cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Language and Concept Science Notebook Scores of English Language Learners and/or Economically Disadvantaged Students

Despite research interest in testing the effects of literacy-infused science interventions in different contexts, research exploring the relationship, if any, between academic language and conceptual understanding is scant. What little research exists does not include English language learners (ELLs) and/or economically disadvantaged (ED) student samples—students most at risk academically. This study quantitatively determined if there exists a relationship, and if so, how strong of a relationship, between ELL and ED students’ academic language and conceptual understanding based on science notebook scores used in a larger science and literacy-infused intervention with a sample of culturally diverse students. The study also considered strengths of relationships between language and concept science notebook scores within student language status groups (ELL, former ELL, and English speaking). Correlational analyses noted positive, large, and significant correlations between students’ language and concept scores overall, with the largest correlations for science notebook entries using more academic language. Large correlations also existed for ELL student entries at the end of the school year. Implications of the findings for future research and practice in science classrooms including literacy interventions, such as science notebooks, with populations of culturally diverse students are discussed.
Predicting blood pressure response after renal artery stenting

Background Although technical success of renal artery stenting (RAS) is high and adverse events are infrequent, clinical success (improved blood pressure and renal function) and durability have been less predictable. Identifying those patients who will respond to RAS could improve overall outcomes of the procedure. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent RAS for treatment of renovascular hypertension (RVH) between 2001 and 2007 at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. The primary outcome measure was blood pressure improvement or cure as judged by American Heart Association criteria. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), number of antihypertensive medications, and survival were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with blood pressure improvement at the last follow-up. Results During the 6-year period, 129 patients (179 renal arteries) underwent stent placement for RVH. Procedural complications occurred nine patients (7.0%). Average length follow-up was 1.5 years. Follow-up data were obtained in 122 patients (95%). At last follow-up, there were significant improvements in systolic blood pressure (161 vs 144 mm Hg, P P P = .034). The eGFR was improved in 16% of patients, stable in 60%, and worse in 24%. By multivariate analysis, a baseline eGFR 2 (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.9; P = .02) and female gender (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-2.1; P = .04) were independent predictors of failure to achieve blood pressure improvement. By 2 and 4 years of follow-up, sustained blood pressure improvement was present in 67% of patients with a baseline eGFR of ≥40 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and in 31% of patients with a baseline eGFR 2 . During 2 years of follow-up, survival was similar between patients with sustained blood pressure response and those without. Conclusion Patients treated for RVH who have a baseline eGFR of ≥40 mL/min/1.73 m 2 demonstrate a better response to RAS at each follow-up interval, with a significant difference at 2 to 4 years, compared with patients with an eGFR 2 .
A varicella-zoster virus mutant impaired for latency in rodents, but not impaired for replication in cell culture

While trying to generate a site-directed deletion in the ORF63 latency-associated gene of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka, we constructed a virus with an unexpected rearrangement. The virus has a small deletion in both copies of ORF63 and two copies of a cassette inserted between ORFs 64/65 and 68/69 containing (a) truncated ORF62, (b) ORF63 with a small deletion, and (c) full-length ORF64. The virus was not impaired for growth in human cells, induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs, and was impaired for latency in cotton rats compared with parental virus (p=0.0022). Additional mutants containing the same truncation in ORF62, with or without the ORF63 deletion, were less impaired for latency. A VZV Oka mutant, replicating to similar titers and inducing a comparable immune response as parental virus, but impaired for latency, might serve as a safer vaccine and be less likely to reactivate to cause zoster.
Somatic Style and Symptom Reporting in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The authors studied the relative contributions of psychological characteristics and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) morbidity to RA symptoms and medication side effects. Thirty-one consecutive patients attending an RA clinic completed self-report questionnaires and diaries assessing RA symptoms and somatic style, a constellation of beliefs, attitudes, and concerns about disease and health. After 3 months, the patients were assessed for RA symptoms and self-reported medication side effects. At inception, RA symptoms were associated with several components of somatic style. At 3-month follow-up, changes in RA symptoms and the incidence of medication side effects were predicted by somatic style variables measured at inception. The symptoms of RA and the side effects of RA pharmacotherapy are prospectively predicted by somatic style as well as by the severity and extent of RA.
Phosphate Uptake by Phosphate-Starved Euglena

Phosphate-deprived Euglena acquire the ability to rapidly in-corporate added phosphate and, also, synthesize an induced acid phosphatase localized in the pellicle. The phosphate uptake system is saturated at low concentrations of phosphate and is inhibited by dinitrophenol, by low temperature, by K+, Li+, and Na+ ions, and competitively by arsenate. The orthophosphate incorporated into the cell is rapidly converted into organic forms but enough remains unesterified to suggest that the uptake is an active transport process. The data do not rule out the possibility that the induced phosphatase is involved in the transport process.
LONG-TERM SWEAT COLLECTION USING SALT-IMPREGNATED PADS

