cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-133: Isocenter Measurements with the Winston-Lutz Test: Impact on Treatment Planning

Purpose: To assure high accuracy in radiation delivery during linear accelerator based stereotactic radiosurgery procedures, a Winston‐Lutz test is typically performed to measure the effective isocenter wander over the wide range of gantry and couch angles employed. Ideally, this deviation is lower than 1–1.5 mm depending on institutional tolerances. Automation of this test with portal imaging allows a large amount of data to be taken and processed. This study explores the effect of various collimation techniques on beam‐center stability, and addresses one technique of repositioning in response. Methods: Winston‐Lutz shots were obtained using a Trilogy linear accelerator, BrainLab Winston‐Lutz pointer, and electronic portal imaging from a full range of gantry and couch angles. The test was repeated using MLCs, a 10mm stereotactic cone from BrainLab, and jaws for beam collimation. All images were processed using an in‐house MATLAB‐based program which calculates the distance between the tungsten ball and aperture center with accuracy within ∼0.1mm. Ideal shifts were calculated by minimizing this variation from gantry rotation alone, and performed manually. Results: The in‐plane gantry sag was found to be on the order of ∼0.8mm, independent of collimation technique or setup. The MLC carriage had a ∼0.3mm cross‐plane displacement to the inferior from the cone center, negated by a 90 degree collimator rotation. The total gantry misalignment was greatest near gantry 180 (∼1.5mm), varying by collimation method. Optimizing to minimize gantry error reduced errors to less than 0.7mm but increased the effect of couch rotation. Conclusions: Isocenter evaluation is dependent on collimation method used, and should be conducted with the same technique as delivery. It may be useful to consider the varying delivery accuracy from different couch/gantry angles during treatment planning. Repositioning methods after couch rotation may affect ideal laser positions.
On projections and simultaneous extensions

LetX1,X2 be subspaces of a completely regular spaceX. The bounded linear extension ofC(X1 ∩X2) intoC(X) are related to the projections of norm <3 fromC(X1)+C(X2) ontoC(X).
Characterization methods for excimer exposure of deep-UV pellicles

A variety of instruments are used to monitor the aging of pellicles exposed to deep UV radiation including densitometry, VFIR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. By far the most useful measurement is insitu transmission monitoring during exposure. A stable apparatus has been constructed and good lransmission versus dose data obtained for a variety of pellicle materials. Using a light pipe uniformer fed by a KrF excimer laser, dose rates up to 0.4W/cm2 can be obtained. Pellicle transmission changes due to optical thickness changes, ablation of AR-coatings, and increased bulk absorption have been observed (in typical oder of importance). SpectrOscopy is used to extract a pellicle's refractive index and physical thickness after various stages of exposure. It has been found that the pellicle's physical thickness changes with exposure while it maintains an essentially constant refractive index. A method for measuring the pellicle's thickness during exposure has been developed. Through this method, is has been found that a dark reaction (continued thickness loss) occurs long after the deep-UV illumination is terminated.
Osmometric behavior of Drosophila melanogaster embryos.

Abstract The osmometric behavior of Drosophila melanogaster embryos in permeabilized eggs was studied in a microscope diffusion chamber designed to impose a rapid change in osmotic environment at various temperatures. A numerical model of NaCl diffusion in the chamber predicted that radial variations in concentration arising from the presence of a thin film of solution at the top of the chamber were negligible. On the basis of transient electrical conductance measurements in the chamber, characteristic time constants for the change in concentration averaged over the chamber depth occupied by the eggs were 0.99, 0.77, and 0.60 min at 0, 10, and 20 °C, respectively. The chamber response was sufficiently rapid that the characteristic response of the embryo was not masked. Equilibrium volumetric behavior of the embryos indicated that they behaved as nearly ideal osmometers over the range of 0.256 to 2.000 osm, and followed the relation FV eq = 0.123 C −1 + 0.541, where FV eq is equilibrium fractional volume and C is osmolality. Nonlinear regression of volumetric data during osmotic contraction yielded an average L p of 0.722 μm/(min · atm) at 20 °C and an apparent activation energy Δ E of 8.11 kcal/mol. The coefficients of variation in the L p estimates among individual embryos were 38, 18, and 47% at 0, 10, and 20 °C, respectively. With the use of probability rules and a model for volumetric behavior during freezing, it was determined that the observed variability in L p (assuming Δ E is fixed) considerably broadens the transition range of cooling rates over which the predicted probability of intracellular ice formation goes from 0 to 1. However, experimental observations (21) show the actual transition range is even wider, indicating that there exist other important sources of variability which determine the event of ice formation in D. melanogaster embryos.
Cell-Free Protein Expression under Macromolecular Crowding Conditions

Background Cell-free protein expression (CFPE) comprised of in vitro transcription and translation is currently manipulated in relatively dilute solutions, in which the macromolecular crowding effects present in living cells are largely ignored. This may not only affect the efficiency of protein synthesis in vitro, but also limit our understanding of the functions and interactions of biomolecules involved in this fundamental biological process.
Goal specification alters perceived pain intensity and tolerance latency

