cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of a high-pressure phase transition and other properties of solid CO 2 at low temperatures

An optimization procedure is used to minimize the Gibbs free energy of solid ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ at pressures 0\ensuremath{\le}P\ensuremath{\le}16 GPa, with respect to the unit-cell parameters, center-of-mass coordinates, and orientations of all the independent molecules. A lattice-dynamics procedure is used to calculate the libron frequencies. The observed Pa3 structure is predicted at low pressures, and a transition to an orthorhombic Cmca phase is found at P=4.3 GPa, with a volume change \ensuremath{\Delta}V=0.3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole. The calculated second virial coefficients, sublimation energy, molar volume, pressure-volume relation, and libron frequencies in the Pa3 phase are in good agreement with experiment. In the Cmca phase the calculated libron frequencies agree fairly well with recent Raman scattering results. An analysis of the potential-energy surface shows that the large observed hysteresis associated with the transition may be the result of large barriers between the phases.
A Balanced Force Structure To Achieve a Liberal World Order

Abstract In addition to preexisting threats such as the rise of China, the United States now faces a protracted struggle against Islamist terrorists. The military component of the nation's security strategy requires a balanced force that can be employed across the spectrum of conflict. The Iraq War has shown the “1-4-2-1” force-sizing construct—maintaining a force able to defend the homeland, operate in and from four forward regions, simultaneously defeat two regional adversaries, and achieve a result such as regime change in one of them—to be unattainable. But by spending 4.5 percent of GDP on defense and with the right force mix, America will be able to lead coalitions against terrorists, restore order to unstable regions, do peacekeeping in regions of vital interest, deter aggression, and win a war if deterrence fails. The benefits of the resulting world order far outweigh the costs.
Re-formulation of plume spread for near-surface dispersion

Recent concerns about effects of automobile emissions on the health of people living close to roads have motivated an examination of models to estimate dispersion in the surface boundary layer. During the development of a new line source dispersion model, RLINE (Snyder et al., 2013), analysis of data from a tracer field study led to a re-examination of near-surface dispersion resulting in new formulations for horizontal and vertical plume spread presented in this paper. The equations for vertical spread use the solution of the two-dimensional diffusion equation, in which the eddy diffusivity, based on surface layer similarity, is a function of surface micrometeorological variables such as surface friction velocity and Monin–Obukhov length. The horizontal plume spread equations are based on Eckman's (1994) suggestion that plume spread is governed by horizontal turbulent velocity fluctuations and the vertical variation of the wind speed at mean plume height. Concentration estimates based on the proposed plume spread equations compare well with data from both the Prairie Grass experiment (Barad, 1958) as well as the recently conducted Idaho Falls experiment (Finn et al., 2010). One of the major conclusions of this study is that the plume spreads as well as the wind speed used to estimate concentrations in a dispersion model form a set of coupled variables.
Free amino acids of potato tubers: a survey of published results set out according to potato variety

Ranges of contents of free amino acids (mg/100 g tuber dry matter) are tabulated for 13 varieties grown in 7 different countries. Publications reporting less-complete analyses are cited, and relate to approximately 45 further varieties.
Synchronization in complex network system with uncertainty

In this paper, we study the problem of synchronization in a network of nonlinear systems with scalar dynamics. The nonlinear systems are connected over linear network with stochastic uncertainty in their interactions. We provide a sufficient condition for the synchronization of such network system expressed in terms of the parameters of the nonlinear scalar dynamics, the second and largest eigenvalues of the mean interconnection Laplacian, and the variance of the stochastic uncertainty. The provided sufficient condition is independent of network size thereby making it attractive for verification of synchronization in a large size network. The main contribution of this paper is to provide analytical characterization for the interplay of role played by the internal dynamics of the nonlinear systems, network topology, and uncertainty statistics for the network synchronization. We show that there exist important trade-offs between these various network parameters necessary to achieve synchronization. We provide simulation results in network system with internal dynamics modeling of agents moving in a double well potential function. The synchronization of network happens whereby the dynamics of the network system flip from one potential well to another at the backdrop of stochastic interaction uncertainty.
AIDS epidemiology in Africa: a changing of the guard

With recent implementation of studies specifically designed to empirically assess the contribution of both sexual and blood-borne exposures to local HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, and with the arrival of a new generation of investigators, a picture of HIV transmission routes of improved validity is emerging. Seven years ago the International Journal of STD & AIDS (IJSA) began actively encouraging reexamination of the prevailing view that penile-vaginal sex was driving African HIV epidemics, welcoming debate via manuscript submission and presentation of fresh scientific evidence. Although the IJSA-published dissenting views have largely been ignored, dismissed or fiercely resisted by established HIV researchers and allied health agencies, new approaches may yet elicit more rational, evidence-based responses. Several such contributions appear in IJSA's present theme issue on aspects of HIV epidemiology in Africa. The focus on recent empiric data, rather than on modelling or speculation, no longer leaves reasonable doubt that sexual behaviours are insufficient to explain 'Why Africa?' It is fitting that this progress was encouraged, from beginning to end, by long-time, and now departing IJSA Editor-in-Chief, Dr Wallace Dinsmore.
Parents', nurses', and educators' perceptions of risks and benefits of school attendance by children who are medically fragile/technology-dependent.

