ll%); P. aeruginosa(9%); E. coli(6%); Gp. D Streptococcus; Klebsiella; S. viridans and Ptyrosporum Orbicularis. Positive catheter blood cultures were obtained 80% of the time in suspected sepsis and half of these had simultaneous positive peripheral blood cultures. Catheter related sepsis(staphylococcal) was the cause of death in 6 cases. 47 pts were never infected and the duration of therapy was comparable to that of the infected group. The catheter was removed in 70/76 episodes of infection prior to 1981 when catheters were systematically removed when infected, mostly due to S. aureus, gram negatives and fungal. Subsequently, 23/29 infectious episodes were treated successfully as outpatients for 4-6 weeks, following induction of antibiotic therapy as inpatients; 28/29 were staphylococcal infections. No correlation was found between initial diagnosis, age or catheter site and incidence of infection. In one pt the source of infection was a contaminated solution. Catheter sepsis is a complication which occurs often in a few pts, occasionally in others and never in some. Staphylococcal infections may, in many instances, be eradicated without catheter removal.
On tests for correlated proportions in the presence of incomplete data

This paper proposes test statistics based on the likelihood ratio principle for testing equality of proportions in correlated data with additional incomplete samples. Powers of these tests are compared through Monte Carlo simulation with those of tests proposed recently by Ekbohm (based on an unbiased estimator) and Campbell (based on a Pearson-Chi-squared type statistic). Even though tests based on the maximum likelihood principle are theoretically expected to be superior to others, at least asymptotically, results from our simulations show that the gain in power could only be slight.
Single-particle light-scattering measurements with a photodiode array

A monolithic 128-element photodiode array is used to detect the light scattered between 7.5 and 21.5° with 0.1° resolution from single particles in a flow stream. The scan of the linear array is synchronized with the light-scattering event by a precursor signal. Monodispersed samples of polystyrene latex microspheres with diameters of 12.5, 15.7, and 19.8 μm were examined.A monolithic 128-element photodiode array is used to detect the light scattered between 7.5 and 21.5° with 0.1° resolution from single particles in a flow stream. The scan of the linear array is synchronized with the light-scattering event by a precursor signal. Monodispersed samples of polystyrene latex microspheres with diameters of 12.5, 15.7, and 19.8 μm were examined.
Experimentally validated strain rate dependent material model for spherical ice impact simulation

Abstract A strain rate sensitive ice material model for spherical-geometry hail ice impact simulation has been developed using experimentally-measured strain rate dependent ice compressive strength data. Simulations of spherical ice impacts compared to dynamic force history measurements were found to be in close agreement with each other. The overall trend of measured peak impact force versus projectile kinetic energy was also compared, showing a strong correlation with the data. The scatter in the measured ice compressive strength data was incorporated in the model definition which in turn was found to capture the upper to lower bounds of the scatter in the measured ice sphere impact forces. Observations of the failure progression of an ice sphere during impact were made using high speed video. The simulation-predicted failure progression was found to match with the crack propagation developing during the impact experiments, thereby demonstrating that the model is representing the basic physics and phenomena governing spherical ice impacts, particularly the initial formation and growth of longitudinal cracks, and how these cracks relate to the development of peak impact force.
Defining the proposed factors for small business online banking: Interviewing the IT professionals

Small business customers that use electronic services are potentially more profitable than those who do not.1 For banking and financial institutions, understanding small business customers' online behaviours and preferences will be one of the key drivers to successfully reach this segment efficiently and economically. Following a proven construct development methodology, this preliminary study completes the first steps by conducting interviews with information technology professionals. These information technology professionals were directly involved in the support of websites operated by several large banking organisations located in the southeastern United States. The information gathered from the subject group provides a foundation for the discussions as to how those organisations support, or fail to support, the delivery of electronic banking to small businesses, factors are proposed to define the construct of what constitutes successful small business online banking relationships.
Chemical characterization and substrate specificity of rabbit liver aryl sulfatase A

Abstract Rabbit liver aryl sulfatase A (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) is a glycoprotein containing 4.6% carbohydrate in the form of 25 residues of mannose, seven residues of N- acetylglucosamine , and three residues of sialic acid per enzyme monomer of molecular weight 140 000. Each monomer consists of two equivalent polypeptide chains. The protein has a relatively high content of proline, glycine and leucine, and the amino acid composition of rabbir liver aryl sulfatase A is similar to that of other known liver sulfatases. Rabbit liver aryl sulfatase A catalyzes the hydrolysis of a wide variety of sulfate esters, although is appears possible that cerebroside sulfate is a physiological substrate for the enzyme because the K m is very low (0.06 mM). The turnover rate for hydrolysis of nitrocatechol sulfate or related synthetic substrates is much higher than the rate with most naturally occurring sulfate esters such as cerebroside sulfate, steroid sulfates, l -tyrosine sulfate or glucose 6-sulfate. However, the turnover rate with ascorbate 2-sulfate is comparable to the rates measured using most synthetic substrates. These results are discussed in relationship to several previously described sulfatase enzymes which were claimed to have unique specificities.
Comparative ultrastructure of chick fibroblasts in vitro at early and late stages during their growth span.

