cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Academic Home for a Natural Science

The definitive characteristics of a natural science of behavior are reviewed and contrasted with the characteristics of the traditional social sciences. Differences are traced to the different origins of those disciplines. While philosophical and scientific factors auger for the disciplinary independence of a natural science approach to the discipline, arguments against independence are fueled by economic and political contingencies. Efforts by natural scientists to change disciplines rooted in mysticism have been unsuccessful for reasons that could have been anticipated, and the resulting compromises to the integrity of the natural science discipline are explored. Based on the fundamental incompatibility of the disciplines in questions, natural scientists of behavior must choose between the integrity of their discipline and the seductions of the extensive resources currently controlled by their mystical counterparts.
Impacts of Merging Profiler and Rawinsonde Winds on TOGA COARE Analyses

During the intensive observing period of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment, a large number of collocated rawinsonde and profiler wind observations were taken at six Integrated Sounding System (ISS) sites and Biak, Indonesia. To mitigate limitations in the rawinsonde dataset due to missing and bad wind observations, a procedure was developed to combine profiler and sonde winds to produce an integrated, high-quality, upper-air sounding dataset. In addition to improving the overall quality of the winds, this procedure eliminates several data gaps in the sonde dataset. For example, below 800 hPa the amount of bad and missing wind data is reduced from about 45% to 20% at the land-based ISS sites. This paper describes the procedure for combining sonde and profiler winds into a single, coherent merged dataset. Examining the impact of this merger upon various atmospheric analyses, the authors find that inclusion of profiler winds results in some substantial changes in the analyses, particularly on daily to weekly timescales. To assess whether these changes are an improvement, budget-derived rainfall estimates from analyses with and without profiler winds are compared to Special Sensor Microwave/Imager satellite-based estimates. Overall, this comparison shows that inclusion of profiler winds into the sonde dataset has a beneficial impact upon the analyses. Information for accessing the merged datasets for the seven sites considered in this paper via the Internet is described.
Verified heap theorem prover by paramodulation

We present VeriStar, a verified theorem prover for a decidable subset of separation logic. Together with VeriSmall [3], a proved-sound Smallfoot-style program analysis for C minor, VeriStar demonstrates that fully machine-checked static analyses equipped with efficient theorem provers are now within the reach of formal methods. As a pair, VeriStar and VeriSmall represent the first application of the Verified Software Toolchain [4], a tightly integrated collection of machine-verified program logics and compilers giving foundational correctness guarantees.VeriStar is (1) purely functional, (2) machine-checked, (3) end-to-end, (4) efficient and (5) modular. By purely functional, we mean it is implemented in Gallina, the pure functional programming language embedded in the Coq theorem prover. By machine-checked, we mean it has a proof in Coq that when the prover says "valid", the checked entailment holds in a proved-sound separation logic for C minor. By end-to-end, we mean that when the static analysis+theorem prover says a C minor program is safe, the program will be compiled to a semantically equivalent assembly program that runs on real hardware. By efficient, we mean that the prover implements a state-of-the-art algorithm for deciding heap entailments and uses highly tuned verified functional data structures. By modular, we mean that VeriStar can be retrofitted to other static analyses as a plug-compatible entailment checker and its soundness proof can easily be ported to other separation logics.
Changing Places: Las Vegas/San Francisco/New Orleans

Dates: 2001-2007Locations: Las Vegas/San Francisco/New OrleansSupporting Institution: funding for the project has been provided by Bowdoin College These photographs come from a long-term and ongoing project concerned with how we perceive and are affected by changes in the places we inhabit. New Orleans finds itself in a precarious position relative to the “natural” demands of its geographic location. Eighty percent of the city was flooded in 2005; as many of us now realize, most of the city is located below the level of the water that borders it. Due to where it is physically located, in 50 years New Orleans will most likely look nothing like it does today.Coincident to or perhaps because of its location, New Orleans has developed an identity that represents a diversion from the cultural norms associated with mainstream America. Known as the Big Easy for the ease with which musicians could find work, it displays front and center its difference from the rest of America during its celebration of Mardi Gras.What should be an obvious truth, that a place’s physical location and features have a profound affect on the lives and outlooks of its inhabitants, is often overlooked. Saying we live “in” a place, rather than “on” or “with” it, concedes how entirely a place encompasses us physically. It acknowledges the pervasive affect the place’s external imperatives have upon our psyches, our perceptions of self and others, andthe desires we pursue.Now that popular consensus is embracing the fact that our world is growing warmer, the uncertain futures this city faces today may well be a harbinger of change facing the places we all live in. Has a sequence of events already been set in motion that will irrevocably alter how and where all of us will be able to live? And if so, how will this fact affect how we relate to each other and to the places we inhabit?These photographs describe relationships between elements in the landscape that are specific to a particular day, hour, and fraction of a second. What is important to keep in mind is that each triptych presented here comprises a series of individual and distinct photographs. Each individual “frame” within the triptych is its own point in time and each corresponds to a distinct piece of film that I exposed. Taking in the scene presented by the triptych is analogous to how each of us encounters a prospect. By pausing slightly and regularly we set into motion a mental “imagining” in order to see things more completely.I hope each piece’s particularity, its reference to a specific location in time as well as space, stimulates speculation about how different that place appears at this very moment, were you able to behold it for yourself. And more exciting is to ponder what it might look like tomorrow, next month, and 50 years hence.
Inactivation of Histamine in Vivo

