cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nrf2 independent heme oxygenase-1 induction by auranofin is in lung macrophages

Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1) activates nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) responses, attenuates experimental lung injury, and disproportionally increases heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. HO-1 has been investigated as a potential therapeutic target to prevent lung injury; however, the mechanisms by with TXNRD1 inhibition increases of HO-1 levels in macrophages is unclear. We recently demonstrated that the TXNRD1 inhibitor auranofin (AFN) induces HO-1 in lung epithelial cells via Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. TXNRD1 is abundantly expressed in both lung epithelia and macrophages. The present studies used murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S) to test the hypothesis that AFN-mediated HO-1 induction is Nrf2 dependent. Nrf2 expression was decreased in MH-S cells using siRNA. Knockdown was confirmed by qPCR and western blotting. Within 24 h of transfection, Nrf2 mRNA levels were 56% lower than in scramble siRNA transfected controls. In control cells, treatment with 0.5 µM AFN for 1 h decreased TXNRD1 activity by 90% and increased HO-1 mRNA levels by 2-fold when compared to vehicle-treated cells. In Nrf2 siRNA-treated cells, NQO1 mRNA levels were 80% less than in scramble siRNA transfected controls which is consistent with Nrf2 knockdown. Conversely, HO-1 mRNA levels were not different between scramble and Nrf2 siRNA-treated cells. Treatment with 0.5 µM AFN for 2h did not increase Nqo1 mRNA levels in Nrf2 siRNA-treated cells; however, HO-1 mRNA levels were 3-fold greater when compared to vehicle-treated knockdown cells. In conclusion, AFN induces HO-1 expression in MH-S cells which is consistent with our findings in previous studies. In contrast to lung epithelia, AFN-mediated HO-1 induction in lung macrophages is Nrf2 independent. The mechanisms by which TXNRD1 inhibition elicits HO-1 induction in alveolar macrophages are currently being investigated.
Cellular and Molecular Differences Between Area CA1 and the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus.

A distinct feature of the hippocampus of the brain is its unidirectional tri-synaptic pathway originating from the entorhinal cortex and projecting to the dentate gyrus (DG) then to area CA3 and subsequently, area CA1 of the Ammon’s horn. Each of these areas of the hippocampus has its own cellular structure and distinctive function. The principal neurons in these areas are granule cells in the DG and pyramidal cells in the Ammon’s horn’s CA1 and CA3 areas with a vast network of interneurons. This review discusses the fundamental differences between the CA1 and DG areas regarding cell morphology, synaptic plasticity, signaling molecules, ability for neurogenesis, vulnerability to various insults and pathologies, and response to pharmacological agents.
Analysis on wind caps reconstruction of the first domestic 150 MW CFB boiler

The 150 MW CFB boiler in Jingdezhen Power Plant is the largest domestic CFB boiler in commercial operation. The air distribution plate was redesigned due to the cinder leakage problem. Previous T-caps were replaced by the "mantle" wind caps, as a result, leakage problem of cinder was improved considerably. This paper analyzed the effect of wind caps on the air distribution plate and material resistance before and after this reconstruction and considered that the primary cause for cinder leakage was not the air distribution resistance but the structure of wind cap. This reconstruction experience makes great reference for the stable operation as well as the commissioning and operation of larger CFB boiler.
Sensing Nerve Activity with Scalable and Robust Nerve Interfaces

Sensing the electrical activity of peripheral nerves with high spatial resolution is needed to accurately capture dynamic and detailed movement intent of amputees and could be helpful to adapt the treatment of other disease states through closed-loop neuromodulation of bioelectronic medicines. However, existing nerve interfaces have designs that significantly limit their recording performance. To overcome these limitations, we have combined micromachined neural interfaces with tissue- engineered hydrogel-based scaffolds. These tissue-engineered electronic nerve interfaces (TEENI) enable highly scalable nerve interfaces that provide significant interface-design freedom. To speed the development of a robust microfabrication processes, a high-temperature reactive-accelerated-aging (RAA) soak test is used. Chronic electrophysiological experiments demonstrate high- SNR recording performance for implanted TEENI devices.
Study on application of the immunodominant fragment of glycoprotein G in diagnosis of herpes simplex virus 2 infection with ELISA

Objective To express immunodominant fragment gG321-580 of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) Glycoprotein G,and explore the feasibility of the gG321-580 as the diagnosis antigen to detect HSV-2 type-specific IgG antibodies,and provide a technological basis for the development of diagnosis kit.Methods Sf9 cells were inoculated with recombinant baculovirus containing gG321.580 gene and the recombinant gG321-580 protein were purified by NTA-Ni2 + columns from the cell lysate.Vero cells were infected with HSV-2 to produce virus antigen.Two indirect ELISA methods (gG321-580-ELISA,HSV-2-ELISA) were established by recombinant gG321-580 and HSV-2 antigen as coating antigens.One hundred and five clinical serum samples were assayed by gG321-580-ELISA,HSV-2-ELISA and HerpeSelect 2 ELISA IgG kit respectively.The results of HerpeSelect 2 ELISA IgG kit as a golden standard were compared with those of the other two methods in sensitivity,specificity and accordance rate.Results The results of SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis showed the molecular weight of gG321-580 protein was about 60 000 and had good immunoactivity.Compared to HerpeSelect 2 ELISA IgG kit,the sensitivity,specificity and accondance rate of gG321-580-ELISA and HSV-2-antigen ELISA were 83.3％,81.8％,82.9％ and 20.8％,93.9％,43.8％,respectively.The sensitivity and accordance rate of gG321-580-ELISA were higher than HSV-2-ELISA.Conclusions gG321-580-ELISA is a specific,sensitive,quick and convenient method for diagnosis of HSV-2 infection,which can provide much information for a diagnosis kit. Key words: Herpesvirus 2, human; Immunodominant fragment; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Die Hochschulen im Zeitalter des Frühdigitalismus