Chick fibroblasts were cultured through 4.5 generations (early passage) and 18 generations (late passage). The ultrastructure of early passage, rapidly dividing cells was compared with that of late passage cells showing a reduced proliferation rate and degeneration. In late passage cells, the marked lobation of the nucleus, the absence of chromatin adjacent to the nuclear envelope and ellipsoidal mitochondria, generally bent into a shallow “U” with longitudinally oriented cristae, contrasted with the nearly oval nuclei containing peripheral chromatin and oval mitochondria with transversely oriented cristae seen in early passage cells. Highly developed RER and Golgi complexes were observed at both passage levels. The most striking change was the presence of conspicuous secondary lysosomes and residual bodies in over 90% of the late passge cells. The possible relation of these results to altered metabolic activities in an in vitro environment and to in vivo aging is discussed.
Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and Psychological Correlates of Current Overweight and Obesity in Older, Urban African American Women:

To better understand obesity and overweight among urban African American women, the authors examined sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychological factors within body mass index (BMI) categories. A total of 496 women were recruited for cardiovascular risk factor screening from 20 urban African American churches. Study participants had a mean age of 52.8 years, 13.5 years of education, and an average BMI of 32 kg/m2. Bivariate analyses showed increased overall energy intake and decreased physical performance on a walk test, and general well-being declined as the BMI class increased; obese women had the lowest physical performance and well-being levels and the highest energy intake levels. There was no difference by BMI category, however, in social variables such as educational attainment, employment, marital status, or household income. This study suggests that although women with increasing BMI have some physical and well-being concerns, the major social variables are not differentially distributed by B...
Vascular patterns in the canine sympathetic chain.

Abstract The vascular patterns in the sympathetic chains of 15 dogs were studied by means of infusions of Pelikan India ink. The interganglionic vessels were generally arranged parallel to the long axis of the chain. The blood vessels were divided into three categories, on the basis of the order of size and location in the chain, namely, epineural vessels, perineural vessels, and endoneural vessels. The vascularity of the sympathetic ganglia was approximately three to four times greater than that of the interganglionic chain. Arteriovenous anastomoses were commonly seen in the chain, and their possible functional significance has been discussed.
The Role of Imaging in United States Courtrooms

The rapid evolution of brain imaging techniques has increasingly offered more detailed diagnostic and prognostic information about neurologic and psychiatric disorders and the structural and functional brain changes that may influence behavior. Coupled with these developments is the increasing use of neuroimages in courtrooms, where they are used as evidence in criminal cases to challenge a defendant's competency or culpability and in civil cases to establish physical injury or toxic exposure. Several controversies exist, including the admissibility of neuroimages in legal proceedings, the reliability of expert testimony, and the appropriateness of drawing conclusions in individual cases based on the findings of research uses of imaging technology. This article reviews and discusses the current state of these issues.
Using google hacking to enhance defense strategies

This paper provides a description of how the topic of Google hacking was incorporated into a graduate course on web security which was offered in the Fall of 2005. It begins by providing an overview of Google hacking and describes what it is, how it is used, and most importantly how to defend against it. The paper then describes a series of exercises that students must complete providing them with hands-on Google hacking strategies, techniques and countermeasures.
Bioluminescence induction response and survival of the bioreporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 in nutrient-deprived conditions

Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 is a bioluminescent bioreporter synthesizing light in the presence of naphthalene or salicylate. Upon immobilization, HK44 is useful as an in situ or on-line biosensor of bioavailable naphthalene and salicylate in waste streams or contaminated fields. The bioreporting efficacy of alginate/SrCl2-immobilized HK44 was investigated in simulated groundwater with different pH regimes. When induced with complex (salicylate plus auxiliary energy supplements) and simple (salicylate as the sole energy supplement) inducer solutions, the specific light response was steadier at pH 6 than at pH 7 in a 35-day study. There was no bioluminescence response from cells incubated in groundwater samples with pH below 6. The rate of the luminescence reaction was stable at pH 6 irrespective of the type of inducer solution, indicating the robust physiological status of the bioreporter bacteria. In addition, the quantity of light synthesized was at least one order of magnitude higher with complex inducer solution than with simple inducer solution. The numbers of viable and cultivable cells remained constant in groundwater at pH 6 and 7 (approx. 107 g−1 beads). The numbers decreased by four orders of magnitude (107 to 103) to zero in groundwaters with pH below 6. This study suggested that HK44 is useful for long-term biosensor applications in moderately acidic to neutral groundwater conditions.
Developing a theory of value-based software engineering

