cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Filtered Dual-Frequency Carrier-Phase Differential GPS for Relative Navigation of High-Altitude Spacecraft

A new dual-frequency carrier-phase difierential GPS relative navigation fllter has been developed for high-altitude spacecraft. This work extends the use of CDGPS techniques to satellite formations operating at altitudes up to 17 Re. The new fllter uses dynamics models for the spacecraft orbits, the receiver clocks, the ionospheric TEC, and the GPS satellite residual position and clock errors. The orbit model includes a 10£10 gravity model, solar radiation pressure, atmospheric drag, and sun and moon perturbations. The process noise driving the orbital dynamics is separated into a common-mode part and much lower intensity difierential-mode part. This separation allows the noise intensities to be tuned independently, leading to a more accurate model of the large process noise efiects that enter the absolute navigation solution and the small efiects that enter the relative navigation solution. Each receiver clock is modeled as a 2-state random walk. The ionospheric TEC is modeled as a flrst-order Markov process. The TEC variables are estimated as an average value and a difierential value between two receivers. The model is tuned to allow the average TEC to have large variations, but to constrain the difierential TEC to small variations. This scheme indicates to the fllter that it can use a difierencing operation between the receivers to remove most of the TEC efiects. The GPS satellite residual position and clock errors are also modeled as a flrst-order Markov process. The fllter tracks un-difierenced carrierphase ambiguities, preserving the information that these quantities are constant, and still utilizes the integer nature of the double-difierenced ambiguities in the relative navigation solution. The fllter successfully navigates in truth-model simulations at high altitudes over relatively short baseline distances with the assumption that the receivers can track the weak GPS side-lobe signals. In these tests, the fllter exhibits excellent carrier-phase ambiguity convergence, correctly estimating the integer part of the biases in the flrst measurement step in a geostationary orbit (GEO) and in 3 thirty-second measurement steps in a highaltitude Earth orbit (HEO) at a radial distance of 17:8 Re. The relative position estimation errors are 5 cm in GEO and 30 cm in HEO. The relative velocity errors are 0:02 mm=s in GEO and 0:4 mm=s in HEO. The absolute velocity estimation errors are 3:5 mm=s in GEO and 40 mm=s in HEO. Additionally, the fllter successfully removes the large TEC efiects caused by a GPS satellite setting behind the Earth.
Enhancing the efficiency of solution-processed polymer:colloidal nanocrystal hybrid photovoltaic cells using ethanedithiol treatment.

Advances in colloidal inorganic nanocrystal synthesis and processing have led to the demonstration of organic–inorganic hybrid photovoltaic (PV) cells using low-cost solution processes from blends of conjugated polymer and colloidal nanocrystals. However, the performance of such hybrid PV cells has been limited due to the lack of control at the complex interfaces between the organic and inorganic hybrid active materials. Here we show that the efficiency of hybrid PV devices can be significantly enhanced by engineering the polymer–nanocrystal interface with proper chemical treatment. Using two different conjugated polymers, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), we show that treating the polymer:nanocrystal hybrid film in an ethanedithiol-containing acetonitrile solution can increase the efficiency of the hybrid PV devices by 30–90%, and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 5.2 ± 0.3% was ob...
The Magnetic Moment of the K 39 Nucleus

Starting with the ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ field given by Hartree, a $4s$ wave function has been found by numerical integration. The orthogonality correction diminishes the value of the wave function at the origin by about one-third. The experimental value of the hyperfine structure separation of the $^{2}S$ normal state is 0.015 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. From this is calculated a molecular magnetic moment of 1.2 nuclear magnetons, as compared with the value of 0.38 nuclear magnetons calculated by Millman, Fox and Rabi on the basis of the modified Goudsmit's formula. The disagreement seems to be due chiefly to the possibility that the single electron wave functions of Fermi and Segr\'e are not mutually orthogonal.
STUDY OF INCREASING THE SWIRLING FLOW IN A CENTRIFUGAL FLOW TUNDISH BY USING BENDING NOZZLE

Upon the problem that the swirling flow in centrifugal flow tundish is not enough, the present work searches a way which can reinforce the swirling flow in rotation chamber without the application of external energy and power.The way is to change the height potential of molten steel in ladle into the horizontal outflow kinetics by using the bending nozzle.The physical and mathematical models have been developed to verify that the swirling flow can be reinforced and the increment of maximum velocity exceeds 15% of the original velocity produced only by the magnetic field application.
Some Initial Reflections on XML Markup for an Image-Based Electronic Edition of the Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri

A collaborative project of the Brooklyn Museum and a number of allied institutions, including Princeton Theological Seminary and West Semitic Research, the Digital Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri ( DBMAP ) is to be both an image-based electronic facsimile edition of the important collection of Aramaic papyri from Elephantine housed at the Brooklyn Museum and an archival resource to support ongoing research on these papyri and the public dissemination of knowledge about them. In the process of building out a (partial) prototype of the edition, to serve as a proof of concept, we have discovered little field-specific discussion that might guide our markup decisions. Consequently, here our chief ambition is to initiate such a conversation. After a brief overview of DBMAP , we offer some initial reflection on and assessment of XML markup schemes specifically for Semitic texts from the ancient Near East that comply with TEI, CSE, and MEP guidelines. We take as our example BMAP 3 (= TAD B3.4) and we focus on markup as pertains to the editorial transcription of this documentary text and to the linguistic analysis of the text’s language.
Best practices for industry-sponsored CS capstone courses

Most undergraduate computer science programs culminate in a mandatory capstone course. These courses provide learners with an opportunity to apply the concepts they have learned to a "life sized" non-trivial software development project. Having external corporations provide project assignments and act as a client to a team of students is an excellent way to increase the capstone experience's fidelity to software development as it is practiced in an industry setting. This experience report takes a fresh look at industry-sponsored CS capstone projects. We will detail how our capstone course has successfully adopted a hybrid approach, in which students are either assigned a project sponsored by an industry partner, or optionally form their own team and pitch a proposal as a startup project. We conclude with a discussion of the lessons we have learned along the way.
Alkaline Chemical Stability of Polymerized Ionic Liquids with Various Cations

The success of long-lasting low-cost (nonplatinum) alkaline fuel cells is dependent on the development of anion exchange membranes (electrolyte separator) with high alkaline chemical stability. In this study, a series of methacrylate-based polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized with various covalently attached cations: butylimidazolium, butylmethylimidazolium, trimethylammonium, pentamethylguanidinium, butylpyrrolidinium, and trimethylphosphonium. The alkaline chemical stability of these PILs was examined in tandem with their analogous ionic salts: 1-butyl-3-methylimidizolium chloride, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride, benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, hexamethylguanidinium chloride, 1,1-butylmethylpyrrolidinium chloride, and tetramethylphosphonium chloride. The degradation mechanisms and extent of degradation were quantified using 1H NMR spectroscopy at various pHs (in D2O), and temperature. The PILs with imidazolium and pyrrolidinium cations showed enhanc...
Transverse space-charge induced microbunching instability in high-brightness electron bunches

We identify a new mechanism for generation of the microbunching instability that involves the transverse rather than the longitudinal component of the self-fields. We introduce an analytical model that captures the essential features of the effect and use the model to interpret results from recent LCLS-II design studies.
A general theory of sexual differentiation

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the only factors that differ in XX vs. XY zygotes. This inequality leads to male-specific effects of the Y chromosome, including expression of the testis-determining gene Sry that causes differentiation of testes. Thus, Sry sets up lifelong sex differences in effects of gonadal hormones. Y genes also act outside of the gonads to cause male-specific effects. Differences in the number of X chromosomes between XX and XY cells cause sex differences in expression (1) of Xist, (2) of X genes that escape inactivation, and (3) of parentally imprinted X genes. Sex differences in phenotype are ultimately the result of multiple, independent sex-biasing factors, hormonal and sex chromosomal. These factors act in parallel and in combination to induce sex differences. They also can offset each other to reduce sex differences. Other mechanisms, operating at the level of populations, cause groups of males to differ on average from groups of females. The theory frames questions for further study, and directs attention to inherent sex-biasing factors that operate in many tissues to cause sex differences, and to cause sex-biased protection from disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental study of the dust effect on photovoltaic panels' energy yield

Abstract In this paper, the effect of dust on electrical and thermal behavior of photovoltaic panels is investigated. For this aim, several types of dusts are considered. Which leads to different panel behaviors in the thermal, optical and electrical aspects. Indeed, it has been shown that light transmission varies with dust type. Laboratory tests using various instruments such as microscope, spectrophotometer, I-V photovoltaic modules analyzer and data logger equipped with thermocouples are carried out. The obtained results show that variations on the physical parameters (grain size and type), level of light transmission and the glazing temperature lead to change in performance of photovoltaic panel (PV). The experimental observed behaviors were in accordance with the results obtained using the Energy2D computer simulation code of the thermal behavior applied to the glazing and PV module (Glass, EVA, Cell, Frame and Tedlar).
Sex Differences in the Association Between Insulin Resistance and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Among Blacks Without Diabetes Mellitus: The Jackson Heart Study.

