cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of water flux in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine plantation

The weather patterns of the west side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (cold, wet winters and hot, dry summers) strongly influence how water is partitioned between transpiration and evaporation and result in a specific strategy of water use by ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) in this region. To investigate how year-round water fluxes were partitioned in a young ponderosa pine ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, water fluxes were continually measured from June 2000 to May 2001 using a combination of sap flow and eddy covariance techniques (above- and below-canopy). Water fluxes were modeled at our study site using a biophysical model, FORFLUX. During summer and fall water fluxes were equally partitioned between transpiration and soil evaporation while transpiration dominated the water fluxes in winter and spring. The trees had high rates of canopy conductance and transpiration in the early morning and mid-late afternoon and a mid-day depression during the dry season. We used a diurnal centroid analysis to show that the timing of high canopy conductance and transpiration relative to high vapor pressure deficit ( D) shifted with soil moisture: during periods of low soil moisture canopy conductance and transpiration peaked early in the day when D was low. Conversely, during periods of high soil moisture canopy conductance and transpiration peaked at the same time or later in the day than D. Our observations suggest a general strategy by the pine trees in which they maximize stomatal conductance, and therefore carbon fixation, throughout the day on warm sunny days with high soil moisture (i.e. warm periods in winter and late spring) and maximize stomatal conductance and carbon fixation in the morning through the dry periods. FORFLUX model estimates of evaporation and transpiration were close to measured/calculated values during the dry period, including the drought, but underestimated transpiration and overestimated evaporation during the wet period. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Bactericidal Effect of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils on Antibiotic-Induced Filaments of Gram-Negative Bacilli

Exposure of strains of Escherichia coli to ampicillin and mezlocillin and of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to azlocillin and cefsulodin caused the bacilli to elongate into filaments. The bacilli and their filaments were incubated with fresh human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and the phagocytic process was recorded by means of phase-contrast microscopy. The bactericidial effect of PMNs on both filaments and bacilli was quantitated by counts of colony-forming units. A single PMN phagocytized one or more filaments, some of which were as long as 90 pall and contained as many as 20 genomes. Two predominant patterns of phagocytosis of filaments were observed. When the ratio of bacteria to PMNs was low (0.2-1.8), the rate of killing was 623/4-81010. When the ratio was higher (5-12), the rate of killing of both filaments and bacilli was lower. As an alternative to colony-forming units, cell mass was used as a gauge of phagocytic activity. The relative mass of killed filaments was considerably greater than that of killed bacilli; this finding indicated that filaments were much more susceptible than were bacilli to the bactericidal activity of PMNs.
THE NEURAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR: A Neuroethological View

The subject of this review is too broad to be covered fairly and exhaustively on so few pages, and necessary limitations in the choice of data and their interpretation reflect personal views and interests; most examples are drawn from seemingly "exotic" systems, such as electric fish, bats, and owls. A search for the neural basis of behavior requires a close integration of behavioral and neurophysiological approaches within the same system as we attempt to map phenomena of perception and motor control onto particular neuronal organizations. Studies of special model systems may yield explanations of wider applicability, and a comparison of different systems should identify general principles in neuronal design. The selection of references is not intended to be complete, to trace the history of discoveries, or to suggest priorities. Instead, these references should only assist in the search for additional sources. Therefore, more recent articles and reviews have been quoted primarily.
A Textual Approach to Harmonizing Sherbert and Smith on Religious Accommodations

In Sherbert v. Verner, the Supreme Court interpreted the First Amendment's protection of religious freedom to require strict scrutiny - the highest standard of constitutional review - for laws that burden the exercise of religion. This required the courts to invalidate religion-burdening laws unless they were the least restrictive means of implementing a compelling governmental interest. But from the perspective of religious freedom, the theoretical results of Sherbert were quite problematic. This Note explains how the adoption of strict scrutiny, by requiring courts to determine whether a specific religious practice was so harmful as to imperil a compelling state interest, also tended to force the federal judiciary to evaluate the merits and demerits of religious practices themselves - precisely the type of government inquiry the First Amendment must prohibit, if it is to mean anything at all. This reveals the dilemma at the heart of the religious accommodations question: we cannot exempt every religious practice, no matter how abhorrent, from regulation; and yet to permit the government to decide which religious practices are acceptable would be to eviscerate the First Amendment. What is needed is some proxy standard that will clearly and reliably distinguish tolerable from intolerable religious practices without requiring direct government evaluations thereof. This Note proposes that the text of the First Amendment itself supplies such a standard. The Constitution's requirement that Congress make no law prohibiting free exercise, I suggest, should be interpreted as invalidating a statute only if that statute burdens religious practices that were being conducted in the United States at the time of its adoption.
A Case of Cardiac Light Chain Deposition Disease in a Patient with Solitary Plasmacytoma.

