cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decentralized risk management for strategic preparedness of critical infrastructure through decomposition of the inoperability input–output model

Abstract Recent disasters and terrorist attacks have increased the demand on the US government in assuring the safety and reliability of the nation’s critical infrastructure. The response of the US Department of Homeland security, as set forth by the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) is to decentralize much of the risk assessment and strategic decision-making processes to the owners and operators of the critical infrastructure. Although, this decentralization method has many advantages, it may provide a solution that is inferior to a comprehensive centralized approach. This manuscript develops a multi-objective strategic preparedness problem that is constrained by distinctive model features of an interdependent, regional socio-economic system. The model is a generalization of the nation’s critical infrastructure protection problem that focuses on commodity transaction between economic sectors. The strategic preparedness problem is solved by various decomposition methods, to illustrate the complexity of a decentralized risk management process of a system that is pregnant with interdependencies. The Inoperability Input–Output Model is core to the preparedness problem of this manuscript, and provides a rich database and modeling paradigm to support the study of regional interdependent economies. Derived from a Nobel Prize-winning W. Leontief economic model, and built on Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data, the IIM is a quick, inexpensive, holistic method for estimating economic impacts and sector interdependencies. The IIM is useful as a part of a larger multi-objective decision model used in this paper to analyze the process of decentralized strategic preparedness. This paper develops a general ability to quantify system trade-offs between objectives of preparedness decisions, by embedding the IIM into a multi-objective risk management model for strategic preparedness. Through decomposition of the multi-objective strategic preparedness model constructed around the IIM, we analytically calculate the trade-offs between preparedness costs and economic resilience of regions from existing regional economic data, and provide insights into the decentralized risk management process.
Vibro-fluidization of fine boron nitride powder at low pressure

At low pressure (less than atmospheric), a vibro-fluidized bed was constructed for the fluidization of fine BN powder. This powder exhibits the characteristics of a Geldart C type powder, with significant cohesive behavior. Fine BN particles form lightly bonded agglomerates that remain in the bed during fluidization. The agglomerate size was measured in situ during fluidization using a pulsed laser coupled with a CCD camera. An increase in the vibrational force causes a corresponding decrease in the size of the agglomerates. Vacuum level does not affect agglomerate size. A balance of forces model is used to derive an equation that predicts the minimum fluidization velocity (umf), taking into account the forces due to vibration, cohesion, gravity and drag.
Human-computer cooperation and intervention in telesurgery

The paradigm of telesurgery is characterized, where the remote surgeon not only manipulates surgical tools via a telerobot, but also provides supervisory control through a constrained communication channel to a human assistant who in turn manipulates the patient. In this sense the human assistant becomes a telerobot.
Infrastructure: a more comprehensive policy is needed

Infrastructure investment to create jobs is an attractive short‐run economic strategy, but a fragmented policy. A comprehensive infrastructure policy should be a tool for economic growth, research and development, and human‐resources development, and should also benefit educational institutions, urban areas, public health, and the environment. Industrial policy can provide concepts that focus on the contributions infrastructure can make to the economy, education and training, technology and development, and the retraining of workers in shrinking industries. This approach can help remake institutional links and bring interests together in different ways, the greatest needs of employment policy. Use of educational institutions and public works agencies can provide an effective management mechanism and help overcome past problems. Federal investments are required to initiate such a program. The goal of the present paper is to stimulate discussion about how civil engineers can contribute to this strategy. Dis...
Abstract 1320: Effects of selective androgen-receptor and estrogen-receptor modulators on telomerase activity in melanoma and prostate cancer cells.

Male hormones and the androgen receptor (AR) are well-known key targets for prostate cancer therapy. The potential cause of a gender-based disparity in melanoma has been suspected for many years. A recent analysis suggests that female patients have a 30% survival advantage in cutaneous melanoma. Telomerase has been shown to add protective telomere repeats to chromosome endings and cause cancer cells to become immortal. We have recently discovered that the AR is expressed in melanoma cell lines. In current report, we tested the telomerase activity in lysates of both melanoma and prostate cancer cell lines. Telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was carried out to test the activity of telomerase in melanoma A375, androgen-sensitive prostatic cancer LNCap and androgen-insensitive prostatic cancer PC-3 cell lines under treatments of steroid hormones, SARM and SERM compounds. The effects of sex hormones, selective androgen-receptor modulators (SARMs), and estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) on telomerase activity in both melanoma and prostate cells were investigated. Citation Format: Yan Lu, Ramesh Narayanan, Jin Wang, Wei Li, Murali Yepuru, Lingling Liu, Vivian S. Loveless, Duane D. Miller. Effects of selective androgen-receptor and estrogen-receptor modulators on telomerase activity in melanoma and prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1320. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1320
Rates of change in psychological processes

Abstract The reasons for the attractiveness of the hypothesis of preservation of the products of early experience are discussed with reference to the different types of constructs in developmental theory. It is suggested that a scholar's attitude for or against preservation of a child's qualities will depend, in part, on the nature of the specific evidence.
Body composition during childhood and adolescence: relations to bone strength and microstructure.

