cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axioms of symmetry: Throwing darts at the real number line

We will give a simple philosophical “proof” of the negation of Cantor's continuum hypothesis (CH). (A formal proof for or against CH from the axioms of ZFC is impossible; see Cohen [1].) We will assume the axioms of ZFC together with intuitively clear axioms which are based on some intuition of Stuart Davidson and an old theorem of Sierpinski and are justified by the symmetry in a thought experiment throwing darts at the real number line. We will in fact show why there must be an infinity of cardinalities between the integers and the reals. We will also show why Martin's Axiom must be false, and we will prove the extension of Fubini's Theorem for Lebesgue measure where joint measurability is not assumed. Following the philosophy—if you reject CH you are only two steps away from rejecting the axiom of choice (AC)—we will point out along the way some extensions of our intuition which contradict AC.
Effect of Timing and Velocity of Impact on Ventricular Myocardial Rupture

The effects of impact timing during the cardiac cycle on the sensitivity of the heart to impact-induced rupture was investigated in an open-chest animal model. Direct mechanical impacts were applied to two adjacent sites on the exposed left ventricular surface at the end of systole or diastole. Impacts at 5 m/s and a contact stroke of 5 cm at the end of systole resulted in no cardiac rupture in seven animals, whereas similar impacts at the end of diastole resulted in six cardiac ruptures. Direct impact at 15 m/s and a contact stroke of 2 cm at the end of either systole or diastole resulted in perforationlike cardiac rupture in all attempts. At low-impact velocity the heart was observed in high-speed movie to bounce away from the impact interface during a systolic impact, but deform around the impactor during a diastolic impact. The heart generally remained motionless during the downward impact stroke at high-impact velocity in either a systolic or diastolic impact. The lower ventricular pressure, reduced muscle stiffness, thinner myocardial wall and larger mass of the filled ventricle probably contributed to a greater sensitivity of the heart to rupture in diastole at low-impact velocity. However, the same factors had no role at high-impact velocity.
Scalar Top Quark as the Next-to-Lightest Supersymmetric Particle

We study phenomenologically the scenario in which the scalar top quark is lighter than any other standard supersymmetric partner and also lighter than the top quark, so that it decays to the gravitino via {tilde t} {yields} W{sup +}b{tilde G}. In this case, scalar top quark events would seem to be very difficult to separate from top quark pair production. However, we show that, even at a hadron collider, it is possible to distinguish these two reactions. We show also that the longitudinal polarization of the final W{sup +} gives insight into the scalar top and wino/Higgsino mixing parameters.
Dry deposition inferential measurement techniques—II. Seasonal and annual deposition rates of sulfur and nitrate

Abstract Since the autumn of 1984, a dry deposition research network has been operated to develop and refine methods to make defensible estimates of dry deposition rates of SO 2 , sulfate and nitrate (particulate and gaseous) on a routine basis. Ten of the sites are located in the eastern part of the U.S. while two are located in the western half. Annual dry deposition rates of sulfur (SO 2 +SO 4 2−2 ) are estimated to range from 2.5 kg ha −1 at Whiteface Mountain, NY to 14 kg ha −1 at Argonne, IL. The majority of deposited sulfur was delivered in the form of SO 2 . Deposition rates were highest during the summer season even though SO 2 concentrations peaked during the winter months because the estimated deposition velocities ( V d ) were much greater in the summer. Nearly all of the dry deposited nitrogen (HNO 3 +NO 3 − ) was in the form of HNO 3 . An annual cycle was not evident in the time series of nitrogen deposition rates. For both sulfur and nitrogen, dry deposition was estimated to provide between 30% and 50% of the total input from the atmosphere (wet+dry) for all sites in the eastern U.S.
Effects of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid upon autoimmune nephritis in female NZBXNZW/F1 MICE

A menhaden oil diet, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, protected female NZB X NZW/F1 mice from autoimmune nephritis. Only 15% of mice treated with the diet from weaning had died with severe renal disease at 19 months, versus 98% of controls on a beef tallow diet. The menhaden oil also protected these mice from renal disease when instituted at 4 and 5 months of age and, under these conditions, levels of anti-native DNA antibodies were similar in both dietary groups. Our data suggest that the menhaden oil diet may act primarily to reduce inflammation via the ability of eicosapentaenoic acid to alter the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Silicon carbide neural implants: In vivo neural tissue reaction

