cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Battery Internal Short Detection Methodology Using Cell Swelling Measurements

Li-ion battery internal short circuits are a major safety issue for electric vehicles, and can lead to serious consequences such as battery thermal runaway. An internal short can be caused by mechanical abuse, high temperature, overcharging, and lithium plating. The low impedance or hard internal short circuit is the most dangerous kind. The high internal current flow can lead to battery temperature increase, thermal runaway, and even explosion in a few seconds. Algorithms that can quickly detect such serious events with a high confidence level and which are robust to sensor noise are needed to ensure passenger safety. False positives are also undesirable as many thermal runaway mitigation techniques, such as activating pyrotechnic safety switches, would disable the vehicle. Conventional methods of battery internal short detection, including voltage and surface temperature based algorithms, work well for a single cell. However, these methods are difficult to apply in large scale battery packs with many parallel cells. In this study, we propose a new internal short detection method by using cell swelling information during the early stages of a battery heating caused by an internal short circuit. By measuring cell expansion force, higher confidence level detection can be achieved for an internal short circuit in an electric vehicle scale battery pack.
Supporting Women in Online Dating with a Messaging Interface that Improves their Face-to-Face Meeting Decisions

This paper presents a study of a messaging interface prototype for online dating intended to improve women's face-to-face meeting decisions, and therefore the capacity to manage the gendered risks involved with such meetings. The interface prompts users with discussion topics that are potentially more valuable for user evaluation than the impression management-motivated topics often chosen by men. These topics come in the form of first-date scenarios that messaging partners either agree or disagree on. Through a mixed-methods study utilizing speed dating events, daters used the interface to interact before meeting face-to-face. Results indicate that women's face-to-face meeting decisions improve when the interface prompts them to discuss scenarios involving agreement of opinion. Men's decisions are worsened by the same interface variant, potentially due to the displayed agreement being misinterpreted as a signal of compatibility. The study ultimately stresses that designs intended for women, and at-risk groups more broadly, must also be assessed with other user demographics-namely those that pose a risk-to identify unforeseen implications.
Oral Administration of Plant Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Inhibits Brain Inflammation by Targeting Microglial Cells and Gut Akkermansia Muciniphila in Obese Mice

Diet influences brain function via inflammatory pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms by which diet intake modulates neuroinflammation are poorly understood. Here we show that garlic exosome-like nanoparticles (GaELNs) inhibited systemic as well as brain inflammatory activity and reverses the insulin resistance in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced mouse obesity model. Oral administration of GaELNs and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from GaELNs manipulated Akkermansia muciniphila are selectively taken up by microglial cells and inhibits its activation. Mechanistically, GaELNphosphatidic acid (PA) (36:4) is required for the uptake of GaELNs via binding microglial brain acid‐soluble protein 1 (BASP1). Formation of the GaELNs/BASP1 complex is required for inhibition of c-Myc mediated expression of STING. Inhibition of STING activity leads to reducing the expression of an array of inflammatory cytokines including IFN-g. IFN-g induces the expression of IDO-1, which in turn IDO-1 mediated metabolites activate the AhR pathway that contributes to insulin resistance. Oral administration of GaELNs decreases the level of IDO-1 metabolites, kynurenine (KYN) which promotes insulin resistance via the AhR pathway in HFD mice. The significance in increased fecal KYN was further demonstrated in the fecal samples of type 2 diabetes patients. Our results further show that the OMVs released from GaELNs treated Akkermansia muciniphila inhibits the expression of microglial IFN-g and prevents KYN mediated IRS-1 and 2 expression in microglial cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate how nanoparticles from a healthy diet can reverse high-fat diet induced brain inflammation and reveal a link between brain microglia/gut microbiota to brain inflammatory disease outcomes via diet-derived exosome-like nanoparticles.
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum un raro agente de onicomicosis no dermatofítica en Chile

El termino de onicomicosis se emplea para describir las infecciones de las unas causadas por diferentes grupos taxonomicos fungicos ya sea filamentosos como levaduriformes. A pesar de que estas patologias son causadas en los vertebrados principalmente por integrantes de la Familia Artrodermataceae (Onygenales), la micologia medica aplico para ellos la terminologia mas especifica de dermatofitosis, por ser un grupo ecologico de mayor importancia y presencia clinica. Las dermatomicosis de piel y fanereos, representan un conjunto de infecciones producidas por especies fungicas distribuidas en ambientes diversos, capaces de crecer a temperaturas de 37° y que actuan usualmente como patogenos oportunistas cuando existe generalmente un factor predisponente en el huesped. Se destaca la colonizacion en una una de los pies en un hombre de 49 anos por Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers, un reconocido fitopatogeno de rapido crecimiento, comun en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, que presento la capacidad de invadir tejidos queratinizados con un aspecto clinico indistinguible de los causadas por dermatofitos. Por la rara presencia de este hongo en nuestra zona geografica (provincia de Valparaiso, Chile), se aportan los principales datos morfofisiologicos, taxonomicos y moleculares utilizados en su diagnostico.
Sentinel: A Robust Intrusion Detection System for IoT Networks Using Kernel-Level System Information

