cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-operando imaging of polysulfide catholytes for Li-S batteries and implications for kinetics and mechanical stability

Abstract Enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries requires improved fundamental understanding of the reduction and oxidation of the soluble lithium polysulfide species. To this end, we have designed a ‘donut-shaped’ cell to enable direct optical observation of phase transformations of a liquid polysulfide catholyte to solid lithium sulfide during electrochemical cycling. We use this technique to image the spatio-temporal distribution of the solid lithium sulfide as it deposits on a carbon matrix at different charging rates. These experiments indicate that the reduction and oxidation of polysulfide catholyte occurs as a thin film deposition and growth process during both lithiation and delithiation. We then investigate the ramifications of these morpological changes in terms of mechanical stability by measuring the evolution of stress during discharge of the polysulfide catholyte. The stress measurements indicate that the average stress during discharging decreases with increasing the charging rate, which we attribute to less dense deposition of lithium sulfide at high discharge rates.
Cardiac Consult: Expanding Cardiac Care to Pediatric Patients in Distant Communities to Assist General Pediatricians with the Management of New Murmurs in an Effort to Cut Costs and Promote Efficiency*

Introduction: Health care issues make daily headlines, and there has grown a demand for lower cost, more accessible care. Some of the most promising answers to this problem have been addressed through telemedicine. Cardiac consult is a smart phone app that connects general pediatricians in distant communities with pediatric cardiologists at tertiary centers. The secondary goal is to reduce health care spending by avoiding frivolous testing for findings that could …
Developing a Reproducible Microbiome Data Analysis Pipeline Using the Amazon Web Services Cloud for a Cancer Research Group: Proof-of-Concept Study

Background: Cloud computing for microbiome data sets can significantly increase working efficiencies and expedite the translation of research findings into clinical practice. The Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud provides an invaluable option for microbiome data storage, computation, and analysis. Objective: The goals of this study were to develop a microbiome data analysis pipeline by using AWS cloud and to conduct a proof-of-concept test for microbiome data storage, processing, and analysis. Methods: A multidisciplinary team was formed to develop and test a reproducible microbiome data analysis pipeline with multiple AWS cloud services that could be used for storage, computation, and data analysis. The microbiome data analysis pipeline developed in AWS was tested by using two data sets: 19 vaginal microbiome samples and 50 gut microbiome samples. Results: Using AWS features, we developed a microbiome data analysis pipeline that included Amazon Simple Storage Service for microbiome sequence storage, Linux Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instances (ie, servers) for data computation and analysis, and security keys to create and manage the use of encryption for the pipeline. Bioinformatics and statistical tools (ie, Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology 2 and RStudio) were installed within the Linux EC2 instances to run microbiome statistical analysis. The microbiome data analysis pipeline was performed through command-line interfaces within the Linux operating system or in the Mac operating system. Using this new pipeline, we were able to successfully process and analyze 50 gut microbiome samples within 4 hours at a very low cost (a c4.4xlarge EC2 instance costs $0.80 per hour). Gut microbiome findings regarding diversity, taxonomy, and abundance analyses were easily shared within our research team. Conclusions: Building a microbiome data analysis pipeline with AWS cloud is feasible. This pipeline is highly reliable, computationally powerful, and cost effective. Our AWS-based microbiome analysis pipeline provides an efficient tool to conduct microbiome data analysis.
Critical Update on the Third Edition of the Guidelines for Managing Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Children

Background Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of death and disability. As a result, the revised guidelines for the management of pediatric severe TBI address some of the previous gaps in pediatric TBI evidence and management strategies targeted to promote overall health outcomes. Objectives To provide highlights of the most important updates featured in the third edition of the guidelines for the management of pediatric severe TBI. These highlights can help critical care providers apply the most current and appropriate therapies for children with severe TBI. Methods and results After a brief overview of the process behind identifying the evidence to support the third edition guidelines, both relevant and new recommendations from the guidelines are outlined to provide critical care providers with the most current management approaches needed for children with severe TBI. Recommendations for neuroimaging, hyperosmolar therapy, analgesics and sedatives, seizure prophylaxis, ventilation therapies, temperature control/hypothermia, nutrition, and corticosteroids are provided. In addition, the complete guideline document and its accompanying algorithm for recommended therapies are available electronically and are referenced within this article. Conclusions The evidence base for treating pediatric TBI is increasing and provides the basis for high-quality care. This article provides critical care providers with a quick reference to the current evidence when caring for a child with a severe TBI. In addition, it provides direct access links to the comprehensive guideline document and algorithms developed to support critical care providers.
Migration and the mare nostrum: Alternative staging techniques in Mar Gómez Glez’s Cifras

AbstractMar Gomez Glez’s play Cifras (2012) stages the real-life events that transpired in July 2006, when the Spanish fishing boat Francisco y Catalina was forced into a weeklong maritime standsti...
Auditor response to changing risk: money market funds during the financial crisis