Context: Numerous studies have examined the association of body composition with bone development in children and adolescents, but none have used micro-finite element (μFE) analysis of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography images to assess bone strength. Objective: This study sought to examine the relations of appendicular lean mass (ALM) and total body fat mass (TBFM) to bone strength (failure load) at the distal radius and tibia. Design, Participants, and Setting: This was a cross-sectional study of 198 healthy 8- to <15-year-old boys (n = 109) and girls (n = 89) performed in a Clinical Research Unit. Results: After adjusting for bone age, height, fracture history, ALM, and TBFM, multiple linear regression analyses in boys and girls, separately, showed robust positive associations between ALM and failure loads at both the distal radius (boys: β = 0.92, P < .001; girls: β = 0.66, P = .001) and tibia (boys: β = 0.96, P < .001; girls: β = 0.66, P < .001). By contrast, in both boys and...
The "energized state" of mitochondria: lifetime and ATP equivalence.

Abstract 1. 1. Aequorin, a bioluminescent jellyfish protein, can measure the concentration of free Ca2+ in a rapid, sensitive and specific manner, in biological systems. 2. 2. The movements of the nanomolar concentration of mitochondrial “endogenous” Ca2+ have been studied, and found to be a reversible indicator of the energization of mitochondria. 3. 3. The comparison between the kinetics of cytochromes, changes on addition of respiratory inhibitors, and of the release of endogenous mitochondrial Ca2+ has brought to the conclusion that the lifetime of the energized states is 7 ± 2 sec in rat-liver mitochondria at 25°. 4. 4. The energy content of the energized state was also determined, by comparing the kinetics of Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria in the presence and absence of oligomycin and measuring the content of endogenous ATP. It was found to be 0.3 μmole ATP equivalents per g mitochondrial protein. 5. 5. The endogenous mitochondrial Ca2+ has been found to be in a highly dynamic state. Therefore the proton movements observed on activation of respiration can be considered not primary, but associated with ion movements.
An anti-CD18 antibody limits infarct size and preserves left ventricular function in dogs with ischemia and 48-hour reperfusion.

Objectives. This study investigated whether an antibody against neutrophil adhesion protein CD18 could limit myocardial infarct size and preserve left ventricular function after prolonged reperfusion in a canine model. Background. Myocardial reperfusion injury is mediated in part by accumulation of activated neutrophils. Although antibodies against CD18 have been shown to reduce neutrophil influx and infarct size after ischemia and 3 to 4 h of reperfusion, it is unknown whether protection is sustained beyond this time or whether there is meaningful preservation of ventricular function. Methods. Dogs undergoing 90-min circumflex coronary artery occlusion and 48-h reperfusion were randomized to receive 1 mg/kg bodyweight of R15.7 (an anti-CD18 antibody, n = 12) or saline (control, n = 12) 10 min before reperfusion. Contrast left ventriculography was used to measure left ventricular ejection fraction and regional chord shortening at baseline, during occlusion and at 48 h. Microspheres injected during occlusion were used to measure collateral flow and risk region size. Postmortem infarct size was measured with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Results. In the dose administered, R15.7 bound to neutrophils in vivo, with >85% saturation of CD18 for >24 h, with sustained antibody excess in the plasma. R15.7 significantly reduced infarct size after adjusting for the effect of collateral flow (p = 0.0002, analysis of covariance). In a subgroup of dogs with collateral flow Conclusions. A single injection of an anti-CD18 antibody given before reperfusion can limit myocardial infarct size by nearly 50% and preserve global and regional left ventricular function after 48 h of reperfusion.
A Paradigm for Computer-Assisted Radiology Resident Rotation Scheduling

Rationale and Objectives. The scheduling of radiology residents remains a major annual undertaking of chief residents. In this article, we describe a paradigm to implement interactive computer programs to reduce the inefficiencies and inequities of planning the yearly schedule. Methods. We used the programming language, Prolog, to develop a compact program that provides faster and more flexible performance than those reported in the literature. This interactive program stores scheduling requirements in data files separated from the control program and runs on a Macintosh computer. Results. The schedule of any residency year is generated within 3–7 sec. The fast computation and query capabilities of this scheduling program have helped chief residents to identify conflicting requirements that were previously overlooked. Conclusion. Using our programming paradigm, we have developed a portable Prolog-based scheduling program that is quick and easy to use.
Patient and Family Attitudes about an Eye Donation Registry for Research

AbstractPurpose: There is a shortage of human eye tissue available for scientists, and it is unknown how willing ophthalmic patients are to donate their eyes for research. Therefore, we assessed eye patient and family member attitudes regarding the establishment of an eye donation registry for research purposes.Materials and Methods: Surveys were distributed to consecutive patients attending the clinics of an academic ophthalmology practice over a period of 8 days. This survey consisted of questions about demographic information of the participant, attitudes regarding eye donation and attitudes regarding a registry for research-specific eye donation. An additional nested survey was administered to family members who accompanied survey participants.Results: A total of 207 patients and 76 accompanying family members returned their respective surveys. Of the patients, 55% indicated that they would consider joining a proposed eye donation registry for research, 30% were undecided and 15% would not consider jo...
Left ear advantage in speech-related dichotic listening is not specific to auditory processing disorder in children: A machine-learning fMRI and DTI study.

