cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of synthesis, structure and purification of avian sarcoma virus-specific DNA made in the cytoplasm of acutely infected cells

Abstract We have characterized virus-specific DNA synthesized in the cytoplasm of quail tumor cells acutely infected with avian sarcoma virus, using rate-zonal sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in conjunction with molecular hybridization reagents specific for various regions of the viral genome. We have detected (−) strand DNA (complementary to the viral genome) within 45 minutes after infection, and we have observed the elongation of this strand, from 1 to 2 kb † to 8 to 10 kb in length, at the relatively slow rate of approximately 30 nucleotides/minute. (+) Strands of viral DNA (the same polarity as the viral genome) were also produced within 45 minutes after infection, indicating that completion of the (−) strand is not a prerequisite for synthesis of (+) strands. During the first 2 to 3 hours after infection, the principal species of (+) strand is a fragment of approximately 250 to 300 nucleotides, containing sequences specific for the 5′ and the 3′ termini of the viral genome. The linkage of sequences from the ends of the RNA genome in this short (+) strand was confirmed by the demonstration of a recognition site for endo R Eco RI near the middle of the strand. (+) Strands representing other regions of the genome (including the genes gag , pol , env and src ) appear in gradually increasing quantities between 1.5 and 10 hours after infection; these strands are heterogeneous in size and generally longer (approx. 500 to 1500 nucleotides) than the 250 to 300 nucleotide (+) strand containing sequences from the termini of the viral genome. Homopolymeric tracts were not detected in either the (+) or (−) strands using affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns; thus, the polyadenylic acid residues at the 3′ terminus of the viral genome are apparently added posttranscriptionally and not copied during RNA-directed DNA synthesis. We have exploited the structural features of linear viral DNA described here to purify subunit-length (−) strands from infected cells. The viral DNA was labeled by density with bromodeoxyuridine and freed of cellular DNA by cell fractionation, equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride gradients, and rate-zonal centrifugation in neutral sucrose gradients before and after denaturation. The purity and usefulness of the (−) strands were documented by the synthesis of 32 P-labeled (+) strands of virus-specific DNA with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, using extremely small quantities of (−) strands as template (approx. 10 ng) and oligomers of calf thymus DNA as primers. The 32 P-labeled DNA was shown to anneal specifically to viral DNA and to yield discrete fragments upon digestion with endo R Eco RI.
Fatigue damage development in pure polycrystalline magnesium under cyclic tension–compression loading

Abstract Cyclic deformation and fatigue damage development of pure polycrystalline Mg were investigated by conducting fully reversed strain-controlled tension–compression experiments along the extrusion direction at two strain amplitudes of 1% and 0.12%, respectively, in ambient air. At a strain amplitude of 1%, the tensile peak stress exhibited significant cyclic softening while the compressive peak stress showed moderate cyclic hardening. At a strain amplitude of 0.12%, marginal cyclic hardening was observed symmetrically at the tensile and compressive peak stresses. To study the fatigue damage development, a series of experiments using companion specimens were interrupted at the specified loading cycles. The morphology of fatigue damage on the specimen surface was examined by high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). With a strain amplitude of 1%, grain boundary cracking and twin tip damage were detected right after the second loading cycle. During the initial ∼80% fatigue life, microcracks were incessantly initiated with limited propagation that was observed to inhabit on both the grain boundary and the twin boundary. Final fracture surface was characterized by densely distributed cleavage facets along twin lamella boundaries together with tearing/shearing ridges. At a strain amplitude of 0.12%, initiation of microcrack by grain boundary cracking occurred at the loading cycle between ∼50% and ∼70% fatigue life. Both intergranular and transgranular propagation modes were observed. The early-stage transgranular propagation was dominated by slip-induced cleavage cracking on both basal and non-basal slip planes. Crystal sugar-like structure and cleavage facets were found on the initiation site on the final fracture surface. Early-stage initiation and transgranular propagation modes were discussed on their dependences of cyclic loading magnitudes.
Hospital Response to Acute-Onset Disasters: The State of the Science in 2005

The level of emergency preparedness in US hospitals is a concern in light of the steady threat of natural disasters, transportation and industrial accidents, and the possibility of terror attack resulting in mass casualties. The science of hospital emergency preparedness is in an early stage of development. For research to logically expand knowledge, an accurate assessment--or examination of the state of the science--is conducted to determine the current state of knowledge, gaps in knowledge, and opportunities for future research. Milsten reviewed the literature on hospital response to acute-onset disasters from 1977 to 1999. His review of 107 articles contains research studies, case studies,and lessons learned pieces largely published in the medical literature.Milsten's analysis provides a substantial starting point. This article examines Milsten's review, identifies articles that have been published that add to this knowledge base, and identifies additional phenomena of interest. Language: en
Organic Reactions Catalyzed by Methylrhenium Trioxide: Reactions of Ethyl Diazoacetate and Organic Azides

