cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF RESTING CELL FORMATION IN AMPHORA COFFAEFORMIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

SUMMARY The ultrastructure of logarithmic-growing cells and of resting cells in laboratory cultures of Amphora coffaeformis (Ag.) Kutz. isolated from deep ocean water was examined using electron and light microscopy. The acid Phosphatase activity, chlorophyll a and lipid content were assessed at weekly intervals of resting cell formation during cold-dark treatment, simulating deep ocean water. Approximately 4 wk are required to complete resting cell formation. During the first week, the cytoplasm undergoes extensive transformation and lysosomal activity is observed. Large vacules decrease in size and many small ones develop, the mitochondria become fewer and one or more massive mitochondria appear possibly by fusion of smaller ones; the cytoplasm becomes densely granular. During the second and third week, the cytoplasm continues to contract, lipid bodies begin to develop and the plastid becomes densely stained. At the fourth week, the mature resting cell is formed containing one or more massive mitochondria, a well-formed plastid, and granular cytoplasm containing occasional lipid droplets. There is no change in frustule morphology and the cytoplasm does not produce a protective layer. The variation in chemical constituents correlates with microscopic structure of the cells. The fine structure of cells during growth resumption when exposed to light at 25 c is presented. Previous reports of viable, chlorophyll-containing cells at great depths in the ocean may be explained by the results reported in this paper.
Periodical cicada (Homoptera : Cicadidae) life-cycle variations, the historical emergence record, and the geographic stability of brood distributions

The complex biogeography of the 13- and 17-yr periodical cicadas offers important opportunities for testing hypotheses of Magicicada evolution and ecology. However, misinterpretation of stragglers as on-schedule emergences, combined with systematic biases in search effort and the use of cross-generational brood maps, likely results in erroneous edge extension of adjacent broods and the appearance of sympatric shadow broods in published maps. Substantial recent changes in brood distributions have been inferred from the Magicicada historical record, the most significant being the decline and extinction of 17-yr brood X in the midwestern United States, the widespread expansion and contraction of 17-yr brood VI and 13-yr brood XXIII, and the displacement of brood XIII 17-yr cicadas in Illinois by 13-yr brood XIX in Illinois. Reanalysis of the historical data with an awareness of straggler-induced error suggests instead that brood distributions in these cases have remained stable.
A partial instructional module on global and regional land use/cover change: assessing the data and searching for general relationships

Land use/cover change has occurred at all times in all parts of the world. Most affected and involved in these processes are the environmental spheres of water, soil, and vegetative cover, which are closely linked to geomorphology, climate, fauna, and especially human societies. These linkages between spheres are highly complex and, as of yet, incompletely understood. The most profound questions with respect to land use/cover and global change are: “What forces drive land use/land cover change?”, “What impacts — direct and indirect, now and in the future — do these changes have on the environment and on human society?” and “Can and should we, and if so, how, respond to these changes?” This partial teaching module, developed under the auspices of the Second Commission on College Geography of the Association of American Geographers, introduces students to the complexities inherent in these questions, but mainly focusses on the first of these. It illustrates the central role of the study of land land use/cover change within the large field of global environmental and climatic change, and is thus a good unit to introduce this area of interest.
Evaluation of Dental Caries Experience and Salivary Immunoglobulins in Whole Saliva

The relationship between salivary immunoglobulins and dental caries experience was studied by determining the caries experience, IgA concentration, and IgG concentration in whole, unstimulated saliva of 106 people. The findings indicate that some individuals are immunized, but it is not clear if this antibody provides protection.
Using Disulfide Bond Engineering To Study Conformational Changes in the β′260-309 Coiled-Coil Region of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase during σ70 Binding

RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli is the sole enzyme responsible for mRNA synthesis in the cell. Upon binding of a sigma factor, the holoenzyme can direct transcription from specific promoter sequences. We have previously defined a region of the beta' subunit (beta'260-309, amino acids 260 to 309) which adopts a coiled-coil conformation shown to interact with sigma(70) both in vitro and in vivo. However, it was not known if the coiled-coil conformation was maintained upon binding to sigma(70). In this work, we engineered a disulfide bond within beta'240-309 that locks the beta' coiled-coil region in the coiled-coil conformation, and we show that this "locked" peptide is able to bind to sigma(70). We also show that the locked coiled-coil is capable of inducing a conformational change within sigma(70) that allows recognition of the -10 nontemplate strand of DNA. This suggests that the coiled-coil does not adopt a new conformation upon binding sigma(70) or upon recognition of the -10 nontemplate strand of DNA.
Aqueous humor phospholipids of DBA/2J and DBA/2J-Gpnmb(+)/SjJ mice.