Novel materials are needed for intracortical neural implants (INI) to extend their reliability and functionality beyond a few years. Cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is a chemically inert, physically robust semiconductor that has shown, through extensive in vitro testing, a high biocompatibility with neural cells. Recently we have shown that 3C-SiC does not attract a negative immune response from microglia in vivo, but the implants size did not allow adequate investigation of tissue response [1]. We produced a passive implant to test the in vivo tissue reaction of C57BL/6J mice to 3C-SiC and compare to our positive control of silicon (Si). Dual, triangular shanks were fabricated from each material and combined into a single device which was then implanted simultaneously into three C57BL/6J mouse brains for 35 days. The mice were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and the brains treated using immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that Si produced the expected increased inflammatory response from both microglia/ macrophage and astrocyte cells, whereas 3C-SiC shows minimal inflammatory reaction from these glial cells. Si also created tissue voids larger than the implants themselves whereas 3C-SiC showed minimal voids and even still had neuronal processes in contact with the implant. Our conclusion is that 3C-SiC shows great potential for use within the neural environment and should be fashioned into active INI to evaluate signal quality over time.
Modern Money Theory: A Reply to Palley

AbstractModern Money Theory (MMT) has explained why monetarily sovereign governments have a very flexible policy space that is unconstrained by hard financial limits. It has provided institutional and theoretical insights about the workings of economies with monetarily sovereign and non-sovereign governments. It has also provided policy insights with respect to financial stability, price stability and full employment. Yet there have been many critics of MMT, including Palley (2014). Critiques of MMT can be grouped into five categories: views about the origins of money and the role of taxes in the acceptance of government currency, views about fiscal policy, views about monetary policy, the relevance of MMT conclusions for developing economies, and the validity of the policy recommendations of MMT. This paper addresses Palley's criticism of MMT using the circuit approach and national accounting identities, and by progressively adding additional economic sectors.
The Frequency Variation of the Dielectric Constant of Dilute Non-Aqueous Solutions

For systems containing polar molecules it has been found that there is a wave-length region in which the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency. This wave-length region, dependent upon the size of the orienting molecule and the viscosity of the medium, determines a time of relaxation for the polar molecules which has been evaluated by Debye using the law of Stokes for the rotation of a particle in a viscous medium. The purpose of the present research is to test the dipole theory by making measurements of the frequency variation of the dielectric constant for viscous solutions of various polar substances in nonpolar solvent media. To this end it was necessary to devise an accurate method of measurement for the dielectric constant of a liquid system at frequencies as high as 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ cycles per second. The apparatus used is briefly described. The dielectric constants of rosin solutions in mineral oils of varying viscosity are tabulated and calculations for the inner-frictional constant for these systems are made. The effect of viscosity upon the behavior of mixtures of "floricin," paraffin oil and vaseline is also investigated. It is found to have little effect, a fact of considerable interest with regard to the inner structure of these solutions. An explanation for the failure to observe an expected dispersion in several experiments is attempted. The comparison of the experimental results with the requirements of the Debye theory leads to several interesting conclusions. There are objections to the use of the ordinary coefficient of viscosity of the medium to measure the frictional resistance to the rotation of a molecule when the discontinuities of the fluid are large compared with the size of the rotating particle and probably in other cases as well. Calculations from the experimental data make possible a differentiation between systems in which the suspended particles are all of one size or monodisperse, and in which they are polydisperse. Finally, there is suggested the type of experiment which must be made if a quantitative verification of the theory is sought.
Adolescent Cape Verdean girls’ experiences of violence, incarceration, and deportation: Developing resources through participatory community-based groups

Adolescents from immigrant families who live in low-income urban neighborhoods are confronted with a variety of challenges. Loss is one of these challenges, one that little is known about, especially the complex intersection of loss due to violence, incarceration, and deportation. This study used participatory and action research strategies to explore Cape Verdean adolescents' experiences in VALOR (Values Affecting Learning Our Roots), a program for Cape Verdean girls who had lost someone to violence, incarceration, and/or deportation. The girls' stories were documented through extensive field notes and the transcripts from five focus groups. An inductive thematic analysis of the data revealed the core process that occurred during VALOR: learning to communicate their experiences of loss and building trusting relationships through VALOR. This study demonstrates the importance of developing participatory community-based interventions for adolescents facing these challenges.
Feature Suppression for Physical-layer Security in OFDM Systems

OFDM symbols carry redundancy due to the cyclic extension employed for providing immunity to multipath distortion. This redundancy can be used for blindly detecting the transmission parameters as well as achieving synchronization to transmitted signal. This paper proposes transmission-level techniques for suppressing physical-layer features of OFDM waveform. Hence, a covert, secure and reliable transmission based on OFDM technique can be achieved. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed methods by investigating the cyclic autocorrelation function (CAF) of the OFDM waveforms.
Modulation Transfer Function Evaluation of a Hadamard Transform Photothermal Deflection Imaging System with Beam Condensing Optics

The modulation transfer function of a source-encoded Hadamard transform imaging system including beam condensing optics is derived. The effects of diffraction, convolution with the encoding apertures, mask motion, and focus errors are considered explicitly. The derived equations are shown to describe resolution of Hadamard transform photothermal deflection imagers with up to 30× condensing optics.
Sequential and incremental formation of conjugate sets of faults

