cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are expressivists guilty of wishful thinking

Some contemporary philosophers have argued that expressivism or non-cognitivism, if suitably developed, can solve the well-known Frege–Geach problem. Of course, whether this is true is a matter of debate. Recently, Cian Dorr has advanced an argument that, if successful, would show that this debate is unimportant. For, according to Dorr, a solution to the Frege–Geach problem will not save expressivism from a new and distinct problem, namely that an expressivist theory—even assuming a solution to the Frege–Geach problem—entails that intuitively rational beliefs are in fact irrational. If Dorr is correct about this, then the new problem he raises would be as devastating as the old Frege–Geach problem is often thought to be. I will argue that Dorr is not correct. Rather than constituting a new and potent objection, the issue Dorr raises—at least absent further argument—does not pose a threat to any expressivist theory which is able to solve the Frege–Geach problem and is otherwise acceptable.
Computational Gray-scale Mathematical Morphology on Lattices (A Comparator-based Image Algebra) Part II

In this second part of a two-part study, the lattice-based computational representational structure is applied to image operators. The computational representations are first applied to some common non-linear window (vector) operators used in image processing ? for instance, flat erosion, flat dilation, fuzzy erosion, and flat filters, in general. For these, application of the representations is direct. Representations are then developed for gray-to-binary and gray-to-gray image operators. In all cases, images are assumed to be lattice-valued. It is shown that under appropriate circumstances the representations can be viewed as structural generalizations of classical representations. Flat (stack) filters are treated in their own fight (as operators on lattice-valued images) and it is seen that for these the lattice representations can be interpreted in terms of threshold decomposition.
Number of axons in the corpus callosum of the mature Macaca nemestrina: Increases caused by prenatal exposure to ethanol

The effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol on the number of callosal axons were examined. Pregnant Macaca nemestrina were treated with ethanol (1.8 g/kg b.wt.) 1 day per week during the first 6 weeks (Et6) or full 24 weeks (Et24) of gestation. Control macaques were intubated with an isocaloric amount of sucrose water (Ct). The mid-sagittal area of the corpus callosum in 4- to 5-year-old offspring was examined in magnetic resonance (MR) images and in fixed brains. The number of callosal axons was determined by using electron microscopy. In both MR images and fixed brains of macaques treated with ethanol, the corpus callosum was 26% larger than in the controls. The rostral portion was particularly affected by ethanol; it was 55% larger in Et6- and Et24-treated macaques. Axonal size and myelin thickness were unaffected by ethanol, but ethanol-treated macaques had more callosal axons (13.7 × 107) than did controls (9.4 × 107 axons). The increase in the rostral corpus callosum suggests that parietal and frontal cortices are particularly susceptible to ethanol. The altered callosal connectivity may be a component of the structural abnormalities that underlie executive processing problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. J. Comp. Neurol. 412:123–131, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Constrained games for evaluating organizational performance

Abstract This paper develops a class of two-person game theoretic models that provide insight into exceptional aspects of organizational performance. In contrast to earlier games used for performance evaluations, the new model permits constraints on the strategies available to each of the players, a restriction that is frequently imposed in practice. Despite the more complicated nonlinearities involved in these games compared to classical (finite) two-person forms, the players' solutions (Nash equilibria) can still be described as the optimal solutions to a primal-dual linear programming (LP) pair. If the game's data elements are replaced with the observed inputs and outputs obtained from competing organizations, then the resulting LPs resemble those currently used in the core ratio models of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Apart from furthering the intertwinement of game theory and DEA, the constrained games feature additional improvements such as the ability to handle zeros in the data, a well-defined sensitivity analysis, and the unification of previous DEA principles within the context of constrained strategies.
Aerosol based detectors for the investigation of phospholipid hydrolysis in a pharmaceutical suspension formulation.

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to quantify free fatty acids (FFA) in a pharmaceutical suspension formulated with phospholipids as stabilizing agents. Specifically, a suspension of crystalline itraconazole microparticles stabilized with Lipoid E80 was used as a model system to study the physicochemical stability of an aqueous, phospholipid-based suspension for injection. The hydrolysis of the phospholipids during storage at elevated temperatures (40 °C) necessitated the development of a suitable HPLC method for the determination of free fatty acid content in the suspension samples. HPLC methods using two types of aerosol detectors were investigated for the above purpose. Reversed-phase separation coupled with either an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) or a Corona Plus charged aerosol detector (CAD) was used. A comparison of the methods indicated that the CAD method provided better sensitivity, precision, recovery, and linearity for the parameters evaluated. As a result, this method was chosen for the stability study of itraconazole suspension and has been incorporated in subsequent formulation studies.
Incoherent light guide imager for harsh and complex environments