Few studies have focused on school activities of children who are medically fragile/technology-dependent. This article reports on an exploratory, interpretive study that examined the perceptions of parents, nurses, and educators with regard to their school concerns and strategies for ensuring the safety and health of these students. Informants all believed that attending school provided benefits to most children who are medically fragile/technology-dependent, including opportunities for skill acquisition, socialization, and respite care for families. However, they also perceived that there were real risks involved, including obtaining appropriate care, exposure to infection, and social isolation or teasing.
Exact capacitance of a lossless MOS capacitor

Abstract First order Ricatti equations are obtained for the capacitive 3-wire transmission line of a one-dimensional MOS capacitance which give an order of magnitude improvement in numerical computation time over the transmission matrix solution of the lumped section equivalent circuit model of the transmission line.
DIFFERENCES IN PROGNOSIS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA

Abstract In the period 1968-78, 3161 children were enrolled in six studies of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by participating institutions of the Childrens Cancer Study Group. In the first two studies, which did not include central-nervous-system (CNS) prophylaxis in the treatment programme, the outcome for male and female patients was very similar. In the following four studies, which included radiation prophylaxis to the CNS, a difference in outcome favouring females appeared consistently. This difference began about 6-12 months after initial remission and was further accentuated by withdrawal of therapy. Some of these studies also included a randomised trial of duration of therapy, studying 3 versus 5 years of maintenance treatment. Analysis of these studies suggests that sex group has implications both for duration of treatment and for optimum central-nervous-system prophylaxis.
Phase II Trial of Weekly Single-Agent Paclitaxel in Platinum/Paclitaxel-Refractory Ovarian Cancer

PURPOSE: We wished to critically examine the level of activity of weekly paclitaxel in a patient population with well-characterized platinum/paclitaxel-resistant (3-week schedule) ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligibility criteria for this phase II trial included the following: ovarian and fallopian tube cancers or primary carcinoma of the peritoneum; prior initial therapy with platinum/paclitaxel; and failure to respond to treatment (progression or stable disease as best response), or a response duration of less than 3 months, or if the response was more than 3 months, retreatment with both agents required and failure to respond a second time or the response duration was less than 3 months. Measurable or assessable disease (CA-125 response criteria) was required. Patients received weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m2) until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity developed, or they elected to discontinue treatment. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (52 assessable for toxicity and 51 for response) were ente...
When a Patch Goes Bad: Exploring the Properties of Vulnerability-Contributing Commits

Security is a harsh reality for software teams today. Developers must engineer secure software by preventing vulnerabilities, which are design and coding mistakes that have security consequences. Even in open source projects, vulnerable source code can remain unnoticed for years. In this paper, we traced 68 vulnerabilities in the Apache HTTP server back to the version control commits that contributed the vulnerable code originally. We manually found 124 Vulnerability-Contributing Commits (VCCs), spanning 17 years. In this exploratory study, we analyzed these VCCs quantitatively and qualitatively with the over-arching question: "What could developers have looked for to identify security concerns in this commit?" Specifically, we examined the size of the commit via code churn metrics, the amount developers overwrite each others' code via interactive churn metrics, exposure time between VCC and fix, and dissemination of the VCC to the development community via release notes and voting mechanisms. Our results show that VCCs are large: more than twice as much code churn on average than non-VCCs, even when normalized against lines of code. Furthermore, a commit was twice as likely to be a VCC when the author was a new developer to the source code. The insight from this study can help developers understand how vulnerabilities originate in a system so that security-related mistakes can be prevented or caught in the future.
Accumulation of starch in wheat grain under different shoot/root temperatures during maturation

The impact of high temperatures on accumulation of starch in the grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is usually attributed to direct effects of the stress on the enzymes involved. However, roots are extremely sensitive to temperatures that can be as high as those experienced by the shoots, and their role in whole-plant responses should be considered. Wheat (cv. Len) was grown at 15/15, 30/15, 15/30, and 30/30˚C shoot/root temperatures during maturation, and accumulation of dry matter and N, contents of sucrose and starch, and activities of enzymes in the pathway of starch assimilation in the endosperm, were measured weekly. Dry matter and N accumulation were affected more by root than by shoot temperatures. High whole-plant temperatures (30/30˚C) accelerated linear grain growth but diminished the duration of assimilation, the contents of sucrose and starch, and the activities of the enzymes involved. The effects of high root temperature (15/30˚C) resembled those of high whole-plant temperature, whereas low root temperature (30/15˚C) tended to ameliorate them. Sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthase were affected more than the other enzymes by high shoot and/or root temperature. However, treatments that caused the lowest activities resulted in the fastest, but briefest, linear rates of grain growth. We concluded that shoots and roots interact in the response of wheat to high temperature, and that stress on both organs affects accumulation of starch in grain.
The Moment Equations of Chromatography for Monolithic Stationary Phases

