cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct α-C–H bond functionalization of unprotected cyclic amines

Cyclic amines are ubiquitous core structures of bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical drugs. Although the site-selective abstraction of C-H bonds is an attractive strategy for preparing valuable functionalized amines from their readily available parent heterocycles, this approach has largely been limited to substrates that require protection of the amine nitrogen atom. In addition, most methods rely on transition metals and are incompatible with the presence of amine N-H bonds. Here we introduce a protecting-group-free approach for the α-functionalization of cyclic secondary amines. An operationally simple one-pot procedure generates products via a process that involves intermolecular hydride transfer to generate an imine intermediate that is subsequently captured by a nucleophile, such as an alkyl or aryl lithium compound. Reactions are regioselective and stereospecific and enable the rapid preparation of bioactive amines, as exemplified by the facile synthesis of anabasine and (-)-solenopsin A.
Play for America: The National Recreation Association, 1906–1965. Richard F. Knapp and Charles E. Hartsoe

(1981). Play for America: The National Recreation Association, 1906–1965. Richard F. Knapp and Charles E. Hartsoe. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 84-87.
Ground ultra low volume (ULV) space spray applications for the control of wild sand fly populations (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Europe.

Abstract The Phlebotomus sand flies are considered an important vector of both canine and human leishmaniasis. Current measures for sand fly control include mostly indoor interventions, such as residual spraying of dwellings (IRS) to target endophilic sand fly species with very limited number of vector control tools for outdoor interventions against exophilic sand flies. In this study we investigated the efficacy of ground ultra low volume (ULV) space spray applications of a deltamethrin based product against field populations of P. perfiliewi, a major nuisance and pathogen-transmitting sand fly species of the Mediterranean Basin. Sand fly flight activity patterns and flight height preference within candidate treatment sites (kennels) were determined prior to treatments in order to optimize the timing and application parameters of the spray applications. On average there was a distinct activity peak between 20.00–22.00 h for both male and female P. perfiliewi with more than 45% and 30% of the population sampled occurring between 20.00–21.00 h and 21.00–22.00 h, respectively. No significant difference was observed in sand fly numbers from sticky traps placed at 0.5 up to 1.5 m height. However, there was a significant decrease in sand fly numbers at 2 m indicating a preference of sand flies to fly below 2 m. The low and high application rate of deltamethrin resulted in mean sand fly population decrease of 18 and 66%, respectively between pre-and post-treatment trap nights. The percent mean population change in the untreated control area was a positive number (30%) indicating that there was an increase in numbers of sand flies trapped between pre- and post-treatment nights. The results of this study provide strong evidence that ground ULV space spray applications when applied properly can result in significant sand fly control levels, even in a heavily infested sand fly environment such as the kennel sites used in this study.
Risk of Human Exposure to Vector Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in a Heavily Used Recreational Area in Northern California

The risk of humans encountering vector ticks along hiking trails or in picnic grounds in a Lyme disease-endemic area was evaluated in a multipurpose recreational area (Tilden Regional Park) in the populous San Francisco Bay region of California. Four hillside hiking trails (two high-use, two low-use) were sampled by dragging and walking through low vegetation biweekly for one year ; four heavily used picnic areas were sampled concurrently by dragging. Adults of three human-biting ticks were enumerated (n = 1,911) along all trails : Dermacentor occidentalis (63.6% of total), Ixodes pacificus (26.2%), and D. variabilis (0.2%). Subadults (n = 1,669) of D. occidentalis (0.06% of total) and two nonhuman-biters, D. albipictus (70.3%) and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (29.7%), also were collected. Dragging yielded many more adult ticks than walking year-round for all trails. These methods were significantly correlated during periods of peak tick abundance, but the associations were not sufficiently strong or consistent to allow prediction of captures for either method based on the other. Adult ticks were distributed largely in clusters along the uphill sides of trails. Several adult ticks collected adjacent to trails were found to contain spirochetes identified with polyclonal antibodies as Borrelia burgdorferi (D. occidentalis, 0 of 861 ; D. variabilis, 2 of 126 [1.6%] ; 1. pacificus 1 of 609 [0.2%]). Picnic areas produced low numbers of adult D. occidentalis and I. pacificus, which prohibited testing them for spirochetes. Two measures for evaluating risk were calculated, the encounter distance (= mean number of meters traveled before encountering a vector tick by either dragging or walking) and the mean number of spirochete-infected ticks encountered by these methods per kilometer of trail. These measures revealed that the risk of exposure to spirochete-infected adult ticks along trails was low year-round irrespective of usage, and risk was even lower in picnic areas. Future studies evaluating human exposure to vector ticks in recreational areas should incorporate, whenever possible, testing for multiple pathogens because most ixodid ticks that commonly bite people in the United States are capable of transmitting two or more microbial disease agents.
Interdisciplinary Plans of Care, Electronic Medical Record Systems, and Inpatient Mortality

