cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Trends and Year-to-Year Fluctuations in Student-Teacher Conflict and Closeness: Associations with Aggressive Behavior Problems

Longitudinal research suggests that student-teacher relationships characterized by elevated (or increasing) conflict and low (or decreasing) closeness promote heightened aggression in elementary school. However, prior research has not explored fluctuations in the quality of student-teacher relationships across school years, which may also impact students. This study applied a new methodology to determine whether year-to-year fluctuations in student-teacher conflict or closeness also predicted increased student aggression. 154 children were followed from Head Start preschools through elementary school. Early elementary teachers (kindergarten through third grade) rated the quality of conflict and closeness with students. Fifth grade teachers rated student aggression. Regression analyses revealed that year-to-year fluctuations in student-teacher conflict, along with mean levels of student-teacher conflict, each made unique contributions to fifth grade aggression, controlling for baseline aggression. In addition, for students with low aggression at kindergarten entry, year-to-year fluctuations in student-teacher closeness predicted increased aggression. Possible mechanisms accounting for the detrimental effects of fluctuations in student-teacher relationship quality are discussed, along with implications for practice.
Blood compatibility of bioactive polyurethane surfaces

A new heparin-immobilized segmented polyurethaneurea (SPUU, Biomer) surface using a hydrophilic poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) chain as a spacer was designed for surface modification using two different methods. The first method involved surface immobilization of heparin onto the SPUU surface; the second method utilized the coating of a newly-synthesized SPUU-PEO-Heparin graft copolymer.
NON-INVASIVE BIOMECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS OF ANKLE AND SUBTALAR JOINT MOTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a development of a method for quantitatively measuring the subtalar joint motion in human subjects in three body planes such that the inclination of the axis and inversion–eversion angle could be determined. Preliminary data in 10 subjects suggests that inclination of subtalar joint axis varies widely from individual to individual and varies during motion. In these subjects, the average inclination angle at zero degree flexion was 37.2° in regard to the horizontal in the Saggital plane. The average inversion–eversion angle was 25.5° during the standard inversion test by the orthopedician. While at least a hundred subjects have to be tested to establish the average inclination angle in normal subjects, these preliminary results demonstrate usefulness of the technique in quantitatively studying 3-D motion of ankle and subtalar joints. Torque-rotation characteristics have to be studied before the method can be applied in clinical practice.
Alterations in platelet secretion differentially affect thrombosis and hemostasis

We genetically manipulated the major platelet vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP2, VAMP3, and VAMP8) to create mice with varying degrees of disrupted platelet secretion. As previously shown, loss of VAMP8 reduced granule secretion, and this defect was exacerbated by further deletion of VAMP2 and VAMP3. VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- platelets also had reduced VAMP7. Loss of VAMP2 and VAMP3 (VAMP2Δ3Δ) had a minimal impact on secretion when VAMP7 and VAMP8 were present. Integrin αIIbβ3 activation and aggregation were not affected, although spreading was reduced in VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- platelets. Using these mice as tools, we asked how much secretion is needed for proper thrombosis and hemostasis in vivo. VAMP2Δ3Δ mice showed no deficiency, whereas VAMP8-/- mice had attenuated formation of occlusive thrombi upon FeCl3-induced arterial injury but no excessive bleeding upon tail transection. VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- mice bled profusely and failed to form occlusive thrombi. Plasma-coagulation factors were normal in all of the strains, but phosphatidylserine exposure was reduced in VAMP2Δ3Δ and VAMP2Δ3Δ8-/- platelets. From our data, an ∼40% to 50% reduction in platelet secretion in vitro (dense and α granule) correlated with reduced occlusive thrombosis but no compromise in hemostasis. At a >50% reduction, thrombosis and hemostasis were defective in vivo. Our studies are the first systematic manipulation of platelet exocytic machinery to demonstrate a quantitative linkage between in vitro platelet secretion and hemostasis and thrombosis in vivo. The animals described will be invaluable tools for future investigations into how platelet secretion affects other vascular processes.
M&A Turbulence Among Producers: First There Were Three, Then There Was Only One

The three AO-licensed producers—Mathys, Straumann, and Synthes USA—had all operated under the same exclusive AO supply agreement since 1963. Prior to the legal change of becoming a foundation, the producers had only advisory roles, with no voting rights concerning key business arrangements impacting on their businesses. With the creation of the AO Foundation, the producer’s roles changed and they gained voting rights as part of the Business Council, although a small majority of seats were still held by surgeons. The change in voting rights, opposed by some of the AO founders at that time, gave the producers more status and a stronger voice in defending their interests.
Factor-Based Structural Equation Modeling with Warppls:

Abstract Structural equation modeling (SEM) is extensively used in marketing research. For some years now, there has been a somewhat heated debate among proponents and detractors of the use of the partial least squares (PLS) method for SEM. The classic PLS design, originally proposed by Herman Wold, has a number of advantages over covariance-based SEM; e.g., minimal model identification demands. However, that design does not base its model parameter recovery approach on the estimation of factors, but on composites, which are exact linear combinations of indicators. This leads to adverse consequences, primarily in the form of unacceptable levels of type I and II errors. Recently a new factor-based method for SEM has been developed, called PLSF, which we discuss in this paper. This method has the advantages of classic PLS, but without the problems inherent in the use of composites. For readers interested in trying it, the PLSF method is implemented in the SEM software WarpPLS.
Controversies of enteral nutrition in select critically-ill surgical patients: Traumatic brain injury, extracorporeal life support, and sepsis

Adequate nutritional support for critically ill pediatric patients is an essential component of optimal care in the intensive care unit. For select patient populations in this setting, the enteral delivery of nutrients can bring unique challenges and potential risks. The focus of this paper is to provide a review of existing literature concerning the safety, efficacy and benefits of enteral nutrition in select surgical patient populations for whom these discussions are most controversial: patients with traumatic brain injury, patients receiving extracorporeal life support (ECLS), and patients receiving vasopressor therapy, such as in sepsis. Recommendations in the context of consensus or a call to investigate research gaps are provided based on a review of the evidence.
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGSOFT workshop on Program analysis for software tools and engineering

This volume contains the papers presented at the 9th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGSOFT Workshop on Program Analysis for Software Tools and Engineering (PASTE), held June 5-6, 2010 in Toronto, Canada. This edition of the workshop is co-located with the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. PASTE 2010 continues the tradition of bringing together researchers and practitioners interested in program analysis and its role in solving software engineering problems. We received 29 submissions of which 12 were chosen by the program committee to appear in the PASTE program. Each submission was reviewed by three PC members. In some cases additional reviews were solicited from outside experts. The program committee met through a conference call. We thank the PC members and the external reviewers for their dedication, thorough reviews, and constructive feedback. We also thank the keynote speakers Jeff Foster (University of Maryland) and Kathryn McKinley (University of Texas at Austin) for their willingness to share their latest research and insights with the workshop participants.
Poussin and the Poetics of Painting: Pictorial Narrative and the Legacy of Tasso

1. 'Ut pictura poetica' - Poussin and the poetics of Tasso 2. Poussin's Novit... 3. Metaphorical reflections in Echo and Narcissus and Rinaldo and Armida 4. The critique of Gerusalemme liberata and the visual arts 5. Poussin, Marino and painting in the Ovidian Age 6. Poussin, Raphael, and Tasso: the poetics of history painting 7. Poussin and the Gerusalemme liberata: action into episode, history into myth.
An Overview of Emerging Video Coding Standards

Today's popular video coding standards, such as H.264/AVC, are widely used to encode video into bit streams for storage and transmission. With the explosive growth of various video applications, H.264/AVC may not fully satisfy their requirements anymore. There is an increasing demand for high compression efficiency and low complexity video coding standards. In this article, we provide an overview of existing and emerging video coding standards. We review the timeline of the development of the popular H.26X family video coding standards, and introduce several emerging video coding standards such as AV1, VP9 and VVC. As for future video coding, considering the success of machine learning in various fields and hardware acceleration, we conclude this article with a discussion of several future trends in video coding.
Smoothing the Pipeline: A Strategy to Match Graduate Training With the Professional Demands of Professorship

Faculty recruitment and PhD student placement have become increasingly competitive over the past decade. The emphasis of graduate student training—research above all else—often means a difficult tr...
Clinical presentation of spinal oligodendrogliomas

Abstract Initially defined in 1926 by Bailey and Cushing, oligodendrogliomas are exceedingly rare gliomas arising from oligodendrocytes. Spinal oligodendrogliomas are even rarer still representing 1.59% of all oligodendrogliomas with only 60 cases reported in the literature. There is a mild predilection toward males (1.33 times more likely to occur in males than in females), and these tumors are 2.5 times more prevalent in Caucasians compared to African-American populations. Clinical presentation of spinal oligodendroglioma is often dependent on the location of the tumor and age of presentation. The majority of spinal oligodendrogliomas arise in the thoracic region (36.3%), followed by the lumbar (18.2%), cervical (18%), thoracolumbar (12.1%), cervicothoracic (9.1%) regions, and the whole spinal cord (8%). The average size of a primary oligodendroglioma is 3.5 (± 1.8) vertebral levels. The most common presenting symptoms are weakness/paresis (69.5%), pain—including acute back pain, neck pain, and sciatic pain (50%), and sensory changes—including paresthesia and numbness (45%). In addition to the location of the tumor in the spinal cord, exhibiting signs also depend on whether the tumor is intramedullary, intradural-extramedullary, or extramedullary. The typical age of presentation is between 30 and 40 years, with the majority of patients presenting in adulthood. Spinal oligodendrogliomas in the pediatric population tend to present as scoliosis, regression of motor developmental milestones, gait disturbance, and sensory deficits. Patients presenting with a history of symptoms referable to the spinal cord and/or a concerning neurological exam should undergo prompt imaging with an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the spine with and without contrast.
Malone Antegrade Continence Enemas vs. Cecostomy vs. Transanal Irrigation-What Is New and How Do We Counsel Our Patients?

