cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE‐D‐BRB‐02: Predicting Outcomes of Primary and Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer with Principles of Mass Transport

Discoveries in cancer research are impacting patients through development of new therapeutics and better diagnostic tools. However, there is still a lack of understanding about heterogeneity in patient response to these therapeutics, optimizing therapeutic dosing schedules, or predicting complex metastatic patterns due to the complexity of the disease. Heterogeneity of patient response to treatment stems from the intricate interactions with the microenvironment, and distant organs and other environmental pressures including low oxygen, high acidity, and toxic drugs. To deconvolute some of this complexity physical scientists are using intricate tools to improve cancer diagnosis and predict drug resistance. Also to predict tumor growth and response to therapeutics, computational scientists are developing mathematical tools that link physical sciences or evolutionary sciences approaches with experimental and clinical data. These models yield predictions based on initial parameters obtained from patient clinical data, such as noninvasive imaging. This session will highlight the utilization of these mathematical and physical tools to predict patient response to treatment options, predict the optimal drug dosing schedule, and improve cancer diagnosis. This approach could be further enhanced by developing tools and models to chart the progress of stressed, aging tissue towards the progression to uncontrolled cell growth and mutational meltdown even before the diagnosis. Learning Objectives: 1. To learn about treatment response heterogeneity 2. To learn about tumor evolutionary capabilities 3. To learn about mathematical tools that link physical sciences with experimental and clinical data
Obtaining R&D Joint Venture Co-operation Under Prisoners’ Dilemma Incentives:: Logic and Experiment

A subset of all R&D joint ventures is characterized by actions and payoffs most similar to a Prisoners’ Dilemma game. Firms may cooperate or defect in the venture. When it is unfeasible to obtain independent verification of the venture inputs and outcome, then the dominant solution to the Prisoners’ Dilemma – mutual defection – results. This paper proposes the use of a new revelation mechanism that truthfully determines whether defection has occurred in order to trigger penalties. Cooperation results. A simplified version of the solution is tested experimentally and shows a significant improvement in cooperation level results.
Singularities as Features of Deformation Grids

Biological shape differences often are represented as diffeomorphisms of a Cartesian coordinate grid. This paper suggests that their spatially discrete, localized features, for instance the details that suggest underlying developmental or pathological processes, can often be identified with variants of the singularity (x,y) → (x,x2y + y3). This is an unfamiliar singularity, generic of codimension 1, at which a pair of cusps appears as a function of a parameter for “extrapolation.” I introduce canonical coordinates for such singularities and show how they may be used to produce objective reports of grids encountered in an empirical context. An example is shown involving the corpus callosum in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. These features appear to be robust under relaxation of bending energy against Euclidean distance, the analogue to multiscale analysis for discrete punctate data.
ACCURATE DRAG PREDICTION - A PREREQUISITE FOR DRAG REDUCTION RESEARCH

An improved technique for drag prediction based on the analysis of wake flows is presented and demonstrated. The technique is demonstrated using three-dimensional flow field solutions obtained with several Euler codes. The flow field solutions are obtained for several wing configurations at both lifting and nonlifting conditions for a range of speeds. At subsonic speeds, the induced-drag prediction is shown to be more accurate (and virtually independent of numerical viscosity levels in the Euler flow field solutions) than the prediction obtained by surface integration. At transonic speeds, a separate wave-drag prediction procedure allows the decomposition of the total inviscid drag into wave drag and induced drag. Preliminary results indicate that the drag-prediction technique in a slightly revised form may be applicable to predict induced drag and wave drag at supersonic speeds.
Fifty Years of Flight Research: An Annotated Bibliography of Technical Publications of NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, 1946-1996

Titles, authors, report numbers, and abstracts are given for more than 2200 unclassified and unrestricted technical reports and papers published from September 1946 to December 1996 by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center and its predecessor organizations. These technical reports and papers describe and give the results of 50 years of flight research performed by the NACA and NASA, from the X-1 and other early X-airplanes, to the X-15, Space Shuttle, X-29 Forward Swept Wing, and X-31 aircraft. Some of the other research airplanes tested were the D-558, phase 1 and 2; M-2, HL-10 and X-24 lifting bodies; Digital Fly-By-Wire and Supercritical Wing F-8; XB-70; YF-12; AFTI F-111 TACT and MAW; F-15 HiDEC; F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle, and F-18 Systems Research Aircraft. The citations of reports and papers are listed in chronological order, with author and aircraft indices. In addition, in the appendices, citations of 233 contractor reports, more than 200 UCLA Flight System Research Center reports and 25 video tapes are included.
Diallyl Disulfide Inhibits TNF-alpha Induced CCL2 Release Through MAPK/ERK and NF-Kappa-B Signaling

