cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional Lability and Affective Synchrony in Borderline Personality Disorder

Extant research on emotional lability in borderline personality disorder (BPD) has focused almost exclusively on lability of individual emotions or emotion types, with limited research considering how different types of emotions shift together over time. Thus, this study examined the temporal dynamics of emotion in BPD at the level of both individual emotions (i.e., self-conscious emotions [SCE], anger, and anxiety) and mixed emotions (i.e., synchrony between emotions). One hundred forty-four women from the community completed a diagnostic interview and laboratory study involving 5 emotion induction tasks (each of which was preceded and followed by a 5-min resting period or neutral task). State ratings of SCE, anger, and anxiety were provided at 14 time points (before and after each laboratory task and resting period). Hierarchical linear modeling results indicate that women with BPD reported greater mean levels of SCE and Anxiety (but not Anger), and greater lability of Anxiety. Women with BPD also exhibited greater variability in lability of all 3 emotions (suggestive of within-group differences in the relevance of lability to BPD). Results also revealed synchrony (i.e., positive relations) between each possible pair of emotions, regardless of BPD status. Follow-up regression analyses suggest the importance of accounting for lability when examining the role of synchrony in BPD, as the relation of SCE-Anger synchrony to BPD symptom severity was moderated by Anger and SCE lability. Specifically, synchronous changes in SCE and Anger were associated with greater BPD symptom severity when large shifts in SCE were paired with minor shifts in Anger. (PsycINFO Database Record
Building Assets of Local Development

If you buy an early-season tomato in Europe, chances are you might be purchasing one grown in the province of Ragusa, Sicily. That’s not only because Sicily has the agricultural advantage of roughly seven hours of sun a day and not much cold. It’s because the region has made an effort to become a leader in growing greenhouse produce. Along the south-eastern coast of the island, ‘hothouses’ line up for miles. They are as common as tourists in the summer sun.
Telling the Library’s Story: A Personal Reflection

The author reflects on the circumstances in which he determined that it would prudent to write a history (published in 1992 as A Library Worthy of the School…) of the collections of the Yale Divinity Library, where he has served for many years as Divinity Librarian. These experiences serve as a framework for other librarians to consider whether, or how, they might write histories of the libraries in which they serve. He concludes by identifying what he learned from the exercise.
Supraventricular tachycardias: differential diagnosis at bedside and in the electrophysiology laboratory

Clinical and electrophysiologic criteria used for the differential diagnosis of regular supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) are presented. Although several electrocardiographic clues may assist differential diagnosis, this is usually accomplished at electrophysiology study and, most often, is between atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia due to a concealed accessory pathway, and atrial tachycardia. Atrial and, mainly, ventricular pacing maneuvers during sinus rhythm or tachycardia have been used with variable success rate. In clinical practice, these techniques cannot be applied to all cases, and multiple criteria have to be used for the differential diagnosis of narrow complex tachycardias with atypical characteristics. Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/4469457/Activity.aspx
Hypothesizing and testing causal relationships in correlated time-series observations

T of past earth system states are preserved in an array of biogeochemical archives. Extracting information from these archives produces valuable data that reveal time progression of environmental conditions. Covarying measurements entice cause-effect explanations, but establishing causal relationships from observational studies requires a rigorous epistemology. Correlation is necessary for hypothesizing a causal relationship, but insufficient for forming conclusions. Common-cause explanations, such as independent orbital forcing of correlated measurements, must be rejected based on characteristics of the data. Determining amplitude and phase response over a range of frequencies provides a test of cause-effect scenarios: measured cause must precede proportionate effect in a manner consistent with direct forcing theory. Amplitude and phase persistence (coherence) through time provides a method for quantifying probabilistic confidence in a cause-effect conclusion. In this presentation, methods are described, and then applied to ice core proxies for air temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.
Effect of the endOclear® Device on Biofilm in Endotracheal Tubes.

Abstract Background: Organisms trapped in biofilms cause more than 80% of medical infections. Significant investments are being made to develop methods of removing these biofilms. The endOclear® device is reported to remove biofilm from endotracheal tubes (ETTs) and to decrease pneumonia rates and ventilator time. Methods: This was an observational study performed at a university Level 1 trauma center intensive care unit. A series of 40 ETTs were collected at extubation, with half of the patients having been treated daily with the endOclear® device. Biofilms were quantified from a standardized point on the distal ETT. The patients' standard and biofilm cultures were reviewed. Results: The mean hours of intubation for the control group was 135 and for the device group 138. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.91). Eleven patients in the device group were found to have pneumonia compared with six in the control group (p = 0.34). Ventilator data after device use showed a mean increase of ...
Volitional Voiding After Spinal Cord Injury—Who Will and Who Will Not

