cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Self-Efficacy, the Research Training Environment, and Research Productivity among Graduate Students in Counseling Psychology

The relationship between research self-efficacy, the research training environment, and research productivity was examined among a sample of 125 graduate students in counseling psychology. All participants completed a measure of self-efficacy in research, the Research Training Environment Scale, and a demographic questionnaire that included a measure of research productivity. Results revealed a positive relationship between research self-efficacy and the research training environment, and between self-efficacy and productivity. A significant relationship was not observed between the research training environment and productivity when the data were analyzed across all participants. Developmental differences between beginning versus advanced graduate students were examined, as were possible differences based on gender and ethnicity. Implications of the findings for training and research are discussed.
Arthroscopic Debridement for First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis With a 2- Versus 3-Portal Technique: A Cadaveric Study

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of arthroscopic debridement for arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint using a 2-portal technique versus a 3-portal technique. Methods: Twelve cadavers, with a mean age of 60 years, were subjected to arthroscopic debridement of the first MTP joint. Dorsolateral and dorsomedial portals were used in 6 specimens, whereas a medial portal was added in the other 6 specimens. The articular cartilage was debrided on both the proximal and distal surfaces and stabilized with a K-wire. The surrounding neurovascular structures were evaluated for injuries and measured for the distance from the portals. The fusion contact areas were estimated and denuded surfaces were measured on both sides. Results between the 2- and 3-portal techniques were compared. Statistical significance was taken as P .05. Results: The mean estimated fusion contact area was 180.19 mm 2 on the proximal phalanx and 180.21 mm 2 on the distal metatarsal articular surfaces. On the proximal phalanx, the percentage of denuded area was 94.71% with the 2-portal technique and 97.60% with the 3-portal technique. On the distal metatarsal, the percentage of denuded area was 93.31% with the 2-portal technique and 95.22% with the 3-portal technique. The 3-portal technique statistically increased the area of debridement on the plantar-medial surface of the distal metatarsal. The mean distance from the dorsolateral portal to the dorsolateral hallucal nerve was 3.4 mm. The mean distance from the dorsomedial portal to the dorsomedial hallucal nerve was 4 mm. The medial portal was, on average, 10.5 mm from the dorsomedial hallucal nerve and 13 mm from the plantar-medial hallucal nerve. There was no visible nerve injury detected. Conclusions: The 3-portal technique for arthroscopic-assisted arthrodesis of the first MTP joint allowed more complete cartilage debridement when compared with the 2-portal technique. The additional medial portal was found to be safe from the surrounding neurovascular structures. Clinical Relevance: Joint preparation for arthroscopic assisted arthrodesis of the first MTP joint can be safely and effectively performed using 3-portal technique, which may reduce the risk of non-union.
Maturation decreases responsiveness of human bone marrow B lineage cells to stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1).

We compared the chemotactic respon- siveness of different subsets of human B lineage cells to stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1). High percentages (30-40% of input) of purified bone marrow progenitors including non-B lineage pro- genitors, pro-B cells, and pre-B cells migrated to SDF-1a, demonstrating that SDF-1 is an effica- cious chemoattractant of these cells. Pro-B cells responded optimally to a lower concentration of SDF-1 than other subsets, demonstrating that SDF-1 is a more potent chemoattractant of this subset. A lower percentage (10-15% of input) of mature B lymphocytes migrated to SDF-1a than pro-B cells, demonstrating that responsiveness of B lineage cells to SDF-1 decreases during differentiation. Inhibition by anti-CXCR4 mAb demonstrated that migration of B lineage cells to SDF-1 was com- pletely dependent on CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4). Mature B cells expressed higher levels of CXCR4 receptors than uncommitted progenitors and pro-B cells, despite differences in responsive- ness to SDF-1. CXCR4 receptors expressed by unresponsive and SDF-1-responsive B cells bound SDF-1a with similar affinities (KD 5 1.7-3.3 3 10 -9 M). Therefore, elements downstream from CXCR4 appear to regulate responsiveness of B cells to SDF-1. We speculate that SDF-1 and CXCR4 direct migration of progenitor cells in microenviron- ments that promote B lymphopoiesis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 667-673; 1999.
Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin on inhibiting peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis in acute Kawasaki disease.

UNLABELLED This study aimed to explore the therapeutic mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for Kawasaki disease (KD). Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) obtained from 26 children with KD and 20 age-matched healthy children were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), and the percentage of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation were assayed at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in vitro. The patients were divided into two groups: one treated with aspirin combined with IVIG (n = 16) and one treated with aspirin alone (n = 10). PBLs were stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin to evaluate the lymphocyte proliferative response. Compared with normal controls, the apoptotic cell percentage and the DNA fragmentation were markedly decreased (p < 0.001) and delayed in PBLs from KD patients. After IVIG treatment, the decreased percentage of apoptotic cell and delayed DNA fragmentation were restored to the state of the normal controls, accompanied by a fast clinical remission compared with the aspirin-alone group. The lymphocyte proliferative response was also decreased 3-5 d after IVIG therapy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results suggest that decreased PBL apoptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of KD. The therapeutic mechanism of IVIG in KD may be partially due to the reversal of the inhibited lymphocyte apoptosis, and may have implications for other autoimmune diseases with inefficient lymphocyte apoptosis.
Regulation of Proto-Oncogenic Dbl by Chaperone-Controlled, Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation

The dbl proto-oncogene product is a prototype of a growing family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that stimulate the activation of small GTP-binding proteins from the Rho family. Mutations that result in the loss of proto-Dbl's amino terminus produce a variant with constitutive GEF activity and high oncogenic potential. Here, we show that proto-Dbl is a short-lived protein that is kept at low levels in cells by efficient ubiquitination and degradation. The cellular fate of proto-Dbl is regulated by interactions with the chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp90 and the protein-ubiquitin ligase CHIP, and these interactions are mediated by the spectrin domain of proto-Dbl. We show that CHIP is the E3 ligase responsible for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of proto-Dbl, while Hsp90 functions to stabilize the protein. Onco-Dbl, lacking the spectrin homology domain, cannot bind these regulators and therefore accumulates in cells at high levels, leading to persistent stimulation of its downstream signaling pathways.
Still another way to calculate representations of the three-dimensional pure rotation group

An explicit formula is derived for exp ( i β J z ) as a finite sum of irreducible tensor components. With this formula, a technique is developed to obtain the matrix elements of exp ( i β J y ).
Ranching in the Amazon basin - Large-scale changes observed by AVHRR

The contribution that AVHRR data can make to resolving the controversy about the deforestation of the Amazon region is discussed. The most significant types of information which such data can supply are pointed out. A color composite is shown and discussed, showing how it points out areas of deforestation.
Understanding the school outcomes of juvenile offenders: an exploration of neighborhood influences and motivational resources.

As a group, delinquent youth complete less education and show poor academic outcomes compared to their non–delinquent peers. To better understand pathways to school success, this study integrated individual- and neighborhood-level data to examine academic functioning among 833 White, Black, and Hispanic male juvenile offenders (age 14–17) living in two urban communities. A multilevel path analysis confirmed that youth in relatively more affluent communities report greater access to opportunities in the areas of education and employment, and that these opportunities are associated with higher expectations to succeed and better grades. Findings highlight the importance of taking an ecological approach for understanding processes that shape school effort and achievement. Implications are discussed in the context of promoting academic success among juvenile offenders, specifically, and for understanding pathways to healthy adjustment, more generally.
Ethics, engineering, and sustainable development

The author attempts to provide the rationale for a philosophy of engineering ethics grounded in the notion of sustainable development. It is central to his thesis that this new philosophy can be best inculcated into the culture of engineering through engineering education-experience and intuition are not enough. Engineering ethicists must work more closely with engineering scientists to ensure that all facets of sustainable technology become a practical reality. While professors of engineering science can increase awareness by stimulating engineering students to build sustainable ideas into their designs, professors of engineering ethics might work to complement this by helping to transform the attitudes, values, and philosophies of the new engineer. If the engineering profession can accomplish this grand challenge through engineering ethics education, and train future engineers to become leaders in business and social policy, as well as counselors to corporate executives and citizens alike, they can finally fulfill their professional ideal as benefactor of humankind, and no longer be cast as obedient servants to corporatism.
Unsupervised named-entity extraction from the Web: An experimental study

The KnowItAll system aims to automate the tedious process of extracting large collections of facts (e.g., names of scientists or politicians) from the Web in an unsupervised, domain-independent, and scalable manner. The paper presents an overview of KnowItAll's novel architecture and design principles, emphasizing its distinctive ability to extract information without any hand-labeled training examples. In its first major run, KnowItAll extracted over 50,000 class instances, but suggested a challenge: How can we improve KnowItAll's recall and extraction rate without sacrificing precision? This paper presents three distinct ways to address this challenge and evaluates their performance. Pattern Learning learns domain-specific extraction rules, which enable additional extractions. Subclass Extraction automatically identifies sub-classes in order to boost recall (e.g., ''chemist'' and ''biologist'' are identified as sub-classes of ''scientist''). List Extraction locates lists of class instances, learns a ''wrapper'' for each list, and extracts elements of each list. Since each method bootstraps from KnowItAll's domain-independent methods, the methods also obviate hand-labeled training examples. The paper reports on experiments, focused on building lists of named entities, that measure the relative efficacy of each method and demonstrate their synergy. In concert, our methods gave KnowItAll a 4-fold to 8-fold increase in recall at precision of 0.90, and discovered over 10,000 cities missing from the Tipster Gazetteer.
On-way slow light in nonreciprocal low-symmetry metamaterials

It is shown that metamaterials containing magnetooptical media exhibit nonreciprocal properties ranging from polarization dependent isolation to one-way slow-light. This opens a new avenues to control light and design ultracompact nonreciprocal optical elements.
Static and Dynamic Measures of Learning in Young Handicapped Children