Background Interdisciplinary plans of care (IPOCs) guide care standardization and satisfy accreditation requirements. Yet patient outcomes associated with IPOC usage through an electronic medical record (EMR) are not present in the literature. EMR systems facilitate the documentation of IPOC use and produce data to evaluate patient outcomes. Objectives This article aimed to evaluate whether IPOC-guided care as documented in an EMR is associated with inpatient mortality. Methods We contrasted whether IPOC-guided care was associated with a patient being discharged alive. We further tested whether the association differed across strata of acuity levels and overall frequency of IPOC usage within a hospital. Results Our sample included 165,334 adult medical/surgical discharges for a 12-month period for 17 hospitals. All hospitals had 1 full year of EMR use antedating the study period. IPOCs guided care in 85% (140,187/165,334) of discharges. When IPOCs guided care, 2.1% (3,009/140,187) of admissions ended with the patient dying while in the hospital. Without IPOC-guided care, 4.3% (1,087/25,147) of admissions ended with the patient dying in the hospital. The relative likelihood of dying while in the hospital was lower when IPOCs guided care (odds ratio: 0.45; 99% confidence interval: 0.41–0.50). Conclusion In this observational study within a quasi-experimental setting of 17 community hospitals and voluntary usage, IPOC-guided care is associated with a decreased likelihood of patients dying while in the hospital.
WALK-IN VERSUS EMS-PRENOTIFIED STROKE CODES-TIME TARGETS IN A COMPREHENSIVE STROKE CENTER (P1.271)

Objective: Last known well(LKW) to arrival, time to stroke-code activation and tPA-administration are determinants of the success of acute stroke therapy. We analyzed differences in presentation and timelines of patients with stroke who walked-in to the Emergency room(ER) versus those brought by EMS to ER. Background: AHA/ASA guidelines recommend administration of tPA in less than 60 minutes of arrival to stroke center. Studies show that LKW to presentation, pre-notification by EMS, readiness of stroke center for CT and tPA administration are crucial determinants of good outcome. Identifying strengths and weaknesses of a Comprehensive Stroke Center in dealing with walk-in versus EMS pre-notified stroke codes would help facilitate the preparedness in the community as well as the ER. Design/Methods: Data was abstracted from all patients who presented to the ER and were diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke or got tPA and/or endovascular therapy from Jan-Oct 2016. Results: N=163 (45 walk-ins and 118 EMS) were included. Mean age and M:F ratios in walk-in group versus EMS group were 64±12, 0.9:1 and 71.7±14, 0.8:1. There was significant difference in LKW to arrival in walk-in(2457±4065min) and EMS(276±356min), p Conclusions: Walk-in strokes had significant delay in LKW to arrival, highlighting the need for community education in recognizing symptoms of stroke. People with larger strokes(higher NIHSS) tend to present via EMS. Significant delays in door to CT and stroke-code in walk-in strokes, demonstrates need for early stroke symptom recognition in the ER. EMS education and pre-notification improves likelihood of tPA administration. Disclosure: Dr. Kaur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gudlavalleti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schleier has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vallelunga has nothing to disclose. Dr. Onyan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Latorre has nothing to disclose.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita: Gastrointestinal Features

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is an inherited connective tissue disease that causes blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. The incidence is estimated at 1/50,000, with severity ranging from mild to debilitating. Acquisita occurs in 0.2–0.5/million persons/year, with increased incidence in persons of sub-Saharan African descent. Mean age of onset is 50.
Weak Barrelledness Versus P-spaces

With Ferrando and Kąkol: \(X\) is a P-space if and only if every bounded sequence in \(C_{p}\left( X\right) \) is relatively compact, if and only if every pointwise eventually zero sequence in \(C_{p}\left( X\right) \) is summable. From these two extreme characterizations, already implicitly known, flow the better known ones. Weak barrelledness (with Sanchez Ruiz), briefly previewed here, affords clear motivation and prompted an open question herewith answered: The closed absolutely convex hull of every bounded countable union of absolutely convex compact sets in \(C_{p}\left( X\right) \) is compact if and only if every bounded set in \(C_{p}\left( X\right) \) is relatively compact (if and only if \(X\) is discrete).
Where Should Experimental Works Be Conducted

Most clinical studies of neuromuscular blocking drugs have been conducted intraoperatively in surgical patients.
The Effect of Base Modification on Fidelity in Transcription