A long-term absence of volitional voiding after spinal cord injury is common. This review serves to highlight predictive models of volitional voiding after spinal cord injury and evaluate current therapies aimed at improving voiding efficiency after injury. In a new predictive model, using data from the European Multicenter Spinal Cord Injury study, lower extremity motor preservation is the most important physical exam finding to predict volitional voiding. Using a simple composite motor score ranging from 0 to 50 for the bilateral levels of L2-S1, an impressive area under the curve of 0.91 is achieved. While our ability to predict volitional voiding after spinal cord injury has improved, the treatment of an inability to void remains lacking. Neuromodulation techniques may provide the best chance of recovery in those that do not spontaneously improve.
What happens after a failed LIFT for anal fistula

Abstract Background Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) was developed to treat transsphincteric anal fistulas. The aftermath of a failed LIFT has not been well documented. Methods Retrospective chart review of LIFT procedure for transsphincteric anal fistula between March 2012 and September 2016. Results 53 patients with LIFT procedure were identified, 20 (37.7%) had persistent fistula with median followup of 4 months. Following LIFT, recurrence of fistula was transsphincteric (75%) or intersphincteric (25%) (p = NS). Persistent transsphincteric fistulas after LIFT were treated with seton (71.4%) followed by advancement flap (20%) or fistulotomy (50%). Of the recurrent intersphincteric fistulas, 50% underwent seton placement followed by fistulotomy, or advancement flap. Of the patients who underwent surgery after failed LIFT, 50% have had resolution of the fistula; 31.7% are still undergoing treatment. Conclusion Patients who underwent surgery after failed LIFT had 50% healing with placement of seton followed by fistulotomy or rectal advancement flap.
Mythologies of Creative Work in the Social Media Age: Fun, Free, and “Just Being Me”

Over the past decade, work in the cultural sector has grown evermore precarious amid heightened competition, rampant insecurity, and the individualization of risk. Despite this, social media personalities—including bloggers, vloggers, and Instagrammers—seem to have attained a much-vaunted career dream: They get paid to do what they love. Accounting for this disparity, we highlight the role of popular media discourses that hype the possibilities of a career fashioned online. Our study draws on a qualitative analysis of more than 200 articles to reveal how these influencers circulate a patterned set of mythologies about creative work in the social media age. Such narratives about the fun, free, and authentic nature of their self-starter careers conceal less auspicious realities, including the demands for emotional labor, self-branding labor, and an always-on mode of entrepreneurial labor. Together, these myths help perpetuate an image of glamour in these industries as part of a “creativity dispositif ” that both disciplines and incites cultural workers and aspirants.
Duty to the Patient or Society: Reflections on the Psychiatrist’s Dilemma

My discussion of the essays by Professor Winslade and Professors Culver and Gert will obviously be influenced by my background as a clinical psychiatrist and a teacher of clinical psychiatry. Undoubtedly it will also be influenced by my European background and awareness of cross-cultural studies in the area of legal psychiatry. Finally, in the last three or four years, having served on a number of committees, I have been directly involved in the formulation of legislation in the area of civil commitment, competency to stand trial, and the insanity defense. This involvement in public policy issues clearly has afforded me the opportunity to learn how lawmakers perceive society’s needs and psychiatrists’ expertise. This does not necessarily run true to either our professional goals or our self-image. In a federal union, with fifty different jurisdictions writing statutes, fifty different state supreme courts interpreting the constitutionality thereof, and a federal judiciary often -overriding on appeal to state decisions, it is clear that policy is far from monolithic. Given the heterogeneity of American society, its different ethnic and religious mixtures, the issue of morality in public life and policy transcends philosophical debate and becomes quite often political instead. In turn many political problems become invested with ideological slogans.
Preparation of Fragment Libraries for Next-Generation Sequencing on the Applied Biosystems SOLiD Platform

The primary purpose of this protocol is to prepare genomic DNA libraries that can then be analyzed by massively parallel next-generation sequencing on the Applied Biosystems SOLiD platform. This protocol can be adapted to next-generation sequencing workflows to ultimately generate up to 1 billion 50 bp sequence tags from the ends of each of the DNA molecules in the library in a single next-generation sequencing run.
When good is not good enough: A comparative analysis of underinclusiveness and the principle of coherence under proportionality review

Proportionality review has long been a tool of the ECJ to scrutinize national measures that impede the realization of the Internal Market. More recently, the ECJ has required those measures to be ‘consistent and systematic’. This paper shows the historical development of the ECJ’s jurisprudence and contrasts it with the approach taken by US Courts reviewing similar issues. Under consideration of the comparative findings, different framings for arguments of underinclusiveness and coherence under a general concept of proportionality review are derived: the arguments can determine not only the efficacy or suitability of a measure, but also play a role when analyzing proportionality stricto sensu. On the other hand, it is argued that the sub-test of necessity is the wrong location for asserting those considerations. Most importantly, the ECJ – limited by its institutional design – uses the principle of coherence as a factor when interpreting the national law for its proper purpose.
Publisher Correction: Transition from source- to stress-controlled plasticity in nanotwinned materials below a softening temperature

The original version of this Article was incorrectly labelled as a ‘Review Article’. This has now been corrected to ‘Article’ in both the HTML and PDF versions.
Synthesis of the C11-C23 fragment of spirastrellolide A. A ketal-tethered RCM approach to the construction of spiroketals.