One of us with Gebauer-Fuelnegg1 has previously reported on the appearance of a physiologically active substance in the blood and lymph of dogs during anaphylactic shock and on the basis of a pharmacological and chemical study2 concluded that the active substance was apparently histamine. It was noted in this study that this active substance may be only temporarily detectable and it was concluded that it disappeared rapidly from the blood as it circulates. Various workers have noted the inactivation or detoxication of histamine in intact animals, organ perfusions, etc. (see Best and McHenry3,4 for discussion and literature). None of these studies, however, provide the necessary data to enable us to compare the fate of intravenously injected histamine with that liberated during shock. We were interested, therefore, in inducing shock of varying degrees of severity by intravenous injection of histamine at different dosage levels into dogs and of studying the blood and thoracic duct lymph for its presence and...
Abstract B9: Geographic disparity in HPV vaccination among girls in six U.S. states

Introduction: The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2006. Since that time, limited research has examined HPV vaccine uptake among adolescent females and no studies have examined the role of disparities in HPV vaccination. The purpose of this study is to examine geographic disparity in the prevalence of HPV vaccination and to examine individual‐, county‐, and state‐level correlates of vaccination. Methods: Three‐level random intercept logistic regression models were fitted to data from 1,709 girls aged 13–17 living in 6 U.S. states using 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and 2000 U.S. Census data. Results: Overall, 34.4% of girls were vaccinated. Significant geographical disparity across states (Var: 0.134 SE: 0.065) and counties (Var: 0.146 SE: 0.063) was present, which was partially explained by state‐ and county‐level poverty rates. Independent of individual‐level factors, poverty had differing effects at the state‐ and county‐level: girls in higher poverty states were less likely while girls in higher poverty counties were more likely to be vaccinated. Household income demonstrated a similar pattern to that of county‐level poverty: compared to girls in the highest income families, girls in the lowest income families were more likely to be vaccinated. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest geographic disparity in HPV vaccination and area‐level effects of poverty that have not previously been studied. The higher odds of vaccination among girls living in higher poverty counties and low income families may indicate the success of publicly‐funded vaccination efforts targeting the underserved or a bias against vaccination among higher income groups. Overall vaccination rates continue to be sub‐optimal however, and future research is needed to examine the impact of state‐ and local‐area policies and to increase vaccination among eligible girls. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B9.
518 MATERNAL AND PATERNAL AGE, BIRTH ORDER, AND NUMBER OF OLDER BROTHERS IN DIABETES TYPE II IN A COMMUNITY HOSPITAL POPULATION.

The role of perinatal factors in diabetes type I has been studied extensively, but scientific literature shows little evidence of an association of perinatal factors with diabetes type II (DMII). This study compares birth order, maternal and paternal age, and number of older brothers in patients diagnosed with DMII and control samples. A total of 423 individuals aged 20 to 60 were recruited from six different community hospitals as part of a larger study of perinatal influences on adult disease. Resident physicians identified subjects from medical charts who met inclusion criteria. Data were collected by medical students from both inpatients and outpatients using questionnaires. Seventy-eight (18%) of the study subjects reported a diagnosis of adult-onset diabetes alone, while 72 reported diabetes in conjunction with one or more other chronic diseases. Control groups included 105 subjects who were not patients (nonpatient controls) and 174 subjects who had other disorders, ie, low back pain, coronary artery disease, fractures, or a combination (patient controls). When comparing all diabetics with all control subjects there was no association of maternal age, paternal age, or birth order with DMII. There was, however, a difference in the probands9 number of older brothers. Diabetics who were not first born or singletons had significantly more older brothers than comparable nonpatient controls ( p
Computerized forecast of Fe,Co bis-schiff base complexes in second-order nonlinear optical properties

