cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent trends in the use of lipidic nanoparticles as pharmaceutical carriers for cancer therapy and diagnostics

Lipidic nanoparticles have recently gained attention in cancer research. In this review we are focused on the solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). They have significant advantages including low toxicity of the lipids and the controlled release of the drugs incorporated into the matrix. The recent trends described here contain functions added to nanoparticles to improve the therapeutic efficacy, such as long-circulation, co-loading of drugs, the combination with RNA/DNA, pH stimulus-sensitive drug release, incorporation of agents for imaging and the attachment of ligands for active targeting. By putting it all together, it may be possible to obtain an ideal multifunctional nanocarrier for cancer therapy. Among the many efforts made so far to obtain one, SLN/NLC should have a place in this search for a combined therapeutic and diagnostic system with dramatically enhanced efficacy in cancer therapy.
Analysis of urban particulate standard reference materials for the determination of chlorinated organic contaminants and additional chemical and physical properties

A previously issued National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM), SRM 1649, Urban Dust/Organics has been analyzed for chlorinated organic contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides) to provide certified values for a new class of compounds relative to the former certification. The material will be reissued as SRM 1649a. Four different analytical techniques were used. Specifically, two different methods of extraction (Soxhlet and pressurized fluid extraction) were used in conjunction with sample analysis by gas chromatography with two different columns (5% phenyl-methyl polysiloxane and 50% methyl C-18 dimethyl polysiloxane) that exhibit distinct selectivity, and with two different modes of detection (electron capture detection and mass spectrometry). The results from these techniques were combined to generate certified concentrations for 35 PCB congeners (some in combination) and 8 chlorinated pesticides. Ancillary assessments of additional chemical and physical properties of SRM 1649a include homogeneity, moisture, total organic carbon, extractable mass, and the particle-size distribution. The approach and the results for the certification of the PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides in SRM 1649a, and the determination of the additional chemical and physical properties are described. In addition, the determination of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in SRM 1648, Urban Particulate Matter (a particulate material certified for inorganic constituents), is also discussed although certified values are not presented.
“A Climate . . . More Prolific . . . in Sorcery”: The Black Vampyre and the Hemispheric Gothic

“‘A Climate . . . More Prolific . . . in Sorcery’: The Black Vampyre and the Hemispheric Gothic” proposes that Uriah Derick D’Arcy’s pseudonymous The Black Vampyre (1819) exemplifies the hemispheric gothic through its exposure of the connected, but disavowed histories of the Haitian Revolution and the United States. This sensational gothic novel invokes the Haitian Revolution even as its paratexts self-consciously worry about its place in the New York literary scene. The novel comments on the rise of a transatlantic literary market in which unfamiliar and aspiring figures such as D’Arcy and John Polidori sought to eclipse familiar, canonical authors such as Lord Byron. Then, it connects this literary market, with its concerns about originality, copying, and plagiarism, to the transatlantic slave system through the metaphor of vampirism, which, as theorized here, involves the theft of labor. While The Black Vampyre appears to contain the gothic horrors of a version of the Haitian Revolution with the end of a slave revolt and the end of the main characters’ vampirism, the text titillates readers with the possibility that a vampiric descendant of its eponymous hero has moved on from Haiti to haunt New Jersey. Thus, The Black Vampyre challenges both the easy relegation of the Haitian Revolution to the category of history and simple national narratives that ignore the intertwining histories of Haiti and the United States.
Alterations of polymorphonuclear leukocyte surface charge by stimulated lymphocyte supernatants

Abstract The effects of human lymphokines on the surface charge density of human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes have been determined using the laser Doppler technique of electrophoretic light scattering. Unfractionated antigen (streptokinase-streptodornase or candida)-stimulated lymphocyte supernatants were found to decrease the mode electrophoretic mobility by 14%. In order to identify the responsible factor, we subjected supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes to gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 columns and assayed the fractions for their ability to alter PMN electrophoretic mobilities. Two distinct species in the molecular weight ranges of 30–60K and 10–20K, respectively, were found to decrease the electrophoretic mobilities of PMN leukocytes. We have observed no effect of leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) on the electrophoretic mobility distribution of PMN leukocytes over a varying period of time (0–8 hr) and over a range of 2- to 10-fold supernatant concentration. Pretreatment of PMN leukocytes with neuraminidase substantially reduced their electrophoretic mobility; the addition of LIF to these pretreated cells did not alter their electrophoretic mobility distribution further. The latter finding is particularly significant in view of the fact that neuraminidase pretreatment of the target cells is known to potentiate LIF activity. We conclude that the mechanism of the inhibition of leukocyte migration by LIF does not involve an alteration of the leukocyte surface charge density.
Social support: Its structure and impact on marital disruption