The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the way we live by integrating commodity devices with cyberspace to automate our everyday tasks. Nowadays, IoT devices in the home environment are becoming ubiquitous with seamless connectivity and diverse application domains. Modern IoT devices have adopted a many-to-many connectivity model to enhance user experience and device functionalities compared to early IoT devices with standalone device setup and limited functionalities. However, the continuous connection between devices and cyberspace has introduced new cyber attacks targeting IoT devices and networks. Due to the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices as well as the opacity of the IoT framework, traditional intrusion detection systems cannot be applied here. In this paper, we introduce Sentinel, a novel intrusion detection system that uses kernel-level information to detect malicious attacks. Specifically, Sentinel collects low-level system information (CPU usage, RAM usage, total load, available swap, etc.) of each IoT device in a network and learns the pattern of device behavior to differentiate between benign and malicious events. We evaluated the efficacy and performance of Sentinel in different IoT platforms with multiple devices and settings. We also measured the performance of Sentinel against five types of real-life attacks. Our evaluation shows that Sentinel can detect different attacks to IoT devices and networks with high accuracy (over 95%) and secure the devices in different IoT platforms and configurations. Also, Sentinel achieves minimum overhead in power consumption, ensuring high compatibility in resource-constraint IoT devices.
An improved de Laval nozzle experiment

Exposing students to hands-on experiments has been a common approach to illustrating complex physical phenomena that have been otherwise modelled solely mathematically. Compressible, isentropic flo...
Intraoperative Brachial Plexus Neurophysiological Monitoring

Appropriate use of various neurophysiological studies during brachial plexus surgery can be vital in determining localization and functional continuity and, thus, surgical decision-making. Performing these studies (especially somatosensory and motor evoked potentials) is technically challenging, and close communication between surgical and neurophysiological monitoring teams is crucial.
A Local Field of Extremals Near Boundary Arc - Interior Arc Junctions

For optimal control problems with state space constraints given by control-invariant manifolds of relative degree 1, we describe a local field of extremals near junctions between boundary and interior arcs. These results continue earlier analysis by incorporating junctions of boundary arcs with singular arcs and bang arcs not considered in before. The problem of minimizing the base transit time in homojunction bipolar transistors is used to illustrate the results.
Majnün Performing Autopsy: Exposing the Ugliness of Dictatorship in Ṭā'ir al-Kharāb

Trauma and the experience of it is only one of the ways open for victims to speak and/or testify for the horror done to them. My argument in this paper focuses on the use of the verbal (i.e. words) and the nonverbal (i.e. the body) testimonies as modes of remembering and disclosure. Through the reading of the heart breaking love story of Ṭā’ir al-kharāb by ᶜabd al-RRab Sarūrī, the paper shows how the novel gives a voice and space to Ilhām to recounts her individual and collective past and expose the traumatic impact of the dictatorship on the female body, and by a means of allegory on the body of the nation, as exemplified by the character Ilhām. The juxtaposition of both the story of the raped female body and the rape of the nation by the dictator, who is referred to throughout the novel as Ṭā’ir al-Kharāb (the bird of destruction) as well as Sheikh al-qabīlah (the tribal sheikh), is read as an anguished cry for normalcy sought by not only women in Yemen but all the nation. Srūrī’s representation of the body may be looked at, and this is what this paper is doing, as an index of his position on dictatorship, its nature, the relationship of the individual to state and society in it, and the place of authoritarianism within the decaying body of Ilhām which he uses as an allegory to the body of the nation. Thus, the transformation of the trauma of the past, this paper suggests, is treated less as a source of knowledge than as a means of assigning a human-like quality to texts where they become able to speak, even if it is allegoric, to and of the present.
An experimental study of evaporation waves in a superheated liquid

