cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide during exercise in morbid obesity.

Morbidly obese individuals may have altered pulmonary diffusion during exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide (DLNO) and carbon monoxide (DLCO) during exercise in these subjects. Ten morbidly obese subjects (age = 38 ± 9 years, BMI = 47 ± 7 kg/m2, peak oxygen consumption or O2peak = 2.4 ± 0.4 l/min) and nine nonobese controls (age = 41 ± 9 years, BMI = 23 ± 2 kg/m2, O2peak = 2.6 ± 0.9 l/min) participated in two sessions: the first measured resting O2 and O2peak for determination of wattage equating to 40, 75, and 90% oxygen uptake reserve (O2R). The second session measured pulmonary diffusion from single-breath maneuvers of 5 s each, as well as heart rate (HR) and O2 over three workloads. DLNO, DLCO, and pulmonary capillary blood volume were larger in obese compared to nonobese groups (P ≤ 0.06) only when expressed relative to alveolar volume (VA). The slope between O2 and all measures of pulmonary diffusion, whether or not expressed to VA, were not different between groups (P > 0.10). The morbidly obese have increased pulmonary diffusion per unit increase in VA compared with nonobese controls which may be due to a lower rise in VA per unit increase in O2 in the obese during exercise.
Resonance Raman scattering by the excited singlet electronic state (S1) of naphthalene

Abstract Time-resolved resonance-enhanced Raman spectrum of a photochemical transient of naphthalene, associated with broad electronic absorption in the = 425 nm region, is reported. The Raman signals at 1570, 1431, 1415 and 1388 cm −1 , which decay at nanosecond times, are ascribed to this species. This transient is positively identified as the excited singlet (S 1 ) electronic state of naphthalene.
Saw palmetto for the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Purpose: A comprehensive review of the literature on the use of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms is provided. Materials and Methods: A literature search of studies that have assessed the mechanism of action and clinical results of saw palmetto in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia was performed. Results: A variety of potential mechanisms of action of saw palmetto have been demonstrated through in vitro studies, including 5-a reductase inhibition, adrenergic receptor antagonism and intraprostatic androgen receptor blockade. Clinical evidence of the relevance of these effects is largely unavailable. The use of saw palmetto in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia is safe with no recognized adverse effects. No effect on serum prostate specific antigen has been noted. Placebo controlled trials and meta-analyses have suggested that saw palmetto leads to subjective and objective improvement in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. However, most studies are significantly limited by methodological flaws, small patient numbers and brief treatment intervals. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that saw palmetto may have a significant effect on urinary flow rates and symptom scores compared to placebo in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. However, large scale, placebo controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy of saw palmetto.
On the origin of CO2‐rich fluid inclusions in migmatites

Nearly pure CO2 fluid inclusions are abundant in migmatites although H2O-rich fluids are predicted from the phase equilibria. Processes which may play a role in this observation include (1) the effects of decompression on melt, (2) generation of a CO2-bearing volatile phase by the reaction graphite + quartz + biotite + plagioclase = melt + orthopyroxene + CO2-rich vapour, (3) selective leakage of H2O from CO2+ H2O inclusions when the pressure in the inclusion exceeds the confining pressure during decompression, and (4) enrichment of grain-boundary vapour in CO2 by subsolidus retrograde hydration reactions.
Echoes of the fifth dimension

In this Brief Report we examine the question of whether the highest energy cosmic ray primaries could be ultrarelativistic magnetic monopoles. The analysis is performed within the framework of large compact dimensions and TeV scale quantum gravity. Our study indicates that while this hypothesis must be regarded as highly speculative it cannot be ruled out with present data.
Stability, open embeddings, and classification of bounded weak-∗ manifolds

Abstract It is known that the following spaces are homeomorphic: (1) a separable, reflexive, infinite-dimensional Banach space with its bounded weak topology, (2) the conjugate of a separable, infinite-dimensional Banach space with its bounded weak-∗ topology, and (3) Q∞ = dir lim Qn, where Q is the illbert cube. Let F denote one of the above three spaces, and let M and N denote paraimpact, connected F manifolds. Here we prove that M × F is homeomorphic to M. Combined with previous work of the author this result implies that M, embeds as an open subset of F and that if M and N have the same homotopy type then they are homeomorphic.
Magnetically Actuated Soft Capsule With the Multimodal Drug Release Function