Methylrhenium trioxide (CH3ReO3 or MTO) catalyzes several classes of reactions of ethyl diazoacetate, EDA. It is the first high valent oxo complex for carbene transfer. Under mild conditions and in the absence of other substrates, EDA was converted to a 9:1 mixture of diethyl maleate and diethyl fumarate. In the presence of alcohols, α-alkoxy ethyl acetates were obtained in good yield. The yields dropped for the larger and more branched alcohols, the balance of material being diethyl maleate and fumarate. An electron-donating group in the para position of phenols favors the formation of α-phenoxy ethyl acetates. The use of EDA to form α-thio ethyl acetates and N-substituted glycine ethyl esters, on the other hand, is hardly affected by the size or structure of the parent thiol or amine, with all of these reactions proceeding in high yield. MTO-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions occur between EDA and aromatic imines, olefins, and carbonyl compounds. Three-membered ring products are formed: aziridines, cycl...
Isovolemic hemodilution in stroke. A study in gerbils.

Abstract Isovolemic hemodilution has been reported to increase cerebral perfusion in humans and has been advocated as a treatment for acute cerebral infarction. This study examines the effect of isovolemic hemodilution with lowmolecular-weight dextran on mortality and the incidence of neurological deficit in gerbils after internal carotid ligation. Sixty-four Mongolian gerbils were anesthetized with pentobarbital and the left internal carotid artery was ligated in both control and experimental animals. In the experimental group, blood was removed and an equal volume of dextran was injected to reestablish normal blood volume and lower hematocrit to a mean of 30.5. Control animals were not so treated. Animals were observed for neurological deficits for 24 hours after carotid ligation. The incidence of neurological deficit in control animals was 67%; it was 64% in the experimental group. Mortality within the first 24 hours was 28% in the controls and 75% in animals that were treated by hemodilution ( p
Development and innervation of the abdominal muscle in embryonic Xenopus laevis

The morphogenesis and innervation of the ventral abdominal musculature in Xenopus embryos was examined using microscopic techniques. Muscle development begins at Nieuwkoop and Faber Stage 31, when aggregates of undifferentiated cells form on the ventrolateral margins of rostral trunk myotomes. During subsequent stages, aggregates form and detach from progressively more caudal myotomes to form a series of seven discrete cell clusters (anlagen). The anlagen migrate ventrally in a cell-free space between the epidermis and a subepidermal layer of pigment cells. Extracellular aggregates of 30-nm granules are evident transiently between the migrating anlagen and the epidermis. During stages 39 and 40, each anlage transforms into a sheet of myotubes which attaches rostrally and caudally to adjacent sheets to form a seven-segmented muscle. The series of broad segments, approximately one fiber thick, extends from the pericardium to the level of the proctodeum. The embryonic muscle is innervated by the ventral rami of spinal nerves 2 to 9. The major nerve trunks to the muscle develop between stages 35/36 and 40. Axons initially grow ventrally along the paths taken by the muscle anlagen. When the anlagen become muscle segments, the nerves are deep to the narrow boundaries between the segments. Spinal nerve 2 ramifies in the first muscle segment and sends fibers rostrally to the geniohyoid muscle. The findings represent the first description of the development of this muscle in Xenopus and the first account of the development of the abdominal motor nerves in an amphibian embryo.
Computer vision system for automated cell pressure probe operation

An automated cell pressure probe was designed to allow robust measurements of cellular water relations without the limitations caused by operator skill levels (rapid response time, good hand–eye coordination, and manual dexterity). The system was based upon a real-time (30 Hz) computer vision system that employed a radial basis function, artificial neural network using direct greyscale template matching for meniscus recognition and control. The system did not require any custom-built hardware but used readily available off-the-shelf components and was designed to be highly portable, scalable, and relatively simple to set up. The system was robust in the presence of debris or dust on or in the glass capillary, and for tapered capillary probes, tolerant of variations in contrast due to changes in the velocity or travel direction of the meniscus. The system was capable of controlling the pressure within ±0.0005 MPa and could perform pressure-clamp experiments at ±0.001 MPa or greater pressure steps. The automatic meniscus system recognition could accurately detect the meniscus location with a mean error of under 6 μm and a standard deviation of less than 3.2 μm. Mean errors in automatic volume estimation ranged from 0.07 to 0.6%, depending upon capillary diameter.
A comparative study of water boiling in a vertical tube under temperature-controlled or power-controlled boundary conditions