The dynamical behavior governing the propagation of evaporation waves in chlorinated fluorocarbons is studied in a constant-diameter vertical glass test cell which exhausts into a large, low-pressure reservoir. Care is taken to suppress heterogeneous nucleation within the liquid column. The test liquid is initially in equilibrium with its own vapor, sealed by a foil diaphragm. Upon diaphragm rupture, a series of expansion waves depressurizes the liquid to approximately the reservoir pressure, during which nucleation and subsequent rapid vaporization begin at the free surface. After an approximately 10 ms long start-up transient, a quasi-steady process develops during which the wavefront propagates into the stagnant liquid column at constant average velocity, generating a nonuniform high-speed two-phase flow. The leading edge of the wavefront consists of smooth and rough bubbles with maximum diameters of order 1 mm and characteristic lifetimes of order 1 ms. High speed movies show that the nucleation rate is both spatially nonuniform and temporally nonsteady, which leads to significant unsteadiness in the propagation of the wave. Fragmentation of the liquid into fine droplets occurs primarily as the result of the violent break-up of the leading-edge bubbles coincident with explosive bursts of aerosol, which occur in the region extending about 1 cm downstream of the leading edge bubble layer. These two processes appear to be mutually interactive. Three distinct modes of flow initiation are observed depending on the liquid superheat. Moreover, a self-initiation threshold is observed, below which waves do not occur. We observe that waves can propagate at slightly lower superheats if they are started artificially. However, an absolute threshold for wave propagation exists which is related to the nonsteady processes alluded to above.
The Origin of Binding and Antibinding in the Hydrogen Molecule-lon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the phenomenon binding and anti-binding in the hydrogen molecule-ion. In the chapter, a physical picture is regarded as a set of conceptual constructs and analogies with the help of which one can qualitatively but correctly anticipate results, which one would obtain quantitatively by executing the quantum mechanical calculation. The variation principle is chosen as the basis for understanding wave functions. The operation of the variation principle is visualized as the process that selects the solution of the Schrodinger equation by seeking that wave function, which has the lowest energy expectation value. Thus, the characteristics of this solution can be understood by analyzing the terms, which contribute to the energy integral, and hence, are responsible for singling out the actual solution from all virtual wave functions germane to the problem.
Two yeast forkhead genes regulate the cell cycle and pseudohyphal growth

There are about 800 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose transcription is cell-cycle regulated. Some of these form clusters of co-regulated genes. The 'CLB2' cluster contains 33 genes whose transcription peaks early in mitosis, including CLB1, CLB2, SWI5, ACE2, CDC5, CDC20 and other genes important for mitosis. Here we find that the genes in this cluster lose their cell cycle regulation in a mutant that lacks two forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2. Fkh2 protein is associated with the promoters of CLB2, SWI5 and other genes of the cluster. These results indicate that Fkh proteins are transcription factors for the CLB2 cluster. The fkh1 fkh2 mutant also displays aberrant regulation of the 'SIC1' cluster, whose member genes are expressed in the M-G1 interval and are involved in mitotic exit. This aberrant regulation may be due to aberrant expression of the transcription factors Swi5 and Ace2, which are members of the CLB2 cluster and controllers of the SIC1 cluster. Thus, a cascade of transcription factors operates late in the cell cycle. Finally, the fkh1 fkh2 mutant displays a constitutive pseudohyphal morphology, indicating that Fkh1 and Fkh2 may help control the switch to this mode of growth.
A Novel Bacillus subtilis Gene,antE, Temporally Regulated and Convergent to and Overlapping dnaE

A Bacillus subtilis promoter, Px, that functions in a convergent manner with the sigA operon promoter P3 has been found in the sigA operon. Promoter Px is turned on at the same time as promoter P3 during early sporulation. The transcript from promoter Px codes for a small protein with partial homology to the OmpR protein from Escherichia coli and also carries an untranslated sequence at its 3′ end that is complementary to the 5′ end of the P3 transcript, which codes for the ribosome binding site of dnaE. The gene controlled by Px has been called antE. The expression of antE does not require ςB, ςE, or ςH. Px was transcribed in vitro by the ςA holoenzyme and is the seventh promoter to be recognized in the ςA operon. A possible role for the antE gene during early sporulation is proposed.
Additive manufacturing of mechanochromic polycaprolactone on entry-level systems

Purpose – This paper aims to explore and demonstrate the ability to integrate entry-level additive manufacturing (AM) techniques with responsive polymers capable of mechanical to chemical energy transduction. This integration signifies the merger of AM and smart materials. Design/methodology/approach – Custom filaments were synthesized comprising covalently incorporated spiropyran moieties. The mechanical activation and chemical response of the spiropyran-containing filaments were demonstrated in materials that were produced via fused filament fabrication techniques. Findings – Custom filaments were successfully produced and printed with complete preservation of the mechanochemical reactivity of the spiropyran units. These smart materials were demonstrated in two key constructs: a center-cracked test specimen and a mechanochromic force sensor. The mechanochromic nature of the filament enables (semi)quantitative assessment of peak loads based on color change, without requiring any external analytical techniques. Originality/value – This paper describes the first examples of three-dimensional-printed mechanophores, which may be of significant interest to the AM community. The ability to control the chemical response to external mechanical forces, in combination with AM to process the bulk materials, potentiates customizability at the molecular and macroscopic length scales.
Three-dimensional topological insulator quantum dot for optically controlled quantum memory and quantum computing