Dichotic listening (DL) tests are among the most frequently included in batteries for the diagnosis of auditory processing disorders (APD) in children. A finding of atypical left ear advantage (LEA) for speech-related stimuli is often taken by clinical audiologists as an indicator for APD. However, the precise etiology of ear advantage in DL tests has been a source of debate for decades. It is uncertain whether a finding of LEA is truly indicative of a sensory processing deficit such as APD, or whether attentional or other supramodal factors may also influence ear advantage. Multivariate machine learning was used on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional MRI (fMRI) data from a cohort of children ages 7–14 referred for APD testing with LEA, and typical controls with right-ear advantage (REA). LEA was predicted by: increased axial diffusivity in the left internal capsule (sublenticular region), and decreased functional activation in the left frontal eye fields (BA 8) during words presented diotically as compared to words presented dichotically, compared to children with right-ear advantage (REA). These results indicate that both sensory and attentional deficits may be predictive of LEA, and thus a finding of LEA, while possibly due to sensory factors, is not a specific indicator of APD as it may stem from a supramodal etiology.
The effect of lumbar back support tension on trunk muscle activity.

Abstract Objective . Assess the effect of different controlled lumbar back support tightness levels on trunk muscle activity. Design . Two-way repeated measure design assessing lumbar back support tension and submaximal trunk extension moments on trunk muscle electromyographic activity. Background . Biomechanical studies on lumbar back supports often use electromyography (EMG) to assess the affect on trunk muscle activity. However, the lumbar back support may alter the electromyographic signal by changing the electrode–muscle distance. Methods . Subjects performed trunk extensions at three static submaximal extension moment levels (25%, 50% and 75% MVC) while stabilized at the hips and shoulders, with the back support tensioned to three different tightness levels (44.5, 66.7 and 89.0 N) as well as a no-back support condition. Results . Statistical analysis failed to find a significant effect ( P ⩽0.05) of lumbar back support tension on the average normalized EMG across the 10 trunk muscles sampled. Conclusions . For static experimental tasks, as long as electrodes are protected from direct contact with the back support, studies assessing the effect of lumbar back supports on the trunk muscles via EMG during static tasks are not subject to confounding due to differences in tensions across subjects. Relevance The results of this study suggest that variable tensions from previous studies for static exertions with lumbar back supports do not significantly alter the pick-up volume of protected electrodes.
On the Euler characteristic of the discrete spectrum

Abstract This paper, which is largely expository in nature, seeks to illustrate some of the advances that have been made on the trace formula in the past 15 years. We review the basic theory of the trace formula, then introduce some ideas of Arthur and Kottwitz that allow one to calculate the Euler characteristic of the S-cohomology of the discrete spectrum. This Euler characteristic is first expressed as a trace of a certain test function on the space of automorphic forms, and then, by the stable trace formula, is converted into a sum of orbital integrals. A result on global measures allows us to calculate these integrals in terms of the values of certain Artin L -functions at negative integers. Our intention is to show how advances in the theory have allowed one to render such calculations completely explicit. As a byproduct of this calculation, we obtain the existence of automorphic representations with certain local behavior at the places in S.
Word Domain Disambiguation via Word Sense Disambiguation

Word subject domains have been widely used to improve the performance of word sense disambiguation algorithms. However, comparatively little effort has been devoted so far to the disambiguation of word subject domains. The few existing approaches have focused on the development of algorithms specific to word domain disambiguation. In this paper we explore an alternative approach where word domain disambiguation is achieved via word sense disambiguation. Our study shows that this approach yields very strong results, suggesting that word domain disambiguation can be addressed in terms of word sense disambiguation with no need for special purpose algorithms.
Concentrated fertilizers for potatoes on three important soil types