No gold standard exists for managing neurogenic bowel dysfunction, specifically in individuals with spina bifida. Since the International Children’s Continence Society published its consensus document on neurogenic bowel treatment in 2012, an increased focus on why we must manage bowels and how to improve our management has occurred. This review provides updated information for clinicians. A surge in research, mostly retrospective, has been conducted on the success and satisfaction of three types of management for neurogenic bowel. All three management techniques have relatively high success rates for fecal continence and satisfaction rates. Selection of which treatment to carry out still is debated among clinicians. Transanal irrigation is a safe and effective management option for neurogenic bowel that does not require surgery. Antegrade enemas can be carried out via cecostomy tube or Malone antegrade continence enema with similar fecal continence outcomes.
Patients with Co-occurring Substance Use and Personality Disorders

Patients suffering from co-occurring substance use disorders and personality disorders frequently present to the emergency department (ED) and can present unique challenges in the assessment and disposition phases of treatment, as well as contributing to provider burnout. In this chapter, we will use an empathic and behavioral lens to review the literature on the prevalence of these comorbidities, the particular challenges around diagnostic clarification and risk assessment, how stigma creates barriers to treatment access, and effective treatment implementation and discuss behavioral strategies that can be used in the ED setting to promote optimal care for patients and self-care for providers.
Nonviral Sexually Transmitted Diseases

This article provides a practical overview for the management of nonviral sexually transmitted diseases affecting the perianal and anorectal regions. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, donovanosis, and lymphogranuloma venereum are individually addressed.
Resistance to Anti-Cancer Therapeutics

Resistance to anti-cancer agents is an issue that has plagued physicians and scientists since the development of effective anti-cancer drugs. The scope of the problem of resistance is reflected in the consistently high death rate for advanced cancers, even in the era of molecularly targeted agents. Resistance can be differentiated into broad categories in a number of different ways. First, resistance can be either intrinsic to the cancer and present prior to the receipt of therapy, or it can be acquired as an adaptation to a previously effective therapy. While intrinsic resistance is often due to incomplete drug penetration or lack of reliance on the pathway being targeted and often affects multiple classes of drugs, acquired resistance is generally more complex and involves acquisition of specific mutations or specific adaptations of the cancer or the microenvironment to limit the effectiveness of one or a few classes of agents. As our tools to more effectively detect mechanisms of resistance expands, so does the complexity of the mechanisms underlying this issue.
Meet, Comment, Meet Again: The Gains from Lobbying Financial Regulators During Rulemaking

Administrative procedures create two legitimate avenues for interest groups to channel their views about agency-made regulation: ex parte meetings and public comments. Meetings happen in the rule development stage, after a regulation is proposed but not yet finalized, or after the regulation is published in its final, legally enforceable form. Comments generally are only received after proposal but before finalization. While there is abundant evidence that comments appear to influence regulation, there remain many questions about how influential comments “truly” are, and whether these associations mask the more pivotal, if harder to observe, role of ex parte meetings as means of outside group influence. Using meeting logs made publicly available by the Federal Reserve and original data collection about public comments, I apply event study methods to evaluate how the gains from meetings and comments relate to one another. My findings suggest that comments and meetings, particularly early meetings, are economic complements. Each avenue of influence seems to bring consistent benefit, at least in the market’s view, and the benefits appear stronger in combination than separately. In particular, firms that have access to early meetings receive intra-day returns as much as 37 percentiles higher as compared with firms that do not obtain early access but engage both forms of post-proposal advocacy. These abnormal returns have an economic value in the tens of billions of dollars, reflecting important distributive consequences to who obtains access pre-proposal.
5 – Plant Ribonucleases

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of plant ribonucleases. RNase I proteins, or acid RNases, are RNA-specific, soluble endonucleases with molecular masses from 20 to 25 kDa and pH optima between 5.0 and 6.0. They are insensitive to EDTA and produce 3′-phospho (3′-P) nucleotides as end products. RNase II enzymes are also RNA-specific endonucleases with molecular mass between 17 and 25 kDa. They are EDTA-insensitive and produce 3′-P nucleotide end products, but unlike RNase I enzymes, they have pH optima of 6.0–7.0. They differ most from RNase I-type enzymes by their microsomal location. Both RNase I and RNase II enzymes preferentially cleave bonds adjacent to guanine. Nuclease I proteins degrade both RNA and ssDNA endonucleolytically, with a preference for bonds adjacent to adenine, and produce 5′-P nucleotide end products. This chapter elaborates classes of plant RNases, and explains concepts related to pathogenesis-related protein group P-10. It also describes defense against pathogens and cell death pathways. An overview of activities implicated in cytoplasmic mRNA decay is presented. The chapter elaborates in detail about RNA processing and decay and nuclear activities. The chapter concludes with a discussion on regulation and functions of plant RNases.
Abuse deterrent immediate release film technology (ADRIFT): A novel bilayer film technology for limiting intentional drug abuse.

