cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3 – Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a disorder with manifold potential etiologies, from environmental to inherited, from presenting in isolation to presenting as a small part of a clinical syndrome, from insulin excess to defects in counterregulatory hormones or endogenous glucose production pathways, and from simple Mendelian disorders to those with more complex modes of inheritance, including imprinted conditions. Classic neuroglycopenic and adrenergic symptoms may be absent in infants, where hypoglycemia often presents with nonspecific symptoms. Diagnosis requires evaluating the response to hypoglycemia by means of obtaining a critical sample at the time of hypoglycemia, whether spontaneous or elicited by a diagnostic fast; however, a diagnostic fast should never be undertaken without first excluding the possibility of a fatty acid oxidation defect via an acylcarnitine profile. Molecular genetic testing can confirm the underlying genetic diagnosis. Hypoglycemia treatment is specific to the cause of the hypoglycemia, which is why proper diagnosis is crucial.
6.02 – Cancer Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is one of the most promising areas of cancer research. The idea of treating the body’s immune system so that the immune system can treat the cancer dates back to more than a century ago, but was long neglected and considered impractical as the basic tools required for successful immunotherapy were not available. A renewed interest in this field emerged with a better understanding of basic cancer immunology. Today, cancer immunotherapy encompasses many treatment modalities, including monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapies, cancer vaccines, and cytokines. Some of these treatments have been seen to be effective and can result in durable, potentially curative responses. However, current immunotherapies have some limitations although opportunities for improvement exist.
Consequence risk analysis using operating procedure event trees and dynamic simulation

Abstract Faults due to human errors cost the petrochemical industry billions of dollars every year and can have adverse environmental consequences. Unquantified human error probabilities exist during process state transitions performed each day by process operators using standard operating procedures. Managing the risks associated with operating procedures is an essential part of managing the overall safety risk. Additional operator training and safety education cannot eliminate all such faults due to human errors; therefore, we propose an operating procedure event tree (OPET) like analysis with branches and events specifically designed to perform risk analysis on operating procedures. The OPET method adapts event trees to analyze the risk due to human error while performing operating procedures. We consider human error scenarios during the procedure and determine the likely consequences by applying dynamic simulation. The modified event tree provides an estimate of the error frequencies. Operating procedure steps were developed, and potential operator faults were determined for two typical equipment switching procedures found in chemical plant operations. Then, dynamic simulation using Aspen HYSYS software was applied to determine the overpressure related consequences of each fault. Finally, the error frequencies resulting from those scenarios were analyzed using operating procedure event trees. We found that a typical ethylene plant gas header would overpressure with 0.6% frequency per manual dryer switch. Since dryer switches occur from every few days up to once per shift, these results suggest that dryer switching should be automated to ensure safe and environmentally friendly operation. Process dryer switching performed manually by operators opening and closing gate valves can be automated with control valves and a distributed control system. A sample distillation column was found to overpressure with 0.85% frequency per manual reflux pump switch.
Hydrogen and methane storage in nanoporous materials

Abstract Safer and more efficient methodologies for hydrogen and methane storage have been studied for many years due to their high energy densities and their ability to be green, alternative fuels. These studies have found that material-based methods can overcome issues found in physical-based storage of these gases. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a nanoporous material composed of metal ions and organic ligands, is at the core of this materials-based research for hydrogen and methane storage. The high tunability of MOFs is what makes them such an attractive material for investigation for this application. In this work, we review the background, motivation, and mechanisms before examining the current and future methodologies for hydrogen and methane storage.
Road projects cost benefit analysis : scenario analysis of the effect of varying inputs

Six projects from six countries were selected as the cases for detailed analysis in this study. They are from Argentina, Botswana, India, Kenya, Lao PDR and Paraguay, representing a wide range of geographical distribution. Also, the extent of the effect of economic downturn which these countries experienced ranges a wide variety. In an economic downturn, uncertainties increase with many inputs of road projects Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), including fuel prices, levels of demand, investment costs and maintenance availability. Also, important parameters of project evaluation such as discount rate and value of time need to be more carefully scrutinized. Therefore, it is very important for the developing countries to have good understanding about the effects of the variability of these inputs/parameters on project viability and the ranking of road investments. It is a role of the developing agencies to conduct a systematic analysis of these effects and disseminate the findings and knowledge obtained. The objective of the study is to obtain insights regarding the effects of varying inputs and parameters on the viability of road projects through case studies using Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4), thereby to facilitate the formulation and implementation of road projects that increase the welfare of the society under the environment of increased uncertainty in an economic downturn. The results of the study will be summarized in a transport note as a discrete knowledge product and disseminated among various stakeholders including developing agencies staff, government officials and donor communities. To assess the effects of increased uncertainty with inputs of cost benefit analysis on the economic viability of road projects, this study first investigated the range of variability of the inputs for the six selected projects/countries. It was found that the variability ranges differ by country reflecting the degree of decrease in transport demand and relative change in factor prices due to economic downturn.
“A queer black woman invented rock-and-roll”: Rosetta Tharpe, memes, and memory practices in the digital age

In recent years, musician Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915–73) has gone from being a “forgotten” rock trailblazer to being a viral video sensation and the subject of the Internet meme “A queer black wom...
Extent of and Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy in Adults at High-Risk for Pneumococcal Disease.