Fiber optic imaging systems are used in many applications, including medical imaging, machinery diagnostics, and remote sensing. Most commonly, coherent bundles of optical fibers are used that maintain the spatial positioning of each fiber throughout the length of the bundle, resulting in a recognizable proximal (camera side) image that is almost identical to the distal image projected into the bundle by the lens. Although coherent fiber bundles provide excellent solutions for many imaging applications, their limited flexibility and thermal stress intolerance may prohibit them from being used in harsh or complex environments. The flexibility and thermal tolerance of a fiber imaging system can be significantly improved by using an incoherent bundle of fibers wherein the spatial positioning of each fiber is not preserved throughout the length of the bundle. Incoherent bundles need to be calibrated to provide the means to reconstruct distal imagery. In reported calibration schemes, the calibration time is strongly dependent on the ratio between the bundle size and the fiber size. The calibration time can thus become prohibitive for highly resolved images using many fibers. A novel calibration scheme is described for incoherent bundles where the calibration time is proportional to the bundle-to-fiber size ratio, resulting in significantly reduced processing time and enabling more highly resolved images. As an added benefit for medical and remote sensing applications, incoherent light guides scramble the scene images, which may provide a desirable level of data privacy.
Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the clinical management of a patient with a giant coronary artery aneurysm

Summary: Transthoracic echocardiography (7TE) has substantial limitations for the study of abnormalities of the coronary tree. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows a more complete examination of the coronary arteries, particularly the proximal segments. This report describes the use of TEE after cardiac catheterization in the clinical management of a patient with unstable angina. While angiography fist showed the giant aneurysm of the left circumflex coronary artery, TEE, by revealing an active thrombus of the lumen, prompted an immediate surgical resolution.
On Galerkin methods for Abel-type integral equations

Galerkin methods are studied for the numerical solution of Abel-type integral equations. In order to maintain the causality/triangularity of the resulting system of linear equations, spline functions of maximal defect are used, i.e., $C^{ - 1} $ piecewise polynomials. Asymptotically optimal error estimates in the supremum norm are proved. Both robustness and accuracy of the Galerkin methods are compared with those of collocation methods. Some numerical experiments using some “cheap” quadrature schemes that work quite well under certain circumstances only are shown, and some generally applicable quadrature methods are reported.
Effect of artificial stress diffusivity on the stability of numerical calculations and the flow dynamics of time-dependent viscoelastic flows

In this work, we investigate the effect of the introduction of a stress diffusive term into the classical Oldroyd-B constitutive equation on the numerical stability of time-dependent viscoelastic flow calculations. The channel Poiseuille flow at Re ⪢ 1 and O(1) We is chosen as a test problem. Through a linear stability analysis, we demonstrate that the introduction of a small amount of (dimensionless) diffusivity, typically of the order 10−3, does not affect the critical eigenmodes of the viscoelastic Orr-Sommerfeld problem appreciably. However, a diffusive term of that magnitude is shown to have a significant influence on the singular eigenmodes of the classical Oldroyd-B model, associated with the continuum spectra. A finite amplitude perturbation is constructed as a linear superposition of the eigenvectors corresponding to the most unstable eigenvalues of the problem. This is superimposed on the steady Poiseuille flow solution to provide the initial conditions for time-dependent simulations. The numerical algorithm involves a fully spectral spatial discretization and a semi-implicit second order integration in time. For the Oldroyd-B fluid, depending on the magnitude of the initial perturbation, numerical instabilities set in at relatively short times while the components of the conformation tensor increase monotonically in magnitude with time. Introduction of a diffusive term into this model is shown to stabilize the calculations remarkably, and for a three-dimensional simulation with Re = 5000 and We = 1, no instabilities were observed even at very large times. The effect of the magnitude of the diffusivity on the stability and the flow dynamics is addressed through a direct comparison of the results with those obtained for the Oldroyd-B model.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel microparts electroformed in replicated LIGA molds

A novel process for the rapid replication of electroforming plastic micromolds has been developed and is now being used to produce plated nickel test specimens. The process combines hot embossing or injection molding with metallic microscreens to produce sacrificial electroforming molds with conducting bases and insulating sidewalls. The replicated micromolds differ from standard LIGA molds in that the holes in the microscreen act as insulating defects in the electroforming base. The effects of such defects on the materials properties of electroformed microparts will be discussed and it will be shown that when the surface irregularities corresponding to the microscreen holes are removed, mechanical properties are experimentally indistinguishable from those found in conventionally processed LIGA specimens.
Monte Carlo modeling of fiber-scintillator flow-cell radiation detector geometry