This paper presents an initial "4+1" theory of value-based software engineering (VBSE) that builds around the stakeholder win-win Theory W, and addresses the questions of "which values are important?" and "how is success assured?" for a given software engineering enterprise. The central Theory W then draws upon four additional theories - utility theory (how important are the values?), decision theory (how do stakeholders' values determine decisions?), dependency theory (how do dependencies affect value realization?), and control theory (how to adapt to change and control value realization?).
Refined assured forwarding framework for differentiated services architecture

This paper presents a new refined assured forwarding (RAF) framework for improving the performance of DiffServ architecture where heterogeneous traffic flows share the same aggregate class. The new framework requires minimal modification to existing DiffServ routers by adding a second layer of classification of flows based on their average packet sizes and using Weighted Fair Queueing for flow scheduling. The efficiency of the new architecture in enhancing the performance of DiffServ is demonstrated by simulation results for delay, packet delivery, throughput, and packet loss, under different traffic scenarios.
Work Experiences of Graduates from Doctoral Programs in Sport Psychology

Abstract This study surveys recently graduated sport psychology (SP) doctoral students' (N = 34) educational backgrounds, work experiences, and perceptions of the professional field of SP inside and outside the realm of academia. Special attention was given to subjects' perceptions and expectations with regard to applied work in SP, actual work experiences, and income. Findings indicate that almost all graduates are spending their time in a variety of work activities, i.e., some combination of teaching, research, consulting, administration, and coaching, with a strong emphasis on teaching in an academic institution. Gender analysis revealed that, in general, females earned 74% of what males earned; females earned 53% of what males earned outside academia. Graduates' personal comments suggest a concern about consumer demand and financial support offered applied professionals in SP as well as the adequacy of their own training to provide applied services. Implications for AAASP and SP program directors are ...
Reopening after successful coil occlusion for patent ductus arteriosus

Abstract Objectives. This study was performed to determine the frequency of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) reopening and the factors that may predict reopening after successful coil occlusion. Background. Transcatheter coil occlusion is a widely used and accepted method to close a PDA. After documented successful coil occlusion, we found PDAs that reopened. We hypothesized that specific factors are involved in those that reopened. Methods. All patients who underwent percutaneous transarterial PDA coil occlusion were studied. Successful coil occlusion was documented. PDA reopening was determined when Doppler-echocardiography (DE) performed after the procedure was negative for PDA flow but at follow-up demonstrated PDA shunting. Patients with a reopened PDA were compared with all other patients in evaluating independent variables. Results. Coil occlusion for PDA was attempted in 22 patients. Clinical success was achieved in 20 patients (91%), and DE was negative for PDA shunting in 19 patients (90%). At follow-up, five patients demonstrated reopening. The PDA minimal diameter was 1.4 ± 0.5 mm (mean ± SD) for the reopened group and 1.2 ± 0.7 mm for the other patients. The PDA length was 2.9 ± 1.9 mm for the reopened group and 7.1 ± 3.2 mm for all other patients. All those with type B PDA were in the reopened group. When independent variables were compared between groups, only PDA length and type B PDA predicted reopening (p Conclusions. PDA reopening may occur after successful coil occlusion. Short PDA length and type B PDA are associated with reopening. The data suggest that in such anatomy, alternative strategies to the current coil occlusion technique should be considered.
Derivatives of 8-hydroxy-2-quinoline acrylic acid.

8-Hydroxyquinaldine and its alkyl ethers have been utilized to prepare a new series of 2-quinoline acrylic acids and their ethyl esters. These compounds have been synthesized as possible antifungal and/or antibacterial agents, and as intermediate compounds for further synthetic studies.
Doublecortin and a Tale of Two Serines

Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein that interacts with and regulates the microtubule cytoskeleton and is required for neuronal migration in the cortex. Two papers in this issue of Neuron (Schaar et al. and Tanaka et al.) demonstrate a role for phosphorylation in the regulation of Doublecortin. Together with recent results showing that Doublecortin may play a role regulating the morphology of migrating neurons, these findings provide new insight into the mechanisms governing neuronal migration.
Oxygen cost of resistive-loaded breathing in quadriplegia