Background Light chain deposition disease is a systemic disease characterized by deposition of immunoglobin light chains in various organs. Cardiac involvement of light chain deposition disease, also known as cardiac nonamyloidotic immunoglobin deposition disease (CIDD), is a rare clinical entity, where clinical outcome is very variable and best treatment approaches are not well known. Case report We present the case of a 31-year-old man with a solitary thoracic plasmacytoma and cardiac light chain deposition disease with evidence of congestive heart failure by echocardiography and cardiac markers. The patient underwent surgical resection of the plasmacytoma followed by systemic therapy with 50% VDT-PACE and then VRD with near-normalization of his heart function. A melphalan-based stem cell transplant is planned in this young patient to achieve the best possible long-term remission. Conclusions CIDD is a very rare disease, with previous reports showing diverse manifestations with variable outcome. A high level of clinical suspicion should be maintained in such cases and early intervention, as in our patient, can restore cardiac function. There is very little literature on the optimal management of these patients. A combination of surgery and chemotherapy were pursued in our patient with very good results.
The Response of Resistant and Susceptible Strains of Chickens and Their F1 and F2 Crosses to Subcutaneous Inoculations with Rous Sarcoma Virus

Abstract WORK by Bower et al. (1964, 1965) reported on the response of chorioallantoic membranes of two strains of chicken embryos and their F1- and F2-generation crossbreds to inoculations with Rous sarcoma virus. It was found that the “Giant Jungle Fowl” was resistant while the White Leghorn was susceptible and the F1 cross gave an intermediate response. Dhaliwal (1963) stated that the mechanism of resistance of the chorioallantoic membrane to Rous sarcoma virus was different from that of the embryo proper and the hatched chick or adult chicken. Beard (1958) mentioned that occasional retrogression had been observed in most types of tumors. In light of these observations, the present work was planned to investigate the response of the “Giant Jungle Fowl” and White Leghorn strains, their F1- and F2-generation crossbreds, to subcutaneous inoculations of Rous sarcoma virus in the wing web of five-week-old chickens. This mode of inoculation was chosen because …
The Relation of Body Weight of Turkey Hens to Egg Production, Egg Weight, Percentage of Hatch and Viability of Poults Is the Size of Turkey Hens Related to Hatchability?

Abstract DISCUSSION AND RESULTS RECORDS being available for Missouri as collected under the National Turkey Improvement Plan, an analysis of these records has been made for the years 1947 and 1948 for the Bronze and White Holland varieties trapnested for the U.S.R.O.M. breeding stage. Tables 1, 2 and Figure 1 show that body weight of Bronze turkey hens was related to the percentage of hatch of all eggs set; in that eggs laid by the largest hens tended to hatch poorly, whereas eggs laid by the smaller hens hatched best. It is recognized that small numbers of hens are involved but the relationship is so consistent that it is evidently real. Correlation coefficients (Table 5) calculated for the 1947 data show a negative relationship between body size and percentage of hatch of all eggs and a positive correlation between body size and egg weight. From these same data it may be . . .
Advances in Engineered Hemoproteins that Promote Biocatalysis

Some hemoproteins have the structural robustness to withstand extraction of the heme cofactor and replacement with a heme analog. Recent reports have reignited interest and exploration in this field by demonstrating the versatility of these systems. Heme binding proteins can be utilized as protein scaffolds to support heme analogs that can facilitate new reactivity by noncovalent bonding at the heme-binding site utilizing the proximal ligand for support. These substituted hemoproteins have the capability to enhance catalytic reactivity and functionality comparatively to their native forms. This review will focus on progress and recent advances of artificially engineered hemoproteins utilized as a new target for the development of biocatalysts.
Characteristics Associated with Home Health Care Referrals at Hospital Discharge: Results from the 2012 National Inpatient Sample

Objective To assess patient- and hospital-level factors associated with home health care (HHC) referrals following nonelective U.S. patient hospitalizations in 2012. Data Source The 2012 National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Study Design Retrospective, cross-sectional multivariable logistic regression modeling to assess patient- and hospital-level variables in patient discharges with versus without HHC referrals. Data Collection Analysis included 1,109,905 discharges in patients ≥65 years with Medicare. Principal Findings About 29.2 percent of discharges were referred to HHC, which were more likely with older age, female sex, urban location, low income, longer length of stay, higher severity of illness scores, diagnoses of heart failure or sepsis, and hospital location in New England (referent: Pacific). Conclusions As health policy changes influence postacute HHC, defining specific diagnoses and regional patterns associated with HHC is a first step to optimize postacute HHC services.
Assessing the Effect of Project-management Model on Managing Chronic Disease in Minhang District,Shanghai

OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of project-management model on managing chronic disease in Minhang District,Shanghai and provide suggestions for policy of chronic disease control.METHODS Reviewing the records of management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients and records of cancer screening from 2002 to 2008.RESULT Health Bureau of Minhang District pay for performance of community health service center to improve the fulfillment of health service duty.Coverage rate of management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients increased annually.By 2008 the coverage rate of management hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients was 89.42% and 72.20% respectively.It was in the first place in Shanghai.The percentage of normal management of hypertension patients was 90.72% and the average percentage of blood sugar control of diabetes mellitus patients was 59.73% in 2008.Percentage of stage A of colon and rectum cancer increased from 6.20% to 25.51%.CONCLUSION Project-management model improved the work of chronic diseases control effectively,health bureau should improve the community health service by guiding policy.
Comparative analysis of drug distribution costs for controlled versus noncontrolled oral analgesics

Total costs for controlled substance oral analgesics and non-controlled analgesics were compared for patients at a 548-bed university hospital. During 1983, all cost elements involved in drug delivery (excluding large-volume parenterals) were identified. Direct and indirect pharmacy labor costs were determined. Personnel costs were calculated from time studies of nurses (in 1979-80) and pharmacy technicians (in 1982). Other pharmacy costs, based on the hospital's 1982 data, included inventory holding costs, computer services, supplies, and drug acquisition costs. Costs were calculated for four oral analgesics--acetaminophen with codeine, aspirin with codeine, ibuprofen, and zomepirac sodium--used during a 30-day period in 1981. For all medications, total average cost per dose for 1,949,418 doses was $2.44, of which 41% was drug acquisition cost. Personnel costs for pharmacy and nursing accounted for 43% and 11%, respectively, of total costs. For 46% of 5111 oral analgesic doses, frequency of administration was at least four times daily. Average purchase cost per dose for the oral analgesics was $0.15, while total costs for the controlled and non-controlled drugs were $1.02 and $0.50, respectively. For the four oral analgesics in this study, cost was affected by dosage schedule and controlled or noncontrolled status. Calculation of the total average cost per dose is useful in projecting annual costs and in identifying areas for cost reduction.
Combining Worked Examples and Problem Solving in a Data-Driven Logic Tutor

Previous research has shown that worked examples can increase learning efficiency during computer-aided instruction, especially when alternatively offered with problem solving opportunities. In this study, we investigate whether these results are consistent in a complex, open-ended problem solving domain, where students are presented with randomly ordered sets of worked examples and required problem solving. Our results show that worked examples benefits students early in tutoring sessions, but are comparable to hint-based systems for scaffolding domain concepts. Later in tutoring sessions, worked examples are less beneficial, and can decrease performance for lower-proficiency students.
Abstract 1651: Overexpression of hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP) promotes radioresistance in prostate cancer cells

Despite progression in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer (PCa) still represents major cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in men. Although radiation therapy offers clinical benefit over other therapeutic modalities, the success of this therapeutic modality is commonly hampered by significant resistance in advanced tumor. So far, the mechanisms governing the acquired resistance to radiotherapy have not been discussed in detail. Hepatoma Up-Regulated Protein (HURP) is a cell cycle-regulated and microtubule-associated protein. It functions as a Ran GTPase effector and is involved in the stabilization of the mitotic kinetochore fibers. The expression of this protein is elevated in different tumor types and associated with tumor progression and aggressiveness. We recently reported on the value of HURP as an independent prognostic factor for high-risk PCa. The aim of this study was to address the role of HURP in the modulation of PCa resistance to γ- irradiation. Cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, and DU145) with regulated expression of HURP protein using a Lent viral Tet-On 3G Inducible Expression System were irradiated using a Cs-137 γ-source. Overexpression of HURP suppressed γ- irradiation- induced apoptosis. This suppression was associated with the expression of E2F1, p53, p21 together with the phosphorylation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase1 (ASK1), c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and histone family member X (H2AX). Also, inhibition of γ- irradiation- induced- cytochrome c release, cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was noted. The observed resistance was consequence of HURP9s ability to trigger the ubiquitination of p53 and ATM that, in turn, resulted in the inhibition of downstream pathways, which are essential for the modulation of γ- irradiation-induced apoptosis. Our data provide evidence for the involvement of HURP in the modulation of PCa cell resistance to γ-irradiation via a mechanism mediated by ubiquitination of ATM and p53. Understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying HURP-mediated resistance of PCa to available therapies may help to improve the treatment strategy and emphasize HURP as therapeutic target for PCa treatment. Funding sources: Department of Defense Grant PC094680 and Prostate Cancer Foundation Creativity Award. Citation Format: Mohamed Hassan, Abdelouahid El Khattouti, Tangeng Ma, Ingrid Espinoza, W. Andrew Day, Srinivasan Vijayakumar, Christian R. Gomez. Overexpression of hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP) promotes radioresistance in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1651.
Mucinous, signet ring, ductal, and sarcomatoid variants of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. The most common type of prostate cancer is prostate adenocarcinoma, which is well studied, both pathologically and clinically. Thus, the diagnosis and treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma is well characterized. However, there are morphologic subtypes of prostate adenocarcinoma and other carcinomas which are rarely observed in prostate, either alone or in combination with conventional adenocarcinoma. Gleason grading and the clinical course of these subtypes are less well understood, and guidelines for treatment do not exist. A knowledge of appropriate pathological diagnosis and appropriate treatment is important for improving outcomes of these patients. This chapter describes the epidemiology, pathology, clinical features of the mucinous, signet ring, ductal, and sarcomatoid variants of prostate cancer, and suggest optimal treatment options based on the data available in the literature.
Chemoreceptors, Breathing and pH