Abstract A Monte Carlo computer calculation is described which models the geometric efficiency of a fiber-scintillator flow-cell radiation detector designed to detect radiolabeled compounds in liquid chromatography eluates. By using special mathematical techniques, an efficiency prediction with a precision of 1% is obtained after generating only 1000 random events. Good agreement is seen between predicted and experimental efficiency except for very low energy beta emission where the geometric limitation on efficiency is overcome by pulse height limitations which the model does not consider. The modeling results show that in the test system, the detection efficiency for low energy beta emitters is limited primarily by light generation and collection rather than geometry.
The Experimental Verification of the Quantum-Mechanical Dispersion Theory by Reflection and Diffuse Scattering of X-Rays from Zinc

H\"onl used his dispersion theory to develop a formula for the x-ray scattering power of an atom for wave-lengths near the absorption edge. He expressed his formula as the difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}f$ between his value and $f$ calculated by some method such as that of Hartree. In this paper it is shown that the $F$ values obtained in the powder crystal experiments of Brindley, Wollan and Harvey, and Miller may be used to verify this formula when they are corrected by the proper temperature factor given by recent experiments in diffuse scattering. The diffuse scattering experiment also gives $f$ values which may be used to verify the H\"onl theory. It is shown that all existing data on the $f$ values of zinc are in good agreement when they have been corrected by the Jauncey and Bruce temperature factor and the H\"onl $\ensuremath{\Delta}f$. A working formula for H\"onl's $\ensuremath{\Delta}f$ for any element and for any wave-length is given together with a table of theoretical values of $\ensuremath{\Delta}f$ for zinc. From a consideration of all experimental results for zinc a set of $f$ values has been constructed and these are given in a table. This table shows that there is electron distortion and reasons are advanced for believing that the distortion of the electron atmosphere extends deeper into the atom than the valence electrons.
Propagation measurement using antenna array

The design and construction of a 2.4 GHz antenna array suitable for measurement of the time, angle, and complex amplitude of path arrivals in an indoor radio channel are described. Calibration of the array is facilitated with the aid of an anechoic chamber. An optimal least-squares processor is derived, which compensates for systematic calibration errors. Early measurement results are presented, and future directions of the research are indicated.
Antimicrobial resistance of the genera Proteus, Providencia and Serratia with special reference to multiple resistance patterns.

The generaProteus, Providencia, andSerratia are known to have consistently shown resistance to one or several of the following antimicrobials: the polymyxins, ampicillin, the cephalosporins, the tetracyclines, and nitrofurantoin. Resistance to other drugs is erratic. In an attempt to investigate the diagnostic possibilities of resistance to colistin, ampicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin, 1364 strains of the above genera were scanned. The study revealed, however, that resistance to a drug was practically never found in 100% of the strains of a species, and that species-specific patterns could not be demonstrated. Furthermore, R factors could spread to hitherto sensitive strains. Thus, it is unlikely that resistance patterns could do more for the diagnosis of these genera than suggest or exclude, on the basis of statistical evidence, the presence of certain species.
Multiphoton ionization in a short-range potential: A nonperturbative approach.

We introduce an alternative approach to the study of multiphoton ionization. The approach is based on consideration of the relative frequency instead of the relative field strength of the applied laser field as a small parameter (or, equivalently, a large number of photons). The choice is based on the characteristics of present-day lasers. We apply our approach specifically to an electron bound by a {delta}-function potential. In order to show a simpler situation first, we start by applying our analysis to the time-independent tunneling problem from such a potential due to an external electrostatic field. For this problem, we derive from first principles the well-known ionization rate for tunneling. Next, we derive with the same general formalism an analytical formula, asymptotic in the number of photons, for the multiphoton ionization rate, under strong field conditions, of an electron confined by a {delta}-function potential. We also obtain the ionization rate from a numerical solution of the corresponding equations. The comparison with the analytical expression is very good, even for a small number of photons. Our approach puts the results of Perelomov, Popov, and Terentev (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. {bold 50}, 1393 (1966) (Sov. Phys. JETP 23, 924 (1966))) on a rigorousmore » basis as well as extending them to a wider range of parameters. To cover analytically the few-photon case, we also develop a perturbation theory in the relative field strength to calculate the ionization rate. This perturbative approach has the advantage over the conventional Rayleigh-Schroedinger theory in that it effectively takes into account the continuum without having to deal with it directly. The comparison with the numerical results is also very good.« less
Nitrite-cured meats as a source of endogenously and exogenously formed N-nitrosoproline in the ferret.