BackgroundStudies exploring the association between insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular disease in blacks have not been conclusive, especially for coronary heart disease (CHD). The McAuley i...
Monuments and Memory: Architecture and Visual Culture in Ancient Anatolian History

STEADMAN-Chapter 28-PageProof 623 March 30, 2011 12:13 PM One could say that, in its world-forming capacity, architecture transforms geological time into human time, which is another way of saying it turns matter into meaning. Th at is why the sight of ruins is such a refl exive and in some cases an unsettling experience. Ruins in an advanced state of ruination represent, or better they literally embody, the dissolution of meaning into matter. By revealing what human building ultimately is up against—natural or geological time—ruins have a way of recalling us to the very ground of our human worlds, namely the earth, whose foundations are so solid and so reliable that they presumably will outlast any edifi ces that we build on them. —Harrison, (2003:3)
Dixie highway: road building and the making of the modern south, 1900–1930

Despite its brevity, Tammy Ingram’s thoughtful and assiduously detailed study of road building in early twentieth-century Georgia proves a most successful work. In her five well-argued and well-wri...
Case study: Behavior changes in the family-focused obesity prevention HOME Plus program.

Objective The purpose of this case study is to describe two successful HOME Plus participants and highlight how an intervention with individual and group components can help families make lifestyle changes that result in improvements in child weight status. Design One hundred and sixty families participated in the HOME Plus study, and were randomized to either a control or intervention group. Sample Two successful HOME Plus participants were chosen because of their healthful changes in weight status and behavior and high engagement in the program. Measurements Data were collected at baseline and postintervention, 1 year later. Data included height, weight, home food inventory, dietary recalls, and psychosocial surveys. Intervention Families in the intervention group participated in cooking and nutrition education sessions, goal-setting activities, and motivational interviewing telephone calls to promote behavioral goals associated with meal planning, family meal frequency, and healthfulness of meals and snacks. Results Analysis of the families' behaviors showed that Oliver (fictitious name) experienced changes in nutritional knowledge and cooking skill development while Sophia's (fictitious name) changes were associated with healthful food availability and increased family meal frequency. Conclusion These cases show that offering a multicomponent, family-focused program allows participants to select behavior strategies to fit their unique family needs.
Bowing Incorrectly: Aesthetic Labor and Expert Knowledge in Japanese Business Etiquette Training

Drawing on participant-observation of five different training courses, this chapter analyzes the ideology and pedagogy of business etiquette training for new employees in Japanese companies. Business etiquette training functions as a multimodal phenomenon in which language, voice, appearance, and movement are standardized through an emphasis on the details of correct form. Such training emphasizes primarily deference politeness (negative politeness) over involvement (positive politeness) with little attention to style shifting. The multi-modal politeness register inculcated through this training communicates both deference to customers and the employee’s own demeanor as a refined person. Politeness behaviors thus become a form of aesthetic labor in which employees’ bodies are appropriated to communicate a desired corporate image.
In dialectical tension: realist and instrumentalist attitudes in scientific practice

Stein has raised a fundamental problem for any attempt to characterize instrumentalism and realism as substantive alternatives. This is the distinguishability problem, which consists in the problem of developing a form of instrumentalism (or realism) that is substantially different from a plausible realist (or instrumentalist) alternative and the problem of showing that this form of instrumentalism (or realism) does justice to actual scientific practice. Using Stein’s own discussion of Maxwell, I formulate instrumentalism and realism as a scientist’s attitudes toward models, where an attitude is understood to be a complex of the scientist’s belief and intention regarding models. Developing a case study of Benzer’s modeling practice, I show that each attitude can structure inquiry differently and argue that to understand certain aspects of scientific practice, such as the practice of genetic mapping in Benzer’s work, we sometimes need to appeal to the coexistence of these attitudes.
Effects of Mannitol on Tissue Pressure in Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Focal cerebral ischemia increases brain water content and tissue pressure (TP) locally. (1) The gradient of hydrostatic pressure that developes between ischemic and normal brain may be important in subsequent events in and around the ischemic focus. We hypothesized that the increased TP further reduces CBF in the ischemic zone by microvascular compression. In the present study we sought to mannipulate the pressure gradient with mannitol to determine the relationship of TP to CBF and brain water in the ischemic region.
Thermal-Structural Performance of Rigid Panel Solar Arrays

The thermal-structural performance of deployable appendages can have a significant effect on satellite attitude dynamics and control. Thermally-induced structural motions of appendages such as booms and solar arrays give rise to torques reacting on the main body of a satellite which may result in attitude disturbances. This research considers the behavior of rigid panel solar arrays that utilize a relatively stiff honeycomb sandwich panel construction. The thermal-structural performance of these appendages is investigated through analytical and experimental studies. An analytical model for the transient thermal-structural response of a rigid panel solar array subject to rapid changes in thermal loading is presented. This thermal-structural model is incorporated into a coupled dynamic formulation for the planar dynamics of a simple satellite consisting of a rigid hub and a flexible appendage. Finally, an experimental investigation of the thermal-structural behavior of an actual satellite solar panel is described.
Matters of Judgment