The effects of instructing subjects to tolerate pain for a fixed amount of time (15 min) versus an unspecified amount of time (“last as long as you can”) was tested using an ischemic pain test. Subjects' latencies to terminate the painful stimulus and their perceived pain intensity ratings were recorded, both before and after cognitive strategy training. Strategy training helped subjects given fixed-time instructions decrease pain ratings and subjects given open-time instructions increase tolerance times. Nevertheless, subjects given specific time goals for tolerating the pain had lower absolute pain ratings and higher tolerance times than subjects given nonspecific goals, whether given strategy training or not. These results suggest that instructional set in and of itself can be therapeutic or deleterious in helping subjects cope with pain.
Managerial Tolerance of Nepotism: The Effects of Individualism–Collectivism in a Latin American Context

This study proposes and tests a model that integrates culture, attitudes, subjective norms, and attributions into a theoretical framework that explains tolerance toward nepotism in a Latin American country. The participants were 202 Ecuadorian middle and upper managers. The results suggested that attitudes, subjective norms, and attributions significantly predict managerial intention to discipline those employees who favored a family member when hiring. Furthermore, subjective norms and internal attributions mediated the relationship between culture and intentions to discipline employees who engaged in nepotistic acts. Our findings highlight the need to implement culture-congruent HR practices to effect mission-driven changes in talent management practices.
Mercury pollution: The making of an environmental crisis

The sources, uptake pathways, and biological effects of mercury are reviewed. Mercury is discussed as a generic environmental problem, and the governmental response to the issue is discussed and analyzed.
Splitting of Degenerate Orbitals of Dibenzyl and Tetrabenzyl Adducts of C60: ESR of the Radical Anions and the Rotation Barriers of Benzyl Groups

The degenerate 2E1u ground state and the thermally accessible low-lying 2A2u excited state of C60•- give a broad ESR signal (ΔHmsl = 30.9 G at 213 K) which has a smaller g value (1.9984) as compare...
Influence of the existence of a resting state on the probability of cell division in culture

A cell cycle model developed by Smith and Martin is generalized to allow for the possibility that the duration of the B phase is not fixed. The B phase is the equivalent of the traditional S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle. The duration of the B phase is represented by a Gaussian probability distribution; the duration of the resting or A state which replaces the traditional G1 phase is represented by a decaying exponential distribution. A doubling time distribution, termed the CEG distribution, is obtained by convolution of the A state and B phase distributions. Like the reciprocal normal, rate normal, and log normal distributions, it is a rounded unimodal peak that is skewed to the right. None of the three former distributions is associated with a cell cycle model that includes a resting state. However the CEG distribution, which is so associated, bears little resemblance to the delayed exponential distribution which results when the duration of the B phase is fixed and the duration of the A state is random. Consequently, it would be difficult to use the doubling time distribution to determine whether or not a resting state exists in a particular cell population.
Interconversion of the Specificities of Human Lysosomal Enzymes Associated with Fabry and Schindler Diseases

The human lysosomal enzymes α-galactosidase (α-GAL, EC 3.2.1.22) and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL, EC 3.2.1.49) share 46% amino acid sequence identity and have similar folds. The active sites of the two enzymes share 11 of 13 amino acids, differing only where they interact with the 2-position of the substrates. Using a rational protein engineering approach, we interconverted the enzymatic specificity of α- GAL and α-NAGAL. The engineered α-GAL (which we call α-GALSA) retains the antigenicity of α-GAL but has acquired the enzymatic specificity of α-NAGAL. Conversely, the engineered α-NAGAL (which we call α-NAGALEL) retains the antigenicity of α-NAGAL but has acquired the enzymatic specificity of the α-GAL enzyme. Comparison of the crystal structures of the designed enzyme α-GALSA to the wild-type enzymes shows that active sites of α-GALSA and α-NAGAL superimpose well, indicating success of the rational design. The designed enzymes might be useful as non-immunogenic alternatives in enzyme replacement therapy for treatment of lysosomal storage disorders such as Fabry disease.
Semiconductor quantum dots and quantum dot arrays and applications of multiple exciton generation to third-generation photovoltaic solar cells.

Here, we will first briefly summarize the general principles of QD synthesis using our previous work on InP as an example. Then we will focus on QDs of the IV-VI Pb chalcogenides (PbSe, PbS, and PbTe) and Si QDs because these were among the first QDs that were reported to produce multiple excitons upon absorbing single photons of appropriate energy (a process we call multiple exciton generation (MEG)). We note that in addition to Si and the Pb-VI QDs, two other semiconductor systems (III-V InP QDs(56) and II-VI core-shell CdTe/CdSe QDs(57)) were very recently reported to also produce MEG. Then we will discuss photogenerated carrier dynamics in QDs, including the issues and controversies related to the cooling of hot carriers and the magnitude and significance of MEG in QDs. Finally, we will discuss applications of QDs and QD arrays in novel quantum dot PV cells, where multiple exciton generation from single photons could yield significantly higher PV conversion efficiencies.
Family With Dominantly Inherited Ataxia, Amyotrophy, and Peripheral Sensory Loss: Spinopontine Atrophy or Machado-Joseph Azorean Disease in Another Non-Portuguese Family?