Density functional theory(DFT)(U)B3LYP method was employed to optimize the geometrical structures of Fe,Co Bis-schiff base complexes containing pyridine.The polarizability and the first hyperpolarizabilitiies were predicted by(U)mPWPW91* method.The calculated results show that the reductive active centers of Fe,Co complexes are the CN and pyridine ring when the reduction reaction occurs,except for their low-spin state complexes by neutral reduction for a negative charge,whose reductive active centers are the CN,pyridine,and metal ions.The computerized forecast results of second-order NLO coefficient show that a positive charge complex with homogeneous high or low spin state is reduced to a neutral one,its second-order NLO coefficient decreases,however,when the neutral one is continuously reduced to the complex with a negative charge causes,its second-order NLO coefficient increases.For the neutral complexes of homogeneous valence state,the polarizabilities of high-spin state are larger than those of low-spin state,however,the second-order NLO coefficients of low-spin state are larger.
Investigation and analysis of geohelminthes infection in Wanzhou district of Chongqing

Objective:To understand infection status and epidemic characteristics of geohelminthes in Wanzhou district.Methods: According to national unified plan,with stratified cluster sampling method,4 spots in 4 towns were investigated and 500 persons were selected in each spot.Geohelminthes ova was examined by Kato-Katz thick smear method;Oxyurid ova were examined for children younger than 12 by cellophane anal swab.Results: Total 2059 persons were investigated,327 persons were infected with geohelminthes,the infection rate was 15.88%.The infection rate of roundworm,whipworm,hookworm and oxyurid was 10.92%,1.74%,6.4% and 2.4% respectively.The infection rate for male(16.4)was higher than female(15.4);The general infection rate,roundworm infection and hookworm infection rate was the highest in 60 age group.The highest infection rate of whipworm was in 45~55 age group.Conclusion: It is widespread of geohelminthiasis in wanzhou district,the general infection rate is 15.9%.The children in the low age group,middle-aged illiterate and semi-literate are the key target people of geohelminthiasis control in the future.
Information Exploitation? A Pre-Crisis RMBS Issuer's Private Information

This paper describes an important borrower risk factor observed privately by the issuer of non-agency RMBS. The private information available to the issuer is drawn from behavioral cues exhibited early in the life of the loan. Mortgage borrowers that make their first six payments at least a day prior to the due date are 14.8 percentage points less likely to become delinquent (equivalent to a 91-point increase in FICO score). This effect is persistent, unobservable at loan origination, and privately observed by the issuer prior to securitization. Both the credit rating agencies and the investor do not appear to be aware of this risk factor. Surprisingly, issuers are quicker to securitize loans with positive private signals rather than less promising loans.
Intracaval extension of germ cell carcinoma: Diagnosis via endovascular biopsy and a review of the literature

We report a case of testicular carcinoma invading the inferior vena cava. Tumor invasion was diagnosed via endovascular biopsy. This is the first known report of a diagnosis of this entity using endovascular biopsy. We also review the literature on diagnosis and management of inferior vena caval involvement by testicular cancer.
Poliovirus Polymerase Leu420 Facilitates RNA Recombination and Ribavirin Resistance

