cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal Paternity (and Other Parenthood) After Lehr and Michael H.

Actual genetic ties do not always establish, or even help to establish, legal paternity of children born of consensual sex, that is, male parental rights and/or duties as of the time of birth. Paternity status, typically governed by state law, is often dependent upon the marital status of the mothers, or the nonsex acts of men preconception, prebirth, or shortly after birth. For example, husbands of mothers are often deemed parents at birth because genetic ties are presumed. Thus, for nonmarital children born to certain married women, legal paternity is not founded on actual genetic ties. Similarly, actual male genetic ties may not lead to paternity when children are born of sex to unmarried women. Again preconception, prebirth or at birth conduct may be important. The 1983 United States Supreme Court decision in Lehr v. Robertson recognizes that American states can require natural fathers, at least in the adoption setting, to do more than prove genetic ties in order to acquire paternity. When such fathers do enough, they acquire “substantial” federal constitutional childrearing interests so that any proposed adoption requires their consent. When such fathers do not do enough, Lehr allows states to deny them legal parentage. Lehr does forbid states from omitting too many natural fathers from governmental schemes for eliminating parental interests. And Lehr does not forbid a state, at least within adoption, from designating legal paternity for a nonmarital child in a man with no genetic ties. Many American states, in fact, say that genetic ties alone are an insufficient basis for legal paternity. And, within adoption, and often elsewhere, states recognize childrearing interests in nonmarital children for certain nongenetic fathers. The U.S. Supreme Court has said little since Lehr about male parentage under law for nonmarital children born of sex. It has, however, spoken on legal paternity for children of married mothers whose husbands are not the genetic fathers, a different breed of nonmarital children. In Michael H. v. Gerald D. in 1989, the court recognized that an American state could create an irrebuttable presumption of genetic ties in a husband for a child born during marriage where the marriage remains intact after birth and the married couple chooses to raise the child. After reviewing Lehr and Michael H., we find the Lehr guidelines have not been properly followed in and outside of adoption, including safe haven and custody/visitation settings. We also review American paternity laws in child support, torts and inheritance settings where male childrearing is not always at issue. Along the way we explore the possible expansion of Lehr’s childrearing opportunity interests in children born of sex to those uninvolved in sex. We conclude that Lehr rights should be expanded to natural fathers outside adoption and to certain nongenetic parents, including both women and men.
Teaching computer architecture in introductory computing: why? and how?

This paper discusses our rationale for teaching the fundamentals of computer architecture early in the computer science (CS) degree program. We also describe an active learning technique that we use to help make this material accessible to our introductory CS students.
Evaluating and modeling window synchronization in highly multiplexed flows

In this paper, we investigate issues of synchronization in highly aggregated flows such as would be found in the Internet backbone. Our hypothesis is that regularly spaced loss events lead to window synchronization in long lived flows. We argue that window synchronization is likely to be more common in the Internet than previously reported. We support our argument with evidence of the existence and evaluation of the characteristics of periodic discrete congestion events using active probe data gathered in the Surveyor infrastructure. When connections experience loss events which are periodic, the aggregate offered load to neighboring links rises and falls in cadence with the loss events. Connections whose cWnd values grow from W/2 to W at approximately the same rate as the loss event period soon synchronize their cWnd additive increases and multiplicative decreases. We find that this window synchronization can scale to large numbers of connections depending on the diversity of roundtrip times of individual flows. A model is presented that predicts important characteristics of the loss events in window synchronized flows including the quantity, intensity, and duration. The model effectively explains the prevalence of discrete loss events in fast links with high multiplexing factors as well as the queue buildup and queue draining phases of congestion.
Liberal Possibilities in a Communist Utopia: Minority Voices and Historical Consciousness in Morris's News from Nowhere

Since the publication of Sir Thomas More's Utopia in 1516, utopian texts have often featured extended dialogues between a displaced visitor and a knowledgeable resident. Frequently didactic in tone...
Elephants, orphans and HIV/AIDS: Examining the voluntourist experience in Botswana

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the experiences of international volunteer tourists, or voluntourists, to Botswana. Wildlife conservation, health education and orphanage voluntourists are examined specifically. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data were collected through interviews with tourists who had completed or were in the midst of volunteer experiences. Findings – Findings revealed that international voluntourism opportunities in Botswana are challenging to locate and leave volunteers questioning their impact. Some of the difficulties associated with voluntourism in Botswana included the need for volunteers to pay to participate, the concern regarding whether volunteers were depriving locals of employment opportunities, hesitation about the authenticity of the experience and the lack of community ownership. Practical implications – This paper will be beneficial to industry practitioners as it details the challenges associated with international voluntourism and provides suggestions for...
Keeping a tight leash on Notch

A signaling pathway in bone marrow progenitor cells leads to T cell development unless a cellular factor intervenes and turns them toward a B cell fate.
A disease of the freshwater mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera.