The solution in the Laplace domain of the system of equations of the general kinetic model of chromatography provides equations relating the first absolute moment and the second central moment of e...
Low-energy helium neon laser irradiation does not alter human keratinocyte differentiation.

Abstract There are reports that low-energy HeNe irradiation can enhance wound healing in vivo. We have previously demonstrated that HeNe irradiation increases the motility of human epidermally derived keratinocytes in vitro. Here we investigate whether HeNe irradiation alters normal keratinocyte differentiation, which is essential for the formation of a normal, functioning epidermis. Subconfluent keratinocyte cultures were irradiated three times within 24 h with either 0, 0.8, 3, or 7.2μ/cm 2 . After cultures reached post-confluence, parameters o growth and differentiation, such as cell number, cornified envelope (CE) formation, and transglutaminase activity were measured. No significant differences were found between the control (0 J) and irradiated cultures in these assays. We also examined the pattern of newly synthesized keratins in cultures irradiated with 7.2 J/cm 2 three times within a 24-h period. Both control and irradiated cultures exhibited similar keratin patterns. These results provide evidence that HeNe irradiations of up to 7.2 J/cm 2 have no direct deleterious effect on normal keratinocyte differentiation needed for the formation of a functional epidermis. Hence, it is anticipated that the clinical use of the HeNe laser irradiance that enhances keratinocyte migration in vitro (0.8 J/cm 2 ) to promote wound healing in vivo will not alter the ultimate integrity or differentiated function of the epidermis that migrates to cover the wounded area.
Neuronal parasitism and cell fusion in mouse cytomegalovirus encephalitis.

Abstract Intracerebral inoculation of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) into neonatal and young suckling mice induces severe meningoencephalitis in which neuronal involvement and giant cell formation are prominent features. Characteristic markers for cell parasitism are hematoxylinophilic nuclear inclusions with a broad surrounding halo zone and globular phloxinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. A remarkable feature of the polykaryocytes formed by virus-induced fusion of neurons is the bimodal nuclear population, composed of normal-appearing and inclusion-bearing nuclei. This dual population points to the recruitment of noninfected by infected cells into a syncytium by action of virus upon cell membranes and suggests a ready means of intraparenchymatous spread by a virus which is largely cell associated. Viral neurocytotropism involves postmitotic Purkinje cells as well as differentiated maturing cerebral cortical neurons and undifferentiated intermitotic cerebellar external germinal cells. This virus-cell relationship indicates that cell division is not a prerequisite condition for activation of MCMV.
An orthotopic model of murine bladder cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.
FRET-Based Trilateration of a Domain Peptide Bound within Functional Ryanodine Receptors in Cardiomyocytes

We have used trilateration, the method of using distances to determine a location in space, simulated annealing calculations, and confocal FRET measurements in permeabilized rat myocytes to determine the topology of a modulatory interface within the ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ channel. A small peptide (∼4kDa, termed DPc10), corresponding to a RyR central stretch, hypothetically destabilizes a key interaction between RyR N-terminal and central domains to promote the open channel. We used DPc10 labeled with a small fluorophore, HiLyte Fluor 647, as FRET acceptor. Five single-cysteine variants of the 12 kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP) were labeled with FRET donor, Alexa Fluor 488 C5 maleimide, and targeted to RyR. Effective average positions of the donors were calculated from simulated annealing, constrained by the RyR cryo-EM map and by the FKBP atomic structure. FRET from the FKBP donors to the DPc10 acceptor was measured via confocal microscopy, and the calculated distances were used to trilaterate the acceptor location within the RyR 3D map. The trilateration method uses the distances determined by FRET from each donor's calculated average position, where the ranges of the distances were based on measurement precision for each donor labeling site. The DPc10-bound acceptor locus is found at a region in space matching four distance ranges from FRET, and was further constrained by FRET between donor-labeled calmodulin and F-DPc10. This locus is near the RyR N-terminal domain structure docked into the cryo-EM reconstructed map of RyR. Computational resources were provided by the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. This work was supported by NIH grants R01HL092097 (to D.M.B. and R.L.C.), and R01GM27906 (to D.D.T.).
AN EXPLORATION OF CLIMATES FOR TECHNICAL UPDATING AND PERFORMANCE