The regulation of acid–base balance depends on renal mechanisms that determine net excretion of acid or base and breathing mechanisms that alter the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO 2 ) in body tissues. The level of ventilation (breathing) is regulated, in part, by pH-sensitive receptors called chemoreceptors, which are present peripherally at the carotid body and centrally within the hindbrain. Their physiology is the subject of this chapter. Arterial, and tissue, PCO 2 is very sensitive to changes in ventilation, which, in turn, is very sensitive to changes in pH. Metabolic acidosis stimulates ventilation lowering PCO 2 , which minimizes the acidosis, a classic feed-back control system. Chemoreception is surprisingly complex with an emerging understanding of the interdependence of peripheral and central sites and of the functions of multiple central sites.
Minor Contribution of Cardiac Progenitor Cells in Neonatal Heart Regeneration

The adult mammalian heart is incapable of regeneration after injury, as shown by the limited amount of cardiomyocyte proliferation and poor neovascularization. We recently showed that neonatal mice have a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged heart after apical resection or myocardial infarction (MI), which includes complete reconstruction of myocardial wall with vascular network [2, 3]. Although lineage tracing showed that the main source of newly formed cardiomyocyte is preexisting cardiomyocytes, it is still possible that there is a minor contribution of other types of cells to the cardiomyocyte. In addition, lineage origin of the newly formed vasculature during postnatal cardiac maturation and neonatal heart regeneration remains unclear (Fig. 50.1).
Evolutionary patterns of metazoan microRNAs reveal targeting principles in the let-7 and miR-10 families

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene output by targeting degenerate elements in mRNAs and have undergone drastic expansions in higher metazoan genomes. The evolutionary advantage of maintaining copies of highly similar miRNAs is not well understood, nor is it clear what unique functions, if any, miRNA family members possess. Here, we study evolutionary patterns of metazoan miRNAs, focusing on the targeting preferences of the let-7 and miR-10 families. These studies reveal hotspots for sequence evolution with implications for targeting and secondary structure. High-throughput screening for functional targets reveals that each miRNA represses sites with distinct features and regulates a large number of genes with cooperative function in regulatory networks. Unexpectedly, given the high degree of similarity, single-nucleotide changes grant miRNA family members with distinct targeting preferences. Together, our data suggest complex functional relationships among miRNA duplications, novel expression patterns, sequence change, and the acquisition of new targets.
The influence of landmark stability on control by occasion setters

In an operant serial feature-positive procedure, an occasion setter (OSX) signals that a response will be reinforced in the presence of a second stimulus (e.g., a discriminative stimulus, A). During a transfer test, the OS is paired with a different discriminative stimulus. Experiment 1a tested transfer effects in a touchscreen-based spatial occasion setting task with pigeons. During training, four OSs (OSW, OSX, OSY, and OSZ) were paired on separate trials with landmark A (LMA) or B (LMB) and the opportunity for a reinforced response at one location to the immediate left (R1) or right (R2) of the LM (OSW→LMA:R1, OSX→LMA:R2, OSY→LMB:R1, OSZ→LMB:R2). Training also included non-reinforced trials of LMA and LMB alone (LMA- and LMB-) and trials of a non-modulated LM with R1 and R2 reinforced across separate trials (LMC:R1 and LMC:R2). After training, the number and spatial location of responses during test trials of a LM paired with the same OS as in training did not differ reliably from transfer tests of an OS paired with a different, modulated LM (OSW→LMB and OSY→LMA), but did differ from transfer to the non-modulated LM (OSX→LMC). Experiment 1b utilized the same pigeons and training with LMB to test the degree to which the spatial stability of a LM influenced transfer. Retraining with LMA was intended to establish it as a non-modulated, stable LM (LMA:R2). Subsequent tests with LMA revealed reduced modulation by the formerly trained OS (OSW), and complete disruption of modulation of spatial location during transfer with a different OS (OSY). These findings further our understanding of the conditions under which OSs may develop and transfer modulation.
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT OF EMPLOYEES IN SHALOM GARMENTS, VALLIOOR