Abstract Prescription opioid abuse also known as opioid epidemic has been an ever-growing problem in the United States. It has been associated with numerous emergencies and mortality with significant burden on healthcare system. Amongst various approaches proposed by FDA, development of an abuse deterrent formulation is one of the key strategies to address this opioid crisis. Existing abuse deterrent technologies have several deficiencies which enable abusers to manipulate/bypass it. The proposed study aims to develop and optimize an abuse-deterrent immediate release bilayer film (ADRIFT). A novel material with distinct process engineering was employed to achieve immediate drug release with nasal/intravenous abuse deterrent properties. Drug layer (DL) composed of a rapidly soluble film forming polymer - polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) while various solvent system and biocompatible polymers were screened to incorporate sodium polyacrylamide starch (KPX) in abuse deterrent layer (AL). Mechanical analysis of ADRIFT suggested that individual excipients played significant role in improving the mechanical strength of ADRIFT. Spontaneous formation of highly viscous gels in different solvents and resistance to mill into fine powder support the injection and snorting abuse deterrent potential, respectively. Immediate release (>85% release) was achieved in
The puzzling politics of R&D: Signaling competence through risky projects

Abstract Why do some leaders devote significant funds to research and development (R&D) even though such investments are risky, less visible to the public than many other investments, and typically bear fruit only after the incumbent has already left office? This paper suggests that investing in R&D improves the incumbent's perceived competence among voters. Using a formal model of signaling, survey experiments conducted in the US and Russia, and corroborating cross-country evidence, I demonstrate that investment in R&D improves perceptions of incumbent competence and approval of the government among the citizenry.
Identifying the Best Candidates for Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography as the Primary Staging Approach Among Men with High-risk Prostate Cancer and Negative Conventional Imaging

Abstract Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is an emerging imaging modality with greater sensitivity and specificity over conventional imaging for prostate cancer (PCa) staging. Using data from two prospective trials (NCT03368547 and NCT04050215), we explored predictors of overall upstaging (nodal and metastatic) by PSMA PET/CT among patients with cN0M0 National Comprehensive Cancer Network high-risk PCa on conventional imaging (n = 213). Overall, 21.1%, 8.9%, and 23.9% of patients experienced nodal, metastatic, and overall upstaging, respectively, without histologic confirmation. On multivariable analysis, Gleason grade group (GG) and percent positive core (PPC) on systematic biopsy significantly predict overall upstaging (odds ratio [OR] 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33–3.45; p = 0.002; and OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.04; p Patient summary We analyzed predictors of overall upstaging (lymph node or/and metastasis) by prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) from conventional imaging in men with high-risk prostate cancer undergoing initial staging deemed free of disease in the lymph nodes and distant metastasis by conventional imaging techniques. We found that the pathologic grade and disease burden in a prostate biopsy are associated with upstaging. We also developed a tool that predicts the probability of upstaging according to an individual patient’s characteristics. Our study may help in defining patient groups who are most likely to benefit from the addition of a PSMA PET/CT scan.
Multicolorimetric ELISA biosensors on a paper/polymer hybrid analytical device for visual point-of-care detection of infection diseases

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used for the detection of disease biomarkers. However, it utilizes time-consuming procedures and expensive instruments, making it infeasible for point-of-care (POC) analysis especially in resource-limited settings. In this work, a multicolorimetric ELISA biosensor integrated on a paper/polymer hybrid microfluidic device was developed for rapid visual detection of disease biomarkers at point of care, without using costly equipment. This multicolormetric ELISA platform was built on multiple distinct color variants resulted from the catalytic oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and the etching of gold nanorods (AuNRs). The vivid color changes could be easily distinguished by the naked eye, and their red mean values allowed quantitative biomarker detection, without using any sophisticated instruments. When this multicolorimetric ELISA was integrated on a paper/polymer hybrid analytical device, it not only provided integrated processing and high portability but also enabled fast assays in about 50 min due to the unique advantages of paper/polymer hybrid devices. The limit of detection of 9.1 ng/μL of the hepatitis C virus core antigen, a biomarker for hepatitis C, was achieved using this multicolorimetric ELISA platform. This multicolor ELISA analytical device provides a new versatile, user-friendly, affordable, and portable immunosensing platform with high potential for on-site detections of various viruses, proteins, and biomarkers for low-resource settings such as at home, public venues, rural areas, and developing nations.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) of Muscle HbO 2 and MbO 2 Desaturation During Exercise