TNFα receptors are constitutively overexpressed in tumor cells, correlating to sustain elevated NFκB and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1 /CCL2) expression. The elevation of CCL2 evokes aggres...
Three-dimensional modelling of horizontal chemical vapor deposition: I. MOCVD at atmospheric pressure

A systematic numerical study of the MOCVD of GaAs from trimethylgallium and arsine in hydrogen or nitrogen carrier gas at atmospheric pressure is reported. Three-dimensional effects are explored for CVD reactors with large and small cross-sectional aspect ratios, and the effects on growth rate uniformity of tilting the susceptor are investigated for various input flow rates. It is found that, for light carrier gases, thermal diffusion must be included in the model. Buoyancy-driven three-dimensional flow effects can greatly influence the growth rate distribution through the reactor. The importance of the proper design of the lateral thermal boundary conditions for obtaining layers of uniform thickness is emphasized.
The geographic mosaic of herbicide resistance evolution in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea: Evidence for resistance hotspots and low genetic differentiation across the landscape

Strong human-mediated selection via herbicide application in agroecosystems has repeatedly led to the evolution of resistance in weedy plants. Although resistance can occur among separate populations of a species across the landscape, the spatial scale of resistance in many weeds is often left unexamined. We assessed the potential that resistance to the herbicide glyphosate in the agricultural weed Ipomoea purpurea has evolved independently multiple times across its North American range. We examined both adaptive and neutral genetic variations in 44 populations of I. purpurea by pairing a replicated dose-response greenhouse experiment with SSR genotyping of experimental individuals. We uncovered a mosaic pattern of resistance across the landscape, with some populations exhibiting high-survival postherbicide and other populations showing high death. SSR genotyping revealed little evidence of isolation by distance and very little neutral genetic structure associated with geography. An approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analysis uncovered evidence for migration and admixture among populations before the widespread use of glyphosate rather than the very recent contemporary gene flow. The pattern of adaptive and neutral genetic variations indicates that resistance in this mixed-mating weed species appears to have evolved in independent hotspots rather than through transmission of resistance alleles across the landscape.
Disclosure Two Ways

This article is an initial attempt to compare the pre-abortion disclosure mandates that have proliferated in the two decades since the Court decided Planned Parenthood v. Casey with laws that, in the context of assisted reproduction and reproductive health, require specific disclosures beyond a state's baseline informed consent requirements. While some scholars have characterized pre-abortion disclosure laws as sui generis, they share some important common features with disclosure mandates in the context of oocyte donation and other reproductive health procedures. This article suggests that in critiquing pre-abortion disclosure mandates, scholars and advocates should be careful to differentiate the use of disclosure laws in general from uses where the government interest conveys a moral preference against a particular procedure.
DNA Markers of Oxidative Processes in Vivo: Relevance to Carcinogenesis and Anticarcinogenesis

Abstract Understanding endogenous mechanisms of carcinogenesis through measuring oxidative markers has advanced greatly in the past decade, paralleling similar achievements in exogenous carcinogenesis through measurements of DNA-adduct markers. Understanding the mechanisms of genesis, metabolism, and physiological properties of the products of oxidative stress is essential in determining products that are specific molecular markers. Measurement technology allows sensitive detection, monitoring, and quantitation of oxidative DNA markers both locally in tissue and systematically in body fluids. Both approaches can be used to assess oxidative stress. Although measurement of markers of oxidative stress relevant to carcinogenesis is at an early stage of development, this approach will probably become an integral part of early diagnostics and the assessment of tumor metabolism. For comprehensive understanding of endogenous carcinogenesis, oxidative markers of protein and lipid damage are also necessary. A larger and perhaps more important application of oxidative markers is in anticarcinogenesis, particularly chemoprevention. Because urinary markers are a noninvasive methodology, they are especially appropriate for assessing and indexing the anticarcinogenic potential of diets and foods from modulation of the rate of DNA damage, which may be correlated with mutagenic and, ultimately, carcinogenic potential.
Systematic analysis of bounds on power consumption in pipelined and non-pipelined multipliers

The paper presents a systematic theoretical approach for the analysis of bounds on power consumption in Baugh-Wooley, binary tree and Wallace tree multipliers. This is achieved by first developing state transition diagrams (STDs) for the sub circuits making up the multipliers. The STD is comprised of states and edges, with the edges representing a transition (switching activity) from one state to another in the sub circuit. Then, maximum (minimum) energy values associated with the edges constituting the STDs are used to derive the zipper (lower) bound in both non pipelined and p-bit level pipelined multipliers. It is shown that as p is decreased, the upper bound approaches the lower bound. Moreover, based on the theoretical analysis we conclude that the upper bound in a Baugh-Wooley multiplier has a cubic dependence on the word length, while that in a binary tree multiplier has a quadratic dependence on the word length.
Managing a Disaster Scene and Multiple Casualties Before Help Arrives

As the largest group of health care professionals in the United States and a component of almost every community, nurses may be called upon to initiate the emergency response and provide initial planning for health care until local, national, or federal assistance arrives. This article will assist nurses in anticipating, preparing for, and responding to multi-casualty, high-impact events. It concludes with a discussion of triage of multi-casualties in the face of scarce resources. It includes resources for more in-depth information on prevention, preparedness and planning, and the health system's response.
Enhancement of chlorcyclizine teratogenicity in the rat by coadministration of calcium chelating agents.