The synthesis of the C11−C23 fragment in spirastrellolide A is described here featuring a ketal-tethered RCM as an alternative approach to the construction of spiroketals.
Anaerobic digestion of livestock and poultry manures spiked with tetracycline antibiotics

AbstractWe investigated the anaerobic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline [TC], oxytetracycline [OTC] and chlortetracycline [CTC]) in swine, cattle, and poultry manures. The manur...
RB, p130 and p107 differentially repress G1/S and G2/M genes after p53 activation.

Cell cycle gene expression occurs in two waves. The G1/S genes encode factors required for DNA synthesis and the G2/M genes contribute to mitosis. The Retinoblastoma protein (RB) and DREAM complex (DP, RB-like, E2F4 and MuvB) cooperate to repress all cell cycle genes during G1 and inhibit entry into the cell cycle. DNA damage activates p53 leading to increased levels of p21 and inhibition of cell cycle progression. Whether the G1/S and G2/M genes are differentially repressed by RB and the RB-like proteins p130 and p107 in response to DNA damage is not known. We performed gene expression profiling of primary human fibroblasts upon DNA damage and assessed the effects on G1/S and G2/M genes. Upon p53 activation, p130 and RB cooperated to repress the G1/S genes. In addition, in the absence of RB and p130, p107 contributed to repression of G1/S genes. In contrast, G2/M genes were repressed by p130 and p107 after p53 activation. Furthermore, repression of G2/M genes by p107 and p130 led to reduced entry into mitosis. Our data demonstrates specific roles for RB, p130-DREAM, and p107-DREAM in p53 and p21 mediated repression of cell cycle genes.
Collateral Findings from Pragmatic Clinical Trials: What Responsibility Do We Have to Enrolled and Future Patients?

Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs), an important component to achieving a learning healthcare system (Califf and Sugarman 2015), are becoming more common as funding has increased (NIH 2013; PCORI 201...
Laboratory evaluation of a wearable head impact sensor for use in water polo and land sports

The SIM-G is a waterproof head impact sensor that has been previously evaluated for use in a headband, but not yet in a mode of attachment suitable for water polo. For this study, a CADEX linear im...
TILs in metastatic melanoma tumors: A biomarker for immunotherapy?

8589 Background: Increased tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in primary (P) and locoregional melanoma tissue correlate with improved clinical outcome. Our recent data have suggested that matrix...
Studying Adipose Tissue in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment In Vitro: Progress and Opportunities

The breast cancer microenvironment contains a variety of stromal cells that are widely implicated in worse patient outcomes. While many in vitro models of the breast tumor microenvironment have been published, only a small fraction of these feature adipocytes. Adipocytes are a cell type increasingly recognized to have complex functions in breast cancer. In this review, we examine findings from recent examples of in vitro experiments modeling adipocytes within the local breast tumor microenvironment. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of adipocytes in the breast tumor microenvironment are covered in this review and both have uncovered interesting phenomena related to breast tumor progression. Certain aspects of breast cancer and associated adipocyte biology: extracellular matrix effects, cell-cell contact, and physiological mass transport can only be examined with a three-dimensional culture platform. Opportunities remain for innovative improvements to be made to in vitro models that further increase what is known about adipocytes during breast cancer progression.
A Book Review of Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (5th ed.), edited by Marlaine C. Smith. (2020). F.A. Davis Company.

The author in this article provides a book review of Marlaine C. Smith’s 5th edition of Nursing Theories and Practice.
Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity of Nano-Drug Carriers

The use of nanoparticles in medicine has improved the options for diagnosis and therapy. Numerous diseases that were previously thought to be challenging are now addressed with the advent of nanoparticles. This is possible due to the ability of nanoparticles to selectively target desired tissue/cells and communicate with the cellular environment at nanoscale levels. Although nanomedicine has innumerous advantages over traditional medicine, the use of nanoparticles comes with its own baggage of special pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity. Hence it becomes imperative to understand the development of nanoparticles from bench to clinic with emphasis on its pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity. With this objective in mind we have discussed the synthesis of clinically important metallic and nonmetallic nano-drug carriers and the process to alter their physicochemical properties for their application in therapy and/or diagnosis. This is followed by a discussion of the pharmacokinetic properties of selected nano-drug carriers that make them desirable for formulations as an efficient drug delivery system. Lastly, the chapter discusses potential toxicities that are associated with nanocarriers, mechanisms of toxicity, major target organs, and factors influencing these toxicities. We have concluded this chapter by discussion of two clinically used nano-drug carriers.
The Next Generation of Real-Time Operating Systems and Languages