Abstract Purpose To compare phospholipid profiles [phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol (PI)] of normotensive and hypertensive aqueous humor (AH) from DBA/2J and compare them with phospholipid profiles of DBA/2J- Gpnmb + /SjJ mice. Methods AH was obtained from young-normotensive DBA/2J, old -hypertensive DBA/2J mice, young and old DBA/2J- Gpnmb + /SjJ mice (aging control). Lipids were extracted using modified Bligh and Dyer method and subjected to mass spectrometric identification using appropriate class-specific lipid standards and ratiometric quantification. Corresponding aqueous phase (of extraction) protein concentrations were measured using Bradford method. Results The total amount of phospholipids showed a decrease in the hypertensive state compared to normotensive state. The total PE and total PS contributed over 50% of the total amount. Total PS showed a remarkable decrease in hypertensive compared to normotensive state. In contrast, total PE in the hypertensive stage presented an increase in amount. Unique lipid species were found encompassing all four phospholipid classes in normotensive as well as in the hypertensive state. Several phospholipid species were found common to both states but with remarkable differences in amount in individual states. The ratio of lysophospholipids to total phospholipids is significantly reduced in the hypertensive state. Commensurate with reduced level of lysophospholipids, we found an increased level of lysophospholipase D (Autotaxin) in the hypertensive state. The difference of total phospholipids between young and old was 35.4% in DBA/2J group but 10% in DBA/2J- Gpnmb + /SjJ mice. Conclusion The significant change of phospholipids including lysophospholipids was found commensurate with the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).
Ameliorating Attentional Deficits and Concomitant Academic Deficiencies in Learning Disabled Children Through Cognitive Training

The present study investigated the efficacy of a package of cognitive self-control procedures for ameliorating the attentional deficits of 12-year-old learning disabled children. It was hypothesized that a package of self-control procedures would improve academic performance on a number of measures in which learning disabled children generally perform poorly due to faulty attentional processes. Performance on measures of reading, attention, and inhibitory control was improved in these children as a function of the cognitive self-instructional training. The improvement continued to sustain even three months after the training had ceased. Implications are discussed for adapting the techniques utilized in the present study for classes which serve learning disabled children.
Effects of paraquat on reproduction and mortality in two generations of mice.

Studies were made on the effects of paraquat on reproduction and mortality in two generations of mice (Mus musculus). Paraquat was administered in food at 0, 45, 90, and 125 mg/kg for both generations. In the first generation phase, paraquat was administered continually to mature mice beginning before pregnancy, with exposure to the F1 to 49 days after birth. Parent (P) mice in the second generation were F1 individuals and were continually exposed prenatal and postnatal to paraquat. Second generation control and 125 mg/kg F2 were continued on their respective diets to 49 days after birth. Variables examined included females' age to first and second parturitions, number born per litter, offspring abnormalities, and P and offspring mortality. Lung tissue was also examined for abnormalities. No differences were observed in the females' age at the first parturition, number born per litter, or offspring abnormalities. However, paraquat treatment at 125 mg/kg produced significant (P<0.05) effects on the females' age at the second parturition, first generation P female and F1 mortality, and P female and offspring lung tissue. Second generation mice were more resistant to paraquat poisoning than those in the first generation. The results suggest possible toxic effects that might occur with the commercial use of paraquat.
M cell-targeted ocular immunization: effect on immunoglobulins in tears, feces, and serum.

Lymphoid follicles are found in close association with the epithelium of the conjunctival mucosae in humans, rabbits, Guinea pigs, dogs, pigs, and many other mammals.1 The conjunctival follicle associated epithelium (FAE), as in other mucosae, contains a unique cell type, the M cell, which can selectively bind and translocate proteins, latex beads, and bacteria.2–4 In other mucosae, M cell translocation delivers soluble and particulate antigens, as well as pathogens, to antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the underlying follicle.5 The APC are then poised to present the digested material to lymphoblasts within the follicle. The primed lymphoblasts, both in the follicle or after traveling to a draining lymph node, undergo proliferation and differentiation into IgA-secreting plasma cells and activated T-cells. These effector cells migrate back to both the original and distant mucosal sites to participate in the efferent immune response. In the intestine, M cells have been found to bind secretory IgA (sIgA) present in luminal fluid and retro-transport these antibodies into the underlying lymphoid tissue where they can be endocytosed by APC cells.6,7 This characteristic has been exploited in the mouse to show that oral administration of reconstituted sIgA consisting of mouse polymeric IgA plus human secretory component evokes both a mucosal and systemic immune response to the human secretory component in the absence of any mucosal adjuvant.8 To further demonstrate that conjunctival M cells are equivalent in function to M cells in other mucosae, their ability to bind and translocate sIgA from the tear film is shown in the present article. A goat IgG with a binding specificity for rabbit IgA was then used to test the hypothesis that heterologous antibody binding to IgA would be the equivalent of IgA binding to its antigen and mimic the natural complexes that form when any specific rabbit sIgA binds to its target antigen in situ. It was anticipated that the binding might trigger conformational changes in the sIgA, which when combined with the relatively large size of the resulting goat IgG-rabbit sIgA macromolecular complex, would promote its preferential uptake via M cells and lead to a stronger immune response than a corresponding control immunization with nonspecific goat IgG. In addition, the ability of ocular immunization to trigger IgA secretion in a distant mucosal site, the colon, and to raise serum immunoglobulin levels was investigated.
A phylogeny of the ITS and ETS for Montanoa (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)

