cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traversing the Spatial Divide? Gender, Place, and Delinquency

This article employs a gender-as-social-practice perspective to explain patterned differences in the situational context of delinquency by sex. Using data on juvenile offenders from the Philadelphia Birth Cohort II study, criminal events, rather than individuals, are used as the unit of analysis. The events approach decenters individuals from the analysis and provides a window through which to explore how gender influences certain characteristics of crime. Findings suggest that male and female juveniles, alone and in groups, become involved in crime that is concentrated in different types of physical space. In particular, boys are more likely to be involved in crimes that occur outdoors and in a larger variety of places than are girls. The context of criminal events provides a place where the practices of gender and the distribution of delinquent opportunities appear to intersect.
Accurate quantum probabilities and threshold behavior of the H+O2 combustion reaction

We report accurate 3D quantum reaction probabilities for the H+O2 combustion reaction and find that they are resonance dominated and rise linearly above threshold. The reaction probability is not enhanced by vibrational or rotational excitation of the reactants but does increase above the threshold for vibrationally excited products.
Variations in Nitrogen Content and Fish Production in Smallmouth Black Bass Ponds

Abstract Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and organic nitrogen were determined at 10-day intervals for 24 ponds at Leetown, West Virginia. These ponds were stocked with 15,000 smallmouth black bass fry per acre and all fish reared in them were counted individually and weighed when the ponds were drained after an average season (during 1943) of 105 days. The purpose of the study was to determine what correlations, if any, existed between fish production and the nitrogen content of the water. Correlations between ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen and fish production were not evident. Larger quantities of these forms of nitrogen were present during the first half of the pond season than during the latter half. A positive correlation was found between the organic-nitrogen content of the water and fish production. This form of nitrogen, probably as a result of plant decay, was present in larger quantities during the latter half of the season than during the early season. Ponds which averaged 0.56 and 0.65 pound...
Screening for cardiovascular risk factors in adults with serious mental illness: a review of the evidence

Adults with serious mental illness have a mortality rate two to three times higher than the overall US population, much of which is due to somatic conditions, especially cardiovascular disease. Given the disproportionately high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the population with SMI, screening for these conditions is an important first step for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This comprehensive literature review summarizes screening rates for cardiovascular risk factors in the population with serious mental illness.
Muscodor species- endophytes with biological promise

A novel fungal genus is described that produces extremely bioactive volatile organic compounds (VOC’s). The initial fungal isolate was discovered as an endophyte in Cinnamomum zeylanicum in a botanical garden in Honduras. This endophytic fungus was named Muscodor albus because of its odor and its white color. This fungus produces a mixture of VOC’s that are lethal to a wide variety of plant and human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. It also is effective against nematodes and certain insects. The mixture of VOC’s has been analyzed using GC/MS and consists primarily of various alcohols, acids, esters, ketones, and lipids. Final verification of the identity of the VOC’s was carried out by using artificial mixtures of the putatively identified compounds and showing that the artificial mixture possessed the identical retention times and mass spectral qualities as those of the fungal derived substances. Artificial mixtures of the available VOC’s mimicked some but not all of the biological effects of the fungal VOC’s when tested against a wide range of fungal and bacterial pathogens. Other species and isolates of this genus have been found in various tropical forests in Australia, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Thailand. The most recent discovery is Muscodor crispans whose VOCs are active against many plant and human pathogens. Potential applications for “mycofumigation” by members of the Muscodor genus are currently being investigated and include uses for treating plant diseases, buildings, soils, agricultural produce and many more. This report will describe how the fungus was discovered, identified, and found potentially useful to agriculture, medicine and industry.
Dynamic mechanical analysis in coatings industry

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a well-known method to characterize polymeric materials. The advantages of using DMA investigations in field of research and development on coatings is shown and discussed. Here a short historical review and examples of characterizing clearcoats and basecoats used in the automotive industry will be given. The focus is held on the discussion of the different demands in sense of material science.
The Mechanism of Energy Transfer in the Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Center

In the accompanying paper (Scholes, G. D.; Jordanides, X. J.; Fleming, G. R. J. Phys. Chem. 2001, 105, 1640), a generalization of Forster theory is developed to calculate electronic energy transfer (EET) in molecular aggregates. Here we apply the theory to wild-type and mutant photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) from Rb. sphaeroides, as well as to the wild-type RC from Rps. viridis. Experimental information from the X-ray crystallographic structure, resonance Raman excitation profiles, and hole-burning measurements are integrated with calculated electronic couplings to model the EET dynamics within the RC complex. Optical absorption and circular dichroism spectra are calculated at various temperatures between 10 K and room temperature, and compare well with the experimentally observed spectra. The calculated rise time of the population of the lower exciton state of P, P-, as a result of energy transfer from the accessory bacteriochlorophyll, B, to the special pair, P, in Rb. sphaeroides (Rps. viridis) w...
Kinetics of faceting of crystals in growth, etching, and equilibrium.

