cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the deviation from stoichiometry on cation self-diffusion and isotope effect in wüstite, Fe1-xO

Abstract Diffusion of 59 Fe in Fe 1 x O crystals has been measured by a serial-sectioning technique as a function of temperature and deviation from stoichiometry. The results indicate that the diffusivity increases slightly at 1200°C, decreases at 802°C with an increase in x , and is insensitive to change in x at 1003°C. The temperature dependence of the cation diffusivity in Fe 0.94 O is given by the expression, D=(0.6±0.5)×10 −3 exp(−29350 ± 300 RT )cm 2 /se the temperature range 700–1340°C. The isotope effect for cation self-diffusion was measured by simultaneous diffusion of 52 Fe and 59 Fe in Fe 1− x O at various temperatures and values of x . Although the measured values of f Δ K are independent of temperature within the limits of experimental error, they decrease with an increase in the deviation from stoichiometry. The experimental results appeared to be consistent with the diffusion of Fe ions via “free mobile vacancies” that coexist with defect clusters. As a consequence of a “site-blocking” effect, the mobility of “free mobile vacancies” and the apparent correlation factor for cation tracer diffusion decrease with an increase in deviation from stoichiometry.
Returning to Freud

In this article I attempt to renew interest in the importance of Freud's work for both the practice of psychoanalysis and in the training of psychoanalysts. I hope to stimulate readers to return to Freud's writings in detail, which seem to be increasingly neglected these days both in training and in the many conflicting contemporary models of psychoanalysis. I propose that the identity of psychoanalysis can still be based on Freud's work, and his approach can form a fundamental center from which there are various channels of divergence that may be useful when the patient seems to need them. But the centerpiece of our training and our orientation, I suggest, should be the basic principles spelled out in Freud's numerous volumes, in spite of the many changes and contradictions and even outright mistakes and cultural blindness he displays in some instances. I proceed to review some of these basic principles in the hope of persuading the reader to return to Freud again. I present these with some commentary from my own 50 years of clinical experience. I briefly review the clinical cornerstones of Freud's approach as developed in his early books, his controversial papers on technique, and his later emendations, which constitute the actual reality of Freud at work in psychoanalysis (that sometimes--and sometimes wisely--violates his papers on technique), and I discuss his notion of curative factors in psychoanalysis. All of this is to revive an interest in Freud's thought and to emphasize the lasting value of his work, both in its contemporary clinical relevance and as the proposed foundation stone of our identity as psychoanalysts.
Further Motivation for Continuous Improvement in Just-In-Time Logistics

In the supply chain literature, little work has been done on modeling the propagation pattern of quality defects in supply chains. We quantitatively model a defect bullwhip effect in supply chains that can be addressed logistically by reducing time intervals between product deliveries. We explicitly consider the cause and effect of this defect bullwhip effect and demonstrate analytically that there is a strong incentive for practitioners to continuously reduce shipment size. We also consider production characteristics such as the frequency of supplier failure and stringency of the buyer's inspection process. Implications for managers are suggested.
Human melanoma and Chinese hamster ovary cells galactosylate n-alkyl-β-glucosides using UDP gal:GlcNAc β1,4 galactosyltransferase

We previously showed that human melanoma, CHO and other cells can convert beta-xylosides into structural analogs of ganglioside GM3. We have investigated several potential acceptors including a series of n-alkyl-beta-D-glucosides (n = 6-9). All were labeled with 3H-galactose when incubated with human melanoma cells. Octyl-beta-D-glucoside (Glc beta Octyl) was the best acceptor, whereas neither octyl-alpha-D-glucoside nor N-octanoyl-methylglucamine (MEGA 8) were labeled. Analysis of the products by a combination of chromatographic methods and specific enzyme digestions showed that the acceptors first received a single Gal beta 1,4 residue followed by an alpha 2,3 linked sialic acid. Synthesis of these products did not affect cell viability, adherence, protein biosynthesis, or incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into glycoprotein, glycolipid or proteoglycans. To determine which beta 1,4 galactosyl transferase synthesized Gal beta 1,4Glc beta Octyl, we analyzed similar incubations using CHO cells and a mutant CHO line (CHO 761) which lacks GAG-core specific beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase. The mutant cells showed the same level of incorporation as the control, eliminating this enzyme as a candidate. Thermal inactivation kinetics using melanoma cell microsomes and rat liver Golgi to galactosylate Glc beta Octyl showed the same half-life as UDP-Gal:GlcNAc beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase, whereas LacCer synthase was inactivated at a much faster rate. We show that Glc beta Octyl is a substrate for purified bovine milk UDP-Gal:GlcNAc beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase. Furthermore, the galactosylation of Glc beta Octyl by CHO cell microsomes can be competitively inhibited by GlcNAc or GlcNAc beta MU. These results indicate that UDP-Gal:GlcNAc beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase is the enzyme used for the synthesis of the alkyl lactosides when cells or rat liver Golgi are incubated with alkyl beta glucosides.
Effect of hyperthyroidism on spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure in rats