In this paper, we present a magnetically actuated multimodal drug release mechanism using a tetherless soft capsule endoscope for the treatment of gastric disease. Because the designed capsule has a drug chamber between both magnetic heads, if it is compressed by the external magnetic field, the capsule could release a drug in a specific position locally. The capsule is designed to release a drug in two modes according to the situation. In the first mode, a small amount of drug is continuously released by a series of pulse type magnetic field (0.01-0.03 T). The experimental results show that the drug release can be controlled by the frequency of the external magnetic pulse. In the second mode, about 800 mm3 of drug is released by the external magnetic field of 0.07 T, which induces a stronger magnetic attraction than the critical force for capsule's collapsing. As a result, a polymeric coating is formed around the capsule. The coated area is dependent on the drug viscosity. This paper presents simulations and various experiments to evaluate the magnetically actuated multimodal drug release capability. The proposed soft capsules could be used as minimally invasive tetherless medical devices with therapeutic capability for the next generation capsule endoscopy.
Upcoming tipping points in automobile industry based on agent-based modeling

This paper applies Agent-Based Modeling to the auto industry. The auto industry might be considered as a complicated rather than a complex system, because it is characterized by adaptation and emergence, two of the three major characteristics of complex systems [1]. Yet some characteristics residing in human could lead us to consider the auto industry as a quasi-complex system because individual agents diffuse information and act based on adaptation. The roles of differentiated agents, including dealers, are significant: diverse agents function as autonomous decision makers who rely on localized information, thereby influencing the evolution of the current industry as it looks forward to a new phase of power propulsion development, such as hybrid, electric, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The impact of rising oil prices on potential customers’ decisions, as well as what this paper identifies as the emotion factor between buyers and dealers, are incorporated to determine dynamics in terms of sales volumes. We are also interested in the extent and speed with which the new technology is adopted. Because of the consumer preferences and the long life cycles of cars, the adoption of new technology will be delayed given the current environment and policies in the United States.
Treatment of infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative pathogens

Summary The spread of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative pathogens has been challenging for the treatment of healthcare associated infections since at least a decade and currently causes an unprecedented public health crisis. Two “old” antibiotics, colistin and fosfomycin have been revived, although their pharmacokinetics, dosing and potential synergies in critically ill patients are under reevaluation. Tigecycline, a relative new antibiotic is being increasingly used in non-approved indications, based on its in vitro activity against problematic pathogens; however data dictate a cautious use, always as part of combination regimens and probably at higher doses. Several studies, retrospective in the majority, have shown that monotherapies were associated with high rates of mortality and selection of resistance, therefore highlighting the importance of administering a combination of active in vitro antimicrobials particularly when treating an infection by carbapenemsae-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Furthermore, in this context, combinations of carbapenems were associated with clinical outcomes superior to other combinations, provided that the pathogen's MIC is below 8 mg/L.
Successive discrimination reversal (SDR) performances of four avian species on a brightness discrimination task

Four avian species which had previously received extensive training on a spatial successive reversal task, were given 19 reversals of a brightness discrimination. Analysis of errors across reversals reveal inter-species performance differences paralleling those obtained on a spatial reversal task.
Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Ventricle: Diagnosis by Gated Radioisotope Imaging:

Because pseudoaneurysms of the left ventricle, although rare, can rupture, their differentiation from true aneurysm is desirable. A case is described in which a pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed noninvasively by means of a gated radioisotope ventriculogram. The diagnosis was made by noting a narrow neck leading to a large chamber. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully excised at surgery.
Momentum distributions in the nucleus

Abstract The nuclear form factor F(q) and one particle momentum distribution p(q) can be shown to have a power law decrease for large momenta. For the form factor F(q) we show that it is q/A that must be large for this asymptotic behavior to be important. For only q large the form factor, in a simple model, is shown to decrease exponentially in q. A similar behavior for p(q) is proposed.
Demonstrating sucralose as a monitor of full-scale UV/AOP treatment of trace organic compounds

Due to the large number of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) in water and wastewater, their degradation during UV-based advanced oxidation (UV/AOP) is best monitored using a conservative indicator compound. The present study demonstrates the in situ use of sucralose, a widely consumed artificial sweetener, as a conservative probe for UV/AOP degradation of TOrCs. The main qualities of sucralose in this regard are its high concentration in wastewater effluent and surface water (enabling its direct detection), its resistance to direct UV photolysis, and its relatively slow reaction with hydroxyl radical. Degradation of sucralose was compared to the degradation of commonly detected TOrCs, across two AOPs (i.e. UV/H2O2 and UV/NO3), in both lab-scale and pilot-scale systems. In all cases, UV/AOP degradation of sucralose was slower than the degradation of the examined TOrCs, and is expected to be slower than the degradation of the majority of other environmentally relevant TOrCs. These results demonstrate the potential of sucralose as a conservative probe, to monitor the transformation of TOrCs during UV/AOP treatment. Furthermore, degradation of sucralose was slower than the degradation of many transformation products (generated during oxidation of TOrCs), implying that sucralose is also a valuable indicator for the decay of primary transformation products.
Cytochalasins and colchicine increase the lateral mobility of human chorionic gonadotropin-occupied luteinizing hormone receptors on ovine luteal cells.

