cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MITIGATION OF OXYGEN ATTACHMENT IN HIGH PRESSURE AIR PLASMAS BY VIBRATIONAL EXCITATION

We present a series of measurements of the temporal evolution of electron density in high pressure, room temperature pulsed e-beam generated molecular plasmas. We show that vibrational excitation, to Tvib of order 2,000 – 3000 K, results in nearly complete mitigation of direct O2 attachment, which is the principal free electron loss process under equilibrium conditions. Spatially and temporally resolved temperature measurements, performed using spectrally filtered pure rotational Raman scattering, indicate heavy species rotational/translational temperature is only slightly increased as a result of vibrational excitation, to approximately 350 K. Kinetic modeling of two limiting cases, accelerated detachment and inhibited attachment, suggests that two non-equilibrium mechanisms may be playing a role simultaneously: i), detachment enhancement by collision of O2 - (or other negative) ions with vibrationally excited neutrals, and ii), attachment inhibition due to electron heating by superelastic collisions with vibrationally excited neutrals.
Intrathecal Zn2+ attenuates morphine antinociception and the development of acute tolerance

Abstract Vesicular Zn2+, released in the brain and from small dorsal root ganglion neurons, interacts with opioid as well as N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We investigated the effect of Zn2+ on morphine antinociception in mice (tail flick assay), as well as acute tolerance and dependence, phenomena associated with NMDA activity. Administered intrathecally (i.t.), Zn2+ inhibited morphine antinociception in a dose-related fashion. Zn2+ also inhibited acute tolerance to morphine antinociception (5 h after 100 mg/kg of morphine). Injection i.t. of di-sodium calcium ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (Na+Ca2+ EDTA), a chelator of divalent cations, had no effect on analgesia, acute tolerance or acute dependence. However, withdrawal jumps produced by naloxone (1 mg/kg s.c.) in morphine-pellet implanted mice (3 days) were potentiated by injections twice daily of 10 nmol of Na+Ca2+ EDTA, suggesting that endogenous Zn2+ tends to inhibit long-term development of withdrawal. These data suggest that the availability of Zn2+ is an important factor in opioid activity.
YBa2Cu3O7/noble metal composite thin films for applications in fluxonic and flux-flow devices☆

Abstract This research involves the study of thin films for use in three-terminal, non-linear two-terminal, and photodetector superconducting devices. The morphological and electrical properties of composite films fabricated from YBCO and noble metals have been investigated for use in these devices. Films of Ag and Au, when heated to YBCO deposition temperatures, coalesce into small, approximately micron-sized islands. We take advantage of this property to form a composite film with distinct YBCO and noble metal regions by depositing a layer of YBCO on the array of noble metal islands. With certain compositions the films exhibit reduction of critical current density by a factor of 65 over YBCO and show no significant degradation of critical temperature. Also, the current-voltage characteristics of the composites are sensitive to small, applied magnetic fields. These properties make the YBCO/noble metal composites potentially well suited for the fabrication of devices whose transport is dependent upon vortex motion. Photoresponse measurements taken on a 1 mm × 1 mm YBCO/Au bridge irradiated by red laser light showed a possible non-bolometric response below the composite superconducting transition temperature.
Modulation of the heteromeric Kir4.1-Kir5.1 channels by P(CO(2)) at physiological levels.

Several inward rectifier K(+) (Kir) channels are pH-sensitive, making them potential candidates for CO(2) chemoreception in cells. However, there is no evidence showing that Kir channels change their activity at near physiological level of P(CO(2)), as most previous studies were done using high concentrations of CO(2). It is known that the heteromeric Kir4.1-Kir5.1 channels are highly sensitive to intracellular protons with pKa value right at the physiological pH level. Such a pKa value may allow these channels to regulate membrane potentials with modest changes in P(CO(2)). To test this hypothesis, we studied the Kir4.1-Kir5.1 currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes and membrane potentials in the presence and absence of bicarbonate. Evident inhibition of these currents (by approximately 5%) was seen with P(CO(2)) as low as 8 torr. Higher P(CO(2)) levels (23-60 torr) produced stronger inhibitions (by 30-40%). The inhibitions led to graded depolarizations (5-45 mV with P(CO(2)) 8-60 torr). Similar effects were observed in the presence of 24 mM bicarbonate and 5% CO(2). Indeed, the Kir4.1-Kir5.1 currents were enhanced with 3% CO(2) and suppressed with 8% CO(2) in voltage clamp, resulting in hyper- (-9 mV) and depolarization (16 mV) in current clamp, respectively. With physiological concentration of extracellular K(+), the Kir4.1-Kir5.1 channels conduct substantial outward currents that were similarly inhibited by CO(2) as their inward rectifying currents. These results therefore indicate that the heteromeric Kir4.1-Kir5.1 channels are modulated by a modest change in P(CO(2)) levels. Such a modulation alters cellular excitability, and enables the cell to detect hypercapnia and hypocapnia in the presence of bicarbonate.
Effect of anatomic realignment on muscle function during gait in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis

Objective Individuals with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) and genu varum use different movement and muscle activation patterns to increase joint stability during gait. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether opening-wedge high-tibial osteotomy (OW-HTO) corrected pathomechancial abnormalities associated with the progression of knee OA. Methods Fifteen patients diagnosed with medial knee OA and genu varum who were scheduled for OW-HTO were tested prior to and 1 year following OW-HTO. Fifteen age- and sex-matched controls were also tested. Frontal plane laxity was measured from stress radiographs. All participants underwent quadriceps strength testing with a burst superimposition technique and gait analysis with surface electromyography to calculate knee joint kinematics and kinetics and muscle co-contraction during the stance phase of gait. Participants rated their knee function and instability using a self-report questionnaire. Results Static alignment improved following the surgery. Medial laxity (P = 0.003) and instability (P = 0.002) significantly improved, and statistical reductions in the adduction moment resulted in lower levels of vastus medialis-medial gastrocnemius muscle co-contractions (P = 0.089). Despite improvements in global rating of knee function (P = 0.001), the OA group's ratings remained significantly lower than those of the healthy controls (P = 0.001). Quadriceps strength deficits and knee flexion impairments persisted. Conclusion Persistent quadriceps weakness and impaired knee kinematics after realignment suggest that the movement strategy may perpetuate joint destruction and impede the long-term success of realignment. Rehabilitation should focus on quadriceps strength and improving joint mobility to improve the long-term function of individuals with medial knee OA.
Total or selected content analysis

The core of any system of content a~alysis is a dictionary specifying the content categories to be assigned to verbal units. The system described in this paper utilizes a category dictionary in which all the conmon words of English are classified into one or two of lid possible catec ories. 2 The associated cemputer method is at present capable of analyzing a text of 25,000 words in about 20 minutes of machine time, outputting a distribution of frequency of occurrence of the 116 content categories. Up to 15 separate texts may be analyzed at the same time, or the productions of ]5 speakers, mixed in any way, as long as each segment is identified with the appropriate source. The cc~puter analysis program will be discussed briefly, as will some of the considerations which went into the construction of the dictionary. An il]nstration of the analysis of textual mater~a] will be presented, and two studies applying the procedure will be described. Preparing, a ~ and machine analysis For any Enc!ish language corpus to be ane~!yzed, a simple editin C proce@Are is fo]]c~zed before the text is card punched. The editor
Amide derivatives of tantalum and a niobium-promoted ring opening of 3,5-lutidine

Abstract Various tantalum amide compounds were prepared in an attempt to observe CN bond activation. Addition of lithium amides to THF solutions of (silox)2TaCl3 (3) in the presence of trace amounts of the corresponding amine afforded (silox)2TaCl2NR2 (NR2=NMe2, 4-NMe2; N(CH 2 ) 3 C H2, 4-pyrr; N(CH 2 ) 4 C H2, 4-pip). Treatment of 4-pyrr with EtMgCl and 4-pip with MeMgBr provided (silox)2TaEt2( N(CH 2 ) 3 C H2) (5-pyrrEt2) and (silox)2TaMe2( N(CH 2 ) 4 C H2) (5-pipMe2). Thermolysis of 5-pipMe2 generated CH4 and η2-imine complex (silox)2Ta(CH3)(η2-NC5H9) (6). In contrast, 5-pyrrEt2 thermally degraded to the ethylene adduct, (silox)2(C4H8N)Ta(η2-C2H4) (7-pyrr) and C2H6. Na/Hg reductions of 4-pyrr and 4-pip in the presence of 1 equiv. C2H4 generated 7-pyrr and (tBu3SiO)2(C5H10N)Ta(η2-C2H4) (7-pip); under an excess of C2H4, tantallacyclopentane (silox)2(C4H8N) TaCH 2 (CH 2 ) 2 C H2 (8-pyrr) was prepared. With pyridine present, Na/Hg reduction of 4-pyrr and 4-pip provided η2-pyridine complexes (silox)2(C4H8N)Ta(η2-(N,C)NC5H5) (9-pyrr) and (silox)2(C5H10N)Ta(η2-(N,C)NC5H5) (9-pip). Treatment of 9-pyrr and 9-pip with 1 equiv. CH3NH2 in C6D6 revealed the formation of tantalum imido derivatives (silox)2(C4H8N)TaNMe (10-pyrr) and (silox)2(C5H10N)TaNMe (10-pip), respectively, via the α-pyridyl–methylimido complex, (silox)2Ta(NMe)(NC5H4) (11). Na/Hg reduction of (silox)3NbCl2 (13) in the presence of excess 3,5-lutidine afforded (silox)3Nb(η2-3,5-Me2NC5H3) (2-3,5-Lut), which was heated for 4 days at 120 °C to give (silox)2 NbN- cis -CHCMe- cis -CHCMe-trans-CHCHCMe 2 Si t Bu 2 O (14), whose structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The direct participation of a silox group in the ring opening is a rare occurrence for this typically ancillary ligand, and provides another pathway for CN bond activation relevant to hydrodenitrogenation (HDN).
Serum-free culture of fractionated bovine bronchial epithelial cells.