We present the model of a quantum dot (QD) consisting of a spherical core-bulk heterostructure made of three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) materials, such as PbTe/Pb${}_{0.31}$Sn${}_{0.69}$Te, with bound massless and helical Weyl states existing at the interface and being confined in all three dimensions. The number of bound states can be controlled by tuning the size of the QD and the magnitude of the core and bulk energy gaps, which determine the confining potential. We demonstrate that such bound Weyl states can be realized for QD sizes of few nanometers. We identify the spin locking and the Kramers pairs, both hallmarks of 3D TIs. In contrast to topologically trivial semiconductor QDs, the confined massless Weyl states in 3D TI QDs are localized at the interface of the QD and exhibit a mirror symmetry in the energy spectrum. We find strict optical selection rules satisfied by both interband and intraband transitions that depend on the polarization of electron-hole pairs and therefore give rise to the Faraday effect due to the Pauli exclusion principle. We show that the semiclassical Faraday effect can be used to read out spin quantum memory. When a 3D TI QD is embedded inside a cavity, the single-photon Faraday rotation provides the possibility to implement optically mediated quantum teleportation and quantum information processing with 3D TI QDs, where the qubit is defined by either an electron-hole pair, a single electron spin, or a single hole spin in a 3D TI QD. Remarkably, the combination of interband and intraband transition gives rise to a large dipole moment of up to 450 Debye. Therefore, the strong-coupling regime can be reached for a cavity quality factor of $Q\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{4}$ in the infrared wavelength regime of around $10\phantom{\rule{0.222222em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}$m.
PCDD/F emissions from burning wheat and rice field residue

This paper presents the first known values for emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from combustion of agricultural field biomass. Wheat and rice straw stubble collected from two western US states were tested in a field burn simulation to determine emission factors. The resulting emission factor was approximately 0.5 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg burned for both sources. When coupled with published agricultural data on crop residue burning, about 1 g TEQ/year can be expected from wheat and rice straw residue burning, making this an apparently minor source of PCDDs/Fs in the United States.
Carboxymethylated soybean protein

Soybean protein in aqueous alkaline dispersions at pH 10–11 reacts readily with sodium chloroacetate at temperatures of 50–70°C. to give a protein derivative containing 7–9% carboxymethyl groups. Ultracentrifugal measurements indicate no change in molecular size of the protein when the reaction is carried out at 50°C. but lowered molecular weight at 70°C. The reaction with sodium chloroacetate lowers the pH of minimum solubility from pH 4.5–3.1 and renders the protein more soluble at a neutral pH. Dispersions of carboxymethylated proteins exhibit resistance to putrefaction and do not gel on the addition of formaldehyde.
The Algebraic Growth of Wavenumber One Disturbances in Hurricane-like Vortices

Abstract An exact solution for the evolution of linearized perturbations of azimuthal wavenumber one on inviscid vortices was previously discovered for nondivergent vorticity dynamics on an f plane. The longtime asymptotics for this exact solution have been shown to allow an algebraic instability with unbounded growth even in the absence of exponentially growing modes. The necessary requirement for this instability is that there exist a local maximum in the basic-state angular velocity other than at the center of circulation. Hurricanes are naturally occurring examples of such vortices, due to the relatively calm eye and intense vorticity in the eyewall region. In this paper, the dynamics of this algebraic instability are studied in the context of the near-core dynamics of hurricanes. The longtime asymptotic solution can be written as a sum of three parts: a discrete mode whose amplitude grows in time as t1/2, an excitation of the neutral pseudomode (vortex displacement) that is constant in time, and resi...
Influence of the skeletal muscle activity on time and frequency domain properties of the body surface ECG during evolving ventricular fibrillation in the pig.

Summary Aim of the study To evaluate influence of the skeletal muscle activity (SMA) on time and frequency domain properties of ECG during VF. Materials and methods We studied the first 9min of electrically induced VF ( N =7). We recorded Lead II ECG, 247 unipolar epicardial ventricular electrograms (UEGs) and 3 bipolar skeletal electromyograms (EMGs) near the positions of the ECG electrodes (sampling rate, 500Hz). We reconstructed ECG (RECG) from UEGs using forward-solution transformation matrix. Spectral properties of ECG, RECG, UEGs and MEGs were assessed in the range 2–250Hz by the median frequency (MF) and the upper limit of frequency range containing 99% of spectral energy ( F lim (99)). Scaling exponent of ECG, RECG and EMGs was calculated in the ranges of 1–8 and 5–20 sampling intervals (ScE 1–8 and ScE 5–20 , respectively). Results We observed non-monotonic increases in MF and F lim (99) of the ECG, but not UEGs and RECG, at 1–5min of VF. Maximum values of MF and F lim (99) in ECG, UEGs and RECG were (in Hz): 32±29 and 166±67; 11±2 and 36±7; 10±2 and 32±6, respectively. The transient increases in the high-frequency content of the ECG were correlated with enhanced activity in EMGs, characterized by an almost uniform spectrum in the range 2–250Hz (MF=92±29; F lim (99)=245±4Hz). Peak values of ScE 1–8 were the highest in EMGs (1.95±0.04), intermediate in the ECG (1.59±0.26), and the lowest in RECG (1.088±0.007). Conclusion SMA significantly contributes to ECG during VF and can bias metrics used for assessment of VF organization.
Preneoplastic lesions in the human breast