Abstract Nitrite-cured meat containing 120 mg Na 15 NO 2 /kg was fed to male ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ). During consumption of the meat, the animals were dosed orally with 0.87 mmol [2- 2 H]proline. All urine was collected throughout the study and analysed for total N -nitrosoproline (NPRO) and isotopic enrichment of NPRO by mass spectrometry. The cured-meat diet increased the urinary excretion of NPRO 14-fold. Isotope analyses indicated that approximately 70% of the NPRO came from the cured meat, the majority of which was analytically unavailable or ‘bound’ NPRO in the meat. A small portion of the excreted NPRO appeared to be formed in the stomach as a result of ingesting the cured meat. A minor amount of the excreted NPRO did not contain any isotopically labelled atoms. The administration of ascorbic acid did not significantly alter NPRO excretion. Animals dosed orally with 11.4 μmol of a peptide in which the N-terminal proline was nitrosated increased their excretion of NPRO by 385 nmol over the following 48 hr. These data indicate that nitrite-cured meat contains bound NPRO which contributes to the total amount of NPRO in the urine.
Recognizing and evaluating potential dementia in office settings

The primary care providers' first challenge in office assessment of dementia is in identifying individuals who may have cognitive impairment. Several tools are available for screening and, when applied as part of the routine with other health maintenance measures, can uncover declining cognition before it is debilitating and jeopardizes patient and public safety. Simple initial assessment can be undertaken to simplify and expedite the consultant evaluation. Early detection and intervention facilitates realization of greater benefit from pharmacologic, behavioral, and social interventions.
PVSS19. Performing Complete Superficial Vein Ablation in Patients with Obesity and Severe Chronic Venous Disease: Who Benefits?

Objectives: The relationship between CEAP class and Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) change following great saphenous vein ablation (GSVa) is under reported. We further defined this relationship in patients including those with severe chronic venous disease (CVD) and the obese. Methods: We reviewed our prospectively collected venous procedural database from January 2007 to October 2010 for patients who had undergone GSVa ( phlebectomies). A CEAP class 5 or 6 designated severe CVD. VCSS were obtained preoperatively and at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd follow up visits.
Efficient and accurate evaluation of external mutual coupling between compound broad wall slots

The efficient and accurate evaluation of external mutual coupling between compound broad-wall slots cut in rectangular waveguides is addressed. The special case of longitudinal slots is also considered. Errors introduced by approximations used in some mutual coupling expressions are investigated and numerical results are presented for a range of waveguide and slot parameters. It is shown that for most applications, mutual coupling expressions can be determined in terms of single numerical integrals. >
Crosslink density, oxidation and chain scission in retrieved, highly cross-linked UHMWPE tibial bearings

Irradiated, thermally stabilized, highly cross-linked UHMWPE bearings have demonstrated superior wear performance and improved in vitro oxidation resistance compared with terminally gamma-sterilized bearings, yet retrieval analysis reveals unanticipated in vivo oxidation in these materials despite fewer or no measurable free radicals. There has been little evidence to date that the oxidation mechanism in thermally stabilized materials is the same as that in conventional materials, and so it is unknown whether oxidation in these materials is leading to chain scission and a degradation of mechanical properties, molecular weight, and crosslink density. The aim of this study was to determine whether measured in vivo oxidation in retrieved, highly cross-linked tibial bearings corresponds with a decreasing crosslink density. Analysis of three tibial bearing materials revealed that crosslink density decreased following in vivo duration, and that the change in crosslink density was strongly correlated with oxidation. The results suggest that oxidation in highly cross-linked materials is causing chain scissions that may, in time, impact the material properties. If in vivo oxidation continues over longer durations, there is potential for a clinically significant degradation of mechanical properties.
The Contribution of Body Wall Muscles to C. Elegans Body Mechanics Determined Using Piezoresistive Microcantilevers

Body mechanics in the nematode C. elegans are central to both mechanosensation and locomotion. Previous work revealed that the mechanics of the outer shell, which is composed of both the animal's skin (cuticle) and attached muscles, rather than internal hydrostatic pressure, dominates stiffness [S.-J. Park et al., PNAS (2007), 104:17376]. This finding suggested that the striated body wall muscles could contribute significantly to the mechanics of this tiny invertebrate. To test this idea, we utilized pharmacological and genetic tools to modulate muscle contraction and assayed stiffness using a piezoresistive microcantilever displacement clamp system. Relaxing the muscles with 2-3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) decreased stiffness. Levamisole, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist known to paralyze C. elegans, induced hypercontraction, but did not significantly alter measured stiffness. We infer from these results that resting muscle tone contributes to body stiffness. A uniform increase in muscle tone, by contrast, has no detectable effect on stiffness. Since levamisole-induced hypercontraction is associated with significant changes in body geometry, it is possible that the internal hydrostatic pressure is decreasing and offsetting contraction-induced stiffness increases. Preliminary studies of mutants defective in muscle contraction follow an analogous trend. These results provide new insight into the role of the body wall muscles in C. elegans body mechanics and are a step towards developing better models of the mechanics of both locomotion and mechanotransduction.
First Report of Nocardia beijingensis Infection in an Immunocompetent Host in the United States

Here we describe the first reported case of Nocardia beijingensis infection in the United States, made rarer by its presence in an immunocompetent patient.
Extended Emergency Care for Painful Conditions