Audits provide monitoring for investors. The collapse of markets across the financial crisis made assets more difficult to value, which increased risk for auditors. The money markets were at the center of the financial crisis increasing audit engagement risk on money market funds, which at the time of the crisis were highly opaque. Measuring the response to increased engagement risk with audit fees, this study finds that auditors increase their fees for the riskiest class of funds. However, no evidence was found that audit fees increased as funds increased their holdings in the riskiest class of securities.
Highly conductive PEDOT films with enhanced catalytic activity for dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Low-cost poly (3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films with a high electronic conductivity of 1021 S/cm were successfully deposited via iron oxide-based vapor-phase polymerization and used as a counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells for the first time. Reaching a high efficiency of 8.4%, the CE showed outstanding catalytic activity in iodine/triiodide (I-/I3-) reduction, with a six times lower charge transfer resistance than a standard Pt CE. Combining low cost, easy fabrication, and high electro-catalytic activity, our PEDOT films are a promising replacement for expensive platinum CEs. This efficiency is one of the highest reported among the PEDOT-based DSSC.
What Can a Child Do With One Normal-Hearing Ear? Speech Perception and Word Learning in Children With Unilateral and Bilateral Hearing Losses Relative to Peers With Normal Hearing.

Objectives To examine the effects of unilateral hearing loss on children's ability to perceive familiar words and to learn and retain new words. Because children with unilateral hearing loss receive full auditory input in one ear, their performance was expected to be consistent with that of children with normal hearing rather than that of children with moderate bilateral hearing loss. Design Participants were 36 school-age children with normal hearing bilaterally, 11 children with moderate bilateral hearing loss, and 11 children with mild-to-profound unilateral hearing loss (six right and five left). Half of the normally hearing children and two-thirds of the children with unilateral hearing loss were from bilingual Spanish/English-speaking homes. One of the 11 children with bilateral hearing loss was from a bilingual Spanish/English-speaking home. All children completed a word recognition test in English and in Spanish, a word-learning task comprised of nonsense words constructed using the phonotactic rules of English, Spanish, and Arabic, and a next-day word-retention test. Results Word recognition did not differ across groups in English or Spanish. Learning and retention of nonsense words was highest for the children with normal hearing in all three languages. The children with unilateral and bilateral losses learned and recalled the English nonsense words as well as their normally hearing peers, but performance for the Spanish and Arabic nonsense words was significantly and similarly reduced by hearing loss in either ear. Conclusions Failure to learn and retain new words given a full auditory representation in one ear suggests that children with unilateral and bilateral hearing losses may share a unifying feature of impairment at the level of the central auditory system.
Comparative Analysis of Emerging B.1.1.7+E484K SARS-CoV-2 Isolates

We report the genome of a B.1.1.7+E484K severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from Southeastern Pennsylvania and compare it with all high-coverage B.1.1.7+E484K genomes (n = 235) available. Analyses showed the existence of at least 4 distinct clades of this variant circulating in the United States and the possibility of at least 59 independent acquisitions of the E484K mutation.
The Fate of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Megaprosthesis Reconstruction.

Background A megaprosthesis may be used for reconstruction in patients with massive bone loss or a periprosthetic fracture. Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) may occur after a megaprosthesis reconstruction and may pose a major challenge. The outcomes of managing PJI in patients with a megaprosthesis is relatively unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical course and outcomes of PJI in patients with a megaprosthesis in place. Methods From a total of 219 patients who underwent megaprosthesis replacement for non-oncologic conditions, 38 (17.4%) developed subsequent PJI. A retrospective review of the medical record was performed to ascertain the course of the PJI and treatment outcomes. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to evaluate the survival function, and the log-rank test was used to assess differences in outcome measures. Results The surgical management of 33 patients with PJI included debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) (82%), consisting of DAIR with modular component exchange (19 patients) and DAIR without component exchange (8 patients); 2-stage exchange arthroplasty (9%); resection arthroplasty (6%); and a single-stage revision arthroplasty (3%). The Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis demonstrated that the overall survival rate was 65.1% at 2 years. The mortality rate was 15%, with many patients undergoing salvage procedures including amputation (18%), arthrodesis (6%), and resection arthroplasty (6%). Conclusions The rate of PJI after megaprosthesis reconstruction, 17% in this study, appears to be very high. The management of PJI in these patients is challenging, with 1 of 3 patients undergoing failed treatment. Despite the limited options available, DAIR seems to be an appropriate treatment strategy for some of these patients. Further data on a larger cohort are needed to assess the success of various surgical procedures and predictors of failure in this challenging patient population. Level of Evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
No Exceptions, No Excuses: A Testimonial

