cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES UPON MINUTE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI II. THE DISTRIBUTION OF MINUTE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI IN NORMAL AND DISEASED HUMAN BEINGS

1. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found to occur from one-third to one-half as frequently in normal individuals as do ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci. 2. They were rarely isolated from the rhinopharynges of individuals suffering from chronic disease. 3. In acute respiratory tract infection other than that due to the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococcus the incidence of minute streptococci was slightly higher than in normal individuals. 4. In acute streptococcal infections, scarlet fever and acute tonsillitis, for example, the incidence of minute hemolytic streptococci did not significantly vary from the incidence found in normal human beings. 5. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found in the throats of 33 out of 42 patients ill with glomerular nephritis and in 25 out of 59 patients who were suffering from the various manifestations of rheumatic fever. 6. In glomerular nephritis and rheumatic infection the minute beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the throats of more patients than were the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci.
Induction of molecular chimerism by gene therapy prevents antibody-mediated heart transplant rejection.

Induction of molecular chimerism by gene therapy prevents antibody-mediated heart transplant rejection
BOUNDARY-LAYER ENTRAINMENT ESTIMATION THROUGH ASSIMILATION OF RADIOSONDE AND MICROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA INTO A MIXED-LAYER MODEL

In this study we estimate boundary-layer growth and entrainment bycombining radiosonde and micrometeorological observations with asimple coupled boundary-layer and land surface model. A variational(smoothing) approach is used to find the optimal estimate ofentrainment over the daytime window. This method is appealingbecause it accounts for the uncertainty in the various data streams,while enforcing the dynamics of the model (i.e., water and energybudgets in the boundary layer, mixed-layer growth, etc.). Thetraditional variational framework was modified in this study toinclude an ensemble approach, which not only yields a (mean) estimateof entrainment, but a measure of its uncertainty as well. Themethodology is applied to a field experiment site in Kansas. Resultsfrom this study indicate a much larger ratio of entrainment to surfacefluxes compared to early literature values from other sites. However,our results are consistent with recent estimates at the site usingindependent estimation methods. In tests where radiosonde data werewithheld, reasonable skill in entrainment estimation was still shown,suggesting the potential for more widespread applications where onlymicrometeorological data are available. Finally, the data assimilationframework presented here has not traditionally been used inatmospheric boundary-layer studies, and may provide a useful approachfor studying other aspects of the boundary layer in the future.
Probiotics and necrotising enterocolitis in premature infants

The intestinal ecosystem consists of three components that interact closely: the host cell, nutrients and microflora. Knowledge of the interactions among these components may be applicable for disease prevention.1 The microflora of adult humans are found primarily in the colon and distal small intestine, and consists of >1013 microorganisms, comprising nearly 500 species.1,2 The microflora exist in a mutually beneficial relationship with the host, are metabolically active, and allow for the synthesis and breakdown of numerous dietary compounds. Hence, the host does not need to adapt to perform these functions. In return, the intestinal bacteria are provided a protected, nutrient-rich environment. This mutual relationship may be important in the immature or neonatal intestine, because microbial digestion avoids the need for a mature enzyme capability. For example, a major nutritional effect of intestinal microflora is the metabolism of unabsorbed carbohydrates to short-chain fatty acids, an energy source for intestinal cells, and the production of vitamin K, the predominant source of this vitamin for the infant. In a newborn, the intestine is colonised by 12–24 h. Infant diet determines the early content of the intestinal microflora.3 Stools of breastfed infants have a predominance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, which compete with Bacteroides , Clostridia and Enterobacteriaceae found as intestinal flora in formula-fed infants.2 The bifidobacteria and lactobacilli ferment carbohydrates to produce lactic acid, creating an acidic intestinal milieu that favours the growth of non-pathogenic bacteria.4 By contrast, the flora of formula-fed infants ferment carbohydrates to produce carbon dioxide and water, resulting in a neutral intestinal pH. The microflora also enhance intestinal barrier function to prevent bacteria from traversing through the intestine to extraintestinal sites: a process called bacterial translocation. The lactic acid bacteria do not translocate, and they produce bacteriocins that have antimicrobial functions and …
Type III solar noise observed below 100 kHz on OGO 3

Type III solar noise bursts have been observed in the frequency range 25–100 kHz with the VLF detector on OGO 3. The bursts decrease in frequency from 100 kHz (the highest frequency of observation) to as low as 25 kHz in approximately 45 min. The intensity at 100 kHz increases for about 20 min then decays over a period of approximately 1 h. The variation of the intensity with time becomes less regular at lower frequencies. Observed maximum intensities near 80 kHz range from 3 × 10−18 to 2 × 10−16 W m−2 Hz−1. Bursts are predominantly associated with west-limb flares. Their commencement at 100 kHz tends to follow type III bursts observed at 2–4 MHz by about 10 min. Observed drift rates and decay times correspond roughly to those extrapolated from higher frequency measurements. Type III and the so-called ‘high-pass’ noise bursts often occur simultaneously, presenting a problem in identification. The solar noise events can be distinguished by their relatively slow time variation, smooth spectrum, and low intensity.
Leveraging Experiential Learning Techniques for Transfer.