Rapid technological innovation has made updating the knowledge and skills of technical professionals, such as engineers, a key concern for many organizations. The facilitation of performance and updating activities to prevent obsolescence is thought to require the development of a congruent organizational climate. To date, this issue has received some theoretical but little research attention. This study assessed the efficacy of the concept of updating climate. It was hypothesized that the technical updating climate construct would (1) be able to distinguish among organizations under different pressures for technological innovation, (2) evidence interobserver consensus within organizations, and (3) be associated with relevant organizational context features and affective, performance, and updating responses. Data gathered from 447 engineers and their 218 supervisors drawn from 10 diverse organizations provided support for the hypotheses. It was concluded that the concept of updating climate provides a useful framework for understanding factors that facilitate technical competence and performance.
Quantitative determination of coccidian oocysts in beef calves from the coastal plain area of Georgia (U.S.A.).

For two consecutive years, determinations were made of the prevalence and abundance of coccidian oocysts from crossbred beef calves raised on Bahia grass pastures in the coastal plain area of Georgia. Of the 534 fecal samples collected during the survey, 461 (86.3%) contained one or more species of coccidian oocysts. The total mean oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) was significantly different (P < 0.10) between the two years. Thirteen species of Eimeria were found during both years of the survey. Eimeria bovis was the most prevalent species found in the survey; E. ellipsoidalis, however, had the greatest number of OPG. Eimeria bukidnonensis, E. pellita, and E. brasiliensis were the least prevalent species and also had the lowest numbers of OPG. Only one clinical case of coccidiosis was seen. A nine-month-old calf had E. zuernii coccidiosis; it excreted E. zuernii oocysts in several fecal samples before the clinical disease appeared.
The transfer of information systems technology in state governments

Abstract State governments are increasingly utilizing various information technologies to fulfill multiple and increasingly complex obligations. One important source of information systems technology for states consists of agencies in other states, which perform similar functions and have therefore “pretested” potentially useful computer-based applications. This study is based upon longitudinal data collected by the National Association of State information Systems (NASIS) which examines the transfer of software programs to and from each of the 50 states. An issue which occupies an important part of the literature on the transfer and diffusion of technology concerns how and why public sector organizations adopt new technology, and the relative importance of internal organizational factors and external contextual factors in the adoption process. Using relevant state-level sociodemographic data, this study examines the relationship of contextual factors thought to influence transfers to five measures of transfer activity calculated from the NASIS data. The findings reaffirm the importance of both external and internal factors to information technology diffusion among the states.
Where is MAP Going? A review and future potential of modified atmosphere packaging for meat

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is the removal and/or replacement of the atmosphere surrounding the product before sealing in vapor-barrier materials. While technically different, many forms of MAP are also case-ready packaging, where meat is cut and packaged at a centralized location for transport to and display at a retail store. Most of the shelf life properties of meat are extended by use of MAP, but anoxic forms of MAP without carbon monoxide (CO) do not provide bloomed red meat color and MAP with oxygen (O(2)) may promote oxidation of lipids and pigments. Advances in plastic materials and equipment have propelled advances in MAP, but other technological and logistical considerations are needed for successful MAP systems for raw chilled fresh meat. Current MAP options of air-permeable overwrapped trays in master packs, low O(2) formats of shrunk film vacuum packaging (VP) or MAP with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and nitrogen (N(2)) and their peelable barrier film derivatives, and high O(2) MAP each have advantages and disadvantages. Packaging technology innovations and ingenuity will continue to provide MAP that is consumer oriented, product enhancing, environmentally responsive, and cost effective, but continued research and development by the scientific and industry sectors will be needed.
Response to Intervention: Questions and Answers

When school administrators talk about implementing a Problem-solving/Response to Intervention (PS/RtI) framework, the idea often elicits apprehension from teachers who may feel unprepared to meet t...
Comparison of cytochrome P450 2C9 genotyping methods and implications for the clinical laboratory.