This chapter offers a testimonial of the personal impact from participation in the Center of Medicine after the Holocaust (CMATH) meeting in Houston in 2012. As a non-scholar in medical ethics and not being a historian by training or scholarly practice, my perspective of the Shoah was certainly very limited. The meeting helped me recognize the profound implications of the behavior of National Socialist physicians and bioscientists on current medical ethics, which was initiated by civilization’s response to the horrors of their human subjects research. Most importantly, the path to the Holocaust came into a clearer focus, and with it, the recognition of the multiple components of that path, which are still present in contemporary medicine and culture. I am now inclined to think that the future might well be scarier than the past, in view of the evolving sophistication of medical sciences and technologies, and the ease with which they can be camouflaged as progress, especially when unaccompanied by a maturation of our collective and individual souls. Because societal blindness may usher in unimaginable adverse consequences of unprecedented proportions, the call to ethical responsibility is now broader and more important than perhaps at any time in the past.
The American Army and the First World War

This is a definitive history of the American army's role and performance during the First World War. Drawing from a rich pool of archival sources, David Woodward sheds new light on key themes such as the mobilisation of US forces, the interdependence of military diplomacy, coalition war-making, the combat effectiveness of the AEF and the leadership of its commander John J. Pershing. He shows us how, in spite of a flawed combat doctrine, logistical breakdowns and American industry's failure to provide modern weaponry, the Doughboys were nonetheless able to wage a costly battle at Meuse-Argonne and play a decisive role in ending the war. The book gives voice to the common soldier through firsthand war diaries, letters, and memoirs, allowing us to reimagine their first encounters with regimented military life, their transport across the sub-infested Atlantic to Europe, and their experiences both in and behind the trenches.
C. G. Overberger

Over a period of 32 years, our group has published over 338 papers, primarily in the field of organic polymer chemistry. Of the first twelve papers published, the first ten were with Professor C. S. Marvel, who was my thesis advisor. In addition, I spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow in his laboratory after completing the Ph.D. degree.
A Few Good Women

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate alternative theories about how perceived innovativeness and perceived relational skills interact with gender to explain evaluations by managers of scientists and engineers' promotability into management.Design/methodology/approach – A cross‐sectional design is used. The sample (n=2,278) is drawn from 24 large US corporations. Separate surveys are administered in each corporation to scientists and engineers and to managers evaluating them.Findings – Managers rate men and women equally promotable. Furthermore, women whom managers perceived to be especially innovative receive higher evaluations of promotability than similarly accomplished men. And, among those perceived to have low relational skills, women and men are evaluated similarly.Research limitations/implications – More research is needed to evaluate how ambivalent stereotypes and pressures from organizations to suppress categorical thinking might combine to affect evaluation and selection processes in diverse wo...
NOAA's environmental data system requirements: in search of a distributed data management system

NOAA's data holdings and user demand for data are both growing rapidly. By the year 2001, we expect to have over I petabyte of environmental data in our archives and to service nearly a million users per year. The archives will be distributed across NOAA, while our users will be both national and international. The modern NOAA data and information management system must serve all users transparently while efficiently handling these tremendous volumes of data. >
Decentralized event-triggered control of networked systems-part 2: Containment control

A decentralized event-triggered control scheme is developed for the containment control problem. An estimate-based decentralized controller is designed for each agent so that it is only required to communicate with neighboring agents at discrete event times. These events are determined by a decentralized trigger function that only requires local information. Different from conventional strategies, the developed control approach does not require continuous communication with local neighboring follower agents for state feedback, reducing communication bandwidth. The event-triggered approach is facilitated by developing a positive constant lower bound on the inter-event interval, which indicates Zeno behavior is avoided. A Lyapunov-based convergence analysis is provided to indicate asymptotic convergence of the developed strategy.
The New Deal Realignment in Real Time

We offer a new view of the New Deal realignment. It was the wartime experience and the postwar prosperity, not the Great Depression or the New Deal, that gave the Democratic Party its overwhelming hold on the American electorate for the next three decades. The 1948 election plays the critical role, not the 1932 or the 1936 election. The generation that contributed the most to the Democratic ascendancy is the one that came of age in the 1940’s, not the one that did in the 1930’s. Whatever gains the Democratic Party had reaped in party identification by 1936 were short-lived. Generational replacement, not conversion, makes the major contribution to the transformation of partisanship. We reach these conclusions with a “real-time” analysis of party loyalties in the 1930’s and 1940’s. The data come from over 170 polls, mostly conducted by Gallup, that probed party identification during that time.
Non-Fermi-Liquid Behavior within the Ferromagnetic Phase in U R u 2 − x R e x S i 2