The faceting of crystals in equilibrium with the gas phase and also during crystal growth and etching conditions is studied using the Monte Carlo method. The dynamics of the transformation of unstable crystallographic orientations into hill and valley structures and the spatial patterns that develop are examined as functions of surface temperature, crystallographic orientation, and strength of interatomic potential for two transport processes: adsorption-desorption and surface diffusion. The results are compared with the continuum theory for facet formation. Thermodynamically unstable orientations break into hill and valley structures, and faceting exhibits three time regimes: disordering, facet nucleation, and coarsening of small facets to large facets. Faceting is accelerated as temperature increases, but thermal roughening can occur at high temperatures. Surface diffusion is the dominant mechanism at short times and small facets but adsorption-desorption becomes important at long times and large facets. Growth and etching promote faceting for conditions close to equilibrium but induce kinetic roughening for conditions far from equilibrium. Simultaneous irreversible growth and etching conditions with fast surface diffusion result in enhanced faceting.
GLOBAL BEHAVIOR OF A BIASED NON-LINEAR OSCILLATOR UNDER EXTERNAL AND PARAMETRIC EXCITATIONS

In this work we expand our research on the global behavior of non-linear oscillators under external and parametric excitations. We consider a non-linear oscillator simultaneously excited by parametric and external functions. The oscillator has a bias parameter that breaks the symmetry of the motion. The example that we use to illustrate the problem is the rolling oscillation of a biased ship in longitudinal waves, but many mechanical systems display similar features. The global behavior of the system is characterized by bifurcation diagrams that identify the instabilities that appear when one of the excitations is slowly varied. The locus of these instabilities provides the stability boundaries of the system in a parameter space of physical significance. We found that the dynamics of the system significantly depends on the bias parameter, which confirms previous experimental observations. We also found a very interesting effect, which appears to result from the interaction between the parametric and external responses in a nonlinear manner and causes the primary response to lose stability. All results were obtained through analog simulation of the governing equation.
The correlation between the modal and force equations

Abstract For discrete, linear elastic systems in free vibration, both the modal and force equations evolve from the principle of conservation of energy, respectively obtaining the system generalized displacements which are its mode shapes and the generalized forces. These displacements and forces are related to each other by the system mass and stiffness coefficient values and this investigation then establishes their mathematical connection. A sample problem is solved to illustrate the method.
Fractionation of the Stable Isotopes of Inorganic Carbon by Seagrasses

The δ 13 C values for seagrasses collected along the Texas Gulf Coast range from −10.9 to −11.4‰. These values are similar to the δ 13 C values of terrestrial C 4 plants, but seagrasses lack bundle sheath cells which are important in determining the δ 13 C values of C 4 plants. This work attempts to explain the reason the δ 13 C values of seagrasses resemble the δ 13 C values of C 4 plants. Investigations on the photosynthetic characteristics of seagrasses show that dissolved CO 2 is the species of inorganic carbon absorbed or accumulated by Thalassia testudinum. The rate of photosynthetic CO 2 fixation varies from 9.6 to 129.0 micromoles CO 2 per milligram chlorophyll per hour in the presence of 0.042 to 1.9 millimolar dissolved CO 2 due to the high resistances of Thalassia leaves to CO 2 diffusion. Phosphoglyceric acid is the first stable product of photosynthetic CO 2 fixation in Thalassia which is a Calvin cycle plant. The light/dark ratios of 14 CO 2 release from submerged Thalassia leaf sections at 1, 21, and 100% O 2 indicate a small apparent photorespiration. Dark respiration continues in the light and is stimulated by 21 and 100% O 2 . The low apparent photorespiration may be due to membrane and H 2 O resistances to CO 2 diffusion with subsequent refixation of the photorespired CO 2 . The internal pool of CO 2 is not in equilibrium with the external pool of CO 2 which results in a closed system in the seagrasses. The δ 13 C value of CO 2 in sea H 2 O in isotopic equilibrium with HCO 3 − is −10.3‰ and the δ 13 C value of hexoses isolated from the leaves of Thalassia is −11.5‰. In the closed system of the seagrasses there is a −1.2‰ fractionation of CO 2 by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the Calvin cycle. This contrasts to a fractionation of about −17 to −27‰ of the stable carbon isotopes of CO 2 by the Calvin cycle in the open system of terrestrial C 3 plants where the internal pool of CO 2 is in equilibrium with atmospheric CO 2 . Among C 3 plants the seagrasses are very unusual in fixing CO 2 by the Calvin cycle in a closed system. This closed system metabolism is analogous to the fixation of CO 2 by the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath cells of C 4 plants where all of the 12 CO 2 and 13 CO 2 is fixed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. Therefore, the reasons the δ 13 C values of seagrasses and C 4 plants are similar are: ( a ) the δ 13 C value of dissolved CO 2 in seawater resembles the δ 13 C value of the C 4 acids and the δ 13 C value of CO 2 in the bundle sheath cells, and ( b ) there is no fractionation of the stable carbon isotopes of CO 2 in the closed systems of the seagrasses or the bundle sheath cells of C 4 plants.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonitis-Induced Diffuse Alveolar Damage in an Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient

A 24-year-old woman with recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma, stage IIB nodular sclerosing type, underwent an autologous bone marrow transplantation. Forty-five days after transplantation, an upper respiratory tract infection developed that progressed to respiratory distress necessitating mechanical ventilation. An open-lung biopsy demonstrated diffuse alveolar damage. After an extensive search for the cause of the respiratory compromise, we detected respiratory syncytial virus in a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. The patient was immediately treated with aerosolized ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin; her symptoms resolved, and she was extubated 4 days after initiation of therapy.
XAS: a system for accessing componentized, virtual XML documents

XML is emerging as an important format for describing the schema of documents and data to facilitate integration of applications in a variety of industry domains. An important issue that naturally arises is the requirement to generate, store and access XML documents.It is important to reuse existing data management systems and repositories for this purpose. In this paper, we describe the XML Access Server (XAS), a general purpose XML based storage and retrieval system which provides the appearance of a large set of XML documents while retaining the data in underlying federated data sources that could be relational, object-oriented, or semi-structured. XAS automatically maps the underlying data into virtual XML components when mappings between DTDs and underlying schemas are established. The components can be presented as XML documents or assembled into larger components. XAS manages the relationship between XML components and the mapping in the form of document composition logic. The versatility in its ways to generate XML documents enables XAS to serve a large number of XML components and documents efficiently and expediently.
Quantification of myocardial perfusion by MRI after coronary occlusion.

The objectives of this study were to define the relationship between the first order constant of Gd-DTPA transfer (K1) and the myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest and to compare it with an equivalent relationship obtained for positron emission tomography (PET). In a canine model of permanent coronary occlusion (n = 4), myocardial and blood time concentration curves obtained by 13 N-ammonia PET and Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI were fitted by a one-compartment model to determine K1. A linear relationship was observed between MRI-derived K1 and MBF measured by microspheres (K1 = 0.88 × flow -0.015, R = 0.95), which compares favorably with the equivalent relationship derived from PET (K1 = 0.74 × flow +0.16, R = 0.88). The results of this preliminary study suggest that, at rest and distal to a permanently occluded coronary artery, myocardial perfusion quantification by MRI is possible and can challenge PET.
Militants and Migrants: Immigrant Workers in the United States, 1880–1920

Even this long after the centennial of her birthday, it is difficult these days to avoid the Statue of Liberty. Continuing immigration reminds us that for all of its problems the United States is still a magnet for poor and oppressed people throughout the world. The symbolic importance of the statue has seldom been more poignantly displayed than in Tiananmin Square in the spring of 1989. The Chinese students' Liberty was more an amalgam of images than an exact replica, but its likeness to the lady in New York Harbor was clear. America's image in the eyes of immigrant workers has certainly changed over the years, however, while the reality of immigrant working-class life has confronted the newcomers with both problems and opportunities. In October 1986 a group of American and European scholars gathered in Paris for a conference to commemorate the centennial of the Statue of Liberty. AI 'Ombre de la Statue de la Libert? is a collection of the conference papers grouped around four broad themes: the changing image of America among European workers; the immigrants' actual experience of America, with an emphasis on the trans-Atlantic dimension of social movements and intellectual influences; immigrant radicalism; and, of course, republicanism. One persistent theme in the essays concerned with America's image is its transformation from a sort of republican utopia in the mid-nineteenth century to a grotesque capitalist giant by the 1880s. This metaphorical evolution is hardly
Debris-filled biliary system: a difficult diagnosis on MRI and MRCP

We describe a debris-filled biliary system as a difficult diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). A male patient aged 60 years showed a nonvisualized biliary system due to complete filling with debris. The following imaging features were observed: mild heterogeneity of intermediate signal on T2-weighted, MRCP and T1-weighted images and mild heterogeneous enhancement of periportal tissue on early and late postcontrast images. The absence of simple-appearing bile on T2 or MRCP images made the diagnosis of dilated, debris-filled biliary system challenging.
Transcriptional targets of DAF-16 insulin signaling pathway protect C. elegans from extreme hypertonic stress.

All cells adapt to hypertonic stress by regulating their volume after shrinkage, by accumulating organic osmolytes, and by activating mechanisms that protect against and repair hypertonicity-induce...
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND LEVELS OF HOMICIDE: AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS*

This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between levels of economic inequality and homicide rates for a sample of 26 neighborhoods in Manhattan, New York. It argues that neighborhoods are more appropriate units of analysis for studying inequality and homicide than are larger political and statistical units because neighborhoods are more likely to constitute meaningful frames of reference for social comparisons. The principle hypothesis is that a high degree of economic inequality in a neighborhood will give rise to high levels of relative deprivation and high rates of homicide. The results of a series of multiple regression analyses fail to support this hypothesis. The measure of economic inequality is weakly associated with the observed homicide rates. Similarly, the racial composition of Manhattan neighborhoods exhibits no significant association with levels of homicide, given statistical controls for other sociodemographic variables. Two neighborhood characteristics do emerge as significant predictors of homicide rates: the relative size of the poverty population and the percent divorced or separated. Homicide rates tend to be highest in those neighborhoods characterized by extreme poverty and pervasive marital dissolution.
Skin-stage Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni Produce an Apoptosis-inducing Factor That Can Cause Apoptosis of T Cells