Study Objective. To compare the accuracy, speed, and cost of two methodologies used for genotyping known variants in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 metabolizing enzyme gene. Design. Comparative study. Setting. University research center. Samples. Fifteen-milliliter mouthwash samples collected from 253 subjects participating in a warfarin pharmacogenomic study. Intervention. Genotyping for the isoleucine-to-leucine change at codon 359 (Ile 3 5 9 Leu [*3] polymorphism) was performed by using the Pyrosequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods in all 253 samples. Genotyping for the arginine-to-cysteine change at codon 144 (Arg 1 4 4 Cys [*2] polymorphism) was performed by using Pyrosequencing in all samples and by PCR-RFLP in a random subset of 136 samples. Measurements and Main Results. Comparisons of genotyping success rates, time efficiency, and cost analyses were conducted for Pyrosequencing and PCR-RFLP at each variant site. Pyrosequencing and PCR-RFLP produced similar success rates on the first genotyping attempt for the Arg 1 4 4 Cys variant (93.3% vs 90.4%, respectively) and the Ile 3 5 9 Leu variant (83.8% vs 79.1%, respectively). With Pyrosequencing, genotyping 96 samples for either polymorphism could be performed in 1 hour. In contrast, genotyping 96 samples by RFLP took 10 hours for the Arg 1 4 4 Cys variant and 20 hours for the Ile 3 5 9 Leu variant. Total cost/sample for Arg 1 4 4 Cys genotyping was $1.90 with PCR-Pyrosequencing and $3.14 with PCR-RFLP. Total cost/sample for Ile 3 5 9 Leu genotyping was $1.88 with PCR-Pyrosequencing and $10.18 with PCR-RFLP. Conclusion. Compared with RFLP, genotype determination by Pyrosequencing is a more time-efficient, cost-effective, and robust method for CYP2C9 genotyping. Because of its wide applicability and ease of use, Pyrosequencing is a promising technology for future pharmacogenomic investigations.
Multiple-criteria decisionmaking: A retrospective analysis

DURING THE PAST two decades the consideration of multiple objectives in modeling and decisionmaking has grown by leaps and bounds. The seventies in particular have seen the emphasis shift from the dominance of single-objective modeling and optimization toward an emphasis on multiple objectives. This has led to the emergence of a new field that has come to be known as multiple-criteria decisionmaking (MCDM). It seems constructive at this state of development of MCDM to share with the readership of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics a retrospective analysis of MCDM and reflect upon its present stage of development in order to stimulate discussion and initiate contributed papers on the subject. The analysis will be both subjective and limited.
Pervaporation of Model Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation Product Solutions Using Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes

Abstract A pervaporation apparatus was designed and tested in an effort to develop an integrated fermentation and product recovery process for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. A crossflow membrane module able to accommodate flat sheet hydrophobic membranes was used for the experiments. Permeate vapors were collected under vacuum and condensed in a dry ice/ethanol cold trap. The apparatus containing polytetrafluoroethylene membranes was tested using butanol-water and model solutions of ABE products. Parameters such as product concentration, component effect, temperature, and permeate side pressure were examined.
Integration of Building Information Modeling and Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis to Support Sustainable Building Design

AbstractSustainable construction is critical to the architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) industry. The consideration and selection of optimal building components is necessary in order to fulfill multiple objectives of sustainable construction, which are often conflicting. Today, information and communication technologies (ICT) such as building information modeling (BIM) are widely used in the construction industry for decision making during design and construction. However, due to the complexity of building and construction, supporting multiple-objective decision making is not trivial. Currently, BIM has limited capability to support such a process. This paper introduces Simulation of Environmental Impact of Construction (SimulEICon), which is an extension of BIM designed specifically to aid in the decision-making process during the design stage of a construction project. SimulEICon is an add-on to the Autodesk Revit Architecture software, and it uses Microsoft Access for database-related operation...
Multiparty Communication Complexity and Threshold Circuit Size of $\ensuremath{\sfAC}^0$

We prove an $n^{\Omega(1)}/4^k$ lower bound on the randomized k-party communication complexity of depth 4 $\ensuremath {\sf AC}^0$ functions in the number-on-forehead (NOF) model for up to $\Theta(\log n)$ players. These are the first nontrivial lower bounds for general NOF multiparty communication complexity for any $\ensuremath {\sf AC}^0$ function for $\omega(\log\log n)$ players. For nonconstant k the bounds are larger than all previous lower bounds for any $\ensuremath {\sf AC}^0$ function even for simultaneous communication complexity. Our lower bounds imply the first superpolynomial lower bounds for the simulation of $\ensuremath {\sf AC}^0$ by $\ensuremath {\sf MAJ\circ SYM\circ AND}$ circuits, showing that the well-known quasi-polynomial simulations of $\ensuremath {\sf AC}^0$ by such circuits due to Allender (1989) and Yao (1990) are qualitatively optimal,-1pt even for formulas of small constant depth. We also exhibit a depth 5 formula in ${\ensuremath {\sf NP}^{cc}_k}-{\ensuremath {\sf BPP}^{cc...
The Alabama "right to treatment" case: an opportunity not to be missed.