Availability of social support has been hypothesized to play a role in influencing adjustment to marital disruption either directly or by moderating the debilitating effects of stress. Yet previous research has not adequately conceptualized or measured the nature and availability of social support. In an effort to learn more about the structure and impact of social support as it relates to marital disruption, 50 newly separated men and women were interviewed at 2 months and again at 8 months after their separations. The structure of social support was found to include (a) several important sources of support, including family, friends, and the larger community; (b) an index of social activity; and (c) a sense of satisfaction with present marital status. Although the stress associated with separation was positively related to poorer adjustment, certain aspects of social support were found to moderate this relationship.
The therapeutic role of the blues singer and considerations for the clinical applications of the blues form

Blues singers express themselves through the fusion of music and poetry that is the traditional blues form. This form has its origin in the expression of problems and was created out of the suffering of African blacks brought to the United States as a result of the institution of slavery. Through vocal music that later evolved into the traditional blues form, the slaves found one permissible outlet for personal and group expression of pain in a highly stressful situation, a form of cathartic music therapy. The blues form continued to be developed by post-slavery blacks and was established by the end of the 19th century. The most traditional blues form is the classic 12 measure. The following is an example of a typical 12 measure blues lyric, with the bar lines dividing the measures.
Synthesis and characterization of positively charged porphyrin-peptide conjugates.

The total syntheses of 14 porphyrin conjugates containing one to four positively charged amino acids and two distinct linkers are described. All conjugates were fully characterized using spectroscopic methods, and the X-ray structure of a porphyrin isothiocyanate precursor was obtained. In vitro studies using HEp2 cells show that these conjugates have low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 250 μM) and that the extent of their cellular uptake depends significantly on the number, nature, and sequence of amino acids in the peptide, and on the presence of a centrally chelated metal ion. Metal-free conjugates bearing three consecutive arginine residues accumulated the most within cells. On the other hand, the preferential sites of subcellular localization were found to be independent from the number, nature, and sequence of amino acids in the conjugate, the linker, and coordinated metal ion; it is suggested, based on theoretical calculations, that the peptides in these conjugates fold over the porphyrin macrocycle in order ...
Micromechanics of Active Composites With SMA Fibers

The study of the effective thermomechanical response of active fibrous composites with shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers is the subject of this work. A 3-D constitutive response for the SMA fibers is formulated first. To model thermomechanical loading path dependence, an incremental approach is used assuming that within each stress and temperature increment the volume fraction of the martensitic phase remains constant in the SMA fibers. The Mori-Tanaka averaging scheme is then used to give an estimate of the instantaneous effective thermomechanical properties in terms of the thermomechanical properties of the two phases and martensitic volume fraction. A unit cell model for a periodic active composite with cubic and hexagonal arrangement of fibers is also developed to study the effective properties using finite element analysis. It is found that since the fibers and not the matrix undergo the martensitic phase transformation that induces eigenstrains, the Mori-Tanaka averaging scheme accurately models the thermomechanical response of the composite, relative to the finite element analysis, for different loading paths. Specific results are reported for the composite pseudoelastic and shape memory effect for an elastomeric matrix continuous SMA fiber composite.
Construction of Lighthill's unitary functions: The imbricate series of unity

The Poisson Sum Theorem implies that every spatially periodic function f(x) can be written as a so-called ''imbricate'' series, that is, as the superposition of an infinite number of evenly space copies of a pattern function A(x). The pattern is the Fourier Transform of a function a(n) that specifies the usual Fourier coefficients. Because there are many a(n) which coincide with a given set of Fourier coefficients aj when n is an integer, the pattern function A(x) is not unique. In this work, we show how to construct pattern functions of the form A(x) = f(x)@W(x) where f(x) is the periodic function itself (the imbrication of A(x)) and where @W(x) is what Lighthill called a ''unitary'' function. We derive an explicit formula to construct all possible unitary functions and tabulate eight examples. We also prove that all unitary functions are pattern functions of unity, that is, for the imbricate series that sums to f(x) = 1@?x.
Papillary oncocytic cystadenoma of the parotid glands: a report of 2 cases with varied cytologic features.

Background Papillary cystadenoma is a rare salivary gland neoplasm, and oncocytic change can be focal or marked. Papillary oncocytic cystadenoma has been reported mainly in the minor salivary glands and occasionally in the parotid glands. The cytologic features vary. Cases A 26 year-old female presented with a 2.4-cm, cystic right parotid gland mass present for 4 months. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) showed cellular smears with sheets of oncocytic cells and some with micropapillary architecture. The diagnosis of a neoplasm was rendered and excisional biopsy recommended. Oncocytic neoplasm was diagnosed during intraoperative consultation, and final surgical histology showed a unilocular, cystic, oncocytic neoplasm with variable papillary projections. A 52-year-old male presented with a 1.5-cm, cystic left parotid mass enlarging for the past few months. FNA showed less cellular smears with extensive necrotic debris and a few large sheets of epithelial cells with vague papillary architecture. Oncocytic neoplasm was diagnosed during intraoperative consultation, and final surgical histology showed a unilocular cystic lesion with multiple papillary fronds lined with oncocytic cells and focal metaplastic squamous cells. Conclusion Papillary cystadenoma is rare in the parotid glands, and cytologic features may vary. Warthin's tumor, oncocytoma, intraductal papilloma and acinic cell carcinoma may arise in the differential diagnosis. In cases with extensive necrotic debris and metaplastic squamous cells, branchial cyst and cystic metastatic squamous carcinoma may also need to be considered.
Modification of the Cytosensor™ microphysiometer to simultaneously measure extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption rates

