cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two systems of spatial representation underlying navigation.

We review evidence for two distinct cognitive processes by which humans and animals represent the navigable environment. One process uses the shape of the extended 3D surface layout to specify the navigator’s position and orientation. A second process uses objects and patterns as beacons to specify the locations of significant objects. Although much of the evidence for these processes comes from neurophysiological studies of navigating animals and neuroimaging studies of human adults, behavioral studies of navigating children shed light both on the nature of these systems and on their interactions.
Use of Modafinil for the Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective:To review the evidence for the use of modafinil in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (January 1990–May 2006) was conducted using MeSH terms ADHD and modafinil. The search was limited to English-language articles on clinical trials in humans. The Cochrane Database was also searched.Study Selection and Data Extraction:The literature search yielded 4 randomized clinical trials.Data Synthesis:The use of modafinil in the treatment of ADHD is associated with significant improvements in primary outcome measures used to assess the status of patients diagnosed with ADHD. Several aspects of cognitive function in ADHD patients also appear to improve following modafinil treatment. Modafinil shows a favorable adverse effect profile. Insomnia and headache were the most common adverse effects, seen in approximately 20% of treated individuals. However, it has not been demonstrated that the beneficial effects of modafinil are maintained with chronic ad...
Sexual Behaviors and Sexual Violence: Adolescents With Opposite-, Same-, or Both-Sex Partners

OBJECTIVE: To describe sexual behaviors, sexual violence, and sexual identity among a population-based sample of adolescents according to the sex of their sex partners, considering separately those with partners of both sexes. METHODS: From the 2005–2007 New York City Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 3805 male and 3456 female adolescents reported having had sex and the sex of their sexual contacts. Subgroups were constructed: only opposite-sex partners; only same-sex partners; and partners of both sexes (both-sex partners). Weighted prevalence, risk behaviors (eg, using drugs/alcohol with sex), and sexual identity among subgroups were described. RESULTS: Similar numbers of sexually active male (3.2%) and female adolescents (3.2%) reported only same-sex behavior, but fewer male than female adolescents reported both-sex partners (3.7% vs 8.7%; P CONCLUSIONS: Of sexually active adolescents, 9.3% reported a same-sex partner, a higher estimate than other published rates. Those who reported both male and female partners reported behaviors that placed them at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. Pediatricians and school health providers must inquire about behaviors, not identity, to determine STI risk, and STI education should be appropriate for youth with same-sex partners.
Robot steering with spectral image information

We introduce a method for rapidly classifying visual scenes globally along a small number of navigationally relevant dimensions: depth of scene, presence of obstacles, path versus nonpath, and orientation of path. We show that the algorithm reliably classifies scenes in terms of these high-level features, based on global or coarsely localized spectral analysis analogous to early-stage biological vision. We use this analysis to implement a real-time visual navigational system on a mobile robot, trained online by a human operator. We demonstrate successful training and subsequent autonomous path following for two different outdoor environments, a running track and a concrete trail. Our success with this technique suggests a general applicability to autonomous robot navigation in a variety of environments.
Solar geoengineering using solid aerosol in the stratosphere

Abstract. Solid aerosol particles have long been proposed as an alternative to sulfate aerosols for solar geoengineering. Any solid aerosol introduced into the stratosphere would be subject to coagulation with itself, producing fractal aggregates, and with the natural sulfate aerosol, producing liquid-coated solids. Solid aerosols that are coated with sulfate and/or have formed aggregates may have very different scattering properties and chemical behavior than uncoated non-aggregated monomers do. We use a two-dimensional (2-D) chemistry–transport–aerosol model to capture the dynamics of interacting solid and liquid aerosols in the stratosphere. As an example, we apply the model to the possible use of alumina and diamond particles for solar geoengineering. For 240 nm radius alumina particles, for example, an injection rate of 4 Tg yr−1 produces a global-average shortwave radiative forcing of −1.2 W m−2 and minimal self-coagulation of alumina although almost all alumina outside the tropics is coated with sulfate. For the same radiative forcing, these solid aerosols can produce less ozone loss, less stratospheric heating, and less forward scattering than sulfate aerosols do. Our results suggest that appropriately sized alumina, diamond or similar high-index particles may have less severe technology-specific risks than sulfate aerosols do. These results, particularly the ozone response, are subject to large uncertainties due to the limited data on the rate constants of reactions on the dry surfaces.
Identifying Cultural Forms of Independence and Interdependence: Reply to Commentary

— This reply argues that viewing modes of independence and interdependence as manifestations of “Gemeinschaft” or “Gesellschaft” cultures risks glossing over the diverse ways in which independence and interdependence are understood and structured around the world. It is further explained that rather than predicting specific cultural modes of independence and interdependence, the original article’s analysis is directed toward identifying some of the ways in which independence and interdependence vary during development. Ultimately, cultural and developmental analyses can be directed toward discerning how modes of independence and interdependence develop in relation to varied individual, social, and cultural processes.
Stratification in shared distributed knowledge bases

There has been considerable interest in the use of stratification as a basis for ensuring several desirable properties in logic based knowledge bases and deductive databases. The author examines the problems in testing for stratifiability in large knowledge bases that are fragmented and/or distributed. They show that the usual methods for dealing with stratification in 'monolithic' knowledge bases can be extended without much difficulty to the distributed situation, using simple yet efficient algorithms for stratification checking. The benefits of these algorithms are especially significant in large systems consisting of multiple knowledge bases, each of which may have many rules and data instances. >
Islam In Britain: 1558–1685: Nabil Matar

Book reviewed in this article: Islam in South Africa: Mosques, Imams and Sermons: AbdulKader Tayob
Verification and Validation of System Health Management Models using Parametric Testing

System Health Management (SHM) systems have found their way into many safety-critical aerospace and industrial applications. A SHM system processes readings from sensors throughout the system and uses a Health Management (HM) model to detect and identify potential faults (diagnosis) and to predict possible failures in the near future (prognosis). It is essential that a SHM system, which monitors a safety-critical component, must be at least as reliable and safe as the component itself—false alarms or missed adverse events can potentially result in catastrophic failures. The SHM system including the HM model, a piece of software, must therefore undergo rigorous Verification and Validation (VV they need to be set carefully for reliable and accurate HM reasoning. We are investigating the use of Parametric Testing (PT), which uses a combination of n-factor and Monte Carlo methods, to exercise our HM model with variations of perturbed parameters. Multivariate clustering on the analysis is used to automatically find structure in the data set and to support visualization. Our approach can yield valuable insights regarding the sensitivity of parameters and helps to detect safety margins and boundaries. As a case study we use HM models from the NASA Advanced Diagnostics and Prognostics Testbed (ADAPT), which is a realistic hardware setup for a distributed power system as found in spacecraft or aircraft.
A Relation Between Particle Hemodynamics and Intraluminal Thrombus Formation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are local dilations of the aorta below the renal arteries where the lumen diameter is ≥ 1.5 times the normal diameter of the healthy blood vessel. Ruptured aneurysms are the 13th leading cause of death in the US [1]. In approximately 75% of all AAAs, a particle-deposition layer forms adjacent to the arterial wall within the lumen called the intra-luminal thrombus (ILT). The thrombus composition has been shown to be a fibrin structure composed of blood cells, platelets, blood proteins, and other cellular debris [2]. Additionally, Yamazumi et al. [3] have presented data that suggest AAA morphology is associated with an elevated state of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis within the aneurysm.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Spinal Cord Toxicity

Radiation myelopathy is a feared and generally avoidable complication of thoracic irradiation. A better understanding of the radiation response of the spinal cord and advances in radiation therapy delivery techniques mean that this complication should be preventable in nearly all treatment situations. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of the injury has lead to the protection of the spinal cord from radiation in experimental studies and to the possible treatment of radiation myelopathy.
Cress and potato soluble epoxide hydrolases: purification, biochemical characterization, and comparison to mammalian enzymes.

Affinity chromatographic methods were developed for the one-step purification to homogeneity of recombinant soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEHs) from cress and potato. The enzymes are monomeric, with masses of 36 and 39 kDa and pI values of 4.5 and 5.0, respectively. In spite of a large difference in sequence, the two plant enzymes have properties of inhibition and substrate selectivity which differ only slightly from mammalian sEHs. Whereas mammalian sEHs are highly selective for trans- versus cis-substituted stilbene oxide and 1,3-diphenylpropene oxide (DPPO), plant sEHs exhibit far greater selectivity for trans- versus cis-stilbene oxide, but little to no selectivity for DPPO isomers. The isolation of a covalently linked plant sEH–substrate complex indicated that the plant and mammalian sEHs have a similar mechanism of action. We hypothesize an in vivo role for plant sEH in cutin biosynthesis, based on relatively high plant sEH activity on epoxystearate to form a cutin precursor, 9,10-dihydroxystearate. Plant sEHs display a high thermal stability relative to mammalian sEHs. This stability and their high enantioselectivity for a single substrate suggest that their potential as biocatalysts for the preparation of enantiopure epoxides should be evaluated.
Immunopathology of a two-hit murine model of acid aspiration lung injury.

In a two-hit model of acid aspiration lung injury, mice were subjected to nonlethal cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). After 48 h, intratracheal (IT) acid was administered, and mice were killed at several time points. Recruitment of neutrophils in response to acid was documented by myeloperoxidase assay and neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peaked at 8 h post-IT injection. Albumin in BAL fluid, an indicator of lung injury, also peaked at 8 h. When the contributions of the two hits were compared, neutrophil recruitment and lung injury occurred in response to acid but were not greatly influenced by addition of another hit. Neutrophil sequestration was preceded by elevations in KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2α in plasma and BAL fluid. KC levels in BAL fluid were higher and peaked earlier than macrophage inflammatory protein-2α levels. When KC was blocked with specific antiserum, neutrophil recruitment was significantly reduced, whereas albumin in BAL fluid was not affected. In conclusion, murine KC mediated neutrophil recruitment but not lung injury in a two-hit model of aspiration lung injury.
Energetics of mer/fac isomers in metal tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) chelates: Implications on charge conduction in organic light-emitting devices

Electronic structure calculations for the mer and fac-isomers of aluminum tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3) and the methyl-substituted series, nMeq3Al (n = 3 - 7) are presented. From these data, we estimate their relative abundances in Alq3 thin films and the resultant trap state energies. Ab initio computations performed at the SCF level suggest a significantly higher stability (6 - 7.5 kcal/mol) of the mer-isomer over the facial form, whereas MP2 treatment of electron correlation effects lowers the difference to (4 - 4.5 kcal/mol). Substitution of the Al+3 metal ion with the larger ions Ga+3 and In+3 increases the energetic preference of the meridianal form by 2.7 kcal/mol and decreases it by 0.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Trap state energies calculated by previously proposed methodologies show little difference between mer and fac trap states. These results suggest that the existence of the facial isomer in thin films of metal trisquinolates is unlikely to significantly affect charge conduction.
Serum retinol levels of persons aged 4–74 years from three Hispanic groups

Previous research suggests that Hispanics in this country may have poor vitamin A status. Using serum retinol data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we examined the vitamin A status of Mexican Americans (MA), Cubans, and Puerto Ricans (PR) aged 4-74 y. MA had lower mean serum retinol levels and higher prevalences of serum retinol in the range of 0.70-1.01 mumol/L than did Cubans in several age-sex groups. The prevalence (or percentage) of serum retinol in a range indicating possible risk of functional impairment was not elevated in any of the Hispanic groups except the females aged 18-44 y. However, a high percentage of children and adolescents in the three Hispanic groups had serum retinol values in ranges that might indicate less-than-optimal vitamin A status. Determination of vitamin A status requires a more definitive assessment than by serum vitamin A alone.
Some social and medical correlates of pregnancy outcome

The separate and joint influence of certain social and medical risks and of early prenatal care on pregnancy outcome was studied in a cohort of 129,739 single live births in upstate New York in 1973. The births were categorized by maternal age, the presence or absence of four putative risk factors, and the provision or nonprovision of early prenatal care. Law birth weight and infant death rates of these categories varied directly with the number of risk factors present. For women exposed to the same risks, however, these rates were significantly lower in those who received prenatal care in the first trimester. But early prenatal care was least common among women at highest risk.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Interacting Dislocations in a Strained Epitaxial Surface Layer

In the context of elastic dislocation theory, the glide of arbitrarily shaped dislocations near a free surface is simulated numerically. The simulation is made possible by utilizing a compact line-integral representation of the elastic field produced by a piecewise planar dislocation loop near a free surface. The interaction between a threading dislocation and a misfit dislocation in its path is simulated and the blocking effect is shown to be much more significant than found in simulations which neglect free surface effects.
Bariatric surgery outcomes in ethnic minorities.

Background The primary aim of this study was to examine percent excess weight loss (%EWL) across and between racial groups at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months follow-up in patients who received sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) operation. We hypothesized that ethnic minorities (blacks and Hispanics) would have a lower %EWL than whites at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months for both SG and RYGB operations. The secondary aim was to examine %EWL within racial groups at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months as a function of the type of bariatric operation. We hypothesized that whites, blacks, and Hispanics would have a greater %EWL with RYGB than with SG. Methods A total of 749 patients who underwent an SG or an RYGB operation from January 2008 to June 2014 were included. Data were collected from patients' electronic medical records. Self-reported data on race/ethnicity were also obtained from the electronic medical record and were classified into the following categories: white, Hispanic/Latino, African American or black, or other. Results Results revealed overall differences in %EWL between blacks and whites (P Conclusion Our primary hypothesis was partially supported, as blacks but not Hispanics had a lower %EWL compared to whites at 6 months. An interesting finding is that blacks had a lower %EWL than Hispanics at every time point. Moreover, our secondary hypothesis was partially supported. Results revealed that overall RYGB was related to greater %EWL compared with SG, and within racial groups, among blacks only, RYGB was associated with a greater %EWL compared with SG.
“The Calorie Collectors” a Study of Spontaneous Group Formation, Collapse, and Reconstruction

O N the cold night of January 26, 1953, 162 persons who considered themselves overweight, met at City Hall. in Lightburgh. They came in response to newspaper stories announcing the formation of an organization called The Calorie Collectors whose objective was to help each other lose weight.t Why did so many people from an urban industrialized community of 100,000 turn out on a wintry night to attend the first meeting? After this auspicious beginning, the group rapidly lost members until there were fewer than six actively meeting nine months later. Instead of collapsing, however, The Calorie Collectors made a surprising recovery. How did the group develop its organization and what conditions and circumstances led to its breakdown and eventual reconstitution?
An Immunohistochemistry Study of Nitric Oxide Synthase Distribution in Congenital Intestinal Atresia

Objective: To evaluate the clinical significance of distribution of oxide synthase in congenital intestinal atresia. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis of NOS small bowel from fifteen patients with congenital intestinal atresia was compared with ten patients with normal intestine(the control group) .Results: The density of NOS positive neurons in the nerve clutches of congenital intestinal atresia was lower than the control group(P﹤0.05). Conclusion: It's suggested that a lower production of NOS in the intestine may influence the function of atresic intestine.
Effectiveness Versus Efficiency:Operations Research in a New Light

Operations researchers have traditionally been concerned with well-structured problems which have one best solution or a range of acceptable solutions. Social scientists, on the other hand, deal with hard-to-structure problems in which it is very difficult to define what “best” means let alone find the best solution. Stated differently, operations research attempts to find the most efficient means of reaching a goal given a particular problem formulation. In contrast, social sciences tend to question the validity of the goal itself by treating the problem formulation not as a given but as open to challenge and revision.
Ultrasound-Guided Foot and Ankle Procedures

This article reviews commonly performed injections about the foot and ankle region. Although not exhaustive in its description of available techniques, general approaches to these procedures are applicable to any injection about the foot and ankle. As much as possible, the procedures described are based on commonly used or published techniques. An in-depth knowledge of the regional anatomy and understanding of different approaches when performing ultrasonography-guided procedures allows clinicians to adapt to any clinical scenario.
Porous Solids Impregnated with Task-Specific Ionic Liquids as Composite Sorbents

This work examines six task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs), comprised of the taurinate anion paired with five tetraalkylammonium cations (where alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and hexyl) and a tetrabutylphosphonium cation, impregnated in ordered mesoporous silica, SBA-15. The composites showed significantly increased CO2 uptakes relative to the parent SBA-15 materials. The surface area of these materials varies from approximately 5 to 1000 m2/g depending on the amount of IL loaded into the silica pores. The presence of n-hexyl side chains on the TSIL significantly reduces water loading, indicating that judicious IL selection may provide a means of controlling water uptake. After exposure to water vapor, three of the six cation-taurinate composites displayed an increase in CO2 capacity. X-ray diffraction data of the composite of tetramethylammonium taurinate and SBA-15 shows that the ionic liquid is crystalline inside the pores of the silica. Isotherms are measured at several different temperatures a...
Germanium PIN detector on silicon grown by Sb surfactant-assisted epitaxy

High speed optical detectors compatible with Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology are required to advance local area networking (LAN), board to board, and chip to chip communications. Ge has suitable properties to produce appreciable response under illumination at 1.55 micron wavelength, but has a substantial amount of lattice mismatch (~4%) to Si. Two methods have been employed previously to alleviate strain between these two materials; thick, graded buffer layers [1] and thin, very low temperature epitaxial growth layers [2] to create a virtual substrate (VS) of Ge on Si. These methods have been used to produce Ge PIN diodes with dark current densities at one volt of 40 A/cm2 and 100 mA/cm2 respectively. [3, 4] The photoresponse for these PIN devices are 109 mA/W and 20 mA/W. Each technique has disadvantages. The graded buffer layer technique employs a VS thickness of several microns to achieve appreciable strain relief. The very low temperature epitaxy technique has a narrow thermal process window (~ 50 °C) around 200 °C. In the current work, Ge PIN diodes were fabricated on Ge VS on Si substrates using Sb surfactant-assisted growth. Previous studies have shown this method minimizes the threading dislocations [5] and results in a smooth surface. A potential concern is the unintentional doping by the Sb surfactant that continues to segregate. In the PIN devices this may be acceptable since the residual doping can be used as the n electrical contacts or used as a technique to electrically isolate the p contact from the substrate.
Global Challenges in a Hyper Connected World

The three themes of Internet governance at the international level, emergence of global mass surveillance, and the development of the capabilities for cyber warfare provide a glimpse into some of twenty-first-century challenges within the international system.
Multiple Email Addresses: A Socio-technical Investigation.

This research investigates individuals’ everyday use of multiple electronic mail addresses. Email remains the dominant form of online communication. According to research by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, 93% of Internet users have sent or received email. [8] [16] In preliminary interviews I conducted, nearly all participants maintained multiple email addresses. These preliminary interviews, others’ research data, and a cursory analysis of market research data indicate that the use of multiple addresses is both common and mainstream. [14] The phenomenon is not well documented in either the technical or the popular literature, nor are the behaviors well supported within email applications. For example, many users employ workarounds to maintain multiple email addresses, but the process is often frustrating and error prone. This research agenda arose from a series of preliminary interviews I conducted on the organization, navigation, management and analysis of email by individuals. It became clear that many email addresses had specialized uses and that the functionality available in email applications for maintaining these multiple email addresses was inadequate. My future research will help better inform systems design by examining a common user behavior in email systems. In order to improve system design, the research seeks to answer the following questions. First, why do people maintain multiple email addresses? Second, what are the socio-technical explanations for this behavior? Third, what are the strategies and tools that people use to manage their own and others’ email addresses? How does user behavior vary across time and space and how do users organize their email collections. Finally, what are the implications of the existing strategies for the design of future email clients and servers?
Optimizing joint precoding and transmit antenna selection for spatial modulation

We provide an optimization of the performance of joint transmit precoding and transmit antenna selection for spatial modulation. We show that the joint optimization problem out-performs the separate optimization problem by up to 1 dB. The performance of different optimization schemes with varying computational complexity is simulated and we discuss their individual advantages.
Recovery of saltmarsh meiofauna six years after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Abstract We examined the recovery of infauna from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in reference, moderately and heavily oiled Louisiana, USA salt marshes. Although density and diversity were severely impacted by the spill initially, total meiofauna, nematodes, copepods, and annelids, excluding the polychaete Manayunkia aestuarina , recovered in about 3 years in near synchrony with Spartina alterniflora stem density. However other common taxa either recovered more slowly (i.e., juvenile bivalves and amphipods) or remained significantly lower in density at oiled compared to reference sites 6 years after the spill. Specifically, M . aestuarina , the tanaid Hargeria rapax , the kinorhynch Echinoderes coulli , ostracods, and juvenile gastropods did not recover at the heavily oiled sites, and M . aestuarina and E . coulli failed to recover at moderately oiled sites. Several factors possibly contributed to slow recovery even after the re-establishment of aboveground vegetation. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) remained elevated at moderately and heavily oil sites, and the direct toxic effects of oil may have been long lasting for intolerant fauna; the densities of E . coulli and M . aestuarina across all samples were inversely correlated with TPH. In addition, several of the slowly recovering taxa also disperse slowly. Finally, live belowground biomass of roots and rhizomes (a key indicator of sediment quality) remained significantly reduced at heavily and moderately oiled sites, and belowground biomass and the densities of M . aestuarina and juvenile gastropods were positively correlated. We conclude that the factors controlling the rate and intensity of infaunal recovery from the DHOS differed among taxa and over time. The factors that were important later in the recovery process were not dissimilar to those affecting succession following marsh restoration by planting S . alterniflora , and the legacy of oiling from the spill did not greatly slow the recovery of infauna compared to that observed in restored wetlands. At current rates, full recovery of the infaunal community will require about a decade at moderately oiled and longer at heavily oiled sites.
Off-equatorial current-driven instabilities ahead of approaching dipolarization fronts

Recent kinetic simulations have revealed that electromagnetic instabilities near the ion gyrofrequency and slightly away from the equatorial plane can be driven by a current parallel to the magnetic field prior to the arrival of dipolarization fronts. Such instabilities are important because of their potential contribution to global electromagnetic energy conversion near dipolarization fronts. Of the several instabilities that may be consistent with such waves, the most notable are the current-driven electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability and the current-driven kink-like instability. To confirm the existence and characteristics of these instabilities, we used observations by two Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites, one near the neutral sheet observing dipolarization fronts and the other at the boundary layer observing precursor waves and currents. We found that such instabilities with monochromatic signatures are rare, but one of the few cases was selected for further study. Two different instabilities, one at about 0.3 Hz and the other at a much lower frequency, 0.02 Hz, were seen in the data from the off-equatorial spacecraft. A parallel current attributed to an electron beam coexisted with the waves. Our instability analysis attributes the higher-frequency instability to a current-driven ion cyclotron instability and the lower frequency instability to a kink-like instability. The current-driven kink-like instability we observed is consistent with the instabilities observed in the simulation. We suggest that the currents needed to excite these low-frequency instabilities are so intense that the associated electron beams are easily thermalized and hence difficult to observe.
Low-Dose Cyclosporine A in the Treatment of Severe Atopic Dermatitis Complicated by Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin disorder in children and is usually accompanied by genetic and environmental factors. Effective management and treatment of AD is challenging and often requires systemic immunosuppressive therapy when refractory to topical treatments. We report a rare association between chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and severe AD, management of which required systemic cyclosporine because of its favorable effects on inflammatory and viral-related clinical outcomes.
Flow Cytometry in Pediatric Hematopoietic Malignancies

Utility of flow cytometry in the evaluation of pediatric hematopoietic neoplasms and the differences from adult hematopoietic neoplasms are discussed in this review. Distinction of hematogones from B-lymphoblasts, detection of residual/relapsed disease after novel targeted therapies, and evaluation of pediatric myeloid neoplasms are discussed.
Light Scattering from Plasmons and Phonons in Ga As

Previous studies of the properties of the scattered light from mixed plasmon-phonon modes in n-type GaAs have been extended to cover a wider range of electron concentration. Oriented single-crystal samples with electron densities from 4 × 1017 to 3 × 1018 cm-3 were investigated both at room temperature and liquid helium temperature. The polarization properties and relative intensities of the scattered light from the mixed plasmon-phonon modes are in satisfactory agreement with cross-section calculations based on contributions from charge-density fluctuations as well as from deformation potential coupling and electro-optic coupling. Improved values are obtained for the Raman scattering tensor and electro-optic coefficient in GaAs, partly as a result of treating more carefully the effect of resonant enhancement.
Invited paper: Reconciling SGTE and ab initio enthalpies of the elements

Abstract The CALPHAD framework is built on assumption that all phases have a well-defined free energy over all accessible composition, temperature and pressure conditions. Unfortunately, it is common for phases to exhibit mechanical instabilities in at least some range of conditions, thus precluding direct experimental measurements and hindering computational efforts. A pragmatic solution has often been to extrapolate free energies from stable region into the unstable regions, but extrapolations from different systems that share a common phase may not agree and extrapolated free energies can unintentionally lie below the free energy of stable phases. Computational approaches that aim to directly calculate the free energy of unstable phases offer a promising avenue to address these issues. Among them, the recently proposed “inflection detection” scheme lies on a strong theoretical footing. We provide further support for this approach by demonstrating that it yield free energies that agree very well with the widely used SGTE (Scientific Group Thermodata Europe) data for pure elements. This finding suggest that it may be possible to get the best of both worlds: obtain a theoretically justified definition of the free energy of mechanically unstable phases and preserve much of existing empirical standards for the assignments of such free energies.
Unjust Deserts: How the Modern Immigration System Lacks Moral Credibility

An examination of how the Modern deportation and detention system fosters resistance and non-cooperation by failing to establish moral credibility in its attempts to deport and detain non-citizens.
New Insights On Scale-dependent Surface-groundwater Exchange from a Floating Self-potential Dipole

ABSTRACT In south-central Texas the lower Guadalupe River has incised into the outcrop of the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer. The river and the aquifer are hydraulically connected across the outcrop, altho...
Size matters. Workshop on growth control in development and disease.

This Arolla workshop took place between 18 and 24 August 2003, and was organized by E. Hafen, D. Duboule and C. Kenyon ![][1] A recent workshop entitled Growth Control in Development and Disease brought together around 90 scientists in the beautiful village of Arolla in the Swiss Alps. During this meeting, growth control was discussed from the perspectives of evolution, metabolism, ageing and cancer biology. From formal presentations to poster sessions, and mountain hikes to late‐night discussions, the participants indulged in multidisciplinary scientific exchanges that stimulated innovative insights and forged new collaborations. Here, I present a few highlights from the meeting. ### Systemic control of growth by hormones and growth factors Whereas the growth of single‐cell organisms, such as yeast, is mainly regulated by nutrient availability, the growth of higher eukaryotes is dependent on the integration of many cell‐extrinsic cues, which include hormones, growth factors and nutrients (Kimball & Jefferson, 2000; Rohde et al , 2001). Indeed, the systemic control of metazoan growth by hormones and nutrients is a topic of intense investigation in the growth‐control field. F. Nijhout (Durham, NC, USA) discussed how the final body size of insects is determined by the size at which a larva stops feeding and switches on the pupal fate (Nijhout, 2003). This transition from larval to pupal development requires the decay of juvenile hormone (JH) and secretion of the moulting hormone ecdysone, the production of which, in turn, is regulated by the neurosecretory prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). Interestingly, different insects use diverse strategies to control the production of PTTH. In the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta , the secretion of PTTH is induced by the cessation of JH, which, in turn, is tightly associated with the attainment of a well‐defined ‘critical weight’. In certain species of Hemiptera, such as the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus , PTTH secretion is controlled by abdominal stretch receptors that are … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Match probabilities in racially admixed populations.

Abstract The calculation of match probabilities is the most contentious issue dividing prosecution and defense experts in the forensic applications of DNA fingerprinting. In particular, defense experts question the applicability of the population genetic laws of Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium to racially admixed American populations. Linkage equilibrium justifies the product rule for computing match probabilities across loci. The present paper suggests a method of bounding match probabilities that depends on modeling gene descent from ancestral populations to contemporary populations under the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium only in the ancestral populations. Although these bounds are conservative from the defendant's perspective, they should be small enough in practice to satisfy prosecutors.
Interfacial Aspects of Processability and Property Development in Discontinuously Reinforced Cast Metal Matrix Composites

The role of interfacial phenomena in metal-ceramic systems is discussed in the context of solidification processing of cast aluminum alloy matrix particulate composites. Interfacial phenomena play a key, and often a decisive, role at various intermediate stages during processing of composites, including transfer of discontinuous particulates across multiple interfaces between gas-oxide, oxide-melt, and melt-solidification front. Some of the consequences of the interfacial effects that are discussed here include clustering and rejection of untreated particles and acceptance of preheated or metal coated particles as well as particles having suitable oriented crystallographic planes exposed at the surface. Interfacial phenomena also influence movement and rejection of dispersed particles during degassing of metal-particle slurry with certain halogen bearing gases, preferential concentration of gas and shrinkage porosities at the particle-matrix interface, and the interactions between the dispersed particles and solidifying interfaces. The role of various interfacial processes in each of the above phenomena, which influence structure formation in composites, has been highlighted with specific examples from various Al alloy matrix discontinuous composites, synthesized by using solidification processing techniques. An overview also has been presented of the recent developments in characterization of metal-ceramic interfaces, with special reference to the energetics of wetting and interfacial reactions (chemical reactions, adsorption, dissolution), microstructure and chemical composition of interfacial compounds, and the stress-state at the interface as a result of solidification processing. While the qualitative aspects of interactions between the metallic matrix and ceramic reinforcements are somewhat understood, the quantitative information on the kinetics of interfacial reactions and the influence of these reaction products on the properties of cast particulate composites is far from satisfactory.
The Formation of the Regional Science Association

While there had been both much casual and some serious talk about a possible association of regionally oriented scholars, the possibility of forming an association was first explicitly raised in the following newsletter.
Isolation and Derivatization of Sucralose from an Artificial Sweetener to Provide a Hands-On Laboratory Experiment Emphasizing Synthesis and Purification

A laboratory experiment is detailed that entails the separation and derivatization of the artificial sweetener sucralose from a commercially available sweetener mixture. The experiment utilizes 1 g...
CEO: A Triangulated Evaluation of a Modeling-Based CT-Infused CS Activity for Non-CS Middle Grade Students

With the increased demand for introducing computational thinking (CT) in K-12 classrooms, educational researchers are developing integrated lesson plans that can teach CT fundamentals in non-computing specific classrooms. Although these lessons reach more students through the core curriculum, proper evaluation methods are needed to ensure the quality of the design and integration. As part of a research practice partnership, we work to infuse research-backed curricula into science courses. We find a three-pronged approach of evaluation can help us make better decisions on how to improve experimental curricula for active classrooms. This CEO model uses three data sources (student code traces, exit ticket responses, and field observations) as a triangulated approach that can be used to identify programming behavior among novice developers, preferred task ordering for the assignment, and scaffolding recommendations to teachers. This approach allows us to evaluate the practical implementations of our initiative and create a focused approach for designing more effective lessons.
Identification of an emphysema-associated genetic variant near TGFB2 with regulatory effects in lung fibroblasts

Murine studies have linked TGF-β signaling to emphysema, and human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies of lung function and COPD have identified associated regions near genes in the TGF-β superfamily. However, the functional regulatory mechanisms at these loci have not been identified. We performed the largest GWAS of emphysema patterns to date, identifying 10 GWAS loci including an association peak spanning a 200 kb region downstream from TGFB2. Integrative analysis of publicly available eQTL, DNaseI, and chromatin conformation data identified a putative functional variant, rs1690789, that may regulate TGFB2 expression in human fibroblasts. Using chromatin conformation capture, we confirmed that the region containing rs1690789 contacts the TGFB2 promoter in fibroblasts, and CRISPR/Cas-9 targeted deletion of a ~ 100 bp region containing rs1690789 resulted in decreased TGFB2 expression in primary human lung fibroblasts. These data provide novel mechanistic evidence linking genetic variation affecting the TGF-β pathway to emphysema in humans.
Data on highway maintenance, rehabilitation, and mobility projects for integrated planning in Texas

Abstract State Highway Agencies (SHAs) have different functional groups that work towards improving the functional and physical performance of highway assets. These functional groups often propose multiple inter-related highway projects on the same network. However, the respective information systems of such functional groups lack interoperability capabilities between them. This data article is related to an earlier study by France-Mensah et al. (France-Mensah et al., 2017) that explored the integrated visualization of highway projects proposed by different functional groups working in the same highway agency. This dataset provides a spatially integrated set of maintenance and capital planning projects which is rarely available due to organizational silos which often exist in highway agencies. The data includes approximately 700 highway projects with over 16 attributes that includes spatial, temporal, cost, and description attributes. The highway projects are located in the Fort Worth District of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) which is responsible for a large network (approximately 9000 lane miles) of highway assets. The agency currently oversees around $4 billion in construction projects and spends around $120 million annually for asset preservation. An analysis of the fund allocations categorized by different project types for pavement and bridge assets is presented. The data presented can be used to compare competing approaches or policies for cross-asset allocation, spatial-temporal projects coordination, and safety planning in the infrastructure management domain.
Effect of Posterior Glenoid Bone Loss and Retroversion on Arthroscopic Posterior Glenohumeral Stabilization.

Background:Posterior glenohumeral instability is an increasingly recognized cause of shoulder instability, but little is known about the incidence or effect of posterior glenoid bone loss.Purpose:T...
Mixotrophic algal system for centrate treatment and resource recovery

Abstract In traditional activated sludge-based wastewater treatment plants equipped with anaerobic digesters, the nutrient-rich centrate from the digester is typically recirculated to the headworks of the plant exerting a parasitic load. As an alternative, mixotrophic algal cultivation in a blend of the centrate and primary effluent is proposed to yield energy- and nutrient-rich biomass from which, liquid biofuel and fertilizers could be recovered. Core components in the proposed sewage treatment and resource recovery (STaRR) system include i) algal sewage treatment/biomass cultivation; ii) hydrothermal liquefaction of algal biomass for energy recovery, and iii) recovery of struvite and concentrated ammonia from the hydrothermal liquefaction byproducts. Results from a 700 l pilot-scale STaRR system run with four different blends of centrate and primary effluent are presented to validate the proposed approach. A 20: 80 centrate-to-primary effluent blend enabled discharge standards for ammoniacal‑nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, and biochemical oxygen demand to be met in
Extracting knowledge of NCI research directions from funding data using language processing.

e13547Background: In fiscal year (FY) 2019, 42% of the $6 billion NCI budget went towards nearly 5,000 research project grants, of which about 60% are R01 type. Given the enormity of allocated reso...
General transcription inhibitors as novel therapeutic agents in clear cell ovarian carcinoma

Objectives: General transcription inhibitors are being evaluated as novel agents to treat various malignancies in isolation and combination with other agents. Cancer cells have been demonstrated to have ‘transcriptional oncogene addiction’ due to their reliance on master transcription factors (MTFs) for survival. General transcription inhibitors have been shown to inhibit these master transcription factors leading to cell death, making them ideal drug targets. Our goal was to see if general transcription inhibitors had activity within clear cell ovarian cancer (CCOC) cell line models, to identify novel therapeutic options that warrant further evaluation in a disease that is frequently chemoresistant. Methods: We performed integrated multi-omic analyses of genome-wide transcriptomic, epigenomic and knock-out screen data to prioritize candidate MTFs for CCOC. Three prototypic human CCOC cell lines: RMGII, JHOC5 and OVMANA were used to study responses to general transcription inhibitors. 3000-5000 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and then were treated with serial dilutions of transcription inhibitors: THZ1, THZ531 and JQ1; inhibitors of CDK7, CDK12/13 and BRD1/2/4 respectively with three technical replicates for 72 hours. Cell viability was quantified using the Cell-titer Glo reagent and results were analyzed using GraphPad Prism Software preforming non-linear regression to obtain dose response curves and IC50 values. Results: Using integrated analyses of gene expression, landscapes of active chromatin, and functional dependencies prioritized HNF1B and PAX8 as candidate master regulators for CCOC. All three transcription inhibitors showed activity in the three CCOC lines studied. CCOC models were the most sensitive to THZ1 with IC50 values for THZ1 at 11nM, 14nM and 22nM in RMGII, OVMANA and JHOC5 respectively (SD: 8,12,12nM). IC50 for THZ531 was 51nM, 157nM and 361nM for RMGII, OVMANA and JHOC5 (SD: 35,32,12nM) and JQ1 demonstrated the least activity overall with IC50 of 39nM, 105nM and 294nM for the respective cell lines (RMGII, OVMANA, JHOC5, (SD:23, 47, 107nM)). Conclusions: General transcription inhibitors have activity in clear cell ovarian cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies are exploring the role of PAX8 and HNF1B in determining CCOC sensitivity to these drugs. Further exploration of synergy with agents such as PARP inhibitors and standard chemotherapeutics is underway in in vitro models to identify potential actionable drug combinations for clinical trial development.
Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents: Psychiatric Disorders 24 Years Later.

Objective: The investigators aimed to extend findings regarding predictive factors of psychiatric outcomes among children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) from 2 to 24 years postin...