Abstract Several freshwater mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) were collected from a river in the state of Washington. They possessed large watery lesions on the foot, with a resilience similar to that of a sponge. Some animals possessed scarred wounds that were not pliable or resilient. Histologically, the large watery lesions were edematious areas in which the normal muscle tissue and mucous glands had been replaced by fibrous connective tissue. The epithelial covering over the afficted area was disorganized, necrotic, lacking, or reduced to a cuboidal or squamous lining. Those animals that possessed scarred wounds had a subacute inflammatory reaction with well-developed granulation tissue and collagen deposits. This disease affected only the foot of the mussels. In many animals 90% of the normal foot tissue was destroyed. The mussels did not appear capable of completely recovering from this pernicious disease. Wound repair was apparently successful in many cases; in these instances a dense collagenous scar was formed.
Some Novel Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation: Acute Toxicity in Mice and Its Relationship to in vitro Efficacy and Toxicity II. Nipecotoylaminoalkane and Nipecotoylpiperazine Congeners

Four closely related nipecotoyl congeners are employed as molecular probes to evaluate the effects of systematic molecular changes upon lethal potency of the compounds. The in vivo toxicities, effected by changes in molecular structure, are compared to their in vitro concentrations inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation and epinephrine-induced primary aggregation of human blood platelets and their toxicities to mouse fibroblasts (L-929 cells) in culture. To assist in the selection of compounds which offer the greatest promise as therapeutic agents for further evaluation and to guide future development of optimal molecular structures, a ratio of acute ip LD50 (mumol/kg) [Tm] to concentration inhibiting 50% ADP-induced platelet aggregation (mumol/liter) [A] is calculated for each compound. These ratios range from 2.41 to 24.92 for the four compounds included in this study.
A binary electrolyte model of a cylindrical alkaline cell

Abstract A cylindrical alkaline cell is modeled as a binary electrolyte system by assuming the direct electrochemical formation of ZnO in the anode. Justifications for replacing the dissolution–precipitation mechanism are provided. Compared to the original model, the binary electrolyte model has a more understandable model formulation, more consistent physical property data, and greater flexibility in certain instances. The binary electrolyte model predicts a longer cell life and higher operating voltage than the ternary electrolyte model for the test case discharge rate. There are no numerical difficulties associated with the zincate ion in the binary electrolyte model, because this species is not considered. The characteristics and advantages of the simplified anode behavior are discussed. An application of the binary electrolyte model is included.
Behavior Problems of Learning-Disabled, Low-Achieving, and Average Boys: A Comparative Study with the Conners Teacher Ratings Scales-28

Problem behaviors of elementary-age boys with learning disabilities (n = 91) were compared with those of low-achieving (n = 100) and average-achieving (n = 77) boys on teacher ratings from the 28-item version of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Analysis of variance procedures revealed significant group effects on all subscales of the instrument. The learning-disabled boys were rated as having significantly greater levels of problem behavior than did the average-achieving boys on all four of the instrument's subscales. The low-achieving boys had significantly greater problem behavior ratings than did the average-achieving boys on two of the four subscales. The low-achieving and learning-disabled groups did not differ significantly on any of the problem behavior sub-scales, an indication that both groups are at heightened risk for developing social-behavioral problems. Examination of problem score frequency distributions by group also revealed a great deal of behavioral heterogeneity within each group, whi...
Mitochondrial cardiomyopathies: how to identify candidate pathogenic mutations by mitochondrial DNA sequencing, MITOMASTER and phylogeny

Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations leading to mitochondrial dysfunction can cause cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Owing to a high mutation rate, mtDNA defects may occur at any nucleotide in its 16 569 bp sequence. Complete mtDNA sequencing may detect pathogenic mutations, which can be difficult to interpret because of normal ethnic/geographic-associated haplogroup variation. Our goal is to show how to identify candidate mtDNA mutations by sorting out polymorphisms using readily available online tools. The purpose of this approach is to help investigators in prioritizing mtDNA variants for functional analysis to establish pathogenicity. We analyzed complete mtDNA sequences from 29 Italian patients with mitochondrial cardiomyopathy or suspected disease. Using MITOMASTER and PhyloTree, we characterized 593 substitution variants by haplogroup and allele frequencies to identify all novel, non-haplogroup-associated variants. MITOMASTER permitted determination of each variant's location, amino acid change and evolutionary conservation. We found that 98% of variants were common or rare, haplogroup-associated variants, and thus unlikely to be primary cause in 80% of cases. Six variants were novel, non-haplogroup variants and thus possible contributors to disease etiology. Two with the greatest pathogenic potential were heteroplasmic, nonsynonymous variants: m.15132T>C in MT-CYB for a patient with hypertrophic dilated cardiomyopathy and m.6570G>T in MT-CO1 for a patient with myopathy. In summary, we have used our automated information system, MITOMASTER, to make a preliminary distinction between normal mtDNA variation and pathogenic mutations in patient samples; this fast and easy approach allowed us to select the variants for traditional analysis to establish pathogenicity.
Transdermal permeation of vasopressin. I. Influence of pH, concentration, shaving and surfactant on in vitro permeation