Abstract The Cytosensor™ microphysiometer has been modified by incorporating several platinum electrodes into the plunger head. The electrodes have been used to measure simultaneously the change in extracellular oxygen consumption rates and extracellular acidification rates during addition of various non-physiologic agents: 2-deoxy- d -glucose, sodium fluoride, paraoxon-ethyl, and antimycin A. Measurement of two parameters, oxygen and acidification, enables investigation of the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic consequences of these agents. Nafion membranes cast onto the platinum electrodes were useful in minimizing adsorption of cell-related interferents.
Bottom-Up Lawmaking: The Private Origins of Transnational Law

This article introduces one way in which the private sector makes law— bottom-up transnational lawmaking. While this article explores one example in depth— the Berne Union’s regulation of export credit insurance— it concludes that bottom-up lawmaking peppers our legal landscape in a profound and largely unacknowledged way. More specifically, this article discusses how the private sector engages in international lawmaking and contemplates the normative implications of privatized transnational lawmaking.
Balance NAVE: a virtual reality facility for research and rehabilitation of balance disorders

We are currently developing an immersive virtual environment display for research into the rehabilitation of balance disorders, called the Balance NAVE (BNAVE). Using this system, the therapist can create varying degrees of sensory conflict and congruence in persons with balance disorders. With the capability of changing visual scenes based on the needs of the therapist, the BNAVE is a promising tool for rehabilitation. The system uses four PC's, three stereoscopic projectors, and three rear-projected screens, which surround the patient's entire horizontal field of view. The BNAVE can accommodate many types of sensors and actuators for a wide range of experiments.
Electrically stimulated resistance training in SCI individuals increases muscle fatigue resistance but not femoral artery size or blood flow

Longitudinal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lower extremity resistance training on quadriceps fatigability, femoral artery diameter, and femoral artery blood flow. Academic Institution. Five male chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals (American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA): A complete; C5–T10; 36±5 years old) completed 18 weeks of home-based neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) resistance training. Subjects trained the quadriceps muscle group twice a week with four sets of 10 dynamic knee extensions against resistance while in a seated position. All measurements were made before training and after 8, 12, and 18 weeks of training. Ultrasound was used to measure femoral artery diameter and blood flow. Blood flow was measured before and after 5 and 10 min of distal cuff occlusion, and during a 4-min isometric electrical stimulation fatigue protocol. Training resulted in significant increases in weight lifted and muscle mass, as well as a 60% reduction in muscle fatigue (P=0.001). However, femoral arterial diameter did not increase. The range was 0.44±0.03 to 0.46±0.05 cm over the four time points (P=0.70). Resting, reactive hyperemic, and exercise blood flow did not appear to change with training. NMES resistance training improved muscle size and fatigue despite an absence of response in the supplying vasculature. These results suggest that the decreases in arterial caliber and blood flow seen with SCI are not tightly linked to muscle mass and fatigue resistance. In addition, muscle fatigue in SCI patients can be improved without increases in arterial diameter or blood flow capacity. Grants HL65179, HD39676, and HD39676S2.
Resistance to reinfection in mice as a vaccine model for giardiasis.

Infection with Giardia is the most commonly diagnosed parasitic cause of diarrhea in the developed world, yet no vaccine exists for human use and a commercially available veterinary vaccine is of l...
Mechanical behavior of nickel + aluminum powder-reinforced epoxy composites

Abstract The mechanical behavior of composites containing micro-sized Ni particles and micro- or nano-sized Al particles, fabricated by casting/curing with epoxy, were studied to investigate their mechanical behavior for potential application as structural energetic materials. Reverse Taylor anvil-on-rod impact tests combined with high-speed digital photography provided information about the high-strain-rate transient deformation and failure response. The nano Al-containing composite exhibited a higher elastic modulus and static and dynamic compressive strengths than pure epoxy and micro Al-containing composite due to increased cross-link density, as revealed by dynamic mechanical analysis. Microstructural characterization of the cast composites revealed that micro-sized Ni and Al remained homogeneously and intimately mixed within the epoxy matrix. In contrast, the composites containing micro Ni and nano Al showed separation of the nano Al particles, effectively forming a nano Al + epoxy matrix surrounding the Ni particles and consequently altering the physical response and enhancing the mechanical properties of the composite.
Correlates of Physical Activity in Urban Midwestern Latinas