Performance management is an important driver in most companies today. Companies regard this as a tool to ensure the people working for them and deliver as per the agreed contract and objectives were set mutually. This study reveals the importance of a well managed performance management system. The purpose of this research project is to find out the performance management of shalom garments, factors influencing performance of employees, relationship between performance and rewards. This research covers reward system, motivational factors, factors influencing performance of employees of shalom garments. The main findings are that, motivational talks of management towards employees is low, company does not provide opportunity to the employees self development and management does not take any steps to improve the literacy level of the employees.
Optimizing Peer Teaching to Enhance Team Performance

Collaboration among human agents with different expertise and capabilities is becoming increasingly pervasive and important for developing new products, providing patient-centered health care, propelling scientific advance, and solving social issues. When the roles of the agents in such collaborative teamwork are highly interdependent, the performance of the team will rely not only on each team member’s individual capabilities but also on their shared understanding and mutual support. Without any understanding in other team members’ area of expertise, the team members may not be able to work together efficiently due to the high cost of communication and the individual decisions made by different team members may even lead to undesirable results for the team. To improve collaboration and the overall performance of the team, the team members can teach each other and learn from each other, and such peer-teaching practice has shown to have great benefit in various domains such as interdisciplinary research collaboration and collaborative health care. However, the amount of time and effort the team members can spend on peer-teaching is often limited. In this paper, we focus on finding the best peer teaching plan to optimize the performance of the team, given the limited teaching and learning capacity. We (i) provide a formal model of the Peer Teaching problem; (ii) present hardness results for the problem in the general setting, and the subclasses of problems with additive utility functions and submodular utility functions; (iii) propose a polynomial time exact algorithm for problems with additive utility function, as well as a polynomial time approximation algorithm for problems with submodular utility functions.
Electrostatic Field Evaluation by the Electrolytic Tank Method

ABSTRACT Results of an analog method, using electrolytic tank models, are reported for insulators in the form of truncated cones. These results show the effects of the insulator shape and dielectric mismatch on the electric (E) field distributions.
Response to Robin Le Poidevin’s Paper, is Precedence a Secondary Quality?

The argument on which Le Poidevin focuses in his paper is as follows: (1) If the tenseless theory of time is true, tense is mind-dependent. (2) The correct explanation of (various aspects of) temporal experience requires appeal to objective causal asymmetry. (3) The objectivity of causal asymmetry entails that the future is open. (4) If the future is open, tense is not mind-dependent.
Thermopsin, a thermostable acid protease from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

Most of the well-studied aspartic proteases, including those derived from yeast, fungi, plants and animal sources, are stable in temperatures up to about 50° to 60°C. Aspartic proteases which can function at high temperature in the range of 80° to 100°C have not been reported so far. We searched for thermostable acid proteases in the thermoacidophilic archaebacteria, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Sulfolobus solfataricus, and Thermoplasma acidophilum, because these organisms grow best in acidic media in a pH near 2 and at temperature of 80°C. Using a highly sensitive radioassay (Lin et al, 1989), we found proteolytic activities in the cultures of all three bacteria. The highest activity was found in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. This protease was named thermopsin.
Exposure buildup factors of UO2 using the Monte Carlo method

When the gamma dose rate around an irradiated nuclear reactor fuel element is calculated, it is important to know the attenuating characteristics of the fuel element itself, one of them being the buildup factor. Exposure buildup factors of uranium dioxide (UO{sub 2}) for ten gamma-ray energies (0.050 to 10.0 MeV) have been computed for ten material thicknesses (0.5 to 10.0 mean free paths) using the MCNP code. The accuracy of the MCNP model was checked by computing the buildup factors of oxygen and uranium and comparing these results with the data given in the literature for these elements. The results indicate that the UO{sub 2} exposure buildup factors, for the energies and distances studied, are close to those of uranium.
Mortgage Market Deregulation and Equity Stripping Under Sanction of Law