Cooperative field studies to determine the comparative effectiveness of ordinary-, double-, and treble-strength fertilizer mixtures for potatoes were conducted in Maine, on Caribou loam; in Pennsylvania, on Berks shale loam, and in Virginia on Norfolk sandy loam. These are widely separated sections and afford a marked diversity of soil types and climatic conditions. The general trend of the results shows very little difference in the matter of yields no matter whether ordinary-, double-, or treblestrength-fertilizer was applied. It was found that the three fertilizer concentrations possessed a satisfactory mechanical condition after having stood for several months. It is recognized that in the present work the fertilizer batches were small and it by no means follows that a similar result would attend large-scale factory operations where large piles of fertilizer are involved. The results of investigational work and factory research during recent years have done a great deal to surmount the difficulties resulting from poor mechanical condition, so that it is now practicable to use concentrated fertilizers to better advantage than ever before. One phase of the field work in Maine and Virginia involved the use of fertilizer distributors as found on the different farms. In all cases, but one, no difficulty was experienced in getting the machines properly set to apply the different rates of application in an even fashion. The exception was one of the older types of potato planters without sufficiently refined adjustments. A later type of the same make has been used with entire satisfaction, indicating that it is feasible to so modify potato fertilizer distributing machinery that even concentrated fertilizer may be applied uniformly and at the desired rates of application.
Photonic integration and optical interconnects for future communications, computing, and signal processing systems

Photonic integration significantly reduces power consumption, cost, and size while it enhances reliability and functionality. As modern networking and computing systems require high-performance, low-power, and agile optical communications, photonic integration is emerging as critically important technology for future networking and computing. On the other hand, the main challenge with photonic integration lies in the yield and process-compatibility. This paper reviews the impact of photonic integration in optical communications, discusses the challenges, and probes the future prospects for photonic integration.
Measurement of deuterium in the presence of protium by elastic recoil spectroscopy

Abstract Determining the amount of a hydrogen isotope in a material by elastic recoil spectroscopy (ERS) is a routine capability of many laboratories and the data are relatively easy to analyze when only one isotope of hydrogen is present. However, when two or more isotopes of hydrogen are present the analysis is much more complicated. This paper presents data from such samples including a relatively thick sample of erbium hydride with an approximately 2:1 ratio of protium to deuterium and a sample of silicon with ion implanted deuterium that had absorbed hydrogen on the surface. The usual technique of simulation of the data is employed to determine the hydrogen isotope concentration profiles. This is complemented by taking data from the samples at various incident alpha particle beam energies to determine the identity of individual isotopes. This enables use of the variation in stopping power and cross-section with energy to cause, for example, a buried layer of deuterium to be removed from the position in the spectrum where protium from the surface of the sample will overlap the deuterium spectrum.
CHIRAL-SYMMETRY MODEL.

We have constructed a chiral-symmetry model in which the vector mesons (which are not introduced by means of the Yang-Mills technique) are described in terms of an antisymmetric second-rank tensor ${T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$. As a result, the interaction Hamiltonian in the interaction representation contains additional contact-type terms. Besides the pseudoscalar and vector-meson nonets, the model contains two nonets with ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}} \mathrm{and} {1}^{\ensuremath{-}+}$. Their fields appear in even numbers in all terms in the expansion of our Lagrangians. A mass Lagrangian is introduced such that the mesons get their physical masses. This gives generalized partially conserved axial-vector current if higher-order contributions are neglected. A $U{(3)}_{\mathrm{left}}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}U{(3)}_{\mathrm{right}}$-invariant Lagrangian is found which gives the well-known $\mathrm{PPV}$ coupling and also a $\mathrm{PVV}$ coupling. A nonet of baryons is introduced, with the ${{Y}_{0}}^{*}(1405)$ as ninth baryon. Several chiral-invariant meson-baryon Lagrangians are considered, such that the nonderivative and derivative couplings of the pseudoscalar mesons to baryons, and the vector and tensor couplings of the vector mesons to baryons, are obtained. Also, two symmetry-breaking meson-baryon Lagrangians are needed to give the baryons their physical masses. The coupling constant of the tensor coupling of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons to nucleons is correctly predicted. The width of the ${{Y}_{0}}^{*}(1405)$ and the ratio $\frac{|{G}_{\mathrm{NKY}}|}{|{G}_{\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\pi}Y}|}$ are predicted to be 62 MeV and 2, respectively, which are close to the experimental values. The decay widths $\ensuremath{\Gamma}[{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(958)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}+2\ensuremath{\pi}]$, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({K}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\pi})$, and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Primer and interview: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A complex body plan would not be possible without the evolution of the epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) transition. This primer introduces the hallmarks of EMT, molecular mechanisms underlying the process, and its role in development and disease. Accompanying the primer is a discussion of current topics in the field with EMT experts Angela Nieto, Ph.D., and Jean Paul Thiery, Ph.D.
Accurate information transmission through dynamic biochemical signaling networks