Procedures for the serum-free culture of a density fractionated population of bovine bronchial epithelial cells have been established. Epithelial cells dispersed by protease digestion were fractionated by density equilibrium centrifugation, followed by plating of the small basal-like population on type I collagen-coated culture dishes. Two or three passages of 1:4 split enriched for a population of actively dividing cells, which could be stored in liquid nitrogen for subsequent use. Clonal growth assays revealed optimum proliferation using a 1:1 mixture of medium RPMI 1640 and LHC-9, a medium employed for human bronchial epithelial cells. Cellular growth rate, which was 0.6 to 1.3 doublings per day depending on the cell preparation, was conveniently decreased by supplementing LHC-9 medium with less than 50% RPMI. In contrast to airway epithelial cell cultures from other species, serum stimulated the growth of bovine bronchial epithelial cells in this system. Transforming growth factorβ1, however, inhibited growth and induced differentiation into a squamous phenotype. Also in contrast with other systems, the bovine cells were resistant to growth inhibition by 100 nM tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate or 1µM calcium ionophore A23187. Combination of phorbol ester with ionophore decreased mitotic activity, although induction of squamous morphology was not observed. Therefore, growth inhibition and squamous differentiation were not tightly coupled in this system. Finally, biologically synthesized matrix deposited by these cells stimulated growth rate. This culture system will therefore be useful in assessing the activities of both soluble and matrix-associated factors in the absence of serum.
The Geography of Energy and the Wealth of the World

Curse of the Black Gold: 50 Years of Oil in the Niger Delta. Michael Watts, ed. New York: Power House Books, 2010. 224 pp. $39.95 (ISBN-13 978–1576875476). Encyclopedia of Energy. Cutler Cleveland,...
Giving Voice to Values as a Leverage Point in Business Ethics Education

The Giving Voice to Values (GVV) pedagogy and curriculum is described as an example of a powerful leverage point in the integration of business ethics and values-driven leadership across the business curriculum. GVV is post-decision-making in that it identifies an ethical course of action and asks practitioners to identify (i) who are the parties involved and what’s at stake for them; (ii) what are the main arguments (reasons and rationalizations) to be countered; and (iii) what levers that can be used to influence those who are in disagreement. The internalization of GVV’s constructs allows faculty to comfortably raise and endorse ethics as part of the natural order of business decision-making because the stakes of doing so have been normalized. Methods for introducing and using GVV in undergraduate through MBA courses are given. An illustration is given for economics courses.
AN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EARLY STAGES OF PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION.

Abstract The sciatic nerve of adult rats was crushed at the sciatic notch and tested for nerve regeneration at intervals up to 56 days postoperatively. At the time of testing, the sciatic nerve was removed and immersed in mineral oil (37 C) in a chamber containing sixty-six parallel electrodes at 1 mm intervals. The proximal nerve end was stimulated with single shocks and the compound action potential recorded millimeter by millimeter down the nerve. Immediately postoperatively action potentials could be recorded no farther than 2 mm proximal to the lesion. By 4 days, potentials were observed up to 2 mm distal to the lesion. The rate of regeneration accelerated exponentially from an initial rate of 0.3 mm per day immediately postoperatively to 3.0 mm per day by 18 days. By the twenty-eighth postoperative day the nerve fibers had regenerated into the leg muscles. Although the amplitude of the action potentials increased steadily it was only 20% of normal by 56 days. The conduction velocity increased steadily to 75% of normal by 28 days and did not change during the ensuing 28 days.
GPU-based efficient realistic techniques for bleeding and smoke generation in surgical simulators.

Background In actual surgery, smoke and bleeding due to cauterization processes provide important visual cues to the surgeon, which have been proposed as factors in surgical skill assessment. While several virtual reality (VR)-based surgical simulators have incorporated the effects of bleeding and smoke generation, they are not realistic due to the requirement of real-time performance. To be interactive, visual update must be performed at at least 30 Hz and haptic (touch) information must be refreshed at 1 kHz. Simulation of smoke and bleeding is, therefore, either ignored or simulated using highly simplified techniques, since other computationally intensive processes compete for the available Central Processing Unit (CPU) resources. Methods In this study we developed a novel low-cost method to generate realistic bleeding and smoke in VR-based surgical simulators, which outsources the computations to the graphical processing unit (GPU), thus freeing up the CPU for other time-critical tasks. This method is independent of the complexity of the organ models in the virtual environment. User studies were performed using 20 subjects to determine the visual quality of the simulations compared to real surgical videos. Results The smoke and bleeding simulation were implemented as part of a laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) simulator. For the bleeding simulation, the original implementation using the shader did not incur noticeable overhead. However, for smoke generation, an input/output (I/O) bottleneck was observed and two different methods were developed to overcome this limitation. Based on our benchmark results, a buffered approach performed better than a pipelined approach and could support up to 15 video streams in real time. Human subject studies showed that the visual realism of the simulations were as good as in real surgery (median rating of 4 on a 5-point Likert scale). Conclusions Based on the performance results and subject study, both bleeding and smoke simulations were concluded to be efficient, highly realistic and well suited to VR-based surgical simulators. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boolean matrices with prescribed row/column sums and stable homogeneous polynomials