UNLABELLED RNA recombination is important in the formation of picornavirus species groups and the ongoing evolution of viruses within species groups. In this study, we examined the structure and function of poliovirus polymerase, 3D(pol), as it relates to RNA recombination. Recombination occurs when nascent RNA products exchange one viral RNA template for another during RNA replication. Because recombination is a natural aspect of picornavirus replication, we hypothesized that some features of 3D(pol) may exist, in part, to facilitate RNA recombination. Furthermore, we reasoned that alanine substitution mutations that disrupt 3D(pol)-RNA interactions within the polymerase elongation complex might increase and/or decrease the magnitudes of recombination. We found that an L420A mutation in 3D(pol) decreased the frequency of RNA recombination, whereas alanine substitutions at other sites in 3D(pol) increased the frequency of recombination. The 3D(pol) Leu420 side chain interacts with a ribose in the nascent RNA product 3 nucleotides from the active site of the polymerase. Notably, the L420A mutation that reduced recombination also rendered the virus more susceptible to inhibition by ribavirin, coincident with the accumulation of ribavirin-induced G→A and C→U mutations in viral RNA. We conclude that 3D(pol) Leu420 is critically important for RNA recombination and that RNA recombination contributes to ribavirin resistance. IMPORTANCE Recombination contributes to the formation of picornavirus species groups and the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). The recombinant viruses that arise in nature are occasionally more fit than either parental strain, especially when the two partners in recombination are closely related, i.e., members of characteristic species groups, such as enterovirus species groups A to H or rhinovirus species groups A to C. Our study shows that RNA recombination requires conserved features of the viral polymerase. Furthermore, a polymerase mutation that disables recombination renders the virus more susceptible to the antiviral drug ribavirin, suggesting that recombination contributes to ribavirin resistance. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of RNA replication and recombination may help mankind achieve and maintain poliovirus eradication.
Preclinical Anti-Tumor Efficacy of ABT-510 (Thrombospondin-1 Mimetic Peptide), a Novel Anti-Angiogenic Agent, in Hematological Malignancies.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a multi-functional 420 kDa matrix protein implicated in cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion and is a potent anti-angiogenic agent. TSP-1 expression is inversely correlated with vascularization and malignant progression of breast and lung cancers but has not been extensively investigated in hematological malignancies. We found low total mRNA levels of TSP-1 expression by RT-PCR in half (7 out of 14) of human cell lines representing lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma. We also found lower total mRNA TSP-1 levels in two thirds (10 out of 15) of primary patient leukemia samples as compared to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Treatment of human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines with recombinant TSP-1 (100 mg/ml) or ABT-510 (a novel synthetic peptide derivative of TSP-1) decreased tumor cell proliferation as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Single agent ABT-510 treatment (total daily doses 50–120 mg/kg i.p. daily) resulted in statistically significant reduction in tumor volumes of subcutaneous SKI-DLBCL (diffuse large B cell lymphoma) xenografts. ABT-510 treatment (60 mg/kg IP bid) in disseminated SKI-DLBCL lymphoma mouse models resulted in increased long-term survival consistent with delayed disease progression. We then examined the effects of ABT-510 treatment in combination with anthracycline chemotherapy used in standard lymphoma regimens (doxorubicin) or another anti-angiogenic agent (anti-hVEGF antibody Avastin) in subcutaneous lymphoma xenografts. Our results suggest an additive effect with concomitant ABT-510 (60 mg/kg bid) and doxorubicin (3 mg/kg TIW) treatment, but no additive effect with concomitant ABT-510 (60 mg/kg bid) and Avastin (3 mg/kg TIW) treatment. Conclusion: Our data suggest that decreased levels of thrombospondin-1, a matrix protein with endogenous anti-angiogenic activity, play a role in the growth of human hematological malignancies. Based on these results, the TSP-1 synthetic peptide, ABT-510, represents a novel anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy for patients with these diseases and warrants additional preclinical investigation in combination regimens. (Of note, a phase II trial of single agent ABT-510 in refractory/relapsed lymphoma patients has recently completed enrollment).
Modeling of a sensitive time-of-flight flash LiDAR system

used for monitoring and profiling structures, range, velocity, vibration, and air turbulence. Remote sensing in the IR region has several advantages over the visible region, including higher transmitter energy while maintaining eye-safety requirements. Electron-injection detectors are a new class of detectors with high internal avalanche-free amplification together with an excess-noise-factor of unity. They have a cutoff wavelength of 1700 nm. Furthermore, they have an extremely low jitter. The detector operates in linear-mode and requires only bias voltage of a few volts. This together with the feedback stabilized gain mechanism, makes formation of large-format high pixel density electron-injection FPAs less challenging compared to other detector technologies such as avalanche photodetectors. These characteristics make electron-injection detectors an ideal choice for flash LiDAR application with mm scale resolution at longer ranges. Based on our experimentally measured device characteristics, a detailed theoretical LiDAR model was developed. In this model we compare the performance of the electron-injection detector with commercially available linear-mode InGaAs APD from (Hamamatsu G8931-20) as well as a p-i-n diode (Hamamatsu 11193 p-i-n). Flash LiDAR images obtained by our model, show the electron-injection detector array (of 100 x 100 element) achieves better resolution with higher signal-to-noise compared with both the InGaAs APD and the p-i-n array (of 100 x 100 element).
Ethics of assisted suicide and euthanasia

Nursing's social contract includes respecting and protecting human life. Issues surrounding assisted suicide challenge these ethics, not to mention the legal system.
Nanoscale plastic deformation mechanisms of single crystalline silicon under compression, tension and indentation

Mechanical behavior and underlying nanoscale plastic deformation mechanisms of single crystalline silicon under compression, tension and indentation are investigated through molecular dynamics in this work. Simulation results show that phase transformation from diamond cubic Si-I to β-Sn is responsible for the plastic deformation behavior of Si both under compression and nanoindentation. A stress plateau is observed when the specimen is compressed uniaxially. Si-I to β-Sn phase transformation has been demonstrated to be responsible for such stress plateau. Periodic boundary condition is found not suitable to study the tensile strength of silicon pillars. A pop-in behavior is observed in the force–displacement curve of nanoindentation. It has been proved that this pop-in region is induced by Si-I to β-Sn phase transformation. Through tracking the atom stress, shear stress rather than normal stress is revealed to dominate the phase transformation process. During nanoindentation, to exclude size effect the substrate should be larger enough than the indenter.
Towards an accessible cognitive network design