Skin-stage schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were found to secrete molecules that are pro-apoptotic for skin T lymphocytes as measured by annexin V staining, caspase-3 activity, caspase-8 activities, and DNA fragmentation. Caspase-8 activities in lymphocytes peaked ∼8 h and caspase-3 activity peaked ∼16 h after exposure to the parasite secretions. Subset analysis showed that mainly CD4+ and CD8+ cells (but not B cells) were susceptible to the parasite-induced pro-apoptotic effect. In situ staining confirmed the presence of apoptotic T cells around challenge parasites in the skin of naive or immunized animals. Analysis of T cells to identify the potential molecular pathway of the parasite-induced apoptosis showed increases in the expression of Fas, FasL, and the Fas-associated death domain. Blocking of FasL with a fusion protein reversed the parasite-induced apoptosis, suggesting a role for the Fas/FasL-mediated pathway in the parasite-induced T cell apoptosis. Subsequent analyses of the secretions of skin-stage schistosomula identified the pro-apoptotic activity as being associated with a protein of ∼23 kDa. This protein was termed S. mansoni-derived apoptosis-inducing factor.
The development of parental preferences in the first two years of life

This study was conducted to explore sex of parent by sex of child interactions in the development of parent-infant attachments in the first two years of life. Such investigations seem especially necessary in view of the common belief that sex-role learning primarily occurs in the process of early family-child interactions (see Lamb, 1976c). Unlike the few previous investigations in which fatherand mother-infant relations were compared, the data were derived from lengthy observations of family triads in the unstructured home setting. Pilot laboratory research conducted by Lewis, Weinraub, and Ban (1972) and Lamb (1976b) indicated that by 2 years of age boys tend to prefer their fathers while girls prefer their mothers. In neither study were individual developmental profiles considered, nor was it clear whether infants who showed a preference for one parent on one measure showed a similar preference on the other measures. The present study was designed to remedy these deficiencies. In addition, the frequency of parental vocalization to the children was recorded; this served as an index of parental interactive participation. It was predicted that the sons' preferences for their fathers would be paralleled by greater paternal involvement with sons than with daughters. The subjects were participants in two overlapping longitudinal investigations. Fourteen infants were observed at 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months of age; six others were observed at 7, 8, 12, and 13 months; and six were observed at 15, 18, 21, and 24 months. All came from lower- to upper-middle-class families, in which traditional parental roles prevailed.
Lesions in Puppies Surviving Infection with Canine Herpesvirus

Four puppies experimentally infected with canine herpesvirus (CHV) and one spontaneously infected animal, all of which survived the disease, were examined. Histologically, there were a focal granulomatous encephalitis, interstitial pneumonitis, and segmental renal necrosis with dysplasia. In the animal with naturally occurring in- fection there was segmental cerebellar and retinal dysplasia, and CHV antigen was demon- strated in the cerebellar cortex by fluorescence microscopy. The cerebellar and retinal dysplasia indicate that CHV can impair the differentiation of such tissues.
Smart Morphable Surfaces for Aerodynamic Drag Control

Smart Morphable Surfaces enable switchable and tunable aerodynamic drag reduction of bluff bodies. Their topography, resembling the morphology of golf balls, can be custom-generated through a wrinkling instability on a curved surface. Pneumatic actuation of these patterns results in the control of the drag coefficient of spherical samples by up to a factor of two, over a range of flow conditions. (Figure Presented).
RF MEMS Capacitive Switches for Wide Temperature Range Applications Using a Standard Thin-Film Process

In this paper, the design, fabrication, and measurements of a capacitive RF microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switch with very low sensitivity to thermal stress is presented. The switch is built by thin-film technology (0.8-μm Au) and shows <;50-mV/°C variation in the pull-down voltage at 25 °C-125 °C. The effects of the residual biaxial stress and stress gradients are studied in detail and the final switch design is very tolerant to a wide range of stress. The switch exhibits excellent RF and mechanical performances, and a capacitance ratio of about 51-57 (Cu = 54-66 fF, Cd = 3.1 - 3.4 pF) is reported. The mechanical resonant frequency and quality factor are fο = 105 - 115 kHz and Qm ≈ 8, respectively, with a measured switching time of about 3-3.8 μs. The applications areas are in low-loss RF MEMS, phase shifters, and reconfigurable networks.
MOLECULAR GENETICS AND INDIVIDUALITY

Individual humans and animals obviously can be distinguished at the level of body form, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology. The basis for this individuality must at least partially be genetic. New advances in molecular genetics have illuminated the mechanisms of regulation of genetic systems. This information tends to deemphasize some simple models explaining the basis of individual variation and suggests alternative hypotheses.
Novel intra-adrenal secondary lymphoid follicle formation