Ribopolynucleotides containing a small number of various modified nucleotides were examined for fidelity in transcription using DNA- dependent RNA polymerase in the presence of Mn2+. When normal hydrogen bonding is blocked by a substituent, total ambiguity results with transcription continuing beyond the modified nucleotide. Examples are 3-MeC, 3-MeU, 1-MeA and O4-MeU. In the case of modifications of the exocyclic amino groups, in addition to the possible tautomeric shift with C, the orientation of the substituent plays a major role in determining fidelity. Thus N4-methoxy C acts only as U; N4-hydroxy C, N4-MeC, and N2-MeG act ambiguously; and N4-acetyl C base-pairs only with G. Three different substituents on the N6 of A did not affect A·U pairing, indicating an anti conformation.
Distributing Computations in Fog Architectures

Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications include Connected Vehicles, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, Health Care and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks. Typically, the scenarios can be captured with a Fog Computing architecture that consists of edge nodes that generate and possibly pre-process (sensor) data, fog nodes that do some processing quickly and do any actuations that may be needed, and cloud nodes that may perform further detailed analysis for long-term and archival purposes. This paradigm enables (i) quicker real time computations and actuations, avoiding the latency involved in communicating with the cloud for them, (ii) reducing the amount of data that is sent to the cloud, thus reducing network bandwidth requirement and delay in data transmission, and (iii) doing this without the need for 24/7 network connectivity to the cloud. However, the storage, compute and network connectivity capabilities of the edge and fog nodes may be limited. Hence the computations need to be distributed carefully among the processing nodes. In this paper, we develop a generic framework for distributing computations to the different nodes in a fog architecture. Our framework is applicable to an arbitrary hierarchy of the nodes, one or more homogeneous or heterogeneous source inputs, and to processing the input batches either individually or combined with other batches by way of merges and splits. It can serve initially as a schema for a given computation and later to optimize executions of instances.
Abstract SY34-02: The impact of O2 availability on human cancer

During the past century, it has been established that regions within solid tumours experience mild to severe O2 deprivation owing to aberrant vascular function. These hypoxic regions are associated with altered cellular metabolism, as well as increased resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. As discussed in this Timeline, over the past decade work from many laboratories has elucidated the mechanisms by which hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) modulate tumour cell metabolism, angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. The central role played by intra-tumoural hypoxia and HIF in these processes has made them attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of multiple human malignancies. Citation Format: M. Celeste Simon. The impact of O2 availability on human cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY34-02
Very late presentation in ST elevation myocardial infarction: Predictors and long-term mortality

Abstract Background Despite improvements in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care, total ischemic time remains long in patients who present late. Our goal was to identify predictors of very late presentation (≥12 h) of STEMI and determine long-term mortality. Methods We retrospectively examined consecutive patients admitted with STEMI to our institution using the ACTION Registry™. Time of symptom onset to first medical contact (FMC) was calculated and categorized as Results Compared to patients who presented Conclusions Female sex, diabetes, and absence of chest pain are strong predictors of presentation delay, and long-term mortality is significantly increased in those presenting very late.
PartitionedVC: Partitioned External Memory Graph Analytics Framework for SSDs.

Graph analytics are at the heart of a broad range of applications such as drug discovery, page ranking, and recommendation systems. When graph size exceeds memory size, out-of-core graph processing is needed. For the widely used external memory graph processing systems, accessing storage becomes the bottleneck. We make the observation that nearly all graph algorithms have a dynamically varying number of active vertices that must be processed in each iteration. However, existing graph processing frameworks, such as GraphChi, load the entire graph in each iteration even if a small fraction of the graph is active. This limitation is due to the structure of the data storage used by these systems. In this work, we propose to use a compressed sparse row (CSR) based graph storage that is more amenable for selectively loading only a few active vertices in each iteration. But CSR based systems suffers from random update propagation to many target vertices. To solve this challenge, we propose to use a multi-log update mechanism that logs updates separately, rather than directly update the active edges in a graph. Our proposed multi-log system maintains a separate log per each vertex interval. This separation enables us to efficiently process each vertex interval by just loading the corresponding log. Further, while accessing SSD pages with fewer active vertex data, we reduce the read amplification due to the page granular accesses in SSD by logging the active vertex data in the current iteration and efficiently reading the log in the next iteration. Over the current state of the art out-of-core graph processing framework, our PartitionedVC improves performance by up to $17.84\times$, $1.19\times$, $1.65\times$, $1.38\times$, $3.15\times$, and $6.00\times$ for the widely used bfs, pagerank, community detection, graph coloring, maximal independent set, and random-walk applications, respectively.
A Variation-Adaptive Integrated Computational Digital LDO in 22nm CMOS with Fast Transient Response

A variation-adaptive computational digital low-dropout regulator (DLDO) uses an event-driven computational controller (CC) to compute the required number of power gates to regulate the output voltage for any load/reference transient. The self-calibrated CC ensures a 2-asynchronous-event-cycle settling time independent of the load/V REF range. Measurements of a 22nm CMOS testchip demonstrate >20X faster settling time and >6X lower droop magnitude than a conventional linear controller (LC) based LDO.
Access to Specialty Services: Opportunities for Expansion of Telemedicine to Support Correctional Health Care in Colorado.