Cognitive networks rapidly proliferating into all aspects of computing and communication. Some of them are specially designed for the people with specific ability. However, very few are designed with assistance of the people with disability and elderly who need help during networking. The goal of this project is to study network accessibility issues and their impact in such cognitive network design. The study also proposed the effective-network-access-time (ENAT) as a measure to universal cognitive network to benefit people with disabilities and elderly ages.
A Novel Ex Vivo Bioassay Suggests DEET is an Effective Repellent of Rhipicephalus Sanguineus1

Abstract Ticks are vectors that pose a threat to public health. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is commonly applied as a repellent to prevent attachment of ticks to humans and animals. Typical commercially available repellents contain between 5–100% DEET. Lower concentrations of DEET may be necessary to minimize potential health risks associated with DEET. To characterize the repellency of low concentrations of DEET, we performed an in vitro vertical bioassay, and developed a novel ex vivo vertical bioassay using porcine skin for use with the adult brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae). DEET applied at concentrations of 0.19% in vitro and 12.5% ex vivo immediately after application, and at 0.38% in vitro and 40% ex vivo at 4 h after application, repelled over 90% of ticks. In both in vitro and ex vivo assessments, and at both 0 and 4 h post application, the repellency against female ticks was similar to that against male ticks. This study demonstrates that concentrati...
The incidence of transfusion and associated risk factors in pelvic reconstructive surgery.

Background Almost 400,000 female pelvic reconstructive operations were performed in 2010 for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in the United States, and it is likely that this will continue to increase each year. There is a lack of population-based data evaluating the risk of blood transfusion after urogynecologic procedures. Objective We sought to assess the incidence of blood transfusion related to pelvic reconstructive surgery in a large national surgical quality database and to identify transfusion-associated risk factors. Study Design This retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from the years 2010 through 2014. All women undergoing surgery for pelvic floor disorders were identified by Current Procedural Terminology code. Demographic and clinical variables were abstracted. The incidence of blood transfusion was determined. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify clinical factors independently associated with blood transfusion. Results A total of 54,387 women underwent pelvic reconstructive surgery from 2010 through 2014 in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Of these subjects, 686 (1.26%) received a blood transfusion. The median age was 57 (range 28-89) years. Of the population, 0.81% was underweight (body mass index P P P P P Conclusion Transfusion after pelvic reconstructive surgery is uncommon. The variables associated with transfusion are preoperative hematocrit
Mathematics As A Weapon in The Struggle

In one of several “spoken-word” books that Paulo Freire wrote with friends and collaborators – this one with Chilean philosopher Antonio Faundez – the two discussed models of reality, the role of intellectuals in popular struggles, and the reinvention of others’ work.
Panel Data and Activity Duration Models: Econometric Alternatives and Applications

The availability of panel data and the continued development of activity-based travel demand models has cast a very promising light on the prospect of significantly improving our understanding of travel demand and our ability to forecast it. A lingering concern, however, relates to the econometric structure of activity-based models given the availability of panel data. This chapter presents a number of econometric alternatives that can be used to model individuals’ activity duration (e.g. time spent shopping, participating in recreational activities, etc.). Using panel data from the Puget Sound Region in Washington State, we estimate a number of econometric models and focus on potential specification errors and predictive capabilities. The primary econometric focus is on estimating survival models of activity duration using the fully-parametric Weibull proportional hazards with Gamma heterogeneity. The estimation concerns deal with the effects of state dependence and heterogeneity and the determination of true state dependence.
Cation−π Interaction in Model α-Helical Peptides

Cation−π interactions are increasingly recognized as important in chemistry and biology. Here we investigate the cation−π interaction by determining its effect on the helicity of model peptides using a combination of CD and NMR spectroscopy. The data show that a single Trp/Arg interaction on the surface of a peptide can make a significant net favorable free energy contribution to helix stability if the two residues are positioned with appropriate spacing and orientation. The solvent-exposed Trp→Arg (i, i + 4) interaction in helices can contribute −0.4 kcal/mol to the helix stability, while no free energy gain is detected if the two residues have the reversed orientation, Arg→Trp (i, i + 4). The derived free energy is consistent with other experimental results studied in proteins or model peptides on cation−π interactions. However in the same system the postulated Phe/Arg (i, i + 4) cation−π interaction provides no net free energy to helix stability. Thus the Trp→Arg interaction is stronger than Phe→Arg. T...
Hyperpolarized Gas MRI in Pediatric Lung Disease

Hyperpolarized gas magnetic resonance imaging (HG-MRI) of the lung provides high temporal and spatial resolution images of the air spaces of the lung and can be used to elucidate both lung function and morphology. Because no ionizing radiation is involved, HG-MRI is a promising technique for the evaluation of pediatric lung diseases. In this chapter, we describe briefly the basic principles of HG-MRI, review the literature of HG-MRI in three pediatric lung diseases (asthma, cystic fibrosis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia), and discuss possible future clinical applications of hyperpolarized gas imaging in pediatric lung disease.
Analog Computation for Evaluation of Ventilators