Chlorcyclizine and structurally related drugs induce a high incidence of cleft palate and skeletal malformations in fetal rats. We have shown previously that these teratogens bind tightly and reversibly to chondroitin sulfate of cartilage and compete with calcium for binding. Experiments reported here demonstrate that co-administration of calcium chelating agents with chlorcyclizine significantly increases both the frequency of malformations and retention of [14C] chlorcyclizine by embryos. Retention of radioactive teratogen by embryos is inverse to retention of [45Ca] calcalcium. These findings suggest that drug binding to embryonic glycosaminoglycans is involved in the pathogenesis of malformations produced by chlorcyclizine.
Reflectance spectra of praseodymium oxides in the composition range Pr2O3 to Pr6O11

Abstract The spectra of praseodymium oxides (PrO χ ) has been studied in the composition range 1·5 ≤ x ≤ 1·83 from 200 to 2000 mμ. An ultra-violet cut-off was observed at about 320 mμ. Electronic transitions associated with the praseodymium ion are observed in the spectral range 400–650 mμ, and a band observed in the near infra-red which begins at 900 mμ.
How Does District Principal Evaluation Affect Learning-Centered Principal Leadership? Evidence from Michigan School Districts.

This study used Hierarchical Multivariate Linear models to investigate relationships between principals' behaviors and district principal evaluation purpose, focus, and assessed leadership activities in 13 school districts in Michigan. The study found that principals were more likely to engage in learning-centered leadership behaviors when the purposes of evaluation included principal professional development, school restructuring, and accountability; when the focus of evaluation was related to instructional leadership; and when evaluation addressed leadership in school goal setting, curriculum design, teacher professional development and evaluation, and monitoring student learning. The findings from this study have implications for improving district evaluation policies and practices.
Habits, habitats, and heredity: A brief history of studies in human plasticity

There has long been controversy concerning the relative importance of environment and ancestry in determining the characteristics of living creatures including members of the human species. At the beginning of the present century most biologists and anthropologists seem to have assumed that environment had little or no effect upon our bodily traits. We inherited them. The studies of Franz Boas on Changes in bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants cast doubts upon this assumption, and provoked considerable resentment. Since 1911, however, quite a few scholars have confirmed and elaborated upon the findings of Boas. At the same time, many other studies have demonstrated secular changes in bodily size and shape within quite a few different populations. The idea of bodily plasticity has therefore, by this decade, become quite acceptable. This paper recounts the historical sequence of events leading to the change in anthropological assumptions, mentioning the scholars whose work contributed to this important advance in scientific understanding.
Scheduling file transfers for trees and odd cycles

The scheduling of file transfers in networks to minimize the overall finishing time was studied by Coffman, et al. where the schedule does not permit interruption and each communication module can be used as a transmitter and as a receiver. They first presented complexity results under various conditions. Then they showed that the general problem is NP-complete and provided approximation algorithms. This paper first presents more efficient approximation algorithms with better performances than the above authors’ algorithms for the cases of trees and multitrees. Furthermore, there are simple distributed implementations of our approximation algorithms. Then this paper provides a polynomial time algorithm for finding an optimum schedule for an odd cycle, whose complexity was left as an open question by the above authors.
Explanations of pedophilia: A four factor model

We review a variety of theories that have been proposed to explain why adults become sexually interested in and involved with children. All the theories appear to be directed to explaining one of four factors: (a) emotional congruence—why the adult has an emotional need to relate to a child; (b) sexual arousal—why the adult could become sexually aroused by a child; (c) blockage—why alternative sources of sexual and emotional gratification are not available; or (d) disinhibition—why the adult is not deterred from such an interest by normal prohibitions. We illustrate how these four factors can be combined to explain more of the diversity in pedophilic behavior than is usually explained by single factor theories. We also introduce the idea of viewing types of pedophilia on a continuum rather than in the traditional way of treating them as dichotomies.
Synthesis of low power clock trees for handling power-supply variations

The International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD) 2010 contest presents the challenge of synthesizing clock distribution networks that are tolerant to severe power-supply and wire-width variations. In particular, a robust clock network should satisfy the local clock skew (LCS) constraint, i.e., the clock skew between any pair of sequential elements that are closer than a user-specified distance is below a user-specified limit, even in the presence of variations. In this paper, we identify a few factors that help in tolerating these variations in clock trees. Our proposed clock tree router uses a two-stage flow to construct low-power clock trees for which the LCS constraints are met. Our clock tree router has been tested on ISPD'10 contest benchmark circuits. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations showed that low power clock tree solutions could effectively handle variations, even when we imposed more stringent conditions in the experimental setup.
Dynamics of Functionalized Surface Molecular Monolayers Studied with Ultrafast Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy

The structural dynamics of thin films consisting of tricarbonyl (1,10-phenanthroline)rhenium chloride (RePhen(CO)(3)Cl) linked to an alkyl silane monolayer through a triazole linker synthesized on silica-on-calcium-fluoride substrates are investigated using ultrafast infrared (IR) techniques. Ultrafast 2D IR vibrational echo experiments and polarization selective heterodyne detected transient grating (HDTG) measurements, as well as polarization dependent FT-IR and AFM experiments are employed to study the samples. The vibrational echo experiments measure spectral diffusion, while the HDTG experiments measure the vibrational excited state population relaxation and investigate the vibrational transition dipole orientational anisotropy decay. To investigate the anticipated impact of vibrational excitation transfer, which can be caused by the high concentration of RePhen(CO)(3)Cl in the monolayer, a concentration dependence of the spectral diffusion is measured. To generate a range of concentrations, mixed monolayers consisting of both hydrogen terminated and triazole/RePhen(CO)(3)Cl terminated alkyl silanes are synthesized. It is found that the measured rate of spectral diffusion is independent of concentration, with all samples showing spectral diffusion of 37 ± 6 ps. To definitively test for vibrational excitation transfer, polarization selective HDTG experiments are conducted. Excitation transfer will cause anisotropy decay. Polarization resolved heterodyne detected transient grating spectroscopy is sensitive to anisotropy decay (depolarization) caused by excitation transfer and molecular reorientation. The HDTG experiments show no evidence of anisotropy decay on the appropriate time scale, demonstrating the absence of excitation transfer the RePhen(CO)(3)Cl. Therefore the influence of excitation transfer on spectral diffusion is inconsequential in these samples, and the vibrational echo measurements of spectral diffusion report solely on structural dynamics. A small amount of very fast (~2 ps time scale) anisotropy decay is observed. The decay is concentration independent, and is assigned to wobbling-in-a-cone orientational motions of the RePhen(CO)(3)Cl. Theoretical calculations reported previously for experiments on a single concentration of the same type of sample suggested the presence of some vibrational excitation transfer and excitation transfer induced spectral diffusion. Possible reasons for the experimentally observed lack of excitation transfer in these high concentration samples are discussed.
Secretion from bacterial versus mammalian cells yields a recombinant scFv with variable folding properties

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most commonly used organism for expressing antibody fragments such as single chain antibody Fvs (scFvs). Previously, we have utilized E. coli to express well-folded scFvs for characterization and engineering purposes with the goal of using these engineered proteins as building blocks for generating IgG-like bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). In the study, described here, we observed a significant difference in the secondary structure of an scFv produced in E. coli and the same scFv expressed and secreted from chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as part of a BsAb. We devised a proteolytic procedure to separate the CHO-derived scFv from its antibody-fusion partner and compared its properties with those of the E. coli-derived scFv. In comparison to the CHO-derived scFv, the E. coli-derived scFv was found trapped in a misfolded, but monomeric state that was stable for months at 4 °C. The misfolded state bound antigen in a heterogeneous fashion that included non-specific binding, which made functional characterization challenging. This odd incidence of obtaining a misfolded scFv from bacteria suggests careful characterization of the folded properties of bacterially expressed scFvs is warranted if anomalous issues with antigen-binding or non-specificity occur during an engineering campaign. Additionally, our proteolytic methodology for obtaining significant levels of intact scFvs from highly expressed IgG-like antibody proteins serves as a robust method for producing scFvs in CHO without the use of designed cleavage motifs.
The use of biochemical and molecular parameters to estimate dose-response relationships at low levels of exposure.

Abstract Biomarkers based on alterations in molecular and biochemical parameters may be useful in chemical risk assessment for establishing the presence of an exposure, ranking relative risks among exposed individuals, and estimating risks at low levels of exposure. Because it is unlikely that the relation between toxic responses and the degree of alteration in the biomarker is equivalent at all doses, quantification of risks at low levels is not necessarily more accurate using these biomarkers for extrapolation. The application of response biomarkers for risk evaluation at low levels of exposure is discussed in relation to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a compound that causes induction of cytochromes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in liver and other tissues. CYP1A1 induction in liver increases monotonically with TCDD dosage; however, several of the dose-response curves for hepatic effects of TCDD are U-shaped. The U-shaped dose-response curve for hepatic tumor promotion appears to result because the integrated toxicologic response depends on multiple underlying processes--mitosuppression, toxicity, and cell proliferation--each of which has a different dose-response relationship with respect to TCDD. Although dose-response relationships for the biomarkers are not expected to duplicate the complex shapes seen with the integrated responses, measurements and pharmacodynamic modeling of the changes in these molecular and biochemical parameters can still be useful for obtaining an upperbound risk estimate at low levels of exposure.
Lab-on-a-chip: applications in proteomics