To facilitate a study of the pharmacokinetics of drugs dissolved in sweat, a technique was devised for collecting sweat at a steady rate over an 8-day period. Three normal subjects each wore 4 absorbent pads applied to their skin under waterproof dressings for 8 days. The absorbent pads were either plain cotton or cotton impregnated with sodium chloride crystals. Each pad (3 cm × 3 cm) was applied to an area of skin (2 cm × 2 cm) defined by an adhesive template, and was removed daily, weighed, and replaced, to determine progressive uptake of sweat. Sweat uptake by plain cotton pads reached a plateau value within 2 to 3 days and did not significantly increase thereafter; in contrast, uptake by the salt-impregnated pads continued at a steady rate for the full 8 days of the study (mean rate 0.79 mg/cm 2 /hr, SD=0.16, N=6). This effect may be related to an osmotic gradient across the skin, but the physiologic mechanisms are not completely clear. This appears to be a convenient tool for the collection of sweat over long periods at a steady rate.
Magneto-optical studies of GaAs/AlAs quantum wells

Abstract We present a magnetoreflectivity study of three GaAs/AlAs multiple quantum wells with widths 75, 100 and 150 A. At T = 5K, the reflectivity spectra exhibit features associated with the excitons as well as interband Landau transitions. The slopes of these transitions imply that the electrons are confined in the GaAs layers. In addition, experimental values for the exciton binding energies are determined from the zero field intercepts of the Landau transitions.
Resolving lateral variations in the frequency dependence of adhesive properties at the surface of a model pressure sensitive adhesive

A commercial scanning probe microscope may be used to laterally resolve qualitative differences in the frequency dependence of material properties at the surface of a model pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). In a heterogeneous PSA made from polyisoprene and a wood rosin derivative, both the polymer-rich matrix and tackifier-rich domains regions at the surface appear stiffer and show higher adhesive force when increasing the testing frequency from 0.01 to 1 Hz at room temperature. The limited frequency range of the instrument and piezo creep constrain the applicability of the approach. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 400–404, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10369
A [90/0]s composite laminate with part-through matrix cracks in adjacent plies

Abstract A [90/0] s orthotropic composite laminate with part-through matrix cracks is considered. Stress intensity factors are determined for the cracks using a linear-elastic analysis. These matrix cracks run along the fiber direction of the individual plies. The crack-geometry considered here is one where the matrix cracks in adjacent plies form a cross-like pattern in the plan view of the laminate. The plies are assumed bonded by thin resin-rich adhesive layers. These adhesive layers are modeled as distributed shear springs. Each ply of the laminate is modeled as a thin elastic orthotropic layer under plane stress. The laminate is subject to both tensile and shear loading. The mathematical model for the stresses and displacements in the layers reduces to a pair of Fredholm integral equations which are solved numerically. The stress intensity factors show a strong dependence on crack-sizes and nature of loading. In particular, the magnitudes of the stress intensity factors for the matrix crack in the 0° layer are increased significantly by the crack in the adjacent 90° layer.
Multicore optical fiber and connectors for short reach, high density links

Adoption of multicore fibers will accelerate in high bandwidth density applications in next generation data centers once multicore connectors, transceiver coupling elements, cabling and other components are available to complement transceivers in end-to-end optical interconnects.
An exploratory analysis of hospital perspectives on real time information requirements and perceived benefits of RFID technology for future adoption

Auto identification and data capture (AIDC) technologies, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) has been promising for real time traceability, communication, identification and location of goods, assets and people. Despite this promising trend, health care sector has not fully embraced RFID technology. The purpose of this study is to understand how RFID technology can be beneficial for meeting hospital real time asset and people management information requirements prior to adoption of the technology. Data collected from 81 operation directors shows that the hospital real time information requirements are significantly linked to perceived efficiency and patient satisfaction benefits of RFID. Furthermore, causal path analysis shows that the RFID enablers of staff capabilities/readiness for technology and investment in information systems (IS) contribute to the perceived efficiency and patient satisfaction benefits of RFID. Among the barriers not implementing RFID technology, cost is found the most significant. The significant association between hospital information requirements and perceived benefits of RFID technology shows that if hospital needs are understood, user acceptance of AIDC is likely. Moreover, staff readiness for technology and investment in IS prior to RFID adoption plays a significant role in how hospitals can benefit from RFID.
PT symmetry breaking and transverse mode filtering in microring lasers

We show that the concept of parity-time (PT) symmetry breaking can be utilized to suppress higher order transverse modes in microring lasers.
The Organization of Song Repertoires in Song Sparrows: Themes and Variations