Preceding sections introduce the process of pricing energy delivered by the electric and natural gas utilities. Guidelines and opinions are directed toward executive decisions governing internal operations. Decisions governing external relationships are for the most part left unexplored, leaving a gap between internal utility decision-making and external decisions applicable to other sectors of the economy. But even the most meticulous internal operations fall short if a company’s external relationships are deficient. There is a gap between internal and external in the earlier chapters. To narrow this gap, Chap. 12 addresses an often overlooked phase of management’s responsibilities: its decisions on outside issues. Chapter 12 is not intended for technical readers only. It is written to be read by a wider audience, by those who are affected by business or governmental micro-economic decisions, which means all of us. Chapter 12 has three distinct parts. The first addresses those who, directly or indirectly, contribute to the preparation of the company’s published business reports, particularly those of a financial nature. It points to frequent loose or inaccurate statements often found in these reports which are misleading and should be avoided. These are basic guidelines, intended to be instructive for those who originate the reports as well as for those who read them. The second part goes beyond basics. It aims at the top executives of businesses of all sizes who fashion the policies of their companies. Here good judgment in decision-making is of vital importance to the operations they control. As a prime example of a failed policy in the utility sector, this part cites the California energy crisis, where ill-fated decisions by executives of two major utilities led to the disastrous bankruptcy of one of the companies and the near-bankruptcy of the other. The third part is directed toward upper-level government executives who are responsible for the nation’s macro- and micro-economic policies. It reviews the 2008–2009 recession, and highlights the short-sighted decisions of the nation’s financial heads whose leadership (or lack thereof) permitted the recession to develop. The message for all three addressees is the same: be judicious in your decision-making, for its results may be greater and more far reaching than you realize.
Radiographic Assessment of the Popliteal Lymph Node to Aid the Differentiation of Canine Stifle Osteosarcoma From Moderate to Severe Stifle Degenerative Joint Disease.

Degenerative joint disease of the stifle is a common canine osseous pathology. Early degenerative changes may show mild mineral proliferation of periarticular margins with soft tissue, resulting in joint distension. If the joint is chronically unstable, osseous changes become more complex. Moderate to severe stifle degenerative disease then transitions to a combination of bony proliferation and resorption as subchondral cystic changes develop. The radiographic descriptions of moderate to severe degenerative disease overlap with those of subtle aggressive disease. If this occurs in a location prone to primary bone tumors, like the distal femur, radiographic interpretation becomes difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of objectively assessing the popliteal lymph node size and shape on radiographs to differentiate moderate to severe stifle degenerative joint disease from distal femoral or tibial osteosarcoma. Stifle radiographs were acquired for evaluation of pelvic lameness localized to the stifle joint. Dogs with moderate to severe degenerative stifle joint disease were radiographed at 3 time points: prior to surgery for a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (103), immediately postoperation (103), and at a recheck 6-8 weeks postsurgery (62). Dogs with osteosarcoma were radiographed only at time of diagnosis (42). Length and width gross popliteal lymph node measurements and a ratio of long axis to short axis were compared between groups using nonparametric analysis. No significant difference was determined using a long axis to short axis ratio for the popliteal lymph node to differentiate moderate to severe stifle degenerative joint disease and osteosarcoma (P = .290). The gross measurements of the long axis and short axis of the popliteal lymph node for dogs with osteosarcoma were significantly greater than the degenerative joint disease groups (P = .017, P = .000). Thus, evaluation of a long axis to short axis ratio for popliteal lymph nodes does not provide a clinically useful objective measure in differentiating peristifle osteosarcoma from moderate to severe degenerative disease of the stifle joint. The length and width of the popliteal lymph node differed significantly; however, the clinical difference is minimal.
Calibration of methylene-referenced lipid-dissolved xenon frequency for absolute MR temperature measurements.

Purpose Absolute MR temperature measurements are currently difficult because they require precalibration procedures specific for tissue types and conditions. Reference of the lipid-dissolved 129 Xe resonance frequency to temperature-insensitive methylene protons (rLDX) has been proposed to remove the effect of macro- and microscopic susceptibility gradients to obtain absolute temperature information. The scope of this work is to evaluate the rLDX chemical shift (CS) dependence on lipid composition to estimate the precision of absolute temperature measurements in lipids. Methods Neat triglycerides, vegetable oils, and samples of freshly excised human and rodent adipose tissue (AT) are prepared under 129 Xe atmosphere and studied using high-resolution NMR. The rLDX CS is measured as a function of temperature. 1 H spectra are also acquired and the consistency of methylene-referenced water proton and rLDX CS values are compared in human AT. Results Although rLDX CS shows a dependence on lipid composition, in human and rodent AT samples the rLDX shows consistent CS values with a similar temperature dependence (-0.2058 ± 0.0010) ppm/°C × T (°C) + (200.15 ± 0.03) ppm, enabling absolute temperature measurements with an accuracy of 0.3°C. Methylene-referenced water CS values present variations of up to 4°C, even under well-controlled conditions. Conclusions The rLDX can be used to obtain accurate absolute temperature measurements in AT, opening new opportunities for hyperpolarized 129 Xe MR to measure tissue absolute temperature.
A Progression on the Determination of Dynamic Fracture Initiation Toughness Using Spiral Crack