Stochasticity inherent to biochemical reactions (intrinsic noise) and variability in cellular states (extrinsic noise) degrade information transmitted through signaling networks. We analyzed the ability of temporal signal modulation--that is, dynamics--to reduce noise-induced information loss. In the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), calcium (Ca(2+)), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways, response dynamics resulted in significantly greater information transmission capacities compared to nondynamic responses. Theoretical analysis demonstrated that signaling dynamics has a key role in overcoming extrinsic noise. Experimental measurements of information transmission in the ERK network under varying signal-to-noise levels confirmed our predictions and showed that signaling dynamics mitigate, and can potentially eliminate, extrinsic noise-induced information loss. By curbing the information-degrading effects of cell-to-cell variability, dynamic responses substantially increase the accuracy of biochemical signaling networks.
Super resolution structured light illumination

We present an eight million point structured light illumination scanner design. It has a single patch projection resolution of 12,288 lines along the phase direction. The Basler CMOS video cameras are 2352 by 1726 pixel resolution. The configuration consists of a custom Boulder Nonlinear Systems Spatial Light Modulator for the projection system and dual four mega pixel digital video cameras. The camera field of views are tiled with minimal overlap region and a potential capture rate of 24 frames per second. This report is a status report of a project still under development. We will report on the concept of applying a 1D-square footprint projection chip and give preliminary results of single camera scans. The structured light illumination technique we use is the multi-pattern, multi-frequency phase measuring profilometry technique already published by our group.
When the job has lost its appeal: Intentions to quit among direct care workers

AbstractBackground Previous research indicates that work stress contributes to intentions to quit among direct care workers (DCWs) who provide services to people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). Though resources can help DCWs cope and remain in a job, little is known about how various dimensions of work stress and resources (social and personal resources) are associated with intentions to quit.Methods A total of 323 DCWs from 5 community-based IDD organisations completed a self-administered survey. We conducted multiple regression analyses to examine main and interaction effects of work stress and resources (work social support and internal locus of control) on intentions to quit.Results Work overload was a significant stressor, and work social support (i.e., supervisory support) was associated with low intentions to quit. The association between locus of control and intention to quit depended on the levels of a stressor: DCWs’ lack of participation in decision-making.Conclusions Supe...
A 20 mK temperature sensor

The authors report tests of a 20-mK temperature sensor made of neutron-transmutation-doped (NTD) germanium, which they have developed for use as a phonon detector in a dark matter search. Current-voltage, responsivity, and AC measurements have been made, and the minimum detectable energy has been estimated. They have found that NTD germanium thermistors around 20 mK have resistances that are a strong function of temperature and have sufficient sensitivity to eventually reach a base line RMS energy fluctuation of 6 eV at 25 mK. The authors consider that further work is needed to understand the extreme sensitivity of the thermistors to bias power. >
Short-Term Physiological Responses of Wild and Hatchery-Produced Red Drum during Angling

Abstract Serum cortisol concentrations, plasma glucose concentrations, plasma lactate concentrations, and plasma osmolalities increased in red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (26.0–65.5 cm total length) during angling in estuarine waters (17–33 g/L salinity, 21–31°C). Angling time varied from as fast as possible (10 s) to the point when fish ceased resisting (up to 350 s). The increases in the physiological characteristics were similar in wild and hatchery-produced fish. This study indicates that hatchery-produced red drum may be used in catch-and-release studies to simulate the responses of wild fish.
A high velocity plate penetration hole diameter relationship based on late time stagnation point flow concepts

Abstract Here we derive a plate penetration hole diameter relationship using late time (steady) stagnation point flow concepts. High-speed impact of thin plates and the ultimate development of penetration holes is an important problem for the practical design of impact/shield/armor systems. Though computational and empirical models provide information concerning plate penetration, a theoretical, late time model provides the convenience and efficiency (computation of the full time history of the impact process is not necessary) of a closed form model with the rational basis of a physics based mathematical relationship. To model the decidedly unsteady behavior of impact and penetration a time dependent lower order solution, i.e. 1-d damped kinematic wave, is used to estimate temporal behavior in the more complete 2-d unsteady stagnation point problem, giving a completely time independent stagnation point model. Shear behavior in the stagnation point model, as well as, damping in the 1-d kinematic wave model are modeled using a nonlinear resistance model which draws upon classical viscous fluid flow relationships. No empirical constants are introduced in the associated resistance relationship. Having obtained the late time stagnation point flow equation, a self-similar solution is sought by posing a separation type solution form. Self-similarity of the stagnation point flow is admitted by treating the penetration coincident flow in the same manner as the 1-d kinematic wave solution. The associated self-similar cross-steam flow equation is solved approximately and combined with the separation solution form to yield late time penetration flow velocity field. Examination of the eigenvalues of the velocity solution gives an explicit relationship for the size of the plate penetration hole. The plate penetration hole diameter solution shows good agreement with CTH simulations (a well validated hydrocode) and experimental data.
Our very own cargo cult