To determine whether cytoskeletal proteins restrict the mobility of LH-receptor complexes occupied by hCG, we measured the rate of lateral diffusion and the fraction of mobile receptor-hormone complexes by fluorescence photobleaching recovery on luteal cells treated with microtubule and microfilament disruptors and on portions of the plasma membrane separated from the underlying cytoskeleton (blebs). Enzymatically dispersed ovine luteal cells obtained on day 11 from superovulated ewes were pretreated for 1 h at 37 C with cytochalasin B (20 μg/ml), cytochalasin D (20 μg/ml), or colchicine (40 μg/ml). These drugs had no effect on the lateral diffusion of cell membrane glycoproteins labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-derivatized succinyl Concanavalin-A. However, drug treatment caused a significant increase in the diffusion coefficient and mobile fraction of hCG-occupied LH receptors compared to values obtained on untreated cells. hCG-occupied LH receptors on untreated cells exhibited a mobile f...
Kinematic Measurements of Polar Jets Observed by the Large-Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph

We analyze polar jets observed by the Large-Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) instrument aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. The events studied here are from 1997 March 24 and August 5. The main objective of our analysis is to determine whether the jets' motions are consistent with ballistic behavior. Although ballistic trajectories have some success in fitting the observed kinematic motions, there is substantial evidence that gravity alone is not regulating the movement of the jets. First of all, the August 5 events appear to exhibit slight accelerations rather than decelerations above 3 R☉. Second, all the events studied here have very similar velocities, suggesting that by the time the jets reach the LASCO field of view, the jets have been incorporated into the ambient solar wind. If this is the case, the jets could be very useful as tracers of the solar wind at low heights in the Sun's polar regions.
Role Conflict and Its Resolution

WrrH THE increasing complexity of modem society, the ubiquitous communication channels impinging on civilized man, and the heightened frequency and intensity of interaction in urban living, men today are confronted more often than ever before with those moral dilemmas sociologists call role conflicts. We propose to discuss types of role conflict in terms of the specific definitions of social status and social role developed herein and then to present a brief statement of methods of role conflict resolution. Status-Role Definition "Social status" refers to a position within a social system as it is defined in terms of the configuration of expectations relating the position to the system as a whole and to each of the other positions within the system.' "Social role" refers to the incumbent's set of expectations associated with occupancy of a specific status. The meanings of these definitions may be clarified by considering how they were derived. In the Model for Role Analysis (Figure 1), all parts of the diagram to the left of the vertical line pertain
Identification of novel small RNAs and characterization of the 6S RNA of Coxiella burnetii.

Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes Q fever, undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle that alternates between a metabolically-active large cell variant (LCV) and a dormant small cell variant (SCV). As such, the bacterium undoubtedly employs complex modes of regulating its lifecycle, metabolism and pathogenesis. Small RNAs (sRNAs) have been shown to play important regulatory roles in controlling metabolism and virulence in several pathogenic bacteria. We hypothesize that sRNAs are involved in regulating growth and development of C. burnetii and its infection of host cells. To address the hypothesis and identify potential sRNAs, we subjected total RNA isolated from Coxiella cultured axenically and in Vero host cells to deep-sequencing. Using this approach, we identified fifteen novel C. burnetii sRNAs (CbSRs). Fourteen CbSRs were validated by Northern blotting. Most CbSRs showed differential expression, with increased levels in LCVs. Eight CbSRs were upregulated (≥2-fold) during intracellular growth as compared to growth in axenic medium. Along with the fifteen sRNAs, we also identified three sRNAs that have been previously described from other bacteria, including RNase P RNA, tmRNA and 6S RNA. The 6S regulatory sRNA of C. burnetii was found to accumulate over log phase-growth with a maximum level attained in the SCV stage. The 6S RNA-encoding gene (ssrS) was mapped to the 5′ UTR of ygfA; a highly conserved linkage in eubacteria. The predicted secondary structure of the 6S RNA possesses three highly conserved domains found in 6S RNAs of other eubacteria. We also demonstrate that Coxiella’s 6S RNA interacts with RNA polymerase (RNAP) in a specific manner. Finally, transcript levels of 6S RNA were found to be at much higher levels when Coxiella was grown in host cells relative to axenic culture, indicating a potential role in regulating the bacterium’s intracellular stress response by interacting with RNAP during transcription.
Ethnic variation in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and length