Painful conditions are a common cause for visits to emergency departments. Appropriate therapy often consists of sedating medications followed by a period of observation that is beneficial in assessing their effect. The cause of abdominal pain is frequently elusive, requiring prolonged testing and re-examination. Observation is particularly beneficial in assessing this condition, while certain other painful conditions are not suitable for emergency observation because of the need for prolonged treatment.
MgO–pyrochlore composite as an inert matrix fuel: Neutronic and thermal characteristics

Abstract Inert matrix fuels are an important component of advanced nuclear fuel cycles, as they provide a means of utilizing plutonium and reducing the inventory of ‘minor’ actinides. We examine the neutronic and thermal characteristics of MgO–pyrochlore (A2B2O7: La2Zr2O7, Nd2Zr2O7 and Y2Sn2O7) composites as inert matrix fuels in boiling water reactors. By incorporating plutonium with resonance nuclides, such as Am, Np and Er, in the A-site of pyrochlore, the kinf vs. burn-up curves are shown to be similar to those of UO2, although the Doppler coefficients are less negative than UO2. The Pu depletion rates are 88–90% (239Pu) and 54–58% (total Pu) when the inert matrix fuels experience a burn-up equivalent of 45 GWd/tHM UO2. Because of the high thermal conductivity of MgO, the center-line temperatures of the MgO–pyrochlore composites at 44.0 kW/m are lower than those of UO2 pellets. After burn-up, the A-site cation composition is 15–35 at.% lower than that of the B-site cations in pyrochlore (e.g., A1.84B2.17O7.00) due to the fission of Pu in the A-site and the presence of fission product elements in the A- and B-sites of the pyrochlore structure.
Differential regulation of phenotypic expression in a pluripotential neuroblastoma cell line

Our laboratory has recently been involved in investigating factors which influence plasticity of neurotransmitter phenotypic expression both in vivo and in culture. Our previous studies have shown that precursor neuroblasts are pluripotential with respect to neurotransmitter phenotype and respond differentially to microenvironmental signals. In the present study, we examined phenotypic expression in neuroblastoma cells, P2 clone, using the activities of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as neuronal markers for the cholinergic and catecholaminergic phenotypes, respectively. Cells were plated and grown for 4 days in culture, harvested and frozen for assay of ChAT and TH. Basal activity of ChAT was 2.47 +/- 0.22 nmoles Ach formed /h/mg protein and that of TH was 5.23 +/- 0.41 pmoles CO2 formed /h/mg protein in control cultures. When intracellular cAMP levels were increased by addition to the growth medium of 10 micrograms/ml prostaglandin E1 (PGE1; a receptor-mediated enhancer of adenylate cyclase activity) or 200 micrograms/ml RO20-1724 (an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) the activity of TH was increased 340- and 423-fold, respectively. In marked contrast, the activity of ChAT was not affected by either agent. Double staining immunocytochemical examination demonstrated that both ChAT and TH were colocalized in the same cell. The molecular mechanism whereby catecholaminergic expression exclusively is affected in this cell model is currently under investigation. We conclude that (1) P2 neuroblastoma is a pluripotential cell line, (2) phenotypic expression in a homogenous cell population, such as P2 neuroblastoma, is differentially regulated. Moreover, this cell line is a unique model for studying the molecular mechanisms of phenotypic expression and neuronal plasticity.
Defect in cellular immunity of leukemia virus-infected mice assessed by a macrophage migration-inhibition assay.

SummaryCellular immunity in leukemic mice was studied using Friend leukemia virus and susceptible BALB/c mice. Injection of this virus into the test mice resulted in rapid development of splenomegaly and other symptoms of leukemia. There was a concomitant decrease in the ability of peritoneal cells from these animals to respond to PPD in vitro, as assessed by the macrophage migration-inhibition procedure.Sensitization of normal mice with mycobacteria in Freund's complete adjuvant resulted in rapid development of cellular immunity as assessed by the migration-inhibition assay. Failure to detect cellular immunity by this assay with peritoneal cells from leukemia virus-infected mice correlates with the marked decrease in humoral immunity, as well as cellular immunity previously assessed by skin graft rejection assays.
Profit and Philanthropy: Stock Companies as Philanthropic Institution in Nineteenth Century Germany