L'A. propose un essai transcendant les frontieres et les genres de l'interpretation du culte du cargo et des millenarismes. Selon lui, le culte du cargo, a l'instar de la culture, est omnipresent non seulement en Melanesie, mais egalement en Europe, et ailleurs : c'est un exemple du fonctionnement du secret comme moyen de desinformation, et dont les effets generaux s'apparentent a ce que les sciences sociales analysent comme etant la culture et la societe. Examinant le culte du cargo classique, l'A. considere egalement les OVNI, les experiences de premier contact des Daribi de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee, leurs cultes post-contact, leur mythe d'origine Souw et la sorcellerie sangguma ou kebere-bidi, ainsi que leur analyse anthropologique ; il est egalement question, entre autres, de cathedrales gothiques. Il suggere par exemple que l'interet des Occidentaux pour les OVNI peut etre compare avec les experiences de premier contact des Daribi. Les conclusions de l'A. sur les possibilites d'interpretation de tous ces phenomenes anthropologiques sont pessimistes : Il semblerait que nous ne saurons jamais vraiment de quoi il s'agit, a moins de progresser dans la comprehension de ce que nous sommes nous-memes. Finalement, tous ces objets anthropologiques sont devenus nos cultes du cargo a nous.
Regulation of cell magnesium

Magnesium is the second most abundant cation within mammalian cells, trailing only potassium. It is also in- dispensable in the cell for a score of reactions and func- tions: it activates a large number of enzymes either di- rectly or by forming complexes with and modifying substrates; it maintains proper conformations of nucleic acids and proteins; it regulates the operation of channels, receptors, and intracellular signalling molecules; it mod- ulates photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, muscle contraction, and nerve excitability; it is indispensable for cell growth and for controlling cell cycle (1, 2). It is thus amazing that we know so little about the cellular homeostasis of Mg2+ and its control. During the past several decades, all the other major cellular cations have engrossed the interest of biological researchers and this has resulted in a detailed elucidation of the various mechanisms of cellular Ca2+, H’, K+, or Na+ homeostasis. In fact, the number of recent published observations for each of these cations is so staggering that it would put the writer in a quandary to write a small review not only on their cellular control but also on individual compo- nents, organelles, or enzymes involved in specific steps of this control. This is not the case for Mg2+, for which observations in the literature related to its cellular control are sparse, despite some encouraging recent progress. The reasons for this limited knowledge are several, but the most prominent reason is that the techniques available for measuring cell Mg2+ are a far cry from those available for measuring other cations. Compounding this deficiency is the fact that the free Mg2+ concentration in cells is high, several orders of magnitude greater than that of Ca2+ or H+. Because of this, even large changes in intra- cellular Mg2+ mobilization represent only a small fraction
State of the Art-Location on Networks: A Survey. Part I: The p-Center and p-Median Problems

Network location problems occur when new facilities are to be located on a network. The network of interest may be a road network, an air transport network, a river network, or a network of shipping lanes. For a given network location problem, the new facilities are often idealized as points, and may be located anywhere on the network; constraints may be imposed upon the problem so that new facilities are not too far from existing facilities. Usually some objective function is to be minimized. For single objective function problems, typically the objective is to minimize either a sum of transport costs proportional to network travel distances between existing facilities and closest new facilities, or a maximum of "losses" proportional to such travel distances, or the total number of new facilities to be located. There is also a growing interest in multiobjective network location problems. Of the approximately 100 references we list, roughly 60 date from 1978 or later; we focus upon work which deals directly with the network of interest, and which exploits the network structure. The principal structure exploited to date is that of a tree, i.e., a connected network without cycles. Tree-like networks may be encountered when having cycles is very expensive, as with portions of interstate highway systems. Further, simple distribution systems with a single distributor at the "hub" can often be modeled as star-like trees. With trees, "reasonable" functions of distance are often convex, whereas for a cyclic network such functions of distance are usually nonconvex. Convexity explains, to some extent, the tractability of tree network location problems.
Temperature Variation of the Elastic Constants of Cubic Elements. I. Copper

The ultrasonic pulse technique has been used in conjunction with a specially devised cryogenic technique to measure the velocities of 10-Mc/sec acoustic waves in copper single crystals in the range from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The values and the temperature variations of the elastic constants have been determined. The room temperature elastic constants were found to agree well with those of other experimental works. Fuchs' theoretical ${c}_{44}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is 10 percent larger than our observed value but his theoretical ${c}_{11}$, ${c}_{12}$, $K$ and (${c}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{12}$) agree well with the observations. The isotropy, $\frac{({c}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{12})}{2{c}_{44}}$, was observed to remain practically constant from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, then to diminish gradually at higher temperatures. Some general features of the temperature variations of elastic constants are discussed.
The Deaf Community and Culture at a Crossroads: Issues and Challenges

The deaf community has seen the development of increasingly sophisticated hearing aids and other assistive technology, a rapid increase in the number of deaf children with cochlear implants, growing acceptance of American Sign Language (ASL), and recognition of Deaf culture. Each of these developments has proponents and critics. There is also ongoing controversy about the most appropriate methods for educating deaf children, especially issues of language and communication. This article uses social construction theory as a framework for discussing these developments and controversies and the diverse perspectives on what it means to be deaf. The authors make recommendations for social workers and other professionals with the central theme that all professionals must be free of bias about choices available to and made by parents of deaf children and by deaf individuals.
Evolving views on the genealogy of B cells