Dear Editor: Ectopic lymphoid organogenesis, a part of the immune response to antigen, has, to our knowledge, not been reported in normal adrenal tissue [1], incidentally removed adrenal glands [2], or associated with pheochromocytomas. A 42-year-old female with multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A, and without clinical history of chronic infection, autoimmune disease, or lymphoproliferative disorder, developed bilateral pheochromocytomas and underwent bilateral adrenalectomy. Incidentally, a secondary lymphoid follicle was found in the medulla of the right adrenal away from tumor. The lymphoid follicle showed well-developed polarized architecture with reactive germinal center, mantle, and marginal zone, as demonstrated by normal morphology (Fig. 1, hematoxylineosin, ×20) and immunohistochemistry (Fig. 1, CD3 and CD20, ×20, and data not shown). Special stains for microorganisms (Acid–Fast, Gomori–Methenamine, and
Fallibility of clinical research.

Abstract Though clinical research has resulted in an abundance of literature over the past 30 years, many of the same questions asked in 1960 are being asked today. Why is it seemingly impossible to determine the proper age for palate repair? Why does it seem impossible to determine if maxillary deficiency in patients with cleft lip and palate is caused by the surgeon or is intrinsic? Though poor design of clinical research is in part responsible, even well-designed clinical research findings can be misinterpreted, well-designed studies can be poorly executed, or important findings can be completely overlooked because of experimenter bias. It is even possible that clinical research is well designed and executed, but the question asked is the wrong question. Agreement on major issues may seem impossible, but experience in other fields of clinical research shows that the problem is not universal and our failure to agree may have a major impact on the application of patient care.
Signaling roles of Dictyostelium discoideum TirA in response to gram-negative bacteria (INM9P.450)

Innate immune Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signal via toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains, resulting in initiation of various signaling pathways, including MAPK pathways. The model organism Dictyostelium discoideum , a social amoeba that phagocytizes bacteria for nutrients, lacks full-length TLRs but encodes for several TIR domain-containing proteins. One such protein, TirA, is required for the growth of D. discoideum in the presence of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, addition of LPS increases D. discoideum ’s bactericidal activities in a TirA- and ERK- dependent manner. Here we are investigating TirA’s role in the activation of ERK-MAPK pathways in response to bacteria and folic acid. ERK phosphorylation was found to be reduced in TirA-deficient cells as compared to WT cells in response to Gram-negative bacteria, but not in response to Gram-positive bacteria or to folic acid. Furthermore expression of uduB , a MAPK-regulated transcript, has previously been found to be upregulated in TirA-deficient cells during steady-state growth on Gram-negative bacteria. Here we show that upregulation of uduB can be detected within 4 h of exposure of TirA-deficient cells to Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to these procedures we are also working to solve the structure of D. discoideum TIR domains through the use of X-ray crystallography. By obtaining this structural information new insights into the conserved mechanisms of TIR domain signaling in may be revealed.
Can vitamin D supplementation in infancy prevent type 1 diabetes

Several recent European studies suggested that supplementing infants with vitamin D during their first year might prevent type 1 diabetes. A dose of 50 microg/day was associated with decreased diabetes risk in Finland, but the effectiveness of lower doses was not examined. The recommended dietary intake of vitamin D for U.S. infants is 5 microg/day and the tolerable upper level is 25 microg/day. There is no evidence that intakes between 5 and 25 microg/day would reduce diabetes incidence, but it would seem prudent to ensure that infants reach at least the lower end of this range.
Optical and Electrical Characterization of Fluid Transport in Nanoscale Channels

Nanofluidic channels integrated into microfluidic devices offer a unique platform for studying ion transport behavior. We present a method to fabricate these integrated devices in-plane, which permits simultaneous optical and electrical characterization.
The captopril tests: a new concept in detecting renovascular hypertension?

An undetermined percentage of the 60 million hypertensive Americans have potentially correctable renovascular hypertension (RVHT). Conventional plasma renin activity (PRA) determinations and radionuclide renography have limited sensitivity and specificity as screening tests for RVHT. Angioten-sin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril stimulates renin secretion and causes transient decreases in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow within the stenotic kidney. Review of recent studies in hypertensive patients suggests that captopril stimulation of both PRA determinations and conventional renography may enhance the sensitivity and specificity of these studies in detecting RVHT.
Survey on the prevalence of intestinal helminths in rural residents of Wuming County,Guangxi

A survey showed that the total prevalence of intestinal helminths in rural residents from Wuming County was 50.35 %.The infection rate of soil transmited helminths was only 4.09 %,while that of Clonorchis sinensis was 47.66 %. Comparing with the data in 1990,the infection of C.sinensis increased 126.95 %.Changes of the infections were related to the habit of local residents,improvement of drinking water supply and management of night soil.
Retrospective Study of Sirolimus and Cyclophosphamide in Patients with Advanced Differentiated Thyroid Cancers.