Purpose:To determine the extent of and reasons for hesitancy toward vaccination among adults at high-risk for pneumococcal disease.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Online survey in March-April 2019 v...
Sample size determination for a Bayesian cost-effectiveness model with structural zero costs

The idea that medical treatment costs and outcomes might be connected is not new. Likewise, as long as researchers have been designing clinical trials and public opinion polls, there has been inter...
Genomic Analysis of Cutaneous CD30-positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Abstract Primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (CD30+ LPD) are the second most common cutaneous lymphomas. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CD30+LPD include primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (C-ALCL) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) as well as borderline lesions. C-ALCL and LyP is thought to represent two ends of a spectrum of diseases that have different clinical presentations, clinical courses, and prognoses in their classic forms, but share the same histology of medium to large CD30+ atypical lymphoid cell infiltrates. Because the behavior of these entities is different clinically and prognostically, we aim to search for oncogenic genomic variants using whole exome sequencing (WES) that drive the development of LyP and C-ALCL. Clinical information, pathology, immunohistochemistry, and T-cell rearrangements on six cases of LyP and five cases of C-ALCL were reviewed to confirm the rendered diagnosis prior to WES of all specimens. Both LyP and C-ALCL had recurrent mutations in epigenetic modifying genes affecting histone methylation and acetylation (SETD2, KMT2A, KMT2D, and CREBBP). However, they also harbor unique differences with mutations in STAT3 of the JAK/STAT pathway and EOMES, transcription factor involved in lymphocyte development, only noted in C-ALCL specimens. Genomic characterization LyP and C-ALCL in this series confirms the role of multiple pathways involved in the biology and development of these lymphomatous processes. The identification of similar aberrations within the epigenetic modifying genes emphasizes common potential development mechanisms of lymphomagenesis within LPD being shared between LyP and C-ALCL; however, the presence of differences may account for the differences in clinical course.
Gender-Specific Aspects of Selected Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors: A Summary of the Epidemiologic Evidence

Publisher Summary Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading killer of US men by 45 years of age and of women by 65 years of age. In fact, once women develop overt CHD, they have a worse prognosis than men; case-fatality rates are higher for women following both myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial revascularization procedures, with 23% of heart attacks in women but only 18% of heart attacks in men followed by death within one year. Moreover, in 64% of women but only 50% of men who died suddenly from CHD, there were no previous symptoms of this disease. These gender differences are not entirely accounted for by differences in age or the fact that women tend to have more advanced disease at time of diagnosis. Finally, secular declines in heart disease mortality at younger ages have been less pronounced among women than among men. Among men aged 35–54 years, such mortality declined on average by 6.2% in the 1980s, 2.3% in the 1990s, and 0.5% per year from 2000 to 2002. Among similarly aged women, the average annual rate during these periods fell by 5.4% and 1.2% and then increased by 1.5%, respectively, a trend that may have resulted in part from a greater delay time from MI symptoms to diagnosis and less aggressive management. Boosting prevention and treatment efforts among women is necessary to forestall potentially widening gender disparities in coronary outcomes. Many of the risk factors for CHD and strategies for preventing disease in men are also important for women. However, the magnitude of their effects may differ depending on sex. This chapter reviews the literature on selected risk factors for CHD among women.
Normative arm and calf blood pressure values in the newborn.

Indirect BP measurement was obtained in the right upper arm in 219 healthy newborn infants with the Dinamap monitor and was compared with values obtained from the calf to establish normative BP values and to help establish a diagnosis of hypertension and coarctation of the aorta in the newborn. There were 174 Mexican-Americans (79.5%), 33 whites (15.0%), and 12 blacks (5.5%). The width of the BP cuff was selected to be 0.4 to 0.5 times the circumference of the extremities. Three supine position readings of BPs and heart rate were obtained from each site and were averaged for statistical analyses. Mean arm BP values (+/- SD) of the neonate less than 36 hours of age were 62.6 +/- 6.9/38.9 +/- 5.7 mm Hg (48.0 +/- 6.2 mm Hg). Neonates older than 36 hours had slightly but significantly (P less than .05) greater values (4 to 6 mm Hg) than did infants younger than 36 hours of age. Active neonates had values 6 to 10 mm Hg greater than quiet neonates (P less than .05). BP values in the calf obtained with the same-sized cuff were almost identical with those obtained from the arm. Differences in consecutively obtained arm and calf BPs (arm values minus calf values) were 1.1 +/- 7.7 mm Hg systolic, -0.01 +/- 6.2 mm Hg diastolic, and 0.9 +/- 6.9 mm Hg mean pressures. Mean heart rate (+/- SD) of neonates less than 36 hours of age was 129.4 +/- 13.2 beats per minute and that of neonates older than 36 hours of age was 139.4 +/- 14.1 beats per minute.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nucleoside antibiotics. V. The biosynthesis and interconversion of 3'-amino-3'deoxyadenosine and 3'-acetamido-'3deoxyadenosine by Helminthosporium sp. 215.