Probeweise lasst sich eine Situation in 200 Jahren imaginieren, also fur einen Zeitabstand, wie er die heutige Gegenwart ruckwartig von der Aufklarung trennt: Man stelle sich vor, Digitalisierungshistoriker.innen blickten um 2200 auf das fruhe 21. Jahrhundert zuruck. Dann lasst sich leicht ausmalen, dass diese Betrachter von einer gewissen Belustigung befallen werden, wenn sie die unbeholfen erscheinenden Bemuhungen rekonstruieren, mit denen wir heute die digitale Medienrevolution im Alltag in den Griff zu bekommen versucht haben. Sie werden womoglich auch uberrascht sein, weil sie es sich vielleicht so schlimm nicht vorgestellt hatten.
Light-Emitting Metasurfaces: A Metalens Approach for Focusing Spontaneous Emission

We present a metalens design made from GaN nanopillars with embedded quantum-well emitters. We fabricate, using nanolithography, metalenses with different focal lengths and observe that the proposed design can effectively focus the emitted photoluminescence.
Reconfigurable nanophotonic silicon probes for sub-millisecond deep-brain optical stimulation.

The use of nanophotonics to rapidly and precisely reconfigure light beams for the optical stimulation of neurons in vivo has remained elusive. Here we report the design and fabrication of an implantable silicon-based probe that can switch and route multiple optical beams to stimulate identified sets of neurons across cortical layers and simultaneously record the produced spike patterns. Each switch in the device consists of a silicon nitride waveguide structure that can be rapidly (<20 μs) reconfigured by electrically tuning the phase of light. By using an eight-beam probe, we show in anaesthetized mice that small groups of single neurons can be independently stimulated to produce multineuron spike patterns at sub-millisecond precision. We also show that a probe integrating co-fabricated electrical recording sites can simultaneously optically stimulate and electrically measure deep-brain neural activity. The technology is scalable, and it allows for beam focusing and steering and for structured illumination via beam shaping. The high-bandwidth optical-stimulation capacity of the device might facilitate the probing of the spatiotemporal neural codes underlying behaviour. A reconfigurable nanophotonic silicon probe, implanted in anaesthetized mice, that switches multiple optical beams in less than 20 μs enables the optical stimulation of multineuron spike patterns in the brain at sub-millisecond precision.
Tumor-Derived PGE2 Gives NK Cells a Headache.

Summary Tumors use active immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immune recognition and shape the local inflammatory environment. In this issue of Immunity, Bonavita et al. report that tumor-derived PGE2 blocks early activation of natural killer cells and interferes with subsequent adaptive immune cell recruitment to the tumor.
Creation of Quality Management Systems: Frameworks for Performance Excellence

As healthcare organizations, and more specifically hospitals, work to be competitive in a value-based financial system, the quality of services and related outcomes becomes paramount. To achieve the goals of safer and higher quality care at lower cost, it is imperative that organizations put in place the structures to support, drive, and sustain improvements. For hospitals that are new to this journey, there are key elements of Quality Management Systems that need to be addressed. Not only do these areas of focus include quality and safety but also culture change, oversight by senior leaders, and a definite focus on workforce and the customer. What follows is a discussion of the philosophy and operational pieces of a Quality Management System and how they lead to performance excellence for hospitals and healthcare organizations.
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Setaria viridis, a Model System for Cereals and Bioenergy Crops

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for the genetic and molecular characterization of cereals and bioenergy crops. Here, we describe a detailed procedure for genetic transformation of the S. viridis accession line ME034V-1. This method utilizes callus generated from mature seeds for infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1 to regenerate hygromycin-resistant stable transgenic plants. It takes approximately 7 weeks to generate callus from mature seeds, 11-17 weeks from infection to the regeneration of transgenic lines, and an additional 3-4 weeks for plant growth in the greenhouse for seed collection. The protocol as presented consistently results in transformation frequency of approximately 25% for the generation of transgenic plants, with fewer escapes and higher survivability in soil for optimal seed collection. © 2021 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of S. viridis (Accession ME034V-1) callus from mature seeds Basic Protocol 2: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of callus to generate transgenic plants Basic Protocol 3: Plantlet transplantation in soil, plant growth in greenhouse, and seed collection Support Protocol: Preparation of Agrobacterium culture for infection.
Graduate Student Literature Review: Mitochondrial adaptations across lactation and their molecular regulation in dairy cattle