Thyroid hormone excess is associated with increased energy expenditure. The contributions of increases in spontaneous physical activity and nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) to this effect have not been defined. To address the hypothesis that hyperthyroidism is associated with increased spontaneous physical activity and NEAT, we rendered rats hyperthyroid by using continuous infusion of high-dose triiodothyronine for 14 days and measured the effects on physical activity and NEAT. On day 14, in the hyperthyroid group the mean ± SD triiodothyronine concentration was 755 ± 137 (range 574–919) ng/dl and in the control group 59 ± 0.5 (58–59) ng/dl. Over the 14-day treatment period, mean spontaneous physical activity increased in the hyperthyroid rats from 24 ± 7 to 36 ± 6 activity units (AU)/min; P < 0.001 but did not increase in the controls (23 ± 7 vs. 22 ± 4 AU/min). Also, over the 14-day period, daily NEAT increased in the hyperthyroid rats from 8.1 ± 2.8 to 19.7 ± 5.0 kcal/day (P < 0.001) but did ...
Molds and Totems Nonhumans and the Constitution of the Social Self

The role of nonhumans in social life has recently generated significant scholarly interest. The two main paradigms for explaining the sociological significance of nonhumans are constructivism and actor-network theory. We propose a pragmatist synthesis inspired by George Herbert Mead, demonstrating how interactions with nonhumans help constitute the social self—that is, the identity one constructs by imaginatively looking upon oneself as others would. Drawing upon observations of humans interacting with objects, animals, and nature, we identify two complementary ways that nonhumans organize the social self and enable people to experience group membership in absentia: (1) by molding how one is perceived by others and constraining alternative presentations of self and (2) by acting as a totem that conjures up awareness of, and feelings of attachment to, a particular social group. This formulation moves beyond constructivist claims that nonhumans reflect people’s self-definitions, and it offers a corrective to actor-network theory’s neglect of sociality.
Molecular MRI of Intracranial Thrombus in a Rat Ischemic Stroke Model

Background and Purpose— Intracranial thrombus is a principal feature in most ischemic stroke, and thrombus location and size may correlate with outcome and response to thrombolytic therapy. EP-2104R is a fibrin-specific molecular MR agent that has previously been shown to enhance extracranial and venous sinus thrombi in animal models and, recently, in clinical trials. In this study, we examined whether this fibrin-specific MR probe could noninvasively characterize intracranial arterial thrombi. Methods— Embolic stroke was induced in adult rats by occlusion of the right internal carotid artery with an aged thrombus. We used diffusion-weighted imaging, time of flight angiography, and high-resolution 3-dimensional T1-weighted MRI at 4.7 T before and after use of contrast agents EP-2104R (n=6) and gadopentetate dimeglumine (n=5). Results— In all animals, MR angiography revealed a flow deficit and diffusion-weighted imaging showed hyperintensity consistent with ischemia. Using EP-2104R-enhanced MRI, we saw occ...
Strategic Control of Processing in Word Recognition

Strategic control of word recognition in a lexical decision task was examined by manipulating the similarity of nonword foils to real words (nonword lexicality). Overall correct reaction times to words and the advantage of high- over low-frequency words were greater when nonword foils were more wordlike. This was true for both illegal (BTESE) versus legal (DEEST) nonword foils and legal nonword versus pseudohomophone (BEEST) foils. The same pattern of results was replicated in a 2nd experiment in which the word targets were always irregular (e.g., HAVE). A 3rd experiment demonstrated a large frequency blocking effect for low-frequency words, given pseudohomophone foils. The results are applied to pathway selection and random-walk frameworks. For both frameworks, canonical models are developed, which characterize qualitative predictions of broad classes of models within that framework. We argue for a pluralistic approach to theory development that moves from lower to higher order isomorphisms between data and theory. Strategic control of processing, in response to task demands or variable goals, increases the flexibility and power of an information-processing system. However, this power poses problems for scientific study of human information processing. A theory that too freely invokes strategies can account for any possible empirical pattern (Besner, 1984). Difficult results can be attributed post hoc to some strategy. The ability to obtain inconsistent empirical results is generally considered an essential characteristic of scientific theories (Popper, 1959; Suppe, 1977; cf. Lakatos, 1970). The most common restriction on freedom in invoking strategic control assumes processing is divided among specialized modules that operate independently of each other and of top-down constraints like goals or task demands (Fodor, 1983). Strategic control determines which modules (or pathways through modules) participate in a given situation. This constrains the treatment of strategic control in several ways. First, it limits the range of mechanisms invoked. Second, the implications of empirical results for processing models are often straightforward. Third, recognition of independent modules is generally easier than an account of the mecha
VARIATION IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORB WEBS BUILT BY THE SPIDER NEPHILA CLAVIPES (ARANEAE, TETRAGNATHIDAE)