Background: Latinas (Latino women) are at higher risk than non-Latina white women of cardiovascular disease and stroke, primarily because of higher rates of obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Increases in physical activity help control these cardiovascular risk factors, but a higher percentage of Latinas than white women are inactive. The study goals were to identify personal, social environmental, and physical environmental correlates of physical activity of urban-dwelling, Midwestern Latinas and to obtain their recommendations for increasing exercise in their communities. Methods: A face-to-face interview (Women and Physical Activity Survey) that covered personal, social environmental, and physical environmental correlates of physical activity was performed with 300 volunteer Latinas (242 in Spanish, 58 in English), aged 20 to 50 years, living in Chicago. Physical activity was measured with questions on lifestyle and planned leisure activity (exercise) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Results: The sample consisted of urban-dwelling Latinas who were primarily from Mexico and who spoke predominantly Spanish. The breakdown was as follows: 36% met current recommendations for moderate or vigorous physical activity, 52.3% were insufficiently active, and 11.7% were inactive. Physical activity was higher among younger women, married women, and women with the following characteristics: had some confidence about becoming more active, saw people exercising in the neighborhood, attended religious services, or lived in areas with heavy traffic. Conclusions: Interventions need to focus on encouraging Latinas, especially those who are older, to reach the level of physical activity recommended to benefit health. The church may be a suitable community setting for initiating programs that provide women with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to become more active so that they can bring back to the larger Latina community.
Development of an efficient family size solar dryer

Abstract Since the air heater is the most important component in a solar food drying system, improving its performance is desirable, especially when the space available for the dryer is limited and its cost is to be kept as low as possible. The solar system considered is the forced convection type, in which air is driven inside the heater by using a small suction fan of low power consumption. In this work, two configurations of air heaters were tested to increase heat gain without much increase in size or cost. This could be achieved by elongating the air path through the collector or by using two glass covers, between which the air is allowed to flow before it enters the heater. For both configurations, an inexpensive reflecting surface is used to increase heat input Experimental results show an average increase of daily energy input of 40% and 57% for the first and second heater, respectively. This, in turn, increases the thermal efficiency of both heaters. Although the second type is more efficient tha...
Water Vapor Contribution to the Erosion of Steel by High Temperature Flows

Experimental results on the role of water vapor in the mass loss mechanism of steel by hot, high pressure flows are described and interpreted in terms of a surface reaction model. Situations in which highly transient heat transfer and chemical interactions at the gas-metal interface produce erosion of the surface occur in a variety of systems, e.g., gun barrels, gas turbines, vents, nozzles, and furnaces. This research is directed at conditions in which the metal surface temperature remains below the melting point and mass loss is the result of chemical attack. The rate of reaction depends on the unsteady pressure and surface temperature. The study reveals that in high shearing flows, when the build-up of oxide protective layer is limited, surface chemical attack of the steel by water vapor can be the main erosion source in combustion gas atmospheres, and the process is controlled mainly by turbulent transport phenomena.
Accuracy of the Actiheart for the assessment of energy expenditure in adults.

The Actiheart (Mini Mitter, Sunriver, OR, USA) uses heart rate (HR) and activity data to predict activity energy expenditure (AEE). Currently, the Actiheart has only been tested during laboratory conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the Actiheart prediction method against indirect calorimetry during a wide range of activities in a field setting. Forty-eight participants (age: 35±11.4 years) were recruited for the study. Eighteen activities were split into three routines of six activities and each routine was performed by 20 participants. During each routine, the participants wore an Actiheart and simultaneously, AEE was measured with a Cosmed K4b2 portable metabolic system. The manufacturer's HR algorithm, activity algorithm, and combined activity and HR algorithm were used to estimate AEE. The mean error (and 95% prediction intervals) for the combined activity and HR algorithm, HR algorithm, and activity algorithm versus the Cosmed K4b2 were 0.02 kJ kg−1 min−1 (−0.17, 0.22 kJ kg−1 min−1), −0.03 kJ kg−1 min−1 (−0.24, 0.18 kJ kg−1 min−1), and 0.14 kJ kg−1 min−1 (−0.12, 0.40 kJ kg−1 min−1), respectively. The Actiheart combined activity and HR algorithm and HR algorithm provide similar estimates of AEE on both a group and individual basis.
Sa1508 Techniques for Bilateral Self-Expanding Metal Stent (SEMS) Placement for the Palliation of Malignant Hilar Obstruction: A Single Center Experience