Recent advances in chip-based separation of proteins provide methods that are faster and more convenient than conventional gel electrophoresis. Rapid and automated protein sizing on a chip is at the commercial stage and first attempts have been made to perform two-dimensional separation on a chip. Numerous designs have been described to interface a microfluidic chip to a mass spectrometer. Impressive integration efforts are demonstrated by the ability to perform on-chip trypsin digestion, separation and injection into a mass spectrometer with a single device.
Separate Modeling Approaches for Survival Analysis with Inaccurate Covariate Measurements

To fit the Cox regression model with time-varying covariate, ideally we need values of the covariate available for all patients in the risk set at each event time. But in reality, the covariate measurements are collected at limited patient-specific time points, and the data used for analysis are typically inaccurate with imputation errors. Four separate modeling-based methods for survival analysis with inaccurate covariate measurements are evaluated through extensive simulation studies. It is found that our proposed new method, which is based on the maximum likelihood principle, performs the best and is superior to a well-known method proposed by Prentice. These findings aid practitioners in the decision of which method to choose in practice and shed light on the direction of further research work.
A New Subfamily in Anobiidae (Coleoptera)

The diphyletic Dorcatominae sens. lat. is split and Tricoryninae, New Subfamily, is erected. The latter is composed of Tricorynus Waterhouse, Cryptorama Fall, and Mesocoelopus Jacquelin duVal. Illustrations and a discussion of the morphology of selected species are presented to demonstrate that Calymmaderus Solier and Tricorynus of the Dorcatominae sens. lat. have different origins.
REDD1 Protects Osteoblast Cells from Gamma Radiation-Induced Premature Senescence

Radiotherapy is commonly used for cancer treatment. However, it often results in side effects due to radiation damage in normal tissue, such as bone marrow (BM) failure. Adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) reside in BM next to the endosteal bone surface, which is lined primarily by hematopoietic niche osteoblastic cells. Osteoblasts are relatively more radiation-resistant than HSPCs, but the mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that the stress response gene REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1) was highly expressed in human osteoblast cell line (hFOB) cells after γ irradiation. Knockdown of REDD1 with siRNA resulted in a decrease in hFOB cell numbers, whereas transfection of PCMV6-AC-GFP-REDD1 plasmid DNA into hFOB cells inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p21 expression and protected these cells from radiation-induced premature senescence (PS). The PS in irradiated hFOB cells were characterized by significant inhibition of clonogenicity, activation of senescence biomarker SA-β-gal, and the senescence-associated cytokine secretory phenotype (SASP) after 4 or 8 Gy irradiation. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that the stress response proteins p53 and nuclear factor κ B (NFkB) interacted with REDD1 in hFOB cells. Knockdown of NFkB or p53 gene dramatically suppressed REDD1 protein expression in these cells, indicating that REDD1 was regulated by both factors. Our data demonstrated that REDD1 is a protective factor in radiation-induced osteoblast cell premature senescence.
Renal parenchymal accumulation of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats.

The half-life of gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, and streptomycin, after a single subcutaneous injection, was measured in homogenates of lung, liver, and kidney in rats, and the results were compared with the half-life of these drugs in serum. Urinary excretion of antibiotics was also monitored. The half-life of the four drugs in serum and lung was approximately 30-35 min. Concentrations in the liver were regularly lower than concentrations in serum or lung. In renal tissue, gentamicin, tobramycin, and kanamycin had long half-lives of 109, 74, and 60 hr, respectively. Streptomycin, on the other hand, had a half-life of 4.6 hr. Separation of the kidneys into cortex and medulla showed that streptomycin was uniformly distributed, whereas 85% of the gentamicin, tobramycin, and kanamycin resided in the cortex. These antibiotics accumulate in the renal cortex, probably intracellularly, and have long half-lives.
A five year retrospective study of short term respiratory support outcomes for infants who received tracheostomy before one year of age