A phylogeny of the genus Montanoa based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS) is presented. Each of the two clades revealed by the Bayesian and parsimony analyses has approximately half of the number of species in the genus. One lineage is composed mostly of central and southern Mexican species whereas the other lineage contains those species endemic to Mesoamerica and South America. The molecular phylogeny is compared to previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological characters. Key features in the structure of the capitulum such as pale morphology, heavily used in the past to construct hypotheses of relationship within the genus, are viewed as of minimal value to circumscribe natural groups. The relationships of Montanoa to other genera in the Heliantheae are briefly discussed.
Microwave spectrum and barrier to internal rotation of methylchloroform-d3

Abstract The microwave spectra of CD 3 C 35 Cl 3 , CD 3 C 35 Cl 2 37 Cl, CD 3 C 35 C1 37 Cl 2 and CD 3 C 37 Cl 3 have been recorded from 18.0 to 40.0 GHz. The observed rotational constants were readily calculated from the structural parameters previously obtained by Holm, Mitzlaff and Hartmann. From the relative intensities of the ground and the excited vibrational states, the torsional modes were found to have frequencies of 276 and 199 cm −1 for the CH 3 CC1 3 and CD 3 CCl 3 molecules, respectively. From these frequencies, a barrier of 5.1 kcal mol −1 was calculated for the internal rotational motion. It is shown that this value is consistent with the determined barriers for other chloro-substituted ethanes and the barriers increase in a predictable manner as would be expected from a significant contribution from non-bonded interactions.
Composite system reliability evaluation

Abstract At present there is a significant interest in composite generation and transmission system reliability evaluation for use in bulk power system planning. Methods and computer programs for composite system reliability evaluation have been reported in the industry, though their applications in electric utilities are still very limited. Some improvements in the methods and education in applying them are required for system planners to gain confidence in these methods. This paper concentrates on the purpose and philosophy of composite system reliability evaluation.
Evaluation of clams as a food source of iron: Total iron, heme iron, aluminum, and in vitro iron bioavailability in live and processed clams

Abstract Clams are listed on prominent healthcare websites as an excellent source of iron (Fe). However, the amount, type and bioavailability of iron in clam products are poorly understood, as is their content of environmental metals such as aluminum (Al). In this study, live Manila and processed clams were assayed for Fe, Al, and heme-iron content. Results were compared to beef. Relative iron bioavailability was assessed by an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell method using FeSO4 as a reference iron source. Inhibitory effects of Al and tea flavonoids on iron bioavailability were also evaluated. Mean iron content expressed as mg/reference amount (RA, 56 g edible portion) ranged from 0.57 in minced clams to 17.2 mg/RA in whole baby clams; Al ranged from 0.29 to 26.4 mg/RA, probably reflecting grit content. Beef contained 3.0 mg Fe and 0.07 mg Al per RA of 85 g. Heme iron was very low in clams (
A Novel Hormone Is Required for the Development of Reproductive Phenotypes in Adult Female Crabs

The crustacean male-specific androgenic hormone is widely accepted as a key factor in sexual differentiation and in the development of secondary sex characteristics. However, the mechanism by which the plethora of different reproductive strategies are controlled and executed in crustaceans is not known. We discovered in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, a hitherto unknown neurohormone, named crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH), in distinct neurosecretory cells in the eyestalk ganglia. CFSH is highly expressed in females but weakly in males, and its crucial role in developing adult female phenotypes has now been established. CFSH cDNA encodes a 225-amino acid (aa) novel protein composed of a 23-aa predicted signal peptide, 33-aa precursor-related peptide and 167-aa mature protein that did not match any other sequence in GenBank. CFSH RNA interference knockdown by multiple administrations of double-stranded RNA at the prepubertal stage causes abnormal development of brooding and mating systems upon puber...
On the logical origins of quantum mechanics demonstrated by using Clifford algebra