Philanthropy and Civil Society is often identified with the activities of foundations and non-profit organizations. Susannah Morris pointed out already that nineteenth century philanthropy included many forms of organization which we today would not identify as philanthropic in nature. The most important such form of philanthropy was the “Philanthropy and Five Percent” model which favored stock companies in the alleviation of poverty. English, German, and American philanthropists championed the limited dividend company—a stock company which was financed through shares sold to shareholders but limited the profit to be distributed among shareholders to a maximum of 5 %—as an ideal tool to produce proper housing for working-class families. Following the model of Sydney Waterlow’s limited dividend housing company in London (the Improved Industrial Dwellings Company, 1863), similar enterprises were across Germany and the United States from the 1870s to the 1910s. The more famous such institutions were the City and Suburban Homes Company in New York City, the Boston Cooperative Building Company in Boston, and the Society for the Improvement of Small Tenements in Berlin. The belief that the capitalist market could produce social welfare was the underlying philosophy of this movement. In Germany, however, the application of this business/philanthropy model went beyond social housing. Limited dividend companies were formed to support various forms of philanthropic activities from public parks and zoos to theaters and music halls. In this essay, I will discuss the transformation of philanthropy in the course of the nineteenth century with regards to the different institutional forms of philanthropy. In the first half of the nineteenth century, German philanthropists considered associations as well as limited dividend companies as the most important and effective forms of philanthropy. Up until World War I, German philanthropists had a much broader set of institutions at their hands from which they could chose if they decided to engage in philanthropy. Only after World War I, did the definition of philanthropy in Germany begin to narrow.
Parental influences on deviant behavior in early adolescence: A logistic response analysis of age- and gender-differentiated effects

We used data from a 601-family longitudinal study to estimate the separate and combined effects of three risk factors—parental psychiatric disorders (principally depression and substance abuse), supportive parent-child communications, and household income—on the development of deviant behavior in boys and girls aged 11–14. Using logistic response models, we concluded that having fewer than two supportive parents generally increases the risk of deviant behavior, but more so for boys than for girls. This effect is amplified when one or more parent(s) has a chronic mental disorder, but thecombination of fewer than two supportive parentsand one psychiatrically impaired parent has a particularly marked effect on girls. Moreover, older children's behavior is affected more dramatically by parental mental disorders, especially among girls; 13 to 14-year-old girls with both parental risk factors are virtually as deviant as male agemates with both risks. Each one of these effects is present regardless of family income level; however, net of these risks, household income is negatively associated with deviant behavior—a 10% increase in income is associated with a 1.3% decrease in adolescent deviance.
Mode competition in long-pulse FELs☆

Abstract The nonlinear mode interaction in FELs is studied in an analytic perturbative framework both for low as well as high gain regimes. The mode coupling depends on the saturation terms which mainly arise from third order perturbation. Both self- and crossed saturation are obtained and the ratio crossed/self characterizes the strength of the mode coupling. The mode competition is analyzed by studying the two mode problem. Mathematically, this entails a stability analysis of a system of two coupled integro-differential equations. In FELs the crossed saturation is twice as strong as the self-saturation. As a consequence of the strong crossed saturation, a dominant mode is able to suppress other competing modes and the result is single mode operation.
Hemodynamic Effects of Smoking Cigarettes of High and Low Nicotine Content

We studied the hemodynamic effects of smoking cigarettes with high and low contents of nicotine in young smokers free of coronary arterial disease. The smoking of one cigarette with a high content of nicotine produced a peak rise in cardiac output of 32 percent above baseline values, and the effect persisted for one hour. Smoking a cigarette with a low content of nicotine produced a peak rise of 13 percent above baseline values, with a duration of five minutes. The rise in cardiac output was almost entirely attributable to tachycardia, since stroke volume remained relatively constant. The smoking of a cigarette with high nicotine content also caused greater and more sustained elevation in systemic blood pressure than smoking a cigarette with low nicotine content Thus, there was a responsiveness to the dose of nicotine in cigarettes smoked by young smokers free of coronary arterial disease.
Patients with heart failure who die in hospice

Background Patients with end-stage heart failure experience disability, dyspnea, pain, and suffering at the end of life despite progress in treatment approaches. Little is known about the patients with heart failure in hospice and the impact of hospice care on health-related outcomes. Methods and Results The purposes of this retrospective, descriptive chart review were to (1) describe the characteristics of patients who receive hospice care, (2) identify symptoms most commonly reported by patients with heart failure in hospice during the last 7 days of life, and (3) identify interventions used by hospice nurses to manage the symptoms. The majority of the patients were women, widowed, and white. Median length of stay was 10 days. Nearly 37% of the patients were admitted to hospice during the last week of life. Primary symptoms at admission for hospice care included dyspnea, confusion at least some of the time, and poor appetite. There was no statistically significant difference in symptoms between the day of admission for hospice care and the day of death. Symptom management strategies included oxygen, family reassurance or education, skin care, and patient education. Medications commonly used to relieve symptoms included antianxiety medications, morphine, and/or other narcotics. Although mainstay heart failure drugs had been prescribed for some patients, prescription rates were low and not in line with current guideline recommendations, nor were those medications recorded as being used for symptom management. Conclusion Further research including prospective study is needed to clearly articulate the impact of hospice care on patients and families affected by heart failure.
Synthesis of cystine-3,3′-13C-3,3,3′,3′-d4 for use in incorporation into proteins