This chapter describes how experiential learning techniques such as service learning and problem-based learning can be leveraged to maximize transfer in adult populations. Specific examples of experiential learning in adult education programs are included.
Moral Reasoning and Aggressive Behavior: Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations

The purposes of this study were to determine whether two forms of moral reasoning commonly found in early elementary school, self-oriented and psychological needs-oriented, are related to both current and future aggression. A total of 132 students participated in a study that began when they were in first or second grade and concluded two years later. Concurrent and longitudinal relations were found for overt aggression, and for both reactive and proactive functions of aggression. Psychological needs-oriented reasoning in early elementary school predicted aggression in later elementary school. Moral reasoning did not moderate the stability of aggression over time, however. Results have implications for school discipline practices and violence prevention and intervention programs.
Contextualizing Homeschooling Data: A Response to Rudner

Rudner (1999) presents the results of a survey and testing program, administered by Bob Jones University (BJU), for homeschooling students. In this response, we applaud Rudner's contribution to building a greater understanding of the homeschooling movement. However, we also voice a strong concern that what Rudner contributed with one hand, he took back with the other. We contend that Rudner's analysis of the BJU data fails to offer a straightforward explanation of important and striking limitations. The unfortunate result is an inaccurate portrayal of homeschoolers as a white, Christian, monolithic population. Although the results of Rudner's analyses are likely valid for the particular population he studied, his insufficient attention to the data's bias has led to an erroneous picture of homeschooling.
The presence of the iron-sulfur protein (subunit V) of complex III in mitochondria of heme-deficient yeast cells lacking iron-sulfur clusters detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance.

The presence of subunit V, the iron-sulfur protein, of complex III has been demonstrated in mitochondria from a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which lacks 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase and, hence, is devoid of heme. The mature form (24 kDa) of the iron-sulfur protein was observed in equal amounts in the heme-deficient and heme-sufficient cells with antiserum against subunit V and either the sensitive immuno-transfer technique or immunoprecipitation from dodecylsulfate-solubilized mitochondria. In addition, a slight shoulder with a molecular mass 1.5 kDa larger than the mature form was present in mitochondria from the heme-deficient cells. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the absence of iron-sulfur signals due to clusters S-1, S-2 and S-3 of succinate dehydrogenase or to Rieske's iron-sulfur cluster of complex III in mitochondria from the hemedeficient cells. The lack of iron-sulfur centers in these cells may be a consequence of the absence of sulfite reductase in the cells without heme.
Formulation of surface 1ƒ noise processes in bipolar junction transistors and in p−n diodes in Hooge-type form

Abstract The surface 1 ƒ noise generated in the emitter-base space-charge region or in the base region of a p−n−p BJT for a section of thickness Δx at x can be written in the Hooge form: S i (x,ƒ) I 2 (x) = α H ƒN T (x)Δx , where NT(x) is the number of recombination centers per unit length at x and αH is a constant that may differ from the Hooge parameter for diffusion 1 ƒ noise.
Micro- and nano-scale robotics

Micro- and nano-scale robotics has become a new emerging area of systems and controls area. These miniature robots have unique advantages such as accessing to unprecedented and small areas, increased flexibility, functionality and robustness, and being low cost, many (swarms), adaptive and distributed. The locomotion and manipulation dynamics of these robots are dominated by micro/nano-scale forces and the scaling effects. The long-term target is the miniaturization of these robots down to micrometers size. However, these robots have sizes from tens of centimeters down to millimeters due to limited miniaturization and integration capabilities of available power sources, communication, control and computation schemes and tools, and coarse to fine motion mechanisms, sensors, manipulators, and actuators. This tutorial addresses the research challenges and future directions for these robots with many case studies such as scanning probe microscope dynamics and control, nano-scale manipulation and assembly, human-machine interfacing, and miniature surgical micro/nano-robots.
Embodying Evolutionary Vision: An Action-Based Experiment in Non-Dual Perception

This article suggests that “evolutionary vision,” the unifying paradigm of physical, biological, and sociocultural evolution, needs to be fully embodied and deeply experienced in the human being, and that this can be effected by the experience at the heart of the “perennial wisdom tradition,” 1 that is, that of “non-dual perception.” The article suggests an “action-based” experiment paralleling the method of a “thought experiment,” based on the assumption that one way that one can experience this embodiment is by “trying on” the lens of non-dual perception, as practiced by the many traditions of perennial wisdom.
Morphological Evolution during Growth and Erosion on Vicinal Si(100) Surfaces: From Electronic Structure Analyses to Atomistic and Coarse-Grained Modeling