Background: We hypothesize that the combination of an mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus, with a well-known cytotoxic agent, cyclophosphamide, provides a well-tolerated and promising alternative treatment for advanced, differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC). Methods: This retrospective review extracted data from patients treated for advanced DTC at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center from 1995 through 2013. Fifteen patients treated with combination sirolimus and cyclophosphamide were identified as the sirolimus+cyp group. Seventeen patients treated with standard of care and enrolled in clinical trials were identified as the comparison group. Results: The one-year progression free survival rate (PFS) was 0.45, 95% CI [0.26, 0.80] in the sirolimus+cyp population and 0.30, 95% CI [0.13, 0.67] in the comparison population. The hazard ratio for PFS from initiation of treatment was 1.47, 95% CI [0.57, and 3.78]. In patients treated as first line, one-year PFS rate was 0.57, 95% CI [0.30, 1.00] in the sirolimus+cyp group and relatively unchanged at 0.29, 95% CI [0.11, 0.74] in the comparison group. The hazard ratio for PFS for first line patients was 1.10, 95% CI [0.4, and 3.5]. In patients with 3 or fewer sites of metastases, the one year PFS was 0.58, 95% CI [0.33, 1.00] in the sirolimus+cyp group, and 0.37, 95% CI [0.17, 0.80] in the comparison group. The average number of toxicities was 0.87 in the sirolimus+cyp patients and 1.71 in the comparison group. Conclusions: The combination of sirolimus and cyclophosphamide was generally
In vitro characterization of a novel Isu homologue from Drosophila melanogaster for de novo FeS-cluster formation

FeS-clusters are utilized by numerous proteins within several biological pathways that are essential for life. In eukaryotes, the primary FeS-cluster production pathway is the mitochondrial iron–sulfur cluster (ISC) pathway. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, de novo FeS-cluster formation is accomplished through coordinated assembly with the substrates iron and sulfur by the scaffold assembly protein “Isu1”. Sulfur for cluster assembly is provided by cysteine desulfurase “Nfs1”, a protein that works in union with its accessory protein “Isd11”. Frataxin “Yfh1” helps direct cluster assembly by serving as a modulator of Nfs1 activity, by assisting in the delivery of sulfur and Fe(II) to Isu1, or more likely through a combination of these and other possible roles. In vitro studies on the yeast ISC machinery have been limited, however, due to the inherent instability of recombinant Isu1. Isu1 is a molecule prone to degradation and aggregation. To circumvent Isu1 instability, we have replaced yeast Isu1 with the fly ortholog to stabilize our in vitro ISC assembly system and assist us in elucidating molecular details of the yeast ISC pathway. Our laboratory previously observed that recombinant frataxin from Drosophila melanogaster has remarkable stability compared to the yeast ortholog. Here we provide the first characterization of D. melanogaster Isu1 (fIscU) and demonstrate its ability to function within the yeast ISC machinery both in vivo and in vitro. Recombinant fIscU has physical properties similar to that of yeast Isu1. It functions as a stable dimer with similar Fe(II) affinity and ability to form two 2Fe–2S clusters as the yeast dimer. The fIscU and yeast ISC proteins are compatible in vitro; addition of Yfh1 to Nfs1–Isd11 increases the rate of FeS-cluster formation on fIscU to a similar extent observed with Isu1. Finally, fIscU expressed in mitochondria of a yeast strain lacking Isu1 (and its paralog Isu2) is able to completely reverse the deletion phenotypes. These results demonstrate fIscU can functionally replace yeast Isu1 and it can serve as a powerful tool for exploring molecular details within the yeast ISC pathway.
Noninvasive Assessment of Renal Fibrosis with Magnetization Transfer MR Imaging: Validation and Evaluation in Murine Renal Artery Stenosis.

Magnetization transfer imaging was used to successfully measure and longitudinally monitor the progression of renal fibrosis in mice with unilateral renal artery stenosis.
Skin-to-Skin Care and Rooming-In: Safety Considerations.

Over the last several decades, hospital care of new mothers and their newborns has changed dramatically. There was a time when newborns were almost immediately taken to the nursery and then brought out infrequently for visits. This was likely done with good intentions to promote maternal rest and be
Power of pedigree likelihood analysis in extended pedigrees to classify rare variants of uncertain significance in cancer risk genes.