The ${\mathrm{U}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{u}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}}_{x}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}}_{2}$ system exhibits ferromagnetic order for Re concentrations $0.3lx\ensuremath{\le}1.0$. Non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behavior is observed in the specific heat for $0.15\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.6$ [$C/T\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{ln}﻿T$ (or ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}0.1}$)], and also in the power-law $T$ dependence of the electrical resistivity [$\ensuremath{\rho}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{n}$] with $nl2$ for $0.15\ensuremath{\le}xl0.8$, at low $T$, providing strong evidence that the NFL behavior persists within the ferromagnetic phase. Furthermore, the deviation of the physical properties of ${\mathrm{U}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{u}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}}_{x}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}}_{2}$ from Fermi-liquid behavior is most pronounced at the ferromagnetic quantum critical point, and the NFL behavior found in the ferromagnetic phase may be consistent with the Griffiths-McCoy phase model.
Los orígenes de la revolución de 1809 en Quito

La Revolucion de Quito de 1809 no fue un movimiento por la independencia. Lejos de ello, se trato de una reaccion local ante la crisis de la Monarquia espanola. A lo largo del siglo XVIII, el Reino de Quito experimento un declive economico, politico y juridico. Supeditado a las capitales de dos virreinatos –Lima y Santa Fe– Quito buscaba el estatus de una capitania general independiente con el fin de liberarse del dominio de Nueva Granada y Peru. Convencido de que Espana estaba perdida y de que los espanoles en Quito traicionarian al reino y aceptarian el gobierno frances, un grupo de quitenos tomo el control del gobierno y puso en practica un programa que garantizara la autonomia y que promoviera sus intereses economicos. No obstante, otras provincias del reino, cuyos intereses se vieron amenazados, se opusieron a Quito y unieron fuerzas con los virreyes de Nueva Granada para extinguir el levantamiento que durara unos tres meses.
Central effects of beta-endorphins on glucose homeostasis in the conscious dog

The effects of centrally administered beta-endorphins on glucose homeostasis in the conscious dog were studied. Intracerebroventricular administration of beta-endorphin (0.2 mg/h) caused a 70% increase in plasma glucose. The mechanism of the hyperglycemia was twofold: there was an early increase in glucose production and a late inhibition of glucose clearance. These changes are explained by marked increases in plasma epinephrine (30-fold) and norepinephrine (6-fold) that occurred during infusion of beta-endorphin. Central administration of beta-endorphin also resulted in increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol. In addition there was an increase in plasma insulin but no increase in plasma glucagon. Intravenous administration of beta-endorphin did not alter glucose homeostasis. Intracerebroventricular administration of acetylated beta-endorphin did not perturb glucose kinetics or any of the hormones that changed during infusion of the unacetylated peptide. We conclude that beta-endorphin acts centrally to cause hyperglycemia by stimulating sympathetic outflow and the pituitary-adrenal axis. Acetylation of beta-endorphin abolishes the in vivo activity of the peptide.
THE IDEA BEHIND KRYLOV METHODS

1. INTRODUCTION. We explain why Krylov methods make sense, and why it is natural to represent a solution to a linear system as a member of a Krylov space. In particular we show that the solution to a nonsingular linear system Ax = b lies in a Krylov space whose dimension is the degree of the minimal polynomial of A. Therefore, if the minimal polynomial of A has low degree then the space in which a Krylov method searches for the solution can be small. In this case a Krylov method has the opportunity to converge fast. When the matrix is singular, however, Krylov methods can fail. Even if the linear system does have a solution, it may not lie in a Krylov space. In this case we describe a class of right-hand sides for which a solution lies in a Krylov space. As it happens, there is only a single solution that lies in a Krylov space, and it can be obtained from the Drazin inverse. Our discussion demonstrates that eigenvalues play a central role when it comes to ensuring existence and uniqueness of Krylov solutions; they are not merely an artifact of convergence analyses.
MOTHERHOOD AND MALARIA

Multigravid women, who are protected from malaria during pregnancy, possess antibodies that block the binding of infected erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A, a placental receptor.
Letter to the Editor: Importance of Testing Stool Specimens for Shiga Toxins

Volume 40, no. 9, p. 3542-3543, 2002. Page 3542, column 1, line 6 from bottom: “3 (O26:H12)” should read “3 (O26:H11).”
Factors affecting the regulation of body temperature during exercise

Abstract 1. 1.|During exercise, the heat produced in the contracting muscles causes internal body temperature to rise until the heat-dissipation responses, increasingly driven by the rising temperature, provide for a new balance between heat-production and heat-loss rates. 2. 2.|The new elevated steady-state internal body temperature is not invariant, but can be affected by a number of factors, such as wetness of the skin or state of body hydration. 3. 3.|Progressive dehydration, such as occurs during prolonged exercise or exercise in the heat, results in relative hyperthermia caused by increased thresholds and decreased sensitivities of the heat-dissipation mechanisms. Independent manipulations of blood volume and osmolality reveal that these variables exert their effects on the thermoregulatory system by somewhat different means.
Frequency Response of Trap States in an AlxGa1-xN/GaN Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistor Measured at the Nanoscale by dC/dV Spectroscopy