Recently we have given proof of two theorems characterizing the Clifford algebra. By using such two theorems we have reformulated the well known von Neumann postulate on quantum measurements giving evidence of the algebraic manner in which quantum wave function collapse of quantum mechanics happens. In the present paper we introduce logic in Clifford algebra interpreting its idempotents as logical statements. Using the previously mentioned theorems we demonstrate that the two basic foundations of quantum mechanics, as the indeterminism and the quantum interference, do not arise from physics itself but from logic. We advance the principles that there are levels of our reality in which we lose our possibility of unconditionally define the truth. At this level of reality we cannot separate matter per se from the basic foundations of the logic that we use to describe it. This logical relativism does not characterize classical mechanics but quantum physics. According to Y. F. Orlov, at quantum level the truths of logical statements about dynamic variables become dynamic variables themselves.
Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations of n-Butane and Isobutane Viscosity

Abstract Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of Lennard-Jones site-site models representing n-butane and isobutane were performed over much of the density range for which experimental viscosity data are available. Simulated viscosities extrapolated to zero shear agreed very well with experimental data over the entire density range. The shear perturbs the equilibrium structure of the fluid and produces shear birefringence or molecular alignment. The relative ability of the molecules to orient in the shear field accounts for their relative shear-thinning rheology. Saturation of the shear birefringence produces a change in the observed rheology at higher shear rates. The effect of shear on thermodynamic properties is also investigated.
Disease-Free Survival According to the Use of Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Abstract Introduction The purpose of the study was to determine predictors of recurrence for patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and mastectomy according to the use of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT). Patients and Methods An analysis of 161 clinically staged T1 to T3/N0 to N3 patients treated with NAC and mastectomy with and without PMRT at our institution from 2003 to 2010 was conducted. The Kaplan–Meier product limit method was used to estimate survival and time to recurrence rates and the log-rank test was used to compare groups. A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was carried out for time to recurrence, radiation therapy, and their interaction in the model. Results The median follow-up period was 48 months and 18 patients developed a recurrence. The 5-year recurrence rate and overall survival was 16.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6%-26.3%) and 93.6% (95% CI, 88.2%-97.0%), respectively. Patients who underwent PMRT had a decreased risk of recurrence compared with patients who did not (hazard ratio [HR], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.097-0.661; P P = .0126). Among all clinicopathologic factors examined, pathologic T stage (ypT) and pathological N stage (ypN) significantly correlated with the risk of recurrence ( P P Conclusion Patients treated with NAC and mastectomy, but without PMRT had a higher risk recurrence with increasing ypT and ypN stages. PMRT might increase DFS.
METAL‐COMPLEX FORMATION BY LICHEN COMPOUNDS

Summary The formation of soluble complexes, frequently coloured, when solid lichen compounds were shaken with water suspensions of biotite, granite, and basalt indicated that chemical weathering had occurred. The formation of colourless complexes and the adsorption of the dissolved lichen compound or complex by the silicate phase complicate the interpretation of the spectrophotometric analysis data. Lichen compounds invariably released greater amounts of Ca than of Mg, Fe, and Al from the silicates and, for each lichen compound, the release of Ca was usually greater from biotite than from granite or basalt. Release of cations from the silicate materials resulted largely from metal-complex formation rather than from reactions directly involving hydrogen ions. Citric, salicylic, and phydroxy-benzoic acids and EDTA, used as control organic acids, usually released considerably greater amounts of cations from the silicates than did the lichen compounds, consistent with the higher water solubility of the control organic acids. Similar amounts of Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg were released from the silicates by solutions of the lichen compounds and by solid lichen compounds. Lichen compounds are sufficiently soluble in water to form soluble metal complexes and to effect chemical weathering of minerals and rocks.
Impact of endogenous Adenosine on airway hyperreactivity

Adenosine signaling has been implicated in the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma. Challenging the airways with adenosine leads to bronchoconstriction; however, little is known about the role of endogenous adenosine on airway physiology. We examined the consequences of chronic adenosine elevations in mice genetically manipulated to contain low levels of the purine catabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), which controls adenosine concentrations in tissues and cells. Examination of airway physiology in these animals revealed an increase in airway responsiveness. This increase in airway responsiveness was dependent on elevated adenosine in that treatment with ADA enzyme therapy reversed increased airway responsiveness in conjunction with lowering lung adenosine levels. Treatment with the broad-spectrum adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline prevented airway hyperresponsiveness, implicating the involvement of adenosine receptors. Furthermore, transcript levels for the A 1 , A 2B , and A 3 adenosine receptors were elevated in the lungs of ADA-deficient mice. These findings suggest that endogenous increases in lung adenosine concentrations are associated with alterations in airway physiology.
Particle creation by a self-coupled scalar field