Rare and private variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are routinely identified in clinical panel, exome, and genome sequencing. We investigated the power of single family co-segregation analysis to aid classification of VUS. We simulated thousands of pedigrees using demographics in China and the United States, segregating benign and pathogenic variants. Genotypes and phenotypes were simulated using penetrance models for Lynch syndrome and breast/ovarian cancer. We calculated LOD scores adjusted for proband ascertainment (LODadj), to determine power to yield quantitative evidence for, or against, pathogenicity of the VUS. Power to classify VUS was higher for Chinese than United States pedigrees. The number of affected individuals explained the most variation in LODadj (21–38%). The distance to the furthest affected relative (FAR) from the proband explained 1–7% of the variation for the benign VUS and Lynch associated cancers. Minimum age of onset (MAO) explained 5–13% of the variation in families with pathogenic breast/ovarian cancer variants. Random removal of 50% of the phenotype/genotype data reduced power and the variation in LODadj was best explained by FAR followed by the number of affected individuals and MAO when the founder was only two generations from the proband. Power to classify benign variants was ~2x power to classify pathogenic variants. Affecteds-only analysis resulted in virtually no power to correctly classify benign variants and reduced power to classify pathogenic variants. These results can be used to guide recruitment efforts to classify rare and private VUS.
Novel approaches to hemophilia therapy: successes and challenges

New therapies for hemophilia A and hemophilia B will likely continue to change clinical practice. Ranging from extended half-life to nonfactor products and gene therapy, these innovative approaches have the potential to enhance the standard of care by decreasing infusion frequency to increase compliance, promoting prophylaxis, offering alternatives to inhibitor patients, and easing route of administration. Each category has intrinsic challenges that may limit the broader application of these promising therapies. To date, none specifically address the challenge of dispersing treatment to the developing world.
Phylogenetic Diversity and Host Specialization of Corynespora cassiicola Responsible for Emerging Target Spot Disease of Cotton and Other Crops in the Southeastern United States

Corynespora cassiicola is a ubiquitous fungus causing emerging plant diseases worldwide, including target spot of cotton, soybean, and tomato, which have rapidly increased in incidence and severity throughout the southeastern United States. The objectives of this study were to understand the causes for the emerging target spot epidemics in the United States by comparing phylogenetic relationships of isolates from cotton, tomato, soybean, and other crop plants and ornamental hosts, and through the determination of the host range of isolates from emerging populations. Fifty-three isolates were sampled from plants in the southeastern United States and 1,380 nucleotides from four nuclear loci were sequenced. Additionally, sequences of the same loci from 23 isolates representing each of the distinct lineages of C. cassiicola described from previous studies were included. Isolates clustered based on host of origin, regardless of the geographic location of sampling. There was no genetic diversity detected among isolates from cotton, which were genetically distinct from isolates from other host species. Furthermore, pathogenicity and virulence assays of 40 isolates from various hosts onto cotton, soybean, tomato, and cucumber showed that isolates from cotton were more aggressive to cotton than those from other hosts. Soybean and tomato were most susceptible to isolates that originated from the same host, providing evidence of host specialization. These results suggest that emerging target spot epidemics in the United States are caused by either the introduction of host-specific isolates or the evolution of more aggressive strains on each host.
Social Advocacy: A new Dimension in Social Work:

Advocacy, with unreserved commitment to the disadvantaged, adds a new dimension, that of breadth, to the objectives of the social work of the future
Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition

Hemispheric specialization, also referred to as cerebral dominance or lateralization of function, is a defining characteristic of the organization of the human brain. This specialization is relative, however, because with a few exceptions, both hemispheres can process most all types of information, although they do so in fundamentally different manners. The right hemisphere excels at more holistic and coarse processing of information, whereas the left excels at more analytic and fine-grained processing of information. In addition to providing two distinct manners of analyzing information within one brain, the relative specialization of the hemispheres allows them to act as distinct processors. When task demands are high, the brain’s processing capacity can be increased by interaction between these two processors.
Pulmonary Hypertension and Cor Pulmonale

Pulmonary hypertension is a clinically heterogeneous, progressive disease. Tremendous recent advances in diagnosis and treatment options have improved clinical outcomes and survival (1, 2). Key to appropriate patient management is categorization of disease and treatment of underlying associated pathology. An expanded array of diagnostic tests allow for better characterization of clinical status; however, cardiac catheterization remains essential for assessment of disease severity, determination of prognosis, and choice of appropriate treatment. Multiple therapies for pulmonary hypertension have emerged in the past decade. These strategies provide more patient choice, are better tolerated, and result in improved functional class, decreased symptoms, and enhanced quality of life.
Late Effects and Survivorship Issues in Patients with Neuroblastoma.

Over the past two decades, marked progress has been made in understanding the biology of neuroblastoma; this has led to refined risk stratification and treatment modifications with resultant increasing 5-year survival rates for children with neuroblastoma. Survivors, however, remain at risk for a wide variety of potential treatment-related complications, or “late effects”, which may lead to excess morbidity and premature mortality in this cohort. This review summarizes the existing survivorship literature on long-term health outcomes for survivors of neuroblastoma, focusing specifically on potential injury to the endocrine, sensory, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal systems, as well as survivors’ treatment-related risk for subsequent neoplasms and impaired quality of life. Additional work is needed to assess the potential late effects of newer multimodality therapies with the aim of optimizing long-term medical and psychosocial outcomes for all survivors of neuroblastoma.
Dynamics of electron attachment and photodissociation in iodide-uracil-water clusters via time-resolved photoelectron imaging.