Abstract Sorption and desorption isotherms of vasopressin (VP) were determined using rat epidermis. Sorption affinity was low and desorption was rapid indicating that binding to skin is of minor importance in the skin permeation of vasopressin. Effect of pH, donor phase concentration, surfactant and prior shaving on in vitro skin permeation was investigated using excised rat skin. Percutaneous absorption of VP is not the best at or near its isoelectric point (10.9). It is higher at pH 5.0, corresponding to its higher 1-octanol/buffer partition coefficient at that pH. VP exhibited best permeation properties when the donor phase concentration was 49.5 μg/ml. The concentrations studied were 10.85 to 396.0 μg/ml. Sodium lauryl sulfate, an anionic surfactant, had no significant effect on VP skin permeation. Close shaving of the skin, 24 h before application increased flux 5 times over the control, compared to 70 times increase after stripping 25 times with cellophane tape.
Visceral fat is associated with lower brain volume in healthy middle-aged adults.

Objective Midlife obesity has been associated with an increased risk of dementia. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Our aim was to examine the cross-sectional association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and computed tomography (CT)-based measurements of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue with various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of brain aging in middle-aged community adults. Methods Participants from the Framingham Offspring cohort were eligible if in addition to having measurements of BMI, WC, WHR, SAT, and VAT, they had undergone a volumetric brain MRI scan with measurements of total brain volume (TCBV), temporal horn volume (THV), white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and MRI-defined brain infarcts (BI). All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and time interval between abdominal CT and brain MRI. Results In a sample of 733 community participants (mean age, 60 years; 53% women), we observed an inverse association of BMI (estimate by standard deviation unit ± standard error = −0.27 ± 0.12; p = 0.02), WC (−0.30 ± 0.12; p = 0.01), WHR (−0.37 ± 0.12; p = 0.02), SAT (−0.23 ± 0.11; p = 0.04), and VAT (−0.36 ± 0.12; p = 0.002) with TCBV, independent of vascular risk factors. The association between VAT and TCBV was the strongest and most robust, and was also independent of BMI (−0.35 ± 0.15; p = 0.02) and insulin resistance (−0.32 ± 0.13; p = 0.01). When adjusting for C-reactive protein levels, the associations were attenuated (−0.17 ± 0.13; p = 0.17 for VAT). No consistently significant association was observed between the anthropometric or CT-based abdominal fat measurements and THV, WMHV, or BI. Interpretation In middle-aged community participants, we observed a significant inverse association of anthropometric and CT-based measurements of abdominal, especially visceral, fat with total brain volume. ANN NEUROL 2010
The effects of apomorphine on the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia in rats

Injections of the dopamine agent, apomorphine, at the doses of 0.05, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg were given to three different groups of rats while a fourth group received an injection of the drug vehicle. The injections preceded each of 15 schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) acquisition sessions in which the subjects bar-pressed for food pellets on a fixed interval 60-sec schedule of reinforcement. The vehicle-injected group developed SIP over sessions while each dose of apomorphine suppressed the acquisition of SIP. Bar-press rates were also depressed at the higher doses, while response patterning was affected at the lower dose. The results support the contention that a normally functioning dopamine system is necessary for the acquisition of SIP, but they do not support the view that this neurotransmitter system is specifically involved in the generation of SIP.
Effects of divalent cations and normorphine on spontaneous excitatory junction potentials in the mouse vas deferens.