The next generation of real-time operating systems and languages must focus on solving chronic problems facing real-time designers such as: specifying temporal behavior providing schedulability analysis supporting object-oriented paradigms providing tools In addition, these problems must be addressed so as to support a wide variety of architectures, from standard von Neumann, to non-von Neumann such as systolic wavefront transputer dataflow optical It is clear that no currently available operating system/language combination satisfies these needs.
Classification of Depressive Disorders

The recent advent of effective psychopharmacologic treatments for subtypes of depressive disorders has converted the classification of the depressions from an academic exercise to a pragmatic necessity for good patient care. Advances in the biology and treatment of depression (exemplified clearly in the remainder of this book) have enabled workers and practitioners to begin to solve those unanswered questions which had previously limited treatment efficacy. In fact, so amorphous was the state of knowledge of etiology and treatment that some workers such as the British psychiatrist Mapother argued in 1926 that classification was of little practical value: It will be generally agreed that subdivision in virtue of details of the known (for example, of past course and present symptoms) serves little purpose unless the types discriminated are correlated with the differences in the unknown—for example in causation, prognosis, or treatment.1
SU-E-T-578: On Definition of Minimum and Maximum Dose for Target Volume

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of different minimum and maximum dose definitions in radiotherapy treatment plan quality evaluation criteria by using tumor control probability (TCP) models. Methods: Dosimetric criteria used in RTOG 1308 protocol are used in the investigation. RTOG 1308 is a phase III randomized trial comparing overall survival after photon versus proton chemoradiotherapy for inoperable stage II-IIIB NSCLC. The prescription dose for planning target volume (PTV) is 70Gy. Maximum dose (Dmax) should not exceed 84Gy and minimum dose (Dmin) should not go below 59.5Gy in order for the plan to be “per protocol” (satisfactory).A mathematical model that simulates the characteristics of PTV dose volume histogram (DVH) curve with normalized volume is built. The Dmax and Dmin are noted as percentage volumes Dη% and D(100-δ)%, with η and d ranging from 0 to 3.5. The model includes three straight line sections and goes through four points: D95%= 70Gy, Dη%= 84Gy, D(100-δ)%= 59.5 Gy, and D100%= 0Gy. For each set of η and δ, the TCP value is calculated using the inhomogeneously irradiated tumor logistic model with D50= 74.5Gy and γ50=3.52. Results: TCP varies within 0.9% with η; and δ values between 0 and 1. With ηmore » and η varies between 0 and 2, TCP change was up to 2.4%. With η and δ variations from 0 to 3.5, maximum of 8.3% TCP difference is seen. Conclusion: When defined maximum and minimum volume varied more than 2%, significant TCP variations were seen. It is recommended less than 2% volume used in definition of Dmax or Dmin for target dosimetric evaluation criteria. This project was supported by NIH grants U10CA180868, U10CA180822, U24CA180803, U24CA12014 and PA CURE Grant.« less
“Strategic adulthood”: A case study of restaurant workers negotiating nontraditional life course development

Abstract The traditional life course perspective is less widely applicable today than it was several decades ago. Drawing on data from 52 in-depth, semi-structured interviews, this article investigates a case of restaurant workers and how and why their experiences complicate the assumptions of the traditional life course stage model. Analysis of the data reveals that restaurant employees have multidimensional and nonlinear life course trajectories, and their accounts of aging both challenge and complement the characteristics of several developmental stages. This study illustrates how restaurant workers approach dilemmas accompanying non-normative development by “doing” strategic adulthood , whereby they sustain “legitimate” presentations of “adulthood” but continue to participate in “youthful” behaviors. The data show that restaurants can and do provide a pathway for unconventional ways of making a living and developing. These conclusions contribute to broadening the understanding of stage transitions, subjective age identity, and “nonstandard work” in the life course, and to theoretical explanations for people's ambivalence about adulthood.
Intra- and inter-Religious Hate and Violence: A Psychosocial Model

Hatred, discrimination, and violence in the name of religion are certainly not new phenomena, but rather date back through the historical record. The persecution of early Christians by the Romans and of Jews/Muslims during the Crusades are but two examples from history. Today, terrorist attacks in Israel, violence in Northern Ireland, ethnic conflict and genocide in the former Yugoslavia,and a host of other headlines remind us regularly that hatred and violence under the flag of religion still exist. However, for most individuals in the United States prior to September 11th, 2001, such violence was thought to occur primarily elsewhere on the distant horizon of international affairs. Freedom of religion and religious tolerance are viewed by most in the U.S. as fundamental tenets of our society. Furthermore, any religious hatred and intolerance that exist in the U.S. are thought to occur only on the domestic fringe and are thus not major threats to the vast majority of Americans. Consequently, the attacks of September 11, given the belief that the attacks were grounded in Islamic fundamentalism as part of a Holy War, have raised questions for many about the foundation of religious hatred and violence.
Disentangling the Social and the Pedagogical in Infants' Learning about Tool‐Use