As milk production in dairy cattle continues to increase, so do the energetic and nutrient demands on the dairy cow. Difficulties making the necessary metabolic adjustments for lactation can impair lactation performance and increase the risk of metabolic disorders. The physiological adaptations to lactation involve the mammary gland and extramammary tissues that coordinately enhance the availability of precursors for milk synthesis. Changes in whole-body metabolism and nutrient partitioning are accomplished, in part, through the bioenergetic and biosynthetic capacity of the mitochondria, providing energy and diverting important substrates, such as AA and fatty acids, to the mammary gland in support of lactation. With increased oxidative capacity and ATP production, reactive oxygen species production in mitochondria may be altered. Imbalances between oxidant production and antioxidant activity can lead to oxidative damage to cellular structures and contribute to disease. Thus, mitochondria are tasked with meeting the energy needs of the cell and minimizing oxidative stress. Mitochondrial function is regulated in concert with cellular metabolism by the nucleus. With only a small number of genes present within the mitochondrial genome, many genes regulating mitochondrial function are housed in nuclear DNA. This review describes the involvement of mitochondria in coordinating tissue-specific metabolic adaptations across lactation in dairy cattle and the current state of knowledge regarding mitochondrial-nuclear signaling pathways that regulate mitochondrial proliferation and function in response to shifting cellular energy need.
Camouflage pattern segmentation for calculation of apparent reflectance spectra

Camouflage patterns consist of complex patterning where the reflectance, as a function of wavelength of each pattern segment is specified. The complexity of camouflage patterns establishes a need to determine camouflage pattern reflectance characteristics as a function of distance to an observer. Different camouflage pattern segments incoherently combine at far field to become a segment-weighted, space-averaged, reflectance spectrum, i.e., the apparent reflectance spectrum of the camouflage pattern. This report demonstrates application of an algorithm for camouflage pattern segmentation, which is for parametric modeling of apparent reflectance spectra.
Transactive multi-agent reinforcement learning for distributed energy price localization

Energy demand response is projected to play a crucial role in facilitating increased renewable penetration. Current energy pricing mechanisms are simple and not optimized to the way consumers respond financially; adaptive and dynamic pricing may be pivotal in maximizing for deferability of demand. I have demonstrated the efficacy of a price-setting reinforcement learning controller in an office building simulation above baseline controls in shifting demand and lowering the building's energy costs. Abstracting to a microgrid level, I have demonstrated that a similar architecture is also effective. As a next step, I am interested in a larger scale simulation of a distributed controller network. With the appropriate simulation setup, quantifying the effects of numerous localized price-setters would be possible.
Survival of Clostridium perfringens During Baking and Holding of Turkey Stuffing.

Abstract Vegetative cells of three strains of Clostridium perfringens were used as inoculum for bread and onion stuffing for eight lightweight and eight heavyweight turkeys. When stuffed turkeys were refrigerated (5 ± 1 C for 24 ± 2 hr), a mean count of 580 vegetative cells of C. perfringens per gram of stuffing was reduced to undetectable levels (<6 per gram) in six of the eight. An inoculum of spores of the three strains used in a second series survived refrigerated holding with no change in numbers. During cooking of the stuffed turkeys in an oven at 94 C, numbers of vegetative cells fell steadily and numbers of spores remained constant or increased slightly (2 of 16 stuffings), until the temperature of the stuffing rose above that permitting growth. Viable C. perfringens cells were recovered from the stuffings at the end of cooking plus 1 hr for the group inoculated with the spore suspension. Storage of these stuffings resulted in marked reductions in numbers after 6 days at 5 ± 1 C and in increases after 24 ± 2 hr at 23 ± 1 C. Cells of a strain which produces spores not considered heat-resistant survived in stuffing in birds cooked to doneness in ovens at 94, 163, and 232 C. In accepted methods of cooking stuffed turkeys, C. perfringens contaminants may survive and create a hazard if subsequent storage is in a temperature range which permits their multiplication.
Random Movements in Space and Time

Many biological phenomena, at all levels of organization, can be modeled by treating them as random processes, behaving much like the diffusion of ink in a container of water. In this chapter, we discuss some biological aspects of random processes, namely, the movement of oxygen across a human placenta. While these processes might seem to be quite different at first glance, they actually act according to very similar models. We begin with a description of biological membranes, structures that regulate the movement of material into, out of, and within the functional compartments of a cell. At the core of a membrane is a layer of water-repelling molecules. This layer has the effect of restricting the free transmembrane movement of any substance that is water soluble, although water itself can get past the layer. The transmembrane movement of the normal water-soluble compounds of cellular metabolism is regulated by large biochemical molecules that span the membrane. They are called permeases, or transport proteins. Permeases have the ability to select the materials that cross a membrane. Other membranes anchor critical cellular components that promote chemical reactions through catalysis. A human fetus requires oxygen for its metabolic needs. This oxygen is obtained from its mother, who breathes it and transfers it via her blood to the placenta, an organ that serves as the maternal–fetal interface. Because the blood of mother and child do not mix, material exchange between them must take place across a group of membranes. The chemical that transports the oxygen is hemoglobin, of which there are at least two kinds, each exhibiting a different strength of attachment to oxygen molecules. Further, chemical conditions around the hemoglobin also affect its attachment to oxygen. The conditions at the placenta are such that there is a net transmembrane movement of oxygen from maternal hemoglobin to fetal hemoglobin. This chapter also serves as an introduction to the discussions of the blood vascular system of Chapter 9, of biomolecular structure of Chapter 8, and of HIVin Chapter 10.
Towards Automatic Synthesis of High-Performance Codes for Electronic Structure Calculations: Data Locality Optimization