Stepped Si(100) surfaces exhibit alternating stiff SA and meandering SB steps, and thus constitute a so-called AB-vicinal surface. Both growth by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) or Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), and erosion by ion sputtering or chemical etching, induce step pairing, although different factors contribute. In addition, more complex pattern formation often occurs during step train motion. We synthesize recent developments in modeling of these processes ranging from ab-initio electronic structure approaches for key surface energetics, to atomistic lattice-gas modeling, to coarse-grained sharp-interface (front-tracking) and smeared-interface (phase-field) step dynamics approaches. We briefly describe development of new formalisms related to coarse-grained approaches, as well as selected results for step pairing.
Electronic Health Records and the Evolution of Diabetes Care: A Narrative Review

Adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased dramatically since the 2009 implementation of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. The latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that the majority of U.S. hospitals and nearly half of U.S. health care professionals have implemented an EHR with advanced functionality.1 The goals of the HITECH act were not only to incentivize the adoption of EHRs, but also to increase the quality, safety, and efficiency of health care by promoting the concept of “meaningful use.”2,3 The stepwise implementation of “meaningful use” is now entering the latter stages with a focus on improving patient outcomes.4
The Frontogenetical Forcing of Secondary Circulations. Part II: Properties of Q Vectors in Exact Linear Solutions

Abstract An exact solution of the primitive equations (PEs) and the corresponding exact solutions of the alternative balance (AB), geostrophic momentum (GM), and quasigeostrophic (QG) equations are presented. The PE solution illustrates how the temperature and horizontal vorticity fields evolve in a linear horizontal flow with constant deformation and vertical vorticity when the initial temperature field is also linear, as well as how ageostrophic circulations are produced. The other exact solutions show the errors produced by the various approximations and confirm that the AB solution is more accurate than the GM one and that the QG solution is almost always the most inexact. The utility of the Q vector and similar vectors is examined for each solution. The PE solution verifies that in a hyperbolic wind field (i) the isotherms eventually parallel the outflow axis, (ii) the ageostrophic circulation ultimately becomes normal to the outflow axis, (iii) thermal-wind balance becomes established in the directi...
Lomofungin, an Inhibitor of Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerases

Lomofungin, an antibiotic active against fungi, yeasts, and bacteria, was found to be a potent inhibitor of purified Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase. It prevents RNA synthesis by a direct interaction with the polymerase and not with the template or substrate; chain elongation is halted promptly. Three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases isolated from Saccharomyces strain 1016 were also sensitive to the antibiotic. Lomofungin does not appear to react generally with proteins, as bovine serum albumin did not prevent the inhibitory effect and numerous other enzymes were not affected by lomofungin.
Macrolichen communities in relation to soils and vegetation in the Noatak National Preserve, Alaska

Macrolichen community structure and its relation to environment in the Noatak National Preserve, Alaska, is de- scribed using a two-way stratified random sample. We found 201 macrolichen taxa. Two primary gradients in lichen spe- cies composition were related to substrate pH and vegetation physiognomy, grading from forests to high alpine communities. Site characteristics associated with the first community gradient are soil moisture and exposure. Both ends of this gradient, including protected forests and densely shrubby sites at one end and exposed, high elevation alpine sites at the other end, are relatively dry and well-drained. The mid-region of this gradient consists of mesic, lowland tundra hab- itats. The second gradient, related to substrate pH, is driven by the presence of Sphagnum moss contrasting with calcareous soils and bedrock. Combining these two gradients of lichen community composition, we found six groups of plots using two-way cluster analysis. Further, division of macrolichen species occurring in five or more plots yielded seven species groups, based on a combination of environmental factors and species distribution characteristics. This snapshot of macroli- chen communities in Arctic Alaska serves as an important baseline for future comparisons to environments altered by changing climate and land use.
Procedural Choice and the House Committee on Rules

The Rules Committee has long played a key role in the American legislative process through its ability to craft special amendment rules in the U.S. House. This article develops and tests a formal model of policy-making in Congress, highlighting the central role of the Rules Committee. This model generates simple conditions under which restrictive and nonrestrictive procedures will be used. It also provides a new view of restrictive procedures, one which sees restrictive amendment rules as devices for securing noncentrist policy outcomes on the Floor of the House. Evidence based on rule assignments in the Ninety-fourth through Ninety-eighth Congresses supports the claim that the preferences of the Rules Committee should be incorporated in any attempt to understand the pattern of restrictive rules in the House.
Differences in Female and Male Victims and Perpetrators of Partner Violence With Respect to WEB Scores

Measurements of intimate partner violence (IPV) based on acts of violence have repeatedly found substantial bilateral violence between intimates. However, the context of this violence is not well defined by acts alone. The objective of this research was to compare differences in women and men within each IPV status category (victim, perpetrator, and both) with respect to levels of battering as defined by their scores on the Women's Experience With Battering Scale (WEB), which asks gender-neutral questions about the abuse of power and control and fear in an intimate relationship. In our study, women disclosed higher levels of battering on the WEB, despite IPV status (victimization or both victimization and perpetration). In addition, female IPV victims were 5 times more likely than their male counterparts to disclose high rates of battering on the WEB. Depressive symptoms, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, African American race, and IPV victimization were independently associated with higher WEB scores.
Evaluating premium performance in on‐air fundraising at public television stations