Abstract Three nucleosides have been isolated from the culture filtrates of Helminthosporium sp. 215. They are adenosine, 3′-amino-3′-deoxyadenosine and 3′-acetamido-3′-deoxyadenosine. 3′-Acetamido-3′-deoxyadenosine appears in the culture filtrates first. At the end of nucleoside production, the molar ratio of 3′-amino-3′-deoxyadenosine: 3′-acetamido-3′-deoxyadenosine is 2:1, respectively. Uniformly 14C-labeled adenosine was incorporated into 3′-amino-3′-deoxyadenosine and 3′-acetamido-3′-deoxyadenosine without cleavage of the N- riboside bond. Uniformly 14C-labeled 3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) is not a precursor for these nucleoside analogs. [1-14C]Acetate is incorporated exclusively into the acetyl group of 3′-acetamido-3′-deoxyadenosine. The interconversion of the two aminonucleoside analogs was determined by adding either uniformly 14C-labeled 3′-amino-3′-deoxyadenosine or 3′-acetamido-3′-deoxyadenosine to the culture filtrates of Helminthosporium at the time of nucleoside production. Both nucleosides are interconverted. The conversion of 3′-amino-3′-deoxyadenosine to the acetamidonucleoside is the most rapid. The distribution of 14C in the adenine and sugar moieties of the aminonucleosides is the same before and after interconversion. Therefore, no cleavage of the N-riboside bond took place. It is not known if this interconversion occurred in the culture filtrates or within the mycelium.
Illuminating the Process of a Rape Survivors' Support Group

ABSTRACT Supportive group work for women who have been victimized by the trauma of rape has been used as a therapeutic model for psychological integration, healing and recovery. To offer group members the opportunity to attain these goals, it is important that the group facilitator develop a working understanding of the impact of rape and the rich contribution that the mutual aid group modality provides in addressing members' issues and needs. This article attempts to illustrate and illuminate the effects of group treatment within distinct developmental stages of a community rape survivors' support group.
Mutagenic Consequences of the Alteration of DNA by Chemicals and Radiation

The induction of mutations in vivo is a process that involves the interaction of exogenous agents, the Biologically Reactive Intermediates (BRIs), with particular nucleotides in the DNA. The finding of “hot spots” (see Hsia et al., 1989) and of “mutator” strains of organisms (Modrich, 1987) indicates that superimposed on the primary interaction of BRIs and nucleotides is an effect of DNA sequence (Burns et al., 1987) and of the proteins involved in replication and in the monitoring of the DNA. Many of the primary interactions of BRIs with DNA result in alterations which block DNA synthesis, at least in vitro. It appears to be a truism that mutation, at least point mutation as a result of damage induced by an agent which inhibits DNA synthesis, requires that the DNA synthetic machinery should bypass the damage by some mechanism. An understanding of the phenomena of mutation therefore requires knowledge of the relationships between the altered DNA bases, the arrest of DNA synthesis, and the location of the damage within the DNA sequence. For example, one might assume that the sites most subject to modification by BRIs are those at which mutation occurs most readily. In fact, it appears that this simplest of hypotheses is not inevitably so, and that other factors may intervene (Brash et al., 1987).
Quality measures for SAR images

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) contains information features different from those of infrared images and conventional photography. Image quality measures specifically created for SAR are necessary to measure SAR processor performance especially in the context of lossy image data compression. The quality measures discussed include several existing measures and newly developed measures created to better gauge specific features of SAR imagery. Each quality performance measure is evaluated subjectively to determine the applicability to SAR image fidelity. >
Steel Shot Entrained Ultra high Pressure Waterjet for Cutting and Drilling in Hard Rocks

In this paper the effects of using steel shot as the abrasive to cut dolomite over the pressure range of 138–275 MPa is presented. Conventional abrasive is fragmented during mixing and impact and cannot be recycled. Steel, in contrast, has the strength to remain intact and the greater density to give more rapid cutting. Steel was selected because it is the heaviest grit which is economically available for use as an abrasive.
Reinventing the Lender of Last Resort