A subgross sampling technique with histological confirmation was used to study the pathology of 119 whole human breasts, either cancer-associated (that is, containing cancer or contralateral to a cancer) or taken from random routine autopsies. Atypical lobules were observed much more frequently in the cancer-associated group than in the group of routine autopsy breasts. Atypical lobules showed varying degrees of anaplasia that formed a continuum between normal epithelium and carcinoma in situ, usually of the common ductal type. As apprarent markers for increased cancer risk, atypical lobules in the human breast may be homologous to hyperplastic alveolar nodules that are abundant in high mammary cancer strains of mice. This indirect evidence supports the hypothesis that atypical lesions are common preneoplastic lesions in the human mammary gland.
A New Electrothermal Microactuator With Z-Shaped Beams: Design and Operation

A new class of thermal microactuators, Z-shaped thermal actuator, is introduced in comparison with the well-established V-shaped thermal actuator. Though they share many features in common, Z-shaped thermal actuator offers several advantages: compatibility with anisotropic etching, smaller feature size, larger displacement, and larger variety of stiffness and output force. While the Z-shaped thermal actuator was modeled analytically and verified by multiphysics finite element analysis (FEA), the beam width and length of the central beam were identified as the major design parameters in tuning the device displacement, stiffness, stability and output force. Experimental measurements were taken on three arrays of Z-shaped thermal actuator with variable parameters. Results agreed well with the finite element analysis. The development of Z-shaped thermal actuator is applicable in simultaneous sensing and actuating applications. During the quasi-static test of individual Z-shaped thermal actuator, the average temperature in the device structure was estimated based on electric resistivity at each actuation voltage.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The Evolution of the Measurement of Cohesion

The concept of cohesion is reviewed along with how it has been described or measured over time by various observers, behavioral and social scientists, and military researchers. Changes in the conce...
Effect of Tibial Plateau Leveling on Stability of the Canine Cranial Cruciate–Deficient Stifle Joint: An In Vitro Study

Objective— To evaluate the effect of tibial plateau leveling on joint motion in canine stifle joints in which the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) had been severed. Study design— In vitro cadaver study. Animals— Six canine cadaver hind legs. Methods— Radiographs of the stifle joints were made to evaluate the tibial plateau angle with respect to the long axis of the tibia. The specimens were mounted in a custom-made testing device to measure cranio-caudal translation of the tibia with respect to the femur. An axial load was applied to the tibia, and its position was recorded in the normal stifle, after transection of the CCL, and after tibial plateau leveling. Further, the amount of caudal tibial thrust was measured in the tibial plateau leveled specimen while series of eight linearly increasing axial tibial loads were applied. Results— Transection of the CCL resulted in cranial tibial translation when axial tibial load was applied. After tibial plateau leveling, axial loading resulted in caudal translation of the tibia. Increasing axial tibial load caused a linear increase in caudal tibial thrust in all tibial plateau–leveled specimens. Conclusions— After tibial plateau leveling, axial tibial load generates caudal tibial thrust, which increases if additional axial load is applied. Clinical relevance— Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy may prevent cranial translation during weight bearing in dogs with CCL rupture by converting axial load into caudal tibial thrust. The amount of caudal tibial thrust seems to be proportional to the amount of weight bearing.
The Effect of 2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinone on the Incidence of Dental Caries

In 1943 it was suggested that the production of dental caries depends upon first, the rate of acid formation in the mouth, and second, the rate of neutralization of acid in the regions associated with the caries susceptible portions of the teeth (1). On this basis dental caries should be retarded by a decrease in the rate of acid formation or an increase in the rate of acid neutralization. Most of the successful methods of controlling caries have worked by decreasing the rate of acid formation. This is natural, because the rate of acid neutralization is controlled by many factors which at present cannot be materially changed (1). Probably the most successful experimental control of the rate of acid formation, with subsequent decrease in caries activity, has been accomplished by the reduction of fermentable sugars and carbohydrates in the diet (2, 3, 4), or by their elimination from the mouth through oral hygiene (5). These methods of caries control, however, depend entirely upon the cooperation of the patient. This cooperation cannot be expected of large masses of population. Another way of reducing the rate of acid formation is by interfering with the enzyme or co-enzyme systems which are necessary for acid production. Several agents may be used, some of which have been tried experimentally and some clinically. Iodoacetic acid has been tried experimentally with rats (6). It is probably too toxic for human use. A 30% urea solution (7), used as a mouthwash, acts as a protein denaturant, destroying the enzymes and hence preventing acid formation. A urea quinine mouth rinse has also proved successful (8). Ammoniacal silver nitrate reduced on the susceptible surfaces of the teeth leaves a deposit of colloidal metal which presumably retards fermentation (9). The enzyme inhibitor which has had the most wide-spread study and experimental use is the fluoride ion (10). This ion inhibits the hydrolysis of phosphoric esters and hence retards acid formation. Furthermore, the fluoride ion is absorbed by the dental enamel, forming a compound less soluble than unchanged enamel. Probably both actions are responsible for the success of fluorides in controlling or preventing caries. In 1942 (11, 12), it was found that synthetic vitaminK (2-methyl-1 ,4-naphthoquinone), when added in minute quantities to saliva-glucose mixtures, in vitro, would prevent the formation of significant amounts of acid. There was no evidence that its action as an enzyme inhibitor was closely associated with the vitamin activity. Preliminary experiments indicated that the material would
Electronic structure, bonding, charge distribution, and x-ray absorption spectra of the (001) surfaces of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite from first principles