Premium performance during fund‐raising was assessed in a survey of 50 university licensed stations, analysis of nearly 3,000 pledge records and a replicated telephone survey of subscribers. The project applied a criterion measure to pull and revenue to measure the rate of success for each premium in each festival for each station. This model provides a framework for assessing the function of premiums over time and across stations.
Viskosität, Fällbarkeit und Schutzwirkung der polyvinylpyrrolidone

Es wurde gefunden, das die Viskositat des Polyvinylpyrrolidons (PVP) abhangig ist von der Konzentration des Polymeren, Temperature, Losungsmittel und den anwesenden Salzen. Fur die hochviskosen Fraktionen wachst die Viskositatszahl Z mit der Konzentration des Polymeren; fur die niederviskosen Fraktionen ist Z dagegen unabhangig von der Konzentration. Denaturierungsmittel, wie Guanidinchlorid oder Harnstoff, die die Viskositat der Proteine erhohen, erniedrigen die Viskositat des PVP. In Propylalkohol-Wasser-Gemischen ist ein Maximum (bei 10–20 vol.-% Propanol) und ein Minimum der Viskositat (bei 50–75 vol.-%) zu beobachten. — Die hochviskosen Fraktionen sind durch Azeton oder Ammonsulfat leichter fallbar als die niederviskosen. Auch hinsichtlich der Fallbarkeit mit Dioxan oder Azeton und Salz verhalten sich die PVP ahnlich wie Proteine. —PVP ist ein wirksames Schutzkolloid, d. h. es ist imstande, z. B. Silberkolloid oder Silberbromid gegen Ausflockung zu schutzen; die niederviskosen Fraktionen des PVP schutzen besser als die hochviskosen. It was found that the viscosity of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) depends on concentration, temperature, solvent, and the salts present. The viscosity numbers Z of the high viscous fractions rise with rising concentration, whereas for the low viscous fractions they remain constant. Denaturing reagents like guanidine chloride or urea, which increase the viscosity of proteins, decrease the viscosity of PVP. In propanolwater mixtures there is a maximum and a minimum of viscosity of PVP. The high viscous fractions can be precipitated by smaller amounts of acetone or ammonium sulfate than the low viscous fractions. Regarding the precipitability with dioxane and salts the PVP behaves like proteins. PVP has a high protective power. e. g. it stabilizes colloidal silver or silver bromide easily; the very viscous fractions of the PVP thereby have a weaker protective ability than those of relatively low viscosity.
Spectrally smooth supercontinuum from 350 nm to 3 mu m in sub-centimeter lengths of soft-glass photonic crystal fibers.

The conversion of light fields in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) capitalizes on the dramatic enhancement of several optical nonlinearities. We present here spectrally smooth, highly broadband supercontinuum radiation in a short piece of high-nonlinearity soft-glass PCF. This supercontinuum spans several optical octaves, with a spectral range extending from 350 nm to beyond 3000 nm. The selection of an appropriate propagation-length determines the spectral quality of the supercontinuum generated. Experimentally, we clearly identify two regimes of nonlinear pulse transformation: when the fiber length is much shorter than the dispersion length, soliton propagation is not important and a symmetric supercontinuum spectrum arises from almost pure self-phase modulation. For longer fiber lengths the supercontinuum is formed by the breakup of multiple Raman-shifting solitons. In both regions very broad supercontinuum radiation is produced.
Controllers for reachability specifications for hybrid systems

The problem of systematically synthesizing hybrid controllers which satisfy multiple control objectives is considered. We present a technique, based on the principles of optimal control, for determining the class of least restrictive controllers that satisfies the most important objective (which we refer to as safety). The system performance with respect to lower priority objectives (which we refer to as efficiency) can then be optimized within this class. We motivate our approach by showing how the proposed synthesis technique simplifies to well-known results from supervisory control and pursuit evasion games when restricted to purely discrete and purely continuous systems respectively. We then illustrate the application of this technique to two examples, one hybrid (the steam boiler benchmark problem), and one primarily continuous (a flight vehicle management system with discrete flight modes).
Signal-to-noise ratio estimation for autonomous receiver operation

A robust SNR estimator is proposed and its performance analyzed for a variety of cases dealing with its operation in receivers where little or no information is known regarding other system parameters such as carrier phase and frequency, order of the modulation, and data symbol knowledge.
Indirect Incitement and Freedom of Speech in Anglo-American Law

