cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin of vibrational features in the excitation energy transfer dynamics of perylene bisimide J-aggregates

We investigate the role of intramolecular normal mode vibrations in the excitation energy transfer (EET) dynamics of perylene bisimide J-aggregates composed of 2 or 25 units using numerically exact methods. The calculations employ a Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian where the ground and excited electronic states of each molecular unit are coupled to 28 intramolecular normal mode vibrations at various temperatures. The electronic populations exhibit strong damping effects, a lengthening of the EET time scale, and complex dynamical patterns, which depend on aggregate length, temperature, as well as electronic and vibrational initial conditions and which are not additive. The early evolution is dominated by high-frequency vibrational modes, but all modes are responsible for the observed dynamics after the initial 25 fs. Overall, we observe significant changes in the electronic populations upon varying the temperature between 0 and 600 K. With a Franck–Condon (FC) initial excitation, a strongly coupled vibrational mode introduces new peaks to the dimer populations, which show very weak temperature sensitivity. The first of these peaks is also seen in the long aggregate, but subsequent recurrences appear strongly quenched and merged. These structures are drastically altered if a non-FC initial condition is assumed. Additional insights are obtained from the diagonal elements of the dimer electronic-vibrational reduced density matrix. We find that the vibronic peaks result from depletion of the crossing region during the early coherent evolution of the vibrational density away from the crossing point, which allows the premature back-transfer of excitation to the initially excited unit.
Experimental RF Characterization of Ferroelectric Hafnium Zirconium Oxide Material at GHz for Microwave Applications

The discovery of doped Hafnium based ferroelectric materials has attracted enormous attentions due to their full compatibility with silicon CMOS technology and excellent scalability towards advanced technology nodes (e.g., 22 nm or beyond) [1] . The doped HfO2-based ferroelectric materials have been researched extensively for nonvolatile memory devices [1] , [2] . There are proposals using them for tunable microwave devices such as bandpass filters and phase shifters [3] - [5] . However, these prior research efforts on microwave device designs rely on the kHz low frequency C-V characteristics and study high-frequency GHz tunable microwave devices based on electromagnetic simulations and the unverified assumption of frequency-independent material property [8-9]. This work experimentally characterizes the RF characteristics of Hafnium Zirconium Oxide (HZO) [1] . We fabricated a set of microwave test structures using the metal-oxide-metal (MOM) plate capacitor. MOM capacitors ensure uniform electrical field through the HZO material-under-test and thus will report more accurate material property characterization than interdigitated capacitors. Our recent work [6] uses similar HZO stack but presents the small signal AC response only from 1kHz to 10MHz, though it reveals interesting device physics such as domain pinning effect. In this paper, our measurements use large-signal quasi-DC sweep for the HZO material biasing, as well as the small signal S-parameter measurements for AC capacitance extraction from 10MHz to 2GHz range, highest reported frequency thus far.
Pursuit of Justice and Systematic Sexual Violence: An Exploration of the Victims’ Views from Bosnia and Herzegovina

The wars in the former Yugoslavia have created thousands of victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), established in 1993, has been in charge of trying individuals accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity and providing justice to the victims. Despite the extent of victimization, prior research exploring the victims’ views of the ICTY has been scarce. This paper presents the results of the 2007 survey of victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Out of 600 respondents, 317 (52.5%) reported being raped and the rest reported being victimized otherwise (47.5%). Our results show that the ICTY is the primary decision-maker of their choice, particularly for the trials of military and political leaders. The respondents who reported being raped, beaten, and starved were more supportive of the ICTY than the respondents who were otherwise victimized were. The respondents who evaluated the ICTY as fair and who testified at the Court of BiH were more likely to select the ICTY as the preferred decision-maker. The respondents evaluated only one domestic courts - the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Court of BiH) - as fair.
Determinants of Perceived Institutional Expertise: Investigating the Contribution of Products, Personnel, and Internal States

This conceptual paper investigates whether consumers perceive that institutions have expertise. The perception of institutional expertise is thought to arise from impressions about product-related and personnel-based factors. Institutional expertise is postulated to contribute to an increased intention to patronize and purchase, and enhanced reputation (see Figure 1).
Chapter Three - Individual Variation Decreases Interference Competition but Increases Species Persistence

Abstract Interference competition is thought to stabilize consumer–resource systems. The magnitude of interference is linked to that of attack efficiency: when both levels are intermediate, populations are maximally stable and have high competitive ability. Individual variation can affect ecological dynamics through its effect on attack efficiency and handling time. Because interference has a non-linear effect on consumer foraging rates, individual variation in mutual interference can strongly affect ecological dynamics. Here, we explicitly incorporate individual variation in attack efficiency, handling time and interference into a dynamic consumer–resource model and show that variation increases species coexistence by depressing attack efficiency to a greater extent than predator interference. We argue that this differential effect of variation affects the equilibrium densities of consumers and their prey, thus altering their competitive ability. Intermediate levels of variation can maximize both consumer persistence and competitive ability. Our results show the importance of quantifying individual variation in natural populations for understanding the persistence and stability of species within communities.
Three Conjectures on Neural Network Implementations of Volterra Models (Mappings)