Abstract The evolution of a system of strike-slip faults in porous Entrada Sandstone of Arches National Park, Utah, is investigated here. The area includes domains of parallel faults, oriented either N30E or N60E, and domains of conjugate sets. The age relations indicate that conjugate faults do not form simultaneously, but that a few members of one set form and then are offset by a few members of a second set. Then, new members of the first set form and offset some members of the second set. In this way, a conjugate pattern is built up. Cross-cutting relations also indicate that individual faults do not form simultaneously along their lengths. The traces of individual faults are segmented, with individual segments ranging from 10 cm to 60 m. The cross-cutting age relations indicate that the individual faults form sequentially by longitudinal growth and coalescence of segments. In an area of two sets of conjugate faults, segments in the sets form alternately, so a segment in one set is older than some segments and younger than other segments in the other set. The field observations of temporal and geometrical relations among conjugate faults in porous sandstone are consistent with experimental observations of growing faults in clay. Domains of a single set of faults, the sequential growth of fault segments, and the alternating growth of two sets all have been observed in carefully controlled experiments by Reches. Members of one set of conjugate faults interfering with members of another set, recognized by Oertel, is reflected in multiple fault splays in the vicinity of intersecting faults. The similarity between the field and experimental observations suggests that the processes controlling these relations are not restricted to faulting in porous rocks.
Decision process for effective system reuse

The speed of growth in high technology differs for software, hardware and firmware. Hardware innovations come in leaps, as opposed to the gradual improvements in software and firmware technologies. This inhibits the full utilization of the hardware advances and reduces the cost benefit ratio of high technology ventures. The Microelectronics Systems Branch has committed its resources to use the look ahead technique whereby the technology is researched in its use, current development track and its future capabilities. This knowledge is used to meet the requirements of the space program not only in the nineties but also through 2005. This paper illustrates Analytical Hierarchy Process techniques used effectively and very successfully to support projects reusing systems with predicted enhancements.
Resistance oscillations in external electric fields

Abstract The oscillations of the transverse magnetoresistance in the electric field reported in reference 1 follow from the interference condition that the Hall drift of carriers during one cyclotron period must equal a lattice vector. The period of the resistance oscillations found experimentally in reference 1 agrees exactly with that predicted theoretically in reference 2.
Quantitative modeling of the magnetic field configuration associated with the theta aurora

[1] The relationships among the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the global magnetospheric configuration, and the polar cap configuration known as the theta aurora are explored, using simulations generated by the Rice Field Model and the BATSRUS global MHD model. Two phenomena that have been linked to theta auroras are examined: a “convection gap,” or region of zero magnetic normal component on the magnetopause, associated with antiparallel merging during periods of steady, predominantly northward IMF, and a reconfiguration of the tail lobe and plasma sheet twist following abrupt IMF rotations. It is found that (1) the convection gap does not produce configurations consistent with the theta aurora, (2) large-angle rotations of the IMF produce partial bifurcations of the open-closed boundary and tail lobes and field-aligned current patterns that are consistent with the theta aurora, (3) reconfiguration of the plasma sheet during IMF rotations, rather than relocation of the merging line, is critical to the development of theta aurora-like configurations, (4) a sufficient magnetotail length, longer than produced in MHD simulations but consistent with the Rice Field Model, can account for the observed duration and velocity of theta auroras created by a single IMF rotation, (5) multiple IMF rotations do not significantly affect the duration of the theta configuration but may lead to multiple transpolar arcs.
Neuropsychological and Behavioral Correlates of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: A Preliminary Study.

Study Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a group of children with mild to moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) for baseline neurocognitive deficits and behavioral dysfunction. A subset of the sample were also reassessed, using the same test battery, after treatment with adenotonsillectomy.Design: Baseline and post-treatment neuropsychological and behavioral assessment.Setting: Pediatric sleep disorders clinic at a children’s teaching hospital.Patients: 18 children (12 males, 6 females, mean age 7.3 years ±2.0) meeting polysomnographic criteria for OSAS underwent baseline assessment; 8 children (6 males, 2 females, mean age 8.4 years ±2.6) also completed the post-treatment assessment phase.Measurements: An age appropriate neuropsychological battery including measures of global cognitive functioning, language, executive functioning and attention, memory, visual perception/visual motor skills and motor skills; two parent rating scales of behavior.Results: Modest impairments, largely in executive functioning/attention and motor skills, were found at baseline. Parents endorsed a variety of behavioral problems, especially somatic complaints and problems with learning. There appeared to be relatively little association between impairment and disease severity, although there was a trend for the children with less severe disease, who were also older, to have relatively more behavioral problems. Post treatment, there were modest improvements in executive functioning/attention and motor skills, as well as in parent-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors.Conclusions: The preliminary results with a small sample suggest mild deficits in executive functions and motor skills in children with mild to moderate OSAS, with modest improvements in the same neuropsychological domains post-treatment. A variety of parent-reported behavioral problems were found at baseline, again with modest improvement post-adenotonsillectomy.
Determining Material Properties of Nonlinear Materials From Transient Response