The creation of the quanta of a self-coupled scalar field due to the time dependence of the classical scalar field is investigated. In general, a time-dependent solution of the classical field equation leads, in quantum field theory, to the creation of scalar particles. This effect tends to dissipate the energy of the classical field. A formalism for calculating the rate of this particle creation is developed and applied to several model self-coupled scalar field theories. The application of the results to inflationary cosmology is discussed.
Observation of target electron momentum effects in single arm Moller polarimetry

Abstract In 1992, L.G. Levchuk noted that the asymmetries measured in Moller scattering polarimeters could be significantly affected by the intrinsic momenta of the target electrons. This effect is largest in devices with very small acceptance or very high resolution in laboratory scattering angle. We use a high resolution polarimeter in the linac of the polarized SLAC Linear Collider to study this effect. We observe that the inclusion of the effect alters the measured beam polarization by −14% of itself and produces a result that is consistent with measurements from a Compton polarimeter. Additionally, the inclusion of the effect is necessary to correctly simulate the observed shape of the two-body elastic scattering peak.
Operational and economic aspects of municipal solid waste recovery systems: Shredding and air classification

Abstract This article examines the Ames Solid Waste Resource Recovery System which has been in operation since November of 1975. The shredding and air classification are each treated as a subsystem of the process. Labor and energy requirements and cost of processing a unit mass of refuse through each subsystem are examined. Observations are based on an analysis of the facility's operation from July 1977 through June 1978.
The Quantitative Display Of Radioisotope Image Data As Computer Generated Color Coded Isocount Contours --Comparison With Digital Printout

Medical radioisotope scintigrams are most commonly produced as photographic images in which count densities are displayed in various shades of grey. Such photographic grey scales are used both for recording the live images from a rectilinear scanner or scintillation camera and also for digitized images displayed with computer controlled data processing systems (Fig 1). Altho gh trade-offs are usually made between the conflicting demands for high photographic contrast and wide dynamic range or latitude), conventional photographic methods are often inadequate for the display of the entire range of count densities. Moreoever, these grey scale images lack quantitative information.
Association of peptic ulcer disease and pulmonary disease with risk of periprosthetic fracture after primary total knee arthroplasty

Objective To assess the association of specific comorbidities with periprosthetic fractures after primary total knee replacement (TKR). Methods We used the prospectively collected data in the Mayo Clinic total joint registry from 1989–2008 on all patients who had undergone primary TKR. The outcome of interest was postoperative periprosthetic fractures during followup. The main predictors of interest were comorbidities grouped from the validated Deyo-Charlson index. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class, operative diagnosis, and implant fixation. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Results We included 17,633 primary TKRs with a mean followup of 6.3 years. The mean age was 68 years, 55% were women, and the mean BMI was 31 kg/m2. There were 188 postoperative periprosthetic fractures on postoperative day 1 or later; 162 fractures (86%) occurred on postoperative day 90 or later. In multivariable analyses that simultaneously adjusted for all comorbidities and other variables (age, sex, BMI, ASA, operative diagnosis, and cement status), the following 2 conditions were significantly associated with an increased hazard of postoperative periprosthetic fractures: peptic ulcer disease (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.28–2.75; P = 0.0014) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.10–2.40; P = 0.02). Conclusion Peptic ulcer disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with a higher risk of periprosthetic fractures after primary TKR. This may be related to the disease or its treatments, which need further study. Identification of specific risk factors may allow for implementation of intervention strategies to reduce this risk.
Course of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.

Abstract Metabolic balance and morphologic studies were performed on rats receiving gentamicin 100 mg/kg/day for a period of 8–10 days and during the recovery period. Daily urine flow rate increased with the administration of gentamicin and remained elevated up to 20 days following the discontinuation of gentamicin, although BUN and plasma creatinine were virtually normal 10 days after the discontinuation of gentamicin. During the development of renal failure means daily electrolyte excretion remained normal. During the recovery period, however, sodium and potassium excretion exceeded control values while chloride and net acid excretion remained normal. Proteinuria developed during the administration of gentamicin and returned to normal 6–10 days after the discontinuation of gentamicin. Ten days of netilmicin administration (150 mg/kg/day) resulted in only mild tubular degeneration and no azotemia.
The uniform modulus of continuity of iterated Brownian motion

LetX be a Brownian motion defined on the line (withX(0)=0) and letY be an independent Brownian motion defined on the nonnegative real numbers. For allt≥0, we define theiterated Brownian motion (IBM),Z, by setting\(Z_t \underline{\underline \vartriangle } X(Y_t )\). In this paper we determine the exact uniform modulus of continuity of the process Z.
How website socialness leads to website use