Abstract The adhesive droplets in the orb webs of araneoid spiders contain, among other constituents, an aqueous solution of organic low-molecular-weight compounds. The chemical composition of this solution has been investigated for pooled web collections from several species, but little is known about how the composition might vary among individuals or among environments. To begin addressing these questions, we analyzed serial collections of orb webs spun by individual juvenile Nephila clavipes from three different populations held first under field conditions and then under laboratory conditions. Our results indicate that the composition of the organic low-molecular-weight solution is not fixed. We found significant differences in the droplet composition among individuals, among populations, and with the transfer of spiders to laboratory conditions. The possible origins and consequences of these differences are discussed.
Pulmonary Vascular Injury from Reactive Oxygen Species

Vascular injury due to excess production of reactive oxygen species occurs secondary to diverse phenomena including trauma, acute inflammation, sepsis, tissue ischemia-reperfusion, oxygen toxicity and exposure to xenobiotics capable of redox cycling (Freeman et al., 1982a). Vascular lining cells, specifically the endothelium, can be both critical targets and sources of reactive oxygen species which can then yield other substances which activate inflammatory cells to exacerbate initial oxidant insults. Thus, the endothelium is an extremely critical site of oxidant injury since damage can be induced by diverse etiologic factors, resulting in losses of both microvascular metabolic function and barrier properties.
Anticipating Competitor Responses in Retail Electricity Price Design

The process of anticipating competitor response in retail pricing strategies can be improved by incorporating both theoretical and experimental findings within market simulation tools. Working in a fashion similar to flight simulators, which accelerate pilots’ learning processes, price- and product-choice simulations explicitly capture the essential mechanics of competitive dynamics, providing a valuable training ground for marketing and pricing strategists.
Computing the Eigenvalues of the Laplace-Beltrami Operator on the Surface of a Torus: A Numerical Approach

In this chapter, we present a methodology for numerically computing the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on the surface of a torus. Beginning with a variational formulation, we derive an equivalent PDE formulation and then discretize the PDE using finite differences to obtain an algebraic generalized eigenvalue problem. This finite dimensional eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using the eigs function in Matlab which is based upon ARPACK. We show results for problems of order 16K variables where we computed lowest 15 modes. We also show a bifurcation study of eigenvalue trajectories as functions of aspect ration of the major to minor axis of the torus.
Deaf women's experiences and satisfaction with prenatal care: a comparative study.

Background and Objectives: The quality of communication between physician and patient is a major contributor to patient satisfaction and treatment adherence. Deaf patients who use American Sign Language experience significant communication barriers in most medical settings. This study investigated factors impacting deaf patients’ satisfaction with prenatal care and prenatal care disparities between deaf and hearing women. Methods: Questionnaires modified from Omar and Schiffman’s prenatal satisfaction measure were administered to 23 deaf and 32 hearing women. Results: Deaf women were less satisfied than hearing women with physician communication and less satisfied with overall care. Deaf women’s expectations about provision of interpreter services being met or exceeded was significantly associated with overall satisfaction. Hearing women had more prenatal care appointments and reported receiving more information from their doctors. Conclusions: Maximizing communication effectiveness with deaf patients results in better prenatal care and improved patient satisfaction. Good communication includes conveying concern and making efforts to ensure that whatever communication methods used are effective. (Fam Med 2006;38(10):712-6.)
Police officers’ attitudes toward their role and work: A comparison of black and white officers

This study tests whether Black and White police officers differ in job-related attitudes. The analyses focus on officers’ attitudes toward police role, selective enforcement, legal restrictions, and departmental problem-solving efforts. Survey data were collected from the Indianapolis Police Department (IPD) during the summer of 1996. Findings show that compared to White officers, Black officers tend to have a broad role orientation, be less selective, and have positive attitudes toward legal restrictions. Implications for future research and policy are also discussed.
The Sulfhydryl Content of Normal and Abnormal Human Sera.

SummaryThe sulfhydryl content of serum proteins has been quantitatively determined through an adaptation of an amperometric titration. Among normal adults, the values noted, expressed as milligrams of cysteine, were uniform, reproducible and averaged 6.5±0.2 mg per 100 ml serum or 5.5±0.3 mg per gram serum nitrogen. The albumin component of serum contained 80% of the total sulfhydryl. The addition of desoxyribonucleic acid, creatine or formaldehyde did not change the sulfhydryl content of the serum. The addition of an SH reagent such as para-chloro-mercuri-benzoate abolished all reactant groups measured with this method.Sera obtained from patients with various diseases showed a significant reduction in the sulfhydryl available for this titration. This quantitative reduction in sulfhydryl was still evident when corrected for differences in the albumin and globulin components and thus represented a qualitative change in the serum proteins. At the present time, the alteration in the sulfhydryl content of ser...
NBD Model of Repeat-Purchase Loyalty: An Empirical Investigation:

This article describes a model for predicting repeat-purchase loyalty based on consumer panel data. A modification of the original model is offered that permits its application to areas in which br...
Constrictive Pericarditis Versus Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

About one-half of the patients with congestive heart failure have preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF). Although the etiology of HFpEF is most commonly related to long-standing hypertension and atherosclerosis, a significant number of suspected HFpEF patients have a restrictive cardiomyopathy or chronic pericardial disease. Recognizing these syndromes is important because early diagnosis may lead to instituting specific therapy that may prolong survival, improve quality of life, and/or recognize and treat an underlying systemic disorder. Advances in diagnostic imaging, biomarkers, and genetic testing today allow identification of the specific etiology in most cases. Novel pharmacological, immunologic, and surgical therapies are leading to improved quality of life and survival.
Synthesis and integration of poly(1-vinylimidazole) polymer electrolyte in dye sensitized solar cells by initiated chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) is used to integrate poly(1-vinylimidazole) (PVIZ) into the mesoporous photoanode of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To our knowledge, this is the first reported demonstration of PVIZ via iCVD as a novel polymer electrolyte in DSSCs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verified the iCVD polymer as stoichiometric PVIZ. Polymer deposition rate was found to increase with increasing reactor pressure and decreasing substrate temperature. The kinetic studies further determined that the surface polymerization reaction is first order with respect to the surface monomer concentration. The power conversion efficiency of DSSCs incorporating crosslinked PVIZ was found to be 27% higher than that of liquid electrolyte DSSCs as a result of higher open circuit voltage and short circuit current.
Chart review and pilot study of blood pressure control in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND There are no data describing a relation between the course of blood pressure and outcome in acute ischemic stroke. We found such a link in a chart review, and then used that data to design a pilot study. We report on the chart review and the first 13 patients enrolled. METHODS We examined charts of patients admitted to our service in 2000 and stratified them by good (Rankin scale < 4 on discharge, meaning functional independence with a device or better) or poor outcome. A significant difference in blood pressure course and outcome was found, and we then designed a pilot study in an attempt to reproduce these findings. RESULTS Analysis of the chart review data from 54 patients revealed that the course of mean arterial pressure was different in the two groups: the mean arterial pressure in the group with good outcome decreased about 2 mmHg daily while there was no change in the group with poor outcome (p=0.002 for a difference between slopes). In the pilot trial there were no differences between mean arterial pressure parameters or outcome in either the placebo or treatment groups. Nearly all patients with an admission NIH Stroke Scale score of 6 or less were discharged home. CONCLUSIONS While our retrospective data were suggestive, we were unable to reproduce findings linking gradual control of blood pressure and outcome in acute ischemic stroke. This pilot study may be used to refine future trials.
Ingredient branding for a luxury brand: The role of brand and product fit

Abstract Many firms adopt an ingredient branding strategy when introducing new products, whereby a host brand integrates a branded ingredient. Research suggests that perceived fit between the host and ingredient brands should influence the success of such brand partnerships. Not all firms, however, may be able to find appropriately fitting branded ingredients, such as luxury brands which may find it nearly impossible to partner with other luxury brands and therefore need to consider non-luxury partners. The current research examines consumer responses to a real-world ingredient partnership between a luxury host brand (TAG Heuer) and non-luxury ingredients (Intel and Google), who have come together to produce a new product (a luxury smartwatch). Results of a study find that fit between the brand partners (based on both brand image and product category) positively influences purchase intentions with consumer's perceptions of a brand's luxury nature moderating observed effects. The research provides implications for product strategy and marketing of luxury brands.
In vitro proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the absence of an adherent monolayer

Experiments on long-term murine bone marrow cultures indicate that the production and maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell is dependent on the establishment of an adherent monolayer and a secondary repopulation of the culture with fresh marrow. In contrast, we have found that bone marrow cultures derived from the Syrian hamster do not require a repopulation step and produce stem cells that proliferate and differentiate for more than 12 wk in the absence of an adherent layer. Stem cells were grown in Fisher's medium (pH 7.0-7.2) containing 20% horse serum in a fully humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 37 degrees C. Cultures were fed twice weekly by removal of half of the medium and supernatant cells and replacement with an equal volume of fresh medium. No hormones or exogenous growth factors were required for the maintenance of myeloid cells, monocytes, and megakaryocytes in either the adherent or suspension cells cultures.
Intraperitoneal Drainage of Recurrent Lymphoceles Using an Internalized Tenckhoff Catheter

Occasionally, lymphoceles recur after renal transplantation in relatively inaccessible pelvic locations, usually in the setting of a transversely oriented allograft that separates the lymphocele from the peritoneal cavity. Such lymphoceles do not share a common wall with the peritoneal cavity and, therefore, are not manageable by conventional open surgical or laparoscopic drainage techniques. We used an internalized Tenckhoff catheter to drain recurrent lymphoceles into the peritoneal cavity in 3 patients who had undergone prior renal transplantation. No evidence of lymphocele recurrence or catheter-induced septic complications have been noted in our immunocompromised patients up to a mean followup of 5.3 years. Our experience with this alternative management option for the recurrent, inaccessible lymphocele is presented along with a single case report of intractable, recurrent perinephric fluid collection in the nontransplant setting treated by the same technique.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Postpasteurized Precooked Beef Roasts.

