cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flame/Turbulence Interactions in Premixed Stagnating Flows

Unsteady simulations of stagnation point flames are conducted in order to study flame turbulence interactions in a relatively simple flow environment. Flame propagation is represented using a flamelet model called the G equation. Two subgrid models are used to close the filtered G equation. The effects of significant heat release on the turbulent flow and the effect of varying turbulence intensity on the flame structure have been studied. The results show that at low turbulence intensities, the heat release dramatically alters the flow field and as the intensity is increased, heat release has a dimishing effect. The turbulent flame speeds are also shown to be in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental data.
Nitrogen activity determination in plasmas

In many important materials processing operations, such as welding and plasma processing, a solid or a liquid metal is exposed to a plasma. In such systems, the activity of a species, such as nitrogen, in the plasma cannot be estimated from a straightforward application of the established thermochemical principles of gas-metal reactions. Currently, there is no established method for the determination of activity of a species in a plasma. In this article, a method for determination of nitrogen activity in plasmas is presented. High-purity tantalum and niobium samples were isothermally exposed to a well-characterized helium-nitrogen plasma, and the corresponding nitrogen solubility in each metal was determined by the vacuum fusion method. In each case, the activity of nitrogen in the plasma with respect to a standard state of 1 atm nitrogen pressure was calculated from the nitrogen solubility data and its value was demonstrated to be about an order of magnitude higher than the partial pressure of nitrogen in the source gas used to generate the plasma. The solubility of a species in a condensed phase exposed to a plasma can be used to determine its activity in the plasma.
Production of Synovitis in Rabbits by Fractions of a Cell-Free Extract of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae'

Abstract Rabbits were injected intravenously with isolated protein fractions from a crude extract of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae to determine if isolated components could elicit the same chronic synovitis produced by the whole crude extract. Three of the six fractions eluted from DEAE-cellulose each elicited distinctive histologic changes in the respective synovia. Only one of the fractions was detectable by fluorescent technics, but it persisted in the synovium from the second day throughout the term of these experiments. A synovitis identical in severity, distribution, and chronicity to that produced by the whole crude extract was not seen.
The influence of fixational eye movements on the response of neurons in area MT of the macaque

We analyzed the relationship between eye movements and neuronal responses recorded from area MT in alert monkeys trained to maintain visual fixation during the presentation of moving patterns. The monkeys made small saccades which moved the eyes with velocities that spanned the sensitivity range of MT neurons. The saccades evoked changes in the neuronal response that depended upon (1) the level of stimulus-evoked activity amidst which the saccade occurred and (2) the direction of the saccade relative to the preferred direction of the neuron. Most notably, saccades were able to suppress stimulus-evoked activity when they caused retinal image flow that opposed the neuron's preference and were able to elicit a response or enhance weak activity when they caused flow in the neuron's preferred direction. On average, the disturbance lasted 40 ms beginning about 40 ms following saccade onset. Using these parameters, we simulated synthetic spike trains from an imaginary pair of similarly tuned neurons and determined that the interneuronal correlation due to saccades should be negligible at all but the lowest ongoing firing rates. This conclusion was supported from our data by the observation that response variance for single MT spike trains was not measurably reduced during periods of stable gaze compared to periods when eye movement exceeded a stability criterion (0.1 deg during 0.5 s). While the intrusions caused by saccades are too short-lived and infrequent to account for the variability of MT neuronal response (counter to the finding in V1 of Gur et al., 1997), the clear directional signal that they carry in area MT suggests that motion perception is not blocked during saccades by suppression at early stages in the visual pathway.
Louder speech leads to greater intelligibility improvements than amplification of habitual speech in Parkinson's disease

Abstracted from: Neel, A. T. (2009). Effects of loud and amplified speech on sentence and word intelligibility in Parkinson disease. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, 1021–1033. Source of funding: Research Allocations Committee Small Grant from the University of New Mexico.
A unified kinematic model for the evolution of detachment folds

Abstract Detachment folds represent a major structural element in a number of fold belts. They are common in the Jura Mountains, the Zagros fold belt, the Central Appalachian fold belt, the Wyoming fold-belt, the Brooks Range, the Parry Islands fold belt, and parts of the SubAndean belt. These structures form in stratigraphic packages with high competency contrasts among units. The competent upper units exhibit parallel fold geometries, whereas the weak lower unit displays disharmonic folding and significant penetrative deformation. Two distinct geometric types, disharmonic detachment folds, and lift-off folds have been recognized. However, these structures commonly represent different stages in the progressive evolution of detachment folds. The structures first form by symmetric or asymmetric folding, with the fold wavelength controlled by the thickness of the dominant units. Volumetric constraints require sinking of units in the synclines, and movement of the ductile unit from the synclines to the anticlines. Continuing deformation results in increasing fold amplitudes and tighter geometries resulting from both limb segment rotation and hinge migration. Initially, limb rotation occurs primarily by flexural slip folding, but in the late stages of deformation, the rotation may involve significant internal deformation of units between locked hinges. The folds eventually assume tight isoclinal geometries resembling lift-off folds. Variations in the geometry of detachment fold geometry, such as fold asymmetry, significant faulting, and fold associated with multiple detachments, are related to variations in the mechanical stratigraphy and pre-existing structure.
Spectroscopy for Intact Particles

In infrared microscopy, the structure and the chemistry of a sample are commingled, distorting the recorded spectra and confounding chemical identification. We provide a physics-based method to recover the material response from spheres.
Evaluation of potential kidney donors with the personality assessment inventory: Normative data for a unique population

Many transplant centers require personality assessment and/or psychiatric clearance prior to allowing an individual to donate a kidney. This is a unique cohort for personality assessment, and there is no normative information available for this population on standardized self-report measures such as the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). We evaluated a prospective sample of 434 kidney donor candidates with development of normative T-scores relevant to this specific comparison group. Compared to the original normative group from the PAI manual, potential kidney donors are 5-7 T-score points above the mean on PIM, RXR, DOM, and WRM and 4-6 points below the mean on the majority of the remaining scales. Raw score/T score conversion tables are provided. The normative data provided here is meant to supplement the original normative information and aid psychologists in evaluation of this unique medical population.
The three eras of fungal toxin research

The era of moldy food or feed toxicoses dates from 1711 when the role of the fungusClaviceps purpurea in the formation of the poisonous ergot grains on rye was established. Since that time numerous toxic incidents have been related to ingestion of moldy food or feed. The thrust of the research through this period was to isolate and identify the responsible mold(s). We are now well into the mycotoxin era, which dates from 1962 with the isolation and characterization of the aflatoxins. The absence of viable mold in the toxic peanut meal that sparked this era provides a suitable backdrop for the current research activity with isolated, well identified toxins of mold origin. We now have identified toxins with no obvious disease relationship. This brings us to the third era, the era of multiple challenges just getting under way. Since some of the first era toxicoses cannot be explained on the basis of the isolated toxins alone, we are beginning to realize that multiple factors may be involved.
Age-dependent effects of gestational and lactational iron deficiency on anxiety behavior in rats.

Abstract Gestational iron deficiency (ID) has been linked to alterations in GABA neurotransmission, but whether these neuronal changes are mirrored in altered anxiety behavior in rats is not known. In this experiment, two tests of GABA-related affective behaviors in rats, ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to investigate the consequences of maternal ID. Female rats were randomly assigned to one of three diet groups: low iron (10–20 ppm Fe), recommended (standard) iron control (60 ppm Fe) or lab chow (250 ppm Fe) control. Diets started 7 days prior to mating and continued until 10 days after birth (PN10). Maternal behavior and offspring growth and activity were also assessed. Blood samples taken on PN10 revealed a significant decrement in serum iron and an increase in total iron binding capacity in the low iron groups compared to the two control groups. Relative to the two control groups, the low iron group weighed less on PN1, and this weight difference persisted in adulthood. In neonates, the rate of USVs in the low iron group was significantly higher than the two control groups, and their general activity was significantly less than the controls. Maternal behavior was not significantly different across groups. By adulthood, anxiety behavior and motor activity in the low iron group were comparable to controls, although the iron deficient subjects habituated more slowly. This study shows that prenatal iron deficiency results in increased anxiety behavior in neonates that appears to be reversed with iron repletion but that some aspects of altered exploratory behavior and growth persist into adulthood.
Implications of Just-in-Time Production for Union Strategy: Lessons from the 1998 General Motors-United Auto Workers Dispute

This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal dynamics of the 1998 General Motors-United Auto Workers dispute to examine what implications ‘lean’ production methods may have for organized labor. Whereas much writing on new forms of production organization has tended to see such developments in ‘either/ or’ terms — either as an attack on unions in the workplace, or as offering workers an opportunity for empowerment through teamwork and greater control over job content — in this paper, I argue that, under lean production, the power relations between workers and employers are being refashioned in contradictory ways at different geographic scales. Specifically, while lean production may indeed represent an attack on workers’ traditional ways of doing things at the scale of the shopfloor, the introduction of Just-in-Time production methods as part of the ‘leaning’ of capitalism may present new possibilities at the scale of interplant relations for unions to exploit in their relationship with employers. In this ...
Simultaneous Concentration of Bovine Viruses and Agricultural Zoonotic Bacteria from Water Using Sodocalcic Glass Wool Filters.

Infiltration and runoff from manured agricultural fields can result in livestock pathogens reaching groundwater and surface waters. Here, we measured the effectiveness of glass wool filters to simultaneously concentrate enteric viruses and bacteria of bovine origin from water. The recovery efficiencies were determined for bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, bovine rotavirus group A, bovine coronavirus, poliovirus Sabin III, toxigenic Escherichia coli ,and Campylobacter jejuni seeded into water with three different turbidity levels (0.5, 215, and 447 NTU). Twenty liters of dechlorinated tap water (pH 7) were seeded with the test organisms, and then passed through a glass wool filter using a peristaltic pump (flow rate = 1 liter min−1). Retained organisms were eluted from the filters by passing beef extract-glycine buffer (pH 9.5) in the direction opposite of sample flow. Recovered organisms were enumerated by qPCR except for C. jejuni, which was quantified by culture. Mean recovery efficiencies ranged from 55 to 33 % for the bacteria and 58 to 16 % for the viruses. Using bootstrapping techniques combined with Analysis of Variance, recovery efficiencies were found to differ among the pathogen types tested at the two lowest turbidity levels; however, for a given pathogen type turbidity did not affect recovery except for C. jejuni. Glass wool filtration is a cost-effective method for concentrating several waterborne pathogens of bovine origin simultaneously, although recovery may be low for some specific taxa such as bovine viral diarrhea virus 1.
Simultaneous generation of sensitivity functions—transfer function matrix approach

Abstract Sensitivity functions are used in many model parameter identification methods and adaptive control algorithms. Since one sensitivity model has to be used for each parameter, the computation requirement is large when many parameters have to be identified or adjusted. This paper proposes a method to reduce the computation requirement by using one sensitivity model suitable for the generation of sensitivity functions for all parameters. Instead of using modal transformations and eigenvector sensitivities as previously proposed, this paper uses an input-output transfer function matrix approach. Several sufficient conditions in terms of controllability are given for the implementation of the method. An estimate of computation savings is provided.
CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS OF PERINATAL SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE AMONG BLACK AND WHITE WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA

This secondary analysis assessed the impact of neighbor- hood characteristics on individual substance exposures among pregnant women in California. Zip code-level census data were attached to data from the 1992 California Perinatal Substance Exposure Study to serve as a proxy for neighborhood characteristics. The central hypothesis of this study suggests that there are differences in substance exposure rates among women living in neighborhoods with differing socioeconomic statuses. The second hypothesis for this study suggests that there are no differences among black and white prevalence rates after controlling for neighborhood characteristics. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the proportion of a neighborhood receiving public assistance was a significant predictor for use of amphetamines, opiates, marijuana, tobacco, and any illegal drug but not alcohol or cocaine. Results also indicated that blacks had higher pre- dicted prevalence risks for alcohol and cocaine while whites had higher predicted risks for tobacco, marijuana, and amphetamines.
Some Aspects of the Application of Linguistics to the Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages

T HE widely-publicized Statement of Qualifications for Secondary School Teachers of Modern Foreign Languages of the Modern Language Association provides for seven areas of competence. One of these, Language Analysis, is assigned the following levels of achievement: "Minimal-A working command of the sound patterns and grammar patterns of the foreign language, and a knowledge of its main differences from English. "Good-A basic knowledge of the historical development and present characteristics of the language, and an awareness of the differences between the language as spoken and as written. "Superior-Ability to apply knowledge of descriptive, comparative, and historical linguistics to the language-teaching situation."' The major purpose of language institutes, as defined in Title VI of the National Defense Education Act, is the provision for "advanced training, particularly in the use of new teaching methods and instructional materials," which explains why a course in applied linguistics has become a regular feature of institute programs. In this paper I shall attempt primarily to spell out some principles and points of view expressed in the Instructor's Manual, which accompanies Modern Spanish, a project of the Modern Language Association, and in a statement on linguistics and its applications which was prepared at an MLA conference in May of 1960 by an ad hoc committee consisting of Professors Albert H. Marckwardt, Patricia O'Connor, Ruth Hirsch Weir, and myself, which runs as follows:
Synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)-tethered poly(propylene fumarate) and its modification with GRGD peptide

Abstract Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a highly biocompatible hydrophilic polyether, was tethered to poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), a biodegradable polyester. To avoid change in molecular weight distribution of PPF, end hydroxyl groups of PPF were reacted with bis-carboxymethyl PEG after being treated with thionyl chloride. New end carboxyl groups of the PEG-tethered PPF were further reacted with N -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to couple bioactive molecules. Glutamine and glycine–arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (GRGD) were attached to the PEG-tethered PPF in 50 mM phosphate buffer of pH of 7.4. Tethering PEG to PPF, activation of the PEG-tethered PPF with NHS, and coupling of peptide and amino acid were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The 1 H-NMR spectrum of PEG-tethered PPF showed significant PEG proton peaks at 3.5 ppm. The GPC chromatogram of PEG-tethered PPF showed significant increase in molecular weight of the polymer without noticeable unreacted PEG. Characteristic proton peaks of glutamine and GRGD also were observed in proton NMR spectra after the modification of PEG-tethered PPF. The carbonyl stretching bands of amide bonds (amide I bands) were observed in the IR spectra of modified PEG-tethered PPF with glutamine and GRGD. Glutamine and GRGD were coupled to the PEG-tethered PPF with yields of 90 and 99%, respectively, as determined by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) analysis. The proposed method also will be valuable for the preparation of a triblock copolymer with PEG end blocks and the coupling of biologically active molecules.
Evaluations for in vitro correlates of immunogenicity of inactivated influenza a H5, H7 and H9 vaccines in humans.

Background Serum antibody responses in humans to inactivated influenza A (H5N1), (H9N2) and A (H7) vaccines have been varied but frequently low, particularly for subunit vaccines without adjuvant despite hemagglutinin (HA) concentrations expected to induce good responses. Design To help understand the low responses to subunit vaccines, we evaluated influenza A (H5N1), (H9N2), (H7N7) vaccines and 2009 pandemic (H1N1) vaccines for antigen uptake, processing and presentation by dendritic cells to T cells, conformation of vaccine HA in antibody binding assays and gel analyses, HA titers with different red blood cells, and vaccine morphology in electron micrographs (EM). Results Antigen uptake, processing and presentation of H5, H7, H9 and H1 vaccine preparations evaluated in humans appeared normal. No differences were detected in antibody interactions with vaccine and matched virus; although H7 trimer was not detected in western blots, no abnormalities in the conformation of the HA antigens were identified. The lowest HA titers for the vaccines were Summary Antigen uptake, processing and presentation to human T cells and conformation of the HA appeared normal for each inactivated influenza A vaccine. Low HA titer was associated with low immunogenicity and presence of particles or split virus pieces was associated with higher immunogenicity.
An altered fibronectin matrix induces anoikis of human squamous cell carcinoma cells by suppressing integrin alpha v levels and phosphorylation of FAK and ERK

Fibronectin regulates many cellular processes, including migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Previously, we showed that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell aggregates escape suspension-induced, p53-mediated anoikis by engaging in fibronectin-mediated survival signals through focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here we report that an altered matrix, consisting of a mutated, nonfunctional high-affinity heparin-binding domain and the V region of fibronectin (V+H−), induced anoikis in human SCC cells; this response was blocked by inhibitors of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Anoikis was mediated by downregulation of integrin alpha v in a panel of SCC cells and was shown to be proteasome-dependent. Overexpression of integrin alpha v or FAK inhibited the increase in caspase-3 activation and apoptosis, whereas suppression of alpha v or FAK triggered a further significant increase in apoptosis, indicating that the apoptosis was mediated by suppression of integrin alpha v levels and dephosphorylation of FAK. Treatment with V+H− decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, and direct activation of ERK by constitutively active MEK1, an ERK kinase, increased ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation and inhibited the increase in apoptosis induced by V+H−. ERK acted downstream from alpha v and FAK signals, since alpha v and FAK overexpression inhibited both the decrease in ERK phosphorylation and the increase in anoikis triggered by V+H−. These findings provide evidence that mutations in the high-affinity heparin-binding domain in association with the V region of fibronectin, or altered fibronectin matrices, induce anoikis in human SCC cells by modulating integrin alpha v-mediated phosphorylation of FAK and ERK.
Nitric oxide inhibits peroxidase activity of cytochrome c.cardiolipin complex and blocks cardiolipin oxidation.

The increased production of NO during the early stages of apoptosis indicates its potential involvement in the regulation of programmed cell death through yet to be identified mechanisms. Recently, an important role for catalytically competent peroxidase form of pentacoordinate cytochrome c (cyt c) in a complex with a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), has been demonstrated during execution of the apoptotic program. Because the cyt c·CL complex acts as CL oxygenase and selectively oxidizes CL in apoptotic cells in a reaction dependent on the generation of protein-derived (tyrosyl) radicals, we hypothesized that binding and nitrosylation of cyt c regulates CL oxidation. Here we demonstrate by low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that CL facilitated interactions of ferro- and ferri-states of cyt c with NO and NO–, respectively, to yield a mixture of penta- and hexa-coordinate nitrosylated cyt c. In the nitrosylated cyt c·CL complex, NO chemically reacted with H2O2-activated peroxidase intermediates resulting in their reduction. A dose-dependent quenching of H2O2-induced protein-derived radicals by NO donors was shown using direct electron paramagnetic resonance measurements as well as immuno-spin trapping with antibodies against protein 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide-nitrone adducts. In the presence of NO donors, H2O2-induced oligomeric forms of cyt c positively stained for 3-nitrotyrosine confirming the reactivity of NO toward tyrosyl radicals of cyt c. Interaction of NO with the cyt c·CL complex inhibited its peroxidase activity with three different substrates: CL, etoposide, and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. Given the importance of CL oxidation in apoptosis, mass spectrometry analysis was utilized to assess the effects of NO on oxidation of 1,1′2,2′-tertalinoleoyl cardiolipin. NO effectively inhibited 1,1′2,2′-tertalinoleoyl cardiolipin oxidation catalyzed by the peroxidase activity of cyt c. Thus, NO can act as a regulator of peroxidase activity of cyt c·CL complexes.
Activation of a renin-angiotensin system in ischemic cardiac sympathetic nerve endings and its association with norepinephrine release.

We had reported that in the ischemic heart, locally formed bradykinin (BK) and angiotensin II (Ang II) activate B 2 - and AT 1 -receptors on sympathetic nerve terminals (SNE), promoting reversal of the norepinephrine (NE) transporter in an outward direction (i.e., carrier-mediated NE release). Although both BK and Ang II contribute to ischemic NE release, Ang II is likely to play a more important role. Since BK is formed by ischemic SNE, we questioned whether cardiac SNE also contribute to local Ang II formation, in addition to being a target of Ang II. SNE were isolated from surgical specimens of human right atrium and incubated in ischemic conditions. These SNE released large amounts of endogenous NE via a carrier-mediated mechanism, as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of desipramine on this process. Moreover, two renin inhibitors, pepstatin-A and BILA 2157 BS, the ACE inhibitor enalaprilat and the AT 1 -receptor antagonist EXP3174 prevented ischemic NE release. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of renin in cardiac SNE. Renin abundance increased more than three-fold during ischemia. Thus, renin is present in cardiac SNE and is activated during ischemia, eventually culminating in Ang II formation, stimulation of AT 1 -receptors and carrier-mediated NE release. Our findings uncover a novel autocrine mechanism, by which Ang II, formed at SNE in myocardial ischemia, elicits carrier-mediated NE release by activating prejuntional AT 1 -receptors.
In‐Season Tissue Testing to Optimize Soft Red Winter Wheat Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates: Influence of Wheat Biomass

In the southeastern USA, soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N fertilizer recommendations are based on growth stage (GS) 30 tissue testing and models that assume that the relationship between tissue N concentration (Neon) and optimum N fertilizer rates (MaxN 30 ) is stable across fields differing in GS-30 biomass. However, previous research has indicated this may not be the case. Consequently, it was critical to re-evaluate these models. Using a split-split plot design, six experiments were conducted in North Carolina between 2002 and 2004. Main plots were planting date-seeding rate combinations that produced wheat with different GS-30 biomass. Subplots and sub-subplots were five N rates applied at GS-25 and GS-30, respectively. Wheat yield was responsive to fertilizer N at all site-years. The overall relationship between MaxN 30 and Neon was weak (r 2 = 0.43). The relationship between MaxN 30 and N uptake (Neon X biomass) was weaker (r 2 = 0.27). However, when the data were divided into different biomass classes, the overall model improved (R 2 = 0.75). For biomass < 340 kg ha 1, the Neon at which no additional N fertilizer was required (N critical ) was 70.0 g N kg -1 . As biomass increased, N critical decreased to 33.2 g N kg -1 . Intermediate classes had slopes of MaxN 30 versus Neon and N critical values that were similar to those previously reported. This study indicates that to use tissue testing to determine N fertilizer recommendations across a range of GS-30 biomass conditions requires information regarding dry matter biomass.
Benzodiazepine receptors: Temperature dependence of [3H]flunitrazepam binding

Abstract The characteristics of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding to brain specific benzodiazepine receptors were determined at varying temperatures. The rates at which [ 3 H]flunitrazepam associated with and dissociated from benzodiazepine receptors increased with increasing temperatures. The dissociation constant (K D ) also increased with increases in temperature. The (K D ) determined by Scatchard analyses of saturation isotherms showed a similar change with changes in temperature. The maximal binding capacity (Bmax) did not change with changes in temperature. The inhibitory constants of several benzodiazepines to inhibit [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding to brain were also higher at 37°C than at 0°C, suggesting that the binding affinity of all benzodiazepines to brain benzodiazepine receptors is lower at 37°C than at 0°C. Van't Hoff analysis of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding to brain at different temperatures reveals two linear components to this relationship.
Alogia and formal thought disorder: Differential patterns of verbal fluency task performance

Abstract Background There is evidence that alogia and formal thought disorder (FTD), two prominent speech symptoms in schizophrenia, are associated with different patterns of verbal fluency task deficits. Verbal fluency is thought to involve several cognitive mechanisms, including controlled retrieval, semantic memory, and context processing. Methods The current research examined whether alogia and FTD were associated with different patterns of verbal fluency performance and whether these patterns of verbal fluency performance would implicate deficits in controlled retrieval, semantic memory, or context processing. In the current research, 34 people with schizophrenia completed letter and category fluency tasks and detailed ratings of alogia and FTD symptoms were made from typed transcripts. Results Overall, alogia was associated with increased response latency between each word on the category fluency task, suggesting an association between alogia and poor controlled retrieval. In contrast, FTD was associated with a decreased proportion of semantically-related words on letter fluency, suggesting an association between FTD and poor context processing. Conclusions Alogia and FTD appear to be associated with unique patterns of fluency performance, implicating separate cognitive mechanisms.
Core excitation of 20Ne

Odd parity states of 20Ne arising from excitation of the 16O core are studied using the SU(3) classification scheme. A K = 0, L = 0−, 2−, 4−,… band is predicted to begin at about 10 MeV. The E2 transitions between such states are discussed.
CTH17-1: Using Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal Designs in Wireless Relay Networks

Distributed space-time coding was proposed to achieve cooperative diversity in wireless relay networks, in which antennas of relays work as transmit antennas of the sender and generate a space-time code at the receiver in a distributive way. It was proved that this scheme achieves the maximum diversity R when the total transmit power is infinitely large, where R is the number of relays in the network. This paper is on the design of practical distributed space-time codes for wireless relay networks. We use orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal designs which are originally used in the design of space-time codes for multiple-antenna systems. It is well known that orthogonal space- time codes have full diversity and linear decoding complexity. They are particularly suitable for transmissions in the network setting using distributed space-time coding since their 'scale-free' property leads to good performance. Our simulations show that they achieve lower error rates than the random code. We also compare the performance of distributed space-time coding to that of selection decode-and-forward using the same orthogonal designs. Simulations show that distributed space-time coding achieves higher diversity than selection decode-and-forward when there are more than one relay node.
Grain refinement of intermetallics by severe plastic deformation

Abstract Gamma titanium aluminides (γ-TiAl) of compositions Ti–(42, 48, and 52)at.% Al were deformed to strains >100% by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) at temperatures
Hepatocellular cancer care: Cost is important but only one factor of disease burden

‘‘Burden of disease” is an all encompassing term that captures not only the frequency (such as the incidence and prevalence) of the disease but also reflects how the disease impacts other aspects of the health of a population (Table 1). These include negative impact of disease on longevity (such as pre-mature death and years of lost life), morbidity (pain and impaired health related quality of life), and economic consequences of the disease (such as direct health care expenditures in caring for the disease and indirect costs related to lost income from premature death or disability). Therefore, one needs to take all these aspects into account to understand the true magnitude of a disease’s burden. Such understanding is also essential in formulating health care policies to prioritize health interventions and to allocate scarce resources across a range of medical diseases. For example expensive interventions (e.g., screening to detect early disease, treatment) will add cost and therefore may increase the overall disease burden, however these interventions may actually reduce the overall disease burden by prolonging life, and improving quality of life. Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is the fifth most common solid tumor in the world. The incidence and prevalence of HCC is rising in the United States, several parts of Europe, and until recently Japan [1]. In the Uni-
Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing safety: A new procedure

A new procedure for assessing the pharyngeal stage of swallowing in patients with dysphagia is described. Called the fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing safety (FEESS), it is being used to detect aspiration and to determine the safety of oral feeding in patients for whom the traditional videofluoroscopic evaluation may be difficult or impossible to perform. Patients for whom the FEESS procedure is indicated are identified and information obtainable via endoscopy is outlined.
Markers of the heart: finding spirituality in a bus marked “Tourist”

This paper details the experiences of 12 American college students as they travel through India, Thailand and Taiwan studying Buddhism for a semester. The paper discusses their joys and frustrations as they search for spirituality and meaning in a bus marked “Tourist”. The students share their feelings about being tourists, contrasting their desires to have an academic and spiritual experience as they visit sacred sites working with local scholars and religious practitioners. They struggle with their privledge and express their shame at seeing the economic inconsistencies and disparities of locals. As the semester ends, the students become increasingly self‐reflective, embodying humility and compassion. They are transformed as they see the contradictions of religion and culture. Implications for tourism management are offered, as well as an examination of the cross‐cultural issues of being a Westerner on a guided spiritual quest in an Eastern setting.
Preconditioning stimuli and inadvertent preconditioning

There are several factors besides brief episodes of total coronary occlusion which can provide sufficient stress to result in a preconditioning-like effect on the size of a myocardial infarction. Partial coronary artery stenosis, hypoxia, stretch, catecholamines, rapid pacing, and certain pharmacologic therapies may provide preconditioning stimuli. These same factors as well as mechanical complications in which a coronary artery is briefly occluded or stenosed prior to a subsequent coronary occlusion may lead to inadvertent preconditioning and confound the results of experimental cardiology studies.
The effect of aromatic amines on the photopolymerization of 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate

The ability of aromatic amines to accelerate the photoinitiated polymerization of multifunctional acrylates in the presence of oxygen is shown to be dependent on the structure of the amine. For N, N-dimethylaniline, a rapid oxygen-scavenging process which proceeds by a radical-chain mechanism accounts for the large polymerization rate increase. Conversely, aniline cannot sustain an oxygen-scavenging process and inhibits the polymerization of air-saturated monomers. In general, the degree of rate enhancement and/or inhibition of the aromatic amines investigated is subject to the amine concentration.
Reactive crystallization of selected enantiomers: Chemo-enzymatic stereoinversion of amino acids at supersaturated conditions

Abstract A new route for resolution of amino acids that form racemic compounds was developed using chemo-enzymatic stereoinversion reactions in saturated or supersaturated solutions: i.e. at high solute concentrations. The reactions enrich the solution in the desired enantiomer and move the solution composition to a thermodynamic region where the pure desired enantiomer can be crystallized. The reaction sequence first oxidizes the undesired d -enantiomer with d -amino acid oxidase, and the resulting intermediate imino acid is reduced into a racemic mixture of the enantiomers by ammonia borane. The result of this reaction network is completely enantioselective because the first step is enantioselective. The concept has been demonstrated by resolving racemic mixtures of phenylalanine and methionine, which allowed recovery of l -phenylalanine and l -methionine crystals with chemical and enantiomeric purities greater than 99%. Finally, reaction and crystallization kinetics were determined and combined to model this reactive-crystallization system. These results were used to demonstrate the potential of combining chemo-enzymatic reactions and crystallization to enhance the productivity of the process.
Predicting the Satisfaction and Loyalty of Adjunct Faculty.

Abstract Satisfaction with the quality of students, autonomy, faculty support, honorarium, and preference for teaching were significant predictors of adjunct faculty loyalty. With the exception of autonomy, these factors along with a heavy teaching load, collaborative research with full-time faculty, and satisfaction with teaching schedule were predictive of overall job satisfaction. If institutions continue to rely heavily on part-time or adjunct faculty, it is argued that they need to provide more support for part-timers to promote quality educational experiences in the classroom.
Implementing technology to improve public highway performance: A leapfrog technology from the private sector is going to be necessary

Policymakers could implement available, well-tested technologies to improve the efficiency of highway pricing, investment, and operations, which would improve travel speeds, reliability, and safety and reduce highway expenditures. Unfortunately, political and bureaucratic impediments to implement such technology exist and are unlikely to be overcome in the near future. However, technological innovations underway in the private sector, especially the driverless car, are likely to eventually leapfrog the technology that the public highway authorities could and should implement and will enable road users to obtain most of the potential benefits from technological advances in highway travel.
Theory of Alliances: Partnership and Partner Characteristics

SUMMARY Alliances have been referred to by many other terms such as symbiotic marketing, horizontal integration, collaboration, or strategic partnerships. There is a lot of literature on alliances, although most of that has generally focused upon the nature of alliances, e.g., formality, symmetry, and number. Much less has been written about the characteristics of the alliance partners, e.g., strategic goals, administrative structures, range of activities, etc. There are also very few empirical studies in this area. Based on the limited empirical evidence that is available, the author will integrate partnership and partner characteristics to develop a comprehensive theory of alliances. Such an integration will considerably enhance development of alliance theory as well as help potential partners better understand themselves and their partnerships.
Active force generation in cross-linked filament bundles without motor proteins

Cytoskeletal filaments often interact laterally through cross-linking proteins, contributing to passive cellular viscoelasticity and, perhaps surprisingly, active force generation. We present a theory, based on the formation and rupture of cross-linker bonds, that relates molecular properties of those interactions to the macroscale mechanics of filament bundles. Computing the force-velocity relation for such a bundle, we demonstrate significant contractile forces in the absence of molecular motors. This theory provides insight into cytokinesis, cytoskeletal mechanics, and stress-fiber contraction.
Hot, acidified rhodamine B and methylene blue; a differential stain dichromatic for hair follicular keratins, achromatic for epidermal keratin.

Procedure:Cut paraffin sections and float on a 45–50 C water bath; spread silicone-rubber adhesive (Clear Seal-General Electric) thinly and evenly over 2/3 of the slide; pick up the sections from the floatation water with the coated slide; dry for 1.5 hr at 25 C and at 60 C for 0.5 hr; deparaffinize, and hydrate to water. Place 150 mg of rhodamine B and 150 mg of methylene blue each in separate 100 ml beakers and add 80 ml of 10% HCl to each beaker. Bring both solutions to a boil on a hot plate in a fume hood; immerse tissue sections in the boiling rhodamine B exactly 2 min; rinse in a beaker of 10% HCl 5 sec; immerse in the boiling methylene blue exactly 0.5 min; rinse in distilled water; blot dry; and mount in a silicone-rubber medium (Glass and Ceramic Adhesive—Dow Corning Corp.). Hair shaft keratin stains red; inner root sheath keratin and keratogenous zone of the hair shaft, blue green; epidermal keratin remains unstained. Pilomatrixornas show foci of both red and blue green keratin; epidermal and ha...
Orientation of the bacteriochlorophyll triplet and the primary ubiquinone acceptor of Rhodospirillum rubrum in membrane multilayers determined by ESR spectroscopy (I)

Abstract Chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum were oriented as multilayers on quartz slides under reducing conditions. Irradiation of these multilayers in the resonance cavity of an ESR spectrometer at 6 K yielded the spectrum of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer triplet. The relative intensities of the main six lines of the triplet were dependent on the angle subtended by the direction of the external magnetic field with plane of the multilayers. The angular dependence of the intensities of these transitions can best be interpreted in terms of one of the principal axes of the triplet lying along the plane of the membrane while the other two axes are tilted 10–20° away from the parallel to and normal to the membrane directions. If we assume the porphyrin planes of the dimer to be parallel and the largest splitting of the triplet transitions to correspond to those transitions in a direction normal to this plane, then these data imply that the dimer planes are nearly perpendicular to the membrane plane. Purified iron-depleted phototrap complexes were similarly oriented in reconstituted phosphatidylcholine multilayers and the angular dependence of the light-induced spectrum recorded at room temperature. A computer analysis of this angular dependence suggests that the plane of the primary ubiquinone acceptor molecule is parallel to the plane of the membrane and therefore, perpendicular to the donor.
Hydrogen Membrane Separation Techniques

About 80% of the present world energy demand comes from fossil fuels. Unlike using fossil fuels, using hydrogen as an energy source produces water as the only byproduct. Use of hydrogen as an energy source could help to address issues related to energy security including global climate change and local air pollution. Moreover, hydrogen is abundantly available in the universe and possesses the highest energy content per unit of weight compared to any of the known fuels. Consequently, demand for hydrogen energy and production has been growing in the recent years. Membrane separation process is an attractive alternative compared to mature technologies such as pressure swing adsorption and cryogenic distillation. This paper reports different types of membranes used for hydrogen separation from hydrogen-rich mixtures. The study has found that much of the current research has been focused on nonpolymeric materials such as metal, molecular sieving carbon, zeolites, and ceramics. High purity of hydrogen is obtain...
Chemical order, molecular clusters, and topological transitions in chalcogenide network glasses

A simple variant of the chemically ordered covalent network model, in which the presence of homopolar bonds are also considered, explains a maximum in physical properties in Ge-As-S chalcogenide network glasses observed close to a mean-coordination number of atoms $〈r〉=2.60,$ which was originally thought to be due to a topological transition connected with a change in the dimensionality of the network. The model reproduces the observed trend in the extremum as a function of Ge:As ratio with good accuracy, and in the process helps to identify and explain related instances found in the literature. Also, the physical significance of topological thresholds in the context of glass forming ability of materials is posited.
Motor and mental aspects of acute extrapyramidal syndromes.

Acute extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) are one of the major limitations to effective neuroleptic treatment. These disorders have both motor (objective) and mental (subjective) aspects, which must be considered in any evaluation and differential diagnosis of treatment-related side effects. The disorders of akathisia, acute dystonia and parkinsonism have unique features that are best understood in the context of a careful assessment of patient characteristics, drug factors and temporal aspects. Though acute EPS are commonly explained on the basis of dopamine D, receptor antagonism, data from several lines of study raise important questions about this hypothesis. The roles of receptor subtype specificity, brain region selectivity and ratios of different receptor subtype antagonism are discussed. New and novel antipsychotic drugs with low rates of EPS are important clinical advancements that will increase patients' ability to participate in therapy and rehabilitation and thus improve their quality of life.
Multidetector CT of the pancreas.

CT is the primary imaging modality of the pancreas. This article reviews the multidetector CT technique and its current status in the diagnosis of various pancreatic diseases. Special emphasis is given to the impact of multidetector CT and postprocessing imaging techniques on the staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Leadership and large-scale technology: The case of the International Space Station

Abstract Large-scale, long-term technological programs funded by government are extraordinarily difficult to begin, maintain, and complete. They must negotiate not only technical, but also political hurdles. International connections add to the complexity. This paper analyzes the course of the International Space Station (ISS) from the perspective of the NASA administrator. The roles of James Beggs, Dan Goldin and Sean O’Keefe are discussed as illustrative of how top federal executives can influence such programs. Much depends on when in the program's life cycle an administrator happens to serve and how long he or she serves. There are times when major decisions are possible, and the course of a program set for years. However, these strategic decisions also require tactical choices along the way. The function of the NASA administrator is to successfully harmonize the political environment and technical realities of a huge program like ISS. Administrators influence the birth and execution of a program through choices they make, resources they acquire, and coalitions of support they build for the program. As a program like ISS extends over many years, program success requires NASA administrators to move a technological enterprise forward, rather than to let it drift or be terminated.