A general purpose, +- 10 volt, solid-state analog computer with electronic mode control of integration (1) has been used since 1966 to calculate, on-line, various parameters of respiratory mechanics. The computer program developed was part of on-going laboratory efforts using dogs for the evaluation of ventilators (2) and, in essence, is an extension of the work of Engstrom and Nor-lander (3). Figure 1 is a block diagram depicting the experimental setup. Using a Fleisch pneumotachygraph, and appropriate transducers, the following were recorded continuously: airway gas flow, airway pressure, CO2 concentration at the carina, and central venous pressure (4). The flow, airway pressure, and CO2 signals were fed to the computer, permitting the calculation, and simultaneous recording, of: tidal volume (VT); expired minute volume (VE); total dynamic compliance; mean airway pressure; work of ventilation (W-the integral of the product of flow and airway pressure); power of ventilation, which is the rate of work performed — V times airway pressure (the symbol is either Po or W); and mean expired CO2 (FECO2). A switching device permitted the recording of these variables on seven recorder channels.
An Assessment of Economic Benefits From Airports: The Building of a Model

Past research indicates that significant economic impacts are generated from airports. Over time several airports am statewide systems of airports have been studied am economic impacts determined. However, many airports remain unstudied and the knowledge of community economic impact is vital for airport public relations programs to demonstrate worthiness. Using a recent airport economic impact study conducted by the Illinois Department of Transportation data were subject to multiple regression and correlation procedures in order to build an estimation equation. The results of the study indicate that a very strong relationship exists between several typical airport operational variables such as employment, total based aircrat't, and annual enplanements and total economic impact. Two regression equations were developed for commercial airports and non-commercial airports. These equations were found to be statistically useful as estimating tools for determining total economic impact at a given airport.
Vasopressin, depression, pain & preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PreE) is a prevalent hypertensive disorder of pregnancy leading to a death every minute worldwide. Predictive and preventative challenges in PreE stems from its unclear early-pregnancy etiology. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, as measured by copeptin, activates the stress response system and is a novel, early pregnancy predictor of PreE. In addition, elevated AVP is associated with stress, depression and pain. Our Precision Healthcare goal is to understand how AVP-associated changes in depression and pain affect the phenotype of PreE to develop preventative and therapeutic modalities against it. We hypothesize that in humans, antecedent depression and pain affects early pregnancy AVP secretion/copeptin which will be differentially predictive of PreE. To address this hypothesis we aim to 1) determine the association of maternal plasma copeptin and measures of depression and pain throughout human gestation and 2) determine how depression and pain through gestation affects an early pregnancy copeptin based prediction model of preeclampsia.
La transformación del currículo en una sociedad diversa: ¿quién y cómo se decide el currículum?

The purpose of this article is to show how, in the United States, some states and school districts are transforming their curriculum through ethnic studies. Ethnic studies exists as a result of unequal power relations in which historically marginalized groups have not had the power to define how education will serve their own communities. According to its activists, ethnic studies not only teaches about the cultures of diverse groups, but also reconstructs, the curriculum around the counter-narratives perspectives, epistemologies, and visions of groups that have been treated historically as if their experiences and perspectives were of lesser value. The article begins with a theoretical framework that considers school knowledge as filtered through the perspectives of dominant groups. Sleeter then reviews research on the perspectives that structure the knowledge in school textbooks, showing how it represents narratives of dominant groups, and the impact of those perspectives on minoritized students. Then Sleeter considers ethnic studies as counter-narrative, and reviews research on the academic impact of ethnic studies on students. A limitation of the implementation of ethnic studies is that it addresses specific courses rather than transforming the whole curriculum. Sleeter developed a framework to help teachers transform their lessons and units in all disciplines, using the central ideas of ethnic studies; this framework is presented. The article concludes with a few implications for Spain from this work in the United States
UNIT 1.8 Model-Free Tests for Genetic Linkage

This unit covers statistical methods of linkage analysis that do not require the assumption of a detailed genetic model, as is required for standard lod score analysis. The unit has been updated to include the latest methods in sib-pair analysis, including updates to using the software program SIBPAL as well as the relative-pair analysis software applications GENEHUNTER, GENEHUNTER PLUS, and Merlin. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 75:1.8.1-1.8.32. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: robust linkage tests; pedigree methods; sib pair tests
"What Makes the Engine Go?" Cognitive Limits and Cross-Examination