Three conjectures are presented that form the methodological link between Volterra models (mappings) and a popular class of artificial neural networks (multi-layer perceptrons). The first conjecture elucidates the equivalence between these two types of nonlinear mapping and shows how we can achieve a network implementation of a Volterra model by employing proper linear input transformations and polynomial activation functions in the hidden units; while the output unit(s) may be simple adder(s). The second conjecture outlines the trade-offs between general polynomial and fixed sigmoidal activation functions traditionally used in multilayer perceptrons. The former are more flexible in defining nonlinear mappings; while thelatter, being far more restrictive, lead to increased numbers of hidden units and heavier computational burden during training via back-propagation. In general, an infinite number of sigmoidal hidden units is required to represent exactly a Volterra model (mapping) or a network with (finite) polynomial hidden units. The third conjecture extends the results for continous-output models to binary-(or spike-)output models/mappings, often encountered in neural networks. These conjectures collectively point to the potential versatility and efficiency of a class of networks that utilize polynomial activation functions in the hidden units and linear output unit(s) with fixed weights. Practical procedures for optimal use of these networks are currently developed.
Characteristics of Modified Leghemoglobins Isolated from Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Root Nodules

Hemoprotein derivatives of an abundant soybean (Glycine max Merr.) root nodule leghemoglobin, Lba, were studied for their modified spectral characteristics and physical properties. Three modified hemoprotein derivatives of Lba (Lbam1, Lbam2, and Lbam3) were purified by preparative isoelectric focusing. The ferric forms of these pigments were green and exhibited anomalous spectra in the visible region as compared to the Lba3+ forms. These modified pigments showed a hypochromic shift of 10 nm for the charge transfer absorption maximum; however, differences were not apparent in the Soret region. Upon binding with nicotinate, the [alpha] and [beta] bands were shifted significantly into the red region as compared to the Lba3+ nicotinate complex. The three Lbam fractions were reduced by dithionite or by NADH in the presence of riboflavin. Lbam2+ also bound nicotinate and displayed absorption spectra indistinguishable from those of Lba2+ nicotinate. In contrast to Lba2+, Lbam2+ displayed aberrant spectra when bound with either O2 or CO. These complexes exhibited a prominent charge transfer band at approximately 620 nm and failed to exhibit spectra characteristic of Lba2+O2 and Lba2+CO. The protein moiety of these modified pigments was intact because their tyrosine/tryptophan ratios and their amino acid compositions were identical with those of Lba, nor were differences observed in the peptide profiles resulting from trypsin digests of purified Lba and Lbams. Automated Edman degradation of selected peaks further confirmed the intactness of the protein backbone including the absence of deamination. Pyridine hemochromogen for heme from Lbams could be formed, and the spectra displayed distinct differences compared to those of Lba. A new peak at 580 nm and a loss of a peak at 480 nm were observed for all three Lbams.
The Scientification of Love

Michel Odent Free Association Books, £12.95, pp 130 ISBN 1 85343 476 0 Rating: ![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] ![Graphic][3] Michel Odent, who is perhaps best known for introducing birthing pools to obstetric wards, has written a slim but provocative book on the subject of love. Why write a scientific book about a subject best left to poets and songwriters? The answer, according to Odent, is because it's about time: “At a time when people are focusing on violence and the roots of violence, I am convinced that we can go a step further … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Comparative survey of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) attitudes, use, and information-seeking behaviour among medical students, residents & faculty.

Background There is significant and growing national interest for introducing Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) instruction into allopathic medical education. We measured CAM attitudes, use, and information-seeking behaviors as a baseline to evaluate future planned CAM instruction.
A scalable data management tool to support epidemiological modeling of large urban regions

We describe the design and prototype implementation of a data management tool supporting simulation based models for studying the spread of infectious diseases in large urban regions. The need for such tools arises due to diverse and competing disease models, social networks, and experimental designs that are being investigated. A realistic case study produces large amounts of data. Organizing such datasets is necessary for effectively supporting analysts and policy-makers interested in various cases. We report our ongoing efforts to develop EpiDM--an integrated information management tool for interrelated digital resources, where the central piece is EpiDL(a digital library for efficient access to these datasets). The work is unique in terms of the specific application domain, which we are not aware of any such efforts and tools that can be generalized for simulation-based modeling of other sociotechnical systems. EpiDL follows the 5S framework developed in the DL community.
Frank Albert Cotton (1930-2007)