Summary Background Oesophageal manometry (OM) is used to diagnose oesophageal motor disorders. Normal values of OM among United States ethnic groups are only available for Hispanic Americans (HA). Aim To obtain normal values of OM in adult African American (AA) volunteers, compare these with those obtained in HA and non-Hispanic white (nHw) volunteers to determine if ethnic variation in normal oesophageal motor function exists. Methods Healthy AA, HA and nHw were recruited from the Jacksonville metropolitan area. Ethnicity was self-reported. Exclusion criteria were symptoms suggestive of oesophageal disease, medication use or concurrent illness affecting OM. All underwent OM using a solid-state system with wet swallows. Resting lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure and LOS length were measured at mid-expiration, while per cent peristaltic contractions, distal oesophageal contraction velocity, amplitude and duration were measured after 5 cc water swallows. Results Fifty-six AA, 20 HA and 48 nHw were enrolled. All completed OM. AA had significantly higher resting LOS pressure, LOS length and distal oesophageal contraction duration than nHw (P < 0.05). Conclusions Significant ethnic exist in OM findings between AA and nHw. These underscore the need for ethnic specific reference values for OM to allow for correct diagnosis of oesophageal motor disorders in AA.
Sampling uncertainties in observing the global aerosol with a nadir-viewing satellite lidar

In an attempt to better understanding climate and better comprehend the effects of clouds and aerosols on the Earth’s Radiation Budget, NASA has been developing several satellite missions. Among them, the Cloud-Aerosol-Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Spaceborne Observation (CALIPSO) mission will observe clouds and aerosols with a combination of lidar and passive instruments. CALIPSO will fly in formation with EOS Aqua, EOS Aura, Cloudsat and Parasol. This novel satellite formation will provide a unique comprehensive data set of cloud and aerosol optical and physical properties, and radiative fluxes. In this paper, the characterization of global aerosol properties with sparsely sampled observations is investigated using a dataset of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the MATCH climate model. MATCH is an offline Chemistry and Transport Model (ChTM) primarily developed by NCAR that includes a number of aerosol sources as well as a variety of transformation and removal mechanisms. The CALIPSO satellite is "flown" through this dataset and the aerosol optical depths at the CALIPSO footprint locations are sampled to produce an AOD subset. Averages computed from the subset are compared with averages from the full model output to investigate the magnitude of uncertainties due to sparse sampling of the aerosol field. Initially, uncertainties in satellite sparsely sampled measurements of global aerosol distribution are quantified in terms of zonal averages. The goal of this effort is to determine the correct satellite average scaling to accurately represent global aerosol coverage. Ultimately, sampling errors will also be assessed at regional scales.
A sensitive mutation screening strategy for Fabry disease: Detection of nine mutations in the α-galactosidase A gene

Fabry disease is an X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A (α-gal; EC 3.2.1.22). In the past, it has been difficult to give an unequivocal diagnosis of carrier status in Fabry disease because of the overlap between normal and heterozygote enzyme levels. To facilitate rapid and accurate carrier and hemizygote detection, a mutation detection strategy was devised to determine the lesion in our Fabry disease patients. The seven α-gal exons and adjacent intron boundaries from a representative member of each kindred were PCR amplified and analysed for the presence of sequence alterations by single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis followed by PCR sequencing. Here we report the use of this strategy in the detection and analysis of the causative mutations in 9 patients with classic severe Fabry disease. Three deletions of 1-, 2-, and 3-bp (987delC, 717delAA, and ΔE358), five amino acid substitutions (C52R, G128E, P205T, M284T, and N298K) and a mutation that affects the initiating methionine (M1I) were found in these patients. Counting a previously reported mutation, this strategy has now successfully detected all the Fabry disease mutations present in the 10 kindreds that have been analysed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rationalizing the Local Government Decision-Making Process: A Model for State Oversight of Local Government Finances

State prediction of local government fiscal stress has become very subjective with limited results. Not only have the mechanisms been limited in performance, but no effort has been undertaken to increase the involvement of local government officials in determining the fiscal stability within their own units using comparative data. This paper explores the use of state-sponsored fiscal indicators to predict local government solvency among rural North Carolina counties with similar governmental capacity. With increased information regarding the plight of their unit's financial stability, commissioners look to other counties as well as state directives to become more involved in the budget formulation process and remain fiscally stable.
Political activism, racial identity and the commercial endorsement of athletes

With a focus on African American male athletes as product endorsers, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of activism type and level of racial identity on perceptions of trustwort...
Authentic assessment using a research conference format