Abstract The Simulant Boiling Flow Visualization (SBFV) loop is an experimental facility where natural-convection boiling of water was accomplished in a transparent vertical tube by using hot glycerine; thus, direct observation was possible. As a result, heating was obtained through a temperature-controlled rather than a power-controlled boundary condition. To compare the SBFV data with previous experiments using a stainless steel test section and a power-controlled boundary condition, a comparative study of the effect on water boiling with the two different boundary conditions was performed. The computer program LOOP-W was used for this purpose. This program has been used successfully in analyzing data from the SBFV, and it was modified so that analogous cases could be run with the two different boundary conditions. The period and the amplitude of the oscillations calculated by the computer code using either boundary condition were essentially the same. Calculations also predicted the effect on the boiling process of using different test section materials (glass and stainless steel). Important differences were noted in the calculated periods and amplitudes. These calculations suggest that the SBFV loop can adequately simulate a power-controlled experimental facility.
Financial and political risks in US direct foreign investment

This paper examines the risk of US direct foreign investments over the period 1982–98 in 59 host countries. The first part of the analysis builds an empirical model to explain the time-series and cross-country patterns of return on capital. The estimation then uses the return on assets (ROA) as a measure of the return on capital, and investigates its determinants. There are four main findings. First, the ROA in a majority of countries does not simply track the worldwide ROA. Second, some cross-country differences are explained by financial risks. Third, unexplained country risk is qualitatively and quantitatively related to unobserved political risk. Fourth, unexplained country risk is also compensated with a higher ROA, enhancing its credibility as a measure of political risk. The unexplained country risk is thus used to calculate a new index of political risk ratings for 56 host countries that may be useful to managers, investors, policymakers, and academics.
Racial Differences in Perinatal Depression among HIV-infected Women

Abstract Background Perinatal depression may further complicate the health of women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Diagnosis and subsequent treatment of depressive symptoms may significantly improve the health of mother and newborn. Objective We sought to examine the association between race and perinatal depression among a sample of low-income women with HIV infection. Methods This retrospective cohort study used data from a multi-state Medicaid administrative claims database to study HIV-infected perinatal women between 2003 and 2007. Multivariate regression analysis was used to study the objective. Results The overall prevalence of perinatal depression in the sample (n = 650) was 27.8%. Black women had significantly lower odds of experiencing perinatal depression (odds ratio 0.328; 95% confidence interval 0.225-0.479) compared with non-black women. Non-black women showed significantly higher comorbidity severity scores than black women (0.356 vs. 0.220, P = .035). Conclusions This study found that non-black women may be more vulnerable to perinatal depression. Improved health care provider vigilance for depressive symptoms among low-income, HIV-infected women of all races during the perinatal period is warranted.
Effects of Chronic Heart Failure on the Inotropic Response of the Right Ventricle of the Conscious Dog to a Cardiac Glycoside and to Tachycardia

The effects of ouabain, 20 µg/kg, and elevation of cardiac rate from 90 to 240 beats/min (BQwditch phenomenon) were examined on right ventricular (RV) segment length (SL), pressure (P), velocity of shortening (V), dP/dt, and dP/dt/P in conscious dogs before and after chronic right heart failure was induced by tricuspid avulsion and pulmonary stenosis, or by pulmonary stenosis alone. Chronic pulmonary stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation increased RV systolic P from 25 ± 3 to 59 ± 7 mm Hg, end-diastolic P from 3 ± 1 to 16 ± 2 mm Hg and reduced dP/dt/P from 48 ± 6 to 24 ± 4 sec–1 and V from 26 ± 3 to 15 ± 3 mm/sec. Both ouabain and tachycardia exerted relatively minor inotropic effects in normal, healthy, conscious dogs; dP/dt/P and V rose by 18 ± 2 and 17 ± 2% with ouabain, and by 15 ± 3 and 16 ± 3% with tachycardia. When the tachycardia-induced reductions in end-diastolic SL were prevented by saline infusion, the increases in dP/dt/P and V were 19 ± 3% and 21 ± 3%. After chronic heart failure had been ind...
The thermal lability of adenylate cyclase: mechanisms of stabilization.

Abstract The thermal inactivation of adenylate cyclase was investigated in human lymphocytes and in the N-protein deficient cyc-S49 mouse lymphoma cell line. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated at 37C with a t 1 2 of 5.5 and 4.5 min respectively in human and cyc− membranes. Thermal inactivation is prevented by at least two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves ATP which stabilizes adenylate cyclase in a concentration dependent manner similar to the Km of ATP for cAMP formation. However, the inhibition of inactivation does not require Mg++ while the enzyme catalysis of ATP to cAMP does. The second mechanism involves substances which activate the enzyme. The human lymphocyte enzyme is equally stabilized by either NaF, GppNHp, or forskolkin. In contrast, the cyc− enzyme is fully stabilized by forskolin but only partially stabilized by NaF. When human erythrocyte N-protein extract is added to cyc− membranes, NaF fully stabilizes the enzyme. These data suggest that an activated N-protein is instrumental in stabilizing adenylate cyclase and that there is some N-protein component in cyc− membranes through which NaF may be exerting its stabilizing action.
Who Teaches Whom: The Varied Voices and Instructional Roles of Community Service-Learning Partners