Parliament in the Terrorism Act 2006 expressly prohibited "indirect encouragement" to acts of terrorism. This article assesses the new offence against the background of developments in Anglo-American law relating to the punishment of sedition libel and various forms of "advocacy of" or "incitement to" violence or other unlawful action. The article concludes by identifying an imperfect but promising solution to the difficult challenge of punishing indirect incitement to terrorist acts while simultaneously preserving fundamental principles of freedom of speech.
Mild cognitive impairment and dementia prevalence: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study

Abstract Introduction We examined prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Neurocognitive study. Methods Beginning in June, 2011, we invited all surviving ARIC participants to undergo cognitive, neurologic, and brain imaging assessments to diagnose MCI or dementia and assign an etiology for the cognitive disorder. Results Of 10,713 surviving ARIC participants (age range, 69–88 years), we ascertained cognitive diagnoses in 6471 in person, 1966 by telephone interviews (participant or informant), and the remainder by medical record review. The prevalence of dementia was 9.0% and MCI 21%. Alzheimer's disease (AD) was the primary or secondary etiology in 76% of dementia and 75% of MCI participants. Cerebrovascular disease was the primary or secondary etiology in 46% of dementia and 32% of MCI participants. Discussion MCI and dementia were common among survivors from the original ARIC cohort. Nearly 30% of the ARIC cohort received diagnoses of either dementia or MCI, and for the majority of these individuals, the etiologic basis was attributed to AD.
Ontogeny of feeding controls in suckling and weanling rats.

To rationalize conflicting data in the literature, the latency of attachment of fed and fasted rat pups to the nipples of their anesthetized mother has been studied at various postnatal ages. At 10...
Six crop models differ in their simulation of water uptake

Abstract Root water uptake is an essential component of crop models since it affects plant growth and, through its effect on the soil water balance, multiple soil and nutrient cycling processes. Several methods to simulate water uptake exist; however, the differences among them have not been evaluated. We compared the water uptake methods implemented in six crop models: APSIM, CropSyst, DSSAT, EPIC, SWAP and WOFOST. These methods range from simple empiric approaches (WOFOST) to mechanistic approaches based on the water potential gradient and root distribution in the soil–plant system (CropSyst). We compared the six models’ water uptake algorithms in scenarios with different evaporative demand, soil texture, and water distribution with depth. The main difference among methods derived from the degree to which each model enabled the use of water in the subsoil (below 0.5 m). In a rooted, 1-m deep silt loam soil in which the root density decreased geometrically with depth and which was subjected to an evaporative demand of 5 mm d−1 for 60 days, APSIM, EPIC, DSSAT and SWAP transpired about 83% of the total plant available water while SWAP and CropSyst transpired about 65% of it. When methods were compared with initially dry bottom soil layers, cumulative transpiration became similar for all methods, while the opposite initial condition exacerbated differences. All methods, except CropSyst, increased transpiration as the evaporative demand rose to relatively high rates (10 mm d−1) because they lack a feedback mechanism that reduces transpiration when the demand exceeds the plant's ability to conduct water. CropSyst, DSSAT, EPIC and SWAP developed a drying front, as usually observed in field conditions, while APSIM and WOFOST showed relatively uniform water depletion with depth in the soil profile. In conclusion, the models differ meaningfully in their simulation of water uptake and careful consideration of these differences is needed to properly use and interpret the outcome of model simulations.
Abnormal Grain Growth in Ultra-Thin Films of Germanium on Insulator

The growth of large secondary grains with (112) texture, and solid-state agglomeration to single-crystal islands have been observed by annealing ultra-thin (less than 1000A) films of Ge. A driving force proportional to surface-energy anisotropy and inversely proportional to film thickness is believed to be responsible for both phenomena. The temperature for agglomeration decreases with film thickness, and is further depressed by the presence of Sn vapor. Patterning Ge into stripes increases secondary grain size and population. Encapsulation with a film of SiO2 suppresses agglomeration and alters crystallographic texture. A surface-relief structure of 0.2 µm period and 300A depth induces a (100) texture in some cases, and alters the morphology of agglomerated islands.
When Should Chicks Be Given First Feed

Abstract It is customary in chick feeding to withhold feed from chicks until they are 48 to 72 hours old. The usual recommendation for this practice is based upon the fact that the chick absorbs the yolk just prior to hatching, which supplies nourishment for several hours. The common notion is that additional food given before the chick has had time to assimilate this yolk will cause digestive troubles. While the practice of withholding feed from chicks for the first 48 to 72 hours has given very satisfactory results, such a procedure seems to be based only on assumption. So far as we know no experimental evidence has been presented showing the effect of early feeding upon chicks. In the absence of such data it was thought advisable to determine what results might be obtained from feeding chicks as soon as hatched. EXPERIMENTAL Two lots of 25 S. C. White Leghorn . . .
Tight binding model for magneto-crystalline anisotropy in MnBi

With the help of density functional theory based first-principles calculations and a tight- binding model Hamiltonian we studied the origin of magnetic properties in the ferromagnet MnBi. The model Hamiltonian show that direct electron hopping within the nearest and next nearest Bi-p orbitals are responsible for the large band dispersions. The Mn-d bands are fairly narrow with band widths < 2 eV. A Stoner model with spin-orbit coupling leads to the observed negative MAE with this Hamiltonian.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with paramyxovirus-like structures, Hirano bodies and neurogibrillary tangles.