Introduction: The United States has the largest correctional population in the world and many inmates lack access to timely health care. Studies have shown that telemedicine could improve the situa...
Time constant for the dermal absorption of semivolatile organic compounds from the gas phase of indoor air

Abstract A Laplace transform-based technique was applied to solve a mechanistic model and simulate scenarios often encountered in the percutaneous absorption studies of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoor air. The system included the stratum corneum layer, a skin surface lipid region and the viable epidermis. The new framework made it possible to provide analytical expressions for the effective time constant ( t eff ). This dynamic key performance indicator helped estimate the time required to reach either a steady-state absorption rate or the total amount of SVOC absorbed into the bloodstream. In the case of a constant concentration C g of the chemical, the flux reached 98.1% of its steady-state value at 4 t eff . When participants were exposed to 29.4 µg/cm3 of m-xylene vapors during an 8-hour period and zero concentration thereafter, the mass of m-xylene entering the bloodstream and the time constant were 4.40 mg and 1.02 h, respectively. The mass transfer coefficient between the air and the surface of the lipid layer ( h m ) remained unchanged. The methodology calculated t eff in cases of varying h m and temporary C g when an SVOC was absorbed into the capillaries after a relatively short exposure time.
An inflammatory milieu: Optic perineuritis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and giant cell arteritis.

Optic nerve perineuritis targets the optic nerve sheath; it is idiopathic or a manifestation of systemic inflammatory diseases such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody syndrome, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, IgG4-related disease, or giant cell arteritis (GCA).1 Radiographically, there is optic nerve sheath enhancement and, occasionally, orbital fat “streaking.”1 Biopsies have identified dural sheath lymphocytic infiltrate, perineural fibrous tissue, granulomas, or evidence of small-vessel vasculitis.1 Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is defined by abdominal organ fibrosis. Usually idiopathic, it may be secondary to medication, radiation, or systemic inflammatory conditions.2 Pathologically, its hallmark is fibrosis and infiltration of macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes.2 Often considered when older patients present with headache or ischemic optic neuropathy, GCA is the most common large-vessel vasculitis.3 It has been proposed that GCA results from a T-cell-mediated inflammatory cascade, causing vascular intimal hyperplasia.3 GCA has rarely been reported in association with RPF4,5 or perineuritis.6,7 We present a patient initially diagnosed with idiopathic RPF treated with immunosuppression, who subsequently developed optic perineuritis followed by GCA.
Charge trapping analysis in sputtered BixSe1-x based accumulation-mode FETs

Topological materials have attracted a lot of attention in the field of beyond Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Topological Insulators (TI) have been proposed for future high electron mobility field effect transistor (FET) devices that make the physics of operation and especially the oxide-film interface extremely crucial to understand. The effects of the gate voltage on the charge trapping in TI-based FET devices are reported in this work. Sputtered BixSe1-x was chosen as the TI material. The interfacial chemistry was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which shows a presence of Mg2+ and oxygen impurities. A unique hysteresis behavior was found for the gate transfer characteristics, with respect to the gate voltage. This was attributed to the charge trapping in the gate oxide and across the SiO2/BixSe1-x interface. We simulated the effects of charge fluctuations on the resistivity of the film. These devices operate under accumulation mode rather inversion mode. Application of positive gate voltage results in accumulation of electrons in the “n-type” BixSe1-x layer resulting in an increase of conductivity. In order to explain the drain current-gate voltage behavior, we used a simple polynomial model to describe the change in the device characteristics due to charge traps. The model was fitted with our experimental results. We further analyzed the gate leakage current, which showed a good match with trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) process that was used to derive trap parameters. The obtained trap parameters show the presence of ultra-deep charge traps contributing to the hysteretic behavior.
Mediating Roles of Customer Experience on E-Loyalty

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the measure of customer allegiance towards e-commerce websites. This paper also examines the satisfaction level of the customers and e-trust towards e-commerce websites through a mediating role of customer experience. A conceptual model with a theoretical basis in the e-loyalty is developed to illuminate the antecedents of customer experience. In this article, an epigrammatic approach is adopted to explore the accuracies of the observations by empirical evidence. The results are expected to reveal the substantiality of customer experience and customer gratification towards e-loyalty.
Origin of somatic transformation in germ cell tumor of testis (TGCT): Role of differentiation versus dedifferentiation in a mature teratoma.