Several researchers have shown that the material properties of hard coatings used in free layer damping treatments are dependent on the strain amplitude in the coating. This nonlinear phenomenon complicates the material characterization process and makes it difficult to find independent sets of data that are in complete agreement. During a recent in depth study of these materials, it became apparent that there were several other time and load history dependent nonlinearities present in these fascinating materials. These nonlinearities were observable because a free response based testing methodology was employed. Results indicate that the stiffness and damping of these materials change during the first several million loading cycles before finally stabilizing. Additionally, results suggest that the material properties are dependent on the initial condition of the free response, indicating a short term loading history dependency.
The Optics of Vitreous Surgery

We calculated the refractive power of the human eye in the various optical configurations that may occur during vitreous surgery. We found that a biconcave corneal contact lens with an anterior surface refractive power of –63 to –98 diopters allowed the fundus to be seen when the vitreous cavity was filled with air, as did a weak minus lens attached to the bottom of the operating microscope. Our tests showed that the unsymmetrical biconcave lenses were superior.
Semi-solid state adaptive impedance composites for HIRF protection

The feasibility of piezoelectric-based Adaptive-Impedance Composites (AIC) as a method of protecting aircraft equipment from lightning strike events and the resultant High-Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) was investigated. Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) and sheet vibration theory were applied to analytically derive the performance of the AIC. Multiple prototypes were built for high voltage testing which revealed closed- to open-circuit switching as fast as 77 μs. It was observed that slight geometric variations of the AIC strongly influenced the activation voltage. The voltage necessary to trigger the 85mm long, 3rd generation AIC's impedance could be set between 10 and 60 V. The test data and the analytical predictions were compared with the lightning strike data gathered by ONERA. The comparison indicated the AIC switching speed was over 30 times faster than the necessary minimum to shield typical avionics and flight control mechanisms from lightning-strike induced electrical eddy currents and HIRF.
A Review of New Characterization Methodologies of Gate Dielectric Breakdown and Negative Bias Temperature Instability

In this paper, we discuss the physical principles of set of new measurement techniques to explore the reliability limits of (time dependent) dielectric breakdown (TDDB) and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), two major reliability concerns of high performance logic/memory transistors. Our analysis of the techniques provides a sound theoretical foundation of the measurement algorithms. This analysis can be used to explore the limitations of the techniques in a systematic way and find innovative solutions to address the limitations. Such systematic studies and gradual adoption of the new measurement techniques by Equipment companies and Standards Committees would eventually allow integration of the new measurement techniques to standard methodologies available for device and process characterization
Accuracy of haplotype estimation in a region of low linkage disequilibrium

We compared the accuracy of haplotype inferences at a 6 Mb region on chromosome 7 where significant linkage between a brain oscillation phenotype and a cholinergic muscarinic receptor gene was previously reported. Individual haplotype assignments and haplotype frequencies were estimated using 5, 10, and 14 consecutive Illumina single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 1-LOD unit support interval of the chromosome 7 linkage peak. Initially, haplotypes were constructed incorporating phase information provided by relatives using the pedigree analysis package MERLIN. Population-based haplotypes were inferred using the haplotype estimation software HAPLO.STATS and PHASE, using unrelated individuals. The 14 SNPs within this region exhibited markedly low linkage disequilibrium, and the average D' estimate between SNPs was 0.18 (range: 0.01–0.97). In comparison to the family-based haplotypes calculated in MERLIN, the computational inferences of individual haplotype assignments were most accurate when considering 5 consecutive SNPs, but decayed dramatically when considering 10 or 14 SNPs in both PHASE and HAPLO.STATS. When comparing the two haplotype inference methods, both PHASE and HAPLO.STATS performed poorly. These analyses underscore the difficulties of haplotype estimation in the presence of low linkage disequilibrium and stress the importance of careful consideration of confidence measures when using estimated haplotype frequencies and individual assignments in biomedical research.
Nonlinear dynamic system identification for automotive crash using optimization: A review

Literature on linear and nonlinear dynamic system identification is reviewed. The main motivation is to document the state-of-the-art, allowing one to propose further advancements in this field. The main problem is to identify system properties when experimental/numerical input and output data are specified. Parametric as well as nonparametric approaches for system identification are reviewed. For linear systems, both the first order and second order forms of the equations of motion are discussed. The use of first order form is more general as it can treat nonproportional structural damping as well. For nonlinear systems, the second order form of the equations of motion is used. A conclusion from the study is that more work is needed to develop identification formulations for nonlinear dissipative dynamic systems, especially for multi-degree of freedom systems.
Synthesis of calix[4]arenes carrying bulky upper-rim groups