Who is to blame for the large mortgage market losses borne by consumers, communities, the financial services industry and others? This paper explores government's responsibility. It explores whether the decision to deregulate the mortgage market to a degree that permitted both unsafe and unfair mortgage practices was the decision of Congress or the federal regulatory agencies. Part one of this paper explores Congress' viewpoint toward deregulation of the mortgage market. It differentiates two types of deregulation: (a) lifting of statutory requirements and substituting regulatory constraints, and (b) lifting of all government mandates and substituting a preference for market forces to police abusive practices. This paper examines Congress' actions and motivations over a thirty year period and initially concludes that Congress embraced the former view and not the latter. This view was consistently embraced in the period 1982 to 1994 to address unsafe banking practices and unfair banking practices. Unfortunately, Congress then provided mixed signals regarding its deregulation viewpoint in legislative enactments in 1994 when faced with unfair banking practices. This permitted regulatory agencies to continue to pursue a deregulatory agenda even when faced with evidence of abusive lending practices.Part two of this paper explores the viewpoint of the federal regulatory agencies toward deregulation of the mortgage market. It examines the actions and viewpoints of the federal banking regulators in the last three decades. Two conclusions emerge. First, the agencies preferred a free market approach and implemented such an approach whenever statutes provided the discretion to do so. Second, the regulatory agencies embraced a decision making model that relied on predictions of net societal benefits as the determinant of a decision to intervene in the mortgage markets. Such a viewpoint led the agencies to typically shun government intervention. That decision led to equity stripping for over a decade, especially in low-income communities, more equity stripping in recent years as lax lending practices led to defaults and foreclosures, and even more in the coming year as foreclosures multiply.
Disability, employment and stress regarding ability to pay for housing and healthy food.

OBJECTIVE To determine if disability is a significant factor in increasing the likelihood of experiencing stress regarding the ability to pay for housing and healthy food. PARTICIPANTS 24.6% (n=16206) of 65,960 adults who responded to the social context optional module of 2009-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System identified themselves as having a disability. Adults with disabilities reported that they experienced significantly more stress about having money to pay for housing and healthy food than adults without disabilities. METHODS This research was a quantitative study using a publicly available dataset. A series of logistic regressions were performed to determine the extent that disability affected the likelihood of stress about having enough money for housing and healthy food. RESULTS Employed persons with a disability are 1.6 times and 1.9 times as likely as persons without a disability to experience stress about not having enough money to pay for housing and healthy food, respectively. Persons not employed with a disability are 1.56 times and 1.83 times as likely to experience stress about not having enough money to pay for housing and healthy food, respectively. For persons with a disability, being female, in poor health, without a health plan and having a lower income were also significant. Education and employment were not significant predictors of experiencing stress regarding money for food or housing. CONCLUSIONS Having a disability is more predictive of experiencing stress about having enough money for housing and healthy food than employment, though variables such as low income and having a health plan, dependent on employment are significant. Therefore, strategies and policy recommendations to reduce stress by increasing employment and income for persons with disabilities were presented.
Silicon and Silicon Germanium Terahertz Electronics

Silicon and silicon germanium transistors with feature sizes below 100 nm have demonstrated operation in sub-terahertz and terahertz frequency ranges with potential applications in communications, Beyond 5 G WI FI, sensing, and imaging. New features of ballistic electron transport in deep submicron devices must be accounted for design, modeling, and characterization of Si and SiGe transistors operating at sub-THz and THz frequencies. The key issue is the crucial role that the electron inertia and electron viscosity play at ultra-short sizes determining the frequency and decay of the plasma waves - the electron density oscillations in the transistor channel electronic (or hole) fluid. This paper will present a review of the state-of-the art of the Si and SiGe THz electronics and will focus on Si plasmonic devices emerging as key competitors for THz and sub-THz applications.
Multiple Trait Prediction for a Type of Model with Heterogeneous Genetic and Residual Covariance Structures

A restricted set of models is defined that allows for heterogeneous genetic and residual covariance structures. Multiple trait models and models with multiple random factors are included. The restriction on the model is that the correlations among genetic effects in different classes are the same. Equivalently, the genetic covariance matrices are assumed to differ between classes due to scaling. This assumption greatly reduces the number of parameters that must be specified and does not adversely affect the computational burden of a mixed model analysis. An application of the model for genetic evaluation of beef cattle is described and illustrated numerically.
The Ethical Orientation of Financial Planners Who Are Engaged in Investment Activities: A Comparison of United States Practitioners Based on Professionalization and Compensation Sources

There has been much controversy concerning the benefits of the certification (professionalization) of financial planners and the merits of various compensation systems; this study examined the controversy insofar as it concerned ethical orientation rather than competence issues. The study was delimited to financial planners practicing in the United States of America. It was found that Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designees manifested higher ethical orientation scores than non-designees. Fee-based planners manifested no significantly different ethical orientation scores as compared to their counterparts. Lower ethical orientation scores were noted among planners whose career tenure exceeded 10 years.
“I Always Knew I was a Little Girly”: The gendering of skills in management training:

This article examines the ways in which popular management texts organize individual behavior in gendered ways at work. Taking the ‘Strengths’ program as an example of a popular management text tha...
Flavonols regulate root hair development by modulating accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the root epidermis.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules produced by tissue-specific respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) enzymes to drive development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ROS produced by RBOHC was previously reported to drive root hair elongation. We identified a specific role of one ROS, H2O2, in driving root hair initiation and demonstrated that localized synthesis of flavonol antioxidants control the level of H202 and root hair formation. Root hairs form from trichoblast cells that express RBOHC and have elevated H2O2, compared to adjacent atrichoblast cells that do not form root hairs. The flavonol deficient tt4 mutant has elevated ROS in trichoblasts and elevated frequency of root hair formation than wild-type. The increases in ROS and root hairs in tt4 are reversed by genetic or chemical complementation. Auxin-induced root hair initiation and ROS accumulation were reduced in an rbohc mutant and increased in tt4, consistent with flavonols modulating ROS and auxin transport. These results support a model where localized synthesis of RBOHC and flavonol antioxidants establish patterns of ROS accumulation that drive root hair formation.
Joseph G. Gavin, Jr. and MIT’s contribution to aerospace in the Apollo era and beyond

Abstract Five decades after the Apollo 11 moonlanding, it is time to consider the individuals and institutions that made it possible. Examining the remarkable aerospace engineering career of Joseph G. Gavin, Jr. at the Grumman Corporation, together with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s indispensable institutional role, reveals factors that helped generate a golden American age in air and space. Gavin’s education and contributions offer an enlightening yet under-considered window into aerospace history. Coinciding exactly with the Cold War era’s lofty defense spending and ambitious megaprojects, his employment intersected with dynamic developments unmatched before or since. Throughout, Gavin and his efforts connected symbiotically with “Tech”—a microcosm, meeting place, and mainstay of American aeronautics and astronautics. It was an intellectual home to which he constantly returned, offering lifelong association, inspiration, and support. A comprehensive federal-corporate-academic partnership brought strengths to Project Apollo that its Soviet counterpart lacked, and MIT was at the heart of it. At Gavin’s graduation from MIT (S.B./S.M.) in 1942, President Karl Compton spoke presciently of pathbreaking opportunities on new technological frontiers for the engineering graduates. Recruited by classmate Thomas Connolly—who would later help oversee development of Grumman’s F-14 fighter, improved and sold under Gavin’s corporate leadership—Gavin entered the Navy, itself a key sponsor of MIT and aviation. He spent four years at its Bureau of Aeronautics before joining Grumman in 1946. Gavin’s career there is best known for his decade as Lunar Module Program Director (1962–72). Technological frontiers kept Gavin returning to MIT, including in LM leadership to coordinate challenges regarding MIT’s Apollo Guidance Computer. Gavin remained closely involved with the development of his alma mater and its Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, attending his last MIT Corporation meeting a month before his death at age 90 in 2010. Drawing on MIT documents and Gavin’s own collection, as well as extensive interviews with him, this article explores his personal and organizational relations with his home institution as they played pioneering roles in aerospace engineering.
Sociomobility of the 21st century: Autonomous vehicles, planning, and the future city

Abstract Autonomous vehicles are an emerging technology that can fundamentally change how our society moves and lives. We review the infant literature of 185 peer-reviewed articles on the social context of an AV-enabled mobility future. We develop a taxonomy based on sociomobility that illustrates how AVs reinforce the status-quo in our society as AV-mobility is primarily defined as an auto issue and not a mobility question. Absent from the literature are alternate mobility scenarios, land-use interactions, livability, the transition period when both AVs and human drivers occupy road space, and impacts on the natural environment.
Cylindrical Battery Fault Detection under Extreme Fast Charging: A Physics-based Learning Approach

High power operation in extreme fast charging significantly increases the risk of internal faults in Electric Vehicle batteries which can lead to accelerated battery failure. Early detection of these faults is crucial for battery safety and widespread deployment of fast charging. In this setting, we propose a real-time {detection} framework for battery voltage and thermal faults. A major challenge in battery fault detection arises from the effect of uncertainties originating from sensor inaccuracies, nominal aging, or unmodelled dynamics. Inspired by physics-based learning, we explore a detection paradigm that combines physics-based models, model-based detection observers, and data-driven learning techniques to address this challenge. Specifically, we construct the {detection} observers based on an experimentally identified electrochemical-thermal model, and subsequently design the observer tuning parameters following Lyapunov's stability theory. Furthermore, we utilize Gaussian Process Regression technique to learn the model and measurement uncertainties which in turn aid the {detection} observers in distinguishing faults and uncertainties. Such uncertainty learning essentially helps suppressing their effects, potentially enabling early detection of faults. We perform simulation and experimental case studies on the proposed fault {detection} scheme verifying the potential of physics-based learning in early detection of battery faults.
Tween terror in the upside down: Children, cult horror and Stranger Things

In a review published by the New Statesman the day after the release of Stranger Things 3, Emily Bootle proposes that ‘Stranger Things should have ended after season one’ (2019).
Aspirin Use and Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement, the Need for Consistency.