410Background: TGCT is a prototype stem-cell malignancy recapitulating the ontogeny of solid tumors. We studied the roles of differentiation versus dedifferentiation in a bona fide well-differentia...
Influence of Medications Containing Acid Salts on Serum Bicarbonate in CKD

Background Many medications are formulated with acid salts. Their effect on acid-base balance in CKD is unclear. Methods We calculated the acid load (meq/d) from medications prescribed to 74 United States veterans with diabetes and CKD to identify agents with high potential acid load. We also determined cross-sectional associations between the acid load from medications and acid-base parameters after adjusting for demographics, eGFR, protein intake, and other confounders. Results Of the 125 medications prescribed, 31 (25%) contained an acid salt. Metformin hydrochloride (15.4 meq/d at 2550 mg/d) and gabapentin hydrochloride (13.0 meq/d at 2700 mg/d) were identified as agents with a high potential acid load. Mean daily acid load from medications was 6.6 meq/d in the overall cohort, 14.2 meq/d in the high medication acid load group (≥7.7 meq/d, n=29), and 1.6 meq/d in the low medication acid load group ( Conclusions Medications containing acid salts, particularly metformin hydrochloride and gabapentin hydrochloride, are sources of an exogenous acid load. These agents may influence serum total CO2 levels and serum anion gap in individuals with CKD. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number Investigations of the Optimum Serum Bicarbonate Level in Renal Disease, NCT01574157
Hartmann's reversal: factors affecting complications and outcomes.

Hartmann’s procedure is commonly performed emergently for infectious, inflammatory, or malignant processes. Most patients historically do not undergo reversal, and those who do have been found to suffer significant morbidity. The aim of this study was to study factors associated with complications after Hartmann’s reversal and to provide information and guidance to surgeons. A retrospective review of patients undergoing Hartmann’s reversal between May 2002 and October 2017 was conducted at a tertiary medical center. Data included patient characteristics at the time of surgery and intra- and postoperative complications. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The Wilcoxon signed rank or t test where appropriate was used for multivariate analysis. Two hundred forty-nine patients were included. Mean age at reversal was 58.8 years, and 114 (58%) were male. Sixty-two (31.8%) patients experienced a major complication following reversal. Eight (4%) patients had an anastomotic leak. Thirteen (6.67%) patients had an intra-abdominal abscess which required either IR or operative drainage. Patients who experienced a major complication were more likely to have an ASA 4 at time of reversal (14.3% vs. 4.24%, p = 0.019), liver disease (6.6% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.021), and BMI < 30 (35% vs. 17.3%, p = 0.020). Nearly one-third of patients who had reversal surgery experienced a major complication. Four percent of patients undergoing reversal had an anastomotic leak, comparable to previously reported rates. Patients with ASA 4, liver disease, and BMI < 30 were at higher risk of a major complication following reversal. Patients who underwent laparoscopic reversal had no significant difference in outcomes. What does this paper add to the literature? The decision of whether to reverse a colostomy after Hartmann’s procedure. Our study aims to identify risk factors associated with complications after Hartmann’s reversal to better guide surgeon’s facing the dilemma of whether or not to reverse the stoma.
Supervision and health outcomes-A correlational study of LMX, depression and cardiovascular health in a sample of nurses

Over the past few decades, evidence has accumulated that psychological consequences of work behavior can mount to affect physical health. Still, the connection between leadership behaviors of supervisors and their impact on subordinate mental and physical health remains understudied despite managers being able to mitigate the assignment and impact of difficult and stressful tasks. This study reports correlational findings in a sample of 71 nurses and their work relationship with their supervisor. Participants self-reported supervisory relationship quality measured by the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) construct and physiological and psychological variables. Nurses with lower supervisory relationship quality reported significantly higher levels of depression, cardiac risk and blood pressure than nurses reporting higher relationship quality. The current research suggests that workplace supervisory relationships may have broader health implications and notes that additional research is needed to understand the impact of the supervisory-subordinate relationship on physical and psychological health.
Regional end-systolic circumferential strain demonstrates compensatory segmental contractile function in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Myocardial strain has shown tremendous promise as a potential diagnostic tool for characterizing ventricular function. With regards to myocardial infarction, global circumferential strain (CS) can be used to assess overall function, while regional CS can identify local alterations in contractility. Currently, there is a lack of data related to regional strain in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Thus, the goal of this study was to quantify regional strain patterns in STEMI and normal control patients, measuring both peak CS and end-systolic (ES) CS in the mid-ventricular region. This was done by conducting cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging acutely after STEMI patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The CMR datasets were then analyzed using feature-tracking of the cine images. The patients were broken into three groups: (1) control patients (N = 18), (2) STEMI patients with ejection fraction (EF) ≥ 50% (N = 20), and (3) STEMI patients with EF
Survival time regression involving covariate measurement error

A class of deconvoluted kernel estimators is proposed to estimate the conditional survival, conditional cumulative hazard and the regression functions when the covariate is subject to measurement error. Under appropriate conditions, it is shown that the proposed estimators are consistent, and that they converge weakly to Gaussian processes.
Truthfulness as Nietzsche’s Highest Virtue