A recent development on identifying the static and dynamic initiation fracture toughness of materials by using a single v-notch spiral crack is presented. A polycarbonate solid cylindrical sample with spiral crack is implemented in this work to demonstrate the method. The quasi-static experiment was conducted by applying a pure torsion on the specimen using an MTS axial-torsion machine. The dynamic fracture experiment was conducted using Torsional Spilt Hopkinson Bar. In both cases, the torque corresponding to fracture initiation is measured experimentally and used as input to the numerical simulation. A new emphasis relation for a cylindrical specimen with spiral crack is also proposed and used with the experimental data to quantify the initiation fracture toughness. The results show that the spiral crack specimen is an effective method to determine the fracture toughness of materials.
Research on enterprises of agriculture. II: Peasants of enterprization management, quasi-enterprise of agriculture and enterprise of agriculture.

The concepts of peasants of enterprization management,quasi-enterprise of agriculture and enterprise of agriculture were discussed in this paper.At the same time,we studied the development path of all three and analyzed its theoretical and practical significance.It was pointed out that major efforts should be devoted to peasants of enterprization management.Promoting the transformation from peasants of enterprization management to quasi-enterprise and quasi-enterprise to enterprises of agriculture,and expanding the group of agricultural enterprise.Major efforts should be devoted to develop peasants of quasi-enterprise and peasants of enterprises to promote the transformation of the management model from 'enterprises+peasants' to 'enterprises+enterprises'.Finally,some proposals were put forward including paying more attention to support the development of peasants of enterprization management and quasi-enterprise of agriculture,applying new policy of agricultural enterprise which differed from the industry and commercial enterprise,making a correct adjustment to the relation between enterprises and peasants.
Graphene nanoribbon: fundamental aspects in polymeric nanocomposite

This paper presents an overview of unique carbon nanostructure graphene nanoribbon (GNR). GNR is a thin elongated strip of sp2-bonded carbon atoms with a narrow width of ≤10 nm. The electronic, mechanical, thermal, chemical, and magnetic properties of GNR make it an attractive nanofiller in polymeric nanocomposite. Polyaniline, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl alcohol), polystyrene, polyethylene, epoxy, and polyamide have been explored with GNR so far. Despite of outstanding potential of polymer/GNR nanocomposite, not much research is found in this area. Few application areas of polymer/GNR nanocomposite discovered till now are related to sensor, supercapacitor, fuel cell, and electromagnetic interference shielding materials.
Emergence of shallow energy levels in B-doped Q-carbon: A high-temperature superconductor

Abstract We report the spectroscopic demonstration of the shallow-level energy states in the recently discovered B-doped Q-carbon Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) high-temperature superconductor. The Q-carbon is synthesized by ultrafast melting and quenching, allowing for high B-doping concentrations which increase the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) to 36 K (compared to 4 K for B-doped diamond). The increase in Tc is attributed to the increased density of energy states near the Fermi level in B-doped Q-carbon, which give rise to superconducting states via strong electron-phonon coupling below Tc. These shallow-level energy states, however, are challenging to map due to limited spatial and energy resolution. Here, we use ultrahigh energy resolution monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), to detect and visualize the newly formed shallow-level energy states (vibrational modes) near the Fermi level (ranging 30–100 meV) of the B-doped Q-carbon. With this study, we establish the significance of high-resolution EELS in understanding the superconducting behavior of BCS superconducting C-based materials, which demonstrate a phenomenal enhancement in the presence of shallow-level energy states.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Stakeholder Evaluation of 2 Obesity Prevention Policies in Maine, US.

Objective To evaluate the potential cost-effectiveness of and stakeholder perspectives on a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) excise tax and a Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) policy that would not allow SSB purchases in Maine, US. Design A cost-effectiveness simulation model combined with stakeholder interviews. Setting Maine, US. Participants Microsimulation of the Maine population in 2015 and interviews with stakeholders (n = 14). Study conducted from 2013 to 2017. Main Outcome Measures Health care cost savings, net costs, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) from 2017 to 2027. Stakeholder positions on policies. Retail SSB cost and implementation cost data were collected. Analysis Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost-Effectiveness Study project microsimulation model with uncertainty analysis to estimate cost-effectiveness. Thematic stakeholder interview coding. Results Over 10 years, the SSB and SNAP policies were projected to reduce health care costs by $78.3 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], $31.7 million–$185 million) and $15.3 million (95% UI, $8.32 million–$23.9 million), respectively. The SSB and SNAP policies were projected to save 3,560 QALYs (95% UI, 1,447–8,361) and 749 QALYs (95% UI, 415–1,168), respectively. Stakeholders were more supportive of SSB taxes than the SNAP policy because of equity concerns associated with the SNAP policy. Conclusions and Implications Cost-effectiveness analysis provided evidence of potential health improvement and cost savings to state-level stakeholders weighing broader implementation considerations.
Colleagues Unknown — How Peer Evaluation Could Enhance the Referral Process