Recent pessimistic criticism of right to treatment decisions is unwarranted. The developing law contains a great deal of flexibility, and this can be creatively utilized to secure resources for communitybased services. Courts' emphasis on the physical framework of care is an intentional effort to avoid interfering with program decisions and thus represents a reaffirmation of confidence that professionals can, if provided adequate resources, be relied on to make program decisions. Time should not be spent decrying the effects of an undesirable development of right to treatment law, but rather in formulating and stimulating development of the law in a manner consistent with current trends in the delivery of services.
Potential in vivo amelioration by N-acetyl-L-cysteine of oxidative stress in brain in human double mutant APP/PS-1 knock-in mice: toward therapeutic modulation of mild cognitive impairment.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia among the elderly. Although the underlying cause has yet to be established, numerous data have shown that oxidative stress is implicated in AD as well as in preclinical stages of AD, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The oxidative stress observed in brains of subjects with AD and MCI may be due, either fully or in part, to increased free radicals mediated by amyloid-b peptide (Ab). By using double human mutant APP/PS-1 knock-in mice as the AD model, the present work demonstrates that the APP/PS-1 double mutation results in elevated protein oxidation (as indexed by protein carbonyls), protein nitration (as indexed by 3-nitrotyrosine), as well as lipid peroxidation (as indexed by protein-bound 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) in brains of mice aged 9 months and 12 months. APP/PS-1 mice also exhibited lower levels of brain glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in both age groups studied, whereas glutathione reductase (GR) levels in brain were unaffected by the mutation. The activities of both of these antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased in APP/PS-1 mouse brains, whereas the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was increased relative to controls in both age groups. Levels of peptidyl prolyl isomerase 1 (Pin1) were significantly decreased in APP/PS-1 mouse brain aged 9 and 12 months. Administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor, to APP/PS-1 mice via drinking water suppressed increased protein oxidation and nitration and also significantly augmented levels and activity of GPx in brain from both age groups. Oral administration of NAC also increased the diminished activity of GR and protected against lipid peroxidation in brains of 9-month-old APP/PS-1 mice only. Pin1 levels, GR levels, and G6PDH activity in brain were unaffected by oral administration of NAC in both age groups. These results are discussed with reference to the therapeutic potential of this brain-accessible glutathione precursor in the treatment of MCI and AD. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Systematic review of the methodological quality and outcome measures utilized in exercise interventions for adults with spinal cord injury

Systematic literature review. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the methodological quality of exercise intervention studies in adults with spinal cord injuries (SCIs); and to classify the reported outcome measures according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Electronic searches of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PsychINFO, Scopus and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials from 2001 to 2011 were performed. Selected studies were evaluated for methodological quality using the Downs and Black checklist. Outcome measures were extracted and linked to categories of the ICF using standardized linking rules. Two-hundred forty abstracts were retrieved, 57 studies met eligibility criteria. The mean methodological quality score was 14.7±3.2 out of 28 on the Downs and Black checklist. Three-hundred seventy four outcome measures were extracted with 333 concepts linked to 35 second-level ICF categories across the four components. Studies of exercise interventions for adults with SCI included in this review are generally low in methodological quality, primarily reporting outcomes related to the Body Functions and Body Structures components of the ICF. It is recommended that studies employ more vigorous methodological designs to reduce bias and confounding, and include outcome measures targeting more categories in the Activities and Participation component so as to reflect the potential benefits of exercise on health and functioning in this population.
Comprehensive Analysis of Host Cellular Interactions with Human Papillomavirus E6 Proteins Identifies New E6 Binding Partners and Reflects Viral Diversity

We have begun to define the human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated proteome for a subset of the more than 120 HPV types that have been identified to date. Our approach uses a mass spectrometry-based platform for the systematic identification of interactions between human papillomavirus and host cellular proteins, and here we report a proteomic analysis of the E6 proteins from 16 different HPV types. The viruses included represent high-risk, low-risk, and non-cancer-associated types from genus alpha as well as viruses from four different species in genus beta. The E6 interaction data set consists of 153 cellular proteins, including several previously reported HPV E6 interactors such as p53, E6AP, MAML1, and p300/CBP and proteins containing PDZ domains. We report the genus-specific binding of E6s to either E6AP or MAML1, define the specific HPV E6s that bind to p300, and demonstrate several new features of interactions involving beta HPV E6s. In particular, we report that several beta HPV E6s bind to proteins containing PDZ domains and that at least two beta HPV E6s bind to p53. Finally, we report the newly discovered interaction of proteins of E6 of beta genus, species 2, with the Ccr4-Not complex, the first report of a viral protein binding to this complex. This data set represents a comprehensive survey of E6 binding partners that provides a resource for the HPV field and will allow continued studies on the diverse biology of the human papillomaviruses.
Atomic Level Studies of Selenium Electrodeposition on Gold(111) and Gold(110)