Abstract Objectives This study aims to describe respiratory support requirements at the time of hospital discharge for infants who undergo tracheostomy, and to determine whether certain indications for tracheostomy are significantly associated with ventilator or oxygen dependence at the time of discharge. Methods Retrospective chart review identified 150 patients who underwent tracheostomy before 1 year of age at a single center from 2007 to 2012 and were discharged alive. Patients were divided into groups based on primary indication for tracheostomy: chronic lung disease (CLD); cardiac; airway anomalies (e.g., tracheomalacia, subglottic stenosis); anatomic anomalies of head, neck and chest; neuro/muscular; mixed group (>1 primary indication). Chi-squared tests were used to compare respiratory support requirements at time of discharge, as well as need for supplemental oxygen. Results Of the 150 patients included in the study, three were discharged on room air alone. Of those 147 who did require some form of support at discharge, significant differences were found between groups when comparing CPAP to ventilator support. For example, of the patients with CLD, 82% were discharged on ventilator support whereas of those with a primary airway indication nearly 54% were discharged on CPAP. Significant differences were also found among groups when comparing patients discharged on room air vs. supplemental oxygen. Patients with CLD were more likely to be discharged on supplemental oxygen (p = 0.001) whereas of the patients with anatomic indication 77% required no supplemental oxygen at the time of discharge. Conclusion Respiratory support needs at the time of discharge for neonates who underwent tracheostomy varied significantly depending on the initial indication for tracheostomy. Information about respiratory requirements of infants who undergo tracheostomy can help clinicians counsel families and anticipate post-discharge needs.
Enzymatic Conversion of 6‑Nitroquinoline to the Fluorophore 6‑Aminoquinoline Selectively under Hypoxic Conditions

There is substantial interest in small molecules that can be used to detect or kill the hypoxic (low oxygen) cells found in solid tumors. Nitroaryl moieties are useful components in the design of hypoxia-selective imaging agents and prodrugs because one-electron reductases can convert the nitroaryl group to nitroso, hydroxylamino, and amino metabolites selectively under low oxygen conditions. Here, we describe the in vitro, cell free metabolism of a pro-fluorescent substrate, 6-nitroquinoline (1) under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Both LC-MS and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses provided evidence that the one-electron reducing enzyme system, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, converted the nonfluorescent parent compound 1 to the known fluorophore 6-aminoquinoline (2) selectively under hypoxic conditions. The presumed intermediate in this reduction process, 6-hydroxylaminoquinoline (6), is fluorescent and can be efficiently converted by xanthine/xanthine oxidase to 2 only under hypoxic conditions. This finding provides evidence for multiple oxygen-sensitive steps in the enzymatic conversion of nitroaryl compounds to the corresponding amino derivatives. In a side reaction that is separate from the bioreductive metabolism of 1, xanthine oxidase converted 1 to 6-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one (5). These studies may enable the use of 1 as a fluorescent substrate for the detection and profiling of one-electron reductases in cell culture or biopsy samples. In addition, the compound may find use as a fluorogenic probe for the detection of hypoxia in tumor models. The occurrence of side products such as 5 in the enzymatic bioreduction of 1 underscores the importance of metabolite identification in the characterization of hypoxia-selective probes and drugs that employ nitroaryl units as oxygen sensors.
Induction of metamorphosis in queen conch, Strombus gigas Linnaeus, larvae by cues associated with red algae from their nursery grounds

Strombus gigas Linnaeus larvae are induced to metamorphose by a selection of substrata from their nursery grounds. The most effective inducers are cues associated with red algae, specifically Laurencia poitei (Lamouroux) Howe and the epiphyte Fosliella sp. (Foslie) found on Thalassia testudinum Koenig detritus. Larvae metamorphose in response to these intact rhodophytes and to aqueous extracts of these species. The cues associated with Laurencia poitei and Fosliella sp. are water soluble and of low molecular size (<1 kDa). They are stable over time (≈ 12 months) and their activity is not altered by heat treatment (10 min of boiling). Although the larvae respond to aqueous extracts of the red algae, their response in the presence of whole plants appears to be contact or near surface dependent. Unlike many invertebrate larvae that are induced to metamorphose by red algal species, Strombus gigas do not respond to the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The responses of the larvae to the various nursery ground substrata and to cues isolated from their extracts is discussed in relation to temporal and spatial variability in the suitability of seagrass beds as sites for conch metamorphosis.
Self- and air-broadened cross sections of ethane (C2H6) determined by frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy near 1.68 µm

Abstract The absorption spectrum of ethane was measured by frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy over the wave number range 5950–5967 cm−1. Spectra are reported for both pure ethane acquired at pressures near 3 Pa and mixtures of ethane in air at pressures ranging from 666 Pa to 101.3 kPa. Absorption cross sections are reported with a spectrum sampling period of 109 MHz and frequency resolution of 200 kHz. Atmospheric pressure cross sections agree fairly well with existing cross sections determined by FTS in nitrogen, but there are significant variations in cross sections at lower pressures. Source identification of fugitive methane emissions using spectroscopic measurements of the atmospheric ethane-to-methane ratio is also discussed.
Photolithographic synthesis of cyclic peptide arrays using a differential deprotection strategy

We report here a strategy for the photolithographic synthesis of diverse, spatially addressable arrays of cyclic peptides which employs a differential deprotection strategy for the combinatorial addition of side chains to a pre-fabricated cyclic core.
A Semantic Information Model for Capturing and Communicating Design Decisions