Many fundamental concepts about immune system development have changed substantially in the past few years, and rapid advances with animal models are presenting prospects for further discovery. However, continued progress requires a clearer understanding of the relationships between haematopoietic stem cells and the progenitors that replenish each type of lymphocyte pool. Blood-cell formation has traditionally been described in terms of discrete developmental branch points, and a single route is given for each major cell type. As we discuss in this Review, recent findings suggest that the process of B-cell formation is much more dynamic.
If not now, when?: the effects of interruption at different moments within task execution

User attention is a scarce resource, and users are susceptible to interruption overload. Systems do not reason about the effects of interrupting a user during a task sequence. In this study, we measure effects of interrupting a user at different moments within task execution in terms of task performance, emotional state, and social attribution. Task models were developed using event perception techniques, and the resulting models were used to identify interruption timings based on a user's predicted cognitive load. Our results show that different interruption moments have different impacts on user emotional state and positive social attribution, and suggest that a system could enable a user to maintain a high level of awareness while mitigating the disruptive effects of interruption. We discuss implications of these results for the design of an attention manager.
Acute action of luteinizing hormone on mouse Leydig cells: accumulation of mitochondrial phosphoproteins and stimulation of testosterone synthesis.

Abstract Upon stimulation of Leydig cells with luteinizing hormone (LH) or dibutyryl-3',5'-cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP) at 37°C, two mitochondrial phosphoproteins accumulate with the same stimulant dose response as the increased rate of testosterone synthesis. The proteins pp32 and pp30 have apparent isoelectric points of 6.6 and 6.5 and molecular weights of approximately 32 and 30 kDa respectively, as determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These two phosphoproteins are not detected in mouse adipose or liver cells nor in the total testicular cell population, of which Leydig cells constitute a small percentage. However, both proteins are also observed in mouse adrenal cells stimulated by ACTH or Bt2cAMP. The appearance of pp32 and pp30 is prevented by inhibitors of cytosolic protein translation, indicating that only newly synthesized protein is available as a substrate for phosphorylation. Proteolytic peptide mapping indicates that both of these mouse Leydig and adrenal proteins have structural similarity to pp30 (formerly denoted as ib), the 30 kDa mitochondrial phosphoprotein that we have observed previously in peptide hormone or Bt2cAMP-stimulated rat adrenal cortex (Pon, L.A, Hartigan, J.A. and Orme-Johnson, N.R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 13309–13316; Alberta, J.A., Epstein, L.F., Pon, L.A. and Orme-Johnson, N.R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 2368–2372) and rat corpus luteum cells (Pon, L.A. and Orme-Johnson, N.R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 6694–6599). Since pp32 is a larger mitochondrial protein of similar primary structure to pp30, it is a potential precursor of this protein. Finally, the detection of the mitochondrial phosphoprotein pp30 in a third steroidogenic tissue type and a third species provides further correlative evidence that the production of pp30 may be an integral part of the subcellular mechanism by which peptide hormones stimulate steroid hormone biosynthesis.
Reproductive toxicity of 2,4-toluenediamine in the rat. 2. Spermatogenic and hormonal effects.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the endocrinologic and spermatogenic effects of 2,4‐toluenediamine (IDA) in the rat. Adult mate rats were fed 0, 0.01, and 0.03% TDA ad libitum for 10 wk. At the end of wk 10 and at 11 wk post TDA treatment, the animals were killed, and cauda epididymal sperm counts and reproductive organ weights were determined. Blood samples were obtained for analyses of testosterone and gonadotropins. Treatment with 0.03% TDA for 10 wk reduced the weight of the seminal vesicles and epididymides and reduced serum testosterone levels. Cauda epididymal sperm counts were decreased in animals treated with 0.03% TDA for 10 wk and in TDA‐treated animals placed on normal diet for 11 wk. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were increased and weights of epididymides and testes were reduced in 0.03%‐TDA‐treated animals placed on normal diet for 11 wk. The results indicate that TDA exerts a toxic effect on spermatogenesis and appears to affect androgen action and production in...
PENILE PROSTHESIS CULTURES DURING REVISION SURGERY: A MULTICENTER STUDY