Continuous noninvasive monitoring of muscle oxygenation has important clinical applications for muscle disorders such as compartmentation syndrome, fibromyalgia, deep vein thrombosis, malignant hyperthermia, and the assessment of training in athletic performance. NIRS has precisely such potential and has been used to detect deep venous thrombosis, evaluate athletic performance, and assess limb reperfusion and revascularization. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between muscle hemoglobin oxygen (HbO2) and myoglobin (MbO2) desaturation using NIRS combined with venous blood sampling and HbO2 desaturation during forearm muscle exercise. Eleven normal subjects were studied, with informed consent and an IRB-approved protocol. A NIRS sensor (INVOS4100, Somanetics, Corp.) was applied on the volar aspect of the forearm. The subjects exercised their forearm by clenching and relaxing their fist while observing the oximeter and driving the reading to specified levels from 90% to 15% (minimum possible reading). Venous blood samples were withdrawn for measurement of blood gases and oxygen saturation (IL-Co-Oximeter). RSO2 (%) vs VO2 Sat showed a two-component HbO2 desaturation suggesting representation of venous HbO2 desaturation and perhaps myoglobin oxygen (MBO2) desaturation. Subtraction of the linear venous HbO2 curve from the two-component curve suggests MbO2 desaturation at venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation of about 10-20%. Conclusions: The kinetics of desaturation during exercise revealed two components representing HbO2 and MbO2 deoxygenation. The data show that MbO2 represents approximately 40% of the NIRS signal and the balance or 60% to HbO2.
Coupled cluster Green's function: Past, present, and future

Abstract Coupled cluster Green's function (CCGF) approach has drawn much attention in recent years for targeting the molecular and material electronic structure problems from a many-body perspective in a systematically improvable way. Here, we will present a brief review of the history of how the Green's function method evolved with the wavefunction, early and recent development of CCGF theory, and more recently scalable CCGF software development. We will highlight some of the recent applications of CCGF approach and propose some potential applications that would emerge in the near future.
"Shades of risk": Understanding current PrEP users' sexually transmitted infection perceptions.

ABSTRACTPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a safe and effective HIV prevention strategy. Given the possibility of increased sexual risk-taking and acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) following PrEP initiation, it is important to explore STI risk perceptions both before and after PrEP initiation to understand the extent to which these perceptions inform decisions to engage in condomless sex. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with men who have sex with men currently using PrEP (n = 30). Prior to analysis, PrEP users were categorized into four subgroups based on condom use behavior post-PrEP initiation: (1) condom continuers (2) condomless sex continuers, (3) condomless sex increasers, and (4) condomless sex decreasers. Thematic analysis revealed two major themes that elucidated differences in (1) the appraisal of HIV risk relative to other STIs and (2) the importance of partner communication in determining STI risk perceptions by subgroup. Most PrEP users demonstrated no behavioral change after PrEP initiation. Those engaging in condomless sex prior to PrEP initiation also continued that behavior while taking PrEP. Results of this study support a tailored approach to PrEP counseling based on individual STI risk appraisal and motivations to initiate and continue PrEP.
Mavens at Work: Brand Commitment and the Moderating Role of Market Mavens on Social Media Engagement

Employee engagement on social media presents challenges and opportunities for managers as there is limited control over what individual employees post on social media platforms. This research uncov...
Perceptions of Suffering and Coping

Thus far we have compared the attitudes, communication patterns, interest, and knowledge levels of Sansei respondents with and without an interned parent. We have also explored the ways in which Sansei perceive their parents’ internment to have affected their lives. However, these data do not directly assess Sansei perceptions of the level of injustice suffered by their parents. Exploring how respondents viewed their parents’ suffering and coping in response to the internment provided one important avenue in evaluating this phenomenon.
Regulation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Phosphocreatine and Adenosine Triphosphate IV. FACTORS AFFECTING IN VIVO CONTROL OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY

Abstract Phosphocreatine inhibited glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase crystallized from rabbit muscle or yeast. Creatine at the same concentration showed no inhibition. The inhibition was competitive with respect to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. At the approximate physiological concentrations of substrate (0.01 mm) and phosphocreatine (20 mm), the enzyme was 65 % inhibited. Phosphocreatine is not competitive with respect to NAD or orthophosphate. The inhibition by phosphocreatine was maximal at pH 7.4 and decreased about 17 % with a pH fall to 6.8 or a rise to 8.5. Incubation of the muscle enzyme with phosphocreatine produced a time-dependent inactivation which was prevented by the addition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This time-dependent inactivation and the instantaneous inhibition were additive. Magnesium partially relieved the inhibitory effects of phosphocreatine. The properties of the inhibitory effects of phosphocreatine and ATP are compared. Since the phosphocreatine level in muscle may decrease very rapidly during muscle contraction, the inhibition on triose phosphate dehydrogenase may be lessened substantially, and ATP resynthesis will be promoted. Further physiological consequences of phosphocreatine and ATP inhibition in the resting and contracting muscle are considered.
Introduction to Modern Climate Change: An introduction to the climate problem