The goal of our project is the development of a program synthesis system to facilitate the development of high-performance parallel programs for a class of computations encountered in computational chemistry and computational physics. These computations are expressible as a set of tensor contractions and arise in electronic structure calculations. This paper provides an overview of a planned synthesis system that will take as input a high-level specification of the computation and generate high-performance parallel code for a number of target architectures. We focus on an approach to performing data locality optimization in this context. Preliminary experimental results on an SGI Origin 2000 are encouraging and demonstrate that the approach is effective.
The Mass and Structure of the Remnant of Tycho’s Supernova

A high resolution X-ray image of Tycho’s supernova remnant obtained from the Einstein Observatory reveals three components of X-ray emission that we identify with shocked interstellar material, diffuse ejecta, and clumpy ejecta. This picture is applied to derive the mass of X-ray emitting material. Assuming a distance of 3 kpc, an absorbing column density of 3 × 1021 atoms/cm2, and using an ion-electron non-equilibrium calculation for the emissivity, we find the average density of the ISM is 0.4 atoms/cm3, and the energy contained in the remnant is 1.4 × 1051 ergs. The total mass of X-ray emitting material in the remnant is ≈4 M⊙, ≈2 M⊙ ejecta and ≈2 M⊙ swept up, putting the remnant at an intermediate state between a free expansion and the Sedov phase. There is no evidence for neutron star. The upper limit on the surface temperature is in the range 1.1 to 1.8 × 106K.
Historical Archaeology in Africa: Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions

Chapter 1 Preface Part 2 Part I: Issues of Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions Chapter 3 Chapter 1: Questions that Count: Africa and Beyond Chapter 4 Chapter 2: Oral Traditions and Archaeology: First Perspectives Chapter 5 Chapter 3: Critical Hisotrical Archaeologies and Historical Representations Chapter 6 Chapter 4: Social Memory, Mnemonics, and Historical Archaeology Chapter 7 Chapter 5: Tropes, Space, and Historical Archaeology Chapter 8 Chapter 6: Moving Historical Archaeology to Symbolic Space Part 9 Part II: Historical Archaeology and Representation Chapter 10 Chapter 7: Historical Archaeology and Representations of Iron Technology in Africa Chapter 11 Chapter 8: The Politics of History Making and Historical Representation of Indigenous Production Chapter 12 Chapter 9: Historical Representations of the Cwezi 'Dynasty': How Oral Traditions and Historical Archaeology Came to Support an Historical 'House of Cards' Chapter 13 Chapter 10: The Cwezi Myth of Statehood: Its Resurrection and Demise Chapter 14 Chapter 11: Foreigners of Endogenous Development in the Horn of Africa? New Representations from Historical Archaeology Chapter 15 References
Hunting and the Politics of Violence before the English Civil War

1. Introduction: hunting, violence, and the origins of the English Revolution 2. Blood, sacrifice, and order: meanings of the forest and hunt in culture, politics, and society 3. Honor, property, and the symbolism of the hunt in Stowe, 1590-1642 4. Ancient liberties and the politics of the commonweal in Waltham forest, 1608-42 5. Royal honor, Great Parks, and the commonweal in Windsor forest, 1603-42 6. Venison and the politics of honor in Corse Lawn Chase, 1620-42 7. Conclusion: royal symbols, forest politics, and popular politics in Early Modern England.
Monoclonal antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

With modern intensive combination polychemotherapy, the complete response (CR) rate in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is 80% to 90%, and the cure rate is 40% to 50%. Hence, there is a need to develop effective salvage therapies and combine novel agents with standard effective chemotherapy. ALL leukemic cells express several surface antigens amenable to target therapies, including CD20, CD22, and CD19. Monoclonal antibodies target these leukemic surface antigens selectively and minimize off-target toxicity. When added to frontline chemotherapy, rituximab, an antibody directed against CD20, increases cure rates of adults with Burkitt leukemia from 40% to 80% and those with pre-B ALL from 35% to 50%. Inotuzumab ozogamicin, a CD22 monoclonal antibody bound to calicheamicin, has resulted in marrow CR rates of 55% and a median survival of 6 to 7 months when given to patients with refractory-relapsed ALL. Blinatumomab, a biallelic T cell engaging the CD3-CD19 monoclonal antibody, also resulted in overall response rates of 40% to 50% and a median survival of 6.5 months in a similar refractory-relapsed population. Other promising monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 (ofatumumab and obinutuzumab) or CD19 or CD20 and bound to different cytotoxins or immunotoxins are under development. Combined modalities of chemotherapy and the novel monoclonal antibodies are under investigation.
Review: Adding tiotropium to ICSs alone or with LABAs improves pulmonary function in asthma