1 Excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) occurring spontaneously or evoked by nerve stimulation were recorded intracellularly from smooth muscle cells of the mouse isolated vas deferens. 2 The amplitude of the evoked e.j.ps and the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous e.j.ps were measured before and during application of normorphine or solutions which might be expected change the influx of calcium ions into the nerve terminals. 3 Spontaneous e.j.ps could be recorded even in solutins which contained tetrodotoxin (1 microM), no added calcium an EGTA (1mM). A four fold increase in calcium concentration from 1.25 to 5 mM greatly increased the amplitude of the evoked e.j.ps but had no effect on the amplitude or frequency of the spontaneous e.j.ps. 4 Magnesium (12mM) and cobalt (4mM) both greatly reduced the evoked e.j.ps and also reduced the frequency of spontaneous e.j.ps. 5 Normorphine (2 microM) reduced the amplitude of the evoked e.j.p by 70% but had no effect on the amplitude or frequency of spontaneous e.j.ps. 6 It is suggested that normorphine inhibits noradrenaline secretion from nerve varicosities by a mechanism different from that of magnesium and cobalt. One possibility is a block of action potential propagation along varicose fibers.
M84: A Warp Caused by Jet-induced Pressure Gradients?*

In radio galaxies such as M84 dust features tend to be nearly perpendicular to radio jets yet are not aligned with the galaxy isophotes. The timescale for precession in the galaxy is short (~ 107 yr at 100 pc), suggesting that an alternative mechanism causes the gas disk to be misaligned with the galaxy. In M84 we estimate the pressure on the disk required to overcome the torque from the galaxy and find that it is small compared with the thermal pressure in the hot ambient interstellar medium estimated from the X-ray emission. We therefore propose that pressure gradients in a jet-associated hot interstellar medium exert a torque on the gas disk in M84 causing it to be misaligned with the galaxy isophotal major axis. We propose that active galactic nuclei-associated outflows or associated hot low-density media in nearby radio galaxies could strongly affect the orientation of their gas disks on 100 pc scales. This mechanism could explain the connection between gas disk angular momentum and jet axes in nearby radio galaxies. By integrating the light of the galaxy through a warped gas and dust disk we find that the geometry of a gas disk in M84 is likely to differ from that predicted from a simple precession model. We find that the morphology of the gas disk in M84 is consistent with a warped geometry where precession is caused by a combination of a galactic torque and a larger torque due to pressure gradients in the ambient X-ray-emitting gas. Precession occurs at an axis between the jet and galaxy major axis, but nearer to the jet axis, implying that the pressure torque is 2-4 times larger than the galactic torque. We estimate that precession has occurred about this particular axis for about 107 yr. A better model for the morphology of the disk is achieved when precession takes place about an elliptical rather than circular path. This suggests that the isobars in the hot medium are strongly dependent on the angle from the jet axis.
INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS AND OF NICOTINIC ACID UPON THE NICOTINE CONTENT OF TOBACCO LEAVES

The tobacco alkaloid nicotine possesses a molecular structure by which it may be related empirically to the amino acid proline. Proline is a-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid. Nicotine may be considered as an N-methylated proline containing a ?-pyridine ring attached to the alpha position in place of the carboxyl. These similarities have been pointed out by Tottingham (9) and have been employed by Trier (12) as a basis for extensive speculations on the probable origin of nicotine in the tobacco plant. According to Trier, nicotine may be formed in vivo from proline and nicotinic acid by a simultaneous oxidative decarboxylation of the two molecules. The methylation of the pyrrolidine nitrogen was accounted for by the action of methyl alcohol as a dismutation product of formaldehyde. Trier postulated the formation of the pyridine portion of the nicotine molecule from proline through the intervention of formic acid as the second dismutation product of formaldehyde. In short, the hypothesis of Trier assigned to proline the r?le of precursor of both the fiveand the six-member ed rings of the nicotine molecule. It should be noted, however, that Trier's theory was advanced at a time when nicotinic acid was practically unknown in the literature of plant chemistry. Klein and Linser (7) tested Trier's hypothesis by culturing the excised leafy shoots of tobacco plants in dilute aqueous solutions of proline. These investigators obtained large increases in the nicotine content of the leaves and stems of the plants to which proline had been supplied. The hydrochlorides of glutamic acid and of ornithine were found to possess similar effects. Gorter (5) critically reviewed the work of Klein and Linser and presented data of his own to show that both those plants provided with proline and those cultured in Knop's solution after a period of 4 or 5 days contained less nicotine than at the beginning of the experiment. The. increase in nicotine content of the leaves of the plants supplied with proline was only apparent and represented merely a less extensive decrease rather than an actual synthesis of nicotine. In the present study attention was given to the influences of proline, pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid, glutamic acid, ornithine, nicotinic acid, and other substances upon the nicotine content of tobacco leaves by the use of methods of culture and of expression of data
Situational and historical determinants of self-reinforcement