The recent financial crises in Japan and the United States have reminded central bankers of the importance of their mandate to serve as lenders of last resort. This article summarizes the key features of the two countries' crises, compares the policy response of the U.S. Federal Reserve with that of the Bank of Japan, and discusses the ways in which these responses have expanded the traditional boundaries of the lender of last resort function. The experience suggests that the conventional tool of liquidity provision, lending funds against risk-free collateral, has become inadequate for dealing with modern financial crises.
Comparison of mammalian adult and fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors stably expressed in fibroblasts

Cells from a line of transformed quail fibroblasts (QT-6) were transfected with cDNAs coding for subunits of the mouse muscle nicotinic ACh receptor (AChR). Stable clones were selected that expressed subunits of the fetal-type AChR (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) or the adult-type AChR (alpha, beta, epsilon, delta). The receptors had the appropriate burst durations and single-channel conductances for the fetal or adult type, respectively. Each type of receptor had a dose- response relationship that was close to a square law at low concentrations of ACh, implying that they contained two ACh-binding subunits. The metabolic stability of surface fetal and adult receptors was identical (about 10 hr half-life), for two independent clones expressing fetal and two expressing adult AChR. The metabolic stability was unaffected by treatment with okadaic acid, which enhanced receptor phosphorylation. d-Tubocurarine (dTC) blocked both the binding of alpha- bungarotoxin (BTX) to the cells and the ACh-elicited current. dTC blocked BTX binding with indistinguishable efficacy for both fetal and adult AChR. However, it was sixfold less effective at blocking ACh- elicited current from fetal AChR. At least part of the difference results from the ability of fetal receptor channels to open when the receptor has one ACh and one dTC molecule bound, whereas channels of heteroliganded adult receptors do not open. The data indicate that the subunit composition directly affects physiological and pharmacological properties of muscle AChR, but has little effect by itself on metabolic stability.
Note on Maternal Authoritarian Attitudes and Cognitive Performance in Kindergarten Children

Moderate correlations are reported between 27 maternal scores on the Authoritarian Family Ideology scale, the Washington University Sentence Completion Test for Ego Development, and kindergarten children's (12 girls and 15 boys) classroom behavior and cognitive test scores. Results confirmed predictions of significant negative correlations between maternal ideology scores, group cognitive test performance, and task-oriented classroom behavior, but not between the ideology scores and individual test performance.
Buyer similarity measures in conjoint analysis: Some alternative proposals

In the commercial application of conjoint analysis, it is not unusual to compute pairwise similarity measures for buyers based on their commonality across part-worth utilities. The resulting similarity matrix may then be processed by various clustering techniques. This paper considers other ways to measure buyer similarity in conjoint analysis and compares the resulting measures to the traditional use of part-worth commonalities. An empirical example is used to illustrate the approaches and compare their results.
Virtual XML: a toolbox and use cases for the XML world view

Although the Extensible Markup Language (XML) has gained in popularity and has resulted in the creation of powerful software for authoring, transforming, and querying XML-based business data, much information remains in non-XML form. In this paper we introduce an approach to virtualize data resources and thus enable applications to access both XML and non-XML sources. We describe the architectural components that enable virtual XML-a toolbox that includes a cursor model, an XML-view mechanism such as the view created with the Data Format Description Language (DFDL), and XML processing languages. We illustrate the applicability of virtual XML through a number of use cases in various environments. We discuss the products that we expect from vendors and the open-source community and the way enterprises can plan to take advantage of virtual XML developments. Finally, we outline future research directions that include a vision of virtual XML that covers large-scale structures such as entire file systems, databases, or even the World Wide Web.
Competitive coexistence in a dynamic landscape

This paper investigates the effect of a dynamic landscape on the persistence of many interacting species. We develop a multi-species community model with an evolving landscape in which the creation and destruction of habitat are dynamic and local in space. Species interactions are also local involving hierarchical competitive trade-offs. We show that dynamic landscapes can reverse the trend of increasing species richness with higher fragmentation observed in static landscapes. The increase in the species-area exponent from a homogeneous to a fragmented landscape does not occur when dynamics are turned on. Thus, temporal aspects of the processes that generate and destroy habitat appear dominant relative to spatial characteristics. We also demonstrate, however, that temporal and spatial aspects interact to influence the persistence time of individual species, and therefore, rank-abundance curves. Specifically, persistence in the model increases in habitats with faster local turnover because of the presence of dynamic corridors.
Renal ischemia and reperfusion activates the eIF2 alpha kinase PERK