Colleagues Unknown Generalists and specialists working within the same network increasingly don’t know each other. A secure system that aggregates professional feedback from colleagues — and that i...
Detection and identification of a protein biomarker in antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli using intact protein LC offline MALDI-MS and MS/MS

Aims The identification and differentiation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) profiling remains a challenge due to the difficulty in detecting unique protein biomarkers associated with this trait. To expand the detectable proteome in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, we describe a method implementing offline LC protein separation/fractionation prior to MALDI-ToF-MS and top-down MALDI-ToF/ToF-MS (tandem MS or MS/MS) for the analysis of several antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates. Methods and results Coupling offline LC with MALDI-ToF-MS increased the number of detected protein signals in the typically analyzed mass regions (m/z 3000-20 000) by a factor of 13. Using the developed LC-MALDI-ToF-MS protocol in conjunction with supervised principal components analysis, we detected a protein biomarker at m/z 9355 which correlated to β-lactam resistance among the E. coli bacteria tested. Implementing a top-down MALDI-ToF/ToF-MS approach, the prefractionated protein biomarker was inferred as a DNA-binding HU protein, likely translated from the blaCMY-2 gene (encoding AmpC-type β-lactamase) in the incompatibility plasmid complex A/C (IncA/C). Conclusions Our results demonstrate the utility of LC-MALDI-MS and MS/MS to extend the number of proteins detected and perform MALDI-accessible protein biomarker discovery in microorganisms. Significance and impact of the study This outcome is significant since it expands the detectable bacterial proteome via MALDI-ToF-MS.
Biomechanical outcomes of the pendulum test characterize individual differences in activated versus resting leg rigidity in people with Parkinson's disease

Leg rigidity is associated with frequent falls in people with Parkinson9s disease (PD), suggesting a potential role in functional balance and gait impairments. Changes in neural state due to secondary tasks, e.g. activation maneuvers, can exacerbate (or 9activate9) rigidity, possibly increasing the risk of falls. However, the subjective interpretation and coarse classification of the standard clinical rigidity scale has prohibited the systematic, objective assessment of resting and activated leg rigidity. The pendulum test is an objective diagnostic method that we hypothesized would be sensitive enough to characterize resting and activated leg rigidity. We recorded kinematic data during the pendulum test in 15 individuals with PD, spanning a range of leg rigidity severity (slight to severe). From the recorded data of leg swing kinematics we measured biomechanical outcomes including first swing excursion, first extension peak, number and duration of the oscillations, resting angle, relaxation index, maximum and minimum angular velocity. We examined associations between biomechanical outcomes and clinical leg rigidity score. We evaluated the effect of increasing rigidity through activation maneuvers on biomechanical outcomes. Finally, we assessed whether either biomechanical outcomes or changes in outcomes with activation were associated with fall history. Our results suggest that the biomechanical assessment of the pendulum test can objectively quantify leg rigidity among people with PD. We found that the presence of marked rigidity during clinical exam significantly impacted biomechanical outcomes, i.e. first extension peak, number of oscillations, relaxation index and maximum angular velocity. No differences in the effect of activation maneuvers between groups with clinically assessed moderate and marked rigidity were observed, suggesting that activated rigidity may be independent of resting rigidity and should be scored as independent variables. Moreover, we found that fall history was more common among people whose rigidity was increased with a secondary task, as measured by biomechanical outcomes. We conclude that different mechanisms contributing to resting and activated rigidity may play an important yet unexplored functional role in balance impairments. The pendulum test may contribute to a better understanding of fundamental mechanisms underlying motor symptoms in PD, evaluating the efficacy of treatments, and predicting the risk of falls.
The intestinal microbiota as a predictor for antidepressant treatment outcome in geriatric depression: a prospective pilot study