F. A. Cotton was an inorganic chemist who performed groundbreaking work on transition-metal complexes.
Introduction: Special issue on franchising

Abstract Franchising research has benefited greatly from the interest that franchise contracts have generated among economists. The application of industrial economics in general, and agency theory and transaction cost analysis in particular, to franchising has been truly enlightening. Significant insight has been provided by both economic modeling and empirical work.
Examining the upper respiratory tract of Neanderthals and other later Pleistocene human fossils: analysis of form and function (17.6)

Neanderthals are one of the most intensely studied groups of extinct humans, as aspects of their phylogeny and functional morphology remain controversial. They have long been described as cold adapted but recent analyses of their nasal anatomy suggest that traits formerly considered adaptations may be the result of genetic drift. Here we describe our previous and current studies on the nasal complex (NC; nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, connecting pathways) of Neanderthals and other later Pleistocene fossils from Europe and Africa. A geographically diverse sample of modern human crania was used to establish an anatomical baseline for populations inhabiting cold and tropical climates. Nasal complex morphology was analyzed via traditional and geometric morphometrics and CT imaging. Results indicate that Neanderthals possessed NC's that fall outside the range of modern human variation in several traits, including paranasal sinus morphology. In particular, they exhibited greater relative piriform aperture are...
Individualized anemia management using a radial basis function method

This paper presents a radial basis function (RBF) solution to the optimal control of drug administration in renal anemia treatment. Anemia management is formulated as a constrained optimal control problem and solved by an RBF method. RBF method is a numerical approach using RBF parameterization and orthogonal discretization to transcribe the optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. Then, a receding horizon control approach based on the RBF method is developed for individualized anemia management. The simulation results are compared with those obtained from a clinical protocol to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.
In vivo regulation of axon extension and pathfinding by growth-cone calcium transients

Growth cones at the tips of extending neurites migrate through complex environments in the developing nervous system and guide axons to appropriate target regions using local cues. The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of growth cones correlates with motility in vitro, but the physiological links between environmental cues and axon growth in vivo are unknown. Here we report that growth cones generate transient elevations of [Ca2+]i as they migrate within the embryonic spinal cord and that the rate of axon outgrowth is inversely proportional to the frequency of transients. Suppressing Ca2+ transients by photorelease of a Ca2+ chelator accelerates axon extension, whereas mimicking transients with photorelease of Ca2+ slows otherwise rapid axonal growth. The frequency of Ca2+ transients is cell-type specific and depends on the position of growth cones along their pathway. Furthermore, growth-cone stalling and axon retraction, which are two important aspects of pathfinding, are associated with high frequencies of Ca2+ transients. Our results indicate that environmentally regulated growth-cone Ca2+ transients control axon growth in the developing spinal cord.
Absolute Magnitudes Derived Using the Statistical Parallax Method

I review statistical parallax absolute magnitude determinations which employ data from the Hipparcos satellite for RR Lyrae and Cepheid variables, and for several other stellar classes. Five groups have studied the RR Lyrae stars, and the results are reassuringly consistent: M V (RR) − 0.77 ± 0.13 mag at [Fe/H] = −1.6 dex. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations showed that systematic errors are small (∼0.03 mag or less), and corrections for them were applied in the above result. The RR Lyrae result is thus very secure. A statistical parallax study of Cepheids found the Period-Luminosity zero-point to be considerably fainter than studies based on Hipparcos trigonometric parallaxes. The distance modulus of the Large Magellanic Cloud derived from this zero-point is in excellent agreement with that derived using the RR Lyrae result. I discuss why the statistical parallax absolute magnitude calibrations differ with some other RR Lyrae and Cepheid calibrations.
Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility Trends: An Empirical Analysis of Drivers, Success Measures and Competitive Value for Multi-National Corporations within the Information and Communications Technology Industry

The social responsibilities of organizations to the greater society have been debated for years, and the expected role of organizations and their social contract appear to be changing. Indicators of a new social contract are reflected by the growth of many sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives domestically and abroad. Even as organizations craft responses to this dynamic environment that emphasize and reward sustainability and social responsibility, it remains poorly understood how and to what extent these initiatives contribute to the well being of the organization. An empirical analysis of two large MNCs within the ICT industry was conducted, using a multi-case study methodology. Data analysis revealed that both MNCs respond to a set of drivers, not one single driver. These empirical findings provide organizations better understanding and enable them to craft their response to the changing social contract, and its contribution to their respective organizational competitiveness.
Density-Dependent Impacts on Growth and Body Condition of Red Drum in Stock Enhancement Rearing Ponds