Studies of the electrodeposition of Se atomic layers on Au(111) and Au(110) are presented. Three electrochemical methods of forming Se atomic layers were investigated: reductive deposition, oxidative stripping of bulk Se, and reductive stripping of bulk Se. The resulting Se atomic layers were studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). LEED indicated the formation of Au(111)(√3×√3)R30°-Se and Au(110)(2×3)-Se structures. STM analysis confirmed the presence of those structures along with several others. At low Se coverages on Au(111), a mosaic structure was formed, composed of a large number of small domains of a (√3×√3)R30°-Se structure, separated by areas void of Se. At higher coverages, near 1/3, the (√3×√3)R30° structure covered most of the surface, except for a number of linear phase boundaries. Commensurate with completion of the (√3×√3)R30° structure, some domains of square Se8 rings were usually evident, as well. At still higher coverages, a heterog...
Distributed dynamic programming using concurrent object-orientedness with actors visualized by high-level Petri nets☆

Abstract This paper deals with application of concurrent object-oriented programming with Actors to solve dynamic programming problems in a distributed computing environment. This area of research is often called distributed artificial intelligence . Using a dynamic programming example of chained matrix multiplication , a method of managing dynamic programming searches in a distributed programming environment with Actors is presented. Distributed computations with Actors are visualized by means of Time-Varying Automata (for cases with no intra-actor concurrency) or using a class of high-level nets called Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets (for cases with intra-actor concurrency). Design and implementation features of the specific Actor-based programming environment, using a concurrent extension of C++, are also discussed.
Stimulant medication effects on learning in children with mental retardation and ADHD

Forty four children (ages 6–13 years) with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate (Ritalin) involving .3 and .6 mg/kg medication doses and a placebo. Sixty six percent of subjects were found to be responders to medication based upon weekday school reports or data obtained while attending a weekly Saturday laboratory classroom. The assessment of medication effects on learning was conducted via a daily work task (number of problems completed and work accuracy) and a short-term auditory memory task. Results indicated beneficial medication effects on work output during the weekday and Saturday program, but gains in work accuracy in the weekday classroom only. No significant medication effects were noted on the short-term auditory memory task. Results are consistent with previous research and suggest that children with mental retardation and ADHD require supplemental programming, such as the teaching of specific learning strategies or behavioral interventions, to take full advantage of gains resulting from medication.
The electronic configuration of Si(111) (2 × 1) reconstructed surfaces☆

Abstract Self-consistent pseudopotential calculations are presetned for Si(111) (2 × 1) reconstructed surfaces based on Haneman's model. Infrared absorption and recent angular resolved photo-emission data are discussed in the light of these calculations.
Inside Front Cover: Excimer‐Based White Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Nearly 100 % Internal Quantum Efficiency (Adv. Mater. 2/2007)

By combining the monomer and excimer/aggregate emission of FPt, a white OLED can be obtained. Incorporating the novel host material 26mCPy and engineering the charge balance properties, Jabbour and co-workers used FPt to demonstrate, for the first time, nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency in white OLEDs (as shown in the image). The work is reported on p. 197.
NONDIRECTIVE COUNSELING INTERVENTIONS WITH SCHIZOPHRENICS

Counseling interventions with paranoid schizophrenics can be daunting. While chemical, directive, and behavioral controls often are considered important, nondirective counseling techniques used by the therapeutic staff may help schizophrenic patients explore their thoughts and feelings. Several nondirective concepts pioneered by Carl Rogers are examined. These methods, which represent basic concepts of the person-centered approach, are empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. A brief illustration of an interaction with a patient diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic is presented to suggest the effectiveness of Rogerian counseling.
Supramolecular assemblies with tunable morphologies from homopolymeric and small organic molecular building blocks.

This work demonstrates the formation of micrometer-sized supramolecular assemblies with tunable morphologies using a homopolymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine), and a small organic acid, 5,7-dodecadiynedioic acid, as the building molecules. Three different morphologies (hollow spheres, solid spheres, and rods) were obtained, depending on the molar ratio of the building molecules. It is proposed that hydrogen bonding between P4VP and DCDA and the π−π stacking of the diacetylenic moieties are responsible for the formation of these assemblies. Interestingly, ordered hexagonal and lamellar mesostructures were also formed within the microstructure during the co-assembly process. As a result, UV irradiation of the supramolecular assemblies polymerized the diacetylenic moieties, resulting in cross-linked and responsive blue polydiacetylenic assemblies that can change color to red upon external stimuli (e.g., thermal stimuli). This work provides a novel concept of the synthesis of responsive supramolecular assemblies fro...
Recasting neo-liberalism in the americas: A critique of the preliminary needs assessment of the millennium development goals in the dominican republic

Abstract Implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the Dominican Republic represents an attempt to recast the neo-liberal project in the Americas. In this article, we illustrate this by analyzing the government's April 2005 report concerning the preliminary needs assessment of what the country would have to accomplish to meet the MDGs by 2015. We conclude the implementation process chosen suffers from a civil society deficit. It privileges the policy requirements and prescriptions of neo-liberal market forces that are represented by supranational and national actors and agencies. We suggest an alternative approach whereby achievement of the MDGs can be grounded in active citizenship participation.
Specificity of early movie effects on adolescent sexual behavior and alcohol use.