KSA Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe, ed. G. Colli and M. Montinari (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,, 1980) BT The Birth of Tragedy, ed. R. Geuss., trans. R. Speirs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). HL ‘‘The Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life’’, in Untimely Meditations, ed. D. Breazeale, trans. R.J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). HH Human, All Too Human, Ed. R. Schacht, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). GS The Gay Science, ed. B. Williams, trans. J. Nauckhoff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Z Thus Spoke Zarathustra, trans. W. Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche (New York: Penguin Books, 1976). BGE Beyond Good and Evil, trans. W. Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1989). GM On the Genealogy of Morals, trans. W. Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1989). TI Twilight of the Idols, trans. W. Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche (New York: Penguin Books, 1976). A The Antichrist, trans. W. Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche (New York: Penguin Books, 1976). NCW Nietzsche Contra Wagner, in The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other Writings, ed. A. Ridley and J. Norman, trans. J. Norman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). EH Ecce Homo, trans. W. Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1989).
Exploring Modern American Wholesaling: An Assessment and Research Agenda

Wholesaling in America is alive and well. First, this paper presents evidence on the performance of the wholesaling sector; the wholesaler not only has survived, but also prospered. Second, the paper explores the functions of wholesalers who, over the years, have concentrated on twelve key functions and performed them well. Finally, given that wholesalers have survived and functioned in a somewhat volatile environment, a research agenda deserving serious consideration is presented.
Plants Toxic to Animals: A Curriculum-Integrated Home Page

The growth of the activities on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, is causing a revolution in the way information is delivered in education, commerce, and government. Sophisticated Internet resources, which began appearing early in this decade, are now commonplace. Librarians, long regarded as information specialists, are suddenly finding many other players in their field. This new phenomenon challenges the role of the librarians from one who acquires and organizes printed materials to that of managing dynamic communication mechanisms.
Exploring Content and Linkage Structures for Searching Relevant Web Pages

This work addresses the problem of Web searching for pages relevant to a query URL. Based on an approach that uses a deep linkage analysis among vicinity pages, we investigate the Web page content structures and propose two new algorithms that integrate content and linkage analysis for more effective page relationship discovery and relevance ranking. A prototypical Web searching system has recently been implemented and experiments on the system have shown that the new content and linkage based searching methods deliver improved performance and are effective in identifying semantically relevant Web pages.
Stochastic differential dynamic logic for stochastic hybrid programs

Logic is a powerful tool for analyzing and verifying systems, including programs, discrete systems, real-time systems, hybrid systems, and distributed systems. Some applications also have a stochastic behavior, however, either because of fundamental properties of nature, uncertain environments, or simplifications to overcome complexity. Discrete probabilistic systems have been studied using logic. But logic has been chronically underdeveloped in the context of stochastic hybrid systems, i.e., systems with interacting discrete, continuous, and stochastic dynamics. We aim at overcoming this deficiency and introduce a dynamic logic for stochastic hybrid systems. Our results indicate that logic is a promising tool for understanding stochastic hybrid systems and can help taming some of their complexity. We introduce a compositional model for stochastic hybrid systems. We prove adaptivity, cadlag, and Markov time properties, and prove that the semantics of our logic is measurable. We present compositional proof rules, including rules for stochastic differential equations, and prove soundness.
Histone III V. THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF PEA EMBRYO HISTONE III

Abstract The amino acid sequence of pea embryo histone III has been determined and compared to that of calf thymus histone III. The sequence is identical in the two proteins except at four positions: residue 41 is phenylalanine in pea, tyrosine in calf; residue 53 is lysine in pea, arginine in calf; residue 90 is serine in pea, methionine in calf; and residue 96 is alanine (60%) or serine (40%) in pea, cysteine in calf. Studies on tryptic, chymotryptic, and thermolysin peptides of cyanogen bromide fragments of pea histone III revealed no other differences in the amino acid sequence, including the distribution of amides. As in calf and carp histone III, the e-amino groups of lysine residues 9 and 27 are methylated. Both sites contain one or two methyl groups, but unlike calf and carp histone III, pea histone III does not contain e-N-trimethyllysine. e-N-Acetyllysine was not detected. The microheterogeneity at residue 96 in pea embryo histone III is the first definitive evidence for two forms of this histone in this species. Microheterogeneity in calf thymus histone III had been suggested, but sequence work in this laboratory did not provide evidence to support this contention. This study on histone III indicates a high degree of conservation of sequence during the evolution of plant and animal life, with only four differences between these proteins of calf and pea. This is in accord with the even greater conservation of sequence in histone IV for the same two species, for which only two differences in sequence were reported earlier.
An organizational sociology of Stanford's organization theory renaissance