The potential for Listeria monocytogenes to survive various times and temperatures of postpasteurization in precooked beef roasts was investigated. Precooked eye of round roasts were inoculated with 109 cells of L. monocytogenes per package prior to packaging in cook-in bags and postpasteurization. Four groups of roasts (n = 54) each containing 27 uninoculated and 27 inoculated roasts were allotted to four pasteurization treatments consisting of two different exposure temperatures (91°C, 96°C) and two different dwell times (3 min, 5 min). Equal numbers of inoculated and uninoculated roasts from each treatment were then stored at 4 and 10°C. Triplicate samples of inoculated and uninoculated roasts were sampled on day 1, 4, 8, and 12 for product stored at 10°C and 1, 8, 14, 28, and 56 d for product stored at 4°C. Survivors were encountered for every treatment employed. The lethality of the treatment was directly related to an increase in dwell time and postpasteurization temperature. Treatment 4 (96°C, 5 min) was found to decrease the L. monocytogenes population the greatest (p < 0.05) and also maintained a lower (p < 0.05) count from its initial inoculum level during storage at both 4 and 10°C.
Knowledge and Scepticism

You think you are seeing these words, but could you not be hallucinating or dreaming or having your brain stimulated to give you the experience of seeing these marks on paper although no such thing is before you? More extremely, could you not be floating in a tank while super-psychologists stimulate your brain electrochemically to produce exactly the same experiences as you are now having, or even to produce the whole sequence of experiences you have had in your lifetime thus far? If one of these other things was happening, your experience would be exactly the same as it now is. So how can you know none of them is happening? Yet if you do not know these possibilities don’t hold, how can you know you are reading this book now? If you do not know you haven’t always been floating in the tank at the mercy of the psychologists, how can you know anything-what your name is, who your parents were, where you come from?
Investigation of Dominant Factor of Critical Current Density for Bi-2223 Tape by DC Magnetic Susceptibility Measurement.

Temperature dependence of DC magnetic susceptibility for Bi-2223 superconducting tapes having a different critical current density (Jc) was measured in both field cooling (FC) mode and zero field cooling (ZFC) mode. In the case of FC mode, there was little difference in DC magnetic susceptibility owing to the difference of Jc. On the other hand, a large difference was observed in ZFC mode. Characteristic points were emphasized when the ZFC curve was differentiated. The transition of 2212 phase, which did not appear in the FC curve, was clearly detected in the low Jc sample. When a procedure breaking a connectivity between the superconducting grains, that is, rolling or pressing, was applied to the sample without the 2212 phase, the Jc decreased and the magnitude of the field intruding into the superconducting core increased. Therefore, it is considered that the ZFC curve strongly reflected the aspect of the grain junction and the Jc of the superconducting tape containing no 2212 phase was strongly dominated by the strength of the junction.
Parameter estimation of rule-based models using statistical model checking

Rule-based modeling with BioNetGen has been widely used to study the dynamics of complex biochemical systems. Rule-based models can be analyzed by carrying out deterministic or stochastic simulations. However, they are often difficult to calibrate due to many unknown parameters and limited experimental training data. Here we present a generic parameter estimation framework for calibrating rule-based models. The experimental data as well as qualitative properties of the system are encoded as a specification formula in a bounded linear temporal logic. Given a candidate set of parameter values we apply the statistical model checking procedure to evaluate the quality of this candidate set. Based on the outcome, a new set of parameters is chosen using a standard global search strategy. We have tested our method on a p53-induced apoptosis model. The results show that our method scales well and efficiently obtains good parameter estimates.
The elusive quest for equity and excellence in US school reform

Education reform in the United States has stalled and persistent achievement gaps remain. The challenges of overcoming socioeconomic disadvantages cannot be ignored if we are to develop an education system that will prepare all students to be productive members of the twenty-first century.
From the Technical Know-How to the Free Flow of Ideas: Exploring the Effects of Leader, Peer, and Team Communication on Employee Creativity

Creativity is the lifeblood of a successful organization, as creative employees drive companies to be innovative and competitive. While studies have examined how leaders foster creativity, researchers have overlooked how communication between workgroup peers and teams cultivate creative output. Interviews were conducted to determine the effects of leader, peer, and team communication on employee creativity within the national video game industry. Results indicate communication exchanges uniquely influence employee creativity, with peer associations being most crucial. Informal mentoring, or “creativity coaches,” were vital lifelines within creatively driven organizations. Additional findings highlight the importance of structure, support, and trust in creatively supportive organizations.
A novel paradigm to study interpersonal threat-related learning and extinction in children using virtual reality.