We have identified three structures that have not previously been reported in electron microscopic examinations of brain from patients with PML: 1. coiled nuclear bodies that may possibly represent tubular paramyxovirus nucleocapsids, 2. Hirano bodies and 3. Neurofibrillary tangles. The paramyxovirus-like material is interesting in view of reports of a transition between nuclear bodies and tubular paramyxovirus nucleocapsids and because of a possible interaction between syncytiogenic paramyxoviruses and Papova viruses in the pathogenesis of SSPE and PML. A study of the Hirano bodies in this case, taken in conjunction with the findings of others leads us to believe that these structures are formed from an overgrowth of neurofilaments. The presence of tangled masses of neurofilaments in the processes of neurons also seen in the present case is consistent with this hypothesis.
Non-Linear Transonic Flutter Analysis for F-16 Stores Configuration Clearance

States. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. ** USAF Test Pilot School Class 02A, Master’s Student, Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering. Air Force Institute of Technology, AFIT/ENY, 2950 P Street, Bldg. 640, WPAFB, Ohio 45433-7765. *** Associate Professor, Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, AIAA Associate Fellow. **** Aerospace Engineer, Air Force Research Laboratory, AIAA Senior Member. 1 Non-Linear Transonic Flutter Analysis for F-16 Stores Configuration Clearance*
Additions to Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae

A study of collections of Chrysobalanaceae provides range extensions of some species and additional information for a few poorly known ones. Ten new species are here described and illustrated:Licania cabrerae, L. montana, L. morii, L. jefensis, L. pakaraimensis, L. marlenei, L. stewardii, L. aracaensis, Hirtella arenosa, H. conduplicata. Several of these are from high elevations, showing that the family is not exclusively of lowlands.
Does obtaining an initial magnetic resonance imaging decrease the reamputation rates in the diabetic foot

Objective : Diabetes mellitus (DM) through its over glycosylation of neurovascular structures and resultant peripheral neuropathy continues to be the major risk factor for pedal amputation. Repetitive trauma to the insensate foot results in diabetic foot ulcers, which are at high risk to develop osteomyelitis. Many patients who present with diabetic foot complications will undergo one or more pedal amputations during the course of their disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if obtaining an initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), prior to the first amputation, is associated with a decreased rate of reamputation in the diabetic foot. Our hypothesis was that the rate of reamputation may be associated with underutilization of obtaining an initial MRI, useful in presurgical planning. This study was designed to determine whether there was an association between the reamputation rate in diabetic patients and utilization of MRI in the presurgical planning and prior to initial forefoot amputations. Methods : Following approval by our institutional review board, our study design consisted of a retrospective cohort analysis of 413 patients at Staten Island University Hospital, a 700-bed tertiary referral center between 2008 and 2013 who underwent an initial great toe (hallux) amputation. Of the 413 patients with a hallux amputation, there were 368 eligible patients who had a history of DM with documented hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) within 3 months of the initial first ray (hallux and first metatarsal) amputation and available radiographic data. Statistical analysis compared the incidence rates of reamputation between patients who underwent initial MRI and those who did not obtain an initial MRI prior to their first amputation. The reamputation rate was compared after adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, HbA1c, cardiovascular disease, hypoalbuminemia, smoking, body mass index, and prior antibiotic treatment. Results : The results of our statistical analysis failed to reveal a significant association between obtaining an initial MRI and the reamputation rate. We did, however, find a statistical association between obtaining an early MRI and decreased mortality rates. Discussion : Obtaining an early MRI was not associated with the reamputation rate incidence in the treatment of the diabetic foot. It did, however, have a statistically significant association with the mortality rate as demonstrated by the increased survival rate in patients undergoing MRI prior to initial amputation. Keywords: diabetic foot; osteomyelitis; diabetic foot infections; foot ulcer; amputations; magnetic resonance imaging (Published: 16 June 2016) Citation: Diabetic Foot & Ankle 2016, 7: 31240 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v7.31240
From Prototyping to Principled Practical Realization

Justified with theoretical, operational, and empirical rationales, the design model for the IADE prototype was expanded into a full-fledged corpus-based AWE program for L2 research writing pedagogy — the Research Writing Tutor (RWT). This last chapter demonstrates how SLA-driven empirical insights supporting cognitive and socio-disciplinary dimensions of genre writing inform scaling up from IADE to RWT. I will describe RWT in terms of its features and how they are intended to enhance aspects of research writing, connecting various points made throughout the book with specific operational decisions pertinent to RWT design. Prior to that, I will provide a brief overview of RWT architecture for a better understanding of the features incorporated in this program.
The “Social” Side of Social Context: Interpersonal and Affiliative Dimensions of Students' Experiences and Academic Dishonesty