Abstract Cystine labeled in the 3-position with both 13C and two deuteriums was prepared in 17% overall yield from Ba13CO3 by an aminomalonate condensation with D2CO-13C. The labeled formaldehyde precursor was prepared by catalytic oxidation of 13CD3OH, which in turn was obtained by reduction of 13CO2 with lithium aluminum deuteride.
An ultraprecision six-axis visual servo-control system

This paper presents the development of a novel active visual measurement technique, laterally sampled white-light interferometry (L-SWLI), which is capable of real-time visual tracking of six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) rigid body motion with near-nanometer precision. The visual tracking system is integrated with a 6-DOF motion stage to realize an ultraprecision six-axis visual servo-control system. Contrary to conventional interferometric techniques, L-SWLI obtains the complete pose of the target object from a single image frame, therefore allowing real-time tracking. Six-DOF motions are obtained from measuring the fringe pattern on multiple surfaces of the object or from a single surface with additional information gained from conventional image-processing techniques. The feasibility of the visually servoed motion scheme was demonstrated on a micro cantilever. The cantilever was maneuvered in a three-dimensional space with near-nanometer motion resolution in all three translational axes.
Adversity and Internalizing Problems among Rural Chinese Adolescents: The Roles of Parents and Teachers.

Throughout the developing world, adolescents living in rural poverty face multiple and inter-related adaptive challenges. Using longitudinal data from the Gansu Survey of Children and Families, we adopt an approach grounded in resilience theory to investigate the relationship between cumulative adversity and internalizing problems among 1,659 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years in an interior Chinese province. We also investigate the compensatory roles of parental warmth and teacher support. Results of multivariate regression models suggest that internalizing problems increased in later adolescence in this sample. The rate of increase did not differ by gender, counter to most extant literature on sex differences in the developmental trajectory of internalizing problems. Along with parental warmth, teacher support emerged as an especially important compensatory factor, highlighting the significance of teachers as an often overlooked resource for poor rural adolescents.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON RESPONSES EVOKED IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS.

Abstract The injection of 20–55 μg norepinephrine directly into the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (HVM) or the ipsilateral carotid artery increased the amplitude of the HVM response to septal stimulation and suppressed the HVM response to amygdaloid stimulatio.. Similar results were obtained with comparable concentrations of epinephrine. d -Amphetamine produced a suppression of both septal-HVM and amygdaloid-HVM responses. Local injection of 0.85 per cent saline, pitressin or sodium nitrite did not alter the HVM evoked responses.
Modeling and simulation for Sensor Craft multi-mission radar

The objective of this paper is to review the tools available for modeling and simulating the Sensor Craft radar system concept and assess the challenging role and potential for STAP processing to support its intended missions in severe clutter. Airborne surveillance radar systems such as those proposed for Sensor Craft, will operate in a severe and dynamic interference environment. This interference is a sum of clutter, electronic counter measures (ECM), electromagnetic interference (EMI), and noise. The ability to detect weak airborne and ground targets requires the suppression of interference in real time. STAP techniques offer the promise of superior interference suppression capability. Extensive research into STAP for the AMTI mission, i.e. high radial velocity targets competing with clutter from the antenna sidelobes, has proven its superiority over non-adaptive techniques. Looking to the future, the advantages of STAP for the AMTI mission needs to be extended to GMTI, i.e., slow targets competing with clutter from the antenna main beam.
Can the Genetic Algorithm Be a Good Tool for Software Engineering Searching Problems

This paper briefly discusses our current research direction about the theoretical view of applying genetic algorithms (GAs) to various software engineering problems.
An improved lightning flash rate parameterization developed from Colorado DC3 thunderstorm data for use in cloud-resolving chemical transport models

Accurate prediction of total lightning flash rate in thunderstorms is important to improve estimates of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced by lightning (LNOx) from the storm scale to the global scale. In this study, flash rate parameterization schemes from the literature are evaluated against observed total flash rates for a sample of 11 Colorado thunderstorms, including nine storms from the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) experiment in May-June 2012. Observed flash rates were determined using an automated algorithm that clusters very high frequency radiation sources emitted by electrical breakdown in clouds and detected by the northern Colorado lightning mapping array. Existing schemes were found to inadequately predict flash rates and were updated based on observed relationships between flash rate and simple storm parameters, yielding significant improvement. The most successful updated scheme predicts flash rate based on the radar-derived mixed-phase 35 dBZ echo volume. Parameterizations based on metrics for updraft intensity were also updated but were found to be less reliable predictors of flash rate for this sample of storms. The 35 dBZ volume scheme was tested on a data set containing radar reflectivity volume information for thousands of isolated convective cells in different regions of the U.S. This scheme predicted flash rates to within 5.8% of observed flash rates on average. These results encourage the application of this scheme to larger radar data sets and its possible implementation into cloud-resolving models.
Cervical cancer incidence in the United States by area of residence, 1998 2001.