Fluorapatite (FAP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) are two very important bioceramic crystals. The (001) surfaces of FAP and HAP crystals are studied by ab initio density functional calculations using a supercell slab geometry. It is shown that in both crystals, the O-terminated (001) surface is more stable with calculated surface energies of 0.865 and $0.871\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ for FAP and HAP, respectively. In FAP, the two surfaces are symmetric. In HAP, the orientation of the OH group along the $c$ axis reduces the symmetry such that the top and bottom surfaces are no longer symmetric. It is revealed that the atoms near the surface and subsurface are significantly relaxed especially in the case of HAP. The largest relaxations occurred via the lateral movements of the O ions at the subsurface level. The electronic structures of the surface models in the form of layer-by-layer resolved partial density of states for all the atoms show systematic variation from the surface region toward the bulk region. The calculated Mulliken effective charge on each type of atom and the bond order values between cations (Ca, P) and anions (O, F) show different charge transfers and bond strength variations from the bulk crystal values. Electron charge density calculations show that the surfaces of both FAP and HAP crystals are mostly positively charged due to the presence of Ca ions at the surface. The positively charged surfaces have implications for the absorption on apatite surfaces of water and other organic molecules in an aqueous environment which are an important part of its bioactivity. The x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra ($\mathrm{Ca}\text{\ensuremath{-}}K$, $\mathrm{O}\text{\ensuremath{-}}K$, $\mathrm{F}\text{\ensuremath{-}}K$, $\mathrm{P}\text{\ensuremath{-}}K$, and $\mathrm{P}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{L}_{3}$ edges) of both the surface models and the bulk crystals are calculated and compared. The calculations use a supercell approach which takes into account the electron--core-hole interaction. It is shown that the site-specific XANES spectra show significant differences between atoms near the surface and in the bulk and are very sensitive to the local atomic environment of each atom. This information will be very valuable for characterizing the apatite materials and in the interpretation of experimental data. Comparisons of several sets of experimental data with the weighted sums of the calculated spectra at different sites for the same element show very good agreement.
Graphene oxide based conductive glue as a binder for ultracapacitor electrodes

An adhesive and conductive glue was created by synergistic assembly of graphene oxide (GO), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and conjugate polymer PEDOT:PSS in aqueous solution. The GO–SWCNTs–PEDOT:PSS glue can be used as a binder to fabricate metal oxide nanoparticle based ultracapacitors. Since the functional nanoparticles are immersed in this conductive gel, uniform electrical and mechanical interconnect can be achieved, leading to enhanced performance of ultracapacitors.
Altered Paleozoic Volcanic Materials and Their Recognition

As altered volcanic material are being found in the Paleozoic, there is an interest in the criteria for their recognition. The relict glass structure, the nature and habit of the crystal grains, and the physical properties present evidence that indicates the mode of origin. Bentonite is a common type of altered volcanic material and may be recognized by the volcanic structure preserved in the clay substance, and the origin is confirmed by the presence of volcanic minerals. The chemical and physical properties of bentonite are variable and many are indefinite; thus, although they may contribute to its recognition, as a rule they can not be relied upon completely. Bentonites from several of the eastern United States, Nova Scotia, Arkansas, Texas, and New Mexico are describe in detail. It is concluded that many volcanic materials, even though highly altered, may be recognized by microscopic and physical studies and may contribute to the interpretation of the geologic history of a region.
Relationship Inference from Trios of Individuals, in the Presence of Typing Error

Misspecification of relationships and of genotype data can cause problems in linkage analyses based on genome-scan data. Previous reports have focused on pairwise relationships and a simple error model. This article considers the increased information available from the joint analysis of trios of individuals, integrating this analysis with an error model that allows for the most common genotyping errors. Given observed marker phenotypes in a genome scan, computational methods are outlined both for likelihoods of relationships and for the posterior probabilities of underlying genotypes. The methods are applied to examples from two real data sets: one has been previously well analyzed, and, hence, Mendelian inconsistencies have been removed; the other typifies the pedigree and genotype errors encountered in the initial analyses of a study. It is demonstrated that the coupling of relationship inference and error detection is quite effective, that the error model is computationally practical, and that data on a third relative can often clarify relationships.
Pharmacokinetics of drugs subject to enterohepatic circulation