Magnitude of self-reinforcement (SR+) and self-punishment, (SR−) was investigated in a pseudoperceptual task as a function of both the pattern (variable or consistent) of previous external reinforcement and the direction of current, nonspecific feedback (e.g., “You're getting better” or “You're getting worse”). Working from a model which assumes SR to be based on an individual's discrimination of the discrepancy between current performance and a pre-set standard, it was hypothesized that a standard (50% accuracy) established under consistent prior performances would produce greater magnitude SR+ (with current increments in performance) and SR− (with current performance decrements) than would the identical standard derived from a variable prior pattern of reward. A trials effect was also expected. Results confirmed the hypotheses. Implications for behavior change via self-evaluative and self-reinforcement techniques are discussed.
Strontium isotopes as tracers of ecosystem processes: theory and methods

Abstract The strontium (Sr) isotope method can be a powerful tool in studies of chemical weathering and soil genesis, cation provenance and mobility, and the chronostratigraphic correlation of marine sediments. It is a sensitive geochemical tracer, applicable to large-scale ecosystem studies as well as to centimeter-scaled examination of cation mobility within a soil profile. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of natural materials reflect the sources of strontium available during their formation. Isotopically distinct inputs from precipitation, dryfall, soil parent material, and surface or groundwater allow determination of the relative proportions of those materials entering or leaving an ecosystem. The isotopic compositions of labile (soil exchange complex and soil solution) strontium and Sr in vegetation reflect the sources of cations available to plants. Strontium isotopes can be used to track the biogeochemical cycling of nutrient cations such as calcium. The extent of cation contributions from in situ weathering and external additions to soil from dust and rain can also be resolved with this method. In this paper, we review the geochemistry and isotopic systematics of strontium, and discuss the use of this method as a tracer of earth surface processes.
The numerical simulation of two-dimensional fluid flow with strong shocks

Abstract Results of an extensive comparison of numerical methods for simulating hydrodynamics are presented and discussed. This study focuses on the simulation of fluid flows with strong shocks in two dimensions. By “strong shocks,” we here refer to shocks in which there is substantial entropy production. For the case of shocks in air, we therefore refer to Mach numbers of three and greater. For flows containing such strong shocks we find that a careful treatment of flow discontinuities is of greatest importance in obtaining accurate numerical results. Three approaches to treating discontinuities in the flow are discussed—artificial viscosity, blending of low- and high-order-accurate fluxes, and the use of nonlinear solutions to Riemann's problem. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and illustrated by computed results for three test problems. In this comparison we have focused our attention entirely upon the performance of schemes for differencing the hydrodynamic equations. We have regarded the nature of the grid upon which such differencing schemes are applied as an independent issue outside the scope of this work. Therefore we have restricted our study to the case of uniform, square computational zones in Cartesian coordinates. For simplicity we have further restricted our attention to two-dimensional difference schemes which are built out of symmetrized products of one-dimensional difference operators.
A wide bandwidth digital to analog converter based on cyclic code

A simple digital to analog converter based on a cyclic code is presented. Device is a traveling wave Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator with segmented electrode and can be made very linear with very wide electrical bandwidth.
SHORT‐TERM AND LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF REINFORCERS ON CHOICE

Abstract The relation between molar and molecular aspects of time allocation was studied in pigeons on concurrent variable-time variable-time schedules of reinforcement. Fifteen-minute reinforcer-free periods were inserted in the middle of every third session. Generalized molar matching of time ratios to reinforcer ratios was observed during concurrent reinforcement. Contrary to melioration theory, preference was unchanged during the reinforcer-free periods as well as in extinction. In addition to this long-term effect of reinforcement, short-term effects were observed: Reinforcers increased the duration of the stays during which they were delivered but had little consistent effect either on the immediately following stay in the same schedule or on the immediately following stay in the alternative schedule. Thus, an orderly effect of reinforcer delivery on molecular aspects of time allocation was observed, but because of its short-term nature, this effect cannot account for the matching observed at the molar level.
West Nile encephalitis and myelitis.

Purpose of reviewThis article will review the recent experience with West Nile virus encephalitis and myelitis.Recent findingsIn the summer of 2003, the majority of cases of West Nile virus infection in the United States were reported from the western states. The transmission of West Nile virus thro
Intermediate states of Ge O 2 glass under pressures up to 35 GPa