side (7, 12.1%), medial side (30, 51.7%), common bile duct (13, 22.4%), gall bladder (3, 5.2%) and others (5, 8.6%). In contrast to 8 cases (13.8%) of emergent operation, 50 patients (86.2%) were conservatively treated and 11 received elective surgery after recovery. As a conservative treatment, a percutaneous drainage of fluid collection was performed in 10 (17.2%) patients and a percutaneous or an endoscopic biliary drainage was used in 26 (44.8%) patients. With 35 patients, a perforation was detected immediately after procedure, but delayed detections which meant permitted oral intake before detection or detection after 24 hours were 18 cases. Although the majority of patients fully recovered, there were 9 (15.5%) patients who experienced a poor prognosis which consisted of a mortality (4, 6.9%), a loss of cure chance with malignancy (1, 1.7%), and a prolonged hospital stay more than 1 month due to two stage operation (1, 1.7%) or an uncontrolled infection without surgery (3, 5.2%). By multiple logistic regression analysis, a perforation at duodenal lateral wall and a rebound tenderness was statistically associated with poor prognosis (p 0.025 and 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: Although most patients fully recovered from a perforation after ERCP, there were 4 mortality cases with this complication. A location of perforation and an existence of rebound tenderness showed association with poor prognosis.
A C35 Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway

Upon coexpression with Erwinia geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGDP) synthase in Escherichia coli, C30 carotenoid synthase CrtM from Staphylococcus aureus produces novel carotenoids with the asymmetrical C35 backbone. The products of condensation of farnesyldiphosphate and GDP, C35 structures comprise 40 to 60% of total carotenoid accumulated. Carotene desaturases and carotene cyclases from C40 or C30 pathways accepted and converted the C35 substrate, thus creating a C35 carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. Directed evolution to modulate desaturase step number, together with combinatorial expression of the desaturase variants with lycopene cyclases, allowed us to produce at least 10 compounds not previously described. This result highlights the plastic and expansible nature of carotenoid pathways and illustrates how combinatorial biosynthesis coupled with directed evolution can rapidly access diverse chemical structures.
Identification of phytodetritus-degrading microbial communities in sublittoral Gulf of Mexico sands

We identified microbial taxa that catalyze phytodetritus degradation and denitrification in permeable coastal sediments of the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Stable isotope probing experiments were used to track the assimilation of isotopically labeled substrate into bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and directly link the taxonomic identification of benthic microorganisms with particulate organic matter degradation and denitrification activity. Phytodetritus deposition events were simulated in the laboratory by the addition of 13C-enriched, heat-killed Spirulina cells to intact sediment core incubations. Immediate increases in O2 consumption (3-fold), N2 efflux (16fold), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen efflux were observed after phytodetritus addition relative to unamended treatments, suggesting that the benthic microbial community was poised to immediately begin oxidizing deposited organic matter. Analyses of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences amplified from 13C-enriched DNA fractions demonstrated that members of the Gammaproteobacteria (Vibrionales and Alteromonadales), Deltaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia ,a ndPlanctomycetes metabolized the phytodetritus amendment. Terminal restriction length polymorphism analyses showed increases in the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes with phytodetritus addition. Alphaproteobacteria were identified as metabolically active denitrifiers by phylogenetic analysis of nitrous oxide reductase gene sequences from 13C-enriched DNA fractions. This study provides the first identification of microorganisms responsible for organic matter degradation in marine sediments by DNA sequence analysis. Microbial assemblages recognized for high-molecular-weight organic matter oxidation in the marine water column were important in catalyzing these processes in permeable sediments.
The Privatization Decision: Public Ends, Private Means

The Stakes * The Architecture of Accountability * Privatization and Public Spending Evidence And Arguments * Organizational Form and Function * The Evidence On Efficiency * The Terms of the Privatization Decision Cases And Cautionary Tales * Lessons from the Pentagon * Local Service Contracting * The Private Prisons Debate * Business, Government, and Job Training Conclusions * The (Limited) Promise of Privatization
PATHOGENICITY OF A VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS SEROTYPE IE VIRUS ISOLATE FOR PONIES

The enzootic or endemic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus (ID, IE, IF, and II-VI) are considered avirulent. In 1993 and 1996, outbreaks of encephalitis occurred in the horse populations in the Chiapas and Oaxaca provinces of Mexico, respectively. In both instances, enzootic VEE virus subserotype IE was isolated from brain tissues of dead horses. The present study investigated the pathogenicity of the Chiapas viral isolate (NVSL VEE IE 93-42124) in ponies. Three ponies were inoculated intradermally with 4, 5, and 6 logs, respectively, of the NVSL VEE IE 93-42124 viral isolate. All ponies showed fluctuations in body temperature, encephalitis, and other signs of infection with VEE virus. Virus was isolated only from the blood of ponies from day 1 to day 3 postinfection. Microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections showed mild to moderate nonsuppurative encephalitis, perivascular cuffing by mononuclear cells, gliosis, and meningoencephalitis. Antibody (IgM) to VEE virus IE was unable to differentiate between various subserotypes of VEE I viruses (serotypes IAB, IC, ID, and IF). Virus neutralizing antibody titers to heterologous VEE I viruses were 10-100-fold less than those for NVSL VEE IE 93-42124 virus and Mena II, a human isolate of VEE IE virus. The study confirmed that NVSL VEE IE 93-42124 virus, which was isolated from a brain of a horse during an outbreak of VEE in Chiapas, Mexico, was pathogenic for ponies.
A sketch of the religious history of the Negroes in the South