This chapter begins our trip through the climate problem by defining what climate and climate change are, and how we use latitude and longitude to describe locations on the Earth. This chapter also addresses a question that most textbooks do not have to address: Why you should believe it. What is climate? The American Meteorological Society defines climate as The slowly varying aspects of the atmosphere–hydrosphere–land surface system. It is typically characterized in terms of suitable averages of the climate system over periods of a month or more, taking into consideration the variability in time of these averaged quantities.
Tissue-specific expression of sialyltransferases.

Abstract Three sialyltransferases which attach terminal sialic acids to glycoprotein sugar chains are shown to exhibit striking differential expression in seven tissues of the rat. Using cDNA probes for the Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc alpha-2,6-sialytransferase which forms a NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc sequence on N-linked sugar chains, three different sized mRNAs are detected, two of which (4.7 and 4.3 kilobases (kb] have high homology along the full length, and a third (3.6 kb, in kidney) which is missing the 5' region corresponding to 45% of the NH2-terminal coding sequence. The 4.7- and 4.3-kb mRNAs exhibit differential expression of over 50-fold with the highest levels in liver and lowest in brain and heart. Assays for enzyme activity in tissue homogenates show high correspondence to the levels of mRNA. Evidence of tissue-specific expression was also obtained for two other sialyltransferases which form the NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4/3GlcNAc and NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc sequences on N-linked and O-linked sugar chains, respectively. Comparison of the ratios of the three enzymes in several tissues suggests that they are expressed independently. The results are discussed for their relevance to cellular control of terminal glycosylation sequences on glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Tourette's Disorder

Tourette's Disorder (TD), also known as Tourette syndrome, is characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) by the presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics beginning prior to age 18 and continuing for at least one year or longer. Although the motor and vocal tics do not need to occur concurrently, the tics need to occur several times a day or more nearly every day or intermittently with no tic-free interval of more than 3 months for the diagnosis to be given. Motor tics are defined as sudden, rapid, repetitive, stereotyped muscle movements, and vocal tics are similarly rapid and spontaneous vocalizations or repetitive sounds. Motor and vocal tics can be further categorized as simple or complex. Simple motor tics are brief, seemingly insignificant movements involving one muscle location, for example a hard eye blink, shoulder shrug, head tilt, nose twitch, and/or facial grimace. Simple vocal tics are monosyllabic, usually meaningless sounds, such as grunting, throat clearing, sniffing, and/or coughing. Complex tics are longer in duration, can be mistaken as voluntary and purposeful, and involve the coordination of multiple muscle groups, for example spinning, jumping, bending, kicking, touching self or objects, and facial or hand gestures. Complex vocal tics include interpretable noises, such as barking, shouting, or chirping, as well as vocalizations, such as words, phrases, repetition of self (palilalia) or others (echolalia). Coprolalia (e.g., profane language), often thought to be a defining symptom of TD, is quite rare, occurring in only about 10% of cases. Keywords: tourette syndrome; motor or vocal tics; habit reversal training; basal ganglia
Foxa2 and Cdx2 cooperate with Nkx2-1 to inhibit lung adenocarcinoma metastasis

Despite the fact that the majority of lung cancer deaths are due to metastasis, the molecular mechanisms driving metastatic progression are poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that loss of Foxa2 and Cdx2 synergizes with loss of Nkx2-1 to fully activate the metastatic program. These three lineage-specific transcription factors are consistently down-regulated in metastatic cells compared with nonmetastatic cells. Knockdown of these three factors acts synergistically and is sufficient to promote the metastatic potential of nonmetastatic cells to that of naturally arising metastatic cells in vivo. Furthermore, silencing of these three transcription factors is sufficient to account for a significant fraction of the gene expression differences between the nonmetastatic and metastatic states in lung adenocarcinoma, including up-regulated expression of the invadopodia component Tks5long, the embryonal proto-oncogene Hmga2, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal mediator Snail. Finally, analyses of tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model and patients show that low expression of Nkx2-1, Foxa2, and Cdx2 strongly correlates with more advanced tumors and worse survival. Our findings reveal that a large part of the complex transcriptional network in metastasis can be controlled by a small number of regulatory nodes that function redundantly, and loss of multiple nodes is required to fully activate the metastatic program.
Making a transition from university research lab to the world of commercial software for EM modeling