• A family of German extraction with progressive ataxia, eye movement abnormalities, peripheral sensory loss, and spinal muscular atrophy of adult onset is described. Three members came to autopsy, and neuropathologically, the major changes included varying degrees of atrophy of the basis pontis and degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, Clarke's columns, anterior horn neurons, and fasciculus gracilis. The dentate nucleus was spared, and there was slight neuron loss from the substantia nigra in one patient. Clinically and neuropathologically, our family resembles that reported by Boiler and Segarra as having spinopontine atrophy. However, several kindreds with similar findings have recently been described as having Azorean or Machado-Joseph disease in non-Portuguese families. Comparison of clinical and neuropathological features in spinopontine atrophy and Machado-Joseph disease, both in Portuguese and non-Portuguese families, reveals clinical and pathological similarities and differences between the two. The major differences in our patients include only minor extraocular movement abnormality and absence of protuberant eyes, and muscular rigidity clinically, and the sparing of the substantia nigra and the dentate nucleus neuropathologically. These differences suggest that spinopontine atrophy, as manifested in our family, is distinct from Machado-Joseph disease. Our family showed no linkage to the HLA locus on chromosome 6.
Expression of the receptors for the C5a anaphylatoxin, interleukin-8 and FMLP by human astrocytes and microglia.

Abstract The expression of chemotactic receptors in the central nervous system is largely unexplored. In this study, we examined human astrocytes and microglia as well as the conditionally immortalized human astrocyte cell line HSC2 for expression of the C5a-anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR), the interleukin-8 receptor (IL-8R) and the f-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FMLPR). Using flow cytometry, indirect immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analysis, we demonstrated that astrocytes, microglia and HSC2 cells contain specific RNA and express surface protein for all three chemotactic receptors. These are the first studies to demonstrate definitively the expression of these chemotactic receptors on astrocytes and microglia, thereby expanding the types of cells known to express chemotactic receptors. Moreover, these data suggest that these chemotactic receptors may play an important role in mediating the inflammatory response and perhaps other yet undescribed biological phenomena in the central nervous system.
Long-spacing metal organic crystals for X-ray spectroscopy

Abstract In an attempt to find more suitable analyzer crystals for X-ray spectrochemical analysis, small single crystals were grown from twenty compounds having lattice dimensions between 3 and 20 a.u. Of the twenty compounds, nine were found to have diffracting-plane spacinge greater than 7 a.u. and relative diffracted intensity over 25 per cent of that from LiF for CrKα radiation. Four of the nine compounds were examined further to determine crystal class, cell dimensions and Miller indices for the diffracting plane. To date potassium acid phthalate (KHP) appears the most promising of all the crystals tested, and with its d -spacing of 13·2 a.n. should theoretically be useful down to atomic number 8 (oxygen).
Suicide and homicide among Native Americans: anomie or social learning?

Analysis of data for 12 areas of the Indian Health Services from the US Department of Health and Human Services yielded a rho of .61 between poverty and suicide for men and a significant rho of .65 for poverty with homicide rates. The Navajo area is an exception, raising for study questions about social disintegration. For the women, poverty was not significantly related to suicide or homicide rates, raising additional questions about social disintegration.
Physics-based multiscale coupling for full core nuclear reactor simulation

Abstract Numerical simulation of nuclear reactors is a key technology in the quest for improvements in efficiency, safety, and reliability of both existing and future reactor designs. Historically, simulation of an entire reactor was accomplished by linking together multiple existing codes that each simulated a subset of the relevant multiphysics phenomena. Recent advances in the MOOSE (Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment) framework have enabled a new approach: multiple domain-specific applications, all built on the same software framework, are efficiently linked to create a cohesive application. This is accomplished with a flexible coupling capability that allows for a variety of different data exchanges to occur simultaneously on high performance parallel computational hardware. Examples based on the KAIST-3A benchmark core, as well as a simplified Westinghouse AP-1000 configuration, demonstrate the power of this new framework for tackling—in a coupled, multiscale manner—crucial reactor phenomena such as CRUD-induced power shift and fuel shuffle.
Temporal Stability of Boundary-Free Shear Flows: The Effects of Diffusion

The stability of boundary-free shear flow is studied for the case of variable viscosity due to binary diffusion across the shear layer. This leads to the main difficulty of this investigation, the direct coupling of the momentum and species equations in both the base state calculations as well as the stability analysis. Linear stability analysis is used to examine the effect of a nonuniform concentration profile on the stability of the flow. It is found that for the flow to be stable for all disturbance wave numbers the Reynolds number has to be zero. This is in agreement with constant viscosity free shear flow stability theory. Increasing the magnitude of concentration gradient (increasing the Schmidt number) destabilizes the flow.
Structural and kinetic studies of the Fab fragment of a monoclonal anti-spin label antibody by nuclear magnetic resonance.