Disruptions in fear-extinction learning are centrally implicated in a range of stress-related disorders, including anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. Given that these disorders frequently begin in childhood/adolescence, an understanding of fear-extinction learning in children is essential for (1) detecting the source of developmental susceptibility, (2) identifying mechanisms leading to pathology, and (3) informing the development and/or more judicious application of treatments for youth. Here, we offer and validate a novel virtual reality paradigm to study threat-related learning and extinction in children that models real-world cues, environments, and fear-inducing events that children are likely to experience, and are linked to the development of fear- and stress-related pathologies. We found that our paradigm is well tolerated in children as young as 6 years, that children show intact fear and extinction learning, and show evidence of divergence in subjective, physiological, and behavioral measures of conditioned fear. The paradigm is available for use in 3-D and in 2-D (e.g., for the MRI scanner) upon request at www.tnp2lab.org .
Bart Moore-Gilbert: The Critic as Theorist

Written within the framework of personal memories of Bart Moore-Gilbert, this essay considers the original contribution of his 1997 book, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Perspectives, Politics in the context of his other work and the theoretical milieu of the 1990s.
Convexification of generalized network flow problem

This paper is concerned with the minimum-cost flow problem over an arbitrary flow network. In this problem, each node is associated with some possibly unknown injection and each line has two unknown flows at its ends that are related to each other via a nonlinear function. Moreover, all injections and flows must satisfy certain box constraints. This problem, named generalized network flow (GNF), is highly non-convex due to its nonlinear equality constraints. Under the assumption of monotonicity and convexity of the flow and cost functions, a convex relaxation is proposed, which is shown to always obtain globally optimal injections. This relaxation may fail to find optimal flows because the mapping from injections to flows is not unique in general. We show that the proposed relaxation, named convexified GNF (CGNF), obtains a globally optimal flow vector if the optimal injection vector is a Pareto point. More generally, the network can be decomposed into two subgraphs such that the lines between the subgraphs are congested at optimality and that CGNF finds correct optimal flows over all lines of one of these subgraphs. We also fully characterize the set of all globally optimal flow vectors, based on the optimal injection vector found via CGNF. In particular, we show that this solution set is a subset of the boundary of a convex set, and may include an exponential number of disconnected components. A primary application of this work is in optimization over electrical power networks.
Recombinant cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B vaccine: Rethinking the immunological basis of protection.

Development and licensure of a vaccine against human CMV infection is a major public health priority. Although the major driving force for a CMV vaccine is prevention of congenital infection—since CMV is the most common viral cause of permanent neurodevelopmental disability in infants globally (1)—other patient populations, in particular recipients of hematopoietic stem cells and solid organ transplant (SOT) patients, could benefit from a vaccine. A number of CMV vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials in recent years (2). These have included live, attenuated vaccines; vectored vaccines expressing CMV-encoded immunogens; and purified recombinant protein vaccines coadministered with adjuvant. The most extensively studied vaccine to date is a subunit vaccine based on the viral envelope glycoprotein B (gB; gpUL55). Two important papers published in PNAS (3, 4) provide surprising and novel insights into the protecting mechanisms conferred by this gB vaccine. How did the CMV gB emerge as a leading vaccine candidate? CMV gB is a type 1 envelope glycoprotein and class III viral fusogen (5). It is synthesized as a 906- or 907-aa polypeptide (depending upon the strain of CMV) that undergoes extensive posttranslational modification, including glycosylation at N - and O -linked sites, followed by cleavage by the ubiquitous cellular endoprotease, furin, into amino (gp90)- and carboxy (gp58)-terminal moieties (refs. 6 and 7 and Fig. 1). The gp90 and gp58 subunits are covalently connected by disulfide bonds and the mature, glycosylated gB assumes a trimeric configuration; the trimer subsequently dimerizes as the protein assumes its final envelope conformation (8). CMV gB interacts with the virally encoded glycoprotein H/L (gH/gL) complex as an essential component of the core fusion machinery required for infection and cell-to-cell spread of virus (9). Up to 70% of the virus-neutralizing capacity of CMV immune sera recognizes gB (10). Although recent studies of anti-CMV … [↵][1]1Email: schleiss{at}umn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Skin Cancer and Reconstruction

Skin cancer is by far the most common cancer, with more than 1 million new cases diagnosed in the United States alone (1). This represents approximately 40% of all cancers. Typically, skin cancer is divided into melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). The distinction between melanoma and NMSC is especially relevant from a treatment and outcomes perspective, because melanoma, though only representing 6% of new skin cancers, represents the majority of mortality associated with skin cancer (74%).
β-adrenergic-receptor-mediated dissociation and membrane release of the Gs protein in S49 lymphoma-cell membranes. Dependence on Mg2+ and GTP