This essay is an attempt to shed light on one of the essential processes that drives the engine of cross-examination. Specifically, the essay puts forward several hypotheses regarding the important positive role that human cognitive limitations play in the functioning of cross-examination. In the process, the paper also offers a perspective on such mental limitations that is distinct from predominant approaches in cognitive psychology and law.
Specimen records for North American Lepidoptera (Insecta) in the Oregon State Arthropod Collection. Hepialidae Stephens, 1829

A dataset for North American specimens in the holdings of the Oregon State Arthropod Collection is presented. Details about the metadata an some basic summary of the contents are presented. The dataset itself, in the form of a text file (csv formatting) is provided in the supplemental file materials.
Climate Variability: Some Results from a Simple Low-Order GCM

The shortcomings of stochastic models of climate variability are briefly reviewed. A climate model consisting of a low-order semi-spectral atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed layer “ocean” is described. Numerical experiments done with this model generate climate variability in all resolved time scales. Resulting surface temperature time series are analysed in space frequency domains. Observed features are compared with those produced by simple stochastic climate models.
Network potential identifies therapeutic miRNA cocktails in Ewings Sarcoma

MicroRNA (miRNA)-based therapies are an emerging class of targeted therapeutics with many potential applications. Ewing Sarcoma patients could benefit dramatically from personalized miRNA therapy due to inter-patient heterogeneity and a lack of druggable (to this point) targets. However, because of the broad effects miRNAs may have on different cells and tissues, trials of miRNA therapies have struggled due to severe toxicity and unanticipated immune response. In order to overcome this hurdle, a network science-based approach is well-equipped to evaluate and identify miRNA candidates and combinations of candidates for the repression of key oncogenic targets while avoiding repression of essential housekeeping genes. We first characterized 6 Ewing sarcoma cell lines using mRNA sequencing. We then estimated a measure of tumor state, which we term network potential, based on both the mRNA gene expression and the underlying protein-protein interaction network in the tumor. Next, we ranked mRNA targets based on their contribution to network potential. We then identified miRNAs and combinations of miRNAs that preferentially act to repress mRNA targets with the greatest influence on network potential. Our analysis identified TRIM25, APP, ELAV1, RNF4, and HNRNPL as ideal mRNA targets for Ewing sarcoma therapy. Using predicted miRNA-mRNA target mappings, we identified miR-3613-3p, let-7a-3p, miR-300, miR-424-5p, and let-7b-3p as candidate optimal miRNAs for preferential repression of these targets. Ultimately, our work, as exemplified in the case of Ewing sarcoma, describes a novel pipeline by which personalized miRNA cocktails can be designed to maximally perturb gene networks contributing to cancer progression.
Representation of ax+b group and Dirichlet Series

Let $G$ be the $ax+b$ group. There are essentially two irreducible infinite dimensional unitary representations of $G$, $(\mu, L^2(\mathbb R^+))$ and $(\mu^*, L^2(\mathbb R^+))$. In this paper, we give various characterizations about smooth vectors of $\mu$ and their Mellin transforms. Let $\f d$ be a linear sum of delta distributions supported on the the positive integers $\mathbb Z^+$. We study the Mellin transform of the matrix coefficients $\mu_{ \f d, f}(a)$ with $f$ smooth. We express these Mellin transforms in terms of the Dirichlet series $L(s, \f d)$. We determine a sufficient condition such that the generalized matrix coefficient $\mu_{\f d, f}$ is a locally integrable function and estimate the $L^2$-norms of $\mu_{\f d, f}$ over the Siegel set. We further derive an inequality which may potentially be used to study the Dirichlet series $L(s, \f d)$.
The malaria metabolite HMBPP does not trigger erythrocyte terpene production

Infection with malarial parasites renders hosts more mosquito attractive than their uninfected, healthy, counterparts. One volatile organic compound, α-pinene, is associated with Plasmodium spp. infection in multiple studies and is a known mosquito attractant. However, how malarial infection results in elevated levels of host-associated α-pinene remains unclear. One study suggests that erythrocyte exposure to the malarial metabolite, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), results in increased levels of α-pinene. Here, we establish that endogenous levels of α-pinene are present in human erythrocytes, that these levels vary widely by erythrocyte donor, and that α-pinene levels are not altered by HMBPP treatment. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
Global Value Chains, Emerging Markets, and IB Education

This article addresses the key challenge for IB teachers: the declining demand for stand-alone IB courses and programs due to the commonly made, fallacious assumption that integrating “international” in other courses by simply adding an “internationally-oriented” chapter to textbooks would suffice. Based on this assumption, the “value added” and uniqueness of IB as its own domain has been questioned. Furthermore, the crucial competences of the IB field are discussed and suggestions for teaching and curriculum changes are added that will facilitate the (re-)establishment of IB as a core discipline, and so contribute to regaining relevance and legitimacy.
Rethinking Carbapenems: A Pharmacokinetic Approach for Antimicrobial Selection in Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis

Objective:To provide an overview of pathophysiological changes to the pancreas during infected necrotizing pancreatitis (INP), optimal drug properties needed to penetrate the pancreas, human and an...
Using local rather than general anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair may significantly reduce complications for frail Veterans.