The purpose of this study was two-fold. We compared children's performance on static and dynamic assessment and we compared two different types of dynamic assessment, graduated prompt and mediation. Forty-four young handicapped children (mean age = 68. 75 months) par-this study, In Phase I of the study, children repeived static and graduated prompt assessment. Children who did not on graduated prompt assessment received a secon essment in Phase II of the study. In Phase II ueted prompt or mediation dynamic assessm. as found between static and graduated p 34% of the children, static and dgrac sistent Therefore, graduated prornot a ntial of children that was not identli ance findings indicated that the gradudid not differ. Analysis of children who er scores for the mediation group. on and graduated prompt scores were at identified learning potential of children graduated prompt assessment.
NAD(P)H Oxidase Mediates Angiotensin II–Induced Vascular Macrophage Infiltration and Medial Hypertrophy

Objective— Our preliminary data suggested that angiotensin II (Ang II)–induced reactive oxygen species are involved in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and leukocyte infiltration in the rat thoracic aorta. Other reports demonstrating reactive oxygen species–induced cell growth suggested a potential role of NAD(P)H oxidase in vascular hypertrophy. In the present study, we postulate that NAD(P)H oxidase is functionally involved in Ang II–induced ICAM-1 expression, macrophage infiltration, and vascular growth, and that oxidase inhibition attenuates these processes independently of a reduction in blood pressure. Methods and Results— Rats were infused subcutaneously with vehicle or Ang II (750 μg/kg per day) for 1 week in the presence or absence of gp91 docking sequence (gp91ds)-tat peptide (1 mg/kg per day), a cell-permeant inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase. Immunohistochemical staining for ICAM-1 and ED1, a marker of monocytes and macrophages, showed that both were markedly increased with Ang II compared with vehicle and were reduced in rats receiving Ang II plus gp91ds-tat. This effect was accompanied by an Ang II–induced increase in medial hypertrophy that was attenuated by coinfusion of gp91ds-tat; however, gp91ds-tat had no effect on blood pressure. Conclusions— Ang II–enhanced NAD(P)H oxidase plays a role in the induction of ICAM-1 expression, leukocyte infiltration, and vascular hypertrophy, acting independently of changes in blood pressure.
Mutual Fund Economies of Scale: A Longitudinal Study, 1993-2011

Since some mutual fund expenses are fixed costs, asset growth ought to reduce the fund’s expense ratio. As affirmed by Jones v. Harris Associates, economies of scale is a factor considered by courts in evaluating the reasonableness of mutual fund fees. Using a longitudinal data set containing 30,757 observations on 2,610 funds and estimating a cost function with the log difference of fund expenses as the dependent variable, I find that elasticity of the change in fund costs with respect to the change in assets is less than one, implying the existence of scale economies for the average mutual fund.
Numerical Modeling of Diurnal Convergence Oscillations Above Sloping Terrain

Abstract We document the development and Sensitivity testing of a numerical model designed to predict diurnal cycles of boundary-layer flows of synoptic horizontal scale above sloping terrain. This application requires detailed vertical resolution of low-level jets, mixed layers and sharp inversions above terrain with large pointwise variations. The truncation errors of the pressure gradient term are of special concern. This term is computed using a thermodynamic state carried as a deviation from a standard state. Turbulent mixing is based upon a simplified diagnostic treatment. The final model produces rather stable solutions because of the rather careful pressure gradient calculation and strong physical dissipation. Sensitivity testing indicates that the model prediction of diurnal convergence cycles depends upon soil parameters. Results are also sensitive to absolute rotation and mixing parameterizations, but not equally sensitive to longwave radiative flux divergence. Applications over complex North A...
Trends In IT Human Resources And Its Impact On Curriculum Design

In light of rapid changes in technology and business, institutions of higher education face the difficult task of adapting their curriculum to be general enough to cover all the core concepts of the discipline while being specific enough to prepare students with the knowledge and skills needed by businesses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) forecasts that the demand for IT professionals in the United States will continue to increase but the demand will not be evenly distributed across all areas. The BLS breaks future demand into job categories but it does not explore the meta-trends that will drive future job growth and is thus of limited value for curriculum development purposes. This paper reviews existing literature and develops a conceptual framework of the meta-trends driving job growth. This framework is intended to be used as a guide by Information Technology curriculum committees to aid in establishing a curriculum that meets the needs of key stakeholders while avoiding the trap of chasing the latest fads.
The Demographic Stretch of the Arc of Life: Social and Cultural Changes That Follow the Demographic Transition

The demographic transition from high to low levels of mortality and fertility brings about changes that stretch the “arc of life” making each stage of life longer and creating new ones-a phenomenon we call “the demographic stretch.” This stretch can transform societal structure for example by extending childhood shifting working ages up delaying marriage and childbearing improving women’s status and equity and pushing the burden of chronic disease and disability to older ages. Global health efforts must address the resultant economic and social changes.
Communicating with Colleagues

This article discusses how to effectively communicate and build professional relationships with colleagues.
The Global Digital Divide: What the Indices Reveal

This study focuses attention upon groups of countries at varying levels of development (high, medium and low), determines what types of information technology policies have been implemented within them and shows where such countries are in the various technological indices to indicate the level at which the digital divide can be said to exist in the various regions of the world with special emphasis on the Asia-Pacific region. It provides a window for policy makers to determine the impact of such policies upon economic growth and development in these groups of countries. It can ultimately determine their interconnectivity with the rest of the world and the significance of that digital divide.
Abnormal expression of aldose reductase mRNA in fiber cells of cataractous rat lens. Analysis by in situ hybridization.

Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme of the polyol pathway, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic and galactosemic cataracts. AR mRNA is a specific transcript of the lens epithelial cells. However, in addition to its presence at high levels in the epithelial cells at the equator, it is also found at significant concentrations in fiber cells at the lens bow. In this study we extended our previous work, and examined the distribution of AR mRNA by in situ hybridization in lens of rats maintained on a 50% galactose diet for up to 20 days, then reversed to a normal diet for an additional 20 days. It was found that within 8 days on galactose the posterior AR mRNA dissipated, with no clear increase in this transcript in the lens epithelial cells. By 16 to 17 days on galactose, the surviving fiber cells in the equatorial region appeared to express AR mRNA; these cells in the normal lens contain insignificant amounts of AR mRNA, as we have previously demonstrated. AR mRNA in the fiber cells of the same base length as that found in the control, indicating that the AR mRNA in these cells may not represent a degraded transcript. Upon reversal of the cataracts, the posterior AR mRNA re-accumulates, and the fiber cells at the equator appear to have lost the AR mRNA that accumulated during the period of exposure to galactose. The data demonstrate that during formation of galactose-cataract, surviving cortical fiber cells express significant levels of AR mRNA, while following withdrawal from galactose these fiber cells lose that activity.
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show abnormalities during initial and subsequent phases of precision gripping.

Sensorimotor impairments are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but they are not well understood. Here we examined force control during initial pulses and the subsequent rise, sustained, and...
HF SKYWAVE RADAR MEASUREMENT OF HURRICANE WINDS AND WAVES

We measured significant wave height, and surface wind speed and direction for the first two Gulf of Mexico hurricanes of the 1977 season using a high frequency (HF) skywave radar. The radar measurements were made from California by using the SRI-operated Wide Aperture Research Facility (WARF). We recorded sea backscatter for hurricanes Anita and Babe, at distances more than 3000 km from the WARF, by means of single F-layer ionospheric reflection. We compiled real-time maps of the surface wind direction field within a radial distance of 200 km of the storm center, then estimated the hurricane position from these radar wind maps, and developed a track for Anita over a 4 day period between 30 August and 2 September 1977 as the storm moved westward across the Gulf of Mexico. The radar track was computed from 17 independent position estimates made before Anita crossed the Mexican coast, and was subsequently compared to the official track produced by National Hurricane Center (NHC). Agreement between the WARF position estimates and coincident temporal positions on the NHC smooth track was ±19 km. At approximately 0000Z on 1 September 1977, Anita passed within 50 km of the National Data Buoy Office (NDBO) open ocean moored buoy EB-71, and provided us with the opportunity to compare WARF estimates of the significant wave height, and surface wind speed and direction in all four quadrants of the storm with those made at the buoy. Agreement between the WARF and EB-71 measurements was within 10%. Two days after Anita crossed land, tropical storm Babe—a weaker, short-lived storm—developed. WARF estimates of the significant wave height, and surface wind speed and direction were made for selected regions of the storm.* No in situ wave measurements were available for comparison to the WARF measurements. WARF estimates of the wind speed were compared to wind speed measurements made at nearby oil platforms, and surface wind speeds computed from flight level winds (305 m) measured by a NOAA reconnaissance aircraft. Agreement was again within 10%. The purpose of this paper is to describe the capability of remotely monitoring hurricanes and other open ocean storms by using an HF skywave radar. We will describe the important aspects of the WARF skywave radar, the sea echo Doppler spectra, the method of analysis used to estimate the wave and wind parameters, and the accuracy of these radar-derived quantities.
Reliability and Convergent Validity of the Klontz Money Script Inventory-Revised (KMSI-R)

Few contemporary, empirically-based instruments exist to assess attitudes and beliefs about money despite a large research base linking mental health outcomes to financial beliefs. An abbreviated form of the Klontz Money Script Inventory (KMSI), the Klontz Money Script Inventory-Revised (KMSI-R), has been developed to inform mental health practitioners and financial advisors about the money attitudes and beliefs of their clients using an empiricallybased instrument. This study examined the technical adequacy of the KMSI-R among a sample of college students (n = 326). Results indicate high reliability for the KMSI-R as well as weakto-moderate positive correlations when compared to the Money Attitude Scales.
Emerging infectious diseases and pathogens.