“A Bout the last of August came in a Dutch man of warre that sold us twenty negars.” Thus reads the ancient official record which chronicles in those few words one of the most fateful events that has found place in the annals of our country, the introduction of African slavery. The year was 1619, and the place was the little colony of Jamestown, then in the thirteenth year of its existence. The institution at once took root downward and bore fruit upward. The trade rapidly grew and the market enlarged despite many earnest protests, until throughout the thirteen colonies ready sale was found for all the slaves that were offered. The traffic continued for one hundred and eighty-nine years, and when it was finally suppressed in 1808, there was a slave population in the United States numbering considerably over one million. From the first the most popular market was in the South, and ultimately the institution became localized in that section. This was not because of difference of mental and moral attitude in the two sections, but because of different climatic and economic conditions.
Finitude and Hume’s Principle

The paper formulates and proves a strengthening of ‘Frege’s Theorem’, which states that axioms for second-order arithmetic are derivable in second-order logic from Hume’s Principle, which itself says that the number of Fs is the same as the number ofGs just in case the Fs and Gs are equinumerous. The improvement consists in restricting this claim to finite concepts, so that nothing is claimed about the circumstances under which infinite concepts have the same number. ‘Finite Hume’s Principle’ also suffices for the derivation of axioms for arithmetic and, indeed, is equivalent to a version of them, in the presence of Frege’s definitions of the primitive expressions of the language of arithmetic. The philosophical significance of this result is also discussed.
Community Occupational Structure, Medical and Economic Resources, and Coronary Mortality among U.S. Blacks and Whites, 1980–1988

Abstract PURPOSE: To examine the association between coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, economic and medical resources, and county occupational structure. METHODS: U.S. counties were classified into five occupational structure categories based on the percentage of workers in white-collar occupations. Directly age-adjusted CHD mortality rates (from vital statistics and Census data) and economic and medical care data (from Census and Area Resource File data) were calculated for each occupational structure category. Participants were black and white, men and women, aged 35–64 years, in the U.S. during 1980–88. CHD mortality rates and economic and medical care data were compared across occupational structure categories. RESULTS: Among blacks, CDH rates were highest in counties with intermediate levels of occupational structure; rates among whites were inversely associated with occupational structure. Per capita levels of income and numbers of medical-care providers were positively associated with occupational structure. CONCLUSION: Strategies to improve the resources of disadvantaged communities and the access of black workers to local occupational opportunities may be important for CHD prevention in high risk populations.
Complex oscillations and chaos in a simple neuron model

To study the factors that contribute to the changes of burst patterns, the author formulates a four-variable neuronal model. The model contains (i) a voltage-dependent fast Na/sup +/ current that is responsible for the upstroke of spikes; (ii) a delayed rectifying voltage-gated K/sup +/ current which is responsible for the repolarization of spikes; (iii) a voltage-activated slow Ca/sup 2+/ current which brings about a slow underlying wave; and (iv) the intracellular Ca/sup 2+/ concentration which inactivates the Ca/sup 2+/ current. With this model, the author shows how the model neuron can transform simple oscillations to bursting, to chaos, and to multi-peaked oscillations, as the opening of the gates of K/sup +/ and Ca/sup 2+/ channels slows down. The present simulation thus indicates that the channel gating variables are very important in the generation of chaotic signaling. >
Effectiveness for Embedded Spheres and Balls

Abstract We consider arbitrary dimensional spheres and closed balls embedded in Rn as ⫫01 classes. Such a strong restriction on the topology of a ⫫01 class has computability theoretic repercussions. Algebraic topology plays a crucial role in our exploration of these consequences; the use of homology chains as computational objects allows us to take algorithmic advantage of the topological structure of our ⫫01 classes. We show that a sphere embedded as a ⫫01 class is necessarily located, i.e., the distance to the class is a computable function, or equivalently, the class contains a computably enumerable dense set of computable points. Similarly, a ball embedded as a ⫫01 class has a dense set of computable points, though not necessarily c.e. To prove location for balls, it is sufficient to assume that both it and its boundary sphere are ⫫01. However, the converse fails, even for arcs; using a priority argument, we prove that there is a located arc in R2 without computable endpoints. Finally, the requirement that the embedding map itself be computable is shown to be stronger than the other effectiveness criteria considered. A characterization in terms of computable local contractibility is stated the proof will be the subject of a sequel.
Correlation of Auditory Acuity with Peripheral Electrical Response of the Acoustic Mechanism