Scanning capacitance spectroscopy has been used to characterize, at the nanoscale, the frequency-dependent response of surface charge and of charge in the two-dimensional electron gas of an Al xGa 1−xN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistor structure. dC/dV spectra were measured in a scanning capacitance microscope with a voltage signal consisting of a triangle wave at frequencies of 1 - 50 Hz applied to the sample. The spectra were obtained in the dark (except for 600 nm laser light from the scanning capacitance apparatus) and under illumination. Measurements were performed in the vicinity of and away from charged threading dislocations visible in scanning capacitance images. In the absence of illumination, the dC/dV data indicate that electrons are trapped at or near the Al xGa 1−xN surface, consistent with suggestions in the literature that a high density of surface states exists on the free Al xGa 1−xN surface. Frequency-dependent measurements show that emission times for these traps can be as long as several hundred ms. In the presence of illumination, reduced electron trapping is observed. The nature and behavior of trap states in the vicinity of threading dislocations is found to differ significantly from that in regions between dislocations for measurements in the dark, and suggest that the electrostatic potential due to the charged threading dislocation is negligible at the surface.
The stability of teacher performance in the same course over time

Traditional reliability studies report the stability of teaching performance, as measured by student course/instructor evaluations, as ranging from .40 to .90, depending upon the study. Recently, generalizability theory has been applied to these rating data to more specifically pinpoint sources of error in student course evaluations. The purpose of the present study is to (1) familiarize the reader with some of the work that has been done with student rating data using generalizability theory and (2) to illustrate the use of the theory on a problem that in the past has been examined using traditional reliability estimates. Specifically, the paper addresses the stability of teacher performance across time in the same course.
Leptin overexpression in VTA trans-activates the hypothalamus whereas prolonged leptin action in either region cross-desensitizes

High-fat feeding or CNS leptin overexpression in chow-fed rats results in a region-specific cellular leptin resistance in medial basal hypothalamic regions and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The present investigation examined the effects of targeted chronic leptin overexpression in the VTA as compared with the medial basal hypothalamus on long-term body weight homeostasis. The study also examined if this targeted intervention conserves regional leptin sensitivity or results in localized leptin resistance. Cellular leptin resistance was assessed by leptin-stimulated phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Tyrosine hydroxylase was measured in hypothalamus and VTA along with brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1. Leptin overexpression in VTA tempered HF-induced obesity, but to a slightly lesser extent than that with leptin overexpression in the hypothalamus. Moreover, the overexpression of leptin in the VTA stimulated cellular STAT3 phosphorylation in several regions of the medial basal hypothalamus, whereas verexpression in the hypothalamus did not activate STAT3 signaling in the VTA. This unidirectional trans-stimulation did not appear to involve migration of either the vector or the gene product. Long-term leptin overexpression in either the medial basal hypothalamus or VTA caused desensitization of leptin signaling in the treated region and cross-desensitization of leptin signaling in the untreated region. These results demonstrate a role of leptin receptors in the VTA in long-term body weight regulation, but the trans-activation of the hypothalamus following VTA leptin stimulation suggests that an integrative response involving both brain regions may account for the observed physiological outcomes.
Abundant expression of Dec1/stra13/sharp2 in colon carcinoma: its antagonizing role in serum deprivation-induced apoptosis and selective inhibition of procaspase activation.

The basic helix—loop—helix (bHLH) proteins are intimately associated with developmental events such as cell differentiation and lineage commitment. The HLH domain in the bHLH motif is responsible for dimerization, whereas the basic region mediates DNA binding. Based on sequence alignment and domain analysis, differentially expressed in chondrocytes/stimulated with retinoic acid/split and hairy-related proteins (DEC/STRA/SHARPs) represent a new class of bHLH proteins. The present study describes the functional characterization of DEC1. Subtractive experiments and blotting analyses demonstrated that DEC1 was highly expressed in colon carcinomas, but not in the adjacent normal tissues. Several cell cycle blockers markedly induced DEC1 expression. Stable transfectants with a tetracycline-inducible construct demonstrated that DEC1 caused proliferation inhibition, antagonized serum deprivation-induced apoptosis and selectively inhibited the activation of procaspases. These activities were highly correlated with the abundance of tetracycline-induced DEC1. Stable transfectants expressing a mutant DEC1 (lacking the DNA-binding domain) exhibited neither proliferation inhibition nor apoptotic antagonism, which suggests that DNA binding is required for these actions. Enzymic assays and immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that induction of DEC1 by tetracycline significantly decreased the activation of procaspases 3, 7 and 9 but not procaspase 8. The selective suppression on the activation of procaspases 3, 7 and 9 over procaspase 8 suggests that DEC1-mediated anti-apoptosis is achieved by blocking apoptotic pathways initiated via the mitochondria. The results functionally distinguish DEC1 from other bHLH proteins and directly link this factor to oncogenesis.
An Investigation of the Application of Taylor's Hypothesis to Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence.