Emerging infectious diseases are caused by old, new, and mutant microorganisms. Emergence of these pathogens can be attributed to changes in the characteristics and risk factors of patients, the widespread use of antibiotics, changes in the environment, the role of xenotransplantation, and international travel. In the United States, the incidences of C. difficile, cyclosporiasis, enterohemorrhagic E. coli gastroenteritis, Hantavirus, hepatitis C virus infection, and Lyme disease have increased significantly over the past two decades. Malassezia pachydermatis, extended spectrum beta lactamase (<SBL), Gram negative bacilli, and antibiotic resistant Enterococci, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and M. tuberculosis have also emerged prominently. Although not yet seen in the United States, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has made a great emotional impact on this country. Identifying, treating, and controlling emerging infectious disease and pathogens have created enormous challenges.
Long-term Patient Outcomes After Microsurgical Treatment of Blister-Like Aneurysms of the Basilar Artery

BACKGROUND Blister-like aneurysms (BLAs) are challenging lesions that require unique microsurgical strategies. BLAs are predominantly found along the internal carotid artery; however, BLAs of the basilar artery are a rare subset that requires a modified treatment strategy. OBJECTIVE To discuss the microsurgical management and review the long-term outcomes of patients with BLAs of the basilar artery. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the surgical technique, postoperative results, and long-term outcomes of all patients with basilar artery BLAs treated at our institution from 2005 to 2011. RESULTS Four patients with basilar artery BLAs were identified over this 6-year interval. All 4 patients were treated by direct microsurgical clipping. A thin layer of cotton reinforcement was used beneath the clip tines to minimize the risk of clip slippage in 2 of 4 patients; 1 patient required adjunctive endovascular stent placement for residual aneurysm after clipping. Complete obliteration of all aneurysms was achieved, and there has been no recurrence at mean clinical follow-up of 72 months (median, 74.5; range, 37-103) and imaging follow-up of 48 months (median, 54; range 12-72). CONCLUSION Direct clipping with or without cotton reinforcement can obliterate basilar BLAs with excellent long-term outcomes. Clip wrapping is not an option for these lesions given the proximity to perforating branches. Endovascular techniques provide a useful adjunctive strategy; however, risks with antiplatelet therapy in the acute subarachnoid hemorrhage period must be considered.
SU-F-T-111: Investigation of the Attila Deterministic Solver as a Supplement to Monte Carlo for Calculating Out-Of-Field Radiotherapy Dose

Purpose: To use the Attila deterministic solver as a supplement to Monte Carlo for calculating out-of-field organ dose in support of epidemiological studies looking at the risks of second cancers. Supplemental dosimetry tools are needed to speed up dose calculations for studies involving large-scale patient cohorts. Methods: Attila is a multi-group discrete ordinates code which can solve the 3D photon-electron coupled linear Boltzmann radiation transport equation on a finite-element mesh. Dose is computed by multiplying the calculated particle flux in each mesh element by a medium-specific energy deposition cross-section. The out-of-field dosimetry capability of Attila is investigated by comparing average organ dose to that which is calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. The test scenario consists of a 6 MV external beam treatment of a female patient with a tumor in the left breast. The patient is simulated by a whole-body adult reference female computational phantom. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using MCNP6 and XVMC. Attila can export a tetrahedral mesh for MCNP6, allowing for a direct comparison between the two codes. The Attila and Monte Carlo methods were also compared in terms of calculation speed and complexity of simulation setup. A key perquisite for this work was the modeling of a Varian Clinac 2100 linear accelerator. Results: The solid mesh of the torso part of the adult female phantom for the Attila calculation was prepared using the CAD software SpaceClaim. Preliminary calculations suggest that Attila is a user-friendly software which shows great promise for our intended application. Computational performance is related to the number of tetrahedral elements included in the Attila calculation. Conclusion: Attila is being explored as a supplement to the conventional Monte Carlo radiation transport approach for performing retrospective patient dosimetry. The goal is for the dosimetry to be sufficiently accurate for use in retrospective epidemiological investigations.
Die Erinnerung an Heine in Bayern

Kurz nach seinem Englandaufenthalt und unmittelbar vor der Italienreise, genauer vom 26. November 1827 bis zum 2. August 1828, hat Heinrich Heine — er war damals 30 Jahre alt — in Bayern gelebt. Er fuhrte dort die Redaktion von Cottas »Neuen Politischen Annalen«, bewegte sich in der ›besseren Gesellschaft‹, hatte zahlreiche Kontakte zu Kunstlern, musste dort die Hoffnung auf die Ubernahme einer Professur begraben und uberwarf sich schlieslich mit dem Munchner Katholizismus und seinen Reprasentanten. Er brach zu seiner Italienreise auf und kehrte nicht mehr dauerhaft nach Munchen zuruck. Was erinnert uns heute in Bayern an Heine? Welche sichtbaren Zeichen seines Aufenthaltes gibt es heute noch zu besichtigen?
Ethnic politics and election campaigns in contemporary Africa: evidence from Ghana and Kenya