We prove a new efficiently computable lower bound on the coefficients of stable homogeneous polynomials and present its algorithmic and combinatorial applications. Our main application is the first poly-time deterministic algorithm which approximates the partition functions associated with boolean matrices with prescribed row and column sums within simply exponential multiplicative factor. This new algorithm is a particular instance of new polynomial time deterministic algorithms related to the multiple partial differentiation of polynomials given by evaluation oracles.
Resolution of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia and Anemia With Prolonged α-interferon Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a group of autosomal dominant disorders, characterized by telangiectases that develop in the skin, mucous membranes, and visceral organs. Currently, there is no satisfactory treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Interferon has never been used for the treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. In this case, we report disappearance of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia lesions after 12 months of treatment with interferon-alpha for chronic hepatitis C. Further studies are warranted to evaluate its role and potential use in the treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Extreme Value Analysis in Flash Memories for Dosimetry Applications

A commercial off-the-shelf flash memory is repurposed for use as a dosimeter. Target theory is used to derive fitting curves, and the curves are used to derive the extreme value distribution. This extreme value distribution predicts when the first failures will occur, allowing low doses to be measured. Pre-exposing the DUT to a known dose will reduce the free charge on the floating gate. Combining both methodologies can reduce the sensitivity of the DUT to any level desired.
Migration of Calcium and Its Role in the Regulation of Seismonasty in the Motor Cell of Mimosa pudica L.

Volume and conformational changes of the contractile tannin vacuoles of the abaxial motor cells of the primary pulvinus of Mimosa pudica L. parallel the seismonastic leaf movement. Since such changes in cells and organelles of animal systems are often regulated by calcium, we studied Ca 2+ movement in the motor cells and tissue. By fixation with Lillie9s neutral buffered formalin, followed by staining with alizarin red sulfate (ARS), calcium was localized in the tannin vacuoles of the motor cells of the primary pulvinus. After treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and several other calcium-complexing or extracting agents, the color reaction due to alizarin red sulfonate was no longer present. By using an analytical method, it was shown that the effluent from stimulated pulvini has significantly more Ca 2+ than that from unstimulated controls. Ten millimolar LaCl 3 inhibits recovery of the tannin vacuole in vivo in 10 mm CaCl 2 or in distilled water. Quantitative data obtained by microspectrophotometry demonstrated calcium migration during the bending movement of the primary pulvinus. In the adaxial motor cells a small amount of calcium migrates from the tannin vacuole, and calcium on the cell wall moves to the central vacuole. In the abaxial half, a large amount of calcium from the tannin vacuole moves to the central vacuole of the motor cell. It is probable that the calcium binds to the microfibrillar contents of the central vacuole. These observations support the contention that Ca 2+ migrates between the surface of the tannin vacuole and the inside of the central vacuole. The recovery and maintenance of the tannin vacuole in the spherical form may play a role in maintaining turgor in the motor cells of the abaxial half of the primary pulvinus of Mimosa .
The electronic absorption and ionization potentials of carbosilanes. the question of 1,3(d-d interaction in the excited state

Abstract The electronic absorption spectra of carbosilanes containing the group have been measured. The cyclic carbosilanes (Me2SiCH2)n n=2, 3, 4, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2,4,6-trisilaspiro[3.3]cyclophetane exhibit large bathochromic shifts relative to analogous acyclic carbosinales. Electron impact-ionization potential measurements demonstrate the shifts are primarily a manifestation of ground state destabilization, rather than excited state stabilization originatingfrom 1,3(d-d) interaction. The spectra of Si-phenylated carbosilanes confirm this conclusion.
Effective dithering technique for EMI reduction in three phase DC/AC inverters

Three phase DC/AC inverters in power electronic applications produce electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to switching of the power semiconductor devices at high frequencies. Dithering the switching frequency is one of the effective and low cost tools to reduce EMI. To maximize the usefulness of the dithering process, the effect of each of its parameters on the EMI reduction needs to be understood. In this paper, the parameters of triangular periodic dithering are investigated to find their values in minimizing EMI for three phase DC/AC inverters. The paper presents that, by increasing the amplitude of the dithering signal and selecting its frequency to be equal to the inverter voltage frequency, the EMI can be reduced. Moreover, by selecting a phase shift of π/12 between the dithering signal and any of the inverter currents, the EMI is minimized compared to other phase shift amounts. The proposed technique is validated through simulation studies.
Dependence of Snowfall on Temperature