AbstractThe quality of individuals released from fish culture facilities for stock enhancement can affect success in achieving management goals. However, the quality of released individuals is not always known, and neither are the various aspects of aquaculture that influence fish quality. Quality or body condition at multiple life stages may be influenced by density-dependent impacts on growth. Here, the influence of stocking density (number of larvae per cubic meter) at the beginning of pond culture and harvest density at the end of pond culture were assessed in relation to growth and body condition using data from 121 stock enhancement culture ponds for Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus. While stocking density did not influence Red Drum growth rate, harvest density was a reliable predictor of growth; high density at harvest resulted in slow growth in weight (r2 = 0.33, P < 0.001) and length (r2 = 0.26, P < 0.001). No negative impacts on pond yield were observed in ponds stocked over the targeted stocking ra...
Acceptor band transport in Se-Te liquid semiconductor alloys

Abstract The behavior of the electrical conductivity σ and thermopower S of alloys with 50 to 70 At.% Se has been analyzed in terms of a two band model corresponding to transport in the valence band and in a narrow acceptor band. Detailed quantitative information is obtained for the parameters describing the acceptor band. The effects of oxygen impurities on the results are examined, and the relation to the metal transition are discussed.
Meeting a World in Crisis: On Unlearning, Fresh Perception and Alignment with Life's Fundamental Trend: A Tribute to C. West Churchman, Pir Vilayat Khan, and Ilya Prigogine

This article offers a synthesis of certain essential contributions from three revolutionary thinkers of our age, C. West Churchman, Pir Vilayat Khan, and Ilya Prigogine, each of whom recently departed this life. In the course of this article, common threads in the work of these pioneers related to problem solving and creativity will be explored.
Dual-Chamber Pacing for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial

Abstract Objectives. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial we sought to evaluate the effect of dual-chamber pacing in patients with severe symptoms of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Background. Recently, several cohort trials showed that implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker in patients with severely symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy can relieve symptoms and decrease the severity of the left ventricular outflow tract gradient. However, the outcome of dual-chamber pacing has not been compared with that of standard therapy in a randomized, double-blind trial. Methods. Twenty-one patients with severely symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy were entered into this trial after baseline studies consisting of Minnesota quality-of-life assessment, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Nineteen patients completed the protocol and underwent double-blind randomization to either DDD pacing for 3 months followed by backup AAI pacing for 3 months, or the same study arms in reverse order. Results. Left ventricular outflow tract gradient decreased significantly to 55 ± 38 mm Hg after DDD pacing compared with the baseline gradient of 76 ± 61 mm Hg (p Conclusions. Dual-chamber pacing may relieve symptoms and decrease gradient in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In some patients, however, symptoms do not change or even become worse with dual-chamber pacing. Subjective symptomatic improvement can also occur from implantation of the pacemaker without its hemodynamic benefit, suggesting the role of a placebo effect. Long-term follow-up of a large number of patients in randomized trials is necessary before dual-chamber pacing can be recommended for all patients with severely symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:435–41)
Interaction mechanisms in acousto-photonic imaging

Acousto-photonic imaging is a novel technique for non- invasive medical imaging that combines diffusive optical tomography with externally generated acoustic `virtual' sources to improve the resulting images. We lack, however, a detailed understanding of the nature of the interaction between the diffusive wave and the focused ultrasound. We present our recent theoretical and experimental work on determining the mechanism for the interaction between the acoustic and the optical fields.
Optimization of groove depth for cross-talk cancellation in the scheme of land–groove recording in magneto-optic disk systems

In the scheme of land-groove recording in magneto-optic disk data-storage systems, it has been shown that an optimum groove depth exists at which the cross talk from adjacent tracks diminishes. Cross-talk cancellation, however, is very sensitive to various parameters of the system, and, in particular, the presence of substrate birefringence can have devastating effects on system performance. We analyze the origin of the observed effects by using scalar diffraction theory, and we show the reasons behind cross-talk cancellation. We also explain the relation between substrate birefringence and cross talk in simple analytical terms. Extensive computer simulations have been performed to verify and extend the theoretical results of this paper; the results of some of these simulations are also presented.
Analysis of differential shrinkage in frozen brain sections and its implications for the use of guard zones in stereology