Source Citation Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. What is the role of tiotropium in asthma?: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Chest. 2015;147:388-96. 25322075
FACTORS INFLUENCING KNEE RESTRAINT

A planar mathematical model was developed to provide means of studying factors which can influence the function of lower torso restraint via a padded lower instrument panel or knee bolster. The following factors were judged to play the most significant role: (1) initial fore-and-aft position of the seated occupant relative to the knee restraint; (2) location of the knee-to-bolster contact; (3) angular orientation of the bolster face; (4) primary axis of the bolster resisting force, (5) variations in vehicle crash parameters; and (6) deformation characteristics of the bolster. The model of a seated occupant included radiographic and empirical data on the anatomy of the links and joints in the lower extremity. Emphasis was also placed on determining a range of reference location, orientation, and primary axis of resistance of the knee bolster so that an effective restraint may be provided for the 5th percentile female, 50th percentile male, and 95th percentile male occupant.
Three-dimensional structure of the developing mouse genital ridge

We are interested in understanding how the field of cells which forms the gonad arises, and how the testis-determining gene, Sry, controls morphogenesis of a testis within this field of cells. To appreciate changes in the three-dimensional structure of the mouse genital ridge at this time in development, whole-mount genital ridges taken from male and female embryos over the developmental period when the initiation of testis cord morphogenesis takes place, were stained with an antibody against laminin. Samples were visualized using confocal microscopy. Anti-laminin illuminates the elaborate array of mesonephric duct and tubules which occupy the cranial two-thirds of the mesonephros at the earliest timepoint. This complex structure gradually regresses as testis cords form in male gonads. No structural organisation is recognized by this antibody in the female gonadal region during this period. Confocal sections in the Z-plane reveal continuous cellular connections between 3-6 mesonephric tubules and the gonadal primordium. These cellular bridges are present in male and female gonads, so they do not depend on the expression of Sry. We consider the possibility that these bridges constitute the pathways of the founder cells of the gonadal primordium.
Land Applications of Wastewater in Arid Lands: Theory and Case Studies

Land application of wastewater is recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency as a method of recycling nutrients and organic matter while protecting freshwater resources (1). Wastewater has been applied to agronomic crops, rangelands, forests, and recreation areas, including parks and golf courses, and to disturbed lands such as mine spoils sites (2, 3, 4, 5). Benefits from recycling wastewater include creating a supplemental irrigation source, thereby conserving drinking water, and reducing fertilizer costs because wastewater contains nitrogen and phosphorus (6). As wastewater moves through the soil profile, the soil and plants act as filters that trap and treat, through various mechanisms, waste particles and contaminants allowing the remaining water to drain through the soil profile (7, 8). Wastewater provides an effective source of nutrients that vegetation roots can absorb and allow the plant to assimilate. The benefit of this system is both the effective remediation of wastes and the recycling of water, nutrients, and carbon via biomass production (4). Keywords: short rotation woody crops; sewage treatment; native plants; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Prosopis glandulosa; Larrea tridentata; Pinus brutia var. eldarica
Limits on the brittle strength of planetary lithospheres undergoing global contraction

The degree and depth of fracturing of the lithospheres of Mars, Mercury, and the Moon remain poorly known. It is these two properties, however, that govern the mechanical behavior of a planetary lithosphere. Considering the lithosphere as a cohesive rock mass that consists of small and large blocky, interlocked rock fragments, as opposed to an intact body or a body entirely lacking cohesion, provides insight into the effect of lithospheric fracturing on tectonic processes on these bodies. Characterization of the near-surface lithospheric brittle strength that incorporates the degree of fracturing is necessary for a realistic assessment of the lithospheric response to global contraction resulting from interior secular cooling. Such an assessment shows that all of these bodies could have accommodated substantial amounts of global contraction prior to the formation of thrust fault-related landforms. In fact, their lithospheres were sufficiently strong so as to experience changes in radius of as much as 2.2 ± 0.4 km (Mars), 2.1 ± 0.4 km (Mercury), and 1.4 ± 0.3 km (the Moon) prior to the onset of widespread thrust faulting. These values imply that the process of global contraction begins before any evidence of it is established in the geologic record, requiring an earlier onset, and for Mars and Mercury a faster initial strain rate, of global contraction than previously thought. Such results add a heretofore unrecognized component of planetary radial decrease with implications for timing and strain rate to studies of global contraction on Mars, Mercury, and the Moon, in particular, and to planetary bodies, in general.
EVALUATING THE TARGETS OF SELECTION DURING CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT

Ecological character displacement occurs when competition imposes divergent selection on interacting species, causing divergence in traits associated with resource use. Generally, divergence is assumed to occur when selection acts on the same, continuously varying trait in both species. However, selection might target multiple traits, and even closely related heterospecifics involved in character displacement might differ in selective targets. We investigated the targets of selection in a species of spadefoot toad, Spea multiplicata, during experimentally imposed competition with a congener, S. bombifrons. When examining traits separately, we found significant selection acting on multiple resource-acquisition traits. Yet, controlling for the independent effects of these traits in a multiple regression revealed that direct selection on a single trait might have contributed toward indirect selection on other correlated traits. Moreover, although we found evidence for plasticity in most traits, competition with S. bombifrons imposed selection on morphology and not on plasticity. Additional experiments suggest that the selective targets during character displacement might differ between the two species involved in this one instance of character displacement. Identifying the targets of competitively mediated selection is crucial, because whether and how character displacement ultimately unfolds depends on the nature of these targets and correlations among them.
A Toilet Paper Timeline of Evolution

The theory of evolution of the Earth system including both geological and biochemical parameters is challenging for both teachers to teach and students to learn due to a number of synergistically interactive conceptual, historical, methodological, philosophical, political and theological factors (see Miller 1998 and National Academy of Sciences 1998 & 1999). In fact, the AAAS Benchmarks (1993) argues that:
Large-scale purification and characterization of malaria vaccine candidate antigen Pvs25H for use in clinical trials.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to express the recombinant protein Pvs25H, currently the only candidate transmission-blocking vaccine against Plasmodium vivax malaria. This molecule contains four epidermal growth factor-like domains and is expressed as at least two stable monomeric forms with different physicochemical properties. Pvs25H-A is apparently homogeneous and seems to have a correct disulfide bond structure. By contrast, Pvs25H-B is produced as a heterogeneous population of molecules, some of which are associated with an as yet unidentified chromophore, and it contains both internal and N-terminal cleavages. We report here a procedure for successfully separating these two forms with a process suitable for clinical production of this antigen.
Recurrent and Residual Sebaceous Carcinoma After Mohs' Excision of the Primary Lesion

We reviewed the histories of three patients with sebaceous carcinoma (two of the eyelid and one of the caruncle) who had had their tumors excised by surgeons experienced in the Mohs' technique. In each patient the tumor was considered totally excised. In one patient, residual intraepithelial pagetoid sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid was detected incidentally when a reparative flap was placed. In the other two patients, invasive sebaceous carcinoma recurred, necessitating orbital exenteration; one patient has regional lymph node metastases. Because of the difficulty in detecting pagetoid spread on frozen sections and the multicentric nature of sebaceous carcinoma, we advocate managing these tumors by wide local excision, checking margins with high-quality permanent sections.
Virus persistence and recurring demyelination produced by a temperature-sensitive mutant of MHV-4

Mouse hepatitis virus type 4 (MHV-4, the JHM strain), a positive-strand RNA virus of the coronavirus family, is well documented as an inducer of acute and chronic demyelination in mice, as well as subacute demyelination in rats, due to a cytolytic infection of oligodendrocytes. However, experiments to explore the role of virus and host factors in the production of chronic or recurrent demyelinating disease have been limited because MHV-4 usually produces demyelination in conditions that frequently induce a fatal necrotizing encephalomyelitis. To circumvent this problem, we had made and selected mutant viruses that caused both a high incidence of demyelination and a low incidence of encephalitis-induced mortality. One such mutant, designated ts8, consistently caused acute demyelinating disease in over 90% of intracerebrally or intranasally (natural route of infection) inoculated, 4-5 week-old mice from several susceptible strains within 6-10 days. In addition, ts8 typically did not cause fatal necrotizing encephalitis, showing a low mortality (less than 5%). This reflected a unique tropism of ts8 for oligodendrocytes, but a limited one for neuronal cells. We now report that ts8 is also useful for inducing persistent infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS). The histopathological correlate of this infection is chronic recurrent demyelination, and virus can be demonstrated ultrastructurally in intact oligodendrocytes, in the vicinity of demyelinated areas.
Influence of pH, temperature, salinity, and dissolved organic matter on the photolysis of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in seawater

Abstract In this study, the influence of salinity, nitrate, pH, temperature, and dissolved organic matter on the rate of photolysis of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) in marine, estuary, and laboratory-prepared waters was measured. Photochemical degradation was studied using a Suntest CPS+® solar simulator equipped with various filters designed to select specific regions of the solar spectrum. Degradation rates of the compounds were determined using HPLC analysis, and product formation was determined using LC/MS. DNT photolysis rates were influenced by the wavelength of the light irradiating the compound; 295, 305, and 320 nm long-pass filter exposures produced similar degradation rates while 385 and 395 nm filter exposures produced minimal or no degradation. Under the 295-nm filter, first-order DNT degradation rate constants increased with increasing salinity for both natural seawater and artificial seawater. The 2,6-DNT rate constants did change significantly when the pH (7.2 to 8.1), temperature (10 to 32 °C), and nitrate (up to 4 mM) were varied over the range of values found in marine waters. Similar results were found for 2,4-DNT, except for temperature where the rate constant increased slightly with increasing temperature. The addition of dissolved organic matter (up to 10 mg/L) to ultrapure water, artificial seawater (salinity = 9), and natural seawater enhanced the photolysis of 2,6-DNT, while it only enhanced the photolysis of 2,4-DNT in the ultrapure and artificial seawater (salinity = 9). Products formed by 2,4-DNT photolysis in natural seawater were 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde, 2,4-dinitrobenzylnitrile, and 2-amino,4-nitrobenzoic acid. The photolysis of 2,6-DNT in natural seawater formed 2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde, 2,6-dinitrobenzyl alcohol, and 2,6-dinitrobenzylnitrile.
Ultrastructural evidence of stratum corneum permeabilization induced by photomechanical waves.