Abstract Background Frailty predisposes patients to poor postoperative outcomes. We evaluated whether using local rather than general anesthesia for hernia repair could mitigate effects of frailty. Methods We used the Risk Analysis Index (RAI) to identify 8,038 frail patients in the 1998–2018 Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program database who underwent elective, open unilateral inguinal hernia repair under local or general anesthesia. Our outcome of interest was the incidence of postoperative complications. Results In total, 5,188 (65%) patients received general anesthesia and 2,850 (35%) received local. Local anesthesia was associated with a 48% reduction in complications (OR 0.52, 95%CI 0.38–0.72). Among the frailest patients (RAI≥70), predicted probability of a postoperative complication ranged from 22 to 33% with general anesthesia, compared to 13–21% with local. Conclusions Local anesthesia was associated with a ∼50% reduction in postoperative complications in frail Veterans. Given the paucity of interventions for frail patients, there is an urgent need for a randomized trial comparing effects of anesthesia modality on postoperative complications in this vulnerable population.
Are Women a Missing Audience for Science on YouTube? An Exploratory Study

Educational science programming on digital video platforms such as YouTube wrestle with sometimes significant gender disparities in viewership. When men engage with science and technology content on digital platforms more than women, gender gaps in the understanding of, engagement with, and interest in STEM may intensify. Therefore, there is a critical need for research aiming to aid in our understanding of these gender differences. This study provides evidence that the gender gaps exist not in the use of YouTube itself, but in the engagement with science and technology content. Furthermore, there are gender differences in the reasons for engaging with such content, with women, perhaps, more motivated by instrumental purposes than to satisfy their science curiosity.
Towards Verifiable COVID-19 Aerosol Disinfection using Ultraviolet Light with a Mobile Robot

Robots are being increasingly used to fight against the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the current global pandemic. In previous work, we looked at the use of sophisticated mobile manipulation robots to perform surface disinfection in the context of the Ebola Virus Disease, using ultraviolet light. In this work, a human supervisor designates a surface to be disinfected. Then the robot autonomously plans a set of motions to disinfect the surface, using an ultraviolet light held in its gripper. Finally, the system displays the amount of ultraviolet radiation delivered to each part of the surface, so that the human supervisor can verify that the operation was successful. In this paper, we describe this work, and discuss how it could be adapted to the other pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. In particular, we discuss how to move from disinfecting surfaces, which are of concern for Ebola, to open space disinfection, which is important in the fight against COVID-19.
Designing reliable electrochemical cells for operando lithium-ion battery study.

Abstract Operando experiments attract increasing attention in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) studies for their ability to capture non-equilibrium and fast-transient processes during electrochemical reactions. They provide valuable information and mechanisms that cannot be obtained from ex-situ methods. Designing a suitable and reliable electrochemical cell is the first crucial step for most operando studies. A poorly designed in-situ cell introduces artifacts into the data and might lead to misleading results. Even though many in-situ cells have been designed and applied for operando studies, designing a reliable cell is not trivial, especially for long-term cycling experiments. This study introduces the steps and details of a specific type of in-situ cell, i.e., modified coin cell, that can be applied reliably in various operando experiments. The reliability of the modified coin cell is demonstrated by comparing its electrochemical performance with the standard coin cell. The modified coin cell is then applied in various operando experiments, including operando transmission X-ray microscopy and operando synchrotron X-ray scattering. • Sealing the cell casing window with metal films maintains the overall electrochemical performance of electrodes. • Depending on the operando experiment, the type of the coin cell and the window shape must be selected carefully.
Dedicated Bus and Queue Jumper Lanes at Signalized Intersections with Nearside Bus Stops: Person-Based Evaluation

Transit preferential treatments (TPTs) enhance transit service by reducing transit travel time and improving transit reliability. In this study analytical and simulation models were developed to evaluate various space TPTs with person-based measures such as person delay and person discharge flow. The focus was placed on the evaluation of dedicated bus lanes and queue jumper lanes. This study extended previous research to differentiate between a queue jumper lane and a dedicated bus lane when an analytical model was used to estimate delays. In addition, the proposed model accounted for the effect of nearside bus stops on auto and transit vehicle delays. The performance of these space TPTs was evaluated with the analytical model and microsimulation tests at a signalized intersection that was part of a larger signalized arterial. Results indicated that the analytical model provided estimates of person delay and person discharge flow that were consistent and comparable with the estimates from microsimulation ...