This paper will provide an overview of a student research conference activity in a second-level physics course entitled Physics for a New Millennium (PNM) at American University. Following a description of the course curriculum, the specific structure for the conference paper activity will be outlined and highlights of student work will be shared with a focus on the spring 2012 PNM class. One focus of this paper will be to address authentic assessment methods as they relate to uncovering what and how students are learning throughout all phases of the paper writing process. These methods can be used as an alternative, or as a supplement to more traditional pencil and paper examinations, quizzes, and homework assignments. Feedback from students relating to the paper writing experience will also be shared.
variations in color naming within and across populations

the simulations of steels & belpaeme (s&b) suggest that communication could lead to color categories that are closely shared within a language and potentially diverge across languages. we argue that this is opposite of the patterns that are actually observed in empirical studies of color naming. focal color choices more often exhibit strong concordance across languages while also showing pronounced variability within any language.
Antagonism of Fipronil Toxicity by Piperonyl Butoxide and S, S, S-Tributyl Phosphorotrithioate in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Toxicity of the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil was determined in laboratory and field-collected strains of the German cockroach, Blattella gennanica (L.). Fipronil effectively killed German cockroaches when applied in nanogram quantities. Orlando (insecticide susceptible), HRDC (carbamate- and organophosphorus-resistant), and Village Green (pyrethroid-resistant) strains were equally susceptible to fiproni with LD50 values between 4.6 and 5.4 nanograms per insect. The Marietta strain (pyrethroid-, organophosphorus-, and carbamateresistant) was 1.6 times more tolerant of fipronil compared with the Orlando susceptible strain. Five German cockroach strains collected from the field were considerably more tolerant of fipronil than Marietta cockroaches. Piperonyl butoxide and S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate antagonized the toxicity of fipronil in all strains evaluated. Fipronil was 2.2-3 times less toxic when cockroaches were pretreated with piperonyl butoxide or S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate compared with fipronil alone. These data suggest that fipronil is metabolically activated in German cockroaches, possibly via sulfone formation catalyzed by microsomal oxidases.
Racial differences in gestational age-specific neonatal morbidity: further evidence for different gestational lengths

Objective We sought to quantify the gestational age–specific morbidity of black vs white neonates. Study Design This was a population-based retrospective cohort study of singleton live births in Ohio from 2006 through 2007. The primary outcome was a composite of adverse neonatal outcomes of ≥1 morbidity: Apgar score 6 hours, seizures, or neonatal transport to a tertiary care facility. Generalized linear regression estimated the relative risk of adverse neonatal outcome by week of gestation after adjustment for influential coexistent risk factors. Results The frequency distribution curve of composite morbidity by gestational age were similar, but shifted to left (earlier gestational age) for black compared with white neonates. Adverse outcome was lower for black compared with white births at each preterm week of gestational age. The lowest adverse outcome rate for black neonates was at 38 weeks and 39 weeks for white neonates, each increasing by week of gestation thereafter. Conclusion These data suggest that pregnancies in black women perhaps have a shorter physiologic gestational length.
Grid-Filtered Region-Based Data Distribution Management in Large-Scale Distributed Simulation Systems

In a large-scale distributed simulation, participating federates receive and send messages to share state data and update subscription and publication regions. The focus of Data DistributionManagement (DDM), a High Level Architecture (HLA) Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI) service, is limiting and controlling the volume of data, regarding simulated entities, exchanged between participating hosts. One of the key factors in many large-scale distributed simulations is the ability to see or be seen by other participants in the simulation. Several DDM methods have been introduced, but time performance, message volume and resource usage continue to be the factors in the practical application of these methods. In an effort to offer a more efficient and more scalable solution to DDM, we propose an algorithm which we refer to as Grid-Filtered Region-Based DDM, that utilizes a grid overlay on the virtual space, determines the percentage of grid covered by the subscription or publication region and further filters, based on a percentage threshold, using a matching technique, like that of the Region-Based DDM scheme. We present the implementation details of our scheme and report on our set of experiments we have carried out to evaluate its performance.
Characteristics of At-Risk Children in Transitional and Regular Kindergarten Programs.

The present study examined the demographic, cognitive, achievement, perceptual, visual-motor, and behavioral characteristics of three groups of children at the end of their first year in (a) a transitional prekindergarten program and (b) a regular kindergarten program following retention or promotion recommendations. Results indicated that retained children differed from their promoted peers. They tended to be younger in age and to have lower achievement test scores and a higher incidence of behavior, perceptual, and visual-motor problems. What was striking was the similarity of transitional and retained students on all measures except behavior and teacher predictions. Transitional children did not demonstrate the behavioral deviances of the retained group and were not rated by their teachers as being likely to develop a reading problem later in school. Although preliminary, the results offer some insight into different practices recommended for at-risk children.
Characterization of collagen fibers in Bruch’s membrane using chemical force microscopy

Bruch’s membrane is a layer composed of collagen fibers located just beneath the retina. This study validates a strategy used to map the morphological and adhesion characteristics of collagen fibers in Bruch’s membrane. Atomic force microscopy tips were functionalized with different chemical groups and used to map the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions on the surface of the eye tissue. The largest adhesion forces were observed when tips functionalized with NH2 groups were used. The trend in the adhesion forces was rationalized based on the distribution of different functional groups in the triple-helical structure of the collagen fibers. The results of this study can be used to design more effective strategies to treat eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
Children's conceptions of parental authority.