Although songtypes are generally considered to be important functional units in birdsong, they have not been well-characterized in terms of within- and between-songtype variation. We analyzed the song repertoires of 12 adult male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) from a population in New York. We identified minimal units of production (MUPs), and calculated the degree to which song variants within a bird's repertoire were similar to each other based on an analysis of MUP sharing. Using statistical techniques from numerical taxonomy, we assessed how song variants clustered into songtypes, and we derived quantitative measures of within-songtype and between-songtype similarity. We found that birds produced a limited number of songtypes, but constantly produced new song variants within the framework of these types. Most song variants were produced very rarely; over 43% of song variants were produced only once. Repertoires differed in the degree of between-songtype similarity and in the number of songtypes defined, but there was comparatively less variation in within-songtype similarity. Between-songtype similarity and repertoire size were positively correlated. We argue that song sparrow songtypes are probabilistic units of song production, and discuss the functional and evolutionary implications of having vocal motor patterns organized in this way.
Effects of hydrazine and its derivatives on ornithine decarboxylase synthesis, activity, and inactivation

Abstract Hydrazine (1.0 mmol/kg) caused marked stimulation of rat liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Derivatives of hydrazine were less effective as stimulators. Enzyme activity reached a maximum about 4 hr after treatment. ODC activity in livers from dexamethasone stimulated rats was moderately inhibited when hydrazine (1.0 mmol/kg) was administered 20 min prior to sacrifice. Hydrazine also slowed inactivation halftime of ODC following dexamethasone stimulation, as measured by serial biopsy in single animals. The inactivation half-times of the treated animals fell into two populations, one responding more extensively than the other. The usefulness of a serial liver biopsy technique for determination of ODC half-time in individual animals is demonstrated.
Cytochrome P-450 and adrenodoxin in adrenal mitochondrial fractions of several lower vertebrates.

Abstract 1. 1. The content of cytochrome P-450 and of cytochrome aa 3 in crude adrenal mitochondrial fractions from tiger shark, green sea turtle, and white leghorn chicken were determined. Cytochrome P-450 was present in more than equal quantity compared to cytochrome aa 3 in mitochondria of these species. 2. 2. A significant amount of adrenodoxin is present in chicken mitochondria (g ⊥ = 1·940, g = 2·027). 3. 3. Adrenodoxin was not detected in tiger shark and green sea turtle mitochondria.
Fully developed laminar flow and heat transfer in a square duct with one moving wall

Abstract Numerical solutions for the velocity and temperature fields have been obtained to determine fully developed friction factors and Nusselt numbers. The friction factor increases markedly as a function of the Reynolds number Re w based on the velocity of the moving wall. The effect of Re w on the Nusselt number depends on the Prandtl number. At higher Prandtl numbers, there is a significant increase in the Nusselt number with Re w . For intermediate Prandtl numbers, the variation of the Nusselt number with Re w is rather small.
Two-pion exchange three-nucleon forces and triton binding energy☆

Abstract The first-order perturbation correction to the triton binding energy is investigated using two-pion exchange three-nucleon forces constructed the s, d-wave and p-wave πN amplitudes extrapolated to off (pion) mass shell subject to PCAC. We find that the correction is small due to cancellation between the πN s, d-wave and p-wave contributions. The effect of the Fujita-Miyazawa force is also investigated as a special case.
An improved loose patch voltage clamp method using concentric pipettes

A method for noninvasive voltage-clamp record- ing from large cells is described. A firepolished pipette having two concentric barrels is pushed against the cell membrane, thereby electrically isolating a circular patch subdivided into an inner and an annular outer region. Both regions are held isopotential, but current is collected from the inner region only. The method electrically simulates a high resistance seal between pipette and cell membrane, allowing accurate and rapid voltage-clamp recording under conditions where the seal resistances actually obtained are low (near 1 Mr2). This is useful in applications where one wishes to avoid enzymatic treatment. We provide details of electrode construction and voltage-clamp electronics, and present results obtained from frog skeletal muscle and leech neurons. For sodium channels of frog muscle, extensive data were previously obtained with other methods. There is good agreement between the earlier results and the measurements pre- sented here.
Acid-Catalyzed Reactions in Carbon Dioxide-Enriched High-Temperature Liquid Water

We report, for the first time, the acceleration of acid-catalyzed reactions in high-temperature liquid water by the addition of carbon dioxide to the reaction medium. The reactions examined are the dehydration of cyclohexanol to form cyclohexene and the alkylation of p-cresol with tert-butyl alcohol to form 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol. In some cases, the mean product yield more than doubled when carbon dioxide was added to the aqueous medium. The basis of this rate enhancement is reaction between carbon dioxide and water to yield carbonic acid, which subsequently dissociates to increase the hydronium ion concentration above that of water alone. We also use the thermodynamics of the CO2−H2O system to estimate the pH of carbon dioxide-enriched high-temperature water. This analysis demonstrates that it is possible to lower the pH of high-temperature water by several units through the addition of carbon dioxide to the reaction medium. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using CO2−H2O mixtures as an e...
Gaze Recognition and Application