Abstract Inhibition of protein synthesis occurs in the post-ischemic reperfused kidney but the molecular mechanism of renal translation arrest is unknown. Several pathways have been identified whereby cell stress inhibits translation initiation via phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α, phospho-form eIF2α(P)]. Here, we report a 20-fold increase in eIF2α(P) in kidney homogenates following 10 min of cardiac arrest-induced ischemia and 10 min reperfusion. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed eIF2α(P) in tubular epithelial cells in both cortex and medulla, where the greatest eIF2α(P) staining was found in epithelial cells of the so-called watershed area at the corticomedullary junction. We further show that increased eIF2α(P) is accompanied by activation of the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum eIF2α kinase (PERK). These observations indicate that renal ischemia and reperfusion induce stress to the endoplasmic reticulum and activate the unfolded protein response in renal epithelial cells. As the unfolded protein response can result alternatively in a pro-survival or pro-apoptotic outcome, the present study demonstrates an new additional mechanism involved in cell damage and/or repair in ischemic and reperfused kidney.
Blood—Brain Barrier to Ammonia in Humans

We have developed a method to evaluate the diffusion of ammonia across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in normal humans, based on measures of CBF and the regional cerebral metabolic rate for ammonia, obtained by positron emission tomography. The extraction fraction for ammonia passing through the cerebral capillary bed was a reciprocal function of CBF. The product of the BBB surface area and ammonia permeability, calculated from the Renkin-Crone model, was 0.32 +/- 0.19 cm3 g-1 min-1 (+/- SD) in gray matter and 0.24 +/- 0.16 cm3 g-1 min-1 in white matter. From literature values of the expected capillary surface area ratio, a gray-to-white matter ammonia permeability ratio of 0.37:1.0 was calculated. We speculate that astrocytes may mediate this unexpected difference in permeability, and that the permeability of the BBB to ammonia may be important in the pathogenesis of hyperammonemic brain dysfunction.
Science, Narrative, and Agency in Gravity's Rainbow

(2004). Science, Narrative, and Agency in Gravity's Rainbow. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 63-80.
Correction: Synthetic chemistry fuels interdisciplinary approaches to the production of artemisinin

Correction for ‘Synthetic chemistry fuels interdisciplinary approaches to the production of artemisinin’ by Michael A. Corsello et al., Nat. Prod. Rep., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c4np00113c.
Pyruvate‐Induced changes in hepatoma cell morphology and macromolecular synthesis

Cells maintained in basal growth medium with 0.2–1.0% serum often require citric acid cycle intermediates for optimal viability. We have found that pyruvate added to minimal growth medium causes cellular flattening and formation of external processes accompanied by increaded DNA synthesis in cultured hepatoma cells (HTC cells). Cells were cultured in plalstic T-flasks (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 × 106 cells/flask) containing 5 ml medium (90% Eagle's Basal Medium (BME) and 10% Swim's S-77) with various concentrations of fetal calf serum (0.2,0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 10%) and either pyruvate (50, 100, 250,500, 1,000μg/ml), or one of: dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) or dibutyryl cGMP (DBcGMP) at 10−3, 10−4, or 10−5 M. At 44–48 hr cultures were pulsed with tritiated thymidine, uridine, or lecucine. Cells became attached to the plastic surface within 24hr. Cells in medium with 0.25 to 2.0% serum had a rounded appearance. With added pyruvate, cellular flattening, process formation, and an increased adherence to the substratum was absorbed. By 48 hr, culture without pyruvate grew in rounded clusters; with pyruvate, cells formed extensive interconnecting processes that appeared loosely attached to the monolayer surface. At the cell densities tested, process formation was maximal with 250 to 500 μg/ml pyruvate. Cytochalasin B blocked flattening and process formation; EDTA (1 mg/ml) caused retraction of processes within 3 min, and a slow dissolution of these structures within cells was observed. DBcAMP or DBcGMP did not induce process formation. Flattening and process foormation in pyruvate-enriched cultures were accompanied by marked stimulation of DNA synthesis and smaller increases in RNA and protein synthesis. Cell number was not affected. These pyruvate-induced changes suggest that alterations in energy metabolism, or precursors that enhance viability and macromolecular synthesis in mammalian cell cultures, may exert marked effects on cellular morphology without corresponding changes in growth of neoplastic liver cells.
Where have all the winos gone

Some decades ago I was a House Officer at a busy city hospital in which many patients had alcohol-related problems. The teaching was that the above definition of "wino" (a pejorative term even then) applied to a large proportion of the alcoholics seen, and that the beverages consumed were usually fortified wine or jug wine. Anecdotal observation at the time seemed to confirm this. My more recent observations in northern California suggest that alcoholics who drink mostly wine are com? monly seen, and that they are, perhaps, disproportionately women. It should be noted that organ damage from long-standing heavy drinking is probably related primar? ily to lifetime ethyl alcohol intake, not beverage choice; the evidence for this is clearest for alcoholic cirrhosis.2 However, any traits that are related to predisposition to heavy drinking have obvious relevance to these risks. The ability to accurately predict individual risk of developing a drinking problem would be a great boon, as problem drinking is probably the least disputed sequela of light/moderate alcohol intake. So far, individual risk can only be approximated; predictors include genetic and other internal factors, as well as an array of social, cultural, and other external environmental factors.3 Even when these known predictors are taken into ac? count, changes in drinking late in life may be related to unpredictable life events.4 Methods that attempt to re? duce or prevent problem drinking are also diverse, and include limiting the availability and increasing the cost.3 In this context the report by Jensen et al5 in this issue that beer drinkers are more likely than wine drinkers to progress to heavier drinking is both interesting and po? tentially important. The analysis is well controlled for available confounders, although the authors rightly
Design and performance of two-phase charge-coupled devices with overlapping polysilicon and aluminum gates