TISAK, MARIE S. Children's Conceptions of Parental Authority. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 166-176. Children's conceptions of parental authority were examined. 120 children (ages 6, 8, and 10 years) were administered an interview to assess the boundaries of parental authority. Subjects were asked to make evaluations about events pertaining to the restraint of behavior and events pertaining to the enforcement or maintenance of parental rule systems. Social events that differ in content (stealing, family chores, and friendship choice) were used to examine whether there is heterogeneity in children's evaluations of the dimensions of authority. The results show that children draw boundaries to parental authority and that children's notions of authority are heterogeneous with respect to the content of the social event.
Measurement of light shifts at two off-resonant wavelengths in a single trapped Ba + ion and the determination of atomic dipole matrix elements

We have measured the ratio $R$ of the vector ac Stark effect (or light shift) in the $6{S}_{1∕2}$ and $5{D}_{3∕2}$ states of a single trapped barium ion to 0.2% accuracy at two different off-resonant wavelengths. We earlier found $R={\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{S}∕{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{D}=\ensuremath{-}11.494(13)$ at $514.531\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ where ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{S,D}$ are the vector light shifts of the $6{S}_{1∕2}$ and $5{D}_{3∕2}$ $m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1∕2$ splittings due to circularly polarized light, and now we report the value at $1111.68\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, $R=+0.4176(8)$. These observations together yield a value of the $⟨5D\ensuremath{\Vert}er\ensuremath{\Vert}4F⟩$ matrix element. Also, comparison of our results with an ab initio calculation of dynamic polarizability would yield a test of atomic theory and improve the understanding of atomic structure needed to interpret a proposed atomic parity violation experiment.
Marveling at the Diversity [Editorial]

At one time the United States may have had the luxury of pretending that technology issues within its own geographical boundaries were the only technology issues of importance. That kind of myopia was never very bright, but it would be particularly dangerous and short-sighted today.
The Visual Representation of the Human Genome

Introduction On June 26, 2000, before foreign dignitaries and hundreds of distinguished heads of government, business, and science, J. Craig Venter and Francis Collins joined President Bill Clinton to jointly announce the first sequencing of the human genome. As remembered by Venter, “On the great day, happily, all the rivalries were swept aside by everyone’s feeling of being part of an historic achievement... As the President, Francis, and I walked together from the hall into the East Room of the White House, a band struck up ‘Hail to the Chief,’ and we entered to face a standing ovation. Two large plasma screens carried a live video linkup to Downing Street and the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair.”1 Thus is described a moment of relative calm in one of modern science’s most contentious rivalries: the one between the National Center for Human Genome Research headed by Collins, and Venter’s company, Celera Genomics. As history now remembers it, it was a premature announcement of an only partially completed sequence. The government program had been launched in the late 1980s, aiming for a completion date of 2005 for sequencing the genome. As the 1990s rolled on, the sprawling public program with several labs spread across America, Britain, and Japan had made mapping a prerequisite to sequencing, but it clearly was proceeding too slowly to reach its goal. Meanwhile, Venter’s innovation—a whole genome shotgun assembly sequencing method—eventually proved both its quality and speed on efforts to sequence Haemophilus influenzae in 1995 and Drosophila melanogaster in 2000. Eventually, the government’s program and Celara collaborated to present a partially sequenced genome at the White House. By 2007, Venter released a complete sequence of his own genome—an amazingly complex visual mapping of all 46 chromosomes. How this map came to be, its predecessors, and its significance to the history of both biology and design are the topics of this paper.
Probabilistic model checking for AMI intrusion detection

Smart grids provide bi-directional communication between smart meters at user premises and utility provider for the purpose of efficient energy management through Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Recent studies have shown that the potential threats targeting AMI are significant. Despite the need of developing intrusion detection systems (IDS) tailored for the smart grid [4], very limited progress has been made in this area so far. Unlike traditional networks, smart grid has its unique challenges, such as limited computational power devices and potentially high deployment cost, which restrict the deployment options of intrusion detectors. However, smart grid exhibits behavior that can be accurately modeled based on its configuration, which can be exploited to design efficient intrusion detectors. In this paper, we show that AMI behavior can be modeled using event logs collected at smart collectors, which in turn can be verified using the specifications invariant generated from the configurations of the AMI devices. We model the AMI behavior using the fourth order Markov chain and the stochastic model is then probabilistically verified using specifications written in Linear Temporal Logic. Our model is capable of detecting malicious behavior in the AMI network due to intrusions or device malfunctioning. We validate our approach on a real-world dataset of thousands of meters collected at the AMI of a leading utility provider.
Steroid-protein interactions. XXIII. Nonidentity of cortisol-binding globulin and progesterone-binding globulin in guinea pig serum