D'OOGE has reported1 a correlation between amount of snowfall in inches and temperature at the time of snowfall. His data showed that maximum depth of snowfall occurred at a daily mean temperature of − 11° C. ; Bossolasco2 correlated frequency of occurrence of snowfall with temperature and found maximum occurrence at approximately the same temperature. These observers assumed that the mean daily temperature recorded at the level of observation was a reasonable estimate of the temperature at the level of formation of the snow. From the data presented, conclusions were drawn concerning nucleation of snow crystals.
Mitochondrial Granules in Chondrocytes

Rat and mice epiphyseal growth plates were studied with the electron microscope. A gradient of mitochondrial electron-dense granules was found. Chondrocytes in the proliferative zone had few granules, while those of the succeeding zones showed a gradual increase in number and density until the zone of provisional calcification was reached. This zone showed a peripheral distribution of mitochondria and a decrease in the number and density of mitochondrial granules. Isotopic47calcium was used autoradiographically to determine the location of calcium in these cells. Grains were found over the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and over most mitochondria. The demonstration of a gradient of these granules and their spatial relation to the mineralization front suggests a possible involvement of mitochondria in the onset of matrix calcification.
The new urban economics: An evaluation

Abstract This paper reviews and evaluates the branch of urban economic theory labelled the “New Urban Economics.” This sub-field attempts to integrate welfare economics and urban economics within a general equilibrium framework using mathematical methods of analysis. Particular attention is given to the assumptions behind these models (one-dimensional space, monocentricity, homogeneous households, exclusive zoning, long-run equilibrium, etc.) and their implications. Extensions of the basic model—the treatment of utility, road congestion, other externalities, dynamics and optimum geography—are also examined.
Recent Advances in Continuum Modeling of Interfacial and Transport Phenomena in Electric Double Layer Capacitors

This paper reviews recent advances in physical modeling of interfacial and transport phenomena in electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) under both equilibrium and dynamic cycling. The models are based on continuum theory and account for (i) the Stern layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface, (ii) finite ion sizes, (iii) steric repulsions, (iv) asymmetric electrolytes featuring ions with different valencies, effective diameters, or diffusion coefficients, (v) electric-field-dependent dielectric permittivity of the electrolyte, and/or (vi) porous three-dimensional morphology of the electrodes. Typical characterization methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic cycling were reproduced numerically to identify the dominant physical phenomena and to gain insight into experimental observations. In addition, recent thermal models derived from first principles for EDLCs under constant-current cycling accounting for irreversible Joule heating and reversible heat generation rates due to ion diffusion, steric effects, and changes in entropy are discussed. Scaling analyses of both equilibrium and dynamic models are also presented as a way to identify self-similar and asymptotic behaviors as well as to develop design rules for electrodes and electrolytes of next generation EDLCs. Throughout the document, special effort has been made to compare model predictions with experimental observations and reported data. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0211505jes] All rights reserved.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER ORIGINALLY COLLECTED FOR BETA-RAY ABSORPTION MASS MONITORING

A method of transferring suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the used filter of a beta-absorption mass monitor to a polycarbonate filter for subsequent PIXE analysis has been developed. The method allows determination of the relative elemental composition of SPM. It was demonstrated that PIXE analysis can detect S, Cl, Fe and Zn in SPM sampled over a one-hour period.
Prostaglandins E and F2α in the house cricket and other insects

Abstract Prostaglandin E (PGE1 and PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) are widely distributed in insects belonging to seven species representing six orders. Whole body concentrations range from 0.2 to 16 pg/mg protein. PGE and PGF2α are found in muscle but are not abundant in testicular tissue. In the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), high prostaglandin levels in the testes and the female spermatheca are reduced in the presence of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors aspirin, acetaminophen and indomethacin. An interaction of the prostaglandins with cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in cricket tissues was not observed using these inhibitors. The house cricket appears to be a model for studying prostaglandin function in insects.
Problem-Solving Styles and Participative Decision Making:

This study examined the relationships between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Sensing-Intuition and Thinking-Feeling scales, and the choice of autocratic versus participative decision-making methods as measured by the Vroom/Yetton Problem Set. Data from 62 graduate business students indicate that sensing types tend to be more participative than intuitive types. Further analyses suggest that situational factors may be more important than individual differences in influencing the choice of autocratic versus participative decision-making methods.
Extreme Vertices Designs for Linear Mixture Models

Extreme vertices designs are useful in experimentation with mixtures, particularly when the response can be described by a linear model. An algorithm is proposed for selecting a subset of extreme vertices when the number of candidate vertices is large. This algorithm has been found to produce designs which generally have small trace (X'X)−1, indicating the average variance of the estimated coefficients in the linear model will be small.
Assessment of Public Knowledge and Support for Recovery of the Endangered Houston Toad (Bufo houstonensis) in Bastrop, Texas

Community support is critical to recovery success of endangered species. Education can cultivate positive attitudes and actions toward species recovery. The federally endangered Houston toad (Bufo houstonensis) is endemic to east-central Texas and the largest population is currently located near the City of Bastrop in Bastrop County. This study quantified the level of knowledge about the Houston toad for residents of the City of Bastrop, explored reasons behind expressed opinions of residents, and determined current and future education outlets. Nearly two thirds of respondents had heard of the Houston toad. Of the 83 surveyed residents who had heard of the species, 94% knew the Houston toad was endangered. Most respondents believed the Houston toad was an important part of the Lost Pines ecosystem and cared if it goes extinct. Survey responses did not vary by sex or age. This article will hopefully guide future education and collaborative recovery initiatives.
Prophecy in History: the Social Reality of Intermediation:

This study examines and attempts to rebut four arguments—the history of terminology, the problem of definition, the conventional nature of the colophons, and the literary character of the texts—that have been marshaled in defense of an hypothesis that biblical figures like Amos and Jeremiah were prophets neither in their own eyes nor in the eyes of their contemporaries. The rebuttal stresses the social reality of prophetic activity (as revealed by cross-cultural studies) and the literary genre of prophetic books (they are anthologies).
Oral mechanoreceptors inTritonia diomedea

1. Central somata of oral mechanoreceptor neurons inTritonia diomedea are located in two bilaterally symmetrical clusters, each in a small lobe of the cerebral ganglion (Fig. 3). Each lobe contains 40–60 cells, each of which sends one axon through the fourth cerebral nerve to the oral tube, and one axon through the cerebro-buccal connective to the buccal ganglia (Fig. 9). From the buccal ganglia, mechanosensory axons pass through one or more of the 6 major buccal nerves innervating the buccal mass. 2. Mechanosensory cell bodies respond to current injection with a rapid, phasic discharge followed, in some cases, by a more prolonged tonic discharge. No electrical coupling nor chemical synaptic interaction was observed between the cells. Mechanosensory neurons are typically silent unless stimulated. Evidence is presented that these are primary sensory cells. 3. Oral mechanoreceptors produce a rapidly accommodating discharge in response to pressure on receptive fields in the oral tube, jaw closer muscles, and internal buccal mass. This response was only elicited by pressure or stretch, with rapid application most effective. 4. A mechanoreceptor typically has a single receptive field in the ipsilateral oral tube, and one or more fields in the muscles of the buccal mass, both ipsi-and contralateral (Fig. 8). Fields tend to be small (1 to 5 mm2) and to overlap in some areas. 5. On rare occasions, naturally induced firing was recorded in mechanoreceptors during buccal mass movements with an object in the buccal mass. Firing was not recorded with the buccal mass empty. It is hypothesized that these receptors are activated by the resistance caused by the presence of food in the buccal mass during normal feeding movements.
The growth and transplantability of the carcinosarcoma of Walker 256 in the ascitic form.

Una serie di ricerche per ottenere tumori in forma ascitica usando materiale cellulare di tumori solidi sono state esequite. Un omogenato del carcinosarcoma di Walker 256 e stato iniettato in cavita peritoneale e si e avuto lo sviluppo di forme tumorali ascitiche che e stato possibile trapiantare nelle successive generazioni di ratti.
The military, prostitution, and colonial peoples: India and the Philippines, 1885–1917

Abstract British moral reformers, under the leadership of Josephine Butler, Henry J. Wilson and James Stansfeld, successfully campaigned for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. These Acts had introduced a military system of regulated prostitution into England modeled on state regulated prostitution utilized on the Continent from 1864 to 1869. These initial antiprostitution agitations later took the form of a social purification movement. Repeal in 1886 left the British Army in India in noncompliance with Parliamentary efforts at abolition. In 1891 American members of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union undertook a sociological investigation of Indian military cantonments—the Abolitionist cause had been extended to the United States and the Continent. Based on these reports, reformers at home were able to extract admissions from the military and government that the system continued in existence. Nevertheless, the British Army reorganized its program, according to subsequent investigation...
Drivers’ Visual Behavior During Backing Tasks: Factors Affecting the Use of Rearview Camera Displays:

In-vehicle rearview camera displays may soon be required in all new vehicles as a means of providing drivers with increased capability to monitor the area directly behind the rear bumper. The prese...
Diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in persons with epilepsy

Purpose of reviewEpilepsy is a common, disabling neurological disorder associated with increased rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders as compared with the general population.Recent findingsMood disorders, especially major depression, appear to be more prevalent in persons with epilepsy than in th
Physicians' propensity to offer genetic testing for Alzheimer's disease: results from a survey.

Purpose: Examine physician knowledge, preferences, and use of genetic tests for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: Survey of 426 community-based physicians treating AD patients. Results: Majority gave inaccurate estimates of AD risk. Medical specialty predicted appropriate use of current tests. Recommending substances to prevent memory loss was related to acceptance of error-free tests. High patient loads and familiarity with genetic tests predicted lower tolerance for test error. Conclusion: Physicians do not endorse indiscriminate genetic susceptibility testing for AD. However, insufficient knowledge of disease risk, etiology, genetic susceptibility, and use of existing tests indicated a need for further physician education in this area.
Measurement of electro‐optic effects in acrylic plastic