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) is a staple in the pediatric cardiac catheterization lab. Despite the ubiquitous use of this procedure, guidelines for antithrombosis post pulmonary valve replacement are non-existent. A survey was sent out via email to the members of the Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium (CCISC) and the Pediatric and Adult Interventional Cardiac Symposium (PICS-AICS). Responses were received from 109 cardiologists who perform this procedure. Following TPVR 76.5% of respondents use only Aspirin, while the remainder prescribe a second antithrombotic agent at discharge. The majority (78%) of respondents do not educate patients about avoiding enteric formulations of aspirin, and another 86% do not educate patients about the need to avoid proton pump inhibitors (PPI). In addition, 67% do not advise against concomitant use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Lastly, the survey showed a wide discrepancy in prescribed dose with 56% choosing to always prescribe 70–100 mg regardless of weight, 28% choosing to do weight-based dosing, and 7.5% choosing 325 mg regardless of weight. In a survey sent out to pediatric cardiac interventionalists worldwide, a significant discrepancy was noted in antithrombotic regimens used following TPVR. We hypothesize that these discrepancies may contribute to early valve failure and suggest the need for further study and the development of unified antithrombosis guidelines following TPVR.
Comprehensive Internationalization: Institutional Pathways to Success

Preface Introduction Part I: The Meaning and Practice of Comprehensive and Strategic Internationalization of Higher Education Institutions 1. Introduction to the concept of internationlising higher education instituions 2. The local, national and global forces and factors propelling H.E. cross-border activity and collaborations 3. Alternative models and emphases associated with stategic and comprehensive instituional internationalisation 4. Institutional models for organizing and supporting campus internationalisation 5. "Resourcing" institutional internationalisation 6. Key actions by institutions to successfully implement comprehensive and strategic forms of internationalisation Part II: Approaches and Examples: Progress and Challenges 1. Sweden 2&3. Australia 4&5. North America 6&7. The UK 8. Europe 9. Latin America 10. Chinese University of Hong Kong 11. Africa Part III: Summary Analysis of Themes from the Cases and Future Directions of the Internationalisation of Higher Education Institutions
Ethnicity and Empire in Kenya: Loyalty and Martial Race among the Kamba, c.1800 to the Present

This book is about the creation and development of ethnic identity among the Kamba. Comprising approximately one-eighth of Kenya's population, the British considered the Kamba East Africa's premier 'martial race' by the mid-twentieth century: a people with an apparent aptitude for soldiering. The reputation, indeed, was one that Kamba leaders used to leverage financial rewards from the colonial state. However, beneath this simplistic exterior was a maelstrom of argument and debate. Men and women, young and old, Christians and non-Christians, and the elite and poor fought over the virtues they considered worthy of honor in their communities, and which of their visions should constitute 'Kamba' identity. Based on extensive archival research and more than 150 interviews, Ethnicity and Empire is one of the first books to analyze the complex process of building and shaping 'tribe' over more than two centuries. It reveals new ways to think about themes crucial to the history of colonialism: soldiering, 'loyalty', martial race, and indeed the nature of empire itself.
Femtosecond laser ablation and nanoparticle formation in intermetallic NiAl

Abstract The ablation behavior of a stoichiometric intermetallic compound β -NiAl subjected to femtosecond laser pulsing in air has been investigated. The single-pulse ablation threshold for NiAl was determined to be 83 ± 4 mJ/cm 2 and the transition to the high-fluence ablation regime occurred at 2.8 ± 0.3 J/cm 2 . Two sizes of nanoparticles consisting of Al, NiAl, Ni 3 Al and NiO were formed and ejected from the target during high-fluence ablation. Chemical analysis revealed that smaller nanoparticles (1–30 nm) tended to be rich in Al while larger nanoparticles (>100 nm) were lean in Al. Ablation in the low-fluence regime maintained this trend. Redeposited material and nanoparticles remaining on the surface after a single 3.7 J/cm 2 pulse, one hundred 1.7 J/cm 2 pulses, or one thousand 250 mJ/cm 2 pulses were enriched in Al relative to the bulk target composition. Further, the surface of the irradiated high-fluence region was depleted in Al indicating that the fs laser ablation removal rate of the intermetallic constituents in this regime does not scale with the individual pure element ablation thresholds.
Immunofluorescent Identification of Type 12 Group A Streptococci

The fluorescent antibody (FA) conjugate prepared by labeling streptococcal M type 12 antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate was found to exhibit considerable nonspecific FA staining with other group A M-serotypes. The cross-reactions could be reduced sufficiently or eliminated by the addition of adsorbed homologous blocking serum (AHB) but not by preimmune serum. The AHB was prepared by adsorbing type 12 antiserum with untreated homologous cells. Comparative staining with unblocked and AHB-blocked FA conjugates enabled type 12 streptococci from clinical specimens to be rapidly and accurately identified.