This paper asserts a method of controlling the cursor based on the Fisher linear discriminant (FLD) analysis to recognize six classifications of human face movements, which are face movements upwards, downwards, leftwards, rightwards, blinking of the right eye and blinking of the left eye. These classifications represent cursor movements upward, downwards, leftwards, rightwards, and the right or left button on the mouse respectively. This method can be separated into two areas: face detection and gaze recognition. Face detection is to convert the RGB color space into YCbCr in order to segment skin tone areas, where the human face area is located by using the connect component labeling method. Gaze recognition is accomplished by building a gaze recognition training model parameter through FLD algorithm. Then, by using the Euclidean distance as the rule of decision, match the detected facial image to the parameters of this model to find the shortest Euclidean distance and its corresponding classification to control cursor movements.
Up-regulation of the Ku heterodimer in Drosophila testicular cyst cells

In Drosophila, developing germline cysts in testis are enveloped by two somatic cyst cells essential for germline development and male reproduction. The cyst cells continue development along with the germline. However, the mechanisms of somatic gene expression in testes are poorly understood. We report transcriptional up-regulation of the Ku heterodimer in cyst cells. The initial up-regulation is independent of germline, and transcription is further augmented during spermatogenesis. Abundance of Ku in the cyst cell cytoplasm suggests the role for Ku subunits in the regulation of sperm individualization.
Influence of strain rate and temperature on the deformation behavior of a metastable high carbon iron-nickel austenite

Austenitic specimens of Fe-15 wt pct Ni-0.8 wt pct C were tested in tension at strain rates of 10−4 s−1 and 10−1 s−1 over the temperature range −20°C to 60 °C. The influence of strain rate and temperature on the deformation behavior depended on whether stress-assisted or strain-induced martensitic trans-formation occurred during testing. Under conditions of stress-assisted transformation, the ductility was low and independent of strain rate. However, when strain-induced transformation occurred, the duc-tility increased significantly and the higher strain rate resulted in greater ductility and more transfor-mation. Although the ductility increased continuously with temperature, the amount of strain-induced transformation decreased and no martensite was observed above 40 °C. Microstructural examination showed that the martensite was replaced by intense bands and that these bands contained very fine (111) fcc twins. The twinning resulted in enhanced plasticity by providing an additional mode of deformation as slip became more difficult due to dynamic strain aging at the higher temperature. This study confirms that the substructure following deformation will depend on the proximity of the deformation temperature to theM s σ temperature. At temperatures much greater thanM s σ , austenite twinning will occur, while at temperatures close toM s σ , bcc martensite will form.
Reducing sampler error in soil research

Abstract Most soil sampling techniques are calibrated with standards and against each other, but the error introduced by the individuals performing each technique (sampler error) is often not addressed. We determined that sampler error explains a minimum of 5.5% of the variation in soil bulk density when using a composite coring technique. This source of error is of concern because it could easily obscure the small, but significant differences anticipated with long-term (decadal) research. We suggest three methods for increasing sampling accuracy across spatial and temporal treatments: (1) use > 5 individuals to sample each treatment; (2) consider both the concentration and pool size of soil properties (e.g. nitrate, root mass, etc.); and (3) include measurements of sampler error.
Examining pretrial publicity in a shadow jury paradigm: Issues of slant, quantity, persistence and generalizability.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of pretrial publicity (PTP) on mock juror decision making. Specifically, we examined the influence of quantity and slant of the PTP (proprosecution vs. prodefense), the persistence of PTP effects over time, and whether the PTP effects demonstrated in research laboratories would also occur in more naturalistic settings (generalizability). Using a shadow jury paradigm we examined these effects using a real trial as stimulus. Mock jurors included 115 jury-eligible community members who were naturally exposed to PTP in the venue in which the actual case occurred and 156 who were experimentally exposed. We found mock jurors were significantly influenced by both the slant and quantity of the PTP to which they were exposed, such that those exposed to proprosecution or prodefense PTP tended to render decision in support of the party favored in the PTP, and those exposed to greater quantities of PTP tended to be more biased. Additionally, PTP effects persisted throughout the course of the trial and continued to influence judgments in face of trial evidence and arguments. A finding of no significant difference in the effect of exposure slant between the naturally exposed and experimentally exposed samples provides support for the external validity of laboratory studies examining PTP effects. This research helps address some of the concerns raised by courts with regard to the durability of PTP effects and the application of laboratory findings to real world settings.
Arts Education as Equal Educational Opportunity: The Legal Issues:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gross disparities in arts curricular offerings between districts within a state offend the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution of the United States. The design required a review of literature and the identification and analysis of relevant federal and state case law. Legal reasoning was the philosophical method. Such deduction required the development of a central thesis and a series of supporting syllogisms. The central thesis to emerge was that such disparate provision of arts education does not constitute a violation of the Equal Protection Clause, but may constitute a violation of the equal protection clauses and public education provisions of state constitutions in the United States.Six syllogisms developed this thesis or addressed related research questions.
Extensions of factorial solutions