Abstract The application of Taylor's hypothesis to atmospheric boundary layer turbulence at heights of 15, 30 and 58 m has been investigated by correlation analysis and phase-spectral analysis of data taken from lines of meteorological towers when the mean wind direction was essentially along the tower line. The time lag of maximum cross correlation between parallel components measured at different alongwind locations indicates that the eddy structure travels slightly faster than the mean value of the longitudinal wind at the same height. The autocorrelation functions in space and in time for the longitudinal and vertical components show good agreement, as predicted by Talyor's hypothesis, for space lags up to 252 m. The agreement for the lateral component is inferior for lags ≥32 m. According to Lin, Taylor's hypothesis holds in boundary layer shear flow for those wavenumbers κ such that κŪ≫dŪ/dz. Phase spectral analysis of parallel wind component data at different alongwind locations shows Taylor's hypo...
COMBINATION OF SYMPTOM SCORE, FLOW RATE AND PROSTATE VOLUME FOR PREDICTING BLADDER OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN MEN WITH LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS

Purpose: The severity of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic enlargement correlates poorly with bladder outlet obstruction. Since urodynamic studies are presumed to be relatively complex, invasive and not cost-effective, they are not routinely performed by physicians treating men with lower urinary tract symptoms. As a result, a large number of patients are treated for bladder outlet obstruction when in fact obstruction may not be present. Since other noninvasive methods have not been effective for predicting bladder outlet obstruction, we investigated whether a combination of prostate volume, uroflowmetry and the American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index would be reliable for predicting this condition.Materials and Methods: We prospectively evaluated 204 men with a mean age plus or minus standard deviation of 66.7 ± 7.5 years who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms. Each patient completed an AUA symptom index questionnaire and underwent uroflowmetry, post-void ...
Alcoholysis of gauche-1,2-(η3-Cp)2W2(NMe2)4: Structural evidence for WW bond cleavage and proton transfer to bound cyclopentadiene

Abstract 1,2-Cp2W2(NMe2)4 undergoes W W bond scission in the presence of excess aliphatic alcohols ROH where R = Me, Et, Prn giving yellow, crystalline Cp2WH2 and presumably W(OR)6. In reactions with excess CF3CH2OH, two crystalline products are obtained from the pentane wash of the crude product. The first product is formulated as 1,1-W2(η5-Cp)(η3-C5H7)(μ-OCH2CF3)2(OCH2CF3)4, (W–W, 2.705(1) A avg. for two independent molecules) wherein six equivalents of CF3CH2OH have reacted with the amide precursor. The unusual η3-C5H7 ligand present in this compound arises from the transfer of two protons to one of the Cp rings. The second product is formulated as the complex salt [W(OCH2CF3)6] [H2NMe2][Cp2W(H)x(OCH2CF3)] wherein a H2NMe2 cation bridges the neutral W(OR)6 moiety and the Cp2W(H)x(OCH2CF3) (x = 1 or 2) anion through hydrogen bonding. The formation of the alcoholysis products suggests the importance of oxidative addition in the mechanism of alcoholysis of ditungsten dimethylamides.
The aggression-inhibiting influence of nonhostile humor

Abstract Forty undergraduate students participated in an experiment designed to investigate the hypothesis that prior exposure to nonhostile humor would markedly reduce the level of aggression directed by angry individuals against the person who had previously provoked them. In order to examine this suggestion, subjects were first angered or not angered by a confederate of the experimenter, then exposed to either humorous cartoons or nonhumorous pictures, and finally provided with an opportunity to aggress against this individual by means of electric shock. Results indicated that exposure to the nonhostile cartoons significantly reduced the duration of the shocks delivered to the confederate by subjects in the angry condition, but failed to influence the level of aggression demonstrated by subjects in the nonangry group. These findings were discussed in terms of the elicitation, by the cartoons, of responses and emotional states incompatible with anger or overt aggression. Possible implications of the aggression-inhibiting influence of humor for the prevention and control of human violence were also considered.
Integrated retiming and simultaneous Vdd/Vth scaling for total power minimization

The integration of retiming and simultaneous supply/threshold voltage scaling has a potential to enable more rigorous total power reduction. However, such integration is a highly complex task due to its enormous solution space. This paper presents the first algorithm that performs retiming and simultaneous supply/threshold voltage scaling. In our three-step approach, low power retiming is first performed to reduce the clock period while taking the FF delay/power into consideration. Next, the subsequent voltage scaling makes the best possible supply/threshold voltage assignment under the given clock period constraint set by the retiming. Finally, a post-process further refines the voltage scaling solution by exploiting the remaining timing slack in the circuit. Related experiments show that our min-FF retiming plus simultaneous Vdd/Vth scaling approach reduces the total power consumption by 34% on average compared to the existing max-FF retiming plus Vdd Scaling approach.
Lead induces an osteoarthritis-like phenotype in articular chondrocytes through disruption of TGF-β signaling.