We investigated infants' response to pedagogy in the domain of tool use. In experiment 1, infants viewed a causally relevant tool-use demonstration presented identically in either a social/pedagogical or social/non-pedagogical context. Infants exposed to pedagogical cues displayed superior production of the tool-use sequence. This was so despite infants displaying equivalent attention to the demonstration across conditions. In contrast, pedagogical cues had no systematic impact on infants' discrimination between causally possible vs. impossible tool-use sequences in a looking-time task. Interestingly, however, older infants across both conditions displayed a preference for looking toward the causally possible display. Experiment 2 documented that social cues of any sort (regardless of pedagogy) accompanying the demonstration triggered older infants to discriminate the causally possible vs. impossible events whereas a non-social demonstration did not. Together, the two experiments implicate ‘social gating’ as well as a pedagogical stance in infants' processing and execution of causal action.
A Dynamic Model of Tabu Search for the Job-Shop Scheduling Problem

Although tabu search is one of the most effective meta-heuristics for solving the job-shop scheduling problem (JSP), very little is known about why this approach works so well and under what conditions it excels. Our goal is to develop models of tabu search algorithms for the JSP that answer these and other related research questions. We have previously demonstrated that the mean distance between random local optima and the nearest optimal solution, denoted \(\bar d_{lopt - opt} \) , is highly correlated with problem difficulty for a well-known tabu search algorithm for the JSP introduced by Taillard. In this paper, we discuss various shortcomings of the \(\bar d_{lopt - opt} \) model and develop new models of problem difficulty that correct these deficiencies. We show that Taillard's algorithm can be modelled with exceptionally high fidelity using a surprisingly simple Markov chain. The Markov model also enables us to characterise the exact conditions under which different initialisation methods can be expected to improve performance. Finally, we analyse the relationship between the Markov and \(\bar d_{lopt - opt} \)> models.
International Institute of Welding work on residual stress and its application to industry

This paper gives an overview of the International Institute of Welding (IIW) activity on residual stress and distortion prediction (RSDP) in welded structures. The overall goal of the activity is to define an IIW recommendation for prediction and determination of welding residual stress and distortion. The three main collaborative activities that were launched to support this goal (a modelling round robin, a measurement technique benchmark and definition of a compendium) are described. It is concluded that significant progress has been achieved by participants to improve the modelling approaches, and to optimize experimental technologies to calculate and measure accurately the residual stress distribution and distortion in welded assemblies.
Monitoring thyroglobulin in a sensitive immunoassay has comparable sensitivity to recombinant human tsh-stimulated thyroglobulin in follow-up of thyroid cancer patients.

Context: Most thyroglobulin (Tg) assays have a sensitivity of 0.5–1 ng/ml. A minority of patients with undetectable T4-suppressed Tg levels have a recombinant human TSH (rhTSH)-stimulated Tg above 2 ng/ml and identifiable residual disease. Objective: The objective was to determine whether a Tg assay with improved sensitivity could eliminate the need for rhTSH stimulation when baseline Tg is below 0.1 ng/ml. Design: A retrospective study of two academic endocrine practices was conducted. Population: A total of 194 patients undergoing rhTSH stimulation participated in the study. Results: Of the 80 patients with Tg below 0.1 ng/ml, two (2.5%) had rhTSH-stimulated Tg above 2 ng/ml. One other patient with stimulation to 0.3 ng/ml and negative 123I scan had an ultrasound-detected malignant lymph node resected. None had 131I/123I imaging after rhTSH stimulation suggestive of local recurrence or distant metastasis. If T4-suppressed Tg was 0.1–0.5 or 0.6–2.0 ng/ml, rhTSH Tg was above 2 ng/ml in 24.2 and 82.4%, res...
Active control and nonlinear feedback instabilities in the earth's radiation belts

Abstract The stability of trapped particle fluxes are examined near the Kennel-Petschek limit. In the absence of coupling between the ionosphere and magnetosphere it is found that both the fluxes and the associated wave intensities are stable to external perturbations. However, if the ionosphere and magnetosphere are coupled through the ducting of the waves then a positive feedback may develop depending on the efficiency of the coupling. This results is a spiky, nonlinear precipitation pattern which for electrons has a period on the order of hundreds of seconds. Here we give a linear analysis that highlights the regions of instability together with a computer simulation of the nonlinear regimes.
Research and Social Progress

Being essentially the full text of the address delivered in Chicago February 25 1936 in response to the receipt of the Washington Award ``in recognition of devoted, unselfish, and pre-eminent service in advancing human progress,'' this article is published at the instance of the A.I.E.E. committee on education.
Elongation responses of the oat shoot to blue light, as measured by capacitance auxanometry.