OBJECTIVES: To examine differences in cervical cancer incidence rates among women in rural, suburban, and metropolitan areas of the United States. METHODS: This study examined invasive cervical cancer incidence among women in United States counties classified as rural, suburban, and metropolitan for the period 1998–2001. We examined differences in incidence by age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, stage at diagnosis, and poverty level, using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries, National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program and 2000 U.S. Census data. RESULTS: A total of 39,946 cases of cervical cancer were included. Overall, the rates increased among younger women, peaked at ages 40–44 years, remained relatively constant in middle age, and decreased after age 69 years. Incidence rates were lower among residents of metropolitan areas than residents of rural areas, both overall and across groups defined by race, ethnicity, (localized) stage, and poverty level. CONCLUSION: Rural women in the United States have higher cervical cancer incidence rates. Among older women (aged 45–80 years) in whom half of cervical cancers occur, geographic differences largely disappear after controlling for poverty and race.
Profiling ecosystem vulnerability to invasion by zebra mussels with support vector machines

Decades since the initial establishment of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in North America, understanding and controlling the invasion of aquatic ecosystems continues to be a problem in continent-wide conservation and landscape management. While the high economic and conservation burden of this species makes accurate predictions of future invasions a research priority, forecasting is confounded by limited data, tenuous model assumptions, and the stochasticity of the invasion process. Using a new method for niche identification, we profiled invasion vulnerability for 1,017 lakes in the Great Lakes region of the Unites States. We used a nonparametric geoadditive regression model to test for effects of two water quality variables on the present distribution of zebra mussels. We then used the support vector data description (SVDD), a support vector machine for one-class classification, to estimate the boundary of the ecological niche. By disentangling niche estimation from distributional assumptions, computational niche models could be used to test an array of fundamental concepts in ecology and evolution, while species invasions forecasting is representative of the wide range of potential applications for niche identification in conservation and management.
Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest

Temporal trends in photosynthetic capacity are a critical factorin determining the seasonality and magnitude of ecosystem carbonfluxes. At a mixed deciduous forest in the south-eastern United States (Walker Branch Watershed, Oak Ridge, TN, USA), we independently measured seasonal trends in photosynthetic capacity (using single-leaf gas exchange techniques) and the whole-canopycarbon flux (using the eddy covariance method). Soil respiration was also measured using chambers and an eddy covariance system beneath the canopy. These independent chamber and eddy covariance measurements, along with a biophysical model (CANOAK), areused to examine how leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of carbon uptake during the growing season. When the measured seasonality in photosynthetic capacity is representedin the CANOAK simulations, there is good agreement with the eddy covariance data on the seasonal trends in carbon uptake. Removing the temporal trends in the simulations by using the early season maximum value of photosynthetic capacity over the entire growing season over estimates the annual carbon uptake by about 300 g C m−2 year−1– halfthe total estimated annual net ecosystem exchange. Alternatively, use of the mean value of photosynthetic capacity incorrectly simulates the seasonality in carbon uptake by the forest. In addition to changes related to leaf development and senescence, photosynthetic capacitydecreased in the middle and late summer, even when leaf nitrogenwas essentially constant. When only these middle and late summer reductions were neglected in the model simulations, CANOAK still overestimated the carbon uptake by an amount comparable to 25% ofthe total annual net ecosystem exchange.
Pigmented villonodular synovitis of joints.

Objectives The objective of this study is to present two series of cases of pigmented villonodular disease of joints (PVNS) treated at different periods. The 215 cases from our hospital are current (1972–2009) and those 62 from the Jaffe collection from 1920 to 1968. Methods By use of our computerized tumor data system we were able to define age, gender, site, treatment, complications, and outcome. Examination of the material from the Jaffe collection included all of the above primary data but none on treatment and outcome. Results The data for the two systems studied were remarkably similar. The average ages were in mid years and the disorder was more frequent in females. The largest numbers of cases for both series were in the knee and foot and less commonly in hip, shoulder, and hand. The treatments were mostly surgical excision with the exception of the hip which required total hip replacement. The results show only a small number of recurrences, no metastatic disease and no deaths. Conclusion Pigmented villonodular disease of joints is a rare entity, mostly occurring in the knee and foot. The principal treatment is surgical excision which is most often successful in these sites but leads to problems at other locations, especially the hip. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:386–389. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Navigational approach for mobile robots

In this paper work, we present an algorithm for path planning to a target for mobile robot in unknown environment. An algorithm allows a mobile robot to navigate through static obstacles, and finding the path in order to reach the target without collision. The proposed strategy is designed in a grid-map form of an unknown environment with static unknown obstacles. Mobile robots move by sensing and avoiding the obstacles coming across, to get an optimal or feasible solution with minimum cost. Finally a graphical notation is used to present the implementation of Obstacle avoidance problem & Quadtree based heuristic search.