Objectives (1) To investigate if gut microbiota can be a predictor of remission in geriatric depression and to identify features of the gut microbiota that is associated with remission. (2) To determine if changes in gut microbiota occur with remission in geriatric depression. Design Secondary analysis of a parent randomized placebo-controlled trial (NCT02466958). Setting Los Angeles, CA, USA (2016-2018). Participants Seventeen subjects with major depressive disorder, over 60 years of age, 41.2% female. Intervention Levomilacipran (LVM) or placebo. Measurements Remission was defined by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of 6 or less at 12 weeks. 16S-ribosomal RNA sequencing based fecal microbiota composition and diversity were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Differences in fecal microbiota were evaluated between remitters and non-remitters as well as between baseline and post-treatment samples. LVM and placebo groups were combined in all the analyses. Results Baseline microbiota showed no community level α-diversity or β-diversity differences between remitters and non-remitters. At the individual taxa level, a random forest classifier created with nine genera from the baseline microbiota was highly accurate in predicting remission (AUC = .857). Of these, baseline enrichment of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter and Roseburia relative to a reference frame was associated with treatment outcome of remission. Differential abundance analysis revealed significant genus level changes from baseline to post-treatment in remitters, but not in non-remitters. Conclusions This is the first study demonstrating fecal microbiota as a potential predictor of treatment response in geriatric depression. Our findings need to be confirmed in larger prospective studies.
Lesson Plans for Teaching with Parks and Recreation

Parks and Recreation was a hit NBC showed that aired from 2009 to 2015. The show contains numerous examples of economic concepts and principles that can be used in the classroom. We outline 5 lesson plans on topics from the show that can be used to supplement an instructor's current teaching. Topics include comparative economic systems, market structures, government bailouts, government intervention, and labor market discrimination. All of the scenes are available online at EconomicsOfParksAndRec.com
Age-Varying Associations between Child Maltreatment, Depressive Symptoms, and Frequent Heavy Episodic Drinking.

Child maltreatment represents a prevalent public health issue that has been shown to predict both adolescent and young adult depressive symptoms and heavy episodic drinking; however, little is known regarding how associations between specific types of maltreatment (e.g., physical abuse, sexual abuse, care neglect, supervisory neglect) and depressive symptoms and heavy episodic drinking change across adolescence and into young adulthood. Similarly, there is lack of research that has examined how an accumulation of child maltreatment types relates to depressive symptoms and heavy episodic drinking across ages. Time-varying effect models—a statistical approach that allows researchers to pinpoint specific ages where the association between two variables is strongest—were used in the current study to address these gaps. Nationally representative data came from the first four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 16,053; 49.4% female; 51.0% European American/White, 21.0% African American, 10.2% Biracial, 9.1% Hispanic; MAGE W1 = 17.00). Results suggested that certain types of maltreatment are more predictive of negative outcomes than others and that different types of maltreatment confer greater risk in different developmental periods. In addition, while victims of between one and three types of maltreatment had comparable prevalence of depressive symptoms and heavy episodic drinking across adolescence and young adulthood, victims of four types of maltreatment had a much higher prevalence of these outcomes indicating the extreme risk that accompanies an accumulation of maltreatment.
Advancing Mental Health Supports for Autistic Postsecondary Students: A Call for Research.

Research has documented elevated rates of co-occurring depression and anxiety in autistic adults, with some noting particularly high rates for autistic students enrolled in postsecondary education ...
Soil-Forming Factors in Antarctica

Only 0.35 %, or 45,000 km2, of Antarctica is ice-free, with the largest areas in the Transantarctic Mountains (25,700 km2) and the Antarctic Peninsula (10,000 km2). Antarctica is divided by the Transantarctic Mountains into what is commonly known as East Antarctica, which contains the massive East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) over bedrock, and West Antarctica, which contains the marine-based West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS). This chapter addresses the climate, biota (plants and animals), and bedrock and surficial geology of Antarctica. The Antarctic soils database contains more than 2,300 pedons. The history of soil classification from genetic systems to those base on soil properties is considered.
Assessment of the injection behavior of commercially available bone BSMs for Subchondroplasty® procedures.

Abstract Background Bone substitute materials (BSMs) have been commercially available for over 30 years and have been used extensively in orthopedic procedures. Some BSMs are described as “injectable.” With rising focus on minimally invasive surgical procedures, the range of applications in which these materials are injectable is of clinical interest. Specifically, their performance in closed, pressurized environments in the trabecular bone with microdamage or abnormal bone remodeling have not been well characterized. This issue arises often in the presence of bone marrow lesions of the subchondral bone in early onset osteoarthritis. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro injectability of several common commercially available BSMs. It was hypothesized that some materials self-described as “injectable” would fail to function in a small microarchitecture in comparison to the large void areas. Methods Mechanical testing was performed and force data was collected. Each sample was additionally radiographed and then imaged under micro-computed tomography (CT). Results Most of the BSM materials failed to be successfully injected into a simulated trabecular model. Simplex™, AccuFill® and StrucSure™ materials were the only ones that were injected successfully. Many of the materials underwent phase separation at higher pressures and were not able to be deployed from the injection syringe. In addition, a clinically relevant difference was seen between the manners in which the materials interdigitated into the existing structure. Conclusion The AccuFill® was the only material able to inject in a closed model and demonstrate adequate implantation of BSM into the simulated trabecular bone. Clinical Relevance Injectability of BSMs is clinically relevant as the interest in minimally invasive surgical procedures is rising rapidly.
Three Methods to Engage Students in the Introductory Statistics Course: Humor, Active Learning, and Relevant Examples