A method is developed for extending any type of factor solution to new tests. The theoretical basis for this approximating scheme is thoroughly investigated, and then a simplification in the technique is introduced for practical purposes. An example is presented which illustrates the procedure of extending a factor solution to three new tests simultaneously.
Agenda-setting and La Copa Mundial: marketing through agenda-setting on soccer blogs during the 2010 World Cup

Media coverage for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa included US-based sports television network ESPN. Along with its television coverage, ESPN’s website featured two blogs, specifically dedicated to the coverage of the 2010 World Cup. However, ESPN was not the only online outlet covering the event. Therefore, using agenda-setting theory, this study attempted to determine if the nature of World Cup coverage differed significantly between
Nitric Oxide Regulates Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1

Background Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is a 76-amino-acid chemokine thought to be the major chemotactic factor for monocytes. We and others have demonstrated that NO inhibits monocyte–endothelial cell interactions and atherogenesis. We hypothesize that the antiatherogenic effect of NO may be due in part to its inhibition of MCP-1 expression. Methods and Results Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were isolated from normal rabbit aortas by the explant method. Cells were then exposed to LPS (10 μg/mL), native LDL, or oxidized LDL (30 μg/mL) for 6 hours. The expression of MCP-1 in SMCs and chemotactic activity in the conditioned medium were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by oxidized LDL but not native LDL. The induction of MCP-1 by cytokines or oxidized lipoproteins was associated with an increased generation of superoxide anion by the SMCs and increased activity of the transcriptional protein nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). The induced expression of MCP-1 and activation of NFκB were reduced by previous ...
Cryopreservation of Unfertilized Mouse Oocytes: The Effect of Replacing Sodium with Choline in the Freezing Medium

Although embryo cryopreservation has become commonplace in many species, effective methods are not available for routine freezing of unfertilized eggs. Cryopreservation-induced damage may be caused by the high concentration of sodium ions in conventional freezing media. This study investigates the effect of a newly developed low-sodium choline-based medium (CJ2) on the ability of unfertilized, metaphase II mouse eggs to survive cryopreservation and develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro. Specifically, the effects of cooling to subzero temperatures, thawing rate, LN2 plunge temperature, and equilibration with a low-sodium medium prior to freezing are examined. In contrast to cooling to 23, 0, or -7.0 degreesC in a sodium-based freezing medium (ETFM), cooling in CJ2 had no significant negative effect on oocyte survival or development. Oocytes frozen in CJ2 survived plunging into LN2 from -10, -20, or -33 degreesC at significantly higher rates than oocytes frozen in ETFM. With the protocol used (1.5 M PrOH, 0.1 M sucrose, -0.3 C/min, plunging at -33 degreesC) rapid thawing by direct submersion in 30 degreesC water was more detrimental to oocyte survival than holding in air for 30 or 120 s prior to transfer to water. Equilibration of unfertilized oocytes with a low-sodium medium prior to cryopreservation in CJ2 significantly increased survival and blastocyst development. These results demonstrate that the high concentration of sodium in conventional freezing media is detrimental to oocyte cryopreservation and show that choline is a promising replacement. Reducing the sodium content of the freezing medium to a very low level or eliminating sodium altogether may allow oocytes and other cells to be frozen more effectively.
Advantages of a combined testing protocol (CTP) with multiple endpoints: the reverse tier approach

Abstract A multi-endpoint CTP approach provides an efficient procedure to investigate the hazards of chemicals in our environment. Genotoxicity to multiple tissues is assessed after an exposure of limited duration by using a variety of sensitive short-term tests. Resources are thus conserved and results obtained without long delays. Additional information helpful in understanding the observed genotoxic effects is readily obtained in the same experiment by inclusion of additional nongenotoxic endpoints. Numbers of animals required to test chemicals are substantially decreased by increasing the amount of information obtained from each animal. Flexibility is a basic asset of a CTP approach. Therefore, pharmacokinetics of the test chemical or mixture and concerns about subpopulations of exposed humans can guide all aspects of the design of CTP protocol including the animal species, the exposure protocol and the endpoints. The procedures selected for evaluating potential mutagens should be based primarily on the usefulness of the information generated and secondarily on the cost and resources required to perform the procedure. The most expensive procedure is that procedure which does not generate useful information, regardless of the initial cost. The CTP as presently discussed is an attempt to maximize useful information in the most efficient manner possible. Although considerably more expensive than in vitro procedures, the protocol is far less expensive than conducting individual short-term animal procedures, and a fraction of the cost and time required to perform a typical cancer bioassay. Chemicals that are of major concern, for example as in the case of extensive human exposure, would be a prime candidate for initial testing by this methodology.
Theory of nonequilibrium intrinsic spin torque in a single nanomagnet