The design, fabrication, operation, performance and analysis of two-phase surface channel, CCD shift registers built using a polysilicon overlapped by aluminum gate technology will be presented. The devices studied consist of previously described 64 and 128-stage shift registers with 1.2 mil center-to-center spacing and a new 500 stage device with 0.8 mil center-to-center spacing, including various channel widths of 5.0, 1.0 and 0.5 mil. Devices were fabricated on a variety of different substrates including
Role of renal prostaglandins during antidiuresis and water diuresis in man

The relationship of renal prostaglandins to antidiuretic hormone action and water diuresis was examined in 13 normal subjects and 2 subjects with diabetes insipidus. Following overnight water deprivation, a oral water load caused a prompt and sustained rise in the rate of urinary PGE2 excretion from 7.7 +/- 1.2 to 81.6 +/- 26.4 ng/hr (P less than 0.0001) in 7 normal subjects. Because the simultaneous increase in urinary excretion of urea was only 17% of the rise in urinary PGE2, passive wash-out of renal PGE2 probably accounts for only a small fraction of the increment in PGE2 excretion. Administration of the antidiuretic hormone analogue DDAVP to 6 normal subjects during sustained water diuresis resulted in a decrease in PGE2 excretion and urine flow rate comparable to that of dehydrated subjects. Thus, PGE2 excretion varied directly with urine flow rate over a wide range of states of hydration in all 13 normal subjects. One patient with central diabetes insipidus and one with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus demonstrated a similar positive correlation of PGE2 excretion rate and urinary flow rate in states of hydration, dehydration, and after administration of DDAVP. In the patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, this relationship of PGE2 excretion rate to urine flow rate was unaffedted by DDAVP over a broad range of urine flow rates. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin in 6 normal subjects resulted in a significant decline in free water clearance (7.7 +/- 1.0 to 4.7 +/- 0.9 ml/min. P less than 0.001) and an increase in the minimal UOsm (61 +/- 4 to 93 +/- 19 mOsm/kg. P less than 0.01) achieved during water diuresis without a change in creatinine or osmolar clearances. Furthermore, the tightly linked relationship of PGE2 excretion rate to urine flow rate was reduced in 5 of 6 subjects during indomethacin treatment. We conclude that urinary PGE2 excretion varies directly with urine flow rate and is not directly dependent on ADH activity or state of hydration in man. The rise in PGE2 excretion during water diuresis may enhance the excretion of free water since indomethacin treatment blunted free water clearance while suppressing the rise in PGE2 excretion.
Cytochemical and fine structural analysis of oogenesis in the gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta.

An analysis of differentiating oocytes of the gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta, has been made by techniques of light and electron microscopy. Early previtellogenic oocytes are limited by a smooth surfaced oolemma and are associated with each other by maculae adhaerentes. Previtellogenic oocytes are also distinguished by a large nucleus containing randomly dispersed aggregates of chromatin. Within the ooplasm are Golgi complexes, mitochondria and a few cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. When vitellogenesis begins, the oolemma becomes morphologically specialized by the formation of microvilli. One also notices an increase in the number of organelles and inclusions such as lipid droplets. During vitellogenesis there is a dilation of the saccules of the Golgi complexes and cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Associated with the Golgi complexes are small protein-carbohydrate yolk precursors encompassed by a membrane. These increase in size by fusing with each other. The “mature” yolk body is a membrane-bounded structure with a central striated core and a granular periphery. At maturity a major portion of the ooplasmic constituents such as as mitochondria and lipid droplets occupy the animal region while the bulk of the population of yolk bodies are situated in the vegetal hemisphere. The follicle cells incompletely encompass the developing oocyte. In addition to the regularly occurring organelles, follicle cells are characterized by the presence of large quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes whose saccules are filled with a dense substance. Associated with the Golgi saccules are secretory droplets of varied size. Amongst the differentiating oocytes and follicle cells are Leydig cells. These cells are characterized by a large vacuole containing glycogen. A possible function for the follicle and Leydig cells is discussed.
Communicative participation restrictions in multiple sclerosis: Associated variables and correlation with social functioning