ABSTRACT The question of what defines a teaching role has long been a catalyst for dialogue and debate among practitioners in the service-learning community. The success of the service-learning model relies on a reciprocal exchange in the dynamic and ever changing communities in which we serve, where shared ownership, mutual respect, and a consistent exchange among various participants facilitates learning outcomes. Through partnership with community agencies, students, faculty, and staff, we have begun to answer the question of who teaches whom in the service-learning environment. This article documents how relationship where community partners grow deeper, student roles expand and we broaden the pedagogical impressions of what defines a teacher. Through a qualitative review of programs and courses, with insights of participants, we will demonstrate how the community-university partnerships fosters a critical exchange for all involved, including participants, community, and institution. The innovative na...
Ultrastructural studies define soluble macromolecular, particulate, and cellular transendothelial cell pathways in venules, lymphatic vessels, and tumor‐associated microvessels in man and animals

We present de novo studies and review published efforts from our laboratory, spanning 12 years (from 1988 to 2000), where we have used ultrastructural approaches to study the functional anatomy of the microvasculature in man and animals in health and disease. These efforts have defined a new endothelial cell organelle, termed the vesiculo-vacuolar organelle (VVO), which participates in the regulated transendothelial cell passage of soluble macromolecules. The studies defining this organelle utilized ultrathin serial sections, three-dimensional computer-assisted reconstructions, and ultrastructural electron-dense tracers to establish luminal to abluminal transendothelial cell continuity of VVOs. Commonality of VVOs and caveolae is suggested by the ultrastructural anatomy of individual units of VVOs and caveolae, the presence of caveolin in both structures, and a mathematical analysis of morphometric data, all of which suggest that VVOs form from fusions of individual size units equivalent to vesicles of caveolar size. Ultrastructural studies have localized potent permeability factors and their specific receptors to VVOs in in vivo tumor and allergic inflammation models. Regulation of permeability through VVOs has been quantified and shown to be increased in tumor microvessels and in control vessels exposed to potent permeability-inducing mediators. The transendothelial cell passage of particulate macromolecules occurs by vacuolar transport in tumor vessels; in permeability factor-exposed control vessels, colloidal carbon traversed endothelial cells via the development of pores that did not communicate with or disrupt intercellular junctions by gap formation. Serial section and computer-assisted reconstructions established these findings and suggested the possible development of transendothelial cell pores from VVOs. Serial sectioning and computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstructions of ultrastructural samples of an acute inflammation model revealed a transendothelial cell traffic route for motile neutrophils and platelets in the absence of classical ultrastructural criteria for regulated secretion from either cell. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:289–326, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interaction of ZnO surfaces with oxygen after illumination in the presence of CO and O2

Abstract It was found that oxygen chemisorption on ZnO surfaces is accelerated by as much as three orders of magnitude after illumination in the presence of CO + O 2 . This accelerated chemisorption is characterized by electron transfer and thermal activation as is oxygen chemisorption on “real” ZnO surfaces. The observed behavior is attributed to the formation of surface complexes (involving carbon, oxygen and Zn ions) which enhance oxygen chemisorption. These complexes are stable at room temperature and render the surface inert to further CO-interaction.
REL: a Rapidly Extensible Language System I. the REL language processor

REL, Rapidly Extensible Language System, permits a variety of languages to coexist within a single computer system. Here the term "language" is understood to include a particular data base. New languages may be defined by constructing a new base language with its syntax and semantics, by extending the terminology from a given base level in order to reflect specific concepts, or by associating a given base language with a certain data base.REL consists of an operating environment, a language processor, and the set of currently defined languages. The structural properties of these languages which determine the characterization and organization of the language processor are described. In particular, representation and manipulation of syntax and semantics are discussed, the mechanism of language extension is outlined, and the concept of a generator is introduced.
Computers and L2 Reading: Student Performance, Student Attitudes

We investigated the ways intermediate-level undergraduate students of French interacted with a computerized L2 reading gloss from three perspectives: 1) the relationship between the group's choice of program options and the quantity and accuracy of their comprehension; 2) individual user styles; and 3) student perceptions of the effectiveness of the program. Opinions of the software were unanimously favorable, although there was no evidence of a relationship between computer use and comprehension. While many types of information were available to them, students tended to consult almost exclusively word definitions provided in English. Comparisons of tracker data with recall protocols implied that comprehension might have improved had other program components also been accessed. We conclude with suggestions for more effective L2 reading software design for students at this instructional level, as well as with indications of likely directions for future research.
Novel Si structures for photonic applications