Abstract Adolescents' movie sex exposure (MSE) and movie alcohol exposure (MAE) have been shown to influence later sexual behavior and drinking, respectively. No study to date, however, has tested whether these effects generalize across behaviors. This study examined the concurrent influences of early (i.e., before age 16) MSE and MAE on subsequent risky sex and alcohol use among a national sample of 1228 U.S. adolescents. Participants reported their health behaviors and movie viewing up to six times between 2003 and 2009 in telephone interviews. The Beach method was used to create a population-based estimate of each participant's MSE and MAE, which were then entered into a structural equation model (SEM) to predict lifetime risky sex and past month alcohol use at ages 18–21. For both men and women, MAE predicted alcohol use, mediated by age of initiation of heavy episodic drinking (HED) and age of sexual debut; MAE also predicted risky sex via age of sexual debut. Among men only, MSE indirectly predicted risky sex and alcohol use. Findings indicated that early exposure to risk content from movies had both specific and general effects on later risk-taking, but gender differences were evident: for men, MSE was a stronger predictor than MAE, but for women, only MAE predicted later risk behavior. These results have implications for future media research, prevention programs for adolescent sex and alcohol use, and movie ratings that can guide parents' decisions as to which movies are appropriate for their children.
House memory: on activity traces as a form of cultural heritage

This forum aims to offer and promote a rich discussion at the intersection of art, performance, and culture that expands the boundaries of HCI while broadening our understanding of how things of the past come to matter in the present. ---Elisa Giaccardi, Editor
Thermophysical characterization of oil sands. 4. Thermal analyses

Abstract TG and DSC data are presented for oil sand and bitumen extracts selected from four major deposits in the United States and Canada. The specimens were heated in an inert atmosphere. Thermal dissociation of oil sand bitumen takes place in two distinct stages, the first process peaking at temperatures around 350°C and the subsequent step showing a rate maximum at ∼475°C. The gross enthalpies for these reactions as measured from the areas under the DSC thermograms, are presented for the various samples.
Institutional validation of breast cancer treatment guidelines.

Several groups have developed clinical guidelines for the management of breast cancer, yet little data exist regarding their validation. Therefore, we examined the effect of published National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for invasive breast cancer on survival, quality of life (QOL), and hospital cost. From 260 consecutive breast cancer patients, 129 patients were identified for analysis: 93 patients (72%) were treated according to the guidelines (NCCN+), while the treatment of 36 patients (28%), with a similar stage distribution, deviated from the guidelines (NCCN-). Patients were excluded from analysis with a diagnosis of carcinoma in situ, inflammatory cancer, stage IV disease, and comorbid conditions that affected treatment. The 5-year survival was 87.6% for the NCCN+ patients versus 83.3% for NCCN- patients (P = 0.319 by Kaplan-Meier). Twelve QOL parameters were evaluated using a Likert-type scale (1 = severe and 5 = none). NCCN+ patients had a cumulative QOL score of 4.18 +/- 0.08 versus 4.24 +/- 0.14 for NCCN- patients (P = 0.745). Treatment-related costs were $20,300 +/- 1800 for NCCN+ patients versus $59,700 +/- 25,200 for NCCN- patients (P = 0.016 by t test). Although deviation from NCCN breast cancer guidelines had no effect on perceived quality of life or survival, there was a significant decrease in cost in the NCCN+ group. These findings suggest that adherence to NCCN guidelines can significantly reduce the cost of breast cancer care without adversely affecting either survival or quality of life.
Frequency response of the Fourcin electroglottograph and measurement of temporal aspects of laryngeal movement during swallowing.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the frequency response of a modified Fourcin EGG at frequencies associated with the slow varying laryngeal movement of swallowing and to compare those...
Neurodevelopmental outcome at one year of age in congenital diaphragmatic hernia infants not treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Abstract Background We evaluated the neurodevelopmental (ND) outcome at one year of age for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) children who have not undergone extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment during the neonatal period. Material and methods Between 01/2005 and 06/2012, 63 consecutive CDH patients underwent ND assessment using the BSID-III at a median age of 12months. ND delay was defined by a score of ≤85 in any of the composite scales. Severe impairment was defined as a score of ≤69 in at least one domain. Results Mean±SD cognitive, language, and motor functions were 94±14, 86±14, 90±15, respectively (normal 100±15, P 2 requirement, fundoplication, abnormal BAERs, and tracheostomy were associated with lower scores in all domains. Right-sided CDH, male gender, lower 5min APGAR, pulmonary hypertension, and delayed start of enteral feeding were predictive of lower cognitive and/or language scores. Conclusion At one year of age, a high percentage of CDH children whose illness did not necessitate ECMO have below normal ND scores. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors are significant determinants of adverse outcomes.