Density-driven polyamorphism of $\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ glass under high pressure has been studied by density, x-ray scattering, and optical Raman measurements. Density data obtained by an x-ray absorption method display distinct compression behavior in different pressure regions, with rapid density increases at 5 and $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and a plateau at $6--9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Simultaneous x-ray diffraction reveals that the position of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) increases nearly linearly towards higher scattering vector with pressure up to $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Both the width of the FSDP and the Raman stretching band of Ge-O-Ge $(419\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ increase with pressure but exhibit changes in behavior at 2.5 and $7.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, indicating intermediate states exist in the glass before the collapse of local tetrahedral and pentahedral structural units, respectively. At pressures above $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, post-octahedral compression with progressive enhancement in network correlation is observed. The results indicate not only the discrete but also rotating intermediate states exist in $\mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ glass under pressures up to $35\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$.
A Simple Method for Evaluating Pore Surface Mineralogy

Majority of mineralogical studies directed at hydrocarbon producing formations are conventional studies that treat the formation as a bulk entity. Focusing on pore surface mineralogy, which is the identification of the elemental composition of the pore surface, seems to be a more realistic approach, since fluids in the formation come into direct contact with these elements on the surface. Rock-fluid properties such as relative permeability, nettability, capilla~ pressure and certain rock properties, are influenced by pore surface mineralogy. Hence, characterization of pore surface mineralogy will enhance understanding of the interaction between fluid and the porous medium. This paper discusses Multiple Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy as a novel method for characterization of pore surface mineralogy. Multiple Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy, a new method that has references and illustrations at the end o/ 395 successfully been used to study the surface of particles, has been implemented to identify the elemental composition of pore surface. Results of the investigations of pore sufface mineralogy for a resewoir in West Virginia is presented. This reservoir has experienced high injection pressures during a watetiooding project. The concentration of clays on the pore surface can be a possible explanation for high injection pressure. This paper will t~ to direct the attention of scientists and researchers to this issue and emphasize ?he importance of pore surface mineralogy and its effects on rock-fluid properties.
Reconstruction of the abdominal wall for incisional hernia repair.

Abstract Background Abdominal wall reconstruction with mobilization of autologous tissue has evolved as a reliable option for patients with incisional hernias. Methods With the aim of evaluating morbidity and recurrence rates in patients who underwent abdominal wall reconstruction for incisional hernia repair, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of 188 patients treated between 1996 and 2003. Results Primary approximation of the fascial defect was achieved in 77% and was reinforced by either mesh placement or rectus muscle advancement. The remaining 23% were reconstructed either by mesh placement, components separation, or distant flap mobilization. Median follow-up was 15 months. Overall morbidity rate was 38%; recurrence rate was 13%. Dimensions of the hernia and intraoperative enterotomies were associated with postoperative complications. Lack of complete restoration of the myofascial abdominal wall continuity was associated with recurrence. Conclusions In patients with incisional hernias, techniques involving autologous tissue mobilization are safe and associated with low recurrence rates.
Key requirements for cave simulations: key requirements for cave simulations

Virtual reality offers a new frontier for human interaction with simulation models. A virtual environment, such as that created with a CAVE, imposes either real-time or quasi-real-time performance on the simulation model. Beyond that general requirement, what others can be identified for simulation programs that drive a virtual reality or virtual environment interface? Based on experience with the Virginia Tech CAVE augmented by a literature search, we propose three key requirements for successful CAVE-based simulations: (1) Portability among CAVE-specific input/output devices, (2) effective and efficient interprocess communication, and (3) overcoming the limitations associated with input/output device interaction. Each requirement is described in some detail to both explain and justify its inclusion. Limitations and near- and intermediate-term research needs are identified.
Pathophysiology and treatment of variceal hemorrhage.

Portal hypertension results from increases in portal flow and portal vascular resistance. Factors increasing portal blood flow are predominantly humoral. Resistance to portal flow has a fixed component due to distortion of the vasculature by cirrhotic nodules and a variable component that is related to vasoactive substances. Varices result from an increase in portal pressure. Factors predicting the risk of variceal bleeding include continued alcohol use, poor liver function, large varices, and red wale markings on varices at endoscopy. Octreotide is probably the drug of choice for pharmacologic management of bleeding esophageal varices. Propranolol has an established role in the prevention of variceal hemorrhage, andvariceal band ligation may be the preferred endoscopic technique. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts have emerged as an important treatment for patients in whom pharmacologic and endoscopic therapies have failed and are an effective bridge to liver transplantation.
Using a technique from graphic designers to develop innovative system designs

Rapid technological change requires that system designers explore potential design spaces widely before committing to a local design space in which to evolve a problem solution. We discuss an approach for doing this, which we base on an analogy with an approach used by graphic designers. We have observed that our colleagues in the graphic design community begin exploring a problem space by generating multiple, divergent design ideas. They then proceed to elaborate them -- extending, combining and discarding -- as the problem space dictates. We illustrate our adaptation of this approach with a case study of our initial design work on a system for supporting self-service sales of information technology (IT).
How is health-related "deservingness" reckoned? Perspectives from unauthorized im/migrants in Tel Aviv.