(1936). Correlation of Auditory Acuity with Peripheral Electrical Response of the Acoustic Mechanism. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 409-419.
Supraglottic contribution to voice quality

Summary Although there has been continuing interest in voice quality, much of this research has focused on the vocal folds rather than the supraglottal structures. This paper reports the use of videoendoscopy for studying supraglottal participation in various singing tasks. In a preliminary study presented last year by the present authors, CT scanning was used to corroborate videoendoscopic observation. Vocal tract activities observed included variation of laryngeal height with pitch, variation of pharyngeal wall dimension with pitch and vowel, and marked supraglottic constriction with certain vocal imitations. In order to gain a better understanding of vocal training, and its effect upon vocal tract physiology, a study was designed using videoendoscopy to observe singers with significant experience and training while performing various vocal tasks. The tasks focused on the following: (1) vocal tract activity associated with pitch changes; (2) the physiology involved in the production of “cover”; (3) the structures involved in the production of vibrato; and (4) the physiology of the singer's “ring.” It would appear that videoendoscopy will become increasingly more valuable to the voice community as our understanding of vocal tract physiology improves.
Auditors' Use of Inconsistent Evidence: Auditor's Use of Inconsistent Evidence

Analytical procedures are an important audit tool worldwide (ISA 520, SAS 56). Auditors use analytical procedures to develop explanations for unexpected changes in accounts, and evaluate those explanations on the basis of further audit evidence. Research has found that people have difficulty using evidence inconsistent with proposed explanations, and thus may accept explanations that are false. The purpose of this paper is to study how auditors treat evidence inconsistent with analytical procedures explanations. Practising auditors at three levels of experience completed a two?stage task, generating explanations for an initial set of financial information and then revising their explanation list after receiving an expanded information set. Decision processes were captured through verbal protocols. Process analysis showed that the ability to evaluate evidence varied by experience level. Managers and seniors were better than assistants at recognizing inconsistent evidence, while managers outperformed other experience levels in integrating inconsistent evidence. Further, managers generated more and better explanations than other ranks after encountering new information. The implications for auditing research and practice are discussed.
Efficient microcode arrangement and controller synthesis for application specific integrated circuits

The authors present a controller synthesizer for application-specific multi-function-unit processors. They describe the data path, control path, and timing scheme of the design. They discuss the optimization problems for this architecture, including the translation of a controller-independent schedule into a microprogram to fit the timing scheme and the address assignment of micro-words. They verify the designs using a function simulator and a timing simulator. The synthesized results are proved to be correct by simulation, and a design with 22 ns for each phase, which corresponds to 23 MHz, has been obtained. >
The Effect of Trails on Soil in the Oak Openings of Northwest Ohio

ABSTRACT: Trails are a form of recreational disturbance affecting natural areas. Trail disturbances can cause soil degradation such as compaction, which facilitates soil erosion and overland water flow. This study analyzed the effects of four different types of trails—paved, gravel, equestrian, and hiking—on soils in the Oak Openings of Northwest Ohio, a globally rare ecosystem that harbors more than a third of Ohio's rare plant species. Bulk density and soil moisture content were measured in order to determine physical impacts of trails. Soil pH, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and dissolved organic C and N concentrations were measured to determine effects on soil chemistry. Finally, soil microbial biomass and exoenzyme activities were measured to determine biological responses to trail disturbances. Soils from the gravel trail were the most affected by the trail, with significant effects on chemical (PO43-concentration) and biological (phosphatase and NAG activity, and MB-N) properties. The soils near the...
A two-way street: bridging implementation science and cultural adaptations of mental health treatments

Racial and ethnic disparities in the United States exist along the entire continuum of mental health care, from access and use of services to the quality and outcomes of care. Efforts to address these inequities in mental health care have focused on adapting evidence-based treatments to clients’ diverse cultural backgrounds. Yet, like many evidence-based treatments, culturally adapted interventions remain largely unused in usual care settings. We propose that a viable avenue to address this critical question is to create a dialogue between the fields of implementation science and cultural adaptation. In this paper, we discuss how integrating these two fields can make significant contributions to reducing racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care. The use of cultural adaptation models in implementation science can deepen the explicit attention to culture, particularly at the client and provider levels, in implementation studies making evidence-based treatments more responsive to the needs and preferences of diverse populations. The integration of both fields can help clarify and specify what to adapt in order to achieve optimal balance between adaptation and fidelity, and address important implementation outcomes (e.g., acceptability, appropriateness). A dialogue between both fields can help clarify the knowledge, skills and roles of who should facilitate the process of implementation, particularly when cultural adaptations are needed. The ecological perspective of implementation science provides an expanded lens to examine how contextual factors impact how treatments (adapted or not) are ultimately used and sustained in usual care settings. Integrating both fields can also help specify when in the implementation process adaptations may be considered in order to enhance the adoption and sustainability of evidence-based treatments. Implementation science and cultural adaptation bring valuable insights and methods to how and to what extent treatments and/or context should be customized to enhance the implementation of evidence-based treatments across settings and populations. Developing a two-way street between these two fields can provide a better avenue for moving the best available treatments into practice and for helping to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care.
Electrical power generation characteristics of piezoelectric generator under quasi-static and dynamic stress conditions