The influence of the changes in biliary excretion and reabsorption rates on the pharmacokinetics of drugs subject to enterohepatic circulation was examined analytically. A recently proposed two-compartment model with drug elimination occurring in each compartment was adapted to represent the body and the GI tract. Enhanced reabsorption was equivalent to biliary excretion rate reduction, except that the latter always decreased alpha and prolonged the alpha-phase half-life while the former always increased alpha and shortened the half-life. However, depending on the relative values of the two elimination rate constants, biliary excretion reduction (or reabsorption enhancement) could either increase or decrease the terminal drug half-life (beta-phase). Whether the terminal drug half-life was prolonged or shortened, a biliary excretion reduction always increased the area under the plasma decay curve for intravenous and oral doses and also raised the steady-state drug level in the body for constant-rate intravenous infusion. As a consequence, the lethality, toxicity, or effectiveness of the drug will be increased for patients with impaired bile flow or enhanced drug reabsorption; therefore, the clinical dosage may have to be reduced.
The effects of an employer subsidy on employment outcomes: A study of the work opportunity and welfare‐to‐work tax credits

Employer subsidies such as the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) and the Welfare-to-Work Tax Credit (WtW) are designed to encourage employment by partially reimbursing employers for wages paid to certain welfare recipients and other disadvantaged workers. In this paper, I examine the effects of these subsidies on employment, wages, and job tenure using unique administrative data from Wisconsin. My ability to precisely identify the subsidy-certified workers allows me to distinguish the effects of program participation from mere eligibility. Using propensity score matching estimation, I find some evidence of short-term improvements in labor market outcomes, but little evidence of sustained benefits. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Neutron sources using D-T mixed beams driven into solid target

Abstract General aspects of D-T neutron sources utilizing the drive-in target principle are reviewed in terms of the neutron intensity, components technology, system designs, and limitations. Theoretical estimations of neutron yields from various drive-in target materials are presented and compared. Specific problems discussed are ion sources and beams, vacuum pumping and gas recirculation, target materials and target cooling. Design features and problem areas are examined on several existing or proposed neutron source systems.
Applications of zero field and 2-dimensional n.m.r. methods to fossil fuels

Abstract Three new two-dimensional (2D) solid-state n.m.r. methods are described which have much potential for increasing our knowledge of coal structure. A version of carbon-13/proton chemical shift correlation spectroscopy adapted for solids is outlined and results for one coal examined. A variant of dipolar shift correlation spectroscopy is described which is very convenient for determining the relative amounts of methylene, methine and methyl or non-protonated carbons in a complex mixture such as coal. The results for one hvA coal are presented and shown to be in agreement with its ultimate analysis. The principles underlying zero field n.m.r. are also presented, with an emphasis on deuterium ZF-n.m.r. This technique is assessed as a potentially powerful method in coal structure analysis for the future.
Selected Uses of HPLC for the Separation of Natural Products

Abstract High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has proven to be one of the most useful techniques available to the chemist for separating complex mixtures of organic substances. The range of compounds that have been successfully separated by HPLC continues to expand at an extremely rapid rate. Within the last five years, HPLC has been applied to increasingly complex separations in the field of natural products chemistry. This article reviews a number of separations in selected are as of natural products chemistry. While it is not an exhaustive survey of the literature, it does indicate the variety of separations already achieved and hopefully will suggest additional areas of utility.
Correcting for the free energy costs of bond or angle constraints in molecular dynamics simulations.

Background Free energy simulations are an important tool in the arsenal of computational biophysics, allowing the calculation of thermodynamic properties of binding or enzymatic reactions. This paper introduces methods to increase the accuracy and precision of free energy calculations by calculating the free energy costs of constraints during post-processing. The primary purpose of employing constraints for these free energy methods is to increase the phase space overlap between ensembles, which is required for accuracy and convergence.
A LEED, TDS, and HREELS study of CO adsorbed on the Rh(311) stepped surface

Abstract The bonding of CO on the stepped Rh(311) surface has been investigated by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). At saturation coverage (estimated to be 1 monolayer) an ordered (2 × 2) surface structure is formed in the range of 120 to 270 K. Thermal desorption spectroscopy measurements (23 K s −1 ) show first order desorption with a shift in peak temperature from 528 K at low coverage to 503 K at high coverage, accompanied by an additional peak at 388 K. The heat of desorption at low coverage is found to be 31.1 kcal/mol which is nearly identical to the heat of desorption of CO from Rh(110), (100), and (111) showing that CO bonding at low coverages is structure insensitive. From the HREELS spectra both the Rh-C and CO stretching frequencies are observed to shift from 524 to 443 cm −1 and 1935 to 2056 cm −1 respectively as a function of CO coverage. HREELS spectra of the (2 × 2) structure find a CO stretch at a frequency of 2056 cm −1 and a Rh-C stretch at 443 cm −1 , which indicates that the CO molecule is bonded to the top site of the step edges. Based on these results a structural model with CO top site adsorption is proposed.
Virtual reality-enhanced partial body weight-supported treadmill training poststroke: feasibility and effectiveness in 6 subjects.