We reported [Ransnas, Svoboda, Jasper & Insel (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 7900-7903] that in intact S49 lymphoma cells the beta-adrenergic-receptor agonist isoprenaline dissociates the stimulatory guanine-nucleotide-binding protein, Gs, into its alpha s and beta gamma subunits, leading to redistribution of alpha s from plasma membranes to the cytoplasm. In the present studies we investigated the kinetics of Gs dissociation and membrane release in plasma membranes from S49 lymphoma cells. We analysed cholate extracts of membranes for alpha s levels by a competitive e.l.i.s.a. with a polyclonal antibody that selectively recognizes monomeric alpha s and we assayed supernatant fractions using both competitive e.l.i.s.a. and immunoblotting. The plasma membranes contained 19.3 +/- 1.4 pmol of alpha s/mg of membrane protein and lacked significant dissociation of Gs and activity of adenylate cyclase in the absence of guanine nucleotides. Mg2+ ions were obligatorily required for isoprenaline-induced dissociation of Gs in plasma membranes and for membrane release of alpha s. At a physiological concentration of free Mg2+ ions (100 microM), 100 microM-GTP induced a slow first-order (k = 0.038 +/- 0.004 min-1) dissociation of 17.8 +/- 1.2 pmol of Gs/mg of membrane protein. A substantial increase in the dissociation rate of Gs was achieved by addition of 1 microM-isoprenaline and 100 microM-GTP; 18.4 +/- 0.9 pmol of Gs/mg of membrane protein was dissociated, with a kappa of 1.49 +/- 0.22 min-1. The effect of isoprenaline on the dissociation rate and on membrane release of Gs was completely blocked by the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. The concentration-response relationship for isoprenaline-induced dissociation during the first 1 min after addition of hormone yielded a kappa act. of 16 +/- 5 nM, whereas the kappa act. for isoprenaline-induced membrane release was 10 nM. We conclude that release of alpha s from plasma membranes is likely to accompany Gs-subunit dissociation and constitutes a potentially important facet of Gs action.
Extraskeletal Osteogenic Sarcoma

Osteogenic sarcoma can arise in soft tissue, although it is much more commonly observed as a primary bone tumor. There is debate as to whether extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma (ESOS) should be managed as a soft tissue or a bone tumor. Biologically, the tumor is typically the osteoblastic subtype and can arise spontaneously or after irradiation.
A Schema-Based Framework for Representing Knowledge

Life is normally easy to comprehend. We are rarely challenged when we comprehend the social and physical world. In fact, most of our everyday experiences are familiar and predictable. Imagine the stereotypical working male. During weekdays he gets up, eats breakfast, goes to work, talks with friends and enemies, works, drinks coffee, tells jokes, eats lunch, works some more, goes home, eats supper, putters around with the family, drinks beer, watches television, and maybe reads the newspaper. Almost everything that happens makes sense. Events that do not make sense are probably ignored.
The effects of forest restoration on ecosystem carbon in western North America: A systematic review

Abstract Ecological restoration has become an overarching management paradigm for sustaining the health and resilience of forests across western North America. Restoration often involves mechanical thinning to promote development of complex habitats in moist, productive forests and mechanical thinning with prescribed fire to reduce fuels and restore natural disturbance regimes in dry, fire prone forests. This systematic review quantified the impact of restoration treatments on forest ecosystem carbon (C) stocks and identified factors that moderate treatment effects across spatial and temporal scales. Our review process identified 73 studies to be included for analysis, from which we calculated 482 estimates of treatment effect size. We found that restoration treatments significantly reduce C. Prescribed fire had larger impacts on belowground than aboveground carbon pools, while thinning and combined treatments had larger impacts on aboveground pools. The available literature is highly skewed toward shorter timescales ( 75 years after treatment) while empirical studies mostly looked at short term (
Calibration and Analysis of Tactile Sensors as Slip Detectors

The existence of tactile afferents sensitive to slip-related mechanical transients in the human hand augments the robustness of grasping through secondary force modulation protocols. Despite this knowledge and the fact that tactile-based slip detection has been researched for decades, robust slip detection is still not an out-of-the-box capability for any commercially available tactile sensor. This research seeks to bridge this gap with a comprehensive study addressing several aspects of slip detection. In particular, key developments include a systematic data collection process yielding millions of sensory data points, a spectral analysis of sensory responses providing insight into sensor behavior, and the application of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks to produce robust slip detectors from three commercially available sensors capable of tactile sensing. The sensing mechanics behind these sensors are all fundamentally different and leverage principles in electro-mechanical resistance, optics, and hydro-acoustics. Critically, slip detection performance of the tactile technologies is quantified through a measurement methodology that unveils the effects of data window size, sampling rate, material type, slip speed, and sensor manufacturing variability. Results indicate that the investigated commercial tactile sensors are inherently capable of high-quality slip detection.
Effectiveness of vegetation and sound wall-vegetation combination barriers on pollution dispersion from freeways under early morning conditions.