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses particular the subset of social context variables—those that relate to the interpersonal and affiliative dimensions of students' perceptions and experiences in educational settings. One approach refers to the understanding that schools, universities, and colleges are institutions that exist within and reflect the larger society, and that have established organizational structures, procedures, and norms. This definition of social as related to society includes the study of objective behavioral rules and expectations in an institution. In relation to academic dishonesty, such studies consider cheating as deviance, as violation of a societal norm. Another approach refers to the interpersonal relationships that persons within an educational setting may develop with one another, and the perceptions, values, and obligations that come with those relationships. This definition of social as interpersonal includes the study of teacher–student relationships and peer relationships among students. In relation to academic dishonesty, such studies examine associations between qualitatively different interpersonal relationships and perceived relationships and students' cheating-related attitudes and behaviors.
Multiscale production routing in multicommodity supply chains with complex production facilities

In this work, we introduce the multiscale production routing problem (MPRP), which considers the coordination of production, inventory, distribution, and routing decisions in multicommodity supply chains with complex continuous production facilities. We propose an MILP model involving two different time grids. While a detailed mode-based production scheduling model captures all critical operational constraints on the fine time grid, vehicle routing is considered in each time period of the coarse time grid. In order to solve large instances of the MPRP, we propose an iterative MILP-based heuristic approach that solves the MILP model with a restricted set of candidate routes at each iteration and dynamically updates the set of candidate routes for the next iteration. The results of an extensive computational study show that the proposed algorithm finds high-quality solutions in reasonable computation times, and in large instances, it significantly outperforms a standard two-phase heuristic approach and a solution strategy involving a one-time heuristic pre-generation of candidate routes. Similar results are achieved in an industrial case study, which considers a real-world industrial gas supply chain. HighlightsIntroduces the multiscale production routing problem (MPRP).Proposes an MILP model that incorporates two different time grids.Proposes an iterative heuristic solution method for solving large instances.Computational study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework.Same conclusion is confirmed in a real-world industrial gas supply chain case study.
The Young Dom Purpura as an Inspirational Mentor: Personal Reminiscences

I am very pleased to join in celebrating Dominick Purpura’s brilliant leadership of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine during the past 22 years. Most of you who know Dom have benefited from his mature vision and scientific judgment, and his extraordinarily experienced administrative skill. I knew him at a much earlier phase of his career, 50 years ago, almost to the day. At that time, he was young, only 28 years old, less experienced and less mature. But even at that early point, it was clear to me and everyone around him that Dom was an extraordinary scientist and a wonderful human being.
Single-Molecule Investigations on Histone H2A-H2B Dynamics in the Nucleosome

Nucleosomes impose physical barriers to DNA-templated processes, playing important roles in eukaryotic gene regulation. DNA is packaged into nucleosomes by histone proteins mainly through strong electrostatic interactions that can be modulated by various post-translational histone modifications. Investigating the dynamics of histone dissociation from the nucleosome and how it is altered upon histone modifications is important for understanding eukaryotic gene regulation mechanisms. In particular, histone H2A-H2B dimer displacement in the nucleosome is one of the most important and earliest steps of histone dissociation. Two conflicting hypotheses on the requirement for dimer displacement are that nucleosomal DNA needs to be unwrapped before a dimer can displace and that a dimer can displace without DNA unwrapping. In order to test the hypotheses, we employed three-color single-molecule FRET and monitored in a time-resolved manner the early kinetics of H2A-H2B dimer dissociation triggered by high salt conc...
Pre-Transplant Infusion of Donor CD4+ CD25+ T Cells Suppresses Host Anti-Donor MiHA-Specific CD8 T Cells and Facilitates Stable Mixed Chimerism Following MHC-Matched Allogeneic Marrow Transplant.