Abstract NaH-induced arylmethylation of p-cyanomehtylcalix[4]arene introduces arylmethyl groups on the phenolic oxygens and the carbons α to the cyano groups to give calixarenes carrying very bulky upper-rim substituents.
Health Condition and Prisoners: A Review of Research and Emerging Areas of Inquiry:

Prison organizations are not isolated institutions, thus social and economic change in the wider society affects their internal dynamics. We explore how health conditions within lower socioeconomic segments of the population influence the health characteristics of prisoner admissions, and we demonstrate how health conditions within the wider society have major implications for prisoner health care systems. A conceptual model is presented that organizes previous research into several areas in conjunction with a research agenda on prisoner health care issues. The article also explores the effects of recent conservative crime control ideologies on institutional health care programs.
Three‐Dimensional Fabrication at Small Size Scales

Despite the fact that we live in a 3D world and macroscale engineering is 3D, conventional submillimeter-scale engineering is inherently 2D. New fabrication and patterning strategies are needed to enable truly 3D-engineered structures at small size scales. Here, strategies that have been developed over the past two decades that seek to enable such millimeter to nanoscale 3D fabrication and patterning are reviewed. A focus is the strategy of self-assembly, specifically in a biologically inspired, more deterministic form, known as self-folding. Self-folding methods can leverage the strengths of lithography to enable the construction of precisely patterned 3D structures and “smart” components. This self-assembly approach is compared with other 3D fabrication paradigms, and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Frontispiece images reprinted with permission from References25,55,138,80, copyrights 2009, Nature Publishing Group, 2006 and 2007, IOP Publishing, 2001, Conference of Photopolymer Science and Technology, and with permission from Adam Cohen, Microfabrica Inc.
Role of Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and methylglyoxal (MG) in behavior: recent advances and mechanistic insights

Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is a ubiquitous cellular enzyme that participates in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis that induces protein modification (advanced glycation end-products, AGEs), oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The concentration of MG is elevated under high-glucose conditions, such as diabetes. As such, GLO1 and MG have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Recently, findings have linked GLO1 to numerous behavioral phenotypes, including psychiatric diseases (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and autism) and pain. This review highlights GLO1's association with behavioral phenotypes, describes recent discoveries that have elucidated the underlying mechanisms, and identifies opportunities for future research.
Dynamic Ray Shooting and Shortest Paths in Planar Subdivisions via Balanced Geodesic Triangulations

We give new methods for maintaining a data structure that supports ray-shooting and shortest-path queries in a dynamically changing connected planar subdivision S. Our approach is based on a new dynamic method for maintaining a balanced decomposition of a simple polygon via geodesic triangles. We maintain such triangulations by viewing their dual trees as balanced trees. We show that rotations in these trees can be implemented via simple “diagonal swapping” operations performed on the corresponding geodesic triangles, and that edge insertion and deletion can be implemented on these trees using operations akin to the standardsplitandspliceoperations. We also maintain a dynamic point location structure on the geodesic triangulation, so that we may implement ray-shooting queries by first locating the ray's endpoint and then walking along the ray from geodesic triangle to geodesic triangle until we hit the boundary of some region of S. The shortest path between two points in the same region is obtained by locating the two points and then walking from geodesic triangle to geodesic triangle either following a boundary or taking a shortcut through a common tangent. Our data structure usesO(n) space and supports queries and updates inO(log2n) worst-case time, wherenis the current size of S. It outperforms the previous best data structure for this problem by a lognfactor in all the complexity measures (space, query times, and update times).
Sustainable Water Systems for Agriculture and 21st Century Challenges

Availability and pollution of freshwater water supplies will be the dominant issues for the global society in the 21st century. With increasing population and climate change scenarios, the demand for water will continue to increase for agriculture, especially irrigation, and other economic uses to meet food, fiber and energy-security needs of the society. At the same time, there is good likelihood that the availability of freshwater will decrease with the fast melting of world's major glaciers. In addition, the water quality of rivers, lakes, oceans, and aquifers will further degrade from the discharge of domestic, municipal, industrial, and agricultural water. Currently, more than five million people die every year because of water-borne diseases and 1.5 billion get sick every year because of poor sanitation or use of poor quality drinking water. Therefore, water-resource management will continue to be of great importance, and global society needs to develop strategies on developing efficient methods for...
Meta‐television: Popular postmodernism

Metafiction has been described as a major element of literary postmodernism. Television also can be meta fictional: meta‐television. Three varieties of meta‐television are described: audience awareness and intertextuality or medium‐reflexive structure; metagenericism or genre‐reflexive structure; and autodeconstruction and ilinx or text‐reflexive narrative. Meta‐television relies on the ability of the viewers to recognize artifice. It is the cultural expression of creators and consumers bored with and restricted by television's naturalness.
Abundances in the Galactic Center