An auxanometer based on capacitance micrometry is described. It does not require light or contact with the plant, and will detect changes in length of the Avena coleoptile of 1 micrometer in 3 to 5 seconds. The field employed, 1 kilohertz at a gradient of 5 volts per centimeter, does not affect the growth rate of the coleoptile. Vertical illumination with blue light at fluences of 1 to 50 ergs·cm−2 cause an accelerated rate of coleoptile extension, beginning within 10 min after exposure. At higher exposures, the previously described growth inhibition becomes dominant.
The preparation and properties of M'M5X8 (X = Se, Te; M = Cr, Ti; M' = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Cd, Sn, Pb) via low temperature ion exchange reaction

Abstract Low temperature ion exchange reactions were used to prepare an isostructural series of compounds, M'M5X8 (X = Se, Te; M = Cr, Ti; M' = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Cd, Sn, Pb) in which the exchanged cations reside in one-dimensional tunnels within the structure. Calorimetry and diffraction measurements were used to follow the exchange process and chemical analysis of the products showed a dependence on the extent of exchange with cation size. Exchange of divalent cations into the Cr5X8 framework led to a doubling of the unit cell in the tunnel direction due to an ordering of the cations while divalent cations in the Ti5Se8 framework remained randomly ordered. Magnetic susceptibility studies on several of the products indicated only small perturbations on the magnetic properties of the parent compounds as a result of cation exchange.
Variational multiscale methods to embed the macromechanical continuum formulation with fine-scale strain gradient theories

A variational basis is presented to link fine-scale theories of material behaviour with the classical, macromechanical continuum theory. The approach is based on the weak form of the linear momentum balance equations, and a separation of the weighting function and displacement fields into coarse and fine-scale components. Coarse and fine-scale weak forms are defined. The latter is used to introduce a strain gradient theory that operates at finer scales of deformation. Attention is focused upon applications requiring the enhanced physical accuracy of the fine-scale strain gradient theory, without the computational cost of discretization that spans the range from coarse to fine scales. A variationally consistent method is developed to embed the fine-scale strain gradient theory in the macromechanical formulation. The embedding is achieved by eliminating the fine-scale displacement field from the problem. Two examples demonstrate the numerical efficiency of the method, while retaining physical and mathematical properties of the fine-scale strain gradient theory. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERICOGASTER WESTWOOD, A SENIOR SYNONYM OF HOLOHESMA MICHENER (HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA, COLLETIDAE)

Sericogaster fasciata Westwood, 1835, a hitherto unplaced genus and species, has proven to be a senior synonym of the Australian colletid bee Holohesma semisericea (Cockerell).
Nanochemoprevention: Sustained Release of Bioactive Food Components for Cancer Prevention

Chemoprevention, especially through the use of naturally occurring phytochemicals capable of impeding the process of carcinogenesis at one or more steps, is an ideal approach for cancer management. Despite accomplished outcomes in preclinical settings, its applicability to humans has met with limited success for many reasons including inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability of promising chemopreventive agents. We have recently introduced a novel concept of "nanochemoprevention" that utilizes nanotechnology for enhancing the outcome of chemoprevention (Cancer Res 69, 1712-1716, 2009). To establish the usefulness of nanochemoprevention in cancer management, we studied the efficacy of a well identified chemopreventive agent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) encapsulated in polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanoparticles (hereafter referred to as nano-EGCG) in preclinical settings. Nano-EGCG was found to retain its biological effectiveness, with over 10-fold dose advantage compared to nonencapsulated EGCG for exerting its cell growth inhibition, proapoptotic, and angiogenic inhibitory effects. Nano-EGCG was also observed to be effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth in athymic nude mice, with over 10-fold dose advantage compared to nonencapsulated EGCG. The rate of degradation of nonencapsulated EGCG was rapid, with a complete degradation within 4 h, whereas nano-EGCG had a significantly longer half-life. This study provides a foundation for the use of nanoparticle-mediated delivery of natural products to enhance the bioavailability of active agents for their enhanced effective and chemopreventive potential. In doing this, it is hoped that perceived toxicity concerns associated with prolonged use of agents could also be minimized. Oral consumption is the most desirable and acceptable form of delivery of chemopreventive agents. One disadvantage of using PLA-PEG nanoparticles is its unstable nature in acidic environment; and therefore, it is not recommended for oral consumption. To overcome this obstacle, it will be important to develop nanoparticles encapsulating phytochemicals that are suitable for oral consumption.
CD44S-hyaluronan interactions protect cells resulting from EMT against anoikis