Lead remains a significant environmental toxin, and we believe we may have identified a novel target of lead toxicity in articular chondrocytes. These cells are responsible for the maintenance of joint matrix, and do so under the regulation of TGF-β signaling. As lead is concentrated in articular cartilage, we hypothesize that it can disrupt normal chondrocyte phenotype through suppression of TGF-β signaling. These experiments examine the effects of lead exposure in vivo and in vitro at biologically relevant levels, from 1 nM to 10 µM on viability, collagen levels, matrix degrading enzyme activity, TGF-β signaling, and articular surface morphology. Our results indicate that viability was unchanged at levels ≤100 µM Pb, but low and high level lead in vivo exposure resulted in fibrillation and degeneration of the articular surface. Lead treatment also decreased levels of type II collagen and increased type X collagen, in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, MMP13 activity increased in a dose-dependent manner. Active caspase 3 and 8 were dose-dependently elevated, and treatment with 10 µM Pb resulted in increases of 30% and 500%, respectively. Increasing lead treatment resulted in a corresponding reduction in TGF-β reporter activity, with a 95% reduction at 10µM. Levels of phosphoSmad2 and 3 were suppressed in vitro and in vivo and lead dose-dependently increased Smurf2. These changes closely parallel those seen in osteoarthritis. Over time this phenotypic shift could compromise maintenance of the joint matrix. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1760–1766, 2012
Residents’ Perceptions of Procedural Injustice During Encounters With the Police

The purpose of this study is to refine researchers’ understanding of procedural injustice. Specifically, hypotheses were tested to determine the influence that race, type of contact, place of encounter, and community context had on individuals’ perceptions of procedural injustice. Using data collected in 2002, Chicago residents were surveyed regarding their perceptions of fairness in the process and the appropriateness of officers’ behavior during their most recent contact with the police. The findings suggested that although minorities were more likely than Whites to be stopped by the police and to be stopped outside their neighborhood, racial differences in assessments of procedural injustice were greatest for encounters that were initiated by the resident and occurred inside his or her community. The largest disparities appeared to be between Latinos and Whites who resided in more affluent communities. Furthermore, regardless of other factors, police–citizen encounters that occurred inside the neighbor...
Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with decompensated heart failure

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has a higher prevalence in patients with heart failure than in the general middle-aged population. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), one of the forms of SBD, promotes poorly controlled hypertension, coronary events, and atrial fibrillation events that can lead to acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF), and evidence suggests that untreated OSA increases mortality in patients with heart failure. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and central sleep apnea (CSA) have long been associated with heart failure and, in many patients, can coexist with OSA. In this article, we propose a systematic approach to diagnose and treat OSA in patients with ADHF based on current evidence.
5-[125I]IODO-2'-Deoxyuridine in the Radiotherapy of Solid CNS Tumors in Rats

We have been investigating the therapeutic efficacy of the thymidine analog 5-iodo-2 -deoxyuridine (IUdR) when radiolabeled with the Auger electron emitter 125I in rats bearing intrathecal (i. t.) or intracerebral (i. c.) 9L gliosarcoma solid tumors. [125I]IUdR was infused i. t. (via subarachnoid catheters) or intracerebrally over a 5- or 2-day period; equimolar concentrations of [127I]IUdR were infused into control animals. Hind-leg paralysis and/or survival were followed over time. The results indicate that compared with [127I]IUdR, rats bearing intrathecal tumors and infused i. t. with [125I]IUdR showed significant prolongation of the onset of median paralysis (15.2 versus 9 days). Similarly, the median survival of rats bearing intracerebral tumors and infused i. c. with [125I]IUdR was significantly increased (24 versus 17 days). The data substantiate the antineoplastic potential of [125I]IUdR and indicate a promising role for this radiopharmaceutical in the treatment of CNS cancers.
Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games and Interaction: A Measurable Model of Interaction for Online Learning

This current study examines the need for operational definitions of the concept of interaction in distance education studies. It is proposed that a discourse analysis of linguistic features conversation noted as being representative of interaction can be used to operationalize interaction in synchronous CMC. This study goes on compare two different registers: an internet chat register, and a Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game register to explore the theoretical claim that such virtual world environments have higher levels of interaction. Overall findings exhibit that MMORPGs have higher amount of linguistic features characteristic of interaction. Evidence points to MMORPGs being more interactive and also supportive of collaborative interaction.
Measurement of stray light in atomic absorption spectrometry