Photomechanical waves (high amplitude pressure transients generated by lasers) have been shown to permeabilize the stratum corneum in vivo and facilitate the transport of macromolecules into the viable epidermis. The permeabilization of the stratum corneum is transient and its barrier function recovers. Sites on the volar forearm of humans were exposed to photomechanical waves and biopsies were obtained immediately after the exposure and processed for electron microscopy. Electron microscopy showed an expansion of the lacunar spaces within the stratum corneum lipid bilayers but no changes in the organization of the secreted lamellar bodies at the stratum corneum–stratum granulosum boundary. The combination of photomechanical waves and sodium lauryl sulfate enhances the efficiency of transdermal delivery and delays the recovery of the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Electron microscopy from sites exposed to photomechanical waves and sodium lauryl sulfate showed that the lacunar spaces expanded significantly more and the secreted lamellar bodies also appeared to be altered. In either case, there were no changes in the papillary dermis. These observations support the hypothesis that the photomechanical waves induce the expansion of the lacunar spaces within the stratum corneum leading to the formation of transient channels.
When and why carbohydrate restriction can be a viable option

There is a significant amount of controversy related to the optimal amount of dietary carbohydrate. This review summarizes the health-related positives and negatives associated with carbohydrate restriction. On the positive side, there is substantive evidence that for many individuals, low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets can effectively promote weight loss. Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) also can lead to favorable changes in blood lipids (i.e., decreased triacylglycerols, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and decrease the severity of hypertension. These positives should be balanced by consideration of the likelihood that LCDs often lead to decreased intakes of phytochemicals (which could increase predisposition to cardiovascular disease and cancer) and nondigestible carbohydrates (which could increase risk for disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract). Diets restricted in carbohydrates also are likely to lead to decreased glycogen stores, which could compromise an individual's ability to maintain high levels of physical activity. LCDs that are high in saturated fat appear to raise low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and may exacerbate endothelial dysfunction. However, for the significant percentage of the population with insulin resistance or those classified as having metabolic syndrome or prediabetes, there is much experimental support for consumption of a moderately restricted carbohydrate diet (i.e., one providing approximately 26%-44 % of calories from carbohydrate) that emphasizes high-quality carbohydrate sources. This type of dietary pattern would likely lead to favorable changes in the aforementioned cardiovascular disease risk factors, while minimizing the potential negatives associated with consumption of the more restrictive LCDs.
Melanoma metastatic to the orbit.

Abstract Cutaneous malignant melanoma often metastasizes to the lung, bone, liver, subcutaneous tissue, and lymph nodes. Six cases of malignant melanoma metastatic to the orbit are presented, five from cutaneous melanomas and one from a contralateral choroidal melanoma. Melanoma rarely metastasizes to the orbit, but when orbital involvement occurs, widespread metastases are already present. Twenty-two cases were reviewed from the literature; 13 of 14 patients, with sufficient follow-up data, had widespread metastases when they presented with orbital disease. Extraocular muscles appear to be a favored site of metastases. The mean time from orbital presentation to death was 4 months. Orbital metastases from a distant melanoma is, therefore, part of a widespread metastasic process. Treatment should be directed toward palliation.
Shifting paradigms: Herbivory and body size in lizards

Many lizards frequently eat fruits and flowers, but few are strictly herbivorous (1, 2). For >30 years, biologists have perpetuated the notion that herbivory in lizards required large body size, based largely on a set of physiological arguments centered on thermal requirements for digestion of plants and the observation that the few studied herbivorous lizards were relatively large in body size (3). From the outset, the argument was fundamentally flawed, because most known large-bodied herbivorous lizards are members of a strictly herbivorous clade, the Iguanidae. Consequently, a single origin of herbivory from a large-bodied ancestor accounts for much of the association between herbivory and large size in lizards. Within other lizard clades, herbivorous species are not among the largest (e.g., Teiidae, Cnemidophorus murinus, Cnemidophorus arubensis , and Dicrodon guttulatum ; and Varanidae, Varanus olivaceus ). Even when the few noniguanian origins of herbivory are added, the number of origins pales in comparison with those identified in this issue of PNAS by Espinoza et al. (4) in a single iguanian clade, the Liolaemidae. More importantly, the multiple origins identified by Espinoza et al. derive from small-bodied ancestors in relatively cool environments, running counter to the notion that herbivory in ectotherms requires large body size and warm environments. Why is this such an important finding, and how does it change the way we think about the evolution of feeding and diets in lizards? To fully appreciate the significance of this finding, it is necessary to recount the evolution of feeding strategies in squamate reptiles (Fig. 1). Squamate ancestors used visual cues to detect and discriminate prey, the tongue to capture and manipulate prey (lingual prehension), and an ambush …
Integrating Spirituality into Training: The Spiritual Issues in Supervision Scale