Abstract Exposure of pregnant guinea pig serum to heat and low pH decreases the activity of the cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) to a greater extent than the progesterone-binding activity. The inactivation is irreversible. Hydroxylapatite chromatography separates the two binding proteins from the bulk of other serum proteins; the progesterone binder emerges before CBG. Separation of the progesterone-binding protein from CBG is obtained by Sephadex G-200 filtration. The progesterone binder migrates in the electric field as a globulin, somewhat more slowly than CBG. The affinity constant of the progesterone complex with the progesterone-binding globulin (PBG) is approximately two orders of magnitude greater than that of the cortisol CBG complex. The molecular weights of the guinea pig PBG and CBG, assessed by gel filtration, are of the order of 100,000 and 50,000, respectively.
Delineation of the main extrusion zone of the East Pacific Rise at lat 21°N

A detailed bathymetric and photographic investigation of the axial region of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at lat 21°N indicates that the main extrusion zone is 2.5 km wide. Local relief is dominated by irregular, steep-sided volcanic extrusive forms. This central zone gives way laterally to sea floor that is characterized by lower local relief and is cut by open fissures and axial-dipping normal faults that trend parallel to the regional bathymetric outline of the rise crest. This lower local relief results from flooding by low-viscosity lavas after the crust has moved away from the central extrusion zone. Although the EPR at this locality is considered to have a spreading rate between rates for slow and fast spreading centers, the axial region reflects many similarities in the sequence of processes that have been proposed for the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the FAMOUS area.
Does cholesterol reduction with cholestyramine prevent coronary heart disease among individuals with prehypertension

Background: There have been few treatment studies examining whether risk factor modification among individuals with prehypertension (120–139/80–89 mm Hg) is beneficial in reducing clinical measures of cardiovascular disease.Methods: We examined the effect of cholesterol reduction with cholestyramine on coronary heart disease (CHD) among prehypertensive men in a secondary analysis of the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT). 828 participants were randomized to placebo and 853 to cholestyramine. The two outcomes were definite CHD (i.e., death and/or definite non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI)), and any CHD (i.e., definite CHD death and/or definite non-fatal MI and/or suspect CHD death and/or suspect MI).Results: Cholestyramine use was associated with a 22% reduced risk of any CHD among prehypertensive men, Hazard ratio [HR] = 0.78; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.59 – 1.03, and absolute risk reduction of 3.2% (p = 0.05). The number needed to treat was 31.Conclusion: Interven...
A critique of research on the use of activities with persons with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic literature review.

A critique of research on the use of activities with persons with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic literature review Topic. The topic of this paper concerns the use of therapeutic activities with persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Purpose. The purpose is to present a critique of the research on these activities, with an emphasis on methodology. Organizing construct and scope. Nursing literature identifies a number of purposes for activities for persons with AD. Activities should be therapeutic, enhance quality of life, arrest mental decline, and generate and maintain self-esteem. Other purposes of activities for this population are to create immediate pleasure, re-establish dignity, provide meaningful tasks, restore roles, and enable friendships. Activities may be more important to the psychological state of well-being of persons with dementia than the general physical and social environments in which they live. Sources. The literature reviewed was identified with the use of computer data bases (Medline – 1991–March 2001; Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) – 1991–March 2001; and PsychLit – 1988–March 1999). In addition, data bases of Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Indexes as they appear in the computer base, Web of Science, were searched for 1992–2001. The time period for each search was determined by the manner in which the literature was grouped for inclusion in the particular database. Hand searches of 11 selected journals included the years 1993–2001. The search dates were selected to reflect the time period when the largest number of studies on activities and AD have appeared in the professional literature. We critique a total of 33 studies. Conclusions. While researchers have demonstrated interest in the use of activities with persons with AD, theoretical and methodological difficulties, unclear findings and gaps exist, including a lack of emphasis on gender, ethnic, racial or cultural differences. Sampling issues involving diagnosis and staging complicate the research on individuals with AD. Case studies, single subject experimental designs, and tightly controlled quasi-experimental and experimental designs are needed to advance knowledge in this important area.
Magnitude and Frequency of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses: Identification of Immunodominant Regions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C