An equation which accounts for the phenomenon of stray light has been derived from Beer's law. The equation has three adjustable parameters: the fraction of stray light and the absorption coefficients of both the primary and stray light. The parameters derived from fits of the equation to flame atomic absorption data are quantitative indicators of the amount of stray light in an atomic absorption experiment. In addition, the proposed equation could be used for calibration of experimental determinations.
Enhanced Field Ionization Enabled by Metal Induced Surface States on Semiconductor Nanotips

Recent progress in the realization of material structures with quantum con-ﬁ nement and high surface to volume ratio in nanoscale interwoven metal and semiconductor building blocks offers a strong potential to build highly func-tional nanodevices. Ultra-sharp tips with distinct material dependent proper-ties of metal and semiconductor exhibit important functionalities in devices including gas ionization sensors, ﬁ eld emission devices, and ion-mobility spectrometry. Herein, a dramatically enhanced ﬁ eld ionization process and a device based on charged particle beams for which the geometrical and surface properties of the constituent semiconductor nanotips are engineered with controlled introduction of metallic impurities to realize close to three orders of magnitude reduction in the ionization electric-ﬁ eld strength are described. Experimentally observed low voltage ﬁ eld ionization phenomenon is explained using the geometrical ﬁ eld enhancement, surface states induced by controlled introduction of metallic impurities, and polarizabilities of gas particles at the nanotips. The nanotips are employed to design ﬁ eld ionization gas sensors whose nanoscale pristine semiconductor tips are controllably decorated with atomic metal impurities to boost the electron tunneling prop-erties under extremely low bias voltages. These devices also outperform their solid-state macroscopic counterparts in terms of simplicity of their construc-tion and higher selectivity.
Disruption of Contactin 4 (CNTN4) Results in Developmental Delay and Other Features of 3p Deletion Syndrome

3p deletion syndrome is a rare contiguous-gene disorder involving the loss of the telomeric portion of the short arm of chromosome 3 and characterized by developmental delay, growth retardation, and dysmorphic features. All reported cases have involved, at a minimum, the deletion of chromosome 3 telomeric to the band 3p25.3. Despite the presence of several genes in this region that are involved in neural development, a causative relationship between a particular transcript and the observed clinical manifestations has remained elusive. We have identified a child with characteristic physical features of 3p deletion syndrome and both verbal and nonverbal developmental delay who carries a de novo balanced translocation involving chromosomes 3 and 10. Fine mapping of this rearrangement demonstrates that the translocation breakpoint on chromosome 3 falls within the recently identified minimal candidate region for 3p deletion syndrome and disrupts the Contactin 4 (CNTN4) mRNA transcript at 3p26.2–3p26.3. This transcript (also known as BIG-2) is a member of the immunoglobulin super family of neuronal cell adhesion molecules involved in axon growth, guidance, and fasciculation in the central nervous system (CNS). Our results demonstrate the association of CNTN4 disruption with the 3p deletion syndrome phenotype and strongly suggest a causal relationship. These findings point to an important role for CNTN4 in normal and abnormal CNS development.
Overlooked issues in the conceptualization and measurement of counterproductive work behavior

Abstract The current paper addresses three important yet generally overlooked issues regarding the conceptualization and measurement of counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). First, we argue that the field would benefit from the adoption of situation-specific CWB measures that are tailored to the organization or occupation being studied. Such an approach would ensure that CWB measures include sample-relevant behaviors and exclude irrelevant behaviors. Second, we discuss several potential sub-dimensions of CWBs that should be examined in future research. These sub-dimensions include: 1) legal vs. illegal activities, 2) hostile vs. instrumental aggression, and 3) task-related vs. non-task-related counterproductive behaviors. Finally, we consider the relevance of the bandwidth-fidelity principle to the measurement of CWBs.
Gaining Access to Public Services and the Democratic State in India: Institutions in the Middle

How and to what extent do different citizens experience democratic governance on a day-to-day basis? What agencies do they utilize in order to have their voices heard and grievances addressed? How do they gain access to government agencies responsible for delivering social welfare services, such as education, security, health care, and poverty relief? Investigations conducted in two states of India inquired about the manner in which different social groups living in rural areas gain access to the welfare services of the Indian state. These results show that an intermediary is required for gaining access. Different types of intermediaries are consulted by separate segments of society. For a large majority of poorer individuals, a newly arisen type of mediator, the naya neta (literally, new leader), is the intermediary of choice. Neither usually low status nor high status, but younger and better educated than other types of village leaders, naya netas play important roles in shaping welfare consequences in these villages of Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh, most importantly, by affecting equity of access.