In 1981, W. Richard (Dick) Scott of Stanford's sociology department described a paradigmatic revolution in organizational sociology that had occurred in the preceding decade. In Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems (Scott, 1981), he depicted the first wave of organizational theory as based in rational models of human action that focused on the internal dynamics of the organization. He described the second wave, found in human relations theory and early institutional theory, as based in natural social system models of human action but still focused on the internal “closed system.” A sea change occurred in organizational theory in the 1970s as several camps began to explore environmental causes of organizational behavior. The open-systems approaches that Scott sketched in 1981 were still seedlings, but all would mature. What they shared was an emphasis on relations between the organization and the world outside of it. The roots of these new paradigms can be traced to innovations of the 1960s. Contingency theorists Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch (1967) had argued that firms add new practices and programs largely in response to external social demands and not simply to internal functional needs. James Thompson (1967) argued that organizations come to reflect the wider environment and particularly the regulatory environment.
Computational Analysis of Sphingolipid Pathway Systems

Sphingolipid metabolism constitutes a complex pathway system that includes biosynthesis of different types of sphingosines and ceramides, the formation and recycling of complex sphingolipids and the supply of materials for remodeling. Many of the metabolites have several roles, for instance, as substrates and as modulators of reactions in other parts of the system. The large number of sphingolipid compounds and the different types of nonlinear interactions among them render it difficult to predict responses of the sphingolipid pathway system to perturbations, unless one utilizes mathematical models. The sphingolipid pathway system not only invites modeling as a useful tool, it is also a very suitable test bed for developing detailed modeling techniques and analyses, due to several features. First, the reaction network is relatively well understood and many of the steps have been characterized, at least in vitro. Second, sphingolipid metabolism constitutes a relatively closed system, such that most reactions occur within the system rather than between the system and other pathways. Third, the basic structure of the pathway is conserved throughout evolution, but some of the details vary among different species. This degree of similarity permits comparative analyses and may one day elucidate the gradual evolution toward superior system designs. We discuss here some reasons that make sphingolipid modeling an appealing companion to experimental research and sketch out applications of sphingolipid models that are different from typical model uses.
Topography of the Active Site of Staphylococcal Nuclease AFFINITY LABELING WITH DIAZONIUM SUBSTRATE ANALOGUES

Staphylococcal nuclease reacts stoichiometrically at tyrosine 115 with the diazonium derivative of deoxythymidine 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate 5'-phosphate. This reaction, which results in enzymatic inactivation, can be prevented by addition of the competitive inhibitor, deoxythymidine 3',5'-diphosphate, or by the omission of Ca++ from the reaction mixture. Specific modification of the tryptophan residue at position 140 and of the histidine residue at position 46 occurs upon treating the enzyme with the diazonium derivative of deoxythymidine 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate. The diazonium derivative of deoxythymidine 5'-p-aminophenylphosphate reacts selectively with tyrosine 85. The chemical exploration of the binding site of this enzyme with a variety of affinity labeling reagents permits certain stereochemical formulations that can be used to compare the solution and crystal structures of this protein.
Associations between anxiety and depression symptoms and cognitive testing and neuroimaging in type 2 diabetes

Abstract Aims Anxiety, depression, accelerated cognitive decline, and increased risk of dementia are observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Anxiety and depression may contribute to lower performance on cognitive tests and differences in neuroimaging observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods These relationships were assessed in 655 European Americans with type 2 diabetes from 504 Diabetes Heart Study families. Participants completed cognitive testing, brain magnetic resonance imaging, the Brief Symptom Inventory Anxiety subscale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10. Results In analyses adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment, and use of psychotropic medications, individuals with comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms had lower performance on all cognitive testing measures assessed (p≤0.005). Those with both anxiety and depression also had increased white matter lesion volume (p=0.015), decreased gray matter cerebral blood flow (p=4.43×10 −6 ), decreased gray matter volume (p=0.002), increased white and gray matter mean diffusivity (p≤0.001), and decreased white matter fractional anisotropy (p=7.79×10 −4 ). These associations were somewhat attenuated upon further adjustment for health status related covariates. Conclusions Comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with cognitive performance and brain structure in a European American cohort with type 2 diabetes.
Re-evaluation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Presence of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology

Blood-brain barrier disruption is believed to occur in Alzheimer's disease, which could influence the bioavailability of drugs within the brain. However, in this issue of Neuron, Bien-Ly et al. (2015) report no evidence of widespread blood-brain barrier dysfunction.
The Cellular Effects of E2F Overexpression