Commercial EM simulation softwares are invaluable tools without which the engineers, who are engaged in designing antennas, microwave circuits, RF packages, and systems utilizing these devices, simply cannot survive. This is because the number of real-world problems that we can solve by using analytical techniques is very limited indeed. To be sure, the commercial software world is very crowded, and the competition is stiff. However, most of these software modules are based upon algorithms that have their unique flavor, and this not only serves to give them a unique identity, but also makes them especially suited for a class of problems for which they offer a distinct advantage. As an example, a computer code based upon the Method of Moments (MoM) is best suited for perfectly conducting objects, for which it is typically more efficient in terms of CPU time and memory than its counterparts, which utilize Finite Methods such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) or the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique. On the other hand, the Finite Methods can handle arbitrary geometries and material parameters with greater ease than can the MoM. Similarly, certain computer codes are strictly applicable in the frequency domain, whereas others are configured only for time domain analysis. Of course the use of Fourier transformation of the results, obtained either in the time or in the frequency domain, enables one to go back and forth from one to the other. Nonetheless, depending upon the nature of the problem, the frequency domain approach may be better suited than its time domain counterpart, or vice versa. In addition, it is not uncommon for these software vendors to offer multiple choices to the user, and let them decide which one of these is best suited for the problem at hand.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene for protein A from Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (NCTC8530) and its enhanced expression in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene (spa) for staphylococcal protein A (SPA) from Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan l (NCTC8530) shows that the sequence differs from previously reported SPA nucleotide sequences, especially in the number of repeat units in the cell-wall-binding region of the gene. Dot matrix comparison with streptococcal protein G and the macrophage receptor for the constant fragment (Fc) of immunoglobulins shows a limited but significant homology. The homology to the latter probably identifies the Fc-binding region in the immunoglobulin-binding domains of SPA. Enhanced production of SPA in Escherichia coli was achieved using the lac promoter immediately upstream from the spa gene.
Distinct aspects of neuronal differentiation encoded by frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ transients.

STIMULATION of transient increases in intracellular calcium (Cai2+) activates protein kinases1–3, regulates transcription4–9 and influences motility and morphology10–12. Developing neurons generate spontaneous Cai2+ transients, but their role in directing neuronal differentiation and the way in which they encode information are unknown. Here we image Ca2+ in spinal neurons throughout an extended period of early development, and find that two types of spontaneous events, spikes and waves, are expressed at distinct frequencies. Neuronal differentiation is altered when they are eliminated by preventing Ca2+ influx. Reimposing different frequency patterns of Ca2+ elevation demonstrates that natural spike activity is sufficient to promote normal neurotransmitter expression and channel maturation, whereas wave activity is sufficient to regulate neurite extension. Suppression of spontaneous Ca2+ elevations by BAPTA loaded intracellularly indicates that they are also necessary for differentiation. Ca2+ transients appear to encode information in their frequency, like action potentials, although they are 104 times longer in duration and less frequent, and implement an intrinsic development programme.
Effects of long-term variation on the frequency spectrum of the geomagnetic reversal record

Several studies have suggested a period of about 30 Myr in the frequency of geomagnetic reversal1–4 superposed on a long-term variation, but none of these studies explicitly investigated the effects of the long-term variation on their analyses. We show that the long-term variations alone account for most of the spectral evidence taken to support the 30 Myr periodicity. In particular, high peaks in the spectra near 30 Myr, the overall pattern of peaks, and shifts of the peak pattern for subsets of the data are explained well by a long-term variation model. We suggest that there may be periodic changes in reversal frequency about the long-term variation, but that more study will be required before the periodicity can be established.
Higher Order Frequency-Domain Computational Electromagnetics

A review of the higher order computational electromagnetics (CEM) for antenna, wireless, and microwave engineering applications is presented. Higher order CEM techniques use current/field basis functions of higher orders defined on large (e.g., on the order of a wavelength in each dimension) curvilinear geometrical elements, which greatly reduces the number of unknowns for a given problem. The paper reviews all major surface/volume integral- and differential-equation electromagnetic formulations within a higher order computational framework, focusing on frequency-domain solutions. With a systematic and unified review of generalized curved parametric quadrilateral, triangular, hexahedral, and tetrahedral elements and various types of higher order hierarchical and interpolatory vector basis functions, in both divergence- and curl-conforming arrangements, a large number of actual higher order techniques, representing various combinations of formulations, elements, bases, and solution procedures, are identified and discussed. The examples demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and versatility of higher order techniques, and their advantages over low-order discretizations, the most important one being a much faster (higher order) convergence of the solution. It is demonstrated that both components of the higher order modeling, namely, higher order geometrical modeling and higher order current/field modeling, are essential for accurate and efficient CEM analysis of general antenna, scattering, and microwave structures.
Test of the identity of the site of blue/yellow hue cancellation and the site of chromatic antagonism in the π1 pathway