Although silicon is the paramount material for the microelectronic industry, bulk Si is of little use for photonic devices owing to its indirect band-gap, which prevents the all-important direct optical transitions. However, a new type of luminescent Si has opened up its future for photonic applications. This new material is light-emitting SiO 2 /Si superlattices, fabricated in our laboratory. Our theoretical calculations showed that the energy band within the silicon layer has direct band-gap character, a result of strong quantum-confinement caused by the large band-offset at the SiO 2 /Si interface, so that the direct optical transition is not only possible but also vigorous. For a quantum-confined amorphous silicon, the breakdown of angular momentum will naturally make all optical transition possible. Our experiments have shown that SiO 2 /Si superlattices can indeed emit bright light. Moreover, the band-gap or the wavelength can be tuned over the visible range by changing the Si layer thickness, in good agreement with quantum confinement theory. The luminescence intensity as a function of Si layer thickness is found to increase, reach a maximum, and then decrease. Theoretical studies show that this phenomena is caused by competition between an increased overlap of electron-hole wave functions in the normal direction to the quantum well and an increased exciton radius in the plane of the quantum well.
Fluvial Dynamics of Thorium‐230 in the Church Rock Event, Puerco River, New Mexico

Abstract The largest accidental surface release of radioactive materials in the United States occurred 16 July 1979, when a uranium tailings pond collapsed near Church Rock, New Mexico, releasing 378,500 m3 of liquids and 1000 mg of solids into the Puerco River. The resulting flood wave distributed radioactive thorium-230 through an 80-km reach of the river. A detailed analysis of 48 km of the entrenched channel shows that radionuclide concentrations in stream-bed sediments fluctuated irregularly with increasing distance from the source of contamination instead of declining exponentially as might be expected from hydraulic and geographic theory. Hydraulic calculations at 154 cross-sections in the 48-km reach show that concentrations of radionuclides in channel sediments were inversely related to unit stream power generated during the peak of the flood wave. Concentrations were also inversely related to the length of time that shear stress exceeded critical values during the passage of the flood wave. Regi...
Exploiting the replication cache to improve cache read bandwidth cost effectively

Cache bandwidth and reliability are both of great importance for microprocessor design. Recently, the replication cache has been proposed to enhance data cache reliability against soft errors. The replication cache is a small fully associative cache to store the replica(s) for every write to the L1 data cache. In addition to enhancing reliability, this paper proposes to make use of the replication cache in order to improve the performance of multiple-issue superscalar microprocessors by enlarging the cache read bandwidth effectively. Our experimental results show that exploiting a replication cache with only 8 entries can improve the performance of a 4-issue superscalar microprocessor by 9.4% on average without compromising the enhanced data integrity.
Explaining the Poverty Dynamics of Rural Families Using an Economic Well-Being Continuum

The economic volatility faced by rural low-income families is explained with an Economic Well-Being Continuum (EWC), a comprehensive measure which describes the circumstances of low-income families in eight specific dimensions and establishes their level of economic functioning. Using the Rural Families Speak longitudinal dataset and a case study approach, we analyzed the poverty spells of five rural, low-income families, including a migrant family. Life circumstances and trigger events that contribute to families’ entry into and exit from poverty were examined with the EWC. Health issues and relationship changes were significant trigger events that established or altered the economic functioning of the families while support networks helped mitigate their hardships. Policies to alleviate poverty spells among the rural poor are discussed.
Thermal and air permeation properties of a carbon fiber/toughened epoxy based prepreg system

This study addresses thermal and air permeation properties of a new toughened prepreg system. Voids in the uncured prepreg structure can affect the void content in the final composite structure. A new, toughened prepreg system, commercially available for aircraft structural application, was utilized in this study. The prepreg was subjected to thermal and rheological characterization to understand the basic prepreg properties. These experiments were followed by a prepreg air permeation study to investigate prepreg processing and its influence on the prepreg structure. Crosslinking of the resin matrix was monitored with prepreg specimens without extracting resin from the prepreg. Along with thermal property measurements, the air flow rate significantly decreased in initial static experiments, followed by equilibrium permeability values. An air permeation model divided the air permeability into intralaminar and interlaminar permeabilities. Interlaminar air permeation was found to be more pronounced than intralaminar air permeation in this particular prepreg system. These permeation measurement results were explained using optical microscopy, proving that the application of vacuum could eliminate significant porosity in the laminate. Collectively, understanding prepreg thermal and air permeation properties was considered to be important; the voids in uncured prepreg may cause the voids in the final composite structure. Voids in the prepreg can be attributed to the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the toughened prepreg structure, resulting from particular prepreg processing techniques. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 5–16, 1997
Automated reaction rate analysis of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activities.

Abstract Two red cell enzyme assays have been adapted to automatic determination of the LKB 8600 Reaction Rate Analyzer: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase. These automated assays will prove useful in mass screenings for G6PD deficiency and riboflavin deficiency, respectively.
Therapeutic and immunologic effects of iodoacetate in mature AKR mice.