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the structure of the anti-spin label antibody AN02 combining site and kinetic rates for the hapten-antibody reaction. The association reaction for the hapten dinitrophenyl-diglycine (DNP-diGly) is diffusion-limited. The activation enthalpy for association, 5·1 kcal/mol, is close to the activation enthalpy for diffusion in water. Several reliable resonance assignments have been made with the aid of recently reported crystal structure. Structural data deduced from the nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra compare favorably with the crystal structure in terms of the combining site amino acid composition, distances of tyrosine residues from unpaired electron of the hapten, and residues in direct contact with the hapten. Evidence is presented that a single binding site region tyrosine residue can assume two distinct conformations on binding of DNP-diGly. The AN02 antibody is an autoantibody. Dimerization of the Fab fragments is blocked by the hapten DNP-diGly. The n.m.r. spectra suggests that some of the amino acid residues involved in the binding of the DNP-hapten are also involved in the Fab dimerization.
Computer-aided assessment of pulmonary disease in novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza on CT

The 2009 pandemic is a global outbreak of novel H1N1 influenza. Radiologic images can be used to assess the presence and severity of pulmonary infection. We develop a computer-aided assessment system to analyze the CT images from Swine-Origin Influenza A virus (S-OIV) novel H1N1 cases. The technique is based on the analysis of lung texture patterns and classification using a support vector machine (SVM). Pixel-wise tissue classification is computed from the SVM value. The method was validated on four H1N1 cases and ten normal cases. We demonstrated that the technique can detect regions of pulmonary abnormality in novel H1N1 patients and differentiate these regions from visually normal lung (area under the ROC curve is 0.993). This technique can also be applied to differentiate regions infected by different pulmonary diseases.
Topical glaucoma medications and cardiovascular risk in the elderly.

Objective To determine the frequency of congestive heart failure and cardiac conduction disturbances in elderly patients treated with topical glaucoma medications. Methods These case-control studies were conducted among participants in the New Jersey Medicaid and Medicare program from 1986 to 1990. A total of 35,445 subjects (ages 65 to 99 years) were included in the congestive heart failure analysis, and 4278 subjects were included in the conduction disorder analysis. Results The frequency of initiation of congestive heart failure therapy, defined as the new use of digoxin or furosemide, was not increased for users of topical glaucoma medications. The frequency of pacemaker placement was also not increased for topical glaucoma medication users. Analyses were adjusted for age, race, gender, nursing home or hospital status, number of prescription medications, and selected medication exposures. Advanced age and heavy use of other prescription medications were associated with an increased likelihood of both cardiovascular outcomes. Conclusion Major cardiovascular side effects did not occur at an increased rate among patients using topical β-blockers or other glaucoma medications compared with control subjects. This population-based study places findings from case reports and small clinical trials in a broader context to help with clinical assessment of the risks and benefits of glaucoma therapy in the elderly. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 55, 76–83; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.13
Suppression of pigmentation in mouse melanoma cells by 5-bromodeoxyuridine: effects on tyrosinase activity and melanosome formation.

Low concentrations (1–3 µg/ml) of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) reversibly suppress pigmentation in a highly pigmented clone (B559) of cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells. We have found that unpigmented cells (clone C3471), derived by long-term culture of B559 cells in 1 µg of BrdU/ml, were completely amelanotic with no biochemically or cytochemically detectable tyrosinase activity or ultrastructural evidence of premelanosomes. The process by which pigmentation is suppressed was studied in B559 cells during a 7-day period of growth with BrdU (3 µg/ml). Assays of tyrosinase activity showed that activity was reduced after 1 day and decreased progressively, approaching zero by 7 days. A quantitatively minor part of this reduction was directly attributable to the appearance of a dialyzable inhibitor of tyrosinase activity. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two bands of activity corresponding in Rx values to the T1 and T2 forms of soluble tyrosinase. Both were progressively reduced during growth with BrdU but one form (T1) was consistently affected earlier than the other (T2). Ultrastructural-cytochemical studies also showed an early effect on the localization of tyrosinase reaction product. At day 3, reaction product was no longer present in Golgi saccules and Golgi-associated smooth surfaced tubules, but was still seen within premelanosomes, compound melanosomes, and occasional Golgi-associated vesicles. By 7 days tyrosinase reaction product was usually not demonstrable. The number of premelanosomes was progressively decreased during growth with BrdU. Premelanosomes became concentrated in the juxtanuclear region and at day 3 many were contained within abnormally large and numerous compound melanosomes. Premelanosomes and compound melanosomes were rarely seen at 7 days, by which time the cultures were nearly amelanotic. The coordinated suppression of melanogenesis by BrdU may provide a useful model in which to study the normal regulation of this process.
The Superiority of the Left Subcostal Incision Compared to Mid-line Incisions in Surgery for Morbid Obesity