Abundance measurements in the Galactic Center (GC) probe material with a nucleosynthetic history unique in our Galaxy. The measurements are of two types: probing interstellar and stellar material. Measurements of gas-phase abundances are mostly toward SgrB2 and SgrA. They reflect the current state of nuclear evolution in the GC and include several important isotope abundance ratios. The isotope ratios provide the most accurate information and allow for comparison with results elsewhere in the interstellar medium. The second type of measurement is of abundances in (and around) stars, yielding chemical abundances in the bulge and disc populations, and reflecting the state of nuclear evolution when the stars were born.
Autopsy Results After Surgery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

OBJECTIVE To determine the percentage of metastatic and unexpected residual lung cancer at autopsy in patients considered for curative resection of non-small cell lung cancer during a time when computed tomography was available as a preoperative staging tool. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical data and surgical and autopsy slides of all patients who underwent curative resection of non- small cell lung cancer at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, between 1985 and 1999 and who underwent autopsy within 30 days of surgery were reviewed retrospectively for the presence of residual or metastatic disease. RESULTS The study group consisted of 25 men and 7 women, with a mean age of 70 years. A pulmonary metastasis was identified at surgery in 1 patient (3%). Metastases were found in an additional 5 patients (16%) at autopsy, 1 of whom had 2 sites involved. These sites included the liver in 2 and lung, epicardium, adrenal gland, and kidney in 1 each. The average diameter of metastases was 1.6 cm. No factor studied was found to be significantly associated with the presence of unrecognized metastatic disease at autopsy. CONCLUSION The advent of computed tomography as a staging tool has decreased the percentage of patients with undiagnosed metastatic disease at surgery; however, preoperative understaging in lung cancer remains a problem.
Thermal conductivity of molten and glassy NaAlSi3O8, CaMgSi2O6, and Mg2SiO4 by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics at elevated temperature and pressure

Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations are used to compute the phonon thermal conductivity ( k ) for liquids and glasses of composition Mg 2 SiO 4 , CaMgSi 2 O 6 , and NaAlSi 3 O 8 at 2000–4500 K and 0–30 GPa based on classical potentials. These compositions span the range of melt polymerization states in natural systems at ambient pressure. The NEMD results compare well with available laboratory measurements on molten NaAlSi 3 O 8 and CaMgSi 2 O 6 at 1 bar. Thermal conductivities decrease with increasing temperature ( T ), increase with increasing pressure ( P ), and at low pressure increase slightly as the mean coordination number of Si and Al around oxygen increases, in the sequence Mg 2 SiO 4 , CaMgSi 2 O 6 , and NaAlSi 3 O 8 . At 3500 K, the thermal conductivity of CaMgSi 2 O 6 at 0, 10, 20, and 30 GPa is 1.1, 2.1, 2.5, and 3 W/mK, respectively. At ambient pressure (0.2 ± 0.15 GPa), k = 1.2 and 0.5 W/mK at 2500 and 4500 K, respectively, for CaMgSi 2 O 6 . For NaAlSi 3 O 8 composition, k varies from 1.7 to 2.7 W/mK at 3050 K for pressures of 6 and 30 GPa, respectively. Mg 2 SiO 4 liquid at ambient pressure (0.07 ± 0.16 GPa) is found to have thermal conductivities of 1.36 and 0.7 W/mK at 2500 and 4500 K, respectively. Tables giving computed k values for all compositions are included for state points studied. The trade-off between T and P implies that the phonon thermal conductivity of silicate liquids at mantle depths increases substantially (factor of 2–3) along isentropes.
Soft error tolerant latch design with low cost for nanoelectronic systems

With CMOS technology shrinking to nanoscale regime, the susceptibility of a single chip to soft errors increases. Hence, the critical charge (Qcrit) of circuit decreases and this decrease is expected to continue with further technology scaling. In this paper previous hardened latch circuits are analyzed and it is found that previous designs offer limited protection against soft error especially for soft error caused by high energy particles and not all the nodes are under soft error protection. Therefore, in this paper we propose a low cost hardened latch design in 45nm CMOS technology with full protection for all internal nodes as well as output node against soft error. Moreover, the proposed hardened approach is technology independent. Compared to previous hardened latch designs, the proposed design reduces cost in terms of power delay product (PDP) 80.1% on average.
Genetic and Biochemical Analyses of Escherichia coli Mutants Altered in the Temperature-Dependent Regulation of Membrane Lipid Composition