The product of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (RB) is a ubiquitously expressed, 105-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein (pRB). The pRB protein negatively regulates the cellular G1/S phase transition, and it is at this point in the cell cycle that it is thought to play its role as a tumor suppressor. The growth-inhibitory effects of pRB are exerted, at least in part, through the E2F family of transcription factors. This chapter reviews the insights into the mechanism of action of the E2F family members that have been obtained through overexpression studies. Studies in RB-/- SAOS-2 cells have provided evidence in support of the hypothesis that the E2F family members are negatively regulated by pRB and the related protein p130. In particular, the results obtained are consistent with the earlier biochemical data which suggested that E2F1 is regulated primarily by pRB, and E2F4 by p130. Results relating to p107 are also discussed. Consistent with the proposed role of pRB and E2F1 as coregulators of entry into S phase, experiments have demonstrated that overexpression of E2F1 is sufficient to override the cell cycle arrests caused by serum deprivation of fibroblasts or transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) treatment of mink lung epithelial cells. However, at least in the case of the serum deprivation induced arrest, the ultimate result of E2F1 overexpression is death by p53-dependent apoptosis. In light of this and other data, a model is discussed as to how functional inactivation of pRB and p53 might cooperate to promote tumorigenesis. A number of studies have demonstrated the oncogenic potential of E2F family members, at least under certain conditions. This is, again, in keeping with the notion that these proteins play a critical role in controlling cellular proliferation.
Structure and dynamics of hydronium in the ion channel gramicidin A

The effects of the hydronium ion, H(3)0+, on the structure of the ion channel gramicidin A and the hydrogen-bonded network of waters within the channel were studied to help elucidate a possible mechanism for proton transport through the channel. Several classical molecular dynamics studies were carried out with the hydronium in either the center of a gramicidin monomer or in the dimer junction. Structural reorganization of the channel backbone was observed for different hydronium positions, which were most apparent when the hydronium was within the monomer. In both cases the average O-O distance between the hydronium ion and its nearest neighbor water molecule was found to be approximately 2.55 A, indicating a rather strong hydrogen bond. Importantly, a subsequent break in the hydrogen-bonded network between the nearest neighbor and the next-nearest neighbor(approximately 2.7 -3.0 A) was repeatedly observed. Moreover, the carbonyl groups of gramicidin A were found to interact with the charge on the hydronium ion, helping in its stabilization. These facts may have significant implications for the proton hopping mechanism. The presence of the hydronium ion in the channel also inhibits to some degree the reorientational motions of the channel water molecules.
Adenocarcinoma of the duodenum

Three patients with carcinoma of the first and the third part of the duodenum are reported. A review of the literature shows the diagnosis of this rare lesion of the duodenum is usually late. In order for surgical resection to be successful, suspicion of such a lesion and an aggressive workup is needed.
Changes in attributions over time : the ephemeral fundamental attribution error

Two experiments examined how attributions for another person's behavior change over time. Experiment 1 subjects who watched a persuasive speech tended to believe the speaker's real position on the issue was the one he advocated, even when told the speaker had no choice, thus replicating past research. However, this effect virtually disappeared when attributions were taken a week later. Experiment 2 subjects were randomly assigned to questioner and contestant roles for a quiz game. Contestants rated their general level of knowledgeability as less than their partners' when ratings were given immediately after the game, again replicating earlier findings. However, when attributions were given several days later, this effect also disappeared. Some of the variables and conditions that affect how attributions change over time are discussed.
EphB2 induces proliferation and promotes a neuronal fate in adult subventricular neural precursor cells.

Abstract The subventricular germinal zone (SVZ) retains an active population of stem cells and neural precursor cells throughout adulthood. EphrinB signaling mediates angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in the developing and adult brain. Recent studies indicate that molecules involved in angiogenesis often influence neurogenesis as well. However, little work has been done considering a role for EphB2/EphrinB in adult neural precursor cells. We therefore examined whether the EphB2 receptor tyrosine kinase could directly effect proliferation of SVZ neural precursors and/or direct the cell fate of SVZ cells in vitro. Here, we found that clustered EphB2 increased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and proliferation of SVZ neurosphere cultures. Immunostaining and RT-PCR analysis for β-tubulin III (Tuj1) and GFAP indicated 4-day treatment with EphB2 promoted a neuronal phenotype, suggesting that the EphB2 receptor might also direct SVZ cell fate. EphB2 transiently down-regulated SVZ cell mRNA of Notch1 and Zic1, genes that regulate neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. Notch1 has been implicated in apoptosis of neural precursors, however, a cell viability assay revealed no statistical difference between EphB2-treated and control cultures. When SVZ neurospheres were cultured upon Matrigel, EphB2 attenuated radial migration of SVZ cells in vitro. These results demonstrate that EphB2/EphrinB signaling directly induces SVZ proliferation, decreases migration, and promotes a neuronal fate of SVZ neural precursors independent of cell survival.
Role of the Olfactory System in Arousal to X-ray

IT has been reliably demonstrated that rats can discriminate between the presence or absence of X-rays fc Responses with latencies of less than 0.2 sec have been observed on X-rays delivered at 0.05 r./sec, where the X-ray served as the conditioned stimulus. X-rays have also served as arousing stimuli, waking sleeping or drowsy animals within 2 sec of the onset of exposure. Since these responses have been observed in ophthalmectomized animals, they are not the result of the well-known, effect of ionizing radiation on the retina1–3.