Website designers are beginning to incorporate social cues, such as helpfulness and familiarity, into e-commerce sites to facilitate the exchange relationship. Website socialness elicits a social response from users of the site and this response produces enjoyment. Users patronize websites that are exciting, entertaining and stimulating. The purpose of our study is to explore the effects of website socialness perceptions on the formation of users’ beliefs, attitudes and subsequent behavioral intentions. We manipulate website socialness perceptions across two different online shopping contexts, one for functional products and the other for pleasure-oriented products, and draw from the responses of 300 Internet users. Our findings show that website socialness perceptions lead to enjoyment, have a strong influence on user intentions and these effects are invariant across shopping contexts.
Consistent bargaining conjectures in marriage and matching

Abstract In this model of bargaining in marriage markets, we assume that each couple bargains in a systematic way over the distribution of the utility of their marriage and that each market participant has accurate conjectures about the utility he or she could obtain through a similar bargaining process with every other potential partner. This paper formulates the bargaining model, characterizes consistent conjectures, and characterizes the matchings which are stable with respect to these conjectures.
Abscisic acid induces anaerobiosis tolerance in corn

Flooding is a frequently occurring environmental stress that can severely affect plant growth. This study shows that treatment of corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings with abscisic acid (ABA) increases their tolerance to anoxia 10-fold over untreated seedlings and twofold over seedlings treated with water. Corn seedlings stressed anoxically for 1 day showed only 8% survival when planted in vermiculite. Pretreatment of root tips with 100 micromolar ABA or water for 24 hours before the 1 day anoxic stress increased the anoxic survivability of seedlings to 87% and 47%, respectively. Cycloheximide (5 milligrams per liter), added together with ABA, reduced the seedling survival rate, indicating that the induction of anoxic tolerance in corn by ABA was partly a result of the synthesis of new proteins. ABA treatment induced a threefold increase in alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity in corn roots. However, after 24 h of anoxia, alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity between the ABA-pretreated and non-pretreated corn roots was not significantly different. The results indicated that ABA played an important role in inducing anoxic tolerance in corn and that the induced tolerance was probably mediated by an increase in alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity before the anoxic stress.
An Enteric Dual‐Controlled Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System of Salmon Calcitonin‐I: Preparation, Characterization, and Preclinical Bioavailability in Rats

Conventional dosage forms are disadvantageous for peptide drugs having short half‐lives because of cyclic under‐ or overdosing and problems of patient compliance. The matrix or reservoir type of controlled‐release dosage forms provide an alternative. However, bioavailability fluctuations due to gastric pH variations continue to be a problem for many drug candidates. Osmotically controlled drug delivery systems provide a means of eliminating the effect of pH on drug release. The objective of this study was to formulate salmon calcitonin (sCT), a hypocalcemic hormone, and turkey ovomucoid (serine protease inhibitor) along with glycyrrhetinic acid (absorption enhancer) as a bilayered, osmotically controlled tablet coated with a semipermeable membrane of cellulose acetate. Coating was achieved using a Strea‐1 fluidized bed coater. Orifices were drilled for drug release and enteric coating was applied in order to bypass the duodenum region. Comparative studies for the drug–additive interactions were performed ...
Effect of frequency and tidal volume on pleural pressure in rabbits during high frequency ventilation.

Regional effects of the chest wall on airway pressure transmission were studied during high frequency ventilation in anesthetized rabbits. We measured airway pressure (Paw), esophageal pressure (Pes), and costal pleural pressure (Ppl) by a rib capsule and flow and volume with a calibrated pneumotachograph. Using a closed circuit, pressures and flow were measured at varying frequencies (2–80 Hz) and tidal volumes (2–20 ml). Mean Pes and Ppl increased with flow amplitude above 100–250 ml/s, whereas mean Paw decreased, consistent with air trapping. Paw, Pes, and Ppl amplitudes increased monotonically with flow amplitude except above 400–500 ml/s, where the Ppl amplitude decreased suddenly. The latter occurring simultaneously with a sudden fall in mean Paw indicated airway flow limitation in costal regions. Flow instabilities during flow limitation were consistent with the large increase in the phase difference between Paw and Ppl and its variability, with frequency. By contrast, the phase difference between Paw and Pes and its variability were relatively small. These differences in Pes from Ppl responses might be caused by a difference in the impedance of the airway-mediastinum pathway or a direct transmission of tracheal pressure oscillations to the esophagus. The former suggests that constraints offered by the mediastinum and rib cage resulted in nonuniform ventilation during high frequency ventilation.
GRAFT PRESERVING METHODS FOR MANAGING AORTOFEMORAL PROSTHETIC GRAFT INFECTION