Abstract Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at risk for communication problems that may restrict their ability to take participation in important life roles such as maintenance of relationships, work, or household management. The aim of this project is to examine selected demographic and symptom-related variables that may contribute to participation restrictions. This examination is intended to aid clinicians in predicting who might be at risk for such restrictions and what variables may be targeted in interventions. Community-dwelling adults with MS (n = 216) completed a survey either online or using paper forms. The survey included the 46-item version of the Communicative Participation Item Bank, demographics (age, sex, living situation, employment status, education, and time since onset of diagnosis of MS), and self-reported symptom-related variables (physical activity, emotional problems, fatigue, pain, speech severity, and cognitive/communication skills). In order to identify predictors of restrictions in communicative participation, these variables were entered into a backwards stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Five variables (cognitive/communication skills, speech severity, speech usage, physical activity, and education) were statistically significant predictors of communication participation. In order to examine the relationship of communicative participation and social role variables, bivariate Spearman correlations were conducted. Results suggest only a fair to moderate relationship between communicative participation and measures of social roles. Communicative participation is a complex construct associated with a number of self-reported variables. Clinicians should be alert to risk factors for reduced communicative participation including reduced cognitive and speech skills, lower levels of speech usage, limitations in physical activities and higher levels of education. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to: (a) describe the factors that may restrict participation in individuals with multiple sclerosis; (b) list measures of social functioning that may be pertinent in adults with multiple sclerosis; (c) discuss factors that can be used to predict communicative participation in multiple sclerosis.
The sympathetic nervous system in hypertension

Sympathetic drive can contribute not only to the acute adjustment to circulatory stresses but also to sustained elevation in vascular resistance and arterial pressure. In hypertensive animals and humans excessive sympathetic activity coupled with a possible genetic factor may result in defects in electrogenic ion transport of vascular muscle or in excessive vascular hypertrophy. Increased sympathetic activity and release of the neurotransmitter may occur as a result of defects of the efferent, afferent or central components of the sympathetic system. Several studies in various animal models and in humans are described to support the notion that the mosaic concept in hypertension may be embodied in a dual theory that includes a vascular muscle defect coupled with excessive sympathetic drive both of which may be of genetic or acquired origin. Almost regardless of the cause of hypertension, interruption of sympathetic efferent activity lowers arterial pressure.
The Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI): development and validation of a system for scoring the signs and symptoms of Fabry disease.

Fabry disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. The resultant storage of undegraded glycolipids leads to the progressive development of potentially life-threatening manifestations affecting multiple organ systems in the body. This paper describes the development of the Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI), a scoring system for patients with Fabry disease. Conclusion: The MSSI score has been proven to be representative in patients with 'classic' Fabry disease and may be useful for monitoring clinical improvement in patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy.
Convergent validity of the Timeline Followback for persons with comorbid psychiatric disorders engaged in residential substance use treatment

Abstract This study examined the convergent validity of the Timeline Followback (TLFB) for individuals with comorbid (Axis I and/or Axis II) psychiatric disorders in a sample of persons ( N = 150) engaged in residential treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Approximately one-half of the sample was diagnosed with at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. Validity was assessed comparing data from the TLFB with data from the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and collateral reports. For the entire sample, data from the TLFB was significantly correlated with data from the ASI and collateral reports of substance use. No significant differences were found between those with and those without a comorbid psychiatric disorder, suggesting that the TLFB was equally valid for both groups.
Synchronizing production and transportation schedules

This paper examines whether it is cost-effective to synchronize production and transportation schedules on a production network. The network considered consists of one origin and many destinations. The origin produces parts that are shipped directly to each destination. Trade-offs between production set-up, freight transportation, and inventory costs on the network are analyzed, and total costs are compared for synchronized and independent schedules. The paper focuses on a simple production system, which can be modeled analytically and which allows the basic issues in synchronizing schedules to be addressed. Results suggest that cost savings from synchronization can be sufficiently large to warrant further research into more realistic albeit more complex production systems.
First principles calculations and experiment predictions for iodine vacancy centers in SrI2

We present the electronic structure, lattice relaxation, and formation energies of iodine vacancy defects in SrI2 for the one-electron, two-electron, and ionized charge states. We use a local generalized gradient approximation as well as non-local hybrid functionals within the framework of density functional theory, as it is commonly accepted that the latter can improve accuracy of the band gap and hence relevant energy levels. Comparison is made to published results on chlorine vacancy defects in NaCl calculated with similar methods and functionals, and also to a recent first-principles study of one- and two-electron occupancy in MgO vacancy centers. Using the parameters that are calculable from first principles in SrI2 as a starting point, we incorporate available experimental data and adaptations of simple models to predict a range of results that can help guide or interpret future experiments such as absorption energy, configuration coordinate curves, vibrational lineshape, thermal trap depth, and Mollwo–Ivey comparison to alkaline-earth fluorides. Charge density contour in the F center in SrI2.
Aqua(benzene-1,3-dicarboxylato)zinc(II).