We describe a 13-year experience using a left subcostal incision in performing gastroplasties and Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses (RYGBP) in morbidly obese patients. We have also used it successfully in the general population in several other types of surgical procedures, including Nissen fundoplications in adults and infants, gastrectomies, truncal vagotomies, pyloroplasties, jejunoileal bypass reversals, and elective splenectomies. Over 200 cholecystectomies have been carried out through this incision as additional procedures with relative ease, not requiring any further extension of the incision. There were no hernias in a group of 1,067 primary gastroplasty and RYGBP patients, and the wound infection rate has been quite low, apparently because of the incision's distance from the potentially contaminated umbilicus. We feel that the use of this incision further simplifies and therefore adds a safety factor not seen with the standard vertical incision in this group of surgical patients.
Outbreak of Smut Caused by Tilletia maclaganiion Cultivated Switchgrass in Iowa

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a prairie grass native to Iowa, is cultivated for forage and biomass production. During the late 1990s, biomass and seed yields of switchgrass grown in southern I...
Partial Molar Volumes and Refractions of Cobalt(III) Complexes, Part 2: Homologous Series of Nitrilopentaamminecobalt(III) Complexes

Both the partial molar volumes (V∘solute) and refractions (R∘solute) of the solute at infinite dilution have been determined for a series of four octahedral N6-coordinated cobalt(III) species with increasing ligand size (ammonia, ethylenediamine, sepulchrate, and 1,2-diaminocyclohexane). The experimental values for V∘ solute are consistent with the relative sizes of the ligands but show larger values than those generated by computer modeling as the size of the cation increases. This suggests that the void space of the cation increases with the size of the cation. It is proposed that increasing hydrophobicity of the alkane ligand frameworks contributes to larger volumes.
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in the Blood as Markers for Ethanol Intake

Objective. —To determine the clinical utility of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in the blood as a short-term confirmatory marker for ethanol intake and a longer-term marker for ethanol intake after ethanol is no longer detectable. Design. —Single-center controlled clinical trial and a blinded comparison involving 48 blood samples that were positive, negative, or equivocal for blood ethanol. Participants. —Seven healthy subjects (4 men and 3 women, aged 21 to 23 years) participated in the clinical trial. Blood samples from participants for the blinded comparison portion of the study were numbered from 1 to 48 and not identified by name. Intervention. —The 7 healthy subjects ingested a known amount of ethanol at a fixed rate. The concentration of FAEEs in the blood after ethanol intake was determined for a period of up to 24 hours. There was no intervention in the blinded comparison study. Main Outcome Measures. —In the clinical trial, a pharmacokinetic analysis of FAEE concentration in the blood after ethanol intake was completed for 7 individuals whose blood ethanol level was elevated from 25 to 35 mmol/L. In the blinded comparison, the 48 blood samples that were positive, negative, or equivocal for blood ethanol were analyzed for FAEE concentration. Results. —In the clinical trial, the disappearance of FAEEs from the blood followed a decay curve that initially resembled the decay curve for blood ethanol. However, because of a very slow secondary elimination phase, the FAEEs were found to persist in the blood for at least 24 hours after ethanol intake was completed. In the blinded comparison, all 20 samples that were positive for ethanol were positive for FAEEs, 7 of 7 samples equivocal for ethanol were positive for FAEEs, and 21 of 21 negative samples for ethanol were negative for FAEEs. Conclusions. —Serum concentration of FAEEs can serve as an excellent short-term confirmatory test for ethanol intake as well as a longer-term marker of ethanol ingestion. Measurement of FAEEs in the blood may be a more sensitive indicator of ethanol ingestion than the measurement of blood ethanol.
Double-layer transduction at a mercury-electrolyte interface with imposed temporal and spatial periodicity

Abstract Electrical-to-mechanical coupling at a polarized double layer is the result of a voltage dependent surface force density. Mechanical-to-electrical coupling is created by currents induced by the convection of the double-layer charge. A study is made of coupling at an extensive unrenewed planar interface. Excitations are independently constrained in spatial and temporal frequency. For perturbations, the model includes surface effects of double-layer charging, convection and elasticity, and volume effects of conduction, viscosity and inertia. Experiments are reported that demonstrate the mechanical frequency response to an external driving current.
From Hilbert space to Dilbert space: context semantics as a language for games and flow analysis

We give a tutorial and first-principles description of the context semantics of Gonthier, Abadi, and Levy [5, 4], a computer-science analogue of Girard's geometry of interaction [3]. In the spirit of the invited presentation of Tom Knight (see this Proceedings [7]), the semantics is reversible, and supports pseudo-quantum computation via a superposed sharing of terms and evaluation contexts [2].Context semantics provides a mechanism for modelling ?-calculus, and more generally multiplicative-exponential linear logic (MELL); we explain the the call-by-name (CBN) coding of the ?-calculus, and sketch a proof of the correctness of readback, where the normal form of a ?-term is recovered from its semantics. This analysis yields the algorithmic correctness of Lamping's optimal reduction algorithm [8]. We relate the context semantics to linear logic types and to ideas from game semantics, used to prove full abstraction theorems for PCF and other ?-calculus variants [1, 6, 10]. Readback is essentially a game played by an environment (the Opponent) who wants to discover the Bohm tree (normal form) of a term known by a Player. A type plays the role---using the games jargon---of an arena of possible moves, and a term of that type provides a winning strategy for the Player, permitting the Player to respond correctly to moves made by the Opponent. The interaction between Opponent and Player describes a perfect flow analysis which answers questions like, "can call site a ever call procedure p?" The context semantics provides a low-level coding mechanism for describing such flows, the positions of subexpressions and head variables in Bohm trees, as well as moves in the above described two-player games.
Exercise self-efficacy in older adults: social, affective, and behavioral influences.