We hypothesized that, in quadriplegia, chest wall distortion would increase the energy cost of ventilation. To assess this, we measured the oxygen cost of breathing (VO2 resp) and changes in chest wall configuration during inspiratory resistive-loaded breathing tasks in five quadriplegic and five normal subjects. Each subject performed three breathing tasks that spanned a range of work rates (Wtot). Configurational changes of the abdomen and upper, lower, and transverse rib cage were assessed with magnetometers. We found that 1) in both groups, VO2resp increased linearly with Wtot over the range of tasks performed, 2) the mean slope of the regression line of VO2resp vs. Wtot was greater for quadriplegic than for normal subjects (3.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.7 ml O2/J, P less than 0.01), 3) efficiency of breathing (Wtot/VO2resp) was less for quadriplegic than for normal subjects (1.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.4%, P less than 0.001), 4) during inhalation, upper and lower rib cages behaved similarly in the two groups, but the quadriplegic subjects had a decrease in transverse rib cage and a much greater increase in abdomen than normal subjects, and 5) functional residual capacity decreased in normal but not in quadriplegic subjects during the breathing tasks. We conclude that the lesser efficiency of breathing in quadriplegia may be related to the elastic work of chest wall distortion, shorter mean operational diaphragm length, and possibly differences between normal and quadriplegic subjects in mechanical advantage of available inspiratory muscles.
Electronegative electroretinogram associated with topiramate toxicity and vitelliform maculopathy

Topiramate is known to cause ocular side effects such as refractive changes and angle closure. We describe a patient with an electronegative electroretinogram (ERG) which may have been related to topiramate use. Electronegative ERG’s have been associated with other drugs in humans as well as topiramate use in rabbits. However, this would be the first suggestion of causality in humans.
Postesophagectomy morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay after preoperative chemoradiation therapy.

Abstract Background . Data suggest that preoperative chemoradiation improves survival in patients with stage II and III esophageal tumors. Whether preoperative therapy increases postesophagectomy morbidity and mortality has not been determined. This study evaluates our postoperative results after chemoradiation therapy. Methods . From 1989 through 1998, 120 consecutive patients underwent chemoradiation therapy followed by esophagectomy at our institution. The medical records for these patients were reviewed to determine patient age, sex, race, cell type, operative technique, complications, deaths, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Results . There were 106 (88%) men and 14 (12%) women with a mean age of 58 (32 to 77) years. White patients predominated (114 of 120, 95%); 98 (82%) had adenocarcinoma and 22 (18%) had squamous cell carcinoma. Operative technique was transhiatal in 91 (76%) patients, three-incision in 23 (19%), Ivor-Lewis in 4 (3%), and thoracoabdominal in 2 (2%). There was 1 death. Complications developed in 44 (37%) patients; 59% (13 of 22) of squamous cell carcinoma patients and 32% (31 of 98) of adenocarcinoma patients developed complications. Respiratory complications occurred in 32% (7 of 22) of squamous cell carcinoma patients and in 3% (3 of 98) of adenocarcinoma patients. Mean length of stay after surgery was 15 days (range 7 to 163). Conclusions . Postesophagectomy results after chemoradiation therapy are comparable to those reported after esophagectomy alone. Squamous cell carcinoma patients are nearly twice as likely to develop postoperative complications and are more likely to have respiratory complications than adenocarcinoma patients.
Left-Right Asymmetry of the Gnathostome Skull: Its Evolutionary, Developmental, and Functional Aspects

Much of the gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) evolutionary radiation was dependent on the ability to sense and interpret the environment and subsequently act upon this information through utilization of a specialized mode of feeding involving the jaws. While the gnathostome skull, reflective of the vertebrate bauplan, typically is bilaterally symmetric with right (dextral) and left (sinistral) halves essentially representing mirror images along the midline, both adaptive and abnormal asymmetries have appeared. Herein we provide a basic primer on studies of the asymmetric development of the gnathostome skull, touching briefly on asymmetry as a field of study, then describing the nature of cranial development and finally underscoring evolutionary and functional aspects of left-right asymmetric cephalic development.
Response to Letter Regarding Article Entitled “A Simple, Assumption-Free, and Clinically Interpretable Approach for Analysis of Modified Rankin Outcomes”