Surmounting the barrier mediated by host T cells against successful engraftment of MHC-matched allogeneic marrow is a crucial objective of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). We proposed that the ability of unmanipulated donor CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) to suppress activation of host effector CD8 + T cells would enhance donor HC engraftment between strains disparate for multiple minor HA (MiHA), and promote stable chimerism. C57BL/6 (H-2 b , Ly9.1 − ) mice conditioned (5.5 Gy TBI) 24 hrs earlier, were transplanted with Tregs and TCD-BM from 129P3/J (H-2, Ly9.1 + ) mice. By four weeks post-HCT, the mean frequency of circulating donor-derived (total Ly9.1 + ) cells was 15.7 ± SE 5.9% in recipients of 4 × 10 6 TCD-BM + Tregs (4.5 × 10 5 ) compared to the absence of donor chimerism in recipients of allogeneic HCT only (0.3 ± 0.09%) - a finding also evident from the analysis of circulating donor B220 + cells (8.7 ± 3.0 vs. 0.2 ± 0.06%). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that pre-HCT infusion of Tregs into a lymphopenic, allogeneic host might enhance their facilitating function. Accordingly, Tregs (4 or 1.5 × 10 5 ) were transplanted 24hr. post-conditioning either 3 days prior to HCT or co-transplanted with (day 0) donor TCD-BM. The transplant was rejected in recipients not administered donor Tregs. The higher dose of Tregs administered pre-transplant or co-transplanted facilitated equivalent donor cell chimerism. In contrast, administration of 1.5 × 10 5 Tregs resulted in chimerism only when this donor population was infused 3 days prior to HCT (1.6±0.9%). To test the hypothesis that donor Tregs suppressed host anti-donor specific CD8 T cells, we monitored host CD8 + T cell responses to the immunodominant donor epitope H60 by tetramer staining (LTFNYRNL/K b ). One month post-HCT of TCD-BM alone, the frequency of circulating tetramer + CD8 + cells in these recipients rejecting the marrow graft was clearly greater compared to the frequency in recipients of TCD-BM + Tregs which engrafted (p 0.05). Notably, transplants using unmanipulated host Tregs failed to support engraftment. These findings illustrate that donor Tregs support chimerism via suppression of host anti-donor antigen-specific T cells. Finally, the persistence of donor cells in circulation as well as in lymphoid tissues 3 months post-HCT indicated that long-term, stable chimerism was established by this Treg administration regimen. In total, our results demonstrate that donor Tregs promote MHC-matched allogeneic marrow engraftment under conditions of reduced intensity conditioning and that the strategy of pre-HCT Treg infusion supports the notion that antigen driven expansion of donor anti-host reactive Treg cells prior to stem cell transplants can increase their efficacy to facilitate hematopoietic engraftment. Experiments to study transient vs. long-term engraftment and expansion of donor Treg cells are being examined.
High resolution studies of heacy NO(y) molecules in atmospheric spectra

New line parameters for two heavy odd nitrogen molecules HNO3 in the upsilon(sub 5)/2upsilon(sub 9) region, and ClONO2 in the upsilon(sub 4) region are incorporated in the analysis of high resolution i.r. atmospheric spectra. The line parameters arc tested and renormalized vs laboratory spectra, and then applied to retrievals from balloon-borne and ground-based solar absorption spectra.
Computational Processes that Appear to Model Human Memory

This paper presents two computable functions, \(\omega \) and \(\varepsilon \), that map networks into networks. If all cognition occurs as an active neural network, then it is thought that \(\omega \) models long-term memory consolidation and \(\varepsilon \) models memory recall. A derived, intermediate network form, consisting of chordless cycles, could be the structural substrate of long-term memory; just as the double helix is the necessary substrate for genomic memory.
Building a New Imperial State: The Strategic Foundations of Separation of Powers in America

Separation of powers existed in the British Empire of North America long before the U.S. Constitution of 1789, yet little is known about the strategic foundations of this institutional choice. In this article, I argue that separation of powers helps an imperial crown mitigate an agency problem with its colonial governor. Governors may extract more rents from colonial settlers than the imperial crown prefers. This lowers the Crown’s rents and inhibits economic development by settlers. Separation of powers within colonies allows settlers to restrain the governor’s rent extraction. If returns to settler investment are moderately high, this restraint is necessary for colonial economic development and ultimately benefits the Crown. Historical evidence from the American colonies and the first British Empire is consistent with the model. This article highlights the role of agency problems as a distinct factor in New World institutional development, and in a sovereign’s incentives to create liberal institutions.
A Special machine-taught oral-aural russian language course: A feasibility study

1. The effectiveness of this course as measured by the acquired ability of the students to speak and understand the limited Russian material of the course supports the feasibility of machineteaching other foreign-language courses using similarly limited material. 2. This research also supports the possibility of machine-teaching a fullscale course in a foreign language. 3. The concept applied in this experiment, along with the experimental method-the use of the same general format of question frames and inserts, plus varied types of the most probable answers-could be applied to achieve shorter training time in other situations calling for specific but not complete ability to speak and understand a foreign language.
Toward a Science of Service Systems

Economics has accumulated a great body of knowledge about value. Building on economics and other disciplines, service science is an emerging transdiscipline. It is the study of value-cocreation phenomena (Spohrer & Maglio , 2010). Value cocreation occurs in the real-world ecology of diverse types of service system entities (e.g., people, families, universities, businesses, and nations). These entities use symbols to reason about the value of knowledge. Like mathematics (quantity relationship proofs) and computer science (efficient representations and algorithms), service science must ultimately embody a set of proven techniques for processing symbols, allowing us to model the world better and to take better actions. In addition, the emergence of service science promises to accelerate the creation of T-shaped Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) professionals who are highly adaptive innovators that combine deep problem solving skills in one area with broad communication skills across many areas. This paper casts service science as a transdiscipline based on symbolic processes that adaptively compute the value of interactions among systems.