Abstract Do unauthorized im/migrants have a right to health? Do they deserve health care, or health protection, or access to the social determinants of good health? Are they party to prevailing social contracts, or does their exclusion from mainstream systems of health promotion, prevention, and care “make sense”? Questions like these, which generate considerable attention in multiple spheres of scholarship, policy, and public debate, revolve around an issue that merits substantially greater consideration among social scientists of health: health-related “deservingness.” In addition to putting the issue of health-related deservingness squarely on the map as an object of analysis, this article further argues that we cannot focus solely on those with power, influence, and public voice. Rather, we also must investigate how deservingness is reckoned in relation to – and, furthermore, from the perspectives of – unauthorized im/migrants and members of other groups commonly constructed in public and policy discourse as undeserving. Additionally, we must consider the complicated relationship between universalizing juridical arguments about formal entitlement to health rights, on one hand, and situationally specific, vernacular moral arguments about deservingness, on the other. The paper analyzes findings from a 29-month mixed-methods study conducted in Tel Aviv, Israel, that approached unauthorized im/migrants as subjects, rather than simply objects, of ethical deliberation. Participants’ conceptions of health-related deservingness are investigated using two sources of data: (1) quantitative findings from a self-administered, closed-ended survey conducted with 170 im/migrant patients at an NGO-run Open Clinic (2002–2003), and (2) qualitative findings from the larger ethnographic study of which the survey was part (2000–2010). The study findings both (1) contradict commonly circulating assumptions that unauthorized im/migrants are “freeloaders,” and (2) highlight the need for rigorous investigation of how unauthorized im/migrants, among other marginalized and vulnerable groups, conceptualize their own relative deservingness of health-related concern and investment.
Pseudo-Impellers in Supersonic Crypto-Steady Flow Induction

This paper is motivated by a long-range goal of developing a new class of turbo-machine where fluid impellers, created through supersonic wave structures, replace mechanical impellers. This paper is an exploratory study to show how effectively supersonic wave structures can fulfill this goal, and to provide some fundamental insight as to the behavior. A novel device is presented which, by means of a free spinning rotor placed in front of a supersonic nozzle, causes a rotating interface to form between an energetic primary fluid and a secondary fluid to be compressed. This rotating interface is shown to act like a pseudo-impeller in driving the less energetic secondary fluid. A simple two-dimensional example is provided which helps understand the physical processes occurring in the three-dimensional configuration. A hypothesis is offered which contends that the use of pseudo-impellers has great potential in reducing the cost and size of turbomachinery in many applications, and in possibly improving efficiency.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Glider and airplane design for students

Design is an open ended process driven by the mission requirements. In this paper, we account for the competition rules by including those requirements in different ways and with different levels of modelisation. The first step is achieved with a 'cookie cutter' approach in the rapid prototyping code. This is followed by a more accurate estimation of the take-off velocity with total airplane weight, which will be matched with the longitudinal equilibrium capabilities of the complete aircraft. In this process, the location of the centre of gravity is found. The maximum payload is also obtained. With engine-off, the glider can be trimmed for maximum distance or maximum duration. Winglet design is also discussed. Finally, the design of the classic configuration with a lifting tail at take-off is explained, which, with the double-element airfoil, have been features of the UC Davis entries for the last few years.
Effects of clinical experience and explorer type on judged crown margin acceptability.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to simultaneously compare instrumentation type and operator characteristics in judgments of clinical acceptability of crowns exhibiting a controlled range of marginal gaps. The research was conducted in a laboratory setting and generalizability analysis was used as a statistical technique to identify the sources contributing to variation in the judgment outcome. Materials and Methods: A crown was seated on an ivorine tooth in a device that permitted continuous adjustment in intervals of 25 μm to produce known marginal gaps ranging from zero to 250 μm. Forty-nine students and six faculty members used five types of explorers each to determine, by tactile examination, the point on the controlled increasing marginal gap where they would no longer regard the gap as clinically acceptable. Results: There were no differences across type of explorer. Operators with clinical experience had a threshold that rejected crowns at a smaller gap than did those operators without clinical experience (p= 0.007). Faculty members maintained a higher individual degree of consistency in their personal judgments than did students (p= 0.02); however, the inter-operator consistency was significantly lower for faculty members than for students (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Differences among operators in a simulation of the decision regarding gaps in crowns accounted for 63% of the variance; type of explorer used in assisting this decision accounted for about half as much variance. Faculty members making such judgments exhibited high intra-operator consistency but significantly lower inter-operator consistency than did students. The study suggests that the internal standards dentists use for clinical decision making deserves further study as they may be as significant as the equipment used.
A high power high-brightness multi-single-emitter laser pump platform