A des souris AKR leucemiques on administre un total de 5 injections de sulfhydryle inhibiteur, iodoacetate, a 10 jours d'intervalle. Ce regime produit une augmentation de survivance moyenne de 15 jours par rapport au groupe temoin. 40% des souris traitees vivent dela de la periode d'experimentation. Chez certaines souris traitees, on constate l'augemtation statistiquement assez importante des nombres totaux de cellules spleniques formatrices de plaquettes a tous les stades d'experimentation.
Corotating disk flow in an axisymmetric enclosure with and without a bluff body

Abstract An experimental study was performed for the airflow between a pair of coaxial disks corotating in an axisymmetric enclosure with and without an obstruction in the form of a rigid flat rectangular bluff body (arm). Long-term averages of the pressure coefficient across the arm and of the circumferential velocity component in the space between the disks were obtained as a function of position and disk angular velocity in a system of fixed dimensions. The unobstructed configuration exhibits an inner flow region approaching solid body rotation and an outer strongly sheard region with high turbulence levels. For this case, the assumption of steady axisymmetric flow allowed numerical calculations to be perfomed using the procedures of Chang et. al. (1989). The calculations yield mean velocity distributions in good agreement with the unobstructed flow measurements but fail to reproduce some features of the velocity fluctuations that are believed to be due to circumferentially periodic mean flow structures. The measurements show that the presence of an arm has a profound effect on the flow.
Approximate solutions for preform design in rolling

Abstract In ingot rolling the defects of overhang at the front and rear ends plates. The defect shapes that occur under the plane-strain condition can be eliminated with proper design of end shapes in ingots. This paper presents an approximate solution for design of ingot end shapes. The theory uses a channel flow as a velocity field for non-steady-state deformation of end regions and predicts the overhang contours and end shapes to eliminate overhang at front and back ends. Indications are given to show that the solutions are good for non-workhardening materials.
The Testosterone Two-Step Is Really a Minuet

Newly developed genetic models indicate that estrogen receptors (ERs) alone mediate prenatal masculinization of the mouse brain to organize reproductive and territorial behaviors, while postnatal activation of androgen receptors (ARs) potentiates specific components of those behaviors. These results and others offer a model of how AR and ER pathways interact to fully masculinize the brain and behavior of male mice.
Phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary potential in somatic cells of Armillaria gallica

Somatic cells of Armillaria gallica fruit bodies have been shown to possess different genotypes for molecular-marker and mating-type loci. Here we report experiments on six quantitative traits and demonstrate that somatic cells of fruit bodies possess almost as much genetic variation for growth rate and phenotypic plasticity as do spores, the products of meiosis. Genetically distinct somatic cells therefore have the potential to grow at different rates relative to one another during primordial fruit body formation. This may confer an advantage on all cell lines within a fruit body, not just those that happen to grow better under a particular set of conditions. To our knowledge, genetic variation for fitness-related traits that make up a single genetic individual has not been reported before.
Sprinkler Distribution Uniformity for Strawberry Cold Protection

AbstractEffective sprinkler irrigation for cold protection requires an adequate and uniform water application rate (AR) in order to provide enough heat by freezing to compensate for heat loss by other means (i.e., evaporation). Several models have estimated the sufficient AR for cold protection as 6.35 mm/h; however, this value has little field verification. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sprinkler type, sprinkler spacing, and water supply pressure under varied wind conditions on low quarter irrigation distribution uniformity (DUlq) and AR. Distribution uniformity was tested using four sprinkler types (Wade Rain WR-32 and Nelson: R33, R33LP, and R2000WF) assessed at three pressure levels (345, 276, and 207 kPa), two sprinkler spacings (14.6 and 12.2 m), and varied wind conditions ranging from low (0.2 m/s) to high (7.2 m/s). The interactions (1) sprinkler type–pressure, (2) sprinkler type–spacing, and (3) pressure-spacing resulted in a significant effect on DUlq and AR, as we...
Dopaminergic and gabaergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb are derived from the neonatal subventricular zone

Earlier studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that a discrete region of the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone (SVZa) contains exclusively neuronal progenitor cells. The descendants of the SVZa progenitor cells are destined for the granule cell and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into granule and periglomerular cells, the interneurons of the olfactory bulb, respectively. In the present set of experiments we examined the neurotransmitter phenotype of the SVZa-derived cells. In order to label SVZa-derived cells, the cell proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected into the SVZa of postnatal day 2 (P2) rats. After 3 weeks, by which time most of the SVZa-derived cells have migrated to their final destination in the bulb, the animals were perfused and their brains processed for immunohistochemistry. To identify the neurotransmitter phenotype of the SVZa-derived cells, sagittal sections of the forebrain, including the olfactory bulb, were double-labeled with an antibody to BrdU in conjunction with an antibody to gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. Using simultaneous indirect immunofluorescence to detect the presence of single- and double-labeled cells, we found that 59% and 51% of the BrdU-positive cells were immunoreactive for GABA in the granule cell and glomerular layers, respectively. In addition, 10% of the BrdU-positive periglomerular cells were immunoreactive for TH. The presence of double-labeled (BrdU-positive/GABA-positive and BrdU-positive/TH-positive) cells in the olfactory bulb, demonstrates that the SVZa is a source of the GABAergic and dopaminergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb during postnatal development.
Assessing the effect of the matrix in resonant infrared MAPLE