The detachment of normal epithelial cells from matrix triggers an apoptotic response known as anoikis, during homeostatic turnover. Metastatic tumor cells evade anoikis, by mechanisms that are only partly characterized. In particular, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a subset of invasive tumor cells confers anoikis-resistance. In some cases, EMT up-regulates the cancer stem cell marker CD44S and the enzyme hyaluronic acid synthase-2 (HAS2). CD44S is the major receptor for hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix. Herein, we demonstrate that CD44S, unlike the CD44E isoform expressed in normal epithelial cells, contributes to the protection against anoikis. This protection requires the interaction of CD44S with hyaluronan (HA). CD44S–HA interaction is proposed to play an important role in tumor metastasis through enhanced cell survival under detached conditions.
Adults’ perception of native and nonnative vowels: Implications for the perceptual magnet effect

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the perceptual magnet effect. In Experiment 1, Amer-ican English speakers representing diverse dialects were presented with a fine-grained set of stimuli (varying in just noticeable differences forF1 andF2) and indicated whether they heard “/i/” or “not /i/,” thus delimiting the /i/ portion of the vowel space for individual subjects. Then these same subjects selected their own /i/ prototype with a method-of-adjustment procedure. The data from this experiment were used to synthesize customized prototype and nonprototype stimulus sets for Experiment 2. In Experiment 2,24 of our original 37 subjects completed a discrimination task for each of three conditions, in which vector stimuli varied from the subject’s prototype, the nonprototype, or a foreign vowel (/y/) in 15-mel steps. Subjects displayed higher discrimination, as indexed byd′, for the nonprototype condition than they did for both the prototype and the foreign conditions. In addition, discrimination was better for variants further away from the referent in each condition. However, discrimination was not especially poor for stimuli close to subjects’ individual prototypes—a result that would have yielded the strongest support for the operation of a magnet effect. This negative finding, together with other aspects of our results, raises problems for any theory of vowel perception that relies solely on “one-size-fits-all” prototype representations.
Simple Versus Horizontal Suture Anchor Repair of Bankart Lesions: Which Better Restores Labral Anatomy?

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine which suture repair technique better restores glenoid labrum height: horizontal sutures or simple sutures. Methods Sixteen cadaveric glenoids, 8 per repair technique, were used to measure native labral height at the 3:00 to 6:00 positions in half-hour increments. A Bankart lesion was then created from 3:00 to 6:30. Height measurements at each time point were again taken after creation of the Bankart lesion. Repair with a 3-mm knotted suture anchor was then performed at 3:30, 4:30, and 5:30 with either a simple or horizontal suture technique, and postrepair heights were measured across all time points. Results Significant decreases in height, as compared with native height, were observed at 3:30, 4:30, and 5:30 in the simple repair group. Decreases in height of 1.4 mm ( P = .044), 2.1 mm ( P = .030), and 1.1 ( P = .034) were observed at 3:30, 4:30, and 5:30. There was no significant decrease in height at these respective time points in the horizontal repair group. Conclusions The in vitro horizontal mattress suture technique better restores labral height and anatomy when compared with a simple suture technique in the repair of acute Bankart lesions. Clinical Relevance Compared with the simple suture technique, horizontal suture repair may provide increased stability to the glenohumeral construct.
Three-dimensional vibration transmission through the upper limb when performing reaching movements in vehicle

Whole body vibration (WBV) transmission to vehicle occupants is a function of both vibration characteristics and human posture/movement. The majority of earlier studies investigating biomechanical responses to WBV have considered only a static posture. However, vibration transmission can be affected by dynamic movements when reaching in vehicle and may be transmitted in three-dimension (3D). This study investigates vibration transmission to the upper extremities with changes in posture/movement along the intended reach trajectory under selected sinusoidal WBV conditions. In biodynamic WBV experiments, 21 subjects performed a reaching task to targets located in the right hemisphere under vibration exposure. Intermediate targets were also placed in the expected trajectories of hand movements. 3D biodynamic responses are characterised as a function of upper body posture. This study establishes the empirical database necessary to support a biodynamic model taking into consideration human activity to predict reaching performance under WBV exposure.
Effect of molecular transport on PDF modeling of turbulent non-premixed flames

Abstract Comprehensive studies are performed to evaluate the effect of molecular transport on the probability density function (PDF) modeling of turbulent non-premixed flames. The widely used Sandia piloted jet flame E is chosen as the validation test case. Three configuration cases are considered: neglecting the molecular transport (Case-A), considering the molecular transport (Case-B), and considering both the molecular transport and its effect on mixing (Case-C). Extensive testing is done to assess the effect of molecular transport on the performance of the different mixing models and on the prediction of the flame extinction limit. It is found that the molecular transport has a significant effect on the prediction of the upstream mixing layer between the pilot stream and the coflow, where the turbulence level is weak or it is laminar and hence the molecular transport dominates the turbulent transport. Accounting for the molecular transport increases the models’ resistance (for the IEM model and the modified Curl model) to flame extinction and yields a burning flame with a lower mixing rate that can cause global extinction without molecular transport. A modification to the mixing frequency is introduced to account for the effect of the molecular diffusion on mixing. With such a modification, the modeled flame sustainability is further enhanced and a lower mixing rate can be used, which enhances the ability of the IEM model and the modified Curl model which were previously found to yield a burning flame solution only at a highly increased rate of mixing.
The Impact of Ad Repetition and Ad Content on Consumer Perceptions of Incongruent Extensions