A systematic analysis of immune responses on a population level is critical for a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine design. Our studies in Botswana on (i) molecular analysis of the HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) epidemic, (ii) frequencies of major histocompatibility complex class I HLA types, and (iii) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in the course of natural infection allowed us to address HIV-1C-specific immune responses on a population level. We analyzed the magnitude and frequency of the gamma interferon ELISPOT-based CTL responses and translated them into normalized cumulative CTL responses. The introduction of population-based cumulative CTL responses reflected both (i) essentials of the predominant virus circulating locally in Botswana and (ii) specificities of the genetic background of the Botswana population, and it allowed the identification of immunodominant regions across the entire HIV-1C. The most robust and vigorous immune responses were found within the HIV-1C proteins Gag p24, Vpr, Tat, and Nef. In addition, moderately strong responses were scattered across Gag p24, Pol reverse transcriptase and integrase, Vif, Tat, Env gp120 and gp41, and Nef. Assuming that at least some of the immune responses are protective, these identified immunodominant regions could be utilized in designing an HIV vaccine candidate for the population of southern Africa. Targeting multiple immunodominant regions should improve the overall vaccine immunogenicity in the local population and minimize viral escape from immune recognition. Furthermore, the analysis of HIV-1C-specific immune responses on a population level represents a comprehensive systematic approach in HIV vaccine design and should be considered for other HIV-1 subtypes and/or different geographic areas.
Adherence to surveillance guidelines after radical cystectomy: a population-based analysis.

Abstract Objectives Surveillance after radical cystectomy is recommended to detect tumor recurrence and treatment complications. We evaluated adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines using a large population-based database. Methods and materials The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database was used to identify patients aged ≥66 years diagnosed with nonmetastatic bladder cancer who had undergone radical cystectomy between 2000 and 2007. Medicare claims information identified recommended surveillance tests for 2 years after cystectomy as outlined in the NCCN guidelines. Adherence was defined as receipt of urine cytology and imaging of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis in each year. We evaluated the effect of patient and provider characteristics on adherence, controlling for demographic and disease characteristics. Results Of 3,757 patients who had undergone radical cystectomy, 2,990 (80%) were alive after 2 years. Adherence to all recommended investigations was 17% for the first and the second years following surgery. Among patients surviving 2 years, only 9% had complete surveillance in both years. In either year, adherence was less likely in patients with advanced pathologic stage (III/IV) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60–0.91) and unmarried patients (AOR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68–0.99). Adherence was more likely in patients treated by high-volume surgeons (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.70–2.36) and those who saw a medical oncologist (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.27–1.82). We also observed significant geographic variability in adherence. Conclusion Patterns of surveillance after radical cystectomy deviate considerably from NCCN recommendations. Despite increased utilization of radiographic imaging investigations, the omission of urine cytology significantly contributed to the low rate of overall adherence to surveillance guidelines. Uniform adherence to surveillance guidelines was observed in patients treated by high-volume surgeons. This suggests an important opportunity for quality improvement in bladder cancer care.
Abdominal radical trachelectomy: Success and pitfalls in a general gynecologic oncology practice.

Abstract Objective To report our successes and complications with a series of abdominal radical trachelectomies performed to preserve fertility in young women at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). Methods Institutional review board (IRB) permission was obtained for retrospective record review. Data were collected regarding patient age and parity, tumor stage and histology, surgical time and complications, post-operative complications, follow-up, and pregnancy. Results Ten patients underwent radical abdominal trachelectomy, 9 by the same surgeon (LD). Surgery was essentially identical to that of radical hysterectomy with the exception of re-anastomosis of the uterine fundus to the vagina and placement of cerclage. Pre-operative evaluation and post operative follow-up was for the most part identical for all patients. Two patients achieved pregnancy, with 1 twin delivery and 1 patient had 2 pregnancies. Two patients experienced cervical stenosis with regular menses and the same 2 patients passed their abdominal cerclage vaginally. To date there have been no cancer recurrences. Pap smear follow-up has been complicated by difficulty in reading smears from the lower uterine segment (LUS). Conclusion Radical abdominal trachelectomy can be successfully performed by any gynecologic oncologist who is trained in radical pelvic surgery. Pre-operative counseling is crucial in obtaining informed consent. Patients must be aware of potential post-operative complications, including pre-term delivery. Cytology department needs to be aware of potential pitfalls in reading Pap smears from the LUS.
Design of Endovascular Grafts for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

With experience the proper standardization and criteria for use of the various types of stent grafts will become clear and the choice of which stent graft to employ will become easier to make. Endovascular surgery can undoubtedly be carried into the repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms with the proper guidance and clarification. Ideally, endovascular stent grafts will have broader applicability as surgeons increase their familiarity with the various device types and gain hands-on knowledge deploying them. Although we have yet to overcome all the anatomical limitations imposed by current devices, the future of endovascular technology and its dissemination offers promise in minimizing its restrictions.
Whose spirituality? Cautionary notes about the role of spirituality in higher education

Whereas questions about meaning and purpose are appropriate and perhaps essential in the classroom, teachers should integrate them with caution.