Increasing numbers of neuroanatomists are using stereological methods, and unbiased stereological estimation rules recommend the use of guard zones with the optical disector method to count objects of interest within a volume. Although these methods are statistically unbiased, we believe there is a need to explore sources of systematic bias (e.g., effects of tissue processing and sectioning) that may be affecting estimates of object number. Toward this end, we evaluated neuron distribution through, and tissue shrinkage in, non-embedded tissue cut on a freezing microtome. Our data show that in the x- and y-planes there are minimal changes in tissue area during tissue processing, sectioning, and staining. In the z-axis (perpendicular to the cutting surface), however, sections shrink to ∼25% of the cut thickness. This z-axis shrinkage was quite variable between sections (coefficient of variation about 10%) but stable within the same section (coefficient of variation about 3%). Lastly, individual particle densities are non-uniform through the thickness of the section when the densities should have been uniform. We advise experimenters to use a new protocol, a modified optical disector, for estimation when objects to be counted are marked such that the x-, y-, and z-coordinates are recorded through the full thickness of a section and guard zones are applied post data collection based on the characteristics of the object distribution along the z-axis. It is likely that individual experiments with different embedding materials and histological processing steps could require guard zones of varying sizes, or none at all, depending on object distribution in the z-axis. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2803–2810, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
INHIBITORS OF HYALURONIDASE IN BLOOD SERA AND THEIR EFFECT ON FOLLICLE CELL DISPERSALM1

SINCE HYALURONIDASE, an enzyme prepared from mammalian testes or spermatozoa, was found capable of readily dispersing the follicle cells of freshly ovulated mammalian ova without apparent injury to the egg (McClean and Rowlands, 1942; Fekete and Duran- Reynals, 1943; Leonard and Kurzrok, 1945), new concepts on problems of fertility and sterility have arisen. These observations have led to the suggestion that the relatively large numbers of sperm in an ejaculate are necessary to attain a sufficiently high concentration of hyaluronidase in order that the tightly adhering follicle cells can be removed for sperm penetration and in time before degeneration of the ovum. Rowlands (1944) succeeded in artificially inseminating and fertilizing rabbits with dilute sperm suspensions provided the enzyme from killed sperm was added. Without the enzyme, no fertilization occurred. Leonard and Kurzrok (1945) reported that it was possible to artificially inseminate and fertilize women by adding bull-testis hyaluronidase to...
Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of boric acid in male and female B6C3F1 mice.

Toxicity and potential carcinogenicity studies of boric acid were investigated in mice to verify in a second rodent species that this was a noncarcinogenic chemical. Earlier chronic studies in rats...
Micro-crack ultrasound scattering in anisotropic composite laminates

A computational model of ultrasound scattering by micro-cracks in fiber reinforced polymer laminates is presented, foundational to study of micro-crack induced ultrasound attenuation. A model for transmission scattering response is developed using a boundary integral formulation, and associated approximate scattering theories are discussed. Numerical results are presented demonstrating application of the model to laminates containing distributed micro-cracking.
Phase equilibrium in two-phase coherent solids

Phase equilibrium in a two-phase stressed coherent solid is analyzed using the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions directly. Subject to the constraints of constant temperature and external pressure, a bulk alloy composition is chosen and the corresponding volume fractions and phase compositions that satisfy the equilibrium conditions are obtained. We demonstrate unequivocally that, unlike fluids, a number of equilibrium states (combinations of volume fractions and phase composition) may exist that yield energy minima for a given temperature, pressure, and alloy composition and that these multiple metastable states may lead to a nonuniqueness in the observed physical state of the system. In addition, we show that discontinuous jumps in precipitate volume fraction both between 0 and 1 as well as jumps within the range 0 to 1 are possible with a smooth variation in alloy composition. These results are a consequence of the elastic energy, and thus the system energy, being a function of the volume fraction when two phases coexist as coherent solids. As it is difficult to display these effects on a coherent phase diagram, the concept of a phase stability diagram is introduced for both displaying and analyzing the equilibrium conditions in coherent solids. The influence of elastic inhomogeneity and the form of the free energy curves as a function of composition in the absence of stress on phase equilibrium are examined.
A Deweyan Perspective on Science Education: Constructivism, Experience, and Why We Learn Science

This paper investigates a Deweyan interpretation of constructivism as a means of developing a rationale for teaching science. The paper provides a review of constructivism from recent science education literature, along with some relevant criticisms. The paper then presents an interpretation of Dewey’s formulation of the role of knowing and scientific concepts as tools for integrating and transforming experience, based primarily on Experience and Nature and The Quest for Certainty, arguing that a Deweyan version of constructivism improves upon recent cognitivist versions of constructivism, while providing a general justification for why ideas in science are worth teaching and learning.
Professor Hiroo Inokuchi: a pioneer and major contributor to the field of electronic processes in organic materials

Abstract A summary is given to some of the major scientific contributions of Professor Hiroo Inokuchi on the occasion of his retirement from the position of Director General of the Institute for Molecular Science.
A nonlinear nonlocal multi-dimensional conservation law