Abstract The author challenges the view that incongruent extensions are doomed to fail and demonstrates that brand extension ad content and repeated exposure to those advertisements influence consumer reactions to incongruent extensions. In a study of four highly regarded brands, participants who viewed brand extension advertisements five times evaluated incongruent extensions more positively, expressed higher usage intentions, indicated more favorable consistency judgments, and exhibited increased elaboration and more positive elaboration than did participants who viewed the advertisements only once. This relationship was attenuated for highly incongruent extensions, for which the advertisement evoked primarily peripheral brand associations instead of benefit brand associations. However, for moderately incongruent extensions, advertisements that evoked either peripheral or benefit associations were equally effective. Process measures indicate the importance of the extent and nature of elaborative processing.
Outcome measurement for drug treatment in the DARP: during-treatment criterion scales.

In summary, it is believed that the index values served quite well as criterion measures, considering the highly skewed distributions of the original data. The index values could be readily interpreted without reference to any statistical distribution, and they lent themselves to the study of levels and patterns of outcomes over time in treatment.
A comparative outcome study of behavioral group therapy for sexual assault victims

Thirty-seven rape victims completed a study comparing three types of group therapy: stress inoculation, assertion training, and supportive psychotherapy plus information. Thirteen participants comprised a naturally occurring waiting-list control group. The study consisted of six two-hour therapy sessions, plus assessment sessions pretherapy, posttherapy, and at three- and six-months follow-up. Assessment instruments included the Modified Fear Survey, SCL-90-R, Adult Self-Expression Scale, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, Impact of Event Scale, and Emotion Theramometer. The latter two were used for self-monitoring during five-day periods pretherapy, posttherapy, and at six-months follow-up. MANCOVA and ANCOVA indicated that there were no interactions or group effects. There were sessions effects, significant improvement, on all of the measures. However, no improvements were found on any of the measures between the two pretreatment assessments of the waiting list group. These findings are discussed within the context of cognitive behavioral theories of fear.
Determining Validity and Identifying Nonresponse Bias in a Survey Requesting Income Data.

Two procedures for validating incomes self-reported in ranges by University of Kentucky doctoral graduates, one comparing grouped data to income data collected by the National Academy of Sciences (1974) for the same year, 1973, the other comparing individual self-report data in a double-blind process to state income tax records, indicating that the self-report data were generally accurate. A check of respondents versus nonrespondents in various categories (sex, age, graduation year, Holland type, Biglan type) showed no difference in the proportion of response in any category. Comparison of nonrespondent income with respondent income in state income tax records revealed that nonrespondents averaged almost $3,500.00 less income during that year than did respondents. This finding held true across all categories but two.
Discourse analysis: method and application in the study of information

Abstract Library and information science (LIS) is a discipline based on communication. Research questions in LIS include those focusing on the retrieval use of information, information services, and information technology. Moreover, the questions asked and the thought relevant to the study of information are communicated formally within the profession, primarily through the literature. This sensitivity to communication suggests that discourse analysis is a valuable method for inquiry in LIS. Discourse analysis has the advantage of being able to address questions regarding both spoken and written communications and so can be applied to matters of articulations of purpose and practice of information study that appear in books and journals in the field. Two key elements of language form the heart of discourse analysis: form (the structure of the language as code, including grammar and semantics) and function (language as a social phenomenon). Applications of discourse analysis to information include investigation of the social, political, and technical uses of the word “information” as they have implications for theory and practice.
The generation gap: Differences between children and adults pertinent to economic evaluations of health interventions

Differences between children and adults have both technical and ethical implications for the design, interpretation and employment of economic analyses of health-related programmes. Even though policy makers increasingly turn to economic analyses to inform decisions about resource allocation, pertinent child-adult differences have received fragmented discussion in leading methodological references. Key areas warranting attention include: the ways in which a child's distinctive biology modifies the cost and effectiveness of healthcare interventions; challenges in assessing utilities for infants and young children given their limited but developing cognitive capacity; how a child's age, dependency and disability affect the selection of the appropriate time horizon and scope of the analysis; whether a child's non-wage earning productivity should be incorporated into analyses, and if so, what metric to use; what principles of equity policy makers should employ in using economic evaluations to choose between child- and adult-focused interventions; and whether special protective measures should be introduced to secure the rights and interests of children who cannot advocate for themselves.