The traditional approach to aortofemoral graft infection has included total graft excision and extraanatomic bypasses but has been associated with mortality rates of 25-75% and amputation rates of 1025%. 1-5 Recent reports have documented an improved mortality rate using this traditional approach. 6 A more controversial strategy to treat infected aortofemoral prosthetic graft infections includes selective complete and partial graft preservation. When used appropriately, this method may be associated with lower mortality and limb-loss rates. 7-11 Aortofemoral prosthetic graft preservation should only be attempted when strict criteria are fulfilled, and by vascular surgeons who fully understand the essential adjuncts of this management. cannot tolerate such prolonged, stressful operations. Third, abdominal exploration after previous placement of an aortic graft may result in injury to the bowel or ureter when dense adhesions are encountered. Fourth, most patients require revascularisation procedures if part or all of the graft is excised, especially if the original aortic operation was performed for limb salvage or aneurysmal disease. If the original operation was performed for claudication, many patients will maintain lower limb viability after graft excision when the proximal anastomosis was performed in an end-toside fashion to the aorta. Revascularisation procedures often pose challenging problems, especially the route of a secondary bypass to avoid the infected wounds. The revascularisation procedure itself may be timeconsuming and contribute to the morbidity associated with graft excision.
Set size and culture influence children's attention to number.

Much research evidences a system in adults and young children for approximately representing quantity. Here we provide evidence that the bias to attend to discrete quantity versus other dimensions may be mediated by set size and culture. Preschool-age English-speaking children in the United States and Japanese-speaking children in Japan were tested in a match-to-sample task where number was pitted against cumulative surface area in both large and small numerical set comparisons. Results showed that children from both cultures were biased to attend to the number of items for small sets. Large set responses also showed a general attention to number when ratio difficulty was easy. However, relative to the responses for small sets, attention to number decreased for both groups; moreover, both U.S. and Japanese children showed a significant bias to attend to total amount for difficult numerical ratio distances, although Japanese children shifted attention to total area at relatively smaller set sizes than U.S. children. These results add to our growing understanding of how quantity is represented and how such representation is influenced by context—both cultural and perceptual.
Crystal Grain Orientation in Organic Homo- and Heteroepitaxy of Pentacene and Perfluoropentacene Studied with X-ray Spectromicroscopy

We show that the prototypical p- and n-conducting molecular semiconductors pentacene (PEN) and perfluoropentacene (PFP) exhibit correlated crystal orientation in neighboring grains within a thin film. We use scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to measure the film topography in PEN and PFP, and importantly X-ray/optical dichroism also makes it possible to map the grain orientation. PEN exhibits an average grain size of 0.46 ± 0.05 μm2, but clusters of aligned grains are measurably larger at >1.9 μm2. This finding is rationalized through nucleation of small grains that maintain the epitaxial relation with an underlying larger grain during homoepitaxy. The orientation of PEN grains in (buried) layers of PEN/PFP heterostructures is also assessed with STXM, but no orientational in-plane alignment is found between layers of the two different materials. The findings are important to quantify the number and type of (orientational) grain boundaries for an understanding of charge carrier mobility and exci...
Molecular basis of angiosperm tree architecture

The architecture of trees greatly impacts the productivity of orchards and forestry plantations. Amassing greater knowledge on the molecular genetics that underlie tree form can benefit these industries, as well as contribute to basic knowledge of plant developmental biology. This review describes the fundamental components of branch architecture, a prominent aspect of tree structure, as well as genetic and hormonal influences inferred from studies in model plant systems and from trees with non-standard architectures. The bulk of the molecular and genetic data described here is from studies of fruit trees and poplar, as these species have been the primary subjects of investigation in this field of science.
Analyte capture in microfluidic heterogeneous immunoassays

Despite the prevalence of microfluidic-based heterogeneous immunoassays, there is incomplete understanding of analyte capture parameters. This study presents computational results and corresponding experimental binding assays of analyte capture. Our results identify: 1) a “reagent-limited” regime, under constraints of finite sample volume and assay time; 2) a critical flow rate; 3) an increase in signal by using a short concentrated plug rather than a long dilute plug; 4) a requirement to eventually reach a reaction-limited operating regime to maximize the capture of analytes [1].
Full-wafer loss measurements of silicon ridge waveguides

We present full-wafer loss data for ridge waveguides for three different geometries fabricated on 150 mm silicon-on-insulator wafers. Full-wafer testing was made possible by a vertically coupled, automated test system.
Rice Domestication by Reducing Shattering

Crop domestication frequently began with the selection of plants that did not naturally shed ripe fruits or seeds. The reduction in grain shattering that led to cereal domestication involved genetic loci of large effect. The molecular basis of this key domestication transition, however, remains unknown. Here we show that human selection of an amino acid substitution in the predicted DNA binding domain encoded by a gene of previously unknown function was primarily responsible for the reduction of grain shattering in rice domestication. The substitution undermined the gene function necessary for the normal development of an abscission layer that controls the separation of a grain from the pedicel.
Detection of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Corresponding Biomarkers Using Optical Spectroscopy