Abstract We study a continuous model which describes the mass transport in droplet dispersions. The model is formulated as a conservation law with several space-variables, {\partial n\over \partial t}+{\partial(Gn)\over\partial r}+\sum_{j=1}^{m}{\partial(H_jn)\over\partial x_j}=0, fort>0,r>0,xj>0, and ∑mj=1 xj=1, whereG, Hj(j=1,…,m) are nonlocal functions of the unknownn(t,r,x1,…,xm); moreover, they have exponential singularities atr=0. We prove global existence and uniqueness and establish some numerical properties of the solution.
Complications of the weak foot (Subtalar Dystrochoides)

Abstract Subtalar dystrochoides is suggested as a substitute for the terms weak foot, flat foot and pronated foot. In the postural disturbance denoted by these terms the alterations of the bones comprising the foot are in reality consequences of a mechanical distortion of the column that supports the superstructure on the foot. The distortion consists of an internal rotation of the femoral-tibial-astragalar column in the subtalar joint and is an expression of the rotatory moment developed by the gravital force of the superincumbent weight. The astragalus, as a component part of this column, moves with it and becomes internally rotated and plantar-flexed in its relationship to the underfoot. The term subtalar dystrochoides connotes a malrotation of the femoral-tibial-astragalar column working in the subtalar joint. When the astragalus is shifted medially on the calcaneus by internal rotation, the calcaneus is tilted in such manner that its outer edge is lifted from the ground, and the tilting motion is accompanied by an abductory movement. The forefoot, bound firmly to the calcaneus, follows the pronatory lead of this bone. The plantigrade relationship between the foot and the ground in the presence of pronation is made possible by certain compensatory readjustments in the underfoot. The compensatory movements are expressions of the counteraction from the floor and are executed in the midtarsal joints. They are manifested as extension, abduction and supination of the forefoot against the backfoot. The opposing force that is developed to maintain the equilibrium of the rotatory moment of gravital force is found in the extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles. A tension greater than the normal tension, or physiological tone, is developed in these muscles. As the gravital rotatory moment increases, muscle tension increases and the continuous increase in tension is recognized clinically as muscular spasm. Muscular spasm leads eventually to muscular contracture. In this state there exists a permanently increased tension that is accompanied by anatomical shortening and histological alteration of the muscles. From the clinical point of view, the pressure alterations of subtalar dystrochoides produce their most discomforting effects on the skin. These pathologic changes are recognized as callosities and corns. In the presence of the joint malpostures that are described, weight transmission through the pedal joints, from one bone to the next, is adapted neither to the internal architecture of the bones nor to their articular surfaces. The result of this faulty transmission of weight to and through the bones is a series of anatomic changes that are grouped under the heading of arthritis. The pathologic changes occur mainly in the articular cartilages and are characteristic of the degenerative type of joint disease. In habitually pronated feet of long standing, rigidity supervenes. This is not a direct result of the arthritic disturbance but is due to a structural shortening of the soft tissues about the joints and takes the form of a diffuse periarticular fibrosis.
Reduced order modeling of large space structures via least squares estimation

The effect of reducing the order of a system by means of identification is studied. The relation between n-th order and n+1-st least squares estimated models, and the relation between least squares estimation and stability theory are employed to establish the limitation (in terms of stability) of a controller designed for a reduced order model, when applied to the full order model.
Business Education and Change in Russia and Eastern Europe

Abstract Russia and Eastern Europe are undergoing tumultuous changes. The educational system plays a vital role in social changes; it can support or undermine change. To better understand the role of education in the transition from communism to capitalism and democracy, we surveyed business and economics students in Russia, Poland, Bulgaria, and the former Yugoslavia. For purposes of comparison, we surveyed students in France and the United States, as well. Our results provide valuable insight on the adequacy of business and economic education in the formerly communist countries from the perspective of current business students.
Synthesis and polymerisation of polycyclic compounds with strained C—C single bonds

Ring opening polymerisation of bicyclobutanes possessing electronegative substituents (CN, COOCH3, etc.) at one or both bridgeheads can be accomplished readily with either radical or anionic initiators. The polymer chains consist exclusively of cyclobutane rings linked through the 1,3 positions. Readily obtained in high molecular weight, they possess attractive physical properties for the formation of fibres and films. These new monomers copolymerise readily with vinyl compounds, exhibiting reactivities comparable to the latter, and provide a wide variety of new copolymers. Other bicyclic compounds containing strained C—C bonds whose polymerisation has been demonstrated include bicyclo-[2.1.0]-pentane-1-carbonitrile, 1-methyl-2,3-benzocyclopropenecarbonitrile, and 1,3-dehydroadamantane. The ability to polymerise requires a high strain energy, but a high degree of p character in the C—C single bond as well.
The measurement of the cutoff rigidity at Minneapolis using solar protons and α particles from July 10, 1959, flare