In a single nanomagnet with spin-orbit interactions, the electrical current can generate a nonequilibrium spin density that gives rise to a spin torque on the magnetization. This spin torque does not involve spin transfer mechanism and originates from the band structure itself. We show that this spin torque can be effectively used to switch the direction of the magnetization and the critical switching current density could be as low as ${10}^{4}--{10}^{6}\text{ }\text{A}/{\text{cm}}^{2}$ for a number of magnetic systems. Several magnetic systems for possible experimental realization are discussed.
Glucagon stimulation of human growth hormone.

ABSTRACT Glucagon was administered to 20 volunteers as a 1 mg iv bolus, a 2 mg iv bolus, a 1 mg subcutaneous (sc) injection, and a 1 mg infusion. All 4 tests were followed by a significant human growth hormone (HGH) rise. In response to the 1 mg ½ hr infusion and the 1 mg sc injection, the rise was large, reproducible, and occurred in all tested subjects. The rise in HGH following the bolus injections was small. In response to bolus glucagon, 50% of the tested subjects did not exhibit an HGH rise greater than 2 ng/ml. It was concluded that either a 1 mg sc injection or a 1 mg ½ hr infusion of glucagon is a useful test in studying pituitary growth hormone release.
Oxide catalysts for hydrogen electrode in molybdophosphoric acid solid electrolyte fuel cells

Abstract Chromium (III) oxide, Cr 2 O 3 , prepared by thermal decomposition of Cr(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O shows a high catalytic activity for hydrogen electrode in proton conductive molybdophosphoric acid solid electrolyte fuel cells. This catalytic activity of the Cr 2 O 3 dependes on the X-ray line width. Also, Cr 2 O 3 which have higher activities show flat photoacoustic spectra in the entire visible light range. While commercially obtained Cr 2 O 3 , which has low activity, clearly shows two absorption bands (480 and 600 nm) in the photoacoustic spectrum. A linear dependence is obtained between the catalytic activity and the photoacoustic spectral intensity level at 750 nm.
Using risk to target HPV vaccines in high-risk, low-resource organizations.

Organizations in developed countries with limited financial resources may find it difficult to determine whether it is preferable to use these resources for HPV vaccination, management of HPV-related diseases, or a “hybrid” strategy, such as vaccinating only the highest risk individuals. We determined the organizational costs and clinical impacts of three different organizational approaches to female HPV vaccination in a low-resource setting, including vaccinating everyone, vaccinating no one, or vaccinating only those considered high-risk. To determine patients at highest risk, HPV risk factors were identified using information routinely gathered at the annual preventive maintenance visit. The three vaccination strategies were then compared using a decision tree analysis. The three strategies demonstrated very little difference in cost. However, the least expensive strategy was to vaccinate no one. In contrast, the strategy with the best clinical outcomes was for the organization to vaccinate everyone. O...
The evaluation and management of food allergy in atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a form of eczema that generally begins in early infancy and is characterized by extreme pruritus, chronically relapsing course, and distinctive morphology and distribution. AD is typically the first clinical manifestation of a child prone to develop atopic disease, with 50% of all AD developing in the first year of life and 80% by 5 years of age. Approximately 80% of children with AD develop asthma or allergic rhinitis; many lose their AD with the onset of respiratory allergy. The acute rash of AD is typically an erythematous, papulovesicular eruption, occasionally with weeping and crusting that is more commonly seen in early life. It typically progresses to a subacute form marked by erythema and scaling papules, and, especially in older patients, to a chronic form characterized by thickened, lichenified skin and fibrous papules. The distribution of the rash varies with age, involving the cheeks and extensor surfaces of the arms and legs in infancy, the flexor surfaces in the young child, and flexor surfaces, hands, and feet in the teenage patient and young adult. Atopic dermatitis is identified by a constellation of symptoms. Standard diagnostic criteria exist and are an accepted standard for diagnosing atopic dermatitis, and the SCORAD Index adapted by the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis provides a standardized method for gauging severity. The pathogenic role of allergy in atopic dermatitis has been debated since Besnier first described the eczematous rash that has become known as AD. However, recent studies delineating the immunopathogenic role of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-bearing antigen-presenting cells (eg, Langerhans cells and other dendritic cells) in establishing the initial Th2 lymphocytic response and of the IgE-mediated late-phase response in provoking cutaneous inflammation, numerous clinical studies demonstrating the provocation and resolution of skin symptoms in a subset of AD patients with the introduction and elimination of allergen, and the development of a murine model of a food-induced eczematous rash leave little doubt about the pathogenic role of allergy in some AD patients.
Intelligent Viscoelastic Polyurethane Intrinsic Nanocomposites