Objectives. Investigate the use of optical reflectance spectroscopy to differentiate malignant and nonmalignant tissues in head and neck lesions and characterize corresponding oxygen tissue biomarkers that are associated with pathologic diagnosis.Study Design. Cross-sectional study.Setting. Tertiary Veterans Administration Medical Center.Subjects and Methods. All patients undergoing panendoscopy with biopsy for suspected head and neck cancer were eligible. Prior to taking tissue samples, the optical probe was placed at 3 locations to collect diffuse reflectance data. These locations were labeled “tumor,” “immediately adjacent,” and “distant normal tissue.” Biopsies were taken of each of these respective sites. The diffuse reflectance spectra were analyzed, and biomarker-specific absorption data were extracted using an inverse Monte Carlo algorithm for malignant and nonmalignant tissues. Histopathological analysis was performed and used as the gold standard to analyze the optical biomarker data.Results. Tw...
Water flow drives biodiversity by mediating rarity in marine benthic communities.

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 63–68 Abstract In aquatic ecosystems, water flow mediates the delivery of reproductive propagules, competition and predation, each of which may have contrasting effects on biodiversity. Here, we show that water flow has a net positive effect on the biodiversity of benthic invertebrate communities in three biogeographic regions. In Palau and Alaska, flow velocity predicted 55–91% of the variance in species richness in natural communities. In experimental communities in Alaska and Maine, enhanced water flow treatments resulted in higher levels of species density (+56%) and richness (+74%), which were predicted by the abundance of locally rare species. Additionally, the richness of recruitment was higher in experimentally enhanced flows (+46%). Thus, the data suggest that flow drives diversity by mediating the delivery of rare species in multiple biogeographic regions. Consequently, flow velocity should be included in future developments of diversity theory and conservation strategy.
Pathogenesis of early lung disease in cystic fibrosis: a window of opportunity to eradicate bacteria.

Infants and children with cystic fibrosis experience transient, often asymptomatic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections within the first years of life. These infections eventually become chronic, as i...
Learning from Teen Childbearing Experiences of Close Friends: Evidence Using Miscarriages as a Natural Experiment

Abstract We examine peer effects in teen childbearing among close friends, using miscarriages as a natural experiment. We use 775 women from the core sample of Add Health who had a friend with a teen pregnancy. We find a sizable negative treatment effect: a close friend’s teen birth is associated with a 6 percentage point reduction in the likelihood of own teen pregnancy and childbearing. There is evidence that this effect operates through a learning mechanism by changing beliefs regarding early childbearing. Effects of teen pregnancy prevention policies may be partially offset by reductions in the opportunities for social learning.
Multimedia CALL: Lessons to be Learned from Research on Instructed SLA

This paper suggests that some design features and evaluation criteria for multimedia CALL might be developed on the basis of hypotheses about ideal conditions for second language acquisition (SLA). It outlines a relevant theory of SLA and enumerates the hypotheses it implies for ideal conditions such as input saliency, opportunities for interaction, and learner focus on communication. Implications of each hypothesis for multimedia CALL design and evaluation are outlined and exemplified.
The Measurement of Conductivity and Permittivity of Semiconductor Spheres by an Extension of the Cavity Perturbation Method

A technique based on cavity perturbation theory is described with which one can determine the microwave conductivity and dielectric permittivity of a small sphere of completely arbitrary conductivity. These properties follow from the measured frequency shift and quality change occurring when the sample is inserted into a region of maximum electric field in a cavity resonator. The range of validity of the quasi-static internal field approximation is discussed, and curves are provided for extending the measuring technique beyond this range. The extended theory is valid for the entire conductivity range from zero to infinity. Measurements on several samples of known conductivity and permittivity in which the approximation is not satisfied are seen to agree with the theory. For highly conductive materials, the present method is closely related to the "eddy current loss" measuring technique discussed by others. The two methods are compared from the point of view of perturbation theory in order to determine their relative merits. Because the measuring technique employs a spherical sample, it may be applied profitably to materials with nonisotropic carrier nobilities and to semiconducting materials for which contact fabrication techniques are poorly known.
Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in NSCLC (Stages I to III)

Complete surgical resection is the main therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Survival rates remain, at best, 80% for stage IA, necessitating the development of effective systemic therapy. Several large randomized control trials and meta-analyses provide evidence for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I to III, and are the basis for the standards of care. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy regimens have shown 4% to 15% survival advantage at 5 years. Given this modest survival benefit, research is focused on the identification of prognostic and predictive markers to aid in the selection of appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.