Cutoff rigidity measurement - solar protons and alpha particles from july 10, 1959 solar flare
The incorporation of learning in production planning models

Production managers employ numerous aggregate planning models to smooth work loads and minimize labor and inventory costs. Some of the more recently developed models incorporate the learning that occurs during repetitive work. This article discusses the history of both aggregate planning and learning models, the various combined models, and their appropriateness to a given environment.
Myrmecophytic Cecropia: antiherbivore defenses under different nutrient treatments

In greenhouse experiments, we compared putative biotic, chemical, physical and phenological defenses of six myrmecophytic Cecropia species cultivated under high and low nutrient regimes. We tested the intraspecific predictions of the C:N balance hypothesis for a broader range of defenses than included in other studies to date. Treatment effects on defenses appear to depend on the nutrient constituents of those defenses. Only strictly carbon-based defenses such as tannins and phenolics reached higher concentrations at the lower nutrient level. The production of glycogen-rich and membrane-bound Mullerian body ant rewards (MBs) increased with greater levels of both nutrients (this study) and light (Folgarait and Davidson 1994). In contrast, lipid- and amino acid-rich pearl body food rewards (PBs) were produced in greater numbers under conditions of high nutrient levels (this study) and low light (Folgarait and Davidson 1994), both of which should have contributed to a relative excess of nitrogen. Nutrient effects on toughness and leaf expansion rates (perhaps serving as phenological defenses) were inconsistent with the predictions of the C:N balance hypothesis. Mature leaves are protected principally by chemical and physical defenses, and new leaves, by biotic defenses. As in a previous study, interspecific comparisons agreed with the resource availability theory of plant defense. Plant investment in immobile defenses (tannins and phenolics, and leaf toughness), and in a defense with high initial construction costs (trichilia differentiated to produce MBs) were greater in each of three comparatively slow-growing “gap” Cecropia typical of small openings in primary forest, than in closely related and fast-growing “pioneer” species of large-scale disturbances (riparian edge and land slips). In contrast, both production of PBs (with negligible initial construction costs) and leaf expansion rates were greater in pioneers than in gap species. Rapid onset of biotic defenses during new leaf development (earlier in pioneers) may reduce new leaf herbivory in all species.
GENERATING BETTER DATA A Response to Discussants

The comments on our article are a sign of the seriousness with which scholars are considering matters of data generation and, more specifically, the problem of conceptualizing and measuring democracy. Hence we welcome the authors’ reflections on the difficult yet essential task of generating better data. Some points of disagreement remain, and we will address them. But we mainly seek to discuss and build on the constructive suggestions provided in the commentaries and, using the basic framework we provide in our article, outline a set of issues that future research should tackle.
Droplet-based lateral tunable optofluidic microlens array with pneumatic control

We report on a droplet-based, in situ formed tunable cylindrical microlens array in microchannels. The deionized water microlenses are formed via liquid-air interfaces of liquid droplets at T-shaped junctions of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) treated polymerized isobornyl acrylate [poly(IBA)] microchannels, and their focal length can be tuned individually by pneumatic manipulation. These microlenses possess low spherical aberrations. Gravity, which affects the shape of the liquid microlenses, is considered in the design. Fluorescence enhancement for potential lab-on-a-chip applications is also demonstrated using such microlens array.
Association of central corneal thickness and 24-hour intraocular pressure fluctuation.

Purpose To evaluate the association between office-hour central corneal thickness (CCT) and 24-hour intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation in patients with glaucoma. Design Observational case-control study. Methods Measurements of IOP were obtained every 2 hours during a 24-hour period from 52 untreated glaucoma patients and 29 age-matched normal control subjects housed in a sleep laboratory. Habitual IOP measurements were obtained using a pneumatonometer in the sitting positions during the diurnal/wake period (7 AM to 11 PM) and in the supine position during the nocturnal/sleep period (11 PM to 7 AM). CCT was measured in all subjects using ultrasound pachymetry once during office hours. The association between IOP fluctuation (peak IOP-trough IOP) during the 24-hour period and the office-hour CCT was assessed in both glaucoma patients and healthy age-matched controls using Spearman rank order correlation. Results There was no statistically significant correlation between IOP fluctuation and CCT in glaucomatous (P=0.405) and normal subjects (P=0.456). Conclusions Twenty-four-hour IOP fluctuations were not correlated with single CCT measurements taken during office hours in glaucoma patients.
Receptors, endocytosis, and trafficking: the biological basis of targeted delivery of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides.