The dynamics of low energy electron attachment to monohydrated uracil are investigated using time-resolved photoelectron imaging to excite and probe iodide-uracil-water (I−·U·H2O) clusters. Upon photoexcitation of I−·U·H2O at 4.38 eV, near the measured cluster vertical detachment energy of 4.40 eV ± 0.05 eV, formation of both the dipole bound (DB) anion and valence bound (VB) anion of I−·U·H2O is observed and characterized using a probe photon energy of 1.58 eV. The measured binding energies for both anions are larger than those of the non-hydrated iodide-uracil (I−·U) counterparts, indicating that the presence of water stabilizes the transient negative ions. The VB anion exhibits a somewhat delayed 400 fs rise when compared to I−·U, suggesting that partial conversion of the DB anion to form the VB anion at early times is promoted by the water molecule. At a higher probe photon energy, 3.14 eV, I− re-formation is measured to be the major photodissociation channel. This product exhibits a bi-exponential rise; it is likely that the fast component arises from DB anion decay by internal conversion to the anion ground state followed by dissociation to I−, and the slow component arises from internal conversion of the VB anion.The dynamics of low energy electron attachment to monohydrated uracil are investigated using time-resolved photoelectron imaging to excite and probe iodide-uracil-water (I−·U·H2O) clusters. Upon photoexcitation of I−·U·H2O at 4.38 eV, near the measured cluster vertical detachment energy of 4.40 eV ± 0.05 eV, formation of both the dipole bound (DB) anion and valence bound (VB) anion of I−·U·H2O is observed and characterized using a probe photon energy of 1.58 eV. The measured binding energies for both anions are larger than those of the non-hydrated iodide-uracil (I−·U) counterparts, indicating that the presence of water stabilizes the transient negative ions. The VB anion exhibits a somewhat delayed 400 fs rise when compared to I−·U, suggesting that partial conversion of the DB anion to form the VB anion at early times is promoted by the water molecule. At a higher probe photon energy, 3.14 eV, I− re-formation is measured to be the major photodissociation channel. This product exhibits a bi-exponential ri...
Lentivirus-Mediated RNAi in Skeletal Myogenesis

RNA interference (RNAi) has greatly facilitated investigation of gene functions in vitro as well as in vivo. Recombinant lentivirus is widely used to deliver small hairpin RNA (shRNA) because of its high transduction capacity into diverse cell types and tissues. Here, we describe methods of lentivirus-mediated delivery of shRNA for the study of skeletal muscle cell differentiation in vitro and injury-induced muscle regeneration in mice.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid containing herbicide impairs essential visually guided behaviors of larval fish.

Abstract Aquatic herbicides are used worldwide to eradicate nuisance and invasive plants despite limited knowledge of their toxicity to non-target organisms. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common active ingredient in commercial herbicide formulations, which triggers plant cell death by mimicking the plant-specific hormone auxin. Application practices of 2,4-D commercial herbicides typically coincide with yearly freshwater fish spawning periods. This practice exposes fish to xenobiotics at their vulnerable larval stages. The full impacts of 2,4-D on larval fish remains poorly understood, and hence, whether it may alter larval survival, larval behavior, fish populations, and ecosystem dynamics. In the present study, we exposed embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) to the active ingredient 2,4-D (pure 2,4-D) or a 2,4-D containing commercial herbicide DMA4®IVM (DMA4) and evaluated morphology, survival, behavior, and nervous system function. At 2,4-D concentrations producing no overt morphological defects during embryonic or early larval stages, we observed reduced survival throughout a 21-day larval assay (4–8 ppm DMA4 and 0.75–4 ppm pure 2,4-D). Notably, prey capture, a behavior essential to survival, was reduced in 2,4-D-exposed larval zebrafish (4–8 ppm DMA4 and 0.75–4 ppm pure 2,4-D) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (4–20 ppm DMA4). In zebrafish, 8 ppm DMA4 exposure reduced prey capture when exposure was restricted to the period of visual system development. Consistent with these results, larval zebrafish exposed to 8 ppm DMA4 showed reduced neural activity within the optic tectum following prey exposure. Together, our results suggest that 2,4-D alters the development and function of neural circuits underlying vision of larval fish, and thereby reduces visually guided behaviors required for survival.
When the simplest voluntary decisions appear patently suboptimal.

Rahnev & Denison (R&D) catalog numerous experiments in which performance deviates, often in subtle ways, from the theoretical ideal. We discuss an extreme case, an elementary behavior (reactive saccades to single targets) for which a simple contextual manipulation results in responses that are dramatically different from those expected based on reward maximization - and yet are highly informative and amenable to mechanistic examination.
Inverse circumscription

Inverse (or identification) problems involve deciding whether or not an explicitly given set of data points have an implicit description, for instance, in the form of a constraint network. Such problems provide insight into the relationships among various representations of knowledge, which may have differing computational properties. This paper formalizes and studies the inverse circumscription problem, which (roughly speaking) is to decide, given a set of models, if there exists a formula whose circumscription describes the input set.