A 6-month randomized controlled trial examined the effect of walking and stretching/toning activity on changes in self-efficacy to overcome barriers and engage in incremental periods of activity in older, formerly sedentary adults (N = 174, Mage = 65.5 years). Additionally, we were interested in the extent to which social, affective, and behavioral influences contributed to self-efficacy at the end of the 6-month program. Multiple sample latent growth curve analyses revealed a nonsignificant curvilinear growth pattern for barriers efficacy with increases in efficacy occurring from base-line to 2 months and then declining at 4 and 6 months. In the case of efficacy related to continued activity participation, there was a significant growth pattern demonstrating declines in efficacy over the 4 time points. Structural modeling analyses revealed significant direct effects of physical activity, affect experienced during activity, and exercise social support on both types of self-efficacy. These relationships were not significantly different between modes of activity. The findings are discussed in terms of the need to target sources of efficacy information prior to program end and the implications that such an approach might have for long-term maintenance of physical activity in older adults.
Perspiration and Erythema

PRELIMINARY spectroscopic experiments have been made to determine the absorption of ultra-violet light by human perspiration. The results, so far only qualitative, indicate that a film of sweat one millimetre thick absorbs light slightly in the region of 3300 A., very appreciably at 2900 A., and is practically opaque at 2700 A. Since sunburn is induced principally by light of wave-lengths lying between 2900 A. and 3100 A., these results indicate that human sweat acts as a partial protection against sunburn to a degree which depends upon the thickness of the layer.
Parametrized post-Newtonian gravitational redshift

A derivation of the gravitational redshift effect to order c ^(-4) is presented. The calculation isperformed within the framework of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism for analyzing metrictheories of gravity, which includes corrections to second- order in the Newtonian potential,gravitomagnetic contributions, and preferred-frame terms. We briefly discuss how to generalize ourresults to include possible violations of local Lorentz invariance or local position invariance which canarise in nonmetric theories. Our results are useful for analyzing possible new redshift experimentswhich may be sensitive to second-order effects, such as a close solar flyby mission.
Simulating forest response to air pollution: Integrating physiological responses to sulphur dioxide with climate-dependent growth processes

Abstract Estimated responses of leaf stomatal conductance, canopy dark respiration, leaf turnover period, and photosynthate allocation to ambient SO 2 concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.11 ppm have been incorporated into an ecosystem process model to derive estimates of coniferous forest stem carbon accumulation under pollution stress. The model, using data from a warm, moist climate type and a cool, dry climate type, indicates varying growth responses that depend on climatic interactions with induced physiological changes. Carbon accumulation decreases by as much as 24% with increasing SO 2 levels, except at the lowest concentration (0.02-0.04 ppm) in a non-water-limited site, where normal stem carbon accumulation was enhanced by 5%. Increased stomatal conductance may promote water stress in water-limited sites, slowing the rates of growth and carbon accumulation.
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of model peptides reveals diagnostic fragment ions for protein ubiquitination

In this work, synthetic peptides were used to determine the fragmentation behavior of ubiquitinated peptides and to find ions diagnostic for peptide ubiquitination. The ubiquitin-calmodulin peptide1 was chosen as the model peptide for naturally occurring ubiquitinated proteins cleaved with endoproteinase gluC. In addition, the fragmentation behavior of model ubiquitinated peptides produced by tryptic digestion was also of great interest since the standard protocols for proteomics-based protein identification use trypsin as the protease. Attachment of ubiquitin to a target protein results in a branched structure, but only ions from the ubiquitin side chain (and the lysine to which it is attached) can be used as diagnostic ions, since fragment ions that contain other amino acids from the parent protein will vary in mass. Characteristic b-type fragment ions from the gluC cleavage of the ubiquitin side chain (designated as b ions) were found which involve only the ubiquitin tail (b2, b3, b4, b5 and b6 ions at m/z 189.06, 302.12, 439.18, 552.30 and 651.30, respectively). Maximum production of these ions occurred at a collision energy of 45 eV in a Q-TOF instrument. Although a non-ubiquitinated peptide may produce isobaric fragment ions, it is unlikely that it can produce these ions in combination. With liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) experiments, ubiquitinated peptides can readily be determined by surveying the reconstructed or extracted ion chromatograms of the diagnostic fragment ions for common peaks. Characteristic ions resulting from tryptic cleavage of the side chain were found in cleavage products with a missed cleavage, resulting in a LRGG- tag instead of a GG- tag. For the LRGG-tagged peptide, diagnostic MS/MS fragment ions (at m/z 270.17 and 384.21) from the ubiquitin tail (b2 and b4, respectively) were found, along with an internal fragment ion (LRGGK-28) at m/z 484.30. These ions should prove useful in precursor-ion scanning experiments for identifying peptides modified by attachment of ubiquitin, and for locating the site of ubiquitin attachment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of hepatic fasting response by PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1): Requirement for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α in gluconeogenesis

The liver plays several critical roles in the metabolic adaptation to fasting. We have shown previously that the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is induced in fasted or diabetic liver and activates the entire program of gluconeogenesis. PGC-1α interacts with several nuclear receptors known to bind gluconeogenic promoters including the glucocorticoid receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. However, the genetic requirement for any of these interactions has not been determined. Using hepatocytes from mice lacking HNF4α in the liver, we show here that PGC-1α completely loses its ability to activate key genes of gluconeogenesis such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase when HNF4α is absent. It is also shown that PGC-1α can induce genes of β-oxidation and ketogenesis in hepatocytes, but these effects do not require HNF4α. Analysis of the glucose-6-phosphatase promoter indicates a key role for HNF4α-binding sites that function robustly only when HNF4α is coactivated by PGC-1α. These data illustrate the involvement of PGC-1α in several aspects of the hepatic fasting response and show that HNF4α is a critical component of PGC-1α-mediated gluconeogenesis.
Evidence for two interconverting protein isomers in the methotrexate complex of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli.

Two-dimensional {sup 1}H NMR methods and a knowledge of the X-ray crystal structure have been used to make resonance assignments for the amino acid side chains of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli complexed with methotrexate. The H7 proton on the pteridine ring of methotrexate was found to have NOEs to the methyl protons of Leu-28 which were assigned by using the L28F mutant. These NOEs indicated that the orientation of the methotrexate pteridine ring is similar in both solution and crystal structures. During the initial assignment process, it became evident that many of the resonances in this complex, unlike those of the folate complex, are severally broadened or doubled. The observation of two distinct sets of resonances in a ratio of approximately 2:1 was attributed to the presence of two protein isomers. Many of the side chains with clearly doubled resonances were located in the {beta}-sheet and the active site. Preliminary studies on the apoprotein also revealed doubled resonances in the absence of the inhibitor, indicating the existence of the protein isomers prior to methotrexate binding. In contrast to the methotrexate complex, the binary complex with folate and the ternary MTX-NADPH-DHFR complex presented a single enzyme form. These results aremore » proposed to reflect the ability of folate and NADPH to bind predominantly to one protein isomer.« less
Using 50 k single nucleotide polymorphisms to elucidate genomic architecture of line 1 hereford cattle.

Hereford is a major beef breed in the USA, and a sub-population, known as Line 1 (L1), was established in 1934 using two paternal half-sib bulls and 50 unrelated females. L1 has since been maintained as a closed population and selected for growth to one year of age. Objectives were to characterize the molecular genetic architecture of L1 (n = 240) by comparing a cross-section of L1 with the general U.S. Hereford population (AHA, n = 311), estimating effects of imposed selection within L1 based on allele frequencies at 50K SNP loci, and examining loci-specific effects of heterozygosity on the selection criterion. Animals were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip, and SNP were mapped to UMD3.0 assembly of the bovine genome sequence. Average LD, measured by square of Pearson correlation, of adjacent SNP was 0.36 and 0.16 in L1 and AHA, respectively. Difference in LD between L1 and AHA decreased as SNP spacing increased. Persistence of phase between L1 and AHA decreased from 0.45 to 0.14 as SNP spacing increased from 50 kb to 5,000 kb. Extended haplotype homozygosity was greater in L1 than in AHA for 95.6% of the SNP. Knowledge of selection applied to L1 facilitated a novel approach to QTL discovery. Minor allele frequency was (FDR < 0.01) affected by cumulative selection differential at 191 out of 25,901 SNP. With the FDR relaxed to 0.05, 13 regions on BTA2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 23 and 26 are co-located with previously identified QTL for growth. After adjustment of postweaning gain phenotypes for fixed effects and direct additive genetic effects, regression of residuals on genome-wide heterozygosity was -235.3 ± 91.6 kg. However, no SNP-specific loci where heterozygotes were significantly superior to the average of homozygotes were revealed (FDR ≥ 0.17). In conclusion, genome-wide SNP genotypes clarified effects of selection and inbreeding within L1 and differences in genomic architecture between the population segment L1 and the AHA population.
Regulatory anatomy of the murine interleukin-2 gene