Polyurethanes are multiphase systems comprising intrinsically variant nanodomains. The material properties can be tailored by adjusting the relative proportions and organizing the structure of the hard and soft segments akin to the spring-dashpot system in an automobile. This article describes how an intelligent polyurethane (PU) system is created to offer smart response to mechanical and vibration stimuli. In this work, unidirectional, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), acoustic, and impact testing results are qualified with the unique viscoelastic character that determines the rate-temperature response of the nanocomposite. Attenuated total reflection– infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and DMTA offer a logical explanation of the observed viscoelastic behavior in terms of the nanodomains. Enhanced nanophase segregation between the polymer building blocks (hard and soft segments) is the primary mechanism that leads to a higher loss tangent peak in DMTA at a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) for greater energy dissipation in the polymer matrix. Acoustic and impact attenuation are correlated with the mechanical modulus and loss tangent of the polymer. Finally, autodyne simulation reveals the unique shock absorbent behavior of the material layer when retrofitted to concrete structure. Typically, shock overpressure spikes of the order of 9.97 × 104 MPa experienced by the unprotected surface are entirely evened out at a lower overpressure threshold.
A Multithreaded Communication Substrate for OpenSHMEM

OpenSHMEM scalability is strongly dependent on the capability of its communication layer to efficiently handle multiple threads. In this paper, we present an early evaluation of the thread safety specification in the Unified Common Communication Substrate (UCCS) employed in OpenSHMEM. Results demonstrate that thread safety can be provided at an acceptable cost and can improve efficiency for some operations, compared to serializing communication.
Detecting Rational Cohomology of Algebraic Groups

Let G be a connected, semisimple algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field k of positive characteristic p. Assume that G is defined and split over the prime field k0 = GF (p), and for q = p , let G(q) be the subgroup of GF (g)-rational points. Let V be a rational G-module, and, for a non-negative integer r, let V(r) be the rational G-module obtained by 'twisting' the original G-action on V by the r-th power of the Frobenius endomorphism a of G. In [5] we showed (together with W. van der Kallen) that, if V is finite dimensional and n is a non-negative integer, for sufficiently large m and r (depending on V and n), there are isomorphisms
The use of Ki to "psych-up" and increase strength

iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 3 CHAPTER 3: PURPOSE 12 CHAPTER 4: METHODS 13 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 19 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION 21 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 27 APPENDIX A: INFORMED CONSENT 28 APPENDIX B: EXPERIMENTAL DATA FORM 31 APPENDIX C: KIAP JUDGE’S FORM 32 REFERENCES 33
Symbol Timing Recovery for CPM with Correlated Data Symbols

We consider symbol timing recovery for continuous phase modulations (CPMs) with correlated data symbols. A popular example of such a scheme is shaped offset quadrature phase-shift keying (SOQPSK). We propose an extension to an existing non-data-aided (blind) timing error detector (TED) to make it compatible with such modulation schemes. The merits of the modified TED are demonstrated by comparing its performance with and without taking the data correlation into account. As a further modification, we show that a quantization scheme can be used to yield an extremely low-complexity version of the system with only negligible performance losses. The S-curve of the proposed quantized TED is given, which rules out the existence of false lock points. The proposed scheme shows great promise in a wide range of applications due to its low complexity, its lack of false lock points, and its blind nature; such applications include timing recovery for noncoherent detection schemes and false lock detectors.
Strained layers and magnetoelastic coupling

Abstract Very large internal strains (of order 1 to 10%) may exist in thin films and at the surfaces of magnetic materials. These strains obviously couple through magnetoelastic (ME) constants to contribute significantly to magnetic anisotropy energy density. It is less widely appreciated, but not less important, that in the presence of such large strains the ME constants themselves are changed. We have measured the surface ME coupling coefficients in two amorphous alloys and found them to differ significantly from bulk values. The implications of such results for surface, thin film and interface anisotropy are discussed.
Children’s environmental literature: from ecocriticism to ecopedagogy

Beginning with a review of ecocriticism’s scholarly and activist origins and development through the related fields of eco-composition, ecofeminist literary criticism, and environmental justice literary studies, this essay discusses children’s environmental literature from the intersecting standpoints of animal studies, environmental justice, and ecofeminist literary criticism. From that intersectional standpoint, the essay raises three central questions for examining children’s environmental literature, and offers six boundary conditions for an ecopedagogy of children’s environmental literature.
Analysis and Design for Ill-Conditioned Plants

In this paper we study the robust performance problem when the plant transfer function is ill-conditioned.
Can macaroni penguins keep up with climate- and fishing-induced changes in krill?