We have previously studied two mutants of Escherichia coli altered in the regulation of membrane lipid composition by temperature. One class (represented by the fabFl allele) fails to regulate upon temperature shift and is defective in cis-vaccenic acid synthesis owing to the lack of the fatty acid elongation enzyme beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase II(EC 2.3.1.41). A second class of mutant, given the phenotypic designation Vtr, overproduces cis-vaccenic acid at all temperatures and hence is altered in temperature regulation. In this paper we report evidence for the following conclusions. (i) The Vtr and fabFl mutations show very tight genetic linkage. (ii) The Vtr lesion is allelic to the fabFl mutation since the presence of the fabFl mutation in merodiploid strains carrying the Vtr or fabF(+) alleles results in fatty acid compositions intermediate between those of the two monoploid strains. Merodiploids carrying both the fabF(+) and Vtr alleles likewise show an intermediate composition. These results indicate intra-allelic complementation. (iii) The two E. coli proteins recently discovered by Rock (J. Bacteriol. 152:1298-1300, 1982) that form mixed disulfide cross-links to acyl carrier protein are directly demonstrated to be beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases I and II. (iv) The fabFl strains produce a synthase II band of altered electrophoretic mobility, indicating that the fabF locus is the structural gene for synthase II. (v) The synthase II of Vtr strains is abnormally sensitive to cerulenin, an antibiotic that specifically inhibits synthases I and II. This increased sensitivity is readily demonstrated in vivo, but in vitro we failed to detect an increased sensitivity of the Vtr synthase II to cerulenin, nor have we detected any other kinetic or structural alteration in the enzyme. We interpret these results in terms of specific interactions of synthase II with other cellular components which occur in vivo but are not duplicated in vitro.
Sidewinder: A Predictive Data Forwarding Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

In-situ data collection for mobile wireless sensor network deployments has received little study, such as in the case of floating sensor networks for storm surge and innundation monitoring. We demonstrate through quantitative study that traditional approaches to routing in mobile environments do not work well due to volatile topology changes. Consequently, we propose Sidewinder, a predictive data forwarding protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks. Like a heat-seeking missile, data packets are guided towards a sink node with increasing accuracy as packets approach the sink. Different from conventional sensor network routing protocols, Sidewinder continuously predicts the current sink location based on distributed knowledge of sink mobility among nodes in a multi-hop routing process. Moreover, the continuous sink estimation is scaled and adjusted to perform with resource-constrained wireless sensors. Our design is implemented with nesC and evaluated in TOSSIM. The performance evaluation demonstrates that Sidewinder significantly outperforms state-of-the-art solutions in packet delivery ratio, time delay, and energy efficiency.
The Importance of Family: The Role of Mutual Fund Family Reputation in Investment Decisions

Based on theory, we hypothesize that fund family reputation affects individuals' mutual fund investment decisions and performance. In empirical tests of individual investor trades, we find supportive evidence of the hypothesis. Investors are significantly more likely to purchase funds from families with which they have previous experience, and particularly so if the previously experienced return was positive. Further consistent with theory, individuals' beliefs about more reputable families appear to change slowly. Moreover, the reputation effect appears to have positive outcomes - investors earn higher returns and risk-adjusted performance after reputation-based purchases even after controlling for investor ability and within-family correlation.
Microhabitat features influence the movements of red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) on unfamiliar ground

Little is known about the behavior of mammals moving on unfamiliar ground, yet this information could be critical to assessing and enhancing landscape connectivity. I investigated the movements of adult red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) on unfamiliar ground to determine if squirrels selected specific microhabitat features and if manipulations of preferred features influenced movement choices. Rather than selecting for cover from predators or territorial conspecifics, 25 squirrels released outside their home ranges used microhabitat features that appeared to allow rapid, efficient, and inconspicuous travel (logs, open vegetation, low slopes, and high shrub cover per stem) while maintaining proximity to arboreal escape routes. Similarly, in 73 trials with 55 individuals, squirrels released in experimental plots moved preferentially through areas of greater log cover and cover per stem. Manipulating microhabitat features in plots within forested habitat enhanced red squirrel movements, underscoring the possibility of altering microhabitats in 2nd-growth forests or corridors to increase landscape connectivity for forest-associated mammals.
Application of fuzzy control for self-balancing two-wheel vehicle

In this paper, we present our developing research that is a low-cost self-balancing two-wheel vehicle where we mainly focus on design of the sensing and control board and the balanced controller. With the considerations of economy, we integrate the sensory systems and the balancing control systems by utilizing an embedded system based on the SUNPLUSTM SPCE061A EMU board and a CPLD, Altera EPM7128SLC84. There are three points for our design. First, since the system is unstable in nature, it can be used as a teaching aid in the control-related courses to demonstrate the design of various control schemes with fuzzy controller. Second, motion with the self-balancing capability is novel and interesting and has potential to be a toy. In addition, this trial can provide a prototype to verify the techniques and allow the possibility for carry one person development of a commercial two-wheel vehicle in the future.
Glaciation in the Andes during the Lateglacial and Holocene