A semantic information model to improve reuse and communication of engineering design knowledge is presented in this paper. We consider design to be a process involving a sequence of decisions informed by the current state of information. As such, the information model developed is structured to reflect the conceptualizations of engineering design decisions with a particular emphasis on semantically capturing design rationale. Through the approach presented, knowledge reuse is achieved by communicating design rationale. A case study is presented to illustrate two key features of the approach: (1) seamless integration of separate modular domain ontologies and instance knowledge related to engineering design that are needed to support decision making and (2) the explicit documentation of design rationale through design decisions.
Vertebral compression fracture rules

COMMENTARY ON Postacchini R, Paolino M, Faraglia S, et al. Assessment of patient's pain-related behavior at physical examination may allow diagnosis of recent osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Spine J. 2013;13:1126–33.
A functional analysis of certain chipped stone tools

A Late Prehistoric period buffalo kill and butchering site in northern Wyoming (Site 48 JO 312) produced a large number of stone tools. Flakes removed in sharpening stone tools provided much of the interpretation of the activity that occurred at the site and in addition gave a number of ideas concerning tool use and sharpening.
Sequence-preserving parallel IP lookup using multiple SRAM-based pipelines

SRAM (static random access memory)-based pipelined algorithmic solutions have become competitive alternatives to TCAMs (ternary content addressable memories) for high-throughput IP lookup. Multiple pipelines can be utilized in parallel to improve the throughput further. However, several challenges must be addressed to make such solutions feasible. First, the memory distribution over different pipelines, as well as across different stages of each pipeline, must be balanced. Second, the traffic among these pipelines should be balanced. Third, the intra-flow packet order (i.e. the sequence) must be preserved. In this paper, we propose a parallel SRAM-based multi-pipeline architecture for IP lookup. A two-level mapping scheme is developed to balance the memory requirement among the pipelines as well as across the stages in each pipeline. To balance the traffic, we propose an early caching scheme to exploit the data locality inherent in the architecture. Our technique uses neither a large reorder buffer nor complex reorder logic. Instead, a flow-aware queuing scheme exploiting the flow information is used to maintain the intra-flow sequence. Extensive simulation using real-life traffic traces shows that the proposed architecture with 8 pipelines can achieve a throughput of up to 10 billion packets per second, i.e. 3.2 Tbps for minimum size (40 bytes) packets, while preserving intra-flow packet order.
Effect of Total Body X-Irradiation on the Parakeet.

SummaryThe LD 50-30 for adult parakeets exposed to total body irradiation by x-rays at the rate of 23 r per minute is 1800 ± 75 r. The destruction and regeneration of the hematopoietic tissue is similar to that observed in mammals. The kidneys may be more susceptible and the intestinal tract less so than the same organs in mammals.
THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WORD ASSOCIATION TEST, OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TEST SCORES AND RATINGS OF CLINICAL BEHAVIOR IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS.

Abstract A 50-item word association test, selected personality scales and behavior ratings on the MACC scale were collected on 46 psychiatric in-patients. The internal structure of the word association test as well as correlations with personality inventories and behavior ratings were studied. Intra-test analysis of the association test indicates two independent dimensions, cognitive-memory disorganization and disturbances in reaction time. The cognitive-memory disturbance indices correlate with the Pa scale of the MMPI but not with the Pt, K, and MAS and only slightly with Hy. The degree of social isolation of a patient is predictable from the word association scores of cognitive-memory disruption while the personality inventory scales are better at predicting patients' arousal or tension level as rated by staff.
Use of dasatinib and nilotinib in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia: translating preclinical findings to clinical practice

The BCR-ABL inhibitor imatinib revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, resistance and intolerance to imatinib have emerged as substantial clinical issues. The mechanisms underlying resistance are multifactorial and may include mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL, increased production of BCR-ABL, or activation of BCR-ABL-independent pathways. Two second-line BCR-ABL inhibitors are now approved for treatment of patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. Dasatinib is a dual BCR-ABL/Src-family kinase (SFK) inhibitor approved for patients with imatinib-resistant and -intolerant CML in any phase and Ph+ ALL. Nilotinib, an analogue of imatinib, is approved for the treatment of imatinib-resistant or -intolerant patients with chronic or accelerated phase CML. Both agents have shown significant clinical activity in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML, and their approval represents a major advancement in the treatment options available. Choosing the most appropriate treatment after imatinib failure may be critical in attaining the best possible long-term prognosis. The presence of certain disease characteristics (e.g. specific BCR-ABL mutations) or patient comorbidities may facilitate more effective treatment. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of imatinib resistance and preclinical and clinical data with dasatinib and nilotinib which may have potential use for guiding second-line treatment decisions.
THE W BOSON MASS MEASUREMENT USING THE COLLIDER DETECTOR AT FERMILAB