Abstract The foveal increment threshold for a 425 nm test flash upon monochromatic and bi-chromatic fields exhibits four distinct features: (1) super-additivity of the effects of approximately π 1 equated long- and short-wavelength fields; (2) upward deviation of the threshold from the Weber line on bright bluish fields; (3) cancellative sub-additivity of long- and short-wavelength fields whose mixture is approximately in blue/yellow equilibrium; (4) the “limited conditioning effect” of long-wavelength fields, i.e. the π 3 plateau. A one-pathway, “two-site” theory proposed by Pugh and Mollon, in which the adaptation at the first site is controlled by the short-wavelength cones alone, and the second site is chromatically opponent, can give a good account of these features. We have investigated the relationship of the opponent site in the π 1 π 3 pathway to the site of blue/yellow hue cancellation. We measured blue/yellow equilibria for continuously viewed, 10° fields composed of mixtures of a short-wavelength and a long-wavelength component; increment thresholds for a 425 nm flash were then measured upon these and other field mixtures. Lights in blue/yellow equilibrium were found always to yield minimum second-site adaptation in the π 1 π 3 pathway.
A giant natural TPC (500 km)3 to observe extremely high energy cosmic particles - JEM EUSO telescope on International Space Station

An idea of a remote sensing, Time Projection Chamber (TPC) kind of detector can be found in the planned cosmic ray experiments, Extreme Universe Space Observatory (EUSO). It uses a huge volume of earth's night sky in which an extremely energetic cosmic ray particle (E > 1019 eV) generates a straight-line N2 fluorescence signals of a track of cascade shower moving at the speed of light for a length of 10 - 100 km depending on the incident angle. The space-time resolved calorimetry of showers is designed with a large-aperture Fresnel lens optics and a large-area focal surface of detectors. Such a system in space is capable of detecting thousands of events with energy above 1020 eV (> 1000 super-LHC) in a few years of operation on orbit, allowing a particle channel of astronomy and a research of fundamental physics in universe. Neutrino interaction cross-section at such high energies is expected to increase in the Standard Model, and EUSO expects a reasonable chance of observing the cosmogenic neutrino events among those detectable showers, because the atmospheric target mass of the EUSO TPC exceeds 1 trillion tons. This experiment JEM-EUSO is currently considered by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for a possible payload on the Japan Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS).
Regulation of α-Amylase Activity in Bean Stem Tissues

α-Amylase activity was assayed in 1-centimeter sections taken from bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris var. Kentucky Wonder) hypocotyls and epicotyls at measured distances from the cotyledons. The activity was low throughout the hypocotyl for the first 7 days. An increase was first observed with etiolated hypocotyls in the basal region, becoming higher in the more central regions by 14 to 17 days. By 21 days the activity was highest in the upper region, but had decreased in the lower regions. A comparable pattern was observed for the epicotyl from etiolated seedlings, the activity increasing first in the region closest to the cotyledons. These increases were associated with loss of cells from the pith in the hypocotyl and epicotyl of both dark- and light-grown plants. Since the changes were observed in tissues virtually devoid of starch, it is hypothesized that the control mechanism is related to the cellular disassembly associated with the mobilization of materials released during senescence rather than to a regulation by the enzyme9s substrate or products.
A test of anxiety/uncertainty management theory: The intercultural adaptation context

Anxiety/Uncertainty Management theory, as formulated by Gudykunst and Hammer (1987a), proposes that intercultural adaptation outcomes are based on the two mediating dimensions of uncertainty reduction and anxiety reduction and sixteen secondary variables that systematically influence uncertainty and anxiety reduction. In this paper, the sixteen variables originally identified are categorized into four “fundamental factors”; (interpersonal saliencies, intergroup saliencies, communication message exchange, and host contact conditions). The present study examines this revised Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory of intercultural adaptation. A total of 291 international students at two universities in the United States participated in the study. The study found overall fit of the revised AUM theory vis‐a‐vis the two mediating factors of uncertainty and anxiety reduction, the importance of interpersonal saliencies for uncertainty reduction, and the importance of host contact conditions for facilitating ...
An update on the DPL overlay discontinuity

It could be argued that the biggest challenge of the 32 nm half pitch node is the production implementation of double patterning lithography. Within the framework of this broad domain, a specific challenge which has been highlighted is overlay control due to the sharing between two exposures the overlay control allocation of a single patterning step. The models used in the literature to support this assertion are reviewed and compared with recent results. An analysis of the implications for overlay metrology performance and cost of ownership is presented and compared with actual capabilities currently available with both imaging and scatterometry sensor technology. Technology matching between imaging and scatterometry emerges as a requirement to enable combined imaging scatterometry overlay control use cases.