Abstract Walker ML, Ringleb SI, Maihafer GC, Walker R, Crouch JR, Van Lunen B, Morrison S. Virtual reality–enhanced partial body weight–supported treadmill training poststroke: feasibility and effectiveness in 6 subjects. Objective To determine whether the use of a low-cost virtual reality (VR) system used in conjunction with partial body weight–supported treadmill training (BWSTT) was feasible and effective in improving the walking and balance abilities of patients poststroke. Design A before-after comparison of a single group with BWSTT intervention. Setting University research laboratory. Participants A convenience sample of 7 adults who were within 1 year poststroke and who had completed traditional rehabilitation but still exhibited gait deficits. Six participants completed the study. Intervention Twelve treatment sessions of BWSTT with VR. The VR system generated a virtual environment that showed on a television screen in front of the treadmill to give participants the sensation of walking down a city street. A head-mounted position sensor provided postural feedback. Main Outcome Measures Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) score, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score, and overground walking speed. Results One subject dropped out of the study. All other participants made significant improvements in their ability to walk. FGA scores increased from mean of 13.8 to 18. BBS scores increased from mean of 43.8 to 48.8, although a ceiling effect was seen for this test. Overground walking speed increased from mean of .49m/s to .68m/s. Conclusions A low-cost VR system combined with BWSTT is feasible for improved gait and balance of patients poststroke.
Mouse Models of Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome: A Review

Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a recessively inherited disease affecting the contents and/or the secretion of several related subcellular organelles including melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules. It presents with disorders of pigmentation, prolonged bleeding, and ceroid deposition, often accompanied by severe fibrotic lung disease and colitis. In the mouse, the disorder is clearly multigenic, caused by at least 14 distinct mutations. Studies on the mouse mutants have defined the granule abnormalities of HPS and have shown that the disease is associated with a surprising variety of phenotypes affecting many tissues. This is an exciting time in HPS research because of the recent molecular identification of the gene causing a major form of human HPS and the expected identifications of several mouse HPS genes. Identifications of mouse HPS genes are expected to increase our understanding of intracellular vesicle trafficking, lead to discovery of new human HPS genes, and suggest diagnostic and therapeutic approaches toward the more severe clinical consequences of the disease.
Consequences of Renormalizable Weak Interactions

Consequences of the theory of renormalizable weak interactions caused by intermediary chiral bosons are further investigated with regard to the decay processes of the pion, $K$ meson, and hyperons. It is shown that all those aspects of weak couplings which can be satisfactorily explained in terms of the local Fermi interaction with $V\ensuremath{-}A$ combination can be equally well reproduced by the present model. Furthermore, on account of the convergence of the present theory, the results of computations are less ambiguous than those obtained from the local Fermi interaction model. Finally some possible experimental tests of the theory, mainly by the use of the nonlocalizability of the lepton interactions inherent in this theory, are discussed.
Human mast cells express inducible PGE synthase and generate PGE2 in response to TLR2-dependent activation

Abstract Rationale Mast cells (MCs) are effectors of both innate and adaptive immunity. MC activation through Fc epsilon RI results in their generation of leukotriene (LT)C4 through the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene C4 synthase (5-LO/LTC4S) pathway, and of prostaglandin (PG)D2 through the cyclooxygenase (COX)/PGD2 synthase pathway. PGE2 is generated by both constitutive and inducible enzymatic systems and serves a key role in cell activation and gene induction; its generation by MCs has not been recognized. Methods Cultured human MCs (hMCs) derived from cord blood were stimulated by either Fc epsilon RI cross-linkage, or by staphylococcal peptidoglycan (PGN), a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR)2. Eicosanoids were measured by ELISA, and relevant enzymes and proteins were assessed by western blots. Results Unexpectedly, both ligands elicited the generation of PGE2, as well as LTC4 and PGD2. Whereas Fc epsilon RI-dependent activation was far more potent for LTC4 and PGD2 generation, PGN was more potent for PGE2 generation, which occurred with a strikingly delayed kinetics (maximal at 24 h). Both activation stimuli induced the expression of COX-2 and two terminal synthases, mPGES-1 and mPGES-2. Delayed-phase PGE2 generation was completely prevented by NS-398, a selective PGHS-2 inhibitor. Conclusions MCs express an inducible system for PGE2 generation, and likely produce different respective profiles of eicosanoids in innate and adaptive immune responses. The inducible COX-2/mPGES system may form a pathogenetic link between MCs and non-allergic diseases in which PGE2 plays a major role.