The ablation yield of polyethylene glycol is measured as a function of laser pulse energy and polymer molecular weight for both free running and Q-switched Er:YAG lasers. The results show that the deposition rate is dependent on the absorption coefficient in a way that is consistent with the blow-off ablation model but that the linear dependence of the efficiency on laser pulse energy is also consistent with a steady-state ablation model. The results for both lasers are remarkably similar given that the pulse durations are 350 μs and 85 ns, respectively. Furthermore, polystyrene thin films are deposited as well and it is found that the morphology depends on the THF/MeOH ratios in the matrices. The significance of these results is discussed as well as future directions for this research.
Towards Memory-Load Balanced Fast Fourier Transformations in Fine-Grain Execution Models

The code let model is a fine-grain dataflow-inspired program execution model that balances the parallelism and overhead of the runtime system. It plays an important role in terms of performance, scalability, and energy efficiency in exascale studies such as the DARPA UHPC project and the DOE X-Stack project. As an important application, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) has been deeply studied in fine-grain models, including the code let model. However, the existing work focuses on how fine-grain models achieve more balanced workload comparing to traditional coarse-grain models. In this paper, we make an important observation that the flexibility of execution order of tasks in fine-grain models improves utilization of memory bandwidth as well. We use the code let model and the FFT application as a case study to show that a proper execution order of tasks (or code lets) can significantly reduce memory contention and thus improve performance. We propose an algorithm that provides a heuristic guidance of the execution order of the code lets to reduce memory contention. We implemented our algorithm on the IBM Cyclops-64 architecture. Experimental results show that our algorithm improves up to 46% performance compared to a state-of-the-art coarse-grain implementation of the FFT application on Cyclops-64.
Diet self-selection and food hoarding after food deprivation by Siberian hamsters

Abstract Siberian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus ) increase food hoarding, but not food intake, after a fast. Because the physiological mechanisms underlying these changes in food hoarding are virtually unknown, we sought insight into these mechanisms by allowing hamsters to self-select their diet from food sources varying in macronutrient composition and caloric density (“dietary wisdom”). Therefore, the effects of food deprivation length on diet self-selection were tested in adult female hamsters after adaptation to three composite diets: sunflower seeds (SS), pellet chow (PC), and rabbit chow (RC). One group initially was fasted for 32 h, the other for 56 h, and then each was refed. The remaining nonexperienced fast was instated after prefast body mass, food intake, and hoarding were recovered. Food hoarding, but not food intake, was increased regardless of fast length or sequence; moreover, the largest increase in food hoarding was on the first day of refeeding and was primarily reflected as increased SS hoarding. When the longer fast occurred first body mass loss was greater and the increased food hoard size was maintained for more days than when the longer fast came second. The order of food intake and hoarding preferences was not changed after a fast (SS > PC > RC), but the degree of food hoarding preference for SS was exaggerated. Collectively, these results support the notion that food hoarding increases with decreases in lipid stores, and show that when internal lipid stores are decreased, external lipid stores are preferentially increased.
Depolarization properties of the normal human fovea

Depolarization data is provided for several normal retinas. Mueller matrix images of normal human fovea were acquired with a custom imaging Mueller matrix retinal polarimeter (the GDx-MM) over a 9° field at 780nm and have been analyzed for depolarization index and the variation of degree of polarization with incident polarization state. The degree of polarization (DoP) was often above 50% and varied in complex ways as a function of the incident polarization states. The depolarization properties around the macula loosely correlated with the retardance image. High spatial frequency depolarizing structures were evident throughout the fovea.
Cranio-orbitozygomatic approach: Technique and modifications

The orbitozygomatic craniotomy has been developed and modified over the last three decades, and has become a quintessential approach and technique for the well-rounded neurosurgeon. In this paper, we describe the technique as well as numerous modifications developed in order to suit the various pathologies in the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
Effect of Breathing Oxygen in Patients with Severe Pulmonary Vascular Obstructive Disease

During cardiac catheterization in nine patients with ventricular septal defect and seven patients with truncus arteriosus, all with severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, hemodynamics were compared while they were breathing first room air and then 100% oxygen. Patients with higher pulmonary vascular resistance had higher systemic vascular resistances. With 100% oxygen, pulmonary vascular resistance decreased and systemic vascular resistance increased in both groups. The effect of oxygen was found to be more pronounced on the systemic than on the pulmonary vascular bed in the patients studied. Indicator-dilution dye curves changed and exhibited characteristics of left-to-right shunts in patients with severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, as a result solely of an increase in systemic resistance; that is, without a decrease in pulmonary resistance. It is suggested that in patients with severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease maintenance of an increased systemic resistance is essential to well being and is a factor in longevity. It is also suggested that any transient decrease in systemic resistance in these patients might initiate a vicious cycle leading to sudden death.
Multifurcated halogen bonding involving Ph–Cl⋯H–CPhN–R′ interactions and its relation to idioteloamphiphile layer architecture