The quadratic electro-optic effect in commercial acrylic plastics was determined. The induced birefringence in the Plexiglas was measured to be 2.47 × 10−7 and the resultant Kerr constant was 3.52 × 10−14 m/V2 for an electric field intensity of 3.33 × 106 V/m.
Using Force Field Simulations for the Evaluation of the Monomer Parameters for the Calculation of Diffusion Constants for Long Chain Polymer Melts

Force field simulations are employed in the evaluation of the monomer interaction diameter used in the lateral motion (LM) model for the dynamics of polymer melts. Interaction diameters are obtained for polystyene (PS), polyethylene (PE), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) from two- and three-chain configurations. It is found that these interaction diameters result in diffusion constants using the LM model that are in good agreement with experimental data. If the interaction diameter is known, the only adjustable parameter in the diffusion constant calculations is the bare monomer diffusion constant, D0. The calculation of D0 from short chain, short time force field molecular dynamics simulations is attempted for PE, PEO, and PDMS. The bare diffusion constant obtained for PE is found to provide accurate diffusion constants for long chain melts from LM calculations with no adjustable parameters. Values for D0 were not obtained from the simulations performed for PEO and PDMS, beca...
The maturation of the rabbit fetal lung following maternal administration of pilocarpine.

Pilocarpine HCl, a parasympathomimetic drug, was administered to pregnant white rabbits in a daily subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg on days 24 through 27 of gestation. Fetuses from these animals and from salineinjected controls were obtained by caesarean section at day 28 of gestation. Light microscopic examination revealed thinner alveolar septa in the lungs of pilocarpine-treated fetuses and, morphometrically, a significant increase in the number of mature type II cells, both per unit area and per 1,000 lung cells of any kind. Examination by electron microscopy revealed that the alveolar epithelium of pilocarpine-treated fetuses demonstrated morphologic correlates of increased maturation. These included thinning of type I cells to form blood-air barriers and substantial reductions in the glycogen content of both epithelial cell types. Type II cells of pilocarpine-treated fetuses contained (as indicated by morphometric analysis) more and larger lamellar inclusion bodies, as well as more multivesicular bodies than those of controls. Biochemical determination indicated that the glycogen content of fetal lung, but not liver, was reduced significantly in the pilocarpine-treated group. The findings of this study indicate that maternal administration of pilocarpine results in increased maturation of the fetal alveolar epithelium, thus providing a basis for the autonomic manipulation of fetal lung maturation.
Age-related changes of scleral hydration and sulfated glycosaminoglycans

Human scleras were analyzed to determine if tissue hydration changed in an age-related fashion, and whether this change could be related to decreased levels of glycosaminoglycans. The anterior half of normal human scleras were examined with donor ages ranging from newborn to 99 years (n = 40). Tissue hydration was found to decrease by 1.06% per decade (P = 0.0012). Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from scleras with guanidine hydrochloride, purified by anion exchange chromatography and quantitated using dimethylene blue and selective enzymatic digestion. The glycosaminoglycans of the sclera were primarily dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate with small quantities of hyaluronic acid. While no loss of chondroitin sulfate with age was detected, a significant age-related loss of dermatan sulfate was found (P = 0.0006, n = 14). An examination of the relationship between glycosaminoglycan concentration and scleral hydration showed that increased levels of sulfated glycosaminoglycans were associated with increased levels of scleral hydration (P < 0.02, n = 14). No improvement in the correlation could be achieved by considering either dermatan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate individually. Our results suggest that, as in other connective tissues, aging is associated with a loss of glycosaminoglycans, and their loss is coincident with decreased tissue hydration.
Accuracy of the Emergency Severity Index Triage Instrument for Identifying Elder Emergency Department Patients Receiving an Immediate Life‐saving Intervention

Objectives: The study objective was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Emergency Severity Index (ESI) triage instrument for the identification of elder patients receiving an immediate life-saving intervention in the emergency department (ED). Methods: The authors reviewed medical records for consecutive patients 65 years or older who presented to a single academic ED serving a large community of elders during a 1-month period. ESI triage scores were compared to actual ED course with attention to the occurrence of an immediate life-saving intervention. The sensitivity and specificity of an ESI triage level of 1 for the identification of patients receiving an immediate intervention was calculated. For 50 cases, the triage nurse ESI designation was compared to the triage level determined by an expert triage nurse based on retrospective record review. Results: Of 782 consecutive patients 65 years or older who presented to the ED, 18 (2%) had an ESI level of 1, 176 (23%) had an ESI level of 2, 461 (60%) had an ESI level of 3, 100 (13%) had an ESI level of 4, and 18 (2%) had an ESI level of 5. Twenty-six patients received an immediate life-saving intervention. ESI triage scores for these 26 individuals were as follows: ESI 1, 11 patients; ESI 2, nine patients; and ESI 3, six patients. The sensitivity of ESI to identify patients receiving an immediate intervention was 42.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.3% to 61.3%); the specificity was 99.2% (95% CI = 98.0% to 99.7%). For 17 of 50 cases in which actual triage nurse and expert nurse ESI levels disagreed, undertriage by the triage nurses was more common than overtriage (13 vs. 4 patients). Conclusions: The ESI triage instrument identified fewer than half of elder patients receiving an immediate life-saving intervention. Failure to follow established ESI guidelines in the triage of elder patients may contribute to apparent undertriage. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:238–243 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Instructionally Sensitive Psychometrics: Application of a New IRT‐Based Detection Technique to Mathematics Achievement Test Items