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Initial implantation of inflatable penile prosthesis has a 3% risk of infection. Reoperation of penile implants has a higher rate of infection, estimated between 10% and 18%. To explain the higher risk in revision surgery in this prospective study we cultured clinically uninfected prostheses requiring revision. Prosthesis pain was also investigated as a predictor of positive culture.Materials and Methods:: At 3 institutions cultures were prospectively obtained from 77 clinically uninfected penile prostheses at revision surgery. Immediately upon surgical exposure of the pump cultures were obtained. If a bacterial biofilm was noted on any component it was additionally cultured. All culture isolates positive for a staphylococcus species were tested for sensitivity to rifampin and tetracycline (minocycline). An implant is now available that is coated with these antibiotics. Patient history of chronic prosthesis pain was ascertained.Results:: Culture positive bacteria were found in 54 of 77 (...
Charged vacuum bubble stability

A type of scenario is considered where electrically charged vacuum bubbles, formed from degenerate or nearly degenerate vacua separated by a thin domain wall, are cosmologically produced due to the breaking of a discrete symmetry, with the bubble charge arising from fermions residing within the domain wall. Stability issues associated with wall tension, fermion gas, and Coulombic effects for such configurations are examined. The stability of a bubble depends upon parameters such as the symmetry breaking scale and the fermion coupling. A dominance of either the Fermi gas or the Coulomb contribution may be realized under certain conditions, depending upon parameter values.
Fiber optic confocal microendoscope as a daughter scope for clinical endoscopy

A fluorescence confocal microendoscope has been developed to provide high resolution, in-vivo imaging of cellular pathology. The microendoscope employs a fiber-optic imaging bundle, a miniature objective, and a miniature focusing mechanism to allow imaging in remote locations of the body. The system uses a 2mm diameter flexible catheter that is capped by a rigid opto-mechanical system measuring 3mm in diameter and 12mm in length. The small size of the confocal microendoscope was chosen so that it may be routed through the therapeutic channel of a clinical endoscope, adding microscopic functionality to conventional endoscopy procedures. The confocal nature of the microendoscope provides optical sectioning with 2 micron lateral resolution and 25 micron axial resolution. The pneumatic focusing mechanism located in the distal opto-mechanical assembly allows for imaging to a maximum depth of 200 micron in the tissue. The system is capable of providing conventional grayscale fluorescence images at 10 frames-per-second as well as spatially resolved multi-spectral fluorescence images at several seconds a frame. Preliminary in-vivo results are be presented.
Maintenance-Dose Prediction Based on a Single Determination of Concentration: Dose of Parent Drug Required to Give a Desired Steady-State Concentration of Metabolite

A method for predicting the maintenance dose of parent drug required to give a desired steady-state concentration of metabolite, using a single determination of metabolite concentration in serum following the first dose of parent drug, is described. Clinical evidence that such a method is feasible for the drug-metabolite pair imipramine-desipramine has been reported. The error inherent in an estimation of maintenance dose based on a single determination of metabolite concentration is a function of sampling time and the first-order elimination rate constants for parent drug and metabolite (K and km, respectively). The method is applicable to drug-metabolite pairs in general by selecting the sampling time (t*) to give minimum error: t* equal 1/km + 1.3/K, when km less than or equal to K, and t* equal 1/K + 1.3/km, when km greater than K (bars denote population mean value). The error expected to be encountered in the application of the method to specific drug-metabolite pairs can be analyzed by the graphical methods described.
Studies of Connective Tissue Mast Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

Abstract Although mast cells have been implicated in mediating anti-tumor activity, the kinetics, mechanism(s), and suspectibility of different tumors to mast cell-mediated cytotoxicity have not been defined. Rat connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) of ≥99% purity were investigated in vitro and found to express maximal spontaneous cytotoxicity against the mouse fibrosarcoma cell line WEHI-164 (56.0% ± 2.1 SEM), the ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced, cutaneous fibrosarcoma 5C25 (34.7% ± 3.4 SEM), and the human renal cell tumor Currie (26.8% ± 2.0 SEM) at an effector to target (E:T) ratio of 80: 1. Kinetic studies of CTMC-mediated cytotoxicity demonstrated significant detectable lysis against these tumors within 8 h, which was maximal by 16 h. Binding experiments showed that CTMC formed conjugates with all three lytic-sensitive targets; however, CTMC also attached to the lytic-resistant target YAC-1, indicating that conjugate formation alone is not sufficient for mast cell-mediated cytotoxicity. At two different concentrations, mast cell granules (MCG) lysed WEHI-164 (36.5% ± 6.8 SEM) and 5C25 (34.4% ± 6.9 SEM), but were only slightly cytotoxic (5.7% ± 2.9 SEM) against Currie. A potential role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in CTMC-mediated cytotoxicity also was investigated. Polyclonal antibodies to TNF-α greatly reduced CTMC and TNF-mediated lysis of WEHI-164, but only partially inhibited CTMC killing of the slightly TNF-sensitive 5C25 tumors, and had no effect on CTMC cytolysis of Currie. Thus, this study demonstrates that CTMC mediate cytotoxicity in vitro by both TNF-associated and TNF-independent mechanisms. We conclude that CTMC are capable of mediating antitumor activity and that this effect may be important for tumor surveillance in the skin and other sites.