The presence of halogen bonding between a chloroarene and an aldazine C–H bond, i.e. Ph–Cl⋯H–CPhN–R′, makes all the difference in the crystal structure of 4-chlorobenzaldazine (1, R = H) and causes an idioteloamphiphile layer architecture (flat with longitudinal offset) that features multifurcated halogen bonding and that differs drastically from the one in 4-chloroacetophenone azine (2, R = CH3).
Biochemical Evidence of Metabolic Bone Disease in Women Following Roux-Y Gastric Bypass for Morbid Obesity

Twenty-six female patients were recalled for examination 10 years after a Roux-Y gastric bypass (RGB) procedure for morbid obesity, to determine whether there was biochemical and/or bone densitometry evidence of metabolic bone disease. These patients were compared with seven control patients who had achieved weight loss by dietary restriction. The serum calcium (4.3 ± 0.03 vs 4.6 ± 0.06 mEq/l; p = 0.002) was decreased in the RGB group. Both the serum alkaline phosphatase level (121.0 ± 7.6 vs 87.3 ± 8.3 U/l; p = 0.018) and the serum osteocalcin (12.6 ± 1.2 vs 9.5 ± 1.9 mug/ml; p = 0.078) level increased in the RGB group. The 1,25(OH) vitamin D level (50.5 ± 2.5 vs 40.5 ± 4.9 pg/ml; p = 0.152) was similar for both groups; the 25(OH) vitamin D level (24.3 ± 1.6 vs 35.9 ± 3.4 ng/ml; p = 0.008) was decreased in the RGB group as compared with the control group. Bone mineral density was elevated in three of the lumbar measurement sites, and marginally decreased (0.90 ± 0.02 g/cm2 vs 1.03 ± 0.06 g/cm2; p = 0.067) in the femoral neck of the RGB group compared with the controls. This biochemical pattern suggests the development of metabolic bone disease following the RGB.
Rate dependent finite deformation of magneto-active polymers

Magneto-active polymers (MAPs), composed of polymer matrices and magnetic filler particles, are smart materials that deform quickly in an external magnetic field. The ability to produce large deformation of MAPs makes these materials promising for actuators and sensors. Due to the viscoelasticity of the polymer matrices, MAPs usually demonstrate ratedependent dynamic properties. However, very few models of coupled magnetic field and viscoelasticity in MAPs exist in the literature, and even fewer are capable of reliable predictions. Starting from nonequilibrium thermodynamics, a field theory is developed to fully couple the finite-deformation viscoelasticity and magnetostatics of MAPs. The theory provides a guideline for experimental characterization of MAPs, and most material laws are readily applicable in this framework. A specific material model is prescribed for an idealized MAP. As demonstrations, numerical examples are implemented on the responses of the MAP in response to both uniform and nonuniform magnetic fields. In the nonviscous limit, our theory recovers a model for elastic MAPs, and is capable of capturing instability phenomena observed in the experiments.
The treatment of fatigue states

Discusses the treatment of the symptoms in various fatigue states. Describes three types of fatigue states - physiological fatigue, psychological fatigue and psychopathological fatigue, which might form grounds for the development of psycho-neurotic symptoms. Fatigue from mental strain persists longer than fatigue from physical strain. Various systems have been developed by different men for the management of these states, including the rest cure. Emphasizes that the mental attitude of patients suffering from the chronic states are to be changed by the formation of groups of complexes. Cites 2 illustrative cases which were benefited by the use of conversation method as a form of treatment of fatigue states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Vision Rehabilitation: Recipients' Perceived Efficacy of Rehabilitation

Objective/Purpose: This survey was conducted to determine the effect on activities of daily living of persons who report that they have received vision rehabilitation. Design/Methodology: This study used a clinical sample to gather information from 417 patients. Of the 417, 105 reported receiving vision rehabilitation. The efficacy of rehabilitation was assessed by asking 20 questions about their activities of daily living prior to and after their rehabilitation. A retrospective pretest (post-then-pre) design was used. Paired t tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation. Results: A significant difference was found for 13 of 20 questions. Difficulty reading ordinary prints in newspapers showed a large effect size (p = 0.0005). Difficulty reading the small print in a telephone book showed a large effect size (p = 0.0005). Difficulty doing work or hobbies that require one to see up close showed a moderate effect size (p = 0.0005). Difficulty finding something on a crowded shelf showed a mo...