We have cloned the mouse IL2 gene and sequenced 2800 bp of 5′ flanking DNA. Comparison to the previously reported human sequence revealed extensive identity (−86%) between the two genes from +1 to − 580 with additional small islands of homology further upstream. Proximal sites which have been shown to be important in regulation of the human IL2 gene are well conserved in sequence and location. Transfection experiments using hybrid gene constructs containing varying lengths of the mouse 5′ flanking DNA linked to a CAT reporter gene have demonstrated the presence of several novel positive and negative regulatory elements. One negative regulatory region lying between −750 and −1000 consists primarily of alternating purines and pyrimidines and is absent from the human gene. The conserved region from − 321 and -578, an upstream segment from −1219 to −1332, and another region of −450 bp from −1449 to −1890, which contained a well-conserved sequence of 60 bp, were each associated with enhanced levels of expression. We found no evidence for intragenic or downstream enhancer elements in this gene. All the elements identified affect only the magnitude of the inducible response, for no region when deleted had the effect of altering either the need for induction, the kinetics of stimulation, or the cell-type specificity of expression. Deletion studies suggest a strong requirement for NFAT binding even in the presence of extensive 5′ flanking sequence. Therefore we conclude that IL2 gene expression is controlled primarily through a central T_H1-specific signaling pathway, which acts through proximal elements, while distal cis-elements exert a secondary modulating effect.
83 PHORBOL ESTERS ABROGATE MAST CELL ADENOSINE RESPONSIVENESS

Adenosine potentiates the release of preformed mediators such as β-hexosaminidase (β-hex) from stimulated mast cells by a mechanism that is poorly understood. Mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells incubated for 2 hours with nanomolar concentrations of 4β-phorbol 12β-myristate 13αacetate (PMA) exhibited a marked suppression of the ability of adenosine to augment β-hex release induced by specific antigen or the calcium ionophore, A23187. Antigen-induced mediator release itself was also suppressed by PMA, whereas PMA and A23187 caused a synergistic enhancement of β-hex release. Overnight PMA treatment of mast cells produced a similar hyporesponsiveness to adenosine as well as a striking inhibition of the secretory response to antigen or A23187. The generation of leukotriene C4 was unaffected by overnight PMA. The ability of adenosine to augment mast cell cyclic AMP concentrations was only modestly inhibited by 2-hour or overnight PMA exposure. PMA induced an enhancement of antigen-stimulated intracellular free calcium levels as determined utilizing fura-2, but the ability of adenosine to potentiate this calcium response was completely abrogated. Either protein kinase C activation or a PMA effect on adenosine receptor expression or recycling in some way abolishes the ability of adenosine to augment mediator release. The inability of PMA to affect LTC4 generation underscores the dissociation between preformed and newly generated mediator releases. These data suggest that protein kinase C activity may be a key component of the mechanism of action of adenosine in mast cells.
Attitudes of Elementary Classroom Teachers Toward Mainstreaming

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate attitudes toward mainstreaming issues of elementary classroom teachers undertaking an introductory course in special education. Subjects were also queried about how they felt P.L. 94‐142 was perceived by other interested groups and indicated their estimates of the manageability of students with special needs within the regular classroom. Findings support the need for comprehensive in‐service training programs designed to modify attitudes of regular teachers.
A note on frame transformations with applications to geodetic datums

Rigorous equations in compact symbolic matrix notation are introduced to transform coordinates and velocities between ITRF frames and modern GPS-based geocentric geodetic datums. The theory is general but, after neglecting higher than second-order terms, it is shown that the equations revert to the formulation currently applied in most major continental datums. We discuss several examples: the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), the European Terrestrial Reference System of 1989 (ETRS89), the Geodetic Datum of Australia of 1994 (GDA94), and the South American Geocentric Reference System (SIRGAS).
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for pulmonary parenchymal disease in older children

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for the support of children outside the newborn period who have pulmonary failure is only recently becoming accepted. It is again being applied, after earlier failures, because well-trained teams and improved equipment and techniques are available following the success of neonatal ECMO. In addition, in Europe extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) in adults has been more successful. The use of ECMO for pulmonary failure in children does not have fixed indications and has had considerably less success than neonatal ECMO. Patients who require inspired oxygen fractions of over 0.5 and positive end-expiratory pressures of over 6 cm H2O for more than 12 h after being treated for more than 48 h should be considered candidates, given the high mortality of children with ARDS (70%). Survival averages 50% to 60%. Circuits and patient management techniques are very similar to those for newborn ECMO, but patients usually require longer times on ECMO. There are many more options for cannulation for both venoarterial and venovenous techniques than in neonatal and cardiac ECMO. The improving results indicate that ECMO will play a part in treating children with pulmonary failure. Further studies will be required to determine which patients can benefit from ECMO as well as the exact application in each case.
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis /ESCA/ study of aluminum-containing atmospheric particles

Abstract ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis), and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis and examination of aluminum-containing particles have been carried out. Collection of particulate matter on Nuctepore filters was done at the NASA-Kennedy Space Center during active and inactive launch periods of Titan III—C rockets using solid propellants. The aluminum-containing particulate matter collected during launch had a unique spherical shape when compared to particles collected during launch inactivity. The ESCA results for aluminum suggest that at least three chemically different types of aluminum are present in samples collected during launch activities.