Abstract Pollutants in tailpipe emissions can be highly elevated around roadways, and in early mornings the pollution plume can extend hundreds of meters into surrounding neighborhoods. Solid sound walls and vegetation barriers are commonly used to mitigate noise, but they also help mitigate near-road air pollution. Here we assess the effectiveness of barriers consisting of vegetation only and of a combination of vegetation and a solid sound wall (combination barrier) in reducing pollution concentrations downwind of roads, under stable atmospheric stability and calm to light wind conditions. Because there was no practical (no barrier) control site in the area, we primarily compare the two barrier types to each other and explore the importance of atmospheric conditions. Using measurements collected with a mobile platform, we develop concentration decay profiles of ultrafine and fine particles, oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) and carbon monoxide downwind of a freeway in California with different barrier configurations and meteorological conditions. Diurnally averaged data collected with passive samplers indicate that pollution from morning rush hour has about equal impact as the entire remainder of the day, because of differences in atmospheric dispersion as the day progresses. Under calm and stable atmospheric conditions (wind speed
External Matching Funds and the Provision of Public Goods: An Experimental Study

The voluntary provision of a pure public good is studied in the presence of an anonymous external donor. New data generated using experimental procedures employing both extra-credit and cash incentives, as well as asynchronous access to real-time decision rounds lasting several days, are compared to previous data generated using traditional cash-only, synchronous-access laboratory procedures. The effect on resource allocations to the public good of introducing external matching funds is examined in two different settings, lump-sum matching and one-to-one matching. The new data confirm the robustness of results previously reported by the authors to the change in laboratory procedures and incentives. The new data are then used to extend the parameter space in which the two matching mechanisms are studied, including: varying within-round information regarding the current level of public-good allocations, varying the marginal rate of return from the public good, and varying group size from four to twenty group members.
Tiled Large Element 1.75D Aperture with Dual Array Modules by Adjacent Integration of PIN-PMN-PT Transducers and Custom High Voltage Switching ASICs

Tiled large aperture 1.75D/2D transducer arrays with closely integrated ASIC electronics have the potential for implementing high channel count ultrasound probes for novel applications, however they must have high yield for a large number of elements to maintain good image quality. This constraint can be addressed by tiling together a number of smaller array modules to build up the larger aperture. In this work we present recent imaging results for large apertures with multiple tiled array modules integrating 2D arrays of wide bandwidth PIN-PMN-PT 1-3 composite piezo elements with custom-designed ASICs for buffering and multiplexing functions. The ASICs are optimized to obtain increased sensitivity of the high impedance 2D elements using buffering. We have also been developing novel second-generation ASICs to mitigate the effects of switching transients observed while imaging with the first-generation devices.
A Feedforward Loop Governs The Relationship Between Lipid Metabolism And Longevity

The relationship between lipid metabolism and longevity remains unclear. In particular although fat oxidation is essential for weight loss, whether it is remains beneficial when sustained for long periods, and the extent to which it may alter lifespan remains an important unanswered question. Here we develop an experimental handle in the C. elegans model system, that uncovers the mechanisms that connect long-term fat oxidation with longevity. We find that sustained β-oxidation, via activation of the conserved triglyceride lipase ATGL-1, triggers a feedforward transcriptional loop that involves the mito-nuclear transcription factor ATFS-1, and a previously unknown and highly conserved repressor of ATGL-1 called HLH-11/AP4. This feedforward loop orchestrates the dual control of fat oxidation and lifespan protection, shielding the organism from life-shortening mitochondrial stress in the face of continuous fat oxidation. Thus, we uncover one mechanism by which fat oxidation can be sustained for long periods without deleterious effects on longevity.
FLOW DYNAMICS IN PARTIALLY BLOCKED TIBIAL ARTERY

© 2020 Begell House Inc. Open Access. Articles that appear in all journals published by Begell House Inc. are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Automating Vitiligo Skin Lesion Segmentation Using Convolutional Neural Networks

The measurement of several skin conditions' progression and severity relies on the accurate segmentation (border detection) of lesioned skin images. One such condition is vitiligo. Existing methods for vitiligo image segmentation require manual intervention, which is time and labor-intensive, as well as irreproducible between physicians. We introduce a convolutional neural network (CNN) that quickly and robustly performs such segmentations without manual intervention. We use the U-Net with a modified contracting path to generate an initial segmentation of the lesion. Then, we run the segmentation through the watershed algorithm using high-confidence pixels as “seeds.” We train the network on 247 images with a variety of lesion sizes, complexities, and anatomical sites. Our network noticeably outperforms the state-of-the-art U-Net - scoring a Jaccard Index (JI) of 73.6% (compared to 36.7%). Segmentation occurs in a few seconds, which is a substantial improvement from the previously proposed semiautonomous watershed approach (2–29 minutes per image).