This paper contends that the required introductory statistics course can be fun, interesting, and relevant. A search of the recent literature in the area points to three possible methods for accomplishing this: humor, active learning, and realistic and relevant examples. This paper provides illustrations of how to incorporate the three methods under study -- humor, active learning, and relevant examples -- into traditional introductory course of study. Finally, the authors' experiences with the use of these techniques and the results of a student survey are presented and discussed.
Disability History: Humanity Worth Defending

The authors consider the potential impact of teaching disability history and awareness in social studies classrooms. Social studies educators are encouraged to use disability history to move the concept of disability beyond Individualized Education Program (IEP) labels and medical pathology, allowing students to study and better understand the evolving social and cultural context of disability. An examination of disability “models” and the historical evolution of disability language is followed by strategies and resources for incorporating disability history and awareness in the social studies classroom. Ohio social studies educators are encouraged to support a Disability History and Awareness week or month in their state. “If you believe people have no history worth mentioning, it’s easy to believe they have no humanity worth defending.” William Loren Katz
Exit Strategies in Constitutional Law: Lessons for Getting the Least Dangerous Branch out of the Political Thicket

This essay explores "exit strategies" in constitutional law - ways that the Supreme Court retreats from entanglement in an area of law in which it is already involved. It offers five examples. First, the Court can announce that the difficulty that prompted intervention has been solved, thereby removing the need for further adjudication, as the Court did when it reversed National League of Cities v. Usery in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority. Second, the Court can announce a standard that devolves responsibility onto another actor. I trace here the move from Redrupping to the Miller standard for judging obscenity. Third, the Court can announce rules that have an aura of mechanical application, thereby avoiding the appearance, if not the reality, of judicial policymaking or entanglement, as it did in the one-person, one-vote cases. Fourth, the Court can relax substantive constraints to the point at which cases disappear, because litigants lack any real incentive to bring them. This may describe the commerce clause from 1942 to 1995 and economic due process after the New Deal. Finally, a Court wary of its ability to avoid deeper immersion can announce such factbound rules that it enables future courts to scramble back to the banks. This may describe the Court's opinions in Romer v. Evans and Bush v. Gore. In addition to cataloging and comparing exit strategies, this essay considers the possible utility of each exit strategy in enabling the Court to extricate itself from the mess it has created in one particularly tangled part of the political thicket: the racial redistricting cases. From among the techniques I examine, only two seem plausible. The Court could recast the form of review in highly deferential terms, and leave enforcement of the constitutional constraint to the political branches, as it did in the areas of economic due process and the commerce clause pre-Lopez. Or it could declare victory and go home, leaving the field to the political branches, as it did in the case of the Tenth Amendment. Focusing on exit strategies as a genre can be useful. Exit and entry can be quite asymmetric: sometimes it can take decades to put up an edifice and only minutes to demolish it; other times getting in can take but an instant while divorces can drag on forever. Exit poses distinct challenges. The techniques that Alexander Bickel celebrated in his discussion of the "passive virtues" may be useful in keeping a court out of trouble in the first place without providing much of a roadmap for retreat. For example, if the Supreme Court were to refuse to hear redistricting cases (practicing the passive virtue of "declining the exercise of jurisdiction which is given") but were to leave in place the existing legal rules, this would exacerbate current problems. Except for rendering a previously litigable claim nonjusticiable, exit strategies are almost bound to require some revision of substantive legal standards.
Autonomous Soft Robotic Fish Capable of Escape Maneuvers Using Fluidic Elastomer Actuators.

Abstract In this work we describe an autonomous soft-bodied robot that is both self-contained and capable of rapid, continuum-body motion. We detail the design, modeling, fabrication, and control of the soft fish, focusing on enabling the robot to perform rapid escape responses. The robot employs a compliant body with embedded actuators emulating the slender anatomical form of a fish. In addition, the robot has a novel fluidic actuation system that drives body motion and has all the subsystems of a traditional robot onboard: power, actuation, processing, and control. At the core of the fish's soft body is an array of fluidic elastomer actuators. We design the fish to emulate escape responses in addition to forward swimming because such maneuvers require rapid body accelerations and continuum-body motion. These maneuvers showcase the performance capabilities of this self-contained robot. The kinematics and controllability of the robot during simulated escape response maneuvers are analyzed and compared wit...