Macaroni penguins have evolved to cope with the highly variable conditions of the Southern Ocean. However, changes in prey supply and patchiness potentially associated with changes in climate and krill fishing activity may be occurring too rapidly for the penguins to adapt. We use a stochastic dynamic programming model to examine how changes in both the mean and patchiness of krill supply may affect the foraging decisions, and therefore breeding success, of female macaroni penguins at South Georgia. We predict that rapid changes in the mean supply of prey will have more of an effect on the condition of the female and chick than changes in prey patchiness, and that changes in foraging behavior compensate for changes in prey up to a threshold point, beyond which breeding success is likely impacted. In particular, we predict that the location of the threshold is affected by whether or not the penguins are adapted to the prey environment in which they are foraging, with the female and chick receiving on average 20% less of their daily energetic requirement if the female is not foraging optimally.
Tissue Angiotensin II as a Modulator of Erectile Function. I. Angiotensin Peptide Content, Secretion and Effects in the Corpus Cavernosum

AbstractPurpose: Although Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major modulator of regional blood flow in the extracavernosal segments of the vascular bed, its role in erectile function is unknown. The corpus cavernosum penis is a modified vascular tissue that contains endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In other segments of the vascular bed, these cell types produce Ang II. Therefore, we explored the presence and function of an Ang II producing paracrine system in the corpus cavernosum.Methods: The angiotensin content of the human corpus cavernosum was measured by radio-immunoassay. The distribution pattern of Ang II containing cells within the corpus cavernosum was assessed by an immunohistochemical technique, and the rate of its secretion was determined by superfusion. The effects of Ang II and its antagonist, losartan, on intracavernosal pressure were determined under in vivo conditions, in anesthetized dogs.Results: Human corpus cavernosum contained 1178 +/− 223 (SEM) fmol Ang II, 528 +/− 171 fmol Ang I, 475...
Simultaneous magnetic force microscopy and magnetoresistance characterization of a magnetic tunnel junction with in-situ applied field

For the first time, both the magnetoelectronic properties and the magnetic domain structure of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) have been characterized simultaneously. In situ tunneling magnetoresistance measurements for a spin-dependent tunnel junction were directly compared to magnetic domain behavior imaged using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) under the same applied fields, allowing for detailed investigation of electronic behavior relative to magnetic behavior. From the results, it was found that the resistance in the hysteretic field range (less than the coercivity of Hc=800 A/m or 10 Oe) corresponded with the complex magnetic domain behavior observed in the MFM images and qualitatively matched micromagnetically modeled junctions.
Hybrid formulations for scattering from the dielectric slab

For transient excitation, it is well known that the ray optic solution is useful for early time descriptions but is not, in general, suitable for late time. On the other hand, the singularity expansion method (SEM) is a late time technique that is not in general suitable for early time. Perfectly conducting circular cylinder studies have shown that it is possible to obtain two hybrid formulations that utilize the advantages of both the ray optic and the SEM solutions. The hybrid methods yield more efficient representations for both early and late times. Two hybrid formulations that pertain to the dielectric slab are presented. The simplicity of the structure makes it possible to obtain exact and asymptotic representations, where only asymptotic representations are possible for the circular cylinder. >
Personality and Political Discussion

Political discussion matters for a wide array of political phenomena such as attitude formation, electoral choice, other forms of participation, levels of political expertise, and tolerance. Thus far, research on the underpinnings of political discussion has focused on political, social, and contextual forces. We expand upon this existing research by examining how individual personality traits influence patterns of political discussion. Drawing on data from two surveys we investigate how personality traits influence the context in which citizens discuss politics, the nature of the relationship between individuals and their discussion partners, and the influence discussion partners have on respondents’ views. We find a number of personality effects and our results highlight the importance of accounting for individual predispositions in the study of political discussion.
Configuration Locking and Schedulability Estimation for Reduced Reconfiguration Overheads of Reconfigurable Systems

Dynamically reconfigurable field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) hold the promise of providing a virtual hardware resource in which hardware circuits can be dynamically scheduled onto the available FPGA resources. However, reconfiguring an FPGA can incur significant performance and energy overheads. This paper analyzes the relationship between several hardware task scheduling algorithms and their impact on the number of reconfigurations required to execute a set of hardware tasks. In addition, three new hardware scheduling algorithms, specifically designed to reduce the number of required reconfigurations, are presented and analyzed. By selectively locking configurations within the reconfigurable tiles of an FPGA, significant reductions in the number of required reconfiguration can be achieved.