As one of the most important parameters in the Standard Model (SM), the mass of the W boson (mW) is currently the limiting factor in our ability to tighten the constraint on the mass of the Higgs boson (mH) within the SM framework. This review summarizes the world's most precise mW measurement to date using ~2.2 fb-1 data collected in collisions at with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. This review will first describe the motivation for improving the precision of mW measurement, then present the details of this analysis, followed by the final measurement result and the future perspective.
Solid-State C-13 NMR Studies of Vulcanized Elastomers XIII. TBBS Accelerated, Sulfur-Vulcanization of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber

Abstract Solid state C-13 NMR has been used to compare the chemistry of accelerated vulcanization of natural rubber using N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide in the presence and absence of carbon black. The carbon black filler has an influence on the vulcanization chemistry in addition to its accepted role in reinforcment and stabilization. The basic network structure formation is modified to the extent that crosslink desulfurization from poly to monosulflde structures occurs earlier in the cure in the presence of carbon black. No main chain scission or double bond migration was detected.
The effect of the red cell membrane and a diffusion boundary layer on the rate of oxygen uptake by human erythrocytes

1. This paper deals with the contributions of the red cell membrane and an external diffusion boundary layer (‘unstirred layer’) to the resistance to O2 entry into the red cell. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was added to the extracellular fluid to enhance the effect of the diffusion boundary layer by diminishing both the solubility and the diffusivity of O2. The rate of O2 uptake by human red cells at various extracellular BSA concentrations was determined with a stopped-flow rapid-reaction apparatus. 2. The initial rate of O2 uptake by the red cells was directly proportional to the diffusion coefficient of O2 in the extracellular fluid. 3. If the diffusion boundary layer and the plasma membrane are considered as resistors in series, we estimate that 82-100% of the total resistance to O2 entering the cell is due to the diffusion boundary layer. Our best estimate is that 95% of the resistance resides in the diffusion boundary layer. 4. Our best estimate of the O2 permeability of the red cell membrane is 3·15 × 10−6 m-mole/(cm2 sec mmHg). With this permeability the membrane would account for only 5% of the total resistance to O2 entering the cell. Partly because the membrane O2 diffusion resistance is a small fraction of the total resistance our estimate of the membrane resistance has a large standard deviation. Taking our estimate of the membrane resistance plus and minus its standard deviation we find that the membrane may account for 0-18% of the total resistance to O2 entering the cell. 5. The effective thickness of the diffusion boundary layer immediately after mixing is about 1·93 μm according to our analysis.
Neural network compression for medical images: the dynamic autoassociative neural net compression system

This paper discusses the use of a novel model of neural networks, the generalized neural network model, to build the primitives for an adaptive compression system. This model adds to the today's connectionist model paradigms to include the behave-act, evolve-learn, and behave-control functions of neural networks, which allow the definition of connectionist systems that overcome the drawbacks of previous feedforward neural network-based compression systems. The approach yields a compression system that surpasses known compression algorithms in three main aspects: very high compression rate with a low introduced distortion, ability to tackle a broad set of data, and feasibility for on-line real-time compression.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Symposium: Understanding the interaction of stress and gender in the prediction of major depression – Introduction

Three articles from a symposium on stress and depression in women are introduced. Women's exposure to stress, their cognitive and biological coping processes, and the stressful contexts of their lives may all contribute to the higher rates of depression in women compared with men. Mazure and Maciejewski discuss the role of women's cognitions about relevant stressors, Hammen discusses women's interpersonal environment and stress, and Penza, Heim and Nemeroff discuss biological stress reactions and the effects of early exposure to abuse.
Fretting behavior of shot peened Ti–6Al–4V under slip controlled mode

Abstract Fretting tests of shot peened Ti–6Al–4V were conducted under slip controlled mode using a dual actuator test setup which could apply an independent pad displacement at a given applied bulk stress. Fretting regime was identified based on the hysteresis loop of tangential force versus relative slip range and the evolution of tangential force. Fretting regime changed from partial slip to mixed slip and then to gross slip with increasing relative slip range, and the transition from mixed to gross slip occurred at a relative slip range of ∼50 μm regardless of the applied bulk stress magnitude for both shot peened and unpeened specimens. Fretting fatigue life initially decreased as the relative slip range increased and reached to a minimum value, and then increased with an increase of the relative slip range due to the transition in fretting regime from mixed slip to gross slip. Shot peened specimens had longer fatigue life than unpeened specimens at a given relative slip range, but the minimum fatigue life was at the same value of the relative slip range for both shot peened and unpeened specimens. The relationship between relative slip and fatigue life was also found to be independent of the applied bulk stress level. Further, tangential force was directly related to relative slip and this relationship was independent of other fretting variables.