cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Student-Run Clinics on Students' Attitudes Toward People Experiencing Homelessness.

Introduction Student-run clinics can supplement medical education by exposing students to diverse clinical scenarios and collaborating with underresourced populations. We examined the impact of volunteering at THRIVE, a student-run bridge clinic located within sheltered housing for individuals with substance use disorder, on students' attitudes toward people experiencing homelessness (PEH). Methods This cohort study analyzed pre- and postsurvey matched responses from nonvolunteer and volunteer first-year medical students utilizing the Health Professional Attitudes Towards the Homeless (HPATHI) tool, totaled into three subcategories: Cynicism, Social Advocacy, and Personal Advocacy. We evaluated the association between change in scores and volunteering utilizing Student t tests and adjusting for participant characteristics using multivariable regression analysis. Results We received 106 responses (53% response rate); 58 students (55%) volunteered at the clinic and were mostly female (62%), White (52%), and had previous experience working with PEH (71%). The mean change in Personal Advocacy scores was higher for volunteers compared to nonvolunteers, even when adjusting for respondent characteristics (P=.02). Additionally, students who held a prior advanced degree and/or current enrollment in the master of bioethics program (Higher Education Students) had a positive association with change in Personal Advocacy scores (P=.02). Conclusion Volunteering at the THRIVE Clinic appears to impact the Personal Advocacy scores of medical students. This suggests that interacting with PEH early in students' career may be associated with a commitment to working with this population. However, our study has multiple limitations, including self-selection bias, limited sample size, and unclear permanence of students' attitudes over time. Further studies of this cohort could help clarify the significance and permanence of volunteering in student-run clinics.
Brachial plexus anatomy in the miniature swine as compared to human.

Brachial plexus injury (BPI) occurs when the brachial plexus is compressed, stretched, or avulsed. Although rodents are commonly used to study BPI, these models poorly mimic human BPI due to the discrepancy in size. The objective of this study was to compare the brachial plexus between human and Wisconsin Miniature SwineTM (WMSTM ), which are approximately the weight of an average human (68-91 kg), to determine if swine would be a suitable model for studying BPI mechanisms and treatments. To analyze the gross anatomy, WMS brachial plexuses were dissected both anteriorly and posteriorly. For histological analysis, sections from various nerves of human and WMS brachial plexuses were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and postfixed with 2% osmium tetroxide. Subsequently paraffin sections were counter-stained with Masson's Trichrome. Gross anatomy revealed that the separation into three trunks and three cords is significantly less developed in the swine than in human. In swine, it takes the form of upper, middle, and lower systems with ventral and dorsal components. Histological evaluation of selected nerves revealed differences in nerve trunk diameters and the number of myelinated axons in the two species. The WMS had significantly fewer myelinated axons than humans in median (p = 0.0049), ulnar (p = 0.0002), and musculocutaneous nerves (p = 0.0454). The higher number of myelinated axons in these nerves for humans is expected because there is a high demand of fine motor and sensory functions in the human hand. Due to the stronger shoulder girdle muscles in WMS, the WMS suprascapular and axillary nerves were larger than in human. Overall, the WMS brachial plexus is similar in size and origin to human making them a very good model to study BPI. Future studies analyzing the effects of BPI in WMS should be conducted.
Single-cell RNA sequencing of intramedullary canal tissue to improve methods for studying fracture repair biology

The ability to study the bone microenvironment of failed fracture healing may lead to biomarkers for fracture nonunion. Herein the authors describe a technique for isolating individual cells suitable for single-cell RNA sequencing analyses from intramedullary canal tissue collected by reaming during surgery. The purpose was to detail challenges and solutions inherent to the collection and processing of intramedullary canal tissue samples. The authors then examined single-cell RNA sequencing data from fresh and reanimated samples to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for prospective studies.
Exercise-induced changes of vital signs in adults with sickle cell disease.

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been used in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), in conjunction with tricuspid regurgitant velocity (TRV) and plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP), to assess risk of having pulmonary hypertension. Exercise-induced vital sign changes (VSCs) are predictors of clinical outcomes in other diseases. In this study, we assess the predictors and prognostic value of 6MWT VSC in adult SCD patients. Data from a multinational study of SCD patients (Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension with Sildenafil: walk-PHaSST) were used to calculate the 6MWT VSC. Predictors of VSC were identified by a multivariable analysis, and a survival analysis was conducted by the Cox proportional hazard method. An increase in heart rate was observed in 90% of the 630 SCD adults, 77% of patients had an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), and 50% of patients had a decrease in oxygen saturation. TRV (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, p = .020), absolute reticulocyte count (OR = 1.03, p < .001), and hemoglobin (OR = 0.99, p = .035) predicted oxygen desaturation ≥ 3% during the 6MWT. In the adjusted analysis, SBP increase during the 6MWT was associated with improved survival (hazards ratio = 0.3, 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.8). Increases in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as oxygen desaturation, are common in adults with SCD during the 6MWT. VSC is associated with markers of anemia and TRV and can be used for risk stratification. Any increase in SBP during the 6MWT was associated with improved survival and may be indicative of a patient's ability to increase stroke volume.
The Fractal Doubly Stochastic Poisson Point Process as a Model for the Cochlear Neural Spike Train

It has been shown that the neural spike trains transmitted along primary fibers in the cochlear nerve can be described by a dead-time-modified fractal point process (Teich, 1989). These spike trains manifest highly irregular firing rates, irregularly shaped pulse-number distributions (even when the number of samples is large), and fractional power-law behavior in the Fano-factor tIme curve with a fractional power-law exponent that appears to depend on the level of stimulation (Teich and Khanna, 1985; Teich and Turcott, 1988; Teich, Johnson Kumar and Turcott, 1990).
Précis of Moral Scepticisms

Maybe I am projecting, but I suspect that many moral philosophers sense something right and also something wrong about moral skepticism. Such moral philosophers, like most people, hold strong moral beliefs but wonder how and how well they could justify those moral beliefs if challenged. Hence, they and I seek a compromise between moral skeptics and their critics. One major goal of my book, Moral Skepticisms (New York: OUP, 2006), is to propose such a compromise. My proposal differs from several views that are often classified as moral skepticisms:
Determination of the respiration kinetics for mycelial pellets of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

In mycelial pellet cultures of the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium, low oxygen concentration negatively affects the production of the extracellular lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases which are key components of the lignin-degrading system of this organism. To test the hypothesis that oxygen limitation in the pellets is responsible for this effect, oxygen microelectrodes were used to determine oxygen concentration gradients within the mycelial pellets of P. chrysosporium. Pellets were removed from oxygenated cultures, allowed to equilibrate with air, and probed with oxygen microelectrodes. The oxygen profiles were modelled assuming that O2 uptake follows a Michaelis-Menten relationship. The Vmax and Km values for oxygen uptake were 0.76 +/- 0.10 g/m3 of pellet per s and 0.5 +/- 0.3 g/m3, respectively. These kinetic values were used to predict respiration rates in air-flushed cultures, oxygen-flushed cultures, and cultures with large pellets (diameter greater than 6 mm). The predicted respiration rates were independently validated by experimentally measuring the evolution of carbon dioxide from whole cultures.
Induction of petite "mutants" in an ethidium-resistant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by photoaffinity labeling. Distinction between early and late steps.

Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MH41-7B/011) was resistant to petite induction by ethidium bromide at 30°, but was sensitive to induction by photolabeling with ethidium monoazide. These results suggested a defect in the mutant in metabolic activation of ethidium to account for its resistance. Synchronized cultures of both the mutant and the normal parent strains showed a substantial reduction in petite response to photolabeling in stationary phase cells which could not be accounted for by changes in cell penetration of the drug. The use of photolabeling with normal and mutant cells suggested that petite induction can be divided into early and late steps.
A Constitutive Model for Damaged and Powder Silicon Carbide

To perform numerical simulations of ballistic impact into ceramic targets, suitable constitutive models are needed for intact, damaged and powder ceramic. For ballistic applications some constitutive models are already available in the literature but they are rarely based entirely on mechanical characterization. In fact, the parameters published are usually a blend of the material properties available and some tuning to ballistic experiments. This paper explains how a constitutive equation can be obtained from the compression testing of ceramics under confinement. Since the test procedure and results are described in another paper in this conference, this paper will focus on the analytical and numerical models performed to support the testing. The tests provide stress vs. strain and stress vs. hoop strain curves that, with a simplified mathematical model developed and described in this paper, can be plotted as stress vs. pressure curves. Numerical models of the confined tests were also performed to both support and supplement the analytical model. First they were used to check that the analytical model was correctly implemented and then, due to the inherent limitations of the analytical model (only valid during elastic deformation), they help to explore constitutive models like Drucker-Prager with a cap and Johnson-Holmquist. The final outcome of this paper is a constitutive model for damaged and powder SiC-N that can be used for ballistic simulations and has its origin entirely in a mechanical characterization procedure.
The differential associations of preexisting conditions with trauma-related outcomes in the presence of competing risks

Abstract Introduction Pre-existing chronic conditions (PECs) pose a unique problem for the care of aging trauma populations. However, the relationships between specific conditions and outcomes after injury are relatively unknown. Evaluation of trauma patients is further complicated by their discharge to care facilities, where mortality risk remains high. Traditional approaches for evaluating in-hospital mortality do not account for the discharge of at-risk patients, which constitutes a competing risk event to death. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between 40 PECs and two clinical outcomes in the context of competing risks among older trauma patients. Methods This retrospective study evaluated blunt-injured patients aged 55 years and older admitted to a level I trauma centre in 2006–2012. Outcomes were hospital length of stay (HLOS) and in-hospital mortality. Survivors were classified as discharges home or discharges to care facilities. Competing risks regression was used to evaluate each PEC with in-hospital mortality, accounting for discharges to care facilities as competing events. Competing risk estimates were compared to Cox model estimates, for which all survivors to discharge were non-events. Analyses were stratified using injury-based mortality risk at a 50% cutpoint (high versus low). Results Among 4653 patients, 176 died in-hospital, 3059 were discharged home, and 1418 were discharged to a care facility. Most patients (98%) were classified with a low mortality risk. Only haemophilia and coagulopathy were consistently associated with longer HLOS. In the low-risk subgroup, in-hospital mortality was most strongly associated with liver diseases, haemophilia, and coagulopathy. In the high-risk group, Parkinson's disease, depression, and cancers showed the strongest associations. Accounting for the competing event altered estimates for 12 of 19 significant conditions. Conclusions Excess mortality among patients expected to survive their injuries may be attributable to complications resulting from PECs. Discharges to care facilities constitute a bias in the evaluation of in-hospital mortality and should be considered for the accurate calculation of risk. In conjunction with injury measures, consideration of PECs provides physicians with a foundation to plan clinical decisions in older trauma patients.
Outcome analysis for gastroschisis.

Abstract Background/Purpose : Several factors are reportedly associated with an adverse outcome in gastroschisis, including mode of delivery, in utero diagnosis, type of closure, concurrent anomalies, intestinal atresia, and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Since 1969, the authors have treated 185 patients who had gastroschisis. The authors analyzed their database to identify variables associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Methods : A retrospective study of all patients with gastroschisis treated at our institution in the last 30 years was performed. The characteristics of survivors and nonsurvivors were compared. A logistic regression analysis was performed, with survival as the dependent variable, and the following parameters as independent variables: in utero diagnosis, mode of delivery, gestational age and birth weight, era of repair, type of closure, presence of other associated anomalies, intestinal atresia, and development of necrotizing enterocolitis. Further logistic regression analysis was performed, with various indicators of morbidity as dependent variables. These included development of sepsis, bowel obstruction, and complications related to the closure or to the silo. No attempt at long-term follow-up was made. Results : A total of 185 infants with gastroschisis were treated at our institution from 1969 to 1999. Mean gestational age was 36.6 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 2,501 g. A total of 21 infants had intestinal atresia. NEC developed in 8 infants. Six infants had other serious anomalies. The overall survival rate was 91%. Survival improved in last 2 decades (94%). There were no differences in gestational age, birth weight and mode of delivery, method of closure, or presence of intestinal atresia between survivors and nonsurvivors. Only the era of repair ( P = .002), presence of necrotizing enterocolitis ( P = .044), and presence of other major anomalies ( P P = .038) and development of necrotizing enterocolitis ( P = .020) as independent predictors of sepsis. Closure complications were only associated with lower birth weight ( P = .006). No predictors of bowel obstruction were identified. Conclusions : Mode of delivery, method of closure, birth weight and gestational age, and the presence of intestinal atresia do not appear to correlate with survival in infants with gastroschisis. Only the presence of another major anomaly, the era of repair, and the development of necrotizing enterocolitis were associated with increased mortality. Degree of prematurity and development of enterocolitis were associated with an increased incidence of septic complications. Low birth weight was a marker for closure complications. Type of delivery (vaginal or cesarean section) had no influence on either morbidity or mortality.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)porphinatomanganese(III) 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethenide: The First Example of an Isolated [TCNQF4]•−

The crystal structure of meso-tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)porphinatomanganese(III) 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethenide, [MnT(MeO)3PP][TCNQF4]·3(o-C6H4Cl2), 1·3C6H4Cl2, provides the first example of a nondimeric [TCNQF4]·– that is stabilized by trans-μ-coordination to MnIII. Compound 1·3C6H4Cl2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group [a = 16.9486(10) A, b = 25.7170(14) A, c = 19.4009(12) A, β = 107.091(4)°, V = 8082.8(8) A3, T = 200 K, Z = 4, R(Fo) = 0.0547]. The [TCNQF4]·– formulation was confirmed from the crystal structure data, as well as the νCN absorption at 2196 and 2165 cm–1 in the IR spectrum. The [TCNQF4]·– moiety is planar with a methylene-carbon–ring-carbon distance of 1.41 A, which is 0.038 A longer than that for TCNQF4. 1·3C6H4Cl2 forms 1-D zigzag chains of alternating 1+ and [TCNQF4]·–, where the MnIII atoms are bound in a trans-μ-fashion with Mn–N and intrachain Mn···Mn distances of 2.321(3) A and 12.685 (4) A, respectively. The MnNC angle and the dihedral angle between the [TCNQF4]·– and the mean MnN4 planes are 135.9(2)° and 46.4°, respectively, with the phenyl rings rotated 80° with respect to the mean porphyrin plane. The magnetic susceptibility of 1·2.3C6H4Cl2 can be calculated from the Curie–Weiss expression with θ = –37 K (T > 250 K) and θ′ = +29 K (75 1/2) spins, and the Hamiltonian H = –2JSa·Sb. Compound 1·2.3C6H4Cl2 ferrimagnetically orders at 7.3 K [based on the maxima in the 10 Hz χ′(T) data]. Hysteresis is observed at 2 K with coercive field, Hcr, of 17.1 kOe and remnant magnetization of 7.200 emuOe/mol; hysteresis is not observed at 5 K. This compound also displays metamagnetic behavior at 2 K above a critical field of 20.2 kOe. The frequency-dependent transitions observed in the χ′(T) and χ"(T) a.c. data are attributed to the transition to a spin glass or superparamagnetic state.
Quantum Computing and Information Acquisition

Due to the rapid advances made in Nano-Biotechnology, optical control of molecular dynamics and quantum computation, there is an increasing need to understand the fundamental structure, from the systems theoretical point of view, of the control and observation of quantum mechanical systems for designing advanced sensors and actuators. In this presentation we start with a discussion of the design, synthesis, and control of engineering problems and how the advances of technology helping to solve complex engineering problems. We proceed to discuss the recent trends in quantum computation and quantum computer. Then, we present the differences between the quantum control and measurement problems and the classical control and measurement problems. We conclude with a list of recent applications of quantum phenomena to build new sensors and other systems for information acquisition.
Space-time dynamics in video feedback

Abstract Video feedback provides a readily available experimental system to study complex spatial and temporal dynamics. This article outlines the use and modeling of video feedback systems. It includes a discussion of video physics and proposes two models for video feedback dynamics based on a discrete-time iterated functional equation and on a reaction-diffusion partial differential equation. Color photographs illustrate results from actual video experiments. Digital computer simulations of the models reproduce the basic spatio-temporal dynamics found in the experiments.
Design and Fabrication of a Bio-Inspired Flapping Flight Micro-Air Vehicle

The main objective of the BATMAV project is the development of a biologically-inspired Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) with flexible and foldable wings for flapping flight. While flapping flight in MAV has been previously studied and a number of models were realized they usually had unfoldable wings actuated with DC motors and mechanical transmission to provide the flapping motion, a system that brings the disadvantage of a heavy flight platform. This phase of the BATMAV project presents a flight platform that features bat-inspired wings with a number of flexible joints to allow mimicking the kinematics of the real mammalian flyer. The bat was chosen after an extensive analysis of the flight parameters of small birds, bats and large insects characterized by a superior maneuverability and wind gust rejection. Morphological and aerodynamic parameters were collected from existing literature and compared concluding that bat wing present a suitable platform that can be actuated efficiently using artificial muscles. Due to their wing camber variation, the bat species can operate effectively at a large rage of speeds and allow remarkably maneuverable and agile flight. Bat skeleton measurements were taken and modeled in SolidWorks to accurately reproduce bones and body via rapid prototyping machines. Much attention was paid specifically to achieving the comparable strength, elasticity, and range of motion of a naturally occurring bat. Therefore, a desktop model was designed, fabricated and assembled in order to study and optimize the effect of various flapping patterns on thrust and lift forces. As a whole, the BATMAV project consists of four major stages of development: the current phase — design and fabrication of the skeletal structure of the flight platform, selection and testing different materials for the design of a compliant bat-like membrane, analysis of the kinematics and kinetics of bat flight in order to design a biomechanical muscle system for actuation, and design of the electrical control architecture to coordinate the platform flight.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Adjustable autonomy in real-world multi-agent environments

Through {\em adjustable autonomy} (AA), an agent can dynamically vary the degree to which it acts autonomously, allowing it to exploit human abilities to improve its performance, but without becoming overly dependent and intrusive in its human interaction. AA research is critical for successful deployment of multi-agent systems in support of important human activities. While most previous AA work has focused on individual agent-human interactions, this paper focuses on {\em teams} of agents operating in real-world human organizations. The need for agent teamwork and coordination in such environments introduces novel AA challenges. First, agents must be more judicious in asking for human intervention, because, although human input can prevent erroneous actions that have high team costs, one agent's inaction while waiting for a human response can lead to potential miscoordination with the other agents in the team. Second, despite appropriate local decisions by individual agents, the overall team of agents can potentially make global decisions that are unacceptable to the human team. Third, the diversity in real-world human organizations requires that agents gradually learn individualized models of the human members, while still making reasonable decisions even before sufficient data are available. We address these challenges using a multi-agent AA framework based on an adaptive model of users (and teams) that reasons about the uncertainty, costs, and constraints of decisions at {\em all} levels of the team hierarchy, from the individual users to the overall human organization. We have implemented this framework through Markov decision processes, which are well suited to reason about the costs and uncertainty of individual and team actions. Our approach to AA has proven essential to the success of our deployed multi-agent Electric Elves system that assists our research group in rescheduling meetings, choosing presenters, tracking people's locations, and ordering meals.
Cranberry processing waste for solid state fungal inoculant production

Abstract Cranberry pomace is a primary by-product of the traditional cranberry juice processing industry and its disposal presents economic and environmental problems. Microbial conversion of cranberry pomace into various value-added products is a practical approach for solving such disposal problems. The present research was undertaken to test the growth of several agriculturally and industrially important fungi on cranberry pomace substrate through solid-state fermentation. Fungi, such as Trichoderma viride If-26, Trichoderma harzianum ATCC 24274, and Trichoderma pseudokoningii ATCC 26801, a novel polymeric dye decolorizing Penicillium isolate, and a food-grade Rhizopus strain isolated from Tempeh, that produce industrially important extracellular enzymes were grown on a cranberry pomace-based medium at 25°C for 4 days. The glucosamine content of the heterogeneous fermented mixture was a good indicator of fungal growth. The maximum growth of all fungi was established on cranberry pomace supplemented with 0·05 g of CaCO 3 , 2·0 ml of water, and 0·05 g of NH 4 NO 3 or 0·2 ml of fish protein hydrolysate per gram of pomace. It was concluded that bioconversion of cranberry processing waste by industrially beneficial fungi through solid-state fermentation was feasible. This potential can be coupled with the utilization of fish processing waste as an organic nitrogen source to develop mutually complementary products benefiting both the fishery and cranberry processing industries.
Three-dimensional reconstruction from limited biplane angiographic projections: A phantom study

A method for 3D cone beam reconstruction of cerebral vasculature (both morphology and grayscale) from a limited number (less than 10) of digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) projections obtained with a standard biplane C-arm x-ray system is described. The reconstruction method includes geometric calibration of the source and detector orientation, spatial image distortion correction, and algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) with non- negativity constraint. Accuracy of voxel gray scale values estimated by ART is enhanced by determination of weights based on the intersection volume between a pyramidal ray and cubic voxel. The reconstruction is accelerated by retaining only the vessel containing voxels and distributed computing. Reconstruction of a phantom containing fiducial markers at known 3D locations demonstrated that the reconstructed geometry is accurate to less than a pixel width. Reconstruction is also obtained from an anatomic skull phantom with an embedded cerebral vasculature reproduction that includes an aneurysm. Three dimensional reconstruction exhibited the necessary details, both structural and grayscale.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EYE LINES: A tool for studying visual perception of size and angle

EYE LINES is a set of programs for preparing and running experiments that measure the perception of the size, position, or angle of orientation of visual stimuli. A drawing program builds images as collections of linked line-segment vectors. The experiments involve the method of adjustment. Subjects use a mouse to adjust the lengths or angles of specified line segments. Designed for use both in research and instructional laboratories, the programs run on the Macintosh.
Nutlet sculpturing inScutellaria sect.Resinosa (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic utility

Nutlet sculpturing of 22 taxa ofScutellaria sect.Resinosa, representing 18 of its 19 species, and the monotypic genusSalazaria was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nutlets of sect.Resinosa, while remarkably variable among themselves, differed from hypothetically closely related sections in lacking circumferential banding and sessile glands. Species could be grouped by surface sculpturing into seemingly meaningful phenetic clusters.Scutellaria potosina var.platyphylla was sufficiently distinct micromorphically so as to be elevated to specific status asScutellaria platyphylla comb. and stat. nov. The significance of nutlet microcharacters within sect.Resinosa is discussed, especially as compared to closely related sections. The genusSalazaria had nutlet sculpturing quite different from all taxa belonging to sect.Resinosa.
FREE TEXT WORD RETRIEVAL AND SCIENTIST INDEXING: PERFORMANCE PROFILES AND COSTS

Comparative performance profiles were determined, by two independent scientific information centres, for on‐line retrieval by means of (a) tree text words and (b) subject indexing codes, from a data base of 4,600 descriptions of on‐going research projects in four broad subject areas. Altogether, thirty‐nine questions that users had previously asked of the Science Information Exchange (SIE) of the Smithsonian Institution, and that were in the four subject areas, were employed by SIE staffscientists, and twelve of these were independently used by staff members of the Biological Sciences Communication Project (BSCP) of the George Washington University. Results for the two studies showed average recall values 30–40% higher, and relevance values 15–20% higher, for subject index code use as compared with text word use. Advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.
A comparative assay of nefopam, morphine and d-amphetamine

Nefopam is a non-opioid analgesic reported to have some stimulant properties. The subjective, behavioral and physiological effects of nefopam, morphine and d-amphetamine were compared in seven non-dependent substance abusers to assess the abuse potential of nefopam. Morphine and d-amphetamine had significant effects on a number of measures generally consistent with the effects of drugs of the opioid and psychomotor stimulant drug classes. Subjects correctly discriminated between morphine and d-amphetamine. Nefopam was most frequently identified by subjects as being amphetamine-like, though several measures indicated that nefopam produced some sedation. Little or no “liking” of the effects of nefopam was reported by subjects. Overall, nefopam was one fifth as potent as morphine and one quarter as potent as d-amphetamine in producing subjective and physiological effects. The results indicate that nefopam is neither entirely morphine-like nor d-amphetamine-like. In our opinion, nefopam has a lesser potential to be abused than morphine or d-amphetamine.
Hydrogen bonding Part 44. 1-Methyl-1,3,5,7-tetra-aza-adamantan-1-ium (N-methylhexamethylenetetramine cation) halide hydrates: IR and thermodynamic study of planar C2h (H2O·Br−)2 and (H2O·Cl−)2 clusters, a possible C2h (H2 O·I− )2 cluster, and two higher Cl- hydrates

Abstract The IR spectrum of the C 2h (H 2 O·Br − ) 2 cluster in the bromide monohydrate of the N -methylhexamethylenetetramine cation (MHMTA + ) correlates well with that of the C 2h H 2 O·Cl − ) 2 cluster in tetraethylammonium chloride monohydrate. MHMTA + Cl − forms a monohydrate which contains a similar cluster, as well as a dihydrate and trihydrate. Equilibrium dissociation vapor pressure measurements show that the minimum value for HOHċX − hydrogen bonds is about 6.5 kcal mol −1 in the bromide monohydrate and about 7.5 kcal mol −1 in the chloride monohydrate. MHMTA + I − forms an ephemeral monohydrate; dissociation measurements over a limited range suggest a minimum value of about 8 kcal mol −1 for HOH⋯I − hydrogen bonds. The IR spectrum of the iodide monohydrate does not distinguish clearly between a planar cyclic and an extended spiral structure for the water—iodide structure.
The relationship of pores and mammillae on the inner surface of the eggshell of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).

The morphology of the eggshell of the alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, is similar to that of birds. In many avian species there is a positive linear correlation between the numbers of pores and mammillae on the inner surfaces of eggshells, indicating that the distribution and density of mammillae may determine the porosity of the shell. It is not known, however, if a relationship exists between pores and mammillae on the shell of the alligator. Using a scanning electron microscope, we counted pores and mammillae on the inner surfaces of pieces of shell from the middle of fertile and infertile eggs from wild and captive, pen-reared alligators. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range tests and linear regression equations. Results demonstrate a positive linear correlation between the numbers of pores and mammillae on the shells of unincubated fertile and infertile eggs from wild and captive alligators; however, there is no correlation between pores and mammillae on shells of eggs that were incubated for 55 days. It is suggested that initially the porosity of the eggshell of the alligator is related to the density of mammillae on the inner surface of the shell and that erosion of the shell during incubation destroys the original relationship between pores and mammillae.
A direct texture placement and editing interface

The creation of most models used in computer animation and computer games requires the assignment of texture coordinates, texture painting, and texture editing. We present a novel approach for texture placement and editing based on direct manipulation of textures on the surface. Compared to conventional tools for surface texturing, our system combines UV-coordinate specification and texture editing into one seamless process, reducing the need for careful initial design of parameterization and providing a natural interface for working with textures directly on 3D surfaces.A combination of efficient techniques for interactive constrained parameterization and advanced input devices makes it possible to realize a set of natural interaction paradigms. The texture is regarded as a piece of stretchable material, which the user can position and deform on the surface, selecting arbitrary sets of constraints and mapping texture points to the surface; in addition, the multi-touch input makes it possible to specify natural handles for texture manipulation using point constraints associated with different fingers. Pressure can be used as a direct interface for texture combination operations. The 3D position of the object and its texture can be manipulated simultaneously using two-hand input.
Three-dimensional morphology of gut innervation in total intestinal aganglionosis using whole-mount preparation.

Abstract Background: Total intestinal aganglionosis (TIA) is a rare form of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). The aim of this study was to examine the 3-dimensional morphology of the myentric plexus of the entire gastrointestinal tract in a newborn with total intestinal aganglionosis. Methods: Whole-mount preparations were made of the entire gastrointestinal tract using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and c- kit (a marker of interstitial cells of Cajal) immunohistochemistry. Results: Whole-mount preparations of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum showed 3-dimensional morphology of the myenteric plexus forming a meshlike network of nerve fibers, connected to each other and to ganglia. There were large numbers of NADPH-diaphrase-positive nerve fibers between the muscle fibers in the circular muscle layer. In esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, c- kit -positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) formed a 3-dimensional network between the two muscle layers and also were abundant within the circular muscle layer. In the jejunum, ileum, and colon, the myenteric plexus was absent and was replaced by hypertrophic nerve bundles that stained weakly with NADPH-diaphrase. Circular muscle layer completely lacked NADPH-diaphrase-positive nerve fibers. The c- kit -positive ICCs in the jejunum, ileum, and colon were sparse and localized mainly around the nerve trunks between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Conclusions: Whole-mount preparation is an elegant 3-dimensional technique in which the relationship of branching and interconnecting nerve fibers to each other and to muscle can be seen clearly. Absence of myenteric plexus, lack of nitrergic innervation, and depletion of interstitial cells of Cajal in the bowel wall throughout the small and large bowel contribute to the inability of the smooth muscle to relax, thereby causing lack of peristalsis in TIA. J Pediatr Surg 36:291-295. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
EVALUATING CROPSYST SIMULATIONS OF WHEAT MANAGEMENT IN A WHEAT-FALLOW REGION OF THE US PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Abstract The need for tools to evaluate cropping systems and their impact on production and the environment is increasing. Field experiments, which are usually site specific, require considerable resources and time to test hypotheses or management options. Computer models for cropping systems simulation are an alternative, but they require calibration and validation before applications can be developed for a given region. The ability of CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model, to simulate spring and winter wheat yields and evapotranspiration in a wheat-fallow region of eastern Washington for different tillage and residue management practices was evaluated. Validation of the model was accomplished by (a) providing initial conditions prior to planting for each cropping season of a 6-year wheat-fallow rotation and (b) providing initial conditions at the beginning of the rotation without reinitializing the model in later years. The statistical structure (mean and SD) of simulations and field data were similar. The root mean square errors fluctuated from 7 to 14% of the observed mean for grain yield and from 5 to 9% for evapotranspiration, depending on the type of evaluation, and was 17% for soil moisture profile in the case of continuous 6-year rotation simulation without reinitialization. The Wilmott index of agreement fluctuated from 0.92 to 0.97 (an index of 1.0 indicating perfect agreement), with all values but one equal or better than 0.94. Similar water production functions were obtained from simulation and field data. Based on this validation, Crop'Syst appears promising as a tool to analyze the effectiveness of management practices for water conservation in a wheat-fallow cropping region.
Effects of interfacial roughness on the magnetoresistance of magnetic metallic multilayers.

The Boltzmann equation is solved for a system consisting of a ferromagnetic--normal-metallic multilayer. The in-plane magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr and Fe/Cu superlattices is calculated for (1) varying interfacial geometric random roughness with no lateral coherence, (2) correlated (quasiperiodic) roughness, and (3) varying chemical composition of the interfaces. The interplay between these three aspects of the interfaces may enhance or suppress the magnetoresistance, depending on whether it increases or decreases the asymmetry in the spin-dependent scattering of the conduction electrons. Properties of the interfaces relevant to the giant negative magnetoresistance are discussed.
Absolute Efficiency Calibration of a Beta-Gamma Detector

Identification and quantification of nuclear events such as the Fukushima reactor failure and nuclear explosions rely heavily on the accurate measurement of radioxenon releases. One radioxenon detection method depends on detecting beta-gamma coincident events paired with a stable xenon measurement to determine the concentration of a plume. Like all measurements, the beta-gamma method relies on knowing the detection efficiency for each isotope measured. Several methods are commonly used to characterize the detection efficiency for a beta-gamma detector. The first and easiest method is to use a traceable (e.g., NIST) gamma standard to determine the detection efficiency. A second method determines the detection efficiencies relative to an already characterized detector. Finally, a potentially more accurate method is to use isotopes that the system is intended to measure and the form the system is intended to measure to perform an absolute efficiency calibration; in the case of a beta-gamma detector, this relies on radioxenon gas samples. The complication of the first method is it focuses only on the gamma detectors and does not offer a solution for determining the beta efficiency. The second method listed is not similarly constrained, however it relies on another detector to have a well-known efficiency calibration. The final method using actual radioxenon samples to make an absolute efficiency determination is the most desirable, but until recently, it was not possible to produce all four isotopically pure radioxenon isotopes. The production, by University of Texas (UT), of isotopically pure radioxenon has allowed the beta-gamma detectors to be calibrated using the absolute efficiency method. The first four radioxenon isotope calibration will be discussed in this paper.
Stress-induced glucocorticoid response modulates mononuclear cell trafficking during an experimental influenza viral infection.

Abstract The migration, distribution, and localization of lymphoid cells throughout the body is critical to the efficiency and development of the immune response. This study examined the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in mononuclear cell (MNC) trafficking during the development of an immune response to infection by influenza A/PR8 virus. Accumulation of MNC in the draining lymph nodes and at the site of virus replication (lungs) was studied in infected mice, and infected mice subjected to a Stressor (physical restraint). The glucocorticoid antagonist, RU486, was used to block the activity of endogenous corticosterone during development of the immune response. PR8-infected mice demonstrated an elevation in circulating corticosterone regardless of whether they were treated with RU486 or a placebo. Thus, some ‘afferent’ signal associated with the infection, and/or the immune response to infection, activated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and was not subject to negative feedback regulation. The initial accumulation of MNC in the draining lymph nodes and lungs during infection, however, was independent of the glucocorticoid response. Our previous studies demonstrated that virally infected animals subjected to physical restraint had highly elevated plasma corticosterone levels, suppressed lymphadenopathy, and reduced accumulation of MNC in the lungs. In the present study, RU486 treatment restored cellularity to the draining lymph nodes and enhanced accumulation of MNC in lungs of stressed, A/PR8 virus-infected mice.
Distribution of protein kinase C isozymes in rat optic nerves

Light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopic immunocytochemical methods were used to study the distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in adult rat optic nerves. In cryostat and vibratome sections examined by LM, type II (beta) isozyme was localized almost exclusively in the axons. In the EM, immunoreaction products were found to associate with microtubules and neurofilaments. The inner surface of axonal membranes were occasionally stained. Analysis of PKC isozyme composition of the optic nerves by using immunoblot techniques revealed that type II (beta) isozyme accounted for approximately 80% of the total immunoreactivity. By contrast, type III (alpha) isozyme, which accounted for the remaining 20% of PKC, was found mainly in the astrocytes. Astrocytic processes next to blood vessels and between myelinated axons were stained. In the EM, immunoreaction products were found in the cytoplasm and along astroglial filaments. Segments of plasma membranes also were stained; but nuclei were unstained. Adult glial cells were not stained by an antibody to type II (beta) isozyme except for the occurrence of a few punctate cytoplasmic densities in occasional astrocytes. Very faint or no immunostaining was observed in sections treated with a monoclonal antibody to type I (gamma) isozyme. Immunoblot analyses also did not reveal this subspecies. The absence of type I (gamma) isozyme in optic nerves is not due to a down-regulation of the enzyme during development. In developing (5 and 11 day) rats, immunoreactivity of protein kinase C was very faint or absent. After 15 days, reaction products of both type III (alpha) and type II (beta) isozymes were found throughout the nerve. These findings suggest that type II (beta) isozyme may be involved in axonal transport whereas type III (alpha) isozyme may play a role in some astrocyte functions in mature optic nerves.
CO surface electrochemistry on Pt-nanoparticles: A selective review

Abstract Oxidation of CO on platinum nanoparticles ranging in size from 1 to 30 nm has been studied in acid electrolytes. We found that Pt nanoparticles, characterized by transmission electron microscopy, are not perfect cubo-octahedrons and that large particles have “rougher” surfaces than small particles. The importance of “defect” sites for the catalytic properties of nanoparticles was probed by using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and rotating disk electrode. From IRAS experiments, by monitoring how the vibrational frequency of a-top CO (νCO) as well as the concomitant development of dissolved CO2 are affected by the number of defects on Pt nanoparticles, we suggested that defects play a significant role in CO “clustering” on nanoparticles, causing CO to decrease/increase in local coverage, which results in anomalous redshift/blueshift νCO frequency deviations from the normal Stark-tuning behavior. The observed νCO deviations are accompanied by CO2 production, which increases by increasing the number of defects on the nanoparticles, i.e., 1 ≤ 2
Self-alignment by flip-chip bonding for OE-MCM packaging

The impact of process variation associated with lateral and axial misalignment of flip-chip solder joint based assembly for OE-MCM packaging is analyzed through quasi-static force balance in the system. The effect of variation in solder deposition height, vertical loading, and surface tension coefficient on the alignment, and therefore on the optical performance of the system, is studied.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neutron total and scattering cross sections of 6Li in the low-MeV range☆

Abstract Neutron total cross sections of 6Li are measured at intervals of ≲ 10 keV from ≈ 0.1 to 4.8 MeV with precisions of ≈ 1 to 3 %. Differential elastic scattering cross sections are measured at intervals of ≲ 100 keV from 1.5 to 4.0 MeV at 10 or more scattering angles distributed between ≈ 20 and 160 deg. Differential inelastic scattering cross sections are measured at selected angles in the energy range 3.5 to 4.0 MeV. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of R-matrix theory and the model parameters used to deduce the 6 Li(n ,α) cross sections. The implications of the measurements and their interpretation on the level structure of 7Li and the reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Characteristics of persons with syphilis in areas of persisting syphilis in the United States: sustained transmission associated with concurrent partnerships.

Background and Goal In areas with persistent syphilis, to characterize persons at higher risk for transmitting syphilis.Study DesignCohort study. Structured interviews of persons with early syphilis from four research centers were linked to outcomes of partner tracing.ResultsOf 743 persons with syph
Development of an Abuse Screening Tool for Women with Disabilities

Women with disabilities are at increased risk for violence, including forms of abuse that can be experienced by all women as well as forms unique to women with disabilities, such as abuse by personal assistants. The purpose of this study was to develop an abuse-screening tool unique to women with disabilities. The tool, which was based on previous research, was field-tested with 47 women who experienced physical and/or cognitive disabilities. Final refinement of the tool's wording and formatting was accomplished through focus groups and individual interviews. Women with disabilities were receptive to participating in screening, which facilitated the identification of abuse and risk factors. Recommendations for abuse screening and risk assessment with women who have disabilities are presented.