A platform has been developed for high-power, high-brightness, multi-single-emitter laser pumps for fiber lasers, direct-diode, and other applications. Using multi-mode fiber with 105μm core and 0.22 NA, fiber-coupled optical power up to 100 Watts and a brightness as high as 100 kW/mm 2 /sr can be achieved. Common schemes for increasing brightness include spatial, wavelength, and polarization-beam combination of multiple single-emitters. Spatial multiplexing has been chosen for this platform to leverage JDSU's proven reliability of high-power single-emitter packages and passive optical components. In one configuration, we achieved >60W fiber coupled optical power, 50 kW/mm 2 /sr, and 45% wall-plug-efficiency using 105 μm core, 0.22 NA fiber from this platform. An optional VBG can also be placed inside the package for achieving spectral locking over a 16 nm wavelength range.
The clinical usefulness of intraoperative spinal stiffness measurements.

Study design Determination of clinical results at least 2 years after lumbar spine surgery during which spinal stiffness measurements were made. Objectives To determine whether spine stiffness is predictive of clinical results after lumbar spine surgery for spinal stenosis, disc herniation, or degenerative spondylolisthesis. Summary of background data The implied clinical wisdom is that instability of the spine portends a poor prognosis for relief of back pain after surgery in the absence of a fusion. The possibility that an objective measure of lumbar spinal motion segment unit stiffness could aid the surgeon in predicting satisfaction with treatment was considered. Methods A total of 298 patients were measured intraoperatively with the spinal stiffness gauge to determine motion segment stiffness. Intraoperative spinal stiffness was analyzed to determine the influence of this measurement on clinical results. Results Statistical analysis revealed that stiffness measurements did not correlate with clinical results of surgery. Patients with loose motion segment units before decompression did not demonstrate a significantly different level of satisfaction with surgical results a minimum of 2 years after surgery, whether they were fused or not fused. Based on stiffness measurements, a diagnosis of herniated nucleus pulposus or degenerative spondylolisthesis was indicative of a more unstable spine than a diagnosis of spinal stenosis. Conclusions Intraoperative spinal stiffness measurements did not predict clinical results after lumbar spine surgery.
Semiparametric Estimation in the Multivariate Liouville Model

We consider the problem of estimating the shape parameters in the multi- variate Liouville model in the presence of an unknown infinite-dimensional parameter. We propose an ad hoc estimate and show that it is asymptotically efficient.
Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females

We have extended our analysis of the role of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq28) in sexual orientation by DNA linkage analyses of two newly ascertained series of families that contained either two gay brothers or two lesbian sisters as well as heterosexual siblings. Linkage between the Xq28 markers and sexual orientation was detected for the gay male families but not for the lesbian families or for families that failed to meet defined inclusion criteria for the study of sex-linked sexual orientation. Our results corroborate the previously reported linkage between Xq28 and male homosexuality in selected kinships and suggest that this region contains a locus that influences individual variations in sexual orientation in men but not in women.
Structure of the Rutile TiO2(011) Surface in an Aqueous Environment

First principles simulations are carried out to investigate the structure and stability of the rutile TiO2(011) surface in contact with liquid water. Whereas this surface exhibits a (2×1) reconstruction in vacuo, our results show that the interaction with water leads to an inversion of the stabilities of the reconstructed and unreconstructed surfaces. This indicates that surface structures determined in vacuo or at low water coverages are not generally representative of those occurring in the aqueous environments typical of most photocatalytic applications of TiO2.
Effect of (Pseudo)halide Initiators and Copper Complexes with Non‐halogen Anions on the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) relies on an activation/deactivation cycle where a lower oxidation state metal, such as Cu(I)YL, abstracts a (pseudo)halogen from an activated alkyl (pseudo)halide, RX, to generate an active radical and the higher oxidation state metal, Cu(II)XYL [L = ligand = 4,4′‐di‐(5‐nonyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dNbpy)]. This investigation focused on the effect of X on the alkyl compound and Y on the copper(I) species in the ATRP of styrene and methyl acrylate. Using either symmetrical combinations of copper species and initiators, where X = Y, or unsymmetrical combinations, where X≠Y, the polymerization kinetics were monitored to determine the difference in reactivity between halogens like chlorine, bromine, or iodine and (pseudo)halogens such as the thiocyanate group (SCN). The results show that pseudo(halogens) can be used to initiate an ATRP reaction, but the polymerization is only controlled in the presence of a copper(I) halide complex. This suggests that there is ...