ABSTRACTWhy do some political parties in new democracies base their campaigns on promises of national public goods while others do not? Parties in new democracies often eschew programmatic policy proposals in favour of appealing to voters’ ethnic identities, distributing non-programmatic benefits, or emphasizing the personalities of their candidates. However, this is not universally the case. This article examines recent campaign strategies in two nascent democracies in Africa: Ghana and Kenya. The findings suggest that programmatic campaigning is much more common than is assumed, but that parties have different preferences for how much programmatic content they include in their campaigns. The article argues that differences in campaign strategies are largely due to differences in the composition of ethnic support for competing parties. Parties that draw a majority of their support from a single large ethnic group are more likely to develop campaign strategies based on programmatic, policy-based appeals i...
A phase 1 study of bortezomib and romidepsin in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, indolent B-cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

A phase 1 study was conducted to determine the dose-limiting toxicities and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) for bortezomib followed by romidepsin on days 1, 8, and 15 in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL or B- or T-cell lymphoma. Eighteen treated patients were evaluable for response. The MTD was 1.3 mg/m2 bortezomib and 10 mg/m2 romidepsin; median treatment duration was 3 cycles at this dose. The dose-limiting toxicities were grade 3 fatigue, vomiting, and chills. Two patients had partial responses, one lasting >2 years, 8 had stable disease, and 8 had progressive disease. The median duration of stable disease was 3.5 cycles. Correlative studies examining expression of NF-кB, XIAP, Bcl-xL, and Bim yielded variable results. The safety profile was consistent with that reported for single-agent bortezomib and romidepsin. This regimen has modest activity in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory CLL or B- or T-cell lymphoma. NCT00963274.
Reduced 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Activity Impairs the Glutathione Redox Status in a Neurological Cell Model

7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) serves as the penultimate enzyme in the Kandutsch-Russel pathway of cholesterol synthesis. When the function of DHCR7 is compromised its primary substrate, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), accumulates. The accumulation of 7DHC can be detrimental to many biological processes, as observed in the metabolic disorder Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, in part because 7DHC is reported to be the most highly oxidizing lipid found endogenously. Despite 7DHC’s high capacity to be oxidized, very few biomarkers of oxidant stress have been associated with elevated 7DHC levels. This project aimed to determine if elevated 7DHC levels lead to oxidant stress by examining its impact on intracellular glutathione. Neuro2A cells deficient in DHCR7 accumulate approximately four-times the amount of 7DHC in a 60 hour time span, while control cells maintain basal levels. Over this same time course DHCR7-defecient cells’ glutathione levels reduce by a factor of 4.7 as compared to control cells, which were only reduced by a factor of 1.5. Additionally, the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured every 12 hours post seeding in these cells, and at each time point the GSH/GSSG ratio was lower in DHCR7-deficient cells compared to its respective control. We also observed that when wild type Neuro2A cells are exposed to 1 µM of the DHCR7 inhibitor, AY-9944, for 24 hours the GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly decreased. These data together suggest that when the function of DHCR7 is impaired total glutathione levels are reduced and the ratio of GSH/GSSG decreases as well. These observations are coherent with an accumulation of 7DHC, as the electrophilic oxysterols derived from 7DHC oxidation could attack GSH causing a depletion of total glutathione as well as cause general cellular stress leading to elevated GSSG levels. This study demonstrates the potential for 7DHC to impact biological processes by impairing the glutathione redox status.
The spectral radius of graphs with no K2,t minor

Abstract Let t ≥ 3 and G be a graph of order n, with no K 2 , t minor. If n > 400 t 6 , then the spectral radius μ ( G ) satisfies μ ( G ) ≤ t − 1 2 + n + t 2 − 2 t − 3 4 , with equality if and only if n ≡ 1 ( mod t ) and G = K 1 ∨ ⌊ n / t ⌋ K t . For t = 3 the maximum μ ( G ) is found exactly for any n > 40000 .
Impact of Insulin Detemir Administration Time on Hypoglycemia Rates in Hospitalized Patients

tudy Objective To determine if insulin detemir administration time affects the frequency of hypoglycemia (blood glucose level <70 mg/dL) in hospitalized patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Patients A total of 357 adults (aged 18–89 yrs) who received insulin detemir for at least 48 hours while hospitalized between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015, were included. Patients were categorized into one of three groups according to insulin detemir administration time: detemir given once daily between 7 A.M. and 10 A.M. (AM group [71 patients]), detemir given once daily between 6 P.M. and 10 P.M. (PM group [158 patients]), and detemir given twice daily (BID group [128 patients]). Setting Community hospital. Measurements and Main Results The primary outcome was the percentage of patient days with any occurrence of hypoglycemia. The key secondary outcomes included the percentages of patients who experienced any hypoglycemic event, severe hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia requiring treatment, and refractory hypoglycemia; time of hypoglycemia; and percentage of patients experiencing one or more episodes of hyperglycemia. The AM group had a lower proportion of days with hypoglycemia compared with the PM group (7.9% vs. 11.9%, p=0.008). There was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower proportion of days with hypoglycemia in the BID group compared with the PM group (9.1% vs. 11.9%, p=0.0302). No significant differences in percentage of patient days with hyperglycemia and rates of severe hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia requiring treatment, or refractory hypoglycemia were noted among the three groups. Conclusion Administration of detemir in the morning may reduce the occurrence of hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Institutions that include detemir on their formularies may consider evaluating the incidence of hypoglycemia and modifying administration schedules as part of their medication safety program. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
YEARS Clinical Decision Tool Decreases CTA in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism.

In this study, using a simplified algorithm in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism can safely decrease the number of CTAs.
Imaging as a Means of Studying Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment

The chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (chemo fog/chemo brain) that is reported by many cancer patients is supported to varying degrees primarily by evidence from prospective and retrospective clinical studies. However, the inherent difficulty in conducting such trials (including ethical issues of placebo-controlled designs), the fact that the cognitive impairment is characteristically subtle and that the patients might be able to compensate for their deficits during testing, gives rise to questions about the degree and the extent of the problem—and indeed even if there is a problem. Neuroimaging techniques might offer additional insight. This chapter is a succinct summary of a more expanded review of the relatively few such studies.1
Programmierung von Minimisierungsverfahren für zweistufige Logik

Verfahren zur Minimisierung von zweistufigen logischen Formeln bzw. der entsprechenden Schaltungen sind in groserer Zahl bekannt. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen ([4], [7]) liefern die Verfahren nur eine einzige Losung. Im folgenden werden zwei Verfahren beschrieben, die alle nicht redundanten Darstellungen der logischen Formeln und daher auch alle Minimumlosungen liefern. Das erste Verfahren [5] folgt bei der Prim-implikantensuche (sowiebei der Aufstellung und Reduzierung der Prim-implikantentafel) dem Vorschlag von McCluskey [3]; die reduzierte Primimplikantentafel wird jedoch systematisch auf mogliche Losungen durchsucht. Das zweite Verfahren, einem Vorschlag des Verfassers folgend [8], gelangt zu den gleichen Resultaten uber eine sogenannte Auswahlfunktion, deren Variable Aussagen uber die Primimplikanten der ursprunglichen Funktion darstellen und deren Primimplikanten die nicht redundanten Losungen angeben. Die drei verschiedenen Arten von Primimplikanten werden gleich zu Beginn des Verfahrens voneinander getrennt und auch getrennt behandelt. Bei einer geeigneten maschinen-internen Darstellung der logischen Funktionen last sich das Verfahren mit Hilfe von zwei Unterprogrammen, von denen jedes bis zu dreimal aufgerufen wird, ausfuhren. Ein zusatzliches Formelubersetzungsprogramm dient zur Umwandlung von logischen Formeln mit beliebiger Kompliziertheit in die maschinen-interne Darstellung, die bei beiden Minimisierungsver-fahren am Anfang gleich ist.
Gender Differences in Animal Studies

The reasons for gender differences in alcohol intake, responses to alcohol, and consequences of alcohol abuse in humans and in animals are poorly understood. Animal models for the study of alcoholism have been focused primarily on the study of male rodents, although researchers have observed that female rodents drink more alcohol than males and have sex-related differences in drinking patterns and responses to alcohol. In humans, the difference between the sexes is the opposite of rodents, with males drinking more than females. These results suggest differences between the sexes and differences between humans and rodents in drinking behavior and responses to alcohol which may be based on a complex interaction of social, genetic, hormonal, neurobiologic, and environmental factors. Four new studies are introduced to identify sex-distinct genetic influences in alcohol-related phenotypes, sex-based differences in behavioral responses to alcohol, sex differences in responses of brain reward systems to alcohol, and interactions of the anxiolytic effects of alcohol with steroids and the estrous cycle.
The H-1B visa: Free market solutions for business and labor

The H-1B visa program opened the US information technology labor market to temporary, skilled immigrant labor. But the immigrant worker was bound to a specific employer for the duration of the visa. The non-portability of the H-1B visa has benefitted the employer at the expense of immigrant and domestic workers. Much of the political debate surrounding the H-1B program has focused on raising the annual visa cap based on inconclusive evidence of a domestic IT labor shortage. The labor shortage question has obscured the more importantissue of reforming the H-1B program to level the playing field between business and labor.
The Genetics of Pathogenicity in Cochliobolus Heterostrophus

The ability of toxin producing fungi to cause disease on plants is dependent, not only on their ability to produce a toxin, but also their fundamental ability to infect and grow within plant tissues. Our laboratory has taken a variety of approaches to understand both basic pathogenicity and toxin production in the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Mutational analysis suggests that a layer of mucilaginous material around germ tubes and appressoria is essential for pathogenicity, but only after the fungus enters the plant; the layer is not needed for adhesion. QTL analysis of T-toxin production indicates that regions of the genome unlinked to Toxl influence T-toxin biosynthesis, degradation, and/or secretion. QTL analysis also has revealed a difference in growth rate associated with alternate alleles at Toxl This difference may have contributed to the decline in race T after the 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight epidemic.
The effect of an orthopedic specialty hospital on operating room efficiency in shoulder arthroplasty.