This paper reports findings from a study of the psychometric properties of a newly developed measure, the Spiritual Issues in Supervision Scale (SISS). The instrument was originally conceived in response to the growing need within the helping professions to understand the role of spirituality within clinical practice and supervision. While evidence supporting the internal consistency of the measure was obtained through a preliminary study, the present investigation provides a more detailed examination of the measure. Results reflect that the instrument in addition to being reliable, measures four dimensions of supervision that related to spirituality. Based on the findings of this study, conclusions are provided pertaining to the potential utility of the instrument.
Structural characterization of cardiolipin by tandem quadrupole and multiple-stage quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization

We report negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometric methods for structural characterization of cardiolipin (CL), a four-acyl-chain phospholipid containing two distinct phosphatidyl moieties, of which structural assignment of the fatty acid residues attached to the glycerol backbones performed by low-energy CAD tandem mass spectrometry has not been previously described. The low-energy MS2-spectra of the [M−H]− and [M−2H]2− ions obtained with ion-trap or with tandem quadrupole instrument combined with ion-trap MS3-spectra or with source CAD product-ion spectra provide complete structural information for CL characterization. The MS2-spectra of the [M−H]− ions contain two sets of prominent fragment ions that comprise a phosphatidic acid, a dehydrated phosphatidylglycerol, and a (phosphatidic acid+136) anion. The substantial differences in the abundances of the two distinct phosphatidic anions observed in the MS2-spectra of the [M−H]− ions lead to the assignment of the phosphatidyl moieties attached to the 1′ or 3′ position of central glycerol. Upon further collisional dissociation, the MS3-spectra of the phosphatidic anions provide information to identify the fatty acyl substituents and their position in the glycerol backbone. The MS2-spectra of the [M−2H]2− ions obtained with TSQ or ITMS contain complementary information to confirm structural assignment. The applications of the above methods in the differentiation of cardiolipin isomers and in the identification of complex cardiolipin species consisting of multiple molecular structures are also demonstrated.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Instrument Design And Application In Air And Vacuum

The scanning tunneling microscope(STM) has the capability of mapping the topography of a surface with unprecedented resolution in both vertical and lateral directions. STM has been used to obtain real space images of individual atoms on a surface. In this paper we review the principles and technical aspects of STM, and give some examples of its applications both in air and vacuum. These include images of graphite, silicon, and indium on silicon. Several techniques of digital image processing developed to facilitate the analysis of STM data are also described.
Evidence of a secondary hypervolemia in trained man following acute high intensity exercise

Exercise induced hypervolemia is well documentied following the initial onset of chronic exercise. In trained man, however, it might be difficult to induce further PV expansion with exercise induced hypervolemia already present. Therefore the primary goal of this study was determine the effect of acute high intensity exercise on plasma volume (PV), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), in fourteen male competitive runners (VO 2 max 60.7 ± 6.4 · ml kg -1 · min-1) in the middle of their season. In this well trained state, subjects twice performed three steady state runs at different speeds, and one maximal graded exercise test (baselime). After this baseline evaluation, subjects exercised at a high intensity (≈ 90 - 95 % of VO 2 max) on 2 consecutive days (short-term high intensity STHI exercise). Subjects then repeated the submaximal runs and maximal exercise test (post high intensity exercise, PHIE). Following the intense exercise period, the subjects experienced an increase in PV of 4.4 % (p < 0.05), HR was signifiantly reduced for any given running speed (p < 0.05) as was blood lactate concentration (p < 0.05), and SV was significantly increased by 4 % (p < 0.05). Both CO and VO 2 at submaximal running speeds were unaffected by the acute increase in exercise intensity. Maximal HR was also significantly reduced following the intense exercise (p < 0.05), but VO 2 max was unchanged. These data illustrate that STHI exercise can induce a secondary hypervolemia at a given work rate in trained man. These findings support scientific and anecdotal reports of a reduced HR response at a given work rate PHIE.
Thinking on Different Levels of Narrative Time: J.T. Fraser’s Eotemporal Hierarchical Theory and Samuel Beckett’s Prototemporal Cosmos

Abstract This essay examines different modes of organizing narrative time and the thinking about time that narrative temporalities make possible. J.T. Fraser’s hierarchical theory of time is framed as a narrative which displays a conflict between subsuming time into form and depicting a natural history of time. Fraser’s work is characterized by an eotemporal narrative time that is able to range freely across a continuous, reversible temporal world. Fraser’s assessment of Samuel Beckett’s plays as depicting a prototemporal cosmos is summarized and then supplemented with reflections on how the prototemporal narrative time of Waiting for Godot enables thought to confront time, death and life in stark clarity.