The title compound, poly­[[aqua­zinc(II)]-μ-benzene-1,3-di­carboxyl­ato-O1:O1′:O2], [Zn(C8H4O4)(H2O)]n, forms a metal–organic coordination network that consists of tetrahedral Zn atoms bonded to one water mol­ecule and three carboxyl­ate groups. Isophthalate groups bridge the four-coordinate Zn centers to generate two-dimensional architectures in the ac plane. These planar zinc isophthalate motifs are linked by infinite C=O⋯H—O—H interactions along the a axis to form a chiral framework. The observed polar structural pattern originates due to the distorted tetrahedral Zn centers [O—Zn—O 100.7 (2)–136.0 (1)°] and the alignment of the water mol­ecules. Bridging isophthalate groups align to form approximate centrosymmetric motifs.
Overcoming “ecophobia”: fostering environmental empathy through narrative in children's science literature

Efforts to communicate with children about ecological themes often emphasize environmental threats. For some children, however, this approach can backfire, as they try to avoid continued exposure to problems they cannot solve. Another innovative approach is to promote the development of environmental empathy and environmental literacy through the use of narrative. Children's books that use narrative to convey key concepts about a given ecosystem could potentially reach a broad audience by making information about the books available on the internet. Examples of this approach are a special New York City edition of a book in the Magic School Bus series (Scholastic Press) and the Schoolyard Book series produced by the Long Term Ecological Research Network program.
Catalysis using gold nanoparticles decorated on nanocrystalline cellulose.

A novel nanocomposite was prepared by deposition of carbonate-stabilized Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the surface of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA)-coated carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). The hybrid material possessed AuNPs (1.45% by weight) with an average diameter of 2.95 ± 0.06 nm. The catalytic activity of AuNP/PDDA/NCC for reducing 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol was compared to other Au-supported composites. An activation energy of 69.2 kJ mol−1 was obtained for the reaction. Indeed, the reaction rate constant k of (5.1 ± 0.2) × 10−3 s−1 was comparable to the benchmark literature value obtained using AuNPs (<5 nm in diameter) decorated on a network of crystalline cellulose fibers. Our strategy promotes the use of natural resources to prepare reusable hybrid inorganic–organic materials for important reactions with facilitated product isolation/purification.
Jamming II: Edwards’ statistical mechanics of random packings of hard spheres

Abstract The problem of finding the most efficient way to pack spheres has an illustrious history, dating back to the crystalline arrays conjectured by Kepler and the random geometries explored by Bernal in the 1960s. This problem finds applications spanning from the mathematician’s pencil, the processing of granular materials, the jamming and glass transitions, all the way to fruit packing in every grocery. There are presently numerous experiments showing that the loosest way to pack spheres gives a density of ∼55% (named random loose packing, RLP) while filling all the loose voids results in a maximum density of ∼63%–64% (named random close packing, RCP). While those values seem robustly true, to this date there is no well-accepted physical explanation or theoretical prediction for them. Here we develop a common framework for understanding the random packings of monodisperse hard spheres whose limits can be interpreted as the experimentally observed RLP and RCP. The reason for these limits arises from a statistical picture of jammed states in which the RCP can be interpreted as the ground state of the ensemble of jammed matter with zero compactivity, while the RLP arises in the infinite compactivity limit. We combine an extended statistical mechanics approach ‘a la Edwards’ (where the role traditionally played by the energy and temperature in thermal systems is substituted by the volume and compactivity) with a constraint on mechanical stability imposed by the isostatic condition. We show how such approaches can bring results that can be compared to experiments and allow for an exploitation of the statistical mechanics framework. The key result is the use of a relation between the local Voronoi volumes of the constituent grains (denoted the volume function) and the number of neighbors in contact that permits us to simply combine the two approaches to develop a theory of volume fluctuations in jammed matter. Ultimately, our results lead to a phase diagram that provides a unifying view of the disordered hard sphere packing problem and further sheds light on a diverse spectrum of data, including the RLP state. Theoretical results are well reproduced by numerical simulations that confirm the essential role played by friction in determining both the RLP and RCP limits. The RLP values depend on friction, explaining why varied experimental results can be obtained.
Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Chang cells by nonadherent, non-thymus-derived, Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes

Abstract Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Chang cells (a human polyploid liver cell) was demonstrated in a population of healthy volunteers. Cytotoxicity is independent of antibody or secreted factors and is a rapidly occurring event which is initiated by cell contact between the effector and the target cell. The cytotoxic cell is a nonadherent, non-thymus-derived Fc receptor-bearing lymphocyte which lacks surface immunoglobulin. No relationship between antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Chang cells was observed, indicating that different cells may mediate these two cytotoxic reactions. The wide range of observed cytotoxic values in different individuals suggests that genetic factors may play a role in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity.