cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classifying Human Hand Use and the Activities of Daily Living

Humans use their hands for a large variety of tasks during daily life. In this chapter, a discussion of human hand use is presented, including classification schemes for grasping and manipulation behaviors. First, a simple classification of the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) is presented, providing some structure to a terminology that is typically used in an ad hoc manner. Next, an overview of work related to classifications and taxonomies of static grasp types is presented, followed by a study investigating the frequency of use of various grasp types by a housekeeper and machinist. Finally, a taxonomy classifying hand-based manipulation is presented, providing a hand-centric and motion-centric categorization of hand use. These descriptions and classifications of hand use should prove useful to researchers interested in robotic manipulation, prosthetics, rehabilitation, and biomechanics.
Physicians View Death and Suicide

: Comparisons were made between physicians' attitudes toward death and suicide and those of a nonphysician control group. Results of the analysis revealed significant differences that may offer some insights as to why physicians have an elevated suicide rate.
Apparent Excess in e+e- --> hadrons

We have studied measurements of the cross section for e+e- --> hadrons for center-of-mass energies in the range 20--209 GeV. We find an apparent excess over the predictions of the Standard Model across the whole range amounting to more than 4\sigma. As an example, we compare the data to predictions for a light scalar down-type quark which fit the excess well.
Particle swarm optimization-based feature selection for cognitive state detection

This manuscript proposes a particle swarm-based feature extraction to monitors brain activity with the goal of identifying correlate cognitive states and intensity of a task. This in turn would allow us to develop a pattern recognition system that will classify such cognitive states and thus to redistribute the workload to other subjects. In this abstract, we present a recognition system that employ multiple features from different domains, a feature selection method using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) search algorithm while the classification is provided using a k-nearest neighbor. Through this approach, we are able to achieve an averaged classification accuracy of 90.25% on held-out, cross-validated data among the eight subjects.
The trouble with translational medicine

Increasingly more reports in the literature are reflecting on the hurdles of effective translation from promising results of biomedical research into useful therapeutics. A recurrent theme is that good intentions are frustrated by extrinsic factors upon which 'translationalists' have little control. It is possible that the problem resides, at least in part, within the translational community itself, which has failed to prioritize the steps required to approach the problem systematically. Most importantly, there is disproportionate emphasis on bench-to-bedside efforts, rather than confronting a priori the need to increase the understanding of human pathophysiology. Thus, therapeutic concepts based on experimental conditions that may not and indeed often do not represent the nature of human genetics lead to drug development that is not sufficiently applicable to the human condition. The damage is then amplified when these ill-fated concepts are tested in clinical trials at great cost. The use of surrogate biomarkers that could allow early assessment of efficacy currently requires long-term assessment of clinical benefit. This can delay by years or decades essential feedback about clinical efficacy. Moreover, scant effort is applied to learning whether a drug has achieved its biological endpoint, or why it failed its clinical endpoint. Thus, the feedback loop is not only delayed, but is often uninformative. As a consequence, researchers continue to produce novel therapeutic candidates based on experimental models without the essential benefit of lessons learned from previous failures. Biomedical research will succeed when drug development is guided by experience gained through informative clinical trials with the purpose of not only testing the effectiveness of treatment but also providing mechanistic insights into the differences between expected and observed results. This can only be achieved through the courageous effort of the research community to change the way biomedical research is funded, published and rewarded.
All-optical switching of magnetoresistive devices using telecom-band femtosecond laser

Ultrafast all-optical switching of the magnetization of various magnetic systems is an intriguing phenomenon that can have tremendous impact on information storage and processing. Here, we demonstrate all-optical switching of GdFeCo alloy films using a telecom-band femtosecond fiber laser. We further fabricate Hall cross devices and electrically readout all-optical switching by measuring anomalous Hall voltage changes. The use of a telecom laser and the demonstrated all-optical switching of magnetoresistive devices represent the first step toward integration of opto-magnetic devices with mainstream photonic devices to enable novel optical and spintronic functionalities.
Optical cryo-imaging of kidney mitochondrial redox state in diabetic mice models

Oxidative stress (OS), which increases during diabetes, exacerbates the development and progression of diabetes complications including renal vascular and proximal tubule cell dysfunction. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the metabolic state of the tissue in diabetic mice kidneys using fluorescence imaging. Mitochondrial metabolic coenzymes NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), and FADH-2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) are autofluorescent and can be monitored without exogenous labels by optical techniques. The ratio of the fluorescence intensity of these fluorophores, (NADH/FAD), called the NADH redox ratio (RR), is a marker of metabolic state of a tissue. We examined mitochondrial redox states of kidneys from diabetic mice, Akita/+ and its control wild type (WT) for a group of 8- and 12-week-old mice. Average intensity and histogram of maximum projected images of FAD, NADH, and NADH RR were calculated for each kidney. Our results indicated a 17% decrease in the mean NADH RR of the kidney from 8-week-old mice compared with WT mice and, a 30% decrease in the mean NADH RR of kidney from12-week-old mice compared with WT mice. These results indicated an increase in OS in diabetic animals and its progression over time. Thus, NADH RR can be used as a hallmark of OS in diabetic kidney allowing temporal identification of oxidative state.
Fundamentals of the analytic network process — Dependence and feedback in decision-making with a single network

The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a multicriteria theory of measurement used to derive relative priority scales of absolute numbers from individual judgments (or from actual measurements normalized to a relative form) that also belong to a fundamental scale of absolute numbers. These judgments represent the relative influence, of one of two elements over the other in a pairwise comparison process on a third element in the system, with respect to an underlying control criterion. Through its supermatrix, whose entries are themselves matrices of column priorities, the ANP synthesizes the outcome of dependence and feedback within and between clusters of elements. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with its independence assumptions on upper levels from lower levels and the independence of the elements in a level is a special case of the ANP. The ANP is an essential tool for articulating our understanding of a decision problem. One had to overcome the limitation of linear hierarchic structures and their mathematical consequences. This part on the ANP summarizes and illustrates the basic concepts of the ANP and shows how informed intuitive judgments can lead to real life answers that are matched by actual measurements in the real world (for example, relative dollar values) as illustrated in market share examples that rely on judgments and not on numerical data.
A PIEZOELECTRICALLY ACTUATED MEMS SPEAKER WITH POLYIMIDE MEMBRANE AND THIN FILM Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT) ACTUATOR

ABSTRACT This paper reports on a new microspeaker actuated by a thin film PZT actuator for low voltage operation and low power consumption. The proposed microspeaker is implemented using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology to reduce form factor and it is composed of flexible polyimide membrane for higher output pressure. We successfully fabricated the microspeaker and demonstrated its feasibility by measuring sound pressure level from 200 Hz to 10 kHz. The SPL (Sound Pressure Level) measured was 79 dB at 1 kHz, 87 dB at 5 kHz and 90 dB at 10 kHz respectively, with an actuation voltage of 13 V.
The Apexcardiogram in Patients with Systolic Prolapse of the Mitral Valve

Fifteen patients with the clinical and phonocardiography finding of a nonejection click initiating a late systolic murmur had apexcardiograms (ACG) performed. In every case, the inward motion of the apex normally inscribed between aortic valve opening and closure was interrupted by either a notch or a second systolic wave, the onset of which occurred at the time of the click. This ACG finding was associated with a double apical systolic impulse in some patients. Therefore, systolic prolapse of the mitral valve has to be excluded from other conditions that cause a double apical impulse.
Effect of annealing on nanostructure and magnetic properties of Zr2Co11 material

Abstract Single-phase Zr2Co11 nanomagnetic materials with high coercivity have been fabricated by melt spinning with subsequent annealing under Ar, N2, and vaccum. Annealing coarsens the grains and decreases the density of defects, leading to intergrain decoupling action and the enhancement of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field of the hard magnetic phase. Therefore, coercivity increases 44.7% from 6.7 kOe for the as-spun to 9.7 kOe for the annealed which is the highest among Zr–Co alloys so far. The results show that the magnetic-hardening mechanism is primarily dominated by domain-wall pinning. In addition, annealing clearly increases the saturation magnetization. The above results indicate that Zr2Co11 has potential for fabricating rare-earth-free permanent-magnet nanocomposites.
Flow through a rough, shallow reef

This paper presents a simple model of wave-driven flow through a coral reef that is characterized by a shallow, wide reef crest and a deeper, but frictional lagoon. Assuming that the dominant momentum balances are between quadratic drag and barotropic pressure gradients, along-lagoon and cross-reef flows are coupled through continuity and through a setup of the water surface in the lagoon that varies in the along-reef direction. Scaling of the governing equations shows that this flow is governed by a single parameter P that expresses the competing effects of cross-reef and along-lagoon drag. When P 1, only that portion of the reef closest to the pass through the reef crest through which fluid exists the lagoon supports cross-reef flows.
External interface for trap-and-release membrane introduction mass spectrometry applied to the detection of inorganic chloramines and chlorobenzenes in water.

Construction and evaluation of an external configuration trap-and-release membrane introduction system for mass spectrometry is described. This novel interface allows independent control of the temperature of the membrane and eliminates the dependence of membrane heating efficiency on its position in the ion source. The external trap-and-release MIMS configuration is successfully applied to detection of inorganic chloramines and chlorobenzenes. The method is shown to give temporal resolution of volatile vs. semi-volatile compounds, which increases its sensitivity for semi-volatiles in the presence of volatiles and provides an additional selectivity parameter. Further selectivity is provided by tandem mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
External watchman routes

We consider the problem of finding a shortest watchman route from which the exterior of a polygon is visible (external watchman route). We present an O (n4 log logn) algorithm to find shortest external watchman routes for simple polygons by transforming the external watchman route problem to a set of internal watchman route problems. Also, we present faster external watchman route algorithms for special cases. These include optimal O (n) algorithms for convex, monotone, star and spiral polygons and an O (n log logn) algorithm for rectilinear polygons.
REGULATION OF INSULIN DEGRADING ENZYME

The main enzyme that triggers and controls insulin degradation is the insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Many mechanisms have been postulated for IDE regulation hut none has been conclusively proven. Highly purified rat liver cytosolic IDE was prepared by: 1) precipitation with ammonium sulphate, 2) DEAE-Sephadex with NaCl gradient, 3) pentylagarose with ammonium sulphate gradient, 4) chromatofocussing in PBE94. Insulin degradation by IDE was inhibited with ATP (Q.05-4 mM) and GTP (1-8 nH) in dose/dependent fashion. AlF3 (0.05-40 mM) had the same effect in the presence of -Mg4+, but not NaF. Mg2+ suppression does not change AlF3, inhibition. G-protein participation in this inhibition was excluded since these are activated with AlF3, only if Mg2+ is present. We conclude: 1) ATP inhibits IDE at physiological concentrations, while GTP acts as a phosphate donor at the concentrations used: 2) the G-protein participation in IDE inhibition could not be demonstrated in our system.
Physiological changes in the sciatic nerve endoneurium of lead-intoxicated rats: a model of endoneurial homeostasis

The effects of inorganic lead (Pb) on peripheral nerves were studied by measuring the permeability coefficient-surface area product to albumin (PSA) of the blood-nerve interface (BNI), water and Pb content of endoneurium, and residual endoneurial plasma volume (Vp) of sciatic nerves of adult rats maintained on a 4% Pb diet for 2-12 weeks. Additionally, body weight, haematocrit, and blood Pb levels were also monitored. Within 1 week, both blood and endoneurial Pb levels had increased significantly above background levels and continued to increase up to the 6th week. Thereafter, over the next 6 weeks, the blood Pb levels were relatively stable, while the endoneurial Pb levels decreased sharply to a quarter of their peak values. The wet/dry weight ratio of the endoneurium, an indicator of nerve oedema, increased by about 30% from the 4th to 12th week, reaching a water content of 75% corresponding to a 24% increase of the total fascicular area. PSA increased only by the 8th week, without an accompanying increase in Vp. This suggests that the increase in PSA reflects an increase in the permeability of the BNI. Furthermore, the moderate 3-fold increase in PSA is more consistent with an adaptive response of the BNI to changes in the endoneurial microenvironment rather than a massive breakdown or disruption of the BNI. This is supported by the inconsistent or mild leakage of horseradish peroxidase from endoneurial capillaries observed in Pb-intoxicated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Catching energetic heavy-ion beams in gas

The stopping of argon beams at energies up to 100 MeV/u in a combination of an aluminum energy degrader and a helium gas cell was investigated. The transmission of ions through the gas was measured at different gas pressures. A Monte Carlo simulation was applied in order to calculate the spatial distribution of ions stopped in the gas. It was found that the width of the range distribution was not largely enhanced by the aluminum energy degrader.
Distinct binding sites on HLA-DR for invariant chain and staphylococcal enterotoxins.

Abstract During biosynthesis, class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex exist as complexes of the polymorphic alpha and beta chains in association with trimers of the invariant chain (Ii). The nonpolymorphic Ii contains sequences necessary for proper targeting of class II to endosomal compartments, where Ii is degraded. Ii also prevents the premature association of antigenic peptides with class II molecules. It is not known whether the effect of Ii on peptide binding extends to other ligands of class II, specifically exogenous superantigens. Cells expressing a mutant Ii molecule stably associated with HLA-DR at the cell surface were tested for their ability to interact with staphylococcal toxins. Most toxins (staphylococcal enterotoxins A-E and exfoliative toxin) were found to bind to cells expressing this alpha beta Ii complex with levels comparable to cells expressing only alpha beta chains at the cell surface. Cells expressing surface alpha beta Ii complexes stimulated polyclonal populations of peripheral blood T cells in association with these toxins. Binding of toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) and subsequent stimulation of T cells were reduced by the presence of the Ii. This reduction was not due to an alteration in the repertoire of T cells responding to TSST in the presence of Ii. Data from experiments with a T-cell clone suggest that interactions between class II molecules and T-cell antigen receptors occur during staphylococcal enterotoxin-mediated stimulation and that surface Ii does not interfere with such interactions.
Studies of albumin binding to rat liver plasma membranes. Implications for the albumin receptor hypothesis.

Abstract To characterize a previously proposed hepatocyte albumin receptor, we examined the binding of native and defatted 125I-labeled rat albumin to rat liver plasma membranes. After incubation for 30 min, binding was determined from the distribution of radioactivity between membrane pellet and supernatant following initial centrifugation (15 000 × g for 15 min), after repeated cycles of washing with buffer and re-centrifugation. 125I-labeled albumin recovered in the initial membrane pellet averaged only 4% of that incubated. Moreover, this albumin was only loosely associated with the membrane, as indicated by recovery in the pellet of under 0.5% of the counts after three washes. Binding of 125I-labeled albumin to the plasma membranes was no greater than to erythrocyte ghosts, was not inhibited by excess unlabeled albumin, and was not decreased by heat denaturation of the membranes, all suggestive of a lack of specific binding. Failure to observe albumin binding to the membranes was not due to a rapid dissociation rate or ‘off-time’, as incubations in the presence of sufficient ultraviolet light to promote covalent binding of ligands to receptors did not increase 125I counts bound to the membrane. Finally, affinity chromatography over albumin/agarose gel of solubilized membrane proteins provided no evidence of a membrane protein with a high affinity for albumin. These studies, therefore, do not support the hypothesis that liver cell plasma membranes contain a specific albumin receptor.
Activation of heat shock factor 1 by hyperosmotic or hypo-osmotic stress is drastically attenuated in normal human fibroblasts during senescence.

We have previously reported that osmotic stress prominently induces the DNA binding activity of the heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). In the present study, we examined the effects of medium osmolarity on both the activation of HSF1 and the programmed cell death in normal human fibroblasts during cellular senescence. The activation of HSF1 occurred rapidly in presenescent (early passage) IMR-90 cells when exposed to either hypo-osmotic or hyperosmotic stress. In contrast, the activation of HSF1 was significantly attenuated in senescent cells. Western blot analysis indicated that equal amounts of HSF1 were present as monomers in the cytoplasm of both presenescent and senescent cells in normal growth medium. Under either hypo-osmotic or hyperosmotic stress, trimerization and nuclear localization of HSF1 occurred in presenescent cells but not in senescent cells. More than 80% of HSF1 in senescent cells remained as monomers in the cytoplasm under osmotic stress, suggesting a defect in the signal transduction pathways that lead to HSF1 trimerization or a dysfunction in the HSF1 protein itself. Possible involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways in the activation HSF1 was investigated by monitoring the activation of the three MAPKs, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38, in cells exposed to hypo-osmotic or hyperosmotic stress. All three MAPKs were activated by hyperosmotic stress but not hypo-osmotic stress, suggesting that the MAPK signal transduction pathways may not be directly linked to the osmotic stress-induced activation of HSF1. In contrast to the rapid heat shock transcription factor (HSF) activation, apoptosis occurred only after long-term exposure to hypo-osmotic or hyperosmotic stress. Despite the prominent induction of HSF1 activation, the presenescent cells were more sensitive than the senescent cells to the osmotic stress-induced apoptosis.
Standardised reference data sets generation for Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) software assessment

Rapid and accurate in-process measurement has recently become more common in product cycles, especially for producing parts having 3D contoured shapes. As a result, the ability to analyse large quantities of dimensional data requires today's coordinate measuring machines (CMM) to employ their extreme functionality. With the increasing demand for performance of the software supplied for a CMM, the testing methods for these software packages must be rigorous, stable, and efficient. Motivated by the aforementioned demand, this work is intended to design and develop an algorithm and computer code to generate the reference data sets representing the coordinates of Gaussian associated features for CMM measured parts. These reference data sets can be used to test the CMM software submitted for approval to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A generic algorithm for the development of the data sets is proposed and the program code is designed and developed by employing object oriented concepts. Dynamic errors during measurement are also accounted for, using Fourier harmonics representing the form errors and noise in the measured data. The data sets, being an integral part of the proposed International Standard - ISO 10360, will become a significant step towards the standardisation of software testing procedures for coordinate measuring machines.
Allopurinol rectal absorption in the rabbit

Abstract Allopurinol is used clinically, with apparent success, as a rectal suppository for patients unable to take the medication by mouth. However, plasma levels of the drug or its active metabolite, oxipurinol, following administration of such dosage forms in man are either very low or undetectable. The absorption of allopurinol from rectal dosage forms was evaluated using the rabbit as a model. Following administration of the drug in suppositories formulated with cocoa butter, cocoa butter with 2% Tween 80 or polyethylene glycol, no measurable levels of either allopurinol or oxipurinol were seen. consistent with results reported in man. Administration of a rectal solution produced erratic absorption at a level less than 10% of that seen orally. The results indicate that allopurinol is not absorbed rectally and that there is no rationale for administering the drug by the rectal route. Continued clinical use of allopurinol suppositories should be documented by controlled efficacy studies.
The student health center as multicultural catalyst.

Abstract Stanford's student health center participated with underrepresented students in observing Black Liberation Month; Bisexual, Gay, and Lesbian Awareness Days; and Cinco de Mayo, the commemoration of a Mexican Army defeat of the French in 1862. For minority students on a campus where a majority of the students and faculty are White, the health center's involvement in these events was viewed as an affirmation and acceptance of worth of these diverse student groups. The outreach effort exposed health center caregivers to the cultures of the three groups when staff members attended the special activities, interacted with the celebrants, and became more sensitized to their needs.
A Longitudinal Study of Adult Life Experiences and Developmental Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that selected life experiences are related to developmental outcomes. To test this hypothesis, answers to questions from the National Longitudin...
Developing flow on a vertical wall

Developing laminar flow in a liquid film issuing from a full slot and descending along a vertical wall is analysed for the limiting cases of low flow rate and high surface tension. Neither limiting case is approached uniformly and the singular perturbation method with matched asymptotic expansions is employed. The location of a free boundary, the curved meniscus, is unknown a priori, and the limiting meniscus profiles are obtained. An interesting viscous boundary layer is found at low flow rates.
Prognostic and predictive value of HER2/neu oncogene in breast cancer.

Assessment of HER2/neu oncogene has been used as both a prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer. However, the choice of the best method to assess the status of HER2/neu oncogene in breast cancer tissue remains controversial. A variety of techniques are available to detect HER2/neu gene amplification and overexpression. Tissue-based detection methods by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) offers a clear advantage over other approaches. FISH is a costly and relatively difficult assay and yet appears to be a better predictor of response to Herceptin (Trastuzumab) therapy and patient outcome. IHC is less expensive and is easier to perform; however, it suffers from a high rate of false negativity and positivity as well as inter-observer variability among pathologists. Suggestions have been made to use IHC as a screening procedure followed by confirmation by FISH in selected cases. Considering the importance of an accurate assessment of HER2/neu oncogene in selecting therapy, a better alternative may be to use FISH as the primary testing for HER2/neu oncogene. Herceptin therapy is associated with several side effects and is expensive. Thus, in the long term, it may be more cost-effective to use the FISH procedure and reduce the possibility of under-treatment or over-treatment of breast cancer patients. In addition, assessment of HER2/neu oncogene on every newly diagnosed early breast carcinoma may not be necessary. Metastatic lesions, when they occur, can be sampled by fine needle aspiration biopsy or core needle biopsy for assessment of HER2/Neu status.
Death threat, death concerns, and paranormal belief

Abstract Relationships among death threat, death concerns, and paranormal beliefs were investigated in a personal construct theory framework. First, the Threat Index measure of death threat and the Paranormal Belief Scale, which provides a measure of degree of belief in each of seven paranormal dimensions, were administered to 78 college students. As hypothesized, one paranormal belief dimension (traditional religious belief) was significantly associated with decreased death threat. In addition, the Death Concern Scale measure of conscious concerns about death and the Paranormal Scale were administered to 73 college students. As hypothesized, significant positive correlations were obtained between six of the seven paranormal belief dimensions (all except for traditional religious beliefs) and Death Concern Scale scores. Thus, greater beliefs in these six paranormal dimensions were associated with greater death concerns. Findings are discussed in terms of the notion that paranormal beliefs may play a role ...
Effect of Linker Structure on Salicylic Acid-Derived Poly(anhydride-esters).

A series of salicylic acid-derived poly(anhydride−esters) were synthesized by melt polymerization methods, in which the structures of the molecule (“linker”) linking together the two salicylic acids were varied. To determine the relationship between the linker and the physical properties of the corresponding poly(anhydride−ester), several linkers were evaluated including linear aliphatic, aromatic, and aliphatic branched structures. For the linear aliphatic linkers, higher molecular weights were obtained with longer linear alkyl chains. The most sterically hindered linkers yielded lower molecular weight polymers. The thermal decomposition temperature increased with the alkyl chain length, but the glass transition temperature decreased, due to the enhanced flexibility of the polymer. The highest glass transition temperatures were obtained by using aromatic linkers as a result of increased π−π interactions. Water contact angles determined the relative hydrophobicity of the polymers, which correlated to hydr...
Rural Children's Time in Household Activities:

Operating within the framework of Erikson's developmental theory, this research examined the amount of time rural children spent in household activities and several demographic factors related to that use of time. Data were obtained from a 1977–79 multistate survey of family use of time in which home interviews were conducted with 1,050 families from rural areas of 10 states. There were 1,045 children aged 6 through 17 yr. Findings indicated that children averaged 65 min. per day in household tasks. Children spent the most time in shopping and maintenance of home, yard, car, and pets. Age and sex of the child, education and employment of the mother, state of residence, and season of the year significantly affected the time spent on the tasks. Education of the father and income of the family were not significant sources of variation in the time spent.
Delayed critical ORNL unreflected uranium (93.20) metal sphere and the pure unreflected uranium (93.80) sphere critical mass

Abstract A spherical critical assembly of unreflected and unmoderated uranium (93.20 wt.% 235 U) metal was assembled at the Oak Ridge Critical Experiments Facility in 1971. All the characteristics of this assembly are very accurately known; dimensions to ± 0.0001 in, masses to ± 0.01 g, isotopics, impurities, etc. Two spheres were assembled. The first was above delayed criticality and the second, after machining of the first, was slightly below delayed criticality. A variety of reactivity effects such as the influence of support structure, imperfections in the sphere, etc. were evaluated experimentally, where practical. The very accurate description of this sphere, as assembled, establishes it as an ideal benchmark for calculational methods and cross-section data files. In this regard, the accurate specification of one of these spheres for a Monte Carlo code input is included as an Appendix. In order to provide data for verification of one-dimensional, transport-theory calculations, these two spherical uranium metal assemblies were corrected to idealized spherical geometries. Either all imperfections in the sphere were evaluated experimentally or corrections were made based on previous measurements with GODIVA I at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The experimental configurations first were corrected to idealized spheres of pure uranium metal of the density and enrichment of these measurements. In order to compare the results of these experiments to the earlier idealized delayed critical sphere obtained from the GODIVA I experiments, these spheres were also corrected to an enrichment of 93.80 wt.% 235 U and density of 18.750 g U/cm 3 with no impurities. The estimates of the purely spherical critical masses of 93.20-wt.%-enriched uranium were 52,911±66 g ( ρ =18.765 g U/cm 3 ) from the slightly supercritical configuration, and 52,956±64 g ( ρ =18.754 g U/cm 3 ) from the slightly subcritical configuration. Correction to a pure uranium sphere of enrichment of 93.80 wt.% 235 U and density of 18.750 g U/cm 3 with no impurities yielded a critical mass of 52.42±0.07 kg which is in agreement with the value from the GODIVA I experiments, which is 52.30 ± 0.16 kg. The uncertainty in the pure uranium sphere mass from the Oak Ridge experiments is considerably less than that from the GODIVA I experiments because the Oak Ridge spheres were more spherical with less structural material in close proximity to the sphere.
Laparoscopic-assisted peritoneal dialysis catheter placement: a microinvasive technique.

Background Peritoneal dialysis is an alternate form of dialysis for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although not as widely used as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis (PD) has clear advantages, especially those related to patient satisfaction and simplicity. The purpose of our study was to describe and look at the results of a microinvasive technique for placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters under laparoscopy.
Knife cuts lateral but not dorsal to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus abolish gonadal responses to photoperiod in female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Horizontal and parasagittal knife cuts in the hypothalamus of female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were employed to investigate the neural pathways that mediate go nadal responses to photoperiod. Bilateral horizontal knife cuts placed dorsal to the paraven tricular nucleus (PVN) did not prevent short-day-induced acyclicity and uterine regression. On the other hand, regardless of photoperiod, animals with bilateral parasagittal knife cuts placed lateral to the PVN continued to exhibit regular 4-day estrous cycles and stimulated uteri. Thus, parasagittal cuts prevented the effects of short days on reproductive physiology. This finding suggests that the lateral efferent projections from the PVN represent an important component of the neural pathway mediating reproductive photoperiodism in female hamsters.
Direct impacts of outer continental shelf activities on wetland loss in the central Gulf of Mexico.

The direct impacts of outer continental shelf (OCS) development on recent wetland loss in the northern Gulf of Mexico were quantified using aerial imagery, field surveys, and literature review. The total direct impacts accounted for an estimated 25.6 percent of total net wetland loss within the Louisiana portion of the study area from 1955/56 to 1978. Of the total direct impacts of 73,905 ha, OCS-related activities accounted for 11,589-13,631 ha of the wetland loss during the same time interval. Although this is a substantial areal loss, it represents only 4.0-4.7 percent of the total Louisiana wetland loss from 1955/56 to 1978, and 15.7–18.4 percent of direct impacts.
Intracrystalline folding and cataclasis in biotite of the Santa Rosa mylonite zone: HVEM and TEM observations

Abstract High voltage electron microscope (HVEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses indicate that grain size reduction of biotite in deformed granodiorite of the Santa Rosa mylonite zone, southern California, was in part accomplished by Intracrystalline folding and cataclasis. Through this process, deformation takes place within discrete parallel-sided or lens-shaped zones up to 6 μm wide. Within the zones, deformation begins with the opening of cavities along cleavage planes. Further deformation causes layers parallel to (001) to become detached from the surrounding crystal along cleavage planes or ruptured along micro-shear zones at an angle to (001). The layers may be strongly folded, branching, or completely fragmented, the latter suggesting cataclastic behavior. The smallest measured lens of cataclasite is 0.05 μm in width. High resolution TEM images show that (001) lattice fringes fold into these regions. Zones of Intracrystalline folding and cataclasis are visible petrographically. Because of the many orientations of biotite within these regions, the optical properties are effectively averaged. The zones are characterized by little or no change in color with rotation of the optical microscope stage and, in most orientations, by higher refractive indices than the surrounding crystal.
Personalized modeling of human gaze: Exploratory investigation on mammogram readings

Eye tracking studies in medical imaging typically focus on studying radiologists' visual search process and how it relates to the clinical interpretation task at hand. In this pilot study, we have investigated gaze patterns to gain insight into their association with radiologists' expertise level as well as the presence of individual differences to facilitate personalized modeling and recognition of radiologists. First, we collected gaze data from six radiologists viewing 40 mammographic images each. Then, the collected gaze data were analyzed with two different approaches: 1) using a multilayer perceptron and 2) using a hidden Markov model. Both approaches confirmed that the experience level of a radiologist can be inferred with high accuracy by simply studying their gaze pattern. Personalized modeling and identification of radiologists was successful with both approaches with accuracy significantly higher than random guessing. The results of this pilot study confirm that a radiologist's perceptual behavior is not only a function of clinical training and level of experience, but there are individual aspects that could serve as a personal biomarker when developing models of human perception and cognition in medical image interpretation.
Therapeutic and Physiological Artificial Heart: Future Prospects

: Current left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have demonstrated admirable results. However, approximately one-fourth of the patients who require LVADs suffer from right heart failure and require additional right ventricular (RV) assist devices (RVADs). The RV failure impairs the splanchnic circulation, subsequently developing into multiorgan failure (MOF). An aggressive application of a biventricular assist device (BVAD) is the best way to avoid and treat MOF because the BVAD reduces splanchnic congestion. Also, because the BVAD allows retention of the natural heart, recovery of the heart function can be expected after long-term assist. This benefit cannot be expected from conventional total artificial hearts. Although there are no implantable clinical BVAD systems in existence today, present advanced technologies in rotary blood pumps can enable these systems to be totally implantable. So, we should focus on developing a totally implantable BVAD system. The implantable BVAD will be a therapeutic and physiological total artificial heart, and it will be a common home health care device in the near future.
THE INCOMPLETENESS OF KRUSKAL–SZEKERES SPACETIME

Novikov has developed a reference system built around times measured by radially moving geodesic clocks that is equivalent to Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates. From analysis of the construction of Novikov's reference system, I give arguments showing that the reference system is not maximally extended, as is commonly reported in the literature. On both Novikov and Kruskal–Szekeres spacetime diagrams, the left-hand side, corresponding to negative values of the spatial coordinate, should not be included when describing a physical spacetime. In turn, this means we have to rethink widely-accepted concepts such as black and white holes that arise from the usual picture of a maximally-extended Kruskal–Szekeres spacetime.
Brain cyclic AMP and memory in mice

A phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyrrolidone (Rolipram, 10 mg/kg IP) administered immediately, but not 3 hr post-training, reversed an amnesia for an inhibitory avoidance response induced by the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. Immediate post-training administration of Rolipram also enhanced retention for a weakly learned avoidance response. Unshocked animals did not show increased test latencies thus ruling out conditioned aversion as an explanation for the enhanced avoidance. Mice treated with Rolipram (10 mg/kg after training showed elevated cyclic AMP but not cyclic GMP in frontal cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. These results support the suggestion that cyclic AMP may play a role in memory processes.
The Ideological Content of Presidential Communications The Message-Tailoring Hypothesis Revisited

This article examines the widespread belief that American presidents tailor their political message to suit the predispositions of their audiences. Some 69 of Lyndon B. Johnson's and 62 of Ronald Reagan's communications, as reproduced in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, are coded for content and assigned an ideology score; the audiences for each of these presidential communications are also categorized according to ideological predisposition. I expected to find Reagan, the ideologue, to be more consistent in message content than Johnson, the pragmatist. Yet both were nearly equal in the degree to which their messages were inconsistent. When the two presidents varied the content of their rhetoric, it accorded with the predispositions of their audiences, yet each varied his messages along a different dimension. When combined with findings of an earlier study, which concluded that Johnson had a penchant for tailoring Viet Nam messages to his audiences, it is argued that situation and bel...
Interacting Rarita-Schwinger Field

To avoid the mutual inconsistency between interaction, quantization, and subsidiary conditions of the Rarita-Schwinger spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ field, an additional subsidiary field is introduced in the spirit of the St\"uckelberg formalism. Relativity is violated in the time development of the subsidiary field, but no observable consequences seem to follow. The unwanted states are removed invariantly from the asymptotic states through a Gupta-Bleuler kind of subsidiary condition. Energy has a positive-definite expectation value in the physical states.
A sequential quadratic programming method for potentially infeasible mathematical programs

Abstract The paper describes a modification to the Wilson-Han-Powell sequential quadratic programming technique that is applicable to potentially infeasible nonlinear programs. The method is designed to locate stationary points of a nonlinear program in a generalized sense (Definition 2.8). These stationary points include the familiar Kuhn-Tucker and Fritz John points, but also include what we call external and strong-external stationary points. The external and strong external stationary points are not feasible. Thus the problem may be infeasible and yet have stationary points. Loosely speaking, an external stationary point is one that satisfies a certain first-order necessary optimality condition for being as close to feasibility as possible. The proposed technique is similar to those described by J. V. Burke and S-P. Han (“A Modified Sequential Quadratic Programming Method,” manuscript) and M. Sahba ( J. Optim. Theory Appl. , 52 (1987), 291–309); however, it is shown to possess substantially enhanced stability properties. The global convergence properties of the method are described along with some continuity results for the quadratic programming subproblems.
Cbfβ is involved in maturation of all lineages of hematopoietic cells during embryogenesis except erythroid

Abstract The transcription factor Cbfβ forms a heterodimeric complex with members of the Runx family of proteins. Together, Cbfβ and Runx1 play a critical role in the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis in mouse embryos. Previously, we used a Cbfb-GFP “knock-in” mouse model to demonstrate that Cbfβ is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells of the mouse fetal liver and aorta-gonad-mesonephros (Blood 100 (2002), 2449). We also examined the expression pattern of Cbfβ in different lineages of adult hematopoietic cells and found that it is expressed uniformly in all lineages except B lymphocytes and erythroid cells. Cbfβ expression decreases during maturation of B cells in the adult bone marrow, and is not expressed in nucleated erythroid precursors. Here, we examine the expression of Cbfβ in various hematopoietic lineages, including myeloid, lymphoid, and erythroid during late stages of embryonic development, and compare it to the pattern observed in adults. We find that there are subtle differences in expression of Cbfβ-GFP in embryonic hematopoietic cells compared to their adult counterparts, but that the overall pattern is the same. Our data complement recently published data on hematopoetic defects observed in transgenic Cbfb -null mouse embryos partially rescued by ectopic expression of Cbfb (Nature Genet. 32 (2002), 633; Nature Genet. 32 (2002), 645). and supports the emerging view that Cbfβ and Runx proteins are required for normal maturation of hematopoietic cells as well as establishment of definitive hematopoiesis.
Colony-stimulating factor-1 and its receptor do not have a role in the pathogenesis of uterine sarcomas.

Abstract Objective. Several studies have demonstrated overexpression of the mononuclear phagocytic growth factor colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R) in breast, ovarian, and endometrial adenocarcinomas, and their expression in each of these cancers is strongly correlated with poor prognosis. In addition to adenocarcinomas, sarcomas that are highly malignant arise at much lower frequency in the uterus. Given the common organ of origin and hormonal environment of the adenocarcinomas, we evaluated the potential role of CSF-1 and CSF-1R in the genesis of these tumors using immunohistochemical methods. Results. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 19 archival uterine sarcoma samples. Affinity-purified rabbit anti-CSF-1 antiserum (R52) and human cross-reactive murine anti-c- fms antibody were used. In the 19 cases evaluated for CSF-1 immunoreactivity, 42.1% had staining in less than 25% of the tumor, 36.9% had staining in 25–50% of the tumor, and only 21% had staining in greater than 50% of the tumor. When present, the majority of the CSF-1 immunostaining was associated with the extracellular matrix. There was variable intensity in CSF-1 expression: 52.6% had negative to mild staining, and 47.4% had moderate to strong staining. Immunostaining for the CSF-1R revealed that 52.6% of tumors had expression in less than 25% of cells, 21.0% had expression in 25–50% of the tumor, and 26.4% had staining in greater than 50% of the tumor. There was variable intensity of CSF-1R staining. Slight staining was found in 31.6% of the cases, moderate staining was found in 47.4% of the tumors, and 21.0% of the cases had strong expression. There was no statistically significant correlation between CSF-1 and CSF-1R expression and stage, estrogen/progesterone receptor status, number of mitoses per 10 high-power fields, or disease outcome. In addition, overall expression and intensity of CSF-1 and CSF-1R did not predict tumor virulence or disease outcome. Conclusion. In contradistinction to endometrial adenocarcinomas, in which CSF-1/CSF-1R is strongly correlated with tumor progression, CSF-1 and CSF-1R overexpression does not appear to play a role in the growth and differentiation of uterine sarcomas.
Decision-making for Urban Technology

This article describes the decision-making process that is involved in introducing innovations to local public organizations. It defines six stages of the process of innovating in the public sector, as well as the four sets of actors involved in the process. The article is based on the findings of a study conducted for the National Science Foundation, entitled Adoption and Utilization of Urban Technology: A Decision-Making Process (1976). In this study, twenty case histories of urban innovation in Syracuse and Rochester, New York, provided an in-depth data base on decision-making with respect to new technology in the local public sector. The findings in these twenty cases are cited, together with an analysis of the factors that lead to success or failure. The role of urban entrepreneurship and coalition-building and its vital impact on the introduction of new technology is also examined. Some previous misconceptions regarding innovation in urban government are revealed in the conclusions. Also, the skills of key actors, especially bureaucratic entrepreneurs, that are necessary for succesful local innovation are depicted.