Background Operating room (OR) time is a major cost to the health care system. Therefore, increasing OR efficiency to save time may be a cost-saving tool. This study analyzed OR efficiency in shoulder arthroplasty at an orthopedic specialty hospital (OSH) and a tertiary referral center (TRC). Methods All primary shoulder arthroplasties performed at our OSH and TRC were identified (2013-2015). Manually matched cohorts from the OSH and TRC were compared for OR times. Three times (minutes) were recorded: anesthesia preparation time (APT; patient in room to skin incision), surgical time (ST; skin incision to skin closed), conclusion time (CT; skin closed to patient out of room). Results There were 136 primary shoulder arthroplasties performed at the OSH and matched with 136 at the TRC. OSH and TRC patients were similar in age (P = .95), body mass index (P = .97), Charlson Comorbidity Index (P = 1.000), sex (P = 1.000), procedure (P = 1.000), insurance status (P = .714), discharge destination (P = .287), and diagnoses (P = .354). These matched populations had similar ST (OSH: 110.0 ± 26.6 minutes, TRC: 113.4 ± 28.7 minutes; P = .307). APT (39.2 ± 8.0 minutes) and CT (7.6 ± 3.8 minutes) were shorter in the OSH patients than APT (46.3 ± 8.8 minutes; P Conclusions Despite similar patient populations and case complexity, the OR efficiency at an OSH was superior to a TRC. Further analysis is needed to determine the financial implications of this superior OR efficiency.
Single cell profiling of CRISPR/Cas9-induced OTX2 deficient retinas reveals fate switch from restricted progenitors

Abstract Development of the vertebrate eye, like many developmental systems, depends on genes that are used iteratively in multiple distinct processes. The OTX2 transcription factor is one such gene, with a requirement for eye formation, photoreceptor formation, and retinal pigment epithelium specification, among others. Recent evidence has suggested that OTX2 is also expressed in subsets of retinal progenitor cells with restricted fate choices. However, given the multiple roles for OTX2 and limitations of conventional conditional knockout strategies, the functional significance of this expression is unknown. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to produce mutations of OTX2, identifying similar phenotypes to those observed in human patients. In addition, we use single cell RNA sequencing to determine the functional consequences of OTX2 gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 on the population of cells derived from OTX2-expressing retinal progenitor cells. We not only confirm that OTX2 is required for the generation of photoreceptors, but also for maintaining the proliferative potential of cells and suppressing the formation of specific retinal fates. These include subtypes of retinal ganglion and horizontal cells normally associated with these progenitor types, suggesting that in this context OTX2 functions to repress sister cell fate choices. Upregulation of key transcription factors involved in the formation of these cells was observed suggesting that OTX2 is upstream of critical nodes of gene regulatory networks of these alternative fates.
Limitations of Education, Training and Knowledge of Pain and Its Treatment

Pain is a ubiquitous clinical problem. Surprisingly, many healthcare providers who treat pain have inadequate knowledge or training to address it properly. This is reflective of an inadequate education and training system. Fortunately, there are several steps that can be readily taken to improve the state of care.
Processing-structure-property correlations of crystalline antibacterial magnesium phosphate (newberyite) coatings and their in vitro effect

Abstract This paper describes our recent findings of our on-going research on newberyite (NB, MgHPO4.3H2O), an important bio-ceramic in the MgO-P2O5 binary system. It reports the “Processing-Structure-Property” correlation results of novel multi-functional NB coatings on benchmark Ti6Al4V. The motivation behind this study is to seek newer and multi-functional uses of magnesium phosphates (MgPs) in orthopedics. Therefore, as opposed to extensively explored calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings, one of the prime novelties of this work lies in the development and evaluation of NB coatings to improve osseointegration as an alternative material. The fabrication aspect involves a microwave irradiation technique to synthesize the coatings within a short time. Furthermore, given the havoc created by surgical site infections (SSIs) in orthopedics, efforts have been made for the first time to synthesize single-phasic, antibacterial NB coatings. This is achieved by doping silver (Ag) into NB (Ag-NB) with the help of microwaves. Physical property evaluations such as X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the successful formation of crystalline, single-phase Ag-NB coatings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of about 50 μm thick coatings comprising of dense, compact, intricate crystals with orthorhombic and tabular-hexagonal shape. Most importantly, in vitro antibacterial assays indicated satisfactory bacteriostatic and bactericidal functionalities of the Ag-NB coatings against both gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus within 5 h of incubation. This highlights their high efficiency in inhibiting SSIs. Cytocompatibility assays showed no signs of cytotoxicity in the coatings with healthy MC3T3 pre-osteoblast proliferation. Finally, high levels of osteocalcin (OCN) asserted the coatings' high biomineralization capability. Overall, this study proves that multi-functional Ag-NB coatings synthesized with microwaves can be potential alternatives to conventional CaP based coatings.