The electrical characteristics of a piezoelectric power generator are investigated under quasi-static (duration >100 ms) and dynamic (stress duration <10 ms) stress applications. The electromechanical model of piezoelectric generator is presented and used to explain the effects of the two stress conditions. A computer simulation of the piezoelectric generator is used to compare the theoretical and experimental results. The simulation predicts that a quasi-static stress will produce a bidirectional generator output voltage, and a dynamic stress will produce a unidirectional output voltage. The simulation also predicts that, when equal stresses are applied to the generator, the dynamic stress will generate a 10/spl times/ higher output voltage than the quasi-static stress, contradicting results reported by other investigators. The output voltage is different for the two cases because of the generator's resistive capacitive (RC) time constant. The dynamic stress is applied in a time that is less than the generator's RC time constant, and the quasi-static stress is applied in a time greater than the generator's RC time constant. The piezoelectric capacitance has enough time to charge in the quasi-static case, resulting in the lower output voltage. The simulation results are experimentally verified for leaded zirconia titanate PZT 5H and PZT 5A materials. Simulated and experimental results are shown to be in good agreement.
Recognition of the Protein Kinase AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE1 by the Disease Resistance Protein RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE5 Is Dependent on S-Acylation and an Exposed Loop in AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE1

The recognition of pathogen effector proteins by plants is typically mediated by intracellular receptors belonging to the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family. NLR proteins often detect pathogen effector proteins indirectly by detecting modification of their targets. How NLR proteins detect such modifications is poorly understood. To address these questions, we have been investigating the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NLR protein RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE5 (RPS5), which detects the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein Avirulence protein Pseudomonas phaseolicolaB (AvrPphB). AvrPphB is a cysteine protease that specifically targets a subfamily of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, including the Arabidopsis protein kinase AVRPPHB Susceptible1 (PBS1). RPS5 is activated by the cleavage of PBS1 at the apex of its activation loop. Here, we show that RPS5 activation requires that PBS1 be localized to the plasma membrane and that plasma membrane localization of PBS1 is mediated by amino-terminal S-acylation. We also describe the development of a high-throughput screen for mutations in PBS1 that block RPS5 activation, which uncovered four new pbs1 alleles, two of which blocked cleavage by AvrPphB. Lastly, we show that RPS5 distinguishes among closely related kinases by the amino acid sequence (SEMPH) within an exposed loop in the C-terminal one-third of PBS1. The SEMPH loop is located on the opposite side of PBS1 from the AvrPphB cleavage site, suggesting that RPS5 associates with the SEMPH loop while leaving the AvrPphB cleavage site exposed. These findings provide support for a model of NLR activation in which NLR proteins form a preactivation complex with effector targets and then sense a conformational change in the target induced by effector modification.
Factor V Leiden

You may have been tested for the condition known as factor V Leiden (pronounced factor five lye/-den) because you or someone in your family has had a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the body (also called deep vein thrombosis, or DVT) or a blood clot that traveled to the lung (also called a pulmonary embolism, or PE). Thrombophilia is the term used to describe the propensity of some people to form abnormal blood clots, and it may be either a condition that developed during your lifetime or that you inherited through your family. Some examples of situations in which thrombophilia develops include cancer, diabetes, obesity, and surgery. This Cardiology Patient Page will concentrate on factor V Leiden, the most common cause of inherited thrombophilia. The job of the blood is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all the tissues of the body. Blood must remain in fluid form and does so through a series of complex biochemical reactions. Blood also has a mechanism to counteract to these reactions, if necessary, to stop bleeding in the case of injury to the blood vessels. This is the process of coagulation, which consists of enzymes forming a clot to plug leaks in blood vessels while other blood enzymes repair the damage. There is a delicate balance at work to ensure that there is enough — but not too much — clotting power in the blood. Not enough clotting power leads to bleeding problems, whereas too much clotting power (thrombophilia) can lead to the formation of dangerous blood clots. The state of this normal balance between bleeding and clotting differs from person to person, and many things can upset the balance (Figure). Factors that increase the risk of developing a DVT or PE. Factor V is a protein …