Response: We appreciate Dr Bath drawing attention to his group's work offering empirical evidence of the greater power in ordinal over dichotomous outcomes, the opportunity for adjustment for baseline conditions, and an approach using the numbers needed to treat (NNT) as a clinical index of magnitude of treatment effect.1 Taking these points in the reverse order, we compliment the Optimising the Analysis of Stroke Trials (OAST) group for raising the NNT as a clinical index of the magnitude of treatment effect.2 Interestingly, their article was concurrently reviewed with ours (published December 2011 and February 2012, respectively), and the overlap with our approaches is striking. The OAST proposal develops 2 primary approaches, with the second approach forming all matched pairs of patients with 1 patient from each treatment group and calculating proportions of patients who were better (Θ+ve) and worse (Θ−ve). We note that both of our approaches are identical to this point. Table 2 of our publication shows for the NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) …
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF CONJUGATE GRADIENT DIRECTIONS FOR AN ULTRASOUND INVERSE PROBLEM

In ultrasound inverse problems, the integral equation can be nonlinear, ill-posed, and computationally expensive. One approach to solving such problems is the conjugate gradient (CG) method. A key parameter in the CG method is the conjugate gradient direction. In this paper, we investigate the CG directions proposed by Polyak et al. (PPR), Hestenes and Stiefel (HS), Fletcher and Reeves (FR), Dai and Yuan (YD), and the two-parameter family generalization proposed by Nazareth (TPF). Each direction is applied to three test cases with different contrasts and phase shifts. Test case 1 has low contrast with a phase shift of 0.2π. Reconstruction of the object is obtained for all directions. The performances of the PPR, HS, YD, and TPF directions are comparable, while the FR direction gives the poorest performance. Test case 2 has medium contrast with a phase shift of 0.75π. Reconstruction is obtained for all but the FR direction. The PPR, HS, YD, and TPF directions have similar mean square error; the YD direction takes the least amount of CPU time. Test case 3 has the highest contrast with a phase shift of 1.003π. Only the YD direction gives reasonably accurate results.
Work experience and gender differences in chronic disease risk in older Mexicans.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between labor force participation and gender differences in the prevalence of arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. Methods The Mexican Health and Aging Survey (MHAS) data is nationally representative sample of older Mexicans 50 years and older. Binomial logistic regression models were performed to examine differences between older Mexican men and women in the prevalence of arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. Interaction effects were also estimated between gender and occupation, length of time in the labor force, and pension eligibility. Results Older Mexican women have a significantly greater risk of having arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. Findings from this study suggest that within the same occupational classification, women suffer from the damaging effects on health to a greater extent than men. Interaction effects show that women who work in services or in client's home are particularly susceptible to arthritis. Moreover, women who work in sales were at a significantly greater risk of hypertension than men. Conclusions Older Mexican women are at greater risk of chronic disease and part of their vulnerability is a result of the type of work that they do.
Environmental cancer risks

In a long-awaited report (‘Assessment of Technologies for Determining Cancer Risks From the Environment’), the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has evaluated the role of environmental factors in cancer diseases. Environment is interpreted broadly as encompassing anything that interacts with humans, including the natural environment, food, radiation, the workplace, etc. Geologic factors range from geographic location to radiation and specific minerals. The report, however, is based on an inadequate data base in most instances, and its major recommendations are related to the establishment of a national cancer registry to record cancer statistics, as is done for many other diseases. Presently, hard statistics are lacking in the establishment of some association between the cause-effect relationship of most environmental factors and most carcinogens. Of particular interest, but unfortunately based on unreliable data, are the effects of mineral substances such as ‘asbestos.’ USGS mineralogist Malcolm Ross will review asbestos and its effects on human health in the forthcoming Mineralogical Society of America's Short Course on the Amphiboles (Reviews in Mineralogy, 9, in press, 1981).
Pharmacogenomics of β‐Adrenergic Receptors and Their Accessory Signaling Proteins in Heart Failure

beta-Adrenergic receptors (betaAR) are widely expressed on cardiovascular cells. Pharmacological stimulation or blockade of betaAR signaling is the therapeutic mainstay in cardiogenic shock, hypertension, ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Interindividual variability in the response to betaAR agonists and antagonists has prompted examination of variability in the genes encoding betaAR signaling pathway members. Prominent among the genes that have been examined so far in heart failure are the beta(1)AR, beta(2)AR, and G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5). Each has nonsynonymous polymorphisms that alter amino acid sequence and protein function and regulation in cell-based systems, genetically altered mouse models, or human hearts. Here, we review these phenotypes and results from published clinical studies, with a focus on heart failure pharmacogenomics. Thus far, very few studies have utilized analogous protocols or drugs, and discrepancies in the clinical studies are apparent. A compelling approach is the use of multiple methods to understand the molecular, cellular, and organ phenotypes of a variant and couple these with clinical studies designed to specifically address the relevance of those phenotypes in humans. Undoubtedly, additional loci will be identified, and together, will provide for genetically driven, individualized treatments for heart failure.