The problem of targeted delivery of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides can be resolved into two distinct aspects. The first concerns devising ligand-oligonucleotide or ligand-carrier moieties that bind with high selectivity to receptors on the cell type of interest and that are efficiently internalized by endocytosis. The second concerns releasing oligonucleotides from pharmacologically inert endomembrane compartments so that they can access RNA in the cytosol or nucleus. In this review, we will address both of these aspects. Thus, we present information on three important receptor families, the integrins, the receptor tyrosine kinases, and the G protein-coupled receptors in terms of their suitability for targeted delivery of oligonucleotides. This includes discussion of receptor abundance, internalization and trafficking pathways, and the availability of suitable high affinity ligands. We also consider the process of oligonucleotide uptake and intracellular trafficking and discuss approaches to modulat...
The surface composition of charon: tentative identification of water ice.

The Mar. 3, 1987, Charon occultation by Pluto was observed in the infrared at 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, and 2.35 micrometers. Subtraction of fluxes measured between second and third contacts from measurements made before and after the event has yielded individual spectral signatures for each body at these wavelengths. Charon's surface appears depleted in methane relative to Pluto. Constancy of flux at 2.0 micrometers throughout the event shows that Charon is effectively black at this wavelength, which is centered on a very strong water absorption band. Thus, the measurements suggest the existence of water ice on Pluto's moon.
Indications and contraindications for surgery in ventricular septal defect.

T HE dramatic advances in open heart surgery have led to a great increase in our knowledge of ventricular septal defect and the physiological and pathological changes involved. Now that closure of these defects is widely practiced, it behooves the pediatrician to know not only the possible benefits of surgery but also the possible risks; furthermore, it is important to understand the natural history of the patient if left unoperated. Although, as is well known, ventricular septal defects occur in combination with numerous other malformations of the heart, it is our present purpose to discuss only those patients in whom the defect occurs as an isolated malformation or in association with slight overriding of the aorta. Three main groups of patients are involved in the present discussion; namely, those with small ventricular septal defects and small shunts, those with moderate-sized or large defects and large left-to-right shunts, and those with cyanosis and a reversed or right-to-left shunt, that is, the so-called "Eisenmenger complex. ' ' In the first group the left-to-right shunt is small and surgery is contraindicated because the natural history
Conventionality and Contrast in Language and Language Acquisition.

Conventionality and contrast provide the pragmatic basis of language use for adults. These principles play a vital role in the process of acquiring a first language as children learn how to interact using language.
Electric fields and vector potentials of thin cylindrical antennas

The vector potential and elastic field generated by the current in a center-driven or parasitic dipole antenna that extends from z=-h to z=h are investigated for each of the several components of the current. These include sin k(h- mod z mod ), sin k mod z mod -sin kh, cos kz-cos kh, and cos kz/2-cos kh/2. Of special interest are the interactions among the variously spaced elements in parallel, nonstaggered arrays. These depend on the mutual vector potentials. It is shown that at a radial distance rho approximately h and in the range -h >
Aging of Foamed Gel Used for Subsurface Permeability Reduction

Foamed gel is a dispersion of gas encapsulated in a continuous cross-linked external phase that may be a plastic, a water-soluble polymer gel, or a colloidal silica gel. Foamed gel has recently been used to plug porous media for the purpose of physically controlling the movement of subsurface fluids. The performance of foamed gel barriers is directly related to the pore level configuration of the foamed gel, specifically, the number and location of gelled lenses that plug flow paths. The pore level configuration of foamed gel changes because of gas diffusion from small bubbles to large bubbles during the shut-in period for gelation that follows foam generation. The evolution of a foamed gel's texture in porous media has been studied using etched glass micromodels to determine what factors influence the final number and location of gelled lenses. Because the foam disproportionation was so rapid, gelation reactions that restrict gas diffusion must occur within approximately 20 min in order to maintain the initial distribution. Because the walls of the pore body prevent bubbles from exceeding the diameter of the pore body, any multiple pore spanning bubbles formed will coexist indefinitely. It was found that the number of pore spanning bubbles increases as the pore body aspect ratio (pore length/pore width) increases.
Responsiveness and perceived intelligence as predictors of speech addressed to cats

Speech addressed to a cat was examined to test whether the use of child-directed language (CDL) with a companion animal is related to perceived intelligence of a listener and/or listener responsiveness. Fifty-one undergraduates briefly entertained a cat using a toy, and the vast majority of these participants spoke to the animal. The language used was similar to CDL, and two aspects of this language (number of questions and attribution of thoughts to the animal) were positively related to ratings of the animal's intelligence. The cat's responsiveness, as measured by time spent in proximity of the participant during the interaction, was not strongly correlated with measures of speech use. The results suggest that speech used with companion animals follows a model in which the human first perceives a social interaction, and therefore uses speech. This speech is then modified, based on the perceived comprehension of the listener, regardless of who this listener may be.