Achievement modeling is carried out in groups of students characterized by heterogeneous instructional background. Extensions of item response theory models incorporate variables reflecting different amounts of opportunity-to-leam (OTL). The effects of these OTL variables are studied with respect to their influence on both the latent trait and the item performance directly. Such direct effects may reflect instructionally sensitive items. U.S. eighth-grade mathematics data from the Second International Mathematics Study are analyzed. Here, the same test is taken by students enrolled in typical instruction and students enrolled in elementary algebra classes. It is shown that the new analysis provides a more detailed way to examine the influence of instruction on responses to test items than does conventional item response theory.
Ascent, descent and roots of Fredholm operators

Let T be a Fredholm operator on a Banach space. Say T is rootless if there is no bounded linear operator S and no positive integer m 2 such that S m = T. Criteria and examples of rootlessness are given. This leads to a study of ascent and descent whether nite or innite for T with examples having innite ascent and descent.
Extremely Long-Lived Nuclear Pore Proteins in the Rat Brain

To combat the functional decline of the proteome, cells use the process of protein turnover to replace potentially impaired polypeptides with new functional copies. We found that extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs) did not turn over in postmitotic cells of the rat central nervous system. These ELLPs were associated with chromatin and the nuclear pore complex, the central transport channels that mediate all molecular trafficking in and out of the nucleus. The longevity of these proteins would be expected to expose them to potentially harmful metabolites, putting them at risk of accumulating damage over extended periods of time. Thus, it is possible that failure to maintain proper levels and functional integrity of ELLPs in nonproliferative cells might contribute to age-related deterioration in cell and tissue function.
Self-esteem, health locus of control, and health attitudes among Native American children.

: Self-esteem and health locus of control have been postulated as predictors of attitudes and behaviors related to child health. The association among these variables has not been assessed adequately among Native American children. This study measured the relationship among self-esteem, health locus of control, and health attitudes of Native American fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students. A statistically significant relationship was found between self-esteem and positive attitudes toward health. Self-esteem was a modest predictor of health attitudes and health behavioral intentions among Navajo and Pueblo children.
ESR of GdF3 and related molecules at 4 °K

The pyramidal (C3v) GdF3 molecule was trapped in neon and argon matrices at 4°K and its ESR spectrum measured in the X‐band region. In neon the spectrum exhibited several off‐principal‐axis transitions which were sensitive to the assigned magnetic parameters. It was shown to be a S = 7/2 molecule (ground state 8A1) with g∥ = 1.995, g⊥ = 1.990, and ‖ D ‖ = 0.433 cm−1. The 19F hfs was unresolved and therefore <∼10 G. Only the mS = +1/2 ↔ −1/2 transition of GdH3 was observed, yielding ‖ D ‖ = 0.7 to 1.3 cm−1, and it is inferred to be a planar (D3h) molecule (ground state 8A1′). Weak spectra of GdCl3 (8A1) and GdF2 (9A1) were also observed, yielding ‖ D ‖?0.36 and 0.20 cm−1, respectively.
Adenylate-cyclase receptors for adrenergic neurotransmitters in rat cerebral cortex.

The response of adenylate cyclase systems to putative neurotransmitter agents has been studied in cell-free preparations from various brain regions of young adult rats. Homogenates of cerebral cortex contained adenylate cyclase systems which were responsive to norepinephrine and dopamine. A large proportion of this catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity was concentrated in the crude mitochondrial fraction. Adenylate cyclase activity in this fraction was also responsive to epinephrine and isoproterenol, showed very small stimulation with histamine and serotonin, and was unresponsive to acetylcholine and 4-aminobutyric acid. The natural l-forms of the catecholamines were much more active than the d-forms. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, glucagon, thyroid stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were without significant effect in the cerebral preparation. Basal values for adenylate cyclase activity and the degree of stimulation by the catecholamines were critically dependent upon appropriate concentrations of ATP, an ATP-regenerating system, H+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the assay medium. Addition of the membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, enhanced stimulation by the catecholamines. Concentrations of norepinephrine or dopamine as low as 0.005 mM produced significant increases in adenylate cyclase activity. The maximum response to norepinephrine was two to three times that with dopamine. The response of cerebral adenylate cyclase to 0.05 mM norepinephrine was strongly blocked by concentrations (0.1 mM) of the β-adrenergic blocking agents, propranolol and dichloroisoproterenol, which had no effect on the response to 0.05 mM dopamine. Haloperidol eliminated the dopamine response at very low concentration (0.01 mM). The data suggest that norepinephrine and dopamine activate adenylate cyclase systems in rat cerebral cortex by reacting with specific receptors which have the properties of β-adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors, respectively.