This review updates the chronology of Andean glaciation during the Lateglacial and the Holocene from the numerous articles and reviews published over the past three decades. The Andes, which include some of the world’s wettest and driest mountainous regions, offer an unparalleled opportunity to elucidate spatial and temporal patterns of glaciation along a continuous 68-degree meridional transect. The geographic and altitudinal extent of modern glaciers and the sensitivity of both modern and former glaciers to respond to changes in specific climatic variables reflect broad-scale atmospheric circulation and consequent regional moisture patterns. Glaciers in the tropical Andes and in the mid-latitude Andes are likely to have been far more sensitive to changes in temperature than glaciers in the dry subtropical Andes. Broad-scale temporal and spatial patterns of glaciation during the Lateglacial are apparent. In the southernmost Andes, the Lateglacial chronology appears to have a strong Antarctic signature with the best-dated moraines correlating closely with the Antarctic Cold Reversal. The southernmost Andes do not appear to have experienced a significant ice advance coeval with the Younger Dryas (YD) climatic reversal. At the other end of the Andes, from w 0t o 9 � N, a stronger YD connection may exist, but critical stratigraphic and geochronologic work is required before a YD ice advance can be fully demonstrated. In the central Andes of Peru, well-dated moraines record a significant ice readvance at the onset of the YD, but ice was retreating during much of the remaining YD interval. The spatial–temporal pattern of Holocene glaciation exhibits tantalizing but incomplete evidence for an Early to Mid-Holocene ice advance(s) in many regions, but not in the arid subtropical Andes, where moraines deposited during or slightly prior to the Little Ice Age (LIA) record the most extensive advance of the Holocene. In many regions, there is strong evidence for Neoglacial advances in the interval between 1.0 and 2.5 ka. Moraines that correlate with the LIA of the Northern Hemisphere are seen in all presently glacierized mountain ranges; most of these date to within the past 450 years. Outboard of these moraines in many regions are moraines of a slightly more extensive advance that occurred several hundred years prior to the onset of the LIA. Priorities for future work include filling in several prominent spatial gaps in the distribution of chronologic studies. For the Lateglacial these gaps include the arid regions of northern Chile and Argentina, the southern Peruvian Andes between 11.5 � and 13.5� S, and the Andes of northern Peru and
Blind sequential detection for Rayleigh fading channels using hybrid Monte Carlo-recursive identification algorithms

Detection of data transmitted over a Rayleigh fading channel, where the channel is unknown, has been a problem of interest for many researchers. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for joint detection and channel estimation for Rayleigh fading channels. Our algorithm combines Monte Carlo sampling with classical recursive identification methods. The channel is modeled as an autoregressive process, which allows for representation of the communication system by a dynamic state space model. A more accurate modeling of the channel, especially in fast fading along with exploitation of time diversity in the received signal, is also considered. Simulation results illustrating the effectiveness of this algorithm are presented.
Determinants of LV diastolic function during atrial fibrillation: beat-to-beat analysis in acute dog experiments.

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic function during atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly understood due to the complex interaction of factors and beat-to-beat variability. The purpose of the present...
Results from the Goddard Space Flight Center's Long Duration Exposure Facility solar array component test

A shuttle placed the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) in space in April 1984 and another shuttle retrieved it in January 1990. The Goddard Space Flight Center supplied a test plate for the LDEF. Conductively coated covers on the test plate demonstrated that they and that several means of connecting to them withstand prolonged exposure to the low Earth orbit (LEO) space environment. Bare solar cells and solar cells with various thicknesses of covers provided data on cell degradation due to hard particle radiation for comparison to ground based predictions. For bare cells, the measured degradation is significantly greater than the predictions. For covered cells, the uncertainty in the measured degradation and the predictions invalidated the comparison. Solar cells covered with fused silica covers having ultraviolet filters and solar cells covered with fused silica covers without ultraviolet filters did not give useful information on the value of the filter.
Artificial Neural Network and Nonlinear Models for Gelling Time and Maximum Curing Temperature Rise in Polymer Grouts

In this study, the effects of initial temperature, catalyst content, and activator content on the gelling time and maximum curing temperature of two polymeric grouts were investigated. Because the grouts are used in various environmental conditions, the grouts were investigated at three different initial temperatures (4.4, 15.7, and 26.7°C, or 40, 60, and 80°F). The catalyst and activator contents varied from 0.5% to 3% of the total weight of grout mix. Gelling times for the polymer grouts were measured, and the curing temperatures for the mixtures were monitored during and after the gelling process. The gelling time reduced with increased catalyst and activator contents and increased initial temperature for both the polymer grouts. One grout exhibited shorter gelling time and lower temperature rise during the gelling process than the other grout. Both artificial neural network (ANN) and nonlinear relationship (NLR) models were used to predict the observed grout behaviors. For each grout, a total of 48 te...